Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The distribution of water in the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334 I

Aims: We present observations of twelve rotational transitions of H_216O, H_218O, and H_217O toward the massive star-forming region NGC 6334 I, carried out with Herschel/HIFI as part of the guaranteed time key program Chemical HErschel Surveys of Star forming regions (CHESS). We analyze these observations to obtain insights into physical processes in this region. Methods: We identify three main gas components (hot core, cold foreground, and outflow) in NGC 6334 I and derive the physical conditions in these components. Results: The hot core, identified by the emission in highly excited lines, shows a high excitation temperature of ~200 K, whereas water in the foreground component is predominantly in the ortho- and para- ground states. The abundance of water varies between 4 × 10-5 (outflow) and 10-8 (cold foreground gas). This variation is most likely due to the freeze-out of water molecules onto dust grains. The H_218O/H_217O abundance ratio is 3.2, which is consistent with the 18O/17O ratio determined from CO isotopologues. The ortho/para ratio in water appears to be relatively low (1.6±1) in the cold, quiescent gas, but close to the equilibrium value of three in the warmer outflow material (2.5±0.8). Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.Figures 1, 2 and 3 and Tables 2-4 (pages 5 to 6) are only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda. org
Evaluation of selected edge detection techniques in remotely sensing images

This paper describes the experience gained from the evaluation of selected automatic edge detection techniques applied to LANDSAT TM, SPOT HRV, IRS 1C and IKONOS images. Emphasis was given to the detection of man-made objects and linear features such as coastlines, roads and parcel boundaries in combination with selected preprocessing and postprocessing operations. As preprocessing Gaussian, adaptive and morphological operators were implemented and tested for image enhancement and smoothing. Edge extraction processing followed. First the Canny edge detector was applied. Then a morphological nonlinear Laplacian operator was applied and its zero-crossings yielded edge locations. Finally an edge detector resulting by overlaying two thresholded images from the Prewitt gradient, preserving edges appearing in both images, was applied. Postprocessing followed to eliminate noisy edges and restore edge connectivity through morphological operators. An analysis of the relative performance of the processing scheme indicated each detector's relation to noise (features at certain undesired scales, shadows along roads boundaries, irrelevant edges within parcel boundaries) and the set of specific parameters needed for proper enhancement and smoothing before edge extraction.
Marker-controlled picture segmentation applied to electrical logging images

This paper presents an application of marker-controlled segmentation in petroleum engineering. The images to be segmented originate from high resolution conductivity measurements of borehole walls. These measurements reflect the composition and structure of the rock formation through which the well was drilled. In this application, we detect and measure small cavities in the walls. These cavities are called vugs. We use the tools provided by mathematical morphology. Our strategy is based on gradient image modification using markers and on the watershed transformation. First, the vugs are automatically marked, as well as the background. These markers together delineate areas of interest in which we know there is one contour per vug. In order to find the vug contour and perform measurements, we modify the gradient image in such a way that only a single edge is kept between the vug and the background markers. We perform the final step of edge detection using the watershed transformation of the modified gradient image. The final result is one closed contour per marked vug. We present this strategy in detail, show experimental results and discuss artifact elimination.
Magnetohydrodynamic Accretion Flows: Formation of Magnetic Tower Jet and Subsequent Quasi-Steady State

We present three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of radiatively inefficient accretion flow around black holes. General relativistic effects are simulated by using the pseudo-Newtonian potential. We start calculations with a rotating torus threaded by localized poloidal magnetic fields with plasma-β, a ratio of the gas pressure to the magnetic pressure, β = 10 and 100. When the bulk of torus material reaches the innermost region close to a central black hole, a magnetically driven jet emerges. This magnetic jet is derived by vertically inflating toroidal fields ("magnetic tower") and has a two-component structure: low-β (≲1) plasmas threaded with poloidal (vertical) fields are surrounded by those with toroidal fields. The collimation width of the jet depends on external pressure, the pressure of ambient medium; the weaker the external pressure is, the wider and the longer lasting becomes the jet. Unless the external pressure is negligible, the bipolar jet phase ceases after several dynamical timescales at the original torus position and a subsequent quasi-steady state starts. The black hole is surrounded by a quasi-spherical zone with highly inhomogeneous structure in which toroidal fields are dominant except near the rotation axis. Mass accretion takes place mainly along the equatorial plane. Comparisons with other MHD simulation results and observational implications are discussed.
Video Super-Resolution with Long-Term Self-Exemplars

Existing video super-resolution methods often utilize a few neighboring frames to generate a higher-resolution image for each frame. However, the redundant information between distant frames has not been fully exploited in these methods: corresponding patches of the same instance appear across distant frames at different scales. Based on this observation, we propose a video super-resolution method with long-term cross-scale aggregation that leverages similar patches (self-exemplars) across distant frames. Our model also consists of a multi-reference alignment module to fuse the features derived from similar patches: we fuse the features of distant references to perform high-quality super-resolution. We also propose a novel and practical training strategy for referenced-based super-resolution. To evaluate the performance of our proposed method, we conduct extensive experiments on our collected CarCam dataset and the Waymo Open dataset, and the results demonstrate our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Our source code will be publicly available.
Chaos-driven dynamics in spin-orbit-coupled atomic gases

The dynamics, appearing after a quantum quench, of a trapped, spin-orbit coupled, dilute atomic gas is studied. The characteristics of the evolution is greatly influenced by the symmetries of the system, and we especially compare evolution for an isotropic Rashba coupling and for an anisotropic spin-orbit coupling. As we make the spin-orbit coupling anisotropic, we break the rotational symmetry and the underlying classical model becomes chaotic; the quantum dynamics is affected accordingly. Within experimentally relevant time scales and parameters, the system thermalizes in a quantum sense. The corresponding equilibration time is found to agree with the Ehrenfest time, i.e., we numerically verify a similar to ln ( (h) over bar (-1)) scaling. Upon thermalization, we find that the equilibrated distributions show examples of quantum scars distinguished by accumulation of atomic density for certain energies. At shorter time scales, we discuss nonadiabatic effects deriving from the spin-orbit-coupled induced Dirac point. In the vicinity of the Dirac point, spin fluctuations are large and, even at short times, a semiclassical analysis fails.
Identification of literary movements using complex networks to represent texts

The use of statistical methods to analyze large databases of text has been useful in unveiling patterns of human behavior and establishing historical links between cultures and languages. In this study, we identified literary movements by treating books published from 1590 to 1922 as complex networks, whose metrics were analyzed with multivariate techniques to generate six clusters of books. The latter correspond to time periods coinciding with relevant literary movements over the last five centuries. The most important factor contributing to the distinctions between different literary styles was the average shortest path length, in particular the asymmetry of its distribution. Furthermore, over time there has emerged a trend toward larger average shortest path lengths, which is correlated with increased syntactic complexity, and a more uniform use of the words reflected in a smaller power-law coefficient for the distribution of word frequency. Changes in literary style were also found to be driven by opposition to earlier writing styles, as revealed by the analysis performed with geometrical concepts. The approaches adopted here are generic and may be extended to analyze a number of features of languages and cultures.
Knocking on giants' doors: I. The evolution of the dust-to-stellar mass ratio in distant dusty galaxies.

The dust-to-stellar mass ratio ($M_{\rm dust}$/$M_{\rm \star}$) is a crucial yet poorly constrained quantity to understand the production mechanisms of dust, metals and stars in galaxy evolution. In this work we explore and interpret the nature of $M_{\rm dust}$/$M_{\rm \star}$ in 300 massive ($M_{\star}>10^{10}M_{\odot}$), dusty star-forming galaxies detected with ALMA up to $z\approx5$. We find that $M_{\rm dust}$/$M_{\rm \star}$ evolves with redshift, stellar mass, specific SFR and integrated dust size, differently for main sequence and starburst galaxies. In both galaxy populations $M_{\rm dust}$/$M_{\rm \star}$ rises until $z\sim2$ followed by a roughly flat trend towards higher redshifts. We show that the inverse relation between $M_{\rm dust}$/$M_{\rm \star}$ and $M_{\star}$ holds up to $z\approx5$ and can be interpreted as an evolutionary transition from early to late starburst phases. We demonstrate that $M_{\rm dust}$/$M_{\rm \star}$ in starbursts mirrors the increase in molecular gas fraction with redshift, and is enhanced in objects with the most compact dusty star-formation. The state-of-the-art cosmological simulation SIMBA broadly matches the evolution of $M_{\rm dust}$/$M_{\rm \star}$ in main sequence galaxies, but underestimates it in starbursts. The latter is found to be linked to lower gas-phase metallicities and longer dust growth timescales relative to data. Our data are well reproduced by analytical model that includes recipes for rapid metal enrichment, strongly suggesting that high $M_{\rm dust}$/$M_{\rm \star}$ is due to fast grain growth in metal enriched ISM. Our work highlights multifold benefits of using $M_{\rm dust}$/$M_{\rm \star}$ as a diagnostic tool for: (1) separating main sequence and starburst galaxies until $z\sim5$; (2) probing the evolutionary phases of dusty galaxies, and (3) refining the treatment of dust life cycle in simulations.
Preventing Small $\mathbf{(s,t)}$-Cuts by Protecting Edges

We introduce and study Weighted Min $(s,t)$-Cut Prevention, where we are given a graph $G=(V,E)$ with vertices $s$ and $t$ and an edge cost function and the aim is to choose an edge set $D$ of total cost at most $d$ such that $G$ has no $(s,t)$-edge cut of capacity at most $a$ that is disjoint from $D$. We show that Weighted Min $(s,t)$-Cut Prevention is NP-hard even on subcubcic graphs when all edges have capacity and cost one and provide a comprehensive study of the parameterized complexity of the problem. We show, for example W[1]-hardness with respect to $d$ and an FPT algorithm for $a$.
Feasible Invertibility Conditions for Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Observation-Driven Models

Invertibility conditions for observation-driven time series models often fail to be guaranteed in empirical applications. As a result, the asymptotic theory of maximum likelihood and quasi-maximum likelihood estimators may be compromised. We derive considerably weaker conditions that can be used in practice to ensure the consistency of the maximum likelihood estimator for a wide class of observation-driven time series models. Our consistency results hold for both correctly specified and misspecified models. The practical relevance of the theory is highlighted in a set of empirical examples. We further obtain an asymptotic test and confidence bounds for the unfeasible " true " invertibility region of the parameter space.
Holographic Simulation of Correlated Electrons on a Trapped-Ion Quantum Processor

We develop holographic quantum simulation techniques to prepare correlated electronic ground states in quantum matrix product state (qMPS) form, using far fewer qubits than the number of orbitals represented. Our approach starts with a holographic technique to prepare a compressed approximation to electronic mean-field ground-states, known as fermionic Gaussian matrix product states (GMPS), with a polynomial reduction in qubit- and (in select cases gate-) resources compared to existing techniques. Correlations are then introduced by augmenting the GMPS circuits in a variational technique which we denote GMPS+X. We demonstrate this approach on Quantinuum's System Model H1 trapped-ion quantum processor for 1$d$ models of correlated metal and Mott insulating states. Focusing on the $1d$ Fermi-Hubbard chain as a benchmark, we show that GMPS+X methods faithfully capture the physics of correlated electron states, including Mott insulators and correlated Luttinger liquid metals, using considerably fewer parameters than problem-agnostic variational circuits.
Reverse modelling for seismic event characterization

SUMMARY The localization of seismic events is of utmost importance in seismology and exploration. Current techniques rely on the fact that the recorded event is detectable at most of the stations of a seismic network. Weak events, not visible in the individual seismogram of the network, are missed out. We present an approach, where no picking of events in the seismograms of the recording network is required. The observed wavefield of the network is reversed in time and then considered as the boundary value for the reverse modelling. Assuming the correct velocity model, the reversely modelled wavefield focuses on the hypocentre of the seismic event. The origin time of the event is given by the time where maximum focussing is observed. The spatial extent of the focus resembles the resolution power of the recorded wavefield and the acquisition. This automatically provides the uncertainty in the localization with respect to the bandwidth of the recorded data. The method is particularly useful for the upcoming large passive networks since no picking is required. It has great potential for localizing very weak events, not detectable in the individual seismogram, since the reverse modelling sums the energy of all recorded traces and, therefore, enhances the signal-to-noise ratio similar to stacking in seismic exploration. The method is demonstrated by 2-D and 3-D numerical case studies, which show the potential of the technique. Events with a S/N ratio smaller than 1 where the events cannot be identified in the individual seismogram of the network are localized very well by the method.
Hurricane-Induced Sediment Transport in Open-Shelf Tropical Systems--An Example from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Hurricane Hugo passed directly over St. Croix on 17 September 1989. Sustained winds in excess of 110 knots (gusts to 165 knots) and waves 6-7 m in height accompanied the storm. Along the north coast, wave height was lower (ca. 3-4 m) due to the leeward position of the shelf. In the deeper reefs at Cane Bay and Salt River, damage was confined primarily to the soft-bodied benthic community (e.g., sponges, gorgonians); coral damage was much less severe, largely because of the buffering effects of the water column. The greatest change observed after the storm was wholesale flushing of sand from shelf-edge areas. In Salt River submarine canyon, a minimum of 2 million kg of sediment were flushed into deeper water. The transport rate associated with the storm was eleven orders of magnitude above that measured during fair-weather, and the volume of sediment that was removed from the canyon equalled roughly a century of normal sediment accumulation. At Cane Bay, 336,000 kg of sediment were flushed from a single channel, with similar amounts removed from adjacent breaks in the shelf-edge reef. A current meter in Salt River submarine canyon provided information on the timing and intensity of the oceanographic processes related to Hurricane Hugo. As the storm approached, waves piled water against the shoreface and in Salt River Bay. As the storm passed over St. Croix, the change in wind direction, followed by a decrease in wave height, triggered a release of water trapped in the bay and along the adjacent shoreline by waves earlier in the storm. For a period of 4-6 hours, net down canyon currents reaching 2 m/s and oscillatory flows up to 4 m/s occurred along the base of the western canyon wall, removing up to 2 m of sand. Similar events were likely responsible for the wholesale removal of sand in eastern Cane Bay. The paradoxical concurrence of wholesale sediment transport and low-level reef damage is related to the protection from waves but not wind afforded by the north coast of St. Croix, facing away from the direction of storm approach. These observations and measurements provide our first opportunity to relate sediment export in such a high-energy event to the physical processes that were responsible. Calculations based on post-Hugo measurements are in agreement with an earlier sediment budget for Salt River canyon. Sediment export in Cane Bay exceeded the volume similarly predicted. Because such events are probably common on all exposed carbonate shelf margins, storms like Hurricane Hugo are among the most important factors in the cycling of sediment through exposed, open-marine environments both now and in the geologic past. The patterns of reef damage and sediment transport are much more complicated than previously envisioned, and more thoughtful consideration of their variability and the processes responsible is essential to an understanding of the signature that will be left by major storms.
Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space

[1] Retrieval uncertainty estimates for vertical tropospheric NO2 columns based on theoretical error source discussions combined with actual Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) observations are presented. Contributions to the total retrieval uncertainty are divided into three categories: (1) errors caused by measurement noise and spectral fitting, affecting the slant column density, (2) errors related to the separation of stratospheric and tropospheric NO2 affecting the estimate of the stratospheric slant column, and (3) errors due to uncertainty in model parameters such as clouds, surface albedo, and a priori profile shape, affecting the tropospheric air mass factor. Furthermore, it is shown that a correction for the effective temperature of the trace gas is essential and that a correction for the presence of aerosols needs to be accompanied by aerosol corrections to the cloud retrieval. A discussion of the error components and total retrieval uncertainty is given for March 1997. Tropospheric NO2 columns can be retrieved with a precision of 35–60% over regions with a large contribution of the troposphere to the total column. This error estimate demonstrates the need for highly accurate albedo maps, cloud retrieval schemes, and realistic a priori NO2 profile shapes.
New taxonomic synopses and revision of the scombroid fishes (Scombroidei, Perciformes), including billfishes, from the Cenozoic of territories of the former USSR

ABSTRACT: We present an overview of all known fossil scombroid fishes (Scombroidei, Perciformes) of the former USSR, many taxa of which are described in a language other than Russian for the first time. Also new is the application of a cladistic framework for these taxa. For each taxon, short taxonomic synopses with the most relevant characteristics (synapomorphies, meristic counts) are presented in a form useful for future cladistic analysis. As an exception, we present an extensive systematic description of the billfish †Hemingwaya sarissa Sytchevskaya & Prokofiev, because we disagree with earlier interpretations. The ‘gempylid’ †Hemithyrsites maicopicus Daniltshenko retains its generic name, which is considered the valid name of what is also known as Promethichthys Gill. A new tribe, †Eocoelopomini, is erected to contain the genera †Eocoelopoma Woodward, †Palaeothunnus Bannikov, and †Micrornatus Monsch. It is questioned whether species previously described as belonging to Thunnus South should be classified in that genus. A new species of tribe Scomberomorini, †Neocybium parvidentatum, is described from the Bartonian of W Kazakhstan. A specimen of †Auxides (questionably Maastrichthian, Iran), also reported here, possibly extends the radiation of †Auxides, and scombroids as a whole, further back in time. The fossil record of the Blochiidae is probably extended downwards to the Thanetian.
Kirchhoff time migration for transversely isotropic media: An application to Trinidad data

Using a newly developed nonhyperbolic offset-mid-point traveltime equation for prestack Kirchhoff time migration, instead of the conventional double-square-root (DSR) equation, results in overall better images from anisotropic data. Specifically, prestack Kirchhoff time migration for transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI media) is implemented using an analytical offset-midpoint traveltime equation that represents the equivalent of Cheop's pyramid for VTI media. It includes higher-order terms necessary to better handle anisotropy as well as vertical inhomogeneity. Application of this enhanced Kirchhoff time-migration method to the anisotropic Marmousi data set demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach. Further application of the method to field data from Trinidad results in sharper reflectivity images of the subsurface, with the faults better focused and positioned than with images obtained using isotropic methods. The superiority of the anisotropic time migration is evident .
20.4: Distinguished Paper: Optimizing the Brightness of Reflective Displays in Mobile Applications

Reflective display brightness is studied in mobile devices as a function of relevant ambient conditions, supplemental frontlight illumination, and display reflectance properties. Results for varying scattering properties in specular modulator‐based displays such as mirasol®, as well as combinations of ambient and internal frontlight illumination conditions for optimizing the user experience across various lighting environments are presented.