Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Not all Strongly Rayleigh Distributions Have Small Probabilistic Generating Circuits

Probabilistic modeling is a central task in machine learning. Probabilistic models should be tractable, i.e., allowing tractable probabilistic inference, but also efficient, i.e., being able to represent a large set of probability distributions. Zhang et al. (ICML 2021) recently proposed a new model, probabilistic generating circuits. They raised the question whether every strongly Rayleigh distribution can be efficiently represented by such circuits. We prove that this question has a negative answer. There are strongly Rayleigh distributions that cannot be represented by polynomial-sized probabilistic generating circuits, assuming a widely accepted complexity theoretic conjecture.
Revista Española De Cirugía Ortopédica Y Traumatología Incarcerated Epitrochlear Fracture with a Cubital Nerve Injury Palabras Clave

Injuries of the medial epicondyle are relatively common, mostly affecting children between 7 and 15 years. The anatomical characteristics of this apophysis can make diagnosis difficult in minimally displaced fractures. In a small percentage of cases, the fractured fragment may occupy the retroepitrochlear groove. The presence of dysesthesias in the territory of the ulnar nerve requires urgent open reduction of the incarcerated fragment. A case of a seven-year-old male patient is presented, who required surgical revision due to a displaced medial epicondyle fracture associated with ulnar nerve injury. A review of the literature is also made. a esta enfermedad.
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience Integrative Neuroscience Observed Gaze and Natural Behavior following Gaze: Gaze-following Behavior as a Window into Social Cognition

mimic their perspective and thus relate their observable, physical point‑of‑view to their private, internal mental state. In this review, I argue that gaze following is foundational to this ability, is present early in development and across many species, and relies upon simi‑ lar neural systems in humans and related nonhuman animals. Adult humans attend where others attend, and use gestures and gaze to manipulate the attention of others. At their pinnacle, these skills evoke mutual awareness of shared mental states (Emery, 2000); at their base, they are founded on a reflexive tendency to follow the gaze of others. The two essential features that describe adult use of deictic gaze are sophistication and automaticity. Typical human adults understand that gaze both constrains what another can see and signals what in the visual field they find most relevant. Our tendency to follow gaze reflects our understanding of one another's point of view – our understanding of the significance of spatial relationships, our recognition that people can look toward things outside our field of view and that we can see things out‑ side theirs, and our awareness that gaze reflects the mental state of the gazer. Furthermore, we understand that gaze interacts with other communicative signals, and can have explicitly communica‑ tive (" ostentive ") significance, either to inform or mislead. For all these reasons, we use gaze to inform our judgments both about our shared environment and also about the person whose gaze we observe (e.g. Bayliss and Tipper, 2006b; Bayliss et al., 2007). Nonetheless, we process all this so easily that we barely notice the effort – an automaticity that can be used against us, for example, in the no‑look passes of ballgames or magic tricks of illusionists (Kuhn et al., 2009). Not only does gaze comprise an important communicative channel among typical adults, it appears to strongly influence our early development (Figure 1). The first study of gaze following by infants reported onset at 2 months, with steep increases in frequency between 7 and 11 months (Scaife and Bruner, 1975). Later work pushed this back slightly (reviewed, Butterworth, 1991), suggesting When we need to know what another individual thinks, we look to their eyes. In so doing, we learn not just about their visual focus, but also make inferences about their private thoughts and intentions, and about the messages they explicitly communicate to others. It is likely that distinct neural …
Towards Controlled Data Augmentations for Active Learning

The mission of active learning is to identify the most valuable data samples, thus attaining decent performance with much fewer samples. The data augmentation techniques seem straight-forward yet promising to enhance active learning by extending the exploration of the input space, which helps locate more valuable samples. In this work, we thoroughly study the coupling of data augmentation and active learning, thereby proposing C ontrollable A ugmentation M ani P ulator for A ctive L earning. In contrast to the few prior works that touched on this line, CAMPAL emphasizes a purposeful, tighten and better-controlled integration of data augmentation into active learning in three folds: (i)- carefully designed augmentation policies applied separately on labeled and unlabeled data pools; (ii)-controlled and quantifiably optimizable augmentation strengths; (iii)-full and flexible coverage for most (if not all) active learning schemes. Theories are proposed and associated with the development of key components in CAMPAL. Through extensive empirical experiments, we bring the performance of active learning methods to a new level: an absolute performance boost of 16.99% on CIFAR-10 and 12.25% on SVHN with 1,000 annotated samples. Codes are available at https://github.com/jnzju/CAMPAL.
Global optimality for Euclidean CCCP under Riemannian convexity

We study geodesically convex (g-convex) problems that can be written as a difference of Euclidean convex functions. This structure arises in key applications such as matrix scaling, M-estimators of scatter matrices, and Brascamp-Lieb inequalities. In particular, we exploit this structure to make use of the Convex-Concave Procedure (CCCP), which helps us bypass potentially expensive Riemannian operations and leads to very competitive solvers. Importantly, unlike existing theory for CCCP that ensures convergence to stationary points, we exploit the overall g-convexity structure and provide iteration complexity results for global optimality . We illustrate our results by specializing them to a few concrete optimization problems that have been previously studied in the machine learning literature. We hope our work spurs the study of mixed Euclidean-Riemannian optimization algorithms.
Innovación:

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have developed a marketing capability that differs from the conventional one. Most of the literature has neglected marketing innovation, because it is considered an accident or implicit in other types of activities, and only recently it has been associated with competitiveness. The aim of this research was to verify the relationship of marketing innovation with the integral performance of SMEs, and their possible implications. Through the structural equations modeling, the effects of this innovation on business performance were estimated. The findings revealed its significant influence to guide business performance, by implementing new concepts and means of promotion, new methods of commercialization, and modifications to its packaging, influencing mostly in the commercial part, but also affecting the administrative, financial and human resources scope.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING TECHNIQUES FOR TEACHING IMPERATIVE SENTENCE(True Experimental Research at Year 7th Students of SMP N 5 Batangin the Academic Year 2012-2013)

This final project is about the effectiveness of Cooperative Learning for teaching imperative sentence for year 7th students of Junior High School. The objectives of this study are to find out whether the Cooperative Learning techniques are effective to teach imperative sentences, and discover whether there is a difference of students’ English mastery between students taught using Cooperative Learning and those who are taught using conventional technique. The type of the research was quantitative experiment using experimental and control group with pre-test post-test design. The subjects of this study were the students of 7A and 7D SMP N 5 Batang. They were selected as they have similar average scores in theirlast English mid semester test. 7A was purposively chosen as the experimental group, while 7D was the control group.In this research, pre-test, treatments, and post-test were given. A different treatment was applied to the control group and the experimental group.The experimental group was taught using Round Table and Numbered Head Together, while the control group using conventional teaching method. Based on the data computations of pre-test and post-test results, the average score of the students taught by using Cooperative Learning technique rose 24.61%, from 70.46 to 87.81, while the average score of those taught by using conventional teaching strategy only rose 18.16%, from 69.24 to 81.81. Based on the statistic calculation, the t-test value was 12.14, while the t-table was 1.998. It means that the t-value was higher than the t-table. The result of the calculation indicates that there is a significant difference between the results of the two groups. In addition, Cooperative Learning techniques were slightly more effective to teach grammar, specifically imperative sentences. I suggest the teachers in that school use Cooperative Learning techniques more often in their teaching learning activity because two of them are proven effective in this research.
Using machine learning and satellite radar to detect "silent" earthquakes in the Zagros Mountains, Iran

Project Abstract: Earthquakes are the single biggest natural hazard facing Iran. 9 out of the 10 deadliest natural disasters in Iran in the 20th Century were earthquakes, including the deadliest individual event on record in the country; a single earthquake in 1990 that killed an estimated 50,000 people. These damaging earthquakes also cause major financial losses of hundreds of millions of dollars, and the combined human and financial losses present a major development challenge to the country. A significant scientific obstacle that prevents accurate estimates of earthquake hazard, in Iran but also globally, is the unknown importance and frequency of “silent” earthquakes. In regular earthquakes, tectonic faults in the Earth’s crust release stress in sudden episodes of slip and cause violent shaking. But in silent or slow earthquakes, these same faults instead slip slowly over hours-to-years, releasing stress without radiating seismic waves. These silent earthquakes can have a major influence on the occurrence of regular earthquakes, and can raise or lower local earthquake hazard. But they are hard to measure, and so it is not known how common they are. Therefore, characterising when and where these silent earthquakes occur is critical for accurately estimating seismic hazard. The
Dynamics-inspired Neuromorphic Visual Representation Learning

This paper investigates the dynamics-inspired neuromorphic architecture for visual representation learning following Hamilton’s principle. Our method converts weight-based neural structure to its dynamics-based form that consists of finite sub-models, whose mutual relations measured by computing path integrals amongst their dynamical states are equivalent to the typical neural weights. Based on the entropy reduction process derived from the Euler-Lagrange equations, the feedback signals interpreted as stress forces amongst sub-models push them to move. We first train a dynamics-based neural model from scratch and observe that this model outperforms traditional neural models on MNIST. We then convert several pre-trained neural structures into dynamics-based forms, followed by fine-tuning via entropy reduction to obtain the stabilized dynamical states. We observe consistent improvements in these transformed models over their weight-based counter-parts on ImageNet and WebVision in terms of computational complexity, parameter size, testing accuracy, and robustness. Besides, we show the correlation between model performance and structural entropy, providing deeper insight into weight-free neuromorphic learning.
A new decade for social

This research aims: 1) to determine current achievement motivation junior high school students in Bogor City. 2) to develop Problem Based Learning model to improve students of junior high school in Bogor City. 3) to determine the effectiveness of PBL model in improving students of junior high school achievement motivation and innovation in Bogor City. This research is based on the development research by Borg and Gall with three research and development stages, preliminary study, model development, and model test. The data analysis used during the development research were descriptive analysis, model validation analysis, and model effectiveness analysis with t-test independent samples. The results of the research concluded that: the achievement motivation and innovation of junior high school students in Bogor City is currently low and needs to be improved; the developed model is declared "fit for use" by learning experts with more notes. The PBL model is declared effective in increasing the achievement motivation students for junior high school in Bogor City.
Heterogeneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: accurate diagnosis as a key to successful therapy. A review

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common variant of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and accounts for about 1/3 of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in Western countries and about 40% of B-cell tumors worldwide. Correct diagnosis of clinically distinct subgroups of aggressive mature B-cell lymphomas is crucial for the choice of adequate treatment. Currently, the identification of DLBCL subtype depends on a combination of morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic/molecular features. The classification covers the most common unspecified variant of DLBCL, also referred to as "not otherwise specified" (NOS), and a number of other rare forms. Over the past two decades, DLBCL NOS which accounts for more than 80% of all cases, has been the subject of a growing number of molecular studies that have identified prognostic factors that are being actively introduced into real-world clinical practice. Only the integration of morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular features of DLBCL will lead to the achievement of the long-term goal of curing the majority of patients with minimal or no toxic manifestations with the aid of personalized healthcare.
HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care

Correspondence: Edward J Mills Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 7K4 Tel +1 778 317 8530 Email edward.mills@uottawa.ca Objective: Although international guidelines recommend initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) when a patient’s CD4 cell count is #350 cells/μL, most patients in resource-limited settings present with much lower CD4 cell counts. The lowest level that their CD4 cell count reaches, the nadir, may have long-term consequences in terms of mortality. We examined this health state in a large cohort of HIV+ patients in Uganda. Design: This was an observational study of HIV patients in Uganda aged 14 years or older, who were enrolled in 10 major clinics across Uganda. Methods: We assessed the CD4 nadir of patients, using their CD4 cell count at initiation of ART, stratified into categories (,50, 50–99, 100–149, 150–249, 250+ cells/μL). We constructed Kaplan–Meier curves to assess the differences in survivorship for patients left-censored at 1 year and 2 years after treatment initiation. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to model the associations between CD4 nadir and mortality. We adjusted mortality for loss-to-follow-up. Results: Of 22,315 patients, 20,129 patients had greater than 1 year of treatment follow-up. Among these patients, 327 (1.6%) died and 444 (2.2%) were lost to follow-up. After leftcensoring at one year, relative to lowest CD4 strata, patients with higher CD4 counts had significantly lower rates of mortality (CD4 150–249, hazard ratio [HR] 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–0.82, P = 0.001; 250+, HR 0.66, 95% CI, 0.44–1.00, P = −0.05). Male sex, older age, and duration of time on ART were independently associated with mortality. When left-censoring at 2 years, CD4 nadir was no longer statistically significantly associated with mortality. Conclusion: After surviving for 1 year on ART, a CD4 nadir was strongly predictive of longerterm mortality among patients in Uganda. This should argue for efforts to increase engagement with patients to ensure a higher CD4 nadir at initiation of treatment.
Assurance on Sustainability Reporting: An Auditor's View

This article discusses initial experiences with a new assurance service: the verification of sustainability reports providing assertions regarding financial, environmental, and social issues. For illustration purposes, references to the verification of The Shell Report 2000 are made. Because of the new content and format of sustainability reports, established standards for reporting and verification are not yet available. Therefore, applying specifically developed criteria is inevitable. In this article, examples and characteristics of criteria that are needed to evaluate management assertions regarding sustainability are described. Furthermore, verification procedures that can be used and the content and design of a conclusion on a sustainabilty audit are described. It can be concluded that the verification of sustainability reports is a very challenging assurance service for financial auditors. Academics should be challenged as well, because of the need for further research in this area.
Natural convection heat transfer of molten salt nanofluids around vertical array of heated horizontal cylinders

Abstract To analyze the natural convection heat transfer of molten salt nanofluids around vertical array of horizontal cylinders, a numerical simulation is performed with cylinder numbers in the range of N = 2–8 and pitches in the range of S/D = 5–10. The results show that the heat transfer of nanofluids around each cylinder is affected by the position in the tube row and its distance from the adjacent cylinder. The average Nusselt number (Nua) of the natural convection heat transfer over the whole array of cylinders is determined by cylinder spacing S/D, cylinder number N, and Ra. When S/D = 5, Nua decreases as the cylinder number increases. When S/D = 10, Nua increases as the cylinder number increases. Compared with the molten salts, the natural convection heat transfer of nanofluids is enhanced. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design of a single-tank energy storage system.
The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance of SMEs in Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to find out the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance of small medium enterprises (SMEs) in East Java Indonesia. A total of 381 small medium enterprises in the East Java province of Indonesia are used as research respondents. These respondents were selected using proportional cluster random method to ensure that all of the predetermined areas in East Java were proportionally represented. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is used to test the validity of the research variables, whereas Composite (Construct) Reliability is used to test the reliability of the variables. After all variables were declared as valid and reliable, the following step was to perform a multivariate analysis which involved normality, singularity, and outlier tests. After all the multivariate assumptions were fulfilled, a structural model testing was performed using the covarian-based structural model of AMOS. The model was tested using covarian-based Structural Equation Model. The result of this research suggests that entrepreneurial orientation has a positive and significant influence on performance of SMEs. This study provides new empirical evidence of entrepreneurial orientation and the influence on performance of small medium enterprises in Indonesia, which involve big amount of data (381) and use of AMOS. Therefore, some practical contributions are provided and several recommendation have been proposed for further researches.
Testing earthquakes nucleation models from the response of Himalayan seismicity to secular and periodic stress variations

We analyze the relationship between seismicity and temporal stress variations in the Himalaya to constrain earthquake nucleation process. In addition to the secular stress load induced by crustal shortening across the range, the Himalayan arc is also submitted to 2 periodic stress variations of comparable 3-5 kPa amplitudes but different periods: 12.4 hours period variations are induced by earth tides, while 1-year period variations are induced by surface load variations associated with the seasonal hydrological cycle (the monsoon). The seismicity shows no apparent correlation with earth tides, but does show prominent seasonal variations. These observations are used to test models of earthquake nucleation and infer frictional properties of natural faults. We find that the model of Dieterich (1994) can reproduce the correlation between seasonal variations of seismicity and hydrological cycle, but fails at explaining the absence of correlation with earth tides.
UC Merced Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society

Compositionality is a central component of the human faculty for generalization and flexibility. However, the computations involved are poorly understood, especially in terms of their cognitive costs. On one hand, compositionality requires searching combinatorially large hypothesis spaces, raising issues of tractability. On the other hand, compositional representations afford efficient and compact compression. To shed light on the cognitive resource required for compositionality, we used a within-subject time pressure manipulation to study how participants navigated a series of mazes, generated using recursive operations over spatial primitives. We find evidence that behavior is guided by the use of primitives and abstract operations over them, where the degree of compositional structure increases performance and speeds up decisions. And while time pressure led to more random errors, it did not impair the capacity for compositionality. Rather, participants increased their reliance on reusing and recombining previous computations, suggesting a remarkable robustness of human compositional reasoning.
a · ( x · x ) or ( a · x ) · x ?

—Expressions such as ax 2 , axy , or ax 3 , where a is a constant, are not unfrequent in computing. There are several ways of parenthesizing them (and therefore, choosing the order of evaluation). Depending on the value of a , is there a more accurate evaluation order? We discuss this point (with a small digression on spurious underﬂows and overﬂows).