Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Skill Flow: A Fundamental Reconsideration of Skilled-Worker Mobility and Development

Large numbers of doctors, engineers, and other skilled workers from developing countries choose to move to other countries. Do their choices threaten development? The answer appears so obvious that their movement is most commonly known by the pejorative term “brain drain. ” This paper reconsiders the question, starting from the most mainstream, explicit definitions of “development. ” Under these definitions, it is only possible to advance development by regulating skilled workers’ choices if that regulation greatly expands the substantive freedoms of others to meet their basic needs and live the lives they wish. Much existing evidence and some new evidence suggests that regulating skilled-worker mobility itself does little to address the underlying causes of skilled migrants’ choices, generally brings few benefits to others, and often brings diverse unintended harm. The paper concludes with examples of effective ways that developing countries can build a skill base for development without regulating human movement. The mental shift required to take these policies seriously would be aided by dropping the sententious term “brain drain” in favor of the neutral, accurate, and concise term “skill flow. ”
Existence Conditions of High‐k Modes in Finite Hyperbolic Metamaterials

The capability to support optical waves with very large wave vectors (high‐k) is one of the principle features of hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs). These waves play the key role in HMM applications such as imaging and lifetime engineering. Effective medium approximation (EMA) as widely used analytical method to predict HMMs behavior, has shortcomings in calculating high‐k modes of practical structures. EMA is applicable to a subwavelength unit cell of implicitly infinite periodic structures. Using conventional EMA, in the present paper, boundary effects and spatial dispersion are taken into consideration to properly compute the high‐k modes of finite‐thickness multilayer HMMs. Applying nonlocal homogenization to stacks of alternating metal‐dielectric layers, the corresponding effective medium is examined as a high‐k waveguide sandwiched between the substrate and an ambient superstrate. The developed theory enables us to recognize two types of bulk waves coined as short‐range and long‐range propagating modes. Number of such modes as well as their cutoff conditions are quantified for the first time. Validity of the developed theory is verified both numerically by rigorous simulations of the multilayer structures with the transfer matrix method and experimentally by optical characterization of the HMMs in infrared regime.
Texture et comportement des matériaux granulaires à grande polydispersité

Ce travail de these est consacre a la modelisation et a l'etude numerique de la texture et du comportement mecanique des materiaux granulaires a grande polydispersite. La polydispersite est consideree en termes d'etalement et de courbure de la distribution de tailles. Afin d'aboutir a des distributions de tailles representatives, une methode de generation ainsi qu'un modele de courbe granulometrique sont presentes. La mise en place de grands echantillons denses par une methode geometrique a permis de realiser une etude systematique de l'influence de la polydispersite sur la texture. Le comportement mecanique est etudie par simulations numeriques discretes sur la base de la methode de Dynamique des Contacts. Les echantillons sont successivement soumis a une relaxation uniaxiale et a un cisaillement simple avec des conditions aux limites periodiques afin d'atteindre respectivement l'etat d'equilibre statique et l'etat stationnaire apres un cisaillement long. Nos resultats montrent que la distribution uniforme par fraction volumique conduit a la compacite la plus elevee. Dans l'etat stationnaire, la resistance au cisaillement est independante de la polydispersite. Une analyse systematique de la texture permet de montrer que cette propriete resulte, d'une part, de la compensation mutuelle entre les anisotropies des directions de contact et des longueurs des vecteurs branches et, d'autre part, du fait que les forces fortes sont essentiellement transmise a travers les plus grosses particules. Enfin, en presence de forces d'adhesion, la cohesion de Coulomb augmente avec l'etalement granulometrique.
Forecasting Wet Microbursts Associated with Summertime Airmass Thunderstorms over the Southeastern United States

Abstract : Microbursts are intense downbursts from thunderstorms that affect an area less than 4 km and have a lifespan less than 10 minutes. Wet microbursts are associated with heavy precipitation and are common in the eastern and southeastern part of the country. The greatest threat from microbursts is to low flying aircraft, where the rapid fluctuations in horizontal and vertical airflow create tremendous shear zones. Microbursts have been determined to be the causal factor behind at least three major aircraft accidents resulting in numerous fatalities. Due to the short lifespan of microbursts, they often strike without warning and pose a serious challenge to operational forecasters trying to protect Air Force assets. This thesis seeks to develop a technique to forecast wet microbursts using currently operational technology, including upper air soundings and WSR-88D products. The technique developed is comprised of three distinct phases. First, recognize the potential threat for given environmental conditions. Second, predict the maximum outflow velocities from microbursts using predictive equations. Third, highlight key NEXRAD radar products that demonstrate a strong potential to serve as precursors to microburst formation. Using the technique developed, warning leadtimes on the order of 10 to 20 minutes appear to be reasonable in operational applications.
Controle biológico da ferrugem (Hemileia vastatrix) do cafeeiro com Bacillus subtilis em condições controladas.

Suspensoes de celulas dos isolados AP-3 E AP-150 de Bacillus subtilis inibiram totalmente a germinacao dos urediniosporos das racas I, II, XXV, XXIV, e XXXI de Hemileia vastatrix quando a concentracao de Bacillus foi superior a % x 10 7 cel/ml. Em concentracoes inferiores houve reducao na inibicao mas os tubos germinativos mostraram-se deformados. Bacillus subtilis quando pulverizado 24 horas antes da inoculacao dos urediniosporos de Hemileia vastatrix foi efetivo em controlar a infeccao em discos de folhas. A pulverizacao de suspensao esterilizada de celula dos isolados AP-3 e AP-150 de Bacillus subtilis em folhas destacadas de cafeeiro da variedade caturra, nas concentracoes de 2,2 x 10 8 e 4,3 x 10 8 cel/ml, reduziu o numero de lesoes em 62 2 72%, respectivamente; enquanto a nao esterilizada, nas mesmas concentracoes, em 87 e 73%. Quando pulverizadas em mudas com 8 pares de folhas a reducao no numero de lesoes, para os isolados AP-3 e AP-150 aplicados em suspensao esterilizada, foi de 67 e 59%, respectivamente; enquanto a nao esterilizada em 89 e 63%, respectivamente.
Organic farming in Khartoum

Interest in organic agriculture and its products has widely grown in the world, mainly because of the increasing environmental and health hazards associated with the intensive use of chemicals in agriculture. Sudan, in spite of its high potential of organic agricultural production along the shores of the Nile, rivers, and the seasonal streams, has not been able to widely invest in organic production. Over the last years, the paradigm of organic agriculture as a sustainable mode of production has strongly grown among the Sudanese community. Furthermore, the importance of this type of production is progressively increasing amongst researchers, as well as policy makers as a good sign for a healthy thinking lead to take serious steps toward organic production in all the states of Sudan especially Khartoum state as a horticultural state and where the Capital of Sudan located. This paper reviews the potentials and current situation of organic agriculture in Khartoum and the running organic farming projects in different States are highlighted. The main directives in the Sudanese Standard of Organic Agriculture are pointed out. The complete lack or gabs in legislation for organic production in Sudan, besides the absence of national or international offices of inspection and certification bodies are focused.
The Labor Market in the Great Recession : an Update

Since the end of the Great Recession in mid-2009, the unemployment rate has recovered slowly, falling by only one percentage point from its peak. We find that the lackluster labor market recovery can be traced in large part to weakness in aggregate demand; only a small part seems attributable to increases in labor market frictions. This continued labor market weakness has led to the highest level of long-term unemployment in the U.S. in the postwar period, and a blurring of the distinction between unemployment and nonparticipation. We show that flows from nonparticipation to unemployment are important for understanding the recent evolution of the duration distribution of unemployment. Simulations that account for these flows suggest that the U.S. labor market is unlikely to be subject to high levels of structural long-term unemployment after aggregate demand recovers.
Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains

Karst terrains - irregular limestone regions characterized by sinkholes, underground streams and caverns - have long been of interest because of the dramatic landscapes and the challenge of cave exploration. But the geomorphology and hydrology of karst drainage systems are now of interest to water supply specialists, urban planners, and environmental engineers. This graduate-level text discusses the chemistry of karst waters, the processes of sedimentary in-filling, the origins of caves, and the evolution of karst systems through geologic time. Since karst develops predominently by chemical processes, this text is written from the point of view of the chemistry of limestone solution. The approach is more quantitive and process-oriented than that of existing textbooks, and the author includes material on environmental problems in karst regions, including land use and land management, water supply, and pollution control.
A Lot of Action, But Not in the Right Direction: Systematic Review and Content Analysis of Smartphone Applications for the Prevention, Detection, and Management of Cancer

Background Mobile phones have become nearly ubiquitous, offering a promising means to deliver health interventions. However, little is known about smartphone applications (apps) for cancer. Objective The purpose of this study was to characterize the purpose and content of cancer-focused smartphone apps available for use by the general public and the evidence on their utility or effectiveness. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the official application stores for the four major smartphone platforms: iPhone, Android, Nokia, and BlackBerry. Apps were included in the review if they were focused on cancer and available for use by the general public. This was complemented by a systematic review of literature from MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify evaluations of cancer-related smartphone apps. Results A total of 295 apps from the smartphone app stores met the inclusion criteria. The majority of apps targeted breast cancer (46.8%, 138/295) or cancer in general (28.5%, 84/295). The reported app purpose was predominantly to raise awareness about cancer (32.2%, 95/295) or to provide educational information about cancer (26.4%, 78/295), followed by apps to support fundraising efforts (12.9%, 38/295), assist in early detection (11.5%, 34/295), promote a charitable organization (10.2%, 30/295), support disease management (3.7%, 11/295), cancer prevention (2.0%, 6/295), or social support (1.0%, 3/295). The majority of the apps did not describe their organizational affiliation (64.1%, 189/295). Apps affiliated with non-profit organizations were more likely to be free of cost (χ2 1=16.3, P<.001) and have a fundraising or awareness purpose (χ2 2=13.3, P=.001). The review of the health literature yielded 594 articles, none of which reported an evaluation of a cancer-focused smartphone application. Conclusions There are hundreds of cancer-focused apps with the potential to enhance efforts to promote behavior change, to monitor a host of symptoms and physiological indicators of disease, and to provide real-time supportive interventions, conveniently and at low cost. However, there is a lack of evidence on their utility, effectiveness, and safety. Future efforts should focus on improving and consolidating the evidence base into a whitelist for public consumption.
No Radio Bursts Detected from FIRST J141918.9+394036 in Green Bank Telescope Observations

Precise localization of the first-known repeating fast radio burst source, FRB 121102 (Spitler et al. 2016; Chatterjee et al. 2017), led to its association with a star-forming region inside a low-metallicity dwarf host galaxy (Tendulkar et al. 2017). This host environment is similar to that typically associated with long gamma-ray bursts (GRB) and superluminous supernovae, potentially linking these astrophysical phenomena (Metzger et al. 2017). In addition, the bursting source is found to be spatially coincident with a compact (< 0.7 pc; Marcote et al. 2017), persistent radio source (Chatterjee et al. 2017). Ofek (2017) identified similar radio sources in the Very Large Array FIRST survey (Becker et al. 1995). One of these sources, FIRST J141918.9+394036 (hereafter FIRST J1419+3940), was identified as a radio transient decaying in brightness by a factor of ~50 over several decades (Law et al. 2018). Very-long-baseline radio interferometric observations support the theory that FIRST J1419+3940 is the afterglow of a long GRB, based on the inferred physical size of the emission region (1.6 ± 0.3 pc; Marcote et al. 2019).
Analysis of a genomic island housing genes for DNA S‐modification system in Streptomyces lividans 66 and its counterparts in other distantly related bacteria

The complete sequence (92 770 bp) of a genomic island (GI) named SLG from Streptomyces lividans 66, encoding a novel DNA S‐modification system (dnd), was determined. Its overall G+C content was 67.8%, lower than those of three sequenced Streptomyces genomes. Among 85 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) in SLG, 22 ORFs showed little homology with previously known proteins. SLG displays a mosaic structure composed of four modules, indicative of multiple recombination events in its formation. Spontaneous excision and circularization of SLG was observed, and the excision rate appeared to be induced at least fivefold by MNNG exposure. Using constructed mini‐islands of SLG, we demonstrated that Slg01, a P4‐like integrase, was sufficient to promote SLG integration, excision and circularization. Eleven counterpart dnd clusters, which also mapped to GIs in 10 chromosomes and a plasmid, were found in taxonomically unrelated bacterial species from various geographic niches. Additionally, c. 10% of actinomycetes were found to possess a dnd cluster in a survey involving 74 strains. Comparison of dnd clusters in the 12 bacteria strongly suggests that these dnd‐bearing elements might have evolved from a common ancestor similar to plasmid‐originated chromosome II of Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125.
Sensory evaluation of chicken breast treated with oregano essential oil.

The aim of the present study was sensory evaluation of samples of chicken breast meat treated with oregano essential oil. The samples of chicken breast was divided into three groups and treated as follows: control group was packaging in air without treated, next group was with vacuum packaging without treated and last group was with vacuum packaging and treated oregano essential oil (0.2% v/w). Sensory properties of fresh chicken breast meat were monitored over a 16 days period. All fresh chickens’ breast meat samples were stored at 4°C. From sensory properties were evaluated taste, smell, juiciness and tenderness by 5-point scale test. The results were statistically processed using program Statgraphics. Statistically differences (P≤0.05) were found on smell between control group with air packaging and group vacuum packaging and group with oregano essential oil treatment. Silimilar results statistically differences were reported on taste, juiciness and tenterness.
Settlement

This survey of the modeling of pretrial settlement bargaining organizes current main themes and recent developments. The basic concepts used are outlined as core models and then several variations on these core models are discussed. The focus is on articles that emphasize formal models of settlement negotiation and the presentation in the survey is organized in game-theoretic terms, this now being the principal tool employed by analyses in this area, but the discussion is aimed at the not-terribly-technical non-specialist. The survey also illustrates some of the basic notions and assumptions of information economics and of (cooperative and noncooperative) game theory.
Quaternary Reefs of Northeastern Sicily: Structure and Growth Controls in an Unstable Tectonic Setting

Uplifted Quaternary reefs on the northeastern Sicily coast are frameworks dominated by coralline algae and calcified worms, as veneers on bedrock. The reef at Aci Trezza near Catania grew in the early Holocene sea-level rise on eroded early Etnean basalt, and in detail has a complex growth history, probably due to its long age (at least 9000 yBP) and coralligene character: it is likely to have spent part of its history in water depths up to c.60 m. It finally underwent tectonic uplift over the last c.8000 y, at a rate possibly as high as 3.4 mm/y. 40km north at Capo Sant' Alessio, the upper surface of a reef contains the coralline alga Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie (previously called L. lichenoides Phillipi ), and therefore grew at contemporary sea level, in the lower part of a +c.5 m bedrock notch with Lithophaga bivalves dated at c.5000 y; this approximately coincides with the mid-Holocene deceleration of sea-level rise, and the oldest age of this reef. The reef was uplifted in later Holocene times. Because sea level probably rose as much as 5 m in the last 5000 y, the uplift rate at this site may be as high as 2 mm/y. At Capo Sant' Andrea near Taormina (10km south of Capo Sant' Alessio), a reef containing L. byssoides grew on the 45° dip of an eastward dipping old fault plane cutting limestones associated with the Messina fault system. The reef extends to c. + 12m, but is notched at c. +5m; this correlates with notches both in nearby bedrock, and at Capo St. Alessio, at c.5000 y. The reef grew during early Holocene times, and possible earlier, but awaits dating; it was buried in micrite prior to uplift, suggesting it was drowned by rising Holocene sea level. At Capo Milazzo peninsula on the north coast, closely spaced notches up to 2 m above sea level are consistent with the slow uplift rate recorded for that area from Pleistocene times, of c.0. 5 mm/y. A modern 1 m-wide reef rim occurs at sea level, and the only uplifted organic remains are isolated coral heads, insufficient as palaeosea-level indicators. Observations from the differences between reefs in these four localities combines with the fact that bedrock notches between Catania and Milazzo show poor correlation between sites, except over short distances. The reefs are therefore a useful tool to demonstrate differential uplift in the tectonically unstable area of northeastern Sicily.
Diatom frustules decorated with zinc oxide nanoparticles for enhanced optical properties

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized on diatomite (DE) surface by a low temperature sol gel technique, starting from zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2 · 2H2O) solution in water/ethyl alcohol, in presence of triethanolamine (TEA) with functions of Zn2+ chelating agent, catalyst and mediator of nanoparticle growth on DE surface. Microstructural features were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. ZnO crystalline nanoparticles, well distributed both on the surface and into the porous architecture of diatomite, were obtained just after the synthesis carried out at 80 °C without the need of calcination treatments. The optical properties of ZnO/DE hybrid powders were measured for the first time by means of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). A new method to retrieve both the optical absorption and scattering coefficients from PAS is here discussed for powder aggregates. The fingerprint of the zinc oxide nanoparticles has been highlighted in the Mie scattering resonance in the UV–Vis range, and in the enhancement of the optical absorption with respect to diatomite.
Volatility , Money Market Rates , and the Transmission of Monetary Policy

Abstact Central banks typically control an overnight interest rate as their policy tool, and the transmission of monetary policy happens through the relationship of this overnight rate to the rest of the yield curve. The expectations hypothesis, that longer-term rates should equal expected future short-term rates plus a term premium, provides the typical framework for understanding this relationship. We explore the effect of volatility in the federal funds market on the expectations hypothesis in money markets. We present two major results. First, the expectations hypothesis is likely to be rejected in money markets if the realized federal funds rate is studied instead of an appropriate measure of the expected federal funds rate. Second, we find that lower volatility in the funds market, all else equal, leads to a lower term premium and thus longer-term rates for a given setting of the overnight rate. The results have implications for the design of operational frameworks for the implementation of monetary policy and for the interpretation of the changes in the Libor-OIS spread during the financial crisis. We also demonstrate that the expectations hypothesis is more likely to hold the more closely linked the shortand long-term interest rates are.
Dietary Lycopene Supplementation Improves Cognitive Performances in Tau Transgenic Mice Expressing P 301 L Mutation via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and

8 Background: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies and participates in their development by promoting hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau. Lycopene, as an effective antioxidant, combined with vitamin E seemed to be additive against oxidative stress. 9
The Role of the Chinese Dollar Peg for Macroeconomic Stability in China and the World Economy

During the 1997/98 Asian crisis and the 2007-2010 world financial and economic crisis, China has proved to be a stabilizer for East Asia and the world. The paper stresses the crucial role of the dollar peg for macroeconomic stability in China. The paper explores the current role of China's nominal exchange rate stabilization as stabilizing factor for China, East Asia and the world economy. Distortions originating in real exchange rate stabilization are identified and are argued to be a risk for global growth perspectives. To prevent further economic and financial turmoil the paper recommends policy coordination between China and the US. The exit from unconventional low interest rate policies in the US combined with the end of real (but not nominal) exchange rate stabilization in China is seen as necessary to stabilize longterm growth in China, East Asia and the US.
Late Cenozoic Stratigraphic Sequence and Its Implication to Tectonic Evolution,Hejiakouzi Area, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

The Late Cenozoic stratigraphic sequence and its information of tectonic evolution are obtained here through the detailed petrostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic study and research of stratigraphic contact and sedmentary faces of the Cenozoic strata profile, Hejiakouzi area,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The intense Cenozoic tectonic deformation began at 10Ma BP in the Haiyuan-Tongxin Syntaxis, the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and a few deformation events occurred during Late Cenozoic Era.