Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Network Based Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperature Profile Using AMSU-A Observations

The present study describes artificial neural network (ANN) based approach for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature profiles from AMSU-A microwave temperature sounder. The nonlinear relationship between the temperature profiles and satellite brightness temperatures dictates the use of ANN, which is inherently nonlinear in nature. Since latitudinal variation of temperature is dominant one in the Earth’s atmosphere, separate network configurations have been established for different latitudinal belts, namely, tropics, mid-latitudes, and polar regions. Moreover, as surface emissivity in the microwave region of electromagnetic spectrum significantly influences the radiance (or equivalently the brightness temperature) at the satellite altitude, separate algorithms have been developed for land and ocean for training the networks. Temperature profiles from National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) analysis and brightness temperature observations of AMSU-A onboard NOAA-19 for the year 2010 have been used for training of the networks. Further, the algorithm has been tested on the independent dataset comprising several months of 2012 AMSU-A observations. Finally, an error analysis has been performed by comparing retrieved profiles with collocated temperature profiles from NCEP. Errors in the tropical region are found to be less than those in the mid-latitude and polar regions. Also, in each region the errors over ocean are less than the corresponding ones over land.
Structural Analysis of a Previously Unknown Active Fault That Triggered the 2013 Mw 5.8 Awajishima Earthquake, Southwest Japan

The M w 5.8 Awajishima earthquake occurred on 13 April 2013 in southwest Awaji Island, ∼25 km southwest of the epicenter of the 1996 M w 6.8 Kobe earthquake, southwest Japan. Analyses of aerial photographs and 3D perspective images, field investigations, and structural analysis of fault rocks reveal that: (1) a previously undocumented fault, here called the Yamada fault, strikes northwest–southeast and dips southwest at 86° along a topographic lineament at the geological boundary between Mesozoic granitic rocks and the late Pliocene–Quaternary Osaka Group composed of interbedded sandstone and mudstone; (2) the main shear zone of the Yamada fault consists of a fault core with a <10 cm wide zone of fault gouge (generally 1–5 cm), a fault breccia zone of <100 cm wide, and a damage zone of 10–50 m wide, composed of cataclastic rocks and fractures; (3) foliations characterized by S‐C fabrics that have developed in the shear zone indicate a dominantly thrust fault sense, consistent with that revealed by the focal mechanism; and (4) coseismic surface ruptures occurred locally along the main trace of the Yamada fault, consisting of numerous short fissures ranging in length from centimeters to several meters and concentrated in a zone <5 m wide. Our findings show that the newly identified Yamada fault is an active fault and that it is probably the fault on which the 2013 M w 5.8 Awajishima earthquake occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a fault model to better understand the deformation characteristics of the seismogenic source fault and for reassessing the seismic hazards on the densely populated Awaji Island of southwest Japan.
Neuromorphic Devices, Circuits, and Their Applications in Flexible Electronics

Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved and sparked a heightened interest in the field of bionic electronics. A key focus in this field is to emulate biological neural networks and create perceptually sensitive and adaptable neuromorphic devices. These devices are essential components for the next-generation flexible wearables, smart textiles, biomedical devices, and soft robots. The remarkable advantage of flexible neuromorphic devices lies in their ability to directly perceive, store, and analyze diverse information from the external environment. A notable feature is the integration of multisensory inputs in flexible neuromorphic devices, which enables enhanced adaptability to complex and dynamic scenarios that may occur in reality. This comprehensive review examines the structure and functionality of biological synapses and the prospective designs of neuromorphic devices that emulate synaptic functions. We review recent advances in neuromorphic devices and flexible electronic circuits, including different types of neuromorphic devices, such as two-terminal memristors and three-terminal synaptic transistors. We also compare their advantages and limitations. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for the future development of flexible neuromorphic devices. This review reveals the great potential of neuromorphic devices, circuits, and their applications in flexible electronics and provides valuable insights into the current state-of-the-art and prospects of this field.
Satellite remote sensing of H2SO4 aerosol using the 8- to 12-μm window region: Application to Mount Pinatubo

Monitoring stratospheric aerosols containing H2SO4 using the brightness temperature (BT) difference between 11 and 8.3 μm (BT8–BT11) spectral channels is demonstrated using theoretical calculations and satellite observations. Assuming an aqueous solution of 50% and 75% sulfuric acid, radiative transfer calculations indicate that over oceans an increase in the optical depth of the stratospheric aerosol results in an increase in BT8–BT11. Theoretical simulations suggest that the technique is sensitive to visible optical depths greater than approximately 0.15. The simulations also demonstrate a lack of sensitivity to the particle size distribution. Changes in pre- and post-Pinatubo observations by the HIRS2 on board the NOAA 10 are consistent with observed optical depth measurements and confirm the sensitivity of these channels to the presence of the aerosol. The technique is also applied to cold tropical convective clouds and desert regions where the signal, though evident, is less conclusive. Time series analysis is applied to the NOAA 10 and NOAA 12 combined BT8–BT11 observations to detect the periodicity of the spread of the volcanic aerosol. Over a region of the southern Pacific a 18- to 26-day period is present. Model simulations were conducted to demonstrate a trispectral technique with observations near 8, 11, and 12 μm. The trispectral approach has high potential in that the spectral signature of cirrus, water vapor, and H2SO4 aerosols are different. Observations from NOAA 10 and NOAA 11 are combined to demonstrate the capabilities of these infrared wavelengths of detecting the aerosol. The signal is clearly evident when a region of the South Atlantic is compared for pre- and post-Pinatubo conditions.
Concentric and radial joint systems within basic sills and their associated porosity enhancement, Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Abstract One of the remarkable characteristics of the Neuquén Basin is that a group of Cenozoic shallow microgabbroic sills exhibit gas and oil shows, and some have produced hydrocarbons for up to 20 years. Their capacity to act as reservoirs is caused by the increase in the effective porosity owing to the simultaneous development of petrological and fracture processes during cooling that generate systematic variations inside the intrusive bodies. In this work we describe in detail an unusual intracolumnar joint system formed by two joint sets, referred to here as concentric and radial joint sets. This atypical joint system is developed within the small stacked polyhedrons into which certain zones of classic prismatic columns are transformed during the cooling processes. These small polyhedrons are laterally bounded by the vertical planes that limit the columns, and at the top and bottom by transversal joint planes oriented almost perpendicular to the column axis. As a result of detailed macroscopic analysis, the genesis of the concentric joint sets have been interpreted as resulting from either the development of natural convective flows or from complex processes of cooling influenced by the joint-bounded planes of the columns. When the radial joint set is present, it is clearly related to the development of thermal stresses between the outer and inner parts of the small polyhedrons. In geology textbooks and previous published papers the genesis of what is informally called ‘onion skin’ joint sets in basic intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks has been attributed to processes related to either weathering or deuteric alteration. However, based on detailed macroscopic observations, our work suggests that, in most cases, any type of alteration process only accentuates the planes previously generated during the cooling process.
Interaction of the Gut Microbiome and Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis: Impact of Diet and Immune Therapy

The bidirectional communication between the gut and central nervous system (CNS) through microbiota is known as the microbiota–gut–brain axis. The brain, through the enteric neural innervation and the vagus nerve, influences the gut physiological activities (motility, mucin, and peptide secretion), as well as the development of the mucosal immune system. Conversely, the gut can influence the CNS via intestinal microbiota, its metabolites, and gut-homing immune cells. Growing evidence suggests that gut immunity is critically involved in gut–brain communication during health and diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The gut microbiota can influence the development and function of gut immunity, and conversely, the innate and adaptive mucosal immunity can influence microbiota composition. Gut and systemic immunity, along with gut microbiota, are perturbed in MS. Diet and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) can affect the composition of the gut microbial community, leading to changes in gut and peripheral immunity, which ultimately affects MS. A high-fat diet is highly associated with gut dysbiosis-mediated inflammation and intestinal permeability, while a high-fiber diet/short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can promote the development of Foxp3 Tregs and improvement in intestinal barrier function, which subsequently suppress CNS autoimmunity in the animal model of MS (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis or EAE). This review will address the role of gut immunity and its modulation by diet and DMTs via gut microbiota during MS pathophysiology.
Microfacies of detrital event layers deposited in Quaternary varved lake sediments of the Piànico‐Sèllere Basin (northern Italy)

A Quaternary interglacial lake sediment record from the Piànico‐Sèllere Basin (northern Italy) consists of biochemical calcite varves with intercalated detrital layers. At the end of the Piànico Interglacial, continuous varve formation was replaced by predominantly detrital sedimentation. However, 427 varve‐years before this shift, an abrupt increase in the frequency and thickness of detrital layers occurred. Microfacies analyses reveal a total of 152 detrital layers, ranging from 0·2 to 20·15 mm in thickness, deposited during the last 896 years of the Piànico Interglacial. Three microfacies types are distinguished: (i) graded layers, (ii) non‐graded silt layers, and (iii) matrix‐supported layers. The position of detrital layers within an individual varve provides additional information on the season in which they have been deposited. Microfacies analyses in combination with varve counting further enabled precise varve‐to‐varve correlation of the detrital layers for two sediment sections cropping out ca 130 m apart. The detailed intra‐basin correlation allows the source regions of detrital layers to be inferred. Moreover, micro‐erosion at sub‐millimetre scale has been established. Of the described facies types, only the accumulation of summer and spring graded and non‐graded silt layers abruptly increased before the end of interglacial varve formation whereas non‐graded winter silt and matrix‐supported layers are randomly distributed over the entire study period. Heavy rainfalls are assumed to have triggered spring and summer graded layers, so that the occurrence of these layers is thought to be a proxy for extreme precipitation events in the past.
Robust Tensor Recovery for Incomplete Multi-View Clustering

Incomplete multi-view clustering is gaining increased attention owing to its great success in mining underlying information from the missing views. However, the existing approaches still encounter two issues: 1) They generally do not give sufficient consideration to the robustness of incomplete multi-view data with noise; 2) They only exploit the low-rank structures in the intra-view graphs, while the low-rank priors embedded in inter-view graphs are ignored. To this end, we propose a Robust Tensor Recovery for Incomplete Multi-view Clustering (RIMC) method, which transforms the view-missing problem into the tensor graph recovery problem by manipulating the comprehensive low-rank priors. Specifically, RIMC first employs a marginalized denoising operation to construct robust graphs and further builds a tensor graph by stacking these robust graphs. Then, we develop a novel tensor completion to recover the tensor graph by performing comprehensive low-rank priors: low-rank structures in the inter-view graphs (i.e., horizontal and lateral slices); low-rank structures in the intra-view graphs (i.e., frontal slices). Meanwhile, we integrate the tensor completion and spectral clustering to learn a unified indicator matrix. Extensive experiments show the promising performance of our method.
Development of SRAM-APB protocol interface and verification

The purpose of this mechanism is to enhance the chip’s internal connections and read/write memory capabilities. The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is one such shared bus that uses static random-access memory to achieve this goal. As a result, it’s important to weigh a variety of design options before diving into the Verilog description. It’s also important to remember that the system must be designed to accommodate a large number of interoperable modules and memories. The design, on the other hand, starts with fewer modules and a less complicated description and realisation that relies on memory access. ModelSim is used to simulate after the delay has been modelled in Verilog. Since the interface’s static random-access memory uses an APB protocol, its performance may be tested at this stage. In addition, Questasim employs verification modules and System Verilog technologies to guarantee the system’s operation. From the obtained results, the Direct Memory Access (DMA) with SRAM-APB outperforms the alternatives, particularly in frame transmission schemes, with a wire efficiency that is 1.4 times higher and a dynamic energy efficiency that is nearly twice as high as those of conventional configurations.
Glacier Change, Concentration, and Elevation Effects in the Karakoram Himalaya, Upper Indus Basin

Abstract This paper seeks to explain evidence of distinctive late- and post-Little Ice Age glacier change in the Karakoram Himalaya and a recent, seemingly anomalous, expansion. Attention is directed to processes that support and concentrate glacier mass, including an all-year accumulation regime, avalanche nourishment, and effects related to elevation. Glacier basins have exceptional elevation ranges, and rockwalls make up the larger part of their area. However, more than 80% of the ice cover is concentrated between 4000 and 5500 m elevation. Classification into Turkestan-, Mustagh-, and Alpine-type glaciers is revisited to help identify controls over mass balance. Estimates of changes based on snowlines, equilibrium line altitudes, and accumulation area ratio are shown to be problematic. Extensive debris covers in ablation zone areas protect glacier tongues. They are relatively insensitive to climate change, and their importance for water supply has been exaggerated compared to clean and thinly covered ablation zone ice. Recent changes include shifts in seasonal temperatures, snowfall, and snow cover at high elevations. Understanding their significance involves rarely investigated conditions at higher elevations that lack monitoring programs.
Recent Progress in the Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools in Education

The use of artificial intelligent (AI) tools in education has had a significant impact on learning experiences and outcomes. This review looks at recent advances in artificial intelligence tools and their implications for future research and practice. The review article followed the PRISMA method. Relevant articles on AI in education, specifically those describing the integration of AI or machine learning in undergraduate was extracted from the SCOPUS database. The inclusion criteria focus on articles directly related to teaching and training in structured programs that published in 2019 to 2023. A total of twelve documents were recognized and subjected to hand identification for subsequent analysis. The result shows that cognitive tutors, which are interactive learning environments facilitated by intelligent tutoring systems, improve learning outcomes. The challenge of balancing instructional assistance and self-directed learning, on the other hand, is inherent in AI-driven tools. AI tools in higher education provide numerous advantages at the institutional, social, and instructional levels. Disruptive AI tools such as ChatGPT have emerged, but challenges include job displacement concerns and the need for constant adaptation. AI language learning tools are important in language acquisition processes because they provide personalized learning paths and interactive engagement. However, ethical considerations and competencies related to AI-based tools in education are assessed, with parallels drawn to healthcare guidelines. It emphasizes the importance of strong ethical frameworks, as well as the critical role of educators and professionals in responsible AI use, in order to maintain a symbiotic relationship between human expertise and technological advancement. Overall, this review summarizes recent advances in the use of artificial intelligence tools to revolutionize education, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and careful implementation.
Abu Hureyra, Syria, Part 2: Additional evidence supporting the catastrophic destruction of this prehistoric village by a cosmic airburst ~12,800 years ago

At Abu Hureyra, a well-studied archeological site in Syria, the onset boundary of the Younger Dryas climatic episode ~12,800 years ago has previously been proposed to contain evidence supporting a near-surface cosmic airburst impact that generated temperatures >2000°C. Here, we present a wide range of potential impact-related proxies representing the catastrophic effects of this cosmic impact that destroyed the village. These proxies include nanodiamonds (cubic diamonds, n-diamonds, i-carbon, and lonsdaleite-like crystals); silica-rich and iron-rich micro-spherules; and melted chromite, quartz, and zircon grains. Another proxy, meltglass, at a concentration of 1.6 wt% of bulk sediment, appears to have formed from terrestrial sediments and was found to partially coat toolmaking debitage, bones, and clay building plaster, suggesting that village life was adversely affected. Abundant meltglass fragments examined display remarkably detailed imprints of plant structures, including those of reeds. The nanodiamonds are proposed to have formed under anoxic conditions from the incineration of plant materials during high-temperature, impact-related fires, while geochemical evidence indicates that the micro-spherules formed from the melting of terrestrial sediments. Broad archeological and geochemical evidence supports the hypothesis that Abu Hureyra is the oldest known archeological site catastrophically destroyed by cosmic impact, thus revealing the potential dangers of such events.
Pixel dissimilarities for local controlling of the conductance in geometry-driven diffusion

The paper deals with geometry-driven diffusion filtering of MR tomograms of human brain. A method for making the conductance function locally adjustable has been proposed. It is based on using quantitative measures of pixel dissimilarities in neighborhoods which control the selection of an appropriate parameter of the exponential conductance. Three kinds of dissimilarity have been proposed and tested on a MR head phantom, as well as on real MR tomogram. A study of separate filtering effect on region interiors and boundaries has been performed using histograms of local conductance.
Modeling ring current proton precipitation by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves during the May 14–16, 1997, storm

We study mechanisms contributing to proton precipitation from the ring current during the May 14–16, 1997, geomagnetic storm. This storm was caused partly by Bz< 0 fields in the sheath region behind an interplanetary shock and partly by the magnetic cloud driving the shock. The storm was characterized by a maximum Kp=7− and a minimum Dst=−115 nT and had a distinctive two-phase decay related to the passage of the ejection at the Earth. We model the ring current development caused by adiabatic drifts and losses due to charge exchange, Coulomb collisions, wave-particle interactions, and atmospheric collisions at low altitudes. The nightside magnetospheric inflow is simulated using geosynchronous Los Alamos National Laboratory data, whereas the dayside free outflow corresponds to losses through the dayside magnetopause. We calculate the equatorial growth rate of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves with frequencies between the oxygen and helium gyrofrequencies and their integrated wave gain as the storm progresses. The regions of maximum wave amplification compare reasonably well to satellite observations. A time-dependent global wave model is constructed, and the spatial and temporal evolution of precipitating proton fluxes during different storm phases is determined. We find that the global patterns of proton precipitation are very dynamic: located at larger L shells during prestorm conditions, moving to lower L shells as geomagnetic activity increases during storm main phase, and receding back toward larger L shells with storm recovery. However, the most intense fluxes are observed along the duskside plasmapause during the main and early recovery phase of the storm and are caused by plasma wave scattering. This study is relevant to the analysis of the anticipated new data sets from the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) and Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics (TIMED) missions.
Variation of the average 'freezing-in' temperature of oxygen ions with solar wind speed

Observations of the average Oxygen ionization equilibrium as a function of speed of the solar wind are presented. At low solar wind speeds they indicate a coronal temperature at the freezing-in point of 1.5 +- 0.2 x 10 /sup 0/K. At speeds above 450 km sec/sup -1/ the apparent temperature starts to rise rapidly. This rise is tentatively interpreted in terms of a lack of thermodynamic equilibrium in the source region.