Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of food on cefaclor bioavailability in children

Mean ± SE 24.3±3.5 373±50 1.4±0.6 7.2±1.4t 15.0±4.4 This attitude may have its origins in the "Ben Casey" approach which these students have seen on television. It may also be a sideeffect of the selection for medicine of those who have demonstrated an ability for convergent, rather than divergent, thinking. Above all, however, it illustrates an approach to medical care which is out of context with the epidemiology of disease in the community, and out of touch with the reasons why many people consult doctors. Our experience suggests that, even before students have seen their first patient, their perceptions of the doctor's role have been shaped in a way which can be harmful to patients. Critical thinking by medical students would be encouraged if preclinical studies were more closely related to the context in which medicine is practised. This is too large a task for academic staff alone. However, any doctor in hospital or general practice would be assisting the future of his profession if he would allow a first-year or a second-year medical student to observe him at work. It is here that clinical thinking should begin, that answers are sought to the question, "Why has this patient come to the doctor with this symptom at this time? ",and where an understanding is obtained of the practising doctor's major concern, "First, do no harm".
Simultaneous Amniotic Membrane Patch in High-risk Keratoplasty

Purpose: To analyze the short- and intermediate-term results of simultaneous transplantation of amniotic membrane with high-risk keratoplasty. Methods: Between January 2002 and February 2004, a simultaneous amniotic membrane patch was transplanted with penetrating keratoplasty in 16 eyes of 16 patients. In 13 eyes, a soft contact lens was applied afterward. Corneal perforation was present in 10 of 14 eyes with emergency keratoplasty. Five patients received systemic immunosuppressive medication for 4-6 months after penetrating keratoplasty. Results: The amniotic membrane patch fell off after 8 ± 3 (range: 4-14) days without residual tissue except in 1 case. In 15 of 16 eyes, the epithelium was completely closed after 10 ± 8 (range: 4-30) days. In 3 eyes, recurrence of the epithelial defect occurred after 3-6 months. During a follow-up period of 18 ± 6 months, 13 of 16 corneal grafts were clear. Conclusions: Simultaneous amniotic membrane transplantation and penetrating keratoplasty may improve the prognosis of corneal graft in eyes with risk of epithelial healing problems.
A prospective study of anger and coronary heart disease. The Normative Aging Study.

BACKGROUND Recent laboratory and epidemiological studies have suggested that high levels of anger may increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS AND RESULTS We examined prospectively the relationship of anger to CHD incidence in the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study, an ongoing cohort of older (mean age, 61 years) community-dwelling men. A total of 1305 men who were free of diagnosed CHD completed the revised Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) in 1986. Subjects were categorized according to their responses to the MMPI-2 Anger Content Scale, which measures the degree to which individuals have problems controlling their anger. During an average of 7 years of follow-up, 110 cases of incident CHD occurred, including 30 cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction hostility. (MI), 20 cases of fatal CHD, and 60 cases of angina pectoris. Compared with men reporting the lowest levels of anger, the multivariate-adjusted relative risks among men reporting the highest levels of anger were 3.15 (95% confidence interval) [CI]: 0.94 to 10.5) for total CHD (nonfatal MI plus fatal CHD) and 2.66 (95% CI: 1.26 to 5.61) for combined incident coronary events including angina pectoris. A dose-response relation was found between level of anger and overall CHD risk (P for trend, .008). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that high levels of expressed anger may be a risk factor for CHD among older men.
Appendix to : The Growth Potential of Startups over the Business Cycle

A Empirical robustness exercises 3 A.1 Detrending method . 3 A.2 Alternative ways of constructing cohort-level employment . 3 A.3 Results using data averaged over a two-year window . 6 A.4 Panel regressions . 7 A.5 Establishments . 9 A.6 Micro-data . 10 A.7 Sectoral evidence . 12 A.8 The impact of very small firms . 19 A.9 The contribution of the intensive and the extensive margins over time . 20 A.10 Empirical support for the demand channel . 21
Association Between Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Early Life and Recurrent Wheeze and Asthma in Later Childhood.

BACKGROUND Recurrent wheeze and asthma in childhood are commons causes of chronic respiratory morbidity globally. We aimed to explore the association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in early life and subsequent respiratory sequelae up to age 12 years. METHODS We estimated the strength of association by 3 control groups and 3 follow-up age groups, with data from studies published between January 1995 and May 2018. We also estimated associations by diagnostic criteria, age at infection, and high-risk population. RESULTS Overall, we included 41 studies. A statistically significant association was observed between early life RSV infection and subsequent childhood recurrent wheeze, in comparison to those who were healthy or those without respiratory symptoms: OR 3.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.50-3.71) for 0 to <36 months follow-up age; OR 2.60 (95% CI, 1.67-4.04) for 36-72 months; and OR 2.14 (95% CI, 1.33-3.45) for 73-144 months. For the subsequent development of asthma, a statistically significant association was observed only in relation to those aged 73-144 months at follow-up: OR 2.95 (95% CI, 1.96-4.46). CONCLUSIONS Further studies using standardized definitions and from diverse settings are needed to elucidate the role of confounders and provide more robust estimates.
Identifying the molecular and physical factors that influence Vibrio vulnificus chitin attachment

24 The human pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus, is the leading cause of seafood-related deaths in 25 the United States. Strains are genotyped based on alleles that correlates with isolation source, 26 with clinical (C)-genotypes being more often implicated in disease, and environmental (E)27 genotypes being more frequently isolated from oysters and estuarine waters. Previously, we have 28 shown that the ecologically distinct Cand E-genotype strains of V. vulnificus display different 29 degrees of chitin attachment, with C-genotypes exhibiting reduced attachment relative to their E30 genotype counterparts. We identified type IV pili to be part of the molecular basis for this 31 observed genotypic variance as E-genotypes exhibit higher expression of these genes relative to 32 C-genotypes. Here, we use a C-genotype quorum sensing (QS) mutant to demonstrate that 33 quorum sensing is a negative regulator of type IV pili expression, which results in decreased 34 chitin attachment. Furthermore, calcium depletion reduced E-genotype attachment to chitin, 35 which suggests that calcium is necessary for proper functioning of the type IV pili in E36 genotypes. We also found that starvation or dormancy can alter the efficiency of chitin 37 attachment, which has significant implications for the environmental persistence of V. vulnificus. 38 With the increasing incidence of wound infections caused by V. vulnificus, we investigated a 39 subset of E-genotypes, isolated from human wound infections, and discovered that they attached 40 to chitin in a manner more similar to C-genotypes. This study enhances our understanding of the 41 molecular and physical factors that mediate chitin attachment in V. vulnificus, providing insight 42 into the mechanisms that facilitate persistence of this pathogen in its native environment. 43
Future Data Helps Training: Modeling Future Contexts for Session-based Recommendation

Session-based recommender systems have attracted much attention recently. To capture the sequential dependencies, existing methods resort either to data augmentation techniques or left-to-right style autoregressive training. Since these methods are aimed to model the sequential nature of user behaviors, they ignore the future data of a target interaction when constructing the prediction model for it. However, we argue that the future interactions after a target interaction, which are also available during training, provide valuable signal on user preference and can be used to enhance the recommendation quality. Properly integrating future data into model training, however, is non-trivial to achieve, since it disobeys machine learning principles and can easily cause data leakage. To this end, we propose a new encoder-decoder framework named Gap-filling based Recommender (GRec), which trains the encoder and decoder by a gap-filling mechanism. Specifically, the encoder takes a partially-complete session sequence (where some items are masked by purpose) as input, and the decoder predicts these masked items conditioned on the encoded representation. We instantiate the general GRec framework using convolutional neural network with sparse kernels, giving consideration to both accuracy and efficiency. We conduct experiments on two real-world datasets covering short-, medium-, and long-range user sessions, showing that GRec significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art sequential recommendation methods. More empirical studies verify the high utility of modeling future contexts under our GRec framework.
Evaluation of Laboratory Biosafety in Khartoum State Primary Health Care Centers, Sudan

Background: This study was designed to assess the biosafety precautions in primary care health centers in Khartoum state. Diagnostic laboratories in seven localities were selected by stratified simple random sampling technique was assessed by using a designed questionnaire and a check list. Results: Among 33 laboratories, 0 (0.0%) were appointing a biosafety officer. 0 (0.0%) supplied with an alarm system, have trained personnel, and have fire exit. Provision of personnel protection, 12 (36.4%), always wearied laboratory coat, 6 (18.2%) personnel used gloves with every procedure, 25 (75.8%) washed their hands regularly. All laboratories, 33 (100%) have cleaning personnel, and in 21 (63.3%) removal of infectious material waste was done daily. Vaccination program for hepatitis and tuberculosis were identified in 16 (48.5%) of the laboratories. Conclusion: There is a great need to establish and implement biosafety precautions program in governmental reference primary health care laboratories.
SPATIAL PATTERN AND DENSITY OF CTENICERA DESTRUCTOR AND HYPOLITHUS BICOLOR (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) IN SOIL IN SPRING WHEAT

Abstract Determination of the spatial pattern and estimation of the density of egg, larval, and adult populations of Ctenicera destructor (Brown) and Hypolithus bicolor Eschscholtz were made by soil sampling, and for C. destructor adults, also by cages that collected the emerging adults in the spring. Eggs of both the above species and also those of Aeolus mellillus (Say), which were also found in the samples, were highly aggregated. Small C. destructor larvae were most highly aggregated and medium larvae less so; large larvae were usually randomly distributed. Unlike C. destructor, large H. bicolor larvae were more highly aggregated than either the small or medium bicolor larvae. Sampling by emergence cages showed that C. destructor adults were aggregated while sampling by soil cores showed them to be randomly distributed. The different result obtained by the two methods was attributed to the difference in the size of the sampling unit. Aggregation was detected in 29% of the H. bicolor adult population sampled by soil cores only. Larval densities of C. destructor ranged from a low of 0.25 to a high of 1.46 per sample unit (81 cm2) over the 14-year period that samples were taken; densities of H. bicolor ranged from 0.16 to 0.64. Densities of C. destructor and H. bicolor adults averaged about 6 (range 1–16) % and 12 (0–27) % of the total population of larvae and adults for each respective species. Population composition, in terms of adults and larvae of different sizes, and population fluctuations are discussed. The relation between density and the number of sampling units required to achieve four levels of margin of error at four levels of statistical significance was determined. No satisfactory transformation was found for data of individual samples with a mean less than 1. Several common transformations, including Taylor’s power transformation, were satisfactory for stabilizing the variance of pooled samples.
Health information systems in Jordan and Palestine: the need for health informatics training.

Background Some Arab countries have health information systems (HIS) in place but they lack well trained IT staff. Poor management and lack of appreciation of the importance of HIS are major barriers to development and adoption of HIS in Arab hospitals. Aims This research is part of a survey carried out to determine health informatics (HI) use and to assess the training needs of health professionals in Jordan and Palestine. Methods A survey was conducted in 2017 among employees in all health professions at 14 hospitals in Jordan and Palestine to assess their use of the HI system and to assess the HI skills needed in both countries. Results The majority of respondents reported that their hospital departments were employing computer systems to run services. More than half had received training in computer skills but also half said they needed specialized training in HI. Between 58.0% and 73.6% agreed that their hospitals provided the necessary support to operate HI systems. The vast majority (86.0%) of health professionals reported that they needed skills to monitor diagnosis and treatment, including access to clinical findings. Other skills needed included using shared hospital services (85.6%), using medical records (84.7%), managing electronic patient data (84.5%), using patient medical records to conduct clinical research (83.4%), and using tele-care services and technologies effectively (75.9%). Conclusions Health professionals in Palestine and Jordan are in need of training in HI and therefore educational programmes in the area of HI are strongly recommended.
Potassium fertilization may improve stem strength and yield of Basmati rice grown on nitrogen-fertilized soils.

Rice is the second most important staple crop after wheat in Pakistan and contributes greatly to food security and foreign exchange. Area under rice cultivation in Pakistan is about 2.78 million hectares, giving 6.79 million tons annual production with an average of 2.44 tons ha-1 (Anonymous, 2014). Pakistan is at number eleven in total rice production (FAO, 2012) however fine grained Basmati rice of Pakistan is famous for its quality, taste and aroma throughout the world. Therefore, rice is an important source of income for majority of the farmers in the Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. Different factors causing low rice production in Pakistan include water scarcity, high input prices, unavailability of skilled labour, less plant population, weeds and pest infestation, lodging and marketing issues (Baloch et al., 2004). Lodging causes severe damage to yield and quality of grain and forage in cereals especially in rice. Broken rice plant stem disturbs the vascular tissues, lowers the photosynthetic rate, increases respiration, and reduces nutrients translocation for grain filling and other plant needs (Tripathi et al., 2003). Lodging also increases disease attack and reduces pest resistance. Mechanical harvesting problems are also associated with lodging (Kono, 1995) and have great significance in modern agriculture systems. Generally crops are more susceptible to lodging near to its maturity and is often caused by rain, wind and hailing. Its distribution may often not be uniform throughout the field, may be in spots or scattered over different field sections (Berry et al. 2004). Lodging reduces cereals yield especially under mechanized harvesting (Rajkumara, 2008) and restricts the opportunity of increase in rice yield even by additional fertilizer application. Imbalance and limited use of potassium (K) fertilizers may weaken the stem strength making it more susceptible to lodging (Chang, 1964). Potassium stands on third in macronutrients after nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and is the most abundant macronutrient in soil. Its availability to plants depends upon the concentration of K in soil solution and on exchange sites. Potassium is essential for enzyme activation, charge balance and osmotic regulation in plants (Wakeel et al., 2011; Zörb et al., 2014). It is present in cation form in plant cell to maintain ionic balance and up to 10% of plant dry matter is made up of K (Marschner, 1995). Its ease of access to plants Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 52(2), 437-443; 2015 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 http://www.pakjas. com.pk
The temporomandibular joints disorders in patients with osteoporosis

Background: Osteoporosis is a skeletal and progressive behavioral disease with physically and psychologically significant consequences. Aims of the Study: Evaluate the presence and effects of Temporomandibular Joints Disorders in osteoporotic patients. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight (58) patients with osteoporosis participated in this study as they were already diagnosed by Rheumatologists, physical and sport Rehabilitation physicians in Merjan Medical city/Babylon – Iraq between period February and August 2019. Results: Twenty-seven (27) patients with T. M. J clicking as anterior disk displacements, Seventeen (17) patients with spasm in muscles of mastication, and then finally Fourteen (14) out of 58 patients with subluxation and dislocation. Conclusions: Osteoporosis can have a significant impact on oral health.
BUS ROUTE EVALUATION STANDARDS

This synthesis will be of interest to transit agency general managers, as well as operations, scheduling, maintenance, and planning personnel. Information on bus route evaluation standards and criteria used by transit agencies in the United States and Canada is summarized. The synthesis provides updated information to the 1984 United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) report entitled "Bus Service Evaluation Methods: A Review", however, the results are not directly comparable as the respondents, questions asked, and analytical procedures differ in the 1994 synthesis. It does report what agencies do in the area of bus route, not system, evaluation standards, and how they undertake these efforts. This report of the Transportation Research Board provides transit agency staff with a compilation of current activity and data to identify some new standards that have come into play in recent years with regard to route design, schedule design, economics and productivity, service delivery, and passenger comfort and safety. The status of service standards today and changes since 1984, as well as the organization and effectiveness of bus service evaluation activities are presented.
Performance characterization and optimization of a diverging cusped field thruster with a calibrated counter-weighted millinewton thrust stand

Author . Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics February 2, 2012 Certified by. Paulo C. Lozano Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thesis Supervisor
Adversarial Machine Learning in Text Processing: A Literature Survey

Machine learning algorithms represent the intelligence that controls many information systems and applications around us. As such, they are targeted by attackers to impact their decisions. Text created by machine learning algorithms has many types of applications, some of which can be considered malicious especially if there is an intention to present machine-generated text as human-generated. In this paper, we surveyed major subjects in adversarial machine learning for text processing applications. Unlike adversarial machine learning in images, text problems and applications are heterogeneous. Thus, each problem can have its own challenges. We focused on some of the evolving research areas such as: malicious versus genuine text generation metrics, defense against adversarial attacks, and text generation models and algorithms. Our study showed that as applications of text generation will continue to grow in the near future, the type and nature of attacks on those applications and their machine learning algorithms will continue to grow as well. Literature survey indicated an increasing trend in using pre-trained models in machine learning. Word/sentence embedding models and transformers are examples of those pre-trained models. Adversarial models may utilize same or similar pre-trained models as well. In another trend related to text generation models, literature showed effort to develop universal text perturbations to be used in both black-and white-box attack settings. Literature showed also using conditional GANs to create latent representation for writing types. This usage will allow for a seamless lexical and grammatical transition between various writing styles. In text generation metrics, research trends showed developing successful automated or semi-automated assessment metrics that may include human judgement. Literature showed also research trends of designing and developing new memory models that increase performance and memory utilization efficiency without validating real-time constraints. Many research efforts evaluate different defense model approaches and algorithms. Researchers evaluated different types of targeted attacks, and methods to distinguish human versus machine generated text.
Characteristics and Adverse Events of Patients for Whom Nifurtimox Was Released Through CDC-Sponsored Investigational New Drug Program for Treatment of Chagas Disease — United States, 2001–2021

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas disease is endemic in rural areas of Latin America, but T. cruzi, triatomine vectors, infected mammalian reservoir hosts, and rare cases of autochthonous vector borne transmission have been reported in the United States (1). Possible modes of transmission include the following: vector borne via skin or mucosal contact with feces of infected triatomine bugs, congenital, blood transfusion, organ transplantation, or laboratory accident. Chagas disease can be treated with benznidazole (commercially available since May 14, 2018) or nifurtimox (2). Before January 25, 2021, nifurtimox (Lampit) had been exclusively available through CDC under an Institutional Review Board-approved Investigational New Drug (IND) treatment protocol, at which time it became reasonably accessible to health care providers outside of the program. This report summarizes CDC Drug Service reports for selected characteristics of and adverse events reported by 336 patients for whom nifurtimox was requested under the CDC IND program during January 1, 2001-January 25, 2021. Of the 336 patients, 34.2% resided in California. Median age of patients was 37 years (range = 1-78 years). Most patients were aged ≥18 (91.8%; 305 of 332) and Hispanic (93.2%; 290 of 311). Among the patients with available information, 91.4% (222 of 243) reported an adverse event. Among those with information about the severity of their adverse events, 20.5% reported a severe event. On August 7, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced approval of a nifurtimox product, Lampit (Bayer), for treatment of Chagas disease in patients aged <18 years weighing ≥5.5 lbs (≥2.5 kg). Lampit became commercially available during October 2020. Physicians should take frequency of adverse events into consideration when prescribing nifurtimox and counseling patients.