Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sulfur and the production of rice in wetland and dryland ecosystems

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of few crop species that can he productively grown in both wetland and dryland conditions, Yields of rice may have to rise by 40 to 60% over the next 20 to 30 yr because of the demand from increasing population. The requirement for sulfur will rise by a comparable level, and unless fertilizer inputs increase, more sulfur deficiency can be expected, threatening the attainment of yield targets. Management of the sulfur nutrition of rice varies depending on whether the soil is submerged throughout the crop cycle as in paddy cultivation, aerated in the root zone as in upland production systems, or intermittently flooded as in rain-fed lowland, aerobic, and water-deficit irrigation production systems. Under upland conditions, which generally use different cultivars than those grown in wetland conditions, rice attains greater rooting depth than in submerged soils. Sulfur nutrition of rice under upland conditions has much in common with that of other field crops. In submerged soil, access to sulphur is limited by the shallow root system, with >90% of roots confined to the top 20cm of the soil. Low redox potential causes reduction of sulfate to sulfides, some of which are toxic (H,S), and others low in solubility (FeS, ZnS). Moreover, the slower mineralization of organically bound sulfur decreases availability of sulfur to rice in submerged soils. Hence, sulfur deficiency has increased in prevalence in wetland rice. Negative sulfur budgets have been estimated in several countries where rice is grown without sulfur fertilizers, especially when residue is removed or burned. Further research is needed to develop optimal sulfur nutrient management for the emerging water-saving production systems where soil redox potential fluctuates over time, affecting the mineralization of organically hound sulfur and changing the stability of reduced or oxidized forms of sulfur.
The Discourse Function of Final Rises in French Dialogues 1 Introduction

In this paper, we report the results of an empirical study which aims at describing the discourse meaning of rises at right edge intonation boundaries in French dialogues. According to most French speakers, it is possible to turn an assertion into a question in French solely by pronouncing it with a rising intonation. While existing empirical studies [8, 7] confirm that there is some correlation between rising and falling contours, and questions and assertions, respectively, they also show that rising intonation does not always go hand in hand with question intonation. Leaving aside the problem of question identification, one can thus legitimately raise the issue: What is the meaning of final rises in French? Clearly, an answer to this question cannot be given without a proper empirical study of the use of rises in natural speech but a corpus study of this sort is currently lacking for French (for other languages, see [13], for Glasgow English, or [6] for Australian English). An initial study has been performed on Post’s Map Task corpus [16] with two speakers and two dialogues (for a total of 301 speech turns); its goal was to resolve a number of annotation issues, such as the definition of intonation phrase boundary, its automatic assingment, the reliability of the employed algorithm and alphabet for intonation transcription, as well as the contribution of different kinds of dialog act and discourse structure taxonomies. The tested methodology is used for the study of the Caelen corpus [2], which is currently in progress.
Introduction de paramètres dynamiques en reconnaissance faciale

Dans cet article, nous presentons un systeme multimodal de reconnaissance de la personne a partir de video, en integrant deux approches complementaires. Le premier module exploite l'information comportementale : il est base sur des signaux de deplacement de la tete, automatiquement extraits a partir d’une sequence video ; des mesures statistiques sont alors calculees et utilisees pour la reconnaissance. Le second module exploite l'information physique : c'est une extension probabiliste de l'approche classique d'Eigenface, dans lequel la reconnaissance est faite dans un espace reduit des visages, calcule en employant une transformation d’analyse en composantes principales (ACP). Pour une fusion coherente, les deux systemes partagent le meme cadre probabiliste de classification : une approximation avec un modele de melange de gaussiennes (MMG) et un classificateur bayesien. Les resultats experimentaux prouvent que les deplacements de la tete sont discriminants et que l'integration multimodale apporte beaucoup en reconnaissance.
Increasing the Safety Level in the Public Transport Sector An Application to Support Decision Making in a Rail Network

: One of the main requisites for any public or private company operating in the transportation sector is to comply with high safety standards, besides providing to customers adequate service levels such as punctuality, comfort, reasonable prices and limited environmental impact. Those aspects are particularly critical within the public transport sector when dealing with passengers. To allow each passenger to reach its destination safely, public utility companies and/or private operators should built and maintain safe transport networks. Most of the time, to increase the overall service levels and or to comply with more stringent safety regulations, significant investments on modern technologies or infrastructure are needed. In fact, such safety investments could have significant impact in preventing accidents from happening or in reducing the consequences of such unwanted events. In this work, an optimization model is developed to support decision makers aimed at increasing the overall safety levels in a rail network. The model could be effectively used to select the optimal mix of safety measures depending on the specific features of each rail segment and given some major constraints such as a maximum budget and a strict deadline to complete the installation works. In addition, the user could use the model as a simulation tool to verify the impact on safety of different safety budgets and time horizons to support and/or influence public authorities when allocating priorities on different projects and finally make public investments more effective for citizens
Uso comercial del Análisis Conjunto en España

Conjoint Analysis is one of the principal techniques used in the study of individual preferences. This paper analyzes the commercial use of Conjoint Analysis in leading market research institutes in Spain. The objective of this study is to offer an all-encompassing and up-to-date overview of commercial applications of Conjoint Analysis in Spain, on the basis of a survey directed at the main elements of the Market Research, Marketing and Opinion Spanish Association (AEDEMO), as an extension to analogous studies carried out previously in the USA, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy. Study findings reveal that applications of Conjoint Analysis in Spain are carried out in a similar fashion to other countries although with lesser intensity.
Introduction: welcome to the world of intellectual capital

Welcome to the world of intellectual capital (IC). It is a world where value is created from something we cannot touch but can identify and measure, manage and report. Ours is a world of ambiguity where value hides inside a company. Therefore, managers and academics need to carefully and intricately work on making IC visible. Through research on understanding IC and how it works, we make it less ambiguous and allow managers to incorporate it into practice. In a world where value creation mainly stems from intangible assets and where workflows and processes are ever more digital, understanding how IC creates value is critical. IC research has a long and varied history based on the work of practitioners, journalists and academics such as Sveiby (1989), Kaplan and Norton (1992), Stewart (1997), Edvinsson (1997) and Guthrie and Petty (2000). These people have made significant contributions to the foundations of IC research, and most still do today. However, the challenge is how we continue to build on their contribution to understanding IC in a world where conservative accounting practices prevent the balance sheet from representing an enterprise’s future value (Barker, 2015). In the following chapters, we take up the challenge by building on past IC research methodologies and introducing new opportunities to build understandings of IC that reach the future. In academia, researchers are always under pressure to meet specific criteria from the journals and their editors. Sometimes these pressures tend to conform to methodological contributions and constrain them. Our objective with the Research Handbook on Intellectual Capital and Business is to provide a haven where methodological contributions to IC research can flourish. Our ambition is to publish a handbook that guides inexperienced IC researchers in their search for methodologies to help them make novel and timely contributions. For more established researchers, the Handbook offers an assembly of refreshing and straight forward contributions stripped of the traditional journal format constraints. The chapters are written by leading IC academics and practitioners. The authors represented here all have an IC research specialisation or have developed novel approaches to IC research. By sharing their IC research Introduction
Factors Controlling Chemistry of Magmatic Spinel: an Empirical Study of Associated Olivine, Cr-spinel and Melt Inclusions from Primitive Rocks

Compositions of ~2500 spinel-olivine pairs and 400 melt inclusion-spinel pairs have been analysed from 36 igneous suites from oceanic, arc and intraplate tectonic settings. Our data confirm that Cr-spinel mg-number is largely controlled by melt composition, but also influenced by octahedral site substitutions, and rate of cooling. Lavas quenched in submarine environments tend to have higher mg-number at a given cr-number than slowly cooled subaerial lavas and peridotites. Unlike mg-number, Cr-spinel Al2O3 and TiO2 contents show good correlations with melt composition, with only limited post-entrapment modifications. Out data suggest that increased activity of Al2O3 decreases the partitioning of TiO2 into spinels. The Al2O3 content of Cr-spinel is a useful guide to the degree of partial melting of mantle peridotites; however, this same relationship is obscured in volcanic rocks. Al2O3 contents of volcanic Cr-spinels are mostly determined by melt composition rather than mantle source composition. The data also suggest that most spinels from residual mantle peridotites can be readily differentiated from those hosted in volcanic rocks. Mantle peridotite spinel tend to have lower TiO2 and higher Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios than spinel from volcanic rocks. The spinel compositions in our database can be subdivided on the basis of tectonic setting and mode of occurrence using an Al2O3 vs TiO2 diagram. A total of seven fields can be distinguished with varying degrees of overlap. This diagram can then be used to determine the tectonic setting of spinel from altered mafic igneous rocks such as serpentinites or meta-basalts, or detrital spinel in sandstones.
Estimation of microwave parameters of crops from radiometric measurements

A simple approach is developed to calculate the microwave characteristics of a crop canopy. The approach is based on passive microwave measurements which are acquired for at least two levels of the vegetation, during the crop development. The method is applied to estimate the optical depth and the single scattering albedo of wheat fields at C-band, from two data sets. The results are analysed for several configurations of the measurement system in terms of polarization and view angle. Application of this simple approach appears to be very useful to investigate the effect of the vegetation structure on the canopy microwave emission.
Le mode communautaire : vers une nouvelle forme d'organisation

L'objectif de cet article est de caracteriser les communautes qui se developpent avec internet. L'analyse s'appuie sur un corpus de cas et d'experimentations. Elle permet de degager des modeles concernant le positionnement des communautes, leur trajectoire de croissance, et leur mode de gestion de l'identite. MOTS-CLES : communautes, places de marche, identite, cooperation, conception, innovation, gestion de la connaissance.
Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University

Recombination line proﬁle shapes are derived for ionized spherical stellar winds at radio wavelengths. It is assumed that the wind is optically thick owing to free-free opacity. Emission lines of arbitrary optical depth are obtained assuming that the free-free photosphere forms in the outer, constant expansion portion of the wind. Previous works have derived analytic results for isothermal winds when the line and continuum source functions are equal. Here, semi-analytic results are derived for when the source functions are not equal to reveal that line shapes can be asymmetric about line center. A parameter study is presented and applications discussed.
Anisotropy and fracture zones about a geothermal well from P‐wave velocity profiles

The feasibility of locating fracture zones and estimating their crack parameters was examined using an “areal well shoot” method centered on Utah State Geothermal Well 9‐1, Beaver County, Utah. High‐resolution traveltime measurements were made between a borehole sensor and an array of shotpoints distributed radially and azimuthally about the well. The directional dependence of velocity in the vicinity of the well was investigated by comparing traveltimes from different azimuths. Velocity anisotropy was detected; this condition is consistent with, but not required by, the existence of fractures in the basement rock having orientations subparallel to the latest episode of local faulting. The interpretation is complicated by a variable thickness of overburden around the well. Traveltime delays also suggest the presence of a low‐angle fracture zone intersecting the well at a depth of ∼1 500 ft.
The diurnal variation in magnetic and auroral activity at three high‐latitude stations

The data used in this article were prepared for the purpose of comparing magnetic and auroral diurnal-activity. Hourly magnetic character-figures on a scale of 0, 1, and 2 are used to express magnetic character. As J. M. Stagg1 has found that such figures express satisfactorily the diurnal variation in irregular magnetic disturbance in high latitudes, the magnetic character-graphs for the three high-latitude stations considered in this article serve also to compare with the results of Stagg's investigation for ten other high-latitude stations. The data used are for the following stations: The Byrd Antarctic Expedition Station at Little America, Antarctica, 1929–30; The United States Polar-Year Station at Barrow, Alaska, 1932–33; and the Canadian Polar-Year Station at Chesterfield, Northwest Territory, Canada, 1932–33.
A numerical study of the upwelling circulation off central Chile

We present a modeling study of the upwelling ocean circulation off central Chile (34°–40°S). Using a primitive equation model, we make a numerical simulation of the ocean circulation for summer of 1993, a year characterized by moderate but persistent equatorward winds. The results indicate the formation of an eastern boundary current system that shows classical Ekman and geostrophic dynamics. A strong equatorward coastal jet develops during intense upwelling activity, induced by the prevailing equatorward winds. The spatial and temporal variability of the upwelling-favorable winds strongly controls the variability in the oceanic circulation. Upwelling activity in the coastal areas occurs during periods of growth, peak, and decay. The circulation in the region is divided into two distinct dynamical areas that extend north and south of a prominent cape (Punta Lavapie), located in the center of the model domain. During the peak upwelling stage, the equatorward jet separates from the coast at Punta Lavapie and remains separated in the northern region. This detachment is followed by the formation of cyclonic eddies and decreased upwelling during periods of wind relaxation. The northern area is affected by advection processes and weaker local winds. In contrast, the equatorward flows in the southern region are persistently attached to the coastline and are more coherent with the stronger local winds.
Prediction of Battery Return Volumes for 3R: Remanufacturing, Reuse, and Recycling

Life cycle strategies for traction batteries, such as remanufacturing, reuse, and recycling of retired automotive lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), have received growing attention, as large volumes of LIBs will retire in the near future and the demand for LIBs continues to grow. At the same time, the relevance of the sustainability of a battery system over its entire life cycle is increasing as factors such as the EU Battery Regulation provide greater market and product transparency. As a result, research and industry require forecasts in order to assess the future market situation and to make well-founded decisions. Therefore, this paper provides forecasts of the return volumes of battery systems from BEVs and PHEVs up to 2035. Additionally, a representative European battery pack for PHEVs and BEVs was evaluated for each year since 2013, based on the ten vehicles with the largest market share in each year until 2021. In addition, the battery return streams are divided into three different 3R strategies based on expert interviews in order to evaluate the upcoming workload in these areas. The term “3R” refers to the sum of the currently existing pathways around reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. In 2030, about 38.8 GWh will return and enter the recycling process annually. For battery reuse, about 13 GWh will return every year from 2030 onwards, ready to be used in stationary storage for energy transition. Compared to this, battery remanufacturing is expected to be supplied with a slightly lower volume of approximately 11 GWh per year.
"He who sets the boundary”. Chieftaincy as a “necessary” institution in modern Ghana

The title of this paper was inspired by an etymology formulated in 1929 by a famous Gold Coast maitre-a-penser, J. de Graft Johnson. He explained the most common akan1 term for a chief ohene as a derivation from hye, boundary, with the meaning of “he who would decide the ohi (boundary) between the various groups farming on lands commonly reputed to be under his control” (de Graft Johnson, 1929). The ohene is therefore ‘the settler of the boundary’. Etymology is a tricky territory and I am not sure whether this interpretation is reliable. However it suits perfectly what I intend to say in my paper: 1) Controversial as Chieftaincy may be in Ghana, it is perhaps the clearest embodiment of shared concepts of what it means to belong to a place. 2) The link between Chieftaincy and place is not a static one. To a great extent chiefs have the power to redefine the very nature, size and scope of the place/locality they embody. 3) They are potentially in a better position to re-shape, manipulate, enlarge or shrink boundaries than most other player on the national stage. 4) From the early 1990s many of them were able to exercise that power to an extent they had not experienced since colonial days and in ways new to Ghanaian society and to themselves. I will try to substantiate my points through reference to a recent case of chieftaincy litigation in the Western Region of Ghana.
Pathogenesis of selected multiple primary neoplasms

Introduction and aim. Multiple primary tumors are defined as having more than one primary tumor in a different organ location in the same person. Therefore, it is important to know pathogenesis of multiple primary neoplasms to discover new forms of primary prevention and secondary prevention, especially connected with genetic tests which are important for the future of medicine as a part of personalized medicine. The aim of the study is to present selected aspects of the pathogenesis of multiple primary neoplasms. Material and methods. PubMed databases and Google Scholar were searched. Analysis of the literature. The rising risk of developing multiple primary cancers is a consequence of the progressive growth and ageing of the population and development of cancer in patients previously treated for cancer. The formation of secondary neoplasms may be multifactorial – to a large extent it is associated with genetic factors that may facilitate neoplastic transformation, for example as a result of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, inherited syndromes, environmental factors such as tobacco or alcohol, sometimes random somatic mutations. Conclusion. Knowledge of the pathogenesis of multiple primary tumors can contribute to a better understanding of the problem, as well as help in the prevention or early diagnosis of multiple primary tumors (primary and secondary prevention).
Biological aspects of human migration: Migration and adaptation

Within the general framework of evolutionary and adaptation theory there are a number of general principles that will assist in the understanding of the biological effects of migration. 1st populations with relatively stable social and subsistence and which have been long resident in a given area have adapted in their biology population structure and sociocultural system to this area and its environment. All biological adaptive patterns have genetic bases; however some are fairly specific and easily identifiable from their phenotypic expression while others are more plastic or flexible and are expressed more broadly depending on environmental circumstances. Several hypotheses have been suggested to define further the biological effects of migration: 1) The more rapid and dramatic changes will produce greater stress as manifested by illness loss of biological fitness and declines in sociocultural integration than will gradual and minor changes. 2) Adults particularly the elderly will suffer more from environmental change than will children. This is based on the knowledge that some adaptations require development during the period of child and adolescent growth. 3) Effects of environmental change on health and state of adaptation will be most acute immediately after a move. Adjustments will occur as exposure to the new environment increases. There is some evidence to support each of these 3 hypotheses yet they are not quite at the level of general principles. This literature review looks at existing studies that consider the biological and adaptive attributes of migrants which are important for at least 2 reasons. 1st at the level of science and basic knowledge migrant people serve as ideal natural experiments in which the effects of environmental change on human populations can be investigated within the theoretical framework of adaptation. Secondly there are real risks to human health and biological fitness associated with the process of migration and these risks should be known and understood. This latter applied basis for studies of migrants is especially important now since present migration rates are greater than at any other time in the past.