Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding and modeling the physical processes that govern the melting of snow cover in a tropical mountain environment in Ecuador

The ISBA/CROCUS coupled ground-snow model developed for the Alps and subsequently adapted to the outer tropical conditions of Bolivia has been applied to a full set of meteorological data recorded at 4860 m above sea level on a moraine area in Ecuador (Antizana 15 glacier, 0°28′S; 78°09′W) between 16 June 2005 and 30 June 2006 to determine the physical processes involved in the melting and disappearance of transient snow cover in nonglaciated areas of the inner tropics. Although less accurate than in Bolivia, the model is still able to simulate snow behavior over nonglaciated natural surfaces, as long as the modeled turbulent fluxes over bare ground are reduced and a suitable function is included to represent the partitioning of the surface between bare soil and snow cover. The main difference between the two tropical sites is the wind velocity, which is more than 3 times higher at the Antizana site than at the Bolivian site, leading to a nonuniform spatial distribution of snow over nonglaciated areas that is hard to describe with a simple snow partitioning function. Net solar radiation dominates the surface energy balance and is responsible for the energy stored in snow-free areas (albedo = 0.05) and transferred horizontally to adjacent snow patches by conduction within the upper soil layers and by turbulent advection. These processes can prevent the snow cover from lasting more than a few hours or a few days. Sporadically, and at any time of the year, this inner tropical site, much wetter than the outer tropics, experiences heavy snowfalls, covering all the moraine area, and thus limiting horizontal transfers and inducing a significant time lag between precipitation events and runoff.
Aplicação do método de identificação espectral para imagens do sensor ASTER em ambiente de cerrado

The spectral classifiers allow a good estimate for the mapping of the materials from the similarity between the reference curve and the image. Initially the spectral classifiers had been developed for hyperspectral images analysis. However, some works demonstrate good results for the application of these techniques in multispectral images. The present work aims to evaluate the spectral classifier Spectral Identification Method (SIM) in ASTER image. The Spectral Identification Method (SIM) is proposed to establish a new similarity index and three estimates according to the significance levels (5%, 10% and 15%) of the materials. This method is based on two statistical procedures: ANOVA and Spectral Correlation Mapper (SCM) coefficient. This information can be used to evaluate the degree of correlation among the materials in analysis. The advantage of this method is to validate according to levels of significance of the most probable areas of the sought material. The method was applied to ASTER image at the Military Instruction Field located Formosa (GO) close to Federal District. The images were acquired with atmosphere correction. The pixels size from the SWIR image were duplicated in order to join the VNIR and SWIR images. Endmembers were detected in three steps: a) spectral reduction by the Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transformation, b) spatial reduction by the Pixel Purity Index (PPI) and c) manual identification of the endmembers using the N-dimensional visualizer. The classification was made from the endmembers of nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), photosynthetic vegetation (PV) and soil. These procedures allowed to identify the main scenarios in the study area.
Does the ADC Map have Additional Clinical Significance Compared to the DWI in the Brain Infarction

목적: 뇌경색의 시기판단에 있어서 현성확산계수 지도의 부가적인 임상적 중요성을 다시 평가하기 위하여, 확산 강조영상과 현성확산계수 지도에서 뇌경색의 시간경과에 따른 변화 양상의 차이가 있는지 알고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 뇌경색 환자 127명의 199회 자기공명영상 검사를 대상으로 하였으며, 시간을 기준으로(117 검사), 날짜를 기준으로 (108 검사), 주수를 기준으로 (62 검사) 그룹을 나누었다. 확산 강조영상과 현성확산계수 지도에서 뇌경색의 중심부와 대측부위를 관심영역 0.3 $cm^2$ 이상으로 하여 신호 강도를 측정하여, 경색부위/대측정상부위의 비 (ratio)를 구하여 각 그룹에서 시간 경과에 따른 변화양상을 비교관찰하였다. 결과: 뇌경색은 발생 1시간 이내부터 영상에서 관찰되었으며, 확산강조영상에서 신호강도비는 12시간 이후에 2 이상으로 되어 6일까지 유지되다가 점차 감소하여 발생 30일경에 1로 감소 하였다. 현성확산계수비는 발생 24시간에 0.46 이었으며, 15일경에 1로 증가하였다. 뇌경색의 시간 경과에 따른 비의 곡선은 서로 역의 관계인 대칭적인 양상을 보였다. 결론: 확산강조영상과 현성확산계수 지도에서 뇌경색의 시간경과에 따른 변화양상은 역의 관계로서 현성확산계수 값은 확산강조영상으로부터 예측 가능하며, 현성확산계수 지도는 확산강조영상과 함께 판단하면 15-30일 사이의 아급성기 뇌경색의 진단에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. 【Purpose : To re-evaluate additional clinical significance of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map in the inference of infarction stage, authors studied the evolution patterns of the DWI and the ADC map of the brain infarction. Materials and Methods: In 127 patients with cerebral infarctions, including follow-up checks, 199 studies were performed. They were classified as hourly (117 studies)-, daily (108 studies)-, weekly (62 studies)-based groups. The signal intensity (SI) was measured at the core of the infarction and contralateral area with ROI of 0.3 $cm^2$ or more on the images of the DWI and the ADC map, and calculated the ratios of SI and ADC value of the infarction area / contralateral normal area, and compared the patterns of the change according to the evolution. Results: Infarction was detected as early as 1 hour after the attack, and the ratio of SI in the DWI became over than 2 after 12 hours, which showed a plateau until the 6th day. Thereafter, it decreased slowly to 1 on the 30th day, and changed to lower SI than the surrounding brain. The ratio in the ADC map became 0.46 in 24 hours after the attack, and increased slowly to 1 in the 15th day. Thereafter, it became a higher value than the surrounding brain. Overall, the ratio in the ADC map changed earlier than in the DWI, and the ratio curves showed inverse pattern each other according to the evolution of the infarction. Conclusion: The evolution patterns of infarction on the ADC map showed an inverse curve of DWI curve, which means that the ADC value is accurately predictable from DWI, and the ADC map joined with the DWI seems helpful in the determination of subacute infarction between 15 to 30 days. 】
Multi-temporal DInSAR analysis with X-band high resolution SAR data: examples and potential

The recent availability of wide-bandwidth, high-frequency, high-resolution SAR data is contributing to improved monitoring capabilities of spaceborne remote sensing instruments. In particular, the new COSMO/SkyMed (CSK) and TerraSAR- X (TSX) X-band sensors allow better performances in multitemporal DInSAR and PSI applications than legacy C-band sensors such as ENVISAT ASAR, with respect to both target detection and terrain displacement monitoring capabilities. In this paper we investigate about the possibility of achieving performances of PSI displacement detection comparable to those of C-band sensors, by use of reduced numbers of high-resolution X-band acquisitions. To this end, we develop a simple model for phase and displacement rate measurement accuracies taking into account both target characteristics and sensors acquisition schedule. The model predicts that the generally better resolution and repeat-time characteristics of new-generation X-band sensors allow reaching accuracies comparable to C-band data with a significantly smaller number of X-band acquisitions, provided that the total time span of the acquisitions is large enough. This allows in principle to contain the costs of monitoring campaigns, by using less scenes. Indications are more variable in the case of short-time acquisition schedules, such as those involved in the generation of so-called "rush products" for emergency applications. In this case, the higher uncertainty given by shorter total time spans lowers X-band performances to levels mostly comparable to those of the legacy medium-resolution C-band sensors, so that no significant gain in image number budget are foreseen. These theoretical results are confirmed by comparison of three PSI datasets, acquired by ENVISAT ASAR, CSK and TSX sensors over Assisi (central Italy) and Venice.
A Sensitivity Study of the General Circulation of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Part I: The Response to Density Forcing through the Straits

Abstract In this paper, the influence of the density gradients at the straits of Gibraltar and Sicily on the large-scale circulation of the Western Mediterranean Sea is investigated through a 3D numerical model. The topography constraint is analyzed by comparing an experiment with a flat bottom with an experiment with a realistic bathymetry. The results show the ability of the density gradients at the straits to force a cyclonic surface circulation in the whole basin, particularly in the northern basin where the transport in the Liguro–Provencal current is about 40% of the observed one. These experiments point out the key role played by the strait of Sicily and its topography. There the eastward surface flow separates into two branches: one enters the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, while the other flows along the Italian coasts to feed the cyclonic circulation of the northern basin. In the Alboran Sea, which is a priori the region where the dynamics is the most strongly induced by the transport through the St.
Effect of water stress on growth and biomass yield of contrasting genotypes of sugarcane (saccharum officinarum)

Effect of water stress on expansive growth measured as leaf extension rate (LER) and plant height of five Selected lines of sugarcane (BD 83/019, BD 83/035, IB 85/43, USRI 86/4, and USRI 86/25) was investigated in a screenhouse trial at Unilorin Sugar Research Institute farm. The effect of water stress on biomass yield was also evaluated. Water stress was induced by differential watering intervals of daily, 4, and 10 days corresponding to 100 (no stress), 60 (moderate stress), and 25 per cent (severe stress) soil available water (determined gravimetrically). LER, hence leaf length and plant height, showed significant responses to water stress, decreasing when water is limiting. The results of this study also showed ontogenetic variations in the responses of leaves at different positions to water stress. Similarly, there were genotypic differences in leaf and plant height responses of the investigated lines to water stress, which were found to be related to the effect of water stress on biomass yields of the lines. Consequently, it was concluded that measurement of expansive growth could be very useful for distinguishing between genotypes in their responses to water stress; hence, a promising technique for screening for drought tolerance in sugarcane. The advantages of the techniques are also discussed. Ghana Jnl agric. Sci. Vol.31(1) 1998: 73-80
Assessment of an artificial intelligence technique in investigating habitat partitioning by coexisting benthic invertebrates in gravel‐bed rivers

Artificial neural networks were used to pattern the use and partition of riverbed mesohabitats by four coexisting mayflies (Ephemera danica, Rhithrogena semicolorata, Caenis sp., and Serratella ignita), in a fast‐flowing stream. Sixty‐six samples were taken from the various mesohabitat types throughout a one‐year period. Water depth, current velocity, substratum composition, and particulate organic matter were used to describe the mesohabitats within each sample unit. The species and abiotic data were computed separately with the self‐organizing map (SOM) algorithm. Then, using the k‐means algorithm, clusters were detected on the maps and the sampling units were classified separately for each variable and for species densities. Four clusters could be identified on the SOM according to nine environmental variables, and this classification was related to the morphodynamic conditions, chiefly with respect to substrate composition and current velocity. Similarly, three subsets were derived from the SOM according to gradients of species densities. The coincidence between ‘abiotic’ and ‘mayfly’ clusters showed that: (1) E. danica, Caenis sp. and S. ignita used similar mesohabitats, but E. danica was temporally segregated; (2) competition for space was likely to occur between Caenis sp. and S. ignita; and (3) R. semicolorata was spatially segregated from the three other mayflies. The method is discussed with reference to two alternative techniques: habitat preference curves, and multivariate analyses. The former implies a greater computation effort and is rather convenient under applied perspectives. The second approach faces the basic assumption that non‐linear modelling methods should be preferred for dealing with ecological data which vary and covary in non‐linear fashions. By combining ordering and clustering abilities (and other advantages such as gradient analysis and detection of outliers), SOM provides a visual and efficient way to bring out structures in the distribution of co‐occurring species within multivariate microenvironments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the effect of pyroxene on deformation of peridotite in a natural shear zone

The influence of pyroxene on upper mantle viscosity remains unclear but may occur either through its difference in strength relative to olivine or through its effect on olivine microstructure. To determine the role of pyroxene in moderating peridotite viscosity, we analyzed microstructures in paired harzburgites and dunites from a natural shear zone exposed in the Josephine Peridotite. Olivine crystallographic textures evolve similarly in harzburgites and dunites with increasing strain, indicating the operation of similar deformation mechanisms in olivine. The mean olivine grain sizes are ~1.5 times larger in dunites than in harzburgites, whereas the mean olivine subgrain sizes are a factor of ~1.2 smaller in dunites than in harzburgites. The average stresses in olivine, estimated with a subgrain‐size piezometer, are inversely correlated with pyroxene volume fraction and directly correlated with the mean olivine grain size. The calculated ratio of pyroxene viscosity to olivine viscosity for each harzburgite/dunite pair varies from 1.2 to 3.3. Notably, our data indicate that olivine viscosity is non‐Newtonian with a finite grain‐size sensitivity. We suggest that at the conditions of the shear zone, pyroxene is more viscous than olivine but that the increase in aggregate strength with larger pyroxene fractions is offset by correspondingly smaller olivine grain sizes. Thus, major rheological weakening associated with pyroxene content may only be possible if (1) temperatures are higher than those characterizing this shear zone, increasing the viscosity contrast between olivine and pyroxene or (2) stresses are high enough that grain‐size reduction promotes a transition to a deformation mechanism with extreme grain‐size sensitivity, such as diffusion creep.
Characterization and Estimation of Hydraulic Properties in an Alluvial Gravel Vadose Zone

Understanding the physical and hydraulic properties of the vadose zone is important for modeling land use effects on groundwater quality. This study used a variety of characterization methods to derive conceptual understanding and estimates of hydraulic properties of a coarse alluvial gravel vadose zone in New Zealand. Sandy gravel (SG) material constituted approximately 90% of the vadose zone, with the remainder comprising sand lenses and open‐framework gravels. The gravel content of the SG material was approximately 70% (v/v) (range 68–73%). The water content of the bulk SG material (43 samples) ranged from 3.5 to 13.9%. The average bulk density of the SG material was 2.20 g/cm3 (range 2.00–2.33 g/cm3) giving an average calculated porosity of 17%. The average porosity of the open‐framework gravels was 34% and these gravels were often coated with 2‐ to 3‐mm‐thick deposits of amorphous Fe and Mn oxides. Neutron probe (NP) depth profiles indicated unsteady conditions, with variable water contents with depth and time reflecting the vertical heterogeneity and the variably saturated state of the vadose zone. Time series NP data to 3 m indicated water content in the alluvial gravels responded quickly to soil drainage events, and saturation variability was greater in the sand lenses and the SG material immediately underlying. When compared with derived water retention curves, variability in the water content equated to significant fluctuation in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Kunsat). Tension infiltrometer measurements were variable but were within the range of the Kunsat estimates from site‐average particle size distribution data. The gravel‐transformed, texture‐based models used to estimate saturated water content values in this study appeared to underestimate the measured values.
The association of respiratory symptoms and lung function with the use of gas for cooking

The domestic combustion of fossil fuels, especially the use of unvented gas appliances such as gas stoves, produces high indoor concentrations of several agents potentially harmful to health [1, 2]. Some [3–8] but not all [9, 10] studies have reported increased respiratory symptoms suggestive of either increased respiratory infection or asthma in children living in homes with gas cookers compared to those in homes with electric cookers. Few of these studies have reported significant loss of lung function [11] in exposed children. A case-control study in the UK showed no association between the presence of a gas cooker in the house and severe asthma in adolescents [12]. Studies in adults have not been conclusive. COMSTOCK et al. [13] reported an increased risk of respiratory symptoms in nonsmoking males living in homes with gas cookers. In a subsample [14] of this group gas cooking was associated with an increased risk of airway obstruction. Other studies in the USA have shown no association bet-ween gas cooking and symptoms in adults [15]. In Sin-gapore nonsmoking females who frequently used gas for cooking had more respiratory symptoms and worse lung function than females who used gas infrequently or not at all [16]. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) has collected information on respiratory symptoms, lung function and the use of domestic gas appliances from representative samples of adults living in more than 30 centres, predominantly in Europe. An analysis of the data collected from three of the UK centres in East Anglia has shown a strong and consistent association between the use of gas cookers and respiratory symptoms in females but not in males [17]. Further analysis suggested that females sensitized to common environmental allergens may be at a greater risk of symptoms than nonatopic women, although formal statistical tests for effect modification by atopy failed to reach conventional levels of significance. In this analysis we use data from all centres taking part in the ECRHS to examine whether there is an association between respiratory symptoms and lung function in adult females and if any such association is modified by atopy.
Crustal structure of the mid‐ocean ridges: 5. Heat flow through the Atlantic Ocean floor and convection currents

One hundred and seventy-nine Lamont Geological Observatory heat-flow measurements in the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea are presented; their reliability is carefully estimated. Together with 197 other measurements, they are used to describe the broad regional pattern of heat flow in the Atlantic Ocean. The average heat flow over the mid-Atlantic ridge is within 20% of the heat flow of the basins, and the absence of a wide heat-flow maximum in the observed values precludes the possibility of continuous continental drift during the Ceno-zoic by the spreading-floor mechanism in the Atlantic Ocean. In contrast, the excess of heat flow measured over the East Pacific rise is consistent with the existence of large convective transfer of heat in the underlying mantle.
Abiotic influences on the biomass of Vallisneria americana Michx. in the Upper Mississippi River

American wildcelery, Vallisneria americana Michx. is an ecologically important component of aquatic communities in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). We conducted a study in 2002 to determine the association of several abiotic factors on the vegetative growth of Vallisneria in Navigation Pool 8 (Pool 8) of the UMR. We measured turbidity, percent light absorbance, surface water ammonium, surface water nitrate, current velocity, conductivity, pH and water depth throughout one growing season at 56 stratified sites based on where Vallisneria occurred in previous years. Sediment and aboveground biomass samples were collected during peak growth. Sediment was analysed for organic content, particle size, pore water nitrate and pore water ammonium. Vallisneria biomass samples were dried to constant mass. Because some sites were without water for much of the growing season, only data from 52 sites were reported. Biomass was associated with depth, percent light absorbance, turbidity and wind fetch. Vallisneria was abundant in the depth range of 0.55 to 1.03 m, in areas receiving at least 38% of surface light and in areas exposed to greater wind fetch (>2000 m). Our results suggest that the primary abiotic variable associated with Vallisneria americana in the UMR is light, not nutrients. Published in 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy): An open window on the deep-feeding system of a steady state basaltic volcano

[1] Paroxysms at Stromboli are the most violent manifestations of the persistent activity and are related to the emission of small volumes (103–105 m3) of nearly aphyric HK-basaltic pumices. They offer the exceptional opportunity to detail the mixing-crystallization-degassing processes that occur in a steady state basaltic arc volcano. We present mineralogy, major, volatile, and trace element geochemistry of olivine-hosted melt inclusions of these pumices. In all the paroxysms, melt inclusions hosted in olivines Fo88–91 have recorded the parental melts rich in CaO (up to 14.5 wt %) but low in FeO (6–7 wt %). They demonstrate recurrent variations in the K2O content (1.6–1.3 wt %) and S/Cl ratios (1.2–0.8) of the melts that entered the deep system. Dynamic magma mixing between melts slightly distinct by their degree of evolution, rapid crystallization, and entrapment of gas-oversaturated melts during decompression are indicated by (1) the high density of irregular, clear melt inclusions, and embayments in homogeneous olivines (Fo87±0.5–Fo83±0.5), (2) the variable ratio between melt and gas bubble, and (3) the variability of melt inclusion compositions in both major (CaO/Al2O3 = 1–0.59) and volatile (3.4–1.8 wt % H2O, 1582–1017 ppm CO2) elements. FeO-rich melt inclusions in patchy, reversely zoned olivines also demonstrate interactions between ascending melt blobs and inherited olivine crystals. We propose a model involving a vertically extended dike-like system, where magmas progress and differentiate. On the basis of olivine growth rate calculations the volatile-rich magma blobs may ascend within few hours to few tenths of hours. Finally, we propose that sulfur degassing is possibly initiated during the early stage of magma differentiation.