Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uncoupled Cardiac Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates Diastolic Dysfunction

Background— Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is 1 consequence of hypertension and is caused by impaired cardiac diastolic relaxation. Nitric oxide (NO) is a known modulator of cardiac relaxation. Hypertension can lead to a reduction in vascular NO, in part because NO synthase (NOS) becomes uncoupled when oxidative depletion of its cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) occurs. Similar events may occur in the heart that lead to uncoupled NOS and diastolic dysfunction. Methods and Results— In a hypertensive mouse model, diastolic dysfunction was accompanied by cardiac oxidation, a reduction in cardiac BH4, and uncoupled NOS. Compared with sham-operated animals, male mice with unilateral nephrectomy, with subcutaneous implantation of a controlled-release deoxycorticosterone acetate pellet, and given 1% saline to drink were mildly hypertensive and had diastolic dysfunction in the absence of systolic dysfunction or cardiac hypertrophy. The hypertensive mouse hearts showed increased oxidized biopterins, NOS-dependent superoxide production, reduced NO production, and dephosphorylated phospholamban. Feeding hypertensive mice BH4 (5 mg/d), but not treating with hydralazine or tetrahydroneopterin, improved cardiac BH4 stores, phosphorylated phospholamban levels, and diastolic dysfunction. Isolated cardiomyocyte experiments revealed impaired relaxation that was normalized with short-term BH4 treatment. Targeted cardiac overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme also resulted in cardiac oxidation, NOS uncoupling, and diastolic dysfunction in the absence of hypertension. Conclusions— Cardiac oxidation, independently of vascular changes, can lead to uncoupled cardiac NOS and diastolic dysfunction. BH4 may represent a possible treatment for diastolic dysfunction.
Low Chronic Self-Esteem and Low Situational Self-Esteem: a literature review.

OBJECTIVE to develop a literature review about low self-esteem and components of the nursing diagnoses Low Chronic Self-Esteem and Low Situational Self-Esteem in patients with depressed mood. METHOD an integrative literature review carried out in the Pubmed portal and in the Scopus and Web of Science electronic bibliographic databases. Depression and self-esteem descriptors were used, resulting in 32 articles. RESULTS literature indicated 7 clinical indicators and 14 etiological factors for low self-esteem. CONCLUSION The clinical indicators Suicidal ideation and Ineffective treatment were more prevalent in the study. The etiological factors Stressful events and Stigmatization were the most frequent, both of which were suggested as new related factors for low self-esteem. Nursing diagnosis recognition can contribute to intervention strategy elaboration by the nurse, according to the urgent diagnostic and the individual's particularities.
Collective-variable selection and generative Hopfield-Potts models for protein-sequence families

Statistical models for families of evolutionary related proteins have recently gained interest: in particular pairwise Potts models, as those inferred by the Direct-Coupling Analysis, have been able to extract information about the three-dimensional structure of folded proteins, and about the effect of amino-acid substitutions in proteins. These models are typically requested to reproduce the one- and two-point statistics of the amino-acid usage in these protein families, i.e. ~the so-called residue conservation and covariation statistics. Pairwise Potts models are the maximum-entropy models achieving this. While being successful, these models depend on huge numbers of ad hoc introduced parameters, which have to be estimated from finite amount of data and whose biophysical interpretation remains unclear. Here we propose an approach to parameter reduction, which is based on collective-variable selection. It naturally leads to the formulation of statistical sequence models in terms of Hopfield-Potts models, with the Hopfield patterns being the collective variables. These models can be accurately inferred using a mapping to restricted Boltzmann machines and persistent contrastive divergence. We show that, when applied to protein data, even 20-40 patterns are sufficient to obtain statistically generative models. The Hopfield patterns are interpretable in terms of sequence motifs and may be used to clusterize amino-acid sequences into functional sub-families. However, the distributed collective nature of these motifs intrinsically limits the ability of Hopfield-Potts models in predicting contact maps, showing the necessity of developing models going beyond the Hopfield-Potts models discussed here.
A conditional random field model for 3D reconstruction in image sequences

An airborne vehicle must avoid obstacles like towers, fences, tree branches, mountains and building across the flight path. So the ability to detect and locate obstacles using on-board sensors is an essential step in the autonomous navigation of aircraft low-altitude flight. In this paper, a novel passive range method using conditional random field (CRF) is presented to map the 3D scene in front of a moving aircraft with image sequences obtained from a forward-looking imaging sensor. Finally, An dynamic graph cuts method was presented for the CRF model to recursively update thedepth map. Experimental data demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach.
Forest dynamics in the Pfyn forest in recent centuries (Valais, Switzerland, Central Alps): interaction of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and oak (Quercus sp.) under changing land use and fire frequency

Pinus sylvestris is co-dominant in many areas of eastern and northern Europe. In Switzerland, the Pfyn forest is considered to be the largest natural forest of Pinus sylvestris. Its development under changing land use during recent centuries is largely unknown. Of particular interest is the interaction between pine and oak, for it has been suggested that oak has benefited from the strong decline in economic uses of the forest such as pasturing, litter removal and logging. In order to improve understanding of the dynamics in this particular forest type over time, the vegetation and fire history of the Pfyn forest were reconstructed by pollen and charcoal analyses of the sediments of Pfafforetsee. Four phases of decline in Pinus pollen percentages are explained by logging events and other anthropogenic activities during recent centuries. During the twentieth century human impact on Pinus was probably exacerbated by forest fires. When human influence ceased or declined, Pinus was able to regain its former importance within a few decades. Whereas Pinus experienced considerable change, Quercus species (Q. pubescens, Q. petraea and Q. robur) exhibit constant and low pollen values throughout the record. Under constant climatic conditions, pine should therefore not suffer late-successional replacements by oak in the Pfyn forest. This finding is especially important for nature conservation and forest management, since strong decline in Pinus sylvestris in the canton of Valais has also been interpreted as a consequence of successional dynamics towards a more natural vegetation.
New Archaeomagnetic Evidence for the Persistence of the Geomagnetic Westward Drift

It is now almost three hundred years since HALLEY (1692) suggested that certain features of the Earth's magnetic field exhibit a slow drift to the west. At that time relevant data were scarce and Halley himself concluded that a full understanding was " reserved for the industry of future ages". Now a great deal of industry has, in fact, been devoted to this problem and considerable progress has resulted, but a complete theory still eludes us. For example, in a recent paper, MALIN (1985) points out that "in the absence of a quantitative physical theory of geomagnetic secular variation, there is no satisfactory method for its prediction". My purpose here, then, is to describe how recently published archaeomagnetic results from Japan and southeastern Europe strongly support at least one persistent geomagnetic trend, namely the westward drift. The data in question are estimates of the strength of the ancient magnetic field obtained by the classical technique of THELLIER and THELLIER (1959). The European dataset was first reported some years ago by KOVACHEVA (1980), and has been updated recently by KOVACHEVA and KANARCHEV (1986). The original data were reported as century means, and these indicated that a strong maximum occurred in the 11th century A.D., followed by a smaller maximum in the 17th century A.D. (Fig. 1). The new dataset is more extensive, but the individual results are not tabulated. The main features-notably the two peaks-are still clearly visible, but the earlier one is now resolved into a double peak, labelled A and B in Fig. 1. Maximum enhancements amount to 50 to 60% over the present-day field value. The Japanese dataset is reported by SAKAI and HIROOKA (1986) who provide a complete tabulation of results from which the relevant part of Fig. 1 has been constructed. A double peak (A', B'), followed several centuries later by a smaller peak (C'), is evident. These can be correlated with the features A, B, and C on the European curve. Note, however, that a shift in the time scales is necessary to align the peaks. This amounts to 350 years. If the intensity peaks reflect westward drifting sources in the
Ethnoarchaeology in Action

List of figures and credits List of tables Preface Acknowledgments 1. Ethnoarchaeology: its nature, origins, and history 2. Theorizing ethnoarchaeology and analogy 3. Fieldwork and ethics 4. Human residues: entering the archaeological context 5. Fauna and subsistence 6. Studying artifacts: functions, operating sequences, taxonomy 7. Style and the marking of boundaries: contrasting regional studies 8. Settlement: systems and patterns: 9. Site structures and activities 10. Architecture 11. Specialist craft production and apprenticeship 12. Trade and exchange 13. Mortuary practices, status, ideology, and systems of thought 14. Conclusions: ethnoarchaeology in context Bibliography Index.
The effect of cirrus clouds on 118‐GHz brightness temperatures

A microwave radiative transfer model that describes the effect of scattering by cirrus clouds on the brightness temperatures that may be measured by a geostationary temperature-sounding radiometer has been developed. The model assumes that cirrus clouds are situated at an altitude where the temperature is ∼230 K above completely absorbing land surfaces. It is shown that the brightness temperature at 118.75±3.9 GHz is depressed by 0.3–0.4 K g−1 m−2 of ice. The channels that operate at frequencies closer to 118.75 GHz are less affected by cirrus clouds. The brightness temperature reduction is most pronounced in warm temperate and tropical conditions.
Population Outflow from Earthquake-Stricken Areas and Resident-led Reconstruction : A Theoretical Analysis

We build a cultural transmission model to consider an effective measure for mitigating population outflow from areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. In an economy with firms and two heterogeneous agents (residents within earthquake stricken areas and around these areas), when the stable interior steady state exists in our system, first we analyze how subsidies to firms affect the steady state population share for residents in earthquake stricken areas. Depending on conditions, the policy may either succeed (an increase in the population share compared to the case with no policy) or fail (a decrease in the share). Second, even if the subsidy policy fails, resident-led reconstruction efforts could potentially increase the steady state population share for residents when subsidy is simultaneously given. From the analysis, we find that resident-led reconstruction efforts can be an effective measure to mitigate the population outflow in earthquake stricken areas.
OPINION Renoprotection in diabetic kidney disease: can incretin-based therapies deliver?

Purpose of review Incretin-based therapies mimic or augment the gut-hormone glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and, due to their glucose-lowering potential and beneficial safety profile, as well as their cardiovascular safety and/or protection, are prescribed on a large scale to treat individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, whether the two drug-classes that belong to this category, respectively GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, also reduce the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is at present heavily debated. This review aims to discuss the current evidence.
Rupture Initiation in Shear Fracture of Rocks' An Experimental Study

We used a torsional geometry to grow shear ruptures in two fine-grained rock types. The sample has a slot that is loaded to produce a strong mode 3 shear stress concentration. The onset and growth of the damage zone is detected by monitoring the elastic stiffness of the samples. We find that the samples continue to harden after the onset of fracture. This is initially accompanied by oblique tensile cracks forming at the stress concentration. The peak in supported load apparently corresponds to the onset of strain localization, with the development of cross-cutting shear fractures. We attempted to estimate the partitioning of energy dissipation between elastic and frictional components with a fracture mechanics analysis. The elastic energy increases with normal stress, but scatter in the inelastic data does not allow identification of convincing trends. The sample is too small to develop a complete transition to a shear rupture. The geometry of the fractures is used to explain the energy relations as well as other experimental observations
Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge

In this groundbreaking new book, one of the world's greatest living scientists argues for the fundamental unity of all knowledge and the need to search for what he calls consilience, the composition of the principles governing every branch of learning. Edward O Wilson, the pioneer of sociobiology and biodiversity, once again breaks out of the conventions of current thinking. He shows how our explosive rise in intellectual mastery of the truths of our universe has its roots in the ancient Greek concept of an intrinsic orderliness that governs our cosmos. It is a vision that found its apogee in the Age of Enlightenment, then gradually was lost in the increasing fragmentation and specialisation of knowledge in the last two centuries. Professor Wilson shows why the goals of the original Enlightenment are surging back to life, why they are reappearing on the very frontiers of science and human scholarship, and how they are beginning to sketch themselves as the blueprint of our world.
Energy density of freshwater Patagonian organisms

We assessed by using a bomb calorimeter the energy density of the main species of Patagonian freshwater ecosystems, including fish, crustaceans, gastropods, oligochaetes, and insects. Fish (5048-5789 Cal/g) were the most energy density group, followed by insects (5062- 5232), crustaceans (3364-3994), oligochaetes (3471) and gastropods (1143). These data consist on the first direct energy density estimations of freshwater species and are intended as a baseline information for modelling the energy fluxes in Patagonian freshwater ecosystems. (Keywords: bomb calorimeter, bioenergetic model) RESUMEN: Densidad energOtica de los organismos PatagUnicos de agua dulce. La densidad energOtica de los organismos puede ser utilizada con distintos fines como evaluar la calidad de la dieta, comparar la importancia de distintas presas para un predador, corregir las tasas de evacuaciUn gAEstrica de modelos, explicar el comportamiento de forrajeo de ciertos predadores o determinar su estado fisiolUgico. Consiste en un parAEmetro fundamental para el modelado bioenergOtico de ecosistemas. En este trabajo estimamos la densidad energOtica de los principales grupos de los ecosistemas de agua dulce de la Patagonia, incluyendo peces, crustAEceos, gasterUpodos, oligoquetos e insectos. Encontramos que los peces (5048-5789 Cal/g) es el grupo energOticamente mAEs denso seguido de los insectos (5062-5232), crustAEceos (3364-3994), oligoquetos (3471) y finalmente los gasterUpodos (1143).
Quality by design for biopharmaceuticals : principles and case studies

DESCRIPTION The concepts, applications, and practical issues of Quality by Design Quality by Design (QbD) is a new framework currently being implemented by the FDA, as well as EU and Japanese regulatory agencies, to ensure better understanding of the process so as to yield a consistent and high-quality pharmaceutical product. QbD breaks from past approaches in assuming that drug quality cannot be tested into products; rather, it must be built into every step of the product creation process.
Magmatic inclusions in silicic and intermediate volcanic rocks

Fine-grained ellipsoidal inclusions from a few millimeters to over l m in size are present in many intermediate to silicic lava flows and domes. Only recently has it become widely accepted that such inclusions are chilled blobs of magma. Their magmatic origin is manifested by vesicularity and high groundmass porosity, by ellipsoidal shapes, by mingling at contacts with the host, and by textural evidence for groundmass crystallization in an undercooled state. Groundmass textures reflect the degree of undercooling, which is a function of thermal contrast (ΔT) between inclusions and host magmas before mingling. Compositions of inclusions are invariably more mafic than their hosts and indicate that the magmatic systems were compositionally zoned. Many inclusions were formed from hybrid magmas. Four examples are given in order to document effects of decreasing ΔC (compositional contrast) and ΔT, as hosts for mafic andesitic to andesitic inclusions vary from high-silica rhyolite (HSR) to silicic andesite. In the HSR example from the Coso volcanic field, California, inclusions track the evolution of zonation in a long-lived magmatic system. At the other extreme, andesitic inclusions in silicic andesite from Crater Lake, Oregon, demonstrate zonation of a system of low ΔT and ΔC and show effects of in situ differentiation by gas filter-pressing of residual liquid. Inclusions form when a relatively small proportion of mafic magma comes into contact with a larger proportion of silicic magma. Several mechanisms by which the magmas mix have been proposed: buoyant rise of vesiculated mafic magma or convective stirring at the interface between mafic and overlying silicic magma, forcible injection of mafic magma, diking of fractured silicic magma, and mixing during ascent in a conduit. No single mechanism explains all field observations. Many inclusions in plutons are analogous to magmatic inclusions in volcanic rocks but are likely to have suffered greater chemical and textural change during comparatively slow postentrapment cooling. Magmatic inclusions are evidence of open system behavior of the differentiated parts of magma bodies, and the inclusions themselves may behave as open systems where ΔT is low.
A multiyear analysis of aerosol optical thickness over Europe and Central Poland using NAAPS model simulation

This study contains a comparative analysis of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) between numerical calculations obtained from the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) model and direct observations from the AERONET robotic network and the Saharan Aerosol over WArsaw (SAWA) field campaign. AOT was calculated for 500 nm wavelength. The comparison shows underestimation of the total aerosol optical thickness simulated by NAAPS. The correlation coefficients between model and observation oscillates between 0.57 and 0.72. Results of seven-year (1998–2004) NAAPS simulation of aerosol components (sea salt, mineral dust, sulphate, and smoke) show large temporal and spatial variability of the aerosol optical thickness over Europe. The least polluted region is the Iberian Peninsula, while the highest aerosol burdens occurred in Central Europe, mostly due to anthropogenic sulphate particles. Finally, the analysis of mineral dust transport shows frequent episodes of Saharan dust inflow over Central Europe. There are about 20 days a year (4 days in May) when instantaneous AOT associated with mineral dust aerosol increases over 0.1.
An Ising model for galaxy bias.

A reliable model of galaxy bias is necessary for interpreting data from future dense galaxy surveys. Conventional bias models are inaccurate, in that they can yield unphysical results ($\delta_g < -1$) for voids that might contain half of the available cosmological information. For this reason, we present a physically-motivated bias model based on an analogy with the Ising model. With only two free parameters, the model produces sensible results for both high- and low-density regions. We also test the model using a catalog of Millennium Simulation galaxies in cubical survey pixels with side lengths from $2h^{-1}$--$31h^{-1}$Mpc, at redshifts from 0 to 2. We find the Ising model markedly superior to linear and quadratic bias models on scales smaller than $10h^{-1}$Mpc, while those conventional models fare better on scales larger than $30h^{-1}$Mpc. While the largest scale where the Ising model is applicable might vary for a specific galaxy catalog, it should be superior on any scale with a non-negligible fraction of cells devoid of galaxies.
Shoreline-position forecasting: Impact of storms, rate-calculation methodologies, and temporal scales

Despite the considerable research that has sought to describe past and predict future shoreline change, little consensus has emerged on the best methodology for forecasting future shoreline positions. While a certain degree of heterogeneity in approach is warranted given the variability in coastal geomorphology and sediment-transport processes, the prediction error associated with each method has not been evaluated in great detail. In this study, measured shoreline positions from Delaware and New York were used to calculate long-term erosion rates and make predictions to subsequent, known positions. Rates were calculated using end-point and linear-regression methods, including and excluding storm-specific shorelines. Those rate computations that included storm-specific shorelines yielded consistently poor predictions (average factor-of-three increase in error) compared with non-storm erosion rates, regardless of rate-calculation method. Linear-regression predictions, on average, performed better than end-point rate predictions, reducing error by over 70% in New York and 34% in Delaware for rates including storm shorelines, and between 4 and 31% for non-storm data (DE and NY, respectively). Predictions (hindcasts) were also made to 19th century shoreline positions using rates computed with modern, non-storm data. The positions predicted along relatively undeveloped stretches of the coast were within the 95% confidence interval associated with the prediction. Hindcasts made in areas characterized by heavy development and/or beach nourishment projects were poor, as would be expected given the recent alteration of the natural sediment-supply system. For all locations, inclusion of 19th century data reduced uncertainty in forecasts of 21st century shoreline positions by roughly 44%. These results show that forecasts derived from linear-regression rates using non-storm, 19th and 20th century data produce the lowest prediction error and uncertainty in the long-term trend.