Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transmission of stationary nonlinear optical pulses in dispersive dielectric fibers. I. Anomalous dispersion

Theoretical calculations supported by numerical simulations show that utilization of the nonlinear dependence of the index of refraction on intensity makes possible the transmission of picosecond optical pulses without distortion in dielectric fiber waveguides with group velocity dispersion. In the case of anomalous dispersion (∂2ω/∂k2>0) discussed here [the case of normal dispersion (∂2ω/∂k2<0) will be discussed in a succeeding letter], the stationary pulse is a ``bright'' pulse, or envelope soliton. For a typical glass fiber guide, the balancing power required to produce a stationary 1‐ps pulse is approximately 1 W. Numerical simulations show that above a certain threshold power level such pulses are stable under the influence of small perturbations, large perturbations, white noise, or absorption.
Non‐sequential MIMO QFT control of the X‐29 aircraft using a generalized formulation

This paper presents a generalized formulation for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) quantitative feedback theory (QFT) based controller design and analysis, and its application to the control of the X‐29 aircraft. The formulation is based on a more general control structure, where input and output transfer function matrices are included to provide additional degrees of freedom in the decentralized MIMO QFT feedback structure, that facilitates the exploitation of directions in MIMO QFT designs. The formulation captures existing design approaches for fully populated MIMO QFT controller design and provides for a directional design logic involving the plant and controller alignment and the directional properties of their multivariable poles and zeros. Horowitz's Singular‐G design methodology is placed in the context of the generalized formulation and the Singular‐G design for the X‐29 is analysed and redesigned using non‐sequential MIMO QFT and the formulation, demonstrating its utility. The results highlight a fundamental trade‐off between multivariable controller directions for stability and performance in classically formulated design methodologies, elucidate the properties of Singular‐G designed controllers for the X‐29 and validate recent contributions to the theory for non‐sequential MIMO QFT. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracavity nonlinearities in quantum-cascade lasers

We discuss various intracavity optical nonlinearities up to the third order in quantum-cascade lasers. The discussions are based on two kinds of nonlinearities, each toward respective applications. The susceptibilities at the second-harmonic or third-harmonic frequencies lead to harmonic generation for multicolor emission; moreover, the third-order susceptibility at the fundamental frequency results in a nonlinear refractive index, i.e., the Kerr nonlinearity, which is associated with self-pulsations in quantum-cascade lasers. The review surveys the technology progression for the enhancement of nonlinear frequency generation as well as the investigation of the physics behind the multimode output of quantum-cascade lasers. In addition, a simulation model accounting for intracavity nonlinear interactions in quantum-cascade lasers is introduced, which can be used to evaluate and further optimize the nonlinear performance.
Separation Problems in Optical Spectroscopies

Optical spectroscopies provide unique experimental access to materials parameters. In many cases, additional information is obtained by measuring separate tensor elements of the (nonlinear) optical susceptibility tensor. Separation of different elements that may represent completely different physical properties is not always trivial. In this paper a number of ‘separation problems’ in optical spectroscopy are introduced and analyzed. As exemplary cases we address problems associated with interface vs. bulk contributions (in optical second harmonic generation as well as in linear approaches, and both for nonmagnetic and magnetic systems), and the extraction of genuine magnetic information from magneto-optical spectroscopies (both in the static and time-resolved case). Generic mechanisms and experimental approaches are identified.
The Average Intensity and Spectral Evolution of BATSE Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts

Statistical studies of BATSE gamma-ray bursts are presented: we average the time profiles, aligning the events at their highest peaks. Using the time histories in different energy channels, we summarize the general features of the average intensity and spectral evolution of gamma-ray bursts (GRBS) and compare the average evolution of bright and dim events. While no differences are found between the average intensity histories, the average hardness ratio histories demonstrate a hardness/brightness correlation. The observed lack of differences between the intensity histories of bright and dim bursts is incompatible with cosmological time dilation effects predicted by simple cosmological models. The combined results of no intensity history difference but a hardness history difference between bright and dim bursts places constraints on galactic models for the origin of GRBS.
A model for inertial particle trapping locations in hydrodynamic tweezers arrays

We present a model for the trapping of particles with finite inertia in the microscale viscous steady streaming flow of hydrodynamic tweezers. Devices containing a square array and an offset array of cylindrical posts of radius 25 µm were fabricated. As water is oscillated at small amplitude (s < 5 µm) and audible frequency (5000 Hz), highly symmetric microeddies form causing the fluid and particles suspended in the fluid to transport through the device. We image the flows by using 0.5 µm radius fluorescent polystyrene particles, and demonstrate trapping with larger 5 µm radius polystyrene particles. The streaming flow fields are simulated numerically using a fast analytic-numeric approach, and inertial particle motion is determined using the well-known Maxey–Riley equation for small Stokes number (St) particle motion. The St-dependent period-averaged particle velocity is used to describe the effects of inertia on particle trapping locations. We find the St-dependence of trapping location depends on the underlying symmetry of the flow. Only traps located near eddy centers are affected by particle inertia.
VLBI measurements of Jovian S. bursts

VLBI measurements of a series of Jovian S bursts over a 419,000 lambda baseline at 18 MHz indicated that all arrived from the same direction to within about 0.05'', except for a relatively slow drift which may have been due to moving solar wind inhomogeneities. The evidence is against a sweeping-beam origin for S bursts.
Strain‐induced quantum dots by self‐organized stressors

Novel in situ method to produce quantum dots is reported. Three‐dimensional confinement of carriers to a GaInAs/GaAs quantum well dots is observed by photoluminescence. The confinement potential is induced by stressors, formed by self‐organizing growth of InP nanoscale islands on top barrier GaAs surface. Two transitions arising from the strain‐induced quantum dots produced by two types of InP islands are identified. The luminescence from higher electronic states of the quantum dots having a level splitting of 8 meV is also observed.
Separation of susceptibility mechanisms for ferrites of low anisotropy

A method of separation of the mechanisms of initial susceptibility, based on the variations of the susceptibility with grain size, is proposed. For this purpose an earlier proposed model is used together with the conclusions drawn from a long study on the role of intergranular porosity which proved the independence of the susceptibility over this factor. The data on the movement of the walls are thus obtained. Furthermore, rotational susceptibility affords access to effective anisotropy, which is higher than it is generally supposed to be for materials of high susceptibility. Finally the method of separation is applied to YIG.
Is No. 12a Lymph Node Dissection Compliance Necessary in Patients Who Undergo D2 Gastrectomy for Gastric Adenocarcinomas? A Population-Based Retrospective Propensity Score Matching Study

Simple Summary Since nodal metastasis is the main pattern for gastric cancer (GC) metastasis, lymph node (LN) dissection is essential for accurate staging and improving prognosis. However, debates exist regarding the necessity of No. 12a LN dissection (LND) in D2 gastrectomy. Moreover, the compliance rate for No. 12a LND in practice is low. To explore No. 12a LND noncompliance’s effect on long-term prognosis in GC patients after D2 gastrectomy, we performed a retrospective propensity score matching study with 2788 patients included. The results showed that patients with No. 12a LND had a significantly greater OS than those without it before and after PSM. This study is the first propensity score matching study to demonstrate the prognostic impact of No. 12a LND noncompliance on patients who undergo D2 gastrectomy. This large population-based study may provide guidance on No. 12a LND. Abstract LN dissection is essential for accurately staging and improving GC patient prognosis. However, the compliance rate for No. 12a LND in practice is low, and its necessity is controversial. Data from GC patients who underwent total gastrectomy (TG)/distal gastrectomy (DG) plus D2 lymphadenectomy between January 2000 and December 2017 at West China Hospital, Sichuan University were reviewed. No. 12a LND noncompliance’s effect on the long-term prognosis of patients with GC after D2 gastrectomy was explored. Of the 2788 patients included, No. 12a LND noncompliance occurred in 1753 patients (62.9%). Among 1035 patients with assessable LNs from station 12a, 98 (9.5%) had positive LNs detected at station 12a. No. 12a LN metastasis patients (stage IV not included) had significantly better overall survival (OS) than TNM stage IV patients (p = 0.006). Patients with No. 12a LND compliance had a significantly higher OS than those without, both before (p < 0.001) and after (p < 0.001) PSM. Cox multivariate analysis confirmed that No. 12a LND noncompliance was an independent prognostic factor before (HR 1.323, 95% CI 1.171–1.496, p < 0.001) and after (HR 1.353, 95% CI 1.173–1.560, p < 0.001) PSM. In conclusion, noncompliance with No. 12a LND compromised the long-term survival of patients who underwent D2 gastrectomy for GC.
Design and Operation of a Hybrid Charging Station for Plug-in Electric Vehicles

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is steadily growing as a result of rising environmental fears and petrol prices. However, EVs operation only becomes completely ecologically friendly when the power they are using originates from a renewable energy source. This paper presents a design of a hybrid charging station that can be used for ac and dc plug-in EVs. The dc charger can charge two types of EVs batteries with 48V and 240V, while the ac charger has two outlets with line-line voltages of 220V and 380V for EVs with on-board charger (OBC). Three different types of energy sources to ensure fulltime operation all over the day and night are considered: Photovoltaic (PV) cells as the main energy source, battery storage system (BSS), and the electrical grid. Different operating modes are described in detail. An energy management system is proposed to control the power flow based on the operating mode. Several simulation results validating the effectiveness of the proposed design are presented.
Final report on CCEM.RF-S21.F

The supplementary comparison report CCEM.RF-S21.F describes the comparison of free space antenna factor for two types of wire antenna in the range 30 MHz to 2 GHz. One of these antennas was a biconical/LPDA hybrid (or bilog) type antenna, which is becoming very popular in the EMC world and poses some calibration problems because they are physically large and they have a wide frequency range. This work is similar to a previous comparison of antenna factor above 30 MHz (CCEM.RF-K7b.F) which was completed in 1999. In addition to this the CCEM.RF-S21.F comparison included three low frequency antennas: an active monopole, an active loop and a passive loop, all calibrated at various frequencies between 20 Hz and 30 MHz. The unit of antenna factor is commonly used for EMC testing and it expresses the ratio of field strength to received voltage across a 50 Ω termination. The traceability of this quantity requires reference to some or all of the following standards: length, voltage, power and attenuation. For the wire antennas the agreement between the laboratories was excellent and supports the mutual equivalence between these national measurement institutes. There was also good agreement found for the loop and monopole results; however, the monopole data highlighted a known problem associated with the lack of detailed guidance in the published standards for the equivalent capacitance method of calibration. The measurements were carried out between February 2002 and April 2004. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm. org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).
VF2VF: Improving Precision while Maintaining Accuracy

Visual Field (VF), a measurement of retinal function, is one of the most important references in modern glaucoma diagnosis and treatment. While VF is a typical physical-psychological measurement, the results are often imprecise. How to improve measurement accuracy is always one of the most significant issues in clinical practice. This study proposes a VF2VF training method based on the assumption that the pattern of multiple VF measurements in a short period does not change, and designs a neural network to transform the VF measurements. We analyze the VFs after transformation through experiments. Experiments show that the training method of VF2VF can significantly improve the precision while maintaining the accuracy of original VFs. Besides, the VFs after transformation achieve a significant performance improvement in downstream deterioration detection tasks. When the false positive rate is 5%, the Hit Rate increases by 20%. And the transformed VFs can give a warning 1.8 times ahead of the original VFs.
Edge Computing on IoT for Machine Signal Processing and Fault Diagnosis: A Review

Edge computing is an emerging paradigm that offloads the computations and analytics workloads onto the Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices to accelerate the computation efficiency, reduce the channel occupation of signal transmission, and reduce the storage and computation workloads on the cloud servers. These distinct merits make it a promising tool for IoT-based machine signal processing and fault diagnosis. This article reviews the edge computing methods in signal processing-based machine fault diagnosis from the aspects of concepts, state-of-the-art methods, case studies, and research prospects. In particular, the lightweight designed algorithms and application-specific hardware platforms of edge computing in the typical fault diagnosis procedures, including signal acquisition, signal preprocessing, feature extraction, and pattern recognition, are reviewed and discussed in detail. The review provides an insight into the edge computing framework, methods, and applications, so as to meet the requirements of IoT-based machine real-time signal processing, low-latency fault diagnosis, and high-efficient predictive maintenance.
Research on train time synchronization algorithm based on Kalman filter

Network time protocols cannot meet the requirements of train communication nodes for time synchronization accuracy. To address these problems, time sensitive network technology is applied to train communication networks, and its support for precise time protocols can provide sub-microsecond or even nanosecond time synchronization accuracy. In order to reduce the time offset and ensure the time accuracy of the master and slave nodes of the train communication network, a Kalman filter optimization algorithm is proposed in the improved clock servo system, where a threshold value is estimated from the previous time offset in the last calibration process of the clock, and the difference between the time reference value of the master clock and the time measurement value of the slave clock is compared to obtain the optimal value. Finally, a train communication network simulation environment is built using the OMNeT++ simulation platform to verify the correctness of the algorithm.
Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on progression of human immunodeficiency virus: Bayesian modelling and model checking via counterfactual replicates

Summary. We analyse data from a seroincident cohort of 457 homosexual men who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, followed within the multicentre Italian Seroconversion Study. These data include onset times to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), longitudinal measurements of CD4+ T‐cell counts taken on each subject during the AIDS‐free period of observation and the period of administration of a highly active antiretro‐ viral therapy (HAART), for the subset of individuals who received it. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of HAART on the course of the disease. We analyse the data by a Bayesian model in which the sequence of longitudinal CD4+ cell count observations and the associated time to AIDS are jointly modelled at an individual subject's level as depending on the treatment. We discuss the inferences obtained about the efficacy of HAART, as well as modelling and computation difficulties that were encountered in the analysis. These latter motivate a model criticism stage of the analysis, in which the model specification of CD4+ cell count progression and of the effect of treatment are checked. Our approach to model criticism is based on the notion of a counterfactual replicate data set Zc. This is a data set with the same shape and size as the observed data, which we might have observed by rerunning the study in exactly the same conditions as the actual study if the treated patients had not been treated at all. We draw samples of Zc from a null model M0, which assumes absence of treatment effect, conditioning on data collected in each subject before initiation of treatment. Model checking is performed by comparing the observed data with a set of samples of Zc drawn from M0.
A Unified Model for Bid Landscape Forecasting in the Mixed Auction Types of Real-Time Bidding

The increasing demand for online advertising leads to a strong competition in Real-Time Biddinng (RTB) industry. It requires Demand-Side Platforms (DSPs) to perform a proper market price modeling that predicts the landscape of competitors’ bids, in order to maximize their profits. Under this circumstance, RTB industry has recently been changing from second-price auctions (SPA) to first-price auctions (FPA), and thus DSPs now face two different auction types simultaneously. Most previous studies on market price modeling, however, have been suggested mainly for SPA, and the censorship problem of FPA has still been largely unexplored. Moreover, since those studies focused on only one auction type (either SPA or FPA), it takes additional computational and operational resources to apply these approaches to an environment where two types of auction are mixed. To this end, we introduce a novel unified approach named Conditional Distribution Modeling (CDM) to estimate market price probability distribution for SPA and FPA altogether. We utilize survival analysis and neural network to handle both right-censored problem in SPA and doubly-censored problem in FPA. Our model outperformed the previous models specifically developed either for SPA or FPA on two large-scale real-world datasets. Furthermore, our approach showed robust performance even when applied to mixed datasets with two auction types. These results indicate that our proposed model has an advantage in terms of both performance metrics and operational efficiency in a complex RTB environment.
Evaluation of the Adsorption Efficacy of Bentonite on Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Contaminated Milk

The existence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk results in economic losses and public health risks. This research aims to examine the capability of bentonite to adsorb and/or eliminate AFM1 from various raw milk types. In addition, the effects of numerous bentonites (HAFR 1, 2, 3 and 4) on the nutritional characteristics of the milk were studied. Our findings revealed that goat milk had the highest value of AFM1 (490.30 ng/L) in comparison to other milks. AFM1 adsorption was influenced by applying bentonite (0.5 and 1 g) in a concentration-dependent manner for different time intervals (from 0 to 12 h). The percentage of AFM1 reached the maximum adsorption level after 12 h to 100, 98.5 and 98% for bentonites HAFR 3, 1 and 2, respectively. HAFR 3 (1 g bentonite) presented higher adsorption efficiency than other bentonites used in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and milk. Residual levels of AFM1 reached their lowest values of 0 and 1.5 ng/L while using HAFR 3 in PBS and milk, respectively. With regard to the influence of bentonite on the nutritional characteristics of milk, there was an increase in fat, protein and solid non-fat ratio while using HAFR 3 and 4, yet decreased lactose in comparison with the control. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy both identified bentonites as superior AFM1 binders. The results demonstrated that bentonite, particularly HAFR 3, was the most effective adsorbent and could thus be a promising candidate for the decontamination of AFM1 in milk.
Challenges and prospects for unmanned urban transport

The article deals with current problems and prospects of development of urban unmanned transport. The rapid development of autonomous transport, artificial intelligence, and other information technologies makes it possible to introduce unmanned vehicles in urban public transport systems, primarily buses. The technological factors and obstacles for the development of unmanned public transport systems are summarised. Despite the fact that the capacity of such buses in current use is still small, a maximum of about 15 people, the routes are relatively short, and the use is mainly in test mode, the use of these vehicles, especially in large urban agglomerations, seems undoubtedly promising. The article presents an analysis of the main features and incentives for the development of unmanned public transport, gives a brief overview of pilot systems of autonomous public transport in European cities, considers obstacles to the development of these systems and the experience of development of unmanned public transport in Russia, and formulates assumptions about the future development of this transport segment. The first steps towards full autonomy and widespread use of unmanned urban public transport, however, this path will not be taken quickly.
Is the Mass Sink Due to Precipitation Negligible

Abstract The significance of mass sinks (or sources) due to precipitation (or evaporation) is examined using numerical experiments performed with the Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model. The results show that the effect of mass sinks (or sources) can have a significant impact on numerical simulations of heavy precipitation. When this effect is ignored, as is commonly done in most global and regional weather prediction models, precipitation is reduced in the model.