Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A statistical modelling study of the abrupt millennial-scale climate changes focusing on the influence of external forcings

Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events are abrupt millennial-scale climate changes mainly detected in the North Atlantic region during the last glacial cycle. The frequency of the DO events varied in time, supposedly because of changes in background climate conditions. Here, we investigate the influences of external forcings on DO events with statistical modelling. We assume two types of generic stochastic dynamical systems models (double-well potential-type and oscillator-type), forced by the northern hemisphere summer insolation change and/or the global ice volume change. The models are calibrated by maximizing their likelihood and compared using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Among the models, the stochastic oscillator model forced by both insolation and ice volume changes is favored by the NGRIP calcium ion data. The BIC scores provide positive evidence for the ice volume forcing in the presence of the insolation forcing but weak evidence for the insolation forcing in the presence of the ice volume forcing. Consistently with their BIC scores, stochastic oscillator models with at least ice volume forcing reproduce well the frequency changes of warming transitions in the last glacial period across Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 2, 3, and 4. Finally, using the selected model, we simulate the average number of warming transitions in the past four glacial periods, and compare the result with an Iberian margin sea-surface temperature (SST) record (Martrat et al., Science, vol.317, p.502, 2007). The simulation result supports the previous observation that abrupt millennial-scale climate changes in the penultimate glacial (MIS 6) are less frequent than in the last glacial (MISs 2, 3, and 4). On the other hand, it suggests that the number of abrupt millennial-scale climate changes in older glacial periods (MISs 6, 8, and 10) might be larger than inferred from the SST record.
Research on Hotel Management Mode from the Perspective of Sustainable Development

: With the overall development and progress of China's society and economy in recent years, China's hotel industry has also grown from small to large, from non-standard to standardized, from decentralized to large-scale, and this transformation process is actually the process of the start and development of domestic hotel management industry. China's tourism industry should take the road of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific development, and it is imperative to implement green management. Taking hotel enterprises as an example, the energy consumption is generally above 160kWh/m 2 , and the energy cost accounts for 5%-6% of its turnover. Hotel green management is a new management that focuses on the pursuit of economic and environmental benefits optimization. On the basis of not damaging sustainability, so as to ensure the interests of tourism operators, as well as the interests of tourists and residents of the destination, and realize the long-term stability and sound development of tourism.
The Black-Litterman model

The Markowitz model has two problematic tendencies; unintuitive portfolios and portfolios with high transaction costs. The Black-Litterman model was made as an improvement of the Markowitz model. It uses a Bayesian approach to combine the views of the investor with the equilibrium portfolio. The main purpose of the model is to create intuitive portfolios and limit the transaction costs. With the computer power available today, the implementation of mathematical models are an important issue. Using the programming language R, I will in this thesis look at possible ways of implementing the Black-Litterman model. Todays investment firms have different ways of expressing their views on future asset performance. A common method is to use a scorecard. It is interesting to see how the scorecards properties make simplifying conditions to the Black-Litterman model. By using both existing R packages and self-made R code, the Black and Litterman model is applied to the R language to find the best approach.
Supervisors matter, but what about peers? The distinct contributions of quality supervision and peer support to doctoral students’ research experience

ABSTRACT Past studies on doctoral education have mostly focused on the critical role of supervisors in students' research experience. However, the role of peers has been relatively neglected. It is not clear how both supervisors and peers contribute to doctoral students’ research experience. One possibility is that they are additive, which means that both supervisors and peers make distinct contributions to skill development and research satisfaction (additive hypothesis). The other possibility is a compensatory relationship, where low levels of supervisory support could be compensated for by the presence of peers (compensatory hypothesis). This study addressed this question using an explanatory sequential mixed methods design. In Study 1 (N = 421), structural equation modeling was conducted to examine which of the two hypotheses was supported. Quantitative results supported the additive hypothesis, indicating that both supervisors and peers were important in developing students’ skills and enhancing satisfaction with the research experience. Study 2 was a qualitative study that involved interviews with 10 PhD students. The qualitative findings provided a nuanced understanding of the additive hypothesis and demonstrated the importance of research support and socio-emotional support provided by supervisors and peers. Overall, this study demonstrated that the greatest benefits would emerge when both quality supervision and peer support are present. The identification of factors affecting supervision and peer support shed light on the future directions for institutions, supervisors, and doctoral students to enhance the quality of doctoral education.
Functional data learning by Hilbert feedforward neural networks

This paper focuses on learning algorithms for approximating functional data that are chosen from some Hilbert spaces. An effective algorithm, called Hilbert parallel overrelaxation backpropagation (HPORBP) algorithm, is proposed for training the Hilbert feedforward neural networks that are extensions of feedforward neural networks from Euclidean space Rn to some Hilbert spaces. Furthermore, the convergence of the iterative HPORBP algorithm is analyzed, and a deterministic convergence theorem is proposed for the HPORBP algorithm on the basis of the perturbation results of Mangasarian and Solodov. Some experimental results of learning functional data on some Hilbert spaces illustrate the convergence theorem and show that the proposed HPORBP algorithm has a better accuracy than the Hilbert backpropagation algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intratumoural Heterogeneity as a Major Challenge for Cancer Modelling and Successful Treatment

Cancer heterogeneity refers to the fact that cancer cells are characterised by different genomic/transcriptomic/proteomic compositions, which often confer behavioural properties, such as enhanced drug resistance, survival and propensity to form metastasis. Modern methodology, such as single-cell barcoding, now allows a deeper look into this mechanic, and therefore a possibility to derive more efficient, new treatments. However, cell culture approaches are commonly used to evaluate those novel approaches, and the ability to faithfully model cancer heterogeneity is still in its infancy.
Forcing of the Summertime Low-Level Jet along the California Coast

Abstract Coast-parallel low-level jets are commonplace in the offshore environment along the west coast of the United States during summer. The jet often has wind speeds in excess of 30 m s−1 and is typically situated near the top of the marine boundary layer. A field study was conducted in early summer of 1997 to study the kinematics and dynamics of the low-level jet off the California coast. The University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft was the primary observation platform. Measurement of the horizontal pressure gradient force was fundamental to understanding the dynamics of the jet. By flying at constant pressure, the height of an isobaric surface could be determined by the radar altimeter. The slope of a constant pressure surface is proportional to the pressure gradient force and hence provides an estimate of the geostrophic wind. Data are presented for two episodes of the low-level jet. In both cases wind speed maxima extending in excess of 100 km from the coast were observed. In contrast to p.
UACENet: Uncertain area attention and cross‐image context extraction network for polyp segmentation

Accurately segmenting polyp from colonoscopy images is essential for early screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer. In recent years, with the proposed encoder‐decoder architecture, many advanced methods have been applied to this task and have achieved significant improvements. However, accurate segmentation of polyps has always been a challenging task due to the irregular shape and size of polyps, the low contrast between the polyp and the background in some images, and the influence of the environment such as illumination and mucus. In order to tackle these challenges, we propose a novel uncertain area attention and cross‐image context extraction network for accurate polyp segmentation, which consists of the uncertain area attention module (UAAM), the cross‐image context extraction module (CCEM), and the adaptive fusion module (AFM). UAAM is guided by the output prediction of the adjacent decoding layer, and focuses on the difficult region of the boundary without neglecting the attention to the background and foreground so that more edge details and uncertain information can be captured. CCEM innovatively captures multi‐scale global context within an image and implicit contextual information between multiple images, fusing them to enhance the extraction of global location information. AFM fuses the local detail information extracted by UAAM and the global location information extracted by CCEM with the decoding layer feature for multiple fusion and adaptive attention to enhance feature representation. Our method is extensively experimented on four public datasets and generally achieves state‐of‐the‐art performance compared to other advanced methods.
The test of the relationship between income inequality and economic growth—Based on the ARDL model

: In the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was pointed out that promoting common prosperity in a solid way is the essential requirement of socialism. This paper uses the balance panel data of the post-tax Gini coefficient, per capita economic growth GDP and per capita economic growth rate of 18 countries from 1971 to 2018. By constructing the ARDL model to verify, it is concluded that the impact of income inequality on economic growth presents an "inverted U" relationship. The data set in this paper includes the sample of China, so the research conclusion of this paper is also applicable to China, and has important theoretical guidance significance for China to promote common prosperity scientifically and balance the relationship between income distribution and economic growth.
Optimization of Cellulase Production by Chaetomium thermophilum in Submerged Fermentation using Wheat Straw as Substrate

This study was carried out to produce thermally stable, economically viable and industrially important cellulase enzymes by using a thermophilic fungus i.e., Chaetomium thermophilum , which can efficiently produce cellulases extracellularly while growing on cellulosic substrates. Wheat straw, by product of wheat crop has been used as lignocellulosic substrate. To determine the optimum conditions for maximum production, experiment was carried out at various substrate concentrations, temperatures and pH levels. Pretreatment of wheat straw resulted in highly digestible cellulose that lead to the increased production of cellulases. Highest glucose (1.92±0.14 mg/ml), carboxymethyl cellulase (7.33±0.16 IU/ml/min) and filter paperase (10.61±0.15 IU/ml/min) activities observed in pretreated wheat straw, while untreated gave 1.89±0.19 mg/ml, 4.31±0.13 IU/ml/min and 7.88±0.18 IU/ml/min respectively. Seventy percent increase in CMC-ase and 35% increase in FP-ase activities were observed while using alkali pretreated wheat straw as compared to untreated straw. During incubation, pH 7 and 60°C temperature was found optimum for highest enzyme activities.
A direct method of moving planes for fractional Laplacian equations in the unit ball

In this paper, we employ a direct method of moving planes for the fractional Laplacian equation in the unit ball. Instead of using the conventional extension method introduced by Caffarelli and Silvestre [6], Chen, Li and Li developed a direct method of moving planes for the fractional Laplacian [8]. Inspired by this new method, in this paper we deal with the semilinear pseudo -differential equation in the unit ball directly. We first review key ingredients needed in the method of moving planes in a bounded domain, such as the narrow region principle for the fractional Laplacian. Then, by using this new method, we obtain the radial symmetry and monotonicity of positive solutions for some interesting semi-linear equations.
UV-induced photodesorption and photochemistry of O2 ice

In dense inter- and circumstellar clouds, molecules are maintained in the gas phase at temperatures well below their thermal accretion value, and the UV photodesorption of ice has been proposed as an efficient non-thermal desorption mechanism explaining this observation. The present work aims at studying the UV photodesorption yield of solid O2, a molecule considered as a starting point in the formation of water. For the infrared inactive O2 the standard spectroscopic procedure does not work, and a new experimental procedure is introduced that links quadrupole mass spectrometry of photodesorbed oxygen ice in the gas phase to a RAIR spectrum of a polar reference molecule in the solid state (in our case CO). The resulting photodesorption rate of pure O2 ice is found to be (6 ± 2) × 10 −4 molecules photon −1 upon irradiation with broad-band Lyα light. The main photodesorption product is O2; a smaller part photodesorbs as O-atoms. Within the accessible range, the photodesorption rate does not vary with ice temperature. Upon UV irradiation also ozone ice is formed and the present work allows in parallel to determine the photodesorption rate for O3 as (3 ± 1) × 10 −4 and (5 ± 2) × 10 −4 molecules photon −1 for 14 and 52 K, respectively. Ozone is found not to desorb directly, but via its fragments O2 and O; UV induced dissociation is concluded to be much more efficient than direct photodesorption.
Blockchain Companies in Marketing Communication: The Study on 4C Framework of Strategic Marketing Analysis

: This paper aim to introduce 4C framework of strategic marketing to analyze how blockchain companies are working in marketing communication and advertising. The 4C framework of strategic marketing includes: customer, cost to the customer, convenience and communication. Based on our study, we would be able to have the conclusion that using the blockchain technology in business marketing would be able to build and maintain good relations with customers through customer loyalty plans and reward plans. Blockchain technology could also lower the cost of the product and service, hence lower the cost to the customer eventually. Using blockchain technology is more convenient since the blockchain technology could build more connection between different brands and companies. Both internal and external communication will be increased since blockchain technology does not need support from intermediate agents. Blockchain technology also could make communication more effective and efficient.
Middle Jurassic Paleolatitude of the Tethyan Himalaya: New Insights Into the Evolution of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean

The paleogeography of the Tethyan Himalaya (TH) during the Mesozoic is vital to constrain the evolutionary history of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean, but reliable paleomagnetic data from Jurassic rocks in this area are scarce. Here, we report the first high‐quality paleomagnetic results from the Middle Jurassic (∼175–173 Ma) Lanongla Formation limestones in the Nyalam area of the TH. For most specimens, stepwise thermal or hybrid demagnetization reveals two well‐defined magnetization components. A low‐temperature component, which is isolated between natural remanent magnetization and 200–300°C, is consistent with the present geomagnetic field direction. A high‐temperature component, which is isolated between 300–350°C/10–25 mT and 500–580°C/60–120 mT, passes fold tests at the 95% and 99% confidence level, indicating a prefolding primary magnetization. The tilt‐corrected site‐mean direction for 28 paleomagnetic sites is Ds = 331.0° and Is = −49.9° with α95 = 2.7°, which provides a Fisherian site‐mean paleopole at 23.7°N, 292.9°E with A95 = 2.8° and a paleolatitude of 31.7 ± 2.8°S for the Nyalam study area (28.6°N, 86.1°E). A comparison between the reliable Middle Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous poles obtained from the TH and those observed from the Lhasa terrane reveals that the Neo‐Tethys Ocean for the reference point (29.1°N, 86.1°E) had a latitudinal width of 3,500 ± 1,000 km at ∼174 Ma, reached its greatest width of 7,000 ± 1,000 km at ∼137 Ma, and had an average latitudinal spreading rate of ∼10.4 cm/year during ∼174–137 Ma.
Symmetry of Odds Ratio

Unlike the case with normally distributed continuous variable, the Confidence Interval (CIs) of Odds Ratio (OR), the often-used measure of association in medical literature, is said NOT to be symmetrical about the point estimates. The inference is based on the conventional additive construct, which is why it is shown that the CIs of natural logarithm (ln) of OR is symmetrical about the ln(OR), and NOT the OR itself. There is consensus that the log-scale is not quite intuitive, and hence the CI of ln(OR) is later expressed (taking anti-log) in natural scale. However, after the transformation from ln(OR) to OR, the CI of OR is blamed not to have symmetry about the point estimate, and hence the construct of CI of OR remains unintuitive. However, we show mathematically that CI of OR is also symmetrical about the point estimate of OR, only that it is on multiplicative construct. The same is applicable for Risk Ratios (RR) too.
The efficacy and mechanism of Zhengan Xifeng Decoction in the treatment of ischemic stroke: a network pharmacology study

: Background: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and mechanism of Zhengan Xifeng Decoction in the treatment of ischemic stroke based on network pharmacology research methods. Methods: The active ingredients of Zhengan Xifeng Decoction were collected by TCMSP. Uniprot database was used to obtain the list of potential targets of active ingredients of Zhengan Xifeng Decoction. GeneCards and OMIM databases were used to obtain ischemic stroke disease-related targets. String website was used to construct protein interaction network (PPI). Metascape was used for GO enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Results: 183 effective active components, 415 targets and 1022 disease-related targets of Zhengan Xifeng Decoction were screened by network pharmacology, and 136 intersection gene targets were obtained. PPI analysis revealed that the key targets involved TNF, AKT1, IL6, IL1B, VEGFA, etc. Enrichment analysis obtained 2076 GO items (P < 0.01) and 193 KEGG items (P < 0.01).
Is China-Africa Cooperation under China's "Belt and Road" Initiative a "Neo-colonialism"?——Case of the Mombasa–Nairobi Railway

: China-Africa relations and the One Belt and One Road Initiative attract world-wide attention. Africa has become China's second largest overseas project contracting land and fourth largest foreign investment destination as China-Africa bilateral trade becomes increasingly frequent. However, the further development of China-Africa relations has aroused suspicion and accusations by some of the Western countries. Reports of China's neo-colonialism in Africa have spread from western politicians and mainstream media to government officials in Africa. It occurs China's diplomacy towards African countries face more challenges and pressures. In this paper, it will be exploring the question of whether China-Africa cooperation under the BRI is a "neo-colonialism". To start with, this paper will initially detail existing academic debates, based on the concept of neocolonialism and China-Africa relations thus to explain the question of whether China's economic cooperation in Africa is a "neo-colonialism". Meanwhile, the evaluation of the case of the Mombasa–Nairobi Railway about construction background and problems will be illustrated to refute the arguments of Chinese neocolonialism proposed by Western media. Finally, on this basis, it will come up with a relatively rational conclusion to prove that China's cooperation in Africa is not neo-colonialism.
Research on the Impact of Party Organization Embedding on the Corporate Environmental Performance

: The party organization’s participation in the governance of state-owned enterprises can affect corporate environmental performance. First of all, in terms of stakeholders’ theories, enterprises should not pursue the interests of shareholders in the traditional sense, but to maximize the overall interests of stakeholders. As a special group in China’s corporate governance, the party organization has the right to participate in the decision of major environmental matters on the corporate. At the same time, the party organization urges enterprises to support the policies of the party, play an important role in supervising the environmental performance of the enterprise, and then maintain the overall interests of the stakeholders. Secondly, under the framework of organizational legitimacy, the party organization embedded mainly through the supervision effect and checks and balance effects to improve the environmental performance of the enterprise. Therefore, this paper studies the relationship between party organizations participating in the governance of state-owned enterprises and corporate environmental performance. This paper argues that the "two-way entry" of the party organization has a positive correlation with the corporate environmental performance, that is, the higher the "two-way entry" of party organizations participating in the governance of state-owned enterprises, the higher the environmental performance of state-owned enterprises will be improved accordingly. Also, after further robustness tests, this conclusion is still established.