Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Dawn of the Red: star formation histories of group galaxies over the past 5 billion years

We examine the star formation properties of group and field galaxies in two surveys, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (at z ∼ 0.08) and Group Environment Evolution Collaboration (GEEC; at z ∼ 0.4). Using ultraviolet imaging from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer space telescope, along with optical and, for GEEC, near-infrared photometry, we compare the observed spectral energy distributions to large suites of stellar population synthesis models. This allows us to accurately determine star formation rates and stellar masses. We find that star-forming galaxies of all environments undergo a systematic lowering of their star formation rate between z = 0.4 and 0.08 regardless of mass. None the less, the fraction of passive galaxies is higher in groups than the field at both redshifts. Moreover, the difference between the group and field grows with time and is mass dependent, in the sense the difference is larger at low masses. However, the star formation properties of star-forming galaxies, as measured by their average specific star formation rates, are consistent within the errors in the group and field environment at fixed redshift. The evolution of passive fraction in groups between z = 0.4 and 0 is consistent with a simple accretion model, in which galaxies are environmentally affected 3 Gyr after falling into a ∼10 13 M ⊙ group. This long time-scale appears to be inconsistent with the need to transform galaxies quickly enough to ensure that star-forming galaxies appear similar in both the group and field, as observed.
Large energy soliton erbium-doped fiber laser with a graphene-polymer composite mode locker

Due to its unique electronic property and the Pauli blocking principle, atomic layer graphene possesses wavelength-independent ultrafast saturable absorption, which can be exploited for the ultrafast photonics application. Through chemical functionalization, a graphene-polymer nanocomposite membrane was fabricated and first used to mode lock a fiber laser. Stable mode locked solitons with 3 nJ pulse energy, 700 fs pulse width at the 1590 nm wavelength have been directly generated from the laser. We show that graphene-polymer nanocomposites could be an attractive saturable absorber for high power fiber laser mode locking.
Mg coating induced superconductivity in the FeSe ultrathin film

The transition from insulator to superconductor was achieved in the non-superconducting FeSe ultrathin film via simple Mg coating technique in present work. It was found that in non-superconducting FeSe ultrathin film without Mg coating, insulating \b{eta}-Fe1-xSe phase with iron-vacancy disorders is the main phase and more likely to be the parent phase of FeSe superconducting system. Proper Mg coating on the surface of FeSe films can lead to Mg entering FeSe crystal lattice to fill up these Fe vacancies rather than replace Fe. Simultaneously, additional electron doping is introduced and the electron carrier concentration in this parent phase can be tuned, which is responsible for the SIT and evolution of superconductivity in this system. However, abnormal decrease of electron concentration was found in FeSe film with excessive Mg coating, which brings about the severe degradation in superconducting performance.
Effective field calculations of the energy spectrum of the PT-symmetric (-x 4 ) potential

In this work, we show that the traditional effective field approach can be applied to the $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric wrong sign ($-x^{4}$) quartic potential. The importance of this work lies in the possibility of its extension to the more important $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric quantum field theory while the other approaches which use complex contours are not willing to be applicable. We calculated the effective potential of the massless $-x^{4}$ theory as well as the full spectrum of the theory. Although the calculations are carried out up to first order in the coupling, the predicted spectrum is very close to the exact one taken from other works. The most important result of this work is that the effective potential obtained, which is equivalent to the Gaussian effective potential, is bounded from below while the classical potential is bounded from above. This explains the stability of the vacuum of the theory. The obtained quasi-particle Hamiltonian is non-Hermitian but $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric and we showed that the calculation of the metric operator can go perturbatively. In fact, the calculation of the metric operator can be done even for higher dimensions (quantum field theory) which, up till now, can not be calculated in the other approaches either perturbatively or in a closed form due to the possible appearance of field radicals. Moreover, we argued that the effective theory is perturbative for the whole range of the coupling constant and the perturbation series is expected to converge rapidly (the effective coupling $g_{eff}={1/6}$).
THE FORMATION OF KAPPA-DISTRIBUTION ACCELERATED ELECTRON POPULATIONS IN SOLAR FLARES

Driven by recent RHESSI observations of confined loop-top hard X-ray sources in solar flares, we consider stochastic acceleration of electrons in the presence of Coulomb collisions. If electron escape from the acceleration region can be neglected, the electron distribution function is determined by a balance between diffusive acceleration and collisions. Such a scenario admits a stationary solution for the electron distribution function that takes the form of a kappa distribution. We show that the evolution toward this kappa distribution involves a “wave front” propagating forward in velocity space, so that electrons of higher energy are accelerated later; the acceleration timescales with energy according to τacc ∼ E3/2. At sufficiently high energies escape from the finite-length acceleration region will eventually dominate. For such energies, the electron velocity distribution function is obtained by solving a time-dependent Fokker–Planck equation in the “leaky-box” approximation. Solutions are obtained in the limit of a small escape rate from an acceleration region that can effectively be considered a thick target.
Spatiotemporal Variation of Malaria Transmission in Different Altitudes of Lower Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya

Purpose: Malaria transmission is one of the consequences of climate variability and change. The burden is greatest in the developing countries of the tropics especially Africa south of the Sahara. In Kenya, particularly the Lower Lake Victoria Basin (LLVB), it is blamed on the historical high rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. This study sought to determine spatiotemporal variation of malaria transmission in different altitudes of the LLVB, Kenya. Methodology: The study relied on data from routine malaria case transmission records archived by the Health Information System for ten years. Data for Kakamega, Kisumu and Migori Counties were obtained from the Kenya Health Information System (KHIS) through Sub-County Health Facilities. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to correlate the suspected and confirmed transmission cases. ANOVA was used in testing the variability of transmission, Time Series to determine transmission characteristics while malaria case transmission tables and Tukeys Honest Significance Difference (HSD) were for testing the significance of the distribution of malaria. Findings: The suspected cases were found to have been overstated in Migori and Kakamega Counties. Malaria transmission varied by altitude, space and time during the study period. Trends increased in Kisumu and Kakamega Counties while it decreased in Migori County. Transmission depicted both endemic and epidictic characteristics in the study area. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practices: Health facilities in the LLVB, Kenya should be equipped with more modern laboratory equipment to improve confirmation of transmission so as to reduce suspicions. Since most of the observations confirmed the varying nature of malaria transmission in relation to altitude, the aspect of blanket assumption concerning malaria transmission in the LLVB, Kenya should be stopped. LLVB, Kenya should be zoned by altitudes for effective mitigation and eradication strategies. The reduction of malaria case transmission in Migori County was an indication of possible future eradication. Its cause should be investigated and inferred to other counties. More research is necessary to establish situations elsewhere for effective management and control of transmissions. The revelations and recommendations were expected to enhance malaria eradication in the LLVB, Kenya and subsequently promote the realization of Kenya’s vision 2030.
Electromagnetic gauge field interpolation between the instant form and the front form of the Hamiltonian dynamics

We present the electromagnetic gauge field interpolation between the instant form and the front form of the relativistic Hamiltonian dynamics and extend our interpolation of the scattering amplitude presented in the simple scalar field theory to the case of the electromagnetic gauge field theory with the scalar fermion fields known as the sQED theory. We find that the Coulomb gauge in the instant form dynamics (IFD) and the light-front gauge in the front form dynamics, or the light-front dynamics (LFD), are naturally linked by the unified general physical gauge that interpolates between these two forms of dynamics and derive the spin-1 polarization vector for the photon that can be generally applicable for any interpolation angle. Corresponding photon propagator for an arbitrary interpolation angle is found and examined in terms of the gauge field polarization and the interpolating time ordering. Using these results, we calculate the lowest-order scattering processes for an arbitrary interpolation angle in sQED. We provide an example of breaking the reflection symmetry under the longitudinal boost, $P^z \leftrightarrow -P^z$, for the time-ordered scattering amplitude in any interpolating dynamics except the LFD and clarify the confusion in the prevailing notion of the equivalence between the infinite momentum frame (IMF) and the LFD. The particular correlation found in our previous analysis of the scattering amplitude in the simple scalar field theory, coined as the J-shaped correlation, between the total momentum of the system and the interpolation angle persists in the present analysis of the sQED scattering amplitude. We discuss the singular behavior of this correlation in conjunction with the zero-mode issue in the LFD.
The lifting bifurcation problem on feed-forward networks

We consider feed-forward networks, that is, networks where cells can be divided into layers, such that every edge targeting a layer, excluding the first one, starts in the prior layer. A feed-forward system is a dynamical system that respects the structure of a feed-forward network. The synchrony subspaces for a network, are the subspaces defined by equalities of some cell coordinates, that are flow-invariant by all the network systems. The restriction of a network system to each of its synchrony subspaces is a system associated with a smaller network, which may be, or not, a feed-forward network. The original network is then said to be a lift of the smaller network. We show that a feed-forward lift of a feed-forward network is given by the composition of two types of lifts: lifts that create new layers and lifts inside a layer. Furthermore, we address the lifting bifurcation problem on feed-forward systems. More precisely, the comparison of the possible codimension-one local steady-state bifurcations of a feed-forward system and those of the corresponding lifts is considered. We show that for most of the feed-forward lifts, the increase of the center subspace is a sufficient condition for the existence of additional bifurcating branches of solutions, which are not lifted from the restricted system. However, when the bifurcation condition is associated with the internal dynamics and the lift occurs inside an intermediate layer, we prove that the existence of a bifurcation branch not lifted from the restricted system does depend generically on the chosen feed-forward system.
Quantum Discord and Entanglement in Quasi-Werner States Based on Bipartite Superposed Coherent States

Recently, the authors [arXiv quant-ph 1209.3706] studied quantum discord for Werner mixed states based on the four entangled coherent states, which are used for quantum teleportation of single qubit information encoded in superposed coherent state and compared it with entanglement of formation. In the present paper, we consider two more general bipartite superposed coherent states and get two quasi-Werner states. We study quantum discord and entanglement of formation for these states and compare them.
COVID-19 and Inland Tourist Destination: A Tourism-related Enterprise View of the Effects and Policy Measures Adopted

ABSTRACT The public health crisis caused by COVID-19 has been particularly devastating due to its rapid spread and the strict measures that governments have had to take. From a business resilience approach, a total of 707 opinions were collected during May-April 2020. The owners and managers of the main tourist enterprises valued the effects and measures adopted by politicians. In order to identify inferentially the possible relationship between covid effects, on the one hand, and measures adopted, on the other hand, and tourism-related enterprises typologies, the multivariate technique of Correspondence Analysis has been used. According to the results obtained, the measures to face this type of crisis must be common to all enterprises, for example financial ones, but measures adapted to the type of business are also required, considering the assessment of its managers and owners.
THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE AND POTENTIAL OF THE FINITE MESTEL DISK

Mestel determined the surface mass distribution of the finite disk for which the circular velocity is constant in the disk and found the gravitational field for points in the z = 0 plane. Here we find the exact closed form solutions for the potential and the gravitational field of this disk in cylindrical coordinates over all the space. The finite Mestel disk (FMD) is characterized by a cuspy mass distribution in the inner disk region and by an exponential distribution in the outer region of the disk. The FMD is quite different from the better known exponential disk or the untruncated Mestel disk which, being infinite in extent, are not realistic models of real spiral galaxies. In particular, the FMD requires significantly less mass to explain a measured velocity curve.
Coherence of Superpositions

Quantum coherence is important in quantum mechanics, and its essence is from superposition principle. We study the coherence of any two pure states and that of their arbitrary superposition, and obtain the relationship between them. In the case that the two states have support on orthogonal subspaces, the relationship is simple, that is, the difference between the coherence of their superposition state and the average coherence of them is smaller than 1. In other cases, we obtain different and a little more complicated relationships. Furthermore, we also obtain the lower bound of coherence of superpositions.
THE LUMINOSITIES OF PROTOSTARS IN THE SPITZER c2d AND GOULD BELT LEGACY CLOUDS

Motivated by the long-standing “luminosity problem” in low-mass star formation whereby protostars are underluminous compared to theoretical expectations, we identify 230 protostars in 18 molecular clouds observed by two Spitzer Space Telescope Legacy surveys of nearby star-forming regions. We compile complete spectral energy distributions, calculate Lbol for each source, and study the protostellar luminosity distribution. This distribution extends over three orders of magnitude, from 0.01 L☉ to 69 L☉, and has a mean and median of 4.3 L☉ and 1.3 L☉, respectively. The distributions are very similar for Class 0 and Class I sources except for an excess of low luminosity (Lbol ≲ 0.5 L☉) Class I sources compared to Class 0. 100 out of the 230 protostars (43%) lack any available data in the far-infrared and submillimeter (70 μm <λ < 850 μm) and have Lbol underestimated by factors of 2.5 on average, and up to factors of 8–10 in extreme cases. Correcting these underestimates for each source individually once additional data becomes available will likely increase both the mean and median of the sample by 35%–40%. We discuss and compare our results to several recent theoretical studies of protostellar luminosities and show that our new results do not invalidate the conclusions of any of these studies. As these studies demonstrate that there is more than one plausible accretion scenario that can match observations, future attention is clearly needed. The better statistics provided by our increased data set should aid such future work.
Higher derivative gravity: field equation as the equation of state

One of the striking features of general relativity is that the Einstein equation is implied by the Clausius relation imposed on a small patch of locally constructed causal horizon. Extension of this thermodynamic derivation of the field equation to more general theories of gravity has been attempted many times in the last two decades. In particular, equations of motion for minimally coupled higher curvature theories of gravity, but without the derivatives of curvature, have previously been derived using a thermodynamic reasoning. In that derivation the horizon slices were endowed with an entropy density whose form resembles that of the Noether charge for diffeomorphisms, and was dubbed the Noetheresque entropy. In this paper, we propose a new entropy density, closely related to the Noetheresque form, such that the field equation of any diffeomorphism invariant metric theory of gravity can be derived by imposing the Clausius relation on a small patch of local causal horizon.
An upper limit on the sulphur abundance in HE 1327-2326

Context: Star HE 1327-2326 is a unique object, with the lowest measured iron abundance ([Fe/H] ~ -6) and a peculiar chemical composition that includes large overabundances of C, N, and O with respect to iron. One important question is whether the chemical abundances in this star reflect the chemical composition of the gas cloud from which it was formed or if they have been severely affected by other processes, such as dust-gas winnowing. Aims: We measure or provide an upper limit to the abundance of the volatile element sulphur, which can help to discriminate between the two scenarios. Methods: We observed HE 1327-2326 with the high resolution infra-red spectrograph CRIRES at the VLT to observe the S I lines of Multiplet 3 at 1045 nm. Results: We do not detect the S I line. A 3sigma$upper limit on the equivalent width (EW) of any line in our spectrum is EW<0.66 pm. Using either one-dimensional static or three-dimensional hydrodynamical model-atmospheres, this translates into a robust upper limit of [S/H]<-2.6. Conclusions: This upper limit does not provide conclusive evidence for or against dust-gas winnowing, and the evidence coming from other elements (e.g., Na and Ti) is also inconclusive or contradictory. The formation of dust in the atmosphere versus an origin of the metals in a metal-poor supernova with extensive "fall-back" are not mutually exclusive. It is possible that dust formation distorts the peculiar abundance pattern created by a supernova with fall-back, thus the abundance ratios in HE 1327-2326 may be used to constrain the properties of the supernova(e) that produced its metals, but with some caution.
EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN GALAXY CLUSTERS. II. THE EFFECTS OF CLUSTER SIZE AND DYNAMICAL STATE

Theory and simulations suggest that magnetic fields from radio jets and lobes powered by their central super massive black holes can be an important source of magnetic fields in the galaxy clusters. This is Paper II in a series of studies where we present self-consistent high-resolution adaptive mesh refinement cosmological magnetohydrodynamic simulations that simultaneously follow the formation of a galaxy cluster and evolution of magnetic fields ejected by an active galactic nucleus. We studied 12 different galaxy clusters with virial masses ranging from 1 × 1014 to 2 × 1015 M☉. In this work, we examine the effects of the mass and merger history on the final magnetic properties. We find that the evolution of magnetic fields is qualitatively similar to those of previous studies. In most clusters, the injected magnetic fields can be transported throughout the cluster and be further amplified by the intracluster medium (ICM) turbulence during the cluster formation process with hierarchical mergers, while the amplification history and the magnetic field distribution depend on the cluster formation and magnetism history. This can be very different for different clusters. The total magnetic energies in these clusters are between 4 × 1057 and 1061 erg, which is mainly decided by the cluster mass, scaling approximately with the square of the total mass. Dynamically older relaxed clusters usually have more magnetic fields in their ICM. The dynamically very young clusters may be magnetized weakly since there is not enough time for magnetic fields to be amplified.
Why Informal Professional Development Matters: Six Tips to Developing Professionally in the Physical Education Profession

Abstract The focus of this article is to offer tips for physical education teachers to develop and grow professionally. The six tips provided are not listed in order of importance, nor are they meant to be an exhaustive list. Instead, tips for enhancing professional development practices within the physical education profession are categorized based on associations with knowledge, practice, and student achievement.
Estimation of LHC and ILC Capabilities for Precision Higgs Boson Coupling Measurements

This paper discusses some aspects of the estimates of Higgs boson coupling sensitivities for LHC and ILC presented at the Snowmass 2013 meeting. I estimate the measurement accuracies underlying the CMS presentation to Snowmass. I present new fits for the ILC capabilities. I present some joints fits to prospective LHC and ILC data that demonstrates the synergy of the High-Luminosity LHC and ILC programs. Contributed to the proceedings of the Snowmass 2013 Community Summer Study.
The Latin American Giant Observatory: Contributions to the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2015)

The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is an extended cosmic ray observatory composed by a network of water-Cherenkov detectors spanning over different sites located at significantly different altitudes (from sea level up to more than $5000$\,m a.s.l.) and latitudes across Latin America, covering a huge range of geomagnetic rigidity cut-offs and atmospheric absorption/reaction levels. This detection network is designed to measure the temporal evolution of the radiation flux at ground level with extreme detail. The LAGO project is mainly oriented to perform basic research in three branches: high energy phenomena, space weather and atmospheric radiation at ground level. LAGO is built and operated by the LAGO Collaboration, a non-centralized collaborative union of more than 30 institutions from ten countries. These are the contributions of the LAGO Collaboration to the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 30 July - 6 August 2015, The Hague, The Netherlands