Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The comparison of effects of shank muscles vibration during standing on one and two legs

We studied the influence of vibratory stimulation of shank muscles proprioceptors on equilibrium maintenance in postures with different stability. 12 practically healthy subjects participated in the study. Subject stood on a stabilograph with eyes opened on two or one leg. When subject stood on one leg the other (not weight bearing) leg was freely hanging. The tendon of triceps surae or tibialis anterior muscle of one leg was subjected to moderate vibration. Vibration was always applied to weightsupporting leg. Body tilt evoked by vibratory stimulation was less pronounced during standing on one leg than during usual standing. The relative increase of stabiligram lengths during vibration when standing on one leg was also less than in bipedal standing. So the influence of the proprioceptive system disturbance decreases with increase of posture instability. Apparently, when standing on one leg the central nervous system preferably uses visual and vestibular information and also information from musclesantagonists.
Earthquake Focal Mechanisms and Stress Field for the Intermediate‐Depth Cauca Cluster, Colombia

Beneath southwestern Colombia, intermediate‐depth earthquakes in the Cauca cluster locate in the subducting Nazca plate and in two columns extending ~40‐km into the mantle wedge above the slab. To investigate the cluster, we determine focal mechanisms for 69 small‐to‐moderate‐sized (2.3 ≤ Ml ≤ 4.7) earthquakes in the cluster by fitting short‐period body wave waveforms using the cut‐and‐paste method. The focal mechanisms have various faulting types and variably oriented nodal planes. We invert the focal mechanisms of the intraslab earthquakes for the intraslab stress field but cannot fit the region with a homogeneous stress tensor. We find that the principal stress axes rotate with the slab geometry, which has a concave shape and increases in dip angle from north to south. The northern region has slab normal compression and similar‐magnitude maximum and intermediate principal stresses. The minimum stress axis is oriented ~41° counterclockwise from the downdip direction. In the steeper southern region, the intermediate stress axis orients in the downdip direction. Deviation from a typical downdip extensional stress field may result from a buoyant young slab, an eastward mantle flow push, and/or along‐strike compression from the concave shape of the slab. This stress field would allow slip along preexisting faults of various orientations, such as the trench‐perpendicular seafloor features presently observed offshore, and contribute to the apparent heterogeneity of the intraslab stress field. The mantle wedge earthquakes also have various focal mechanisms but tend to have a subvertical nodal plane that aligns with the earthquake locations.
Is Shallow Convection Sensitive to Environmental Heterogeneities?

The key assumption underlying convection parameterizations is that rising plumes develop in a horizontally homogeneous environment. With this in mind, we investigate the impact of environmental cloud layer heterogeneities on shallow convection using large‐eddy simulation that applies a driver‐piggybacker methodology. In this approach, two independent sets of thermodynamic variables (primary and secondary) are driven by one dynamics (coupled with the driver) to remove the impact of internal variability of the dynamical system considered. The two thermodynamic sets include either a realistic heterogeneous environment or an environment that is homogenized outside clouds. The key is that homogenization also excludes subsiding shells surrounding cumulus clouds. The results show a small impact of the homogenization on cloud field properties. The physical explanation highlights the role of the subsiding shell shielding a shallow cumulus cloud from its environment.
Apparent discrepancy of Tibetan ice core δ18O records may be attributed to misinterpretation of chronology

Abstract. Ice cores from the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are widely used for reconstructing past climatic and environmental conditions that extend beyond the instrumental period. However, challenges in dating and interpreting ice core records often lead to inconsistent results. The Guliya ice core drilled from the northwestern TP suggested a cooling trend during the mid-Holocene based on its decreasing δ18O values, which is not observed in other Tibetan ice cores. Here we present a new high-resolution δ18O record of the Chongce ice cores drilled to bedrock ∼30 km away from the Guliya ice cap. Our record shows a warming trend during the mid-Holocene. Based on our results as well as previously published ice core data, we suggest that the apparent discrepancy between the Holocene δ18O records of the Guliya and the Chongce ice cores may be attributed to a possible misinterpretation of the Guliya ice core chronology.
Taxa De Câmbio Real E Preços De Commodities No Brasil

This paper aims to assess the relationship between real exchange rate and international prices of the main exported commodities by Brazil, as well as to investigate which structural aspects may affect this relationship. The results suggest that Brazilian Real is a commodity currency.Elements such as trade openness and commodity exports dependency are strategic variables for controlling the effects on real exchange rate induced by exogenous shocks on commodity prices.
Distribution of Soil N, P and K of Farmland and Natural Grassland in Southwest Tibet

: The amount and the cycling of soil Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are significantly affected by land use types. However, few studies determined the differences in the N, P, and K distributions in different soil layers from farmland and grassland in alpine areas. The main agricultural area of Tibet was selected to analyze the changes in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), available N (AN), available P (AP), and available K (AK) in farmland and adjacent natural grassland at different depths. The TN, TP, AN, AP, and AK concentrations and the N:P, N:K, and P:K ratios in farmland and grassland in the 0–50 cm layer decreased with increasing soil depth, whereas the content of TK increased. The effect on TN in soil is greater in grassland than in farmland and mainly occurs in the surface layer (0–10 cm). No obvious differences in TP were noted between the two land use types.TK in all soil layers was higher in grassland than in farmland; agricultural production was responsible for a net consumption of soil K. Soil TN is more sensitive to land use than soil TP and TK. The effect of soil surface aggregation effect on TN (0–20 cm) is greater in farmland than grassland, and no significant aggregation effect was found for TP and TK. The results can provide useful information for the estimation of soil N, P and K content in different land use types and land management in Tibet plateau.
A preliminary approach to subsea risk management using sensor network information

During the last decade, increasing attention has been focused on environmental protection. For instance, the ecological effects of hydrocarbon releases in the sea are of paramount concern. One way to assess their environmental impact is to consider the amount of pollutant discharged. Effective early detection would help in revealing spills in advance and take the necessary mitigating measures to contain the released volume. Standards and guidelines are established for developing effective sensor networks in the subsea templates for monitoring purposes and data collection. Sensors provide a heterogeneous amount of information about the template they are monitoring. According to recent studies on risk assessment, the level of knowledge about a specific system is an intrinsic feature that should be considered during the assessment and evaluation phases for better managing potential increments of the risk level. The information provided by sensor networks may be used in this perspective. Sensors may be functionally placed in fault tree analyses and update the information about frequency deviation. The work in this paper is focused on risk management using such information from subsea sensor networks. A real reference case from the oil and gas industry located in an environmentally sensitive area on the Norwegian Continental Shelf is provided for testing the suggested approach. The case study refers to subsea monitoring of oil leakages from the wellhead templates. Insights from the case study highlight how sensor data analysis may improve risk management and support operational decision making. In this perspective, the Dynamic Risk Management Framework (DRMF) has been developed (Paltrinieri et al., 2014). Figure 1 shows the DRMF. DRMF focuses on the continuous systematization of information on new risk evidence. As shown in Figure 1, its shape opens the process to new information and early warnings by means of continuous monitoring. Side information is an input to each step of risk management through communication and consultation. The available information provided by different sources, such as monitoring and control devices, but also training reports and audits, should be included and exploited when assessing the risk level during operations. As suggested by Aven and Krohn (2014), a new dimension to the definition of risk from Kaplan and Garrick (1981) should be
Human perception of fire hazard in wildland urban interface areas: a Portuguese survey analysis of spot fires

Nowadays, wildfires are the most devastating natural hazard in Portugal with the highest number of victims and mortality of both operational agents and civilians. During the yearly Wildfire Season, which is determined by law from 15th of May until 15th of October, extra efforts are carried out by the civil protection through dedicated financial and human resources. In the recent years, most of the available resources were employed with their highest capacities in Portugal to control wildland fires. However, still, a high number of fires escape first attach and results in large fires (>100 ha). On the years 2012, 2013, 2016 and 2017 there is temporal variances appeared in the recorded ignitions, where high ignitions recorded during the spring and some of them developed in large and deadly wildfires like the fires ignited in 17th of June 2017 in the Centre of Portugal with 65 mortalities. In the autumn of the same year as well, 2017, large fires were ignited in 15th of October 2017 with 47 mortalities. In 2015, the Institute for Conservation of Nature and Forests (ICNF) recorded a total of 15851 occurrences, the National Republican Guard investigated 76% of those and identified 47% of them occurred due to negligent human behaviour. 89% of these occurrences are due to leftover burnings. With such a high number of anthropogenic causes, there is a need arises to evaluate the human perception of wildfires hazards, particularly in Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUI). The evaluation will assist in reducing the occurrences due to negligent behaviours, which is the aim of this study in addition to highlighting the needed awareness actions based on that perception. As a methodology, we defined territories in Mainland Portugal recently affected by wildfires; then we characterised them based on human and physical aspects. A survey with 40 questions was generated. We divided the survey into four sections according to the purpose of the questions, which are sociographic characterisation; perception of the participant regarding the wildfire hazard; the impact of wildfire in the area of the participant; and finally, the participant suggestion of mitigation and prevention measures. The query was pre-tested first by selecting a small population group formed of 30 residents, which is in Algeriz, located in the district of Aveiro. As some preliminary results, a pre-test showed that 85.2% of the sample addressed wildfires as the most significant natural hazard impacting his/her life, followed by floods. 3.7% of the participants reported that they suffered from housing damage due to wildfires To complete our understanding of the people perception of wildfire hazards, this survey will be extended to several other territories of Portugal Mainland, and analyse the patterns of answers.
Anycost Network Quantization for Image Super-Resolution

In this paper, we propose an anycost network quantization method for efficient image super-resolution with variable resource budgets. Conventional quantization approaches acquire discrete network parameters for deployment with fixed complexity constraints, while image super-resolution networks are usually applied on mobile devices with frequently modified resource budgets due to the change of battery levels or computing chips. Hence, exhaustively optimizing quantized networks with each complexity constraint results in unacceptable training costs. On the contrary, we construct a hyper-network whose parameters can efficiently adapt to different resource budgets with negligible finetuning cost, so that the image super-resolution networks can be feasibly deployed in diversified devices with variable resource budgets. Specifically, we dynamically search the optimal bitwidth for each patch in convolution according to feature maps and complexity constraints, which aims to achieve the best efficiency-accuracy trade-off in image super-resolution given the resource budget. To acquire the hyper-network that can be efficiently adapted to different bitwidth settings, we actively sample the patch-wise bitwidth during training and adaptively ensemble gradients from hyper-network in different precision for faster convergence and higher generalization ability. Compared with existing quantization methods, experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly reduces the cost of adapting models in new resource budgets with comparable efficiency-accuracy trade-offs.
Common Factors Affecting Performance of Anaerobic Digester : A Review

The operation of anaerobic digester depends on number of factors. Some of these factors are hydraulic retention time, solids retention time, organic loading rate, pH, mixing, alkalinity, temperature, and reactor configuration. A study of these factor are performed to know how these effect the performance of anaerobic digester. Recommended parameters are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Suggested Operation Parameters for Rural Developing World Applications Operation Parameters Source(s) SRT min lim(d) 4 (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003) Safety Factor (SF) 10 – 30 (Rittmann & McCarty, 2001) SRT (d) 20 – 70 (Garfi et al., 2011) pH 6.6 7.6 (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003) OLR (kg VS/(d*m 3 )) 1.0 3.5 (Sharma & Pellizzi, 1991)
Alignment Relation is What You Need for Diagram Parsing

As a knowledge carrier, the diagram is widely distributed in many aspects of human life, such as textbooks, architectural drawings, and documents. Different from natural images, representations of visual elements in the diagram are sparser, and similar visual representations can reflect dissimilar semantics. Thus, current methods fail to capture the visual elements with precise semantics. To address this issue, regarding the aligned visual and textual elements as pairs is the way to assign the precise semantics of textual elements to visual elements. We build the first diagram dataset named align diagram element (ADE), which includes annotations for alignment relations between visual and textual elements. And we propose a visual-textual alignment model (VTAM) including graph construction and optimal aligning phases. In the graph construction phase, the relational graphs are constructed between different elements with four relational operators. The relational operators are designed to measure the relations between different elements, according to distance, connection line, inclusion, and feature similarity. In the optimal aligning phase, the representation at each visual-textual pair is improved as a weighted sum of the representations on all relational graphs. Experimental results show that our VTAM achieves a significant improvement of 10.9% on mean test folds of the ADE dataset than the current best competitor. In order to explore the role of alignment relations in diagram parsing, we introduce VTAM to diagram-related tasks, such as diagram question answering (DQA). And we achieve 2.8% to 5.9% and 4.6% to 5.1% improvements on AI2D and Foodwebs after adding VTAM. Our dataset and code are released at: https://github.com/ADE-dataset/ADE-dataset.
A Strong Role for the AMOC in Partitioning Global Energy Transport and Shifting ITCZ Position in Response to Latitudinally Discrete Solar Forcing in CESM1.2

Ocean circulation responses to interhemispheric radiative imbalance can damp north–south migrations of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) by reducing the burden on atmospheric energy transport. The role of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in such dynamics has not received much attention. Here, we present coupled climate modeling results that suggest AMOC responses are of first-order importance to muting ITCZ shift magnitudes as a pair of hemispherically asymmetric solar forcing bands is moved from equatorial to polar latitudes. The cross-equatorial energy transport response to the same amount of interhemispheric forcing becomes systematically more ocean-centric when higher latitudes are perturbed in association with strengthening AMOC responses. In contrast, the responses of the Pacific subtropical cell are not monotonic and cannot predict this variance in the ITCZ’s equilibrium position. Overall, these results highlight the importance of the meridional distribution of interhemispheric radiative imbalance and the rich buffering of internal feedbacks that occurs in dynamic versus thermodynamic (slab) ocean modeling experiments. Mostly, the results imply that the problem of developing a theory of ITCZ migration is entangled with that of understanding the AMOC’s response to hemispherically asymmetric radiative forcing—a difficult topic deserving of focused analysis across more climate models.
The Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) population genetic structure in Russia

1 Институт общей генетики им. Н. И. Вавилова Российской академии наук, Москва, Россия 2 Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А. Н. Северцова Российской академии наук, Москва, Россия 3 Государственный природный биосферный заповедник «Даурский», Нижний Цасучей, Россия 4 Институт природных ресурсов, экологии и криологии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук, Чита, Россия 5 Питомник редких видов журавлей Окского государственного биосферного заповедника, Брыкин Бор, Россия 6 Ульяновский государственный педагогический университет им. И. Н. Ульянова, Ульяновск, Россия 7 Природный заповедник «Опукский», Феодосия, Россия 8 Институт экологии горных территорий им. А. К. Темботова Российской академии наук, Нальчик, Россия 9 Государственный природный заповедник «Дагестанский», Махачкала, Россия
Assessing health determinants worldwide: Econometric analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2000–18 – Highlighting impactful factors on DALY, YLL, and YLD indicators

Background As the health status of a population is influenced by a variety of health determinants, we sought to assess their impact on health outcomes, both at the global and regional levels. Methods This ecological study encompassed all 194 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) from 2000 to 2018. We first identified all health determinants and then retrieved the related data from various global databases. We additionally considered three indicators – disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLL), and years lived with disability (YLD) – in evaluating health outcomes; we extracted their data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. We then applied econometric analyses using a multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model. Results The analysis using the DALY indicator showed that the variables of sexually transmitted infections, injuries prevalence, and urbanisation had the highest effect size or regression coefficients (β) for health outcomes. The variables of sexually transmitted infection (β = 0.75, P < 0.001) in the African region; drinking water (β = −0.60, P < 0.001), alcohol use (β = 0.20, P < 0.001), and drug use (β = 0.05, P = 0.036) in the Americas region; urbanisation (β = −0.34, P < 0.001) in the Eastern Mediterranean region; current health expenditure (β = −0.21, P < 0.001) in the Europe region; injuries (β = 0.65, P < 0.001), air pollution (β = 0.29, P < 0.001), and obesity (β = 0.92, P < 0.001) in the South-East Asia region; and gross domestic product (β = −0.25, P < 0.001), education (β = −0.90, P < 0.001), and smoking (β = 0.28, P < 0.001) in the Western Pacific region had the most significant role in explaining global health outcomes. Except for the drug use variable in regional findings, the role of other variables in explaining the YLL indicator was greater than that of the YLD indicator. Conclusions To address global health disparities and optimise resource allocation, global and interregional policymakers should focus on determinants that had the highest β with health outcomes in each region compared to other regions. These determinants likely have a higher marginal health product, and investing in them is likely to be more cost-effective.
Microbial Community Patterns Reveal Differences From Bogs To Intermediate Fens In North American Peatlands Along A Latitudinal Grandient

Peatlands are unique areas of study due to their capacity to act as both carbon sinks and sources. These wetlands are estimated to hold up to one-third of the Earth’s terrestrial carbon due to an unequal relationship between microbial decomposition and biological productivity, resulting in the large accumulation of peat. However, as reservoirs, peatlands are major contributors of atmospheric carbon such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and the potent greenhouse gas, methane (CH4). For bacterial communities, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the dominate phyla on average for all peatland classes. Intermediate and rich fens experienced greater diversity and taxonomic richness when compared to bogs and poor fens. Groups such as Bacteroidetes were observed in higher abundance in the less acidic and more nutrient rich sites, potentially aiding the higher carbon turnover rates seen in these peatlands. Supporting previous findings, archaeal sequences increased with depth for nearly all sites.NMDS Bray-Curtis-dissimilarity ordinations and biplots exposed pH to be the principal influence on microbial community structuring. Predictive metagenome content (PICRUSt) showed increased microbial activity, such as amino-acid and purine/pyrimidine metabolism, in relative mid-latitude peatlands from 37 to 43 degrees North, proposing a shift towards utilization of microbial biomass in these microbial communities.
Water on Mars, With a Grain of Salt: Local Heat Anomalies Are Required for Basal Melting of Ice at the South Pole Today

Recent analysis of radar data from the Mars Express spacecraft has interpreted bright subsurface radar reflections as indicators of local liquid water at the base of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD). However, the physical and geological conditions required to produce melting at this location were not quantified. Here we use thermophysical models to constrain parameters necessary to generate liquid water beneath the SPLD. We show that no concentration of salt is sufficient to melt ice at the base of the SPLD in the present day under typical Martian conditions. Instead, a local enhancement in the geothermal heat flux of >72 mW/m2 is required, even under the most favorable compositional considerations. This heat flow is most simply achieved via the presence of a subsurface magma chamber emplaced 100 s of kyr ago. Thus, if the liquid water interpretation of the observations is correct, magmatism on Mars may have been active extremely recently.