Metropolitan Area WDM Networks: An AWG Based Approach

I Introduction. - 1. Basics. - 1.1 Components. - 1.1.1 Combiners and splitters. - 1.1.2 Passive star coupler (PSC). - 1.1. 3 Arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG). - 1.1. 4 Transmitters and receivers. - 1.2 Transmission impairments. - 1.2.1 Attenuation. - 1.2.2 Dispersion. - 1.2.3 Nonlinearities. - 1.2. 4 Crosstalk. - 1.2. 5 Noise. - II Metro WDM Networks. - 2. Ring Networks. - 2.1 Experimental systems. - 2.1.1 KomNet. - 2.1.2 RINGO. - 2.1. 3 HORNET. - 2.2 WDM rings and access protocols. - 2.2.1 Slotted rings without channel inspection. - 2.2.2 Slotted rings with channel inspection. - 2.2.3 Slotted rings with control channel. - 2.2. 4 Multitoken rings. - 2.2. 5 Meshed rings. - 2.3 Fairness control and QoS support. - 2.3.1 Fairness control. - 2.3.2 QoS support. - 3. Star Networks. - 3.1 Experimental systems. - 3.1.1 RAINBOW. - 3.1.2 Telstra. - 3.1. 3 NTT. - 3.2 Single-hop WDM networks and access protocols. - 3.2.1 Preallocation protocols. - 3.2.2 Random access protocols. - 3.2.3 Reservation protocols. - 3.2. 4 Hybrid protocols. - 3.2. 5 Resulting guidelines. - III AWG Based Approach. - 4. Architectural Comparisons. - 4.1 Single-hop vs. multihop AWG based networks. - 4.1.1 Architecture. - 4.1.2 Mean hop distance. - 4.1. 3 Capacity. - 4.1. 4 Results. - 4.1. 5 Discussion. - 4.2 PSC vs. AWG based single-hop networks. - 4.2.1 Spatial wavelength reuse. - 4.2.2 Architecture and wavelength assignment. - 4.2.3 Analysis. - 4.2. 4 Results. - 4.2. 5 Discussion. - 4.3 Conclusions. - 5. Architecture and Protocol. - 5.1 Network requirements. - 5.2 Architecture. - 5.2.1 Underlying principles. - 5.2.2 Network and node architecture. - 5.3 MAC protocol. - 5.3.1 Protocol. - 5.3.2 An illustrative example. - 5.3. 3 Discussion. - 5.4 Conclusions. - 6. Performance Evaluation. - 6.1 Using multiple FSRs. - 6.1.1 Assumptions. - 6.1.2 Model. - 6.1. 3 Analysis. - 6.1. 4 Results. - 6.2 Spatial wavelength reuse. - 6.2.1 Assumptions. - 6.2.2 Analysis. - 6.2.3 Results. - 6.3 Multicasting. - 6.3.1 Multicasting with partitioning. - 6.3.2 Multicasting simultaneously with control. - 6.4 Supplementary simulation results. - 6.4.1 Self-stability. - 6.4.2 Packet loss. - 6.4.3 Circuit switching. - 6.4. 4 Benchmark comparison. - 6.5 Conclusions. - 7. Network Dimensioning and Reconfiguration. - 7.1 Multiservice convergence. - 7.2 Multiobjective optimization. - 7.2.1 Objective functions. - 7.2.2 Decision variables and constraints. - 7.2.3 Pareto optimality. - 7.3 Genetic algorithms. - 7.3.1 Basic principle. - 7.3.2 Genetic operations. - 7.4 Results. - 7.4.1 Pareto-optimal architecture planning. - 7.4.2 Pareto-optimal network operation. - 7.5 Conclusions. - 8. Feasibility Issues. - 8.1 Transmission limitations. - 8.1.1 Eye diagrams. - 8.1.2 Q factor. - 8.2 Packet traces. - 8.3 Discussion. - 8.4 Conclusions. - 9. Protection. - 9.1 Heterogeneous protection. - 9.2 AWG PSC architecture. - 9.3 MAC protocols. - 9.3.1 AWG-PSCmode. - 9.3.2 PSC-only mode. - 9.3. 3 AWG-only mode. - 9.4 Results. - 9.5 Conclusions. - 10. Conclusions. - 10.1 Future research avenues. - 10.2 Standardization activities. - IV Appendices. - Appendices. - A Acronyms. - B.1 Refined approximation. - B.2 Numerical evaluation. - References.