Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous ROSAT/Ginga observations of 4U 1820-30

We have made simultaneous Ginga LAC and ROSAT PSPC observations of 4U 1820-30. The 685-s orbital light curves obtained with the two instruments are very similar, indicating that the energy dependence of the orbital modulation is small. Our measurements extend the baseline over which the period variations can be measured to 15 yr. The previous possibility, that the changes in the period are themselves periodic, with a period of about 8 yr, is no longer preferred over a constant P(dot). Over the interval 1976-91 the period has decreased, rather than increasing as predicted by the standard model for the orbital evolution of the binary. The average period derivative P(dot)/P was (-0.88 +/- 0.16) x 10 exp -7/yr, different by 11 sigma from the predicted value. Under the assumption that there are no intrinsic changes in the light curve that mimic a period change, we discuss three possible explanations.
Three-Dimensional Interactions in a Two-Segment Kinetic Chain. Part II: Application to the Throwing Arm in Baseball Pitching

Fastball pitches of eight collegiate baseball pitchers were filmed using the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method of three-dimensional (3D) cinematography. Coordinate data were obtained, and the model developed by Feltner and Dapena (1989) was used to fractionate the 3D angular acceleration of the upper arm and distal segment (the forearm, the hand, and prior to release, the baseball) of the throwing arm into terms associated with the joint torques exerted on the segments and the kinematic variables used to define the motions of the segments. The findings indicated that the extreme external rotation of the upper arm during the pitch was due mainly to the sequential actions of the horizontal adduction and abduction muscles at the shoulder. The study also found that the rapid elbow extension prior to ball release was due primarily to the counterclockwise angular velocity of the upper arm and trunk (viewed from above) that occurred during the pitch, and not to the elbow extensor muscles.
Particle size evaluation and its association with feed intake, milk yield and chewing activity in mid-lactation Holstein cows

The objective of this study was to determine the associations among fresh and residual fractions of a total mixed ration (TMR), milk production and ruminating proportion of mid-lactation Holstein cows. During March 2002, daily representative TMR samples were collected at 8:00 a.m. from freshly delivered feed on a Holstein dairy in Florida. A sample of the residual feed (weigh-back) was collected at 7:30 a.m., corresponding to the weigh-back of the previous day. Samples were processed daily within 15 minutes of collection. Feed intake (as-fed), maximum and minimum temperatures of the day and individual milk yield were recorded daily. Each day, four hours after the 8 a.m. feeding (12 noon), numbers of cows ruminating and eating were counted. Particle size was evaluated using the Penn State particle size evaluator with three sieves. Dry matter (DM) content of each fraction was evaluated by using a microwave technique. Regression models for different outcomes were conducted. Models were developed using fractions as-fed and as DM basis. Differences in DM content between coarse and medium size were not statistically significant. For all models, predictors were the same for both as-fed basis and DM basis. For dry matter intake (DMI), the only significant predictor was the minimum daily temperature, with a negative association. No variable was associated with weigh-back coarse fraction. However, when coarse and medium fractions were pooled as one fraction, maximum temperature of the day and DMI were predictors of this new outcome. For medium weigh-back fraction, significant predictors were fresh medium fraction proportion and DMI. Dry matter intake was negatively associated with medium fraction proportion. The proportion of cows ruminating was positively related to the proportion of cows eating four hours after fresh feed was placed on the feed bunk. Milk yield was negatively associated with the medium fresh fraction proportion of the day before.
Sustainable Secondary-Raw Materials, Natural Substances and Eco-Friendly Nanomaterial-Based Approaches for Improved Surface Performances: An Overview of What They Are and How They Work

To meet modern society’s requirements for sustainability and environmental protection, innovative and smart surface coatings are continually being developed to improve or impart surface functional qualities and protective features. These needs regard numerous different sectors, such as cultural heritage, building, naval, automotive, environmental remediation and textiles. In this regard, researchers and nanotechnology are therefore mostly devoted to the development of new and smart nanostructured finishings and coatings featuring different implemented properties, such as anti-vegetative or antibacterial, hydrophobic, anti-stain, fire retardant, controlled release of drugs, detection of molecules and mechanical resistance. A variety of chemical synthesis techniques are usually employed to obtain novel nanostructured materials based on the use of an appropriate polymeric matrix in combination with either functional doping molecules or blended polymers, as well as multicomponent functional precursors and nanofillers. Further efforts are being made, as described in this review, to carry out green and eco-friendly synthetic protocols, such as sol–gel synthesis, starting from bio-based, natural or waste substances, in order to produce more sustainable (multi)functional hybrid or nanocomposite coatings, with a focus on their life cycle in accordance with the circular economy principles.
Exploring the Understanding of Concept Inventories for Classroom Assessment by Physics Tutors and Pre-Service Teachers in Tanzania

This study aimed at exploring the understanding of concept inventories for classroom assessment by physics tutors and pre-service teachers in selected diploma teachers’ training colleges in Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative research approach and a case study design. Eight physics tutors and 20 second-year pre-service physics teachers from two selected diploma colleges were involved in the study. Data were collected using tutors’ interviews and pre-service teachers’ focus group discussions. Analysis of data was carried out by using the deductive thematic analysis technique.The findings revealed that these physics tutors and pre-service teachers understand concept inventory as a question-and-answer assessment strategy and as a criterion-referenced test. It was also revealed that both groups were not familiar with the format and examples of concept inventory tests found in physics. Moreover, the findings indicated that participants were conducting diagnostic assessments by using other forms of assessment tools apart from concept inventories. The assessment practices were dominated by traditional assessment methods such as written tests and examinations. The study concluded that assessments through concept inventories remain a big challenge to the participants. The study recommends providing in-service training for physics tutors on the use of concept inventory for effective assessments of pre-service teachers and training the latter on how to use concept inventories.
Nutritional Assessment of the Symptomatic Patient on a Plant-Based Diet: Seven Key Questions

Plant-based diets, both vegan and vegetarian, which emphasize grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, and seeds are increasingly popular for health as well as financial, ethical, and religious reasons. The medical literature clearly demonstrates that whole food plant-based diets can be both nutritionally sufficient and medically beneficial. However, any person on an intentionally restrictive, but poorly-designed diet may predispose themselves to clinically-relevant nutritional deficiencies. For persons on a poorly-designed plant-based diet, deficiencies are possible in both macronutrients (protein, essential fatty acids) and micronutrients (vitamin B12, iron, calcium, zinc, and vitamin D). Practitioner evaluation of symptomatic patients on a plant-based diet requires special consideration of seven key nutrient concerns for plant-based diets. This article translates these concerns into seven practical questions that all practitioners can introduce into their patient assessments and clinical reasoning. Ideally, persons on plant-based diets should be able to answer these seven questions. Each serves as a heuristic prompt for both clinician and patient attentiveness to a complete diet. As such, these seven questions support increased patient nutrition knowledge and practitioner capacity to counsel, refer, and appropriately focus clinical resources.
The defect-induced ferroelectric phase in thin PbZrO3 single crystals

In the PbZrO3 crystals a transient phase does not exist spontaneously below Tc, although normal ferroelectric loops can be observed near Tc on both heating and cooling. A strong electric field causes the crystal to be permanently defected. Defects produced in this way are the reason for the appearance of a transient ferroelectric phase. In the virgin crystal, separation of point defects in an external DC electric field induces ferroelectric behaviour below Tc in the internal field of the crystal. It was found that for PbZrO3, Tc depends on sample thickness.
A nonlinear universal servomechanism

A servomechanism problem of controlling a scalar output variable to /spl lambda/-track any reference signal from some prescribed function space R, whilst maintaining internal states bounded, is addressed for a class S of uncertain nonlinearly-perturbed, single-input, single-output, minimum-phase, relative-degree-one, linear systems with nonlinear actuator characteristics (encompassing, for example, hysteresis and dead-zone effects). The actuator characteristics are required only to be contained in the graph of a suitably regular set-valued map. The terminology "/spl lambda/-tracking" is used in the following sense: for arbitrary prescribed /spl lambda/>0, an (adaptive) feedback strategy is sought which, for every reference signal of class R and every system (unknown to the controller) of class S, ensures that the tracking error is asymptotic to the interval /spl lsqb//spl minus//spl lambda/,/spl lambda//spl rsqb//spl sub/R. The instantaneous values of the reference signal and scaler output only are available for feedback. Adopting the space W/sup 1,/spl infin//(R) as the set R of admissible reference signals and under fairly weak assumptions on the nature of the system nonlinearities, one such (R, S)-universal adaptive feedback solution to this servomechanism problem is constructed. The feedback is continuous and its construction does not invoke an internal model principle. >
Cogging torque due to roundness errors of the inner stator core surface

Cogging torque of brushless permanent magnet (PM) motors employing segmented stator cores with narrow slot openings has been investigated. Two types of test motors were examined: one with a segmented Halbach cylinder rotor and the other with a radially oriented ring PM rotor. The measured cogging torque was predicted from the measured dimensional errors for the inner radius of the stator core in both types.
Ponderomotive scattering of electrons in intense laser fields

We derive, using the classical Hamilton-Jacobi theory, exact and general relativistic expressions for the ponderomotive scattering angles of an electron which is incident initially with an arbitrary velocity on the focal region of a laser pulse of arbitrary intensity, polarization, and pulse shape. The result is used to analyze the experimental data recently obtained by Meyerhofer et al. [J. Opt. Sec. Am. B 13, 113 (1996)] and to predict the ponderomotive scattering angles for very high incident energies as envisaged in laser-accelerator experiments.
Iron silicide wires patterned by Bi nanolines on the H/Si(001) surface : Spin density functional calculations

R. H. Miwa,1 W. Orellana,2 and G. P. Srivastava3 1Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, CP 593, CEP 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil 2Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. Republica 252, 837-0134, Santiago, Chile 3School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom Received 3 October 2007; revised manuscript received 19 May 2008; published 11 September 2008
Empirical geometry of multivariate data: a deconvolution approach

Let {Y j ; j = 1,. , n} be independent observations in R m , m ≥ 1 with common distribution Q. Suppose that Y j = X j + ξ j , j = 1,. , n, where {X j , ξ j , j = 1,. , n} are independent, X j , j = 1,. , n have common distribution P and ξ j , j = 1,. , n have common distribution μ, so that Q = P * μ. The problem is to recover hidden geometric structure of the support of P based on the independent observations Y j . Assuming that the distribution of the errors μ is known, deconvolution statistical estimates of the fractal dimension and the hierarchical cluster tree of the support that converge with exponential rates are suggested. Moreover, the exponential rates of convergence hold for adaptive versions of the estimates even in the case of normal noise ξ j with unknown covariance. In the case of the dimension estimation, though, the exponential rate holds only when the set of all possible values of the dimension is finite (e.g., when the dimension is known to be integer). If this set is infinite, the optimal convergence rate of the estimator becomes very slow (typically, logarithmic), even when there is no noise in the observations.
Numerically efficient solution of dense linear system of equations arising in a class of electromagnetic scattering problems

In this paper we present an efficient technique for solving a dense complex-symmetric linear system of equations arising in the method of moments (MoM) formulation. To illustrate the application of the method, we consider a finite array of scatterers, which gives rise to a large number of unknowns. The solution procedure utilizes preconditioned transpose-free QMR (PTFQMR) iterations and computes the matrix-vector products by employing a compressed impedance matrix. The compression is achieved by reduced-rank representation of the off-diagonal blocks, based on a partial-QR decomposition, which is followed by an iterative refinement. Both the preconditioning and the compression steps take advantage of the block structure of the matrix. The convergence of the iterative procedure is investigated and the performance of the proposed algorithm is compared to that achieved by other schemes. The effectiveness of the preconditioner and the degree of matrix compression are quantified. Finite arrays of variable shape and sizes are considered, and it is demonstrated that the ability to solve large problems using this technique enables one to evaluate the edge effects in the finite array. Such array is basically flat and periodic, but the algorithm is still efficient when variation with strict periodicity or flatness exists.
Explicit Universal Deformations of Even Galois Representations

We investigate the case of deformations of even Galois representations. Our methods are the group theoretic ones mainly developed by Nigel Boston to study odd representations. We present conditions for Borel and tame cases under which the universal deformation ring is isomorphic to ℤp[[T]] and where we compute the universal deformation explicitly. Furthermore we produce a family of examples of totally real S3 extensions which satisfy the above conditions in the tame case and we give examples in the Borel case. Finally we study the change of the deformation space under enlarging the ramification and thus give an example of an even representation that is not twist‐finite.
Transmission of stimulus-induced epigenetic changes through cell division is coupled to continuous transcription factor activity

Trained immunity, or innate immune memory, has been attributed to the long-term retention of stimulus-induced histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) following clearance of the initial stimulus. Yet, it remains unknown how this epigenetic memory can persist for months in dividing cells given the lack of any known mechanism for stimulus-induced histone PTMs to be directly copied from parent to daughter strand during DNA replication. Here, using time course RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and infection assays, we find that trained macrophages are transcriptionally, epigenetically, and functionally re-programmed for at least 14 cell divisions after stimulus washout. However, the epigenetic changes observed after multiple rounds of cell division do not result from the self-sustained propagation of stimulus-induced epigenetic changes through cell division. Instead, long-lasting epigenetic differences between trained and non-trained cells are always coupled with changes in transcription factor (TF) activity, emphasizing the central role played by TFs, and gene expression changes more broadly, in driving the transmission of stimulus-induced epigenetic changes across cell divisions.
THE FERMI-PASTA-ULAM PROBLEM REVISITED : STOCHASTICITY THRESHOLDS IN NONLINEAR HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS

The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam \ensuremath{\alpha} model of harmonic oscillators with cubic anharmonic interactions is studied from a statistical mechanical point of view. Systems of N=32 to 128 oscillators appear to be large enough to suggest statistical mechanical behavior. A key element has been a comparison of the maximum Lyapunov coefficient ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{max}}$ of the FPU \ensuremath{\alpha} model and that of the Toda lattice. For generic initial conditions, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{max}}$(t) is indistinguishable for the two models up to times that increase with decreasing energy (at fixed N). Then suddenly a bifurcation appears, which can be discussed in relation to the breakup of regular, solitonlike structures. After this bifurcation, the ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{max}}$ of the FPU model appears to approach a constant, while the ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{max}}$ of the Toda lattice appears to approach zero, consistent with its integrability. This suggests that for generic initial conditions the FPU \ensuremath{\alpha} model is chaotic and will therefore approach equilibrium and equipartition of energy. There is, however, a threshold energy density ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathrm{c}}$(N)\ensuremath{\sim}1/${\mathrm{N}}^{2}$, below which trapping occurs; here the dynamics appears to be regular, solitonlike, and the approach to equilibrium\char22{}if any\char22{}takes longer than observable on any available computer. Above this threshold the system appears to behave in accordance with statistical mechanics, exhibiting an approach to equilibrium in physically reasonable times. The initial conditions chosen by Fermi, Pasta, and Ulam were not generic and below threshold and would have required possibly an infinite time to reach equilibrium. The picture obtained on the basis of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{max}}$ suggests that neither the KAM nor the Nekhoroshev theorems in their present form are directly relevant for a discussion of the phenomenology of the FPU \ensuremath{\alpha} model presented here.
Isolation of brightness induction effects on target patches from adjacent surrounds and remote backgrounds

The brightness (perceived intensity) of a region of visual space depends on its luminance and on the luminance of nearby regions. This phenomenon is called brightness induction and includes both brightness contrast and assimilation. Historically, and on a purely descriptive level, brightness contrast refers to a directional shift in target brightness away from the brightness of an adjacent region while assimilation refers to a brightness shift toward that of an adjacent region. In order to understand mechanisms, it is important to differentiate the descriptive terms contrast and assimilation from the optical and/or neural processes, often similarly named, which cause the effects. Experiment 1 isolated the effect on target patch (64 cd/m2) matching luminance (brightness) of six surround-ring widths (0.1°–24.5°) varied over 11 surround-ring luminances (32–96 cd/m2). Using the same observers, Experiment 2 examined the effect of the identical surround-ring parameters on target patch matching luminance in the presence of a dark (0.0 cd/m2) and a bright (96 cd/m2) remote background. By differencing the results of Experiment 1 (the isolated effect of the surround-ring) from those of Experiment 2 (the combined effect of the surround-ring with the dark and bright remote background) we further isolated the effect of the remote background. The results reveal that surround-rings and remote backgrounds produce brightness contrast effects in the target patch that are of the same or opposite polarity depending on the luminance polarity of these regions relative to target patch luminance. The strength of brightness contrast from the surround-ring varied with surround-ring luminance and width. Brightness contrast (darkening) in the target from the bright remote background was relatively constant in magnitude across all surround-ring luminances and increased in magnitude with decreasing surround-ring width. Brightness contrast (brightening) from the isolated dark remote background also increased in magnitude with decreasing surround-ring width: however, despite some regional flattening of the functions due to the fixed luminance of the dark remote background, induction magnitude was much reduced in the presence of a surround-ring of greater luminance than the target patch indicating a non-linear interaction between the dark remote background and surround-ring luminance.
Understanding Suicide over the Life Course Using Data Science Tools within a Triangulation Framework

Suicide and suicidal behaviors are important global health concerns. Preventing suicide requires a nuanced understanding of the nature of suicide risk, both acutely during periods of crisis and broader variation over the lifespan. However, current knowledge of the sources of variation in suicide risk is limited due to methodological and conceptual challenges. New methodological approaches are needed to close the gap between research and clinical practice. This review describes the life course framework as a conceptual model for organizing the scientific study of suicide risk across in four major domains: social relationships, health, housing, and employment. In addition, this review discusses the utility of data science tools as a means of identifying novel, modifiable risk factors for suicide, and triangulation as an overarching approach to ensuring rigor in suicide research as means of addressing existing knowledge gaps and strengthening future research.