Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intraovarianregulation of luteolysis

The corpus luteum is a transient gland, which is only functional for 17-18 days in the cyclic cow or for up to 200 days in the pregnant cow. Regression of the corpus luteum is essential for normal cyclicity as it allows the development of a new ovulatory follicle, whereas prevention of luteolysis is necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy Evidence acquired over the past three decades indicated that PGF2„ is the luteolytic hormone in ruminants. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms of PGF,„ action are just beginning to be clarified. A pivotal role for an endothelial cell product endothelin 1 (ET-1) has been documented in PGF,„-induced luteal regression. ET-1 inhibited progesterone production by luteal cells in a dose-dependent manner via selective ET-1 binding sites (ETA). The inhibitory action of PGF2„on progesterone secretion (in vivo and in vitro) was blocked by a selective ETA receptor antagonist. This implied that ET-1 (through ETA receptors present on steroidogenic cells) may have mediated the inhibitory effect of PGF,„. The involvement of ET-1 in luteal regression was also suggested by the observation that the highest concentrations of ET-1 coincide with uterine PGF2"surges. Furthermore, PGF,„ administration upregulated ET-1 expression within the corpus luteum. Later stages of luteal regression, which involve programmed cell death (PCD), are presumably mediated by immune cells. ET-1 may also be involved in this process by promoting leukocyte migration and stimulating macrophages to release tumour necrosis factor a (TNFa). The TIXITareceptor type 1 (p55) is present on luteal cells (endothelial and steroidogenic cells) and could initiate PCD and the structural demise of the corpus luteum.
Reassessment of the braincase of Mesosuchus browni (reptilia, archosauromorpha) with new information on the middle and inner ears

Rhynchosauria is a group of archosauromorph reptiles abundant in terrestrial ecosystems of the Middle Triassic. Mesosuchus is one of the earliest and basalmost rhynchosaurs, playing an important role not only for the understanding of the evolution of the group as a whole, but also of archosauromorphs in general. The braincase of Mesosuchus has been previously described, albeit not in detail, and the middle and inner ears were missing. Here, we provide new information based on micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning of the best-preserved specimen of Mesosuchus, SAM-PK-6536. Contrary to what has been stated previously, the braincase of Mesosuchus is dorso-ventrally tall. The trigeminal foramen lies in a deep recess on the prootic whose flat ventral rim could indicate the articulation surface to the laterosphenoid, although no such element was found. The middle ear of Mesosuchus shows a small and deeply recessed fenestra ovalis, with the right stapes preserved in situ. It has a rather stout, imperforated and posteriorly directed shaft with a small footplate. These features suggest that the ear of Mesosuchus was wellsuited for the detection of low-frequency sounds. The semicircular canals are slender and elongate and the floccular fossa is well-developed. This is indicative of a refined mechanism for gaze stabilization, which is usually related to non-sprawling postures. The most striking feature of the Mesosuchus braincase is, however, the presence of a pneumatic sinus in the basal tubera. The sinus is identified as originating from the pharyngotympanic system, implying in ossified Eustachian tubes. Braincase pneumatization has not yet been a recognized feature of stem-archosaurs, but the potential presence of pneumatic foramina in an array of taxa, recognized here as such for the first time, suggests braincase sinuses could be present in many other archosauromorphs.
STEREOTYPES AND BARRIERS FOR WOMEN PRINCIPALS IN DIFFERENT CULTURES

It has been long debated that discrimination based on the gender is one of the basic barriers that hinder schools achieving the goals in democratic societies. Researches about tackling gender issues have increased recently and investigated whether there are barriers for women for administration. Since management theories are mostly resembles each other throughout the world within the times, comparative studies need to be done considering the cultural context. The purpose of the paper is to compare and contrast researches about women administration at schools and other institutions together with the barriers and stereotypes they experience in promotion. It was employed qualitative research design to analyze 39 articles published in four journals of education, leadership and gender. The studies analyzed in this paper have concluded that women more or less, or overt or covert had to face with disadvantaged settings compared with men in administrations in different cultures regardless of developmental level of countries.
Design methodologies for M-health innovations: a content analysis

Whilst researchers and professionals recognize that M-health offers great opportunities, most existing work has comprised individual project-based developments in specialised areas. Existing review papers generally utilise medical literature and categories: none investigates M-health from an IS design point of view. Identifying application areas, design issues and IS research techniques will demonstrate models, issues, approaches and gaps to inform future research. A comprehensive analysis of up to date literature from this viewpoint is valuable, both for theoretical progression and for guiding real-world innovative developments. Drawing from key IS and multidisciplinary journals we analyse recent (2010-2016) articles concerning M-health application developments and their associated design or development issues. We identify eight application categories, ten design issues (security, privacy, literacy, accessibility, acceptability, reliability, usability, confidentiality, integrity and knowledge sharing) and the stakeholders and development techniques involved. The analysis suggests M-health is an emerging field to which design science is particularly appropriate.
The Ef ﬁ ciency of GARCH Models in Realizing Value at Risk Estimates Ú č innost GARCH model ů p ř i realizaci odhad ů Value at Risk

Market risk is an important type of financial risk that is usually caused by price fluctuations in financial markets. One determinant of market risk comprises Value at Risk (VaR), which is defined as the maximum loss that can be achieved within a certain time horizon and at a given reliability level. The aim of the article is to determine the importance of selecting conditional volatility model within the parametric and semi-parametric approach for VaR estimation. The results ascertained show that the application of these models tends to provide more accurate predictions of actual losses as compared to traditional approaches to VaR estimates. Overall, the application of conditional volatility models ensures that VaR estimates are more flexible to adapt to changing market conditions – especially in the periods associated with higher return volatility. Furthermore, the results show that the differences between individual models of contingent volatility are primarily determined by selecting the specific distribution of the standardized residue series.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Neurotrophic Factor Secreted by a Mouse Schwann Cell Line by

During development, neurotrophic factors regulate morphologic and functional differentiation in addition to their role as regulators of neuronal survival. Schwann cells are the major glial elements in the peripheral nervous system and, therefore, could play a major functional role in supporting neuronal differentiation and survival in nervous system. Here, we have characterized a neurotrophic factor secreted by MS1 cells from an immortalized Schwann cell line. In our mesencephalic culture system, a 2.9-fold increased survival of TH+ neurons at day 5 and a 1.9-fold increase of dopamine uptake have been observed when the cells were treated with MS1 conditioned medium (MCM). This trophic effect is more potent than other known trophic factors for dopaminergic neurons such as bFGF, insulin, and EGF. The characteristics of this factor are different from all other known neurotrophic factors in vitro. Partial purification of MCM has shown that the molecular weight of this factor is between 17 kDa and 30 kDa. It is a heat sensitive, non-heparin binding, protease digestible protein-like molecule. MCM did not have any mitogenic effects on astrocytes in our culture, nor did it have survival effects on 1-day-old dorsal root ganglia or E13 spinal cord culture. Thus, we conclude that the trophic factor in MCM is a novel and specific survival factor for dopaminergic neurons. III TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ^ II TABLE OF CONTENTS ^ III LIST OF FIGURES ^V LIST OF TABLES ^ VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ^ VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X
Basolateral Mg /Na exchange regulates apical nonselective cation channel in sheep rumen epithelium via cytosolic Mg

Leonhard-Marek, Sabine, Friederike Stumpff, Inge Brinkmann, Gerhard Breves, and Holger Martens. Basolateral Mg / Na exchange regulates apical nonselective cation channel in sheep rumen epithelium via cytosolic Mg . Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288: G630–G645, 2005. First published November 18, 2004; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00275. 2004. —High potassium diets lead to an inverse regulation of sodium and magnesium absorption in ruminants, suggesting some form of cross talk. Previous Ussing chamber experiments have demonstrated a divalent sensitive Na conductance in the apical membrane of ruminal epithelium. Using patch-clamped ruminal epithelial cells, we could observe a divalent sensitive, nonselective cation conductance (NSCC) with K permeability Cs permeability Na permeability. Conductance increased and rectification decreased when either Mg or both Ca and Mg were removed from the internal or external solution or both. The conductance could be blocked by Ba , but not by tetraethylammonium (TEA). Subsequently, we studied this conductance measured as shortcircuit current (Isc) in Ussing chambers. Forskolin, IBMX, and theophylline are known to block both Isc and Na transport across ruminal epithelium in the presence of divalent cations. When the NSCC was stimulated by removing mucosal calcium, an initial decrease in Isc was followed by a subsequent increase. The cAMP-mediated increase in Isc was reduced by low serosal Na and serosal addition of imipramine or serosal amiloride and depended on the availability of mucosal magnesium. Luminal amiloride had no effect. Flux studies showed that low serosal Na reduced Mg fluxes from mucosal to serosal. The data suggest that cAMP stimulates basolateral Na /Mg exchange, reducing cytosolic Mg. This increases sodium uptake through a magnesium-sensitive NSCC in the apical membrane. Likewise, the reduction in magnesium uptake that follows ingestion of high potassium fodder may facilitate sodium absorption, as observed in studies of ruminal osmoregulation. Possibly, grass tetany (hypomagnesemia) is a side effect of this useful mechanism.
Legacy of the Age-Related Eye Disorder Study

(AREDS) was designed as a long-term multicenter prospective study of the clinical course of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and age-related cataract. The primary goal of the study was to generate data progression rates and risk factors for these disorders to increase our understanding of the clinical course of AMD and cataract, generate hypotheses about etiology, and aid in the design of clinical trials for intervention. In addition, 2 clinical trials were included in the design: a high-dose vitamin and mineral trial for AMD and a high-dose vitamin trial for cataract. The AREDS certainly achieved the primary goal of the study. We obtained important natural history data, including rates of progressions for different stages of AMD, providing prognostic information for patients and facilitating the design of subsequent interventional studies. The AREDS refined useful grading schemes for both clinical trials and clinical prac-tice. A treatment regimen for certain patients with AMD was identified and adopted, though acceptance of AREDS recommendations has been tainted by controversy over the data presentation and analysis. While there is con-tinued discussion of the molecular mechanisms under-lying the treatment benefit demonstrated for patients with AMD, the AREDS findings have spawned other clinical trials for nonneovascular AMD. These include a follow-up, AREDS 2, and other interventions to prevent progression. The AREDS generated other observations, including the interaction of cataract and AMD, the reliability of quality of life measures, and the association of AMD and mortality. There have been 24 published manu-scripts from AREDS through 2008 and scores of published abstracts and proceedings.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND ADDITIONAL TOBACCO ABUSE ON OXIDATIVE STATUS : A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ≠ VE SĠGARA KULLANIMININ DURUM

Aim: The aim of the survey was to evaluate the 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and melatonin (MLT) levels in saliva as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in gingival clevicular fluid (GCF) in smoker and nonsmoker chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and periodontally healthy individuals. Methods: 4 groups of 15 applicants were formed in accordance with the research protocole as follows; periodontally healthy nonsmokers (CP-S-), periodontally healthy smokers (CP-S+), nonsmoker periodontitis patients (CP+S-) and smoker periodontitis patients (CP+S+). Clinical periodontal status were measured before taking the saliva and GCF samples. 8-OHdG, MLT and MPO levels were measured biochemically. Results: The lowest level of 8-OHdG and MPO were recorded in (CP-S-) group (p<0.05). MLT levels in saliva were statistically increased in periodontally healthy (CP-) groups than CP groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: CP causes significant changes in parameters connected with oxidative stress. For periodontally healthy applicants, smoking leads to statistically significant changes on the parameters in general; while the effect of smoking to the parameters was found insignificant in the CP groups. Findings of this study reveal the role of smoking on the development of periodontitis, due to negatively affecting the parameters linked to oxidative stress, that are crucial in the patogenesis of periodontal diseases.
Physiological bene ﬁ ts of a honeydew-based functional food forti ﬁ ed with selected bioactive agents justi ﬁ ed by trials

Honey is a consumer-preferred, highly esteemed natural product with a broad variety of distinct bioactive components. In recent days, the consumption of high-added-value, honey-based products are increasingly coming to the forefront of interest, and thus huge efforts are being made by researchers/developers to elaborate honey variants with forti ﬁ ed biological value. Relevant human clinical trials have scarcely been accomplished; thus, the biological impact of honey and its derivatives has not been thoroughly revealed. In this work, we present our experiments on the development of a novel honey-based prototype and its plausible physiological impacts certi ﬁ ed via human clinical trials. The investigated product was a newly elaborated honeydew-based prototype forti ﬁ ed with pumpkin, sea buckthorn, and inulin, which was subjected to a 13-week-long, double-blind, placebo-controlled human clinical trial. The prototypes were applied to 20 adult volunteers to establish the complex impact of the newly developed product. Conclusions drawn at the end of the trial were based on results of blood tests taken at diverse phases of the study. The positive physiological effects of consumption of the investigated products are underpinned by the fact that no signi ﬁ cant elevations have been measured in terms of the blood glucose level and parameters featuring long-term blood sugar levels. Slight decrease of both LDL and HDL cholesterol levels were also experienced.
Korean Learners ’ Production of English Sound Contrast : Focusing on Word-Final / S / and / S i / ∗

This study examines Korean L2 learners’ production of English sound contrast not attested in their L1, focusing on word-final /S/ and /Si/. L2 pronunciation error patterns such as vowel deletion and epenthesis were more frequently found in the low group than in the high group. Acoustic properties of lexical and epenthetic vowels were also different according to learners’ proficiency levels. The low group’s epenthetic and lexical vowels showed similar acoustic properties with respect to friction and vowel ratio and F1 and F2 midpoint values. On the other hand, the high group’s epenthetic vowels exhibited longer friction ratio, shorter vowel ratio, higher F1 and lower F2 than lexical vowels. While the low group did not distinguish epenthetic vowels from lexical vowels, the high group pronounced epenthetic vowels differently from lexical vowels, possibly as transitional vowels. As for word-final [S] from /S/ or /Si/, both groups showed longer friction ratio for [S] from /Si/ than for [S] from /S/. The findings suggest the use of production strategies by L2 learners is different from native speakers and is mediated by their proficiency levels.
Phosphorylation of G z (cid:97) by Protein Kinase C Blocks Interaction with the (cid:98)(cid:103) Complex*

G z (cid:97) is a G protein (cid:97) subunit with biochemical proper- ties that distinguish it from other members of the G protein (cid:97) subunit family. One such property is its ability to be stoichiometrically phosphorylated by protein ki- nase C (PKC), both in vitro and in intact cells. The site of this phosphorylation has been mapped to a region near the N terminus of G z (cid:97) , but no functional significance of the modification has been established. To investigate this question, we have developed a baculovirus/Sf9 cell expression system to produce G z (cid:97) . The protein purified from Sf9 cells is functional as assessed by its ability both to bind guanine nucleotide in a Mg 2 (cid:49) -sensitive fashion and to serve as a substrate for phosphorylation by PKC. Furthermore, addition of the G protein (cid:98)(cid:103) complex purified from bovine brain inhibits phosphorylation of G z (cid:97) in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, phosphorylation of G z (cid:97) inhibits its ability to interact with (cid:98)(cid:103) sub- units. These results establish a functional consequence for PKC-catalyzed phosphorylation of G z (cid:97) and suggest a mechanism for regulation of signaling through G z by preventing reassociation of its subunits. G z is a member of the family of trimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) 1 which generally function by coupling receptor(s) for extracellular ligands to intracellular effector(s) (1–3). The mechanism through which G proteins
Mitochondrial NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (Complex I) EFFECT OF SUBSTRATES ON THE FRAGMENTATION OF SUBUNITS BY TRYPSIN*

It has been shown that treatment of bovine mitochondrial complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) with NADH or NADPH, but not with NAD or NADP, increases the susceptibility of a number of subunits to tryptic degradation. This increased susceptibility involved subunits that contain electron carriers, such as FMN and iron-sulfur clusters, as well as subunits that lack electron carriers. Results shown elsewhere on changes in the cross-linking pattern of complex I subunits when the enzyme was pretreated with NADH or NADPH (Belogrudov, G., and Hatefi, Y. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 4571–4576) also indicated that complex I undergoes extensive conformation changes when reduced by substrate. Furthermore, we had previously shown that in submitochondrial particles the affinity of complex I for NAD increases by >20-fold in electron transfer from succinate to NAD when the particles are energized by ATP hydrolysis. Together, these results suggest that energy coupling in complex I may involve protein conformation changes as a key step. In addition, it has been shown here that treatment of complex I with trypsin in the presence of NADPH, but not NADH or NAD(P), produced from the 39-kDa subunit a 33-kDa degradation product that resisted further hydrolysis. Like the 39-kDa subunit, the 33-kDa product bound to a NADP-agarose affinity column, and could be eluted with a buffer containing NADPH. It is possible that together with the acyl carrier protein of complex I the NADP(H)-binding 39-kDa subunit is involved in intramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis.
ANEMIA AND PRE-DIALYSIS STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS

Распространенность хронической болезни почек Распространенность и заболеваемость терми­ нальными стадиями хронической болезни почек (ХБП) неуклонно увеличивается в разных регио­ нах мира [1,2]. Так, в конце XX века более 340 000 человек только в США были включены в програм­ мы диализа или трансплантации почки. Расчеты показывают, что число таких пациентов может удвоиться и достигнуть 560 000 к 2010 году. Оче­ видно, что источником для роста числа больных на заместительной почечной терапии (ЗПТ) явля­ ется огромный и ранее недооцениваемый пул боль­ ных с более ранними и преддиализными стадиями ХБП. Проведенные в конце 90-х годов в США крупные эпидемиологические исследования пока­ зали, что распространенность случаев 4-5-й ста­ дии ХБП составляет всего 0,4% популяции (из них 400 000 находятся в непосредственной близости от диализа, а 300 000 уже получают ЗПТ). В то же время около 4 миллионов жителей США имеют стойкое повышение креатинина более 1,5 мг/дл, а 8 миллионов снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации (СКФ). Распространенность ХБП с признаками начальной почечной дисфункции в по­ пуляции значительно выше, чем было принято счи­ тать ранее, и превышает 11% (у 7,6% населения выявляют снижение скорости клубочковой фильт­ рации (СКФ) [3-5]. Сахарный диабет (СД) и сосудистые заболе­ вания лидируют в качестве этиологических при­ чин случаев почечной недостаточности на ЗПТ [2]. При этом в целом ряде исследований продемонст­ рировано, что в группах риска доля лиц с преддиа­ лизными стадиями ХБП может достигать 10-50% [6,7] и дополнительно увеличиваться в старших возрастных группах. Так, распространенность ХБП 3-5-й стадий (СКФ<60 мл/мин) составляет 11% лиц в возрасте 65 лет и более без артериальной гипер­ тензии (АГ) и диабета [8]. Низкая настороженность в отношении диагностики ранних стадий ХБП оп­ ределяет большую долю не выявленных случаев болезни [5]. Проведение скрининговых программ, базирующихся на определении экскреции альбуми­ на и СКФ, позволяет выявлять ХБП в 11-25% слу­ чаев, даже среди лиц молодого и среднего возраста [7,9]. Хроническая болезнь почек, сердечно-сосудистые риски и анемия Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) ос­ таются ведущей причиной заболеваемости и смер­ тности у больных с терминальными стадиями ХБП и касаются пациентов как на диализе, так и после трансплантации почки. В целом риск смерти у боль­ ных молодого и среднего возраста, получающих ЗПТ, в десятки (! ) раз выше в сравнении с анало­ гичными возрастными группами вне почечной по­ пуляции [10]. Наиболее высокая смертность
Computational Insights into the CH3 Cl+OH Chemical Reaction Dynamics at the Air-Water Interface.

The reaction of methyl chloride with the hydroxyl radical OH is an important process in the troposphere. The kinetics of this reaction has been thoroughly studied in the gas phase, both experimentally and theoretically, but little is known about the effect of water on this reaction. In particular, investigating the reaction mechanism at the air-water interface is key in order to better understand the role of cloud water droplets and aerosols on the overall oxidation capacity of the troposphere. In this work, we have implemented a "rare event" approach combined to QM/MM (quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics) molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamics of the H-abstraction reaction CH3 Cl+OH→CH2 Cl+H2 O at the air-water interface. For comparison, high-level ab initio calculations for the reaction mechanism in the gas phase are also reported and accurate kinetic constants at different temperatures are provided.