Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Response of Ice Shelf Basal Melting to Variations in Ocean Temperature

Abstract A three-dimensional ocean general circulation model is used to study the response of idealized ice shelves to a series of ocean-warming scenarios. The model predicts that the total ice shelf basal melt increases quadratically as the ocean offshore of the ice front warms. This occurs because the melt rate is proportional to the product of ocean flow speed and temperature in the mixed layer directly beneath the ice shelf, both of which are found to increase linearly with ocean warming. The behavior of this complex primitive equation model can be described surprisingly well with recourse to an idealized reduced system of equations, and it is shown that this system supports a melt rate response to warming that is generally quadratic in nature. This study confirms and unifies several previous examinations of the relation between melt rate and ocean temperature but disagrees with other results, particularly the claim that a single melt rate sensitivity to warming is universally valid. The hypothesized .
How soil conservation affects the catchment sediment budget – a comprehensive study in the north Ethiopian highlands

An overall approach to assess the effectiveness of soil conservation measures at catchment scale is the comparison of sediment budgets before and after implementation of a catchment management programme. In the May Zeg‐zeg catchment (187 ha) in Tigray, north Ethiopia, integrated catchment management has been implemented since 2004: stone bunds were built in the whole catchment, vegetation was allowed to re‐grow on steep slopes and other marginal land, stubble grazing abandoned, and check dams built in gullies. Land use and management were mapped and analysed for 2000 and 2006, whereby particular attention was given to the quantification of changes in soil loss due to the abandonment of stubble grazing. Sediment yield was also measured at the catchment's outlet. A combination of decreased soil loss (from 14·3 t ha–1 y–1 in 2000 to 9·0 t ha–1 y–1 in 2006) and increased sediment deposition (from 5·8 to 7·1 t ha–1 y–1) has led to strongly decreased sediment yield (from 8·5 to 1·9 t ha–1 y–1) and sediment delivery ratio (from 0·6 to 0·21). This diachronic comparison of sediment budgets revealed that integrated catchment management is most effective and efficient and is the advisable and desirable way to combat land degradation in Tigray and other tropical mountains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monocarboxylate Transporter-1 (MCT1)-Mediated Lactate Uptake Protects Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells from Oxidative Stress during Glutamine Scarcity Thereby Promoting Resistance against Inhibitors of Glutamine Metabolism

Metabolic compartmentalization of stroma-rich tumors, like pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), greatly contributes to malignancy. This involves cancer cells importing lactate from the microenvironment (reverse Warburg cells) through monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1) along with substantial phenotype alterations. Here, we report that the reverse Warburg phenotype of PDAC cells compensated for the shortage of glutamine as an essential metabolite for redox homeostasis. Thus, oxidative stress caused by glutamine depletion led to an Nrf2-dependent induction of MCT1 expression in pancreatic T3M4 and A818-6 cells. Moreover, greater MCT1 expression was detected in glutamine-scarce regions within tumor tissues from PDAC patients. MCT1-driven lactate uptake supported the neutralization of reactive oxygen species excessively produced under glutamine shortage and the resulting drop in glutathione levels that were restored by the imported lactate. Consequently, PDAC cells showed greater survival and growth under glutamine depletion when utilizing lactate through MCT1. Likewise, the glutamine uptake inhibitor V9302 and glutaminase-1 inhibitor CB839 induced oxidative stress in PDAC cells, along with cell death and cell cycle arrest that were again compensated by MCT1 upregulation and forced lactate uptake. Our findings show a novel mechanism by which PDAC cells adapt their metabolism to glutamine scarcity and by which they develop resistance against anticancer treatments based on glutamine uptake/metabolism inhibition.
Evaluation of the Role of Computer Tomography Virtual Cystoscopy in Diagnosis of Carcinoma of the Bladder

: Objectives: To investigate the utility, advantages and limitations of computed topographic (CT) virtual cyctoscopy in the detection and diagnosis of bladder tumors in comparison to conventional cyctoscopy. Patients and methods : Fifty patients were included in our study, 39 of them presented with haematuria and a recent diagnosis of bladder carcinoma, and 11 patients with a history of previous transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer in their follow up period. They ranged in age 42 years to 75 years with a mean of 58.5; while male to female ratio was 5.25:1.The main steps to perform virtual cyctoscopy incorporate proper bladder distention with air after draining the residual urine through Foley´s catheter and scanning the patient in both supine and prone positions. An excellent overview of the bladder masses was obtained in all cases and the results of virtual cyctoscopy and conventional one were comparable with excellent sensitivity rates of virtual cyctoscopy in detection, localization and morphology description of the bladder lesions at variable sizes. Results : For detection of all lesions (n=62), virtual cyctoscopy alone showed sensitivity :98.4%, specifity:81.81% with two false positive and one false negative in comparison to conventional cyctoscopy which detected 61 lesions while in axial CT alone the sensitivity was73.8%, and specifity 100%. Conclusion: CT virtual cystoscopy is a promising technique for use in bladder tumor detection of lesions larger than 5 mm. optimal evaluations requires adequate bladder distention with the patient in both supine and prone positions and interpretation of both transverse and virtual images
Drifter observations of coastal surface currents during CODE: The method and descriptive view

Observations of near-surface coastal currents were made off the Northern California coast during the Coastal Dynamics Experiment (CODE) by using 164 current-following drifters. Viewed as flow visualization descriptions, the results disclose a number of energetic mesoscale features that dominate across-shelf transport. Examples of eddies, jets, convergences and across-shelf “squirts” are shown and related to moored current observations, wind forcing, and mesoscale features observed in satellite surface temperature imagery. Convergences appear to be most common when currents reverse following relaxation of normally upwelling-favorable winds. Squirts are apparently the cause of cold water plumes extending away from the coast; they appear most frequently at coastal promontories.
Radiative forcing of climate

An update of the scientific discussions presented in Chapter 2 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report is presented. The update discusses the atmospheric radiative and chemical species of significance for climate change. There are two major objectives of the present update. The first is an extension of the discussion on the Global Warming Potentials (GWP's), including a reevaluation in view of the updates in the lifetimes of the radiatively active species. The second important objective is to underscore major developments in the radiative forcing of climate due to the observed stratospheric ozone losses occurring between 1979 and 1990.
University of Birmingham Differential motor unit changes after endurance or high-intensity interval training

Purpose: Using a novel technique of high-density surface electromyography (HDEMG) decomposition and motor unit (MU) tracking, we compared changes in the properties of vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) MUs following endurance (END) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods: Sixteen men were assigned to an END or HIIT group (n=8 each) and performed six training sessions over 14 days. Each session consisted of 8-12×60s intervals at 100% peak power output (PPO) separated by 75s of recovery (HIIT) or 90-120min continuous cycling at ~65% VO 2peak (END). Pre and post intervention, participants performed: 1) incremental cycling to determine VO 2peak and PPO and 2) maximal (MVC), submaximal (10, 30, 50 and 70% MVC) and sustained (until task failure at 30% MVC) isometric knee extensions while HDEMG signals were recorded from the VM and VL. EMG signals were decomposed (submaximal contractions) into individual MUs by convolutive blind source separation. Finally, MUs were tracked across sessions by semi-blind source separation. Results: After training, END and HIIT improved VO 2peak similarly (by 5.0 and 6.7%, respectively). The HIIT group showed enhanced maximal knee extension torque by ~7% (p=0.02) and was accompanied by an increase in discharge rate for high-threshold MUs (≥50% knee extension MVC) (p<0.05). In contrast, the END group increased their time to task failure by ~17%, but showed no change in MU discharge rates (p>0.05). Conclusions: HIIT and END induce different adjustments in MU discharge rate despite similar improvements in cardiopulmonary fitness. Moreover, the changes induced by HIIT are specific for high-threshold motor units. For the first time we show that HIIT and END induce specific neuromuscular adaptations, possibly related to differences in exercise load intensity and training volume
Bioacoustic analysis of advertisement calls of two ground-frogs of the genus Platymantis in Mount Magdiwata, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Philippines

This study described the advertisement calls of two ground-dwelling species of frogs of the genusPlatymantis from Mount Magdiwata, San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. The two species shared a common micro-habitat preference being found on rocks or edges of slope ground, leaf litter, and on steep slopes of stream banks. The researchers analyzed the calls for their temporal and spectral characteristics. Audiospectrograms, oscillograms and power spectra presented the numerical parameters and graphical representations of the advertisement calls. The vocalization of both species revealed significant differences in terms of the dominant frequency, call duration, number of notes, note duration, and intercall at p < 0.01. Statistical analysis of Platymantis magdiwataspecies A showed a positive correlation between the body size length and note duration (R2 = 0.377, p<0.01). On the other hand, the body size length of Platymantis magdiwata species B showed a negative correlation with the dominant frequency (R2 = -0.248; p<0.01), and a positive correlation with the call duration and the number of notes (R2 = 0.698 and R2 = 0.699; p<0.01). Both species possess unique advertisement calls that distinguish them from each other. Key words: Bioacoustics, advertisement call, Platymantis, Philippines.
Distinct ECM mechanosensing pathways regulate microtubule dynamics to control endothelial cell branching morphogenesis

Technologies), and directed to the confocal scan head via a single-mode optical fiber (Oz Optics). Movies of EB3 dynamics were acquired using a cooled charge- coupled device (CoolSNAP HQ2; Photometrics) operated in the 14-bit mode for 2 min at 2-s image intervals using a 300-ms exposure time. Microscope system automation was controlled with MetaMorph software (MDS Analytical Technologies). For long-term imaging of fluorescent EB3 dynamics during cell branch formation and elongation, 1-min time-lapse image series (2-s intervals) were captured every 5 min for 30–60 min.
The impact of the day of observation of image composites on adequate time series generation

Many remote sensing products that are useful for time series analysis and seasonal monitoring studies are offered in form of composites. A composite combines a number of observations of a defined period and selects or computes one value. This results in observations sampled at varying time intervals that rules out a high number of time series analysis techniques. This study investigates the impact of either using the actual day of observation to generate a time series from composites or assuming the starting or middle day of the compositing period. For this study 16-day MODIS VI composites of 1km spatial resolution from Terra and Aqua were employed. A 1100x500km region in central Mexico served as study site. Statistical measures including temporal cross-correlation and the root mean square error were used for time series analysis. A temporal shift of approximately seven days with a high variability is introduced when using the starting day of the compositing period. The middle day mitigates the mean error close to zero but still shows a high error variability. Only time series that take into account the day of observation and estimate from that samples at equidistant intervals can be used for a correct estimation of temporal characteristics.
Robustesse asymptotique des estimateurs en simulation d ’ événements rares

The asymptotic robustness of estimators as a function of a rarity parameter, in the context of rare-event simulation, is often qualified by properties such as bounded relative error (BRE) and logarithmic efficiency (LE), also called asymptotic optimality. However, these properties do not suffice to ensure that moments of order higher than one are well estimated. For example, they do not guarantee that the variance of the empirical variance remains under control as a function of the rarity parameter. We study generalizations of the BRE and LE properties that take care of this limitation. They are named bounded relative moment of order k (BRM-k) and logarithmic efficiency of order k (LE-k), where k ≥ 1 is an arbitrary real number. We also introduce and examine a stronger notion called vanishing relative centered moment of order k, and exhibit examples where it holds. These properties are of interest for various estimators, including the empirical mean and the empirical variance. We develop (sufficient) Lyapunov-type conditions for these properties in a setting where state-dependent importance sampling (IS) is used to estimate first-passage time probabilities. We show how these conditions can guide us in the design of good IS schemes, that enjoy convenient asymptotic robustness properties, in the context of random walks with light-tailed and heavy-tailed increments. As another illustration, we study the hierarchy between these robustness properties (and a few others) for a model of highly-reliable Markovian system (HRMS) where the goal is to estimate the failure probability of the system. In this setting, for a widely-used class of IS schemes, we show that BRM-k and LE-k are equivalent and that these properties become strictly stronger when k increases. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for BRM-k in terms of quantities that can be readily verified from the parameters of the model. Robustesse asymptotique des estimateurs en simulation d'´ evénements rares Résumé : La robustesse asymptotique des estimateurs en fonction d'un paramètre de rareté, dans le contexte de la simulation desévénements rares, est souvent caractérisée par des propriétés telles que l'erreur relative bornée (BRE) et l'efficacité logarithmique (LE), aussi connue sous le non d'optimalité asymptotique. Mais ces propriétés ne suffisent pasà assurer que les moments d'ordre supérieurà 1 sont bien estimés. Par exemple, ils ne garantissent pas que la variance de la variance empirique demeure sous contrôle en fonction du paramètre de rareté. Nousétudions ici des généralisations des propriétés BRE et LE …
The role of lithospheric stress in the support of the Tharsis Rise

The Tharsis rise on Mars is a broad topographic high covered by volcanic plains and capped by large volcanoes. The geoid high associated with Tharsis shows that shallow isostatic compensation is not complete. We hypothesize that the Tharsis rise can be approximated as an axisymmetrical igneous construct. Linear theory for the deflection of planetary lithospheres is used to show that the lithospheric stresses required partially to support the construct are reasonable and consistent with the observed radial grabens around Tharsis. The computed thickness of the elastic lithosphere is between 110 and 260 km depending on the assumed values for crustal thickness and crustal density. The computed thickness of the Tharsis load is between 40 and 70 km. In this model the height of the geoid is not specified a priori. Therefore, the agreement between the observed and computed geoid is evidence for the validity of our model. The contribution of Tharsis to the gravitational flattening of Mars is computed as ΔJ2 = −8.8 × 10−5. After a correction is applied for the flattening, the geoid low around Tharsis is more nearly axisymmetrical. The tectonics of the Tharsis region are briefly reviewed, and it is argued that all observations are consistent with the loading model.
The terrain effect on terrestrial heat flow

A new approach to the topographic correction for terrestrial heat flow measurements is presented. The approach features calculation of a Fourier series fit to the surface temperature-surface elevation data where the surface temperatures are based on a model that includes surface temperature variations due to microclimate variations. The mathematics of the terrain correction problem are similar to the upward (away from source) continuation problem in gravity and magnetics so several solutions, in addition to the Fourier series approach, are available in the literature that allow an accurate calculation of the correction provided the surface boundary condition is properly specified. However, the usual boundary condition applied, a linear relation between ground surface temperature and elevation, is shown to be inadequate for drill holes in the depth range 30–200 m no matter how low the topographic relief. Thus a model of ground surface temperature is developed that includes the effects of elevation, slope orientation, and slope angle. Because of the effects of microclimate, the classical models that have isothermal surfaces that generally parallel the topographic surface are significantly in error in many cases, and the patterns of isotherms near the topographic surface are more complicated than was previously recognized. This complexity causes gradient variations with depth in 30- to 200-m holes that have not been previously recognized as being related to topographic effects. Because the temperature effects of slope orientation and inclination do not scale with respect to the magnitude of the relief, significant terrain corrections may be required even in areas of relatively low relief. The application of the technique is illustrated by application to a line dipole hill and a group of drill holes near Wilbur, Washington. In addition, several examples of two-dimensional terrain effects and one example of three-dimensional terrain effects are illustrated for topographic sections in the northwestern United States. In the United States, most ‘anomalous’ gradients in the upper 100–200 m of drill holes in impermeable rocks can be explained by a combination of topographic and microclimatic effects, without resorting to temporal climatic changes or unknown types of water effects. The depth of the holes necessary for reliable heat flow measurements in such settings is a signal to noise problem where the noise is the effect at depth of the microclimatically related surface temperature variations, coupled with the topographic effect, and the signal is a temperature increase at any depth due to the background geothermal gradient. Typically, the noise has decreased to a few degrees centigrade per kilometer within the depth range 100–200 m. Thus the general conclusion has been that these depths of holes are required for reliable heat flow values. In fact, when linear temperature-depth data are observed in shallower holes or when appropriate corrections are made, reliable measure ments in impermeable rocks may be consistently made in holes no deeper than 100 m.
Generation of plumes under a localized high viscosity lid in 3‐D spherical shell convection

We conduct numerical simulations of incompressible infinite Prandtl number convection in a spherical shell with a single localized high viscosity lid (HVL) on the top surface to understand the possible effects of the continental lithosphere on plume generation. The temperature under the HVL increases rapidly after the emplacement of the HVL on constant viscosity convection with internal and bottom heatings. Later, upwellings at the bottom merge into a large scale flow and a large plume emerges under the HVL. This time‐scale depends on the existence of phase changes. In our model, whose Rayleigh number is 106, the large plume is formed on a time‐scale of 1 Gyr. A simple scaling suggests that this time‐scale may be reduced by a several times, if the Rayleigh number is around 107. Despite the complicated 3‐D thermal structure, it is dominated by an l = 1 pattern controlled by the position of the HVL.
Resolution analysis by random probing

We develop and apply methods for resolution analysis in tomography, based on stochastic probing of the Hessian or resolution operators. Key properties of our methods are (i) low algorithmic complexity and easy implementation, (ii) applicability to any tomographic technique, including full‐waveform inversion and linearized ray tomography, (iii) applicability in any spatial dimension and to inversions with a large number of model parameters, (iv) low computational costs that are mostly a fraction of those required for synthetic recovery tests, and (v) the ability to quantify both spatial resolution and interparameter trade‐offs. Using synthetic full‐waveform inversions as benchmarks, we demonstrate that autocorrelations of random‐model applications to the Hessian yield various resolution measures, including direction‐ and position‐dependent resolution lengths and the strength of interparameter mappings. We observe that the required number of random test models is around five in one, two, and three dimensions. This means that the proposed resolution analyses are not only more meaningful than recovery tests but also computationally less expensive. We demonstrate the applicability of our method in a 3‐D real‐data full‐waveform inversion for the western Mediterranean. In addition to tomographic problems, resolution analysis by random probing may be used in other inverse methods that constrain continuously distributed properties, including electromagnetic and potential‐field inversions, as well as recently emerging geodynamic data assimilation.
Data Centric Security in FPGA Based Data Center Using Attribute Based Encryption

One of the most important concerns about the big data applications is privacy, because users share more personal data and content through their social networking sites and clouds. The security and privacy risks and developing efficient and effective frame works are critical for its success; hence a secure framework such as data centric security is the hot research areas. The Attribute based encryption would be a convenient mechanism to implement data centric security. As the Big data applications require more server computational power, in this paper we propose a novel approach to use FPGA based data centers for implementing both data acceleration which would increase the server computational ability and security mechanisms to achieve data centric security.