Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of the limit of Sisyphus cooling

A complete laser cooling setup was built, with focus on threedimensional near-resonant optical lattices for cesium. These consist of regularly ordered micropotentials, created by the interference of four laser beams. One key feature of optical lattices is an inherent ”Sisyphus cooling” process. It efficiently extracts kinetic energy from the atoms, leading to equilibrium temperatures of a few µK. The corresponding kinetic energy is lower than the depth of the potential wells, so that atoms can be trapped.We performed detailed studies of the cooling processes in optical lattices by using the time-of-flight and absorption-imaging techniques. We investigated the dependence of the equilibrium temperature on the optical lattice parameters, such as detuning, optical potential and lattice geometry. The presence of neighbouring transitions in the cesium hyperfine level structure was used to break symmetries in order to identify, which role “red” and “blue” transitions play in the cooling. We also examined the limits for the cooling process in optical lattices, and the possible difference in steady-state velocity distributions for different directions. Moreover, in collaboration with ´Ecole Normale Sup´erieure in Paris, numerical simulations were performed in order to get more insight in the cooling dynamics of optical lattices.Optical lattices can keep atoms almost perfectly isolated from the environment and have therefore been suggested as a platform for a host of possible experiments aimed at coherent quantum manipulations, such as spin-squeezing and the implementation of quantum logic-gates. We developed a novel way to trap two different cesium ground states in two distinct, interpenetrating optical lattices, and to change the distance between sites of one lattice relative to sites of the other lattice. This is a first step towards the implementation of quantum simulation schemes in optical lattices.
High‐Voltage Electron Microscopy

An increase of the acceleration voltage in conventional transmission microscopy yields reduced damage to the specimen and a potentially higher resolving power, and permits an increase in specimen thickness. These gains as a function of voltage are discussed and partly confirmed by experiments. The differential gains above 500 kV are very small, yet costly. A range up to 1000 kV for conventional high‐voltage electron microscopy can be recommended.
The spatial statistics of turbulent dissipation rates

We study the spatial statistics of velocity gradient volatility (i,e., the energy dissipation rate) in turbulent flow. We extend the Kolmogorov-Obukhov theory but also narrow its scope. The models are log normal, with verification from finely resolved large eddy and direct numerical simulations. They are parameterized by a mean and a covariance operator. Addressing applications to large eddy simulations, the mean and the covariance depend on the resolved scale solution. Removing this resolved scale dependence by a locally defined rescaling of the turbulent statistics yields a universal theory for the subgrid statistics, specifically for the mean and variance of turbulent fluctuations, i.e., the log of the energy dissipation rate {\epsilon}. The variance of the velocity gradient statistics is found to be log normal, in accordance with Kolmogorov 1962. Rescaling by the resolved scale mean and variance removes the influence of the resolved scales on the subgrid scales, justifying conceptually the universality we observe. The universality is the basis of new power scaling laws. The new power laws, in turn, allow a simple parameterization of the mean and covariance of the subgrid rescaled dissipation rate, i.e., velocity gradient volatility. We treat the coarse grid resolved space- time location as a random variable. A restriction of the theory to a small range of unresolved but stochastically modelled scales is proposed, with renormalization group ideas offered to overcome this restriction.
Effective Image Segmentation using a Locally Weighted Fuzzy C-Means Clustering

This paper proposes an image segmentation framework that modifies the objective function of Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) to improve the performance and computational efficiency of the conventional FCM-based image segmentation. The proposed image segmentation framework includes a locally weighted fuzzy c-means (LWFCM) algorithm that takes into account the influence of neighboring pixels on the center pixel by assigning weights to the neighbors. Distance between a center pixel and a neighboring pixels are calculated within a window and these are basis for determining weights to indicate the importance of the memberships as well as to improve the clustering performance. We analyzed the segmentation performance of the proposed method by utilizing four eminent cluster validity functions such as partition coefficient (), partition entropy (), Xie-Bdni function () and Fukuyama-Sugeno function (). Experimental results show that the proposed LWFCM outperforms other FCM algorithms (FCM, modified FCM, and spatial FCM, FCM with locally weighted information, fast generation FCM) in the cluster validity functions as well as both compactness and separation.
Observations of Extremely Cool Stars

As one part of a program of infrared astronomy carried on at the California Institute of Technology, a survey of the sky in two infrared spectral ranges, 0.68-0.92 μand 2.01- 2.41 μ, is being carried out. The motivation for such a survey is to obtain an unbiased census of objects that emit in the 2.0-2.5-μ atmospheric window; this will, of course, include many ordinary stars, but it might also reveal many potentially interesting objects that would not be included in an a priori selection of objects to be measured. In fact, a number of strikingly red stars have already been found. Since most of these "superred" stars occur in the Milky Way, interstellar reddening may be of some consequence; but in at least a few cases the stars seem to be intrinsically extremely red. These preliminary results seem of sufficient interest to merit brief description at this time.
Dynamically hot galaxies. II - Global stellar populations

The global relationship between the stellar populations and structural properties of hot galaxies is studied using the same sample of objects analyzed in Bender, Burstein, and Faber. Two measures of global stellar population are used: the Mg 2 index at the center of a galaxy and (B-V) 0 color measured over a much larger volume. The sample of galaxies studied includes luminous ellipticals that span a wide range in luminosity, compact ellipticals, dwarf ellipticals, and the bulges of SO galaxies. The degree of anisotropy of internal stellar motions is known for most of these objects. The total sample spans a range of over four orders of magnitude in mass and surface brightness, and the various subclasses populate the fundamental plane in very different ways
The Beurling-Selberg Box Minorant Problem

In this paper we investigate a high dimensional version of Selberg's minorant problem for the indicator function of an interval. In particular, we study the corresponding problem of minorizing the indicator function of the box $Q_{N}=[-1,1]^N$ by a function whose Fourier transform is supported in the same box $Q_N$. We show that when $N$ is sufficiently large there are no non-trivial minorants (that is, minorants with positive integral). On the other hand, we explicitly construct non-trivial minorants for dimension $N\leq 5$.
Quantitative coarse embeddings of quasi-Banach spaces into a Hilbert space

We study how well a quasi-Banach space can be coarsely embedded into a Hilbert space. Given any quasi-Banach space X which coarsely embeds into a Hilbert space, we compute its Hilbert space compression exponent. We also show that the Hilbert space compression exponent of X is equal to the supremum of the amounts of snowflakings of X which admit a bi-Lipschitz embedding into a Hilbert space.
Negative definite functions for C*-dynamical systems

Given an action $\alpha$ of a discrete group $G$ on a unital C*-algebra $A$, we introduce a natural concept of $\alpha$-negative definiteness for functions from $G$ to $A$, and examine some of the first consequences of such a notion. In particular, we prove analogs of theorems due to Delorme-Guichardet and Schoenberg in the classical case where $A$ is trivial. We also give a characterization of the Haagerup property for the action $\alpha$ when $G$ is countable.
Spatial Variations in the Spectral Properties of Bright Regions on Mars

Abstract Much of the surface of Mars is covered by material that is bright and reddish at visible wavelengths and which is interpreted as chemically altered soil. High spatial resolution data from the ISM near-infrared imaging spectrometer on the Phobos 2 spacecraft have provided new information about the composition and compositional heterogeneity of this soil. Most bright soil exhibits a weak, narrow absorption feature near 2.2 μm, suggesting the presence of poorly crystalline phyllosilicate. The strength of the 3.0-μm H 2 O absorption exhibits spatially coherent variations, with stronger absorptions occurring in specific geologic units. These variations may result from differences in the content of molecular water in soils developed on different deposits. Additionally, the position and shape of the 0.9-μm Fe 3+ absorption indicate hematite to be present in bright soils covering many areas, including Tharsis. However, other large areas covered by bright soil, including much of Arabia, exhibit a deeper absorption at a longer wavelength, suggesting occurrence of ferric minerals other than hematite. These spectral heterogeneities indicate that bright martian soil is compositionally diverse and not completely homogenized by eolian activity. The compositional differences may result from different histories of chemical alteration of parent materials and their resulting soils, possibly including local effects of liquid water.
Constants of de Bruijn–Newman type in analytic number theory and statistical physics

One formulation in 1859 of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) was that the Fourier transform $H_f(z)$ of $f$ for $ z \in \mathbb{C}$ has only real zeros when $f(t)$ is a specific function $\Phi (t)$. P\'{o}lya's 1920s approach to RH extended $H_f$ to $H_{f,\lambda}$, the Fourier transform of $e^{\lambda t^2} f(t)$. We review developments of this approach to RH and related ones in statistical physics where $f(t)$ is replaced by a measure $d \rho (t)$. P\'{o}lya's work together with 1950 and 1976 results of de Bruijn and Newman, respectively, imply the existence of a finite constant $\Lambda_{DN} = \Lambda_{DN} (\Phi)$ in $(-\infty, 1/2]$ such that $H_{\Phi,\lambda}$ has only real zeros if and only if $\lambda \geq \Lambda_{DN}$; RH is then equivalent to $\Lambda_{DN} \leq 0$. Recent developments include the Rodgers and Tao proof of the 1976 conjecture that $\Lambda_{DN} \geq 0$ (that RH, if true, is only barely so) and the Polymath 15 project improving the $1/2$ upper bound to about $0.22$. We also present examples of $\rho$'s with differing $H_{\rho,\lambda}$ and $\Lambda_{DN} (\rho)$ behaviors; some of these are new and based on a recent weak convergence theorem of the authors.
Predictive value of specific cytokines for lethal COVID-19 outcome

In our study, we aimed to evaluate the significance of specific cytokines in blood plasma as predictive markers of COVID-associated mortality. Materials and methods. In plasma samples of 29 patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 we measured the concentrations of 47 molecules. These molecules included: interleukins and selected pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-12 (p40), IL-12 (p70), IL 13, IL-15, IL-17A/CTLA8, IL-17-E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-18, IL-22, IL-27, IFN2, IFN, TNF, TNF/Lymphotoxin-(LTA)); chemokines (CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1, CCL4/MIP-1, CCL7/MCP-3, CCL11/Eotaxin, CCL22/MDC, CXCL1/GRO, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10, CX3CL1/Fractalkine); anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1Ra, IL-10); growth factors (EGF, FGF-2/FGF-basic, Flt-3 Ligand, G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, PDGF-AA, PDGFAB/BB, TGF, VEGF-A); and sCD40L. We used multiplex analysis based on xMAP technology (Luminex, USA) using Luminex MagPix. As controls, we used plasma samples of 20 healthy individuals. Based on the results, we applied Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and Area Under Curve (AUC) values to compare two different predictive tests and to choose the optimal division point for disease outcome (survivors/non-survivors). To find optimal biomarker combinations, we as used cytokines concentrations as dependent variables to grow a regression tree using JMP 16 Software.Results. Out of 47 studied cytokines/chemokines/growth factors, we picked four pro-inflammatory cytokines as having high significance in evaluation of COVID-19 outcome: IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and IL-18. Based on the results received, we assume that the highest significance in terms of predicting the outcome of acute COVID-19 belongs to IL-6 and IL-18. Conclusion. Analyzing concentrations of IL-6 and IL-18 before administering treatment may prove valuable in terms of outcome prognosis.
Analysis of ethical decisions of tax consultants in Southern Sumatra Region

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the ethical decision-making of tax consultants in the Southern Sumatra Region. The population of this research is all tax consultants who are members of the Indonesian Tax Consultants Association (IKPI), which includes the provinces of Lampung, South Sumatra, Bangka Belitung, and Jambi. The total population is 139 tax consultants. The entire population was used as the research sample (with a return sample of 109 respondents). Data were analyzed using SEM-WarpPLS. The results of the analysis found that: (1) Machiavellian had a negative effect on ethical decisions (2) Machiavellian had a negative effect on ethics and social responsibility (3) Ethics and social responsibility had a positive effect on ethical decisions (4) Ethics and social responsibility can partially mediate the relationship between Machiavellian and ethical decisions
Lattice Points in Polytopes, Box Splines, and Todd Operators

Let $X$ be a list of vectors that is totally unimodular. In a previous article the author proved that every real-valued function on the set of interior lattice points of the zonotope defined by $X$ can be extended to a function on the whole zonotope of the form $p(D)B_X$ in a unique way, where $p(D)$ is a differential operator that is contained in the so-called internal $\Pcal$-space. In this paper we construct an explicit solution to this interpolation problem in terms of Todd operators. As a corollary we obtain a slight generalisation of the Khovanskii-Pukhlikov formula that relates the volume and the number of integer points in a smooth lattice polytope.
Sums over geometries and improvements on the mean field approximation

The saddle points of a Lagrangian due to Efetov are analyzed. This Lagrangian was originally proposed as a tool for calculating systematic corrections to the Bethe approximation, a mean-field approximation which is important in statistical mechanics, glasses, coding theory, and combinatorial optimization. Detailed analysis shows that the trivial saddle point generates a sum over geometries reminiscent of dynamically triangulated quantum gravity, which suggests new possibilities to design sums over geometries for the specific purpose of obtaining improved mean field approximations toDdimensional theories. In the case of the Efetov theory, the dominant geometries are locally tree-like, and the sum over geometries diverges in a way that is similar to quantum gravity’s divergence when all topologies are included. Expertise from the field of dynamically triangulated quantum gravity about sums over geometries may be able to remedy these defects and fulfill the Efetov theory’s original promise. The other saddle points of the Efetov Lagrangian are also analyzed; the Hessian at these points is nonnormal and pseudo-Hermitian, which is unusual for bosonic theories. The standard formula for Gaussian integrals is generalized to nonnormal kernels.
Gain Scheduling Control of an Arm-Driven Inverted Pendulum Based on Sum of Squares: Comparison with a SDRE Method

Abstract The dynamics of the arm-driven inverted pendulum (ADIP) has strong nonlinearity that depends on the arm angle, so that the performance of control laws from a linearized model is limited around an equilibrium point. In this paper, a multi-objective gain scheduling (GS) control is considered for a large reference angle of the arm. The design conditions are reduced to polynomially parameter-dependent linear matrix inequalities that can be solved by the sum of squares technique. The validity of the GS control is shown through some nonlinear simulations and experiments, in which performance comparisons are discussed with a linear quadratic control as well as a method of state-dependent Riccati equality (SDRE). Copyright © IFAC2011
Zero-n photonic band gap in a periodic structure of positive and negative refractive index materials

Zero-n photonic gap in a periodic structure of positive and negative refractive index materials is studied with a transfer matrix method. A zero-n gap is found in the photonic spectra of this periodic structure. It is demonstrated that the zero-n gap is less sensitive to the incident angle and the scale in contrast to the Bragg gap.
2 μm GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb midinfrared laser grown digitally on GaSb by modulated-molecular beam epitaxy

Stimulated emission at 1.994 μm was demonstrated from an optically pumped, double quantum well, semiconductor laser that was digitally grown by modulated-molecular beam epitaxy. This “digital growth” consists of short period superlattices of the ternary GaInAs/GaInSb and GaAsSb/GaSb/AlGaSb/GaSb alloys grown by molecular beam epitaxy with the intent of approximating the band gaps of quaternary GaInAsSb and AlGaAsSb alloys in the active region and barriers of the laser, respectively. For a 50 μs pulse and a 200 Hz repetition rate, the threshold current density was 104 W/cm2 at 82 K. The characteristic temperature (T0) was 104 K, the maximum operating temperature was 320 K and the peak output power was 1.895 W/facet at 82 K with pumping power of 7.83 W.
Variable Stiffness Pad and Its Application to Hybrid Rigid-Soft Robots

Robot manipulation can easily become unstable when interacting with stiff environment. This is due to high contact stiffness, which is usually cannot be controlled. Contact stiffness is an important factor for the robot to perform the tasks successfully. It helps determining the contact force, which in turn affects the robot response and stability of the interaction. To resolve this fatal shortcoming, we have developed the variable stiffness pad (VSP) and its pressure supply system, which can be integrated to typical rigid robots. It allows one to modify the contact stiffness appropriately for the task and environment at hand. By the controlled pressured of 0–100 kPa, the prototype VSP attached to a rigid gripper can vary its stiffness linearly in the range of 23.5–42.0 kN/m during contact with time constant of 130 ms. This unique feature is used to modify contact stiffness properly. Moreover, contact stress is reduced since the effective contact area is enlarged thanks to the adaptation of the VSP local contact surface to the object. A concept of hybrid robots, where several VSPs are installed at the interaction surface of rigid robot, is proposed. Unlike traditional robots, both manipulation impedance and contact impedance of the hybrid robot may be adjusted in order to interact with unstructured environment properly. Analysis and experiments show that the hybrid rigid-soft gripper can manipulate objects with different shapes and stiffness safely.
Correlations of secondary phases (SPs) with mobility lifetime (μτe) of the electrons in CZT crystals using IR microscopy

Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CdZnTe/CZT) crystals were grown using a modified vertical Bridgman growth technique with 10 % Zn concentration at Washington State University (WSU). Analyses of the effects of volume (vol.) %, number density (cm-3), mean diameter (μm) of secondary phases (SPs) and thickness (mm) of the CZT crystals on single crystal properties such as carrier mobility lifetime (μτe) and resistivity (ρ) were performed. Some correlations were observed between μτe values of different CZT crystals and vol. %, number density, mean diameter of SPs and thickness of the crystals. High μτe and lower SP vol. % values were obtained for the ingots grown with rapid cool down times and with no intentional amounts of excess Te/Cd. For the selected samples, the effects of the SPs on the μτe values were established for the SPs whose mean diameters were ≤4 μm and >4 μm. These studies indicate vol. % and mean diameter of SPs are the important parameters for CZT crystal performance as a radiation detector.
Synthesis of an optimal set of radar track-while-scan smoothing equations

Performance measures are described which realistically reflect both noise-reduction and maneuver-following capability of a radar track-while-scan (TWS) system. Illustrations are given which compare various smoothing equations on the basis of this performance measure. Finally, a set of position-and-velocity tracking equations is synthesized by a calculus-of-variations technique. The synthesized set is optimum for both position and velocity tracking within the given performance sense, in the class of all fixed parameter, linear tracking equations. The resulting optimally synthesized set characterizes the commonly termed " \alpha-\beta " tracker, with the important proviso that \beta=\alpha^{2}/(2 - \alpha) .
Dynamic Model of Facial Cooling

Abstract Recent modifications to windchill forecasting have motivated the development of a rate-of-tissue-cooling model for the purpose of predicting facial cooling times. The model assumes a hollow cylindrical geometry with a fixed internal boundary temperature and adherence to the dimensions and tissue thermal properties of the cheek. Convective and radiative heat exchanges at the skin surface are also taken into account. The explicit finite-difference solution of the thermal conduction problem was applied to predict the transient temperature profile in the cheek model, composed of 25 concentric annular compartments with equally spaced nodes. Model predictions compare favorably to reported incidents of facial frostbite and to several laboratory studies on facial cooling. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates the effect of varying the values of tissue thermal resistance and cheek dimensions on the predicted facial cooling rate.
Experimental verification of photon angular momentum and vorticity with radio techniques

The experimental evidence that radio techniques can be used for synthesizing and analyzing non-integer electromagnetic (EM) orbital angular momentum (OAM) of radiation is presented. The technique used amounts to sample, in space and time, the EM field vectors and digitally processing the data to calculate the vortex structure, the spatial phase distribution, and the OAM spectrum of the radiation. The experimental verification that OAM-carrying beams can be readily generated and exploited by using radio techniques paves the way to an entirely new paradigm of radar and radio communication protocols.
H/sub 2/ state feedback control for fuzzy singularly perturbed systems

This study introduces an H/sub 2/ fuzzy state feedback control design method for nonlinear singularly perturbed systems. First, the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model is employed to approximate a nonlinear singularly perturbed system. Next, based on the fuzzy singularly perturbed model, a fuzzy PDC /spl epsiv/-independent controller is developed to achieve the H/sub 2/ performance for small enough /spl epsiv/. By the proposed two-stage procedure, the control problem is parameterized in terms of two sub problem, one can be reduced to a set of LMIs, the other can be recast into a set of BMIs, furthermore, the BMIs will be solved by the proposed iterative LMI(ILMI).