Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and Simulation of an Octopus-like AUV

: With the continuous advancement of technology, human exploration and excavation of the ocean have deepened. The use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to assist and replace human operations in complex marine environments is becoming increasingly popular. This paper presents the design and modeling of an octopus-like Autonomous Underwater Vehicle with multiple functions. Kinematics simulation of the vehicle is also conducted. The study begins by investigating the current research status of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles in various countries, followed by proposing an improvement plan based on an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of different types of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles. Subsequently, inspired by the body structure of an octopus, a three-dimensional model is created using SolidWorks. The model is then imported into Adams for dynamics simulation. Constraints, drives, and forces are applied to the vehicle to simulate the underwater environment. The Adams simulation results demonstrate that the designed octopus underwater robot can successfully perform various underwater tasks, including ascending, descending, harmonic motion, turning motion, and sample collection.
Physical validation of simulators in computer graphics: a new framework dedicated to slender elastic structures and frictional contact

methodology. Our results show that while some popular simulators for plates/shells and frictional contact fail even on the simplest scenarios, more recentones,aswellaswell-knowncodesforrods,generallyperformwellandsometimesevenbetterthansomereferencecommercialtoolsofMechanical Engineering.Tomakeourvalidationprotocolseasilyapplicabletoanysimulator,weprovideanextensivedescriptionofourmethodology,andwe shalldistributeallthenecessarymodeldatatobecomparedagainst.
Modal character of atmospheric black carbon size distributions

Samples of atmospheric aerosols, collected with cascade impactors in the urban area of Vienna (Austria) and at a coastal site on the North Sea, were investigated for black carbon (BC) as the main component of absorbing material and for mass. The size distributions are structured. The BC distributions of these samples show a predominant mode, the accumulation aerosol, in the upper submicron size range, a less distinct finer mode attributable to fresh emissions from combustion sources, and a distinct coarse mode of unclear origin. It is important to note that some parameters of the accumulation aerosol are related statistically, indicating the evolution of the atmospheric accumulation aerosol.
The 1991–1992 atmospheric methane anomaly: Southern hemisphere 13C decrease and growth rate fluctuations

Measurements of atmospheric methane from 1989–1996 at Baring Head, New Zealand, and at Scott Base, Antarctica show a seasonal cycle in the mixing ratio with a peak to peak amplitude of 28 ppb. This is superposed on a trend varying between 16 ppb yr−1 and near zero. δ13C values also show a seasonal cycle, with an amplitude of 0.1–0.3‰, approximately 6 months out of phase with the mixing ratio cycle. A pronounced negative anomaly in δ13C occurred in 1992 with annual average values dropping from −47.08‰ to −47.28‰. From 1992 to 1996, average δ13C values recovered slowly at an average rate of about 0.04‰ yr−1. The simultaneous changes in the mixing ratio growth rate and δ13C together with the rapid drop and slow recovery in the latter provide a stringent test of possible causes. Although a combination of causes cannot be ruled out, decreased emissions from an isotopically heavy source such as biomass burning best meet the constraints of the data.
Evidence that endophenotypic expression of schizophrenia polygenic risk is greater in healthy siblings of patients compared to controls, suggesting gene-environment interaction. The EUGEI study.

BACKGROUND. First-degree relatives of patients with psychotic disorder have higher levels of polygenic risk (PRS) for schizophrenia and higher levels of intermediate phenotypes. METHODS We conducted, using two different samples for discovery (n=336 controls and 649 siblings of patients with psychotic disorder) and replication (n=1208 controls and 1106 siblings), an analysis of association between PRS on the one hand and psychopathological and cognitive intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia on the other in a sample at average genetic risk (healthy controls) and a sample at higher than average risk (healthy siblings of patients). Two subthreshold psychosis phenotypes, as well as a standardized measure of cognitive ability, based on a short version of the WAIS-III short form, were used. In addition, a measure of jumping to conclusion bias (replication sample only) was tested for association with PRS.
Global-to-Regional Nested Grid Climate Simulations in the GFDL High Resolution Atmospheric Model

AbstractA two-way nested grid version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory High Resolution Atmosphere Model (HiRAM) has been developed that uses simple methods for providing nested grid boundary conditions and mass-conserving nested-to-global communication. Nested grid simulations over the Maritime Continent and over North America were performed, each at two different resolutions: a 110-km mean grid cell width refined by a factor of 3, and a 50-km mean grid cell width refined by a factor of 2. Nested grid simulations were compared against uniform-resolution simulations, and against reanalyses, to determine the effect of grid nesting on both the modeled global climate and the simulation of small-scale features.Orographically forced precipitation was robustly found to be simulated with more detail and greater realism in a nested grid simulation compared with when only the coarse grids were simulated alone. Tropical precipitation biases were reduced in the Maritime Continent region when a nested grid.
A COMPARISON OF LANDAU-GINBURG MODELS FOR ODD

In [Rie08], the second author deﬁned a Landau-Ginzburg model for homogeneous spaces G/P , as a regular function on an aﬃne subvariety of the Langlands dual group. In this paper, we reformulate this LG model ( ˇ X, W t ) in the case of the odd-dimensional quadric Q 2 m − 1 as a rational function on a Langlands dual projective space, in the spirit of work by R. Marsh and the second author [MR12] for type A Grassmannians and by both authors [PR13] for Lagrangian Grassmannians. We also compare this LG model with the one obtained independently by Gorbounov and Smirnov in [GS13], and we use this comparison to deduce part of [Rie08, Conj. 8.1] for odd-dimensional quadrics.
Tropospheric ozone columns retrieval from SCIAMACHY limb-nadir-matching observations

Tropospheric ozone (O3), has two main sources: transport from the stratosphere and photochemical production in the troposphere. It plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Its amount and destruction are being modified by anthropogenic activity. Global measurements are needed to test our understanding of its sources and sinks. This dissertation presents a method for retrieving tropospheric O3 columns (TOCs) from a global satellite data set. The method involves the combination of limb and nadir observations (hereinafter referred to as limb-nadir-matching (LNM)) of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument, which flew as part of the payload onboard the European Space Agency (ESA) satellite Envisat (2002 2012). The LNM technique used in this study, is a residual approach that subtracts stratospheric O3 columns (SOCs), retrieved from the limb observations, from the total O3 columns (TOZs), derived from the nadir observations. The technique requires accurate knowledge of the SOCs, TOZs, tropopause height, and their associated errors. The SOCs were determined from the stratospheric O3 profiles retrieved in the Hartley and Chappuis bands from SCIAMACHY limb scattering measurements. The TOZs were also derived from SCIAMACHY measurements, but in this case from the nadir viewing mode using the Weighting Function Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (WFDOAS) technique in the Huggins band. Detailed sensitivity studies are performed on the TOCs retrievals. The sensitivity studies showed TOC errors of up to 15 %, 19 %, and 20 % in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), tropics, and Southern Hemisphere (SH), respectively. The largest source of TOCs errors are uncertainties in the SOCs and TOZs. The SOCs errors in the NH, tropics, and SH are approximately 1.5 %, 2.1 %, and 1.7 %, respectively while the TOZs errors are mostly 1 % globally. The effect of the shift of the tropopause height on the TOC was also analyzed and found to be <0.4 % globally. The global error contribution from the SOCs was computed from errors resulting from uncertainties in the temperature profile (-0.3 %), tangent height registration (<1.4 %), O3 absorption cross section (0.1 %), assumed surface albedo (-0.8 %), aerosol extinction profile (<0.5 %), and pressure profile (0.7 %). The impact of the nadir cloud fraction on TOCs retrieval was analyzed. The analysis
Formalisation of the word-formation meaning in language data resources PhD Thesis Proposal

Word-formation processes are used to create new words from the existing ones by changing word-formation meanings. Although there are individual linguistic studies that formalise word-formation meanings, especially in the context of deriving words, these formalisations have not been implemented in the language data resources yet. In order to fill this gap, the proposal brings a review of the current formalisation of the word-formation meanings and deals with labelling and comparing word-formation meanings in the language data resources of several languages.
Pattern change and dynamic evolution of urban green space based on multi-temporal remote sensing images: a case study of Xuzhou City

Taking Xuzhou city as an example, the urban green space categories system are established using multi-temporal/-source remotely sensed images. After classification adopted decision tree and object-oriented methods, the urban green space pattern changes are captured and evolution rules are analyzed based on the landscape pattern indices on the patch/class and landscape metrics. In addition, the economic/social statistics are listed for quantitative analyzing dynamic evolution. Finally, the all driving factors impacting urban green space pattern are analyzed using the principal component analysis.
Stability of elemental carbon in a savanna soil

We have investigated the stability of oxidation‐resistant elemental carbon (OREC) in a sandy savanna soil at the Matopos fire trial site, Zimbabwe. The protection of some soil plots from fire for the last 50 years at this site has enabled a comparison of OREC abundances between those plots which have been protected from fire and plots which have continued to be burnt. The total 0–5 cm OREC inventory of the soil protected from fire is estimated to be 2.0±0.5 mg cm−2; approximately half the “natural” OREC inventory at the study site of 3.8±0.5 mg cm−2 (the mean for plots burnt every 1–5 years). The associated half‐life for natural OREC loss from the 0–5 cm interval of the protected plots is calculated to be <100 years, with the half‐life for large carbonized particles (>2000 μm) in the soil being considerably <50 years. These results suggest that at least in well‐aerated tropical soil environments, charcoal and OREC can be can be significantly degraded on decadal to centennial timescales. OREC abundance and carbon‐isotope data suggest that OREC in coarse particles is progressively degraded into finer particle sizes, with a concomitant increase in resistance to oxidative degradation of OREC in the finer particle sizes due to the progressive loss of more readily degraded OREC. It remains unclear whether the OREC that is degraded is oxidized completely to CO2 and subsequently emitted from the soil, reduced to a sufficiently small particle size to be illuviated to deeper parts of the soil profile, solubilized and lost from the profile as dissolved organic carbon or transmuted into a chemical form which is susceptible to attack by the acid‐dichromate reagent. The conclusion that a significant proportion of OREC can undergo natural degradation in well‐aerated environments on decadal/centennial timescales suggests that only a fraction of the total production of OREC from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion is likely to be sequestered in the slow‐cycling “geological” carbon reservoir.
THE NITROGEN MUSTARDS

—— The nitrogen mustards are powerful cytotoxic and lymphoablative agents and have been used for more than 60 years. They are employed in the treatment of cancers, sarcomas, and hematologic malignancies. Cyclophosphamide, the most versatile of the nitrogen mustards, also has a place in stem cell transplantation and the therapy of autoimmune diseases. Adverse effects caused by the nitrogen mustards on the central nervous system, kidney, heart, bladder, and gonads remain important issues. Advances in analytical techniques have facilitated the investigation of the pharmacokinetics of the nitrogen mustards, especially the oxazaphosphorines, which are prodrugs requiring metabolic activation. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide are very polymorphic, but a greater understanding of the pharmacogenomic inﬂuences on their activity has not yet translated into a personalized medicine approach. In addition to damaging DNA, the nitrogen mustards can act through other mechanisms, such as antiangiogene- sis and immunomodulation. The immunomodulatory properties of cyclophosphamide are an area of current exploration. In particular, cyclophosphamide decreases the number and activity of regulatory T cells, and the interaction between cyclophosphamide and the intestinal microbiome is now recognized as an important fac- tor. New derivatives of the nitrogen mustards continue to be assessed. Oxazaphosphorine analogs have been synthesized in attempts to both improve efﬁcacy and reduce toxicity, with varying degrees of success. Combi- nations of the nitrogen mustards with monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule targeted agents are being evaluated.
Retrogressive slope failures at Beaver Creek, south of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Active landslides are occurring along the banks of the South Saskatchewan River at Saskatoon. A field investigation and stability analysis indicated that a multiple retrogressive mechanism is valid in explaining the failures at Beaver Creek, 28 km south of Saskatoon. Computations indicated that lateral pressures ranging from the active to something greater than the at-rest condition tend to support the successive blocks but are not high enough to stabilize the slides. It was assumed that the rate of movement of the blocks varies and probably increases downslope. Valuable information was obtained about the soil properties in the area and the mechanism of failure that seems to apply over a long section along the river bank south of Saskatoon.
Topographic Effects in Stratified Flows

Everyone talks about the weather, but no one does anything about it, an adage says. Similarly, many fluid mechanicians this century have sought to describe accurately the flow phenomena occurring when fluid moves past an object or irregular terrain, but usually the fluid model and/or the body shape had to be substantially simplified to make the problem tractable. In this new monograph, Peter Baines has really “done something about it. ” He makes significant progress in describing the flow of homogeneous and especially stratified real fluid flows over uneven topography, whether it be ridges on a laboratory model or a real mountain.
Strainmeters and tiltmeters

Despite steady effort over the last century, continuously recording tiltmeters and strainmeters have not yet been successful except for earth tide measurements. This article reviews the techniques and instrument designs that have been developed in this field. The continuous measurement of true tectonic motions, which have rates of 10−14 s−1, requires extremely high instrument stability, but more rapid motions (tides and seismic waves apart) are even smaller and not much more easily detectable. Much past effort has been spent improving the transducers used in these instruments, which usually measure small displacements; the commonest choices are optical (the most accurate), capacitive (the most sensitive), and inductive (the most rugged). Nowadays building a transducer is the easiest part; a much harder task, equally important to a good design, is attaching the instrument to the ground so that it can detect the signal wanted. This part of the design includes choosing a location. A large underground opening is thermally stable but distorting; a surface installation is easy to build but noisy because of soil weathering; and a borehole is inaccessible to weather but also to the operator. All such installations (and indeed the whole field of strain and tilt measurement) of course rely on the assumption that the deformations of interest can be measured over baselengths of a few hundred meters or less; this is true for tides and seismic waves, but unproven for tectonic motions. Appropriate attachment techniques differ for each location, and many mundane details (such as cementing techniques for borehole instruments) remain to be worked out. The goal of measuring tectonic and tidal tilt has created many tiltmeter designs. Most are relatively small instruments that use some form of pendulum or bubble level; a few use a liquid surface to measure tilts over a long baseline. Repeated experience has shown the latter type, when well built, to be superior to the former, proving end-monument motions to be a dominant source of noise. The same appears to hold true for strainmeters, the best results coming from long-base laser instruments, though strainmeters using rigid or flexible material length standards are useful for special purposes, and borehole instruments show promise. Because achieving a good design has been so difficult, it is important to select the goals an instrument must meet and be prepared to compromise on others. The difficulty of validating results from this type of instrument makes comparison tests essential; such tests as have been made so far show that good results cannot be gotten at low cost or without careful attention to details.
Evaluation of a polynya flux model by means of thermal infrared satellite estimates

Abstract We test the ability of a two-dimensional flux model to simulate polynya events with narrow open-water zones by comparing model results to ice-thickness and ice-production estimates derived from thermal infrared Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations in conjunction with an atmospheric dataset. Given a polynya boundary and an atmospheric dataset, the model correctly reproduces the shape of an 11 day long event, using only a few simple conservation laws. Ice production is slightly overestimated by the model, owing to an underestimated ice thickness. We achieved best model results with the consolidation thickness parameterization developed by Biggs and others (2000). Observed regional discrepancies between model and satellite estimates might be a consequence of the missing representation of the dynamic of the thin-ice thickening (e.g. rafting). We conclude that this simplified polynya model is a valuable tool for studying polynya dynamics and estimating associated fluxes of single polynya events.
Development of Korean Paddy Rice Yield Prediction Model (KRPM) using Meteorological Element and MODIS NDVI

Food policy is considered as the most basic and central issue for all countries, while making efforts to keep each country`s food sovereignty and enhance food self-sufficiency. In the case of Korea where the staple food is rice, the rice yield prediction is regarded as a very important task to cope with unstable food supply at a national level. In this study, Korean paddy Rice yield Prediction Model (KRPM) developed to predict the paddy rice yield using meteorological element and MODIS NDVI. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out by using the NDVI extracted from satellite image. Six meteorological elements include average temperature; maximum temperature; minimum temperature; rainfall; accumulated rainfall and duration of sunshine. Concerning the evaluation for the applicability of the KRPM, the accuracy assessment was carried out through correlation analysis between predicted and provided data by the National Statistical Office of paddy rice yield in 2011. The 2011 predicted yield of paddy rice by KRPM was 505 kg/10a at whole country level and 487 kg/10a by agroclimatic zones using stepwise regression while the predicted value by KOrea Statistical Information Service was 532 kg/10a. The characteristics of changes in paddy rice yield according to NDVI and other meteorological elements were well reflected by the KRPM.
Triassic fossil plant fragments from shallow marine rocks of the Murihiku Supergroup, New Zealand

Abstract Fossil plants have been found in two general settings within Triassic shallow marine rocks of the Murihiku Supergroup. First, very fragmentary remains were found within upward-fining beds of siltstone and sandstone. These were probably deposits of floods or storms in prodeltaic areas. Second, more complete and much rarer plant fossils have been found during intensive collecting in some of the well known shellbeds of the Murihiku Supergroup. These deposits appear to have formed at times of reduced influx of clastic material, when potential fossils, including rare plant flotsam, were concentrated in a smaller volume of sediment. Some isolated occurrences of biostratigraphic ally important plants confirm their expected ages and stratigraphic ranges. In this category are Early Anisian Dicroidium zuberi var. feistmantelii, Early Norian Yabeiella sp. and Middle or Late Norian Dicroidium stelznerianum var. stelznerianum. Sterile cladophleboid fronds with singly forked lateral venation of their pinnules .
What controls tropospheric ozone

We have applied a global three-dimensional ort model to quantify the photochemistry of tropospheric O 3 and compare the main source categories. We simulated a 15 year period (1979-1993) on the basis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts meteorological reanalyses and a time-varying emission data set. We calculate that stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) strongly contributes to 0 3 in regions where the photochemistry is quiescent. Since such regions play a minor role in radiative and chemical processes, we argue that STE-derived 0 3 is much less important than is suggested by its column abundance. By distinguishing between photochemical pathways in the model we calculate that tropospheric 0 3 in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere is strongly affected by industrial and fossil fuel-related emissions. In the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, natural emissions still play a major role. Our model results indicate a less important role for man-made biomass burning emissions than previous analyses. Further, the results show that tropospheric 03 trends are strongly influenced by transports of pollution and by meteorological variability. Scenario calculations for the year 2025 suggest that man-made emissions at low northern latitudes, in particular in southern and eastern Asia, will become a very strong tropospheric 0 3 source in the next decades. This will influence 0 3 levels on a hemispheric scale so that despite pollution regulations in Europe and North America, surface 0 3 will continue to grow. About 90% of atmospheric ozone is present in the strato- sphere, and only 10% is present in the troposphere. Despite this relatively small fraction, tropospheric ozone governs oxi- dation processes in the Earth's atmosphere through the for- mation of hydroxyl (OH) radicals. OH, which controls the atmospheric lifetime of many gases, is formed by photodisso- ciation of 03 in the presence of water vapor (Levy, 1971):