Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
January 1999 Indian Ocean Cooling Event

Unexpectedly strong sub‐seasonal SST variability over the tropical Indian Ocean has been observed by the TRMM microwave imager, which provides unprecedented tropical SST information in the presence of clouds. In January–February 1999 SST averaged over an area 20° longitude by 10° latitude cooled by ∼1.5°C over 10 days and warmed by ∼1.25°C in the following week. Local changes were up to ±3°C. There were strong variations in atmospheric convection and surface wind stress associated with the SST variability. The evolution of the convection suggests a feedback from the SST changes into atmospheric convection. Net air‐sea heat‐flux cannot account for the observed cooling; oceanic processes are fundamental to this event. The roles of such sub‐seasonal ocean‐atmosphere interactions in the evolution of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation, the seasonal and the interannual variability of Indian Ocean SST deserve further investigation.
Continuous Real-time Detection of Microbial Contamination in Water using Intrinsic Fluorescence

With the rapid increase in global population, geographically changing drought conditions and the ensuing potential water shortage, water quality has become a major concern. In some extreme cases, such as Arizona, the population may have to switch and use recycled toilet water for potable use in the near future. However, our current monitoring methods for drinking water do not provide fast and reliable results to deal with these challenges. By using intrinsic fluorescence, microbial contamination in water can be monitored in real-time, continuously, without sample collection or contact and at very low concentration. The detection limit of the instrument designed specifically for this purpose and reported here is ~50 bacterial cells/L. By monitoring the fluorescence of cellular components of microorganisms, their concentrations and metabolic states (live, dead, spores) can be determined. These fluorophores include reduced pyridine nucleotides (RPNs), flavins, and cytochromes to distinguish live cells; cytochromes for dead cells; and calcium dipicolinic acid (DPA) for spores. By using this method, a wide range of microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, amoebae, fungi and other microorganisms can be detected
A Single Irrigation to Improve Early Maturing Soybean Yield and Quality

When irrigation sources are limited, deficit irrigation at selected growth stages may help avoid crop stress at critical times. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a single irrigation at different reproductive growth stages on yield and quality of early maturing (Maturity Group I) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] cultivars. The experiment was conducted from 1991 through 1994 on a Parsons silt loam (fine, mixed, thermic Mollic Albaqualf). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement of treatments. Irrigation scheme (application of 2.5 or 5 cm at R4, R5, or R6) as the main plot was factorially arranged within each replicate, and cultivar (Hodgson 78 and Weber 84) was the subplot treatment. Also included was a randomized nonirrigated check whole plot planted with both cultivars. Yields from a single irrigation at R4, R5, or R6 were similar, and averaged approximately 20% more than yield with no irrigation (1.72 Mg ha -1 ). Irrigation at R4 increased seeds plant -1 , whereas R5 and R6 irrigations increased weight per seed. Irrigation had minimal effect on seed protein and variable effect on oil content. Visual quality of harvested seed frequently scored poor and irrigation improved quality only in 1992 when maximum air temperatures were <35°C. A single irrigation at R5 in 1991 improved germination to nearly 60% compared with 30% with no irrigation. Germination averaged 81% in other years with no irrigation effects. These data show that a single irrigation at different reproductive growth stages can influence early maturing soybean yield and quality, but the improvements may be inadequate to justify the practice.
Estimation and Measurement of Bed Material Shear Stresses in Erosion Rate Testing Devices

AbstractThe sediment erosion rate flume (SERF) is used to evaluate various methods to estimate shear stresses in a flume-style erosion rate testing device. Results show that direct shear stress measurements most closely correspond to shear stress estimates obtained from the Colebrook equation using a roughness height of approximately 77% of the sediment particle diameter. Using pressure drops to estimate shear stress appears to underestimate rough sample (grain sizes >0.25 mm) stresses. Likewise, smooth-wall assumptions and analytical methods also appear to produce lower than expected results for similar heights. Colebrook equation results should be interpreted as “instrument specific” because of the different devices’ hydraulic diameters.
Methane Emissions From A New Mexico Dairy Lagoon System

Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential twenty-five times that of carbon dioxide. Animal production is recognized as a significant source of methane to the atmosphere. Dairies on the southern High Plains of New Mexico and Texas are typically open lot, and major sources of methane are enteric emissions from cattle and wastewater lagoons. Uncovered anaerobic lagoons are identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a major source of methane in dairy manure management systems. Our objective was to quantify methane emissions from the wastewater lagoons of a commercial dairy located in eastern New Mexico. Research was conducted during six days in August, 2009 at a 3500-cow open lot dairy with flush alleys. Methane concentration over three interconnected lagoons (total area 1.8 ha) was measured using open path laser spectroscopy. Background methane concentration was measured using a back-flush gas chromatography system with flame ionization located upwind in the direction of prevailing winds. Wind and turbulence data were measured using a three-axis sonic anemometer. Emissions were estimated using an inverse dispersion model. Methane concentration over the lagoons ranged from 3 to 12 ppm, and averaged 5.6 ppm; background methane concentration averaged 1.83 ppm. Methane flux density ranged from 165 to 1184 µg m-2 s-1. Mean daily methane flux density was 402 kg ha-1 d-1. Per capita methane emission rate averaged 0.211 kg head-1 d-1. Uncovered anaerobic lagoons were a significant source of methane emitted from this southern High Plains dairy, and lagoons could be a significant control point for emission reduction.
SELECTED CHALLENGES IN RUNOFF GENERATION RESEARCH IN FORESTS FROM THE HILLSLOPE TO HEADWATER DRAINAGE BASIN SCALE 1

ABSTRACT: When faced with practical forest land management issues such as the impacts of logging or forest conversion to other land uses, planners ideally require a comprehensive understanding of within drainage basin hydrological processes to determine the most vulnerable areas to increased storm runoff and erosion. Land managers in particular need to know the source areas and magnitude of inputs to the storm hydrograph, in terms of water quantity, sediment and solute transport; and the routing of such hydrographs from headwater to larger drainage basins. The latter includes an overall assessment at various scales of the impacts of forest disturbance and conversion on the water balance.
FIRST RECORD OF BIRD TRACKS IN THE LATE CRETACEOUS (CENOMANIAN) OF TUNISIA

Abstract The discovery of fossil bird tracks from the Cenomanian Kerker Member (Zebbag Formation) in southern Tunisia represents the oldest report of fossil birds from the Cretaceous of continental Africa. Three small bird tracks were discovered in a track-bearing surface dominated by tridactyl dinosaur footprints and are attributed to the ichnogenus Koreanaornis. This represents the first occurrence of this ichnogenus in Africa and indicates a worldwide distribution of these shorebirdlike tracks, previously known only from Asia and North America. Tracks described in this study are also smaller than any other fossil bird track known to date, thus they can be included in the minute size class following modern bird track groups. A comparison with present-day shorebird tracks indicates strong similarities in size, morphology, and environment with extant members of the Actitis genus, commonly known as sandpipers, which inhabit arid central African tidal flats. The occurrence of bird tracks in the early Late Cretaceous of Tunisia also brings important new insight into the paleoecology of an area previously thought to be a site of exclusively marine deposition.
Quantifying Transport Uncertainty in Unsaturated Rock using Monte Carlo Sampling of Retention Curves

We have developed a new Monte Carlo sampling method for simulating flow and transport in unsaturated porous media, characterized by van Genuchten–Mualem constitutive relations. Instead of sampling each individual soil parameter from its probability space and then running Monte Carlo simulations using realizations of rock parameters directly, we calculate retention curves from realizations of rock parameters, take subsamples from these retention curves, and run simulations using parameter realizations corresponding to these selected retention curves. The retention curve subsampling methodology was applied to three‐dimensional simulations of conservative tracer transport beneath Material Disposal Area G at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Convergence of the proposed sampling method was assessed by comparing statistics of breakthrough curves observed at a compliance boundary with those obtained using between 25 and 1000 Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) Monte Carlo simulations. Our example shows that 25 model runs based on selected retention curves could adequately approximate the results from our assumed truth (1000 LHS Monte Carlo simulations), while LHS alone required in excess of 50 realizations to achieve the same quality result. Another finding from this work is that the median of the breakthrough curves was more meaningful than the arithmetic mean of curves, and the former was nearly identical to the breakthrough curve derived from mean rock properties.
A section through the Indian Plate, Kaghan Valley, NW Himalaya, Pakistan

Abstract A map is presented which summarizes the work of the ETH Himalayan Group in the Kaghan Valley and adjacent areas of the NW Himalaya in Pakistan. The stratigraphical, structural and metamorphic features of the lithologies belonging to a virtually complete section through the Indian plate are described. Evidence is presented which shows a stratigraphic range in ages from the Precambrian Salkhala Formation to the Eocene Murree Formation which have been metamorphosed at various metamorphic grades ranging from very low grades/unmetamorphosed to eclogite facies. An inverse metamorphism, associated with the Main Central Thrust is also described. A large-scale tectonic subdivision of the area into the classical Sub-, Lesser and Higher Himalayan elements can be correlated with the Kashmir Himalaya to the east. A tectonic model is presented which suggests that an anticlockwise rotation of the transport direction caused the refolding and stacking of the nappe piles in the Paleogene.
CHEMISTRY OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES EXTRACTED FROM AN ARCTIC SOIL

A humic and a fulvic acid, extracted from the Ahb horizon of an earth hummock occurring on an Alpine Tundra (Brunic Turbic Cryosol) in the northern part of the Mackenzie river in the Northwest Territories, were characterized by elementary and functional group analyses and by optical measurements. To obtain more detailed structural information, the humic acid, the major organic fraction in the soil extract, was degraded by alkaline permanganate and alkaline cupric oxide oxidation. The degradation products were identified on a gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric–computer system. The analytical characteristics of the Arctic humic and fulvic acids were similar to those reported in the literature for humic and fulvic acids from more moderate climates. However, effects of near-surface permafrost and harsh Arctic climatic conditions manifested themselves in the degradation data. Compared to humic acids from warmer climates, the Arctic humic acid appeared to be poorly developed, exhibiting a low degree of cond.
A system perspective on innovation in the Norwegian dairy industry

Regional innovation systems (RIS) have made a considerable contribution on the one hand to a scientific understanding of how innovation occurs and on the other hand as a political tool for stimulation of regional development. The aim of the article is to illuminate this theoretical approach by discussing the role of regional innovation systems in promoting innovation in the dairy (meieri) industry in Norway, and further, by discussing regional consequences of the development of regional innovation systems. The main conclusion is that it is hard to find regional innovation systems within the dairy industry in Norway; the mainstream milk sector is nationally oriented. Within farm processing and a few ‘countercurrent’ dairy firms, however, a stronger relation to regional networks emerges. Development of regional innovation systems is a kind of endogenous development that presupposes there are local and regional resources available, which often is not the case. Hence, a one-sided commitment to regional innova.
Evaluations of atmospheric downward longwave radiation from 44 coupled general circulation models of CMIP5

Atmospheric downward longwave radiation at the surface (Ld) quantifies the atmospheric greenhouse effect. This study evaluated Ld simulations from 44 general circulation models (GCMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) with a comprehensive data set of Ld observations at 156 global‐distributed sites from 1992 to 2005. Compared with the Baseline Surface Radiation Network data that are of the highest quality among the available Ld data sets, CMIP5 GCM Ld has a negligible bias, much better than CMIP3 GCMs, likely because of the improvement of low cloud simulations in CMIP5 models. However, the selection of validation data has an important impact on the evaluation results. The global mean Ld inferred from different bias‐removing methods are nearly the same, approximately 341 W m−2 globally averaged from 1992 to 2005. CMIP5 GCMs showed that global Ld increased at a rate of 1.54 W m−2 per decade (p < 0.01) from 1979 to 2005, which is consistent with available reanalyses. This good agreement in long‐term trends of Ld is likely because both reanalyses and CMIP5 models reproduced the observed warming and the associated increase of water vapor content in the lower atmosphere. However, CMIP5 GCMs are still poor in producing monthly anomalies of Ld.
A slow thrust slip event following the two 1996 Hyuganada Earthquakes beneath the Bungo Channel, southwest Japan

We report a “slow thrust slip event” that occurred beneath the Bungo Channel region, southwestern Japan. On Oct. and Dec., 1996, two Hyuganada earthquakes (both Mw = 6.7), followed by afterslips, occurred. In addition, a crustal movement characterized by an extremely slow rise was observed around the Bungo Channel, about 200 km north from the epicenters, and continued for about 300 days long. Assuming a slow slip on the plate boundary, we estimate its duration and surface displacements from GPS time series data by curve‐fitting, and then, determine the fault slip distribution. We found that a slow slip without any earthquakes continued for nearly one year and released the seismic moment comparable to that of the Hyuganada earthquakes. Occurrence of the slow thrust slip event suggests that this kind of event may be a characteristic mode of stress release at a transition region of interplate coupling.
Impact of jittered sampling on conventional spectral estimates

We examine the effect of jittered sampling (perturbations about a regular sampling scheme) on spectral analysis from a theoretical point of view, developing a general model for the effect in one dimension and then specializing to examples of Gaussian jitter. We find that the spectral integral or process variance is unaffected by jitter, but weight is cut off the spectrum according to a roll-off function which is the squared modulus of the jitter characteristic function (Fourier transform of the distribution function). This weight is redistributed evenly across the spectrum for uncorrelated jitter and nearly so for broadband correlated jitter. However, the redistributed weight can be concentrated by strong correlation or periodicity in the jitter. The paper concentrates on the effects of jitter correlation, but we note that the distribution function, which decides the roll-off, is also of key importance.
Robust geophysical integration through structure-coupled joint inversion and multispectral fusion of seismic reflection, magnetotelluric, magnetic, and gravity images: Example from Santos Basin, offshore Brazil

ABSTRACTWe have applied a crossgradient joint inversion and geospectral visualization method to marine seismic reflection, magnetotelluric, gravity, and magnetic data sets acquired along a 162 km profile across a segment of Santos Basin oil province in the continental margin of southeast Brazil. The main exploration targets are the top of the fractured Precambrian crystalline basement and any concealed basement grabens, the overlying presalt and salt/carbonate deposits, and the postsalt cover deposits. The results of joint inversion clearly mapped the various units and are a significant improvement over previous models derived from separate 2D seismic reflection processing and 2D magnetotelluric imaging. Additionally, multispectral fusion of these models resulted in a single image that permits highly constrained geologic interpretations enabling a better understanding of basin architecture. We suggest that joint inversion and image fusion is the way forward for effective geophysical integration.
The significance of leaf water repellency in ecohydrological research: a review

Numerous studies in materials science and chemistry have expanded our understanding of the repellency of water droplets from surfaces. Much of the inspiration for the development of synthetic water‐repellent materials came from the examination of water‐repellent properties of animals and plants in the natural environment. The hydrological significance of water repellency in the natural environment remains an underexplored research topic. Although the hydrological significance of soil water repellency has become well established in the ecohydrology and water resources literature, fewer studies have examined the significance of leaf water repellency. This review examines the properties of leaf water repellency, the methodologies used to calculate leaf water repellency, the leaf surface properties that promote leaf water repellency, and the significance of leaf water repellency in ecohydrological research. The repellency of a water droplet by a leaf surface is functionally important among plant species and may reflect selective strategies that either favour leaf water uptake in drought‐prone environments or promote higher photosynthetic efficiency during prolonged periods of precipitation through higher repellency. Information on the functional significance of leaf water repellency in hydrologic models could enhance our understanding of the delivery of water resources to municipal reservoirs and fill in a missing gap in our understanding of leaf water repellency as a process that influences discharge, and by extension, water resources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public Participation and the Environment: Do We Know What Works?

This literature review of studies on public meetings, workshops, and community advisory committees discusses public participation based on empirical evidence. Public participation “success” is defined by researchers' criteria that are divided into two categories: (1) those that evaluate the success of the participatory process and (2) those that evaluate the success of the outcome of the process. We find the form of participationpublic meetings, workshops, or citizen advisory committeesdoes not determine process or outcome success. Therefore, attempts to develop a typology of public participation efforts may be problematic. However, we find some empirical support for practitioners' other widely accepted “rules of thumb”.
Automatisation d’une méthode d’identification de bâtiments grâce à l’ajout du test statistique de Fisher

This study presents a method to extract building size and position in an urban area on very high spatial resolution (VHSR) Ikonos images. The initial method was based on a variance ratio, associated with experimental thresholds. It has been improved and has become autonomous by adding the statistical Fisher-Snedecor test. In this technical note, encouraging results are presented by applying the methodology to several Ikonos image sites of the city of Sherbrooke (Canada). These results are promising, because we obtain 85% of good detection in auspicious tests. Moreover the results show benefits and drawbacks of the methodology and the Fisher test.
FORAMINIFERAL BIOFACIES OF THE MIOCENE WARM TO COOL CLIMATIC TRANSITION IN THE PORT PHILLIP BASIN, SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA

The Miocene marine sediments of the Torquay Group in the Port Phillip Basin of southeast Australia were deposited at a paleolatitude of at least 45S. Nevertheless, the presence of subtropical larger foraminifers, plankton of the ‘‘Orbulina’’ bioseries and other biofacies signals testify to a time of global warmth and correspond to the ‘‘Miocene Climatic Optimum’’. Throughout the Early Miocene to early Middle Miocene, bioclastic calcarenite of the Batesford Limestone was deposited in warm, subtropical and oligotrophic marine conditions in a highenergy inner-shelf (70 m depth) environment. During the early Middle Miocene, a distinct change in foraminiferal assemblage accompanied the transition to deposition of finer-grained marl and silty clay of the Fyansford Formation. At this level, a significant increase in the abundance of infaunal and planktonic taxa indicates a shift to a low-energy, middle- to outer-shelf environment (50–100 m depth). The disappearance of the larger subtropical foraminifera and the shift to a foraminiferal assemblage dominated by cool-water upwelling indices later in the Middle Miocene, signal the onset of oceanic upwelling and climatic cooling as identified in other southern Australian Tertiary basins. This event can be correlated to a period of global climatic cooling and intensified oceanic circulation that occurred in response to expansion of the East and West Antarctic ice sheets during the Middle to Late Miocene.