Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud Profiling Radars: Second-Generation Sampling Strategies, Processing, and Cloud Data Products

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program operates millimeter-wavelength cloud radars in several climatologically distinct regions. The digital signal processors for these radars were recently upgraded and allow for enhancements in the operational parameters running on them. Recent evaluations of millimeter-wavelength cloud radar signal processing performance relative to the range of cloud dynamical and microphysical conditions encountered at the ARM Program sites have indicated that improvements are necessary, including significant improvement in temporal resolution (i.e., less than 1 s for dwell and 2 s for dwell and processing), wider Nyquist velocities, operational dealiasing of the recorded spectra, removal of pulse compression while sampling the boundary layer, and continuous recording of Doppler spectra. A new set of millimeter-wavelength cloud radar operational modes that incorporate these enhancements is presented. A significant change in radar samplin.
Numerical study of the non-linear stage of thermal instability in cooling flows – II. The non-linear perturbation in the case of a spherically symmetric background flow

Two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamical calculations of thermal instability in cooling flows have been performed in a spherical coordinate system, in order to investigate the evolution of the nonlinear axisymmetric perturbation. If the relative density contrast is smaller than the critical value the perturbation decays, due to the formation of the vortex ring before the perturbation cools. One-dimensional spherically symmetric calculations are carried out, and it is shown that even if the density contrast is smaller than the critical value, in the case of the spherically symmetric perturbation it can cool. The numerical results show that the non-radial motion is very important for the evolution of the nonlinear perturbation.
Mobile Government: New Model for E-government in China

This article examines the feasibility of spreading ! °e! ± of e-government from solely web-based technology to mobile fie after reviewing the development of e-government in China and the present situation of China. Through comparing with traditional web-based e-government and analyzing experiences in both western country and China, a new model GMCC (Government Management & Call Center) is put forward as an assistant construction of m-government.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Reduces Plasma Neurochemical Levels in Patients with OSA: A Pilot Study

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. This study determined whether continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which can alleviate OSA symptoms, can reduce neurochemical biomarker levels. Thirty patients with OSA and normal cognitive function were recruited and divided into the control (n = 10) and CPAP (n = 20) groups. Next, we examined their in-lab sleep data (polysomnography and CPAP titration), sleep-related questionnaire outcomes, and neurochemical biomarker levels at baseline and the 3-month follow-up. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to examine changes. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to increase the robustness of outcomes. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores were significantly decreased in the CPAP group. The mean levels of total tau (T-Tau), amyloid-beta-42 (Aβ42), and the product of the two (Aβ42 × T-Tau) increased considerably in the control group (ΔT-Tau: 2.31 pg/mL; ΔAβ42: 0.58 pg/mL; ΔAβ42 × T-Tau: 48.73 pg2/mL2), whereas the mean levels of T-Tau and the product of T-Tau and Aβ42 decreased considerably in the CPAP group (ΔT-Tau: −2.22 pg/mL; ΔAβ42 × T-Tau: −44.35 pg2/mL2). The results of ANCOVA with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, baseline measurements, and apnea–hypopnea index demonstrated significant differences in neurochemical biomarker levels between the CPAP and control groups. The findings indicate that CPAP may reduce neurochemical biomarker levels by alleviating OSA symptoms.
Hierarchical Growth Curve Models for Loss Reserving

Hierarchical or multilevel modeling extends traditional GLM or non-linear models by giving certain of the model parameters their own probability sub-models. Hierarchical modeling can be viewed as an extension of Bayesian credibility theory that allows one to build models for data that are grouped along a dimension containing multiple levels. In particular, hierarchical modeling can be used to analyze longitudinal datasets containing multiple observations for each of several subjects. A contention of this paper is that traditional loss reserving triangles are most naturally regarded as longitudinal datasets. Non-linear hierarchical models – known also as non-linear mixed effects models – therefore provide a natural and flexible framework in which to model loss development across multiple accident years. The use of non-linear growth curves together with multilevel modeling techniques allows one to build models that are at once parsimonious and easy to interpret. Finally, because they incorporate growth curves, such models obviate the need to specify tail factors.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanospheres with Hydrophilic Shells for Efficient Molecular Recognition of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Aqueous Solution

Heterocyclic aromatic amine molecularly imprinted polymer nanospheres with surface-bound dithioester groups (haa-MIP) were firstly synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) precipitation polymerization. Then, a series of core-shell structural heterocyclic aromatic amine molecularly imprinted polymer nanospheres with hydrophilic shells (MIP-HSs) were subsequently prepared by grafting the hydrophilic shells on the surface of haa-MIP via on-particle RAFT polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), itaconic acid (IA), and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA). The haa-MIP nanospheres showed high affinity and specific recognition toward harmine and its structural analogs in organic solution of acetonitrile, but lost the specific binding ability in aqueous solution. However, after the grafting of the hydrophilic shells on the haa-MIP particles, the surface hydrophilicity and water dispersion stability of the polymer particles of MIP-HSs greatly improved. The binding of harmine by MIP-HSs with hydrophilic shells in aqueous solutions is about two times higher than that of NIP-HSs, showing an efficient molecular recognition of heterocyclic aromatic amines in aqueous solution. The effect of hydrophilic shell structure on the molecular recognition property of MIP-HSs was further compared. MIP-PIA with carboxyl groups containing hydrophilic shells showed the highest selective molecular recognition ability to heterocyclic aromatic amines in aqueous solution.
A multilevel passenger screening problem for aviation security

Passenger prescreening is a critical component of aviation security systems. This paper introduces the Multilevel Allocation Problem (MAP), which models the screening of passengers and baggage in a multilevel aviation security system. A passenger is screened by one of several classes, each of which corresponds to a set of procedures using security screening devices, where passengers are differentiated by their perceived risk levels. Each class is defined in terms of its fixed cost (the overhead costs), its marginal cost (the additional cost to screen a passenger), and its security level. The objective of MAP is to assign each passenger to a class such that the total security is maximized subject to passenger assignments and budget constraints. This paper shows that MAP is NP‐hard and introduces a Greedy heuristic that obtains approximate solutions to MAP that use no more than two classes. Examples are constructed using data extracted from the Official Airline Guide. Analysis of the examples suggests that fewer security classes for passenger screening may be more effective and that using passenger risk information can lead to more effective security screening strategies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
A New Method to Determine Antioxidant Activities of Biofilms Using a pH Indicator (Resazurin) Model System

Biopolymeric films were prepared with gelatin, plasticizer, and three different types of antioxidants (ascorbic acid, phytic acid, and BHA) corresponding to different mechanisms in activity. The antioxidant activity of films was monitored for 14 storage days upon color changes using a pH indicator (resazurin). The instant antioxidant activity of films was measured by a DPPH free radical test. The system using resazurin was composed of an agar, an emulsifier, and soybean oil to simulate a highly oxidative oil-based food system (AES-R). Gelatin-based films (GBF) containing phytic acid showed higher tensile strength and energy to break than all other samples due to the increased intermolecular interactions between phytic acid and gelatin molecules. The oxygen barrier properties of GBF films containing ascorbic acid and phytic acid increased due to the increased polarity, while GBF films containing BHA showed increased oxygen permeability compared to the control. According to “a-value” (redness) of the AES-R system tested with films, films incorporating BHA showed the most retardation of lipid oxidation in the system. This retardation corresponds to 59.8% antioxidation activity at 14 days, compared with the control. Phytic acid-based films did not show antioxidant activity, whereas ascorbic acid-based GBFs accelerated the oxidation process due to its prooxidant activity. The comparison between the DPPH free radical test and the control showed that the ascorbic acid and BHA-based GBFs showed highly effective free radical scavenging behavior (71.7% and 41.7%, respectively). This novel method using a pH indicator system can potentially determine the antioxidation activity of biopolymer films and film-based samples in a food system.
Constrained Probabilistic Economic Order Quantity Model under Varying Order Cost and Zero Lead Time Via Geometric Programming

Problem statement: In this study, we provide a simple method to determine the inventory policy of probabilistic single-item Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model, that has varying order cost and zero lead time. The model is restricted to the expected holding cost and the expected available limited storage space. Approach: The annual expected total cost is composed of three components (expected purchase cost, expected ordering cost and expected holding cost. The problem is then solved using a modified Geometric Programming method (GP). Results: Using the annual expected total cost to determine the optimal solutions, number of periods, maximum inventory level and minimum expected total cost per period. A classical model is derived and numerical example is solved to confirm the model. Conclusion/Recommendations: The results indicated the total cost decreased with changes in optimal solutions. Possible future extension of this model was include continuous decreasing ordering function of the number of periods and introducing expected annual demand rate as a decision variable.
Retinopathy of prematurity and placental histopathology findings: A retrospective cohort study

Aim Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a biphasic vaso-proliferative disease that has the potential to cause blindness. In addition to prematurity and hyperoxia, perinatal infection and inflammation have been reported to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ROP. The aim of this study was to assess the association between placental inflammation and the severity of ROP. Methods A retrospective study of infants (<30 weeks of gestational age) born at the King Edward Memorial Hospital, a tertiary perinatal center in Western Australia. Results A total of 878 infants were included in this study (ROP stage 0–2 = 829; 3 or more = 49). The presence of maternal chorioamnionitis appeared to show signs of an association with reduced odds of severe ROP: mild chorioamnionitis OR=0.43 (95% CI: 0.17, 1.05) and severe chorioamnionitis OR=0.68 (95% CI: 0.29, 1.60). A strong association was observed for oxygen supplementation at 36 weeks (OR: 5.16; p < 0.001), exposure to postnatal steroids (OR: 6.65; p < 0.001), and receipt of platelet transfusion (OR: 8.21; p < 0.001). Conclusion Maternal chorioamnionitis or fetal chorioamnionitis was associated with reduced odds of severe ROP. A strong association was found in infants who needed oxygen supplementation at 36 weeks and those who required steroids or platelets in the postnatal period.
Large-Scale Modes in a Rotating Atmosphere with Radiative–Convective Instability and WISHE

Abstract A highly simplified parameterization of diabatic processes is applied to linearized equations on a equatorial beta plane. The diabatic processes include moist convection, cloud–radiation interactions (CRI), and wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE). The precipitation rate is assumed to increase linearly as the vertically averaged saturation deficit decreases. The modeled modes are Matsuno’s normal modes, that is, Kelvin waves, mixed Rossby–gravity waves, Rossby waves, and inertio–gravity waves, and an additional mode called here a slow moisture mode. All of the Matsuno modes are damped and remain stable even when CRI and WISHE are turned on. Their phase speeds do not vary much from Matsuno’s adiabatic values except for very long wavelength Kelvin and Rossby modes, for which the phase speeds are reduced compared to the adiabatic values. The slow moisture modes are stationary and unstable under CRI, while WISHE causes them to propagate. Under CRI and WISHE together the slow moisture modes are .
UNIFORM CONVERGENCE RATES FOR KERNEL ESTIMATION WITH DEPENDENT DATA

This paper presents a set of rate of uniform consistency results for kernel estimators of density functions and regressions functions. We generalize the existing literature by allowing for stationary strong mixing multivariate data with infinite support, kernels with unbounded support, and general bandwidth sequences. These results are useful for semiparametric estimation based on a first-stage nonparametric estimator.
Multi-scale coupling mechanism between monolithic models and multisource data

Monomerization is one of the important aspects of tilt photography models in practical applications, but the monomerized models lack rich semantic information. In this paper, a multi-scale coupling mechanism of semantic information and monomerization model is designed. Firstly, semantic consistency processing is performed on the crowd source data to obtain rich semantic information. Then, a semantic information classification table is constructed, and two-dimensional semantic information based on CityGML level of detail fusion rules are designed to join the multi-scale functional areas based on CityGML. Finally, multi-scale semantic information is assigned to the monolithic model based on the inclusion relationship between functional areas and buildings. The results of this paper show that the proposed method can integrate the query of the structure and location of 3D monolithic models as well as their rich semantic information, thus providing data support for the application of 2D and 3D systems for data analysis.
Macrophage – tumor cell interaction beyond cytokines

Tumor cells communication with tumor associated macrophages is a highly important factor of tumor malignant potential development. For a long time, studies of this interaction were focused on a cytokine- and other soluble factors -mediated processes. Discovery of exosomes and regulatory RNAs as their cargo opened a broad field of research. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) were demonstrated to contribute significantly to the development of macrophage phenotype, not only by regulating expression of certain genes, but also by providing for feedback loops of macrophage activation. Being a usual cargo of macrophage- or tumor cell-derived exosomes ncRNAs provide an important mechanism of tumor-stromal cell interaction that contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of various types of tumors. Despite the volume of ongoing research there are still many gaps that must be filled before the practical use of ncRNAs will be possible. In this review we discuss the role of regulatory RNAs in the development of macrophage phenotype. Further we review recent studies supporting the hypothesis that macrophages may affect the properties of tumor cells and vice versa tumor cells influence macrophage phenotype by miRNA and lncRNA transported between these cells by exosomes. We suggest that this mechanism of tumor cell – macrophage interaction is highly promising for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, though many problems are still to be solved.
Anisotropic mesh adaption for time‐dependent problems

We propose a space–time adaptive procedure for a model parabolic problem based on a theoretically sound anisotropic a posteriori error analysis. A space–time finite element scheme (continuous in space but discontinuous in time) is employed to discretize this problem, thus allowing for non‐matching meshes at different time levels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical Pairing Interactions and Donor–Acceptor Interactions in Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) Inclusion Complexes

Understanding molecular interactions in mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) is challenging because they can be either donor–acceptor interactions or radical pairing interactions, depending on the charge states and multiplicities in the different components of the MIMs. In this work, for the first time, the interactions between cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (abbreviated as CBPQTn+ (n = 0–4)) and a series of recognition units (RUs) were investigated using the energy decomposition analysis approach (EDA). These RUs include bipyridinium radical cation (BIPY•+), naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) radical anion (NDI•−), their oxidized states (BIPY2+ and NDI), neutral electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and neutral bis-dithiazolyl radical (BTA•). The results of generalized Kohn–Sham energy decomposition analysis (GKS-EDA) reveal that for the CBPQTn+···RU interactions, correlation/dispersion terms always have large contributions, while electrostatic and desolvation terms are sensitive to the variation in charge states in CBPQTn+ and RU. For all the CBPQTn+···RU interactions, desolvation terms always tend to overcome the repulsive electrostatic interactions between the CBPQT cation and RU cation. Electrostatic interaction is important when RU has the negative charge. Moreover, the different physical origins of donor–acceptor interactions and radical pairing interactions are compared and discussed. Compared to donor–acceptor interactions, in radical pairing interactions, the polarization term is always small, while the correlation/dispersion term is important. With regard to donor–acceptor interactions, in some cases, polarization terms could be quite large due to the electron transfer between the CBPQT ring and RU, which responds to the large geometrical relaxation of the whole systems.
Characterization of Suomi-NPP VIIRS reflective solar bands dual gain anomaly

The Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) contains six dual gain bands in the reflective solar spectrum. The dual gain bands are designed to switch gain mode at pre-defined thresholds to achieve high resolution at low radiances while maintaining the required dynamic range for science. During pre-launch testing, an anomaly in the electronic response before transitioning from high to low gain was discovered and was characterized. This anomaly has been confirmed using MODIS data collected during Simultaneous Nadir Overpasses (SNOs). The analysis of the Earth scene data shows that this dual gain anomaly can be characterized using sensor earth-view observations. To help understand this dual gain artifact, the anomaly region and electronic offsets were tracked during the first 8 months of VIIRS operation. The temporal analysis shows the anomaly region can drift ~20 DN and is impacted by a detector’s DC Restore. The estimated anomaly flagging regions cover ~2.5 % of the high gain dynamic range and are consistent with prelaunch analysis and the on-orbit flagging LookUp Table. The prelaunch results had a smaller anomaly range, likely due to more stable electronics over a shorter data collection time. Finally, this study suggests future calibration efforts to focus on the anomaly’s impact on science products and a possible correction method to reduce uncertainties.
A Novel Approach for the Fabrication of 3D-Printed Dental Membrane Scaffolds including Antimicrobial Pomegranate Extract

In this study, a dental membrane scaffold was fabricated using a 3D printing technique, and the antimicrobial effect of pomegranate seed and peel extract were investigated. For the production of the dental membrane scaffold, a combination of polyvinyl alcohol, starch, and pomegranate seed and peel extracts was used. The aim of the scaffold was to cover the damaged area and aid in the healing process. This can be achieved due to the high antimicrobial and antioxidant content of pomegranate seed and peel extracts (PPE: PSE). Moreover, the addition of starch and PPE: PSE improved the biocompatibility of the scaffold, and their biocompatibility was tested using human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. The addition of PPE: PSE into the scaffolds resulted in a significant antimicrobial effect on S. aureus and E. faecalis bacteria. Moreover, different concentrations of starch (1%, 2%, 3% w/v) and pomegranate peel and seed extract (3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11% PE v/v) were analyzed to obtain the ideal dental membrane structure. The optimum starch concentration was chosen as 2% w/v due to it giving the scaffold the highest mechanical tensile strength (23.8607 ± 4.0796 MPa). The pore sizes of each scaffold were studied by SEM analysis, and pore sizes were arranged between 155.86 and 280.96 μm without any plugging problems. Pomegranate seed and peel extracts were obtained by applying the standard extraction method. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed using the diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) technique to analyze the phenolic content of the pomegranate seed and peel extracts. Two phenolic components of the pomegranate seed and peel extracts were investigated in the following amounts: fumaric acid (17.56 μg analyte/mg extract) and quinic acid (18.79 μg analyte/mg extract) in pomegranate seed extract and fumaric acid (26.95 μg analyte/mg extract) and quinic acid (33.79 μg analyte/mg extract) in pomegranate peel extract.