Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF NEW INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM PARAMETERS ON THE HELIOSPHERE AND ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOMS FROM THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY

We present new results from three-dimensional simulations of the solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium (LISM) using recent observations by NASA's Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) mission estimates of the velocity and temperature of the LISM. We investigate four strengths of the LISM magnetic field, from 1 to 4 μG, and adjust the LISM proton and hydrogen densities so that the distance to the termination shock (TS) in the directions of the Voyager spacecraft is just below 90 AU, and the density of hydrogen at the TS is close to 0.09 cm−3 in the nose direction. The orientation of the magnetic field is chosen to point toward the center of the ribbon of enhanced energetic neutral atom (ENA) flux seen in the IBEX data. Our simulations show that the plasma and neutral properties in the outer heliosheath vary considerably as a function of the LISM magnetic field strength. We also show that the heliotail points downwind in all cases, though its structure is strongly affected by the external magnetic field. Comparison and consistency between the simulated ENA flux and the circularity of the ribbon as measured by IBEX are most consistent with a LISM magnetic field strength aligned with the center of the ribbon and a magnitude in the range 2.5–3 μG.
Nonlinear macroscopic polarization in III-V nitride alloys

We study the dependence of macroscopic polarization on composition and strain in wurtzite III-V nitride ternary alloys using ab initio density-functional techniques. The spontaneous polarization is characterized by a large bowing, strongly dependent on the alloy microscopic structure. The bowing is due to the different response of the bulk binaries to hydrostatic pressure and to internal strain effects (bond alternation). Disorder effects are instead minor. Deviations from parabolicity (simple bowing) are of order 10% in the most extreme case of AlInN alloys, much less at all other compositions. Piezoelectric polarization is also strongly nonlinear. At variance with the spontaneous component, this behavior is independent of microscopic alloy structure or disorder effects, and due entirely to the nonlinear strain dependence of the bulk piezoelectric response. It is thus possible to predict the piezoelectric polarization for any alloy composition using the piezoelectricity of the parent binaries.
Cold hybrid ion-atom systems

Hybrid systems of laser-cooled trapped ions and ultracold atoms combined in a single experimental setup have recently emerged as a new platform for fundamental research in quantum physics. This paper reviews the theoretical and experimental progress in research on cold hybrid ion-atom systems which aim to combine the best features of the two well-established fields. A broad overview is provided of the theoretical description of ion-atom mixtures and their applications, and a report is given on advances in experiments with ions trapped in Paul or dipole traps overlapped with a cloud of cold atoms, and with ions directly produced in a Bose-Einstein condensate. This review begins with microscopic models describing the electronic structure, interactions, and collisional physics of ion-atom systems at low and ultralow temperatures, including radiative and nonradiative charge-transfer processes and their control with magnetically tunable Feshbach resonances. Then the relevant experimental techniques and the intrinsic properties of hybrid systems are described. In particular, the impact is discussed of the micromotion of ions in Paul traps on ion-atom hybrid systems. Next, a review of recent proposals is given for using ions immersed in ultracold gases for studying cold collisions, chemistry, many-body physics, quantum simulation, and quantum computation and their experimental realizations. The last part focuses on the formation of molecular ions via spontaneous radiative association, photoassociation, magnetoassociation, and sympathetic cooling. Applications and prospects are discussed of cold molecular ions for cold controlled chemistry and precision spectroscopy.
Structure of the Coulomb and unitarity corrections to the cross section of e + e - pair production in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions

We analyze the structure of the Coulomb and unitarity corrections to the single e + e - pair production, as well as the cross section σ n for the multiple pair production in collision of ultra-relativistic nuclei. In the external field approximation, we consider the probability of one pair production at a fixed impact parameter p between colliding nuclei. We obtain the analytical result for this probability at large p as compared to the electron Compton wavelength. The energy dependence of this probability, as well as that of σ n , differ essentially from widely cited but incorrect results. We estimate also the unitary corrections to the total cross section of the process.
Average [O II] nebular emission associated with Mg II absorbers: dependence on Fe II absorption

We investigate the effect of Fe II equivalent width ($W_{2600}$) and fibre size on the average luminosity of [O II]$\lambda\lambda$3727,3729 nebular emission associated with Mg II absorbers (at $0.55 \le z \le 1.3$) in the composite spectra of quasars obtained with 3 and 2 arcsec fibres in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We confirm the presence of strong correlations between [O II] luminosity (L$_{[\rm O~II]}$) and equivalent width ($W_{2796}$) and redshift of Mg II absorbers. However, we show L$_{[\rm O~II]}$ and average luminosity surface density suffers from fibre size effects. More importantly, for a given fibre size the average L$_{[\rm O~II]}$ strongly depends on the equivalent width of Fe II absorption lines and found to be higher for Mg II absorbers with $R \equiv$ $W_{\rm 2600}/W_{\rm 2796}$ $\ge 0.5$. In fact, we show the observed strong correlations of L$_{[\rm O~II]}$ with $W_{2796}$ and $z$ of Mg II absorbers are mainly driven by such systems. Direct [O II] detections also confirm the link between L$_{[\rm O~II]}$ and $R$. Therefore, one has to pay attention to the fibre losses and dependence of redshift evolution of Mg II absorbers on $W_{2600}$ before using them as a luminosity unbiased probe of global star formation rate density. We show that the [O II] nebular emission detected in the stacked spectrum is not dominated by few direct detections (i.e., detections $\ge 3 \sigma$ significant level). On an average the systems with $R$ $\ge 0.5$ and $W_{2796}$ $\ge 2$ \AA\ are more reddened, showing colour excess E($B-V$) $\sim$ 0.02, with respect to the systems with $R$ $< 0.5$ and most likely traces the high H I column density systems.
A Unified Characterization of Belief Revision Rules

This paper characterizes several belief-revision rules in a unified framework: Bayesian revision upon learning some event, Jeffrey revision upon learning new probabilities of some events, Adams revision upon learning some new conditional probabilities, and `dual-Jeffrey' revision upon learning a new conditional probability function. Despite their differences, these revision rules can be characterized in terms of the same two axioms: responsiveness, which requires that revised beliefs incorporate what has been learnt, and conservativeness, which requires that beliefs on which the learnt input is `silent' do not change. So, the four revision rules apply the same principles, albeit to different learnt inputs. To illustrate that there is room for non-Bayesian belief revision in economic theory, we also sketch a simple decision-theoretic application.
The role of multiple images and model priors in measuringH0 from supernova Refsdal in galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223

Multiple image gravitational lensing systems with measured time delays provide a promising one-step method for determining $H_0$. MACS J1149, which lenses SN Refsdal into a quad S1-S4, and two other widely separated images, SX and SY, is a perfect candidate. If time delays are pinned down, the remaining uncertainty arises from the mass distribution in the lens. In MACS J1149, the mass in the relevant lens plane region can be constrained by (i) many multiple images, (ii) the mass of the galaxy splitting S1-S4 (which, we show, is correlated with $H_0$), (iii) magnification of SX (also correlated with $H_0$), and (iv) prior assumptions on the mass distribution. Our goal is not to estimate $H_0$, but to understand its error budget, i.e., estimate uncertainties associated with each of these constraints. Using multiple image positions alone, yields very large uncertainty, despite the fact that the position of SX is recovered to within $\! \le\! 0.036$" (rms $\! \le\! 0.36$") by GRALE lens inversion. Fixing the mass of the galaxy that splits S1-S4 reduces $1\sigma$ uncertainties to $\sim 23\%$, while fixing the magnification of SX yields $1\sigma$ uncertainties of $32\%$. We conclude that smaller uncertainties, of order few percent, are a consequence of imposing prior assumptions on the shapes of the galaxy and cluster mass distributions, which may or may not apply in a highly non-equilibrium environment of a merging cluster. We propose that if a measurement of $H_0$ is to be considered reliable, it must be supported by a wide range of lens inversion methods.
Active sound absorption

Sound attenuation is usually obtained by means of absorbing materials. This technique, which works quite well for sounds of medium and high frequencies, is very inefficient at low frequencies, because the thickness of absorbing material necessary to produce a constant attenuation increases with decreasing frequency. There is another technique by which destructive interference is used to silence sound fields: it is active sound absorption. Hitherto, this was based on Young’s principle of interference. This paper proposes a general theory, using Huygens’ principle, for three‐dimensional sound‐wave propagation. Some experiments are also reported and discussed.
Classified wavelet transform coding of images using vector quantization

The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has recently emerged as a powerful technique for image compression in conjunction with a variety of quantization schemes. In this paper, a new image coding scheme--classified wavelet transform/vector quantization (DWT/CVQ)--is proposed to efficiently exploit correlation among different DWT layers aiming to improve its performance. In this scheme, DWT coefficients are rearranged to form the small blocks, which are composed of the corresponding coefficients from all the subbands. The block matrices are classified into four classes depending on the directional activities, i.e., energy distribution along each direction. These are further divided adaptively into subvectors depending on the DWT coefficient statistics as this allows efficient distribution of bits. The subvectors are then vector quantized. Simulation results show that under this technique the reconstruction images preserve the detail and structure in a subjective sense compared to other approaches at a bit rate of 0.3 bit/pel.
Manipulation of the quantum state by the Majorana transition in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates

Manipulation of the quantum state by the Majorana transition in spinor BEC system has been realized by altering the rotation frequency of the magnetic field's direction. This kind of manipulation method has no limitation on the transition speed in principle and the system is well closed, which provides a new and superior tool to manipulate quantum states. Using this methord on pulsed atom laser, multicomponent spinor atom laser is generated. We demonstrate that the experiment results are agreed with the theoretical predication.
Applications of Granger causality to biological data

In computational biology, one often faces the problem of deriving the causal relationship among different elements such as genes, proteins, metabolites, neurons and so on, based upon multi-dimensional temporal data. In literature, there are several well-established reverse-engineering approaches to explore causal relationships in a dynamic network, such as ordinary differential equations (ODE), Bayesian networks, information theory and Granger Causality. To apply the four different approaches to the same problem, a key issue is to choose which approach is used to tackle the data, in particular when they give rise to contradictory results. In this thesis, I provided an answer by focusing on a systematic and computationally intensive comparison between the two common approaches which are dynamic Bayesian network inference and Granger causality. The comparison was carried out on both synthesized and experimental data. It is concluded that the dynamic Bayesian network inference performs better than the Granger causality approach, when the data size is short; otherwise the Granger causality approach is better. Since the Granger causality approach is able to detect weak interactions when the time series are long enough, I then focused on applying Granger causality approach on real experimental data both in the time and frequency domain and in local and global networks. For a small gene network, Granger causality outperformed all the other three approaches mentioned above. A global protein network of 812 proteins was reconstructed, using a novel approach. The obtained results fitted well with known experimental findings and predicted many experimentally testable results. In addition to interactions in the time domain, interactions in the frequency domain were also recovered. In addition to gene and protein data, Granger causality approach was also applied on Local Field Potential (LFP) data. Here we have combined multiarray electrophysiological recordings of local field potentials in both right inferior temporal (rIT) and left IT (lIT) and right anterior cingulate (rAC) cortices in sheep with Granger causality to investigate how anaesthesia alters processing during resting state and exposure to pictures of faces. Results from both the time and frequency domain analyses show that loss of consciousness during anaesthesia is associated with a reduction/disruption of feed forward open-loop cortico-cortical connections and a corresponding increase in shorter-distance closed loop ones.
Wavefront sensing in space: flight demonstration II of the PICTURE sounding rocket payload

Abstract. A NASA sounding rocket for high-contrast imaging with a visible nulling coronagraph, the Planet Imaging Concept Testbed Using a Rocket Experiment (PICTURE) payload, has made two suborbital attempts to observe the warm dust disk inferred around Epsilon Eridani. The first flight in 2011 demonstrated a 5 mas fine pointing system in space. The reduced flight data from the second launch, on November 25, 2015, presented herein, demonstrate active sensing of wavefront phase in space. Despite several anomalies in flight, postfacto reduction phase stepping interferometer data provide insight into the wavefront sensing precision and the system stability for a portion of the pupil. These measurements show the actuation of a 32 × 32-actuator microelectromechanical system deformable mirror. The wavefront sensor reached a median precision of 1.4 nm per pixel, with 95% of samples between 0.8 and 12.0 nm per pixel. The median system stability, including telescope and coronagraph wavefront errors other than tip, tilt, and piston, was 3.6 nm per pixel, with 95% of samples between 1.2 and 23.7 nm per pixel.
Interstellar absorption lines in the spectrum of Zeta Ophiuchi

Extensive high-resolution scans with the Copernicus UV spectrometer are combined with available ground-based data on interstellar lines to obtain temperatures, densities, and abundances in H I clouds and H II regions in the direction of zeta Oph. Column densities are obtained for 21 elements in various ionization stages, and upper limits are reported for 5 elements and 11 molecules. Analysis of radial velocities and growth curves indicates that H2, HD, and most neutral atoms are concentrated in one cloud with a heliocentric velocity of -14.4 km/s and that H II regions exist in addition to the Stroemgren sphere. The electron and proton densities are calculated for the -14.4 km/s cloud, and the temperatures required for the populations of the fine-structure levels in the C I ground state and the excited rotational levels of H2 are computed and indicate that the dense cloud must have some associated hotter regions. Relative to hydrogen, most of the elements in the H I clouds are found to be depleted by factors of 3 to 4000 as compared with solar system abundances, and several elements appear to be depleted in the H II regions as well.
Right Ventricle Remodelling in Left-Sided Heart Failure in Rats: The Role of Calcium Signalling

Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) can follow primary pulmonary diseases, but the most common cause of its development is left-sided heart failure (HF). RVD is associated with HF progression, increased risk of death and hospitalisation. The mechanism of right ventricle (RV) remodelling leading to RVD due to left-sided HF is not fully elucidated. Rats underwent LAD ligation to induce extensive left ventricle (LV) myocardial infarction (MI) and subsequent left-sided HF. Sham-operated animals served as controls. After 8 weeks of follow-up, the animals underwent LV and RV catheterisation, and systolic function and intracellular Ca2+ signalling were assessed in cardiomyocytes isolated from both ventricles. We demonstrated that rats with LV failure induced by extensive LV myocardial infarction also develop RV failure, leading to symptomatic biventricular HF, despite only mildly increased RV afterload. The contractility of RV cardiomyocytes was significantly increased, which could be related to increased amplitude of Ca2+ transient, preserved SERCA2a activity and reduced Ca2+ efflux via NCX1 and PMCA. Our study indicates that RV failure associated with post-MI LV failure in a rat model cannot be explained by a decline in cardiomyocyte function. This indicates that other factors may play a role here, pointing to the need for further research to better understand the biology of RV failure in order to ultimately develop therapies targeting the RV.
Two view motion analysis under a small perturbation

Given a set of corresponding points from a moving object is two perspective projection images. The paper completely solves the two view motion problem. We show how to use the corresponding point set to determine mode of motion, rotation, translation orientation and relative depths. Also we give a noise robust algorithm which works well under small perturbations.
Amino Acids in Cancer and Cachexia: An Integrated View

Simple Summary Cancer metabolism is an emerging field of investigation aimed at identifying cancer cell vulnerabilities in order to define novel anti-cancer therapeutic approaches based on interventions that modulate the availability of specific nutrients. Amino acids (AAs) are used by cancer cells as both building blocks for protein synthesis required for rapid tumor growth and as sources of energy. The current review aims to describe the most relevant alterations of AA metabolism that could be targeted by either AA deprivation or AA supplementation to limit tumor growth. In parallel, the reader will understand how AA availability mainly relies on and impacts cancer-host metabolism, eventually leading to a wasting paraneoplastic syndrome called cachexia. The above-mentioned AA-based interventions are here discussed also in view of their impact on the tumor host, in an attempt to provide a broader view that can improve our understanding of the patient outcome. Abstract Rapid tumor growth requires elevated biosynthetic activity, supported by metabolic rewiring occurring both intrinsically in cancer cells and extrinsically in the cancer host. The Warburg effect is one such example, burning glucose to produce a continuous flux of biomass substrates in cancer cells at the cost of energy wasting metabolic cycles in the host to maintain stable glycemia. Amino acid (AA) metabolism is profoundly altered in cancer cells, which use AAs for energy production and for supporting cell proliferation. The peculiarities in cancer AA metabolism allow the identification of specific vulnerabilities as targets of anti-cancer treatments. In the current review, specific approaches targeting AAs in terms of either deprivation or supplementation are discussed. Although based on opposed strategies, both show, in vitro and in vivo, positive effects. Any AA-targeted intervention will inevitably impact the cancer host, who frequently already has cachexia. Cancer cachexia is a wasting syndrome, also due to malnutrition, that compromises the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs and eventually causes the patient’s death. AA deprivation may exacerbate malnutrition and cachexia, while AA supplementation may improve the nutritional status, counteract cachexia, and predispose the patient to a more effective anti-cancer treatment. Here is provided an attempt to describe the AA-based therapeutic approaches that integrate currently distant points of view on cancer-centered and host-centered research, providing a glimpse of several potential investigations that approach cachexia as a unique cancer disease.
Genetic Algorithm Based on a New Similarity for Probabilistic Transformation of Belief Functions

Recent studies of alternative probabilistic transformation (PT) in Dempster–Shafer (DS) theory have mainly focused on investigating various schemes for assigning the mass of compound focal elements to each singleton in order to obtain a Bayesian belief function for decision-making problems. In the process of such a transformation, how to precisely evaluate the closeness between the original basic belief assignments (BBAs) and transformed BBAs is important. In this paper, a new aggregation measure is proposed by comprehensively considering the interval distance between BBAs and also the sequence inside the BBAs. Relying on this new measure, we propose a novel multi-objective evolutionary-based probabilistic transformation (MOEPT) thanks to global optimizing capabilities inspired by a genetic algorithm (GA). From the perspective of mathematical theory, convergence analysis of EPT is employed to prove the rationality of the GA used here. Finally, various scenarios in evidence reasoning are presented to evaluate the robustness of EPT.
Magnetic Flux Cancelation as the Buildup and Trigger Mechanism for CME-producing Eruptions in Two Small Active Regions

We follow two small, magnetically isolated coronal mass ejection (CME)-producing solar active regions (ARs) from the time of their emergence until several days later, when their core regions erupt to produce the CMEs. In both cases, magnetograms show: (a) following an initial period where the poles of the emerging regions separate from each other, the poles then reverse direction and start to retract inward; (b) during the retraction period, flux cancelation occurs along the main neutral line of the regions; (c) this cancelation builds the sheared core field/flux rope that eventually erupts to make the CME. In the two cases, respectively 30% and 50% of the maximum flux of the region cancels prior to the eruption. Recent studies indicate that solar coronal jets frequently result from small-scale filament eruptions, with those “minifilament” eruptions also being built up and triggered by cancelation of magnetic flux. Together, the small-AR eruptions here and the coronal jet results suggest that isolated bipolar regions tend to erupt when some threshold fraction, perhaps in the range of 50%, of the region's maximum flux has canceled. Our observed erupting filaments/flux ropes form at sites of flux cancelation, in agreement with previous observations. Thus, the recent finding that minifilaments that erupt to form jets also form via flux cancelation is further evidence that minifilaments are small-scale versions of the long-studied full-sized filaments.