Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A nested primitive equation model for oceanic applications

Abstract An interactive, nested primitive equation model for oceanic applications is introduced. The model has two components that interact, which we shall call the coarse and the fine grid regions. The fine grid region is nested entirely within the domain of the coarse grid region. The interaction is achieved by an interpolation of the coarse grid fields to obtain boundary conditions for the fine grid region and by an averaging of the tendencies of the prognostic variables on the fine grid to force the coarse grid model. The nested model is applied to two test problems relevant to oceanic phenomena—a barotropic modon and a baroclinic vortex. In each case, nested calculations with 3:1 and 5:1 grid ratios perform quite well, and even ratios of 7:1 are able to reproduce the solution reasonably well while the features are mostly contained within the fine grid region. These results indicate that the interactive nested model approach introduced here may provide an accurate and cost-effective approach to proble.
A Meta-Analysis of β-Convergence: the Legendary 2%

The topic of convergence is at the heart of a wide-ranging debate in the growth literature, and empirical studies of convergence differ widely in their theoretical backgrounds, empirical specifications, and in their treatment of cross-sectional heterogeneity. Despite these differences, a rate of convergence of about 2% has been found under a variety of different conditions, resulting in the widespread belief that the rate of convergence is a natural constant. We use meta-analysis to investigate whether there is substance to the 'myth' of the 2% convergence rate and to assess several unresolved issues of interpretation and estimation. Our data set contains approximately 600 estimates taken from a random sample of empirical growth studies published in peer-reviewed journals. The results indicate that it is misleading to speak of a natural convergence rate since estimates of different growth regressions come from different populations, and we find that correcting for the bias resulting from unobserved heterogeneity in technology levels leads to higher estimates of the rate of convergence. We also find that correcting for endogeneity of the explanatory variables has a substantial effect on the estimates and that measures of financial and fiscal development are important determinants of long-run differences in per capita income levels. We show that although the odds of a study being published is not uniform for studies with different p -values, publication bias has no significant effect on the conclusions of the analysis. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2005.
Offloading Augmented Reality Tasks with Smart Energy Source-Aware Algorithms at the Edge

The development of novel use cases in beyond-5G and 6G networks will rely, among other aspects, on the availability of computing resources at the edge, therefore enabling the realization of applications that are both computationally demanding and latency constrained, such as Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR). Indeed, due to end devices' intrinsic constraints on computation capabilities and battery, newer MAR applications require offloading their most demanding tasks. However, the constrained nature of edge resources implies that these tasks should be carefully allocated at the edge network in order to guarantee satisfactory Quality of Experience to end-users. In this context, we analyze the edge operator's resource allocation to support the energy-aware offloading of MAR tasks at the edge of the cellular network with the goal of not only maximizing service acceptance (i.e., revenue), but also optimizing the operator's business utility, which depends on its carbon footprint and the profit of operating the service. We leverage Deep Reinforcement Learning to propose an efficient model to operate the edge resource allocation that can adapt to different utilities.
STEWARDSHIP CLIMATE SCALE: MEASUREMENT AND AN ASSESSMENT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

Building on the seminal work of Davis, Schoorman, and Donaldson (1997), using a three study approach and a combined multilevel respondent sample of 847 from 237 firms, we develop a statistically valid and reliable 18-item measure to capture the degree to which executives act to engender a stewardship climate in their organizations. Nomological validity of our dual (psychological and situational) mechanism measure is established by demonstrating significant associations with multiple individual-and firm-level measures.
Environmental flow requirements assessment in the Halda River, Bangladesh

Abstract Environmental flows have scarcely been considered in river water management in Bangladesh. This study attempts to assess the environmental flow requirements in the Halda River, Bangladesh. Thus, the objectives are to estimate the Halda River flow with different return periods/probabilities, which was done using the log-Pearson Type III distribution (LPIII), and to mitigate the environmental problems in the Halda River using the building block method. The LPIII distribution was used to estimate the expected extreme and satisfactory flows for fish habitat at Panchpukuria station and the expected extreme water levels at Panchpukuria, Narayanhat, Telpari and Enayethat stations. It was found that floods are likely to occur at least once in 2.1, 1.02, 1.75 and 1.25 years at Panchpukuria, Narayanhat, Telpari and Enayethat stations, respectively. The results of flow and water quality analyses suggest that environmental flow requirements cannot be achieved in this river throughout the year. The environmental flow requirements and conservation of fish resources can be achieved by implementing the suggestions provided in conjunction with a comprehensive awareness programme, investigations and trade-off analyses being among the suggestions. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor B. Sivakumar Citation Akter, A. and Ali, Md. H. , 2012. Environmental flow requirements assessment in the Halda River, Bangladesh. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (2), 326–343.
Inequalities in the networks of virtual water flow

The globalization of water associated with the trade of food commodities [Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2008] has often been acclaimed as a means to save water, mitigate the effect of regional- and local-scale water scarcity, and meet the demand for food in overpopulated and water-poor countries [Allan, 1998]. However, there are negative implications for water use from globalization of trade. For instance, globalization disconnects populations from local sustainable freshwater use [Allan, 1998; D'Odorico et al., 2010]. This distance between societies and the resources on which they rely is a major obstacle to the emergence of behaviors that foster ecosystem stewardship [Chapin et al., 2009] through a responsible management of the environment. The globalization of water is also expected to reduce societal resilience to drought by decreasing the redundancy of freshwater resources, thereby limiting opportunities to meet human needs during periods of crisis [D'Odorico et al., 2010]. Overall, globalization enhances inequalities in the way different societies may have access to freshwater resources [Chapin et al., 2009]. In fact, only a few countries control most of the water that is virtually exchanged—through food trade—in the global market.
Aeromagnetic anomalies reveal hidden tectonic and volcanic structures in the central sector of the Aeolian Islands, southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy

[1] Salina Island (Italy) in the central Aeolian chain is the northernmost volcanic structure of an elongated ridge on a regional shear zone with NNW-SSE strike-slip faults and second-order N-S and NE-SW faults. Modeling of high-resolution, low-altitude aeromagnetic data collected in 2003 and 2005 using volcanological data constraints reveals the inner structure of the Salina volcanoes and surrounding marine regions. Regional negative anomalies overlie E-W elongated sedimentary basins related to the early Pliocene-Pleistocene opening of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. These negative anomalies flank positively magnetized crust of Salina and seamounts off its eastern coast where the shorter-wavelength anomalies map late Pleistocene-Holocene volcanic conduits, dikes, and faults. The magnetic and volcanological data indicate that the early (circa 168–100 ka) basaltic to andesitic Salina volcanism developed along N-S and NE-SW tectonic faults, whereas the more recent andesitic lavas and rhyolitic pyroclastics (circa 100–13 ka) were emitted by vents related to the main NW-SE faults. The tectonic structures also controlled the location of the seamounts around the island and the geometry of the volcano-tectonic collapses. Salina volcanism was emplaced on a NNW-SSE tear fault of the presently developing roll-back slab in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea.
Evolution of ENSO-Related Rainfall Anomalies in East Asia

Abstract The present study documents seasonal rainfall anomalies in East Asia during different phases of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) using station rainfall and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for the period of 1951–2000 through lag–lead correlation/regression and extended singular value decomposition analyses. The ENSO-related rainfall anomalies consist of two major evolving centers of action: one positive and the other negative. The positive center of action affects southern China, eastern central China, and southern Japan during the fall of an ENSO developing year through the following spring. The negative center of action is over northern China during the summer and fall of an ENSO developing year. Seasonal rainfall variance explained by ENSO is about 20%–30% in southern China in fall and winter, about 20% in eastern central China in spring after the mature phase of ENSO, and around 15%–20% in western north China in summer and fall of an ENSO developing year. The two main rainfall anomalies are induce.
Tertiary Stratigraphy of West Tennessee

Introduction The Tertiary and younger formations of west Tennessee were studied by R. L. Collins and the writer in the summers of 1924 and 1925, and in 1925 Mr. Collins mapped the deposits and collected plants from the Wilcox group. We were accompanied by E. W. Berry, who gave advice on formation boundaries and collecting fossil plants. The Tennessee Geological Survey had mapped the Tertiary of this part of the Mississippi embayment as Porters Creek and Lagrange and had assigned certain beds of sand, gravel, and loess to the Pleistocene. The stratigraphy as here described is in accord with the correlations established by Berry and Cooke in Mississippi and Alabama. The Tertiary outcrop belt extends from Mississippi across Tennessee into Kentucky, including nearly all the region between the Tennessee and the Mississippi rivers. It is about 115 miles long, about 70 miles wide on the Mississippi line, and about 60 .
Influence of leads in sea ice on the temperature of the atmospheric boundary layer during polar night

The maximum effect of open leads within sea ice on the near‐surface atmospheric temperature is estimated using a 1D atmospheric model coupled with a thermodynamic snow/sea ice model. The study is restricted to clear‐sky conditions during polar night. The model is initialized with a typical wintertime atmospheric temperature profile. Results are analyzed at different integration times corresponding to different fetches over the fractured sea ice as a function of wind speed and sea ice concentration A. The results demonstrate that for A > 90% small changes in the sea ice fraction have a strong effect on the near‐surface temperature. A change by 1% causes a temperature signal of up to 3.5 K. A threshold value of about 4 m s−1 for the 10‐m wind speed divides the air‐ice interaction process into a weak‐wind and strong‐wind regime.
Uncertainty quantification in aerosol optical thickness retrieval from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) measurements

The space borne measurements provide global view of atmospheric aerosol distribution. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board NASAs Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura satellite is a Dutch-Finnish nadir-viewing solar backscatter spectrometer measuring in the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. OMI measures several trace gases and aerosols that are important in many air quality and climate studies. The OMI aerosol measurements are used, for example, for detecting volcanic ash plumes, wild fires and transportation of desert dust. We present a methodology for improving the uncertainty quantification in the aerosols retrieval algorithm. We have used the OMI measurements in this feasibility study. Our focus is on the uncertainties originating from the pre-calculated aerosol models. These models are never complete descriptions of the reality. This aerosol model uncertainty is estimated using Gaussian processes with computational tools from spatial statistics. Our approach is based on smooth systematic differences between the observed and modelled reflectances. When acknowledging this model inadequacy in the estimation of aerosol optical thickness (AOT), the uncertainty estimates are more realistic. We present here a real world example of applying the methodology.
[2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis].

The content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines has been published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of the ESC Guidelines may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC. Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to Oxford University Press, the publisher of the European Heart Journal and the party authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC. Disclaimer. The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver. Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.
Mixing and phase partitioning of primary and secondary organic aerosols

Predicting primary and secondary organic aerosol (POA and SOA) concentrations requires understanding the phase partitioning of semi‐volatile organic species. A well‐mixed single phase organic aerosol can absorb greater amounts of semi‐volatile species but little experimental evidence exists on the phase distribution of particulate organics. We investigated the phase partitioning and mixing of semi‐volatile POA and SOA in a smog chamber. Particle time of flight (PToF) data from an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were used to quantify the extent of mixing. The SOA plus motor oil and diesel fuel combination produced a weakly mixed system, in which two particulate organic phases coexist. However, the POA in diesel exhaust readily mixed with SOA, forming a single phase after one hour. Although both POA types contain semi‐volatile components, there is a fundamental difference in their partitioning behavior with SOA. The high resolution AMS data reveal minor differences in composition between the two types of POA. This work provides further evidence that there exists a set of unidentified components that influence particulate mixing that affect OA formation and suggests the extent of absorbent phase mixing (strong versus weak) can be observed and quantified with PToF data.
Devonian Stratigraphy, Sunwapta Pass Area, Alberta, Canada

A southeastward-plunging synclinal mountain ridge, capped by Mississippian rocks, rises from a base of Cambrian rocks in the Sunwapta Pass area. Detailed sections involving Silurian and Devonian rocks were studied from the Nigel Peak area on the north southward to the Sunset Pass area. The Mt. Wilson quartzite, heretofore referred to the Devonian, is shown to be Ordovician or Silurian in age and a probable correlative of the Wonah formation of British Columbia. Halysites-bearing beds of probable early Silurian age rest unconformably on the Mt. Wilson quartzite and may correlate with the Brisco formation of British Columbia. The Devonian consists of three formations, the coral-bearing Fairholme at the base, followed by the scarp-forming Palliser limestone, and capped by the Exshaw shale and limestone. Tentative correlations are made between the Leduc section and the Sunwapta Pass area for Devonian rocks. Mississippian Banff shale rests unconformably on the Exshaw formation.
Impact of the Three Gorges Dam water storage on the Yangtze River outflow into the East China Sea

The role of the Three Gorges Dam Water Storage (TGDWS) in changing salinity in the East China Sea (ECS) near the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) was investigated using a multi‐sensor remote sensing technique, namely the salt steric height anomaly, calculated from Sea Surface Height Anomaly (SSHA) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data. The patterns of the salt steric height anomaly near the YRE agreed well with the in situ Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) measurements. In order to examine the changes in stability in the mixed layer near the YRE due to TGDWS, the time series of the steric height anomaly ratio (Rs′) between heat and salt at three locations were estimated. The Rs′ was strongly associated with a coastal upwelling in the ECS, because the reduced freshwater outflow gives rise to changes of both mixed layer depth and surface current patterns off the YRE.
Evidence for azimuthal and temporal variations of the rupture propagation of the 1999 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan Earthquake from dense seismic array observations

Data recorded by the SMART‐2 array and its nearby accelerometers in eastern Taiwan were used to make direct measurements of the rupture propagation of the 1999, Mw=7.6 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan earthquake. The N‐th root stack method was employed to window and stack seismic waveforms, and it revealed that coherent seismic energy showed clear temporal changes with regard to azimuth. The results of this study elicited unambiguous observations as to rupture propagation direction, rupture duration time and spatial distribution of the major asperities on the fault plane. The rupture propagation of the Chi‐Chi earthquake was reconstructed and demonstrated that the source of the early arrived coherent energy was close to the epicenter and that the subsequent major energy moved southward. Twelve seconds after the initial rupture, clear arrival energy was resolved and then propagated northward. The horizontal apparent rupture velocity is estimated at 2.1 km/sec for its northward propagation. The largest source of radiated energy was identified and its location was near the northern end of the earthquake fault. The strong shaking was continuous for about 24 seconds. The analysed results of this study provide direct observations of the rupture properties of this earthquake. These properties may serve as valuable constraints for other Chi‐Chi earthquake rupture propagation studies based on other indirect measurement methods.
Evidence for active subduction below western Panama

Widespread arc tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanism characterized the geologic evolution of western Panama and southeastern Costa Rica in middle to late Miocene and Quaternary time. Volcanism was and is clearly associated with subduction of Nazca lithosphere. Geochemical data suggest that formation of mantle-wedge-derived melts and their differentiated products predominated during Miocene time, whereas slab-derived melts were generated in the Quaternary. This difference in magma chemistry is attributed to a change in the thermal regime of the Nazca lithosphere, which may be related to emplacement of the Galapagos plume.
Depth sensitivity of seismic coda waves to velocity perturbations in an elastic heterogeneous medium

SUMMARY Numerous monitoring applications make use of seismic coda waves to evaluate velocity changes in the Earth. This raises the question of the spatial sensitivity of coda wave-based measurements. Here, we investigate the depth sensitivity of coda waves to local velocity perturbations using 2-D numerical wavefield simulations. We calculate the impulse response at the surface before and after a slight perturbation of the velocity within a thin layer at depth is introduced. We perform a parametric analysis of the observed apparent relative velocity changes, e obs , versus the depth of the thin perturbed layer. Through the analysis of the decay of e obs , we can discriminate two different regimes: one for a shallow perturbation and the other for a deep perturbation. We interpret the first regime as the footprint of the 1-D depth sensitivity of the fundamental surface wave mode. To interpret the second regime, we need to model the sensitivity of the multiply scattered body waves in the bulk. We show that the depth sensitivity of coda waves can be modelled as a combination of bulk wave sensitivity and surface wave sensitivity. The transition between these two regimes is governed by mode conversions due to scattering. We indicate the importance of surface waves for the sensitivity of coda waves at shallow depths and at early times in the coda. At later times, bulk waves clearly dominate the depth sensitivity and offer the possibility of monitoring changes at depths below the sensitivity of the surface waves. Based on the transition between the two regimes, we can discriminate a change that occurs at the surface from a change that occurs at depth. This is illustrated for shallow depth perturbations through an example from lunar data.