Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Triggering Eye Blinks in Virtual Reality

In Virtual Reality (VR), there is an increasing number of applications that rely on human eye blinks. Blinking induces a phenomenon called change blindness, which prevents people from perceiving changes in their environment. For example, redirection techniques leverage blink-induced change blindness to manipulate the virtual scene in an unnoticeable way. As time is mostly limited for manipulations, current approaches that wait for spontaneous eye blinks are not suitable for redirection techniques. Therefore, researchers have expressed the need for methods that trigger blinks on demand and in a controlled manner. In the present work, various methods to trigger blinking are explored and discussed for their use in VR. Building on the results of previous research, we selected and implemented four promising methods, which are: light flashes (Flash), a virtual object approaching the user (Approaching Object), a blurred screen (Blur), and an air puff near the eye (Airpuff ). The methods are based on blink reflexes, such as the dazzle, menace, or corneal reflex, and are implemented with software and hardware. We conducted a user study to investigate the performance of the blink triggers and evaluated them regarding their effectiveness, efficiency, reliability, noticeability, distraction, and their impact on the user’s performance in a game task. In general, we found significant differences when comparing the blink trigger methods. For example, we discovered that Approaching Object triggered the blink most efficiently and reliably, whereas Airpuff was the blink trigger perceived as least distracting. We conclude this work with an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of each blink trigger method and make recommendations for suitable application scenarios.
Adjoint of GEOS-Chem model by supporting HEMCO emission 1 inventories and MERRA-2 meteorological data

12 Adjoint of the GEOS-Chem model has been widely used to constrain the sources of various 13 atmospheric pollutants. Here we provide an updated version (GC-Adjoint-HEMCO) of the 14 adjoint of GEOS-Chem model to support the MERRA-2 meteorological data and Harmonized 15 Emissions Component (HEMCO) emission inventories. State-of-the-art inventories, such as 16 CEDS (Community Emissions Data System), MIX, NEI2011 (National Emissions Inventory), 17 and GFED4 (Global Fire Emission Database), are supported in GC-Adjoint-HEMCO. We find 18 good agreements in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from various inventories, chemical 19 sources and sinks, and surface and column CO concentrations between GC-Adjoint-HEMCO 20 and GEOS-Chem (v12-8-1) forward simulations. Furthermore, observing system simulation 21 experiments (OSSE) are employed to evaluate the performance of GC-Adjoint-HEMCO in 4D 22 variational (4D-var) assimilations. We find underestimations by approximately 15% in the a 23 posteriori anthropogenic CO emissions over North America and Europe due to limited 24 coverage of observations by smoothing the pseudo-CO observations with Measurement of 25 Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) averaging kernels. As an example application of GC- 26 Adjoint-HEMCO, we constrain anthropogenic CO emissions in 2015 by assimilating MOPITT 27 CO observations. The a posteriori anthropogenic CO emission estimates derived in this work 28 match well with Jiang et al. (2017) in North America and Africa but are overestimated
Assimilation of the AMSU-A radiances using the CESM (v2.1.0) and the DART (v9.11.13)–RTTOV (v12.3)

Abstract. To improve the initial condition (“analysis”) for numerical weather prediction, we attempt to assimilate observations from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) on board the low-Earth-orbiting satellites. The data assimilation system, used in this study, consists of the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) and the Community Earth System Model as the global forecast model. Based on the ensemble Kalman filter scheme, DART supports the radiative transfer model that is used to simulate the satellite radiances from the model state. To make the AMSU-A data available to be assimilated in DART, preprocessing modules are developed, which consist of quality control, spatial thinning, and bias correction processes. In the quality control, two sub-processes are included, outlier test and channel selection, depending on the cloud condition and surface type. The bias correction process is divided into scan-bias correction and air-mass-bias correction. Like input data used in DART, the observation errors are also estimated for the AMSU-A channels. In the trial experiments, a positive analysis impact is obtained by assimilating the AMSU-A observations on top of the DART data assimilation system that already makes use of the conventional measurements. In particular, the analysis errors are significantly reduced in the whole troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Northern Hemisphere. Overall, this study demonstrates a positive impact on the analysis when the AMSU-A observations are assimilated in the DART assimilation system.
Mobilisation thresholds for coral rubble and consequences for windows of reef recovery

Abstract. The proportional cover of rubble on reefs is predicted to increase as disturbances increase in intensity and frequency. Unstable rubble can kill coral recruits and impair binding processes that transform rubble into a stable substrate for coral recruitment. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms of inhibited coral recovery on rubble requires characterisation of the hydrodynamic conditions that trigger rubble mobilisation. Here, we investigated rubble mobilisation under regular wave conditions in a wave flume and irregular wave conditions in situ on a coral reef in the Maldives. We examined how changes in near-bed wave orbital velocity influenced the likelihood of rubble motion (e.g. rocking) and transport (by walking, sliding or flipping). Rubble mobilisation was considered as a function of rubble length, branchiness (branched vs. unbranched) and underlying substrate (rubble vs. sand). The effect of near-bed wave orbital velocity on rubble mobilisation was comparable between flume and reef observations. As near-bed wave orbital velocity increased, rubble was more likely to rock, be transported and travel greater distances. Averaged across length, branchiness and substrate, loose rubble had a 50 % chance of transport when near-bed wave orbital velocities reached 0.30 m s−1 in both the wave flume and on the reef. However, small and/or unbranched rubble pieces were generally mobilised more and at lower velocities than larger, branched rubble. Rubble also travelled further distances per day (∼2 cm) on substrates composed of sand than rubble. Importantly, if rubble was interlocked, it was very unlikely to move (< 7 % chance) even at the highest velocity tested (0.4 m s−1). Furthermore, the probability of rubble transport declined over 3 d deployments in the field, suggesting rubble had snagged or settled into more hydrodynamically stable positions within the first days of deployment. We expect that snagged or settled rubble is transported more commonly in locations with higher-energy events and more variable wave environments. At our field site in the Maldives, we expect recovery windows for binding (when rubble is stable) to predominantly occur during the calmer north-eastern monsoon when wave energy impacting the atoll is less and wave heights are smaller. Our results show that rubble beds comprised of small rubble pieces and/or pieces with fewer branches are more likely to have shorter windows of recovery (stability) between mobilisation events, and thus be good candidates for rubble stabilisation interventions to enhance coral recruitment and binding.
Revisiting the role of vertical shear in analytic ice shelf models

Analytic modeling of ice shelf flow began when Weertman derived an expression for the strain rates within an unconfined shelf, of uniform thickness, extending only in one direction. Nearly two decades later, Thomas generalized Weertman’s analysis to ice shelves of nonuniform thickness, deriving one of the most well-known analytic models in glaciology: τ xx = 14 ρgh . However, despite the prevalence of this model in both historical and contemporary texts, there remain persistent miscommunications regarding the role of vertical shear in its construction. In Thomas’ original approach, vertical shear stress 5 was considered negligible in the stress balance; in a significant contrast, the same model is typically derived in contemporary texts by the neglect of basal resistance. These two approaches are not equivalent, and yet, it remains common to misinterpret vertical shear stress as typically neglected in current ice shelf modeling studies. This manuscript provides clarification on this pervasive misconception. We emphasize that vertical shear stress should not be interpreted as negligible in the construction of general shallow shelf models. However, we also demonstrate that the vertical shear stress inherent in Thomas’ expression does 10 not give rise to a well-defined vertical shear strain rate. For situations in which vertical shear stress in shallow ice shelf models is of interest, we provide guidance on how to best calculate it.
EULALIA FEBRER COLL ‘EVERYBODY WANTS TO BE MY ENEMY’: MÚSICA POPULAR Y TRANSMEDIALIDAD EN ARCANE

The popularization of Arcane, released in 2021 on Netflix, has gone hand in hand with the billboard success by Imagine Dragons, Enemy . The series' soundtrack is rooted in previous musical commodities produced by Riot Games, whose growing interest in expanding the e-sports market through transmedia strategies has been reflected in the increasing weight of its non-playable products. The series proposes a confrontation between the members of two socioeconomically contrasting cities, which, along with the relationship between its protagonists and the selected music for its illustration, brings the imagined reality of the show closer to the daily experience of its audience. The suggested analysis and the collection of the participants' experiences in the transmedia phenomenon shows how the strategy followed by the developer has effectively impacted the consumption of both the video game and the music of the artists involved in the confection of its Original SoundTrack.
Multiwavelength surface contouring from phase-coded diffraction patterns

We propose a new algorithm for absolute phase retrieval from multiwavelength noisy phase coded diffraction patterns in the task of surface contouring. A lensless optical setup is considered with a set of successive single wavelength experiments. The phase masks are applied for modulation of the multiwavelength object wavefronts. The algorithm uses the forward and backward propagation for coherent light beams and sparsely encoding wavefronts which leads to the complex-domain block-matching 3D filtering. The key-element of the algorithm is an original aggregation of the multiwavelength object wavefronts for high-dynamic-range profile measurement. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the developed approach leads to the effective solutions explicitly using the sparsity for noise suppression and high-accuracy object profile reconstruction.
Radiometric Characteristics of the Broadband Radiometer (BBR) Instrument for the EarthCARE Mission

AbstractThe Broadband Radiometer (BBR) is one of a suite of instruments to be flown on the Earth Clouds, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) space mission. Its role is to make broadband measurements of Earth radiance in terms of reflected solar radiation and emitted thermal infrared radiation for use with the other EarthCARE instruments for the study of Earth atmosphere processes. The Broadband Radiometer has its design based on the principles and heritage of previous instruments for studying the earth radiation budget (ERB). The radiometer has common features with those instruments: two measurement bands—shortwave (solar energy of 0.25–4 µm) and total wave (0.25 to >50 µm)—with a longwave band (thermal emission of 4 to >50 µm) being obtained by subtraction of the two measured bands. Multiple simultaneous views of Earth at three different view angles are used to account for angular variations in radiance. The radiometer requires an accuracy of 1% in each band, similar to those of the previous instr.
Year-long buoy-based observations of the air–sea transition zone off the US west coast

Abstract. Two buoys equipped with Doppler lidars owned by the US Department of Energy (DOE) were deployed off the coast of California in autumn of 2020 by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The buoys collected data for an entire annual cycle at two offshore locations proposed for offshore wind development by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. One of the buoys was deployed approximately 50 km off the coast near Morro Bay in central California in 1100 m of water. The second buoy was deployed approximately 40 km off Humboldt County in northern California in 625 m of water. The buoys provided the first-ever continuous measurements of the air–sea transition zone off the coast of California. The atmospheric and oceanographic characteristics of the area and estimates of annual energy production at both the Morro Bay and Humboldt wind energy areas show that both locations have a high wind energy yield and are prime locations for future floating offshore wind turbines. This article provides a description and comprehensive analysis of the data collected by the buoys, and a final post-processed dataset is uploaded to a data archive maintained by the DOE. Additional analysis was conducted to show the value of the data collected by the DOE buoys. All post-processed data from this study are available on the Wind Data Hub website: https://a2e.energy. gov/data# (last access: 14 September 2023). Near-surface, wave, current, and cloud datasets for Humboldt and Morro Bay are provided at https://doi.org/10.21947/1783807 (Krishnamurthy and Sheridan, 2023b) and https://doi.org/10.21947/1959715 (Krishnamurthy and Sheridan, 2023a), respectively. Lidar datasets for Humboldt and Morro Bay are provided at https://doi.org/10.21947/1783809 (Krishnamurthy and Sheridan, 2023d) and https://doi.org/10.21947/1959721 (Krishnamurthy and Sheridan, 2023c), respectively.
Distance Measure of Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets

The Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), as an extension of intuitionistic fuzzy set, is more capable of expressing and handling the uncertainty under uncertain envi- ronments. Whereas, how to measure the distance between Pythagorean fuzzy sets appropriately is still an open issue. Therefore, a novel distance measure between Pythagorean fuzzy sets is proposed based on the Jensen{Shannon di- vergence in this paper. The new distance measure has the following merits: i) it meets the axiomatic de nition of distance measure; ii) it can better indicate the discrimination degree of PFSs. Then, numerical examples are demonstrated that the PFSJS distance measure is feasible and reasonable.
A Note on Quaternionic Hyperbolic Ideal Triangle Groups

Abstract In this paper, the quaternionic hyperbolic ideal triangle groups are parametrized by a real one-parameter family $\{{{\phi }_{s}}\,:\,s\,\in \,\mathbb{R}\}$ . The indexing parameter s is the tangent of the quaternionic angular invariant of a triple of points in $\partial \mathbf{H}_{\mathbb{H}}^{2}$ forming this ideal triangle. We show that if $s>\sqrt{125/3},$ then ${{\phi }_{S}}$ is not a discrete embedding, and if $s\,\le \,\sqrt{3\text{5}}$ , then ${{\phi }_{S}}$ is a discrete embedding.
Formal Analysis and Patching of BLE-SC Pairing

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is the mainstream Bluetooth standard and BLE Secure Connections (BLC-SC) pairing is a protocol that authenticates two Bluetooth devices and derives a shared secret key between them. Although BLE-SC pairing employs well-studied cryptographic primitives to guarantee its security, a recent study revealed a logic ﬂaw in the protocol. In this paper, we develop the ﬁrst comprehensive formal model of the BLE-SC pairing protocol. Our model is compliant with the latest Bluetooth speciﬁcation version 5.3 and covers all association models in the speciﬁcation to discover attacks caused by the interplay between different association models. We also partly loosen the perfect cryptography assumption in traditional symbolic analysis approaches by designing a low-entropy key oracle to detect attacks caused by the poorly derived keys. Our analysis conﬁrms two existing attacks and discloses a new attack. We propose a countermeasure to ﬁx the ﬂaws found in the BLE-SC pairing protocol and discuss the backward compatibility. Moreover, we extend our model to verify the countermeasure, and the results demonstrate its effectiveness in our extended model.
Divided-difference equation and three-term recurrence relations of some systems of bivariate q-orthogonal polynomials

Abstract Partial divided-difference equations and three-term recurrence relations satisfied by the bivariate Askey–Wilson and the bivariate q-Racah polynomials are computed in this work. By using limiting processes, partial divided (or q)-difference equations and three-term recurrence relations are also provided for each of the following families of orthogonal polynomials: the bivariate continuous dual q-Hahn, the bivariate Al-Salam-Chihara, the bivariate continuous q-Hahn, the bivariate q-Hahn, the bivariate dual q-Hahn, the bivariate q-Krawtchouk, the bivariate q-Meixner, and the bivariate q-Charlier polynomials.
Surgical Workflow Anticipation

As a non-robotic minimally invasive surgery, endoscopic surgery is one of the widely used surgeries for the medical domain to reduce the risk of infection, incisions, and the discomfort of the patient. The endoscopic surgery procedure, also named surgical workflow in this work, can be divided into different sub-phases. During the procedure, the surgeon inserts a thin, flexible tube with a video camera through a small incision or a natural orifice like the mouth or nostrils. The surgeon can utilize tiny surgical instruments while viewing organs on the computer monitor through these tubes. The surgery only allows a limited number of instruments simultaneously appearing in the body, requiring a sufficient instrument preparation method. Therefore, surgical workflow anticipation, including surgical instrument and phase anticipation, is essential for an intra-operative decision-support system. It deciphers the surgeon’s behaviors and the patient’s status to forecast surgical instrument and phase occurrence before they appear, supporting instrument preparation and computer-assisted intervention (CAI) systems. In this work, we investigate an unexplored surgical workflow anticipation problem by proposing an Instrument Interaction Aware Anticipation Network (IIA-Net). Spatially, it utilizes rich visual features about the context information around the instrument, i.e., instrument interaction with their surroundings. Temporally, it allows for a large receptive field to capture the long-term dependency in the long and untrimmed surgical videos through a causal dilated multi-stage temporal convolutional network. Our model enforces an online inference with reliable predictions even with severe noise and artifacts in the recorded videos. Extensive experiments on Cholec80 dataset demonstrate the performance of our proposed method exceeds the state-of-the-art method by a large margin (1.40 v.s. 1.75 for inMAE and 2.14 v.s. 2.68 for eMAE).
Mappings Between Annuli of Smallest p-Harmonic Energy

An important topic in the calculus of variations is the study of traction-free problems, in which deformations between given domains in R are allowed to slip on the boundary, without prescribing boundary values. For annuli A = A(r, R) and A∗ = A(r∗, R∗), we seek the traction-free minimizer of the p-harmonic energy among homeomorphisms in Sobolev class W 1,p(A,A∗). For such a mapping, the p-harmonic energy is defined by Ep[h] = ∫
Label-free cell detection of acute leukemia using ghost cytometry

Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment are critical for improving the prognosis of acute leukemia. Currently, acute leukemia is diagnosed by microscopic morphological examination of bone marrow smears and flow cytometric immunophenotyping of bone marrow cells stained with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. However, these diagnostic processes require trained professionals and are time and resource-intensive. Here, we present a novel diagnostic approach using ghost cytometry, a recently developed high-content flow cytometric approach, which enables machine vision-based, stain-free, high-speed analysis of cells, leveraging their detailed morphological information. We demonstrate that ghost cytometry can detect leukemic cells from the bone marrow cells of patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), without relying on biological staining. The method presented here holds promise as a precise, simple, swift, and cost-effective method for the diagnosis of acute leukemia in clinical practice.
Comparative Assessment of Myocardial Work Performance during Spontaneous Rhythm, His Bundle Pacing, and Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing: Insights from the EMPATHY Study

Background. Physiological pacing has gained significant interest due to its potential to achieve optimal hemodynamic response. This study aimed to assess left ventricular performance in terms of electrical parameters, specifically QRS duration, and mechanical performance, evaluated as myocardial work. We compared His Bundle Pacing (HBP) and Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing (LBBAP) to evaluate their effects. Methods. Twenty-four patients with class I or IIa indications for pacing were enrolled in the study, with 12 patients undergoing HBP implantation and another 12 patients undergoing LBBAP implantation. A comprehensive analysis of myocardial work was conducted. Results: Our findings indicate that there were no major differences in terms of spontaneous and HBP activation in myocardial work, except for global wasted work (217 mmHg% vs. 283 mmHg%; p 0.016) and global work efficiency (87 mmHg% vs. 82 mmHg%; p 0.049). There were no significant differences observed in myocardial work between spontaneous activation and LBBAP. Similarly, no significant differences in myocardial work were found between HBP and LBBAP. Conclusions: Both pacing modalities provide physiological ventricular activation without significant differences when compared to each other. Moreover, there were no significant differences in QRS duration between HBP and LBBAP. However, LBBAP demonstrated advantages in terms of feasibility, as it achieved better lead electrical parameters compared to HBP (threshold@0.4 ms 0.6 V vs. 1 V; p=0.045. Sensing 9.4 mV vs. 2.4 mV; p<0.001). Additionally, LBBAP required less fluoroscopy time (6 min vs. 13 min; p=0.010) and procedural time (81 min vs. 125 min; p=0.004) compared to HBP.