Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Geophysical Logs From Six Boreholes at Lariat Gulch, Former U.S. Air Force Site PJKS, Jefferson County, Colorado

Abstract : This report presents and describes geophysical logs for six boreholes in Lariat Gulch, a topographic gulch at the former U.S. Air Force site PJKS in Jefferson County near Denver, Colorado. Geophysical logs include gamma, normal resistivity, fluid-column temperature and resistivity, caliper, televiewer, and heat-pulse flowmeter. These logs were run in two boreholes penetrating only the Fountain Formation of Pennsylvanian and Permian age (logged to depths of about 65 and 570 feet) and in four boreholes (logged to depths of about 342 to 742 feet) penetrating mostly the Fountain Formation and terminating in Precambrian crystalline rock, which underlies the Fountain Formation. Data from the logs were used to identify fractures and bedding planes and to locate the contact between the two formations. The logs indicated few fractures in the boreholes and gave no indication of higher transmissivity in the contact zone between the two formations. Transmissivities for all fractures in each borehole were estimated to be less than 2 feet squared per day.
Abrupt changes in Indian summer monsoon strength during 33,800 to 5500 years B.P.

Speleothem proxy records from northeastern (NE) India reflect seasonal changes in Indian summer monsoon strength as well as moisture source and transport paths. We have analyzed a new speleothem record from Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya, India, in order to better understand these processes. The data show a strong wet phase 33,500–32,500 years B.P. followed by a weak/dry phase from 26,000 to 23,500 years B.P. and a very weak phase from 17,000 to 15,000 years B.P. The record suggests abrupt increase in strength during the Bølling‐Allerød and early Holocene periods and pronounced weakening during the Heinrich and Younger Dryas cold events. We infer that these changes in monsoon strength are driven by changes in temperature gradients which drive changes in winds and moisture transport into northeast India.
Retention and remobilization of colloids during steady‐state and transient two‐phase flow

In this work, we study colloid transport through a porous medium under steady‐state and transient two‐phase flow conditions. The porous medium was a PDMS micromodel and the immiscible fluids were water and fluorinert‐FC43. Given that the micromodel was hydrophobic, fluorinert was the wetting phase, and water was the nonwetting phase. We used hydrophilic fluorescent microspheres (dispersed in water) with mean diameter of 300 nm. We directly observed colloid movement and fluids distribution within pores of the micromodel using a confocal laser scanning microscope. We also obtained concentration breakthrough curves by measuring the fluorescence intensity in the outlet of the micromodel. The breakthrough curves showed that, under steady‐state flow at different water saturations, more colloids were retained at lower saturations. Our visualization results suggested that the enhanced attachment was due to the retention of colloids onto fluorinert‐water interfaces (FWIs) and fluorinert‐water‐solid contact lines (FWSCs). At the end of a steady‐state two‐phase flow experiment, we changed the micromodel saturation by injecting either water (drainage) or fluorinert (imbibition). We found remobilization of colloids during imbibition events, but no remobilization was observed during drainage. Visualization showed that colloids deposited on solid‐water interfaces (SWIs) were dislodged by moving FWSCs during imbibition. We simulated breakthrough curves by modeling colloids interactions with SWIs and FWIs separately. Remobilization of colloids attached to SWI was modeled as a first‐order kinetic process and the rate coefficient was assumed proportional to temporal rate of change of saturation. Colloids attachment to and detachment from FWIs were modeled as an equilibrium process. Generally, good agreements between experimental results and simulation were obtained. This is the first study of colloid transport in two‐phase flow, where pore‐scale visualization, breakthrough concentration measurement, and modeling of results are combined.
Wildlife conservation in Zambia and the Landsafe Customary Commons

This dissertation both proposes and records the ongoing implementation of a ‘Landsafe’ integrated conservation and development model for the customary commons of Zambia. In Volume I, a geographical historical perspective of the country is presented which concentrates on wildlife conservation and rural people. The changes wrought successively on indigenous peoples by invading native Africans of the Bantu linguistic group, then in turn on them by Europeans in the form of Charter Companies and later by Imperial Protectorate rule, and finally, by self-rule, is explored. The country’s evolution from Western colonialism and embedded liberalism, to exploitative neoliberalism and the concurrent emergence of the traditional patrimonial system one modernised by its meeting with European capitalism, is the backdrop and basis for the construction of Landsafe and its current implementation in two chiefdoms. Volume II presents the Landsafe ICDP model. This is based on the formation of chiefdom statutory trusts, with trustees elected by villagers of the customary commons; and the signing of comanagement agreements with government departments in respect of wildlife, Game Management Areas, and protected forest land, forests, fisheries and water. The local District Councils would be signatory to such agreements, and the chiefs and their headmen would vest selected customary land in these trusts. These vested lands are then protected, allowing for controlled exploitation by investors such that they do not impinge unnecessarily on traditional rights or on the re-establishment of traditional guardians of nature. Land may not, under any circumstances, be alienated from customary control. A log frame programme analysis procedure is adopted and a suggested formalisation methodology and procedures for implementing Landsafe included. Finally, the socio-ecology of the first project area in the Luangwa Valley is detailed, followed by a description of the implementation of the Landsafe programme; including a critical analysis comparing Landsafe theory to practice.
Indigenous-driven Tropical Ethnobotany

Indigenous knowledge is recognised globally for its potential value in contemporary biodiversity conservation, management and research (Convention on Biological Diversity 2010; NRMMC 2010). In tropical Australia, Indigenous peoples' strong and diverse presence on country presents an important opportunity to support Indigenous knowledge and management systems. In November 20 I 0, we held a workshop in Cairns to consider whether a tropical Indigenous ethnobotany centre would be a good way of supporting Indigenous peoples' knowledge about the cultural values of plants.
Deep icequakes: What happens at the base of Alpine glaciers?

Basal seismicity cannot be attributed exclusively to glacier stick‐slip motion. As shown by previous studies on temperate Alpine glaciers, there also exist basal seismic sources, which are not due to pure shear mechanisms. Their moment tensors have substantial, if not dominant, isotropic components. Based on first motion data of high‐quality seismic records from Gornergletscher and Triftgletscher, Switzerland, we argue that the observed isotropic components can be explained by tensile faulting. The implied coseismic volumetric change can be both positive (fracture opening) and negative (fracture collapse). We attribute these observations to hydraulic processes near water‐filled cavities, whose connectivity to the subglacial drainage system changes over time. Thus, our proposed icequake source mechanisms cannot be reconciled with pure shear sources at the glacier bed, which would be expected for basal stick‐slip motion. This sliding mode has recently been proposed as a “realitively common” mechanism, which can substantially enhance subglacial erosion. The existence of several seismic source mechanisms (tensile, shear, or some combination of the two) of basal icequakes implies that a solid understanding about the nature of these events is indispensible if conclusions about glacier sliding, subglacial erosion, and other basal processes are to be drawn from observed seismicity.
Possibilities of branding the pork in Croatia – review

Black Slavonian pig is an indigenous pig breed blac k in colour, resistant and convenient for keeping in extensive conditions. It is also cha racterized by good meat quality, suitable for typical traditional meat products. Tra ditionally produced food came into the focus which led to more often use of geographical i ndications as the valuable rural development strategy. Since Black Slavonian pig is a late maturing breed with low lean meat content, meat processors often use the meat of modern pig breeds in the production of traditional products. Molecular identification o f breed is a good tool for authentication of meat. Since age and sex are among the most significant sources of variation of the carcass and meat quality traits in pigs, the research on the optimal time for slaughter with respect to these factors could ithe profitability of pork production. The genetic influence on meat quality t raits is nowadays well described by the use of molecular markers and candidate genes su ch as IGF2, MC4R, H-FABP3 and LEPR; their frequencies could be of assistance in t he description of Black slavonian pig and its exceptional meat quality traits. The invest igation of sensory characteristics and chemical analysis of meat and meat products is need ed to determine the typical physicochemical characteristics and sensory profile of pork originated from Black Slavonian Pig which is a firm base for branding. Fi nally, DNA characterisation of the breed can be used as the tool for authentication of pork in the aim of preventing possible adulterations of autochthonous meat products.
Mathematical Methods for Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

The field of data mining has seen a demand in recent years for the development of ideas and results in an integrated structure. Mathematical Methods for Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining focuses on the mathematical models and methods that support most data mining applications and solution techniques, covering such topics as association rules; Bayesian methods; data visualization; kernel methods; neural networks; text, speech, and image recognition; and many others. This Premier Reference Source is an invaluable resource for scholars and practitioners in the fields of biomedicine, engineering, finance and insurance, manufacturing, marketing, performance measurement, and telecommunications.
Fractal analysis of cardiac dynamics: the application of detrended fluctuation analysis on short-term heart rate variability

Fractal measures of heart rate variability have been proposed as comple- mentary to time and frequency domain indices and, in many cases, have proven to be valid predictors of cardiovascular disease. However, their re- lationship with respiratory parameters and more common health indicators such as vagal tone is still not clear. In this doctoral dissertation, we examine the effect of breathing frequency, average heart period and pharmacological parasympathetic blockade on the fractal properties of short-term cardiac dynamics. Heart period analysis is performed with a mathematical soft- ware (KARDIA) developed for the purpose of our studies, which is also presented in this thesis. The results of our first study revealed that: 1) the periodical properties of RSA produce a change of the correlation ex- ponent in HRV at a scale corresponding to the respiratory period, 2) the short-term DFA exponent is significantly reduced when breathing frequency rises from 0.1Hz to 0.2Hz. In the second study atropine was administered to six healthy males in a controlled laboratory setting. Parasympathetic blockade produced a significant increase in the ? 1 scaling exponent assessed by detrended fluctuation analysis. We showed that this was produced by smooth local trends in the data, rather than an alteration in underlining dynamics. Our results call attention to a methodological and conceptual problem related to the application of fractal measures to a limited range of scales in which single physiological control mechanisms exert a dominant influence.
Models and algorithms for vision through the atmosphere

Current vision systems are designed to perform in clear weather. Needless to say, in any outdoor application, there is no escape from bad weather. Ultimately, computer vision systems must include mechanisms that enable them to function (even if somewhat less reliably) in the presence of haze, fog, rain, hail and snow. We begin by studying the visual manifestations of different weather conditions. For this, we draw on what is already known about atmospheric optics, and identify effects caused by bad weather that can be turned to our advantage; we are not only interested in what bad weather does to vision but also what it can do for vision. This thesis presents a novel and comprehensive set of models, algorithms and image datasets for better image understanding in bad weather. The models presented here can be broadly classified into single scattering and multiple scattering models. Existing single scattering models like attenuation and airlight form the basis of three new models viz., the contrast model, the dichromatic model and the polarization model. Each of these models is suited to different types of atmospheric and illumination conditions as well as different sensor types. Based on these models, we develop algorithms to recover pertinent scene properties, such as 3D structure, and clear day scene contrasts and colors, from one or more images taken under poor weather conditions. Next, we present an analytic model for multiple scattering of light in a scattering medium. From a single image of a light source immersed in a medium, interesting properties of the medium can be estimated. If the medium is the atmosphere, the weather condition and the visibility of the atmosphere can be estimated. These quantities can in turn be used to remove the glows around sources obtaining a clear picture of the scene. Based on these results, the camera serves as a “visual weather meter”. Our analytic model can be used to analyze scattering in virtually any scattering medium, including fluids and tissues. Therefore, in addition to vision in bad weather, our work has implications for real-time rendering of participating media in computer graphics, medical imaging and underwater imaging. Apart from the models and algorithms, we have acquired an extensive database of images of an outdoor scene almost every hour for 9 months. This dataset is the first of its kind and includes high quality calibrated images captured under a wide variety of weather and illumination conditions and all four seasons. Such a dataset could not only be used as a testbed for validating existing appearance models (including the ones presented in this work) but also inspire new data driven models. In addition to computer vision, this dataset could be useful for researchers in other fields like graphics, image processing, remote sensing and atmospheric sciences. The database is freely distributed for research purposes and can be requested through our web site http://www.cs. columbia.edu/∼wild. We believe that this thesis opens new research directions needed for computer vision to be successful in the outdoors.
The Impact of Incentives on Human Behavior: Can We Make it Disappear? The Case of the Death Penalty

Although decades of empirical research has demonstrated that criminal behavior responds to incentives, non-economists frequently express the belief that human beings are not rational enough to make calculated decisions about the costs and benefits of engaging in crime and therefore, a priori drawing the conclusion that criminal activity cannot be altered by incentives. However, scientific research should not be driven by personal beliefs. Whether or not economic conditions matter or deterrence measures such police, arrests, prison deaths, executions, and commutations provide signals to people is an empirical question, which should be guided by a solid theoretical framework. In this paper we extend the analysis of Mocan and Gittings (2003). We alter the original model in a number of directions to make the relationship between homicide rates and death penalty related outcomes (executions, commutations and removals) disappear. We deliberately deviate from the theoretically consistent measurement of the risk variables originally employed by Mocan and Gittings (2003) in a variety of ways. We also investigate the sensitivity of the results to changes in the estimation sample (removing high executing states for example) and weighting. The basic results are insensitive to these and a variety of other specification tests performed in the paper. The results are often strong enough to even hold up under theoretically meaningless measurements of the risk variables. In summary, the original findings of Mocan and Gittings (2003) are robust, providing evidence that people indeed react to incentives induced by capital punishment. Research findings about the deterrent effect of the death penalty evoke strong feelings, which could be due to political, ideological, religious, or other personal beliefs. Yet, such findings do not mean that capital punishment is good or bad, nor does it provide any judgment about whether capital punishment should be implemented or abolished. It is simply a scientific finding which demonstrates that people react to incentives. Therefore, there is no need to be afraid of this result.
An assessment of the role of soft electron precipitation in global ion upwelling

The role of electron precipitation in the auroral zone in driving thermal O+ upwelling is explored by comparison of observations and model results. Previous reports have shown how the ambiguities of such an assessment can be reduced when the problem is addressed in dynamic boundary‐related coordinates. Upwelling ion data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites are compared using a modeling framework based on the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) ionospheric model. We focus on geomagnetically quiet intervals, that is, nonstorm times with Dst > −50 nT. We find that low‐energy (<100 eV) electrons are a significant driver of O+ upwelling on the nightside, particularly in the 2100 magnetic local time sector. Our analysis suggests that DMSP electron observations and electron precipitation models derived from them significantly underestimate the actual flux of soft (i.e., <100 eV) electrons.
Early Spring Nitrogen Uptake by Snow-Covered Plants: A Comparison of Arctic and Alpine Plant Function under the Snowpack

We compared nitrogen (N) acquisition by alpine and arctic tundra plants during snowmelt, and assessed its significance relative to season-long N demand. We then related plant responses in alpine and arctic tundra to soil and air temperature. Parallel experiments were conducted in an alpine moist meadow at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, and in arctic dry heath and moist tussock tundra near Toolik Lake, Alaska. We added 99%-enriched 15NH415NO3 (0.5 g N m−2) to the snowpack, and traced the fate of the 15N into plants and soil by harvesting samples before snowmelt ended. All alpine and arctic plants acquired N during snowmelt. However, alpine plants acquired 100 times more N than arctic plants. Using data from published studies, we estimated season-long N demand for the vascular plant species. In the alpine tundra, N uptake during snowmelt constituted over 12% of season-long uptake for a graminoid species, and averaged 7.4% for perennial forbs. In contrast, N uptake during snowmelt by arctic plants averaged less than 0.1% of season-long N uptake. Soil temperatures were similar in these systems during snowmelt, averaging −0.4°C in the arctic and −0.5°C in the alpine tundra. However, arctic plants experienced lower winter soil temperatures than alpine plants. Winter soil surface temperatures averaged −7.75°C in arctic and −2.43°C in alpine tundra systems, and the lowest weekly mean temperature was −14.5°C in the arctic and −6.14°C in the alpine systems. Thus, differences in plant N uptake are likely due to winter conditions, rather than conditions that occurred during uptake. In conclusion, plant acquisition of N resources during snowmelt is important in alpine systems.
Cord blood stem cells revert glioma stem cell EMT by down regulating transcriptional activation of Sox2 and Twist1

The dynamic nature of cancer stem cells that underlie metastasis or their ability to switch between different cellular identities, as in EMT and MET, has profound implications for cancer therapy. The functional relationship between molecules involved in cancer cell stemness and metastasis is not clear. In this regard, our studies on hGBM tissue grade IV specimens showed significant expression of Twist1 and Sox2, known mesenchymal and stemness related markers, respectively, indicating their association with glial tumor genesis and metastasis. The glioma stem cells obtained from CD133+ cells demonstrated increased expression of Twist1 and Sox2 accompanied by significant increase in the mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin, vimentin and β-catenin. Our studies on glioma stem cells treatment with human umbilical cord blood derived- mesenchymal stem cells, showed down regulation of Twist1 and Sox2 proteins, apart from other mesenchymal stem cell markers. Based on the in vitro experiments and in vivo intracranial xenograft mouse model studies, we elucidated the potential therapeutic role of hUCBSC in suppressing glioma cancer stemness by the induction of MET.
Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of Genetic Testing for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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Crustal structure in Tibet: High seismic velocity in the lower crust

A least squares procedure is used to extract pure path Tibetan group velocities in the period range 8–100 s from fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love waves recorded along 50 mixed paths. The crustal model derived from these dispersion data reveals that the lower half of the very thick (74 ± 10 km) Tibetan crust has a shear velocity similar to those found in the lower crust beneath stable continental and shield regions. A second interesting feature of the model is the presence of a prominent low-velocity channel at midcrustal depth. The uniqueness of the Tibetan crustal structure places the plateau region in a class by itself among tectonic provinces characterized by high heat flow and/or wide spread recent volcanism, setting stringent constraints on tectonic models of the Tibetan Plateau.