Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of bronchovascular patterns in the left superior division segment to explore the relationship between the descending bronchus and the artery crossing intersegmental planes

Background A comprehensive understanding of the anatomical variations in the pulmonary bronchi and arteries is particularly essential to the implementation of safe and precise left superior division segment (LSDS) segmentectomy. However, no report shows the relationship between the descending bronchus and the artery crossing intersegmental planes. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to analyze the branching pattern of the pulmonary artery and bronchus in LSDS using three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) and to explore the associated pulmonary anatomical features of the artery crossing intersegmental planes. Materials and methods The 3D-CTBA images of 540 cases were retrospectively analyzed. We reviewed the anatomical variations of the LSDS bronchus and artery and assorted them according to different classifications. Results Among all 540 cases of 3D-CTBA, there were 16 cases (44.4%) with lateral subsegmental artery crossing intersegmental planes (AX3a), 20 cases (55.6%) Without AX3a in the descending B3a or B3 type, and 53 cases (10.5%) with AX3a, 451 cases (89.5%) Without AX3a in the Without the descending B3a or B3 type. This illustrated that the AX3a was more common in the descending B3a or B3 type (P < 0.005). Similarly, there were 69 cases (36.1%) with horizontal subsegmental artery crossing intersegmental planes (AX1 + 2c), 122 cases (63.9%) Without AX1 + 2c in the descending B1 + 2c type, and 33 cases (9.5%) with AX1 + 2c, 316 cases (90.5%) Without AX1 + 2c in the Without the descending B1 + 2c type. Combinations of the branching patterns of the AX1 + 2c and the descending B1 + 2c type were significantly dependent (p < 0.005). The combinations of the branching patterns of the AX1 + 2c and the descending B1 + 2c type were frequently observed. Conclusions This is the first report to explore the relationship between the descending bronchus and the artery crossing intersegmental planes. In patients with the descending B3a or B3 type, the incidence of the AX3a was increased. Similarly, the incidence of the AX1 + 2c was increased in patients with the descending B1 + 2c type. These findings should be carefully identified when performing an accurate LSDS segmentectomy.
Assessment of indoor air quality and comfort by comparing an energy simulation and actual data in Native American shelters

Introduction: This research will determine if a native American shelter (wigwam) can create comfort and if while doing so can provide healthy indoor air quality (IAQ) levels as defined by current standards. Concurrent to this research a technique to digitally model the outcomes of comfort created within the shelter was developed. Methods: A fullsize example of a wigwam was built and data from inside and outside the wigwam monitored for comparison. Data collected both inside and outside was temperature and relative humidity of the air, collected inside the wigwam were CO2, VOC, and PM2.5 levels. The wigwam allowed us to compare the accuracy of a digital model created in Design Builder. The Design Builder model was made to the specific size, materials, and location of the actual wigwam. This allowed an accurate comparison of temperature and relative humidity levels. Design-Builder accurately recreated the attributes of the full-size wigwam. Results and Discussion: It was found that comfort can be achieved to modern standards in this native shelter; as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall exposure can all be controlled to acceptable levels. Indoor air quality is always at an acceptable level when a fire isn’t active. When an open fire is introduced, the particulates and VOC released into the interior of the wigwam are at dangerous levels. A woodstove with flue pipe allowed for comfort to be maintained at healthier air quality levels but did not reach acceptable levels for particulate matter.
Functional adaptive resources for large herbivores in African savannas: an ecological-gradient based framework

The viability of large herbivore populations in the face of climate change, environmental variability, disease and predation will be determined by their freedom to assess and respond to these factors through access to a range of functional seasonal resources and habitats. Their responses will be contingent upon various organismal traits, such as body size, mouth and digestive anatomy, which also facilitate coexistence among sympatric species. In this paper we develop a functional adaptive forage resource framework based on plant biomass, quality and phenology responses on ecological productivity gradients. We show how large herbivores coexist and respond to environmental variability, disease and predation by their foraging responses in relation to functional adaptive resources, as mediated by their anatomical traits. Below a critical body size, where predation limits population size, large herbivores adopt a variety of predation avoidance strategies, which are linked to their anatomical traits and foraging strategies. Mouth anatomy, and its interaction with body size, appears to be the major anatomical trait determining large herbivore selection for grass height. Body size is the major trait determining vulnerability to predators. Ecological productivity gradients underlain by variation in soil moisture availability over the annual cycle support high quality forage in the least productive (driest) regions, which promote growth and reproduction (a fecundity resource). Reserves of adequate quality forage in moderate productivity regions and buffers of low-quality forage in wetter and more productive regions of the gradient prevent loss of body stores over the dry season and starvation during droughts. Fire and grazing contribute towards providing high quality forage by removing old, low-quality material and preventing forage maturation. Consuming a high diversity of plant species distributed across ecological gradients promotes phytochemical diversity in the diet, which functions as medicinal resources to promote health while combating disease and parasites. Large herbivores are becoming increasingly restricted by ecosystem fragmentation in their access to the full range of these functional resource classes. The negative consequences for large herbivore populations of reduced access to these resource classes is compounded by climate change, where conditions are hotter and drought frequency and intensity is expected to be higher.
Valorization of polyphenolic compounds from food industry by-products for application in polysaccharide-based nanoparticles

In the last decades, evidence has indicated the beneficial properties of dietary polyphenols. In vitro and in vivo studies support that the regular intake of these compounds may be a strategy to reduce the risks of some chronic non-communicable diseases. Despite their beneficial properties, they are poorly bioavailable compounds. Thus, the main objective of this review is to explore how nanotechnology improves human health while reducing environmental impacts with the sustainable use of vegetable residues, from extraction to the development of functional foods and supplements. This extensive literature review discusses different studies based on the application of nanotechnology to stabilize polyphenolic compounds and maintain their physical–chemical stability. Food industries commonly generate a significant amount of solid waste. Exploring the bioactive compounds of solid waste has been considered a sustainable strategy in line with emerging global sustainability needs. Nanotechnology can be an efficient tool to overcome the challenge of molecular instability, especially using polysaccharides such as pectin as assembling material. Complex polysaccharides are biomaterials that can be extracted from citrus and apple peels (from the juice industries) and constitute promising wall material stabilizing chemically sensitive compounds. Pectin is an excellent biomaterial to form nanostructures, as it has low toxicity, is biocompatible, and is resistant to human enzymes. The potential extraction of polyphenols and polysaccharides from residues and their inclusion in food supplements may be a possible application to reduce environmental impacts and constitutes an approach for effectively including bioactive compounds in the human diet. Extracting polyphenolics from industrial waste and using nanotechnology may be feasible to add value to food by-products, reduce impacts on nature and preserve the properties of these compounds.
Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions

Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches. These results suggest that the major reason behind central nervous system (CNS) regeneration failure is not the injury scar but a failure to stimulate axon growth adequately. These findings raise questions about whether targeting neuroinflammation and glial scarring still constitute viable translational avenues. We provide a comprehensive review of the dual role of neuroinflammation and scarring after SCI and how future research can produce therapeutic strategies targeting the hurdles to axonal regeneration posed by these processes without compromising neuroprotection.
Human-like problem-solving abilities in large language models using ChatGPT

Backgrounds The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen a major shift in recent years due to the development of new Machine Learning (ML) models such as Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT). GPT has achieved previously unheard-of levels of accuracy in most computerized language processing tasks and their chat-based variations. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the problem-solving abilities of ChatGPT using two sets of verbal insight problems, with a known performance level established by a sample of human participants. Materials and methods A total of 30 problems labeled as “practice problems” and “transfer problems” were administered to ChatGPT. ChatGPT's answers received a score of “0” for each incorrectly answered problem and a score of “1” for each correct response. The highest possible score for both the practice and transfer problems was 15 out of 15. The solution rate for each problem (based on a sample of 20 subjects) was used to assess and compare the performance of ChatGPT with that of human subjects. Results The study highlighted that ChatGPT can be trained in out-of-the-box thinking and demonstrated potential in solving verbal insight problems. The global performance of ChatGPT equalled the most probable outcome for the human sample in both practice problems and transfer problems as well as upon their combination. Additionally, ChatGPT answer combinations were among the 5% of most probable outcomes for the human sample both when considering practice problems and pooled problem sets. These findings demonstrate that ChatGPT performance on both set of problems was in line with the mean rate of success of human subjects, indicating that it performed reasonably well. Conclusions The use of transformer architecture and self-attention in ChatGPT may have helped to prioritize inputs while predicting, contributing to its potential in verbal insight problem-solving. ChatGPT has shown potential in solving insight problems, thus highlighting the importance of incorporating AI into psychological research. However, it is acknowledged that there are still open challenges. Indeed, further research is required to fully understand AI's capabilities and limitations in verbal problem-solving.
Enrichment of rare methanogenic Archaea shows their important ecological role in natural high-CO2 terrestrial subsurface environments

Introduction Long-term stability of underground CO2 storage is partially affected by microbial activity but our knowledge of these effects is limited, mainly due to a lack of sites. A consistently high flux of mantle-derived CO2 makes the Eger Rift in the Czech Republic a natural analogue to underground CO2 storage. The Eger Rift is a seismically active region and H2 is produced abiotically during earthquakes, providing energy to indigenous microbial communities. Methods To investigate the response of a microbial ecosystem to high levels of CO2 and H2, we enriched microorganisms from samples from a 239.5 m long drill core from the Eger Rift. Microbial abundance, diversity and community structure were assessed using qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Enrichment cultures were set up with minimal mineral media and H2/CO2 headspace to simulate a seismically active period with elevated H2. Results and discussion Methane headspace concentrations in the enrichments indicated that active methanogens were almost exclusively restricted to enrichment cultures from Miocene lacustrine deposits (50–60 m), for which we observed the most significant growth. Taxonomic assessment showed microbial communities in these enrichments to be less diverse than those with little or no growth. Active enrichments were especially abundant in methanogens of the taxa Methanobacterium and Methanosphaerula. Concurrent to the emergence of methanogenic archaea, we also observed sulfate reducers with the metabolic ability to utilize H2 and CO2, specifically the genus Desulfosporosinus, which were able to outcompete methanogens in several enrichments. Low microbial abundance and a diverse non-CO2 driven microbial community, similar to that in drill core samples, also reflect the inactivity in these cultures. Significant growth of sulfate reducing and methanogenic microbial taxa, which make up only a small fraction of the total microbial community, emphasize the need to account for rare biosphere taxa when assessing the metabolic potential of microbial subsurface populations. The observation that CO2 and H2-utilizing microorganisms could only be enriched from a narrow depth interval suggests that factors such as sediment heterogeneity may also be important. This study provides new insight on subsurface microbes under the influence of high CO2 concentrations, similar to those found in CCS sites.
Network medicine: facilitating a new view on complex diseases

Complex diseases are prevalent medical conditions which are characterized by inter-patient heterogeneity with regards to symptom profiles, disease trajectory, comorbidities, and treatment response. Their pathophysiology involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. The intricacies of complex diseases, encompassing different levels of biological organization in the context of environmental and psychosocial factors, makes them difficult to study, understand, prevent, and treat. The field of network medicine has progressed our understanding of these complex mechanisms and highlighted mechanistic overlap between diagnoses as well as patterns of symptom co-occurrence. These observations call into question the traditional conception of complex diseases, where diagnoses are treated as distinct entities, and prompts us to reconceptualize our nosological models. Thus, this manuscript presents a novel model, in which the individual disease burden is determined as a function of molecular, physiological, and pathological factors simultaneously, and represented as a state vector. In this conceptualization the focus shifts from identifying the underlying pathophysiology of diagnosis cohorts towards identifying symptom-determining traits in individual patients. This conceptualization facilitates a multidimensional approach to understanding human physiology and pathophysiology in the context of complex diseases. This may provide a useful concept to address both the significant interindividual heterogeneity of diagnose cohorts as well as the lack of clear distinction between diagnoses, health, and disease, thus facilitating the progression towards personalized medicine.
V2 vasopressin receptor mutations: future personalized therapy based on individual molecular biology

The diluting and concentrating function of the kidney plays a crucial role in regulating the water homeostasis of the body. This function is regulated by the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin through the type 2 vasopressin receptor (V2R), allowing the body to adapt to periods of water load or water restriction. Loss-of-function mutations of the V2R cause X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (XNDI), which is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, and hyposthenuria. Gain-of-function mutations of the V2R lead to nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis disease (NSIAD), which results in hyponatremia. Various mechanisms may be responsible for the impaired receptor functions, and this review provides an overview of recent findings about the potential therapeutic interventions in the light of the current experimental data.
Chemoprevention in oral leukoplakia: challenges and current landscape

Oral potentially malignant disorders have the potential to transform into oral cancer. Oral leukoplakia is a prevalent OPMD with a 9.8% malignant transformation rate. The standard management for OL involves surgical excision, but its efficacy in preventing clinical recurrence and malignant transformation is limited. Therefore, alternative strategies such as chemoprevention modalities have emerged as a promising approach to inhibit the carcinogenesis process. The aim of this review was to identify human studies that investigated the effectiveness of chemopreventive agents in preventing the progression of oral leukoplakia and to provide guidance for future research. Several systemic and topical agents have been evaluated for their potential chemopreventive effects in oral leukoplakia. Systemic agents that have been investigated include vitamin A, lycopene, celecoxib, green tea extract, ZengShengPing, Bowman Birk inhibitor, beta-carotene, curcumin, erlotinib, and metformin. In addition, topical agents tested include bleomycin, isotretinoin, ONYX-015 mouthwash, ketorolac, and dried black raspberry. Despite numerous agents that have already been tested, evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. To improve the search for an ideal chemopreventive agent for oral leukoplakia, we propose several strategies that can be implemented. Oral leukoplakia chemoprevention presents a promising opportunity for decreasing the incidence of oral cancer. Identifying new chemopreventive agents and biomarkers for predicting treatment response should be a focus of future research.
Editorial: The psychological challenges of respiratory disease

COPYRIGHT © 2023 Volpato, Banfi and Verkleij. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Editorial: The psychological challenges of respiratory disease
Advanced HCC with amplified mesenchymal epithelial transition factor receptor responds well to savolitinib: a case report

Objective Current treatment agents for HCC are mostly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) plus bevacizumab and multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs); however, their limited overall response rate and shorter median progression-free survival (PFS) discourage their frequent use. The development of Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition Factor receptor (MET) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (MET-TKI) has transformed the treatment pattern in MET-altered solid tumors and improved their prognosis. However, the benefits of MET-TKIs in MET-amplified hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Methods Here, we present a case of advanced HCC amplified with MET treated with savolitinib, a MET-TKI, after progression from first-line treatment with bevacizumab plus sintilimab. Results The patient achieved a partial response (PR) to savolitinib in the second line setting. The progression-free survival (PFS) of first-line of bevacizumab plus sintilimab and sequential second-line treatment with MET-TKI, savolitinib, are 3 and over 8 months, respectively. furthermore, the patient still had continuous PR status with manageable toxicities. Conclusions The present case report provides first-hand evidence that savolitinib may be beneficial for patients with advanced MET-amplified HCC and offers a promising treatment option.
Two Substellar Companions Orbiting HD 168443

Precise Doppler measurements during 4.4 yr from the Keck/HIRES spectrometer reveal two superimposed Keplerian velocity variations for HD 168443 (G6 IV). A simultaneous orbital fit to both companions yields companion masses of M sin i = 7.7 and 17.2 MJUP, orbital periods of P = 58 days and 4.8 yr, semimajor axes of a = 0.29 and 2.9 AU, and eccentricities of e = 0.53 and 0.20. An upper limit to the mass of the outer companion of 42 MJUP is derived from the lack of astrometric wobble. The outer companion was not detected with Keck adaptive optics in the near-IR. Dynamical simulations show that the system is remarkably stable for all possible masses of both companions. The two orbiting companions have masses that are probably near and slightly above the upper end of the observed mass distribution of "planets" at 10 MJUP. Formation in a protoplanetary disk seems plausible. But these objects present a puzzle about their formation and dynamical history, as well as about their possible kinship with planetary systems and triple-star systems.
Physics of the Slipping Wheel. I. Force and Torque Calculations for Various Pressure Distributions

Abstract Slipping wheel theory has been extended to predict the dependence of the lateral force and of the aligning torque on the nature of the pressure distribution over the contact patch between the wheel and the ground. Expressions have been derived for both side force and aligning torque as functions of the slip angle under: uniform pressure distribution, which applies to the behavior of an inflated membrane wheel; elliptical distribution, which describes the behavior of a solid wheel; and parabolic distribution. All appear appropriate in some respect to the actual tire.
Virtual Discharge

Background: Opportunities for care improvement exist within virtual care, which continues to emerge as an increasingly viable heath care option. Problem: Competing care priorities presented a challenge to nurse leaders, resulting in a modern solution to optimize resources using virtual care. Methods: A new model of care delivery, the virtual discharge (VDC) protocol, was established as a partnership between bedside nurses and a virtual nurse team. Interventions: Using existing telehealth technology, virtual nurses delivered remote discharge education to patients on a 30-bed orthopedic unit. Results: During the pilot, 269 VDC sessions totaled more than 101 hours of discharge education. Patient satisfaction communication scores improved significantly, and patients maintained a low 7-day readmission rate. Conclusion: This care model using emerging technology to deliver effective discharge education was highly satisfactory for patients and bedside nurses. Nurse leaders should seek opportunities to maximize the benefits of virtual technology in health care.