Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: A role for urban agriculture?

� Consequently,�manypeoplelivingundertheharsh� conditionsofrefugeelifewilltrytoimprovetheirfoodsecu- ritybyestablishingsomeformofagriculture,�suchassmall- scalegardeninginrefugeecamps,�inbackyards,�oronopen� spacesoutsidesettlements. �Andwherelandislimitedthey� mayresorttomicro-technologies,�suchascontainergarden- ing,�potsonshelvesorhangingbaskets. InthepreviousissuesofUrbanAgricultureMagazinewe� highlightedthemultiplefunctionsofurbanagriculture,� includingitsroleinbuildingcommunitiesandsustainable� environments. �Wealsodiscussedtheprocessesoftechno- logical,�organisationalandinstitutionalinnovationinurban� agriculture. �Inthisissuewefocusontheroleurbanagricul- tureplaysinlinkingrelief,�rehabilitationanddevelopment� followingadisasterorinemergencysituations. � Natural hazards, civil conflicts, wars and economic crises continue to generate unstable and unsafe conditions, placing immense pressures on commu- nities and local livelihoods. These emergency sce- narios often result in people fleeing their homes to other areas or crossing borders to other countries, thereby creating mass refugee situations. Many of these refugees or internally displaced persons (IDPs) have to remain in refugee camps for extend- ed periods or reside (often illegally) in and around urban areas.
The Cosmological Constant Problem as Transitioning Multi-Space

Resolution of the Cosmological Constant Λ must maintain the mathematics of wavefunction, as well as Einsteins field equations. However, a fundamental break from convention is justified, in order to cancel the mathematical discrepancy that exists between the vacuum energy density in General Relativity (GR) and the much greater zero-point energy value, as calculated in quantum field theory (QFT). This article does maintain conventional models. The paradigm shift is from the conventional idea of a constant R 4 spacetime at every scale (from microspace to macrospace). Instead, proposing that dimensions approaching quantum scales increase to a higher dimensional R 5 space, and that dimensions approaching the cosmic event horizon decrease to a lower dimensional R 3 space (R 4 spacetime is just one phase of this transitioning multispace). This is only suppositional, yet it explains so many mysteries of cosmology in the simplest and most parsimonious format (in fact in one single sentence). In wavefunction, superposition can be alternatively interpreted as a transition (or divergence) of R n , as observed from a R 4 spacetime onto a higher dimensional R 5 space at scales approaching QFT. Time, position, energy and momentum become plural, and a range of R 5 space is viewed as a single instant until " collapsed " (mapped) onto our familiar classic R 4 space. In GR, R 4 spacetime transitions (or converges) to a point at the cosmic event horizon, to a diminished R 3 space. This converging affect appears equivalent to acceleration, as units of time in velocity are decreasing with larger scales. Thus, Λ in GR is only illusional and therefore cancelled.
historY aNd sCieNCe impaCts

The IOC international harmful algal bloom program Anderson, Donald; Reguera, Beatriz; Pitcher, Grant C. ; Enevoldsen, Henrik Oksfeldt Published in: Oceanography DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2010. 25 Publication date: 2010 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Anderson, D. , Reguera, B. , Pitcher, G. C. , & Enevoldsen, H. O. (2010). The IOC international harmful algal bloom program: history and science impacts. DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2010. 25
The influence of socioeconomic factors on the development of early number concepts

THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY NUMBER CONCEPTS by Brittany M. Caldwell Why are some children entering school unable to count, while others are able to do simple addition? It may be that early experiences, like practice with numbers and extra resources to promote logical thinking, lay the foundation for how children and adults understand and use math in their everyday lives. The major objectives of this thesis are to explore the 1) link between children’s intuitive number sense and their development of exact number concepts, 2) influence of language on early math achievement, and 3) influence of socioeconomic factors on various aspects of cognitive development. Participants included 133 preschool aged children from San Jose, California, and Middletown, Connecticut. Children’s development was assessed in three areas: number language, number sense, and general vocabulary. After completion of the tasks, demographic information, such as family income and education, was collected through surveys sent home to parents. Results show that parent income is related to children's general vocabulary but not related to number language or number sense. General vocabulary is also linked to children’s number language, with evidence that the relationship between number sense and general vocabulary is mediated by children’s number language.
Notes on the convergence and applications of surrogate optimization

Surrogate optimization is a computational procedure that uses a sequence of approximations of the objective function to predict an optimum. Even in the case when the derivative information of the objective function is not available, the surrogate functions can still be constructed only based on the function values. Moreover, the optimization method may provide required tools for computing the numerical solution of certain nonlinear differential equations in recent engineering applications, such as the optimal determination of the perturbation values in robot control dynamic systems [13, 16, 18]. In this paper, we will present a direct convergence analysis of the surrogate optimization process in one dimensional fashion via polynomial interpolations of objective function values. Numerical experiments will be given to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithms developed. An application in multi-agent cooperative search problem will be also presented.
Does Candida and / or Staphylococcus play a role in nipple and breast pain in lactation ?

BMJ Open publishes all reviews undertaken for accepted manuscripts. Reviewers are asked to complete a checklist review form (see an example) and are provided with free text boxes to elaborate on their assessment. These free text comments are reproduced below. Some articles will have been accepted based in part or entirely on reviews undertaken for other BMJ Group journals. These will be reproduced where possible.
Improving the surface metrology accuracy of optical profilers by using multiple measurements

Abstract. The performance of high-resolution optical systems is affected by small angle scattering at the mid-spatial-frequency irregularities of the optical surface. Characterizing these irregularities is, therefore, important. However, surface measurements obtained with optical profilers are influenced by additive white noise, as indicated by the heavy-tail effect observable on their power spectral density (PSD). A multiple-measurement method is used to reduce the effects of white noise by averaging individual measurements. The intensity of white noise is determined using a model based on the theoretical PSD of fractal surface measurements with additive white noise. The intensity of white noise decreases as the number of times of multiple measurements increases. Using multiple measurements also increases the highest observed spatial frequency; this increase is derived and calculated. Additionally, the accuracy obtained using multiple measurements is carefully studied, with the analysis of both the residual reference error after calibration, and the random errors appearing in the range of measured spatial frequencies. The resulting insights on the effects of white noise in optical profiler measurements and the methods to mitigate them may prove invaluable to improve the quality of surface metrology with optical profilers.
Exciton-plasmon coupling interactions: from principle to applications

Abstract The interaction of exciton-plasmon coupling and the conversion of exciton-plasmon-photon have been widely investigated experimentally and theoretically. In this review, we introduce the exciton-plasmon interaction from basic principle to applications. There are two kinds of exciton-plasmon coupling, which demonstrate different optical properties. The strong exciton-plasmon coupling results in two new mixed states of light and matter separated energetically by a Rabi splitting that exhibits a characteristic anticrossing behavior of the exciton-LSP energy tuning. Compared to strong coupling, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface plasmon (SP)-enhanced absorption, enhanced fluorescence, or fluorescence quenching, there is no perturbation between wave functions; the interaction here is called the weak coupling. SP resonance (SPR) arises from the collective oscillation induced by the electromagnetic field of light and can be used for investigating the interaction between light and matter beyond the diffraction limit. The study on the interaction between SPR and exaction has drawn wide attention since its discovery not only due to its contribution in deepening and broadening the understanding of SPR but also its contribution to its application in light-emitting diodes, solar cells, low threshold laser, biomedical detection, quantum information processing, and so on.
Relationship between Life Skills and General Self-Efficacy. Validation of HVD-A scale

World Health Organization’s approach was one of the most comprehensive frameworks in categorizing the essential skills for youth, creating the 10 Daily Life Skills Education. There is a scarcity of instruments for Life Skills assessment. For this reason, Daily Life Skills Education Questionnaire for Adolescents (HVD-A) scale was created to assess 10 Daily Life Skills as a global construct under the positive psychology framework. The objective of this work was to analyze the relationships between Life Skills and General Self-Efficacy, finding additional evidence for the validity of the HVD-A scale across sex and age. A sample of 1,507 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old filled the HVD-A scale and the General Self-Efficacy scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes were carried out to evaluate the original model fit in different samples. A unifactorial model showed adequate fit to the data. The Structural Equation Modelling analysis showed a significant association between Life Skills and General Self-Efficacy. In some items, the HVD-A scale may underestimate the scores in girls of middle-late adolescence. The usefulness and implications of the instrument for the scientific and applied field of psychology and education are debated.
Orientational relaxation for small wavevectors of rod-like Brownian particles

We present a theorical study of the kinetic orientational relaxation of a colloidal monodispersed system of stiff and long rods, for small wavevectors. This process is described by the dynamic structure factor. The relationship between this factor with the fluctuations of the second order parameter is provided in the limit of wavevectors going to zero. The second order parameter is computed with the Smoluchowski formalism, neglecting hydrodynamic interactions, and using the Maier-Saupe potential for the rods interaction. Considering suitable properties, the isothermal orientation susceptibility proposed is able to localize the isotropic and nematic concentrations in qualitative agreement with well known computer simulations results. At relaxation our model predicts a single value for the maximum of the orientation property proposed, which it is reached at different times, according to the concentration.
Diagnoses to unravel secular hydrodynamical processes in rotating main sequence stars II. The actions of internal gravity waves

Context. With the progress of observational constraints on stellar rotation and on the angular velocity profile in stars, it is necessary to understand how angular momentum is transported in stellar interiors during their whole evolution. In this context, more highly refined dynamical stellar evolution models have been built that take into account transport mechanisms. Aims. Internal gravity waves (IGWs) excited by convective regions constitute an efficient transport mechanism over long distances in stellar radiation zones. They are one of the mechanisms that are suspected of being responsible for the quasi-flat rotation profile of the solar radiative region up to 0.2 R� . Therefore, we include them in our detailed analysis started in Paper I of the main physical processes responsible for the transport of angular momentum and chemical species in stellar radiation zones. Here, we focus on the complete interaction between differential rotation, meridional circulation, shear-induced turbulence, and IGWs during the main sequence. Methods. We improved the diagnosis tools designed in Paper I to unravel angular momentum transport and chemical mixing in rotating stars by taking into account IGWs. The star’s secular hydrodynamics is treated using projection on axisymmetric spherical harmonics and appropriate horizontal averages that allow the problem to be reduced to one dimension while preserving the nondiffusive character of angular momentum transport by the meridional circulation and IGWs. Wave excitation by convective zones is
Study on the Current Situation and Countermeasures for Agricultural Information Construction in China

Modern information technology today is penetrating into the line of agriculture and will play an important role in agricultural infomationization. As a symbol and key factor to modern agriculture, infomationization orients future agriculture and will sure to advance economy development and income in rural areas. There are many problems, however, exist during this process, effective counter measures shall be taken to guarantee the agricultural infomationization. From the view of agriculture in China, problems of agriculture were analyzed. A new and standardized model of agricultural industry chain was constructed. Operation mode of informatization management system of agricultural industry chain based on electronic commerce was put forward as well as expounded with a case. Index Terms Agricultural informationization, Problem; Countermeasure, Electronic commerc
Effects of superabsorbent polymer on the number and leaf area of lettuce under drought stress

In this research, to evaluate the effect of superabsorbent polymer and drought stress on the number and leaf area of Lettuce, experimental research was conducted in a completely randomized design factorial with two treatments of irrigation regime at three levels (60, 80 and 100 percent of crop water requirement) and four superabsorbent hydrogel application (0, 4, 6 and 8 g per kg of soil) in three replications in the research field of Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz. The results showed that the use of superabsorbent and drought stress had a significant effect on the number and leaf area of Lettuce. The highest number of leaves (56 leaves per plant) was obtained in treatment with 8 grams of superabsorbent and 80 percent crop water requirement. The highest leaf area (6320 ) was obtained in non stress conditions (100percent crop water requirement) and application of 6 grams superabsorbent hydrogel per kilogram of soil. The lowest number of leaves (43 leaves per plant) and leaf area (3043 cm2) was obtained in treatment with 0 gram of superabsorbent and 60 percent crop water requirement. Between treatments of this research, the most effect in increasing the number of leaves and leaf area was observed in treatment with 6 grams superabsorbent and 100 percent crop water requirement. Therefore, it is recommended.
Vers la géolocalisation par vision d'une caméra mobile : exploitation d'un modèle 3D de ville et application au recalage visuel temps réel

Nous proposons un algorithme qui corrige a posteriori les derives des methodes de SLAM. Celui-ci exploite la connaissance a priori d'un modele 3D simple de l'environnement. Notre methode se deroule en deux etapes successives. Tout d'abord, un alignement grossier de la reconstruction SLAM avec le modele 3D est calcule. Pour cela, nous proposons un algorithme d'ICP non-rigide exploitant un modele de transformations articulees original et adapte au probleme. l'alignement obtenu est ensuite raffine a l'aide d'un ajustement de faisceaux. Pour cela, nous proposons une nouvelle fonction de cout permettant d'integrer a la fois la coherence entre les observations 2D et les points 3D reconstruits et la coherence geometrique avec le modele 3D de l'environnement. La methode complete est validee sur des sequences de synthese et reelles de grande echelle. Enfin, nous montrons que les reconstructions obtenues sont suffisamment precises pour etre directement utilisees dans des applications de localisation globale.
A Comparative Analysis of Productivity Change in Italian and Portuguese Airports

The authors analyze Italian and Portuguese airport efficiency and productivity in this paper through Luenberger productivity indicator and directional distance function. That both input contraction and output expansion are considered is this approach's key advantage. Efficiency scores ranking sample airports are generated by the model. The authors conclude that in airport efficiency a major role is played by both inputs and outputs. It can be stated that some Portuguese and Italian airports are efficient and in most cases productivity increased according to this methodology.
Chemical nitrogen fractionation in dense molecular clouds

Nitrogen-bearing molecules display variable isotopic fractionation levels in different astronomical environments such as in the interstellar medium or in the Solar system. Models of interstellar chemistry are unable to induce nitrogen fraction in cold molecular clouds as exchange reactions for 15N are mostly inefficient. Here, we developed a new gas-grain model for nitrogen fractionation including a thorough search for new nitrogen fractionation reactions and a realistic description of atom depletion on to interstellar dust particles. We show that, while dense molecular cloud gas-phase chemistry alone leads to very low fractionation, 14N atoms are preferentially depleted from the gas phase due to a mass-dependent grain surface sticking rate for atomic nitrogen. However, assuming an elementary 14N/15N ratio of 441 (equal to the solar wind value), our model leads to only low 15N enrichment for all N-containing species synthesized in the gas phase with predicted 14N/15N ratios in the range 360-400. Higher enrichment levels can neither be explained by this mechanism, nor through chemistry, with two possible explanations: (i) The elementary 14N/15N ratio in the local ISM is smaller, as suggested by the recent work of Romano et al., with a hypothetic 15NNH+ and 15NNH+ depletion due to variation of the electronic recombination rate constant variation with the isotopes and (ii) N2 photodissociation leads to variable nitrogen fractionation in diffuse molecular clouds where photons play an important role, which is conserved during dense molecular cloud formation as suggested by the work of Furuya & Aikawa.
effects of drug pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, characteristics of medication use, and relevant pharmacological interventions on fall risk in elderly patients

Background: Falls among the elderly are an issue internationally and a public health problem that brings substantial economic and quality-of-life burdens to individuals and society. Falls prevention is an important measure of nursing quality and patient safety. Numerous studies have evaluated the association of medication use with fall risk in elderly patients. However, an up-to-date review has not been available to summarize the multifaceted pharmaceutical concerns in the prevention of medication-related falls.
SIMULTANEOUS STATE AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION WITH AN ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER FOR THERMALLY DRIVEN CIRCULATIONS . PART II : EXPERIMENTS WITH IMPERFECT PARAMETERS

This second paper investigates the performance of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) under imperfect model cond itions when the source of model error is the uncertainty in the model parameters. The approach taken here is to apply the EnKF technique for the estimation of the imperfect parameters which is facilitated through state augmentation, the process of concatenating unknown parameters and state variables into a single state vector. Parameter variance throughout experiments is maintained by inflating parameter spread back to its initial magnitude following each analysis step. Up to six model parameters have been subjected to estimation attempts in various experiments. Preliminary experiments with single imperfect parameters revealed that the EnKF was very successful in estimating respective imperfect parameters, resulting in error of model variables that is ind istinguishable from the respective perfect cases. Increasing the number of imperfect parameters inevitably leads to a decline in the level of improvement achieved by parameter estimation. However, the EnKF is observed to consistently perform well in the estimation of up to four imperfect parameters. In fact, with four imperfect parameters, the marginal rms error (MRE) of either model variable is still less than 25%, which means that, on average, the filter is able to remove more than 75% of the error that is entirely due to the presence of imperfectness in model parameters. With six imperfect parameters, a parameter space believed to control most of the sea breeze circulation, noticeable decline in the performance of parameter estimation is observed, although parameter estimation by the EnKF still produces superior error statistics compared to when no such estimation is performed (worst-case scenario).
State-Space Collapse in Resource Allocation for Demand Dispatch and Its Implications for Distributed Control Design

It is now well established that many electric loads are inherently flexible, and this flexibility can be harnessed to provide grid services identical to those obtained today through batteries and responsive generators. This article concerns the resource allocation problem associated with control of a large collection of heterogeneous loads. This problem is posed as a finite-horizon optimal control problem, in which the cost function reflects both the needs of the grid and the needs of the users of electric loads in the population. The main result is a form of state-space collapse: The marginal cost for each load class evlves in a two-dimensional subspace, spanned by a scalar costate process and its derivative.