Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antitropicality and convergent evolution: a case study of Permian neospiriferine brachiopods

Antitropical distribution is a biogeographical pattern characterized by natural occurrences of the same species or members of the same clade in the middle‐ or middle‐to‐high‐latitudinal habitats of both hemispheres, either on land or in marine environments, without appearing in the intervening tropical environments. For most of the noted examples of Permian antitropical distribution, particularly in marine invertebrates, the causes of disjunctions have been mainly linked to either dispersal or vicariance models. Little attention has been paid to other possible mechanisms. This study investigated the antitropicality of some Permian neospiriferine brachiopods through detailed taxonomic revision, comparison of palaeobiogeographical distribution, and a phylogenetic analysis. Several species, previously assigned to Kaninospirifer, are here reassigned to other genera, especially to Fasciculatia in the northern hemisphere and to Quadrospira in the southern hemisphere during the Permian. Both Kaninospirifer and Fasciculatia appear to have been restricted to north‐western Pangea and north‐eastern Asia during the Permian, but there is no robust evidence to suggest their presence in the southern hemisphere to which Imperiospira and Quadrospira were confined. In spite of the distributional separation between the two pairs of neospiriferine genera in the Permian palaeobiogeographical regime, they share considerable numbers of morphological characters, such as a large shell, subdued fasciculation, and reduction of ventral adminicula. Notwithstanding these morphological similarities, our phylogenetic reconstruction of the neospiriferines does not support a close relationship between these genera. This therefore must indicate that these similar morphological features were independently acquired, probably with these taxa living in spatially separate but ecologically compatible environmental conditions in the mid‐latitudinal area of each hemisphere during the Permian. We regard this as an example of convergent evolution.
Particle microphysics and chemistry in remotely observed mountain polar stratospheric clouds

Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) at 22–26 km were observed over the Norwegian mountains by airborne lidar on January 15, 1995. Simulations using a mesoscale model reveal that they were caused by mountain-induced gravity waves. The clouds had a highly detailed filamentary structure with bands as thin as 100 m in the vertical, and moved insignificantly over 4 hours, suggesting them to be quasi-stationary. The aircraft flight path was parallel or close to parallel with the wind at cloud level. Such a quasi-Lagrangian observation, together with the presence of distinct aerosol layers, allows an air parcel trajectory through the cloud to be constructed and enables the lidar images to be simulated using a microphysical box model and light scattering calculations. The results yield detailed information about particle evolution in PSCs and suggest that water ice nucleated directly from liquid HNO3/H2SO4/H2O droplets as much as 4 K below the ice frost point. The observation of solid nitric acid hydrate particles downwind of the mountains shows that such mesoscale events can generate solid PSC particles that can persist on the synoptic scale. We also draw attention to the possible role of mesoscale PSCs in chlorine activation and subsequent ozone destruction.
Reanalysis of simple shear soil testing

Simple shear devices are used fairly extensively in soil mechanics research, lately especially in connection with cyclic testing. This presentation starts out by extending existing isotropic, elastic analyses of stresses and strains in the simple shear test. The effects of partial differential boundary slippage at the interface between the soil specimen and the top and bottom caps of the apparatus are analyzed. A comparison is made between constant volume and truly undrained simple shear tests.Because there is a coupling of shear and normal strains in soils, both may result from either shear or normal stresses, and vice versa. Therefore, an applied simple shear state of strain will not in general produce a simple shear state of stress in a soil sample, and it is shown analytically and experimentally that significant changes in lateral stresses do occur in simple shear tests. Such patterns of behavior are thereafter incorporated in the interpretation of cyclic loading simple shear tests on sand.
Effect of the Mode of Shear on Static Liquefaction Analysis

AbstractThe current practices for determining the peak (yield) and postliquefaction (critical) undrained shear strength of liquefiable cohesionless soils for grounds subject to static shear stress (e.g., sloping grounds or grounds beneath foundations) require either a suite of costly laboratory shear tests on undisturbed field samples or empirical correlations with in situ penetration tests, which do not account for the effect of the shearing mode on soil behavior. Improved correlations are developed in this study for estimating the undrained triggering and postliquefaction shear strengths of cohesionless soils, which are based on the most reliable field-liquefaction data from past cases of liquefaction flow failures and soil shearing behavior observed in a large database of 600 laboratory shear tests for different modes of shear. The proposed method accounts for the variations in the mode of shear when providing estimates of the undrained triggering and postliquefaction strengths mobilized in static liqu.
Ocean colour estimates of particulate organic carbon reservoirs in the global ocean – revisited

We have examined 16 years (1998–2013) of particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations derived from remotely sensed ocean colour. POC concentrations vary spatially from more than 300 mg m−3 in the northern North Atlantic in summer to about 20 mg m−3 in the oligotrophic South Pacific (16-year global average = 67.7 mg m−3). The seasonal variability is weak at lower latitudes and stronger at higher latitudes. The annual mean surface POC concentrations show statistically significant regional trends (p < 0.05, 95% confidence level), and are decreasing in the North Atlantic and North Pacific and increasing in the South Pacific and Southern Oceans. The global trend is not significant. The 16-year global average water column POC biomass integrated over the euphotic depth, the mixed layer depth, or based on a combination of these two depths is estimated to be about 3.97, 3.92, and 5.03 g m−2, respectively. Water column integrated biomass shows different spatial and seasonal patterns than the surface POC concentrations, and is increasing in many ocean regions. Globally averaged POC biomass is also increasing. At the same time ocean colour data indicate a decrease in the global oceanic productivity (PP). This means that there is a negative trend in the ratio of PP to POC biomass almost everywhere in the ocean. Such a decrease could indicate that the biological pump in the ocean is weakening, but longer time series of the ocean colour data are needed to confirm this observation.
Revised IR spectrum, radiative efficiency and global warming potential of nitrogen trifluoride

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) is an industrial gas used in the semiconductor industry as a plasma etchant and chamber cleaning gas. NF3 is an alternative to other potent greenhouse gases and its usage has increased markedly over the last decade. In recognition of its increased relevance and to aid planning of future usage we report an updated radiative efficiency and global warming potentials for NF3. Laboratory measurements give an integrated absorption cross section of 7.04 × 10−17 cm2 molecule−1 cm−1 over the spectral region 200–2000 cm−1. The radiative efficiency is calculated to be 0.21 Wm−2 ppbv−1 and the 100 year GWP, relative to carbon dioxide, is 17200. These values are approximately 60% higher than previously published estimates, primarily reflecting the higher infrared absorption cross‐sections reported here.
Paleoceanography of the Barents Sea during the Holocene

[1] We measured the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic and benthic foraminifera in three cores collected at key positions to reconstruct the paleoceanography of the Barents Sea: core ASV 880 on the path of the northern branch of Atlantic water inflowing from the Arctic Ocean, core ASV 1200 in the central basin near the polar front, and core ASV 1157 in the main area of brine formation. Modern seawater δ18O measurements show that far from the coast, δ18O variations are linearly linked to the salinity changes associated with sea ice melting. The foraminifer δ18O records are dated by 14C measurements performed on mollusk shells, and they provide a detailed reconstruction of the paleoceanographic evolution of the Barents Sea during the Holocene. Four main steps were recognized: the terminal phase of the deglaciation with melting of the main glaciers, which were located on the surrounding continent and islands, the short thermal optimum from 7.8 ka B.P. to 6.8 ka B.P., a cold mid-Holocene phase with a large reduction of the inflow of Atlantic water, and the inception of the modern hydrological pattern by 4.7 ka B.P. Brine water formation was active during the whole Holocene. The paleoclimatic evolution of the Barents Sea was driven by both high-latitude summer insolation and the intensity of the Atlantic water inflow.
Bird and dinosaur footprints in the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian), Texas

Abstract The ichnofauna of the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian), Denton County, Texas includes bird and dinosaur tracks. A new bird trackway, Magnoavipes lowei ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., appears to represent the largest bird tracks known from the Mesozoic. A theropod trackway, Fuscinapedis woodbinensis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., is characterized by long digits of uniform width and pointed small claws. Six hadrosaurid trackways, Caririchnium protohadrosaurichnos ichnosp. nov., are the oldest hadrosaurid tracks associated with skeletal elements. They include one isolated small footprint, a medium sized quadrupedal, and five large bipedal hadrosaurid trackways.
Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management

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Static deformations and gravity changes at the earth's surface due to atmospheric loading

A method and apparatus provided at the initial stages of the drying section in a paper making machine for reliably transporting the web from the press section to the drying section and for reliably transporting the web at the initial drying section stage including a group of drying cylinders including a pair of substantially horizontal rows of drying cylinders located one above the other defining an upper drying cylinder row and a lower drying cylinder row and a web supporting lower endless drying belt extending alternately between drying cylinders in said upper and lower drying cylinder rows alternately lapping sectors of the drying cylinders in the upper and lower rows. In its transport over these drying cylinders the web is separated from the drying cylinders in the upper cylinder row by the lower drying belt while the web is in contact with the drying cylinders in the lower cylinder row. An upper endless drying belt contacts the web portions which extend over the upper drying cylinders so that the web is located between the upper and lower drying belts over at least a portion of its travel over the upper drying cylinders. A selectively adjustable lead-in roller directs the upper drying belt into contact with a lead-in drying cylinder at least during the period when the web is directed from the press section to the drying section.
Surface Evaporation during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment: A Climate-Scale Perspective

Abstract This study is directed to evaluating the feedback between evaporation (FL) and sea surface temperature (Ts) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean by looking at the components that control dFL/dTs, the variation of evaporation with Ts. First eddy correlation evaporation estimates obtained during long (∼1000–1500 km), low-level (30 m) traverses of the central equatorial Pacific by research aircraft during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) are analyzed. From this limited dataset, extension to climate space- and timescales is made by comparing the aircraft measurements to bulk aerodynamic estimates of FL, using mean values from both the aircraft and Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean buoys. Variation of surface evaporation with Ts is shown to be affected not only by surface saturation humidity deficit and its dependence on Ts, but also by variations of wind speed with Ts. Depending on the relative importance of the two contributions, surface evaporation can either increase or decrease with Ts. Inter.
Teleseismic double-difference relocation of earthquakes along the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone using a 3-D model

[1] We have extended the double-difference seismic tomography method to teleseismic distances with 3-D ray tracing conducted through nested regional-global velocity models and applied the method to relocate seismicity from the Sumatra-Andaman region before and after the great earthquakes of 2004 and 2005. We tested the algorithm's accuracy using both independent local data and an alternate relocation method and found good agreement between the results. The use of depth phases, differential times, and a realistic 3-D velocity model improves the accuracy and precision of epicenters and focal depths, systematically shifting them perpendicular to the trench and shallower, respectively. The relocations refine the location of the megathrust and other faults, the patterns of aftershocks, and their relation to slip during the two great earthquakes. In addition, the relocations reveal several discrete features not readily discernible in the scatter of teleseismic catalogs, including an arcuate, narrow band of earthquakes presumed to define the updip rupture limit in the 2005 event and a lineation at depth tracing the subduction of the Investigator Fracture Zone. When viewed in conjunction with tomography results, the geometry and structural features of the subduction zone are revealed in unprecedented detail.
The MAR‐Vema Fracture Zone intersection surveyed by deep submersible Nautile

One of the two objectives of the Vemanaute cruise of the French deep submersible Nautile, was the geological study of the eastern intersection area between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and the Vema Fracture Zone in the equatorial Atlantic. Fourteen dives were conducted that allowed detailed geological survey and sampling of the main morphostructural units of this area: the northern and southern walls of the fracture zone, the median ridge, the northern and southern troughs and the nodal basin. In situ observations of recent tectonic features such as furrows, ridges and circular depressions, concentrated within the southern trough, allowed us to establish the location and the size of the present-day displacement zone. Geological investigations have shown that the nodal basin is entirely floored by basalts thus contrasting with other equivalent areas such as the Kane and Oceanographer fracture zone-MAR eastern intersections. Finally, this study stresses the great opposition between the relatively old and tectonically inactive northern part of the fracture, and the southern part which shows active tectonics and recent volcanic activity.
Curing and Preventing Euroarea’s Sovereign Debt Crises: Some Issues and a Recipe

The sovereign debt crisis that has now been troubling the euro area for nearly three years originated as part of the scenario of the global financial turbulence that started in the summer of 2007, but it is characterised by specific causes and peculiar problems. The efforts to diagnose its causes, as well as to cure it and to prevent future difficulties of the same kind and severity, require careful consideration of the features of the institutions of the European Union, of the organisation of the financial sector of the euro area and of the economic policies of the member countries.
Rural Labour Relations in India

Rural labour relations in India - persistent themes, common processes and differential outcomes liberalisation, rural labour markets and the mobilisation of farm workers - the Haryana story in an All-India context unfree relations and the feminisation of agricultural labour in Andhra Pradesh, 1970-95 rural labour relations and development dilemmas in Kerala - reflections on the dilemmas of a socially transforming labour force in a slowly growing economy politics of the poor - agricultural labourers and political transformations in Uttar Pradesh agrarian power and unfree labour rural labour in Uttar Pradesh - emerging features of subsistence, contradiction and resistance patterns of accumulation and struggles of rural labour - some aspects of agrarian change in central Bihar abstracts.
An EarthCARE/ATLID simulator to evaluate cloud description in climate models

Clouds still remain the largest source of uncertainty in model‐based predictions of future climate; thus, the description of the clouds in climate models needs to be evaluated. In particular, the cloud detailed vertical distribution that impacts directly the cloud radiative effect needs to be evaluated. Active satellite sensors directly measure the cloud vertical distribution with high accuracy; their observations should be used for model evaluation together with a satellite simulator in order to allow fair comparison between models and observations. The next cloud lidar in space, EarthCARE/ATmospheric LIDar (ATLID), is planned for launch in 2018, while the current spaceborne cloud lidar CALIPSO/CALIOP is expected to stop collecting data within the next coming years. Here we describe the characteristics of the ATLID on board the EarthCARE satellite (spatial resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio, wavelength, field of view, pulse repetition frequency, orbit, and high‐spectral resolution lidar) that need to be taken into account to build a Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observation Simulator Package (COSP)/ATLID simulator. We then present the COSP/ATLID simulator, and the low‐, middle‐, high‐level cloud covers it produces, as well as the zonal mean cloud fraction profiles and the height‐intensity histograms that are simulated by COSP/ATLID when overflying an atmosphere predicted by LMDZ5 global circulation model. Finally, we compare the clouds simulated by COSP/ATLID with those simulated by COSP/CALIPSO when overflying the same atmosphere. As the main differences between ATLID and CALIOP are taken into account in the simulators, the differences between COSP/ATLID and COSP/CALIPSO cloud covers are less than 1% in nighttime conditions
Functional differences between Stat3alpha and Stat3beta

Stat3beta is a short form of Stat3 that differs from the longer form (Stat3alpha) by the replacement of the C-terminal 55 amino acid residues of Stat3alpha by 7 residues specific to Stat3beta. In COS cells transfected with Stat3 expression plasmids, both Stat3alpha and Stat3beta were activated for DNA binding and transcription by the same set of growth factors and cytokines and both, when activated, formed homodimers and heterodimers with Stat1. Only Stat3beta was active in the absence of added cytokine or growth factor. Activation of each form, including constitutive activation of Stat3beta, was correlated with the phosphorylation of tyrosine 705. Activated Stat3beta in transfected COS cells was more stable and had greater DNA-binding activity than activated Stat3alpha. However, relative to DNA-binding activity, Stat3alpha showed greater transcriptional activity than Stat3beta. A mutant of Stat3alpha lacking its highly acidic C-terminal 48 amino acids had properties indistinguishable from Stat3beta. We conclude that Stat3alpha and Stat3beta have significantly different properties due to the presence or absence of the acidic C-terminal tail of Stat3alpha rather than the C-terminal sequence peculiar to Stat3beta. In addition to its effect on transcription, we speculate that the acidic tail may destabilize the active dimeric form of Stat3alpha, resulting in lower DNA-binding activity of the Y705-phosphorylated form compared to Stat3beta and in more rapid dephosphorylation.
Temporal evolution of reference evapotranspiration and its sensitivity to the key climatic elements in the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The temporal evolution of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) reflects the effects of the variables of the Penman-Monteith equation. Understanding the ETo behavior is fundamentally important to agriculture. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the effects of the possible climatological elements changes on the reference evapotranspiration in the region of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to assess the sensitivity of the Penman-Monteith equation (FAO) to the variations of these climatic elements. Through tendency analysis, using the Mann-Kendall statistic and the t test of linear regression, the behavior of the following climate elements were analyzed: maximum and minimum temperatures; insolation; wind speed and relative humidity. Based on the Penman-Monteith model (FAO), the ETo was calculated and its changes were studied by analyzing the sensitivity of the ETo to the climatic elements and, also, the tendencies observed from these elements over the period from 1975 to 2003. There was an increase in the reference evapotranspiration, primarily due to the reduction of the relative humidity and the increasing wind speed. The reference evapotranspiration showed an increase of about 2.85 mm per year.
NOTAS SOBRE LA AVIFAUNA DEL HUMEDAL SANTA MARÍA DEL LAGO, CORDILLERA ORIENTAL DE LOS ANDES COLOMBIANOS

The results of the inventory of the observed macrofauna are presented (February 23 - May 31 of the 2001) in Santa Maria del Lago, one of the thirteen present wetlands in Bogota during their rehabilitation landscape (recovery of the mirror of water, revegetation and reforestation). The results include a list with the observations about the habitat, activity and frequency of 3 species of fish, 1 of amphibians, 31 of birds and 3 of mammals, registered in the different monthly samplings with an intensity of one per week. Inside the fauna of the mentioned wetland, the presence of the mammals Cavia anolaimae (Caviidae), Oeomys speciosus (Muridae) and, Olygoryzomys fulvescens (Muridae), the frog Hyla labialis (Hylidae) and the fishes Eremophilus mutissii (Trichomycteridae) and, Grundulus bogotensis (Characidae) that were considered missing of the wetland. Also report for first time of the wetland, 9 species of birds (Anas platyrhynchos, Carduelis psaltria, Anser anser, Diglossa humeralis, Piranga olivacea, P. rubra, Rhamphocelus dimidiatus, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, Vireo olivaceus), and exotic fish (C. auratus).