Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accessory phase petrogenesis in relation to major phase assemblages in pelites from the Nelson contact aureole, southern British Columbia

Monazite petrogenesis in the Nelson contact aureole is the result of allanite breakdown close to, but downgrade and therefore independent of, major phase isograds involving cordierite, andalusite and staurolite. The development of garnet downgrade of the staurolite and andalusite isograds does not appear to affect the onset of the allanite‐to‐monazite reaction but does affect the textural development of monazite. In lower pressure, garnet‐absent rocks, allanite breakdown results in localized monazite growth as pseudomorphous clusters. In higher pressure, garnet‐bearing rocks, allanite breakdown produces randomly distributed, lone grains of monazite with no textural relationship to the original reaction site. Fluids liberated from hydrous phases (chlorite, muscovite) during garnet formation may have acted as a flux to distribute light rare earth elements more widely within the rock upon allanite breakdown, preventing the localized formation of monazite pseudomorphs. Despite these textural differences, both types of monazite have very similar chemistry and an indistinguishable age by electron microprobe chemical dating (157 ± 6.4 Ma). This age range is within error of isotopic ages determined by others for the Nelson Batholith. Garnet from the garnet, staurolite and andalusite zones shows euhedral Y zoning typified by a high‐Y core, low‐Y collar and moderate‐Y annulus, the latter ascribed to allanite breakdown during garnet growth in the garnet zone. The cause of the transition from high‐Y core to low‐Y collar, traditionally interpreted to be due to xenotime consumption, is unclear because of the ubiquitous presence of xenotime. Accessory phase geothermometry involving monazite, xenotime and garnet returns inconsistent results, suggesting calibration problems or a lack of equilibration between phases.
Intrusion of ice into porous media by regelation: A mechanism of sediment entrainment by glaciers

Unlithified sediment at glacier beds should be entrained in ice as a result of melting above individual grains and refreezing below grains (regelation). To test this hypothesis, a device that simulates subglacial conditions was used to push ice downward through idealized and natural porous media in contact with a flat bed. Ice regelated toward the bed at speeds proportional to the gradient in ice pressure across the thickness of particles. Ice temperatures responded predictably to changes in driving stress and demonstrated that the ice-particle mixtures were at or very near the pressure-melting temperature. A theory of pore ice motion by regelation predicted the measured speed usually to within a factor of two, although at low driving stresses the speed was less than the predicted value by as much as a factor of five. The low speeds were probably caused by imperfect temperature control that resulted either in heat loss from the ice-particle mixtures or in slightly subfreezing pore ice temperatures that were not detected by thermistors. Ice should intrude the pores of underlying sediment to a steady depth at which the downward regelation speed equals the rate of basal melting. Departures from the steady state should cause release of debris from ice or further entrainment. An approximate calculation of the steady intrusion depth yields values comparable to typical thicknesses of debris in basal ice, a few centimeters to more than a meter. Intrusion of sediment by regelation is consistent with the isotopic composition of debris-bearing ice, if melting exceeds refreezing.
Distribution of Radioactivity in Pelagic Clays

An attempt is made to study the localization of radioelements in different mineral phases of pelagic clay sediments. The results so far obtained indicate that the ionium supported radium is redistributed by diffusion through the interstitial solution and that the authigenic zeolite phillipsite plays an important role as a scavenger of radioelements within the deposit. The mechanism of transfer of radioelements from the ocean to pelagic deposits is discussed, and points of uncertainty in the interpretation of the distribution of gross beta-activity are indicated. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1955. tb01156.x
The carbon and oxygen stable isotopic composition of cultured benthic foraminifera

Abstract Laboratory cultures of several species of benthic foraminifera were grown under controlled physical and chemical conditions during months-long experiments carried out at the University of South Carolina in 2001 and 2002. A dozen experimental culture chambers contained a c. 1–3 mm layer of trace-metal free silica substrate, and were continuously flushed with water from a large (1600 L) seawater reservoir with known, constant temperature and composition (δ18O(water), carbonate system chemistry, and trace element concentrations). Each year, in most of the culture chambers, one or more species reproduced, producing hundreds of juveniles which grew into size classes ranging from 100 to 500 microns. Bulimina aculeata was the most successful species in the 2001 cultures, and both B. aculeata and Rosalina vilardeboana were abundant in 2002. We determined the shell C and O isotopic composition of the cultured foraminifera, and compared these isotopic values with the water chemistry of the culture chambers, and also with the shell chemistry of field specimens collected from sites on the North Carolina and South Carolina (USA) continental margin. The cultured foraminifera showed substantial offsets from the δ13C of system water dissolved inorganic carbon (−0.5 to −2.5‰, depending on species) and smaller offsets (0 to −0.5‰) from the predicted δ18O of calcite in equilibrium with the culture system water at the growth temperature. These offsets reflect at least three factors: species-dependent vital effects; ontogenetic variations in shell chemistry; and the aqueous carbonate chemistry ([CO3−] or pH) of the experimental system.
Decadal-scale changes in meridional heat transport across 24°N in the Pacific Ocean

[1] We investigated the long-term variability of the meridional heat transport across 24°N in the Pacific Ocean in two ways: (1) by adding the surface net heat flux to the temporal change rate of the ocean heat content (OHC) north of 24°N and (2) by integrating the product of meridional velocity and potential temperature over the 24°N section in numerical models. Decadal-scale changes with amplitudes of approximately 0.1–0.2 PW were detected consistently in the 5-year running means of the meridional heat transport in the 1980s and 1990s from these different analyses. The heat transport increased during the 1980s, which is closely linked with the change in the OHC. While both the Ekman and Kuroshio transports were responsible for the change in the 1980s, the contribution of the former was dominant. On the other hand, the variation in the Kuroshio temperature transport dominated meridional heat transport in the 1990s. The air-sea net heat fluxes of the atmospheric reanalysis data sets integrated north of 24°N increased in the 1990s, which indicates that the increase of the lateral heat transport was distributed mainly to the atmosphere, particularly in the Kuroshio and Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension (KOE) regions. However, there are also large discrepancies in the surface heat flux among the data sets. To reveal the impact of the decadal-scale changes in meridional heat transport on the atmosphere, it is crucial to obtain more accurate values for the air-sea heat exchange and OHC by using a sustainable observing system and numerical models.
Finite-difference and frequency-wavenumber modeling of seismic monopole sources and receivers in fluid-filled boreholes

In borehole seismic experiments the presence of the borehole has a significant effect on observations. Unfortunately, including boreholes explicitly in modeling schemes excludes the use of some methods (e.g., frequency‐wavenumber) and adds prohibitively to the cost of others (e.g., finite difference). To overcome this problem, we use the concept of an effective source/receiver array to replace the explicit representation of the borehole by a distributed seismic source/receiver. This method mimics the presence of the borehole at seismic frequencies under a wide variety of conditions without adding a significant computational cost. It includes the effects of dispersive and attenuative tube wave propagation, the generation of secondary sources at interfaces and caliper changes, and the generation of conical waves in low‐velocity layers. Comparison with a finite‐difference scheme with an explicit borehole representation validates the approach. The modeling method applied to a continuity logging geometry demon.
PREDICTION OF MASTER RECESSION CURVES AND BASEFLOW RECESSIONS IN THE LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS OF PUERTO RICO 1

ABSTRACT: An analysis of hydrograph recessions and rainfall data was performed to estimate the recession constants for two watersheds in the Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico. To account for seasonal rainfall patterns, the data were grouped into dry and wet seasons. Sets of three Master Recession Curves (MRC) per season for each watershed were developed: one using the Matching Strip Method (MS) and two using variations of the Correlation Method (CM). These variations were the envelope line (CME) and the least squares regression (CMR). Other regression based analytical expressions that consider the streamflow recession as an autore‐gressive or an integrated moving average process were also applied. The regression based methods performed consistently better than the graphical ones and they proved to be faster, easier, and less subjective. The recession constants from these methods were then used to estimate the time it would take the streamflow to reach the critical Q99 flow duration. Based on this study, once the streamflow reaches Q90, water managers have 6 to 12 days warning before streamflow reaches critical levels.
Universal definition of myocardial infarction

Task Force Members: Chairpersons: Kristian Thygesen (Denmark)*, Joseph S. Alpert (USA)*, Harvey D. White (New Zealand)* Biomarker Group: Allan S. Jaffe, Co-ordinator (USA), Fred S. Apple (USA), Marcello Galvani (Italy), Hugo A. Katus (Germany), L. Kristin Newby (USA), Jan Ravkilde (Denmark) ECG Group: Bernard Chaitman, Co-ordinator (USA), Peter M. Clemmensen (Denmark), Mikael Dellborg (Sweden), Hanoch Hod (Israel), Pekka Porela (Finland) Imaging Group: Richard Underwood, Co-ordinator (UK), Jeroen J. Bax (The Netherlands) George A. Beller (USA), Robert Bonow (USA), Ernst E. Van Der Wall (The Netherlands) Intervention Group: Jean-Pierre Bassand, Co-ordinator (France), William Wijns, Co-ordinator (Belgium), T. Bruce Ferguson (USA), Philippe G. Steg (France), Barry F. Uretsky (USA), David O. Williams (USA) Clinical Investigation Group: Paul W. Armstrong, Co-ordinator (Canada), Elliott M. Antman (USA), Keith A. Fox (UK), Christian W. Hamm (Germany), E. Magnus Ohman (USA), Maarten L. Simoons (The Netherlands) Global Perspective Group: Philip A. Poole-Wilson, Co-ordinator (UK), Enrique P. Gurfinkel (Argentina), José-Luis Lopez-Sendon (Spain), Prem Pais (India), Shanti Mendis‡ (Switzerland), Jun-Ren Zhu (China) Implementation Group: Lars C. Wallentin Co-ordinator (Sweden), Francisco Fernández-Avilés (Spain), Kim M. Fox (UK), Alexander N. Parkhomenko (Ukraine), Silvia G. Priori (Italy), Michal Tendera (Poland), Liisa-Maria Voipio-Pulkki (Finland)
Water Use by Salt Cedar

Six years of observations on water use by salt cedar, conducted in a battery of evapotranspirometers, or tanks, have shown that thinned out stands use nearly as much water as control tanks if the water is of good quality. It is concluded that the method of making a vegetation survey and then extrapolating water use as measured in evapotranspirometers to a 100% density can lead to serious overestimation of water use. Thinning and cutting are ineffective methods of saving water. In cutoff stands, under favorable conditions, shoots can increase in length by as much as 5 cm per day. Only a few plants such as bamboo and cucumber are reported to grow faster than that. The assumption that phreatophytes always transpire at a potential rate is not sustained by the facts presented in this paper. When differences in depth to water as small as 1.5 to 2.1 meters and 2.1 to 2.7 meters affect the water use, it seems reasonable to conclude that with a water table at four meters for instance (a situation not unusual along dry river beds), salt cedar still may thrive but use comparatively little water, and the claims as to the quantity of water potentially saved by their eradication could well be overestimated.
Virtual Cities From Digital Imagery

Increasing interest is being expressed in the use of virtual cities for many fields of application, ranging from planning and simulation to business, advertising and the games industry. Currently, the extraction of buildings from imagery is costly. However, recent developments in digital photogrammetry aim to produce more rapid and efficient methods of modelling three dimensional objects in urban environments. This paper presents a semi‐automatic system for the extraction of buildings from digital aerial imagery with the aid of volumetric primitives. The user is supported by automated tools, for example matching tools, in order to reach the necessary efficiency. With an extraction time of about 20 s per building primitive, this method is competitive in terms of the performance of classical photogrammetric procedures, and also offers additional features for analysis, texture mapping and Internet applications.
Indications of increasing land surface evaporation during the second half of the 20th century

It is generally agreed that the evaporation from pans has been decreasing for the past half century over many regions of the Earth. However, the significance of this negative trend, as regards terrestrial evaporation, is still somewhat controversial, and its implications for the global hydrologic cycle remain unclear. The controversy stems from the alternative views that these evaporative changes resulted, either from global radiative dimming, or from the complementary relationship between pan and terrestrial evaporation. Actually, these factors are not mutually exclusive but act concurrently. It is shown quantitatively that, if the presently available data records are taken at face value, despite global dimming, the observed decreases in pan evaporation are generally evidence of increased terrestrial evaporation in those regions. This is consistent with independent hydrologic budget calculations for several large river basins in the USA, and likely further evidence of an accelerating hydrologic cycle in many areas.
Chronology, petrology and isotope geochemistry of the Erro-Tobbio peridotites (Ligurian Alps, Italy): Records of Late Palaeozoic lithospheric extension

Mantle peridotites from the Erro–Tobbio (ET) ophiolitic unit (Voltri Massif, Ligurian Alps) record a tectono-metamorphic decompressional evolution, indicated by re-equilibration from spinel- to plagioclase- to amphibole-facies conditions, and progressive deformation from granular to tectonite to mylonite fabrics. The peridotites are considered to represent subcontinental lithospheric mantle that was tectonically denuded during rifting and opening of the Jurassic Ligurian Tethys ocean, similar to the Northern Apennine (External Ligurides) ophiolitic peridotites. We performed chemical and isotopic investigations on selected granular and tectonite spinel peridotites and plagioclase tectonites and mylonites, with the aim of defining the nature of the mantle protoliths, and to date the onset of exhumation of the ET peridotites. Spinel- and plagioclase-bearing tectonites and mylonites exhibit heterogeneous bulk-rock major and trace element composition, despite rather homogeneous mineral chemistry, thus indicating that the ET mantle protoliths record a composite history of partial melting and melt migration by reactive porous flow. The lack of correlation between the observed geochemical heterogeneity and the structural type (granular, tectonite, mylonite) indicates that the inferred reactive porous flow event preceded the exhumationrelated lithospheric history of the Erro–Tobbio mantle. The tectonometamorphic evolution caused systematic chemical changes in minerals: (1) Al decrease in orthopyroxene; (2) Al decrease, and Cr and Ti increase in spinels; (3) Al and Sr decrease, Cr, Ti, Zr, Sc, V and middle to heavy rare earth element increase and development of a negative Eu anomaly in clinopyroxene. The studied samples have Nd isotope compositions consistent with a mid-ocean ridge basalt mantle reservoir. Sm/Nd isotope data on plagioclase and clinopyroxene separates (and corresponding whole rocks) from two plagioclase peridotites, representative of the plagioclase-bearing mylonitic extensional shear zone, have yielded ages of 273 � 16Ma and 313 � 16Ma, for the plagioclase-facies recrystallization stage, significantly older than the expected Jurassic age. This indicates that the Erro–Tobbio peridotites represent subcontinental lithospheric mantle that was tectonically exhumed from spinel-facies depths to shallower lithospheric levels during Late Carboniferous– Permian times. Our results are consistent with the previously documented evidence for an extensional regime in the Europe–Adria lithosphere during Late Palaeozoic time, and they represent the first record that extensional mechanisms were also active at lithospheric mantle levels.
On the origin of SO2 above northern Greece

This paper describes the sources contributing to two seasonal peaks in columnar SO2 amounts measured with a Brewer spectrophotometer at Thessaloniki, Northern Greece since 1982. The SO2 Brewer measurements combined with those at ground level, meteorological analysis and numerical simulations provide estimates on the contribution of local and remote sources to the SO2 column. It is shown that more than 50% of the observed SO2 column can be attributed to lignite‐burning sources in Bulgaria, Romania and former Yugoslavia, this percentage rising to 70% at periods with NE flow at 850 hPa. Winds from the NW‐N‐NE contribute around 60% to the observed mean SO2 column during winter and 75% during the summer. When including all wind directions at 850 hPa, the Greek sources, including the lignite‐burning power plant complexes to the WSW of the city, contribute around 40% to the SO2 column. These results are in qualitative agreement with independent observations from inversion of GOME measurements.
La terra sigillata hispánica del municipium augusta Bilbilis

EN EL PRESENTE TRABAJO SE HA ESTUDIADO LA TOTALIDAD DE LA SIGILLATA HISPANICA APARECIDA EN EL TRANSCURSO DE LAS EXCAVACIONES REALIZADAS ENTRE 1971 Y 1988 EN EL SOLAR DE LA ANTIGUA CIUDAD DE BIBILIS. , PROCEDENTES EN SU MAYORIA DEL FORO, TEATRO, TERMAS Y DE UN IMPORTANTE CONJUNTO DE VIVIENDAS. DEL MISMO MODO HEMOS TRABAJADO CON MATERIALES DE EXCAVACIONES REALIZADAS A PRINCIPIOS DE SIGLO Y FONDOS DE COLECCIONES ANTIGUAS. EL ESTUDIO HA PERMITIDO DOCUMENTAR UN CLARO PREDOMINIO DE LAS PRODUCCIONES DEL COMPLEJO ALFARERO DE TRITIUM MAGALLUM, APRECIANDOSE COMO DURANTE LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL S.I SOBRESALEN LOS CENTROS DE ARENZANA Y BEZARES Y COMO ESTOS SON SUSTITUIDOS POR EL CENTRO DE TRICIO YA EN LAS ULTIMAS DECADAS DEL SIGLO. EN MENOR MEDIDA SE CONSTATA LA PRESENCIA DE UNA SERIE DE ALFARES REGIONALES COMO SON LOS DE VILLARROYA Y BRONCHALES. TAMBIEN HEMOS PODIDO ATESTIGUAR UN TALLER QUE ELABORO TANTO SIGILLATAS COMO IMITACIONES, ASI COMO LA PRESENCIA DE UNA SERIE DE PRODUCCIONES DE PROCEDENCIA DESCONOCIDA QUE CONSIDERAMOS PROCEDENTES DE ALFARES REGIONALES YA QUE SU DISTRIBUCION SE ENCUENTRA CENTRADA PRINCIPALMENTE EN CAESARAUGUSTA, TURIASO Y ARCOBRIGA. EL MAYOR VOLUMEN DE SIGILLATA HISPANICA SE CONCENTRA ENTRE LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL S.I Y LA PRIMERA MITAD DEL S.II, ESTANDO PRECEDIDA DE UNA SERIE PRODUCCIONES QUE HEMOS DENOMINADO COMO PRECOCES DENTRO DE LAS QUE SITUAMOS UN LOTE DE PIEZAS FIRMADAS POR LOS ALFAREROS M.C. R. Y ASIATICVS QUE HAN PERMITIDO ESTABLECER LOS ESTRECHOS LAZOS COMERCIALES EXISTENTES ENTRE EL VALLE DEL JALON Y LA MESETA NORTENA. DESDE MEDIADOS DEL S.II SE APRECIA UNA PAULATINA Y PROGRESIVA DISMINUCION DEL VOLUMEN CERAMICO QUE SE CORRESPONDE CON LA DECADENCIA EN LA QUE ENTRO LA CIUDAD QUE LA LLEVARIA A ESTAR CASI ABANDONADA EN EL S.III, EPOCA A LA QUE PERTENECE MENOS DEL 5% DE LA SIGILLATA ESTUDIADA, SIENDO SIGNIFICATIVO QUE DE ENTRE TODO EL MATERIAL ESTUDIADO (CERCA DE 10.000 PIEZAS), TAN SOLO 20 FRAGMENTOS, TODOS PROCE
Miocene isotope reference section, Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 608: An evaluation of isotope and biostratigraphic resolution

We developed an isotope (87Sr/86Sr, δ18O) reference section for the uppermost Oligocene to lower upper Miocene (ca. 25–8 Ma) at Site 608 in the northeastern North Atlantic. This site contains the least ambiguous magnetostratigraphic record of Miocene polarity changes available, providing direct correlations to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS). We integrate biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, Sr isotope, and stable isotope data to provide a reference section for Miocene isotope fluctuations. The direct correlation of isotopes and biostratigraphy to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) provides relatively precise age estimates. We use these age estimates to evaluate the timing of first and last occurrences of planktonic foraminifera, and conclude that many of these are synchronous within a 0.5 m.y. resolution between subtropical Site 563 (33°N) and high-latitude Site 608 (43°N). In addition, we use this chronology to estimate the ages of previously established Miocene oxygen isotope Zones Mi 1 through Mi 7 and to compare the Sr isotope record at Site 608 with previously published 87Sr/86Sr records. We approximate latest Oligocene to early late Miocene (25–8 Ma) Sr isotope changes with two linear regressions. The rate of increase of 87Sr/86Sr was high from the latest Oligocene (∼25 Ma) to earliest middle Miocene (∼15 Ma), with an estimated rate of 0.000059/m.y. Our ability to reproduce Sr isotope measurements is ±0.000030 or better, yielding a stratigraphic resolution of as good as ±0.5 m.y. for this interval. The rate of change was much lower from about 15 to 8 Ma (on average, 0.000013/m.y.), yielding Sr isotope stratigraphic resolution of worse than ±2.3 m.y. The causes of the late Eocene to Miocene 87Sr/86Sr increases are not known. We speculate that a moderate 87Sr/86Sr increase (0.000030/m.y) which occurred during the late Eocene-latest Oligocene can be explained by intermittent glaciations and deglaciations of the Antarctic continent. These pulse-like changes in the input of glacial weathering products yield what appears to be a monotonic, linear increase. The increase in the frequency of glaciations during the latest Oligocene-early Miocene can explain the higher rate of change of 87Sr/86Sr at this time. We speculate that by the middle Miocene, the development of a permanent east Antarctica ice sheet resulted in decreased input of glacial weathering products and a lower rate of 87Sr/86Sr change. Appendix 1 is available with entire article on microfiche.Order from American Geophysical Union, 2000 FloridaAvenue N.W. , Washington, D.C. 20009. Document P90-001;$2.50. Payment must accompany order.