Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Etude et conception d'une cavité Fabry-Perot de haute finesse pour la source compacte de rayons X ThomX

La diffusion Compton inverse est un moyen unique pour produire des rayons X quasi-monochromatiques via l'interaction entre des electrons relativistes et une impulsion laser. Ce processus presente l'avantage de produire des flux tres eleves de rayons X avec des energies superieures a quelques dizaines de keV. De plus, la divergence du faisceau de sortie est beaucoup plus grande que dans les sources de lumiere synchrotron classiques et le faisceau de rayons X est donc plus facile a manipuler. Nous presentons une source de rayons X en construction a l'Universite Paris-Sud, ThomX. Cette source utilise un faisceau d'electrons de 50 MeV qui interagit a 16,7 MHz avec une impulsion laser de quelques picosecondes dont la puissance moyenne est a l'etat de l'art avec 600 kW, permettant de produire des rayons X entre 30 et 50 keV avec un flux de 10^{13} ph/s. Cette gamme d'energie ainsi que la dependance energie-angulaire provenant du processus physique conviennent aux applications societales comme la radiotherapie ou l'histoire de l'art.Une cavite optique de tres haute finesse (> 24000) est utilisee comme prototype pour effectuer des travaux de R&D pour la source ThomX. 400 kW de puissance laser moyenne ont ete stockes avec succes dans cette cavite, en utilisant un faisceau laser d'entree de seulement 40 W. Ce resultat, unique au monde, permet d'envisager l'achevement de la source de rayons X de faible cout et de haut flux ThomX. Cette these explique les etudes experimentales et analytiques qui ont ete realisees pour atteindre cette performance, dont une generalisation du processus d'empilement des impulsions laser pour les faisceaux laser ayant une frequence de repetition differente de celle de la cavite, et les methodes developpees pour l'amelioration experimentale du couplage spatial.
Application of Lagrange Multiplier Formalism to Modeling of Longitudinal Vibration of Lower-Limb Exoskeleton

The paper formulates and solves the problem of free longitudinal vibration of the lower-limb exoskeleton using the method of Lagrange multipliers. Parts of the exoskeleton were replaced with continuous and discrete elements. The physical model includes properties characterizing the interaction between exoskeleton components, contact with the ground and the method of applying the load. On the basis of the presented model, an algorithm and a computational program were developed. It allowed to conduct the studies of the inﬂuence of selected model parameters on the longitudinal vibrations of the considered system.
Design of developable surfaces using the given data points

Many products such as ships, buildings, and clothes contain developable surfaces generated by sweeping a straight line along a three-dimensional curve. An automated design process does not exist due to di ﬃ culties satisfying the conditions of a developable surface. This study proposes a method to design a developable surface from the intended data points using the design process of a two-piece brassiere cup as an example. Here, we model a developable surface based on the di ﬀ erential geometry, which converts the design to its boundary curves. Then we formulate the error between the developable surface and the data points from the geometry condition and the optimization problem in the design process. Our method is veriﬁed by applying it to three examples: a shape composed of two developable surfaces, a sphere, which is a non-developable surface, and a realistic breast shape. a developable surface. However, designers have di ﬃ culty realizing their intentions because satisfying the conditions of a developable surface is challenging. Currently, the intended design is realized based on experience and intuition, which leads to ine ﬃ ciencies. Many studies have been conducted to address this shortcoming. Previously proposed methods to model developable surfaces have focused on its geodesic line(Bo and Wang, 2007), B-spline or NURBS surface(Aumann, 2003; Pottmann, 1999), o ﬀ sets of Bertrand curves, which coincide with each normal direction(Ravani and Ku, 1991; Bodduluri and Ravani, 1993), and its arbitrary curves(K.Rose et al.,2007). All of these studies focused on the modeling method and not the design of developable surfaces. If a developable surface can be designed from the 3D shape without considering the condition of developability, the design process will become more e ﬃ cient. In studies to approximate developable surfaces, Peternell proposed a method to reconstruct a developable surface from its point clouds based on the Laguerre geometry(Peternell, 2004). Chen et al. proposed an algorithm to approximate a developable surface from its point cloud(Chen et al., 1999). Liu et al. proposed a method to approximate surface with meshes composed of planar quadrilaterals(Liu et al., 2006). Stein et al. proposed a method to deﬁne the developability of triangle meshes and to approximate them by a set of developable surfaces(Stein et al., 2018), Kilian et al. proposed a method to reconstruct surfaces by curved formation(Kilian et al., 2008) and Mitani et al. proposed a method to design three-dimensional shape from rotational sweep shape(Mitani et al., 2009). These studies investigated approximating surfaces by developable g o
Mobility Gradient of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Chains near a Substrate Scaled by the Thickness of the Adsorbed Layer

The question of how to scale the mobility gradient of polymer chains near a substrate in supported ultrathin polymer films is a great challenge. In this paper, a mobility gradient of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) chains near a substrate is characterized by cold crystallization. We found that either decreasing the PET film thickness or increasing the absorbed layer thickness consistently reveals three characteristic film thicknesses, which are all linearly dependent on the adsorbed-layer thickness. At the first thickness, the low-temperature peak of the top surface crystallization starts to shift toward the high-temperature peak of the bulk-like polymer crystallization; at the second thickness, it arrives there; and at the third thickness, crystallization is completely suppressed. The three kinds of film thicknesses characterize the depth profile of the local dynamics, reflecting the long-range effects of the substrate, which could be scaled by the thickness of the adsorbed layer.
Prediction of the Cavitation over a Twisted Hydrofoil Considering the Nuclei Fraction Sensitivity at 4000 m Altitude Level

Cavitation phenomenon is important in hydraulic turbomachineries. With the construction of pumping stations and hydro power stations on plateau, the influence of nuclei fraction on cavitation becomes important. As a simplified model, a twisted hydrofoil was used in this study to understand the cavitation behaviors on pump impeller blade and turbine runner blade at different altitude levels. The altitudes of 0 m, 1000 m, 2000 m, 3000 m and 4000 m were comparatively studied for simulating the plateau situation. Results show that the cavitation volume proportion fcav increases with the decreasing of cavitation coefficient Cσ. At a specific Cσ, high altitude and few nuclei will cause smaller size of cavitation. The smaller Cσ is, the higher the sensitivity Δfcav is. The larger Cσ is, the higher the relative sensitivity Δfcav* is. On the twisted foil, flow incidence angle increases from the sidewall to mid-span with the decreasing of the local minimum pressure. When Cσ is continually decreasing, the size of cavitation extends in spanwise, streamwise and thickness directions. The cavity is broken by the backward-jet flow when Cσ becomes small. A tail generates and the cavity becomes relatively unstable. This study will provide reference for evaluating the cavitation status of the water pumps and hydroturbines installed on a plateau with high altitude level.
Considering cognitive styles when teaching the language to representatives of different cultures

The study is devoted to the consideration of the possibilities of taking cognitive styles into account when teaching a foreign language to representatives of different cultures. In modern foreign teaching practice, the cognitive style is a fundamental variable of individual differences in the degree of mastery of the material, as well as in the degree of adequate understanding of the teacher’s explanations. The study aims to analyze the process of the cognitive functioning of an individual in connection with their behavior and subsequent changes in a certain situation and identify cognitive styles that are directly related to the expression of individual character traits and their relationship with all human properties. As the main method, the authors of the work use an integrated approach that combines the method of psychological observation, cognitive-centered and educational-centered, the questionnaire method, and other empirical methods, using appropriate models and necessary research tools. The results of the study based on the experiment carried out by the authors among foreign students reveal a set of basic cognitive styles with clearly defined characteristics. Knowledge of this system will allow teachers to increase the effectiveness of the learning process and show the most effective methods for introducing and presenting new material in the classroom. The cognitive style allows students from different cultures to be classified according to their preferred way of receiving information (perception or intuitive perception) and their preferred way of processing information and then making decisions (thinking or feeling).
Mechanical-Biological Treatment of Mixed Municipal Solid Waste: Two Plants in Bengaluru, India

In recent times, there have been an enormous increase in the number and capacity of mechanical–biological treatment (MBT) plants all over the world owing to the need for finding sustainable solutions to the mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) problem. The objective of this study was to understand the technical and financial aspects of two MBT plants located in Bengaluru, India. Both plants treat mixed MSW. Of the two plants in Bengaluru, only one is financially stable and operating since 1975. The major product generated by this plant is compost. The second one was started in 2015 and closed after a year of operation. It was generating refuse-derived fuel (RdF) and compost. Compost and RdF generated by these MBT plants have limited market acceptance. Major challenges faced by both MBT plants in Bengaluru are untrained human resources, limited market demand for their products, budgetary constraints, inadequate infrastructure and unreliable MSW generation and composition data.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Based Amphiphiles

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) have attracted substantial academic interest for many years as hybrid materials and nanofillers for controlling thermal and mechanical properties, and for providing thermal and chemical resistance while retaining ease of processing. A natural extension of these studies has been working on POSS-based amphiphiles and thin film coatings. Studies at the air/water (A/W) interface have shown that trisilanol-POSS derivatives are amphiphilic and form uniform Langmuir films, whereas closed-cage POSS derivatives are hydrophobic and aggregate. In this study, two novel POSS derivatives were synthesized from PSS-(3-hydroxypropyl)heptaisobutyl substituted (POSS-OH) and completely characterized. Weisocyanate reacted with POSS-OH, and a POSS-based triester (POSS-triester) was obtained. Trifluoroacidolysis of the POSS-triester at room temperature afforded the corresponding triacid (POSS-triacid). Purified POSS-OH, POSS-triester, and POSS-triacid were studied by using surface pressure – area per molecule (Π-A) isotherms as well as Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) at the air/water (A/W) interface. Compared with previous work on trisilanol-POSS derivatives, the results indicated that POSS-triester was surface active and formed a liquid-expanded (LE) monolayer. In contrast, POSS-triacid monolayers were more condensed (LC) and were not dramatically affected by changes in pH. Results for the lift-off areas (Alift-off), limiting areas (A0), collapse areas (Ac), and iii collapse pressures (Πc) of POSS-OH, POSS-triester, and POSS-triacid were compared to trisilanolisobutyl-POSS (TiBP) and were interpreted in terms of possible molecular conformations. Whereas, TiBP has been hypothesized to exist in a vertex-on conformation, POSS-OH and POSS-triacid packing at the A/W interface was consistent with face-on conformations. For POSS-triester, the isotherm was consistent with a vertex-on conformation at low Π, but a face-on conformation at high Π.
Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater with Membrane Technologies: A Review

Poultry slaughterhouses produce a large amount of wastewater, which is usually treated by conventional methods. The traditional techniques face some challenges, especially the incapability of recovering valuable nutrients and reusing the treated water. Therefore, membrane technology has been widely adopted by researchers due to its enormous advantages over conventional methods. Pressure-driven membranes, such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO), have been studied to purify poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) as a standalone process or an integrated process with other procedures. Membrane technology showed excellent performance by providing high efficiency for pollutant removal and the recovery of water and valuable products. It may remove approximately all the pollutants from PSWW and purify the water to the required level for discharge to the environment and even reuse for industrial poultry processing purposes while being economically efficient. This article comprehensively reviews the treatment and reuse of PSWW with MF, UF, NF, and RO. Most valuable nutrients can be recovered by UF, and high-quality water for reuse in poultry processing can be produced by RO from PSWW. The incredible performance of membrane technology indicates that membrane technology is an alternative approach for treating PSWW.
Aqueous Choline Chloride: A Novel Solvent for Switchgrass Fractionation and Subsequent Hemicellulose Conversion into Furfural

The performance of aqueous choline chloride (ChCl) solution on switchgrass fractionation and further utilization was evaluated. Under a relatively mild pretreatment condition (120 °C, 25 min), acidified ChCl solution efficiently removed 76% xylan and 51% lignin from switchgrass. The solvent was recycled and reused with similar performance for at least four pretreatment cycles when an acidic condition was maintained. The solvent recycling and reuse led to an increase in cumulative lignin yield with increased pretreatment cycles, reaching 93% at the fifth cycle. Two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR analysis revealed that lignin recovered from the fifth cycle had a similar β-O-4 linkage abundance to native lignin. Such lignin would be well-suited for aromatic monomer production via depolymerization. The solvent recycling also resulted in xylose-rich pretreatment liquor, which was a good substrate and reaction medium for furfural production. The pretreated switchgrass showed good .
Classification of Differential Power Processing Architectures Based on VA Area Modeling

This article reviews and classifies the representative types of “differential power processing (DPP)” architectures, focusing on the aspect of how the processed power is reduced with DPP. Comparing with existing review works on this topic, this article provides new viewpoints from three perspectives. First, the differential power <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${P}_{{\text {diff}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at both architecture level and converter level is discussed. For the calculation of the total processed power in a power architecture, instead of summing up the output power <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${P}_{{\text {out}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> delivered by the DPP converters, we account for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${P}_{{\text {diff}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> inside the DPP converters because direct power exists not only at the architecture level but also at the converter level, and thus, the power processed in a converter may be lower than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${P}_{{\text {out}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Second, the VA area modeling is applied to the DPP architectures to illustrate and visualize the processed power in the power architectures and converters, thus analyzing and comparing them at high level. Finally, the processed power of different DPP architectures is compared quantitatively with statistical analysis for varied operating situations.
The demise of the INF Treaty: a path dependence analysis

This article explains changes in strategic stability through a path dependence framework, discussing its antecedent conditions, increasing returns, cleavages, critical junctures, reactive sequences, and legacy. We identify the leading causes of its formation, reproduction, modification, and, eventually, its end. Such an analysis is relevant as far as we observe significant changes in cornerstone’s aspects of strategic stability after the abrogation of the ABM Treaty and the INF Treaty. We argue that strategic stability as an institution passes through radical modifications produced by reactive sequences breaking the causal loop that allowed its reproduction since its formation.
Ethics and AI Innovation

The Fourth Industrial Revolution has astonishing potential to solve many of humanity’s problems, but it has also brought about an array of new threats. The challenge is to find a way to mitigate the negatives of the Revolution without impairing the extraordinary potential of AI to accelerate all areas of human development. AI ethics offers a possible basis for doing so by providing a set of aspirational ideals as to the role of AI, rather than a minimum standard for compliance which is likely to become increasingly irrelevant. Throughout history, humans have adapted and adjusted to the technologies of the time and though the integration of AI into all human experience and decision-making will come to be seen as normal and taken for granted, there will still be a number of profound ethical choices that must be made. Implementing ethical AI will require a multi-modal and co-regulatory approach. There are a variety of existing approaches but some common principles have emerged. These provide a framework for action.
All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes: A Tutorial for Correct Practice

The research on ion-measuring devices has seen a rapid expansion in the last years as a consequence of the growing interest in wearable sensors for biofluids analysis and in portable devices for remote or in-line water and food quality monitoring. As a result, an increasing number of researchers is approaching the field of ion-selective sensors. Despite the apparently simple transduction principle, the theory behind their working mechanism is far from trivial and a correct understanding is necessary for an optimal exploitation of the technology. In current literature, imprecise characterization procedures lead to the definition of misleading sensors parameters, which cannot be effectively used for comparisons. In fact, some unique definitions and procedures applies to this category of sensors, which significantly differ from the traditional ones applied in sensing research. This tutorial aims at highlighting the basic thermodynamic theory and the correct experimental practice for the accurate and reproducible characterization of potentiometric ion-sensors. The most important requirements and design considerations on hardware and software interfaces will also be discussed to give a complete overview of the various aspects of current technology to people approaching this promising area of sensing.
Generation of prognostic interval estimates of water inflows to hydroelectric reservoirs using multiparametric neural network

The article discusses the practical application of the neural network for hydropower and water management systems. Various models of neural networks are understood, their advantages and disadvantages for a particular subject area. Method and operation of multiparametric neural network are described using practical examples, in particular, formation of interval estimates in reservoir of hydroelectric power station.
Engaging the Senses: The Association of Urban Green Space with General Health and Well-Being in Urban Residents

This study evaluated the short-term responses of physiological and psychological indices and examined the human senses that are mostly engaged during a green space and urban exposure in residents of Athens, Greece. The forest had beneficial effects for human physiology, anxiety and mood states and was also associated with all five senses and positive reactions, while the opposite was observed in the urban center. The difference of pre- and post-green space exposure salivary cortisol was correlated with the participants’ environmental profile and body mass index. Green spaces can alleviate stress and improve overall mood, while helping individuals experience their surroundings with all five senses.
Relationship between Preserved Ellipsoid Zone Area and Choroidal Vascularity Index in Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa

Background: Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is characterized by changes in the outer retina as well as the choroid. In this study, we sought to further elucidate the longitudinal relationship between the preserved Ellipsoid Zone (EZ) area and choroidal parameters, in particular the Choroidal Vascularity Index (CVI). Patients and methods: Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT) volume scans of 48 eyes of 24 subjects with autosomal dominant RP (ADRP) were collected retrospectively at baseline and month 12. Spectralis Heidelberg Retinal Angiogram (HRA+OCT) scans (20*20 degrees;512*97;ART=5) were acquired at both visits. A previously described and validated Doheny Image Reading Center (DIRC) OCT grading software (OCTOR) was used to manually delineate the inner and outer boundaries of the EZ layer and the choroid. The sub foveal choroidal thickness (CT) was manually calculated and the CVI was measured. The parameters were compared and correlated at baseline and month 12 using paired t-tests and bivariate correlations. Results: The mean preserved EZ area (P=0.02) and the mean CT (P=0.007) showed a significant decline from baseline to month 12, but no correlation was noted between them. There was no significant difference in CVI from baseline to month 12. Despite these results, the loss of preserved EZ area was seen to be correlated to the CVI at both the baseline and month 12. Conclusion: The rate of disease progression, as assessed by loss of EZ, was correlated with CVI. These observations highlight the relevance of choroidal alterations in the progression of RP.
The Eurasian Economic Union in search of strategic partners: The gravity effects of integration blocs

The present contribution aims at researching the new Eurasian project on the post-Soviet area, the Eurasian Economic Union, by analyzing the legal aspects of both its institutional and economic frameworks. Because of its relatively small size, not only should the Eurasian Economic Union increase bilateral trade with its member states but also promote commerce outside the Union. In this regard, the crucial objective for success is the development of long-term relationships with its strategic partners based on mutual economic benefits and shared values. We applied the gravity model and identified not only which factors influence bilateral foreign trade, including the differences in partners? values based on a neo-institutional approach, but also analyzed those integration blocs and groups of countries to determine with which partners the Eurasian Economic Union should develop strategic partnerships.