Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Property Rights and Investment in Agriculture: Evidence from Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT Property rights must ensure confidence to the landholder in resource use, investment, and sustainable management. However, the rights vary according to the land title and tenure. It is pertinent to study the dimensions of property rights and their impact on short and long-term investment on land. The rights of the inheritance, purchase, private rental lands, and trust rental lands determines the investment on land. Farmers owning inheritance, purchase, and trust rental sites have security and transferability compared to private rental sites, thereby influencing the investment in lands. Secure property rights of inheritance and purchase sites have led the farmers to invest both in short and long-term investments. Even though the trust rental lands are long-term leases, the tenants have invested only in short-term investments and are reluctant to invest in long-term investments as their rights are incomplete. As a whole, the type of tenure determines security, transferability, and investment on land. Secure property rights encourage investment in the land and ensure sustainable management of land and agriculture.
Study of ZnO arrester model for steep front wave

Measurements were performed to obtain the response of an arrester block to a steep front impulse current (1/2 /spl mu/sec), a 4/10 /spl mu/sec impulse current and a standard impulse (8/20 /spl mu/sec). As a steep front wave response model, the conventional model, the IEEE model, and a nonlinear inductance model have been studied. The method of building an arrester block model is explained in this paper. The nonlinear inductance model proposed has an accuracy of 99% in calculations of steep front impulses in block model studies. This model can be built easily and simply.
Investigation of threshold voltage and transconductance variations in PMOS

Scaling process of MOSFET has yielded great benefit in term of processor technology evolution. However, it is worth to note that the scaling process also affects the electrical parameters as well. It is expected that as MOSFET gradually scaled into the submicron regime, the variation of electrical parameters due to scaling becomes more apparent. The study is carried out through simulation work of 45 nm p-type MOSFET (PMOS) using a commercial device simulator. This tool is used as a medium to observe changes in threshold voltage (VTH) and transconductance (gm). Changes of both parameters are investigated against three factors; oxide thickness (tox), doping concentration of dopant in substrate and doping energy. Observation in simulation results suggest that increment in both tox and doping energy increases VTH and reduces gm. In contrast, increment in doping concentration of dopant improves gm and trims VTH. Analysis of results deduces that the variations of both VTH and gm against those three factors are related to number of free carriers during device operation.
Recalibrating Institutional Choreographies for future-focused learning and teaching.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions worldwide have had to immediately pivot to online distance learning and teaching. While institutions with a grounding in open, distance and flexible learning have done reasonably well in the circumstances, the majority of institutions have struggled with this sudden move away from their conventional campus-based operations. Examples of the few successful adoption and implementation of online learning and teaching are however, boutique and small-scale operations in one program of study, one Department or Faculty. Clearly missing from this scenario are examples of large scale and institution-wide adoption of open, online, distance and flexible learning. This is a consequence of the limitations of existing operational infrastructure as well as mindsets. These are hard to change in the best of times, although they are long-term benefit and resilience against future disturbances of the sorts we are currently experiencing, they must change. This kind of change requires institution-wide reimagination and reengineering of conventional practices.
Efficiency of Zinc and Potassium Sprays Alone or in Combination with Some Weed Control Treatments on Weeds Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Washington Navel Orange Orchards

2 Abstract: This investigation was carried out during 2005 and 2006 seasons in a private f arm at El-Khatatba, Monofia G overnorate, Egypt, on twenty years old Washington N avel orange t rees budded on Sour orange, under drip i rrigation s ystem. T o study t he influence of some e lements as foliar spray (Zinc " 0.4% in t he f orm o f Chelate", Potassium"1% in t he f orm o f Salent liquid", Zinc + Potassium and control "sprayed with tap water") and some weed control treatments (Un-weeded, two hand hoeing, Glyphosate, Glyphosate + urea, G lyfosinate a nd Glyfosinate + urea) o n leaf area, t rees nutritional status, yield and fruit quality as well as c ontrolling the associated weeds o f Washington N avel o range orchards. Application o f Zn a nd K alone or i n c ombination signif icantly i ncreased fresh and dry weight of weeds. Leaf mineral content (N, P, K and Zn) , physical and che mical characteristics of fruit and yield (kg)/tree recorded the hi ghest values in an aforementioned characters average of the two seasons. Glyphosate and Glyfosinate as well as hand h oeing twice treatments markedly decreased fresh and dr y weight of broad- leaved, grasses and t otal weeds. The highest efficiency in dec reasing fresh a nd dry weight of weeds was obtained from Glyphosate, G lyfosinate and two hand hoeing treatments. All weed control t reatments significantly increased leaf mineral content, fruit weight, number of fruits / tree and yield tree as well as quality p roperties. T he interaction between foliar spray a nd weed control treatments was sta tistically significant. Application o f Zinc + Pot assium t reatment increased fresh and dr y weight of total weeds when Washington Navel orange trees were un-weeded. While, the lowest value of fresh and dr y weight of total weed s was recorded from Glyphosate t reatment with s praying of water as (control). Moreover, spraying of Zinc + Pot assium mar kedly increased yield w hen Glyphosate treatments were used.
A scalable analytical approach from bacterial genomes to epidemiology

Recent years have seen a remarkable increase in the practicality of sequencing whole genomes from large numbers of bacterial isolates. The availability of this data has huge potential to deliver new insights into the evolution and epidemiology of bacterial pathogens, but the scalability of the analytical methodology has been lagging behind that of the sequencing technology. Here we present a step-by-step approach for such large-scale genomic epidemiology analyses, from bacterial genomes to epidemiological interpretations. A central component of this approach is the dated phylogeny, which is a phylogenetic tree with branch lengths measured in units of time. The construction of dated phylogenies from bacterial genomic data needs to account for the disruptive effect of recombination on phylogenetic relationships, and we describe how this can be achieved. Dated phylogenies can then be used to perform fine-scale or large-scale epidemiological analyses, depending on the proportion of cases for which genomes are available. A key feature of this approach is computational scalability, and in particular the ability to process hundreds or thousands of genomes within a matter of hours. This is a clear advantage of the step-by-step approach described here. We discuss other advantages and disadvantages of the approach, as well as potential improvements and avenues for future research.
State of the art methods to post-process mechanical test data to characterize the hot deformation behavior of metals

Materials engineering and science rely heavily on the indirect measurement of plastic stress and strain by post-processing of mechanical test data, including tension, torsion, and compression test. There is no consensus among researchers regarding the best test or the post-processing theory nor do adequate standards exist on the characterization methods. The tests are typically performed as customized tests, discrepancies exist in the flow curves obtained by different methods and the chosen mechanical test. More critically, the curves are dominantly treated (perceived) as a set of measured data rather than calculated values. The plasticity-based calculated flow curves and their gradients are, in turn, the basis for several second-tier indirect measurements, such as stacking fault energy and recrystallization. Such measurements are quite prone to errors due to oversimplified post-processing of the tests’ data and can only be experimentally verified in a qualitative or in an average fashion. Therefore, their findings are highly restricted by the limitations of each test, data type and post-processing method, and should be used carefully. This review examines some of the most commonly used data conversion methods and some recent developments in the field followed by recommendations. It will highlight the need to develop test rigs that can provide new data types and to provide advanced post-processing techniques for the indirect measurement.
Dispersion characteristics of square pulse with finite rise time in single, tapered, and coupled microstrip lines

The distortion of an electrical pulse, with finite risetime (quadratic-linear-quadratic transition) caused by dispersion as it propagates along a uniform microstrip, a tapered microstrip and a coupled pair of microstrips is investigated. Closed-form analysis equations for single and coupled microstrips are used to find the frequency-dependent phase velocities. Results are presented for two different taper profiles: exponential and triangular distributions. It is concluded that the optimization of the profile will provide the least pulse distortion. >
Multiple adaptive solutions to face climatic constraints: novel insights in the debate over the role of convergence in local adaptation

The extent to which genomic convergence shapes locally adapted phenotypes in different species remains a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. To bring new insights to this debate we set up a framework which aimed to compare the adaptive trajectories of two domesticated mammal species co-distributed in diversified landscapes. We sequenced the genomes of 160 sheep and 161 goats extensively managed along environmental gradients, including temperature, rainfall, seasonality and altitude, to identify genes and biological processes shaping local adaptation. Allele frequencies at adaptive loci were rarely found to vary gradually along environmental gradients, but rather displayed a discontinuous shift at the extremities of environmental clines. Of the more than 430 adaptive genes identified, only 6 were orthologous between sheep and goats and those responded differently to environmental pressures, suggesting different adaptive mechanisms in these two closely related species. Such diversity of adaptive pathways may result from a high number of biological functions involved in adaptation to multiple eco-climatic gradients, and provides more arguments for the role of contingency and stochasticity in adaptation rather than repeatability.
Piezoelectric materials and systems for tissue engineering and implantable energy harvesting devices for biomedical applications

Recently, the development of smart materials and the study of their properties has provided an innovative approach to the field of tissue engineering. Piezoelectrics, which are able to generate electric charge in response to mechanical stress or strain have been utilised in the stimulation of electrophysiologically responsive cells , including those found in bone, muscle, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. This area of study has experienced tremendous growth in the past decade in terms of both the array of piezoelectric materials and analytical methods by which they are evaluated in relation to specific tissue types. This review provides a critical and comprehensive overview of the most recent advances in this emerging field. Furthermore, it will extend the scope to examine the most recent developments in piezoelectric biomedical devices that extract energy from physiological processes to either power biomedical implants or act as biomedical sensors .
Unstructured PEBI Grids Conforming to Lower-Dimensional Objects

The upr module in the MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST) can construct unstructured Voronoi grids that conform to polygonal boundaries and geometric constraints in arbitrary dimensions prescribed inside the reservoir volume. The resulting volumetric tessellations are usually realized as locally orthogonal, perpendicular bisector (PEBI) grids, in which cell faces can be aligned to accurately preserve objects of codimension one (curves in 2D and surfaces in 3D) and/or cell centroids can be set to follow curves in 2D or 3D. This enables you to accurately model faults, let grid cells follow horizontal and multilateral well paths, or create lower-dimensional or volumetric representations of fracture networks. The module offers methods for improving grid quality, like conﬁgurable policies for treating intersecting geometric objects and handling conﬂicts among constraints, methods for locating and removing conﬂicting generating points, as well as force-based and energy-minimization approaches for optimizing the grid cells. You can use upr to create a consistent hierarchy of grids that represent the reservoir volume, the constraining geometric objects (surfaces and curves), as well as their intersections. The hierarchy is built such that the cell faces of a given (sub)grid conform to the cells of all bounding subgrids of one dimension lower.
Axisymmetric bluff-body drag reduction through geometrical modifications

The effect of shoulder radiusing and grooving (longitudinally and circumferentially) the afterbodies of bluff bodies to reduce the base drag at low speeds is investigated experimentally. Shoulder radii as large as 2.75 body diameters are examined. Reynolds number (ReD) based on body diameter varied from 20,000 to 200,000. Results indicate that increasing the shoulder radius to 2.00 body diameters can reduce the drag levels to those of a streamline body having 67 percent greater fineness ratio. For the relatively sharp shoulder case, body drag reductions as large as 50 and 33 percent are obtained using circumferential or longitudinal grooves, respectively.
A High Speed Electrostatically Actuated Al-MEMS Micromirror Array

The design of an electrostatically-actuated, aluminum, torsional micromirror, on the order of 20x20 microns, is presented. The design is repeated in 25x25 arrays for high-speed deflection of incident light as an optical shutter. Future designs would include individually addressable micromirror elements. Parameterization of geometries is described and the resulting optimized micromirror design is detailed. The COMSOL Multiphysics finite element analysis environment is utilized to study the optimized design. Within the finite element analysis software, a 132 V electric potential is applied to an underlying electrode in order to produce a minimum of 5° tilt which yields a downward mirror-edge displacement of 1.39 μm into a 4 μm gap between the electrode and the bottom of the micromirror. When the electric potential is removed, it is shown that the micro-mirror has a settle time ~10 μs. The prototypical micromirror arrays are fabricated using an Al-MEMS fabrication process. The developed fabrication process uses a 4 micron sacrificial photo-definable polymer and a submicron thick aluminum layer suspended over patterned gold electrodes. The sacrificial polymer was plasma-ashed to release the deformable aluminum structures.
Tranformerless H6 Grid Tied Inverter For Photovoltaic Generation

Transformer less inverter is widely used in grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, due to the benefits of achieving high efficiency and low cost. Various transformer less inverter topologies have been proposed to meet the safety requirement of leakage currents, such as specified in the VDE-4105 standard. In this paper, a family of H6 transformer less inverter topologies withlow leakage currents is proposed, and the intrinsic relationship betweenH5 topology, highly efficient and reliable inverter concept(HERIC) topology, and the proposed H6 topology has been discussedas well. One of the proposed H6 inverter topologies is takenas an example for detail analysis with operation modes and modulationstrategy. A universal prototype is built for H6 topology mentionedfor evaluating their performances in terms of power efficiency and powerquality characteristics. Experimental results show that inthe proposed H6 topology, it has been found that with the increase in the switching frequency, the magnitude of higher order harmonics increases and that of lower order harmonics reduces. The size and cost of filter reduces as the order of harmonics increases, so a tradeoff must be done between the switching frequencies and the cost of filter the system
Estimation of rotor and load angle of direct-torque-controlled permanent magnet synchronous machine drive

A dynamically well performing rotor and load angle estimation method for direct-torque-controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous machines drives is presented. The rotor or load angle is needed as example in the limitation of the load angle. The method uses the same flux linkage estimate that is used in the core of the DTC and calculates the load and rotor angle directly from the motor equations. The effect of the flux linkage estimation method is analysed through simulation. Both the steady-state and dynamical measurement results are also provided, showing the good performance of the suggested method. The performance is adequate to be used as example in the limitation of the load angle in order to prevent the machine falling from synchronism.
Checklist of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in the urban areas of Cerrado in Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil

In a global context, few studies have investigated the effects of urbanization on apifauna, as well as the importance of green areas in urban centers for the conservation of local bee fauna. In Brazil, this line of research is still quite recent, with most studies carried out in regions with a predominance of the Atlantic Rainforest phytogeographic domain. For the Brazilian state of Bahia, such research is still scarce and, especially, if we consider the large territorial dimension that this state denotes. In the area that covers the Cerrado, few studies have been carried out that inventory the urban apifauna. In this paper we present a list of bee species recorded in urban areas of the city of Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil, which represent the first apifauna inventory in the Western region of Bahia. Specimens were collected fortnightly from November 2019 to April 2020, using two sampling methods: colored water traps (ARCAs/pantraps) and entomological net, in two remnants of vegetation used as sampling points. A total of 749 specimens were sampled, distributed in four families, 18 tribes, 29 genera, and 45 species. A total of 369 (49.3%) specimens were collected using the entomological net and 380 specimens (50.7%) by using the ARCAs. Our results showed that the area with the highest level of urbanization had bioindicator species of degraded environments, which benefit from urbanization, and despite the urban growth, the fragments found in the matrix can serve as a refuge for bee fauna, as long as they are well planned.
Identification of existing mitigation systems that can attenuate nitrates during high flow events from drained, agricultural fields Project acronym: AQUISAFE 2

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Building Information Modeling: Acceptance Gaps Within Malaysian Construction Industry Player

The recognition of Building Information Modeling (BIM) constitutes a paradigm shift in the architectural, engineering and construction (AEC) industry around the world. Broader BIM acceptance will be able to transform the construction processes in order to perk up productivity, accomplish greater competence and make sure largely the sustainability of the AEC industry. This paper seeks to discover the acceptance gaps of implementing BIM in Malaysia AEC industry. A workshop was conducted by CIDB among five stakeholders: Public Private Partnership (PPP) Unit (UKAS), JARING, eMOST/ UMP, Greenwave Synergy (GWS) and CIDB eConstruct (EC) of the AEC industry in Malaysia. The findings suggest various acceptance factors and gaps existed for the wider acceptance of BIM. At the end of the workshop, the participants suggested a ‘term-licenses’ approach which requires participation and cooperation from global BIM software companies. This will ultimately contribute to the development of Long-Term Planning of BIM implementation in Malaysia.
Physical mechanisms for pulsed AC stress degradation in thin gate oxide MOSFETs

An experimental study of the dielectric degradation under different AC stress conditions has been carried out using MOSFETs with 3.9 nm thick gate oxides. Bipolar and unipolar voltage pulses were used to stress the dielectric and interface state generation monitored. Pulse parameters (pulse levels, duty cycle, stress time, rise/fall times, and frequency) were systematically varied to understand the processes responsible for degradation. The experimental results give a good insight into the physical mechanisms responsible for interface degradation in ultra-thin gate oxides. The observations can be explained invoking carrier injection into the oxide followed by trapped-hole recombination.
Valuation Discrepancies in the Value Opinion ofProfessional Valuers’ in Lagos, Nigeria

Although no two valuer could perhaps arrive at the same value, the disparities in the variation of values poses a point of concern. This work is therefore aimed at discovering the prevalent causes of error/variance amongst the different valuation figures of Nigerian valuers. The study involved the distribution of 130 questionnaires to practicing estate surveyors and valuers in Lagos metropolis, one of the most buoyant property markets in the country. By adopting the use of weighted arithmetic mean, it was discovered that presently the variance amongst Nigerian valuation is principally attributable to the adoption of different yield and lack of adequate market information by Nigerian valuers while carrying out valuation. To curb these excesses in variance/excesses in margin of error, the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV) is encouraged to adopt reviewable standardized yield for valuers while carrying out valuation of land and property.
Si/SnS2VERTICAL HETEROJUNCTION TUNNELING TRANSISTORWITH IONIC-LIQUID GATE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER APPLICATION

In this work, a novel Si/SnS2 vertical heterojunction tunneling transistor (HTFET) with ionic-liquid gate is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Si/SnS2 tunnel junction behaves nearly-broken band alignment with effective tunneling potential height of only 0.17 eV, which is beneficial for the on-state current. Besides, due to the mature doping and contact technology of Si, excellent contacts between Si/SnS2 and metal electrodes can be achieved. Moreover, the organic electrolyte (PEO: LiClO4=9:1) is adopted as ionic-liquid gate stack and the electric double-layer structure formed by the anion and cation migration in the organic electrolyte can enhance the electrostatic control and optimize the subthreshold swing of the device. Keywords—two-dimensional materials, tunneling transistor, ionic-liquid gate