Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimum Efficiency Conditions for White Luminescent Screens in Kinescopes

Calculations based on energy ratios and relative luminosities of complementary colors show that the efficiency of white-light production is greatest for the pair of spectral lines at 4590A (violet blue) and 5720A (yellow green). Spectral distribution curves of relative absorption and emission are given for the zinc-cadmium sulphide phosphor systems and for typical white kinescope screens.
Field Induced Spin-State Transition in LaCoO3

The magnetization of LaCoO 3 shows a magnetic transition induced by level crossing at a magnetic field of 60 T below 25 K, which is consistent with the energy diagram determined from electron spin resonance experiments. However, the amount of Co ions with g = 3.35 contributing to the magnetic transition is sample-dependent and at most 14% of the total Co ions in LaCoO 3 . We found that the rest of the Co ions also contribute to the magnetization, which is a maximum at around 100 K. We analyzed the magnetization assuming two kinds of Co species, Co I and Co II , both of which have the nonmagnetic ground state. The energies and the g values of the magnetic excited states are 135 K and 3.35 for Co I , and 250–260 K and 1.9–2.0 for Co II , respectively. Co I ions are suggested to be associated with oxygen vacancies and the surface of LaCoO 3 .
Non-planar substrate effect on the interface trap capacitance of metal-oxide-semiconductor structures with ultra thin oxides

Redistribution of interface trap capacitance (Cit) was observed in non-planar substrate metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with ultra thin oxides. It was found that the behavior of Cit of non-planar substrate MOS capacitors is dependent on the non-planar portion. The non-planar devices exhibit two peaks distribution in Cit due to multiple surfaces effect. A Cit model combining uniform and non-uniform areas effect was proposed for the observation. The non-uniform substrate MOS capacitors exhibit significant non-uniform deep depletion behaviors and degradation in constant voltage stress reliability.
Markov random field models for natural language

Markov chain (N-gram) source models for natural language were explored by Shannon and have found wide application in speech recognition systems. However, the underlying linear graph structure is inadequate to express the hierarchical structure of language necessary for encoding syntactic information. Context-free language models which generate tree graphs are a natural way of encoding this information, but lack the modeling of interword dependencies. We consider a hybrid tree/chain graph structure which has the advantage of incorporating lexical dependencies in syntactic representations. Two Markov random field probability measures are derived on these tree/chain graphs from the maximum entropy principle.
BIOPHOTON EMISSION: EXPERIMENTAL BACKGROUND AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES

Biophoton emission is a general phenomenon of living systems. It concerns a weak photon radiation from a few to some hundred photons per second, per square centimeter surface area, at least within the spectral region from 200 to 800 nm. The results indicate that biophoton emission can be assigned to a coherent field within living organisms, its functions being intra and intercellular regulation and communication. This review deals with some central results and their interpretation.
Estimation of the modulus of a complex-valued quantity

This paper analyses two possible estimators for the modulus of a complex-valued quantity. The case of uncorrelated and normally distributed real and imaginary parts is treated. The expectations of the two estimators are calculated for varying parameters of the two normal distributions. They are derived analytically, when possible, otherwise numerically by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Studying the statistical behaviour of the two estimators, it can be deduced which represents the best choice, depending on the specific experimental context. The relationship between the second estimator and the maximum likelihood estimator for a Rayleigh distribution is also presented. Examples from the metrological and physical fields are provided in order to compare the considered estimation methods.
Atomic-scale analysis of hydrogen-terminated Si(110) surfaces after wet cleaning

Atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy observations are performed on hydrogen-terminated Si(110) surfaces after wet cleaning. When a Si(110) wafer is dipped into dilute HF-containing solution, the surface is constructed by piling small terraces and steps. When the sample is consequently rinsed with ultrapure water, some characteristic features such as a zig–zag chain inside a terrace, a single row at step edges and an isolated zig–zag chain on a terrace are clearly observed, and their atomic arrangements are determined. Excessive rinsing, however, creates the ridge-shaped structure of nanometer height, which is explained by anisotropic etching by OH− ions in water.
Tidal interactions of inspiraling compact binaries

We discuss the tidal interaction in neutron star-neutron star and neutron star-black hole binaries and argue that they will not be tidally locked during the gravitational inspiral. More specifically, we show that, for inspiraling neutron stars of mass greater than about 1.2 solar mass, the shortest possible tidal synchronization time exceeds the gravitational decay time, so that the neutron star cannot be tidally locked prior to tidal disruption, regardless of its internal viscosity. For smaller mass neutron stars, an implausibly large kinematic viscosity - nearly the speed of light times the stellar radius - is required for tidal locking. We also argue that the mass transfer which occurs when the neutron star reaches the tidal radius will be unstable in neutron star-black hole binaries, and the instability will destroy the neutron star in a few orbital periods. The implications of our work for the detection of these sources by LIGO and other gravitational wave observatories and for the gamma-ray burst scenarios of Paczynski (1986, 1991) are discussed.
22-Mir-1251-5p/Mir-6892-5p Expression with Clinicopathological Factors in Premenopausal Endometrial Cancer

: Background: This study is aim to profile the differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) of premenopausal endometrial cancer (EC), identify their target genes and understand their roles in carcinogenesis. Methods: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on 3 premenopausal EC and 3 premenopausal normal endometrial tissues. Selection of candidate miRNAs and subsequent validation were performed by qRT-PCR on 20 premenopausal EC, 30 premenopausal normal endometrial and 40 postmenopausal EC samples. The relationship between DEMs and clinical characteristics was analyzed. Results: 136 upregulated and 131 downregulated DEMs were identified. The expression of miR-1251-5p was highly upregulated in premenopausal EC samples compared with premenopausal normal endometrial samples and significantly downregulated compared with postmenopausal EC samples. The expression of miR-6892-5p was highly upregulated in premenopausal EC samples compared with premenopausal normal endometrial samples and postmenopausal EC samples. In the premenopausal EC group, miR-1251-5p expression was closely correlated with menarche age, number of pregnancies, tumor grading, myometrial infiltration and lymph node metastasis; miR-6892-5p expression was closely correlated with BMI, hypertension, tumor grading, and metastasis. Conclusions: miR-1251-5p and miR-6892-5p may play important roles in tumorigenesis progression of premenopausal EC.
A SEARCH FOR CHROMOSPHERIC EMISSION IN A-TYPE STARS USING THE GODDARD HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH

We have used the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to search for chromospheric emission in the ultraviolet C II 1335 A lines of eight A-type stars. The B-V colors of these stars range from 0.12 to 0.22. We have detected emission in the spectrum of the A7 V star Altair, but in no other star. We present tentative evidence that the emission from Altair is blueshifted by approximately 60 km per sec or more with respect to the photospheric spectrum of this star. We interpret this as expansion and suggest that the base of the A star winds that we have proposed in earlier work may lie within the chromosphere. Together with International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) spectra, our observations indicate that in ordinary main-sequence stars the onset of convection zones capable of supporting detectable chromospheres occurs in the close vicinity of B-V = 0.22.
Evidence for a link between the more prominent optical emission bands in the Red Rectangle and some of the diffuse interstellar absorption bands

A re-examination of the spectra of the nebulosity in the Red Rectangle (RR) shows that the wavelengths of the four most prominent emission bands correspond closely with one of the proposed families of diffuse interstellar absorption bands (DIBs). At large offset distances (cooler conditions) from the A0-B8 central star (HD 44179), the emission bands become quite narrow and both the peak wavelengths and widths extrapolate to the observed values for the corresponding DIBs ; this suggests that each pair of the corresponding RR/DIB bands belongs to a common carrier. These emission and absorption features are discussed in terms of electronic transitions in gas-phase molecules
A new approach for determination of eddy current and flux penetration in nonlinear ferromagnetic materials

A new approach, based on the magnetic vector potential, is developed for the solution of flux penetration and eddy current problems in nonlinear ferromagnetic materials. The model obtained for this diffusion problem is useful in the sinusoidal time varying cases, and can be extended to the general time varying cases. The model is applied to the problem of flux penetration and determination of losses in ferromagnetic bars used for starting and damping in large synchronous motors and generators. These machines are mostly found in hydro-electric pumped storage power stations. The results consist of real and reactive power losses, equivalent resistance and reactance, distribution of induced currents and flux penetration. A comparison of results with previous authors' work is given. Good agreement between experimental results and simulated ones is established concerning loss calculations. The developed method is best suited for use in cases involving complicated contours of ferromagnetic materials and general boundary conditions. Therefore, the method is useful in rotating machine applications.
The Stellar Winds of 203 Galactic O Stars: A Quantitative Ultraviolet Survey

Measurements of the resonance lines of C IV, N V, and Si IV in a sample of 203 O stars observed using IUE in a high-resolution mode are presented. The data are discussed using a consistent set of radius, luminosity, and mass estimates. The ratio of the maximum observed velocity and the terminal (farfield) velocity is found to average at 3.0 for 131 stars with strong or saturated lines, and at 2.6 for all stars. An expression is given which is the best available predictor of O star mass loss rates, giving an accuracy better than a factor of two irrespective of luminosity class. The ionization fractions C(3+)/C and N(4+)/N are found to be independent of stellar effective temperature, but increase by a factor of about two from main sequence stars to supergiants. Two new possible ON stars are identified, and enhanced surface nitrogen abundance is confimed in ON stars. Discrete narrow absorption features are found to be virtually universal characteristic of O star P Cygni profiles. 208 references.
Ratcheting of silicon island electrodes on substrate due to cyclic intercalation

Analytical and numerical calculations are conducted to demonstrate a ratcheting mechanism of irreversible and accumulative deformation in patterned Si islands on substrates during lithiation/delithiation cycling. It is shown that ratcheting occurs as soon as one allows the yield stress of Si and/or the friction strength of the interface to vary from lithiation to delithiation half-cycles, and that this important failure mode can be avoided by simply reducing the lateral size of the islands below a critical length scale. The present study provides a feasible explanation for the experimentally observed ratcheting in fractured Si films on substrates.
Finite-temperature flexoelectricity in ferroelectric thin films from first principles

A first-principles-based effective Hamiltonian technique is developed to study flexoelectricity in (Ba0.5Sr0.5)TiO3 thin films of different thicknesses in their paraelectric phase. The magnitude as well as sign of individual components of the flexoelectric tensor are reported, which provides answers to existing controversies. The use of this numerical tool also allows us to show that flexoelectric coefficients depend strongly on the film's thickness and temperature. Such dependence is explained using the relationship between the flexoelectric coefficients and the dielectric susceptibility.
Configurational anisotropy and control of magnetic vortex chirality in arrays of circular Ni 80 Fe 20 nanoscale dots

We present the experimental investigation and numerical analysis of the magnetostatic energy of ferromagnetic circular dots arranged in three different lattice geometries. We show that by varying the lattice arrangement, configurational anisotropy, which is significantly affected by the direction of the external magnetic field, can be induced. Depending on the coupling mechanism ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic between the neighboring dots in the lattice, different combinations of chiralities in the vortex state can be obtained.
From Compact Semi-Toric Systems To Hamiltonian S-1-Spaces

We show how any labeled convex polygon associated to a compact semi-toric system, as de fined by V (u) over tilde Ngoc, determines Karshon's labeled directed graph which classifies the underlying Hamiltonian S-1-space up to isomorphism. Then we characterize adaptable compact semi-toric systems, i.e. those whose underlying Hamiltonian S-1-action can be extended to an effective Hamiltonian T-2-action, as those which have at least one associated convex polygon which satisfies the Delzant condition.
Star formation in NGC 6334 I and I(N)

The northern section of the molecular cloud complex NGC 6334 has been mapped in the CO and CS spectral line emission and in continuum emission at a wavelength of 1300 μm. Our observations highlight the two dominant sources, I and I(N), and a host of weaker sources. NGC 6334 I is associated with a cometary ultracompact H ii region and a hot, compact core ≤10 arcsec in size. Mid-infrared and CH3OH observations indicate that it is also associated with at least two protostellar sources, each of which may drive a molecular outflow. For region I we confirm the extreme high-velocity outflow first discovered by Bachiller & Cernicharo and find that it is very energetic with a mechanical luminosity of 390 L⊙. A dynamical age for the outflow is ∼3000 yr. We also find a weaker outflow originating from the vicinity of NGC 6334 I. In CO and CS this outflow is quite prominent to the north-west, but much less so on the eastern side of I, where there is very little molecular gas. Spectral survey data show a molecular environment at position I which is rich in methanol, methyl formate and dimethyl ether, with lines ranging in energy up to 900 K above the ground state. NGC 6334 I(N) is more dense than I, but cooler, and has none of the high-excitation lines observed toward I. I(N) also has an associated outflow, but it is less energetic than the outflow from I. The fully sampled continuum map shows a network of filaments, voids and cores, many of which are likely to be sites of star formation. A striking feature is a narrow, linear ridge which defines the western boundary. It is unclear if there is a connection between this filament and the many potential sites of star formation, or if the filament existed prior to the star formation activity.
Investigation of native fluorescence spectral difference among prostate cancer cell lines with different risk levels

The alteration of native fluorophores among different types of cancer cell lines was investigated by the fluorescence spectroscopy. Different types of cancer cell lines with different risk levels, such as moderate metastatic (DU-145) and advanced metastatic (PC-3) cell lines as well as normal cell line (Fibroblast), were excited by the selective excitation wavelength of 300 nm to explore changes of the relative contents of tryptophan and NADH using principal component analysis (PCA). The higher relative content of tryptophan was observed in the advanced metastatic cancer cell lines in comparison with the moderate metastatic and non aggressive cell lines.
Exponential asymptotics of a fifth-order partial differential equation

We construct an asymptotic representation for the solution $u(x,t)$ of a singularly-perturbed linear fifth-order evolution equation which accounts for the relevant exponentially-small terms in all regions of the complex $x$ plane. The particular equation that we study is chosen in part to highlight the complexities that arise in high-order examples, resulting in particular from the non-existence of a suitable (steady-state) heteroclinic connection. Key points of this calculation are the identification, location and evolution of the active (in the sense that non-zero, though exponentially-small, terms are switched on across them) Stokes lines, and of the higher-order Stokes lines across which these can be activated or inactivated. In doing so, we need in particular to analyse two ‘levels’ of higher-order Stokes lines and to present the associated mechanisms by which they can themselves be activated or inactivated. By piecing together the information concerning which Stokes lines (both ordinary and higher-order) are active, we are able to deduce systematically which of the competing exponentials that can potentially arise within the asymptotic solution are actually present in each region of the complex plane.
The red supergiants in M31 - Spectra, colors, and luminosities

M31 has been surveyed for its most luminous red stars; 300 candidates were found distributed across the face of the galaxy. JHK infrared photometry was observed for 57 of the candidates, and far-red (6800-8800 A) spectra were also obtained for 45 stars. The strength of the Ca II triplet (about 8500 A) and the J - H and H - K colors have been used as luminosity discriminants to separate the supergiants from the foreground dwarfs. With these criteria, 23 probable late-type supergiants were identified. Their distribution and relative numbers of the red supergiants are discussed in comparison with the known WR stars in M31. Accurate extinction and infrared (K = 2.2 microns) and bolometric luminosities are also derived from the infrared photometry. 38 references.
The mechanics and control of undulatory robotic locomotion

In this dissertation, we examine a formulation of problems of undulatory robotic locomotion within the context of mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints and symmetries. Using tools from geometric mechanics, we study the underlying structure found in general problems of locomotion. In doing so, we decompose locomotion into two basic components: internal shape changes and net changes in position and orientation. This decomposition has a natural mathematical interpretation in which the relationship between shape changes and locomotion can be described using a connection on a trivial principal fiber bundle. We begin by reviewing the processes of Lagrangian reduction and reconstruction for unconstrained mechanical systems with Lie group symmetries, and present new formulations of this process which are easily adapted to accommodate external constraints. Additionally, important physical quantities such as the mechanical connection and reduced mass-inertia matrix can be trivially determined using this formulation. The presence of symmetries then allows us to reduce the necessary calculations to simple matrix manipulations. The addition of constraints significantly complicates the reduction process; however, we show that for invariant constraints, a meaningful connection can be synthesized by defining a generalized momentum representing the momentum of the system in directions allowed by the constraints. We then prove that the generalized momentum and its governing equation possess certain invariances which allows for a reduction process similar to that found in the unconstrained case. The form of the reduced equations highlights the synthesized connection and the matrix quantities used to calculate these equations. The use of connections naturally leads to methods for testing controllability and aids in developing intuition regarding the generation of various locomotive gaits. We present accessibility and controllability tests based on taking derivatives of the connection, and relate these tests to taking Lie brackets of the input vector fields. The theory is illustrated using several examples, in particular the examples of the snakeboard and Hirose snake robot. We interpret each of these examples in light of the theory developed in this thesis, and examine the generation of locomotive gaits using sinusoidal inputs and their relationship to the controllability tests based on Lie brackets.
Development of level set method with good area preservation to predict interface in two‐phase flows

A two‐step conservative level set method is proposed in this study to simulate the gas/water two‐phase flow. For the sake of accuracy, the spatial derivative terms in the equations of motion for an incompressible fluid flow are approximated by the coupled compact scheme. For accurately predicting the modified level set function, the dispersion‐relation‐preserving advection scheme is developed to preserve the theoretical dispersion relation for the first‐order derivative terms shown in the pure advection equation cast in conservative form. For the purpose of retaining its long‐time accurate Casimir functionals and Hamiltonian in the transport equation for the level set function, the time derivative term is discretized by the sixth‐order accurate symplectic Runge–Kutta scheme. To resolve contact discontinuity oscillations near interface, nonlinear compression flux term and artificial damping term are properly added to the second‐step equation of the modified level set method. For the verification of the proposed dispersion‐relation‐preserving scheme applied in non‐staggered grids for solving the incompressible flow equations, three benchmark problems have been chosen in this study. The conservative level set method with area‐preserving property proposed for capturing the interface in incompressible fluid flows is also verified by solving the dam‐break, Rayleigh–Taylor instability, bubble rising in water, and droplet falling in water problems. Good agreements with the referenced solutions are demonstrated in all the investigated problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Escape rate for 2-dimensional Brownian motion conditioned to be transient with application to Zygmund functions

The escape rate of a 2-dimensional Brownian motion conditioned to be transient is determined to be P{X(t) < f(t) i.o. as t t oo} = 0 or 1 according as EZre-n log f(ee ) < or = oo . The result is used to construct a complex-valued Zygmund function-as a lacunary series-whose graph does not have a-finite linear Hausdorff measure. This contrasts the result of Mauldin and Williams that the graphs of all real-valued Zygmund functions have a-finite linear Hausdorff measure.