Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Waveform inversion of oscillatory signatures in long‐period events beneath volcanoes

[1] The source mechanism of long-period (LP) events is examined using synthetic waveforms generated by the acoustic resonance of a fluid-filled crack. We perform a series of numerical tests in which the oscillatory signatures of synthetic LP waveforms are used to determine the source time functions of the six moment tensor components from waveform inversions assuming a point source. The results indicate that the moment tensor representation is valid for the odd modes of crack resonance with wavelengths 2L/n, 2W/n, n = 3, 5, 7, …, where L and W are the crack length and width, respectively. For the even modes with wavelengths 2L/n, 2W/n, n = 2, 4, 6, …, a generalized source representation using higher-order tensors is required, although the efficiency of seismic waves radiated by the even modes is expected to be small. We apply the moment tensor inversion to the oscillatory signatures of an LP event observed at Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, central Japan. Our results point to the resonance of a subhorizontal crack located a few hundred meters beneath the summit crater lakes. The present approach may be useful to quantify the source location, geometry, and force system of LP events, and opens the way for moment tensor inversions of tremor.
World Environment Day 2007

Commemorated every year on 5 June, World Environment Day (WED) was established by the United Nations in 1972 to help stimulate worldwide awareness of the environment and to enhance political engagement in environmental issues. Although the day is marked around the world, the United Nations Environment Programme selects one city to host the main WED celebrations, which are focussed on a central theme encapsulated in a slogan. Past WED host cities have included Algiers (”Don’t desert dry lands“), San Francisco (“Green cities—plan for the planet”), Barcelona (“Wanted! Seas and oceans—dead or alive? ”) and Beirut (“Water—two billion people are dying for it”).
Constraints on the evolution of crustal flow beneath Northern Tibet

Crustal flow is an important tectonic process active in continent‐continent collisions and which may be significant in the development of convergent plate boundaries. In this study, the results from multidimensional electrical conductivity modeling have been combined with laboratory studies of the rheology of partially molten rocks to characterize the rheological behavior of the middle‐to‐lower crust of both the Songpan‐Ganzi and Kunlun terranes in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Two different methods are adopted to develop constraints on melt fraction, temperature, and crustal flow velocity in the study area. The estimates of these parameters are then used to evaluate whether crustal flow can occur on the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau. In the Songpan‐Ganzi crust, all conditions are satisfied for topography‐driven channel flow to be dominant, with partial melt not being required for flow at temperature above 1000°C. Further north, the Kunlun fault defines the southern boundary of a transition zone between the Tibetan plateau and the Qaidam basin. Constrained by the estimated melt fractions, it is shown that channel injection across the fault requires temperatures close to 900°C. The composition of igneous rocks found at the surface confirm those conditions are met for the southern Kunlun ranges. To the north, the Qaidam basin is characterized by colder crust that may reflect an earlier stage in the channel injection process. In the study area, at least 10% of the eastward directed Tibetan crustal flow could be deflected northward across the Kunlun Fault and injected into the transition zone defining the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau.
Footprints, Trackways, and Hip Heights of Bipedal Dinosaurs—Testing Hip Height Predictions with Computer Models

Three-dimensional, dynamic, computer models of the pelvis and hind limbs of theropods and ornithopods are used to produce synthetic trackways using a range of gait angles and degrees of limb joint flexion. The hip heights of the modeled stances are compared with the predictions of hip heights computed with various formulae that incorporate parameters measured from footprints and trackways. The tested formulae include: 4*footprint-length and other morphometric methods where the coefficients vary according to the size and taxonomic group of the inferred trackmaker, allometric methods with size and taxon specific coefficients and exponents, and pace-length divided by 0.6. The best fit (least difference) between model and predicted hip heights is achieved with the simple 4*footprint-length formula. The pace-length formula also works well, but only for a very narrow gait range. With one exception, a small theropod, the variable morphometric and allometric formulae consistently overestimate the hip heights in all case. For large theropods and ornithopods the overestimates can be up to 84% in extreme cases. There was also a trend for the magnitudes of overestimation to increase with increasing size of the trackmaker. The overestimates of hip height using these methods results in underestimation of the computed velocities attributed to the dinosaurs that made the trackways.
AN OVERVIEW ON THE ALLELIC VARIANT OF CYP2D6 GENOTYPE

The paper gives an overview on the allelic variant of CYP2D6 genotype. The gene CYP2D6*3 encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 super family of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. The protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is known to metabolize as many as 20% of commonly prescribed drugs. Its substrates include debrisoquine, an adrenergic-blocking drug; sparteine and propafenone, both anti-arrythmic drugs; and amitryptiline, an anti-depressant. The emerging application of pharmacogenomics in the clinical trials requires careful comparison with the traditional genotypic methodologies particularly in the drug metabolism area.
Measurement and Analysis of Airport Emissions.

This paper is of interest to those involved in regulation and analysis of aircraft related air pollution problems. USAF efforts to measure and model airport pollution are summarized. Efforts include: (1) a joint EPA study at Williams AFB, AZ which involves both modeling and measurement, (2) photographic studies to track plume rise, (3) theoretical modeling studies to analyze airport pollution. The author concludes that the Williams study, soon to be completed, will greatly aid in determining the accuracy of airport air pollution dispersion models, that air quality modeling studies have shown that state-of-the-art Air Force engines cannot be cost effectively modified to reduce pollution except possibly in the hydrocarbon area and that, at present, unpredictable thermal plume rise of aircraft exhausts renders model ineffective at locations close (<1 km) to the source.
Model simulations of the competing climatic effects of SO2 and CO2

Abstract Sulfur dioxide-derived cloud condensation nuclei are expected to enhance the planetary albedo, thereby cooling the planet. This effect might counteract the global warming expected from enhanced greenhouse gases. A detailed treatment of the relationship between fossil fuel burning and the SO2 effect on cloud albedo is implemented in a two-dimensional model for assessing the climate impact. Although there are large gaps in our knowledge of the atmospheric sources and sinks of sulfate aerosol, it is possible to reach some general conclusions. Using a conservative approach, results show that the cooling induced by the SO2 emission can presently counteract 50% of the CO2 greenhouse warming. Since 1980, a strong warming trend has been predicted by the model, 0.15°C, during the 1980–1990 period alone. The model predicts that by the year 2060 the SO2 cooling reduces climate warming by 0.5°C or 25% for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) business as usual (BAU) scenario and 0.2°C or 20% f.
Collapse of large complex impact craters: Implications from the Araguainha impact structure, central Brazil

The 40-km-wide Araguainha impact structure in central Brazil provides extensive outcrops to study the structural evolution of all parts of a complex crater, including the central uplift, annular trough, and crater rim. While most craters of comparable size are buried by impact-related or postimpact sedimentary deposits, Araguainha is deeply eroded and it exposes in detail outcrop-scale structural features that can be used to understand the structural evolution of large impact craters. This study explores evidence from structural features across the entire impact structure in order to provide constraints on the target rock movement during the crater collapse. Most of the structural features described here are consistent with folding and bedding-parallel shearing during several kilometers of lateral inward movement of the target rocks. Vertical movement was, in contrast, restricted to distances of less than a few hundred meters along radial and concentric fault zones around the crater rim.
Effects of Cloud Horizontal Inhomogeneity and Drizzle on Remote Sensing of Cloud Droplet Effective Radius: Case Studies Based on Large-eddy Simulations

This study investigates effects of drizzle and cloud horizontal inhomogeneity on cloud effective radius (re) retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). In order to identify the relative importance of various factors, we developed a MODIS cloud property retrieval simulator based on the combination of large-eddy simulations (LES) and radiative transfer computations. The case studies based on synthetic LES cloud fields indicate that at high spatial resolution (100 m) 3-D radiative transfer effects, such as illumination and shadowing, can induce significant differences between retrievals ofre based on reflectance at 2.1 m (re,2.1) and 3.7 m (re,3.7). It is also found that 3-D effects tend to have stronger impact onre,2.1 than re,3.7, leading to positive difference between the two (re,3.72.1) from illumination and negative re,3.72.1from shadowing. The cancellation of opposing 3-D effects leads to overall reasonable agreement betweenre,2.1 and re,3.7 at high spatial resolution as far as domain averages are concerned. At resolutions similar to MODIS, however, re,2.1 is systematically larger than re,3.7when averaged over the LES domain, with the difference exhibiting a threshold-like dependence on bothre,2.1and an index of the sub-pixel variability in reflectance (H), consistent with MODIS observations. In the LES cases studied, drizzle does not strongly impact reretrievals at either wavelength. It is also found that opposing 3-D radiative transfer effects partly cancel each other when cloud reflectance is aggregated from high spatial resolution to MODIS resolution, resulting in a weaker net impact of 3-D radiative effects onre retrievals. The large difference at MODIS resolution between re,3.7 and re,2.1 for highly inhomogeneous pixels with H 0.4 can be largely attributed to what we refer to as the plane-parallelrebias, which is attributable to the impact of sub-pixel level horizontal variability of cloud optical thickness onre retrievals and is greater for re,2.1 than re,3.7. These results suggest that there are substantial uncertainties attributable to 3-D radiative effects and plane-parallelre bias in the MODIS re,2.1retrievals for pixels with strong sub-pixel scale variability, and theH index can be used to identify these uncertainties.
Role of basin width variation in tectonic inversion: insight from analogue modelling and implications for the tectonic inversion of the Abanico Basin, 32°–34°S, Central Andes

Abstract We use analogue modelling to investigate the response of compressional deformation superimposed on an extensional basin with along-strike changes in width. Parameters described include extension and shortening distribution and directions, orientation of structures and degree of basin inversion. Two types of model are presented: in the first (Type I), an extensional basin is constructed with variable width (applying differential extension) and subsequently inverted by homogeneous shortening; in the second (Type II), an extensional basin with constant width is subsequently inverted by inhomogeneous shortening (differential compression). From our observations, we compare both types of model to structural patterns observed in some natural cases from the Central Andes. Both models generate oblique structures, but in the Type II model a significant rotation is characteristic. Our results suggest that in the Central Andes region between 32° and 33°S, the Abanico Basin may correspond to a basin of smaller area compared to the larger basin south of 33°S. Our Type I model further explains some patterns observed there, from which we conclude that the control exercised by the width of a pre-existing basin should be considered when interpreting the geological evolution of that area of the Andes.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF RIVER CHANNEL PROCESSES WITH BANK EROSION

This paper presents a numerical analysis of river channel processes with bank erosion. The model can be used for investigating both bed-deformation and bankline shifting in 2D plan form. The basic equations are used in a moving boundary fitted-coordinate system, and a new formulation of nonequilibrium sediment transport is introduced to reproduce the channel processes. The model was applied to examine the morphological behavior of experimental channels. Temporal changes in the plan form in a meandering channel can be classified into two patterns: meander developing and meander straightening. Comparison of the observed and calculated results indicates that the model is applicable to both channel changes under various hydraulic conditions. On the basis of the numerical findings, the paper clarifies the influence of hydraulic variables on the location of bank erosion and bed scouring. The model also was used to investigate the effect of alternate bars on bank erosion and to investigate the development of channel meandering from an initially straight channel.
Radiosonde observations of equatorial atmosphere dynamics over Indonesia: 1. Equatorial waves and diurnal tides

This paper describes the characteristics of the mean winds, equatorial waves with periods ranging from 4 to 20 days, and diurnal tides determined by analyzing the profiles of wind velocity, temperature, and humidity obtained every 5–7 hours in the height range up to about 35 km with a height resolution of 150 m during an observation campaign conducted February 27 to March 22, 1990, in East Java, Indonesia. The structures of the mean winds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere seemed to be affected by the Australian monsoon and the quasi-biennial oscillation, respectively. Frequency spectra indicated that the equatorial waves as well as the diurnal tides were dominant below about 25 km, while gravity waves with periods shorter than 4 days became more significant above 25 km. A 7-day oscillation showing an antiphase relation between the eastward and northward components and exhibiting large amplitudes was observed in the lower troposphere. The time-height variations of the activity of this 7-day oscillation were clearly correlated with a region of high relative humidity. Perturbations in the zonal wind and temperature with wave periods varying from 15 to 17 days were also enhanced in the troposphere, while Kelvin waves with periods of about 7 and 20 days were detected in the lower stratosphere, and activity near the tropopause was conspicuously enhanced. We found that the 20-day Kelvin wave greatly modified the structure of the tropopause, such as the minimum temperature, the tropopause height, and the values of the Brunt-Vaisala frequency squared N2, which further suggests the effects of Kelvin waves on the transportation of tropospheric water vapor into the stratosphere and on the downward mixing of stratospheric minor constituents into the troposphere. The observed profiles of the diurnal oscillation were compared with those of a numerical model assuming only migrating tides, which reasonably agreed above about 25 km. Below 25 km, however, the observed amplitudes were 1–1.5 m/s, exceeding those of the model about 10 times. Moreover, the phase profiles involved fluctuations with small vertical scales, suggesting interference by many nonmigrating tides with short vertical wavelengths.
Goodbye, Hazen; Hello, Kozeny-Carman

The century-old Hazen formula for predicting the permeability of sand is based only on the D10 particle size. Whereas, the half-century-old Kozeny-Carman formula is based on the entire particle size distribution, the particle shape, and the void ratio. As a consequence, the Hazen formula is less accurate than the Kozeny-Carman formula. It is recommended that the former be retired and the latter be adopted.
Benchmarking coupled climate‐carbon models against long‐term atmospheric CO2 measurements

We evaluated three global models of the coupled carbon‐climate system against atmospheric CO2 concentration measured at a network of stations. These three models, HadCM3LC, IPSL‐CM2‐C, and IPSL‐CM4‐LOOP, participated in the C4MIP experiment and in various other simulations of the future climate impacts on the land and ocean carbon cycle. A new set of performance metrics is defined and applied to quantify each model's ability to reproduce the global growth rate, the seasonal cycle, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–forced interannual variability of atmospheric CO2, and the sensitivity to climatic variations. Knowing that the uncertainty on the amplitude, in 2100, of the climate‐carbon feedback is mainly due to the uncertainty of the response of the terrestrial biosphere to the climate change, our new metrics primarily target the evaluation of the land parameterization of the carbon cycle. The modeled fluxes are prescribed to the same global atmospheric transport model LMDZ4, and the simulated concentrations are compared to available observations. We found that the IPSL‐CM4‐LOOP model is best able to reproduce the phase and amplitude of the atmospheric CO2 seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, while the other two models generally underestimate the seasonal amplitude. This points to some shortcomings in describing the vegetation phenology and heterotropic respiration response to climate. We also found that IPSL‐CM2‐C produces a climate‐driven abnormal source of CO2 to the atmosphere in response to El Niño anomalies. Here a good model performance rests upon a realistic simulation of ENSO‐type climate variability and the subsequent tropical carbon cycle response. The three climate models underestimate the sea surface temperature warm anomaly during an El Niño, but HadCM3LC does best in reproducing the interannual CO2 variability. More efforts are needed to further develop metrics for assessing the sensitivity of the carbon cycle to climate change, and this work should now be extended to assess ocean carbon models against observations.
Effects of watershed experiments on water chemistry at the Marcell Experimental Forest. Chapter 14.

The Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF) was established during the 1960s to study the hydrology and ecology of lowland watersheds where upland mineral soils drain to central peatlands (Boelter and Verry 1977). The effects of seven large-scale manipulations on water chemistry have been studied on the MEF watersheds and the data now span up to four decades. In this chapter, we review effects of watershed experiments on solute concentrations and yields in streams and present some findings for the first time.
Economic effects of river recreation on local economies.

Outdoor recreation is a major, growing use of water re- murces in the United States. The economic eff' of apenditurea by visiton to three recreational river sites on kal economics surround- ing the sitm were estimated using an inputoutpt model (IMPLAN). Expenditure data were ham the Public Area Recreation Visitors Study (PARVS). Reaults indicate that visitor spending stimulates a considerable amount of economic activity and gmwth in local economies. Economic effects include increases in total -88 output ranging from $2.6 million to $13.4 milhion, increaaee in total incorn? ranging fmm S1.2'dIion to $6.6 million, and inrreases in employ- ment ranging fmm 60 to 292 jobs. (KEY TERMS: river reaourcea; outdoor ramation; expenditures; local eeonornic effects; inputoutput.)
Signatures of low latitude–high latitude coupling in the tropical MLT region during sudden stratospheric warming

The present paper analyses the variations of daytime mesopause temperature over an equatorial station during polar Stratospheric Sudden Warming (SSW) events, indicating a possible dynamical coupling between the two regions, through the intensification of planetary wave activity. The amplified wave signatures of quasi‐16 day period have been seen in the Equatorial Mesopause Temperature (EMT) and Polar Stratospheric Temperature (at 10 hPa) during the course of the SSW. The EMT measurements were made from Trivandrum (8.5°N, 76.5°E), an equatorial station in India and the stratospheric temperatures were obtained from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. This investigation reveals (1) an overall enhancement and amplified wave activity in the EMT prior to the SSW and (2) propagation of a wave disturbance from equatorial stratosphere to North Pole in about a month. These results are new and reveal some newer aspects of the SSW and its equatorial effects.
Growth impacts of development and management of water resources

The paper presents the hypothesis that investments in development and management of water resources impacts all round growth - not only in the sectors and regions impacted directly by the availability of water but also in sectors and regions impacted indirectly by the availability of water. The indirect economic impacts can be as large as the direct economic impacts and therefore evaluating growth impacts of water resources projects based solely on the direct impacts can seriously underestimate the true growth impacts. The author supports the hypothesis by analyzing the Bhakara Nangal Project in terms of the direct and indirect economic and developmental impacts it has on the economy at large, including all sections of society, including the poor.Length: pp.858-869
Using wind fields from a high‐resolution atmospheric model for simulating snow dynamics in mountainous terrain

Wind‐induced snow transport has remarkable effects on the snow cover spatial variability and on the temporal dynamics of snowmelt runoff. For accurate snow cover modelling, valid atmospheric forcing fields are essential. Since it is impossible to generate appropriate wind fields by a simple spatial interpolation of station data, a new approach was developed: A modified version of the Penn State University‐National Centre for Atmospheric Research (MM5) model was used to generate wind fields with 200‐m resolution. Because of the high computational costs of MM5, it was not practicable to include the wind field generation as an operational part of the snow cover modelling. Therefore, an archive consisting of 220 wind fields was generated prior to the simulation of the snow transport processes. These fields represent the most relevant synoptic situations for wind‐induced snow transport occurring at our test site. The criteria to generate which wind field to use in a specific snow model time step are mean wind speed and direction at the 700 hPa level derived from German Weather Service/Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) Lokalmodell (LM) analysis data. The wind field library provided physically derived wind speed and direction fields that were used to drive a snow transport model (SnowTran‐3D) in a high Alpine area in the Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany. In complex Alpine terrain, the procedure provides an alternative to simple interpolation methods, yielding improved physical realism at reasonable computational expense. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.