Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The squashed fuzzy sphere, fuzzy strings and the Landau problem

We discuss the squashed fuzzy sphere, which is a projection of the fuzzy sphere onto the equatorial plane, and use it to illustrate the stringy aspects of noncommutative field theory. We elaborate explicitly how strings linking its two coincident sheets arise in terms of fuzzy spherical harmonics. In the large N limit, the matrix-model Laplacian is shown to correctly reproduce the semi-classical dynamics of these charged strings, as given by the Landau problem.
On the Behavior of Marginal and Conditional Akaike Information Criteria in Linear Mixed Models

SUMMARY In linear mixed models, model selection frequently includes the selection of random effects. Two versions of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) have been used, based either on the marginal or on the conditional distribution. We show that the marginal AIC is no longer an asymptotically unbiased estimator of the Akaike information, and in fact favours smaller models without random effects. For the conditional AIC, we show that ignoring estimation uncertainty in the random effects covariance matrix, as is common practice, induces a bias that leads to the selection of any random effect not predicted to be exactly zero. We derive an analytic representation of a corrected version of the conditional AIC, which avoids the high computational cost and imprecision of available numerical approximations. An implementation in an R package is provided. All theoretical results are illustrated in simulation studies, and their impact in practice is investigated in an analysis of childhood malnutrition in Zambia.
EFFECTS OF ROADS

Road systems in Australia appear to be distinctive in that many roadsides support strips of remnant forest, woodland or shrubland (Scott 1981; Grieves and Lloyd 1984; Walling 1985; Arnold et al. 1987; Hussey 1987; Bennett 1987). In the case of fauna, Hunt et al. (1987) demonstrated that roadside verges with a dense cover of native flora supported significantly higher numbers of native wildlife than barren or continually mowed roadside areas.
Variational representations for the Parisi functional and the two-dimensional Guerra-Talagrand bound

The validity of the Parisi formula in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model (SK) was initially proved by Talagrand [18]. The central argument therein relied on a very dedicated study of the coupled free energy via the two-dimensional Guerra-Talagrand (GT) replica symmetry breaking bound. It is believed that this bound and its higher dimensional generalization are highly related to the conjectures of temperature chaos and ultrametricity in the SK model, but a complete investigation remains elusive. Motivated by Bovier-Klimovsky [2] and Auffinger-Chen [3], the aim of this paper is to present a novel approach to analyzing the Parisi functional and the two-dimensional GT bound in the mixed $p$-spin models in terms of optimal stochastic control problems. We compute the directional derivative of the Parisi functional and derive equivalent criteria for the Parisi measure. We demonstrate how our approach provides a simple and efficient control for the GT bound that yields several new results on Talagrand's positivity of the overlap [20,Section 14.12] and disorder chaos in Chatterjee [5] and Chen [6]. In particular, we provide some examples of the models containing odd $p$-spin interactions.
Chemical composition of globular cluster stars

High resolution spectra of six giants belonging to galactic globular clusters and accurate abundance determinations of various elements, obtained by means of model atmosphere analysis, are presented. It is found that the Q 39 index becomes extremely sensitive to a change in metallicity in objects with [Fe/H] > −1, ruling out the linearity of the relation Q 39 = f([He/H]). The overabundance of α-elements found by previous authors is confirmed. The results are discussed in the light models of self-enrichment of globular clusters
DSAFF-Net: A Backbone Network Based on Mask R-CNN for Small Object Detection

Recently, object detection based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has developed rapidly. The backbone networks for basic feature extraction are an important component of the whole detection task. Therefore, we present a new feature extraction strategy in this paper, which name is DSAFF-Net. In this strategy, we design: 1) a sandwich attention feature fusion module (SAFF module). Its purpose is to enhance the semantic information of shallow features and resolution of deep features, which is beneficial to small object detection after feature fusion. 2) to add a new stage called D-block to alleviate the disadvantages of decreasing spatial resolution when the pooling layer increases the receptive field. The method proposed in the new stage replaces the original method of obtaining the P6 feature map and uses the result as the input of the regional proposal network (RPN). In the experimental phase, we use the new strategy to extract features. The experiment takes the public dataset of Microsoft Common Objects in Context (MS COCO) object detection and the dataset of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) image classification as the experimental object respectively. The results show that the average recognition accuracy of COVID-19 in the classification dataset is improved to 98.163%, and small object detection in object detection tasks is improved by 4.0%. © 2023 Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.
Increasing the efficiency of photon collection in LArTPCs: the ARAPUCA light trap

The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) are a choice for the next generation of large neutrino detectors due to their optimal performance in particle tracking and calorimetry. The detection of Argon scintillation light plays a crucial role in the event reconstruction as well as the time reference for non-beam physics such as supernovae neutrino detection and baryon number violation studies. In this contribution, we present the current R&D work on the ARAPUCA (Argon R&D Advanced Program at UNICAMP), a light trap device to enhance Ar scintillation light collection and thus the overall performance of LArTPCs. The ARAPUCA working principle is based on a suitable combination of dichroic filters and wavelength shifters to achieve a high efficiency in light collection. We discuss the operational principles, the last results of laboratory tests and the application of the ARAPUCA as the alternative photon detection system in the protoDUNE detector.
Classical and Quantum Field Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensates

We study the application of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) to simulations of phenomena across a number of disciplines in physics, using theoretical and computational methods. Collapsing condensates as created by E. Donley et al. [Nature 415, 39 (2002)] exhibit potentially useful parallels to an inflationary universe. To enable the exploitation of this analogy, we check if current quantum field theories describe collapsing condensates quantitatively, by targeting the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical values for the time to collapse. To this end, we couple the lowest order quantum field correlation functions to the condensate wavefunction, and solve the resulting Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations numerically. Complementarily, we perform stochastic truncated Wigner simulations of the collapse. Both methods also allow us to study finite temperature effects. We find with neither method that quantum corrections lead to a faster collapse than is predicted by Gross-Pitaevskii theory. We conclude that the discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical values of the collapse time cannot be explained by Gaussian quantum fluctuations or finite temperature effects. Further studies are thus required before the full analogue cosmology potential of collapsing condensates can be utilised. As the next project, we find experimental parameter regimes in which stable three-dimensional Skyrmions can exist in a condensate. We show that their stability in a harmonic trap depends critically on scattering lengths, atom numbers, trap rotation and trap anisotropy. In particular, for the Rb |F = 1, mf = −1〉, |F = 2, mf = 1〉 hyperfine states, stability is sensitive to the scattering lengths at the 2% level. We find stable Skyrmions with slightly more than 2×106 atoms, which can be stabilised against drifting out of the trap by laser pinning. As a stepping stone towards Skyrmions, we propose a method for the stabilisation of a stack of parallel vortex rings in a Bose-Einstein condensate. The method makes use of a “hollow” laser beam containing an optical vortex, which
Is it possible to consider Dark Energy and Dark Matter as a same and unique Dark Fluid

In the standard model of cosmology, the present evolution of the Universe is determined by the presence of two components of unknown nature. One of them is referenced as ``dark matter'' to justify the fact that it behaves cosmologically like usual baryonic matter, whereas the other one is called ``dark energy'', which is a component with a negative pressure. As the nature of both dark components remains unknown, it is interesting to consider other models. In particular, it seems that the cosmological observations can also be understood for a Universe which does not contain two fluids of unknown nature, but only one fluid with other properties. To arrive to this conclusion, we will review the observational constraints from supernovae of type Ia, cosmic microwave background, large scale structures, and the theoretical results of big-bang nucleosynthesis. We will try to determine constraints on this unifying ``dark fluid'', and briefly review different possibilities to build models of dark fluid.
GRB 110213A: A Study of Afterglow Electromagnetic Cascade Radiation

We obtained well-sampled optical photometry of GRB 110213A, including Swift/UVOT and XRT. Combining our data from those of other ground-based telescopes, we present 15 optical multicolor light curves showing similar shapes with two peaks. In contrast, in the X-ray band, only a single peak is observed between the two optical peaks. Temporal and spectral analysis of GRB 110213A shows that the X-rays differ from the optical for Phases I–III (before the second peak of the optical band at ∼5.6 ks). Moreover, they have the same spectral behavior at late times (Phases IV–VI). These data indicate that the optical and X-ray emission are dominated by different components. The synchrotron-supported pair cascade emission is included in the standard external forward-shock model, which is dominated by synchrotron radiation and synchrotron self-Compton (SSC). We find that the optical bands of GRB 110213A are dominated by the cascade emission from synchrotron radiation + SSC at the early stage, while the primary synchrotron + SSC radiation dominates the X-ray band. At late stages, both the X-ray and optical bands are dominated by emission from primary synchrotron + SSC radiation. The cascade component can reasonably explain the first optical peak. In contrast, the primary synchrotron + SSC emission mainly contributes to the second peak.
Consistent account of deuteron-induced reactions on 
natCr
 up to 60 MeV

Purpose: Accurate new measurements of low-energy deuteron-induced reaction cross sections for natural Cr target can enhance the related database and the opportunity for an unitary and consistent account of the involved reaction mechanisms. Methods: The activation cross sections of $^{51,52,54}$Mn, $^{51}$Cr, and $^{48}$V nuclei for deuterons incident on natural Cr at energies up to 20 MeV, were measured by the stacked-foil technique and high resolution gamma spectrometry using U-120M cyclotron of the Center of Accelerators and Nuclear Analytical Methods (CANAM) of the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (NPI CAS). They as well as formerly available data for deuteron interactions with Cr isotopes up to 60 MeV are the object of an extended analysis of all processes from elastic scattering until the evaporation from fully equilibrated compound system, but with a particular attention given to the BU and DR mechanisms. Results: The new measured activation excitation functions proved essential for the enrichment of the deuteron database, while the theoretical analysis of all available data strengthens for the first time their consistent account provided that (i) a suitable BU and DR assessment is completed by (ii) the assumption of PE and CN contributions corrected for decrease of the total-reaction cross section due to the leakage of the initial deuteron flux towards BU and DR processes. Conclusions: The suitable description of nuclear mechanisms involved within deuteron-induced reactions on chromium, taking into account especially the BU and DR direct processes, is validated by an overall agreement of the calculated and measured cross sections including particularly the new experimental data at low energies.
Local transport in a disorder-stabilized correlated insulating phase

We report the experimental realization of a correlated insulating phase in two-dimensional (2D) GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures at low electron densities in a limited window of background disorder. This has been achieved at mesoscopic length scales, where the insulating phase is characterized by a universal hopping transport mechanism. Transport in this regime is determined only by the average electron separation, independent of the topology of background disorder. We have discussed this observation in terms of a pinned electron solid ground state, stabilized by the mutual interplay of disorder and Coulomb interaction.
Uncertainties in the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich-selected Cluster Angular Power Spectrum

Large Sunyaev-Zel'dovich-selected galaxy cluster surveys are beginning imminently. We compare the dependence of the galaxy cluster angular power spectrum on cosmological parameters, different modeling assumptions, and statistical observational errors. We quantify the degeneracies between theoretical assumptions such as the mass function and cosmological parameters such as σ8. We also identify a rough scaling behavior of this angular power spectrum with σ8 alone.
Quantum vortices in optical lattices

A vortex in a superfluid gas inside an optical lattice can behave as a massive particle moving in a periodic potential and exhibiting quantum properties. In this paper we discuss these properties and show that the excitation of vortex dynamics in a two-dimensional lattice can lead to striking measurable changes in its dynamic response. It would be possible by means of Bragg spectroscopy to carry out the first direct measurement of the effective vortex mass. In addition, the experiments proposed here provide an alternative way to study the pinning to the underlying lattice and the dissipative damping.
Notes on soliton bound state problems in gauge theory and string theory

We review four basic examples where string theory and/or field theory dualities predict the existence of soliton bound-states. These include the existence of threshold bound-states of D0 branes required by IIA/M duality and the closely-related bound-states of instantons in the maximally supersymmetric five dimensional gauge theory. In the IIB theory we discuss (p,q)-strings as bound-states of D and F strings, as well as the corresponding bound-states of monopoles and dyons in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory whose existence was predicted by Sen. In particular we consider the L^2-index theory relevant for counting these states. In each case we show that the bulk contribution to the index can be evaluated by relating it to an instanton effect in the corresponding theory with a compact Euclidean time dimension. The boundary contribution to the index can be determined by considering the asymptotic regions of the relevant moduli space.
Enhancing Global Network Monitoring with Magnifier

Monitoring where traffic enters and leaves a network is a routine task for network operators. In order to scale with Tbps of traffic, large Internet Service Providers (ISPs) mainly use traffic sampling for such global monitoring. Sampling either provides a sparse view or generates unreasonable overhead . While sampling can be tailored and optimized to specific contexts, this coverage–overhead trade-off is unavoidable. Rather than optimizing sampling, we propose to “magnify” the sampling coverage by complementing it with mirroring. Magnifier enhances the global network view using a two-step approach: based on sampling data, it first infers traffic ingress and egress points using a heuristic, then it uses mirroring to validate these inferences efficiently. The key idea behind Magnifier is to use negative mirroring rules; i.e. ,monitorwhere traffic should not go. We implement Magnifier on commercial routers and demonstrate that it indeed enhances the global network view with negligible traffic overhead. Finally, we observe that monitoring based on our heuristics also allows to detect other events, such as certain failures and DDoS attacks.
Experimental access to higher-dimensional entangled quantum systems using integrated optics

Integrated optics allow the generation and control of increasingly complex photonic states on chip based architectures. Here, we implement two entangled qutrits - a 9-dimensional quantum system - and demonstrate an exceptionally high degree of experimental control. The approach which is conceptually different to common bulk optical implementations is heavily based on methods of integrated in-fiber and on-chip technologies and further motivated by methods commonly used in today's telecommunication industry. The system is composed of an in-fiber source creating entangled qutrit states of any amplitude and phase and an on-chip integrated general Multiport enabling the realization of any desired local unitary transformation within the two qutrit 9-dimensional Hilbert space. The complete design is readily extendible towards higher-dimensions with moderate increase in complexity. Ultimately, our scheme allows for complete on-chip integration. We demonstrate the flexibility and generality of our system by realizing a complete characterization of the two qutrit space of higher-order Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations.
Analyzing the Representational Geometry of Acoustic Word Embeddings

Acoustic word embeddings (AWEs) are fixed-dimensionality vector representations in a vector space such that different acoustic exemplars of the same word are projected nearby in the embedding space. In addition to their use in speech technology applications such as spoken term discovery and keyword spotting, AWE models have been adopted as models of spoken-word processing in several cognitively motivated studies and they have shown to exhibit a human-like performance in some auditory processing tasks. Nevertheless, the representation geometry of AWEs remains an under-explored topic that has not been studied in the literature. In this paper, we take a closer analytical look at AWEs and study how the choice of the learning objective and the architecture shapes their representational profile. Our main findings highlight the prominent role of the learning objective on the representational geometry over the architecture.
A N E XTENSIBLE B ENCHMARK S UITE FOR L EARNING TO S IMULATE P HYSICAL S YSTEMS

Time integration of models of physical systems is a core task of scientiﬁc computing. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in data-driven methods that learn from data a model of the physical system and then integrate it in time to make predictions. This work introduces benchmarks for evaluating data-driven methods on a variety of physical systems and proposes evaluation scenarios. The proposed benchmarks comprise three representative physical systems (spring, spring mesh, wave) and a collection of classical time integrators as baselines. For demonstration purposes, we apply several data-driven methods to the benchmarks and report accuracy and computational efﬁciency
Circulating biomarkers in oral cancer: Unravelling the mystery

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is among the most common malignancies and a leading cause of death in developing countries. Late diagnosis and regional and/or distant metastasis worsen the prognosis of this condition. Despite the advances in diagnostic modalities and management strategies, there is little improvement in the 5-year survival rate. A deeper insight into the molecular events of various tumours has enabled the use of minimally invasive methods for monitoring disease progression, prognostication and treatment monitoring. Although studies in OSCC are preliminary, the use of liquid biopsies has opened new frontiers for the development of biomarkers that can serve as alternatives to conventional biopsies and imaging methods. Circulating biomarkers in blood allow for the real-time monitoring of tumour and therapeutic responses. This review aims to outline the promises and challenges of circulating biomarkers in OSCC with special emphasis on circulating tumour cells, circulating tumor DNA, and exosomes.
Centromere Protein F (CENPF): A novel marker for salivary gland pathology

Background: Salivary gland tumours are relatively uncommon, and there exists considerable diagnostic difficulty. This is due to individual lesions having diverse histopathological features, presence of number of types and variants, and overlapping histological features in different tumour entities. Aim: The current study aimed at assessing the expression of centromere protein F (CENPF) in benign and malignant salivary gland tumours and to evaluate the efficacy of CENPF as a proliferative marker to aid in the diagnosis of malignancy so that it will help in surgical pathology practice. Materials and Methods: The study group involved 20 cases of benign salivary gland tumours, 20 cases of malignant salivary gland tumours, and 10 normal salivary gland tissues. All the cases were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for CENPF expression and were assessed by two independent observers and further taken up for evaluation. Statistical Analysis: The results were analysed statistically among different groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal–Wallis test with Chi-squared test using IBM's Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Results: CENPF expression in normal salivary gland was negative with gradual increase in expression from benign salivary gland tumours to malignant salivary gland tumours. CENPF expression was high in malignant salivary gland tumours. Conclusion: Findings of the study suggest that CENPF can be regarded as a new cell proliferation marker for malignant salivary gland tumours.
Prevalence and Predicting Factors of Alcohol Use Among School Going Adolescents in a Hilly State of Northern India

Background: Alcohol use among adolescents is rising globally. This habit starts in adolescence and continues throughout their life. Alcohol addiction is associated with many other risky behaviors. Social environmental interventions will be an effective measure to control the problem of alcohol use. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use among adolescents and to investigate the associated risk and protective factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among school going adolescents in the hilly state Himachal. A pre-validated, self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: The prevalence of alcohol use in adolescent was 6.1% (10.7% in males and 0.4% in females). Binary logistic regression model revealed that parent's and peer's drinking behavior significantly predicts an adolescent's drinking behavior. Conclusion: Our research supports the need for an adolescent health program involving school, peers, and family. Life skill education should be given to the adolescents to inculcate the resilience so that they learn to say no to peers who try to pull them into such habits.