Underlying side effects of caffeine

The popular drink, coffee is in great attention due to its promising pharmacological effects. Caffeine (CFE), the known coffee constituent is mainly known for its prominent psychoactive effect on the central nervous system. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, neuro-, lung-, cardiac-, hepato-, reproductive system protective, antidiabetic, anticancer, bone formation and so forth important biological effects. However, CFE is evident to produce a number of side effects in human and other animals. This writing aims at sketching a current underlying toxicological scenario of CFE in human and other animals. Findings suggest that CFE’s toxicological impacts are plugged in its dose as well as age, sex, and pathophysiology of the patients. More precautions are needed during pregnancy, those who are planning to be pregnant, lactating women, children, and adolescents, patients with hepatic and cardiovascular complications. Additionally, CFE has toxicological effects on the reproductive system and birth weight. In conclusion, more researches are appreciated to set safe dosages of CFE in groups of consumer. ISSN 2471-6782 253 INTRODUCTION It is noteworthy that, coffee is a popular drink nowadays, as people throughout the world are starting and finishing their days with cups of coffee. The biological source of coffee is the Coffea arabica (FamilyRubiaceae), cultivated in many countries. Coffee started its journey at least 1200 years ago in Ethiopia, then followed by Yemeni Sufi monasteries in the Middle East and northern Africa, Middle East, Europe, America and so on (Wolf et al., 2008). Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyl xanthine) (C8H10N4O2; CFE), the natural alkaloid is the well-known component of coffee. This psychoactive ingredient was isolated in 1820 (Frary et al., 2005) from the coffee beans and now being used in a number of food and drinks. More than 60 plants of which cocoa beans, kola nuts, tea leaves and coffee beans are the most well-known sources of CFE. Other natural sources of CFE include yerba maté, guarana berries, guayusa, and the yaupon holly. Not only the coffee but also tea, soft and energy drinks, chocolate products, medications (e. g.headache treatments, painkillers, over-the-counter stimulants) and few dietary supplements are the main sources of CFE. Observed CFE in some marked products are: chocolates (1-120 mg), energy drinks (33-400 mg), carbonated beverages (22-69 mg), alcoholic beverages (3-9 mg), fast foods (1-49 mg), caffeinated waters (42-125 mg), caffeinated soft drinks (30-48 mg), decaffeinated coffee (1-5 mg), espresso (50-150), tea bag (2-130 mg), brewed/ percolated, decaffeinated (3-12 mg), instant and regular drip (30330 mg). Although, CFE has been proven for a number of important biological activities, but it has toxicological impacts also (Ashton, 1987; Islam et al., 2016). This writing aims at sketching only the toxicological status of CFE. 2 Toxicological effects of caffeine (CFE) 2.1 Mechanisms invonved In a wakeful state, over time adenosine accumulates in the neuronal synapse, binds and causes activation of the adenosine receptors (especially A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) in CNS neurons and produce a drowsiness effect. Having both waterand lipid-solubility, CFE readily crosses the blood–brain barrier (Fisone et al., 2004) and placenta barrier (Mejia et al., 2014). CFE prevents adenosine Muhammad Torequl Islam* *Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Mehedibag (Chittagong)-4000, Bangladesh. *Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina (PI)-64.049-550, Brazil. Received December 18, 2016; Accepted December 21, 2016; Published December 30, 2016