Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Ultracompact H II Region G5.97−1.17: An Evaporating Circumstellar Disk in M8

We present new high spatial resolution optical, infrared, and radio observations of G5.97-1.17, an ultracompact H II region 2. ″7 distant from the O7 star Herschel 36 in the center of M8, the Lagoon Nebula. Infrared imaging was obtained using the adaptive optics system ADONIS on the ESO 3.6 m telescope and a thermal-IR camera on the Hale 5 m; optical images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 were extracted from the ST-ECF data archive; and radio continuum images were made using the VLA. The narrowband optical images show G5.97-1.17 to be a bow shock–shaped structure with its apex pointed toward Her 36, with the Hα flux distributed over 0. ″6 and consistent with the appearance at 2 cm. The optical continuum and near-infrared images show a star displaced from the peak of the bow shock by 0. ″125 in the direction away from Her 36. This star exhibits a thermal-IR excess, indicating hot circumstellar dust, the presence of which can be reconciled with the optical visibility of the star if the dust is in a disklike (rather than spherical) distribution. Therefore, contrary to previous hypotheses that G5.97-1.17 is an ultracompact H II region intrinsically ionized by an embedded B0 star, our observations strongly suggest that it is actually a young star surrounded by a circumstellar disk that is being photoevaporated by Her 36, similar to the so-called proplyds seen near θ1 Ori C in the Orion Nebula. At a distance of 1.8 kpc, this is the most distant known proplyd. These new observations confirm our previous claims based on earlier adaptive optics and deconvolved WF/PC images.
Compton-heated Outflow from Convection-dominated Accretion Flows

Convection-dominated accretion flows (CDAFs) are expected to have a shallower density profile and a higher radiation efficiency compared to advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs). Both solutions have been developed to account for the observed properties of the low-luminosity, high-temperature X-ray sources believed to involve accretion onto massive black holes. Self-similar CDAFs also have steeper poloidal density gradients and temperatures close to the virial temperature. All these characteristics make CDAFs more capable of producing polar outflows driven by Compton heating as compared to other classical accretion disks. We investigate the conditions for producing such outflows in CDAFs and look for the mass accretion rate or, equally, the luminosity of CDAFs for which such outflows will exist. When the electron temperature saturates around 1011 K at the inner region, polar outflows are probable for 8 × 10-7 ≲ L/LE ≲ 4 × 10-5, where LE is the Eddington luminosity. Outflows are well collimated with small opening angles. The luminosity range for which outflow solutions exist is narrower for lower electron temperature flows and disappears completely for electron temperature ≲6 × 109 K. When the magnetic field is present, we find that outflows are possible if the magnetic field is less than from 10% to 1% of the equipartition field. We also find that outflows are more likely to be produced when the viscosity parameter α is small. The tendency for jetlike collimated outflows to result from these solutions is presumably astrophysically relevant given the high frequency of jets from active galactic nuclei.
Fog Forecasting for the Southern Region: A Conceptual Model Approach

The prediction of fog occurrence, extent, duration, and intensity remains difficult despite improvements in numerical guidance and modeling of the fog phenomenon. This is because of the dependency of fog on microphysical and mesoscale processes that act within the boundary layer and that, in turn, are forced by the prevailing synoptic regime. Given existing and new technologies and techniques already available to the operational forecaster, fog prediction may be improved by the development and application of a simple conceptual model. A preliminary attempt at such a model is presented for the southern region of the United States (gulf coastal states) and requires information regarding cloud condensation nuclei, moisture availability (or saturation), and dynamic forcing. Each of these factors are assessed with regard to their extent and evolution with time. An illustration, and potential application, of how the model could be used is detailed as no extensive operational testing has yet been completed. Instead, the model is applied in hindcast to verify its application. Successful use of the model will require an operational forecaster to assimilate all available tools including climatology, numerical guidance, sounding analysis, model diagnostic software, and satellite imagery. These must be used to characterize and quantify the nature of the local and regional boundary layer in the forecast region according to macroscale forcing and moisture availability, the initial local settings and boundary layer, qualitative assessment of cloud condensation nuclei, and the interaction of these in time and space. Once identified, the evolution of the boundary layer may be forecast with regard to the overall environment for fog occurrence, its likely extent, intensity, and duration.
Sudden enhancement and partial disruption of thin current sheets in the magnetotail due to Hall MHD effects

Multi‐satellite observations indicate the development of thin current sheets and a rapid intensification of the cross‐tail current density at near‐Earth distances during a short interval (<1 min) just before onset, after a period of sluggish growth (∼ 0.5–1.5 hr). These observational features are described by a Hall MHD simulation in which we include the effects of the electron pressure gradient and the Hall current. These Hall MHD effects decouple the spatial scales of the parallel electric field and current density. The thin current sheet exhibits an impulsive pre‐onset enhancement at near‐Earth distances on a near‐Alfvénic time scale, weakly dependent on the value of the Lundquist number. The amplitude of the pre‐onset current sheet is larger, and its subsequent disruption faster than in a resistive MHD simulation. Agreement and discrepancies between theory and observation are discussed.
Void-based photonic crystal mirror with high reflectivity and low dissipation for extreme-ultraviolet radiation

Abstract. The effects of void-based photonic crystal mirrors on reflectivity and dissipation for extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiation at near-normal illumination are studied. The mirrors are based on a multilayer coating comprising alternating layers of molybdenum (Mo) and silicon (Si) with 40 periods. By embedding voids in silicon films instead of molybdenum films, we found that the reflectivities of the mirror are increased and the absorptions of the mirror are decreased with the increments of the voids. On the other hand, the reflectivities of the mirror are decreased and the absorptions are increased by embedding voids in the molybdenum films, with the increments of the voids. Compared to the standard designs of 40 Mo/Si multilayer mirrors, which are currently used in most EUV or soft x-ray applications, the reflectivity of the void-based photonic crystal mirror in our study can reach from 73.43 to 83.24% and the absorption can decline from 26.18 to 16.80%. In consideration of EUV bandwidth, the effects of illumination angles in the six-mirror projection system, the intermixing layers, and the variation of the coated absorber thickness on the reflection properties are studied. The proposed concept can be used in next-generation EUV lithography and soft x-ray optical systems.
Spatiotemporal thermal variation drives diversity trends in experimental landscapes

Abstract Temperature is a fundamental driver of species' vital rates and thus coexistence, extinctions and community composition. While temperature is neither static in space nor in time, little work has incorporated spatiotemporal dynamics into community‐level investigations of thermal variation. We conducted a microcosm experiment using ciliate protozoa to test the effects of temperatures fluctuating synchronously or asynchronously on communities in two‐patch landscapes connected by short or long corridors. We monitored the abundance of each species for 4 weeks—equivalent to ~28 generations—measuring the effects of four temperature regimes and two corridor lengths on community diversity and composition. While corridor length significantly altered the trajectory of diversity change in the communities, this did not result in different community structures at the end of the experiment. The type of thermal variation significantly affected both the temporal dynamics of diversity change and final community composition, with synchronous fluctuation causing deterministic extinctions that were consistent across replicates and spatial variation causing the greatest diversity declines. Our results suggest that the presence and type of thermal variation can play an important role in structuring ecological communities, especially when it interacts with dispersal between habitat patches.
Curcumenol improves renal function in 5/6 nephrectomy‐induced chronic renal failure rats via the SIRT1/NF‐κB pathway

The present work aimed to explore the protective effects of curcumenol and evaluate its pharmacological mechanisms in 5/6 nephrectomy‐induced chronic renal failure (CRF). Rats with CRF were administrated curcumenol and the effects on renal functions were investigated. Renal function examinations were carried out, whereas serum levels of inflammatory mediators, including NF‐κB, MCP‐1 and IL‐1β were analyzed by ELISA. The mRNA expression levels of SIRT1, p65 and IκBα were measured by qRT‐PCR, and the SIRT1 protein levels were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Our results indicated that curcumenol significantly improved the renal functions in the CRF rats. Compared to the sham group, serum levels of NF‐κB, MCP‐1, IL‐1β, and the mRNA expression levels of p65 were significantly increased (p < 0.01), whereas the mRNA expression level of IκBα was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) and the SIRT1 levels were dramatically down‐regulated (p < 0.05) in the CRF groups. Treatment with curcumenol remarkably inhibited inflammatory responses as reflected by the reduced levels of inflammatory mediators (p < 0.01) and SIRT1 up‐regulation (p < 0.05). Our findings suggested that curcumenol could improve the renal function in 5/6 nephrectomy‐induced CRF rats, and the mechanisms might involve suppressing the associated inflammation and modulating the SIRT1 and NF‐κB signaling pathways.
Examples of degenerations of Castelnuovo surfaces

Let $\rho:Sarrow\Delta_{\epsilon}$ be a proper flat morphism of a nonsingular threefold $S$ to a disk A. $=\{t\in C;|t|<\epsilon\}$ with connected fibers. We call it a semi-stable degeneration if $\rho$ is smooth over $\Delta_{\epsilon}^{*}=\Delta_{\epsilon}\backslash \{0\}$ and $S_{0}=\rho^{-1}(0)$ is a reduced divisor with simple normal crossings. The divisor $S_{t}=\rho^{-1}(t)$ is called the singular fiber if
VoiceTalk: 結合物聯網之語音辨識與控制系統 VoiceTalk: a voice recognition and control system with IoT 研究生:李湘勤 (Hsiang-Chyn Li) 指導教授:林一平 (Yi-Bing Lin) 中華民國一一一年十一月 November 2022 VoiceTalk: 結合物聯網之語音辨識與控制系統 VoiceTalk: a voice recognition and control system with IoT

Many smart home products can be controlled through voice assistant services. These services leverage the voice-based Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT) to control applications with voice. However, the development of voice assistant services faces the following difficulties: First, the development process is lengthy. The developers must write additional programs according to a specific API format to build services. Second, the degree of service customization is limited. Developers can only use the modules provided by the platform. Third, the deployment results are restricted. The deployment results can only be presented through the relevant mobile APP or smart speakers. Based on the IoTtalk IoT platform, this research constructs a web-based voice control system, VoiceTalk, to implement voice-based IoT services. VoiceTalk addresses three major dilemmas in developing voice assistant services. First, VoiceTalk provides a Low-Code environment for developers to customize voice keywords, and automatically generates the code for connecting to the voice assistant service. It reduces the time and cost of development. Second, VoiceTalk provides a modular structure, and developers can customize individual modules according to their needs. Third, VoiceTalk is a web-based design, allowing developers to deploy development results anytime, anywhere. The VoiceTalk architecture design described in this study can be used as a reference for IoT platform providers, supporting the rapid and flexible development of voice assistant services.
Leveraging Factored Action Spaces for Efficient Offline Reinforcement Learning in Healthcare

Many reinforcement learning (RL) applications have combinatorial action spaces, where each action is a composition of sub-actions. A standard RL approach ignores this inherent factorization structure, resulting in a potential failure to make meaningful inferences about rarely observed sub-action combinations; this is particularly problematic for offline settings, where data may be limited. In this work, we propose a form of linear Q-function decomposition induced by factored action spaces. We study the theoretical properties of our approach, identifying scenarios where it is guaranteed to lead to zero bias when used to approximate the Q-function. Outside the regimes with theoretical guarantees, we show that our approach can still be useful because it leads to better sample efficiency without necessarily sacrificing policy optimality, allowing us to achieve a better bias-variance trade-off. Across several offline RL problems using simulators and real-world datasets motivated by healthcare, we demonstrate that incorporating factored action spaces into value-based RL can result in better-performing policies. Our approach can help an agent make more accurate inferences within underexplored regions of the state-action space when applying RL to observational datasets.
Dynamics of the Toda lattice: A soliton-phonon phase-shift analysis

The dynamics of the Toda lattice can be described in terms of solitons and nonlinear phonons (ripples). The latter are shown to be obtainable from a general multisoliton solution by allowing the soliton parameters to become imaginary. This device yields phonon phase shifts due to a soliton via a linearization procedure and shows that the zone-edge phonon (standing wave) is removed in the presence of a soliton. An expansion of the soliton-ripple solution up to the second order in the phonon amplitude allows the calculation of typical nonlinear quantities such as momentum and mass of the ripple and the spatial shift of a soliton due to its collision with a ripple. Finally, the relationship is established between the form of a ripple, viewed as a phonon wave packet, and its associated action variable within the framework of inverse scattering theory.
Sharp Sobolev inequalities on the sphere and the Moser-Trudinger inequality

where de denotes normalized surface measure, V is the conformal gradient and q = (2n)/(n 2). A modern folklore theorem is that by taking the infinitedimensional limit of this inequality, one obtains the Gross logarithmic Sobolev inequality for Gaussian measure, which determines Nelson's hypercontractive estimates for the Hermite semigroup (see [8]). One observes using conformal invariance that the above inequality is equivalent to the sharp Sobolev inequality on Rn for which boundedness and extremal functions can be easily calculated using dilation invariance and geometric symmetrization. The roots here go back to Hardy and Littlewood. The advantage of casting the problem on the sphere is that the role of the constants is evident, and one is led immediately to the conjecture that this inequality should hold whenever possible (for example, 2 < q < 0o if n = 2). This is in fact true and will be demonstrated in Section 2. A clear question at this point is "What is the situation in dimension 2? " Two important arguments ([25], [26], [27]) dealt with this issue, both motivated by geometric variational problems. Because q goes to infinity for dimension 2, the appropriate function space is the exponential class. Responding in part
Performance of bi-end compensation in a wavelength-division multiplexed system considering the effect of self phase modulation

An extensive investigation has been carried out, by computer simulation, to evaluate the impact of self phase modulation SPM on residual dispersion for a wavelength-division multiplexed WDM system at a bit rate of 10 Gbit/s. Degradation of the eye opening of the trans- mitted pulses at the output of the transmission fiber due to interplay of the SPM and the group-velocity dispersion effects is investigated for post- and bi-end compensation configurations, including residual disper- sion. Hence the eye-opening penalty and the threshold power limit at 3-dB eye-opening penalty are determined for both the configurations. It is found that the bi-end compensation configuration offers the best per- formance in respect of the SPM effect and that for a WDM system posi- tive residual dispersion should be used. © 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instru-
On the solution of sine-Gordon solitons via localized kernel-based method

In this work, a local kernel based numerical scheme is constructedfor numerical solution of sine-Gordon equation in circular domain.The global kernel method resulted the dense differentiation matricesand hence difficult to apply for problem with large amount of datapoints. The present numerical scheme is local with sparsedifferentiation matrices, consequently capable of removing thedeficiency of ill-conditioning in the global kernel method.
Collective transport of alpha particles due to Alfven wave instability

Recently a new point of view has been developed for describing saturation of discrete modes excited by weak sources. The method applies to the evolution of energetic particles in the beam plasma instability as well as to the description of how alpha particles evolve when they destabilize Alfven waves under reactor conditions. Over a wide range of parameters the system produces pulsations, where there are relatively brief bursts of wave energy separated by longer intervals of quiescence. There are two types of pulsations: benign and explosive. In the benign phase, valid when particle motion is not stochastic, the distribution function is close to that predicted by classical transport theory, and the instability saturates when the wave trapping frequency equals the expected linear growth rate. If the field amplitude in a burst reaches the level where orbit stochasticity occurs, the quasilinear diffusion causes rapid transfer of particle energy to wave energy and rapid flattening of the particle distribution.
Level crossings and branch points studied by the multidimensional partitioning technique

The possibility of level crossings is discussed from a general multidimensional partitioning viewpoint. By extending the traditional motion of a self-adjoint Hamiltonian to a self-adjoint analytic family of operators, it is found that level intersections that appear fall into two mutually exclusive categories: the conventional diagonal one corresponding to Jordan blocks of order m = 1, and the nondiagonal one with m greater than or equal to 2. Consequences with respect to some recent examples, such as Longuet-Higgins ''sign-reversing loop'' construction and the /sup 1/PI near degeneracy in SiO, are discussed and examined. 21 references.
Surface Heat Flux Prediction Through Physics-Based Calibration, Part 1: Theory

A transformative methodology is presented for predicting surface heat fluxes based on interior temperature measurements. A physics-based calibration method is mathematically developed presently in the context of the linear heat equation and experimentally verified (in a later paper), indicating the merit and accuracy of the approach. Sensor characterization, sensor positioning, and thermophysical properties are inherently contained without being explicitly expressed in the final mathematical expression, relating the surface heat flux to interior temperature measurements. A unified theoretical basis is presently under development that encompasses one-, two-, and three-dimensional multiregion geometries possessing orthotropic thermophysical properties. Additionally, the mathematical formalism will recover either the local surface heat flux or total surface heat transfer. This paper represents the first presentation of the concept, illustrates its genesis, and presents insight toward developing a comprehensi.
Antibiotic Treatment Duration for Bacterial Infections - A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal

Reducing antibiotic treatment duration is a key stewardship intervention to mitigate antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We performed a systematic review of antibiotic duration randomised controlled trials for treatment or prevention of bacterial infections in humans, appraised their methodologies and identified gaps in evidence. All randomised trials indexed in MEDLINE and EMBASE up to October 2022 which compared different treatment durations were included. We found 296 trials, of which 85% showed equivalence or non-inferiority. The majority (73%) considered treatment for respiratory tract infections, genitourinary infections, and post-surgical prophylaxis. Few trials studied severe infections, such as bloodstream infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Trial designs shifted from superiority (74%, 178/242 before 2016) to non-inferiority (74%, 40/54 after 2016). 94% of the trials that defined a per-protocol population reported non-adherence, which may increase the probability of concluding non-inferiority. Only 9 trials collected data to demonstrate the effect of antibiotic duration on AMR colonisation. Registration: PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021276209 Funding: National Research Foundation Singapore Central Gap Fund; National Medical Research Council, Singapore; Medical Research Council, UK
Multiplying numbers differently: an epidemiology of contagious convolution

Contemporary data flows in science, business, government, and media draw numbers from two kinds of places. In some places, numbers are assembled and assigned through observing, counting, and measuring. In other places, numbers are assembled in a different way. Such places are usually defined mathematically as functions and implemented algorithmically in software. The numbers that come from them are not necessarily assigned to anything in the world as facts, keys, or codes. They are functional numbers. The time-space signature of calculation that results from the convolution of these two different supply chains of numbers has textures and traits that directly affect the unfolding of events. This paper reconstructs a symptomatic crisis event, the 2009 A/H1N1 ‘swine flu’ influenza pandemic, from the standpoint of number flow in and around epidemiological models. In their sometimes drastic reshaping of lived space-times, epidemics generate and attract a plethora of numbers relating to human/non-human populations, human/non-human biology, vectors of infection, patterns of urban mobility, media use, clinical practice, and laboratory tests. Examining some key mathematical functions, data sets, plots, and computer model code, the paper reconstructs how these different kinds of numbers mix or ‘convolve’. It suggests that the convolution of numbers to predict and control epidemics, or to disentangle different aspects of events more generally, might provoke us to think of how numbers multiply in multiple ways.