Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metrics on Permutations, a Survey

This is a survey on distances on the symmetric groups Sn together with their applications in many contexts; for example: statistics, coding theory, computing, bell-ringing and so on, which were originally seen unrelated. This paper initializes a step of research toward this direction in the hope that it will stimulate more researchs and eventually lead to a systematic study on this subject. §0. Introduction Distances on Sn were used in many papers in different contexts; for example, in statistics (see [Cr] and its references), coding theory (see [BCD] and its references), in computing (see, for example [Kn]), bell-ringing and so on. Here we attempt to give a brief bird’s view of distances on Sn according to types of problems considered: §1. Bi-invariant semi-metrics: consider, especially, extreme rays of the cone formed by them; some of such extreme rays coming from graph metrics are given in §4. §2. Right-invariant metrics: lists many examples of such metrics, their connection with statistics and some properties and inequalities of them. §3. Ball and cliques: collect some known information of volumes of balls for some right-invariant metrics, and also on maximal sizes of subsets of Sn having given pairwise distances. §4. Graphic and hamiltonian distances: survey possibilities of derving metric spaces (Sn, d) from graphs or of sorting it out as a kind of hamiltonian circuits.
The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation

A new application of the well-known process of frequency modulation is shown to result in a surprising control of audio spectra. The technique provides a means of great simplicity to control the spectral components and their evolution in time. Such dynamic spectra are diverse in their subjective impressions and include sounds both known and unknown. In natural sounds the amplitudes of the frequency components of the spectrum are time-variant, or dynamic. The energy of the components often evolves in complicated ways, in particular, during the attack and decay portions of the sound. The temporal evolution of the spectrum is in some cases easily followed as with bells, whereas in other cases not, because the evolution occurs in a very short time period, but it is nevertheless perceived and is an important cue in the recognition of timbre. Many natural sounds seem to have characteristic spectral evolutions that, in addition to providing their "signature," are largely responsible for what we judge to be their lively quality. In contrast, it is largely the fixed proportion spectrum of most synthesized sounds that so readily imparts to the listener the electronic cue and lifeless quality. The special application of the equation for frequency modulation, described below, allows the production of complex spectra with very great simplicity. The fact that the temporal evolution of the frequency components of the spectrum can be easily controlled is perhaps the most striking attribute of the technique, for dynamic spectra are achieved only with considerable difficulty using current techniques of synthesis. At the end of this paper some simulations of brass, woodwind, and percussive sounds are given. The importance of these simulations is as much in their elegance and simplicity as it is in their accuracy. This frequency modulation technique, although not a physical model for natural sound, is shown to be a very powerful perceptual model for at least some.
Chemical Isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) data

Evidence of chemical isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone is presented using chemical constituents obtained from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer instrument during summer (June? August) of 2004? 2006. Carbon monoxide (CO) shows a broad maximum over the monsoon anticyclone region in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS); these enhanced CO values are associated with air pollution transported upward by convection, and confined by the strong anticyclonic circulation. Profiles inside the anticyclone show enhancement of tropospheric tracers CO, HCN, C2H6, and C2H2 between ~12 to 20 km, with maxima near 13? 15 km. Strong correlations are observed among constituents, consistent with sources from near-surface pollution and biomass burning. Stratospheric tracers (O3, HNO3 and HCl) exhibit decreased values inside the anticyclone between ~12? 20 km. These observations are further evidence of transport of lower tropospheric air into the UTLS region, and isolation of air within the anticyclone. The relative enhancements of tropospheric species inside the anticyclone are closely related to the photochemical lifetime of the species, with strongest enhancement for shorter lived species. Vertical profiles of the ratio of C2H2/CO (used to measure the relative age of air) suggest relatively rapid transport of fresh emissions up to tropopause level inside the anticyclone.
Cáncer colorrectal estadio IV: diferencias en el pronóstico y la supervivencia entre carcinomatosis peritoneal y diseminación sistémica

Introduccion: El 21 por ciento de los pacientes con cancer colorrectal presentan metastasis (estadio IV) al diagnostico. El estadio IV se subdivide en estadio IVa para aquellos pacientes con metastasis en un solo organo o sitio y estadio IVb para aquellos pacientes con metastasis en mas de un organo o sitio o en el peritoneo en forma de carcinomatosis peritoneal. Esta es una clasificacion pronostica que indica que el estadio IVa tiene mejor pronostico que el estadio IVb. El tratamiento quirurgico de las metastasis hepaticas es el unico tratamiento curativo habiendose convertido en el ? patron oro? de tratamiento, sin embargo el tratamiento quirurgico multimodal de la carcinomatosis peritoneal mediante la cirugia de citorreduccion radical oncologica combinada con quimioterapia intraoperatoria intraperitoneal hipertermica todavia hoy esta considerado como un tratamiento experimental Hipotesis: Los pacientes con carcinomatosis peritoneal tienen similar pronostico y supervivencia que los pacientes con metastasis por diseminacion por via sistemica si se aplica el mejor tratamiento disponible en la actualidad. La carga tumoral y el grado de diferenciacion histologica tumoral actuan como factores pronosticos. Pacientes y metodos: Estudio de cohortes, longitudinal, retrospectivo que auna a 178 pacientes tratados entre los anos 2000 y 2013, dividiendolos en dos grandes grupos de estudio: aquellos con carcinomatosis peritoneal unicamente y aquellos con metastasis por diseminacion por via sistemica (hepaticas o pulmonares) unicamente Resultados: La supervivencia global, mediana de supervivencia y supervivencia libre de enfermedad fue similar entre ambos grupos de estudio aplicando el mejor tratamiento disponible en la actualidad. Cuanta mayor carga tumoral y mayor desdiferenciacion histologica del tumor, peor fue la supervivencia. Conclusiones: Ambas formas de diseminacion metastasica tienen un pronostico similar aplicando el tratamiento optimo. La carga tumoral y el grado de diferenciacion histologica tumoral son dos factores pronosticos determinantes en este tipo de enfermedad.
Deterministic scheduling for transactional multithreaded replicas

One way to implement a fault-tolerant service is by replicating it at sites that fail independently. One of the replication techniques is active replication where each request is executed by all the replicas. Thus, the effects of failures can be completely masked, resulting in an increase of service availability. In order to preserve consistency among replicas, replicas must exhibit a deterministic behavior, which has traditionally been achieved by restricting replicas to being single-threaded. However, this approach cannot be applied in some setups like transactional systems, where it is not admissible to process transactions sequentially. The authors present a deterministic scheduling algorithm for multithreaded replicas in a transactional framework. To ensure replica determinism, requests to replicated servers are submitted by means of reliable and totally ordered multicast. Internally, a deterministic scheduler ensures that all threads are scheduled in the same way at all replicas which guarantees replica consistency.
Timing Analysis of Keystrokes and Timing Attacks on SSH

SSH is designed to provide a secure channel between two hosts. Despite the encryption and authentication mechanisms it uses, SSH has two weakness: First, the transmitted packets are padded only to an eight-byte boundary (if a block cipher is in use), which reveals the approximate size of the original data. Second, in interactive mode, every individual keystroke that a user types is sent to the remote machine in a separate IP packet immediately after the key is pressed, which leaks the interkeystroke timing information of users' typing. In this paper, we show how these seemingly minor weaknesses result in serious security risks. First we show that even very simple statistical techniques suffice to reveal sensitive information such as the length of users' passwords or even root passwords. More importantly, we further show that by using more advanced statistical techniques on timing information collected from the network, the eavesdropper can learn significant information about what users type in SSH sessions. In particular, we perform a statistical study of users' typing patterns and show that these patterns reveal information about the keys typed. By developing a Hidden Markov Model and our key sequence prediction algorithm, we can predict key sequences from the interkeystroke timings. We further develop an attacker system, Herbivore, which tries to learn users' passwords by monitoring SSH sessions. By collecting timing information on the network, Herbivore can speed up exhaustive search for passwords by a factor of 50. We also propose some countermeasures. In general our results apply not only to SSH, but also to a general class of protocols for encrypting interactive traffic. We show that timing leaks open a new set of security risks, and hence caution must be taken when designing this type of protocol
FACTORS AFFECTING SELLER LOYALTY IN BUSINESS E-MARKETPLACE : A CASE OF INDONESIA

The development of e-commerce in Indonesia, especially e-marketplace is very fast. The number of e-marketplaces operating in Indonesia continues to increase over time. This condition makes the competition in e-marketplace business becomes more competitive. To survive, e-marketplace must be able to maintain and increase their number of customers. Basically, customers in the e-marketplace business are not just buyers, the sellers who market their goods and / or services in the e-marketplace are also customers of the e-marketplace. Some constraints experienced by the seller can cause the seller to leave the e-marketplace, this can be a serious threat for the e-marketplace that only acts as an intermediary. Although many studies have been conducted to determine the factors affecting buyer loyalty, but differences in objective and technical experience of buyers and sellers cause studies conducted on buyers can not be applied directly to sellers. Based on these backgrounds, then conducted research to find the factors that affect the loyalty of sellers in e-marketplace business. The research model was established and developed based on some previous research. Some factors such as efficiency, security and privacy, communication, reliability, information, value added services, image, cost, and promotion are examined to obtain answers to research objectives. The sample in this research is taken from the seller in e-marketplace in Indonesia. The method of analysis used in this research is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of this study found that the satisfaction, image, cost, promotion and value added services have a positive impact on the loyalty of the seller. Satisfaction is a factor that has the greatest influence on seller loyalty.
Elevated levels of estrogens as a risk for colorectal carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis

Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most fatal cancers, but to date, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely understood. Recent epidemiological studies and clinical trials have begun to provide insights into the links between estrogens and colorectal carcinoma. The results obtained from established animal models indicated that abnormal high levels of estrogens promote the tumorigenesis of colitis-associated carcinoma. Estrogens regulate biological events mainly through two distinct receptors (Erα and Erβ). After combined with the receptor, estrogens translocate to nucleus and act as transcription factors to modulate several signaling pathways. Since organ destruction and parenchymal loss result in hormone inactivation disorder, patients with liver cirrhosis always have high levels of endogenous estrogens, which are the predominant causes of liver palm, spider angioma, gynecomastia, and testis atrophy. Meanwhile, several population-based studies confirmed that patients with liver cirrhosis face higher risks of colorectal carcinoma compared to general population. Although the influencing factors may be complicated, the high level of endogenous estrogens has been proposed as an important pathogen. Several studies, with the particular focus on menopause women, provided some contradictory results that estrogens may protect patients from cancers. However, the low levels of endogenous estrogens of menopause women, administration route, and the composition of drugs could lead to different conclusions. The exact effect of estrogens on the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma of a patient with liver cirrhosis is only just starting to be dissected.
Symbolic Structures: An Exploration of the Culture of the Dowayos. NIGEL BARLEY. Cambridge

of anthropology win favor. The conclusion is, noneanalysis of why such claims might be made at a theless, appropriate. It challenges “mystical” pasgiven moment to a given audience according to facsages in some of the papers from the standpoint of tors of local-level politics or wider politico-ecoempirically grounded British social anthropology, nomic trends. Fulani are said to be important foils and it suggests that anthropological self-criticism to the Dowayo sense of being, yet these Fulani are made from a carnivalesque standpoint could go not identified further; were/are they, for instance, much further than it does in the present volume. subjects of the Lamido of Rey Bouba, or raiders (or Only a Leach could subtly strike this double blow. their descendants) on the fringe of Rabeh’s jihad? But while one must agree with Leach, the volume What, if anything, do Dowayo have in common does, in the main, deliver the goods. It i s both an with other major ethnic groups in the general area interesting collection and an insightful example such as the Mbum (O’Laughlin 1973) or the Mounabout what has happened in symbolic anthropoldang (Adler and Zemplini 1972)? ogy in the past 15 years. Such timelessness and lack of context i s purposeful. Barley writes that “to show an area has structure is not to show that it has meaning or communicates something” (p. 11). Rather, through bricolage, Doway0 culture “plays games” resulting in, say, a fesSymbolic Structures: An Exploration of the Cultival of “material that may be more or less approturn of the Dowayos. NlGEL BARLEY. Campriate to its context”; such a configuration does not brldge: Cambrldge Unlverslty Press (co-pub“make any profound propositional statement about llshed with the Ma lson des Sclences de the nature of life, death or man’s place in the cosI’Homme), 1983. vill + 125 pp., map, figures, mos,“ and, indeed, the question ‘ I ’Why do Doplates, appendix, notes, references, Index. wayos [sic] do this? ‘ . may be deemed almost ir$27.50 (cloth). relevant to the task of analysis” (p. 96). Barley’s alternative to ”the catch-all anthropological notion of metaphor” (p. 98) used by many and writers to make sense of complicated events like the University Of Michigan festivals alluded to above, i s to posit “two forms of motivation-internal and external. ” The first i s ALLEN F. A’bion
Self-Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development. Essays in Social Psychology.

Preface. Introduction. 1. What Promotes Adaptive Motivation? Four Beliefs and Four Truths about Ability, Success, Praise, and Confidence. 2. When Failure Undermines and When Failure Motivates: Helpless and Mastery-Oriented Responses. 3. Achievement Goals: Looking Smart vs. Learning. 4. Is Intelligence Fixed or Changeable? Students' Theories About Their Intelligence Foster Their Achievement Goals. 5. Theories of Intelligence Predict (and Create) Differences in Achievement. 6. Theories of Intelligence Create High and Low Effort. 7. Theories and Goals Predict Self-Esteem Loss and Depressive Reactions. 8. Why Confidence and Success Are Not Enough. 9. What Is IQ and Does It Matter? 10. Believing in Fixed Social Traits: Impact on Social Coping. 11. Judging and Labeling Others: Another Effect of Implicit Theories. 12. Belief in the Potential to Change. 13. Holding and Forming Stereotypes. 14. How Does It All Begin? Young Children's Theories about Goodness and Badness. 15. Kinds of Praise and Criticism: The Origins of Vulnerability. 16. Praising Intelligence: More Praise that Backfires. 17. Misconceptions about Self-Esteem and about How to Foster It. 18. Personality, Motivation, Development, and the Self: Theoretical Reflections. 19. Final Thoughts on Controversial Issues.
Optical properties of A Fe 2 As 2 ( A = Ca , Sr , and Ba ) single crystals

Y. M. Dai,1,* Ana Akrap,2 S. L. Bud’ko,3 P. C. Canfield,3 and C. C. Homes1,† 1Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA 2DQMP–University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland 3Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Received 26 August 2016; revised manuscript received 30 September 2016; published 23 November 2016)
Assessment of cognitive processes : the PASS theory of intelligence

Preface. I. RESTRUCTURING INTELLIGENCE. 1. The Cognitive Approach to Intellectual Assessment. 2. Conceptualization and Measurement of Intelligence: A Cognitive Processing Model. II. PROCESSES OF COGNITION. 3. Attention. 4. The Coding of Information. 5. Planning. III. MECHANISMS OF MEASUREMENT. 6. Operationalization of PASS. 7. PASS and Current IQ Tests. IV. DISCOVERY AND AMELIORATION OF DEFICITS. 8. Exceptional Children. 9. From Assessment to Remediation. 10. PASS Remedial Program: PREP. 11. The Raft. References and Index.
Psychology, Meaning Making, and the Study of Worldviews: Beyond Religion and Non-Religion

To get beyond the solely negative identities signaled by atheism and agnosticism, we have to conceptualize an object of study that includes religions and nonreligions. We advocate a shift from “religions” to “worldviews” and define worldviews in terms of the human ability to ask and reflect on “big questions” (BQs; e.g., what exists? how should we live? ). From a worldviews perspective, atheism, agnosticism, and theism are competing claims about one feature of reality and can be combined with various answers to the BQs to generate a wide range of worldviews. To lay a foundation for the multidisciplinary study of worldviews that includes psychology and other sciences, we ground them in humans’ evolved world-making capacities. Conceptualizing worldviews in this way allows us to identify, refine, and connect concepts that are appropriate to different levels of analysis. We argue that the language of enacted and articulated worldviews (for humans) and worldmaking and ways of life (for humans and other animals) is appropriate at the level of persons or organisms and that the language of sense making, schemas, and meaning frameworks is appropriate at the cognitive level (for humans and other animals). Viewing the meaning making processes that enable humans to generate worldviews from an evolutionary perspective allows us to raise new questions for psychology with particular relevance for the study of nonreligious worldviews.
Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness

Perface. One: Theory. 1. Theories of Action. 2. Evaluating Theories of Action. Two: Action. 3. Diagnosing Theories-in-Use. 4. Model I. 5. Model II. 6. Transition from Model I to Model II. 7. Learining Model-II Behavior. Three: Practice. 8. Issues in Professional Education. 9. Implications for Professional Competence and Practice. 10. Redesigning Professional Education. NotesReferencesIndex.
Comparison of RAPD linkage maps constructed for a single longleaf pine from both haploid and diploid mapping populations

Considerable concern has been voiced regarding the reproducibility/transferability of RAPD markers across different genetic backgrounds in genetic mapping experiments. Therefore, separate gametic subsets (mapping populations) were used to construct individual random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) linkage maps for a single longleaf pine (Pinzrs pahstris Mill.). A haploid mapping population consisting of megagametophytic DNAs from 88 wind-pollinated seeds of longleaf pine (clone 3-356), and a diploid population including 86 F, progeny from a controlled cross [longleaf pine 3-356 (0) x slash pine H-28 (O")] were employed. Seventy-one MPD primers selected for this study identified a total of 137 mapped loci in longleaf pine 3-356 based on amplification of megagametophytic DNAs. Of the 137 loci useful for comparative purposes, 62 loci (45.3%) could not be scored when DNAs of F, progeny from the controlled cross were amplified. Of the 75 loci that were storable, 26 loci (34.7%) were fixed in slash pine H-28, and 49 loci (65.3%) were segregating (42 1:1, and seven 3:l). Comparisons were made using the 49 loci common to both the haploid- and diploid-based maps. The 49 loci allowed us to determine homologous counterparts between maps. Orders were conserved for those groups containing three or more loci. Genetic distance estimates tvere found to vary considerably, but not in any systematic manner.
FLUX: functional updates for XML

XML database query languages have been studied extensively, but XML database updates have received relatively little attention, and pose many challenges to language design. We are developing an XML update language called FLUX, which stands for FunctionaL Updates for XML, drawing upon ideas from functional programming languages. In prior work, we have introduced a core language for FLUX with a clear operational semantics and a sound, decidable static type system based on regular expression types. Our initial proposal had several limitations. First, it lacked support for recursive types or update procedures. Second, although a high-level source language can easily be translated to the core language, it is difficult to propagate meaningful type errors from the core language back to the source. Third, certain updates are wellformed yet contain path errors, or "dead" subexpressions which never do any useful work. It would be useful to detect path errors, since they often represent errors or optimization opportunities. In this paper, we address all three limitations. Specifically, we present an improved, sound type system that handles recursion. We also formalize a source update language and give a translation to the core language that preserves and reflects typability. We also develop a path-error analysis (a form of dead-code analysis) for updates.