Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural properties of the linear-quadratic stochastic control problem

This paper treats the problem of optimally controlling a class of linear stochastic systems with noisy observations and bounded controls modeled via the Girsanov transformation. The cost functional is quadratic, and the initial state is non-Gaussian and bounded. It is shown that, under a certain inequality condition for the system matrices and the weighting matrices of the cost functional, there exists a unique optimal control which is linear in the state estimate but which is nonlinear and in particular non-Lipschitzian in the observation. It is also shown that the certainty equivalence property holds.
Key Generation Technique Based on Channel Characteristics for MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communication Systems

Dynamic secret key generation from wireless channel characteristics is a promising technique for physical layer security. One of the important issues in this field is extending the secret key’s length while preserving its uniformity and randomness. This paper proposes a key generation method based on time-varying and the reciprocity of wireless channels for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) wireless communication systems. In the proposed technique, the complex impulse response (CIR) of the estimated channel state information (CSI) is extracted, and a quantization algorithm is designed to convert the maximum peaks of the CIR into secret key bits. The effectiveness of the proposed key generation technique is assessed in terms of the randomness of the produced key bits with different key lengths by using a statistical test suite of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The proposed technique is employed in the MIMO-OFDM systems with different modulation schemes through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels. The simulation results show that the secret keys with various key lengths generated from the proposed technique for the MIMO-OFDM systems guarantee randomness. Moreover, the proposed CSI-based key generation technique provides better effectiveness in terms of security when compared to some existing techniques.
Masers in starburst galaxies

Abstract Masers in starburst galaxies are outstanding probes of a range of phenomena related to galaxy and black hole evolution, and offer unique high brightness temperature illumination that can be used to probe small scales in the host galaxy and in our own. But we require a deeper understanding of the galaxy-scale maser phenomenon if we wish to employ starburst galaxy masers as probes using the next generation of radio telescopes. This review summarizes what is known about the different flavors of masers in starburst galaxies and the setting and structure of OH megamasers. The question of which galaxies produce megamasers and which do not is critical to our understanding of the megamaser phenomenon, and recent studies of HCN and H2CO are particularly instructive. Constraints on the lifetime of OH megamasers and the predictability of OH megamaser line properties are critical issues to address in the near future. It is also time to begin the next wave of OH megamaser surveys at higher redshifts and to finally employ them as probes of starbursts, massive black holes, galaxy evolution, and intervening media.
The Stellar Wind of MWC 349A

The radial velocities of radio recombination lines from 15 to 20,000 GHz facilitate a kinematic probe of the stellar wind (outflow) from MWC 349A. These data and an earlier fit to the free-free continuum emission determine the radial velocity of the stellar wind out to more than 100 AU. The derived gas flow fits a "beta law" with β = 6 and a terminal velocity of 32 km s-1. The derived mass loss via the wind is about 4 × 10-6 M☉ yr-1 at a radius of 50 AU from the star, comparable to the value derived earlier by Cohen et al. by modeling an image of the 5 GHz emission observed with the Very Large Array. This outflow could also be the evaporation from the circumstellar disk rather than a conventional stellar wind. The stellar recession velocity appears to be about 12 km s-1.
The Measurement of Sensation

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A new fully coupled solution of the Navier‐Stokes equations

SUMMARY A fully coupled method for the solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is investigated here. It uses a fully implicit time discretization of momentum equations, the standard linearization of convective terms, a cell-centred colocated grid approach and a block-nanodiagonal structure of the matrix of nodal unknowns. The Method is specific in the interpolation used for the flux reconstruction problem, in the basis iterative method for the fully coupled system and in the acceleration means that control the global efficiency of the procedure. The performance of the method is discussed using lid-driven cavity problems, both for two and three-dimensionai geometries, for steady and unsteady flows.
Optimization of Ursolic Acid Extraction in Oil from Annurca Apple to Obtain Oleolytes with Potential Cosmeceutical Application

Ursolic acid (UA) is a plant-derived molecule with relevant anti-aging activity, which makes this molecule a potential functional active ingredient in cosmetic formulations. The main objectives of this study were to optimize the UA extraction process from Annurca apple (AA) with sunflower oil as a lyophilic food-grade solvent using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to determine the potential cosmetic application of the obtained extract. The results of RSM analysis showed a maximum UA yield of 784.40 ± 7.579 (μg/mL) obtained under the following optimized conditions: sunflower oil as extraction solvent, 68.85 °C as extraction temperature, and 63 h as extraction time. The HPLC-DAD-HESI-MS/MS analysis performed on the extract obtained under these conditions, named Optimized Annurca Apple Oleolyte (OAAO), led to the identification of twenty-three phenolic and terpenoid molecules and the quantification of eight of them. To explore the biological properties of OAAO, the in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, resulting in 16.63 ± 0.22, 5.90 ± 0.49, and 21.72 ± 0.68 μmol Trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively. Moreover, the permeation study has shown that OAAO may be considered a safe and functional ingredient in potential cosmetic formulations.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Articular Cartilage Regeneration with a Focus on Piezoelectric Biomaterials for Articular Cartilage Tissue Repair and Engineering

There is increasing evidence that chondrocytes within articular cartilage are affected by endogenous force-related electrical potentials. Furthermore, electrical stimulation (ES) promotes the proliferation of chondrocytes and the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, which accelerate the healing of cartilage defects. These findings suggest the potential application of ES in cartilage repair. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of articular cartilage injuries and the current clinical strategies for the treatment of articular cartilage injuries. We then focus on the application of ES in the repair of articular cartilage in vivo. The ES-induced chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and its potential regulatory mechanism are discussed in detail. In addition, we discuss the potential of applying piezoelectric materials in the process of constructing engineering articular cartilage, highlighting the important advances in the unique field of tissue engineering.
Regulatory Mechanism on Anti-Glycolytic and Anti-Metastatic Activities Induced by Strobilanthes crispus in Breast Cancer, In Vitro

An active fraction of S. crispus, F3, and its bioactive compounds (lutein, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol) were reported to have anti-glycolytic activities in MDA-MB-231 cells. Since glycolysis can also regulate metastatic activities in cancer cells, this study investigated the mechanism underlying the anti-glycolytic and anti-metastatic activities induced by F3 and its bioactive compounds on MDA-MB-231 cells. The cells were treated with IC50 concentrations of F3, lutein, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. GLUT1 protein expression and localization were then observed using a fluorescence microscope. We found that F3, lutein, and β-sitosterol inhibit localization of GLUT1 to the cell membrane, which causes the decrease in glucose uptake. This is supported by a reduction in PKC activity, measured using a spectrophotometer, and increased TXNIP protein expression detected by Western blotting. Both TXNIP and PKC are involved in GLUT1 activation and localization. The expression of signaling proteins involved in the PI3K/AKT pathway was also measured using a flow cytometer. Results show that F3, lutein, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol reduced the expression of AKT, pAKT, mTOR, and HIF1α in MDA-MB-231 cells. Transwell migration assay was used to measure migration of the MDA-MB-231 cells. A reduction in fibronectin protein expression was observed by fluorescence microscopy, after treatments with F3 and its bioactive compounds, leading to a reduction in the MDA-MB-231 cells’ migratory abilities. As a conclusion, F3 acts as a metabolic inhibitor by inhibiting metabolic rewiring in the promotion of cancer metastasis, potentially due to the presence of its bioactive compounds.
Field-Pulse-Induced Annealing of 2D Colloidal Polycrystals

Two-dimensional colloidal crystals are of considerable fundamental and practical importance. However, their quality is often low due to the widespread presence of domain walls and defects. In this work, we explored the annealing process undergone by monolayers of superparamagnetic colloids adsorbed onto fluid interfaces in the presence of magnetic field pulses. These systems present the extraordinary peculiarity that both the extent and the character of interparticle interactions can be adjusted at will by simply varying the strength and orientation of the applied field so that the application of field pulses results in a sudden input of energy. Specifically, we have studied the effect of polycrystal size, pulse duration, slope and frequency on the efficiency of the annealing process and found that (i) this strategy is only effective when the polycrystal consists of less than approximately 10 domains; (ii) that the pulse duration should be of the order of magnitude of the time required for the outer particles to travel one diameter during the heating step; (iii) that the quality of larger polycrystals can be slightly improved by applying tilted pulses. The experimental results were corroborated by Brownian dynamics simulations.
The Telomere-Telomerase System Is Detrimental to Health at High-Altitude

The hypobaric-hypoxia environment at high-altitude (HA, >2500 m) may influence DNA damage due to the production of reactive molecular species and high UV radiation. The telomere system, vital to chromosomal integrity and cellular viability, is prone to oxidative damages contributing to the severity of high-altitude disorders such as high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). However, at the same time, it is suggested to sustain physical performance. This case-control study, comprising 210 HAPE-free (HAPE-f) sojourners, 183 HAPE-patients (HAPE-p) and 200 healthy highland natives (HLs) residing at ~3500 m, investigated telomere length, telomerase activity, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Fluidigm SNP genotyping screened 65 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 11 telomere-maintaining genes. Significance was attained at p ≤ 0.05 after adjusting for confounders and correction for multiple comparisons. Shorter telomere length, decreased telomerase activity and increased oxidative stress were observed in HAPE patients; contrarily, longer telomere length and elevated telomerase activity were observed in healthy HA natives compared to HAPE-f. Four SNPs and three haplotypes are associated with HAPE, whereas eight SNPs and nine haplotypes are associated with HA adaptation. Various gene-gene interactions and correlations between/among clinical parameters and biomarkers suggested the presence of a complex interplay underlining HAPE and HA adaptation physiology. A distinctive contribution of the telomere-telomerase system contributing to HA physiology is evident in this study. A normal telomere system may be advantageous in endurance training.
Insecure Attachment Styles and Phubbing: The Mediating Role of Problematic Smartphone Use

Lately, increasing concern has focused on the incessant and intrusive use of smartphones across a wide range of interpersonal and relational contexts. Of concern is that many people appear to snub someone during face-to-face interactions by focusing more on their smartphone than on their relational partner, namely, phubbing. Individuals with insecure attachment styles may phub their intimate others more often. However, such relationships have not been examined. This study used a cross-sectional design to examine key relationships between insecure attachment styles on phubbing. An online survey was conducted to examine the relationships between the variables of this study ( N = 444 , 72% female: mean age 20). The analyses revealed both anxious-preoccupied and dismissive-avoidant attachment styles to be positively associated with phubbing. Moreover, both insecure attachment styles indirectly predicted phubbing through problematic smartphone use (PSU). Insecure attachment styles appear to impact how often people phub others within intimate relationships, and further, PSU may function as a mechanism linking these insecure attachment styles with phubbing.
On vanishing of $L^{2}$-Betti numbers for groups

We show that if a group G admits a ﬁnite dimensional contractible G -CW-complex X then the vanishing of the L 2 -Betti numbers for all stabilizers G (cid:1) of X determines that of the L 2 -Betti numbers for G . We also give a relation among the L 2 Euler characteristics for X as a G -CW-complex and those for X as a G (cid:1) -CW-complex under certain assumptions. Finally, we present a new class of groups satisfying the Chatterji-Mislin conjecture which amounts to putting Brown’s formula within the framework of L 2 -homology.
Joule heating in the photosphere and chromosphere

Joule dissipation due to the dynamo action in the solar atmosphere is proposed as a possible mechanism for heating the photosphere and chromosphere. In nonactive regions, Joule heating is distributed in both photosphere and chromosphere. The power density (ergs cm−3 s−1) produced by the Joule dissipation in the nonactive photosphere-chromosphere regions is calculated based on a model under the average quiet Sun condition (Vernazza et al., 1981). The calculated Joule dissipation under quiet conditions exhibits a double-peak profile within the chromosphere; one is associated with the electron dissipation at lower altitude, while the other is due to the ion dissipation at higher altitude. The energy flux produced by the Joule dissipation can be calculated by integrating the Joule power density over the height of the dissipation region. The resulting energy flux produced by the Joule dissipation in nonactive photosphere-chromosphere regions is ∼2.4 × 107 ergs cm−2 s−1 which is more than 40 times the energy flux carried away by the high-speed solar wind streams originating in the coronal holes. In active regions the Joule heating is predicted to be confined to the photosphere and is more than 2 orders of magnitude greater than in nonactive regions.
EXPERIMENTAL STATUS OF CORRECTIONS TO NEWTONIAN GRAVITATION INSPIRED BY EXTRA DIMENSIONS

Corrections to Newtonian gravitation inspired by the extra dimensional physics and by the exchange of light and massless elementary particles between the atoms of two macrobodies are considered. These corrections can be described by the potentials of Yukawa-type and by the power-type potentials with different powers. The strongest up to date constraints on the corrections to Newtonian gravitation are collected following from the Eotvos- and Cavendish-type experiments and also from the measurements of the Casimir and van der Waals force.
Material Design for the Fabrication of p-type SrTiO3

We have carried out ab initio electronic structure calculations based on the local density approximation for N doped, and N and Nb codoped SrTiO3 using a full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method. N impurities form shallow acceptor levels by codoping with Nb donors. It was found that codoping with N acceptors and Nb donors in the ratio of 2:1 was suitable for the fabrication of low-resistivity p-type SrTiO3. Moreover, we suggest an experimental method appropriate for achieving N and Nb codoping.
Self-efficacy and commitment as psychological resources to adherence to walking despite chronic pain. A study on women with fibromyalgia

Background: Personal resources are key in adherence to treatment in patients with chronic pain. The aim of this study was to analyze the mediating effect of self-efficacy and commitment to physical exercise between the severity of pain and the number of times a week the patient has gone for a fast walk for at least 30 minutes with the aim of doing physical exercise, in women with fibromyalgia. Method: A total of 264 women with fibromyalgia participated in the study. The mean age was 56.99 years (SD = 10.35). Pain intensity, self-efficacy to cope with chronic pain, commitment to physical exercise and the number of times a week that the patient walked for at least 30 minutes with the goal of physical exercise were evaluated. For data analysis, the serial multiple mediator model of the macro Process for SPSS 22 was used. Results: A lower perception of pain was associated with a higher perception of self-efficacy, a higher perception of self-efficacy was associated with a greater commitment to physical exercise, and a higher commitment was associated with a greater number of times a week that they walked (B = -.34; SE = .20; 95% CI = [-0.83, -0.03]). A total effect (B = -1.04, SE = .38, t = -2.78, 95% I = [-1.81, -.78], p = .01) of the predictors on the described behavior pattern was observed. Conclusion: Self-efficacy and commitment to the physical exercise mediate the relationship between pain intensity and the described walking pattern. The results of the serial mediation indicate that self-efficacy is an essential variable for the performance of commitment to the physical exercise in the relationship between pain intensity and walking.
Above 100 nJ all-normal-dispersion femtosecond pulse generation from a large-core multi-mode fiber laser

We demonstrate an all-normal-dispersion mode-locked fiber laser based on a piece of large-core Yb-doped multi-mode fiber. High order modes are suppressed by coiling the gain fiber to produce large loss for the high modes but low loss for the fundamental mode. Mode-locking is self-starting by exploiting a combination of a grating-aperture based spectral filter with a nonlinear polarization evolution effect. The laser directly delivers 1.1 ps, 107 nJ pulses at a repetition rate of 76.7 MHz, with an average power of up to 8.2 W. The pulses can be compressed externally to 210 fs with a peak power of up to 350 kW.
Disturbance-observer-based finite time sliding mode controller with unmatched uncertainties utilizing improved cubature Kalman filter

Complex reactions are difficult to control as the reactants not only produce desired product but may also further undergo unwanted reactions or the original reactants may degrade through alternate paths. This can be improved by selecting proper measurement and control. In this paper, a robust augmented derivative-free Kalman filter (augmented cubature Kalman filter, ACKF) is propounded for the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) carrying out Van-de-Vusse type complex reactions where the intermediate is the desired product in the midst of consecutive and parallel reactions. Non-isothermal CSTR shows strong non-linearity with inherent challenges as the reaction kinetics depends on process temperature through Arrhenius laws and accompanies non-ideal flow behaviour and unmeasurable disturbances. First, the process exhibits inverse or non-minimum phase behaviour. Second, to control product temperature and concentration, a finite time sliding mode controller (FSMC) is suggested which effectively tracks servo response to the desired set point. Third, a disturbance filter has been proposed in association with FSMC, which constructively eliminates the input disturbances. Realistic simulations for servo-regulatory compliance, elimination of measurement noise, impact on large perturbation, and parametric uncertainty with a state-of-the-art simulator ensure the efficacy of the proposed controller. The results are analysed further with a derivative-free FSMC control approach, considering various performance indices (root mean square error (RMSE), total variation (TV), mean square deviation (MSD)) to assess the goodness of the newly developed control strategy. It has been found that improved control law (improved augmented cubature Kalman filter (IACKF)-FSMC) yields better RMSE (7.2645e–05) than ACKF-FSMC (7.5814e–05).
Wire grid modeling of surfaces

When a surface is numerically modeled with a wire grid, results are sensitive to the wire diameter. It is shown that the best accuracy is obtained when the wire satisfies the "same surface area" rule of thumb, for the canonical problem of scattering (or radiation) from an infinite circular cylinder. It is important to note that wires that are too thick are just as bad as wires that are too thin. It is also shown that the boundary value match between wires is not a reliable check on the validity of farfield results. Finally, data are given on the effect of wire spacing. Results are obtained from exact solutions of both the true problem and the wire grid model, thus isolating the effects of wire grid modeling per se.
A Single-Layer Multimode Metasurface Antenna with a CPW-Fed Aperture for UWB Communication Applications

A single-layer multimode metasurface antenna is proposed with a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed aperture. The ultra-wideband (UWB) performance is implemented based on a three-step evolution process with the aid of characteristic mode analysis (CMA). Considering the efficient excitation with a fixed feeding structure, the metasurface modal current variation at different frequencies is analyzed and optimized, in addition to that at the resonant frequency. Correspondingly, the metasurface is firstly designed utilizing an array of 4 × 4 patches. Then, the 1 × 3 and the 1 × 1 parasitic patch arrays are located near the edge patches. Finally, every patch is split into two by a center slot along the current distribution of the required polarization. Four resonant modes of the metasurface become more desirable step by step and can be efficiently excited over the entire band. To enhance the impedance matching level, a pair of 5-stage gradient transitions are added to the CPW-fed slot. The slot mode combined with the four modes further improves the bandwidth. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed antenna exhibits a 3 dB gain bandwidth of over 74% (4.0–8.7 GHz) with a peak gain of 8.2 dBi. The overall dimensions of the prototype are 1. 40λ0 × 1. 40λ0 × 0. 075λ0 (λ0 is the free-space wavelength at 6 GHz).