Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-level cinematic knowledge to predict inter-observer visual congruency

When watching the same visual stimulus, humans can exhibit a wide range of gaze behaviors. These variations can be caused by bottom-up factors (i.e. features of the stimulus itself) or top-down factors (i.e. characteristics of the observers). Inter-observer visual congruency is a measure of this range. Moreover, it has been shown that cinematic techniques, such as camera motion or shot editing, have a significant impact on this measure [17]. In this work, we first propose a metric for measuring IOC in videos, taking into account the dynamic nature of the stimuli. Then, we propose a model for predicting inter-observer visual congruency in the context of feature films, by using high-level cinematic annotation as prior information in a deep learning framework.
A J C SIAN OURNAL OF HEMISTRY A J C SIAN OURNAL OF HEMISTRY

A series of novel hybrid derivatives, 2,2-di(1 H -1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzofuran-3(2 H )-ones, were synthesized from o-hydroxyacetophenones via a two-step process involving sodium azide, iodine and sodium bicarbonate, followed by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) in aqueous conditions. These compounds were characterized using 1 H NMR, 1 3 C NMR and mass spectra and analyzed in vitro against bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and fungi ( Candida albicans , Aspergillus niger ). Compounds 3f , 3h and 3n showed notable antibacterial activity (MIC = 50 µg/mL), comparable to streptomycin, while compounds 3b, 3f and 3h exhibited similar antifungal activity (MIC = 50 µg/mL), comparable to standard clotrimazole. Compound 3f displayed superior antimicrobial efficacy among the tested compounds.
The Impact of a 2 × CO2 Climate on Lightning-Caused Fires

Abstract Future climate change could have significant repercussions for lightning-caused wildfires. Two empirical fire models are presented relating the frequency of lightning fires and the area burned by these fires to the elective precipitation and the frequency of thunderstorm activity. One model deals with the seasonal variations in lightning fires, while the second model deals with the interannual variations of lightning fires. These fire models are then used with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies General Circulation Model to investigate possible changes in fire frequency and area burned in a 2 × CO2 climate. In the United States, the annual mean number of lightning fires increases by 44%, while the area burned increases by 78%. On a global scale, the largest increase in lightning fires can be expected in untouched tropical ecosystems where few natural fires occur today.
Regional variations of higher Rayleigh-mode phase velocities: a spatial-filtering method

Summary. Application of both spatial filtering and multiple-frequency filtering techniques allows one to isolate a higher-mode surface wave and to find the regional variation of its dispersion. The method is applied to four sets of long-period records across the United States for intermediate earthquakes located in the New Hebrides. The first and second higher Rayleigh modes show lower phase velocities in the western part of the States than in the eastern part. Furthermore, an oceanic phase-velocity curve is determined between 50 and 130 s for the first higher Rayleigh mode on the full path across the Pacific Ocean.
A procedure for the detection of undocumented multiple abrupt changes in the mean value of daily temperature time series of a regional network

This paper presents the new procedure MAC‐D for the automated detection of undocumented Multiple Abrupt Changes in the mean value of Daily temperature series, recorded in a network of meteorological stations. MAC‐D can be applied to series containing seasonality, multiple change points, outliers, and with a noise component that can be autocorrelated and non‐normally distributed. The main novelties of the procedure are (1) the pretreatment of the observed series, to derive a series of daily values that complies with the theoretical requirements of the change point detection tests and in (2) the combined use of the reference series and pairwise comparison approaches. MAC‐D consists of three phases in sequence. In phase 1, the seasonal and climatic fluctuations are estimated and removed, using the reference series approach. Phase 2 combines a linear filtering with a change point detection test in an iterative algorithm, which runs until full compliance between the characteristics of the filtered series and the test requirements is achieved. Phase 3 is aimed at removing the false change points, due to error propagation in the reference series analysis, by double checking the detected change points with the pairwise comparison approach. Monte Carlo estimations of the actual significance and overall performance of the procedure for different series features and test resolutions are provided. Results demonstrate that MAC‐D performs very well with daily series having a wide range of different characteristics. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Reduction of Photosyntheticaiiy Active Radiation under Extreme Stratospheric Aerosol Loads

The recently published hypothesis that the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions might be caused by an obstruction of sunlight is tested by model calculations. First we compute the total mass of stratospheric aerosols under normal atmospheric conditions for four different (measured) aerosol size distributions and vertical profiles. For comparison, the stratospheric dust masses after four volcanic eruptions are also evaluated. Detailed solar radiative transfer calculations are then performed for artificially increased aerosol amounts until the postulated darkness scenario is obtained. Thus we find that a total stratospheric aerosol mass between 1 and 4 times 10 16 g is sufficient to reduce photosynthesis to 10~ 3 of normal. We also infer from this result that the impact of a 0.4-to 3-kn-dJameter asteroid or a close encounter with a Halley-size comet may deposit that amount of particulates into the stratosphere. The darkness scenario of Alvarez et al. is thus shown to be a possible extinction mechanism, even with smaller size aster-oids or comets than previously estimated.
Degrees of compositional equilibrium in tree communities vary along a gradient of temperature change rates over one decade: Application of an individual-based temporal beta-diversity concept

54 Temporal patterns in communities have gained much attention recently. However, the 55 persistence of identical individuals and turnover among other individuals within the 56 same species over time have not been considered. To deal with this issue, I propose 57 new index concepts for beta-diversity and the relative speed of compositional 58 equilibrium in relation to individual turnover based on individual identity information. 59 I applied this new approach to individually tracked tree monitoring data in deciduous 60 and evergreen broad-leaved forests across the Japanese archipelago. A new index 61 explored the relative contributions of mortality and recruitment processes. Clear 62 patterns emerged showing that an increase in the temperature change rate facilitated 63 the relative contribution of mortality components. The relative speed of 64 compositional equilibrium decreased with increasing temperature change rates in 65 deciduous forests and increased with increasing warming rates in evergreen forests. 66 The new concepts provide a way to identify novel and high-resolution temporal 67 patterns in communities. 68 69 70 7
Physical and chemical characterization of a spring flood event, Bench Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.: evidence for water storage

Abstract Previous studies of alpine glaciers have demonstrated that as water discharge increases through the summer, the predominant mode of subglacial drainage shifts from a distributed system to a more efficient conduit drainage system. We observed an early-melt-season speed-up and flood event lasting roughly 2 days in a small, uncomplicated Alaskan glacier that appears to have resulted from a sudden shift of the subglacial system in response to a significant accumulation of meltwater within the glacier. Calculated melt-water inputs exceeded discharge before the event; the implied change in storage over this 10 day period was equivalent to roughly 0.13 m averaged over the entire glacier bed. The pattern of discharge and suspended-sediment variations and the appearance of large ice chunks in the stream suggest that the speed-up occurred during a period of establishment of new subglacial conduits. A culminating flood and associated suspended-sediment pulse appear to have marked the final establishment of the new section of subglacial conduit. The flood ended the episode of high sliding velocity, but released water with high solute concentrations that reflect relatively long contact time with sediments. Discharge of stored water, inferred from high solute concentrations and lack of diurnal variation in discharge, continued for at least 3 days. While events such as this must recur through the melt season as the conduit system extends up-glacier and the locus of meltwater inputs shifts, their manifestations in the outlet stream will likely be more subdued later in the season.
The French ditransitive transfer construction and the complementarity between the meta-predicates GIVE, TAKE, KEEP, LEAVE: The hypothesis of a grammatical enantiosemy

We revisit in this chapter the status and meaning of the French Ditransitive Transfer Construction. We show that the construction allows four interpretations that can be accounted for by the antonymous Meta-Predicates GIVE , TAKE , LEAVE and KEEP. But how can the same construction be at the origin of contrary and even contradictory interpretations? The answer, in our opinion, lies in a particularity of the lexicon that is seldom taken into account in semantics and lexicology, namely enantiosemy , a property by which a lexical unit has two opposite meanings. Thus, we formulate the hypothesis that the Ditransitive Transfer scheme itself is an enantiosemic construction.
Reflector spectrum for relating seismic arrivals to reflectors

ABSTRACTWhen interpreting seismic images or suppressing multiples in seismic data, it is important to identify the reflectors from which the multiples, especially the internal multiples, originated. We evaluated a method to relate all seismic arrivals, including primaries and multiples, to their originating reflectors. We used the reflectivity forward modeling method to isolate reflectors and determine the contribution of an individual reflector to arrivals in a seismic trace. Repeating this process for all reflectors produced a reflector spectrum, which shows quantitatively the relative contribution of each reflector to all arrivals in a trace. Then we modified the reflector spectrum to relate seismic arrivals only to their shallowest reflectors. We applied the reflector spectrum and the modified reflector spectrum to a velocity model constructed from a field sonic log. We provided an indication of the minimum number of reflectors responsible for multiples and demonstrated that internal multiples origina.
A projection of permafrost degradation on the Tibetan Plateau during the 21st century

[1] The current distribution and future change of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau were examined using the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) with explicit treatment of frozen soil processes. When forced off-line with archived high-resolution data from The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model version 3 nested within the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 3.2 HiRes, the CLM4 produced a near-surface permafrost area of 122.2 × 104 km2 for the Tibetan Plateau. This area compares reasonably with area estimates of 126.7 × 104 km2 for the Plateau frozen soil map. In response to the simulated strong Plateau warming (approximately 0.58°C per decade over the Tibetan Plateau for the period from 1980 to 2100 under the A1B greenhouse gas emissions scenario), the near-surface permafrost area is projected to decrease by approximately 39% by the mid-21st century and by approximately 81% by the end of the 21st century. The near-surface permafrost area exhibits a significant decreasing linear trend, with a rate of decrease of 9.9 × 104 km2 per decade. The simulated deep permafrost area remains longer than the near-surface permafrost for the same period. The active layer thickness of 0.5–1.5 m found in the present-day increases to approximately 1.5–2.0 m by the period of 2030–2050. This increase will continue and reach a level of 2.0–3.5 m by the period of 2080–2100. Surface runoff decreases but subsurface runoff increases, both relative to the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration. This is related to the fact that the decrease in ground ice content, as caused by permafrost degradation, facilitates the percolation of more water to deeper soil layers, thus resulting in the reallocation of runoff. These results provide useful references for evaluating the level of permafrost degradation in response to climate warming on the Tibetan Plateau.
Psychological characteristics of patients with inflammatory bowel disease during the first wave of COVID-19

Introduction Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)) are chronic, immune-mediated diseases with unclear aetiology, characterized by relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions significantly impair patients’ physical and mental condition and quality of life. Aim To investigate the impact of the current pandemic situation on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients’ psychological status and to determine factors that mediate the level of depression, anxiety, and health-related quality of life. Material and methods This was a multicentre, observational, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. A total of 206 participants (male: 34%) were involved. The online survey consisted of 8 different psychological measures (such as depression, anxiety, coronavirus distress, health-related quality of life, etc.) and other therapy-specific and sociodemographic factors. Results 28.2% of respondents showed depressive symptoms and 11.2% indicated moderate to severe anxiety. Also, 27.7% revealed mild, moderate, or severe distress regarding the coronavirus situation. According to regression analysis, anxiety and coronavirus distress are mostly influenced by psychological factors. In contrast, the changes in quality of life and depression can be explained by disease-specific and psychological factors as well. Conclusions Patients need more attention during this period to help them cope with psychological factors and prevent their IBD from becoming worse.
Graph distances for determining entities relationships: a topological approach to fraud detection

Given a set $\Omega$ and a proximity function $\phi: \Omega \times \Omega \to \mathbb R^+$, we define a new metric for $\Omega$ by considering a path distance in $\Omega$, that is considered as a complete graph. We analyze the properties of such a distance, and several procedures for defining the initial proximity matrix $( \phi(a,b) )_{(a,b) \in \Omega \times \Omega}. $ Our motivation has its roots in the current interest in finding effective algorithms for detecting and classifying relations among elements of a social network. For example, the analysis of a set of companies working for a given public administration or other figures in which automatic fraud detection systems are needed. Using this formalism, we state our main idea regarding fraud detection, that is founded in the fact that fraud can be detected because it produces a meaningful local change of density in the metric space defined in this way.
<Chapter 2> Biomimetic Porous Bone-Like Apatite Coatings on Metals, Organic Polymers and Microparticles

When pH and temperature of simulated body fluid (SBF) are raised, fine particles of calcium phosphate are precipitated. Recently, the authors’ research group found that these fine particles were highly active to induce formation of porous bone-like apatite in SBF, or body fluid, and named them ‘apatite nuclei. ’ By using apatite nuclei, the author successfully imparted high bioactivity, that is, apatite-forming ability, to various kinds of bioinert biomaterials such as metals and organic polymers in a series of recent studies. These materials spontaneously formed porous bone-like apatite layer on their surfaces in SBF in a short time and showed high bioactivity in vitro. In addition, thWe author also successfully fabricated microcapsules consisted of porous bone-like apatite by using apatite nuclei.
Carbon monoxide evolution from Arctic surfaces during spring thaw

Thawing tundra soils and newly rotting sea ice bubbles are rich in carbon monoxide (5–100 ppm) for a few weeks in May–June. Recent air samples in the vicinity of Barrow, Alaska, showed dramatic increase near the coast and overland. Several hundred kilometers out over winter sea ice the atmosphere concentration of CO was 0.02–0.06 ppm. Near the coast over rotting sea ice the concentration was 0.09 ppm.Inland, atmospheric carbon monoxide rose to a 0.2 ppm. Short term enrichments of carbon monoxide at the tundra and sea ice surfaces have been observed in the past.
A frame dependent dark energy action can produce a Hubble constant tension

In earlier papers we showed that a frame dependent effective action motivated by the postulates of three-space general coordinate invariance and Weyl scaling invariance exactly mimics a cosmological constant in Robertson-Walker (RW) spacetimes, but alters the linearized equations governing scalar perturbations around a spatially flat RW background metric. Here we show that a frame dependent dark energy can give rise to a Hubble constant tension, by making the effective Hubble constant measured through redshifts a function of cosmic time.
A limit theorem for processing signals that have unknown probability distributions and unknown probabilities of presence in white Gaussian noise

Consider observations where signals are randomly present or absent in independent additive white Gaussian noise. We address the case where the probability distributions and the probabilities of presence of the signals are unknown. If the probabilities of presence of the signals are all less than or equal to some upper-bound in [0 ; 1), a limit theorem established in this paper states that the noise standard deviation is the only positive real number that satis(cid:12)es a speci(cid:12)c convergence criterion when both the number of observations and the minimum amplitude of the signals tend to in(cid:12)nity. From this theorem, we derive an estimate of the noise standard deviation. This estimate is called the Essential Supremum Estimate (ESE). This estimate serves to adjust the Essential Supremum Test (EST), a binary hypothesis test introduced in this paper for the detection of signals with norms lower-bounded by some known real value and probabilities of presence less than or equal to one half. We then present experimental results in the case of practical importance where the signals are independent two-dimensional random vectors uniformly distributed on a circle centred at the origin with known radius. Such random signals model modulated sinusoidal carriers whose amplitudes equal the radius of the circle and whose phases are uniformly distributed in [0 ; 2 (cid:25) ]. We assume that the signals have their probabilities of presence less than or equal to one half. The empirical bias and the empirical Mean-Square Error of the ESE are computed; we also calculate the Binary Error Rate of the EST via a Monte-Carlo simulation when the EST is used to achieve the non-coherent detection of the carriers. Experimental results suggest that the asymptotic conditions of the limit theorem are not so constraining and can certainly be signi(cid:12)cantly relaxed in practice.
Systematic Biology

— The issue of species delimitation has long been confused with that of species conceptualization, leading to a half century of controversy concerning both the deﬁnition of the species category and methods for inferring the boundaries and numbers of species. Alternative species concepts agree in treating existence as a separately evolving metapopulation lineage as the primary deﬁning property of the species category, but they disagree in adopting different properties acquired by lineages during the course of divergence (e.g., intrinsic reproductive isolation, diagnosability, monophyly) as secondary deﬁningproperties(secondaryspeciescriteria). Auniﬁedspeciesconceptcanbeachievedbytreatingexistenceasaseparately evolvingmetapopulationlineageastheonlynecessarypropertyofspeciesandtheformersecondaryspeciescriteriaasdifferentlinesofevidence(operationalcriteria)relevanttoassessinglineageseparation. Thisuniﬁedconceptofspecies hasseveralconsequencesforspeciesdelimitation,includingthefollowing:First,theissuesofspeciesconceptualizationandspeciesdelimitationareclearlyseparated;theformersecondaryspeciescriteriaarenolongerconsideredrelevant tospeciesconceptualizationbutonlytospeciesdelimitation.Second,allofthepropertiesformerlytreatedassecondaryspeciescriteriaarerelevanttospeciesdelimitationtotheextentthattheyprovideevidenceoflineageseparation.Third,the presence of any one of the properties (if appropriately interpreted) is evidence for the existence of a species, though more properties and thus more lines of evidence are associated with a higher degree of corroboration. Fourth, and perhaps most signiﬁcantly, a uniﬁed species concept shifts emphasis away from the traditional species criteria, encouraging biologists to develop new methods of species delimitation that are not tied to those properties. [Species concept; species criteria; species delimitation. ]
Reorganization of the Human Ventricular-Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cell Niche in Fetal-Onset Hydrocephalus

Fetal-onset hydrocephalus is a relatively common birth defect occurring in 1-2 cases per thousand births and is characterized by abnormally expanded brain ventricles. Current diagnosis for this complex pathology often involves relatively simple metrics and heavy reliance on clinician experience over objective measures. Those affected often suffer chronic headaches and cognitive deficits and may present with a bulging skill. Shunting is considered the standard treatment for communicating hydrocephalus (i.e. cerebrospinal fluid flow is physically unobstructed in the ventricular system). Shunting remains a highly invasive procedure often performed during the critical period of infancy and has a high failure rate of up to 40% within one year, often requiring multiple revision surgeries. Although shunting can successfully reduce ventricle size, shunted patients often still suffer from associated cognitive deficits. In a series of studies, we analyzed the relationship between fetal-onset hydrocephalus and alterations to normal developmental patterns within the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) stem cell niche – located subjacent to the lateral ventricles (LV). We utilized archival, periventricular human tissue and MRI scans from periods covering fetal through early adolescent development to: 1) develop a model of normal (non-hydrocephalic) development of the human brain’s LV and the subjacent V-SVZ, and 2) analyze alterations to normal V-SVZ development in hydrocephalus subjects. We have analyzed LV morphology changes, including volume and surface area metrics, in relation to changes in cell type distributions within the V-SVZ. In our recently published paper, Coletti et al. (2018), we have shown that during normal neural development: 1) ependymal cell formation (ependymogenesis) proceeds in a posterior-toanterior wave, 2) human LV ependymogenesis occurs through “pinwheel” cytoarchitecture similar to that in other mammals, 3) LV volume and surface area growth plateau at approximately 1.5-