Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incentivizing Calculated Risk-Taking: Evidence from an Experiment with Commercial Bank Loan Officers

We use an experiment with commercial bank loan officers to test how performance based compensation affects risk-assessment and lending. High-powered incentives lead to greater screening effort and more profitable lending decisions. This effect, however, is muted by deferred compensation and limited liability, two standard features of loan officer incentive contracts. We find that career concerns and personality traits affect screening behavior, but show that the response to monetary incentives does not vary with traits such as risk-aversion, optimism or overconfidence. Finally, we present evidence that incentive contracts distort the assessment of credit risk, even among trained professionals with many years of experience. Loans evaluated under permissive incentives are rated significantly less risky than the same loans evaluated under pay-for-performance.
AZD4573 is a highly selective CDK9 inhibitor that suppresses Mcl-1 and induces 1 apoptosis in hematological cancer cells 2

4 Abstract : 61 Purpose : Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is a transcriptional regulator and potential 62 therapeutic target for many cancers. Multiple non-selective CDK9 inhibitors have 63 progressed clinically but were limited by a narrow therapeutic window. This work 64 describes a novel, potent, and highly selective CDK9 inhibitor, AZD4573. 65 Experimental Design : The anti-tumor activity of AZD4573 was determined across broad 66 cancer cell line panels in vitro as well as cell line- and patient-derived xenograft models 67 in vivo . Multiple approaches, including integrated transcriptomic and proteomic 68 analyses, loss-of-function pathway interrogation, and pharmacological comparisons, 69 were employed to further understand the major mechanism driving AZD4573 activity 70 and to establish an exposure/effect relationship. 71 Results : AZD4573 is a highly selective and potent CDK9 inhibitor. It demonstrated rapid 72 induction of apoptosis and subsequent cell death broadly across hematological cancer 73 models in vitro , and Mcl-1 depletion in a dose- and time-dependent manner was 74 identified as a major mechanism through which AZD4573 induces cell death in tumor 75 cells. This pharmacodynamic response was also observed in vivo , which led to 76 regressions in both subcutaneous tumor xenografts and disseminated models at 77 tolerated doses both as monotherapy or in combination with venetoclax. This 78 understanding of the mechanism, exposure, and anti-tumor activity of AZD4573 79 facilitated development of a robust PK/PD/efficacy model used to inform the clinical trial 80 design. 81 Conclusions : Selective targeting of CDK9 enables the indirect inhibition of Mcl-1, 82 providing a therapeutic option for Mcl-1-dependent diseases. Accordingly, AZD4573 is cell This work describes the mechanism of action and preclinical activity of the novel and highly selective CDK9 inhibitor, AZD4573. An agnostic approach utilizing integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed MCL1 as one of the top oncogenes most significantly and robustly down-regulated at the mRNA and protein level upon acute AZD4573 treatment. Subsequent pharmacological studies further supported an Mcl-1-mediated mechanism, including derivation of a PK/PD/efficacy model linking CDK9 inhibition, Mcl-1 depletion, and induction of apoptosis in response to AZD4573. preclinical
Zawa Mountain Masterplan: A Potential Contributor to Building Image and Identity of Duhok City

Every city in the world has a public image based on its structural forms including urban elements as well as natural environment. This image can entail different meanings and influence emotional and physical well-being of the inhabitants, contribute to building identity and economic development of the location. Based on that, this paper explores opportunities and designs presented in the masterplan designed for the development of unique, year-long tourist resorts on Zawa Mountain that overlooks the southern edge of Duhok city, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and how they could contribute to building image and identity of the mountain as well as the city. The study presents a comparative analysis of the standard elements that constitute a city image and characters. Its findings indicate that the development on Zawa mountain will not only build the identity and image of the mountain as a unique, modern tourist destination at different levels but will also contribute to improving the identity and image of Duhok city. Keywords Image, identity, tourism, resort, city, Duhok.
Comparative rainfall observations from pit and aboveground rain gauges with and without wind shields

A study of rain gauge observations was initiated in 1995 to assess the magnitude of undercatch due to wind and the effect of reducing undercatch using an Alter‐type wind shield. The observation site was near the Norman, Oklahoma, airport with good exposure in all directions. The experimental setup comprised three tipping‐bucket rain gauges, three weighing‐bucket rain gauges, and anemometers at 1 and 2 m. For each type of gauge, one was placed in a pit with its orifice at ground level, and the other two were placed above ground, one with an Alter shield and one without. One‐minute rainfall accumulations and wind speed averages were obtained from 101 rainfall events over 30 months. The results show that for typical rainfall events, the undercatch of the unshielded tipping‐bucket rain gauges was 4% relative to the tipping‐bucket pit gauge. The comparable figure for the unshielded weighing‐bucket gauge was 5%. Both Alter‐shielded gauges showed less than a 1% reduction in undercatch relative to the unshielded gauges for typical rainfall events. We discuss the sources of errors that can be expected in similar rain gauge measurements when the gauges are properly maintained.
Evaluating the Simulated Seasonality of Soil Moisture with Earth Observation Data

A critical function of a land surface scheme, used in climate and weather prediction models, is to partition theenergyfrominsolationintosensibleandlatentheatfluxes.Manyuseasoilmoisturefunctiontocontrolthe surface moisture fluxes through the transpiration. The validity and global distribution of the parameters used to calculate this soil moisture stress function are difficult to assess. This work presents a method to map soil moisture stress globally from an earth observation vegetation indexand precipitationdata, and it compares the resultingdistributionswith output from the JointU.K. Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface scheme. A number of model runs with different soil and vegetation parameters are compared. These examine the sensitivity of the seasonality of soil moisture stress, within the model, to the parameterization of soil hydraulic properties and the seasonality of leaf area index in the vegetation. It is found that the seasonality of soil moisture within the model is more sensitive to the soil hydraulic properties than the leaf area index. The partitioning of throughfall into evaporation and runoff, in the model, is the dominant factor in determining the timing of soil moisture stress.
A Least Squares Adjustment of Multi-temporal InSAR Data: Application to the Ground Deformation of Paris

Satellite radar interferometry can be used to spatially monitor small vertical ground deformations. When millimeter accuracy is required, the differential interferometry technique is hampered by the ambiguity with atmospheric artifacts. It is also often difficult to obtain a precise evaluation of the kinematic evolution of ground deformations from a set of time, randomly distributed interferograms. We present the results of a least-squares approach coupled with a temporal filtering and applied to a large data set over the City of Paris. The mean deformation rate and a map of areas affected by time, non-linear deformation events are presented. We show that this approach, which provides a chronologically ordered set of phase screens, allows the retrieval of the kinematic parameters of ground deformations as low as 1 to 2 mm per year. Subsiding areas have been detected, and their evolution in time has been quantified. Such an approach can be useful to fully characterize the kinematic evolution of ground deformations in major cities
Modeling Behavioral Measures of Error Detection in Choice Tasks: Response Monitoring versus Conflict Monitoring Response Monitoring

The present study investigated the mechanisms underlying error detection in the error signaling response. The authors tested between a response monitoring account and a conflict monitoring account. By implementing each account within the neural network model of N. (2004), they demonstrated that both accounts make different predictions as to how error signaling performance is influenced by varying the participants' response criterion. These predictions were tested in an experiment using the Eriksen-flanker task. The qualitative pattern as well as a model fit favored the response monitoring account, which states that error detection is mediated by detecting internal error corrections. The ability to detect errors is crucial for the adaptability of the mental system. It supports the optimization of strategies (Laming, 1979; Ridderinkhof, 2002) as well as the acquisition of skills (Holroyd & Coles, 2002). Therefore, the investigation of error detection contributes substantially to an understanding of human cognition. Whereas early efforts almost exclusively focused on behavioral indicators of error detection (e. the main interest. In the present article, we demonstrate that behavioral data can still be valuable for gaining insight into the nature of error processing. Our goal was to investigate the mechanism underlying error signaling, which is a classical behavioral measure of error detection (e.g., Rabbitt, 1968), by comparing the predictions of two prominent models in this area: The idea that error detection consists in monitoring whether an overt response is internally corrected (e.g., Rabbitt, Cumming, & Vyas, 1978), which we call the response monitoring account, and the idea that this is achieved by monitoring response conflict, which is called the conflict monitoring account (Yeung, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2004). To attain this objective, we used the connectionist model of Yeung et al. (2004), which can simulate psychophysiological as well as behavioral measures. Although this model realizes a conflict monitoring account, it can also be used to implement the basic ideas underlying a response monitoring account of error detection. Our method was to simulate both accounts and to test which one provided a better fit to the behavioral measures of error detection. Before we report the experimental data and the modeling results, we give a short overview of the theories involved and relevant empirical measures. In choice tasks, a stimulus usually has to be classified by producing a speeded response according to a prespecified rule. The involved response selection process is often thought to proceed by evidence accumulation for each possible …
From Many to One: Personalized Product Fulfillment Systems

The Web has made personalization a buzzword. Many companies see personalization as an antidote to the commoditization plaguing their industries and the magic formula that will reverse eroding customer loyalties. People have proposed various definitions for the concept of personalization: "Personalization is the use of technology to tailor content to the needs of individual consumers" (Study conducted by Personalization Consortium and Cyber Dialogue, March 2001, www.personalization.org). "On a website, personalization is the process of tailoring pages to individual users' characteristics or preferences. Commonly used to enhance customer service or e-commerce sales, personalization is sometimes referred to as one-to-one marketing, because the enterprise's webpage is tailored to specifically target each individual consumer. Personalization is a means of meeting the customer's needs more effectively and efficiently, making interactions faster and easier and, consequently, increasing customer satisfaction and the likelihood of repeat visits" (www.whatis.com-November 4, 2001). These definitions present a limited view of the potential of personalization, particularly the potential value for customers and for businesses. Personalization may start with Web pages, but if it were only Web deep, we would miss out on much of its value. The Web site is the tip of the 2 iceberg that hints at the fundamental changes that personalization can trigger in the deeper parts of supply chains. To succeed in personalization, companies must do more than customize the content of their Web sites or their products. They must change the way they are organized and how they relate to their suppliers and their customers. Personalization should become a business strategy for matching the firm's resources and capabilities (its people, technologies, and processes) to the specific needs of its individual stakeholders, including customers, employees and business partners. We will focus here on the needs of customers and not those of other stakeholders. In what follows, we present three main themes: 1. In non-digital product categories, to fully benefit from personalization efforts, firms may have to redesign their product realization and fulfillment systems to have the capability for assembling or manufacturing personalized products. (Personalized products and customized products refer to the same thing-the former as viewed by customers and the latter as viewed by firms). 2. There are several enduring trends that are driving firms in many industries to experiment with, and deploy, systems capable of producing and delivering personalized products, with the expectation that this will offer them strategic advantages. 3. There are also many challenges …
Linking bioenergetic function of mitochondria 1 to tissue-specific molecular fingerprints 2

40 Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with diverse functions in tissues such as liver and skeletal 41 muscle. To unravel the mitochondrial contribution to tissue-specific physiology, we performed a 42 systematic comparison of the mitochondrial proteome and lipidome and assessed the consequences 43 hereof for respiration. Liver and skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein composition was studied by 44 data-independent UHPLC-MS/MS-proteomics, lipid profiles were compared by UHPLC-MS/MS 45 lipidomics. Mitochondrial function was investigated by high-resolution respirometry in samples from 46 mice and humans. Enzymes of pyruvate oxidation as well as several subunits of complex I, III, and 47 ATP synthase were more abundant in muscle mitochondria. Muscle mitochondria were enriched in 48 cardiolipins associated with higher oxidative phosphorylation capacity and flexibility, in particular 49 CL(18:2) 4 and 22:6-containing cardiolipins. In contrast, protein equipment of liver mitochondria 50 indicated a shuttling of complex I substrates towards gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis and a higher 51 preference for electron transfer via the flavoprotein quinone oxidoreductase pathway. Concordantly, 52 muscle and liver mitochondria showed distinct respiratory substrate preferences. Muscle respired 53 significantly more on the complex I substrates pyruvate and glutamate, while in liver maximal 54 respiration was supported by complex II substrate succinate. This was a consistent finding in mouse 55 liver and skeletal muscle mitochondria and human samples. Muscle mitochondria are tailored to 56 produce ATP with a high capacity for complex I-linked substrates. Liver mitochondria are more 57 connected to biosynthetic pathways, preferring fatty acids and succinate for oxidation. The 58 physiologic diversity of mitochondria may be the key to tissue-specific disease pathologies and to 59 therapies targeting mitochondrial function.
Commentary: Objective aids for the assessment of ADHD – further clariﬁcation of what FDA approval for marketing means and why NEBA might help clinicians. A response to Arns et al. (2016)

The editorial of Arns et al. on the meaning of FDA approval for marketing of objective aids for the assessment and diagnosis of ADHD helps clarify the distinction between FDA approval and a more general recommendation of a tool as part of best practice. In order to make their point Arns et al. focus on NEBA (Neuropsychiatric EEG-Based ADHD Assessment Aid), an EEG measure based upon the concept that individuals with ADHD have an aberrant theta/beta ratio (TBR), as a case example. We accept this core point and have never claimed that FDA recommend NEBA as a stand-alone diagnostic tool or that the FDA have recommended it as best practice in ADHD assessment. This is important because in the Arns et al. editorial, there is a suggestion that this is a claim we are making. In fact our claim is that NEBA is an integration method that provides additional information to help the clinician address speciﬁc ques-tions relating to the ADHD assessment (FDA, 2013a, b, Snyder, Rugino, Hornig, & Stein, 2015). Of note, the title of the validation article is Integration of an EEG biomarker with a clinician’s ADHD evaluation (Snyder et al., 2015). Why might or the examination
Effect of salt stress on antioxidant system and the metabolism of the reactive oxygen species in Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella tertiolecta

The physiological and biochemical adaptations of two chlorophytes Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella tertiolecta developed to extreme saline environment were assessed in the present study. Both Dunaliella cultures were treated with a range of NaCl concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 4 M NaCl and the influence of salinity on growth and antioxidant parameters were determined. Biomass yields, chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents were reduced at salinity extremes. Protein contents were elevated under low salinities. No evidence or for large change was found in soluble amino acids during salinity stress. Osmoregulation is mediated by glycerol as compatible solute in both Dunaliella species. The maximum glycerol production was observed at high growth salinities. Under hyposaline conditions, a low content of β-carotene was noticed, whereas hypersaline conditions induced an increase in this product, about 1.4 and 1.1-fold more than its value at optimum salinities for D. salina and D. tertiolecta, respectively. An exposure to 0.5, 0.1, and 4 M NaCl increased H2O2 contents were positively correlated with the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The levels of six antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase) and two antioxidant substrates (glutathione and ascorbic acid) were quantified. The data revealed a differential response between D. salina and D. tertiolecta in response to different salinity levels. The involvement of oxidative stress at various salinity levels is implied by the alterations in antioxidant enzymes and substrates, but the specific changes are very different between hypo and hypersaline stress conditions.
Long-term phosphorus trends in Vertisols under continuous cereal cropping

Vertisols originally carrying brigalow vegetation (Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex Benth.) and cultivated for cereal cropping for up to 45 years were examined for trends in available phosphorus (P) [sodium bicarbonate extractable P (bicarb. P) and dilute acid extractable P (acid P)], organic P, inorganic P, and total P. The soils (0-0 · 1 m depth) in their virgin state contained 60 mg/kg of bicarb. P, 168 mg/kg of acid P, 239 mg/kg of organic P, and 330 mg/kg of inorganic P. All fractions of soil P declined following first-order decay with the period of cereal cropping; the rates of bicarb. P and acid P (available P) decline were 0 · 047 and 0 · 08/year. The organic P, inorganic P, and total P declined more slowly than available P; the respective rates were 0 · 026, 0 · 019, and 0 · 021/year. The rates of loss of total P and inorganic P were much higher from the clay-size fraction than the silt-size or sand-size fraction, with the t½ value of inorganic P in the sand-size fraction being almost 20 times greater than any other fraction. On the other hand, organic P loss from the clay-size fraction was much less; presumably, clay provides physical protection to soil organic matter and hence to organic P from decomposition. On average, bicarb. P and acid P declined at the rate of 1 · 3±0 · 3 and 4 · 6±1 · 4 mg P/kg soil · year. The declines in organic P and inorganic P were 3 · 0±0.4 and 4 · 1±1 · 2 mg P/kg soil · year, with a loss in total P of 7 · 2±1 · 3 mg P/kg soil · year. There was no significant shift in the ratio organic P: total P (38±7%) with the period of cultivation and cereal cropping. Organic P was closely correlated with organic C and total N in these soils. The mean amounts of P contained in the grain and the dry matter of each cereal crop from 1981 and 1984 were 7 · 6±1 · 8 and 8 · 3±2 · 4 kg P/ha, respectively. Thus, most of the soil total P loss could be accounted for by crop removal, of which organic P contributed about 40%. However, the continuous decline in available P, especially below 15 mg P/kg soil, warrants remedial measures to arrest the decline in the yields of crops grown on these Vertisols.
Potential contribution of carbon by microphytic crusts in pinyon‐juniper woodlands

Abstract We examined the possibility that microphytic crusts (terrestrial algae, cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses) contribute organ carbon fixed in photosynthesis directly to the soil ecosystem. Microphytic crusts and their underlying soils were collected from pinyon‐juniper woodlands in the fall and in spring. Samples of these crusts were exposed to 14 CO2‐labeled atmosphere. In general, a downward translocation of photosynthate over time from the crust was demonstrated by an increase in 14C content in the soils beneath the crusts. Following a 30‐min exposure to labeled atmosphere, the crusts accumulated as much as 55 × 103 disintegrations per minute (dpm) for a 0.1‐mL subsample volume (in the spring), leveling off about 25 × 103 dpm 10 and 21 days later. The crusts respired from 34 to 36% of the initial fixed carbon. The underlying soils accumulated significant 14C (relative to background) in both fall and spring samples. The source of this increase in 14C radiation in the soil is attributable to carb.
An Application of Subjective Scaling Techniques to Map Evaluation

Abstract Subjective scaling techniques were used to obtain quantitative data from twenty-six pilots and ten navigators in order to determine the perceived dimensions of eighteen 1:250 000 scale maps and to assess the suitability of the maps for en route navigation of low altitude high speed aircraft. Comparisons were made between perceived dimensions and assessments of map efficacy and between pilots' and navigators' assessments.The perceived dimensions correspond to major known differences in cartographic content and coding and were associated with the assessments of map efficacy. None of the maps tested was ideal; and pilots tended to be more critical of the maps than navigators, perhaps because they have less time for map reading in flight. Pilots preferred maps with bold, distinctive layer tint colours for representing relief, and both groups preferred maps with reduced information content and less visual clutter. 1:250 000 scale maps for en route low altitude high speed flight should use smaller sele.