Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning with Limited Rounds of Adaptivity: Coin Tossing, Multi-Armed Bandits, and Ranking from Pairwise Comparisons

In many learning settings, active/adaptive querying is possible, but the number of rounds of adaptivity is limited. We study the relationship between query complexity and adaptivity in identifying the k most biased coins among a set of n coins with unknown biases. This problem is a common abstraction of many well-studied problems, including the problem of identifying the k best arms in a stochastic multi-armed bandit, and the problem of top-k ranking from pairwise comparisons. An r-round adaptive algorithm for the k most biased coins problem specifies in each round the set of coin tosses to be performed based on the observed outcomes in earlier rounds, and outputs the set of k most biased coins at the end of r rounds. When r = 1, the algorithm is known as non-adaptive; when r is unbounded, the algorithm is known as fully adaptive. While the power of adaptivity in reducing query complexity is well known, full adaptivity requires repeated interaction with the coin tossing (feedback generation) mechanism, and is highly sequential, since the set of coins to be tossed in each round can only be determined after we have observed the outcomes of the coin tosses from the previous round. In contrast, algorithms with only few rounds of adaptivity require fewer rounds of interaction with the feedback generation mechanism, and offer the benefits of parallelism in algorithmic decision-making. Motivated by these considerations, we consider the question of how much adaptivity is needed to realize the optimal worst case query complexity for identifying the k most biased coins. Given any positive integer r, we derive essentially matching upper and lower bounds on the query complexity of r-round algorithms. We then show that Θ(log∗ n) rounds are both necessary and sufficient for achieving the optimal worst case query complexity for identifying the k most biased coins. In particular, our algorithm achieves the optimal query complexity in at most log∗ n rounds, which implies that on any realistic input, 5 parallel rounds of exploration suffice to achieve the optimal worst-case sample complexity. The best known algorithm prior to our work required Θ(log n) rounds to achieve the optimal worst case query complexity even for the special case of k = 1.
Genetically optimized fuzzy decision trees

In this study, we are concerned with genetically optimized fuzzy decision trees (G-DTs). Decision trees are fundamental architectures of machine learning, pattern recognition, and system modeling. Starting with the generic decision tree with discrete or interval-valued attributes, we develop its fuzzy set-based generalization. In this generalized structure we admit the values of the attributes that are represented by some membership functions. Such fuzzy decision trees are constructed in the setting of genetic optimization. The underlying genetic algorithm optimizes the parameters of the fuzzy sets associated with the individual nodes where they play a role of fuzzy "switches" by distributing a flow of processing completed within the tree. We discuss various forms of the fitness function that help capture the essence of the problem at hand (that could be either of classification nature when dealing with discrete outputs or regression-like when handling a continuous output variable). We quantify a nature of the generalization of the tree by studying an optimally adjusted spreads of the membership functions located at the nodes of the decision tree. A series of experiments exploiting synthetic and machine learning data is used to illustrate the performance of the G-DTs.
A non-parametric approach to the estimation of welfare measures in discrete response valuation studies.

ronmental goods. The idea of asking the individual to accept or reject a given price for an environmental good-rather than asking him/her to state his/her reservation price exactly-was introduced in the literature by Bishop and Heberlein (1979). Hanemann (1984) showed how this particular technique of preference revelation could be integrated into economic theory by using the Random Utility Maximization (RUM) model. A salient feature of the studies published to date is the use of a specific parametric statistical model to derive descriptive measures like mean or median Willingness to Pay (WTP) from the discrete response valuation experiment. The purpose of this article is to introduce a non-parametric estimator suitable for discrete response valuation experiments. There are two significant advantages of the approach suggested here; first, no distribution assumption is necessary and, second, it is very simple to use-in fact, the computations can be done "on the back of an envelope. " The paper is structured as follows: Section II outlines three different (parametric) approaches suggested in the literature, i.e., Bishop and Heberlein (1979), Hanemann (1984), and Cameron (1988). Section III introduces the non-parametric estimator and gives a brief description of the data used to illustrate the methods. Section IV compares the estimators, followed by concluding remarks.
DLF: Target Detection and Localization in Wireless Network

The passive target detection and localization in wireless sensor networks(WSNs) is a critical issue in many applications. However, the data type been used for detection and localization is limited, due to the target does not carry any devices connected to any transmit(or receive). Thus, the great challenge is that how to use the limited data type for DLF working. In this paper, we analyze the wireless signal characteristic of the local stability, then design the "Double Level Fusion"(DLF) as the key structure of the designed system. DLF includes two layers confusion. The data level fusion is used for detecting the target while the decision level fusion is used for localizing the target. Combined with the receive signal strength indication (RSSI) characteristic of local stability, we propose the sliding average detection algorithm in data level fusion. We remedy the imperfection of data by using the advantage of Bayesian network in decision level fusion. Our approach examined by real experiment with square, grass, and woods, and the result demonstrates effective and accuracy for this work.
Histone function in transcription.

INTRODUCTION ••• •••• •. , . •••• . •. 644 NUCLEOSOMES PREVENT TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION IN VITRO •• 644 HISTONE HI AND REPRESSION . 646 Hi Helps Determine Linker Length. 646 An A ltered Hi Interaction May Be Involved in Repression . 646 Hi in yeast? 648
Supporting Information for Theoretical Description of Structural and Electronic Properties of Organic Photovoltaic Materials

S2 Technical challenges: quantum modes, slow modes, electron-phonon coherences S2 S2.1 Quantum modes . S2 S2.2 Slow modes . S3 S2.3 Short-time electron-phonon coherences . S4
Calcium signals and the activation of embryo development in mice and humans

During fertilisation the egg undergoes a series of remarkable activation events including a prolonged series of intracellular Ca2+ oscillations. The Ca2+ oscillations are necessary and sufficient to trigger egg activation and support pre-implantation embryo development. The mechanism of the signal trigger is well established and involves a sperm factor released into the egg upon gamete fusion. Phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) appears to be the mammalian sperm factor responsible for triggering Ca2+ oscillations during fertilisation. Consistent with this idea it has been found that, some cases of male factor infertility have been attributed to either qualitative or quantitative deficiencies in PLCζ. Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has overcome many cases of male factor infertility. However, some ICSI cases still see partial or total fertilisation failure. To overcome such failures, artificial egg activation using various protocols has been introduced. Ionophores are the main agents used to trigger artificial egg activation in human eggs. The work in this thesis provides evidence that the human PLCζ protein is effective and more efficient in triggering egg activation and in supporting pre-implantation embryo development in mouse eggs than other activators. That was achieved via a direct comparison of various activation protocols in a mouse model of ICSI fertilization failure. Furthermore through the use of ICSI and Ca2+ measurements in mouse eggs my studies have provided further evidence that the number of Ca2+ transients during activation can influence development to the blastocyst stage. Moreover, my work also investigates what methods could be used for injecting PLCζ protein within a clinic setting. Other work has attempted to investigate how Ca2+ oscillations during fertilisation may influence later embryo development by testing the use of probe of hydrogen peroxide in mouse eggs. Overall the studies provide an important step in the development of new therapies for treating patients having problems conceiving with ICSI treatment.
JUSTGen: Effective Test Generation for Unspecified JNI Behaviors on JVMs

Java Native Interface (JNI) provides a way for Java applications to access native libraries, but it is difficult to develop correct JNI programs. By leveraging native code, the JNI enables Java developers to implement efficient applications and to reuse code written in other programming languages such as C and C++. Besides, the core Java libraries already use the JNI to provide system features like a graphical user interface. As a result, many mainstream Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) support the JNI. However, due to the complex interoperation semantics between different programming languages, implementing correct JNI programs is not trivial. Moreover, because of the performance overhead, JVMs do not validate erroneous JNI interoperations by default, but they validate them only when the debug feature, the -Xcheck:jni option, is enabled. Therefore, the correctness of JNI programs highly relies on the checks by the -Xcheck:jni option of JVMs. Questions remain, however, on the quality of the checks provided by the feature. Are there any properties that the -Xcheck:jni option fails to validate? If so, what potential issues can arise due to the lack of such validation? To the best of our knowledge, no research has explored these questions in-depth. In this paper, we empirically study the validation quality and impacts of the -Xcheck:jni option on mainstream JVMs using unspecified corner cases in the JNI specification. Such unspecified cases may lead to unexpected run-time behaviors because their semantics is not defined in the specification. For a systematic study, we propose JUSTGEN, a semi-automated approach to identify unspecified cases from a specification and generate test programs. JUSTGEN receives the JNI specification written in our domain specific language (DSL), and automatically discovers unspecified cases using an SMT solver. It then generates test programs that trigger the behaviors of unspecified cases. Using the generated tests, we empirically study the validation ability of the -Xcheck:jni option. Our experimental result shows that the JNI debug feature does not validate thousands of unspecified cases on JVMs, and they can cause critical run-time errors such as violation of the Java type system and memory corruption. We reported 792 unspecified cases that are not validated by JVMs to their corresponding JVM vendors. Among them, 563 cases have been fixed and the remaining cases will be fixed in near future. Based on our empirical study, we believe that the JNI specification should specify the semantics of the missing cases clearly and the debug feature should be supported completely.
Host specificity and species colouration mediate the regional decline of nocturnal moths in central European forests

The high diversity of insects has limited the volume of long-term community data with a high taxonomic resolution and considerable geographic replications, especially in forests. Therefore, trends and causes of changes are poorly understood. Here we analyse trends in species richness, abundance and biomass of nocturnal macro moths in three quantitative data sets collected over four decades in forests in southern Germany. Two local data sets, one from coppiced oak forests and one from high oak forests included 125K and 48K specimens from 559 and 532 species, respectively. A third regional data set, representing all forest types in the temperate zone of central Europe comprised 735K specimens from 848 species. Generalized additive mixed models revealed temporal declines in species richness ( − 38%), abundance ( − 53%) and biomass ( − 57%) at the regional scale. These were more pronounced in plant host specialists and in dark coloured species. In contrast, the local coppiced oak forests showed an increase, in species richness (+62%), while the high oak forests showed no clear trends. Left and right censoring as well as cross validation confirmed the robustness of the analyses, which led to four conclusions. First, the decline in insects appears in hyper diverse insect groups in forests and affects species richness, abundance and biomass. Second, the pronounced decline in host specialists suggests habitat loss as an important driver of the observed decline. Third, the more severe decline in dark species might be an indication of global warming as a potential driver. Fourth, the trends in coppiced oak forests indicate that maintaining complex and diverse forest ecosystems through active management may be a promising conservation strategy in order to counteract negative trends in biodiversity, alongside rewilding approaches.
The Davis Dynasty: Fifty Years of Successful Investing on Wall Street

Introduction. Chapter 1. Davis Meets His Bankroll. Chapter 2. From the Great Depression To the Hitler Crisis. Chapter 3. Beyond the Rear-View Mirror. Chapter 4. A Last Hurrah for Bonds. Chapter 5. A Crib Course in Coverage. Chapter 6. From Bureaucrat to Investor. Chapter 7. The Bullish 1950s. Chapter 8. Davis Shops Abroad. Chapter 9. Wall Street a Go-Go. Chapter 10. Shelby Gets Funded. Chapter 11. The Inheritance Flap. Chapter 12. Cool Trio Runs Hot Fund. Chapter 13. The Worst Decline Since 1929. Chapter 14. Davis on the Rebound. Chapter 15. Shelby Buys BanksAC - Davis Buys Everything. Chapter 16. The Grandsons Get in the Game. Chapter 17. The Family Joins Forces. Chapter 18. Chris Inherits Venture. Chapter 19. Investing a la Davis. Source Notes. Index.AC
Mathematics as an Educational Task

I. The Mathematical Tradition. - II. Mathematics Today. - III. Tradition and Education. - IV. Use and Aim of Mathematics Instruction. - V. The Socratic Method. - VI. Re-invention. - VII. Organization of a Field by Mathematizing. - VIII. Mathematical Rigour. - IX. Instruction. - X. The Mathematics Teacher. - XI. The Number Concept - Objective Accesses. - XII. Developing the Number Concept from Intuitive Methods to Algorithmizing and Rationalizing. - XIII. Development of the Number Concept - The Algebraic Method. - XIV. Development of the Number Concept - From the Algebraic Principle to the Global Organization of Algebra. - XV. Sets and Functions. - XVI. The Case of Geometry. - XVII. Analysis. - XVIII. Probability and Statistics. - XIX. Logic. - Appendix I. Piaget and the Piaget School's Investigations on the Development of Mathematical Notions. - Appendix II. Papers of the Author on Mathematical Instruction.
Composição e alocação de moedas das reservas internacionais: evidências do Brasil

Research on Brazilian foreign exchange reserves has historically focused on their optimal volume, but little has been produced about the currency composition of these reserves. The literature on this subject seems to converge on some fundamental aspects that would help to understand the arrangement of currencies of international reserves, that is, commercial, financial and exchange aspects. Regarding the commercial aspect, a recent literature, known as the Dominant Currency Price (DCP), brought strong evidence on the role of import revenues to explain the composition of reserves. Thus, we sought to understand whether these determinants are significant to explain the composition of Brazilian foreign exchange reserves during the period 2002-2020, when there was a strong accumulation. The results provide evidence that the revenue from imports, the external debt and the volatility of exchange rates are significant to explain the composition of the currency portfolio held by the Central Bank of Brazil. Then, a mean-variance portfolio choice model proposed by Ferreira et al. (2019) was used to test the optimal allocation of currencies based on a benchmark portfolio with weights related to commercial and financial obligations (invoicing and debt foreign exchange) that would provide returns that offset the costs of maintaining Brazilian reserves. Key-words: Brazilian Foreign Exchange Reserves; import invoicing; currency optimal allocation; external debt; Brazil’s Central Bank. Lista de ilustrações Figura 1 – Composição das Reservas Brasileiras . 26 Figura 2 – Composição Reservas Globais . 27 Figura 3 – Faturamento Importações . 28 Figura 4 – Dívida Externa Bruta . 29 Figura 5 – Volatilidade BRL . 31 Figura 6 – Reservas e Determinantes Dólar . 34 Figura 7 – Reservas e Determinantes Euro . 34 Figura 8 – Reservas e Determinantes Iene . 35 Figura 9 – Reservas (Dólar, Euro e Iene) . 65 Figura 10 – Teste CUSUM Dólar . 66 Figura 11 – Teste CUSUM Euro . 67 Figura 12 – Teste CUSUM Iene . 67
Is Women’s Engagement in Women’s Development Groups Associated with Enhanced Utilization of Maternal and Neonatal Health Services? A Cross-Sectional Study in Ethiopia

Background: In Ethiopia, the Women Development Group program is a community mobilization initiative aimed at enhancing Universal Health Coverage through supporting the primary healthcare services for mothers and newborns. This study aimed to assess the association between engagement in women’s groups and the utilization of maternal and neonatal health services. Method: A cluster-sampled community-based survey was conducted in Oromia, Amhara, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples, and Tigray regions of Ethiopia from mid-December 2018 to mid-February 2019. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed, considering the cluster character of the sample. Results: A total of 6296 women (13 to 49 years) from 181 clusters were interviewed. Of these, 896 women delivered in the 12 months prior to the survey. Only 79 (9%) of these women including Women Development Group leaders reported contact with Women Development Groups in the last 12 months preceding the survey. Women who had educations and greater economic status had more frequent contact with Women Development Group leaders. Women who had contact with Women Development Groups had better knowledge on pregnancy danger signs. Being a Women Development Group leader or having contact with Women Development Groups in the last 12 months were associated with antenatal care utilization (AOR 2.82, 95% CI (1.23, 6.45)) but not with the use of facility delivery and utilization of postnatal care services. Conclusions: There is a need to improve the organization and management of the Women Development Group program as well as a need to strengthen the Women Development Group leaders’ engagement in group activities to promote the utilization of maternal and neonatal health services.
On Attribute-Based Encryption for Circuits from Multilinear Maps

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Integration of interpersonal space and shared workspace: ClearBoard design and experiments

We describe the evolution of the novel shared drawing medium ClearBoard which was designed to seamlessly integrate an interpersonal space and a shared workspace. ClearBoard permits coworkers in two locations to draw with color markers or with electronic pens and software tools while maintaining direct eye contact and the ability to employ natural gestures. The ClearBoard design is based on the key metaphor of “talking through and drawing on a transparent glass window. ” We describe the evolution from ClearBoard-1 (which enables shared video drawing) to ClearBoard-2 (which incorporates TeamPaint, a multiuser paint editor). Initial observations and findings gained through the experimental use of the prototype, including the feature of “gaze awareness,” are discussed. Further experiments are conducted with ClearBoard-0 (a simple mockup), ClearBoard-1, and an actual desktop as a control. In the settings we examined, the ClearBoard environment led to more eye contact and potential awareness of collaborator's gaze direction over the traditional desktop environment.
Explicit air-sea momentum exchange in coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean modeling of tropical cyclones

of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Shuyi S. Chen. No. of pages in text. (169) Atmosphere and ocean are coupled through momentum, enthalpy, and mass fluxes on all spatial and temporal scales. Accurate representation of these fluxes in numerical models is essential for prediction of global weather and climate systems. Current physical parameterizations of the surface fluxes were developed based on observations in low-tomoderate wind speeds. They are not suited for high wind conditions, especially in extreme weather conditions such as tropical cyclones (TC) and mid-latitude winter storms. In high winds, ocean surface waves control most of the air-sea momentum transfer. While there has been some progress in representation of atmosphere-wave-ocean momentum exchange in coupled models, explicit and conservative air-sea momentum exchange has not been accomplished to date. In this study, we have developed an explicit air-sea momentum exchange through surface waves, namely the Unified Wave INterface (UWIN) for coupled models, which is physically based and computationally efficient. UWIN has been implemented and tested in a fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model (UWIN-CM). The goal of this study is to better understand air-sea momentum exchange in high winds and its impact on TC prediction using UWIN-CM and observations. To address the complexity of the fully-coupled physical processes, we conducted UWIN-CM simulations of five TCs with a wide range of storm intensity over the Atlantic and Pacific basins, including Ike (2008), Earl (2010), Fanapi (2010), Isaac (2012), and Sandy (2012). A set of uncoupled and coupled numerical experiments is done for each TC case to investigate the impacts of explicit wave-based momentum exchange on the TC track, intensity, wind speed structure, and ocean feedback processes. Model results are evaluated using a comprehensive set of atmospheric and oceanic measurements from the Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific (ITOP) and the Grand Lagrangian Deployment (GLAD) field campaigns. Surface waves in TCs vary with storm size and intensity, storm-relative asymmetry, and between deep and shallow water. UWIN-CM produces the observed wind, wave, and upper-ocean structures in most cases. Based on wind speed measurements from 32 flights in Ike, Earl, Fanapi, and Isaac, we find that coupling with waves improves the prediction of storm size and asymmetry compared to drag coefficient-based coupling and