Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Acoustic Study of Korean and English Voiceless Sibilant Fricatives

This study investigates acoustic characteristics of English and Korean voiceless sibilant fricatives as they appear before the three vowels, /i/, /? / and /u/. Three measurements - duration, center of gravity and major spectral peak - are employed to compare acoustic properties and vowel effect for each fricative sound. This study also investigates the question of whether Korean sibilant fricatives are acoustically similar to the English voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ or to the palato-alveolar /? /. The results show that in the duration of frication noise, English /? / is the longest and Korean lax /s/ the shortest of the four sounds. It is also observed that English alveolar /s/ has the highest value, whereas Korean /s/ shows the lowest value in the frequency of center of gravity. In terms of major spectral peak, while English /s/ reveals the highest frequency, English /? /shows the lowest value. In addition, evidence indicates that there is a strong vowel effect in the fricative sounds of both languages, although the vowel effect patterns of the two languages are inconsistent. For instance, in the major spectral peak, both Korean lax /s/ and tense /s * / show significantly higher frequencies before the vowel /? / than before the other vowels, whereas both English /s/ and /? / exhibit significantly higher frequencies before the vowel /i/ than before the other vowels. These results indicate that Korean sibilant fricatives are acoustically distinct from both English /s/ and /? /.
EFFECT OF CURVATURE AND END SILL ANGLE ON LOCAL SCOURING AT DOWNSTREAM OF A SPILLWAY

A large number of hydraulic structures were constructed in rivers and alluvial channels for controlling the flow of water but these structures usually experience scouring at downstream. Large number of hydraulic structures failed because the progress of local scour undermined their foundations. It is important to control local scour depth at downstream of hydraulics structures to ensure safety of these structures. Modifications in the shape of spillways particularly the downstream part may help to reduce local scour depth at downstream but no formula exists for estimating the scour depth when such modification is made. Available formulae used to estimate local scour at down stream of the hydraulic structures are quite complex and mainly derived from empirical data. So, physical models remain the main available tool to simulate the local scour at downstream of hydraulic structures. In this study, a physical model was employed to simulate the effect of downstream curvature of the spillway and its end sill angle on local scour at downstream. The spillway was modeled using hard teak wood while sand was used to simulate the erodable bed. A glass sided flume with a total height of 24.9 cm and width of 8.2 cm was used to simulate the channel. The downstream curvature of spillway model with different end sill angle was tested. The effects of five different end sill angles on the local scour were tested. The values of the tested angles were 10 o , 20 o , 30 o , 45 o , and 60 o . Data collected from the experiments conducted on the physical model showed a reduction of 15% in local scour depth at downstream when the end sill angle changed from 10 o to 60 o .
The New Sourcebook For Teaching Reasoning And Problem Solving In Junior And Senior High School

Preface/About the Authors. 1. Introduction. What Is Reasoning? What Is Problem Solving? The Heuristics. The Subskills of Problem Solving. How to Use This Book. How to Evaluate Problem-Solving and Reasoning Activities. 2. Read and Think. 3. Explore and Plan. 4. Select a Strategy. Pattern Recognition. Reduction and Expansion. Working Backwards. Experimentation and Simulation. Guess and Test. Logical Deduction. Organized Listing/Exhaustive Listing. Divide and Conquer. Write an Equation. 5. Find an Answer. 6. Reflect and Extend. Find Alternate Solutions. What If? and Extend. 7. A Collection of Nonroutine Problems. 8. A Collection of Open-Ended Problems Requiring an Extended Response. Reproduction Pages for the Heuristics. Masters for Selected Problems (Problem Cards). Masters for Open-Ended Problems.
Research Methods for Social Science: A Practical Introduction

Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Introducing Research Methods. 2. Planning a Study - The Design. 3. Carrying out your Study - The Procedure. 4. Quantatitive Techniques - Describing The Social World: Introducing SPSS. 5. Making Inferences about Research: Statistical Analysis Using SPSS. Chapter 6.Qualitative Research. 7. Writing up your Research. Index
An investigation of wintertime midlevel mixed-phase clouds with supercooled water droplets using in-situ measurements

In general, the number of aircraft accidents due to weather hazards has been declining with the technology advancement over the past decades. However, In-flight icing is still very challenging and remains a serious aviation hazard. Mixed-phase clouds containing both supercooled liquid water droplets and ice particles are relatively common in the Earth’s atmosphere (Deeter and Vivekanandan, 2004) and have been observed to contain liquid droplets at temperatures down to -40°C (Cober et al., 2001). Aircraft flying through these mixed-phase clouds can result in rapid ice accretion on the wings and frames, which can directly cause aircraft crashes. Many efforts have been made to develop reliable techniques for identifying and forecasting icing conditions using various data sources, but our limited knowledge of these mixed-phase clouds has been responsible for the uncertainties in retrievals from both satellites and surface radar observations, as well as numerical weather prediction models that these techniques rely on. Although detailed understanding of the characteristics and microphysical properties of mixed-phase clouds is essential in aviation safety, studies of these clouds have been significantly limited particularly due to lack of extensive in-situ measurements. For instance, several studies of midlatitude mixed-phase clouds (e.g., Fleishauer et al., 2002; Niu et al., 2008; Carey et al., 2008) show that a large number of liquid droplets and a small number of ice crystals are concentrated at or near cloud-top whereas ice virga can be found in the middle and bottom portions within these clouds. However, the cloud structure and hydrometeor quantities are not properly represented yet in many present numerical models and satellite retrieval algorithms that are using temperature thresholds to distinguish cloud phases. In this study, spaceborne radar/lidar data and aircraft in-situ measurements are analyzed in order to better understand the structures and microphysical characteristics of non-precipitating midlevel mixedphase clouds such as altostratus and altocumulus. We take advantage of rich data sources from in-situ aircraft measurements during an intensive field campaign that took place during 2006-2007 winter
Solving Multi-view Stereo and Image Restoration using a Unified Framework

Estimating camera pose and scene structures from seriously degraded images is challenging problem. Most existing multi-view stereo algorithms assume high-quality input images and therefore have unreliable results for blurred, noisy, or low-resolution images. Experimental results show that the approach of using off-the-shelf image reconstruction algorithms as independent preprocessing is generally ineffective or even sometimes counterproductive. This is because naive frame-wise image reconstruction methods fundamentally ignore the consistency between images, although they seem to produce visually plausible results. In this thesis, from the fact that image reconstruction and multi-view stereo problems are interrelated, we present a unified framework to solve these problems jointly. The validity of this approach is empirically verified for four different problems, dense depth map reconstruction, camera pose estimation, super-resolution, and deblurring from images obtained by a single moving camera. By reflecting the physical imaging process, we cast our objective into a cost minimization problem, and solve the solution using alternate optimization techniques. Experiments show that the proposed method can restore high-quality depth maps from seriously degraded images for both synthetic and real video, as opposed to the failure of simple multi-view stereo methods. Our algorithm also produces superior super-resolution and deblurring results compared to simple preprocessing with conventional super-resolution and deblurring techniques. Moreover, we show that the proposed framework can be generalized to handle more common scenarios. First, it can solve image reconstruction and multi-view stereo problems for multi-view single-shot images captured by a light field camera. By us-
The FOUR Score and Glasgow Coma Scale to Evaluate the Patients with Intubation at Emergency Room

บทคดยอ วตถประสงค : เพอเปรยบเทยบการนำโฟรสกอรกบกลาสโกวโคมาสเกลมาใชในผปวยทใสทอชวยหายใจในหองฉกเฉนจากผประเมนหลายประเภทและดการพยากรณอตราการตายในโรงพยาบาลจากคะแนนรวม วธการศกษา : ผปวย 80 รายไดรบการใสทอชวยหายใจทหองฉกเฉนจะไดรบการประเมนระดบความรตวทางระบบประสาทโดยใชทงโฟรสกอรและกลาสโกวโคมาสเกลจากผประเมนโดยการสมเปนค แลวนำขอมลมาวเคราะหโดยใชหลกสถตเพอหาความแตกตางระหวางกลม ความสมพนธระหวางการวดระดบความรตวทงสองชนด หาคาความนาเชอถอและคาความสมพนธในกลมแตละกลมและหาอตราการตายในโรงพยาบาล ผลการศกษา : คะแนนรวมของผประเมนมทศทางไปแนวเดยวกนดถงดมากทง 2 แบบประเมน และไมพบความแตกตางระหวางผประเมน ทกๆ 1 คะแนนรวมของการประเมนผปวยทง 2 แบบทเพมขนจะมผลตอการลดลงของอตราตอรองของการตายในโรงพยาบาล สรปการศกษา : แบบประเมนโฟรสกอรมความนาเชอถอในการนำมาใชประเมนผปวยทไดรบการใสทอชวยหายใจทหองฉกเฉนและยงสามารถนำไปใชเพอทำนายโอกาสการเสยชวตของผปวยเมอเขารกษาในโรงพยาบาล คำสำคญ : โฟรสกอร • กลาสโกวโคมาสเกล • หองฉกเฉน • การใสทอชวยหายใจ Abstract Objective : To evaluate the reliability between the FOUR score and the GCS score for evaluating patients with intubation in emergency room and to predict in-hospital mortality. Methods : Eighty patients with intubation in the ER were enrolled. Each patient was evaluated by random pairs of raters using both the FOUR and the GCS scores. The statistical analysis included Willcoxon’s sign rank test to determine the differences between the groups, Spearman’s and Kendall’s correlation to determine the correlation between FOUR and GCS, weighted kappa and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) to determine the degree of agreement and the logistic regression for in-hospital deaths. Results : Inter-rater agreements were good to excellent for the FOUR and GCS scores. The correlation between score system was good. For every 1-point increase in the total scores, there was a reduction in the odds of an in-hospital mortality. Conclusion : The FOUR score is reliable for evaluating patients with intubation in the ER. The FOUR score can be used to predict in-hospital mortality. Key W ords: FOUR score • GCS score • Emergency room • Intubation
In vivo imaging reveals a tumor-associated macrophage–mediated resistance pathway in anti–PD-1 therapy

Tumor-associated macrophages limit anti–PD-1 effects by removing the antibody from CD8+ T cells. Tug-of-war with anti–PD-1 Antibodies against immune checkpoints such as programmed death–1 (PD-1) are gaining increasing prominence in cancer treatment, but even these promising therapeutics do not always work. To be effective in preventing T cells from becoming exhausted, anti–PD-1 antibodies must be able to remain bound to the T cells. Unfortunately, this does not always happen, as Arlauckas et al. discovered. Although anti–PD-1 antibodies initially bound to T cells as intended, the authors found that tumor-associated macrophages quickly removed these antibodies from T cells, thus inactivating them. The researchers also identified a potential way to overcome this problem, showing that inhibition of Fcγ receptors prevented removal of anti–PD-1 and prolonged its effects in vivo. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the immune checkpoint anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (aPD-1) have demonstrated impressive benefits for the treatment of some cancers; however, these drugs are not always effective, and we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to their efficacy or lack thereof. We used in vivo imaging to uncover the fate and activity of aPD-1 mAbs in real time and at subcellular resolution in mice. We show that aPD-1 mAbs effectively bind PD-1+ tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells at early time points after administration. However, this engagement is transient, and aPD-1 mAbs are captured within minutes from the T cell surface by PD-1− tumor-associated macrophages. We further show that macrophage accrual of aPD-1 mAbs depends both on the drug’s Fc domain glycan and on Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by host myeloid cells and extend these findings to the human setting. Finally, we demonstrate that in vivo blockade of FcγRs before aPD-1 mAb administration substantially prolongs aPD-1 mAb binding to tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and enhances immunotherapy-induced tumor regression in mice. These investigations yield insight into aPD-1 target engagement in vivo and identify specific Fc/FcγR interactions that can be modulated to improve checkpoint blockade therapy.
Benevolent deception in human computer interaction

Though it has been asserted that "good design is honest", [42] deception exists throughout human-computer interaction research and practice. Because of the stigma associated with deception - in many cases rightfully so - the research community has focused its energy on eradicating malicious deception, and ignored instances in which deception is positively employed. In this paper we present the notion of benevolent deception, deception aimed at benefitting the user as well as the developer. We frame our discussion using a criminology-inspired model and ground components in various examples. We assert that this provides us with a set of tools and principles that not only helps us with system and interface design, but that opens new research areas. After all, as Cockton claims in his 2004 paper "Value-Centered HCI" [13], "Traditional disciplines have delivered truth. The goal of HCI is to deliver value. "
The comparison of sensitization to animal allergens in children and adult-onset patients with asthma

Background: With higher exposure to animal during the life, the risk of sensitization to animals may get more. The purpose of this study was the comparison of sensitization to animal allergens in children with asthma from those with adult-onset asthma. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 children and 100 adults with asthma as well as 100 healthy individuals with no history of asthma and atopy. Skin tests were performed in patients and controls to allergens using a panel of 15 animal allergens. Results: The rate of sensitization to animal allergens was 33% in children with asthma and 39% in patients with adult-onset asthmatics compared to 10% in the control group. Children with asthma were most commonly sensitized to dog (10%), hamster (8%), and cat (7%). Among patients with adult-onset asthma, the most common sensitizations were to dog (19%), canary (14%), and cat and goat (each 7%). The frequency of sensitization to animal allergens was not significantly different between children and adult-onset patients with asthma. Conclusions: We observed that sensitization to dog and canary was higher in adult-onset than children with asthma. Efforts to improve conditions at the public buildings to reduce the load of airborne allergens are also potentially helpful.
Managing and understanding distributed stream processing

Present-day computing systems have to deal with a continuous growth of data rate and volume. Processing these workloads should introduce as little latency as possible. Today’s stream processors promise to handle large volumes of data while providing low-latency query results. In practice however, their computational model, variations of the workload, and the lack of tools for programmers can lead to situations where the latency increases significantly. The reason for this lies in the design of today’s stream processing systems. Specifically, stream processors do not supply meaningful information for debugging root causes of latency problems. Additionally, they have inadequate controllers to automate resource management based on workload properties and requirements of the computation. Lastly, their reconfiguration mechanisms are not compatible with low-latency query processing and cause a significant latency increase while reconfiguring. Solving these problems is crucial to enable users, programmers and operators to maximize the effectiveness of stream processing. To solve these problems, we present three complementing solutions. We first propose a method to identify factors influencing query latency, using detailed internal measurements combined with knowledge of the computational model of the stream processor. Then, we use system-intrinsic measurements to design and implement an automatic scaling controller for scale-out distributed stream processors. It makes fast and accurate scaling decisions with minimum delay. Lastly, we propose a scaling mechanism that reduces downtime during reconfigurations by orders of magnitude. The mechanism achieves this by interleaving fine-grained configuration updates and data processing. The solutions presented in this thesis help designers of stream processors to better optimize for low-latency processing, and users to increase their query performance by providing better metrics and automating operational aspects. We think this is an important step towards efficient stream processing.
Problem Based Learning (PBL) in Teaching English for Students of Primary School Teacher Education Department

One of the learning models that can be implemented in increasing the students ability in English language is using Problem Based Learning (PBL). Problem Based Learning is a learning model that focuses on giving the solution for students in learning process. PBL provides the chance for students to find their problem and also creating the alternative solution to deal with their problems in English language learning. The aims of this study, by using PBL can increase the students’ ability in mastering English language. The participant of this study chosen from primary school teacher education department (PGSD) faculty of educational sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta. There several consideration in choosing the department as the object of this study. First, the student of this department lack of interest in joining the English subject, the learning process becomes ineffective. Second, as the future candidate of teacher for elementary school students, they need to concern with the ability of English language. Third, the average ability of students in mastering English is weak. The method used for this study based on qualitative/interpretive paradigm. This method concern on viewing the focus and problems of this study in a comprehensive way. The finding, based on the result of the study it can be shown that the students ability in English language increased as the researcher targeted from the beginning. And the learning process becomes more active after the use of Problem Based Learning. So, it can be concluded that the use of Problem Based Learning (PBL) can increase the students’ ability in mastering English Language.
Observations on Chytridiopsis mytilovum (Field), formerly Haplosporidium mytilovum Field, (Microsporida?)*

SYNOPSIS. Haplosporidium mytilovum Field, 1924, a sporozoan (? ) parasite in the ova of the mussel Mytilus edulis L. , is found to be morphologically similar to, and deemed to be congeneric with, the type species of genus Chytridiopsis Schneider, C. socius S. , 1884, in beetles. It is compared also with the only other reported species of Chytridiopsis in a mollusc, C. ovicola Leger and Hollande, 1917, in ova of the European oyster, Ostrea edulis L. These two parasites in ova of bivalve molluscs are much alike but, since they seem to have some slight morphological differences, it would be premature to conclude that they belong to the same species. Chytridiopsis, a genus of uncertain affinities, has been considered by various authors to be related to the Chytridiales, the Haplosporida, the Mycetozoa or the Microsporida. New evidence favors the hypothesis that it is microsporidian in nature, although proof in the form of a clearly demonstrated polar filament has not yet been produced.
HISTAMINE RECEPTOR H1 SIGNALING IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTOIMMMUNE DISEASE AND IMMUNE DEVIATION

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system affecting 0.1% of the population in the Northern hemisphere. MS is a complex disease that depends on genetic and environmental factors and is controlled by multiple genes that exert a modest effect in the overall disease outcome. The complex nature of the disease complicates the study of individual genes and their contribution in the disease process. To investigate mechanisms underlying the development of diseases like MS and how disease course can be manipulated, animal models have been extensively used, with Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE) being the principle autoimmune model for MS. Even though EAE, like MS, is a complex disease and polygenic in nature, it can be reduced to monogenic intermediate or subphenotypes, which allows for identification of the causative gene and its mechanism. One such subphenotype of EAE in mice, Bordetella pertussis toxin-induced histamine sensitization (Bphs) is controlled by Hrh1, gene encoding mouse histamine receptor H1 (H1R), wherein sensitized animals of susceptible strains die upon histamine challenge and resistant strains do not. Moreover, mice deficient in H1R (H1RKO) show delayed onset and reduced severity in the clinical course of EAE. However, the mechanism by which H1R and its polymorphisms regulate EAE is unknown. As a disease susceptibility gene, Hrh1 could act in different cell types and at several checkpoints in the disease process. This includes endothelial cells that regulate blood-brain barrier, antigen presenting cells or T cells, which regulate the cytokine production. Using transgenic mice expressing H1R exclusively in T cells, this study shows that H1R expression in T cells is sufficient to restore the EAE severity and the disease associated cytokine production of H1RKO mice to wild type levels. H1R from susceptible and resistant strains of mice differ by three amino acids. The P-V-P haplotype (H1R) is associated with disease susceptibility whereas the L-MS (H1R) haplotype is associated with less severe disease. In this study, using transgenic mice, we show that reexpression of H1R fully complements the clinical EAE and the disease-associated cytokine production of H1RKO mice to wild type levels, however, reexpression of H1R fails to do so. These data suggest that H1R is not functional relative to H1R. Mechanistically, using 293T cells, we show that the two H1R alleles exhibit differential cell surface expression and altered intracellular trafficking, with the H1R allele being retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Moreover, we show that all three residues (L-M-S) comprising the H1R haplotype are required for altered expression. Thus, polymorphisms influencing cell surface expression of H1R regulate immune functions and autoimmune disease susceptibility.