Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MULTI-SPACECRAFT OBSERVATIONS OF LINEAR MODES AND SIDEBAND WAVES IN ION-SCALE SOLAR WIND TURBULENCE

In the scenario of weak turbulence, energy is believed to be cascaded from smaller to larger wave numbers and frequencies due to weak wave–wave interactions. Based on its perturbative treatment one may regard plasma turbulence as a superposition of linear modes (or normal modes) and sideband waves (or nonlinear modes). In this study, we use magnetic field and plasma measurements of nine solar wind events obtained by the Cluster spacecraft and make extensive use of a high-resolution wave vector analysis method, the Multi-point Signal Resonator technique, to find frequencies and wave vectors of discrete modes on ion kinetic scales in the plasma rest frame. The primarily unstructured wave observations in the frequency–wave number diagram are classified into three distinct linear modes (proton Bernstein modes, helium-alpha Bernstein modes, and kinetic Alfvén waves) and the sideband waves by comparing with the dispersion relations derived theoretically from linear Vlasov theory using observational values of the plasma parameter beta and the propagation angle from the mean magnetic field. About 60% of the observed discrete modes can be explained by the linear modes, primarily as the proton Bernstein and the kinetic Alfvén waves, within the frequency uncertainties, while the rest of the population (about 40%) cannot be classified as linear modes due to the large deviation from dispersion relations. We conclude that both the linear modes and sideband wave components are needed to construct the wave picture of solar wind turbulence on ion-kinetic scales.
Cognitive Constraints on Metric Systems: Some Observations and Hypotheses

This paper is a music-theoretic discussion of various studies on rhythmic perception and performance and their ramifications for discussions of musical meter. Meter is defined as a stable and recurring pattern of hierarchically structured temporal expectations. Metrical patterns, although related to the pattern of interonset intervals present in the musical surface, are distinct from that pattern. Studies of subjective rhythmization, spontaneous tempo, pulse perception, durational discrimination, and so forth are discussed with respect to their implications for meter. Not only do there seem to be upper and lower bounds for musical meter (from ≅≅100 ms to ≅≅6 s, depending on context), but there also appear to be important thresholds within this range (around 200––250 ms, 500––700 ms, and 1.5––2.0 s). Interactions between beats (i.e., interonset intervals between expectancies occurring at the rate perceived as the tactus), beat subdivision, and changes in tempo are discussed, and it is hypothesized that beat perception may require (at least potentially) the perception of a concomitant level of subdivision. The interactions between beat interonset interval, subdivision interonset interval, and various thresholds may also explain (in part) some of the differences in the expressive and/or motional character of rhythmic figures (duplets versus triplets) at different tempos. Last, a broader discussion of systematic relationships in larger metrical systems with respect to tempo is given. It is shown that the choice of tempo systematically constrains the number and kind of metric patterns that are available to the listener.
RALS-LM unit root test with trend breaks and non-normal errors: application to the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis

Abstract This study proposes a new unit root test that allows for structural breaks in both the intercept and the slope, and adopts the residual augmented least squares (RALS) procedure to gain improved power when the error term follows a non-normal distribution. The new test using the RALS procedure is more powerful than the usual LM test which does not incorporate information on non-normal errors. Our test is free of nuisance parameters that indicate the locations of structural break. It is also free of the spurious rejection problem. Thus, the rejection of the null hypothesis can be considered as more accurate evidence of stationarity. We apply the new test on the recently extended Grilli and Yang index of 24 commodity series from 1900 to 2007. Our empirical findings provide significant evidence that primary commodity prices are stationary with one or two trend breaks. However, compared with past studies, our findings provide even weaker evidence to support the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis.
High speed flywheels for integrated energy storage and attitude control

We present new results on attitude control of spacecraft with flywheels, where the wheels are also used to store energy as "mechanical batteries" A brief review of the literature of this concept is given. The nonlinear equations of motion for a gyrostat model are given in dimensionless form, and recognized as a noncanonical Hamiltonian system. Decomposition of the space of internal torques separates the attitude control function from the energy storage function. A class of control laws is developed to execute large-angle rotational maneuvers while simultaneously performing energy storage and extraction operations.
The correction of observational data for instrumental band width

ABSTRACT The readings Φ(x) of an instrument with the apparatus function g(x) are related to the true values f(x)of the observed function by the equation A three-point interpolation operator can be chosen to simulate the spreading action of a class of functions g(x). Under certain conditions the interpolation operator has an exact inverse which, when applied to Φ(x), gives a function which is a better approximation to f(x). The accuracy obtained is discussed, and the effect of the method on the standard errors in the measurement is found.
Detectors for multi-energy radiography

For multi-energy digital radiography, a sandwich structure is proposed, comprising "scintillator-photodiode" (S-PD) type detectors. This will allow obtaining information on an object simultaneously for two or three energies in the 20-400 keV X-ray range. Criteria have been formulated and a procedure proposed that determine requirements to detector characteristics for distinction of specified substances. Under this procedure, the following characteristics have been determined for two- and three-energy detecting systems. For a two-energy detector system used for organic substances (Zeff=6-8) and iron/steel (Zeff=26), the X-ray tube anode voltage VA=140 kV, sensitivity range of the low-energy detector (LED) and the high-energy detector (HED) 40-60 keV and 100-140 keV, respectively. The average detector sensitivity of LED should be closer to 40 keV, and that of HED - to 140 keV. There is a limitation that is imposed upon the detector sensitivity by sensitivity of the radiographic system. For such variant, LED are made on the basis of a photodiode and a ZnSe(Te) scintillator, ensuring good sensitivity in this range and transparence in the HED range. HED can be made on the S-PD base using CsI(Tl), CdWO4 or Cd2O2S. In a three-energy system, where elements with Zeff=6,7 and 8 should also be determined detector sensitivity ranges should be as follows: LED - 10-35 keV, medium-range energy detector (MED) - 40-80 keV, HED - 100-140 keV. Such subdivision into ranges is ensured by the use of a semiconductor sensor (e.g., silicon) as LED, S-PD with ZnSe(Te) as MED, and CsI(Tl), CdWO4 or Cd2O2S - as HED.
Quantum-classical correspondence using projection operators

Classical properties, associated with a large phase space domain with a smooth boundary as compared to the Planck constant, are shown to be expressed quantum-mechanically by a family of quantum projection operators with the help of known theorems in microlocal analysis. Under the conditions of Egorov’s theorem, the conservation of this correspondence under classical/quantum dynamics is asserted.
The Photo-Conductivity of "Incomplete Phosphors"

Synthetic single crystals of CdS, CdSe, and CdTe have been produced by the reaction of cadmium vapor with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$Se, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$Te, respectively. These "incomplete phosphors" show no phosphorescence but strongly developed photo-conductivity. Photo-cells made from these crystals are extremely sensitive in the whole region from the infra-red down to the ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma-rays and for corpuscular rays, alpha- and beta-rays. Two different mechanisms of photo-conductivity occur. The normal photo-conductivity in the region of strong absorption from the blue to the ultraviolet, and the selective photo-conductivity in the region of weak absorption in the visible, x-rays, and corpuscular-rays region. The phenomena observed are in general accordance with the zonal theory of phosphorescence.
Stellar Masses, Kinematics, and White Dwarf Composition for Three Close DA+dMe Binaries

We determine the mass functions and mass ratios for three close white dwarf plus red dwarf binaries (EUVE J0720-317, 1016-053, and 2013+400). Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph spectra of the He II λ1640 and C IV λ1550 spectral lines trace the white dwarf orbital motion, and Hamilton Spectrograph echelle spectra (Lick Observatory) and lower dispersion spectra trace the red dwarf orbital motion. The data sets allow us to measure orbital periods and velocities, as well as the white dwarf gravitational redshifts. The red dwarf and white dwarf mass estimates obtained from a combination of independent mass measurements for the white dwarf stars and our new orbital elements help constrain probable evolutionary outcomes. We find that EUVE J0720-317 will probably come into contact within a Hubble time and that the mass transfer will be unstable on a dynamical time. We also conclude that the much lower secondary masses in EUVE J1016-053 and EUVE J2013+400 exclude the possibility of significant interaction in these systems. We also present new helium and carbon photospheric abundance measurements in the three white dwarfs. The white dwarf atmospheric composition may show the effects of accretion of red dwarf mass-loss material onto its surface. Finally, we study the kinematics of the systems, and we also show that the white dwarf in EUVE J1016-053 is part of a quadruple system.
Improving the Effectiveness of Maximum Score Estimators for Binary Regression Models

Maximum score estimation is a class of semiparametric methods for the coefficients of regression models. Estimates are obtained by the maximization of the special function, called the score. In case of binary regression models it is the fraction of correctly classified observations. The aim of this article is to propose a modification to the score function. The modification allows to obtain smaller variances of estimators than the standard maximum score method without impacting other properties like consistency. The study consists of extensive Monte Carlo experiments.
Waves on a shearing current: a uniformly valid asymptotic solution

Abstract A uniformly valid asymptotic solution for waves on a shearing current is presented. This solution is more general than the previous WKB solutions because it is valid at and near a caustic. Far from the caustic line, the solution reduces to the WKB solution. It predicts that an incident wave will be reflected from a straight caustic with the same amplitude and a ½π phase shift.
Preferred Latitudes of the Intertropical Convergence Zone

Abstract The latitude preference of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is examined on the basis of observations, theory, and a modeling analysis. Observations show that convection is enhanced at latitudes of about 4° to 10° relative to the equator, even in regions where the sea surface temperature (SST) is maximum on the equator. Both linear shallow-water theory and a moist primitive equation model suggest a new explanation for the off-equatorial latitude preference of the ITCZ that requires neither the existence of zonally propagating disturbances nor an off-equatorial maximum in SST. The shallow-water theory indicates that a finite-width, zonally oriented, midtropospheric heat source (i.e., an ITCZ) produces the greatest local low-level convergence when placed a finite distance away from the equator. This result suggests that an ITCZ is most likely to be supported via low-level convergence of moist energy when located at these “preferred” latitudes away from the equator. For a plausible range of .
OPTIMALITY OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS AND A NEW CLASS OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ESTIMATES

The paper deals with the variation and regression optimality of prineipal oomponents (PC). It is shown that the PC estimate of regression ooeffieients has several types of minimum-variance properties. For the variation optimality, the covariance matrix of PC of a random vector is maximal in the senee of matrix partial ordering. A new elaass of PC estimates of regression coefficients is introduced and its superiority over ordinary least squares estimate is demonstrated. The fact that most of biased estimates are the members of this class gives a new insight into the nature of these estimates. A simpler computation formula of ridge traee which is simpler than. the one given by Hoerl-Kennard, is also given.
Design and characterization of strain-compensated InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II MQW structure with operation wavelength at ~3μm

GaInAs/GaAsSb type-II multiple quantum wells (MQWs) grown on InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were investigated for potential use in p-i-n photodiodes operating in the mid-infrared spectral region. In these quantum well structures, electrons and holes are spatially separated. The resulting spatially indirect type-II detection occurs at longer wavelength than the spatially direct intraband recombination in either GaInAs or GaAsSb. A 4-band k · p Hamiltonian model was employed to calculate the detection wavelengths and wavefunction overlaps. A p-i-n structure with 100 pairs of Ga0.66In034As (~7.0 nm)/GaAs0.25Sb0. 75 (~5.0 nm) MQWs structure with operation wavelength of above 3.0 μm was designed and grown by MBE. The compressively strained GaAsSb layers are strain-compensated by tensile strained GaInAs. Photo response of above 3 μm was observed by room temperature responsivity measurements.
Optimal rearrangeable multistage connecting networks

A rearrangeable connecting network is one whose permitted states realize every assignment of inlets to outlets — that is, one in which it is possible to rearrange existing calls so as to put in any new call. In the effort to provide adequate telephone service with efficient networks it is of interest to be able to select rearrangeable networks (from suitable classes) having a minimum number of crosspoints. This problem is fully resolved for the class of connecting networks built of stages of identical square switches arranged symmetrically around a center stage: roughly, the optimal network should have as many stages as possible, with switches that are as small as possible, the largest switches being in the center stage; the cost (in crosspoints per inlet) of an optimal network of N inlets and N outlets is nearly twice the sum of the prime divisors of N, while the number of its stages is 2×−1, where x is the number of prime divisors of N, in each case counted according to their multiplicity. By using a large number of stages, these designs achieve a far greater combinatorial efficiency than has been attained heretofore.
Large-Eddy-Simulation Tools for Multiphase Flows

Multiphase flows occurring in nature and in technological applications are often turbulent. The large range of length scales and timescales in turbulent multiphase flows makes direct numerical simulation of the microscale governing equations intractable for many applications. In this article we review a systematic approach for developing large-eddy-simulation (LES) tools for dispersed multiphase flows starting from the microscale model. A key intermediate step is the mesoscopic model for the dispersed phase, formulated in terms of kinetic equations, that contains the physical models for the flow. Owing to the phase-space variables, direct solution of the mesoscopic model is usually intractable, and additional mathematical approximations are introduced to arrive at a macroscopic model. We show that self-conditioned LES models can be derived for both the mesoscopic and macroscopic models, but the former is preferred to ensure consistency and physical accuracy. The principal difficulties and open challenges .
Transmission of a broadband light through a fiber optic loop: effect of nonlinear refractive index

The results of studies of broadband light transmission through a ber loop and a double loop under the eect of nonlinear refractive index are presented in this paper. Fiber loop and double loop transmission/ree ction vs. a coupler splitting ratio at various powers of the light with a spectral width of approximately 35 nm are studied and high ecient nonlinear light switching is demonstrated. It is shown that a double loop formed by consecutive connecting 2 ber loops allows us to exclude the strong spectral dependence of light transmission/ree ction and to distribute input light equally between them. Such all-ber devices can nd a real application in broadband systems of optical communication and
Do infants remember voices

Recent research on infants’ representation of speech typically focuses on linguistic features such as phonetic and prosodic cues. However, speech also carries information about things such as emotional tone and talker identity. To what extent do infants extract and remember such information from the speech signal? The present study asks whether infants preserve information about talker identity when they encode information from speech. Infants 7.5 to 8.25 months old were exposed to recordings of stories read by the same talker for 10 days in a 2‐week time period. Two weeks later, the infants were tested in a head turn preference procedure. The stimuli were lists of words from the stories. Half of the lists were produced by the original talker; the other half by a novel talker. The infants listened significantly longer to the familiar voice suggesting that they developed a representation of that voice. An ongoing study is investigating whether infants actually listen longer to familiar words from the stori.
Does digital media use contribute to decreased expressive language skills of pre-school-aged children? An exploratory study in Portuguese children.

PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between digital media use and expressive language skills in the semantic and morphosyntactic domains, of pre-school-aged children (3 years-and-0 months to 5 years-and-11 months). MATERIALS AND METHODS Verbal oral expression (VOE) tasks of the Pre-school Assessment of Language Test (Teste de Linguagem-Avaliação da Linguagem Pré-Escolar) were administered to 237 pre-school children with no previous identified neurological or developmental conditions associated with language disorders to assess expressive language skills in the semantic and morphosyntactic domains. Parents completed a questionnaire about their children's medical conditions, development (using the milestones of the Survey of Well-being of Young Children and the Pre-school Paediatric Symptom Checklist), and exposure to screens (using ScreenQ). Correlations between VOE and continuous variables such as ScreenQ were computed and a regression model incorporating all variables significantly associated with total language verbal expression was created. RESULTS ScreenQ revealed a negative and significant correlation with children's verbal oral expression as well as significance in the regression model. Parents' education was the most significant predictor in this regression model. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the importance of parents establishing limits for digital media use and promote good practices such as co-viewing.
p53 and ovarian carcinoma survival: an Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis consortium study

Our objective was to test whether p53 expression status is associated with survival for women diagnosed with the most common ovarian carcinoma histotypes (high‐grade serous carcinoma [HGSC], endometrioid carcinoma [EC], and clear cell carcinoma [CCC]) using a large multi‐institutional cohort from the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis (OTTA) consortium. p53 expression was assessed on 6,678 cases represented on tissue microarrays from 25 participating OTTA study sites using a previously validated immunohistochemical (IHC) assay as a surrogate for the presence and functional effect of TP53 mutations. Three abnormal expression patterns (overexpression, complete absence, and cytoplasmic) and the normal (wild type) pattern were recorded. Survival analyses were performed by histotype. The frequency of abnormal p53 expression was 93.4% (4,630/4,957) in HGSC compared to 11.9% (116/973) in EC and 11.5% (86/748) in CCC. In HGSC, there were no differences in overall survival across the abnormal p53 expression patterns. However, in EC and CCC, abnormal p53 expression was associated with an increased risk of death for women diagnosed with EC in multivariate analysis compared to normal p53 as the reference (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36–3.47, p = 0.0011) and with CCC (HR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.11–2.22, p = 0.012). Abnormal p53 was also associated with shorter overall survival in The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I/II EC and CCC. Our study provides further evidence that functional groups of TP53 mutations assessed by abnormal surrogate p53 IHC patterns are not associated with survival in HGSC. In contrast, we validate that abnormal p53 IHC is a strong independent prognostic marker for EC and demonstrate for the first time an independent prognostic association of abnormal p53 IHC with overall survival in patients with CCC.
A satellite-derived typhoon intensity index using a deviation angle technique

An objective index was proposed to determine the intensity of typhoons in this study. This was achieved using an image edge processing technique to examine meaningful discontinuity characteristics and thereby calculate the gradient of brightness temperature in satellite infrared images. By taking the typhoon centre as a reference point, the angle between the position vector and the gradient vector was defined as the deviation angle. Following this definition, the probability density and standard deviation of the deviation angle may be derived. After creating a scale from 1 to 0 (0–1) to, respectively, represent the maximum and minimum values of the probability density (standard deviation), this research proposed a non-dimensional typhoon intensity (TI) index. Analysis results reveal a high accuracy when the TI index was used to objectively measure TI. The bias, average error, root mean square error, and R2 value reached 0.6, 3.5, 4.8 m s–1, and 0.89, respectively. Meanwhile, various evaluation parameters in assessing the forecasting skill were also employed, where a specific ‘yes’ and ‘no’ threshold for each typhoon stage was established. The ratio of the number of correct determination to the number of events for a specific typhoon stage was 0.74 (mild), 0.76 (moderate), and 0.89 (severe), respectively, for 557 infrared images of five validation typhoon cases in 2011. The results demonstrated that the TI index technique had good performance in assessing the TI even during typhoon stage changes.