Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photomask Fabrication Technology

Photomasks are defect-free optical templates -- the printing masters for the fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs). When IC feature sizes fall below the exposure tool’s source wavelength, photomask fabrication becomes difficult: very strict mask critical dimension (CD) and feature placement specifications, intensive capital equipment investment, unique raw materials and applications, and special expertise requirements for photomask fabrication technologists are necessary to fabricate modern microelectronics. Thus the rapid recent growth of the field and the need for this book. This text details the science and technology of industrial photomask production, including fundamental principles, industrial production flows, technological evolution and development, and state of the art technologies. Focusing on industrial applications rather than pure science, the goal of the book is to provide a comprehensive reference for any engineer developing microelectronic manufacturing processes Table of contents Introduction Data Preparation and Design Pattern Generation Pattern Transfer Photomask Metrology Defect Control and Finishing Inspection, Repair, and Cleaning Resolution Enhancement Techniques Water Fabrication Issues Future Developments Appendices References
An Orthogonal Waveform for MIMO-SAR Applications

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with multiple transmit and receive channels (MIMO-SAR) has a higher flexibility and an improved efficiency compared to a conventional SAR system with a single channel. The multiple receive channels can be used, among other things, to increase the swath width at constant azimuth resolution or to suppress spatial interferences. However, multiple transmit channels, which transmit simultaneously in the same frequency band provide currently a challenge. The generation of a waveform which is orthogonal for surface scatterers, proves to be excluded with conventional methods. Therefore, in this paper a modified Chirp wave-form is introduced which extends in combination with digital beam-forming (DBF) on receive the orthogonality condition to another degree of freedom, thus allowing perfect orthogonality. Furthermore, the hardware design of the MIMO-Radar Demonstrator, a multi-channel measurement system for radar and SAR applications is shown. This at the German Aerospace Centre developed system allows the metrological verification of the waveforms presented in this paper, and other innovative concepts for future spaceborne Earth observation missions.
Molecular analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from four teaching hospitals in Iran: The emergence of Novel MRSA ST- SCCmec clones

Background: The global spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections necessitates the use of validated methods for the identification and typing of this bacterium. This study aimed to determine the distribution of main molecular types of MRSA strain circulating among hospitalized patients in teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan. Methods: A total of 146 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from patients in four teaching hospitals in Isfahan and Kashan during June 2017 to September 2018. The antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus strains were performed by disc diffusion method. The MRSA strains were identified phenotypically and confirmed by PCR assay. The prevalence of microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) genes among MRSA strains was evaluated by multiplex PCR. The genotypes of MRSA strains were determined by multi-locus sequence type and SCC mec typing. Results: Of 146 Staphylococcus aureus isolates 24 (16.4%) isolates identified as MRSA strains. According to antibiotic susceptibility testing the highest resistance rates were seen to erythromycin, cefoxitin and clindamycin. All of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were sensitive to vancomycin whereas 3 (2.1%) isolates were resistant to linezolid. Three different SCC mec types were obtained among MRSA strains including 16 (66.7%) SCC mec type V, 3 (12.5%) SCC mec type III and 5 (20.8%) SCC mec type II. Of 24 MRSA isolates 20 (83.3%) carried MSCRAMMs genes including eno (70.8%), fib (54.1%) , cna (25.0%), fnbB (16.6%) , ebps 5 (20.8%), and fnbA , bbp and clfA genes were not detected. MLST analysis revealed 11 sequence types among MRSA isolates as follows: ST239, ST239, ST291, ST22, ST861, ST 889, ST8, ST59, ST343, ST772, ST6 and ST1465. Also seven MLST-based clonal complexes (CCs) were identified among MRSA strains including: CC8, CC7, CC398, CC59, CC22, CC1 and CC5. Conclusions: A relatively high diversity was found in MRSA genotypes in Kashan and Isfahan hospitals, and seven clonal complexes were identified. Pandemic MRSA clones including CC8 and CC22 were the most prevalent clones and the novel ST types including ST1465, ST861, ST 889 and ST772 are reported for the first time in Iran in the present study. In addition the high prevalence of MSCRAMMs genes in MRSA isolates demonstrates the high potential of these strains for pathogenicity.
Resonant Leadership: Renewing Yourself and Connecting with Others through Mindfulness, Hope, and Compassion

Foreword Chapter 1 Great Leaders Move Us Chapter 2 The Leader's Challenge Chapter 3 Dissonance is the Default Chapter 4 Waking Up to Resonance and Renewal Chapter 5 Intentional Change Chapter 6 Mindfulness Chapter 7 The Power of Hope Chapter 8 Compassion Chapter 9 "Be the Change You Want to See in the World" (*Gandhi) Appendices A and B
Effects of Power Generation and Two Different Landing Protocols on Evaluating Impact Attenuation in Landing

The purposes of the dissertation were: 1) to examine the effects ofpower generation and two different landing protocols on the lower extremity during a landing activity, and 2) to examine the effects ofpower generation and gender on impact attenuation during a landing activity. During the first study, eight elite male recreational athletes and eight non-elite male recreational athletes, selected based upon their maxinlunl jump heights, preformed drop landings in one of six conditions for two different protocols. Each subject landed from a height of 40 cm, 60 cm and 80 cm in the first protocol (PT1) and from a height of 70%, 100%, and 1300/0 of their maximum vertical jump height in the second protocol (PT2). Ground reaction force (GRF) data were recorded using a force plate (OR6-7, AMTI) and kinematic data were recorded using a six camera motion analysis system (Vicon). Both the GRF and kinetic variables were normalized by potential energy. A Group x Protocol x Height mixed design repeated measures ANOV A with Group as the between subject factor was used to test the significance of selected variables. The non­ elite athletes landed with a larger loading rate for the second GRF peak and a larger hip extension moment compared to the elite athletes. The non-elite athletes also landed with a greater ankle plantarflexion moment, knee adduction moment and ankle eccentric work in PT 1 whereas the elite athletes landed with a smaller ankle plantarflexion moment, knee adduction moment and ankle eccentric work. These findings suggest that the elite athletes ware better equipped to absorb the loads at impact and that the two groups of athletes responded differently.
Teleoperation Assistance for an Indoor Quadrotor Helicopter

This paper presents design details of a teleoperated miniature aerial vehicle for indoor scenarios. A 600 MHz board computer has been interfaced with a digital camera, a miniature 2D laser range finder and a commercially available quadrotor helicopter. An ad-hoc wireless local area network (LAN) link between the board computer and a notebook is established to feed back sensor data of the helicopter to a teleoperation user interface. The platform has been built to compete in the EMAV 2008 indoor flight competition in Braunschweig, Germany (1). The corresponding indoor mission which requires 3D navigation capabilities is described in detail. Altitude and position control have been implemented and tested on our vehicle to assist piloting. Significantly improved operability compared to non-assisted teleoperation has been achieved.
Implementing Classification Techniques in Predicting Incidents in a Higher Education Institution in the Philippines

The holistic success of the student in the university heavily relies on the curricula and student development programs. In this milieu, the increasing demand for designing, implementing, monitoring and controlling of major and minor violations of the students' demands formative, reformative, rehabilitative, and restorative remediation programs. This paper presents the implementation of classification technique in predicting incidents, develop a predictive model, and implement the model in a recommender system. The researchers utilized a Descriptive Developmental research design. During the development, business rules, use cases and processes of an HEI were used in developing the recommender system and evaluated using ISO 9126 for Software Quality. The developed predictive model was tested using Classification and Regression (C&R) Tree, C5.0, Quest Tree, Logistic Regression, random tree and Classification technique. On the basis of the findings, the Classification Technique was adopted since it had a higher accuracy rate. The recommender system helped improve employees in incident resolutions, productivity and efficiency, and have provided a significant reduction of students’ major and minor offences based on the classifiers using the CHAID Algorithm. The researchers recommend that further studies and empirical investigation be conducted on the analytical reports, and other data mining techniques may be applied to further improve the system, processes, and student services.
Suzaku Captures a Possible Eclipse in IGR J16207-5129 and Identifies a Weak-Flaring State in IGR J17391-3021

We present the results from analyses of Suzaku observations of the supergiant X-ray binaries IGR Jl6207-5129 and IGR Jl7391-3021. For IGR Jl6207-5129, we provide the first broadband (0.5-60 keV) spectrum from which we confirm a large intrinsic column density (N(sub H) = 16 X 10(exp 22)/square cm), and constrain the cutoff energy for the first time (E(sub c) 19 keV). We observed a prolonged (> 30 ks) attenuation of the X-ray flux which we tentatively attribute to an eclipse of the probable neutron star by its massive companion. For IGR Jl739J-3021, we witnessed a transition from quiescence to a low-activity phase punctuated by weak flares whose peak luminosities in the 0.5-10 keV band are only a factor of 5 times that of the pre-flare emission. The weak flaring is accompanied by an increase in the absorbing column which suggests the accretion of obscuring clumps of wind. Placing this observation in the context of the recent Swift monitoring campaign, we now recognize that these low-activity epochs constitute the most common emission phase for this system, and perhaps in other supergiant fast X-ray transients (SFXTs) as well.
Assessment of Cadmium, Lead and Iron in Hand Dug Wells of Aiyetoro, South-Western Nigeria

Access to quality drinking water is a great problem to most developing countries of the world. This paper is focused on groundwater quality assessment in Aiyetoro area south western Nigeria. Cadmium, Lead and Iron in hand dug wells were assessed following standard procedures of analyses. The Mean ± S.D of the results obtained were Cadmium 0.017±0.016 mg/l; Lead 0.229±0.061 mg/l; Iron 1.076±2.393 mg/l. It was observed that all the parameters were higher than the standard limits specified for drinking water by WHO except for iron which was generally lower compared to the standard. Hence, the well water in the study location is unsuitable for drinking.
Anti-senescence role of coenzyme Q 10 and 17 β-estradiol on submandibular gland of ovariectomized rats : histological , immunohistogical and molecular studies

Decreased salivary secretion and diminished taste sensation are common symptoms in female at menopause or after surgical ovariectomy at any age. The aim of the study is to investigate the histological, immunohistochemical and molecular changes of the submandibular gland in a rat model of menopause and the possible protective effect of combined coenzyme Q10 and estrogen compared to estrogen therapy alone. Fifty adult female rats were used. They were classified into 5 equal groups: negative control (I), positive control receiving coenzyme Q10 (II), ovariectomized (III), ovariectomized and received estrogen (IV) as well as ovariectomized and received both estrogen and coenzyme Q10 (V). After 8 weeks the submandibular glands were dissected out for histological and α SMA immunohistochemical assessment. SMP-30 gene expression was also carried out. Moreover, measurement of lipid peroxidation product and total antioxidant capacity were done. The study revealed that ovariectomy induces oxidative stress of the submandibular gland in the form of increased oxidative stress markers, decreased SMP-30 mRNA gene expression, increased optical density of α SMA and ultrastructure degenerative changes. Slight improvement of these results is observed in estrogen treated group. In contrary, nearly complete recovery is noticed in combined estrogen and coenzyme Q10 treated group. We concluded that ovariectomy could induce submandibular gland cellular senescence and oxidative stress dependent histological changes. Estrogen has a protective role but combined coenzyme Q10 and estrogen therapy could have a better effect in prevention and protection against ovariectomy induced submandibular gland damage.
Control of the oxygen doping in Bi-2212 whiskers by means of their synthesis process

Direct evidence of oxygen doping control in single phase Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) whiskers is reported, along with the changes in their structural properties obtained by varying the growth temperature of the synthesis process in the range from 843 to 872 °C. The as-grown whiskers were investigated by means of x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), electrical transport measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRPD measurements showed that the value of the c-axis lattice parameter increases from 30.556 to 30.640 Å when increasing the growth temperature, which indicates different oxygen doping levels spanning from the slightly overdoped to the nearly optimally doped regimes. Such results are also confirmed by the electrical characterizations, which revealed a typical relationship among resistivity (ρab), superconducting critical temperature (Tc), and c-axis value. The growth of CuO crystals has also been identified during this study, with a maximum yield in the range 860–864 °C, where also a slope change in the c-axis behavior has been found, implying a possible correlation between the two phenomena. Therefore, by changing the synthesis growth temperature, one can provide an effective way to tune the whisker electrical transport properties.
Numerical simulations of the internal shock model in magnetized relativistic jets of blazars

The internal shocks scenario in relativistic jets is used to explain the variability of the blazar emission. Recent studies have shown that the magnetic field significantly alters the shell collision dynamics, producing a variety of spectral energy distributions and light-curves patterns. However, the role played by magnetization in such emission processes is still not entirely understood. In this work we numerically solve the magnetohydodynamic evolution of the magnetized shells collision, and determine the influence of the magnetization on the observed radiation. Our procedure consists in systematically varying the shell Lorentz factor, relative velocity, and viewing angle. The calculations needed to produce the whole broadband spectral energy distributions and light-curves are computationally expensive, and are achieved using a high-performance parallel code.
Differences in Relative Prices in the EU Palenmark

Price levels differ considerably between the member states of the EU. This paper examines what causes these price differences. Disaggregated price level indexes for 13 capital cities in the EU are used in order to investigate differences in relative prices during the 1990s. It is found that such variables as physical distance, tax levels, participation in the EMU and income levels explain differences in price levels. JEL Classification: E31; F41
Finite Element Analysis Approach for Optimization of Enzyme Activity for Enzymatic Bio-fuel Cell

Miniaturized enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) are a promising candidant for implantable power sources, which use enzymes as catalysts to perform redox reaction with biological fuels such as glucose. In this study, we optimize the enzyme activity by using COMSOL 3.5 Multiphysics software based on a three dimensional EBFC chip with highly dense micro electrode arrays, fabricated by carbonmicroelectromechanical system (C-MEMS) techniques. We mainly focus on two critical parameters related to the biofuel cells efficiency: one is how to optimize the enzyme reaction rate, and another one is how to generate maximum current density or power density. In our 2-D model design, we use the Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics theory to work out the relationship between electrode dimensions and enzyme reaction rate as well as output potential by incorporating Nernst potential theory. In the 3-D model design, we study the performance of the bio-fuel cell with relative placement of the electrodes based on our 2-D model.
CITIZENS HEALTH PROTECTION BEHAVIOUR AGAINST VECTOR BORN DISEASES IN GREECE: THE CASE OF XANTHI

During the period of 2012-2014 a West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreak occurred in the Regional District of Xanthi in Greece. As the self-protection measures are the most important for securing the public health this paper aims to explore the citizens buying behavior towards those measures, to classify them into groups and to profile each group accordingto their demographic characteristics. Age, education, number of children, number of family members, occupation and infection from WNV found to be significant related to people expenses towards self-protection measure. Moreover, people that have been infected from WNV have different demographic profile than those who have not being infected.
Effects of coated sodium butyrate on production performance, egg quality, serum biochemistry, digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal health of laying hens

Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of coated sodium butyrate (CSB) on production performance, egg quality, serum biochemistry, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal health of laying hens. 720 hens at 52 weeks were assigned in five groups including basal diet (control) and a basal diet supplemented with 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg CSB for 8 weeks. The results showed that the 500 mg/kg CSB group increased laying rate but 500 and 750 mg/kg groups decreased feed conversion ratio (p < .05). At the fourth week, dietary CSB at more than or equal to 500 mg/kg level increased the Haugh unit (p < .01); At the eighth week, 500 and 1000 mg/kg CSB groups improved the eggshell strength, Haught unit and albumen height (p < .05). Dietary CSB administration except for the 250 mg/kg group increased the serum albumin and calcium and decreased the triglyceride content (p < .05). 500 and 750 mg/kg CSB groups increased the activities of trypsin and amylase in the pancreas and duodenum (p < .05). The groups of 500 and 750 mg/kg increased the villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) in the jejunum and ileum (p < .05). In the jejunum, at more than or equal to 500 mg/kg CSB groups increased the expressions of ZO-1 and Occludin (p < .05); In the ileum, 500 and 750 mg/kg CSB groups increased the expressions of claudin-1 and occludin and ZO-2 (p < .05). Conclusively, dietary supplementation of CSB can improve egg production, egg quality, digestive enzyme activity and present a positive effect on improving villi and intestinal mechanical barrier function. HIGHLIGHTS A significant improvement in production performance and egg quality was observed in birds fed diet with coated sodium butyrate. Administration of coated sodium butyrate enhanced protein and mineral availability and lipid metabolism of serum. Supplementation of coated sodium butyrate presented a positive impact on regulating intestinal health.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus among Patients at a Tertiary Health Care Centre in Rajasthan

Original Research Article Objective: To ascertain the prevalence of Hepatitis B infection among patients visiting a tertiary care center in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Material and methods: An observation analytic study was done at a tertiary care center affiliated to Medical College with retrospective analysis of the hospital data of two calendar years. During this period HBV infection screening was offered to every suspected patient admitted in hospital and every pregnant women visiting antenatal care clinic. Patients with history of Hepatitis B vaccinations in last 30 days were not screened for HBs antigen at our center. The HBV screening was done using commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA) for detection of surface antigen (HBs Ag). Results: The study prevalence of HBV infection was 1.35% (441/32,772). The prevalence was more in male (2.14%) than females (1.22%). The study prevalence of HBV among pregnant females was 1.13% (232/20565). Maximum positive cases (290/441, 65.76% positive cases) were in the age group of 21-40 years. Conclusion: In this study, prevalence of HBV infection was 1.35%. The study prevalence of HBV among pregnant females was 1.13%. Maximum positive cases (290/441, 65.76% positive cases) were in the age group of 21-40 years. This study aids in view to strengthen proper screening for HBV (HBs antigen) and effective vaccination for Hepatitis B virus to reduce HBV related morbidity and mortality.
Oxygen uptake rate measurements fOr applicatiOn at wastewater treatment plants

Increasing discharge demands put higher pressure on process optimisation and control of the wastewater treat­ ment plant performance. For evaluation and regulation of the process performance, oxygen uptake rate (OUR) measurement is a useful tool. In this paper one way to perform oxygen uptake rate measurements is described. Possible applications of the method for wastewater treatment plants are presented and associated questions and problems are highlighted. Benefits and drawbacks of the OUR method are discussed. In order to obtain more detailed information about the wastewater, examples of complementary methods to the OUR method are exemplified.
Wear Resistance of Nano Alumina Containing SiO 2-B 2 O 3-Na 2 O Glass-Ceramic on Steel Substrate

The experimental study has been carried out to investigate the tribological properties of nano Alumina reinforced glass-ceramic enamel. The mixtures of (5, 10, 15 wt.%) nano alumina and glass powders have been air sprayed on stainless steel substrate. The thixotropy, wetting angle and surface tension of used slurry were increased inherently by 15wt. % nano alumina. By heat treating at 870-640-525 oC, the homogeneous crystalline sodium silicate phase beside nano alumina was obtained in glass –ceramic coat. According to the EDAX results, the precipitated reduced Sb and Mo particles at the interface of enamel and steel caused to reasonable adherence of coat and steel. The dry sliding wear tests were carried out using pin on disk method. Results revealed the 0.01 mg wear rate by 30N load at 100 m for nano alumina bearing coats. The wear resistance increased by a factor of 10. According to SEM micrographs, the sliding load transfer by nano alumina particles occurred. © 2016 Published by Faculty of Engineering Corresponding author: Aida Faeghinia Ceramic division, materials and energy research center, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: aida.faeghinia@gmail.com