Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear planetary wave reflection in the troposphere

Forty‐four years (1958–2001) of daily data from two re‐analysis data sets are used to investigate the occurrence of nonlinear reflection from planetary wave breaking (PWB). PWB is manifested in the large‐scale and rapid irreversible overturning of potential vorticity (PV) contours on isentropic surfaces in the upper troposphere. PWB takes place as a midlatitude wave train propagates equatorward toward a region of weak background zonal flow. As breaking occurs wave propagation is no longer possible. Linear theory predicts that wave activity will be absorbed in the wave‐breaking region following the event. Our results show that almost a third of all PWB events result in nonlinear reflection rather than absorption. The signature of the reflected wave train arching northward and downstream into midlatitudes is very similar to that of nonlinear reflection seen in a hierarchy of modeling studies.
An interpretation of the Variscan tectonics of SW Britain

Summary The structure of SW Britain is interpreted in terms of thin-skinned tectonics, producing a NNW verging fold and thrust zone. In south Wales the thrusts involve high level imbricate stacks showing some 20–40% shortening with a shallow floor thrust in Namurian-Westphalian strata, cut to the south by deeper level folds and thrusts with a basal decoupling zone in or below the Lower Palaeozoic rocks. In Devon and Cornwall the Upper Palaeozoic rocks show a gently dipping, widespread and locally intense cleavage related to the progressive development of large thrust sheets and associated inclined to recumbent folds. In north Cornwall these northward verging structures have been redeformed and often completely overprinted by a large south verging backthrust. Some of this backthrust movement may be offset, by a lateral ramp, to a much lower decoupling zone, producing a major backfold in south Devon. The thrust transport direction is to the NNW as determined from mineral lineations, maximum extension directions, fold and thrust traces and tear faults. Fold hinges are generally normal to the transport direction but are locally rotated into the NNW trend in more intensely deformed zones. In north Devon and south Wales, the folds are oblique suggesting a component of differential movement. Considering SW Britain and southern Ireland the fold trends are arcuate and there is often extension parallel to the fold axes. These phenomena are interpreted as due to the obliquity of the thrusting and the Variscan front. Pre-tectonic facies changes along the front hinder lateral fault propagation giving sticking points at lateral tips which become poles of rotation. Deformation affected only the upper crust; there was no major crustal thickening during Variscan tectonics though the crust has been locally thinned probably by a factor of 2 before onset of compression in Devonian times. Deformation was diachronous with a slow displacement rate. Sedimentation occurred in an advancing series of fore-deeps ahead of the deformed and thickened zone. Estimates of shortening across the thin-skinned zone are about 50%, that is 150 km across SW England. The crust beneath the thin skin must extend back beneath the English Channel and northern France.
The PICU perspective on monitoring hemodynamics and oxygen transport

Alterations of hemodynamics and oxygen transport balance are very common scenarios in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and these alterations are as heterogeneous and diverse in nature as are the patient populations that typically exist in the PICU. Accordingly, the PICU perspective on monitoring of hemodynamics and oxygen transport balance in critically ill children must be understood in this context of heterogeneity and diversity. We provide an interpretation of the evidence supporting various monitoring strategies as presented in the The Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society Evidence Based Review and Consensus Statement on Monitoring of Hemodynamics and Oxygen Transport Balance from a Pediatric Intensive Care perspective.
EVALUATION OF INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY (IMRT) DELIVERY ERROR DUE TO IMRT TREATMENT PLAN COMPLEXITY AND IMPROPERLY MATCHED DOSIMETRY DATA

Jacqueline R. Tonigan, B.S. Supervisory Professor: David Followill, Ph.D. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a technique that delivers a highly conformal dose distribution to a target volume while attempting to maximally spare the surrounding normal tissues. IMRT is a common treatment modality used for treating head and neck (H&N) cancers, and the presence of many critical structures in this region requires accurate treatment delivery. The Radiological Physics Center (RPC) acts as both a remote and on-site quality assurance agency that credentials institutions participating in clinical trials. To date, about 30% of all IMRT participants have failed the RPC’s remote audit using the IMRT H&N phantom. The purpose of this project is to evaluate possible causes of H&N IMRT delivery errors observed by the RPC, specifically IMRT treatment plan complexity and the use of improper dosimetry data from machines that were thought to be matched but in reality were not. Eight H&N IMRT plans with a range of complexity defined by total MU (1460-3466), number of segments (54-225), and modulation complexity scores (MCS) (0.181-0.609) were created in Pinnacle v.8m. These plans were delivered to the RPC’s H&N phantom on a single Varian Clinac. One of the IMRT plans (1851 MU, 88 segments, and MCS=0.469) was equivalent to the median H&N plan from 130 previous RPC H&N phantom irradiations. This average IMRT plan was also delivered on four matched Varian Clinac machines and the dose distribution calculated using a different 6MV beam model. Radiochromic film and TLD within the phantom were used to analyze the dose profiles and absolute doses, respectively. The measured and calculated were compared to evaluate the dosimetric accuracy. All deliveries met the RPC acceptance criteria of ±7% absolute dose vi difference and 4 mm distance-to-agreement (DTA). Additionally, gamma index analysis was performed for all deliveries using a ±7%/4mm and ±5%/3mm criteria. Increasing the treatment plan complexity by varying the MU, number of segments, or varying the MCS resulted in no clear trend toward an increase in dosimetric error determined by the absolute dose difference, DTA, or gamma index. Varying the delivery machines as well as the beam model (use of a Clinac 6EX 6MV beam model vs. Clinac 21EX 6MV model), also did not show any clear trend towards an increased dosimetric error using the same criteria indicated above.
Depositional Pattern in Upland Surfaces of Central Gangetic Plain Near Lucknow

Several meter thick muddy sequences make up the topmost part of upland surfaces in Central Gangetic Plain. Excavations in the river-valley terrace (T 1 -surface) of Gomti River show about 4 m thick fine-grained deposits, which are underlain by a meter thick sand body: The sand of such sand bodies is coarser-grained than the present-day Gomti River sand. The sequence is essentially a silty very fine sand, highly mottled due to extensive bioturbation. These muddy successions are deposited by sheet floods of monsoon rains and not linked to flood plain of present-day active river. The high plateau surface (T 2 -surface) shows locally a few meter thick channel fill sequences, produced by small channels which have been abandoned. The muddy sediments of upland surfaces show high degree of variability.
Numerical simulations of boundary‐layer processes and urban‐induced alterations in an Alpine valley

High‐resolution simulations are performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, coupled with an advanced urban parameterization scheme, to evaluate the modifications induced by the urban area of Trento on boundary‐layer processes in the Alpine Adige Valley in a typical summer sunny day. Specific gridded datasets of urban morphology parameters and anthropogenic heat releases were created to provide high‐resolution input information for the urban scheme. Comparison of model results against measurements from surface weather stations shows that the model simulates reasonably well the development of valley winds, as well as the complex interaction occurring north of Trento between the up‐valley wind of the Adige Valley and a lake breeze flowing from a tributary valley. The urban heat island of the city is also well captured by the model, with stronger intensities at night and lower values during daytime. Comparisons with an idealized simulation, where all the urban land use grid points are replaced by cropland, suggest that the city inhibits the development of the ground‐based thermal inversion at night and also affects valley winds, modifying both the typical down‐valley wind, and the interaction between the up‐valley wind of the Adige Valley and the lake breeze. Further sensitivity tests are performed to evaluate the impacts of the gridded datasets of urban morphology and anthropogenic heat releases, and to assess what are the benefits of using the advanced urban scheme against a simple bulk parameterization. Results highlight that even the moderate anthropogenic heat releases present in Trento appreciably affect nocturnal temperatures in the city, while gridded information on urban parameters is not essential in the present case, because urban morphology does not display a high spatial variability. However, it is shown that the choice of the urban scheme may have significant impacts on both temperature and wind fields.
Reliability analysis of water distribution networks in consideration of equity, redistribution, and pressure‐dependent demand

A goal programming model has been developed to analyze the system behavior for the water distribution networks under contingency situations due to failures of pipes and pumps, taking into account three aspects: (1) equity, or sharing inconvenience equally among consumers; (2) redistribution of the network flows to reduce the negative consequences of a failure of one portion on other portions of the network; and (3) consideration of pressure‐dependent demand delivery due to insufficient head, namely, if a nodal head falls below a desired level, the flow delivered to that node is reduced. The first priority of the goal program is to maximize the lowest nodal demand supply ratio (or the ratio of actually delivered demand to the required demand at a node). The second priority is to maximize the system demand supply ratio (or the ratio of actually delivered water to the required total system demand). Link flow directions in the model are not fixed but are determined by a set of criteria. The system behaviors with respect to the three aspects of reliability factors are examined through extensive numerical experiments. The impact of equity requirements on redistribution of network flows, link flow directions, nodal demand supply ratio, and system demand supply ratio when failure events become serious is examined in particular detail. It is found that equity requirements can satisfactorily bring about fair sharing of inconvenience among consumers. The model proposed also suggests that network operations should reverse some link flow directions in order to meet equity requirements under severe contingencies.
New primary production and nitrification in the western subtropical North Atlantic: A modeling study

The original definition of new primary production rests on the assumption that nitrogenous substrate taken up to fuel algal growth is coming into contact with phytoplankton for the first time that year. Therefore, should the generation of nitrate from ammonium by nitrification turn out to be significant in surface waters then nitrate uptake can no longer be simply ascribed to new production. A modeling study is presented centered on the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Station, in the oligotrophic subtropical North Atlantic. We quantify the role of nitrification in providing nitrate to fuel primary production through a full annual cycle for the first time. The results confirm previous limited observations suggesting that a major fraction of nitrate uptake in oligotrophic regions (where nitrification will be most influential), previously ascribed to new production, may actually involve “recycled” nitrate.
Vertical Radar Reflectivity Structure and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in the Stratiform Region of MCSs: Further Evidence for In Situ Charging in the Stratiform Region

Abstract This study presents further evidence in support of an in situ, noninductive charging mechanism as the process likely responsible for significant electrification of the trailing stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). In contrast to previous studies of MCS electrification that have investigated observations of radar reflectivity and cloud-to-ground lightning in the horizontal (e.g., Orville et al.; Rutledge et al.), here the relationship between the location and occurrence of cloud-to-ground lightning in the stratiform regions of midlatitude and tropical MCSs and the vertical profile of radar reflectivity are examined. The vertical profile of radar reflectivity at elevations above the 0°C level is used as a proxy for the amount of mass present in the mixed-phase region of the stratiform clouds, which in turn is related to the generation of charge through a noninductive charging mechanism. To further explore the relationship between radar reflectivity, mixed-phase microphysics, a.
Heat Flux Partitioning in Open-Ocean Convection

Abstract Cold air blowing out over a warm ocean leads to convection over an isolated region of the ocean basin. This phenomenon, known as open-ocean convection, is often simulated by convective forcing from a circular disk much smaller than the dimension of the domain. An important feature of these simulations is the development of eddies at the edge of the disk that serve to transport heat horizontally. This has sparked interest in the heat-flux characteristics of such a system. This paper deals with the thermodynamic properties of this type of convective flow, using a rotating tank with bottom-mounted hotplate as the experimental apparatus. Experiments are performed, in an initially unstratified fluid, for a set of values of the nondimensional forcing parameter Rc = B1/2/(Hf3/2), where B is the buoyancy flux, H is the fluid depth, and f is the Coriolis parameter. The ratio of the frontal eddy size to the hotplate radius, ϵ, is shown to be an important parameter. The experiments reported are for the regi.
Leaf pubescence as a possibility to increase water use efficiency by promoting condensation

There is various evidence that the presence of condensed water, e.g. dew, improves plant water relations. Because particularly plants in drier environments are expected to benefit from atmospheric water, it may be assumed that special adaptations promoting exploitation of dew water evolved in these habitats. Surface characteristics affect dewfall and retention of dew water. Leaf surface characteristics such as hairs (trichomes), which are often present in plants of arid environments, may therefore play a substantial role in dew harvesting. In this study, it is analysed to what extent (1) the presence of hygrophilic aerosoles promotes dewfall by reducing vapour saturation pressure (‘early condensation’), (2) dew water can be stored within a dense trichome layer, (3) the presence of dew water increases humidity directly above the leaf surface, thereby reducing water loss from the leaf interior by decreasing the water potential gradient between leaf interior and exterior, and (4) dew evaporation reduces transpiration further by evaporative cooling. A physical framework is provided in this contribution that shows that these processes are in fact possible under natural conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisit to omni-rig sensors: What can be done with a nonrigid vision platform?

We describe the principles of building a moving vision platform (a Rig) that once calibrated can thereon self-adjust to changes in its internal configuration and maintain an Euclidean representation of the 3D world using only projective measurements. The calibration paradigm is termed "Omni-Rig". We assume that after calibration the cameras may change critical elements of their configuration, including internal parameters and rotations. Theoretically we show that knowing only the relative positions between a set of cameras is sufficient for Euclidean calibration even varying focal length and unknown rotations. No other information of the world is required.
Twitter como fuente informativa de sucesos imprevistos: el seguimiento de hashtags en el caso #ArdeValencia

Journalists have integrated social networks in their professional routines. Social networks allow spreading content and interacting with the audience. However, in its role as an information source, they are controversial. Journalists oftn choose the immediacy of Twitter to get information. The aim of this paper is to analyze the content of tweets associated to hashtags to measure its potential as an information source of unexpected events. In order to do so, we have used a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques of content analysis. We have studied the tweets linked to #ArdeValencia, a tag about the wildfires in July 2012 in Valencia (Spain), which burned 50000 hectares. The findings indicate that almost no scoop is disseminated. We detect little exclusive information. Nevertheless, it’s frequent to find reiterative comments, data and news previously published in the traditional media. From this perspective, Twitter’s role as an information source is doubtful, but it can work as an ambiental thermometer. In fact, about half of tweets criticize the Valencian Government, due to their budget cuts on wildfire prevention. Therefore, we note users use hashtags to take sides and express their ideology.
Characteristics of Cl (cid:1) uptake in rat alveolar type I cells

of Cl in rat alveolar type I cells. Although Cl (cid:1) transport in fetal lung is important for ﬂuid secretion and normal lung development, the role of Cl (cid:1) transport in adult lung is not well understood. In physiological studies, the cystic ﬁbrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) plays a role in ﬂuid absorption in the distal air spaces of adult lung, and alveolar type II cells cultured for 5 days have the capacity to transport Cl (cid:1) . Although both alveolar type I and type II cells express CFTR, it has previously not been known whether type I cells transport Cl (cid:1) . We studied Cl (cid:1) uptake in isolated type I cells directly, using either radioisotopic tracers or halide-sensitive ﬂuorescent indicators. By both methods, type I cells take up Cl (cid:1) . In the presence of (cid:2) -adrenergic agonist stimulation, Cl (cid:1) uptake can be inhibited by CFTR antagonists. Type I cells express both the Cl (cid:1) /HCO 3 (cid:1) anion exchanger AE2 and the voltage-gated Cl (cid:1) channels CLC5 and CLC2. Inhibitors of AE2 also block Cl (cid:1) uptake in type I cells. Together, these results demonstrate that type I cells are capable of Cl (cid:1) uptake and suggest that the effects seen in whole lung studies establishing the importance of Cl (cid:1) movement in alveolar ﬂuid clearance may be, in part, the result of Cl (cid:1) transport across type I cells. with inhibitor) demonstrated Cl uptake (decrease in ﬂuorescence) ( n (cid:7) cell isolations). addition of CFTR inh172 to unstimulated cells ( n (cid:7) 5) minimal increase in the relative ﬂuorescence, suggesting Cl (cid:1) efﬂux from the cells.
A preliminary classification of coastal sand dunes of KwaZulu-Natal

ABSTRACT Jackson, D.W. T. , Cooper, J.A. G. , Green, A.N. , 2014. A preliminary classification of sand dunes of the KwaZulu-Natal coast. In: Green, A.N. and Cooper, J.A. G. (eds.), Proceedings 13th International Coastal Symposium (Durban, South Africa), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 70, pp. 718–722, ISSN 0749-0208. The 550 km-long KwaZulu-Natal coast broadly divides into a bedrock-framed southern section and northern coastal plain section, each of approximately equal length. Seven types of coastal dune are identified on this coast: estuary barrier dunes; mainland beach foredunes; prograded beachridge dunes; headland bypass dunes; transverse dune fields; parabolic/migrating dunefield; and climbing dunes. The development and distribution of the various dune forms is more strongly controlled by the geological setting, than the aerodynamic regime.
Aislamiento de "Micromonospora" de nódulos de leguminosas tropicales y análisis de su interés como promotor del crecimiento vegetal

En el presente trabajo se plantea el aislamiento, caracterizacion e identificacion de cepas de Micromonospora aisladas de nodulos fijadores de nitrogeno de las leguminosas tropicales Phaseolus vulgaris y Arachis hypogeae recogidas en Nicaragua y que son de importancia agricola en toda America Latina. Posteriormente se realizaran experimentos de reinoculacion en planta con el fin de ampliar nuestros conocimientos sobre el papel que pueden desempenar estos microorganismos en la nodulacion y fijacion de nitrogeno de las plantas hospedadoras.
Trends in mineral metabolism: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with mineral metabolism dysregulation, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. No study specifically examined mineral metabolism trends in a generalizable sample of patients at increased CKD risk. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis from November 1, 2005, to December 31, 2006, of calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) includes 2,646 individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP), a community-based health-screening program targeting individuals 18 years and older with diabetes, hypertension, or family history of kidney disease, diabetes, or hypertension. A parallel analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 data was performed. RESULTS In KEEP, as eGFR decreased from 55 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) to less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2), calcium level decreased (9.55 +/- 0.47 to 9.34 +/- 0.62 mg/dL; P < 0.001), phosphorus level increased (3.70 +/- 0.59 to 4.15 +/- 0.80 mg/dL; P < 0.001), and PTH level increased (66.3 +/- 36.3 to 164 +/- 109 pg/mL; mean, 80.8 +/- 57.0 pg/mL; P < 0.001). NHANES 1999-2004 showed similar trends, with PTH values not as high. Individuals within opinion-based Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiatives targets from the highest to the lowest eGFR group were as follows: calcium, 93.0% to 92.3% (KEEP) and 97.4% to 89.6% (NHANES); phosphorus, 90.4% to 90.3% (KEEP) and 91.6% to 87.1% (NHANES); and PTH, 46.1% to 31.2% (KEEP) and 56.4% to 36.1% (NHANES). CONCLUSIONS In a community-based CKD screening population, increased PTH level occurs early in patients with stage 3, typically with normal calcium and phosphorus levels. These findings support the importance of including PTH with calcium and phosphorus monitoring for individuals with eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2).
Childhood Autism: A Clinician's Guide to Early Diagnosis and Integrated Treatment

Grandin, Foreword. Introduction. Making an Accurate and Timely Diagnosis. Autism: The Experience for Children, Parents and Practitioners. Applied Behavioural Analysis: The Gold Standard and Beyond. Sensory Integration, Systematic Desensitization, and Exercise: Promoting Interdisciplinary Intervention in the Mind-body Relationship. Addressing Core Social Deficits. The Psychobiology of Autism: Coping with Dietary Restrictions, Invasive Procedures and Chronic Pain. Autism and Academics: Getting the Appropriate Education and IEP. Newer Treatments, Resiliency, and Hope for the Future.