Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Do You Think is the Proper Place of Recursion? Conceptual and Empirical Issues

The “recursion-only-hypothesis”, tentatively put forward by Hauser, Chomsky & Fitch (2002) –henceforth: HCF– holds that “recursion” might be the only component of the Faculty of Language in the Narrow sense (“FLN”), with “narrow” being defined as: neither shared by other organisms, nor shared by other cognitive capacities than the faculty of language, so being both unique to humans and unique to language at the same time. This suggestion has generated a lot of responses, from students both of human cognition and of animal behavior, which generally assume that recursion os characteristic for language, and moreover that we know how to identify it. However, an evaluation of the role of recursion in language requires distinguishing sharply between different notions that are related but not identical: 1) ‘Different parts of a phrase may be separated by other (indefinitely long) phrases’ – effectively the notion of ‘long distance dependency’. 2) ‘The application of a rule to its own output’ – providing a definition of ‘unboundedness’ (an indefinitely large set of items). These different aspects are not always distinguished well, including HCF. I will critically examine, from an empirical point of view, three phenomena that have been taken as instantiating recursion in the sense of sentential embedding, viz. embedding of adverbial clauses in other adverbial clauses, nonfinite complementation in causative constructions, and long-distance Wh-movement. On the basis of usage and experimental data, it can be shown that neither of these classic cases actually requires a recursive specification. Empirically, a system that uses relatively specific templates is at least indistinguishable from one using general recursion, and is in some respects even more adequat (which has obvious consequences for the issue whether recursion can have been a target of selection). This is not to say that recursion (especially in senses 1 and 2) is not relevant for grammar; it is, but for some ‘pockets’ of rather specific phenomena, and it may very well have been produced by cultural evolution (involving literacy, i.a.), rather than genetic evolution.
A geometric approach to optimal state‐space solutions with minimal realization for standard discrete‐time H 2 control problem

Abstract This paper shows that the controllable and unobservable subspaces of the discrete‐time H 2 optimal controller can be characterized by the image and kernel spaces of two matrices Z 2 and W 2, where Z 2 and W 2 are positive semi‐definite solutions of two pertinent Lyapunov equations whose coefficients involve the stabilizing solutions of two celebrated discrete‐time algebraic Riccati equations (DAREs) used in solving the H 2 optimal control problem. By suitably choosing the bases adapted to Z 2 and W 2, a minimal order state‐space realization of an H 2 optimal controller is then given via an elegant geometric approach. In terms of geometric language, all the results and proofs given are clear and simple.
Fractional optimal control problems with both integer‐order and Atangana–Baleanu Caputo derivatives

This article considers fractional optimal control problems (FOCPs) including both integer‐order and Atangana–Baleanu Caputo derivatives. First, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of a fractional Cauchy problem is given. Then, applying calculus of variations and Lagrange multiplier method, we present necessary optimality conditions of FOCPs and sufficient optimality conditions are also given under some assumptions. Next, a collection method is developed to derive numerical solutions by using shifted Legendre polynomials. Finally, error estimate of numerical solutions is also provided, and numerical examples further show the accuracy and feasibility of our method.
Comparison of some selection criteria in two spring wheat crosses

The F2 populations of two spring wheat crosses (WH 283 x WH 280 and NP 846 x WH 291) were subjected to individual plant selections based on visual appearance for yield potential, No. of tillers per plant, grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield per plant, and harvest index. All the selection criteria were found equal in influencing the average grain yield of F3 progenies. The effect of selection in F2 generation was not reflected in F3. Number of tillers per plant and grains per spike showed high correlation with grain yield per plant. Visual selections based on general plant vigour, number of tillers per plant and spike length was found to be effective for improving grain yield and its component traits. The selection based on harvest index produced considerably low proportion of high yielding lines as compared to other selection criteria.
New Generation of Systemic Inflammatory Markers for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children

Aim: This study evaluated the relationship between the systemic immune–inflammatory index (SII), neutrophil–to–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet–to–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) with clinical findings of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among children with a diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Methods: The study was conducted between 1 January 2020 and 1 January 2022 in a pediatric clinic. This retrospective study included 286 consecutive patients between 0 and 12 years of age, 138 of whom were RSV (+) (48.25%) and 148 of whom were RSV (−) (51.75%). The detection of the RSV antigen was carried out using the chromatographic immunoassay method on nasopharyngeal swabbing samples. Results: CRP content was significantly higher in patients with RSV (+) than in children with RSV (−), while NLR, PLR, and SII, as inflammatory parameters, were significantly lower. Fever, coughs, and wheezing were the most common symptoms in the RSV (+) groups (100%). RSV infections were the highest in November, October, and December, in that order. The AUC was statistically significant for parameters in all groups. AUC values were 0.841 (95%: 0.765–0.917) for leukocytes, 0.703 (95%: 0.618–0.788) for lymphocytes, 0.869 (95%: 0.800–0.937) for CRP, 0.706 (95%: 0.636–0.776) for NLR, 0.779 (95%: 0.722–0.836) for PLR, and 0.705 (95%: 0.633–0.776) for SII. CRP was found to have both high sensitivity (80.4%) and high specificity (82.4%) among all parameters. While the ROC analysis results showed similar results for children under two years old, only CRP and NLR were statistically significant in this group. Conclusion: CRP performed better than other blood parameters as a marker. The NLR, PLR, and SII index were significantly lower in LRTI patients with RSV (+) than in those with RSV (−), which implies a higher grade of inflammation. If the cause of the disease can be determined by this method, disease management will be easier, and unnecessary antibiotics could be avoided.
Study on the Changes in Volatile Flavor Compounds in Whole Highland Barley Flour during Accelerated Storage after Different Processing Methods

The effect of heat processing on the flavor characteristics of highland barley flour (HBF) in storage was revealed by analyzing differences in volatile compounds associated with flavor deterioration in HBF using GC-MS identification and relative odor activity values (ROAVs). Hydrocarbons were the most abundant in untreated and extrusion puffed HBFs, while heterocycles were found to be the most abundant in explosion puffed, baked, and fried HBFs. The major contributors to the deterioration of flavor in different HBFs were hexanal, hexanoic acid, 2-pentylfuran, 1-pentanol, pentanal, 1-octen-3-ol, octanal, 2-butyl-2-octanal, and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal. Amino acid and fatty acid metabolism was ascribed to the main formation pathways of these compounds. Baking slowed down the flavor deterioration in HBF, while extrusion puffing accelerated the flavor deterioration in HBF. The screened key compounds could predict the quality of HBF. This study provides a theoretical basis for the regulation of the flavor quality of barley and its products.
Evaluating Behavior Recognition Pipeline of Laying Hens Using Wearable Inertial Sensors

Recently, animal welfare has gained worldwide attention. The concept of animal welfare encompasses the physical and mental well-being of animals. Rearing layers in battery cages (conventional cages) may violate their instinctive behaviors and health, resulting in increased animal welfare concerns. Therefore, welfare-oriented rearing systems have been explored to improve their welfare while maintaining productivity. In this study, we explore a behavior recognition system using a wearable inertial sensor to improve the rearing system based on continuous monitoring and quantifying behaviors. Supervised machine learning recognizes a variety of 12 hen behaviors where various parameters in the processing pipeline are considered, including the classifier, sampling frequency, window length, data imbalance handling, and sensor modality. A reference configuration utilizes a multi-layer perceptron as a classifier; feature vectors are calculated from the accelerometer and angular velocity sensor in a 1.28 s window sampled at 100 Hz; the training data are unbalanced. In addition, the accompanying results would allow for a more intensive design of similar systems, estimation of the impact of specific constraints on parameters, and recognition of specific behaviors.
Exploring E-Health Literacy and Technology-Use Anxiety among Older Adults in Korea

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the importance of health literacy in disseminating information on health in a non-contact society. This study focused on examining the acceptance capacity by older adults of smart devices in Korea and investigating the potential differences between men and women in terms of e-health literacy and technology-use anxiety. The study included 1369 respondents who were adults over 50 years of age and used welfare centers, public health centers, senior citizen centers, and exercise centers in Seoul and Incheon. An online survey was conducted from 1 June 2021 to 24 June 2021. The study found that the older adults’ low levels of digital literacy could limit their access to health information and negatively impact their health. The difference between men and women in terms of technology-use anxiety was statistically significant, with the latent mean for men being higher than that for women. The effect sizes of the potential mean differences were found to be at a medium level for e-health literacy and a significant level for technology-use anxiety. With Korea’s aging population and the need for the continuous management of chronic diseases among older adults, it is essential to discuss internet-based health information for disease maintenance and treatment.
Global Continuation for Distance Geometry Problems

Distance geometry problems arise in the determination of protein structure. We consider the case where only a subset of the distances between atoms is given and formulate this distance geometry problem as a global minimization problem with special structure. We show that global smoothing techniques and a continuation approach for global optimization can be used to determine global solutions of this problem reliably and efficiently. The global continuation approach determines a global solution with less computational effort than is required by a standard multistart algorithm. Moreover, the continuation approach usually finds the global solution from any given starting point, while the multistart algorithm tends to fail.
Abnormal expression of CXCL13, MIF and IL-35 in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome and its relationship with disease severity

Introduction The aim of the study was to detect the saliva chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and interleukin 35 (IL-35) levels in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and pSS-associated interstitial lung disease (pSS-ILD), and to explore the relationship between CXCL13, MIF, IL-35 levels, and disease severity. Material and methods ESSDAI score was used to evaluate the disease activity of pSS patients, and the levels of CXCL13, MIF and IL-35 in saliva of subjects were detected and analyzed, and the relationship between CXCL13, MIF, IL-35 and the occurrence of pSS was evaluated. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between CXCL13, MIF, IL-35 and ESSDAI score. ROC curve analysis was conducted to assess the diagnostic value of CXCL13, MIF, IL-35 and their combined application in pSS. Results The levels of CXCL13, MIF, and IL-35 in saliva were positively correlated with ESSDAI score. Saliva CXCL13 and IL-35 are risk factors for the development of pSS into pSS-ILD. The ROC curve shows that the combination of saliva CXCL13, MIF and IL-35 has the highest diagnostic efficiency for pSS-ILD. Conclusions CXCL13, MIF and IL-35 are related to the activity of pSS, and the combined diagnosis of these three indexes is expected to be an important method to predict the occurrence and development of pSS.
A genome-informed higher rank classification of the biotechnologically important fungal subphylum Saccharomycotina

The subphylum Saccharomycotina is a lineage in the fungal phylum Ascomycota that exhibits levels of genomic diversity similar to those of plants and animals. The Saccharomycotina consist of more than 1 200 known species currently divided into 16 families, one order, and one class. Species in this subphylum are ecologically and metabolically diverse and include important opportunistic human pathogens, as well as species important in biotechnological applications. Many traits of biotechnological interest are found in closely related species and often restricted to single phylogenetic clades. However, the biotechnological potential of most yeast species remains unexplored. Although the subphylum Saccharomycotina has much higher rates of genome sequence evolution than its sister subphylum, Pezizomycotina, it contains only one class compared to the 16 classes in Pezizomycotina. The third subphylum of Ascomycota, the Taphrinomycotina, consists of six classes and has approximately 10 times fewer species than the Saccharomycotina. These data indicate that the current classification of all these yeasts into a single class and a single order is an underappreciation of their diversity. Our previous genome-scale phylogenetic analyses showed that the Saccharomycotina contains 12 major and robustly supported phylogenetic clades; seven of these are current families (Lipomycetaceae, Trigonopsidaceae, Alloascoideaceae, Pichiaceae, Phaffomycetaceae, Saccharomycodaceae, and Saccharomycetaceae), one comprises two current families (Dipodascaceae and Trichomonascaceae), one represents the genus Sporopachydermia, and three represent lineages that differ in their translation of the CUG codon (CUG-Ala, CUG-Ser1, and CUG-Ser2). Using these analyses in combination with relative evolutionary divergence and genome content analyses, we propose an updated classification for the Saccharomycotina, including seven classes and 12 orders that can be diagnosed by genome content. This updated classification is consistent with the high levels of genomic diversity within this subphylum and is necessary to make the higher rank classification of the Saccharomycotina more comparable to that of other fungi, as well as to communicate efficiently on lineages that are not yet formally named.
A Three-Fold Integrated Perspective on Healthy Development: An Opinion Paper

Mental health and wellbeing are increasingly threatened in the current post-pandemic times, with stress, especially in students, reaching preoccupying levels. In addition, while many educational programs are unidimensional (i.e., lacking integration between physical, emotional and cognitive elements), there are ways to promote physical, social and mental health in children and adolescents. In this opinion paper, we will discuss the importance of an integrative approach for health development and examine relevant factors, such as awareness and emotional intelligence. We will highlight evidence ranging from behavioral to electrophysiological, structural and molecular, and report several recent studies supporting the effectiveness of a holistic approach in supporting wellbeing and creativity in children and adults, and detailing a specific paradigm named the Quadrato Motor Training (QMT). QMT is a specifically structured movement meditation, involving cognitive, motor and affective components. Finally, we will support a holistic view on education, integrating motion, emotion and cognition to develop a person-centered, or in this case student-centered, approach to wellbeing and health.
WPEC SG50: Developing an Automatically Readable, Comprehensive and Curated Experimental Nuclear Reaction Database

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Working Party on International Nuclear Data Evaluation Co-operation (WPEC) subgroup (SG) 50 was formed in 2020 to develop an automatically readable, comprehensive and curated experimental nuclear reaction database. This database is called MEDUSAL (Machine-readable Experimental Data User Application & Library), and will draw from EXFOR. The EXFOR database preserves experimental nuclear reaction data true to its original documentation and information from the authors of the data. MEDUSAL will deviate from EXFOR by storing additional information from users of the data for their fields of work (evaluation, model development, validation, etc.). This includes expert judgment on the data sets, identification of data points as outliers, renormalization of the data to the newest monitor reactions, and estimations of missing uncertainty sources. The format for MEDUSAL is being developed to enable easy automatic parsing of large amounts of data. Here, we will summarize the use cases, high-level requirements and first steps towards developing the database MEDUSAL and the API to access it.
I.—A class of symmetric polynomials with a parameter

Synopsis In an attempt to evaluate the integral (5) below, using a decomposition of an orthogonal matrix (Jack 1968), the author is led to define a set of polynomials, one for each partition of an integer k, which are invariant under the orthogonal group and which depend on a real parameter α. An explicit representation of these polynomials is given in an operational form. When α = − 1, these polynomials coincide with the augmented monomial symmetric functions. When α = 1, a systematic way of taking linear combinations of these polynomials is explained and it is shown that the resulting polynomials coincide with the Schur functions from the representation theory of the symmetric group. A similar procedure in the case α = 2 then appears to give the zonal polynomials as defined by James (1964, p. 478).
Electoral Systems, Partisan Politics, and Income Redistribution: A Critical Quasi-Experiment

Iversen and Soskice’s notion that electoral rules affect democracies’ propensity for income redistribution is one of the political economy’s most discussed concepts. Yet, it comes with a number of caveats. Most importantly, it is not clear whether electoral rules indeed affect states’ propensity for redistribution or vice versa and thus whether or not Iversen and Soskice’s findings are spurious. In this article, we focus on the critical case of New Zealand’s electoral reform of the 1990s and offer a comprehensive test of Iversen and Soskice’s concept. We employ the recently developed Bayesian alternative to the synthetic control method and compare the relevant dynamics for New Zealand to those of six majoritarian democracies. Our results largely support Iversen and Soskice’s claims; due to the lower prevalence of right (center-right) governments, proportional representation democracies tend to redistribute more than majoritarian ones.
New Efficient Automatic VOP Segmentation Based on Spatio-temporal Information

On the base of combining change-detection-based segmentation approach and spatial edge information by canny edge detection,an algorithm is proposed in which local contrast enhancement is applied to improve the contrast between foreground object and background in the pre-processing stage,and the problem caused by low contrast is solved.A filter was designed to remove a small quantity of noise caused by contrast enhancement;Then for the complex background,the algorithm utilizes probability-based classification to accumulate the background information,which it is needed by the original segmentation algorithm,and consequently realizes the capturing of background information automatically; Finally,the paper proposed that three situation should be discussed in the process of accumulating background information.The proposed algorithm is evaluated on several MPEG- 4 test sequences and produces promising results.
Intrusion Detection in Cloud Computing Environments using Deep Learning Algorithms

The rise of cloud computing has been attributed to its various advantages, such as its ability to provide on-demand scalability and cost-effectiveness. However, it has also raised concerns about security. Due to the nature of the cloud infrastructure, it can be accessed and shared by multiple users. There are various security threats that can affect the operations and data stored in cloud computing environments. It is therefore important that the security mechanisms are designed to prevent these threats from happening. The paper explores the use of deep learning techniques to detect and prevent unauthorized access to cloud computing environments. Such threats can have a significant impact on the data stored in the cloud and its infrastructure. The NSW_NB15 dataset is a publicly-available collection of information about network traffic and various types of attacks. We use three deep learning techniques to analyze and detect potential threats to cloud computing. These include CNN, RNN, and DNN. The paper presents an evaluation of the performance of the three deep learning algorithms. In particular, the three algorithms performed well in detecting intrusions. The findings of this study suggest that deep learning techniques can help improve the security of cloud environments.
The Role of Food Quality and Halal Certificate to Improve Consumer Satisfaction and Loyalty

This study aims to analyze the role of food quality and halal certificates in increasing consumer satisfaction and loyalty. This research is a type of survey research using questionnaires as the main data collection tool using the 5 Likert Scale Points. The population in this study is Bidadari's Catering consumers. The sample in this study was determined based on the inverse square root method so that a total of 99 respondents were obtained. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The data in this study were analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with WarpPLS 8.0 application. The results of the data analysis show that all hypotheses proposed are accepted, namely food quality plays a positive role in increasing consumer satisfaction, food quality plays a positive role in increasing consumer loyalty, halal certificates play a positive role in increasing consumer satisfaction, and halal certificates play a positive role in increasing consumer loyalty, and consumer satisfaction plays a positive role in increasing consumer loyalty. Thus, Bidadari Catering must focus more on optimizing the quality of food provided in addition to the role of halal certificates to increase consumer satisfaction and loyalty.
Graph Theory Problems from Hexagonal and Traditional Chess

Summary Chess pieces of various sorts give rise to intriguing graphs and studying their properties can yield nice conjectures, and sometimes simple proofs. This paper examines some problems related to traditional queens and bishops, and also some pieces arising in a hexagonal version of chess. Using powerful algorithmic methods such as integer-linear programming is critical to discovering various patterns.