Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mutant and wild-type p53 form complexes with p73 upon phosphorylation by the kinase JNK

Contrary to previous reports, wild-type p53 can interact with p73 to promote cell stress–induced apoptosis. Another look at p53-p73 interactions The transcription factor p53 critically regulates cell survival or death in response to cellular stress. Mutations in p53 are common in cancer and alter its interactions with other proteins and, consequently, with cell fate–specific genes. Mutant p53 binds to and inhibits its family member p73, thereby promoting cell survival instead of cell death in response to cell stress. It was believed that this interaction with p73 was specific to mutant p53. However, Wolf et al. found that wild-type p53 can bind p73 to promote stress-induced cell death. Phosphorylation of wild-type p53 by the cell stress–responsive kinase JNK caused a conformational change that mirrored the regional structure of the mutant and enabled its binding to p73 but, unlike mutant p53, the wild-type protein could still bind to apoptotic gene targets. These findings refine our understanding of p53 interactions and, specifically, p53-p73 coordination in the cell stress response. The transcription factors p53 and p73 are critical to the induction of apoptotic cell death, particularly in response to cell stress that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Mutations in the DNA-binding domain of p53, which are commonly seen in cancers, result in conformational changes that enable p53 to interact with and inhibit p73, thereby suppressing apoptosis. In contrast, wild-type p53 reportedly does not interact with p73. We found that JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Thr81 in the proline-rich domain (PRD) of p53 enabled wild-type p53, as well as mutant p53, to form a complex with p73. Structural algorithms predicted that phosphorylation of Thr81 exposes the DNA-binding domain in p53 to enable its binding to p73. The dimerization of wild-type p53 with p73 facilitated the expression of apoptotic target genes [such as those encoding p53–up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX)] and, subsequently, the induction of apoptosis in response to JNK activation by cell stress in various cells. Thus, JNK phosphorylation of mutant and wild-type p53 promotes the formation of a p53/p73 complex that determines cell fate: apoptosis in the context of wild-type p53 or cell survival in the context of the mutant. These findings refine our current understanding of both the mechanistic links between p53 and p73 and the functional role for Thr81 phosphorylation.
Partition equilibriums of nonionic organic compounds between soil organic matter and water.

Sexton, K. ; Westberg, H. “Ambient Hydrocarbons and Ozone Concentrations Near a Refinery: Robinson, Illinois 1977”; Final Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, for Grant 805376, 1982. Westberg, H. ; Sexton, K. ; Holdren, M. Aug 1978, General Motors Report for Contract EA-148705. Sexton, K. ; Westberg, H. Atmos. Environ. 1983, 17, 467. Westberg, H. ; Sexton, K. ; Holdren, M. “Measurement of Ambient Hydrocarbons and Oxidant Transport, Volume I-Houston Study, 1978”; Final EPA Report for Grant R805343. Allwine, K. J.; Westberg, H. Wisconsin Public Service Commission Report for Contract 8110, 1976. Vukovic, F. M. ; Boch, W. D. , Jr.; Chrissman, B. W. ; King, W. J. Atmos. Environ. , 1977, 11, 967. Lyons, W. A. In “Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Analysis”; American Meteorological Society: Boston, MA, 1975; pp 136-202. Lyons, W. A. ; Cole, H. S. J . Appl. Meteor. , 1976,15, 733. Weatberg, H. ; Sexton, K. ; Roberts, E. J . Air Pollut. Control Assoc. , 1981, 31, 385. Sexton, K. ; Westberg, H. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. , 1980, 30, 911. Sexton, K. ; Westberg, H. Proceedings of 73rd Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Association, paper 80-39.5, Montreal, Quebec, June 1980. Sexton, K. ; Westberg, H. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. , 1979, 29, 1149. Sexton, K. ; Westberg, H. General Motors Report for Contract EA-148705, 1979. Sexton, K. ; Westberg, H. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 1980,14, 329. Davis, D. D. ; Smith, G. ; Klauber, G. Science (Washington, D E . ) 1974,186, 733. Miller, D. F. ; Alkezweeny, A. J.; Hales, J. M. ; Lee, R. N. Science (Washington, D.C) 1978,202, 1186. Westberg, H. ; Sexton, K. ; Flyckt, D. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. , 1981, 31, 661. Sexton, K. ; Westberg, H. submitted for publication in J . Air Pollut. Control Assoc.
Effects of Climate Change on the Habitats of the Invasive Species Ailanthus altissima Along the Appalachian Trail

The Appalachian National Scenic Trail (A.T.) is a footpath stretching from Springer Mountain in Georgia to Mount Katahdin in Maine and spanning over 3,500 km of peaks, valleys, and ridges. The A.T. ’s gradients in elevation, latitude, and moisture and north-south alignment represent a continental scale cross-section, or “MEGA-Transect,” of eastern U.S. forest and alpine areas and offer a setting for collecting scientific data on the health of ecosystems and species that inhabit them. The Appalachian Trail Decision Support System, or A.T. -DSS, is an Internetbased implementation and dissemination toolset directed at enhancing the decisionmaking process for managing natural resources. The A.T. -DSS provides a coherent framework for monitoring, reporting, and forecasting ecological conditions by integrating NASA multi-platform sensor data, NASA Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System (TOPS) models, and in situ measurements from A.T. MEGATransect partners. The purpose of this research is to develop a prototype habitat suitability model for the invasive species tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), an exotic tree species pervasive throughout the United States due to its rapid growth, high fecundity, hardy tolerance, and strong competitive ability. This prototype model demonstrates the capabilities of the A.T. -DSS by leveraging seamless geospatial data and climate models from TOPS along with ground based Forest Inventory and Analysis data from the USDA Forest Service to model the current and potential future distributions of suitable Ailanthus habitats within the A.T. landscape. Analysis of the FIA records revealed that Ailanthus was most abundant in the Mid-Atlantic States and tended to occur at lower elevations, closer to roadways, and in younger forest stands. Maximum entropy modeling (Maxent) was used to relate the observed distribution of Ailanthus to an array of geospatial data layers representing environmental conditions, termed environmental variables. Significant relationships were detected for land cover (developed areas, canopy cover) and topographic (elevation, slope) variables. However, climatic variables were consistently the highest performing predictors, and revealed a preference for warmer and drier regions. Projected precipitation and temperature data based on scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the period 2095-2099 were substituted for current climate variables to examine potential trends in the distribution of suitable Ailanthus habitats. The resulting models indicate that total suitable area will increase from 56% to 82% of the study area. Additionally, the mean elevation of suitable habitats will increase by 59 m and the mean latitude will shift north by 49 km. The predicted changes were most dramatic along the New England section of the A.T.
Adversarial Hypothesis Testing and a Quantum Stein’s Lemma for Restricted Measurements

Recall the classical hypothesis testing setting with two sets of probability distributions <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. One receives either <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> i.i. d. samples from a distribution <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p \in P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> or from a distribution <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q \in Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and wants to decide from which set the points were sampled. It is known that the optimal exponential rate at which errors decrease can be achieved by a simple maximum-likelihood ratio test which does not depend on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula> or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, but only on the sets <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. We consider an adaptive generalization of this model where the choice of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p \in P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q \in Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can change in each sample in some way that depends arbitrarily on the previous samples. In other words, in the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k^{th}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> round, an adversary, having observed all the previous samples in rounds <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1,\ldots,k-1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, chooses <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p_{k} \in P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q_{k} \in Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, with the goal of confusing the hypothesis test. We prove that even in this case, the optimal exponential error rate can be achieved by a simple maximum-likelihood test that depends only on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. We then show that the adversarial model has applications in hypothesis testing for <italic>quantum states</italic> using restricted measurements. For example, it can be used to study the problem of distinguishing entangled states from the set of all separable states using only measurements that can be implemented with local operations and classical communication (LOCC). The basic idea is that in our setup, the deleterious effects of entanglement can be simulated by an adaptive classical adversary. We prove a quantum Stein’s Lemma in this setting: In many circumstances, the optimal hypothesis testing rate is equal to an appropriate notion of quantum relative entropy between two states. In particular, our arguments yield an alternate proof of Li and Winter’s recent strengthening of strong subadditivity for von Neumann entropy.
Numerical competence in an African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus).

An African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus), Alex, trained to label vocally collections of 1-6 simultaneously presented homogeneous objects, correctly identified, without further training, quantities of targeted subsets in heterogeneous collections. For each test trial Alex was shown different collections of 4 groups of items that varied in 2 colors and 2 object categories (e.g., blue and red keys and trucks) and was asked to label the number of items uniquely defined by the conjunction of 1 color and 1 object category (e.g., «How many blue key? »). The collections were designed to provide maximal confounds (or distractions) and thus replicate the work of Trick and Pylyshyn (1989) on humans. Humans count rather than subitize under such conditions
Approximate Bias Compensation for Rendering Scenes with Heterogeneous Participating Media

In this paper we present a novel method for high‐quality rendering of scenes with participating media. Our technique is based on instant radiosity, which is used to approximate indirect illumination between surfaces by gathering light from a set of virtual point lights (VPLs). It has been shown that this principle can be applied to participating media as well, so that the combined single scattering contribution of VPLs within the medium yields full multiple scattering. As in the surface case, VPL methods for participating media are prone to singularities, which appear as bright “splotches” in the image. These artifacts are usually countered by clamping the VPLs' contribution, but this leads to energy loss within the short‐distance light transport. Bias compensation recovers the missing energy, but previous approaches are prohibitively costly. We investigate VPL‐based methods for rendering scenes with participating media, and propose a novel and efficient approximate bias compensation technique. We evaluate our technique using various test scenes, showing it to be visually indistinguishable from ground truth.
Divide and Conquer or Divide and Concede: How Do States Respond to Internally Divided Separatists?

Why do states make concessions to some self-determination movements but not others? This article explores the role of the internal characteristics of these movements, demonstrating that their internal structures play a major role in determining which groups get concessions. Using new data on the structure of self-determination movements and the concessions they receive, I evaluate whether states respond to internally divided movements by trying to “divide and conquer” or “divide and concede. ” Consistent with the latter approach, I find that internally divided movements receive concessions at a much higher rate than unitary ones and that the more divided the movement is the more likely it is to receive concessions. Yet, concessions to unitary movements appear to work better to settle these disputes. This suggests that states use concessions not only as a tool to resolve disputes, but also as part of the bargaining process.
Classification and Decision-Theoretic Framework for Detecting and Reporting Unseen Falls

Detecting falls is critical for an activity recognition system to ensure the well being of an individual. However, falls occur rarely and infrequently, therefore sufficient data for them may not be available during training of the classifiers. Building a fall detection system in the absence of fall data is very challenging and can severely undermine the generalization capabilities of an activity recognition system. In this thesis, we present ideas from both classification and decision theory perspectives to handle scenarios when the training data for falls is not available. In traditional decision theoretic approaches, the utilities (or conversely costs) to report/not-report a fall or a non-fall are treated equally or the costs are deduced from the datasets, both of which are flawed. However, these costs are either difficult to compute or only available from domain experts. Therefore, in a typical fall detection system, we neither have a good model for falls nor an accurate estimate of utilities. In this thesis, we make contributions to handle both of these situations. In recent years, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) have been used to model temporal dynamics of human activities. HMMs are generally built for normal activities and a threshold based on the log-likelihood of the training data is used to identify unseen falls. We show that such formulation to identify unseen fall activities is ill-posed for this problem. We present a new approach for the identification of falls using wearable devices in the absence of their training data but with plentiful data for normal Activities of Daily Living (ADL). We propose three ‘X-Factor’ Hidden Markov Model (XHMMs) approaches, which are similar to the traditional HMMs but have “inflated” output covariances (observation models). To estimate the inflated covariances, we propose a novel cross validation method to remove “outliers” or deviant sequences from the ADL that serves as proxies for the unseen falls and allow learning the XHMMs using only normal activities. We tested the proposed XHMM approaches on three activity recognition datasets and show high detection rates for unseen falls. We also show that supervised classification methods perform poorly when very limited fall data is available during the training phase. We present a novel decision theoretic approach to Fall detection (dtFall) that aims to tackle the core problem when the model for falls and information about the costs/utilities associated with them is unavailable. We theoretically show that the expected regret will always be positive using dtFall instead of a maximum likelihood classifier. We present a new method to parameterize unseen falls such that training situations with no fall data can be handled. We also identify problems with theoretical thresholding to identify falls using decision theoretic modelling when training data for fall data is absent, and present an empirical thresholding technique to handle imperfect models for falls and non-falls. We also develop a new cost model based on severity of falls to provide an operational range
Graphs with Large Girth Not Embeddable in the Sphere

In 1972, Rosenfeld asked if every triangle-free graph could be embedded in the unit sphere Sd in such a way that two vertices joined by an edge have distance more than $\sqrt 3$(ie, distance more than 2π/3 on the sphere). In 1978, Larman [LAR] disproved this conjecture, constructing a triangle-free graph for which the minimum length of an edge could not exceed $\sqrt{8/3}$. In addition, he conjectured that the right answer would be $\sqrt{2}$, which is not better than the class of all graphs. Larman'sconjecture was independently proved by Rosenfeld [MR] and Rödl [VR[. In this last paper it was shown that no bound better than $\sqrt 2$ can be found for graphs with arbitrarily large odd girth. We prove in this paper that this is stilltrue for arbitrarily large girth. We discuss then the case of triangle-free graphs with linear minimum degree.
What are emotions? And how can they be measured?

Defining “emotion” is a notorious problem. Without consensual conceptualization and operationalization of exactly what phenomenon is to be studied, progress in theory and research is difficult to achieve and fruitless debates are likely to proliferate. A particularly unfortunate example is William James’s asking the question “What is an emotion? ” when he really meant “feeling”, a misnomer that started a debate which is still ongoing, more than a century later. This contribution attempts to sensitize researchers in the social and behavioral sciences to the importance of definitional issues and their consequences for distinguishing related but fundamentally different affective processes, states, and traits. Links between scientific and folk concepts of emotion are explored and ways to measure emotion and its components are discussed.
Identifying points of interest from crowd-sourced trajectory data

The high availability of GPS-enabled devices and easy use of smart phones have made it easy to generate and store location histories in trajectory data format. Large amounts of spatio-temporal data pertaining to an individual’s trajectories has given a rise to a variety of geographic information systems, and also brings us opportunities and challenges to determine valuable knowledge from these trajectories. Recent research efforts on trajectory dataset focus on identifying the labels of points of interest (POIs), recommending personalized POIs, deriving popular locations from GPS traces, etc. On the other hand, popular map services such as Google Maps, Bing Maps, etc. facilitate users to navigate different POIs. However, large number of POIs are yet to be covered by these map services. Comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of POIs are challenging because the number of POIs are large and the information related to POIs are always changing. Though some recent efforts have been made to identify POIs from check-in data or automatically identify POIs from images, these methods are costly and not suitable for changing circumstances. Crowdsourcing is a low-cost and efficient way to extract useful information from data acquired by crowd participants or volunteers. We could efficinetly find approximate location of a given point from the spatio-textual data collected from crowd sourcing. In this paper, we propose an approach to find an approximate location for a POI. The approach combines information from different sources such as the user’s texted input, movement and direction to find an approximate location for a POI. A large set of experiments on real datasets shows that our approach can perform significantly in terms of identifying a location.
Guided Modes in Periodic Slabs: Existence and Nonexistence

For homogeneous lossless three-dimensional periodic slabs of fixed arbitrary geome- try, we characterize guided modes by means of the eigenvalues associated with a variational formula- tion. We treat robust modes, which exist for frequencies and wavevectors that admit no propagating Bragg harmonics and therefore persist under perturbations, as well as nonrobust modes, which can disappear under perturbations due to radiation loss. We prove the nonexistence of guided modes, both robust and nonrobust, in "inverse" structures, for which the celerity inside the slab is less than the celerity of the surrounding medium. The result is contingent upon a restriction on the width of the slab but is otherwise independent of its geometry. 1. Introduction. The subject of our investigation is the existence and nonex- istence of linear scalar waves guided by periodically structured lossless material slabs (Figure 1). These guided modes occur in linear acoustic theory and, in the two- dimensional reduction, in which the structure is invariant in one of the two directions of periodicity, they describe guided polarized electromagnetic fields. Guided modes are characterized by their frequency and Bloch wavevector in the plane of periodicity, and they decay exponentially with distance away from the slab. We distinguish between two types of guided mode. Those of the first type cannot be destroyed by radiation losses under perturbation because they possess a frequency and wavevector for which no Bragg, or Fourier, harmonics propagate away from the slab (they are all evanescent); we call these robust guided modes. Those possessing frequency and wavevector for which some propagating Bragg harmonics exist can be destroyed by radiation loss by "coupling" to these harmonics under perturbation of the structure, frequency, or wavevector. These nonrobust guided modes are known to be connected with anomalous scattering behavior in the vicinity of the frequency and wavenumber of the mode. It is recognized that guided modes as well as the transmission anomalies associated with them will be useful in the design of photonic devices. These phenomena appear in many different photonic structures, and there is a large body of literature devoted to them. We mention just a few references. Anomalous transmission is typically characterized by sharp dips and peaks in the transmission coefficient. An in-depth computational analysis of their relation to leaky modes for slabs that are invariant in the transverse direction is given in Tikhodeev et al. (1). Explicit asymptotic formulas for very general geometry for some types of perturbations have been calculated by Shipman and Venakides (2). The connection between transmission enhancement and