Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
There's No Such Thing as “Nonjudgmental” Debriefing: A Theory and Method for Debriefing with Good Judgment

We report on our experience with an approach to debriefing that emphasizes disclosing instructors' judgments and eliciting trainees' assumptions about the situation and their reasons for acting as they did. To highlight the importance of instructors disclosing their judgment skillfully, we call the approach “debriefing with good judgment. ” The approach draws on theory and empirical findings from a 35-year research program in the behavioral sciences on how to improve professional effectiveness through “reflective practice. ” This approach specifies a rigorous self-reflection process that helps trainees recognize and resolve pressing clinical and behavioral dilemmas raised by the simulation and the judgment of the instructor. The “debriefing with good judgment” approach is comprised of three elements. The first element is a conceptual model drawn from cognitive science. It stipulates that the trainees' “frames”—comprised of such things as knowledge, assumptions, and feelings—drive their actions. The actions, in turn, produce clinical results in a scenario. By uncovering the trainee's internal frame, the instructor can help the learner reframe internal assumptions and feelings and take action to achieve better results in the future. The second element is a stance of genuine curiosity about the trainee's frames. Presuming that the trainee's actions are an inevitable result of their frames, the instructor's job is that of a “cognitive detective” who tries to discover, through inquiry, what those frames are. The instructor establishes a “stance of curiosity” in which the trainees' mistakes are puzzles to be solved rather than simply erroneous. Finally, the approach includes a conversational technique designed to bring the judgment of the instructor and the frames of the trainee to light. The technique pairs advocacy and inquiry. Advocacy is a type of speech that includes an objective observation about and subjective judgment of the trainees' actions. Inquiry is a genuinely curious question that attempts to illuminate the trainee's frame in relation to the action described in the instructor's advocacy. We find that the approach helps instructors manage the apparent tension between sharing critical, evaluative judgments while maintaining a trusting relationship with trainees.
Introduction to special section on Climate and Weather of the Sun Earth System

[1] In the special section on CAWSES (Climate and Weather of the Sun Earth System) a total of 19 papers are published covering several aspects of Sun-Earth coupling. Six papers concentrate on summer mesospheric ice clouds including detection by satellites, radar-based derivation of particle properties, and water vapor observations in the mesosphere. Solar radiation affects ice clouds on time scales of the 11 year solar cycle and 27 days. Stratospheric shrinking contributes significantly to long-term trends of ice clouds. The seasonal variability of smoke particles is confirmed to be impacted by global circulation. Six papers address the external forcing of the atmosphere caused by the Sun. The relevance of radionuclei and solar radiation spectral irradiance is presented. The impact of precipitating energetic solar particles on trace gas concentrations is studied. Ion chemistry and electron production can be important to destroy ozone in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. Strong solar events can reduce ice clouds on short time scales owing to dynamical feed back mechanisms. The 27 day solar signal is identified in ozone concentration using satellite measurements. Model studies show that the dynamical response of the stratospheric polar vortex to solar cycle forcing depends on the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation. The year 2009 was a remarkable exception from this rule reinforcing natural variability. Regarding centennial time scales it is shown that changes in the stratosphere can influence tropospheric circulation. Tides have extensively been studied within CAWSES. As is demonstrated, nonmigrating tides originating in the troposphere can propagate into the thermosphere.
Empirical Green's function analysis: Taking the next step

An extension of the empirical Green's function (EGF) method is presented that involves determination of source parameters using standard EGF deconvolution, followed by inversion for a common attenuation parameter for a set of colocated events. Recordings of three or more colocated events can thus be used to constrain a single path attenuation estimate. I apply this method to recordings from the 1995–1996 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence; I analyze four clusters consisting of 13 total events with magnitudes between 2.6 and 4.9. I first obtain corner frequencies, which are used to infer Brune stress drop estimates. I obtain stress drop values of 0.3–53 MPa (with all but one between 0.3 and 11 MPa), with no resolved increase of stress drop with moment. With the corner frequencies constrained, the inferred attenuation parameters are very consistent; they imply an average shear wave quality factor of approximately 20–25 for alluvial sediments within the Indian Wells Valley. Although the resultant spectral fitting (using corner frequency and κ) is good, the residuals are consistent among the clusters analyzed. Their spectral shape is similar to the the theoretical one-dimensional response of a layered low-velocity structure in the valley (an absolute site response cannot be determined by this method, because of an ambiguity between absolute response and source spectral amplitudes). I show that even this subtle site response can significantly bias estimates of corner frequency and κ, if it is ignored in an inversion for only source and path effects. The multiple-EGF method presented in this paper is analogous to a joint inversion for source, path, and site effects; the use of colocated sets of earthquakes appears to offer significant advantages in improving resolution of all three estimates, especially if data are from a single site or sites with similar site response.
MODES OF TRANSPORT ON SHORT JOURNEYS: ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE INHABITANTS OF GOTHENBURG

During the past 20 years, car traffic in Europe has increased at an explosive rate, which has had a negative effect on both the external environment and the quality of life. The purpose of this study, which replicates an earlier study under the name ADONIS (Analysis and Development of New Insight into Substitution of short car trips by cycling and walking), was to increase understanding of the factors controlling the choice of transport mode and to provide proposals on how people can be motivated to choose a transport mode which is more favourable for the environment. This study, which was carried out in Gothenburg, analysed short journeys on foot, cycle and car with the aid of a travel diary and an attitude survey. The attitude survey was designed in accordance with an expanded version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour which included; attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and habit. The attitude survey showed that the variables in the expanded version of the theory explained between 42 to 69 per cent of the intention to walk, cycle or drive a car for a short distance. The variables which had the highest explanatory value were perceived behavioural control and habit. In accordance with the theory, the effects of socio-economic factors were indirect, apart from the observation that gender was an important factor in explaining the intention to walk. This means that the Theory of Planned Behaviour together with habit can advantageously be used in the evaluation of different projects. (A)
Estudio de las pérdidas de propagación en función de la frecuencia en interiores para canales MIMO-UWB

En este articulo se presentan parte de los resultados extraidos de una campana de medidas para sistemas Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Ultra-Wideband (UWB) realizada en la Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena. Se analiza el canal MIMO-UWB, y mas concretamente, las perdidas de propagacion, en interiores en caso de vision directa (LoS) y para diversas polarizaciones de los arrays transmisores y receptores. Debido al gran ancho de banda empleado por las comunicaciones UWB, se analiza ademas, el comportamiento de las perdidas de propagacion en funcion de la frecuencia.
The energetic cost of egg production in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana)

A female Antarctic krill loses 34% of its body mass when it lays a batch of eggs. This represents a considerable input of energy which was estimated using a combination of measured mass and energy differences in female krill and from the measured energetic content of ovarian tissue. Large (c. 50 mm) female krill lose 2.9–3.8 kJ each time a batch of eggs is laid. Calculations using this figure indicate that multiple spawning by Antarctic krill in a season would require above average phytoplankton concentrations (> 0.5 μg chl a 1−1) and filtration rates which are close to the maximum reported (> 10 l h−1).
Morphological Characterisation And Molecular Sex Determination Of Human Remains From The 15th–17th Centuries In Latvia

Abstract Sex determination is one of the most important and initial steps in human profile identification from archaeological material. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the application of molecular approaches alongside morphological methods for sex determination in archaeological human skeletal remains. Human skeletal remains were excavated from three cemeteries: St Gertrude Old Church, Dom Square and St Peter’s Church, of 15th–17th century burials in Rīga, Latvia. Morphological and molecular genetic methods, including amplification of genes AMELX/Y and SRY were used to analyse seven skeletal remains. The conducted analyses of morphological features identified sex in all seven cases (two females and five males). By molecular analyses of mediaeval DNA it was possible to determine sex in five of seven (71%) samples. In all positive cases full agreement between morphological estimation and molecular genetic methods was observed. To conclude, DNA analysis can be considered for sex identification in cases with no signs of sexual dimorphism (juvenile skeletons) or partially preserved skeletons.
WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA 1

ABSTRACT: Nonpoint pollution in the form of runoff generated by conventional agricultural practices is one of the major sources of environmental degradation of surface water bodies. Agricultural conservation practices including no‐tillage operations have been introduced as alternatives to cope with such challenges. This study attempts to examine the economic and environmental impacts of no‐tillage as compared to conventional agricultural practices for cotton, soybeans and corn cultivated in the Mississippi Delta. Impacts in the form of sediment, nutrient and pesticide runoff at farm level are investigated, using the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC).
Solar cycle dependence of High‐Intensity Long‐Duration Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) events, relativistic electron predictors?

High‐Intensity, Long‐Duration, Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) events are studied using long‐term geomagnetic and solar wind/interplanetary databases. We use the strict definition of a HILDCAA event, that it occurs outside of the main phase of a magnetic storm, the peak AE is >1000 nT, and the duration is at least 2 days long. One hundred thirty‐three events have been identified from the AE indices in the 1975 to 2011 interval, a ~3½ solar cycle span. Of the 133 events, 99 had simultaneous interplanetary data available. The overwhelmed majority (94%) of these latter cases were associated with high‐speed solar wind stream (HSS) events. The remaining 6% of the cases occurred after the passage of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). The HSS‐related events were typically associated with large interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz variances. The ICME‐related events were characterized by steady southward Bz intervals or low‐frequency fluctuations, both of which we view as possible different interplanetary phenomena. HILDCAA events have been found to have their largest occurrence frequency in the solar cycle descending phase (~6.8/year) with the second largest at solar minimum (~3.5/year). The occurrence frequencies were considerably lower in the ascending phase (~2.5/year) and at solar maximum (~2.2/year). Thus, HILDCAAs can occur during all phases of the solar cycle, with the descending phase approximately three times more likely to have an event than at solar maximum and the ascending phase. The HILDCAA events that occurred in the declining phase and at solar minimum were >20% longer in duration than those in the ascending phase and solar maximum, respectively. The events during the recent solar and geomagnetic minima, 2007–2009, were, on the average, ~17% and 14% weaker in peak AE than the events during the previous two minima of 1995–1997 and 1985–1987, respectively. The recent minimum events were ~35% and 41% shorter in durations, respectively, than the events during those previous minima. The yearly occurrence of the events exhibited statistically significant correlation (>0.70) with yearly average speed and number of HSSs. No seasonal dependence of HILDCAA was noted.
Near‐surface and near‐bottom radon results for the 1969 North Pacific Geosecs Station

Comparison of radon and radium results from the upper 100 meters of the water column at the Geosecs intercalibration station reveal deficiencies of radon consistent with those found at other places in the surface ocean. They suggest a gas exchange rate “piston velocity” of approximately 6 m/day. In the bottom 100 meters of the water column radon excesses were found. As a maximum in the excess radon was observed 50 meters above the bottom in two separate casts, a simple vertical diffusion model cannot account for the observations. Lateral influx must be taking place.
Predicting soil erosion by water : a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)

Renard, K.G. , G.R. Foster, G.A. Weesies, D.K. McCool, and D.C. Yoder, coordinators. Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Planning With the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 703, 404 pp. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is an erosion model predicting longtime average annual soil loss (A) resulting from raindrop splash and runoff from specific field slopes in specified cropping and management systems and from rangeland. Widespread use has substantiated the RUSLE’s usefulness and validity. RUSLE retains the six factors of Agriculture Handbook No. 537 to calculate A from a hillslope. Technology for evaluating these factor values has been changed and new data added. The technology has been computerized to assist calculation. Thus soil-loss evaluations can be made for conditions not included in the previous handbook using fundamental information available in three data bases: CITY, which includes monthly precipitation and temperature, front-free period, annual rainfall erosivity (R) and twice monthly distributions of storm erosivity (E); CROP, including below-ground biomass, canopy cover, and canopy height at 15-day intervals as well as information on crop characteristics; and OPERATION, reflecting soil and cover disturbances that are associated with typical farming operations.
Intercomparison of Global Upper-Air Temperature Datasets from Radiosondes and Satellites

Global upper-air temperature datasets figure prominently in climate change detection and attribution studies. Radiosonde and satellite observations have been compiled to create long-term datasets for climate studies. Different groups have addressed data quality, spatial sampling, and temporal homogeneity issues differently, and no single data product has yet emerged as a generally-recognized reference. Thus a suite of datasets is available to the scientific community, and differences among them are a measure of our uncertainty about changes in upper-air temperature over the past two to five decades.
Simulation of stratospheric tracers using an improved empirically based two-dimensional model transport

We have developed a new empirically based transport formulation for use in our Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) two-dimensional chemistry and transport model. In this formulation, we consider much of the information about atmospheric transport processes available from existing data sets. This includes zonal mean temperature, zonal wind, net heating rates, and Eliassen-Palm flux diagnostics for planetary and synoptic-scale waves. We also account for the effects of gravity waves and equatorial Kelvin waves by utilizing previously developed parameterizations in which the zonal mean flow is constrained to observations. This scheme utilizes significantly more information compared to our previous formulation and results in simulations that are in substantially better agreement with observations. The new model transport captures much of the qualitative structure and seasonal variability observed in stratospheric long lived tracers, such as isolation of the tropics and the southern hemisphere winter polar vortex, the well-mixed surf-zone region of the winter subtropics and midlatitudes, and the latitudinal and seasonal variations of total ozone. Model simulations of carbon 14 and strontium 90 are in good agreement with observations, capturing the peak in mixing ratio at 20–25 km and the decrease with altitude in mixing ratio above 25 km. We also find mostly good agreement between modeled and observed age of air determined from SF6 outside of the northern hemisphere polar vortex. However, inside the vortex, the model simulates significantly younger air compared to observations. This is consistent with the model deficiencies in simulating CH4 in this region and illustrates the limitations of the current climatological zonal mean model formulation. The model correctly propagates the phase of the lower stratospheric seasonal cycles in 2CH4+H2O and CO2. The model also qualitatively captures the observed decrease in the amplitude of the stratospheric CO2 seasonal cycle between the tropics and midlatitudes. However, the simulated seasonal amplitudes were attenuated too rapidly with altitude in the tropics. The generally good model-measurement agreement of these tracer simulations demonstrate that a successful formulation of zonal mean transport processes can be constructed from currently available atmospheric data sets.
Water mass transformation in the Southern Ocean of a global isopycnal coordinate GCM

Abstract A global isopycnal coordinate GCM is used to investigate the processes that drive the meridional circulation, transformation, and interocean exchange of water masses in the Southern Ocean. The noneddy-resolving model (mesh size 1.25°) includes an active mixed layer, parameterized bolus transport, and seasonally varying surface fluxes. The model gives a plausible picture of the formation and circulation of subantarctic mode water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). Progressively denser versions of SAMW and AAIW form in the Indian and Pacific Oceans as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current drifts south and loses buoyancy. SAMW forms predominantly in the Indian Ocean, at a rate of 20 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), while AAIW forms mainly in the Pacific sector, at a rate of 8.5 Sv. Throughout the circumpolar zone 25°–42.5°S, there is a net formation of 11 Sv of SAMW, largely by surface cooling. This SAMW is exported northward across 25°S into the subtropical gyres. The properties, distribution, and re.
Garnet zoning in high pressure granulite-facies metapelites, Mozambique belt, SE-Kenya: constraints on the cooling history

Three metapelitic samples from the granulite facies Taita Hills, part of the Neoproterozoic Mozambique belt in SE-Kenya, contain nearly pure almandine-pyrope garnets. These garnets show a diffusional zoning of X Fe = Fe/(Fe+Mg) at the rim over a distance of ∼200-500 μm if in contact with biotite. Garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange thermometry yields closure temperatures between 530–735°C. Diffusion zoning profiles in garnets are used to estimate cooling rates using a numerical model. For the calculations a metamorphic peak temperature and pressure of 820°C and 1.15 GPa are obtained from mafic granulites. Matching of numerically modelled and observed zoning profiles indicates cooling rates between 1–3°C/my. Comparison with cooling rates estimated with the analytical approach of Ehlers & Powell (1994) and with geochronologically derived cooling rates shows that the volumetric ratio of biotite to garnet was about 0.5 during closure. This is consistent with the volumetric ratio observed in thin section, but inconsistent with microprobe analyses that indicate that only biotite in the immediate vicinity of garnet equilibrated with garnet. Conversely, significant garnet zoning only occurs where in contact with biotite. We suggest that these inconsistencies can be explained with changes in the grain boundary processes during cooling: in the thermal evolution above the closure temperature around 735°C a fast grain boundary model applied so that all biotite in the thin section equilibrated with garnet. At lower temperatures local zoning developed, but did not influence the composition of the garnet grain centers. The change in grain boundary process from fast to slow diffusing grain boundaries may correlate with the solidus temperature of the rock.
Observation of perennial Arctic sea ice melt and freeze-up using passive microwave data

The onset of spring melt and autumn freeze-up of Arctic sea ice are shown, through comparison with coincident ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and surface air temperature data, to produce significant and detectable changes in the passive microwave signature. Melt onset is marked by a sharp rise in brightness temperatures resulting from the increased emissivity of moisture in the snow cover. Freeze-up is accompanied by a sharp drop in brightness temperatures because of volume scattering by bubbles in the upper ice layer. An algorithm is developed to detect melt and freeze-up from passive microwave data and is applied to the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data from 1979 to 1996. The mean accuracy of melt and freeze-up dates determined from the SSM/I is estimated to be ±2 and ±3 days, respectively. The reduced temporal sampling of the SMMR degrades the accuracy by 1 day. On average, melt onset varies from late May in the southern Beaufort Sea to mid-June in the central Arctic north of the Canadian archipelago, while freeze-up varies between mid-September and mid-August. The shortest melt season appears to occur north of the Canadian archipelago rather than at the North Pole, which is consistent with the fact that minimum summer air temperatures are centered over Greenland. The mean standard deviations of the interannual variability of melt and freeze-up are 6.8 and 11.4 days, respectively.