Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geodetic measurement of crustal deformation on the San Andreas, Hayward, and Calaveras Faults near San Francisco, California

Analysis of a geodetic network of 115 lines crossing the San Andreas, Hayward, and Calaveras faults in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay and measured repeatedly between 1970 and 1980 has revealed details about the accommodation of relative plate motion in this area. The most striking result is that the deformation is not uniformly distributed across the area. In the east bay, along the Hayward and Calaveras faults, all motion appears to take place as slip directly on the fault, with no accumulation of strain in the adjacent crust. On both the Calaveras and the Hayward faults the rate obtained for the 1970 to 1980 period agrees with geologic rates spanning a few million years and with creep rates spanning a few decades. The Hayward fault slip rate is 7 ± 1 mm/yr. The Calaveras fault slip rate is 7 ± 1 mm/yr, with perhaps half of this slip distributed across a zone a few kilometers wide, probably as inelastic deformation of weak near-surface material. The absence of strain accumulation in the east bay is surprising since the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been the site of large earthquakes in the past. A block located east of the Calaveras fault and south of the Las Positas fault has been rotating clockwise at a rate of 0.3 ± 0.1 μrad/yr with very little internal deformation. Along the San Francisco peninsula no detectable slip occurs (less than 1.5 mm/yr) at the surface, but appreciable strain is accumulating. Near fault shear strain rates are 0.6 ± 0.1 μstrain/yr (engineering) with direction N47°W ± 9. The slip rate near the San Andreas fault is 12.2 ± 3.9 mm/yr distributed across a broad zone. The relative motion across the whole region during the period 1970–1980 is 32.1 ± 7.4 mm/yr. Supplement available with entire article on microfiche. Order from the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N. W. , Washington, D. C. 20009. Document J81-011; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty for advanced keratoconus: an updated review of indications, techniques and outcomes

ABSTRACT Introduction The management of keratoconus has been changed significantly due to the advancement of technology in the field of contact lens materials and designs and introduction of new surgical approaches that aim to avoid or postpone corneal transplantation until the advanced stage of the disease. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) has the advantage of preserving the patient’s own endothelium and eliminating endothelial graft rejection. Since the recent trend is to perform corneal transplantation mainly for severe keratoconus that are not amenable to other less invasive approaches, this review aims to provide an update on the outcomes of DALK in eyes with the advanced stage of keratoconus. Areas covered A comprehensive literature review of studies in English was conducted using the following keywords: ‘deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty’ or ‘anterior lamellar keratoplasty’ or ‘DALK’ and ‘keratoconus’ and ‘severe’ or ‘advanced. ’ Expert commentary DALK significantly improves vision and refraction in advanced keratoconus and provides favorable graft survival. Femtosecond laser seems to improve the technique of the DALK procedure, and future developments could improve the reproducibility of DALK even further. However, current data is inconclusive for the benefit of femtosecond laser-assisted DALK for advanced keratoconus.
Identifying the most relevant issues to minimize an automated irrigation water supply in vineyards using Data Mining

In order to carry out optimal daily irrigation programming for vineyard production, different variables have to be considered. Some of them are related to soil (soil moisture variation), other variables are related to crop (variety, dendrometry, leaf temperature) and finally some climatic variables are considered (reference evapotranspiration ETo and rainfall). This daily irrigation programming is traditionally based on physical–mathematical models (soil water balance, radiation, drainage among others). This is a model-driven methodology. However, in this paper a data-driven methodology is proposed. With this methodology, the daily water consumption of a crop is estimated from daily values acquired through the variables described above. This approach predicts minimal water consumption. In addition, the significant variables in daily water consumption according to crop and phenological phases are determined. The experiment was developed in a vineyard farm located in Villena, Spain. Representative daily data of five vineyard varieties (Cabernet Blanc, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Sauvignon Blanc and Syrah) were collected from 2005 to 2009. These data were subsequently analysed by Data Mining techniques that are oriented to extraction and rule systems classification. This methodology will be used in the development of applied algorithms in software for decision tools in irrigation programming for vineyard production.
The March 9, 1994 (M w 7.6), deep Tonga earthquake: Rupture outside the seismically active slab

We investigate the rupture process of the March 9, 1994, M w 7.6 deep Tonga earthquake and its relationship to the background seismicity of the subducted Tonga slab. Variations in observed P and S wave pulse duration indicate that the rupture propagated to the NNE and extended well beyond the background seismicity. We inverted 47 P and SH waveforms, including regional broadband waveforms from the Southwest Pacific Seismic Experiment, using a method that solves for the focal mechanism change during the rupture and the distribution of moment release along the fault plane. The results indicate that significant moment release occurred in previously aseismic regions outside the active seismic zone and that the rupture terminated 10-20 km beyond the bounds of the previous seismic activity. A significant change in focal mechanism occurred when the rupture propagated into the previously aseismic region. Rupture along the near-vertical NNE striking nodal plane provides a somewhat better fit to the body waveforms than rupture along the near-horizontal nodal plane. This result, combined with the planar alignment of aftershocks and the general NNE directivity of the waveforms, provides strong evidence that the rupture occurred on the near-vertical plane. Thermal modeling of the Tonga slab indicates that the rupture terminated in material about 200°C warmer than the temperature that normally limits the occurrence of smaller earthquakes. Additionally, aftershocks seem to be suppressed in the outer regions of the rupture, which contain about half of the moment release but only 1 of the 15 well-located aftershocks. We suggest that slabs may be composed of an inner cold core, where seismic rupture initiates and small earthquakes occur, and a thermal halo of warmer material, which can sustain rupture and only a few aftershocks. The mechanism by which rupture propagates through the warmer material need not be similar to the process governing rupture nucleation in the cold slab core; nucleation may occur through a process limited to the cold core such as transformational faulting, and propagation through the warmer material may occur through ductile faulting or plastic instabilities. Isolated deep earthquakes in other subduction zones, such as the 1994 Bolivia event, may occur almost completely within the warmer zone, accounting for the lack of background seismicity and the dearth of aftershocks.
Flood precaution of companies and their ability to cope with the flood in August 2002 in Saxony, Germany

The German federal state of Saxony was the most affected region during the severe flood in August 2002, and damage to companies was high. A survey of 415 companies representing a variety of sectors and sizes was undertaken to identify deficits in the flood management of companies. In August 2002, preparedness and precaution of companies was low. Additionally, 45% of the companies had not received any flood warning. Consequently, many companies were unable to perform emergency measures successfully. The mean total damage to companies amounted to 1.1 million euros. However, because of relatively good flood compensation, recovery advanced quickly. After the flood, preparedness and precaution increased, but there is still significant potential for more precautionary measures. The flood warning system should be further improved. Specific incentive and communication programs should be developed for the service and financial sectors, where preparedness and precaution is weakest, as well as for the manufacturing sector, which has the highest damage potential.
Translational evaluation of gait behavior in rodent models of arthritic disorders with the CatWalk device – a narrative review

Arthritic disorders have become one of the main contributors to the global burden of disease. Today, they are one of the leading causes of chronic pain and disability worldwide. Current therapies are incapable of treating pain sufficiently and preventing disease progression. The lack of understanding basic mechanisms underlying the initiation, maintenance and progression of arthritic disorders and related symptoms represent the major obstacle in the search for adequate treatments. For a long time, histological evaluation of joint pathology was the predominant outcome parameter in preclinical arthritis models. Nevertheless, quantification of pain and functional limitations analogs to arthritis related symptoms in humans is essential to enable bench to bedside translation and to evaluate the effectiveness of new treatment strategies. As the experience of pain and functional deficits are often associated with altered gait behavior, in the last decades, automated gait analysis has become a well-established tool for the quantitative evaluation of the sequalae of arthritic disorders in animal models. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed overview on the current literature on the use of the CatWalk gait analysis system in rodent models of arthritic disorders, e.g., Osteoarthritis, Monoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Special focus is put on the assessment and monitoring of pain-related behavior during the course of the disease. The capability of evaluating the effect of distinct treatment strategies and the future potential for the application of the CatWalk in rodent models of arthritic disorders is also addressed in this review. Finally, we discuss important consideration and provide recommendations on the use of the CatWalk in preclinical models of arthritic diseases.
A 24-h restraint with food and water deprivation: a potential method to establish a model of depression in pigs

Adverse stress, such as the long-term restriction of food intake and activity in intensive production, leads to a depression-like mental state in sows. Mood disorder, such as depression, is a widely concerned animal welfare issue. However, little is known about the biological mechanisms that underlie mood disorders in pigs. This study is the first attempt to establish a pig depression model by acute stress. A total of 16 adult Bama pigs were divided into the control and model groups, with 8 pigs (half male and half female) per group. The pigs in the model group were restrained for 24 h in a dark and ventilated environment, with food and water deprivation. After the restraint, behavioral tests (feed intake, sucrose preference test, open field test, and novel object test) were used to evaluate apparent indicators. The levels of COR and ACTH in the serum and the levels of 5-HT, NE, and BDNF in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex were detected using ELISA to identify the physiological state. After acute stress, pigs exhibited decreased feed intake and sucrose preference, increased serum COR levels, decreased hippocampal 5-HT levels, and exhibited more fear. Finally, the model was evaluated according to the weight of the test indicators. The overall score of the model was 0.57, indicating that modeling was feasible. Although the reliability and stability require further verification, this novel model revealed typical depression-like changes in behavior and provided a potential method to establish a model of depression in pigs.
Obituary: Sandy Island (1876–2012)

In October 2012, scientists investigating the tectonic evolution of the eastern Coral Sea aboard the R/V Southern Surveyor uncovered a quirky discrepancy in maps of seafloor topography during their 25-day voyage. While on a transit leg between dredge sites, the ship passed near a purported island between the Chesterfield Islands and Nereus Reef that appeared in numerous scientific data sets and in Google Earth™ with the label “Sandy Island. ” However, this 25-kilometer-long and 5-kilometer-wide feature was absent from the hydrographic charts used by the master onboard the ship for navigation.
The effects of emotional working memory training on internet use, impulsivity, risky decision-making, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in young adults with problematic use of the internet: A preliminary randomized controlled trial study into possible mechanisms

Abstract Introduction Considering adverse correlates of problematic use of internet use (PUI), the present study evaluated an intervention aimed at PUI and several putative underpinnings. Methods A randomized controlled trial study investigated the efficacy of emotional working memory training (eWMT) in improving impulsivity, risky decision-making, and cognitive emotion-regulation (CER) strategies among individuals with PUI in comparison with a placebo group. Young adults (N = 36) with PUI were either trained for 20 sessions in an n-back dual emotional task (eWMT; n = 18) or a feature-matching task (placebo; n = 18). Results Twenty continuous sessions of eWMT significantly improved participants' impulsivity, risky decision-making, CER, internet use and PUI symptoms in the short term, compared to the placebo condition. Discussion These preliminary results suggest that eWMT may constitute a promising intervention for PUI and improving cognitive and emotional functioning, and larger, longer studies are warranted.
Clockwise block rotations in northern Chile: Indications for a large-scale domino mechanism during the middle-late Eocene

The Andean deformational pattern of the northern Chilean Precordillera between 26°30′ and 27°00′S suggests significant influence of an orogen-oblique (northwest-trending) pre-Andean basement structure. The left-lateral reactivation of this structure and the associated deformation can be explained by clockwise vertical-axis rotations of forearc-wide crustal blocks during the middle-late Eocene (ca. 39 ± 3 Ma) induced by the coupling stress due to oblique northeastward subduction of the oceanic Farallon plate beneath the South American continent. The compressive stress at the leading edges of the blocks may have been accommodated 200 km away from the Peru-Chile trench in what is now the Precordillera, where the magmatic arc was then located. The postulated large-scale domino mechanism explains the paleomagnetically observed in situ block rotations, as well as the orientation, segmentation, and shear sense of major structural elements within large parts of the present forearc in northern Chile.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Plus Anti-PD-1 Antibodies with Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy or Transarterial Chemoembolization for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background The combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and anti-PD-1 antibodies with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has shown encouraging anti-tumor effects in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We explored the efficacy and safety of TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies combined with HAIC or TACE in HCC. Methods Data from 302 HCC patients receiving HAIC combined with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies (HAIC-TP group) and 446 HCC patients receiving TACE combined with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies (TACE-TP group) were retrospectively collected. Clinicopathological characteristics, tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs) were compared between two groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to minimize bias. Results The HAIC-TP group exhibited better objective response rate (RECIST: 33.1% versus 7.8%, P < 0.001; mRECIST: 51.4% versus 17.5%, P < 0.001), longer PFS (12.4 months versus 8.2 months, P < 0.001), and longer OS (not reached versus 13.8 months, P < 0.001) than TACE-TP group. Surgery was performed after combination therapy in 34 patients of the HAIC-TP group and in 7 patients of the TACE-TP group (P < 0.001). Similar results were also observed in the PSM analysis. Multivariate analysis indicated type of treatment, alpha-fetoprotein, ALBI grade, portal vein tumor thrombus, and extrahepatic status were risk factors for poor prognosis. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain occurred more frequently in the HAIC-TP group, whereas liver dysfunction occurred more frequently in the TACE-TP group. All AEs were acceptable and manageable as a result of treatment interruption or dose modification. Conclusion The combination of HAIC with TKIs and anti-PD-1 antibodies is an effective and safe therapeutic regimen over TACE-based combination therapy for patients with HCC. A prospective study with a large sample size is required to validate the efficacy and safety of the combination therapy.
Nighttime Lights Compositing Using the VIIRS Day-Night Band: Preliminary Results

Dramatically improved nighttime lights capabilities are presented by the launch of the National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day Night Band (DNB) sensor. Building on 18 years of experience compositing nighttime data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS), NOAA’s NGDC Earth Observation Group has started adapting their algorithms to process these new data. The concept of compositing nighttime data comprises combining only high quality data components over a period of time to improve sensitivity and coverage. For this work, flag image are compiled to describe image quality. The flag categories include: daytime, twilight, stray light, lunar illuminance, noisy edge of scan data, clouds, and no data. High quality data is defined as not having any of these attributes present. Two methods of reprojection are necessary due to data collection characteristics. Custom algorithms have been created to terrain-correct and reproject all data to a common 15 arc second grid. Results of compositing over two time periods in 2012 are presented to demonstrate data quality and initial capabilities. These data can be downloaded at http://www.ngdc. noaa.gov/eog/viirs/download_viirs_ntl. html .
Tall precipitation cells in tropical cyclone eyewalls are associated with tropical cyclone intensification

The association of tall precipitation with tropical cyclone intensification may have implications for the difficult task of forecasting the destructive potential of tropical cyclones. This study uses all of the well‐centered overflights of tropical cyclones from 1998 to 2003 seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. The chance of intensification increases when one or more extremely tall convective towers exist in the tropical cyclone's eyewall. We define an extremely tall convective tower as a convective cell with a 20 dBZ reflectivity signal that reaches an altitude of at least 14.5 km. In addition, we adapt this radar technique for use with more plentiful infrared and passive microwave data.
Single particle analyses of ice nucleating aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

A newly developed instrument was deployed on the NASA DC‐8 airborne laboratory during the Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS, Spring 1996) to detect and collect heterogeneous ice nucleating particles (IN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The elemental compositions of both ambient particles and IN were determined with single particle analysis using analytical electron microscopy. IN collected during flights on May 4 and 8 had enhanced number fractions of metallic, crustal, and carbonaceous particles, compared with the ambient aerosol population, and were relatively deficient in sulfur‐containing particles. IN sampled within aircraft exhaust and contrails had higher number fractions of metallic particles, which includes those rich in Zn, Al, and Ti, than the IN sampled in air that was not immediately affected by aircraft exhaust.
An Approach to Attack Detection on Graph-Based Modeling of States in Critical Infrastructures

The paper proposes an approach to detecting attacks in critical infrastructures by using graph-based modeling and machine learning. The approach includes the following two main stages. In design-time, an intelligent analysis of logs is performed – initial data on the functioning of an industrial system is analyzed by using clustering of possible system states, as well as the a graph of its states and transitions is constructed. At the runtime stage, the graph is traversed to sequentially detect states that determine attacks of certain classes inherent in the system. During the operation, abnormal transitions between normal system states are also detected, and they can be regarded as extra features of attacks as well. Experiments performed on data from datasets describing the functioning of two industrial systems confirmed the correctness of the developed attack detection algorithm, and also showed the high stability of the algorithm to possible losses of some of the events coming to the attack detection mechanism.
Physical Fitness Variables, General Health, Dementia and Quality of Life in Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Study

The average life expectancy of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) is increasing. However, living more years does not mean living better, leading to the need for research on comorbidities associated with the aging process. Associated with this process are the physical characteristics most prevalent in an individual with IDD: low levels of all physical capacities, the accumulation of central fat, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, variables considered to be some of the main risk factors of the onset of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and variables that can negatively impact quality of life (QoL). Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate a sample of 21 institutionalized adults with IDD (42.81 ± 10.99 years old) in terms of their anthropometric characteristics, body composition, general health status, functional capacity, neuromuscular capacity, and dementia/cognitive function, and the possible associations with QoL. All assessments were performed in the laboratory of the Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education—University of Coimbra. Participants, in the present study, have low levels of physical fitness and high metabolic and cardiovascular markets, which need to be improved. On the other hand, functional and neuromuscular ability seems to be associated with QoL (p ≤ 0.05). This study highlights the role of primary and secondary care providers in diagnosis, prevention, and supporting individuals with IDDs to promote QoL.