Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Violation of the Nernst heat theorem in the theory of the thermal Casimir force between Drude metals

We give a rigorous analytical derivation of low-temperature behavior of the Casimir entropy in the framework of the Lifshitz formula combined with the Drude dielectric function. An earlier result that the Casimir entropy at zero temperature is not equal to zero and depends on the parameters of the system is confirmed, i.e., the third law of thermodynamics (the Nernst heat theorem) is violated. We illustrate the resolution of this thermodynamical puzzle in the context of the surface impedance approach by several calculations of the thermal Casimir force and entropy for both real metals and dielectrics. Different representations for the impedances, which are equivalent for real photons, are discussed. Finally, we argue in favor of the Leontovich boundary condition which leads to results for the thermal Casimir force that are consistent with thermodynamics.
Understanding the wicked world that surrounds you

There is a new urgency for wider segments of the non-expert population to join in shaping the future direction of our technological society. Certain decisions being made now in the development of energy resources will profoundly affect the lives of the next few generations. This course is oriented toward providing an educational base for participating in these decisions. At this level, there is no need for any mathematics beyond simple arithmetic, nor for any previous knowledge of physics or chemistry.
Tidal Influences on Cluster Dwarf Evolution

Abstract Using N-Body/Treecode, SPH simulations, including a self regulating Star Formation-feedback model, the influence of cluster tidal forces on infalling dwarf irregulars is investigated. Results suggest that an encounter with the cluster potential can disrupt a rotating disk causing morphological transformation of the gaseous component, resulting in an enhancement of star formation rates (SFRs) of up to an order of magnitude.
Rotational Splitting and Asteroseismic Modeling of the δ Scuti Star EE Camelopardalis

According to the rotational splitting law of g modes, the frequency spectra of EE Cam can be disentangled only with oscillation modes of ℓ = 0, 1, and 2. Fifteen sets of rotational splits were found, and they contain five sets of ℓ = 1 multiplets and 10 sets of ℓ = 2 multiplets. The rotational period of EE Cam is deduced to be days. When we do model fittings, we use two nonradial oscillation modes (f11 and f32), and the fundamental radial mode f1. The fitting results show that of the best-fitting model is much smaller than those of other theoretical models. The physical parameters of the best-fitting model are M = 2.04 M⊙, Z = 0.028, Teff = 6433 K, , R = 4.12 R⊙, , and . Furthermore, we find that f11 and f32 are mixed modes, which mainly characterize the features of the helium core. The fundamental radial mode f1 mainly restricts the features of the stellar envelope. Finally, the acoustic radius and the period separation Π0 are determined to be 5.80 hr and 463.7 s, respectively, and the size of the helium core of EE Cam is estimated to be MHe = 0.181 M⊙ and RHe = 0.0796 R⊙.
‘Magnetoscan’: a modified Hall probe scanning technique for the detection of inhomogeneities in bulk high temperature superconductors

We present a novel technique for the investigation of local variations of the critical current density in large bulk superconductors. In contrast to the usual Hall probe scanning technique, the sample is not magnetized as a whole before the scan, but locally by a small permanent magnet, which is fixed near the Hall probe, during the scanning process. The resulting signal can be interpreted as a qualitative measure of the local shielding currents flowing at the surface.
Stochastic Fermi Energization of Coronal Plasma during Explosive Magnetic Energy Release

The aim of this study is to analyze the interaction of charged particles (ions and electrons) with randomly formed particle scatterers (e.g., large-scale local “magnetic fluctuations” or “coherent magnetic irregularities”) using the setup proposed initially by Fermi. These scatterers are formed by the explosive magnetic energy release and propagate with the Alfvén speed along the irregular magnetic fields. They are large-scale local fluctuations (δB/B ≈ 1) randomly distributed inside the unstable magnetic topology and will here be called Alfvénic Scatterers (AS). We constructed a 3D grid on which a small fraction of randomly chosen grid points are acting as AS. In particular, we study how a large number of test particles evolves inside a collection of AS, analyzing the evolution of their energy distribution and their escape-time distribution. We use a well-established method to estimate the transport coefficients directly from the trajectories of the particles. Using the estimated transport coefficients and solving the Fokker–Planck equation numerically, we can recover the energy distribution of the particles. We have shown that the stochastic Fermi energization of mildly relativistic and relativistic plasma can heat and accelerate the tail of the ambient particle distribution as predicted by Parker & Tidman and Ramaty. The temperature of the hot plasma and the tail of the energetic particles depend on the mean free path (λsc) of the particles between the scatterers inside the energization volume.
Determination of fragmentation functions and their uncertainties

Fragmentation functions and their uncertainties are determined for pion, kaon, and proton by a global {chi}{sup 2} analysis of charged-hadron production data in electron-positron annihilation and by the Hessian method for error estimation. It is especially important that the uncertainties of the fragmentation functions are estimated in this analysis. The results indicate that the fragmentation functions, especially gluon and light-quark fragmentation functions, have large uncertainties at small Q{sup 2}. There are large differences between widely used functions by Kniehl, Kramer, and Poetter (KKP) and Kretzer; however, they are compatible with each other and also with our functions if the uncertainties are taken into account. We find that determination of the fragmentation functions is improved in next-to-leading order (NLO) analyses for the pion and kaon in comparison with leading-order ones. Such a NLO improvement is not obvious in the proton. Since the uncertainties are large at small Q{sup 2}, the uncertainty estimation is very important for analyzing hadron-production data at small Q{sup 2} or p{sub T} (Q{sup 2}, p{sub T}{sup 2}<<M{sub Z}{sup 2}) in lepton scattering and hadron-hadron collisions. A code is available for general users for calculating obtained fragmentation functions.
Determining interstellar dust properties with scattered X-ray halo

X-ray photons, emitted by X-ray sources, are absorbed and scattered by dust grains when they travel through interstellar medium. The scattered photons within small angles result in a diffuse X-ray “halo”. Therefore, the scattered X-ray photons carry information about various properties of the dust. We study the light curves of the dust-scattered X-ray halo of Cyg X-1. Significant time lags are found between the light curves of the point source and its halo. This time lag increases with the angular distance. This can be caused by a dust concentration at 1.75 kpc from the Earth along the line of sight (LOS), with a width of ΔL = 33 pc. The time lag of Cyg X-3 also reveals a dust concentration between the point source and the Earth, and the distance of Cyg X-3 is estimated to be about 7.2 kpc. The origin of these dust concentrations is still not clearly known. Along with recent results on the dust halos of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs), we conclude that the dust distribution is quite nonuniform. We also study dust properties with an expanding X-ray ring from the observation of a distant GRB. The distribution of the halo photons can be used to determine the dust-radius model. Our preliminary results show that dust grain geometries may vary significantly across the Galaxy. We also propose to use the scattered X-ray halo to study the composition of the dust grains. The applicability of this method needs to be tested with advanced instruments in the future.
Observing substructure in circumstellar discs around massive young stellar objects

MRJ is funded by the President’s PhD scholarship of the Imperial College London and the ‘Dositeja’ stipend from the Fund for Young Talents of the Serbian Ministry for Youth and Sport. TJH is funded by an Imperial College Junior Research Fellowship. JDI gratefully acknowledges support from the DISCSIM project, grant agreement 341137, funded by the European Research Council under ERC-2013-ADG and support from the STFC (grant number ST/R000549/1). DF gratefully acknowledges support from the ECOGAL project, grant agreement 291227, funded by the European Research Council under ERC-2011-ADG. CJC acknowledges support from the STFC (grant number ST/M001296/1). CW acknowledges financial support from the University of Leeds.
Sensitivity of low energy neutrino experiments to physics beyond the standard model

We study the sensitivity of future low energy neutrino experiments to extra neutral gauge bosons, leptoquarks, and R-parity breaking interactions. We focus on future proposals to measure coherent neutrino-nuclei scattering and neutrino-electron elastic scattering. We introduce a new comparative analysis between these experiments and show that in different types of new physics it is possible to obtain competitive bounds to those of present and future collider experiments. For the cases of leptoquarks and R-parity breaking interactions we found that the expected sensitivity for most of the future low energy experimental setups is better than the current constraints.
MgGa2O4 spinel barrier for magnetic tunnel junctions: Coherent tunneling and low barrier height

Epitaxial Fe/magnesium gallium spinel oxide (MgGa2O4)/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) were fabricated by magnetron sputtering. A tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio up to 121% at room temperature (196% at 4 K) was observed, suggesting a TMR enhancement by the coherent tunneling effect in the MgGa2O4 barrier. The MgGa2O4 layer had a spinel structure and it showed good lattice matching with the Fe layers owing to slight tetragonal lattice distortion of MgGa2O4. Barrier thickness dependence of the tunneling resistance and current-voltage characteristics revealed that the height of the MgGa2O4 barrier is much lower than that of an MgAl2O4 barrier. This study demonstrates the potential of Ga-based spinel oxides for MTJ barriers having a large TMR ratio at a low resistance area product.
Clinician confidence and practices for evaluating bone health in male and female adolescents and young adults with an eating disorder

ABSTRACT Extensive literature exists on bone health in females with an eating disorder, yet few have studied males. Our study assessed clinician confidence and current practices for assessing bone health in patients with an eating disorder. We also aimed to identify any differences in practice based on patient sex. Our 31-item survey, distributed to adolescent clinicians in the United States via the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine (SAHM) listserv, assessed clinician confidence and practices for assessing bone mineral density in both male and female adolescents with an eating disorder. Findings showed that clinicians (n = 104) were less confident in assessing bone mineral density in males compared to females (p < .001), yet there was no significant difference in rates of obtaining a DXA (p = .390). Although clinicians are less confident assessing bone health in males with an eating disorder than females, this does not appear to result in screening differences.
Managed Care after Acute Myocardial Infarction (MC-AMI) - Poland's nationwide program of comprehensive post-MI care - improves prognosis in 2-year follow-up. A single high-volume center intention to treat analysis.

BACKGROUND The Managed Care in Acute Myocardial Infarction (MC-AMI) is a program introduced in Poland aimed at comprehensive, scheduled, and supervised care for AMI patients to improve long-term prognosis. AIMS To compare 24-month mortality and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: a composite of death, recurrent MI, and hospitalization for heart failure) in a cohort of AMI patients treated in MC-AMI era (intention to treat analysis) vs. similar population treated before MC-AMI era. METHODS We analyzed 2323 consecutive patients with AMI: 1261 patients enrolled in MCAMI era (study group) and 1062 patients treated 12 months before MC-AMI era (control). In the study group, 57% participated in MC-AMI, while 43% of patients remained under standard care. The patients were followed-up for 24 months. Mortality and MACE were recorded. RESULTS Treatment in MC-AMI era was related to a 30% reduction of all-cause mortality, and 14% reduction of MACE, although it was not related to the reduction of hospitalization due to heart failure (HF) or AMI in 24-months. The 24-month survival was the highest in MC-AMI enrolled patients, while patients treated in the MC-AMI era, but not enrolled had a similar prognosis to those treated before MC-AMI era. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed the MC-AMI era to be inversely associated with mortality in 24-month-follow-up (hazard ratio [HR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.38-0.65; P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS AMI treatment in MC-AMI era reduces 24-month mortality and MACE. Moreover, AMI treatment in MC-AMI is inversely related to mortality, MACE, and hospitalization for HF. The effect is pronounced in patients enrolled in MC-AMI.
Arbitrated quantum-signature scheme

The general principle for a quantum-signature scheme is proposed and investigated based on ideas from classical signature schemes and quantum cryptography. The suggested algorithm is implemented by a symmetrical quantum key cryptosystem and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) triplet states and relies on the availability of an arbitrator. We can guarantee the unconditional security of the algorithm, mostly due to the correlation of the GHZ triplet states and the use of quantum one-time pads.
Clinical utility of intraoperative electrocorticography for epilepsy surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Despite the widespread use of intraoperative electrocorticography (iECoG) during resective epilepsy surgery, there are conflicting data on its overall efficacy and inability to predict benefit per pathology. Given the heterogeneity of iECoG use in resective epilepsy surgery, it is important to assess the utility of interictal‐based iECoG. This individual patient data (IPD) meta‐analysis seeks to identify the benefit of iECoG during resective epilepsy surgery in achieving seizure freedom for various pathologies. Embase, Scopus, and PubMed were searched from inception to January 31, 2021 using the following terms: "ecog", "electrocorticography", and "epilepsy". Articles were included if they reported seizure freedom at ≥12‐month follow‐up in cohorts with and without iECoG for epilepsy surgery. Non‐English articles, noncomparative iECoG cohorts, and studies with <10% iECoG use were excluded. This meta‐analysis followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The primary outcome was seizure freedom at last follow‐up and time to seizure recurrence, if applicable. Forest plots with random effects modeling assessed the relationship between iECoG use and seizure freedom. Cox regression of IPD was performed to identify predictors of longer duration of seizure freedom. Kaplan–Meier curves with log‐rank test were created to visualize differences in time to seizure recurrence. Of 7504 articles identified, 18 were included for study‐level analysis. iECoG was not associated with higher seizure freedom at the study level (relative risk = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96–1.23, p = .19, I2 = 64%), but on IPD (n = 7 studies, 231 patients) iECoG use was independently associated with more favorable seizure outcomes (hazard ratio = 0.47, 95% CI = .23–.95, p = .037). In Kaplan–Meier analysis of specific pathologies, iECoG use was significantly associated with longer seizure freedom only for focal cortical dysplasia (FCD; p < .001) etiology. Number needed to treat for iECoG was 8.8, and for iECoG in FCD it was 4.7. We show iECoG seizure freedom is not achieved uniformly across centers. iECoG is particularly beneficial for FCD etiology in improving seizure freedom.
Muonic hydrogen and the third Zemach moment

We determine the third Zemach moment of hydrogen $({⟨{r}^{3}⟩}_{(2)})$ using only the world data on elastic electron-proton scattering. This moment dominates the $\mathcal{O}{(Z\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{5}$ hadronic correction to the Lamb shift in muonic atoms. The resulting moment, ${⟨{r}^{3}⟩}_{(2)}=2.71(13)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{fm}}^{3}$, is larger than some previously inferred values based on simple models. The contribution of that moment to the muonic hydrogen 2S level is $\ensuremath{-}0.0247(12)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$.
Spin currents, spin torques, and the concept of spin superfluidity

In magnets with non-collinear spin configuration the expectation value of the conventionally defined spin current operator contains a contribution which renormalizes an external magnetic field and hence affects only the precessional motion of the spin polarization. This term, which has been named angular spin current by Sun and Xie [Phys. Rev B 72, 245305 (2005)], does not describe the translational motion of magnetic moments. We give a prescription how to separate these two types of spin transport and show that the translational movement of the spin is always polarized along the direction of the local magnetization. We also show that at vanishing temperature the classical magnetic order parameter in magnetic insulators cannot carry a translational spin current, and elucidate how this affects the interpretation of spin supercurrents.
Adaptive identification of second-order distributed parameter systems

The adaptive (on-line) estimation of parameters for a class of second-order distributed parameter systems is considered. This class of systems, which includes abstract wave and beam equations with a variety of forms of damping, is frequently used to model the vibration of large flexible structures. A combined state and parameter estimator is constructed as an initial-value problem for an infinite-dimensional evolution equation in weak or variational form. State convergence is established via a Lyapunov-like estimate. The finite-dimensional notion of persistence of excitation is extended to the infinite-dimensional case and used to establish parameter convergence. A finite-dimensional approximation theory is presented and a convergence result is proven. An example involving the identification of a damped one-dimensional wave equation is discussed and results of a numerical study are presented.
Effects of hypertension and aging on brain function in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Abstract To investigate the dynamic evolution of brain function under the comorbidities of hypertension and aging. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were longitudinally acquired at 10, 24, and 52 weeks in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto rats. We computed the mean amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (mALFF), mean regional homogeneity (mReHo), and functional connectivity (FC). There was no interaction between hypertension and aging on brain function. The main effect of aging reflects primarily the cumulative increase of brain activity, especially the increase of mALFF in amygdala and mReHo in cingulate cortex, accompanied by the decrease of brain activity. The main effect of hypertension reflects primarily decreased brain activity in default modal network, accompanied by increased brain activity. The main effect of aging shows reduced brain FC as early as 24 weeks, and the main effect of hypertension shows higher brain FC in SHRs. The novel discovery is that 1 brain FC network increased linearly with age in SHRs, in addition to the linearly decreasing FC. Hypertension and aging independently contribute to spatiotemporal alterations in brain function in SHRs following ongoing progression and compensation. This study provides new insight into the dynamic characteristics of brain function.
Use of the Human Granulysin Transgenic Mice To Evaluate the Role of Granulysin Expression by CD8 T Cells in Immunity To Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Human CD8 T cells express the antimicrobial peptide granulysin in their cytotoxic granules, and in vitro analysis suggest that it restricts growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens. The murine model of tuberculosis cannot assess granulysin’s role in vivo, as rodents lack the granulysin gene. ABSTRACT The cytotoxic granules of human NK and CD8 T cells contain the effector molecule granulysin. Although in vitro studies indicate that granulysin is bactericidal to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human CD8 T cells restrict intracellular M. tuberculosis by granule exocytosis, the role of granulysin in cell-mediated immunity against infection is incompletely understood, in part because a granulysin gene ortholog is absent in mice. Transgenic mice that express human granulysin (GNLY-Tg) under the control of human regulatory DNA sequences permit the study of granulysin in vivo. We assessed whether granulysin expression by murine CD8 T cells enhances their control of M. tuberculosis infection. GNLY-Tg mice did not control pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection better than non-Tg control mice, and purified GNLY-Tg and non-Tg CD8 T cells had a similar ability to transfer protection to T cell deficient mice. Lung CD8 T cells from infected control and GNLY-transgenic mice similarly controlled intracellular M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages in vitro. Importantly, after M. tuberculosis infection of GNLY-Tg mice, granulysin was detected in NK cells but not in CD8 T cells. Only after prolonged in vitro stimulation could granulysin expression be detected in antigen-specific CD8 T cells. GNLY-Tg mice are an imperfect model to determine whether granulysin expression by CD8 T cells enhances immunity against M. tuberculosis. Better models expressing granulysin are needed to explore the role of this antimicrobial effector molecule in vivo. IMPORTANCE Human CD8 T cells express the antimicrobial peptide granulysin in their cytotoxic granules, and in vitro analysis suggest that it restricts growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens. The murine model of tuberculosis cannot assess granulysin’s role in vivo, as rodents lack the granulysin gene. A long-held hypothesis is that murine CD8 T cells inefficiently control M. tuberculosis infection because they lack granulysin. We used human granulysin transgenic (GNLY-Tg) mice to test this hypothesis. GNLY-Tg mice did not differ in their susceptibility to tuberculosis. However, granulysin expression by pulmonary CD8 T cells could not be detected after M. tuberculosis infection. As the pattern of granulysin expression in human CD8 T cells and GNLY-Tg mice seem to differ, GNLY-Tg mice are an imperfect model to study the role of granulysin. An improved model is needed to answer the importance of granulysin expression by CD8 T cells in different diseases.