Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development and Delivery of a Physical Activity Intervention for People With Huntington Disease: Facilitating Translation to Clinical Practice

Background and Purpose: We studied the development and delivery of a 14-week complex physical activity intervention for people with Huntington disease, where detailed information about the intervention was fully embedded in the trial design process. Methods: Intervention Development: The intervention was developed through a series of focus groups. The findings from the focus groups informed the development of a logic model for the physical activity intervention that was broadly consistent with the framework of self-determination theory. Intervention Delivery: Key components underpinning the delivery of the intervention were implemented including a defined coach training program and intervention fidelity assessment methods. Training of coaches (physical therapists, occupational therapists, research nurses, and exercise trainers) was delivered via group and 1:1 training sessions using a detailed coach's manual, and with ongoing support via video calls, and e-mail communication as needed. Detailed documentation was provided to determine costs of intervention development and coach training. Results: Intervention delivery coaches at 8 sites across the United Kingdom participated in the face-to-face training. Self-report checklists completed by each of the coaches indicated that all components of the intervention were delivered in accordance with the protocol. Mean (standard deviation) intervention fidelity scores (n = 15), as measured using a purpose-developed rating scale, was 11 (2.4) (out of 16 possible points). Coaches' perceptions of intervention fidelity were similarly high. The total cost of developing the intervention and providing training was £30,773 ($47,042 USD). Discussion and Conclusions: An important consideration in promoting translation of clinical research into practice is the ability to convey the detailed components of how the intervention was delivered to facilitate replication if the results are favorable. This report presents an illustrative example of a physical activity intervention, including the development and the training required to deliver it. This approach has the potential to facilitate reproducibility, evidence synthesis, and implementation in clinical practice. Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A122).
A statistical approach to multi‐site multivariate downscaling of daily extreme temperature series

Downscaling methods for describing the linkage between global‐scale climate variables and local climatic conditions have been frequently used in climate‐related impact assessment studies. Previous works, however, have been mainly dealing with downscaling of climatic processes for a single site, but very few studies are concerned with the downscaling of these processes for multi‐sites because of the complexity in accurately describing both observed at‐site temporal persistence and spatial dependence between different locations. In the present study, a multi‐site multivariate statistical downscaling (SD) approach was developed for simulating daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature series at many sites concurrently. The proposed approach consists of a combination of a linear regression component to describe the linkage between global climate predictors and local temperature extremes, and a stochastic component based on a spatial moving average process to reproduce the observed spatial dependence between temperature extremes at different sites. The feasibility of the suggested SD method was assessed using observed daily extreme temperature data available at 10 weather stations located in the southwest region of Quebec and the southeast region of Ontario in Canada, as well as climate predictors from the NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis dataset for the 1961–1990 period. It was found that the proposed SD approach was able to accurately describe various Tmax and Tmin characteristics, including their spatial and temporal variation as well as their interannual anomalies. In addition, comparison of the results from the proposed multi‐site multivariate SD method and one simulation series from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) at a 45‐km resolution (a dynamic downscaling procedure) has indicated that the suggested SD approach was able to more accurately describe the observed spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme temperature series at the regional scale than the CRCM‐based dynamic downscaling method. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Influence of host resistance on viral adaptation: hepatitis C virus as a case study

Genetic and cellular studies have shown that the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses are an important correlate of viral infection outcome. The features of the host’s immune response (host resistance) reflect the coevolution between hosts and pathogens that has occurred over millennia, and that has also resulted in a number of strategies developed by viruses to improve fitness and survival within the host (viral adaptation). In this review, we discuss viral adaptation to host immune pressure via protein–protein interactions and sequence-specific mutations. Specifically, we will present the “state of play” on viral escape mutations to host T-cell responses in the context of the hepatitis C virus, and their influence on infection outcome.
Preiswerkite and högbomite within garnets of Aktyuz eclogite, Northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan

We report the occurrence of preiswerkite and hogbomite as inclusion phases within the garnets of eclogite from the Aktyuz area of Northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Preiswerkite and hogbomite occur both as a constituent of multiphase solid inclusions (MSI) and as single discrete grains in the mantle and rim of the garnets. However, they do not occur in the core of the garnet and in the matrix of the eclogite. Preiswerkite is associated with the minerals paragonite ± staurolite ± Mg-taramite ± Na-biotite ± hematite ± hogbomite ± chlorite ± titanite ± phengite ± magnetite, and hogbomite is associated with paragonite ± preiswerkite ± staurolite ± hematite ± chlorite ± Na-biotite ± magnetite in MSI. The average compositions of preiswerkite and hogbomite are (Na0.96K0.02Ca0.01)0.99(Mg1.52Fe2+0.54VIAl0.93)2.99(IVAl1.93Si2.07)4.00O10(OH)2 and (Mg1.47Fe2+3.02Zn0.04Fe3+1.45)5.98(Fe3+0.31Al15.13Ti0.56)16O30(OH)2, respectively. Na-biotite, with an average composition of (Na0.89K0.07Ca0.01)0.97(Mg1.66Fe2+0.69VIAl0.63)2.98(IVAl1.57Si2.43)4.00O10(OH)2, corresponding to the intermediate composition between preiswerkite and aspidolite (i.e., Na-phlogopite), is also observed. The compositions of the newly found preiswerkite and Na-biotite with similar XMg values (0.66-0.78) are arrayed along preiswerkite-aspidolite solid solution series. The mode of occurrence of inclusion phases in garnets may suggest that the activity of Na-Al-rich and Si-undersaturated aqueous fluids played a major role in the formation of preiswerkite during the prograde stage of high-pressure eclogitic metamorphism.
The Tower of Babel in the Classroom? Immigrants and Natives in Italian Schools∗

We exploit rules of class formation to identify and estimate the causal effect of increasing the number of immigrants in a classroom keeping class size constant. Since principals use class size to neutralize the possible detrimental effects of immigrants’ inflows, this composition effect is the relevant policy parameter but it has been neglected by the literature so far. Our empirical analysis is guided by a model of the educational production function that allows for two types of students, natives and immigrants, who have a non-negative probability of generating disruption or positive externalities across or within groups. We show that the pure composition effect is substantial and negative at age 7 (-12% in language and -7% in mathematics), but vanishes when children grow up. The reasons of this vanishing of effects, even at constant class size, remains to be explored. JEL Classification: C36, I20, I24, J15
Estimation of Statistical Parameters for Annual River Flows

A first order Markov process is chosen as representative for annual river flows. The normalized standard errors of the estimates of the mean, the variance, and the first autocorrelation coefficient are shown as functions of the sample size for a river which is considered to have average statistical characteristics. The theoretical analysis is complemented with a study of the variations with sample size of the main statistical parameters of three rivers with a large amount of data. The results show that on the average between 40 and 60 years of data are desirable to estimate the mean and the variance. The normalized standard error grows rapidly with any diminishing of the sample size. Beyond this range the normalized standard error of estimate decreases slowly with lengthening sample size. Large errors appear to be common in estimating the first autocorrelation coefficient, even for series whose length is much longer than is normally found.
Repairing networks of ontologies using weakening and completing

The quality of ontologies and their alignments is crucial for developing high-quality ontology-based applications. Traditional debugging techniques repair ontology networks by removing unwanted axioms and mappings, but may thereby remove consequences that are correct in the domain of the ontology. In this paper we propose an interactive approach for repairing ontology networks that alleviates the effect of removing unwanted axioms and mappings using weakening and completing.
The Varied Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on Pacific Island Climates

AbstractEl Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives interannual climate variability in many tropical Pacific island countries, but different El Nino events might be expected to produce varying rainfall impacts. To investigate these possible variations, El Nino events were divided into three categories based on where the largest September–February sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies occur: warm pool El Nino (WPE), cold tongue El Nino (CTE), and mixed El Nino (ME), between the other two.Large-scale SST and wind patterns for each type of El Nino show distinct and significant differences, as well as shifts in rainfall patterns in the main convergence zones. As a result, November to April rainfall in many Pacific island countries is significantly different among the El Nino types. In western equatorial Pacific islands, CTE events are associated with drier than normal conditions whereas ME and WPE events are associated with significantly wetter than normal conditions. This is due to the South Pacific converg.
Proving weak termination also provides the right way to terminate

From an inductive method for proving weak innermost termination of rule-based programs, we automatically infer, for each successful proof, a finite strategy for data evaluation. The proof principle uses an explicit induction on the termination property, to prove that any input data has at least one finite evaluation. For that, we analyse proof trees built from the rewrite system, schematizing the innermost derivations of any ground term. These proof trees are issued from patterns representing sets of ground terms. They are generated using two mechanisms, namely abstraction, introducing variables that represent ground terms in normal form, and narrowing, schematizing rewriting on ground terms. From the proof trees, we can extract for any given ground term, a rewriting strategy to compute one of its normal form, even if the ground term admits infinite rewriting derivations.
Chaînes de Markov cachées à bruit généralisé

Résumé – Les chaînes de Markov cachées sont des modèles très populaires pour le traitement non-supervisé du signal dans un contexte bayésien. Nous nous intéressons à la complexification du terme d’attache aux données afin de pouvoir apprendre automatiquement des modèles de bruits très généraux. Pour cela, nous introduisons un processus auxiliaire continu et nous développons une approche d’inférence variationnelle efficace, préservant l’interprétabilité des variables cachées d’intérêt. Les résultats d’expériences de classification non-supervisée montrent que ces nouveaux modèles à variable auxiliaire continue donnent des meilleurs résultats que les modèles classiques de la littérature. Abstract – Hidden Markov chains are popular models for unsupervised signal processing in a Bayesian context. We aim at complexifying the conditional likelihood term to automatically learn complex noises. We introduce a third auxiliary continuous process and we develop a variational inference approach which preserves the interpretability of the hidden process of interest. Our results in unsupervised classification experiments suggest that using a third continuous auxiliary random variable gives better results than the classical approaches from the literature.
Fabric‐related velocity anisotropy and shear wave splitting in rocks from the Santa Rosa Mylonite Zone, California

The directional dependence of P and S wave velocities have been measured at pressures (up to 600 MPa) and temperatures (up to 700°C) in rocks from the Santa Rosa Mylonite Zone (southern California). During tectonism, these were progressively deformed from granodiorite protolith to mylonite and ultimately phyllonite. The mineralogical and chemical composition of protolith and mylonite is nearly identical. Thus these rocks provide excellent material for documenting the effect of microstructural and textural changes on rock anisotropy. Velocity anisotropy increases significantly with the degree of deformation, whereas average velocities and densities do not change. At low pressure (50 MPa) the velocity anisotropy ranges from 1.7% in granodiorite up to 19% in phyllonite and is due to both oriented microfractures and crystallographic preferred orientation. At high pressure (600 MPa), the residual anisotropy up to 12% is mainly due to preferred mineral orientation, in particular of biotite. Significant shear wave splitting is measured parallel to the foliation plane and shows a good correlation with the biotite texture. These observations confirm that oriented microcracks and preferred orientation of minerals should be taken into account in the interpretation of seismic reflection and refraction data in terranes with deformed rocks.
Odd Couples: Extraordinary Differences between the Sexes in the Animal Kingdom

Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Roots of Sexual Differences: Why Male and Female Animals Differ 9 Chapter 3: Elephant Seals: Harems, Hierarchies, and Giant Males 23 Chapter 4: Great Bustards: Gorgeous Males and Choosy Females 46 Chapter 5: Shell-Carrying Cichlids: Protective Males and Furtive Females 64 Chapter 6: Yellow Garden Spiders: Sedentary Females and Roving Males 81 Chapter 7: Blanket Octopuses: Drifting Females and Dwarf Males 104 Chapter 8: Giant Seadevils: Fearsome Females and Parasitic Males 116 Chapter 9: Bone-Eating Worms: Female Tubeworms with Harems of Minuscule Males 133 Chapter 10: Shell-Burrowing Barnacles: Sac-Like Females with Harems of Phallic Males 147 Chapter 11: The Diversity of Sexual Differences: Differences between Males and Females across the Animal Kingdom 160 Chapter 12: Concluding Remarks 187 Acknowledgments 195 Appendix A: Scientific Names Corresponding to Common Names Used in the Text 197 Appendix B: Summary of Sexual Dimorphisms by Animal Phylum 203 Notes 207 Glossary of Technical Terms 239 Sources 247 Illustration Credits 287 Index 289
Architecting Trigger-Action Platforms for Security, Performance and Functionality

—A Trigger-action platform (TAP) is a type of distributed system that allows end-users to create programs that stitch their web-based services together to achieve useful automation. For example, a program can be triggered when a new spreadsheet row is added, it can compute on that data and invoke an action, such as sending a message on Slack. Current TAP architectures require users to place complete trust in their secure operation. Experience has shown that unconditional trust in cloud services is unwarranted — an attacker who compromises the TAP cloud service will gain access to sensitive data and devices for millions of users. In this work, we re-architect TAPs so that users have to place minimal trust in the cloud. Specifically, we design and implement TAPDance, a TAP that guarantees confidentiality and integrity of program execution in the presence of an untrustworthy TAP service. We utilize RISC-V Keystone enclaves to enable these security guarantees while minimizing the trusted software and hardware base. Performance results indicate that TAPDance outperforms a baseline TAP implementation using Node.js with 32% lower latency and 33% higher throughput on average.
Tetrafluoromethane in the deep North Pacific Ocean

Dissolved tetrafluoromethane (CF4) has been measured for the first time in the North Pacific Ocean. Surface water collected during calm weather is near equilibrium with the modern atmosphere. Deep water, isolated from atmospheric exchange for centuries, is near equilibrium with the preindustrial atmosphere, after accounting for an expected 5% addition of this low‐solubility gas due to air injection during high‐latitude deep‐water formation. These results strongly suggest that dissolved CF4 is conservative in seawater and that the oceanic imprint of anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CF4 can be used as a time‐dependent tracer of ocean ventilation and subsurface circulation processes. Although the continental lithosphere is a source of natural atmospheric CF4, we find no evidence of an oceanic lithospheric CF4 input into deep Pacific waters. The estimated upper limit of a potential oceanic lithospheric CF4 flux to the global atmosphere is on the order of 4% of that from the continental lithosphere.
Observations of iodine monoxide in the remote marine boundary layer

We report measurements of the iodine monoxide (IO) radical in the marine boundary layer at three remote sites: Mace Head (Ireland), Tenerife (Canary Islands), and Cape Grim (Tasmania). IO was observed by long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy using the A(2)Pi(3/2)-X(2)Pi(3/2) electronic transition between 415 and 450 nm. The daytime IO concentration at these three locations was found to vary from below the detection limit (less than or equal to 0.2 parts per trillion (ppt)) to a maximum of 4 ppt, with an average of about 1 ppt, Of particular note is that the IO observed off the north coast of Tenerife, which is probably typical of the open ocean sub-tropical North Atlantic, exhibited a distinct diurnal cycle which correlated strongly with the solar actinic flux in the near UV. IO was also observed at Cape Grim to be present at much lower levels (approximate to 0.3 ppt) in westerly air from the Southern Ocean. As is shown in the companion paper (McFiggans et al., this issue), these measurements of IO are satisfactorily reproduced by a photochemical box model incorporating the recycling of iodine through marine aerosol. This model indicates that the direct iodine-catalyzed destruction of ozone in the boundary layer may well be similar to the losses caused by odd-hydrogen photochemistry and dry deposition. The significance of this work is that IO is probably present in much of the open ocean boundary layer, at levels where it may cause significant depletion of ozone.
Variability of Hydraulic Conductivity in Two Subsurface Horizons of Two Silt Loam Soils

Hydraulic conductivity was measured in the B22t and B31t horizons of 12 pedons of two soils developed in loess deposits overlying glacial till. Conductivity measurements were made with the crust test technique for unsaturated conditions and with a new related in situ method for saturated conditions. Nonlinear regression yielded simple well-fitting curves of the form log K = log(bψ⁻ᶜ). Variability within and between major horizons in these soil series was found to be relatively low. The four horizons in these two silt loam soils had statistically identical hydraulic conductivity characteristics, even though morphological soil structure and soil genesis differed significantly.
Towards a methodology for the semi-automatic generation of scientific knowledge graphs from XML documents

Robots used in analytical laboratories, such as those at Unilever, generate vast amounts of log data. This log data is typically stored in semi-structured formats (e.g. XML) according to some standard schema, e.g. the Analytical Information Markup Language (AnIML). Representing this data in a structured format such as a knowledge graph would allow for a more consistent data interpretation, as the relationships between concepts would be formalised in an ontology; consequently making the process of complex data analysis simpler for the scientists involved. We propose a semi-automatic pipeline that exploits the inherent structure of XML schemata, as well as previously represented domain knowledge, to create a knowledge graph that represents log data with its relevant metadata. We utilise ontology alignment techniques to identify related concepts in different ontologies, and therefore provide additional context when predicting the property linking two classes while building the graph.
Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: hydrological and ecological controls of nitrogen export

We present a hierarchically distributed model of catchment forest hydrology and biogeochemistry. The goal of the model is to evaluate and predict the distribution of water, carbon and nitrogen cycling within a forested watershed, as well as the export of nitrate. We use a spatial hierarchy of land elements arranged through the stream network, and successively containing catchments, subcatchments, hillslopes, then patches (within each hillslope) to distribute key processes. Time scales of active processes range from those forced by daily meteorology to canopy growth and soil development occurring over decades. This allows us to follow the hydrological and biogeochemical dynamics of the landscape over a range of spatial and temporal scales. A key assumption of the model is that a substantial amount of the water movement through the unsaturated zone occurs as preferential flow. Nitrate is then transported downslope by rising saturated zones during storms. We test the predictions of the model with preliminary data generated as part of the Baltimore Long‐Term Ecological Research site. The hydrological modules of the model are calibrated with rainfall/runoff data from the 1980s, while the nitrogen cycling modules are uncalibrated. The model generated good correspondence to the seasonal dynamics of stream water nitrate concentration over the 1998–1999 water year. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.