Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CXLVI. THE EXTRACTIVE PURINES OF MUSCLE. I.

DETERMINATIONS of the purine-nitrogen content of dog and rabbit skeletal muscle before and after extraction with boiling water show that the proportion of extractive purines is very considerable, amounting to over 50 % of the total muscle-purine content. The extractive purine content is fairly constant, and appears to be independent of the state of nutrition [Dmochowski, 1928, 1, 2]. In view of the fact that purine-nitrogen content has been taken as a base for researches on reserve protein, and also in view of the conflicting results obtained by previous workers in this field, it appeared necessary once again to investigate both quantitatively and qualitatively the purine substances present in skeletal muscle. A review of the literature dealing with muscle-purines, in particular with extractive purines, shows a state of chaos. We have in another paper [Dmochowski, 1929] given a critical review of these papers; the discrepancies between the results of the various authors are illustrated by Table I, from which it will be seen that the purine-nitrogen content of muscle extracts as given by different authors varies from 2 to 129 mg. per 100 g.
Early correction of NMDAR function improves autistic-like social behaviors in adult Shank2−/− mice

Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) involve neurodevelopmental dysregulations that lead to visible symptoms at early stages of life. Many ASD-related mechanisms suggested by animal studies are supported by demonstrated improvement in autistic-like phenotypes in adult animals following experimental reversal of dysregulated mechanisms. However, whether such mechanisms also act at earlier stages to cause autistic-like phenotypes is unclear. Methods: We used Shank2−/− mice carrying a mutation identified in human ASD (exons 6 and 7 deletion) and combined electrophysiological and behavioral analyses to see if early pathophysiology at pup stages is different from late pathophysiology at juvenile and adult stages, and correcting early pathophysiology can normalize late pathophysiology and abnormal behaviors in juvenile and adult mice. Results: Early correction of a dysregulated mechanism in young mice prevents manifestation of autistic-like social behaviors in adult mice. Shank2−/− mice, known to display N-methyl-Daspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction and autistic-like behaviors at post-weaning stages after postnatal day 21 (P21), show the opposite synaptic phenotype—NMDAR hyperfunction—at an earlier pre-weaning stage (~P14). Moreover, this NMDAR hyperfunction at P14 rapidly shifts to NMDAR hypofunction after weaning (~P24). Chronic suppression of the early NMDAR hyperfunction by the NMDAR antagonist memantine (P7-21) prevents NMDAR hypofunction and autistic-like social behaviors from manifesting at later stages (~P28 and P56). Conclusions: Early NMDAR hyperfunction leads to late NMDAR hypofunction and autisticlike social behaviors in Shank2−/− mice, and early correction of NMDAR dysfunction has the long-lasting effect of preventing autistic-like social behaviors from developing at later stages.
: SL Sn ; QX-314 restores gating charge immobilization abolished by chloramine-T treatment in squid giant axons

The gating status of the QX-314 bound Na channels before and after suppressing the fast inactivation by chloramine-T (CT) was investigated by studying the gating charge immobilization using the OFF gating current (/g,OFF) CT treatment, which abolishes the charge immobilization induced by a prolonged depolarization, altered the kinetics Of /,OFF: the fast phase became insensitive to the pulse duration and the slow phase became three times faster than the control one. However, internally applied QX-314 (in the presence of external TTX) caused an immediate charge immobilization similar to that observed in the absence of CT treatment. The /g,wF exhibited kinetics similar to the inactivated channels, decaying with a very fast time course. We conclude that the charge immobilization is restored by QX-314 in the chloramine-T-treated axon and that the gating state of the QX-314-bound channel is similar to the inactivated one. The role of the gating charge immobilization in the use-dependent block mechanism is discussed.
Cytomegalovirus Viral Load Kinetics Predict Cytomegalovirus End-Organ Disease and Mortality After Hematopoietic Cell Transplant

Anat Stern, Yiqi Su, Henry Dumke, Jiaqi Fang, Roni Tamari, Ann Jakubowski, Christina Cho, Sergio Giralt, Miguel-Angel Perales, and Genovefa A. Papanicolaou Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA, Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA, and Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
Unrealistic Post-Surgical Expectation of Independence (UPSI) Predicts Complex Hospital Discharge

Background: Careful discharge planning for older surgical patients can reduce length of stay, readmission, and cost. We hypothesized that patients who overestimate their self-care ability prior to surgery are more likely to have complex post-operative discharge planning. Materials and methods: The Vulnerable Elders Surgical Pathways and Outcomes Assessment (VESPA) is a brief pre-operative assessment that can identify older (age >=70) patients with multidimensional geriatric risk, defined by all three of the following: (1) physical or cognitive impairment, (2) living alone, and (3) lack of handicap-accessible home. The VESPA also asks a novel post-operative self-care ability question, whether patient can independently provide self-care for several hours after discharge. Classifying patients into four groups based on multidimensional geriatric risk (full vs none/partial) and the self-care ability question (yes/no), we hypothesized those with Unrealistic Post-Surgical expectation of Independence (UPSI) (both fully at risk + “yes” to self-care ability question ) would be at the elevated risk for complex discharge planning. Complex discharge planning was defined as prolonged stay due to nonmedical reasons or multiple changes in discharge plans. Corresponding author: Lillian Min, Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, 300 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, lmin@med.umich. edu, Telephone: 734-615-5453, Fax: 734-647-9647. Author contributions: Study conception and design: Chan, Diehl, Hall, Min Acquisition of data: Chan, Diehl, Palazzolo, Min Analysis and interpretation of data: Chan, Diehl, Hall, Palazzolo, Pollock, Min Drafting of manuscript: Chan, Diehl, Min Critical revision: Chan, Diehl, Hall, Palazzolo, Pollock, Min Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. HHS Public Access Author manuscript J Surg Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 March 01. Published in final edited form as: J Surg Res. 2019 March ; 235: 501–512. doi:10.1016/j.jss. 2018.10. 031. A uhor M anscript
The effect of nitrate and monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation1

Two experiments evaluated the effect of calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate (calcium nitrate [NIT]) and monensin sodium (MON) on in vitro fermentation parameters of 2 contrasting diets (100:0 and 10:90 forage-to-concentrate ratios). Diet addition of NIT (0, 1.25, and 2.5 g/100 g DM) and MON (0, 3, and 6 mg/L) were tested alone and combined (9 treatments total; 5 bottles per treatment). Mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated in anaerobic media containing 0.5 g of substrate diet, 1 of 9 treatments, and 40 mL buffer solution. Incubations were performed in batch cultures for 48 h at 39°C. Headspace gas volume was measured and sampled at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h, and the VFA profile was assessed at the end of the experiment. Total gas production was reduced by NIT (87.9 vs. 94.6 mL; P < 0.01) and MON (78.6 vs. 94.6 mL; P < 0.01) and, in Exp. 2, further reduced by NIT+MON when the additives were combined (161.1 vs. 196.9 mL; P < 0.01). Methane production from control in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 averaged 9.1 and 15.3 mL, respectively, and was decreased by NIT (3.4 and 8.3 mL in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively; P < 0.01), MON (4.1 and 7.7 mL; in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively; P < 0.01) and NIT+MON (1.1 and 1.5 mL; in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively; P < 0.01). Both experiments demonstrated a significant increase in nitrous oxide (N2O; P < 0.01) when NIT was added. Compared to the control treatment, IVDMD was reduced when NIT+MON was added at the higher doses in EXP1 (31.7 vs. 37.4%; P < 0.01) and EXP2 (76.6 vs. 79.9 %; P < 0.01). Net VFA production was not affected by treatments (P > 0.10), but molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were reduced by MON (P < 0.01). Propionate molar proportion was increased in both experiments by MON (P < 0.01) and further increased in Exp. 2 when the additives were combined at lower doses (P < 0.01). Compared to the control treatment, the acetate:propionate (A:P) ratio was reduced by MON in Exp. 1(1.2 vs. 2.8; P < 0.01) and Exp. 2 (1.0 vs. 2.3; P < 0.01). Fermentation efficiency (%) was increased by MON (81.7 vs. 73.7%; P < 0.01) and further increased in Exp. 2 when the additives were combined at lower doses (87.2 vs. 76.6%; P < 0.01). The combination of NIT and MON in 2 contrasting diets proved beneficial by altering fermentation products toward lower CH4 and more propionate; however, the addition of NIT consistently increased N2O production. Negative effects of the additives on IVDMD were found only when the additives were combined at higher doses.
Making Sense of Slope.

irst-year algebra has shifted from a course that focused primarily on formal procedures for simplifying symbolic expressions and solving equations to a course that emphasizes applications in which students encounter a wide variety of situations structured by patterns. By observing tables and graphs, they learn to describe and extend patterns, create equations with variables to represent patterns, and make predictions on the basis of these patterns. The study of variability and change is an essential algebraic concept that helps students make sense of our world through mathematics. Hence, understanding slope as a rate of change for variability has become an important concept for all students. Traditional algebra textbooks introduce the slope of a line as a measure defined by the ratio of vertical change to horizontal change, or “rise over run. ” In the traditional course, students practice calculating this ratio by subtracting y-values and x-values for two ordered pairs. When students are asked, What is the slope of a line? a typical response is, Isn’t that when you use the formula m = (y2 – y1)/(x2 – x1)? Although these students can calculate the slope of a line, they often do not understand the concept of slope as a rate of change. This understanding involves much more than merely memorizing and applying a formula. We have found that students’ first encounters with slope can be presented within real-world applications to give meaning to the concept. Learning is an individual process in which each student builds meaning through interactions with concrete and abstract situations. The role of the teacher is to present mathematical tasks that develop understanding, promote communication about mathematics, and enhance mathematical connections (NCTM 1991). Many students are not abstract learners and benefit from multiple instructional strategies to develop algebraic concepts. Therefore, we present and discuss examples that can be used to develop the concept of slope as a rate of change through three modes of learning: visualization, verbalization, and symbolization.
Short Communication Dynamic ‘‘Range of Motion’’ Hindlimb Stretching Disrupts Locomotor Function in Rats with Moderate Subacute Spinal Cord Injuries

Joint contractures and spasticity are two common secondary complications of a severe spinal cord injury (SCI), which can significantly reduce quality of life, and stretching is one of the top strategies for rehabilitation of these complications. We have previously shown that a daily static stretching protocol administered to rats at either acute or chronic time points after a moderate or moderate-severe T10 SCI significantly disrupts their hindlimb locomotor function. The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of dynamic range of motion (ROM) stretching on the locomotor function of rats with SCI as an alternative to static stretching. Starting at 6 weeks post-injury (T10 moderate contusion) eight adult Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to hindlimb stretching for 4 weeks. Our standard stretching protocol (six maneuvers to stretch the major hindlimb muscle groups) was modified from 1 min static stretch-and-hold at the end ROM of each stretch position to a dynamic 2 sec hold, 1 sec release rhythm repeated for a duration of 1 min. Four weeks of daily (5 days/week) dynamic stretching led to significant disruption of locomotor function as assessed by the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) Open Field Locomotor Scale and three-dimensional (3D) kinematic and gait analyses. In addition, we identified and analyzed an apparently novel hindlimb response to dynamic stretch that resembles human clonus. The results of the current study extend the observation of the stretching phenomenon to a new modality of stretching that is also commonly used in SCI rehabilitation. Although mechanisms and clinical relevance still need to be established, our findings continue to raise concerns that stretching as a therapy can potentially hinder aspects of locomotor recovery.
The prevalence and correlates of sexual arrangements in a national cohort of HIV-negative gay and bisexual men in the US

Sexual agreements have received considerable attention as an aspect of dyadic functioning associated with HIV risk. To date, this research has primarily utilized convenience samples which over-represented men from large urban areas and with higher HIV risk. The current study utilized a national cohort of 1,061 HIV-negative gay and bisexual men recruited to be geographically diverse within the U.S. The sample included 531 (50.0%) men who identified as single. Of the 530 partnered men, 240 (45.3%) were monogamous; 238 (44.9%) were in open relationships (where sex with outside partners was permitted); and 52 (9.8%) were in monogamish relationships (where sex with outside partners was limited to instances where both primary partners were present). Regardless of urban (versus non-urban) residence, men in monogamous relationships engaged in less anal sex generally and CAS specifically with casual partners. Single men reported significantly more frequent anal sex with casual partners compared to open and monogamish men; however, there were no differences among these three groups with respect to CAS with casual partners. In multivariable models, monogamish men reported significantly more frequent marijuana use and alcohol consumption compared to all other groups. Urban (versus non-urban) residence moderated associations between sexual arrangements and depression as well as the use of illicit drugs other than marijuana. These findings point to the need to better examine the potentially unique mechanisms which confer risk and resilience for gay male couples in urban versus non-urban settings. The observed association between sexual arrangements and substance use suggest interventions which facilitate the negotiation of sexual agreements may present an opportunity to engage in dyadic substance use intervention. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jeffrey T. Parsons, Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10065. Fax: 212-206-7994, Jeffrey.Parsons@hunter.cuny. edu. Conflict of Interest: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Arch Sex Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 January 01. Published in final edited form as: Arch Sex Behav. 2019 January ; 48(1): 369–382. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1282-8. A uhor M anscript
“Distances, distance distributions, and ensembles of unfolded and intrinsically disordered proteins from single-molecule FRET”

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) sample structurally diverse ensembles. Characterizing the underlying distributions of conformations is a key step towards understanding the structural and functional properties of IDPs. One increasingly popular method for obtaining quantitative information on intramolecular distances and distributions is single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Here we describe two essential elements of the quantitative analysis of single-molecule FRET data of IDPs: the sample-specific calibration of the single-molecule instrument that is required for determining accurate transfer efficiencies, and the use of state-ofthe-art methods for inferring accurate distance distributions from these transfer efficiencies. First, we illustrate how to quantify the correction factors for instrument calibration with alternating donor and acceptor excitation measurements of labeled samples spanning a wide range of transfer efficiencies. Second, we show how to infer distance distributions based on suitably parameterized simple polymer models, and how to obtain ensembles from Bayesian reweighting of molecular simulations or from parameter optimization in simplified coarse-grained models.
HowMedicare Part D Benefit Phases Affect Adherence with Evidence-Based Medications Following Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objective. Assess impact of Medicare Part D benefit phases on adherence with evidence-based medications after hospitalization for an acute myocardial infarction. Data Source. Random 5 percent sample ofMedicare beneficiaries. Study Design. Difference-in-difference analysis of drug adherence by AMI patients stratified by low-income subsidy (LIS) status and benefit phase. Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Subjects were identified with an AMI diagnosis in Medicare Part A files between April 2006 and December 2007 and followed until December 2008 or death (N = 8,900). Adherence was measured as percent of days covered (PDC) per month with four drug classes used in AMI treatment: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, statins, and clopidogrel. Monthly exposure to Part D benefit phases was calculated from flags on each Part D claim. Principal Findings. For non-LIS enrollees, transitioning from the initial coverage phase into the Part D coverage gap was associated with statistically significant reductions in mean PDC for all four drug classes: statins ( 7.8 percent), clopidogrel ( 7.0 percent), beta-blockers ( 5.9 percent), and ACE inhibitor/ARBs ( 5.1 percent). There were no significant changes in adherence associated with transitioning from the gap to the catastrophic coverage phase. Conclusions. As the Part D doughnut hole is gradually filled in by 2020, Medicare Part D enrollees with critical diseases such as AMI who rely heavily on brand name drugs are likely to exhibit modest increases in adherence. Those reliant on generic drugs are less likely to be affected.
BJRD14596 1..6

Objective: To evaluate the risk of radiation pneumonitis (RP) after stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT) for patients presenting with severe pulmonary emphysema. Methods: This study included 40 patients with Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer who underwent SBRT, 75Gy given in 30 fractions, at the Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan, between February 2010 and February 2013. The median age of the patients was 79 years (range, 49–90 years), and the male:female ratio was 24:16. There were 20 T1 and 20 T2 tumours. 17 patients had emphysema, 6 had slight interstitial changes on CT images and the remaining 17 had no underlying lung disease. The level of emphysema was classified into three groups according to the modified Goddard’s criteria (severe: three patients, moderate: eight patients and mild: six patients). Changes in the irradiated lung following SBRT were evaluated by CT. Results:OnCT images, RPwas detected in 34 (85%) patients, and not in 6 (15%) patients, during a median observation period of 313 days. Of the six patients, three had severe emphysema and three had no underlying lung disease. Patients with severe emphysema had lower risk of RP than thosewithmoderate emphysema (p50.01), mild emphysema (p50.04) and no underlying lung disease (p50.01). Conclusion: Patients with severe emphysema had a low risk of RP following SBRT. Advances in knowledge: Little is known about the association between RP and pulmonary emphysema. Patients with severe emphysema had lower risk of RP than those with no underlying lung disease.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Management of Cerebrovascular Disease to Prevent Stroke

Cerebrovascular disease is a heterogeneous disease that may require objective criteria for developing optimal recurrent stroke prevention strategies. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and angiography together with MR perfusion and functional MR imaging provide sufficient parameters to tailor medical and surgical interventions for each patient and to monitor disease compensation or progression. These MR imaging procedures are demonstrated by clinical cases of advanced cerebrovascular pathology in which treatment varied from medical management to surgical intervention.
New (cid:96) 2 − (cid:96) 0 algorithm for single-molecule localization microscopy

: Among the many super-resolution techniques for microscopy, single-molecule localization microscopy methods are widely used. This technique raises the diﬃcult question of precisely localizing ﬂuorophores from a blurred, under-resolved, and noisy acquisition. In this work, we focus on the grid-based approach in the context of a high density of ﬂuorophores formalized by a (cid:96) 2 least-square term and sparsity term modeled with (cid:96) 0 pseudo-norm. We consider both the constrained formulation and the penalized formulation. Based on recent results, we formulate the (cid:96) 0 pseudo-norm as a convex minimization problem. This is done by introducing an auxiliary variable. An exact biconvex reformulation of the (cid:96) 2 − (cid:96) 0 constrained and penalized problems is proposed with a minimization algorithm. The algorithms, named CoBic (Constrained Biconvex) and PeBic (Penalized Biconvex) are applied to the problem of single-molecule localization microscopy and we compare the results with other recently proposed methods.