Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The validity of Q estimates from borehole data using spectral ratios

The measurement from borehole sonic data of Q, the acoustic attenuation coefficient of an earth section, can be achieved in three ways: forward modeling (Chuen and Toksoez, 1981), spectral ratios (Gladwin and Stacey, 1974), and inversion (Cheng et al., 1986). The spectral-ratio technique has been applied to real data (Goldberg et al., 1985) but is unstable and not very reliable. Experiments have shown that the spectral-ratio technique applied to waveforms gives Q estimates which are lower than those measured from cores in the laboratory (Goldberg and Zinszner, 1989). We investigate this phenomenon using synthetic and real data.
Il contenuto di capitale umano dei flussi migratori interregionali: 1980-2002

In this paper we analyse the human capital endowment of migration flows across Italian regions during the period from 1980 to 2002. Our aim it to quantify the human capital embodied into migrants in order to assess how much of it has been moving from one region to another. Among the main results we have found that interregional mobility slowed down up to 1995 but has been increasing from then onwards, in addition we have also discovered that during the whole time period emigration rates are higher for graduate students, followed by higher secondary school and lower secondary school students. The main finding, however, is that we have detected evidence of human capital losses for almost all southern regions. Putting it differently these regions have suffered from a brain drain that, presumably, has reduced their growth potentials.
The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States

This book addresses the effects of climate change in vital areas such as water resources, agriculture, sea levels, and forests. It also focuses on wetlands, human health, rivers, and lakes. It analyzes policy options for mitigating the effects of global warming-including energy efficiency, alternative technologies, reforestation options, CFC reductions and other options for limiting greenhouse gases. It includes: Global Climate Change, Methodology, California, Great Lakes, Agriculture, Forests, Biological Diversity, Urban Infrastructure, Electricity Demand, and Research Needs.
Temperature profile in the molecular sublayer near the interface of a fluid in turbulent motion

The molecular sublayers adjacent to the air-sea interface are assumed to undergo cyclic growth and destruction in order to explain the exponential temperature profiles measured by Khundzhua and Andreyev. The duration of such cycles is taken to be randomly distributed in forced convection and a constant period is used to determine the temperature profile in free convection.
Equations of state in the Fe‐FeSi system at high pressures and temperatures

Earth's core is an iron‐rich alloy containing several weight percent of light element(s), possibly including silicon. Therefore, the high pressure‐temperature equations of state of iron‐silicon alloys can provide understanding of the properties of Earth's core. We performed X‐ray diffraction experiments using laser‐heated diamond anvil cells to achieve simultaneous high pressures and temperatures, up to ~200 GPa for Fe–9 wt % Si alloy and ~145 GPa for stoichiometric FeSi. We determined equations of state of the D03, hcp + B2, and hcp phases of Fe–9Si, and the B20 and B2 phases of FeSi. We also calculated equations of state of Fe, Fe11Si, Fe5Si, Fe3Si, and FeSi using ab initio methods, finding that iron and silicon atoms have similar volumes at high pressures. By comparing our experimentally determined equations of state to the observed core density deficit, we find that the maximum amount of silicon in the outer core is ~11 wt %, while the maximum amount in the inner core is 6–8 wt %, for a purely Fe‐Si‐Ni core. Bulk sound speeds predicted from our equations of state also match those of the inner and outer core for similar ranges of compositions. We find a compositional contrast between the inner and outer core of 3.5–5.6 wt % silicon, depending on the seismological model used. Theoretical and experimental equations of state agree at high pressures. We find a good match to the observed density, density profile, and sound speed of the Earth's core, suggesting that silicon is a viable candidate for the dominant light element.
Zero-Voltage Switching PWM Strategy Based Capacitor Current-Balancing Control for Half-Bridge Three-Level DC/DC Converter

The current imbalance among the two input capacitors is one of the important issues of the half-bridge three-level (HBTL) dc/dc converter, which would affect system performance and reliability. In this paper, a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) pulse-wide modulation (PWM) strategy including two operation modes is proposed. Based on the proposed ZVS PWM strategy, a capacitor current-balancing control is proposed for the HBTL dc/dc converter, where the currents on the two input capacitors can be kept balanced by alternating the two operation modes of the proposed ZVS PWM strategy. Therefore, the proposed control strategy can improve the performance and reliability of the converter in the aspect of balancing the thermal stresses and lifetimes among the two input capacitors. Finally, simulation and experimental studies are conducted and results verify the proposed control strategy.
AN EXHAUSTIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SYNCHRONIZATION BY FORCING ON ELEMENTARY CELLULAR AUTOMATA

We study a way of coupling two configurations of the same cellular automaton rule for all elementary cellular automata (ECA). We experimentally show that there are only two possible behaviors: either synchronization for all coupling strength, or a phase transition. This transition is shown to belong to the directed percolation universality class, even for a non chaotic rule and for rules with particles.
Impact of connectivity on the modeling of overland flow within semiarid shrubland environments

The objective of this study is the evaluation of the spatial variability and intrinsic connectivity features of model input parameters for the parameterization of process‐based, spatially distributed overland flow models. Parameter scaling tools based on the statistical and geostatistical properties of an extensive field data set were developed. These allowed the reproduction of the spatial heterogeneity of model parameters associated with the soil‐ and vegetation‐related properties of semiarid shrubland environments to a varying degree. The outcome of the study emphasizes that connectivity plays a fundamental role in the modeling of water fluxes within semiarid catchments. The larger the degree to which connected features are represented, the better the model performance. In contrast, the parameterization approaches that did not contain connected patterns of parameter values performed comparatively poorly. A spatially connected overland flow model therefore enabled the generation of realistic overland flow patterns that qualitatively resembles field surveys of overland flow generation not only at the outlet of the model domains but also within the catchments without the need of calibration.
Response of deep ocean circulation to initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation (3–2 MA)

Carbon isotopic records from benthic foraminifera are used to map patterns of deep ocean circulation between 3 and 2 million years ago, the interval when significant northern hemisphere glaciation began. The δ18O and δ13C data from four Atlantic sites (552, 607, 610, and 704) and one Pacific site (677) show that global cooling over this interval was associated with increased suppression of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation. However, the relative strength of NADW production was always greater than is observed during late Pleistocene glaciations when extreme decreases in NADW are observed in the deep North Atlantic. Our data indicate that an increase in the equator-to-pole temperature gradient associated with the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation did not intensify deepwater production in the North Atlantic but rather the opposite occurred. This is not unexpected as it is the “warm high-salinity” characteristic, rather than the “low temperature,” of thermocline waters that is critical to the deepwater formation process in this region today.
The seasonal and global behavior of water vapor in the Mars atmosphere: Complete global results of the Viking Atmospheric Water Detector Experiment

The water vapor content of the Mars atmosphere was measured from the Viking Orbiter Mars Atmospheric Water Detectors (MAWD) for a period of more than 1 Martian year, from June 1976 through April 1979. Results are presented in the form of global maps of column abundance for 24 periods throughout each Mars year. The data reduction incorporates spatial and seasonal variations in surface pressure and supplements earlier published versions of less complete data. Column abundances vary between 0 and about 100 precipitable microns (pr μm), depending on location and season, while the entire global abundance varies seasonally between an equivalent of about 1 and 2 km3 of ice. The first appearance of vapor at nonpolar latitudes as northern summer approaches and the drop in abundance at mid-latitudes as summer ends both strongly imply the existence of a seasonal reservoir for water within the regolith. There appear to be no net annual sources away from the poles that contribute significant amounts of water. However, the strong annual gradient of vapor from north to south implies a net annual flow of vapor toward the south. This southward flow may be balanced by a northward flow during the global dust storms, by transport in the form of clouds or adsorbed onto dust grains, or during other years. The perenially cold nature of the south polar residual cap, along with the relatively large summertime vapor abundances over the cap, implies a net annual condensation of vapor onto the cap. Comparison with earlier (Earth-based) observations of vapor in the south during the local summer indicates that all of the seasonal CO2 cap may sublime away in some years to reveal the water ice cap which must lie underneath, with corresponding large southern summer vapor abundances. The global distribution of the annual average abundance of vapor correlates well with Martian topography, as might be expected for a uniform constant atmospheric mixing ratio. If this topographic effect is divided out, the resulting residual map correlates well with maps of surface albedo and thermal inertia; this correlation may be related to the control exerted by the surface and subsurface temperatures on the adsorption/desorption process and on the atmospheric temperature profile and, hence, the vapor holding capacity of the atmosphere.
A History of Psychology: From Antiquity to Modernity

Introductory Essay Chapter 1: Science, History, and Psychology UnitI. Background. Chapter 2: The Legacy of Ancient Greece EEA - 323 BCE Chapter 3: Antiquity 323 BCE - 1000 CE Unit I Bibliography Unit II. Constructing the Modern World. Chapter 4: The Premodern world 1000 CE - 1600 Chapter 5: The Scientific Revolution 1600 - 1700 Chapter 6: The Enlightenment 1700 - 1815 Chapter 7: The Ascent of Science 1815 - 1914 Unit II Bibliography Unit III. Founding Psychology Chapter 8: The Psychology of Consciousness Chapter 9: The Psychology of the Unconscious Chapter 10: The Psychology of Adaptation Unit IV. Psychological Science in the Modern World Chapter 11: Behaviorism 1892-1956 Chapter 12: Cognitive Science 1956 - 2000 Unit IV Bibliography Unit V. Applied Psychology in the Modern World Chapter 13: The Rise of Applied Psychology 1892-1939 Chapter 14: The Psychological Society 1940-2000 Unit V Bibliography Concluding Thoughts
Effects of neural stem cell transplantation on the motor function of rats with contusion spinal cord injuries: a meta-analysis

Objective: To judge the efficacies of neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation on functional recovery following contusion spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Data sources: Studies in which NSCs were transplanted into a clinically relevant, standardized rat model of contusion SCI were identified by searching the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases, and the extracted data were analyzed by Stata 14.0. Data selection: Inclusion criteria were that NSCs were used in in vivo animal studies to treat contusion SCIs and that behavioral assessment of locomotor functional recovery was performed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan lo-comotor rating scale. Exclusion criteria included a follow-up of less than 4 weeks and the lack of control groups. Outcome measures: The restoration of motor function was assessed by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale. Results: We identified 1756 non-duplicated papers by searching the aforementioned electronic databases, and 30 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 37 studies reported in the 30 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results showed that transplanted NSCs could improve the motor function recovery of rats following contusion SCIs, to a moderate extent (pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47–1.00; P < 0.001). NSCs obtained from different donor species (rat: SMD = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.36–1.13; human: SMD = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.31–1.25), at different donor ages (fetal: SMD = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.43–0.92; adult: SMD = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.50–1.22) and from different origins (brain-derived: SMD = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.27–0.91; spinal cord-derived: SMD = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.22–0.79) had similar efficacies on improved functional recovery; however, adult induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NSCs showed no significant efficacies. Furthermore, the use of higher doses of transplanted NSCs or the administration of immunosuppressive agents did not promote better locomotor function recovery (SMD = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.21–0.70). However, shorter periods between the contusion induction and the NSC transplantation showed slightly higher efficacies (acute: SMD = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.81–1.63; subacute: SMD = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.42–1.09). For chronic injuries, NSC implantation did not significantly improve functional recovery (SMD = 0.25; 95% CI: –0.16 to 0.65). Conclusion: NSC transplantation alone appears to be a positive yet limited method for the treatment of contusion SCIs.
Empirical polar cap potentials

DMSP satellite plasma flow data from 1987–1990 are used to derive empirical models of the polar cap potential for quasi-steady interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. The large data set, due to the high duty cycle and nearly Sun synchronous DMSP orbits, allowed very stringent data selection criteria. The analysis indicates that a good description of the unskewed (Heppner Maynard pattern A) steady state polar cap potential is ΦA = 10−4v2+11.7B sin3 (θ/2) kV, where v is the solar wind velocity in kilometers per second, B is the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field in nanoteslas, and θ = arccos (Bz/|B|)GSM. The IMF-dependent contribution to the cross polar cap potential does not depend significantly on solar wind pressure. Functional forms for the potential do benefit from inclusion of an IMF independent term proportional to the solar wind flow energy. Best fits to IMF-independent contributions to the steady state polar cap potential yield ∼16 kV for vsw = 400 kilometers per second. During steady IMF the total unskewed polar cap potential drop is shown to be approximately ΦA = 16.5 + 15.5 Kp kV. The distribution of potential around the polar cap is examined as a function of magnetic local time. A sinusoidal distribution is an excellent description of the distribution, and more complex forms are not justified by this data set. Analysis of this data set shows no evidence of saturation of the polar cap potential for large |MF|. A simple unified description of the polar cap potential at all magnetic local times (MLT) and IMF, Φ(IMF, MLT) = −4.1 + 0.5 sin ((2π/24) MLT + 0.056 + 0.015 Byeff) (1.1 × 10–4 v2 + 11.1 B sin3 (θ/2)) kV, is generated, where Byeff is By (−BY) in the northern (southern) hemisphere. If IMF data is unavailable, the polar cap potential is well described by ΦA(Kp, MLT) = − 4.1 + 1/2 sin ((2π/24) MLT + ϕHM)(16.4 + 15.2 Kp) kV, where OϕHM is a small phase correction of (−0.054, −0.031, 0.040) for Heppner-Maynard convection patterns (BC, A, DE), respectively.
The Impact of State Antipredatory Lending Laws: Policy Implications and Insights

Over half the states and several localities have enacted statutes and ordinances to regulate abuses in the residential mortgage market. The effect of these statutes is a matter of debate. This paper seeks to improve the understanding of this increasingly important issue and pays particular attention to the role that legal enforcement mechanisms play in this context. We created a legal index of laws governing mortgage lending terms and practices, giving each state an overall score for the strength of its laws. In addition, we disaggregated the index to create sub-indices along three dimensions: (1) the scope of loans covered by the laws; (2) the prohibited loan terms and practices; and (3) the strength of the legal enforcement mechanisms. We use these indices to determine the effect of anti-predatory lending laws-- using both total index scores and the scores using the sub-indices-- on loan applications, originations and rejections. To control for variations within state borders, we employ a geographic sampling approach that focuses on lending activity along state borders, including only loans that were originated in a county that is geographically along a state border and if at least one of the two abutting states has an anti-predatory lending law. We find that the extent of coverage, restrictions, and enforcement embodied in a state's legal framework is associated with significant changes in the probability that a subprime application is rejected and a subprime loan is originated. Coverage is associated with lower subprime rejection probabilities. Restrictions tend to increase the likelihood of rejection and hence retard originations in the subprime market. Finally, the key result in the analysis of enforcement is that stronger enforcement mechanisms reduce subprime rejection probabilities. We conclude the paper by discussing the possible implications of these findings, including how anti-predatory lending laws may have shaped borrower and lender behavior and how our results can help inform shape future lending regulations. This paper makes a timely contribution given the current crisis in subprime lending and the call for increased scrutiny of lenders and the loans they originate.
Polygonal feeder tubes filled with hydroclasts: a new volcanic lithofacies marking shoreline subaerial–submarine transition

This paper describes for the first time a new lithofacies that formed in the passage zone during the construction of pahoehoe lava-fed deltas in the north and NE coastal areas of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Atlantic Ocean). These lava-fed deltas, which are Pliocene in age, present similar lithofacies associations to those previously described in the literature, except for two distinct features: low abundance of hyaloclastites and a new lithofacies in the passage zone. This new lithofacies, which we propose to name ‘polygonal feeder tubes filled with hydroclasts’, comprises metre-scale lava feeder tubes with decimetre-scale coherent poorly vesicular and aphanitic rinds of polygonal morphology, filled with closely packed hydroclasts generated in situ. It represents the first stage in the interaction between seawater and thick lava flows entering the sea under the influence of a tidal regime, thus marking sea level. This lithofacies should be easily recognizable in ancient successions, and thus represents a useful marker of palaeoshorelines. Supplementary material: Sample preparation and sample geochemistry are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18785.
Movements of the fault of the Lake of Cavazzo in connection with the local rainfalls

Undeniable witnesses are given for t h e existence of micromovements of the fault of the Lake of Cavazzo (Tolmezzo) in connection with local rainfalls. They are recorded as vertical rotations by the clinographic stations incorporated into ENEL's power station of Somplago which lias been blast out of the rock on t h e Western edge of the large fault of the lake. The fault in itself, which extends probably down to the confluence of the Jlelo torrent with the Tagliamento River at about 10 kins South of the Station, lies in the NW quadrant of the vast alluvium area of the Tagliamento extending between Venzone, Gemona and Osoppo. The rotation of the vertical toward SSE may be attributed to the weight increase of the alluvium due to rainfalls. In fact, the deviation proves to be proportional to rainfalls: the heavier are the latter, the larger is the former. This suggests the idea that below the bed of the Tagliamento River there must be a large underground flood which is alimented by leakage of rainwater. I t should be considered in this respect t h a t during t h e Summer when rainfalls are scarce, t h e vertical is subjected to a slow opposite movement at Somplago, as if it were under the influence of a corresponding slow lightening of the SSE area. The micromovements of the two ledges of the fault may exert a "release" effect on the fault area such as to prevent sizeable accumulations of elastic tensions in the surrounding medium. As a matter of fact, the Somplago area has never been in the epicentre of destructive earthquakes as far as recorded history goes back, notwithstanding the high seismic character of Carnia.
The Effects of Bed Friction on Wave Simulation: Implementation of an Unstructured Third-Generation Wave Model, SWAN

Abstract Parallel implementation of an unstructured Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model with the Wave Model (WAM) cycle 4 formulation was used to evaluate the performance of a third-generation wave model over large spatial scales. Data from a network of National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys and the Wave Current Information System (WAVCIS) stations were used to assess the skill of the input and output of the wave model. The simulation results reveal that the underestimation of energy in the low-frequency band (0.12–0.17 Hz) can be ameliorated if the model is calibrated using site specific in situ measurements instead of the Pierson-Moskowitz spectra. This process led to more than a 25% decrease in the root mean square error between simulated significant wave height and in situ observations. Use of the verified model for the Gulf of Mexico, with bed friction computed from grain-size distribution, as opposed to a default constant bed-friction formulation, showed that the wave height difference can exceed 1.5 m or 40% of local wave height for a large spatial extent during extreme events, such as Hurricane Dennis. In addition, with the use of eddy viscosity bed-friction formulation with usSEABED (U.S. Geological Survey), the sediment data results were in better agreement with the in situ observations during Hurricane Dennis, with less than a 4% increase in computational cost. The mean wave-height distribution over several cold fronts also demonstrates the influence of bed grain-size parameterization in wave transformation, especially in water depths shallower than 15 m, thereby demonstrating the significance of this study in advancing our understanding of sediment-transport modeling.