Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-vaccine Serotypes of Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Readying India for Monitoring Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Use.

20 Book.pdf. Accessed April 19, 2018. 12. Varghese R, Jayaraman R, Veeraraghavan B. Current challenges in the accurate identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its serogroups/serotypes in the vaccine era. J Microbiol Methods. 2017;141:48-54. 13. Johnson HL, Deloria-Knoll M, Levine OS, Stoszek SK, Freimanis Hance L, Reithinger R, et al. Systematic evaluation of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease among children under five: the pneumococcal global serotype project. PLoS Med. 2010;7: e1000348. 14. Fenoll A, Granizo JJ, Gimenez MJ, Yuste J, Aguilar L. Secular trends (1990-2013) in serotypes and associated non-susceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolates causing invasive disease in the pre-/post-era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Spanish regions without universal paediatric pneumococcal vaccination. Vaccine. 2015;33:5691-9. 15. Kim SH, Song JH, Chung DR, Thamlikitkul V, Yang Y, Wang H, et al. Changing trends in antimicrobial resistance and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asian countries: an Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:1418-26. 16. Hogberg L, Geli P, Ringberg H, Melander E, Lipsitch M, Ekdahl K. Ageand serogroup-related differences in observed durations of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:948-52. 17. Flasche S, Le Polain de Waroux O, O’Brien KL, Edmunds WJ. The serotype distribution among healthy carriers before vaccination is essential for predicting the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive disease. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015;11:e1004173. 18. Masala GL, Lipsitch M, Bottomley C, Flasche S. Exploring the role of competition induced by non-vaccine serotypes for herd protection following pneumococcal vaccination. J R Soc Interface. 2017 Nov;14(136). pii: 20170620. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2017. 0620.
Multi-Resolution Beamforming and User Clustering in Downlink Massive MIMO Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access System

Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) has been considered as one of the promising technologies for the future communications due to its high spectrum efficiency. In massive MIMO systems, hybrid precoding is widely adopted for it can reduce the unacceptable power consumption with a small number of radio- frequency (RF) chains. However, one RF chain can serve at most one user. Consequently, the number of simultaneously served users are strictly limited. To break this limitation, the idea of beamforming MIMO non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been proposed. In beamforming MIMO NOMA systems, one RF chain can support two or more users, where users with the same beam selection are paired into one cluster and served by an identical RF chain. However, the traditional beams are so narrow that only a few users can find a match while most of the users still remain single and perform orthogonal multiple access. To solve the problem, we propose a new scheme called multi-resolution beamforming and user clustering scheme. We first utilize beams with narrow angle range and higher array gain for user clustering. Those users which cannot be paired with these beams are clustered by a new beam codebook whose beams have a wider angle range. The selected wide beams are well-designed to avoid bringing interference to the previously paired users. The proposed scheme raises the possibility for users being paired into clusters while keeping a satisfying array gain. Therefore, more users in the cell can take advantages of NOMA to achieve a higher spectral efficiency. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms existing schemes under different scenarios.
Variable laryngeals and vowel lowering

The group of guttural consonants consists of those consonants articulated at the back of the vocal tract or with some constriction of the pharynx: uvulars, pharyngeals, laryngeals and emphatics, or pharyngealised/uvularised consonants. These consonants pattern together in terms of several phonological properties, as extensively documented by McCarthy (1989, 1991, 1994). He argues that this natural class can be captured in a model of feature geometry by a node dependent on the Place node: the Pharyngeal node. However, the status of the laryngeal consonants within this class of segments is unresolved. While it is clear that the laryngeals [? h] pattern with the other guttural consonants in Semitic languages, these sounds have also been argued to lack Place specification altogether (Steriade 1987; Bessell 1992). McCarthy (1991, 1994) suggests that languages may in fact stipulate whether laryngeal consonants are specified with a Pharyngeal node, or are Placeless. Bessell & Czaykowska-Higgins (1992) and Bessell (1992), based on data from Interior Salish languages, argue that this selection is independent of the inventory of guttural segments within a language.
Physical, Sensory, and Health Disabilities: An Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Introduction. 2. A Paradigm Shift. II. SERVICE DELIVERY. 3. The Services. 4. Techniques. 5. Assistive Technology. III. THE DISABILITIES. 6. Cerebral Palsy, Spinal Cord Injury, Spina Bifida. 7. Traumatic Brain Injury, Multiple Sclerosis, Epilepsy. 8. Muscular Dystrophy, Arthritis, Amputation, Little People. 9. Health Impairments. 10. Secondary Conditions: Cognitive, Vision, and Hearing. IV. THE ENVIRONMENT. 11. Issues of Accessibility. 12. Housing. 13. Transportation. 14. Employment. Resources. Glossary. References. Index.
Hand Gestures Recognition Based on One-Channel Surface EMG Signal

This paper presents an experiment using OPENBCI to collect data of two hand gestures and decoding the signal to distinguish gestures. The signal was extracted with three electrodes on the subject’s forearm and transferred in one channel. After utilizing a Butterworth bandpass filter, we chose a novel way to detect gesture action segment. Instead of using moving average algorithm, which is based on the calculation of energy, We developed an algorithm based on the Hilbert transform to find a dynamic threshold and identified the action segment. Four features have been extracted from each activity section, generating feature vectors for classification. During the process of classification, we made a comparison between K-nearest-neighbors (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM), based on a relatively small amount of samples. Most common experiments are based on a large quantity of data to pursue a highly fitted model. But there are certain circumstances where we cannot obtain enough training data, so it makes the exploration of best method to do classification under small sample data imperative. Though KNN is known for its simplicity and practicability, it is a relatively time-consuming method. On the other hand, SVM has a better performance in terms of time requirement and recognition accuracy, due to its application of different Risk Minimization Principle. Experimental results show an average recognition rate for the SVM algorithm that is 1.25% higher than for KNN while SVM is 2.031 s shorter than that KNN.
Accelerating SGD with momentum for over-parameterized learning

Nesterov SGD is widely used for training modern neural networks and other machine learning models. Yet, its advantages over SGD have not been theoretically clarified. Indeed, as we show in our paper, both theoretically and empirically, Nesterov SGD with any parameter selection does not in general provide acceleration over ordinary SGD. Furthermore, Nesterov SGD may diverge for step sizes that ensure convergence of ordinary SGD. This is in contrast to the classical results in the deterministic scenario, where the same step size ensures accelerated convergence of the Nesterov's method over optimal gradient descent. To address the non-acceleration issue, we introduce a compensation term to Nesterov SGD. The resulting algorithm, which we call MaSS, converges for same step sizes as SGD. We prove that MaSS obtains an accelerated convergence rates over SGD for any mini-batch size in the linear setting. For full batch, the convergence rate of MaSS matches the well-known accelerated rate of the Nesterov's method. We also analyze the practically important question of the dependence of the convergence rate and optimal hyper-parameters on the mini-batch size, demonstrating three distinct regimes: linear scaling, diminishing returns and saturation. Experimental evaluation of MaSS for several standard architectures of deep networks, including ResNet and convolutional networks, shows improved performance over SGD, Nesterov SGD and Adam.
Nursing2011 survey results: Blood exposure risk during peripheral I.V. catheter insertion and removal

December l Nursing2011 l 45 LAST SPRING, Nursing2011 invited nurses to participate in a survey exploring blood exposure risks from peripheral I.V. catheter insertion and removal. Although needlestick risk from I.V. catheter devices has been well documented in device studies carried out in the 1990s and early 2000s,1-3 blood exposures sustained by healthcare workers during peripheral I.V. catheter insertion or removal have received less attention. In data from the CDC on occupationally acquired HIV in healthcare workers, I.V. insertion was second only to phlebotomy among procedures causing injuries resulting in infections—despite the fact that I.V. catheter needles represent only a small fraction of sharps used in healthcare delivery.4 Blood exposures to nonintact skin and mucous membranes, while not carrying the same risk as sharps injuries, have nevertheless been the documented source of bloodborne pathogen transmission, although not specifically linked to I.V. catheter insertion or removal.5,6 In the 2001 recommendations for follow-up of occupational exposures, the CDC defined at-risk blood exposures as “contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or afflicted with dermatitis) with blood, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious. ” For skin exposures, “followup is indicated only if there is evidence of compromised skin integrity. ”7 Of nurses responding to this survey (N = 404), 379 indicated that they performed peripheral I.V. catheter insertions, removals, or both (those who indicated they performed neither insertions nor removals were removed from the database). They provided details on the frequency and mechanisms of blood exposures associated with I.V. catheters. For a profile of respondents to this survey, see Take a closer look at respondents. As you review the results summarized here, keep in mind that survey participants were self-selected and not necessarily representative of all nurses. For example, nurses who recently sustained a blood exposure during I.V. catheter insertion or removal might have been more motivated to participate in the survey. In addition, note that not all respondents answered every question. Some percentages don’t add up to 100% due to rounding. survey results
Myths and misconceptions about cervical cancer among Zambian women: rapid assessment by peer educators

Objective. To make a rapid assessment of the common myths and misconceptions surrounding the causes of cervical cancer and lack of screening among unscreened low-income Zambian women. Methods. We initiated a door-to-door community-based initiative, led by peer educators, to inform unscreened women about the existence of a new see-and-treat cervical cancer prevention program. During home visits peer educators posed the following two questions to women: 1. What do you think causes cervical cancer? 2. Why haven’t you been screened for cervical cancer? The most frequent types of responses gathered in this exercise were analyzed thematically. Results. Peer educators contacted over 1100 unscreened women over a period of two months. Their median age was 33 years, a large majority (58%) were not educated beyond primary school, over two-thirds (71%) did not have monthly incomes over 500,000 Zambian Kwacha (US$100) per month, and just over half (51%) were married and cohabiting with their spouses. Approximately 75% of the women engaged in discussions had heard of cervical cancer and had heard of the new cervical cancer prevention program in the local clinic. The responses of unscreened low-income Zambian women to questions posed by peer educators in urban Lusaka reflect the variety of prevalent ‘folk’ myths and misconceptions surrounding cervical cancer and its prevention methods. Conclusion. The information in our rapid assessment can serve as a basis for developing future educational and intervention campaigns for improving uptake of cervical cancer prevention services in Zambia. It also speaks to the necessity of ensuring that programs addressing women’s reproductive health take into account societal inputs at the time they are being developed and implemented. Taking a community-based participatory approach to program development and implementation will help ensure sustainability and impact. (Global Health Promotion, 2010; Supp (2): pp. 47—50)
Activity of allylisothiocyanate and 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate on motility and biofilm prevention of pathogenic bacteria

A. Borges, L. C. Simoes, C. R. Serra, M. J. Saavedra and M. Simoes 1 LEPAE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal 2 CECAV-University of Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal 3 Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal 4 IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal *Corresponding author: e-mail: mvs@fe.up. pt, Phone: +351 22 508 1654
Sequential oviposition and optimal sex ratios in pollinating fig wasps

The optimal progeny sex ratio produced by a mother depends on the amount of competition between same sexed sibs (Hamilton, 1967; Clark, 1978) and on the mother’s relatedness to each sex (Hamilton, 1972; Herre, 1985). In haplodiploid species where the mating population is structured in groups of related individuals, two phenomena of importance occur: (1) brothers compete against each other for mating opportunities, referred to as local mating competition or LMC (Hamilton, 1967) and (2) sib-mating occurs, which results in mothers being more related to daughters than sons (Hamilton, 1972; Herre, 1985). Due to these two factors, optimal sex ratios become more female biased as relatedness in the local mating population increases. Agaonine fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae: Agaoninae) have provided a useful empirical system for testing models of sex ratio optimization. Their usefulness is due to various aspects of their natural history, which is characterized by a mutualism with plants of the genus Ficus (Moraceae). Ficus inflorescences are shaped like a hollow ball, lined on the inside with hundreds or thousands of unisexual flowers. When the female flowers are ready to be pollinated, attractive volatiles are released (Ware et af., 1993) and the bracts lining the ostiole (a bract-lined tunnel) loosen to allow the female wasps to squeeze their way through (Galil, 1977). The duration of volatile release and ostiole opening are linked to pollinator entry. Unentered figs can remain attractive for several weeks, whereas after a single pollinator had entered syconia of Ecarica and Eaurea they were found to remain attractive for a maximum of 4 days (Khadari et al., 1995). Once one or more pollen-bearing mated fig wasp females (foundresses) have passed through the ostiole they reach the lumen of the fruit, where they pollinate the fig flowers and lay their eggs inside a proportion of the ovules. Females have a short adult life-span ofjust 1-3 days (Kjellberg etal., 1988; Compton et al.; 1994) and typically die inside the fruit. The length of the period between entry of the first wasp and the fig flowers becoming unsuitable for oviposition is not known. The offspring develop to maturity in the galled ovules, whereupon the male wasps emerge, chew holes in the females’ galls and mate with
Community Structure in High Andean Herpetofaunas

Density, diversity, niche breadth and niche overlap were obtained and analyzed for amphibians and reptiles in 10 study sites above tree line in the Andes. Two to eight species were found at each site; a total of 1373 specimens of 33 species was studied. Species richness shows no clear latitudinal trends; there is a trend for increasing species richness in reptiles from equatorial to temperate sites, and there is a greater richness of amphibians in the equatorial sites. Two niche dimensions were analyzed-structural habitat and food. Niche breadth values for structural habitat are essentially the same in reptiles and in amphibians. Niche breadth values for food are higher in amphibians than in reptiles. Overall niche breadth is slightly higher in amphibians than in reptiles. Niche overlap for structural habitat is higher than that for food. Overlap values between any pairs of species at the same site are generally low, with the exception of some pairs of amphibians in which values are relatively high. However, there is no consistent difference in values within and between communities. Niche overlap increases with decreasing species richness and species diversity. Compared with the adjacent lowlands, the herpetofauna of the high Andes is depauperate, and at any one locality the fauna seldom exceeds eight species. Furthermore, the Andes extend as an essentially unbroken mountain chain through 60' of latitude from the tropics to cool temperate regions. Thus, it is possible to study the relatively simple high montane communities along a latitudinal gradient. We are concerned here with communities of amphibians and reptiles that occur above tree line-principally in habitats commonly known as pdramo andpuna, but areas of Patagonian scrub are included in the southern Andes. Data on biomass, life histories, and geographical distributions will be presented elsewhere. This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.143 on Wed, 15 Jun 2016 06:19:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms 46 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES In the analysis of these small communities, we posed the following questions: 1) What is the composition of the Andean herpetofaunal communities, and how does the composition change geographically? 2) How are various resources used within communities, and how does the use change with different species composition? 3) What kind of relationship exists between species richness and niche breadth within a community? 4) What kind of relationship exists between species richness and niche overlap within a community? 5) Is niche overlap greater among pairs of allopatric species than among pairs of sympatric species? Finally, we attempt to place the quantitative analyses within a naturalistic perception of the communities.
Categorization and Indentification of Mechanisms of Sugarcane Resistance to the Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

x CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 2.1. General Aphid Biology. 2.2. Sugarcane Aphid Taxonomy, Distribution, and Host Plants. 2.3. Sugarcane Aphid Morphology and Biology. 2.4. Yellow Sugarcane Aphid Taxonomy, Distribution, and Host Plants. 2.5. Yellow Sugarcane Aphid Morphology and Biology. 2.6. Sugarcane Aphid and Yellow Sugarcane Aphid Economic Importance. 2.7. Sugarcane Aphid and Yellow Sugarcane Aphid Management. 2.8. Aphid-Plant Interaction. 2.9. Host Plant Resistance. 2.10. Factors Affecting Plant Resistance to Aphids. 2.11. Aphid Biotype and Host Plant Resistance. 2.12. Categories of Host Plant Resistance. 2.12.1. Antixenosis. 2.12.2. Factors Affecting Antixenosis. 2.12.3. Antibiosis. 2.12.4. Tolerance . 2.13. Effect of Amino Acids on Aphid Performance and Feeding Behavior. 2.14. Effects of Aphid Feeding on Plant Amino Acid Levels. 2.15. Endosymbionts in Aphid Hemolymph. 2.16. Honeydew. 2.17. Effect of Plant Secondary Compounds on Host Plant Resistance to Aphids. 2.18. Louisiana Sugarcane Industry. 2.19. Aphids on Sugarcane. 2.20. Host Plant Resistance Studies with Sugarcane in Louisiana. 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 19 19 20 20 21 23 23 CHAPTER 3: CATEGORIZING SUGARCANE CULTIVAR RESISTANCE TO THE SUGARCANE APHID AND YELLOW SUGARCANE APHID (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE). 25 3.
Biodegradation of High Concentration of p-Nitrophenol （PNP） by Wastewater Microflora

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‘Physio’s not going to repair a torn tendon’: patient decision-making related to surgery for rotator cuff related shoulder pain

Abstract Background Rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP) is a common and disabling shoulder condition and surgical management is becoming more common. The rates and costs of surgical interventions have been on the rise. Understanding decision-making related to surgery and providing adequate information to people with RCRSP may improve patient-centred care and potentially reduce rates of surgery. Objectives To explore the decision-making processors of people who have undertaken surgery for RCRSP. Design An in-depth thematic analysis. Method Interviews were conducted with patients from Melbourne who had had surgical management for RCRSP. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Results Fifteen participants were recruited. Six key themes emerged: (1) Needing to get it done: “It was necessary to remedy the dire situation”; (2) Non-surgical treatment experience:” I knew that I’d done all I could”; (3) Mechanical problem:” Physio’s not going to repair a torn tendon”; (4) Trust in medical professionals “If they told me that I needed to swallow a thousand spiders, I would have done it. ”; (5) Varied information sources “Dr Google played a big part in it”; (6) Organisational barriers “It was absolutely useless, my insurance. ” Conclusion Surgery appears to be commonly precipitated by unremitted severe symptoms and failed non-surgical treatment. While there was strong trust in highly trained surgeons, decision to undergo surgery also drew on questionable pathoanatomical beliefs and instances of inadequate patient information about treatment choices and risks that may be addressed by adopting a more patient-centred care approach. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Understanding decision-making related to surgery and providing adequate information to people with rotator cuff related shoulder pain may improve patient-centred care. Surgery appears to be commonly precipitated by unremitted severe symptoms and failed non-surgical treatment. Decision to undergo surgery sometimes drew on questionable pathoanatomical beliefs. There was strong trust in highly trained surgeons but there were instances of inadequate patient information about treatment choices and risks.