Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Importance of ice layers on liquid water storage within a snowpack

Knowledge of the effect of the physical characteristics of the snowpack on the onset of snowmelt runoff is needed for the modelling of snowmelt runoff. In the present study, the importance of ice layers in the snowpack to the release of meltwater has been investigated. Artificial rain was simulated over a snow plot of known dimensions prepared in the Glatzbach Basin in the Austrian Alps. The experiment was performed at an altitude of 2640 m just before the onsct of snowmelt runoff from the snowpack at that altitude. Stratigraphic studies were made before and after the experiment. The snowpack contained five ice layers and the thickness of these ayers varied from about 2 to 8 mm. The average liquid water content of the snowpack was about 4% by volume before the rain simulation. The results indicate a substantial increase in the storage capacity of the snowpack due to the presence of ice layers in the snowpack when it met saturated conditions because of rain water input An amount equivalent to 100 mm, which is about 9,25% by volume, was absorbed by the snow block before the appearance of runoff from the snowplot.
The GISP2 δ18O Climate Record of the Past 16,500 Years and the Role of the Sun, Ocean, and Volcanoes

Abstract Measured 18O/16O ratios from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core extending back to 16,500 cal yr B.P. provide a continuous record of climate change since the last glaciation. High-resolution annual 18O/16O results were obtained for most of the current millennium (A.D. 818-1985) and record the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age, and a distinct 11-yr 18O/16O cycle. Volcanic aerosols depress central Greenland annual temperature (∼1.5°C maximally) and annual 18O/16O for about 4 yr after each major eruptive event. On a bidecadal to millennial time scale, the contribution of solar variability to Holocene Greenlandic temperature change is ∼0.4°C. The role of thermohaline circulation change on climate, problematic during the Holocene, is more distinct for the 16,500-10,000 cal yr B.P. interval. (Analogous to 14C age calibration terminology, we express time in calibrated (cal) yr B.P. (A.D. 1950 = 0 cal yr B.P.)). The Oldest Dryas/Bølling/Older Dryas/Allerød/Younger Dryas sequence appears in great detail. Bidecadal variance in 18O/16O, but not necessarily in temperature, is enhanced during the last phase of lateglacial time and the Younger Dryas interval, suggesting switches of air mass transport between jet stream branches. The branched system is nearly instantaneously replaced at the beginning of the Bølling and Holocene (at ∼14,670 and ∼11,650 cal yr B.P., respectively) by an atmospheric circulation system in which 18O/16O and annual accumulation initially track each other closely. Thermodynamic considerations of the accumulation rate-temperature relationship can be used to evaluate the 18 O/16O-temperature relationship. The GISP2 ice-layer-count years of major GISP2 climate transitions also support the use of coral 14C ages for age calibration.
Phenotypic, molecular and antimicrobial susceptibility assessment in isolates from chronic ulcers of cured leprosy patients: a case study in Southern Brazil*

BACKGROUND One of the most stigmatizing physical sequelaeof leprosy in cured patients is the development of chronic lower extremity ulcers. The bacterial diversity present in ulcers is considered one of the factors that can delay the healing process, as well as serve as a focus for severe secondary infections. OBJECTIVE To identify the microbiota and antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria isolated from skin ulcers in patients cured of leprosy. METHODS After obtaining informed consent, material was collected from ulcers of 16 patients treated at the Outpatient Public Health Dermatology Clinic of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital Colônia Itapuã. Sampleswere collected during dressing, and the material sent to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre for microbiological culture. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was characterized by two molecular methods, including detection of the mecA gene by PCR and SCCmecgene typing. RESULTS Cultures revealed microorganisms in all ulcers: Gram-negative bacilli in 80%, Gram-positive cocci in 63%, and mixed microflora in 36%. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most prevalent bacteria. Assessment of the antimicrobial resistance profile was notable for the presence of MRSA. Molecular analysis of this isolate revealed presence of the mecA gene contained in a type IV staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). CONCLUSIONS In patients with leprosy, laboratory culture of skin ulcers is essential for correct antibiotic selection and to control emerging pathogens, such as MRSA carrying SCCmec type IV.
On the Stability of Oceanic Rings

Abstract Oceanic rings tend to have length scales larger than the deformation radius and also to he long-lived. This latter characteristic, in view of the former, is particularly curious as many quasigeostrophic and primitive equation simulations suggest such eddies are quite unstable. Large eddies eventually break into smaller deformation scale vortices, with the attendant production of considerable variability. Here it is argued that the stability characteristics of oceanic eddies and rings are sensitive to the presence of deep flows. In particular, eddies in which the deep flow is counter to the sense of the shallow flows are often more unstable than eddies with no deep flow, while eddies with circulations in the same sense as the shallow circulation can experience an enhanced stability. For a given vertical shear, oceanic eddy stability can vary dramatically. (This is in contrast to quasigeostrophic theory, where stability properties are largely determined by vertical shear.) The onset of these mechan.
L‐band microwave observations over land surface using a two‐dimensional synthetic aperture radiometer

Antenna size is a major factor that has limited realization of the potential capabilities of L‐band (1.4 GHz) microwave radiometry to estimate surface soil moisture from space. However, emerging interferometric technology, called aperture synthesis, has been developed to address this limitation. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission will apply the technique to monitor these parameters at a global‐scale in the near future. The first airborne experiment using an aircraft prototype called the Two‐Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Radiometer (2D‐STAR) was performed during Soil Moisture Experiment in 2003 (SMEX03). To gain insight, the L‐band brightness temperature data acquired by 2D‐STAR in Alabama was compared with C‐band data collected simultaneously by another aircraft instrument called the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR), and also compared with surface soil moisture measurements from in‐situ observations sites. Results show that there was fairly good radiometric sensitivity of the synthetic aperture radiometer to the soil moisture both in pasture and also in forest areas. The overall performance of the L‐band synthetic aperture radiometer in the presence of vegetation appears to be better than the C‐band real aperture radiometer.
Scale- and parameter-adaptive model-based gradient pre-conditioner for elastic full-waveform inversion

We present a scale- and parameter-adaptive method to pre-condition the gradient of the parameters to be inverted in time-domain 2-D elastic full-waveform inversion (FWI). The proposed technique, which relies on a change of variables of the model parameters, allows to balance the value of the gradient of the Lam´e parameters and density throughout the model in each step of the multiscale inversion. The main difference compared to existing gradient pre-conditioners is that the variables are automatically selected based on a least-squares minimization criteria of the gradient weight, which corresponds to the product of the gradient by a power of the parameter to be inverted. Based on numerical tests made with (1) a modiﬁed version of the Marmousi-2 model, and (2) a high-velocity and density local anomaly model, we illustrate that the value of the power helps to balance the gradient throughout the model. In addition, we show that a particular value exists for each parameter that optimizes the inversion results in terms of accuracy and efﬁciency. For the two models, the optimal power is ∼ 2.0–2.5 and ∼ 1.5 for the ﬁrst and second Lam´e parameters, respectively; and between 3 and 6, depending on the inverted frequency, for density. These power values provide the fastest and most accurate inversion results for the three parameters in the framework of multiscale and multishooting FWI using three different optimization schemes.
Sediment yield from disturbed earth systems

Changes of sediment-yield rates through time reflect evolutionary changes within a landscape. When a drainage basin is perturbed significantly by base-level, climatic, or tectonic change, sediment yields increase dramatically, but with no further disturbance they decline rapidly. These sediment-yield changes have been documented at all scales, from small experimental studies, to incised channels, to the Colorado River basin, and to the Himalaya Mountains. Thus, the shape of the sediment-yield curve can be used to estimate future sediment yields and to interpret past tectonic events.
The Seasonal Development of an SST Anomaly in the Indian Ocean and Its Relationship to ENSO

Abstract The seasonal development of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the Indian Ocean is investigated in relation to El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), using NOAA optimally interpolated SST and NCEP reanalysis data. The result shows that the onset season of El Nino affects the seasonal development of surface wind anomalies over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean (EEIO); these surface wind anomalies, in turn, determine whether the SST anomaly in the EEIO evolves into the eastern pole of the dipole pattern. In years when the dipole pattern develops, surface zonal wind anomalies over the EEIO switch from westerly to easterly in spring as La Nina switches to El Nino. The seasonal zonal wind over the EEIO also switches from westerly to easterly in spring, and the anomalous wind strengthens seasonal wind from winter to summer. Stronger winds and resultant thermal forcings produce the negative SST anomaly in the EEIO in winter, and its amplitude increases in summer. The SST anomaly becomes the ea.
On the Dependence of Sea Surface Roughness on Wave Development

Abstract The aerodynamic roughness of the sea surface, z0, is investigated using data from Lake Ontario, from the North Sea near the Dutch coast, and from an exposed site in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Nova Scotia. Scaling z0 by rms wave height gives consistent results for all three datasets, except where wave heights in the Atlantic Ocean are dominated by swell. The normalized roughness depends strongly on wave age: younger waves (traveling slower than the wind) are rougher than mature waves. Alternatively, the roughness may be normalized using the friction velocity, u*, of the wind stress. Again, young waves are rougher than mature waves. This contradicts some recent deductions in the literature, but the contradiction arises from attempts to describe z0 in laboratory tanks and in the field with a single simple parameterization. Here, it is demonstrated that laboratory waves are inappropriate for direct comparison with field data, being much smoother than their field equivalents. In the open ocea.
Interannual Variability of Land-Atmosphere Coupling Strength

AbstractRecent studies in the Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) established a framework to estimate the extent to which anomalies in the land surface state (e.g., soil moisture) can affect rainfall generation and other atmospheric processes. Within this framework, a multiyear GLACE-type experiment is carried out with a coupled land–atmosphere general circulation model to examine the interannual variability of land–atmosphere coupling strength. Soil wetness with intermediate values are in the range at which rainfall generation, near-surface air temperature, and surface turbulent fluxes are most sensitive to soil moisture anomalies, and thus, land–atmosphere coupling strength peaks in this range. As a result, the “hot spots” with strong land–atmosphere coupling strength appear in regions with intermediate climatological soil wetness (e.g., transition zones between dry and wet climates), consistent with previous studies. Land–atmosphere coupling strength experiences significant year-to-year .
Paleoseismologic evidence for the relatively regular recurrence of infrequent, large-magnitude earthquakes on the eastern North Anatolian fault at Yaylabeli, Turkey

Paleoseismologic trenches excavated across the eastern part of the North Anatolian fault at Yaylabeli, Turkey, provide evidence for five surface ruptures during the last 2000 yr. We interpret these events as: (1) the historical 1939 M w 7.9 earthquake; (2) the historical 1254 A.D. earthquake; (3) the historical 1045 A.D. earthquake; (4) an earthquake that occurred between 660 A.D. and 1020 A.D., most probably between 717 A.D. and 844 A.D.; and (5) an earthquake that occurred between 302 A.D. and 724 A.D., possibly the historical 499 A.D. event. Although one of the interevent intervals we document is 685 yr long (between the 1254 A.D. and 1939 A.D. earthquakes), the other three intervals are between 200 and 350 yr long. Our results, which facilitate a rare opportunity to test the completeness of the paleoseismologic record at multiple sites, are generally similar to those from the nearby Cukurcimen trench site, located 2 km to the east, demonstrating reproducibility of the paleoearthquake record. However, the eighth- to ninth-century event (E4) that we document at Yaylabeli was not observed at Cukurcimen. The addition of this event facilitates the recognition of a previously unnoticed North Anatolian fault earthquake cluster, during which at least the eastern and central parts of the fault appear to have ruptured during a brief sequence in the eighth and ninth centuries. Addition of this possible cluster suggests that the North Anatolian fault commonly ruptures in brief, systemwide sequences, although the individual earthquakes in each sequence differ from cluster to cluster in terms of location, magnitude, and rupture sequence. These paleoearthquake data reinforce the idea of relatively regular recurrence of infrequent, large-magnitude earthquakes on the eastern section of the North Anatolian fault. We attribute this relatively simple behavior to the structural maturity of the North Anatolian fault and its relative isolation from other major seismic sources within the Anatolia-Eurasia plate boundary.
SCIAMACHY AAI

SCIAMACHY Absorbing Aerosol Index – calibration issues and global results from 2002–2004 M. de Graaf and P. Stammes Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands Received: 14 February 2005 – Accepted: 18 March 2005 – Published: 26 May 2005 Correspondence to: M. de Graaf (graafdem@knmi.nl) © 2005 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Paraglacial geomorphology: conceptual and methodological revival

The geomorphological approaches to study the cold-environment evolution have proved consistently interesting from the beginning of the 19th century. Yet, the topic of global warming and consequences on thermically sensitive environments has revived multidisciplinary approaches in polar, subpolar and high-mountain environments. So, glacial regions and their margins arouse a renewed scientific interest, where geomorphology contributes to the revival of concept and methodology. Thus a paraglaci.
Passive detection of moving targets

The paper presents the concept of passive detection of moving targets based on thermal radiation in microwave region. Up to now the passive detection of moving targets, especially airplanes and ground vehicles is performed using infrared sensor. The microwave radiometric methods are now widely used in many other fields of applications, such as radio astronomy, remote sensing, medicine, pollution control, mine detection and other. All these methods are based on measurement of power of thermal noise radiated by hot surface. The usage of power-only information is usually not sufficient to discriminate between moving and stationary target. To sense the target movement different phenomena can be applied. The most fundamental one is Doppler shift of the spectrum of radiating thermal noise. To perform this task complex envelope of received signal must be recorded and Doppler processing must be applied. The Doppler and time correlations are widely used in radio astronomy, for sensing the weather and for high-resolution image creation, but up to now was not exploited for moving target indication, so important in ATC applications. The fundamental problem - distinction between stationary and moving targets is performed by calculating range-Doppler correlation between thermal signals obtained from different localization in multi-static radiometric antenna constellation. Further more, using correlation principles, it is possible to obtain high resolution images of the detected objects.
Structural evolution during ice‐sphere sintering

Two‐dimensional ice‐sphere arrays were produced in a cold room and studied as a geometrically simplified model of dry snow aggregates. The structural evolution of the ice‐sphere arrays under either a quasi‐isothermal condition or a temperature gradient was examined temporally. Two observational techniques were combined for the structural characterization. Optical microscopy was used to perform periodic observations, whereas scanning electron microscopy was used to both acquire high‐resolution images and confirm the hexagonal crystal structure. Different thermal conditions led to the development of different morphologies of necks between two ice spheres by affecting the water vapour transfer in the pore spaces and the sublimation–condensation of water molecules. The microstructure of necks could also play a significant role in the structure development at later times by inducing or enhancing the local temperature gradient. This feature was discussed on the basis of steady‐state heat transfer modelling of a two‐sphere structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New chronological research of the late Bronze Age in Scandinavia

The concept of time dominating in archaeological science differs widely from that of prehistoric cultures. Still, ‘time’ is one of the most important criteria for the reception of cultural and historical processes. Compartmentalising time creates artificial breaches, used as methodical means of breaking down the continuum. This article analyses the currently valid chronological concept for the late Nordic Bronze Age created by Evert Baudou with the objective of finding possible toeholds for further subdivisions. Baudou’s generous conception of the time periods IV–V makes the realisation of chronological adjustments very difficult. Using Baudou’s catalogue of Danish grave finds, the author tries to further subdivide these time-horizons with the help of a correspondence analysis. By making use of several intermediate steps, it is possible to discern two more temporal subdivisions within the devolution of periods IV–V. The existence of these four phases is supported by 14C-dates.
RECONSTRUCTING THE PALEOECOLOGY OF TAUNG, SOUTH AFRICA FROM LOW MAGNIFICATION OF DENTAL MICROWEAR FEATURES IN FOSSIL PRIMATES

Abstract Taung, South Africa yielded the first Pliocene Hominini fossil, Australopithecus africanus, recovered from a lime quarry in 1924. To identify whether the habitat of the site differed from present-day conditions, dietary preferences of fossil papionins from Taung, including Parapapio antiquus (n = 8), Papio izodi (n = 12), and indeterminate specimens (n = 10) were examined under low magnification to discern patterns of dental microwear. The comparative fossil sample from Sterkfontein Member 4 includes Parapapio broomi (n = 10) and Parapapio jonesi (n = 5). Extant Papio ursinus (n = 20), a savanna-dwelling baboon from South Africa, provides a modern analogue. Six dental use-wear scars on the paracone of the second molar (M2) were recorded and the data analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey's test to detect whether group differences were present for each feature; linear regression identified significant covariation of microwear features. Principal components analysis and discriminant function analysis were utilized to identify species-specific dietary signals. Extant Papio ursinus is separated from the extinct taxa solely by a relatively greater number of fine scratches with respect to the other microwear features. Papio izodi overlaps primarily with extant Papio and secondarily with Parapapio, which forms a more discrete grouping that includes Parapapio antiquus from Taung. A wetter, more closed environment is suggested for Taung and Sterkfontein Member 4 compared to the habitat of present-day central South Africa.
Paleomagnetism and paleothermometry of the Sydney Basin 2. Origin of anomalously high unblocking temperatures

The Milton Monzonite of southeastern Australia was thermoviscously remagnetized as a result of Cretaceous burial and uplift. Thermal demagnetization separates the low unblocking temperature (LT) overprint from the high unblocking temperature (HT) primary remanence, with a relatively sharp junction between LT and HT components in vector projections. For single-domain grains, the junction temperature TL between two such vectors corresponds to the maximum blocking temperature Tr reactivated in nature, apart from a correction for the difference between natural and laboratory timescales. However, measured TL values are distributed over an implausibly wide range (>250°C) for burial remagnetization of an untilted intrusion like the Milton Monzonite. Furthermore, many TL values are anomalously high compared to the predictions of single-domain theory. Multidomain grains are the cause of these anomalies. Samples pretreated before thermal demagnetization by zero-field cycling to liquid nitrogen temperature, so as to erase multidomain remanence and isolate single-domain remanence, do have the theoretically expected TL values. In these samples, realistic remagnetization time and temperature (tr, Tr) conditions in nature are predicted using the t-T contours of Pullaiah et al. [1975]. The anomalously high TL values before low-temperature treatment are due to multidomain grains, which carry ≥50% of the LT overprint. The LT thermal demagnetization curve in samples dominated by multidomain grains is quasi-exponential in shape with a high-temperature tail extending almost to the Curie point, as predicted by multidomain theory. These high LT unblocking temperatures, which are much greater than plausible remagnetization temperatures reached in nature, overlap and mask the lower part of the HT unblocking temperature spectrum, driving up TL values and leading to inflated estimates of Tr. Although multidomain remanence is a sufficient explanation of anomalously high unblocking temperatures of thermoviscous overprints in the Milton Monzonite, chemical overprinting may be a factor in other lithologies and tectonic settings.