Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transparent interconnection of lots of links (TRILL): problem and applicability statement

Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL): Problem and Applicability Statement Status of This Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract Current IEEE 802.1 LANs use spanning tree protocols that have a number of challenges. These protocols need to strictly avoid loops, even temporary ones, during route propagation, because of the lack of header loop detection support. Routing tends not to take full advantage of alternate paths, or even non-overlapping pairwise paths (in the case of spanning trees). This document addresses these concerns and suggests applying modern network-layer routing protocols at the link layer. This document assumes that solutions would not address issues of scalability beyond that of existing IEEE 802.1 bridged links, but that a solution would be backward compatible with 802.1, including hubs, bridges, and their existing plug-and-play capabilities.
Supplementary Material-MDL-NAS : A Joint Multi-domain Learning Framework for Vision Transformer

For non-hierarchical vision transformer (ViT), following AutoFormer [2], we set the embedding dimension, MLP ratio, heads num, and share ratio are set to {528, 572, 624}, {3, 3.5, 4}, {8, 9, 10}, {0.4, 0.5, 0.6} respectively for all stages. In all experiments, the scaling factor dh and network depth are set to 64 and 16, respectively Note that the heads number and MLP ratios are varied across layers. For hierarchical vision transformer (Swin Transformer), the number of blocks, embedding dimension, heads number, and MLP ratio are set to {2, 2, {7, 8}, {1, 2}}, {{96, 128}, {160, 192}, {416, 448}, {704, 746}}, {{2, 3}, {5, 6}, {11, 12, 13}, {19, 20, 21}} and {{2, 2.5, 3}, {2.5, 3, 3.5}, {3.5, 4, 4.5}, {3.5, 4, 4.5}}respectively for four stages. We set window size to 14 for the second and third stage. The scaling factor dh is set to 32 in all experiments. For fine search space, we search shared ratio for FFN layer and MHSA layer in each stage, with shared ratio setting to {{0.5, 0.7, 0.9}, {0.5, 0.7, 0.9}, {0.3, 0.5, 0.7}, {0.1, 0.3, 0.5}} respectively for four stages. Note that FFN layer and MHSA layer have two identical yet independent search space.
Interactions between Natural Killer Cells and Antibody Fc Result in Enhanced Antibody Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

ABSTRACT Antibodies can prevent lentivirus infections in animals and may play a role in controlling viral burden in established infection. In preventing and particularly in controlling infection, antibodies likely function in the presence of large quantities of virus. In this study, we explored the mechanisms by which antibodies neutralize large inocula of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on different target cells. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from HIV-infected patients was tested for neutralizing activity against primary R5 strains of HIV-1 at inocula ranging from 100 to 20,000 50% tissue culture infective doses. At all virus inocula, inhibition by antibody was enhanced when target cells for virus growth were monocyte-depleted, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) rather than CD4+ lymphocytes. However, enhanced inhibition on PBMCs was greatest with larger amounts of virus. Depleting PBMCs of natural killer (NK) cells, which express Fc receptors for IgG (FcγRs), abrogated the enhanced antibody inhibition, whereas adding NK cells to CD4+ lymphocytes restored inhibition. There was no enhanced inhibition on PBMCs when F(ab′)2 was used. Further experiments demonstrated that the release of β-chemokines, most likely through FcγR triggering of NK cells, contributed modestly to the antiviral activity of antibody on PBMCs and that antibody-coated virus adsorbed to uninfected cells provided a target for NK cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1. These results indicate that Fc-FcγR interactions enhance the ability of antibody to neutralize HIV-1. Since FcγR-bearing cells are always present in vivo, FcγR-mediated antibody function may play a role in the ability of antibody to control lentivirus infection.
Application of the Quasi Static Variational Assimilation (QSVA) Method to Heavy Rainfall Cases over the Korean Peninsula

In this study, the usefulness of the Quasi Static Variational Assimilation (QSVA) method in assimilating radar data for heavy rainfall cases, which are related to a high degree of nonlinearity, is investigated by comparing it with the single or multiple outer-loop Four Dimensional Variational (4D-Var) method. In the QSVA method, the length of the assimilation window is gradually increased, and the starting point of the current minimization task comes from the minimizer of the previous one. In some cases, the rainfall and wind forecasts are improved to the greatest extent through the use of the multiple outer loops. On the contrary, in the other cases, the use of the QSVA method improves the rainfall and wind forecasts the most significantly. According to the analyses of the nonlinearity of the minimization problem, the cases, in which the QSVA method is the most ef-fective in assimilating radar data, are related to a relatively high degree of nonlinearity. Owing to the quasi-static adjustment of the QSVA method, the possibility of getting trapped near the local minimum is reduced, and the QSVA method results in better analyses and forecasts. ( Citation: Choi, Y., G.-H. Lim, and D.-K. Lee, 2013: Application of the quasi static variational assimilation (QSVA) method to heavy rainfall cases over the Korean Peninsula. SOLA , 9 , 134− 138, doi:10.2151/sola.2013-030. )
Treatment of refractory complex partial seizures: role of vigabatrin

Vigabatrin (VGB) is an antiepileptic drug that was designed to inhibit GABA-transaminase, and increase levels of γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. VGB has demonstrated efficacy as an adjunctive antiepileptic drug for refractory complex partial seizures (CPS) and for infantile spasms (IS). This review focuses on its use for complex partial seizures. Although VGB is well tolerated, there have been significant safety concerns about intramyelinic edema and visual field defects. VGB is associated with a risk of developing bilateral concentric visual field defects. Therefore, the use of VGB for complex partial seizures should be limited to those patients with seizures refractory to other treatments. Patients must have baseline and follow-up monitoring of visual fields, early assessment of its efficacy, and ongoing evaluation of the benefits and risks of VGB therapy.
Contemporary state of stress and neotectonic deformation in the Carpathian‐Pannonian region

The Carpathian-Pannonian region has been characterized by a two-stage tectonic evolution since the beginning of the Neogene. During early and mid-Miocene the lateral eastward escape of the Pannonian Fragment caused thrusting and folding in the Outer Carpathian Mountains, south- and westward directed subduction of the Eurasian lithosphere, calc-alkaline volcanism along the Inner Carpathian bend, and localized fault-controlled subsidence of basins in the Pannonian region. This style of tectonic deformation ceased by the end of the mid-Miocene. The neotectonic stage began in the late Miocene. It is characterized by differential regional subsidence with maximum rates in the west and east and minimum rates in the centre of the Pannonian Basin. Further characteristics of the central Pannonian Basin are the anomalous high heat flow values, the thin crust and lithosphere. The neotectonic stress field has been determined by in situ stress measurements, the analyses of borehole breakouts and fault-plane solutions of earthquakes. In situ stress measurements by the doorstopper and triaxial strain cell methods indicate high compressional stresses in the western Pannonian Basin with its maximum in WNW-ESE to NW-SE direction. In contrast to its western part, the central Pannonian Basin shows tensional stresses near the Earth's surface with maximum tension in the same WNW-ESE direction. Borehole breakout data indicate a general WNW-ESE orientation of maximum horizontal stress in the western part of the Pannonian Basin and in the eastern part as well, whereas in the central Pannonian Basin this direction is the preferred azimuth of minimum horizontal stress. It is suggested that the neotectonic deformations and stresses in the Carpathian-Pannonian region have a sublithospheric origin. Asthenospheric convection with an upwelling mantle flow below the centre of the Pannonian Basin and downwelling flows along the cold lithospheric roots below the eastern Carpathians and the Alps seems to be most plausible. Accordingly, the relative uplift of the central Pannonian Basin, the high heat flow and also the tensional stresses are explained as the surface expression of an upstreaming branch of a localized convection cell below the Pannonian Basin.
Análise de variâncias pluviométricas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Taboão - RS

The objective of this paper was to determine the probabilistic distribution that fits the variance of the precipitation data obtained in six stations located at Taboao river watershed, northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul State, during a seven years period from 5/May/2003 to 9/May/2006 and from 1/July/2007 to 4/June/2011. Group patterns were determined in relation to the variance. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used for a comparison between the observed and theoretical distributions of the variance. After determining the Log Pearson and Gama distribution, the grouping of stations was performed based on theirs variances by the Euclidean distance using the Ward's method. The evaluation with the ANOVA and Tukey's test showed that the proposed groupings were not sustainable, which implies the homogeneity among the mean values of the historical series variances from the six analyzed precipitation stations. The obtained results permit to conclude that the precipitation is homogeneous in the Taboao river watershed.
On the generalization of the Lambert W function with applications in theoretical physics

The Lambert W function, giving the solutions of a simple transcendental equation, has become a famous function and arises in many applications in combinatorics, physics, or population dyamics just to mention a few. In the last decade it turned out that some specific relativistic equations and molecular physics problems need solutions of more general transcendental equations. Thus a generalization of the Lambert function is necessary. In this paper we construct this generalization which involves some special polynomials.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO SEDIMENTO E DOS PARÂMETROS FÍSICO-QUÍMICOS EM UMA ÁREA DE DEPOSIÇÃO DE SEDIMENTOS NO RIO PARAÍBA DO SUL (RJ): SUA SIMILARIDADE COM A DINÂMICA DAS ZONAS HIPORRÉICAS

The present work aimed to evaluate if a sediment ation area (SA), product of the siltation of the Paraiba do Sul River (PSR) – RJ, presents similar variation of the physicalchemical parameters in relation to hyporheic zones (HZ). Water and sediment samples were collected between August and September of 2006 in a SA in the PSR, aiming to compare the variations in the deep and superficial intersticial water. At the front part of the SA, water samples of the river stream were collected in order to compare the variation of its physical-chemical parameters with the instersticial water. The characterization of the sediment demonstrated predominance of rough and medium sand in the SA. The rear points presented higher percentages of C and N in the riverbed samples and higher C:N rates different from the observed in the front part of the SA, indicating a smaller participation of the phytoplanktonic biomass. The pH (5.6 – 7.5) presented the lower values at the points of the front part of the SA, where there was a clear tendency of higher pH values at the surface. The total alkalinity (0.2 – 2.6 mEq.L -1 ) presented significant higher values in the most internal points. The Eh values (-218 – 247 mV), reflecting the availability of dissolved oxygen, were lower in the most internal and inferior points of the SA. The decomposition effects, along with the absence of production and less intense gas exchange in the most internal and inferior points, probably are the main causes of the variation in the values of theses parameters. The electrical conductivity (70 – 295 µS.cm -1 ) presented the higher values in the internal points. This reflects the soluble ions concentration, being influenced by precipitation and evaporation events. Despite the necessity of a more detailed study, this SA presented a behavior similar to the HZs.
Tropospheric SF6: Observed latitudinal distribution and trends, derived emissions and interhemispheric exchange time

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), an anthropogentically produced compound that is a potent greenhouse gas, has been measured in a number of NOAA GMDL air sampling programs. These include high resolution latitudinal profiles over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, weekly flask samples from seven remote, globally distributed sites, hourly in situ measurements in rural North Carolina, and a series of archived air samples from Niwot Ridge, Colorado. The observed increase in atmospheric mixing ratio is consistent with an overall quadratic growth rate, at 6.9±0.2% yr−1 (0.24±0.01 ppt yr−1) for early 1996. From these data we derive an early 1996 emission rate of 5.9±0.2 Gg SF6 yr−1 and an interhemispheric exchange time of 1.3±0.1 years.
Chemical and hygroscopic properties of aerosol organics at Storm Peak Laboratory

A combined field and laboratory study was conducted to improve our understanding of the chemical and hygroscopic properties of organic compounds in aerosols sampled in the background continental atmosphere. PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 µm) aerosols were collected from 24 June to 28 July 2010 at Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) in the Park Range of northwestern Colorado. New particle formation (NPF) was frequent at SPL during this campaign, and the samples were not influenced by regional dust storms. Filter samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), water soluble OC (WSOC), major inorganic ions, and detailed organic speciation. WSOC was isolated from inorganic ions using solid phase absorbents. Hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) and cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activity of the WSOC were measured in the laboratory. Organic compounds compose the majority (average of 64% with a standard deviation (SD) of 9%) of the mass of measured species and WSOC accounted for an average of 89% (with a SD of 21%) of OC mass. Daily samples were composited according to back trajectories. On average, organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols accounted for 12.5 ± 6.2% (average ± SD) of WSOC. Based on the composition of these compounds and that of high molecular weight compounds identified using ultra high resolution mass spectrometry, the organic mass to OC ratio of the WSOC is estimated to be 2.04. The average hygroscopic GFs at RH = 80% (GF80) were 1.10 ± 0.03 for particles derived from isolated WSOC and 1.27 ± 0.03 for particles derived from the total water‐soluble material (WSM). CCN activity followed a similar pattern. The critical diameters at a super‐saturation of 0.35% were 0.072 ± 0.009 and 0.094 ± 0.006 µm for particles derived from WSM and isolated WSOC, respectively. These GF results compare favorably with estimates from thermodynamic models, which explicitly relate the water activity (RH) to concentration for the total soluble material identified in this study.
Differentiated Zn(II) binding affinities in animal, plant, and bacterial metallothioneins define their zinc buffering capacity at physiological pZn

Abstract Metallothioneins (MTs) are small, Cys-rich proteins present in various but not all organisms, from bacteria to humans. They participate in zinc and copper metabolism, toxic metals detoxification, and protection against reactive species. Structurally, they contain one or multiple domains, capable of binding a variable number of metal ions. For experimental convenience, biochemical characterization of MTs is mainly performed on Cd(II)-loaded proteins, frequently omitting or limiting Zn(II) binding features and related functions. Here, by choosing 10 MTs with relatively well-characterized structures from animals, plants, and bacteria, we focused on poorly investigated Zn(II)-to-protein affinities, stability–structure relations, and the speciation of individual complexes. For that purpose, MTs were characterized in terms of stoichiometry, pH-dependent Zn(II) binding, and competition with chromogenic and fluorescent probes. To shed more light on protein folding and its relation with Zn(II) affinity, reactivity of variously Zn(II)-loaded MTs was studied by (5,5ʹ-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) oxidation in the presence of mild chelators. The results show that animal and plant MTs, despite their architectural differences, demonstrate the same affinities to Zn(II), varying from nano- to low picomolar range. Bacterial MTs bind Zn(II) more tightly but, importantly, with different affinities from low picomolar to low femtomolar range. The presence of weak, moderate, and tight zinc sites is related to the folding mechanisms and internal electrostatic interactions. Differentiated affinities of all MTs define their zinc buffering capacity required for Zn(II) donation and acceptance at various free Zn(II) concentrations (pZn levels). The data demonstrate critical roles of individual Zn(II)-depleted MT species in zinc buffering processes.
Rupture nucleations in the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake and its large aftershocks

Summary Local seismograms of the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (M 7.2) and its largest aftershocks show that a slow rising initial phase precedes the main P phase. High dynamic range short-period seismograms of the foreshocks, mainshock and aftershocks were recorded by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) network and the NET-HYOGO. Using these seismograms, we investigate the initial rupture process of the mainshock and large aftershocks using an empirical Green's function method. The deconvolved moment rate function of the mainshock shows that it begins with a small pre-event (Mw 4.0), then the moment releases gradually, and after about 0.6 s, it increases rapidly. The first 0.7 s of the deconvolved moment rate functions are inverted to obtain the spatio-temporal images of the initial rupture process. The results show that at the hypocentral area (less than 1 km from the hypocentre) slip velocity rises slowly with a low peak. In the surrounding area, 1 km east and downward from the hypocentre, slip velocity rises rapidly with a high peak. It is also found that during the initial rupture process, the slip velocity pulse grows continuously. These observations are in accord with a theoretical model of the transition process from nucleation to high-speed dynamic rupture in which slip velocity rises slowly at the nucleation zone. We also analyse the initiation and the main dynamic rupture of large aftershocks. Spatio-temporal images of the largest aftershocks (M 5.1 and M 4.8) show that there is a clear initial rupture process with a low moment release and, after about 0.2 s, slip velocity increases rapidly. We compare the initial rupture process of the mainshock with those of the large aftershocks (M 4.0–5.1). The duration (0.6 s) of the initial phase of the mainshock is longer than those (0.02–0.3 s) of the large aftershocks. Furthermore, the slip velocity of the initial rupture process of the mainshock is several times larger than those of the two largest aftershocks. These results suggest that the mainshock starts in the region where the stress drop and fracture energy is higher.
Wave Transformation Over Salt Marshes: A Field and Numerical Modelling Study from North Norfolk, England

Abstract This paper presents quantitative evidence for the effectiveness of a meso- to macro-tidal open coast salt marsh in attenuating incoming waves over a range of tidal and meteorological conditions. Field measurements of wind waves at three locations on a sand flat to salt marsh cross-shore transect showed that wave energy dissipation rates over the salt marsh were significantly higher (at an average of 82%) than over the sand flat (at an average of 29%). The difference in water depth between the sand flat and salt marsh sections of the transect was not sufficient to account for the difference in wave attenuation, indicating that an increase in surface friction is the primary reason for increased wave attenuation over the salt marsh. Comparison of the field results with a numerical model based on theoretical wave energy dissipation suggests that surface friction factors of the order of ≤0·4 are responsible for the high values of wave attenuation over the salt marsh. The results provide empirical support, both for maintaining salt marshes in front of existing sea defence lines and for creating new salt marsh as part of coastal set-back/shoreline realignment schemes.
NTRC and thioredoxins m1/m2 underpin the light acclimation of plants on proteome and metabolome levels

Abstract During photosynthesis, plants must manage strong fluctuations in light availability on different time scales, leading to long-term acclimation and short-term responses. However, little is known about the regulation and coordination of these processes and the modulators involved. In this study, we used proteomics, metabolomics, and reverse genetics to investigate how different light environmental factors, such as intensity or variability, affect long-term and short-term acclimation responses of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the importance of the chloroplast redox network in their regulation. In the wild type, high light, but not fluctuating light, led to large quantitative changes in the proteome and metabolome, accompanied by increased photosynthetic dynamics and plant growth. This finding supports light intensity as a stronger driver for acclimation than variability. Deficiencies in NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) or thioredoxins m1/m2, but not thioredoxin f1, almost completely suppressed the re-engineering of the proteome and metabolome, with both the induction of proteins involved in stress and redox responses and the repression of those involved in cytosolic and plastid protein synthesis and translation being strongly attenuated. Moreover, the correlations of protein or metabolite levels with light intensity were severely disturbed, suggesting a general defect in the light-dependent acclimation response, resulting in impaired photosynthetic dynamics. These results indicate a previously unknown role of NTRC and thioredoxins m1/m2 in modulating light acclimation at proteome and metabolome levels to control dynamic light responses. NTRC, but not thioredoxins m1/m2 or f1, also improves short-term photosynthetic responses by balancing the Calvin–Benson cycle in fluctuating light.