Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing Public Participation in U.S. Cities

P ublic participation is advocated to reduce citizen cynicism toward government, build stakeholder consensus in government, and enhance administrative decision making (Creighton, 1981; King & Stivers, 1998; Langton, 1978a; Sanoff, 2000). Participation theories have been presented and examined in research. Case descriptions or stories in individual governmental agencies are often used to support theoretical assertions. Empirical evidence is needed about participation in government as a whole. Studies involving larger samples of governments can generate more holistic and systematic evidence. Using survey data, this study focused on three research questions: How much public participation occurs in U.S. municipal governments? What are the possible causes of participation? What are the possible impacts of participation on governmental agencies? This research provides useful information about potential obstacles to participation and ways to enhance participation and performance in government. The Framework section presents relevant definitions and theories.
Investigating the southern daytime midlatitude trough's relation with the daytime Weddell Sea Anomaly during equinoxes

A detailed study with statistical investigations was conducted on the morning topside ionosphere for the 1996/1997 equinoctial period utilizing Defense Meteorological Satellite Program data and coupled thermosphere- ionosphere plasmasphere wind simulations. Highly structured plasma densities, including a daytime Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA; about 0900 LT) over the southeastern Pacific and localized high-latitude plasma enhancements (about 0800 LT) in the Australian sector, were tracked. Poleward and equatorward winds, respectively, were strongest there. High-resolution regional surface maps and field-aligned profiles tracked their thermal structures, O and H composition, vertical drifts (V, m/s) and horizontal plasma flows {F; [i/(cms)]}. A daytime heavy-ion (Ni-O) stagnation trough [(54.5 ± 4.5)°S; geomagnetic] appeared equatorward of both the WSA [60.0 ± 4.0)°S (center), 185-310°E; geographic] and these enhancements [>(62.0 ± 3.5)°S; 30-180°E]. Meanwhile, the plasmapause developed poleward of the WSA and equatorward of these enhancements. Plasma convection became significantly increased by enhanced electron temperatures nearby upflows underlying localized plasma enhancements. Upflow velocities, modeled as about 694.5 m/s, shows close similarities to the actual direct measurements of about 700 m/s. Both slow and enhanced plasma convections promoted stagnation events and trough formation. However, regular trough features became significantly altered by the development of a downward dipping poleward wall in the WSA region and by the absence of regular trough walls in the region of localized plasma enhancements. Statistically, the trough and localized plasma enhancement locations varied linearly with magnetic activity and showed an equatorward movement with increasing activity. A rate of (0.026 ± 0.002)°S/nT for the trough and (0.067 ± 0.003)°S/nT for the localized plasma enhancements were modeled. This higher (approximately two times) rate of movement indicates the localized plasma enhancements' more responsiveness. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.
Monitoring and Modeling Terrestrial Ecosystems’ Response to Climate Change

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Computation of ancestry scores with mixed families and unrelated individuals

The issue of robustness to family relationships in computing genotype ancestry scores such as eigenvector projections has received increased attention in genetic association, and is particularly challenging when sets of both unrelated individuals and closely related family members are included. The current standard is to compute loadings (left singular vectors) using unrelated individuals and to compute projected scores for remaining family members. However, projected ancestry scores from this approach suffer from shrinkage toward zero. We consider two main novel strategies: (i) matrix substitution based on decomposition of a target family‐orthogonalized covariance matrix, and (ii) using family‐averaged data to obtain loadings. We illustrate the performance via simulations, including resampling from 1000 Genomes Project data, and analysis of a cystic fibrosis dataset. The matrix substitution approach has similar performance to the current standard, but is simple and uses only a genotype covariance matrix, while the family‐average method shows superior performance. Our approaches are accompanied by novel ancillary approaches that provide considerable insight, including individual‐specific eigenvalue scree plots.
Charge exchange in the Io torus and exosphere

Cross sections for charge-exchange reactions of potential importance in the Io torus and the interaction of torus plasma with Io's atmosphere are estimated with an accuracy of about a factor of 2. The size of the cross sections for a given collision velocity are shown to depend entirely on the spacing of the energy levels between the initial and final states of the reactions. Reaction rates for charge-exchange cross sections, calculated at the corotation velocity in Io's reference frame, are compared to reaction rates for electron impact ionization and recombination at a number of radii from 5.1 RJ to 7.1 RJ for a model torus. Inside Io's orbit, charge-exchange processes are the principal mechanism for ionization of neutrals (except Na and K) and the dominant source of ions accelerated to corotation, the primary mode of multiply charged ion recombination, and a major contributor to mass loss via fast neutrals. As a consequence, the ratios of ion concentrations are critically dependent on charge-exchange rates and the neutral densities. Charge-exchange reactions of torus ions with molecular species in Io's exosphere may yield a net supply of neutrals and plasma to the Io torus. Expressions are given to obtain the velocity dependence of the charge-exchange cross sections and to calculate cross sections for reactions not considered here.
A Comparative Analysis of Phenological Curves for Major Crops in Kansas

The goal of this research was to conduct an initial investigation into whether a time-series NDVI reference curve library for crops over a growing season for one year could be used to map crops for a different year. Time-series NDVI libraries of curves for 2001 and 2005 were investigated to ascertain whether or not the 2001 dataset could be used to map crops for 2005. The 2005 16-day composite MODIS 250 m NDVI data were used to extract NDVI values from 1,615 field sites representing alfalfa, corn, sorghum, soybeans, and winter wheat. A k-means cluster analysis of NDVI values from the field sites was performed to identify validation sites with time-series NDVI spectral profiles characteristic of the major crop types grown in Kansas. After completing the field site refinement process, there were 1,254 field sites retained for further analysis, referred to as "final" field sites. The methods employed to evaluate whether the MODIS-based NDVI profiles for major crops in Kansas are stable from year-to-year involved both graphical and statistical analyses. First, the time-series NDVI values for 2005 from the final field sites were aggregated by crop type and the crop NDVI profiles were then visually assessed and compared to the profiles of 2001 to ascertain if each crop's unique phenological pattern was consistent between the two years. Second, separability within each crop class in the time-series NDVI data between 2001 and 2005 was investigated numerically using the Jeffries-Matusita (JM) distance statistic. The results seem to suggest that time-series NDVI response curves for crops over a growing period for one year of valid ground reference data may be useful for mapping crops for a different year when minor temporal shifts in the NDVI values (resulting from inter-annual climate variations or changes in agricultural management practices) are taken into account.
Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States: 1991-1992 and 2001-2002.

CONTEXT Among illicit substance use disorders, marijuana use disorders are the most prevalent in the population. Yet, information about the prevalence of current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) marijuana use disorders and how prevalence has changed is lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine changes in the prevalence of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence in the United States between 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Face-to-face interviews were conducted in 2 large national surveys conducted 10 years apart: the 1991-1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey ([NLAES] n = 42,862) and the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions ([NESARC] n = 43,093). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Rates of past year marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. RESULTS Among the adult US population, the prevalence of marijuana use remained stable at about 4.0% over the past decade. In contrast, the prevalence of DSM-IV marijuana abuse or dependence significantly (P =.01) increased between 1991-1992 (1.2%) and 2001-2002 (1.5%), with the greatest increases observed among young black men and women (P<.001) and young Hispanic men (P =.006). Further, marijuana use disorders among marijuana users significantly increased (P =.002) in the absence of increased frequency and quantity of marijuana use, suggesting that the concomitant increase in potency of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) may have contributed to the rising rates. CONCLUSIONS Despite the stability in the overall prevalence of marijuana use, more adults in the United States had a marijuana use disorder in 2001-2002 than in 1991-1992. Increases in the prevalence of marijuana use disorders were most notable among young black men and women and young Hispanic men. Although rates of marijuana abuse and dependence did not increase among young white men and women, their rates have remained high. The results of this study underscore the need to develop and implement new prevention and intervention programs targeted at youth, particularly minority youth.
Late Quaternary glaciation in the Tianshan and implications for palaeoclimatic change: a review

Xu, X. , Kleidon, A. , Miller, L. , Wang, S. , Wang, L. & Dong, G. 2009: Late Quaternary glaciation in the Tianshan and implications for palaeoclimatic change: a review. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009. 00118.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.
A chronogram for postglacial soil-landscape change from the Palliser Triangle, Canada

The soil-landscape chronogram summarizes the ways in which five slope-wash erosion cycles followed by two aeolian cycles interrupted postglacial soil formation in an enclosed hillslope system from hummocky moraine terrain. The four slope-wash cycles that followed the early-postglacial cycle occurred between 7.7 and 3 ka BP and caused about half of the total postglacial relief reduction. At the onset of the latter cycles, the locus of erosion switched from its prevalent position on the lower slope to the upper backslope, indicating recurrent fundamental changes in slope hydrology. The ensuing stratigraphic framework has a downslope thickening and fining clastic wedge, grading into the bottomland sequence and subdivided by soil catenas that merge upslope into a single compound mantle on the upland. The aeolian cycles entailed localized loess-dispersal systems, producing minor mantles of sandy-loam loess with saltation-load deposits on the leeward slope and suspension-load deposits elsewhere. Accumulation of long-range calcareous dust during the loess cycles supplied most of the secondary carbonates found in the buried soils. Three radiocarbon dates, together with Mazama tephra, enable partial correlation of these events to the regional Holocene-climate record.
Predictors of adverse events and medical errors in adult inpatients of psychiatric units of acute care general hospitals

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events (AE) or medical errors (ME) during inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations. Methods: A full-probability random sample of 4,371 charts from 14 inpatient psychiatric units at acute care general hospitals in Pennsylvania were reviewed in a two-stage process that comprised screening and flagging by nurses followed by review by psychiatrists. AE and ME rates were calculated overall and then stratified by patient and hospital factors. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models examined predictors of AEs and MEs. Results: An AE was identified in 14.5% of hospitalizations (95%CI=11.7–17.9) and an ME was identified in 9.0% (95%CI=7.5–11.0). In adjusted analyses, patients with a longer length of stay and older patients had higher odds of experiencing an AE or an ME. Patients ages 31–42 (compared with ages 18–30), with commercial insurance (compared with Medicare or Medicaid or uninsured), or treated at high-volume hospitals (compared with low, medium, or very high) had lower odds of an AE. Patients age 54 or older (compared with ages 18–30), admitted during the weekend, admitted to rural hospitals (compared with urban), or treated at very-high-volume hospitals (compared with high) were more likely to experience an ME. Conclusions: This study into tailor
Fine particulate chemical composition and light extinction at Canyonlands National Park using organic particulate material concentrations obtained with a multisystem, multichannel diffusion denuder sampler

The concentration of fine particulate carbonaceous material has been measured over a 1-year period at the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) Canyonlands National Park, Utah sampling site using a Brigham Young University organic sampling system (BOSS) multisystem, multichannel diffusion denuder sampler. Samples were collected on the IMPROVE schedule of a 24-hour sample every Wednesday and Saturday. The concentrations of particulate C, determined using only a quartz filter pack sampling system, were low by an average of 39%, as a result of the loss of semi-volatile organic compounds from the particles collected on quartz filters during sampling. The loss was higher during the summer than during the winter sampling periods. The BOSS and IMPROVE quartz filter carbon measurements were in agreement except for a few samples collected during the summer. The fine particulate carbonaceous material concentrations determined using the BOSS have been combined with concentrations of particulate elemental C (soot), sulfate, nitrate, crustal material, and fine and coarse particulate mass from the IMPROVE sampling system, as well as relative humidity, light absorption, and transmissometer measurements of light extinction from IMPROVE. Extinction budgets have been calculated using multilinear regression analyses of the data set. Literature data were used to estimate the change in the mass extinction coefficients for the measured species as a function of relative humidity. The results show carbonaceous material to be the principal contributor to light extinction due to particles during the study period, with the major contributor to light extinction being light-absorbing carbonaceous material. However, the periods of maximum light extinction are associated with high humidity and the associated increased scattering of light due to particulate sulfate during the winter. The effect of particulate organic compounds on light extinction is greatest in the summer and smallest in the winter.
The Influence of the 27-Day Variation of the Upper Atmosphere Neutral-Particle Density on Ionospheric Spread-F Occurrence.

Days of maximum 10.7 cm solar flux associated with solar rotations have been used as controls to investigate, using superposed-epoch methods, spread-F occurrence levels over a range of latitudes from sub-auroral regions to equatorial-anomaly crest regions. For all latitude regions, 27-day periodicities, and other periodicities of lesser significance, were recorded in the spread-F plots, with minima in the oscillations located near the central positions. For these oscillations spread-F occurrence levels changed by 5 percent in sub-auroral regions, about 15 percent in mid-latitude regions and 10 percent in low-latitude regions. It can be seen that, as the sun rotates, solar-activity changes have a significant influence on spread-F occurrence. With some complications, generally the spread-F minima were delayed after the solar-flux maxima by a few days. These and other experimental results suggest an explanation in terms of an hypothesis which considers the so-called 27-day variation of the upper-atmosphere neutral-particle density (neutral density) associated with the solar-rotations. The proposal is that it is the control by the neutral density of the medium-scale travelling ionosphere disturbance wave amplitudes which determines whether or not spread-F is observed on ionograms.
Automobiles, Air Toxics, and Adverse Health Risks: Environmental Inequities in Tampa Bay, Florida

Few environmental justice studies of air pollution have examined the adverse health implications of exposure to transportation-related emissions or used statistical techniques that are appropriate for spatial data. This article addresses these gaps by examining the distribution of cancer and respiratory risks from inhalation exposure to vehicular emissions of hazardous air pollutants in the Tampa Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area, Florida. This study advances quantitative environmental justice research by (a) focusing on mobile source air pollution instead of major point sources; (b) examining the health risks of disproportionate exposure; (c) including transportation disadvantaged individuals, in addition to minority and low-income residents; and (d) using multiple regression models that account for spatial dependence. Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1999 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment are utilized to estimate lifetime cancer and respiratory health risks from on-road vehicles for census tracts in the study area. Inequities associated with these risk estimates are investigated using relevant demographic and socioeconomic variables from Census 2000. Statistical analyses are based on simple comparisons, conventional multiple regression, and a set of spatial regression models that address spatial autocorrelation. Results indicate that race or ethnicity plays a persistent explanatory role in the distribution of health risks from vehicular emissions, after controlling for well-documented contextual factors. Additionally, tracts characterized by higher population density and lower rates of home ownership and vehicle ownership are facing significantly greater cancer and respiratory risks from traffic-related pollutants. These findings have several implications for transportation and land use policy in and beyond Tampa Bay.
Quaternary surface water temperature estimations: Calibration of a diatom transfer function for the Southern Ocean

The quantitative diatom analysis of 218 surface sediment samples recovered in the Atlantic and western Indian sector of the Southern Ocean is used to define a base of reference data for paleotemperature estimations from diatom assemblages using the Imbrie and Kipp transfer function method. The criteria which justify the exclusion of samples and species out of the raw data set in order to define a reference database are outlined and discussed. Sensitivity tests with eight data sets were achieved evaluating the effects of overall dominance of single species, different methods of species abundance ranking, and no-analog conditions (e.g., Eucampia Antarctica) on the estimated paleotemperatures. The defined transfer functions were applied on a sediment core from the northern Antarctic zone. Overall dominance of Fragilariopsis kerguelensis in the diatom assemblages resulted in a close affinity between paleotemperature curve and relative abundance pattern of this species downcore. Logarithmic conversion of counting data applied with other ranking methods in order to compensate the dominance of F. kerguelensis revealed the best statistical results. A reliable diatom transfer function for future paleotemperature estimations is presented.
Effect of normal stress during rupture propagation along nonplanar faults

[1] We study a symmetrical three-forked shear fault under simple triaxial stress. Rupture initiates in the central primary plane and propagates toward the branching point. One of the two branches is in the compressional quadrant, while the other is in the tensional domain. We study the following question: Does rupture always prefer propagating along the tensional branch because of the effect of normal stress? When the primary plane is located in the most favorable direction as determined by Mohr-Coulomb criterion, one finds that the compressional branch is almost always preferred for various dynamic coefficients and confining pressures. Simultaneous rupture propagation on both branches appears only under a very special condition found by Aochi et al. [2000b]. These results indicate that shear stress changes produced by the rupture front dominate during dynamic rupture propagation, compared to normal stress changes. This result depends completely on the orientation of the whole fault system. In all cases, we can explain the branch selection by analyzing the applied initial shear stress and the fault properties. Change of normal stress may play a role similar to shear stress change for disjoint faults since the effect of normal stress change sometimes dominates.
Probing Charged Impurities in Suspended Graphene Using Raman

Charged impurity (CI) scattering is one of the dominant factors that affects the carrier mobility in graphene. In this paper, we use Raman spectroscopy to probe the charged impurities in suspended graphene. We find that the 2D band intensity is very sensitive to the CI concentration in graphene, while the G band intensity is not affected. The intensity ratio between the 2D and G bands,I2D/IG, of suspended graphene is much stronger comparedtothatofnonsuspendedgraphene,duetotheextremelylowCIconcentrationintheformer.Thisfinding is consistent with the ultrahigh carrier mobility in suspended graphene observed in recent transport measurements. Our results also suggest that at low CI concentrations that are critical for device applications, the I2D/IGratioisabettercriterioninselectinghighqualitysinglelayergraphenesamplesthanistheGbandblueshift.