Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Application of One-class Support Vector Machines to Nosocomial Infection Detection

Nosocomial infections (NIs)---those acquired in health care settings---are among the major causes of increased mortality among hospitalized patients. They are a significant burden for patients and health authorities alike; it is thus important to monitor and detect them through an effective surveillance system. This paper describes a retrospective analysis of a prevalence survey of NIs done in the Geneva University Hospital. Our goal is to identify patients with one or more NIs on the basis of clinical and other data collected during the survey. In this two-class classification task, the main difficulty lies in the significant imbalance between positive or infected (11%) and negative (89%) cases. To cope with class imbalance, we investigate one-class SVMs which can be trained to distinguish two classes on the basis of examples from a single class (in this case, only "normal" or non infected patients). The infected ones are then identified as "abnormal" cases or outliers that deviate significantly from the normal profile. Experimental results are encouraging: whereas standard 2-class SVMs scored a baseline sensitivity of 50.6% on this problem, the one-class approach increased sensitivity to as much as 92.6%. These results are comparable to those obtained by the authors in a previous study on asymmetrical soft margin SVMs; they suggest that one-class SVMs can provide an effective and efficient way of overcoming data imbalance in classification problems.
Improving Local Search for Random 3-SAT Using Quantitative Configuration Checking

Configuration Checking (CC) was proposed as a new diversification strategy for Stochastic Local Search (SLS) algorithm for solving Minimum Vertex Cover, and has been successfully used for solving the Boolean Satisfiability problems, leading to an SLS algorithm called Swcc. However, the CC strategy for SAT is in the early stage of study, and Swcc cannot compete with the best SLS solvers for SAT in SAT Competition 2011. This paper presents a new strategy called Quantitative Configuration Checking (QCC), which is a quantitative version of the CC strategy for SAT. QCC is based on a new definition of "configuration" and works in a different way from the CC strategy does. Specifically, while previous CC strategies work only in the greedy mode, QCC firstly works in the random mode. We use QCC to improve the Swcc algorithm, resulting in a new SLS algorithm for SAT called Swqcc. Experimental results show that the QCC strategy is more effective than the CC strategy. Furthermore, Swqcc outperforms the best local search SAT solver in SAT Competition 2011 called Sparrow2011 on random 3-SAT instances.
Rethink the target : drivers, barriers and path dependencies for a low-carbon-transition in shrinking cities ; the case of Oberhausen

The role of cities in mitigating GHG emissions and thus tackling global warming has gained importance over the last years.Many cities have developed climate action plans, primarily to achieve long-term "low-carbon" mitigation goals set by national governments or (inter)national agreements. A mere adoption of high level targets, however, raises the question whether these targets are applicable for cities with very different framework conditions. We argue that it is crucial to understand the socio-economic, geophysical, spatial, infrastructural and political framework of a city - a broad approach, which is generally missing in climate action plans. Thus, determining drivers and barriers for future development paths is neglected by local policies, which leads to a gap between ambition (target) and reality (implementation). We exemplarily examine this hypothesis for the shrinking city of Oberhausen (Germany). Oberhausen, located in the Ruhr area,is a typical old industrial region, which has seen a decline of its industrial basis over the last decades. We analysed historical data and developed scenarios until 2030. Both show a significant decrease in CO2 emissions. A closer look, however, reveals that the reduction is primarily due to the economic transformation (less manufacturing, more service industry, accompanied by a decrease in population) and general energy efficiency developments following the implementation of national and EU policies. Although the city has implemented–and will further implement - many instruments and policies to reduce CO2 emissions, local barriers such as unemployment, low rents, low income, high per capita debts, etc. dramatically reduce the city's capacity for action. The results show that Oberhausen's emission reductions do not reflect active energy policies but are mainly driven by an economic decline. To reach ambitious reduction targets, however, the city needs to be enabled to take action in achieving appropriate and reasonable targets.
Latency Compensating Methods in Client/Server In-game Protocol Design and Optimization

Overview: Designing first-person action games for Internet play is a challenging process. Having robust on-line gameplay in your action title, however, is becoming essential to the success and longevity of the title. In addition, the PC space is well known for requiring developers to support a wide variety of customer setups. Often, customers are running on less than state-of-the-art hardware. The same holds true for their network connections. While broadband has been held out as a panacea for all of the current woes of on-line gaming, broadband is not an simple solution allowing developers to ignore the implications of latency and other network factors in game designs. It will be some time before broadband truly becomes adopted the United States, and much longer before it can be assumed to exist for your clients in the rest of the world. In addition, there are a lot of poor broadband solutions, where users may occasionally have high bandwidth, but more often than not also have significant latency and packet loss in their connections. Your game must to behave well in this world. This discussion will give you a sense of some of the tradeoffs required to deliver a cutting-edge action experience on the Internet. The discussion will provide some background on how client / server architectures work in many on-line action games. In addition, the discussion will show how predictive modeling can be used to mask the effects of latency. Finally, the discussion will describe a specific mechanism, lag compensation, for allowing the game to compensate for connection quality. Most action games played on the net today are modified client / server games. Games such as Half-Life, including its mods such as Counter-Strike and Team Fortress Classic, operate on such a system, as do games based on the Quake3 engine and the Unreal Tournament engine. In these games, there is a single, authoritative server that is responsible for running the main game logic. To this are connected one or more " dumb " clients. These clients, initially, were nothing more than a way for the user input to be sampled and forwarded to the server for execution. The server would execute the input commands, move around other objects, and then send back to the client a list of objects to render. Of course, the real world system has more components to it, but the simplified breakdown is useful for thinking about prediction …
On the application of CFD in fire safety - Between theory and practice or the user’s role

Over the last few years computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has steadily gained at- tractiveness for fire engineers as a prediction tool for flame propagation, smoke spreading, and other safety-related issues. Compared to other engineering fields, e.g. the automotive industry, with a lot of experience in the application of CFD, the practical application of CFD techniques to fire protection problems is still a major challenge. This lack of experience is caused by com- plicated - sometimes even unknown - initial and boundary conditions, the conjunction of many computationally expensive physical effects (e.g., radiation, turbulence, and combustion), and the necessity of using very high resolutions and large uncertainties in the input data and model parameters. As a consequence, for a competent and responsible application of CFD techniques the user require in-depth knowledge of fire safety in relation to the possibilities and limits of the CFD codes. Nevertheless, CFD programs for computing fire safety related issues are meanwhile avail- able for all interested users. In the case of the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) program even free of charge (1). Moreover, advertisements and simple user interfaces suggest easy use of such tools. In contrast, the preconditions to be satisfied in order to obtain reliable results from CFD models are rarely discussed. A frequently asked question reads: "How trustworthy are the results generated by a CFD program? " Yet, even with the best available code at hand, a user lacking sufficient knowledge regarding the implemented physics, adopted model simplifications, and numerical schemes employed in the CFD program will not succeed in producing reliable results and interpreting of them. Such knowledge is, therefore, just as important for trustworthy simulations as the availability of a well-tested CFD program. This article aims at clarifying some important issues in this context. Using the well documented and freely available program Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) the paper explains some aspects of the model assumptions, the implemented numerical scheme and discusses their importance for the application in fire safety for rolling stock. It is beyond the scope of the paper to provide more than a rough overview of related correlations but some basics are necessary to understand what is at stake.
Information, Contracting, and Quality Costs

This article analyzes the relation between product quality, the cost of quality, and the information that can be contracted upon. We consider a setting where a risk neutral supplier sells an intermediate product to a risk neutral buyer. The supplier incurs prevention costs to reduce the probability of selling a defective product, and the buyer incurs appraisal costs to identify defects. Both decisions are subject to moral hazard. We show that the first-best outcome can be obtained if either: (i) the supplier's prevention decision is contractible; or (ii) the buyer's appraisal decision and either internal failure (i.e., the product's failing the buyer's appraisal test) or external failure (i.e., the product's failing after being sold by the buyer) are contractible events; or (iii) both internal and external failure are contractible events. We then focus on the second-best setting where actions and failures are not contractible and study the effect of making the buyer's appraisal result contractible. Relative to first-best, if a buyer's return decision is contractible (but not his appraisal result), the supplier incurs lower prevention costs, the buyer incurs higher appraisal costs, expected internal failure costs are higher, and the total cost of quality is higher. The expected costs of external failure, however, may actually be lower relative to first-best. We then show that installing an information system that makes the appraisal result contractible reduces the inefficiency associated with the seller's prevention activity, increases the inefficiency associated with the buyer's quality appraisal activity, and unambiguously improves product quality.
Joint Virtual Switch Deployment and Routing for Load Balancing in SDNs

To better serve a diversity of flows, load balancing is crucial to ensure operational efficiency. However, previous works for load balancing have several disadvantages: 1) limited applicability with sub-flow scheduling (e.g., LetFlow); 2) hash collision (e.g., ECMP); or 3) transient network congestion due to reactive scheduling for traffic dynamics (e.g., Hedera and DevoFlow). An important reason for the above disadvantages is that it is difficult to provide fully fine-grained flow control for load balancing in an SDN as the flow table size of each SDN switch is usually limited. Inspired by the fact that a virtual switch (vswitch) has more powerful processing capacity and more flow entries compared with a physical switch, the previous work (e.g., Presto) deploys one vswitch for each ingress switch, and achieves the load balancing through efficient flow routing. However, this mechanism may lead to high cost and not well deal with topology asymmetry. Thus, this paper proposes to achieve the load balancing by incrementally deploying a certain number of vswitches in an SDN. We formulate the joint optimization of vswitch deployment and routing (JVR) problem as an integer linear program, and prove its NP-hardness. A rounding-based algorithm with bounded approximation factors is proposed to solve the JVR problem. We implement the proposed algorithm on an SDN testbed for experimental studies and use simulations for large-scale investigation. The experimental results and simulation results show high efficiency of our algorithm. For example, our proposed algorithm can reduce the link load ratio by about 41.5% compared with ECMP by deploying a small number of virtual switches.
A face-selective ventral occipito-temporal map of the human brain with intracerebral potentials

Significance Understanding the neural basis of face perception, arguably the most important visual function for human social ecology, is of the utmost importance. With an original fast periodic visual stimulation approach, we provide a comprehensive quantification of selective brain responses to faces throughout the ventral visual stream with direct recordings in the gray matter. Selective responses to faces are distributed in the whole ventral occipito-temporal cortex, with a right hemispheric and regional specialization supporting two decades of indirect recordings of human brain activity in neuroimaging. We also disclose three distinct face-selective regions in the anterior temporal lobe, an undersampled region in neuroimaging, and reveal exclusive responses to faces at the neural population level in these regions. Human neuroimaging studies have identified a network of distinct face-selective regions in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex (VOTC), with a right hemispheric dominance. To date, there is no evidence for this hemispheric and regional specialization with direct measures of brain activity. To address this gap in knowledge, we recorded local neurophysiological activity from 1,678 contact electrodes implanted in the VOTC of a large group of epileptic patients (n = 28). They were presented with natural images of objects at a rapid fixed rate (six images per second: 6 Hz), with faces interleaved as every fifth stimulus (i.e., 1.2 Hz). High signal-to-noise ratio face-selective responses were objectively (i.e., exactly at the face stimulation frequency) identified and quantified throughout the whole VOTC. Face-selective responses were widely distributed across the whole VOTC, but also spatially clustered in specific regions. Among these regions, the lateral section of the right middle fusiform gyrus showed the largest face-selective response by far, offering, to our knowledge, the first supporting evidence of two decades of neuroimaging observations with direct neural measures. In addition, three distinct regions with a high proportion of face-selective responses were disclosed in the right ventral anterior temporal lobe, a region that is undersampled in neuroimaging because of magnetic susceptibility artifacts. A high proportion of contacts responding only to faces (i.e., “face-exclusive” responses) were found in these regions, suggesting that they contain populations of neurons involved in dedicated face-processing functions. Overall, these observations provide a comprehensive mapping of visual category selectivity in the whole human VOTC with direct neural measures.
Seismic investigations of the sun and solar-like stars

The first study in this thesis presents a method for identifying the angular degree in stars where only two ridges are seen when plotted on an echelle diagram. Three methods are discussed which use comparison techniques in an attempt to obtain an identification for a newly observed star to one where the identity of the degree is already known. The first two require prior knowledge of the radial order of a mode. The third replaces the radial order with a reduced frequency. When tested on 1005 model pairs of stars this last method successfully identifies the angular degree in 1003 cases or 99.8%. The second study investigates changes with the Sun that could cause or be caused by the most recent extended solar minimum. We have compared data collected from the Birmingham Solar-Oscillation Network during the minima of three solar cycles. Frequency differences are created between modes of oscillation observed by BiSON in the most recent minima and the two before. The type of oscillatory frequency shift seen in the data suggests a sharp change has occurred in \(\Gamma\)\(_1\) at a depth within the Sun of 0.015 solar radii.
Turbulent Schmidt number and eddy diffusivity change with a chemical reaction

Abstract We provide empirical evidence that the eddy diffusivity $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}D_{{t}\alpha }$ and the turbulent Schmidt number ${\mathit{Sc}}_{{t}\alpha }$ of species $\alpha $ ( $\alpha =\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}$ or $\mathrm{R}$ ) change with a second-order chemical reaction ( $\mathrm{A} + \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{R}$ ). In this study, concentrations of the reactive species and axial velocity are simultaneously measured in a planar liquid jet. Reactant A is premixed into the jet flow and reactant B is premixed into the ambient flow. An optical fibre probe based on light absorption spectrometry is combined with I-type hot-film anemometry to simultaneously measure concentration and velocity in the reactive flow. The eddy diffusivities and the turbulent Schmidt numbers are estimated from the simultaneous measurement results. The results show that the chemical reaction increases ${\mathit{Sc}}_{t\mathrm{A}}$ ; ${\mathit{Sc}}_{t\mathrm{B}}$ is negative in the region where the mean concentration of reactant B decreases in the downstream direction, and is positive in the non-reactive flow in the entire region on the jet centreline. It is also shown that ${\mathit{Sc}}_{t\mathrm{R}}$ is positive in the upstream region whereas it is negative in the downstream region. The production terms of axial turbulent mass fluxes of reactant B and product R can produce axial turbulent mass fluxes opposite to the axial gradients of the mean concentrations. The changes in the production terms due to the chemical reaction result in the negative turbulent Schmidt number of these species. These results imply that the gradient diffusion model using a global constant turbulent Schmidt number poorly predicts turbulent mass fluxes in reactive flows.
Higher education administration with social media : including applications in student affairs, enrollment management, alumni relations, and career centers

1.New Directions in Teaching Technologies: Introduction to Educating Educators with Social Media, Laura A. Wankel, Seton Hall University, Charles Wankel, St. John's University PART I: Social Media and Enrollment Management 2.Hybrid Engagement: How Facebook Helps and Hinders Students' Social Integration, Bree McEwan, Western Illinois University 3.Social Media for Social Research: Applications for Higher Education Communications, Nicolle Merrill, GlobalCampus 4.Social Media Use by Enrollment Management, Phillip Griffiths & Anthony Wall, University of Ulster PART II: Social Media in Advising and Mentoring 5.Second Life: The Future of Education is Here Today, P. Charles Livermore, St. John's University 6.Mentoring 2.0: High-Tech/High-Touch Approaches to Foster Student Support and Development in Higher Education, Melanie Booth, Marylhurst University, Arthur Esposito, Virginia Commonwealth University 7.Learning Together: Using Social Media to Foster Collaboration in Higher Education, Neil Ford, Melissa Bowden, & Jill Beard, Bournemouth University 8.Using Social Media in Study Abroad, Penny Schouten, NAFSA 9.Using Social Networking Sites during the Career Management Process Nancy Richmond, MIT, Beth Rochefort, Northeastern University, Leslie Hitch, Northeastern University & Swinburne University PART III: Social Media and Public Relations 10.Amplification and Analysis of Academic Events through Social Media: A Case Study of the 2009 Beyond the Repository Fringe Event Nicola Osborne, University of Edinburgh 11.Connecting Fans and Sports More Intensively through Social Media Karen Weaver, Penn State PART IV: Social Media and Alumni Relations 12.Engaging Alumni and Prospective Students through Social Media Eric Kowalik, University of California 13.Am I Invited? Social Media and Alumni Relations, Heather Makrez, University of Massachusetts Lowell 14.Twitter in Higher Education: From Application to Alumni Relations Jon Hussey, American University
Space-Time Correlations of Seismotectonic Parameters: Examples from Japan and from Turkey Preceding the İzmit Earthquake

Analysis of the correlation between fractal attributes of complex seis- motectonic variables may offer insights into seismic hazard assessment. The Guten- berg-Richter, moment-magnitude, and moment-source area relations yield a direct fractal relationship among the Gutenberg-Richter b-value, occurrence rate, and the characteristic linear dimension of the fault plane (square root of fault surface area). In contrast, temporal variation in the correlation dimension of epicenters (DC )i s found, in several studies, to correlate negatively with the b-value in different regions of the world. Spatial variations between the b-value and DC also tend to oppose each other. In Japan, negative correlations are also observed in the regional scale com- parisons of the capacity dimension (Do) of active fault systems and the b-value. However, at local scales, the relationship yields both positive and negative correla- tion. The occurrence of positive or negative correlation appears to be controlled by different modes of failure within the active fault complex. Spatial variations between the b-value and DC along the Northern Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) suggest that, on average from 1900 to 1992, earthquake magnitudes were higher and epicenters more scattered within the central NAFZ than in its eastern and western segments. Temporal analysis reveals that the relationship between the b-value and DC are nonstationary. Temporal correlations are generally negative. A period of positive correlation is observed between 1976 and 1988. During the last 3 yr of this period (1985-1988), both the b-value and D C rose significantly, suggesting that stress release occurs through increased levels of low-magnitude and increasingly scattered seismicity. This dispersed pattern of seismicity, in combination with higher slip rates in the central NAFZ, may be one that did not adequately relieve stress along the main fault zone. This change in behavior and the tendency during the last century for the seismicity to migrate westward along the NAFZ may point to an increased risk of larger magnitude events such as the I zmit earthquake.