Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Active microfluidic mixer for mixing of microparticles and liquids

This paper presents a new active microfluidic mixer for mixing of microparticles and liquid samples using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) convection for applications in microfluidic-based biochemical analysis systems and biochips. To understand the EHD convection mixing, analytical analysis on the micro mixer have been performed for two different liquid samples with different electric conductivities. Through the analytical simulation, a new active micro mixer for both liquid/liquid mixing and liquid/microparticles mixing has been designed, fabricated, and demonstrated for application of a magnetic microbead- based analysis system. Magnetic beads that are dispersed in buffer solution have been fully mixed with the selected liquid sample while passing the mixing zone, which has voltage of between 7 to 25 V applied across it. Since the realized micro mixer has simple structure and no mechanically moving parts, it shows very reliable and repeatable mixing performance. The active micro mixing device studied in this work also shows feasible mixing capabilities of microparticles in naon- or pico-liter range of liquid volumes by applying a low voltage of 7 V across the microchannel. Furthermore reliable, robust mixing and manipulating of microparticles in liquid samples can be rapidly achieved.
Bioactive Usual and Unusual Triterpenoids Derived from Natural Sources Used in Traditional Medicine

Triterpenoids are accessible in several terrestrial plants as well as marine organisms, including sponges, algae, fungi, and sea cucumbers are examples of marine creatures. So far, more than 20,000 natural triterpenoids have exhibited several varied bioactivities, including anticancer, antimalarial, anti‐HIV, inhibit HIF‐1 activation, antibacterial, chemopreventive, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, antiviral, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, insecticidal, antidiabetic, cytotoxic. Several plants are used in folklore medicine to treat numerous ailments, and the preparation or uses of traditional practices have been scientifically validated. Although various structural diversity has been observed in the triterpenoids, this review presents the sources and uses of those triterpenoids that showed significant biological activities which could be accessible and promoted to familiar people in the form of traditional medicine or for industrial, or pharmaceutical applications.
Kinetic models of the solar wind

A new kinetic model of the quiet solar wind is presented and compared with earlier exospheric, semikinetic, and hydrodynamical models. To have equal mean free paths for the protons and electrons at the baropause, the ratio of the proton temperature to the electron temperature is supposed to be Tp(ho)/Te(ho) = 0.645. With the assumption that the trapped electrons are in thermal equilibrium with those emerging from the barosphere, the electric-field distribution is calculated to cancel the electric current and space charge in the exospheric plasma. The bulk velocity, the density, the average electron and proton temperatures, and the energy flux, which are observed at 1 AU for quiet solar-wind conditions, are well represented by such a kinetic model. The average electron temperature is nearly independent of the bulk velocity, whereas a positive correlation between the average proton temperature and the bulk velocity is found. Consequently it is suggested that in the interplanetary medium (r>6RS) no external heating mechanism is needed to explain the observed quiet solar-wind properties. Finally, the electric-field calculations in this kinetic model are found to be in reasonable agreement with the empirical electric-field values deduced from observed coronal-density distribution.
Assessment of the statistical optimization strategies and clinical evaluation of an artificial intelligence-based automated diagnostic system for thyroid nodule screening

Background Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer in the world. Accurately distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid nodules is particularly important for the early diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. This study aimed to investigate the best possible optimization strategies for an already-trained artificial intelligence (AI)-based automated diagnostic system for thyroid nodule screening and, in addition, to scrutinize the clinically relevant limitations using stratified analysis to better standardize the application in clinical workflows. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a total of 1,092 ultrasound images associated with 397 thyroid nodules collected from 287 patients between April 2019 and January 2021, applying postoperative pathology as the gold standard. We applied different statistical approaches, including averages, maximums, and percentiles, to estimate per-nodule-based malignancy scores from the malignancy scores per image predicted by AI-SONIC Thyroid v. 5.3. 0.2 (Demetics Medical Technology Ltd., Hangzhou, China) system, and we assessed its diagnostic efficacy on nodules of different sizes or tumor types with per-nodule analysis using performance metrics. Results Of the 397 thyroid nodules, 272 thyroid nodules were overrepresented by malignant nodules according to the results of the surgical pathological examinations. Taking the median of the malignancy scores per image to estimate the nodule-based score with a cutoff value of 0.56 optimized for the means of sensitivity and specificity, the AI-based automated detection system demonstrated slightly lower sensitivity, significantly higher specificity (almost independent of nodule size), and similar accuracy to that of the senior radiologist. Both the AI system and the senior radiologist demonstrated higher sensitivity in diagnosing smaller nodules (≤25 mm) and comparable diagnostic performances for larger nodules. The mean diagnostic time per nodule of the AI system was 0.146 s, which was in sharp contrast to the 2.8 to 4.5 min of the radiologists. Conclusions Using our optimization strategy to achieve nodule-based diagnosis, the AI-SONIC Thyroid automated diagnostic system demonstrated an overall diagnostic accuracy equivalent to that of senior radiologists. Thus, it is expected that it can be used as a reliable auxiliary diagnostic method by radiologists for the screening and preoperative evaluation of malignant thyroid nodules.
Ethics & AI: A Systematic Review on Ethical Concerns and Related Strategies for Designing with AI in Healthcare

In modern life, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) has promoted the implementation of data-driven algorithms in high-stakes domains, such as healthcare. However, it is becoming increasingly challenging for humans to understand the working and reasoning of these complex and opaque algorithms. For AI to support essential decisions in these domains, specific ethical issues need to be addressed to prevent the misinterpretation of AI, which may have severe consequences for humans. However, little research has been published on guidelines that systematically addresses ethical issues when AI techniques are applied in healthcare. In this systematic literature review, we aimed to provide an overview of ethical concerns and related strategies that are currently identified when applying AI in healthcare. The review, which followed the PRISMA guidelines, revealed 12 main ethical issues: justice and fairness, freedom and autonomy, privacy, transparency, patient safety and cyber security, trust, beneficence, responsibility, solidarity, sustainability, dignity, and conflicts. In addition to these 12 main ethical issues, we derived 19 ethical sub-issues and associated strategies from the literature.
Multimodal CT imaging characteristics may predict post-reperfusion infarct volume in wake-up stroke patients

Background Accurate prediction of subsequent infarct volume in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients helps determine appropriate interventions and prognosis. The objectives are to assess whether early multimodal CT imaging characteristics of wake-up stroke (WUS) patients could predict post-reperfusion infarct volume and evaluate the accuracy of baseline infarct and penumbra volumes for predicting follow-up infarct volume. Methods This retrospective study included WUS patients, last seen well (LSW) >6 h, with multimodal CT imaging at baseline. Baseline non-contrast CT (NCCT) and CT perfusion were analyzed using RAPID software, and CT angiography using maximum intensity projection. Post-reperfusion infarct volume was assessed at 24-h following reperfusion on magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Patients were stratified by treatment module for analyses. Results Of 34 eligible patients, 9 (26.5%) received intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) alone and 25 (73.5%) received both endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) and r-tPA. All patients had a strong correlation between baseline NCCT alberta stroke program early CT score, clot burden score (CBS), Tan score, infarct volume, penumbra volume with 24-h post-reperfusion infarct volume (respectively, r=0.172, P=0.015; r=0.118, P=0.047; r=0.149, P=0.024; r=0.311, P=0.001 and r=0.120; P=0.045). Among reperfusion therapies, WUS patients who received EVT had a significantly lower 24-h post-reperfusion infarct volume and had a significant difference between baseline infarct volume and 24-h post-reperfusion infarct volume (respectively, 82 vs. 14, P=0.032 and 47 vs. 14, P=0.04). Conclusions Primarily obtained multimodal CT imaging characteristics may predict post-reperfusion infarct volume in WUS patients, and those who underwent EVT had a significantly lower post-reperfusion infarct volume.
Detection of Severe Midwest Thunderstorms Using Geosynchronous Satellite Data

Abstract The potential and limitations of detecting severe thunderstorms in the Midwest region of the United States with short‐interval (∼5 min) geosynchronous satellite data are explored. Thunderstorms are defined in the infrared (IR) data as points of relative minimum in brightness temperature (TB) that have good time continuity and exhibit a period of rapid growth (TB decrease or TB isotherm expansion). Thunderstorms so defined are tracked and monitored and parameters related to storm (updraft) intensity, are extracted from the satellite data. These parameters are rates of TB decrease (both in the upper troposphere and the stratosphere), rate of TB isotherm expansion (at TB≤ 226 K), and storm lifetime minimum TB (Tmin, a measure of storm maximum height). Each parameter is shown to be statistically related to the occurrence of severe weather (tornadoes, hail) on four case study days. The four parameters are combined into a Thunderstorm Index (TI), varying from values of one to nine. Storms with TI≥ 6 ha.
The Nature of Winter Clouds and Precipitation in the Cascade Mountains and their Modification by Artificial Seeding. Part III: Case Studies of the Effects of Seeding

Abstract Three case studies are described in which detailed airborne and ground observations were made in order to evaluate the effects of artificial seeding from the air on cloud structure and snowfall on the ground in a small predetermined target area in the Cascade Mountains. On 31 January 1972, stratocumulus clouds just west of the Cascade crest were heavily seeded with silver iodide for 72 min. Airborne observations showed that the clouds were glaciated by the artificial seeding, new crystal types appeared, and there was an increase in convective activity. Particle trajectory analysis showed that snowfall in the target area should have been affected by the seeding. On the ground in the target area near the Cascade crest new snow crystal types appeared, riming decreased, freezing nuclei in the snowfall increased, and the snowfall rate decreased during the predicted period-of-effect (PPE) of seeding. Further east in the target area, new crystal types appeared, freezing nuclei in the snowfall increased,.
The solar cycle variation of coronal mass ejections and the solar wind mass flux

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are an important aspect of coronal physics and a potentially significant contributor to perturbations of the solar wind, such as its mass flux. Sufficient data on CMEs are now available to permit study of their longer-term occurrence patterns. Here we present the results of a study of CME occurrence rates over more than a complete 11-year solar sunspot cycle and a comparison of these rates with those of other activity related to CMEs and with the solar wind particle flux at 1 AU. The study includes an evaluation of corrections to the CME rates, which include instrument duty cycles, visibility functions, mass detection thresholds, and geometrical considerations. The main results are as follows: (1) The frequency of occurrence of CMEs tends to track the solar activity cycle in both amplitude and phase; (2) the CME rates from different instruments, when corrected for both duty cycles and visibility functions, are reasonably consistent; (3) considering only longer-term averages, no one class of solar activity is better correlated with CME rate than any other; (4) the ratio of the annualized CME to solar wind mass flux tends to track the solar cycle; and (5) near solar maximum, CMEs can provide a significant fraction (i.e., ≈ 15%) of the average mass flux to the near-ecliptic solar wind.
Non-Hyperbolicity of Random Graphs with Given Expected Degrees

The geometry of complex networks has a close relationship with their structure and function. In this article, we investigate Gromov-hyperbolicity of inhomogeneous random networks modeled by the Chung-Lu model G(w). When the maximum expected degree w max and minimum expected degree w min satisfy w max ≤ 21/3 w min, we prove that for any positive δ, G(w) has a positive probability of containing δ-fat triangles as n → ∞. Our numerical simulations illustrate this non-hyperbolicity of G(w) for power law degree distributions among others.
Comments on Professor Freedman’s Paper

Professor Freedman makes a number of useful comments on path analysis. Perhaps their reiteration by an eminent statistician will have more of an effect than similar statements by others have had. For example, Keynes (1939, 1940), Baumrind (1983), and Cliff (1983) seem to have had little effect on the volume of such naive applications of path analysis. I am somewhat concerned, though, that careless reading of his "fundamental theorem" will serve to reinforce the naive interpretations of path analysis that he is trying to counteract. A superficial reading of its preliminaries leads to the impression that causality is established by drawing straight lines from one thing to another. This may lead the whimsical or literal-minded reader to establish some surprising causal relations with the aid of a crayon. More fundamental to possible misunderstanding is the formulation of the theorem itself. This seems to prove that the correlation between variables is the sum of products of path coefficients and correlations with "proximate causes. " This will seem to the path analyst to reflect exactly what he or she has been doing. I believe that Professor Freedman's purpose in the paper is to discourage the practice of treating correlations in this way, but in the context he seems to be accepting it. That is, correlational data are rarely sufficient to demonstrate causal relations, but the theorem seems to condone the use of correlations to establish causality. A point that he emphasizes that may not have received due attention in earlier statements of this kind is some of the fallacies in the interventionist interpretation of a path model. What many users of path analysis would like to conclude, or perhaps would like others to conclude, is that if there is a path between X and Y as revealed by a path analysis, then intervening to change X will result in the change in Y that is shown by the coefficient in the model. Such hopeful interpretations are unsophisticated for the following reasons: 1. It is hard to tell whether there will be a change in other variables correlated with X or not. (A promotion of the father of a particular child will change the father's place on the occupational scale. Will it also change the numerous other variables that are correlated with occupation? ) 2. Close examination of almost all applications will reveal that the variables that furnish the numbers actually used in a path analysis are surro-
Electro-osmotic flow through a thin channel with gradually varying wall potential and hydrodynamic slippage

The lubrication approximation is applied to electro-osmotic flow through a thin parallel-plate channel under the combined effect of charge and hydrodynamic slippage modulation on the walls. The walls are periodically patterned for the charge and slip distributions, with a wavelength much longer than the channel height. It is shown that the phase of the wall patterns will play a significant role in determining the section-averaged velocity as well as the local convection pattern, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The effect of the phase on the flow will be dramatically different, depending on whether the electric field is applied along or perpendicular to the varying direction of the patterns. The possibility of generating a net flow in a direction perpendicular to the applied field is demonstrated.
The electrical resistivity of gold films

We present measurements of the d.c. electrical resistance of three classes of pure epitaxial gold films in the thickness range 30 to 900 nm. The combination of diverse morphological techniques with temperature-dependent data from 2 to 300 K enables us to apply a new theory based on those of Mayadas and Shatzkes for grain-boundary scattering, and of Soffer for surface scattering. Gold, evaporated and annealed on mica substrates, produced (111) films which gave a mean microscopic surface roughness to Fermi wavelength ratio, r, of 0.05 and a grain-boundary reflexion coefficient, Rg, of 0.45. On KBr substrates, samples, prepared similarly, formed two distinct types of (100) film. Use of reflexion high energy electron diffraction and electron microscopy showed that the grain structure of these types of film differed; however, both gave an r of 0.1. An Rg of 0.10 was determined for one type but remained unknown for the other. Our results show how previous workers, often relying on the validity of Fuchs’s theory and the misapplication thereof, have failed to present convincing evidence for specular surface scattering. We demonstrate the necessity for, experimentally, morphological observations and measurements over a wide temperature range, and, theoretically, the use of a method that combines the effects of both grain-boundary and angular-dependent surface scattering.
Nowhere-vanishing spinors and triality rotations in 8-manifolds

Using methods from differential geometry and index theorems, the authors give simple derivations of the criteria for the existence of nowhere-vanishing spinor fields on compact Riemannian manifolds. These had been derived previously using obstruction theory. The possibility of the non-existence of nowhere-vanishing spinor fields arises only in two, four or eight dimensions, and of these, eight is the dimension that presents the most interesting features. This is the same as the dimension of the transverse space for the superstring and they make some observations that follow from this fact.
Soft X-ray emission from subpicosecond laser-produced plasmas

Observation of soft x rays from a tungsten plasma produced by intense subpicosecond laser pulses is reported. X radiation of several keV photon energy was observed with just a few millijoules of laser energy. Using two consecutive pulses for the generation of the plasma the x‐ray emission is maximal for a delay of about 30 to 50 ps between the laser pulses.
Robust reduced order unbiased filtering for uncertain systems

This paper presents a simple solution to the robust unbiased functional reduced order filtering problem in the case of uncertain systems described by Integral Quadratic Constraint (IQC). The existence condition of the unbiased filter is expressed through a rank relation. Then the filter is designed via Linear Matrix Inequalities coupled with an equality constraint. The results obtained in this paper are applicable to unstable systems. The approach is illustrated by a numerical example.
Power absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic waves in a partially ionized magnetized plasma

Power absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic waves in a uniformly magnetized plasma layer covering a highly conducting surface is studied under atmosphere conditions. It is assumed that the system consists of not only electrons and positive ions but negative ions as well. By a general formula derived in our previous work [B. Guo and X. G. Wang, Plasma Sci. Tech. 7, 2645 (2005)], the total power absorption in the plasma layer with multiple reflections between an air-plasma interface and the conducting surface is computed. The results show that although the existence of negative ions greatly reduces the total power absorption, the magnetization of the plasma can, however, partially enhance it. Parameter dependence of the effects is calculated and discussed.
Point correspondences between successive range views using localized spin images

The determination of point correspondences between range images is used in computer vision for range image registration and object recognition. The use of a spin image as a feature for matching has had considerable success in object recognition. However, in registration, refinement by iterative methods has been required. This paper present a method of determining the surface geometry in a local region surrounding the point. The technique is developed for range images which have little movement between viewpoints, and which consists of only several profiles each. The method involves fitting surface patches to the surfaces of the two successive views, creating spin-image features at a few points of each patch in one view, and determining the best match of features on the previous reference view using a localized interpolating search. The sets of corresponding points of the two successive range views are then used directly to compute the registration transformation between views. This computation effectively refines the corresponding by minimizing the residual errors. The technique is demonstrated using a pair of synthetic range views, derived from a range image of an object with a free- form surface.
Sensitivity enhancement of bimaterial MOEMS thermal imaging sensor array using 2-λ wavelength readout

Diffraction gratings integrated with MEMS sensors offer sensitive displacement measurements. However, the sensitivity of the interferometric readout may drop significantly based on the sensor position. A two wavelength readout method was developed and tested previously in order to maintain the sensitivity of the readout > %50 maximum sensitivity over a broad range (i.e. several um's for visible wavelengths). This work demonstrates the sensitivity enhancement of a MEMS thermal imaging sensor array. Measurement of the target scene was performed using two lasers at different wavelengths (633, 650 nm). The diffracted 1st order light from the array was imaged onto a single CCD camera for both sources. The target scene was reconstructed by observing the change in the 1st diffracted order diffraction intensity for both wavelengths. Merging of the data, acquired with two different sources, is performed by assigning each pixel in the final image with the higher sensitivity pixel among two measurements. > 30% increase in the average sensitivity was demonstrated for the sensor array.