Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relevance of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of exemestane and synergism with sulforaphane for disease prevention

Significance Estrogens control the growth and development of the majority of breast cancers, the most prevalent malignancies of women in the developed world. Exemestane, a synthetic steroid commonly used clinically to prevent, delay progression of, and treat breast cancer, was designed to inhibit estrogen biosynthesis by aromatase. We have made the unexpected observation that exemestane also has widespread protective activities unrelated to blocking estrogens. Thus, exemestane is potently anti-inflammatory and antioxidant and can thereby protect against development of cancer and chronic degenerative diseases. Moreover, these activities are synergistic with sulforaphane and other cytoprotective phytochemicals. Use of such combinations could therefore provide a valuable strategy for reducing the risk of a variety of other malignancies and age-related chronic diseases. Exemestane (6-methyleneandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione) is a synthetic steroidal inhibitor of the aromatase reaction that catalyzes the terminal and rate-limiting step of the biosynthesis of estrogens. It is active clinically in preventing, delaying progression of, and treating mammary cancers, many of which are estrogen receptor-positive. A striking feature of the structure of exemestane is an extended system of conjugated Michael reaction functions, which is also characteristic of inducers of a broad network of chemoprotective genes regulated by the Keap1 (Kelch-like ECA-associated protein)/Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2)/ARE (antioxidant response element) signaling system. These genes are largely involved in xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protection, as well as the synthesis and reduction of glutathione. We show here that exemestane transcriptionally activates NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), typical chemoprotective gene products, in a wide variety of mouse, rat, and human cells. It protects several cell lines against oxidative toxicity of tert-butyl hydroperoxide and 4-hydroxynonenal, against free radical damage arising from hypoxia–reoxygenation, and against UVA radiation damage. Exemestane also inhibits the inflammatory increases in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in mouse macrophages exposed to LPS (lipopolysaccharide), thereby resembling the isothiocyanate sulforaphane derived from broccoli. Remarkably, combinations of exemestane and sulforaphane act highly synergistically, and this property is also displayed by several other phytochemicals. Thus, exemestane has a wide range of previously unrecognized protective activities, probably unrelated to aromatase inhibition. Its potential for reducing the risk, not only of breast cancer, but also of other chronic diseases that arise from inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA-damaging electrophiles, requires exploration, particularly in view of the synergism with other phytochemicals.
Sensorless Control With Switching Frequency Square Wave Voltage Injection for SPMSM With Low Rotor Magnetic Anisotropy

High-frequency signal injection sensorless algorithms are widely studied and used for rotor angle estimation in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) at low speed or standstill. One of the main drawbacks of such methods is the acoustic noise connected to the voltage injection. In order to minimize this problem, it is advisable to increase the frequency of the injected signal. Thus, many studies focus on square-wave injection at the switching frequency, which is the maximum theoretical frequency. Since these methods exploit the rotor magnetic anisotropy, it is relatively easy to use them in interior PMSMs, where the rotor anisotropy is high. On the contrary, it is hard to exploit them in surface PMSMs, which have an almost symmetric rotor, although a low rotor magnetic anisotropy is still present. In this article, a sensorless algorithm with switching frequency square-wave injection is developed for surface PMSMs. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio, current oversampling is exploited. The benefits of such a technique are demonstrated with experimental results on a 2 N·m SPMSM.
LBD: Decouple Relevance and Observation for Individual-Level Unbiased Learning to Rank

Using Unbiased Learning to Rank (ULTR) to train the ranking model with biased click logs has attracted increased research interest. The key idea is to explicitly model the user’s observation behavior when building the ranker with a large number of click logs. Considering the simplicity, recent efforts are mainly based on the position bias hypothesis, in which the observation only depends on the position. However, this hypothesis does not hold in many scenarios due to the neglect of the distinct characteristics of individuals in the same position. On the other hand, directly modeling observation bias for each individual is quite challenging, since the effects of each individual’s features on relevance and observation are entangled. It is difficult to ravel out this coupled effect and thus obtain a correct relevance model from click data. To address this issue, we first present the concept of coupling effect for individual-level ULTR. Then, we develop the novel Lipschitz and Bernoulli Decoupling (LBD) model to decouple the effects on relevance and observation at the individual level. We prove theoretically that our proposed method could recover the correct relevance order for the ranking objective. Empirical results on two LTR benchmark datasets show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art base-lines and verify its effectiveness in debiasing data. Our codes are available at https://github.com/Keytoyze/Lipschitz-Bernoulli-Decoupling .
A clicker approach to teaching calculus

Clickers (electronic voting systems) are all the buzz in higher education these days as many universities and colleges invest significant sums of money to integrate these systems into their classrooms. But what are clickers? Are they just another high-tech gimmick, or can they really be used to improve learning? Can clickers be used efficiently in calculus classes? In an ideal world, students would take calculus for the sheer love of it. The reality is, however, that calculus is a service course, and most students take it to fulfill university requirements. Engaging students in calculus classes thus can be a challenge. Furthermore, in traditional lectures, students passively take notes, at times barely processing the material as they struggle to keep their attention focused for an hour. Students often fear that they are alone in not understanding the material and are at times afraid of asking questions in class. At the end of class, both students and instructor may leave without knowing whether the material has been understood. Clickers can be used to address these challenges. The term “clickers” refers to the student input devices (see Figure 1) of electronic voting systems. These systems allow
Surveying Cultures: Discovering Shared Conceptions and Sentiments

Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Surveying Culture. 1.1 Case Studies of Cultural Surveys. 1.2 Preview. 1.3 Chapter Highlights. 2. Measuring Sentiments. 2.1 Dimensions of Affect. 2.2 Bipolar Scales. 2.3 Internet Data Collection. 2.4 Chapter Highlights. 3. Sentiment Repositories. 3.1 Early Archives. 3.2 Cross-Cultural Atlas. 3.3 Archives Related to Social Interaction. 3.4 U.S. 2002-2004 Project. 3.5 Chapter Highlights. 4. Surveys with Vignettes. 4.1 Factorial Surveys. 4.2 Impressions from Events. 4.3 Attribute-Identity Amalgamations. 4.4 Event Likelihoods. 4.5 Synopsis. 4.6 Chapter Highlights. 4.7 Appendix: Impression-Formation Study Designs. 5. Errors in Surveys. 5.1 Coverage Errors. 5.2 Sampling Errors. 5.3 Nonresponse Errors. 5.4 Measurement Errors. 5.5 Other Errors. 5.6 A Survey-of-Cultures Model. 5.7 Statistics. 5.8 Inculcation Index. 5.9 Commonality Index. 5.10 Variance Components. 5.11 Implications. 5.12 Chapter Highlights. 6. Correlates of Enculturation. 6.1 Indices. 6.2 Conduct as a Rater. 6.3 Predicting Cultural Authoritativeness. 6.4 Implications. 6.5 Chapter Highlights. 7. Consensus in Sentiments. 7.1 Component Analyses. 7.2 Subcultures. 7.3 Discussion. 7.4 Chapter Highlights. 8. Measurement Reliability. 8.1 Reliabilities Within Stimuli. 8.2 Reliabilities Across Stimuli. 8.3 Chapter Highlights. 9. Culture and Surveys. 9.1 Unique Aspects of Sentiment Surveys. 9.2 Frameworks for Sentiment Surveys. 9.3 In Closing. 9.4 Chapter Highlights. References. Index.
Fine-pitch carbon nanotube bundles assembly using CNT transfer for electrical interconnects

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed as electrical interconnects in microelectronic devices to address such problems as stress, electromigration, and heat removal. For electronic device and packaging applications, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods are particularly attractive due to characteristic CNT growth features such as selective spatial growth, large area deposition capability and aligned CNT growth. However, the CVD technique suffers from several drawbacks. One of the main challenges for applying CNTs to circuitry is the high growth temperature (≫600°C). Such temperatures are incompatible with microelectronic processes. To fabricate microelectronics devices that incorporate CNT blocks, the CNTs should be selectively positioned and interconnected to other materials such as metal electrodes or bonding pads. However, the adhesion between CNTs and the substrates is usually very poor, which will result in long term reliability issues and high contact resistance. To overcome these disadvantages, we propose a methodology that we term “CNT transfer technology”. The distinctive CNT-transfer-technology features are separation of CNT growth and CNT device assembly at solder reflow temperature. In this paper, we combined our expertise in growth of well-aligned open-ended CNT bundles with the CNT transfer process to assemble CNT bundles for fine-pitch interconnect applications. The open-ended multi-walled CNT arrays could carry higher current density than close-ended CNTs, since the internal walls can participate in the electrical transport. We for the first time developed an in-situ process to grow well aligned CNT bundles by water-assistant selective etching. The process is very efficient, with CNT growth rate of 80 μm/min. To demonstrate the feasibility of transfer process to assemble the fine-pitch CNT bundles, the CNT bundles with diameter, aspect-ratio and pitch of 25 μm, 4, and 80 μm, respectively, were assembled on the copper substrates. The measured resistivity of the long CNTs is ˜ 2.3×10−4 Ω-cm. Due to the capillary force effects, the Sn/Pb show improved wetting properties on open-ended CNT films. It is desirable for CNT interconnect with metal electrode by solder reflow process. The CNT-solder interfaces were analyzed by the SEM. The results indicated that molten SnPb solder form strong mechanical bonding with CNTs. Overall, the advantages of CNT transfer technology are embodied in the low process temperature, adhesion improvement and the feasibility of transferring CNT bundles to different substrates for fine-pitch interconnect applications.
See-saw nystagmus.

SUMMARYOF REPORTED CASESParasellar Tumour OtherPresumed Duration ofAetiology NystagmusMaddox(1914) Bitemporal hemianopsia ? Rucker(1946) Bilateral field defectAcuity: OD-2/60OS-3/60Larsen (1957) ? 0 ? Toxoplasmosis > oneyear'Oligodendrocytomachiasmatis'Acuity: 6/18 O.U. ;Fields not determinedAcuity: OD-6/18OS-6/9fields ? normal(poorcooperation)BitemporalhemianopsiaAcuity:OD-20/200 pre-OS-20/30 f operativeOD-20/30post-operativeImprovedfieldsBitemporal hemianopsiaBitemporal hemianopsiaLourie(1963) Bitemporal hemianopsiaAcuity:OD<3/200OS-light perceptionBitemporal hemianopsiaAcuity: 'normal' Bitemporal hemianopsiaAcuity:OS-6/3 OD-handmovements Bitemporal hemianopsiaAcuity:OD-20/ 100 OS-finger- cOuntingerfoperatively pre- counting OD-20/40 \ post- OS-10/200 f operatively0 Basilar-vertebralthrombosis0TwodaysAlcoholism; left Oneday? medial rectus paresisEpidermoid cyst+GliomaPituitaryadenoma + CraniopharyngiomaChromophobe adenoma Craniopharyngioma0 Five monthspre-operativelyTendays post-operativelyDiminishedcaloricresponse, leftNoresponseto icewater, BaranychairSeecase 1 above0
Molecular Evolution in a Multidrug-Resistant Lineage of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Emergence of Strains Belonging to the Serotype 6B Icelandic Clone That Lost Antibiotic Resistance Traits

ABSTRACT Since their first detection in 1988, penicillin-resistantStreptococcus pneumoniae isolates have rapidly spread in Iceland to account for close to 20% of all pneumococcal disease in that country by 1993. The major component (70%) of the resistant pneumococci identified from 1989 to 1992 was the progeny of a single multidrug-resistant clone (Icelandic clone) with a homogeneous chromosomal macrorestriction profile and identical multilocus enzyme type expressing serotype 6B and resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The rest of the non-penicillin-susceptible isolates included bacteria with serotype 6A and serogroups 19 and 23. The unique geographic and epidemiological setting and the availability of a complete collection of all non-penicillin-susceptible isolates of S. pneumoniaein Iceland prompted us to carry out a molecular epidemiological study to monitor the fate of the Icelandic clone between 1989 and 1996; in addition, we wished to extend the characterization to representative groups of all non-penicillin-susceptible serotype 6B pneumococci which showed variations in antibiotype and which were recovered in Iceland between late 1989 and the end of 1996. Also included in the study were non-penicillin-susceptible isolates of serogroup 23. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of SmaI-restricted chromosomal DNA and Southern hybridization with the lytA DNA probe and probes specific for antibiotic resistance genes were used to characterize pneumococcal isolates. The results show that (i) the Icelandic clone remained the predominant type among penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae through 1996; (ii) the emergence of variants of the Icelandic clone which had lost one or more of the antibiotic resistance phenotypes and/or resistant genes, singly or in combination, was documented during the surveillance period; and (iii) isolates belonging to the internationally spread multidrug-resistant serotype 23F clone were present in the Icelandic collection since late 1989 but did not increase in number during the subsequent years.
MSLN Gene Silencing Has an Anti-Malignant Effect on Cell Lines Overexpressing Mesothelin Deriving from Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Genes involved in the carcinogenetic mechanisms underlying malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) are still poorly characterized. So far, mesothelin (MSLN) has aroused the most interest. It encodes for a membrane glycoprotein, frequently over-expressed in various malignancies such as MPM, and ovarian and pancreatic cancers. It has been proposed as a diagnostic and immunotherapeutic target with promising results. However, an alternative therapeutic approach seems to rise, whereby synthetic molecules, such as antisense oligonucleotides, could be used to inhibit MSLN activity. To date, such a gene-level inhibition has been attempted in two studies only, both on pancreatic and ovarian carcinoma cell lines, with the use of silencing RNA approaches. With regard to MPM, only one cell line (H2373) has been employed to study the effects of MSLN depletion. Indeed, the knowledge on the role of MSLN in MPM needs expanding. Accordingly, we investigated the expression of MSLN in a panel of three MPM cell lines, i.e. NCI-H28, Mero-14, and IstMes2; one non-MPM cell line was used as reference (Met5A). MSLN knock-down experiments on MSLN-overexpressing cells were also performed through silencing RNA (siRNA) to verify whether previous findings could be generalized to a different set of cell cultures. In agreement with previous studies, transient MSLN-silencing caused decreased proliferation rate and reduced invasive capacity and sphere formation in MSLN-overexpressing Mero-14 cells. Moreover, MSLN-siRNA combined with cisplatin, triggered a marked increase in apoptosis and a decrease in proliferation as compared to cells treated with each agent alone, thereby suggesting a sensitizing effect of siRNA towards cisplatin. In summary, our findings confirm that MSLN should be considered a key molecular target for novel gene-based targeted therapies of cancer.
Cache Replacement Policy Revisited

Cache replacement policy is a major design parameter of any memory hierarchy. The efficiency of the replacement policy affects both the hit rate and the access la-tency of a cache system. The higher the associativity of the cache, the more vital the replacement policy becomes. Therefore, a lot of work has been proposed, both in industry and academia, to enhance the performance of the replacement policy. However, all the proposed schemes are local in nature. The memory system does not consist of a single cache, but a hierarchy of caches. If each cache in the hierarchy decides which block to replace in an independent manner, the performance of the whole memory hierarchy will suffer, especially if inclusion is to be maintained. For example, if the level 2 cache decides to evict an LRU block, one or more blocks at level 1, possibly not LRU, can be evicted, therefore affecting the hit rate of level 1 and the overall performance. So, is a global replacement algorithm needed? In this paper we study the feasibility of having a global replacement algorithm. The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, we show the shortcomings of the localized replacement policies. Second, we propose several global replacement policies that tackle the shortcomings of the localized version. Third, we show when the proposed techniques do not work, and the characteristics of an application that makes use of these techniques. This will lead to a new way of thinking about replacement policies in general.
Carbon Content of Tree Tissues: A Synthesis

Assessing the potential for forest carbon (C) capture and storage requires accurate assessments of C in live tree tissues. In the vast majority of local, regional, and global assessments, C content has been assumed to be 50% of tree biomass; however, recent studies indicate that this assumption is not accurate, with substantial variation in C content among tree species as well as among tissue types. Here we conduct a comprehensive literature review to present a global synthesis of C content in tissues of live trees. We found a total of 253 species-specific stem wood C content records in 31 studies, and an additional 34 records of species with C content values of other tissues in addition to stem wood. In all biomes, wood C content varied widely across species ranging from 41.9–51.6% in tropical species, 45.7–60.7% in subtropical/Mediterranean species, and 43.4–55.6% in temperate/boreal species. Stem wood C content varied significantly as a function of biome and species type (conifer, angiosperm). Conifer species exhibited greater wood C content than angiosperm species (50.8 ± 0.7% (95% C.I.) and 47.7 ± 0.3%, respectively), a trend that was consistent among all biomes. Although studies have documented differences in C content among plant tissues, interspecific differences in stem wood appear to be of greater importance overall: among species, stem wood C content explained 37, 76, 48, 81, and 63% respectively of the variation in bark, branch, twig, coarse root, and fine root C content values, respectively. In each case, these intraspecific patterns approximated 1:1 linear relationships. Most published stem wood C content values (and all values for other tree tissues) are based on dried wood samples, and so neglect volatile C constituents that constitute on average 1.3–2.5% of total C in live wood. Capturing this volatile C fraction is an important methodological consideration for future studies. Our review, and associated data compilation, provides empirically supported wood C fractions that can be easily incorporated into forest C accounting, and may correct systematic errors of ~1.6–5.8% in forest C assessments.
Visible Thinking: Unlocking Causal Mapping for Practical Business Results

About the Authors. Preface: Creating the Future You Want - Causal Mapping for Individuals and Groups. Part I: What Mapping Is and Why and How It Works. 1. What to Do When Thinking Matters. 2. How and Why Mapping Works. Part II: What Do I Think? A Guide to Cognitive Mapping. 3. How not to Miss the Boat. 4. House of the Rising Fun. 5. It's a Bummer to Be JB. Part III: What Do We Think? A Guide to Oval Mapping. 6. To Merge or not to Merge - That Is the Question! 7. Small College Hoping not to Get Smaller! 8. Making the Most of our Assets. 9. A Question of Turning Around. Part IV: Summary and Conclusions. 10. Learning from the Chapters, or How Does This all Fit together and How Can I Make Use of It? 11. Benefits, Limitations and the Future of Mapping. Resource A: Glossary of Terms not Defined in the Text. Resource B: Analysing Causal Maps. Resource C: A Brief and Selective History of Causal Mapping for Facilitating Thinking and Other Commonly Used Mapping Techniques. Resource D: Additional Resources. Resource E: Listing of Process Guidelines. Index.