Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using bathymetry to identify basin inversion structures on the English Channel shelf

High-resolution bathymetry is used to derive a new structural interpretation of a submerged inverted graben on the English Channel shelf (northwest Europe). The bathymetry provides a continuous plan-view image of the bedrock geology and resolves fine structural detail, particularly in areas of steeply dipping strata where traditional seismic imaging fails. The imagery, combined with shallow core, deep borehole, and two-dimensional seismic reflection data, shows a marked asymmetry in the bedrock outcrop and structural style, both across and along the axis of the basin. For example, the oldest synrift rocks crop out in a complex south-verging anticline along one margin, whereas more massively bedded younger rocks are folded into a simpler anticline at the other. Comparison of our observations with both recent analog modeling and a neighboring inverted basin highlights the importance of the mechanical properties of the basin stratigraphy in controlling the structural development. We conclude that the inversional asymmetry developed because of the distribution of strong competence contrasts within the synrift fill.
Tropical Cyclone Signals within Tree-Ring Chronologies from Weeks Bay National Estuary and Research Reserve, Alabama

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between tropical cyclones and tree-ring chronologies within a bottomland forest in coastal Alabama. Tree cores were collected from 36 slash pines in the Swift Track area of the Weeks Bay National Estuary and Research Reserve, Fairhope, Alabama. Tree cores were processed, measured to the nearest 0.01 mm, and cross-dated using standard procedures. A standardized ring index series was computed from the tree-ring measurement for each year from 1890 to 2000. The index series represents a single chronology of the entire forest stand, which we refer to as the stand-scale. An initial comparison of index series values to years of known tropical storm and hurricane strikes within the Weeks Bay area reveals no clear tropical cyclone signal. Statistical tests of the index values for 2–7 y periods before and after tropical storms and hurricanes indicate no statistically significant difference in tree-rings before and after the storms. In contrast, standardized index values computed for each individual tree-ring series (individual tree-scale) display more rapid growth (release) in years following direct hits by tropical cyclones. Individual tree-ring data also indicate slowed growth (suppression) during years when tropical cyclones are infrequent. These results indicate that researchers must be aware of scale of analysis when researching tree-ring chronologies in Gulf Coast forests. For this study, a combination of the two scales of analysis results in a recognizable tree-ring record of suppression and then release generated by tropical cyclones.
Crustal structure at colliding plates boundary from receiver functions analysis: A close look beneath the northern Apennines (Italy)

Teleseismic receiver functions from a seismic experiment in a small area of the northern Apennines, Italy, reveal strong crustal structure variations across the mountain chain. Receiver functions imaging and full waveform inversion technique are used to constrain the S‐wave velocity profile in the crust and to reconstruct the geometry of the main seismic discontinuities at depth. We highlight the presence of the main mode‐converting discontinuities in the study area. Most importantly, we identify the crust‐mantle transition which is represented, almost everywhere in the study area, by a sharp S‐wave velocity increase (over 4 km/s) at depth between 35 and 40 km. However, farther west, the S‐wave velocity reaches values typical for the sub‐crustal mantle at about 54 km depth, possibly marking the locus where the subducting Adriatic plate starts to dip into the mantle. Here the presence of a shallower discontinuity at about 36 km depth, with S‐velocity values around 4 km/s, can be interpreted as the Moho signature of the overriding Tyrrhenian plate.
A three-component Sr-Nd isotopic mixing model for granitoid genesis, Lachlan fold belt, eastern Australia

Previous Sr-Nd isotopic models of two-component crust-mantle mixing (based on an apparently simple hyperbolic ϵNd-Sri array) have failed to account for all the geochemical and isotopic features of granitoids from the Lachlan fold belt, eastern Australia. Here we show that a three-component mixture of mantle-derived magma and two contrasting crustal components successfully explains the isotopic compositions of the granitoids. New isotopic data from the Moruya granitoids of the fold belt reveal that a separate isotopic trend exists at the most primitive end of the ϵNd-Sri array, defined by a depleted mantle component (ϵNd = +8.0; Sri = 0.7032) and a mafic crustal component (ϵNd = +2.7; Sri = 0.7049). This crustal component has isotopic characteristics similar to Cambrian greenstones within the fold belt, and appears to be widespread in the lower crust. After also considering data from the ubiquitous Ordovician turbidites which host the granitoids (ϵNd = −9.61 to −10.64; Sri = 0.7204 to 0.7273), three-component isotopic mixing curves are constructed that enclose all the granitoids of the fold belt, indicating that contributions from the Ordovician turbidites, Cambrian greenstones, and a depleted mantle component could produce the isotopic characteristics of the granitoids. Important implications of the model are that (1) S- and I-type granites appear to be mixtures of, rather than unique products from, contrasting sources and so Lachlan granitoids do not directly “image” their source-rock compositions; (2) the chemical variation lines defining granitoid suites are neither mixing lines nor lines reflecting restite separation; (3) previously inferred Precambrian continental basement beneath the fold belt is unnecessary; and (4) Lachlan granitoids may have formed in an environment related to subduction, where arc magmatism promoted crustal fusion and crust-mantle mixing.
A Model for Vertical-to-Horizontal Response Spectral Ratios for Europe and the Middle East

In the framework of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the preferred approach for obtaining the response spectrum of the vertical component of motion is to scale the horizontal spectrum by vertical-to-horizontal (V/H) spectral ratios. In order to apply these ratios to scenario or conditional mean spectra, the V/H ratios need to be defined as a function of variables such as magnitude, distance, and site classification. A new model for the prediction of V/H ratios for peak ground acceleration and spectral accelerations from 0.02 to 3.0 s is developed from the database of strong-motion accelerograms from Europe and the Middle East. A simple functional form, expres- sing the V/H ratios as a function of magnitude, style of faulting, distance, and site class, is found to be appropriate, and the associated aleatory variability is found to be at least as low as that obtained in other studies using more complex models. The predicted ratios from the new European model are found to be in broad agreement with recent models derived from predominantly western North America data.
Player Identification in Online Games: Validation of a Scale for Measuring Identification in MMOGs

This article proposes a scale for measuring player identification in massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs). Three dimensions have been derived from the literature, avatar identification, group identification, and game identification, whereby avatar identification is a second-order factor consisting of similarity identification, wishful identification, and embodied presence. Based on the results of a cross-sectional survey of 544 World of Warcraft players, the measurement instrument's proposed factorial structure was confirmed and the constructs were successfully tested for convergent validity. Subsequently, support for nomological validity was gathered by testing nine theoretically rooted hypotheses linking the identification constructs to motivations for playing MMOGs. The results show that avatar identification is positively associated with roleplay, customization, and escapism; group identification with socializing and relationship; and game identification with escapism, discovery, advancement, and mechanics. These findings indicate that the Player Identification Scale provides a reliable measure of identification in online games ready to be used and further validated in subsequent research.
COLD REVERSAL ON KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA, CORRELATED WITH THE EUROPEAN YOUNGER DRYAS BY USING VARIATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC 14C CONTENT

High-resolution AMS (accelerator-mass-spectrometer) radiocarbon dating was performed on late-glacial macrofossils in lake sediments from Kodiak Island, Alaska, and on shells in marine sediments from southwest Sweden. In both records, a dramatic drop in radiocarbon ages equivalent to a rise in the atmospheric C-14 by approximately 70%. coincides with the beginning of the cold period at 11000 yr B.P. (C-14 age). Thus our results show that a close correlation between climatic records around the globe is possible by using a global signature of changes in atmospheric C-14 content.
Conditions and Timing of Pumpellyite–Actinolite-facies Metamorphism in the Early Mesozoic Frontal Accretionary Prism of the Madre de Dios Archipelago (Latitude 50°20′S; Southern Chile)

The Madre de Dios Metamorphic Complex (MDMC) in southern Chile is a fossil frontal accretionary prism, which is mainly composed of metapsammopelitic rocks, intercalations of oceanic rocks (greenstone and metachert) and platform carbonate. We concentrated on the metabasite to decipher the metamorphic evolution. This rock type contains assemblages of the pumpellyite-actinolite facies: pumpellyite +/- actinolite-chlorite +/- grandite +/- phengite +/- epidote-albite- quartz-titanite +/- K-feldspar +/- calcite. The metamorphic phases mainly grew by prograde hydration reactions during various episodes of restricted fluid influx. Fundamental phase relations of the pumpellyite-actinolite facies and adjacent facies were reproduced by pseudosections calculated for the system K2O-Na2O-CaO-FeO-O-2-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2-H2O- CO2 at 200-400 degrees C and 1-9 kbar. The calculated stability fields of the metamorphic assemblages as realized in the MDMC metabasite indicate highest metamorphic conditions restricted to 290-310 degrees C, 4-6 kbar for the MDMC, presumably as a result of the main fluid influx at these conditions. Nevertheless, earlier local equilibria are still preserved as a result of strongly kinetically controlled mineral reactions and a lack of recrystallization and compositional homogenization at thin-section scale. Hence, thermodynamic calculations of local multivariant mineral equilibria using the entire compositional variation of minerals in the MDMC show that the prograde PT path evolved from 4 +/- 1 kbar, 200-220 degrees C to 5 +/- 1 kbar, 290-330 degrees C. The prograde PT path reflects nearly horizontal particle paths after reaching the maximum depth typical for frontal accretionary prisms. Long residence at maximum depth resulted in thermal re-equilibration. Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages were measured by in situ UV laser ablation of local phengite concentrations in a deformed metapelite at 233 center dot 2 +/- 1 center dot 8 Ma and in an undeformed metabasite at 200 center dot 8 +/- 2 center dot 4 Ma. Whereas the first age represents an age of accretion, the latter age can be attributed to mineral growth either during a younger stage of accretion or during a retrograde stage. Ar-40/Ar-39 isotopic analyses of two further metabasite samples reflect a prominent resetting of ages at 152 center dot 0 +/- 2 center dot 2 Ma and white mica growth during external fluid access triggered by either a local intrusion or a late Jurassic extensional episode.
Simultaneous measurement of O2, Mn, Fe, I−, and S(—II) in marine pore waters
with a solid‐state voltammetric microelectrode

A solid‐state Au/Hg voltammetric microelectrode was used to measure, simultaneously and with millimeter spatial resolution, the vertical distributions of O2, Mn2+, Fe2+, HS−, and I− in the pore water of sediments from the Canadian continental shelf and slope. The electrode was used shipboard to analyze undisturbed sediment cores and in a sediment mesocosm to determine the three‐dimensional distribution of redox species in the sediment surrounding an actively irrigated worm burrow. In cores from Emerald Basin and Cabot Strait, O2 disappeared and Mn2+, Fe2+, and HS− appeared in the vertical sequence predicted on the basis of thermodynamics. In a core from the Scotian slope, O2 disappeared at ~14‐mm depth but Mn2+ was not detected over the 50‐mm depth examined with the probe. In all three cores, I− was detected in the pore water below the oxygen‐penetration depth. In none of the cores did the distributions of O2 and Mn2+ overlap. The thickness of the layer within which neither O2 nor Mn2+ could be detected ranged from 8 to 40 mm; we suggest that nitrate, not oxygen, is used to oxidize Mn2+. The upwarddirected Mn2+ gradients of 3.5 and 10 mol mm4 in the Emerald Basin and Cabot Strait sediments, respectively, drive manganese fluxes that are more than one order of magnitude lower than the O2 fluxes, which are estimated at 4‐S mmol mm−2 d−1. The three‐dimensional distributions of solutes in the pore water in the sediment surrounding an irrigated worm burrow demonstrate that both the O2‐penetration depth and the depth where Mn2+ is first detected are deeper in the vicinity of the worm burrow than away from it. This is consistent with the notion that irrigation brings oxygenated water into the worm tube, allowing oxygen to diffuse across the burrow wall into the sediment and react with Mn2+ and other reduced porewater constituents. Three‐dimensional heterogeneity in porewater composition cannot be detected by conventional one‐dimensional coring and slicing techniques. Because these latter techniques average the porewater composition in a large volume of sediment, they may indicate that the distributions of individual species overlap when in fact they do not.
On the Dependence of Sea Surface Roughness on Wind Waves

Abstract The influence of wind waves on the momentum transfer (wind stress) between the atmosphere and sea surface was studied using new measured data from the RASEX experiment and other datasets compiled by Donelan et al. Results of the data analysis indicate that errors in wind friction velocity u∗ of about ±10% make it difficult to conclude on the trend in zch using measured data from a particular dataset. This problem is solved by combining different field data together. This gives a trend of decreasing zch with wave age, expressed as: zch = 1.89(cp/u∗)−1.59. Furthermore, it is shown that calculations of the wind friction velocities using the wave-spectra-dependent expression of Hansen and Larsen agrees quite well with measured values during RASEX. It also gives a trend in Charnock parameter consistent with that found by combining the field data. Last, calculations using a constant Charnock parameter (0.018) also give very good results for the wind friction velocities at the RASEX site.
Evaluation of Junge power law as a tool for atmospheric correction validation

Spatial remote sensing atmospheric correction algorithms validation remains a challenge particulary over land and coastal environment. To assess this type of algorithm in the case of MERIS scheme, we propose a methodology based on the use of in-situ extinction and sky measurements from the world-wide Sun radiometer network AERONET. The spectral dependency in the blue and red derived from the extinction measurements is used to parameterize an aerosol model defined by the Jung power law size distribution in a first step and a chemical composition represented by a refractive index. This model is used to compute the phase function, a main input to a radiative transfer code (successive order of diffusion based) that allows to simulate the atmospheric parameters (radiances, transmittances). A comparison between the diffuse transmittance from sky measurements and that simulated allow to check the validity of the proposed method. The context of the study is calibration and validation in remote sensing using only the radiative properties of the atmosphere. A sensitivity study of the method to various parameters and an error budget will be reported.
Analysis Of Annual Rainfall In Zimbabwe For Trends And Periodicities,1891-1988

Recent droughts during the early 1980s have led to the belief that rainfall over Southern Africa has changed or follows some form of periodic behavior. Annual rainfall at 20 stations in Zimbabwe covering the period 1891 to 1988 is analyzed for the presence of trends, discontinuities, persistence and periodicities. The results show that droughts cannot be described by any of these processes.
Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers

Towering Figures The Tibetan plateau and adjacent mountain ranges are the source areas of the five major rivers of Asia. Climate change promises to affect both precipitation patterns and glacial melting in the region, which could have marked impacts on river flows and on associated agriculture. Immerzeel et al. (p. 1382) analyzed the relative importance of glacial meltwater and rainfall in the region in order to determine how the rivers depend on different sources of water, and how the river basins may be affected by climate change. Climate change is likely to affect water availability in the river basins in substantial but diverse ways, which may threaten the food security of tens of millions of people. Climate change will cause substantial but diverse changes in water availability in the major river basins of Southeast Asia. More than 1.4 billion people depend on water from the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, and Yellow rivers. Upstream snow and ice reserves of these basins, important in sustaining seasonal water availability, are likely to be affected substantially by climate change, but to what extent is yet unclear. Here, we show that meltwater is extremely important in the Indus basin and important for the Brahmaputra basin, but plays only a modest role for the Ganges, Yangtze, and Yellow rivers. A huge difference also exists between basins in the extent to which climate change is predicted to affect water availability and food security. The Brahmaputra and Indus basins are most susceptible to reductions of flow, threatening the food security of an estimated 60 million people.
The potential of pattern scaling for projecting temperature‐related extreme indices

Pattern scaling can be used to linearly relate changes in extreme indices to changes in the annual or seasonal mean temperature. This study demonstrates the skills and limitations of two often used pattern scaling approaches in filling‐in gaps in the time series of six temperature‐related extreme indices. The extreme indices over Europe are derived from daily temperature output of 12 regional climate models of the multi‐model project ENSEMBLES. The response pattern is estimated using one of the two future time periods (2021–2050 or 2070–2099) and the reference period (1961–1990). The simulated values from the remaining future time period are used for evaluating the skills. Both pattern scaling approaches perform reasonably well particularly for percentile‐based and over most of the regions also for fixed temperature indices. Uncertainties due to internal variability can be large if the time period used for estimating the response pattern is close to the reference period. Limitations of pattern scaling due to violations of the linearity assumption are related to the shape of the temperature distribution. As a result, differences in the skills among the extreme indices can be related to the magnitude and shift direction of the whole temperature distribution. Therefore, skills for estimated extreme indices derived from the upper tail of the underlying temperature distribution are generally high. Over some areas, linear regression models used in this study are not appropriate statistical models because of the bounded and discrete nature of the data. Alternative pattern scaling methods such as, for instance, the logistic regression model leads to improvements over particular areas but not over the whole integration area. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
The role of cugbp1 in the development of zebrafish lens

The lens is a transparent tissue in the anterior of the eye and its main role is to refract light on t he retina. The lens consists of two types of cells: epithelial cel s and fibers. Epithelial cells surround the an terior and lateral limits of the lens, remain proliferative and at the equator of the lens they differentiate into lens f ibers. In this process newly generated lens fibers elongate and gr adually lose their organelles, enabling transparenc y. Cataracts are any opacification of the lens that compromises ts ability to refract light onto the retina, and c an be genetic or environmentally induced. Since it has been demonstrated that the zebrafish ( Danio rerio) is an ideal organism to study human ocular disorders, this model system was utilized to study gene products that regulate normal lens deve lopment and that in pathological states contribute to catar acts. CUGBP1 is an mRNA binding protein that has be en implicated in the multisystemic disease Myotonic Dy strophy 1 (DM1). DM1 is caused by a (CTG)n repeat expansion within the 3'UTR region of the DMPK gene. Its mechanism implies a toxic gain of functi on where expanded CUG mRNA repeats increase steady state lev els of CUGBP1 protein among other effects. Patients with DM1 develop cataracts. So, it can be hypothesized t hat CUGBP1 disrupted expression in lenses from DM1 patients can be, at least, one of the causes that l eads to cataracts in this disease. In situ hybridization results show that cugbp1 is expressed in the zebrafish lens at early embryo nic development in newly formed lens fibers. Transgenic embryos expressing nuclear or membrane localized-E GFP under the control of a 1.2kb cugbp1 promoter further demonstrate its expression in the lens. Knocking down expression of cugbp1 with a splice-altering morpholino results in catar cts as early as 3dpf. Hence, the latter reveals that cugbp1 expression is a requirement for normal lens early d evelopment. In morphant embryos, lens fiber compaction is disturbed. In addition, these c ells retain nuclei. Lens overall shape and size is also affected. Furthermore, the defective phenotype includes a gen eral developmental delay, little mobility and dilat ed cardiomyopathy, symptoms that are also observed in DM1 patients.