Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advanced producer services in Germany: a relational perspective on spatial core–periphery structures, 2009–19

ABSTRACT This paper challenges the traditional perspective of a territorial core–periphery pattern as an organizing principle of space by introducing a relational perspective through an empirical approach. We study spatial processes of knowledge creation among advanced producer services in Germany between 2009 and 2019. We use a unique longitudinal dataset to analyse if German regions have become more integrated into the intra-firm location networks nationally and globally, and how this translates into the processes of centralization and peripheralization. The current conceptualization of core–periphery in Germany is too static and does not reflect the economic development of the regions. We find that there is no trend of urban areas becoming more integrated and peripheral areas less integrated into these networks. Instead, our research finds a discrepancy between the federal territorial classification and the functional orientation of German regions. Regions classified as peripheral have not generally decreased in connectivity to other regions. In contrast, some have increased their connectivity and have become more central in relational terms. Overall, we identified peripheralization and centralization as a relational process with dynamic, overlapping and trans-scalar networks.
Estimation of the correlation structure of crustal velocity heterogeneity from seismic reflection data

SUMMARY Numerous sources of evidence point to the fact that heterogeneity within the Earth’s deep crystalline crust is complex and hence may be best described through stochastic rather than deterministic approaches. As seismic reflection imaging arguably offers the best means of sampling deep crustal rocks in situ, much interest has been expressed in using such data to characterize the stochastic nature of crustal heterogeneity. Previous work on this problem has shown that the spatial statistics of seismic reflection data are indeed related to those of the underlying heterogeneous seismic velocity distribution. As of yet, however, the nature of this relationship has remained elusive due to the fact that most of the work was either strictly empirical or based on incorrect methodological approaches. Here, we introduce a conceptual model, based on the assumption of weak scattering, that allows us to quantitatively link the second-order statistics of a 2-D seismic velocity distribution with those of the corresponding processed and depth-migrated seismic reflection image. We then perform a sensitivity study in order to investigate what information regarding the stochastic model parameters describing crustal velocity heterogeneity might potentially be recovered from the statistics of a seismic reflection image using this model. Finally, we present a Monte Carlo inversion strategy to estimate these parameters and we show examples of its application at two different source frequencies and using two different sets of prior information. Our results indicate that the inverse problem is inherently non-unique and that many different combinations of the vertical and lateral correlation lengths describing the velocity heterogeneity can yield seismic images with the same 2-D autocorrelation structure. The ratio of all of these possible combinations of vertical and lateral correlation lengths, however, remains roughly constant which indicates that, without additional prior information, the aspect ratio is the only parameter describing the stochastic seismic velocity structure that can be reliably recovered.
Lavandula x intermedia—A Bastard Lavender or a Plant of Many Values? Part II. Biological Activities and Applications of Lavandin

This review article is the second in a series aimed at providing an in-depth overview of Lavandula x intermedia (lavandin). In part I, the biology and chemistry of lavandin were addressed. In part II, the focus is on the functional properties of lavandin and its applications in industry and daily life. While reviewing the biological properties, only original research articles employing lavandin were considered. Lavandin essential oil has been found to have antioxidant and biocidal activity (antimicrobial, nematicidal, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, and allelopathic), as well as other potential therapeutic effects such as anxiolytic, neuroprotective, improving sleep quality, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. Other lavandin preparations have been investigated to a much lesser extent. The research is either limited or inconsistent across all studies, and further evidence is needed to support these properties. Unlike its parent species—Lavandula angustifolia (LA)—lavandin essential oil is not officially recognized as a medicinal raw material in European Pharmacopeia. However, whenever compared to LA in shared studies, it has shown similar effects (or even more pronounced in the case of biocidal activities). This suggests that lavandin has similar potential for use in medicine.
A Perspective on Current Flavivirus Vaccine Development: A Brief Review

The flavivirus genus contains several clinically important pathogens that account for tremendous global suffering. Primarily transmitted by mosquitos or ticks, these viruses can cause severe and potentially fatal diseases ranging from hemorrhagic fevers to encephalitis. The extensive global burden is predominantly caused by six flaviviruses: dengue, Zika, West Nile, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis. Several vaccines have been developed, and many more are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, flavivirus vaccine development is still confronted with many shortcomings and challenges. With the use of the existing literature, we have studied these hurdles as well as the signs of progress made in flavivirus vaccinology in the context of future development strategies. Moreover, all current licensed and phase-trial flavivirus vaccines have been gathered and discussed based on their vaccine type. Furthermore, potentially relevant vaccine types without any candidates in clinical testing are explored in this review as well. Over the past decades, several modern vaccine types have expanded the field of vaccinology, potentially providing alternative solutions for flavivirus vaccines. These vaccine types offer different development strategies as opposed to traditional vaccines. The included vaccine types were live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, VLPs, viral vector-based, epitope-based, DNA and mRNA vaccines. Each vaccine type offers different advantages, some more suitable for flaviviruses than others. Additional studies are needed to overcome the barriers currently faced by flavivirus vaccine development, but many potential solutions are currently being explored.
A Smoothness Priors–State Space Modeling of Time Series with Trend and Seasonality

Abstract A smoothness priors modeling of time series with trends and seasonalities is shown. An observed time series is decomposed into local polynomial trend, seasonal, globally stationary autoregressive and observation error components. Each component is characterized by an unknown variance–white noise perturbed difference equation constraint. The constraints or Bayesian smoothness priors are expressed in state space model form. Trading day factors are also incorporated in the model. A Kalman predictor yields the likelihood for the unknown variances (hyperparameters). Likelihoods are computed for different constraint order models in different subsets of constraint equation model classes. Akaike's minimum AIC procedure is used to select the best model fitted to the data within and between the alternative model classes. Smoothing is achieved by using a fixed-interval smoother algorithm. Examples are shown.
Sensing with hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers

This paper examines the unique properties of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers and discusses potential sensing applications of such fibers. Guidance of light in air instead of silica reduces the effect of material on light propagation and is advantageous to applications such as fiber gyroscopes. An air–silica microstructure has novel mechanical and thermal properties and can be beneficial to applications such as acoustic pressure sensors. Holey cladding provides extra flexibility for geometry modification through post thermal treatment or selective filling of the air holes and can be exploited for developing novel devices such as in-line polarizers/polarimeters, modal interferometer, wavelength filters and sensors. The confinement of gas and liquid phase materials and optical guided modes simultaneously within the hollow core allows strong light/sample interaction over an extended length and may be useful for the development of highly sensitive gas and liquid sensors.
An Approach of Vibration Compensation for Atomic Gravimeter under Complex Vibration Environment

Atomic gravimeter has been more frequently applied under complex and dynamic environments, but its measurement accuracy is seriously hampered by vibration-induced noise. In this case, vibration compensation provides a way to enhance the accuracy of gravity measurements by correcting the phase noise that resulted from the vibration of a Raman reflector, and improving the fitting of an interference fringe. An accurate estimation of the transfer function of vibration between the Raman reflector and the sensor plays a significant role in optimizing the effect of vibration compensation. For this reason, a vibration compensation approach was explored based on EO (equilibrium optimizer) for estimating the transfer function simplified model of a Raman reflector, and it was used to correct the interference fringe of an atomic gravimeter. The test results revealed that this approach greatly restored the actual vibration of the Raman reflector in a complex vibration environment. With a vibration compensation algorithm, it achieved the correction and fitting of the original interference fringe. In general, it dramatically reduced the RMSE (root mean square error) at the time of fitting and significantly improved the residual error in the gravity measurement. Compared with other conventional algorithms, such as GA (genetic algorithm) and PSO (particle swarm optimization), this approach realized a faster convergence and better optimization, so as to ensure more accurate gravity measurements. The study of this vibration compensation approach could provide a reference for the application of an atomic gravimeter in a wider and more complex environment.
Enterobacteria Survival, Percolation, and Leaching on Soil Fertilized with Swine Manure

Swine manure has a high load of pathogens, which can pose a risk to human and environmental health. In Brazil, studies evaluating the survival of pathogens in soil are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the survival, percolation, and leaching of enterobacteria in clayey soil after fertilization with swine manure. For this purpose, soil columns were fertilized with manure spiked with enterobacteria. The microorganisms’ behavior was monitored in terms of survival, percolation, and leaching with and without rain. Soil samples were collected, and Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Senftemberg were quantified. The results indicated that E. coli survived for a longer period (43 days) than S. senftemberg (14 days). E. coli percolated quickly through the soil, leaching 60 cm in less than 5 min during rainy events and remaining viable for up to 24 h after the rain. The results show the importance of treating manure effectively before being added to the soil. An efficient treatment could be anaerobic digestion, followed by a pond system. Considering the characteristics of swine-producing regions, the load of effluents applied to the soil may percolate, leach, or run off and consequently contaminate water bodies with pathogens.
The hydrogen content of plasma‐deposited silicon nitride

The hydrogen content of glow‐discharge‐deposited silicon nitride (SiN) films made at 330–350 °C has been determined. Preparation conditions were varied to produce a range of compositions of Si/N=0.7–1.4. Quantitative hydrogen profiling of the samples was carried out using the resonant nuclear reaction 15N+H→12C+4He+γ ray. Calibration factors for Si‐H (2160 cm−1) and N‐H (3350 cm−1) absorption‐band areas or absorbances have also been determined, enabling infrared transmission spectra to be used for hydrogen analyses of these films. All samples were homogeneous in hydrogen content and were in the range (1.6–2.1) ×1022 H atoms/cm3, or about 20–25 at. % H. Roughly three‐quarters of the H is bonded to Si, the remainder to N. One plasma SiO2 sample made at 300 °C from SiH4 and N2O was measured also, and contained 5.7 at. % H, all as OH. Although there was little variation in the H content of SiN, there is a correlation between the total H concentration and the buffered HF etch rate. Some observations on the effec.
Comparison of the cytotoxic effect of Embelin with tamoxifen and docetaxel on human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cell proliferation

pathways, preparations stained with proapoptotic Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 were examined. Accordingly, while Bax expression level increased (p<0.05), Bcl-2 expression level decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: In general, Embelin inhibits cancer cell proliferation in both breast cancer cell types, depending on dose and time. We found that Embelin was statistically more effective at the molecular level when compared to both Tamoxifen and Docetaxel, especially in hormone receptor-negative MDA MB-231 cells. By concluding that it is more effective especially in hormone receptor-negative breast cancer, Embelin may be an alternative new antitumoral agent in the treatment of breast cancer in the future. The results of this study may guide for in vivo studies in future.
Application of oblique projection Krylov subspace method for large scale model reduction

Significant developments have taken place in the area of large-scale matrix computations. Much of these advancements are the result of contributions from Krylov subspace techniques. The popularity of this class of iterative methods in solving large sets of linear and non-linear equations as well as large eigenvalue problems stems from their relative simplicity and generality. Recognizing this property, the paper exploits and introduces the, new mathematical approach, Krylov subspace techniques and their use in the model reduction problem for large-scale systems. Hence the robust control design problem can be solved for the large-scale systems.
DSC-backstepping based robust adaptive NN control for strict-feedback nonlinear systems via small gain theorem

The adaptive tracking control problem is discussed for a class of strict-feedback uncertain systems. RBF Neural Networks are used to approximate the uncertainties. A unified and systematic procedure is developed to derive a robust adaptive tracking controller with the fusion of dynamic surface control technique and small gain approach. The proposed algorithm can avoid both problems of 'explosion of complexity' and 'curse of dimension' synchronously, thus is convenient to implement in applications. The stability of the closed-loop system is proved. Finally, simulation results via two application examples validate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed scheme.
Feeding by common heterotrophic protists on the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera (Suessiaceae, Dinophyceae)

The mortality rate of red-tide dinoflagellates owing to predation is a major parameter that affects their population dynamics. The dinoflagellates Ansanella granifera and Ansanella sp. occasionally cause red tides. To understand the interactions between common heterotrophic protists and A. granifera, we explored the feeding occurrence of nine heterotrophic protists on A. granifera and the growth and ingestion rates of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dominans on A. granifera as a function of prey concentration and those of Oxyrrhis marina at a single high prey concentration. The heterotrophic dinoflagellates Aduncodinium glandula, G. dominans, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Luciella masanensis, Oblea rotunda, O. marina, Polykrikos kofoidii, and Pfiesteria piscicida and the naked ciliate Strombidium sp. were able to feed on A. granifera. With increasing mean prey concentrations, the growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans feeding on A. granifera rapidly increased and became saturated or slowly increased. The maximum growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans on A. granifera were 0.305 d-1 and 0.42 ng C predator-1 d-1 (3.8 cells predator-1 d-1), respectively. Furthermore, the growth and ingestion rates of O. marina on A. granifera at 1,700 ng C mL-1 (15,454 cells mL-1) were 0.037 d-1 and 0.19 ng C predator-1 d-1 (1.7 cells predator-1 d-1), respectively. The growth and ingestion rates of G. dominans and O. marina feeding on A. granifera were almost the lowest among those on the dinoflagellate prey species. Therefore, G. dominans and O. marina may prefer A. granifera less than other dinoflagellate prey species. The low mortality rate of A. granifera may positively affect its bloom formation.
First-order theory and analysis of MF/HF/VHF scatter from the sea

Scatter from the sea near grazing from MF through VHF is analyzed in this paper. Results based on the compensation theorem show that the dependence upon the grazing angles, as well as upon frequency, range, and the effective surface impedance, can be removed for vertical polarization as the familiar "Norton attenuation factors. " Time variation of the surface is included, and results are derived for both the average received power and its spectral density. The first-order dispersion relationship for gravity waves is used to show that the received spectrum from a patch of sea consists of two discrete Doppler shifts above and below the carrier, predictable from simple Bragg diffraction considerations. Using the Phillips wind-wave model as an upper limit for wave heights, estimates for \sigma^{0} (radar cross section per unit area) of - 17 dB are obtained near grazing. Both the magnitude of \sigma_{\upsilon\nu}^{0} predicted from theory and the nature of the received spectrum are compared with measurements, and the agreement supports the theory on both counts. Finally, the use of MF/HF radars for measuring sea state is suggested and discussed.
On the joint distribution of the maximum and its location for a linear diffusion

- For a linear diffusion X let Mt = and T = inf ~ s: XS = In this note we compute the joint distribution of Mt, Xt and T. As an application of our formula we rederive a result of Borodin which gives the distribution for the supremum of the Brownian local time. Further, some examples are presented.
Effects of water stress on plant volatile emission and insect oviposition preference in an agroecosystem

Drought has become more common and severe in many parts of the world due to climate change. The effect of water stress on insect oviposition preference that is key determinant for their fitness has received less attention. Here, we examined how water stress may affect oviposition selection of Ostrinia furnacalis for maize plants in the greenhouse, and tested difference in volatile compounds emitted from treated maize, and electronantennogram and bioassay responses of O. furnacalis to the volatile profiles in maize plants. Ostrinia furnacalis were more prone to lay eggs on the well‐watered maize. Most plant volatile compounds differed significantly among the three water treatments, including increased emissions of β‐caryophyllene, (E)‐2‐hexenal, and linalool, and decreased emission of (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol when subjected to increasing intensity of drought. Varied volatile profiles of maize may drive oviposition decision of O. furnacalis, because O. furnacalis showed a clear oviposition preference for (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, while not for β‐caryophyllene, (E)‐2‐hexenal, and linalool, at the concentration of 1000 ppm. This study advances understanding of drought effects on plant–insect interactions through volatile profiles. Our finding calls for attention to oviposition selection for insect pest management in agricultural settings, especially in regions under changing precipitation patterns.
An Efficient Half-Bridge MMC Model for EMTP-Type Simulation Based on Hybrid Numerical Integration

Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation is critical and fundamental in the design and operation of the modular multilevel converter (MMC). This article proposes a highly efficient EMT simulation model for MMC based on hybrid numerical integration. The topology and operational principle of MMC are elaborated first. Based on this, an efficient simulation model for MMC is proposed. Each arm of the MMC is reduced to a two-node Norton equivalent circuit in the main network simulation. The computation of the capacitor dynamic equations is decoupled from that of the arm inductor dynamic equation. They are computed in a leapfrog manner. This makes the equivalent conductance of the MMC arm constant and greatly improves the simulation efficiency. Moreover, the dynamic equations of the capacitors are also decoupled from each other. Various operational conditions of the MMC are also considered, and accuracy and adaptability are thus ensured. Extensive studies on power systems with different scales verify the accuracy and improved efficiency of the proposed EMT simulation model for MMC.
The method of ordered multiple interactions for closed bodies

Boundary integral methods for calculating bistatic scatter start with a specified sample grid over the surface that defines the scatterer. Whereas standard method of moments (MOM) implementations can be applied independent of the mesh structure, the method of ordered multiple interactions (MOMI) effectively defines a surface trajectory over the sample grid. This paper introduces source-directed slice sampling whereby a variant of the MOMI method applied to three-dimensional (3D) objects becomes a strict forward-backward recursion. Applications of MOMI to 1D rough surfaces first demonstrated the rapid convergence that can be obtained when the surface sampling follows the projected direction of the incident radiation. With a 3D object source-directed sampling can be implemented with no projection, although the surface must be resampled for each new source direction. The first iteration of the MOMI recursion makes a partial backward correction. With strict forward-backward sampling, the initial forward sweep, which we call the forward-approximation, often provides a good approximation to the source currents. The results are demonstrated for the scalar problem, but the extension to the vector problem is straightforward.
Nonlinear interaction of electron acoustic waves with Langmuir waves in presence of magnetic field in plasmas

Nonlinear interaction between Langmuir waves and Electron Acoustic Wave (EAW) is being studied in a warm magnetized plasma in presence of two intermingled fluids, hot electrons, and cold electrons while ions forming static background. Two-fluid, two-timescale theory is performed to derive modified Zakharov's equations in a magnetized plasma. These coupled equations describe low-frequency response of electron density due to high-frequency electric field along with magnetic field perturbations. Linear analysis shows coupling between acoustic mode, upper hybrid mode, and cyclotron modes. These modes are found to be modified due to the presence of two electron components. These equations are significant in the context of weak and strong turbulence.