Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of the breakdown of submerged leaves by hyphomycetes and invertebrates in Morocco

SUMMARY. 1. Mechanisms of the breakdown of submerged leaves under the warm and dry Moroccan climate, including the interaction between hyphomycetes and invertebrates, were investigated. 2. Laboratory experiments were performed on dried leaves of Salix sp. and Nerium oleander. 3. During the first month under the experimental conditions, Melanopsis praemorsa, Physa acula (Gastropoda) and Hydropsyche maroccana (Trichoptera), respectively, were responsible for a loss of weight of 38, 21 and 13% in willow leaves, and 40, 15 and 8% in oleander leaves. 4. The weight lost by willow leaves inoculated with the fungi Alatospora acuminata, Anguillospora longissima, Lemonniera aquatica and Tetracladium marchalianum increased with time, but varied according to the fungal species. Loss of weight and increase in nitrate and phosphate content of the leaves were greatest with Lemonniera and smallest with Tetracladium. 5. When the leaves thus colonized by each of the four fungal species were exposed to each of the three invertebrates, the amount of material consumed increased with the time of fungal conditioning and varied according to the fungus and to the invertebrate. Greatest consumption was by Melanopsis feeding on leaves conditioned by Lemonniera, in which case assimilation percentage by the gastropod was as high as 75%. 6. Owing to their numbers in the field, and to the quantity of leaf material they ingest, gastropods appear as the main shredders in the streams considered, thus replacing the Crustacea that often play this part under temperate climates. Breakdown seems faster in Morocco than in France, mainly because of a shorter initial time lag in weight loss.
Morphological Identification and Ecology of the Red Jungle Fowl in Thailand, Laos and Vietnam

The morphological identification and ecological studies on the 3 subspecies of red jungle fowls were carried out in Thailand, Laos and Vietnam from 1994 to 1998. A total of 59 red jungle fowls and 47 hybrids with native chicken were collected and applied to the detailed morphological examination. For the ecological investigation, the hearing survey was performed at 55 localities. Fifty nine red jungle fowls were identified to 3 subspecies groups, Gallus gallus gallus with white earlobes, and G. g. spadiceus and G. g. jabouillei with red earlobes. The earlobe color was used as the most important index for the subspecies identification. Collecting places of individuals were also used as an effective index from the result of zoogeographical survey. There is an extensive zone of intergradation among the habitats of these 3 subspecies. The G. g. gallus inhabiting the continental Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam expresses pure white earlobes covered completely with white patch, and the G. g. gallus inhabiting deep south Thailand expresses incomplete white earlobes.Therefore, the names of G. g. gallus type C (Continental) and G. g. gallus type I (insular) are reasonable to these zoogeographically differentiated two groups of G. g. gallus.
Notes on borers of date palms in Iraq

Brief notes are given on five species of boring insects that attack date palms in Iraq and between them cause considerable damage, based on observations in 1957–62. They comprise the Pyralid Arenipses sabella Hmps. , the larva of which mines the spathes and fruit stalks, preventing fruit maturation; the Cerambycid Pseudophilus testaceus Gah. , the larva of which mines the frond bases and stem;the Dynastid Oryctes elegans Prell, of which the adult makes a surface mine in the frond mid-rib or fruit stalk and the larva develops, usually, inside the stem of dead or moribund palms; the Bostrychid Phonapate frontalis (Fhs.), which mines in the frond mid-rib; and the termite Microcerotermes diversus Silv. , which makes covered galleries up the outside of the stem and mines within the stems and frond bases of weakly palms.
Spatio‐temporal genetic variability in sea trout (Salmo trutta) populations from north‐western Spain

Summary 1. Genetic variation at five microsatellite loci was investigated in six sea trout (Salmo trutta) populations to describe their spatio-temporal genetic variation in north-western Spain. We observed significant genetic variation between river basins, and isolation by distance with restricted gene flow between neighbouring rivers, which suggests an important homing behaviour. 2. Despite these populations suffering a serious demographic decline during 1998, we did not detect any reduction in their genetic variation, suggesting a reasonably high effective population size and temporal stability. 3. Genetic differences among rivers should be taken into account in future management activities. Given the high genetic variability and the temporal stability observed, we believe that no supportive breeding programmes are presently needed in these populations.
Ageing in urban environments: Developing ‘age-friendly’ cities

Developing environments responsive to the aspirations and needs of older people has become a major concern for social and public policy. This article aims to provide a critical perspective on what has been termed ‘age-friendly cities’ by shifting the focus from questions such as ‘What is an ideal city for older people? ’ to the question of ‘How age-friendly are cities? ’ This approach, it is argued, might be more suited to deal with the complexities of cities as sites of interlocking and conflicting commercial, social, and political interests. This theme is developed by examining: first, the main factors driving the age-friendly debate; second, constraints and opportunities for older people living in urban environments; third, options for a critical social policy; and, fourth, examples of involving older people in the development of age-friendly environments. The article concludes with a brief summary of current tensions and contradictions in the age-friendly debate.
Zooplankton abundance in the River Danube, Austria: the significance of inshore retention

Summary 1. Zooplankton density was examined in a free-flowing section of the River Danube, Austria. Spatial and temporal patterns were used to identify mechanisms regulating zooplankton dynamics. 2. Zooplankton abundance differed significantly between sampling sites. These differences were the result of variations in water residence time within the habitats. Inshore habitats with low flushing rates act as storage zones for zooplankton. 3. The hydrological conditions govern the number and size of storage zones. In the study area, the highest availability of storage zones was observed at medium water level. 4. Total zooplankton numbers, total rotifer numbers and the densities of the most abundant rotifer taxa were significantly positively related to the availability of adjacent storage zones. 5. The present authors propose that inshore retention capacity, and the hydrological processes and mechanisms controlling the extent of inshore retention may be of major significance in regulated rivers with high water velocities, preventing substantial zooplankton growth in the main channel.
The kinematics and aerodynamics of the free flight of some diptera

Summary Seven representative species of the order Diptera were filmed in free flight using high-speed cinematography. Insects were killed after filming, and morphological measurements were made in the manner of Ellington (1984£>). The detailed kinematics of selected sequences were then found using frame-byframe digitization, followed by computer reconstruction of the third dimension. Kinematics were qualitatively similar to those observed by Ellington (1984c), though in three species the wings often underwent ventral flexion near the base at the end of the downstroke. For aerodynamic analysis of hovering flight, modified forms of the equations of Ellington (1984eJ) were used. Forward flight was analysed by a novel method, which assumes that an equal but opposite circulation is built up for each halfstroke and allows linear equations to be used. The lift coefficients calculated for hovering were commonly well above those possible by quasi-steady mechanisms, but rotational coefficients were within those that could be achieved by the unsteady lift mechanisms: clap-and-fling (WeisFogh, 1973) and flex (Ellington, 1984d). The lift and rotational coefficients of the two half-strokes were often unequal. In forward flight, the equal circulation assumption often led to an incorrect estimation of the aerodynamic force vector, showing that the circulations during the two half-strokes were unequal. It is suggested that flies manoeuvre largely by altering the unsteady circulations produced at stroke reversal via alterations in the speed and timing of wing rotation. The differences in the mechanisms used by different fly species are related to their flight behaviour in the field.
Identification of Cylindrosporium padi associated with leaf spot disease of cherry in Kashmir Valley, India

Cherry an important stone fruit crop has been found to face a serious threat due to Blumeriella leaf spot disease. Survey of cherry orchards in Srinagar, Ganderbal and Baramulla districts revealed prevalence of the disease to varying extent. The disease incidence and intensity ranged from 13.00 to 52.50 per cent and 5.78 to 30.48 per cent, respectively. Maximum disease incidence of 41.02 per cent and intensity of 18.62 per cent was recorded in Ganderbal district, while minimum disease incidence of 18.10 per cent and intensity of 8.4 per cent was recorded in Baramulla district. The disease first appeared as small, circular to irregular, purple red speck on upper leaf surface. Periodical changes in colour, shape and size of the spots coupled with formation of irregular necrotic patches led to pre-mature defoliation. The fungus isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar medium produced compact and circular greyish white fungal colonies composed of hyaline, thick walled, septate and branched mycelium. Acervuli produced after 20 days of incubation at 20±1°C were dark brown to black, circular, discoid and measured 260.50 µm in diameter. Conidia (39.01 × 2.89 µm) were hyaline, bicelled, elongated, curved or flexous with tapered apex and rounded base. The pathogenic nature of the fungus was established on potted cherry saplings of cv. Bigarreau napoleon (Double). Based on morphological characters, pathogenicity test and comparision with the authentic description, the pathogen causing the disease was identified as Cylindrosporium padi (Lib.) P. Karst. Ex Sacc. the anamorph of Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx.
Top-down Methodology to Identify Opportunities for Industrial Symbiosis Partnerships

Industries in Europe are responsible for generating approximately 190 Mtons of waste; a figure which is expected to rise, as a significant increase in the consumption of raw materials is predicted to occur in the near future. This may lead to escalating environmental problems, including resource depletion, soil degradation, and climate change. To curtail these problems, countries, regions, and industrial systems need to find ways to promote and foster Circular Economy strategies. The promotion and implementation of Industrial Symbiosis (IS) partnerships is one of the strategies for implementation of Circular Economy concepts. IS has been recognized by the European Union as a tool that can be used to promote sustainable growth and resource efficiency, by enabling companies to use wastes, energy, or water generated by other companies as raw materials in their industrial processes. In reality, however companies face numerous challenges when trying to find opportunities to engage in IS partnerships. One way to expand the opportunities for Industrial Symbiosis is by broadening its scope from eco-industrial parks to entire regions, by exploring the potential for using wastes already available in the region as raw materials. This may also reduce dependence on resource extraction and materials imported from other countries. Bottom-up approaches are commonly used to identify opportunities for IS partnerships, and include tools like surveys and workshops. However, these approaches can be difficult to implement, primarily because of time and cost constraints. Fortunately, as it is now possible to collect large datasets, top-down approaches can be used to develop tools that facilitate identification of IS opportunities. The aim of this thesis is to develop a top-down methodology for mapping IS opportunities and identifying potential stakeholders. Types of materials that can be reused and recycled are identified, as well as companies that may collaborate by sharing resources. The method can be applied at different spatial scales, from industrial parks to municipalities, regions, or countries. It employs routinely reported statistical data for industries, which enables simple data acquisition and ensures that any changes in the production processes are captured. It contains information on approximately 100 industries, 1,250 products, and 800 waste types. The results show that currently available datasets can be used to identify IS opportunities, and that input materials and wastes generated by industries can be predicted. After matching inputs to wastes, a tool based on two databases was developed. This tool can be used to identify opportunities for IS partnerships within any region in Europe. The tool was tested in the Vastra Gotaland Region of Sweden, in three case studies: one for wood wastes, one for biogas, and another for carbon capture and utilization. The results can be used by regional development authorities or other institutions to support the establishment of IS partnerships.
Your Smart Speaker Can "Hear" Your Heartbeat!

Vital sign monitoring is a common practice amongst medical professionals, and plays a key role in patient care and clinical diagnosis. Traditionally, dedicated equipment is employed to monitor these vital signs. For example, electrocardiograms (ECG) with 3-12 electrodes are attached to the target chest for heartbeat monitoring. In the last few years, wireless sensing becomes a hot research topic and wireless signal itself is utilized for sensing purposes without requiring the target to wear any sensors. The contact-free nature of wireless sensing makes it particularly appealing in current COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, promising progress has been achieved and the sensing granularity has been pushed to millimeter level, fine enough to monitor respiration which causes a chest displacement of 5 mm. While a great success with respiration monitoring, it is still very challenging to monitor heartbeat due to the extremely subtle chest displacement (0.1 - 0.5 mm) - smaller than 10% of that caused by respiration. What makes it worse is that the tiny heartbeat-caused chest displacement is buried inside the respiration-caused displacement. In this paper, we show the feasibility of employing the popular smart speakers (e.g., Amazon Echo) to monitor an individual's heartbeats in a contact-free manner. To extract the submillimeter heartbeat motion in the presence of other interference movements, a series of novel signal processing schemes are employed. We successfully prototype the first real-time heartbeat monitoring system using a commodity smart speaker. Experiment results show that the proposed system can monitor a target's heartbeat accurately, achieving a median heart rate estimation error of 0.75 beat per minute (bpm), and a median heartbeat interval estimation error of 13.28 ms (less than 1.8%), outperforming even some popular commodity products available on the market.
Integral Use of Immunopeptidomics and Immunoinformatics for the Characterization of Antigen Presentation and Rational Identification of BoLA-DR–Presented Peptides and Epitopes

Key Points MS immunopeptidomics and motif are characterized for seven prevalent BoLA-DRB3 molecules. NetBoLAIIpan is a pan-specific predictor for BoLA-DRB3 Ag presentation. NetBoLAIIpan demonstrated unprecedented CD4 T cell epitope prediction performance. MHC peptide binding and presentation is the most selective event defining the landscape of T cell epitopes. Consequently, understanding the diversity of MHC alleles in a given population and the parameters that define the set of ligands that can be bound and presented by each of these alleles (the immunopeptidome) has an enormous impact on our capacity to predict and manipulate the potential of protein Ags to elicit functional T cell responses. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of MHC-eluted ligand data has proven to be a powerful technique for identifying such peptidomes, and methods integrating such data for prediction of Ag presentation have reached a high level of accuracy for both MHC class I and class II. In this study, we demonstrate how these techniques and prediction methods can be readily extended to the bovine leukocyte Ag class II DR locus (BoLA-DR). BoLA-DR binding motifs were characterized by eluted ligand data derived from bovine cell lines expressing a range of DRB3 alleles prevalent in Holstein–Friesian populations. The model generated (NetBoLAIIpan, available as a Web server at www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetBoLAIIpan) was shown to have unprecedented predictive power to identify known BoLA-DR–restricted CD4 epitopes. In summary, the results demonstrate the power of an integrated approach combining advanced mass spectrometry peptidomics with immunoinformatics for characterization of the BoLA-DR Ag presentation system and provide a prediction tool that can be used to assist in rational evaluation and selection of bovine CD4 T cell epitopes.
Computational simulation of the flow around rectangular cylinders: Effects of grid quality at wall

Starting from the past decades, many engineering domains require an accurate knowledge of Fluid Dynamics problems. Possible examples are car and airfoil designing in the automotive and aeronautics fields, blood circulation through the cardiovascular system in bioengineering or the evaluation of wind turbines efficiency in the energetic field. The first historical way to better understand a physical phenomena was to perform as much as possible experiments and to take decisions based on their results. However, sometimes the studied systems are characterized by big length or time scales and, as a consequence, experiments can be very expensive or even not possible to make. In addition to that measurement errors, if not correctly detected, can affect significantly the results. In the sixties, in concomitance with the first calculators, a new field called Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) started to work side by side with experiments. The latter are not supposed to be substituted by numerical simulations, that need to be tested with experimental results, but their number can be reduced in order to decrease the costs. Even if CFD has more than half a century of history, some of its topics are still arguments of actual research. The Computational Wind Engineering (CWE) is the branch of CFD, with Civil Engineering applications, that studies the wind effect on buildings. An important test-case in the CWE community is the characterisation of the flow around rectangular, and in particular square, cylinders. As a matter of fact an important benchmark is the ”Benchmark on the Aerodynamics of a Rectangular 5:1 Cylinder (BARC)”. Despite being the easiest bluff body that can be thought, it is interesting due to the phenomenological complexity of the turbulent flow around it. Moreover this problem has an application into the study of wind effects on skyscrapers cross-section in Civil Engineering. CWE computations are based on three aspects that are intrinsically linked to each other: the turbulence modelling, the interpolations schemes used for the equations discretization and the grid generation. The latter has been often neglected in literature and more focus has been addressed on the former two. For this reason, the aim of the thesis is to understand how the quality of the near wall mesh can effect the simulated results in CWE computations.
Victory for all, administration for some: an examination of differences in the impact of Indigenous jurisdictional expansion in Oklahoma

Abstract Indigenous polities often face the consequences of decisions that emerge from processes outside of their control. The U.S. Supreme Court decision on McGirt v. Oklahoma in 2020, which recognized nearly a third of the state of Oklahoma as potentially within the jurisdiction of five Native American tribes, is one such example. The lawsuit generating this decision was a legal appeal by an individual – not a tribe – and may have implications that include recognizing tribal jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters throughout much of the state. The decision was celebrated by tribes and those advocating for greater recognition of their territorial authority. Yet, for tribal leaders and other practitioners of Indigenous self-determination, the decision potentially shifts major administrative burdens to resource-limited tribes. In an attempt to mitigate the significant costs of administering this territory, these tribes have initiated negotiations with the state of Oklahoma and local municipalities to clarify jurisdiction and coordinate administrative responsibilities. Outrage over these negotiations came from mostly academics and activists who perceived negotiations as a rejection of greater jurisdictional sovereignty. This paper uses the McGirt decision as a point of entry to explore differences in how practitioners and academics grounded in Indigenous politics understand the impact of policy shifts even when they further mutually desired commitments.
Structural and Statistical Analysis of Multidimensional Linear Approximations of Random Functions and Permutations

The goal of this paper is to investigate linear approximations of random functions and permutations. Our motivation is twofold. First, before the distinguishability of a practical cipher from an ideal one can be analysed, the cryptanalyst must have an accurate understanding of the statistical behaviour of the ideal cipher. Secondly, this issue has been neglected both in old and in more recent studies, particularly when multiple linear approximations are being used simultaneously. Traditional models have been based on the average behaviour and simplified using other assumptions such as independence of the linear approximations. Multidimensional cryptanalysis was introduced to avoid making artificial assumptions about statistical independence of linear approximations. On the other hand, it has the drawback of including many trivial approximations that do not contribute to the attack but just cause a waste of time and memory. We show for the first time in this paper that the trivial approximations reduce the degree of freedom of the related $\chi ^{2}$ distribution. Previously, the affine linear cryptanalysis was proposed to allow removing trivial approximations and, at the same time, admitting a solid statistical model. In this paper, we identify another type of multidimensional linear approximation, called Davies-Meyer approximation, which has similar advantages, and present full statistical models for both the affine and the Davies-Meyer type of multidimensional linear approximations. The new models given in this paper are realistic, accurate and easy to use. They are backed up by standard statistical tools such as Pearson’s $\chi ^{2}$ test and finite population correction and demonstrated to work accurately using practical examples.