Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Query-limited reducibilities

We study classes of sets and functions computable by algorithms that make a limited number of queries to an oracle. We distinguish between queries made in parallel (each question being independent of the answers to the others, as in a truth-table reduction) and queries made in serial (each question being permitted to depend on the answers to the previous questions, as in a Turing reduction). We define computability by a set of functions, and we show that it captures the information-theoretic aspects of computability by a fixed number of queries to an oracle. Using that concept, we prove a very powerful result, the Nonspeedup Theorem, which states that 2$\sp{n}$ parallel queries to any fixed nonrecursive oracle cannot be answered by an algorithm that makes only n queries to any oracle whatsoever. This is the tightest general result possible. A corollary is the intuitively obvious, but nontrivial result that additional parallel queries to an oracle allow us to compute additional functions; the same is true of serial queries. We show that if k + 1 parallel queries to the oracle A can be answered by an algorithm that makes only k serial queries to any oracle B, then n parallel queries to the oracle A can be answered by an algorithm that makes only O(log n) parallel queries to a third oracle C. We also consider polynomial time bounded algorithms that make a fixed number of queries to an oracle. It has been shown that the Nonspeedup Theorem does not apply in the polynomial time bounded framework. However, we prove a Weak Nonspeedup Theorem, which states that if 2$\sp{k}$ parallel queries to the oracle A can be answered by an algorithm that makes only k serial queries to the oracle B, then any n parallel queries to the oracle A can be answered by an algorithm that makes only 2$\sp{k}$ $-$ 1 of the same queries to A. A corollary is that if A is NP-hard and P $\not=$ NP, then extra parallel queries to A allow us to compute extra functions in polynomial time; the same is true of serial queries.
Retinal peripapillary microvasculature in indirect traumatic optic neuropathy predicted prognosis of endoscopic trans‐ethmosphenoid optic canal decompression

The purpose of this study is to quantify the alteration of retinal peripapillary microvasculature and structure in unilateral indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (ITON) and figure out predicted factors of visual improvement for ITON patients with endoscopic trans‐ethmosphenoid optic canal decompression (ETOCD) after one month.
Kernel Adaptive Filtering Over Complex Networks

This brief is concerned with the problem of kernel adaptive filtering for a complex network. First, a coupled kernel least mean square (KLMS) algorithm is developed for each node to uncover its nonlinear measurement function by using a series of input–output data. Subsequently, an upper bound is derived for the step-size of the coupled KLMS algorithm to guarantee the mean square convergence. It is shown that the upper bound is dependent on the coupling weights of the complex network. Especially, an optimal step size is obtained to achieve the fastest convergence speed and a suboptimal step size is presented for the purpose of practical implementations. Besides, a coupled kernel recursive least square (KRLS) algorithm is further proposed to improve the filtering performance. Finally, simulations are provided to verify the validity of the theoretical results.
Renal denervation in the antihypertensive arsenal – knowns and known unknowns

Even though it has been more than a decade since renal denervation (RDN) was first used to treat hypertension and an intense effort on researching this therapy has been made, it is still not clear how RDN fits into the antihypertensive arsenal. There is no question that RDN lowers blood pressure (BP), it does so to an extent at best corresponding to one antihypertensive drug. The procedure has an excellent safety record. However, it remains clinically impossible to predict whose BP responds to RDN and whose does not. Long-term efficacy data on BP reduction are still unconvincing despite the recent results in the SPYRAL HTN-ON MED trial; experimental studies indicate that reinnervation is occurring after RDN. Although BP is an acceptable surrogate endpoint, there is complete lack of outcome data with RDN. Clear indications for RDN are lacking although patients with resistant hypertension, those with documented increase in activity of the sympathetic system and perhaps those who desire to take fewest medication may be considered.
The M dwarf planet search program with the VLT+UVES

We present results from our precision radial velocity survey of M dwarfs with the VLT+UVES in search for planetary companions. They include the first genuine brown dwarf desert object and several low‐mass companion candidates around early‐type M dwarfs. The lack of Jupiter‐mass companions in this survey is compared with results from other search programs. Upper limits to the mass of hypo‐thetical planets can be placed down to the Earth mass regime in the habitable zones of our better observed stars.
Electromechanical coupling coefficient of 〈001〉-oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 cystals: Stress and temperature independence

The electromechanical coupling coefficient (k33) of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 〈001〉-oriented crystals have been investigated under unaxial stress (σ) and temperature (T). The results demonstrate that 〈001〉-oriented crystals have a k33 of ∼0.92, which is nearly independent of σ between 0 and 6×107 N/m2 (∼4% decrease) and relatively independent of temperature between 5 and 40 °C (∼4% increase).
Regenerative potential of biphasic calcium phosphate and enamel matrix derivatives in the treatment of isolated interproximal intrabony defects: a randomized controlled trial

Background The combined use of biomaterials for regeneration may have great biological relevance. This study aimed to compare the regenerative potential of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) alone and with growth factor enamel matrix derivatives (EMDs) for the regeneration of intrabony defects at 1 year. Methods This randomized controlled trial included 40 sites in 29 patients with stage II/III periodontitis and 2/3 wall intrabony defects that were treated with BCP alone (control group) or a combination of BCP and EMD (test group). BCP alloplastic bone grafts provide better bio-absorbability and accelerate bone formation. EMDs are commercially available amelogenins. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for the following parameters: plaque index (PI), papillary bleeding index (PBI), vertical probing pocket depth (V-PPD), vertical clinical attachment level (V-CAL), and radiographic defect depth (RDD). Student paired and unpaired t-tests were used to compare the data from baseline to 12 months for each group and between the groups, respectively. The results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results At 12 months, the PI and PBI scores of the control and test groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). The mean V-PPD difference, V-CAL gain, and RDD difference were statistically significant in both groups at 12 months (p<0.001 for all parameters). Intergroup comparisons showed that the mean V-PPD reduction (2.13±1.35 mm), V-CAL gain (2.53±1.2 mm), and RDD fill (1.33±1.0 mm) were statistically significant between the groups at 12 months (p<0.001 for all parameters). Conclusion BCP and EMDs combination is a promising modality for the regeneration of intrabony defects.
X-ray emission from dense plasma in CTTSs: Hydrodynamic modeling of the accretion shock

Context. High spectral resolution X-ray observations of classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs) demonstrate the presence of plasma at T ∼ 2 − 3 × 10 6 K and n e ∼ 10 11 − 10 13 cm − 3 , unobserved in non-accreting stars. Stationary models suggest that this emission is due to shock-heated accreting material, but they do not allow to analyze the stability of such material and its position in the stellar atmosphere. Aims. We investigate the dynamics and the stability of shock-heated accreting material in classical T Tauri stars and the role of the stellar chromosphere in determining the position and the thickness of the shocked region. Methods. We perform 1-D hydrodynamic simulations of the impact of the accretion ﬂow onto chromosphere of a CTTS, including the e ﬀ ects of gravity, radiative losses from optically thin plasma, thermal conduction and a well tested detailed model of the stellar chromosphere. Here we present the results of a simulation based on the parameters of the CTTS MP Mus. Results. We ﬁnd that the accretion shock generates an hot slab of material above the chromosphere with a maximum thickness of 1 . 8 × 10 9 cm, density n e ∼ 10 11 − 10 12 cm − 3 , temperature T ∼ 3 × 10 6 K and uniform pressure equal to the ram pressure of the accretion ﬂow ( ∼ 450 dyn cm − 2 ). The base of the shocked region penetrates the chromosphere and stays where the ram pressure is equal to the thermal pressure. The system evolves with quasi-periodic instabilities of the material in the slab leading to cyclic disappearance and re-formation of the slab. For an accretion rate of ∼ 10 − 10 M ⊙ yr − 1 , the shocked region emits a time-averaged X-ray luminosity L X ≈ 7 × 10 29 erg s − 1 , which is comparable to the X-ray luminosity observed in CTTSs of the same mass. Furthermore, the X-ray spectrum synthesized from the simulation matches in detail all the main features of the O viii and O vii lines of the star MP Mus.
Visual priming and serial dependence are mediated by separate mechanisms

Perceptual history influences current perception, readily revealed by visual priming (the facilitation of responses on repeated presentations of similar stimuli) and by serial dependence (systematic biases toward the previous stimuli). We asked whether the two phenomena shared perceptual mechanisms. We modified the standard “priming of pop-out” paradigm to measure both priming and serial dependence concurrently. The stimulus comprised three grating patches, one or two red, and the other green. Participants identified the color singleton (either red or green), and reproduced its orientation. Trial sequences were designed to maximize serial dependence, and long runs of priming color and position. The results showed strong effects of priming, both on reaction times and accuracy, which accumulated steadily over time, as generally reported in the literature. The serial dependence effects were also strong, but did not depend on previous color, nor on the run length. Reaction times measured under various conditions of repetition or change of priming color or position were reliably correlated with imprecision in orientation reproduction, but reliably uncorrelated with magnitude of serial dependence. The results suggest that visual priming and serial dependence are mediated by different neural mechanisms. We propose that priming affects sensitivity, possibly via attention-like mechanisms, whereas serial dependence affects criteria, two orthogonal dimensions in the signal detection theory.
Effects of Small Talk With a Crowd of Virtual Humans on Users' Emotional and Behavioral Responses

In this contribution, we empirically investigated the effect of small talk on the users' non-verbal behaviors and emotions when users interacted with a crowd of virtual humans (VHs) with positive behavioral dispositions. Users were tasked with collecting items in a virtual marketplace via natural speech-based dialogue with a crowd of virtual pedestrians and vendors. The users were able to engage in natural speech-based conversation in a predefined corpus of small talk content that covered various commonplace small talk topics such as conversations about the weather, general concerns, and entertainment based on similar real-life situations. For instance, the VHs with the small talk ability would ask the users some simple questions to make small talk or remind the users of their belongings. We conducted a between-subjects empirical evaluation to investigate whether the user behaviors and emotions were different between a small talk condition and a non-small talk condition, and examined gender effects of the participants. We collected objective and subjective measures of the users to analyze users' emotions and social interaction behaviors, when in conversation with VHs that either possessed small-talk capability or not, besides task or goal oriented dialogue capabilities. Our result revealed that the VHs with small talk capability could alter the emotions and non-verbal behaviors of the users. Furthermore, the non-verbal behaviors between female and male participants differed greatly in the presence or absence of small talk.
Nonlinear SUR Models with Panel Data and Additive Auto-Correlated Errors

This paper is concerned with the estimation of nonlinear SUR models with additive AR(1) disturbances using panel data. We propose a transformation which eliminates auto-correlation for the whole system and yields a classical SUR-EC model. We present a general class of minimum distance estimators and derive the asymptotic properties. We also compare finite-sample properties of several possible estimators for our model, including some linear competitors commonly used in empirical research, and point out the cases when inference based on linear approximation and/or asymptotic distribution may be misleading with a small sample size in one or both dimensions.
Novel Insights into the Etiology, Genetics, and Embryology of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a relatively rare severe congenital heart defect (CHD) closely linked to other left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) lesions including bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), one of the most common heart defects. While HLHS, BAV, and other LVOT lesions have a strong genetic underpinning, their genetic etiology remains poorly understood. Findings from a large-scale mouse mutagenesis screen showed HLHS has a multigenic etiology and is genetically heterogenous, explaining difficulties in identifying the genetic causes of HLHS. In Ohia mice, HLHS shows incomplete penetrance. Some mice exhibited small LV with normal aorta, and others a normal LV with hypoplastic aorta, indicating the LV hypoplasia is not hemodynamically driven. In Ohia mutants, HLHS was found to have a digenic modular construction, with mutation in a chromatin modifier causing the small LV phenotype and mutation in Pcdha9 causing the aorta/aortic valve hypoplasia. The Pcdha9 mutation alone can cause BAV, and in the human genome two common deletion copy number variants spanning PCDHA7-10 are associated with BAV. Hence the digenic etiology of HLHS can account for the close association of HLHS, a rare CHD, with BAV, one of the most common CHD. Functional analysis of Ohia HLHS heart tissue showed severe mitochondrial dysfunction in the small LV, while the normal size RV is also affected but milder, suggesting possible role in vulnerability of surgically palliated HLHS patients to heart failure. These findings suggest insights into the genetics of HLHS may yield new therapies for improving outcome for patients with HLHS.
An Inverse DWT for Nonorthogonal Wavelets

Abstract : Discrete nonorthogonal wavelet transforms play an important role in signal processing by offering finer resolution in time and scale than their orthogonal counterparts. The standard inversion procedure for such transforms is a finite expansion in terms of the analyzing wavelet. This approximation works quite well for many signals; however, for other signals, it fails to achieve good accuracy or requires an excessive number of scales. This paper proposes several algorithms that provide more adequate inversion and compares them in the case of Morlet wavelets. In the process, both practical and theoretical issues for the inversion of nonorthogonal wavelet transforms are discussed. Nonorthogonal wavelet transforms, Dual wavelets.
What is the big-bang-nucleosynthesis prediction for the baryon density and how reliable is it?

Together, the standard theory of big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and the primeval deuterium abundance now very precisely peg the baryon density. Based upon our analysis of the deuterium data and the theoretical uncertainties associated with the BBN predictions, we determine Omega_B h^2 = 0.020\pm 0.002 (95% C.L.), with the uncertainty from the measured deuterium abundance about twice that from the predicted abundance. We discuss critically the reliability of the BBN baryon density, and in light of possible systematic uncertainties also derive a very conservative range. We conclude that within the standard cosmology and standard theory of BBN a baryon density Omega_B h^2=0.032 (the central value implied by recent CMB anisotropy measurements) simply cannot be accommodated.
Computing Visible-Surface Representations

Abstract : The computational framework offered in this paper addresses, in a unified way, certain visual information processing tasks involved in the representation of visible surfaces. Particular emphasis is placed on utilizing highly parallel, cooperative processing to integrate surface shape information over multiple visual sources, to fuse it across a multiplicity of spatial resolutions, and to maintain the global consistency of the resulting distributed shape representations. The issues are first investigated in terms of a surface reconstruction model rooted in mathematical physics. This formal analysis is augmented by an empirical study of the resulting algorithms, which feature multiresolution iterative processing within hierarchical surface shape representations. The approach is guided by current knowledge of how humans perceive visible surfaces, while applications in machine vision provide a testbed for the algorithms. Keywords: vision; finite elemeent analysis; discontinuities; variational principles; splines.
Nucleolar targeting in an early-branching eukaryote suggests a general mechanism for ribosome protein sorting

ABSTRACT The compartmentalised eukaryotic cell demands accurate targeting of proteins to the organelles in which they function, whether membrane-bound (like the nucleus) or non-membrane-bound (like the nucleolus). Nucleolar targeting relies on positively charged localisation signals and has received rejuvenated interest since the widespread recognition of liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) as a mechanism contributing to nucleolus formation. Here, we exploit a new genome-wide analysis of protein localisation in the early-branching eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei to analyse general nucleolar protein properties. T. brucei nucleolar proteins have similar properties to those in common model eukaryotes, specifically basic amino acids. Using protein truncations and addition of candidate targeting sequences to proteins, we show both homopolymer runs and distributed basic amino acids give nucleolar partition, further aided by a nuclear localisation signal (NLS). These findings are consistent with phase separation models of nucleolar formation and physical protein properties being a major contributing mechanism for eukaryotic nucleolar targeting, conserved from the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Importantly, cytoplasmic ribosome proteins, unlike mitochondrial ribosome proteins, have more basic residues – pointing to adaptation of physicochemical properties to assist segregation.
Rosa chinensis Cultivars Affect Fitness-Related Characteristics and Digestive Physiology of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Abstract Host plant species will influence the population and physiological performance of insects. Frankliniella occidentalis is a well-known invasive pest commonly found on flowering plants. Herein, the population development of F. occidentalis was investigated on the flowers of different Rosa chinensis cultivars (Ruby, Love, Parade, Pink Peace, and Mohana), and the digestive enzyme activities in thrips were measured after feeding on these flowers.The developmental times of F. occidentalis from egg to adult were 10.07, 10.37, 11.64, 10.66, and 10.90 d on Ruby, Love, Parade, Pink Peace, and Mohana, respectively. Significant differences in fecundity were also observed, with the greatest fecundity levels of F. occidentalis on Ruby (82.96) and the lowest on Mohana (63.40). F. occidentalis showed the greatest R0 on Ruby (43.57), followed by Love (36.46), Parade (33.00), Pink Peace (27.97), and Mohana (23.21). The rm showed a similar trend, with values of 0.156, 0.145, 0.141, 0.134, and 0.130, respectively.There were significant differences in digestive enzyme activities in F. occidentalis on different flowers, and different digestive enzymes showed different performance among these plants.The highest amylase and lipase activities in F. occidentalis were on Ruby, on which F. occidentalis had the fastest development rate and the highest R0, whereas the highest trypsin activity was on Pink Peace. All three digestive enzymes in thrips showed the lowest activities on Mohana.The varied population development of F. occidentalis associated with R. chinensis cultivars may be related to their digestive enzyme performance, which plays important roles in nutrient metabolism and insect growth. Graphical Abstract
Statins Utilization in Adults With HIV: The Treatment Gap and Predictors of Statin Initiation

Background: We characterized trends in statin eligibility and subsequent statin initiation among people with HIV (PWH) from 2001 to 2017 and identified predictors of statin initiation between 2014 and 2017. Setting: PWH participating in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) enrolled in 12 US cohorts collecting data on statin eligibility criteria/prescriptions from 2001 to 2017. Methods: We determined the annual proportion eligible for statins, initiating statins, and median waiting time (from statin eligibility to initiation). Eligibility was defined using ATP III guidelines (2001–2013) and ACC/AHA guidelines (2014–2017). We assessed initiation predictors in 2014–2017 among statin-eligible PWH using Poisson regression, estimating adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: Among 16,409 PWH, 7386 (45%) met statin eligibility criteria per guidelines (2001–2017). From 2001 to 2013, statin eligibility ranged from 22% to 25%. Initiation increased from 13% to 45%. In 2014, 51% were statin-eligible, among whom 25% initiated statins, which increased to 32% by 2017. Median waiting time to initiation among those we observed declined over time. Per 10-year increase in age, initiation increased 46% (aPR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.29 to 1.67). Per 1-year increase in calendar year from 2014 to 2017, there was a 41% increase in the likelihood of statin initiation (aPR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.58). Conclusions: There is a substantial statin treatment gap, amplified by the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. Measures are warranted to clarify reasons we observe this gap, and if necessary, increase statin use consistent with guidelines including efforts to help providers identify appropriate candidates.