Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-term mortality following trauma: 10 year follow-up in a population-based sample of injured adults.

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to quantify trauma-related mortality in injured adults over 10 years postinjury. METHODS A population-based matched cohort study used linked administrative data from Manitoba, Canada, to identify an inception cohort (1988-1991) of hospitalized trauma cases (ICD-9-CM 800-959.9) aged 18-64 years (n = 18,210) and a matched noninjured comparison group (n = 18,210). Mortality outcomes were obtained by linking the two cohorts with the Manitoba Population Registry for a period of 10 years postinjury. RESULTS The adjusted all-cause mortality rate ratio (MRR) was 7.29 (95% CI 4.53-11.74) for the 60 days immediately postinjury. The MRRs ranged between 1.17 and 2.41 for the remainder of the 10 year follow-up period. The index injury was estimated to be responsible for 41% of all recorded deaths in the injured cohort. CONCLUSIONS Estimates of the total mortality burden, based on the early inpatient period alone, substantially underestimates the true burden from injury.
Smooth Nanowire/Polymer Composite Transparent Electrodes

Transparent electrodes are critical components of thin-fi lm optoelectronic devices such as displays and thin-fi lm solar cells. Most high-performance transparent conducting fi lms in use today are composed of sputtered metal oxides. [ 1 , 2 ] These fi lms can have sheet resistances under 20 Ω ٗ − 1 with 90% transmission when deposited at a high temperature onto glass and resistances increasing to 40–200 Ω ٗ − 1 with the same transmission when deposited at lower temperatures onto plastic sub-strates. [ 2 , 3 ] Recent research has focused on replacing conductive metal oxides with alternative materials that can be deposited from solution and can reproduce the performance of metal oxides on glass on various substrates, including plastics. In addition, metal oxides are brittle, [ 4 , 5 ] and thus alternative transparent conductor technologies are also focusing on fl exibility and robustness to enable lightweight, fl exible solar cells and other thin fi lm devices. Strategies for non-vacuum deposition of transparent electrodes make use of materials other than metal oxides [ 6 ] including carbon nanotubes, [ 7–12 ] reduced graphene oxide, [ 13–16 ] fi lms using both carbon components, [ 17 ] highly conductive poly-(4,3-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS), [ 18–23 ] electrospun copper networks, [ 24 ] printed metal grids, [ 25–27 ] and Ag nanowire fi lms. [ 28–32 ] Most of these alternatives do not currently match the performance of conductive oxides. In particular, the solution-processed carbon-based materials listed above have sheet resistances much higher than those of metal oxides at comparable optical transmission, from 100 to 5000 Ω ٗ − 1. [ 6–23 ] This corresponds to fi gures of merit, defi ned by the ratio of the DC conductivity to the absorption coeffi cient, σ / α , [ 33 ] of 0.07 Ω − 1 to 1.3 × 10 − 3 Ω − 1. To avoid signifi cant losses in solar cell effi ciency brought about by the transparent electrode , the values for these fi gures of merit should be as high as possible, ideally above 1 Ω − 1. [ 33 ] At this point in development, Ag nanowire fi lms already demonstrate sheet resistances and transparencies comparable to metal oxides. However, they have been found to be unsuitable for many device applications due to their inherent roughness. For example, high-effi ciency thin-fi lm bulk heterojunction organic …
FLECK QUOTIENTS AND BERNOULLI NUMBERS

Let p be a prime, and let n>0 and r be integers. In 1913 Fleck showed that $$F_p(n,r)=(-p)^{-[(n-1)/(p-1)]}\sum_{k=r(mod p)}\binom{n}{k}(-1)^k\in\Z. $$ Nowadays this result plays important roles in many aspects. Recently Sun and Wan investigated $F_p(n,r)$ mod p in [SW2]. In this paper, using p-adic methods we determine $(F_p(m,r)-F_p(n,r))/(m-n)$ modulo p in terms of Bernoulli numbers, where m>0 is an integer with $m\not=n$ and $m=n (mod p(p-1))$. Consequently, $F_p(n,r)$ mod $p^{ord_p(n)+1}$ is determined; for example, if $n=n_*(mod p-1)$ with $0 0$ and $l\ge 0$ are integers with $2\le n-l\le p$ then $$\frac{1}{p^{n-l}}\sum_{l<k\le n} \binom{p^a n-d}{p^a k-d}(-1)^{pk}\binom{k-1}{l} =\frac{(-1)^{l-1}n! }{l! (n-l)}B_{p-n+l} (mod p)$$ for all d=1,. ,max{p^{a-2},1}.
Speech Comprehension Difficulties in Chronic Tinnitus and Its Relation to Hyperacusis

Objective: Many tinnitus patients complain about difficulties regarding speech comprehension. In spite of the high clinical relevance little is known about underlying mechanisms and predisposing factors. Here, we performed an exploratory investigation in a large sample of tinnitus patients to (1) estimate the prevalence of speech comprehension difficulties among tinnitus patients, to (2) compare subjective reports of speech comprehension difficulties with behavioral measurements in a standardized speech comprehension test and to (3) explore underlying mechanisms by analyzing the relationship between speech comprehension difficulties and peripheral hearing function (pure tone audiogram), as well as with co-morbid hyperacusis as a central auditory processing disorder. Subjects and Methods: Speech comprehension was assessed in 361 tinnitus patients presenting between 07/2012 and 08/2014 at the Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic at the University of Regensburg. The assessment included standard audiological assessments (pure tone audiometry, tinnitus pitch, and loudness matching), the Goettingen sentence test (in quiet) for speech audiometric evaluation, two questions about hyperacusis, and two questions about speech comprehension in quiet and noisy environments (“How would you rate your ability to understand speech? ”; “How would you rate your ability to follow a conversation when multiple people are speaking simultaneously? ”). Results: Subjectively-reported speech comprehension deficits are frequent among tinnitus patients, especially in noisy environments (cocktail party situation). 74.2% of all investigated patients showed disturbed speech comprehension (indicated by values above 21.5 dB SPL in the Goettingen sentence test). Subjective speech comprehension complaints (both for general and in noisy environment) were correlated with hearing level and with audiologically-assessed speech comprehension ability. In contrast, co-morbid hyperacusis was only correlated with speech comprehension difficulties in noisy environments, but not with speech comprehension difficulties in general. Conclusion: Speech comprehension deficits are frequent among tinnitus patients. Whereas speech comprehension deficits in quiet environments are primarily due to peripheral hearing loss, speech comprehension deficits in noisy environments are related to both peripheral hearing loss and dysfunctional central auditory processing. Disturbed speech comprehension in noisy environments might be modulated by a central inhibitory deficit. In addition, attentional and cognitive aspects may play a role.
Minimal " Self " Peptides That Inhibit Phagocytic Clearance and Enhance Delivery of Nanoparticles References and Notes

Sexual behaviour trends by gender in a rural South African population-based cohort during the era of scaled-up access Foreign particles and cells are cleared from the body by phagocytes that must also recognize and avoid clearance of " self " cells. The membrane protein CD47 is reportedly a " marker of self " in mice that impedes phagocytosis of self by signaling through the phagocyte receptor CD172a. Minimal " Self " peptides were computationally designed from human CD47 and then synthesized and attached to virus-size particles for intravenous injection into mice that express a CD172a variant compatible with hCD47. Self peptides delay macrophage-mediated clearance of nanoparticles, which promotes persistent circulation that enhances dye and drug delivery to tumors. Self-peptide affinity for CD172a is near the optimum measured for human CD172a variants, and Self peptide also potently inhibits nanoparticle uptake mediated by the contractile cytoskeleton. The reductionist approach reveals the importance of human Self peptides and their utility in enhancing drug delivery and imaging. M acrophages evolved to engulf and clear invading microbes and dying cells, but they respond similarly to injected particles , viruses, and implants, which hampers delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents. Coating of nanoparticles or liposomes with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) creates " stealth " brushes that mimic a cell's glycocalyx and that delay immune clearance of foreign particles (1–3), but brushes can also hinder uptake by diseased cells (4). Neither a polymer brush nor a glycocalyx stops adsorption of abundant serum proteins, such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) (table S1), which promote clearance [e.g., (1–3, 5)], and any foreign polymer can also be immunogenic (6). Targeting diseased cells with ligand-modified particle constructs might make brushes unnecessary, but some ligands also promote rapid clearance by phago-cytes (2, 7). In the reductionist approach here, we make a synthetic, human-based " Self " peptide that specifically binds and signals to phagocytes to inhibit clearance of particles as small as viruses. CD47 glycoprotein is a putative " marker of self " in mice (8) and is expressed on all cell membranes in humans, mice, and other mammals (9). It associates in cis with integrins (10) and other species-specific, immunogenic complexes on cells (11–13). Mouse knockouts of CD47 (mCD47) are viable, but when red blood cells (mRBCs) from these mice are injected into the circulation of control mice, the deficient cells are cleared within hours by splenic macrophages, whereas normal mRBCs circulate for …
Explanations for the increase in mental health problems in UK reserve forces who have served in Iraq

Background Deployment to the 2003 Iraq War was associated with ill health in reserve armed forces personnel. Aims To investigate reasons for the excess of ill health in reservists. Method UK personnel who were deployed to the 2003 Iraq War completed a health survey about experiences on deployment to Iraq. Health status was measured using self-report of common mental disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), fatigue, physical symptoms and well-being. Results Reservists were older and of higher rank than the regular forces. They reported higher exposure to traumatic experiences, lower unit cohesion, more problems adjusting to homecoming and lower marital satisfaction. Most health outcomes could be explained by role, experience of traumatic events or unit cohesion in theatre. PTSD symptoms were the one exception and were paradoxically most powerfully affected by differences in problems at home rather than events in Iraq. Conclusions The increased ill-health of reservists appears to be due to experiences on deployment and difficulties with homecoming.
The Human Genus

A general problem in biology is how to incorporate information about evolutionary history and adaptation into taxonomy. The problem is exemplified in attempts to define our own genus, Homo. Here conventional criteria for allocating fossil species to Homo are reviewed and are found to be either inappropriate or inoperable. We present a revised definition, based on verifiable criteria, for Homo and conclude that two species, Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis, do not belong in the genus. The earliest taxon to satisfy the criteria is Homo ergaster, or early African Homo erectus, which currently appears in the fossil record at about 1.9 million years ago. F or more than a century, the fossil record for human evolution was interpreted as a ladderlike series of time-successive species , with an apelike ancestor at the base and modern humans at the top. Within this scenario , the problem of where to place the lower boundary of our own genus was resolved by using stone tool manufacture as a proxy for humanity. Thus, the hominin species contemporary with the first evidence of stone tools was deemed to have made them and thus merited inclusion in the genus Homo. However, from the 1960s on, when it began to become apparent that at several stages in human evolution there were as many as three contemporaneous hominin species , the identification of the toolmaker became more difficult. More recently, fossil species have been assigned to Homo on the basis of absolute brain size, inferences about language ability and hand function, and retro-dictions about their ability to fashion stone tools. With only a few exceptions (1, 2), the definition and use of the genus within human evolution, and the demarcation of Homo, have been treated as if they are unproblem-atic. But are the criteria set out above appropriate and workable, and is this a proper use of the genus category? (3–5). We provide an overview of the genus category and show that recent data, fresh interpretations of the existing evidence, and the limitations of the pa-leoanthropological record invalidate existing criteria for attributing taxa to Homo. Established by Linnaeus in 1758, Homo is one of five genera currently assigned to the tribe Hominini (Table 1). The type species, Homo sapiens, is the one to which living humans are assigned. Opinions differ about the number of species represented by the fossils assigned to Homo (5). Some researchers advocate using H. …
Extending Social Security Coverage in Africa

Africa is the continent where the greatest proportion of the population does not have access to adequate health care and where the incidence of infant mortality is highest. These are only some of the social risks and adversities being faced in day to day life, but Africa is also the continent where the coverage of social security is at its lowest. Why is this? There is a clear deficit between social security needs and the capacity to meet those needs. And social security schemes have, in most countries, been unsuccessful in reducing this deficit. Many of these schemes are based on concepts, procedures and priorities which were imported by the former colonial powers. Many are aimed at providing social security to formal sector workers who already benefit from a higher level of support. Yet the extension of these schemes to the workers in the informal economy has had limited impact. This paper traces the development of social security in the continent and the links with colonial systems and concepts. It also identifies the elements which influence the development of social security and it highlights some country experiences which illustrate some level of success. The need for effective social security schemes which are both sustainable and relevant to social needs is now being pursued vigorously and has resulted in greater priority being given to on the one hand the participation of the social partners, and on the other hand to innovative approaches. The latter often involve community based initiatives which draw on African traditions of kinship and shared support. In this context, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and its tripartite constituents want to support the development of social security and has launched the Global Campaign on Social Security and Coverage for All in Africa.
The Equity Premium Puzzle

Economics can be distinguished from other social sciences by the belief thatmost (all? ) behavior can be explained by assuming that rational agents with stable, well-defined preferences interact in markets that (eventually) clear. An empirical result qualifies as an anomaly if it is difficult to "rationalize" or if implausible assumptions are necessary to explain it within the paradigm. Suggestions for future topics should be sent to Richard Thaler, c/o Journal of Economic Perspectives, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, or
The part-time pay penalty

In 2003, women working part-time in the UK earned, on average, 22% less than women working full-time. Compared to women who work FT, PT women are more likely to have low levels of education, to be in a couple, to have young and numerous children, to work in small establishments in distribution, hotels and restaurants and in low-level occupations. Taking account of these differences, the PT penalty for identical women doing the same job is estimated to be about 10% if one does not take account of differences in the occupations of FT and PT women and 3% if one does. The occupational segregation of PT and FT women can explain most of the aggregate PT pay penalty. In particular, women who move from FT to PT work are much more likely to change employer and/or occupation than those who maintain their hours status. And, when making this transition, they tend to make a downward occupational move, evidence that many women working PT are not making full use of their skills and experience. Women working PT in the other EU countries have similar problems to the UK but the UK has the highest PT pay penalty and one of the worst problems in enabling women to move between FT and PT work without occupational demotions. At the same time, PT work in the UK carries a higher job satisfaction premium (or a lower job satisfaction penalty) than in most other countries. Policy initiatives in recent years like the National Minimum Wage, the Part-Time Workers Regulations and the Right to Request Flexible Working appear to have had little impact on the PT pay penalty as yet although it is too early to make a definitive assessment of the full impact of some of these regulations. The most effective way to reduce the PT pay penalty would be to strengthen rights for women to move between FT and PT work without losing their current job.
Storage Modification Machines

In 1970 the author introduced a new machine model [A. Schonhage, Universelle Turing Speicherung, Dorr, Hotz, eds., Automatentheorie and Formale Sprachen, Bibliogr. Institut, Mannheim, 1970, pp. 369–383] now called storage modification machine (SMM). This paper gives a comprehensive presentation of our present knowledge of SMMs. It contains a complete description of the SMM model and its real time equivalence to the so-called successor RAMS. The preliminary version [A. Schonhage, Real-time simulation of multidimensional Turing machines by storage modification machines, Technical Memorandum 37, M.I. T. Project MAC, Cambridge, MA, 1973] of our proof for the real time simulation of multi-dimensional Turing machines is now worked out in its details. Moreover we show the existence of an SMM that performs integer-multiplication in linear time. The final discussion contains a brief comment on the relationship between SMMs and Kolmogorov algorithms [A. N. Kolmogorov and V. A. Uspenskii, On the definition of an algo.
Genetic Differences between Blight-Causing Erwinia Species with Differing Host Specificities, Identified by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization

ABSTRACT PCR-based subtractive hybridization was used to isolate sequences from Erwinia amylovora strain Ea110, which is pathogenic on apples and pears, that were not present in three closely related strains with differing host specificities: E. amylovora MR1, which is pathogenic only on Rubus spp. ; Erwinia pyrifoliae Ep1/96, the causal agent of shoot blight of Asian pears; and Erwinia sp. strain Ejp556, the causal agent of bacterial shoot blight of pear in Japan. In total, six subtractive libraries were constructed and analyzed. Recovered sequences included type III secretion components, hypothetical membrane proteins, and ATP-binding proteins. In addition, we identified an Ea110-specific sequence with homology to a type III secretion apparatus component of the insect endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius, as well as an Ep1/96-specific sequence with homology to the Yersinia pestis effector protein tyrosine phosphatase YopH.
Clonidine-Induced Hyperglycemia in a Young Diabetic Girl

ciated with prolonged adrenocorticosteroid therapy. Am J Surf! 1971; 121:46-51. 3. Webb PK, Conant MA, Maibach HI. Perforation of the colon in high dose corticosteroid therapy of pemphigus. JAm Acad Dermatol 1982; 6:1040-6. 4. Lauber JS, Abrams HL, Ray MC. Silent bowel perforation occurring during corticosteroid treatment for pemphigus vulgaris. Cutis 1989;43: 27-8. 5. Fadul CE, Leman W, Thaler HT, Posner JB. Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract in patients receiving steroids for neurological diseases. Neurology 1988;38:348-52. 6. Fein BT. Perforation and inflammation of diverticula of the colon secondary to long-term adrenocorticosteroid therapy for bronchial asthma and pulmonary emphysema. SouthMedJ 1961;54:355-9.
Cultivo do sorgo biomassa para a cogeração de energia elétrica.

O Brasil passa atualmente por grande demanda energetica, por causa do deslocamento de industrias de grande porte para Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goias, e estados do Nordeste, e ainda mantem a demanda do Estado de Sao Paulo como mais importante polo industrial do Pais. Apesar de a matriz energetica brasileira estar concentrada na geracao de energia por hidreletricas, muitas usinas termoeletricas estao sendo instaladas em todo o Pais, para atender essas demandas energeticas crescentes. Consequentemente, nova demanda por biomassa vegetal vem surgindo no Brasil, junto com o interesse de grandes usina sucroalcooleiras para a cogeracao de energia eletrica em caldeiras de alta pressao pela queima direta de biomassa. Contudo, o crescimento na producao de biomassa para atender essa crescente demanda e lenta, ja que a base fundamental deste negocio estava alicercada no cultivo e na producao de biomassa vinda de eucaliptais, que, por caracteristica genetica, tem crescimento lento e instalacao onerosa. Como alternativa, muitos grupos geradores de energia eletrica (termoeletricas associadas a industrias internacionais e usinas de grande porte) iniciaram o cultivo e a producao de biomassa proveniente de capins (braquiaria, coloniao e napier), mas com taxa de retorno do investimento insatisfatoria, pois a produtividade dos campos de cultivo tem sido baixa (maximo de 35 t ha-1 de massa fresca) e com baixo poder calorifico. Nesse contexto, o cultivo do sorgo biomassa surge como tecnologia potencialmente muito mais promissora que os capins e o eucalipto, pois a especie pode atingir produtividade de 150 t ha-1 de massa fresca, em ciclo de apenas cinco meses, com cultivo totamente mecanizavel. Adicionalmente, o sorgo biomassa pode ser propagado por sementes, gerando um custo operacional menor, fato esse que nao ocorre com as outras alternativas. E importante ressaltar que o negocio de agroenergia no Brasil e tipicamente relacionado a parceria publico-privada, e a Embrapa define, dentro de sua missao, sua contribuicao em Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovacao e Transferencia Tecnologica para os mercados competitivos, como e o caso do setor bioenergetico brasileiro. Neste contexto, essa publicacao tem o objetivo de auxiliar os produtores na producao da cultura do sorgo biomassa em sistemas intensivos, gerando energia eletrica com a qualidade e a frequencia demandada por industrias de grande porte, vinculadas a rede de energia eletrica nacional ou geradoras de sua propria demanda energetica, via termoeletricas associadas.
The chemistry and biochemistry of vanadium and the biological activities exerted by vanadium compounds.

6.1. 2. Aqueous V(III) Chemistry 877 6.1. 3. Oxidation State of Vanadium in Tunicates 878 6.1. 4. Uptake of Vanadate into Tunicates 879 6.1. 5. Vanadium Binding Proteins: Vanabins 879 6.1. 6. Model Complexes and Their Chemistry 880 6.1. 7. Catechol-Based Model Chemistry 880 6.1. 8. Vanadium Sulfate Complexes 881 6.2. Fan Worm Pseudopotamilla occelata 883 7. Vanadium Nitrogenase 883 7.1. Nitrogenases 883 7.2. Biochemistry of Nitrogenase 884 7.3. Clusters in Nitrogenase and Model Systems: Structure and Reactivity 885