Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neighbor Similarity Trust against Sybil Attack in P2P E-commerce

Peer to peer (P2P) e-commerce applications exist at the edge of the Internet with vulnerabilities to passive and active attacks. These attacks have pushed away potential business firms and individuals whose aim is to get the best benefit in e-commerce with minimal losses. The attacks occur during interactions between the trading peers as a transaction takes place. In this paper, we propose how to address Sybil attack, which is a kind of active attack. The peers can have bogus and multiple identity to fake their own ones. Most existing work, which concentrates on social networks and trusted certification, has not been able to prevent Sybil attack peers from participating in transactions. Our work exploits the neighbor similarity trust relationship to address Sybil attack. In this approach, referred to as Sybil Trust, duplicated Sybil attack peers can be recognized as the neighbor peers become acquainted and hence more trusted to each other. Security and performance analysis shows Sybil attack can be minimized by our proposed neighbor similarity trust.
Note on the occurrence of world‐wide S.S.C.'s during the onset of negative bays at College, Alaska

World-wide sudden commencements which appear during the night hours at College, Alaska, are found to occur most frequently during the onset, or decreasing H stage, of negative bays. As this stage of magnetic disturbance accompanies a distinct change from homogeneous to rayed aurora, it is suggested that s.s. c. 's have an atmospheric source which is related to sudden changes in auroral activity.
A Sacred Family Circle: A Family Group Conferencing Model

The development of "A Sacred Family Circle," family group conferencing (FGC) model in north central Alberta, emerged out of a need to engage in a collaborative research inquiry project that addresses the over-representation of Aboriginal children requiring Child Intervention Services (CIS). This chapter explores FGC as a means to work effectively with Aboriginal children and families involved with CIS, and to discuss this in the context of the work being carried out by Region 7, North Central Alberta Child and Family Services (CFSA). In particular, the chapter:
Impact of megathrust geometry on inversion of coseismic slip from geodetic data: Application to the 1960 Chile earthquake

We analyze the role of megathrust geometry on slip estimation using the 1960 Chile earthquake (MW = 9.5) as an example. A variable slip distribution for this earthquake has been derived by Barrientos and Ward (1990) applying an elastic dislocation model with a planar fault geometry. Their model shows slip patches at 80–110 km depth, isolated from the seismogenic zone, interpreted as aseismic slip. We invert the same geodetic data set using a finite element model (FEM) with precise geometry derived from geophysical data. Isoparametric FEM is implemented to constrain the slip distribution of curve‐shaped elements. Slip resolved by our precise geometry model is limited to the shallow region of the plate interface suggesting that the deep patches of moment were most likely an artifact of the planar geometry. Our study emphasizes the importance of fault geometry on slip estimation of large earthquakes.
The use of multi-model ensembles from global climate models for impact assessment of climate change

The IPCC 4th Assessment Report was based on large datasets of projections of future climate produced by eighteen modelling groups worldwide who performed a set of coordinated climate experiments in which numerous global climate models (GCMs) have been run for a common set of experiments and various emission scenarios. These datasets are freely available form the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (www.ipcc-data.org) and can be used by the research community to assess the impact of changing climate on various systems of interest including impacts on agricultural crops and natural ecosystems, biodiversity and plant diseases. Multi-model ensembles (MME) emphasize the uncertainty in climate predictions resulting from structural differences in the global climate model design as well as uncertainty to variations of initial conditions or model parameters. This paper describes a methodology based on a stochastic weather generator for linking MME of predictions from GCMs with process-based impact models to assess impacts of climate change on biological or ecological systems. The latest version of the LARS-WG weather generator is described which allows seamlessly generating daily site-specific climate scenarios worldwide by utilising local daily weather and MME from GCMs. Examples of impacts on wheat in Europe, based on MME, are discussed, including changes in severity of drought and heat stress around flowering.
After the Blowdown: A Resource Assessment of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, 1999-2003

The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) was struck by a major windstorm on July 4, 1999. Estimated volume in blowdown areas was up to 29 percent less than in non-blowdown areas. Mean down woody fuel loadings were twice as high in blowdown areas than in non-blowdown areas. Overstory species diversity declined in blowdown areas, but understory diversity, measured by species richness, increased. Windstorms, like wildfire, are part of the historic disturbance regime in the Boundary Waters-Quetico region.
Capital social e innovación en los distritos industriales : una aplicación a los casos de la cerámica y del mueble

mostrado un creciente interés en la estructura y fortaleza de las relaciones interpersonales en los sistemas sociales. Las externalidades generadas por la proximidad física han sido utilizadas para justificar los potenciales beneficios de las empresas. Conceptos como el Distrito Industrial (Becattini, 1990) o el Cluster Industrial (Porter, 1990) han analizado el contenido y naturaleza de estas externalidades. Sin embargo, algunas voces se han alzado a propósito de las limitaciones que presenta este modelo de relaciones interempresariales. Un número significativo de investigadores han cuestionando la capacidad de estas redes territoriales para hacer frente a los requerimientos de los cambios radicales externos (p.e. las innovaciones radicales). De forma breve, esta crítica argumenta que los mismos mecanismos que están en la base de la eficiente mejora continua de las empresas del distrito, son también la causa de las restricciones y limitaciones, en concreto, para hacer frente a un entorno cambiante. Para abordar nuestras cuestiones de investigación, en primer lugar, hemos revisado las ideas y conceptos del Capital Social para describir como sus características pueden afectar a las capacidades de explotación y exploración en un contexto de distrito industrial. Después hemos realizado dos estudios empíricos a partir de los datos de una encuesta sobre una muestra de empresas de los distritos de la cerámica y mueble valencianos. El primero de ellos pretende comprobar la existencia de diferencias significativas en los valores de Capital Social entre ambas 21 Capital social e innovación en los distritos industriales. Una aplicación a los casos de la cerámica y del mueble
Anatomia foliar e caulinar de Forsteronia glabrescens, Apocynaceae

RESUMO. O genero Forsteronia compreende cerca de 50 especies nativas da America tropical. Cascas do caule de diferentes especies sao empregadas como febrifugo na medicina tradicional e o latex das partes aereas tem sido investigado para fins industriais. Este estudo abordou aspectos anatomicos de folha e caule de Forsteronia glabrescens Mull. Arg. , por meio de microtecnicas fotonicas e de varredura usuais, com o objetivo de fornecer informacoes complementares a identificacao dessa liana sul-americana. A folha e anfiestomatica, a epiderme mostra-se unisseriada e o mesofilo e dorsiventral. A nervura central tem seccao plano-convexa e e percorrida por um feixe vascular bicolateral em arco aberto. Uma camada subepidermica consistindo de celulas parenquimaticas e encontrada no limbo e na nervura central. O caule apresenta periderme e cortex reduzido, consistindo de camada subepidermica de celulas parenquimaticas e bainha esclerenquimatica. Uma faixa descontinua de fibras nao lignificadas envolve o sistema vascular bicolateral. Idioblastos com substâncias fenolicas, prismas de oxalato de calcio e laticiferos ramificados sao encontrados na folha e no caule. SUMMARY. “Leaf and stem anatomy of Forsteronia glabrescens, Apocynaceae”. The genus Forsteronia comprises about 50 species indigenous to tropical America. Stem barks from different species are used as antipyretic in folk medicine and the latex from aerial parts has been investigated for industrial purposes. This study has dealt with anatomical aspects of leaf and stem of Forsteronia glabrescens Mull. Arg. , by usual light and scanning microtechniques, aiming to supply with additional information for the identification of this South-American liana. The leaf is amphistomatic, the epidermis has one layer and the mesophyll is dorsiventral. The midrib presents plain-convex cross-section and is traversed by a bicollateral vascular bundle in open arc. A sub-epidermal layer consisting of parenchymatic cells is found in the blade and midrib. The stem shows periderm and reduced cortex, which comprehends a sub-epidermal layer of parenchymatic cells and a sclerenchymatic sheath. An incomplete and non-lignified fibre sheath encircles the bicollateral vascular system. Idioblasts with phenolic substances, calcium oxalate prisms and branched laticifers are encountered in the leaf and stem.
Aaective Computing

Recent neurological studies indicate that the role of emotion in human cognition is essential; emotions are not a luxury. Instead, emotions play a critical role in rational decision-making, in perception, in human interaction, and in human intelligence. These facts, combined with abilities computers are acquiring in expressing and recognizing aaect, open new areas for research. This paper deenes key issues in \aaective computing," computing that relates to, arises from, or deliberately innuences emotions. New models are suggested for computer recognition of human emotion , and both theoretical and practical applications are described for learning, human-computer interaction , perceptual information retrieval, creative arts and entertainment, human health, and machine intelligence. Signiicant potential advances in emotion and cognition theory hinge on the development of af-fective computing, especially in the form of wearable computers. This paper establishes challenges and future directions for this emerging eld. Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood. { Marie Curie Emotions have a stigma in science; they are believed to be inherently non-scientiic. Scientiic principles are derived from rational thought, logical arguments, testable hypotheses, and repeatable experiments. There is room alongside science for \non-interfering" emotions such as those involved in curiosity, frustration, and the pleasure of discovery. In fact, much sci-entiic research funded by defense budgets has been essentially prompted by fear. Nonetheless, emotions are generally regarded as wreaking havoc on reasoning. Although emotions pervade science, their role has been marginalized. Why bring emotion or aaect into any of the deliberate tools of science? Moreover, shouldn't emotion be completely avoided when considering properties to associate with computers? After all, computers control signiicant parts of our lives { the phone system, the stock market, nuclear power plants, airplane ights, and more. Who wants a computer to be able to \feel angry" at them? To feel contempt for any living thing? In this paper I will set forth key issues in what I call \af-fective computing," computing that relates to, arises from, or deliberately innuences emotions. I will elaborate further on this deenition and its implications below. The topic of emotion is a diicult one to treat scientiically, but that is precisely what needs to be done. In this paper I will illustrate ways in which aaective computing can break new ground in the scientiic study of emotions. I will suggest computational models for aaect recognition, and will describe new applications of aaective computing …
Rare earth elements systematics of West Shasta metavolcanic rocks; petrogenesis and hydrothermal alteration

West Shasta district bimodal volcanics (Copley Greenstone and Balaklala Rhyolite) are members of a low K calc-alkaline suite. They have rare earth element distributions characterized by pronounced light rare earth element depletion and unfractionated heavy rare earth elements. The striking similarities of the rare earth element patterns between the two compositions suggest derivation by partial melting of the same, previously depleted, source region in the Devonian upper mantle or lower crust. These sources are even more depleted in incompatible elements than the sources for similar low K suites in the southwest Pacific and Caribbean.The basic volcanics appear to be similar to low Ti, "normal" or I-type midocean ridge basalts. Clinopyroxene (Wo 42 -En 51 -Fs 7 ) now partially altered to chlorite (Mg/Mg + Fe -- 0.73- 0.95) was the apparent high pressure liquidus phase in the basalts. The absence of an Eu anomaly indicates that the source had no intrinsic anomaly and that no significant low-pressure fractionation of plagioclase took place prior to or during the emplacement of the andesitic lavas. The Balaklala extrusions have a pronounced negative Eu anomaly whereas the intrusive, coeval, Mule Mountain trondhjemite does not. Consequently, the anomaly in the Balaklala could not be inherited from the source region but must instead reflect the fractionation of plagioclase in shallow magma chambers prior to eruption.Hydrothermal fluids associated with the formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits have modified the rare earth patterns of the acid extrusions in the immediate vicinity of apparent feeder systems indicated by the presence of stockworks. Europium has been selectively mobilized (probably as a consequence of reduction to the divalent state) and deposited around the vents. The light rare earth elements have, as a group, been selectively extracted by the hydrothermal fluids resulting in their severe depletion relative to the heavy rare earth elements.Oxygen isotope signatures are dominated by regional, low- to moderate-temperature exchanges with seawater. Copley Greenstone delta 18 O values reflect the opposing effects of chloritization (decreasing delta 18 O) and albitization (increasing delta 18 O). The Balaklala Rhyolite tends to be enriched in 18 O relative to the Copley Greenstone due to a higher content of quartz.Hydrogen isotopes show the regional effects of chloritization (light hydrogen) except in the immediate area of hydrothermal vents where a pronounced increase in delta D is observed. The increase in delta D is a consequence of the formation of coarse muscovite in the altered vent rocks.
Eco-cities: A Global Survey 2009

In the last couple of decades, efforts to render cities environmentally and socially sustainable have culminated in a new phenomenon – the so-called eco-city. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, the term ‘eco-city’ remained mainly a concept, a collection of ideas and propositions about sustainable urban planning, transportation, housing, public participation and social justice, with practical examples relatively few and far between. Since the mid 2000s, the phenomenon appears to have become increasingly global and mainstream, against the background of the international recognition of the scale and severity of climate change and rapid urbanisation, particularly in the developing world. To date, there have been few systematic surveys of eco-cities. This paper presents the findings of a global survey carried out in 2009. The study maps, analyses and compares some 79 identified eco-city initiatives, and addresses questions, such as what are key features that distinguish eco-cities from ‘normal’ cities; how to define them; why they have become international and mainstream in a short period of time; and what kind of issues their implementation in different contexts raise. The paper concludes by outlining a prospective research agenda aimed at critically discussing eco-cities’ capacity for innovating for environmental and social sustainability and related governance processes and challenges.
Mineralogy and Genesis of Hydrothermal Deposits in the Southeastern Part of Korean Peninsula: (3) Miryang Napseok Doposits

The Deogbong napseok clay deposit which is composed mainly of dickite and pyrophyllite has been formed by hydrothermal alteration of the Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks consisting of andesitic tuff and andesite. The mineralogy of the napseok ores and the hydrothermal alteration processes have been studied in order to know the nature of the interaction between minerals and fluids for the formation of the deposit. Chemical distribution shows that alkali elements and silica were mobile but alumina was relatively immobile during the hydrothermal processes. It is evident that enrichment of alumina and leaching of silica from the host rock led to the formation of the napseok ore, whereas the enrichment of silica in the outer zone of the deposit gave rise to the silica zone. A large amount of microcrystalline quartz closely associated with dickite and pyrophyllite suggests the increasing activity of silica. Thus Si which was released away from the argillic zone by the increasing activity of silica. Thus Si which was released away from the argillic zone by the increasing activity of silica solubility moved out precipitating in the margin of the deposit to form the silica zone. Variation in dickite crystallinity implies the local change in the stability of the system. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the invariant point of pyrophyllite-dickite (kaolinite)-diaspore-quartz assemblages at 500 bars in the system is about 300 . Based on the mineral assemblages and the experimental data reported, it is estimated that the main episode of hydrothermal alteration occurred at least above 270 to 300 and
Semi-supervised video object segmentation via an edge atention gated graph convolutional network

YUQING ZHANG, Beijing Key Laboratory of Multimedia and Intelligent Software Technology, Beijing Institute of Artiicial Intelligence, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, China YONG ZHANG, Beijing Key Laboratory of Multimedia and Intelligent Software Technology, Beijing Institute of Artiicial Intelligence, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, China SHAOFAN WANG, Beijing Key Laboratory of Multimedia and Intelligent Software Technology, Beijing Institute of Artiicial Intelligence, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, China YUN LIANG, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture, College of Mathematics and informatics, South China Agricultural University, China BAOCAI YIN, Beijing Key Laboratory of Multimedia and Intelligent Software Technology, Beijing Institute of Artiicial Intelligence, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, China
Sensitivity of the Antarctic sea ice to the thermal conductivity of snow

The sensitivity of a global, coarse‐resolution ice‐ocean model to a decrease in the thermal conductivity of the snow overlaying Antarctic sea ice (ksant) is investigated. This study was motivated by recent observations made in the eastern sector of the Southern Ocean and in the Bellingshausen, Amundsen, and Ross Seas, which suggest that the value of ksant usually used in large‐scale sea ice models is about a factor two too high. When ksant is reduced by half in our model, the average thickness of the Antarctic ice pack decreases by 10 cm (10%) and the geographical distributions of snow and ice thicknesses become more realistic. A strengthening of the Southern Ocean stratification and a concomitant weakening of the Antarctic Bottom Water meridional overturning are also noticed. This ultimately impacts on the sensible heat flux from the ocean to the ice and thus on the rate of thermodynamic ice growth.
Subcritical crack growth in geological materials

A review is presented of the experimental data on subcritical crack growth in geological materials. The main parameters describing subcritical crack growth are the critical stress intensity factor Kc, the subcritical crack growth limit Ko, and the stress intensity factor-crack velocity (K-v) relationship between Ko and Kc. The K-v data are presented in terms of an equation in which the crack velocity depends on stress intensity factor raised to a power n because this is common practice in experimental studies. These data are presented as tables and in synoptic diagrams. For silicates the value of n increases as the environment becomes depleted in hyroxyl species and with increase in the microstructural complexity of the solid. Values of n as low as 9.5 have been found for tensile cracking of quartz in basic environments and as high as 170 for tensile cracking of basalt in moist air. Insufficient experimental data are available to predict subcritical crack growth behavior at depth in the earth's crust without major extrapolations of the data base. Schematic outlines are presented, therefore, of the probable influence on subcritical crack growth of some key parameters in the crustal environment. These include stress intensity factor, temperature, pressure, activity of corrosive environmental agent, microstructure, and residual strains. In addition, a discussion is presented of the likely magnitude of the subcritical crack growth limit. For stress corrosion tensile crack growth of quartz a limit of approximately 0.2 of the critical stress intensity factor is inferred from theoretical calculations. Further problems discussed with regard to the extrapolation of experimental data to crustal conditions include the choice of a suitable equation to describe crack growth and the magnitude of parameters in these equations. A brief discussion of the double torsion testing method is presented in order to aid the interpretation of experimental results because it is almost the sole method used to study subcritical cracking in rocks.
The influence of layering and pre-existing joints on the development of internal structure in normal fault zones: the Lodève basin, France

Abstract This paper examines the role of mechanical stratigraphy on the evolution of normal fault geometry and fault zone internal structure, using a well-exposed normal fault system from the Permian Lodève Basin, southern France. Faults formed early during the syn-deformation tilting history of the basin tend to have steeper segments in the competent sandstone layers due to refraction, assisted by pre-existing early bedding-perpendicular joints, where displacement remained on the order of bed thickness. Faults which continued to slip during tilting have a more complex structure of splays due both to the space incompatability problem of slip at fault bends of this irregular geometry, and because tilting favours the generation of new splays at a different angle to the earlier faults experiencing rotation. Continued deformation between faults and their splays often causes both distributed deformation in between the two, and reconnection of splays to the main fault forming isolated lenses. Thus, fault zone complexity increases greatly as slip exceeds competent bed thickness, owing both to the presence of the mechanical layering, and the fact that this layering is being tilted.