Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extremes in June rainfall during the Indian summer monsoons of 2013 and 2014: observational analysis and extended‐range prediction

The onset/progression phase of theIndian summer monsoon (ISM) is very crucial for the agricultural sector of the country as it has strong bearing on the sowing of kharif crops, which in turn affects overall food grain production and hence food security. The recent ISMs of 2013 and 2014 exhibited quite distinct progression phases. While 2013 had one of the fastest advancement in the last 70 years, 2014 witnessed a comparatively lethargic progression phase. The major difference was felt in the early monsoon month of June, with 2013 (2014) monthly rainfall being +34% (−43%) of its long period average. Observational investigations reveal that, during June 2013, the monsoon trough was very active in its normal position favouring low‐level positive vorticity generation and moisture convergence, whereas the absence of monsoon trough during June 2014 facilitated the prevalence of a strong low‐level anticyclonic circulation over central India hampering the northward progression of the ISM. It is found that June 2013 (2014) was associated with (i) stronger (weaker) north‐south tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient with positive (negative) TT anomalies over Eurasia and north of 60°N; (ii) negative (positive) SST anomalies over the equatorial Indian Ocean, northwestern Arabian Sea and equatorial eastern Pacific; (iii) stronger (weaker) monsoonal Hadley circulation; and (iv) stronger (weaker) Walker circulation in response to the negative (positive) SST anomalies over the equatorial Pacific. The study also examines the skill of an Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) in predicting the observed contrasting behaviour during June 2013/2014 on extended range (∼15–20 days in advance) in real time. The EPS not only forecasted the observed discrepancy, but also predicted the influential role of the large‐scale meteorological conditions prevalent during June 2013 (2014), thus demonstrating the remarkable skill of the EPS in predicting June extremes.
Cyclic-polymer grafted colloids in spherical confinement: insights for interphase chromosome organization

Interphase chromosomes are known to organize non-randomly in the micron-sized eukaryotic cell nucleus and occupy certain fraction of nuclear volume, often without mixing. Using extensive coarse-grained simulations, we model such chromosome structures as colloidal particles whose surfaces are grafted by cyclic polymers. This model system is known as Rosetta. The cyclic polymers, with varying polymerization degrees, mimic chromatin loops present in interphase chromosomes, while the rigid core models the chromocenter section of the chromosome. Our simulations show that the colloidal chromosome model provides a well-separated particle distribution without specific attraction between the chain monomers. As the polymerization degree of the grafted cyclic chains decreases while maintaining the total chromosomal length (e.g. the more potent activity of condensin-family proteins), the average chromosomal volume becomes smaller, inter-chromosomal contacts decrease, and chromocenters organize in a quasi-crystalline order reminiscent of a glassy state. This order weakens for polymer chains with a characteristic size on the order of the confinement radius. Notably, linear-polymer grafted particles also provide the same chromocenter organization scheme. However, unlike linear chains, cyclic chains result in less contact between the polymer layers of neighboring chromosome particles, demonstrating the effect of DNA breaks in altering genome-wide contacts. Our simulations show that polymer-grafted colloidal systems could help decipher 3D genome architecture along with the fractal globular and loop-extrusion models.
A soybean pattern recognition receptor conferring broad-spectrum pathogen and pest resistance regulates expression of several NLR receptor proteins

Overexpressors of Glycine max disease resistant 1 (GmDR1) exhibits broad-spectrum resistance against Fusarium virguliforme, soybean cyst nematode (SCN), spider mites, and soybean aphids in soybean. To understand the mechanisms of broad-spectrum immunity mediated by GmDR1, we investigated the transcriptomes of a strong and a weak GmDR1-overexpressors following treatment with chitin, a pathogen- and pest-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) found in these organisms. The strong and weak GmDR1-overexpressors exhibited altered expression of 6,098 and 992 genes, respectively, as compared to the nontransgenic control following chitin treatment. However, only 192 of these genes exhibited over two-fold changes in expression levels in both strong and weak GmDR1-overexpressors as compared to the control. MapMan analysis of the 192 genes revealed 64 biotic stress-related genes, of which 53 were induced and 11 repressed as compared to the control. The 53 chitin-induced genes include nine that encode receptor kinases, 13 encode nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor proteins, seven encoding WRKY transcription factors, four ethylene response factors, and three MYB-like transcription factors. Investigation of a subset of these genes revealed three receptor protein kinases, seven NLR proteins, and one WRKY transcription factor genes that are induced following F. virguliforme and SCN infection. The integral plasma membrane GmDR1 protein most likely recognizes PAMPs including chitin and activates transcription of genes encoding receptor kinases and NLR proteins. GmDR1 could be a pattern recognition receptor that regulates the expression of several NLRs for expression of PAMP-triggered immunity and/or priming the effector triggered immunity.
Neural computation through sensorimotor dynamics for predictive sensorimotor control

Although recent studies suggest that activity in the motor cortex conveys substantial information regarding sensory inputs in addition to motor outputs, it is unclear how sensory inflows affect the motor outflows issuing motor commands. Here, we recorded population neural activity in the motor cortex via microelectrode arrays while monkeys performed flexible manual interception of moving targets. For this task, which requires predictive sensorimotor control, the activity of most neurons in the motor cortex not only encoded upcoming movements, but was also influenced by ongoing target motion. Dimensionality reduction at movement onset demonstrated a latent orbital neural geometry with neural states clustered by reach directions, and tilted in ellipses corresponding to target speed. This neural geometry was investigated by our representational model and recurrent neural network (RNN) with task-specific input-output mapping. We propose that neural computation through sensorimotor dynamics can be derived from the neuronal mixed sensorimotor selectivity and dynamic interaction between modulations.
The reddened quasar 3C 22 and its implications

We prove the presence of a broad (apx-}5000 km s^-1) Hα emission line in the spectrum of the z=0.935 `radio galaxy' 3C 22. This confirms suspicions that some of the faint red objects classified as high-redshift radio galaxies are actually slightly reddened quasars. Using our WHT and UKIRT spectra, we estimate a rest-frame extinction towards the quasar of A_V~2. We review the difficulties involved in detecting broad emission lines in high-redshift radio galaxies, concluding that, if one wishes to discover the origin of the observed near-infrared light, then near-infrared spectroscopy is a very limited technique. We argue that a programme of thermal imaging is likely to prove far more fruitful.
Comparison of Various Compressible Vorticity Confinement Methods and Development Two New Confinement Parameters

In this paper, vorticity confinement parameters are successfully developed for compressible flows. The first new confinement parameter is proportional to spectral radii of the flux Jacobian matrix. Therefore, the confinement parameter implicitly contains the local conditions of the flow field. This new method is named as lambda vorticity confinement method. In order to gain confidence in the applicability of vorticity confinement, it would be ideal to completely eliminate constant coefficients from confinement parameters. Because these constant coefficients should be determined for every problem by trial and error and it takes a long time. In the next part of this paper, a suitable relation is introduced for the vorticity confinement parameter that doesn’t need any constant coefficient. This new method is named as adaptive vorticity confinement method. Then the capability of these new methods is compared with the other vorticity confinement methods for solving shock-vortex interaction and three dimensional moving vortex problems.
FitPMM: An R Routine to Fit Finite Mixture of Piecewise Mixed-Effect Models With Unknown Random Knots

Piecewise mixed-effect models are frequently used in education and psychology to model segmented growth over time. For data that exhibit distinct phases of growth, piecewise models are attractive alternatives to familiar quadratic and higher order polynomial models because the parameters in piecewise models provide more relevant information about the mechanism underlying the change process (Fitzmaurice, Laird, & Ware, 2011). Different types of trajectories can be specified in the different phases of a piecewise model; however, a linear–linear piecewise model seems to dominate practical applications. An interesting feature of a linear–linear piecewise model is the knot, the change point on the time axis where two linear splines join (Cudeck & Harring, 2010). In many applications, practitioners locate the knot in piecewise models a priori based on the subject-matter knowledge, and the knot is assumed to be known in subsequent statistical analyses. Moreover, the knot is commonly treated as a fixed parameter, indicating that each individual’s change point is assumed to be the same. An appealing alternative model for practical applications would allow the knot in the piecewise model to be an estimable subject-specific parameter. This model is a type of nonlinear random coefficient model like that described in Cudeck and Klebe (2002) and du Toit and Cudeck (2009). A mixture component can be added to the model to relax the assumption of a single population and to allow latent subpopulations (Everitt & Hand, 1981; Harring, 2012; Kohli, Harring, & Zopluoglu, under review; Titterington, Smith, & Makov, 1985). Fitting finite mixture of nonlinear random coefficient models can be quite challenging. However, du Toit and Cudeck provided a simplified estimation scheme for models with a combination of linear and nonlinear coefficients, and finite mixture of these models can be fitted following the extension provided by Harring (2012). An R routine, fitPMM.R, was designed to fit the finite mixture of piecewise mixed-effect models with unknown random knot parameters using the estimation
Steady MHD Boundary-layer Slip Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluid over a Convectively Heated of a Non-linear Permeable Sheet

The present study investigates the theoretical analysis on steady viscous incompressible MHD laminar boundary-layer flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting nanofluid over a convectively heated nonlinear permeable sheet with partial slip using homotopy analysis method. The present model used for the nanofluid incorporates the combined effects of magnetic field, partial slip, Biot number, suction/injection, non-linear parameter, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis. We use local similarities variable, the governing equations which are nonlinear partial differential equations was transformed into a system couple of nonlinear ordinary differential equation, which are solved semi-analytical by using homotopy analysis method. Graphically results obtained for the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration profiles are displayed for various values of the existing parameters controlling the fluid flow: Slip parameter ζ, Magnetic field M, Biot number Bi, suction/injection parameter s, Brownian motion parameter Nb, and thermophoresis parameter Nt. It was found that the Biot number increase the dimensionless temperature profile. Numerical results obtained are compared with the previous published results found on literatures are in good agreement and are discussed quantitatively.
Transverse Anderson localization of light: a tutorial review

This tutorial review gives an overview of the transverse Anderson localization of light in one and two transverse dimensions. A pedagogical approach is followed throughout the presentation, where many aspects of localization are illustrated by means of a few simple models. The tutorial starts with some basic aspects of random matrix theory, and light propagation through and reflection from a random stack of dielectric slabs. Transverse Anderson localization of light in one- and two-dimensional coupled waveguide arrays is subsequently established and discussed. Recent experimental observations of localization and image transport in disordered optical fibers are discussed. More advanced topics, such as hyper-transport in longitudinally varying disordered waveguides, the impact of nonlinearity, and propagation of partially coherent and quantum light, are also examined.
A Wide Rainband in a Developing Tropical Cyclone

Abstract On 18 January 1987 the three aircraft from the Equatorial Mesoscale Experiment (EMEX) completed a mission designed to identify the mesoscale reflectivity, kinematic, and thermodynamic structure of a convectively active rainband on the leading edge of developing Tropical Cyclone Irma. The reflectivity structure, determined from land-based and aircraft radars, reveals that the band consisted of an unusually wide (80 km) region of convective clouds that did not maintain a linear organization. High-θe air entered from both sides in the subcloud and lower cloud layer. Thermodynamically, the rainband was benign in the sense that it did not produce cold downdrafts or large regions of low-θe air that would limit the energy of the low-level inflow to the developing eyewall region. Kinematically, the band was a preferred location for the enhancement of the wind component parallel to the band. The low-level flow was along rather than across the major axis of the band. Above 4.5 km flow was from the inner to.
Role of mean, variability and teleconnection of clouds behind Indian summer monsoon rainfall

Skilful prediction of the seasonal Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall (ISMR) at least one season in advance has great socio‐economic value. The ISM is a lifeline for about a sixth of the world's population. The ISMR prediction remained a challenging problem with the subcritical skills of the dynamical models due to a limited understanding of the interaction among clouds, convection and circulation. In this study, we have analysed the seasonal mean of high cloud fraction, ice mixing ratio and ice cloud fraction from satellite and reanalysis and demonstrated their importance for ISM. The variability of the mixing ratio of cloud ice in different time scales (3–7 days, 10–20 days and 30–60 days bands) is also examined from reanalysis during ISM. Here, we have shown the teleconnection of different cloud variables over the ISM region with global sea surface temperature. We found that they are tied with slowly varying forcing (e.g., El Niño and Southern Oscillation). Besides, the correlation of cloud ice with different indices (Niño, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation and Extratropics) may enhance the potential predictability of ISMR. The representation of deep convective clouds, which involve the ice‐phase processes in a coupled climate model, strongly modulates ISMR variability in association with global predictors. The results from the two sensitivity simulations using coupled global climate model (CGCM) demonstrate the importance of the cloud ice on ISM rainfall predictability. Therefore, this study provides a scientific basis for improving the simulation of the seasonal ISMR by developing the physical processes of the cloud on a subseasonal time scale and motivating further research in this direction.
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna double black holes : dynamics in gaseous nuclear discs

We study the inspiral of double black holes, with masses in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) window of detectability, orbiting inside a massive circumnuclear, rotationally supported gaseous disc. Using high-resolution smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations, we follow the black hole dynamics in the early phase when gas-dynamical friction acts on the black holes individually, and continue our simulation until they form a close binary. We find that in the early sinking the black holes lose memory of their initial orbital eccentricity if they corotate with the gaseous disc. As a consequence, the massive black holes bind forming a binary with a low eccentricity, consistent with zero within our numerical resolution limit. The cause of circularization resides in the rotation present in the gaseous background where dynamical friction operates. Circularization may hinder gravitational waves from taking over and leading the binary to coalescence. In the case of counter-rotating orbits, the initial eccentricity (if present) does not decrease, and the black holes may bind forming an eccentric binary. When dynamical friction has subsided, for equal mass black holes and regardless their initial eccentricity, angular momentum loss, driven by the gravitational torque exerted on the binary by surrounding gas, is nevertheless observable down to the smallest scale probed (≃1 pc). In the case of unequal masses, dynamical friction remains efficient down to our resolution limit, and there is no sign of formation of any ellipsoidal gas distribution that may further harden the binary. During inspiral, gravitational capture of gas by the black holes occurs mainly along circular orbits; eccentric orbits imply high relative velocities and weak gravitational focusing. Thus, the active galactic nucleus activity may be excited during the black hole pairing process and double active nuclei may form when circularization is completed, on distance scales of tens of parsecs.
An exact close-form PEP and a new PEP for Space-Time codes

A close-form expression of the exact pair-wise error probability (PEP) for space-time (S-T) codes in Rayleigh fading channel is derived using the probability-density function (PDF) of a sum of independent exponential distributed random variables. Since the expression requires evaluating the coefficients for partial fraction expansion, an easy analytical way is proposed for doing this. The exact PEP is subsequently used to develop a simple PEP using upper bound. Both PEPs are used for error rate evaluation. Numerical calculations and Monte Carlo computer simulation have been used to study the accuracies of these PEPs for error rate evaluation of a rotation-based diagonal S-T code (D code) in Rayleigh fading channels. Four other PEPs based on different bounds are also studied for comparison. Results show that our derived close-form PEP is an exact PEP and our proposed PEP is a very tight bound to the exact PEP.
Investigation of turbulent flows using spillway models aiming to aid downstream migration of fish

Dams and other flow control structures constitute obstacles to upstream and downstream aquatic habitats, reducing life‐cycle success and even eliminating diadromous and potamodromous fish species from river basins. Providing effective passage past hydroelectric dams is critical for restoring habitat connectivity and sustaining populations of fish species. Surface water release over spillways is effective in diverting fish from turbines and establishing a safe bypass for downstream migrants. Developing an effective passage system over spillways requires both biological knowledge of fish behavior and abilities, as well as hydraulic knowledge of spillway flows to provide hydrodynamic conditions that fish may exploit. The present study experimentally investigates several depths, velocity, and turbulence fields intended to promote the downstream migration of fish over spillways. Instantaneous velocity fields were measured in an open recirculating rectangular water channel. A 90° standard spillway model, as well as a spillway model with a modified upstream face slope of 45°, were tested for two water depths. The results show the presence of a distinct recirculation bubble at the heel of the 90° standard spillway with the shallower water depth. It was concluded that the upstream recirculation bubble may be suppressed by either increasing the water depth or decreasing the upstream face slope. Decreasing the upstream face slope also resulted in a more uniform distribution of acceleration and lower turbulence along the upstream face of the spillway. The modified spillways provide more suitable hydrodynamic conditions for downstream migrants.
Theoretical Perspectives on Bureaucrats: A Quest for Democratic Agents

While the relationship between bureaucracy and democracy has gained attention in historical cycles, the literature on the roles of bureaucrats in relation to democracy has become increasingly fragmented. Drawing on comparisons among public administration theory and participatory, deliberative, and collaborative democracy, this article provides typologies that reflect the historical multiplication of the theoretically determined roles and characteristics of bureaucracy that contribute to democracy. This comparative analysis highlights a common democratic trend among the four schools in adding stresses on bureaucrats’ autonomy, morality, publicity, and direct connection to citizens, with a constant coexistence of rational and managerial elements.
Arrows for knowledge-based circuits

Knowledge-based programs (KBPs) are a formalism for directly relating agents’ knowledge and behaviour in a way that has proven useful for specifying distributed systems. Here we present a scheme for compiling KBPs to executable automata in finite environments with a proof of correctness in Isabelle/HOL. We use Arrows, a functional programming abstraction, to structure a prototype domain-specific synchronous language embedded in Haskell. By adapting our compilation scheme to use symbolic representations we can apply it to several examples of reasonable size.
Multiseason Verification of the MM5. Part II: Evaluation of High-Resolution Precipitation Forecasts over the Northeastern United States

Abstract This paper evaluates the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) precipitation forecasts over the northeastern United States to show the effects of increasing resolution, the spatial variations in model skill, and the impact of convective parameterizations on the MM5 precipitation forecasts. The MM5 is verified during the cool seasons (November–March) of 1999–2001 and the warm season (May–September) of 2000 using approximately 500 cooperative observer and National Weather Service precipitation sites. During the cool season, the 12-km MM5 produces excessive precipitation immediately downwind of the Great Lakes and along the windward slopes of the Appalachians and too little precipitation in the lee of the barrier. The 36-km MM5 has slightly more skill than at 12-km grid spacing for the light to moderate thresholds, while the 12-km precipitation forecasts are slightly better on average for the heavy precipitation events. During t.