Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soil properties controlling seepage erosion contributions to streambank failure

The majority of sediment leaving catchments may be from streambank failure. Seepage erosion of unconsolidated sand above a restrictive layer is an important erosion process in incised streams that leads to streambank failure by undercutting banks. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of soil properties on seepage erosion and the resulting streambank failure. Seepage flow and sediment concentrations were measured in situ at eight locations along the banks of a deeply incised stream in northern Mississippi. Using field observations as a guide, the soil profile conditions of a shallow (45 cm) streambank, consisting of 30 cm of topsoil, a 10 cm conductive layer, and a 5 cm restrictive layer, were mimicked in laboratory lysimeter experiments to quantify the hydrologic properties controlling seepage erosion and bank failure under a 40 cm head. The time to flow initiation and the flow rate were linearly related to the slope of the restrictive layer. Seepage erosion began within minutes of flow initiation and resulted in substantial (3 to 34 cm) undercutting of the bank. Sediment concentrations of seeps were as high as 660 g l−1 in situ and 4500 g l−1 in the lysimeters. Sediment concentrations were related to the layer slope, thereby indicating the importance of detailed site characterization. The USDA‐ARS Streambank Stability model demonstrated the increase in instability of banks due to undercutting by seepage erosion, but failed to account for the sediment loss due to sapping for stable banks and overestimated the sediment loads for failed banks. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wave‐forced motion of submerged single‐stem vegetation

of water and of the sedge Schoenoplectus americanus observed (using synchronized current meters and video) in a shallow salt marsh (depth < 1 m). Consistent with theory, sedge motion led water motion, with the phase decreasing (from 90 to 0 degrees) with increasing wave frequency. After tuning of a single free parameter (Young’s modulus), the theory successfully predicted the transfer function between measured water and stem motion. Formulae predicting frequency‐dependent wave dissipation by flexible vegetation are derived. For the moderately flexible stems observed, the model predicted total dissipation was about 30% of the dissipation for equivalent rigid stems.
Application of the EPA Wetland Research Program Approach to a floodplain wetland restoration assessment

Kolka, R.K. , C.C. Trettin, E.A. Nelson, C.D. Barton, and D.E. Fletcher. 2002. Application of the EPA Wetland Research Program Approach to a floodplain wetland restoration assessment. J. Env. Monitoring & Restoration 1(1):37-51. Forested wetland restoration assessment is difficult because of the timeframe necessary for the development of a forest ecosystem. The development of a forested wetland ecosystem includes the recovery of hydrology, soils, vegetation, and faunal communities. To assess forested wetland restoration projects, measures need to be developed that are sensitive to early changes in community development and are predictive of future conditions. In this study we apply the EPS's Wetland Research Program's (WRP) approach to assess the recovery of two thermally altered riparian wetland systems in South Carolina. In one of the altered wetland systems, approximately 75% of the wetland was planted with bottomland tree seedlings in an effort to hasten recovery. Individual studies addressing hydrology, soils, vegetation, and faunal communities indicate variable recovery responses.
Biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates of rainforest-clearing experiments conducted in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil

Biomass consumption and carbon release rates during the process of forest clearing by fire in five test plots are presented and discussed. The experiments were conducted at the Caiabi Farm, near the town of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in five square plots of 1 ha each, designated A, B, C, D, and E, with different locations and timing of fire. Plot A was located in the interface with a pasture, with three edges bordering on the forest, and was cut and burned in 1997. Plots B, C, D, and E were located inside the forest. Plot B was cut and burned in 1997. Plot C was inside a deforested 9-ha area, which was cut and burned in 1998. Plot D was inside a deforested 4-ha area, which was cut in 1998 and burned in 1999. Plot E was inside a deforested 4-ha area, which was cut and burned in 1999. Biomass consumption was 22.7%, 19.5%, 47.5%, 61.5%, and 41.8%, for A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The effects of an extended curing period and of increasing the deforested area surrounding the plots could be clearly observed. The consumption, for areas cut and burned during the same year, tended toward a value of nearly 50% when presented as a function of the total area burned. The aboveground biomass of the test site and the amount of carbon before the fire were 496 Mg ha−1 and 138 Mg ha−1, respectively. Considering that the biomass that remains unburned keeps about the same average carbon content of fresh biomass, which is supported by the fact that the unburned material consists mainly of large logs, and considering the value of 50% for consumption, the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere as gases was 69 Mg ha−1. The amounts of CO2 and CO released to the atmosphere by the burning process were then estimated as 228 Mg ha−1 and 15.9 Mg ha−1, respectively. Observations on fire propagation and general features of the slash burnings in the test areas complete the paper.
Combining the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and MODIS imagery to estimate monthly flows in a data-scarce Chilean Andean basin

Abstract The focus is on the application of the SWAT model for the Lonquimay River basin (Central Chilean Andes), a small sub-basin of the Biobío, in which snow accumulation and snowmelt dynamics play an important role. In the absence of local measurements of snow coverage, remotely-sensed snow cover information (MODIS) was combined with discharge time series in order to validate the model representation of stream hydrology and spatial snow cover extent. The results showed satisfactory to good general model performance in terms of representation of long-term or annual mean discharge at the basin outlet, as well as a reasonably good description of snow cover extent under most circumstances. The case study also provides an example quantitative indication of how well a model may perform under limited availability of input meteorological data. In the current work, the MODIS snow products were used for validation purposes only. The future inclusion of MODIS information directly into the model calibration process is suggested as a means to further improve the results.
Are earthquakes an example of deterministic chaos

We use a simple mass-spring model to systematically examine the dynamical behavior introduced by fault zone heterogeneities. The model consists of two sliding blocks coupled to each other and to a constant velocity driver by elastic springs. The state of this system can be characterized by the positions of the two blocks relative to the driver. A simple static/dynamic friction law is used. When the system is symmetric, we observe cyclic behavior. For an asymmetric system where the fractional forces for the two blocks are not equal, the solutions exhibit deterministic chaos. Chaotic windows occur repeatedly between regions of limit cycles on bifurcation diagrams. Our model behavior is similar to that of the one-dimensional logistic map. In many examples of deterministic chaos, chaotic behavior of a low order system implies chaos in similar higher order systems. Thus, our results provide substantial evidence that earthquakes are an example of deterministic chaos.
Grade 6 Children's Ability to Use a Landsat Digital Data Computer Program.

Abstract This research project1 examines the ability of grade 6 children to use a Landsat digital data computer program and derive information from it. The project successfully replicated the Kirman and Unsworth procedure for teaching grade 6 children about Landsat digital data (Journal of Geography, Januarypebruary 1991). In this project the children first hand-colored actual pixel scenes and then used a computer program to locate and color specific pixels to choose an appropriate building site for a house. This research shows that the children in this project were able to use and understand the computer program to solve a geographic problem involving digital data.
Aftershocks and temporal clustering of deep earthquakes

This paper evaluates how the focal depth, the geographic location, and magnitude affect the incidence of aftershocks and the occurrence of temporal clustering of nearby events for selected deep earthquakes (h > 70 km) in the catalog of the International Seismological Centre. For comparison, we also evaluate shallow (h < 70 km) and deep earthquakes for which locations and moment tensors are reported by the Harvard group. The primary conclusions are as follows: 1) The incidence of aftershocks depends strongly on focal depth, with aftershocks being less common for events between 100- and 450-km depth than for shallower or deeper events. Events with focal depth shallower than 40 km have a higher incidence of aftershocks and more pronounced temporal clustering than do deeper events. 2) For the data available at present, the incidence of aftershocks and amount of temporal clustering for deep events are independent of geographic region, except for dependence caused by regional differences in the focal depths of events. 3) Deep earthquakes with large magnitudes are more likely to have aftershocks than are smaller magnitude events, in accordance with models where the number of aftershocks is a Poisson random variable that is a function of magnitude. However, several large events are anomalous in that they have many more aftershocks, or many fewer aftershocks, in the catalog than predicted by the model.
Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair in Children: To Cut or Not to Cut is the Question?

Context: Laparoscopic repair of pediatric inguinal hernia is gaining popularity, however there is no consensus about the technique of operation. Aims: The aim of the study was to compare the results and complications of two techniques of laparoscopic pediatric hernia repair. Settings and Design: This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Surgery in All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur. Subjects and Methods: All children who underwent laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair at AIIMS, Jodhpur, during the period of September 2016–March 2019 were retrospectively studied. Parameters studied included age, gender, side of hernia, technique used, operating time, complications, and hospital stay. Patients were divided into two groups depending on whether the hernial sac was divided or not divided before taking a purse-string suture. Statistical Analysis Used: Student's t-test and Fischer exact test were used to analyze data. Results: A total of 114 patients were included in the study. The median age was 36.4 months. Hernial sac was divided before suturing in 53 patients, while sac was left intact in 61 patients. The mean follow-up was 11.4 months (range: 4–16). Age, gender, side of hernia, complications, and hospital stay were comparable in both groups. There was a significant difference between the mean operating duration in patients who underwent division of hernia sac compared to patients in whom the sac was not divided before putting purse-string suture (92.5 min [45–150] vs. 65.7 [30–90], respectively, P = 0.0101). Hernia recurrence (3.8% in Group A vs. 1.6% in Group B) was comparable in the two groups. Conclusions: Laparoscopic pediatric hernia repair done with or without dividing the peritoneal sac gives comparable results, however operative duration is less if sac is not divided.
Global ionospheric structure imaged by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC: Early results

A new era of studying the ionospheric space weather effects has come after launch of the innovative satellite constellation, named as Formosa Satellite 3 or Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (abbreviated as FORMOSAT-3/COSMTC or F3/C in short), performing a radio occultation experiment capable of observing the global ionosphere three-dimensionally. This is the first time that a satellite constellation provides instantaneously both the lower and upper parts of the ionospheric electron density up to the satellite altitude. With more than 2500 soundings of the ionospheric vertical electron density profiles every day, ionospheric plasma structures over many continents and most of oceans, where ground-based observation is limited, are now observed continuously. Important ionospheric research topics, such as space weather effects to the ionosphere, variations of ionospheric plasma structure and dynamics produced by solar outputs, and atmosphere-ionosphere coupling processes, can be widely studied and modeled based on the three-dimensional ionospheric images constructed by the F3/C observations. After one year in orbit, a great amount of radio occultation soundings allow us to construct global ionospheric maps to study the ionospheric seasonal effects and atmosphere-ionosphere interactions. Taking advantage of the uniqueness of dense global coverage, the major physical mechanisms of the two studies are given. For study of the seasonal variation during solstice, electron density images of the mid- and low-latitude ionosphere show a clear north-to-south asymmetry which may be affected by the summer-to-winter neutral wind. Meanwhile a significant longitudinal variation at midnight is also seen in the solstitial season. Another interesting result is the four stronger equatorial ionization anomaly (ETA) regions located at different longitudes. This four-peaked ETA structure may result from upward propagating nonmigrating tides originated from troposphere. F3/C's observation of the daytime four-peaked structure provides an important evidence to support the proposed forming mechanism.
Partial recovery of the Arctic Ocean halocline

The evolution during the 1990's of the cold halocline layer (CHL) of the Arctic Ocean is investigated using data from icebreaker and SCICEX submarine cruises. The CHL disappearance and subsequent partial recovery is described along repeated transects through the central Arctic Ocean from the Alpha Ridge to the Nansen Basin. Salinity at the top of the halocline is used as a measure of halocline development, with high salinity corresponding to a poorly developed halocline. In the Nansen, Amundsen, and Makarov basins, upper ocean salinity increased from 1991 to 1998 as the CHL disappeared, then decreased from 1998 to 2000 as it recovered. Salinity was higher over the study region through the 1990's than at any time during the prior 40 year period, hence the 1990's CHL recovery was only partial. Disappearance of the CHL from the Eurasian Basin in the early 1990's was due to a shift from the Laptev to East Siberian seas of the region for seaward flow of low salinity Siberian shelf waters. Ice velocities and sea level pressure fields suggest that the reappearance of the CHL in 1999 corresponded to a shift of this flow back to the Laptev Sea region.
Earthquake focal depths, effective elastic thickness, and the strength of the continental lithosphere

Almost all earthquakes on the continents are confined within a crustal layer that varies in thickness (Ts) from about 10 to 40 km, and are not in the mantle. Variations in Ts correlate with variations in the effective elastic thickness ( Te), both of them having similar values, although Te is usually the smaller of the two. These observations suggest that the lower crust, at least in some places, is stronger than the mantle beneath the Moho, contrary to most models of continental rheology. Thus the strength of the continental lithosphere is likely to be contained within the seismogenic layer, variations in the thickness of this strong layer determining the heights of the mountain ranges it can support. The aseismic nature of the continental mantle and the lower crustal seismicity beneath some shields are probably related to their water contents.
DEPRESSION AS A DYSFUNCTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM: A REVIEW

: Researchers worldwide, in the recent years have expanded our understanding of how, and the degree to which, the immune system interacts with the nervous system, and vice versa. The immune system is important for the protection of the body against injury and disease. In the past several decades, the association between stress and immune function has received considerable attention. By initiating changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system, chronic stress acts as a trigger for anxiety and depression. Both experimental and clinical evidence shows that a rise in the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoids, as occurs in chronically stressful situations and in depression, contribute to the behavioural changes associated with depression.
Developments in a non‐destructive method of determining rock strength

Material strength is an important variable for any study of the relationships between rock mass geomechanical characteristics and landform development. Standard field and laboratory tests for measuring strength present a variety of problems to the geomorphologist. Recent studies (Allison, 1988) have described a laboratory based non-destructive method for indirectly determining material strength, by measuring Dynamic Young's Modulus. Data presented here suggest that the same apparatus can be used as a field technique. Tests have been conducted on the Devonian limestone of the Napier Range, Western Australia. Laboratory results obtained using the non-destructive ultrasonic apparatus have a high correlation with triaxial Hoek Cell tests. Results from on-site tests have much greater accuracy than data collected using the Schmidt hammer, which is currently the most widely used geomorphological field technique for determining rock strength.
Tamarix and Diorhabda Leaf Beetle Interactions: Implications for Tamarix Water Use and Riparian Habitat

Tamarix leaf beetles (Diorhabda carinulata) have been widely released on western United States rivers to control introduced shrubs in the genus Tamarix, with the goals of saving water through removal of an assumed high water‐use plant, and of improving habitat value by removing a competitor of native riparian trees. We review recent studies addressing three questions: (1) to what extent are Tamarix weakened or killed by recurrent cycles of defoliation; (2) can significant water salvage be expected from defoliation; and (3) what are the effects of defoliation on riparian ecology, particularly on avian habit? Defoliation has been patchy at many sites, and shrubs at some sites recover each year even after multiple years of defoliation. Tamarix evapotranspiration (ET) is much lower than originally assumed in estimates of potential water savings, and are the same or lower than possible replacement plants. There is concern that the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax trailli extimus) will be negatively affected by defoliation because the birds build nests early in the season when Tamarix is still green, but are still on their nests during the period of summer defoliation. Affected river systems will require continued monitoring and development of adaptive management practices to maintain or enhance riparian habitat values. Multiplatform remote sensing methods are playing an essential role in monitoring defoliation and rates of ET on affected river systems.
Cyclic Behavior of Pavement Base Materials

The influence of stress path on the stress-strain behavior of a Florida sand subject to repetitive moving wheel loads is investigated in the laboratory with conventional triaxial equipment. A conventional resilient modulus test with only cyclic varying compressive loads and a moving wheel stress path involving both extension and compressive loads determined from an elastic solution were examined at different initial confining pressures. The tests showed that excursions of applied extension loading followed by compression loading resulted in anisotropic material behavior. This, in turn, influenced both the cyclic permanent strain (rutting) build-up as well as the resilient (distortion) behavior of the material for initial confining pressures below approximately 40 psi (276 kPa). It was concluded that, in order to model both the distortion and rutting characteristics of a sand, improved constitutive relationships over the simple linear elastic theory are warranted. A bounding surface plasticity model was subsequently developed based upon both the plastic shear dilation and volumetric behavior of the sand. The predicted model response agreed both qualitatively and quantitatively for the tests investigated.
Diversity of platinum-group element mineralization styles in the North Atlantic Igneous Province: new evidence from Rum, UK

Two generations of sulphide-hosted platinum-group element mineralization occur in the West Sgaorishal ultramafic plug, Rum. Disseminated Cu and Ni sulphides around the margin of the plug host a restricted platinum-group mineral assemblage that is dominated by Pd bismutho-tellurides and sperrylite (PtAs2) with subordinate electrum (AuAg), froodite (PdBi2) and unidentified Pt–Bi–Te phases. Later sulphide-rich dykes cross-cut the plug and host an assemblage dominated by Pd bismutho-tellurides, sperrylite and locally very abundant paolovite (Pd2Sn). Whole rock combined platinum-group element+Au concentrations are proportional to the sulphide abundance with slightly elevated values in disseminated sulphide lithologies (>400 ppb) and very high values (>2000 ppb) in the sulphide-rich dykes. Both generations have relatively flat chondrite-normalized plots indicating a primitive magmatic source. Negative δ34S values (−9.2 to −18.3 ‰) indicate that the disseminated mineralization is due to contamination probably derived from Jurassic sedimentary rocks leading to sulphur saturation and collection of platinum-group elements. The sulphide-rich dykes must have entrained a platinum-group element-rich sulphide liquid collected from a much larger volume of magma. The presence of platinum-group elements and sulphide-rich dykes with δ34S values between −10.8 and −15.0 ‰ indicates that parts of the Rum Layered Suite became sulphur saturated through magmatic contamination. It appears likely that platinum-group element mineralization styles within the southern North Atlantic Igneous Province are diverse and may be present in a wider variety of mineralogical associations than previously recognized.
Introduction: A Variety of Innovation Topics and Approaches.

This introductory article to the special issue of the journal Cuadernos de Gestión consists of two clearly differentiated sections. The first contains some ideas which may prove useful for readers approaching the topic of innovation and who find a wide range of concepts. Special care has been taken to offer a full explanation of the concept of “Open Innovation” (OI). OI arises from companies having realized that they cannot innovate when they are isolated. They constantly need to acquire ideas and resources from their external environment. As regards the concept of Regional Innovation Systems (RIS), which have been widely discussed in literature on innovation and regional development during the last fifteen years, some ideas which may be complimentary to OI are presented. The authors go on to show the characteristics and differences between the two concepts. The second section gives a brief overview of the rest of the articles that make up this monographic issue on innovation.