Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dielectric Properties of Dry and Wet Soils At X-B and Microwave Frequency

Interaction of electromagnetic waves with the materials of planet earth provides the information for microwave remote sensing. From the reflected wave it is possible to reveal the information, which is useful for the measurement of dielectric properties. The dielectric properties of material are function of its chemical constituents and physical properties. Measurements of real (ε') and imaginary (ε") parts of the complex dielectric constant (ε*) of soil with varied moisture content were made at 9.85 GHz. The Xband microwave setup in the TE10 mode with slotted section and a crystal detector is used for measurements. Infinite sample method is found suitable for measurement of these soils. The measurements are made at room temperature. The dielectric properties of dry soil samples are in good agreement with the earlier work. The value of å’ and å’’ first increases slowly and then increase rapidly with moisture content. From this data, the a.c. conductivity and relaxation time are also reported. The result shows the change in electrical properties of dry and moisture-laden soils. These results provide a basis for using high-frequency electromagnetic sensors in the detection of soil moisture content or in ground-penetrating radar.
LITERATURE STUDY OF HARVESTING ENERGY WITH RESOURCES RADIO FREQUENCY

Energy harvesting is the process of harvesting energy from external sources such as solar energy, heat, wind and electromagnetic waves / radio frequencies. dimension. Research on harvesting energy needs to be developed because the use of non-renewable energy is increasingly limited. The use of radio frequency (RF) as a source of energy for harvesting is an effort to create environmentally friendly energy. This is due to the growing use of telecommunications technology. Various studies have been conducted by harvesting RF from various telecommunication signals and broadcasting media (AM / FM, TV / DTV, GSM signals, Wi-Fi signals). The purpose of writing this article is to study literature on the use of harvesting energy, especially those originating from radio / RF frequencies. A simple harvesting energy harvesting system consists of an antenna and a voltage rectifier circuit. The antennas used for RF energy harvesting have different designs according to the type of signal captured, including using periodic log antennas, archimedean spiral antennas, patch antennas, dipole patch antennas and vivaldi antennas. The energy yield obtained from the energy harvesting process with radio frequency sources tends to be small in the milliwatt scale (1.17 µW / cm2 - 20VDC) depending on the type of antenna and radio frequency used (0.3 - 27.5 GHz) and can be applied to low power electronic devices.
The vacuum system

The utility model relates to a vacuum system (10) used for pumping out air in a chamber (12) of a metallurgical treatment system. The vacuum system comprises a vacuum pumping device (14), a foreline, a filter volume and a by-pass line (20), wherein the vacuum pumping device (14) is used for pumping air from the chamber, the foreline is used for connecting the vacuum pumping device with the chamber; the filter volume is located in the foreline (16) and used for filtering gas pumped from the chamber along the foreline, and the by-pass line (20) connects the vacuum pumping device with the chamber and is arranged and used for selectively bypassing the filter volume according to monitored characteristics of a deaerating chamber or the vacuum system.
Chemical complexity induced local structural distortion in NiCoFeMnCr high-entropy alloy

ABSTRACT In order to study chemical complexity-induced lattice distortion in high-entropy alloys, the static Debye–Waller (D-W) factor of NiCoFeMnCr solid solution alloy is measured with low temperature neutron diffraction, ambient X-ray diffraction, and total scattering methods. The static atomic displacement parameter of the multi-element component alloy at 0 K is 0.035–0.041 Å, which is obvious larger than that of element Ni (∼ 0 Å). The atomic pair distance between individual atoms in the alloy investigated with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements indicates that Mn has a slightly larger bond distance (∼0.4%) with neighbor atoms than that of others. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT IMPACT STATEMENT The chemical complexity induced local structural disorder in the high entropy alloy is distinguished from the thermal contribution by the combination of neutron and X-ray techniques.
Elections and the chain of democratic choice

This special issue of The Journal of Pacific Studies covers the 2018 general elections in the Republic of Fiji Islands and the 2019 general elections in Solomon Islands. In 2000, the two countries experienced the overthrow of democratically elected governments. On 19th May 2000, nine armed soldiers of the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces led by failed business executive George Speight entered the Fiji parliament and held the Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry and his government hostage. A little over two weeks later on 5th June, Andrew Nori and the Malaita Eagle Force, a faction in the armed conflict in the Solomon Islands held elected Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa’alo hostage at gunpoint, and forced him to resign. These martial acts ruptured the constitutional rule of law and impaired democratic institutions and mechanisms in both countries.
2D halide perovskite-based van der Waals heterostructures: contact evaluation and performance modulation

Halide perovskites and van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures are both of current interest owing to their novel properties and potential applications in nano-devices. Here, we show the great potential of 2D halide perovskite sheets (C4H9NH3)2PbX4 (X = Cl, Br and I) that were synthesized recently (Dou et al 2015 Science 349 1518–21) as the channel materials contacting with graphene and other 2D metallic sheets to form van der Waals heterostructures for field effect transistor (FET). Based on state-of-the-art theoretical simulations, we show that the intrinsic properties of the 2D halide perovskites are preserved in the heterojunction, which is different from the conventional contact with metal surfaces. The 2D halide perovskites form a p-type Schottky barrier (Φh) contact with graphene, where tunneling barrier exists, and a negative band bending occurs at the lateral interface. We demonstrate that the Schottky barrier can be turned from p-type to n-type by doping graphene with nitrogen atoms, and a low-Φh or an Ohmic contact can be realized by doping graphene with boron atoms or replacing graphene with other high-work-function 2D metallic sheets such as ZT-MoS2, ZT-MoSe2 and H-NbS2. This study not only predicts a 2D halide perovskite-based FETs, but also enhances the understanding of tuning Schottky barrier height in device applications.
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J infection influencing composition of gut microbiota within chicken

Background: Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is a major cause of disease in poultry. Probiotics play a critical role in animal health maintenance. Studies have indicated that viral infection can alter the composition of the chicken gut microbiota. We hypothesized that ALV-J infection alters the probiotics composition in chicken fecal bacterial microbiome. We performed high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and evaluated the gut microbiota proﬁles using feces from ALV-J-infected and healthy chickens. Results: The relative abundance at the phylum and species levels was calculated. The phylum Proteobacteria was more abundant in ALV-J-infected chickens than in healthy chickens. Additionally, the abundance of the opportunistic pathogen, Propionibacterium acnes, was significantly increased in ALV-J-infected chickens. Interestingly, ALV-J infection tended to be significantly decreased by the probiotics Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus reuteri. Conclusions: The study indicates that ALV-J infection significantly altered the gut microbiota distribution in chickens. Additionally, ALV-J infection significantly influenced the abundance of L. helveticus and L. reuteri in the chicken gut.
Analysis of Crystal Size Dispersion Effects in a Continuous Coiled Tubular Crystallizer: Experiments and Modeling

Continuous processing gains importance in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries where crystallization is an important downstream operation. Seeded cooling crystallization of the l-alanine/water system was investigated under similar conditions, i.e., temperature interval, cooling rate, and seed material, both in a stirred batch vessel and in a continuous plug flow crystallizer in the coiled flow inverter (CFI) design with horizontal helical tube coils (ID = 4 mm) and frequent 90° bends of the coils. Short-cut calculations based on characteristic time scales and the Damkohler number allow for comparing the batch and continuous crystallization processes. The experimental results reveal crystal growth and growth rate dispersion to be dominating on the product crystal size distribution (CSD). However, at low flow rates of approximately 31 g min–1, a moving sediment flow of the slurry was present in the CFI crystallizer, resulting in further size dispersion effects. Elevated flow rates of approximatel.
Octanol–Water Partition Coefficient Measurement by a Simple 1H NMR Method

We describe a simple miniature shake-flask method to measure the octanol–water partition coefficient of an organic compound. Partition between water and octanol is performed in an NMR tube; the aqueous phase is analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy using a benchtop low-field NMR instrument. Neither pre-equilibration of solvents nor isolation of the two phases is required. The procedure is fast and easy enough to be used in a students’ laboratory. Scope and limitations as well as possible sources of error are discussed in detail.
Tracheal Solid Variant of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma with Basaloid Features: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Background: Primary tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and heterogeneous group of neoplasms arising from the respiratory tract. The solid variant of ACC is a histologically distinct subtype with unfavorable clinical course. We report a case of tracheal ACC with immunohistochemical and molecular analysis together with a review of the literature. Case presentation: A 31-year-old man presented with a neoplasm growing on the lower part of the total tracheal membrane, left side wall and anterior wall. The tumor was obtained via fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Histologically, the tumor is characterized by a predominant compact sheet-like and nested pattern of rounded basaloid cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was diffusely positive for CK and CD117. CK7 and CK5/6 was focally positive in the genuine glandular structures. P63 was completely negative in majority of neoplastic cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed MYB gene rearrangement. The current case showed an almost entirely solid pattern of growth with basaloid features, and was morphologically difficult to distinguish from a variety of other round cell neoplasms. Conclusions: This case report highlights the significance of various histological patterns and diagnostic modalities in making an accurate diagnosis of primary tracheal ACC at an early stage.
Agritourism Development Issues In Rural Places: Evidence From Armenia

The following paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issues of agritourism development issues in rural places. Agritourism development is a good source for rural development, as it will contribute to the investments in villages, increase rural income, emlpoyment, etc. The main purpose of the article is to analyze agritourism development opportunities and issues in Armenian rural places. The analysis was carried out in Armenian two regions: Lori and Tavush. The investigation of the topic and the results of the analysis state that Armenian regions Lori and Tavush have opportunities to develop different types of tourism based on existing resource potential: historical-cultural, eco, agro, gastronomic, adventure, etc. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves the existing problems that hinder agritourism development. For the analysis a survey and observation methods were used. Survey was done among village heads and local population-hosts. The main results of the research are then analyzed via SWOT analysis, based on which some suggestions were made. The main conclusion is that it is necessary to implement various actions for agritourism development, such as: involving investments, improving roads and infrastructures, improving legislation and statistics, organizing trainings for hosts and farmers, improving marketing, etc. The development of agritourism will contribute to the development of the community and the whole country, will increase incomes, spread and preserve culture, increase motivation to live in villages, will form a civil society, as constant contact with tourists, continuous development of business skills and aspirations, will enlarge the worldview of population and will contribute to their understanding of the most important problem of preserving the Armenian culture. The results of the research can be useful for the state and municipal organs, private sector, also for researchers of tourism sphere. Keywords: agritourism, infrastructures, marketing, rural places, tourism, villages.
The Religious Slaughter of Animals

Animal welfare legislation requires animals to be stunned before slaughter in order to minimise suffering. The only exemption is for religious communities to meet Jewish and Muslim religious requirements. Whilst we support the right to religious freedom, we do not think that exemptions should be made on religious grounds to animal welfare regulations which apply without exception to everyone else.
Suivi des glaciers de montagne par imagerie radar satellitaire

Cet article présente un ensemble de résultats obtenus par télédétection radar satellitaire sur le site test Chamonix MontBlanc. L'objectif est d'illustrer le potentiel et les limitations de l'imagerie SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) pour l'observationdes glaciers de montagne en zone tempérée. Après avoir rappelé certaines spécificités de ces glaciers qui conditionnentl'exploitation des données SAR, trois types de mesures sont étudiés : i/ le calcul de champs de déformation par interférométriedifférentielle (D-InSAR) avec des données ERS Tandem dont les couples à un jour permettaient de mettre enoeuvre cette technique en dehors de la période estivale ; ii/ le calcul de champs de déformation bidimensionnel par corrélationd'amplitude avec des données haute résolution TerraSAR-X (TSX) et la reconstruction du déplacement tridimensionnelà partir de couples acquis sur des orbites ascendantes et descendantes ; iii/ le calcul de la topographie à partir de couplesTanDEM-X (TDX) en évaluant les incertitudes liées à la pénétration radar dans la neige et la glace. Enfin, nous illustronsles premiers résultats obtenus avec les données des satellites Sentinel-1 A/B, de plus faible résolution spatiale mais dontla répétitivité à 6 jours et la gratuité ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives. Ces travaux montrent à la fois le fort potentielde l'imagerie SAR pour observer la dynamique et les variations de volume des glaciers tout en soulignant les facteursfavorables ou limitant pour une exploitation régulière des données issues des satellites radar lancés depuis les années 90.
Pricing of Participating Forward Contract

The purpose of this work is to model a participating forward contract permitting to avoid unlimited risk and unknown loss using a formula of risk sharing that includes the payment of an additional amount under specific price variations. This contract offers a new tool that Islamic finance can use since this finance is suspicious of classical forward contracts. The modeling is based on the classical forward equation, which incorporates the profit and loss sharing principle derived from Islamic finance. The participating forward is tested on oil data prices to compare the participating forward contract to the classical one. The participating forward offers a better possibility of profit to the seller and the buyer because of the PLS mechanism which reduces the risk for both parties. The main implication of this modeling is that the participating forward can provide some investors and Islamic banks with an alternative to conventional forward contracts.
Assessment of prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women admitted for delivery at labor room

Background: Anemia affects almost two-thirds of pregnant women in developing countries and contributes to maternal mortality and low birthweight. Although biological risk factors such as dietary deficiency, parasitic infestations, and chronic diseases are well-known risk factors, it is important for the physician to understand the ecological or structural risk factors that could be of regional interest. Hence; the present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women admitted for delivery at GGSMC labor room. Materials & methods: 1800 pregnant women admitted for delivery were interviewed by using predesigned and pretested questionnaire. The diagnosis on anemia was made by shale’s haematin method of hemoglobin method of estimation and type of anemia was confirmed by using the standard peripheral blood smear examination. Anemia was classified according as per the (WHO) World Health Organization grading criteria; Mild = 10 -10.9g/dl, Moderate = 7 – 9.9 g/dl and Severe - < 7g/dl. All the results were recorded in Microsoft excel sheet and were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Anemia was present in 48.88 percent (880 subjects) of the subjects. Out of 880 anemic subjects, 338 subjects had mild anemia, 390 anemic subjects had moderate anemia and remaining 152 anemic subjects had severe anemia. While analyzing various risk factors, it was seen that severe anemia was more common in illiterate subjects, laborers and subjects with lower socio-economic status. Also, anemia was more common among subjects who had never taken iron, folic acid supplements, and subjects who were not aware about free iron at hospital. Conclusion: Anemia continues to be a significant health issue. Even though iron–folic acid supplementation is readily available, it is crucial for primary health care workers to address other risk factors when designing therapeutic interventions for anemia control.
The crystallisation of conformationally flexible molecules

The University of Manchester Kevin Richard Back For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Crystallisation of Conformationally Flexible Molecules December 2011 Crystallising large, flexible molecules, which are becoming more common in pharmaceutical development, often presents significant challenges for chemists and particle scientists. These difficulties are sometimes attributed to the flexibility of the molecule, and the existence of multiple conformers in solution. Structurally related impurities, frequently present when crystallising these materials, can also impact on growth and habit, and both these aspects are considered in this thesis. This work considers two pharmaceutical compounds, a relatively small but nonetheless flexible molecule, ethenzamide, and a precursor of Amprenavir, a much larger molecule. Both compounds typically grow as thin needles in a wide variety of solvents, and effort was required to grow suitable crystals for structure determination. Ethenzamide has an unusual structure, the amide group being out-of-plane relative to the ring, while in all known co-crystals of the compound, including three new co-crystal structures determined in this work, it has a planar structure with an intramolecular hydrogen bond not seen in the single component crystal. Theoretical structure generation calculations suggest a second polymorph with a planar conformation may exist, though a screen has not found any further solid phases. ab initio work suggests the planar conformation is the stable arrangement in vacuo. Several structures for the Amprenavir intermediate have been determined, as an ethanol solvate, a methanol solvate and a hydrate. A phase diagram has been measured in the industrial solvent mix, and the nucleation and growth properties of this molecule, both pure and in the presence of several structurally related impurities, have been measured. The Cambridge Structural Database has been searched for similar structures, and conformational searches have been carried out for both molecules, using vacuum phase ab initio energy calculations. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to investigate solution phase structure. These theoretical and practical studies will try to relate conformational properties to crystallisation behaviour.
Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 in Deep Eutectic Solvents

Energy demand is constantly increasing and the use of fossil fuels causes an accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is an important environmental problem that needs to be solved. A promising solution to this problem would be the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to useful products, using the surplus of electricity from renewable sources. This would be a way of storing this excess of electricity in chemical bonds. However, this has not reached high efficiency and selectivity needed for establishing its use. For this process, the CO2 is usually dissolved in an aqueous electrolyte. This thesis proposes the new approach, using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) which would capture a higher concentration of CO2 helping to make the whole process more efficient. However, not all salt mixtures reach the eutectic point and therefore, the solvents formed are a low-transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs) of the selected salts. Experimental work was performed to find out if these solvents can be used for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction. Non-reported LTTMs were synthetized; they were formed with mixtures of the hydrogen bond donor citric acid (CA), fructose (F) and diethanolamine (DEA) with the hydrogen bond acceptor tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBA-Cl) and different quantities of water, which was found necessary to carry out electrochemistry since the solvents formed were too viscous, and this water has an important effect in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 as proton source and charge carrier. These solvents were characterized electrochemically, performing studies to find out on which metallic surface they behave better (wider working potential window, low degree of decomposition and adsorption) and how different water quantities affect this process. These studies were performed using cyclic voltammetry. From this, it was seen that the solvents are more stable during electrochemical process in presence of copper. Moreover, the solvent formed by DEA:TBA-Cl:H2O in the molar proportions 1:1:1,375 was found to have interesting features that resemble CO2 reduction. As result, this solvent was further analysed using electrochemical in-situ Fourier-Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in surface-enhanced attenuated total reflectance configuration. With this, it was seen that the carbon dioxide was captured by the solvent and that there are visible changes when applying potential. Remarkably, the data shows the formation of a dimer OCCO on the Cu electrode surface, stabilized by the solvent. This project shows for the first time the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in LTTMs, evaluating different solvents, metals and water quantities. Determining that the carbon dioxide reduction is possible with the solvent DEA:TBA-Cl:H2O in the molar proportions 1:1:1,375 in a copper polycrystalline electrode.