Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taste for Science , Taste for Commercialization , and Hybrid Scientists

Scientists who are willing to bridge ? science? and ? commerce? play an important role in the innovation process. However, our understanding of these individuals remains limited. Drawing on prior work that has emphasized scientists? taste for science? , we suggest that scientists can also be characterized with respect to their ? taste for commercialization? In our framework, scientists may have a strong taste for either science or commercialization (? traditional scientists? and ? commercial scientists? ), but can also have a strong interest in both (? hybrid scientists? ) or neither (? other types? ). Using data on over 4,000 junior scientists in a wide range of fields, we derive empirical measures of taste for science and taste for commercialization. Exploratory analyses show significant heterogeneity in scientist types across fields and organizations, consistent with both selection and socialization effects. Further analyses show that ? hybrid scientists? those with a strong taste for both science and commercialization exhibit a unique profile with respect to the nature of their research, patenting and publishing output, as well as career goals and entrepreneurial intentions. We discuss implications for future research as well as for policy makers, administrators, and managers seeking to foster hybrid and boundary spanning activities in various sectors of the economy. Jelcodes:O31,Taste for Science, Taste for Commercialization, and Hybrid Scientists Henry Sauermann Georgia Institute of Technology College of Management henry.sauermann@mgt.gatech. edu Michael Roach University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Kenan-Flagler Business School michael.roach@unc.edu
Polyurethane Microstructures for 2′-Deoxycytidinic Acid Delivery: Preparation and Preliminary Characterization

Background and Objectives: Nucleotide delivery has emerged as a noteworthy research trend in recent years because of its potential utility in addressing a range of genetic defects resulting in the presence of incorrect nucleotides. The primary goals of this research were to create and to characterize polyurethane microstructures, with the aim of utilizing them for nucleotide transport. Materials and Methods: Two samples were prepared using an aliphatic diisocyanate in reaction with a mixture of polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone diol, where 2′-deoxycytidinic acid was used as the active agent and glycerol 1,2-diacetate was used as an enhancer of the aqueous solubility. The solubility, pH, size distribution, and surface charge of the samples were measured, and encapsulation efficacy and release, cell proliferation, and irritation tests on mouse skin were conducted. Results: The results showed almost neutral acidic–basic structures with a high heterogeneity, and a medium tendency to form clusters with non-cytotoxic and non-irritative potentials. Conclusions: Future research could explore the efficacy of this carrier in delivering other nucleotides, as well as investigating the long-term effects and safety of these microstructures in vivo.
The Global Condition: Conquerors, Catastrophes, and Community

William H. McNeill is known for his ability to portray the grand sweep of history. Now two of his popular books and an essay previously unavailable in book form are brought together in this new paperback edition. In The Human Condition McNeill provides a provocative interpretation of history as a competition of parasites, both biological and human. In The Great Frontier he questions the notion of "frontier freedom" through an examination of European expansion. The concluding essay speculates on the role of catastrophe in our lives. About The Human Condition: "A remarkable tour de force . An elegant, intelligent and scholarly essay. "--J. H. Hexter, The New York Times Book Review "A brilliant new interpretation of world history. "--David Graber, The Los Angeles Times Book Review About The Great Frontier: There is virtually no one in the profession who can match McNeill as a synthesizer--or, for that matter, as an interdisciplinary historian. There is more insight in this volume than in others of double or triple the length. "--David Courtwright, Journal of Interdisciplinary History
Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of breast cancer survival.

BACKGROUND : Abnormal circadian rhythms have been observed in patients with cancer, but the prognostic value of such alterations has not been confirmed. We examined the association between diurnal variation of salivary cortisol in patients with metastatic breast cancer and subsequent survival. We explored relationships between cortisol rhythms, circulating natural killer (NK) cell counts and activity, prognostic indicators, medical treatment, and psychosocial variables. METHODS Salivary cortisol levels of 104 patients with metastatic breast cancer were assessed at study entry at 0800, 1200, 1700, and 2100 hours on each of 3 consecutive days, and the slope of diurnal cortisol variation was calculated using a regression of log-transformed cortisol concentrations on sample collection time. NK cell numbers were measured by flow cytometry, and NK cell activity was measured by the chromium release assay. The survival analysis was conducted by the Cox proportional hazards regression model with two-sided statistical testing. RESULTS Cortisol slope predicted subsequent survival up to 7 years later. Earlier mortality occurred among patients with relatively "flat" rhythms, indicating a lack of normal diurnal variation (Cox proportional hazards, P =. 0036). Patients with chest metastases, as opposed to those with visceral or bone metastases, had more rhythmic cortisol profiles. Flattened profiles were linked with low counts and suppressed activity of NK cells. After adjustment for each of these and other factors, the cortisol slope remained a statistically significant, independent predictor of survival time. NK cell count emerged as a secondary predictor of survival. CONCLUSIONS Patients with metastatic breast cancer whose diurnal cortisol rhythms were flattened or abnormal had earlier mortality. Suppression of NK cell count and NK function may be a mediator or a marker of more rapid disease progression.
The experience and expression of anger in posttraumatic stress disorder: the relationship with metacognition

Abstract Background: Anger experience and expression are a common issue in those experiencing PTSD. However, it remains unclear what variables affect anger and its expression in PTSD. Aims: To explore the relationships of synthetic forms of metacognition and metacognitive beliefs with anger experience and expression in PTSD, independent of the effects hyperarousal and depression symptoms. Method: Participants were 51 veterans with diagnosed with PTSD. Metacognition was assessed using the Metacognition Assessment Scale-Abbreviated (MAS-A) and the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ). Depression, PTSD symptom severity, and seven domains of anger expression were also assessed. Results: Correlations showed after controlling for overall levels of hyperarousal, higher MAS-A total scores were related to lower levels of State Anger, Feeling Angry, Expressing Anger Physically, and Anger Expression in. Lower MCQ scores were related to lower State anger, Expressing anger verbally, and Expressing anger physically. Higher levels of depression were related to higher levels of Trait anger, Expressing anger physically, Anger expression out, and Anger expression in. Multiple regressions suggested that the MAS-A and MCQ predicted unique portions of the variance in anger experience and expression. Conclusions: Metacognitive deficits may affect anger experience and expression in those with PTSD and may be an important treatment target.
Test Suites for Evaluation in Natural Language Engineering 1 Introduction

The TSNLP project is funded by the CEC and started on 1 December 1993 with a duration of 23 months. We would like to thank our partners in the project: Dominique Estival, Kirsten Falkedal and Sabine Lehmann at ISSCO, Geneva, Eva Dauphin and Veronika Lux and Sylvie Regnier-Prost at Aerospatiale, Paris, and Judith Klein, Klaus Netter and Stephan Oepen at DFKI in Saarbr ucken, Germany. Lorna Balkan, Douglas Arnold and Frederik Fouvry Dept. of Language & Linguistics, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
First-Ever Ischemic Stroke in Very Old Asians: Clinical Features, Stroke Subtypes, Risk Factors and Outcome

Background: Prior studies have been conducted in very old white and black patients. However, stroke in very old Asians has not been studied. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed the records of first-ever ischemic stroke patients admitted to the Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in the middle part of Taiwan from January 2002 to December 2005. Clinical features, stroke subtypes, risk factors, acute ward mortality, length of acute ward stay, medical complications and medication for secondary stroke prevention at discharge were compared in 2 groups of first-ever ischemic stroke patients (one ≧80 and the other <80 years old). Results: Aged patients (≧80 years old) had a higher proportion of conscious impairment at admission, a longer acute ward stay, a higher incidence of total anterior circulation infarct and a lower frequency of lacunar infarct, more frequent atrial fibrillation and less frequent diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and smoking habits, and a higher incidence of pneumonia, urinary tract infection and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Conclusions: Understanding the risk factors and medical complications in very old stroke patients may help improve the stroke prevention strategy and the quality of stroke patient management.
The longitudinal follow up of a universal neonatal hearing screen: The implications for confirming deafness in childhood

Abstract Objective: To examine the implications of universal neonatal screening for confirming deafness in early childhood. Design: A cohort that had received a universal neonatal hearing screen was followed-up until school entry, and confirmation of deafness compared with that from parallel cohorts that had not received the screen. Study: Three 10-year cohorts were compared: a cohort of 35 668 enrolled for universal neonatal hearing screening, a historical cohort of 31 538 when neonatal screening was unavailable, and a cohort of 32 890 when targeted screening was in place. Results: Prevalence of deafness by school age was 3.65/1000 with a neonatal yield of 1.79/1000. The screen had been 89% sensitive to moderate and worse deafness, 79% to unilateral deafness, and 49% to mild impairments. The median age of confirmation had been reduced from 218 to 16 weeks, but for those not identified neonatally there had been no significant improvement in the age of confirmation over the previous 25 years. The yield from post-neonatal screens had been reduced from 1.8/1000 to 0.2/1000, and with a yield of 0.8/1000, reactive referral remained a more effective route to identification. Conclusions: Even with UNHS in place post-neonatal routes to identification need to be maintained and improvements investigated.
Carbonic Anhydrase IX Interacts with Bicarbonate Transporters in Lamellipodia and Increases Cell Migration via Its Catalytic Domain*

Background: Hypoxia-induced CA IX contributes to pH control in tumor cells, and control of pH is important for cell migration. Results: CA IX increases migration through catalytic domain and interacts with bicarbonate transporters in lamellipodia. Conclusion: CA IX is an active component of the molecular machinery that facilitates migration of tumor cells through pH regulation at the leading edge membranes. Significance: This identifies CA IX as a target to suppress cell migration and reduce tumor aggressiveness. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a hypoxia-induced cell surface enzyme expressed in solid tumors, and functionally involved in acidification of extracellular pH and destabilization of intercellular contacts. Since both extracellular acidosis and reduced cell adhesion facilitate invasion and metastasis, we investigated the role of CA IX in cell migration, which promotes the metastatic cascade. As demonstrated here, ectopically expressed CA IX increases scattering, wound healing and transwell migration of MDCK cells, while an inactive CA IX variant lacking the catalytic domain (ΔCA) fails to do so. Correspondingly, hypoxic HeLa cells exhibit diminished migration upon inactivation of the endogenous CA IX either by forced expression of the dominant-negative ΔCA variant or by treatment with CA inhibitor, implying that the catalytic activity is indispensable for the CA IX function. Interestingly, CA IX improves cell migration both in the absence and presence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an established inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. On the other hand, HGF up-regulates CA IX transcription and triggers CA IX protein accumulation at the leading edge of lamellipodia. In these membrane regions CA IX co-localizes with sodium bicarbonate co-transporter (NBCe1) and anion exchanger 2 (AE2) that are both components of the migration apparatus and form bicarbonate transport metabolon with CA IX. Moreover, CA IX physically interacts with AE2 and NBCe1 in situ, as shown here for the first time. Thus, our findings suggest that CA IX actively contributes to cell migration via its ability to facilitate ion transport and pH control at protruding fronts of moving cells.
Signal transmission between the plasma membrane and nucleus of T lymphocytes.

INITIATING THE GENETIC PROGRAM LEADING TO T CELL ACTIVATION 1057 Integration of the Diverse Signals Required for T Cell Activation on the Regulatory Regions of Early Genes . 1057 The NF-AT Transcriptional Complex . 1058 An Association Between JUIl D and Octl Appears to Play an Important Role ill Activating the IL-2 Gene . 1062 The Roles of NF-Kl3 and AP-l in T Cell Activation . 1063 CALCINEURIN: AN ESSENTIAL SIGNALLING INTERMEDIATE . 1064 Calcineurin in Other Cells and Species . 1069 Is Calcineurin a Rate-Limiting Step in T Cell Activation? 1070
Influence of Mucin on the Activity of the Antiseptic Lavasept® against Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Lavasept®, containing the polymeric biguanide polyhexanide, may be effective against Staphylococcus aureus colonizing the nasal mucosa. To obtain basic data on its suitability for that purpose, its antimicrobial activity was examined in the presence of mucin. Methods: A disk diffusion test was applied using Mueller-Hinton agar, and disks soaked with a therapeutic and a 10-fold higher concentration of Lavasept. Commercially available mucin preparations from porcine stomach were added to the test system. Reference strains and 20 clinically isolates of S. aureus, and reference strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcusfaecalis, and Candida albicans were tested. Results: Supplementation of the test medium with 1% mucin completely abolished the activity of disks loaded with the therapeutically used concentration of the antiseptic. The neutralizing effect of mucin occurred with all test strains. Conclusions: The inactivation of Lavaseptby mucin may hamper a reliable clearance of nasal S. aureus carriage.
Automated Surface Texture Classification of Inkjet and Photographic Media

Digital imaging and signal processing technologies offer new methods for inkjet and photographic media engineers and manufacturers, and those responsible for product quality control, to classify and characterize printing materials surface textures using new and more quantitative methods. This paper presents a collaborative project to systematically and semi-automatically characterize the surface texture of inkjet media. These methods have applications in product design and specification, and in manufacturing quality control. Surface texture is a critical feature in the manufacture, marketing and use of inkjet papers, especially those used for fine art printing. Raking light reveals texture through a stark rendering of highlights and shadows. Though raking light photomicrographs effectively document surface features of inkjet paper, the sheer number and diversity of textures prohibits efficient visual classification. This work provides evidence that automatic, computer-based classification of texture documented with raking light photomicrographs is feasible by demonstrating an encouraging degree of success sorting a set of 120 photomicrographs made from diverse samples of inkjet paper and canvas available in the market from 2000 through 2011. The samples used for this study were drawn from the Wilhelm Analog and Digital Color Print Materials Reference Collection. Using this dataset, four university teams applied different image processing strategies for automatic feature extraction and degree of similarity quantification. All four approaches were successful in detecting strong affinities among similarity groupings built into the dataset as well as identifying outliers. The creation and deployment of the algorithms was carried out by the teams without prior knowledge of the distributions of similarities and outliers. These results indicate that automatic classification of inkjet paper based on texture photomicrographs is feasible. To encourage the development of additional classification schemes, the 120 inkjet sample “training” dataset used in this work is available to other academic researchers at www.PaperTextureID. org.
Nurse turnover: the mediating role of burnout.

AIM This study tested whether the mediation model of burnout could predict nurses' turnover intentions. BACKGROUND A better understanding of what factors support a commitment to a nursing career could inform both policies and workplace practices. The mediation model of burnout provides a way of linking the quality of a nurse's worklife to various outcomes, such as turnover. METHOD Data on areas of worklife, burnout, and turnover intentions were collected by surveying 667 Canadian nurses in the Atlantic Provinces. RESULTS The findings supported the mediation model of burnout, in which areas of worklife predicted burnout, which in turn predicted turnover intentions. Cynicism was the key burnout dimension for turnover, and the most critical areas of worklife were value conflicts and inadequate rewards. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide some new insights into how the intention of nurses to leave their job is related to particular aspects of their worklife and to burnout. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT These results suggest what may be the most appropriate areas to target for interventions to reduce the risk of nurses exiting early from their chosen career.
Incentivizing self-capping to increase cloud utilization

Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) providers continually seek higher resource utilization to better amortize capital costs. Higher utilization not only can enable higher profit for IaaS providers but also provides a mechanism to raise energy efficiency; therefore creating greener cloud services. Unfortunately, achieving high utilization is difficult mainly due to infrastructure providers needing to maintain spare capacity to service demand fluctuations. Graceful degradation is a self-adaptation technique originally designed for constructing robust services that survive resource shortages. Previous work has shown that graceful degradation can also be used to improve resource utilization in the cloud by absorbing demand fluctuations and reducing spare capacity. In this work, we build a system and pricing model that enables infrastructure providers to incentivize their tenants to use graceful degradation. By using graceful degradation with an appropriate pricing model, the infrastructure provider can realize higher resource utilization while simultaneously, its tenants can increase their profit. Our proposed solution is based on a hybrid model which guarantees both reserved and peak on-demand capacities over flexible periods. It also includes a global dynamic price pair for capacity which remains uniform during each tenant's Service Level Agreement (SLA) term. We evaluate our scheme using simulations based on real-world traces and also implement a prototype using RUBiS on the Xen hypervisor as an end-to-end demonstration. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme never hurts a tenant's net profit, but can improve it by as much as 93%. Simultaneously, it can also improve the effective utilization of contracts from 42% to as high as 99%.
Systematic Review: Bullying Involvement of Children With and Without Chronic Physical Illness and/or Physical/Sensory Disability—a Meta-Analytic Comparison With Healthy/Nondisabled Peers

Objective To compare levels of victimization and perpetration associated with bullying among children and adolescents with and without chronic physical illnesses and/or physical or sensory disabilities. Methods In total, 107 studies were identified using a systematic search in electronic databases and cross-referencing. A random-effects meta-analysis was computed. Results Children and adolescents with chronic physical illness or disability were more likely to be victims of bullying in general (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65), particularly physical bullying (OR = 1.47), relational bullying (OR = 1.47), verbal bullying (OR = 1.67), cyberbullying (OR = 1.39), and illness-specific teasing (OR = 5.29). They were also more likely to be bullies in general (OR = 1.28), as well physical (OR = 1.38) and relational bullies (OR = 1.13). The effect sizes varied across different illnesses and disabilities and, in part, by visibility of the disease, school type, and year of assessment. Conclusions Although most between-group differences tend to be small, some form of intervention is needed to reduce bullying among children and adolescents with chronic physical illnesses and/or physical or sensory disabilities, and illness-specific weight- and appearance-related teasing in particular.