Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of gastroschisis: Review of hypotheses, a novel hypothesis, and implications for research

Gastroschisis, a ventral body wall defect, is a continuing challenge and concern to researchers, clinicians, and epidemiologists seeking to identify its cause(s) and pathogenesis. Concern has been renewed in recent years because, unlike most other birth defects, rates of gastroschisis are reportedly increasing in many developed and developing countries. No tenable explanation or specific causes have been identified for this trend. Rates of gastroschisis are particularly high among pregnancies of very young women. Such an intriguing association, not observed to this degree with other birth defects, may afford clues to the defect's cause. Understanding the causes of gastroschisis may provide insight to the defect's origin. In pursuing such causal studies, it would be helpful to understand the embryogenesis of gastroschisis. To date, four main embryologic hypotheses have been proposed: (1) Failure of mesoderm to form in the body wall; (2) Rupture of the amnion around the umbilical ring with subsequent herniation of bowel; (3) Abnormal involution of the right umbilical vein leading to weakening of the body wall and gut herniation; and (4) Disruption of the right vitelline (yolk sac) artery with subsequent body wall damage and gut herniation. Although based on embryological phenomena, these hypotheses do not provide an adequate explanation for how gastroschisis would occur. Therefore, we propose an alternative hypothesis, based on well described embryonic events. Specifically, we propose that abnormal folding of the body wall results in a ventral body wall defect through which the gut herniates, leading to the clinical presentation of gastroschisis. This hypothesis potentially explains the origin of gastroschisis as well as that of other developmental defects of the ventral wall. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurological complications of central venous cannulation.

The reports of neurological damage after central venous cannulation over the past 20 yrs have been gathered, summarized, and analyzed. We found 59 cases of nerve lesions: 32 serious or even fatal, and 27 light or transient ones. They included: Lesions of the cervical sympathetic chain: needle trauma, compression by hematoma, anesthetic blockade; brachial plexopathies: needle trauma or compression by hematoma; phrenic or recurrent nerve palsies: anesthetic blockade, needle trauma, or compression by hematoma; cerebral damage following venous air embolism, carotid artery embolism or obstruction (thrombosis, compression), or internal jugular vein obstruction (thrombosis or catheter tip); lesions of the IX, X, XI, and XII cranial nerves by hematoma compression or spilling of histotoxic solutions; and, massive lesions of the anterior rami of the cervical nerves by spillage of histotoxic solutions. We believe that the following simple and well-known measures can substantially reduce the incidence of those serious complications. 1. Avoiding the subclavian or jugular central routes in patients with marked anatomical changes, coagulopathies, and carotid artery or lung diseases. 2. Using only small amounts of dilute concentrations of short-acting local anesthetics before the puncture. 3. Using a small gauge "seeking" needle and placing a finger on the carotid artery during a jugular venipuncture to avoid accidental arterial puncture. 4. Using radiopaque catheters long enough to have their tip in midsuperior vena cava. The position of the catheter must be checked radiographically immediately after insertion and even at later periods. The catheter must be meticulously fixed to the skin to avoid its movement. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison of similarity among sub-categories of angry speech emotion

Irritation and disgust are two sub-categories of angry emotion that often confuse the detection system based on anger analysis. This work aims to distinguish these secondary emotions from the primary angry state. Recognition and segregation of these states can help the society to maintain a better social relationship. Further, it can be used as an input to the psychologists and medical practitioners and can provide advanced warning before onset of possible full-blown emotion. The traumatic person can be treated with compassion before any unwarranted rupture in social relationship. As these secondary emotions are often similar and overlapped with angry state, a line drawn in between these states will create a favorable platform for effective negotiation. We have attempted to take up this issue based on different similarity measures between these states. Features such as short time Fourier transform (STFT), chirp transform and short time energy (STE) are used to put a boundary among these states. Effective results have been manifested and shown in the result section.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DAILY RHYTHMS OF BODY TEMPERATURE‐LABILE MAMMALS *

Many biologists interested in circadian rhythms have studied the effects of varying body temperature upon these rhythms in higher animals. Two earlier symposia include accounts of circadian rhythms in higher animals with periods that are essentially unchanged as body temperatures are 10wered.l-~ After describing one of the earliest of these experiments, which demonstrated that fiddler crabs had a circadian rhythm of color change a t different ambient temperatures, Brown4 suggested that the accurate measurement of time under these circumstances represents a biological process independent of temperature. This means that the internal synchronizers of circadian rhythms in some animals are biological mechanisms that function independently of changes in metabolic state of the whole animal; this description applies equally well to “constituent biological oscillators which compensate for temperature,” or cells or sense organs that are capable of responding effectively a t a cold temperature “to pervasive geophysical factors. ” During the last 5 years it has been shown not only that invertebrates have temperature-independent synchronizers but that heterothermic mammals also can measure time when they have a body temperature of about 5” C. to 10” C. (deer mouse and hamster,’ ground squirrel,8 and bat3i9). Heterothermic mammais have a labile body temperature (not fixed a t one point). ’O There now remain two pathways for the investigator: (1) to seek the mechanism of temperature compensation of the “clock” in mammals or lower animals or (2) to describe the importance of temperature independence of the “clock” in mammals. The proof that it exists in this group has been obtained under distinctly artifical and frequently unbiological circumstances for the experimental animals. In our laboratory, we attempt to divide our experiments on biological rhythms between the study of mechanism and description. In this paper, some experiments to elucidate the mechanism of temperature compensation will first be presented (Section I) , including data on a comparison of the response of heart and brain activity during hypothermia of cats and the temperature-labile 13-lined ground squirrel. Secondly, a description will be presented of the activity rhythms of the arctic ground squirrel, Citeltus parryi, when this animal is exposed in outdoor enclosures to the continuous light of the Arctic (Section 11). * The experimental work on the 13-lined ground squirrels and cats was supported in part by the National Science Foundation. The investigations on Alaskan mammals in the Arctic and in the Physiological Laboratories of the University of Iowa were supported by the Arctic Institute of North America uuder contractual arrangements with the Office of Naval Kesearch. Reproduction of this paper in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government.
The Impact of Joint Venture Status on the Longevity of Japanese Stakes in U.S. Manufacturing Affiliates

A number of well-known studies report that between one-third and two-thirds of international joint ventures eventually break up. While many generalizations, explanations, and prescriptions have been based on these statistics, their meaning is unclear. First, all foreign affiliates are subject to normal business risk, and to the risk that they will be divested by parents for strategic or financial reasons. Are these risks higher for joint ventures than for wholly-owned subsidiaries? Second, joint ventures may be shorter lived not because of their joint venture status, but because affiliates which are joint ventured have other characteristics that make them more likely to exit. To know whether joint ventures are shorter lived, one must control for the other factors that affect the longevity of affiliates, whether wholly owned or joint ventured. Third, many joint ventures contracts contain clauses that allow partners to sell their stakes to one another at specific intervals. Because they make exit easier, joint ventures should have shorter lives, but these shorter lives should only be due to sell-offs, not to liquidations. It is therefore important to see whether the supposedly higher termination rate of joint ventures stakes is due to a higher rate of selloffs or to a higher rate of liquidations. In this paper we (1) compare the longevity of stakes in joint ventures versus those in wholly-owned subsidiaries (2) while controlling for other factors that affect the longevity of such stakes and (3) while distinguishing between two types of exit, those through sale and those through liquidation. While past authors have addressed these three issues in piecemeal fashion, we believe we are the first to address them simultaneously. We analyze the factors that affect the longevity of 355 Japanese stakes in U.S. manufacturing affiliates. Controlling for all the factors that affect exit rates, we find that Japanese parents are more likely to terminate their stakes in U.S. joint ventures than in wholly-owned subsidiaries. This higher termination rate of joint venture stakes is explained by a higher probability of selling them, but not of liquidating them. Most of the other factors that have been found significant in explaining gross divestment of foreign affiliates do in fact only affect exits through sales, but not exits through liquidations. Hence it is true that joint ventures have shorter lives, but dangerous to interpret this finding as necessarily meaning that they are more likely to "fail".
Phosphorylation c-Jun and ATF2 in ventricular myocytes by endothelin and phenylephrine.

The cardiac myocyte is a terminally differentiated cell. In response to increased myocardial workload or damage, myocytes undergo hypertrophic (as opposed to hyperplastic) growth. This response includes transient upregulation of immediate early genes such as c-jun [ 1,2]. Expression of c-jun is partly controlled by cJun/ATF2 dimers bound to AP-1-like sites in the c-jun promoter [3,4]. Phosphorylation of c-Jun and ATM by stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) increases their transactivating activities [5-81. The hypertrophic response in vivo can be simulated in myocytes cultured from neonatal rat heart ventricles exposed to agonists such as the a-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) or the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) [2], which activate the extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs) and, to a lesser extent, the SAPKs [9-121. We have studied the effects of ET-1 and PE on the induction and phosphorylation of c-Jun and ATFZ in cultured ventricular myocytes using Western blot analysis. Ventricular myocytes, isolated and cultured by standard methods [11,12], were stimulated with ET-1 (0.1 pM) or PE (50 pM). Nuclear extracts were prepared [ 131 and proteins (100 pg) were separated by SDS-PAGE using 10 96 and 8 96 acrylamide gels to study c-Jun and ATF2 respectively. After transfer to nitrocellulose, specific proteins were identified using primary antibodies to c-Jun and ATFZ (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies. Bands were detected by the ECL method. Phosphorylated forms of c-Jun and ATF2 were identified as reduced mobility bands. ET-1 stimulated a small apparent increase in total c-Jun protein over 30 min (Fig. 1). The protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (20 p M ) did not inhibit this increase. This inhibitor itself activated the SAPKs and induced an increase in cJun immunoreactivity. The apparent increase in c-Jun probably represents a change in its phosphorylation state as is seen in cell stress [13]. ET-1 stimulated a second phase of increase in total c-Jun immunoreactivity. This was maximal at approximately 1 h
The swimming setae of Daphnia carinata.

1. The structure, renewal, embryonic development, and regeneration of the swimming setae of Daphnia carinata are described. 2. Each seta is formed by four giant cells, two (the core cells) forming the distal segment, and two (the sheath cells) the proximal segment. The inner ends of these cells extend back, as the seta strand, through the whole length of the rami of the antenna to be inserted into the hypodermis half-way down the protopodite. 3. The proximal segment of the seta is formed as an inverted sac, enclosing the distal segment. At ecdysis, the sac is everted. 4. The mechanics of the extrusion of the new setae at ecdysis are described. 5. In embryonic development the seta-forming cells are greatly enlarged hypodermal cells, which grow back from the tip of the antenna to the protopodite. 6. The primary embryonic setae consist of the distal segment only of the adult seta. 7. If a ramus of the antenna is amputated, the missing segments are never regenerated. Formation of new setae takes place, however, from the hypodermal membrane which grows across to close the wound. These setae are formed in the same way as in embryonic development. 8. The muscles in the segment through which the amputation was performed degenerate and are not replaced. 9. The potentiality of enlarging and becoming a seta-forming cell is possessed throughout life by all the hypodermal cells of the two rami of the antenna, but not, apparently, by the cells of protopodite hypodermis.
Evaluation of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin.

Recently Bean et al. (1) compared isoelectric focusing/immunoblotting/laser densitometry (IEF/IB/LD), Axis %CDT TIA, and Axis %CDT HPLC for the determination of CDT. This study shows shortcomings that need further discussion. 1. The three methods, as presented in Materials and Methods in that paper, are not semiautomated. The statement that “similar results are obtained on an array of turbidimetric instruments … ” on page 987 cannot be deduced from the data presented. None of the 10 analyzers mentioned was tested in this study, and appropriate references are not given. Thus, the title does not reflect the content of the paper. 2. On page 983, the authors state that “inclusion of the trisialotransferrin fraction increases the accuracy in the diagnosis of sustained alcohol usage. ” However, on page 988, the discussion ends with “whether the inclusion of the trisialotransferrins results in improved efficacy of the test awaits further analysis… ” 3. Predictive values, diagnostic sensitivities, and specificities strongly depend on the definition of false positives and negatives and patients’ sex and liver function (2). However, no information is given on how daily alcohol consumption for groups 1–4 was verified. Furthermore, groups 2–4 combine men and women (with and without alcohol-induced liver disease). Although gender-specific upper reference limits of CDT are described in detail and generally accepted (2), the authors establish gender-nonspecific cutoffs without giving any reasons for this procedure. 4. The study illustrates the need for a unified definition of CDT. On page 983, the IEF/IB/LD is said to summarize asialo-, mono-, and disialotransferrins as CDT; on pages 984, 987, and 988, only asialo- and disialotransferrin. %CDT TIA analyzes asialo-, mono-, di-, and 50% of trisialotransferrin; %CDT HPLC mono-, di-, and 50% of trisialotransferrin but not asialotransferrin (pages 984–985). IEF/IB/LD measures partially iron-loaded, %CDT TIA, and %CDT HPLC iron-saturated isotransferrins. Thus, CDT values …
Analyse de réseaux criminels de traite des êtres humains: modélisation, manipulation et visualisation

Cet article dessine le contexte d'une etude portant sur les reseaux criminels de traite des etres humains et decrit la rencontre de trois champs disciplinaires engages dans ces travaux : droit, sociologie et informatique ainsi que les elements methodologiques developpes. Il pose en effet les fondations d'une methodologie venant en appui a l'etude juridique des reseaux criminels, et plus specifiquement de ceux se livrant a des faits de traite des etres humains. La " science des reseaux " (Network Science), vue a la fois comme une abstraction mathematique et une methodologie sociologique, sert de socle pour formuler et explorer un faisceau d'hypotheses eclairant le(s) mode(s) operatoire(s) des reseaux criminels et le statut des acteurs au sein de celui-ci. Les lecons apprises, nourries des interactions entre disciplines, permettent de dessiner les axes de travaux futurs pour ameliorer la methodologie avancee.
Humanized IgG1 and IgG4 anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies: effects on lymphocytes in the blood, lymph nodes, and renal allografts in cynomolgus monkeys.

BACKGROUND Optimizing therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) depends on the incorporation of the necessary effector functions and the development of hypoantigenic "humanized" antibodies by genetic engineering, which then need to be tested in appropriate preclinical trials. METHODS Constructs of humanized OKT4A containing the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of murine OKT4A and the framework and constant regions of human light (kappa) and heavy chains (IgG1 and IgG4) were prepared and tested in cynomolgus monkeys who received a renal allograft. A prophylactic course of CDR-OKT4A/human (h) IgG1 or CDR-OKT4A/ hIgG4, either as high-dose single bolus (10 mg/kg) or as low-dose multiple infusion (1 mg/kg for 12 days) was given, and the effects on graft survival, immunohistology, circulating cells, and lymph node cells were assessed. RESULTS The IgG1 isotype induced coating of T cells, modulation of surface CD4 molecules, and profound depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood, which persisted as long as the animals were followed (up to 7 weeks). The IgG4 isotype induced only cell coating without cell clearance or modulation. In lymph nodes, coating of lymphocytes (approximately 60%) was seen with both isotypes in the earliest sample (6 hr). After 2 days, significant depletion of lymph node CD4 cells was evident, with a decrease in the CD4 to CD8 ratio in the IgG1-treated group; no depletion occurred in the IgG4 group. The emigration of CD4+ cells into the allograft was significantly delayed in the CDR-OKT4A/hIgG1-treated animals when compared with the CDR-OKT4A/hIgG4 group as judged by immunocytochemistry (23.8+/-13.2 days vs. 7.4+/-1.5 days, P<0.001) or interleukin-2-promoted T-cell outgrowth from allograft biopsies (22.2+/-11.0 days vs. 6.3+/-0.5 days, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the in vivo effects of CDR-grafted OKT4A are dependent on its isotype. The depleting mAb CDR-OKT4A/hIgG1 significantly delays the entry of CD4+ cells into the graft, inhibiting the early phase of rejection. However, graft rejection occurs when CD4+ cells eventually infiltrate the graft, even in the presence of depressed levels of circulating CD4+ cells. Both isotypes demonstrated therapeutic efficacy: graft survival was prolonged over controls. In the case of CDR-OKT4A/hIgG4, neither lymphocyte depletion, antigenic modulation, nor prevention of infiltration is necessary for a beneficial effect, which indicates that this mAb blocks CD4 function or renders the CD4+ cell less responsive. The lack of depletion is a feature of potential clinical advantage in minimizing the risk of excessive immunosuppression.
The Evolution of Stack Overflow Posts: Reconstruction and Analysis

Stack Overflow (SO) is the most popular question-and-answer website for software developers, providing a large amount of code snippets and free-form text on a wide variety of topics. Like other software artifacts, questions and answers on SO evolve over time, for example when bugs in code snippets are fixed, code is updated to work with a more recent library version, or text surrounding a code snippet is edited for clarity. To be able to analyze how content on SO evolves, we built SOTorrent, an open dataset based on the official SO data dump. SOTorrent provides access to the version history of SO content at the level of whole posts and individual text or code blocks. It connects SO posts to other platforms by aggregating URLs from text blocks and comments, and by collecting references from GitHub files to SO posts. In this paper, we describe how we built SOTorrent, and in particular how we evaluated 134 different string similarity metrics regarding their applicability for reconstructing the version history of text and code blocks. Based on different analyses using the dataset, we present: (1) insights into the evolution of SO posts, e.g., that post edits are usually small, happen soon after the initial creation of the post, and that code is rarely changed without also updating the surrounding text; (2) a qualitative study investigating the close relationship between post edits and comments, (3) a first analysis of code clones on SO together with an investigation of possible licensing risks. Finally, since the initial presentation of the dataset, we improved the post block extraction and our predecessor matching strategy.