Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scaling up preexposure prophylaxis to maximize HIV prevention impact

Purpose of review Ten years since the first regulatory approval of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), this review summarizes PrEP uptake, the role of ambitious PrEP targets, emerging evidence of impact on the HIV epidemic and innovative approaches to increasing PrEP uptake. Recent findings PrEP uptake among people at risk of HIV has been slow, but has accelerated in recent years, particularly in gay and bisexual men in a limited number of high-income settings and recently in heterosexuals at risk of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. However, UNAIDS 2020 PrEP targets and HIV prevention targets were missed by large margins. Although UNAIDS testing and treatment targets have galvanised public health action, in contras, PrEP targets have been lower profile and insufficiently ambitious. Parts of the USA, Australia and the UK with high PrEP coverage have demonstrated striking reductions in HIV infection at the population level, as PrEP is introduced at scale. Scaling up PrEP uptake will require innovations in PrEP promotion, simplified models of care, improved adherence interventions, improved choice in the form of longer-acting PrEP and interventions to ensure that all those who can benefit from PrEP can access it. Summary PrEP is a revolutionary HIV prevention tool, which if ambitiously scaled up could drive HIV transmission towards elimination. Highly publicized and ambitious PrEP targets could help drive this.
HIV drug resistance in various body compartments

Purpose of review HIV drug resistance testing using blood plasma or dried blood spots forms part of international guidelines. However, as the clinical utility of assessing drug resistance in other body compartments is less well established, we review this for blood cells and samples from other body compartments. Recent evidence Although clinical benefit is not clear, drug resistance testing in blood cells is often performed when patients with suppressed plasma viral loads require a treatment substitution. In patients with HIV neurocognitive disease, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drug resistance is rarely discordant with plasma but has nevertheless been used to guide antiretroviral drug substitutions. Cases with HIV drug resistance in genital fluids have been documented but this does not appear to indicate transmission risk when blood plasma viral loads are suppressed. Summary Drug-resistant variants, which may be selected in tissues under conditions of variable adherence and drug penetration, appear to disseminate quickly, and become detectable in blood. This may explain why drug resistance discordance between plasma and these compartments is rarely found. Partial compartmentalization of HIV populations is well established for the CSF and the genital tract but other than blood plasma, evidence is lacking to support drug resistance testing in body compartments.
How provocative tests in addition to wet swallows during high-resolution manometry can direct clinical management

Purpose of review Provocative tests have been advocated to address limitations of high-resolution manometry (HRM) with wet swallows. We describe the commonly used provocative manometric manoeuvres [rapid drink challenge (RDC), multiple rapid swallows (MRS), solid swallows and the solid test meal (STM)], compare their diagnostic yield and accuracy to wet swallows, and outline their role in directing clinical management. Recent findings Provocative testing with RDC and STM identifies a proportion of achalasia cases missed by standard testing, and RDC can play a similar role to radiology in the evaluation of treatment response. In EGJOO, provocative testing with RDC and STM not only increase the diagnostic yield, but can also help differentiate between spurious cases and those representing true outflow obstruction likely to respond to achalasia-type therapies. MRS and STM can help determine the clinical relevance (or otherwise) of ineffective oesophageal motility, and in this setting, MRS may predict the likelihood of postfundoplication dysphagia. RDC and STM can help identify cases of postfundoplication dysphagia more likely to respond to dilatation. Summary Provocative testing has been shown to increase diagnostic yield of HRM, clarify inconclusive diagnoses, allows corroboration of dysmotility with patient symptoms and helps direct clinical management.
Impact of gastroesophageal reflux disease on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung transplant recipients

Purpose of review Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a prevalent subset of interstitial lung disease (ILD) that often progresses to require lung transplantation. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common in the IPF population, and GER-related micro-aspiration appears to be an important risk factor for IPF pathogenesis and for the deterioration of transplanted lung function. Recent findings Many patients with IPF have elevated esophageal acid exposure on reflux testing despite having no or minimal symptoms. Studies on the effects of medical GERD therapy on IPF-related outcomes have had mixed results. Antireflux surgery is safe in appropriately selected IPF patients, and appears to have potential for slowing the decline of lung function. GERD can persist, improve or develop after lung transplantation, and the presence of GERD is associated with allograft injury and pulmonary function decline in lung transplant recipients. Summary Clinicians should have a low threshold to assess for objective evidence of GERD in IPF patients. Antireflux surgery in IPF patients with GERD appears to improve lung function, but further studies are needed before surgical treatment can be recommended routinely in this setting. In lung transplant recipients, reflux testing after transplant is the most accurate way to guide GERD treatment decisions.
Efficacy of Balloon Tuboplasty for Baro-Challenge-Induced Eustachian Tube Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and a Retrospective Cohort Study of 39 Patients

Objective Baro-challenge-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) manifests due to inadequate Eustachian tube (ET) function during rapid ambient pressure changes, although ET function may be normal in normobaric situations. This systematic review and retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of balloon Eustachian tuboplasty (BET) for the treatment of baro-challenge-induced ETD. Data Sources PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Helsinki University Hospital cohort. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in November 2020 and resulted in 174 articles. Eight articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data was available altogether from 74 adult baro-challenge-induced ETD patients. In addition, we retrospectively evaluated 39 BET operations at Helsinki University Hospital from 2011 to 2020. Data from these 39 patients were collected from medical charts, and a questionnaire was sent to the patients. Meta-analysis was used to evaluate subjective symptom improvement, changes in ETD Questionnaire-7 (ETDQ-7) scores, and Valsalva maneuver performance. Results In the systematic review, the outcome parameters varied between studies. Improvement was reported in subjective symptoms, Valsalva maneuver, ETDQ-7, tubomanometry, and pressure chamber test. Response rate for the Helsinki University Hospital cohort study was 72% (28/39). Mean follow-up time from the BET to the questionnaire was 4 years 8 months (SD 26months). Of those patients 93% (26/28) found the operation beneficial. Meta-analysis including up to 113 patients showed improvement in Valsalva maneuver, ETDQ-7, and improvement in subjective symptoms. Overall improvement in symptoms was noted in 81% of the patients. Conclusion BET seems to be effective in the majority of patients with baro-challenge-induced ETD.
Effects of grade, academic performance, and sex on spatial working memory and attention in primary school children: a cross-sectional observational study

Abstract Objective: Only a few studies have investigated the development trends in spatial working memory and attention among a large sample of primary school students over a wide range of ages, while the efficiency of learning and memory processes is fundamental to academic performance, particularly for children, who are in a key developmental stage when their life opportunities can be altered. We aimed to explore how the spatial working memory and attention of primary school children are affected by grade, academic performance, and sex. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, students (144 boys, 139 girls, 6–13 years old) were recruited from Experimental Primary School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University in Shanghai, China in 2018. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Bio-Ethics Board of the Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Based on a simple Spatial Working Memory and Attention Test on Paired Symbols test, we evaluate 283 participants’ working memory and attention ability. Results: Attention and working memory performance were enhanced as a positive function of grade in primary school children, and students who showed better academic achievement also performed better on the working memory task. However, attention and working memory performance were not affected by sex. Conclusion: Attention and working memory performance of primary school students develop with grade and corresponds to Better academic performance. Attention and working memory ability do not differ significantly between boys and girls.
An investigation of the 2 × 2 Positive and negative affect in adolescents: An investigation of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism

Research on the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism and affect is still limited. Following a variable-centered approach, the present study investigated in a sample of 576 adolescents whether self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) predicted positive and negative affect, comparing four subtypes of perfectionism: pure SOP, pure SPP, mixed perfectionism, and non-perfectionism. Regarding positive affect, all four subtypes differed: Pure SOP predicted the highest levels of positive affect followed by mixed perfectionism, non-perfectionism, and pure SPP. Regarding negative affect, pure SPP and mixed perfectionism predicted higher levels of negative affect than pure SOP and non-perfectionism, but pure SPP did not differ from mixed perfectionism (and pure SOP not from non-perfectionism). Implications of the findings for the 2 × 2 model are discussed.
Performance and cost evaluation of public cloud databases through adaptive encryption techniques

— The cloud database as a service is a novel paradigm that can support several Internet-based applications, but its adoption requires the solution of information confidentiality problems. We propose a novel architecture for adaptive encryption of public cloud databases that offers an interesting alternative to the trade-off between the required data confidentiality level and the flexibility of the cloud database structures at design time. We propose a novel architecture for adaptive encryption of public cloud database. Adaptive encryption allow any sql operation over encrypted data.The novel cloud database architecture that uses adaptive encryption technique with no intermediate servers.This scheme provides cloud provider with the best level of confidentiality for any database workload.we can determine the encryption and adaptive encryption cost of data confidentiality from the research point of view.
CMAR_A_261887 8935..8941

*These authors contributed equally to this work Objective: To assess the short-term efficacy and safety of ixazomib in Chinese multiple myeloma (MM) patients in the real world. Methods: Fifty-nine MM patients who received at least one cycle of ixazomib-based therapy between 1 June 2018 and 30 September 2019 were retrospectively analyzed in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. Thirteen newly diagnosed MM (NDMM), 13 refractory/relapsed MM (RRMM) and 33 continuous therapy (27 bortezomib peripheral neuritis (PN) intolerant and six maintenance therapy) MM patients were included. The indicated overall response rate (ORR), time to overall response (TOR), and adverse events (AEs) were investigated. Results: The ORR in NDMM was 76.9%, with one complete response (CR), five very good partial response (VGPR), four partial response (PR), median PFS, and TOR were 122 (66– 272) days and 49 (22–108) days. The ORR in RRMM was 46.2%, with one CR, two VGPR, three PR, median PFS, and TOR were 79 (28–169) days and 59 (23–88) days. The ORR in continuous therapy MM patients was 100%, with nine stringent CR, 15 CR, six VGPR and three PR, median TOR was 75 (25–141) days. There were no significant differences regarding ORR between patients with cytogenetic high risk and standard risk in three subgroups (all P>0.05). The most frequent hematological AEs were anemia (13.6%) and thrombocytopenia (10.2%). The most common nonhematological AEs were PN (25.0%) and diarrhea (13.6%). Conclusion: The real-world data demonstrated that ixazomib-based therapy was generally effective and safe in the short term for MM patients.
Is a Lymphocyte Apoptogenic Molecule Listeria monocytogenes Listeriolysin O from

Infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes caused marked lymphocyte apoptosis in the white pulp of the spleen on day 2 postinfection. We prove in this study that listeriolysin O (LLO), a pore-forming molecule and a major virulence factor of Listeria , could directly induce murine lymphocyte apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro at nanomolar and subnanomolar doses. Induction of apoptosis by LLO was rapid, with caspase activation seen as early as 30 min post-treatment. T cells lost their mitochondrial membrane potential and exposed phosphatidylserine within 8 h oftreatment. Incubation of lymphocytes with a pan-caspase inhibitor blocked DNA laddering and caspase-3 activation, but did not block phosphatidylserine exposure or loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. We describe a novel function for LLO: induction of lymphocyte apoptosis with rapid kinetics, effected by both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 172: 4866–4874.
D 3 . 4 Machine Learning empowered intrusion detection using Honeypots ’ data v 1 WP 3 – Cyber security risk assessment & Beyond – Sphinx Intelligence

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) can play a significant role in detecting security threats or malicious attacks that aim to steal information and/or corrupt network protocols. To deal with the dynamic and complex nature of cyber-attacks, advanced intelligent tools have been applied resulting into powerful and automated IDS that rely on the latest advances of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). Most of the reported effort has been devoted on building complex ML/DL architectures adopting a brute force approach towards the maximization of their detection capacity. However, just a limited number of studies have focused on the extraction of userfriendly risk indicators that could be easily used by security experts. Many papers have explored various dimensionality reduction algorithms, however a large number of selected features is still required to detect the attacks successfully. The objective of this paper is to transform the available data collected by IDS into a single actionable and easy-to-understand risk indicator. To achieve this a novel feature extraction pipeline was implemented consisting of the following components: (i) a fuzzy allocation scheme that transforms raw data to fuzzy class memberships, (ii) a mechanism for converting feature vectors to images (Vec2im) and (iii) a dimensionality reduction module that makes use of Siamese convolutional neural networks that finally reduces the input data dimensionality into a 1-d feature space. The performance of the proposed methodology was validated via a thorough comparative analysis that demonstrated its effectiveness over a number of well-known feature selection (FS) and extraction techniques. The output of the proposed feature extraction pipeline could be potentially used by security experts as an indicator of malicious activity, whereas the generated images could be further utilized and/or integrated as a visual analytics tool in existing IDS.
An Environmental Survey of Forensically Significant Microorganisms Located at the Canberra Airport

A bioterrorist attack, or hoax attack, can have an enormous societal impact, with economic, political and public implications. Biological agents, such as Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), have the potential to be delivered and spread easily, affecting a large population and large geographical area. The spore forming bacterium B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. Anthrax is a naturally occurring disease in Australia, concentrated mainly in the agricultural grazing regions of central Victoria and southerncentral New South Wales. Given the movement of people, stock and vehicles across Australia it is possible that low levels of the B. anthracis bacterium are present outside of this region. Of particular interest is the prevalence of the bacterium in major transport hubs such as airports. This project aims to determine the baseline concentration of B. anthracis at the Canberra Airport by analysing environmental samples from the passenger and freight terminals. A further aim is to develop and apply an optimised sampling protocol for the detection of B. anthracis and other Bacillus species which may be used in bioterrorism hoaxes. Rapid, accurate detection and identification of bioterrorism agents, such as B. anthracis, is necessary for the successful application of decontamination, public health measures and administration of antibiotics to individual patients. Although diagnostic tests are available for B. anthracis, many are time consuming, can only be performed in select Physical Containment Level-3 (PC3) high risk laboratories, have less then optimal sensitivity and specificity, or cannot test for multiple strains and/or similar bacteria. A real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was developed to differentiate B. anthracis from other Bacillus species. Whilst this is a sensitive technique, reactions can be inhibited by factors from many sources, including those found in environmental samples. Indeed, experiments from the first samples collected from the airport indicated that inhibition was a significant hurdle that needed to be addressed. DNA was extracted from samples collected from the Canberra Airport using a Qiagen QIAamp DNA Mini Kit, with modifications designed to increase DNA recovery. Experiments undertaken to evaluate and overcome PCR inhibition included the use of a variety of PCR additives, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), T4 gene 32; additional wash steps using Qiagen wash buffers; different DNA purification methods and serial dilutions of the DNA extracts.
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Performance modelling of opportunistic forwarding with exact knowledge

—The Delay Tolerant Networking paradigm aims to enable communications in disconnected environments where traditional protocols would fail. Opportunistic networks are delay tolerant networks whose nodes are typically the users’ personal mobile devices. Communications in an opportunistic network rely on the mobility of users: each message is forwarded from node to node, according to a hop-by-hop decision process that selects the node that is better suited for bringing the message closer to its destination. Despite the variety of forwarding protocols that have been proposed in the recent years, there is no reference framework for the performance modelling of opportunistic forwarding. In this paper we start to ﬁll this gap by proposing an analytical model for the expected delay and the expected number of hops experienced by messages when delivered in an opportunistic fashion. This model seamlessly integrates both social-aware and social-oblivious single-copy forwarding protocols, as well as different hypotheses for user contact dynamics. The proposed framework is used to derive bounds on the expected delay under homogeneous and heterogeneous contact patterns. We found that, in heterogeneous settings, ﬁnite expected delay can be guaranteed not only when nodes’ inter-meeting times follow an exponential or power law with exponential cut-off distribution, but also when they are power law distributed, as long as weaker conditions than those derived by Chaintreau et al. [1] for the homogeneous scenario are satisﬁed.
Reactive oxygen species induced Ca 2 (cid:2) inﬂux via TRPV4 and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in the SU5416/hypoxia model of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Reactive oxygen species induced Ca 2 (cid:2) inﬂux via TRPV4 and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in the SU5416/hypoxia model of pulmonary arterial hyper- tension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 314: L893–L907, 2018. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a lethal disease characterized by elevations in pulmonary arterial pressure, in part due to formation of occlusive lesions in the distal arterioles of the lung. These complex lesions may comprise multiple cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs). To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying EC dysfunction in PAH, lung microvascular endo- thelial cells (MVECs) were isolated from normoxic rats (N-MVECs) and rats subjected to SU5416 plus hypoxia (SuHx), an experimental model of PAH. Compared with N-MVECs, MVECs isolated from SuHx rats (SuHx-MVECs) appeared larger and more spindle shaped morphologically and expressed canonical smooth muscle cell markers smooth muscle-speciﬁc (cid:3) -actin and myosin heavy chain in addition to endothelial markers such as Griffonia simplicifolia and von Willebrand factor. SuHx-MVEC mitochondria were dysfunctional, as evi- denced by increased fragmentation/ﬁssion, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Functionally, SuHx-MVECs exhibited increased basal levels of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2 (cid:2) ] i ) and enhanced migratory and proliferative capacity. Treatment with global (TEMPOL) or mito- chondria-speciﬁc (MitoQ) antioxidants decreased ROS levels and basal [Ca 2 ] i in SuHx-MVECs. TEMPOL and MitoQ also decreased migration and proliferation in SuHx-MVECs. Additionally, inhibition of ROS-induced Ca 2 (cid:2) entry via pharmacologic blockade of transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 (TRPV4) attenuated [Ca 2 ] i , migration, and proliferation. These ﬁndings suggest a role for mitochondrial ROS-induced Ca 2 (cid:2) inﬂux via TRPV4 in promoting abnormal migration and proliferation in MVECs in this PAH model. earthmover distance metric was used to compare differences between the length/number distributions between N- and SuHx-MVEC mitochondria. As described previously (31, 32), this statistic can be used to evaluate changes in the distribution of no-parametric histogram data. Earthmover distance was calculated using the Momito program written by Ouellet et al. (32). Inter- and intragroup differences in EMD distance between normoxic and SuHx mitochondria were com- pared using ANOVA. P (cid:6) 0.05 was accepted as statistically signiﬁcant for all experiments.