Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Canopy height, rather than neighbourhood eﬀects, shapes leaf herbivory in a tropical rainforest

Factors shaping the interspeciﬁc variations in herbivory have puzzled ecologists for decades and several hypotheses have been proposed. In a tropical rain forest in Yunnan Province, China, we collected 6,732 leaves from 129 species with canopy heights ranging from 1.6 m to 65.0 m above the ground. We tested the role of plant apparency, leaf traits and the diversity, composition and structural heterogeneity of neighbors in shaping the interspeciﬁc variations in herbivory. Results show that leaf herbivory decreased with canopy height and speciﬁc leaf area and increased with leaf size. However, neighboring species’ diversity, composition, and structural heterogeneity showed no association with herbivory. Therefore, neither the plant apparency hypothesis nor the associational resistance hypothesis was supported in this hyper-diverse tropical rainforest. Our results highlight the importance of vertical structures and organic sizes in shaping herbivory patterns in natural communities.
Evolution of Body Size in the Woodrat over the Past 25,000 Years of Climate Change

Microevolutionary changes in the body size of the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) since the last glacial maximum were estimated from measurements of fecal pellets preserved in paleomiddens from the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau of the United States. The changes closely track regional temperature fluctuations simulated by the Community Climate Model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and also those estimated from deuterium isotope ratios of plant cellulose recovered from paleomiddens. Body size decreased during periods of climatic warming, as predicted from Bergmann's rule and from physiological responses to temperature stress. Fossil woodrat middens, by providing detailed temporal sequences of body sizes from many locations, permit precise quantification of responses to climatic change that have occurred in the past and may occur in the future.
Aftershock triggering by postseismic stresses: A study based on Coulomb rate‐and‐state models

The spatiotemporal clustering of earthquakes is a feature of medium‐ and short‐term seismicity, indicating that earthquakes interact. However, controversy exists about the physical mechanism behind aftershock triggering: static stress transfer and reloading by postseismic processes have been proposed as explanations. In this work, we use a Coulomb rate‐and‐state model to study the role of coseismic and postseismic stress changes on aftershocks and focus on two processes: creep on the main shock fault plane (afterslip) and secondary aftershock triggering by previous aftershocks. We model the seismic response to Coulomb stress changes using the Dieterich constitutive law and focus on two events: the Parkfield, Mw = 6.0, and the Tohoku, Mw = 9.0, earthquakes. We find that modeling secondary triggering systematically improves the maximum log likelihood fit of the sequences. The effect of afterslip is more subtle and difficult to assess for near‐fault events, where model errors are largest. More robust conclusions can be drawn for off‐fault aftershocks: following the Tohoku earthquake, afterslip promotes shallow crustal seismicity in the Fukushima region. Simple geometrical considerations indicate that afterslip‐induced stress changes may have been significant on trench parallel crustal fault systems following several of the largest recorded subduction earthquakes. Moreover, the time dependence of afterslip strongly enhances its triggering potential: seismicity triggered by an instantaneous stress change decays more quickly than seismicity triggered by gradual loading, and as a result we find afterslip to be particularly important between few weeks and few months after the main shock.
Assessment of variability parameters and diversity of panicle architectural traits associated with yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The rice panicle, a pivotal reproductive structure, signifies the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants. Comprising components such as the rachis, primary and secondary branches, seed quantities and branch lengths, panicle architecture profoundly influences grain production. This study delves into the diversity of panicle architecture traits and scrutinizes variability parameters across 69 distinct rice genotypes. Our findings underscore substantial variations in panicle architecture traits among genotypes. Particularly noteworthy are traits with the highest coefficient of variation (CV%), encompassing the count of secondary branches, single plant yield, productive tillers per plant, seeds per secondary branch and panicle weight. Correlation analysis reveals robust positive connections between panicle weight, the number of filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight and single plant yield. The number of secondary branches exhibits the most substantial phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV%) at 47.14%, accompanied by a genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV%) of 43.57%. Traits such as days to 50% flowering, plant height and number of filled grains per panicle manifest high heritability (97.04%, 91.24% and 76.22% respectively) and notable genetic advancement (23.11%, 39.62% and 47.49%). The principal component analysis identifies the primary component (PC1) as the principal contributor to variance. Biplot analysis accentuates positive correlations between attributes like the number of filled grains per panicle, panicle length, plant height, primary branch count, panicle weight, seeds per primary branch and the number of secondary branches with single plant yield. By employing Mahalanobis D2 statistics, the classification of genotypes into 6 distinct clusters reveals clusters III and IV as distinguished by their significant inter-cluster and intra-cluster distances. This comprehensive analysis unveils the potential for harnessing panicle architecture traits to enhance grain production and advances our comprehension of intricate relationships within diverse rice genotypes.
New isolated pterodactyloid bones from the Albian Toolebuc Formation (western Queensland, Australia) with comments on the Australian pterosaur fauna

New isolated pterodactyloid bones from the Toolebuc Formation are described. The first one consists of a complete wing metacarpal 212 mm long, representing an individual with an estimated wing span of 4 m. Small depressions on the anterior surface are present and represent tooth marks showing that this specimen was subjected to scavenging prior to fossilization. The other bone consists of a three-dimensionally preserved cervical vertebra lacking most of the neural arch. The specimens are clearly referable to the derived pterosaur clade Pterodactyloidea. Based on several features such as the position of the pneumatic foramen and the particular shape and proportions of those elements, they possibly are members of, or closely related to, the Anhangueridae. The record of the Australian pterosaurs is reviewed here and represents the known southern distributional limit for Cretaceous pterosaurs, arguing against some older ideas of a more geographically restricted range for these flying reptiles.
Distinguishing between Artifacts and Geofacts: A Test Case from Eastern England

AbstractDistinguishing between naturally and culturally-produced flaked stone has been a recognized problem in archaeology since the 19th century. A group of possible Paleolithic flakes from Kirmington, England, is examined using general and local flake characteristics. The general characteristics are derived by comparing known archaeological material to known natural material; the local characteristics are derived by comparing the possible artifacts from Kirmington to a natural control sample from the same site. The presence of features deemed significant by these comparisons contributes to a composite score for each object examined; artifacts score higher than natural flakes. The results indicate that some of the flakes in question are artifacts.
Mafic granulites and clinopyroxenite xenoliths from the Transdanubian Volcanic Region (Hungary): implications for the deep structure of the Pannonian Basin

Abstract The Transdanubian Volcanic Region (TVR) is composed mainly of Pliocene alkali basalts, basanites, olivine basalts and olivine tholeiites, as well as rare nephelinites. The partial melting and genesis of alkali basaltic liquids is a consequence of an upwelling of the upper mantle which also caused thinning of the lithosphere and recent sinking of the Pannonian Basin. Four different types of lower crustal and upper-mantle xenoliths are found within the TVR: garnet-free and garnet-bearing granulites, clinopyroxenites and spinel lherzolites. We present mineralogical and geochemical data on granulite facies and clinopyroxenite xenoliths from three localities in the Hungarian part of the TVR (Bondoróhegy, Szentbékálla and Szigliget). It is concluded that, whilst the protoliths of the granulite facies xenoliths were tholeiitic igneous rocks and could be part of an ancient crust, the clinopyroxenite xenoliths represent recent underplating and may have formed from an alkali basaltic liquid similar to the host lava. Planar contact relations between clinopyroxenites and spinel lherzolites as observed in composite xenoliths, as well as high Al-contents in clinopyroxenes, point to a high-pressure genesis in the upper mantle for these rocks. In contrast, geobarometrical estimates yielded only a moderate pressure range characteristic of lower crustal levels for the garnet-free granulite xenoliths (7–9 kbar). Nevertheless, two-pyroxene geothermometry yielded high temperatures of equilibration (>900°C) for these xenoliths, probably caused by advective heat transfer connected with underplating and in agreement with the high present-day geothermal gradient of this region. In the Central Range localities only garnet-free granulite xenoliths occur, whereas at the border of the TVR both garnet-free and garnet-bearing granulite facies nodules are found. It is possible that the incoming of garnet is retarded by higher temperatures in the lower crust below the Central Range. It is also suggested that the difference in seismically measured crustal thickness between the Central Range and adjacent basin areas may be connected with different thermal conditions below these regions and that the seismically defined Moho and the petrological Moho do not necessarily coincide.
Anti-Inflammatory And Therapeutic Activities of Omega-3-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Oil Extract on Acute Inflammation in Animal Models.

Background: When prescribing painkillers for acute, chronic, and degenerative pain disorders, one must take into account safety issues for continuous long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs due to the side effects. As a result, the therapeutic safety of anti-inflammatory supplements utilizing natural forms, such as omega -3 fatty acids (n-3 fatty acids), is more important than its effectiveness. Method: The nutritional intervention of n-3 fish oil extract (owing to its eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA contents) in experimental animal for acute inflammatory models was investigated in this work using standard methods (Carageenan, Arachidonic acid, and PGE2). Result: Results obtained demonstrated a notable reduction in inflammation caused by fish oil due to its EPA and DHA content. For groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the percentage inhibition of the carrageenan-induced paw edema inflammation after 24 hours was 78.57%, 57.14%, 50.00%, 100.00% and 92.85%, respectively. Arachidonic acid-induced ear edema was inhibited by 30, 24, 27, 37, and 40%, whilst the PGE-2 test was inhibited by 44.16, 52.48, 61.34, 74, and 80.05%. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA), the active components in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, have the ability to disrupt the prostaglandin metabolic pathway by competing with arachidonic acids for the COX active site and thereby inhibiting their synthesis. The novelty of the work is demonstrated in the use of diet instead SAIDs to resolve inflammation.
The Estimation of Angular Misalignments for Ultra Short Baseline Navigation Systems. Part II: Experimental Results

An algorithm of alignment calibration for Ultra Short Baseline (USBL) navigation systems was presented in the companion work (Part I). In this part (Part II) of the paper, this algorithm is tested on the sea trial data collected from USBL line surveys. In particular, the solutions to two practical problems referred to as heading deviation and cross-track error in the USBL line survey are presented. A field experiment running eight line surveys was conducted to collect USBL positioning data. The numerical results for the sea trial data demonstrated that the proposed algorithm could robustly and effectively estimate the alignment errors. Comparisons of the experimental result with the analytical prediction of roll misalignment estimation in Part I is drawn, showing good agreement. The experimental results also show that an inappropriate estimation of roll alignment error will significantly degrade the quality of estimations of heading and pitch alignment errors.
Percentile-Based Adaptive Immune Plasma Algorithm and Its Application to Engineering Optimization

The immune plasma algorithm (IP algorithm or IPA) is one of the most recent meta-heuristic techniques and models the fundamental steps of immune or convalescent plasma treatment, attracting researchers’ attention once more with the COVID-19 pandemic. The IP algorithm determines the number of donors and the number of receivers when two specific control parameters are initialized and protects their values until the end of termination. However, determining which values are appropriate for the control parameters by adjusting the number of donors and receivers and guessing how they interact with each other are difficult tasks. In this study, we attempted to determine the number of plasma donors and receivers with an improved mechanism that depended on dividing the whole population into two sub-populations using a statistical measure known as the percentile and then a novel variant of the IPA called the percentile IPA (pIPA) was introduced. To investigate the performance of the pIPA, 22 numerical benchmark problems were solved by assigning different values to the control parameters of the algorithm. Moreover, two complex engineering problems, one of which required the filtering of noise from the recorded signal and the other the path planning of an unmanned aerial vehicle, were solved by the pIPA. Experimental studies showed that the percentile-based donor–receiver selection mechanism significantly contributed to the solving capabilities of the pIPA and helped it outperform well-known and state-of-art meta-heuristic algorithms.
Oldest Gold: Deformation and Hydrothermal Alteration in the Early Archean Shear Zone-Hosted Bamboo Creek Deposit, Pilbara, Western Australia

The Early Archean Bamboo Creek gold deposit contrasts with most other orogenic deposits because of its relatively early timing in the tectonic evolution of the Pilbara granitoid-greenstone terrane. The Bamboo Creek deposit is situated in a bedding-parallel, brittle-ductile shear zone (the Bamboo Creek shear zone) within a komatiite sequence. The laminated quartz-carbonate gold lodes occur in carbonate-altered boudins within the Bamboo Creek shear zone and are associated with early sinistral, northeast-up deformation in the shear zone, whereas dextral reactivation of the zone postdates gold deposition. Gold-related alteration zones reflect an increase in X CO 2 toward the mineralized zone. Variations in original host-rock composition give rise to asymmetric alteration zoning, with a fuchsite-carbonate zone in the more Mg- and Cr-rich cumulate-textured footwall and a chlorite-quartz zone in the more aluminous spinifex-textured hanging wall. The alteration envelope is enriched in Na 2 O, K 2 O, Rb, Pb, As, and Sb. Whereas pyrite and minor chalcopyrite occur in all alteration zones, tetrahedrite, galena, and sphalerite are strongly associated with gold in the lodes. The alteration and metal enrichment of the Bamboo Creek gold deposit are indistinguishable from those of other orogenic (mesothermal) lode gold deposits in Archean terranes. Carbonate δ 13 C (PDB) and δ 18 O (SMOW) isotope signatures are consistent throughout the alteration envelope at 0.2 ± 0.6 and 14.6 ± 0.6 per mil, respectively. The δ 13 C value, in particular, is higher than typical values for orogenic gold deposits, implying interaction of auriferous fluids with preexisting marine carbonates that formed during an early sea-floor alteration event. The temperature of deposition, estimated from chlorite thermometry and alteration assemblages, is about 250°C, which is within the lower part of the range for orogenic gold deposits. Lead-lead model ages for galena, together with the relationships between the Bamboo Creek shear zone and dated granites, indicate a relatively early age of gold deposition of ca. 3400 Ma. Correlation of structures associated with gold deposition and regional structural phases shows that gold deposition was most likely related to an extensional tectonic phase. The early timing and association with extension is unlike the tectonic setting of other Archean gold deposits, which tend to form during the final, compressional or strike-slip stages of orogenesis. The Bamboo Creek gold mineralization may have been related to an Early Archean lower crustal delamination event. This may explain the anomalous timing and the low gold endowment of the Pilbara relative to Late Archean greenstones.
Health-Promoting Lifestyle among the Survivors of Colorectal Cancer: An Integrative Review

Introduction: Health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) among the survivors of colorectal cancer (CRC) is essential to reduce CRC complications, prevent its recurrence, and improve survival. Nonetheless, there is no comprehensive definition for the concept of HPL in CRC survivors. This study aimed to define the concept of HPL among CRC survivors based on the existing literature. Methods: This integrative review was conducted in 2021 using Whittemore and Knafl’s method. The national and international databases of SID, Magiran, ProQuest, Medline, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched. Quality appraisal was performed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) and the data were analyzed using the four-step approach proposed by Whittemore and Knafl. Results: After data evaluation, 167 documents were included in final analysis. In total, 1863 codes were generated and categorized into eighteen main categories and the three main themes of antecedents, attributes, and consequences. Accordingly, HPL among CRC survivors was defined as "a set of behaviors in the areas of health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, psychological management, and interpersonal relations which are affected by socio-demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, psychological status, physical conditions, time and place limitations, and patient education, and lead to better disease prognosis, better general health status, better bio-psycho-social status, and better quality of life". Conclusion: The definition of HPL among CRC survivors provided in the present study can be used in counseling, educational, supportive, and care programs for CRC survivors in order to improve their quality of life and survival.
Evaluation of Stock Closing Prices using Transformer Learning

Predicting stock markets remains a critical and challenging task due to many factors, such as the enormous volume of generated price data, instant price data changes, and sensitivity to human sentiments, wars, and natural disasters. Since the previous three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, forecasting stock markets is more difficult, complex, and problematic for stock market analysts. However, technical analysts of the stock market and academic researchers are continuously trying to develop innovative and modern methods for forecasting stock market prices, using statistical techniques, machine learning, and deep learning-based algorithms. This study investigated a Transformer sequential-based approach to forecast the closing price for the next day. Ten sliding window timesteps were used to forecast next-day stock closing prices. This study aimed to investigate reliable techniques based on stock input features. The proposed Transformer-based method was compared with ARIMA, Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), and Random Forest (RF) algorithms, showing its outstanding results on Yahoo Finance data, Facebook Intra data, and JPMorgan's Intra data. Each model was evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE).
Mapping multiple attributes to three- and four-component color models — A tutorial

During the past 30 years, seismic attributes have evolved beyond simple measures of amplitude, frequency, and phase to include measures of waveform similarity, amplitude variation with offset (AVO), spectral content, and structural deformation. Although neural networks and geostatistics are effective ways of combining the information content of these many attributes, such analyses cannot replicate the pattern-recognition capabilities of an experienced interpreter. For this reason, careful visualization and display of multiple attributes remains one of the most powerful interpretation tools at our disposal. The two most important color display models are based on red, green, and blue (RGB) or hue, lightness, and saturation (HLS). Each of these color models in turn can be modulated by transparency. We recommend using the RGB color model to map attributes of similar type, such as-volumes of near-, mid-, and far-angle amplitude or low-, moder-ate-, and high-frequency spectral components. The HLS model is pref.
Association Between Visceral Adiposity Marker with Diabetic Kidney Disease: An Analysis of Data from National Diabetes Registry Malaysia

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) causes significant morbidity and mortality and an economic burden to the country. New visceral adiposity assessment and measurements have gained much attention as a surrogate marker to screen pathogenic visceral fat among patients with chronic kidney disease. This study aims to determine the association between visceral adiposity markers and DKD among T2DM patients. A cross-sectional study to analyze Putrajaya Diabetes Clinical Audit 2018 data from the National Diabetes Registry Malaysia was conducted. A universal sampling method was performed to include all T2DM patients in the dataset. Logistic regression analyses were utilized for three visceral adiposity markers, which were the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype, visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product index (LAPI). A total of 1,297 T2DM patients were included in the analyses. The majority of them were of Malay ethnicity, male and aged between 40-64 years. The overall prevalence of DKD was 24.1%. VAI was significantly associated with DKD among males but not in females. Compared to males in the first VAI quartile group, both second and fourth quartile groups had increased odds of DKD [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 1.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09, 3.34) and AOR 2.29 (95% CI: 1.03, 5.09) respectively)]. There was no significant association between HW phenotype and LAPI with DKD. VAI could predict DKD only in male T2DM patients. Thus, it might be a useful clinical indicator of DKD in male T2DM patients in primary care.