Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sorting by Address Calculation

Sorting in a random access memory is essentially a process of associating the address of the location in which each item is to be placed with the identifying key of the item. The fewer times the items have to be moved from one location to another, the more efficient the sorting process. The association of memory address to key in the sorted results can be looked upon as a functional relation; for convenience this will be called the "address funct ion. " Figure 1 shows a typical plot of key against memory address. The function is discontinuous and is similar to a cumulative histogram. If this function were known in advance for a particular batch of data and if it could be easily evaluated by the computer for the key of each item, all items could be inserted initially in correct memory locations without need for subsequent rearrangement of items. In most cases, however, only a statistical approximation of the address function is available prior to sorting; and even if it were known exactly, the evaluation of the exact function would usually require an inordinate amount of calculation. The probable address function can be approximated by a simple mathematical expression. This expression, which will be called the "sorting function," can be used by the computer to calculate an approximate address for the item. The computer can then use an interfiling procedure beginning at this approximate address. Thus, an item with a high key is inserted in the high portion of the allowable range of memory locations. Similarly, an i tem with a low key is inserted in the low portion of the range. For purposes of discussion, it will be assumed tha t all keys are greater than zero. Zero can then be used to indicate an empty location. For other ranges of keys, any suitable indicator could be used. To sort an item, an address is calculated from the key with the sorting function. The machine examines the contents of tha t location. If zero, the item is inserted. If not zero, the machine compares the contents of the location with the item and makes a decision as to whether to search upward or downward for the proper location in which to insert the item. Once begun, a search upward continues until either an empty location is found or an item with a larger key. When an empty location is found, the item is inserted. When an item with a larger key is found, the item is inserted in place of the larger i tem and each subsequent item moved up one by one until the first empty space is found. If searching downward is indicated by the first
Differential predictions about future negative events in seasonal and non-seasonal depression

Background Previous research indicates that individuals with seasonal depression (SD) do not exhibit the memory biases for negative self-referent information that characterize non-seasonal depression (NSD). The current study extended this work by examining processing of self-referent emotional information concerning potential future events in SD. Method SD and NSD patients, along with never-depressed controls, completed a scenario-based measure of likelihood estimation for future positive and negative events happening either to the self or to another person. Results SD patients estimated future negative events as more likely to happen to both the self and others, relative to controls. In contrast, in the NSD sample this bias was specific to self-referred material. There were no group differences for positive events. Conclusions These data provide further evidence that the self-referent bias for processing negative information that characterizes NSD can be absent in SD, this time in the domain of future event processing.
An Information-Theoretic View for Deep Learning

Deep learning has transformed computer vision, natural language processing, and speech recognition\cite{badrinarayanan2017segnet, dong2016image, ren2017faster, ji20133d}. However, two critical questions remain obscure: (1) why do deep neural networks generalize better than shallow networks; and (2) does it always hold that a deeper network leads to better performance? Specifically, letting $L$ be the number of convolutional and pooling layers in a deep neural network, and $n$ be the size of the training sample, we derive an upper bound on the expected generalization error for this network, i.e., \begin{eqnarray*} \mathbb{E}[R(W)-R_S(W)] \leq \exp{\left(-\frac{L}{2}\log{\frac{1}{\eta}}\right)}\sqrt{\frac{2\sigma^2}{n}I(S,W) } \end{eqnarray*} where $\sigma >0$ is a constant depending on the loss function, $0<\eta<1$ is a constant depending on the information loss for each convolutional or pooling layer, and $I(S, W)$ is the mutual information between the training sample $S$ and the output hypothesis $W$. This upper bound shows that as the number of convolutional and pooling layers $L$ increases in the network, the expected generalization error will decrease exponentially to zero. Layers with strict information loss, such as the convolutional layers, reduce the generalization error for the whole network; this answers the first question. However, algorithms with zero expected generalization error does not imply a small test error or $\mathbb{E}[R(W)]$. This is because $\mathbb{E}[R_S(W)]$ is large when the information for fitting the data is lost as the number of layers increases. This suggests that the claim `the deeper the better' is conditioned on a small training error or $\mathbb{E}[R_S(W)]$. Finally, we show that deep learning satisfies a weak notion of stability and the sample complexity of deep neural networks will decrease as $L$ increases.
Natural language analysis by stochastic optimization: a progress report on Project APRIL

Abstract Parsing techniques based on rules defining grammaticality are difficult to use with authentic natural-language inputs, which are often grammatically messy. Instead, the APRIL system seeks a labelled tree structure which maximizes a numerical measure of conformity to statistical norms derived from a sample of parsed text. No distinction between legal and illegal trees arises: any labelled tree has a value. Because the search space is large and has an irregular geometry, APRIL seeks the best tree using simulated annealing, a stochastic optimization technique. Beginning with an arbitrary tree, many randomly-generated local modifications are considered and adopted or rejected according to their effect on tree-value: acceptance decisions are made probabilistically, subject to a bias against adverse moves which is very weak at the outset but is made to increase as the random walk through the search space continues. This enables the system to converge on the global optimum without getting trapped in loc.
Effects of delayed compared with early umbilical cord clamping on maternal postpartum hemorrhage and cord blood gas sampling: a randomized trial

Objective. To investigate the effect of delayed cord clamping (DCC) compared with early cord clamping (ECC) on maternal postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and umbilical cord blood gas sampling. Design. Secondary analysis of a parallel‐group, single‐center, randomized controlled trial. Setting. Swedish county hospital. Population. 382 term deliveries after a low‐risk pregnancy. Methods. Deliveries were randomized to DCC (≥180 seconds, n = 193) or ECC (≤10 seconds, n = 189). Maternal blood loss was estimated by the midwife. Samples for blood gas analysis were taken from one umbilical artery and the umbilical vein, from the pulsating unclamped cord in the DCC group and from the double‐clamped cord in the ECC group. Samples were classified as valid when the arterial–venous difference was −0.02 or less for pH and 0.5 kPa or more for pCO2. Main outcome measures. PPH and proportion of valid blood gas samples. Results. The differences between the DCC and ECC groups with regard to PPH (1.2%, p = 0.8) and severe PPH (−2.7%, p = 0.3) were small and non‐significant. The proportion of valid blood gas samples was similar between the DCC (67%, n = 130) and ECC (74%, n = 139) groups, with 6% (95% confidence interval: −4%−16%, p = 0.2) fewer valid samples after DCC. Conclusions. Delayed cord clamping, compared with early, did not have a significant effect on maternal postpartum hemorrhage or on the proportion of valid blood gas samples. We conclude that delayed cord clamping is a feasible method from an obstetric perspective.
Single-Shot Accurate 3D Reconstruction Using Structured Light Systems Based on Local Optimization

Creating 3D models of objects has been studied extensively for several decades. These models have different applications in different fields. As a result, creating 3D models is an interesting area in computer vision. There are many proposed methods for extracting 3D information of 2D images. One of the most common methods for 3D reconstruction is structured light methods. Although structured light methods can get valuable results of 3D reconstruction, they have limitations. For example, the structured light methods can get dense results on static scenes or get sparse results on dynamic scenes. In static scenes, the structured light method projects several patterns, and it results in dense models. However, in dynamic scenes, the structured light method projects just one pattern since the object is moving, and it results in sparse models. The limitation of the structured light methods in dynamic scenes is the most important motivation for this thesis. In this thesis, a single-shot structured light method is developed to overcome the sparse results in dynamic scenes. In particular, the proposed method can obtain more accurate reconstruction with just one image of dynamic scenes than that of existing methods. The new method applies global and local optimizations to establish dense correspondences. The result of simulated experiments comparison with the ground truth demonstrates that the proposed method in this thesis achieves more accurate results than that of previous methods. Lastly, the technique developed in this thesis is applied to real data in order to obtain high quality 3D reconstruction results. The results of the new method are more accurate
Analysis using International and National Poverty Lines as a proxy for a Living Income benchmark

This report analyses the suitability of National and International Poverty Lines as approximations for a “decent standard of living” as defined by the Anker methodology. Standard poverty measurement defines living standards at subsistence level. These are regarded by many researchers and practitioners as very low. It is therefore essential to define a “decent standard of living”. The Anker methodology has proven very useful and popular in that regard. However, due to its data requirements it may be rather costly for interested stakeholders to perform independent analysis. This report explores the feasibility of using existing benchmarks and inflating them in an appropriate manner to approximate for a “decent standard of living”. The results suggest that using the World Bank’s International Poverty Line (1.90 US$) may not be appropriate for a number of reasons. National Poverty Lines on the other hand are readily available by statistical offices along with the tools required to adjust them and they usually provide a more accurate picture of living standards in a particular region or country. The adjustments should aim at rendering them directly comparable to the Anker methodology. The idea is to implement the Anker methodology for a sufficiently high number of regions or countries and then perform a comparison with the local poverty line. Gathering enough data points and analysing them would then allow estimations of the margin one could add on top of the poverty line to approximate a “decent standard of living”. Interested stakeholders could then simply use a fast track method and add the mark-up on top of the local poverty line of the region of interest and thusly accurately approximate a “decent standard of living” for a household in a particular region.
THE ROLE OF DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Overview of Sustainable Development and its Diffusion and Adoption into Society

Increased population growth, environmental emissions, water use, energy use, and consumption of various natural resources are some of the drivers that contribute to the current global challenges of rising sea-level, increased frequency and intensity of disasters, increased poverty, and increased health issues – all intricately linked directly and indirectly. Such challenges have been, and continue to be, addressed by society in various ways. For example, the use of alternative energy to reduce environmental emissions, the recycle and reuse of waste materials to reduce society's consumption of natural resources, the recycle of water to reduce the withdrawal dwindling freshwater supplies, and better drug delivery systems to address health. This book explores various innovative sustainable practices inclusive of improved products, processes, services, policies, and organizational and management strategies that have been diffused and integrated into the various facets of society across the globe. The unifying theme of the chapters presented herein is based on various theories, concepts, and practices of diffusion adoption that address sustainable development. This preface presents are brief overview of sustainable development and the theory of diffusion and adoption. Sustainable development as defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987) is " development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs " (WCED, 1987). " Sustainable development and sustainability have been used interchangeably over the years. While there is no consensus on the definition of sustainability, what is clear is that it strives for the maintenance of economic, environmental, and societal well-being of all individuals, communities, and the environment (Muga & Mihelcic, 2008). Furthermore, it recognizes the need to de
Utilization of indigenous food plants in Uganda: A case study of south-western Uganda

The purpose of the study was to document and establish the traditional processin methods of indigenous food plants in Rukungiri district. In order to establish the status and level of utilization and processing of indigenous food plants in southwestern Uganda, a baseline survey was carried out using a participatory method of data collection. Respondents in Rukungiri district cited a total of 94 plants that were used for food. Some of the food plants were classified as indigenous to the area, while others were classified as exotic. The food types generally fell into five broad categories, namely; vegetables, fruits, roots/tubers, pulses and cereals. Vegetables and fruits were the most commonly used food plants and the Amaranths species were found to be the most popular vegetables, whereas wild plums (Carissa edulis) and gooseberries (Physalis minima) were cited among the preferred fruit species. In spite of the fact that indigenous/traditional food plants have always ensured food security at the household level, the process of collecting them from the wild, their production,consumption and domestication was found to be on the decline in this area. This decline can be attributed to limited available knowledge on their nutritional content and to the emphasis that is placed on commercial, high yielding exotic plants by both the agricultural extension officers and farmers. The majority of farmers are only interested in the cultivation of crops from which they can earn an income, and because no one has cultivated indigenous food plants with the intention of earning an income from them, the plants have not proved their worth. Although the methods of utilization, especially food preparation, varied from one household to another, boiling, steaming and frying were very common and cross-cutting almost all the households. The principal mode of food preservation cited by households, especially for seeds, was sun drying.
RISK FACTOR REDUCTION: PHARMACOLOGIC AND NONPHARMACOLOGIC STRATEGIES

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is one of the systems that serve as a fulcrum upon which blood pressure is maintained. Therefore, it is the target of many of our most effective treatments for hypertension. Three major sets of guidelines provide a consensus on the prevention and management of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes to avoid cardiovascular disease and outcomes and renal failure—first-line treatments should be angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). However, polypharmacy will most likely be necessary in most people. It is important for clinicians to understand why ARBs and ACEIs are therapies that must be included in the regimen for this patient population, but it is also important to examine the evidence for other therapies, which in most cases will need to be added to achieve blood pressure targets. Treating or preventing hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes cannot be done with a “cookie cutter” approach; treatment must be tailored to each individual patient’s comorbidities, risk factors, medical history, and personal situations. Throughout all considerations in a treatment plan must be the recognition and continued reinforcement of lifestyle modifications, which address every cardiovascular risk factor, not just hypertension. This article will discuss the safety and efficacy of antihypertensive therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes, in addition to strategies for implementing the necessary lifestyle changes. (Adv Stud Med. 2007;7(12):372-382)
Districting principles and democratic representation

Redistricting is always political, increasingly controversial, and often ugly. Politicians have always fought tooth-and-nail over district lines, while the courts, for most of their history, considered the subject a thicket too political even to enter. Three decades ago the courts finally entered the political thicket, ruling in Baker v. Carr (1962) that redistricting was justiciable. A decade ago, the court showed signs that it wanted to chop the thicket down, ruling in Davis v. Bandemer (1986) that partisan gerrymanders were actionable. But, in fact, few suits followed this potentially momentous decision. Just five years ago, however, the court took its ax to the thicket in earnest: In a line of cases starting with Shaw v. Reno in 1993, and continuing through the 1996-97 term of court in Abrams v. Johnson (1997), the Court has made a strong bid to outlaw what it terms "racial gerrymandering. " In this attempt to eliminate gerrymandering, the Court has placed an extreme emphasis on what they term "traditional districting principles," which are primarily formal, measurable criteria such as population equality, compactness, and contiguity. This extreme emphasis threatens to radically change the redistricting process in the United States. Justice Souter, in a dissent in Vera in which Justices Ginsburg and Breyer joined, argued that the logic of the Shaw line of cases can lead only to one of two outcomes: Either "the Court could give primacy to the principle of compactness," or it could radically change traditional districting practice -- eliminating it or "replacing it with districting on some principle of randomness. " In this dissertation, I examine "traditional districting principles," and their implications for representation. I am motivated by, and attempt to answer, the following questions: What theories of representation are implicit in the Court's recent line of cases? Where do "traditional districting principles" come from, and are they really traditional? Are the formal standards that the Court wishes to adopt judicially manageable? Are they theoretically consistent? What effect will using these principles have on politics? Can we eliminate politics in redistricting by automating the process?
An NDN Cache Management for MEC

To enhance network performance, the named data networking architecture (NDN) caches data-packets in the network nodes on a downstream network path. Then it uses such cached requested data-packets to respond to new request-packets. Hence, a cache management scheme (CMS) is the essential point of NDN. CMS generally considers two main factors. One is a short response time and the other is storage efficiency. To rapidly respond to requests, CMS generally tries to cache data-packets near users as much as possible. To efficiently manage storage, it uses the popularity of the data. That is, proportionally to the popularity of the data, it increases the number of nodes caching data-packets and manages the lifetime of caches. However, few data objects are as popular as many users globally enjoy in the real world. Hence, if the assumptions about content- usage are practically changed, CMS can waste cache storage and not significantly improve network efficiency. We show that many caches have expired and are not used at all. To improve such inefficiency of CMS, this paper propose to simultaneously apply two cache decision factors, the expected frequency of a cache hit and the popularity of data. That is, it proposes to gradually cache transmitted data in nodes in which their expected cache-usage frequency is relatively high. To show the effectiveness of our proposal, we implement LdC (a limited domain cache policy) and evaluate the performance of LdC. The evaluation result shows that it can enhance the cache-storage efficiency by up to 65% compared with existing CMS without degrading the network efficiency.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Nocturnal Desaturator patients associated with Obesity and Lung Microbiota Dynamics.

COPD is often accompanied by other chronic diseases that are also associated with systemic inflammation, such as obesity, diabetes, and arteriosclerosis. Recent data indicate that nocturnal oxygen desaturation and coexisting metabolic syndrome are related to systemic inflammation in patients with COPD. Alveolar hypoxia and consequent hypoxemia increase in prevalence as COPD severity increases. Chronic hypoxemia contributes to the development of adverse sequelae of COPD, such as pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, lung microbiome diversity and systemic inflammation. COPD is a heterogeneous disease with airway inflammation driven by bacterial infections, few studies to date they examined microbiology or infection. The introduction of cultureindependent techniques for the microbiological analysis of respiratory samples confirmed that respiratory system hosts a large number of microorganisms, which include a wide range of bacteria. Regular exposure to tobacco smoke, lifestyle and food pattern can change the microbiome in healthy smokers and at-risk COPD patients, increasing the presence of a limited number of genres that reach a high relative abundance, a pattern, which can be considered as a dysbiosis. We assume that in patients with COPD and concurrent obesity and lung dysbiosis at least three factors play a role in the systemic inflammatory syndrome. Recent data showed that changes in the lung microbiome are associated with numerous exacerbations of COPD and are involved in mediating inflammatory responses of the host in some patients. Further research should elucidate the complex relationship between obstructive lung disease, obesity and lung microbiome diversity systemic inflammation accompanying these different conditions, and the causative role of systemic inflammation in obese COPD with nocturnal oxygen desaturation.