Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacts of peat and vegetation on permafrost degradation under climate warming

Simulations of maximum annual thaw at a continuous and a discontinuous permafrost site in Canada were performed using Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3) and randomized historical climate records from these sites, superimposed with United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario of climate change. A positive trend in permafrost degradation was simulated for the 2000 to 2100 period in response to climate warming. Surface cover condition and soil properties play a dominant role in affecting ground thaw. In particular, a thin peat layer or surface organic cover can significantly buffer the permafrost against severe degradation. The occurrence of vegetation and extensive presence of a peat and organic layer in the circumpolar areas will modulate the regional impact of climate warming on permafrost thaw.
Caractérisation physico-chimique des premières phases de formation des disques protoplanétaires

Les etoiles de type solaire se forment par l'effondrement d'un nuage moleculaire, durant lequel la matiere s'organise autour de l'etoile en formation sous la forme d'un disque, appele disque protoplanetaire. Dans ce disque se forment les planetes, cometes et autres objets du systeme stellaire. La nature de ces objets peut donc avoir un lien avec l'histoire de la matiere du disque.J'ai etudie l'evolution chimique et physique de cette matiere, du nuage au disque, a l'aide du code de chimie gaz-grain Nautilus.Une etude de sensibilite a divers parametres du modele (comme les abondances elementaires et les parametres de chimie de surface) a ete realisee. Notamment, la mise a jour des constantes de vitesse et des rapports de branchement des reactions de notre reseau chimique s'est averee influente sur de nombreux points, comme les abondances de certaines especes chimiques, et la sensibilite du modele a ses autres parametres.Plusieurs modeles physiques d'effondrement ont egalement ete consideres. L'approche la plus complexe et la plus consistante a ete d'interfacer notre code de chimie avec le code radiatif magnetohydrodynamique de formation stellaire RAMSES, pour modeliser en trois dimensions l'evolution physique et chimique de la formation d'un jeune disque. Notre etude a demontre que le disque garde une trace de l'histoire passee de la matiere, et sa composition chimique est donc sensible aux conditions initiales.
Manual for BLOCKS version 1 . 8

BLOCKS is a computer program that carries out the statistical estimation of models for stochastic blockmodeling according to Nowicki and Snijders (2001). This manual gives information about BLOCKS version 1.8 (June, 2007). ∗We are grateful to Peter Boer for his cooperation in the development of the StOCNET and BLOCKS programs. Authors’ addresses: Tom Snijders, ICS, Department of Sociology, Grote Rozenstraat 31, 9712 TG Groningen, The Netherlands, t.a. b.snijders@ppsw.rug. nl; Krzysztof Nowicki, Department of Statistics, University of Lund, S-220 07 Lund, Sweden, krzysztof.nowicki@stat.lu. se .
EFFET DU TAUX DE DEFORMATION SUR LES PROPRIETES MECANIQUES ET STRUCTURALES LORS DU RECUIT DE RECRISTALLISATION DE L’ALLIAGE Cu-4,6At.%In THE EFFECT OF THE DEFORMATION RATE ON THE MECHANICS AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES DURING RECRYSTALLIZATION OF ALLOY Cu-4,6

Ce travail a pour but de mettre en evidence l’effet du taux de deformation sur l’evolution des proprietes mecaniques et structurales de l’alliage Cu-4,6 at-. %In, homogeneise et trempe ensuite deforme par laminage a froid et recuit a une temperature de 550°c. La microscopie optique et la microdurete Vickers sont les principales techniques d’analyse utilisees pour le suivi de l’evolution structurale et celle des proprietes mecaniques au cours des differents stades du recuit. Les resultats obtenus confirment d’une part l’influence notable du taux de deformation sur la taille des grains recristallises et d’autre part conditionnent la formation de nouveaux grains par un taux critique de deformation avoisinant 10%. The aim of this paper is to clarify the effect of the deformation rate on the evolution of the mechanic and structural properties of alloy Cu-4,6 at. %In homogenized, quensched, then deformed by cold lamination and cooked at a temperature of 550°C. The optical microscopy and microhardness Vickers are the stricking methods of analyis used for the follow ap of the structural evolution and those of mechanic properties during the different stages of cooking. The obtained results confirm from on side the notable influence of the deformation rate on the size of the recrystallised grains and from another side it will condition make ready the formation of grains again by a critical rate of deformation around 10%.
Conflicts with Multiple Battlefields 1

This paper examines conflicts in which performance is measured by the players' success or failure in multiple component conflicts, commonly termed " battlefields. " In multi-battlefield conflicts, behavioral linkages across battlefields depend both on the technologies of conflict within each battlefield and the nature of economies or diseconomies in how battlefield outcomes and costs aggregate in determining payoffs in the overall conflict.
Technology Acceptance Factors Affecting Intention to Adopt Geographical Information System (GIS) among the Local Governments in West Aceh, Sumatera, Indonesia

The availability and appropriately collected data/information is a crucial part to overcome and provide better response when handling numerous disasters. Since Aceh is an area prone to natural disasters, there is a need to address the lack of data management especially in the governmental organizations. Geographical Information System (GIS) is one of the many existing technologies that has been recognized as a powerful tool to resolve problems that arise during emergency management. The objective of this research is to determine the levels of user intention to adopt the GIS and to investigate the relationship between user acceptance factors and user intention to adopt the GIS. The dependent variable is the behavioural intention to adopt the GIS technology; whereas the two independent variables are perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. A set of questionnaire was constructed and used as an instrument to collect primary data. Statistical analysis using multiple regression was performed to determine the technology acceptance factors. From the study, user perceived ease of use was found to have a significant effect on behavioural intention to adopt the GIS.
Recent seismicity and tomographic modeling of the Mount Etna plumbing system

The monitoring of seismic activity in eastern Sicily (southern Italy) has been recently improved, in the framework of the Poseidon Project, to investigate both tectonics and volcanic processes of Mount Etna. This effort has produced a homogeneous and complete data set which we use to image the deep structure of the volcano and to define the space and time distribution of the recent seismicity, encompassing the 1995 eruption, diffuse eruptions between 1995 and 1997, a further magma intrusion started in 1997, and an increase of volcanic activity in July 1998. We inverted P wave arrival times from 307 selected local earthquakes to obtain a three-dimensional velocity model of the volcano, with a simultaneous inversion for hypocenters and velocity parameters. The new tomographic images permit us to define the structure beneath the volcano from the surface down to 18 km depth. The main structural feature revealed by our inversion is a high-velocity body located beneath the central craters whose lateral extent increases from ∼6 km between 18 and 9 km depth to ∼12 km between 9 and 3 km depth. Near the surface the fast anomaly branches in two separate high-Vp regions, which are located below the summit craters and the eastern flank (Valle del Bove), respectively. The high-velocity features are interpreted as high-density cumulates of solidified magma that intruded the shallow crust. We hypothesize that magma ascends the crust within the relatively small high-velocity conduit (below 9 km depth) and is stored at depth shallower than 9 km within the broad high-velocity region, as also suggested by petrological data. A sharp increase of seismicity in 1997, with earthquakes occurring at the border of the high-velocity body, suggests that Mount Etna sustained recent episodes of intrusions, which possibly herald future eruptions. No large low-velocity anomaly interpretable as a melted magma chamber is imaged in the upper 18 km of the crust, while a broad low-velocity anomaly in the uppermost mantle, revealed by regional seismic data, possibly indicates the magma source region at depth. Earthquake occurrence from the deep source to the shallow intrusive area helps to trace the magma migration and the feeding of the volcanic system.
Impact of agricultural drought on main crop yields in the Republic of Moldova

Crop loss due to drought is a complex issue, because it changes according to the drought intensity and duration, and the developmental stage of the plants when drought occurs. In order to assess the drought‐induced decline in crop harvest, drought variability and the yield sensitivity of winter wheat, maize, sugar beet, and sunflower to drought during their growing seasons is investigated in the Republic of Moldova. This is then used as an example of the response of non‐irrigated crops to increasing drought tendency in south‐eastern Europe. The quantification of drought was done by using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at 1‐ to 12‐month lags during the period from 1951 to 2012. The relationship between drought at various time scales and the standardized yield residuals series (SYRS) for individual crops over the country and the Balti chernozem steppe of Moldova (represented by Balti experimental site) for the 1962–2012 farming years were investigated. In order to detect the trends and the shifts in the SPEI time series over 62 years, the non‐parametric, Mann–Kendall and Pettitt tests were used for each month of the year to cover the main life cycle of the crops. The trend analysis of agricultural drought emphasizes an increasing trend from June to October, and becomes significant in the southern region at the 95% level during July to September. The SPEI highlights the main periods of dry/wet persistence and the regional characteristics of drought which are present in the Southern region, and make this region more prone to severe drought persistence, mostly during the last decade. Drought during the plant reproductive stages may significantly reduce grain yield potential, the relation between the SYRS and the SPEI explaining up to 62% of the low‐yield variability.
Applications of MODIS-visible bands index, greenery ratio to estimate CO2 budget of a rice paddy in Japan

NDVI (Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index) was employed to estimate the carbon budget remotely with satellite data. However, NDVI has some difficulties in application to agricultural crops, boreal forest, and tundra ecosystems. We proposed a new vegetation index GR (greenery ratio) to detect the vegetation change remotely, and we applied it to estimate CO2 budget of Japanese rice paddy with MODIS satellite data. GR was ratio of green (G) to the trichromatic visible bands (R+G+B) of MODIS, and an empirical GR-CO2 budget model was developed as functions of MODIS-data and observed micrometeorology and fluxes at the rice paddy of Mase-site. The daily PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) was also estimated by MODIS. The parameterized model provided good performance to estimate daily magnitudes and seasonal trends of GPP (gross primary productivity), however, RE (ecosystem respiration) showed a little under-estimation, especially differed in late growing season. In contradiction to the observed CO2 budget, the estimated budgets were 2% greater of GPP and 5% less of RE and 9% greater of NEE (net ecosystem exchange). The large discrepancy in NEE was owing to the poor estimation of RE after drainage. Further study to improve RE estimation was needed.
Transtensional analyses of fault patterns and strain provinces of the Eastern California shear zone–Walker Lane on the eastern margin of the Sierra Nevada microplate, California and Nevada

Obliquity of the strain velocity field to the deformation zone boundary requires strain to be triaxial. At the plate boundary scale, fault geometries predicted by transtensional theory better explain observed fault patterns in the northern Eastern California shear zone–Walker Lane area than do 2D plane strain predictions. Structural provinces in the Eastern California shear zone–Walker Lane are defined by variations in the orientation of the eastern margin of the Sierra Nevada microplate, and include the Honey Lake–Pyramid Lake, Lake Tahoe, Mono Lake–Long Valley, Owens Valley, and Coso subprovinces. The local geometry of the transtensional zone boundary and the microplate transport direction determines orientations of the instantaneous strain axes for each province. Fault orientations predicted with respect to these axes are consistent with those observed in each structural province. The variation of zone geometry among predominantly coaxially dominated strain provinces over a consistent period of deforma.
Helicobacter pylori Infection and Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia

Approximately half of the world’s population is infected with Helicobacter pylori, which causes gastric disease. Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported that H. pylori may also have extragastric manifestations such as hematologic diseases, including chronic immune thrombocytopenia (cITP). However, the molecular mechanisms by which H. pylori induces cITP remain unclear, and may involve the host immune response, bacterial strain diversity, and delivery of bacterial molecules to the host blood vessels. This review discusses the important pathophysiological mechanisms by which H. pylori potentially contributes to the development of cITP in infected patients.
Detection of geomagnetically aligned currents associated with an auroral arc

A rocket-borne experiment consisting of a vector magnetometer system and energetic charged particle detectors was launched from Fort Churchill, Canada, over a stable IBC II auroral arc at 2000 LT on February 26, 1969. Vector magnetic field profiles and energetic particle flux profiles are presented which indicate the existence of geomagnetically aligned sheet currents associated with the visible auroral arc. In particular, evidence is shown that suggests that precipitated energetic electrons in the range 2 to 18 kev carry a significant fraction of the total upward field-aligned current, but that energetic particles in this range are apparently unimportant in providing the downward return current. The spatial relation of the precipitated particle structure and the auroral current configuration are discussed.
Fractal Analysis of Pore Roughness in Images of Soil Using the Slit Island Method

A description and quantification of the surface of soil pores is important to promote our understanding of soil function because these surfaces provide sites for biological, chemical, and physical processes within the soil. Previous attempts to characterize the geometry of pore surfaces have included the slit island method, which is used to extract a fractal dimension to describe the roughness of the pore perimeters in two dimensions. Our objective in this study was to assess how this approach might be robustly applied to images of soil pore structure. Critical to the success of the technique is constancy of shape in the set of pores analyzed. We applied additional analysis to test whether this criterion is met, using the convex cover and the convexity of a two‐dimensional object. This additional analysis coupled with the slit island method was applied to a soil image. In this instance, we were unable to detect a set of pores of common shape and concluded that the fractal dimension of value 1.4 derived from the image reflects not a fractal pore perimeter but rather an increasing complexity of pore shape with increasing pore size. We concluded that the analysis of pore shape proposed here, in addition to scaling of pore perimeter, is critical to sensibly describe the geometry of soil pore perimeters.
Study of atmospheric pollution by particulated matter in Madrid (II): transformation and transport processes

The second part of this work dedicated to the atmospheric pollution by particles in Madrid has been devoted to the experimental characterization of aerosol transport and transformation processes by using continuous measuring techniques of some of its physico-chemical characteristics. In this part the interest has been focussed on studying the temporal evolution of certain major components of aerosol (carbonaceous and nitrate content) as well as its number size distribution, trying to establish the relation between both processes when they are analysed in parallel and in real time. Many of the registered changes do not take place due to the transformation of particles and gaseous precursors in urban air but as a result of air masses advection with different aerosol content. The use of active remote sensing techniques like Lidar has allowed studying the spatial and temporal evolution of the transport processes, especially those cases related to long-range phenomena. The future implications of this experimental strategy are also discussed.
Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000

Agricultural activities have dramatically altered our planet's land surface. To understand the extent and spatial distribution of these changes, we have developed a new global data set of croplands and pastures circa 2000 by combining agricultural inventory data and satellite‐derived land cover data. The agricultural inventory data, with much greater spatial detail than previously available, is used to train a land cover classification data set obtained by merging two different satellite‐derived products (Boston University's MODIS‐derived land cover product and the GLC2000 data set). Our data are presented at 5 min (∼10 km) spatial resolution in longitude by longitude, have greater accuracy than previously available, and for the first time include statistical confidence intervals on the estimates. According to the data, there were 15.0 (90% confidence range of 12.2–17.1) million km2 of cropland (12% of the Earth's ice‐free land surface) and 28.0 (90% confidence range of 23.6–30.0) million km2 of pasture (22%) in the year 2000.
Reconstructing the Support of Medical Flows

Doppler measurements of flows with continuous ultrasound gives rise to velocity spectras along lines. These measurements can be used to find tomographic data about the region in which reflecting particles are present, the support of the flow. The flow can e.g. be a blood flow inside a human body, then the reflecting particles are the blood corpuscles. Here we give an algorithm, that uses the fact that the characteristic function of the support is binary, for reconstru c ion. We prove that the algorithm converges in an ideal case and simulations suggests that an adjusted version works fine wit h noisy data.
A shift in heavy and clay mineral provenance indicates a middle Miocene onset of a perennial sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean

During the Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX), a 428-m-thick sequence of Upper Cretaceous to Quaternary sediments was penetrated. The mineralogical composition of the upper 300 m of this sequence is presented here for the first time. Heavy and clay mineral associations indicate a major and consistent shift in provenance, from the Barents-Kara–western Laptev Sea region, characterized by presence of common clinopyroxene, to the eastern Laptev-East Siberian seas in the upper part of the section, characterized by common hornblende (amphibole). Sea ice originating from the latter source region must have survived at least one summer melt cycle in order to reach the ACEX drill site, if considering modern sea ice trajectories and velocities. This shift in mineral assemblages probably represents the onset of a perennial sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean, which occurred at about 13 Ma, thus suggesting a coeval freeze in the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
Characteristics of Low Flows

A Task Committee (TC) of the Surface Water Hydrology Committee was organized in 1976 to determine the types of low-flow information needed, to describe available methods of characterizing low flows, and to identify needed analyses and data collection. Responses to a TC survey of users of low-flow information indicated the need for better estimates of low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites. Available analytical methods are described and evaluated, sources of low-flow information are given, and some recently proposed techniques are reported. Low-flow data on many additional streams are needed.
Secondary benefits of greenhouse gas control : Health impacts in China

In addition to long-term benefits of greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions in the form of avoided health and ecosystem damage, there are important near-term benefits resulting from the reduction in health-damaging pollutants (HDP) that can accompany GHG reductions. This paper estimates such health benefits, using the power and household energy sectors of China as a case study for the method. Four policy scenarios were compared: business as usual, least-cost energy efficiency, least-cost per unit global-warming-reduction fuel substitution, and least-cost per unit exposure-reduction fuel substitution. The health benefits were estimated by converting PM10 emissions first to human exposures and then to avoided mortality and morbidity with existing exposure-response relationships. Our results demonstrate that the near-term health benefits from GHG reductions in China could be substantial but are highly dependent on the technologies and sectors chosen. Such near-term benefits provide the opportunity for a true “no-r.
Technical approaches on permafrost thermal stability for Qinghai–Tibet Railway

Widespread warm permafrost with a high ice content is a key problem for the roadbed stability of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway. A new approach is proposed to alleviate the effect of global warming and engineering construction on permafrost by cooling the roadbed and positively protecting the permafrost. Measures for cooling the roadbed by adjusting solar radiation, conduction, and convection are studied and applied to prevent ground ice from thawing and to ensure roadbed stability in permafrost regions. The results of monitoring permafrost embankments at Beiluhe and along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway show that the measures adopted for cooling the roadbed are very effective in raising permafrost table and reducing the soil temperature.
Classification of wintertime daily atmospheric circulation patterns over Brazil

This study presents a synoptic classification at surface and at 500 hPa during the winter (June, July, and August) over Brazil, in order to identify the main synoptic-scale meteorological systems that influence the weather of this period. Through the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) for the 1979-2020 period, it was identified five main synoptic patterns that predominated during the winter which are practically the same for each of the three analyzed months. The most frequent synoptic pattern is associated with the climatological mean-field (CMF), represented by the two of the most characteristic systems of low-level atmospheric circulation in South America: The South Atlantic Subtropical High (SASH) and the North-Western Argentinean Low (NAL). There are two other synoptic patterns related to a classical cold front over the Southern (CF_SUL) and Southeastern (CF_SE) regions of Brazil, respectively. Finally, two other synoptic patterns are associated with a blocking anticyclone (BAn) and a cyclogenetic (CG) process over the Atlantic Ocean, respectively. Both of them correspond to the most frequent synoptic pattern related to cold waves and "Friagens" over Brazil.