Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of sea ice morphology during Arctic summer on atmospheric drag coefficients used in climate models

Realistic modeling of polar sea ice dynamics and atmospheric processes over sea ice needs a detailed representation of the near‐surface atmospheric fluxes of momentum. In this study, parametrizations of neutral drag coefficients mostly used in different general circulation models are compared with a recently developed parametrization including the impact of sea ice morphology. The new parametrization, using the sea ice and melt pond fraction as governing parameters, accounts for the effect of form drag caused by edges at leads, melt ponds, and floes. Based on remote sensing data of ice and melt pond fraction, it is shown that during Arctic summer the traditionally used drag coefficients differ from the new ones by a factor 0.5–1.2. The geographic distribution of drag coefficients obtained from both parametrizations is very different. Differences are due to a nonlinear and non‐monotonic dependence of drag coefficients on sea ice concentration in the new parametrization.
Impacts of biomass burning on tropospheric CO, NOx, and O3

This study utilizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory three-dimensional global chemical transport model to quantify the impacts of biomass burning on tropospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3). We construct updated global sources that emit 748 Tg CO/yr and 7.8 Tg N/yr in the surface layer. Both sources include six types of biomass: forest, savanna, fuelwood, agricultural residues, domestic crop residues (burned in the home for cooking and/or heating), and dried animal waste. Timing for the burning of forest, savanna, and agricultural residues is based upon regional cultural use of fire, vegetation type, local climate, and information gathered from satellite observations, while emissions from the burning of fuelwood, domestic crop residues, and dried animal waste are constant throughout the year. Based on agreement with observations, particularly of CO, we conclude that the collective uncertainty in our biomass burning sources is much less than the factor of two suggested by previous estimates of biomass burned in the tropics annually. Overall, biomass burning is a major source of CO and NOx in the northern high latitudes during the summer and fall and in the tropics throughout most of the year. While it contributes more than 50% of both the NOx and CO in the boundary layer over major source regions, it has a much larger global impact on the CO distribution in comparison to either NOx or O3, contributing 15 to 30% of the entire tropospheric CO background. The only significant biomass burning contribution to NOx at 500 mbar, due to the short lifetime of NOx in the lower troposphere, is a plume occurring July through October in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical free troposphere, stretching from South America to the western Pacific. The largest impacts on O3 are limited to those regions where NOx impacts are large as well. Near the surface, biomass burning indirectly contributes less than half of the total O3 concentrations over major tropical source regions, up to 15% throughout the year in the tropics, and 10 to 20% throughout the Southern Hemisphere during September through November. At 500 mbar, the largest contribution to O3 (20–30%) is correlated with the NOx plume during July through November. Biomass burning contributes less than 15% of either NOx or O3 in the upper troposphere.
Training and transfer effects in task switching

1470 Task switching is an increasingly popular method used in studies of cognitive control. In the typical taskswitching paradigm, a participant must switch between two simple tasks, such as adding 3 to a number on one trial and then subtracting 3 on the next. When participants alternate between two tasks, their reaction times (RTs) are slower than when repeating a single task. Although the task-switching paradigm was originally developed by Jersild (1927), its use has only recently become widespread, due to a growing interest in executive function. Executive functions are supervisory processes that allow for top-down control of action and are essential for goal-directed behavior. Task switching has been proposed as a candidate executive function along with inhibition, the maintenance and updating of information in working memory, and the ability to perform two tasks at the same time (Miyake et al., 2000). Moreover, task switching has been used to study executive processing across psychology and related fields, including cognitive development (Cepeda, Kramer, & Gonzalez de Sather, 2001), cognitive aging (Kramer, Hahn, & Gopher, 1999; Kray & Lindenberger, 2000, Mayr, 2001), and brain imaging (Braver, Reynolds, & Donaldson, 2003; Sohn, Ursu, Anderson, Stenger, & Carter, 2000), and in studies of a wide array of clinical disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Cepeda, Cepeda, & Kramer, 2000), Parkinson’s disease (Meiran, Friedman, & Yehene, 2004), and frontal lobe injury (Keele & Rafal, 2000). Given the importance of executive functions and the effects that impairment of these functions have on numerous populations, there is growing interest in determining whether performance on executive control can be improved with practice (Verhaeghen, Cerella, & Basak, 2004) and whether it can show transfer to unpracticed situations. There is some evidence not only that the efficiency of executive functions, such as inhibition (Dowsett & Live sey, 2000), working memory (Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002), and dual-task performance (Bherer et al., 2005; Kramer, Larish, & Strayer, 1995), improves with practice, but also that this improvement can transfer to novel contexts. There are demonstrable practice-related improvements in switching performance (Jersild, 1927; Kramer et al., 1999; Kray & Eppinger, 2006; Kray & Lindenberger, 2000; Mayr & Kliegl, 2003; Meiran, 1996). However, there has been no direct test of whether the observed performance improvements constitute a transferable improvement in the ability to switch tasks more efficiently or are simply an improvement in the practiced task. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which improved task-switching performance with practice can transfer to a new task-switching situation. We employed a pretest–posttest design in which participants were measured on their ability to switch between two tasks, both before and after practice on other switching tasks.
Monthly variability of satellite‐derived cyclonic activity for the southern hemisphere winter

A satellite-derived climatology of cloud vortices for the Southern Hemisphere winter (June to September) indicates that significant within-season changes occur in the areal frequencies of extratropical depressions. This variability is found to be most strongly associated with the climatic frontal zones, while on a zonally-averaged basis, the semi-annual oscillation of the circumpolar vortex appears to dominate the latitudinal changes in cyclonic activity between June and September. Surface-atmosphere interactions evidently play a key role in the wintertime circulation at middle and high latitudes. Cyclogenesis over the Southern Oceans is observed to be linked closely to the baroclinity associated with the Oceanic Polar Front, while on a regional scale, the presence of a time-averaged zone of in situ cyclogenesis over sub-antarctic latitudes of the South Pacific is found to be augmented by the influence of the unique winter season sea ice regime in that sector.
G (cid:2) i2 Signaling Is Required for Skeletal Muscle Growth, Regeneration, and Satellite Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

We have previously shown that activation of G (cid:2) i2, an (cid:2) subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex, induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and myoblast differentiation. To determine whether G (cid:2) i2 is required for skeletal muscle growth or regeneration, G (cid:2) i2-null mice were analyzed. G (cid:2) i2 knockout mice display decreased lean body mass, reduced muscle size, and impaired skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of G (cid:2) i2 in satellite cells (SCs) leads to defective satellite cell proliferation, fusion, and differentiation ex vivo . The impaired differentiation is consistent with the observation that the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and Myf5 are downregulated upon knockdown of G (cid:2) i2. Interestingly, the expression of microRNA 1 (miR-1), miR-27b, and miR-206, three microRNAs that have been shown to regulate SC proliferation and differentiation, is increased by a constitutively active mutant of G (cid:2) i2 [G (cid:2) i2(Q205L)] and counter-regulated by G (cid:2) i2 knockdown. As for the mechanism, this study demonstrates that G (cid:2) i2(Q205L) regulates satellite cell differentiation into myotubes in a protein kinase C (PKC)- and histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent manner. H eterotrimeric G proteins are intracellular proteins and trans-duce external signals from a variety of cell surface receptors to intracellular effectors (1). G proteins are classiﬁed according to their (cid:2) subunits into four subfamilies: G (cid:2) s, G (cid:2) i/o, G (cid:2) q/11, and G (cid:2) 12/13 (1). The G (cid:2) i subfamily is encoded by three genes, GNAI1 , GNAI2 , and GNAI3 , and was originally identiﬁed by its ability to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity. All three G (cid:2) i isoforms have been deleted by gene targeting in mice, and the resulting phenotypes indicate that they have both overlapping and distinct functions. room temperature. Samples were then read in an enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay (ELISA) plate reader at 405 nm. HDAC activity was expressed as relative optical density (OD) values per microgram of protein sample. The kit contains negative and positive controls that consist of nuclear extract of HeLa cells treated or not with trichostatin A, respectively. Statistical analysis. Statistical signiﬁcance was evaluated with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multiple groups, followed by Bon-ferroni’s or Tukey’s post hoc test to evaluate differences among groups. A Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test was used to compare two groups.
THE EFFECTS OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER LIGANDS JJC8-088 AND JJC8-091 ON COCAINE VS. FOOD CHOICE IN RHESUS MONKEYS

While there are no FDA-approved treatments for cocaine use disorder (CUD), several modafinil analogs have demonstrated promise in reducing cocaine self-administration and reinstatement in rats. Furthermore, the range of dopamine transporter (DAT) compounds provides an opportunity to develop pharmacotherapeutics without abuse liability. This study extended the comparison of JJC8-088 and JJC8-091, the former compound having higher DAT affinity and predicted abuse liability, to rhesus monkeys using a concurrent cocaine-food schedule of reinforcement. First, binding to striatal DAT was examined in cocaine-naïve monkey tissue. Next, i.v. pharmacokinetics of both JJC compounds were evaluated in cocaine-experienced male monkeys (n=3/drug). In behavioral studies, acute and chronic administration of both compounds were evaluated in these same monkeys responding under a concurrent food vs. cocaine (0, 0.003-0.1 mg/kg/injection) schedule of reinforcement. In nonhuman primate striatum, JJC8-088 had higher DAT affinity compared to JJC8-091 (14.4 ± 9 vs. 2,730 ± 1,270 nM, respectively). Both JJC compounds had favorable plasma pharmacokinetics for behavioral assessments, with half-lives (t 1/2 ) of 1.1 h and 3.5 h for JJC8-088 (0.7 mg/kg, i.v.) and JJC8-091 (1.9 mg/kg, i.v.), respectively. Acute treatment with both compounds shifted the cocaine dose-response curve to the left. Chronic treatment with JJC8-088 decreased cocaine choice in two of the three monkeys, while JJC8-091 only modestly reduced cocaine allocation in one monkey. Differences in affinities of JJC8-091 DAT binding in monkeys compared to rat, may account for the poor rodent-to-monkey translation. Future studies should evaluate atypical DAT blockers in combination with behavioral interventions that may further decrease cocaine choice.
Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions

The Northridge earthquake caused 1.78 g acceleration in the east-west direction at a site in Tarzana, California, located about 6 km south of the mainshock epicenter. The accelerograph was located atop a hill about 15-m high, 500-m long, and 130-m wide, striking about N78°E. During the aftershock sequence, a temporary array of 21 three-component geophones was deployed in six radial lines centered on the accelerograph, with an average sensor spacing of 35 m. Station C00 was located about 2 m from the accelerograph. We inverted aftershock spectra to obtain average relative site response at each station as a function of direction of ground motion. We identified a 3.2-Hz resonance that is a transverse oscillation of the hill (a directional topographic effect). The top/base amplification ratio at 3.2 Hz is about 4.5 for horizontal ground motions oriented approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the hill and about 2 for motions parallel to the hill. This resonance is seen most strongly within 50 m of C00. Other resonant frequencies were also observed. A strong lateral variation in attenuation, probably associated with a fault, caused substantially lower motion at frequencies above 6 Hz at the east end of the hill. There may be some additional scattered waves associated with the fault zone and seen at both the base and top of the hill, causing particle motions (not spectral ratios) at the top of the hill to be rotated about 20° away from the direction transverse to the hill. The resonant frequency, but not the amplitude, of our observed topographic resonance agrees well with theory, even for such a low hill. Comparisons of our observations with theoretical results indicate that the 3D shape of the hill and its internal structure are important factors affecting its response. The strong transverse resonance of the hill does not account for the large east-west mainshock motions. Assuming linear soil response, mainshock east-west motions at the Tarzana accelerograph were amplified by a factor of about 2 or less compared with sites at the base of the hill. Probable variations in surficial shear-wave velocity do not account for the observed differences among mainshock acceleration observed at Tarzana and at two different sites within 2 km of Tarzana.
AGI Apr. 39/4

Mack, David R. , Sonia Michail, Shu Wei, Laura McDougall, and Michael A. Hollingsworth. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 39): G941–G950, 1999. —Probiotic agents, live microorganisms with beneficial effects for the host, may offer an alternative to conventional antimicrobials in the treatment and prevention of enteric infections. The probiotic agents Lactobacillus plantarum 299v and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG quantitatively inhibited the adherence of an attaching and effacing pathogenic Escherichia coli to HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells but did not inhibit adherence to nonintestinal HEp-2 cells. HT-29 cells were grown under conditions that induced high levels of either MUC2 or MUC3 mRNA, but HEp-2 cells expressed only minimal levels of MUC2 and no MUC3 mRNA. Media enriched for MUC2 and MUC3 mucin were added exogenously to binding assays and were shown to be capable of inhibiting enteropathogen adherence to HEp-2 cells. Incubation of L. plantarum 299v with HT-29 cells increased MUC2 and MUC3 mRNA expression levels. From these in vitro studies, we propose the hypothesis that the ability of probiotic agents to inhibit adherence of attaching and effacing organisms to intestinal epithelial cells is mediated through their ability to increase expression of MUC2 and MUC3 intestinal mucins.
Glia and hemichannels: key mediators of perinatal encephalopathy

Introduction Perinatal brain injury is a significant public health issue. It is associated with high mortality, serious morbidity and very high costs. Most of this cost is related to long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy (CP). For example, in 2003 the lifetime economic cost of CP was over US$ 11.5 billion (Honeycutt et al., 2004). This cost is largely attributed to the combined loss of productive members of society and the direct burden of care on the individual, family and social institutions (Honeycutt et al., 2004). A large cohort of preterm infants born from 1997 to 2011 in France suggests that premature birth continues to be associated with high risk of neurodevelopmental impairment (Pierrat et al., 2017). Encouragingly, survival without moderate to severe neuromotor or sensory disabilities increased from 45.5% to 62.3% at 25–26 weeks’ gestation, but remained unchanged at 32–34 weeks’ gestation, although fewer children survived with CP (P = 0.01). Similarly, although the Australian CP Register found no change in the overall risk of CP from 1993 to 2006, there was a trend for reduced risk of CP after extremely preterm birth (before 28 weeks of gestation) (Smithers-Sheedy et al., 2016). By contrast, in a population based study of 8 year-old children who were born preterm in the state of Victoria, Australia, rates of major neurosensory disability were similar for cohorts born in 1991–1992, 1997, and 2005 (Cheong et al., 2017). Of concern, academic performance was actually worse in 2005 than in previous cohorts, after controlling for other factors. Triggers and Outcomes of Perinatal Brain Injury The causes of perinatal brain injury are undoubtedly multifactorial. However, acute and/or chronic hypoxia-ischemia and infection/inflammation may act independently or synergistically to induce injury (Galinsky et al., 2018).
Seismic waves and earth structure in the Canadian shield

Abstract Careful measurements of phase velocities in the Canadian shield have been made in the period range 3 to 90 sec for Rayleigh waves and 12 to 60 sec for Love waves by phase correlation of wave trains. The continental Love wave phase velocity data are the first to be reported in the literature. The phase and group velocities are higher than yet found in any other continental area, indicating relatively higher shear velocities in the crust and upper mantle. For paths in the Canadian shield a prominent Lg arrival with a velocity of about 3.65 km/sec is observed and an Sn arrival is recorded clearly to distances of about 4000 km with a velocity of about 4.72 km/sec. A theoretical layered model of the crust and upper mantle consistent with the various types of data has been derived by an inversion method employing least-squares curve-fitting of phase velocity data. This model has a three-layered crust 35.2 km thick with shear velocity increasing to about 3.85 km/sec in the lower crust. The upper mantle has a high speed layer with shear velocity 4.72 km/sec down to about 115 km below which the low velocity channel has a shear velocity of about 4.5 km/sec down to a depth of about 315 km. At greater depths the shear velocity closely follows the Gutenberg model. Higher mode phase velocity dispersion curves computed from the theoretical model are used for computing theoretical seismograms for the Canadian shield. These theoretical seismograms possess many of the features of the observed Lg arrivals, showing that Lg can be explained by normal mode wave propagation in a simple, layered crust. This paper shows that new methods of measuring and interpreting surface wave dispersion, combined with travel time data, can provide detailed and reliable information on shear wave velocity distribution down to depths of a few hundred kilometers in regions of horizontally uniform structure.
Rock-magnetic cyclostratigraphy for the Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene Stirone section, Northern Apennine mountain front, Italy

Abstract Lithostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic and rock-magnetic cyclostratigraphic data were combined to create a high-resolution age model for 342 m of Late Pliocene–Middle Pleistocene marine deposits exposed in the Stirone River, northern Italy. Magnetostratigraphic analysis of 74 oriented samples at 21 stratigraphic horizons recognized five polarity zones between c. 3.0 and 1.0 Ma. Unoriented samples were collected every metre between 0 and 311 m and low-field magnetic susceptibility (χ) was measured for cyclostratigraphic analysis. The χ data series was tied to absolute time using the magnetostratigraphy and subjected to multi-taper method spectral analysis. The resultant power spectra revealed significant frequency peaks that are aligned with eccentricity, obliquity and precession Milankovitch orbital cycles. The χ data, correlated to the 41 ka obliquity and the 23 ka/19 ka precession cycles and anchored to a well-established biostratigraphic horizon, were used to create a high-resolution age model for the Stirone section between 2.99 and 1.81 Ma, where stratigraphic positions of magnetic reversals were previously poorly defined. This cyclostratigraphic age model reveals that the length of an important depositional hiatus at the base of the C2An.1n subchron is 200 ka shorter than previously determined. We link the precession-aligned variability in χ to global mid-latitude, insolation-induced variability in runoff and ocean circulation.
The 1997–1998 Umbria‐Marche sequence (central Italy): Source, path, and site effects estimated from strong motion data recorded in the epicentral area

[1] We apply a nonparametric spectral inversion scheme to calculate source spectra, S wave attenuation, and site transfer functions from strong motion records in the epicentral region of the 1997–1998 Umbria-Marche seismic sequence (central Italy). We use records from moderate size earthquakes (4.6 ≤ Ml ≤ 5.9) to parameterize the spectral amplitude decay in the distance range from 5 to 40 km. We find that the average quality factor Q can be approximated by Q(f) = 49 f0.9, between 0.5 and 8 Hz, and the geometrical spreading by r−0.9. At high frequencies (f > 8 Hz) the dependence of Q on frequency weakens, and it takes an approximate constant value of 318. We fit the source spectra to the ω-square model and calculate an average stress drop of (2 ± 1) MPa. The average value is consistent with the previous estimates from the weak events (1.4 < Ml < 4.5) of the Umbria-Marche seismic sequence. The most remarkable site effects are found in correspondence of large sedimentary basins, filled by alternation of sandy-clayey deposits. The estimated spectral parameters are used to simulate acceleration spectra recorded during several earthquakes of the Umbria-Marche sequence. Both point source and finite fault effects are considered. Furthermore, attenuation relationships for peak ground velocity and ground acceleration are estimated using synthetic data, and compared to existing relationships.