Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Real-time AVHRR forest fire detection in Mexico (1998-2000)

Using our NOAA satellite ground receiving station we have implemented a real-time multispectral fire detection procedure. The Mexican territory is divided into five regions. For each region, time-dependent dynamic temperature threshold values are determined. To avoid solar contamination, nocturnal and early morning Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Local Area Coverage (LAC) images are used. The model determines hot points using channel 3 data. Channel 4 data are used for determining the environmental (surface) temperature. Channel 1 data are used to detect smoke and pixels having a high albedo (4-7%) due to clouds and ground features. Channel 2 data are used to identify land irregularities. Detected hot points are then brought into a geographic information system for ecosystem classification on a national vegetation map which identifies natural protected areas, fragmented forest and agricultural areas. Two daily reports were delivered during 1999 and 2000 to the corresponding national and state authorities so they could take immediate actions. The fire season of 1998 was the most severe season. Satellite imagery detected many fires not only in Mexico but also in Guatemala and Honduras during April and May. South-westerly winds transported the smoke haze over the Gulf of Mexico reaching the USA from New Mexico to southern Florida and sometimes as far north as over the Great Plains. Comparison of the results show that affected areas have been reduced by 7.3 ha per event (1998), 4.0 ha per event (1999) and 2.8 ha per event (2000), respectively. The most affected regions of the country were as follows--in the south: States of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco and Quintana Roo; in the centre: Estado de México, Guerrero, Jalisco, Zacatecas and Tamaulipas; in the north-east: Coahuila, Nuevo León; and in the north-west: Chihuahua and Sonora. The areas classified as Fragmented Forest show the maximum number of events (80%). This may be because these areas tend to have considerable agricultural activities. It is important to take measures to eliminate these activities.
On the presence and generation of AC and DC electric fields and small ions in closed rooms as a function of building materials, utilization, and electrical installation

In the discussion on possible biological effects of natural atmospheric electric fields or electromagnetic radiation it is frequently overlooked that man, under normal living and working conditions in closed rooms, is also exposed to considerable fields of various types and strengths. Therefore an extensive “inventory” has been made of such ac and dc fields as they occur in rooms of different construction, utilization, and electrical equipment. Results are presented and discussed, also with respect to biological conditions, including some typical examples from the relevant literature.
The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based, language-independent data interchange format. It was derived from the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard. JSON defines a small set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured data. This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based interoperability guidance.
Overview of altimeter data processing at the U.K. Earth Observation Data Centre

Abstract ERS-1 carries the fifth radar altimeter to be launched into Earth orbit. Although similar in concept and design to earlier altimeters, it is the first to include operation over non-ocean surfaces as one of its design requirements. The increased capabilities of the instrument allow for the generation of a variety of data products. The generation of these products calls for an extensive suite of software covering the processing of the raw data into basic ‘waveform products’, and the subsequent generation of higher level, geophysical products covering ocean, sea-ice, land-ice, land and lakes. This paper gives an overview of the ERS-1 altimeter data processing carried out at the U.K. Earth Observation Data Centre (EODC) at Farnborough. Besides processing the data from the satellite, a significant quantity of support data also have to be acquired and processed (e.g., improved orbit ephemerides, meteorological data, ionospheric data, etc.). The initial low-level processing of the raw data into the Wave.
On rank of block Hankel matrix for 2-D frequency detection and estimation

For detection and estimation of 2-D frequencies from a 2-D array of data using a subspace decomposition method, one needs to construct a block Hankel matrix. For reliable detection and estimation, the rank of the block Hankel matrix should be made equal to the number of 2-D frequencies inherent in the data in the absence of noise. In this work, we provide the conditions for achieving the desired rank.
Variability of Monsoon Climate in East Asia at the End of the Last Glaciation

High-resolution paleomonsoon proxy records from peat and eolian sand–paleosol sequences at the desert–loess transition zone in China denote a rapid oscillation from cold–dry conditions (11,200–10,600 14C yr B.P.) to cool–humid conditions (10,600–10,200 14C yr B.P.), followed by a return to cold–dry climate (10,200–10,000 14C yr B.P.). Variations in precipitation proxies suggest that significant climatic variability occurred in monsoonal eastern Asia during the Younger Dryas interval. Late-glacial climate in the Chinese desert–loess belt that lies downwind from Europe was strongly influenced by cold air from high latitudes and from the North Atlantic via the westerlies. The inferred precipitation variations were likely caused by variations in the strength of the Siberian high, which influenced the pressure gradient between land and ocean and therefore influenced the position of the East Asian monsoon front.
Tsunamis in the Black Sea: Comparison of the historical, instrumental, and numerical data

[1] The tsunami hazard in the Black Sea is discussed by comparing historical, instrumental data and numerical results. There are 22 tsunami events in the Black Sea documented since the first century, and nine of them have occurred in twentieth century. The numerical simulations of tsunami propagation for the 1966 and 1939 events are performed by using the framework of the shallow-water theory. The instrumental data from tide gauge records are used to compare and validate the simulation results and estimate the wave motion at other locations where the instrumental data are unavailable. The distribution of maximum positive tsunami amplitudes along the north and south coasts are obtained for each event. The arrival time, tsunami amplitudes, and directivity of tsunamis in the Black Sea are studied. The probable source and target areas of tsunamis are discussed.
Internet Engineering Task Force Audio Video Transport Wg Internet Draft

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as work in progress. 1 Abstract This document specifies a payload format for generic forward error correction of media encapsulated in RTP. It is engineered for FEC algorithms based on the exclusive-or (parity) operation. The payload format allows end systems to transmit using arbitrary block lengths and parity schemes. It also allows for the recovery of both the pay-load and critical RTP header fields. Since FEC is sent as a separate stream, it is backwards compatible with non-FEC capable hosts, so that receivers which do not wish to implement FEC can just ignore the extensions. 2 Introduction The quality of packet voice on the Internet has been mediocre due, in part, to high packet loss rates. This is especially true on wide-area connections. Unfortunately, the strict delay requirements of real-time multimedia usually eliminate the possibility of retransmissions.
Cooperative Prototyping Experiments - Users and Designers Envision a Dental Case Record System

This paper describes experiments with a design technique that we denote cooperative prototyping. The"experiments consider design of a patient case. record system for municipal dental clinics in which we used HyperCard™, an off-the-shelf programming environment for the Macintosh. In the experiments we tried to achieve a fluent work-like evaluation of prototypes where users envisioned future work with a computer tool, at the same time as we made on-line modifications of prototypes in cooperation with the users when breakdowns occur in their work-like evaluation. The experiments showed that it was possible to make a number of direct manipulation changes of " prototypes in cooperation with the users, in interplay with their fluent work-like evaluation of these. However, breakdowns occurred in the prototyping process when we reached the limits of the direct manipulation support for modification. From these experiences we discuss problems in the process, requirements for design tools, and issues involved in getting going with cooperative prototyping with active user involvement.
Velocity anisotropy and delay‐time maps of the mantle near Hawaii

Standard and special seismic refraction profiles resulting in 1147 critically refracted mantle travel times were conducted across the Hawaiian arch to investigate the velocity characteristics of the upper mantle and the depth of the M discontinuity. The data are analyzed by a modified three-dimensional delay-time or time-term method in which the refractor velocity is assumed to possess anisotropy and lateral variations in velocity. The results show that the upper mantle immediately beneath the M discontinuity is anisotropic with respect to compressional waves. The maximum velocity occurs in an east-west direction and is 0.6 km/sec greater than the minimum, which occurs in a north-south direction. Lateral variations in the mean mantle velocity, which averages 8.16 km/sec for the entire area, are also indicated, although the evidence is not as definitive as for the anisotropy. The crustal thicknesses reflect the topographic arch, being relatively thin along the crest of the Hawaiian arch and thick in the Hawaiian deep. In the area on the arch directly north of the island of Hawaii, the crust is about 6.0 km thick, but it thins to about 5.3 km in both the southeast and northwest directions along the crest. The crust thickens beneath the southwestern flank of the arch and reaches thicknesses of 7.5–8.0 km in the Hawaiian deep.
Transportation of Rocks by Driftwood

Driftwood as a rafting agent for rocks is compared to other marine agents in terms of size and abundance of rocks and effective geographical range. It is concluded that driftwood is the chief rafting agent for large erratic rocks in far offshore regions of the tropics. In areas nearer shore and at high latitudes driftwood rafting is probably secondary to other forms of transportation of rocks.
IDSPlanet: A Novel Radial Visualization of Intrusion Detection Alerts

In this article, we present a novel radial visualization of IDS alerts, named IDSPlanet, which helps administrators identify false positives, analyze attack patterns, and understand evolving network conditions. Inspired by celestial bodies, IDSPlanet is composed of Chrono Rings, Alert Continents, and Interactive Core. These components correspond with temporal features of alert types, patterns of behavior in affected hosts, and correlations amongst alert types, attackers and targets. The visualization provides an informative picture for the status of the network. In addition, IDSPlanet offers different interactions and monitoring modes, which allow users to interact with high-interest individuals in detail as well as to explore overall pattern.
Global warming : evidence for asymmetric diurnal temperature change.

Analyses of the year-month mean maximum and minimum surface thermometric record have now been updated and expanded to cover three large countries in the Northern Hemisphere (the contiguous United States, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China). They indicate that most of the warming which has occurred in these regions over the past four decades can be attributed to an increase of mean minimum (mostly nighttime) temperatures. Mean maximum (mostly daytime) temperatures display little or no warming. In the USA and the USSR (no access to data in China) similar characteristics are also reflected in the changes of extreme seasonal temperatures, e.g., increase of extreme minimum temperatures and little or no change in extreme maximum temperatures. The continuation of increasing minimum temperatures and little overall change of the maximum leads to a decrease of the mean (and extreme) temperature range, an important measure of climate variability. The cause(s) of the asymmetric diurnal changes are uncertain, but there is some evidence to suggest that changes in cloud cover plays a direct role (where increases in cloudiness result in reduced maximum and higher minimum temperatures). Regardless of the exact cause(s), these results imply that either: (1) climate model projections considering the expected change in the diurnal temperature range with increased levels of the greenhouse gases are underestimating (overestimating) the rise of the daily minimum (maximum) relative to the maximum (minimum), or (2) the observed warming in a considerable portion of the Northern Hemisphere landmass is significantly affected by factors unrelated to an enhanced anthropogenically-induced greenhouse effect.
Toward a Digital Attribution Model: Measuring the Impact of Display Advertising on Online Consumer Behavior

The increasing availability of individual-level data has raised the standards for measurability and accountability in digital advertising. Using a massive individual-level data set, our paper captures the effectiveness of display advertising across a wide range of consumer behaviors. Two unique features of our data set that distinguish this paper from prior work are (1) the information on the actual viewability of impressions as on average 55% of the display ads are not rendered viewable and (2) the duration of exposure to the display advertisements, both at the individual-user level. Employing a quasi-experiment enabled by our setting, we use difference-in-differences and corresponding matching methods as well as instrumental variable techniques to control for unobservable and observable confounders. We empirically demonstrate that mere exposure to display advertising increases users' propensity to search for the brand and the corresponding product; consumers engage both in active search exerting effort to gather information, and in passive search using information sources that arrive exogenously. We also find statistically and economically significant effects of display advertising on increasing consumers' propensity to make a purchase. Furthermore, our findings reveal that the longer the duration of exposure to display advertising, the more likely the consumers are to engage in direct search behaviors (e.g., direct visits) rather than indirect ones (e.g., search engine inquiries). We also study the effects of various types of display advertising (e.g., prospecting, retargeting, affiliate targeting, video advertising, etc.) and the different goals they achieve. Our framework for evaluating display advertising effectiveness constitutes a stepping stone toward causally addressing the digital attribution problem.
A Mesolithic Tapestry—Holocene Europe Prior to the Neolithic

As conventionally understood, the Mesolithic refers to the interval of time between the end of the Pleistocene, at ca. 12,000 BP, and the local appearance of economies dependent on domesticated plants and animals (Clark 1932:5). The Mesolithic is primarily a European concept, and in Europe, was populated by mobile foragers, whose adaptations were focused on hunting, thecollectionofplant foods,fishing, and shellfish gathering. Until the early 1980s, the Mesolithic was usually described as a period of economic, technological, and cultural stagnation (even ‘devolution’—Childe
Rethinking CycleGAN: Improving Quality of GANs for Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation

An unpaired image-to-image (I2I) translation technique seeks to ﬁnd a mapping between two domains of data in a fully unsupervised manner. While the initial solutions to the I2I problem were provided by the generative adversarial neural networks (GANs), currently, diffusion models (DM) hold the state-of-the-art status on the I2I translation benchmarks in terms of FID. Yet, they suffer from some limita-tions, such as not using data from the source domain during the training, or maintaining consistency of the source and translated images only via simple pixel-wise errors. This work revisits the classic CycleGAN model and equips it with recent advancements in model architectures and model training procedures. The revised model is shown to signif-icantly outperform other advanced GAN- and DM-based competitors on a variety of benchmarks. In the case of Male-to-Female translation of CelebA, the model achieves over 40% improvement in FID score compared to the state-of-the-art results. This work also demonstrates the ineffec-tiveness of the pixel-wise I2I translation faithfulness metrics and suggests their revision. The code and trained models are available at https://github.com/LS4GAN/ uvcgan2 .
Scheduling for Cellular Federated Edge Learning With Importance and Channel Awareness

In cellular federated edge learning (FEEL), multiple edge devices holding local data jointly train a neural network by communicating learning updates with an access point without exchanging their data samples. With very limited communication resources, it is beneficial to schedule the most informative local learning updates. This paper focuses on FEEL with gradient averaging over participating devices in each round of communication. A novel scheduling policy is proposed to exploit both diversity in multiuser channels and diversity in the “importance” of the edge devices’ learning updates. First, a new probabilistic scheduling framework is developed to yield unbiased update aggregation in FEEL. The importance of a local learning update is measured by its gradient divergence. If one edge device is scheduled in each communication round, the scheduling policy is derived in closed form to achieve the optimal trade-off between channel quality and update importance. The probabilistic scheduling framework is then extended to allow scheduling multiple edge devices in each communication round. Numerical results obtained using popular models and learning datasets demonstrate that the proposed scheduling policy can achieve faster model convergence and higher learning accuracy than conventional scheduling policies that only exploit a single type of diversity.
Real-Time Image-Based Relighting for Tangible Video Teleconference

This paper deals with a real-time image based relighting system for tangible video teleconference. The proposed image based relighting system renders the extracted human object using the virtual environmental images. The proposed system can homogenize virtually the lighting environments of remote users on the video teleconference, or render the humans like they are in the virtual places. To realize the video teleconference, the paper obtains the 3D object models of users in real-time using the controlled lighting system. In this paper, we use single color camera and synchronized two directional flash lights. Proposed system generates pure shading images using on and off flash images subtraction. One pure shading reflectance map generates a directional normal map from multiplication of each reflectance map and basic normal vector map. Each directional basic normal map is generated by inner vector calculation of incident light vector and camera viewing vector. And the basic normal vector means a basis component of real surface normal vector. The proposed system enables the users to immerse video teleconference just as they are in the virtual environments.
An end-to-end approach to host mobility

We present the design and implementation of an end-to-end architecture for Internet host mobility using dynamic updates to the Domain Name System (DNS) to track host location. Existing TCP connections are retained using secure and efficient connection migration, enabling established connections to seamlessly negotiate a change in endpoint IP addresses without the need for a third party. Our architecture is secure—name updates are effected via the secure DNS update protocol, while TCP connection migration uses a novel set of Migrate options—and provides a pure end-system alternative to routing-based approaches such as Mobile IP. Mobile IP was designed under the principle that fixed Internet hosts and applications were to remain unmodified and only the underlying IP substrate should change. Our architecture requires no changes to the unicast IP substrate, instead modifying transport protocols and applications at the end hosts. We argue that this is not a hindrance to deployment; rather, in a significant number of cases, it allows for an easier deployment path than Mobile IP, while simultaneously giving better performance. We compare and contrast the strengths of end-to-end and network-layer mobility schemes, and argue that end-to-end schemes are better suited to many common mobile applications. Our performance experiments show that hand-off times are governed by TCP migrate latencies, and are on the order of a round-trip time of the communicating peers.
Component Based Performance Modelling of Wireless Routing Protocols

We propose a component based methodology for modelling and design of wireless routing protocols. Componen-tization is a standard methodology for analysis and synthesis of complex systems, or software. The feasibility of the component based design relies heavily on the compositionality property (i.e. system-level properties can be computed from properties of components). To provide a component based design methodology and to test compositionality for routing protocols, we have to develop a component based model of the wireless network. We present the main components of the routing protocol that should be modelled and focus on three main components: neighborhood discovery, selector of topology information to disseminate, and the path selection components. For each component, we identify the inputs, outputs, and a generic methodology for modelling. Throughout the paper, we use the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Using the neighborhood discovery component, we present our design methodology and design a modified enhanced version of this component, and compare its performance to the original OLSR design.
Correlating Topology and Path Characteristics of Overlay Networks and the Internet

Real-world IP applications such as peer-to-peer file-sharing are now able to benefit from network and location awareness. It is therefore crucial to understand the relation between underlay and overlay networks and to characterize the behavior of real users with regard to the Internet. For this purpose, we have designed and implemented MULTI-PROBE, a framework for large-scale P2P file-sharing measurements. Using this framework, we have performed measurements of BitTorrent, which is currently the P2P file sharing network with the largest amount of Internet traffic. We analyze and correlate these measurements to provide new insights into the topology, the connectivity, and the path characteristics of the Internet parts underlying P2P networks, as well as to present unique information on the BitTorrent throughput and connectivity