Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Land Use Effects on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Northeastern United States

Introduction The Geographic and Scientific Scope of this Book The Structure and Organization of this Book The Physical Environment of the Northeastern United States Population Growth and Distribution Summary Fundamentals of Hydrology Introduction The Water Balance The Energy Balance Precipitation Water Movement and Storage in Soils Evapotranspiration Streamflow Stream Channel Form and Function Summary of Fundamental Principles Nutrients, Pesticides, and Metals Introduction Nutrient Cycling and Conservation Pesticides Metals Atmospheric Deposition The Results of Nutrient Pollution: Accelerated Eutrophication Summary The Stream Ecosystem Introduction Aquatic Biota Stream Habitat Biological Monitoring Summary Riparian Areas and Riparian Buffers Introduction Riparian Areas Riparian Buffers Summary Forest Management and Natural Disturbances Introduction Logging and Forest Conversion in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries Forest Watershed Research Changes in Streamflow, Sediment, Channel Form, and Temperature Following Forest Canopy Disturbance Water Chemistry After Forest Canopy Disturbance Effects of Forest Canopy Disturbance On Stream Ecosystems Best Management Practices Summary and Conclusions Forest Conversion to Agriculture Introduction Development of the Agricultural Landscape (1620 to 1930) Agricultural Research: Soil and Water Changes in Streamflow, Sediment, and Channel Form Following Agricultural Clearing and Development Agricultural Land Use and Water Chemistry Agricultural Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems Agricultural BMPs Current Management Issues Summary and Conclusions Forest Conversion to Urban and Suburban Land Use Introduction Research in Urban Hydrology Changes in Streamflow, Sediment, Channel Form, and Temperature Following Urban Development Water Chemistry in Urban Streams Urban Development and Aquatic Ecosystems Urban BMPs Stream Restoration Summary and Conclusions Mixed Land Use and Cumulative Effects Regional Variation in Watershed Land Use Watershed Analysis in Mixed Land Use Watersheds Cumulative Effects Summary and Conclusions Conclusions and Management Implications Introduction The Biophysical Environment, Streamflow, and Water Quality Current Research, Conservation, and Restoration Issues Building Public Support Summary and Conclusions Index
Scale effects in conceptual hydrological modeling

We simulate the water balance dynamics of 269 catchments in Austria ranging in size from 10 to 130,000 km2 using a semidistributed conceptual model with 11 parameters based on a daily time step. The simulation results suggest that the Nash‐Sutcliffe model efficiencies increase over the scale range of 10 and 10,000 km2. The scatter of the model performances decreases with catchment scale, particularly the volume errors. This implies that the model simulates the long‐term water balance more reliably as one goes up in scale. Most calibrated parameters do not change with catchment scale, but there is a trend with catchment area of the upper and lower envelope curves of some parameters. We also examine time scale effects. Calibration efficiencies decrease and verification efficiencies increase with the number of years available for calibration. The change in efficiencies is largest between 1 and 5 years used for calibration. This suggests that a calibration period of 5 years captures most of the temporal hydrological variability, so this would be the minimum for achieving a reasonable predictive model performance. The correlation of model parameters between different calibration periods, as a measure of the degree to which parameters can be identified, increases with increasing length of the calibration period. For some parameters, the correlation increases beyond 5 years of calibration. This suggest that although runoff may be simulated well using 5 years of calibration, some parameters may not be well constrained and hence internal state variables and fluxes may still be associated with larger uncertainties than with a larger calibration period.
Adding trees to irrigated turfgrass lawns may be a water‐saving measure in semi‐arid environments

Evapotranspiration (ET) of irrigated urban plants is a large yet uncertain component of urban water budgets in semi‐arid regions. A detailed understanding of plot‐scale ET and its sensitivity to plant species composition is necessary to improve estimates of urban water vapour fluxes and water balance. We used portable enclosed chambers and empirical equations to quantify ET from (1) unshaded urban lawns covered exclusively by turfgrass and (2) urban lawns comprised of open‐grown trees and turfgrass groundcover in the Los Angeles Metropolitan area. Turfgrass at all locations had a non‐limiting supply of soil water because of regular sprinkler irrigation. ET of irrigated turfgrass reached a maximum of 10. 4 ± 1·3 mm d−1 and was always higher than plot‐scale tree transpiration, which did not exceed 1 mm d−1. In summer, total plot ET of the lawns with trees was lower than lawns without trees by 0·9–3·9 mm d−1. Turfgrass ET was highly sensitive to solar radiation, and the ratio of ET of lawns with trees to ET of lawns without trees decreased with tree canopy cover. Hence, reductions in turfgrass ET caused by shading effects of open‐grown trees were more important in influencing total landscape ET than the addition of tree transpiration. This suggests that low‐density planting of trees that partially shade irrigated urban lawns may be a water‐saving measure in semi‐arid irrigated environments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ajustes razonables en la rehabilitación de polígonos de viviendas: aplicación al barrio Montserrat de Terrassa (Barcelona)

Objetivo La introduccion de ajustes razonables para facilitar la accesibilidad universal en los edificios de vivienda ha adquirido una gran relevancia desde la publicacion de la Ley 8/2013 de 26 de Junio de rehabilitacion, regeneracion y renovacion urbanas. La complejidad y coste de estos procesos no es facil de conjugar con la atencion a las necesidades funcionales y dimensionales que las personas con discapacidad y otros colectivos con limitaciones requieren. En este articulo se aborda este dilema y se aplica para el caso de la rehabilitacion accesible de viviendas del Barrio Montserrat de Terrassa, Barcelona, representativo de tantos poligonos residenciales y obreros construidos en los anos 50, 60 y 70 en Espana. Metodologia Analitico descriptiva sobre condiciones urbanas y edificatorias del barrio. Toma de datos in situ y comparacion de las condiciones de accesibilidad con las establecidas en el Codigo Tecnico de la Edificacion. Estudio de factibilidad tecnica de ajustes razonables. Metodo de valoracion economica de los ajustes razonables y aplicacion al caso de estudio. Conclusiones Los criterios tecnicos y obligaciones de ajustes razonables segun la Ley 8/2013 no ofrecen una solucion a los casos en que el coste de las intervenciones sea muy elevado en proporcion a la renta disponible de los vecinos. Solo unas subvenciones elevadas y condiciones de financiacion muy blandas pueden permitir transitar de lo inviable a lo razonable para favorecer mejoras de accesibilidad imprescindibles para la poblacion mayor y con discapacidad. Originalidad La factibilidad de los ajustes razonables se pone a prueba en un contexto diferente al de la adaptacion del puesto de trabajo de donde surge el concepto. Se desarrolla una metodologia de calculo y se valoran las condiciones que permiten la realizacion de estos ajustes mediante un caso practico.
The Tungsten Isotopic Composition of the Acasta Gneiss Complex

a School of Earth Sciences, Bristol Isotope Group, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom b School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Isotope Geochemistry & Cosmochemistry Group, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom c Department of Geological Sciences, NASA Lunar Science Institute Center for Lunar Origin and Evolution (CLOE), University of Colorado, UCB 399, 2200 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309-0399, USA d Laboratoire de Geologie de Lyon, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon and Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5276, 46 Allee d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France e Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Budaorsi ut 45, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary
Recent Advances in the Characterization of Aerosol Vertical Distribution on a Global Scale

Understanding the climate of our planet and how human activities are changing it is one of the greatest scientific challenges facing humanity nowadays. The rise of global average surface temperature by 0.6 oK since the late 19th century, attributed to radiative forcing (i.e. perturbation of the Earth’s energy balance) by anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols, underline the current concern about consequences of climate system modification. A quantitative assessment of the human contribution to climate change requires not only to establish possible future emission scenarios, but also a synthesis of uncertainties along the cause-effect chain from emissions to temperatures. The up-to-date scientific understanding of the topic, summarized in the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, establish the very likely human contribution to the climate change, but it also points out the wide range of uncertainty inherent in current model prediction associated with the radiative effect of aerosols, still labelled in the report as low level of scientific understanding. The three known effects of aerosols on climatic processes, namely the direct effect caused by scattering and absorption of solar radiation by aerosols, the indirect effect that produce the modification of cloud properties, such as size distribution of droplets, by aerosols acting as cloud condensation nuclei, and finally the recently investigated semi-direct effect due to evaporation of cloud droplets in aerosol-rich layers because of the rise in temperature caused by absorption of solar radiation by aerosols, still requires a better constraining estimates of their magnitude. The characterization of these effects, taken into account the large variability in geographical and seasonal distributions of the different types of aerosols (marine, anthropogenic pollution, desert dust), requires the use of long-term, detailed global measurements from distributed networks of ground-based instruments and satellites, and also comprehensive regional experiments in clean and polluted environments. The long-term monitoring of aerosol microphysical properties on a global scale will improve the current knowledge of the influence of aerosols on climate, allowing a more accurate understanding of how the climate system will respond to the anthropogenic forcing. This chapter will comment about recent advances in the characterization of aerosol vertical 4
Om Rödluvan och vargen och den svenska vargdebatten

Little Red Riding Hood, the Woolf and the Swedish Debate on Carnivore Management This article deals with the complex and interrelated existence of enclosures, herding and carnivores in the answers of ethnological questionnaires in order to bring historical and ethnological information into the current debate on carnivore management in Sweden. The ethnological information is considered in the light of the existing natural conditions of the different geographical regions of Sweden and refer to the situation at the middle and end of the 19th century. The starting point is the well-known story about Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf. The story is adapted to Swedish historical conditions. In this context Little Red Riding Hood met the wolf while herding a cow during the summer. She managed to get rid of the wolf by shouting and blowing her herder’s horn which is the proper way of handling both wolves and bears according to the ethnological material. The majority of all trustworthy wolf incidents recorded in the material shows that wolves were commonly sighted during the winter close to human habitations, when all cattle were kept in their stables. All cattle were kept indoors for a period of 6–7 months and thus, probably, denying carnivores a good share of the accessible prey since large game were scarce due to grazing competition from cattle. Herding was a regular feature in cattle grazing all over Sweden. The herder had to protect still standing crops within enclosed fields which were gradually opened up for grazing, and direct the cattle to good feeding areas. In regions with a pasture deficit the latter was achieved by keeping the cattle close together in a herd and let them graze within a restricted area. Within the boreal zone of Sweden – where shielings (fabodar) were common – the herder had to protect the unenclosed fens and bogs used for haymaking. Herding was considered a chore for children except within the shieling districts where women managed the shieling in a dual role as herder and milkmaid. Herding and milking were never carried out by adult men. No herder – neither child nor woman – was armed for his or her personal protection. For the last 200 years there are no recorded cases of carnivore-human incidents with a fatal outcome in the historical or ethnological material.
¿Realidad o sofisma? Poniendo a prueba el análisis técnico en las acciones colombianas

Resumen:Tal como predice la hipotesis de eficiencia debil de mercado, la evidencia empirica de esta investigacion respalda el supuesto de que no es posible obtener beneficios economicos significativos y estadisticamente robustos al implementar estrategias de inversion basadas en diez reglas de Analisis tecnico (medias moviles, filtros optimizados y ocho estrategias de velas japonesas), en 19 acciones colombianas. A diferencia de otras investigaciones similares, este estudio implementa pruebas a nivel de estrategias de inversion y no de autocorrelaciones, e incorpora pruebas "out-of-sample" para evitar Data snooping", consideraciones de costos de transaccion, y estimacion de significancia estadistica de la rentabilidad de las reglas con el uso de la metodologia Bootstrapping.Es de anotar que en algunos pocos casos las reglas presentan rendimientos en exceso sobre la estrategia pasiva, pero no de una manera tanto estable como estadisticamente significativa. Abstract:As posed by the weak version of market efficiency, the empirical evidence of this paper shows that is not possible to obtain significant and statistically robust economic benefits when trading on ten technical rules (moving average, filters and eight Japanese candlesticks), in 19 Colombian stocks. Unlike ot her investigations, this study applied "out-of-sample" tests to avoid "Data snooping", estimations of transaction costs, and statistical significance tests based on Bootstrapping. In a few cases these strategies yielded excess returns over a passive strategy, but neither stable nor significant. "
Vibrations from the “Perfect Storm”

Microseismic vibrations during the famous October 1991 “Perfect Storm” were observed at seismic stations across North America. The extreme wave conditions during this storm, in conjunction with the occurrence of Hurricane Grace to the south, are ideal for studying where such vibrations originate and their inland propagation. High‐amplitude primary and double‐frequency (DF) microseisms were observed at broadband seismic station HRV in eastern Massachusetts. Similar spectral variation observed at seismic station ANMO at Albuquerque, New Mexico, shows transcontinental propagation of vibrations from the Perfect Storm. Cross correlation between wave spectra from widely separated buoy measurements and corresponding DF microseism spectra at HRV give high‐correlation coefficients, R2, from the New England coast to Cape Hatteras. Contours of peak R2 scaled by the magnitude of the lag at the peak, together with similarities between wave and microseism spectral variation, imply that the dominant source area of DF microseisms during the Perfect Storm is near the southern Massachusetts coast, not in the open ocean where the highest waves occurred.
Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor o ~ on Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus in NOD Mice

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ot is a cytokine that has potent immune regulatory functions. To assess the potential role of this cytokine in the early development of autoimmunity, we investigated the effect of TNF on the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a spontaneous murine model for autoimmune, insulin-dependent type I diabetes. Treatment of newborn female NOD mice with TNF every other day for 3 wk, led to an earlier onset of disease (10 versus 15 wk of age in control mice) and 100% incidence before 20 wk of age (compared to 45% at 20 wk of age in control phosphate-buffered saline treated female mice). In contrast, administration of an anti-TNF monoclonal antibody, TN3.19. 12, resulted in complete prevention of IDDM. In vitro proliferation assays demonstrated that mice treated with TNF developed an increased T cell response to a panel of B cell autoantigens, whereas anti-TNF treatment resulted in unresponsiveness to the autoantigens. In addition, autoantibody responses to the panel of B cell antigens paralleled the T cell responses. The effects mediated by TNF appear to be highly age dependent. Treatment of animals either from birth or from 2 wk of age had a similar effect. However, if treatment was initiated at 4 wk of age, TNF delayed disease onset. These data suggest that TNF has a critical role in the early development of autoimmunity towards B-islet cells.
Evidence-based medicine (EBM): origins and modern application to spine care

Since the words evidence-based are so pervasively used in our present day practices of medicine in general, and spine specifically, we thought it might be of interest to explore the roots of this movement in greater detail. It is probably always a good idea to look for the origins of medical developments in ancient writings on scientific methods from around the world, particularly Greece and ancient Chinese medicine.
The rate of carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen

SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS '971 diabetics we studied and that treatment (whether by diet alone, by oral hypoglycemic agents or with insulin) restores the pattern not only of glucose and NEFA but also of HGH secretion to normal. We think these findings suggest that the abnormalities of HGH secretion occur secondarily to the abnormalities in insulin secretion and carbohydrate metabolism. Further support for this idea has been derived from the study of cases of pancreatic insufficiency resulting from pancreatitis (Baird, Hunter and Kinloch, unpublished). None of these patients was known to be diabetic at the time of study, although two in fact were mildly diabetic on testing and one other had impaired carbohydrate tolerance although not of sufficient degree to be classified diabetic. All these individuals were thin and all had completely normal HGH patterns. However, one of these patients went on over the next 6 months to develop insulin-dependent diabetes and this case is interesting on several counts. In the first place he had very low IRI levels initially less than 10 pU/ml throughout the period of study, with no detectable increase in response to glucose. Yet at this time the blood glucose and NEFA patterns showed only minimal abnormalities and the HGH pattern was normal. This would seem to suggest that a very small amount of circulating IRI is sufficient to maintain normal blood glucose and NEFA levels if the individual is thin and not genetically constituted diabetic. Latterly, the IRI level fell to zero and it was only then that a notable rise in HGH occurred.
Continuous monitoring of stream δ18O and δ2H and stormflow hydrograph separation using laser spectrometry in an agricultural catchment

A portable Wavelength Scanned‐Cavity Ring‐Down Spectrometer (Picarro L2120) fitted with a diffusion sampler (DS‐CRDS) was used for the first time to continuously measure δ18O and δ2H of stream water. The experiment took place during a storm event in a wet tropical agricultural catchment in north‐eastern Australia. At a temporal resolution of one minute, the DS‐CRDS measured 2160 δ18O and δ2H values continuously over a period of 36 h with a precision of ±0.08 and 0.5‰ for δ18O and δ2H, respectively. Four main advantages in using high temporal resolution stream δ18O and δ2H data during a storm event are highlighted from this study. First, they enabled us to separate components of the hydrograph, which was not possible using high temporal resolution electrical conductivity data that represented changes in solute transfers during the storm event rather than physical hydrological processes. The results from the hydrograph separation confirm fast groundwater contribution to the stream, with the first 5 h of increases in stream discharge comprising over 70% pre‐event water. Second, the high temporal resolution stream δ18O and δ2H data allowed us to detect a short‐lived reversal in stream isotopic values (δ18O increase by 0.4‰ over 9 min), which was observed immediately after the heavy rainfall period. Third, δ18O values were used to calculate a time lag of 20 min between the physical and chemical stream responses during the storm event. Finally, the hydrograph separation highlights the role of event waters in the runoff transfers of herbicides and nutrients from this heavily cultivated catchment to the Great Barrier Reef. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffuse elastic wavefield within a simple crustal model. Some consequences for low and high frequencies

The reliability of usual assumptions regarding the wavefield composition in applications of the Diffuse Field Approach (DFA) to passive seismic prospecting is investigated. Starting from the more general formulation of the DFA for full wavefield (FW), the contribution of each wave to the horizontal‐ and vertical‐component power spectra at surface are analyzed for a simple elastic waveguide representing the continental crust‐upper mantle interface. Special attention is paid to their compositions at low and high frequencies, and the relative powers of each surface wave (SW) type are identified by means of a semianalytical analysis. If body waves are removed from the analysis, the high‐frequency horizontal asymptote of the H/V spectral ratio decreases slightly (from 1.33 for FW to around 1.14 for SW) and shows dependence on both the Poisson's ratio of the crust and the S wave velocity contrast (while FW‐H/V asymptote depends on the former only). Experimental tests in a local broadband network provide H/V curves compatible with any of these values in the band 0.2–1 Hz, approximately, supporting the applicability of the DFA approximation. Coexistence of multiple SW modes produces distortion in the amplitudes of vertical and radial component Aki's coherences, in comparison with the usual predictions based on fundamental modes. At high frequencies, this effect consists of a decrement by a constant scaling factor, being very remarkable in the radial case. Effects on the tangential coherence are severe, including a − π/4 phase shift, slower decay rate of amplitude versus frequency, and contribution of several velocities for large enough distances.