Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aspects of modern cosmology

The main work of this thesis can be summarised as: • An implementation of canonical quantisation to the covariant and gauge-invariant approach to cosmological perturbations. Standard results are reproduced. We discuss the advantages of this formalism over non-covariant and non gauge-invariant formalisms . • A characterisation of linear gravitational waves in a covariant way is achieved. The evolution equations for the electric and magnetic parts of the Weyl tensor are shown to be of different order. In particular, the electric part appears to have a third order evolution equation, while the magnetic part has a second order evolution equation. • It is shown that the "silent" nature of the evolution equations for for irrotational dust can be extended to the case of vortical dust. This may be relevant for the endpoints of gravitational collapse since the vorticity begins to grow as soon as density contrast becomes non-linear, as is the case in galaxies, showing that the irrotational silent universes are unstable. The main problem in accepting such vortical silent universes lies in proving integrability of the equations which has not been achieved so far, even in the irrotational case. • A review of issues in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is given, focussing particularly on points such as ergodicity, decaying modes, foreground contamination, recombination, spectral distortions and polarisation of the CMB. • A review of methods in gravitational lensing is presented, together with a hierarchy of distance measures in cosmology, forming an introduction to the following two chapters. • A common belief that photon conservation implies that the all-sky averaged area
Effect of spin-orbit scattering on transport properties of low-dimensional dilute alloys

e scope of this thesis is to gain insight, by means of ab initio-calculations, into the physics of momentum and spin relaxation phenomena induced by electron scattering at impurities and defects in the noble metals copper, silver and gold. e main results are subdivided in three parts. In the rst part, momentumand spinrelaxation times due to scattering at 3d, 4sp, 4d, 5sp , 5d and 6sp impurities in copper and gold fcc bulk are investigated. e inversion symmetry of the crystals leads to a two-fold degeneracy of all states on the Fermi surface, and therefore spin relaxation is dominated by the Elliott-Yafet mechanism as well as the spin-orbit coupling of the impurity. For impurities in gold, we calculate much shorter spin-relaxation times than in copper because of the stronger spin-orbit coupling of the gold host. Furthermore, we have found important qualitative differences between the relaxation times obtained for the dand the spimpurities. As scattering at d-impurities is resonant, the electrons spend much more time at the impurity sites than in the case of the sp-impurities; therefore, they are much longer exhibited to the spin-orbit coupling of the impurity. is results in considerably shorter spin-relaxation times, even if the momentum scattering rates are in the same order of magnitude. Finally, the investigation of interference of scattering processes at impurity dimers reveals that relevant differences to the independent-impurity approximation appear only for strong d-scatterer, placed at nearest neighboring sites. In the second part we investigate the reduction of spin-conserving surface-state lifetimes induced by adatomand impurity-scattering on the (111) surfaces of copper, silver and gold lms with different thicknesses. We have found strong qualitative differences in the lifetimes when comparing the results for adatoms to those of impurities in the rst and second layer. e trends for the latter ones are similar to those calculated in bulk in the rst part of the thesis. In the third part, we investigate spin-orbit induced effects on thin (001) and (111) copper and gold lms with focus on spin-relaxation mechanisms. We consider both symmetric and asymmetric systems, where the asymmetry of the latter ones is created by covering one side of the lm with one layer of Zn. For the symmetric lms, spin-mixing parameters and momentumand spin-relaxation times due to scattering at self-adatoms are calculated. Whereas the largest spin-mixing in (111) lms has been obtained for the surface states, on the Fermi surfaces of the (001) lms spin hot spots occur, which are caused by anticrossings of bands and lead to locally very high spin mixing.
Development and Application of Numerical Techniques for General-Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics Simulations of Black Hole Accretion

We describe the implementation of sophisticated numerical techniques for general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations in the Athena++ code framework. Improvements over many existing codes include the use of advanced Riemann solvers and of staggered-mesh constrained transport. Combined with considerations for computational performance and parallel scalability, these allow us to investigate black hole accretion flows with unprecedented accuracy. The capability of the code is demonstrated by exploring magnetically arrested disks.
Review of status developments of high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells

In order to further improve cell efficiency and reduce cost in achieving grid parity, a large number of PV manufacturing companies, universities and research institutes have been devoted to a variety of low-cost and high-efficiency crystalline Si solar cells. In this article, the cell structures, characteristics and efficiency progresses of several types of high-efficiency crystalline Si solar cells that have been in small scale production or are promising in mass production are presented, including passivated emitter rear cell, tunnel oxide passivated contact solar cell, interdigitated back contact cell, heterojunction with intrinsic thin-layer cell, and heterojunction solar cells with interdigitated back contacts. Both the industrialization status and future development trend of high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells are also pinpointed.
Exploring the Benefits of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation and Diarrhea—From an Antioxidant Perspective

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by an abnormal immune response, includes two distinct types: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Extensive research has revealed that the pathogeny of IBD encompasses genetic factors, environmental factors, immune dysfunction, dysbiosis, and lifestyle choices. Furthermore, patients with IBD exhibit both local and systemic oxidative damage caused by the excessive presence of reactive oxygen species. This oxidative damage exacerbates immune response imbalances, intestinal mucosal damage, and dysbiosis in IBD patients. Meanwhile, the weaning period represents a crucial phase for pigs, during which they experience pronounced intestinal immune and inflammatory responses, leading to severe diarrhea and increased mortality rates. Pigs are highly similar to humans in terms of physiology and anatomy, making them a potential choice for simulating human IBD. Although the exact mechanism behind IBD and post-weaning diarrhea remains unclear, the oxidative damage, in its progression and pathogenesis, is well acknowledged. Besides conventional anti-inflammatory drugs, certain probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains, have been found to possess antioxidant properties. These include the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, chelating metal ions to inhibit the Fenton reaction, and the regulation of host antioxidant enzymes. Consequently, numerous studies in the last two decades have committed to exploring the role of probiotics in alleviating IBD. Here, we sequentially discuss the oxidative damage in IBD and post-weaning diarrhea pathogenesis, the negative consequences of oxidative stress on IBD, the effectiveness of probiotics in IBD treatment, the application of probiotics in weaned piglets, and the potential antioxidant mechanisms of probiotics.
An Exact Solution for the Differential Equation Governing the Lateral Motion of Thin Plates Subjected to Lateral and In-Plane Loadings

One of the powerful analytical methods to solve partial differential equations is the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). This paper presents a novel approach for the dynamic analysis of a flexible plate by using the ADM, which is a Boundary Value Problem (BVP). In this regard, a general approach based on the generalized Fourier series expansion is applied. The obtained analytical solution is simplified in terms of a given orthogonal basis functions that these functions satisfy the boundary conditions of plate. For the first time, we solved this equation using ADM and compared the results with those of the modal classical analysis in two cases to demonstrate the validity of the present study.
Transporting Dispersed Cylindrical Granules: An Intelligent Strategy Inspired by an Elephant Trunk

Manipulating granular materials is a crucial function of robotic grippers. However, the existing approaches always suffer from low efficiency when dealing with large quantities of dispersed granules. To overcome this challenge, inspiration is drawn from an African elephant (Loxodonta Africana), which can employ both fingertip extensions on the trunk tip to efficiently grasp dispersed granular food all at once by mediating state transition of granules. Herein, this bio‐inspired intelligent strategy is integrated into a soft pneumatic gripper for transporting dispersed granules. To evaluate the critical actuation pressures while grasping granules, a library is constructed experimentally, and the effects of the initial relative height and relative lifting speed on the grasping success rate are examined. It is indicated in the experimental results that this trunk‐inspired robotic strategy leads to a success rate of over 90% and saves ≈50% duration of manipulation compared to the individual gripping fashion. Herein, new insights may be offered in this study into a novel manipulation strategy for efficiently transporting dispersed granular materials.
Computation of Magnetic Field Distortions and Impact on T2*-weighted MRI, with Applications to Magnetic Susceptibility Parameter Estimation

A two-step numerical computation of T2* signal weighting maps in gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging in the presence of an object with varied susceptibility property is presented. In the first step, the magnetic scalar potential is computed for an arbitrary 2D magnetic susceptibility distribution using an algebraic solver. The corresponding magnetic field disturbance is computed from the magnetic scalar potential. In the second step, nonlinear operations are used to compute T2* from the magnetic field disturbance and then to generate a map of T2* signal weighting. The linearity of the first step of the solution process is used to implement a superposition of basis solutions approach that increases computational efficiency. Superposition of basis solutions, computed from a system composed of a single node of differing magnetic susceptibility from the surround, herein referred to as the base system, is found to provide an accurate estimation of the scalar potential for arbitrary susceptibility distributions. Afterwards, nonlinear computation of the T2* signal weighting maps can be performed. The properties of the algebraic magnetic scalar potential solver are discussed in this work. Finally, the linearity of the magnetic scalar potential solver is used to estimate the magnetic susceptibility of various objects from in vitro MR-imaging data acquired at 9.4 T.
Real-time bioaerosol detecting via combination of cyclone based collecting system and SiNW biosensor

The recent outbreak of coronavirus has raised people’s awareness of respiratory diseases by creating unprecedentedly high infection rates and deaths. Accordingly, the importance of indoor air quality management and the need for regulations have emerged, and various indoor air quality management activities such as ventilation and mask wearing have been carried out. However, unlike these efforts, real-time analysis of internal airborne bioaerosols still needs a lot of improvement. The naturally very low concentration of bioaerosols makes them unsuitable for existing biosensor research in development, which requires highly concentrated liquid samples. Therefore, it is necessary to collect high concentration of bioaerosol with liquid form in real time. In this study, by utilizing cyclone sampler, continuous sampling obtaining highly concentrated bioaerosol sample can be achieved rather than the existing discontinuous impactor method, and a study was conducted to implement real-time analysis based on silicon nanowire biosensor. Structural optimization was performed based on computational fluid dynamics analysis of the air flow inside the bioaerosol sampler, and the performance was investigated using Aspergillus niger fungus and standard particles, which show a low cut-off size of 0.5 um. Finally, possibility of real-time analysis was confirmed through continuous collection test. The proposed technology is expected to make a significant contribution to the systematic management of indoor air quality management and the prevention of respiratory diseases through linkage with internet of things technology.
Avaliação Automática de Redação: Uma revisão sistemática

A Avaliação Automática de Redação (do inglês, Automatic Essay Scoring - AES) tem sido tema amplamente explorado na literatura. Ela permite dispensar o esforço humano aplicado na correção de um grande número de redações em um curto espaço de tempo. A maior parte dos trabalhos se concentra no esforço de desenvolver algoritmos que sejam capazes de corrigir automaticamente textos em inglês. No entanto, para a língua portuguesa, essa ainda é uma área que está em desenvolvimento. Neste contexto, este artigo apresenta um Mapeamento Sistemático da Literatura que busca identificar as abordagens de Inteligência Artificial que estão sendo utilizadas para oferecer suporte à avaliação de redações escritas na língua portuguesa. Os principais achados deste artigo incluem os seguintes fatos: (i) as abordagens dos trabalhos selecionados costumam focar no uso de atributos extraídos do texto em vez do uso de modelos pré-treinados baseados em Deep Learning; (ii) existe prevalência de métricas tradicionais, como Precisão, Cobertura e F-Measure na validação dos resultados; (iii) os feedbacks gerados pelas abordagens possuem um baixo detalhamento; e (iv) os artigos selecionados não analisam o impacto prático em aplicações do mundo real.
Fast envelope algorithms

: In this paper, we develop new fast algorithms for envelope estimation that are stable and can be used in contemporary complex envelope estimation problems. Under the sequential 1D envelope algorithm framework of Cook and Zhang (2016), we develop an envelope coordinate descent (ECD) algorithm that is shown to be much faster than the existing 1D algorithm without loss of accuracy. We also propose a novel class of envelope component screening (ECS) algorithms that serve as a screening step that can further signiﬁcantly speed computation and that shows promise as precursor methodology when n ≤ p . The ECD and ECS algorithms have both shown promising performance in extensive simulation studies and a data analysis.
A pilot case series for concurrent validation of inertial measurement units to motion capture in individuals who use unilateral lower-limb prostheses

Introduction Inertial measurement units (IMUs) may be viable options to collect gait data in clinics. This study compared IMU to motion capture data in individuals who use unilateral lower-limb prostheses. Methods Participants walked with lower-body IMUs and reflective markers in a motion analysis space. Sagittal plane hip, knee, and ankle waveforms were extracted for the entire gait cycle. Discrete points of peak flexion, peak extension, and range of motion were extracted from the waveforms. Stance times were also extracted to assess the IMU software’s accuracy at detecting gait events. IMU and motion capture-derived data were compared using absolute differences and root mean square error (RMSE). Results Five individuals (n = 3 transtibial; n = 2 transfemoral) participated. IMU prosthetic limb data was similar to motion capture (RMSE: waveform ≤4.65°; discrete point ≤9.04°; stance ≤0.03s). However, one transfemoral participant had larger differences at the microprocessor knee joint (RMSE: waveform ≤15.64°; discrete ≤29.21°) from IMU magnetometer interference. Intact limbs tended to have minimal differences between IMU and motion capture data (RMSE: waveform ≤6.33°; discrete ≤9.87°; stance ≤0.04s). Conclusion Findings from this pilot study suggest IMUs have the potential to collect data similar to motion capture systems in sagittal plane kinematics and stance time.
Hybrid Finite Element–Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Modelling for Optimizing Cutting Parameters in CFRP Composites

Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) is increasingly being used in various applications including aerospace, automotive, wind energy, sports, and robotics, which makes the precision modelling of its machining operations a critical research area. However, the classic finite element modelling (FEM) approach has limitations in capturing the complexity of machining, particularly with regard to the interaction between the fibre–matrix interface and the cutting edge. To overcome this limitation, a hybrid approach that integrates smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPHs) with FEM was developed and tested in this study. The hybrid FEM-SPH approach was compared with the classic FEM approach and validated with experimental measurements that took into account the cutting tool’s round edge. The results showed that the hybrid FEM-SPH approach outperformed the classic FEM approach in predicting the thrust force and bounce back of CFRP machining due to the integrated cohesive model and the element conversion after failure in the developed approach. The accurate representation of the fibre–matrix interface in the FEM-SPH approach resulted in predicting precise chip formation in terms of direction and morphology. Nonetheless, the computing time of the FEM-SPH approach is higher than the classic FEM. The developed hybrid FEM-SPH model is promising for improving the accuracy of simulation in machining processes, combining the benefits of both techniques.
Ionospheric Response to the X9.3 Flare on 6 September 2017 and Its Implication for Navigation Services Over Europe

On 6 September 2017, an X‐class flare of the magnitude 9.3 occurred around noon UT, being the strongest flare event in a decade. The flare itself was the highlight of a quite interesting phase of solar‐terrestrial interactions caused by the active region known as the Catania sunspot group 46 or active region number 2673 on the NOAA catalog. From 3 to 13 September 2017 strong flare activities occurred, accompanied by a number of radio bursts and earthward‐directed coronal mass ejections. Solar wind influences at Earth were modest during the flare activity and limited to the polar regions (Linty et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001940). But, the strong X9.3 flare itself had impacts on the dayside ionosphere causing some problems in navigation services as we present within this paper. The event data observed and analyzed give us the opportunity to improve our understanding of strong and extreme space weather events and allow us to distinguish between the influence of the different event classes on our technological infrastructure within periods of strong solar activity. Here we will discuss our observations with special focus on the X9.3 flare event and provide examples how the flare itself influenced services in the domains of aviation and maritime navigation in the European sector.
MEDIATING ROLE OF FIRM SIZE FOR ETHCIAL E-PROCUREMENT IMPLEMENTATION: EMPLOYEE PERCEPTION FROM SMES

The current study examines the mediating role of firms’ size between perceived benefits and perceived implementation of cost for ethical e-procurement implementation in small and medium size firms of Sindh, Pakistan. For the achievement of research objectives, the required primary data gathered using the adopted questionnaire and the researcher used survey method. Total 300 questionnaires distributed among middle level and upper-level employees and 270 filled questionnaires returned for further analysis and data cleaning process. The response rate was 90 percent. Confirmatory factor analysis and SEM analysis performed in AMOS version 25 for the study of the collected data. The study's findings supported the hypotheses that both perceived benefits and perceived costs have a partial mediating influence on the adoption of ethical e-procurement in small and medium-sized businesses in Sindh, Pakistan. The result of study are insights for the top management and managers of SMEs in order to arrange workshops intended for employees for better implementation of ethical e-procurement in small and medium size firms situated in Sindh, Pakistan.
PROMOTING SELF-EFFICACY OF PROSPECTIVE MUSIC TEACHERS: THEORETICAL INSIGHTS

Scientific literature shows that cultivating self-efficacy is conducive to learner in-depth study of music, independent choices and perseverance in the field of music. However, most current research studies focus on self-efficacy in primary and secondary education, whereas the self-efficacy of prospective music teachers has been scarcely investigated. Considering the importance of self-efficacy in music activities of prospective music teachers, a study on the particularity of prospective music teachers’ self-efficacy has been initiated: the literature analysis method has been used, and a large number of literature sources related to self-efficacy and music education have been analysed. The following problem question is formulated: what is the particularity of self-efficacy in music education? The aim of this research is to analyse the concept of self-efficacy in music education. Research results show that self-efficacy determines the judgment of prospective music teachers on their learning, performance, and teaching abilities. Factors that affect the self-efficacy of prospective music teachers include mastery of experiences, vicarious experience, social persuasion, and emotional and psychological states.
An Affine Space over a Module

In the paper basic notions of an affine space over a linear space, usually called an affine space over a field, have been made generalizations in an affine space over a module. Some properties of the affine mapping in an affine space over a module are also investigated. Isomorphism of affine spaces associated with a module is considered as well.
An Efficient Piecewise Linear Approximation of Non-linear Operations for Transformer Inference

Transformer-based models have achieved remarkable performance across various tasks, while the computational complexity presents an obstacle for deploying on resource-constrained devices. To this end, this paper proposes an efficient approximation framework termed NPLA for approximating non-linear operations during Transformer inference on hardware accelerators. Specifically, NPLA enables the approximation of non-linear operations using non-uniform piecewise linear functions and directly converts coefficients into LUTs for hardware implementation. Experimental results demonstrate that NPLA can reduce the hardware cost by 13.43× in LUTs and 1.98× in DSP compared to the state-of-the-art method.
METAPHORS AND SIMILES IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN PROSE

The article presents a survey of the metaphor- and simile-related researches in modern linguistics and considers stylistic functions of metaphors and similes in contemporary fiction. It is based on the novel The Goldfinch (2013) written by the American writer D. Tartt, the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (2014). It proves that the tropes in question used in the book are unique and striking. They perform figurative and descriptive functions, contribute to the expressiveness and emotiveness of the text, help to convey the characters’ psychological frame of mind and produce a dramatic effect.