Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeled aerosol nitrate formation pathways during wintertime in the Great Lakes region of North America

Episodic wintertime particle pollution by ammonium nitrate is an important air quality concern across the Midwest U.S. Understanding and accurately forecasting PM2.5 episodes are complicated by multiple pathways for aerosol nitrate formation, each with uncertain rate parameters. Here, the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) simulated regional atmospheric nitrate budgets during the 2009 LADCO Winter Nitrate Study, using integrated process rate (IPR) and integrated reaction rate (IRR) tools to quantify relevant processes. Total nitrate production contributing to PM2.5 episodes is a regional phenomenon, with peak production over the Ohio River Valley and southern Great Lakes. Total nitrate production in the lower troposphere is attributed to three pathways, with 57% from heterogeneous conversion of N2O5, 28% from the reaction of OH and NO2, and 15% from homogeneous conversion of N2O5. TNO3 formation rates varied day‐to‐day and on synoptic timescales. Rate‐limited production does not follow urban‐rural gradients and NOx emissions due, to counterbalancing of urban enhancement in daytime HNO3 production with nocturnal reductions. Concentrations of HNO3 and N2O5 and nighttime TNO3 formation rates have maxima aloft (100–500 m), leading to net total nitrate vertical flux during episodes, with substantial vertical gradients in nitrate partitioning. Uncertainties in all three pathways are relevant to wintertime aerosol modeling and highlight the importance of interacting transport and chemistry processes during ammonium nitrate episodes, as well as the need for additional constraint on the system through field and laboratory experiments.
Trace gas composition of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: A conceptual model

[1] Midlatitude cyclones provide the energy necessary for most of the trace gas transport from North America to the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO). These cyclones are composed of four primary airstreams: warm conveyor belt (WCB), cold conveyor belt (CCB), dry airstream (DA), and post cold front (PCF) airstream. This study is the first to present a conceptual model of the chemical composition of a midlatitude cyclone tracking from North America to the WNAO. The model, a composite of chemical measurements from several cyclones, establishes the fundamental relationships between large-scale chemical transport and midlatitude cyclone structure. It also separates the meteorological influences on airstream trace gas signatures from the influence of surface emissions heterogeneity and presents characteristic mixing ratios of ozone, CO, NOx, and NOy within the four types of airstream during late summer/early autumn. While cyclone track and surface emissions heterogeneity impact the median trace gas values within airstreams, the O3/CO and O3/NOy slopes remain fairly constant. Several characteristics of the conceptual model impact trace gas signatures, regardless of cyclone track: (1) the DA always advects stratospheric ozone into the middle and upper troposphere; (2) the WCB is a more favorable location for photochemical ozone production than the CCB or PCF; (3) the PCF originates to the northwest, is unaffected by wet deposition, and the sunny conditions may allow for some photochemical ozone production; (4) the CCB is generally cloudy and does not show signs of significant photochemical ozone production; (5) both the CCB and the WCB experience wet deposition resulting in little NOy export from the lower troposphere. INDEX TERMS: 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305); 3364 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Synoptic-scale meteorology;
Critical Tests Of Leading Gamma Ray Burst Theories

Although it has been established observationally beyond doubt that broad-line stripped envelope supernovae (SNe) of type Ic produce long duration gamma ray bursts (GRBs), that neutron star mergers produce short hard GRBs (SHBs), and that phase transition of neutron stars in high mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) may produce SN-Less GRBs, their production mechanism is still debated. The two leading theoretical models of GRBs and their afterglows, the fireball model and the cannonball model, have been widely confronted with the mounting observational data on GRBs and SHBs during the last two decades. Both have claimed success in reproducing the observational data, despite their complexity and diversity. This claimed success, however, may reflect multiple choices and the use of many free adjustable parameters, rather than the true validity of the models. Only confrontation of the key falsifiable predictions of the models with solid observational data can test their validity. Such critical tests are summarized in this report. Conclusions left to the reader.
Advantages of within-subjects designs

For observational studies, this assignment may be forced by the sampling method. That is, in the absence of experimental conditions, most data collected observationally are cross-sectional at the between-subjects level (e.g., gender, age, traits), with the values belonging to exclusive levels (e.g., one cannot be a smoker and non-smoker simultaneously). Observational data can also be longitudinal, however, where each subject is measured repeatedly, and hence some variables may vary withinsubjects (e.g., season, monthly performance).
EL ORIGEN BIOLÓGICO DEL DERECHO

En este trabajo se aborda el posible origen evolutivo del derecho como una consecuencia del desarrollo social de nuestra especie. Otras especies con sistemas sociales similares presentan varias reglas para la convivencia en grupo. Algunas de estas reglas son comunes en todas las especies con comportamiento social. El desarrollo de la sociobiologia en las ultimas decadas es una herramienta importante en la determinacion de las relaciones sociales entre los grupos de una sociedad. Estos grupos pueden segregarse por jerarquia, trabajo o sexo como tambien otros factores.
Floral biology and phenological studies of Datura metel L. in Tripura, Northeast India, with special reference to floral morphotypes

Datura metel L. is an important medicinal plants of Tripura. There are four floral morpho-types found throughout India. The floral biology of four morpho-types of D. metel L. collected from different places of Tripura state have been investigated based on their morphological and palynological study. Initiation of the floral bud, anthesis, pollen viability, pollen germination, and pollen production are the topics covered in the present study. The present study includes photographic representations and UPGMA dendrogram for quick identification, as well as a detailed explanation of four morpho-types of the species.
A New Metallic Silicon Allotrope: c-Si16

Using the structure search method combined with ﬁrst-principles calculations, a new silicon allotrope with cubic symmetry, c -Si16, is proposed. To examine the stability of c -Si16 under ambient pressure, systematic calculations of its structural, mechanical, and electronic properties were performed. Mechanical and dynamic stability are demonstrated by elastic constants and phonon spectra, respectively. In addition, the band structure and density of states show that c -Si16 is a metallic silicon material, and its conductivity mainly comes from the p -orbital electrons of silicon.
Tillage Methods to Determine Soil Infiltration Rates: A Case Study in Uyo, Nigeria

This study evaluated the effect of tillage methods on the infiltration rate of a sandy loam soil in Uyo. Nigeria. Tillage treatments adopted include zero –tillage, crude tillage, plough alone and plough harrow tillage. The result of the study revealed that the basic infiltration rates under zero crude, plough and plough harrow tillage in a sandy loam soil in Uyo were 18mm/hr, 20mm/hr, 21mm/hr and 24mm/hr respectively. Soil moisture content was averaged at 8.32% with a mean deviation of 0.372. The bulk density of the soil ranges from 0.611kg/m3 to 0.613kg/m3. The mean percentages of Sand, Silt and Clay from the analyzed Soil Sample were 74.43%, 13.64% and 16.69% respectively. A 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the significance difference between the average infiltration rates under the different tillage treatments. The result showed that there is a significant effect of tillage method on soil infiltration rate and soil infiltration rate under different tillage treatment followed the order plough + harrow > Plough alone > Crude tillage > Zero tillage. The study recommends that farmers in Uyo should endeavour to till their farm before planting at least with crude tillage implement as it will help to pulverize the soil surface and make it easier for irrigation and root penetration as well as root development.
Anthropogenic Open Land in Boreal Landscapes. Investigations into the Creation and Maintenance of Arable Fields on Swedish Farms

The human-induced open land (cropland, pasture) in the predominantly forested boreal landscapes relies on arable land use; it thus represents an active intervention to hold back forest regrowth. The thesis investigates the practical management decisions by landholders on discrete farms, which in Sweden often comprise both forest and arable lands. The theoretical framework utilizes the concepts timespace, landscape, orientation and commitment to understand how the farmer relates to the land. The study draws on farm cases in various parts of the country, and links land-cover continuity on arable fields and forest clearance with land-use decision-making as a temporally and spatially situated activity. Also when retiring from active land management (due to old age or farm-external income) farmers continue to maintain arable fields, a finding that is interpreted as deriving from the values perceived in the land and the importance of their reinforcement for the landholder identity. Locational fragmentation of managed arable land scattered in the landscape, the increasing of farm sizes following profitability concerns, and a local shortage of land together with other factors induce land clearance on contemporary farms, preferably near the farm centre and contiguous with already managed fields. This finding is understandable when considering time as a resource in farming, and suggests that contemporary boreal landscapes may contain areas that are subjected to an opening-up land-cover dynamics, against the prevailing trend of reforestation.
Using Population-Based Incremental Learning Algorithm to Quantify the Uncertainty in Model Parameters

H036 Using Population-Based Incremental Learning Algorithm to Quantify the Uncertainty in Model Parameters I. Petrovska* (Imperial College London) & J.N. Carter (Imperial College London) SUMMARY Reservoir modelling is widely used in the petroleum industry to quantify the risk associated with alternative production scenarios. However reservoir models themselves still contain a high level of uncertainty due to the typically very limited sparse and multi-scaled field knowledge available. History matching reduces this uncertainty by constraining the reservoir model to the available field data. History matching represents a typical non-linear inverse problem which yields the existence of not one but multiple solutions. Monte
The Reiner Gamma Formation - Composition and origin as derived from remote sensing observations

In order to investigate the composition and origin of Reiner Gamma, near-infrared spectra and vidicon images were obtained and interpreted. The 0.40/0.56 micron ratio image shows that the high albedo portion of Reiner Gamma is surrounded by a 'red halo' and the 0.95/0.56 micron image indicates that Reiner Gamma exhibits a strong pyroxene absorption band. Analysis of the near-infrared spectra of various portions of the formation indicated the presence of major amounts of fresh mare basalt. Spectral mixing models demonstrate that the Reiner Gamma spectra can be reproduced by mixing major amounts of local fresh mare material (Reiner K crater) with small amounts of fresh highlands material (Oelbers A crater). No evidence was found for the presence of 'exotic' components (i.e., magnetite, free iron, cometary material). Together with photogeologic considerations, these results suggest that Reiner Gamma is quite young and is composed of a mixture of fresh highland materials with much larger quantities of local mare basalt.
What is the mean seasonal cycle of surface heat flux in the equatorial Pacific

The mean seasonal cycles of six state-of-the-art surface heat flux products (three based on widely available data and three based on numerical model reanalysis fields) are compared in the equatorial Pacific with heat fluxes computed from Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) buoy data. Net surface heat flux and individual flux components derived from these products exhibit large deviations from TAO. We find that a significant contribution to these differences, which are often 50 W m−2 or more for net flux, is the use of systematically biased bulk variables in the computation of turbulent surface heat fluxes. We also find that for some products, compensating errors in bulk variables lead to fortuitous agreement with turbulent heat fluxes estimated from TAO. Finally, comparisons of TAO-derived fluxes with tuned and untuned heat flux estimates from the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set indicate better agreement with untuned fluxes, suggesting that commonly used ad hoc strategies to close the global ocean heat budget are not strictly valid.
Crustal Transect across the Lofoten Volcanic Passive Continental Margin, N. Norway, Obtained by Use of Ocean Bottom Seismographs, and Implications for Its Evolution.

This study presents a 500-km-long crustal transect across the Lofoten volcanic passive continental margin, N. Norway, by compiling the results of two successive Ocean Bottom Seismographic (OBS) experiments performed in 1988. The OBS profiles were acquired from the Norwegian mainland, across the continental shelf, over an area covered with landward flood basalts, to the Lofoten basin. The land side end of the crustal model represents a thinned continental structure. The crust in this part has strong structural complexity, mainly due to faulting during pre-Tertiary continental thinning phases. Between the continental shelf and the seaward dipping reflectors (SDR), the model represents an extremely thinned continental crust and ocean/continent transition zone. This region is interpreted to be dominated by an early Tertiary continental rifting phase that progressed until early Eocene. The observed lower crustal reflectors, which are interpreted as intrusions in the lower crust, as well as the landward flood basalts indicates an extensive magmatic activity during the continental rifting phase. Between the SDR and magnetic anomaly 21, an oceanic crust with thick lower crust and a high velocity layer at the bottom of the crust (7.3km/s) are obtained. This high velocity layer is believed to be created by anomalously hot asthenospheric material rising around a hot spot. The comparison of the crustal structure across the Lofoten margin with the structure of the Voring-More margin shows significant differences in the volume of the lower crustal high velocity layer, which can be interpreted in terms of a NE-ward decrease of the influence of the hot spot.
An expanded calibration model for inferring lakewater and air temperatures from fossil chironomid assemblages in northern Fennoscandia

Chironomid-temperature inference models based on an expanded data set of surface-sediment and limnological data from 53 Subarctic lakes in northern Fennoscandia have been developed using eight different numerical techniques, each based on slightly different underlying statistical models or ecological assumptions. The study sites are mostly small, shallow, bathymetrically simple, oligotrophic lakes, with a pH range from 5.0 to 7.8, a total organic carbon range from 2.5 to 12.6 mg l- 1, a mean July lakewater temperature ranging from 6.1 to 15.4°C, and a mean July air temperature ranging from 8.5 to 14.9°C. A series of redundancy analyses (RDA) identified sediment organic content, maximum lake depth, and lakewater temperature as being the most important explanatory variables. Variance partitioning by partial RDAs further suggested that each of these variables accounted for a significant fraction of variance independent from each other. Different cali bration models were assessed on the basis of their statistical performance, with particular reference to prediction errors and the amount of bias along the temperature gradient. Of the eight calibration models, modern analogue techniques, weighted averaging partial least squares, simple weighted averaging with an‘inverse’ deshrinking regression, and linear partial least squares consistently performed best. These methods can all be used to develop transfer functions for surface-water and air July temperatures with a root mean squared error of predic tion (RMSEP) of about 1.5–1.6°C (water temperature) and 0.8–1.1°C (air temperature), as assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation. The resulting models do, however, have relatively high maximum biases (up to 3.9°C) in the lowest segments of the air and water temperature gradients, highlighting the need for enlarging and expanding the calibration data set to include lower temperatures.
Self- Driving With Deep Reinforcement ( Survey )

We will focus concentrating on the scientific and technological challenges that the development of autonomous vehicles brings to a number of different manufacturers and research organizations (AVs). It is anticipated that automobiles operated by humans will continue to be a common sight on the roads for the foreseeable future; nevertheless, it is possible that autonomous vehicles may coexist in the same traffic environments. In order to keep traffic moving smoothly throughout the various sorts of mixed-use zones, autonomous vehicles (AVs) need to have driving rules and negotiation abilities that are analogous to those used by humans. In order to develop driving abilities that are comparable to those of humans, model-free deep reinforcement learning is used to simulate the actions of a skilled human driver. In this simulation, the difficulty of avoiding static obstacles on a two-lane roadway is investigated .
Contrasting evolution of sea surface temperature in the Benguela upwelling system under natural and anthropogenic climate forcings

We present alkenone‐derived Sea Surface Temperature (SST) records from three marine cores collected within the southern Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) spanning the last 3 ka. The SST evolution over the last 3 millennia is marked by aperiodic millennial‐scale oscillations that broadly correspond to climatic anomalies identified over the North Atlantic region. The BUS SST data further suggest cooling and warming trends opposite to the temperature evolution in the Moroccan upwelling region and in Antarctica. In contrast, the last decades are marked by a cooling of unprecedented magnitude in both the Benguela and Moroccan upwelling systems, which is not observed in the Antarctic record. These contrasted responses in Atlantic upwelling systems triggered by natural and anthropogenic forcings shed light on how different climatic mechanisms are mediated by ocean‐atmosphere interactions and transmitted to the geological records of past and present climate changes.
Forecasting the Storms and Showers of Space

SPACE SCIENCEAs the sun climbs toward its 11-year activity peak, clouds of plasma and bursts of radiation, which can disrupt power grids and communications satellites, are buffeting the planet. Reliable predictions of these solar storms may be on the way, too. NASA is planning to send up new research satellites to track solar storms, new instruments will be added to weather satellites to provide critical information about space weather as it happens, and researchers are refining computer models for forecasting storms and their effects.
Relationship between balance and cognitive performance in older people

AUTHORS Massimo Leandri. School of Medicine, DINOGMI and CIND, University of Genova. Via Dodecaneso 35, 16146 Genova, Italy Jackie Campbell, School of Health, The University of Northampton, Boughton Green Road, Northampton, NN2 7AL, UK Luigi Molfetta, School of Medicine, DINOGMI, University of Genova, L.go Daneo, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy Cristina Barbera, School of Medicine, University of Genova, Via L.B. Alberti 4, 16132 Genova, Italy Massimo Tabaton, School of Medicine, DIMI, Via L.B. Alberti, 4, 16132 Genova, Italy
Large-eddy simulations of turbulent flow in a channel with streamwise periodic constrictions

Abstract We perform large-eddy simulations of turbulent flow in a channel constricted by streamwise periodically distributed hill-shaped protrusions. Two Reynolds number cases, i.e. $Re_h=10\,595$ (Fröhlich et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 526, 2005, pp. 19–66) and $Re_h=33\,000$ (Kähler et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 796, 2016, pp. 257–284), are repeated and utilized to verify and validate our numerical results, including the pressure and skin friction coefficients on bottom and top walls of the channel, mean velocity profiles and Reynolds stresses. All comparisons show reasonable agreement, providing a measure of validity that enables us to further probe simulation results at higher Reynolds number ($Re_h=10^5$) into aspects of flow physics that are not available from experiments. Effects of variation of Reynolds number are studied, with emphasis on the mean skin friction coefficients, separation bubble size and pressure fluctuations that are related to separation and reattachment. In addition, the main large-scale features of the separation behind the hill, including the scaling of the mean velocity profiles, are discussed. Furthermore, the instantaneous near-wall flow field is analysed in terms of skin friction portraits, and we confirm the existence of the local very small separation bubble on the hill crest as observed in experimental and numerical investigations. The flow field at the top wall, which is generally not given sufficient attention, is evaluated with the empirical friction law and universal logarithmic law as in planar channel flows. It is found that these empirical laws compare well with the large-eddy simulation results, although the hill constrictions behave as a perturbation source and the developed shear layer has some effects on the flow field near the top wall.
Optimal Energy Tank Initialization for Minimum Sensitivity to Model Uncertainties

Energy tanks have gained popularity inside the robotics and control communities over the last years, since they represent a formidable tool to enforce passivity (and, thus, input/output stability) of a controlled robot, possibly interacting with uncertain environments. One weak point of passification strategies based on energy tanks concerns, however, their initialization. Indeed, a too large initial energy can cause practical unstable behaviors, while a too low initial energy level can prevent the correct execution of the task. This shortcoming becomes even more relevant in presence of uncertainties in the robot model and/or environment, since it may be hard to predict in advance the correct (safe) amount of initial tank energy for a successful task execution. In this paper we then propose a new strategy for addressing this issue. The recent notion of closed-loop state sensitivity is exploited to derive precise bounds (tubes) on the tank energy behavior by assuming parametric uncertainty in the robot model. These tubes are then exploited in a novel nonlinear optimization problem aiming at finding both the best trajectory and the minimal initial tank energy that allow executing a positioning task for any value of the uncertain parameters in a given range. The approach is finally validated via a statistical analysis in simulation and experiments on real robot hardware.