Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The magnetic resonance revolution in brain imaging: impact on neonatal intensive care

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy techniques have huge medical and scientific potential in neonatal brain imaging The magnetic resonance (MR) phenomenon was first described in 19461,2 but it was not until 1981 that the first transverse image through the human head was reported.3 In the last 20 years, MR technology has revolutionised medical and scientific neuroimaging, providing the richest source of information about the living brain available from any imaging technology and without the use of ionising radiation. MR techniques most commonly used in the neonate have been conventional MR imaging and 31P and 1H MR spectroscopy. MR imaging has allowed the observation of brain development and response to perinatal brain injury in vivo with an unprecedented sensitivity for assessment of changes in grey and white matter and an ability to differentiate unmyelinated from myelinated white matter. MR spectroscopy has provided a metabolic fingerprint of the brain during normal development and after perinatal brain injury (fig 1). Conventional MR imaging and MR spectroscopy, however, are only part of an array of methods that comprise the MR diagnostic armamentarium, which includes diffusion weighted MR imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, MR angiography, functional MR imaging (fMRI), magnetisation transfer imaging, and chemical shift imaging. These newer techniques have huge medical and scientific potential. Figure 1 (A) Representative T2 weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images, (B) 1H MR spectra, and (C) 31P MR spectra from healthy infants at 30 weeks gestation, term, 6 months, and 1 year of age. (A) The MR images show an increase in volume, surface area, and sulcation of cerebral cortex and in volume and microstructural organisation of cerebral white matter with development. (B) The series of 1H MR spectra show a steady increase in N -acetyl aspartate (NAA; a marker of neuronal and axonal density …
Determining surface solar absorption from broadband satellite measurements for clear skies - Comparison with surface measurements

Abstract Two separate datasets both of which provide measurements of net downward shortwave radiation have been combined, so as to provide a means of critically examining methods for transferring satellite measurements to the surface. This is further facilitated through interfacing the two datasets with an atmospheric shortwave-radiation model. One dataset comprises near-surface measurements made at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory Tower while the other consists of collocated satellite pixel measurements from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. This study amplifies previous suggestions that surface-shortwave absorption is a more meaningful quantity, for climate studies, than is surface insolation. The former should not, however, be evaluated from the latter through use of a surface albedo, since surface albedo is not solely a surface property nor can it easily be evaluated from satellite measurements. It is further demonstrated that a direct evaluation of surface shortwave absorption can be more acc.
International Tourism

Domestic Tourism Expenditure 1992 Survey Results Summary. Bureau of Tourism Research, GPO Box 1545, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. (n.d.). A$30. Summary results of the first major survey conducted in over 10 years on the spending of Australian residents on travel in Australia. The survey covered average expenditure on overnight and day trips. The information allows comparison of expenditure by characteristics such as state of origin, destination, and purpose of trip. Some data is also classified by demographic characteristics. Broad details of expenditure on the domestic component of overseas trip expenditure are also provided.
Road traffic crashes, injury and fatality trends in Sri Lanka: 1938–2013

Abstract Objective To analyse trends in road traffic crashes, injuries and fatalities over 75 years in Sri Lanka. Methods Data on road traffic crashes, injuries and fatalities between 1938 and 2013 were obtained from the Police Statistics Unit. Rates per 100 000 population were calculated and trends were analysed using joinpoint regression analysis. Findings Road traffic crashes and injuries rose substantially between 1938 and 2013: annual crashes increased from 61.2 to 183.6 per 100 000 people; injuries, from 35.1 to 98.6 per 100 000; and fatalities, from 3.0 to 10.8 per 100 000 people per year. Joinpoint analysis showed large fluctuations in crashes and injuries over time but the fatalities rose almost continuously. These fluctuations paralleled the country’s political and economic development. In some years, better traffic law enforcement and improved public transportation may have been associated with reduced crashes and injuries, whereas rapid growth in vehicle numbers, especially two- and three-wheeled vehicles, may have contributed to increased crashes and injuries. In addition, insurance policies that did not require a police report to claim may have led to underreporting of crashes and allowed drivers to avoid prosecution. Conclusion Fluctuations over time in road traffic crashes and injuries in Sri Lanka are associated with changes in political, economic and traffic policy. There is potential for reducing road traffic crashes and injuries through better traffic law enforcement, restrictions on the importation of two- and three-wheeled vehicles and policies to improve road safety and prevent underreporting of crashes.
Identifying the DNA Sequence Requirements for a Synergistic Interaction Between Two Cis- Regulatory Elements

My thesis research studies the genetic material that is the blue print to make animal life. In animals, a key type of genetic material is sequences collectively referred to as cis-regulatory elements (CREs). These sequences control the expression of genes; more specifically they instruct when to turn “ON” or “OFF” the production of a gene’s functional product. My research investigates the interaction between the two CREs, the Anterior Element and the Dimorphic Element of the fruit fly species Drosophila melanogaster. These two CREs act synergistically to produce a pattern of expression for the bab1 and bab2 genes that differs between male and female flies. As synergistic CRE interactions have seldom been reported, my research has sought to identify the necessary sequences for this interaction. Learning more about CRE functions in fruit flies will facilitate a better understanding as to how CREs function in our own genetic material. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Thomas Williams for all of his help throughout this process. I would also like to thank the graduate student Eric Camino, my lab, the Berry Family, the Honors Department, and the Biology Department. I really appreciate all your help. Finally, I would like to thank my family for all their support.
Effects of an Ice Storm on Fuel Loadings and Potential Fire Behavior in a Pine Barren of Northeastern New York

Ecological effects of natural disturbances depend on the disturbance type, frequency, intensity and spatial scale. Of the major natural disturbances in the Northeast, ice storms are more frequent than fires or wind storms. Affecting nearly ten million hectares, the ice storm of January, 1998 was probably the most intense and widespread natural disturbance in the Northeast during the 20 th Century. Some of the areas heavily impacted by this ice storm were sandstone pavement pine barrens of northeastern New York, among the rarest ecological communities in New York State. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) is the dominant tree species in the barrens. Ice storm damage to pine trees resulted in estimates of woody debris averaging 18 tons/ac (40 tonnes/ha) at the eight sites sampled in this study. These unusually high fuel loadings increase the probability for catastrophic wildfire. Predictions of fire behavior and fire intensity in these ice storm-damaged stands were made using the TSTMDL subsystem of BEHAVE. Estimates of fire behavior in these ice storm-damaged stands include flame lengths between 10 and 17 ft (3 and 5 m) and fireline intensities between 900 and 2600 Btu/ft/sec (3175 and 9400 kW/m). Fires of these intensities would be very difficult to suppress and would cause adverse ecological effects, including destruction of seeds contained in the slash. Further research is necessary to customize fuel models used to predict fire behavior in northeastern forests affected by disturbances.
ESTUDIOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS EN ÁREAS PEQUEÑAS: HERRAMIENTAS PARA ANALIZAR LA CONTAMINACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y SUS EFECTOS EN SALUD A ESCALA LOCAL

The increasing anthropogenic pollution has generated worldwide concern about potential adverse effects on human health. Given this need for research, spatial epidemiological studies in small areas are presented as a simple and efficient approach, using routinely collected data to be analyzed using sophisticated statistical techniques, providing tools to study locally epidemiological associations. A review of generalities and methodological and statistical elements of these studies is presented in this article with some examples of studies published in the last two decades, and a brief discussion about some relevant issues.
Impact of coal power base constructions on the environment around the Wulagai water reservoir,Xilinguole,Inner Mongolia

Xilinguolemeng,Inner Mongolia which is rich in coal resources,is one of the important energy industry bases in China.It will be the national key coal power base in the " Twelfth Five-Year-Plan". Wulagai water reservoir is the only one large(Ⅱ) reservoir,can provide annual 47.6 million m3 of industrial water for the construction and development of coal power base.In order to guarrantee the industrial water need.It never draw off since 2004,which caused ecological environment deterioration,such as drought of rivers,lakes and wetland degradation.The water reservoir can not provide enough water resource for the water demand of the planned coal power industries completely.Fragile ecology,and shortage of water resources can not guarantee the development of coal base and sustainable economic growth.For coordination of economic development and ecological environment protection,we need to carry on comprehensive planning in river basin.The reasonable coal power base could be constructed after meeting the ecological water demand.At the same time,scientific and technological innovation should be carried out.To make the energy construction of ecological environment protection and sustainable development. ,the development to clean coal as the foundation of the electric power industry should be carried on.
Using second-generation antidepressants to treat depressive disorders: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians.

DESCRIPTION The American College of Physicians developed this guideline to present the available evidence on the pharmacologic management of the acute, continuation, and maintenance phases of major depressive disorder; dysthymia; subsyndromal depression; and accompanying symptoms, such as anxiety, insomnia, or neurovegetative symptoms, by using second-generation antidepressants. METHODS Published literature on this topic was identified by using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychLit, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1980 to April 2007. Searches were limited to English-language studies in adults older than 19 years of age. Keywords for search included terms for depressive disorders and 12 specific second-generation antidepressants-bupropion, citalopram, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, mirtazapine, nefazodone, paroxetine, sertraline, trazodone, and venlafaxine-and their specific trade names. This guideline grades the evidence and recommendations by using the American College of Physicians clinical practice guidelines grading system. RECOMMENDATION 1: The American College of Physicians recommends that when clinicians choose pharmacologic therapy to treat patients with acute major depression, they select second-generation antidepressants on the basis of adverse effect profiles, cost, and patient preferences (Grade: strong recommendation; moderate-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 2: The American College of Physicians recommends that clinicians assess patient status, therapeutic response, and adverse effects of antidepressant therapy on a regular basis beginning within 1 to 2 weeks of initiation of therapy (Grade: strong recommendation; moderate-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 3: The American College of Physicians recommends that clinicians modify treatment if the patient does not have an adequate response to pharmacotherapy within 6 to 8 weeks of the initiation of therapy for major depressive disorder (Grade: strong recommendation; moderate-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 4: The American College of Physicians recommends that clinicians continue treatment for 4 to 9 months after a satisfactory response in patients with a first episode of major depressive disorder. For patients who have had 2 or more episodes of depression, an even longer duration of therapy may be beneficial (Grade: strong recommendation; moderate-quality evidence).
In vivo function of the murid herpesvirus-4 ribonucleotide reductase small subunit

The difficulty of eliminating herpesvirus carriage makes host entry a key target for infection control. However, its viral requirements are poorly defined. Murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4) can potentially provide insights into gammaherpesvirus host entry. Upper respiratory tract infection requires the MuHV-4 thymidine kinase (TK) and ribonucleotide reductase large subunit (RNR-L), suggesting a need for increased nucleotide production. However, both TK and RNR-L are likely to be multifunctional. We therefore tested further the importance of nucleotide production by disrupting the MuHV-4 ribonucleotide reductase small subunit (RNR-S). This caused a similar attenuation to RNR-L disruption: despite reduced intra-host spread, invasive inoculations still established infection, whereas a non-invasive upper respiratory tract inoculation did so only at high dose. Histological analysis showed that RNR-S−, RNR-L− and TK− viruses all infected cells in the olfactory neuroepithelium but unlike wild-type virus then failed to spread. Thus captured host nucleotide metabolism enzymes, up to now defined mainly as important for alphaherpesvirus reactivation in neurons, also have a key role in gammaherpesvirus host entry. This seemed to reflect a requirement for lytic replication to occur in a terminally differentiated cell before a viable pool of latent genomes could be established.
A Large-Scale Binding and Functional Map of Human RNA Binding Proteins

Genomes encompass all the information necessary to specify the development and function of an organism. In addition to genes, genomes also contain a myriad of functional elements that control various steps in gene expression. A major class of these elements function only when transcribed into RNA as they serve as the binding sites for RNA binding proteins (RBPs), which act to control post-transcriptional processes including splicing, cleavage and polyadenylation, RNA editing, RNA localization, stability, and translation. Despite the importance of these functional RNA elements encoded in the genome, they have been much less studied than genes and DNA elements. Here, we describe the mapping and characterization of RNA elements recognized by a large collection of human RBPs in K562 and HepG2 cells. These data expand the catalog of functional elements encoded in the human genome by addition of a large set of elements that function at the RNA level through interaction with RBPs. Highlights 223 eCLIP datasets for 150 RBPs reveal a wide variety of in vivo RNA target classes. 472 knockdown/RNA-seq profiles of 263 RBPs reveal factor-responsive targets and integration with eCLIP indicates RNA expression and splicing regulatory patterns. 78 RNA Bind-N-Seq profiles of in vitro binding motifs reveal links between in vitro and in vivo binding and indicate that eCLIP peaks that contain in vitro motifs are more strongly associated with regulation. 274 maps of RBP subcellular localization by immunofluorescence indicate widespread organelle-specific RNA processing regulation. 63 ChIP-seq profiles of DNA association suggest broad interconnectivity between chromatin association and RNA processing.
Safety Considerations for Cooperating Vehicles using Wireless Communication

Even though improvements in automotive safety have caused a significant decline in the number of traffic fatalities there is a strong need for further work. One important area is wireless communication from vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure which enables a host of new cooperative traffic applications ranging from collision avoidance to intelligent cruise control. However, using cooperation between vehicles as an enabler for safety-related functionality raises new issues on system dependability. In this paper we characterize the domain of cooperating vehicles and cooperative situation awareness and suggest a system architecture that promotes independent development and verification of safety functions.
Comparative studies on physico-chemical variations of two major mangrove wetlands in East coast of Tamilnadu, India

For the present investigation, two study areas were identified as Pichavaram in Cuddalore district and Muthupet in Thiruvarur district of Tamilnadu, India. The physico-chemical variation studies of two mangrove wetlands were conducted, encompassing physical and chemical aspects. Ecological study includes the study of both abiotic and biotic components of mangrove ecosystem. Abiotic components include mainly water and soil which support the mangroves. Water quality analysis involved both physical and chemical parameters. Physical parameter is mainly temperature of water. Chemical parameters assayed are pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and mineral composition like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride. Soil analysis comprises physical parameters like moisture content of the soil. Chemical parameters studied are pH, EC, salinity, organic carbon and minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride. All the studies were conducted in three seasons - monsoon, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon.
Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States.

CONTEXT Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Statistical methods used to estimate deaths in the United States attributable to influenza have not accounted for RSV circulation. OBJECTIVE To develop a statistical model using national mortality and viral surveillance data to estimate annual influenza- and RSV-associated deaths in the United States, by age group, virus, and influenza type and subtype. DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Age-specific Poisson regression models using national viral surveillance data for the 1976-1977 through 1998-1999 seasons were used to estimate influenza-associated deaths. Influenza- and RSV-associated deaths were simultaneously estimated for the 1990-1991 through 1998-1999 seasons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Attributable deaths for 3 categories: underlying pneumonia and influenza, underlying respiratory and circulatory, and all causes. RESULTS Annual estimates of influenza-associated deaths increased significantly between the 1976-1977 and 1998-1999 seasons for all 3 death categories (P<.001 for each category). For the 1990-1991 through 1998-1999 seasons, the greatest mean numbers of deaths were associated with influenza A(H3N2) viruses, followed by RSV, influenza B, and influenza A(H1N1). Influenza viruses and RSV, respectively, were associated with annual means (SD) of 8097 (3084) and 2707 (196) underlying pneumonia and influenza deaths, 36 155 (11 055) and 11 321 (668) underlying respiratory and circulatory deaths, and 51 203 (15 081) and 17 358 (1086) all-cause deaths. For underlying respiratory and circulatory deaths, 90% of influenza- and 78% of RSV-associated deaths occurred among persons aged 65 years or older. Influenza was associated with more deaths than RSV in all age groups except for children younger than 1 year. On average, influenza was associated with 3 times as many deaths as RSV. CONCLUSIONS Mortality associated with both influenza and RSV circulation disproportionately affects elderly persons. Influenza deaths have increased substantially in the last 2 decades, in part because of aging of the population, underscoring the need for better prevention measures, including more effective vaccines and vaccination programs for elderly persons.
A Scheme for Probabilistically Reliable Multicast Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper, we proposed a probabilistically reliable multicast routing (PRMR) which uses link packet delivery rate as the link-quality-based metric to find paths from source to destinations. In order to increase the reliability of the multicast session, we use a pair of disjoint paths to connect the source to each destination. We reduce the total number of forwarding nodes by exploiting the wireless broadcast advantage. Our experiment results show that PRMR can increase the average reliability by up to 25% and the node with the lowest reliability by up to 50% in comparison with ODMRP.
One-way Delay Estimation and Its Application

Delay estimation is a difficult problem in computer networks. Accurate one-way delay estimation is crucial because it serves a very important role in network performance and thus application design. RTT (Round Trip Time) is often used as an approximation of the delay, but because it is a sum of the forward and reverse delays, the actual one-way delay cannot be estimated accurately from RTT. To estimate one-way delay accurately, this paper proposes a new scheme that analytically derives one-way delay, forward and reverse delay, respectively. We show that the performance of TCP can improve dramatically in asymmetric networks using our scheme. A key contribution of this paper is that our one-way delay estimation is much more accurate than RTT estimation so that TCP can quickly find the network capacity in the slow start phase. Since RTT is the sum of the forward and reverse delays, our scheme can be applied to any protocol that is based on RTT.