Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Capital, Trade, and Public Policy in Rapidly Growing Economies: From Theory to Empirics

Human Capital, Trade and Public Policy in Rapidly Growing Economies argues that only two centuries ago, no society had ever enjoyed sustained growth in living standards. The contributors to this book aim to discover why the world today exhibits a predilection for perpetual self-improvement. In particular, the book focuses on the forces underlying long-lasting growth in East Asia’s Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs). Drawing from the experiences of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, it questions whether public policy can contribute to removing barriers towards accumulation of wealth, and if so, what development policy should be put in place to remedy the existing distortions or market failure problems.
Entrepreneurial spirit among East Asian Chinese

This research showed that entrepreneurial spirit among East Asian Chinese youths is predicted by personality characteristics such as risk-taking propensity, persistence, and internal locus of control, as well as by motivational factors such as love for money and desire for security. Generally, these characteristics are not prevalent in an East Asian culture. The underlying predictors, however, differed for Hong Kong and Singapore. Risk taking was a common predictor for both groups, while persistence was a predictor for Hong Kong, and internal locus of control and love for money were significant for Singapore. Entrepreneurial spirit was associated with beliefs in ethics and self-indulgence for oneself, but not philanthropy. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
State and peasant in contemporary China : the political economy of village government

This is a study of peasant-state relations and village politics as they have evolved in response to the state's attempts to control the division of the harvest and extract the state-defined surplus. To provide the reader with a clearer sense of the evolution of peasant-state relations over almost a forty-year period and to highlight the dramatic changes that have taken place since 1978,1 have divided my analysis into two parts: Chapters 2 through 7 are on Maoist China, and chapters 8 and 9 are on post-Mao China. The first part examines the state's grain policies and patterns of local politics that emerged during the highly collectivized Maoist period, when the state closed free grain markets and established the system of unified purchase and sales (tonggou tongxiao). The second part describes the new methods for the production and division of the harvest after 1978, when the government decollectivized agriculture and abolished its unified procurement program.
A Robust Set of Indicators for the Financial Stress and Financial Stability: Taiwan’s Case Studies

This study sets up a detective system for Taiwan’s financial stability with two spindles of the market-based and the bank-based, and uses “Two-state Markov regime-switching” method to capture the turning points from Taiwan’s previous major financial crises through the volatility of Taiwan’s financial stress index between 1997Q1 and 2014Q4. On this basis, a further study to propose the research of “a robust set of indicators for the Taiwan’s financial stability” uses “noise to signal ratio” method from the candidate variables of bank-based Taiwan’s financial stability, to filter out composite indicator of Taiwan’s financial stability with early warning functions as a supervisory tool for financial stability, effectively to detect and alert Taiwan’s financial crises. Empirical results proves, “two-state Markov regime-switching” method with the market-based Taiwan’s financial stress index (FSI), it sure can rationally determine the turning points for Taiwan’s previous major financial crises and successfully identify Asian financial crisis, dot-com bubble, cross-strait political-economic tensions, global financial crisis (GFC), European debt crisis, etc., especially to capture the financial crisis triggered by cross-strait political and economic tensions in 2004Q2, which completely reveals an individual characteristic of political sensitive gene in Taiwan’s financial system. Moreover, a composite indicator of Taiwan’s financial stability (CITFS) constructed by bank-based measure has a good early warning capability to detect the events of Taiwan’s previous major financial crises, and provide Taiwan’s financial supervisory authority some important reference to build up the financial early warning mechanism.
An Evidence-Based Typology of Asian Societies: What Do Asian Societies Look Like from the Bottom Up instead of Top Down?

Abstract In profiling Asian societies, such classical authors as Hegel, Marx, and Wittfogel have had considerable influence on the subject. They adopted power-centered approaches in characterizing Asian societies. This manuscript adopts the evidence-based approach with a bottom-up angle in constructing a people-centered typology of Asian societies. People's daily life satisfaction in 29 Asian societies is factor-analyzed with varimax rotation, society by society. Using the first two dimensions of factor analysis for each society, five types of Asian society are constructed: Ab, Ac, Ba, Bc, and Ca, where A means materialism in the primary, b means postmaterialism in the secondary, B means postmaterialism in the primary, a means materialism in the secondary, c means public sector dominance in the secondary, and C means public sector dominance in the primary. Ab societies include: Afghanistan, Indonesia, Japan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Ac societies include: China, South Korea, Taiwan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Mongolia. Ba societies include: Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Kyrgyzstan. Bc includes Brunei, the Philippines, Bhutan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Kazakhstan. Ca societies include: Singapore and the Maldives. Responses to questions about lifestyle priorities are also provided to corroborate and reinforce the above typology. Applicability of this method is open to non-Asian as well as Asian societies.
The Role of Sri Lankan Stock Market in the Asian Region

This paper investigates the interaction of the Sri Lankan stock market with other Asian stock markets in terms of cointegration, contemporaneous correlations, information spillovers, and impulse responses. The study consider India, China, Pakistan, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Korea, and Japan as neighboring stock markets to the Sri Lankan market. And it use daily data of leading stock indices for each country from 01st January 2000 to 31st December 2012. Findings reveal that the Sri Lankan stock market is cointegrated with the Korean stock market but not with others. Contemporaneous correlations are significant between Sri Lanka and other Asian countries such as India, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Korea, and Japan. Pakistan, Malaysian, and Korean stock markets Granger cause in mean to the Sri Lankan stock market while India and Korea Granger cause in variance. Extreme downside risks in Chinese stock market also Granger causes the Sri Lankan stock market. Impulse response analysis provides evidence for the following day’s impact on the Sri Lankan stock market due a current shock on other Asian stock markets. Findings of this paper provide insightful information to both policy makers and investors in order to understand the behavior of Sri Lankan stock market. Keywords Asian Stock Markets, Granger Causality, Impulse Response, Information Spillover, Sri Lankan Stock Market, Stock Market Interactions
Real Estate Return Volatilty and Systematic Risk: Evidence from International Markets

This study empirically examines the dynamics of conditional returns, volatility and systematic risk in ten developing and developed real estate markets and two world market indexes (i.e. world real estate and world stock). We find clustering, predictability, strong persistence and asymmetry in country-specific and global market conditional volatility. Moreover, developing real estate markets display higher conditional volatility and persistence than developed markets. The world real estate market volatility has a statistically significant positive impact on time-varying real estate market betas for developing real estate markets of Asia-Pacific, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, and a statistically significant negative impact on systematic risk for mature real estate markets of Europe and the UK. Additionally, the extra country-specific market volatility and global market volatility during the Asian financial crisis period seem to impose a larger size influence than the volatility during total period in some markets. Based on comparisons of in-sample forecast errors, our findings appear to favor time-varying real estate betas relative to a world real estate index over a world stock index. Our findings have significant implications for understanding real estate market integration and global capital markets.
Modeling International Diversification between the Chinese Stock Market and Others

China’s stock market has grown rapidly since its introduction in 1991 and it has become one of the world’s leading stock markets. This study is concerned with the dependence structures that exist between the Chinese stock market and other major stock markets including those in the US, UK, Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In this research, we use time-varying copula to model dependence due to its ability to capture the non-normality distribution compared to linear correlation. Furthermore, this study uses Extreme Value Theory (EVT) to model the tails for the marginal distributions. Our results reveal a strong dependence between Chinese and Hong Kong stock markets for the upper tail dependence. Lower tail dependence exists between Taiwan markets. This indicates the boom in the Chinese stock market could affect the Hong Kong one and a crash in Taiwan could potentially damage the latter. The outcomes of this cannot be explained using linear correlation. Findings also show that the Hong Kong stock market has stronger upper dependence compared to its lower tail and this serves as an alternative diversification strategy during a downturn. These findings provide better information and suggestions for risk management, specifically in portfolio diversification and international asset allocation benefits. Chinese stock market investors could use this information to devise risk management strategies.
Livelihood Insecurity and Social Conflict in Nepal

This chapter looks at the different sources of the decade-long armed conflict in Nepal and their interrelationship with livelihood insecurity. The complexity and interwovenness of the different causes is highlighted and their collective impact on the livelihoods of the poor and marginalised people examined. Poverty, discrimination, exclusion, skewed distribution of production resources, malgovernance, failure of development, weak civil society and geographical isolation are some of the main sources of livelihood insecurity and conflict in Nepal. The strategies of the Government and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) during the armed conflict, were another source of conflict and livelihood insecurity, as well as the culture of denial, political ineptitude, ideological conflict, and external forces. The Nepalese people have faced severe livelihood insecurity over the last decade, mainly because of the negative impact of the armed conflict on important sectors such as health, education, agriculture and transportation, which previously provided a livelihood for millions of people. The shift of resource from social/development sectors to military to fight the insurgency severely affected livelihoods. However, after the end of the armed conflict in November 2006 with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) between the government and the CPN (M), the peaceful exit by the King, the successful completion of the Constituent Assembly election in April 2008, and the declaration of Nepal as a republic, a broader framework for stable political change is in place. It is hoped that the changes that are afoot within this new framework will provide livelihood security for the Nepalese people.
Environment Education and Ecological Art Exhibitions Influence Young People’s Intention to Consume Plant-Based Food

For the last 10 years, to save energy and reduce carbon emissions, the Taiwanese government has encouraged citizens to eat plant-based food. This study examines plant-based food consumption by young people after receiving environmental education training and participating in eco-environmental art exhibitions. In the process, the consumption of plant-based food was analyzed from the different dimensions of consumer motivation, including health, religion, environmental protection and fashion. According to the results of the empirical study, while approximately 70% of young consumers eat meat-based food, over 80% of young consumers agree that plant-based food is beneficial for health and environmental protection. Moreover, as the Taiwanese government has implemented the Meatless Monday policy in elementary and middle schools for 10 years, most young people agree that eating plant-based food helps reduce carbon emissions and promotes environmental protection. Enhanced environmental education and diverse eco-environmental art exhibitions would strengthen young people’s behavioral intention to consume plantbased food. The findings of this study also show that young people do not believe that plant-based food consumption is a religious or moral issue. Young consumers choose plant-based food because they want to protect the earth and the environment. This finding underlines the importance of environment education.
Patterns of vaginal, oral, and anal sexual intercourse in an urban seventh-grade population.

BACKGROUND This study examines the prevalence of vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse among a population of urban, public middle school students, the characteristics of early sexual initiators, and the sequence of sexual initiation. Such data are limited for early adolescents. METHODS A total of 1279 seventh-grade students (57.3% female, 43.6% black, and 41.8% Hispanic), mean age 12.5 years (SD = 0.63) from 10 middle schools in a large southeastern US public school district completed a cross-sectional survey using audio computer-assisted self-interviews. Main outcomes included lifetime and past 3-months' experience of vaginal, oral, and anal sex; condom use; age of initiation; and number of lifetime partners. RESULTS Overall, 12.0% of students had engaged in vaginal sex, 7.9% in oral sex, and 6.5% in anal sex. Among students who had initiated intercourse, approximately two thirds were currently sexually active and one quarter reported > or =4 lifetime partners. Six percent had engaged in 1 type of intercourse, 4% in 2 types of intercourse, and 4% in all 3 types of intercourse; vaginal sex was typically initiated at an earlier or at the same age as other types of intercourse. Only 2% had engaged in oral sex without engaging in vaginal sex. Although black students were significantly more likely to have initiated sex compared to other racial/ethnic groups, Hispanic students who had initiated each type of intercourse were more likely to be currently sexually active and to have engaged in recent unprotected sex. CONCLUSIONS A small percentage of early adolescents are engaging in multiple sexual behaviors. These findings have implications for early adolescent school-based sexual health education.
Comparison of the clinical and radiological manifestations of male patients with COVID‐19 from different ethnicities

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak began in Wuhan, China, and quickly escalated into a significant pandemic threat. COVID‐19 is associated with variable morbidity and mortality rates, which differ greatly from one country to another. This study aimed to investigate the clinical findings of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in different ethnic groups, as well as to identify the radiological manifestations and various biomarkers for the assessment of COVID‐19 patients.
University teachers’

Despite the increasing use of technology in education, university teachers’ perceptions and use of technology are under-explored, particularly in the context of English language classrooms in mainland China. To fill the research gap, this article reports the findings of a case study exploring university teachers’ perceptions of and practices with technology as well as the challenges of technology implementation. To provide a microscopic understanding of these issues from teachers’ perspective, an online survey was first distributed to all 60 English teachers at a focal university, with 35 valid surveys returned. Subsequently, nine survey respondents participated in in-depth follow-up interviews. The findings suggest that teachers used technology predominantly for teacher-centred purposes rather than for active student engagement although they had positive perceptions of technology integration. They also held critical viewpoints on the use of technology in English teaching. In addition, teachers perceived more external barriers to technology integration (e.g. insufficient technical and pedagogical training, “the Great Firewall”) than internal challenges (e.g. students’ lack of interest in technology). The study contributes to the understanding of university teachers’ technology uptake and carries important implications for the promotion of teaching innovation and effectiveness in higher education contexts.
Resurgent Authoritarian Influence: New Machine-Generated, High-Frequency, Cross-National Data∗

The third wave of democratization in the 1980s and 1990s was accompanied by a spectacular decline in the international influence of authoritarian governments. Culminating with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the ascendance of advanced democracies resulted in pressure on smaller and poorer countries to liberalize both their economies and their political systems. However, the last 15 years has seen the most powerful non-democracies become more autocratic and more assertive in their foreign policies (Diamond, 2020). Led primarily by China and Russia, this resurgence of authoritarian influence (RAI) has caused concern among policymakers and pro-democracy advocates that powerful authoritarian governments are undermining democracy abroad. Attempts to investigate the incidence and nature of RAI efforts have been hampered by a lack of data. Assembling data on RAI is extremely difficult due to the sporadic, albeit widespread, nature of RAI efforts and the absence of publicly available administrative data. To date, the most comprehensive data on RAI is annual and focuses on overseas development finance. While useful, such data offers limited insight into neither the rapid pace at which RAI has expanded nor the full breadth of foreign influence activities, which span cultural, political, military, and economic spheres (Malik et al., 2021). We overcome these limitations by scraping more than 60 million daily articles published by Chinese, Russian, international, and domestic online news sources for a sample of 16 countries over 117 months, and using the latest in Natural Language Processing to identify reporting on 22 different foreign influence
COVID-19 Literature Mining and Retrieval using Text Mining Approaches

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) began in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and to date has infected over 148M people worldwide, resulting in 3.12M deaths. On March 10, 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared it as a global pandemic. Many academicians and researchers started to publish papers describing the latest discoveries on covid-19. The large influx of publications made it hard for other researchers to go through a large amount of data and find the appropriate one that helps their research. So, the proposed model attempts to extract relavent titles from the large corpus of research publications which makes the job easy for the researchers. Allen Institute for AI released the CORD-19 dataset, which consists of 2,00,000 journal articles related to coronavirus-related research publications from PubMed's PMC, WHO (World Health Organization), bioRxiv, and medRxiv pre-prints. Along with this document corpus, they have also provided a topics dataset named topics-rnd3 consisting of a list of topics. Each topic has three types of representations like query, question, and narrative. These Datasets are made open for research, and also they released a TREC-COVID competition on Kaggle. Using these topics like queries, our goal is to find out the relevant documents in the CORD-19 dataset. In this research, relevant documents should be recognized for the posed topics in topics-rnd3 data set. The proposed model uses Natural Language Processing(NLP) techniques like Bag-of-Words, Average Word-2-Vec, Average BERT Base model and Tf-Idf weighted Word2Vec model to fabricate vectors for query, question, narrative, and combinations of them. Similarly, fabricate vectors for titles in the CORD-19 dataset. After fabricating vectors, cosine similarity is used for finding similarities between every two vectors. Cosine similarity helps us to find relevant documents for the given topic.
Practitioner Review: It's time to bridge the gap – understanding the unmet needs of consumers with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder – a systematic review and recommendations

Objective Understanding the unmet needs of healthcare consumers with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (individuals with ADHD and their caregivers) provides critical insight into gaps in services, education and research that require focus and funding to improve outcomes. This review examines the unmet needs of ADHD consumers from a consumer perspective. Methods A standardised search protocol identified peer‐reviewed studies published between December 2011 and December 2021 focusing on consumer‐identified needs relating to ADHD clinical care or research priorities. Results 1,624 articles were screened with 23 studies that reviewed examining the needs of ADHD consumers from Europe, the U.K., Hong Kong, Iran, Australia, the U.S.A. and Canada. Consumer‐identified needs related to: treatment that goes beyond medication (12 studies); improved ADHD‐related education/training (17 studies); improved access to clinical services, carer support and financial assistance (14 studies); school accommodations/support (6 studies); and ongoing treatment efficacy research (1 study). Conclusion ADHD consumers have substantial unmet needs in clinical, psychosocial and research contexts. Recommendations to address these needs include: improving access to and quality of multimodal care provision; incorporating recovery principles into care provision; fostering ADHD health literacy; and increasing consumer participation in research, service development and ADHD‐related training/education.
Banks and the World’s Major Banking Centers, 2010

Abstract We update three earlier articles on the determinants of interpenetration of financial centers by banks by adding the year 2010 to our analyses for 1970 and 1980, 1990, and 2000. In addition, we also re-estimate our model to include data for Beijing/Shanghai, and add those emerging centers for 2010. First, the number of banks in our data and the number of their offices in other centers has fallen by 46 % and 24 % since peaking in 1990. Second, even so our matrix saw less turbulence than in the prior two decades as density and number of presences in other centers per bank increased. Third, London had regained the first place from New York. Tokyo remains in fifth place after Hong Kong and Singapore. Once one includes Beijing/Shanghai, the Chinese centers now rank first and Tokyo sixth. Fourth, Paris and Frankfurt/Hamburg have regained some centrality. Fifth, our gravity model approach continues to model the data well, with distance between centers continuing to depress interpenetration between centers as it did in 2000. Lastly, the primary effect of introducing Beijing/Shanghai as a center has increased the importance of interpenetration as banks from Beijing and Shanghai are going to centers from which banks are coming to Beijing and Shanghai.