Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of an improved radiation amplification factor to estimate the effect of total ozone changes on action spectrum weighted irradiances and an instrument response function

[1] Multiple scattering radiative transfer results are used to calculate action spectrum weighted irradiances and fractional irradiance changes in terms of a power law in ozone Ω, U(Ω/200)−RAF, where the new radiation amplification factor (RAF) is just a function of solar zenith angle. Including Rayleigh scattering caused small differences in the estimated 30 year changes in action spectrum-weighted irradiances compared to estimates that neglect multiple scattering. The radiative transfer results are applied to several action spectra and to an instrument response function corresponding to the Solar Light 501 meter. The effect of changing ozone on two plant damage action spectra are shown for plants with high sensitivity to UVB (280–315 nm) and those with lower sensitivity, showing that the probability for plant damage for the latter has increased since 1979, especially at middle to high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. Similarly, there has been an increase in rates of erythemal skin damage and pre-vitamin D3 production corresponding to measured ozone decreases. An example conversion function is derived to obtain erythemal irradiances and the UV index from measurements with the Solar Light 501 instrument response function. An analytic expressions is given to convert changes in erythemal irradiances to changes in CIE vitamin-D action spectrum weighted irradiances.
Urban surface model generation from remotely sensed airborne image sequence data

This paper presents an improvement of epipolar plane image (EPI) analysis technique for producing high‐accuracy urban 3D surface data from remotely sensed airborne image sequences. The method first forms 3D spatio‐temporal solid data from the image sequences, then calculates 3D ground coordinates using the slope and intercept of straight lines in the EPIs, which are generated by slicing the 3D spatio‐temporal solid data along a temporal dimension. The early experimental results demonstrated that the digital elevation model (DEM) using this technique is quite rough. The improvements of mathematical model and computational procedures for increasing the DEM accuracy are presented in this paper. The improvement of the mathematical model is implemented via rectifying those possible errors without directly solving the rectification parameters, and the improvement of the computational process is implemented via avoiding nonlinear iteration of rectification process. Three test fields in Berlin, Germany were established for testing the algorithms and methods. The experimental results demonstrated that this method is radically different from traditional two‐view stereo photogrammetric methods commonly used in 3D urban surface information extraction, and is a useful tool in solving the depth discontinuities and occlusion problems with which photogrammetrists have been wrestling for decades. With the presented improved method and computational procedures, the accuracy of the DEMs in three urban test areas was improved by over 34% in comparison with the DEMs generated from the original image sequences, and computational time decreased by 30%.
Detection of carbon monoxide trends in the presence of interannual variability

Trends in fossil fuel emissions are a major driver of changes in atmospheric CO, but detection of trends in CO from anthropogenic sources is complicated by the presence of large interannual variability (IAV) in biomass burning. We use a multiyear model simulation of CO with year‐specific biomass burning to predict the number of years needed to detect the impact of changes in Asian anthropogenic emissions on downwind regions. Our study includes two cases for changing anthropogenic emissions: a stepwise change of 15% and a linear trend of 3% yr−1. We first examine how well the model reproduces the observed IAV of CO over the North Pacific, since this variability impacts the time needed to detect significant anthropogenic trends. The modeled IAV over the North Pacific correlates well with that seen from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument but underestimates the magnitude of the variability. The model predicts that a 3% yr−1 trend in Asian anthropogenic emissions would lead to a statistically significant trend in CO surface concentration in the western United States within 12 years, and accounting for Siberian boreal biomass‐burning emissions greatly reduces the number of years needed for trend detection. Combining the modeled trend with the observed MOPITT variability at 500 hPa, we estimate that the 3% yr−1 trend could be detectable in satellite observations over Asia in approximately a decade. Our predicted timescales for trend detection highlight the importance of long‐term measurements of CO from satellites.
Bmc Molecular Biology Inactivation of Nucleolin Leads to Nucleolar Disruption, Cell Cycle Arrest and Defects in Centrosome Duplication

Background: Nucleolin is a major component of the nucleolus, but is also found in other cell compartments. This protein is involved in various aspects of ribosome biogenesis from transcription regulation to the assembly of pre-ribosomal particles; however, many reports suggest that it could also play an important role in non nucleolar functions. To explore nucleolin function in cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation we used siRNA to down regulate the expression of nucleolin.
Semi-Automated Seeding of Personal Privacy Policies in E-Services

Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc. ca. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc. ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC
Subduction and the depth of convection in the Mediterranean mantle

[1] We tie together geological data, paleotectonic reconstruction, plate motion, and tomographic analysis to unravel the history of subduction and back arc extension of the eastern and central Mediterranean. In these two regions, extensional processes started contemporaneously, around 30 Myr ago, but with marked differences. In the eastern region, the Aegean basin opened slowly (∼1 cm/yr) behind a shallow dipping slab (40–45°). The corresponding high-velocity anomaly extends inside the upper mantle and can be also followed in the midmantle down to a depth of at least 1500 km. Its descent into the midmantle initiated most probably during the Late Cretaceous, and the trench moved northeastward, following the path of the Eurasian plate and under the persistent push of the African plate. Conversely, in the central Mediterranean region, subduction initiated later, and the motion of the subducting slab is confined to the upper mantle, causing punctuated and rapid episodes of back arc extension (Provencal and Tyrrhenian basins) behind a slab that dips steeply (75°). We explore the causes that control how the slab subducted and interacted with the lower, more viscous part of the mantle.
Nonlinear traveltime inversion scheme for crosshole seismic tomography in tilted transversely isotropic media

Crosshole seismic tomography often is applied to image the velocity structure of an interwell medium. If the rocks are anisotropic, the tomographic technique must be adapted to the complex situation; otherwise, it leads to a false interpretation. We propose a nonlinear kinematic inversion method for crosshole seismic tomography in composite transversely isotropic media with known dipping symmetry axes. This method is based on a new version of the first-order traveltime perturbation equation. It directly uses the derivative of the phase velocity rather than the eigenvectors of the body-wave modes to overcome the singularity problem for application to the two quasi-shear waves. We applied an iterative nonlinear solver incorporating our kinematic ray-tracing scheme and directly compute the Jacobian matrix in an arbitrary reference medium. This reconstructs the five elastic moduli or Thomsen parameters from the first-arrival traveltimes of the three seismic body waves (qP, qSV, qSH) in strongly and weakly anisotropic media. We conducted three synthetic experiments that involve determining anisotropic parameters for a homogeneous rock, reconstructing a fault embedded in a strongly anisotropic background, and imaging a complicated four-layer model containing a small channel and a buried dipping interface. We compared results of our nonlinear inversion method with isotropic tomography and the traditional linear anisotropic inversion scheme, which showed the capability and superiority of the new scheme for crosshole tomographic imaging.
Impact of the spatial distribution of the atmospheric forcing on water mass formation in the Mediterranean Sea

The impact of the atmospheric forcing on the winter ocean convection in the Mediterranean Sea was studied with a high-resolution ocean general circulation model. The major areas of focus are the Levantine basin, the Aegean-Cretan Sea, the Adriatic Sea, and the Gulf of Lion. Two companion simulations differing by the horizontal resolution of the atmospheric forcing were compared. The first simulation (MED16-ERA40) was forced by air-sea fields from ERA40, which is the ECMWF reanalysis. The second simulation (MED16-ECMWF) was forced by the ECMWF-analyzed surface fields that have a horizontal resolution twice as high as those of ERA40. The analysis of the standard deviations of the atmospheric fields shows that increasing the resolution of the atmospheric forcing leads in all regions to a better channeling of the winds by mountains and to the generation of atmospheric mesoscale patterns. Comparing the companion ocean simulation results with available observations in the Adriatic Sea and in the Gulf of Lion shows that MED16-ECMWF is more realistic than MED16-ERA40. In the eastern Mediterranean, although deep water formation occurs in the two experiments, the depth reached by the convection is deeper in MED16-ECMWF. In the Gulf of Lion, deep water formation occurs only in MED16-ECMWF. This larger sensitivity of the western Mediterranean convection to the forcing resolution is investigated by running a set of sensitivity experiments to analyze the impact of different time-space resolutions of the forcing on the intense winter convection event in winter 1998-1999. The sensitivity to the forcing appears to be mainly related to the effect of wind channeling by the land orography, which can only be reproduced in atmospheric models of sufficient resolution. Thus, well-positioned patterns of enhanced wind stress and ocean surface heat loss are able to maintain a vigorous gyre circulation favoring efficient preconditioning of the area at the beginning of winter and to drive realistic buoyancy loss and mixing responsible for strong convection at the end of winter.
Teleseismic P wave delays and modes of shortening the mantle lithosphere beneath South Island, New Zealand

A high-speed zone in the mantle directly beneath the Southern Alps of New Zealand is required by the recorded pattern of teleseismic P waves. Two parallel lines of 80 seismographs spaced at ∼2 km intervals recorded three earthquakes from the western Pacific with epicentral distances of 52°, 53° and 78°. Azimuthal bearings were all within 15 degrees of the mean trends of the seismograph lines. Differences between measured delays and those predicted from the crustal structure reach 0.8 s along one line and 1.0 s along the other, with the rays for the earliest arriving signals passing the depth of ∼120 km beneath the center of the island. Assuming these early arrivals are due to structure within the mantle shallower than 200 km, they imply that the core of the high-speed zone lies beneath the thickest crust, which has been shortened by ∼100 km of convergence during the past 6–7 Myr. Although the shape and position of the high-speed body cannot be fixed uniquely, a roughly symmetric body centered about a depth of 120 km, 80–100 km wide, with a depth extent of 100 km and with a maximum speed advance of ∼7% satisfies the observations. The pattern of residuals does not fit with those predicted by simple models of intracontinental subduction in which crust and mantle lithosphere are detached and one slab of mantle lithosphere underthrusts the other. Rather, the residuals favor thickening of mantle lithosphere by a more homogenous straining of it, as if mantle lithosphere beneath continental crust behaved as a continuum. An excess mass in the mantle is also required by the observed gravity anomalies, once allowance is made for the seismically determined crustal thickness. This high-density mantle anomaly provides sufficient force (per unit length) to maintain the crustal root, which is approximately twice as thick as that necessary to support the topography.
Improvements of top-of-atmosphere and surface irradiance computations with CALIPSO-, CloudSat-, and MODIS-derived cloud and aerosol properties

[1] One year of instantaneous top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and surface shortwave and longwave irradiances are computed using cloud and aerosol properties derived from instruments on the A-Train Constellation: the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite, the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), and the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). When modeled irradiances are compared with those computed with cloud properties derived from MODIS radiances by a Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) cloud algorithm, the global and annual mean of modeled instantaneous TOA irradiances decreases by 12.5 W m−2 (5.0%) for reflected shortwave and 2.5 W m−2 (1.1%) for longwave irradiances. As a result, the global annual mean of instantaneous TOA irradiances agrees better with CERES-derived irradiances to within 0.5W m−2 (out of 237.8 W m−2) for reflected shortwave and 2.6W m−2 (out of 240.1 W m−2) for longwave irradiances. In addition, the global annual mean of instantaneous surface downward longwave irradiances increases by 3.6 W m−2 (1.0%) when CALIOP- and CPR-derived cloud properties are used. The global annual mean of instantaneous surface downward shortwave irradiances also increases by 8.6 W m−2 (1.6%), indicating that the net surface irradiance increases when CALIOP- and CPR-derived cloud properties are used. Increasing the surface downward longwave irradiance is caused by larger cloud fractions (the global annual mean by 0.11, 0.04 excluding clouds with optical thickness less than 0.3) and lower cloud base heights (the global annual mean by 1.6 km). The increase of the surface downward longwave irradiance in the Arctic exceeds 10 W m−2 (∼4%) in winter because CALIOP and CPR detect more clouds in comparison with the cloud detection by the CERES cloud algorithm during polar night. The global annual mean surface downward longwave irradiance of 345.4 W m−2 is estimated by combining the modeled instantaneous surface longwave irradiance computed with CALIOP and CPR cloud profiles with the global annual mean longwave irradiance from the CERES product (AVG), which includes the diurnal variation of the irradiance. The estimated bias error is −1.5 W m−2 and the uncertainty is 6.9 W m−2. The uncertainty is predominately caused by the near-surface temperature and column water vapor amount uncertainties.
Trace metal-rich Quaternary hydrothermal manganese oxide and barite deposit, Milos Island, Greece

Abstract The Cape Vani Mn oxide and barite deposit on Milos Island offers an excellent opportunity to study the three-dimensional characteristics of a shallow-water hydrothermal system. Milos Island is part of the active Aegean volcanic arc. A 1 km long basin located between two dacitic domes in northwest Milos is filled with a 35-50 m thick section of Quaternary volcaniclastic and pyroclastic rocks capped by reef limestone that were hydrothermally mineralized by Mn oxides and barite. Manganese occurs as thin layers, as cement of sandstone and as metasomatic replacement of the limestone, including abundant fossil shells. Manganese minerals include chiefly δ-MnO2, pyrolusite and ramsdellite. The MnO contents for single beds range up to 60%. The Mn oxide deposits are rich in Pb (to 3.4%), BaO (to 3.1%), Zn (to 0.8%), As (to 0.3%), Sb (to 0.2%) and Ag (to 10 ppm). Strontium isotopic compositions of the Mn oxide deposits and sulphur isotopic compositions of the associated barite show that the mineralizing fluids were predominantly sea water. The Mn oxide deposit formed in close geographical proximity to sulphide-sulphate-Au-Ag deposits and the two deposit types probably formed from the same hydrothermal system. Precipitation of Mn oxide took place at shallow burial depths and was promoted by the mixing of modified sea water (hydrothermal fluid) from which the sulphides precipitated at depth and sea water that penetrated along faults and fractures in the Cape Vani volcaniclastic and tuff deposits. The hydrothermal fluid was formed from predominantly sea water that was enriched in metals leached from the basement and overlying volcanogenic rocks. The hydrothermal fluids were driven by convection sustained by heat from cooling magma chambers. Barite was deposited throughout the time of Mn oxide mineralization, which occurred in at least two episodes. Manganese mineralization occurred by both focused and diffuse flow, the fluids mineralizing the beds of greatest porosity and filling dilatational fractures along with barite.
Chemostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous Chalk in the Danish Subbasin

The application of well cuttings to geochemical analyses was studied on the basis of the elemental distribution of Mg, Sr, Mn, and Zn, and the carbonate contents in Upper Cretaceous chalk sequences from six wells in the central part of the Danish subbasin. The cuttings were washed and dried at the well site, with no other cleaning in the laboratory. The analytical results from well cuttings were tested by comparison with data from corresponding cored intervals. The results indicate that contamination by drilling mud is negligible in the material studied, whereas caving occasionally may cause some veiling of the elemental distribution patterns. The elemental data are therefore considered representative for carbonate sediments and the sequences studied. A chemostratigraphic correlation of the sections is carried out on the basis of several chemostratigraphic markers, each defined by one or more elements. The chemostratigraphy hereby established for the central part of the Danish subbasin is in accordance with the existing log stratigraphy and biostratigraphy in the area. Furthermore, the geochemical profiles show remarkable similarity to corresponding profiles from the Upper Cretaceous in the North Sea Central graben. The results emphasize the applicability of cuttings for geochemical analysis, and of geochemistry as a useful tool for chemostratigraphy and basin analyses in the subsurface exploration for chalk as hydrocarbon reservoirs.
A physical model for Cenozoic extension of western North America

Summary We investigate the possibility that the onset and development of Cenozoic extension in western North America was governed by the potential energy contrast within, and mechanical properties of, lithosphere that was previously thickened during the Sevier and Laramide Orogenies. The strength of the lithosphere can be defined by its vertically averaged properties; to a first approximation, this strength is too great for geologically significant extension to occur unless the Moho temperature exceeds about 700°C (±100°). This means that there may be a delay between the end of compression and the beginning of extension, the length of which depends on the pre-thickening thermal structure and the compressional strain. Delays of up to 100 My may occur for the lowest initial Moho temperatures investigated (<450°C), or extension may follow immediately on release of compression if the initial Moho temperature exceeds about 700°C. The total extensional strain that is achieved depends on the potential-energy contrast between the thickened lithosphere and its surroundings. Partial melting of peridotite to produce basaltic magma is possible after small degrees of extension, but depends strongly on details of the initial temperature condition in the lower part of the lithosphere. The results of these calculations agree with observations of the Cenozoic extensional history of North America: late-Mesozoic/early-Tertiary compression in the Pacific Northwest was accompanied by extensive calc-alkaline magmatic activity and was followed almost immediately by extension; in the northern and southern Great Basin—which show respectively, little and no evidence of syn-compressional igneous activity—the gap between compression and extension was 20–40 Ma (N) to about 70 Ma (S).
Mode of extensional tectonics in the southeastern Betics (SE Spain): Implications for the tectonic evolution of the peri‐Alborán orogenic system

The Gibraltar arc, which closes the westernmost part of the Mediterranean basin, is a Miocene A‐type subduction arc formed by the continental collision of various pre‐Miocene terranes in the major zone of collision between the Iberian and African cratons. The hanging‐wall block, known as the Alborán domain, has undergone more than 300 km migration from a more easterly position, where it was the continuation of the Alpine Cretaceous‐Paleogene orogen. Contemporaneous with thin‐skinned thrusting in the footwall, the Alborán domain underwent two episodes of nearly orthogonal extension in which extensional systems developed with directions of extension varying from a NNW‐SSE system, orthogonal to the belt axis, in the late Burdigalian‐Langhian to a WSW directed orogen‐parallel one in the Serravallian. The superposition of these two systems resulted in a chocolate tablet megastructure. This extensional pattern is not satisfactorily explained in previously proposed models for the evolution of the arc. Orthogonal extension is plausible in a process of the gravitational collapse of an overthickened crust; nevertheless, orogen‐parallel extension is more difficult to explain in this context. We advocate that the WSW directed low‐angle normal faults formed during large‐scale extension in connection with important westward arc migration. The driving force of extension in a general context of convergence is controversial and varies between a convective removal model and a delamination model. Constraints on both the timing and the kinematics of extension, as presented in this paper, seem to support the contribution of both mechanisms. Convective removal may have started the process, but continued N‐S convergence could have resulted in westward tectonic escape and asymmetric lateral inflow of asthenospheric material accompanying lithospheric delamination.