Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biopterin metabolism and nitric oxide recoupling in cancer

Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor necessary for the activity of several enzymes, the most studied of which is nitric oxide synthase. The role of this cofactor-enzyme relationship in vascular biology is well established. Recently, tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism has received increasing attention in the field of cancer immunology and immunotherapy due to its involvement in the cytotoxic T cell response. Past research has demonstrated that when the availability of BH4 is low, as it is in chronic inflammatory conditions and tumors, electron transfer in the active site of nitric oxide synthase becomes uncoupled from the oxidation of arginine. This results in the production of radical species that are capable of a direct attack on tetrahydrobiopterin, further depleting its local availability. This feedforward loop may act like a molecular switch, reinforcing low tetrahydrobiopterin levels leading to altered NO signaling, restrained immune effector activity, and perpetual vascular inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the evidence for this underappreciated mechanism in different aspects of tumor progression and therapeutic responses. Furthermore, we discuss the preclinical evidence supporting a clinical role for tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation to enhance immunotherapy and radiotherapy for solid tumors and the potential safety concerns.
Unsupervised network adaptation and phonetically-oriented system combination for the CHiME-4 challenge

In this paper, we describe our submitted systems for the CHiME-4 challenge and report the experimental results. We ﬁrst examine unsupervised speaker adaptation method for deep neural network (DNN) based acoustic model. The speaker-dependent DNN is constructed by re-training the speaker-independent DNN using evaluation data per speaker. Experiments show that the method provides up to 29% relative gain on the word error rate (WER). Second, we describe a phonetically-oriented system combination method. The method utilizes phonetic similarity to construct a word alignment. It gives a better treatment of insertion and deletion errors in the word alignment. Experiments show that the method provides up to 16% relative gain. Finally, we combine the above methods with our previous approaches for the submitted system. We utilize multi-output signals from local Gaussian modeling (LGM) based source separation as augmented training data. We also used the LGM as a preprocessing of beamforming at frontend. The submitted sys-tem achieved 4.68% of WER for the real evaluation set.
Ecological risk assessment of microplastics in agricultural soils of Coimbatore region, India

Although plastics provide numerous conveniences for human life, concerns about ecosystems and human life are rising tremendously due to increased plastic production and consumption. The ubiquitous presence and undeniable distribution of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural usage created a major risk concern for soil ecology and human health. The ecological risk assessment of microplastics in agricultural sites in the Coimbatore region of South India has been evaluated using three ecological risk indices: Pollution Hazard Index (PHI), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI). Based on the concentration of hazardous MPs (Polyethylene, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylamide, polyacrylamide, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride) in sampling sites, risk assessment indicated the major risk level in inorganic fertilizers applied site. Meanwhile, PLI indicated that all the sites were in category I with low pollution load in the region. However, the hazard scores of polymers increased the PERI values and exhibited their values in the extremely dangerous category. Since the models for evaluating MPs risk in agricultural sites are not yet developed, this calculation is cautiously calculated and further research could gradually add base reference data for understanding the distribution, ecological risk, and trophic transfer of MPs.
The influence of mass parameters of the body on active safety of a fire engine in terms of the selection of chassis

The position of the centre of masses affects the distribution of wheel loads and, at the same time, the stability of the vehicle in drive on bends as well as the course (intensity and efficiency) of braking. For fire engines heading for the site of emergency, these are important properties regarding performance. The paper presents a simplified factor analysis of the influence of the centre of masses position in special vehicles with fire fighting bodywork on the characteristics of steering, lateral stability and braking forces. A relation between the transfer function and the driving speed has been presented and the influence of the distance between the centre of masses from the rear axle of the vehicle on its steerability has been analysed. With the examples of given vehicles, it has been shown to what extent the mentioned indices and parameters can be changed after equipping a standard truck chassis with our bodywork system. The information contained herein may be useful for the construction departments of specialized vehicle bodywork manufacturers.
Pore‐Scale Imaging and Analysis of Phase Topologies and Displacement Mechanisms for CO2‐Brine Two‐Phase Flow in Unconsolidated Sand Packs

CO2 storage in saline aquifers is considered a potential solution for CO2 mitigation, owing to its significant capacity and worldwide distribution capability. It is therefore becoming more important to understand the underground CO2/brine flow mechanisms. CO2 migration is primarily controlled by the pore‐scale subsurface flows in different saline aquifer sites with variable reservoir formation compositions and reservoir conditions. Variations occur in the state of CO2 phase (gas versus supercritical), brine salinity, and rock wettability, under different reservoir conditions, and may result in different subsurface CO2/brine migration phenomena. In this study, we investigate the drainage and imbibition procedures of CO2 and brine by injecting fluids into unconsolidated sand packs under different conditions of CO2 phase states, brine salinity, and wettability of sand packs. The pore‐scale fluid distribution is visualized using micro X‐ray computed tomography (micro‐CT). It is found that the phase states of CO2, brine salinity, and wettability have low impacts on CO2 distribution during drainage. However, the increase in brine salinity significantly damages the connectedness of the water phase in pore structures and further decreases the CO2‐brine interfacial areas. In addition, a pore‐scale event called the droplet fragmentation of nonwetting phase is found to occur in the imbibition procedure, which is considered to be beneficial to the dissolution trapping in CO2 geological storages. It is experimentally demonstrated that the pore structure of rock cores is a factor that significantly contributes to droplet fragmentation.
Vad innebär framgång för lantbrukare

Forskning har visat att lantbrukare oftast kanner storre tillfredsstallelse med lantbruk som en livsstil och upplever storre tillfredsstallelse med jobbet an vad andra yrkesgrupper gor. Rikedom, erkannande och tillvaxt har oftast setts som kriterier for att ett foretag ska anses vara framgangsrikt. En stor andel av Sveriges lantbrukare upplever att de har dalig eller mycket dalig lonsamhet skulle det da innebara att en stor del av lantbruksforetagarna inte ser sig som framgangsrika. Kan det vara sa att det ar en skillnad mellan vad lantbrukarna har for mal med sitt foretag och vad allmanheten (teorin) tror att de har, namligen hog vinst och tillvaxt? I den har kvalitativa undersokningen har totalt nio lantbrukare (fyra yngre och fem aldre) fatt svara pa vad de ser som framgang. Detta har gjorts med utgang i means-end teorin dar uttalandena har forsokts forklarats av de bakomliggande varderingarna. Resultaten visar att framgang for lantbrukarna till stor del handlar om att ha ett tillfredstallande ekonomiskt resultat, ha kontroll over sin produktion och utveckla den framat. De aldre lantbrukarna sag ocksa mojligheten till att gora det de trivdes med som ett framgangskriterium. De yngre var mer prestationsinriktade an vad de aldre verkade vara och flera av dem havdade att de ville bevisa att det gar bedriva mjolkproduktion trots den daliga lonsamhet som varit i branschen. Den radande ekonomiska situationen i de olika foretagen samt familjesituationerna som foretagarna har hemma ser ut att paverka svaren i forhallandevis hog grad. Det som ar genomgaende for lantbrukarna ar att det framst inte handlar om att tjana stora summor eller ha nya maskiner for att se sig som framgangsrika.
Clinical Interpretation of Serum Troponin in the Era of High-Sensitivity Testing

Cardiac troponin (Tn) plays a central role in the evaluation of patients with angina presenting with acute coronary syndrome. The advent of high-sensitivity assays has improved the analytic sensitivity and precision of serum Tn measurement, but this advancement has come at the cost of poorer specificity. The role of clinical judgment is of heightened importance because, more so than ever, the interpretation of serum Tn elevation hinges on the careful integration of findings from electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, physical exam, interview, and other imaging and laboratory data to formulate a weighted differential diagnosis. A thorough understanding of the epidemiology, mechanisms, and prognostic implications of Tn elevations in each cardiac and non-cardiac etiology allows the clinician to better distinguish between presentations of myocardial ischemia and myocardial injury—an important discernment to make, as the treatment of acute coronary syndrome is vastly different from the workup and management of myocardial injury and should be directed at the underlying cause.
Feature-Based Knowledge Distillation for Infrared Small Target Detection

Infrared small target detection is an extremely challenging task because of its low resolution, noise interference, and the weak thermal signal of small targets. Nevertheless, despite these difficulties, there is a growing interest in this field due to its significant application value in areas such as military, security, and unmanned aerial vehicles. In light of this, we propose a feature-based knowledge distillation method (IRKD) for infrared small target detection, which can efficiently transfer detailed knowledge to students. The key idea behind IRKD is to assign varying importance to the features of teachers and students in different areas during the distillation process. Treating all features equally would negatively impact the distillation results. Therefore, we have developed a Unified Channel-Spatial Attention (UCSA) module that adaptively enhances the crucial learning areas within the features. The experimental results show that compared to other knowledge distillation methods, our student detector achieved significant improvement in mean average precision (mAP). For example, IRKD improves ResNet50-based RetinaNet from 50.5% to 59.1% mAP and improves ResNet50-based FCOS from 53.7% to 56.6% on Roboflow.
Factors Controlling Rate and Magnitude of Seismicity Induced by Geothermal Well Stimulation

Advancements central to the world’s transition to a greener economy such as geothermal energy are hampered by a lack of understanding and control of the maximum magnitude event. We develop a physical model for induced seismicity rate and identify the dominant factors on induced event magnitudes from the data. Induced seismicity observed during Enhanced Geothermal Stimulation (EGS) at Otaniemi, Finland and the Basel Deep Heat Mining project are reproduced by a physical model based on pore pressure diffusion and rate-and-state friction. The physical models produce simulations closest to the observations when assuming rate-and-state friction for shear failure with a diffusivity matching the pressure build-up at the well-head at onset of injections. At the same time, pressure drawdown immediately following shut-ins is best modeled with a lower diffusivity, indicating a significant change in diffusivity through fracture opening and closure. Seismicity rate following shut-in in Basel also indicates slower diffusion mechanisms. The potential of the model to serve as a forecasting tool is demonstrated by a pseudo-forecast that closely matches the entire seismicity rate history, using only the first injection stage as the training period. Next, we focus on the magnitude-frequency distribution of seismicity and how they may correlate to the injections. We observe a dominant, negative correlation of the b -value and maximum magnitude to depth in Otaniemi, although we do not observe the same relationship in Basel. Following a correction of the magnitudes to de-trend the dependence on depth in Otaniemi, both catalogs show a positive correlation between maximum magnitude and cumulative injected volume. We also observe a similar non-linear relationship between the magnitude-frequency distribution and distance from the injection source for the two catalogs. The identification of factors controlling seismicity rate and magnitudes provides basis for a control and optimization framework that may be utilized for sophisticated design of injection
Microbial Fuels : Technologies and Applications

The book will highlight major trends and developments in the field of microbial fuels, with contributions from a number of highly experienced researchers. It will serve as a comprehensive reference for industrial stakeholders, scientists, researchers and graduate students interested in microbial fuels. The aims of this work are to present the technologies and perspectives taking into account different socio-economical contexts. A specific chapter will focus on the general perspectives of microbial fuels for low-income and emerging countries.
S CALING C ONVEX N EURAL N ETWORKS WITH B URER - M ONTEIRO F ACTORIZATION

It has been demonstrated that the training problem for a variety of (non) linear two-layer neural networks (such as two-layer perceptrons, convolutional networks, and self-attention) can be posed as equivalent convex optimization problems, with an induced regularizer which encourages low rank. However, this regularizer becomes prohibitively expensive to compute at moderate scales, impeding training convex neural networks. To this end, we propose applying the Burer-Monteiro factorization to convex neural networks, which for the first time enables a Burer-Monteiro perspective on neural networks with non-linearities. This factorization leads to an equivalent yet computationally tractable non-convex alternative with no spurious local minima. We develop a novel relative optimality bound of stationary points of the Burer-Monteiro factorization, providing verifiable conditions under which any stationary point is a global optimum. Further, for the first time, we show that linear self-attention with sufficiently many heads has no spurious local minima. Our experiments validate the novel relative optimality bound and the utility of the Burer-Monteiro factorization for scaling convex neural networks.
GENERATING FUNCTIONS AND SUBSETS OF N WITH BOUNDED SPACING

This paper seeks to utilize the theory of symbolic combinatorics to analyze a specific problem involving choosing integers with bounded distance from each other. First, it introduces constructions on combinatorial classes and their associated actions on ordinary generating functions. Second, it uses these ideas to construct a class corresponding to the problem, find its generating function, and unpack it to calculate its coefficients. Finally, it provides a partial argument about the rate of growth of the expected value of the random variable defined by the ‘bounded spacing’ problem
Does Preferential Trade Bene(cid:133)t Poor Countries? A General Equilibrium Assessment with Nonhomothetic Preferences (cid:3)

We study the e⁄ects of preferential trade agreements (PTA) in a model where the income matters for consumption patterns. We develop a three-country Ricardian trade model in which goods are ranked according to priority and where economies differ in their income level. The poorest (richest) country has a comparative advantage in the production of lowest-ranked (highest-ranked) goods, specializing in goods with low (high) income elasticities in demand. The medium rich country specializes in the production of the intermediate-ranked commodities. We (cid:133)nd that being excluded from a PTA is detrimental for a low-income country, but not for the high-income country. Becoming a member of a PTA does also not guarantee welfare gains for the low income country, unless it is so poor that it cannot import the higher-ranked goods that the rich country produces.
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 1020 Dynamics of Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Parasites

Enweji, N. 2014. Dynamics of Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Parasites. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 1020. 49 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9007-2. Persistence of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum is a major problem to management and control malaria in endemic areas. The focus of this thesis was to study the dynamics of resistant P. falciparum parasites. The study was performed in two African countries: 1) Sudan: Asar village in eastern Sudan, here we examined the persistence of drug sensitive and resistant P. falciparum genotypes among individuals with single-clone and multiple clones infection during the dry season. We genotyped microsatellite loci in the vicinity of the dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr) and the dihydropteroate synthase gene (dhps). Microsatellite investigation showed that asymptomatic parasitemia persisted in some patients for several months throughout the dry season and into the next transmission season. In some samples mixed infections were detected, and we noted several cases where the microsatellite haplotype varied from month to month, suggesting turnover of different parasite populations in the blood. This demonstrates that even during asymptomatic infections there can be dynamics within the parasite population in an individual. In addition, we calculated the parasite density throughout the dry season to the next transmission season by using allele-specific quantitative PCR. Parasite density during the dry season fluctuated, but was generally lower than in the first transmission season. A significant difference (P<0.05) between dry and first transmission season was found in regard to the parasite density, whereas no significant difference was observed when dry and second transmission season were compared (P>0.05). 2) Ethiopia: West Arsi zone, one of the malaria endemic zones of the Oromia region. In the first study we determined the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria carriages from November-December 2012. According to PCR the prevalence of sub-microscopic P. falciparum carriage was 19.2%, microscopy-based prevalence was 3.7% while the prevalence was 6.9% using RDT. Based on this, PCR was considered a better tool for measuring Plasmodium prevalence than microscopy and RDT. A second study addressed the genetic diversity of chloroquine resistance (CQR) in P. falciparum by analysing four microsatellite markers in and around the pfcrt gene. Although CQ was withdrawn for more than a decade, 100% of the parasites still carried the Pfcrt K76T mutation. Only the CVIET haplotype was identified. Based on combinations of MS markers, seven different Ethiopian CQR variants (E1-E7) were identified. Both intronic and MS flanking the pfcrt gene showed low levels of diversity. Nizar Enweji, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
FERMAT’S CHRISTMAS THEOREM

The purpose of this paper is to provide a casual and conversational exposition of various proofs of Fermat’s Christmas theorem. Fermat’s Christmas theorem is an accessible result in number theory that can be explained using only concepts familiar to a general audience, but its many proofs use a wide range of approaches likely unfamiliar to the former. For that reason, this paper seeks to use Fermat’s Christmas theorem as a jumping off point from the math covered in our REU (apprentice program) to just a few of the varied and interesting techniques of number theory.
Fetal Anomaly

The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination.
Assessing the Influence of Optimism on Users' Continuance Use Intention of ChatGPT: An Expectation-Confirmation Model Perspective

: With the development of generative AI, ChatGPT has been the one generally used by users. Newer version of ChatGPT is in charge now. Understanding users’ continuance use intention of ChatGPT is then of importance. However, the impact of optimism in technology readiness index on users’ user satisfaction and continuance use intention of ChatGPT is not known. Furthermore, the importance of service quality in the expectation-confirmation model of ChatGPT also needs verification. This study is therefore motivated to clarify the issues based on the expectation-confirmation model. Data of one hundred and eight valid respondents were gathered and analyzed with SmartPLS 4.0. The results show that service quality significantly increases perceived usefulness and user satisfaction of ChatGPT. Optimism in technology readiness index also significantly enhances users’ user satisfaction and continuance use intention of ChatGPT. The results indicate that users enjoy the driving of ChatGPT in life or work; this differs ChatGPT from other general software. The results facilitate further development of diverse tools of generative AI.
ZERO EXPECTED WEALTH TAXES: A MIRRLEES APPROACH TO DYNAMIC OPTIMAL TAXATION BY NARAYANA

In this paper, I consider a dynamic economy in which a government needs to finance a stochastic process of purchases. The agents in the economy are privately informed about their skills, which evolve stochastically over time; I impose no restriction on the stochastic evolution of skills. I construct a tax system that implements a symmetric constrained Pareto optimal allocation. The tax system is constrained to be linear in an agent’s wealth, but can be arbitrarily nonlinear in his current and past labor incomes. I find that wealth taxes in a given period depend on the individual’s labor income in that period and previous ones. However, in any period, the expectation of an agent’s wealth tax rate in the following period is zero. As well, the government never collects any net revenue from wealth taxes.