Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incentivising appropriate malaria treatment-seeking behaviour with price subsidies

One of the most serious problems in the fight against malaria, especially in Africa, is the fact that many individuals suffering from malaria do not have easy access to effective antimalarials while at the same time a large proportion of people receiving antimalarials do not suffer from malaria. In order to improve access, a global price subsidy of 95% has been proposed for the most effective antimalarial, artemisininbased combination therapy (ACT). The objective of this proposal is to lower the consumer price on effective malaria medicine to increase access for, in particular, poor consumers. However, treatment of patients not suffering from malaria with antimalarials including ACTs has been proven widespread and a subsidy is likely to increase this overtreatment. This means waste of resources and will result in inflating the subsidy funds required. In addition, as has happened with older types of malaria medicine, treating nonmalarial fevers with malaria medicine may increase the risk of artemisinin resistance development. Diagnostic tests for malaria may have the potential for reducing overtreatment, but tests are expensive for the typical malaria treatmentseeking individual. In order to both increase access and reduce overtreatment we propose a subsidy on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) together with the ACT subsidy. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the optimal combination of subsidies that incentivises individuals suspecting themselves to have malaria to always test before buying an effective drug. We present a model that describes the health seeking behaviour of a representative individual using an expected utility framework. Based on numerical simulations of our model we find that a price reduction on RDTs is necessary to incentivise testing while at the same time, the subsidy on ACT can be lower than the proposed 95% without compromising access. The leastcost policy of the health policy maker is to subsidise both ACT and RDT, redirecting some of the subsidy money from ACT to RDT.
Inguinal hernia repair: Toward Asian guidelines

Groin hernias are very common, and surgical treatment is usually recommended. In fact, hernia repair is the most common surgical procedure performed worldwide. In countries such as the USA, China, and India, there may easily be over 1 million repairs every year. The need for this surgery has become an important socioeconomic problem and may affect health‐care providers, especially in aging societies. Surgical repair using mesh is recommended and widely employed in Western countries, but in many developing countries, tissue‐to‐tissue repair is still the preferred surgical procedure due to economic constraints. For these reason, the development and implementation of guidelines, consensus, or recommendations may aim to clarify issues related to best practices in inguinal hernia repair in Asia. A group of Asian experts in hernia repair gathered together to debate inguinal hernia treatments in Asia in an attempt to reach some consensus or develop recommendations on best practices in the region. The need for recommendations or guidelines was unanimously confirmed to help overcome the discrepancy in clinical practice between countries; the experts decided to focus mainly on the technical aspects of open repair, which is the most common surgery for hernia in our region. After the identification of 12 main topics for discussion (indication, age, and sex; symptomatic and asymptomatic hernia: type of hernia; type of treatment; hospital admission; preoperative care; anesthesia; surgical technique; perioperative care; postoperative care; early complications; and long‐term complications), a search of the literature was carried out according to the five levels of the Oxford Classification of Evidence and the four grades of recommendation.
Small catalytic RNAs.

PERSPECTIVES . 641 ROLLING CIRCLE REPLICATION REQUIRES SPECIFIC RNA CLEAVAGE . 643 SELF-CLEAVAGE OF RNA VIA THE HAMMERHEAD STRUCTURE. 645 Double Hammerhead Structure . 645 Hammerhead Self-Cleavage in Trans . 647 Mutagenesis A nalysis oj the Hammerhead Reaction . 649 What is the Tertiary Structure of the Hammerhead? 651 What is the Mechanism of Self-Cleavage? 652 Ribozymes Targetting RNA Molecules . 655 Hammerhead Ribozymes to Manipulate Gene Expression . 656 MINUS sTRSV SELF-CLEAVES VIA A DIFFERENT MECHANISM THAN PLUS sTRSV . 659 Self-Cleavage of Minus sTRSV . 660 Self-Cleavage in Trans and Mutagenesis. 661 HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS PLUS AND MINUS RNAs SELF-CLEAVE. 662 RNAs FROM NEUROSPORA MITOCHONDRIAL PLASMIDS SELF-CLEAVE. 665 HOW COMMON ARE SELF-CLEAVAGE REACTIONS IN NATURE? 665 Lead-Catalyzed Cleavage of Yeast Phe-tRNA . 666 A Simple Mn2+ -Catalyzed Reaction . 666 Are in Trans Cleavage Reactions Common in Vivo? 667
Program Execution on Multicore and Heterogenous Systems

As uniprocessor performance fails to improve at the erstwhile rates, computer architects are turning to multicore architectures to stay on the performance curve. Parallel programming holds the key to unlocking the performance benefits of such architectures. Conventional parallel programming models require programmers to abandon the well established sequential programming paradigm, and write parallel programs. Such models are fraught with pitfalls such as deadlocks, livelocks, nondeterminism, etc. Recently Allen et. al. [3] introduced a new dynamic dependence based programming model, called Serialization Sets, which maintains the sequential program semantics and yet delivers performance comparable to the conventional methods. While we extended the Serialization Sets model in [21], to allow programmers to express data dependencies between computations, and extracted additional parallelism, the model still had limited capability to discover parallelism. In this work, we propose a generic dataflow execution model capable of exploiting all possible parallelism, using the same imperative programming framework. We present the details of the implementation and show that the new model improves the performance of the applications we developed by 15%-25% on a general purpose multicore architecture, and at the same time scales well with the increase in the number of processors. We also apply this framework to another class of architecture, GPGPU, and show we are able to derive similar performance benefits while greatly simplifying programming for such architectures.
Enhancement of fracture-healing.

Fracture-healing is a specialized type of woundhealing response in which the regeneration of bone leads to a restoration of skeletal integrity. While the process of fracture-healing is usually considered to be biologically optimum. the healing of 5 to 10 pen cent of the estimated 5.6 million fractures occurring annually in the United States is delayed or impaired”. The cause of the impaired healing is often unknown. However, problems with operative and non-operative interventions. such as inadequate mobilization of the fracture, distraction of fracture fragments by fixation devices or traction, repeated manipulations or excessive early motion of a fracture, or excessive peniosteal stripping and damage to other soft tissues during operative exposure, intenfene with healing and may cause a delayed union or a non-union. A delayed union on a non-union may also occur if a fracture becomes contaminated at the time of the injury or after an operation or if an acceptable apposition of the fracture fragments on stable fixation is not achieved25. Moreover. specific pants of the skeleton, such as the neck of the talus. the neck of the femur, and the campal scaphoid5, are known to be at increased risk for impaired fracture-healing. and there may be problems related to peculiarities of the local blood supply or difficulties with the control of the mechanical strain environment at these sites. Thus. while most fractures heal without problems. there are several conditions unden which enhancement of the repair process would be of great benefit to ensure the rapid restoration of skeletal function. The ability of injured patients to return to the work force or to recreational activities early would not only have a substantial economic impact on society but would also improve the oven-all physical and mental well-being of the patients. In this article, I will review some of the better descnibed and more extensively tested methods that have been used to stimulate fracture-healing. I will also provide an introduction to certain new technologies that could improve the repair of fractures. The article is organized in two sections. The first section is a discussion
Broker-based trade allocation in market-based multi-agent environments

ix Acknowledgements . xi
Filamentous Fungi in a Tertiary Care Hospital Environmental Surveillance and Susceptibility to Antifungal Drugs

Objective. To evaluate filamentous fungi with respect to environmental load and potential drug resistance in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Design. Monthly survey in 2 buildings of the hospital during a 12-month period. Setting. Hippokration Hospital in Thessaloniki, Greece. Methods. Air, surface, and tap water sampling was performed in 4 departments with high-risk patients. As sampling sites, the solid-organ transplantation department and the hematology department (in the older building) and the pediatric oncology department and the pediatric intensive care unit (in the newer building) were selected. Results. From January to May of 2000, the fungal load in air (FLA) was low, ranging from 0 to 12 colony-forming units (cfu) per m3 in both buildings. During the summer months, when high temperature and humidity predominate, the FLA increased to 4-56 cfu/m3. The fungi commonly recovered from culture of air specimens were Aspergillus niger (25.9%), Aspergillus flavus (17.7%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (12.4%). Non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi, such as Zygomycetes and Dematiaceous species, were also recovered. The pediatric intensive care unit had the lowest mean FLA (7.7 cfu/m3), compared with the pediatric oncology department (8.7 cfu/m3), the solid-organ transplantation department (16.1 cfu/m3), and the hematology department (22.6 cfu/m3). Environmental surfaces were swabbed, and 62.7% of the swab samples cultured yielded filamentous fungi similar to the fungi recovered from air but with low numbers of colony-forming units. Despite vigorous sampling, culture of tap water yielded no fungi. The increase in FLA observed during the summer coincided with renovation in the building that housed the solid-organ transplantation and hematology departments. All 54 Aspergillus air isolates randomly selected exhibited relatively low minimum inhibitory or effective concentrations for amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, micafungin, and anidulafungin. Conclusion. Air and surface fungal loads may vary in different departments of the same hospital, especially during months when the temperature and humidity are high. Environmental Aspergillus isolates are characterized by lack of resistance to clinically important antifungal agents.
No effect of stress on false recognition.

BACKGROUND The present study aimed to analyze the effect of acute stress on false recognition in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In this paradigm, lists of words associated with a non-presented critical lure are studied and, in a subsequent memory test, critical lures are often falsely remembered. METHOD In two experiments, participants were randomly assigned to either the stress group (Trier Social Stress Test) or the no-stress control group. Because we sought to control the level-of-processing at encoding, in Experiment 1, participants created a visual mental image for each presented word (deep encoding). In Experiment 2, participants performed a shallow encoding (to respond whether each word contained the letter "o"). RESULTS The results indicated that, in both experiments, as predicted, heart rate and STAI-S scores increased only in the stress group. However, false recognition did not differ across stress and no-stress groups. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that, although psychosocial stress was successfully induced, it does not enhance the vulnerability of individuals with acute stress to DRM false recognition, regardless of the level of processing.
Reduction of Neonatal Mortality Requires Strengthening of the Health System: A Situational Analysis of Neonatal Care Services in Ballabgarh

Background Planning a comprehensive program addressing neonatal mortality will require a detailed situational analysis of available neonatal-specific health infrastructure. Methods We identified facilities providing essential and sick neonatal care (ENC, SNC) by a snowballing technique in Ballabgarh Block. These were assessed for infrastructure, human resource and equipment along with self-rated competency of the staff and compared with facility-based or population-based norms. Results A total of 35 facilities providing ENC and 10 facilities for SNC were identified. ENC services were largely in the public-sector domain (68.5% of births) and were well distributed in the block. SNC burden was largely being borne by the private sector (66% of admissions), which was urban-based. The private sector and nurses reported lower competency especially for SNC. Only 53.9% of government facilities and 17.5% of private facilities had a fully equipped newborn care corner. Conclusions Serious efforts to reduce neonatal mortality would require major capacity strengthening of the health system, including that of the private sector.
Normal background concentrations of contaminants in the soils of England : available data and data exploration

This draft report describes the completed Work Package 1 and 2 tasks of the Defra commissioned Science and Research Project SP1008 - Establishing data on normal/background levels of soil contamination in England. Work Package 1 (WP1) has investigated the available soil data sets that can be used to determine the Normal Background Concentrations (NBCs) for contaminants in soils from England. A database of available data set information has been created investigating the sample coverage, the sampling strategy and methods, the laboratory procedures, and the robustness, format and availability of the data. Key data sets are the British Geological Survey’s G-BASE topsoils for urban and rural areas and the National Soil Inventory (XRFS reanalysed) data which, although at a reduced sampling density compared to G-BASE, has complete coverage for both England and Wales. Supplementary minor data sets are also included in the Project’s extensive bibliographic database. There are also large data sets available that specifically target a particular land use or activity, i.e. not systematically collected, e.g. the BGS Mineral Reconnaissance Programme (MRP) soils. Such data will not be used to estimate NBCs as they will cause a substantial bias in the determinations. This data and information gathering phase will underpin subsequent work packages of this project. Work Package 1 has also addressed some key questions such as, “what are the priority contaminants? ” and “what is meant by a normal background concentration? ”
Arbeitsbereich Ökonomie IOS Working Papers Nr . 319 July 2012 Does Trust Promote Growth ?

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Mapping and Assessing Critical Habitats for the Pacific Humphead Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus)

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Justice for Women Who Experience Intimate Partner Violence: Reflections on restorative justice ideals and making social meaning

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iv INTRODUCTION . 1 Defining intimate partner violence . 4 Structure of the thesis . 6 CHAPTER 1 – JUSTICE FOR INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE . 9 Part 1 Justice for abused women . 9 A plural conceptualization of justice for abused women . 10 Navigating paths to justice amidst criminal justice reforms . 25 Part 2 Justice in criminal justice and the challenge of its reliance on punishment . 29 The exclusions of criminal justice . 30 The thorny matter of punitive responses . 33 Part 3 Can restorative justice engender justice for intimate partner violence? 38 Aspiring to engender justice through flexible, communitarian processes . 40 Critiques of restorative justice for intimate partner violence: repudiations and cautions . 42 Women’s experiences with restorative justice: mixed reviews and calls for further research . 46 Feminist praxis in Family Group Decision Making . 52 Chapter Summary . 54 CHAPTER 2 – THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF DOING JUSTICE . 56 Part 1 The punitive conceptualization of doing criminal justice . 56 The universalist logic of law and criminal justice . 56 The punitive modality and its reification of rational choice assumptions . 60 Part 2 The reparative conceptualization of doing justice . 65 Reparation of harms as a modality of social control . 65 False dichotomies and misapprehensions . 68 Criminal justice as a source of leverage in the restorative justice context . 69 Part 3 A conceptualization aimed at doing social justice . 73 Principles of justice: giving difference its due . 76 Limitations and unresolved dilemmas . 81 Part 4 – Research framework: Exploring a conceptualization of doing social justice . 85 Chapter summary . 88 CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH FOCUS AND METHOD . 89 Part 1 A critical feminist lens . 89 Beyond the text: critical reflexivity about truth claims . 91 Part 2 Research focus . 93
The teaching of Suryomentaram as the sources of parenting practice in cultivating empathy among children to reduce bullying

Bullying has been considered as one problem in children’s social behavior. Promoting empathy among children has been recorded as one effort to reduce bullying act. Empathy is considered as important factor in pro social behavior, it moderates aggressive behavior, establishes and maintains friendships, reduces acting-out behaviors in children and has other beneficial impacts on individuals. It is therefore, empathy needs to be developed in children so that they may have all the benefits of this character that in turn may reduce the tendency of participating in bullying behavior. Since empathy is developed with age, parents need to include this in their parenting practices. In an effort to develop empathy in children, Indonesia has many local wisdoms that can be the sources of the teaching/parenting program for children. Utilizing local wisdom as the sources in parenting practice is believed to be effective since it is not only developing noble character in individuals, it even more may become the uniqueness or strength of a nation. One of the local wisdom in Java that is loaded with teachings about empathy values is shared by Suryomentaram. According to the teachings of Suryomentaram, noble individuals are those who have the ability to understand the feelings of others, as if it were experienced by him/herself. This article will discuss about Suryomentaram’s teachings on developing empathy in children and how parents can utilize these values in their everyday parenting practice. This article is a literature reviews based on Suryomentaram writings and other articles that add to Suryomentaram original writing.
Emotional Facial Processing: Does Cognitive Load Make a Difference?

The manuscript is titled ‘Emotional facial processing: does cognitive load make a difference? ’ and it describes a research study that measures how emotion and distraction of different cognitive loads may impact working memory performance. The findings show that cognitive load on working memory performance, with poorer working memory performance in the high compared to the low level of distraction. However, no effects of emotional faces were found on task performance. The work therefore has significance with regard to cognitive processing and working memory span.
Enhanced In Vivo Activity of Cefditoren in Pre-Immunized Mice against Penicillin-Resistant S. pneumoniae (Serotypes 6B, 19F and 23F) in a Sepsis Model

Background Specific antibodies are likely to be present before S. pneumoniae infection. We explored cefditoren (CDN) total and free values of serum concentrations exceeding the MIC (t>MIC) related to efficacy in a mice sepsis model, and the effect of specific gammaglobulins on in-vitro phagocytosis and in-vivo efficacy. Methodology/Principal Findings We used three pneumococcal isolates (serotype, MIC of CDN): Strain 1 (6B, 1 µg/ml), Strain 2 (19F, 2 µg/ml) and Strain 3 (23F, 4 µg/ml). Hyperimmune serum (HS) was obtained from mice immunized with heat-inactivated strains. In-vitro, phagocytosis by HS diluted 1/10 in presence/absence of sub-inhibitory concentrations was measured by flow cytometry including fluorescent bacteria and a neutrophil cell line. In-vivo dose-ranging experiments with HS (dilutions 1/2–1/16) and CDN (6.25 mg/kg–100 mg/kg tid for 48 h) were performed to determine the minimal protective dilution/dose (highest survival) and the non-protective highest dilution/dose (highest mortality: HS-np dilution and CDN-np dose) over 7 days. Efficacy of CDN-np in animals pre-immunized with HS-np (combined strategy) was explored and blood bacterial clearance determined. The CDN measured protein binding was 86.9%. In-vitro, CDN significantly increased phagocytosis (vs. HS 1/10). In non pre-immunized animals, t>MIC values for CDN of ≈35% (total) and ≈19% (free) were associated with 100% survival. Significant differences in survival were found between HS-np alone (≤20%) or CDN-np alone (≤20%) vs. the combined strategy (90%, 60% and 60% for Stains 1, 2 and 3), with t>MIC (total/free) of 22.8%/14.3%, 26.8%/16.0%, and 22.4%/12.7% for Strains 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Prior to the second dose (8 h), median bacterial counts were significantly lower in animals surviving vs. dead at day 7. Conclusions/Significance In mice (CDN protein binding similar to humans) total t>MIC values of ≈35% (≈19% free) were efficacious, with a decrease in the required values in pre-immunized animals. This reinforces that immunoprotection to overcome resistance may provide lifesaving strategies.
Comparative Linkage Meta-Analysis Reveals Regionally-Distinct, Disparate Genetic Architectures: Application to Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia

New high-throughput, population-based methods and next-generation sequencing capabilities hold great promise in the quest for common and rare variant discovery and in the search for ”missing heritability. ” However, the optimal analytic strategies for approaching such data are still actively debated, representing the latest rate-limiting step in genetic progress. Since it is likely a majority of common variants of modest effect have been identified through the application of tagSNP-based microarray platforms (i.e., GWAS), alternative approaches robust to detection of low-frequency (1–5% MAF) and rare (<1%) variants are of great importance. Of direct relevance, we have available an accumulated wealth of linkage data collected through traditional genetic methods over several decades, the full value of which has not been exhausted. To that end, we compare results from two different linkage meta-analysis methods—GSMA and MSP—applied to the same set of 13 bipolar disorder and 16 schizophrenia GWLS datasets. Interestingly, we find that the two methods implicate distinct, largely non-overlapping, genomic regions. Furthermore, based on the statistical methods themselves and our contextualization of these results within the larger genetic literatures, our findings suggest, for each disorder, distinct genetic architectures may reside within disparate genomic regions. Thus, comparative linkage meta-analysis (CLMA) may be used to optimize low-frequency and rare variant discovery in the modern genomic era.