Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal to interannual variability from expendable bathythermograph and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data in the South Pacific subtropical gyre

Estimates of dynamic height anomalies from expendable bathythermograph (XBT) and TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) sea surface height (SSH) measurements were compared along a transect at ∼30°S in the South Pacific. T/P SSH anomalies were calculated relative to a 5 year time mean. XBT dynamic height was calculated relative to 750 m using measured temperature and an objectively mapped climatological temperature-salinity relationship. The anomaly was obtained by subtracting out an objectively-mapped climatological dynamic height relative to 750 m. XBT temperature sections show evidence of a double-gyre structure, related to changes in shallow isopycnals near the gyre's center. XBT dynamic height and T/P SSH anomalies compare well with an RMS difference of 3.8 cm and a coherence above 0.7 for scales larger than 300 km. The differences between the two measures of dynamic height yield systematic patterns. Time-varying spatial averages of the differences are found to be related to changes in Sverdrup transport, zonal surface slope differences, and the 6°C isotherm depth. Higher zonally averaged altimetry SSH than zonally averaged XBT height and larger northward transport from altimetry SSH than from XBT height correspond to gyre spinup determined from Sverdrup transport changes. This implies mass storage during gyre spinup due to the phase lag between the Ekman pumping and the full baroclinic Sverdrup response. Increases in the spatially averaged differences and zonal slope differences, associated with gyre spinup, correspond to shoaling in the 6°C isotherm depth, requiring deep baroclinic changes out of phase with the 6°C isotherm depth changes.
Improved PP- and PS Imaging Using Full Waveform Inversion - Tommeliten OBC Case Study

Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) is applied to multicomponent data from the Tommeliten Alpha area in the Norwegian North Sea. A large part of the reservoir is located in a seismic obscured area (SOA) caused by gas in the middle Pliocene (920 m). In earlier work (Ratcliffe et. al. (2011)) we demonstrated improved definition of the velocity and improved PP imaging in the SOA. The present objective is to use our latest version of FWI using frequencies up to 7.5 Hz to improve the P-velocity definition even more which also improves the PS imaging.
PERSISTING EFFECTS OF RIVER REGULATION ON EMERGENT AQUATIC INSECTS AND TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES IN UPLAND FORESTS

River regulation can alter the structural complexity and natural dynamics of river ecosystems substantially with negative consequences for aquatic insects. However, there have been few studies of regulation effects on the export of emergent insects into terrestrial ecosystems. In northern Scandinavia, we compared emerged aquatic insect and terrestrial invertebrate biomass between four strongly regulated and four free‐flowing rivers using fortnightly measurements at three upland‐forest blocks in each over one summer. The biomass of emerged aquatic insects was significantly lower along regulated rivers than free‐flowing rivers. Biomass in Linyphiidae, Opiliones, Staphylinidae, total Coleoptera, Formicidae and total terrestrial invertebrates was also lower along regulated rivers. Aquatic insect biomass did not explain the entire regulation effect on terrestrial invertebrates but did explain significant variations among Linyphiidae, total Coleoptera, Formicidae and total terrestrial biomass. Variations in Formicidae also explained significant variance among several terrestrial taxa, suggesting some keystone role in this group. Overall, our results suggest that river regulation affects upland‐forest invertebrate communities, with at least some of these effects arising from links between aquatic emergence and terrestrial predators. The data highlight the need to consider areas beyond the riparian zone when assessing the effects of river regulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing knowledge networking in different knowledge bases in Germany

Abstract In order to learn more about sectoral differences of knowledge networking in a regional development context, we apply the knowledge base concept, distinguishing the analytical (science based) and synthetic (engineering based) knowledge base. We aim at comparing knowledge networking with the help of network analyses in two knowledge bases in Germany: the analytical knowledge base with the help of the biotechnology industry in the Aachen Technology Region and the synthetic knowledge base with the help of the automotive industry in Southwest Saxony. The paper concludes that there are some main differences found in the characteristics of knowledge networking between the two different knowledge bases. Resumen Para poder conocer mas sobre las diferencias sectoriales en el establecimiento de redes de conocimiento dentro de un contexto de desarrollo regional, aplicamos el concepto de base de conocimiento, haciendo distincion entre bases de conocimiento analiticas (ciencias) y sinteticas (ingenieria). Nuestro objetivo es comparar el establecimiento de redes de conocimiento con la ayuda de analisis de red en dos bases de conocimiento en Alemania: la base de conocimiento analitica, con la ayuda de la industria biotecnologica en la region tecnologica de Aquisgran y la base de conocimiento sintetica con la ayuda de la industria del automovil en Sajonia del Suroeste. La conclusion del articulo es que hay diferencias importantes en las caracteristicas del establecimiento de redes de conocimiento entre ambas bases de conocimiento.
Schema matching on streams with accuracy guarantees

We address the problem of matching imperfectly documented schemas of data streams and large databases. Instance-level schema matching algorithms identify likely correspondences between attributes by quantifying the similarity of their corresponding values. However, exact calculation of these similarities requires processing of all database records - which is infeasible for data streams. We devise a fast matching algorithm that uses only a small sample of records, and is yet guaranteed to find a matching that is a close approximation of the matching that would be obtained if the entire stream were processed. The method can be applied to any given (combination of) similarity metrics that can be estimated from a sample with bounded error; we apply the algorithm to several metrics. We give a rigorous proof of the method's correctness and report on experiments using large databases.
Tropical Pacific Ocean heat content variations and ENSO persistence barriers

Data from the tropical Pacific Ocean for the period 1980–2002 are used to examine the persistence of sea surface temperature (SST) and upper ocean heat content variations in relation to El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The present study demonstrates that, unlike for SST, there is no spring persistence barrier when considering upper ocean heat content. Conversely, there is a persistence barrier for heat content in boreal winter related to a seasonal reduction in variance. These results are consistent with ENSO forecast model studies indicating that accurate initialization of upper ocean heat content often reduces the prominence of the spring prediction barrier for SST. They also suggest that initialization of upper ocean heat content variations may lead to seasonally varying enhancements of forecast skill, with the most pronounced enhancements for forecasts starting early and late in the development of ENSO events.
Integrating social science into forestry in the wildland/urban interface

A different kind of storm--neither fire nor wind--brought 60 forestry practitioners who work in wildfire risk prevention and several social science researchers together near Lyons, CO. Brainstorm. This unique retreat--a meeting of the minds--commingled these two groups to share and tackle ideas concerning social issues that shape decisions and behaviors regarding wildland fire risk mitigation across Colorado’s wildland/urban interface communities.
Water Resource Economics and Policy: An Introduction

Preface 1. Introduction to Water Resources, Water Resource Economics and Law 2. Review of Basic Microeconomics Applied to Water Resources 3. Water Quality Issues 4. Water Prices and Rates for Residential Use 5. Water and Agriculture 6. Uncertainty and Risk in Supply and Demand of Water Resources 7. Ground Water 8. In Situ Uses of Water: Environmental and Recreational Values 9. Floods and Draughts, the Role of Dams 10. Water Issues Outside the US 11. Summary, Suggestions for Future Work, Conclusions Index.
Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern queensland. ii* Total organic carbon and its rate of loss from the soil profile

The kinetics of organic C loss were studied in six southern Queensland soils subjected to different periods (0-70 years) of cultivation and cereal cropping. The equation: Ct = Ce + (C0 - Ce)exp(- kt), where C0, Ce and C, are organic C contents initially, at equilibrium and at time k respectively, and k is the rate of loss of organic C from soil, was employed in the study. The parameter k was calculated both for %C (kc) and for weight of organic C/volume of soil (k,), determined by correcting for differences in sampling depth due to changes in bulk density upon cultivation. Mean annual rainfall largely determined both C, and Ce, presumably by influencing the amount of dry matter produced. Values of kc and kw varied greatly among the soils studied. For the 0-0.1 m depth, kw was 0.065, 0.080, 0.180, 0.259, 0.069 and 1.224 year-1 respectively for Waco (black earth - initially grassland), Langland-Logie (grey brown and red clays - brigalow), Cecilvale (grey, brown and red clays - poplar box), Billa Billa (grey, brown and red clays - belah), Thallon (grey, brown and red clays - coolibah) and Riverview (red earths - silver-leaved ironbark). The k values were significantly correlated with organic Chrease activity ratio (r = 0.99***) and reciprocal of clay content (r = 0.97**) of the virgin soils. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, aggregation index (for kc values) or exchangeable sodium percentage (for kw) and organic C/urease activity ratio of soils were significantly associated with the overall rate of loss of organic C. It was inferred, therefore, that the relative inaccessibility and protection of organic matter against microbial and enzymic attack resulted in reduced organic C loss. Losses of organic C from the deeper layers (0-0.2 m, 0-0.3 m) were observed in Waco, Langlands-Logie, Cecilvale and Riverview soils, although generally rate of loss decreased with depth.
Dependence of earthquake size distributions on convergence rates at subduction zones

The correlation of numbers of thrust earthquakes of moment magnitude 7 or greater in this century at subduction zones with convergence rate results from a combination of lower recurrence intervals for earthquakes of a given size where slip rates are high and a peak in the global distribution of subduction zone convergence rates at high values (55 to 90 mm/yr). Hence, physical mechanisms related to convergence rate, such as plate interface force, slab pull, or thermal effects, are not required to explain the distribution of large earthquakes with convergence rate. The seismic coupling coefficient ranges from 10% to 100% at subduction zone segments where convergence is faster than 45 mm/yr but does not correlate with rate. The coefficient is generally orders of magnitude lower at rates below 40 mm/yr which may be due to long recurrence intervals and a short sampling period (94 years).
La National Grange, el moviment granger i el desenvolupament del cooperative marketing als Estats Units (1860-1914)

L'associacionisme pages es un fenomen que adquirir2 una gran importancia tant a Catalunya i al conjunt d'Europa occidental com als Estats Units en les con- juntures finals del segle XE i comencament del XX. Som davant d'una realitat que no te un unic perfil. Presenta una diversitat de formes i objectius, de pro- motors i de resultats. L'objectiu d'aquest treball es l'analisi del paper de la National Grange en el conjunt del moviment granger, en el desenvolupament de l'associacionisme als Estats Units. Per tal de poder endinsar-nos amb mes facilitat en aquesta expe- riencia historica, voldriem destacar alguns aspectes que caracteritzen el desenvo- lupament del sindicalisme
Supervised classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery in a semi-arid rangeland by nonparametric discriminant analysis

Tueller, 1987; Pilon et al., 1988; Price et al., 1992). Accuracy ~l/e used a nonparametric discriminant function in a super- in mapping vegetation classes is constrained in part because vised classification of. Landsat Thematic aPper satelljte irn- standard statistical approaches used in image ~rocessin~ algaagerp of a -240,000-ha semi-add region in the Snake River rithms assume that satellite and ground data have parmetric Plains, southwestern Idaho. First, agriculture pixels were distributions and linear or geometric relationships between classified by distance from the soil baseline and water pixels class membership and predictor variables. The problem beby the thermal band value. Next, successive nonparametrjc Comes pronounced in large regions be
Using Lidar Bathymetry and Boosted Regression Trees to Predict the Diversity and Abundance of Fish and Corals

Abstract Coral reef ecosystems are topographically complex environments and this structural heterogeneity influences the distribution, abundance and behavior of marine organisms. Airborne hydrographic lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) provides high resolution digital bathymetry from which topographic complexity can be quantified at multiple spatial scales. To assess the utility of lidar data as a predictor of fish and coral diversity and abundance, seven different morphometrics were applied to a 4 m resolution bathymetry grid and then quantified at multiple spatial scales (i.e., 15, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 m radii) using a circular moving window analysis. Predictive models for nineteen fish metrics and two coral metrics were developed using the new statistical learning technique of stochastic gradient boosting applied to regression trees. Predictive models explained 72% of the variance in herbivore biomass, 68% of parrotfish biomass, 65% of coral species richness and 64% of fish species richness. Slope of the slope (a measure of the magnitude of slope change) at relatively local spatial scales (15–100 m radii) emerged as the single best predictor. Herbivorous fish responded to topographic complexity at spatial scales of 15 and 25 m radii, whereas broader spatial scales of between 25 and 300 m radii were relevant for piscivorous fish. This study demonstrates great utility for lidar-derived bathymetry in the future development of benthic habitat maps and faunal distribution maps to support ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning.
Real-time adjustment of range-dependent biases in WSR-88D rainfall estimates due to nonuniform vertical profile of reflectivity

Abstract A procedure for real-time adjustment of range-dependent biases in Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler version (WSR-88D) rainfall estimates due to nonuniform vertical profile of reflectivity is proposed. Using volume-scan measurements of effective reflectivity, the procedure estimates conditional mean and variance profiles of point reflectivity in the vertical and calculates, as a function of elevation angle and slant range, a multiplicative adjustment factor to be applied to the apparent radar rain rate. As a by-product, the maximum effective coverage of radar is also delineated, outside of which radar rainfall estimates are subject to beam overshooting. To evaluate the procedure, unadjusted and adjusted radar rainfall estimates from a Pacific Northwest winter storm are examined and compared with rain gauge data.
Remote monitoring of aerosols with ocean colour sensors: then and now

Synoptic coverage of the temporal and spatial variability of aerosol distribution patterns can only be achieved with satellites. Results from the first ocean colour sensor, the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), indicate an annual cycle of the major mineral aerosol plumes that is consistent with the published literature. Seasonality and interannual aerosol variability observed with the CZCS agrees well with that found by ground data measurements and other satellite platforms used to monitor aerosols. The successor to the CZCS—the Sea viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS)—provides estimates of aerosol load and particle size, both on a global scale. Seasonal maps of both of these aerosol optical properties are in accord with well-known distribution patterns and also with independent satellite estimates. These results indicate that ocean colour sensors are capable of monitoring the variability of global aerosol loads and, more recently, with the retrieval of aerosol particle size, they can be used to characterize different aerosol events.
The Effect of Reduced Bacterial Dilution on Human Amniotic Membrane Antibacterial Activity, in Vitro

2. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran 3. Antimicrobial Resistant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4. Transplant Bank, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 5. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 6. Biological Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran
Selecting networks of nature reserves: methods do affect the long-term outcome

Data on vascular plants of boreal lakes in Finland were used to compare the efficiency of reserve selection methods in representing four aspects of biodiversity over a 63 year period. These aspects included species richness, phylogenetic diversity, restricted range diversity and threatened species. Our results show that the efficiency of reserve selection methods depends on the selection criteria used and on the aspect of biodiversity under consideration. Heuristic methods and optimizing algorithms were nearly equally efficient in selecting lake networks over a small geographical range. In addition, a scoring procedure was observed to be efficient in maintaining different aspects of biodiversity over time. However, the random selection of lakes seems to be the most inefficient option for a reserve network. In general, reserve selection methods seem to favour lakes that maximize one aspect of diversity at the time of selection, but the network may not be the best option for maintaining the maximum diversity over time. The reserve selection methods do affect the long-term outcome but it is impossible to recommend one method over the others unequivocally.
Application of Tracking Technologies to the Study of Pedestrian Spatial Behavior*

Abstract Research into human spatial behavior has tended to rely solely on evidence provided by the research subjects themselves. Subjects' accounts of where they were and for how long were logged and integrated into time-space diaries. In the past few years, a number of studies have exploited advanced tracking technologies instead of the traditional diary technique, however these were mostly transport studies focusing on vehicular movement. This article explores the implementation of tracking technologies as a tool for gathering data on pedestrian spatial behavior. The article considers two of the principal tracking technologies available today: satellite navigation systems and land-based navigation systems. The makeup and properties of each technology are detailed, and their potential as data-gathering tools on pedestrian spatial behavior is evaluated.
Environmental Impact on a Samoan Coral Reef: A Resurvey of Mayor's 1917 Transect

Coral reef sites in Pago Pago Harbor, American Samoa, for which descriptions and quantitative data were obtained by Alfred G. Mayor and the Carnegie Institution of Washington expeditions of 1917-1920, were resurveyed in 1973. Some sites were destroyed and others damaged in the intervening half century, but it was possible to relocate the major quantitative transect at Aua. A reduction in total numbers of corals, a change in the relative proportions of different genera, and a probable reduction in the average size of individual colonies are recorded. Elsewhere in the harbor, more drastic effects on the reefs were noted. Both human and natural impacts may be responsible for the observed changes; it is suggested that the Aua reef may now be recovering from earlier damaging events. of a 32 km long volcanic crest reaching heights of 654 meters but never more than 9.6 km wide. The island runs SW-NE, and is partly encircled by about 55 km of narrow fringing reefs, predominantly on the south side exposed to the full sweep of the southeast tradewinds. The large deep-water Pago Pago Harbor opening to the southeast nearly bisects the island, and contains a fifth of the reef front (Figure I).
Disposing of Plutonium

Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky has recently written (Letters, 3 Jan., p. 11) in support of the decision by the Department of Energy (DOE) to “pursue two technologies for disposing of excess military plutonium. ” He describes the technologies as (i) the “throw away” vitrification into glass logs option, and (ii) the “burn-up” in a mixed oxide fuel option. This does not seem to be an accurate or complete description of the Administration's two options. It is correct that one option is to burn up the surplus plutonium as mixed oxide fuel, with subsequent disposal of the spent fuel in a geologic repository. However, the other option is not restricted to vitrification, but includes immobilization of plutonium in “glass or ceramic material” (1). The “ceramic” option includes the possibility of developing durable, crystalline materials for disposing of dangerous, long-lived, fissile materials, particularly if DOE decides to immobilize all of the surplus plutonium. The National Research Council's committee (chaired by Panofsky) which assessed the options for disposing of plutonium gave the ceramic option only cursory consideration (2). However, research on ceramics as waste forms already has a long history (3). The disposal of fissile materials with long half-lives may well benefit from strategies that capitalize on the benefits of using highly durable materials that can retain both the fissile nuclides and the required neutron absorbers for hundreds of millions of years (4).