Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isoenzyme polymorphism and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] provenances on the IPTNS-IUFRO 1964/68 experimental site in Krynica

Polimorfizm izoenzymów i wzrost wybranych pochodzeń świerka pospolitego [Picea abies (L.) Karst. ] doświadczenia IPTNS-IUFRO 1964/68 w Krynicy Isoenzyme polymorphism and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst. ] provenances on the IPTNS-IUFRO 1964/68 experimental site in Krynica To test the relationship between the genetic structure and growth parameters of thirty Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst. ] provenances growing on the IPTNS-IUFRO 1964/68 experimental plot in Krynica, the height and diamater at breast height (DBH) of 45-year-old spruce trees were measured. There was a significiant effect of origin on both paramteres, and correlation coefficients calculated for the relationship between growth characteristics and altitude of mother stands were negative and gave r = -0.16 for height and r = -0.15 for diameter at breast height. The parameters indicating the genetic diversity of thirty Norway spruce provenances, including the mean number of alleles per locus, effective number of alleles per locus and observed heterozygosity, were similar to the values obtained for the whole range of Norway spruce across Europe and were equal to 1.41, 1.16 and 0.115, respectively. There were no differences between the genetic variation of spruce provenances from the IPTNS-IUFRO 1964/68 experimental plot in Krynica and the areas from which seeds were obtained. There was a significant negative relationship between heterozygosity and altitude of mother stands (r = -0.33).
Optimization at multi-spectral land cover classification with fuzzy clustering and the Kohonen feature map

The number and structure of land cover classes separatable in a region on the basis of multi-spectral satellite images are usually known. The method presented here is capable of combining information from the spectral and nonspectral channels of multi-spectral images in a way that offers a possibility to cover all spectrally separable classes. The method also enables the determination of the representativeness of the available training areas with respect to these classes. In the course of the procedure, 5-35 classes are iteratively determined in succession for different channel combinations with the Kohonen feature map and the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. The maximum Jeffries-Matusita (JM) distance between these classes indicates the optimum class number of unambiguously separable classes for the entire multi-spectral image. In a simple step, the available training areas are grouped by the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. In this case, the maximum JM distance indicates the class number that ensures optimum separation of training areas. If this class number is smaller than the optimum class number determined for the entire scene, then further training areas must be defined in order to improve the results of a subsequent supervised land cover classification. The method's efficiency is demonstrated by the example of land cover classification for the region around Perpignan.
Efecto De Las Políticas Públicas De Vigilancia, Control Y Regulación En El Mercado Del Tabaco En Colombia (Effects of the Monitoring, Control and Regulation Public Policies in the Tobacco Market in Colombia)

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo el analisis del mercado del tabaco en Colombia y el efecto de las politicas publicas de regulacion, vigilancia y control. Especificamente pretende establecer cual fue el comportamiento economico de las marcas y su evolucion en terminos de eficiencia, despues de que la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio objetara en primera instancia una integracion empresarial entre las 2 principales companias tabacaleras nacionales – Compania Colombiana de Tabaco S.A. [Coltabaco] y Productora Tabacalera de Colombia Ltda. [Protabaco] – y posteriormente, aprobara otra integracion – Protabaco y British American Tobacco South American Limited [BAT] – dentro del mismo mercado relevante.The present paper aims to analyze the Tobacco market in Colombia, and determine in it, the effects of public policy regulation, surveillance and control national authorities. Specifically establish what was the economic behavior of the brands and their evolution in terms of efficiency, after the signal given to the market by the National Competition Authority (SIC), by blocking a merger between the two major domestic tobacco companies (Compania Colombiana de Tabaco S.A. [Coltabaco] and Productora Tabacalera de Colombia Ltda. [Protabaco]), and subsequently by permitting another merger (Protabaco and British American Tobacco South American Limited [BAT]) within the same relevant market.
Variations of the flank LLBL thickness as response to the solar wind dynamic pressure and IMF orientation

[1] Several mechanisms have been discussed as candidates for a formation of the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) magnetic reconnection between the magnetospheric and magnetosheath magnetic fields, impulsive penetration of magnetosheath plasma, and viscous/diffusive mixing of plasma populations at the magnetopause. The observed fluctuations of plasma parameters inside the LLBL are attributed either to transient nature of the phenomena forming the layer or to sweeping of deformations of the magnetopause or an inner edge of the LLBL surface along the spacecraft. We are using the Interball-1/Magion-4 satellite pair separated by several thousands of kilometers in order to distinguish between spatial and temporal changes of the LLBL plasma population. Observations of LLBL crossings invoked by sudden changes of upstream conditions show that even during a strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the LLBL is relatively thin and follows the compression of the magnetopause induced by changes of the solar wind dynamic pressure. The thickness of the LLBL increases significantly (from a small fraction of RE to more than 1.4 RE) with increase in upstream density and IMF BY component. Our results indicate that the dusk LLBL is supplied by high-latitude reconnection in the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere, when IMF BY is negative (positive) and lies on open field lines. The change of IMF BY direction leads to brief presence of LLBL plasma outside the magnetopause on magnetosheath field lines. Fluctuations of plasma parameters and magnetic field implicate the presence of surface waves on the inner edge of the LLBL, but no waves were observed on the magnetopause.
Experiments on vertical basement fault reactivation below volcanoes

Scaled modeling has been conducted to study the role played by the reactivation of vertical basement faults in the destabilization process of overlying volcanoes. Results show that basement fault reactivation induces the formation of faults within the volcanic edifice. These faults delimite a central block which is extruded from between the two undeformed lateral parts of the edifice. Collapse of this central block can occur when heterogeneous cones are used in experiments, revealing that mechanical interfaces are of paramount importance in triggering rockslide avalanches. Collapse structures may display horseshoe shapes in map view and are then surprisingly similar to avalanche scars resulting from failure created by magmatic intrusions in natural volcanoes. Large-scale destabilisation of half the surface of the cone may also occur in a single event depending on the position of the reactivated basement fault below the edifice. It is emphasized that the process under consideration may occur on a dormant volcano as well, provided that a fault is reactivated below it.
The 1994–1995 seismicity and deformation at the Hengill triple junction, Iceland: Triggering of earthquakes by minor magma injection in a zone of horizontal shear stress

Since July 1994 an unusually persistent swarm of earthquakes (M<4.0) has been in progress at the Hengill triple junction, SW Iceland. Activity is clustered around the center of the Hromundartindur volcanic system. Geodetic measurements indicate a few centimeters uplift and expansion of the area, consistent with a pressure source at 6.5±3 km depth beneath the center of the volcanic system. The system is within the stress field of the south Iceland transform zone, and the majority of the recorded earthquakes represent strike-slip faulting on subvertical planes. We show that the secondary effects of a pressure source, modeled as a point source in an elastic half-space, include horizontal shear that perturbs the regional stress. Near the surface, shear stress is enhanced in quadrants around the direction of maximum regional horizontal stress and diminished in quadrants around the direction of minimum regional stress. The recorded earthquakes show spatial correlation with areas of enhanced shear. The maximum amount of shear near the surface caused by the expanding pressure source exceeds 1 μstrain, sufficient to trigger earthquakes if the crust in the area was previously close to failure.
Out-of-sequence measurement updates for multi-hypothesis tracking algorithms

In multi-sensor tracking systems, observations are often exchanged over a network for processing. Network delays create situations in which measurements arrive out-of-sequence. The out-of-sequence measurement (OOSM) update problem is of particular significance in networked multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) algorithms. The advantage of MHT is the ability to revoke past measurement assignment decisions as future information becomes available. Accordingly, we not only have to deal with network delays for initial assignment, but must also address delayed assignment revocations. We study the performance of extant algorithms and two algorithm modifications for the purpose of OOSM filtering in MHT architectures.
Conscious observational behavior in recognizing landmarks in facial expressions

The present study investigated (1) how well humans can recognize facial expressions represented by a small set of landmarks, a commonly used technique in facial recognition in machine learning and (2) differences in conscious observational behaviors to recognized different types of expressions. Our video stimuli consisted of facial expression represented by 68 landmark points. Conscious observational behaviors were measured by movements of the mouse cursor where a small area around it was only visible to participants. We constructed Bayesian models to analyze how personality traits and observational behaviors influenced how participants recognized different facial expressions. We found that humans could recognize positive expressions with high accuracy, similar to machine learning, even when faces were represented by a small set of landmarks. Although humans fared better than machine learning, recognition of negative expressions was not as high as positives. Our results also showed that personality traits and conscious observational behaviors significantly influenced recognizing facial expressions. For example, people with high agreeableness could correctly recognize faces expressing happiness by observing several areas among faces without focusing on any specific part for very long. These results suggest a mechanism whereby personality traits lead to different conscious observational behaviors and recognitions of facial expressions are based on information obtained through those observational behaviors.
Prescribing anti‐amyloid immunotherapies to treat Alzheimer's disease: Fully informing patient decisions

The objective of this editorial is to advocate forminoritized individuals, as well as other demographic groups who were under-represented in clinical trials of anti-amyloid immunotherapies, to ensure that they are able to make fully informed choices in considering whether to undergo treatment with these drugs. The Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research and drug development field has entered a new, and arguably very exciting era. In the past 2 years, the Food andDrugAdministration (FDA) in theUnited States has deliberated on three therapeutic agents that target disease modification for AD: one currently with full approval,1 one granted accelerated approval,2 and a third expected to have a decision in late 2023.3 For the first time, we are discussing clinical data and concepts of clinical meaningfulness with respect to disease-modifying treatments for AD. There is little question that rapid expansion of disease knowledge and mechanisms can be anticipated in ways that until recently could only have been wildly speculated. However, there are critical issues and limitations to these data that require serious consideration.While controversies certainly exist and broad consensus is far from having been achieved, the reality is that these drugs are being approved as delivering sufficient efficacy with acceptable risk. It is not the purpose of this editorial to take a position on these regulatory decisions. Rather, the goal is to discuss the serious consequences that may result from expanding the use of these disease-modifying treatments from carefully controlled clinical trial cohorts to the general population. Much remains ahead for the field to understand and resolve as we move toward safely treating AD and related dementias (ADRD), including whether any of these agentswill ultimately become part of a precisionoriented combination therapy, and for whom efficacy and sufficient safety can be adequately demonstrated. And, of course, when and how these clarifying studies will be performed. Health disparities are well known to exist among identifiable demographic populations, due to deep-rooted and long-standing social determinants, systemic inequities, structural racism, and discrimination (e.g., see ref. 6). Co-pathologies, co-morbidities, biomarkers, risks, and cognitive/functional outcomes have been shown to differ for ADRD among races, ethnicities, sexes, and genders. Racial biases have been identified in cognitive assessment batteries that were developed by and created for the majority White population. Biomarkers differ to varying degrees among racial groups including amyloid deposition,
Effect on Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and Body Weight After Discontinuation of Tirzepatide, a Novel Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist: A Single-Center Case Series Study

Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine changes in blood glucose levels and body weight after discontinuation of tirzepatide, a novel long-acting dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). Methods Nine subjects (five males, four females, age 54.3±5.4 years, body mass index 33.5±3.3 kg/m2) participating with type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS J-mono study were included. Subjects were randomized to tirzepatide 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or a dulaglutide 0.75 mg group. Fifty-two weeks after randomization, study drug administration was discontinued. To investigate progress after the end of administration, changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and body weight were further examined two, four, and six months after discontinuation of the study drug. Results After fifty-two weeks, all tirzepatide groups had improved HbA1c and body weight compared with the dulaglutide group. At two, four, and six months after the end of study drug administration, re-elevation of HbA1c was observed in all groups. Furthermore, in the tirzepatide groups, dose-dependent weight regain was observed from an early stage. Conclusions Compared to dulaglutide, tirzepatide exhibited excellent blood-glucose-improving and weight-reducing effects. However, exacerbation of blood glucose and rebound of weight gain occurred relatively early after administration was ended. For type 2 diabetes patients who need weight loss and are prescribed tirzepatide, these findings suggest a necessity for continuous prescription or careful follow-up when stopping.
Assessment of protein–ligand complexes in CASP15

CASP15 introduced a new category, ligand prediction, where participants were provided with a protein or nucleic acid sequence, SMILES line notation, and stoichiometry for ligands and tasked with generating computational models for the three‐dimensional structure of the corresponding protein–ligand complex. These models were subsequently compared with experimental structures determined by x‐ray crystallography or cryoEM. To assess these predictions, two novel scores were developed. The Binding‐Site Superposed, Symmetry‐Corrected Pose Root Mean Square Deviation (BiSyRMSD) evaluated the absolute deviations of the models from the experimental structures. At the same time, the Local Distance Difference Test for Protein–Ligand Interactions (lDDT‐PLI) assessed the ability of models to reproduce the protein–ligand interactions in the experimental structures. The ligands evaluated in this challenge range from single‐atom ions to large flexible organic molecules. More than 1800 submissions were evaluated for their ability to predict 23 different protein–ligand complexes. Overall, the best models could faithfully reproduce the geometries of more than half of the prediction targets. The ligands' size and flexibility were the primary factors influencing the predictions' quality. Small ions and organic molecules with limited flexibility were predicted with high fidelity, while reproducing the binding poses of larger, flexible ligands proved more challenging.
Radiomics-Based Prediction of Anti-VEGF Treatment Response in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration With Pigment Epithelial Detachment

Purpose Machine learning models based on radiomic feature extraction from clinical imaging data provide effective and interpretable means for clinical decision making. This pilot study evaluated whether radiomics features in baseline optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of eyes with pigment epithelial detachment (PED) associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) can predict treatment response to as-needed anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. Methods Thirty-nine eyes of patients with PED undergoing anti-VEGF therapy were included. All eyes underwent a loading dose followed by as-needed therapy. OCT images at baseline, month 3, and month 6 were analyzed. Images were manually separated into non-responding, recurring, and responding eyes based on the presence or absence of subretinal fluid at month 6. PED radiomics features were then extracted from each image and images were classified as responding or recurring using a machine learning classifier applied to the radiomics features. Results Linear discriminant analysis classification of baseline features as responsive versus recurring resulted in classification performance of 64.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.63–0.65), area under the curve (AUC = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.72–0.82), sensitivity 0.79 (95% CI = 0.63–0.87), and specificity 0.58 (95% CI = 0.50–0.67). Further analysis of features in recurring eyes identified a significant shift toward non-responding mean feature values over 6 months. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the use of radiomics features as predictors for treatment response to as-needed anti-VEGF therapy. Our study demonstrates the potential for radiomics feature in clinical decision support for personalizing anti-VEGF therapy. Translational Relevance The ability to use PED texture features to predict treatment response facilitates personalized clinical decision making.
Wrist Guards/Supports in Gymnastics: Are They Helping or Hurting You?

Background: The prevalence of wrist pain among gymnasts ranges from 46% to 79%. To alleviate wrist pain, gymnasts wear wrist guards/supports (WG/S). Purpose: To investigate the effect of WG/S on the wrist joint through joint moment, angles, total joint range of motion (ROM) arc, and ground-reaction force (GRF). Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to investigate 23 female gymnasts (mean ± SD: age, 12.3 ± 1.5 years; height, 143.4 ± 7.6 cm; mass, 37.7 ± 6.6 kg; body mass index, 18.6 ± 2.9) who performed back handsprings (analyzed by first half [phase 1] and second half [phase 2]) with the following 3 conditions: no WG/S, Skids/Ultimate Wrist Supports (S/UWS), and Tiger Paws (TP). Wrist joint moments, angles, total ROM arc, and GRF were examined by the 3 conditions using analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction and effect size (Cohen d). Results: For mean wrist flexion moment, both S/UWS and TP showed significantly higher values than the no-WG/S condition in landing phase 1 (S/UWS: P = .001, d = 1.30; TP: P = .019, d = 0.87). In angle comparisons in landing phase 1, no WG/S showed greater mean wrist extension angles compared with S/UWS (P = .046; d = 0.80), but no significant differences with TP (P = .096; d = 0.65). Also, in landing phase 1, total ROM arc of the right wrist was greater in the no-WG/S condition compared with S/UWS (P = .018; d = 0.88), but there were no differences with TP (P = .400; d = 0.52). Conclusion: These data show an increased wrist flexion moment using S/UWS and TP compared with the no-WG/S condition in landing phase 1 of back handsprings. Also, increased wrist extension angles and total arc ROM of the right wrist were found in the no-WG/S condition compared with S/UWS, but not with TP in landing phase 1. S/UWS may be helpful to reduce wrist joint angles, specifically wrist extension in landing phase 1, but both S/UWS and TP caused higher wrist flexion joint moment in landing phase 1. There were no differences found in GFG among the three variables. Clinical Relevance: In the first half of the back handspring, wrist guards can limit wrist extension joint angles and total arc ROM; however, an increased wrist flexion moment was found when wrist guards were worn, which may potentially lead to an increased risk of injury. Injury history, especially overuse signs/symptoms, and previous surgery on the wrist joint need to be well considered before the application or use of wrist guards. Also, the amount of time/exposure wearing wrist guards should be carefully controlled in young female gymnasts.
Incidence of Concussions in Elite Female Water Polo: A Retrospective Analysis

Objective: Current evidence for concussions is mixed in water polo players. Surveys suggest rates as high as 36%, whereas surveillance studies at international competitions often fail to report them at all. The goal of this study was to examine the incidence of concussions in elite female water polo players from surveillance tools implemented longitudinally. Design: Retrospective chart analysis of 10 years spanning between 2012 and 2022. Setting: National teams or professional sports. Participants: Female players from the Canadian senior national water polo teams that participated in international competitions and trained more than 10 hours per week in a competitive environment. Assessment of Risk Factors: Included player position, recurrence, and time loss before full return to play. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of concussion diagnosis. Results: Forty-three concussions were identified over the 10 years observed at a median count of 3 concussions per year. Cumulative days lost spanned between 25 and 348 days per team*year. Altogether, this produced a median rate of 14.3 injuries per 100 player*years. Goalkeepers in the sample suffered the highest rates of concussion (25.8%), compared with players in other positions (22.8% of centers and 16.7% of drivers). Conclusions: This study found evidence for prevalence of concussions in elite female water polo players. Improved guidelines preceded a significant reduction in time loss after the year 2017. This adds to a body of knowledge suggesting that improved surveillance methods are needed to detect and care for concussions in this population.