Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Use of Direct Shear Waves in Quantifying Seismic Anisotropy: Exploiting Regional Arrays

Abstract To overcome the potential contamination of the direct S waves by source‐side anisotropy in shear‐wave‐splitting analysis, we describe a new approach that we call the reference station technique. The technique utilizes direct shear waves recorded at a station pair and depends on maximizing the correlation between the seismic traces at reference and target stations after correcting the reference station for known receiver‐side anisotropy and the target stations for arbitrary splitting parameters probed via a grid search. The algorithm also provides a delay time between both stations caused, for example, by isotropic heterogeneities. Synthetic tests demonstrate the stability of the estimated parameters, even where variability in near‐surface properties (thickness and velocity of sediment layer) exists. We applied the reference station technique to data from seismic experiments at the northern margin of Tibet. Average splitting parameters obtained from the analysis of direct S ‐wave results are consistent with those obtained from previous SKS splitting measurements. Where differences exist, shear‐wave fast polarization estimates resolved from direct S indicate a higher degree of internal consistency for closely spaced stations than those derived from SKS . This is probably due to the much larger number of direct S waves available for splitting measurements compared to SKS for the same observational period, resulting in higher quality measurements. We also demonstrate the ability of the technique to provide improved splitting measurements for temporary stations by following a bootstrap approach in which only a few stations with well‐constrained SKS splitting parameters are used as seeds to determine the splitting parameters of a large array in an iterative manner. In addition, the S measurements sample the anisotropic layer with different angles of incidence and back azimuths, thus potentially providing additional constraints on more complicated anisotropic structures, and the interstation delay times could be used for tomographic studies to reduce the bias from anisotropic structure. Online Material: Multisplit software package (C++) with instructions.
Determinants of Global and Intra-European Imbalances

The paper discusses global current account imbalances in the context of an asymmetric world monetary system and asymmetric current account developments. It identifies the US and Germany as center countries with rising / high current account deficits (US) and surpluses (Germany). These are matched by current account surpluses of countries stabilizing their exchange rates against the dollar (dollar periphery) and current account deficits of countries stabilizing their exchange rate against the euro or members of the euro area (euro periphery). The paper finds that changes of world current account positions are closely linked to the monetary policy decision patterns both in the centers and peripheries. Whereas in the centers current account positions are affected by monetary policies, in the peripheries exchange rate stabilization cum sterilization matters. In specific, monetary expansion in the US as well as exchange rate stabilization and sterilization policies in the dollar periphery are found to have contributed to global imbalances.
STUDIES ON PARÍCUTIN VOLCANO, MICHOACAN, MEXICO

A more or less continuous record of the activity of Paricutin Volcano from mid-August to late October 1944 is presented. During this time lava flowed almost continuously from bocas which developed on the northeast side of the cone on August 15 and September 4, and on the southwest side of the cone on September 13 and September 27. The lava issues from bocas located on fissures ranging from a few hundred feet up to half a mile from the base of the cone. The typical boca is about 50 feet in width, and the very stiff, viscous lava, which has a temperature of about 1038° C. issues from the boca at a velocity of from 10 to 50 feet per minute. Bocas on both sides of the cone are roughly aligned in the direction N. 35° E. , and most, if not all, of the lava which has flowed from Paricutin has issued from bocas along or near this trend. The cycle of activity of a lava flow begins with the accumulation of pressure which raises the surface of the ground, causing tension cracks to develop. With the initial outbreak of lava along one of these cracks, the surface collapses, and a graben results. In the early stage the lava front is about 15 feet thick, and the rate of flow is measured in feet per minute. As the flow becomes longer the rate of advance decreases to feet per hour, and the thickness increases to about 30 feet by sill-like injections which raise the surface of the flow. The appearance of these marginal tongues indicates that the flow is in its final stage. A map showing the location and extent of the lava flows from Paricutin since its birth to October 20, 1944 is included. The prevailing idea that Paricutin is related to the east-west trend of famous volcanoes along the 19th parallel and the southern margin of the Mesa de Central should be critically reviewed, and the possibility that Paricutin is related to a trend parallel to the adjacent coast of the Pacific Ocean should not be overlooked.
Risk to Human Health from a Plethora of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses in Primate Bushmeat

To assess human exposure to Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in west central Africa, we looked for SIV infection in 788 monkeys that were hunted in the rainforests of Cameroon for bushmeat or kept as pets. Serologic reactivity suggesting SIV infection was found in 13 of 16 primate species, including 4 not previously known to harbor SIV. Overall, 131 sera (16.6%) reacted strongly and an additional 34 (4.3%) reacted weakly with HIV antigens. Molecular analysis identified five new phylogenetic SIV lineages. These data document for the first time that a substantial proportion of wild monkeys in Cameroon are SIV infected and that humans who hunt and handle bushmeat are exposed to a plethora of genetically highly divergent viruses.
Detecting differential binding of transcription factors with ChIP-seq

SUMMARY Increasing number of ChIP-seq experiments are investigating transcription factor binding under multiple experimental conditions, for example, various treatment conditions, several distinct time points and different treatment dosage levels. Hence, identifying differential binding sites across multiple conditions is of practical importance in biological and medical research. To this end, we have developed a powerful and flexible program, called DBChIP, to detect differentially bound sharp binding sites across multiple conditions, with or without matching control samples. By assigning uncertainty measure to the putative differential binding sites, DBChIP facilitates downstream analysis. DBChIP is implemented in R programming language and can work with a wide range of sequencing file formats. AVAILABILITY R package DBChIP is available at http://pages.cs. wisc.edu/~kliang/DBChIP/ CONTACT: kliang@stat.wisc.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Comparison of murderers with recidivists and first time incarcerated offenders from U.S. prisons on psychopathy and identity as a criminal: An exploratory analysis

Purpose : Previous research conceptualized murderers as highly callous and self-gratifying individuals, offending as a result of psychopathic tendencies. The current exploration sought to verify whether murderers differ on psychopathy and criminal social identity from recidivistic and first time incarcerated offenders. Methods : The study compared an opportunistic sample of murderers ( n = 94), recidivists ( n = 266), and first time offenders ( n = 118) on criminal social identity (3 factors: cognitive centrality, in-group affect, and in-group ties) and psychopathy (4 factors: callous affect, interpersonal manipulation, erratic lifestyle, antisocial behavior). Results : Recidivists scored significantly higher on cognitive centrality and in-group ties than murderers. Recidivists score significantly higher than first time incarcerated offenders or murderers on the erratic lifestyle and interpersonal manipulation factors of psychopathy. Additionally, recidivists scored significantly higher on antisocial behavior compared to first time offenders. All three groups of prisoners did not differ in terms of callous affect. Conclusion : Contrary to previous research and media portrayals of homicide perpetration being rooted in psychopathic tendencies such as callous affect, the present findings found no support for such a conceptualization of the crime. Moreover, unsurprisingly, it appears murderers have less developed criminal cognitions than other offending groups.
P‐ and S‐wave angle‐domain common‐image gathers (ADCIGs) based on elastic‐wave reverse‐time migration

Elastic‐wave reverse‐time migration is an important imaging strategy because of its ability to image complex geologic structures and to efficiently extract elastic‐wave angle‐domain common‐image gathers (ADCIGs), which is an important task for amplitude‐versus‐angle (AVA) analysis and migration velocity analysis (MVA) in multicomponent exploration. Based on the characteristics of Poynting vectors in an elastic medium, we derive the wavefield‐separation imaging conditions for elastic reverse‐time migration (RTM) and establish the method of calculating the incident angle of source P‐wavefield using the propagation angle of source P‐wavefield and local dip angle of the reflector. Accurate ADCIGs can then be extracted based on the estimated incident angles with small computational cost. Two numerical examples show that the proposed method for extracting elastic‐wave ADCIGs can provide clear and accurate image and image gathers for elastic‐wave imaging tasks and therefore can provide reliable amplitude information for AVA and MVA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The infinite mixtures of food products

Imagine you are a data-curious foodie who plans to organize a birthday party for a good friend of yours. Your goal is to find natural groups of food products so you can better cater to the tastes of your friends. For example, your vegan friends might love soy burgers and brown rice marshmallow treats, your carnivore friends might love steak tartare and sashimi, and your healthy eating friends might enjoy a harvest salad and Mediterranean panini. One way to tackle this task is to make a large list of food products and then analyze their nutrition facts and lists of ingredients. A simple approach involves using a finite mixture model [1] to cluster the products such that foods in the same cluster have similar nutritional values and contain similar ingredients. This is sometimes called model-based clustering because it involves defining a probabilistic model of the data and optimizing a welldefined objective, such as the likelihood or posterior probability of the data [1]. The issue with finite mixture models is that the models assume a finite and fixed number of clusters in the data, which has to be specified in advance before the analysis is started. However, in many cases, there is no well-defined number of clusters and it is not clear if the “correct” value for the number of clusters even exists. In our case, there really might be an infinite number of food tastes and any list of food products, though long, might simply not have enough data to detect all the different tastes. We would thus like to have a model that posits an infinite number of food clusters, which naturally emerge when analyzing longer lists of food products. Your foodie birthday party planning would be much more convenient if you did not have to choose the number of clusters at all. In this column, we discuss infinite mixture models, which do not impose any a priori bound on the number of clusters in the data. To be able to achieve this level of flexibility, we will use a nonparametric Gaussian mixture model based on the Dirichlet process [1,2]. This will allow the number of clusters to automatically increase as new food products are added to the list.
Experimental study of internal erosion of fine grained soils.

Internal erosion has long been a major problem associated with earth structures. Laboratory experiments provide a potential insight into the processes involved. The design of dam embankments is usually based on hydraulic criteria. Some of the hydraulic criteria are based on sediment transport theory where the critical velocities are derived from the different approaches comparing the drag force of the particles and the hydraulic load. Many hydraulic criteria for suffusion are based on tests with consistent soil samples or on analytical descriptions of the particle and pore geometry derived from characteristic parameters. An experimental study of soil suffusion is performed on a laboratory column subjected to different flow conditions and soil parameters. The permeability variation along the soil column is controlled. The initiation and the kinetics of soil suffusion are investigated using a laboratory fine grained soil (mixed sand and clay) and a natural soil. Attempts are also made to assess the influence of the clay content and the type of fine particles. The results demonstrate that low hydraulic gradients can cause suffusion. The critical shear stresses for various soil tested differ slightly when the nature of grains and fines are varied. The hydraulic gradient affects the cumulative eroded mass upon a certain threshold value. INTRODUCTION Internal erosion takes place when water that seeps through the soil carries fines particles away from the embankment or foundation of dams. Internal erosion of soil particles is one of the most common causes for failure of the structures. This phenomenon is dangerous because it may not show external evidence that it is taking place. Natural clay in a dispersive state has been known as one of the fundamental factors that contribute to piping in earth dam and erosion of compacted soil of landfill clay liner. Internal erosion failures are often associated with penetrations of dams as outlet pipes buried in the embankment and concrete spillways that cross the embankment. Because of the embankment dams are constructed in zones of different materials, the deformations might also lead to cracks where internal erosion can be initiated. In the incidents of internal erosion, increased leakage was an evident problem. In several cases, sinkholes have formed in dams as a result of piping of well-graded core soils. These broadly-graded cores were glacial in origin with nearly linear gradations (Sherard, 1979). Filters have two basic functions , namely to prevent
Impact of labor market reforms on informality in Egypt

Any part of this publication may be reproduced without permission for limited distribution, provided it is distributed without charge and the Population Council is acknowledged as its source. The Population Council would appreciate receiving a copy of any materials in which the text is used. 3 Abstract This paper examines the effect of the new labor law of 2003, which provides flexibility in the hiring and firing procedures since labor market inflexibility was seen as one of the obstacles to job creation in Egypt. The analysis focuses on the effect of the new law on formal employment (jobs with contracts) in the private non-agricultural regular waged sector. The findings suggest that the new law has had a positive impact on those who were employed in 1998 in the private non-agricultural sector and in the private non-agricultural waged sector. However, the effect was not significant for new entrants to the labor market looking for first jobs.
Agent UML: A Formalism for Specifying Multiagent Software Systems

To gain wider acceptance for the use of agents in industry, it is a necessity to relate it to the nearest antecedent technology (object-oriented software development) and to introduce appropriate artifacts to support the development environment throughout the full system life cycle. We address both of these requirements by presenting AGENT UML, the Agent UML (Unified Modeling Language) — a set of UML idioms and extensions. This paper provides an AGENT UML representation of the internal behavior of an agent; it then relates this internal description to the external behavior of the agent by using and extending UML class diagrams and by describing agent interaction protocols in a new way. Our claim is that by extending the de-facto standard representation for object-oriented modeling to agents, the learning curve for object-oriented developers to adopt aspects of agent-based programming becomes much less steep. Thus, agent-oriented programming as a whole will become more amenable to mainstream software engineering.
ASSESSING PROGRESS WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT POLICY IN KENYA

The public transport system in Kenya is basically provided by privately owned matatu vehicles whose ownership structure is atomised. They initially entered as pirates running parallel to the then subsidised public transport system, were resisted but eventually allowed to operate through a Presidential decree but without formal regulatory provisions to govern their operations. Since then, several policy formulations have been proposed and implemented in attempts to organise the sector without much success. Using both primary and secondary data, the paper gives a chronology of the implementation of key policy formulations meant to streamline the sector. Also, using part of the information generated from a bigger study which used case studies of fifteen matatu businesses on selected routes in Nairobi, the study evaluates the progress with the implementation of the public policy in Kenya with specific reference to the latest policy directive. The paper concludes that the cost, mode and time implications should be taken into consideration in the implementation of such key policies.
Spectral Theory and Differential Operators

Linear operations in Banach spaces Entropy numbers, s-numbers, and eigenvalues Unbounded linear operators Sesquilinear forms in Hilbert spaces Sobolev spaces Generalized Dirichlet and Neumann boundary-value problems Second-order differential operators on arbitrary open sets Capacity and compactness criteria Essential spectra Essential spectra of general second-order differential operators Global and asymptotic estimates for the eigen-values of - + q when q is real. Estimates for the singular values of - + q when 1 is complete Bibliography Notation index Subject index
Huskie Commons Huskie Commons A Model of the Determinants of Effort A Model of the Determinants of Effort

This study derives an expression for effort from utility-maximizing behavior on the part of workers, whose utility depends on consumption, effort, and the ratio between their wage and their perceived fair wage. Unlike many shirking models, this study treats effort as a continuous variable rather than as a dichotomous choice. Effort is shown to depend on wages at a worker’s current firm, wages at other firms, the ratio between a worker’s wage and perceived fair wage, unemployment benefits, the unemployment rate, and the firm’s monitoring intensity.
Towards interoperability: a wrapper model for integrating remote laboratories in a collaborative discovery learning environment

Collaborative theories in learning are playing a vital role in the way learners interact with each other. More concretely, in collaborative learning the communication between learners is considered the most important element in their knowledge building. Regarding experimental subjects, the discovery learning discipline has emerged, in which students construct their knowledge through experimentation. In this sense, platforms such as Pedagogica, Web-based inquiry science environment, SimQuest, Interactive Physics, Working Models and Co-Lab provide support of this kind of learning. Regarding experimentation, one of the resources that may enrich the learning of students is the use of remote laboratories. However, the majority of these learning systems lack interfaces and models to provide interoperability with remote laboratories. Regarding interoperability issues, service-oriented architecture (SOA) is the most well-known paradigm for this issue. In this paper, we describe a wrapper model based on SOA for interoperability between Co-Lab and existing remote laboratories. Moreover, we explain how we have integrated the existing remote laboratories in Co-Lab using this model and we show the general pattern for including external experiments. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Stock Market Reaction of German and American Companies to A Potential German Unification

This paper examines the abnormal returns associated with German firms and with American MNCs with a presence in Germany in response to the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989. German firms exhibit a positive abnormal return of 2.69 percent in the week immediately following the event and negative abnormal returns of 0.67 percent in the year following the event, indicating an initial overestimation of their ability to profit from newly arising opportunities. Applying an SUR methodology, American firms with a presence in Germany exhibit negative abnormal returns of 0.52 percent on the event day. These abnormal returns are inversely related to firm size, and are not attributable to increases in either systematic or bankruptcy risk. I hypothesize that negative abnormal returns of American MNCs operating in Germany are attributable to a potential competitive disadvantage of American versus German firms resulting from information asymmetries or a “first-mover” advantage.
Correspondences An ancient Fox gene cluster in bilaterian animals

Conclusions The important message that emerges from a consideration of insect flight is that the peculiar specializations that make flight possible make much more sense when viewed within the context of the system as a whole. Simple scaling laws and the loss of aerodynamic performance at low Reynolds numbers require that small insects flap at high frequency, a physical constraint that drove the evolution of a mechanically gated flight muscle. This, in turn, required the development of a separate steering motor system, which operates using a phase code, thus constraining the final protocol that descending sensory commands must use to guide the animal through its environment. This organization offers us insight into how a complex biological organism works as an intact system. Fortunately, many challenging problems remain, otherwise engineers and toy makers would have already littered the world with tiny mechanical flies.
Surface Soil Moisture Retrieval and Mapping Using High-Frequency Microwave Satellite Observations in the Southern Great Plains

Abstract Studies have shown the advantages of low-frequency (<5 GHz) microwave sensors for soil moisture estimation. Although higher frequencies have limited soil moisture retrieval capabilities, there is a vast quantity of systematic global high-frequency microwave data that have been collected for 15 yr by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). SSM/I soil moisture studies have mostly utilized antecedent precipitation indices as validation, while only a few have employed limited ground observations, which were typically not optimal for this particular type of satellite data. In the Southern Great Plains (SGP) hydrology experiments conducted in 1997 and 1999, ground observations of soil moisture were made over an extended region for developing and validating large-scale mapping techniques. Previous studies have indicated the limitations of both the higher-frequency data and models for soil moisture retrieval. Given these limitations, an alternative retrieval technique that utilizes multipolarization.