Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbiological Hazards of Household Toilets: Droplet Production and the Fate of Residual Organisms

Large numbers of bacteria and viruses when seeded into household toilets were shown to remain in the bowl after flushing, and even continual flushing could not remove a persistent fraction. This was found to be due to the adsorption of the organisms to the porcelain surfaces of the bowl, with gradual elution occurring after each flush. Droplets produced by flushing toilets were found to harbor both bacteria and viruses which had been seeded. The detection of bacteria and viruses falling out onto surfaces in bathrooms after flushing indicated that they remain airborne long enough to settle on surface throughout the bathroom. Thus, there is a possibility that a person may acquire an infection from an aerosol produced by a toilet.
Promising Routes to a High Li+ Transference Number Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries

The continued search for routes to improve the power and energy density of lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles and consumer electronics has resulted in significant innovation in all cell components, particularly in electrode materials design. In this Review, we highlight an often less noted route to improving energy density: increasing the Li+ transference number of the electrolyte. Turning to Newman’s original lithium ion battery models, we demonstrate that electrolytes with modestly higher Li+ transference numbers compared to traditional carbonate-based liquid electrolytes would allow higher power densities and enable faster charging (e.g., >2C), even if their conductivity was substantially lower than that of conventional electrolytes. Most current research in high transference number electrolytes (HTNEs) focuses on ceramic electrolytes, polymer electrolytes, and ionomer membranes filled with nonaqueous solvents. We highlight a number of the challenges limiting current HTNE systems and suggest a.
Identification of a Germination System Involved in the Heat Injury of Bacillus Subtilis Spores

Bacillus subtilis A spores were injured by exposure to heat treatments of 110 to 132 C. Injury was demonstrated by the inability to form colonies on fortified nutrient agar (FNA) unless the medium was supplemented with CaCl2 and Na2 dipicolinate (CNA). A preliminary heat treatment fully heat-activated the spores, was not lethal, and did not prevent injury by subsequent secondary heat treatment. Exposure of heat-activated spores to 122 C reduced germination in FNA. The primary germination agents in FNA were identified, and a defined germination medium of glucose, NaCl, l-alanine, and sodium phosphate (GNAP) was developed. Germination of heat-activated spores in GNAP was equivalent to germination in FNA. Injury measured by colony formation on FNA and CNA was correlated to injury measured by reduced germination in both FNA and GNAP. Inactivation of the FNA and GNAP germination systems by secondary treatment exhibited similar kinetics. Therefore, injury expressed as the inability to form colonies on FNA involved alteration of the GNAP germination system.
Characterization of IS476 and Its Role in Bacterial Spot Disease of Tomato and Pepper

IS476 is an endogenous insertion sequence present in copper-tolerant strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Sequence analysis has revealed that the element is 1,225 base pairs in length, has 26-base-pair inverted repeats, and causes a 4-base-pair target site duplication upon insertion into the avirulence gene avrBsl. Comparison of the full-length sequence with sequences in the National Biomedical Research Foundation and National Institutes of Health data bases showed that one of the predicted IS476 proteins is partially homologous to the putative transposase of IS3 from Escherichia coli, and the inverted repeats of IS476 have significant homology to the inverted repeats of the ISS5 insertion sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi. A transposition assay based on the insertional inactivation of the sacRB locus of Bacillus subtilis was used to demonstrate that one of the three copies of IS476 residing on the 200-kilobase copper plasmid pXVCU1 is capable of transposition in several strains of Xanthomonas campestris. The position of IS476 insertion in several avrBsl mutants was established and was shown to influence both induction of hypersensitivity and bacterial growth in planta.
Immunity to Aerosol Challenge in Guinea Pigs Immunized with Gamma-Irradiated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Vaccines

In a previous report, it was shown that nonviable Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vaccines prepared by exposure of virus suspensions produced in WI-38 cells to ionizing radiations were highly effective in protecting guinea pigs subjected to intraperitoneal (ip) challenge with VEE virus. To characterize further the efficacy of irradiated vaccines, guinea pigs were immunized with three lots of vaccine inactivated by exposure to 8 × 106 r of gamma rays and then were challenged via the respiratory route with aerosols of VEE virus. Animals that received a series of three ip inoculations of vaccine at 1-week intervals showed high levels of resistance to aerosol challenge. The 50% effective dose values of vaccines ranged from <0.0016 to 0.0051 ml for respiratory challenge and from <0.00074 to 0.0011 ml for intraperitoneal challenge. Serological studies showed that antigenicity of the irradiated vaccines was excellent. Moderate to high levels of serum-neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were demonstrated in the majority of animals vaccinated with undiluted or 10−1 dilutions of the vaccines. However, serum-neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody levels were not always indicative of the level of immunity, because some animals in which significant antibody could not be demonstrated were able to survive challenge with VEE virus.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MOUSE POLYOMA VIRUS INFECTION

An infectious disease process must be understood at four levels: the level of the agent itself, the level of the interaction of the agent with the individual cell, the level of infection of individual animals, or the pathogenesis of the infection, and at the level of the whole population, or the epi-demiology and ecology of the infection. In this period of intense interest in the nature of the cellvirus interactions, it must be remembered that elucidation of the ecology of an infectious agent remains indispensable for determining the importance of the agent as a cause of disease, for devising control procedures, and even for working rationally with the agent in the laboratory. This truism applies as much to tumorigenic viruses as to any other agent. This report will discuss the results of ecologic and pathogenicity studies with the polyoma virus. The polyoma virus was discovered independently by Gross (13) and by Stewart (34), during attempts to transmit AKR mouse leukemia to newborn mice by inoculation of filtrates of leukemic tissues. Subsequently, Stewart and Eddy (6, 36) made the major discoveries that the virus could be propagated in tissue culture, with production of cytopathic effects in mouse embryo cultures, and that infected tissue culture fluids inoculated into newborn mice induced multiple tumors, both of multicentric origin and of multiple histologic types (35). The most frequent tumors produced were mixed tumors of the salivary glands and respiratory tract mucous glands, subcutaneous sarcomas, mammary tumors, osteogenic sarcomas, and thymic epitheliomas, but many other cell types were also involved. Even more remarkably, the virus was capable of inducing tumors in other species, producing hemangioendotheliomas and sarcomas in the hamster, sarcomas in the rat, and fibromas
Revised linkage map of Salmonella typhimurium

INTRODUCTION . 354 MATERIALS AND METHODS. 354 P22-mediated Transduction. 354 Media. 354 Conjugation Methods . 354 Testing of Recombinants. 354 Strains 355 Nomenclature. 355 EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE STR-ILV INTERVAL. 355 SUMMARY OF ORDER OF GENES ON THE MAP. 355 0to 19-mimi Region. 355 19to 52-min Region . 355 52to 53-min Region 356 55to 79-min Region 7 80to 108-min Region. 65 108to 117-min Region 3 117to 138-min Region F-prime Factors. 365 DISCUSSION. 366 Comparison of the Maps of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. 366 Frequency of Crossing Over in S. typhimurium . 366 Orientationi of Operons. 367 Transduction Fragmenits . 367 LITERATURE CITED . 368
Integrated Plume Treatment Using Persulfate Coupled with Microbial Sulfate Reduction

The integration or sequential use of different remediation technologies, also referred to as a combined remedy, has become an emerging strategy for the treatment of contaminated sites. Coupling chemical oxidation using persulfate with enhanced bioremediation (EBR) under sulfate reducing conditions is a plausible combined remedy. To characterize the role of the mass removal processes (e.g., chemical oxidation vs. sulfate reduction) and to quantify the impact of persulfate on indigenous microbial processes in a combined persulfate/EBR treatment system, a pilot‐scale field experiment was conducted in a 24‐m long sheet pile‐walled gate over a period of approximately 400 d. After dissolved benzene, toluene, and o‐xylene (BTX) quasi steady‐state plumes were developed, two persulfate injection episodes were performed 10 d apart to create a chemical oxidation (ChemOx) zone. High‐resolution monitoring was conducted to observe the migration of the ChemOx zone and transition into an EBR zone. Mass loss estimates and geochemical indicators were used to identify the distinct transition between the ChemOx and enhanced biological reactive zones. Compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) was used to distinguish the dominant mass removal process, and to investigate the occurrence of microbial sulfate reduction. BTX metabolites and reverse‐transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of expressed biodegradation genes (as mRNA) were also used to characterize the response of indigenous microorganisms (especially sulfate‐reducing bacteria) to the added persulfate. Multiple lines of evidence supported the conclusion that chemical oxidation was the dominant mass removal process in the vicinity of the injection zone, while enhanced biodegradation dominated BTX degradation in the downgradient portions of the system. The CSIA and supporting molecular biological data were critical in documenting temporally and spatially distinctive zones in this system that were dominated by either chemical‐oxidation or anaerobic‐biodegradation processes. Initially, persulfate had an inhibitory impact on the activity of the indigenous microbial community, but this was followed by a substantial rebound of microbial activity to above baseline levels. The results from this investigation demonstrate that the suite of diagnostic tools employed can be used to distinguish between chemical oxidation using persulfate and the subsequent effects of the produced sulfate.
Control Mechanisms Operative in a Natural Microbial Population Selected for Its Ability to Degrade L-Lysine. II. Effects of Fructose and Ribose in Batch Systems

A natural microbial population was acclimated to L-lysine as the sole carbon source when ammonia nitrogen was provided in the medium. Fructose exerted a slight retarding effect upon the metabolic removal of lysine. The response was due to catabolite repression of the inducible enzyme system responsible for lysine degradation. Inhibition of activity of preformed enzymes played no part in the response. Ribose caused a slight increase in the rate of synthesis of lysine-degrading enzymes.
Efficacy and Safety of Topical Lysostaphin Treatment of Persistent Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus

The efficacy of lysostaphin nasal spray and Neosporin ointment (Burroughs Wellcome & Co.) in altering nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus was studied with persistent carriers in an institution for mentally retarded children and adults. Treatment for 5 days with either agent significantly reduced carriage rates. This effect persisted through the 5th day after therapy with lysostaphin but not with Neosporin. By the 11th day after therapy, carriage rates in the treatment and control groups were not significantly different. Except for a single immediate wheal and flair skin test reaction, no other evidence of adverse reactions to topical lysostaphin was detected. No consistent changes in hemagglutination-inhibition titers to lysostaphin were observed after therapy. Lysostaphin appears to be slightly more effective than conventional topical antimicrobial therapy in reducing nasal carriage of staphylococci in this rigorously defined population of persistent carriers.
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF EPIPHYLLUM OXYPETALUM

Objective: The main aim of the study is to determine the free radical scavenging activity of Epiphyllum oxypetalum by in vitro method. Method: DPPH radical scavenging assay and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay were the methods used to determine the antioxidant activity Result: The maximum percent inhibition by DPPH radical and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging method was seen at 2000 µg/ml and 500 µg/ml concentration in both alcohol and aqueous extract respectively. Conclusion: Epiphyllum oxypetalum exhibits antioxidant
Production and quality of Alpine goat milk by using urea in place of soybean meal Produção e qualidade do leite de cabras Alpinas utilizando uréia em substituição ao farelo de soja

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of soybean meal by urea in the ration of alpine milking does on the physico-chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and sensory characteristics of the milk. Ten multiparous alpine goats, distributed in a 5X5 Latin square and five levels of urea (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 e 2.0%) were used in five experimental periods of 17 days each - 12 days for adaptation and 5 days for data collection. There was no effect on the density index (g/cm 3 ), acidity (˚D), protein (%), total dry extract (%), dry defatted extract (%), ashes (%) and sensory characteristics (odor and flavor). Substitution of soybean meal by urea increased the concentration of milk fat and short chain fatty acids. However, sensory characteristics of the milk were not altered and acceptable by the taste panel.
Application of Threonine Aldolases for the Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Quaternary α‐Amino Acids

We report the synthesis of diverse β‐hydroxy‐α,α‐dialkyl‐α‐amino acids with perfect stereoselectivity for the α‐quaternary center through the action of l‐ and d‐specific threonine aldolases. A wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes were accepted by the enzymes and conversions up to >80 % were obtained. In the case of d‐selective threonine aldolase from Pseudomonas sp. , generally higher diastereoselectivities were observed. The applicability of the protocol was demonstrated by performing enzymatic reactions on preparative scale. Using the d‐threonine aldolase from Pseudomonas sp. , (2R,3S)‐2‐amino‐3‐(2‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoic acid was generated in preparative amounts in one step with a diastereomeric ratio >100 favoring the syn‐product. A Birch‐type reduction enabled the reductive removal of the β‐hydroxy group from (2S)‐2‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐3‐phenylpropanoic acid to generate enantiopure l‐α‐methyl‐phenylalanine via a two‐step chemo‐enzymatic transformation.
Interaction of lipopolysaccharides with plasma high-density lipoprotein in rats

The method of crossed immunoelectrophoresis was used to investigate early changes in plasma proteins of rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Intravenous injection of a smooth (S)- and a rough (R)-form preparation led to alterations in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) precipitation peak. The changes were dose dependent and characteristic for each LPS. The changes were identified as being due to the formation of a complex of LPS with HDL, the complex of the S-form LPS with HDL migrating slower and that of the R-form LPS with HDL migrating faster than free HDL. The fate of the complex was followed in the plasma of injected rats, and it was shown that the R-form LPS complex disappeared after several hours, whereas the S-form LPS complex was still partly present after 2 days. Plasma clearance studies, carried out with 14C-labeled LPS, revealed similar differences in the rate of elimination of the two LPSs. In both cases the time of clearance resembled that of the disappearance of LPS-HDL complex. These results may indicate that HDL represents a transport protein for LPS in plasma to organs of clearance or to other cellular targets.
Derivatives of eis-NPC 1 2 ( NS 0 C 1 ) 2 and ( NPC 1 2 ) 2 NS 0 C 1 , Part X

Recently we reported on the substitution pattern in reactions of CI'. S-NPC12(NSOC1)2 with piperidine [1]. It was shown that steric hindrance forces the nucleophilic attack to take place first at a sulphur atom. It seemed interesting, therefore, to investigate the behaviour of AS-NPCl2(NSOF)2 (1) during aminolysis, since it could be expected that both the small size of the fluorine atom and the strength of the S -F bond would affect the substitution pattern. The results of the reactions of 1 with piperidine in acetonitrile at room temperature are described. We also investigated the aminolysis of the related compound (NPC12)2NS0F (2) to obtain more experimental data on the reactivity of the SOF centre.
Growth of Chlorella sorokiniana at Hyperbaric Oxygen Pressures

The growth rate of Chlorella sorokiniana decreased in a linear fashion as the partial pressure of oxygen was increased from 711 to 1,478 mm of Hg. Under two atmospheres of oxygen pressure, growth ceased after 10 to 12 hr. This cessation of growth was not due to any permanent injury, as growth resumed when oxygen partial pressure was reduced to ambient levels. The inhibition occurred under both autotrophic and heterotrophic growth conditions and was not accompanied by an increase in cell size. The results indicated that the tolerance of Chlorella cells to elevated oxygen pressures was not an absolute immunity, and that inhibition of growth at very high oxygen pressures cannot be accounted for by an inhibition of photosynthesis alone.
Structure and morphogenesis of the bacterial spore coat

INTRODUCTION . 360 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPORE COAT LAYERS . 361 Freeze-Etch Preparations and Sections of Control, Sulfite-Treated, and Mutant Spores . 361 Germinating Spores . 365 Comparative Structural Features of Various Species . 365 Parasporal Inclusions in Relation to Spore Coats . 367 EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COAT POLYPEPTIDES . 371 DIFFERENTIAL SOLUBILIZATION OF SPORE COAT LAYERS . 381 KINETICS OF SYNTHESIS OF SPORE COAT PROTEIN . 385 MORPHOGENESIS OF THE OUTER COAT: INCORPORATION OF HALF-CYSTINE RESIDUES . 389 Model for Coat Assembly . 391 ANALYSIS OF PRESUMPTIVE SPORE COAT MUTANTS . 394 FUNCTIONS OF THE SPORE COAT . 395 SPORE COAT-RELATED PROTEINS . 396 CRITICAL REVIEW AND SUMMARY . 396 GENERAL REMARKS AND SPECULATIONS ON FUTURE STUDIES . 398 LITERATURE CITED . 399
Long-term spatial-temporal temperature characteristics of a pastoral ecosystem in Kajiado County, Kenya

Kajiado County is mainly Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) and as such it is faced with harsh climatic conditions. The county is dominantly inhabited by the Maasai pastoralists who depend on climatesensitive natural resources for their provisions and production needs. As such, they are faced with low productivity. Therefore, the study investigated historical temperature characteristics combined with surveys on the Maasai pastoralists’ experiences. The study used a mixed-method approach using temperature data along with semi-structured questionnaires. Temperature analysis utilised a mix of ground-based meteorological and satellite data. These temperature data were retrieved from Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) and Climate Hazards Infra-Red Temperature with Stations (CHIRTS) respectively. The climatology analysis from the T-test showed that both the maximum and minimum temperature increased significantly at p < 0.05. A similar temperature rise was noted for spatial analysis where an overall warming trend was observed across the entire county. The Chi-square analysis affirmed the adverse effects of the temperature rise on the Maasai pastoralists as indicated in the growing numbers of heat-related illnesses and deaths in livestock. The resultant social-economic impacts translated to a decline in livestock population pointing up to the need for enhanced preparedness for the warming trends and better prediction models to enhance both societal and ecosystem resilience.
FHIST: A Benchmark for Few-shot Classification of Histological Images

Few-shot learning has recently attracted wide interest in image classification, but almost all the current public benchmarks are focused on natural images. The few-shot paradigm is highly relevant in medical-imaging applications due to the scarcity of labeled data, as annotations are expensive and require specialized expertise. However, in medical imaging, few-shot learning research is sparse, limited to private data sets and is at its early stage. In particular, the few-shot setting is of high interest in histology due to the diversity and fine granularity of cancer related tissue classification tasks, and the variety of data-preparation techniques. This paper introduces a highly diversified public benchmark, gathered from various public datasets, for few-shot histology data classification. We build few-shot tasks and base-training data with various tissue types, different levels of domain shifts stemming from various cancer sites, and different class-granularity levels, thereby reflecting realistic scenarios. We evaluate the performances of state-of-the-art few-shot learning methods on our benchmark, and observe that simple fine-tuning and regularization methods achieve better results than the popular meta-learning and episodic-training paradigm. Furthermore, we introduce three scenarios based on the domain shifts between the source and target histology data: near-domain, middle-domain and out-domain. Our experiments display the potential of few-shot learning in histology classification, with state-of-art few shot learning methods approaching the supervised-learning baselines in the near-domain setting. In our out-domain setting, for 5-way 5-shot, the best performing method reaches 60% accuracy. We believe that our work could help in building realistic evaluations and fair comparisons of few-shot learning methods and will further encourage research in the few-shot paradigm.