Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How intelligent are dolphins? A partial answer based on their ability to plan their behavior when confronted with novel problems

The nature and extent of dolphin intelligence has long intrigued humans. Unequivocal answers to the question “how intelligent are dolphins? ” have proven evasive due to both the existing myriad views of intelligence and the ambiguity of much spontaneous dolphin behavior. In this paper, we focus on one aspect of intelligence, namely the ability to plan one's behavior in a meaningful way. The generalized ability to create novel and appropriate behavioral plans when confronted with new problems has obvious evolutionary advantages, but has been found in relatively few species. The studies reported in this paper demonstrate planning behaviors in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in conditions quite different from those that occur during dolphin foraging and mating (two areas in which wild dolphins may engage in planning). The dolphins' ability to plan their behaviors in these novel contexts provides additional evidence that generalized planning ability is not unique to humans, and demonstrate that human-like language is not required for generalized planning skills. These findings also suggest that in addition to species niche specific cognitive abilities, generalized cognitive abilities may play an important role in the evolutionary success of some species.
Dietary electrolyte balance: implications in heat stressed broilers

Modern fast-growing meat-type broiler chickens are facing difficulties in coping with heat stress. The increase in broiler growth rate increases their body heat production. The global environmental temperature is also showing an upward trend. This situation demands an efficient means to economically improve the thermotolerance of broiler chickens in hot climates without affecting their productivity. Different managemental techniques and dietary modifications have been employed to overcome the adverse effects of heat stress. These strategies may often have proved beneficial but not all the time. Some of them even increased the cost of production. Many of these techniques did not show promising results, especially at higher ambient temperatures. This is probably due to not considering the loss of electrolytes during the periods of heat stress when panting birds are experiencing respiratory alkalosis. During heat stress, the loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) through respiration and bicarbonate ions coupled with monovalent cations (particularly sodium and potassium) through urine, disturbed the acid-base balance (respiratory alkalosis). The corrections in blood acid-base balance have been achieved by electrolyte supplementation, either through drinking water or feed. These electrolytes, in different amounts and proportions, proved beneficial for broilers under different heat stress regimens. The proportions of sodium, potassium and chloride in diets determine the dietary electrolyte balance (DEB = sodium plus potassium minus chloride, milliequivalents per kg). The discrepancies exist among different research workers about an appropriate DEB for heat-stressed broilers. Different environmental conditions in which broilers are reared; heat stress regimens (cyclic, acute, chronic), feeding regimens, source of electrolyte salts, combination of different electrolyte sources and the bird's genotype itself are factors that influence the requirements of a particular electrolyte as well as their balance in the diet. This review considers the usefulness and limitations of DEB equation, and the impact of different DEB on live performance, carcass characteristics, mortality and blood parameters in broilers reared under heat stress environments.
Both Coinfection and Superinfection Drive Complex Anaplasma marginale Strain Structure in a Natural Transmission Setting

Vector-borne pathogens commonly establish multistrain infections, also called complex infections. How complex infections are established, either before or after the development of an adaptive immune response, termed coinfection or superinfection, respectively, has broad implications for the maintenance of genetic diversity, pathogen phenotype, epidemiology, and disease control strategies. Anaplasma marginale, a genetically diverse, obligate, intracellular, tick-borne bacterial pathogen of cattle, commonly establishes complex infections, particularly in regions with high transmission rates. ABSTRACT Vector-borne pathogens commonly establish multistrain infections, also called complex infections. How complex infections are established, either before or after the development of an adaptive immune response, termed coinfection or superinfection, respectively, has broad implications for the maintenance of genetic diversity, pathogen phenotype, epidemiology, and disease control strategies. Anaplasma marginale, a genetically diverse, obligate, intracellular, tick-borne bacterial pathogen of cattle, commonly establishes complex infections, particularly in regions with high transmission rates. Both coinfection and superinfection can be established experimentally; however, it is unknown how complex infections develop in a natural transmission setting. To address this question, we introduced naive animals into a herd in southern Ghana with a high infection prevalence and high transmission pressure and tracked the strain acquisition of A. marginale through time using multilocus sequence typing. As expected, the genetic diversity among strains was high, and 97% of animals in the herd harbored multiple strains. All the introduced naive animals became infected, and three to four strains were typically detected in an individual animal prior to seroconversion, while one to two new strains were detected in an individual animal following seroconversion. On average, the number of strains acquired via superinfection was 16% lower than the number acquired via coinfection. Thus, while complex infections develop via both coinfection and superinfection, coinfection predominates in this setting. These findings have broad implications for the development of control strategies in high-transmission settings.
Performance of temporal and spatial ICA in identifying and removing low-frequency physiological and motion effects in resting-state fMRI

Effective separation of signal from noise (including physiological processes and head motion) is one of the chief challenges for improving the sensitivity and specificity of resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) measurements and has a profound impact when these noise sources vary between populations. Independent component analysis (ICA) is an approach for addressing these challenges. Conventionally, due to the lower amount of temporal than spatial information in rs-fMRI data, spatial ICA (sICA) is the method of choice. However, with recent developments in accelerated fMRI acquisitions, the temporal information is becoming enriched to the point that the temporal ICA (tICA) has become more feasible. This is particularly relevant as physiological processes and motion exhibit very different spatial and temporal characteristics when it comes to rs-fMRI applications, leading us to conduct a comparison of the performance of sICA and tICA in addressing these types of noise. In this study, we embrace the novel practice of using theory (simulations) to guide our interpretation of empirical data. We find empirically that sICA can identify more noise-related signal components than tICA. However, on the merit of functional-connectivity results, we find that while sICA is more adept at reducing whole-brain motion effects, tICA performs better in dealing with physiological effects. These interpretations are corroborated by our simulation results. The overall message of this study is that if ICA denoising is to be used for rs-fMRI, there is merit in considering a hybrid approach in which physiological and motion-related noise are each corrected for using their respective best-suited ICA approach. Impact Statement Resting-state fMRI is influenced by low-frequency physiological noise and head motion. Independent component analysis (ICA) is becoming increasingly relied on for reducing these influences, but the utility of spatial and temporal ICA remains unclear. We conducted a comparison of the performance of these two ICA types, using physiological-noise and motion time courses as reference. We found that spatial ICA is more adept at reducing motion effects, while temporal ICA performs better in dealing with physiological effects. We believe these findings provide much-needed clarity on the role of ICA, and recommend using a hybrid of tICA and sICA as a paradigm shift in resting-state fMRI.
Biometric solutions : for authentication in an E-world

Foreword. Preface. 1. Biometrics Applications in an E-World D. Zhang. 2. Achievements and Challenges in Fingerprint Recognition A.M. Bazen, S.H. Gerez. 3. Biometrics Electronic Purse E. Chong Tan, et al. 4. Face Recognition and its Application A.W. Senior, R.M. Bolle. 5. Personalize Mobile Access by Speaker Authentication K. Chen. 6. Biometrics on the Internet: Security Application and Services L.L. Ling, M.G. Lizarraga. 7. Forensic Identification Reporting Using Automatic Biometric Systems J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, et al. 8. Signature Security System for E-Commerce B. Li, D. Zhang. 9. Web Guard: A Biometrics Identification System for Network Security J. You, D. Zhang. 10. Smart Card Application Based on Palmprint Identification G. Lu, D. Zhang. 11. Secure Fingerprint Authentication N.K. Ratha, et al. 12. From Biometrics Technology to Applications Regrading Face, Voice, Signature and Fingerprint Recognition Systems J. Ortega-Garcia, et al. 13. Face Verification for Access Control W. Gao, S. Shan. 14. Voice Biometrics for Securing Your Web-Based Business K. Farrell, et al. 15. Ability to Verify: A Metric for System Performance in Real-World Comparative Biometric Testing S. Nanavati, M. Thieme. 16. Automated Authentication Using Hybrid Biometric System N. Poh, J. Korczak. Index.
83D05 Relativistic gravitational theories other than Einstein’s, including asymmetric field theories 83C20 Classes of solutions; algebraically special solutions, metrics with symmetries for problems in general relativity and gravitational theory

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An approach for controlling printed line-width in high resolution roll-to-roll gravure printing

One of the challenges in printed electronics is the capacity to print a high resolution electrode. However, it is difficult to gain control over fidelity of microscale line-width of printed patterns especially in roll-to-roll (R2R) gravure printing process. Here, we report a simple solution based on the wettability of ink on the substrate to prevent a widening effect of printed patterns thereby enhancing the precision. The widening effect was found to be affected by intrinsic (ink wetting behavior, cell geometry) and extrinsic (nip pressure, printing speed) conditions. Analysis was conducted to figure out an effect of surface tension of ink and surface energy of substrate on the printed pattern width via contact angle (θIS). For a given cell volume, the width of printed patterns decreased with increasing contact angle. The experimental method was used to determine the optimal extrinsic condition and unstable region border. Finally, we identified three ink setting regions of widening (θIS ≤ θ IS ,crw? >), un-widening (θ IS ,crw? >) and unstable region (θIS ≥ θ IS ,crin? >). The experimental data showed a good agreement with expected results based on the established analytical approach. This result could be used as an important practical guideline to be applied in R2R gravure printing process with high resolution.
SIMULATING LANGMUIR TURBULENCE WITH SPECTRAL METHODS: APPLICATIONS TO POWER SPECTRA PARAMETERIZATION

Eliasson and Thidé [1], simulated Langmuir turbulence to model the spectra obtained by SEE. To carry out this simulation, they used an extended Zakharov system of equations, solved it with finite volume methods, and built the power spectra of the electric field’s time series. This enables them to map simulation parameters to spectral width. Following their approach, we simulated Langmuir turbulence to obtain its properties and characteristics using spectral methods, which are potentially faster than finite volume methods for this type of system [2]. We used this acceleration to do a more comprehensive mapping between simulation parameters (length scale, collision frequency, pumping wave, and Landau damping rate) and the main features of the power spectra. Acknowledgment: We thank Enrique Rojas for the invitation to be part of this research as well as his guidance in this project. References: [1] Eliasson & Thidé: “Zakharov simulation study of spectral features of on-demand Langmuir turbulence in an inhomogeneous plasma”. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 113, no. 2. Feb. 2008. [2] K J Burns, G M Vasil, J S Oishi, D Lecoanet, B P Brown, “Dedalus: A Flexible Framework for Numerical Simulations with Spectral Methods. ” Physical Review Research, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 838, Apr. 2020. Session: Ionosphere and high atmosphere Oral or Poster: Poster
Through a glass, darkly? HepaRG and HepG2 cells as models of human phase I drug metabolism

Abstract The pharmacokinetic and safety assessment of drug candidates is becoming increasingly dependent upon in vitro models of hepatic metabolism and toxicity. Predominant among these is the HepG2 cell line, although HepaRG is becoming increasingly popular because of its perceived closer resemblance to human hepatocytes. We review the functionality of these cell lines in terms of Phase I protein expression, basal cytochrome P450-dependent activity, and utility in P450 induction studies. Our analysis indicates that HepG2 cells are severely compromised: proteomic studies show that they express few key proteins in common with hepatocytes and they lack drug-metabolizing capacity. Differentiated HepaRGs are more hepatocyte-like than HepG2s, but they also have limitations, and it is difficult to assess their utility because of the enormous variability in data reported, possibly arising from the complex differentiation protocols required to obtain hepatocyte-like cells. This is exacerbated by the use of DMSO in the induction protocol, together with proprietary supplements whose composition is a commercial secret. We conclude that, while currently available data on the utility of HepaRG generates a confusing picture, this line does have potential utility in drug metabolism studies. However, to allow studies to be compared directly a standardized, reproducible differentiation protocol is essential and the cell line’s functionality in terms of known mechanisms of P450 regulation must be demonstrated. We, therefore, support the development of regulatory guidelines for the use of HepaRGs in induction studies as a first step in generating a database of consistent, reliable data.
Plasma Measurements at Non-Magnetic Solar System Bodies

The solar system includes a number of non-magnetic objects. These include comets, Venus, Mars and the moon, as well as moons of Saturn, Jupiter and beyond. The plasma interaction depends on upstream conditions, whether that is the solar wind or a planetary magnetosphere, and whether the object itself has any atmosphere. Several space missions have explored these objects so far, with many carrying plasma and fields instrumentation, and have revealed some similarities and differences in the interactions. Processes such as ion pickup are the key to the cometary interaction but pickup is also present in many other locations, and ionospheric processes are important when an atmosphere or exosphere is present. In all cases plasma interacting with the surface or atmosphere can cause escape and modification over time. Here we will review plasma measurements at non-magnetic objects from the various missions, and summarise information about the key processes including plasma escape at these objects.
Measurement of the relative 
B−→D0/D*0/D**0μ−ν¯μ
 branching fractions using 
B−
 mesons from 
B¯s2*0
 decays

The decay of the narrow resonance $\overline{B}{}_{s2}^{*0}\! \rightarrow B^- K^+$ can be used to determine the $B^-$ momentum in partially reconstructed decays without any assumptions on the decay products of the $B^-$ meson. This technique is employed for the first time to distinguish contributions from $D^0$, $D^{*0}$, and higher-mass charmed states ($D^{**0}$) in semileptonic $B^-$ decays by using the missing-mass distribution. The measurement is performed using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb${}^{-1}$ collected with the LHCb detector in $pp$ collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. The resulting branching fractions relative to the inclusive $B^- \! \rightarrow D^0 X \mu^- \overline{\nu}_\mu$ are $f_{D^0} = \mathcal{B}( B^- \rightarrow D^0\mu^-\overline{\nu}_\mu )/\mathcal{B}( B^- \rightarrow D^0 X \mu^- \overline{\nu}_\mu ) = 0.25 \pm 0.06$, $f_{D^{**0}} = \mathcal{B}( B^- \rightarrow ( D^{**0} \rightarrow D^0 X)\mu^-\overline{\nu}_\mu )/\mathcal{B}( B^- \rightarrow D^0 X \mu^- \overline{\nu}_\mu ) = 0.21 \pm 0.07$, with $f_{D^{*0}} = 1 - f_{D^0} - f_{D^{**0}}$ making up the remainder.
A deep residual model for characterization of 5D spatiotemporal network dynamics reveals widespread spatiodynamic changes in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder with serious symptoms including delusions, disorganized speech, and hallucinations that can have a long-term detrimental impact on different aspects of a patient’s life. It is still unclear what the main cause of schizophrenia is, but a combination of altered brain connectivity and structure may play a role. Neuroimaging data has been useful in characterizing schizophrenia, but there has been very little work focused on voxel-wise changes in multiple brain networks over time, despite evidence that functional networks exhibit complex spatiotemporal changes over time within individual subjects. Recent studies have primarily focused on static (average) features of functional data or on temporal variations between fixed networks; however, such approaches are not able to capture multiple overlapping networks which change at the voxel level. In this work, we employ a deep residual convolutional neural network (CNN) model to extract 53 different spatiotemporal networks each of which captures dynamism within various domains including subcortical, cerebellar, visual, sensori-motor, auditory, cognitive control, and default mode. We apply this approach to study spatiotemporal brain dynamism at the voxel level within multiple functional networks extracted from a large functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dataset of individuals with schizophrenia (N=708) and controls (N=510). Our analysis reveals widespread group level differences across multiple networks and spatiotemporal features including voxel-wise variability, magnitude, and temporal functional network connectivity in widespread regions expected to be impacted by the disorder. We compare with typical average spatial amplitude and show highly structured and neuroanatomically relevant results are missed if one does not consider the voxel-wise spatial dynamics. Importantly, our approach can summarize static, temporal dynamic, spatial dynamic, and spatiotemporal dynamics features, thus proving a powerful approach to unify and compare these various perspectives. In sum, we show the proposed approach highlights the importance of accounting for both temporal and spatial dynamism in whole brain neuroimaging data generally, shows a high-level of sensitivity to schizophrenia highlighting global but spatially unique dynamics showing group differences, and may be especially important in studies focused on the development of brain-based biomarkers.
Unipotent and prounipotent groups: cohomology and presentations

A pro-affine algebraic group G, over the field k (which we always take to be algebraically closed of characteristic zero) is an inverse limit of affine algebraic groups [3]. If the algebraic groups in the inverse system are unipotent, we call G prounipotent. Pro-affine algebraic groups arise naturally in the theory of finite-dimensional ^-representations of discrete and analytic groups [3, 4, 9] and prounipotent groups arise naturally as the prounipotent radicals of pro-affine groups. Our interest in prounipotents is motivated by possible applications to finitedimensional representation theory. The extension of the category of unipotent groups to that of prounipotents makes possible "combinatorial group theory" (free groups and presentations): If X is a set, there is a prounipotent group F(X) containing X such that for every prounipotent group H and function ƒ: X —• H with Card{X ƒ ~ *(/,)} finite for every closed subgroup L of finite codimension in H there is a unique homomorphism ƒ : F(X) —• H extending ƒ [5, 2.1]. Every prounipotent group G is a homomorphic image of a free prounipotent group F so there is an exact sequence (*) 1 —•> R —• F —* G —• 1. We can choose (*) with R C (F, F) and in this case we call (*) a proper presentation of G. If F = F(X) in (*), we call X generators for G and we call generators of R, as a prounipotent normal subgroup of F, relations for G. As for pro-/? groups [11], the numbers of generators and relations for G have a cohomological interpretation. Cohomology here is in the category of polynomial representations as in [2]. There is a unique simple in this category (the one-dimensional trivial module k) so cohomological dimension is defined as cd(G) = inf {ƒ | #"(G, k) = 0,n>i}.