Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Market for Corporate Law

This Paper develops a model of the competition among states in providing corporate law rules. The analysis provides a full characterization of the equilibrium in this market. Competition among states is shown to produce optimal rules with respect to issues that do not have a substantial effect on managers’ private benefits but not with respect to issues (such as takeover regulation) that substantially affect these private benefits. We analyse why a dominant state such as Delaware can emerge, the prices that the dominant state will set and the profits it will make. We also analyse the roles played by legal infrastructure, network externalities, and the rules governing incorporations. The results of the model are consistent with, and can explain, existing empirical evidence; they also indicate that the performance of state competition cannot be evaluated on the basis of how incorporation in Delaware in the prevailing market equilibrium affects shareholder wealth.
Instrument Choice is Instrument Design

This paper analyzes the choice between taxes and cap and trade systems (also referred to here as a permit system or a quantity restriction) as methods of controlling greenhouse gas emissions. It argues that in the domestic context, with proper design, the two instruments are essentially the same. Commonly discussed differences in the two instruments are due to unjustified assumptions about design. In the climate change context and within a single country there is sufficient design flexibility that these differences can be substantially eliminated. To the extent that there are remaining differences, there should be a modest preference for taxes, but the benefits of taxes are swamped by the benefits of good design; even though the very best tax might be better than the very best quantity restriction, the first order of business is getting the design right. In the international context, however, taxes dominate more strongly. The design flexibility available within a single country is reduced in the international context because of the problems of coordinating systems across countries and minimizing holdouts. Moreover, the incentives to cheat and the effects of cheating are not equivalent for the two instruments in the international setting. Because climate change will require a global system for emissions, these considerations mean we should favor taxes for controlling greenhouse gas emissions.
Frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG contra Neospora caninum y Toxoplasma gondii en canes con signos clínicos de afección neuromuscular en la Clínica de Animales Menores de la FMV-UNMSM

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two apicomplex protozoans that can cause neuromuscular diseases in dogs. In Peru, are only a few studies on the implication of these agents in the canine species. The target of this investigation was to find the association between IgG antibodies and neuromuscular diseases. In this study, 96 sera of dogs with clinical signs of neuromuscular disease and 120 sera of dogs without neuromuscular signs were examinated. All the samples were obtained at the Small Animal Clinic of the FMV – UNMSM. The diagnosis was performed by means of indirect immunofluorescence test (IFI) for the detection of IgG antibodies, considering positive the sera that showed complete fluorescence of the tachyzoite in the dilution 1:50. In the dogs with neuromuscular disease, the frequency for Toxoplasma gondii was 23.96 ± 8.5% (23/96) and for Neospora caninum was 5.21 ± 4.4 (5/96), meanwhile, in the dogs without neuromuscular disease the frequency for Toxoplasma gondii was 3.34 ± 3.1 (4/120) and for Neospora caninum was 1.67 ± 2.5 (2/120). Finally, it was observed association between the neuromuscular disease and the presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, while did not find association between such disease and the presence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies.
The influence of leaf litter diversity and soil fauna on initial soil erosion in subtropical forests

Although the protective role of leaf litter cover against soil erosion is known for a long time, little research has been conducted on the processes involved. Moreover, the impact of soil meso‐ and macrofauna within the litter layer on erosion control is not clear. To investigate how leaf litter cover and diversity as well as meso‐ and macrofauna influence sediment discharge in subtropical forest ecosystems, a field experiment has been carried out in Southeast China. A full‐factorial random design with 96 micro‐scale runoff plots and 7 domestic leaf species was established and erosion was triggered by a rainfall simulator. Our results demonstrate that leaf litter cover protects soil from erosion (−82 % sediment discharge on leaf covered plots) by rainfall and this protection is removed as litter decomposes. The protective effect is influenced by the presence or absence of soil meso‐ and macrofauna. Fauna presence increases soil erosion rates significantly by 58 %, while leaf species diversity shows a non‐significant negative trend. We assume that the faunal effect arises from arthropods slackening and processing the soil surface as well as fragmenting and decomposing the protecting leaf litter covers. Even though the diversity level did not show a significant influence, single leaf species in monocultures show rather different impacts on sediment discharge and thus, erosion control. In our experiment, runoff plots with leaf litter from Machilus thunbergii showed the highest sediment discharge (68.0 g m−2) whereas plots with Cyclobalanopsis glauca showed the smallest rates (7.9 g m−2). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gated Cross-Attention Network for Depth Completion

Depth completion is a popular research direction in the field of depth estimation. The fusion of color and depth features is the current critical challenge in this task, mainly due to the asymmetry between the rich scene details in color images and the sparse pixels in depth maps. To tackle this issue, we design an efficient Gated Cross-Attention Network that propagates confidence via a gating mechanism, simultaneously extracting and refining key information in both color and depth branches to achieve local spatial feature fusion. Additionally, we employ an attention network based on the Transformer in low-dimensional space to effectively fuse global features and increase the network's receptive field. With a simple yet efficient gating mechanism, our proposed method achieves fast and accurate depth completion without the need for additional branches or post-processing steps. At the same time, we use the Ray Tune mechanism with the AsyncHyperBandScheduler scheduler and the HyperOptSearch algorithm to automatically search for the optimal number of module iterations, which also allows us to achieve performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods. We conduct experiments on both indoor and outdoor scene datasets. Our fast network achieves Pareto-optimal solutions in terms of time and accuracy, and at the time of submission, our accurate network ranks first among all published papers on the KITTI official website in terms of accuracy.
A Primer on Bayesian Neural Networks: Review and Debates

Neural networks have achieved remarkable performance across various problem domains, but their widespread applicability is hindered by inherent limitations such as overconfidence in predictions, lack of interpretability, and vulnerability to adversarial attacks. To address these challenges, Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) have emerged as a compelling extension of conventional neural networks, integrating uncertainty estimation into their predictive capabilities. This comprehensive primer presents a systematic introduction to the fundamental concepts of neural networks and Bayesian inference, elucidating their synergistic integration for the development of BNNs. The target audience comprises statisticians with a potential background in Bayesian methods but lacking deep learning expertise, as well as machine learners proficient in deep neural networks but with limited exposure to Bayesian statistics. We provide an overview of commonly employed priors, examining their impact on model behavior and performance. Additionally, we delve into the practical considerations associated with training and inference in BNNs. Furthermore, we explore advanced topics within the realm of BNN research, acknowledging the existence of ongoing debates and controversies. By offering insights into cutting-edge developments, this primer not only equips researchers and practitioners with a solid foundation in BNNs, but also illuminates the potential applications of this dynamic field. As a valuable resource, it fosters an understanding of BNNs and their promising prospects, facilitating further advancements in the pursuit of knowledge and innovation.
Some remarks on high-temperature—low-pressure metamorphism in convergent orogens

Many high-temperature–low-pressure (high-T–low-P) metamorphic terranes show evidence for peak mineral growth during crustal thickening strain increments at pressures near the maximum attained during the heating–cooling cycle. Such terranes are not readily explained as the conductive response to crustal thickening since the resulting Moho temperatures would greatly exceed the crustal liquidus and because heating due to conductive equilibration on length scales appropriate to lithospheric-scale strains must greatly outlast the deformation. Consequently, high-T–low-P metamorphism may be generated during crustal thickening only when significant heat is advected within the crust, as for example may occur during the segregation of granitic melts. We show that without the addition of asthenospheric melts and at strain rates appropriate to continental deformation the conditions required for significant lower crustal melting during deformation are only likely to be attained if heat flow into the lower crust during crustal thickening is increased substantially, for example, by removing the mantle part of the lithosphere. A simple parameterization of lithospheric deformation involving the vertical strain on the scale of the crust, c, and the lithosphere, 1 respectively, allows the potential energy of the evolving orogen to be readily evaluated. Using this parameterization we show that an important isostatic consequence of the deformation geometries capable of generating such high-T–low-P metamorphism during crustal thickening (with c1) is an imposed upper limit to crustal thicknesses which is much lower than for homogeneous deformations (fc= f1) for the same initial lithospheric configuration.
AEOLIAN PROCESSES AND THE BIOSPHERE

Aeolian processes affect the biosphere in a wide variety of contexts, including landform evolution, biogeochemical cycles, regional climate, human health, and desertification. Collectively, research on aeolian processes and the biosphere is developing rapidly in many diverse and specialized areas, but integration of these recent advances is needed to better address management issues and to set future research priorities. Here we review recent literature on aeolian processes and their interactions with the biosphere, focusing on (1) geography of dust emissions, (2) impacts, interactions, and feedbacks, (3) drivers of dust emissions, and (4) methodological approaches. Geographically, dust emissions are highly spatially variable but also provide connectivity at global scales between sources and effects, with “hot spots” being of particular concern. Recent research reveals that aeolian processes have impacts, interactions, and feedbacks at a variety of scales, including large‐scale dust transport and global biogeochemical cycles, climate mediated interactions between atmospheric dust and ecosystems, impacts on human health, impacts on agriculture, and interactions between aeolian processes and dryland vegetation. Aeolian dust emissions are driven largely by, in addition to climate, a combination of soil properties, soil moisture, vegetation and roughness, biological and physical crusts, and disturbances. Aeolian research methods span laboratory and field techniques, modeling, and remote sensing. Together these integrated perspectives on aeolian processes and the biosphere provide insights into management options and aid in identifying research priorities, both of which are increasingly important given that global climate models predict an increase in aridity in many dryland systems of the world.
Submillimeter Scale Variation of Oxygen Isotope of Vein Quartz at the Hishikari Deposit, Japan

Abstract: The physical and chemical mechanism of gold precipitation in the typical low‐sulfidation epithermal gold deposit at the Hishikari mine was quantified by submillimeter scale oxygen isotope analyses of vein quartz. In situ CO2 laser‐ablated fluorination was used to measure temporal δ18O excursions. The calculated oxygen isotopic compositions of the ore‐forming fluid indicate a dynamic process of epithermal vein formation. Intermittent opening of the vein allowed introduction of metal‐bearing deep fluid to the epithermal system, and associated boiling and subsequent mixing with meteoric water caused precipitation of precious metals.
Migration of large earthquakes along the San Jacinto Fault; Stress diffusion from the 1857 Fort Tejon Earthquake

Historic and modern catalogs of seismicity in California suggest a migration of earthquakes (M ≥ 5.6) along the San Jacinto Fault; these events appear to travel down the fault with a migration speed of 1.7 km/year (Sanders [1993]). This migration is explained by postseismic strain diffusion due to viscoelastic relaxation from the great Fort Tejon earthquake in 1857. We model this postseismic effect and find that significant stress diffuses down the San Jacinto fault for distances in excess of 200 km and the corresponding migration may be a result of Coulomb triggering from this stress perturbation. The level of postseismic stress that seems to be the trigger level for most of the events is of order 1 bar. Since the temporal evolution of the postseismic strain field is mainly dependent on the inelastic properties of the lower crust and uppermost mantle, the observed migration enables a viscosity estimate of ∼4 × 1018 Pas for this region of California.
The Newer Granite problem: a geotectonic view

Abstract The Siluro–Devonian suite of granitic plutons in the British Caledonides known as the Newer Granites, together with their associated extrusive rocks, represent one of the most extensively researched examples of calc-alkaline magmatism apparently related to orogeny. Although recent chemical studies have credibly interpreted some of the Scottish intrusions and volcanic rocks as part of a continental-margin magmatic arc generated by the subduction of lapetus oceanic lithosphere beneath Laurentia, insurmountable problems of distribution and timing arise when attempts are made to relate the magmatic activity as a whole to a traditional two-plate collision model for the orogeny. Newer Granite magmatism is here discussed in the context of more mobilistic models for the post-Grampian evolution of the British Caledonides which involve E–W closure between Laurentia and Baltica, terminated by collision in the Silurian, followed by the northward accretion of Gondwana-derived terranes in the early Devonian. The former produced the Main Caledonian tectonometamorphism of the Northern Highlands of Scotland, the latter the Late Caledonian deformation of the slate belts in the paratectonic Caledonides. These models imply much more complex convergence geometries which can, in principle, account for the whole Newer Granite suite as a series of subduction-generated magmatic arcs overlapping in space and time. The model proposed involves three late Caledonian magmatic arcs in addition to the Ordovician ‘Borrowdale arc’ which is not considered in this paper. One is related to Laurentia–Baltica convergence with westward subduction beneath the Scottish sector of the Laurentian margin in the Ordovician and Early Silurian, which generated the early members of the Newer Granite suite in the Highlands; a second is related to northward Silurian–early Devonian subduction at the Solway Line, which generated the younger Newer Granites and volcanic rocks north of the Highland Border; and a third, related to northward accretion of the Armorican terrane in early Devonian time, produced intrusive and extrusive magmatism as far south as Southeast Ireland and the English Midlands.
Numerical and Laboratory Studies of Mantle Convection: Philosophy, Accomplishments, and Thermochemical Structure and Evolution

Since the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics in the late 1960s, numerical and laboratory studies of mantle convection and plate tectonics have emerged as a powerful tool for understanding how the solid parts of Earth and other terrestrial planets work. Here, the general philosophy of such modeling is discussed, including what can and cannot be determined, followed by a review of some of the major accomplishments and findings. Then some recent work by the authors on thermochemical convection is reviewed, with a focus on comparing the results of numerical experiments to observations from geochemistry, seismology,and geomagnetism in order to constrain uncertain physical parameters. Finally, the future of such research is discussed.
Review of Machine Learning Methods for Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials

Additive manufacturing has revolutionized the manufacturing of complex parts by enabling direct material joining and offers several advantages such as cost-effective manufacturing of complex parts, reducing manufacturing waste, and opening new possibilities for manufacturing automation. One group of materials for which additive manufacturing holds great potential for enhancing component performance and properties is Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). FGMs are advanced composite materials that exhibit smoothly varying properties making them desirable for applications in aerospace, automobile, biomedical, and defense industries. Such composition differs from traditional composite materials, since the location-dependent composition changes gradually in FGMs, leading to enhanced properties. Recently, machine learning techniques have emerged as a promising means for fabrication of FGMs through optimizing processing parameters, improving product quality, and detecting manufacturing defects. This paper first provides a brief literature review of works related to FGM fabrication, followed by reviewing works on employing machine learning in additive manufacturing, Afterward, we provide an overview of published works in the literature related to the application of machine learning methods in Directed Energy Deposition and for fabrication of FGMs.
Sampling Methods for Inner Product Sketching

Recently, Bessa et al. (PODS 2023) showed that sketches based on coordinated weighted sampling theoretically and empirically outperform popular linear sketching methods like Johnson-Lindentrauss projection and CountSketch for the ubiquitous problem of inner product estimation. We further develop this finding by introducing and analyzing two alternative sampling-based methods. In contrast to the computationally expensive algorithm in Bessa et al., our methods run in linear time (to compute the sketch) and perform better in practice, significantly beating linear sketching on a variety of tasks. For example, they provide state-of-the-art results for estimating the correlation between columns in unjoined tables, a problem that we show how to reduce to inner product estimation in a black-box way. While based on known sampling techniques (threshold and priority sampling) we introduce significant new theoretical analysis to prove approximation guarantees for our methods.
Recent Advances of Differential Privacy in Centralized Deep Learning: A Systematic Survey

Differential Privacy has become a widely popular method for data protection in machine learning, especially since it allows formulating strict mathematical privacy guarantees. This survey provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of differentially private centralized deep learning, thorough analyses of recent advances and open problems, as well as a discussion of potential future developments in the field. Based on a systematic literature review, the following topics are addressed: auditing and evaluation methods for private models, improvements of privacy-utility trade-offs, protection against a broad range of threats and attacks, differentially private generative models, and emerging application domains.
Diverse and Aligned Audio-to-Video Generation via Text-to-Video Model Adaptation

We consider the task of generating diverse and realistic videos guided by natural audio samples from a wide variety of semantic classes. For this task, the videos are required to be aligned both globally and temporally with the input audio: globally, the input audio is semantically associated with the entire output video, and temporally, each segment of the input audio is associated with a corresponding segment of that video. We utilize an existing text-conditioned video generation model and a pre-trained audio encoder model. The proposed method is based on a lightweight adaptor network, which learns to map the audio-based representation to the input representation expected by the text-to-video generation model. As such, it also enables video generation conditioned on text, audio, and, for the first time as far as we can ascertain, on both text and audio. We validate our method extensively on three datasets demonstrating significant semantic diversity of audio-video samples and further propose a novel evaluation metric (AV-Align) to assess the alignment of generated videos with input audio samples. AV-Align is based on the detection and comparison of energy peaks in both modalities. In comparison to recent state-of-the-art approaches, our method generates videos that are better aligned with the input sound, both with respect to content and temporal axis. We also show that videos produced by our method present higher visual quality and are more diverse. Code and samples are available at: https://pages.cs. huji.ac. il/adiyoss-lab/TempoTokens/.
A Meddy off Cape St. Vincent. Part I: Description

Abstract A meddy, an eddy formed from Mediterranean source water, was surveyed in detail with two types of expendable profilers and a CTD instrument. The muddy comprised two distinct, vertically aligned tenses with a combined thickness of 650 m. Both lenses were stratification minima. The upper lens was warmer, fresher (12.25°C, 36.5 psu), and more circular. , the lower lens was cooler, more saline (12.1°C, 36.65 psu), and more elliptical, oriented alone a northeast by southwest line. The upper lens, homogeneous out to a radius of 6 km, had a radius of maximum velocity of 9 km. Its relative vorticity was −0.85 f, and its Ertel potential vorticity, 4 × 10−12 (m s)−1, was 17 times below ambient levels due to the combined effects of negative relative vorticity and vortex stretching. The meddy contained more kinetic energy than available potential energy (energy Burger number of 2.5). Compared with historical meddies, it had a larger Burger number and a more negative vorticity Rossby number.