Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Migration to Segregation in the Former Closed City

Since the demise of central planning, post-Soviet cities have found themselves operating in a radically different economic climate. Contrary to the situation during the Soviet epoque, market relations and the urban economy's adjustment thereto constitute the reality which urbanites face in their daily lives. For the vast majority, this reality has been harsh. Even so, market agency in post-Soviet cities is circumscribed by a physical infrastructure composed to foster its rejection, leading to an inevitable tension between Soviet legacy and the reality of the market economy. An overarching task of this dissertation is to contribute to a greater understanding of the new urban form which is emerging out of this tension. For this purpose, eight papers, using case studies from urban Kazakhstan, are brought together in order to shed light on recent urban developments in the former Soviet Union.Two broad themes are subject to particular attention: urbanisation and regional migration processes, and urban socio-spatial differentiation. Urbanisation is studied through the comparative analysis of census data from 1989 and 1999, from which a "closed city effect" pattern emerges. Sovietand post-Soviet era urban-bounf migrant characteristics are compared using survey data (N=3,136) collected by the author, demonstrating the existence of a significant ethnic transition within the migrant flow. Socio-spatial differentiation patterns are mapped and analysed for three Kazakh military-industrial case study cities (Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Leninogorsk and Zyryanovsk), revealing significant spatial disparities which are principally explainable in light of the workings of the Soviet economy, and its built-in priority system. Market forces tend to accentuate them.
Parallel adaptation of rabbit populations to myxoma virus 1 2

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Heavy Metal Contamination in Roadside Sediments within the Watershed of the Hoidong Reservoir in Busan City

Extractable concentrations (0.1 N & 1.0 N HCI) of heavy metals in roadside sediments are lower than guidelines for soil recommended by Ministry of Environment. Heavy traffic areas (such as No. 7 national road) show high contents of heavy metals, especially, at curved areas, gully pot, crackdown areas on overspeed, pedestrian crossing etc. Fine fractions $(100{\mu}m)$, due to washing out of fine fraction sediment by runoff water. Proper treatment facilities are needed to control the inflow of fine roadside sediments from No. 7 national road and bridge such as Hanmul bridge.
On the constancy of the lunar cratering flux over the past 3.3 billion yr

Utilizing a method that minimizes random fluctuations in sampling crater populations, it can be shown that the ejecta deposit of Tycho, the floor of Copernicus, and the region surrounding the Apollo 12 landing site have incremental crater size-frequency distributions that can be expressed as log-log linear functions over the diameter range from 0.1 to 1 km. Slopes are indistinguishable for the three populations, probably indicating that the surfaces are dominated by primary craters. Treating the crater populations of Tycho, the floor of Copernicus, and Apollo 12 as primary crater populations contaminated, but not overwhelmed, with secondaries, allows an attempt at calibration of the post-heavy bombardment cratering flux. Using the age of Tycho as 109 m.y. , Copernicus as 800 m.y. , and Apollo 12 as 3.26 billion yr, there is no basis for assuming that the flux has changed over the past 3.3 billion yr. This result can be used for dating intermediate aged surfaces by crater density.
β3GnT2 Maintains Adenylyl Cyclase-3 Signaling and Axon Guidance Molecule Expression in the Olfactory Epithelium

In the olfactory epithelium (OE), odorant receptor stimulation generates cAMP signals that function in both odor detection and the regulation of axon guidance molecule expression. The enzyme that synthesizes cAMP, adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3), is coexpressed in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) with poly-N-acetyllactosamine (PLN) oligosaccharides determined by the glycosyltransferase β3GnT2. The loss of either enzyme results in similar defects in olfactory bulb (OB) innervation and OSN survival, suggesting that glycosylation may be important for AC3 function. We show here that AC3 is extensively modified with N-linked PLN, which is essential for AC3 activity and localization. On Western blots, AC3 from the wild-type OE migrates diffusely as a heavily glycosylated 200 kDa band that interacts with the PLN-binding lectin LEA. AC3 from the β3GnT2−/− OE loses these PLN modifications, migrating instead as a 140 kDa glycoprotein. Furthermore, basal and forskolin-stimulated cAMP production is reduced 80–90% in the β3GnT2−/− OE. Although AC3 traffics normally to null OSN cilia, it is absent from axon projections that aberrantly target the OB. The cAMP-dependent guidance receptor neuropilin-1 is also lost from β3GnT2−/− OSNs and axons, while semaphorin-3A ligand expression is upregulated. In addition, kirrel2, a mosaically expressed adhesion molecule that functions in axon sorting, is absent from β3GnT2−/− OB projections. These results demonstrate that PLN glycans are essential in OSNs for proper AC3 localization and function. We propose that the loss of cAMP-dependent guidance cues is also a critical factor in the severe axon guidance defects observed in β3GnT2−/− mice.
Viticulture–climate relationships in Greece: the impacts of recent climate trends on harvest date variation

Climate characteristics and relationships with indigenous varieties in Greece are examined to better understand how these varieties perform in their native climate and assess the impact regional climate change has on the Greek wine industry. Thus, harvest dates (ΔH) for eight indigenous varieties and regions, along with climate data, were gathered and systematically explored using linear regression models and principal component analysis for three ‘effective’ growing season time period definitions (calendar year, growing season and ripening period). The eight study regions had marked differences in their general climatic characteristics, mainly between mainland and island areas. ΔH response was not particularly sensitive to time period definition. In five out of eight regions, a systematic shift of ΔH was identified (earlier harvest), mainly driven by changes in maximum and minimum temperatures. Significant trends in climate parameters and viticulture–climate relationships were more evident for island regions when compared to mainland locations. Moreover, areas with late ripening varieties were shown to be less sensitive to climate changes. Only in one region harvest was delayed, possibly due to non‐climate factors. The identification of up‐to‐date climate and grapevine phenology relationships could be an important step for broader and more confident future assessments of climate suitability for viticulture and climate change impacts in Greece, and provide insights into how lesser known varieties might perform in other regions.
Analysis of atmospheric stability using AIRS data

An optimal cloud-clearing method using collocated MODIS clear pixels is applied to AIRS partly cloudy radiance. Temperature and humidity profiles with 100 layers are retrieved from cloud-free and cloud-cleared AIRS radiance. Using these retrieved profiles, atmospheric environment parameters (include Convective Available Potential Energy, CAPE; Convective Inhibition, CIN) and instability indices (include K index, Lifted Index, Showalter Index) are calculated and compared with that calculated from AIRS and ATOVS operational products and ECMWF analysis fields. These different datasets have different spatial resolution (both in vertical and in horizontal) and spectral resolution. Results show that spatial resolution have obviously influence to the calculations, the lower spatial resolution is likely to have some small energy region lost or reduce the calculation precision. And the profiles derived from partly cloudy area are more meaningful to weather events. The CAPE values of typhoon rain region show differences to that of trough region.
Opposing Roles of FoxP1 and Nfat3 in Transcriptional Control of Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy

ABSTRACT Cardiac homeostasis is maintained by a balance of growth-promoting and growth-modulating factors. Sustained elevation of calcium signaling can induce cardiac hypertrophy through activation of Nfat family transcription factors. FoxP family transcription factors are known to interact with Nfat proteins and to modulate their transcriptional activities in lymphocytes. We investigated FoxP1 interaction with Nfat3 (Nfatc4) and their effects on transcription of hypertrophy-associated genes in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. FoxP1-Nfat3 complexes were visualized using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis. Calcineurin activation induced FoxP1-Nfat3 BiFC complex formation. Amino acid substitutions in the predicted interaction interface inhibited it. FoxP1 repressed hypertrophy-associated genes (Myh7, Rcan1, Cx43, Anf, and Bnp) and counteracted their activation by constitutively nuclear Nfat3 (cnNfat3). In contrast, FoxP1 activated genes that maintain normal heart functions (Myh6 and p57Kip2) and cnNfat3 counteracted their activation by FoxP1. Amino acid substitutions in FoxP1 or cnNfat3 that inhibited their interaction abrogated the activation of hypertrophy-associated gene transcription by cnNfat3 and the repression of these genes by FoxP1. FoxP1 and Nfat3 co-occupied the promoter regions of hypertrophy-associated genes in neonatal and adult heart tissue. FoxP1 counteracted hypertrophic cardiomyocyte growth, and connexin 43 mislocalization caused by cnNfat3 expression. These data suggest that the opposing transcriptional activities of FoxP1 and Nfat3 maintain cardiomyocyte homeostasis.
Variabilité hydroclimatique dans les bassins-versants du Haut Atlas de Marrakech (Maroc)

L’analyse de la variabilite hydroclimatique des principaux sous-bassins-versants de Tensift permet de caracteriser le regime hydrologique au moyen de methodes d’analyses statistiques afin d’aboutir a une bonne comprehension de la dynamique de ces bassins en region montagneuse du Maroc. Cette etude statistique permet aussi d’analyser l’evolution spatio-temporelle des debits et des pluies au sein de ces bassins-versants caracteristiques du climat semi-aride et de mettre en evidence la sensibilite du debit des oueds aux variations climatiques et physiographiques de chaque bassin-versant.
Phosphate stromatolites from condensed cephalopod limestones, Upper Jurassic, Southern Spain

Upper Jurassic phosphate stromatolites of the Almola Sierra (Southern Spain) encrust macrofossils and hardgrounds, and form oncoids included within pelagic, condensed fossiliferous limestones. Their accretion was determined by bacterially mediated precipitation of phosphate, by the trapping and binding of fine siliciclastics and pelagic biomicrite and by the encrustation of benthonic foraminifera. Phosphorous, trace elements and rare-earth elements were concentrated from degraded organic matter and seawater by stromatolite-building communities, which mediated the formation of phosphate-rich and Fe-Al-Si-rich organic gels under oxic conditions, favouring the precipitation of amorphous mineral precursors (ACP and Fe-Al-Si oxyhydroxides). The observed Ce-enrichment for some stromatolites is explained by oxidative scavenging of Ce4+ from seawater by Fe—Mn oxyhydroxides. The bacterially mediated gels were able to migrate and fill the voids of the stromatolite structure, and later changed to carbonate-fluorapatite, haematite and poorly crystalline Fe-rich clays under postoxic conditions. Phosphatization of trapped carbonate particles also occurred. The phosphate stromatolites formed on a sediment-starved pelagic swell, during periods of no carbonate sedimentation and hardground development. Stromatolite lamination provides evidence for rhythmic alternation between bacterially mediated phosphogenesis, sedimentation and erosion, suggesting episodic changes in the sedimentary environment. Although some of the parameters that controlled phosphate precipitation associated with the stromatolites (local high organic productivity, sediment starvation, moderate depth of deposition and physicochemical conditions) were similar to those found in modern and ancient phosphogenic settings, the palaeogeographical framework and the intensity of sedimentary processes were different to those of the World's major phosphorite deposits.
Multipurpose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate electrospun fibers for the prevention of HIV-1 and HSV-2 infections

v LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF FIGURES . viii BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION . 1 CURRENT HIV AND HSV-2 THERAPEUTICS . 6 ORAL AND TOPICAL PrEP . 9 ELECTROSPUN FIBERS . 13 METHODS AND MATERIALS . 19 RESULTS . 27 DISCUSSION . 56 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 67 REFERENCES . 69 CURRICULUM VITAE . 74
Bumblebees retrieve only the ordinal ranking of foraging options when comparing memories obtained in distinct settings

Are animals’ preferences determined by absolute memories for options (e.g., reward sizes) or by their remembered ranking (better/worse)? The only studies examining this question suggest humans and starlings utilize memories for both absolute and relative information. We show that bumblebees make decisions using only memories of ordinal comparisons. After learning to discriminate pairs of different flowers by sucrose concentration, bumblebees preferred flowers (in novel pairings) with 1) higher ranking over equal absolute reward, 2) higher ranking over higher absolute reward, and 3) identical qualitative ranking but different quantitative ranking equally. Despite these suboptimal choices, bumblebees found the optimal option in an ecologically relevant foraging task. Our results illuminate a divergent mechanism of learned preferences that may have arisen from adaptations to bumblebees’ natural environment.
Map of distribution of six forest ownership types in the conterminous United States

This map depicts the spatial distribution of ownership types across forest land in the conterminous United States circa 2009. The distribution is derived, in part, from Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data that are collected at a sample intensity of approximately one plot per 2400 ha across the United States (U.S. Forest Service 2012). Ownership categories were mapped to the landscape using Thiessen polygons, and a forest/nonforest mask was applied to limit ownership portrayal to forested areas (Butler et al. 2014). Inset maps depict states by the percentage of forest land held by owner type indicated. States that appear darker do not necessarily have more forested land of a particular type than other states, but rather have a greater percentage of their forested land in a given ownership type.
Corticospinal suppression underlying intact movement preparation fades in late Parkinson's disease

In Parkinson's disease, neurophysiological abnormalities within the primary motor cortex have been shown to contribute to cardinal symptoms such as bradykinesia, but the exact modalities are still uncertain. Here, we propose that such impairment could involve alterations of mechanisms shaping motor activity specifically during voluntary movement preparation. Indeed, several past studies in healthy populations have suggested that a strong suppression of corticospinal excitability, called ''preparatory suppression'', propels movement execution by increasing motor neural gain. Thus, we hypothesized that a gradual alteration to this mechanism may contribute to progressive motor slowness in Parkinson's disease. We also predicted a benefit of dopamine medication in restoring correct motor neural activity during action preparation. To test these hypotheses, we investigated preparatory suppression on two consecutive days in 29 Parkinson's disease patients (ON and OFF medication) and 29 matched healthy controls. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over both primary motor cortices, eliciting concurrent motor-evoked potentials in the two hands, while subjects were either at rest or prepared a left- or right-hand response in an instructed-delay choice reaction time task. Preparatory suppression was assessed by expressing the amplitude of motor potentials evoked during movement preparation relative to those obtained at rest. These neurophysiological measures were cross-analysed with task behaviour and clinical data. Contrary to healthy controls, Parkinson's disease patients showed a lack of preparatory suppression, which appeared to depend on disease progression, but not on dopamine medication. Indeed, in relatively early disease stages, patients still exhibited partial preparatory suppression, while in later stages, they lacked it completely and even exhibited a tendency for corticospinal facilitation in the hand selected for movement execution. As expected, patients also showed increasing motor handicap with disease progression as well as a decreased movement velocity during the task, but such findings did not directly correlate with levels of preparatory suppression in our cohort. While dopamine medication had no effect on the latter, it did however globally reduce raw corticospinal excitability in the dominant hand. Taken together, our results are in line with the idea that a lack of corticospinal suppression during movement preparation in Parkinson's disease slows down response execution and illustrate the importance of considering disease stages in such investigations; they also suggest differential roles of dopamine in shaping corticospinal output in those patients. Our findings thus support the use of task-related functional markers such as preparatory suppression in future studies on motor impairment in Parkinson's disease.
Single-particle characterization of four aerosol samples collected in ChunCheon, Korea, during Asian dust storm events in 2002

[1] A single-particle analytical technique, named low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis (low-Z particle EPMA), employing an ultrathin window X-ray detector and enabling the quantitative determination of even low-Z elements such as C, N, and O, was applied to characterize “Asian dust” samples, collected in ChunCheon, Korea, during four Asian dust storm events on 21 March, 9 April, 17 April, and 11 November in 2002. In this study, it is demonstrated that single-particle analysis using the low-Z particle EPMA provides detailed information on various types of chemical species in the samples. The most abundantly encountered particles, both in coarse and fine fractions, are soil-derived particles such as aluminosilicates and silicon dioxide, except for the sample collected on 11 November 2002, where reacted CaCO3 particles are the most abundantly encountered. All four samples are found to have experienced chemical modifications during long-range transport because the samples contain a significant number of particles composed of chemical species, such as nitrate and sulfate, which resulted from atmospheric reactions of CaCO3 and sea-salt particles. This finding implies that CaCO3 and sea-salt particles reacted with sulfur and nitrogen oxide species during long-range transport. The sample collected on 11 November 2002 experienced the most extensive chemical modification during its transport. For this sample, the overall relative abundances of reacted CaCO3 and reacted sea-salt particles are 29.9% and 23.2%, respectively. In addition to the observation of the reacted CaCO3 and sea-salt particles, reacted K-containing particles are also encountered in this sample. In this work, it is observed that chemical modification of sea-salt particles was more extensive than that of CaCO3 particles. By considering the relative abundances of nitrate- and sulfate-containing particles, nitrate formation from CaCO3 and sea-salt particles in the air is found to be more favorable than sulfate formation.
Effects of low‐viscosity post‐perovskite on thermo‐chemical mantle convection in a 3‐D spherical shell

Numerical simulations of thermo‐chemical, multi‐phase mantle convection in a 3‐D spherical shell are performed to determine how a low viscosity of post‐perovskite affects dynamics and structures in the deep mantle. Low‐viscosity post‐perovskite weakens the deepest part of slabs, allowing them to more effectively spread over the core‐mantle boundary (CMB), and it also results in a greater volume of basalt segregating, both of which increase the size of dense chemical piles, the horizontal lengthscale of regions of pooled slab material, and the steepness of piles' edges (in composition and phase), consistent with the existence of steep, sharp‐sided edges found in seismic analyses. CMB heat flux is strongly enhanced in regions of low‐viscosity post‐perovskite (consistent with a theoretical prediction) and both CMB and surface heat flux are increased on average by a low‐viscosity of post‐perovskite, which could have important implications for the evolution of Earth's core and mantle.
Analysis of an event of short term ozone variation using a Millimiter-Wave Radiometer installed in subpolar region

Abstract. Subpolar regions in the southern hemisphere are influenced by the Antarctic polar vortex during austral spring, which induces high and short term ozone variability at different altitudes mainly into the stratosphere. This variation may affect considerably the total ozone column changing the harmful UV radiation that reaches the surface. With the aim to study ozone with high time resolution at different altitudes in subpolar regions, a Millimeter Wave Radiometer (MWR) was installed at the Observatorio Atmosférico de la Patagonia Austral (OAPA), Río Gallegos, Argentina, (51.6° S; 69.3° W) by 2011. This instrument provides ozone profiles with time resolution of ~ 1 hour which enables studies of short term ozone mixing ratio variability from 25 to 70 km in altitude. This work presents the MWR ozone observations between October 2014 and 2015 focusing on an atypical event of polar vortex and ozone hole influence over Río Gallegos detected from the MWR measurements at 27 and 37 km during November of 2014. The advected potential vorticity (APV) calculated from the high-resolution advection model MIMOSA (Modélisation Isentrope du transport Méso-échelle de l'Ozone Stratosphérique par Advection) was also analysed at 675 and 950 K to understand and explain the dynamic at both altitudes and correlate the ozone rapid variation during the event with the passage of the polar vortex. In addition, the MWR dataset were compared for first time with measurements obtained from Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) at individual altitude levels (27 km, 37 km and 65 km) and with the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) installed in OAPA to analyse the correspondence between the MWR and independent instruments. The MWR-MLS comparison presents reasonable correlation with a mean bias error of +5 %, −11 % and −7 % at 27 km, 37 km and 65 km, respectively. The MWR-DIAL comparison at 27 km presents also good agreement with a mean bias error of −1 %.