Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Large scale air—sea interactions with a simple general circulation model

We have coupled Lorenz's (1960) two-layer atmospheric model to a “copper plate” ocean to obtain a simple model that can be used to study the effects of large-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the dynamics of the atmosphere. With 164 degrees of freedom, the atmospheric model mimics the observed northern hemisphere energy cycle in fair detail. In three experiments, each lasting one year, we consider an ocean ( a ) with fixed temperature that depends only on latitude; ( b ) with fixed large-amplitude SST anomalies; and ( c ) with temperature determined by heat exchange with the air. Only in ( b ) are significant dynamical effects observed. These consist of a weak monsoon response in the subtropics and a tendency for storms to intensify over warm water at higher latitude. Experiment ( c ) developed SST anomalies that resemble the observed anomalies; however, the atmosphere and ocean in ( c ) differ insignificantly from the atmosphere and re-computed “slave ocean” in ( a ), even when the flows are averaged in reference frames moving with the anomalies. Our results suggest that the atmosphere may be too noisy to be much affected by SST anomalies on time scales over which the anomalies are themselves predictable. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976. tb00671.x
Finite Rationality and Interpersonal Complexity in Repeated Games

Finite complexity strategies suffice for approximating all subgame perfect equ ilibrium payoffs of repeated games. Generically, at such equilibria, no player's complexity exceeds the product of his opponents' complexi ties. Also, no player's memory exceeds the maximal memory of his oppo nents. The complexity of a strategy is defined here to equal the numb er of distinct strategies it induces in the various subgames. It equa ls the size (number of states) of the smallest automaton describing i t and also the number of states of the smallest information system ne eded for the implementation of the strategy. Copyright 1988 by The Econometric Society.
Optimal maintenance models for systems subject to failure–A Review

This paper is a state-of-the-art review of the literature related to optimal maintenance models of systems subject to failure. The emphasis is on work appearing since the 1976 survey, “A Survey of Maintenance Models: The Control and Surveillance of Deteriorating Systems,” by W.P. Pierskalla and J.A. Voelker, published in this journal.
Audiovisual integration in the absence of a McGurk effect

The McGurk effect, a change in perceived place of articulation due to an incongruent visual stimulus (e.g., auditory /pi/ with visual /ti/ perceived as /ti/), demonstrates the contribution of vision to speech perception. Interestingly, in a given experiment the McGurk effect typically does not occur on every trial. We investigated whether non‐McGurk trials result from a failure to perceptually integrate auditory and visual information by simultaneously manipulating visual place of articulation and visual speaking rate. Previous work [Green and Miller, Percept. Psychophys. 38, 269–276 (1985)] has shown that the boundary along an auditory /bi/–/pi/ voice‐onset‐time (VOT) continuum occurs at a longer VOT when the auditory stimulus is paired with a slow rather than a fast visual /pi/. We paired stimuli from an auditory /bi/–/pi/ continuum with fast and slow versions of a visual /ti/, and subjects identified each item as /b/, /p/, /d/, or /t/. We found a rate effect on McGurk trials, with the /d/–/t/ boundary occurring at a longer VOT when the visual stimulus was slow rather than fast. Importantly, we found a comparable rate effect for the /b/–/p/ boundary on non‐McGurk trials. This indicates that audiovisual integration occurs even in the absence of a McGurk effect. [Work supported by NIH/NIDCD. ]
Effects of musical experience on perception of audiovisual synchrony for speech and music

Perception of audiovisual synchrony relies on matching temporal attributes across sensory modalities. To investigate the influence of experience on cross-modal temporal integration, the effect of musical experience on the perception of audiovisual synchrony was studied with speech and music stimuli. Nine musicians and nine non-musicians meeting strict group criteria provided simultaneity judgments to audiovisual /ba/ and guitar-strum stimuli, each with 23 levels of audiovisual alignment. Although results for the speech and music stimuli differed, the two groups did not differ in their responses to the two types of stimuli. Consistent with previous research, responses from both groups show less temporal sensitivity to stimuli with video-lead than audio-lead. No significant between-group difference was found for video-lead thresholds. However, both for the speech and music stimuli, musicians had an audio-lead threshold significantly closer to the point of physical synchrony than non-musicians, indicating th.
COMPLEX NORMAL FORM FOR STRONGLY NON-LINEAR VIBRATION SYSTEMS EXEMPLIFIED BY DUFFING–VAN DER POL EQUATION

Abstract We extend the normal form method to study the asymptotic solutions of strongly non-linear oscillatorsu+ω2u=f](u,u), wheref(u,u) contains only linear and cubic non-linear terms. The novel contribution is the ansatzu=ξ+ξ,u=iω1(ξ−ξ) where ω1is to be determined, allowing for the change of the fundamental frequency during the course of vibration, rather than usingu=ξ+ξ,u=iω(ξ−ξ) as suggested by Nayfeh. With the present method, not only the stability of the periodic solutions but also the asymptotic expressions for the periodic solutions can be obtained easily. The results obtained by the method presented coincide very well with the results obtained by numerical integration for the Duffing–van der Pol oscillator withf(u,u)=μ(1−u2)u−βu3. When ω=μ=β=1, Nayfeh's method givers qualitatively different results from the numerical integration while our method works well even when ω=1, μ=β=3, since Nayfeh's method is based on weak non-linearities and ω=1, μ=β=3 is beyond the valid range of assumption.
Large Step Shear Strain Experiments with Parallel‐Disk Rotational Rheometers

A new method is proposed and tested for step shear strain experiments with parallel‐disk rotational rheometers. The method is applicable to large strains, i.e., outside the linear viscoelastic region. The nonhomogeneity of the strain in the parallel‐disk rheometer is accounted for by a correction term which is similar to the well‐known Rabinowitsch correction in capillary rheometry. The transient shear relaxation moduli of a low‐density polyethylene (150°C) and of a polystyrene (180°C) from this method agree very well with equivalent data from a cone‐and‐plate rheometer. The two different geometries give an overlapping set of data; small‐strain data (γ=0.1−5) from cone‐and‐plate and large‐strain data (γ=0.4−25) from parallel disk. The step strain data support the separability of the relaxation modulus into time‐ and strain‐dependent functions. The strain dependence is well approximated by a sigmoidal function. The data were obtained with a Rheometrics dynamic spectrometer having a maximum angular displace.
Convergence analysis of the Schwarz algorithm and multilevel decomposition iterative methods II: nonselfadjoint and indefinite elliptic problems

Convergence estimate for the Schwarz alternating algorithm applied to nonselfadjoint and indefinite elliptic problems is established for a certain overlapping domain decomposition. Multilevel iterative algorithms are proposed and analyzed for the finite element method for the same problem with locally refined grids. The author shows that the algorithm based on the hierarchical basis decomposition converges with rate bounded by $1 - Cj^{ - 2} $, where j is the number of levels. The author also analyzes the algorithm based on the full multigrid decomposition and shows that the algorithm converges with rate $1 - Cj^{ -1} $ for problems of any dimension. All the results are established without regularity assumption for the differential equation.
Separation of intra- and intergranular magnetotransport properties in nanocrystalline diamond films on the metallic side of the metal–insulator transition

A systematic study on the morphology and electronic properties of thin heavily boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films is presented. The films have nominally the same thickness (≈150 nm) and are grown with a fixed B/C ratio (5000 ppm) but with different C/H ratios (0.5–5%) in the gas phase. The morphology of the films is investigated by x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy measurements, which confirm that lower C/H ratios lead to a larger average grain size. Magnetotransport measurements reveal a decrease in resistivity and a large increase in mobility, approaching the values obtained for single-crystal diamond as the average grain size of the films increases. In all films, the temperature dependence of resistivity decreases with larger grains and the charge carrier density and mobility are thermally activated. It is possible to separate the intra- and intergrain contributions for resistivity and mobility, which indicates that in these complex systems Matthiessen's rule is followed. The concentration of active charge carriers is reduced when the boron-doped NCD is grown with a lower C/H ratio. This is due to lower boron incorporation, which is confirmed by neutron depth profiling.
Integral Sliding Mode Control with Anti-windup Compensation and its Application to a Power Assist System

In this paper we deal with compensation for controller windup due to actuator saturation in the integral sliding mode control. It is shown that the actuator saturation in the integral sliding mode control causes windup problem similar to the so-called integrator windup, which often takes place in linear control systems with integral action. A simple modification for the switching function is presented in order to reduce the discontinuous component of the control input during saturation. This can be seen as a variable switching function. Furthermore, the proposed anti-windup compensation is applied to a power-assisted manipulator with a single degree of freedom. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Q0957+561: Detailed models of the gravitational lens effect

Further observations and theoretical work on Q0957+561 are presented. The galaxy responsible for causing multiple gravitational lens images of Q0957+561 has been reobserved spectroscopically, and we give a more accurate redshift z_d =0.36. In 1980 January, component B had brightened by 0.3 mag and was equal to A. We have further analyzed our CCD data on the surrounding cluster of galaxies, and we give a list of 180 objects (146 galaxies, 32 stars, and 2 QSO images) to a limiting magnitude r=24.5. The data indicate that the center of luminosity of the cluster is about 23" west of the QSO images. Detailed models of the gravitational lens effect have been computed. These models can explain all optical and radio data for the system. They predict time delays of up to 5 years between variations in the A and B images (with A preceding B). We believe the third image is rather faint and located close to the center of the lens galaxy. It is possible that the third image contributes to the observed galaxy core. We discuss the possibility that this system may be used to measure H_0. Given two time delays among the three images, such measurements may be successful if no further complications in the imaging arise.
3D image quality of 200-inch glasses-free 3D display system

We have proposed a glasses-free three-dimensional (3D) display for displaying 3D images on a large screen using multi-projectors and an optical screen consisting of a special diffuser film with a large condenser lens. To achieve high presence communication with natural large-screen 3D images, we numerically analyze the factors responsible for degrading image quality to increase the image size. A major factor that determines the 3D image quality is the arrangement of component units, such as the projector array and condenser lens, as well as the diffuser film characteristics. We design and fabricate a prototype 200-inch glasses-free 3D display system on the basis of the numerical results. We select a suitable diffuser film, and we combine it with an optimally designed condenser lens. We use 57 high-definition projector units to obtain viewing angles of 13.5°. The prototype system can display glasses-free 3D images of a life-size car using natural parallax images.
Water content distribution imaging of skin tissue using near-infrared camera and measurement depth analysis

Wavelength-dependent light penetration depth in the measurement of water distribution of the skin tissue is analyzed. Near-infrared (NIR) imaging enables 2-D water content map on the skin tissue because water absorbs light strongly in the NIR region particularly around the wavelengths of 1450 and 1920 nm. However, the depth of the light penetration depends largely on wavelength as the absorption coefficient of water changes considerably in the NIR range. We investigate the measurement depth of the water content mapping with a NIR camera and bandpass filters at the wavelengths of 1300, 1450 and 1920 nm. Analysis is performed with Monte Carlo light scattering simulation adopting the optical parameters which is derived from the depth profile of the water contents measured by the confocal Raman spectroscopy. It is found that the NIR image in 1920 nm gives the highest sensitivity to the water content in the surface layer of the skin tissue.
Intelligent inventory management for packaged gases

Gas cylinders are used in many different situations, such as in research, in industry, in healthcare, and even in the home. Due to demand in such a wide variety of circumstances, there is the inevitable ambition of gas suppliers to improve the efficiency of their business. To this end, a prototype inventory management has been implemented in order to provide such improved efficiency whilst also integrating sensors in order to monitor gas cylinders from a safety perspective. The prototype system is presented in this paper and its operation described in detail. Preliminary results from the prototype system are also shown and the sensors implemented for demonstration are discussed. Future work to be conducted is also alluded to.
Measurement of internal quantum efficiency and losses in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

A new experimental technique for the measurement of intrinsic parameters of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers is suggested. Using an external cavity with variable reflectivity we measure the internal quantum efficiency of ηi=0.6 and internal losses of αi=10 cm−1 in a gain guided AlGaAs/GaAs laser operating at 850 nm. In addition, transparency current of I0∼0.46×Ith is obtained, in excellent agreement with a direct measurement.
Neutral hydrogen gas in 7 high-inclination spiral galaxies - I. The data

High-sensitivity interferometric H i line observations of a small sample of seven galaxies with limiting column densities of a few times 10 19 cm -2 are presented. A tilted ring model fitting routine was used to determine some global characteristics of the H i distribution and kinematics in the galaxy disks. 4 of the 7 galaxies have low maximum rotation velocities of $\la$125 km s -1 , indicating that they are low-mass systems. Visual inspection shows that at least one galaxy, NGC 4700, exhibits signs of extraplanar H i emission. An in-depth search for H i gas in the galaxy halos and the determination of halo gas properties, based on three-dimensional modeling, will follow in a separate publication. Companion galaxies were detected in H i line emission near 3 of the 7 sample galaxies: NGC 1511, NGC 4565 and NGC 4700. One of these, NGC 1511, is found to be strongly interacting and is therefore not suitable for a study of the dependence of its halo properties on the level of star formation activity in the underlying disk. In the case of NGC 4700 the companion galaxy has no visible influence on its gas kinematics, while NGC 4565 might be affected by its interaction with two small companions.
Sub‐Wavelength Antireflection Coatings From Nanostructure Sculptured Thin Films

Nanostructure sculptured thin films from SiO2 are grown on quartz substrates by ion beam sputter deposition using rotating substrate motion accommodated to an oblique angle of incidence for the particle flux. Structural peculiarities of sculptured thin films have an intriguing impact on the optical response upon reflection of light with different wavelengths. The reflectivity of quartz substrates coated with SiO2 sub‐wavelength nanostructures is simulated by means of effective medium theory and antireflection is predicted for the deep ultraviolet spectral region. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and reflectivity measurements are performed on SiO2 sculptured thin films and antireflection near λ = 193 nm is found. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Orientational phase transition of tilted molecules moving in a planar layer—tentative model for the smectic- C phase

A recent x-ray study, by De Jeu and De Poorter, of the smectic phases of heptyloxybenzylidene-pentylaniline shows that the individual molecules are tilted with respect to the layer normal in both the smectic-$A$ and the smectic-$C$ phases. We demonstrate here that a system of long molecules, moving within a planar layer, and making a fixed angle $\ensuremath{\epsilon}g0$ with the layer normal, has a second-order transition from a phase with disordered tilt directions to a phase with the tilt directions aligned along some axis. It is suggested that this model phase transition underlies the smectic-$A$\char22{}smectic-$C$ transition, at least in those cases where the smectic-$A$ layer thickness is significantly smaller than the molecular length. In this model the effective tilt angle $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, as measured in optical and magnetic resonance experiments, grows continuously with increasing order of the tilt directions, and saturates at the value $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. On the other hand, the biaxiality ($\ensuremath{\Delta}$) in the molecular orientational order passes through a maximum and remains small at all temperatures; e.g., we find $|\ensuremath{\Delta}|l6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The phase transition is driven by the gains in translational entropy and total attractive energy which accompany an increase in order of the tilt directions. (At the transition temperature these effects balance the loss in orientational entropy.)
A counterrotating core in the merger remnant candidate NGC 3656 (ARP 155)

A study is presented of the internal velocity structure of NGC 3656, a galaxy with several morphological signatures of being in an advanced merger stage. Rotation curves obtained for two slit-position angles show that the inner 1 kpc rotates around an axis roughly perpendicular to the rotation axis in the main body of the galaxy. There are indications that the galaxy is not dynamically relaxed at intermediate radii. The presence of an orthorotating core in a dynamically young galaxy with a dust disk and a shell system provides strong evidence linking kinematically peculiar cores to mergers. However, relating the various merger signatures in this system is not straightforward, as the core and the dust disk rotate around axes perpendicular to each other, which may indicate an independent origin. 20 refs.
Metallic emission lines during the impacts L and Q1 of comet P/Shoemaker Levy 9 in Jupiter

High resolution spectroscopy of the impacts and impact sites of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 in Jupiter has been performed at the Pic-du-Midi observatory, France. The transient emission of seven emission lines from five different metals (Na, Fe, Ca, Li, K) and of the Hα line have been identified in spectra from the fresh impact sites of fragments L and Q1.
Molecular dynamics investigation of dynamic crack stability

A series of molecular-dynamics simulations has been performed in order to evaluate the effects of several physical factors on dynamic crack stability. These factors are the crystalline structure and the interatomic interaction modeled by various empirical potentials. For brittle crack propagation at low temperature we find that steady-state crack velocities are limited to a band of accessible values. Increasing the overload beyond ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{Ic}}$, the crack can propagate with a steady-state velocity, which quickly reaches the terminal velocity of about 0.4 of the Rayleigh wave speed. The magnitude of the terminal velocity can be related to the nonlinearity of the interatomic interaction. Further increasing the overload does not change the steady-state velocity dramatically, but significantly increases the amplitude of acoustic emission from the crack tip. Loading the crack even further leads to instabilities which take the form of cleavage steps, dislocation emission, or branching. The instability is closely related to the buildup of a localized coherent, phononlike field generated by the bond-breaking events. The form of the instability depends critically on crystal structure and on the crystallographic orientation of the crack system but can also be correlated with the relative ease of dislocation generation (and motion).
Electron beam tuning of carrier concentrations in oxide nanowires

In spite of the attractive electrical properties of metal oxide nanowires, it is difficult to tune their surface states, notably the ionic adsorbents and oxygen vacancies, both of which can cause instability, degradation, and the irreproducibility or unrepeatable changes of the electrical characteristics. In order to control the surface states of the nanowires, electron beams were locally irradiated onto the channels of metal oxide nanowire field effect transistors. This high energy electron beam irradiation changed the electrical properties of the individual metal oxide nanowires, due to the removal of the negative adsorbents (O2-, O-). The detachment of the ionic adsorbents changes the charge states of the nanowires, resulting in the enhancement of the electrical conductance in n-type nanowires (ZnO, SnO2) and the degradation of the conductance in p-type nanowires (CuO). By investigating the changes in the electrical properties of nanowire devices in air or vacuum, with or without exposure to electron b.
Constrained subgrid-scale stress model for large eddy simulation

In this letter, we propose to impose physical constraints in the dynamic procedure of the dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) stress model in large eddy simulation, and to calculate the SGS model coefficients using a constrained variation. Numerical simulations of forced and decaying isotropic turbulence demonstrate that the constrained dynamic mixed model predicts the energy evolution and the SGS energy dissipation well. The constrained SGS model also shows a strong correlation with the real stress and is able to capture the energy backscatter, manifesting a desirable feature of combining the advantages of dynamics Smagorinsky and mixed models.