Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does childhood trauma moderate polygenic risk for depression? A meta-analysis of 5,765 subjects 1 from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium 2

44 Background: The heterogeneity of genetic effects on Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) may be 45 partly attributable to moderation of genetic effects by environment, such as exposure to childhood 46 trauma (CT). Indeed, previous findings in two independent cohorts showed evidence for interaction 47 between polygenic risk scores (PRS) and CT, albeit in opposing directions. This study aims to meta- 48 analyze MDD-PRSxCT interaction results across these two and other cohorts, while applying more 49 accurate PRS based on a larger discovery sample. 50 Methods and Materials: Data were combined from 3,024 MDD cases and 2,741 controls from nine 51 cohorts contributing to the MDD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. MDD-PRS 52 were based on a discovery sample of approximately 110,000 independent individuals. CT was 53 assessed as exposure to sexual or physical abuse during childhood. In a subset of 1957 cases and 54 2002 controls, a more detailed 5-domain measure additionally included emotional abuse, physical 55 neglect and emotional neglect. 56 Results: MDD was associated with the MDD-PRS (OR=1.24, p=3.6e-5, R 2 =1.18%) and with CT 57 (OR=2.63, p=3.5e-18 and OR=2.62, p=1.4e-5 for the 2- and 5-domain measures respectively). No 58 interaction was found between MDD-PRS and the 2-domain and 5-domain CT measure (OR=1.00, 59 p=0.89 and OR=1.05, p=0.66). 60 Conclusions: No meta-analytic evidence for interaction between MDD-PRS and CT was found. This 61 suggests that the previously reported interaction effects, although both statistically significant, can 62 best be interpreted as chance findings. Further research is required, but this study suggests that the 63 genetic heterogeneity of MDD is not attributable to genome-wide moderation of genetic effects by CT.
Effects of model formulation and calibration data on uncertainty in dense nonaqueous phase liquids source dissolution predictions

Simplified models have been proposed to describe dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) source mass discharge versus time assuming that aqueous mass transfer is proportional to the DNAPL mass remaining raised to the power of a “source architecture” coefficient. Recent studies suggest that source discharge predictions may be improved using multiple functions for different architectures. However, multiple‐source functions require estimation of additional parameters, which can be difficult to do from available field data. A hypothetical problem was considered that involves a DNAPL source zone consisting of seven discrete trichloroethylene (TCE) sources within a roughly 120,000 m2 area, each having different release dates, masses, and rate parameters. A transport model was used to simulate dissolved TCE concentrations in 22 monitoring wells over a 23 year period. “Noise” representing conceptual model errors and sampling or measurement error was applied to produce synthetic monitoring data. Source mass and dissolution rates were computed for the total source and for various depth intervals for a 5 year period and were also overlaid with suitable “noise. ” Data sets consisting of various subsets of the noisy monitoring and source data were employed to calibrate various model formulations. Results indicate that calibration using only near‐source discharge rates yield highly uncertain estimates of future mass discharge rates. Prediction accuracy is improved and uncertainty is reduced by calibrating to whole plume data in conjunction with source discharge estimates, especially if the latter are available for multiple depths. More complex models reduce prediction uncertainty up to a point beyond which added complexity was a liability unless additional or more accurate data are available.
Coastal-Zone Biogeochemical Dynamics under Global Warming

The coastal zone, consisting of the continental shelves to a depth of 200 meters, including bays, lagoons, estuaries, and near-shore banks, is an environment that is strongly affected by its biogeochemical and physical interactions with reservoirs in the adjacent domains of land, atmosphere, open ocean, and marine sediments. Because the coastal zone is smaller in volume and areal coverage relative to the open ocean, it traditionally has been studied as an integral part of the global oceans. In this paper, we show by numerical modeling that it is important to consider the coastal zone as an entity separate from the open ocean in any assessment of future Earth-system response under human perturbation. Model analyses for the early part of the 21st century suggest that the coastal zone plays a significant modifying role in the biogeochemical dynamics of the carbon cycle and the nutrient cycles coupled to it. This role is manifested in changes in primary production, storage, and/or export of organic matter, its remineralization, and calcium carbonate precipitation- all of which determine the state of the coastal zone with respect to exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere. Under a scenario of future reduced or complete cessation of the thermohaline circulation (THC) of the global oceans, coastal waters become an important sink for atmospheric CO2, as opposed to the conditions in the past and present, when coastal waters are believed to be a source of CO2, to the atmosphere. Profound changes in coastal-zone primary productivity underscore the important role of phosphorus as a limiting nutrient. In addition, our calculations indicate that the saturation state of coastal waters with respect to carbonate minerals will decline by ∼15% by the year 2030. Any future slowdown in the THC of the oceans will increase slightly the rate of decline in saturation state.
California Center for Population Research On-line Working Paper Series the Right Amount of Trust the Right Amount of Trust

We investigate the relationship between individual trust and individual economic performance. We …nd that individual income is hump-shaped in a measure of intensity of trust beliefs. Heterogeneity of trust beliefs in the population, coupled with the tendency of individuals to extrapolate beliefs about others from their own levels of trustworthiness, could generate this non-monotonic relationship: highly trustworthy individuals tend to form overly optimistic beliefs, to assume too much social risk and to be cheated more often, ultimately performing less well than those with a belief close to the mean trustworthiness of the population. On the other hand, less trustworthy individuals form overly pessimistic beliefs and avoid being cheated, but give up pro…table opportunities, therefore underperforming. The cost of either too much or too little trust is comparable to the income lost by foregoing college. Our …ndings in large-scale survey data are supported and extended with experimental …ndings. We show that in the trust game, own trustworthiness and beliefs about others'trustworthiness are strongly correlated and persistent and that patterns in earnings lost due to incorrect beliefs are comparable to those in the survey data. Toulouse University for helpful comments. We are greateful to the International Atlantic Economic Society for inviting Luigi Guiso to deliver the Robert A. Mundell distinguished address at the 67th meeting which relied on the material in this paper. Luigi Guiso thanks the EUI for …nancial support and LUISS University for making the LUISS lab available. Paola Giuliano thanks the UCLA-CIBER grant for …nancial support.
Varved glaciomarine clay in central Sweden before and after the Baltic Ice Lake drainage: a further clue to the drainage events at Mt Billingen

Glaciomarine clay found west of Mt Billingen, central Sweden, contains two distinct varve units separated by a sand layer that we interpret to be sediment deposited in the North Sea during the catastrophic drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake (BIL). The lower varve series was deposited proximal to the retreating ice margin and consists of varves that grade upward from gray to red. The upper varve series was deposited after the drainage event when fresh water within the Baltic basin flowed westward north of Billingen; the upper varves grade from red to gray. Grain size, elemental composition (determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF)), iron and organic-carbon content vary within each varve, with values that grade upward through each varve, but with a sharp contact with the overlying varve. The two varve units differ from each other, with the lower sequence being coarser and the upper containing a higher iron and organic-carbon content. We attribute the differences between pre- and post-drainage varves to reflect changes in distance to the ice margin and provenance. The stratigraphy at the site suggests that the BIL drainage lasted < 1 year. Lithostratigraphic correlations to the Lake Lången basin west of Mt Billingen support the idea of glacier ice in the Lången basin during the drainage and a retreat and advance of the ice sheet during Alleröd and Younger Dryas, including the possibility of an earlier, Alleröd drainage.
Prochlorococcus phage ferredoxin: structural characterization and interactions with cyanobacterial sulfite reductases

Marine cyanobacteria are infected by phage whose genomes encode ferredoxin (Fd) electron carriers. While these Fds are thought to redirect the energy harvested from light to phage-encoded oxidoreductases that enhance viral fitness, it is not clear how the biochemical and biophysical properties of phage Fds relate to those in photosynthetic organisms. Bioinformatic analysis using a sequence similarity network revealed that phage Fds are most closely related to cyanobacterial Fds that transfer electrons from photosystems
Biochronology of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous radiolarites from the Lycian Mélange (SW Turkey) and implications for the evolution of the Northern Neotethyan ocean

Abstract New radiolarian ages for blocks of radiolarian cherts associated with other blocks of distal pelagic facies and ophiolitic lithologies within the Lycian Mélange, SW Turkey, indicate deposition during Mid-Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time. Radiolarites overlying pink pelagic limestones of an allochthonous carbonate unit accumulated during the Mid- to Late Jurassic. On the basis of structural evidence the Lycian Mélange is inferred to have been rooted within the Northern Neotethys, to the north of the Tauride-Anatolide microcontinent. The Lycian radiolarites can be compared with other dated radiolarites from the Izmir-Ankara suture, the root zone of the Northern Neotethyan ocean. Based on all the available radiolarian data it is inferred that radiolarites accumulated within the Northern Neotethys in western Turkey from Late Triassic (Mid-Carnian to Late Norian) to Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) time. The radiolarites were later detached from their inferred oceanic basement and accreted within a subduction complex during the Late Cretaceous (Turonian-Maastrichtian) and emplaced over the northern margin of the Tauride-Anatolide continent together with slices of continental margin and ophiolitic lithologies.
Anuários estatísticos: retratos de diferentes épocas

Statistics, as a translation of phenomena under study, and almanacs, as instruments for their dissemination, are today widely used, although many are unaware of the long process involved in their preparation. This article discusses the relationship between statistics, information and knowledge, and presents a brief history of the production of statistics and almanacs, particularly the Statistical Almanac of the State of Sao Paulo, tracing it back from its beginnings, through its many transformation, and up to its current format.
Simplified Dynamic Analysis of Vibration-Induced Rock Toppling

This note describes a simplified approach to the preliminary assessment of rock toppling as the result of earthquakes, blasting, or other vibrations. The method is dynamic in the sense that it goes beyond pseudo-static or quasi-static analyses to incorporate information about vibration frequency in addition to acceleration magnitude. It is simplified in the sense that it assumes single-frequency shaking of a rectangular rock, and thus falls short of a complete dynamic analysis of an irregular three-dimensional rock with complicated basal geometry and a full spectrum of frequencies. The approach was originally motivated by a consulting project in which the possibility of blasting-induced rock toppling was raised by homeowners living near hillside construction sites. Calculations based upon the method show that high-frequency vibrations caused by typical blasting operations are unlikely to pose problems even if peak acceleration values are relatively high. Moderate to large earthquakes generating lower frequency vibrations might, however, topple some rocks at the same or lower accelerations. Previously published analyses of rock toppling are divided between static kinematic or mechanistic formulations for single- or multiple-block toppling in the rock slope engineering literature (e.g., Norrish and Wyllie, 1996; West, 1996) and quasi-static to fully dynamic back-calculations used to infer past earthquake intensity in the seismology literature (e.g., Shi et al., 1996; Anderson and Brune, 1999; Anooshehpoor and Brune, 2002; Anooshehpoor et al., 2004; and O'Connell et al., 2007). Most recently, Crider (2008) incorporated toppling into a three-dimensional (3-D) quasi-static stochastic model simulating the degradation of fault scarps in jointed rock. Although the method described in this note lacks the sophistication of the dynamic or multiple block analyses undertaken by others, it can be performed using geometric variables easily estimated in the field and such vibration information as horizontal acceleration and vibration frequency from blasting …
Time-cumulated visible and infrared radiance histograms used as descriptors of surface and cloud variations

Abstract The spatial and temporal stability of the distributions of satellite-measured visible and infrared radiances, caused by variations in clouds and surfaces, are investigated using bidimensional and monodimensional histograms and time-composite images. Similar analysis of the histograms of the original and time-composite images provides separation of the contributions of the space and time variations to the total variations. The variability of both the surfaces and clouds is found to be larger at scales much larger than the minimum resolved by satellite imagery. This study shows that the shapes of these histograms are distinctive characteristics of the different climate regimes and that particular attributes of these histograms can be related to several general, though not universal, properties of clouds and surface variations at regional and synoptic scales. There are also significant exceptions to these relationships in particular climate regimes. The characteristics of these radiance histograms p.
Thermal Effects of Reinjection in Geothermal Reservoirs With Major Vertical Fractures

In many geothermal fields there is evidence of rapid migration of injected fluids along ''preferential flow paths'', presumably along fractures. The potential for unacceptable fluid temperature decline at production wells as a consequence of large-scale injection is of obvious concern to geothermal developers, and methods are needed for evaluating the thermal response of these ''fast paths'' to injection. One difficulty encountered in analyzing test data is that the geometry of the flow path(s) may be speculative and ambiguous, leading to unreliable predictions of thermal interference. Fast pathways often may be provided by major vertical or nearly vertical fractures and faults with approximately linear flow geometry. This paper discusses possibilities for characterizing the thermal properties of fast paths by means of different types of tests (tracers, pressure transients, nonisothermal injection). Thermal breakthrough in vertical fractures is examined in some detail by using an idealized model for which an analytical solution is available. The model shows that rapid tracer returns are not necessarily indicative of rapid thermal interference. Thermal breakthrough predictions can be made from tracer data only, if both fluid residence time and tracer dispersion are taken into account. However, because of the geometric simplifications necessary in analyzing the tracer data,more » thermal interference estimates on this basis appear questionable. Pressure transient tests can provide additional parameters for thermal interference predictions, but they cannot resolve the problem of nonuniqueness. A more reliable determination of thermal characteristics of fast paths appears possible from nonisothermal injection tests, combined with numerical simulation. « less
Method for in-flight satellite calibration in the ultraviolet using radiative transfer calculations, with application to Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY)

[1] We present a reflectance validation method, using a polarized radiative transfer model as a reference. The method involves calculating the complete radiative transfer in the ultraviolet for a carefully selected, natural, cloud-free Earth target. An extensive sensitivity study shows that in the ultraviolet, the ozone profile (mainly below 330 nm) and the surface albedo (mainly above 330 nm) are the important parameters that affect the reflectance and are therefore the major sources of error in the modeled reflectances. The accuracy with which the reflectance in the UV range of 240–400 nm can be calculated, because of uncertainty in input parameters, is 2–6%, depending on wavelength. The method is applied to Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), using a cloud-free scene over the Sahara desert. The reflectance measured by SCIAMACHY turns out to show a scan-angle-independent calibration error of 10–25% for this particular Sahara target. The result is confirmed for ocean and vegetation targets.
Unusual type of benign X linked muscular dystrophy

UNUSUAL TYPE OF BENIGN X LINKED MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY4 Authors : Emery AEH, Dreifuss FE Year published : 1966 Alan E H Emery from Green Templeton College, Oxford, describes the excitement of his trip as a single handed ‘research laboratory on wheels’ to the Appalachian Mountains to follow up a large family thought to have ‘mild’ Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which led him to delineate the disorder now known as Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was first clearly delineated by Edward Meryon in 1851 but eponymously associated with Duchenne whose involvement was several years later.1 But though the clinical details were well defined by the early 1960s, when my interest in the disease first began while pursuing postgraduate research at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, the mode of inheritance was not clear. Sex linked inheritance seemed likely because the disease only affected boys. Furthermore, Walton described a severely affected woman in a family with affected men and postulated she might only have one X chromosome.2 In fact, she did prove …
A climatologically based long-range fire growth model

A long-range fire growth model was developed to predict the potential size or probable extent of a wildfire if it was allowed to grow unimpeded for the course of the fire season. The model combines the probabilities of fire spread and of survival to produce a probable fire extent map. Probability of spread is determined from exponential distributions of potential rates of spread for various fuel types and eight compass directions, based on 30 years of fire weather data and elliptical fire growth. Probability of survival is determined from the probable evolution of the duff moisture code over the fire season predicted with Markov chains and a duff moisture code of extinction. A comparative study was conducted within Wood Buffalo National Park. The long-term model was compared with a distribution of fire perimeters predicted by repeated simulations using an hourly based, deterministic fire growth model. The study was conducted in stages, starting with a homogeneous fuel type and weather from one station. Later, fuels and weather were introduced to determine their effects on the model. The study showed a close agreement between the long-range model and the deterministic model, supporting the probabilistic approach used by the long-range model.
The Effect of Partial Extraction of Dynein Arms on the Movement of Reactivated Sea-urchin Sperm

SUMMARY Sea-urchin sperm were extracted with 0-5 M KC1 for 45 s at room temperature in the presence of Triton X-ioo, and then transferred to reactivating solution containing 1 mM ATP. The flagellar beat frequency of these KCl-extracted sperm (16 beats/s) was only about half that of control Triton-extracted sperm that had not been exposed to 0-5 M KC1 (31 beats/s), although the form of their bending waves was not significantly altered. Examination by electron microscopy showed that the extraction with 0-5 M KC1 removed the majority of the outer arms from the doublet tubules, leaving the inner arms apparently intact. By varying the duration of the KCl-extraction, it was shown that the rate of decrease in beat frequency paralleled the rate of disappearance of the arms. Prolonging the extraction time beyond 45 3 at room temperature, or 4 min at o C C, had little further effect on beat frequency. ATPase measurements suggested that 60—65 % of th e dynein in the original axonemes had been solubilized when the extraction with KC1 was permitted to go to completion. These results indicate that the generation and propagation of flagellar bending waves of essentially typical form are not prevented by the removal of the outer row of dynein arms from the doublet tubules. In terms of the sliding filament model of flagellar bending, the results suggest that the rate of sliding between tubules under these conditions is proportional to the number of dynein arms present. The lack of significant change in wave form implies that the total amount of sliding that occurs during each bending cycle is not affected by the reduced number of dynein arms, but is regulated independently in some manner by the elastic forces generated by other structures in the bent axoneme.
Genetic variation at 16q24.2 is associated with small vessel stroke

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful at identifying associations with stroke and stroke subtypes, but have not yet identified any associations solely with small vessel stroke (SVS). SVS comprises one quarter of all ischemic stroke and is a major manifestation of cerebral small vessel disease, the primary cause of vascular cognitive impairment. Studies across neurological traits have shown that younger‐onset cases have an increased genetic burden. We leveraged this increased genetic burden by performing an age‐at‐onset informed GWAS meta‐analysis, including a large younger‐onset SVS population, to identify novel associations with stroke.
Carbon monoxide pollution from cities and urban areas observed by the Terra/MOPITT mission

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a key species for tracking pollution plumes. The Measurement Of Pollution in The Troposphere (MOPITT) mission onboard the Terra satellite has already provided 7.5 years of CO atmospheric concentration measurements around the globe. Limited sensitivity to the boundary layer is well known to be a weakness of nadir looking thermal infrared sounders. This paper investigates the possibility of using the MOPITT surface measurements to detect CO emitted by cities and urban centers. By selecting the data and averaging them over long time periods, we demonstrate that the CO pollution arising from the large cities and urban areas can be distinguished from the background transported pollution. The more favorable observations are obtained during daytime and at locations where the thermal contrast (temperature gradient) between the surface and lower atmosphere is significant.