Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Using Irrigation Water and Amount of Heavy Metal into Water Springs in the Vicinity of Ihsaniye - Turkey *

Uses of water springs as drinking and for irrigation change according to the limits of existence of organic, inorganic, heavy metal and any biological substances which could decrease the quality of the water. This study was carried out at eight different surface water springs inhsaniye town of Kocaeli-Golcuk, where the agricultural production is intensive. The water samples were collected from these springs each month throughout the year in order to analyse the heavy metal (triorganic pollution parameters) as Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn. The pH was also measured for those samples. Colour, turbidity and the temperature of the water samples were measured at their sources. The problem of heavy metal pollution was not widespread in the research area. But the quality of water was affected adversely in settlements intensified at certain areas and at the intensive agricultural places. Following the transition to the watery agriculture in (South Anatolia Project) GAP region, the quality of irrigation water has been an important subject. The study conducted inhsaniye town will help to determine irrigation water used for watery vegetal production in GAP region.
Discovery of a complete ophiolite section in the Jueweng area,Nagqu County,in the central segment of the Bangong Co-Nujiang junction zone,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

A relatively complete ophiolite section has been found for the first time in the Jueweng area, Nagqu County, in the central segment of the Bangong Co-Nujiang junction zone. From below upward the section consists of metaperidotites, pyroxene peridotite, cumulates, massive gabbro, dike swarms, carbonatite, pillow lavas and radiolarian cherts. It is unconformably overlain by the Late Cretaceous Jingzhushan Formation. Isotopic dating of cumulates yields an age of 128 Ma (by the single-zircon fusion method), thus verifying that the age of the ophiolite is Early Cretaceous. This finding denies the view that no complete ophiolite section in the central segment of the Bangong Co-Nujiang junction zone and demonstrates that there also exists Cretaceous ophiolite in addition to Jurassic ophiolite. This furnishes evidence for the determination of the final closing time of the central segment of the Bangong Co-Nujiang junction zone.
An analytical method of analysing the oscillatory pressure head measured at any depth in a well casing

When a slug test is conducted in a highly permeable aquifer, a shallow pressure transducer in the well casing produces an oscillatory pressure head that is representative of the water level fluctuation, whereas a deep pressure transducer in the well casing yields an oscillatory pressure head that is different from the water level change. Although the solutions for shallow and deep pressure head are different, it is found that the ratios of the subsequent extremity displacements are in an identical relationship (an extremity can be a maximum or a minimum in the oscillatory pressure head). Based on this relationship, an analytical data analysis method for the determination of the hydraulic conductivity is developed for both shallow and deep pressure transducer data. This analytical method is applied to the pressure head measured at different depths in the well casing of a well partially penetrating an unconfined coarse sand aquifer. Satisfactory results are obtained, validating the applicability of this analytical method for pressure transducer data at any depth in a well casing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Management of Mixed Landscape of Forests and Croplands for Pollination Services using Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming

The world’s forests are rapidly being cleared for for agricultural development. However, poorly managed land conversion decreases the potential ecosystem services provided by remaining natural areas. Specifically, in this study the loss of pollination services provided by native pollinators. I determined the optimal arrangement of forest and cropland so as to provide maximum pollination services in the landscape. I quantified the pollination services based on the distance between the forest area and cropland area in the landscape. Compactness constraints limit the area to perimeter ratio of each land type, cropland and forest. I used MINLP to find the optimal land-use configuration. Using this model, I explored different pollinator types and crop types to determine the combination producing the highest pollination services. Sensitivity analysis of these parameters revealed that shorter-flying pollinators may be better pollinator for a particular crop than stronger-fliers. Overall, my optimization model provides a blueprint of how to optimally design forest conversion to make agriculture more sustainable by ensuring the pollination services provided from the forests remain.
As construções [que x o que] e [que x que nada] no português brasileiro

RESUMO Este artigo tem como meta investigar o uso e emergência das construções [que x o que] e [que x que nada] com base no aparato teórico da abordagem construcionista (Goldberg, 1995; Croft & Cruise, 2004; Traugott & Trousdale, 2013). Tais construções, recorrentes na modalidade oral do português brasileiro em situações de diálogo, funcionam como mecanismo de discordância, incorporando a informação linguística a ser refutada (explícita ou não no evento comunicativo), operando no mesmo nível de expressões cristalizadas como as idiomáticas. Os dados analisados foram extraídos do corpus C-Oral Brasil, pesquisa na plataforma Google e Corpus do Português. Neste estudo, o foco reside em compreender as motivações de natureza formal e funcional do emprego dessas construções nas situações reais de uso da língua. Os resultados apontam complexidade na interpretação dessas expressões quanto ao pareamento forma-função, haja vista que a gradiência desse pareamento é relativamente abruta e resulta de processos polissêmicos.
BLACK BEAR FOOD HABITS IN THE LOWER WEKIVA RIVER BASIN OF CENTRAL FLORIDA

Food habits of black bears ( Ursus americanus floridanus ) in the Lower Wekiva River Basin in Central Florida were determined by analysis of 676 scats col- lected from October 1993 through December 1995. Acorns ( Quercus spp.), saw palmetto ( Serenoa repens ) hearts and fruit, sabal palm ( Sabal palmetto ) hearts and fruit, walking sticks ( Anisomorpha buprestoides ), blueberries ( Vaccinium spp.), tupelo ( Nyssa biflora ) fruit, bessie bugs ( Odontotaenius disjunctus ) and carpenter ants ( Campanotus florida- nus ) were among the most frequently eaten foods. Food habits were affected by seasonal and annual variation in food availability. Land management for bears should enhance or preserve habitat diversity that promotes production of preferred foods. The black bear has been eliminated from about 83% of its historical range in Florida (Wooding 1993). It is listed as a threatened species by the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission (Maehr and Wooding 1992) and is a candidate for federal listing as a threatened species (Bentzien 1991). The central Florida bear population, which in- cludes the Lower Wekiva River Basin, is one of the largest of the eight extant populations in the state (Wooding 1993). The only information available on food habits of bears in this population are from 13 stom- achs examined by Harlow (1961) and a small number of scats reported by Maehr (1984). This paper describes black bear food habits in the Lower Wekiva River Basin for land managers to consider the impacts of habitat manipulation and land use practices on important bear foods. S TUDY A REA AND M ETHODS
From the Ground Up: EXPLORING SOIL QUALITY'S CONTRIBUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

From its inception, the Hemy A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture has regarded soil quality as a central issue related to the sustainability of agriculture. Current, reinvigorated research that focuses on both private and social benefits of soil quality now provides the seeds for a more fully integrated natural resource and environmental policy agenda. The key to this process is understanding and documenting what a broad spectrum of scientists are now telling us: namely, that healthy soils help maintain water quality, regulate water quantity, prevent water and wind erosion, buffer global climate changes, ensure food safety, and enhance biodiversity-all while simultaneously promoting crop yields. In other words, improved soil health may provide private benefits to farmers, and social benefits to everyone else. Links between the soil and environmental quality are not new. Soil erosion and its impacts on soil productivity have been studied intensively for the past 70 years. What is new, however, is the breadth implied by the "new" concept of soil quality, which is now defined by the soil's mUltiple functions. The package of environmental benefits believed to be gained by improving soil quality is becoming more important as society places higher and higher values on environmental quality. If, for example, increasing costs are placed on greenhouse gas emissions, it may ultimately prove cost effective to sequester carbon in the soil. Indeed, one energy company is already experimenting with a program that entices farmers to change their tillage practices to increase the levels of organic carbon in the soil. Farmerstaking advantage of programs like this one may boost their own net returns, while helping to reduce the level of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Before soil quality can become a focus of policy, however, research must address the needs of farmers, policy makers, and everyone concerned with environmental health. We need to know whether soil degradation is a social problem, and if it is where to target policy. We need to be able to predict the expected health and environmental benefits from improving soil quality. And we need to know how much return farmers can expect from investing in soil quality. The environmental and farm benefit information is crucial to assessing whether added investments in soil quality will yield net benefits for farmers and for society. The Henry A. Wallace Institute believes the potential for net social benefits from soil-quality improvements merits more attention and, with this report, has attempted to fulfill two goals: (1) to summarize current research documenting private and social benefits of enhancing soil quality, and (2) to identify the knowledge gaps that must be addressed before fully evaluating a soil-quality policy agenda. Partial funding for this study was provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts. The report's contents and conclusions, however, are solely the responsibility of the author and the Wallace Institute.
Extracting surface wave attenuation from seismic noise using correlation of the coda of correlation

Extracting surface wave travel time information from the cross‐correlation (CC) of seismic ambient noise has been a great success and remains fast growing. However, it is still challenging to exploit the amplitude content of the noise CC. Although spatial average is able to constrain somewhat meaningful attenuation using noise CC amplitudes, clear bias is observed when spatially varying attenuation is estimated with the traditional noise CC calculation methods. Perhaps the key lies in the development of novel techniques that can mitigate the effect of the uneven distribution of natural noise sources. In this paper, we propose a new method to use the correlation of the coda of correlation of noise (C3) for amplitude measurement. We examine the ability of the method to retrieve surface wave attenuation using data from selected line array stations of the USArray. By comparing C3‐derived attenuation coefficients with those estimated from earthquake data, we demonstrate that C3 effectively reduces bias and allows for more reliable attenuation estimates from noise. This is probably because of the fact that the coda of noise correlation contains more diffused noise energy, and thus, the C3 processing effectively makes the noise source distribution more homogeneous. When selecting auxiliary stations for C3 calculation, we find that stations closer to noise sources (near the coast) tend to yield better signal‐to‐noise ratios. We suggest to preprocess noise data using a transient removal and temporal flattening method, to mitigate the effect of temporal fluctuation of the noise source intensity, and to retain relative amplitudes. In this study, we focus our analysis on 18 s measurements.
RECOMBINANT PROTEIN APPLICATION INDUCED DEFENSE MECHANISM IN HOST PLANT AGAINST PAPAYA DIEBACK DISEASE

Erwinia mallotivora is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes the papaya dieback disease in Malaysia. Currently, no effective disease control method is documented. In this regard, the adoption of harpin proteins in promoting plant defense mechanisms has been reported to be a promising control method for this disease. This study used, two recombinant harpin proteins, Hrp I and Hrp II, to control the disease in the glasshouse and field conditions. The results of foliar application in the glasshouse showed protective index of 70.8% and 35.7% for Hrp I and Hrp II, respectively. Meanwhile, the field trial for Hrp I showed a promising protection index of 72.3%. Moreover, the plant growth-promoting attributes were also significantly improved in the case of the Hrp I -treated plants. The effectiveness of Hrp I and II as inducers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) was further validated by profiling defense-related genes using RT-qPCR analysis. The results showed that the treated papaya plants with Hrp I possess the highest expression of defense genes such as peroxidase, osmotin, and PRID in the glasshouse and field samples. In conclusion, the application of Hrp I is a promising disease control approach in managing papaya dieback disease in Malaysia.
Rapid assessments of the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) outbreak in Semarang District, Central Java: Effects of farmers’ low KAP

Rapid assessments on the outbreak of rice brown planthoppers (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) were conducted to investigate the status of BPH populations and the causative factors behind the outbreak. These assessments served as the basis for developing a proper action program. The assessments took place in Banyubiru Sub-District, Semarang District covering four villages (Kebondowo, Rowoboni, Tegaron, Kebumen) in December 2013. We analyzed BPH data, along with information about farmers’ practices in managing pests collected through interviews conducted in January 2018 in Indramayu. Additionally, we examined data on the number of BPH-infested areas in Java from 2010 to 2020 and the stock of insecticides in Java in 2021. Simple statistical analyses were carried out. The BPH population had spread throughout Banyubiru and was present in all sampled plots. The average number of BPH eggs ranged from 115.25 to 379.65 per rice hill, while the BPH nymphs and imagoes ranged from 3.42 to 11.87 per rice hill. The relatively low nymphs to imagoes ratio might be influenced by the high BPH predator populations, which ranged from three to six individuals per rice hill. Suspected causes of BPH resistance and resurgence included the application of banned and improper insecticides, as well as the repeated use of the same insecticide active ingredients for an extended period. It is recommended to discontinue the mass spraying of insecticides to prevent further plant damage. In 2022, the Pest Control Movement has suggested replacing chemical insecticides with biological or natural pesticides. Intensive extension programs are strongly needed.
PHENOLOGICAL SYNCHRONICITY OF Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. AND B. verbascifolia (L.) DC. (MALPIGHIACEAE) AND ITS RELATION WITH CLIMATE SEASONALITY

ABSTRACT Phenology is defined as the study of the timing of biological events and the biotic and abiotic factors that trigger them. This study reports a description of the phenology of Byrsonima pachyphylla and B. verbascifolia in an ecotonal area between the Cerrado and Amazonia biomes in the Brazilian state of Tocantins, to contribute to a better understanding of their autoecology in this region. Two populations of 15 adult individuals of each species, randomly selected in a Cerrado area in Porto Nacional, Tocantins, were surveyed for 12 months. Percentages were estimated of leaf flush, young, mature, and senescent leaves (vegetative phenology), flower buds, open flowers, green and ripe fruits (reproductive phenology) present in the canopy, as well as the synchrony of the reproductive phenophases. The vegetative and reproductive phenological events were seasonal and occurred mainly at the end of the dry season and during the transition from the dry to the rainy season. Considering the vegetative and reproductive phenology, B. pachyphylla was classified as “evergreen with continuous growth” and as a late-flowering species, whereas B. verbascifolia was classified as “evergreen with seasonal growth” and as an early-flowering species. The reproductive phenological activity of the species exhibited high synchrony. The results suggest that the vegetative and reproductive events are peculiar to each species and represent effective strategies for their survival in the Cerrado, which is markedly seasonal.
Lupus Anticoagulant Detection under the Magnifying Glass

Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) requires the presence of a clinical criterion (thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity), combined with persistently circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Lupus anticoagulant (LA) is one of the three laboratory parameters (the others being antibodies to either cardiolipin or β2-glycoprotein I) that defines this rare but potentially devastating condition. For the search for aCL and aβ2-GP-I, traditionally measured with immunological solid-phase assays (ELISA), several different assays and detection techniques are currently available, thus making these tests relatively reliable and widespread. On the other hand, LA detection is based on functional coagulation procedures that are characterized by poor standardization, difficulties in interpreting the results, and interference by several drugs commonly used in the clinical settings in which LA search is appropriate. This article aims to review the current state of the art and the challenges that clinicians and laboratories incur in the detection of LA.
Hotspots: A view from the swells

The magnitude of inferred depth and heatflow “anomalies” at hotspot swells relative to “normal” seafloor plays a major role in constraining the causes of these swells. Hotspot heatflow anomalies were first believed to be large and consistent with the uplift expected from thermal thinning of the lower lithosphere. However, these anomalies were overestimated because reference thermal models predicted greater depths and lower heatflow than was typical of lithosphere older than 70 Ma. In contrast, models GDH1 and GDH2, derived by joint fitting of heatflow and bathymetry (and geoid slope for the latter) yield a hotter and thinner lithosphere than previous models and fit depth, heatflow, and geoid data significantly better. Hence heatflow on the Hawaiian and other swells is at most slightly high relative to GDH1 and GDH2. The absence of a significant heatflow anomaly favors a primarily dynamic or compositional rather than thermal swell origin. Similarly, the depths and heatflow for the Darwin rise are consistent with thin-plate models, and thus it is not thermally different from lithosphere of similar age. In younger lithosphere, where observed heatflow is less than that predicted from conduction-only models, the observed heatflow at hotspots can be compared to its global average. The heatflow for the south Pacific superswell is consistent with unperturbed lithosphere, and hence excludes significant lithospheric thermal thinning. Near Iceland, heatflow west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is consistent with the global average, but to the east is higher, the opposite of that predicted by models that involve an eastward-migrating plume.
The elusive nature of the Rheic Ocean suture in SW Iberia

The Rheic Ocean suture resulted from pre‐Carboniferous oceanic subduction followed by Late Devonian‐Carboniferous Variscan collision. In SW Iberia, this suture has been classically located along the boundary between the Ossa‐Morena and South Portuguese Zones based on the presence of three units: (i) a conspicuous metamafic unit (Beja‐Acebuches) that crops out along this boundary and has been interpreted as a pre‐Carboniferous Rheic Ocean ophiolite; (ii) a low‐grade metasedimentary unit with minor mid‐ocean ridge basalt‐like lithologies (Pulo do Lobo unit), thought to represent a Rheic Ocean subduction‐related accretionary prism; and (iii) the allochthonous Cubito‐Moura unit that contains high‐pressure and ophiolitic‐like rocks. We report new structural and geochronological data that allow us to reinterpret the origin and internal structure of the Beja‐Acebuches and the Pulo do Lobo units. Thus, both the Beja‐Acebuches protoliths and the Pulo do Lobo metabasalts would have been formed in the context of an intracollisional extensional stage that interrupted the Variscan collision at early Carboniferous time, after the Rheic Ocean consumption, and the first continental collision. Later on, collision was resumed in an oblique left‐lateral regime that gave way to coeval frontal (folds and thrusts) and lateral (shear zones and strike‐slip faults) structures, with variable pressure‐temperature conditions and space distribution along time. As a consequence of the superposition of transtension and complex transpression, the Rheic suture in SW Iberia has an obscure nearly cryptic appearance.
Climate change mitigation in emerging economies: From potentials to actions

This report provides an overview of current activities regarding climate change mitigation in six emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa and South Korea. We cover the institutional set up, measurement, reporting and verification systems for greenhouse gases and mitigation policies and measures. The analysis also addresses existing barriers to mitigation and considers where the international community could provide support to remove these.
Geochemistry and U-Pb zircon age of Late Triassic volcanogenic sediments in the central Yangtze Block: Origin and tectonic implications

A Triassic tuffaceous layer occurs in the central Yangtze Block. The altered tuffaceous rocks are composed of tuffite, rhyolitic tuff and andesitic/basaltic tuff. The tuffaceous rocks have similar flat REE patterns with light REE fractionation and strongly negative Ti and Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.48 – 0.83). The samples show low εNd(t) values of –12.0 to – 6.8 and relatively high (Sr/Sr)i ratios (0.705961– 0.708771). U–Pb age data yield a younger and prominent age population of eruption at ca.212 Ma. Proterozoic to Permian inherited zircons that were found in these samples have subordinate age peaks at ca.800, 1850 and 2450 Ma. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of the Late Triassic tuffaceous rocks suggest that they derived from melting of enriched mantle with crustal contamination in a syncollisional extensional setting of the Indosinian Orogeny during the closure of the eastern branch of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean.