Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radar Measurement of Rainfall—A Summary

Abstract Radar can produce detailed precipitation information for large areas from a single location in real time. Although radar has been used experimentally for nearly 30 years to measure rainfall, operational implementation has been slow. Today we find that data are underutilized and both confusion and misunderstanding exist about the inherent ability of radar to measure rainfall, about factors that contribute to errors, and about the importance of careful calibration and signal processing. Areal and point rainfall estimates are often in error by a factor of two or more. Error sources reside in measurement of radar reflectivity factor, evaporation and advection of precipitation before reaching the ground, and variations in the drop-size distribution and vertical air motions. Nevertheless, radar can be of lifesaving usefulness by alerting forecasters to the potential for flash flooding. The most successful technique for improving the radar rainfall estimates has been to “calibrate” the radar with rain g.
Multiple Answer Questions in Self-Administered Surveys: The Use of Check-All-That-Apply and Forced-Choice Question Formats *

This paper reports results from a series of experimental manipulations of check-all-thatapply questions in an Internet survey. One purpose of the experiments was to determine whether reversing the order of the presentation of response options resulted in order effects, including primacy and anchoring A second purpose was to determine the effects of converting check-allthat-apply questions to a forced choice-format (e.g. Yes/No for each item). We found that the existence of order effects in check-all-that-apply questions appears to depend on whether questions require respondents to use temporarily or chronically accessible information, as has been previously reported for items requiring selection of only one response option. The conversion to a forced/choice format increased the percentage of respondents answering affirmatively to each response option. Additionally, forced-choice formatted questions were unaffected by the use of more active answer categories (e.g. fan/not a fan) as opposed to the common yes/no format. Finally, the results from this survey of a random sample of 1503 University students, were quite similar to results from a previous mail survey experiment, suggesting that the response patterns observed in the current experiment result from selfadministration in general, and not from a unique characteristic of web surveys.
Reliability investigation of high-k/metal gate in nMOSFETs by three-dimensional kinetic Monte-Carlo simulation with multiple trap interactions

Degradation behaviors in the high-k/metal gate stacks of nMOSFETs are investigated by three-dimensional (3D) kinetic Monte-Carlo (KMC) simulation with multiple trap coupling. Novel microscopic mechanisms are simultaneously considered in a compound system: (1) trapping/detrapping from/to substrate/gate; (2) trapping/detrapping to other traps; (3) trap generation and recombination. Interacting traps can contribute to random telegraph noise (RTN), bias temperature instability (BTI), and trap-assisted tunneling (TAT). Simulation results show that trap interaction induces higher probability and greater complexity in trapping/detrapping processes and greatly affects the characteristics of RTN and BTI. Different types of trap distribution cause largely different behaviors of RTN, BTI, and TAT. TAT currents caused by multiple trap coupling are sensitive to the gate voltage. Moreover, trap generation and recombination have great effects on the degradation of HfO2-based nMOSFETs under a large stress.
Entropy growth in the early universe and how to obtain experimentally falsifiable criteria for the measurement of relic entropy , gravitational waves, and pre cursors of the onset of inflation

This paper shows how increased entropy values from an initially low big bang level can be measured experimentally by counting relic gravitons. Furthermore the physical mechanism of this entropy increase is explained via analogies with early-universe phase transitions.As summarized by Thanu Padmanabhan (IUCAA) in the recent 25th IAGRG presentation he made, “Gravity: The Inside Story “, entropy can be thought of as due to ‘ignored’ degrees of freedom, classically, and is generalized in general relativity by appealing to to extremising entropy for all the null surfaces of space time. Padmanabhan claims the process of extemizing entropy then leads to equations for the background metric of the spacetime. I . e. that the process of entropy being put in an entremal form leads to the Einsteinian equations of motion. What is done in this present work is more modest. I.e. entropy is thought of in terms of being increased by relic graviton production, and the discussion then examines the consequence of doing that in terms of GR space time metric evolution. How entropy production is tied in with graviton production is via recent work by Jack Ng. The role of Jack Ng’s (2008a, 2008b) revised infinite quantum statistics in the physics of gravitational wave detection is acknowledged. Ng’s infinite quantum statistics can be used to show that gravitons N
Polar spots in rapidly rotating stars: stellar wind and evolution of exoplanets

We aim to study large-scale shallow water waves in the tachoclines of rapidly rotating stars and their connection to the periodicity and the formation of starspots at high latitudes. Shallow water magnetohydrodynamic equations are used to study the dynamics of largescale waves at the rapidly rotating stellar tachoclines in the presence of toroidal magnetic field. We found that low frequency magnetic Rossby waves tend to locate at poles, but high frequency magnetic Poincare waves are concentrated near the equator in rapidly rotating stars. Unstable magnetic Rossby waves may lead to the local enhancement of magnetic flux at high latitudes of tachoclines in rapidly rotating stars. The enhanced magnetic flux may rise upwards due to the magnetic buoyancy in the form of tubes and appear as starspots at polar regions. Magnetic Rossby waves may also cause observed short term periodicity in the stellar magnetic activity. These results have important implications for the evolution of the stellar wind and exoplanets in young Sun-like stars.
Shear-Flow Instability in the Stable Nocturnal Boundary Layer as Observed by Doppler Lidar during CASES-99

Abstract This study investigates a shear-flow instability observed in the stably stratified nighttime boundary layer on 6 October 1999 during the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) in south-central Kansas. A scanning Doppler lidar captured the spatial structure and evolution of the instability, and high-rate in situ sensors mounted on a nearby 60-m tower provided stability and turbulence data with excellent vertical resolution. Data from these instruments are analyzed and linear stability analysis (LSA) is employed to carefully characterize the wave field, its interaction with the mean flow, and its role in turbulence generation. The event persisted for about 30 min and was confined within the shear zone between the surface and a low-level jet (LLJ) maximum. Eigenvalues corresponding to the fastest growing mode of the LSA showed good agreement with the basic wave parameters determined from the lidar data. Good qualitative agreement was also obtained between the eigenfunction of the f.
Laser material processing with tightly focused cylindrical vector beams

We demonstrate a comprehensive modification study of silica glass, crystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon film, irradiated by tightly focused cylindrical vector beams with azimuthal and radial polarizations. The evidence of the longitudinal field associated with radial polarization is revealed by second harmonic generation in z-cut lithium niobate crystal. Despite the lower threshold of ring-shaped modification of silicon materials, the modification in the center of single pulse radially polarized beam is not observed. The phenomenon is interpreted in terms of the enhanced reflection of longitudinal component at the interface with high-index contrast, demonstrating that the longitudinal component is inefficient for the flat surface modification. Enhanced interaction of the longitudinal light field with silicon nanopillar structures produced by the first pulse of double-pulse irradiation is also demonstrated.
Marital and Parental Relationships in Adoptive and Nonadoptive Families: The Mediating Role of Coparenting

Abstract In the adoption field, there is evidence that parent–child relationship quality represents a crucial source of resilience for families. However, little is still known about the variables that may influence parental relationship and the mediating role played by coparenting in the association between marital and parental relationships. This study intended to explore the links between mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of marital and parental relationships, assessing the mediating role of coparenting in adoptive families with internationally adopted adolescents in comparison with nonadoptive families. Participants were 91 Italian adoptive married couples and 69 nonadoptive married couples with an adolescent child. A self-report questionnaire was administered to participants. Results highlighted similarities and differences concerning mothers’ and fathers’ relationships within adoptive and nonadoptive families; the association of the marital relationship with the parental relationship through coparenting especially emerged within adoptive families. Results were discussed in relation to practical implications for family preventive and enrichment intervention.
Wide-field polarization angle measurements of a LiteBIRD low-frequency telescope scaled antenna

Abstract. LiteBIRD is a space mission intended for the late 2020s that aims to observe the large-angular-scale polarization pattern of the cosmic microwave background. The low-frequency telescope (LFT) aboard LiteBIRD has a crossed-Dragone design and observes at 34 to 161 GHz with a field of view (FoV) of 18 deg × 9 deg. The LFT antenna optics is predicted to induce polarization angle rotation by up to around 1.5 deg in its FoV, while polarization angles among the detectors should be corrected to a few arcminutes level to distinguish E- and B-mode polarizations. To characterize the polarization angle rotation by the antenna optics and to develop a ground calibration method, we performed polarization angle measurements with a small compact-antenna-test-range setup. We measured the polarization angles of a 1/4-scaled LFT antenna across the FoV at correspondingly scaled frequencies of 140 to 220 GHz (35 to 55 GHz for the full-scale LFT). We placed a collimated-wave source near the scaled-LFT aperture and rotated the scaled-LFT feed polarization. The measured polarization angles agree with those measured by rotating the collimated-wave polarization at the 15″ level for the on-axis case. The measurements are consistent with simulation and determined the polarization angles with an uncertainty of less than 1.9′.
The importance of the appendicular skeleton for the phylogenetic reconstruction of lamniform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)

Lamniform sharks are one of the more conspicuous groups of elasmobranchs, including several emblematic taxa as the white shark. Although their monophyly is well supported, the interrelationships of taxa within Lamniformes remains controversial because of the conflict among various previous molecular‐based and morphology‐based phylogenetic hypotheses. In this study, we use 31 characters related to the appendicular skeleton of lamniforms and demonstrate their ability to resolve the systematic interrelationships within this shark order. In particular, the new additional skeletal characters resolve all polytomies that were present in previous morphology‐based phylogenetic analyses of lamniforms. Our study demonstrates the strength of incorporating new morphological data for phylogenetic reconstructions.
Membrane Curvature: The Inseparable Companion of Autophagy

Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling process of eukaryotic cells that degrades protein aggregates or damaged organelles with the participation of autophagy-related proteins. Membrane bending is a key step in autophagosome membrane formation and nucleation. A variety of autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) are needed to sense and generate membrane curvature, which then complete the membrane remodeling process. The Atg1 complex, Atg2-Atg18 complex, Vps34 complex, Atg12-Atg5 conjugation system, Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugation system, and transmembrane protein Atg9 promote the production of autophagosomal membranes directly or indirectly through their specific structures to alter membrane curvature. There are three common mechanisms to explain the change in membrane curvature. For example, the BAR domain of Bif-1 senses and tethers Atg9 vesicles to change the membrane curvature of the isolation membrane (IM), and the Atg9 vesicles are reported as a source of the IM in the autophagy process. The amphiphilic helix of Bif-1 inserts directly into the phospholipid bilayer, causing membrane asymmetry, and thus changing the membrane curvature of the IM. Atg2 forms a pathway for lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the IM, and this pathway also contributes to the formation of the IM. In this review, we introduce the phenomena and causes of membrane curvature changes in the process of macroautophagy, and the mechanisms of ATGs in membrane curvature and autophagosome membrane formation.
Discrete solutions of Dirichlet problems by circle patterns and finite volumes

Given a simply connected domain , the cellular decompositions for approximation, whose faces are not necessarily triangles, are produced by a family of Delaunay circle patterns. The regularities of cellular decompositions and associated volume cellular decompositions are derived by the properties of circle patterns. The discrete Dirichlet problems for Poisson equations with these cellular decompositions are defined by means of finite volume techniques. Based on the regularities of decompositions, the error estimate between the discrete solutions in these cellular decompositions and the classical one in is obtained in terms of discrete seminorms and it is proved that these discrete solutions converge in and to the exact solution, respectively.
Magnetic Field Effects on the Structure, Dielectric and Energy Storage Properties of High-Entropy Spinel Ferrite (La0.14Ce0.14Mn0.14Zr0.14Cu0.14Ca0.14Ni0.14)Fe2O4/PVDF Nanocomposites

Energy depletion is one of the significant threats to global development. To increase the usability of clean energy, the energy storage performance of dielectric materials must be urgently enhanced. Semicrystalline ferroelectric polymer (PVDF) is the most promising candidate for the next generation of flexible dielectric materials thanks to its relatively high energy storage density. In this work, high-entropy spinel ferrite (La0.14Ce0.14Mn0.14Zr0.14Cu0.14Ca0.14Ni0.14Fe2O4) nanofibers (abbreviated 7FO NFs) were prepared by the sol-gel and electrostatic spinning methods, then blended with PVDF to prepare composite films using the coating method. A magnetic field was used to control the orientation distribution of the high-entropy spinel nanofibers in the PVDF matrix. We investigated the effects of the applied magnetic field and the content of high-entropy spinel ferrite on the structure, dielectric, and energy storage properties of the PVDF substrate films. The 3 vol% 7FO/PVDF film treated in a 0.8 T magnetic field for 3 min exhibited a good overall performance. The maximum discharge energy density was 6.23 J/cm3 at 275 kV/mm and the efficiency was 58% with 51% β-phase content. In addition, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss were 13.3 and 0.035, respectively, at a frequency of 1 kHz.
Development and Evaluation of Comfort Assessment Approaches for Passengers in Autonomous Vehicles

Passenger comfort is a critical factor in user acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Despite existing methods for passenger comfort assessment, new approaches to assessing passenger comfort in AVs may be valuable to the automotive industry. In this paper, continuous pressing-based and discrete smartphone-based approaches for comfort assessment were designed and implemented in a user study. Participants used the two approaches to evaluate their comfort levels in an experimental study based on a high-fidelity autonomous driving simulator. Performances of the two approaches in assessing comfort levels were analyzed and compared. In general, the discrete approach showed better measurement repeatability and lower measurement bias than the continuous approach. The performance gap of the continuous approach could be reduced with proper post-processing measures. Discussions on the potential uses of the approaches were also raised.
Recalling calculus knowledge

The main purpose of educational system is not only that the students perform well at the exam, but to remember the learnt material to some degree some time after the learning. This paper investigates students’ retained knowledge, focusing mainly on topics concerning derivatives and diﬀerentiation, and examines the eﬀect of re-learning in a short period of time. Results indicate that retained knowledge should be taken into consideration in instructional design and
Role of Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 in Early Breast Carcinogenesis and Breast Cancer Aggressiveness

Simple Summary Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 (SFRP1) expression is decreased during breast cancer progression and inversely associated with breast tissue age-related lobular involution in women. In this study, we have investigated the potential causal role of the decrease in SFRP1 expression in early breast carcinogenesis. In order to do so, we characterized mammary epithelial cells from both nulliparous and multiparous mice in organoid culture ex vivo, and modulated SFRP1 expression in breast non-tumoral and tumoral cell lines from multiple molecular subtypes. Our results support the hypothesis that a lack of SFRP1 could have a causal role in early breast carcinogenesis. Abstract A human transcriptome array on ERα-positive breast cancer continuum of risk identified Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 (SFRP1) as decreased during breast cancer progression. In addition, SFRP1 was inversely associated with breast tissue age-related lobular involution, and differentially regulated in women with regard to their parity status and the presence of microcalcifications. The causal role of SFRP1 in breast carcinogenesis remains, nevertheless, not well understood. In this study, we characterized mammary epithelial cells from both nulliparous and multiparous mice in organoid culture ex vivo, in the presence of estradiol (E2) and/or hydroxyapatite microcalcifications (HA). Furthermore, we have modulated SFRP1 expression in breast cancer cell lines, including the MCF10A series, and investigated their tumoral properties. We observed that organoids obtained from multiparous mice were resistant to E2 treatment, while organoids obtained from nulliparous mice developed the luminal phenotype associated with a lower ratio between Sfrp1 and Esr1 expression. The decrease in SFRP1 expression in MCF10A and MCF10AT1 cell lines increased their tumorigenic properties in vitro. On the other hand, the overexpression of SFRP1 in MCF10DCIS, MCF10CA1a, and MCF7 reduced their aggressiveness. Our results support the hypothesis that a lack of SFRP1 could have a causal role in early breast carcinogenesis.
Aortic cusp perforation during rotational atherectomy: a case report

Abstract Background Rotational atherectomy has become increasingly utilised over the past decade. Although a relatively safe procedure in appropriately trained physicians’ hands, there are a number of recognised complications. Case summary We describe the case of a 64-year-old female who presented with chest pain and was diagnosed with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed normal biventricular function and no valve disease. Invasive coronary angiogram was performed which revealed a severely calcified ostial right coronary artery (RCA) disease which was felt to be the culprit of the presentation. Balloon dilatation was unsuccessful, therefore, rotational atherectomy with an Amplatz left 0.75 guide and a 1.5 mm rota-burr was utilised and improved calcium burden. This was complicated by ostial dissection, treated with stenting. A TTE following the procedure revealed moderate aortic regurgitation (AR). The patient was discharged as she remained asymptomatic. An outpatient transoesophageal echocardiogram performed eight months later showed evidence of severe eccentric AR. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed severe AR with left ventricular dilatation. Repeat angiogram 10 months after index procedure revealed in-stent restenosis, and the patient was accepted by heart multidisciplinary team for aortic valve replacement and grafting of RCA. Discussion As the field of rotational atherectomy continues to expand, we propose that novel complications such as reported in this case may become recognised. Finally, we stress the importance of multi-modality imaging in the investigation and timely planning of interventions in the management of these patients.
High‐power random distributed feedback fiber laser: From science to application

A fiber laser based on random distributed feedback has attracted increasing attention in recent years, as it has become an important photonic device and has found wide applications in fiber communications or sensing. In this article, recent advances in high‐power random distributed feedback fiber laser are reviewed, including the theoretical analyses, experimental approaches, discussion on the practical applications and outlook. It is found that a random distributed feedback fiber laser can not only act as an information photonics device, but also has the feasibility for high‐efficiency/high‐power generation, which makes it competitive with conventional high‐power laser sources. In addition, high‐power random distributed feedback fiber laser has been successfully applied for midinfrared lasing, frequency doubling to the visible and high‐quality imaging. It is believed that the high‐power random distributed feedback fiber laser could become a promising light source with simple and economic configurations.
Ultrasound Intima-Media Complex (IMC) Segmentation Using Deep Learning Models

Common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a common measure of atherosclerosis, often assessed through carotid ultrasound images. However, the use of deep learning methods for medical image analysis, segmentation and CIMT measurement in these images has not been extensively explored. This study aims to evaluate the performance of four recent deep learning models, including a convolutional neural network (CNN), a self-organizing operational neural network (self-ONN), a transformer-based network and a pixel difference convolution-based network, in segmenting the intima-media complex (IMC) using the CUBS dataset, which includes ultrasound images acquired from both sides of the neck of 1088 participants. The results show that the self-ONN model outperforms the conventional CNN-based model, while the pixel difference- and transformer-based models achieve the best segmentation performance.