Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Marine No-Take Reserves in St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles

Marine reserves, in which exploitation of marine organisms and other human activities are restricted or prohibited, can be valuable tools for marine conservation and fisheries management. No-take marine reserves support greater density, size, and diversity of fishes than exploited areas, with most benefits accruing to heavily exploited species. Protected areas can also export biomass to sustain or increase the overall yield of adjacent fisheries. These effects can be especially significant for organisms with small home ranges, such as coral reef fish. Although there are many benefits to creating marine reserves they are also costly to manage and can infringe on people’s recreation and livelihoods. For marine reserves to be used as management tools, a comprehensive knowledge of the ecosystems is needed and reserve impacts should be regularly monitored. St. Eustatius Marine Park and two no-take marine reserves were established by the Statian government in 1996 to promote dive tourism and sustainable fisheries. No fisheries study was carried out prior to reserve implementation to determine the status of fish stocks. In the summer of 2008, surveys were undertaken inside and outside the marine reserves to census reef fish and habitat to establish a current baseline and to evaluate the effects of the marine reserves on reef fish populations. The data that was collected was used to answer three questions about the current state of the Marine Park: 1) are there habitat related differences between reserve areas and non-reserve areas or between reef types? 2) do fish density, diversity, or biomass differ between protected and unprotected sites or between reef types? and 3) do habitat characteristics, reserve status, or reef type influence fish density, diversity, and biomass? This study determined that habitat differences among the survey sites affected reef fish populations more than reserve status. However, the no-take reserves may still be important for protecting reef fish populations. The two reserves have been in place for more than 10 years and it is unknown what happened to fish populations during that time. Future research, employing the methods of this study, can be used to monitor reef fish populations and habitat over time to better determine if the reserves are having beneficial effects. Table of
Modeling biomass competition and invasion in a schematic wetland

Plants growing along hydrologic gradients adjust their biomass allocation and distribution in response to interspecific competition. Furthermore, susceptibility of a community to invasion is to some extent mediated by differences in growth habit, including root architecture and canopy hight. With reference to the study of a schematic wetland, the aim of this paper is (1) to test, via numerical modeling, the capacity of native plants to counteract an alien dominant species and cause eco‐hydrological shifts of the ecosystem by changing their growth habit (e.g. allocating biomass below ground and by so doing changing the evapotranspiration locally) and (2) to test the impact on biodiversity of management practices that alter nutrient supply. The results demonstrated that unique combinations of vegetation types characterized by different growth habits may lead to different vegetation patterns under the same hydrologic forcing, and additionally, the vegetation patterns may change in response to major hydrological shifts, which could be related to diverse wetland management and restoration practices.
Microsatellite markers to assess the influence of population size, isolation and demographic change on the genetic structure of the UK butterfly Polyommatus bellargus

Five microsatellite DNA markers were isolated and used to quangify population genetic structure among a subset of UK populations of the Adonis blue (Polyommatus bellargus Rottemburg). Specifically, whether population size, degree of isolation or history of bottlenecking in 1976–1978 can explain current patterns of genetic variation. The butterfly is at its northern range limit in the UK, where it exists as a highly fragmented metapopulation on isolated pockets of calcareous grassland. Most populations were affected by a severe bottleneck in the late 1970s, when a drought caused the host plant (Hippocrepis comosa) to wilt. Mantel tests and spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a significant effect of isolation by distance among the UK populations, a relationship that broke down at greater geographical scales (> 23.85 km), probably because of large areas of unsuitable habitat presenting barriers to gene flow. Similarly, amova revealed that variation among geographical regions was almost double that observed within regions. Larger populations were found to support significantly higher levels of genetic diversity, suggesting that small populations may lose genetic diversity through drift. If, as in other butterfly species, low genetic diversity increases the probability of population extinction, then these populations are likely to be under threat. Neither isolation nor a history of bottlenecks appeared to influence genetic diversity. The results indicate that adequate population size a crucial factor in the conservation of genetic diversity in P. bellargus in the UK.
Spatial bayesian models of tree density with zero inflation and autocorrelation

Comprendre la dynamique spatio-temporelle des forets tropicales humides est un defi dans l'evaluation de l'impact des perturbations sur les peuplements et populations d'arbres forestiers. Cependant peu d'etudes concernent la modelisation des repartitions spatiales de la densite d'arbres. Dans cet article, nous presentons des modeles hierarchiques bayesiens (HB) de densite d'arbres juveniles en foret tropicale. Ces modeles sont construits specifiquement en prenant en compte la sur-representation de zeros et l'autocorrelation spatiale dans les observations. Huit modeles sont construits et compares selon une approche hierarchique bayesienne : les modeles lineaires generalises utilisant les distributions de Poisson et Negative Binomiale, une version de ces modeles prenant en compte l'exces de zeros, et enfin une generalisation de ces quatre modeles avec autocorrelation spatiale. Un processus Conditionnel Auto-Regressif est utilise pour modeliser la dependance spatiale au sein de la repartition des juveniles. Une application est presentee sur le site experimental de Paracou en Guyane francaise. Sur ce site, des parcelles ont ete initialement installees en foret non perturbee puis ont subi des traitements sylvicoles pendant la periode 1986-1988. La densite des juveniles d'une espece de canopee exploitee (Eperua falcata, Caesalpiniaceae) a ete evaluee en 2002 par quadrats de 10 m x 10 m et utilisee comme reponse dans les modeles construits. Les variables explicatives utilisees quantifient trois aspects de l'heterogeneite environnementale au sein des parcelles : la topographie (altitude et pente) a ete evaluee a partir d'un modele numerique de terrain ; des variables de peuplement et de population, statiques et dynamiques, ont ete calculees sur des placettes circulaires de 20 m de rayon.
Impact of 3-D Integration on Thermal Performance of RISC-V MemPool Multicore SOC

Due to the rise in the number of cores in modern multicore architectures, 3-D integration (i.e., vertical stacking of chips) of system-on-a-chip (SOC) promises better performance due to a drastic reduction in global interconnect lengths and die footprint compared with 2-D counterparts. However, thermal issues are predominant in 3-D-SOCs due to the vertical stacking nature of chips which multiplies the transistor power density by the number of dies within the stack. Also, the reduced lateral heat spreading with aggressive die thinning degrades the ON-chip thermal performances. In this article, we investigate the thermal performance analysis of 3-D-SOC and compare the results with the 2-D-SOC designs for a MemPool multicore SOC with shared L1 scratchpad memory (SPM). Simulation results reveal that the 3-D-SOC using memory-on-logic (MOL) configuration increases the ON-chip maximum temperature by more than 20% compared with the baseline 2-D-SOC and the logic die temperature is relatively higher (3.6%) than the memory die. We also explore the impact of architectural floor-planning effects and 3-D functional partitioning on thermal performance of the MemPool instances in the 3-D-SOC with memory capacity ranging from 1 to 8 MiB and benchmarked the thermal performance with the 2-D-SOC designs. We observe that the junction-to-ambient temperature ( $T_{\max }$ ) increases by 44% and is predominant for the SPM capacity of 8 MiB. Further investigations on various 3-D stacking configurations reveal there is an improvement in thermal performance for MOL over logic-on-memory (LOM) for L1 SPM capacity of 1, 2, and 4 MiB, and LOM over the MOL configuration for L1 SPM capacity of 8 MiB.
Awakening the Sleeping Giant: Helping Teachers Develop as Leaders

Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors 1. Understanding Teacher Leadership Teacher Leadership Emerges Definition of Teacher Leadership Three Potential Teacher Leaders Readiness for Teacher Leadership Who Is Responsible? Conclusion Application Challenges 2. Promoting Teacher Leadership Rationale for Teacher Leadership Benefits of Teacher Leadership Teacher Leadership Assumptions Conclusion Application Challenges 3. Developing Teacher Leaders Professional Development for Teacher Leaders Leadership Development for Teachers A Development Model for Teacher Leadership Conclusion Application Challenges 4. Understanding Myself and Others as Teachers and Leaders Professional Teaching Skills Teacher Uniqueness Reluctant Learners and Leaders Acknowledging Diversity Conclusion Application Challenges 5. Building a Culture That Supports Teacher Leadership Dimensions of School Culture Relationships Between Adults in the School Organizational Structure Actions of the Principal Conclusion Application Challenges 6. Influencing Others Through Teacher Leadership Influence With Instructional Competence How Teachers Influence Influencing Skills Teacher Leader Action in Schools Conclusion Application Challenges 7. Emerging Teacher Leadership and Its Challenges Evolution of Teacher Leadership Many Faces of Teacher Leadership Challenges for Teacher Leaders Conclusion Application Challenges 8. Building a Future for Teacher Leadership Teacher Leadership in the Future Teacher Leader Concerns Teacher Leaders as Advocates for Change Conclusion Resource A. A Resource for Teacher Leadership: Philosophy of Education Inventory(c) (PEI(c)) Resource B. Teacher Leader School Survey (TLSS) Resource C. Time for Teacher Leadership Resource D. Teacher Leadership Books, Instruments, and Organizations References Index
An efficient FHE based on the hardness of solving systems of non-linear multivariate equations

We propose a general framework to develop fully homomorphic encryption schemes (FHE) without using the Gentry’s technique. Initially, a private-key cryptosystem is built over Zn (n being an RSA modulus). An encryption of x ∈ Zn is a randomly chosen vector e such that Φ(e) = x where Φ is a secret multivariate polynomial. This private-key cryptosystem is not homomorphic in the sense that the vector sum is not a homomorphic operator. Non-linear homomorphic operators are then developed. The security relies on the difficulty of solving systems of non-linear equations (which is a NP-complete problem). While the security of our scheme has not been reduced to a provably hard instance of this problem, security is globally investigated.
Exceptionally well‐preserved isolated eyes from Cambrian ‘Orsten’ fossil assemblages of Sweden

Abstract: Eyes other than those of trilobites are rarely preserved in the fossil record. We describe here a set of six tiny, isolated, three‐dimensionally preserved compound eyes. These secondarily phosphatized eyes were etched from ‘Orsten’ limestone nodules dated to the Agnostus pisiformis Biozone from the Cambrian Alum Shale Formation of Sweden. The ovoid eyes arise from an elongated stalk, their surface being covered by a mosaic of regular and hexagonal‐shaped facets representing the surface of ommatidia. Facet size and pattern change within the same specimen from the posterior to the anterior end. With regard to some morphological criteria, we grouped the material in two different morphotypes, type A and B, the first being represented by specimens of two different developmental stages. From stage to stage, mostly growth in overall size and addition of new ommatidia was noticed. Among the meiobenthic ‘Orsten’ arthropods, only the crustacean Henningsmoenicaris scutula has been described as possessing stalked eyes, but the eyes of the largest specimen with preserved eyes of this species are much smaller than the new eyes and do not display any kind of ommatidia on their visual surface. However, fragments of larger specimens of H. scutula and the co‐occurrence of this species with the new isolated eyes in the sieving residues make it likely that the latter belong to this species but belong to more advanced stages than those described previously of H. scutula. Ontogenetically, the eye stalks of this fossil crustacean elongate progressively, while the regular hexagonal facets, lacking in early stages, appear later on.
Microphone Channel Frequency Response Calibration Using Circular Shifting and Spatio-Temporal Prediction

Microphone channel frequency response calibration (MCFRC) can compensate for frequency response mismatches among channels and has attracted increasing attention in recent years, which is accompanied by booming applications of microphone arrays. State-of-the-art MCFRC techniques translate the frequency response calibration (FRC) into the optimization of calibration filter coefficients and have shown remarkable performance. However, a compromise between inter-microphone distance and passband bandwidth shrinkage still exists, which limits the wide application of those techniques to a great extent. To address this problem, an MCFRC method using circular shifting and spatio-temporal prediction is proposed in this article. First, all microphones from uncalibrated channels are deployed in a rotating symmetric arrangement, and circular shifting is conducted, making each channel experience all different predetermined positions. Then, for each channel, a spatio-temporal prediction technique is utilized to separately enhance those segments containing received calibration signals at different positions. Next, the summation of all enhanced segments for each channel is calculated, which can almost ensure that differences among microphone channel (MC) outputs are only caused by channel frequency response mismatches. Finally, the Newton algorithm is employed to design the calibration filter coefficients corresponding to each channel. Simulation results reveal that the proposed approach considerably outperforms existing calibration methods across various signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), reverberation time, and inter-microphone distance conditions. Meanwhile, the passband bandwidth shrinkage problem is well handled. Real-world experiments also verify its effectiveness.
Properties and implications of dynamic rupture along a material interface

We perform two-dimensional plane-strain finite-difference calculations of dynamic rupture along an interface separating different elastic media. The calculations extend earlier results of Andrews and Ben-Zion (1997) who found a self-sustaining narrow slip pulse associated with dynamic reduction of normal stress along a material interface governed by constant friction, in agreement with Weertman (1980). The pulse propagates in a wrinklelike mode having remarkable dynamic properties that may be relevant to many geophysical phenomena. Here we examine the range of values of elastic parameters, friction coefficient, and strength heterogeneities allowing for the existence of the wrinklelike pulse. Rupture is initiated in the simulations by imposed slip in a limited space-time domain. Outside the region of the imposed slip, the pulse becomes narrower and higher with propagation distance along the interface. The strength of the wrinklelike pulse increases with S-wave velocity contrast up to a maximum at about 35% contrast. Beyond such a velocity contrast, there is no solution for a generalized Rayleigh wave along a material interface, and the strength of the pulse decreases. However, the wrinklelike pulse can still propagate in a self-sustaining manner for larger velocity contrasts. For a fixed S-wave velocity contrast, the strength has little dependence on density contrast or Poisson's ratio, but the pulse strength increases rapidly with increasing coefficient of friction. Stress and strength heterogeneities with small correlation length have little effect on the pulse, while long wavelength heterogeneities reduce the strength of the pulse. The high mechanical efficiency of the wrinklelike pulse suggests that earthquake ruptures may favor such mode of failure when possible.
Establishing permissible erosion rates for various landforms in Delhi State, India

Permissible erosion rate also known as soil loss tolerance (‘T’ value) is defined as maximum erosion that can take place on a given soil without degrading its long‐term productivity. In India, default ‘T’ value of 11·2 Mg ha−1 y−1 is used for devising land restoration strategies for different types of soils. However, ability of soil to resist degradation varies with soil type, depth and physico‐chemical characteristics. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to determine ‘T’ value of different landforms of Delhi State by taking into account the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC), bulk density (BD), organic carbon, erodibility and soil pH. Soil state was defined by a quantitative model and scaling functions were used to convert soil parameters to a 0–1 scale. The normalised values were multiplied by appropriate weighting factors based on relative importance and sensitivity analysis of each indicator. Categorical rankings of I, II or III were assigned to soil groups based on overall aggregate score. ‘T’ value of different landforms of Delhi State was computed using the guideline of USDA‐Natural Resource Conservation Services. Majority of landforms of Delhi had ‘T’ value of 12·5 Mg ha−1 y−1, except for the soils of hill terrain, dissected hill, pediment and piedmont plain, where ‘T’ value ranged from 5 to 10 Mg ha−1 y−1. These ‘T’ values could be used for conservation planning and will help the planners in devising suitable land restoration strategies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Resolution Mis 11 Record from the Continental Sedimentary Archive of Lake Baikal

The sedimentary record of Lake Baikal reveals details about the climatic response of continental Asia during the interval 423-362 Ka BP, corresponding to marine oxygen isotope stage MIS 11. The MIS 11 record in Lake Baikal is marked by two plateaus of high biogenic silica content corresponding to MIS 11.3 and 11.2. The middle part of MIS 11 (substage 11.2) exhibits the highest biogenic silica accumulation, reflecting the warmest regional climate, of the last 450 Ka. These interglacial conditions in continental Asia were uninterrupted for about 32 Ka, making MIS 11 the longest interglacial in Siberia, greatly exceeding the duration of interglacial conditions during MIS 5e, 7e and 9e. This extremely long and warm interglacial period of MIS 11.3-11.2 in Siberia ended abruptly with dramatic cooling at 394-390 Ka BP. This cooling resulted in brief mountain glaciation in Siberia due to the amplified response of continental Asia to insolation forcing. The cooling during MIS 11 produced irreversible change in the climate of continental Asia as suggested by diatom succession and by biogenic silica accumulation. Diatom species composition further reveals more complex structure of MIS 11 and makes a strong case for insolation control of diatom production in Lake Baikal.
The Effectiveness of Topiramate in the Treatment of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Use Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: Limited studies have yet evaluated the effectiveness of topiramate in the treatment of amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of topiramate in the treatment of patients with this disorder. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 52 patients with amphetamine and methamphetamine use disorder, within the age range of 16-60 years, were randomly divided into an intervention group (n = 26) and a placebo group (n = 26). The intervention group was treated with topiramate tablets with a starting dose of 50 mg, which was gradually increased to the target dose of 200 mg. The control group was treated with placebo. The duration of drug intervention in this clinical trial was 12 weeks, and all participants were evaluated before the intervention and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after beginning the intervention. The Beck Depression Inventory, drug use temptation questionnaire, urine test, and side effects questionnaire were used as outcome measures to assess the patients. The data were analyzed using chi-square, independent t-test, and analysis of variance with repeated measurements. Results: There was no significant difference between the intervention and placebo groups in depression at the beginning of the treatment and at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks after the intervention (P > 0.05). The urine test also showed no significant difference between the two groups at any of the evaluation stages (P > 0.05). Although there was no significant difference between the two groups in the drug use temptation results at the beginning and the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks (P > 0.05), the level of drug temptation in the intervention group was significantly lower than the placebo group in the 8th, 10th, and 12th weeks (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Topiramate can be effective in reducing the desire to use amphetamine and methamphetamine. However, further studies are needed to confirm these results.
Health and Residential Mobility in Later Life: A New Analytical Technique to Address an Old Problem

For some time researchers have known that the relationship between health and the residential mobility of the elderly is not straight forward and changes with age. Attempts to examine this relationship in multi-variate models using cross-sectional data have resulted in contradictory or ambiguous findings. One solution has been to create separate models for different age groups. However, the onset of poor health differs considerably by individual, particularly for the "young-old". Multi-variate proportional hazards models using longitudinal data offer a new approach to address this problem. As an example, data from the Ontario Longitudinal Study of Aging have been analyzed using proportional hazards models as compared with logistic regressions. The logistic regressions yield typically ambiguous results. The proportional hazards models indicate a reversal with time in the relationship between one of the two mid-life health measures and residential mobility, and the results for both measures are consistent with the theoretical literature.