Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlations between earthquakes and large mud volcano eruptions

[1] We examine the potential triggering relationship between large earthquakes and methane mud volcano eruptions. Our data set consists of a 191-year catalog (1810–2001) of eruptions from 77 volcanoes in Azerbaijan, central Asia, supplemented with reports from mud volcano eruptions in Japan, Romania, Pakistan, and the Andaman Islands. We compare the occurrence of historical regional earthquakes (M > 5) with the occurrence of Azerbaijan mud volcano eruptions and find that the number of same-day earthquake/eruption pairs is significantly higher than expected if the eruptions and earthquakes are independent Poisson processes. The temporal correlation between earthquakes and eruptions is most pronounced for nearby earthquakes (within ∼100 km) that produce seismic intensities of Mercalli 6 or greater at the location of the mud volcano. This assumed magnitude/distance relationship for triggering observed in the Azerbaijan data is consistent with documented earthquake-induced mud volcano eruptions elsewhere. We also find a weak correlation that heightened numbers of mud volcano eruptions occur within 1 year after large earthquakes. The distribution of yearly eruptions roughly approximates a Poisson process, although the repose times somewhat favor a nonhomogenous failure rate, which implies that the volcanoes require some time after eruption to recharge. The volcanic triggering likely results from some aspect of the seismic wave's passage, but the precise mechanism remains unclear.
Low frequency variability of tropical cyclone potential intensity 2. Climatology for 1982–1995

[1] In this note, we describe the method of calculating a climatology of tropical cyclone potential intensities for the years 1982–1995, as displayed at http://www.mit. edu/∼emanuel/pcmin/climo.html. The climatology has been constructed from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis and the Reynolds' Global Sea Surface Optimum Interpolation (OI) temperature analysis. We estimate errors in potential intensities resulting from known problems in the data and discuss the results.
Geographies of crisis

This commentary is a response to Larner’s (2011) article ‘C-change? Geographies of crisis’. It applauds her arguments while suggesting that it might be helpful to (re)consider development in the recent period of global(izing) crisis. Furthermore, it discusses what economic geography as a subfield of geography can contribute to better understand C-change.
A brief background on the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed

Watershed research is critical for quantifying the unique characteristics of hydrologic processes worldwide and especially in semiarid regions. In 1953, the United States Department of Agriculture established the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) near Tombstone, Arizona, to conduct hydrologic and erosion research. This manuscript (1) provides a historical context summarizing the evolution of the Southwest Watershed Research Center research program, (2) describes significant contributions to instrumentation development and contributions to science, and (3) describes the current WGEW data collection program in the context of contemporary research questions. The development of specialized flumes for streamflow measurement and the establishment of the core monitoring networks are described. WGEW data have been used to quantify semiarid rainfall, runoff, infiltration, and transmission losses; to develop and validate simulation models; and to support broader, regional, basin‐scale research. Currently, rainfall, runoff, sediment, meteorology, and flux data collection continue at the WGEW, but the monitoring network has been expanded, and data use has evolved to support several multiple government agencies, universities, and international research programs.
Efficacy of MCIMT with Auditory Cueing in order to Augment Functional Motor Recovery of Chronic Hemiparetic Arm

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of functional impairments globally, often resulting in long-term disability and a substantial impact on individuals, families, and caregivers. Learned nonuse, a phenomenon where motor deficits persist after a stroke due to central nervous system suppression, is a significant challenge in stroke rehabilitation. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is a well-established neurorehabilitation approach based on behavioural training, which includes repetitive task-specific training, behavioural techniques, and constraining the use of the more affected upper extremity. CIMT has been successful in improving functionality in chronic hemiparetic stroke patients, promoting cortical reorganization and neural plasticity. Method: This study involved 60 stroke survivors aged 20 or older, selected purposively and meeting specific criteria. Participants underwent an 8-week Modified CIMT (M-CIMT) program with auditory cueing for the hemiparetic upper limb. Data collection included pre-test and post-test assessments using the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and the Motor Activity Log (MAL) to evaluate functional activity. The M-CIMT program comprised warm-up sessions, M-CIMT protocols, and cool-down exercises, conducted five days a week. Results: Following participation in the M-CIMT program, significant improvements were observed in WMFT and MAL scores. The mean pre-test score of 46.60 seconds decreased to a mean post-test score of 16.85 seconds, with highly significant t-values of 14.292 and -51.356 and a p-value of 0.0, indicating a strong correlation between the two datasets. The analysis revealed that M-CIMT effectively enhanced upper extremity function in chronic stroke patients. Conclusion: This study highlights the effectiveness of the Modified CIMT protocol, emphasizing repeated use and a distributed practice schedule, in reducing upper-limb impairment and improving upper-limb use and function in chronic stroke patients. The significant improvement in post-test scores underscores the promise of M-CIMT as a valuable approach for upper extremity rehabilitation following chronic stroke, offering hope for enhanced recovery and improved quality of life for affected individuals. Keywords: Stroke; Rehabilitation; Upper Extremity; Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy; Motor Activity
Global topographical exploration and analysis with the SRTM and ASTER elevation models

Abstract One of the most fundamental geophysical measurements of the Earth is that which describes the shape of its land surface. Topographical data are required by virtually all Earth science disciplines engaged in studies at or near the land surface. Topography is also civilization's most heavily used non-atmospheric geophysical measurement. NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) projects have each completed independent near-global digital elevation measurements at comparable resolutions that approach 30 m spatially and 10 m vertically. Exploration of these datasets provides a new perspective of our planet. Fusion of these datasets will produce a more complete global elevation database, and differentiation of these datasets can be used to quantify select geomorphic processes.
Current variability under landfast sea ice in Lützow‐Holm Bay, Antarctica

Current measurements were made under landfast sea ice in Lutzow-Holm Bay, Antarctica, in 1991. In spite of no direct wind forcing and negligible thermohaline forcing, currents with a magnitude of 0.1–0.3 m s−1 were observed. It is suggested that current variability strongly depends on the extent of the landfast ice on the eastward continental shelf. Before the fast ice edge extends to the shelf break the current at Ongul Strait, located near the continental coast, is highly coherent with the wind with a time lag of 1–1.5 days and somewhat coherent with the adjusted sea level with no time lag at periods of 6–8 days. After the fast ice edge is stably located along the shelf break the current is not at all coherent with the wind or sea level. We infer that the variability at periods of 6–8 days is mainly due to the first-mode shelf wave excited by the wind stress over the eastward continental shelf. The direction of the prevailing current at Ongul Strait changed drastically from southward (the same direction of the wind) to northward in May, although the prevailing wind direction did not change. This change in timing coincides with the rapid development period of the fast ice extent.
Impact Assessment of Wet and Dry Spell on Agriculture Productivity of Chhattisgarh, India

The impact of global warming on the hydrological cycle specifically changes in precipitation patterns and their impact on agriculture in the Chhattisgarh region, the study examines historical rainfall data from 1986 to 2021 and divides the area into 27 sub-divisions for a thorough examination. The study distinguishes between wet and dry spells by using a threshold value of 2.5 mm. To assess the likelihood of wet days, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) model is used, and a correlation analysis finds that a proba¬bility range of 55 to 65% correlates to the maximum agricultural productivity. According to the findings, the best time for the greatest crop yield in the study area is during the rainy season (MJJASO). Farmers are urged to start planting in the second or third week of June to coincide with the onset of rainfall, allowing crops to use rainwater from July through August. For the research area, the period from the end of June to the beginning of October is rated as the most favorable for agricultural operations. Overall, this study improves our understanding of climate conditions, particularly rainfall patterns, and its findings provide useful insights for the agricultural sector and other stakeholders.
Microrna Expression in Response to Murine Myocardial Infarction: Mir-21 Regulates Fibroblast Metalloprotease-2 via Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue

Time for primary review: 24 days Aims MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-tran-scriptional level by either degradation or translational repression of a target mRNA. Encoded in the genome of most eukaryotes, miRNAs have been proposed to regulate specifically up to 90% of human genes through a process known as miRNA-guided RNA silencing. For the first time, we sought to test how myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) changes miR expression. Methods and results Following 2 and 7 h of IR or sham operation, myocardial tissue was collected and subjected to miRNA expression profiling and quantification using a Bioarray system that screens for human-, mice-, rat-, and Ambi-miR. Data mining and differential analyses resulted in 13 miRs that were up-regulated on day 2, 9 miRs that were up-regulated on day 7, and 6 miRs that were down-regulated on day 7 post-IR. Results randomly selected from expression profiling were validated using real-time PCR. Tissue elements laser-captured from the infarct site showed marked induction of miR-21. In situ hybridization studies using locked nucleic acid miR-21-specific probe identified that IR-inducible miR-21 was specifically localized in the infarct region of the IR heart. Immunohistochemistry data show that cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are the major cell type in the infarct zone. Studies with isolated CFs demonstrated that phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is a direct target of miR-21. Modulation of miR-21 regulated expression of matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) via a PTEN pathway. Finally, we noted a marked decrease in PTEN expression in the infarct zone. This decrease was associated with increased MMP-2 expression in the infarct area. Conclusion This work constitutes the first report describing changes in miR expression in response to IR in the mouse heart, showing that miR-21 regulates MMP-2 expression in CFs of the infarct zone via a PTEN pathway.
Cardioprotection with helium and anesthetics in healthy and diseased

Background: Preconditioning is abolished in the prediabetic Zucker obese rat. It has been shown that prevention of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening is involved in preconditioning by the noble gas helium. Here we investigated (1) whether helium induces pre-and postconditioning in Zucker rats, and (2) whether possible regulators of the mPTP (i.e. mitochondrial respiration or the Erk1/2, Akt/GSK-3beta signaling pathway) are influenced. Methods: Anesthetized Zucker lean (ZL) and obese (ZO) rats were randomized to seven groups. Control animals were not treated (ZL-/ZO-Con). Preconditioning groups (ZL-/ZO-He-PC) inhaled 70% helium for 3x5 or 6x5 minutes, postconditioning groups (ZL-/ZO-He-PostC) inhaled 70% helium for 15 min at the onset of reperfusion. Animals underwent 25 minutes of ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion. In additional experiments, hearts were excised after the 3rd helium exposure for analysis of mitochondrial respiration and for Western blot analysis of Erk1/2, Akt and GSK-3beta phosphorylation. Results: Helium reduced infarct size from 52±3% (mean±SE) to 32±2% and 37±2% in ZL rats (ZL-HE-PC, ZL-He-PostC), respectively, but not in ZO rats (ZO-He-PC: 56±3%, ZO-He-PC(6x): 57±4% and ZO-He-PostC: 51±3% vs. ZO-Con: 54±3%). Mitochondrial respiration analysis showed that helium causes mild uncoupling in ZL rats (2.27±0.03 vs. 2.51±0.
The General Case of Progressive Fault Displacement of Flights of Degradational Terraces

Abstract The general case of faulting and river erosion (both lateral and vertical) is discussed. It is shown that the presence of channels and a knowledge of tread widths are needed to measure actual lateral fault displacement, and differences in riser heights are needed to find the true rate of downcutting. To compare rates of faulting with rates of downcutting, only horizontal faulting can be used in that part of New Zealand where the deformation consists dominantly of lateral shear.
Modulation of Caecal Microbiota and Metabolome Profile in Salmonella-Infected Broilers by Phage Therapy

Bacteriophage therapy is considered one of the most promising tools to control zoonotic bacteria, such as Salmonella, in broiler production. Phages exhibit high specificity for their targeted bacterial hosts, causing minimal disruption to the niche microbiota. However, data on the gut environment’s response to phage therapy in poultry are limited. This study investigated the influence of Salmonella phage on host physiology through caecal microbiota and metabolome modulation using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and an untargeted metabolomics approach. We employed 24 caecum content samples and 24 blood serum samples from 4-, 5- and 6-week-old broilers from a previous study where Salmonella phages were administered via feed in Salmonella-infected broilers, which were individually weighed weekly. Phage therapy did not affect the alpha or beta diversity of the microbiota. Specifically, we observed changes in the relative abundance of 14 out of the 110 genera using the PLS-DA and Bayes approaches. On the other hand, we noted changes in the caecal metabolites (63 up-accumulated and 37 down-accumulated out of the 1113 caecal metabolites). Nevertheless, the minimal changes in blood serum suggest a non-significant physiological response. The application of Salmonella phages under production conditions modulates the caecal microbiome and metabolome profiles in broilers without impacting the host physiology in terms of growth performance.
3D Seismic-gravity Simultaneous Joint Inversion for Near Surface Velocity Estimation

A novel 3D simultaneous joint inversion scheme for gravity and seismic travel time data is developed to solve for near-surface complex velocity distributions. The method incorporates industry-standard gravity and travel time inversion techniques while the joint inversion problem is solved by the introduction of various regularization functions about the model such as a-priori parameter distribution information, solution-space bounds, structural similarity via cross-gradient constraints and rock physics relations. The effectiveness of our joint inversion is demonstrated against a synthetic model representing a complex pattern of near-surface anomalies incorporating low and high velocity and density bodies. Results demonstrate the superiority of our approach where the shallow anomalies are better reconstructed by the joint inversion rather than that obtained by the single-domain inversions. The developed algorithm is tested with real data from Saudi Arabia acquired over a wadi structure. The results show a significant uplift of the time stack using the seismic-gravity joint inversion velocity model. The developed methodology is part of a multi-geophysics platform for near-surface velocity model building in complex geology scenarios.
Northern hemisphere teleconnection patterns during extreme phases of the zonal-mean circulation

Abstract Regional climate, anomalies associated with year-to-year changes in the tropospheric zonal-mean zonal wind (ū) are examined. This study focuses on the wintertime Northern Hemisphere extratropics and compares seasonal mean anomalies associated with ū to those associated with the El Nino–Southern Oscillation during the 1947–94 period. Dynamical model experiments indicate that a single zonal index, characterized by out-of-phase ū anomalies at 35° and 55°N, is of primary importance for zonal flow/stationary wave interactions in the Northern Hemisphere extratropies. Such fluctuations in the zonal-mean zonal flow are shown to occur independently of tropical SST variability, consistent with earlier studies. Dynamical model experiments and regression analyses of the historical data indicate that such a zonal index explains a significant fraction of the wintertime stationary wave variability in several regions. The principal centers of action reside within wave trains over the North Pacific–North American.
Complete Blood Count Alterations Prior to the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer May Help in the Detection of Synchronous Liver Metastases

Background and Aims: Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents 10% of all cancers worldwide with the highest incidence in developed countries; its incidence is also increasing in middle- and low-income countries. Population screening programs facilitate early diagnosis of the disease. When the diagnosis is carried out in advanced stages, approximately 80% of patients with liver metastases (LM) are considered unresectable at the time of diagnosis. In our study, variations in blood counts prior to CRC diagnosis were analyzed to assess whether they could be useful in identifying smaller, more manageable metastases at earlier stages for more effective treatment. Methods: A study was carried out using complete blood counts (CBCs) from CRC patients, obtained from primary health centers and the La Ribera University Hospital within La Ribera Health Department, Valencian Community, Spain, between July 2012 and September 2020. Data from CRC patients who presented synchronous liver metastasis (CRLM) were compared with those with CRC without LM at diagnosis (CRC patients). Results: Our analysis shows that at least 15 months before CRC diagnosis, a progressive alteration was observed in CBC parameters in both groups. A higher incidence of anemia (p < 0.001) was observed among CRLM patients in the three months prior to CRC diagnosis than in CRC patients showing no LM. Conclusions: A statistically significant deterioration of CBC was observed in patients with advanced-stage CRC and synchronous or early LM (CRLM) in the three months prior to diagnosis. The primary goal of incorporating CBC variations into predictive models is to identify individuals who are at a greater risk of developing metastatic colon cancer, leading to early diagnosis. Our research improves these models by highlighting a more pronounced and rapid decline in hemoglobin levels among CRLM patients. Identification of metastases at an earlier stage when they are smaller, more manageable, and more amenable to treatment may be a valuable tool to prevent their further progression.
Specification and Prediction of Global Surface Temperature and Precipitation from Global SST Using CCA

Abstract A reconstructed sea surface temperature (SST) dataset is used to examine relationships between SST and seasonal mean surface temperature (T) and total precipitation (P) over most of the global continents for the 1950–92 period. Both specification (i.e., simultaneous) and predictive relations are studied. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is used to describe the relationships and to provide information aiding in physical interpretation. A sequence of four consecutive 3-month periods of global SST anomalies is related to T and P anomalies during the fourth period for the specification analyses, and to 3-month periods ranging from one to four seasons later for the predictive analyses. Dynamical specifications of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) atmospheric model, using observed SST anomalies as boundary conditions, are also examined for confirmation of and comparison with the statistical specification relationships suggested by the CCA. Specification and predictive cross-v.
Measurement of extinction‐to‐backscatter ratio for near‐surface aerosols

A method for measuring the local extinction-to-backscatter ratio of atmospheric aerosols is described and demonstrated using aerosols indigenous to the arid southwestern United States. The approach employs simultaneous observations from two separate devices: one a nephelometer (for the extinction measurement) and the other a backscattersonde operated at ground level (for the backscatter measurement). Since the instruments may be deficient in measuring the true scattering coefficients for some aerosols, optical response models are employed to estimate the magnitude of possible errors and make modest corrections to improve the accuracy of the final values. It is found that the measured extinction-to-backscatter ratio is similar to the values calculated from a simple optical model employing homogeneous spherical aerosols with sizes and bulk composition comparable to the aerosol associated with the measurements. Thus possible nonspherical particle scattering effects were not distinctly observed for the aerosols sampled.
Diffusion control of garnet growth, Harpswell Neck, Maine, USA

A detailed analysis of chemical zoning in two garnet crystals from Harpswell Neck, Maine, forms the basis of an interpretation of garnet nucleation and growth mechanisms. Garnet apparently nucleates initially on crenulations of mica and chlorite and quickly overgrows the entire crenulation, giving rise to complex two‐dimensional zoning patterns depending on the orientation of the thin section cut. Contours of Ca zoning cross those of Mn, Fe and Mg, indicating a lack of equilibrium among these major garnet constituents. Zoning of Fe, Mg and Mn is interpreted to reflect equilibrium with the rock matrix, whereas Ca zoning is interpreted to be controlled by diffusive transport between the matrix and the growing crystal.