Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tissue-resident monocytes promote the establishment of lung-resident CD8 T cell memory following influenza infection

Lung tissue resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) have been shown to be critical in protecting against heterologous influenza virus challenge by limiting early viral replication and promoting more rapid viral clearance. Unlike other mucosal tissues, we have found that environmental signals are insufficient for the establishment of lung TRM, and that pulmonary antigen encounter is necessary for TRM to differentiate in the lung. This indicates a likely role for pulmonary antigen presenting cells (APC’s) in the process of lung TRM development, and thus we investigated the role of lung APC subsets on the establishment of lung CD8 TRM following influenza infection. Although many lung APC subsets contain flu nucleoprotein (FluNP) over the course of infection, most lung APC’s do not contain FluNP once virus has been cleared by day 10 post-infection. In contrast, lung monocytes continue to have high numbers of FluNP-bearing cells through day 15 post infection, the same time we observe the appearance of flu-specific CD8 T cells with a TRM phenotype. As these data suggest a potential role for monocytes as drivers of TRM differentiation, we tested mice deficient for the chemokine receptor CCR2 (CCR2−/−), which have a significant defect in the recruitment of monocytes to the lung. In our murine influenza model these CCR2−/− mice had significantly less flu-specific lung CD8 TRM than WT controls. Notably, this defect was not observed in the flu-specific CD8 memory T cells in the lung vasculature or mediastinal lymph node (MedLN), indicating this effect is specific for tissue-resident memory cells. Thus, these data show that antigen presentation by CCR2+ monocytes have a likely role in the lung in the establishment of lung CD8 TRM.
An Attempt to Interpret the Relative Abundances of the Elements and Their Isotopes.

In tbis paper an attempt is made to derive some information concerning the prestellar stage at wbich the elements are supposed to have been formed. By using first the relative abundances of the isotopes of a single element (e.g., 0, Ne, Mg, Si, and S), it is shown that a temperature of the order of a few billion degrees is indicated. The equilibrium between the fundamental nuclear particles (protons, neutrons, α-particles, electrons, and positrons) at temperatures ranging from 5 to 10 billion degrees is then studied to establish the relative concentrations of protons and neutrons as a function of the temperature. Tbis relation is then used to compute theoretical mass-abundance-curves under different physical conditions. From such calculations it is concluded that under the physical conditions specified by T=8×10 9 degrees and ρ= 10 7 gm/cm 3 the theoretical mass-abundance-curve from oxygen to sulphur agrees fairly satisfactorily with the known abundance-curve according to V. M. Goldschmidt (Fig. 2). An important feature of the nuclear mixture considered is that hydrogen and helium are the two most abundant constituents, wbich is in agreement with known facts. However, the conditions indicated are seen to be quite insufficient to account for the existence of the heavy nuclei to any appreciable extent. It is, therefore, suggested that we should distinguish at least two epochs in the development of the prestellar stage. We imagine that at the earliest stages conditions of extreme temperatures and densities prevailed at wbich the heavier nuclei could have been formed. As the matter cooled to lower temperatures and densities, appreciable amounts (I part in 10 6 ) of the heavy elements must have been "frozen" into the mixture. At temperatures of the order of from 5×10 9 to 8×10 9 degrees and densities of the order of from 10 4 to 10 7 gm/cm 3 the present known relative abundances of the elements from oxygen to sulphur may have been established.
Quantifying use of kelp forest habitat by commercially important crustaceans in the United Kingdom

Abstract Kelp forests are regarded as important nursery and foraging habitats for commercially important species of finfish and shellfish despite an absence of fishery-independent data in many regions. Here, we conducted targeted surveys at 12 subtidal reefs, distributed across 9° of latitude in the UK, using three complementary techniques (Underwater Visual Census (UVC), Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) and deployment of prawn pots) to quantify the abundance of crustaceans within kelp forests. Commercially important species were recorded at all sites; Cancer pagurus (brown/edible crab) and Necora puber (velvet swimming crab) were the most abundant and commonly observed, although Maja brachydactyla (spider crab), Homarus gammarus (European lobster) and Palaemon serratus (common prawn) were also recorded. The abundance of some species exhibited pronounced regional variability, with higher abundances of C. pagurus within northern regions and, conversely, higher abundances of M. brachydactyla and P. serratus within southern regions. Each sampling technique yielded similar spatial patterns for the most abundant species but had varying sensitivity to some species. Most individuals observed were juvenile or sub-adults, suggesting kelp forests serve as important nursery grounds for commercially and ecologically important crustaceans. Further monitoring efforts, conducted across greater spatiotemporal scales and in different habitat types, are needed to provide a robust baseline against which to detect changes and to inform management and conservation actions.
Ultrasonic attenuation in a quasicrystal studied by picosecond acoustics as a function of temperature and frequency

We report on the acoustic attenuation in an AlPdMn icosahedral quasicrystal between 15 and 300 K, in the tens of GHz range. High frequency coherent longitudinal acoustic waves are excited and detected by an optical ``pump and probe'' technique, in an interferometric configuration. Our results reveal that, at high temperature $(Tg100\mathrm{K}),$ the acoustic attenuation is rather small, close to the attenuation in crystals and much smaller than in disordered solids. We stress that Akhieser processes (phonon-phonon interactions) must be active in quasicrystals and give the correct behavior and order of magnitude of the acoustic attenuation, at high temperature. At low temperature, departure from the standard behavior arising from phonon-phonon interaction is not understood.
On the Formation of Polar Spots in Sun-like Stars

We simulate the photospheric magnetic field on very active cool stars using a flux injection and surface distribution model with strictly solar parameters, including an 11 yr sunspot cycle and associated butterfly pattern. The only free parameter is the magnitude of the cycle. We demonstrate that the combination of supergranulation-driven dispersal and meridional advection of the field on a very active Sun-like star leads to a strong polar cap field. The polar caps contain so much flux that in comparable environments on the Sun convection is suppressed; it appears inevitable that this leads to the formation of (clusters of) starspots within large unipolar areas that form at high latitudes. The model exhibits a peak total flux in the polar cap regions that is roughly proportional to the cycle amplitude for active regions, 𝒜0, whereas the total absolute flux covering the stellar surface has a significantly weaker than linear dependence on 𝒜0. We find, for example, that for a star with a rotation period of P ~ 6 days, the total absolute flux on the star is ~10 times that characteristic of the active Sun, while the peak polar cap flux is stronger by a factor of ~30. Within the polar caps of such active stars, flux concentrations coagulate to form relatively large clusters. The tendency for larger flux concentrations to disperse more slowly causes the polar cap flux to be concentrated in a more restricted latitude range with increasing activity; the corresponding longitudinally averaged flux density in the polar caps of the simulated star with P ~ 6 days reaches ~300-500 Mx cm-2. The polar cap field in these simulations displays a ring of one polarity at high latitudes around a polar patch of the opposite polarity during much of the spot cycle. This bipolar pattern forms a persistent flux reservoir, so that the cycle modulation of the polar cap flux of an active star is relatively weak, consistent with observations of polar cap spot coverage on active cool stars. Based on these model results, we propose that polar spots are consistent with a dynamo like that of the Sun for a sufficiently enhanced emergence frequency of active regions.
High Power Transformer Employing Piezoelectric Ceramics

0.10Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3–0.47PbZrO3–0.43PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics in a single-layer transformer successfully produces a maximum available power of 11 W. This 42×10×1 mm piezoelectric transformer operates in a third order length expansion vibration mode, with a load impedance of 100 k Ω at the output terminal. Two types of ceramic fabrication have been tested: one using 5.5 m2/g specific surface area calcined powder sintered at 1100° C, the other using 2.0 m2/g specific surface area calcined powder sintered at 1300° C. While such ceramics are expected to be especially useful in multilayered structure transformers, as well, sintering at 1100° C would be preferred for multilayer designs because relatively low cost metals, such as Ag–Pd alloys, could be employed for the internal electrodes. With ceramics sintered at 1300° C, however, high cost metals such as Pt would have to be used.
Pepsin and Trypsin Treatment Combined with Carvacrol: An Efficient Strategy to Fight Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms

Biofilms consist of microbial communities enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix which is mainly responsible of biofilm virulence. Targeting this matrix could be an effective strategy to control biofilms. In this work, we examined the efficacy of two proteolytic enzymes, pepsin and trypsin, to degrade P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms and their synergistic effect when combined with carvacrol. The minimum dispersive concentrations (MDCs) and the contact times of enzymes, as well as the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and contact times of carvacrol, were determined against biofilms grown on polystyrene surfaces. For biofilms grown on stainless steel surfaces, the combined pepsin or trypsin with carvacrol treatment showed more significant reduction of both biofilms compared with carvacrol treatment alone. This reduction was more substantial after sequential treatment of both enzymes, followed by carvacrol with the greatest reduction of 4.7 log CFU mL−1 (p < 0.05) for P. aeruginosa biofilm and 3.3 log CFU mL−1 (p < 0.05) for E. faecalis biofilm. Such improved efficiency was also obvious in the epifluorescence microscopy analysis. These findings demonstrate that the combined effect of the protease-dispersing activity and the carvacrol antimicrobial activity could be a prospective approach for controlling P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms.
Single molecule force spectroscopy by AFM indicates helical structure of poly(ethylene-glycol) in water

We elongated individual poly(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) molecules tethered at one end to an AFM cantilever. We observed the resistive force as a function of elongation in different solvents. In all cases the molecular response was found to be fully reversible and thus in thermodynamic equilibrium. In hexadecane the stretched PEG acts like an ideal entropy spring and can be well described as a freely jointed chain. In water we observed marked deviations in the transition region from entropic to enthalpic elasticity, indicating the deformation of a supra-structure within the polymer. An analysis based on elastically coupled Markovian two-level systems agrees well with recent ab initio calculations predicting that PEG in water forms a non-planar supra-structure which is stabilized by water bridges. We obtained a binding free energy of 3.0±0.3 kT.
Generation of energetic (>15 MeV) neutron beams from proton- and deuteron-driven nuclear reactions using short pulse lasers

A roadmap is proposed for the production of high-energy (>15 MeV) neutrons using short pulse lasers. Different approaches are suggested for the two limiting cases of small (E1 ≪ Q) and large (E1 ≫ Q) projectile energies E1 depending on the Q-value of the nuclear reaction. The neutron fluence from many converter materials is evaluated for two projectiles: protons and deuterons. We found profound differences between proton- and deuteron-driven reactions with regard to both converter material and generated neutron fluence. The optimum converter material for deuteron-driven reactions is low-Z elements such as Li and Be, while for proton-driven reactions the converter material is not critical. For a projectile energy of 50 MeV the deuteron-driven reactions are two orders of magnitude more efficient compared to the proton-driven reactions. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations have been performed for laser pulses with peak intensity 3 × 1020 W cm−2, pulse duration 40 fs, spot size 5 µm and energy 3 J interacting with ultrathin (0.1 µm) CD foil. The calculated deuteron beam is highly directional along the laser propagation direction with maximum energy of 45 MeV. The interaction of the deuteron beam with a lithium converter and the production of neutrons is modeled using a Monte Carlo code. The computed neutron spectra show that a forward directed neutron beam is generated with an opening angle of ∼1 sr, maximum energy of 60 MeV and a fluence in the forward direction 1.8 × 108 n sr−1, ∼20% of which are with energy above 15 MeV.
Land Use/ Cover Change Detection in High-Altitude Mountain Landscapes: A Case of Pangi Valley, Western Himalaya (India).

Recently, mountains are going to widely threatened by developmental activities and global climate change leading to changing shift of land uses/covers across the globe. The present study area has witnessed very significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC) especially after the implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS) in the form of rapid developmental and constructional activities. As a result, rapid local roads and infrastructure construction has lead to increased hazards further putting pressure on the fragile physical landscape. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to evaluate changes and transformation in the LULC patterns in the Pangi valley, Western Himalaya (India). The LULC has been analyzed using remote sensing imagery from LANDSAT for the period 1992-2021. We conduct a supervised classification by using Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) to prepare LULC maps. In short, seven LULC classes have been delineated. The result shows that barren land, built-up land, water bodies and agriculture land have increased by 97.5 per cent, 98.5 per cent, 14.4 per cent and 13.2 per cent, while snow cover pasture land and forest cover have drastically decreased by 68.1 per cent, 21.1 per cent and 20.9 per cent respectively. The LULC transformation result illustrates that the area under snow cover, pasture land and forest cover converted into barren land by 217.8 km2, 175.3 km2 and 47.3 km2 respectively out of the total 1520 km2 area of the Pangi valley. It reflects human influence in terms of developmental activities and impact of global climate change in the transformation of the physical landscape in the study area. The outcome derived from the current research will be helpful for policy makers and spatial planners for sustainable landscape planning and management of the high-altitude mountain landscapes.
An Overview on Image-Based and Scanner-Based 3D Modeling Technologies

Advances in the scientific fields of photogrammetry and computer vision have led to the development of automated multi-image methods that solve the problem of 3D reconstruction. Simultaneously, 3D scanners have become a common source of data acquisition for 3D modeling of real objects/scenes/human bodies. This article presents a comprehensive overview of different 3D modeling technologies that may be used to generate 3D reconstructions of outer or inner surfaces of different kinds of targets. In this context, it covers the topics of 3D modeling using images via different methods, it provides a detailed classification of 3D scanners by additionally presenting the basic operating principles of each type of scanner, and it discusses the problem of generating 3D models from scans. Finally, it outlines some applications of 3D modeling, beyond well-established topographic ones.
An Examination of Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Esteem in Collegiate Student-Athletes

Mental health research exists for student-athletes in the areas of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem prevalence. However, updated prevalence rates and assessment of risks across sports, academic status, and genders are needed. Filling the gaps in research assists in the creation of patient-centered mental health screening and interventions designed for student-athletes. Therefore, the purpose is to examine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem in collegiate student-athletes and differences between sex, academic status, and sport type, and identify associations for risks. Using a cross-sectional design, collegiate student-athletes were surveyed to assess for risks of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. With the use of SPSS, Chi-square analyses and multinomial logistic regressions were used. Student-athletes (22.3%) were at risk for depression, anxiety (12.5%), and low self-esteem (8%). No significant differences were found for sex, academic status, and sport type for depression or self-esteem; however, significant differences occurred for state and trait anxiety by sex. A significant association for depression and anxiety risk was found with females at risk. Depression and anxiety are present within student-athletes, regardless of sport type. Females are at a higher risk; however, all student-athletes would benefit from the creation of validated, patient-centered mental health screenings and psychotherapeutic interventions.
A Novel Parallel-Plate Dielectric Resonator Method for Broadband Complex Permittivity Measurement in the Millimeter-Wave Bands

This article proposes a novel measurement method based on parallel-plate dielectric resonator (PPDR) for determining complex permittivity of low-loss dielectric materials over a wide frequency range. Two 1.0-mm coaxial probes are placed symmetrically as a coupling structure in the center of top and bottom of the PPDR, and only the TM0np resonant modes will be selectively excited. For each value of $p$ , the resonator will operate over a specific frequency range, within which there are usually multiple frequency points available for testing. Based on this unique feature, dielectric constants of cylindrical or disk-shaped samples can be measured from less than 20 up to 110 GHz by utilizing TM0np high-order modes. Rigorous analysis of the PPDR based on the electromagnetic field matching method is carried out and verified numerically. Moreover, the PPDR method is further validated experimentally by measuring several specimens processed from well-known materials, the main sources of measurement uncertainty are also analyzed in detail, and some recommendations are made accordingly. The results show that the PPDR method can perform high-accuracy measurement of complex permittivity in the millimeter-wave bands, even when the sample thickness exceeds the maximum value limited by the current state of the art.
Análisis de las exportaciones ecuatorianas por medio del modelo de gravedad. Caso banano

Esta investigación utilizó el modelo de gravedad para explicar el comportamiento de las exportaciones de banano ecuatoriano a los principales doce países destinos entre el año 2000 y 2019. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las variables que influyeron en estos flujos comerciales, estimando dos modelos de datos de panel mediante el uso de efectos aleatorios. Ambos modelos, el PIB sectorial y el PIB de los países importadores se tomaron en cuenta como variables comunes, y cada modelo fue diferenciado según la variable que representa la resistencia al comercio. El primer caso fue la distancia medida en kilómetros y el segundo caso fue un índice de costos comerciales de productos agrícolas. Se concluyó que el segundo modelo era más adecuado tanto para el marco teórico como para los flujos comerciales en estudio. Los resultados han demostrado que los costos del comercio de bienes agrícolas tuvieron un efecto negativo mayor en las exportaciones de banano ecuatoriano que la distancia geográfica.
Direct calculation of Maxwell stress tensor for accurate trajectory prediction during DEP for 2D and 3D structures

It is known that careful engineering of dielectrophoresis (DEP) forces can be strong enough to move microparticles towards regions of higher or lower field strength. While many of the microdevices exploit differing electrical properties between cells to enact separation, the use of DEP as a generic electrical technique to position and move cells is still under investigation. Our work focuses on developing a robust numerical tool based on calculation of the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) both in a 2D and in a 3D formulation that aims towards providing a deeper understanding of cells interaction using DEP as a handle to position and manipulate cells for fundamental cell biology. The complex Laplace equation is first solved to obtain a value for the potential everywhere on the structure under investigation. The electric field is then obtained by a simple finite difference approach and the time-averaged DEP force exerted on a cell immersed in a medium with complex permittivity and subject to a sinusoidal electric field is calculated using the MST technique. MST is compared with a more approximate method and the ability of the approach to model a cell trajectory from a random initial point within the vicinity of an electrode system, in addition to cell–cell interaction, is also demonstrated.
Quality monitoring of projection welding using machine learning with small data sets

Capacitor discharge welding is an efficient, cost-effective and stable process. It is mostly used for projection welding. Real-time monitoring is desired to ensure quality. Until this point, measured process quantities were evaluated through expert systems. This method is strongly restricted to specific welding tasks and needs deep understanding of the process. Another possibility is quality prediction based on process data with machine learning. This requires classified welding experiments to achieve a high prediction probability. In industrial manufacturing, it is rarely possible to generate big sets classified data. Therefore, semi-supervised learning is investigated to enable model development on small data sets. Supervised learning models on large amounts of data are used as a comparison to the semi-supervised models. A total of 389 classified weld tests were performed. With semi-supervised learning methods, the amount of training data necessary was reduced to 31 classified data sets.