Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fragmentation cross sections of 600 MeV/nucleon 20 Ne on elemental targets

Charge-changing and fragment production cross sections have been obtained for interactions of a 600 MeV/nucleon neon beam in H, C, Al, Cu, Sn, Ta, and Pb targets. The H target results were obtained using a polyethylene target and subtracting the cross sections obtained with the carbon target. At 600 MeV/nucleon, the angular distributions of the fragments are strongly forward peaked, and consequently the spectra seen in the detectors with the largest angular acceptance -- corresponding to a forward cone with half angle 7{sup o} -- show obvious fragment peaks only for charges 5 through 9. No clear peaks are seen below charge 5 in the large-acceptance detectors, but spectra from detectors subtending smaller angular acceptances show peaks for all fragment species, and additional identifiable peaks from events with between two and four fragments in coincidence. Production cross sections for all fragment species are reported here and, where possible, compared to earlier measurements and to the predictions of three model calculations (Nucfrg2, Qmsfrg, and an empirical parametrization that is tuned for higher-mass beams). The cross sections for fragments of charge 5 and below have not been previously reported. Also, the charge-changing cross sections are compared to earlier measurements and to Nucfrg2more » and the Bradt-Peters model. « less
An Adaptive Mutated Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization with an Entropy-based Density Assessment Scheme ⋆

In order to solve the problem of premature convergence in MOPSO and attain solutions with good diversity and distribution, a new algorithm has been proposed in this study. The algorithm adopts a new density assessment scheme on the basis of particles’ entropy information, which helps to obtain a Pareto set with uniformly distributed solutions. Also an adaptive chaotic mutation operator is designed to avoid premature convergence and help particles explore more efficiently in search space. In addition, the proposed algorithm is validated through comparisons with two existing state-of-the-art multi-objective algorithms using established benchmarks and metrics. Results show that the proposed algorithm shows better distribution performance than the compared algorithms while maintains a good convergence performance.
Deconvolving a density from partially contaminated observations

We consider the problem of estimating a continuous bounded probability density function when independent data X1, . , Xn from the density are partially contaminated by measurement error. In particular, the observations Y1, . , Yn are such that P(Yj = Xj) = p and P(Yj = Xj + [epsilon]j) = 1 - p, where the errors [epsilon]j are independent (of each other and of the Xj) and identically distributed from a known distribution. When p = 0 it is well known that deconvolution via kernel density estimators suffers from notoriously slow rates of convergence. For normally distributed [epsilon]j the best possible rates are of logarithmic order pointwise and in mean square error. In this paper we demonstrate that for merely partially(0
Unsupervised feature extraction and band subset selection techniques based on relative entropy criteria for hyperspectral data analysis

Feature extraction, implemented as a linear projection from a higher dimensional space to a lower dimensional subspace, is a very important issue in hyperspectral data analysis. This reduction must be done in a manner that minimizes the redundancy, maintaining the information content. This paper proposes methods for feature extraction and band subset selection based on Relative Entropy Criteria. The main objective of the feature extraction and band selection methods implemented is to reduce the dimensionality of the data maintaining the capability of discriminating objects of interest from the cluttered background. These methods accomplish the described goal by maximizing the difference between the data distribution of the lower dimensional subspace and the standard Gaussian distribution. The difference between the low dimensional space and the Gaussian distribution is measured using relative entropy, also known as information divergence. A Projection Pursuit unsupervised algorithm based on an optimization algorithm of the relative entropy is presented. An unsupervised version for selecting bands in hyperspectral data will be presented as well. The relative entropy criterion will measure the information divergence between the probability density function of the feature subset and the Gaussian probability density function. This augments the separability of the unknown clusters in the lower dimensional space. One advantage of these methods is that there is no use of labeled samples. These methods were tested using simulated data as well as remotely sensed data.
The Optical Appearance of a Star Orbiting an Extreme Kerr Black Hole

Geometrical optics is used to analyze the propagation of high-frequency radiation emitted by a point source in a circular orbit in the equatorial plane of an extreme Kerr metric black hole. Both the apparent position and the energy flux of the brightest images as seen by certain distant observers are calculated as functions of time, taking into account the changing surface brightness of the image and its changing angular size. When the star's orbit is close to the black hole and the observer is close to the equatorial plane, the energy flux is sharply peaked in time. The correlation between direction of emission in the frame comoving with the source and the asymptotic direction of a beam of radiation gives the time-averaged energy flux as a function of polar angle. When the orbit of the source is close to the horizon in coordinate radius, most of the radiation comes out near the equatorial plane. (auth)
Observation of geometrical resonance in optical throughput of very small aperture lasers associated with surface plasmons

Very small aperture lasers utilizing single rectangular apertures with geometrically resonant surface plasmons are experimentally characterized. Bimetal layers of tungsten and silver were employed to realize narrow apertures in a focused ion beam etching process. The tungsten overlayer acts as a mask suppressing aperture opening induced by the tail of a gallium ion beam. We observed strong enhancements in the optical output of narrow apertures (<45 nm) fabricated by single-pass mode, which we attribute to the geometrical resonance of surface plasmons within the apertures. Wider apertures (160 nm) fabricated in raster mode did not exhibit this enhancement, consistent with the explanation of geometrical resonance.
Interpolating DCT representation of digital video over time

Changing video frame rate may require adding new frames. This can be done by interpolating the given frames over time. We describe a very fast algorithm for time interpolation of DCT encoded video. Given a sequence of DCT encoded frames, the algorithm produces the interpolated sequence of DCT encoded frames without computing DCT or inverse DCT. The idea is to exploit a simple shift property of DCT coefficients that holds for frame triplets. It is somewhat analogous to the shift property of Fourier coefficients that holds for frame pairs.
Simple adaptive control of uncertain systems

This paper considers adaptive control of various systems with unknown time-varying or non-linear dynamics in an attempt to show that practical adaptive control can be simple and robust. The simplified adaptive control methodology used is based on the observation that most real-world systems, even non-stationary or non-linear, can be stabilized by simple controller configurations. More complex controllers may be needed only in order to improve the performance of the control systems. In the adaptive scheme, the stabilizability properties of the plants are used only to satisfy the necessary conditions that guarantee robustness of simple adaptive controllers. The desired performance is then imposed upon the plant by these adaptive controllers, which force the plant to follow the input-output behaviour of low-order reference models. Examples from the recent literature of control with uncertainty are used to illustrate the power of these adaptive techniques.
An experimental study of the source/drain parasitic resistance effects in amorphous silicon thin film transistors

The effect of source/drain (S/D) parasitic resistance has been experimentally investigated for amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin film transistors (TFTs). In general, the apparent field effect mobility decreases with decreasing channel length. However, the apparent threshold voltage is relatively constant. This may be attributed to an ohmic parasitic resistance due to the use of ion‐implanted n+ S/D regions. Self‐consistent results were obtained from both TFTs and from independent test structures for the TFT parasitic resistance, contact resistance, and sheet resistance. The results showed that the current spreading under the S/D regions is most critical in determining the magnitude of the total parasitic resistance. In this regard, both the S/D ion implantation and the S/D to gate overlap reduce the total parasitic resistance. Finally, the parasitic resistance is modeled as a gate voltage‐modulated channel resistance, under the gate overlap, in series with a constant minimum contact resistance.
COALITION STABILITY IN PJM: EXPLORING THE CONSEQUENCES OF STATE DEFECTION FROM THE WHOLESALE MARKET

Synopsis: Using an electricity market simulation tool, we investigate the impacts of a U.S. state defecting from the PJM wholesale electricity market on the states that remain in the coalition. Generally, we find that the defection of a net electricity buyer increases the welfare of the remaining consumers and decreases the welfare of the remaining producers. If a net seller defects from the market, the opposite effect holds. Furthermore, the changes in generation caused by a state defection cause changes in emissions in the remaining states, affecting the ability of the remaining states to meet their climate incentives. However, the magnitude of these changes depends on the generation mix of each individual state. Our simulations suggest that, for state legislatures pursuing climate goals, the best strategy to adopt is to pass laws that are both geographically targeted and flexible. State and federal policymakers should also recognize the importance of an RTO’s network effect on the achievement of state emission goals.
Tail Index Estimation for Dependent Data

A popular estimator of the index of regular variation in heavy tailed models is Hill's esti-mator. We discuss consistency of Hill's estimator when it is applied to certain classes of heavy tailed stationary processes. One class of processes discussed consists of processes which can be appropriately approximated by sequences of m-dependent random variables and special cases of our results show the consistency of Hill's estimator for (i) innnite moving averages with heavy tail innovations, (ii) a simple stationary bilinear model driven by heavy tail noise variables, (iii) solutions of stochastic diierence equations of the form Y t = A t Y t? 1 + Z t ; ? 1 < t < 1 where f(A n ; Z n); ? 1 < n < 1g are iid and the Z's have regularly varying tail probabilities. Another class of problems where our methods work successfully are solutions of stochastic diier-ence equations such as the ARCH process where the process cannot be successfully approximated by m-dependent random variables. A nal class of models where Hill estimator consistency is proven by our tail empirical process methods is the class of hidden semi-Markov models.
Ultrafast charge-transfer processes at an oriented phthalocyanine/ C 60 interface

The ultrafast dynamics at a well-characterized $\text{CuPc}/{\text{C}}_{60}$ organic photovoltaic heterojunction have been directly measured with time-resolved two-photon photoemission (TR-2PPE). Phthalocyanine/${\text{C}}_{60}$ donor-acceptor interfaces, characterized in detail via scanning tunneling microscopy, provide model systems for studies of critical charge separation and recombination processes that determine device performance. TR-2PPE studies of copper phthalocyanine $(\text{CuPc})/{\text{C}}_{60}$ interfaces reveal ultrafast charge separation and provide evidence for recombination via low-lying CuPc triplet levels.
A TOPOLOGICAL INVARIANT AND A CRITERION FOR THE EQUIVALENCE OF INTEGRABLE HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS WITH TWO DEGREES OF FREEDOM

A new topological invariant is constructed which classifies integrable Hamiltonian systems with two degrees of freedom (admitting a Bott integral). A criterion for the equivalence of Bott systems is proved: such systems are topologically equivalent if and only if their topological invariants coincide. The topological invariant is effectively calculated for specific integrable Hamiltonian systems in physics and mechanics.
Superposition of Markov renewal processes and applications

In this paper, we study the superposition of finitely many Markov renewal processes with countable state spaces. We define the S-Markov renewal equations associated with the superposed process. The solutions of the S-Markov renewal equations are derived and the asymptotic behaviors of these solutions are studied. These results are applied to calculate various characteristics of queueing systems with superposition semi-Markovian arrivals, queueing networks with bulk service, system availability, and continuous superposition remaining and current life processes.
Space vector modulated matrix converter with minimized number of switchings and a feedforward compensation of input voltage unbalance

This paper presents a new double-sided modulation strategy for matrix power converters based upon an indirect conversion scheme which models the matrix converter as two independent stages performing rectification and inversion. The new modulation strategy keeps the number of switchings at a minimum. This paper shows that the indirect conversion scheme contains insufficient information to achieve the minimum. The new strategy establishes a link between the two modulations. Numerical simulations as well as analytical results show a reduction of more than 10% of the switchings compared to the conventional strategy. It is shown that the indirect conversion scheme is quite useful in the analysis of the input voltage unbalance. A feedforward compensation method based upon measurements of the instantaneous values of all three input voltages is presented. It is shown that, with a further restriction on the voltage transfer ratio, it is possible to operate the power converter with balanced output voltages, even when input voltages are unbalanced.
Time-Height Distribution of Water Vapor Derived by Moving Cell Tomography During Tsukuba GPS Campaigns

Observations using a dense network of 75 Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers were carried out in Tsukuba, Japan, in October-November 2000 and July-September 2001. We have applied a tomography technique on the slant path propagation delay of the GPS signals to derive the temporal and spatial distribution of water vapor. In particular, we have employed the moving cell method, which was originally developed by Seko et al. (2000) for a beta-mesoscale precipitation system associated with the Baiu front. Because we are interested in local-scale phenomena, we tried to determine the water vapor distribution with a time resolution of ten minutes. The tomographic analyses resolve the water vapor variations during the meteorological events studied here.
Source Detection and Parameter Estimation in Array Processing in the Presence of Nonuniform Noise

We address the problem of source detection in array signal processing when the noise over the sensors does not have a uniform power. Such spatial nonuniformity is observed in several applications including communications, radar, sonar and biomedical engineering. The problem of interest is theoretically non-identifiable, however, the only case of non-identifiability is very unrealistic in practical coupled arrays. Estimation of the number of sources is equivalent to the determination of the dimension of the signal subspace. Considering the ideal uniform scenario, we evaluate the effect of noise-power perturbation on the quality of the estimated signal subspace and identify practical limits to the separability between the noise and signal subspaces. Based on this analysis, under the Gaussian-data scenario, we propose a sequential hypothesis test for source detection, deriving an expression for the asymptotic distribution of the proposed test statistics. The latter follows from a transformation of the array and Gerschgorin's theorem. When the data are assumed non-Gaussian, or when no sufficient prior knowledge of the distribution of the data is available, we propose to employ the bootstrap to empirically estimate the distributions of interest. To support the approach, we use a set of real data from a nuclear power plant. Based on the same measure of quality of the estimated signal subspace, we also propose a set of information theoretic criteria and analyze their asymptotic performance both analytically and through simulation. Given a criterion for source detection is available, we investigate the problem of parameter estimation in nonuniform noise and apply a modified approximate maximum likelihood estimator in the stochastic Gaussian case. Simulation examples are provided to illustrate the characteristics, advantages and limitations of the different methods, and compare them to existing methods.
Sound transmission in the spermaceti complex of a recently expired sperm whale calf

Sound pulses were projected into the forehead of a neonate, female sperm whale that died following a stranding and attempts to revive it. Two hydrophones, held against the skin, recorded the sound pulses and their reflections. A consistent reflection was found about 0.8 ms after sound projection. This time corresponded to the expected two-way travel time back and forth within the spermaceti organ. Reflections were also detected at the frontal surface of the junk from sounds projected into the distal sac area. These signals must have traversed rearward along the axis of the spermaceti organ to the frontal sac where they were likely reflected and directed forward to the front of the junk, demonstrating an acoustic continuum between the spermaceti organ and the junk. These results support the basic Norris and Harvey (1972) theory of sound generation in sperm whales and later amendments to that theory (Mohl and Amundin (1991), Mohl (2001)).
An Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Graduates' Employability In Case Of Rajarata University of Sri Lanka

Most employment opportunities have opened for graduates from certain disciplines while for a considerable proportion of the graduates, finding employment has become a problem. As well as unemployment and underemployment are considerably high among graduates. Therefore, Enhancing the employability of graduates is a challenge faced by the university system of Sri Lanka. The prime focus of this study was to investigate factors affecting graduate employability in the case of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. The variables under consideration were the graduate employability as a dependent variable and the variables gender, degree classification; professional qualifications, English proficiency, IT skills, training and experience, and soft skills were the independent variables. The data collected from 120 graduates through a selfadministered questionnaire from the four Faculties of Rajarata University using the stratified random sampling technique. For analysis, the linear regression model, correlation analysis, and descriptive analysis used. The findings revealed that gender, professional qualification, English proficiency, training and experience, and soft skills significantly influence on graduate employability while the factor of information technology skills partially influence and degree classification did not reflect a significant impact on graduate employability. Indexed Termsgraduates, employability, university
rootworm Type of pest Beetle Taxonomic position Class : Insecta , Order : Coleoptera , Family : Chrysomelidae Reason for Inclusion in Manual

Eggs: Eggs are ovoid, about 0.74 x 0.36 mm, clear white to pale yellow. They exhibit fine reticulation that under the microscope appears like a pattern of polygonal ridges that enclose a variable number of pits (12 to 30) (Krysan, 1986). Eggs are laid in the soil near the base of a host plant in clusters, lightly agglutinated by a colorless secretion. The mandibles and anal plate of the developing larvae can be seen in mature eggs.
Is Scientific Knowledge Useful for Policy Analysis? A Peculiar Theorem Says: No

Abstract Conventional wisdom dictates that the more we know about a problem domain the easier it is to predict the effects of policies in that domain. Strangely, this wisdom is not sanctioned by formal analysis, when the notions of “knowledge” and “policy” are given concrete definitions in the context of nonparametric causal analysis. This note describes this peculiarity and speculates on its implications.
Theories of Distributive Justice

Acknowledgments Introduction The Measurement of Utility and Arrow's Theorem The Measurability and Comparability of Utility The Arrow Impossibility Theorem Reformulation of the Impossibility Theorem with Utility Functions The Connection between Arrovian Social Choice and Distributive Justice Social Choice on Economic Environments Conclusion Axiomatic Bargaining Theory Justice as Rational Prudence The Nash Bargaining Solution Other Axiomatizations of the Nash Solution The Kalai-Smorodinsky and Egalitarian Solutions A Criticism from the Economic Point of View Conclusion Axiomatic Mechanism Theory on Economic Environments Introduction The Domain of Economic Environments Axioms and Theorems on Economic Environments Proofs of Theorems Naming Utility and Goods Conclusion Utilitarianism Introduction Maskin's Theorem The Representation Theorems of Harsanyi and Myerson Utilitarianism from behind the Veil of Ignorance An Implication for the Interpretation of Individual Optimization under Uncertainty Optimal Population Size Conclusion Primary Goods, Fundamental Preferences, and Functionings Countering Utilitarianism Primary Goods, Welfare, and Equality Rawls's Arguments for Maximin (the Difference Principle) The Cohen Criticism Kolm's Fundamental Preferences Functionings and Capability Equality of Functionings or Primary Goods: An Alternative Approach Conclusion Neo-Lockeanism and Self-Ownership Nozick's Theory of Distributive Justice Challenges to Nozick Joint Ownership of the External World Generalizations of Locke on Economic Environments Implementation The Morality of Self-Ownership Conclusion Equality of Welfare versus Equality of Resources Introduction Dworkin on Equality of Welfare Countering Dworkin's Central Argument against Equality of Welfare Dworkin's Definition of Equality of Resources An Axiomatic Approach to Equality of Resources Conclusion Equality of Opportunity for Welfare Relocating Dworkin's Cut, 1 Relocating Dworkin's Cut, 2 Equality of Opportunity: An Example Equality of Opportunity: A Formalization A Discrete Formulation of Equality of Opportunity Examples of the EOp Mechanism Related Approaches to Equality of Opportunity Conclusion Appendix Appendix: Envy-Free Allocations References Index
The Formation of Globular Clusters in Merging and Interacting Galaxies

We suggest that at least some globular clusters are formed during the interaction or merger of galaxies. Such events could explain the disk population of clusters in the Galaxy, the young globulars in the Magellanic Clouds, the excess of clusters around ellipticals relative to spirals of the same luminosity and the anomalously large globular cluster systems around some galaxies in the center of galaxy clusters. We show that if all protospirals contain subgalactic clouds with a similar mass spectrum, the specific frequency of globular clusters around spirals will be constant