Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Influence of Plant-Specific Physiological Parameterizations on the Partitioning of Land Surface Energy Fluxes

Plantphysiologicalpropertieshaveasignificantinfluenceonthepartitioningofradiativeforcing,thespatial and temporal variability of soil water and soil temperature dynamics, and the rate of carbon fixation. Because of the direct impact on latent heat fluxes, these properties may also influence weather-generating processes, such as the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In this work, crop-specific physiological characteristics, retrieved from detailed field measurements, are included in the biophysical parameterization of the Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform (TerrSysMP). The physiological parameters for two typical European midlatitudinal crops (sugar beet and winter wheat) are validated using eddy covariance fluxes over multiple years from three measurement sites located in the North Rhine‐Westphalia region of Germany. Comparison with observations and a simulation utilizing the generic crop type shows clear improvements when using the crop-specific physiological characteristics of the plant. In particular, the increase of latent heat fluxes in conjunction with decreased sensible heat fluxes as simulated by the two crops leads to an improved quantification of the diurnal energy partitioning. An independent analysis carried out using estimates of gross primary production reveals that the better agreement between observed and simulated latent heat adopting the plant-specific physiological properties largely stems from an improved simulation of the photosynthesis process. Finally, to evaluate the effects of the crop-specific parameterizations on the ABL dynamics, a series of semi-idealized land‐atmosphere coupled simulations is performed by hypothesizing three cropland configurations. These numerical experiments reveal different heat and moisture budgets of the ABL using the crop-specific physiological properties, which clearly impacts the evolution of the boundary layer.
Strange metal behavior in a pure ferromagnetic Kondo lattice

The strange metal phases found to develop in a wide range of materials near a quantum critical point (QCP), have posed a long-standing mystery. The frequent association of strange metals with unconventional superconductivity and antiferromagnetic QCPs has led to a belief that they are highly entangled quantum states. Ferromagnets, by contrast are regarded as an unlikely setting for strange metals, for they are weakly entangled and their QCPs are often interrupted by competing phases or first order phase transitions. Here, we provide compelling evidence that the stoichiometric heavy fermion ferromagnet CeRh$_6$Ge$_4$ becomes a strange metal at a pressure-induced QCP: specific heat and resistivity measurements demonstrate that the FM transition is continuously suppressed to zero temperature revealing a strange metal phase. We argue that strong magnetic anisotropy plays a key role in this process,injecting entanglement, in the form of triplet resonating valence bonds (tRVBs) into the ordered ferromagnet. We show that the singular transformation from tRVBs into Kondo singlets that occurs at the QCP causes a jump in the Fermi surface volume: a key driver of strange metallic behavior. Our results open up a new direction for research into FM quantum criticality, while also establishing an important new setting for the strange metal problem. Most importantly, strange metallic behavior at a FM quantum critical point suggests that it is quantum entanglement rather than the destruction of antiferromagnetism that is the common driver of the many varied examples of strange metallic behavior.
Grupos metabólicos microbianos de la laguna Mar Chiquita (Córdoba, Argentina) y su implicancia en el ciclado de nutrientes

(Palabras clave: lago salado, ecologia microbiana, hierro, azufre, sedimentos) ABSTRACT. Microbial metabolic groups in Mar Chiquita lake (Cordoba, Argentina) and nutrient cycling implications: The microbial populations of saline environments are physiologically adapted to extreme conditions of salinity and oxygen shortage, and are major responsibles of chemical element returns to the atmosphere in salt water ecosystems. The Mar Chiquita lake, an extensive saline lake of the province of Cordoba, Argentina (Provincial Reserve and Ramsar Site), has been scarcely explored, particularly in its microbiological aspects. Here we present a first approach to the knowledge of its microbial communities and other environmental parameters. We collected water and sediment samples from the coast and open waters of different depth, and evaluated chemical and physical parameters and abundance of microbial metabolic groups involved in the degradation of organic compounds and nutrient release. The results showed an abundant bacterial community constituted by heterotrophic microorganisms with aerobic respiration and fermentation, and by amonifiers, nitrate-reducers, nitrogen fixers, hydrogen sulphide-oxidisers, sulfate-reducers, and iron-oxidisers. The ammonium-oxidisers were less abundant. The abundance of different metabolic groups responded to factors associated with oxygen availability and both allochthonous and autochthonous organic carbon availability. Similarly to other saline lakes of
Compensating the effects of target acceleration in dual-channel SAR-GMTI

The authors examine the influence of uncompensated target acceleration on the focusing of moving targets in airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery and present one method of detecting and compensating for its effects. Although vehicles travelling on roads and highways routinely experience acceleration, the majority of ground moving target indication algorithms assume a constant velocity scenario, which may result in a defocused target response. Both along-track and across-track accelerations are examined through simulations and experimental data from Environment Canada's airborne CV 580 dual-channel SAR system. Acceleration can have severe effects on focusing and may result in azimuthal shift, azimuthal smearing and a significant loss in peak power in the SAR image. Having determined the effects of acceleration, time-frequency (TF) analysis implementing the pseudo-Wigner-Ville distribution is used to improve target focusing and to detect the presence of significant acceleration. Accelerating targets in experimental airborne data are presented and are identified as such by their non-linear TF histories. Estimations of the instantaneous frequency of the signals yield reconstructed target phase histories, which may be used to identify the presence of certain acceleration components and to obtain a focused image of each target. However, estimates of a target's acceleration and velocity vector may not be uniquely determined using only two receive channels.
Tracking in Low Frame Rate Video: A Cascade Particle Filter with Discriminative Observers of Different Life Spans

Tracking object in low frame rate video or with abrupt motion poses two main difficulties which most conventional tracking methods can hardly handle: 1) poor motion continuity and increased search space; 2) fast appearance variation of target and more background clutter due to increased search space. In this paper, we address the problem from a view which integrates conventional tracking and detection, and present a temporal probabilistic combination of discriminative observers of different lifespans. Each observer is learned from different ranges of samples, with different subsets of features, to achieve varying level of discriminative power at varying cost. An efficient fusion and temporal inference is then done by a cascade particle filter which consists of multiple stages of importance sampling. Experiments show significantly improved accuracy of the proposed approach in comparison with existing tracking methods, under the condition of low frame rate data and abrupt motion of both target and camera.
A Concept in Search of a Definition

The terms “highand low-quality carbohydrate” are often ascribed to individual foods as a means of describing the healthfulness of the food in question, without any empirical definition ofwhat constitutes high or low quality. This article summarizes the views of experts on the concept of carbohydrate quality and the numerous factors that should be considered when assessing the quality of a carbohydratecontaining food or meal. Nutr Today. 2019;54(6):289–295
Impact of Pre-Diabetes on Coronary Plaque Composition and Clinical Outcome in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes An Analysis From the PROSPECT Study

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of pre-diabetes (pre-DM) on coronary plaque characteristics and ischemic outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). BACKGROUND extent to which pre-DM in ﬂ uences coronary plaque characteristics and the risk for adverse ischemic events is unclear. METHODS In the PROSPECT (Providing Regional Observations to Study Predictors of Events in Coronary Tree) study, patients with ACS underwent quantitative coronary angiography, grayscale intravascular ultrasound, and radiofrequency intravascular ultrasound after successful percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to their glucometabolic status, as de ﬁ ned by the American Diabetes Association: normal glucose metabolism (NGM), pre-DM, and diabetes mellitus (DM). These groups were compared with regard to coronary plaque characteristics and the risk for major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) (de ﬁ ned as cardiac death or arrest, myocardial infarction, or rehospitalization for unstable or progressive angina). RESULTS Among 547 patients, 162 (29.6%) had NGM, 202 (36.9%) had pre-DM, and 183 (33.4%) had DM. There were no signi ﬁ cant differences between the groups with regard
Review of Charniak's "Statistical Language Learning"

This article is an in-depth review of Eugene Charniak's book, "Statistical Language Learning". The review evaluates the appropriateness of the book as an introductory text for statistical language learning for a variety of audiences. It also includes an extensive bibliography of articles and papers which might be used as a supplement to this book for learning or teaching statistical language modeling.
Stream water quality in a mountain recreation area.

This article reports the results of a study of recreation-related surface water pollution in a mountain recreation area. Water samples were obtained over summer seasons in and near heavily used public recreation sites of the Indian Peaks Wilderness area in Colorado, U.S.A. The samples were tested for various chemical and biological constituents and compared with samples from a watershed closed to recreation. The results indicated an inter-dependence of inorganic nutrient levels with stream flow. Highest values for suspended solids, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations occurred during the early spring and summer runoff. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations also decreased downstream in recreationally-affected watersheds and highest values occurred in the recreationally-controlled watershed. Alkalinity and pH were found to increase both downstream from recreation and as recreation increased through the summer season. Lead levels found in one watershed where vehicular traffic occurred in the past indicate retention of lead through time in these high-altitude ecosystems. Potential natural sources of lead and an apparent removal phenomena by reservoirs warrants further study in the recreationally-controlled watershed. Bacteria counts were highest during low stream flow, during intense precipitation events that "flush" the watershed, and during and after major holiday weekends when recrea- tion was at a maximum. Although results indicate no human body waste contamination of the surface waters, a variety of recrea- tionally-derived pollution was observed in the water. Water purification prior to drinking appears essential.
Ocean Heat Transport as a Cause for Model Uncertainty in Projected Arctic Warming

Abstract The Arctic climate is governed by complex interactions and feedback mechanisms between the atmosphere, ocean, and solar radiation. One of its characteristic features, the Arctic sea ice, is very vulnerable to anthropogenically caused warming. Production and melting of sea ice is influenced by several physical processes. The authors show that the northward ocean heat transport is an important factor in the simulation of the sea ice extent in the current general circulation models. Those models that transport more energy to the Arctic show a stronger future warming, in the Arctic as well as globally. Larger heat transport to the Arctic, in particular in the Barents Sea, reduces the sea ice cover in this area. More radiation is then absorbed during summer months and is radiated back to the atmosphere in winter months. This process leads to an increase in the surface temperature and therefore to a stronger polar amplification. The models that show a larger global warming agree better with the observe.
Corn microbial diversity and its relationship to yield

12 This study aimed to identify possible relationships between corn ( Zea Mais L.) productivity 13 and its endosphere microbial community. Any insights would be used to develop testable 14 hypothesis at the farm level. Sap was collected from fourteen fields in 2014 and ten fields in 2017 15 with a yield range of 10.1 to 21.7 tonnes per hectare (t/ha). The microbial sap communities were 16 analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) and identified using 17 an internal pure culture reference database and BLAST. This technique is rapid and inexpensive 18 and is suitable for use at the grower level. Diversity, richness, and normalized abundances of each bacterial population in corn sap samples were evaluated to link the microbiome of a specific field 20 to its yield. A negative trend was observed ( r = ˗0.60) where higher yielding fields had lower TRF 21 richness. A PLS regression analysis of TRF intensity and binary data from 2014 identified ten TRFs (bacterial genera) that positively, or negatively correlated to corn yields, when either absent or present at certain levels or ratios. Using these observations, a model was developed that accommodated criteria for each of the ten microbes and assigned a score for each field out of 10. Data collected in 2014 showed that sites with higher model scores were highly correlated with larger yields ( r = 0.83). This correlation was also seen using the 2017 dataset ( r = 0.87). We were able to conclude that a positive significant effect was seen with the model score and yield (adjusted 28 R 2 = 0.67, F 1,22 = 46.7, p < 0.001) when combining 2014 and 2017 data. The results of this study 29 are being expanded to identify the key microbes in corn sap community that potentially impact 30 corn yield, regardless of corn variety, geographic, or edaphic factors.
A tool for estimating best management practice effectiveness for phosphorus pollution control

ABSTRACT: A best management practice (BMP) tool was developed as a part of an effort to address the phosphorus (P) pollution and associated eutrophication problem affecting the Cannonsville Reservoir, part of the New York City water supply system. P reaching the reservoir is thought to emanate from runoff from the surrounding farms, mainly as a result of manure spread on these farms. Efforts to address the problem have involved implementation of BMPs on the watersheds; however, the effectiveness of these practices is not known. This study establishes a means of estimating BMP effectiveness, based on data available in the literature, and develops a tool that allows users to obtain BMP effectiveness estimates for their respective site soil and slope conditions. The tool offers stand-alone capabilities and has the potential to be linked to a GIS. An example is presented to illustrate tool application for effectiveness-based BMP selection, with a focus on a farm within the New York City watersheds.
Greenland and Antarctic Mass Balances for Present and Doubled Atmospheric CO2 from the GENESIS Version-2 Global Climate Model

Abstract As anthropogenic greenhouse warming occurs in the next century, changes in the mass balances of Greenland and Antarctica will probably accelerate and may have significant effects on global sea level. Recent trends and possible future changes in these mass balances have received considerable attention in the glaciological literature, but until recently relatively few general circulation modeling (GCM) studies have focused on the problem. However, there are two significant problems in using GCMs to predict mass balance distributions on ice sheets: (i) the relatively coarse GCM horizontal resolution truncates the topography of the ice-sheet flanks and smaller ice sheets such as Greenland, and (ii) the snow and ice physics in most GCMs does not include ice-sheet-specific processes such as the refreezing of meltwater. Two techniques are described that attack these problems, involving (i) an elevation-based correction to the surface meteorology and (ii) a simple a posteriori correction for the refreezi.
Joint modeling of progression‐free and overall survival and computation of correlation measures

In this paper, we derive the joint distribution of progression‐free and overall survival as a function of transition probabilities in a multistate model. No assumptions on copulae or latent event times are needed and the model is allowed to be non‐Markov. From the joint distribution, statistics of interest can then be computed. As an example, we provide closed formulas and statistical inference for Pearson's correlation coefficient between progression‐free and overall survival in a parametric framework. The example is inspired by recent approaches to quantify the dependence between progression‐free survival, a common primary outcome in Phase 3 trials in oncology and overall survival. We complement these approaches by providing methods of statistical inference while at the same time working within a much more parsimonious modeling framework. Our approach is completely general and can be applied to other measures of dependence. We also discuss extensions to nonparametric inference. Our analytical results are illustrated using a large randomized clinical trial in breast cancer.
Cooperation beyond consanguinity: post-marital residence, delineations of kin and social support among South Indian Tamils

Evolutionary ecologists have shown that relatives are important providers of support across many species. Among humans, cultural reckonings of kinship are more than just relatedness, as they interact with systems of descent, inheritance, marriage and residence. These cultural aspects of kinship may be particularly important when a person is determining which kin, if any, to call upon for help. Here, we explore the relationship between kinship and cooperation by drawing upon social support network data from two villages in South India. While these Tamil villages have a nominally male-biased kinship system (being patrilocal and patrilineal), matrilateral kin play essential social roles and many women reside in their natal villages, letting us tease apart the relative importance of genetic relatedness, kinship and residence in accessing social support. We find that people often name both their consanguineal and affinal kin as providing them with support, and we see some weakening of support with lesser relatedness. Matrilateral and patrilateral relatives are roughly equally likely to be named, and the greatest distinction instead is in their availability, which is highly contingent on post-marital residence patterns. People residing in their natal village have many more consanguineal relatives present than those who have relocated. Still, relocation has only a small effect on an individual’s network size, as non-natal residents are more reliant on the few kin that they have present, most of whom are affines. In sum, marriage patterns have an important impact on kin availability, but the flexibility offered by the broadening of the concept of kin helps people develop the cooperative relationships that they rely upon, even in the absence of genetic relatives. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals’.
Neuro – Fuzzy Rule Generation : Survey in Soft Computing Framework

The present article is a novel attempt in providing an exhaustive survey of neuro–fuzzy rule generation algorithms. Rule generation from artificial neural networks is gaining in popularity in recent times due to its capability of providing some insight to the user about the symbolic knowledge embedded within the network. Fuzzy sets are an aid in providing this information in a more human comprehensible or natural form, and can handle uncertainties at various levels. The neuro–fuzzy approach, symbiotically combining the merits of connectionist and fuzzy approaches, constitutes a key component of soft computing at this stage. To date, there has been no detailed and integrated categorization of the various neuro–fuzzy models used for rule generation. We propose to bring these together under a unified soft computing framework. Moreover, we include both rule extraction and rule refinement in the broader perspective of rule generation. Rules learned and generated for fuzzy reasoning and fuzzy control are also considered from this wider viewpoint. Models are grouped on the basis of their level of neuro–fuzzy synthesis. Use of other soft computing tools like genetic algorithms and rough sets are emphasized. Rule generation from fuzzy knowledge-based networks, which initially encode some crude domain knowledge, are found to result in more refined rules. Finally, real-life application to medical diagnosis is provided.
Le handicap montagne et ses incidences sur la gestion et l'exploitation forestières : Le cas de la Maurienne (Savoie, France)

Depuis le milieu des annees 80, beaucoup d’acteurs economiques de la foret de montagne (proprietaires, gestionnaires, exploitants) parlent du “handicap” de cette foret et reclament des aides specifiques en s’appuyant sur la grave crise que connait le secteur. Un modele d’aide frequemment evoque est celui de l’indemnite speciale de montagne accordee aux exploitants agricoles de montagne, pour lesquels ce soutien public est le reflet de « l’expression de la solidarite nationale, en compensation des handicaps naturels et de la prise en compte des specificites montagnardes ». Pourquoi la filiere foret-bois, qui participe egalement a l’amenagement du territoire en montagne, ne profiterait-elle pas de la meme solidarite nationale ?