Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic properties of optically switched bistable semiconductor lasers

The dynamic properties of optically switched semiconductor lasers biased from below-to-above threshold are presented theoretically. An analytic expression for the carrier density in the active region of a laser with respect to time is given to discuss the switching-off time. The numerical results show that the switching-on time and the switching-off time are governed by different mechanisms. They are related to the laser parameters for the free-running laser. They also depend on the optical power and the time duration of the input optical pulse and the frequency detuning between the frequency of the free-running laser and that of the input optical pulse. A small frequency detuning is desired to reduce both the switching-on and switching-off times. However, there is an optimal detuning to maximize the energy of the output optical pulse. On the other hand, for fixed detuning and injection power, a larger bias current results in a shorter switching-off time, but a lower bias current results in a shorter switching-on time.
X-ray scattering study of GaN nanowires grown on Ti/Al2O3 by molecular beam epitaxy

Monte Carlo modelling of grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering intensity provides detailed information on the cross-sectional size and shape distributions of GaN nanowires, as well as the roughness of their side facets. The cross sections are found to be dodecagons rather than hexagons. A narrow orientational distribution of the nanowires is found using X-ray diffraction. In addition, a variety of different topotaxial crystallites with in-plane and out-of-plane lattice parameters intermediate between those of Al2O3 and GaN are revealed in the sputtered Ti film.
CYBERSECURITY ASSURANCE IN SMART CITIES: A RISK MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACT Smart cities are interconnected in a complex web of interdependent systems that are critical for functioning of smart services for better living. However, cybersecurity risks in smart cities are a growing concern for smart city councils and governments globally. As more city services are being brought online and connected with other services, the cybersecurity threat surface is also increasing. We experience a surge in exploitation of security vulnerabilities in smart service operations in cities on a global scale. Incidents of cyberattacks bringing down critical smart services like smart grids and other digital infrastructure are now occurring frequently. These cyberattacks are anticipated to increase further on a larger scale if smart city councils do not take a proactive approach toward cybersecurity risk management and assurance. Managing the cyber risks of smart cities is an understudied area of information systems and cybersecurity research domains that is necessary for the development of cyber-resilient societies. This paper attempts to address this gap. It is based on the premise that cybersecurity risks in smart cities cannot be avoided; instead, they must be proactively identified, assessed, and managed. This paper provides an overview of interdependent systems in smart cities, cybersecurity risks in the context of interdependent systems, and impact of recent cyberattacks on public services in cities across the globe. The significance of risk management and assurance in smart cities is introduced in this paper to address the cybersecurity risks arising from system of systems. Cybersecurity risk management utilizing NIST’s Risk Management Framework has been recommended in this paper for smart city councils through a step-wise approach, highlighting the necessary actions for effective operational cybersecurity risk assurance.
Analysis of Kerf Quality Characteristics of Kevlar Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Cut by Abrasive Water Jet

Abrasive water jet machining has become an indispensable process for cutting Kevlar fiber-reinforced polymers used in applications such as ballistics protection, race cars, and protective gloves. The complex and diffuse action of a large number of input parameters leads to the need to evaluate the quality characteristics of the technological transformation as a result of the deployment of experimental studies adapted to the specific processing conditions. Thus, the paper focuses on identifying the influence of different factors and modeling their action on the characteristics that define the quality of the cut parts, such as the kerf taper angle and the Ra roughness parameter, by applying statistical methods of design and analysis of experiments.
Magnetic buoyancy and the escape of magnetic fields from stars

A loss of magnetic flux through the free surface of a star into the surrounding space has important implications for the generation of the field within the star. The present investigation is concerned with the physics of the escape of net azimuthal flux from a star. The obtained results are used as a basis for the interpretation of some recent observations of the detailed behavior of magnetic fields emerging through the surface of the sun. The buoyancy of an isolated horizontal magnetic flux tube beneath the surface of a star causes the tube to rise at a rate comparable to the Alfven speed. The necessary conditions for escape of the flux are considered along with aspects of magnetic buoyancy, and the conditions on the sun. It appears that the observed retraction of bipolar magnetic fields at the end of their life at the surface is the one phenomenon which requires dynamical intervention. Attention is given to known dynamical effects which suppress the buoyant rise of an azimuthal magnetic field.
Robust Reliability Optimal Design Based on Thermo-mechanical Coupling Compliant Mechanism

Random variable of thermo-mechanical coupling (TMC) structure is analyzed first, then the topology optimization model of TMC compliant mechanism is established. According to the uncertainty factors such as temperature, load, volume ratio and thermal expansion coefficient in the process of topology optimization, the robust reliability optimal design method is introduced into the topology optimization process. The various factors on the sensitivity of topology optimization process is analyzed, the best match between various factors is find out, which make the product has robust reliability for the change of the uncertainty. The residual analysis for the most sensitive factors is carried out. Finally the correctness and validity of the method is verified with an example. Introduction When we study the compliant mechanisms by adopting topological optimization method, we only need to give design domain and allocate input and output position, no need from the perspective of a known rigidity. The mechanism come from this method have a input and output relationship of optimized “force—displacement”, thus it attracts people’s attention. Topology optimization research is developing from certain topology optimization direction to reliable topology optimization direction. Jinqing Zhan proposed a reliable topology optimization method of compliant mechanism based on infrastructure method. KHARMANDA proposed a reliable topology optimization method. Zhaokun Li proposed a geometric nonlinear topology optimization research method based on reliable compliant mechanism. Their research turned out that the mechanism based on reliable topology optimization is more reasonable than the mechanism based on certain topology optimization. Yongcong Kuang build a level set function to design variable, stiffness minimization, and proposed corresponding optimization algorithm. Mingtao Cui established a monolithic compliant mechanism multi-target reliable topology optimization design dual mathematical model. This paper combines topology optimization process of compliant mechanism and robust reliability optimal design, analyzes the sensitivity of uncertainty random variables such as design domain’s size, external load and temperature in topology optimization process. Then get the best combination among these random variables. Random Variable Coupling Field Analysis Hot objects will produce thermal expansion, thus caused by the thermal deformation and displacement of combined action of mechanical load and temperature load structure called a hot solid coupling structure, the finite element balance equation :
Scams and Solutions in Cryptocurrencies - A Survey Analyzing Existing Machine Learning Models

With the emergence of cryptocurrencies and Blockchain technology, the financial sector is turning its gaze toward this latest wave. The use of cryptocurrencies is becoming very common for multiple services. Food chains, network service providers, tech companies, grocery stores, and so many other services accept cryptocurrency as a mode of payment and give several incentives for people who pay using them. Despite this tremendous success, cryptocurrencies have opened the door to fraudulent activities such as Ponzi schemes, HYIPs (high-yield investment programs), money laundering, and much more, which has led to the loss of several millions of dollars. Over the decade, solutions using several machine learning algorithms have been proposed to detect these felonious activities. The objective of this paper is to survey these models, the datasets used, and the underlying technology. This study will identify highly efficient models, evaluate their performances, and compile the extracted features, which can serve as a benchmark for future research. Fraudulent activities and their characteristics have been exposed in this survey. We have identified the gaps in the existing models and propose improvement ideas that can detect scams early.
Enriched environment remodels the central immune environment and improves the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke in elderly mice with chronic ischemia

With the aging of many populations, cognitive and motor dysfunction caused by ischemic stroke (IS) secondary to long-term chronic cerebral ischemia presents a global problem. Enriched environment (EE), a classic paradigm of environment response and genetic interaction, has shown tremendous influence on the brain. This research aimed to investigate the potential effect of EE on cognitive and motor function in mice with chronic cerebral ischemia and secondary IS. In the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) phase, EE treatment improved behavior performance by alleviating neuronal loss and white matter myelin damage, promoting the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphor-cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB). Furthermore, infiltration of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes was inhibited, and the levels of IL-1β and TNFα were decreased. In the IS phase, EE altered the neuronal outcome on day 21 but not on day one after IS. In addition, EE inhibited IS-induced infiltration of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, mediated the polarization of microglia/macrophages, and reduced pro-inflammatory factors. Importantly, EE improved IS-induced cognitive and motor deficits on day 21. Collectively, our work demonstrates that EE protects mice from cognitive and motor dysfunction and inhibits neuroinflammation caused by CCH and IS.
Decreasing Multicollinearity

When the multicollinearity among the independent variables in a regression model is due to the high correlations of a multiplicative function with its constituent variables, the multicollinearity can be greatly reduced by centering these variables around minimizing constants before forming the multiplicative function. The values of these constants that minimize the multicollinearity are derived, and the conditions are identified under which centering the variables about their means will reduce the multicollinearity. Among the advantages of this procedure are that the mean square error remains at its minimum, that the coefficients for other variables in the model are unaffected by it, and that the OLS estimates for the original model can be calculated from those for the modified model. Thus, even when estimates of the original model are desired, the procedure can be used to reduce numerical error.
A true random number generator with high bit rate and low energy efficiency

In this paper, a novel feedback architecture of true random number generator based on tetrahedral ring oscillator is proposed. The random raw bits are fed back to produce control voltages, which control the transmission gates in ring oscillators. Since random fluctuations of the control voltages increase the phase jitter of the oscillator, this architecture improves the bit rate and randomness of random sequence. Besides, a post‐processor is designed to enhance the randomness further. The circuit is implemented in TSMC 40‐nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, and it takes up an area of 85 × 51 μm. Measurement results show that the random number sequences pass the statistical randomness tests, with a low power consumption of 67 μW, high speed of 45 Mbps, and low energy efficiency of 1.48 pJ/bit.
Double patterning lithography for 32 nm: critical dimensions uniformity and overlay control considerations

Double patterning lithography (DPL)-either with two litho and two etches or through the use of a sacrificial spacer-are comparable in complexity and process control requirements. Since critical dimensions uniformity (CDU) and overlay requirements are considerably tighter than in single exposure, they present tougher challenges to process control, metrology, and integration, but seem feasible for 32-nm node. We study CDU and overlay requirements and performance at 32-nm-hp resolution for dual litho-etch and sacrificial spacer schemes. We bring in three particular aspects of CD control: the existence of multiple populations of lines and spaces, overlay entanglement into CDU performance, and the mechanism of doubled-pitch pattern generation from uncorrelated left and right edges, Accordingly, active compensation schemes are proposed to bring together these multiple CDU populations in order to achieve the typical 10% CD tolerance of the final pattern. Experimental results confirmed our assumptions of CDU-overlay entanglement and existence of multiple CD populations of lines and spaces. We present CDU results from before and after applying CD compensation schemes to improve CDU and overlay performance through active feed forward corrections. Results confirm the gain in improving statistical and spatial CD distribution to meet control levels required at 32-nm design rules: 2-nm CDU control per population, 3-nm CDU control for two adjacent lines, or spacer CD populations with 3-nm single machine overlay, all of them being demonstrated on multiple wafers and immersion scanners.
Convergence of the synaptic weights for the elastic net method, and its application

Solution procedures for the traveling salesman problem (TSP), i.e. the problem of finding the minimum Hamiltonian circuit in a network of cities, can be divided into two categories: exact methods and approximate (or heuristic) methods. Since TSP is an NP hard problem, good heuristic approaches are of interest. The neural networks heuristic solutions of TSP was initiated by Hopfield and Tank. One such heuristic called the elastic net method is illustrated by the following, an imaginary rubber band is placed at the centroid of the distribution of n cities. Then some finite number (m greater than n) of points (nodes) on this rubber band changes their positions according to the dynamics of the method. Eventually they describe a tour around the cities. We express the dynamics and stability of the elastic net algorithm. We show that if a unique node is converging to a city, then the synaptic strength between them approaches one. Then we generalize to the case where more than one node converges to a city. Furthermore, a typical application that could make use of the elastic net method (e.g. multi-target tracking) will be pointed out for later studies. In order to verify the proof of the concept and the associated theorems, computer simulations were conducted for a reasonable number of cities.
The phase configuration of internal waves around a body moving in a density stratified fluid

A body is started impulsively from rest and moves in a curved path in a stably stratified fluid. The phase configuration of the internal waves which are generated is studied using small amplitude wave theory. The theory is compared with experiment for a few special cases which include a horizontal cylinder moving in a circular path in a vertical plane, oscillating through a large amplitude in a horizontal plane, and moving with constant velocity past stationary plates. Theory and experiment show reasonable agreement except where the waves produced by the wake dominate the flow.
Optimization of bioenergy generation and chemical oxygen demand reduction in dual-chamber microbial fuel cells using active soil microbes

This study focused on the optimization of a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) system using carbon fiber brush and titanium electrodes, meat processing wastewater as substrate, and active soil microbes as biocatalyst. Significant findings revealed promising results on the MFC performance. The active soil microbes contain viable bacteria that worked effectively in the anode chambers. Peak open-circuit voltages (OCV) of the MFCs were as high as 1.05 V using titanium mesh and 1.03 V using carbon fiber brush. In closed-circuit conditions, the current obtained were 1.04 mA and 1.38 mA, and the power densities were 1.22 Wm−2 and 0.34 Wm−2, correspondingly. The power densities were normalized based on the surface areas of the anodes. The bioenergy generation profiles also revealed the MFCs can produce peak potentials of 30.109 kJ and 19.415 kJ using carbon fiber brush and titanium mesh, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that the reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) was highest at 24.32 percent using carbon brush and lowest at 13.34 percent using titanium mesh electrodes.
Device-oriented review of recent Japanese developments in magnetic materials for gyromagnetic applications

A review is presented on the research and development conducted in the past three years in Japan in the field of microwave ferrites. The review is divided into six topics as follows: a) circulators and isolators comprising conventional ferrites and garnets, b) polycrystalline CaVGs, their preparations, characterizations and applications, c) large size single crystalline YIGs and their application to circulators, d) conventional YIG materials tailored to digital phaser designs and fabrications, e) lithium ferrite and its applications, and f) highly anisotropic Ba and Sr ferrites tailored for millimeter-wave resonance isolators. The review is concluded with a forecast of future research activities in this area in Japan.
Adoption of shared decision-making and clinical decision support for reducing cardiovascular disease risk in community health centers

Abstract Objective Electronic health record (EHR)-based shared decision-making (SDM) and clinical decision support (CDS) systems can improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) care quality and risk factor management. Use of the CV Wizard system showed a beneficial effect on high-risk community health center (CHC) patients’ CVD risk within an effectiveness trial, but system adoption was low overall. We assessed which multi-level characteristics were associated with system use. Materials and Methods Analyses included 80 195 encounters with 17 931 patients with high CVD risk and/or uncontrolled risk factors at 42 clinics in September 2018–March 2020. Data came from the CV Wizard repository and EHR data, and a survey of 44 clinic providers. Adjusted, mixed-effects multivariate Poisson regression analyses assessed factors associated with system use. We included clinic- and provider-level clustering as random effects to account for nested data. Results Likelihood of system use was significantly higher in encounters with patients with higher CVD risk and at longer encounters, and lower when providers were >10 minutes behind schedule, among other factors. Survey participants reported generally high satisfaction with the system but were less likely to use it when there were time constraints or when rooming staff did not print the system output for the provider. Discussion CHC providers prioritize using this system for patients with the greatest CVD risk, when time permits, and when rooming staff make the information readily available. CHCs’ financial constraints create substantial challenges to addressing barriers to improved system use, with health equity implications. Conclusion Research is needed on improving SDM and CDS adoption in CHCs. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03001713, https://clinicaltrials.gov/
Finite-Time Robust Dissipative Control for a Class of Descriptor Systems

With parameters uncertainty and external disturbance considered,the sufficient condition of the finite-time robust stability under twin-fuzzy rules for a class of descriptor systems was described using linear matrix inequalities(LMIs). Based on the parallel distribution compensation(PDC),a robust dissipative controller under twin-fuzzy rules was designed to guarantee dissipative performance of uncertain and disturbed fuzzy descriptor systems in a finite-time interval.The control system was effectively confined within the desired state-space ellipsoid.A numerical example applied to inverted pendulum model was given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Activity patterns in Broca’s area during visual short-term memory tasks

In this study, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure activity in Broca’s area during a visual short-term memory task in young and older adults, comparing brain activity during three types of stimuli (numbers, easy-to-name shapes, and hard-to-name shapes) and examining how additive language functions are involved. We hypothesized that the Broca’s area would be activated in both age groups when memorizing numbers, but not when memorizing hard-to-name shapes. The results showed that visual memory capacity is reduced in the elderly, but not when easy-to-name stimuli are used. This indicates that adding a verbal function to the input of visual information by the elderly seemingly suppresses the effects of aging on memory capacity. This result indicates that the addition of verbal functions may complement other types of cognitive functions that have declined.
Predicting response to neoadjuvant therapy with glucose transporter-1 in breast cancer

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Glucose transporter-1 is a marker involved in energy transport in cancer cells. It has been shown to be a poor prognostic factor in many cancer types, including breast cancer. However, there is no satisfactory parameter predicting treatment in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. This study investigated the effect of glucose transporter-1 in predicting the treatment response of patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. METHODS: In this study, glucose transporter-1 immunohistochemistry was applied to tru-cut biopsy of patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer and received neoadjuvant therapy between 2010 and 2021. A built-in scoring system was used to evaluate both the pattern and intensity of glucose transporter-1 immunohistochemistry staining. The relationship between glucose transporter-1 immunohistochemistry staining and other clinicopathological parameters was examined. In addition, the relationship of glucose transporter-1 with response to treatment was investigated. RESULTS: A relationship was found between high glucose transporter-1 expression and other clinicopathological parameters (such as estrogen and progesterone receptor negativity, high Ki-67, triple-negative, and Her2 status). Cases with high glucose transporter-1 expression had either a complete or a partial pathologic response. The result was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Glucose transporter-1 has the potential to be a biomarker that can be evaluated more objectively as an alternative to Ki-67 labeling index in evaluating the response to treatment in patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy.