Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Occurrences of Dinosaur Skin of Two Types (Sauropoda? and Dinosauria Indet.) from the Late Jurassic of North America (Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Morrison Formation)

Sauropod skin was first found by S. H. Beckles in 1852 (Czerkas, 1997) in direct association with a limb bone of Pelorosaurus. Very well preserved sauropod skin has been re ported recently from embryos in Argentina (Coria and Chiappe, 2007) and from adult dinosaurs in China and North America (Lingham-Soliar, 2008, and Manning et al., 2009, respectively). The first sauropod skin recognized from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western United States was found by Barnum Brown at the Howe Quarry in Wyoming, appar ently in great abundance (Bird, 1985). Since then, extensive skin preservation has been reported from the Siber excava tions, again at the Howe Quarry (Czerkas, 1992; Ayer 1999; Christiansen and Tschopp, 2010). Myers and Storrs (2007) illus trated a patch of sauropod skin from the Mother's Day Quarry in Montana, and Czerkas (1994) reported three small patches from Dinosaur National Monument. Otherwise, reports of car bonaceous skin preservation in the Morrison Formation are ex tremely rare. Gilmore (1925:350) noted "black carbonized mat ter" around the ribs of a Camarasaurus (CM 11338) from Di nosaur National Monument but was unable to identify a scale pattern in the material to confirm its identity as skin. Even in cluding occurrences of impressions, skin is rare in the Morrison Formation, especially compared to the number of known fossil bone and track localities, which number in the hundreds. Natu ral impressions of skin scale patterns are preserved in sauropod footprints in the Morrison Formation, as has been noted by Lock ley and Hunt (1995) and Platt and Hasiotis (2006). Tracks from Portugal and North America suggest that tubercles on sauropod feet were relatively large (Mil n et al., 2005; Platt and Hasiotis, 2006). Probable sauropod skin impressions, preserved in mud stone but not necessarily from the feet, have recently been re ported from South Korea (Kim et al, 2010; Paik et al, 2010). Here we report two new specimens of sauropod skin and a specimen of a second, unidentified skin type, all preserved at one site in the Morrison Formation of western Colorado. Institutional Abbreviations-CM, Carnegie Museum of Natu ral History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. ; CMC, Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A. ; JME, Jura-Museum Eichst tt, Eichst tt, Germany; MPEF, Museo Paleontol gico Egidio Feruglio, Chubut, Argentina; MWC, Museum of Western Colorado, Fruita, Colorado, U.S.A.
Two Genomic Regions of Chromosomes 1 and 18 Explain Most of the Stroke Susceptibility Under Salt Loading in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat/Izm

To clarify the genetic mechanisms of stroke susceptibility in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP), a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed. Using 295 F2 rats of a cross between SHRSP/Izm and SHR/Izm, 2 major QTLs for stroke latency under salt loading were identified on chromosomes (chr) 1 and 18. Evaluation of 6 reciprocal single and double congenic rats for these QTLs showed that substitution of the SHRSP for the SHR fragment at the chr 1 and 18 QTLs increased the relative risk for stroke by 8.4 and 5.0, respectively. The combined effect of the 2 QTLs was 10× greater than that of the background genome (by Cox hazard model). Blood pressure monitoring by radio telemetry indicated that the combination of the 2 QTLs had a clear effect on the salt-dependent blood pressure increase, suggesting an important role for the salt-sensitive blood pressure increase in the susceptibility of SHRSP to stroke. A haplotype analysis of 11 substrains of SHRSP and SHR using 340 simple sequence repeat markers in the chr 1 QTL suggested that the 7-Mbp fragment between D1Rat260 and D1Rat178 was most likely to harbor the responsible gene(s), which was confirmed by a study of additional subcongenic strains. This study indicated a major role for 2 QTLs on chr 1 and 18 in stroke susceptibility in SHRSP under salt loading. The salt-sensitive blood pressure increase was implied to play a key role in the stroke susceptibility.
North Pacific premonitory sign of the ENSO event

The premonitory sign of the ENSO event shows up in the North Pacific subtropical Mode Water (STMW) 18 months earlier, and this should be useful in forecasting the occurrence of this important phenomenon. The premonitory connection involves an air‐sea coupling between the longtime persistent mid‐latitude SSTA induced by the remote re‐emergence of STMW and the following spring subtropical atmospheric circulation anomalies. Examination of the air‐sea interaction reveals that the following spring subtropical atmospheric circulation which responds to the longtime persistent SSTA is dominated by the anomalous negative (positive) geopotential height downstream of the negative (positive) SSTA in the strong (weak) STMW case. Then, the tropics adjust to these anomalies through coupled dynamics, producing ENSO‐like pattern of variability. Details of the connection and possible process are presented.
Anastrozole-mediated modulation of mitochondrial activity by inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening: an initial perspective

Abstract The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) plays a vital role in altering the structure and function of mitochondria. Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a mitochondrial protein that regulates mtPTP function and a known drug target for therapeutic studies involving mitochondria. While the effect of aromatase inhibition on the mtPTP has been studied previously, the effect of anastrozole on the mtPTP has not been completely elucidated. The role of anastrozole in modulating the mtPTP was evaluated by docking, molecular dynamics and network-guided studies using human CypD data. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with mitochondrial disorders and healthy controls were treated with anastrozole and evaluated for mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) function and apoptosis using a flow cytometer. Spectrophotometry was employed for estimating total ATP levels. The anastrozole–CypD complex is more stable than cyclosporin A (CsA)–CypD. Anastrozole performed better than cyclosporine in inhibiting mtPTP. Additional effects included inducing mitochondrial membrane depolarization and a reduction in mitochondrial swelling and superoxide generation, intrinsic caspase-3 activity and cellular apoptosis, along with an increase in ATP levels. Anastrozole may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for mitochondrial disorders and ameliorate the clinical phenotype by regulating the activity of mtPTP. However, further studies are required to substantiate our preliminary findings. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
A kinematic model for evolution of island arc-trench systems

SUMMARY Plate subduction zones are typically characterized by the patterns of surface topography and gravity anomalies consisting of island-arc high, trench low, and outer-rise gentle high. These patterns are stable on the time scale of 106-107 yr. At some subduction zones, regardless of its age, steady uplift of marine terraces formed by eustatic sea-level changes during the last lo5 yr can be also observed. The stable patterns of topography and gravity anomalies and the steady uplift of marine terraces seem to contradict each other. We constructed a kinematic model which could explain the evolution process of island arc-trench systems and demonstrated that this puzzle could be solved by considering the effect of accretion at plate boundaries. In our model the lithosphere-asthenosphere system is represented by a stratified visco-elastic half-space under gravity, which consists of a high-viscosity surface layer and a low-viscosity substratum. The rheological properties of both layers are assumed to be a Maxwell fluid in shear and an elastic solid in bulk. Interaction between oceanic and continental plates is represented by the steady increase of discontinuity in tangential displacement across the plate boundary. The other essential factors considered in our model are accretion of oceanic sediments at plate boundaries, erosion on land, and sedimentation on inner trench wall. We computed the evolution process of island arc-trench systems by using the kinematic model and obtained the following results: the island arc-trench systems grow at nearly constant rates in the early stage of plate subduction. Therefore, at young subduction zones, we can generally expect the steady uplift of marine terraces. The stable patterns of topography and gravity anomalies are formed within several million years after the initiation of plate subduction. When the accretion process continuously proceeds at plate boundaries, these stable patterns gradually migrate seaward as a whole. In such a case, we can expect the steady uplift of marine terraces even at old subduction zones. We demonstrate that our model can consistently explain the observed surface topography, gravity anomalies, and uplift rates of marine terraces at subduction zones.
Comparison of Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine and Nalbuphine as an Adjuvant in Hyperbaric Bupivacaine for Saddle Block and Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Perianal Surgeries

BACKGROUND Saddle block is the most commonly used anaesthetic technique for perianal surgeries in adults. Perianal surgeries under saddle block are considered as day care surgeries. Major disadvantage is that the low volume of spinally given drug won’t prolong duration of postoperative analgesia. Inj. Dexmedetomidine (α 2 -Adrenoceptor agonist) and Inj. Nalbuphine (opioid agonist-antagonist) were studied as an adjuvant as to whether they increase the duration of post-operative analgesia. Secondary objectives of this study were to compare hemodynamic stability and side effects among Inj. Dexmedetomidine and Inj. Nalbuphine. 0.5% Onset and duration of sensory and motor
Patient Repositioning Reproducibility of Joint Space Width (JSW) Measurements on Hand Radiographs

INTRODUCTION—Computer-based methods to measure radiographic joint space width (JSW) have the potential to improve the longitudinal assessment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this report is to measure the long term patient repositioning reproducibility of softwaremeasured radiographic JSW. METHODS—Patients underwent baseline and follow-up hand radiography exams with a followup time of less than or equal to 3 years. To eliminate any JSW change due to real disease progression, evaluation was performed on “unaffected” joints, defined as having JSW and erosion Sharp scores of zero at both baseline and follow-up. The Root Mean Square Standard Deviation (RMSSD) and coefficient of variation (CoV) were used as the reproducibility metrics. RESULTS—The RMSSD (CoV) was 0.14 mm (10.5 %) for all joints, 0.18 mm (10.9 %) for the MCP joints, and 0.08 mm (8.3 %) for the PIP joints. The distribution of JSW change was asymmetric suggesting that narrowing due to RA progression occurred for several joints. A second analysis was performed excluding joints where the loss of JSW was greater than three standard deviations. For this analysis, the RMSSD (CoV) was 0.10 mm (7.5 %) for all joints, 0.12 mm (7.2 %) for the MCP joints, and 0.07 mm (7.1 %) for the PIP joints. CONCLUSION—Repositioning reproducibility is very good but is likely to be a dominating factor compared to reader and software reproducibility. Additionally, further evidence is given that a software method is able to detect changes in some joints for which the Sharp score is insensitive.
An Approach to the Problem of Progressive Failure

In this paper, the different factors that contribute to progressive failure are briefly reviewed, and the necessary conditions for its occurrence delineated.Experiments on specimens trimmed from block samples of several clays were performed to study the post-peak stress deformation behavior. It is shown that the stiffness of the testing system has an important influence on the post-peak characteristics. A method of obtaining the effective 'residual' angle of friction from drained triaxial tests is developed.Because of the localization of deformation in the failure zone, both in the laboratory and in the field, the laboratory nominal post-peak stress–strain relationship cannot be directly applied to field problems. Based on laboratory and field observations on the mechanism of deformation, the ratio of the shear modulus of the failure zone to that of the pre-peak range is proposed as a deformation parameter to be used in analysis of progressive failure.A simplified theory for the solution of the problem of.
Remote sensing of emergent and submerged wetlands: an overview

To plan for wetland protection and responsible coastal development, scientists and managers need to monitor changes in the coastal zone, as the sea level continues to rise and the coastal population keeps expanding. Advances in sensor design and data analysis techniques are now making remote-sensing systems practical and cost-effective for monitoring natural and human-induced coastal changes. Multispectral and hyperspectral imagers, light detection and ranging (lidar), and radar systems are available for mapping coastal marshes, submerged aquatic vegetation, coral reefs, beach profiles, algal blooms, and concentrations of suspended particles and dissolved substances in coastal waters. Since coastal ecosystems have high spatial complexity and temporal variability, they should be observed with high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions. New satellites, carrying sensors with fine spatial (0.4–4 m) or spectral (200 narrow bands) resolution, are now more accurately detecting changes in coastal wetland extent, ecosystem health, biological productivity, and habitat quality. Using airborne lidars, one can produce topographic and bathymetric maps, even in moderately turbid coastal waters. Imaging radars are sensitive to soil moisture and inundation and can detect hydrologic features beneath the vegetation canopy. Combining these techniques and using time-series of images enables scientists to study the health of coastal ecosystems and accurately determine long-term trends and short-term changes.
A 21st century shift in the relationship between ENSO SST and warm water volume anomalies

This paper documents changes in the relationship between warm water volume (WWV), which is an index for upper ocean heat content, and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) SST anomalies during the period 1980–2010. Upper ocean heat content represents a major source of predictability for ENSO, with WWV integrated along the equator leading ENSO SST anomalies by 2–3 seasons during the 1980s and 1990s. For the first decade of the 21st century however, WWV variations decreased and lead time was reduced to only one season, mainly due to the diminished persistence of WWV anomalies early in the calendar year. These changes are linked to a shift towards more central Pacific (CP) versus eastern Pacific (EP) El Niños in the past decade. The results are consistent with a reduced impact of thermocline feedbacks on ENSO SST development and potentially imply reduced seasonal time scale predictability during periods dominated by CP El Niños.
1986 Values for Fifteen GSJ Rock Reference Samples, “Igneous Rock Series”

During the five-year period (April 1981 - March 1986), a series of fifteen rock reference samples, “Igneous rock series”, has been prepared by the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ). Based on the data available (published and communicated), consensus values for major, minor and trace elements have been derived; these values are presented for this second series of samples as well as for the first series of two samples, Granodiorite JG-1 and Basalt JB-1.
Modulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozymes by proinflammatory cytokines in osteoblasts: an autocrine switch from glucocorticoid inactivation to activation.

Tissue damage by proinflammatory cytokines is attenuated at both systemic and cellular levels by counter anti-inflammatory factors such as corticosteroids. Target cell responses to corticosteroids are dependent on several factors including prereceptor regulation via local steroidogenic enzymes. In particular, two isozymes of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD), by interconverting hormonally active cortisol (F) to inactive cortisone (E), regulate the peripheral action of corticosteroids 11beta-HSD1 by converting E to F and 11beta-HSD2 by inactivating F to E. In different in vitro and in vivo systems both 11beta-HSD isozymes have been shown to be expressed in osteoblasts (OBs). Using the MG-63 human osteosarcoma cell-line and primary cultures of human OBs, we have studied the regulation of osteoblastic 11beta-HSD isozyme expression and activity by cytokines and hormones with established roles in bone physiology. In MG-63 cells, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) potently inhibited 11beta-HSD2 activity (cortisol-cortisone conversion) and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in a dose-dependent manner while stimulating reciprocal expression of 11beta-HSD1 mRNA and activity (cortisone-cortisol conversion). A similar rise in 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity also was observed in primary cultures of OBs treated with 10 ng/ml TNF-alpha. Pretreatment of MG-63 cells with 0.1 ng/ml IL-1beta resulted in increased cellular sensitivity to physiological glucocorticoids as shown by induction of serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK; relative increase with 50 nM F but no IL-1beta pretreatment 1.12 +/- 0.34; with pretreatment 2.63 +/- 0.50; p < 0.01). These results highlight a novel mechanism within bone cells whereby inflammatory cytokines cause an autocrine switch in intracellular corticosteroid metabolism by disabling glucocorticoid inactivation (11beta-HSD2) while inducing glucocorticoid activation (11beta-HSD1). Therefore, it can be postulated that some of the effects of proinflammatory cytokines within bone (e.g., periarticular erosions in inflammatory arthritis) are mediated by this mechanism.
Integrated cardio-behavioural defensive states

Fear and anxiety are brain states that evolved to mediate defensive responses to threat. While it is clear that the defense reaction includes multiple interacting behavioural, autonomic and endocrine adjustments, their integrative nature is poorly understood. In particular, threat has been associated with various cardiac changes, yet a clear consensus on their relevance for the integrated defense reaction is missing. We here define rapid microstates associated with specific behaviours and heart rate dynamics, both affected by long-lasting macrostates and reflecting context-dependent threat levels. In addition, we demonstrate that one of the most commonly used defensive behavioural responses, freezing measured by immobility, is part of an integrated cardio-behavioural microstate mediated by specific midbrain circuit elements. Our work puts forth a framework for systematic integration of cardiac and behavioural readouts that presents the basis for a better understanding of complex neural defensive states and their associated systemic functions.
The general and congruent effects of structure in natural soils and weak rocks

The engineering properties of naturally occurring sedimentary and residual deposits which are usually treated in geotechnical engineering as ‘soils’ are reviewed, and it is shown that usually they have characteristics due to bonded structure which are similar to those of porous weak rock. While this structure can arise from many causes, its effects follow a simple general pattern that involves stiff behaviour followed by yield. This yield can be described in a similar way to that occurring due to overconsolidation, although it is a separate phenomenon. The effects of structure are as important in determining engineering behaviour as are the effects of initial porosity and stress-history, which are the basic concepts of soil mechanics. As it can be described in a general way, it is concluded that structure and its effects should be treated as a further basic concept of equal importance. L'article passe en revue les proprietes des depots sedimentaires et residuels naturels qui sont nor-malement traites comm.
Melting and crystal structure of iron at high pressures and temperatures

High‐pressure melting, phase transitions and structures of iron have been studied to 84 GPa and 3500 K with an improved laser heated diamond anvil cell technique and in situ high P‐T x‐ray diffraction. At pressures below 60 GPa, the lower bound on the melting curve is close to those measured by Boehler [1993] and Saxena et al. [1993]; however, at pressures above 60 GPa our data indicate melting at higher temperatures than these studies, but still lower than the melting curve of Williams et al [1990]. The ε‐γ‐1 triple point is 60(±5) GPa and 2800(±200) K, based on our data of the ε‐γ phase transition and the observation of melting by in situ x‐ray diffraction. No solid phases other than ε‐Fe and γ‐Fe were observed in situ at high temperatures (>1000 K) and pressures to 84 GPa. However, the diffraction patterns of temperature quenched products at high pressure can be fit to other structures such as dhcp.
Detecting and mapping mountain pine beetle red-attack damage with SPOT-5 10-m multispectral imagery

The objective of this study was to gauge the effectiveness of using SPOT-5 10-m multispectral imagery to detect and map red-attack damage for an area near Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada. A logistic regression model was used to incorporate SPOT imagery with elevation and associated derivatives for redattack detection and mapping. Separate independent sets of calibration and validation data, collected via a detailed aerial survey, were used to train the classification algorithm and vet the output maps of red-attack damage. The output from the logistic regression model was a continuous surface indicating the probability of red-attack damage. Using a greater than 50% probability threshold, red-attack was mapped with 71% accuracy (with a 95% confidence interval of ? 9%). This level of accuracy is comparable to that achieved with Landsat single-date imagery in an area with similar levels of infestation. If a synoptic view of mountain pine beetle red-attack damage at the landscape level is required, and if Landsat data are unavailable, SPOT-5 10-m multispectral imagery may be considered an alternative data source, albeit an expensive one, for detecting and mapping mountain pine beetle red-attack damage.
An analog experiment for the Aegean to describe the contribution of gravitational potential energy

The southern Aegean seafloor exhibits clear evidence of internal deformation (stretching) as shown by tectonics, seismology and space geodesy. We use an analog three-layer laboratory experiment of sand, silicone putty and honey to investigate the deformation of the southern Aegean lithosphere. The model is installed in a box and confined by a vertical wall. We open a gate in the wall and observe the deformation of the two upper layers due to buoyancy forces. The general pattern of the deformation of the southern Aegean is found in the analog model. We observe the formation of an arc spreading outward with time, the extension is radial in the inner part, but parallel to the arc in the external part and of comparable importance. At both ends of the gate we observe strike-slip motion (dextral in the western part, sinistral in the eastern part). Rotation (clockwise in the western part, counterclockwise in the eastern part) of up to 40° is seen on both sides of the gate but is also present, with a smaller amplitude, far in the internal region, partially due to distributed shear. The spreading is associated with the thinning of the two upper layers and affects a region of dimensions comparable to the length of the free boundary. This spreading does not propagate inward with time. Some pieces of material located near the active boundary remain undeformed during the experiment.