Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fault Detection and Analysis in embedded SRAM for sub nanometer technology

Now a day's semiconductor memories are used in every digital system, to store programs and huge data. so that embedded memories occupy more than 94% of the area on SoC. As the technology scaling, the memory yield has huge impact Defect-Per-Million (DPM). Hence it is has become importance to test the memory. The majority of existing fault methods do not cover faults that occur during the manufacturing process. This paper proposes a new parasitic extraction method to identify faults, its location. short defects between the nodes are considered in this method. Faults like Stuck at faults (SAF), Write Before Access Fault (WBAF), Undefine Write Fault (UWF), Undefined Read Fault (URF), Un stabilized Write Fault (USWF), and Un stabilized Read Fault (USRF) are observed by this method and an Undefined faults named as Undefined Short Fault (USF) has been observed.
Do turbulent business environments shape asymmetric trade policy responses? Insights into the Covid-19 pandemic and the Great Recession

Today's pandemic and the Great Recession are the most turbulent moments of the 21st century. The aim of the paper is to explore the pattern of response through mixes of harmful trade policy interventions during these two systemic crises.The descriptive assessment focuses on two broad categories of measures, i.e. import-related and export-related harmful interventions. Some stylized facts emerged from this analysis and conclude that the two major crises led to different responses from governments, driven by specific reasons and needs. These patterns of response challenge the future of international trading system and the behavior of companies in the global business environment. Therefore, this research provides valuable information not only for the business community, but also for policymakers.
Ecological restoration programs dominate vegetation greening in China.

Many ecological restoration programs have been implemented in China during the last two decades. At the same time, the vegetation has turned green significantly in China. However, few studies have directly evaluated the contribution of the ecological restoration programs to vegetation greening in comparison with the contribution of climate change using high-resolution data of afforestation areas at the national scale. We used newly compiled high-resolution data on yearly forest plantation and mountain closure, the daily climate data from the 2480 meteorological stations and GIMMS 3 g NDVI data. We used a multiple linear regression model to compare the influence of temperature, precipitation, and afforestation area on NDVI dynamics. We then used the hierarchical variance partitioning method to evaluate the relative contribution of temperature, precipitation, and afforestation area on NDVI dynamics. We found a significant greening trend in China from 1999 to 2015 with an annual increase rate of 0.0017 yr-1 in the mean growing season NDVI. The ecological restoration programs dominated the vegetation greening in northern China and the southern coastal regions, indicating a good performance of restoration programs in these regions. In contrast, temperature or precipitation dominated the vegetation greening in southwestern China, Inner Mongolia and the implementation regions of several ecological restoration programs in northeastern China. Among the ecological restoration programs except the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program, the effect of afforestation on vegetation greening was stronger than the total effects of temperature and precipitation changes. Our study presents a systematic assessment on the contribution of ecological restoration programs to the vegetation greening in China, accessed the role on vegetation greening of different ecosystem restoration programs. We analyzed the reasons for the differences in the contribution of different ecological restoration programs to vegetation greening and provided insights facilitating policy makers to prioritize future restoration planning.
Campbell size of retinal images system selectively sensitive to the orientation and On the existence of neurones in the human visual

size of retinal images system selectively sensitive to the orientation and On the existence of neurones in the human visual SUMMARY 1. It was found that an occipital evoked potential can be elicited in the human by moving a grating pattern without changing the mean light flux entering the eye. Prolonged viewing of a high contrast grating reduces the amplitude of the potential evoked by a low contrast grating. 2. This adaptation to a grating was studied psychophysically by determining the contrast threshold before and after adaptation. There is a temporary fivefold rise in contrast threshold after exposure to a high contrast grating of the same orientation and spatial frequency. 3. By determining the rise of threshold over a range of spatial frequency for a number of adapting frequencies it was found that the threshold elevation is limited to a spectrum of frequencies with a bandwidth of just over an octave at half amplitude, centred on the adapting frequency. 4. The amplitude of the effect and its bandwidth are very similar for adapting spatial frequencies between 3 c/deg. and 14 c/deg. At higher frequencies the bandwidth is slightly narrower. For lower adapting frequencies the peak of the effect stays at 3 c/deg. 5. These and other findings suggest that the human visual system may possess neurones selectively sensitive to spatial frequency and size. The orientational selectivity and the interocular transfer of the adaptation effect implicate the visual cortex as the site of these neurones. 6. This neural system may play an essential preliminary role in the recognition of complex images and generalization for magnification.
Harmonics-Based One-Bit SNR Estimation

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation for the one-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a challenging task due to the nonlinearity, lots of information loss, and complex probability distribution. And classical SNR estimators are unavailable in 1-bit sampling. Given this issue, we propose novel one-bit SNR estimators with the closed-form solution based on harmonic analysis to estimate the SNR from 1-bit measurements. We first derive the statistical characteristic of each-order harmonic caused by 1-bit sampling and then give the mathematical relationship between the expectation of harmonic amplitude (EoHA) and the SNR. The <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>th-order harmonic-based estimator (mHE) with high precision is devised by this relationship. Further, an approximate alternative, the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>th- and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>th-order harmonics-based ratio estimator (mnHRE), is presented to reduce the computational complexity. Moreover, two schemes for calculating the EoHA are provided to assist the proposed one-bit SNR estimators. Simulation results verify the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed estimators.
Vericiguat Modulates Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption via a Balance between VASP and NF-κB Pathways

Bone homeostasis has been a dynamic equilibrium between osteoclasts (OCs) and osteoblasts (OBs). However, excessive activation of OCs could disturb the bone homeostasis. As a result, effective medical interventions for patients are greatly demanding. NO/guanylate cyclase (GC)/cGMP signaling cascade has been previously reported to regulate bone metabolism, and GC plays a significantly critical role. Vericiguat, as a novel oral soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator, has been firstly reported in 2020 to treat patients with heart failure. Nevertheless, the biological effects of Vericiguat on the function of OCs have not yet been explored. In this present study, we found that Vericiguat with the concentration between 0 and 8 μM was noncytotoxic to bone marrow-derived monocyte-macrophage lineage (BMMs). Vericiguat could enhance the differentiation of OCs at concentration of 500 nM, whereas it inhibited OC differentiation at 8 μM. In addition, Vericiguat also showed dual effects on OC fusion and bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a molecular assay suggested that the dual regulatory effects of Vericiguat on OCs were mediated by the bidirectional activation of the IκB-α/NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, our present study demonstrated the dual effects of Vericiguat on the formation of functional OCs. The regulatory effects of Vericiguat on OCs were achieved by the bidirectional modulation of the IκB-α/NF-κB signaling pathway, and a potential balance between the IκB-α/NF-κB signaling pathway and sGC/cGMP/VASP may exist.
Enhancing Biocide Efficacy: Targeting Extracellular DNA for Marine Biofilm Disruption

Biofilm formation is a global health, safety and economic concern. The extracellular composition of deleterious multispecies biofilms remains uncanvassed, leading to an absence of targeted biofilm mitigation strategies. Besides economic incentives, drive also exists from industry and research to develop and apply environmentally sustainable chemical treatments (biocides); especially in engineered systems associated with the marine environment. Recently, extracellular DNA (eDNA) was implicated as a critical structural polymer in marine biofilms. Additionally, an environmentally sustainable, multi-functional biocide was also introduced to manage corrosion and biofilm formation. To anticipate biofilm tolerance acquisition to chemical treatments and reduce biocide application quantities, the present research investigated eDNA as a target for biofilm dispersal and potential enhancement of biocide function. Results indicate that mature biofilm viability can be reduced by two-fold using reduced concentrations of the biocide alone (1 mM instead of the recommended 10 mM). Importantly, through the incorporation of an eDNA degradation stage, biocide function could be enhanced by a further ~90% (one further log reduction in viability). Biofilm architecture analysis post-treatment revealed that endonuclease targeting of the matrix allowed greater biocide penetration, leading to the observed viability reduction. Biofilm matrix eDNA is a promising target for biofilm dispersal and antimicrobial enhancement in clinical and engineered systems.
Effect of perceived risk, challenges, and coping on anxiety and depression among frontline health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic the health care workers (HCWs) encountered one of the heaviest blows by saving lives while endangering their own. This study was carried out to investigate risk exposures, risk perceptions, challenges, and coping strategies, leading to anxiety and depression, among HCWs in Bangladesh. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to July 2021 among 1,112 frontline HCWs. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire including Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale. A coping scale for COVID-19 (CS-COV-19) was developed and validated. To determine the predictors for symptoms of depression and anxiety, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, and the associations between key variables are presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. Results: A total of 54.9% (n=389) doctors and 51.4% (n= 207) nurses were found to have mild to severe anxiety status and 47% (n=333) doctors and 39.9% (n= 159) nurses were found to have mild to severe depression. HCWs, family members, neighbors had been affected with COVID-19 and those who experienced extra stresses at work were two times more likely to have anxiety. HCWs who had worried family and friends that they might get infected through them, confronted any negative social attitude or perceptions, decreased monthly income, and depression were 1.57 to 1.8 times more likely to experience anxiety than those who did not go through these experiences. Health workers who confronted negative social attitudes or social perceptions were 1.7 times more likely to have depression. Respondents, who had family members infected with COVID-19 and HCWs who worked for long hours at hospitals were almost two times more likely to have depression. Conclusions: The findings will help promoting advocacy and encourage implementing selective interventions to protect the mental health and wellbeing of HCWs working with COVID-19.
Identification and Validation of Immune-Related Biomarker Gene and Construction of ceRNA Networks in Septic Cardiomyopathy

Septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) is a cardiac dysfunction caused by severe sepsis, which greatly increases the risk of heart failure and death, and its molecular mechanism is unclear. The immune response has been reported to be an important process in septic cardiomyopathy and is present in the cardiac tissue of patients with sepsis, suggesting that the immune response may be an underlying mechanism of myocardial injury in SCM. Therefore, we explored the role of immune-related genes (IRGs) in SCM and aimed to identify pivotal immune-related targets with the aim of identifying key immune-related targets in SCM and potential therapeutic mechanisms involved in the pathological process of SCM. To explore the regulatory mechanisms of immune responses in SCM, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared in the SCM datasets GSE179554 and GSE40180 by bioinformatics analysis and then obtained hub genes from the DEGs. Then, we obtained the immune-related hub genes (IRHGs) by intersecting the hub genes with IRGs and performed quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to confirm the abnormal expression of IRHGs. Finally, we further constructed an immune-related lncRNA–miRNA–IRHG ceRNA regulatory network. In this study, we identified an IRHG that may be involved in the pathogenesis of SCM, which helps us to further elucidate the role of immune response in SCM and gain insights into the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of SCM.
Increased Methyl-CpG-Binding Domain Protein 2 Promotes Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic vascular proliferative disorder. While cigarette smoke (CS) plays a vital part in PH related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methyl-CpG-Binding Domain Protein 2 (MBD2) has been linked to multiple proliferative diseases. However, the specific mechanisms of MBD2 in CS-induced PH remain to be elucidated. Herein, the differential expression of MBD2 was tested between the controls and the PH patients’ pulmonary arteries, CS-exposed rat models’ pulmonary arteries, and primary human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) following cigarette smoke extract (CSE) stimulation. As a result, PH patients and CS-induced rats and HPASMCs showed an increase in MBD2 protein expression compared with the controls. Then, MBD2 silencing was used to investigate the function of MBD2 on CSE-induced HPASMCs’ proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression. As a consequence, CSE could induce HPASMCs’ increased proliferation and migration, and cell cycle transition, which were suppressed by MBD2 interference. Furthermore, RNA-seq, ChIP-qPCR, and MassARRAY were conducted to find out the downstream mechanisms of MBD2 for CS-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. Subsequently, RNA-seq revealed MBD2 might affect the transcription of BMP2 gene, which furtherly altered the expression of BMP2 protein. ChIP-qPCR demonstrated MBD2 could bind BMP2’s promotor. MassARRAY indicated that MBD2 itself could not directly affect DNA methylation. In sum, our results indicate that increased MBD2 expression promotes CS-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. The fundamental mechanisms may be that MBD2 can bind BMP2’s promoter and downregulate its expression. Thus, MBD2 may promote the occurrence of the CS-induced PH.
FN-OCT: Disease Detection Algorithm for Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Based on a Fusion Network

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new type of tomography that has experienced rapid development and potential in recent years. It is playing an increasingly important role in retinopathy diagnoses. At present, due to the uneven distributions of medical resources in various regions, the uneven proficiency levels of doctors in grassroots and remote areas, and the development needs of rare disease diagnosis and precision medicine, artificial intelligence technology based on deep learning can provide fast, accurate, and effective solutions for the recognition and diagnosis of retinal OCT images. To prevent vision damage and blindness caused by the delayed discovery of retinopathy, a fusion network (FN)-based retinal OCT classification algorithm (FN-OCT) is proposed in this paper to improve upon the adaptability and accuracy of traditional classification algorithms. The InceptionV3, Inception-ResNet, and Xception deep learning algorithms are used as base classifiers, a convolutional block attention mechanism (CBAM) is added after each base classifier, and three different fusion strategies are used to merge the prediction results of the base classifiers to output the final prediction results (choroidal neovascularization (CNV), diabetic macular oedema (DME), drusen, normal). The results show that in a classification problem involving the UCSD common retinal OCT dataset (108,312 OCT images from 4,686 patients), compared with that of the InceptionV3 network model, the prediction accuracy of FN-OCT is improved by 5.3% (accuracy = 98.7%, area under the curve (AUC) = 99.1%). The predictive accuracy and AUC achieved on an external dataset for the classification of retinal OCT diseases are 92 and 94.5%, respectively, and gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) is used as a visualization tool to verify the effectiveness of the proposed FNs. This finding indicates that the developed fusion algorithm can significantly improve the performance of classifiers while providing a powerful tool and theoretical support for assisting with the diagnosis of retinal OCT.
Synthesis, Structural, Spectroscopic, and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, and DFT Investigation of Benzaldehyde Semicarbazone

By using slow evaporation, single crystals of BDSC (chemical name: 2-benzylidenehydrazine carboxamide) have been formed. A slow evaporation approach was used to generate BDSC single crystals. By using single-crystal XRD, the nonlinear characteristics of the material were studied. The presence of molecular groups was carefully examined using fundamental vibrational analysis. A Hirshfeld analysis was used to study the interactions between molecules. A series of UV-visible, photoluminescence, and VCD spectroscopic experiments were used to verify the optical characteristics of the material. In order to determine the electrical characteristics, dielectric investigations were carried out. Tests of Vickers hardness were used to measure mechanical strength. The SHG behaviour of the crystal was determined using the Kurtz–Perry method. To assess the molecule’s thermal stability, all quantitative calculations were performed using the B3LYP approach with a basis function of 6-31 + G(d,p) and TG/DTA experiments.
Bioenergy feasibility study of a raw corn and peas processing facility in Lethbridge, Alberta

ABSTRACT A bioenergy feasibility study was conducted for Canada Safeway on their Lucerne vegetable processing plant located in Lethbridge, Alberta. An energy load profile for the plant was estimated using utility records from the years 2005 to 2007, inclusive. Organic load was calculated from the wastewater utility records for the same period. The study used a common energy unit (the kilowatt, kW) to compare plant energy load with a theoretical biogas yield, and proposes a bioenergy system. Based on two existing cogeneration plants of similar size located in Alberta, a system size of 800 to 1000 kW is proposed. The proposed system assumes wastewater ‘peak shaving’ and the establishment of ‘feedstock co-digestion’. An estimated cost for the facility is CCanadian Dollar (AD) 7M to CAD 8M (2002 dollars), with an assumed return on investment of 8 to 9 years.
The New Role of Design in Innovation: A Policy Perspective from China

Abstract Facing the challenges arising from the new economy for indigenous innovation in the manufacturing industry, the Chinese Central Government unveiled a new design related policy, Made in China 2025 in May 2015. Guided by Yongxiang Lu and Yunhe Pan, a research team formed by the Chinese Academy of Engineering proposed the concept of Innovation Design to replace traditional design and to clarify the new role of design as an innovation driver in Made in China 2025. In this paper, the key researchers introduce their Innovation Design concept, released policies, a new institutional structure of promotion, and ongoing project. This paper is a rare documentation of Chinese design development and industrial policies.
Public Broadcasting and Topic Diversity in The Netherlands: Mentions of Public Broadcasters’ Programming in Newspapers as Indicators of Pluralism

Following debates on media pluralism and decentralised public service media, this article discusses the contribution of Dutch public broadcasters to pluralism. While the Dutch system operates under the assumption that external pluralism of broadcasting associations contributes to diversity, here we empirically explored this relation with respect to topics within societal discourse. We argue that mentions of public broadcasters’ programming in newspapers can function as indicators of diversity. As such, we traced mentions of all television and radio programmes by eleven Dutch public broadcast associations in a collection of 263,476 Dutch newspaper articles published during the 2017–2018 TV and radio season. Employing Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modelling, we thematically contextualised those mentions, which then allowed us to map the breadth of topics associated with programming by different public broadcast associations as well as the extent to which individual public broadcasting associations play a distinct role within a characteristic set of topics. The results of our exploratory analyses support the idea that the external pluralism of the Dutch system produces diversity in alignment with the intentions of the distributed system.