Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survey polychlooralkanen (korte keten)

Chloorparaffines (polychlooralkanen, PCA’s) zijn sterk accumulerend (vergelijkbaar en zelfs sterker dan de PCB’s, afhankelijk van de ketenlengte) in biota. Gehalten in vis in historische buitenlandse studies (gegevens uit artikelen vanaf 1980 tot 2001) varieren van 82 (vis uit Atlantische Oceaan) tot 3700 (tarbotlever) μg/kg op vetbasis. Herhaalde blootstelling aan deze stoffen leidt bij proefdieren tot lever-, nier- en schildkliertoxiciteit waarbij de toxiciteit het grootst is bij de kortketenige, hoog gechloreerde verbindingen. Bij langdurige blootstelling resulteert dit in lever- en schildkliertumoren, maar de stoffen zijn niet genotoxisch. Door de WHO is daarom een TDI voor chronische blootstelling vastgesteld van 11 μg/kg lg/dag. Een beperkte inventariserende survey m.b. t. PCA’s (C10-C13, korte keten) is in 2008 uitgevoerd met een door IMARES recent ontwikkelde methode. De uit deze survey verkregen resultaten van diverse onderzochte Nederlandse visserijproducten, varieren voor PCA’s (C10-C13, korte keten) van
Optical properties and chemical composition of aerosol particles at an urban location: An estimation of the aerosol mass scattering and absorption efficiencies

[1] We investigated aerosol optical properties, mass concentration and chemical composition over a 1 year period (from March 2006 to February 2007) at an urban site in Southern Spain (Granada, 37.18°N, 3.58°W, 680 m above sea level). Light-scattering and absorption measurements were performed using an integrating nephelometer and a MultiAngle Absorption Photometer (MAAP), respectively, with no aerosol size cut-off and without any conditioning of the sampled air. PM10 and PM1 (ambient air levels of atmospheric particulate matter finer than 10 and 1 microns) were collected with two high volume samplers, and the chemical composition was investigated for all samples. Relative humidity (RH) within the nephelometer was below 50% and the weighting of the filters was also at RH of 50%. PM10 and PM1 mass concentrations showed a mean value of 44 ± 19 μg/m3 and 15 ± 7 μg/m3, respectively. The mineral matter was the major constituent of the PM10–1 fraction (contributing more than 58%) whereas organic matter and elemental carbon (OM+EC) contributed the most to the PM1 fraction (around 43%). The absorption coefficient at 550 nm showed a mean value of 24 ± 9 Mm−1 and the scattering coefficient at 550 nm presented a mean value of 61 ± 25 Mm−1, typical of urban areas. Both the scattering and the absorption coefficients exhibited the highest values during winter and the lowest during summer, due to the increase in the anthropogenic contribution and the lower development of the convective mixing layer during winter. A very low mean value of the single scattering albedo of 0.71 ± 0.07 at 550 nm was calculated, suggesting that urban aerosols in this site contain a large fraction of absorbing material. Mass scattering and absorption efficiencies of PM10 particles exhibited larger values during winter and lower during summer, showing a similar trend to PM1 and opposite to PM10–1. This seasonality is therefore influenced by the variations on PM composition. In addition, the mass scattering efficiency of the major aerosol constituents in PM10 were also calculated applying the multilinear regression (MLR) analysis. Among all of them, the most efficient in terms of scattering was sulfate ion (7 ± 1 m2g−1) while the least efficient was the mineral matter (0.2 ± 0.3 m2g−1). On the other hand, we found that the absorption process was mainly dominated by carbonaceous particles.
Atlas–axis complex of Secodontosaurus, a sphenacodontid mammal-like reptile (Eupelycosauria: Synapsida) from the Lower Permian of Texas

The description of the atlas–axis complex of Secodontosaurus (an Early Permian synapsid) indicates that sphenacodontids share with primitive therapsids the derived feature of a tall atlantal pleurocentrum that extends to the ventral edge of the vertebral column. Although similar, the postcranial skeletons of Dimetrodon and Secodontosaurus can be differentiated by the distinct shape and size of the latter's axial neural spine and posterior zygapophysis.
LOBOMICOSIS: UNA APROXIMACIÓN DESPUÉS DE 70 AÑOS LOBOMYCOSIS: AN APPROACH AFTER 70 YEARS

Lobomycosis is a cronic infection of the skin that exhibits a wide range of dermathological manifestations characterized by Keloid-like lesions so as nodular, verrucous an the even ulcerous forms. The aetiological agent in the international scientific community is frecuently designated as Loboa Loboi. Recently it has been replaced by Lacazia Loboi. The present review deals with the most important historical, clinical and epidemiological aspects, by mentioning experiences in Venezuela.
NEXRAD NWS Polarimetric Precipitation Product Evaluation for IFloodS

AbstractThe NEXRAD program has recently upgraded the WSR-88D network observational capability with dual polarization (DP). In this study, DP quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) provided by the current version of the NWS system are evaluated using a dense rain gauge network and two other single-polarization (SP) rainfall products. The analyses are performed for the period and spatial domain of the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) campaign. It is demonstrated that the current version (2014) of QPE from DP is not superior to that from SP mainly because DP QPE equations introduce larger bias than the conventional rainfall–reflectivity [i.e., R(Z)] relationship for some hydrometeor types. Moreover, since the QPE algorithm is based on hydrometeor type, abrupt transitions in the phase of hydrometeors introduce errors in QPE with surprising variation in space that cannot be easily corrected using rain gauge data. In addition, the propagation of QPE uncertainties across multiple hydrological scales is investig.
Unifying large and small wave‐generated ripples

[1] Frequently, in field and laboratory studies of wave-generated bed forms on beds of sandy sediments, both large and small wave-generated ripples (LWRs and SWRs) are observed and in some situations may be superimposed upon one another. The present paper examines relationships between measured wave conditions and the geometry of LWRs and SWRs and shows that existing empirical equations used to predict the dimensions of SWRs perform badly for LWRs. To address this problem, relationships found between ripple geometry and the wave Reynolds number are used as the basis for new expressions for prediction of ripple height, wavelength, and steepness that improve the accuracy of existing approaches for both LWRs and SWRs. The present results indicate strongly that SWRs and LWRs are related and their superposition in certain conditions reflects the time lag between the response of the bed to changing hydrodynamic conditions. They must be considered therefore when estimating the total bed roughness in a range of practical engineering and numerical modeling applications.
COLOMBIAN ANDEAN CLOUD FORESTS CONSERVATION STATUS, A MULTISCALAR ANALYSIS

A distribution potential spatial model for the Colombian Andes cloud forests is presented, which includes physical variables such as altitude, humidity provinces and geomorphology. The current condition of these ecosystems at two different scales (1:500,000 and 1:250,000) are analyzed based on landscape metrics. Although there are considerable differences in the fragmentation indexes on both scales, it was found that the cloud forests on the Western slopes of the Central Mountain Range and on the Western slopes of the Western Mountain Range are the most affected by change in the use of land and fragmentation. In contrast, the cloud forests on the Eastern slopes of the Central Mountain Range and on the Eastern slopes of the Westrn Mountain Range are the ones presenting better conservation condition, both in the remaining area and their fragmentation state.
Synthesis and testing of the first azobenzene mannobioside as photoswitchable ligand for the bacterial lectin FimH

In order to allow spatial and temporal control of carbohydrate-specific bacterial adhesion, it has become our goal to synthesise azobenzene mannosides as photoswitchable inhibitors of type 1 fimbriae-mediated adhesion of E. coli. An azobenzene mannobioside 2 was prepared and its photochromic properties were investigated. The E→Z isomerisation was found to be highly effective, yielding a long-lived (Z)-isomer. Both isomers, E and Z, show excellent water solubility and were tested as inhibitors of mannoside-specific bacterial adhesion in solution. Their inhibitory potency was found to be equal and almost two orders of magnitude higher than that of the standard inhibitor methyl mannoside. These findings could be rationalised on the basis of computer-aided docking studies. The properties of the new azobenzene mannobioside have qualified this glycoside to be eventually employed on solid support, in order to fabricate photoswitchable adhesive surfaces.
A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning

Although the use of climate scenarios for impact assessment has grown steadily since the 1990s, uptake of such information for adaptation is lagging by nearly a decade in terms of scientific output. Nonetheless, integration of climate risk information in development planning is now a priority for donor agencies because of the need to prepare for climate change impacts across different sectors and countries. This urgency stems from concerns that progress made against Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) could be threatened by anthropogenic climate change beyond 2015. Up to this time the human signal, though detectable and growing, will be a relatively small component of climate variability and change. This implies the need for a twin‐track approach: on the one hand, vulnerability assessments of social and economic strategies for coping with present climate extremes and variability, and, on the other hand, development of climate forecast tools and scenarios to evaluate sector‐specific, incremental changes in risk over the next few decades. This review starts by describing the climate outlook for the next couple of decades and the implications for adaptation assessments. We then review ways in which climate risk information is already being used in adaptation assessments and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of three groups of techniques. Next we identify knowledge gaps and opportunities for improving the production and uptake of climate risk information for the 2020s. We assert that climate change scenarios can meet some, but not all, of the needs of adaptation planning. Even then, the choice of scenario technique must be matched to the intended application, taking into account local constraints of time, resources, human capacity and supporting infrastructure. We also show that much greater attention should be given to improving and critiquing models used for climate impact assessment, as standard practice. Finally, we highlight the over‐arching need for the scientific community to provide more information and guidance on adapting to the risks of climate variability and change over nearer time horizons (i.e. the 2020s). Although the focus of the review is on information provision and uptake in developing regions, it is clear that many developed countries are facing the same challenges. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Formation and Circulation Processes of Intermediate Water in the Japan Sea

Abstract The formation and circulation processes of intermediate water in the Japan Sea have been investigated by study of the subduction of mixed layer water. To simulate realistic seasonal variations in the velocity and hydrographic structures, a numerical model with a nudging method for potential temperature and salinity, which reproduced the general features in the Japan Sea, is used. Close investigation of the subduction process reveals two major formation areas (A and B) of intermediate water. Area A (41°∼43°N, west of 135°E) corresponds to the region reported by recent observations, whereas Area B (40°∼43°N, east of 136°E) has not been reported so far. The mixed layer water subducted in Area A is advected southwestward and eventually its upper portion (above 200 m) reaches the eastern part of the Japan Basin, whereas the lower branch (below 200 m) reaches the Tsushima Basin. This indicates that the East Sea Intermediate Water originates from the mixed layer in Area A, and suggests that the East Sea.
A Square on the Edge of the Historical Town Nucleus - The Boundary of the Historical Town Centre

Opasnosti svođenja povijesne supstancije na povijesnu jezgru autorica suprostavlja koncept sirenja povijesnog sredista heterogenim oblikovanjem. Razrijesavanje problema trga koji se stvorio uz rub povijesne jezgre Splita povod je raspravi o obvezama koje stoje prema viseznacno složenoj urbanoj strukturi. Ovim se radom želi identificirati i nadograditi metodoloski pristup koji se zasniva na ambivalentnosti, odnosno simultanom djelovanju u istom prostoru i vremenu razlicitih elemenata urbane strukture. Pad kulture grada evidentan je u trenutku kada grad vise ne može svojom kulturom asimilirati svoj rast u jedinstvo urbanog prostora. Preinstitucionaliziranost procesa ljudskih međuodnosa pridonosi nesvjesnom prihvacanju zadanih modela “ velegradskog” stila života, stoga rast grada, uz velika obecanja prati avet nekriticne povodljivosti u okruženju apatije i antipatije. Kada rast grada prijeđe određene granice, razlika između centra i predgrađa se pretapa u cijeli niz prijelaznih oblika, a povijesno srediste se povlaci prema samom srcu grada, povijesnoj jezgri. Povijesna jezgra, kao zasticeni spomenik ne slijedi razvoj gradskog sredista. Sire gradsko srediste pak, nezasticeno, s gradskom strukturom nastalom u zadnja dva stoljeca doživljava transformacije koje prijete reduciranjem te strukture na jednostavne i proste oblike. Bogatstvo povijesne jezgre jest u jedinstvu objekta-spomenika i anonimnog povijesnog okruženja, i kuca ne mora biti velike arhitektonske vrijednosti da da svoj doprinos vrijednosti cjeline. Razvoj grada je kompleksna struktura s koherentnom tradicijom koja arhitekturu obvezuje ; arhitektura se sastoji od preciznih operacija umetnutih u prostorne strukture. Nase vrijeme sumnja u velike ideje i propisana pravila, stoga je sloboda djelovanja manje spektakularna, ali je svakako partikularnija i personalnija. Ova rasprava se odnosi na jedno posebno mjesto - trg na rubu povijesne jezgre. Split ima relativno malu povijesnu jezgru. Mjerilo srednjovjekovnog grada i mjerilo izgradnje novih stambenih zona sumjerljivo je kroz mjerilo klasicnog gradskog sredista. Stoga u Splitu treba ojacati, nadopuniti “ građansku” strukturu sirenjem gradskog sredista. Rijesenjem za Trg Gaje Bulata u Splitu stovani su svi prisutni autorski otisci. Za poslijedicu, slijedom teorije malih pomaka, ovim rjesenjem su promovirana nova prostorna težista kao doprinos konceptualnoj heterogenosti oblikovanja. Ne radi se o dizajniranju sasvim novog environmenta. Radi se o nadopuni i promjeni onog sto vec postoji, o interakciji heterogenih djelova.
Mesoscale Strain Measurements on the Beaufort Sea Pack Ice (Aidjex 1971)

Abstract The deformation of a strain triangle (≈6 km × 8 km × 11 km) located on first-year ice in the Beaufort Sea was observed over a two-week period in March 1971. Significant strain events (≈ 1.5%) were observed to occur during short (≈6 h) time periods. The long-term (one day or more) divergence rate varied between 0.04 and 0.08 × 10−3 h−1. Short-term divergence rates showed values as high as 0.29 × 10−3 h−1. The observed shearing motion indicated that the floes to the east were moving to the south relative to the floes to the west. This agrees with the shear pattern that might be expected considering the location of the station in the Pacific Gyre. Studies of fracture (lead and crack) orientations in the vicinity of the strain triangle indicate reasonable correlations with the orientation of the strain-rate ellipse. A qualitative relation is suggested between the fracture density and the long-term divergence rate. Correlations were also observed between the divergence of the wind field as computed from the surface pressure field and the ice divergence.
Early High-quality Lithic Procurement in the Semiarid North of Chile

The identification of high-quality quartz crystal as one of the main lithic resources used at the Quebrada Santa Julia campsite (Jackson et al. 2007; Mendez et al. 2007) motivated a regional search for potential procurement areas and functionally related sites. At Santa Julia, excavations uncovered a 13,100 CALYBP short-term occupation, where quartz crystal was observed to constitute ~40% of the chipping debris and fragments and was the material of two marginally retouched knives (of a total of eight retouched tools) and two
A hybrid statistical downscaling model for prediction of winter precipitation in China

Downscaling techniques can effectively improve the coarse resolution and poor representation of precipitation predicted by general circulation model (GCM). In this study, a statistical downscaling (SD) method, based on the singular value decomposition (SVD), is proposed for better representing the coupled variation between predictors and winter precipitation in China. By comparing current predictors from Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) of National Centers for Environmental Prediction and previous predictors from observation, the two best appropriate predictors, the winter sea level pressure (SLP) from the CFSv2 and the autumn sea‐ice concentration (SIC) from observation, are selected to construct the SD model for prediction of winter precipitation in China. Three downscaling schemes are developed by involving the SLP, SIC, and both of them (i.e. SLP‐scheme, SIC‐scheme, and SS‐scheme), respectively. Validations for the schemes show a considerable improvement of performance in predicting China winter precipitation, compared with the original CFSv2 output. The temporal and spatial anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) and root mean square errors (RMSE) were estimated. For the cross validation, the spatial ACC are increased from ∼0.01 of the CFSv2 to >0.3 of the downscaling model. For the independent validation, the temporal RMSE from the downscaling schemes are all decreased more than 30%. In particular, the results using the SS‐scheme showed relatively smaller RMSE than those of either the SLP‐scheme or SIC‐scheme, and hence can reproduce the precipitation anomaly in 2011 and 2012 winters more accurately.
A new method for minimizing topographic effects on RADARSAT-1 images: an application in mapping human settlements in the mountainous Three Gorges Area, China

In this paper, a new method is proposed for minimizing topographic effects on RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images in a mountainous region. Vegetation classes in terrain-affected areas (layover and foreshortening) and the human settlement class in non-affected areas on SAR images often appear with almost the same brightness and cannot be separated. As such, SAR application to land use/land cover mapping in mountainous areas is hindered. The suggested procedures include terrain effect simulation, normalization, and slope correction for SAR images. The possibility of using RADARSAT-1 images to detect human settlements in the mountainous Three Gorges Area, China, is investigated. The performance of various radiometric correction methods are compared and evaluated. In this case study, the separability between vegetation in terrain-affected areas and human settlements was successfully improved using the proposed method. Among all the images corrected using different methods, the one corrected by the proposed method for topographic correction produced the best result for mapping human settlements and other land use and land cover classes. The producer accuracy of human settlement mapping from the SAR image increased from 16.1% before correction to 46.4% after correction, the user accuracy increased from 20.9% to 39.4%, and kappa increased from 0.13 to 0.33.
Modelo de enseñanza-aprendizaje soportado en la malla del conocimiento

Communications create new opportunities in the education sector breaking down geographical and time limitations, creating relatively simple applications can be reused by individuals or groups of geographically dispersed. Information related to the computational mesh, e-learning, educational software, Sakai, knowledge management, management of standards should be taken into account in developing a collaborative work, by using the model of learning TPCK which integrates three main components namely: knowledge-technology, knowledge-pedagogy and curricular content knowledge. The result is the subject “Introduction to Programming”, using learning objects that allow the reuse of information
Investigation into a prominent 38 kHz scattering layer in the North Sea

The aim of this study was to investigate the composition of an acoustic scattering layer in the North Sea that is particularly strong at 38 kHz. A full definition of the biological composition of the layer, along with its acoustic properties, would allow for it to be confidently removed from data collected during acoustic fish surveys, where it presents a potential source of bias. The layer, traditionally and informally referred to as consisting of zooplankton, appears similar to others observed internationally. The methodology utilised in this study consisted of biological and acoustic sampling, followed by application of forward and inverse acoustic modelling techniques. Acoustic data was collected at 38, 120 and 200 kHz in July 2003, with the addition of 18 kHz in July 2004. Net samples were collected in layers of relatively strong 38 kHz acoustic scattering using a U-tow vehicle (2003) and a MIKT net (2004). Acoustic data were scrutinised to determine actual backscattering, expressed as mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS) (dB). This observed MVBS (MVBSobs) was compared with backscattering predicted by applying the forward problem solution (MVBSpred) to sampled animal densities in order to determine whether those animals were responsible for the enhanced 38 kHz scattering. In most instances, MVBSobs > MVBSpred, more pronounced at 38 kHz. It was found that MVBSpred approached MVBSobs more closely with MIKT than with U-tow samples, but that the 38 kHz mismatch was present in both. Inversion of candidate acoustic models predicted gas-bearing scatterers, which are strong at 38 kHz, as most likely to be responsible for this. Potential sources of inconsistencies between MVBS pred and MVBSobs were identified. The presented forward and inverse solutions infer that although the layer often contains large numbers of common zooplankton types, such as copepods and euphausiids, these are not the dominant acoustic scatterer at 38 kHz. Rather, there remains an unidentified, probably gas-bearing scatterer that contributes significantly to observed scattering levels at this frequency. This study identifies and considerably narrows the list of candidates that are most likely to be responsible for enhanced 38 kHz scattering in the North Sea layer, and recommendations are made for potential future studies.