Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REAL-SPACE MULTIPLE-SCATTERING CALCULATION AND INTERPRETATION OF X-RAY-ABSORPTION NEAR-EDGE STRUCTURE

A self-consistent real-space multiple-scattering (RSMS) approach for calculations of x-ray-absorption near-edge structure (XANES) is presented and implemented in an {ital ab initio} code applicable to arbitrary aperiodic or periodic systems. This approach yields a quantitative interpretation of XANES based on simultaneous, self-consistent-field (SCF) calculations of local electronic structure and x-ray absorption spectra, which include full multiple scattering from atoms within a small cluster and the contributions of high-order MS from scatterers outside that cluster. In addition, the code includes a SCF estimate of the Fermi energy and an account of orbital occupancy and charge transfer. We also present a qualitative, scattering-theoretic interpretation of XANES. Sample applications are presented for cubic BN, UF{sub 6}, Pu hydrates, and distorted PbTiO{sub 3}. Limitations and various extensions are also discussed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Spectroscopy on some g symmetry states in H2 and determination of the ionization potential

Term values of 14 levels of $\mathrm{EF}{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}(v=19),$ $\mathrm{GK}{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}(v=0),$ $I{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{g}(v=0),$ and $J{}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{g}(v=0)$ states in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ have been calibrated in a two-step laser excitation experiment with an accuracy of $0.006 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}. $ Combined with literature data on inter-Rydberg transitions these highly accurate values on g symmetry levels yield an independent determination of the ionization potential in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ at $124417.476 (12) {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},$ which is consistent with previous experimental values and with ab initio calculation.
The complex nature of the interacting system NGC 7592

A detailed analysis of the physical conditions and of the kinematical and dynamical properties of the system of interacting galaxies NGC 7592, the western component of which shows signs of Seyfert activity, is presented. Medium resolution long-slit spectra taken at different position angles along the nuclei show that the Hα, Hβ, [O III] λλ 4959, 5007, [N II] λλ 6548, 6583; [S II] λλ 6716, 6731, and [O II] λλ 3726, 3729 emission lines are spatially extended over a size comparable to the size of the system. The aspect and the kinematics of the galaxies suggest that a prograde encounter between the eastern and the western component of the system is occurring. The large Hα luminosity indicates that all galaxies are undergoing a strong burst of star formation, with a very large global star formation rate
Electron capture behaviors of deep level traps in unintentionally doped and intentionally doped n-type GaN

In n-type GaN films grown on sapphire substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition such as unintentionally GaN and intentionally Si-doped GaN and In-doped GaN, the electron capture behaviors were investigated by deep level transient spectroscopy with various filling pulse durations. Two distinct deep levels E1 and E2 were typically observed in unintentionally doped n-type GaN. After optimized growth of undoped GaN, deep level E1 disappears. With increasing Si doping, the trap concentration of deep level E2 is increased. However, In doping in n-type GaN growth was found to suppress the formation of deep level E2. The electrons captured at the traps E1 and E2 were found to depend logarithmically on the duration time of the filling pulse. From an analysis of a model involving barrier-limited capture rate, it can be concluded that deep level E1 is associated with linear line defects along dislocation cores while deep level E2 is related to point defects.
Atomic decomposition of a real Hardy space for Jacobi analysis

Abstract Let (ℝ+, Δ(x)dx) be a Jacobi hypergroup with weight function Δ(x) = c(sinh x)2α+1(cosh x)2β+1. As in the Euclidean case, the real Hardy space H 1(Δ) for (ℝ+, Δ(x)dx) is defined as the set of all locally integrable functions on ℝ+ whose radial maximal functions belong to L 1(Δ). In this paper we give a characterization of H 1(Δ) in terms of weighted Triebel–Lizorkin spaces on ℝ via the Abel transform. As an application, we introduce three types of atoms for (ℝ+, Δ), one of them is smooth, and give an atomic decomposition of H 1(Δ).
Nonlinearities in silicon-on-insulator optical waveguides

Recent results on the nonlinear optical properties of silicon-on-insulator waveguides are reviewed. Interest on two photon absorption (TPA) in silicon has been raised by its potential applications for square law detection in autocorrelators for measuring pulsewidths and cross correlators for high speed all-optical clock recovery, high speed optical switches and optical wavelength conversion. The results reported by different groups on two photon absorption, optical Kerr effect, and Raman gain are compared and the range of possible values for the nonlinear figure of merit are calculated. The nonlinear figure of merit obtained from the average values of the various published experimental values suggests that silicon is suitable for all-optical nonlinear refractive switches which need only pi phase change but is not suitable for switches which need several pi of nonlinear phase change. The recent developments on obtaining optical gain using stimulated Raman scattering in silicon are also discussed.
On the asymptotic behaviour of a quantum two-body system in the small mass ratio limit

We consider a quantum system of two particles in dimension three interacting via a smooth potential. We characterize the asymptotic dynamics in the limit of small mass ratio for an initial state given in product form, with an explicit control of the error. An application to the decoherence effect produced on the heavy particle is also discussed.
Quantile-Based Metrics Applied to Process Performance

Commonly used metrics are usually evaluated under the assumption that the data have a more-or-less normal distribution. However, often the data are actually skewed. Some metric expressions evaluated under the normality assumption can contain substantial errors. Normality is a special case for distributions in general. Standard statistical software packages will often automatically generate key quantile values sufficient to aid in expressions that properly characterize distributions and accurately evaluate performance metrics. This leads to better evaluation of incremental process improvements. This article shows how quantile-based metric evaluations can be applied to all process specification variables to assess their relative performance. Sample size calculations are also more accurate when quantile-based expressions are used.
Fast edge-based method for image magnification

Abstract For image magnification, nearest-neighbourhood interpolation, linear interpolation and bicubic interpolation are preferable for their rapidity, but they have a step-like boundary problem or blurring effect. To improve these defects, many edge-based methods have already been proposed, and some are being developed. Nevertheless, their high complexities prevent them from being popular. This paper proposes a new fast edge-based method. Several assumptions are made to speed up the edge estimation process, and several simple hybrid interpolations are proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is fast and the magnified images are vivid with sharp edges and smooth homogeneous areas.
A new design of 4x10Gb/s transceiver module for ethernet applications

With the drastic data traffic requirements of Internet, the demand of high bandwidth optical communication for local-area-network (LAN) and storage-area-network (SAN) are increasing. A novel design of Z-axis pluggable 4x10Gb/s fiber-optic transceiver module, which owns the advantages of high port density, low cost, thermal stability and compact size is studied in this paper. The Xenpak-like transceiver modules with 4 channels LC type connectors are designed in the Xenpak mechanical dimension specified in Xenpak Multi-Source Agreement (MSA) to accomplish signal transmission. The Xenpak-like 850nm transceiver modules make use of the 70-way two-row electrical connector, which is originally designed for 10Gigabit Extended Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI), to transmit and receive the 4x10G/bs signal. A signal compensated circuit would be not only implemented to solve and overcome the loss and distortion of the connector interface but to improve signal integrity of 10Gb/s data transmitted over 100mm distance with standard FR4 printed circuit board. Moreover, in order to improve the performance of high-density printed circuit, the effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) will also consider and discuss in this study. The optical performance of each lane of transceiver module is evaluated to pass the requirements of 10Gigabit Ethernet, respectively. The transmit eye diagram of each lane in the Xenpak-like transceiver modules is tested compliant with 10GE eye mask. And the extinction ratio of each transmitter is also evaluated above 3.5dB, averagely. Besides, the receiver sensitivity of each lane is demonstrated below -11dBm. To fulfill the future traffic demand of Ethernet, the authors have provided an alternative and novel design of 4x10Gb/s transceiver module for LAN/SAN applications.
Locating basic colours in the munsell space

This experiment extends the work of Boynton and Olson by providing a replication of their OSA studies, but using the Munsell system. It aims to define the location of the eleven basic surface colours within Munsell space using a monolexemic colour naming technique, and to improve sampling from the red and neutral regions. A comparison of the Munsell and OSA results reveals that while the centroids obtained using the two systems correspond reasonably well, the Munsell focal samples have a much higher saturation than their OSA counterparts. This is undoubtedly due to the more restricted range of the OSA system and calls into question the status of the focal samples previously identified. the existence of Berlin and Kay's eleven basic colour categories is confirmed and their locations identified within Munsell colour space.
An integral imaging method for depth extraction with lens array in an optical tweezer system

In this paper, a new integral imaging method is proposed for depth extraction in an optical tweezer system. A mutual coherence algorithm of stereo matching are theoretically analyzed and demonstrated feasible by virtual simulation. In our design, optical tweezer technique is combined with integral imaging in a single microscopy system by inserting a lens array into the optical train. On one hand, the optical tweezer subsystem is built based on the modulated light field from a solid laser, and the strong focused beam forms a light trap to capture tiny specimens. On the other hand, through parameters optimization, the microscopic integral imaging subsystem is composed of a microscope objective, a lens array (150x150 array with 0.192mm unit size and 9mm focal length) and a single lens reflex (SLR). Pre-magnified by the microscope objective, the specimens formed multiple images through the lens array. A single photograph of a series of multiple sub-images has recorded perspective views of the specimens. The differences between adjacent sub-images have been analyzed for depth extraction with the mutual coherence algorithm. The experimental results show that the axial resolution can reach to 1μm -1 and lateral resolution can reach to 2 μm -1.
HYDRODYNAMIC AND HEAT TRANSFER STUDY OF DISPERSED FLUIDS WITH SUBMICRON METALLIC OXIDE PARTICLES

Turbulent friction and heat transfer behaviors of dispersed fluids (i.e., uttrafine metallic oxide particles suspended in water) in a circular pipe were investigated experimentally. Viscosity measurements were also conducted using a Brookfield rotating viscometer. Two different metallic oxide particles, γ-alumina (Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), with mean diameters of 13 and 27 nm, respectively, were used as suspended particles. The Reynolds and Prandtl numbers varied in the ranges l04-I05 and 6.5-12.3, respectively. The viscosities of the dispersed fluids with γ-Al2O3 and TiO2 particles at a 10% volume concentration were approximately 200 and 3 times greater than that of water, respectively. These viscosity results were significantly larger than the predictions from the classical theory of suspension rheology. Darcy friction factors for the dispersed fluids of the volume concentration ranging from 1% to 3% coincided well with Kays' correlation for turbulent flow of a single-phase fluid. The Nusselt n.
EVIDENCE FOR A LOW-DENSITY COMPONENT IN THE BROAD-LINE REGION OF SEYFERT GALAXIES.

It is found that the forbidden 4959-5007 A broad O III lines, good candidates for the excess shelf emission, are found in the vicinity of H-beta in Seyfert 1 galaxy spectra. The shelf-study method used to remove Fe II assumes that the profiles of the contributors to the shelf are known, and that subtraction of these contributors in the correct amount will result in a fairly smooth H-beta profile. Data were obtained with the Ohio State University Image-Dissector Scanner with a 600 line/mm grating, on a 1.8-m reflector. The estimated cloud electron density of 1 billion/sq cm is at the low end of those used for BLR photoionization models. The presence of a broad residual emission feature in the neighborhood of 5050 A after subtraction of the shelf is thought to be the result of a weak broad emission in this range from yet another species.
On Solutions to Nonlinear Reaction–Diffusion–Convection Equations with Degenerate Diffusion

This paper consists of three parts. In Section 2, the Cauchy problem for general reaction-convection equations with a special diffusion term G(u)=um in multidimensional space is studied and Holder estimates of weak solutions with explicit Holder exponents are obtained by applying the maximum principle. In Section 3, for any nondecreasing smooth function G, the sharp regularity estimate G(u)∈C(1) up to the boundaries for the radial solution u of the general equation of Newtonian filtration is obtained by applying the maximum principle with the Minty's device. A direct by-product is the sharp regularity estimate of the temperature to the classical two-phase Stefan model. In Section 4, the Holder continuity of weak solutions of the initial-boundary value problem for general nonlinear reaction–diffusion–convection equations is considered. Under the critical condition on the diffusion function G: meas{u: G′(u)=g(u)=0}=0, we obtain a Holder continuous solution u and the sharp regularity estimate G(u)∈C(1) up to the boundaries. Our proof is based on the maximum principle.
Electrically assisted self-confinement and waveguiding in planar nematic liquid crystal cells

We report on spatial soliton formation and self/cross waveguiding in planar cells containing a nematic liquid crystal in the presence of an externally applied voltage. Self-confinement and cross-induced guidance are demonstrated with an Argon ion laser (514 nm) and a helium–neon probe (633 nm), respectively, over millimeter lengths and with milliwatt pump powers.
Generalized convex composite multi-objective nonsmooth programming and conditional proper efficiency

The concept of conditional proper efficiency has been incorporated to develop the duality theory for nonsmooth constrained multiobjective optimization problems where the objective functions. and the constraints are compositions of V-invex functions, V-pseudo-invex functions and V-quasi-invex functions and locally Lipschitz and Gateaux differentiable functions. Lagrangian necessary conditions. and new sufficient optirnality conditions for efficient and conditionally properly efficient solutions are presented. Some applications are also given
Plasmonic properties of a nanoporous gold film investigated by far-field and near-field optical techniques

We report a study of the plasmonic properties of a 20-nm-thick nanoporous Au film by far-field and near-field optical techniques. The film is prepared sequentially by deposition of gold and copper, thermal annealing, and chemical etching, and has randomly distributed nanopores with sizes ranging between 20 and 350 nm. The absorbance of the nanoporous Au film is much higher than that of a plain Au film and can be attributed to the conversion of incident light into surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). In addition, a broad peak appears at around 630 nm in the scattering spectrum and serves as evidence of hole plasmon resonance. From transmission mode near-field scanning optical microscopy measurements, two types of local field enhancement are observed. One has a small spatial extent of around 200 nm and the other has a large spatial extent of around 1 μm. The two types of enhancement correspond to strong and weak SPP localizations, respectively.
Classification trees: an alternative to traditional land cover classifiers

Abstract Classification trees are a powerful alternative to more traditional approaches of land cover classification. Trees provide a hierarchical and nonlinear classification method and are suited to handling non-parametric training data as well as categorical or missing data. By revealing the predictive hierarchical structure of the independent variables, the tree allows for great flexibility in data analysis and interpretation. In this Letter, we compare a tree' s performance to that of a maximum likelihood classifier using a 1° by 1° global data sel. The tree's accuracy in classifying a validation dala set is comparable to that when using maximum likelihood (82 per cent). The tree also may be used to reduce the dimensionality of data sets and to find those metrics that are most useful for discriminating among cover types.
High Quality GaN Grown by Facet‐Controlled ELO (FACELO) Technique

We fabricated high-quality GaN by low-pressure metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (LP-MOVPE) using Facet Controlled Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (FACELO) technique. Density and distribution of threading dislocations (TDs) in the GaN epitaxial layer strongly depended on the ELO mask and window widths, and were related to facet structures during the ELO process. It was found that tilt and twist of c-axis in the FACELO GaN were very small. Low temperature cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra of the FACELO GaN with low TD density exhibited excellent crystallographic quality.
An improved maximally permissive deadlock prevention policy based on the theory of regions and reduction approach

The theory of regions has been recognised as the powerful method of deadlock prevention policy for obtaining maximally permissive controllers. It is well known that all legal and live maximal behaviour of Petri net models can be preserved by using marking/transition-separation instances (MTSIs) or event-state-separation-problem (ESSP) methods. However, they encountered great difficulties in solving all sets of inequalities that is an extremely time-consuming problem. Moreover, the number of linear programming problems (LPPs) of legal markings is also exponential with net size when a plant net grows exponentially. This work proposes a novel methodology to reduce the number of MTSIs, ESSPs and LPPs. To do so, the reachability condition equations in the theory of region can be reduced under the reduction approach. The problem of LPPs can then be reduced. Additionally, crucial marking/transition-separation instances is developed in our deadlock prevention policy that allows designers to employ few MTSIs to deal with deadlocks. The advantage of the proposed policy is that a maximally permissive controller can be obtained with drastically reduced computation. Finally, experimental results infer that our proposed policy seems to be the most efficient policy among existing methods.
The Dependence of the Motion of Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Vortices on Their Size

Abstract A statistical analysis of the daily displacement and size of cyclones and anticyclones appearing over the Northern Hemisphere for a 2-yr period is described. The longitudinal motion of both types of vortices is inversely proportional to their size. In middle and high latitudes the poleward motion of cyclones is directly proportional to their size. At all latitudes the systems move in the same direction as the vertically averaged zonal wind component but at a slightly lower speed. Significant correlations were found between central pressure and size, and between maximum size and lifetime for both cyclones and anticyclones.
Topological entropy and periods of graph maps

We give a complete description of the set of periods of continuous self-maps on graphs which have zero topological entropy and have all their branching points fixed. As a corollary, we get a criterion for positive topological entropy for continuous self-maps on graphs. We also prove that the results are optimal.
Rotation Invariant Pattern Recognition

This paper reports on recent progress on invariant pattern recognition. Circular harmonic component (CHC) matched filters allow pattern recognition that is invariant under translations and rotations of the objects, and does not require segmentation of the object from its background. Now that the problem of the proper center for expansion of the filter has been solved, it has become easier to use such filters. The performance of the filter may be improved without using multiple filters by using composite CHC filters. When both target discrimination and sidelobe reduction are required, a composite filter that is an average between two composite filters must be used. The use of other invariant features is discussed.
Second-order invex functions in nonlinear programming

We introduce a notion of a second-order invex function. A Fréchet differentiable invex function without any further assumptions is second-order invex. It is shown that the inverse claim does not hold. A Fréchet differentiable function is second-order invex if and only if each second-order stationary point is a global minimizer. Two complete characterizations of these functions are derived. It is proved that a quasiconvex function is second-order invex if and only if it is second-order pseudoconvex. Further, we study the nonlinear programming problem with inequality constraints whose objective function is second-order invex. We introduce a notion of second-order type I objective and constraint functions. This class of problems strictly includes the type I invex ones. Then we extend a lot of sufficient optimality conditions with generalized convex functions to problems with second-order type I invex objective function and constraints. Additional optimality results, which concern type I and second-order type I invex data are obtained. An answer to the question when a kernel, which is not identically equal to zero, exists is given.
Unusual photon tunneling in the presence of a layer with a negative refractive index

Recent experiments give evidence of a negative refractive index at microwave frequencies in a microstructured material. This discovery may allow some unique features associated with negative- refraction materials to be observed and applied. This letter describes the calculated results for photon tunneling via evanescent fields in the presence of a layer of negative-refraction material, also known as a left-handed material (LHM) in contrast to the conventional right-handed materials (RHMs). We show that photons may tunnel through a much greater distance when a LHM that has the same magnitudes of refractive index, relative permeability, and thickness as those of the RHM (which could also be air or vacuum) is included between two semi-infinite media.