Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation of environmental data measurements with polarimetric LWIR sensor measurements of manmade objects in natural clutter

In recent years there has been an increased interest in using polarimetric imaging sensors for terrestrial remote sensing applications because of their ability to discriminate manmade objects in a natural clutter background. However, adverse weather limits the performance of these sensors. Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) polarimetric sensor data of a scene containing manmade objects in a natural clutter background is compared with simultaneously collected environmental data. In this paper, a metric is constructed from the Stokes parameter S1 and is correlated with some environmental channels. There are differences in the correlation outputs, with the sensor data metric positively correlated with some environmental channels, negatively correlated with some channels and uncorrelated with other channels. Results from real data measurements are presented and interpreted. An uncooled LWIR sensor using an achromatic retarder to capture the polarimetric states performed the data collection. The environmental channels include various meteorological channels, radiation loading and soil properties.
Enhanced delivery of gold nanoparticles by acoustic cavitation for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy

Gold-nanorods incorporated with microbubbles (AuMBs) were introduced as a photoacoustic/ultrasound dual- modality contrast agent in our previous study. The application can be extended to theragnosis purpose. With the unique physical characteristics of AuMBs, we propose an enhanced delivery method for the encapsulated particles. For example, laser thermotherapy mediated by plasmonic nanoparticles can be made more effective by using microbubbles as a targeted carrier and acoustic cavitation for enhanced sonoporation. The hypothesis was experimentally tested. Firts, these AuMBs first act as molecular probes with binding to specific ligands. The improved targeting efficacy was macroscopically observed by an ultrasound system. The extended retention of targeted AuMB was observed and recorded for 30 minutes in a CT-26 tumor bearing mouse. Secondly, cavitation induced by time-varying acoustic field was also applied to disrupt the microbubbles and cause increased transient cellular permeability (a.k.a., sonoporation). Multimodal optical microscope based on a Cr:forsterite laser was used to directly observe these effects. The microscope can acquired third-harmonic generation (THG) and two-photon fluorescent (2PF) signals produced by the AuMBs. In vitro examination shows approximately a 60% improvement in terms of fluorescence signals from the cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles after sonoporation treatment. Therefore, we conclude that the controlled release is feasible and can further improve the therapeutic effects of the nanoparticles.
FIRST-ORDER RIGIDITY ON CAYLEY TREES

Tree models for rigidity percolation, in systems with only central forces, are introduced and solved. A probability vector describes the propagation of rigidity outward from a rigid border. All components of this 'vector order parameter' are singular at the same rigidity threshold ${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{c}}$. The infinite-cluster probability ${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$ is usually first order at ${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{c}}$, except in those cases which are equivalent to connectivity percolation. In many cases, ${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$+(p-${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{c}}$${)}^{1\mathrm{/}2}$, indicating critical fluctuations superimposed on the first-order jump (\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$). Our tree models for rigidity are in qualitative disagreement with 'constraint-counting' mean-field theories. In an important subclass of tree models 'bootstrap' percolation and rigidity percolation are equivalent.
X-Ray Secur ity Checkpoint System Using Stor age Media Detection Method Based on Deep Lear ning for Infor mation Secur ity

Recently, as the demand for physical security technology to prevent leakage of technical and business information of companies and public institutions increases, the high tech companies are operating X-ray security checkpoints at building entrances to protect their intellectual property and technology. X-ray security checkpoints are operated to detect cameras and storage media that may store or leak important technologies in the bags of people entering and leaving the building. In this study, we propose an X-ray security checkpoint system that automatically detects a storage medium in an X-ray image using a deep learning based object detection method. The proposed system consists of an edge computing unit and a cloud-computing unit. We employ the RetinaNet for automatic storage media detection in the X-ray security checkpoint images. The proposed approach achieved mAP of 95.92% on private dataset.
Tunable Pinning of Burst Waves in Extended Systems with Discrete Sources

We study the dynamics of waves in a system of diffusively coupled discrete nonlinear sources. We show that the system exhibits burst waves which are periodic in a traveling-wave reference frame. We demonstrate that the burst waves are pinned if the diffusive coupling is below a critical value. When the coupling crosses the critical value the system undergoes a depinning instability via a saddle-node bifurcation, and the wave begins to move. We obtain the universal scaling for the mean wave velocity just above threshold. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Self‐propagating room‐temperature silicon wafer bonding in ultrahigh vacuum

Wafer bonding of commercial 4 in. silicon wafers has been performed at room temperature under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. After local initiation of the bonding process the bonding area is self‐propagating just as in the case of wafer bonding under atmospheric conditions. The room‐temperature bonded wafers, without any additional heat treatment show a bonding strength typical for bulk material.
The ecton mechanism of unipolar arcing in magnetic confinement fusion devices

It has been shown that the source of current and erosion plasma in a unipolar arc is explosive electron emission, which occurs as ejection of individual portions of electrons named ectons. This phenomenon is responsible for the numerous microcraters left by unipolar arcs on metal surfaces. An arc of this type is self-sustained due to the interaction of the erosion plasma with the electrode surface. The duration of an arc is determined by the conditions of its initiation: the higher the arc current, and hence, the number of cells in the spot formed on arc initiation, the longer the arc operation.
Effect of LiF/metal electrodes on the performance of plastic solar cells

The insertion of thin interlayers of LiF under the negative metal electrode (Al and Au) of bulk heterojunction solar cells significantly enhances the fill factor and stabilizes high open circuit voltages. Compared to devices without the LiF interfacial layer, the white light efficiencies increase by over 20% up to ηeff∼3.3%. Substitution of the LiF by another insulating interlayer SiOx results in lower overall efficiencies. In the case of a LiF/Au electrode, substantial efficiency enhancement is observed compared to a pristine Au electrode and white light efficiencies up to ηeff∼2.3% are reported.
A Circumstellar Disk in a Pre-main-sequence Binary Star

New high-resolution images of HK T Tauri B, the companion to the 106 yr old classical T Tauri star HK Tauri A, show it to be surrounded by an optically thick, edge-on circumstellar disk that extends to a radius of at least 50 AU. The images were taken using a modified speckle technique to achieve a linear resolution of 8 AU. The disk is strikingly coherent, showing no evidence of any strong perturbation by the primary star. The disk is illuminated by the central star, and it hides the star from direct view. The small changes in vertical thickness with wavelength require a dust + gas mass ≳10-3 M☉. The relative position angles of the disk and the binary suggest that the disk probably does not lie in the plane of the binary orbit.
Spin-polarised currents and magnetic domain walls

Electrical currents flowing in ferromagnetic materials are spin-polarised as a result of the spin-dependent band structure. When the spatial direction of the polarisation changes, in a domain structure, the electrons must somehow accommodate the necessary change in direction of their spin angular momentum as they pass through the wall. Reflection, scattering, or a transfer of angular momentum onto the lattice are all possible outcomes, depending on the circumstances. This gives rise to a variety of different physical effects, most importantly a contribution to the electrical resistance caused by the wall, and a motion of the wall driven by the spin-polarised current. Historical and recent research on these topics is reviewed. Contents PAGE 1. Introduction 586 2. Spin-polarised current 587 2.1. Tunnelling current spin polarisation 589 2.2. Ballistic current spin polarisation 592 2.3. Diffusive current spin polarisation 593 3. Magnetic Domain Walls 598 3.1. Basics of domain walls 598 3.1. 1. Domain wall thickness and energy 601 3.1. 2. Micromagnetic calculations 603 3.1. 3. Tailoring domain structures for measurements 605 3.2. Domain walls in nanostructures 609 3.3. Domain wall dynamics 610 4. Domain Wall Resistance 613 4.1. Early results 613 4.2. Theory 615 4.3. Recent experimental results 626 4.3.1. Homogeneous materials 626 4.3.2. Heterostructures 631 4.3.3. Mesoscopic devices 635 4.4. Huge domain wall MR in nanoconstrictions? 644 4.4.1. First results 645 4.4.2. Theoretical interpretation 650 4.4.3. Experimental exploration 656 5. Current-induced Domain Wall Motion 665 5.1. Experimental results 666 5.2. Theory 678 6. Conclusion 690 Acknowledgements 692 References 692
The generation of edge waves by a wave‐maker

A theory is developed to describe the generation of edge waves on a uniform beach by a wave‐maker. The theory is based on the linear shallow‐water equations. The wave‐maker is a vertical plate spanning between the shoreline and the paddle axis offshore, and oscillates periodically in the alongshore direction. It is found theoretically that only propagating modes exist; the evanescent modes are always accompanied by incoming waves from offshore and are not permissible in this case. For each propagation mode the cross‐shore variation is described by the Laguerre polynomial with an exponentially decaying amplitude. Laboratory experiments are performed and experimental data are compared with theoretical solutions. Since the viscous damping is ignored in the theory, the wave amplitudes for the experimental data are usually lower than the theoretical predictions. However, the cross‐shore variations of the wave form are predicted well by the theory. Furthermore, from both theoretical and experimental data, it is.
Tunable distributed feedback lasing with narrowed emission using holographic dynamic gratings in a polymeric waveguide

The letter presents reliable tunable distributed feedback (DFB) lasing achieved by holographic dynamic gratings in a polymeric waveguide including conjugated organic compound. Tunable lasing from 484 to 508nm was simply achieved by rotating a Lloyd mirror configuration. Lasing spectra indicate that the present DFB lasing has the contribution of periodic spatial variation of the refractive index in the gain medium in addition to that of periodic spatial variation of the gain itself.
The Gas-Phase Chemistry of Organic Molecules in Interstellar Clouds with Dynamical Mixing

One of the most salient features of pseudo-time-dependent gas phase models of dense interstellar cloud chemistry is the strong time dependence of the abundances of organic molecules. The chemical and dynamical aspects of the simple two-phase model are reviewed and the results are discussed. A more realistic model is considered and representative results are analysed.
A simplified GaN/AlGaN quantum cascade detector with an alloy extractor

We have demonstrated a GaN/AlGaN quantum cascade detector based on a simplified design of the extractor region relying on an AlGaN thick layer. The device grown by molecular beam epitaxy exhibits both TM-polarized intersubband absorption and photocurrent at room temperature at a peak wavelength of 1.87 μm. Based on the measured absorption and responsivity, we estimate the transfer efficiency of photoelectrons to the next period to be around 62%. This simplified design is robust against thickness fluctuations in the extractor region and offers prospects for ultrafast detectors.
VLBA SiO observations of bright O-rich AGB stars

We present the results of observations of the SiO masers at 7 mm wavelength in several oxygen rich Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. These observations were coordinated with observations using the ESO VLTI/MIDI interferometer at 10 μm wavelength. These stars are o Ceti (Mira), U Herculis (U Her), OH26.5+0.6, R Leonis (R Leo), and W Hydrae (W Hya). Both total intensity and linear polarizations are imaged. Linear radial features seen in o Ceti may be associated with an X-ray flare seen a year earlier by Karovska et al. (2005). Similar linear features are also seen in R Leo, U Her and OH26.5+0.6. These features typically show systematic radial velocity variations and a tendency for the linear polarization to be perpendicular to the direction of elongation, suggesting that magnetic fields are dynamically important. A wide radial extent of the maser rings observed in U Herculis and OH26.5+0.6 is interpreted as meaning that the outer boundaries of the masing regions in these stars are not truncated by the condensation of SiO onto dust grains.
Algebraic Approach to Combining Logical Inference with Defeasible Reasoning

The study describes new capabilities of N-tuple algebra (NTA) belonging to the class of Boolean algebras and developed by the authors as a theoretical generalization of structures and methods applied in intelligence systems. NTA supports formalization and solving a wide set of logical problems (abductive and modified conclusions, modelling of graphs, semantic networks, expert rules, etc.). Here we mostly focus on unified implementation of logical inference and defeasible reasoning by means of NTA. In NTA, reasoning procedures can include, besides the known logical calculus methods, new algebraic methods for checking correctness of a consequence or for finding corollaries to a given axiom system. All NTA reasoning techniques have clear interpretations within classical logic.
Improvement in Global Cloud-System-Resolving Simulations by Using a Double-Moment Bulk Cloud Microphysics Scheme

AbstractThis study examines the impact of an alteration of a cloud microphysics scheme on the representation of longwave cloud radiative forcing (LWCRF) and its impact on the atmosphere in global cloud-system-resolving simulations. A new double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme is used, and the simulated results are compared with those of a previous study. It is demonstrated that improvements within the new cloud microphysics scheme have the potential to substantially improve climate simulations. The new cloud microphysics scheme represents a realistic spatial distribution of the cloud fraction and LWCRF, particularly near the tropopause. The improvement in the cirrus cloud-top height by the new cloud microphysics scheme substantially reduces the warm bias in atmospheric temperature from the previous simulation via LWCRF by the cirrus clouds. The conversion rate of cloud ice to snow and gravitational sedimentation of cloud ice are the most important parameters for determining the strength of the radia.
μSR studies of the vortex state in type-II superconductors

The authors present a review of recent muon spin rotation (\ensuremath{\mu}SR) studies of the vortex state in type-II superconductors. There are significant gaps in our understanding of this unusual phase of matter, especially in unconventional superconductors, for which the description of the vortex structure is a subject of great controversy. The \ensuremath{\mu}SR technique provides a sensitive local probe of the spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field associated with the vortex state. For the case of a regular vortex lattice, the magnetic penetration depth \ensuremath{\lambda} and the coherence length \ensuremath{\xi} can be simultaneously extracted from the measured internal field distribution. The penetration depth is directly related to the density of superconducting carriers in the material, and measurements of its variation with temperature, magnetic field, and impurities can provide essential information on the symmetry of the order parameter. The coherence length measured with \ensuremath{\mu}SR is the length scale for spatial variations of the order parameter within a vortex core. A primary goal of this review article is to show that measurements of these fundamental length scales are fairly robust with respect to the details of how the field distribution is modeled. The reliability of the results is demonstrated by a comparison of the \ensuremath{\mu}SR experiments with relevant theories and with other experimental techniques. The authors also review \ensuremath{\mu}SR measurements that have focused on the study of pinning-induced spatial disorder and vortex fluctuation phenomena. The \ensuremath{\mu}SR technique has proven to be a powerful tool for investigating exotic vortex phases, where vortex transitions are directly observable from changes in the \ensuremath{\mu}SR line shape. Particular emphasis is given to \ensuremath{\mu}SR experiments performed on high-temperature superconductors since high-quality single crystals have become available.
Temperatures of Air Parcels Lifted from the Surface: Background, Application and Nomograms

Abstract When the temperature of a parcel lifted adiabatically from the surface to a given pressure level (SLT) is subtracted from the ambient temperature at that level, the result is the surface index (SLI) for that level. This quantity, for the 500-mb pressure level, has been found useful in the very-short-range prediction of deep and often severe convection. We examine the thermodynamics of the lifting process, finding that the SLTs are sensitive mainly to surface dewpoint for very warm humid air and to surface temperature for cold air. Nomograms are presented for determination of SLT's for 850, 700 and 500 mb, given surface temperature and dewpoint and a nominal surface pressure of 950 mb. An approximate correction is given for departures from this pressure. These are intended for use with the routine aviation surface observations. An additional nomogram is provided for use over the sea. An example of application is shown, based on hourly surface observations and on ambient temperatures interpolated b.
IP over optical multicasting for large-scale video delivery

In the IPTV systems, multicasting will play a crucial role in the delivery of high-quality video services, which can significantly improve bandwidth efficiency. However, the scalability and the signal quality of current IPTV can barely compete with the existing broadcast digital TV systems since it is difficult to implement large-scale multicasting with end-to-end guaranteed quality of service (QoS) in packet-switched IP network. China 3TNet project aimed to build a high performance broadband trial network to support large-scale concurrent streaming media and interactive multimedia services. The innovative idea of 3TNet is that an automatic switched optical networks (ASON) with the capability of dynamic point-to-multipoint (P2MP) connections replaces the conventional IP multicasting network in the transport core, while the edge remains an IP multicasting network. In this paper, we will introduce the network architecture and discuss challenges in such IP over Optical multicasting for video delivery.
GATE simulations of CTDI for patient dose

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate CTDI estimation using GATE simulations, and to extend its techniques to various CT applications. We simulated various phantom sizes to estimate CTDI100 values for different patients. The simulations were performed using a single axial scan using standard PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) head and body phantoms. Simulations of exposure in air were performed to compare simulated results with physically measured data. Simulations of absorbed dose in PMMA digital phantoms were performed to compare simulated results with physically measured data in corresponding PMMA physical phantoms at 5 different positions (at center, and 12hr, 3hr, 6hr, 9hr positions in phantoms). Additional simulations were performed for PMMA digital phantoms of various diameters (1-50 cm) at various kVp (80, 100, 120, 140 kVp) and mAs (100, 200, 300, 400 mAs) levels. For the PMMA head and body phantoms, the results of simulations showed an agreement with measured data by a maximum percent difference of 8.3% (head), 4.2% (body) for all energies applied. For the different positions, the results of simulations showed an agreement with measured data by a maximum per position difference of 4.7% (head), 5.1% (body) for 120 kVp. Within these limitations, for both various kVp and mAs levels, the results showed that CTDI100 values nonlinearly decreased as a function of diameter. For various diameters, the results showed that the CTDI100 values nonlinearly and linearly increased as a function of kVp and mAs, respectively.
Measurement of Seebeck coefficient using a large thermal gradient

The integral method of measuring the Seebeck voltage V(T), in which one end of the sample is held at a fixed temperature TC, and the other end is varied through the temperature T range of interest, has been adapted to short rod‐shaped samples. The Seebeck coefficient S is obtained from the slope of the V(T) vs T curve, i.e., S=dV(T)/dT. The apparatus has been completely automated such that the specimen is automatically cycled through a preselected temperature range, up to a maximum temperature of 1000 °C, and the V(T), T, and TC values are acquired, stored, and analyzed by means of a microcomputer. Simplicity of sample handling and minimal operator involvement make this method well suited to the survey of large numbers of samples.
A generalized linear model approach to seasonal aspects of wind speed modeling

The aim of the article is to identify the intraday seasonality in a wind speed time series. Following the traditional approach, the marginal probability law is Weibull and, consequently, we consider seasonal Weibull law. A new estimation and decision procedure to estimate the seasonal Weibull law intraday scale parameter is presented. We will also give statistical decision-making tools to discard or not the trend parameter and to validate the seasonal model.
Dipolar energy states in clusters of perpendicular magnetic nanoislands

We investigated the energy states in compact clusters of ferromagnetic islands with perpendicular anisotropy arranged on a triangular lattice. Due to their finite nature, we were able to determine the energies of all possible cluster states using dipolar energy calculations. We employed photoemission electron microscopy to observe the magnetic states in arrays of clusters of monodomain Co/Pt multilayer islands and following demagnetization, we observed a shift in the energy distribution to lower energies as the dipolar coupling increased. These multistate island clusters not only provide model arrangements of frustrated Ising-type nanomagnets but are also interesting for data storage applications.