Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Key Characteristics of China's National Innovation System: Some Historical Observations

China is a developing country and has made impressive achievements in economic and social development with the support of its national innovation system, so its history and experience should be of interest to the world community. In this article, we examine some of the key characteristics of this national innovation system, including the leading role of the government, the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China, the unique status of state-owned enterprises, innovation to survive in the era of opening the economy, difficult repositioning of universities and research institutes, continuous learning, etc. We also look at key factors affecting the future evolution of the Chinese national innovation system, including both domestic factors and international factors, such as the China–US relationship.
Silicified cupulate seed-bearing structures from the Early Cretaceous of eastern Inner Mongolia, China: rethinking the corystosperm concept

The group referred to informally as the corystosperms, described initially based on compression fossils from the Triassic of Gondwana, have long been considered critical extinct plants for understanding seed plant phylogeny, the evolution of seed plant reproductive structures and the relationships of angiosperms. Here we describe a new genus and species of corystosperm seed-bearing structure, Jarudia zhoui gen. et sp. nov., based on abundant silicified material collected from the newly discovered chert in the Early Cretaceous Huolinhe Formation of eastern Inner Mongolia, north-eastern China. Jarudia zhoui is a lax seed cone consisting of a flexible central axis bearing deciduous, helically arranged, lateral seed-bearing units. Individual seed-bearing units consist of an elongate bract partially fused to an unbranched cupule stalk that bears a single, reflexed cupule apically. Each cupule is formed by the strongly reflexed cupule stalk and one median and two lateral flaps. The cupule stalk supplied by two vascular bundles and three unvascularized flaps partially enclose two three-angled seeds. Jarudia zhoui bears a striking resemblance to Doylea tetrahedrasperma from the Early Cretaceous of Canada and similar plants from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. There are also strong similarities with ovulate structures of Umkomasia from the Triassic of Gondwana in the structure and anatomy of individual cupules, their axial nature, and the architecture of the entire seed-bearing structure that has two orders of branching. New information from Jarudia zhoui, together with information on other corystosperm ovulate organs from the Northern Hemisphere, significantly expands our understanding of this key group of extinct plants, suggests that the cupules of the Early Cretaceous and Triassic corystosperms are homologous, and raises critical questions about the definition and phylogenetic circumscription of the corystosperms, including how Early Cretaceous and Triassic corystosperms are related to each other and to other groups of seed plants, including angiosperms.
Fast Community Identification by Hierarchical Growth

A new method for community identification is proposed which is founded on the analysis of successive neighborhoods, reached through hierarchical growth from a starting vertex, and on the definition of communities as a subgraph whose number of inner connections is larger than outer connections. In order to determine the precision and speed of the method, it is compared with one of the most popular community identification approaches, namely Girvan and Newman's algorithm. Although the hierarchical growth method is not as precise as Girvan and Newman's method, it is potentially faster than most community finding algorithms.
Adaptive performance/ robust control design using orthotopic set membership identification for low-dimensional systems

The adaptive robust control design problem for low-dimensional systems is addressed in this paper. The proposed scheme consists of an orthotopic set membership identifier, a robust stabilizing controller and a pole placement controller. The identifier provides the minimum (volume-wise) orthotopic region of parameters which is consistent with the data and model structure. Based on this orthotope, the robust controller computes the feasible set of stabilizing controller gains. Subsequently a pole assignment controller selects a subset from the stabilizing gains in order to place the closed-loop poles deeper inside the unit disc. Simulation studies are offered to validate the efficiecy of the proposed method.
A Formula for Some Shalika Germs

In this thesis, for nilpotent orbits of ramified quasi-split unitary groups with two Jordan blocks, we give the values of their Shalika germs at certain equi-valued elements with half-integral depth previously studied by Hales [6]. These elements are parametrized by hyperelliptic curves defined over the residue field, and the values we obtain can be expressed in terms of Frobenius eigenvalues on the `-adic H of these curves, generalizing previous result of Hales on subregular Shalika germs. Using the Shalika germ formulas, we obtain some new results on stability and endoscopic transfer of nilpotent orbital integrals.
Multi-Band Power Amplifier Module with Back-Off Efficiency Improvement using Ultra-Compact 3D Vertical Stack Multi-Chip Package for Cellular Handsets

A highly integrated multi-mode multi-band (MMMB) power amplifier module (PAM) using hybrid bulk complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), gallium arsenide (GaAs) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies for low band (LB, 824–915 MHz) and high band (HB, 1710–1980 MHz) is proposed. The hybrid MMMB PAM integrates a bulk CMOS controller die, a GaAs HBT power amplifier (PA) die and a SOI switch die on a six-layer laminate. To simultaneously obtain both highly efficient and highly linear characteristics over a wide range of input power levels, a parallel dual-chain PA strategy has been adopted to provide vary bias current and gain for low-power mode (LPM) and high-power mode (HPM) operation. Additionally, a broadband two-section low-pass output matching network design based on the suppression of high-order harmonics is proposed for enhanced efficiency and linearity. In order to achieve further miniaturization, a three-dimensional (3D) die stack multi-chip module (MCM) packaging structure, where the presented CMOS controller die is stacked vertically on the GaAs HBT PA die, is implemented. The measurement results show that the fabricated MMMB PAM achieves 26.1–27 dB of power gains and 38–38.4% of PAEs at an output power (Pout) of 28 dBm in the HPM, and 20.4–20.9 dB of power gains and 12.4–13.8% of PAEs at Pout of 17 dBm in the LPM over LB. For HB, power gains of 24.3–26.7 dB while maintaining PAEs of 38.2–39.9% at Pout of 28 dBm, and power gains of 15.9–17.5 dB while maintaining PAEs of 12.3–12.8% at Pout of 17 dBm are realized in the HPM and LPM, respectively. The fabricated PAM covering five frequency bands and operating at two power modes only occupies a 5 × 3.5 mm2 area. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is the first demonstration of a MMMB PAM adopting an ultra-compact 3D vertical stack MCM package with favorable RF performance.
Sonodynamic cytotoxic effect of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether on C6 glioma cells: in vitro study

Objectives: To study the cytotoxicity induced by photosensitizer mediated sonodynamic effects on c6 glioma cells in vitro and to lay the experimental foundation for the sonodynamic therapy (SDT) of glioma tumor. Methods: A domestic photosensitizer hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) was used as the sensitizer. The growth inhibition rate of c6 glioma cells at different times after SDT was investigated by MTT assay. The apoptotic rate and cell circle profiles of c6 glioma cells was examined by a flow cytometry. Results: The growth inhibition rate of c6 glioma cells after SDT significantly increased. Ultrasound only group also showed some effects. Whereas, the inhibition rate of HMME only group has no significant difference compared with the control group (without ultrasound and HMME). HMME-mediated SDT increased the apoptotic rate and the percentage of S phase cells but decreased the percentages of G0/G1 and G2/M. SDT also increased the apoptosis and proliferation rate (APR). Conclusions: Our preliminary data indicated that SDT could kill c6 glioma cells in vitro and possibility through induction of apoptosis and arrest cell circle at S/G2.
(121514) 1999 UJ7: A primitive, slow-rotating Martian Trojan

Aims. The goal of this investigation is to determine the origin and surface composition of the asteroid (121514) 1999 UJ7, the only currently known L4 Martian Trojan asteroid. Methods. We have obtained visible reflectance spectra and photometry of 1999 UJ7 and compared the spectroscopic results with the spectra of a number of taxonomic classes and subclasses. A light curve was obtained and analysed to determine the asteroid spin state. Results. The visible spectrum of 1999 UJ7 exhibits a negative slope in the blue region and the presence of a wide and deep absorption feature centred around ~0.65 μm. The overall morphology of the spectrum seems to suggest a C-complex taxonomy. The photometric behaviour is fairly complex. The light curve shows a primary period of 1.936 d, but this is derived using only a subset of the photometric data. The asteroid may be in a non-principal axis rotational state, but our observational coverage is insufficient to draw definitive conclusions. Conclusions. Although the observed spectral absorption is wider and deeper, this finding may be compatible with the 0.7 μm spectral feature exhibited by some Ch-type asteroids and could possibly be interpreted as diagnostic of the presence of hydrated minerals. The inferred composition of 1999 UJ7 as a primitive object can be consistent with a volatile-rich object originally accreted beyond the snow line of the solar system, and subsequently evolved to reach the inner regions of the solar system.
Fertility Improvement of Hysteroscopy with Chromopertubation in the Management of Infertile Women with Hysterosalpingography Evidence of Abnormal Tubal Patency: A Prospective Comparative Study

Purpose To investigate the clinical value of hysteroscopy with chromopertubation (HSC) in infertile patients with hysterosalpingography (HSG) evidence of abnormal tubal patency. Methods The study consisted of 296 patients. HSG was performed as a preliminary test for the evaluation of fallopian tube status. Patients who desired to conceive naturally were treated with HSC in the next month or followed-up without additional treatment. The primary outcome was natural clinical pregnancy within 12 months after the procedure. Results In total, the number of clinical pregnancies was estimated to be 70 of 143 (48.95%) clinical pregnancies with management by HSC and 65 of 153 (42.48%) pregnancies with management comprising follow-up without additional treatment, and this was not significantly different (Log rank test, P = 0.516). Subgroup analysis showed that among women with bilateral abnormalities by HSG, patients receiving management with HSC tended to have a higher probability of pregnancy throughout the follow-up period than women without HSG (Log rank test, P = 0.005). No corresponding significant difference was found for women with a unilateral abnormality (P = 0.674). Conclusion HSC shows potential fertility improvement value for infertile patients with tubal factors. HSC may be complementary to HSG and could be incorporated as a modality of the fertility work-up.
Problems of Quantum Measurement

We derive the probabilities of measurement results from Schroedinger's equation plus a definition of macroscopic as a particular kind of thermodynamic limit. Bohr's insight that a measurement apparatus must be classical in nature and classically describable is made precise in a mathematical sense analogous to the procedures of classical statistical mechanics and the study of Hamiltonian heat baths.
Investigation Of Metacognitive Awareness In Learning Programming Course Using Multiple Criteria Decision Making Algorithm: TOPSIS

Writing computer program is regarded as a difficult skill to master by both specialists and students. Metacognition has been identified as a fundamental figure in becoming an effective computer programming student. Metacognition is defined in instructive brain science as the observation and control of one's discernment exercises. To perceive the inter correlation analysis, 1145 engineering students used the metacognitive awareness Inventory (MAI), Brain Dominance, Multiple Intelligence, Kolb's learning style identification, and Big-five personality assessments. It is considered, in addition to descriptive statistics of metacognitive awareness, to understand how it corresponded with their exhibition in a Python programming course on a stratified sample of 125 students evaluated using SOLO taxonomy adopted for programming course. The outcome of correlation test revealed that of the declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge subcomponents of Knowledge about cognition, there is a significant association with Declarative knowledge in the students' positive performance in python programming. The findings also revealed a positive relationship between learning python programming and planning, information management system, debugging strategies, and evaluation. The descriptive statistics for the metacognitive awareness inventory subcomponents are also discussed in this paper. This study consists of two major components namely metacognitive modeling, which suggests a self-questionnaire for incorporating metacognition into classroom sessions, activities and assessment, and also TOPSIS algorithm which provides best decision based on priorities.
From free fields to AdS space: Thermal case

We analyze the reorganization of free field theory correlators to closed string amplitudes investigated in previous papers in the case of Euclidean thermal field theory and study how the dual bulk geometry is encoded on them. The expectation value of Polyakov loop, which is an order parameter for confinement-deconfinement transition, is directly reflected on the dual bulk geometry. The dual geometry of the confined phase is found to be AdS space periodically identified in Euclidean time direction. The gluing of Schwinger parameters, which is a key step for the reorganization of field theory correlators, works in the same way as in the nonthermal case. In the deconfined phase the gluing is made possible only by taking the dual geometry correctly. The dual geometry for the deconfined phase does not have a noncontractable circle in the Euclidean time direction.
When criminal diversion is a temporary solution: rethinking drug rehabilitation policy in Thailand

ABSTRACT This article reflects on the need for Thailand to re-evaluate its criminal diversion policy for people who use drugs (PWUD). Although studies have examined the impact of criminalising drug use through social and economic perspectives, the issue of how a punitive legal scheme interplays with PWUD's perceptions of drug use and motivation to seek treatment has not received wide scholarly attention in Thailand. This study's primary objective is to shed light on the adverse effects of legal pressure on motivation among PWUD within Thailand's drug rehabilitation systems to assist in shaping its future policy. The study employed a qualitative methodology: in-depth interviews with 69 participants who received drug treatment under the voluntary and compulsory drug diversionary systems in Thailand, as well as 50 government officials and personnel at the administrative and operational levels within the Thai criminal justice system and rehabilitation agencies. The study found that criminalisation schemes can impede system-level rehabilitation goals by failing to recognise the personal needs of participants, with PWUD entering treatment programs only to avoid criminal prosecution.
Analysis of category level performance on the Praxis® earth and space science: Content knowledge test: Implications for professional learning

Abstract A large body of work has shown that science teacher knowledge is one of the most fundamental components of effective teaching and learning. Our study analyzes the Praxis® Earth and Space Science Content Knowledge Test (ESS CKT) from May 2006 to June 2016. We present one of the largest datasets comprising 11,273 ESS teacher candidates in order to provide information about their demonstrated ESS CK. Understanding that the benefits associated with teacher retention outweigh the cost of hiring new teachers, our results can be used to design targeted professional learning (PL) experiences for pre- and inservice teachers. Findings from this study are particularly useful while planning inservice topic specific PL for teachers pre- and inservice ESS teachers by answering the following research questions (1) How have examinees performed as a whole in each category on the Praxis® ESS CKT? (2) Which personal and/or professional characteristics are most associated with examinee performance in each category and how does this inform professional learning? Examinee performance at the category level was analyzed through a five-part process: 1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis: 2. Percent correct; 3. Regression; 4. ANOVA; 5. Scaled points lost. Our findings revealed that examinees demonstrated strongest performance in the topics assessing Earth’s Atmosphere & Hydrosphere, Earth Materials & Surface Processes, and Tectonics & Internal Earth Processes and identity History of the Earth and its Life-Forms as topics in need of support. Across categories, we found differences in achievement associated with undergraduate major, gender, and ethnicity. Test-takers with geoscience majors consistently lost fewer points than their out-of-field counterparts, that men outperformed women in the study, and White test-takers lost fewer scaled points than Black and Hispanic candidates. Our recommendations include reviewing our results for alignment with state standards in order to develop comprehensive CK development that will be used as an anchor for focused support on those topics where test-takers tend to demonstrate lowest proficiency.
$N$-Body Problem: Minimal $N$'s for Qualitative Nontrivialities

We review the $N$-Body Problem in arbitrary dimension $d$ at the kinematical level, with modelling Background Independence in mind. In particular, we give a structural analysis of its reduced configuration spaces, decomposing this subject matter into basic Topology, Geometry, Group Theory, Linear Algebra, Graph Theory and Order Theory. At the metric level, these configuration spaces of shapes form basic geometric series for 1- and 2-$d$: $\mathbb{S}^{N - 2}$ and $\mathbb{CP}^{N - 2}$, though there are no more such series for $d \geq 3$. $d \geq 3$ also sees an onset of stratification. Casson's diagonal, for which $N = d + 1$, plays a critical role which we explain in simple Linear Algebra terms; these are moreover topologically spheres. $N = d$ and $N = d + 2$ have further significance as well, the latter as regards a counting notion of genericity of the isotropy groups and kinematical orbits realized. These observations twin the $N$ = (3, 4, 5) progression in qualitative complexity that almost all $N$-Body Problem work for concrete $N$ concentrates on with the much better-known $N$ = (2, 3, 4) progression in 2-$d$: from intervals to triangles to quadrilaterals: a large source of intuitions and mathematical analogies. We furthermore provide an Order-Theoretic genericity criterion, which is almost always bounded by the double-slope $N = 2 d + 1$ line, though an accidental relation pushes $N$ up by 1 to 8 in 3-$d$. We finally consider rubber shapes, for which the configuration spaces are graphs: much simpler than stratified manifolds, and yet containing quite a few of metric-level shapes' qualitative features. This singles out $N = 5$ and 6 in 1-$d$ and $N = 6$ and 8 in $\geq$ 2-$d$ for the onsets of various graph-theoretical nontrivialities.
Chandra Survey of Nearby Galaxies: Testing the Accretion Model for Low-luminosity AGNs

From a Chandra sample of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in nearby galaxies, we find that for low-luminosity AGNs, either the intrinsic absorption column density, or the fraction of absorbed AGNs, positively scales with the Eddington ratio for Lbol/LEdd ≲ 10−2. Such a behavior, along with the softness of the X-ray spectrum at low luminosities, is in good agreement with the picture that they are powered by hot accretion flows surrounding supermassive black holes. Numerical simulations find that outflows are inevitable with hot accretion flows, and the outflow rate is correlated with the innermost accretion rate in the low-luminosity regime. This agrees well with our results, suggesting that the X-ray absorption originates from, or is associated with, the outflow material. Gas and dust on larger scales may also produce the observed correlation. Future correlation analyses may help differentiate the two scenarios.
A Geometrically Exact Assumed Strain Modes Approach for the Geometrico- and Kinemato-Static Modelings of Continuum Parallel Robots

There is a growing interest on the study of continuum parallel robots (CPRs) due to their higher stiffness and better dynamics capacities than serial continuum robots (SCRs). Several works have focused on the computation of their geometrico- and kinemato-static models that can be sorted into two main categories. Models based on the continuous Cosserat equations are very accurate but assessing elastic stability with them is tricky, and discretized models allow easily checking the elastic stability, but they require a large number of elastic variables to be accurate. In this article, we extend an approach based on assumed strain modes developed for the dynamics of SCRs to the statics of CPRs. This method is able to predict the robot configuration with an excellent accuracy with a very limited number of elastic variables, contrary to other discretization methods. The method is also more than 100 times faster than finite differences for a better prediction accuracy. Finally, it is possible to assess the robot elastic stability by only checking the Hessian of the potential energy as for any discretization method, thus making the analysis of this property simpler than for the continuous Cosserat model. All results are validated through simulations on two case studies.
Circular Polarization in Compact Radio Sources: Constraints on Particle Acceleration and Electron–Positron Pairs

It is shown that the frequency distribution of the degree of circular polarization for a homogeneous source is sensitive to the properties of the synchrotron emitting plasma. Most of the circular polarization comes from the region around the turnover frequency, where the synchrotron radiation becomes optically thick. However, nearly circular characteristic waves result in circular polarization dominated by frequencies above the turnover frequency, while in the case of nearly linear characteristic waves, it is dominated by frequencies below. Observations argue in favor of nearly circular characteristic waves. This implies a low-energy cutoff in the electron distribution that is substantially below that corresponding to the turnover frequency and simultaneously provides an upper limit to the fraction of electron–positron pairs.