Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A macroscopically effective Lorentz gauge theory of gravity

Following the ideas of effective field theories, we derive classically effective field equations of the recently developed Lorentz gauge theory of gravity. It is shown that Newton’s gravitational constant emerges as an effective coupling parameter if an extremely small length is integrated out of the underlying theory. The linear version of the effective theory is shown to be fully consistent with the Newtonian gravity. We also derive a numerical solution for the interior of a star and show that in the nonlinear regions, the behavior of the effective theory deviates from the predictions of general relativity.
APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD DATA STORAGE FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF PRIVACY-PRESERVING DATA ANALYSIS

Nowadays, more and more data are being created and analysed. Users were able to save their data in the cloud and access it whenever they needed to owe to Cloud Storage Service (CSS). Due to the possibility that sensitive data will be shared with unauthorised parties, outsourcing to the cloud raises serious privacy concerns. That's why encryption is a must before sending data off-site.
A WIDE-FIELD PHOTOMETRIC SURVEY FOR EXTRATIDAL TAILS AROUND FIVE METAL-POOR GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE GALACTIC HALO

Wide-field deep g′r′i′ images obtained with the Megacam of the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope are used to investigate the spatial configuration of stars around five metal-poor globular clusters M15, M30, M53, NGC 5053, and NGC 5466, in a field-of-view ∼3°. Applying a mask filtering algorithm to the color–magnitude diagrams of the observed stars, we sorted cluster's member star candidates that are used to examine the characteristics of the spatial stellar distribution surrounding the target clusters. The smoothed surface density maps and the overlaid isodensity contours indicate that all of the five metal-poor globular clusters exhibit strong evidence of extratidal overdensity features over their tidal radii, in the form of extended tidal tails around the clusters. The orientations of the observed extratidal features show signatures of tidal tails tracing the clusters' orbits, inferred from their proper motions, and effects of dynamical interactions with the Galaxy. Our findings include detections of a tidal bridge-like feature and an envelope structure around the pair of globular clusters M53 and NGC 5053. The observed radial surface density profiles of target clusters have a deviation from theoretical King models, for which the profiles show a break at 0.5–0.7rt, extending the overdensity features out to 1.5–2rt. Both radial surface density profiles for different angular sections and azimuthal number density profiles confirm the overdensity features of tidal tails around the five metal-poor globular clusters. Our results add further observational evidence that the observed metal-poor halo globular clusters originate from an accreted satellite system, indicative of the merging scenario of the formation of the Galactic halo.
Manufacturer’s Incentive Strategies in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain with Moral Hazard: A Long-Term Perspective

Moral hazard have a non-negligible impact on supply chain sustainability, especially from a long-term perspective. This influence is more complicated in a dual-channel supply chain with free riding. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how manufacturers design multi-period incentive strategies in a dual-channel supply chain to deal with moral hazard problems from retailers. In this study, we built a game theory model that contains a retailer (she) who is delegated by a manufacturer (he) to sell products in her offline and online channels and to provide experience services in a physical store. The retailer has the option of exerting effort when providing experience services to boost demand. We explored and compared the manufacturer’s strategies that cover a time horizon of multiple periods under two circumstances: full information and repeated moral hazard. The following conclusions were drawn from this study. In the repeated moral hazard game, the incentive constraints of the retailer are only related to her current and the next-period profits and independent from the profits in other periods. Moreover, the incentive strategies in each period are affected by the historical information in the previous period, while the strategies under information symmetry are not affected by history. Specially, the manufacturer can induce effort by charging an up-front payment from the retailer in the previous period and then returning a utility based on the achieved demand. Therefore, the manufacturer can postpone the payment of incentive costs and shift the risk to the next period. Furthermore, the manufacturer’s incentive strategies are also affected by the free-riding effect between channels. That is, compared with the low-state transfer payment, the high-state transfer payment was found to be more sensitive to free riding.
A new set of equations describing immiscible two-phase flow in isotropic porous media

Based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics we derive a set of general equations relating the partial volumetric flow rates to each other and to the total volumetric flow rate in immiscible two-phase flow in porous media. These equations together with the conservation of saturation reduces the immiscible two-phase flow problem to a single-phase flow problem of a complex fluid. We discuss the new equation in terms of the relative permeability equations. We test the equations on model systems, both analytically and numerically.
Introducing students to neural communication

Learning about neural communication can be a dry and challenging undertaking, particularly for students without a background in biology. To enhance learning of this and other STEM material, there has been a call for science educators to embrace the use of active learning techniques. The aim of this Brief Communication is to encourage the use of embodied metaphors in the university classroom by sharing an active learning method for introducing students to a number of key concepts in neural communication. The students work in pairs or small groups, using foam projectiles such as Nerf guns to work through several metaphors for electrical and chemical processes including action potentials, neurotransmission and receptor action, excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials and neurotransmitter inactivation. The activities are easy to stage and lend themselves well to customisation based on available class size, classroom space, and resources. Student feedback showed that the activities improved self-reported impressions of understanding and ability to convey key concepts to others. The activities thus can serve as a useful method of student engagement and help develop understanding of complex material in a neuroscience classroom.
Ambiguities in the rate of oxygen formation during stellar helium burning in the 12 C(α,γ) reaction

The rate of oxygen formation determines the C/O ratio during stellar helium burning. It is the single most important nuclear input of stellar evolution theory including the evolution of Type II and Type Ia supernova. Yet the low energy cross section of the fusion of 4He + 12C denoted as the 12C(a,g)16O reaction still remains uncertain after forty years of extensive work. We analyze and critically review the most recent measurements of complete angular distributions of the outgoing gamma-rays at very low energies (Ecm > 1.0 MeV). Our analysis of the angular distribution measured with the EUROGAM/GANDI arrays lead us to conclude considerably larger error bars than published hence they are excluded from the current sample of "world data". We show that the current sample of "world data" of the measured E2 cross section factors below 1.7 MeV cluster to two distinct groups that lead to two distinct extrapolations of SE2(300) ~ 60 or ~ 154 keVb. We point to a much neglected discrepancy between the measured E1-E2 phase difference (phi_12) and unitarity as required by the Watson theorem, suggesting systematic problem(s) of some of the measured gamma-ray angular distributions. The ambiguity of the extrapolated SE2(300) together with a previously observed ambiguity of SE1(300) represent the current state of the art of the field and they must be resolved by future measurements of complete and detailed angular distributions of the 12C(a,g) reaction at very low energies (Ecm < 1.0 MeV).
Nernst Effect in Magnetized Plasmas

We present nanosecond timescale Vlasov-Fokker-Planck-Maxwell modeling of magnetized plasma transport and dynamics in a hohlraum with an applied external magnetic field, under conditions similar to recent experiments. Self-consistent modeling of the kinetic electron momentum equation allows for a complete treatment of the heat flow equation and Ohm's Law, including Nernst advection of magnetic fields. In addition to showing the prevalence of non-local behavior, we demonstrate that effects such as anomalous heat flow are induced by inverse bremsstrahlung heating. We show magnetic field amplification up to a factor of 3 from Nernst compression into the hohlraum wall. The magnetic field is also expelled towards the hohlraum axis due to Nernst advection faster than frozen-in-flux would suggest. Non-locality contributes to the heat flow towards the hohlraum axis and results in an augmented Nernst advection mechanism that is included self-consistently through kinetic modeling.
Abundance variations in the globular cluster M71 (NGC 6838)

Context. Abundance variations in moderately metal-rich globular clusters can give clues about the formation and chemical enrichment of globular clusters. Aims. CN, CH, Na, Mg and Al indices in spectra of 89 stars of the template metal-rich globular cluster M71 are measured and implications on internal mixing are discussed. Methods. Stars from the turn-off up to the Red Giant Branch (0.87 < log g < 4.65) observed with the GMOS multi-object spectrograph at the Gemini-North telescope are analyzed. Radial velocities, colours, effective temperatures, gravities and spectral indices are determined for the sample. Results. Previous findings related to the CN bimodality and CN-CH anticorrelation in stars of M71 are confirmed. We also find a CN-Na correlation, and Al-Na, as well as an Mg 2 -Al anticorrelation. Conclusions. A combination of convective mixing and a primordial pollution by AGB or massive stars in the early stages of globular cluster formation is required to explain the observations.
The influence of electron density gradient direction on gradient-drift instabilities in the E-layer of the ionosphere

We show that the dispersion relation for gradient-drift and Farley-Buneman instabilities within the approximation of the two-fluid MHD should contain the terms which are traditionally supposed to be small. These terms are caused by taking into account divergence of particles velocity and electron density gradient along the magnetic field direction. It is shown that at heights below 115km the solution of the dispersion relation transforms into standard one, except the situations, when the electron density gradient is parallel to magnetic field or wave-vector. In these cases the traditionally neglected summands to the growth rate of the irregularities becomes significant. The additional terms depend on relative directions of electron density gradient, magnetic field and mean velocities. This leads to the different instability growth conditions at equatorial and high-latitude regions of the ionosphere. The obtained results do not contradict with the experimental data.
Astrophysical parameters of the peculiar X-ray transient IGR J11215−5952

Context. The current generation of X-ray satellites has discovered many new X-ray sources that are difficult to classify within the well-described subclasses. The hard X-ray source IGR J11215−5952 is a peculiar transient, displaying very short X-ray outbursts every 165 days. Aims. To characterise the source, we obtained high-resolution spectra of the optical counterpart, HD 306414, at different epochs, spanning a total of three months, before and around the 2007 February outburst with the combined aims of deriving its astrophysical parameters and searching for orbital modulation. Methods. We fit model atmospheres generated with the fastwind code to the spectrum, and used the interstellar lines in the spectrum to estimate its distance. We also cross-correlated each individual spectrum to the best-fit model to derive radial velocities. Results. From its spectral features, we classify HD 306414 as B0.5 Ia. From the model fit, we find Teff ≈ 24 700 K and log g ≈ 2.7, in good agreement with the morphological classification. Using the interstellar lines in its spectrum, we estimate a distance to HD 306414 )
Topology of (small) Lagrangian cobordisms

We study the following quantitative phenomenon in symplectic topology: In many situations, if a Lagrangian cobordism is sufficiently small (in a sense specified below) then its topology is to a large extend determined by its boundary. This principle allows us to derive several homological uniqueness results for small Lagrangian cobordisms. In particular, under the smallness assumption, we prove homological uniqueness of the class of Lagrangian cobordisms which, by Biran-Cornea's Lagrangian cobordism theory, induces operations on a version of the derived Fukaya category. We also establish a link between our results and Vassilyev's theory of Lagrange characteristic classes. Most currently known constructions of Lagrangian cobordisms yield small Lagrangian cobordisms in many examples.
Ultra-compact modulators based on novel CMOS-compatible plasmonic materials

We propose several planar layouts of ultra-compact plasmonic waveguide modulators that utilize alternative CMOS-compatible materials. The modulation is efficiently achieved by tuning the carrier concentration in a transparent conducting oxide layer, thereby tuning the waveguide either in plasmonic resonance or off-resonance. Resonance significantly increases the absorption coefficient of the plasmonic waveguide, which enables larger modulation depth. We show that an extinction ratio of 86 dB/um can be achieved, allowing for a 3-dB modulation depth in less than one micron at the telecommunication wavelength. Our multilayer structures can potentially be integrated with existing plasmonic and photonic waveguides as well as novel semiconductor-based hybrid photonic/electronic circuits.
Proton radius from electron-proton scattering and chiral perturbation theory

We determine the root-mean-square proton charge radius, ${R}_{p}$, from a fit to low-${Q}^{2}$ electron-proton elastic-scattering cross-section data with the higher moments fixed (within uncertainties) to the values predicted by chiral perturbation theory. We obtain ${R}_{p}=0.855(11)$ fm. This number falls between the value obtained from muonic hydrogen analyses and the CODATA value (based upon atomic hydrogen spectroscopy and electron-proton scattering determinations).
Colloquium
: Nonequilibrium effects in superconductors with a spin-splitting field

This work was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence (Project No. 284594), Research Fellow (Project No. 297439), and Key Funding (Project No. 305256) programs, the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO, Project No. FIS2014-55987-P), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MICINN, Project No. FIS2017-82804-P), and the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreements No. 240362-HEATTRONICS and No. 615187-COMANCHE.
OPTIMIZING GLOBAL CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS USING IMAGE-BASED CONSTRAINTS

The coronal magnetic field directly or indirectly affects a majority of the phenomena studied in the heliosphere. It provides energy for coronal heating, controls the release of coronal mass ejections, and drives heliospheric and magnetospheric activity, yet the coronal magnetic field itself has proven difficult to measure. This difficulty has prompted a decades-long effort to develop accurate, timely, models of the field—an effort that continues today. We have developed a method for improving global coronal magnetic field models by incorporating the type of morphological constraints that could be derived from coronal images. Here we report promising initial tests of this approach on two theoretical problems, and discuss opportunities for application.
Two-Qubit Gate Operation on Selected Nearest-Neighbor Neutral Atom Qubits

We have previously discussed the design of a neutral atom quantum computer with an on-demand interaction [E. Hosseini Lapasar et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 80, 114003 (2011)]. In this contribution, we propose an experimental method to demonstrate a selective two-qubit gate operation that is less demanding than our original proposal, although the gate operation is limited to act between two neighboring atoms. We evaluate numerically the process of a two-qubit gate operation that is applied to a selected pair of nearest-neighbor, trapped atoms and we estimate the upper bound of the gate operation time and corresponding gate fidelity. The proposed scheme is scalable and, though challenging, is feasible with current experimental capabilities.
Gaussian ancillary bombardment

We analyze in full detail the time evolution of an open Gaussian quantum system rapidly bombarded by Gaussian ancillae. As a particular case this analysis covers the thermalization (or not) of a harmonic oscillator coupled to a thermal reservoir made of harmonic oscillators. We derive general results for this scenario and apply them to the problem of thermalization. We show that only a particular family of system-environment couplings will cause the system to thermalize to the temperature of its environment. We discuss that if we want to understand thermalization as ensuing from the Markovian interaction of a system with the individual microconstituents of its (thermal) environment then the process of thermalization is not as robust as one might expect.
Classical analog of the Unruh effect

In the Unruh effect an observer with constant acceleration perceives the quantum vacuum as thermal radiation. The Unruh effect has been believed to be a pure quantum phenomenon, but here we show theoretically how the effect arises from the correlation of noise, regardless of whether this noise is quantum or classical. We demonstrate this idea with a simple experiment on water waves where we see the first indications of a Planck spectrum in the correlation energy.
Hierarchical Bayesian method for detecting continuous gravitational waves from an ensemble of pulsars

When looking for gravitational wave signals from known pulsars, targets have been treated using independent searches. Here we use a hierarchical Bayesian framework to combine observations from individual sources for two purposes: to produce a detection statistic for the whole ensemble of sources within a search, and to estimate the hyperparameters of the underlying distribution of pulsar ellipticities. Both purposes require us to assume some functional form of the ellipticity distribution, and as a proof of principle we take two toy distributions. One is an exponential distribution, defined by its mean, and the other is a half-Gaussian distribution defined by its width. We show that by incorporating a common parameterized prior ellipticity distribution we can be more efficient at detecting gravitational waves from the whole ensemble of sources than trying to combine observations with a simpler non-hierarchical method. This may allow us to detect gravitational waves from the ensemble before there is confident detection of any single source. We also apply this method using data for 92 pulsars from LIGO's sixth science run. No evidence for a signal was seen, but 90\limits of 3.9 \ee − 8 and 4.7 \ee − 8 were set on the mean of an assumed exponential ellipticity distribution and the width of an assumed half-Gaussian ellipticity distribution, respectively.
Primordial Non-Gaussianity and Reionization

The statistical properties of the primordial perturbations contain clues about the origins of those fluctuations. Although the Planck collaboration has recently obtained tight constraints on primordial non-gaussianity from cosmic microwave background measurements, it is still worthwhile to mine upcoming data sets in effort to place independent or competitive limits. The ionized bubbles that formed at redshift z~6-20 during the Epoch of Reionization are seeded by primordial overdensities, and so the statistics of the ionization field at high redshift are related to the statistics of the primordial field. Here we model the effect of primordial non-gaussianity on the reionization field. The epoch and duration of reionization are affected as are the sizes of the ionized bubbles, but these changes are degenerate with variations in the properties of the ionizing sources and the surrounding intergalactic medium. A more promising signature is the power spectrum of the spatial fluctuations in the ionization field, which may be probed by upcoming 21 cm surveys. This has the expected 1/k^2 dependence on large scales, characteristic of a biased tracer of the matter field. We project how well upcoming 21 cm observations will be able to disentangle this signal from foreground contamination. Although foreground cleaning inevitably removes the large-scale modes most impacted by primordial non-gaussianity, we find that primordial non-gaussianity can be separated from foreground contamination for a narrow range of length scales. In principle, futuristic redshifted 21 cm surveys may allow constraints competitive with Planck.
ANALYSIS OF MAGNETOROTATIONAL INSTABILITY WITH THE EFFECT OF COSMIC-RAY DIFFUSION

We present the results obtained from the linear stability analysis and 2.5 dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of magnetorotational instability (MRI), including the effects of cosmic rays (CRs). We took into account the CR diffusion along the magnetic field but neglected the cross-field-line diffusion. Two models are considered in this paper: the shearing box model and differentially rotating cylinder model. We studied how MRI is affected by the initial CR pressure (i.e., energy) distribution. In the shearing box model, the initial state is uniform distribution. Linear analysis shows that the growth rate of MRI does not depend on the value of the CR diffusion coefficient. In the differentially rotating cylinder model, the initial state is a constant angular momentum polytropic disk threaded by a weak uniform vertical magnetic field. Linear analysis shows that the growth rate of MRI becomes larger if the CR diffusion coefficient is larger. Both results are confirmed by MHD simulations. The MHD simulation results show that the outward movement of matter by the growth of MRI is not impeded by the CR pressure gradient, and the centrifugal force that acts on the concentrated matter becomes larger. Consequently, the growth rate of MRI is increased. On the other hand, if the initial CR pressure is uniform, then the growth rate of the MRI barely depends on the value of the CR diffusion coefficient.
Parallel MRI Reconstruction by Convex Optimization

In parallel magnetic resonance imaging (pMRI), to find a joint solution for the image and coil sensitivity functions is a nonlinear and nonconvex problem. A class of algorithms reconstruct sensitivity encoded images of the coils first followed by the magnitude only image reconstruction, e.g. GRAPPA. It is shown in this paper that, if only the magnitude image is reconstructed, there exists a convex solution space for the magnitude image and sensitivity encoded images. This solution space enables formulation of a regularized convex optimization problem and leads to a globally optimal and unique solution for the magnitude image reconstruction. Its applications to in-vivo MRI data sets result in superior reconstruction performance compared with other algorithms.