Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ras, Erk, and PI3K signaling pathways in the central selection of B cells

B cell selection mechanisms in the bone marrow control the nature of the primary B cell repertoire, generating diverse specificities while reducing autoreactivity. Our studies aim to characterize the mechanisms that drive the positive selection of immature B cells in the bone marrow. It has been shown that the B cell receptor (BCR) is able to signal in the absence of ligand (tonic signal) and this signal is required for B cell development. We hypothesize that alterations in tonic signaling could cause aberrant positive selection of autoreactive immature B cells. We have previously shown that low levels of active Ras, Erk, and Akt correlate with levels of BCR tonic signal and that constitutive activation of Ras allows for differentiation of autoreactive immature B cells in vitro. We are currently testing the individual contributions of the Erk and PI3K pathways in this selection process. By using retroviral transduction of primary bone marrow B cells in vitro, we show that Erk activation can overcome a lack of tonic signaling to induce differentiation of nonautoreactive or slightly autoreactive B cells. We have also found that the Dual Specificity Phosphatase 5 (DUSP5), a novel phosphatase, may play a role in Erk regulation and the selection of immature B cells. In order to study these pathways in vivo we generated mouse models in which constitutively active forms of MEK or PI3K are specifically expressed in autoreactive B cells to determine if activation of these molecules is sufficient to bypass central tolerance. Preliminary data suggests that in vivo activation of PI3K can drive development of autoreactive B cells and allow some escape to the periphery.
Feature Selection for Microarray Data via Community Detection Fusing Multiple Gene Relation Networks Information

In recent decades, the rapid development of gene sequencing and computer technology has increased the growth of high-dimensional microarray data. Some machine learning methods have been successfully applied to it to help classify cancer. In most cases, high dimensionality and the small sample size of microarray data restricted the performance of cancer classification. This problem usually issolved bysome feature selection methods. However, most of them neglect the exploitation of relations among genes. This paper proposes a novel feature selection method by fusing multiple gene relation network information based on community detection (MGRCD). The proposed method divides all genes into different communities. Then, the genes most associated with cancer classification are selected from each community. The proposed method satisfies both maximum relevances gene with cancer and minimum redundancy among genes for the selected optimal feature subset. The experiment results show that the proposed gene selection method can effectively improve classification performance.
How to Use Auto-Adaptive Detection Algorithm and Area Under the Curve for Better Patients' Evaluation in a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors Based Decision Expert System

The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors, in most cases portable and miniaturized, has become a standard routine practice in management and treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes. The main focus of this article is the auto-adaptive detection algorithm implemented to detect and report, without human intervention, every glucose increase episode associated with a meal intake. Another subject paper, after explaining the expert system's architecture, is to briefly present how the area under the curve (AUC) calculated by numerical approximation is used as a triggering event for the expert system to modify the therapy protocol and for medical staff and patients alerting and real time notifications.
The Importance of TGF-β in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis

IFN-γ is critical for the cure of leishmaniasis in humans and mice. BALB/c mice are genetically susceptible to infection with the visceralizing species of Leishmania, L. chagasi. We have evidence that a soluble factor(s) inhibits IFN-γ production by cultured liver granuloma cells from BALB/c mice during L. chagasi infection. In contrast, liver granulomas from C3H.HeJ mice, which are genetically resistant to L. chagasi infection, produce abundant IFN-γ. According to ELISAs and neutralization studies, there was not evidence that the Th2-type cytokines IL-10 or IL-4 contributed to IFN-γ suppression. However, both Ab neutralization and immunohistochemistry showed that granuloma-derived TGF-β was, at least in part, responsible for inhibiting IFN-γ release by CD4+ cells in BALB/c liver granuloma cultures. Consistently, TGF-β levels were high in liver granulomas from susceptible BALB/c mice but low in resistant C3H mice or in BALB/c mice that were immunized against L. chagasi disease. Administration of recombinant adenovirus expressing TGF-β (AdV-TGFβ) but not IL-10 (AdV-IL10) caused genetically resistant C3H mice to become significantly more susceptible to L. chagasi infection. In contrast, either AdV-TGFβ or AdV-IL10 could abrogate the protective immune response achieved by immunization of BALB/c mice. We conclude that locally secreted TGF-β inhibits Th1-associated cure of murine visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. chagasi, independently of Th2-type cytokines.
¿Existen diferencias en la fuerza máxima, la flexibilidad y la composición corporal en los competidores de CrossFit® según su categoría? (Are there differences in maximal strength, flexibility, and body composition in CrossFit® competitors according to their category?)

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las diferencias de rendimiento en la fuerza máxima en sentadilla y banca plana, flexibilidad y composición corporal en los competidores de Crossfit® según su categoría. El diseño del estudio fue no experimental descriptivo de carácter transversal. Los participantes fueron 30 sujetos (edad 26.6 ± 5.2 años; masa 77 ± 9.4 kg; talla 172.8 ± 7 cm) practicantes de Crossfit® a nivel competitivo en las categorías intermedio, avanzado y elite. La fuerza máxima fue evaluada con la prueba de repetición máxima en sentadilla y banca plana; la flexibilidad se midió con el Flexitest y la composición corporal con bio-impedancia. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < .001) en la fuerza máxima al comparar las categorías competitivas. Estos valores de fuerza máxima aumentan a medida que avanza la categoría de competición. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias en la flexibilidad, masa, porcentaje de grasa o porcentaje de masa muscular. Palabras clave: Rendimiento deportivo CrossFit®; entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad; indicadores físicos; rendimiento de referencia; fuerza. Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine performance differences in maximal squat and flat bench strength, flexibility, and body composition in CrossFit® competitors according to their category. The study design was non-experimental descriptive in a cross-sectional nature. The participants were 30 subjects (age 26.6 ± 5.2 years; mass 77 ± 9.4 kg; height 172.8 ± 7 cm) who practiced CrossFit® at a competitive level in the intermediate, advanced, and elite categories. Maximum strength was determined using the flat bench chest press and squat in the one repetition maximum test; flexibility was determined using the Flexitest; and body composition was determined using bio-impedance. When comparing the competitive categories, statistically significant differences (p < .001) in maximum strength were discovered. These values increase as the competition category progresses. However, there were no differences in flexibility, mass, percentage of fat, or percentage of muscle mass. Keywords: CrossFit® sport performance; high-intensity functional training; fitness indicators; physical indicators; benchmark performance; strength.
GEOMETRY OF FLAG MANIFOLDS

A flag manifold is a homogeneous space M = G/K, where G is a compact semisimple Lie group, and K the centralizer of a torus in G. Equivalently, M can be identified with the adjoint orbit Ad(G)w of an element w in the Lie algebra of G. We present several aspects of flag manifolds, such as their classification in terms of painted Dynkin diagrams, T-roots and G-invariant metrics, and Kahler metrics. We give a Lie-theoretic expression of the Ricci tensor in M, hence reducing the Einstein equation on flag manifolds into an algebraic system of equations, which can be solved in several cases. A flag manifold is also a complex manifold, and this dual representation as a real and a complex manifold is related to a similar property of an infinite-dimensional manifold, the loop space, which in fact can be viewed as a "universal" flag manifold.
Generation of orthogonal curvilinear grids on the sphere surface based on Laplace-Beltrami equations

In this paper, Laplace-Beltrami equations are used to generate orthogonal curvilinear grids on the sphere for ocean models. In addition to overcoming the pole-problem, the grid configuration has quasi-uniform cell-size on the whole sphere. Some quantities such as the grid length along two directions, the angle deviation from orthogonality, the area of the cell to evaluate the quality of the grid, which demonstrate the grid produced is fit to be a model grid on which the finite difference method or finite volume method can be implemented for numerical simulating of global atmosphere and ocean dynamics on large scale.
The Concept of Strain Tensor at Atomic Level

An atomic strain concept is formulated that allows calculation of continuum quantities directly within a discrete atomic (molecular) system. The concept is based on the Voronoi tessellation of the molecular system and calculation of atomic site strains, which connects continuum variables and atomic quantities when the later are averaged over a sufficiently large volume treated as a point of the continuum body. The atomic strain tensor is applied to investigate deformation of regular and disordered molecular systems. It is shown that disordered systems exhibit significant non-affine deformations which can be captured by a proper correction of the strain tensor.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Cocycle Deformations of Coordinate Rings of Quantum Matrices

Abstract A negative answer is given to the natural question whether O q(GL(n)) the coordinate ring of quantum GL(n) is a cocycle deformation of O (GL(n)). It is shown that this occurs only ifq = ± 1. The main results are expressed more generally in terms of two-parameter quantizations O α, β(M(n)).
CHARACTERIZATION ON THE WINERIES OF THE WINE ROUTE OF VALLE DE GUADALUPE, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

Based on a non-experimental design applied to the wine enterprises, this empirical study presents the characterization of the wineries located in the Wine Route of Valle de Guadalupe, Baja California (Mexico), specifically in terms of size, number of employees, production, company type and age. The methodological framework was based on three main stages: (i) firstly, a sample of 64 wineries located on the Wine Route of Valle de Guadalupe was taken, considering some aspects such as: location within, vine land, wine tasting room and area of production and sale; (ii) secondly, was designed and implemented a structured questionnaire integrated by seven questions, including different levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal and scale); (iii) and finally, the analysis and interpretation of data was continued by testing statistics and content analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) V.20. 0 software. Through the application of the questionnaire and data analysis the results showed that most of the companies are integrated as Capital Variable join-stock Company (25.9%), are micro sized (59.4%), 73.2% are familiar and only four companies are the largest wine producers (L.A. Cetto, Baron Balche, Emeve and Paralelo), of which L.A. Cetto winery is the oldest (85 years). In conclusion, the proposal constitutes and important contribution for the wine industry, particularly in Mexico, and as an analytical tool for future research contribution.
A Parsimonious No-Arbitrage Term Structure Model that is Useful for Forecasting

I propose a parsimonious Gaussian Ane Term Structure Model (GATSM) to reconcile empirical ndings that while the level, slope and curvature (or the rst three principal components of yields) can quite accurately describe the cross-section of yields, dierent linear combinations of interest rates and other macro variables are useful to predict excess returns. I introduce a forecasting factor, which compactly summarizes rich information in expected excess returns, to a conventional three-factor (the level, slope and curvature) GATSM. This fourth factor is constructed by reduced rank forecasting regression with a large predictor set, and it can explain one-year excess returns of two- to ve-year maturity bonds from 1964 to 2007 with R 2 up to 0.71. Considering the fact that the forecasting factor and the rst three principal components span the cross-section of expected excess returns and that of yields, respectively, I restrict parameters of the four-factor GATSM. In contrast with the conventional three-factor GATSM, the restricted four-factor GATSM generates plausible countercyclical term premia.
Optimal Polynomial Filtering for Planar Tracking via Virtual Measurement Process

Abstract In this paper it is studied the classical problem of target tracking by a new approach consisting in the treatment of the classical nonlinear measurement process in a form amenable for polynomial filtering without the need of the measure map linearization, as required by other standard sub-optimal algorithms. The main idea is to transfer the nonlinearity of the measure map into a modification of the noise sequence distribution in a nongaussian white sequence. This is indeed the property required for Kalman filtering which, although non more optimal, remains to be the optimal linear filtering algorithm. Conditions for polynomial filtering are also satisfied, allowing to face the nongaussian nature of the modified noise sequence. Simulations show high performances of the proposed algorithm.
Pattern recognition in the prediction of protein structure. III. An importance‐sampling minimization procedure

A procedure that generates random conformations of a protein chain, and then applies energy minimization to find the structure of lowest energy, is described. Single‐residue conformations are represented in terms of four conformational states, α, ϵ, α*, and ϵ*. Each state corresponds to a rectangular region in the ϕ, ψ map. The conformation of an entire chain is then represented by a sequence of single‐residue conformational states. The distinct “chain‐states” in this representation correspond to multidimensional rectangular regions in the conformational space of the whole protein. A set of highly‐probable chain‐states can be predicted from the amino acid sequence using the pattern recognition procedure developed in the first two articles of this series. The importance‐sampling minimization procedure of the present article is then used to explore the regions of conformational space corresponding to each of these chain‐states. The importance‐sampling procedure generates a number of random conformations within a particular multidimensional rectangular region, sampling most densely from the most probable, or “important,” sections of the ϕ, ψ map. All values of ϕ and ψ are allowed, but the less‐probable values are sampled less often. To achieve this, the random values of ϕ and Φ are generated from bivariate gaussian distributions that are determined from known X‐ray structures. Separate gaussian distributions are used for proline residues in the α and ϵ states, for glycine residues in the α, ϵ, α*, and ϵ* states, and for ordinary residues involved in 29 different tripeptide conformations. Energy minimization is then applied to the randomly‐generated structures to optimize interactions and to improve packing. The final energy values are used to select the best structures. The importance‐sampling minimization procedure is tested on the avian pancreatic polypeptide, using chain‐states predicted from the amino acid sequence. The conformation having the lowest energy is very similar to the X‐ray conformation.
DETECTION OF HIGH-DEGREE NONRADIAL PULSATIONS IN GAMMA BOOTIS

The line-profile variations of the rapidly rotating delta Scuti star gamma Boo can be explained by high-degree (|m| /= 10) nonradial pulsations (NRPs) with an apparent period of Delta t /= 0.047 days. This same period was derived from two data sets taken three months apart where-in the amplitude increased by 30%. Such high-degree NRP cannot explain the apparent reversals previously observed (Auvergne, Le Contel & Baglin 1979) for this star in the cores of the hydrogen Balmer lines and CaII K line. Our radial-velocity variations can be reconciled with their 0.25 day spectroscopic period if an amplitude of 1 km s-1 is adopted, an order of magnitude less than previous measurements. We demonstrate that the presence of line-profile variations from high-degree modes probably limits the accuracy of radial-velocity measurements and may appear as bumps in the radial-velocity curve.
THz imaging Si MOSFET system design at 215 GHz

Exelis Geospatial Systems and its CEIS partners at the University of Rochester and Rochester Institute of Technology are developing an active THz imaging focal plane for use in standoff detection, molecular spectroscopy and penetration imaging. This activity is focused on the detection of radiation centered on the atmospheric window at 215.5 GHz. The pixel consists of a direct coupled bowtie antenna utilizing a 0.35 μm CMOS technology MOSFET, where the plasmonic effect is the principle method of detection. With an active THz illumination source such as a Gunn diode, a design of catadioptric optical system is presented to achieve a resolution of 3.0 mm at a standoff distance of 1.0 m. The primary value of the initial system development is to predict the optical performance of a THz focal plane for active imaging and to study the interaction of THz radiation with various materials.
Diffuse gamma-ray emission in the Galactic plane from cosmic-ray, matter, and photon interactions

On the basis of the spatial distribution, intensity, and energy spectrum, the diffuse Galactic high-energy gamma radiation is believed to be the result of cosmic-ray interactions with matter, and to a lesser extent photons. This paper describes a model calculation of diffuse gamma-ray emission based on these interactions. Recent radio observations of the main interstellar components of matter on a scale of 0. °5 are used for the entire region within 10° of the Galactic plane. A three-dimensional spatial model of the Galaxy is used to compute the emission from each volume element based on the matter, cosmic ray, and photon densities using well know interaction processes
Effect of doping on the density-of-states distribution and carrier hopping in disordered organic semiconductors

The effect of doping on the density-of-states (DOS) distribution and charge-carrier transport in a disordered hopping system is considered analytically. It is shown that doping such a system produces a random distribution of dopant ions, which Coulombically interact with carriers localized in intrinsic hopping sites. This interaction further increases the energy disorder and broadens the deep tail of the DOS distribution. Therefore, doping of a disordered organic semiconductor, on the one hand, increases the concentration of charge carriers and lifts up the Fermi level but, on the other hand, creates additional deep Coulombic traps of the opposite polarity. While the former effect facilitates conductivity, the latter strongly suppresses the carrier hopping rate. A model of hopping in a doped disordered organic semiconductor is suggested. It is shown that the doping efficiency strongly depends upon the energy disorder and external electric field.
Chassis Frame Torsional Stiffness Analysis

In automotive industry, weight reduction is important and active demand because of payload capacity improvement, fuel efficiency and emission reduction. Reduction of the chassis frame weight represents one of the keys to reaching this goal, but requirements on chassis frame stiffness generally make any weight reduction difficult. The problem of finding the compromise between stiffness and weight of chassis frame is therefore of high importance. In this work, vehicle road load significance of the heavy vehicle ladder type chassis frame torsional stiffness studied, and the two method analysed to obtain chassis frame stiffness using finite element analysis based on the vehicle loading. Obtained stiffness will be closer in case of spring bracket loading which can be used to analyse the vehicles handling behaviour. The method yields insights into analysing chassis frame stiffness which is closer to vehicle actual running condition and highlights critical aspects of chassis frame design.
Improved mixed-radix conversion for residue number system architectures

Processor architectures, based on arithmetic cells using residue number systems, are inherently parallel, modular and fault isolating. The fundamental characteristic of a residue number system is its being an unweighted numbering system. The paper describes an improved technique for transforming a residue number into a mixed-radix weighted representation. The proposed conversion algorithm is based on the cyclic patterns inherent in residue number systems. The mixed-radix digits of the proposed conversion procedure are factorised into a product of two terms each; one term is invariant and predetermined, whereas the other is variable and depends upon the particular residue number being converted. In comparison with existing conversion techniques, the proposed conversion method achieves a considerable reduction in the number of arithmetic multiplications needed during the conversion process.
Expanding the Experience of Museum Visitors with a Social Application on Facebook

Since the early 20th century, museums and art galleries have been responding to a changing, increasingly diverse society, wherein a broader public is interested in culture and/ or arts. They are adjusting their products or adopting the existing technology to the needs of this changing society in order to serve a larger part of the population and gain revenues. With a burst of very popular social media, several museums have utilized the social media such as Facebook, Blog, Podcast, MySpace, and Flickr to communicate with their visitors or interesting group of people. Many visitors will learn new things and gain new experience for a single visit at museum. However, there are a number of silent barriers against the visitor experience, especially for art galleries. This paper proposes a methodology for expanding the visitor experience. Our methodology utilizes the existing social media such as Facebook. We introduce a new application with design decision. The preliminary results are its framework and the evaluation method. We also present a case study on the Southeast Asian Ceramics Museum (SEACM) at Bangkok University, Thailand. By the interview with experts, our application is a new channel to be able to enhance and expand the museum experience. Keywordssocial media; user networks; user experience; digital museums; virtual gallery; art museums.