Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Merger Waves in Vertically Related Industries

We study merger waves in vertically related industries where firms can engage in both vertical and horizontal mergers. Even though any individual merger would have been profitable, firms may refrain from merging for fear of negative impacts from other mergers. When they do merge, however, they always merge in waves, which is either vertical or horizontal depending on the relative intensity of double markup and horizontal competitions in the two industries. Finally, merger waves may happen with or without any fundamental change in the underlying economic conditions.
NET Institute*

The paper studies the effect of online engagement on a brand’s website on offline sales, for a product not available via the online channel. We propose a modelling framework for the online-to-offline funnel, and study the effect of online engagement on purchase decisions. The model highlights both substitution and complementarity between online and offline engagement and sales. We then exploit a natural experiment setting to study the effect of the introduction of a new interactive website by a leading automobile brand on dealership contact and sales. We find evidence for substitution between online and offline engagement, as offline engagement and sales declined following launch of the new website.
Eliminating Bowtie Effect of MODIS Data Without Ephemeris

There exist bowtie effects in MODIS L1B data because of the Earth's curvature and the characteristics of MODIS detector, namely some datum is overlapped at the edge of a scan. Bowtie effects can't be eliminated after geometry calibration, so eliminating bowtie effects has to be done before geometry calibration. It can be eliminated using ephemeris which is complex and difficult for common user to get ephemeris. We used two simple methods and compared their location accuracy after geometry calibration in this paper.
Please Scroll down for Article Ergonomics the Effects of Age and Type of Carrying Task on Lower Extremity Kinematics the Effects of Age and Type of Carrying Task on Lower Extremity Kinematics

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of age, load amount and load symmetry on lower extremity kinematics during carrying tasks. Forty-two participants in four age groups (8–10 years, 12–14 years, 15–17 years and adults) carried loads of 0%, 10% and 20% body weight (BW) in large or small buckets unilaterally and bilaterally. Reflective markers were tracked to determine total joint range of motion and maximum joint angles during the stance phase of walking. Maximum hip extension, hip adduction and hip internal rotation angles were significantly greater for each of the child/adolescent age groups as compared with adults. In addition, maximum hip internal rotation angles significantly increased when carrying a 20% BW load. The observation that the 8–10-year-old age group carried the lightest absolute loads and still displayed the highest maximum hip internal rotation angles suggests a particular necessity in setting carrying guidelines for the youngest children. Statement of Relevance: Bucket-carrying tasks were analysed as a function of age group, load amount and load symmetry. Hip joint rotations significantly increased when carrying 20% BW loads and in children as compared to adults, which suggests a particular necessity in setting carrying guidelines for the youngest age group (8–10 year olds).
The Effect of Changing The Salinity of The Groundwater On Sip of Sandstones

Previous work between the University of Birmingham and Technical University Clausthal examined the basic shape of the complex conductivity spectra of sandstones saturated with a synthetic groundwater solution and compared the two different laboratory measurement procedures. It is known that the Spectral Induced Polarisation (SIP) is also dependent upon the pore fluid so we examined the effect of two different salinity groundwaters on the SIP response. The changes caused by decreasing the salinity of the groundwater varied widely for different sandstones with both increasing and decreasing phase angles recorded along with some changes in the shape of the spectra. We are now continuing to make multiple salinity measurements with a variety of cations in order to better quantify these changes.
The Role of myc Oncogenes in Cell Growth and Differentiation

The myc oncoproteins are expressed in a wide range of normal adult and embryonic tissues. They are also found to be over-expressed in a variety of tumor types. All myc proteins are short-lived nuclear phosphoproteins thought to act as regulatory components of cell proliferation. The rapid induction of c- myc mRNA and protein following the addition of growth factors to quiescent cells, together with the short half-life of these molecules, suggests that they are sensitive and continuous indicators of external stimuli, consistent with a role in signal transduction. Furthermore, in untransformed cells, c-myc protein expression is tightly regulated, at least in part, by a mechanism of autoregulation. Deregulated expression of myc genes is a frequent observation in tumors and may lead to a cell becoming independent of one or more growth factors, with the concomitant potential for uncontrolled proliferation. Although the precise functions of the myc proteins are unknown, they all bear the hallmarks of multimeric DNA-binding proteins probably involved in the regulation of expression of specific genes.
Observation of the B0 00 decay from an amplitude analysis of B0 (+-)(+-) decays (+-)(+-)

Proton–proton collision data recorded in 2011 and 2012 by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 . 0 fb − 1 , are analysed to search for the charmless B 0 → ρ 0 ρ 0 decay. More than 600 B 0 → ( π + π − )( π + π − ) signal decays are selected and used to perform an amplitude analysis, under the assumption of no CP violation in the decay, from which the B 0 → ρ 0 ρ 0 decay is observed for the ﬁrst time with 7.1 standard deviations signiﬁcance. The fraction of B 0 → ρ 0 ρ 0 decays yielding a longitudinally polarised ﬁnal state is measured to be f L = 0 . 745 + 0 . 048 − 0 . 058 ( stat ) ± 0 . 034 ( syst ) . The B 0 → ρ 0 ρ 0 branching fraction, using the B 0 → φ K ∗ ( 892 ) 0 decay as reference, is also reported as B ( B 0 → ρ 0 ρ 0 ) = ( 0 . 94 ± 0 . 17 ( stat ) ± 0 . 09 ( syst ) ± 0 . 06 ( BF )) × 10 − 6 . for the beneﬁt of the LHCb Collaboration. an access article under the (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded 3 .
A Decadal Climate Cycle in the North Atlantic Ocean as Simulated by the ECHO Coupled GCM

In this paper a decadal climate cycle in the North Atlantic that was derived from an extended-range integration with a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model is described. The decadal mode shares many features with the observed decadal variability in the North Atlantic. The period of the simulated oscillation, however, is somewhat longer than that estimated from observations. While the observations indicate a period of about 12 yr, the coupled model simulation yields a period of about 17 yr. The cyclic nature of the decadal variability implies some inherent predictability at these timescales. The decadal mode is based on unstable air–sea interactions and must be therefore regarded as an inherently coupled mode. It involves the subtropical gyre and the North Atlantic oscillation. The memory of the coupled system, however, resides in the ocean and is related to horizontal advection and to the oceanic adjustment to low-frequency wind stress curl variations. In particular, it is found that variations in the intensity of the Gulf Stream and its extension are crucial to the oscillation. Although differing in details, the North Atlantic decadal mode and the North Pacific mode described by M. Latif and T. P. Barnett are based on the same fundamental mechanism: a feedback loop between the wind driven subtropical gyre and the extratropical atmospheric circulation.
THE FUNCTION OF PLANT RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY ON ECO-BALANCING OF UPLAND RANGELAND ON ALBORZ MOUNTAINS (NORTH OF IRAN)

Ecological equilibrium of upland rangeland is guaranteed by the conserving of vegetation structures which save an ecosystem from erosion. A range ecosystem can be safe with good condition of plant diversity and richness as symbols of ecosystem balancing. In this research, therefore, two aspects of northwest and northeast rangland from the highest uplands of mountain watersheds in northern Alborz [Javaherdeh - Ramsar] of Iran were selected. Vegetation status of rangeland habitats and soil erosion has been evaluated in two types of shrubland and grassland by the Daubenmire and the PSIAC methods. In order to determine the influence of plant diversity and richness on soil erosion and rangeland conditions, the data has been analyzed using multi regression technique and the mean between the two habitats have been compared using the T-test method using the SPSS software. The results showed that both grassland and shrubland habitats have not only had poor conditions but also much soil erosion. The research findings have also shown that the plant diversity and richness in both types are significantly related to soil erosion and rangeland conditions. Some vegetation factors have affected both the habitat condition and soil erosion. It appears that the desirable rangeland conditions can be achieved by control of animal grazing which can then lead to the reduction of soil erosion with the help of vegetation canopy cover. Key-words: diversity, richness, ecological equilibrium, rangeland, grassland, shrubland, soil erosion, Alborz, Iran.
Kahramanmaraş İli Badem Ağaçlarinda Bakla Zinni (Epicometis Hirta (Poda, 1761)) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)'nin Farkli Tuzaklarla Yakalanmasi Üzerine Araştirma

Ozet: Kahramanmaras ili Dulkadiroglu ilcesine bagli Karacasu Yoresi sinirlari icerisinde bulunan 172 dekar Ferraduel cesidi badem ( Prunus amygdalus Batsch) bahcesinde Şubat 2015 ile Haziran 2015 tarihleri arasinda farkli tuzak tipleri ile Epicometis hirta (Poda, 1761) ’ nin yakalanma etkinliginin arastirilmasi uzerine yapilan calismayla, farkli tipteki tuzaklarin etkisi ortaya konulmustur. Calismada 4 tuzak tipi kullanilmistir. Toplam 35 tuzakla yapilan 12 sayim sonucunda 8.762 adet Epicometis hirta (Poda, 1761) rastlanmistir. Zararlinin en fazla huni tipi tuzaklara yoneldigi tespit edilmistir. Ayrica zararlinin Mart ayinin ilk haftasinda gunluk hava sicakliginin ortalama 9-10 °C oldugu zamanlarda cikis yapmaya basladigi, Mart ayinin sonu ile Nisan ayi ortasina kadar olan surecte populasyonunun en yogun oldugu tespit edilmistir. Bu bolge icin zararlinin, bitkinin fenolojik donemi olarak cicek doneminde zarar yaptigi belirlenmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Epicometis hirta , badem, farkli tuzaklar, Kahramanmaras The Activity of Catching Epicometis Hirta (Poda, 1761) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with Different Trap Types on Almond Trees in Kahramanmaras Province Abstract: This study was conducted to observe the affect of different trap types on catching activities of Epicometis hirta (Poda, 1761)) in a 172 Ferraduel variety almond tree ( Prunus amygdalus Batsch) orchyard between February 2015 and June 2015 in Karacasu, Dulkadiroglu, Kahramanmaras. Four different types of trap were used in the study. Total of 8.762 Epicometis hirta (Poda, 1761)) were catched at the end of 12 countings in 35 traps totally. It is observed that insect pests were mostly tend to prefer the cone shape traps. Besides, it is also observed that insect pests appear in the first week of March when the daily temperature was about 9-10°C or above at the end of March and the middle of April. During this times in this region, the population was on peek and concequentely they damage plant in florescence of phenological period. Key Words: Epicometis hirta , almond, varies trap types, Kahramanmaras
Late Jurassic SHRIMP U-Pb Age and Hf Iostopic Characteristics of Granite from the Sanjiazi Area in Liaodong and their Geological Significance

Liaoning Xiuyan Sanjiazi mineralization concentration area in Qingchengzi mineralization is concentrated in the Sanjiazi area,belonging to the western extension part of the Qingchengzi mineralization belts.Intrusive rocks developed in Waling adamellite of late Jurassic should have close relationship with local mineralization.Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age weighted average value is 162.4 ±1.9Ma and represents magmatic crystallization age should be to Yanshanian magmatism and is part of the Jurassic granite in the eastern NCC.The whole rock chemical analysis results show that the Waling adamellite for high-K calc alkaline magma series,with SiO2(72.28% ~75.61%)≥56%,Al2O3(14.37% ~15.06%)≥15%(very few below this value),MgO3% of,A/CNK value(1.035~1.083)1.Trace element data show depeletion of heavy rare earth elements,with(La/Yb)N of 18.06~22.66,and withouteu anomoly.With high Sr(497× 10-6~574 × 10-6)and low Y(4.56×10-6~5.61×10-6)and Yb(0.47×10-6~0.62 ×10-6)in)feature and performance with adakitic affinity of I-type granite.Negative rock epsilon Hf(0)and the negative epsilon Hf(t)to(-28.9~17.5)indicate that the Waling rock was dominately from the crust.Single-stage HF model ages(TDM)average 1714 Ma and two-stage HF model ages(TDMC)average3704Ma.In summary,Waling rock formation which started from the Middle Jurassic(160Ma)multi-plate to the East Asian convergence of tectonic background,may be the product of melting of the thickened crust and adakite and the evidence for correlation of copper mineralization.
Multi-parameter algorithm for Earthquake Early Warning

Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system is a real-time earthquake damage mitigation system. It detects, analyzes and transmits information of the impending event at the potential user sites. In the present study, an attempt has been made to develop a multi-parameter-based EEW algorithm for accurate and reliable issuance of EEW. In the present study, not only the individual parameters such as maximum predominant period (), average period (τc), peak displacement (Pd), cumulative absolute velocity and root sum of squares cumulative velocity have been used to develop an algorithm but also various combinations have been attempted to issue alarm. The criterion for issuing warning is based on the alarm status of combinations of parameters at nearest four stations within selected epicentral distance of the event. It has been concluded that three parameter preference-based approach provides most efficient results at a time window of 4 s. The data-set for estimating various parameters required for multi-parameter algorithm has been taken from K-NET seismic array (Japan). The algorithm has been validated on the data taken from different regions. Based on the validation carried out using Indian and PEER-NGA database, the results revealed better performance of multi-parametric EEW algorithm.
On inclusion of water resource management in Earth system models – Part 1: Problem definition and representation of water demand

Human activities have caused various changes to the Earth system, and hence the interconnections between human activities and the Earth system should be recognized and reflected in models that simulate Earth system processes. One key anthropogenic activity is water resource management, which determines the dynamics of human–water interactions in time and space and controls human livelihoods and economy, including energy and food production. There are immediate needs to include water resource management in Earth system models. First, the extent of human water requirements is increasing rapidly at the global scale and it is crucial to analyze the possible imbalance between water demands and supply under various scenarios of climate change and across various temporal and spatial scales. Second, recent observations show that human–water interactions, manifested through water resource management, can substantially alter the terrestrial water cycle, affect land–atmospheric feedbacks and may further interact with climate and contribute to sea-level change. Due to the importance of water resource management in determining the future of the global water and climate cycles, the World Climate Research Program's Global Energy and Water Exchanges project (WRCP-GEWEX) has recently identified gaps in describing human–water interactions as one of the grand challenges in Earth system modeling (GEWEX, 2012). Here, we divide water resource management into two interdependent elements, related firstly to water demand and secondly to water supply and allocation. In this paper, we survey the current literature on how various components of water demand have been included in large-scale models, in particular land surface and global hydrological models. Issues of water supply and allocation are addressed in a companion paper. The available algorithms to represent the dominant demands are classified based on the demand type, mode of simulation and underlying modeling assumptions. We discuss the pros and cons of available algorithms, address various sources of uncertainty and highlight limitations in current applications. We conclude that current capability of large-scale models to represent human water demands is rather limited, particularly with respect to future projections and coupled land–atmospheric simulations. To fill these gaps, the available models, algorithms and data for representing various water demands should be systematically tested, intercompared and improved. In particular, human water demands should be considered in conjunction with water supply and allocation, particularly in the face of water scarcity and unknown future climate.
The Inevitability of Climate Adaptation in U.S. Agriculture

Globally, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have risen and are likely to continue to rise into the immediate future. As a result, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA) expect climate change to continue, producing higher temperatures and changes in precipitation and extreme weather. Even under aggressive GHG reduction scenarios, some level of climate change is still expected.
Stress triggering and stress memory observed from acoustic emission records in a salt mine

SUMMARY Some of the most interesting questions in geosciences are whether results from laboratory experiments can be applied to processes in the earth crust and whether in situ studies with high spatio-temporal resolution can bridge the gap between laboratory work and seismology. In this study, acoustic emission (AE) activity caused by stress changes due to the backfilling of a cavity in an abandoned salt mine is studied to answer questions regarding (1) the dependence of AE event rates, event distribution and b-value on the stress state, (2) the stress memory effect of rock (Kaiser effect), (3) the possibility to detect significant changes in the system like the initiation of macrocracks and (4) the possibility to estimate future activity from previous AE records. The large number of events studied (>3 × 10 5 ) allows a spatial resolution of the order of 1 m and a temporal one on the order of 1 hr. Stress changes are created due to the thermal expansion and contraction of the rock mass in response to the temperature changes caused by the backfilling. A roughly 20 × 50 × 50 m section of the mining complex just above the backfilled cavity is well covered by a network of 24 piezo-electric receivers and poses an optimal volume for the study. Results of a 2-D finite element thermoelastic stress model are in agreement with the spatio-temporal AE event distribution. In addition to the initial upward migration of the AE event front, which correlates with the calculated stress field, the rock salt exhibits a pronounced Kaiser effect for the first few thermal loading cycles throughout the whole study region. The deviation from the Kaiser effect during later loading cycles seems to be caused by the initiation of a planar macroscopic crack, which is subsequently reactivated. AE activity tends to concentrate along this macrocrack. Calculated b-values decrease before and increase after the supposed initiation of the macrocrack supporting this explanation. In intact rock volumes not subjected to macrocracking a linear relation between the maximum event rate and the calculated absolute Coulomb stress increase is observed. This indicates that future maximum AE event rates can be estimated from expected loading. AE activity during stress loading cycles is most prominent in regions with Coulomb stress maxima indicating possible shear cracking that has the potential to create macrocracks. Strong bursts of AE activity observed during thermal unloading phases are concentrated in regions for which the minimum principal stress becomes tensile. These regions exhibit significantly higher b-values than those active during thermal loading. We interpret these weak events with tensile microcracking.
Examining Committee

This study examines the effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) biofilm, with a concentration of cells similar to that reported for saturated aquifers, on the transport of poly(acrylic acid) stabilized nanoscale zero valent iron (pnZVI) in 14 cm long, saturated, laboratory packed columns, with ionic strengths (ISs) of 1 and 25 mmol NaCl. With biofilm, the retention of pnZVI increased with higher solution IS, while IS played no role in the retention of nanoparticles without biofilm. However, the Tufenkji-Elimelech correlation equation predicts 5% less pnZVI collisions in biofilm coated columns due to a sixfold reduction of the Hamaker constant. Also, DLVO energy considerations predict the most favorable attachment for uncoated porous media at the higher IS. Reasons for the disagreement between theory and experiment are shown to be due to the non-ideality of the biofilm system. This research indicates that current laboratory studies underestimate nanoparticle transport distances in the subsurface.
Climate change policy: What do the models tell us?

Climate change policy: What do the models tell us? / Robert S. Pindyck. MIT CEEPR, July 2013, 3 p. (CEEPR WP 2013-007) http://web.mit. edu/ceepr/www/publications/workingpapers/2013-007.pdf Author's abstract: Very little. A plethora of integrated assessment models (IAMs) have been con- structed and used to estimate the social cost of carbon (SCC) and evaluate alternative abatement policies. These models have crucial flaws that make them close to useless as tools for policy analysis: certain inp.