Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A synoptic climatology of stream flow and acidity

Prevlous investigations have suggested relationships among weather, stream flow and water chemistry. Presumably, acid rain liberates soil sulfates during periods of heavy precipitation. simultaneously raising stream levels and acidity. This paper expands on those works by reporting a synoptic climatology of stream flow and stream-sulfate concentrations. Separate manual analyses of high-discharge and high stream-sulfate events in central Pennsylvania. USA, demonstrate that nearly all are associated with lows forming in the lee of the Rocky Mountains, tracking from southwest to northeast, and passing to the northwest of the study area. These lows develop into 2 distinct circulation types: transient cyclonic storms in winter and spring, and stationary fronts in summer and fall. Objective analyses of composite daily pressure-patterns associated with elevated stream flow and stream-sulfate concentrat~ons show sequences similar to those that transport acid rain and surface ozone into central Pennsylvania. Thus, this research suggests that because of the large-scale climatology of North Amenca, acidification of the streams of the northeastern United States and southwestern Canada IS likely to continue. It also paves the way for more-reflned directed case studies and modcling efforts linking the atmosphere to water quallty.
Changing sources of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and furans in sediments and ecological risk for nekton in the lower Passaic River and Newark Bay, New Jersey, USA

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in sediments (surface and deeper sediments) and porewater of the lower Passaic River and Newark Bay (New Jersey, USA) to apportion their sources and conduct an ecological risk assessment. Positive matrix factorization was applied to identify sources of PCDD/Fs. Five source profiles were extracted from the positive matrix factorization model applied to the sediment samples including chloranil, combustion, polychlorinated biphenyl impurities, mixed urban sources, and the historical contamination from the former Diamond Alkali plant. The ecological risk assessment was estimated using several lines of evidence depending on site‐specific data (blue crab and fish samples representing different feeding habits and positions in the trophic wood web of the river). Porewater concentrations gave the best estimates of lipid concentrations especially in the blue crab samples (with an average factor difference of 3.8). Calculated hazard quotients (HQs) for the fish samples and blue crab were >1 based on the no‐effect concentration and tissue screening concentration approaches. At the same time, calculated porewater toxic units were >1. Sediment concentrations exceeded the published sediment quality guidelines for the protection of fish and benthic species, indicating the existence of significant risk to the aquatic life in the Passaic River. Accordingly, further actions and control measures are needed to reduce the emission of PCDD/Fs from ongoing sources. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:550–562. © 2015 SETAC
Post-oxide phases of forsterite and enstatite

Both forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and enstatite (MgSiO3) enter a post-oxide phase characterized by the orthorhombic perovskite structure when subjected to high pressure and temperature in the diamond-anvil press coupled with laser heating. The lattice parameters for the perovskite phase of MgSiO3 are ao = 4.790 ± 0.002, bo = 4.943 ± 0.002, and co = 6.897 ± 0.003 A with Z = 4. The calculated density of MgSiO3 (perovskite) is thus 4.083 g/cm³, or 2.8% denser than its isochemical mixed oxides with rocksalt and rutile structures. The density of a mixture of MgSiO3 (perovskite) plus MgO (periclase) is 1.9% greater than that of the mixed oxides with the forsterite stoichiometry.
Groundwater geochemistry of the Chihuahua City region in the Rio Conchos Basin (northern Mexico) and implications for water resources management

The Chihuahua City region, located in the semiarid‐arid northern highlands of Mexico, has experienced intensive groundwater abstraction during the last 40 years to meet water demands in the region. A geochemical survey was carried out to investigate the evolution from baseline to modern conditions of a 130‐km flow path including the El Sauz–Chihuahua–Aldama–San Diego de Alcalá regions. The research approach included the use of major chemical elements, chlorofluorocarbons and environmental isotope (18O, 2H, 13C and 14C) tracers. Stable isotopes indicate that groundwater evolves from the evaporation of local rainfall and surface water. Groundwater located at the lower end of the flow section is up to 6000 years old and older groundwater in the order of 9000 years BP was found in a deep well located in the upper part of the flow system, implying contribution from a neighbour basin. The background groundwater chemistry upstream of Chihuahua City results from feldspar weathering. Beyond Chihuahua City the chemical conditions are strongly modified owing to disposal of sewage from public and industrial water supplies into the Rio Chuviscar, subsequent allocation of this water to agricultural irrigation areas and direct infiltration under the river bed. As a consequence, anions like chloride and sulphate are mainly related to surface sources. Nitrate is controlled in part by sewage from public supply and industry and in part by agricultural practices. Arsenic and fluoride are related to weathering of rock formations of local mineralized ranges and subsequent enrichment of the basin‐fill by magmatic processes. The results of this study have implications for groundwater management in an arid region that depends entirely on groundwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural water consumption. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Tumour Necrosis Factor α on Mediator Release from Human Lung

Abstract Summary: Although tamour necrosis factor α (TNFα) may be involved in the pathology of asthma, little is known about its role in mediator release from inflammatory cells in human lung. We investigated whether TNFα induced histamine release from mast cells in human chopped lung tissue and whether it modulated antigen-induced release of histamine and leukotrienes C 4 /D 4 /E 4 from passively sensitized lung tissue. Spontaneous histamine release in the presence of 1 nM TNFα for up to 4 h at 37°C was not significantly different from spontaneous histamine release alone (6.1±1.3% and 6.1±1.5% of total tissue histamine at 4 h respectively; n=3). Lung tissue was passively sensitized to the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus by incubating it in serum from an atopic volunteer donor for 3 h at 37°C. Treatment of the sensitized lung tissue with 1 nM TNFα for 60 min prior to challenge with a low concentration (1.8 AU) of D. pteronyssinus caused a significant increase in the amount of histamine release induced by the antigen from 0.2±0.6% to 1.9±1.0% of total tissue histamine ( P =0.045, n=6). The release of leukotriene C 4 /D 4 /E 4 induced by the same concentration of antigen was not significantly changed by the TNFα treatment (39.5±9.1 and 55.6±17.7 pg/100 μl supernatant sample respectively; n=6). These results suggest that TNFα may be involved in potentiation of histamine release in allergic asthma, particularly in the presence of low antigen concentrations.
Variações composicionais de olivinas do complexo alcalino-carbonatítico de Salitre, MG

O complexo alcalino-carbonatitico-foscoritico de Salitre, pertencente a Provincia Ignea do Alto Paranaiba, consiste de tres intrusoes. Salitre I e composto por bebedouritos, com diques anelares de carbonatitos e foscoritos; Salitre II e III sao intrusoes menores, dominadas por bebedouritos, e localizadas a norte e a sul de Salitre I, respectivamente. Em Salitre, a olivina ocorre em bebedouritos, foscoritos e carbonatitos, e apresenta teores de forsterita entre 83 e 98%. Rochas menos evoluidas (bebedouritos) contem olivina com menores teores de forsterita do que rochas mais evoluidas (foscoritos e carbonatitos), sendo que olivinas de carbonatitos sao as mais magnesianas do conjunto. Em bebedouritos, a variacao no teor de forsterita esta relacionada a cristalizacao fracionada, enquanto nos foscoritos o teor de forsterita aumenta com a diminuicao do MgO na rocha e nos carbonatitos diminui com a diminuicao do MgO na rocha. Variacoes nas quantidades de MnO e CaO podem ocorrer nas olivinas de Salitre, e os controles de sua distribuicao ainda nao sao claros. Por vezes, sugerem variacoes localizadas na concentracao desses elementos no magma em vez de um controle cristaloquimico especifico da olivina. Discrepâncias nos teores de NiO entre olivinas da serie bebedouritica e olivinas de foscoritos e carbonatitos podem estar associadas a remocao de Ni do sistema, por cristalizacao fracionada previa de olivina rica em Ni a partir de um magma parental silicatico, ou, alternativamente, extracao de Ni por um liquido sulfetado imiscivel.
Controls on Large Deep-seated Landslides in Soft Rock Terrain: Rock Mass Defects and Seismic Triggering

Large deep-seated landslides are widespread within the deeply incised landscapes formed in Tertiary soft rock terrain in New Zealand. The basal failure surfaces of deep-seated bedrock slope failures are commonly defined by thin, comparatively weak and laterally continuous bedding parallel layers. These layers have typically experienced some shear displacement at the time of slope failure. The key controls on the occurrence and form of deep-seated landslides are considered in terms of rock mass defect properties and tectonic and climatic forcing factors.
Impact of in-hospital intravenous iron supplementation on red blood cell transfusions: experience from an Internal Medicine Unit.

BACKGROUND Pharmacological treatment of iron deficiency anaemia can reduce red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Intravenous iron provides a more effective and quicker correction of iron deficiency anaemia than oral iron, and third-generation high-dose intravenous iron formulations allow the complete correction of iron deficiency with just one or two drug infusions, thus facilitating iron supplementation therapy and reducing transfusion requirement. MATERIAL AND METHODS In an observational, retrospective study we compared RBC transfusion requirement during hospitalisation and within 3 months of hospital discharge in 88 patients with iron deficiency anaemia treated with high-dose ferric carboxymaltose and in 85 patients treated with ferric gluconate while hospitalised in the Internal Medicine unit of our Institution. RESULTS Ferric carboxymaltose reduced the number of RBC units given to each transfused patient during hospitalisation (1.81±0.84 vs 2.39±1.49, p=0.011). At hospital discharge, fewer ferric carboxymaltose patients were prescribed home therapy with iron. No differences between treatment groups were observed in the proportion of patients or the number of RBC units transfused within 3 months of discharge. At one month from discharge, however, only 2 ferric carboxymaltose patients had been transfused compared with 7 ferric gluconate patients (p=0.078). Patients transfused post-discharge were more likely to have an underlying malignancy and/or higher serum creatinine concentrations. DISCUSSION Treatment with ferric carboxymaltose reduced the number of RBC units per transfused patient. Larger studies are required to define risk factors associated with post-discharge transfusion requirement and to establish if home therapy with iron will reduce subsequent transfusions in patients treated with ferric carboxymaltose.
Tumour-agnostic drugs and future cancer treatment

MAGNE BØRSET E-mail: magne.borset@ntnu.no Magne Børset is a professor of cell biology and haematological oncology in the Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), and has a parttime position as a senior consultant in the Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital The author has completed the ICMJE form and reports no conflicts of interest.
Research on Cognitive Robotics at the Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (ISTC-CNR)

The institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies of the National Research Council (ISTC-CNR) (http://www.istc.cnr.it/) is the most important Italian research institution on Cognitive Science. It includes more than 60 scientists involved in high interdisciplinary research ranging from cognitive science and robotics to linguistics, and primatology. The headquarters of the Institute are in Rome, but branches of the Institute are also in Padua and Trento.
Intratumoral and Peritumoral CT-Based Radiomics Strategy Reveals Distinct Subtypes of Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose To evaluate a new radiomics strategy that incorporates peritumoral and intratumoral features extracted from lung CT images with ensemble learning for pretreatment prediction of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods A total of 105 patients (47 LUSC and 58 LUAD) with pretherapy CT scans were involved in this retrospective study and were divided into training (n=73) and testing (n=32) cohorts. Seven categories of radiomics features involving 3078 metrics in total, were extracted from the intra- and peritumoral regions of each patient’s CT data. Student’s t-tests in combination with three feature selection methods were adopted for optimal features selection. An ensemble classifier that was generated with five machine learning classifiers and optimal features, was developed and the performance was quantitatively evaluated using both training and testing cohorts for the prediction task.Results The classification models developed by using optimal feature subsets determined from intratumoral region and peritumoral region with the ensemble classifier achieved mean area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87, 0.83 in the training cohort and 0.66, 0.60 in the testing cohort, respectively. The model developed by using the optimal feature subset selected from both intra- and peritumoral regions with the ensemble classifier achieved great performance improvement, with AUC of 0.87 and 0.78 in both cohorts, respectively.Conclusions The proposed new radiomics strategy that extracts image features from the intra- and peritumoral regions with ensemble learning, could greatly improve the diagnostic performance for the histological subtype stratification in patients with NSCLC.
Space‐borne radar interferometry techniques for the generation of deformation time series: An advanced tool for Earth's surface displacement analysis

This work is focused on advanced differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) techniques for the generation of deformation time series from sequences of SAR images. We first present the basic rationale of these techniques providing some details of the most well known algorithms. Subsequently, through the analysis of selected case studies focused on the available C‐band SAR data archives, we show the relevance of the retrieved spatially dense deformation time series for the comprehension of several geophysical phenomena. We finally introduce, again via a real case study, the advances brought in by the new generation X‐band space‐borne SAR sensors, highlighting new investigation possibilities for fast varying deformation phenomena.
Effect of ionospheric self‐conditioning and preconditioning on the broad upshifted maximum component of stimulated electromagnetic emission

Stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SEE) are high-frequency radio emissions that are generated during high-power, high-frequency, ordinary mode (O-mode), radiowave heating of the ionosphere. These emissions are particularly useful in ionospheric heating experiments because they provide a way of monitoring space plasma processes remotely and passively. In order to utilize these emissions for diagnostic purposes, it is necessary to understand the space plasma processes involved in their generation. The purpose of these experiments was to observe the responses of a particular component of the SEE, the broad upshifted maximum (BUM), to a variety of heating stimuli in an effort to understand the factors involved in its development. Heating experiments were conducted at the Radiophysical Research Institute SURA Ionospheric Modification Facility in Russia. Experiments consisted of single-pump, two-pump, and single-pump power-stepping experiments. The single-pump and two-pump transmissions were organized into groups of pulses of varying widths and spacings to facilitate the investigation of self-conditioning, preconditioning, and two-pump-interaction conditioning effects. The major findings of these experiments are that the action of a pump can have a conditioning effect on the medium that affects the time development of the BUM. The result of the conditioning process is the formation of an overshoot in the temporal development of the BUM. A residual conditioning effect is sustained after the end of a pump pulse for a period of time (∼30 s). The residual conditioning acts as preconditioning for the BUM of a subsequent pump pulse. A second O-mode pump (pump2), at a frequency a few hundred kilohertz above that of the first pump (pump1), is observed to cause additional suppression of the pump1 BUM, implying an enhanced conditioning effect. Time constants for the buildup and decay of the conditioning effects are estimated. During power-stepping experiments, the BUM spectrum was observed to evolve from a weak, narrow spectrum at an effective radiated power (ERP) of ≈5 MW, to a strong, broad spectrum with a ramp-like spectral tail at an ERP of ≈150 MW. Other features noted during power stepping include (1) strong BUM transients at pump power level transitions, (2) BUM amplitude asymmetry between power-up and power-down sides of a power stepping cycle, (3) reduction of the BUM spectral peak offset from the pump frequency with increasing pump power, and (4) power law dependence of BUM power on pump power (exponent ∼2). Results of these experiments are used in an attempt to assess the relevance of small-scale irregularity generation and electron heating mechanisms to the observed conditioning effects.
MiR-124 and Small Molecules Synergistically Regulate the Direct Generation of Neuronal Cells from Rat Cortical Reactive Astrocytes

Background：Irreversible neuron loss caused by central nervous system injuries usually lead to persistent neurological dysfunction. Reactive astrocytes, because of their high proliferative capacity, proximity to neuronal lineage, and significant involvement in glial scarring, are ideal starting cells for neuronal regeneration. Having previously identified several small molecules as important regulators of astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming, our aim in this study was to explore whether other small molecules and miR-124, a key neural differentiation mediator, could co-regulate reactive astrocyte-to-neuron conversion.Methods: MiR-124, ruxolitinib, SB203580, and forskolin were used to induce postnatal rat cortex reactive astrocytes, and the neuronal phenotype of the induced cells was characterised. To understand the genetic changes, RNA-sequencing analyses were performed on reactive astrocytes, induced neurons, and rat neurons, and the mechanisms underlying the regulatory role of miR-124 during the neuronal conversion was explored.Results：MiR-124, ruxolitinib, SB203580, and forskolin could co-convert rat cortical reactive astrocytes into neurons. The induced cells had reduced astroglial properties, displayed typical neuronal morphologies, and expressed neuronal markers, reflecting 25.9% of cholinergic neurons and 22.3% of glutamatergic neurons. Gene analysis revealed that induced neuron gene expression patterns were more similar to that of primary neurons than of initial reactive astrocytes. On the molecular level, miR-124-driven neuronal differentiation of reactive astrocytes was via targeting of the SOX9-NFIA-HES1 axis to inhibit HES1 expression.Conclusions：Providing a novel approach for inducing endogenous rat cortical reactive astrocytes into neurons by co-regulation involving miR-124 and three small molecules, our research has potential implications for inhibiting glial scar formation and promoting neuronal regeneration after central nervous system injury or disease.
Cathodoluminescence Petrography of Middle Proterozoic extrusive carbonatite from Qasiarsuk, South Greenland

Abstract The amygdaloidal carbonatite lavas at Qasiarsuk have a primary phenocryst assemblage of calcite, fluor-apatite and magnetite set in a groundmass of calcite, apatite and iron oxides, and minor dolomite. Cathodoluminescence reveals a complex history, both for the major minerals which show zonal growth, and for important Nb and REE accessory phases which include pyrochlore and perovskite. The REE reside in fluor/hydrous-carbonates included exclusively in apatite. These REE minerals are similar to synthetic phases from hydrothermal experiments, but probably crystallised in equilibrium with a late-stage volatile-rich carbonate melt. Apart from low-temperature alteration, the rocks have been little disturbed since their extrusion during the earliest phase of development of the Gardar Alkaline Igneous Province.
Spatial Variation in Nitrogen Isotope Values Beneath Nitrate Contamination Sources

Nitrogen isotope ratios of soil water and ground water nitrate have been used to identify or implicate sources; however, lack of data on δ15N in thick (>12 m) vadose zones beneath the source and potential effects of denitrification on δ15N signatures have raised questions about the meaning of δ15N values measured in ground water. In this study, nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) were measured on nitrate extracted from 218 core samples removed from the surface to the water table below natural (soil organic matter) fertilizer, onsite sewage disposal systems (septic tank effluent), and animal sources located in Salinas and Sacramento Valleys, California. Additionally, spatial variability of δ15N in the horizontal plane was measured beneath an agricultural field, and δ15N values of native geologic materials (organic‐rich shales) were determined. In general, δ15N values throughout the vadose zone were consistent with the literature and remained fairly constant with depth, indicating little denitrification during transport. The δ15N values from soil organic matter sources varied from about 0 to +4‰, and the mean was not significantly different from that of fertilizer sources. The δ15N values of animal sources varied from about +8 to +20‰ and were dependent on site and animal source. The δ15N of onsite sewage disposal sources varied from about +2 to +12‰, and the mean was significantly different from that of animal sources at a 90% confidence level. δ15N of organic‐rich shales of the Panoche and Moreno Formations (Cretaceous; San Joaquin Valley) and soils derived from these rocks were generally between +4 and +8‰. Thus, it may be difficult to distinguish a geologic‐N source from septic tank or commercial fertilizer sources using δ15N. Little spatial variation was found in δ15N beneath the agricultural field in the horizontal plane.