Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A NEW INFRARED COLOR CRITERION FOR THE SELECTION OF 0 < z < 7 AGNs: APPLICATION TO DEEP FIELDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR JWST SURVEYS

It is widely accepted that observations at mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths enable the selection of galaxies with nuclear activity, which may not be revealed even in the deepest X-ray surveys. Many mid-IR color–color criteria have been explored to accomplish this goal and tested thoroughly in the literature. Besides missing many low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs), one of the main conclusions is that, with increasing redshift, the contamination by non-active galaxies becomes significant (especially at z ≳ 2.5). This is problematic for the study of the AGN phenomenon in the early universe, the main goal of many of the current and future deep extragalactic surveys. In this work new near- and mid-IR color diagnostics are explored, aiming for improved efficiency—better completeness and less contamination—in selecting AGNs out to very high redshifts. We restrict our study to the James Webb Space Telescope wavelength range (0.6–27 μm). The criteria are created based on the predictions by state-of-the-art galaxy and AGN templates covering a wide variety of galaxy properties, and tested against control samples with deep multi-wavelength coverage (ranging from the X-rays to radio frequencies). We show that the colors Ks − [4.5], [4.5] − [8.0], and [8.0] − [24] are ideal as AGN/non-AGN diagnostics at, respectively, z ≲ 1, 1 ≲ z ≲ 2.5, and z ≳ 2.5–3. However, when the source redshift is unknown, these colors should be combined. We thus develop an improved IR criterion (using Ks and IRAC bands, KI) as a new alternative at z ≲ 2.5. KI does not show improved completeness (50%–60% overall) in comparison to commonly used Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) based AGN criteria, but is less affected by non-AGN contamination (revealing a >50%–90% level of successful AGN selection). We also propose KIM (using Ks, IRAC, and MIPS 24 μm bands, KIM), which aims to select AGN hosts from local distances to as far back as the end of reionization (0 < z ≲ 7) with reduced non-AGN contamination. However, the necessary testing constraints and the small control-sample sizes prevent the confirmation of its improved efficiency at z ≳ 2.5. Overall, KIM shows a ∼30%–40% completeness and a >70%–90% level of successful AGN selection. KI and KIM are built to be reliable against a ∼10%–20% error in flux, are based on existing filters, and are suitable for immediate use.
Robust Respiratory Rate Monitoring Using Smartwatch Photoplethysmography

Respiratory rate (RR) is of great value in health care, especially when it can be continuously monitored using wearable devices in daily life. Recent works employ photoplethysmography (PPG) on smartwatch for continuous respiration monitoring, based on a certain medical discovery called respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), which describes the relationship between respiratory and heart rate. However, we find that these works fall short of robustness. In particular, the respiratory estimation accuracy drops significantly when people breathe faster (e.g., after sports). We further identify the root reason that the RSA gradually weakens as the RR increases. In this article, we propose BreathAnalyzer, which can estimate RR accurately even at high RRs. To achieve this, BreathAnalyzer boosts the weakened RSA and also handles the motion artifacts, by integrating features from multiple domains, i.e., frequency, time, and nonlinear Poincare domain, instead of using the single spectrum or raw signal in previous studies. Moreover, BreathAnalyzer custom-designs a tree-based learning model, which fits multidomain features, while considering limitations of smartwatch. We implement BreathAnalyzer prototype on COTS smartwatch, and extensive evaluation demonstrates that BreathAnalyzer outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches, with accuracy improvement by 35.37%–80.42% across a variety of practical scenarios including high RRs.
Energy in higher-derivative gravity via topological regularization

We give a novel definition of gravitational energy for an arbitrary theory of gravity including quadratic-curvature corrections to Einstein equations. We focus on the theory in four dimensions, in presence of negative cosmological constant, and with asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) boundary conditions. As a first example, we compute the gravitational energy and angular momentum of Schwarzschild-AdS black holes, for which we obtain results consistent with previous computations performed using different methods. However, our method differs qualitatively from other ones in the feature of being intrinsically non-linear. It relies on the idea of adding to the gravity action topological invariant terms which suffice to regularize the Noether charges and render the variational problem well-posed. This is an idea that has been previously considered in the case of second-order theories, such as general relativity and which, as shown here, extends to higher-derivative theories. Besides black holes, we consider other solutions, such as gravitational waves in AdS, for which we also find results in agreement. This enables us to investigate the consistency of this approach in the non-Einstein sector of the theory.
Multiple Cytokine Analysis of Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17/Th22/Treg Cytokine Pathway for Individual Immune Profile Assessment in Patients with Psoriasis

Background Psoriasis is an autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorder that has a significant impact on patient quality of life. The aim of the study was to assess the immune profiles of patients with psoriasis with multiple cytokine analysis. Material/Methods Fifty-two male psoriatic patients and 24 healthy male volunteers were recruited. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, Il-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were measured in patients’ serum with a Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17/Th22/Treg Cytokine 18-Plex Human ProcartaPlex Panel, based on Luminex xMAP technology. Results The median fluorescence intensities of serum GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-21, and IL-22 were not intensive enough to calculate the cytokine concentration. We observed elevated levels of IL-6 (P=0.001) and IL-9 (P=0.003) in patients, compared with the control group. The levels of IL-1beta (P=0.008) and IL-27 (P=0.006) were decreased. In patients with psoriatic arthritis, we noticed a decreased level of IL-9 compared with that in patients without arthritis (P=0.034). The levels of IL-12 (P<0.05) and IL-18 (P<0.05) correlated positively with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index. We found negative correlations of IL-9 (P<0.05), IL-12 (P<0.05), and IL-23 (P<0.05) with the age of psoriatic patients; IL-12 (P<0.05) and IL-23 (P<0.05) with psoriasis duration; and IL-6 (P<0.05) and IL-9 (P<0.05) with the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index. Conclusions Multiple cytokine analysis seems to be an important form of individual immune profile assessment before treatment selection.
Comparative Study of Different types of Mesh Fixation during Laparoscopic Repair of Inguinal Hernia

Background: Prevalence of inguinal hernia worldwide is 15%–45% at different ages that requires surgical repair. At present, inguinal-protrusion (hernia) is a common surgical method with mesh repair. The modern mesh type includes a variety of materials, and surgical options include using fixation mesh, sutures, rigging or staples, self-meshes and fibrin-fixation, or other types of glue. Aim of the work: To assess and compare the efficacy of mesh fixation using fibrin glue, tacks and sutures during laparoscopic repair of inguinal-protrusion. Patients and methods: Randomized-study involved; 15 male-patients presented with inguinal-protrusion (hernia) at Al-Azhar university hospitals using laparoscopic trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal repair. According to the mesh fixation method, Patients were divided into three different groups: Group 1: using fibrin glue, Group 2: using staple, and Group 3: using sutures. Results: Age were no statistically significant difference between groups. Operative time was highly statistically significant difference between groups there were no intra-operative complications in all groups. Post-operative pain score shows highly statistically significant differences between groups in all follow up time except after 6 months there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Early post-operative, hospital stay, Economic Cost complications were no statistically significant differences between groups. There was no Recurrence found at follow up in all groups. Conclusion: Our study revealed that fibrin glue method is considered comparable, cost effective method for mesh fixation. According to our findings; observed that fibrin glue have fast recovery, less hospital stay, cost effective, less complications and low recurrence rate.
Lattice Formulation of a Two-Dimensional Topological Field Theory

We investigate an integrable property and observables of 2 dimensional N=(4,4) topological field theory defined on a discrete lattice by using the "orbifolding" and "deconstruction" methods. We show that our lattice model possesses the integrability and the partition function reduces to matrix integrals of scalar fields on sites in consequence. We make clear meaningful differences between the discrete lattice and differentiable manifold, which would be important to a study of topological quantities on the lattice. We also propose a new construction of N=(2,2) supersymmetric lattice theory, which is realized by a suitable truncation of scalar fields from the N=(4,4) theory.
Slow relaxation of rapidly rotating black holes

We study analytically the relaxation phase of perturbed, rapidly rotating black holes. In particular, we derive a simple formula for the fundamental quasinormal resonances of near-extremal Kerr black holes. The formula is expressed in terms of the black hole physical parameters: $\ensuremath{\omega}=m\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{-}i2\ensuremath{\pi}{T}_{\mathrm{BH}}(n+\frac{1}{2})$, where ${T}_{\mathrm{BH}}$ and $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ are the temperature and angular velocity of the black hole, and $m$ is the azimuthal harmonic index of a corotating equatorial mode. This formula implies that the relaxation period $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\sim}1/\ensuremath{\mathfrak{I}}\ensuremath{\omega}$ of the black hole becomes extremely long as the extremal limit ${T}_{\mathrm{BH}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ is approached. The analytically derived formula is shown to agree with direct numerical computations of the black hole resonances. We use our results to demonstrate analytically the fact that near-extremal Kerr black holes saturate the recently proposed universal relaxation bound.
Practical security bounds against the Trojan-horse attack in quantum key distribution

In the quantum version of a Trojan-horse attack, photons are injected into the optical modules of a quantum key distribution system in an attempt to read information direct from the encoding devices. To stop the Trojan photons, the use of passive optical components has been suggested. However, to date, there is no quantitative bound that specifies such components in relation to the security of the system. Here, we turn the Trojan-horse attack into an information leakage problem. This allows us quantify the system security and relate it to the specification of the optical elements. The analysis is supported by the experimental characterization, within the operation regime, of reflectivity and transmission of the optical components most relevant to security.
Lyman-alpha emitters as tracers of the transitioning Universe

Of the many ways of detecting high redshift galaxies, the selection of objects due to their redshifted Ly-alpha emission has become one of the most successful. But what types of galaxies are selected in this way? Until recently, Ly-alpha emitters were understood to be small star-forming galaxies, possible building-blocks of larger galaxies. But with increased number of observations of Ly-alpha emitters at lower redshifts, a new picture emerges. Ly-alpha emitters display strong evolution in their properties from higher to lower redshift. It has previously been shown that the fraction of ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) among the Ly-alpha emitters increases dramatically between redshift three and two. Here, the fraction of AGN among the LAEs is shown to follow a similar evolutionary path. We argue that Ly-alpha emitters are not a homogeneous class of objects, and that the objects selected with this method reflect the general star forming and active galaxy populations at that redshift. Ly-alpha emitters should hence be excellent tracers of galaxy evolution in future simulations and modeling.
Two-Line Element Estimation From Space Catalog Using Machine Learning

Two-line elements are widely used for space operations to predict the orbit with a moderate accuracy for 2-3 days. Local optimization methods, such as the nonlinear least squares method with differential corrections, can estimate a TLE as long as there exists an initial estimate that provides the desired precision. Global optimization methods to estimate TLEs are computationally intensive, and estimating a large number of them is prohibitive. In this paper, the feasibility of estimating TLEs using machine learning methods is investigated. First, a Monte-Carlo approach to estimate a TLE, when there are no initial estimates that provide the desired precision, is introduced. The proposed Monte-Carlo method is shown to estimate TLEs with residual mean squared errors below 1 km for space objects with varying area-to-mass ratios and orbital characteristics. Second, gradient boosting decision trees and fully-connected neural networks are trained to map the orbital evolution of space objects to the associated TLEs using 8 million publicly available TLEs from the US space catalog. The desired precision in the mapping to estimate a TLE is achieved for one of the three test cases, which is a low area-to-mass ratio space object.
Simultaneous dense coding

We present a dense coding scheme between one sender and two receivers, which guarantees that the receivers simultaneously achieve their respective information. In our scheme, the sender first performs a locking operation to entangle the particles from two independent quantum entanglement channels, so that the receivers cannot achieve their information unless they collaborate to perform the unlocking operation. We also show that the quantum Fourier transform can act as the locking operator both in simultaneous dense coding and teleportation. Finally we compare simultaneous dense coding with quantum secret sharing of classical messages.
Recent Research and Application Prospect of Functional Oligosaccharides on Intestinal Disease Treatment

The intestinal tract is an essential digestive organ of the human body, and damage to the intestinal barrier will lead to various diseases. Functional oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with a low degree of polymerization and exhibit beneficial effects on human intestinal health. Laboratory experiments and clinical studies indicate that functional oligosaccharides repair the damaged intestinal tract and maintain intestinal homeostasis by regulating intestinal barrier function, immune response, and intestinal microbial composition. Functional oligosaccharides treat intestinal disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) and have excellent prospects for therapeutic application. Here, we present an overview of the recent research into the effects of functional oligosaccharides on intestinal health.
Optimal quantum multiparameter estimation and application to dipole- and exchange-coupled qubits

We consider the problem of quantum multi-parameter estimation with experimental constraints and formulate the solution in terms of a convex optimization. Specifically, we outline an efficient method to identify the optimal strategy for estimating multiple unknown parameters of a quantum process and apply this method to a realistic example. The example is two electron spin qubits coupled through the dipole and exchange interactions with unknown coupling parameters -- explicitly, the position vector relating the two qubits and the magnitude of the exchange interaction are unknown. This coupling Hamiltonian generates a unitary evolution which, when combined with arbitrary single-qubit operations, produces a universal set of quantum gates. However, the unknown parameters must be known precisely to generate high-fidelity gates. We use the Cram\'er-Rao bound on the variance of a point estimator to construct the optimal series of experiments to estimate these free parameters, and present a complete analysis of the optimal experimental configuration. Our method of transforming the constrained optimal parameter estimation problem into a convex optimization is powerful and widely applicable to other systems.
Asymptotic charges cannot be measured in finite time

Author(s): Bousso, R; Chandrasekaran, V; Halpern, IF; Wall, AC | Abstract: © 2018 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. To study quantum gravity in asymptotically flat spacetimes, one would like to understand the algebra of observables at null infinity. Here we show that the Bondi mass cannot be observed in finite retarded time, and so is not contained in the algebra on any finite portion of I+. This follows immediately from recently discovered asymptotic entropy bounds. We verify this explicitly, and we find that attempts to measure a conserved charge at arbitrarily large radius in fixed retarded time are thwarted by quantum fluctuations. We comment on the implications of our results to flat space holography and the BMS charges at I+.
Arrows of Time in the Bouncing Universes of the No-boundary Quantum State

We derive the arrows of time of our universe that follow from the no-boundary theory of its quantum state (NBWF) in a minisuperspace model. Arrows of time are viewed four-dimensionally as properties of the four-dimensional Lorentzian histories of the universe. Probabilities for these histories are predicted by the NBWF. For histories with a regular `bounce' at a minimum radius we find that fluctuations are small at the bounce and grow in the direction of expansion on either side. For recollapsing classical histories with big bang and big crunch singularities we find that the fluctuations are small near one singularity and grow through the expansion and recontraction to the other singularity. The arrow of time defined by the growth in fluctuations thus points in one direction over the whole of a recollapsing spacetime but is bidirectional in a bouncing spacetime. We argue that the electromagnetic, thermodynamic, and psychological arrows of time are aligned with the fluctuation arrow. The implications of a bidirectional arrow of time for causality are discussed.
Magnetars in Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Bursts and GRB 111209A

Supernova 2011kl, associated with the ultra-long gamma-ray burst (ULGRB) 111209A, exhibited a higher-than-normal peak luminosity, placing it in the parameter space between regular supernovae and super-luminous supernovae. Its light curve can only be matched by an abnormally high fraction of 56Ni that appears inconsistent with the observed spectrum, and as a result it has been suggested that the supernova, and by extension the gamma-ray burst, are powered by the spin-down of a highly magnetized millisecond pulsar, known as a magnetar. We investigate the broadband observations of ULGRB 111209A and find two independent measures that suggest a high density circumburst environment. However, the light curve of the GRB afterglow shows no evidence of a jet break (the steep decline that would be expected as the jet slows due to the resistance of the external medium) out to three weeks after trigger, implying a wide jet. Combined with the high isotropic energy of the burst, this implies that only a magnetar with a spin period of ∼1 ms or faster can provide enough energy to power both ULGRB 111209A and Supernova 2011kl.
Hamiltonian of Galileon field theory

We give a detailed calculation for the Hamiltonian of single galileon field theory, keeping track of all the surface terms. We calculate the energy of static, spherically symmetric configuration of the single galileon field at cubic order coupled to a point-source and show that the 2-branches of the solution possess energy of equal magnitude and opposite sign, the sign of which is determined by the coefficient of the kinetic term $\alpha_2$. Moreover the energy is regularized in the short distance (ultra-violet) regime by the dominant cubic term even though the source is divergent at the origin. We argue that the origin of the negativity is due to the ghost-like modes in the corresponding branch in the presence of the point source. This seems to be a non-linear manifestation of the ghost instability.
Intermittency induced long-range cross-correlations

Cross-correlations are usually considered to emerge through interaction between particles. Here we present a mechanism capable to generate power-law cross-correlations between non-interacting particles exposed to an external potential. This phenomenon can occur as an ensemble property when the external potential induces intermittent dynamics, providing laminar and stochastic phases of motion. We have strong indications that the divergence of the mean residence time in the laminar phase of the single particle motion - sporadic dynamics - is a sufficient condition for the emergence of long-range cross-correlations. We argue that this mechanism may be relevant for the occurrence of collective behaviour in critical systems.
Observation of Quantum Criticality with Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices

Critically Cold Atoms Unlike classical phase transitions, such as the freezing of water into ice, which is driven by lowering the temperature of the system, quantum phase transitions occur at absolute zero and are driven by other parameters, including magnetic field or pressure. In the vicinity of a quantum phase transition, a critical region forms where physical observables obey scaling laws as a consequence of the self-similarity of the system. Quantum phase transitions and quantum criticality are usually observed in solid state, but Zhang et al. (p. 1070, published online 16 February) used an optical lattice filled with a cold gas of atoms to simulate a quantum phase transition—from an insulator to a superflnuid in two dimensions. They observed the characteristic scaling of the equation of state, a finding that will facilitate the building of a platform in a tunable system for further investigations of quantum criticality. Trapped low-temperature atoms model the transition between insulating and superfluid states in a more complex material. Quantum criticality emerges when a many-body system is in the proximity of a continuous phase transition that is driven by quantum fluctuations. In the quantum critical regime, exotic, yet universal properties are anticipated; ultracold atoms provide a clean system to test these predictions. We report the observation of quantum criticality with two-dimensional Bose gases in optical lattices. On the basis of in situ density measurements, we observe scaling behavior of the equation of state at low temperatures, locate the quantum critical point, and constrain the critical exponents. We observe a finite critical entropy per particle that carries a weak dependence on the atomic interaction strength. Our experiment provides a prototypical method to study quantum criticality with ultracold atoms.