Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Cosmic-Ray Escape in the Small Magellanic Cloud Using Fermi Gamma Rays

Galaxy formation simulations demonstrate that cosmic-ray (CR) feedback may be important in the launching of galactic-scale winds. CR protons dominate the bulk of the CR population, yet most observational constraints of CR feedback come from synchrotron emission of CR electrons. In this paper, we analyze 105 months of Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), with the aim of exploring CR feedback and transport in an external galaxy. We produce maps of the 2–300 GeV emission and detect statistically significant extended emission along the “Bar” and the “Wing,” where active star formation is occurring. Gamma-ray emission is not detected above 13 GeV, and we set stringent upper limits on the flux above this energy. We find the best fit to the gamma-ray spectrum is a single-component model with a power law of index and an exponential cutoff energy of GeV. We assess the relative contribution of pulsars and CRs to the emission, and we find that pulsars may produce up to 10 % of the flux above 100 MeV. Thus, we attribute most of the gamma-ray emission (based on its spectrum and morphology) to CR interactions with the interstellar medium. We show that the gamma-ray emissivity of the SMC is at least five times smaller than that of the Milky Way and that the SMC is far below the “calorimetric limit,” where all CR protons experience pion losses. We interpret these findings as evidence that CRs are escaping the SMC via advection and diffusion.
Magnetohydrodynamics in stationary and axisymmetric spacetimes: a fully covariant approach

A fully geometrical treatment of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics is developed under the hypotheses of perfect conductivity, stationarity, and axisymmetry. The spacetime is not assumed to be circular, which allows for greater generality than the Kerr-type spacetimes usually considered in general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics. Expressing the electromagnetic field tensor solely in terms of three scalar fields related to the spacetime symmetries, we generalize previously obtained results in various directions. In particular, we present the first relativistic version of the Soloviev transfield equation, subcases of which lead to fully covariant versions of the Grad-Shafranov equation and of the Stokes equation in the hydrodynamical limit. We have also derived, as another subcase of the relativistic Soloviev equation, the equation governing magnetohydrodynamical equilibria with purely toroidal magnetic fields in stationary and axisymmetric spacetimes.
Influence of small-scale inhomogeneities on the cosmological consistency tests

The current cosmological dark sector (dark matter plus dark energy) is challenging our comprehension about the physical processes taking place in the Universe. Recently, some authors tried to falsify the basic underlying assumptions of such dark matter–dark energy paradigm. In this Letter, we show that oversimplifications of the measurement process may produce false positives to any consistency test based on the globally homogeneous and isotropic Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model and its expansion history based on distance measurements. In particular, when local inhomogeneity effects due to clumped matter or voids are taken into account, an apparent violation of the basic assumptions (‘Copernican Principle’) seems to be present. Conversely, the amplitude of the deviations also probes the degree of reliability underlying the phenomenological Dyer–Roeder procedure by confronting its predictions with the accuracy of the weak lensing approach. Finally, a new method is devised to reconstruct the effects of the inhomogeneities in a ΛCDM model, and some suggestions of how to distinguish between clumpiness (or void) effects from different cosmologies are discussed.
High-Temperature Optical Constants of Dust Analogues for the Solar Nebula

The dust in protoplanetary disks is influenced by a lot of different processes. Besides others, heating processes are the most important ones: they change not only the physical and chemical properties of dust particles, but also their emission spectra. In order to compare observed infrared spectra of young stellar systems with laboratory data of hot (up to 700{\deg}C) circumstellar dust analogues, we investigate materials, which are important constituents of dust in protoplanetary disks. We calculated the optical constants by means of a simple Lorentzian oscillator fit and apply them to simulations of small-particle emission spectra in order to compare our results with real astronomical spectra of AGB-stars and protoplanetary disks.
Extremal isolated horizon/CFT correspondence

The near-horizon limit of the extremal (weakly) isolated horizon is obtained under the Bondi-like coordinates. For the vacuum case, explicit coordinate transformation relating the near-horizon metric under the Bondi-like coordinates and the standard Poincare-type or global near-horizon metric of the extremal Kerr black hole is found, which shows that the two geometries are the same. Combined with the known thermodynamics of the (weakly) isolated horizon, it is argued that the Kerr/conformal field theory correspondence can be generalized to the case of a large class of nonstationary extremal black holes.
New derivation for the equations of motion for particles in electromagnetism

We present equations of motion for charged particles using balanced equations, and without introducing explicitly divergent quantities. This derivation contains as particular cases some well known equations of motion, as the Lorentz-Dirac equations. An study of our main equations in terms of order of the interaction with the external field conduces us to the Landau-Lifshitz equations. We find that the analysis in second order show a special behavior. We give an explicit presentation up to third order of our main equations, and expressions for the calculation of general orders.
Research on improvement of Louvain community detection algorithm

With the development of complex network, community detection is widely used. Louvain algorithm is a community detection algorithm based on modularity, which has relatively reliable partition results and high efficiency, and can detect the hierarchical community structure. This paper proposes the following improvements for Louvain algorithm: 1. Introduce WCC algorithm, so that Louvain can be applied to disconnected graphs. 2. In the case that leaf nodes and all neighbor nodes are in the same community in the iterative process, direct integration is carried out to reduce redundant calculation. 3. After the calculation of the first layer, a correction process is introduced to make the results of the bottom partition more effective when doing downstream tasks. Compared with the original algorithm, the result has better partitioning effect and faster processing speed.
OPTICAL EMISSION OF THE ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCE NGC 5408 X-1: DONOR STAR OR IRRADIATED ACCRETION DISK?

We obtained three epochs of simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Wide Field Camera 3 and Chandra observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 5408 X-1. The counterpart of the X-ray source is seen in all HST filters, from the UV through the near-IR (NIR), and for the first time, we resolve the optical nebula around the ULX. We identified a small OB association near the ULX that may be the birthplace of the system. The stellar association is young, ∼5 Myr, contains massive stars up to 40 M☉, and is thus similar to associations seen near other ULXs, albeit younger. The UV/optical/NIR spectral energy distribution (SED) of the ULX counterpart is consistent with that of a B0I supergiant star. We are also able to fit the whole SED from the X-rays to the NIR with an irradiated disk model. The three epochs of data show only marginal variability and thus, we cannot firmly conclude on the nature of the optical emission.
Explicit $\ell^1$-efficient cycles and amenable normal subgroups

By Gromov's mapping theorem for bounded cohomology, the projection of a group to the quotient by an amenable normal subgroup is isometric on group homology with respect to the $\ell^1$-semi-norm. Gromov's description of the diffusion of cycles also implicitly produces efficient cycles in this situation. We present an elementary version of this explicit construction.
Topological Insulators from Group Cohomology

We classify insulators by generalized symmetries that combine space-time transformations with quasimomentum translations. Our group-cohomological classification generalizes the nonsymmorphic space groups, which extend point groups by real-space translations, i.e., nonsymmorphic symmetries unavoidably translate the spatial origin by a fraction of the lattice period. Here, we further extend nonsymmorphic groups by reciprocal translations, thus placing real and quasimomentum space on equal footing. We propose that group cohomology provides a symmetry-based classification of quasimomentum manifolds, which in turn determines the band topology. In this sense, cohomology underlies band topology. Our claim is exemplified by the first theory of time-reversal-invariant insulators with nonsymmorphic spatial symmetries. These insulators may be described as 'piecewise topological', in the sense that subtopologies describe the different high-symmetry submanifolds of the Brillouin zone, and the various subtopologies must be pieced together to form a globally consistent topology. The subtopologies that we discovered include: a glide-symmetric analog of the quantum spin Hall effect, an hourglass-flow topology (exemplified by our recently-proposed KHgSb material class), and quantized non-Abelian polarizations. Our cohomological classification results in an atypical bulk-boundary correspondence for our topological insulators.
Deconfined criticality in the 
QED3
 Gross-Neveu-Yukawa model: The 
1/N
 expansion revisited

The critical properties of the $\text{QED}_{3}$-Gross-Neveu-Yukawa (GNY) model in 2+1 dimensions with $N$ flavors of two-component Dirac fermions are computed to first order in the $1/N$ expansion. For the specific case of $N=2$, the critical point is conjectured to be dual to the $\text{N$\acute{\text{e}}$el}$-to-valence-bond-solid (VBS) deconfined critical point of quantum antiferromagnets on the square lattice. It is found that Aslamazov-Larkin diagrams, missed by previous $\epsilon$- and $1/N$-expansion studies with four-component fermions, give important contributions to the scaling dimensions of various operators. With the inclusion of these diagrams, the resummed scaling dimensions of the adjoint fermion bilinear and scalar field at the $\text{QED}_{3}$-GNY critical point are in reasonable agreement with numerical studies of the $\text{N$\acute{\text{e}}$el}$-to-VBS transition, in support of the duality conjecture.
Emergent self-propulsion at low Reynolds number

Self-propulsion at low Reynolds numbers is of principal importance for micro-organisms and engineering purposes as well as fascinating from the fundamental point of view [1]. Exploiting various physico-chemical mechanisms, individual or mechanically coupled autonomous micro-swimmers in liquid media show locomotion outbalancing diffusive motion in terms of velocity and directedness [2-5]. In the present paper, we demonstrate that selfpropulsion may also emerge from co-operative dynamics in a self-assembled multi-constituent complex [6]. Such complexes comprise of micronsized colloidal spheres accumulated at larger, electrolyte releasing particles on a charged substrate. Neither isolated constituent shows motility beyond slow Brownian motion. Self-assembly is intrinsically driven by an electrolyte-gradient-induced, annular electro-osmotic solvent flow. The convection cell is essential for self-propulsion of the assembled complex in the substrate surface plane. The onset of motion is triggered by a colloid density asymmetry. Once launched, propulsion is self-stabilizing. The mechanism facilitates collecting and transporting colloidal objects loosely bound within the asymmetrically loaded convection cell over considerable distances. In our experiments, we investigated aqueous mixtures of colloidal microspheres and cation exchange resin (CIEX) fragments settled onto a glass substrate using optical microscopy. Sample preparation was performed at room temperature using commercially purchased, negatively charged Polystyrene spheres of diameter 2a = 5. 2μm (Batch No. PS/Q-FB1036 by MicroParticles Berlin GmbH, Germany) in milliQ grade water. Cation exchange resin (CIEX) spheres (Amberlite K306, Roth GmbH, Germany) were crushed and a few tiny fragments ( 100μm) were placed on a cleaned glass microscopy slide. Very dilute colloidal suspensions (volume fraction < 0.1%) were added. Drops were in contact with room air providing a residual electrolyte concentration of approx. 5μmol/l. In some cases the drop was covered with another glass slide using spacers, but in other cases no upper substrate was used. The fluid heights in both cases amounted to several 100μm. Both colloidal particles and CIEX fragments were subject to gravity and settled within minutes. For optical microscopy a standard scientific microscope (DM-IRBE by Leica, Germany) was used equipped with low magnification (10× and 20×) objectives and a standard color CMOS camera (SMXM73 by EHD imaging GmbH, Germany). Image sequences were the basis for further quantitative analysis (Supplementary Note: Correlations). First, we observed the spontaneous accumulation of the colloidal particles around isolated CIEX fragments. Radially symmetric attractive forces towards the CIEX fragments acting on settled colloidal particles were observed in a range of several tens to hundreds of microns. [7] The attraction strength and range generally increase with the CIEX fragment size, which leads to a rich variety of differently appearing particle assemblies (Fig. 1).
Analytical shear and flexion of Einasto dark matter haloes

N-body simulations predict that dark matter haloes are described by specific density profiles on both galactic- and cluster-sized scales. Weak gravitational lensing through the measurements of their first and second order properties, shear and flexion, is a powerful observational tool for investigating the true shape of these profiles. One of the three-parameter density profiles recently favoured in the description of dark matter haloes is the Einasto profile. We present exact expressions for the shear and the first and second flexions of Einasto dark matter haloes derived using a Mellin-transform formalism in terms of the Fox H and Meijer G functions, that are valid for general values of the Einasto index. The resulting expressions can be written as series expansions that permit us to investigate the asymptotic behaviour of these quantities. Moreover, we compare the shear and flexion of the Einasto profile with those of different mass profiles including the singular isothermal sphere, the Navarro-Frenk-White profile, and the Sersic profile. We investigate the concentration and index dependences of the Einasto profile, finding that the shear and second flexion could be used to determine the halo concentration, whilst for the Einasto index the shear and first and second flexions may be employed. We also provide simplified expressions for the weak lensing properties and other lensing quantities in terms of the generalized hypergeometric function.
On the multiple supernova population of Arp 299: constraints on progenitor properties and host galaxy star formation characteristics★

Arp 299 is an interacting system of two components: NGC 3690 and IC 694. Throughout the last 20 years seven supernovae have been catalogued as being discovered within the system. One of these is unclassified, leaving six core-collapse supernovae: two type II (one with IIL subtype classification); two type Ib events; a type IIb supernova; and an object of indistinct type, Ib/IIb. We analyse the relative numbers of these supernova types, together with their relative positions with respect to host galaxy properties, to investigate the implications for both progenitor characteristics and host galaxy star formation properties. Our main findings are as follows. (1) the ratio of ‘stripped envelope’ supernovae (types Ib and IIb) to other ‘normal’ type II is higher than that found in the local Universe. There is ∼10 per cent probability that the observed supernova type ratio is drawn from an underlying distribution such as that found in galaxies in the local Universe. (2) All ‘stripped envelope’ supernovae are more centrally concentrated within the system than the other type II (∼7 per cent chance probability). (3) All supernova environments have similar derived metallicities and there are no significant metallicity gradients found across the system. (4) The ‘stripped envelope’ supernovae all fall on regions of Hα emission while the other type II are found to occur away from bright H ii regions (again, ∼7 per cent chance probability). From this investigation we draw two different – but non-mutually exclusive – interpretations on the system and its supernovae as follows. (1) The distribution of supernovae, and the relatively high fraction of types Ib and IIb events over other type II can be explained by the young age of the most recent star formation in the system, where insufficient time has expired for the observed to match the ‘true’ relative supernova rates. If this explanation is valid then the present study provides additional (independent) evidence that both types Ib and IIb supernovae arise from progenitors of shorter stellar lifetime and hence higher mass than other type II supernovae. (2) Given the assumption that types Ib and IIb trace higher mass progenitor stars, the relatively high frequency of types Ib and IIb to other type II, and also the centralization of the former over the latter with respect to host galaxy light implies that in the centrally peaked and enhanced star formation within this system, the initial mass function is biased towards the production of high-mass stars.
Efficiency optimization for atomic frequency comb storage

We study the efficiency of the atomic frequency comb storage protocol. We show that for a given optical depth, the preparation procedure can be optimize to significantly improve the retrieval. Our prediction is well supported by the experimental implementation of the protocol in a Tm{sup 3+}:YAG crystal. We observe a net gain in efficiency from 10 to 17% by applying the optimized preparation procedure. In the perspective of high bandwidth storage, we investigate the protocol under different magnetic fields. We analyze the effect of the Zeeman and superhyperfine interaction.
Carbon atom in intense magnetic fields

The energy levels of the first few low-lying states of carbon in intense magnetic fields upwards of $\approx 10^7$ T are calculated in this study. We extend our previously employed pseudospectral approach for calculating the eigenstates of the carbon atom. We report data for the ground state and a low-lying state that are in good agreement with findings elsewhere, as well as new data for ten other states of the carbon atom that have not been investigated until now. It is seen that these hitherto uninvestigated states also become strongly bound with increasing magnetic field strengths. The data presented in this study are relevant for astrophysical applications, such as magnetized white dwarf and neutron star spectral analysis as well as opacity calculations and absorption features, including in the context of material accreting onto the surfaces of these compact objects.
Health Emergencies, Falls, and Use of Communication Technologies by Older People with Functional and Social Frailty: Ageing in Place in Deprived Areas of Italy

Frail older people ageing alone in place need help to perform daily living activities, especially when functional limitations are increasing and formal/informal supports are lacking. This context represents a risk of experiencing health emergencies, in particular falls. It is thus important to understand how seniors manage these potential difficulties and who helps them. The present study aimed to explore these dimensions in Italy, where 120 qualitative interviews were carried out in 2019 within the “Inclusive ageing in place” (IN-AGE) research project, involving frail older people living alone at home. A content analysis was conducted. Results showed that seniors need to manage health emergencies regarding heart and breathing problems but mainly episodes of falls are reported, with consequent fractures and fear of falling again. In several cases, the use of a mobile phone was crucial in order to seek for help, and the first to intervene were children, in addition to some neighbors. Some seniors also referred their ability to call independently the General Practitioner (GP) or the emergency room, in order to not disturb family members. These findings highlight new useful insights for policy makers, regarding health emergencies prevention and management measures to put in place, especially concerning falls, and the support provided by communication technologies.
Deep redshift topological lensing: strategies for the $T^3$ candidate

The 3-torus (T 3 ) Friedmann-Lemaˆ itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model better fits the nearly zero large-scale two-point auto-correlation of the Wilkin son Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) cosmic microwave background (CMB) sky maps than the infinite flat model. The T 3 model's parameters, recently found using an optimal cross- correlation method on WMAP data, imply approximately equal-redshift topological len sing at redshifts z ∼ 6, the redshift range of the upcoming generation of new instruments and telescopes. We investigate observa- tional strategies that can reject the T 3 solution for a given region of parameter space of phys- ical assumptions, or provide good candidate topologically lensed galaxy pairs for detailed spectroscopic followup. T 3 holonomies are applied to (i) existing z∼ 6 observations and (ii) simulated observations, creating multiply connected cata logues. Corresponding simply con- nected catalogues are generated. The simulated observational strategies are motivated by the matched discs principle. Each catalogue is analysed using a successive filter method and col- lecting matched quadruples. Quadruple statistics between the multiply and simply connected catalogues are compared. The expected rejection of the hypothesis, or detection of candidate topologically lensed galaxies, is possible at a significanc e of 5% for a pair of T 3 axis-centred northern and southern surveys if photometric redshift accu racy isσ(zphot)< ∼ 0.01 for a pair of
Spontaneously Generated Inhomogeneous Phases via Holography

We discuss a holographic model consisting of a $U(1)$ gauge field and a scalar field coupled to a charged AdS black hole under a spatially homogeneous chemical potential. By turning on a higher-derivative interaction term between the $U(1)$ gauge field and the scalar field, a spatially dependent profile of the scalar field is generated spontaneously. We calculate the critical temperature at which the transition to the inhomogeneous phase occurs for various values of the parameters of the system. We solve the equations of motion below the critical temperature, and show that the dual gauge theory on the boundary spontaneously develops a spatially inhomogeneous charge density.