Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
(In)Stability of Gender Attitudes in Times of Family Policy Change—A Latent Class Analysis of Germany, Austria, and Sweden

Abstract:Assuming a long-term feedback loop between attitudes about gender divisions of labor and family policy, we examine such attitudes in Germany, Austria, and Sweden, between 1994 and 2012. Using a longitudinal, case study approach, we argue that attitudes on the gender division of labor need to be put in relation to both recent family policy changes and a country's gender regime. Employing latent class analysis, we examine the prevalence of different views on gender division of labor over time and test for measurement invariance to assess whether characteristics of attitudinal groups change across years. Results show increasing support for maternal employment within traditional groups in eastern and western Germany, potentially reflecting shifting policy within a changing gender regime. Simultaneously, intensive mothering and traditional attitudes remain more prevalent in Austria and western Germany than in eastern Germany and Sweden, indicating a persistent maternalist ideal among segments of these historically domestic gender regimes.
Laboratory Monitoring of Anticoagulation: Where Do We Stand?

The treatment of choice for acute venous thromboembolism is anticoagulant therapy with fast-acting drugs (unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin or fondaparinux) aimed at preventing thrombus extension, followed by extended prophylaxis with vitamin K antagonists aimed at preventing recurrence. Experience accumulated over the years has demonstrated that strict laboratory monitoring is required for unfractionated heparin and vitamin K antagonists, making use of these drugs problematic for patients and physicians and prompting researchers to develop new anticoagulants equally effective but without the requirement for laboratory monitoring. The results of clinical trials to date, albeit limited, suggest that these new drugs will probably keep their promise. However, the deﬁnitive answer will come subsequent to these clinical trials, when clinicians will start to use these drugs to treat patients in the real world. It is likely that some sort of laboratory monitoring will be required at least for selected categories of patients. Accordingly, clinical laboratories should still be prepared to monitor patients, although the numbers may hopefully decrease sharply in the next decade or so.
Hepatitis C Virus in the Setting of HIV or Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection

Because of shared routes of transmission, coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV), or both, is common among HIV-infected persons, affecting approximately 15 to 30% and 10 to 15% of patients, respectively. Advances in antiretroviral therapy have improved the life expectancy of patients infected with HIV, and, as a consequence, HCV-related liver disease has emerged as a signiﬁcant comorbid disease among such patients. Concurrent HIV infection may be associated with higher serum HCV RNA levels, accelerated progression of hepatic ﬁbrosis, increased risk of end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and death among persons coinfected with hepatitis C. Similarly, coinfection with HCV and HBV may lead to more severe liver disease and greater risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than does HCV infection alone. Although deﬁnitive randomized controlled trials are not yet completed, current guidelines recommend the use of pegylated interferon alfa plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic HCV in eligible HIV-infected persons. Conversely, the optimal treatment of chronic HCV in persons with chronic HBV infection has not been deﬁned but may include pegylated interferon alfa plus ribavirin, with or without additional antiviral agents, such as lamivudine or adefovir, or both.
Origin of Nonlinear Rheology in Interacting Colloidal Suspensions

Flowing colloidal suspensions, such as blood and milk, are of crucial importance in our life as well as in a wide variety of industrial applications. However, elucidating their widely varying rheological properties at a microscopic level remains a challenge. In particular, the role of particle interaction has not been well understood. Using neutron scattering complemented by computer simulation and rheological measurement, we demonstrate that the rate-dependent flow behavior of a charge-stabilized colloidal suspension is a consequence of localized elastic response generated by particle interaction. The body of colloids under shear behaves like an elastic solid at short distances but like fluid at long distances. The short-lived, localized elastic region, transient elastic zone, plays a crucial role in determining the observed rheological behaviors. Our findings shed new light on understanding the nature of nonlinear rheology of soft matters with strong interactions.
Antiplatelet Agents for the Prevention of Pre-Eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia (P-EC) remains a signiﬁcant problem in modern obstetrics occurring in 2 to 4% of women. The disease is still responsible for 60,000 maternal deaths worldwide annually. An increased understanding of the underlying pathophysiology has resulted in a more scientiﬁc approach to prophylaxis and prevention, yet the underlying disease mechanisms are not fully understood. The role of combining good prediction with prevention has yet to be established but has the potential to target health resources far more efﬁciently. Good prediction may also impact on tailoring antenatal care appropriately, with prophylactic measures for high-risk women becoming the highly preferred management option. Antiplatelet agents reduce the incidence and complications of P-EC and should be considered prophylactically in those at high risk of the disease.
Non-Genomic Steroid Actions in Human Spermatozoa

As sperm traverse the female tract from vagina to oocyte, they experience a steroid milieu, which due to transcriptional inactivity, they can only respond to via non-genomic signaling. This environment mediates events including capacitation, changes in motility patterns, chemotaxis, and acrosome reaction. Current knowledge of the events, calcium signaling pathways, and potential identity of receptors involved is reviewed in light of recent data, with a context for further work in the ﬁeld, and emphasizing the importance of steroids as a mixed stimulant. Progesterone receptor candidates are considered in light of recent ﬁndings, including novel classes of receptors such as a progesterone membrane receptor component-1 or -2 complex with serpine-1 mRNA binding protein, the best candidate so far for progesterone activity in human sperm. Given the number of other alternative candidates and the apparent diversity of the signaling pathways activated, the presence of multiple species of progesterone receptors should not be excluded. Given that sperm dysfunction is the most common deﬁned cause of infertility, advances in our currently limited knowledge of these pathways and events are crucial to not only create better therapies but also improve rational diagnosis.
Histological Response to Interferon Alfa-Based Therapies in Hepatitis C

Histological response is deﬁned as an improvement in the severity of liver inﬂam-mation with or without an improvement in ﬁbrosis in patients following treatment for an acute or chronic liver disorder. Histological response occurs in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection who have had a sustained virological response following treatment with interferon (IFN) therapy and in a percentage of nonresponders. Continuing IFN long term as maintenance therapy has been shown to prevent histological progression in patients who had both a marked decline in serum HCV RNA level during treatment and a histological response on repeat histological analysis. Prospective controlled trials are currently evaluating the beneﬁts of low-dose maintenance therapy with pegylated IFN in HCV patients who have failed to achieve sustained virological response. In the future, the development of serum markers of ﬁbrosis may allow for monitoring of hepatic ﬁbrosis and histological response to therapy without the need to perform repeat liver biopsy.
International Biological Standards for Coagulation Factors and Inhibitors

The use of international biological standards during the last 30 years has proved extremely successful in promoting global harmonization of estimates between laboratories and methods. Experience has led to the identiﬁcation of physical criteria essential for standards to be suitable for long-term use. High precision of liquid ﬁlling coupled with low residual moisture and oxygen and the use of sealed glass ampoules have been found consistent with homogeneous and stable International Standards (ISs). Most plasma coagulation factors and inhibitors are calibrated in International Units (IU), which are deﬁned as the amount of analyte in 1 mL of normal pooled plasma. Adoption of the IU has provided clarity in the deﬁnition of normal and abnormal states and has facilitated dose calculation for replacement therapy. The assay of like-versus-like materials (e.g., concentrate versus concentrate) has been found to improve interlaboratory agreement and there are now both plasma and concentrate ISs available for many coagulation factors and inhibitors. Studies into the assay of recombinant factor VIII have indicated that additional measures, such as modiﬁcations to assay methodology, are necessary to reduce interlabor-atory variability. This experience may prove valuable in the future, when we have to deal increasingly with the challenges to standardization associated with the products of bioengineering.
Effect of injection-gas concentration on the electron beam quality from a laser-plasma accelerator

By using 25–45 TW ultra-short (30 fs) laser pulses, we report on the effect of the injection gas concentration on the quality of electron beams generated by a laser-driven plasma wakefield acceleration employing the ionization-injection. For a plasma formed from helium-nitrogen gas mixture and depending on the concentration of the nitrogen gas, we could distinguish a clear trend for the quality of the generated electron beams in terms of their peak energy, energy-spread, divergence angle, and beam charge. The results clearly showed that the lower the nitrogen concentration, the better the quality (higher peak energy, smaller energy spread, and smaller emittance) of the generated electron beams. The results are in reasonable agreement with two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations.By using 25–45 TW ultra-short (30 fs) laser pulses, we report on the effect of the injection gas concentration on the quality of electron beams generated by a laser-driven plasma wakefield acceleration employing the ionization-injection. For a plasma formed from helium-nitrogen gas mixture and depending on the concentration of the nitrogen gas, we could distinguish a clear trend for the quality of the generated electron beams in terms of their peak energy, energy-spread, divergence angle, and beam charge. The results clearly showed that the lower the nitrogen concentration, the better the quality (higher peak energy, smaller energy spread, and smaller emittance) of the generated electron beams. The results are in reasonable agreement with two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations.
Molecular Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases

Chronic musculoskeletal diseases such as arthritis, malignancy, chronic injury/ inflammation, and chronic musculoskeletal pain often pose challenges for current clinical imaging modalities. There is hope that a growing field, referred to as “molecular imaging,” will shed new light on these chronic phenomenon as it aims to noninvasively detect special molecular and physiologic effects such as metabolism rate, specific proteins, cell death, and particular gene-related events. Molecular imaging represents recent advances in imaging technology, engineering, chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics that have coalesced into a multidisciplinary and multimodality effort. Molecular probes are currently being developed not only in radionuclide-based techniques but also in magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultrasound, and the emerging field of optical imaging. Furthermore, molecular imagers are fueling the development of novel molecular therapies and gene therapy, as tracking these efforts in living subjects is now possible with molecular imaging protocols.
Deciphering the Genetic Predisposition to Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Genetic variants within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 have been shown to confer risk for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) (cid:1) 30 years ago. However, robust genetic associations outside this genetic region have been difﬁcult to establish. By genome-wide association analysis, a surprising large overlap of genetic risk loci outside of the MHC with prototypical autoimmune diseases has been recognized. In this article, we review the present knowledge of susceptibility loci in PSC, by assessing the robustness of the ﬁndings and speculating on potential mechanistic roles of predicted risk genes in PSC pathogenesis. We suggest a model where the primary insult is likely to resemble the tissue injury in most autoimmune conditions. Functional insight into risk pathways could offer novel therapeutic opportunities, and we speculate on speciﬁc opportunities that may arise based on current knowledge.
Big Data e política: aferindo o potencial preditivo da world wide web nas eleições europeias de 2014

Inversamente a tendencia dominante nos estudos eleitorais previsionais em ambiente digital, focados no microblogue Twitter como universo de analise, neste artigo desenvolve-se uma abordagem ecologica integrada ao posicionamento da opiniao publica portuguesa durante a campanha eleitoral para as eleicoes europeias de 2014. O potencial preditivo de tres categorias e testado – partido/coligacao; cabeca-de-lista e lista – assim como o e a representatividade da world wide web, enquanto Big Data cientificamente valida para a investigacao em Ciencias Sociais. A primeira categoria revelou maior valor empirico relativo e a adequabilidade das redes sociais para a antecipacao de acontecimentos sai parcialmente reforcada, reiterando-se, no entanto, a necessidade de mais estudos, em particular no plano nacional, onde a investigacao nesta area e praticamente inexistente.
Minimum uncertainty state and non-negative quasi probability of qudit

For a qudit, a quantum system on a finite dimensional Hilbert space, we construct minimum uncertainty states and a non-negative quasi probability distribution. They are the discrete version of the coherent states and the Husimi function in the continuous quantum mechanics. The two bases related by the discrete Fourier transformation are identified with the position and momentum bases. We prove an inequality concerning uncertainties of the position and momentum of a qudit. The minimum uncertainty states are the ones which saturate the inequality. Like the coherent states, they are not mutually orthogonal but comprise an overcomplete set in the state space. As the dimension of the Hilbert space goes to infinity, these states approach the coherent states. Using the minimum uncertain states, we construct a non-negative quasi probability distribution for a qudit. Its marginal distributions are smeared out, but we show that there does not exist a non-negative quasi probability distribution with sharper marginal properties if the translational covariance is assumed.
Task Specificity in Early Oral Motor Development

This article addresses a long-standing clinical and theoretical debate regarding the potential relationship between speech and non-speech behaviors in the developing system. The review is motivated by the high popularity of nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOMEs), including alimentary behaviors such as chewing, in the treatment of speech disorders in young children. The similarities and differences in the behavioral characteristics, sensory requirements, and task goals for speech and nonspeech oromotor behaviors are compared. Integrated theoretical paradigms and empirical data on the development of early oromotor behaviors are discussed. Although the efﬁcacy of NSOMEs remains empirically untested at this time, studies of typical developmental speech physiology fail to support a theoretical framework promoting the use of NSOMEs. Well-designed empirical studies are necessary, however, to establish the efﬁcacy of NSOMEs for speciﬁc clinical population and treatment targets.
Sepsis, Coagulation, and Antithrombin: Old Lessons and New Insights

Current insights in the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis point to a pivotal role of inﬂammation and coagulation. One of the most important mechanisms contributing to the activation of coagulation in sepsis is the downregulation of physiologic anticoagulant systems, such as the antithrombin pathway. More than 20 years ago, Eberhard Mammen already hypothesized that coagulation activation and antithrombin were important factors in patients with sepsis. Abundant experimental and clinical studies have supported that notion in recent years. The better understanding of the pathogenesis of coagulation activation and the role of natural anticoagulants in sepsis has led to the development of anticoagulant factor concentrates, such as antithrombin concentrate. Clinical studies indicate that these interventions may have a role in the (supportive) treatment of patients with sepsis, mostly based on surrogate outcomes, but ongoing studies will have to conﬁrm a beneﬁcial effect in reducing mortality.
In Vitro Maturation for Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

In vitro fertilization (IVF) with ovarian stimulation is an effective treatment for couples needing treatment with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) where polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is coexisting. However, it is also associated with an increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. In vitro maturation (IVM) avoids the risks and side effects of ovarian stimulation by retrieving immature oocytes from unstimulated ovaries. These immature oocytes are then cultured, matured, and fertilized in vitro. Embryos are then selected for transfer in the same manner as conventional IVF. Although there has been signiﬁcant progress in terms of improving clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates after IVM, there remains much to learn in terms of what controls maturation, fertilization, and implantation rates. This review is intended as an update on the most recent advances and directions of ongoing research in IVM in patients with PCOS.
Sugar beet, guinea pigs and graph theory

I. Scientific background Here are two problems in applied combinatorics. Problem I A plant breeder wants to assess the yields of several varieties of sugar beet. The plots of land on which the experiment is to be grown are arranged in a row: each plot is to be planted with seed of a single variety. There is enough seed for more than one appearance of each variety.
Advances in Immunosuppressive Therapy

Despite the intense interest in biological agents, traditional immunosuppressive drugs remain the mainstays of treatment for systemic rheumatic diseases that involve the lung. Herewith, we review the mechanism of action, administration and clinical use of immunosuppressive drugs, including cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, azathioprine, methotrexate, leﬂunomide, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil. Emphasis is placed on the use of sequential therapies, in which cyclophosphamide is used to induce a remission, and then drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine are used to maintain the remission. In addition, new regimens that avoid the use of cyclophosphamide for severe forms of vasculitis such as Wegener’s granulomatosis have been recently described. Finally, signiﬁcant beneﬁt has been found when interstitial lung disease due to scleroderma is treated with cyclophosphamide. This represents the ﬁrst evidence that immunosuppressive drugs are efﬁcacious in rheumatic disease–associated interstitial ﬁbrosis and provides a rationale for developing therapeutic regimens that optimize efﬁcacy and safety.
Pegylated Interferon Monotherapy for Chronic Hepatitis C

Interferon (IFN) a -2a has been attached to a branched 40-kD PEG molecule and IFN a -2b to a linear 12-kD PEG molecule leading to elimination half-lives of approximately 75 and approximately 30 hours, respectively. In one pivotal trial, 531 patients with chronic hepatitis C were assigned to receive either 180 m g of pegylated IFN a -2a once weekly for 48 weeks or 3 (cid:1) 6 mIU standard IFN for 12 weeks, followed by 3 (cid:1) 3 mIU for 36 weeks. Sustained virological response rates were 39 and 19% for pegylated and standard IFN a -2a, respectively. In a second trial in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)– associated cirrhosis and bridging ﬁbrosis, sustained virological response rates were 8% (3 (cid:1) 3 mIU IFN three times a week), 15% (90 m g PEG–IFN a -2a four times a week), and 30% (180 m g PEG–IFN a -2a four times a week). In a third trial, 1219 patients with chronic hepatitis C were randomly assigned to receive either standard IFN a -2b (3 (cid:1) 3 mIU) or once weekly pegylated IFN a -2b (0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 m g/kg). Sustained virological response rates were highest in the 1.0 m g/kg dose and achieved 25% compared with 12% in the standard IFN group. In conclusion, each regimen of pegylated IFN given once weekly is more effective than a regimen of standard IFN given three times weekly.
Milestones and Perspectives in Coagulation and Hemostasis

Hemostasis is traditionally deﬁned as the physiologic process whereby bleeding is antagonized and possibly stopped to minimize blood loss. The ﬁrst medical description of the clinical and inherited features of hemostasis can be dated back more than 1000 years, when Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn ‘Abbas al-Andalusi al-Zahrawi’ medical treatise provided some initial insights into this puzzling process. Since then, continuous and revolutionary scientiﬁc developments have contributed to decoding several aspects of this intricate but essential physiologic phenomenon, providing a reliable model to explain the leading mechanisms involved. Although the point at which bleeding stops is commonly referred to as ‘‘coagulation,’’ blood coagulation is actually only one part of a two-part hemostatic process that develops through sequential steps referred to as primary and secondary hemostasis. Throughout its activation and development, the coagulation cascade is strictly regulated by a series of natural inhibitors, which prevent unnecessary and excessive clotting. The aim of this article is to provide a concise overview of the major discoveries and past and current perspectives in coagulation and hemostasis.