Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Municipal solid waste composting:potentials and constraints

Use of compost produced from Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in agriculture is gaining popularity in many parts of the world with current trend towards organic agriculture. Many research studies have been conducted on impacts of soil application of MSW compost as a soil conditioner as well as a fertilizer. By now many local authorities in Sri Lanka is involved in producing compost from the organic fraction of MSW. Government is keen on expanding these projects and has investing considerable amount of resources. If the country can produce agriculture grade compost from MSW it will save the huge foreign expenditure that has to be spent on importing chemical fertilizer and it will be more beneficial towards the environmental stability. Considering many such factors, the Government of Sri Lanka by their new development policy “Mahinda Chinthana” is aiming to reduce imports of chemical fertilizers up to 15percent by 2015. Though it was expected to promote the use of compost in agriculture to compensate the reduced amount of chemical fertilizer, limited availability and difficulties in producing compost at farm level have been identified as major constrains for using compost in agriculture. Compost produced from MSW is important as a alternative to address the issue of limited production of compost. Main objective of this study was to study the potentials of producing compost at the level of local authorities using municipal solid wastes and to examine constraints experienced by them in the production and marketing process. Experiences of other countries were studied by reviewing literature. Five composting plants which are operating at different capacities in different parts of the country were studied during the fourth quarter of 2012. It was found that local authorities have the potential of producing the local requirement of compost though there is much more room for quality improvement. Government through various policies and programmes trying to extend composting projects into other areas of the country. Financial analysis has proved positive results for the investment. Benefit Cost Ration is 1.44 and Economic Internal Rate of Return is 5% for municipal solid waste composting. However, lack of quality standards for municipal solid waste composting, inadequate partnership between managers of the composting plants and the agricultural experts to improve quality for agricultural use were found to be major constrains for the successful function of this process. It is recommended that a suitable institutional arrangement to monitor the quality of MSW compost regularly to market the product with a government certification to create an assurance among the users regarding the quality of the product be formulated and implemented.
Colicins and other bacteriocins with established modes of action.

INTRODUCTION 125 COLICIN E2 AND E3 AND CLOACIN DF! 3 ! 26 Mode of Action 126 General Structure 127 Immunity System 127 Functional and Structural Domains 128 COLICINS A, E! la, Ib, and K 129 Mode of Action 129 Structural Features 131 Immunity System 132 COLICIN L 1 33 COLICIN IV,[ 133 TO THE TARGET 134 Role of Receptors 134 Possible Role 0/ Proteases 134 Colicin Uptake 1 35 PESTICIN A 1 122 . 136 STAPHYLOCOCCIN 1580 137 BUTYRICIN 7423 . 138 PYOCIN Rl 138 PYOCIN AI'41 139 MEGACIN A-216 140 CONCLUDING REMARKS 140
Voltage-Aware Chip-Level Design for Reliability-Driven Pin-Constrained EWOD Chips

Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) chips have become the most promising technology to realize pin-constrained digital microfluidic biochips (PDMFBs). Reliability is a critical factor in the design flow of EWOD chips, it directly affects the execution of bioassays. The trapped charge problem is the major factor degrading chip reliability, and this problem is induced by excessive applied voltage. Nevertheless, to comply with the pin constraint for PDMFBs, signal merging is inevitably involved, and thereby incurring trapped charges due to unawareness of the applied voltage. Except for the trapped charge problem, the wire routing required to accomplish electrical connections increases the design complexity of pin-constrained EWOD chips. However, previous research has failed to address the problems of excessive applied voltage and wire routing. Therefore, the resulting chip is more likely to fail during execution or cannot be realized because of the wire routing problem. A network-flow-based algorithm for reliability-driven pin-constrained EWOD chips is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm not only minimizes the reliability problem induced by signal merging, but also prevents the operational failure caused by inappropriate addressing results. The proposed algorithm also provides a comprehensive routing solution for EWOD chip-level designs. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on real-life chips.
Crowds, Gigs, and Super Sellers: A Measurement Study of a Supply-Driven Crowdsourcing Marketplace

The crowdsourcing movement has spawned a host of successful efforts that organize large numbers of globally-distributed participants to tackle a range of tasks. While many demand-driven crowd marketplaces have emerged (like Amazon Mechanical Turk, often resulting in workers that are essentially replace-able), we are witnessing the rise of supply-driven marketplaces where specialized workers offer their expertise. In this paper, we present a comprehensive data-driven measurement study of one prominent supply-driven marketplace -- Fiverr -- wherein we investigate the sellers and their offerings (called "gigs"). As part of this investigation, we identify the key features distinguishing "super sellers" from regular participants and develop a machine learning based approach for inferring the quality of gigs, which is especially important for the vast majority of gigs with little feedback.
Mapping Crop Planting Quality in Sugarcane from UAV Imagery: A Pilot Study in Nicaragua

Sugarcane is an important economic resource for many tropical countries and optimizing plantations is a serious concern with economic and environmental benefits. One of the best ways to optimize the use of resources in those plantations is to minimize the occurrence of gaps. Typically, gaps open in the crop canopy because of damaged rhizomes, unsuccessful sprouting or death young stalks. In order to avoid severe yield decrease, farmers need to fill the gaps with new plants. Mapping gap density is therefore critical to evaluate crop planting quality and guide replanting. Current field practices of linear gap evaluation are very labor intensive and cannot be performed with sufficient intensity as to provide detailed spatial information for mapping, which makes replanting difficult to perform. Others have used sensors carried by land vehicles to detect gaps, but these are complex and require circulating over the entire area. We present a method based on processing digital mosaics of conventional images acquired from a small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that produced a map of gaps at 23.5 cm resolution in a study area of 8.7 ha with 92.9% overall accuracy. Linear Gap percentage estimated from this map for a grid with cells of 10 m × 10 m linearly correlates with photo-interpreted linear gap percentage with a coefficient of determination (R2)= 0.9; a root mean square error (RMSE) = 5.04; and probability (p) << 0.01. Crop Planting Quality levels calculated from image-derived gaps agree with those calculated from a photo-interpreted version of currently used field methods (Spearman coefficient = 0.92). These results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of processing mosaics of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) images for mapping gap density and, together with previous studies using satellite and hand-held spectroradiometry, suggests the extension towards multi-spectral imagery to add insight on plant condition.
Embodied Cognition is Not What you Think it is

The most exciting hypothesis in cognitive science right now is the theory that cognition is embodied. Like all good ideas in cognitive science, however, embodiment immediately came to mean six different things. The most common definitions involve the straight-forward claim that "states of the body modify states of the mind. " However, the implications of embodiment are actually much more radical than this. If cognition can span the brain, body, and the environment, then the "states of mind" of disembodied cognitive science won't exist to be modified. Cognition will instead be an extended system assembled from a broad array of resources. Taking embodiment seriously therefore requires both new methods and theory. Here we outline four key steps that research programs should follow in order to fully engage with the implications of embodiment. The first step is to conduct a task analysis, which characterizes from a first person perspective the specific task that a perceiving-acting cognitive agent is faced with. The second step is to identify the task-relevant resources the agent has access to in order to solve the task. These resources can span brain, body, and environment. The third step is to identify how the agent can assemble these resources into a system capable of solving the problem at hand. The last step is to test the agent's performance to confirm that agent is actually using the solution identified in step 3. We explore these steps in more detail with reference to two useful examples (the outfielder problem and the A-not-B error), and introduce how to apply this analysis to the thorny question of language use. Embodied cognition is more than we think it is, and we have the tools we need to realize its full potential.
Minimizing shoulder syndrome with intra-operative spinal accessory nerve monitoring for neck dissection

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to analyze the safety and results of intra-operative SAN (spinal accessary nerve) monitoring during selective neck dissection, with emphasis on shoulder syndrome. Twenty-five consecutive patients with head and neck cancer were studied. Selective neck dissection was performed by a single clinical fellow under the supervision of the department chief using an intra-operative SAN monitor. Electrophysiological data were recorded after initial identification of the SAN and continued until just before closure. Electromyographic evaluation was carried out to assess SAN function one month postoperatively. Shoulder disability was also evaluated at this time using a questionnaire for shoulder syndrome (shrug, flexion, abduction, winging, and pain). No patients had postoperative shoulder syndrome involving shrug, flexion, abduction, or winging. Twenty-two of the 25 (88%) patients had shoulder pain, but the average pain score was low (2.3 ± 1.3). No patients had neck recurrence during at least 1 year of follow up. By using nerve monitoring during selective neck dissection, no patient developed significant "shoulder syndrome", with the exception of slight pain.
Mulberry leaves and their potential effects against cardiometabolic risks: a review of chemical compositions, biological properties and clinical efficacy

Abstract Context: Cardiometabolic risks are regarded as the crucial factors associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Regarding an increased attention to medicinal plants in the current healthcare system, the effects of mulberry (Morus spp., Moraceae) leaves on cardiometabolic risks have been consecutively considered in scientific research. Objective: The present review compiles and summarizes the chemical compositions, biological properties and clinical efficacy of mulberry leaves that are related to the amelioration of cardiometabolic risks. Methods: Published English literature from the PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases was searched by using ‘mulberry leaves’ ‘Morus spp. ’, ‘hyperglycemia’, ‘hyperlipidemia’, ‘obesity’, ‘hypertension’, ‘oxidative stress’, ‘atherosclerosis’ and ‘cardiovascular diseases’ as the keywords. The relevant articles published over the past two decades were identified and reviewed. Results: Mulberry leaves contain numerous chemical constituents. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), phenolics and flavonoids are the prominent functional compounds. Preclinical and clinical studies showed that mulberry leaves possessed various beneficial effects against cardiometabolic risks, including antihyperglycaemic, antihyperlipidaemic, antiobesity, antihypertensive, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic and cardioprotective effects. Conclusions: Mulberry leaves could be a promising therapeutic option for modulating cardiometabolic risks. However, further investigations should be performed to substantiate the potential of mulberry leaves in practical uses.
İlköğretim Matematik Öğretmen Adaylarının Matematik Öğretimine İlişkin İnançları/ Prospective Elementary Mathematic Teachers' Beliefs About Teaching Mathematics

Bu calismada ilkogretim matematik ogretmen adaylarinin matematik ogretimine iliskin inanclari belirlenmeye calisilmistir. Ayrica bu inanclarin altinda yatan nedenler tartisilmaktadir. Ogretmenlerin inanclari onlarin ogretim uygulamalarini etkiledigi ve gelistirilen program reformlarinin basarili olmasinda cok kritik role sahip oldugu icin, ogretmenlerin inanclarinin bilinmesi cok onemlidir. Toplam 181 ilkogretim matematik ogretmen adayina matematik ogretiminin nasil yapilmasi gerektigi sorularak alti baslikta (“Ogretmenin rolu ne olmali? ”, “Ogrencinin rolu ne olmali? ”, “Uygulama nasil olmali? ”, “Olcme ve degerlendirme nasil yapilmali? ”, “Ogrencilerarasi etkilesim nasil olmali? ”, “Ogretmen ve ogrenciler arasindaki etkilesim nasil olmali? ”) yazili olarak fikirlerini aciklamalari istenmistir. Ayrica calisma grubuna dahil olan adaylardan 6 tanesi ile de yari yapilandirilmis gorusmeler gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirmadan elde edilen bulgulara gore genel olarak ogretmen adaylarinin, geleneksel ogretime daha yakin olmak uzere, geleneksel ve yapilandirmaci gorus arasinda bir inanca sahip olduklari tespit edilmistir. Elde edilen bulgulara gore matematik ogretmen adaylarinin ogretime iliskin inanclari tartisilmis ve matematik ogretmen adaylarinin egitimine ogretime iliskin onerilerde bulunulmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ogretmen Yetistirme, Inanc, Yapilandirmacilik. Abstract The goal of this study is to determine elementary mathematics teachers' beliefs about teaching mathematics. The reasons underlying these beliefs are also discussed. Determining the beliefs of teachers is important since teachers' instructional practices are impacted by teacher's beliefs and they are critical in the success of curriculum reform. The way how mathematics should be taught was asked to 181 prospective elementary mathematics teachers and requested to explain their views by writing under six headings (“What is the role of the teacher? ”, “What is the role of the student? ”, “How should be the teaching? ”, “How should the measurement and evaluation be done? ”, “How should be the interaction among students? ”, and “How should be the interaction between students and teacher? ”). Semi-constructed interviews were made with 6 of the participants. The results of the study showed that prospective mathematics teachers have mostly intermediate point of view between traditional and constructivist teaching and closer to traditional teaching. Some implications related to teaching are suggested using the results. Key Words: Teacher Training, Belief, Constructivism.
Organizational Behavior: Understanding and Managing Life at Work

I. AN INTRODUCTION. 1. Organizational Behavior and Management. 2. Finding Out About Organizational Behavior. II. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR. 3. Learning and Personality. 4. Perception, Attribution, and Judgment of Others. 5. Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction. 6. Theories of Work Motivation. 7. Motivation in Practice. III. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES. 8. Groups and Teamwork. 9. Social Influence, Socialization, and Culture. 10. Leadership. 11. Communication. 12. Decision Making. 13. Power, Politics, and Ethics. 14. Conflict and Stress. IV. THE TOTAL ORGANIZATION. 15. Organizational Structure. 16. Environment, Strategy, and Technology. 17. Organizational Change, Development, and Innovation. 18. Careers.
A Series of Cases of Dementia Presenting with PTSD Symptoms in World War II Combat Veterans

ost traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as defined in the P current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV),’ occurs when a person has “experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others,” and “the person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. ” It is characterized by the repeated reliving of the lifethreatening event in the form of images, thoughts, illusions, flashbacks, dreams, or hallucinations. Affected individuals avoid stimuli associated with the trauma and may experience a numbing of normal affective responses, which may manifest as depression. In addition, they exhibit symptoms of increased arousal which can present as anxiety, restlessness, disturbed sleep, nightmares, irritability, outbursts of anger, hostile behavior, and exaggerated startle response. ’ This report focuses on observed manifestations of Posttraumatic stress disorder heralding the onset of dementia in aging WWII and Korean combat veterans. Post traumatic stress disorder has been recognized in combat veterans, ex-prisoners of war, disaster survivors, victims of rape and other violent crimes, and survivors of sexual and physical abuse. A similar syndrome of chronic autonomic arousal with behavioral change, including withdrawal and apathy, has been demonstrated in animals exposed to repeated inescapable t r a ~ m a . ~ ’ ~ The disorder has been described as a physioneur~sis. ~ PTSD has been studied in Holocaust survivors and WWII combat veterans and prisoners of war (POWs) as well as in Vietnam veterans and in survivors of natural disasters and mass shootings. Some differences have been noted between the severity of symptomatology in WWII and Korean veterans and those of the Vietnam conflict, with the veterans from the earlier conflicts expressing greater distress associated with physical injuries, captivity, and incapacity, whereas Vietnam era veterans focus more on recollections of brutality, mutilations, and loss of friends. ’ However, although the condition has been studied extensively in younger populations, there is little data available regarding its long-term course or its prevalence and manifestation in older people. There is some evidence that PTSD is underdiagnosed in World War I1 (WWII) and that the course may be variable with recurrence or first onset emerging decades after the end of the war.8 In a series of 1210
Accessibility and fit as determinants of the salience of social categorizations

The present article proposes a theoretical model of factors affecting the salience of social categorizations. The model is strongly related to the accessibility×fit formulation by Bruner (1957) and to Oakes' (1987) functional perspective on category salience. The results of an experimental series using the ‘Who said what? ’ paradigm are presented, which examined several hypotheses derived from the model. In Study I it was shown that the salience of a social categorization with high chronic accessibility (sex categorization) was related to perceptions of issue relevance (normative fit) and intercategory differences (meta-contrast ratio). Furthermore, in line with the salience model measures to increase the situational accessibility, (i.e. a priming procedure) of categorizations with low chronic accessibility (educational group and home town categorizations) failed to affect category salience as long as participants perceived no comparative and normative fit of these categorizations (Study II). Under conditions where comparative fit of these categorizations was perceived, however, the priming procedure successfully enhanced category salience (Studies II and III). Results are largely consistent with the hypotheses derived from the salience model and support Oakes' functional approach to category salience. Finally, the complex interrelation between situational accessibility and perceived fit will be discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feminism Confronts Technology

Acknowledgements. Preface. 1. Feminist Critiques of Science and Technology. 2. The Technology of Production: Making a Job of Gender. 3. Reproductive Technology: Delivered into Mena s Hands. 4. Domestic Technology: Labour--saving or Enslaving? 5. The Built Environment: Womena s Place, Gendered Space. 6. Technology as Masculine Culture. Conclusion. Notes. Bibliography. Index.
The Papua New Guinea tsunami of 17 July 1998: anatomy of a catastrophic event

Abstract. The Papua New Guinea (PNG) tsunami of July 1998 was a seminal event because it demonstrated that relatively small and relatively deepwater Submarine Mass Failures (SMFs) can cause devastating local tsunamis that strike without warning. There is a comprehensive data set that proves this event was caused by a submarine slump. Yet, the source of the tsunami has remained controversial. This controversy is attributed to several causes. Before the PNG event, it was questionable as to whether SMFs could cause devastating tsunamis. As a result, only limited modelling of SMFs as tsunami sources had been undertaken, and these excluded slumps. The results of these models were that SMFs in general were not considered to be a potential source of catastrophic tsunamis. To effectively model a SMF requires fairly detailed geological data, and these too had been lacking. In addition, qualitative data, such as evidence from survivors, tended to be disregarded in assessing alternative tsunami sources. The use of marine geological data to identify areas of recent submarine failure was not widely applied. The disastrous loss of life caused by the PNG tsunami resulted in a major investigation into the area offshore of the devastated coastline, with five marine expeditions taking place. This was the first time that a focussed, large-scale, international programme of marine surveying had taken place so soon after a major tsunami. It was also the first time that such a comprehensive data set became the basis for tsunami simulations. The use of marine mapping subsequently led to a larger involvement of marine geologists in the study of tsunamis, expanding the knowledge base of those studying the threat from SMF hazards. This paper provides an overview of the PNG tsunami and its impact on tsunami science. It presents revised interpretations of the slump architecture based on new seabed relief images and, using these, the most comprehensive tsunami simulation of the PNG event to date. Simulation results explain the measured runups to a high degree. The PNG tsunami has made a major impact on tsunami science. It is one of the most studied SMF tsunamis, yet it remains the only one known of its type: a slump.
Covert channel vulnerabilities in anonymity systems

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