Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Health workers' knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards hepatitis B infection in Southern Nigeria

Globally, it is estimated that approximately 400 million individuals are chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus and more than a million people die annually from HBV-related causes. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital in Edo state, Nigeria, to determine health workers knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards hepatitis B infection using a structured questionnaire. Two hundred respondents from the different cadres of health workers in the hospital were recruited by stratified sampling into the study. More than three-quarters of the respondents (81%) had ever heard of hepatitis B infection prior to the study. Of those that were aware of hepatitis B infection, 92% mentioned blood and blood products as route of transmission of Hepatitis B, 68.5% mentioned needles and sharps while only 37% said that the disease can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. Incorrectly identified routes of transmission by the respondents include faeco-oral transmission (14.2%) and transmission through drinking contaminated water (9.3%). On ways of preventing Hepatitis B infection, correctly identified preventive measures include vaccination by a majority (77.2%) of the respondents. More than three quarters of the respondents (80.9%) said that Hepatitis B can be acquired as a nosocomial infection from the hospital while 69.8% said that Hepatitis B infection is widely transmitted like HIV/AIDS. A little more than three-quarters of the respondents (75.5%), were aware of the existence of Hepatitis B vaccine prior to the study. Only 70.2% have actually ever received Hepatitis B vaccine, out of which only 59.4% completed the vaccination schedule. Poor compliance of Health workers to hepatitis B vaccination is an issue that deserves serious attention. There is a need for health education campaigns for health workers so that they can understand the risks that they are exposed to based on the nature of their work. Key words: Health workers, hepatitis B, vaccination, knowledge, attitude, behaviour.
Decentralized Control: A Case Study of Russia

—Until now, censorship research has largely focused on highly centralized networks that rely on government-run technical choke-points, such as the Great Firewall of China. Although it was previously thought to be prohibitively difﬁcult, large-scale censorship in decentralized networks are on the rise. Our in-depth investigation of the mechanisms underlying decentralized information control in Russia shows that such large-scale censorship can be achieved in decentralized networks through inexpensive commodity equipment. This new form of information control presents a host of problems for censorship measurement, including difﬁculty identifying censored content, requiring measurements from diverse perspectives, and variegated censorship mechanisms that require signiﬁcant effort to identify in a robust manner. By working with activists on the ground in Russia, we obtained ﬁve leaked blocklists signed by Roskomnadzor, the Russian government’s federal service for mass communications, along with seven years of historical blocklist data. This authoritative list contains domains, IPs, and subnets that ISPs have been required to block since November 1st, 2012. We used the blocklist from April 24 2019, that contains 132,798 domains, 324,695 IPs, and 39 subnets, to collect active measurement data from residential, data center and infrastructural vantage points. Our vantage points span 408 unique ASes that control ≈ 65% of Russian IP address space. Our ﬁndings suggest that data centers block differently from the residential ISPs both in quantity and in method of blocking, resulting in different experiences of the Internet for residential network perspectives and data center perspectives. As expected, residential vantage points experience high levels of censorship. While we observe a range of blocking techniques, such as TCP/IP blocking, DNS manipulation
How have excessive electronics devices and Internet uses been concerned? Implications for global research agenda from a bibliometric analysis

Abstract Background and aims Excessive use of electronic devices has become a major global problem. However, little is known about the development and current landscape of research concerning this field. This study aimed at exploring the overall publication trend and topics of research on the overuse of electronic devices and the Internet from 1971 to 2017. Methods We systematically searched the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases for published articles on the excessive use of electronic devices and the Internet. Data regarding the publication volume, international collaborations, and geographical locations were analyzed by bibliometrics analysis. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) was undertaken to categorize publications into different research topics. Results A total of 2,276 papers from the WOS and 600 papers from the Scopus were included. We found a dramatic increase in the number of scientific papers towards addiction to electronic devices and the Internet. The United State led in all publication parameters including the total number of papers and total citations. China, Korea and Taiwan were among the most prolific countries/regions. Smartphone addiction was the main concern, and the relationship between the overuse of electronic devices and the Internet and mental health issues have been highlighted. On the other hand, our study found a limited appearance of discussion on effective treatment and intervention. Discussion and Conclusion The findings of this study call for more national and international cooperation in evaluating and intervening addiction to electronic devices and the Internet to gather more knowledge about this phenomenon and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.
Wildlife hunting by indigenous tribes: a case study from Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India

Abstract Hunting is a serious threat to wildlife worldwide. The rainforest-rich Arunachal Pradesh state of India, a biodiversity hotspot, is an area severely affected by indigenous hunting. The state has several indigenous tribes who hunt for food, trade, culture and leisure. Using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires we surveyed 184 individuals in 51 villages across four tribes for information on species hunted and hunting practices. A total of 33 mammalian species are reportedly hunted, of which only 11 were reported by hunters during formal interviews. The other 22 species were observed during casual visits, festivals and informal discussions. Of the species hunted 20 are Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. Villagers now travel longer distances to hunt than they did a decade ago, suggesting a decline in wildlife populations around villages. The extent of offtake of mammals was related to the altitude of the village and the use of guns. Villagers living at higher altitudes and with guns appeared to hunt more. We also documented the importance of ritualistic hunting by some tribes. Additional research is required to estimate offtake and consumption rates of wild meat. Increasing conservation awareness and community-based conservation projects may assist in controlling the severity and extent of this hunting problem.
Social Media User Behavior and Emotions during Crisis Events

The wide availability of smart mobile devices and Web 2.0 services has allowed people to easily access news, spread information, and express their opinions and emotions using various social media platforms. However, because of the ease of joining these sites, people also use them to spread rumors and vent their emotions, with the social platforms often playing a facilitation role. This paper collected more than 190,000 messages published on the Chinese Sina-Weibo platform to examine social media user behaviors and emotions during an emergency, with a particular research focus on the “Dr. Li Wenliang” reports associated with the COVID-19 epidemic in China. The verified accounts were found to have the strongest interactions with users, and the sentiment analysis revealed that the news from government agencies had a positive user effect and the national media and trusted experts were more favored by users in an emergency. This research provides a new perspective on trust and the use of social media platforms in crises, and therefore offers some guidance to government agencies.
Genetics, Mechanisms and Deployment of Brown Planthopper Resistance Genes in Rice

Abstract Among the rice insects, brown planthopper (BPH), (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is a monophagous migratory phloem-sucking insect causing severe loss in Asiatic countries. High nitrogen and willful insecticide application coupled with an increase in temperature have created havoc by this pest during the last few years in certain parts of India, Indonesia, China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Though chemical control measures are advocated to mitigate this insect, yet, the incorporation of host-plant resistance factor is the preferred approach to manage this insect attack owing to the high cost of chemical control and adverse effects on the environment. To date, more than 40 major resistance genes and 22 minor genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are identified. Cloning of 11 BPH resistance genes has been completed to date. Majority of the cloned genes produced coiled-coil nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat protein for the defense response in the host plant. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Ca2+, OsRac1, and other signaling molecules play a definite role in the defense response. Signal transduction may lead to sieve tube sealing, production of metabolites, and induction of proteinase inhibitor for defense response against BPH attack. Plants have intrinsic mechanisms for recognition of damage-associated and herbivore-associated molecular patterns and elicitors for host defense response. This review provides an update on the sources of resistance, identification of resistance genes, gene maps, (QTL) detection, cloning, insights into the molecular mechanisms of resistance, and deployment of resistance genes for durable and broad-spectrum resistance in the cultivars against BPH.
Two New Species of Pristionchus (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from Taiwan and the Definition of the pacificus Species-Complex Sensu Stricto

Abstract Pristionchus pacificus Sommer, Carta, Kim, and Sternberg, 1996 is an important model organism in evolutionary biology that aims to integrate developmental biology and evo-devo with population genetics and ecology. Functional studies in P. pacificus are supported by a well-established phylogenetic framework of around 30 species of the genus Pristionchus that have been described in the last decade based on their entomophilic and necromenic association with scarab beetles. Biogeographically, East Asia has emerged as a hotspot of Pristionchus speciation and recent samplings have therefore focused on Islands and mainland settings in East Asia. Here, we describe in a series of three publications the results of our sampling efforts in Taiwan, Japan, and Hongkong in 2016 and 2017. We describe a total of nine new species that cover different phylogenetic species-complexes of the Pristionchus genus. In this first publication, we describe two new species, Pristionchus sikae sp. n. and Pristionchus kurosawai sp. n. that are closely related to P. pacificus. Together with five previously described species they form the “pacificus species-complex sensu stricto” that is characterized by all species forming viable, but sterile F1 hybrids indicating reproductive isolation. P. sikae sp. n. and P. kurosawai sp. n. have a gonochorist mode of reproduction and they are described using morphology, morphometrics, mating experiments, and genome-wide sequence analysis. We discuss the extreme diversification in the pacificus species-complex sensu stricto in East Asia and its potential power to study speciation processes.
Proceed with caution in generating evidence in the 'oropharyngeal-anorectal chlamydia hypothesis' in humans.

To the Editor T here is an on-going debate on whether oropharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections can inoculate the human gastrointestinal tract, and subsequently lead to anorectal CT infections. Evidence in animals suggests that chlamydia bacteria can undergo gastrointestinal passage. However, no evidence exists in humans. We have read the article by Batteiger et al. with great interest and compliment the authors with their attempt to provide answers on this hypothesis in humans. The authors assume that oral sex (cunnilingus) leads to oropharyngeal CT infections, as they look into the relation between oral sex and anorectal infections, without testing for oropharyngeal CT infection. Although there have been speculations, it has not yet been proven that oral sex leads to oropharyngeal CT infections. The authors conclude that anorectal CT infections could result from inoculation via the GI tract after the self-report of oral sex. From an epidemiological point-of-view, the current study does not provide enough evidence to draw this conclusion. Batteiger et al. used a cross-sectional study design. This design is often chosen to report descriptives or prevalence and lacks the ability to infer causality. In their study, no statistical tests or adjustment for potential confounders were done to assess the relation between cunnilingus and anorectal CT. Additionally, the authors did not describe a control group. Among men who did not report cunnilingus or reported anal behaviors, none had anorectal CT (0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0–0.7). When we look at men who report cunnilingus and denied anal sex behaviors, 2 (2.4%) men had anorectal CT infection (95% CI, 0.3–8.3). The confidence intervals of both groups are large and overlap. The exact difference between these
“Being Chinese Means Becoming Cheap Labour”: Education, National Belonging and Social Positionality among Youth in Contemporary China

Abstract Since the 1990s, the Chinese party-state has attempted to teach its youth how to think and speak about the nation through a “patriotic education” campaign waged in schools, the media and on public sites. The reception of these messages by youth of different social backgrounds remains a disputed issue, however. Drawing on a multi-sited field study conducted among rural and urban Han Chinese youth attending different types of schools, this article explores the effects of the patriotic education campaign on youth conceptions of the nation by examining the rhetoric high-school students employ when asked to reflect upon their nation. The study reveals that a majority of youth statements conform to the language and contents of the patriotic education campaign; however, there are significant differences in the discursive stances of urban youth and rural youth and of those attending academic and non-academic, vocational schools. These findings call into question the party-state's current vision of China as a “unified” national collectivity. They highlight the existence of variances in the sense of collective belonging and national identity of Chinese youth, while underscoring the importance of social positioning and perceived life chances in producing these variances.
Microstegium glabratum (Brongn.) A. Camus (Poaceae, Andropogoneae), a New Record for Japan, China, and Taiwan, Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence

Microstegium glabratum (Brongn.) A. Camus (Poaceae, Andropogoneae) is a new record for Taiwan, Japan (SW Ryukyus), and China (Hainan). Many specimens have been collected since its first discovery in 1915, but these were misidentified as M. ciliatum (Trin.) A. Camus or M. glaberrimum (Honda) Koidz. Its existence in Taiwan is confirmed by the phylogeny of ITS/5.8S sequences and its identity is figured out after examining the related specimens.
Microsoft Word-27333839-file00

Le Yu, Minghui Chen, Zhijie Li, Jing Wen, Jianhua Fu, Dan Guo, Yong Jiang, Shuguang Wu, Chi-Hin Cho, Shuwen Liu School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (L.Y., M.C., S.W., S.L.), Nanfang Hospital (D. G.) and Department of Pathophysiology (Y.J.), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Z.L., C.H.C.) Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China (J.W., J.F.) Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on December 21, 2010 as doi:10.1124/mol.110. 069393
Estimated Asian Adult Soy Protein and Isoflavone Intakes

Abstract: There is substantial interest in the possible anticancer effects of soy foods. In part, this is because of the historically low incidence rates of breast and prostate cancer in Asia. Of the several putative soybean chemopreventive agents, isoflavones have received the most attention. Awareness of this research has led increasing numbers of consumers to use soy foods, isoflavone-fortified foods, and isoflavone supplements. Therefore, there is a need for guidance regarding appropriate isoflavone intake levels. To this end, this article analyzed soy protein (as a surrogate for isoflavones) and isoflavone intake of the major soy food-consuming countries using individual dietary surveys for the bulk of the information. In total, 24 surveys from 4 countries that met the inclusion criteria were identified: Japan (n = 11), China (n = 7), Hong Kong (n = 4), and Singapore (n = 2). The results indicate that older Japanese adults consume approximately 6-11 g of soy protein and 25-50 mg of isoflavones (expressed as aglycone equivalents) per day. Intake in Hong Kong and Singapore is lower than in Japan, whereas significant regional intake differences exist for China. Evidence suggests that ≤10% of the Asian population consumes as much as 25 g of soy protein or 100 mg of isoflavones per day. The applicability of these findings for making soy intake recommendations for non-Asians is discussed.
Olanzapine in Chinese patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a systematic literature review

Background Despite the burden of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the Chinese population, country-specific data to guide practitioners regarding antipsychotic therapy are lacking. The primary aim of this systematic review was to examine evidence of the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of olanzapine in Chinese populations. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using databases covering international and Chinese core journals using search terms related to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, specified countries (People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan), and olanzapine treatment. Following initial screening, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the search results to identify relevant studies from which data were extracted. Results A total of 489 publications were retrieved and 61 studies were identified for inclusion. Most studies were related to schizophrenia (n=54), with six studies related to bipolar disorder and one study related to both conditions. The quality of study methods and reporting in international journals was noticeably better than in Chinese language journals. Most studies included relatively small patient populations and were of short duration. The efficacy of olanzapine in Chinese populations was confirmed by multiple comparative and noncomparative studies that found statistically significant reductions in symptom measures in studies conducted for ≥6 weeks (schizophrenia) or ≥3 weeks (bipolar disorder). Findings related to effectiveness (treatment discontinuation, quality of life, and neurocognitive improvements) were generally consistent with those observed in non-Chinese populations. No new safety signals specific for Chinese populations were raised for olanzapine. Conclusion Chinese and non-Chinese populations with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder treated with olanzapine display broadly similar responses. Differences between these populations, especially in relation to the relative efficacy of olanzapine versus other antipsychotics, may warrant further investigation via studies incorporating both populations. Use of local data to provide evidence for practice guidelines should be encouraged, and may promote ongoing improvements in the quality of research and study reporting.
Debates on fetal fraction measurement and DNA‐based noninvasive prenatal screening: time for standardisation?

DNA-based noninvasive prenatal screening: time for standardisation? T Wataganara, T-H Bui, KW Choy, TY Leung* a Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand b The Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Genetics Unit and Centre for Fetal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden c Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China *Correspondence: Dr TY Leung, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, First Floor of Block E (Special Block), Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China. Email tyleung@cuhk.edu. hk
Genre-specific semantic video indexing

In many applications, we find large video collections from different genres where the user is often only interested in one or two specific video genres. So, when users are querying the system with a specific semantic concept, they are likely aiming a genre specific instantiation of this concept. Thus, a question is how to detect genre specific semantic concepts such as Child in HomeVideo, or FrontalFace in Porn, in an efficient and accurate way. We propose a framework to do such genre-specific context detection. Genre specific models are trained based on a training set with data labelled at video level for genres and at shot level for semantic concepts. In the classification stage, video genre classification is applied first to reduce the entire data set to a relatively small subset. Then, the genre-specific concept models are applied to this subset only. Experiments have been conducted on a small, but realistic 28-hour video data set including YouTube videos, porn videos, TV programs, as well as home videos. Experimental results show that our proposed two-step method is efficient and effective. When filtering the data set such that approximately a percentage is kept equal to the prior probability of each video genre, the overall performance only decreases about 12%, while the processing speed increases about 2 to 10 times for different video genres.
Predictors of Casual Sex Participation in Young Adulthood: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Casual sex is often associated with young adulthood. Most research on the prevalence of casual sex has relied on college students and regional samples. The current study utilized the third wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which was collected in 2001-2002, to obtain nationally representative estimates of the prevalence of casual sex for young adults between the ages of 18-24. This study replicates Lyons and colleagues’ (2013) work on the associations between varying educational trajectories and young adult casual sex behavior, and moves beyond prior work by examining recent casual sex and recent casual oral sex participation. The results suggested that young adults with some college experience or a community college experience were more likely to report casual sex participation within the past 6 months, compared to young adults with a Bachelor’s degree or who were enrolled in a 4-year post-secondary institution. Contrary to Lyons et al.’s (2013) findings, the results also indicated an interaction effect between gender and education status, such that the differences between recent casual sex participation and education status were significant only for men. These results may be helpful for programs aimed at encouraging healthy sexual behavior to identify young adults groups who have the highest risk of casual sex