Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction: food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals

How animals process and absorb nutrients from their food is a fundamental question in biology. Despite the continuity and interaction between intraoral food processing and post-oesophageal nutritional extraction, these topics have largely been studied separately. At present, we lack a synthesis of how pre- and post-oesophageal mechanisms of food processing shape the ability of various taxa to effectively assimilate nutrients from their diet. The aim of this special issue is to catalyse a unification of these distinct approaches as a functional continuum. We highlight questions that derive from this synthesis, as well as technical advances to address these questions. At present, there is also a skew toward vertebrates in studies of feeding form–function mechanics; by including perspectives from researchers working on both vertebrates and invertebrates, we hope to stimulate integrative and comparative research on food processing and nutritional assimilation. Below, we discuss how the papers in this issue contribute to these goals in three areas: championing a functional-comparative approach, quantifying performance and emphasizing the effects of life history, and food substrate and extrinsic factors in current and future studies of oral food processing and nutritional assimilation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Australian terrestrial environments harbour extensive RNA virus diversity

Australia is home to a diverse range of unique native fauna and flora. To address whether Australian ecosystems also harbour unique viruses, we performed meta-transcriptomic sequencing of 16 farmland and sediment samples taken from the east and west coasts of Australia. We identified 2,562 putatively novel viruses across 15 orders, the vast majority of which belonged to the microbe-associated phylum Lenarviricota. In many orders, the novel viruses identified here comprised entirely new clades, such as the Nodamuvirales and Ghabrivirales. Novel viruses also fell between established genera or families, such as in the Cystoviridae and Picornavirales, while highly divergent lineages were identified in the Martellivirales and Ghabrivirales. Viral abundance and alpha diversity were influenced by sampling site, soil type and land use, but not by depth from the surface. In sum, Australian soils and sediments are home to remarkable viral diversity, reflecting the biodiversity of local fauna and flora.
The Major-Minor mode Dichotomy in Music Perception: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on its Behavioural, Physiological, and Clinical Correlates

Since ancient Greece, major and minor modes in Western tonal music have been identified as the primary responsible musical feature for eliciting emotional states. As such, the underlying correlates of the major-minor mode dichotomy in music perception have been extensively investigated through decades of psychological and neuroscientific research, providing plentiful yet often discordant results. Specifically, crucial questions remain about the several factors contributing to the affective perception of major and minor modes, at times very different among individuals. Moreover, major and minor mode perception has never been quantitatively compared in literature. This comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of musical mode perception and its behavioural and neural correlates. The qualitative synthesis resulted in 69 studies, showing great diversity in how the major-minor dichotomy has been empirically approached. Most studies reviewed were conducted on adults, considered participants’ expertise, employed real-life musical stimuli, performed behavioural evaluations, and were carried out among Western listeners. Behavioural, electroencephalography, and neuroimaging meta-analyses (36 studies) consistently showed that major and minor mode elicit distinct neural and emotional responses. Based on our findings, a framework to describe a Major-Minor Mode(l) of music perception and its behavioural and physiological correlates is proposed, incorporating individual factors such as age, expertise, cultural background, and emotional disorders. Limitations, implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed, including putative clinical applications of major-minor dichotomy and best practices regarding stimulation paradigms for musical mode investigation. Public Significance Statement This study provides qualitative and quantitative evidence of the distinct behavioral and neural responses elicited by major and minor mode, while also highlighting the influence of factors such as age, culture, personality, and health. Results offers a detailed overview of the major-minor dichotomy in music, putting forward an integrated and critical discussion of methodologies, paradigms, and clinical implications of this pivotal musical feature.
Widespread drastic reduction of brain myelin content upon prolonged endurance exercise

Recent evidence suggests that myelin lipids may act as glial energy reserves when glucose is lacking, a hypothesis yet to be solidly proven. Hereby, we examined the effects of running a marathon on the myelin content by MRI. Our findings show that marathon runners undergo widespread robust myelin decrease at completion of the effort. This reduction involves white and gray matter, and includes primary motor and sensory cortical areas and pathways, as well as the entire corpus callosum and internal capsule. Notably, myelin levels partially recover within two weeks after the marathon. These results reveal that myelin use and replenishment is an unprecedented form of metabolic plasticity aimed to maintain brain function during extreme conditions. One-Sentence Summary Brain myelin usage during strenuous exercise and recovery thereafter
Human Foot Outperforms the Hand in Mechanical Pain Discrimination

Tactile discrimination has been extensively studied, but mechanical pain discrimination remains poorly characterised. Here, we measured the capacity for mechanical pain discrimination using a twoalternative forced choice paradigm, with force-calibrated indentation stimuli (Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments) applied to the hand and foot dorsa of healthy human volunteers. In order to characterise the relationship between peripheral neural and perceptual processes, we recorded singleunit activity from myelinated (A) and unmyelinated (C) mechanosensitive nociceptors in the skin using microneurography. At the perceptual level, we found that the foot was better at discriminating noxious forces than the hand, which stands in contrast to that for innocuous force discrimination, where the hand performed better than the foot. This observation of superior mechanical pain discrimination on the foot compared to the hand could not be explained by the responsiveness of single primary afferents. We found no significant difference in the discrimination performance of either the myelinated or unmyelinated class of nociceptors between skin regions. This suggests the possibility that other factors such as skin biophysics, receptor density or central mechanisms may underlie these regional differences. Significance Statement Standard clinical practice for diagnosing neuropathies and pain disorders often involves assessing thresholds for pain or light touch. The ability to discriminate between different stimulus intensities is a separate but equally important sensory function, however this is not typically assessed in the clinic, and so studying this may provide insights into pain signalling mechanisms. Here, we investigated the ability of healthy individuals to discriminate between different forces of painful indentation. We found that the foot was better at this than the hand. This difference could not be explained by the firing activity of peripheral nociceptors (pain-signalling neurons) between the two regions, suggesting that mechanisms other than nociceptor sensitivity are involved.
Menstrual cycle-driven hormone concentrations co-fluctuate with white and grey matter architecture changes across the whole brain

Cyclic fluctuations in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG-axis) hormones exert powerful behavioral, structural, and functional effects through actions on the mammalian central nervous system. Yet, very little is known about how these fluctuations alter the structural nodes and information highways of the human brain. In a study of 30 naturally cycling women, we employed multidimensional diffusion and T1-weighted imaging during three estimated menstrual cycle phases (menses, ovulation, mid-luteal) to investigate whether HPG-axis hormone concentrations co-fluctuate with alterations in white matter (WM) microstructure, cortical thickness (CT), and brain volume. Across the whole brain, 17β-estradiol and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were directly proportional to diffusion anisotropy (μFA), while follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was directly proportional to cortical thickness. Within several individual regions, FSH and progesterone demonstrated opposing associations with mean diffusivity and cortical thickness. These regions mainly reside within the temporal and occipital lobes, with functional implications for the limbic and visual systems. Lastly, progesterone was associated with increased tissue and decreased CSF volumes, with total brain volume remaining unchanged. These results are the first to report simultaneous brain-wide changes in human WM microstructure and cortical thickness coinciding with menstrual cycle-driven hormone rhythms. Strong brain-hormone interaction effects may not be limited to classically known HPG-axis receptor-dense regions.
Bacteriophage-host interactions in microgravity onboard the International Space Station

Bacteriophage-host interactions play a fundamental role in shaping microbial ecosystems. Although phage-host interactions have been extensively studied in terrestrial ecosystems, the impact of microgravity on phage-host interactions is yet to be investigated. Here, we report the dynamics of interactions between T7 bacteriophage and E. coli in microgravity onboard the International Space Station (ISS). We found phage activity was delayed but ultimately successful in microgravity. We identified several de novo mutations in phage and bacteria that improved fitness in microgravity. Deep mutational scanning of the receptor binding domain revealed substantial differences in the number, position, and mutational preferences between gravity and microgravity, reflecting underlying differences in the bacterial adaptations. Combinatorial libraries informed by microgravity selections gave T7 mutants with 100-10,000-fold higher activity on uropathogenic E. coli under terrestrial conditions than wildtype T7. Our findings lay the foundation for future research on the impact of microgravity on phage-host interactions and microbial communities.
MALAYSIAN ONLINE JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT (MOJEM)

School success is determined by not only teachers and principals but also greatly influenced by the principal through managerial capability in creating high teacher morale. High teacher morale is certainly intended to support the realization of organizational goals of the school. The purpose of this study was to describe direct correlation between the effectiveness of school quality planning and capacity of organizing personnel and teachers’ work motivation. To achieve the given objective, a quantitative approach was used. In the perspective of the data analysis, this study belonged to a correlational research. The research was conducted in Islamic school in Blitar regency, East Java, Indonesia. The sample of the study was 100 teachers, taken from 224 teachers as the population. The data were collected by distributing questionnaires that had fulfilled the requirement of having high levels of validity and reliability. Hypothesis testing was done by using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling). Meanwhile, descriptive analysis was done by using a computer program Amos 04. The results of descriptive analysis revealed that: (1) The average level of the effectiveness of school quality planning, capacity of organizing personnel, and work motivation was categorized as high, (2) Comprehensively, the conceptual model of the correlation of the developed variable was fit (good) and it fulfilled the standard requirement of goodness-of-fit, so that it could be used to test hypothesis.
Activity of Parícutin volcano from May 4 to September 8, 1946

The eruptive activity of Paricutin Volcano has been classified by Ezequiel Ordonez and Ariel Hernandez Velasco into three phases, each seeming to follow the other in succession: (1) The tubular eruption, consisting of explosive reports as if from tube-like cannons, synchronized with puffs of vapor and forming a column charged with much pyroclastic material; (2) the silent eruption, varying from rolling, thunder-like explosions, deep and subdued, through periods of complete silence, to rare noises like the faint beating of the surf, accompanied by the emission of considerable pyroclastic material; and (3) the gaseous eruption, characterized by a steady noise like that of escaping steam, during which white vapors are emitted; at times, stained yellow with traces of ash.
Online learning in limit order book trade execution

In this paper, we propose an online learning algorithm for optimal execution in the limit order book of a financial asset. Given a certain amount of shares to sell and an allocated time window to complete the transaction, the proposed algorithm dynamically learns the optimal number of shares to sell via market orders at pre-specified time-slots within the allocated time interval. We model this problem as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which is then solved by dynamic programming. First, we prove that the optimal policy has a specific form, which requires either selling no shares or the maximum allowed amount of shares at each time slot. Then, we consider the learning problem, where the state transition probabilities are unknown and need to be learned on-the-fly. We propose a learning algorithm that exploits the form of the optimal policy when choosing the amount to trade. Our numerical results show that the proposed algorithm performs significantly better than the traditional Q-learning algorithm by exploiting the structure of the problem.
Large nucleation before large earthquakes is sometimes skipped due to cascade‐up—Implications from a rate and state simulation of faults with hierarchical asperities

Does a large earthquake have a large quasi‐static preparation? A hierarchical asperity model in which a large tough patch (Patch L) contains smaller fragile patches (Patch S) enables a large earthquake to start with only small preparation because of cascade‐up rupture growth. We realized such a model in a rate‐and‐state framework by heterogeneous distributions of the state evolution distance, and its consequences are investigated by earthquake sequence simulations. Focus is put on elementary processes, the interaction between two scales: one Patch L containing one Patch S is simulated, with their size ratio as a parameter. If Patch S is larger than the nucleation size of Patch L, the system falls into a limit cycle consisting of only one earthquake that starts with Patch S nucleation and grows dynamically to rupture entire Patch L. If Patch S is considerably smaller than the nucleation size of Patch L, small earthquakes never dynamically cascade‐up, and the large earthquakes are initiated by large quasi‐static nucleation. In between, large earthquakes start in various ways: by large nucleation, dynamic cascade‐up, or delayed cascade‐up. In the final stage of quasi‐static nucleation, the preseismic moment release rate increases roughly inversely proportional to the time‐to‐failure tf with its amplitude depending on the nucleation size. For a Patch S rupture to cascade up, strength in the adjacent region must have been reduced, manifested by a higher creep velocity before the Patch S nucleation starts following 1/tf acceleration. Large nucleation sometimes has a precursory small earthquake characterized by larger afterslip than nonprecursory ones.
, drug

In the February 2002 issue of Gut, Broelsch et al argued for a controversial therapy of living related liver transplantation (Gut 2002; 50:143). The Japanese experience is somewhat different from those of other countries, as indicated in the article. Japan has long been the subject of sociocultural studies because of its delay in using the organs of brain dead persons for transplantation purposes. Since the Organ Transplant Law was enacted in 1997, only 16 liver transplant operations using brain dead donors have taken place. In contrast, more than 700 cases of liver transplants (with both children and adults as recipients) using living donors have been performed at Kyoto University Hospital, and more than 1000 such transplants have taken place in Japan. The development of this medical procedure at our institute has entailed a strict self regulative process.
Zoonotic pathogens identified in rodents and shrews from four provinces, China, 2015–2022

Abstract Rodents and shrews are major reservoirs of various pathogens that are related to zoonotic infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate co-infections of zoonotic pathogens in rodents and shrews trapped in four provinces of China. We sampled different rodent and shrew communities within and around human settlements in four provinces of China and characterised several important zoonotic viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens by PCR methods and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 864 rodents and shrews belonging to 24 and 13 species from RODENTIA and EULIPOTYPHLA orders were captured, respectively. For viral pathogens, two species of hantavirus (Hantaan orthohantavirus and Caobang orthohantavirus) were identified in 3.47% of rodents and shrews. The overall prevalence of Bartonella spp. , Anaplasmataceae, Babesia spp. , Leptospira spp. , Spotted fever group Rickettsiae, Borrelia spp. , and Coxiella burnetii were 31.25%, 8.91%, 4.17%, 3.94%, 3.59%, 3.47%, and 0.58%, respectively. Furthermore, the highest co-infection status of three pathogens was observed among Bartonella spp. , Leptospira spp. , and Anaplasmataceae with a co-infection rate of 0.46%. Our results suggested that species distribution and co-infections of zoonotic pathogens were prevalent in rodents and shrews, highlighting the necessity of active surveillance for zoonotic pathogens in wild mammals in wider regions.
THE BIHECKE MONOID OF A FINITE COXETER GROUP AND ITS REPRESENTATIONS

For any finite Coxeter group W, we introduce two new objects: its cutting poset and its biHecke monoid. The cutting poset, constructed using a generalization of the notion of blocks in permutation matrices, almost forms a lattice on W. The construction of the biHecke monoid relies on the usual combinatorial model for the 0-Hecke algebra H0(W), that is, for the symmetric group, the algebra (or monoid) generated by the elementary bubble sort opera- tors. The authors previously introduced the Hecke group algebra, constructed as the algebra generated simultaneously by the bubble sort and antisort op- erators, and described its representation theory. In this paper, we consider instead the monoid generated by these operators. We prove that it admits |W| simple and projective modules. In order to construct the simple modules, we introduce for each w 2 W a combinatorial module Tw whose support is the interval (1,w)R in right weak order. This module yields an algebra, whose representation theory generalizes that of the Hecke group algebra, with the combinatorics of descents replaced by that of blocks and of the cutting poset.
The contamination of lunar highland rocks by KREEP - Interpretation by mixing models

A mixing model method was used to determine the component abundance in the Apollo 16 and 17 soils. This method uses the chemical composition of the soils for up to 30 elements and a weighted least-squares mixing model technique. Elements included in the calculations are: Si, Ti, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, Cr, Mn, Na, K, Rb, Ba, U, Th, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Sr, Yb, Y, Sc, V, Zr, Nb, Co, Ni, Li, Au, and Ir. The method was used to examine the possibility that some of the highland rocks such as VHA and low-K Fra Mauro basalt are mixtures. The results of the mixing model calculations show that it is possible that these rocks are mixtures of KREEP, troctolite, 'anorthosites', and a meteoritic component. The Rb-Sr systematics are consistent with such a model for the genesis of the highland rocks. KREEP has high relative concentrations of Rb, U, and radiogenic Sr and Pb and its model age of about 4.4 AE dominates the model age of all the 'contaminated' highland rocks.
. comparison with CT and anatomopathologic MR imaging of intracranial cysticercosis:

Eight patients with neurocysticercosis were studied with CT and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Two cysts were shown better with MR than with CT. A conspicuous, high intensity mural nodule containing the scolex allowed specific identification of intraven tricular and parenchymal cysticerci. CT evidence of calcification and metrizamide enhancement in the nodule was also noted in one case. Racemose cysts were seen in the cerebellopontine angle and under the anterior septum pellucidum. Fluid in apparently live cysticerci and in racemose cysts had MR signal properties closely paralleling CSF. A thin subependymal or subpial rim of high signal intensity around the intraventricular and one of the racemose cysts was consistent with tissue reaction and aided diagnosis. While MR showed only one of numerous calcifications, it may be more sensitive than CT in the recognition of perifocal edema and of parenchymal and subarachnoid cysts, may replace invasive ventriculography in the diagnosis of intraventricular cysts, and may be useful in determining the viability of cysts and their response to therapy.