Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wavelet analysis and the governing dynamics of a large‐amplitude mesoscale gravity‐wave event along the East Coast of the United States

Detailed diagnostic analyses are performed upon a mesoscale numerical simulation of a well‐observed gravity‐wave event that occurred on 4 January 1994 along the East Coast of the United States. The value of using wavelet analysis to investigate the evolving gravity‐wave structure and of using potential vorticity (PV) inversion to study the nature of the flow imbalance in the wave generation region is demonstrated. The cross‐stream Lagrangian Rossby number, the residual in the nonlinear balance equation, and the unbalanced geopotential‐height field obtained from PV inversion are each evaluated for their usefulness in diagnosing the flow imbalance. All of these fields showed clear evidence of strong imbalance associated with a middle‐to‐upper tropospheric jet streak, and tropopause fold upstream of the large‐amplitude gravity wave several hours before the wave became apparent at the surface.
Mechanism of intracellular Ca2+ oscillations and interspike interval distributions

The dynamics of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration exhibits oscillations with a wide range of periods. It was suggested in recent years by several modelling studies that these oscillations do not result from an oscillatory local dynamics but that fluctuations drive the formation of spatial and temporal structures in a non-oscillatory dynamic regime. Fluctuations arise from the random opening and closing of release channels on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Consequently, the interspike interval (ISI) has not a sharp value as with regular oscillations but distributions of ISI arise. We present these distributions and relate them to underlying processes. Oscillations with long average ISI can be comprehended as repetitive wave triggering. The standard deviation of the ISI approximates the inverse of the triggering rate. Oscillations with short average ISI are often complex oscillations consisting of base line oscillations and intermittent oscillations on an elevated cytosolic Ca2+ level.
Effect of Copolymer Properties on the Phase Behavior of Ibuprofen–PLA/PLGA Mixtures

Prediction of compatibility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with the polymeric carrier plays an essential role in designing drug delivery systems and estimating their long-term physical stability. A key element in deducing API–polymer compatibility is knowledge of a complete phase diagram, i.e., the solubility of crystalline API in polymer and mutual miscibility of API and polymer. In this work, the phase behavior of ibuprofen (IBU) with different grades of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and polylactide (PLA), varying in composition of PLGA and molecular weight of PLGA and PLA, was investigated experimentally using calorimetry and computationally by the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state (EOS). The phase diagrams constructed based on a PC-SAFT EOS modeling optimized using the solubility data demonstrated low solubility at typical storage temperature (25 °C) and limited miscibility (i.e., presence of the amorphous–amorphous phase separation region) of IBU with all polymers studied. The ability of PC-SAFT EOS to capture the experimentally observed trends in the phase behavior of IBU–PLA/PLGA systems with respect to copolymer composition and molecular weight was thoroughly investigated and evaluated.
Ground-based observations of thunderstorm-correlated fluxes of high-energy electrons, gamma rays, and neutrons

The Aragats Space Environmental Center facilities continuously measure fluxes of neutral and charged secondary cosmic ray incidents on the Earth's surface. Since 2003 in the 1-minute time series we have detected more than 100 enhancements in the electron, gamma ray, and neutron fluxes correlated with thunderstorm activities. During the periods of the count rate enhancements, lasting tens of minutes, millions of additional particles were detected. Based on the largest particle event of September 19, 2009, we show that our measurements support the existence of long-lasting particle multiplication and acceleration mechanisms in the thunderstorm atmosphere. For the first time we present the energy spectra of electrons and gamma rays from the particle avalanches produced in the thunderstorm atmosphere, reaching the Earth's surface.
Quality of milk fat obtained from cows and buffaloes fed a diet supplemented with flaxseed or soybean oils

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the quality of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) of cows and buffaloes supplemented with flaxseed oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), or their mixture (FSO). Lactating crossbred cows and buffaloes were fed with control diet or with one of three supplements: 2% FO, 2% SO, and 2% FSO according to a double 4 x 4 Latin Square Design. The diets with FO, SO, or FSO reduced saturated FA, mainly C4:0, C14:0 and C16:0, while increased the unsaturated FA C18:1 and C18:2 in milk from cows and buffaloes. Cholesterol content decreased in cow's AMF while increased in buffalo's AMF when a diet supplemented with FO, SO, or FSO. The diet with SO or FSO increased the content of vitamin E in AMF obtained from cows (25.06 and 17.89 mg 100 g-1) and buffaloes (28.48 and 30.32 mg 100 g-1) compared with the control diet (11.02 and 15.68 mg 100 g-1), respectively, which correlated positively with scavenging activity for DPPH• (r2 = 0.66) and ABTS• (r2 = 0.67) radicals. Solid fat content (SFC) was high for cow’s AMF, with 58.12-60.37% at 5°C compared to that of buffalo's AMF, with 52.37-56.98%, but was low for cow's AMF at >15°C. Finally, supplementing a diet with vegetable oils, particularly SO, improves the quality of AMF; increases USFA/SFA ratio, vitamin E content, and antioxidant activities
Cyclodextrin-Calcium Carbonate Micro- to Nano-Particles: Targeting Vaterite Form and Hydrophobic Drug Loading/Release

Tailor-made and designed micro- and nanocarriers can bring significant benefits over their traditional macroscopic counterparts in drug delivery applications. For the successful loading and subsequent release of bioactive compounds, carriers should present a high loading capacity, trigger release mechanisms, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Hydrophobic drug molecules can accumulate in fat tissues, resulting in drawbacks for the patient’s recovery. To address these issues, we propose to combine the advantageous features of both host molecules (cyclodextrin) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles in order to load hydrophobic chemicals. Herein, hybrid cyclodextrin-CaCO3 micro- to nano-particles have been fabricated by combining Na2CO3 solution and CaCl2 solution in the presence of an additive, namely poly (vinylsulfonic acid) (PVSA) or glycerol (gly). By investigating experimental parameters and keeping the Na2CO3 and CaCl2 concentrations constant (0.33 M), we have evidenced that the PVSA or gly concentration and mixing time have a direct impact on the final cyclodextrine-CaCO3 particle size. Indeed, by increasing the concentration of PVSA (5 mM to 30 mM) or gly (0.7 mM to 4 mM) or the reaction time (from 10 min to 4 h), particles with a size of 200 nm could be reached. Interestingly, the vaterite or calcite form could also be selected, according to the experimental conditions. We hypothesised that the incorporation of PVSA or gly into the precipitation reaction might reduce the nucleation rate by sequestering Ca2+. The obtained particles have been found to keep their crystal structure and surface charge after storage in aqueous media for at least 6 months. In the context of improving the therapeutic benefit of hydrophobic drugs, the developed particles were used to load the hydrophobic drug tocopherol acetate. The resulting particles are biocompatible and highly stable in a physiological environment (pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl). A selective release of the cargo is observed in acidic media (pH lower than 5).
On the operator space structure of Hilbert spaces

Operator spaces of Hilbertian JC*‐triples E are considered in the light of the universal ternary ring of operators (TRO) introduced in recent work. For these operator spaces, it is shown that their triple envelope (in the sense of Hamana) is the TRO they generate, that a complete isometry between any two of them is always the restriction of a TRO isomorphism and that distinct operator space structures on a fixed E are never completely isometric. In the infinite‐dimensional cases, operator space structure is shown to be characterized by severe and definite restrictions upon finite‐dimensional subspaces. Injective envelopes are explicitly computed.
Generalized Leverage and its Applications

The generalized leverage of an estimator is defined in regression models as a measure of the importance of individual observations. We derive a simple but powerful result, developing an explicit expression for leverage in a generalM‐estimation problem, of which the maximum likelihood problems are special cases. A variety of applications are considered, most notably to the exponential family non‐linear models. The relationship between leverage and local influence is also discussed. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our results
Tutorial Prior information and uncertainty in inverse problems

Solving any inverse problem requires understanding the uncertainties in the data to know what it means to fit the data. We also need methods to incorporate dataindependent prior information to eliminate unreasonable models that fit the data. Both of these issues involve subtle choices that may significantly influence the results of inverse calculations. The specification of prior information is especially controversial. How does one quantify information? What does it mean to know something about a parameter a priori? In this tutorial we discuss Bayesian and frequentist methodologies that can be used to incorporate information into inverse calculations. In particular we show that apparently conservative Bayesian choices, such as representing interval constraints by uniform probabilities (as is commonly done when using genetic algorithms, for example) may lead to artificially small uncertainties. We also describe tools from statistical decision theory that can be used to characterize the performance of inversion algorithms.
Successful Ultrasound-Guided Methotrexate Intervention in the Treatment of Heterotopic Interstitial Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Purpose: This study aims to share the experience of minimally invasive ultrasound-guided methotrexate intervention in the treatment of heterotopic interstitial pregnancy (HIP) with good pregnancy outcomes, and to review the treatment, pregnancy outcomes, and impact on the future fertility of HIP patients. Methods: The paper describes the medical history, clinical manifestations, treatment history, and clinical prognosis of a 31-year-old woman with HIP, and reviews cases of HIP from 1992 to 2021 published in the PubMed database. Results: The patient was diagnosed with HIP by transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) at 8 weeks after assisted reproductive technology. The interstitial gestational sac was inactivated by ultrasound-guided methotrexate injection. The intrauterine pregnancy was successfully delivered at 38 weeks of gestation. Twenty-five HIP cases in 24 studies published on PubMed from 1992 to 2021 were reviewed. Combined with our case, there were 26 cases in total. According to these studies, 84.6% (22/26) of these cases were conceived by in vitro fertilization embryo transfer, 57.7% (15/26) had tubal disorders, and 23.1% (6/26) had a history of ectopic pregnancy; 53.8% (14/26) of the patients presented with abdominal pain and 19.2% (5/26) had vaginal bleeding. All cases were confirmed by TVUS. In total, 76.9% (20/26) of intrauterine pregnancies had a good prognosis (surgery vs. ultrasound interventional therapy 1:1). All fetuses were born without abnormalities. Conclusions: The diagnosis and treatment of HIP remain challenging. Diagnosis mainly relies on TVUS. Interventional ultrasound therapy and surgery are equally safe and effective. Early treatment of concomitant heterotopic pregnancy is associated with high survival of the intrauterine pregnancy.
Charge ordering temperatures of Bi1-xSrxMnO3 (0.45 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.8)

We have investigated the charge ordering phenomenon from the temperature dependence of inverse susceptibility, resistivity, and thermoelectric power (TEP) for Bi1-xSrxMnO3 (BSMO) from 300 K to 700 K. At high temperatures, susceptibility follows Curie-Weiss law. The resistivity data indicate insulating behavior of BSMO. TEP (S(T)) value is negative and weakly temperature-dependent in the high temperature regime. The slope of TEP changes dramatically near the charge ordering temperature (ΤCO), indicating an increase of energy gap due to the charge ordering. In the vicinity of ΤCO, thermal hysteresis is observed in TEP data as well as in the resistivity data, which is consistent with the nature of the martensitic transition of the charge ordering phenomena. From this hysteretic behavior, we estimated ΤCO. As Sr concentration increases, ΤCO shifts to lower temperature from ΤCO ~ 490 K for x = 0.45 to ΤCO ~ 435 K for x = 0.8, and the thermal hysteretic behavior becomes less pronounced. The electrical transport properties have been discussed in terms of carrier localization due to charge ordering transition accompanied by the local lattice distortions.
A Note on the Estimation of Mixture Models Under Endogenous Sampling

The main purpose of this paper is to highlight that, in the estimation of mixture models under endogenous sampling, the distribution of the unobservables can be specified either in the actual population or in the artificial population induced by the sampling method. Which of the two approaches is correct depends crucially on the population of interest. The importance of making the correct decision is illustrated with a simple application.
Quartet terms in the arc spectrum of copper

The arc spectrum of copper, in common with the spectra of other elements in the first group of the Periodic Table has been shown to contain a system of doublet series. The chief lines of copper were classified by Rydberg and by Kayser and Runge. Some additional combinations were discovered by Dunz and the series have since been re-tabulated by Fowler. Only one member of the principal series of copper has been identified with certainty, though Fowler gives five members of the diffuse and six members of the sharp series. An interesting feature of the series system of copper is the occurrence of a somewhat abnormal term, designated as X, which combines with the two members of the doublet p level, forming the well-known doublet λ 5700·25, λ 5782·16. The nature of the combination with the doublet terms, and the Zeeman effect, showed the X-term to be a doublet d term with inner quantum number 2. It was to be expected that this term would have a companion term with inner quantum number 3, but the earlier investigators failed to find this term. The identity of the missing term has been made clear in a recent paper by Shenstone who gives the numerical value of the term as 51105·5, the value of 51105·0 having previously been suggested by Ruark and by Werner. The numerical value of the term X is given by Fowler as 49062·6. It follows that the difference d 3 — d 2** = 2042·9 and the complete d — p doublet includes the line λ 5105·55.
SegmentationofARX-modelsUsingSum-of-Norms Regularization ?

Segmentation of time-varying systems and signals into models whose parameters are piecewise constant in time is an important and well studied problem. It is here formulated as a least-squares problem with sum-of-norms regularization over the state parameter jumps, a generalization of ‘1-regularization. A nice property of the suggested formulation is that it only has one tuning parameter, the regularization constant which is used to trade o t and the number of segments.
A microphysically based precipitation scheme for the UK meteorological office unified model

Many numerical weather prediction models are moving towards more prognostic schemes for the prediction of ice and liquid water contents within clouds. This paper describes a large‐scale cloud and precipitation scheme developed for the UK Meteorological Office's Unified Model. It uses physically based transfer equations to predict ice as a prognostic variable. We review similar schemes and then describe our new scheme, giving examples of its performance in mesoscale forecasts compared with the current operational scheme and with observations. the microphysical processes occurring in a frontal cloud are well modelled. the prediction of supercooled stratocumulus cloud is much improved.
A Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Parameterization. Part IV: Sensitivity Experiments

Abstract This is the fourth in a series of papers exploring the effects of the number of predicted moments in bulk microphysics schemes. In Part III, the three-moment version of a new multimoment scheme was used to simulate a severe hailstorm. The model successfully reproduced many of the observed gross characteristics, including the reflectivity structure and the maximum hail sizes at the ground. In this paper, the authors compare a series of sensitivity experiments using various one- and two-moment versions of the scheme with the three-moment version to explore the effects of predicting additional moments on the simulated hydrometeor fields, precipitation, and storm dynamics. Six sensitivity runs were performed. They varied in their ability to reproduce the precipitation pattern, storm structure, and peak values of microphysical fields of the control simulation. The two-moment simulations, which used diagnostic relations to prescribe the relative dispersion parameter, α, closely reproduced the spatial p.
Development of a Reinforcement Learning Algorithm to Optimize Corticosteroid Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis

Background: The optimal indication, dose, and timing of corticosteroids in sepsis is controversial. Here, we used reinforcement learning to derive the optimal steroid policy in septic patients based on data on 3051 ICU admissions from the AmsterdamUMCdb intensive care database. Methods: We identified septic patients according to the 2016 consensus definition. An actor-critic RL algorithm using ICU mortality as a reward signal was developed to determine the optimal treatment policy from time-series data on 277 clinical parameters. We performed off-policy evaluation and testing in independent subsets to assess the algorithm’s performance. Results: Agreement between the RL agent’s policy and the actual documented treatment reached 59%. Our RL agent’s treatment policy was more restrictive compared to the actual clinician behavior: our algorithm suggested withholding corticosteroids in 62% of the patient states, versus 52% according to the physicians’ policy. The 95% lower bound of the expected reward was higher for the RL agent than clinicians’ historical decisions. ICU mortality after concordant action in the testing dataset was lower both when corticosteroids had been withheld and when corticosteroids had been prescribed by the virtual agent. The most relevant variables were vital parameters and laboratory values, such as blood pressure, heart rate, leucocyte count, and glycemia. Conclusions: Individualized use of corticosteroids in sepsis may result in a mortality benefit, but optimal treatment policy may be more restrictive than the routine clinical practice. Whilst external validation is needed, our study motivates a ‘precision-medicine’ approach to future prospective controlled trials and practice.
New is not always better: Virtual reality does not necessarily enhance mnemonic processing

Integrating new technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) can contribute to increasing efficiency in several areas relevant to society. VR can be applied in various contexts and has the potential to improve mnemonic processes and memory performance. However, the specific conditions under which VR is more beneficial than conventional learning methods remain unclear. To further investigate the value of VR for mnemonic processing, participants performed a memory task under three different conditions. For that task, they were presented with rules regarding the spatial arrangement of building blocks with a written text or a video in 2D on a screen or in 3D/360° with a head-mounted display. Following the learning session, memory performance was measured by a recognition test involving a multiple-choice questionnaire, in which participants had to mark the correct arrangement of building blocks, and a construction test, in which they had to arrange five different building blocks according to the rules learned. Additionally, participants had to arrange 38 building blocks according to the rules in a free recall test the following day. Surprisingly, results revealed no superiority effect for learning in VR. Instead, learning the rules with the text yielded the best memory performance results, indicating that prior experience with conventional learning methods facilitates declarative knowledge acquisition. Considering previous findings regarding cognitive processing in VR, our results suggest that in passive learning, processing the more salient and personally relevant virtual stimuli in the surrounding VR environment requires more attentional resources. Therefore, VR impairs focusing on the relevant declarative information and impedes the transfer of the learned knowledge to different contexts. When considering to implement VR, the value to the particular domain and specific learning task should be taken into consideration: For learning basic declarative information without actively involving the students, conventional learning methods seem sufficient and more efficient for mnemonic processing compared to new technologies.
Shot noise and higher current moments in dimensions 2, 3 and 4

Shot noise and higher current moments TM = 〈Tr (t†t)M〉 are studied within the Anderson model of disordered conductors in dimensions d = 2, 3 and 4. Here t denotes a transmission matrix. We calculate the conductance G = T1, shot noise S = T1–T2, Fano factor F = S/G and ratios CM = TM /G, and we show indications that all of them are as good order parameters as the conductance itself. In the limit of infinite system size, two limiting values of and CM are found; the stable one in the metallic regime, and the unstable one, characterizing the critical point for d > 2. We present analytical expressions for both limiting values, together with a compact formula for current cumulants at 3D criticality. Our data confirm also Nazarov's microscopic theory [Phys. Rev. B 52, 4720 (1995)], as we show numerically for special linear combinations of TM. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)