Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical modelling of atmospheric pressure gas discharges leading to plasma production

In this paper, we give a detailed review of recent work carried out on the numerical characterization of non-thermal gas discharge plasmas in air at atmospheric pressure. First, we briefly describe the theory of discharge development for dielectric barrier discharges, which is central to the production of non-equilibrium plasma, and we present a hydrodynamic model to approximate the evolution of charge densities. The model consists of the continuity equations for electrons, positive and negative ions coupled to Poisson's equation for the electric field. We then describe features of the finite element flux corrected transport algorithm, which has been developed to specifically aim for accuracy (no spurious diffusion or oscillations), efficiency (through the use of unstructured grids) and ease of extension to complex 3D geometries in the framework of the hydrodynamic model in gas discharges. We summarize the numerical work done by other authors who have applied different methods to various models and then we present highlights of our own work, which includes code validation, comparisons with existing results and modelling of radio frequency systems, dc discharges, secondary effects such as photoionization and plasma production in the presence of dielectrics. The extension of the code to 3D for more realistic simulations is demonstrated together with the adaptive meshing technique, which serves to achieve higher efficiency. Finally, we illustrate the versatility of our scheme by using it to simulate the transition from non-thermal to thermal discharges. We conclude that numerical modelling and, in particular, the extension to 3D can be used to shed new light on the processes involved with the production and control of atmospheric plasma, which plays an important role in a host of emerging technologies.
Crustal Thickness Variations in the Central Midcontinent, USA, and Their Tectonic Implications: New Constraints Obtained Using the H‐κ‐c Method

The central midcontinent of the USA's cratonic platform is a region of low elevation and relief underlain by tectonic basins, domes, faults, and monoclines. To investigate potential correlations among shallow crustal structure and crustal thickness, we produced a high‐resolution Moho‐depth map of the region by applying the recently developed H‐κ‐c receiver‐function method to data from EarthScope Transportable‐Array and Flexible‐Array stations. Results indicate that Moho depth varies from 38 to 57 km. Changes of Moho depth and of Vp/Vs ratios do not correlate with Precambrian tectonic boundaries, suggesting that they reflect post‐accretion tectonics. Deeper Moho underlies sedimentary basins, implying a relationship between crustal thickness and lithospheric subsidence. Thicker crust may be due to rift‐related underplating, and thinner crust may have undergone delamination. Some depth changes underlie known faults and fold zones. Since short‐wavelength undulations were detected only under high‐density seismic arrays, they may occur more widely but have yet to be resolved.
Improved DBF-MIMO-SAR Waveform Transmission Scheme for Reducing the Cost of DOF in the Elevation

The echo separation solution based on digital beamforming (DBF) in the elevation is quite applicable to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) synthetic aperture radar (SAR). For the current DBF-MIMO-SAR schemes, however, at least ${2M-1}$ subapertures in the elevation must be employed to successfully separate the aliased signal returns induced by the $M$ simultaneously transmitted waveforms, which essentially increases the system complexity. To this end, this article proposes an improved waveform transmission scheme to exploit the potential benefits that the MIMO concept can provide for a practical remote sensing system with limited available channels. In this scheme, the basic signal segments are coded by the improved phase coding matrix, which is associated with the slow time. Afterward, time-shift weighting, using the decoding matrix, is implemented to remove the interference from close arrival angles. In this process, the interference segments in near or far range can also be canceled out. Consequently, the number of interferences has been halved, and thereby, compared with the already-proposed DBF-MIMO-SAR schemes, e.g., short-term shift-orthogonal, the designed scheme only needs ${M}$ elevation channels for the realization of DBF-MIMO-SAR. Finally. numerous simulations have been carried out to demonstrate that the proposed scheme shows great potential in terms of echo separation for channel-limited MIMO SAR systems.
Variations and Factors Characterizing Ecological Niches of Understory Herbaceous Species in Plantation Forests

Plant ecological niche characteristics are powerful representations of plant survival status. Understory herbaceous species in plantation forests are sensitive to local ecological environment changes; patterns of ecological niche changes of herbaceous plants under plantation forests are of great significance for maintaining the stability and sustainable development of plantation forest ecosystems. This study aims to explore the ecological niche characteristics of understory herbaceous species in plantation forests and their influencing factors. Six different site types of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations were selected from a stable plantation community in the feldspathic sandstone area of the Loess Plateau (China). The relative importance value and niche breadth were used as comprehensive quantitative indices to characterize the status, role, and degree of dominance of understory herbaceous species in plantation forests. We found few dominant species of understory herbaceous species in plantation forests, mostly companion species. The niche characteristics of understory herbaceous species in plantation forests varied significantly. For understory herbaceous species, the niche width was positively correlated with slopes and the niche overlap of the sunny slopes was positively relevant with slopes, while that of the shady slopes was negatively correlated. A canonical correspondence analysis indicated that several major factors influencing the niche breadth and niche overlap of understory herbaceous species in plantation forests were different. The canopy density and slope of plantation played a major role in the niche breadth and niche overlap of understory herbaceous species in plantation forests. In summary, the species distribution of understory herbaceous species in plantation forests was determined by site type. The canopy density and geographical slope were the dominant environmental factors for different ecological niche characteristics of understory herbaceous species. The ecological niche variation of different herbaceous species was the consequence of the integrated effects of the plantation and geographical environment.
Semantic Incorporation and Indefinite Descriptions: Semantic and Syntactic Aspects of Noun Incorporation in West Greenlandic

1. Introduction 2. Noun incorporation in West Greenlandic: some structural and (discourse) semantic aspects 3. Setting the semantic scene 4. Setting the syntactic Scene 5. The semantic incorporation of predicative indefinites 6. The interpretation and scope of indefinite descriptions 7. Summary.
Avaliação de Proteção contra Ataques de Negação de Serviço Distribuídos (DDoS) utilizando Lista de IPs Confiáveis

A severidade dos problemas causados por ataques DDoS e o aumento da freqüência e sofisticação dos mesmos têm contribuído para o surgimento de um grande número de mecanismos de defesa. Neste trabalho é proposto um sistema de detecção e prevenção de ataques DDoS baseado numa arquitetura modularizada. A idéia principal da solução consiste em manter uma tabela com o histórico de boas conexões já estabelecidas na rede, para que em situações de ataque essas sejam favorecidas com a maior parte da largura de banda disponível em detrimento de conexões desconhecidas e/ou de atacantes que serão limitadas por filtros. Os resultados dos testes demonstraram que a solução apresenta bom desempenho contra ataques DDoS massivos, grande escalabilidade e baixo consumo de recursos do sistema enquanto não prejudica o trafego legitimo.
Synergistic Effect of Surface Acidity and PtOx Catalyst on the Sensitivity of Nanosized Metal–Oxide Semiconductors to Benzene

Benzene is a potentially carcinogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) and its vapor must be strictly monitored in air. Metal–oxide semiconductors (MOS) functionalized by catalytic noble metals are promising materials for sensing VOC, but basic understanding of the relationships of materials composition and sensors behavior should be improved. In this work, the sensitivity to benzene was comparatively studied for nanocrystalline n-type MOS (ZnO, In2O3, SnO2, TiO2, and WO3) in pristine form and modified by catalytic PtOx nanoparticles. Active sites of materials were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed techniques using probe molecules. The sensing mechanism was studied by in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Distinct trends were observed in the sensitivity to benzene for pristine MOS and nanocomposites MOS/PtOx. The higher sensitivity of pristine SnO2, TiO2, and WO3 was observed. This was attributed to higher total concentrations of oxidation sites and acid sites favoring target molecules’ adsorption and redox conversion at the surface of MOS. The sensitivity of PtOx−modified sensors increased with the surface acidity of MOS and were superior for WO3/PtOx. It was deduced that this was due to stabilization of reduced Pt sites which catalyze deep oxidation of benzene molecules to carbonyl species.
Sulfur-isotope anomalies recorded in Antarctic ice cores as a potential proxy for tracing past ozone layer depletion events

Abstract Changes in the cosmic-ray background of the Earth can impact the ozone layer. High-energy cosmic events [e.g. supernova (SN)] or rapid changes in the Earth's magnetic field [e.g. geomagnetic Excursion (GE)] can lead to a cascade of cosmic rays. Ensuing chemical reactions can then cause thinning/destruction of the ozone layer—leading to enhanced penetration of harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation toward the Earth's surface. However, observational evidence for such UV “windows” is still lacking. Here, we conduct a pilot study and investigate this notion during two well-known events: the multiple SN event (≈10 kBP) and the Laschamp GE event (≈41 kBP). We hypothesize that ice-core-Δ33S records—originally used as volcanic fingerprints—can reveal UV-induced background-tropospheric-photochemical imprints during such events. Indeed, we find nonvolcanic S-isotopic anomalies (Δ33S ≠ 0‰) in background Antarctic ice-core sulfate during GE/SN periods, thereby confirming our hypothesis. This suggests that ice-core-Δ33S records can serve as a proxy for past ozone-layer-depletion events.
DialogueEIN: Emotional Interaction Network for Emotion Recognition in Conversations

Emotion Recognition in Conversations (ERC) 001 is a necessary step for developing empathetic 002 human-computer interaction system. The exist-003 ing methods on ERC primarily focus on captur-004 ing the context-level and speaker-level informa-005 tion from utterances. However, these methods 006 ignore the causes of human emotion change, re-007 sulting in insufficient in capturing useful infor-008 mation for emotional prediction. In this work, 009 we propose more explanatory Emotional Inter-010 action Network (DialogueEIN) based on two 011 main stages to capture the contexual informa-012 tion over intra-and inter-speaker dependencies 013 directly from utterances, and to explore and 014 analyze the differentiated contributions over 015 the both kinds of information to boost better 016 understanding of current utterance in conversa-017 tion. Experimental results on two benchmark 018 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and su-019 periority of our proposed model. 020
Enhancement of the Bioavailability and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Glycyrrhetinic Acid via Novel Soluplus®—A Glycyrrhetinic Acid Solid Dispersion

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is an anti-inflammatory drug with potential for development. However, the poor solubility of GA in water leads to extremely low bioavailability, which limits its clinical applications. Solid dispersions have become some of the most effective strategies for improving the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Soluplus®, a non-cytotoxic amphiphilic solubilizer, significantly improves the solubility of BCS II drugs and improves the bioavailability of insoluble drugs. l-arginine (L-Arg) can be used as a small molecular weight excipient to assist in improving the solubility of insoluble drugs. In this study, we developed a new formulation for oral administration by reacting GA and L-Arg to form salts by co-solvent evaporation and then adding the polymer-solvent Soluplus® with an amphiphilic chemical structure to prepare a solid dispersion GA-SD. The chemical and physical properties of GA-SD were characterized by DLS, TEM, XRD, FT-IR and TG. The anti-inflammatory activity of GA-SD was verified by LPS stimulation of RAW 267.5 cells simulating a cellular inflammation model, TPA-induced ear edema model in mice, and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. The results showed that the amide bond and salt formation of GA-SD greatly improved GA solubility. GA-SD effectively improved the anti-inflammatory effect of free GA in vivo and in vitro, and GA-SD had no significant effect on liver and kidney function, no significant tissue toxicity, and good biosafety. In conclusion, GA-SD with L-Arg and Soluplus® is an effective method to improve the solubility and bioavailability of GA. As a safe and effective solid dispersion, it is a promising anti-inflammatory oral formulation and provides some references for other oral drug candidates with low bioavailability.
Chains of Unusual Excellent Local Rings

Let (T,M) be a complete local domain containing the integers. Let p1 \subseteq p2 \subseteq . \subseteq pn be a chain of nonmaximal prime ideals T such that T_pn is a regular local ring. We construct a chain of excellent local domains An \subseteq A1 such that for each i, the completion of Ai is T, the generic formal fiber of Ai is local with maximal ideal pi, and if I is a nonzero ideal of Ai then Ai/I is complete. Consequently, if in addition T is a UFD, then we can construct a chain of excellent local UFDs satisfying the same conditions.
Using Natural Language Processing to Explore Mental Health Insights From UK Tweets During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Infodemiology Study

Background There is need to consider the value of soft intelligence, leveraged using accessible natural language processing (NLP) tools, as a source of analyzed evidence to support public health research outputs and decision-making. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the value of soft intelligence analyzed using NLP. As a case study, we selected and used a commercially available NLP platform to identify, collect, and interrogate a large collection of UK tweets relating to mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A search strategy comprised of a list of terms related to mental health, COVID-19, and lockdown restrictions was developed to prospectively collate relevant tweets via Twitter’s advanced search application programming interface over a 24-week period. We deployed a readily and commercially available NLP platform to explore tweet frequency and sentiment across the United Kingdom and identify key topics of discussion. A series of keyword filters were used to clean the initial data retrieved and also set up to track specific mental health problems. All collated tweets were anonymized. Results We identified and analyzed 286,902 tweets posted from UK user accounts from July 23, 2020 to January 6, 2021. The average sentiment score was 50%, suggesting overall neutral sentiment across all tweets over the study period. Major fluctuations in volume (between 12,622 and 51,340) and sentiment (between 25% and 49%) appeared to coincide with key changes to any local and/or national social distancing measures. Tweets around mental health were polarizing, discussed with both positive and negative sentiment. Key topics of consistent discussion over the study period included the impact of the pandemic on people’s mental health (both positively and negatively), fear and anxiety over lockdowns, and anger and mistrust toward the government. Conclusions Using an NLP platform, we were able to rapidly mine and analyze emerging health-related insights from UK tweets into how the pandemic may be impacting people’s mental health and well-being. This type of real-time analyzed evidence could act as a useful intelligence source that agencies, local leaders, and health care decision makers can potentially draw from, particularly during a health crisis.
Heat Reflective Thin-Film Polymer Insulation with Polymer Nanospheres—Determination of Thermal Conductivity Coefficient

In this paper, a method to determine the thermal conductivity coefficient λ in a 200 μm thick heat reflective paint layer, filled with polymer nanospheres with a Total Solar Reflectance (TSR) of 86.95%, is proposed and presented. For this purpose, a “hot box”-type (cube-shaped) test rig was built to carry out experimental tests to measure the temperature distribution on the surface of a double-layer wall containing the material under investigation. Together with the experimental studies, a CFD numerical model was prepared to understand the nature of flow and heat transfer inside the cube—the test chamber. Based on the proposed measurement and analysis method, the thermal conductivity coefficient of the heat reflective coating layer was λ = 0.0007941 W/m∙K.
CacheSack: Admission Optimization for Google Datacenter Flash Caches

This paper describes the algorithm, implementation, and deployment experience of CacheSack, the admission algorithm for Google datacenter ﬂash caches. CacheSack minimizes the dominant costs of Google’s datacenter ﬂash caches: disk IO and ﬂash footprint. CacheSack partitions cache trafﬁc into disjoint categories, analyzes the observed cache beneﬁt of each subset, and formulates a knapsack problem to assign the optimal admission policy to each subset. Prior to this work, Google datacenter ﬂash cache admission policies were optimized manually, with most caches using the Lazy Adaptive Replacement Cache (LARC) algorithm. Production experiments showed that CacheSack signiﬁcantly outperforms the prior static admission policies for a 6.5% improvement of the total operational cost, as well as signiﬁcant improvements in disk reads and ﬂash wearout.
UR Scholarship Repository An Attributional Analysis of Students' Reactions to Success and Failure

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jepson School of Leadership Studies at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Jepson School of Leadership Studies articles, book chapters and other publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact scholarshiprepository@richmond.edu. Recommended Citation Forsyth, Donelson R. "An Attributional Analysis of Students' Reactions to Success and Failure. " In The Social Psychology of Education: Current Research and Theory, edited by Robert S. Feldman, 17-38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac. uk
Research Collective Affirmation in Action: Understanding the Success of Lockdown in India During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: This study explores the role of collective affirmation in attracting mass cooperation to motivate people to observe preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Using a qualitative research design, a heterogeneous sample (n=32) comprising postgraduate (n=10) and doctorates (n=22) was chosen and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The interview contents were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed via the thematic analysis method. Results: Five themes were generated in this study: perceived psychological distress, pandemic as a serious challenge to the national interest and human existence, the Janata curfew as a positive faith of the government in the abilities of Indians, lockdown as a strong faith of the government in the unshakable support of the Indians and strong affinity and pride of the Indians in their cultural heritage. The novelty, suddenness, and incurability of COVID-19 caused a set of perceived psychological distress and danger to individual and collective life. The Janata (public) curfew was perceived as a curfew of the people, by the people, and for the people. The lockdown denoted a strong faith of the Indian government in the positive virtues of the Indian people and vice versa. The mass support and adherence to the suggested preventive government measures were facilitated by collective affirmation of the well-known positive Indian cultural values (e.g. humanism, interdependence, collective pride, compassion, universal brotherhood, and so on) to the world. Conclusion: Collective affirmation inherent in the Indian cultural values catalyzed mass behavior change in the form of adherence to the essential restrictions and recommendations. Collective affirmation may have occurred because of the perceived faith of the government in the virtues of the Indians and their perceived administrative capability of the government. A culture-specific collective affirmation seems to emerge which initiated mass behavior changes leading to a successful lockdown. the Success of
Thermodynamic relations at solid state phase transitions, applied to the α-β quartz transition

Solid state phase transitions are treated as thermodynamic instabilities. Limiting relations between the specific heat cp, thermal expansion coefficients and elastic compliance elements are obtained for certain phases as the transition is approached. For example, such relations hold for alpha -quartz, but not necessarily for beta -quartz. A criterion is given to show whether the behaviour of the high-temperature phase, in regard to such relations, is different to that of the low-temperature form. For alpha -quartz it is shown, using only elastic constant and thermal expansion data, that cp diverges, while for beta -quartz it remains finite, consistent with experiment. The relations derived for the low-temperature forms are similar to the Pippard relations, but have a different constant of proportionality.
Intergenerational Transmission of Family Influence APPENDIX∗

∗This research was supported in part by an anonymous funder, the Rockwool Foundation, and NIH grant NICHD R37HD065072. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the funders or the official views of the National Institutes of Health. We thank Oriana Bandiera, Sandra Black, Thomas Coleman, Mikkel Houmark, Kristian Karlson, Miriam Gensowski, and Philip Monagan for commentary. Victor Ronda made important contributions to this paper. We are grateful to Alex Ben Hassine for excellent commentary and research assistance.
Spectral invariants for monotone Lagrangians

Since spectral invariants were introduced in cotangent bundles via generating functions by Viterbo in the seminal paper [73], they have been defined in various contexts, mainly via Floer homology theories, and then used in a great variety of applications. In this paper we extend their definition to monotone Lagrangians, which is so far the most general case for which a “classical” Floer theory has been developed. Then, we gather and prove the properties satisfied by these invariants, and which are crucial for their applications. Finally, as a demonstration, we apply these new invariants to symplectic rigidity of some specific monotone Lagrangians.