Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Treatment Using Endobronchial Valves for Emphysema: Emerging Questions

tion, and collateral ventilation still need to be defined to fully optimize and facilitate patient selection. Furthermore, choosing the proper lobar target to collapse is key in the success of endobronchial valve therapy, but might be challenging. Lung volume reduction in emphysema is always balancing between reducing hyperinflation and still maintaining sufficient gas exchange. Combining imaging techniques such as inand expiratory HRCT scans and lung perfusion scans and further development of quantitative HRCT software analysis with accurate assessment of fissure integrity, emphysema scores, the amount of air trapping, and vascular volume (Fig. 1), all on a lobar level will increase the knowledge on the “best” lobe to treat and result in more insight to predict patients who are at risk of a pneumothorax after treatment, which is the most common risk. In all GOLD treatment guidelines, pulmonary rehabilitation is an important part of integrated patient management [1]. Most clinical trials investigating the endobronchial valve treatment included only patients who followed regular maintenance physical therapy. However, the combination of endobronchial valve treatment and an actual pulmonary rehabilitation program has never been investigated so far. Combining both treatments could strengthen the effect of the endobronchial valve treatment, especially when the patients’ most limiting factor, hyperinflation, has been significantly reduced. Hypothetically, the best timing of the pulmonary rehabilitation program would be after the endobronchial valve treatment instead of before as in current practice. Following, a pulmonary rehabilitation program before and after the endobronchial valve treatment could be even better, but probably not feasible due to high costs. Furthermore, the endobronchial valve treatment achieved reduction in hyperinflation. The induced improved ventilatory and exercise capacity might cause a lot of metabolic and systemic changes, like cardiac function [6], hypothetically reversing the long-term downward spiral in emphysema patients at multiple organ system levels [7]. This gives us the chance to learn a lot about emphysema pathophysiology in the fields of metabolism, body composition, systemic inflammation, muscle function and structure, cardiac function, and psychological factors. To date, results have been published on safety and efficacy of the endobronchial valve treatment up to 1 year after treatment [8]. Currently, about 3 out of 4 treated patients retain the valves 1 year later. However, not much is known about the sustainability of the valves in the longer term, how many re-bronchoscopies are necessary to achieve this, and how longer-term data on efficacy and adverse events will look. All this is important for further development of this treatment, but also to make a rational choice to actually be treated. The Dutch SOLVE consortium (funded by the Dutch Lung Foundation) aims to gain knowledge on all these important additional questions around this innovative BLVR treatment. In this consortium, which was formed in 2017, COPD expertise is comIn 2017, the GOLD-COPD guidelines included for the first time the bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) treatment using one-way endobronchial valves for selected patients with emphysema [1]. This treatment is a therapeutic, minor invasive bronchoscopic strategy for patients with severe lung hyperinflation due to emphysema, who suffer from severe dyspnea despite optimal current available treatment. This treatment has shown to successfully improve pulmonary function, exercise capacity, physical activity, and quality of life [2–5]. All clinical trials performed to date have shown consistent and clinical important outcomes, but have also shown the future challenges of the endobronchial valve treatment. This point was also highlighted by the GOLD-COPD 2017 report concluding that “additional data are needed to define the optimal patient population to receive the treatment and to define the long-term durability of improvements” [1]. So there is need for additional research to further optimize this promising treatment, with key issues being advanced patient selection, positioning of pulmonary rehabilitation relative to this treatment, target lobe selection, managing adverse events, and long-term follow-up. For optimal patient selection, i.e., selection of patients with a high likelihood to respond to treatment, it is known that patients need to have emphysema with severe hyperinflation and absence of collateral ventilation from an adjacent lobe to the target lobe for treatment. However, the exact amount of emphysema, hyperinflaPublished online: October 4, 2018