Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Screening of mungbean (Vigna radiata) genotypes to identify source of resistance to dry root rot

In order to identify sources of genetic resistance to dry root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, twenty-five germplasm accessions of mungbean were screened under field condition during 2006 and 2007. No genotypes appeared free from disease incidence. However, three genotypes namely, 'MSJ-118', 'KM 4-44' and 'KM 4-59' were found to be resistant to dry root rot. These resistant genotypes had significantly greater root and shoot length, root and shoot weight, nodules/ plant and pods/plant than those of the susceptible check, 'RMG- 62'. These lines of mungbean will be used in breeding programmes to develop root rot resistant varieties. dry root rot resistance. The paper towel technique, although proved to be quick for identification of the resistance in mungbean for charcoal rot disease (Khan 2008), has its own limitation of exposing the seedlings to the pathogen for only a limited period. Empirical evidences also suggest that the results obtained are not corroborated to the field, thus calling for field screening of mungbean genotypes to identify the source of resistance to this disease. No work on field screening for resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina in mungbean has been reported. This paper reports the results of selection for resistance to dry root rot in mungbean. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of M. phaseolina inoculum: The pathogenic strain of M. phaseolina isolated from diseased roots of mungbean was multiplied on sorghum grains. The grains were at first soaked in water overnight, washed and half-boiled in water and filled in 250 ml Erlenmeyer conical flasks to 1/4 th of their capacity and sterilized at 15 lbs pressure for 15 minutes. Thereafter, M. phaseolina was inoculated in the flasks and incubated at 28o C for 15 days. The flasks were shaken every day. After multiplication, sorghum grain inoculums were placed in each row at 200 gm/m row length before 15 days of sowing (Pareek 1992). Description of the materials: 25 genotypes of mungbean were used for screening purpose. Out of these, 22 genotypes, namely 'KM-4-21', 'KM-4-22', 'KM-4-24', 'KM-4-25', 'KM-4- 27', 'KM-4-29', 'KM-4-32', 'KM-4-34', 'KM-4-35', 'KM-4-36', 'KM-4-38', 'KM-4-39', 'KM-4-41', 'KM-4-42', 'KM-4-44', 'KM-4-47', 'KM-4-51', 'KM-4-55', 'KM-4-59', 'KM-4-60', 'KM-4-61'and 'KM-4-63' were obtained from the Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur (India). These are local collections and maintained as genetic stocks. The remaining 3 genotypes, viz., 'RMG-492' (a mutant of 'RMG- 62'), 'RMG-62' ('R 288-8' × 'China mung') and 'MSJ-118' (a mutant of 'K 851') were procured from Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Banasthali University, Banasthali (Rajasthan, India). These are released cultivars and cultivated widely in the area of their adaptation. Screening of genotypes: 15 days before sowing, inoculum multiplied on sorghum grain media was placed in each row at 5-10 cm depth @ 200 g/m row length to increase the disease pressure. 25 genotypes were sown in the field during rainy
COMBINATORICS OF MULTIVARIATE CHROMATIC POLYNOMIALS FOR ROOTED GRAPHS

Richard Stanley deﬁned the chromatic symmetric function X G of a graph G and con-jectured that trees T and U are isomorphic if and only if X T = X U . We study a variation of the chromatic symmetric function for rooted graphs, where we require the root vertex to have a speciﬁed color. In addition to presenting various combinatorial identities and recursions satisﬁed by these rooted chromatic polynomials, this work contains three main results. The ﬁrst is that our polynomials satisfy the analogue of Stanley’s conjecture: two rooted trees are isomorphic as rooted graphs if and only if their rooted chromatic polynomials are equal. We give two proofs of this theorem, one based on unique factorization, the other based on algebraic transformations to pointed chromatic functions and rooted U -polynomials. The second result, which is used in the factorization-based proof, is that for each tree T , X T ( x 1 , . . . , x N ) is irreducible in Q [ x 1 , . , x N ] for large enough N . We prove this by a novel application of Eisenstein’s Criterion. The third result answers a question of Pawlowski by providing a combinatorial interpretation of the monomial expansion of pointed chromatic functions.
Improving the Intra-class Long-tail in 3D Detection via Rare Example Mining

Continued improvements in deep learning architectures have steadily advanced the overall performance of 3D object detectors to levels on par with humans for certain tasks and datasets, where the overall performance is mostly driven by common examples. However, even the best performing models suffer from the most naive mistakes when it comes to rare examples that do not appear frequently in the training data, such as vehicles with irregular geometries. Most studies in the long-tail literature focus on class-imbalanced classification problems with known imbalanced label counts per class, but they are not directly applicable to the intra-class long-tail examples in problems with large intra-class variations such as 3D object detection, where instances with the same class label can have drastically varied properties such as shapes and sizes. Other works propose to mitigate this problem using active learning based on the criteria of uncertainty, difficulty, or diversity. In this study, we identify a new conceptual dimension - rareness - to mine new data for improving the long-tail performance of models. We show that rareness, as opposed to difficulty, is the key to data-centric improvements for 3D detectors, since rareness is the result of a lack in data support while difficulty is related to the fundamental ambiguity in the problem. We propose a general and effective method to identify the rareness of objects based on density estimation in the feature space using flow models, and propose a principled cost-aware formulation for mining rare object tracks, which improves overall model performance, but more importantly - significantly improves the performance for rare objects (by 30.97\%
Discussing health care costs with patients

Escalating health care costs are affecting patients across the country. As employers and insurance companies face higher expenses, they may move to a cost-sharing strategy, which potentially increases financial burdens on patients. In this situation, physicians may find themselves serving as both medical and financial advisors for their patients. Clinical encounters in which patients experience financial hardship can be awkward and frustrating for both parties. Physicians must learn to discuss issues of affordability in a manner that builds, rather than detracts, from a therapeutic alliance. This article describes our experiences using several communication skills that can help in the discussion of health care costs with patients. The primary skill, empathic communication, which includes “we” statements and “I wish. ” statements, serves to create a platform for shared decision-making, negotiation, and a search for alternatives. In addition, it is helpful if physician offices have resource materials available and strategies identified to assist patients facing financial hardship.
Behaviour from an evolutionary point of view: experimental studies on fish and humans

_____________________________________________________________________ 24 Introduction___________________________________________________________________ 25 Materials and Methods __________________________________________________________ 26 Results_______________________________________________________________________ 28 Discussion____________________________________________________________________ 30 Acknowledgements_____________________________________________________________ 31 Chapter 2 Lifetime Reproductive Success and the MHC __________________________ 32 Abstract______________________________________________________________________ 32_____________________________________________________________________ 32 Introduction___________________________________________________________________ 33 Material and methods ___________________________________________________________ 34 Results_______________________________________________________________________ 37 Discussion____________________________________________________________________ 41 Acknowledgments______________________________________________________________ 43
Commentary on ‘Designs for dose–escalation trials with quantitative responses’

This paper steps back from the ‘traditional’ 3+3 dose–escalation designs, which are rooted more in mythology than in statistical theory, and looks at the question through the scope of traditional experimental design. Indeed, the sagacious Professor R. A. Bailey makes experimental design seem modern and useful. In this ‘age of analysis’, when few biostatistics students ever even take a course in experimental design, Professor Bailey’s paper falls off the page like a well-prepared Fisherian lecture. But more than just a historical exercise, she convinces us (reminds us? ) that design does matter, and that concerns of efficiency are relevant in pharmaceutical trials. Applying the standard ANOVA model for treatment contrasts with cohort effect, Professor Bailey first defines several classes of designs. First, she distinguishes among ‘standard’, ‘extended’, ‘traditional’, and ‘halving’ designs, which relate the number of doses and the number of cohorts. She then gives an excellent tutorial on the computation of variances. Rather than dealing with a formal optimality criterion, she instead focuses on three principles that will drive the designs she studies. This leads to the exploration of four types of halving designs and three types of extended designs and their combinations. She concludes that the ‘uniform-halving design with compromise extension’ gives the best results, with respect to two criteria, average, and maximum variance. She ends with a brief discussion on random cohort effects that require an additional variance component.
Pairwise Versus Multiple Global Network Alignment

Biological network alignment (NA) aims to identify similar regions between molecular networks of different species. NA can be local or global. Just as the recent trend in the NA field, we also focus on global NA, which can be pairwise (PNA) and multiple (MNA). PNA produces aligned node pairs between two networks. MNA produces aligned node clusters between more than two networks. Recently, the focus has shifted from PNA to MNA, because MNA captures conserved regions between more networks than PNA (and MNA is thus hypothesized to yield higher-quality alignments), though at higher computational complexity. The issue is that, due to the different outputs of PNA and MNA, a PNA method is only compared to other PNA methods, and an MNA method is only compared to other MNA methods. Comparison of PNA against MNA must be done to evaluate whether MNA indeed yields higher-quality alignments, as only this would justify MNA’s higher computational complexity. We introduce a framework that allows for this. We evaluate eight prominent PNA and MNA methods, on synthetic and real-world biological networks, using topological and functional alignment quality measures. We compare PNA against MNA in both a pairwise (native to PNA) and multiple (native to MNA) manner. PNA is expected to perform better under the pairwise evaluation framework. Indeed this is what we find. MNA is expected to perform better under the multiple evaluation framework. Shockingly, we find this not always to hold; PNA is often better than MNA in this framework, depending on the choice of evaluation test.
Comparison of Recognition Accuracy on Dynamic Hand Gesture Using Feature Selection

Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition is carried out in various studies to read patterns. Various sensors can be used to capture dynamic hand movement patterns. The results of the initial reading are usually in the form of raw data that must pass initial processing. Advanced processing is carried out to obtain features that will be trained using various classifiers. The recognition process without feature selection activities will reduce the accuracy of pattern recognition during the classification process. Seeing the many shortcomings in the implementation of the initial data processing, this study will present some initial processing examples to produce features that are relatively good for the data training process. The method used is the gaussian mixture model and the selection of predictors for the classification process. The sensor for recording dynamic hand movements used in this study is Leap-motion. There are three dynamic hand gestures were used in this study. The data used were 4609 coordinates spread in 30 features. The classifiers used are k-NN with Euclidean distance metric without feature selection process compare to the process with feature selection. The results obtained from this study are the availability of examples of feature selection models in the form of gaussian mixtures and some accuracy of the results of processing comparison. The lowest prediction, without and with feature prediction, has a slightly range from 99.7% to 100%.
Course 2BA1: Trinity 2007 Section 9: Introduction to Number Theory and Cryptography

9 Introduction to Number Theory and Cryptography 1 9.1 Subgroups of the Integers . 1 9.2 Greatest Common Divisors . 2 9.3 The Euclidean Algorithm . 3 9.4 Prime Numbers . 4 9.5 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic . 5 9.6 The Infinitude of Primes . 6 9.7 Congruences . 6 9.8 The Chinese Remainder Theorem . 8 9.9 A Theorem of Fermat . 10 9.10 The Mathematics underlying the RSA cryptographic system . 11
Structure and utilization of tubulin isotypes.

BACKGROUND . 687 TUBULIN STRUCTURE . ,. 689 TUBULIN GENES IN VERTEBRATES 690 fJ Tubulin Genes: Six isotype classes encoded by orthologous gene families in birds and mammals . ,. 690 Function of fJ Tubulin Isotypes: The multitubulin hypothesis tested 696 IX Tubulin Genes: Regulatory compartments for tubulin synthesis . 697
Calcium channels, stores, and oscillations.

MULTIPLE CaH ENTRY MECHANISMS . 716 Diversity of Voltage-gated Ca2+ Channels (VOCs) 7 17 Common Features of Voltage-gated CaN Channels . 72 1 Subunit Composition of DHP-sensitive CaN Channels 722 Structural Properties of DHP-resistant CaN Channels . 725 Receptor-operated CaN Channels (ROCs) 725 Second Messenger-operated CaN Channels (SMOCs) 726 Mechanically Operated CaN Channels (MOCs) 727 Tonically Active (background) Ca2+ Channels. 727 Gap Junction Channels . 727
Fractal image coding as generalized predictive coding

We point out that a prevalent form of fractal image coding can be viewed as a kind of generalized predictive coding. Several key issues in predictive coding are the prediction gain, the design of codebooks for predictors and prediction residuals, shaping of reconstruction errors, and codec complexity. Fractal coding can yield higher prediction gains than conventional predictive coding by its use of noncausal predictors and long-term predictors. However, noncausal prediction necessitates iterative decoding and long-term predictors require search over a large area, both of which increase codec complexity. Design of predictors and prediction codebooks for fractal coding has relied much on heuristics. Drawing on known results about predictive coding, we outline several directions for codec design, among which are short-term prediction and transform coding or vector quantization of prediction residuals. Shaping of reconstruction errors by noise-feedback or analysis-by-synthesis coding may also be beneficial. <<ETX>>
Sustained Release and Permeation of Timolol from Surface-Modified Solid Lipid Nanoparticles through Bioengineered Human Cornea

Purpose: The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles sustained delivery system of timolol hydrogen maleate, a prototype ocular drug using a human cornea construct. Materials and Methods: Surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles containing timolol with and without phospholipid were formulated by melt emulsification with high-pressure homogenization and characterized by particle size, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release. Drug transport studies through cornea bioengineered from human donor cornea cells were carried out using a modified Franz diffusion cell and drug concentration analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Results show that surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles possessed very small particles (42.9 ± 0.3 nm, 47.2 ± 0.3 nm, 42.7 ± 0.7 nm, and 37.7 ± 0.3 nm, respectively for SM-SLN 1, SM-SLN 2, SM-SLN 3, and SM-SLN 4) with low polydispersity indices, increased encapsulation efficiency (> 44%), and sustained in vitro release compared with unmodified lipid nanoparticles whose particles were greater than 160 nm. Permeation of timolol hydrogen maleate from the surface-modified lipid nanoparticles across the cornea construct was sustained compared with timolol hydrogen maleate solution in distilled water. Conclusions: Surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles could provide an efficient way of improving ocular bioavailability of timolol hydrogen maleate.
Diagnosis of Bearing Faults of Induction Machines by Vibration or Current Signals: A Critical Comparison

Early diagnosis of faults in induction machines is an extensively investigated field, for cost and maintenance savings. Mechanical imbalances and bearing faults account for a large majority of faults in a machine, especially for small-medium size machines. Therefore their diagnosis is an intensively investigated field or research. Recently many research activities were focused on the diagnosis of bearing faults by current signal. Stator current components are generated at predictable frequencies related to the electrical supply and mechanical frequencies of bearing faults. However their detection is not always reliable, since the amplitude of fault signatures in the current signal is very low. This paper compares the bearing fault detection capability obtained with vibration and current signals. To this aim a testbed is realized that allows to test vibration and current signal on a machine with healthy or faulty bearings. Signal processing techniques for both cases are reviewed and compared in order to show which procedure is best suited to the different type of bearing faults. The paper contribution is the use of a simple and effective signal processing technique for both current and vibration signals, and a theoretical analysis of the physical link between faults and current components including torque ripple effects. As expected because of the different nature of vibration and current, bearing fault diagnosis is effective only for those fault whose mechanical frequency rate is quite low. Experiments are reported that confirm the proposed approach.
Catalase Activity is Critical for Proteus mirabilis Biofilm Development, Extracellular Polymeric Substance Composition, and Dissemination during Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection

Proteus mirabilis is a leading uropathogen of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), which are among the most common health care-associated infections worldwide. A key factor that contributes to P. mirabilis pathogenesis and persistence during CAUTI is the formation of catheter biofilms, which provide increased resistance to antibiotic treatment and host defense mechanisms. ABSTRACT Proteus mirabilis is a leading uropathogen of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), which are among the most common health care-associated infections worldwide. A key factor that contributes to P. mirabilis pathogenesis and persistence during CAUTI is the formation of catheter biofilms, which provide increased resistance to antibiotic treatment and host defense mechanisms. Another factor that is important for bacterial persistence during CAUTI is the ability to resist reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as through the action of the catalase enzyme. Potent catalase activity is one of the defining biochemical characteristics of P. mirabilis, and the single catalase (katA) gene in strain HI4320 was recently identified as a candidate fitness factor for UTI, CAUTI, and bacteremia. Here, we show that disruption of katA results in increased ROS levels, increased sensitivity to peroxide, and decreased biofilm biomass. The biomass defect was due to a decrease in the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by the ΔkatA mutant and specifically due to reduced carbohydrate content. Importantly, the biofilm defect resulted in decreased antibiotic resistance in vitro and a colonization defect during experimental CAUTI. The ΔkatA mutant also exhibited decreased fitness in a bacteremia model, supporting a dual role for catalase in P. mirabilis biofilm development and immune evasion.
Cyberbullying and Its Contributing Factors Among Iranian Adolescents

Background: Adolescents’ exposure to new communication systems via the Internet and mobile phone can be detrimental if cyberbullying is the case. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cyberbullying and detect its contributing factors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in four girls’ and boys’ high schools in District 17, Tehran, Iran. The research sample was selected using the simple random sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire encompassing three sections (namely, the experience of being cyberbullied, the experience of attempts at cyberbullying, and close friends’ exposure to cyberbullying). Results: Eighty-five of the respondents (29.82%) had experienced being cyberbullied, 89 persons (30.90%) had made attempts at cyberbullying, and 117 individuals (40.62%) had friends being cyberbullied. Female gender and secondary high school education significantly increased the likelihood of attempts at cyberbullying and being cyberbullied (P < 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between an increase in time to use virtual tools per week and aging with attempts at cyberbullying (P < 0.001). There was also a significant relationship between being cyberbullied and attempts at cyberbullying (P < 0.001). Conclusions: According to the study findings, the authorities are recommended to implement appropriate educational programs to increase adolescents’ awareness of cyberbullying and culturalization to exploit new communication tools at the school and community levels.
An Analysis of English Diphthong Pronunciation by the Students of the English Education Study Program

This research wasaimed to know howEnglish students in Universityof Bengkulu, EnglishEducationStudy ProgrampronouncedEnglish Diphthongs.Thisresearchuseddescriptive qualitativemethod. The population in this research was the 79 sixth semester students of English EducationStudy Program. The numbers of samples were 20% of the population. The Students were asked to pronounce 8 diphthongs in English. The research was doing input the audio from native speaker and data recordedby each student into Audacity. Then, comparing both of the data.The research was usingAudacity as the technology to analyze and to see the pattern of the data recorded in order to check the correct and incorrect of the students’ pronunciation. The data of the research consisted of 8 diphthongs and each diphthong consisted of 3 words including in the word diphthongs. The total words in this study were 24 words. The resultof thisresearchshowedthatmostofEnglishstudentspronouncedEnglish diphthongs[e? ], [o? ], [a? ], [? ], [? ] and [? ] incorrectly.Itshowed thatthestudents stilldid not know about English diphthongs. Meanwhile,thestudentsweregoodatpronouncingdiphthongs suchas[a? ]and [? ] with more than 58% of correct pronunciation.