Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
E ﬀ ects of Dam Regulation on the Hydrological Alteration and Morphological Evolution of the Volta River Delta

: The Volta River in West Africa is one of the most regulated rivers inﬂuenced by dams in the world, and the regulation has resulted in substantial impacts on the hydrological alteration and morphological evolution of the Volta River Delta. However, comprehensive analyses of the relevant e ﬀ ects are still lacking to date. In this study, inter-annual variations of river discharge and sediment load for pre-and post-Akosombo Dam periods (1936 to 2018) were analyzed through simple regression and Mann–Kendall (MK) trend analysis whereas the intra-annual variations were dictated by the non-uniformity and regulated coe ﬃ cients. The shoreline changes were further evaluated using Landsat remote sensing images (1972 to 2018) to explore the e ﬀ ects of hydrological alteration on the morphological evolution of the Volta River Delta. Hydrological analyses show that the inter-and intra-annual variations are much higher in the pre-dam period, suggesting the substantial regulation of the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River. The dam regulation has more signiﬁcant e ﬀ ects on the sediment load delivered to the delta than the river discharge, which decreased by 92.32% and 23.23%, respectively. Morphological analyses show that the progradation-erosion of the Volta River Delta constantly ﬂuctuates within a relatively small range (maximum 0.5%) after the 1970s. The relationship between the variations of the delta area and sediment load implicates that a quasi-equilibrium state may have been established at the Volta River Delta, given the current sediment load. Our ﬁndings provide references for the future regulation and restoration of the Volta River Delta.
Integrating Temporal Inequality into Conservation Planning to Improve Practice Design and Efficacy

In contrast to spatial inequality, there are currently no methods for leveraging information on temporal inequality to improve conservation efficacy. The objective of this study was to use Lorenz curves to quantify temporal inequality in surface runoff and tile drainage, identify controls on nutrient loading in these flowpaths, and develop design flows for structural conservation practices. Surface runoff (n = 94 site‐years) and tile drainage (n = 90 site‐years) were monitored on 40 fields in Ohio. Results showed, on average, 80% of nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus (P), and total P loads occurred between 7 and 12 days per year in surface runoff and between 32 and 58 days per year in tile drainage. Similar temporal inequality between discharge and load provided evidence that loading was transport‐limited and highlighted the critical role hydrologic connectivity plays in nutrient delivery from tile‐drained fields. Design flow criterion for sizing structural practices based on load reduction goals was developed by combining Lorenz curves and flow duration curves. Comparing temporal inequality between fields and the Maumee River, the largest tributary to the western Lake Erie Basin, revealed challenges associated with achieving watershed load reduction goals with field‐scale conservation. In‐field (i.e., improved nutrient and water management), edge‐of‐field (i.e., structural practices), and instream practices will all be required to meet nutrient reduction goals from tile‐drained watersheds.
Digital Commons

Brugia malayi is the major cause of lymphatic ﬁ lariasis (LF) in Indonesia. Zoophilic B. malayi was endemic in Belitung district, and mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole ceased after ﬁ ve annual rounds in 2010. The district passed three transmission assessment surveys (TAS) between 2011 and 2016. As part of the post-TAS3 surveillance of the national LF elimination program, we collected night blood samples for micro-ﬁ laria (Mf) detection from 1,911 subjects more than 5years of age in seven villages. A B. malayi Mf prevalence ranging from 1.7% to 5.9% was detected in ﬁ ve villages. Only 2 (5%) of the total 40 Mf-positive subjects were adolescents aged 18 and 19years old, and 38 (95%) Mf-positive subjects were 21years and older. Micro ﬁ larial densities in infected individuals were mostly low, with 60% of the subjects having Mf densities between 16 and 160 Mf/mL. Triple-drug treatment with ivermectin, DEC, and albendazole (IDA) was given to 36 eligible Mf-positive subjects. Adverse events were mostly mild, and treatment was well tolerated. One year later, 35 of the treated Mf-positive subjects were reexamined, and 33 (94%) had cleared all Mf, while the anti-Bm14 antibody prevalence remained almost unchanged. Results indicate that in B. malayi -endemic areas, post-TAS3 surveillance for Mf in the community may be needed to detect a potential parasite reservoir in adults. Selective treatment with IDA is highly effective in clearing B. malayi Mf and should be used to increase the prospects for LF elimination if MDA is reintroduced.
Rapid Assessment of Hydrologic Controls on Mountain Water Resources

The water stored in mountain snowpacks and glaciers provides an important water resource, seeding river systems that serve major populations centers and globally important ecosystems downstream. Mountain river systems are facing potential hydrologic changes imposed from a warming climate and hundreds of recent hydropower development proposals. The melt-dominated hydrologic regimes of mountain river systems are prone to a gradual shift due to change imposed by increasing temperatures as glacier masses decline and snowpack accumulation is altered, whereas dam development in remote mountain basins would impose a more abrupt transformation. Since these river systems play an important role in water supply and provide key ecosystem services, it is important to clarify their governing hydrologic processes. Despite their high societal value, we know little about many remote mountain rivers and they are notoriously data scarce. To advance our understanding of remote mountain hydrologic processes over regional scales, this research develops a hybrid field-satellite methodology called Rapid Hydro Assessment (RHA) for data scarce mountain regions facing imminent change. This method 1) clarifies the role of climate-sensitive snow and ice source waters to river flow and 2) characterizes regional hydrologic controls within a study timescale of months-to-years, not decades. RHA uses targeted water chemistry and isotope data to elicit hydrologic insights not available from, but complemented by, remote sensing imagery. RHA methodology is initially
THE NSS B U L L E T I N Quarterly Journal of The National Speleological Society Mapping and Measuring Caves

SPELEOLOGY is a sportsman's science, the science of exploring caves to discover their geologic and geographic settings, the processes that form them and their features, and the flora and fauna that occupy them. To study these things a scientist must go into caves, and there he must crawl and climb, activities that cavers do for sport. In a cave, scientists must make maps and measurements, for maps are the J! ,rids on which scientists locate their discoveries and communicate them to others. Thus, cartography is the basic science, essential to all of speleology. The father of modern speleology was both a sportsman and a scientist. Between 1888 and 1913, E. -A. Martel mapped many caves while he explored them, for scientific study, and to record their lengths and depths. His maps are the essen tial foundation and the model for speleology in Europe, as well as for the rest of the world. The key to his success was his immense enthusiasm for caves and his devotion to work, but the most im portant message he had for all cave explorers is: Map while you explore.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in the Photolysis of Formaldehyde

Experiments investigating the isotopic fractiona-tion in the formation of H 2 by the photolysis of CH 2 O under tropospheric conditions are reported and discussed. The deuterium (D) depletion in the H 2 produced is 500(±20)‰ with respect to the parent CH 2 O. We also observed that complete photolysis of CH 2 O under atmospheric conditions produces H 2 that has virtually the same isotope ratio as that of the parent CH 2 O. These findings imply that there must be a very strong concomitant isotopic enrichment in the radical channel (CH 2 O+hν→CHO+H) as compared to the molecular channel (CH 2 O+hν→H 2 +CO) of the photolysis of CH 2 O in order to balance the relatively small isotopic fractionation in the competing reaction of CH 2 O with OH. Using a 1-box photochemistry model we calculated the isotopic fractiona-tion factor for the radical channel to be 0.22(±0.08), which is equivalent to a 780(±80)‰ enrichment in D of the remaining CH 2 O. When CH 2 O is in photochemical steady state, the isotope ratio of the H 2 produced is determined not only by the isotopic fractionation occurring during the photolytical production of H 2 (α m) but also by overall fractionation for the removal processes of CH 2 O (α f), and is represented by the ratio of α m /α f. Applying the isotopic fractionation factors relevant to CH 2 O photolysis obtained in the present study to the troposphere, the ratio of α m /α f varies from ∼0.8 to ∼1.2 depending on the fraction of CH 2 O that reacts with OH and that produces H 2. This range of α m /α f can render the H 2 produced from the photochemical oxidation of CH 4 to be enriched in D (with respect to the original CH 4) by the factor of 1.2–1.3 as anticipated in the literature.
Ch. 9: Populations of Concern. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment

Contributing Authors David R. Easterling National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kristie L. Ebi University of Washington Jeremy Hess University of Washington Kenneth E. Kunkel Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites–North Carolina David M. Mills Abt Associates Marcus C. Sarofim U.S. Environmental Protection Agency THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES A Scientific Assessment
Inﬂuence of extraction solvents on the recovery of antioxidant phenolic compounds from brewer’s spent grains

This study evaluated the efﬁcacy of different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, ethyl acetate, water, methanol:water mixtures, ethanol:water mixtures, and acetone:water mixtures) for extracting antioxidant phenolic compounds from brewer’s spent grains (BSGs). The extracts were characterized regarding the contents of total phenols, ﬂavonoids, proteins and reducing sugars. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The solvents had different efﬁciencies for extraction of antioxidant phenolic compounds. All the produced extracts showed antioxidant activity, but the extract produced with 60% v/v acetone had the most elevated content of total phenols and antioxidant potential by the two methods. BSG was demonstrated to be a valuable source of antioxidant phenolic compounds, and solid-to-liquid extraction using 60% v/v acetone was a low cost and quite efﬁcient method to recover these value-added compounds.
A Network Risk Assessment Method Based on Attack-defense Graph Model

The attack-defense graph is a model-based network vulnerability analysis technique. Based on the situation of electric power information network, a hierarchical network security risk assessment framework is proposed using bottom-up analysis method. The framework divided the network security risks into two parts: vulnerability security risks and attack security risks, then assessed network security risk layer by layer in accordance with the network’s hierarchy. Firstly, using vulnerability scanning tool to detect the vulnerability information in the network nodes, as well as associating the vulnerability information which attacks relying on with vulnerability information of the node itself to build the state attack-defense graph, further calculating the vulnerability reliability vector and attack reliability vector of the node. Combined with each vulnerability’s hazard index and the attack hazard index, we calculate the vulnerability security risk and the attack security risk of the node, then assess the security risk value of a single node; Secondly, we quantify the security risk from the single node to the whole network combined with the weight of each node in the network itself. In order to exclude the own uncertainties of vulnerability scanning tools and the unity of the data source, this assessment method fuses several test results of scan tool, and constitutes the data source when calculating the vulnerability reliability. Eventually, based on the Dempster-shafer theory and the European Space Vector Projection, an attack-defense graph algorithm is proposed, which makes the evaluation results more objective and credible.
Civil Society Chatbots: A Plurality of Conceptual Approaches

This article examines chatbots that have been developed by civil society for social, political, and/or cultural purposes. I ask what conceptual approaches have influenced the design of civil society chatbots and how these frameworks are actualized in practice. To do this, I first propose the concept of “civil society chatbots” to understand how and why civil society has chosen to use chatbots to support their campaigning and advocacy work. I then examine four conceptual approaches that have influenced them in the design of their chatbots and illuminate each with short case studies. The conceptual approaches under study are entertainment education, community media and technology, feminist design, and human and digital rights. Using these approaches helps situate a practice that is increasing and plural within civil society but relatively eclipsed by the hype around generative artificial intelligence chatbots.
Critical Zone Water Balance Over 13 Years in a Semiarid Savanna

Quantifying how much and when precipitation (P) becomes runoff (R), evapotranspiration (ET), and drainage from the root zone (D) is key to understanding how climate and land use impact hydrology of the critical zone. We quantify water balance dynamics of a semiarid savanna with a summer/winter rainfall pattern with 13 years of water fluxes and soil moisture. We find multiyear P is partitioned 96% to ET and 7% to R, while D (−3%) is negligible when considering measurement uncertainty. While weather regulates ET over diurnal time scales, soil water inputs control seasonal to annual ET amounts. Seasonal water availability, estimated by soil moisture inputs, is more closely tracked by ET rather than time‐averaged soil moisture or P. Surprisingly, we find significant, episodic carryover of soil moisture from the summer to spring growing season. Abundant late‐summer P can supply ET in the subsequent spring, even after multimonth dry periods. However, over an annual cycle beginning in early summer, nearly all soil moisture is used by ET. Likewise, D beyond the monitored root zone, assisted by downward hydraulic distribution in plant roots, occurs within a season, but this is counteracted by subsequent ET extraction of deep moisture over the year. Thus, negligible long‐term D occurs, though there is considerable uncertainty in estimation of this small flux as the residual of much larger ones. These comprehensive, long‐term measurements support expectations about the overriding importance of ET in the dryland critical zone water balance and reveal an unexpected degree of interseasonal water storage.
Satellite Based Estimation and Validation of Rainfall Distribution in Monsoon over Washim (Maharashtra), India

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 08 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com Worldwide agriculture is sensitive to short-term changes in weather and to seasonal, annual and longer-term variations in climate. The variations in the meteorological parameters have overriding influence on the agricultural systems. It is widely believed that developing countries such as India will be impacted more severely than developed countries, where, about 56% of the net cultivated area is rain-fed that largely depends on monsoon rainfall. Thus accurate estimation of rainfall is crucial for crop yield assessment, water resource management and flood and drought monitoring for the area. But, traditional precipitation records are thought to be rarely complete, to analyze these limitations a comparison between rain gauge observations and satellitebased estimates such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is carried out in this paper. Different statistical tools like coefficient of determination, Mean Bias Error, Root Mean Square Error and NRMSE are used to have validation of TRMM data with rain gauge data. TRMM data found overestimated to the rain gauge data with 58.17 % of error, capturing 60.6 % of variability in spatial distribution with traditional rain gauges. It is concluded from the analysis that there is some dissimilarity in the spatial distribution between the two which may due to lack of ground rain gauge stations at some remote areas or diversified topography of the district area. Hence, it may be useful in estimating rainfall particularly in regions where no gauge observations available and therefore such measurements are useful for many water related applications. K e y w o r d s Rainfall, TRMM, Vidharbha Accepted: 10 July 2018 Available Online: 10 August 2018 Article Info Int.J.Curr.Microbiol. App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 1694-1704
Synchrony among limnological variables in a lotic system

: Aim: Recently, the homogeneity of spatial and temporal variations of ecosystem components has been assessed by synchrony. The present study aimed to assess the robustness and consistency of the changes in limnological variables along the lotic system, testing the spatial and inter-annual synchrony; Methods: The present study analyzed the synchrony of limnological variables recorded at nine sites in the Meia Ponte River in central Brazil, during a six-year period. Spatial synchrony was analyzed by Mantel test between the spatial matrix and the environmental variables correlation between points through the years. The inter-annual synchrony was tested by Procrustean analysis between the ordination produced for each year of study; Results: The different points analyzed were moderately coherent for some parameters (air temperature, color, chloride) and strongly coherent for others (water temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration, Iron, pH, turbidity). However, there was not inter-annual pattern; Conclusions: This suggests that the climate conditions or even the human actions in this ecosystem influenced it in different ways in each year studied. The biological variables exhibited a more weak spatial synchrony than chemical variables.
Communication skills of children from Roma families in Slovak language in the first year of primary schools

---The need for man to communicate, socialize, form and develop social relationships with other people is one of the basic existential needs of the human race. This need is realized in the context of social relations.In every person's life, the first language is the mother tongue, by which social communication takes place first in the family, then in kindergartens and primary schools. The developed mother tongue is an advantage of a child when starting school. The mother tongue is the language children learn as the first one in the process of socialization (Lemhöfer, K., Schriefers, H., &Hanique, I. 2010), the language children have learnt in their life, and which influences their future. Also Basil Bernstein (1971) considers a language the main means of person’s socialization, and emphasizes a direct relationship between a social group and a language.In our paper, we discuss language competence in pupils in the first year of school attendance.Our main goal is to compare the language competence of pupils from Roma families whose mother tongue is Roma with pupils whose mother tongue is Slovak. Both groups attend elementary schools with Slovak language.
Rastreando los orígenes de la domesticación del caballo en Iberia: ADN antiguo y la evidencia de Atapuerca Tracing the origins of horse domestication in Ibe- ria: Ancient DNA and Atapuerca evidence

The study of the geographical origin and the wild ancestors of the different horses breeds, in comparison to other domestic animals, entails great difficulty. None of the markers commonly used for studying the origin of other domesticates can be applied to horses. This article begins by placing the process of artificial selection of the common domestic animals throughout History, and exposes what we know now about the domestication of Iberian horses.
Measuring the Practical Eﬀect of DNS Root Server Instances: A China-Wide Case Study

DNS root servers are deployed using multiple globally distributed anycast instances, and the scale of instances across the globe has been rapidly growing. This paper presents a measurement study that investigates the practical eﬀect of root server instances deployed in the Chinese mainland. Our analysis of this issue includes two-fold. First, we measure the catchment area of the root server instances and answer the question about which domestic networks are served. Our results show that some of the instances are not accessible from major ISP networks due to limits of BGP routing policies, and a number of root queries still turn to further instances outside the international gateway. Second, we evaluate the impact of deploying new instances on query performance and root server selection in resolvers. We conﬁrm that root instances contribute to lowered query delay from networks within their catchment area. Through reviewing source code of mainstream DNS implementations, we ﬁnd that less-latent root servers are generally preferred thus deploying root server instances increase their possibilities to absorb DNS root requests from nearby resolvers. We make recommendations to improve the operational status of the DNS root server system.
Kongsberg Vision Meeting 2023: Abstracts

Lighting technology and research have undergone remarkable advancements in recent years, revolutionising the way surroundings are illuminated. These advancements have contributed to a deeper understanding and enhanced utilisation of lighting design for humans and the environment. The keynote presentation will delve into the recent developments and future directions of lighting research, exploring the dynamic landscape of this rapidly evolving ﬁeld. The ﬁrst part of
SOME PERSONALITY-RELATED CONSTRUCTS PREDICTING SUCCESS IN ESTONIAN MILITARY CONSCRIPTION TRAINING

This article contributes to the research of personality and military morale, analysing the links between several psychological variables and performance. The effectiveness of the military unit is usually measured by indicators reflecting per­ formance, however in military conscription service successful completion of the training could be considered as performance. In order to better understand which variables are specific to higher­ and lower­performing groups of soldiers, several psychological and socio­demographic variables such as personality, military morale, affectivity, regulatory focus, self­esteem, self­efficacy, person­organisation fit and age, education, mother tongue, place of residence and student status were included in the study. Performance, as a dependent variable, was measured through the theoretical, practical and physical elements of the soldiers’ basic training final exam. A sample of 241 conscripts from the Estonian Defence Forces (EDF) participated in the research and the Kruskal­Wallis test with combination of ordinal logistic regression was used to analyse the data. The results indicated that openness to experience, person­ organisation fit, level of education and status as a student were the most influential variables related to the performance indicators.