Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modulations of the cosmic muon signal in ten years of Borexino data

We have measured the flux of cosmic muons in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso at 3800 m w.e. to be (3.432 ± 0.003)⋅ 10−4 m−2s−1 based on ten years of Borexino data acquired between May 2007 and May 2017. A seasonal modulation with a period of (366.3 ± 0.6) d and a relative amplitude of (1.36 ±0.04)% is observed. The phase is measured to be (181.7 ± 0.4) d, corresponding to a maximum at the 1st of July. Using data inferred from global atmospheric models, we show the muon flux to be positively correlated with the atmospheric temperature and measure the effective temperature coefficient αT = 0.90 ± 0.02. The origin of cosmic muons from pion and kaon decays in the atmosphere allows to interpret the effective temperature coefficient as an indirect measurement of the atmospheric kaon-to-pion production ratio rK/π = 0.11+0.11−0.07 for primary energies above 18 TeV. We find evidence for a long-term modulation of the muon flux with a period of ∼ 3000 d and a maximum in June 2012 that is not present in the atmospheric temperature data. A possible correlation between this modulation and the solar activity is investigated. The cosmogenic neutron production rate is found to show a seasonal modulation in phase with the cosmic muon flux but with an increased amplitude of (2.6 ± 0.4)%.
Open heavy flavour and quarkonium production as a function of the multiplicity in pp and p-Pb collisions with ALICE at the LHC : arXiv

Due to the large masses of beauty and charm quarks, their production cross sections can be computed in the framework of perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics. The correlation of quarkonium and open heavy-flavour hadron yields with charged particles produced in proton-proton (pp) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions can shed light on the interplay between hard and soft mechanisms in particle production. In this proceeding the results from D-meson and J/$\psi$ yields as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity in pp and p-Pb collisions are presented. Comparisons to theoretical models are also discussed.
5G/Millimeter-Wave Rectenna Systems for Radio-Frequency Energy Harvesting/Wireless Power Transmission Applications: An overview

In this article, we present an overview of the 5G rectifying antenna and its primary elements for applications in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) energy harvesting (EH) and wireless power transmission (WPT). The wide spectrum available for 5G communication bands have attracted significant attention for extensive applications. The power received by the harvesting antenna relies on the size of the antenna. Hence, the realization of antenna and rectenna systems with good efficiency at 5G mm-wave is a challenge. This review article highlights the recent advances in 5G rectenna systems for different applications at the component and structure levels. The primary objectives of the article are 1) to explore the potential advances of mm-wave rectenna systems and the feasibility of their designs to attain desired characteristics and 2) to present a comparative assessment of performance parameters of existing rectenna systems.
Temperature-dependent proximity magnetism in Pt

We experimentally demonstrate the existence of magnetic coupling between two ferromagnets separated by a thin Pt layer. The coupling remains ferromagnetic regardless of the Pt thickness, and exhibits a significant dependence on temperature. Therefore, it cannot be explained by the established mechanisms of magnetic coupling across nonmagnetic spacers. We show that the experimental results are consistent with the presence of magnetism induced in Pt in proximity to ferromagnets, in direct analogy to the well-known proximity effects in superconductivity.
Products of weak values: Uncertainty relations, complementarity, and incompatibility

The products of weak values of quantum observables are shown to be of value in deriving quantum uncertainty and complementarity relations, for both weak and strong measurement statistics. First, a 'product representation formula' allows the standard Heisenberg uncertainty relation to be derived from a classical uncertainty relation for complex random variables. We show this formula also leads to strong uncertainty relations for unitary operators, and underlies an interpretation of weak values as optimal (complex) estimates of quantum observables. Furthermore, we show that two incompatible observables that are weakly and strongly measured in a weak measurement context obey a complementarity relation under the interchange of these observables, in the form of an upper bound on the product of the corresponding weak values. Moreover, general tradeoff relations between weak purity, quantum purity and quantum incompatibility, and also between weak and strong joint probability distributions, are obtained based on products of real and imaginary components of weak values, where these relations quantify the degree to which weak probabilities can take anomalous values in a given context.
Factors Associated with Burnout in Healthcare Professionals

Burnout in healthcare professionals remains an ongoing concern. There are a number of variables associated with reactivity to stress in healthcare staff. This study wants to identify risk factors which predispose healthcare professionals to burnout. Material and Methods: The cross-sectional study included a group of 200 subjects, medical staff and auxiliary staff from the national health units, who gave their free consent to answer the questions regarding the level of perceived stress at work. The screening tool used was disseminated through the Google Forms platform, maintaining the anonymity of the participants. Results: Resident doctors (42%) responded predominantly, reporting the highest level of burnout, with nurses (26.5%) being the least affected (χ2 = 36.73, p < 0.01). Less work experience is correlated with increased burnout (rho = 0.29, p < 0.01). Reactivity to stress was highly associated with workplace, with ambulance staff being the most vulnerable (χ2 = 6.58, p < 0.05). Participants’ relationship status significantly influenced the burnout rate, the unmarried, with or without a partner, being more affected (χ2 = 16.14, p < 0.01). There are no significant differences between male and female gender, regarding the average level of burnout (U = 1.47; p > 0.05), nor between living in a house or apartment (U = 4.66; p > 0.05). Positive associations were identified between the level of burnout and variables such as: management pressure, administrative work, routine, regretting decisions regarding patients, harassment at work and sacrifice of personal time. Conclusions: The results of this study identify age, profession, workplace seniority and relationship status as factors associated with burnout in medical personnel.
Filling constraints on fermionic topological order in zero magnetic field

We consider two-dimensional electron systems in zero magnetic field at fractional filling. For such systems a Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem applies, forbidding the existence of a trivial insulator. However, the theorem does not distinguish between bosonic and fermionic systems. In this work we argue that in the case of fermionic systems, the topological orders that are compatible with the microscopic constraints are in general different from the bosonic case. We find different results in the cases of even and odd denominator fillings, with even denominator fillings deviating stronger from the bosonic case. Part of our results also hold in three dimensions.
First-principles study of anisotropic thermoelectric transport properties of IV-VI semiconductor compounds SnSe and SnS

Tin selenide (SnSe) and tin sulfide (SnS) have recently attracted particular interest due to their great potential for large-scale thermoelectric applications. A complete prediction of the thermoelectric performance and the understanding of underlying heat and charge transport details are the key to further improvement of their thermoelectric efficiency. We conduct comprehensive investigations of both thermal and electrical transport properties of SnSe and SnS using first-principles calculations combined with the Boltzmann transport theory. Due to the distinct layered lattice structure, SnSe and SnS exhibit similarly anisotropic thermal and electrical behaviors. The cross-plane lattice thermal conductivity ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ is $40--60%$ lower than the in-plane values. Extremely low ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ is found for both materials because of high anharmonicity, while the average ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ of SnS is $\ensuremath{\sim}8%$ higher than that of SnSe from 300 to 750 K. It is suggested that nanostructuring would be difficult to further decrease ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ because of the short mean free paths of dominant phonon modes (1--30 nm at 300 K), while alloying would be efficient in reducing ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ considering that the relative ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ contribution $(\ensuremath{\sim}65%)$ of optical phonons is remarkably large. On the electrical side, the anisotropic electrical conductivities are mainly due to the different effective masses of holes and electrons along the $a, b$, and $c$ axes. This leads to the highest optimal $\mathit{ZT}$ values along the $b$ axis and lowest ones along the $a$ axis in both $p$-type materials. However, the $n$-type ones exhibit the highest $\mathit{ZT}\mathrm{s}$ along the $a$ axis due to the enhancement of power factor when the chemical potential gradually approaches the secondary conduction band valley that causes significant increase in electron mobility and density of states. Owing to the larger mobility and smaller ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ along the given direction, SnSe exhibits larger optimal ZTs compared with SnS in both $p$- and $n$-type materials. For both materials, the peak $\mathit{ZT}\mathrm{s}$ of $n$-type materials are much higher than those of $p$-type ones along the same direction. The predicted highest $\mathit{ZT}$ values at 750 K are 1.0 in SnSe and 0.6 in SnS along the $b$ axis for the $p$-type doping, while those for the $n$-type doping reach 2.7 in SnSe and 1.5 in SnS along the $a$ axis, rendering them among the best bulk thermoelectric materials for large-scale applications. Our calculations show reasonable agreements with the experimental results and quantitatively predict the great potential in further enhancing the thermoelectric performance of SnSe and SnS, especially for the $n$-type materials.
Testing tripartite Mermin inequalities by spectral joint measurements of qubits

Using spectral joint measurements of the qubits, we propose a scheme to test the tripartite Mermin inequality with three qubits dispersively coupled to a driven cavity. First, we show how to generate a three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state by only one-step quantum operation. Then spectral joint measurements are introduced to directly confirm such tripartite entanglement. Assisted by a series of single-qubit operations, these measurements are further utilized to test the Mermin inequality. The feasibility of the proposal is robustly demonstrated by the present numerical experiments.
Hermitian $K$-theory, Dedekind $\zeta$-functions, and quadratic forms over rings of integers in number fields

We employ the slice spectral sequence, the motivic Steenrod algebra, and Voevodsky's solutions of the Milnor and Bloch-Kato conjectures to calculate the hermitian $K$-groups of rings of integers in number fields. Moreover, we relate the orders of these groups to special values of Dedekind $\zeta$-functions for totally real abelian number fields. Our methods apply more readily to the examples of algebraic $K$-theory and higher Witt-theory, and give a complete set of invariants for quadratic forms over rings of integers in number fields.
Hořava gravity at a Lifshitz point: A progress report

Hořava’s quantum gravity at a Lifshitz point is a theory intended to quantize gravity by using traditional quantum field theories. To avoid Ostrogradsky’s ghosts, a problem that has been facing in quantization of general relativity since the middle of 1970’s, Hořava chose to break the Lorentz invariance by a Lifshitz-type of anisotropic scaling between space and time at the ultra-high energy, while recovering (approximately) the invariance at low energies. With the stringent observational constraints and self-consistency, it turns out that this is not an easy task, and various modifications have been proposed, since the first incarnation of the theory in 2009. In this review, we shall provide a progress report on the recent development of Hořava gravity. In particular, we first present four so far most-studied versions of Hořava gravity, by focusing first on their self-consistency and then their consistency with experiments, including the solar system tests and cosmological observations. Then, we provide a general review on the recent development of the theory in three different but also related areas: (i) universal horizons, black holes and their thermodynamics; (ii) nonrelativistic gauge/gravity duality and (iii) quantization of the theory. The studies in these areas can be easily generalized to other gravitational theories with broken Lorentz invariance.
Bianchi IX cosmologies and the golden ratio

Special solutions to the Einstein equations in the asymptotic limit for the Bianchi IX cosmologies in the vacuum are examined using Ellis–MacCallum–Wainwright (‘expansion-normalized’) variables. Using an iterative map (the B-map) obeyed by two of the dynamical variables (the normalized shear components) in the ‘asymptotic regime’ close to the cosmological singularity, two period 3 solutions are constructed. These are the simplest of an infinite number of periodic solutions and represent the transition from one vacuum Bianchi I Kasner solution to another. It is shown that the full 3-cycle solutions for the remaining variables (the logarithms of the normalized curvatures) generate a set of self-similar golden rectangles in a graphical time series representation of their dynamics as the normalized time parameter is run backwards towards the initial singularity.
The renormalized volume of a 4-dimensional Ricci-flat ALE space

We introduce a natural definition of the renormalized volume of a 4-dimensional Ricci-flat ALE space. We then prove that the renormalized volume is always less or equal than zero, with equality if and only if the ALE space is isometric to its asymptotic cone. Currently the only known examples of 4-dimensional Ricci-flat ALE spaces are Kronheimer's gravitational instantons and their quotients, which are also known to be the only possible examples of special holonomy. We calculate the renormalized volume of these spaces in terms of Kronheimer's period map.
Unveiling the counter-rotating nature of the kinematically distinct core in NGC 5813 with MUSE

Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations of NGC 5813 reveal a complex structure in the velocity dispersion map, previously hinted at by SAURON observations. The structure is reminiscent of velocity dispersion maps of galaxies comprising two counter-rotating discs, and might explain the existence of the kinematically distinct core (KDC). Further evidence for two counter-rotating components comes from the analysis of the higher moments of the stellar line-of-sight velocity distributions and fitting MUSE spectra with two separate Gaussian line-of-sight velocity distributions. The emission-line kinematics show evidence of being linked to the present cooling flows and the buoyant cavities seen in X-rays. We detect ionized gas in a nuclear disc-like structure, oriented like the KDC, which is, however, not directly related to the KDC. We build an axisymmetric Schwarzschild dynamical model, which shows that the MUSE kinematics can be reproduced well with two counter-rotating orbit families, characterized by relatively low angular momentum components, but clearly separated in integral phase space and with radially varying contributions. The model indicates that the counter-rotating components in NGC 5813 are not thin discs, but dynamically hot structures. Our findings give further evidence that KDCs in massive galaxies should not necessarily be considered as structurally or dynamically decoupled regions, but as the outcomes of the mixing of different orbital families, where the balance in the distribution of mass of the orbital families is crucial. We discuss the formation of the KDC in NGC 5813 within the framework of gas accretion, binary mergers and formation of turbulent thick discs from cold streams at high redshift.
Characterizing the linear growth rate of cosmological density perturbations in an f(R) model

We investigate the linear growth rate of cosmological matter density perturbations in a viable f (R) model both numerically and analytically. We find that the growth rate in the scalar-tensor regime can be characterized by a simple analytic formula. We also investigate a prospect of constraining the Compton wavelength scale of the f (R) model with a future weak lensing survey.
Near-infrared survey of high mass X-ray binary candidates

Context. The INTEGRAL satellite is detecting a large population of new X-ray sources that were missed by previous missions because of high obscuration and, in some cases, very short duty cycles. The nature of these sources must be addressed by characterizing their optical and/or infrared counterparts. Aims. We investigate the nature of the optical counterparts to five of these newly discovered X-ray sources. Methods. We combine infrared spectra in the I, J,H ,a ndK bands with JHK photometry to characterize the spectral type, luminosity class, and distance to the infrared counterparts to these systems. For IGR J19140+0951, we present spectroscopy from the red to the K band and new red and infrared photometry. For SAX J18186−1703 and IGR J18483−0311, we present the first intermediateresolution spectroscopy to be published. Finally, for IGR J18027−2016, we present new I and K band spectra. Results. We find that four systems harbour early-type B supergiants. All of them are heavily obscured, with E(B − V) ranging between 3 and 5, implying visual extinctions of ∼ 9 to 15 mag. We refine the published classifications of IGR J18027−2016 and IGR J19140+0951 by constraining their luminosity class. In the first case, we confirm the supergiant nature but exclude a class III. In the second case, we propose a slightly higher luminosity class (Ia instead of Iab) and provide an improved value of the distance based on new optical photometry. Two other systems, SAX J18186−1703 and IGR J18483−0311 are classified as supergiant fast X-ray transients (SFXTs). XTE J1901+014, on the other hand, contains no bright infrared source in its error circle. Conclusions. Owing to their infrared and X-ray characteristics, IGR J18027−2016 and IGR J19140+0951, emerge as supergiant X-ray binaries with X-ray luminosities of the order of LX ∼ [1 − 2] × 10 36 erg s −1 , while SAX J1818.6−1703 and IGR J18483−0311, are found to be SFXTs at 2 and 3 kpc, respectively. Finally, XTE J1901+014 emerges as a puzzling source: its X-ray behaviour is strongly reminiscent of SFXTs, but a supergiant nature is firmly excluded for the counterpart. We discuss several alternative scenarios to explain its behaviour.
Inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of phonon dynamics in URu2Si2

In this paper, we study high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of the acoustic phonons of URu2Si2. At all temperatures, the longitudinal acoustic phonon linewidths are anomalously broad at small wave vectors revealing a previously unknown anharmonicity. The phonon modes do not change significantly upon cooling into the hidden order phase. In addition, our data suggest that the increase in thermal conductivity in the hidden order phase cannot be driven by a change in phonon dispersions or lifetimes. Hence, the phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity is likely much less significant compared to that of the magnetic excitations in the low temperature phase.
Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z \sim 1$. III. The stellar content of the quiescent galaxy population during the last $8$ Gyr

We aim at unveiling the stellar content properties of quiescent galaxies, as well as how these galaxies evolved and assembled their stellar populations since $z\sim1$ up to the present days. Using the multi-filter photometric data from ALHAMBRA and the SED-fitting code MUFFIT, we built a complete catalogue of quiescent galaxies through the dust-corrected stellar mass-colour diagram. This catalogue includes stellar population properties, such as ages, metallicities, extinctions, stellar masses and photo $z$, which were retrieved using two sets of SSP models to construct composite models of stellar populations. We develop a novel methodology to provide, for the first time, the analytic probability distribution functions of mass-weighted ages, metallicities, and extinctions of quiescent galaxies as a function of redshift and stellar mass. In the analysis, we explore different assumptions for the SFH to discard potential systematics of the population synthesis models. There is an increasing number of quiescent galaxies since $z\sim1$ that is more prominent for decreasing stellar masses. Quiescent galaxies present extinction values of $A_V<0.6$ with median values in the range $A_V = 0.15$--$0.3$. At increasing stellar mass, quiescent galaxies are older and more metal rich since $z\sim1$. A detailed analysis of the PDFs reveals that the evolution of quiescent galaxies is not compatible with a passive evolution and there is striking evidence for a slight decrease in the median metallicity of $0.1$--$0.2$~dex. The intrinsic dispersions of the age and metallicity PDFs show a dependence with stellar mass and redshift. These results are qualitatively consistent with both set of SSP models and the alternative SFH assumptions explored. To reconcile the observed trends, the quiescent population must undergo an evolutive pathway including mergers, remnants of star formation and the "progenitor" bias.
High-temperature limit of the resonant Fermi gas

© 2015 American Physical Society. We use the virial expansion to investigate the behavior of the two-component, attractive Fermi gas in the high-temperature limit, where the system smoothly evolves from weakly attractive fermions to weakly repulsive bosonic dimers as the short-range attraction is increased. We present a formalism for computing the virial coefficients that employs a diagrammatic approach to the grand potential and allows one to easily include an effective range R∗ in the interaction. In the limit where the thermal wavelength λR∗, the calculation of the virial coefficients is perturbative even at unitarity and the system resembles a weakly interacting Bose-Fermi mixture for all scattering lengths a. By interpolating from the perturbative limits λ/|a|1 and R∗/λ1, we estimate the value of the fourth virial coefficient at unitarity for R∗=0 and we find that it is close to the value obtained in recent experiments. We also derive the equations of state for the pressure, density, and entropy, as well as the spectral function at high temperatures.