Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Paramétrisation multi-critère et multi-échelle d'un modèle hydrologique spatialisé de crue en milieu agricole

Soil surface crusts are widely reported to favour hortonian runoff, but are not explicitly represented in most rainfall-runoff models. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of a soil surface crust on runoff modelling at two spatial scales, the local scale and the plot scale. At the local scale, two separate single ring infiltration experiments were undertaken. The first was performed on the undisturbed soil whereas the second was done after removal of the soil surface crust. The twodimensional vertical infiltration model HYDRUS 2D was then used, in an inverse modelling approach, to estimate first the soil hydraulic properties of the crust and the subsoil, and then the effective hydraulic properties of the soil represented as a single uniform layer. The results showed that the crust hydraulic conductivity is five times lower than that of the subsoil thus illustrating the limiting role the crust has on infiltration. Moving up at the plot scale, rainfall-runoff events were measured, and a rainfall-runoff model, coupling the Richards equation to a transfer function, was used to simulate overland flow hydrographs. The hydraulic properties calculated previously were used, and a comparison was undertaken between a one layer and a double layer representation of the crusted soil. Results show that the soil hydraulic properties calculated at the local scale, give acceptable results when used to directly model runoff at the plot scale, without any numerical calibration. Also, no clear improvement of the results can be seen when using a double layer representation of the soil in comparison to a single homogeneous layer at both, local and plot scales. Therefore, the use of a double layer soil model on a crusted soil does not seem necessary as the increase of precision in the soil discretization is not justified by a better performance of the model.
Movement and Persistence of Methanearsonates in Soil

Experiments were conducted to determine adsorption of methanearsonate by soils, soil separates, and reference clay minerals from solutions of disodium methanearsonate (DSMA), effects of soil type and pH on the leaching of surface-applied DSMA, and effects of soil type and added organic matter on the oxidation of the methyl carbon of methanearsonate. Adsorption of methanearsonate by kaolinite and vermiculite increased with increasing concentration of DSMA in the equilibrium solution. Kaolinite and limonite adsorbed much more methanearsonate than vermiculite and montmorillonite. The clay fraction of Augusta silt loam adsorbed more methanearsonate than did the sand and silt fractions. Adsorption by whole soils was related generally to their clay contents. Leaching with 20 successive 1-in increments of water removed 52% of surface-applied methanearsonate from Norfolk loamy sand. Rates of movement of DSMA in Norfolk loamy sand did not differ at three pH levels. About one-half of the applied methanearsonate remained in the surface inch of Decatur clay loam and none was leached below 6 in. Oxidation of the methyl carbon of methanearsonate was associated with oxidation of soil organic matter in each soil. In three of the soils, there was no evidence of microbiological adaptation to methanearsonate. In Norfolk loamy sand, however,more » increasing decomposition of methanearsonate relative to soil organic matter occurred with time of incubation. Decomposition of added plant material in this soil enhanced the oxidation of methanearsonate. « less
Mitochondrial Bol1 and Bol3 function as assembly factors for specific iron-sulfur proteins

Assembly of mitochondrial iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins is a key process of cells, and defects cause many rare diseases. In the first phase of this pathway, ten Fe/S cluster (ISC) assembly components synthesize and insert [2Fe-2S] clusters. The second phase is dedicated to the assembly of [4Fe-4S] proteins, yet this part is poorly understood. Here, we characterize the BOLA family proteins Bol1 and Bol3 as specific mitochondrial ISC assembly factors that facilitate [4Fe-4S] cluster insertion into a subset of mitochondrial proteins such as lipoate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase. Bol1-Bol3 perform largely overlapping functions, yet cannot replace the ISC protein Nfu1 that also participates in this phase of Fe/S protein biogenesis. Bol1 and Bol3 form dimeric complexes with both monothiol glutaredoxin Grx5 and Nfu1. Complex formation differentially influences the stability of the Grx5-Bol-shared Fe/S clusters. Our findings provide the biochemical basis for explaining the pathological phenotypes of patients with mutations in BOLA3. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.16673. 001
The physical basis for estimating wave energy spectra from SAR imagery

Ocean surface waves are imaged by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) through a combination of the effects of changes in the surface slope, surface roughness, and surface motion. Over a limited range of conditions, each of these effects can be described in terms of a linear modulation-transfer function. In such cases, the wave-height spectrum can be estimated in a straightforward manner from the SAR image-intensity spectrum. The range of conditions over which this assumption of linearity is valid is investigated using a numerical simulation model, and the implications of various departures from linearity are discussed.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR THE DESIGN OF POLYPHASE RELUCTANCE MOTORS

The optimal design problem of a conventional polyphase reluctance motor is formulated as a general Nonlinear Programming problem- The specifications like pull-out torque, temperature rise, full load power factor etc, are taken as constraints. The cost of iron and copper required for the motor is used as the objective function. The objective and constraint functions are expressed in terms of the important machine dimensions which are assumed to be continuously variable. The constrained optimization problem is convened into a sequence of unconstrained optimization problems using Zangwill's exterior penalty function formulation. For solving the unconstrained optimization problems, different methods (gradient and nongradient) are employed and their performance compared in case of a 10 HP, 2-pole, 400-volt, 50 Hz three-phase reluctance motor.
Location Patterns And Location Factors In Cultural And Creative Industries1

Abstract The paper analyses spatial and locational aspects of cultural and creative industries (CCI) taking into consideration the internal heterogeneity of this group of activities. Emphasis is put on similarities and differences in those aspects found for the sector as a whole and for its individual branches. On the basis of the proposed criteria the paper tries to exemplify a set of CCI characteristics, on the one hand to highlight their diversity, and on the other, to select the best criteria for analysing spatial and locational aspects of CCIs. A detailed analysis of CCI location patterns and location factors is also carried out, and on this basis two groups of models of the spatial aspects of CCIs are proposed: those of CCI location and those of the range of CCI markets.
THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA

TREATMENT of myocardial infarction has changed completely over the past 20 years. In 1957 it was usual for patients with acute infarction to remain in hospital for between four and six weeks, even if no complications occurred. But complications usually did occur, notably ventricular fibrillation, which was responsible for most of the 40% of patients who died in hospital after an infarction. For the lucky 60%, convalescence was. prolonged and most never returned to previous activities. In 1957, myocardial infarction was probably the most serious disease requiring hospital admission. In 1957, Kouwenhoven and colleagues at the Johns Hopkins Hospital introduced their closed chest defibrillator and noted that application of its paddles to the chest in dogs caused a momentary rise in arterial pressure. 1 Further studies showed that this was due to compression of the heart within the chest. Indeed, rhythmic compression of the chest with the paddles or with hands was shown to maintain the circulation and preserve cerebral viability for long periods even when the heart was fibrillating. The first successful external cardiac massage and defibrillation in man was performed in 1958,1 and in 1960, Kouwenhoven and colleagueswere able to . report 20 patients in cardiac arrest who were treated with closed chest massage and external defibrillation; 14 were long-term survivors. Suddenly, the most lethal complication of myocardial infarction was treatable. Application of this knowledge was not long delayed. The first coronary care wards were established in the early 1960s. Patients in the initial stage of myocardial infarction were admitted to a special ward where the ECG could be recorded continuously. When ventricular fibrillation occurred, nursing staff sounded an alarm and a medical team was summoned with great urgency to perform cardiac massage and external defibrillation. Drama was high, but results unfortunately were poor. Delays were appreciable in summoning medical staff from other parts of a large
Histochemical Characterization, Distribution and Morphometric Analysis of NADPH Diaphorase Neurons in the Spinal Cord of the Agouti

We evaluated the neuropil distribution of the enzymes NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) and cytochrome oxidase (CO) in the spinal cord of the agouti, a medium-sized diurnal rodent, together with the distribution pattern and morphometrical characteristics of NADPH-d reactive neurons across different spinal segments. Neuropil labeling pattern was remarkably similar for both enzymes in coronal sections: reactivity was higher in regions involved with pain processing. We found two distinct types of NADPH-d reactive neurons in the agouti's spinal cord: type I neurons had large, heavily stained cell bodies while type II neurons displayed relatively small and poorly stained somata. We concentrated our analysis on type I neurons. These were found mainly in the dorsal horn and around the central canal of every spinal segment, with a few scattered neurons located in the ventral horn of both cervical and lumbar regions. Overall, type I neurons were more numerous in the cervical region. Type I neurons were also found in the white matter, particularly in the ventral funiculum. Morphometrical analysis revealed that type I neurons located in the cervical region have dendritic trees that are more complex than those located in both lumbar and thoracic regions. In addition, NADPH-d cells located in the ventral horn had a larger cell body, especially in lumbar segments. The resulting pattern of cell body and neuropil distribution is in accordance with proposed schemes of segregation of function in the mammalian spinal cord.
Determination of Atmospheric Path Radiance: Sky-to-Ground Ratio for Wargamers

Abstract : This document describes both the technical and user aspects of the sky-to-ground ratio program. The program computes sky-to-ground ratio, contrast transmission, transmission, path radiance, and zero-range-to-target background radiance for a user-specified observer (sensor) and target pair, situated on a slant path in the lower atmosphere for 19 different aerosols. Results are provided in hard-copy format and also in a computer-generated (tabular) file. The calculations are performed in one of three user-selectable bands: visible, mid-infrared, and farinfrared. Numerous examples are provided. A graphical user interface for this program is currently under development.
Wheat yield prediction modeling for localized optimization of fertilizer and herbicide application

The specific goal of this thesis was the development of a five-variable dryland wheat yield prediction model for the optimal localized variable-rate management of fertilizer and herbicide considering varying levels of available water and weed infestation. The motivation for this work was to increase on-farm net return and reduce off-target chemical effects. The five most influential predictor variables of wheat yield were investigated: wheat density, wild oat density, nitrogen fertilizer rate, herbicide rate, and water level Previously collected field data sets that included dryland wheat yield as the dependent variable and at least one of the predictors were investigated for linear and nonlinear trends. The best-fit nonlinear yield model to the combined field data set included crop and wild oat density, and growing season precipitation; nitrogen and herbicide rates were not significant factors in this model. These results illustrated the large amount of unexplored variation in wheat yield, and the lack of ecological first principles upon which farmers base input management decisions, especially when weed infestation causes competition for limited nitrogen and water. To take an initial step towards elucidating the biological mechanisms of wheatwild oat competition with varying combinatorial levels of resources, a five-variable greenhouse experiment was conducted. The best-fitting yield model to the greenhouse data set was a nonlinear equation including all five variables. This predictive model was used to demonstrate how such an equation would help farmers make localized variable rate input decisions within a decision support framework. Monte Carlo simulation was used to produce net return prediction probabilities for site-specific variable-rate management, low level input management, and high level input management of nitrogen and herbicide based on the two sources of parameter estimates—field data and greenhouse data. The variable rate scenario resulted in larger net returns over the broadcast management scenarios in at least 48%, and at most 66%, of the simulations. This initial exploration provided considerable support for future on-farm experiments and yield prediction modeling. In addition, it established a first principle model to be parameterized for use in different dryland spring wheat growing regions.
La expropiación de YPF (Repsol) a la luz del Derecho Internacional

espanolEn abril de 2012, el Gobierno argentino anunciaba la expropiacion del 51% de acciones de YPF, filial de la empresa espanola Repsol. Los principales argumentos utilizados para ello eran la recuperacion del control de un recurso natural y la falta de inversion por parte de Repsol en los yacimientos argentinos. Las normas bilaterales que rigen las inversiones entre Argentina y Espana exigen al Gobierno argentino indemnizar con un justiprecio a la empresa espanola. Si esto no ocurriera, el Derecho articula mecanismos para proteger a la empresa espanola. En este estudio se analizan esos mecanismos, asi como las posibilidades de que en este contexto la diferencia se resuelva satisfactoriamente. EnglishIn April 2012, the Argentinean Government announced the expropriation of 51% of YPF shares, YPF being a subsidiary of the Spanish company Repsol. The main arguments used to justify that decision were recovering control over a natural resource and the lack of investment by Repsol in the Argentinean oilfields. Bilateral norms on investments between Argentina and Spain bind the Argentinean Government to adequately compensate Repsol. Should this compensation not take place, some legal mechanisms are in place to protect the Spanish company. In this paper, those mechanisms are analyzed, as well as different possibilities for a satisfactory resolution of the dispute in this context.
FACULTY OF ARTS

Credit (60-69): • Work of good quality showing an understanding of subject matter and appreciation of main issues though possibly with some lapses and inadequacies; • Has an argument which may not be fully sustained throughout the essay and is possibly marred by minor weaknesses; • Fair range of reading; • Well prepared and presented; • Expression may need improvement in places; • Solid intellectual work.
A Comparison of Cox and Joint Models for Time-to-Event Data

A COMPARISON OF COX AND JOINT MODELS FOR TIME-TO-EVENT DATA George Stefan Advisor: University of Guelph, 2019 Dr. Julie Horrocks The Cox model has traditionally been used to analyse the relationship between a set of covariates and a time-to-event outcome. However, it has been found to lead to biased estimates when fitting time-varying covariates subject to measurement error. Joint modelling procedures have thus been developed with the purpose of alleviating this problem. Simulations were performed in which we compared bias and variability in parameter estimates between the Cox model and Rizopoulos (2010) joint model, concluding that the Cox model is heavily biased when the data is generated according to a joint model. Furthermore, we analysed medical data which recorded the onset time of bipolar/major mood disorder (in years since birth) for subjects who were considered at risk. The Cox model and both joint models agreed that a time-varying covariate, the Hamilton anxiety score, had a significant effect (at a 5% level) on the risk of bipolar/major mood disorder.
Extensive site-directed mutagenesis reveals interconnected functional units in the alkaline phosphatase active site

Enzymes enable life by accelerating reaction rates to biological timescales. Conventional studies have focused on identifying the residues that have a direct involvement in an enzymatic reaction, but these so-called ‘catalytic residues’ are embedded in extensive interaction networks. Although fundamental to our understanding of enzyme function, evolution, and engineering, the properties of these networks have yet to be quantitatively and systematically explored. We dissected an interaction network of five residues in the active site of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. Analysis of the complex catalytic interdependence of specific residues identified three energetically independent but structurally interconnected functional units with distinct modes of cooperativity. From an evolutionary perspective, this network is orders of magnitude more probable to arise than a fully cooperative network. From a functional perspective, new catalytic insights emerge. Further, such comprehensive energetic characterization will be necessary to benchmark the algorithms required to rationally engineer highly efficient enzymes. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.06181. 001
Contrasting deformational systems and associated seismic patterns in Precambrian peninsular India

Distinct geodynamic settings of the precambrian peninsular India exhibit contrasting deformational systems and associated seismic patterns. The architecture of Archaean Dharwar craton, characterized by a mosaic of block structure evident from various geological features, suggests continued tectonic activity since the Precambrian, making the region vulnerable to seismic activity. Block rotation seems to be a plausible model for explaining the mechanism of the Latur earthquake considering its structural fabric and associated geomorphic features. The role of shear zone dynamics appears to be significant in understanding the seismic patterns in the Precambrian mobile belts like the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT). The interface between the Dharwar craton and the SGT is marked by a crustal-scale shear zone system, namely the Cauvery Shear Zone (CSZ) with prolonged deformational history. The role of the CSZ in understanding the major geomorphic ridge, which lies just north of the CSZ, and associated seismicity, is examined. A new tectonic hypothesis is proposed involving a north-verging blind thrust emanating from the base of the CSZ, which would be responsible in generating the geomorphic ridge, and associated seismic activity. Northward movement of the Indian plate seems to be the root cause of continued tectonic activity in the Indian shield, but differs in the deformational systems depending on their crustal architecture of distinct geodynamic settings.
Slow‐slip events on the Whillans Ice Plain, Antarctica, described using rate‐and‐state friction as an ice stream sliding law

The Whillans Ice Plain (WIP), Antarctica, experiences twice daily tidally modulated stick‐slip cycles. Slip events last about 30 min, have sliding velocities as high as ∼0.5 mm/s (15 km/yr), and have total slip ∼0.5 m. Slip events tend to occur during falling ocean tide: just after high tide and just before low tide. To reproduce these characteristics, we use rate‐and‐state friction, which is commonly used to simulate tectonic faulting, as an ice stream sliding law. This framework describes the evolving strength of the ice‐bed interface throughout stick‐slip cycles. We present simulations that resolve the cross‐stream dimension using a depth‐integrated treatment of an elastic ice layer loaded by tides and steady ice inflow. Steady sliding with rate‐weakening friction is conditionally stable with steady sliding occurring for sufficiently narrow ice streams relative to a nucleation length. Stick‐slip cycles occur when the ice stream is wider than the nucleation length or, equivalently, when effective pressures exceed a critical value. Ice streams barely wider than the nucleation length experience slow‐slip events, and our simulations suggest that the WIP is in this slow‐slip regime. Slip events on the WIP show a sense of propagation, and we reproduce this behavior by introducing a rate‐strengthening region in the center of the otherwise rate‐weakening ice stream. If pore pressures are raised above a critical value, our simulations predict that the WIP would exhibit quasi‐steady tidally modulated sliding as observed on other ice streams. This study validates rate‐and‐state friction as a sliding law to describe ice stream sliding styles.
Dealing with Extreme Events: New Challenges for Terrorism Risk Coverage

The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 (9/11) against the United States revealed that the nature of international terrorism had changed. These attacks raised the fundamental question as to what are the responsibilities of the public and private sectors in reducing the risks of terrorist attacks and who should pay for future losses should the terrorists be successful? This article focuses on how insurance coverage in concert with other policy tools can encourage investment in risk reducing measures against terrorism while at the same time injecting funds to aid victims of an attack in their recovery process. Catastrophic events present special challenges for economics and risk management since they have an immediate impact on a wide range of stakeholders, can have severe long-term economic and social consequences and are difficult to assess quantitatively. As these events normally have a low probability of occurrence, there are limited historical data on which to base estimates of the risks and
Light Field Depth Estimation Based on Stitched-EPI

—Depth estimation is one of the most essential problems for light field applications. In EPI-based methods, the slope computation usually suffers low accuracy due to the discretization error and low angular resolution. In addition, recent methods work well in most regions but often struggle with blurry edges over occluded regions and ambiguity over texture-less regions. To address these challenging issues, we first propose the stitched-EPI and half-stitched-EPI algorithms for non-occluded and occluded regions, respectively. The algorithms improve slope computation by shifting and concatenating lines in different EPIs but related to the same point in 3D scene, while the half-stitched-EPI only uses non-occluded part of lines. Combined with the joint photo-consistency cost proposed by us, the more accurate and robust depth map can be obtained in both occluded and non-occluded regions. Furthermore, to improve the depth estimation in texture-less regions, we propose a depth propagation strategy that determines their depth from the edge to interior, from accurate regions to coarse regions. Experimental and ablation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves accurate and robust depth maps in all regions effectively.