Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modularity in answer set programs

Answer set programming (ASP) is an approach to rule-based constraint programming allowing flexible knowledge representation in variety of application areas. The declarative nature of ASP is reflected in problem solving. First, a programmer writes down a logic program the answer sets of which correspond to the solutions of the problem. The answer sets of the program are then computed using a special purpose search engine, an ASP solver. The development of efficient ASP solvers has enabled the use of answer set programming in various application domains such as planning, product configuration, computer aided verification, and bioinformatics. The topic of this thesis is modularity in answer set programming. While modern programming languages typically provide means to exploit modularity in a number of ways to govern the complexity of programs and their development process, relatively little attention has been paid to modularity in ASP. When designing a module architecture for ASP, it is essential to establish full compositionality of the semantics with respect to the module system. A balance is sought between introducing restrictions that guarantee the compositionality of the semantics and enforce a good programming style in ASP, and avoiding restrictions on the module hierarchy for the sake of flexibility of knowledge representation. To justify a replacement of a module with another, that is, to be able to guarantee that changes made on the level of modules do not alter the semantics of the program when seen as an entity, a notion of equivalence for modules is provided. In close connection with the development of the compositional module architecture, a transformation from verification of equivalence to search for answer sets is developed. The translation-based approach makes it unnecessary to develop a dedicated tool for the equivalence verification task by allowing the direct use of existing ASP solvers. Translations and transformations between different problems, program classes, and formalisms are another central theme in the thesis. To guarantee efficiency and soundness of the translation-based approach, certain syntactical and semantical properties of transformations are desirable, in terms of translation time, solution correspondence between the original and the transformed problem, and locality/globality of a particular transformation. In certain cases a more refined notion of minimality than that inherent in ASP can make program encodings more intuitive. Lifschitz’ parallel and prioritized circumscription offer a solution in which certain atoms are allowed to vary or to have fixed values while others are falsified as far as possible according to priority classes. In this thesis a linear and faithful transformation embedding parallel and prioritized circumscription into ASP is provided. This enhances the knowledge representation capabilities of answer set programming by allowing the use of existing ASP solvers for computing parallel and prioritized circumscription.
Cryptographic protocol design

In this work, we investigate the security of interactive computations. The main emphasis is on the mathematical methodology that is needed to formalise and analyse various security properties. Differently from many classical treatments of secure multi-party computations, we always quantify security in exact terms. Although working with concrete time bounds and success probabilities is technically more demanding, it also has several advantages. As all security guarantees are quantitative, we can always compare different protocol designs. Moreover, these security guarantees also have a clear economical interpretation and it is possible to compare cryptographic and non-cryptographic solutions. The latter is extremely important in practice, since cryptographic techniques are just one possibility to achieve practical security. Also, working with exact bounds makes reasoning errors more apparent, as security proofs are less abstract and it is easier to locate false claims. The choice of topics covered in this thesis was guided by two principles. Firstly, we wanted to give a coherent overview of the secure multi-party computation that is based on exact quantification of security guarantees. Secondly, we focused on topics that emerged from the author’s own research. In that sense, the thesis generalises many methodological discoveries made by the author. As surprising as it may seem, security definitions and proofs mostly utilise principles of hypothesis testing and analysis of stochastic algorithms. Thus, we start our treatment with hypothesis testing and its generalisations. In particular, we show how to quantify various security properties, using security games as tools. Next, we review basic proof techniques and explain how to structure complex proofs so they become easily verifiable. In a nutshell, we describe how to represent a proof as a game tree, where each edge corresponds to an elementary proof step. As a result, one can first verify the overall structure of a proof by looking at the syntactic changes in the game tree and only then verify all individual proof steps corresponding to the edges. The remaining part of the thesis is dedicated to various aspects of protocol design. Firstly, we discuss how to formalise various security goals, such as inputprivacy, output-consistency and complete security, and how to choose a security goal that is appropriate for a specific setting. Secondly, we also explore alternatives to exact security. More precisely, we analyse connections between exact and asymptotic security models and rigorously formalise a notion of subjective security. Thirdly, we study in which conditions protocols preserve their security guarantees and how to safely combine several protocols. Although composability results are common knowledge, we look at them from a slightly different angle. Namely, it is irrational to design universally composable protocols at any cost; instead, we should design computationally efficient protocols with minimal usage restrictions. Thus, we propose a three-stage design procedure that leads to modular security proofs and minimises usage restrictions.
Enhancing Learning About Climate Change Issues Among Secondary School Students with Citizen Science Tools

Citizen science is a valuable tool to inculcate awareness among citizens about climate change issues. This is also the main goal of the I-CHANGE project. On these lines, Hasselt living lab as part of the I-CHANGE project developed a collaboration with a technical secondary school. Digital sensors such as Meteotrackers and smart citizen kits will be utilized under this collaboration where students and teachers will not only collect data, but will be using it in an innovative manner to integrate the findings obtained from its analysis to enhance students learning about climate change issues. This paper presents a structured methodological approach to achieve this goal.
Geosynchronous magnetopause crossings on 29–31 October 2003

[1] On 29–31 October 2003, numerous geosynchronous magnetopause crossings (GMCs) were identified using magnetic field data from two GOES satellites and plasma data from four Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) satellites. We can distinguish four long-lasting intervals, when geosynchronous satellites observed GMCs in a wide range of local time: at ∼0600–0900 UT 29 October; from ∼1000 UT 29 October to 0400 UT 30 October; from ∼1700 UT 30 October to ∼0800 UT 31 October, and at ∼1100–1300 UT 31 October. During a part of those intervals the GMCs occurred in the dawn and dusk sectors under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) that indicates to magnetospheric compression by extremely high solar wind pressure. We found that at 0400–1000 UT 31 October the compression was accompanied with large-amplitude Pc5 pulsation, which can be attributed to global magnetospheric mode (cavity resonance). Multiple GMCs were revealed for the time interval of Pc5 pulsation occasion. An amplitude of the magnetopause oscillation in noon sector was estimated of about 0.26∼0.6 RE. An application of the magnetopause models enabled us studying the magnetopause dawn–dusk asymmetry, which was revealed on the main phase and in maximum of two great geomagnetic storms on 29 and 30 October. We shown that the asymmetry can be formally represented as a shifting of the dayside magnetopause toward the dusk on average distance of 0.2∼0.3 RE. Besides, in some cases the asymmetry was larger and required a shifting of about 0.4 RE. It was shown that the magnitude of the dawn–dusk asymmetry is related to the internal geomagnetic disturbances rather than to the external conditions in the IMF.
The Frequency Strength Evaluation Index Suitable for Scenario of High Proportion of Renewable Energy

With the massive access of renewable energy, the frequency characteristics of the system have changed greatly. In the power system where the proportion of renewable energy is high, the frequency evaluation index obtained will no longer be applicable. Therefore, this paper proposed the frequency strength evaluation index suitable for high proportion renewable energy system. Firstly, the system frequency and the unified transfer function structure (UTFS) model are established. Secondly, the error of frequency strength evaluation index caused by using the index to evaluate frequency strength in different scenarios is analyzed. Furthermore, the frequency strength evaluation index used in high proportion renewable energy system is proposed and based on the proposed index, the frequency strength evaluation steps are given. Finally, the effectiveness of the index is verified by simulation.
Validation of ESDS Using Epidemic-Based Data Dissemination Algorithms

The study of Distributed Systems (DS) is important as novel solutions in this area impact many sub-fields of Computer Science. Although, studying DS is not an easy task. A common approach is to deploy a test-bed to perform a precise evaluation of the system. This can be costly and time consuming for large scale platforms. Another solution is to perform network simulations, allowing for more flexibility and simplicity. Simulators implement various models such as wired/wireless network models and power consumption models. Extensible Simulator for Distributed Systems (ESDS) is a simulator designed for simulation of systems that include edge platforms, namely Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). ESDS uses coarse-grained (flow-level) models for wired and wireless networks, and provides nodes power consumption models. However, to ensure accurate predictions, these models must be validated. In this paper, we propose to validate the flow-level wire-less model and the power consumption model of ESDS using epidemic-based data dissemination simulations. We show that ESDS has similar predictions than another validated flow-level network simulator, in terms of network performance and energy consumption.
Monitoring and modeling water‐vegetation interactions in groundwater‐dependent ecosystems

In many regions around the world, groundwater is the key source of water for some vegetation species, and its availability and dynamics can define vegetation composition and distribution. In recent years the interaction between groundwater and vegetation has seen a renewed attention because of the impact of groundwater extraction on natural ecosystems' health and increasing interest in the restoration of riparian zones and wetlands. The literature provides studies that approach this problem from very different angles. Information on the vegetation species that are likely to depend on groundwater and the physical characteristics of such species can be found in a large body of literature in ecology and plant physiology. Environmental engineers, hydrologists, and geoscientists are more focused on ecosystem restoration and the estimation of a catchment's water balance, for which the groundwater transpired by vegetation might be an important component. Here we join together these different bodies of literature with the aim of providing the state of knowledge on groundwater‐dependent vegetation. We describe the physiological features that characterize groundwater‐dependent vegetation, review different methods to study vegetation water use in the field, discuss recent advances in the understanding of how groundwater levels might determine vegetation composition, and present a summary of the available mathematical models that include the interaction between groundwater levels and vegetative water use. Several future research directions are identified, such as the quantification and modeling of the partitioning of transpiration between unsaturated and saturated zones and the development of integrated models able to link hydrology, ecology, and geomorphology.
Elevation of ice-stream margin scars after stagnation

Abstract The evolution of an inter-ice-stream ridge flanked by stagnated ice streams is simulated using a finite-difference, continuity ice-flow model. The model tracks the elevation of small-scale topographic undulations on the ice surface (“scars”) which form at ice-stream margins, and shows that after ice-stream stagnation these surface features are lifted onto the flanks of the evolving ridge before they are carried downslope by ice flow. The model is applied to the stagnant ice streams bounding Siple Dome, West Antarctica: “Siple Ice Stream” (SIS) on the northeast flank near Ice Stream D, and the “Duckfoot” area (DF) on the south flank near Ice Stream C. The volume-adjustment time-scale corresponding to the evolution of Siple Dome and these stagnant ice-stream areas is 1500–2000 years. The present geometry and elevation of the scar features, in addition to measurements of the present mass flux across the ridge, are used to estimate stagnation ages for SIS and DF. These measurements suggest that both SIS and DF stagnated 200–500 years ago.
Aktinische Keratosen

Eggert Stockfleth, Dorothea Terhorst, Axel Hauschild, Christos C. Zouboulis, Martin Schlaeger, Claus Oster-Schmidt, Thomas Diepgen, Claus Garbe, Harald Gollnick, Christian Korting, Hans Merk, Wolfram Sterry, Helmut Kerl, Carola Berking Die Autoren: Prof. Dr. Eggert Stockfleth, Berlin Dr. Dorothea Terhorst, Berlin Prof. Dr. Axel Hauschild, Kiel Prof. Dr. Christos C. Zouboulis, Dessau Dr. Martin Schlaeger, Oldenburg Dr. Claus Oster-Schmidt, Altenkirchen Prof. Dr. Thomas Diepgen, Heidelberg Prof. Dr. Claus Garbe, Tübingen Prof. Dr. Harald Gollnick, Magdeburg Prof. Dr. Hans Christian Korting, München* Prof. Dr. Hans Merk, Aachen Prof. Dr. Wolfram Sterry, Berlin Prof. Dr. Helmut Kerl, Graz Prof. Dr. Carola Berking, München
Velocities and shear stresses in wave‐current flows

A model is presented for the velocity distributions in combined wave-current flows over rough beds. The model is based on a new analysis of turbulence measurements in oscillatory flow. The resulting formulas for the velocity distribution are remarkably simple and show good agreement with experiment. The formula derived for friction factor also shows good agreement with experiment.
How does maturation vessel influence wine quality? A critical literature review

Wine maturation consists of wine being stored in vessels after alcoholic fermentation and malolactic fermentation and before bottling. This is a key period during the wine’s evolution, with changes in the physicochemical and sensory characteristics, especially in the colour, aroma, flavour and mouthfeel. Traditionally, oak barrels have been the main vessel choice for the maturation period. However, due to new technology and increasing consumer interest, winemakers are now using different vessels which vary in material, shape and size to mature their wines. Despite this gain in popularity, there are key questions remaining regarding how exactly variations in maturation vessel physical parameters affect wine quality during maturation. This review summarises how variations to maturation vessel material, size, and shape influence wine quality, specifically regarding oxygen permeation, thermal conductivity, and the release of exogenous compounds. Overall, the vessel material and size have a significant influence over the oxygen transfer rate of the vessel, and the associated changes to colour, aroma and mouthfeel, which occur with oxygen ingress. Maturation vessels may be conceptually viewed on a scale of ‘inertness’, with more inert vessels, such as stainless-steel tanks, generally having higher thermal conductivity, lower oxygen transfer rate and less release of exogenous compounds, with the opposite being true for the more active vessels such as oak barrels. Finally, this review points out gaps in the literature such as how maturation vessel parameters influence lees-wine interaction. This review aims to lay out paths for future research needed to shed light on how maturation vessel choice affects wine quality.
Scale relationships in hillslope runoff and erosion

Eight runoff plots, located within a small catchment within the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southern Arizona, were constructed to test the argument that sediment yield (kg m−2) decreases as plot length increases. The plots ranged in length from 2 m to 27·78 m. Runoff and sediment loss from these plots were obtained for ten natural storm events. The pattern of sediment yield from these plots conforms to the case in which sediment yield first increases as plot length increases, but then subsequently decreases. Data from the present experiment indicate that maximum sediment yield would occur from a plot 7 m long. Analysis of both runoff and sediment yield from the plots indicates that the relationship of sediment yield to plot length derives both from the limited travel distance of individual entrained particles and from a decline in runoff coefficient as plot length increases. Particle‐size analysis of eroded sediment confirms the role of travel distance in controlling sediment yield. Whether in response to the finite travel distance of entrained particles or the relationship of runoff coefficient to plot length, the experiment clearly demonstrates that the erosion rates for hillslopes and catchments cannot be simply extrapolated from plot measurements, and that alternative methods for estimating large‐area erosion rates are required. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tidally driven mixing and dissipation in the stratified boundary layer above steep submarine topography

A tidally driven, stratified boundary layer over supercritical topography is simulated numerically. The near‐boundary flow is characterized by quasiperiodic, bore‐like motions and episodic expulsion events where fluid is ejected into the stratified interior. The character of the bores is compared to the high‐resolution ocean mooring data of van Haren (2006). The diffusivity of the flow near the boundary is estimated by means of a synthetic dye tracer experiment. The average dissipation rate within the dye cloud is computed and combined with the diffusivity estimate to yield an overall mixing efficiency of 0.15. Both the estimated diffusivity and dissipation rates are in reasonable agreement with the microstructure observations of Kunze et al. (2012) when scaled to the environmental conditions at the Monterey and Soquel Canyons and to the values estimated by van Haren and Gostiaux (2012) above the sloping bottom of the Great Meteor Seamount in the Canary Basin.
Zonal wind velocity profiles in the equatorial electrojet derived from phase velocities of type II radar echoes

[1] Zonal wind profiles in the daytime equatorial electrojet are inferred from the Doppler shifts of type II radar echoes observed at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) in Peru. The inference is based on a three-dimensional electrostatic potential model. The model includes anomalous effects and is constrained by radar and magnetometer data. The amplitude and phase of the calculated zonal wind profiles are in general agreement with representative wind profiles measured by the WINDII instrument on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The calculated winds also have the same general characteristics as zonal wind profiles measured by rocket-borne chemical release experiments. However, the magnitude of the latter are larger than the former. The temporal behavior of the calculated zonal winds suggests a downward phase progression with a roughly semidiurnal period.
OcAPO: Occupancy-Aware, PDC Control for Open-Plan, Shared Workspaces

Passive Displacement Cooling (PDC) has gained popularity as a means of significantly reducing building energy consumption overheads, especially in tropical climates. PDC eliminates the use of mechanical fans, instead using chilled-water heat exchangers to perform convective cooling. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of different parameters affecting occupant comfort in a $1000m^{2}$ open-floor area (consisting of multiple zones) of a ZEB (Zero Energy Building) deployed with PDC units and tackle the problem of setting the temperature setpoint of the PDC units to assure occupant thermal comfort. We tackle two key practical challenges: (a) the zone-level (i.e., occupant-experienced) temperature differs significantly, depending on occupancy levels, from that measured by the ceiling-mounted thermal sensors that drive the PDC control loop, and (b) sparsely deployed sensors are unable to distinguish between ambient temperature variations across neighboring zones. Using extensive real-world measurement data (collected over 60 days), we devise a trace-based model that helps identify the optimum combination of PDC setpoints, collectively across multiple zones, while accommodating variations in the occupancy levels and weather conditions. We deploy OcAPO on our real-world testbed to demonstrate its efficacy: while OcAPO reliably assures occupancy comfort within a tolerance of 0.2°C, the current practice of occupancy-agnostic rule-based setpoint control violates this tolerance value 75.2% of the time.
Classification of recent studies by method type for surface air temperature map development and estimation of daily temperature using a radiative cooling scale

Since air temperature maps are essential tools in various fields, there are several studies to estimate surface air temperature at unobserved locations. Air temperature maps have also practical use in a variety of agricultural fields. Practical methods for estimation of surface air temperature are currently not physical but statistical methods. Recent studies on air temperature map development using statistical methods are classified according to method type: (1) rasterizing point data using general techniques for interpolation within computer software such as geographic information systems, i.e., “general rasterization methods”; (2) considering geographical functions based on several factors, i.e., “geographical function methods”; and (3) interpolating anomalies between observation data and long-term normals, i.e., “anomaly methods. ” Geographical function or anomaly methods should be more suitable when interpolating current conditions. It is difficult, however, to select a single method, because the most suitable method depends on the area. Practical types of spatial resolution for agriculture are suggested, i.e., high resolution less a few hundred meters, herein called “precise data,” and low resolution greater than that scale, called “coarse data. ” Substantial data at specific sites are required for efficient management toward productivity improvement, but current resolutions in agriculture are primarily coarse data. A verified estimation method for surface air temperature, combining statistical and physical techniques, is described as one for acquiring practical and precise data. The method continuously estimates temperature from existing observation data using a new meteorological scale, a radiative cooling scale (RCS). RCS values were calculated using numerical weather prediction model outputs to estimate daily values. Daily temperature at six sites was estimated to have a root-mean-square error of 0.47 K and a mean error of -0.02 K, validating the values for complex terrain such as hilly areas.