Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The number of evolutionary trees

A simple method of counting the number of possible evolutionary trees is presented. The trees are assumed to be rooted, with labelled tips but unlabelled root and unlabelled interior nodes. The method allows multifurcations as well as bifurcations. It makes use of a simple recurrence relation for T(n,m), the number of trees with n labelled tips and m unlabelled interior nodes. A table of the total number of trees is presented up to n = 22. There are 282,137,824 different trees having 10 tip species, and over 8.87 x 10/sup 23/ different trees having 20 tip species. The method is extended to count trees some of whose interior nodes may be labelled. The principal uses of these numbers will be to double-check algorithms and notation systems, and to frighten taxonomists.
Simulation of 3D DLA masses in digital breast tomosynthesis

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is suggested to have superior performance compared to 2D mammography in terms of cancer visibility, especially in the case of dense breasts. However, the overall performance of tomosynthesis for screening applications, and the manner in which tomosynthesis should be optimally used for screening remains unclear. This motivates the development of software tools that can insert user-defined synthetic pathology of realistic appearance into clinical tomosynthesis images for subsequent use in virtual clinical trials. We present a method for inserting lesions grown using Diffusion Limited Aggregation, previously validated in 2D mammograms, into clinical DBT images. A preliminary pilot study was used to validate the realism of the masses, wherein three readers each viewed 19 cases and rated the realism of the inserted masses. Each case included a simulated mass inserted in the tomosynthesis projections and the counterpart digital 2D mammogram. These results show that masses can be successfully embedded in the tomosynthesis projections and can produce visually authentic DBT images containing synthetic pathology. These results will be used to further optimize the appearance of these masses in DBT for an upcoming validation.
On the correlation between the carbon content and the electrical quality of thermally grown oxides on p-type 6H–Silicon carbide

Thermal oxides on p-type silicon carbide exhibit high densities of interface states and fixed charge. Understanding the effect of the oxide composition on the electrical properties is imperative to improve the quality of oxides on p-type silicon carbide. In this work, we use angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to profile the oxide composition. The result is a direct correlation between the carbon content in the oxide and the density of interface states and fixed charge as determined by electrical capacitance–voltage measurements.
Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions: 3. Vortex breakdown and transition to isotropy

Companion papers by Andreassen et al. (this issue) and Fritts et al. (this issue) introduced a nonlinear, compressible, spectral collocation code and applied it to studies of gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions. The former showed the two simulations to differ dramatically in the mode of instability and in its implications for the wave and mean flow evolutions. The latter considered in detail the structure and energetics of the instability and its influences via eddy transports of momentum and heat. This paper addresses the instability structure and evolution at late times, focusing specifically on secondary instability, vortex breakdown, and the transition to isotropic structure. These results exhibit several distinct behaviors, depending on the local environment. In the presence of weak environmental shears, vortex breakdown occurs through mutual interactions which cause a gradual nonlinear evolution toward smaller scales of motion. Where wave and mean shears are strong, vortex breakdown is accelerated by dynamical instability processes at small scales which modulate strongly the vortex structures due to wave instability. Spectral results suggest that our simulation has described the transition from two-dimensional laminar wave motions to three-dimensional isotropic small-scale structure.
Purely periodic beta-expansions with Pisot unit base

Let β > 1 be a Pisot unit. A family of sets {X i } 1≤i≤q defined by a β-numeration system has been extensively studied as an atomic surface or Rauzy fractal. For the purpose of constructing a Markov partition, a domain X = U q i =1 X i constructed by an atomic surface has appeared in several papers. In this paper we show that the domain X completely characterizes the set of purely periodic β-expansions.
Shifts in Western North American Snowmelt Runoff Regimes for the Recent Warm Decades

AbstractClimate change–driven shifts in streamflow timing have been documented for western North America and are expected to continue with increased warming. These changes will likely have the greatest implications on already short and overcommitted water supplies in the region. This study investigated changes in western North American streamflow timing over the 1948–2008 period, including the very recent warm decade not previously considered, through (i) trends in streamflow timing measures, (ii) two second-order linear models applied simultaneously over the region to test for the acceleration of these changes, and (iii) changes in runoff regimes. Basins were categorized by the percentage of snowmelt-derived runoff to enable the comparison of groups of streams with similar runoff characteristics and to quantify shifts in snowmelt-dominated regimes. Results indicate that streamflow has continued to shift to earlier in the water year, most notably for those basins with the largest snowmelt runoff component.
Conditional networks for screening of breast cancer metastases in lymph nodes

We assess the viability of applying a few-shot algorithm to the segmentation of Whole Slide Images (WSI) for human histopathology. The specific field considered is finding metastatic lesions in sentinel lymph-nodes. Given the huge size of WSIs and the substantial effort required by human pathologists to analyze them for diagnostic purposes, the goal is to design a system that could perform an automatic screening by segmenting out those areas that contain elements of potential interest. ’Classical’ supervised techniques have found limited applicability in this respect, since their output cannot be adapted unless through extensive retraining. The approach to segmentation of histopathological images presented here is based on conditional FCN (co-FCN) networks, in which a fully convolutional network conditioned on an annotated support set of images do inference on an unannotated query image. After a complete end-to-end training, it is possible to correct the behavior at run time of a co-FCN by extending the support set, without further optimization. The adoption of co-FCN is expected to ease the annotation task and also to improve the acceptance by human experts, who will be able to correct the co-FCN behavior incrementally. In this preliminary work we use the publicly-available Camelyon16 dataset to show that the segmentation produced by co-FCN trained using late fusion and sparse annotations can be effectively modified at runtime, by integrating corrections on the fly.
On the spatial graph

In this article we will explain about spatial graph. Spatial graph is a spatial presentation of a graph in the 3-dimensional Euclidean space R or the 3-sphere S. That is, for a graph G we take an embedding / : G —» R, then the image G := f(G) is called a spatial graph of G. So the spatial graph is a generalization of knot and link. For example the figure 0 (a), (b) are spatial graphs of a complete graph with 4 vertices.
Estimation of contractor ’ s project overhead rate as research on building cost

The contractor’s project overhead costs are the on-site related costs for production support in undertaking a project, such as those for supervision, office, utilities and services. Unlike direct costs, they are not directly connected with the performance of any particular element of a project, but are required for running the project as a whole. Despite the recommended practice of estimating the contractor’s field overhead for a project as line items, the alternative method of applying a selected rate as a percentage of direct cost still is used widely. As an ongoing research on building cost, Empirical models of project overhead rate have been developed from historical data in the present study. The nature and significance of the contractor’s project overhead are first explored, along with factors that have an influence on the overhead rate. The bid data for 173 building projects collected from a large construction firm in Taiwan covering a variety of work is analyzed and a classification is established whereby the projects’ overhead rates range between 0.0171 and 0.2912. The data is divided into two parts for model development and model testing according to order of time. Then, two methods of estimation are compared in their modeling and prediction errors: the cluster center method of categorizing projects into 24 groups and the multiple regression method using four variables, i.e. size, duration, type of work, and location. Either method can achieve an average error of about 3% of direct cost in modeling as well as in prediction. An improvement on the subjective rateapplying method, the model may coexist with the itemized estimation method as a checking mechanism and is potentially useful to contractors as well as owners and consultants. Implications for the building industry and recommendations for future research are also discussed.
Gravity granular flows of slightly frictional particles down an inclined bumpy chute

Gravity-driven granular flow of slightly frictional particles down an inclined, bumpy chute is studied. A modified kinetic model which includes the frictional energy loss effects is used, and the boundary conditions for a bumpy wall with small friction are derived by ensuring the balance of momentum and energy. At the free surface, the condition of vanishing of the solid volume fraction is used. The mean velocity, the fluctuation kinetic energy and the solid volume fraction profiles are evaluated. It is shown that steady granular gravity flow down a bumpy frictional chute could be achieved at arbitrary inclination angles. The computational results also show that the slip velocity may vary considerably depending on the granular layer height, the surface boundary roughness, the friction coefficient and the inclination angles. The model predictions are compared with the existing experimental and simulation data, and good agreement is observed. In particular, the model can well predicate the features of the variation of solid volume fraction and fluctuation energy profiles for different particle–wall friction coefficients and wall roughnesses.
Slip Line Kinetics during Deformation of Cu–Al Single and Polycrystals

The formation and structure of slip lines, recorded by video during tensile deformation and supplemented by EM replica after deformation at room temperature is compared for Cu-5, 10, and 15 at% Al single crystals and polycrystals. Both show the same fine structure of slip lines in the slip bands and localization of slip increasing with solute concentration. In the first, stages of deformation, the active slip bands in single crystals are concentrated in a Luders band front propagating along the crystal length, while in the polycrystals (typical grain size up to 100 μm) the grains are activated at random along the crystal length starting with the largest grains and with preferred slip systems (mostly only 2 or 3) mostly according to Schmid's law, but activated with different succession in parts of the grains. The kinetics of single slip bands is similar in both poly- and single crystals, indicating similar elementary processes for their activation and development.
Reasoning and proof in the mathematics classroom

Proving is an essential mathematical activity that should play an important role in the mathematics classroom. However, performing a proof is a most challenging task for students. The nature of this challenge is discussed from a theoretical perspective. Starting with thoughts on the role of proof in mathematics, the article continues with reflections on limiting factors for performing proofs and the learning of proof in the mathematics classroom. Since empirical research gives evidence that guided exploration and a cherishing atmosphere can be regarded as beneficial for learning processes, this topic will be addressed in a further section.
Two-grid finite element formulations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

We compare two different two-grid finite element formulations applied to the Navier-Stokes equations, namely a multigrid and a mixed or composite formulation. In the latter case the pressure is interpolated on a coarser grid than the velocity, using mixed elements instead of mixed interpolation functions. In the multigrid formulation an equal-order interpolation is used on the same elements. A pressure Poisson formulation is used in both cases. Computational results are presented to compare the methods and comparisons are also made with other results.
Influence of dual-Ru intermediate layers on magnetic properties and recording performance of CoCrPt–SiO2 perpendicular recording media

CoCrPt–SiO2 perpendicular recording media containing dual-Ru intermediate layers have been studied. The bottom Ru layer deposited under a higher mobility condition, i.e., low Ar gas pressure and bias on substrate, helps to achieve a good crystalline texture, and the top Ru layer under a lower mobility condition, i.e., high Ar gas pressure, promotes the formation of a columnar microstructure. Three kinds of grain boundaries have been observed. The nucleation field and the coercivity as a function of the thickness and dc bias of the bottom Ru layer have been investigated. Medium noise reduction has been observed for dual-Ru intermediate layer media (dual-Ru media) in comparison with that of single intermediate layer media (single-Ru media). This is mainly attributed to the optimization of the physical grain segregation.
A Uniform Approach for the Fast Computation of Matrix-Type Padé Approximants

Recently, a uniform approach was given by B. Beckermann and G. Labahn [Numer. Algorithms, 3 (1992), pp. 45-54] for different concepts of matrix-type Pade approximants, such as descriptions of vector and matrix Pade approximants along with generalizations of simultaneous and Hermite Pade approximants. The considerations in this paper are based on this generalized form of the classical scalar Hermite Pade approximation problem, power Hermite Pade approximation. In particular, this paper studies the problem of computing these new approximants. A recurrence relation is presented for the computation of a basis for the corresponding linear solution space of these approximants. This recurrence also provides bases for particular subproblems. This generalizes previous work by Van Barel and Bultheel and, in a more general form, by Beckermann. The computation of the bases has complexity ${\cal O}(\sigma^{2})$, where $\sigma$ is the order of the desired approximant and requires no conditions on the input data. A second algorithm using the same recurrence relation along with divide-and-conquer methods is also presented. When the coefficient field allows for fast polynomial multiplication, this second algorithm computes a basis in the superfast complexity ${\cal O}(\sigma \log^{2})$. In both cases the algorithms are reliable in exact arithmetic. That is, they never break down, and the complexity depends neither on any normality assumptions nor on the singular structure of the corresponding solution table. As a further application, these methods result in fast (and superfast) reliable algorithms for the inversion of striped Hankel, layered Hankel, and (rectangular) block-Hankel matrices.
Estimation of Finite Population Domain Means

In this article we introduce a general methodology for producing a model-assisted empirical best predictor (EBP) of a finite population domain mean using data from a complex survey. Our method improves on the commonly used design-consistent survey estimator by using a suitable mixed model. Such a model combines information from related sources, such as census and administrative data. Unlike a purely model-based EBP, the proposed model-assisted EBP converges in probability to the customary design-consistent estimator as the domain and sample sizes increase. The convergence in probability is shown to hold with respect to the sampling design, irrespective of the assumed mixed model, a property commonly known as design consistency. This property ensures robustness of the proposed predictor against possible model failures. In addition, the convergence in probability is shown to be valid with respect to the assumed mixed model (model consistency). A new mean squared prediction error (MSPE) estimator is proposed. Unlike earlier MSPE estimators, our MSPE estimator is second-order unbiased. Our simulation results demonstrate the robustness properties of our proposed model-assisted predictor and the usefulness of the second-order unbiased MSPE estimator.
Ethnic disadvantage in Vietnam: Evidence using panel data

This study investigates the ethnic disadvantage in rural Vietnam, focusing on the magnitude of the majority.minority gap and the constraints on ethnic minority households that contribute to the gap. Using a biannual panel dataset spanning the period 2006.14, this paper documents large improvements in living standards both for the Kinh majority as well as for the ethnic minorities. However, a significant difference between the Kinh households and the rest persists.and there is no sign that the gap is closing. Examining the sources of income shows that non-Kinh households are less likely to diversify into high-yielding non-farm activities. Non-Kinh households have lower quality agricultural land, lower rates of ownership certificates, face more problems in producing and selling their agricultural products, and have worse access to credit. However, the locational disadvantage of the non-Kinh households has substantially declined over time. Finally, the data allows us to examine intra-minority dynamics and we find differences among the various non-Kinh minorities along spatial, ethnic, and linguistic lines.
Photoemission spectroscopy and sum rules in dilute electron-phonon systems

A family of exact sum rules for the one-polaron spectral function in the low-density limit is derived. An algorithm to calculate energy moments of arbitrary order of the spectral function is presented. Explicit expressions are given for the first two moments of a model with general electron-phonon interaction, and for the first four moments of the Holstein polaron. The sum rules are linked to experiments on momentum-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The bare electronic dispersion and the electron-phonon coupling constant can be extracted from the first and second moments of the spectrum. The sum rules could serve as constraints in analytical and numerical studies of electron-phonon models.
EVE and ADAM: Situation Awareness Tools for NATO CCDCOE Cyber Exercises

We present a new situation awareness visualisation tool, the Events Visualisation Environment (EVE), and its internal events aggregator module, the Advanced Data Aggregation Module (ADAM), which have been successfully used during the most recent cyber exercises (i.e., Locked Shields and Crossed Swords) organised by the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCDCOE). The functional requirements for EVE and ADAM were based on the unique cyber exercise needs for analysis and game development, and were finalised after we had completed a state-of-the-art review to look for suitable tools that could meet our requirements. The main purpose of EVE is to visualise security alerts on any given network map. ADAM, the supporting events aggregation module, processes, combines and filters incoming notifications from various types of sensors, and makes them ready to be visualised by EVE. EVE offers an intuitive and real-time visualisation that is easily understandable at first glance by both technical and non-technical staff. It also allows for recording and playback, and considers attack types, game phases, attack sources, and targets. The information required by EVE is obtained from different sensors operating on the network. EVE allows for a very simplified communication channel with them, based on JSON formatted messages sent over an HTTP POST request. The sensors used during the cyber exercises to test the tools are also described here. The tools have provided an enhanced situation awareness experience over previous cyber exercises organised by NATO CCDCOE, and can be used in other exercises or, more generally, in real-life, production-ready environments. EVE (with ADAM included) is published as an open source tool, which is freely available on the GitHub page of the NATO CCDCOE.
Infrared wavelength and temperature dependence of optically induced terahertz radiation from InSb

Results of the temperature and infrared wavelength (0.8, 1.4, and 1.9 μm) dependence of terahertz radiation generated from both undoped and Te‐doped InSb irradiated with ≊125 fs laser pulses are reported. Undoped InSb shows a substantial change in the spectral content of the terahertz radiation between 80 and 260 K, while the spectrum of Te‐doped InSb remains nearly unchanged, an effect attributed to its mobility being dominated by impurity scattering. Also, the terahertz radiation from undoped InSb at 80 K is dependent on the irradiating wavelength, with both a higher frequency spectrum and much larger amplitude generated at longer wavelengths. No such effect is observed at 260 K.
Perspectives on American mathematics

A research-level community of mathematicians developed in the United States in the closing quarter of the nineteenth century. Since that time, American mathematicians have regularly paused to assess the state of their community and to reflect on its mathematical output. This paper analyzes a series of such reflections—beginning with Simon Newcomb’s thoughts on the state of the exact sciences in America in 1874 and culminating with the 1988 commentaries on the “problems of mathematics” discussed at Princeton’s bicentennial celebrations in 1946—against a backdrop of broader historical
Transient rotating hydromagnetic partially-ionized heat-generating gas dynamic flow with Hall/ion-slip current effects: finite element analysis

A mathematical model is presented for the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic heat-generating free convection flow of a partially-ionized gas past an infinite vertical porous plate in a rotating frame of reference. Hall and ion-slip current effects are incorporated in the model. A finite element solution to the coupled non-linear differential equations is presented under physically realistic boundary conditions. The effects of Hall current parameter, ion-slip current parameter, Prandtl number, heat generation parameter, rotational parameter, Grashof (buoyancy) parameter and also time on the velocity and temperature fields are presented graphically. Primary velocity profile (u) decreases due to an increase in the Hall parameter and the ionslip parameter; however it is boosted with time for positive Grashof numbers (cooling of the plate by free convection currents) and decreases with time for negative Grashof numbers (heating of the plate by free convection currents). Secondary velocity profile (v) is also reduced with rising Hall parameter and ionslip parameter but boosted with time and stronger rotation. The temperature profile (θ) is enhanced with a rise in the heat generating parameter and also increases with time. The flow regime has important applications in MHD energy systems, plasma aerodynamics and induction flow meter technologies.