Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiative forcing calculations for CH3Cl and CH3Br

Methyl chloride, CH{sub 3}Cl, and methyl bromide, CH{sub 3}Br, are particularly important in the global atmosphere as major natural sources of chlorine and bromine to the stratosphere. The production of these gases is dominated by natural sources, but smaller, important anthropogenic sources, such as agricultural fumigation and/or biomass burning, also exist. As absorbers of infrared radiation these gases are of interest for their potential effect on the tropospheric energy balance as well as for chemical interactions. In this study we estimate the radiative forcing and Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) of CH{sub 3}Cl and CH{sub 3}Br. Our calculations use an infrared radiative transfer model based on the correlated k-distribution algorithm for band absorption. Radiative forcing values of 0.0047W/m{sup 2} per part per billion by volume (ppbv) for CH{sub 3}Cl in the troposphere and 0.0049W/m{sup 2} per ppbv for CH{sub 3}Br in the troposphere were obtained. On a per molecule basis the radiative forcing values are about 2{percent} of the forcing of CFC-11 and about 270 times the forcing of CO{sub 2}. GWPs for these gases are about 8 for CH{sub 3}Cl and about 4 for CH{sub 3}Br (100 year time integration, CO{sub 2}=1). These results indicate that while CH{sub 3}Cl andmore » CH{sub 3}Br have direct GWPs similar to that of CH{sub 4}, the current emission rates are too low to contribute meaningfully to atmospheric greenhouse heating effects. {copyright} 1997 American Geophysical Union« less
DOES STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ENCOURAGE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING? THE MEDIATING ROLE OF FIRM PERFORMANCE

Stakeholder engagement policies have become a relevant strategy in firms because they may signal to stakeholders the commitment of the firm to the stakeholder’s needs and demands. In this research, we aim to examine whether firms with stakeholder engagement policies tend to disclose more environmental information. Additionally, we analyse the moderating role played by firm performance on the association between stakeholder engagement and environmental disclosure. As far as we know, previous research has not addressed these two questions. Our evidence shows that firms with stakeholder engagement policies are more likely to report environmental information, while firm performance negatively moderates the association between stakeholder engagement and environmental disclosure. These findings have implications for policy-makers, firms, stakeholders and other researchers.
Seasonal Cycles of Meridional Overturning and Heat Transport of the Indian Ocean

Abstract A general circulation model of the Indian Ocean is fitted to monthly averaged climatological temperatures, salinities, and surface fluxes using the adjoint method. Interannual variability is minimized by penalizing the temporal drift from one seasonal cycle to another during a two-year integration. The resultant meridional overturning and heat transport display large seasonal variations, with maximum amplitudes of 18 and 22 (× 106 m3 s−1) for the overturning and 1.8 and 1.4 (× 1015 W) for heat transport near 10°S and 10°N, respectively. A dynamical decomposition of the overturning and heat transport shows that the time-varying Ekman flow plus its barotropic compensation can explain a large part of the seasonal variations in overturning and heat transport. The maximum variations at 10°N and 10°S are associated with monsoon reversal over the northern Indian Ocean and changes of the easterlies over the southern Indian Ocean. An external mode with variable topography has a moderate contribution where.
Mineral evolution of a garnet‐pyroxenite nodule within eclogite, eastern Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic terrane, East China

Detailed microtextural observations and bulk chemical analysis were undertaken on a garnet‐pyroxenite nodule within retrograde eclogites from the NE Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic (UHPM) terrane. The results suggest that the protolith was a cumulate from a gabbroic body. The nodule consists primarily of coarse clinopyroxene grains with a very high content of the Ca‐Tschermakite molecule. Microscopic observations and back‐scattered electron images (BSE) demonstrate a complicated intergrowth of clinopyroxene, garnet and ilmenite, which represents the peak metamorphic assemblage. The primary clinopyroxene grains are armoured with a thin garnet corona up to 0.5 mm wide that forms an interconnected network. Within the clinopyroxene grains, four sets of garnet lamellae are distributed along crystallographic planes; locally, a vermicular intergrowth of garnet and diopside is developed. Besides the garnet, parallel arrays of ilmenite blebs are common within the clinopyroxene. Hydrous minerals such as amphibole, zoisite and titanite formed at later stages, and replaced diopside, garnet and ilmenite respectively. The P–T conditions determined for the formation of the garnet lamellae indicate that the garnet pyroxenite experienced UHP metamorphism at the same peak P–T condition as its host eclogite. The very high Ca‐Tschermakite content (31–34 mol.%) of the primary clinopyroxene indicates crystallization at about 9–17 kbar and 1250–1450 °C, and together with the microtextural observations, suggests that the protolith of the garnet pyroxenite was a cumulate from a former gabbroic body, in which case, the host eclogite might represent the gabbroic body.
Estimating the Impact of Highways on Average Travel Velocities and Market Size

In this paper we examine the link between additions to highway infrastructure and development of a market area. We do so by first relating highway travel speeds to added highway-mileage and then relating travel speed to the size of the market area. This approach bypasses issues in the public finance literature that derive from estimates of highway infrastructure spending. Also, rather than examining the effects of improved transportation efficiency on enhancements of productivity, this research examines their effect on enhancements in demand for local production. Our thought, which is borne out in the literature, is that industry-level productivity in a metropolitan area may be improved only marginally by lower delivered prices of inputs due to very localized improvements in the freight transportation system. On the other hand, the market for locally produced goods and services will expand somewhat uniformly across industries due to generally improved traffic movements in a metropolitan area. By applying this approach to data from the Texas Transportation Institute, we find a significant but small positive effect of highways and arterials (as opposed to other roadways) on changes in metropolitan urbanized area and metropolitan population change. This suggests that demand for local production may well be enhanced by expansions of highway and principal arterials infrastructure.
Measurements and modelling of possible mantle constituents from a long-line seismic refraction experiment in the West Philippine Basin

SUMMARY A long-line seismic refraction experiment extending to a range of 500 km was conducted in the West Philippine Sea. The refraction data corrected for crustal delays are used to estimate the velocity structure in the upper lithosphere. The seismic structure is converted to velocity versus pressure using a simple overburden formula. West Philippine Sea velocity-pressure data are compared with possible mantle constituents. Compositional models indicate that the velocity structure is between eclogite and eclogite-dunite type phases listed in Christensen (1974), before correcting for temperature. However, correcting the velocity data for the possible mantle constituents to the steady-state temperature estimated for the basin, indicates that the West Philippine Sea upper mantle has much higher seismic gradients than those predicted for any of the single phase components.
Ion composition variations in the inner magnetosphere: Individual and collective storm effects in 1991

Ion composition variations in the inner magnetosphere during storm times are studied by using data sets obtained from the magnetospheric ion composition spectrometer (MICS) on board the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES). The observations were made during the second half of the CRRES mission, which was near the maximum of solar cycle 22. Four selected storms are subjects of detailed case studies; statistical results are based on a group of moderate (50 100 nT) storms observed in 1991. The case studies show that energetic particle enhancements occur at very low equatorial altitudes (L = 3∼4) during large storms with significant delays relative to the storm sudden commencement times (of about 20 hours). The average time duration of the particle enhancements is about 47 hours. By studying the time variation of energy spectrograms of H + , it is found that low-energy (E 100 keV) protons show different time profiles during the development and decay of the ring current. The low-energy part shows a dramatic intensification and a rapid decay. However, its relative contribution to the ring current defined by the density ratio N(H + L )/N during the storm maximum is almost constant. On the other hand, high-energy protons first exhibit a flux decrease followed by a delayed increase. The density ratio N(H + H )/N shows an anticorrelation with the storm intensity. It is confirmed that the ionospheric origin particles (e.g., O + ) are important constituents of the storm time ring current. The fractional number density of O + ions increases with the intensity of the storm. The statistical results demonstrate that the energy density of O + is a steep function of Dst for moderate storms. However, it seems to increase very slowly with Dst, or even to be almost independent of Dst for large storms (|Dst| > 120 nT). The ratios of solar wind origin He ++ density to the total density show no obvious difference among large storms. The same appears for He + ions.
Downward propagation of upper stratospheric mean zonal wind perturbation to the troposphere

An investigation is conducted to determine the influence of changes in the upper stratospheric mean zonal wind on the circulation of the lower atmosphere. In addition to observed data, results of numerical experiments with a general circulation model are used, in which the solar ultraviolet heating rate is varied to force changes in the mean zonal wind in the upper stratosphere. It is found that when the upper stratospheric mid-latitude westerlies are strong during December, lower stratospheric polar night jet is persistent and the westerlies in the polar region of the troposphere become stronger in the following February. These results are common to both the observations and the numerical experiments.
Lithospheric structure below seismic stations in Cuba from the joint inversion of Rayleigh surface waves dispersion and receiver functions

SUMMARY The joint inversion of Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion and receiver functions has been used to study the crust and upper mantle structure at eight seismic stations in Cuba. Receiver functions have been computed from teleseismic recordings of earthquakes at epicentral (angular) distances in the range from 30° to 90° and Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion relations have been taken from earlier surface wave tomographic studies in the Caribbean area. The thickest crust (∼30 km) below Cuban stations is found at Cascorro (CCC) and Maisi (MAS) whereas the thinnest crust (∼18 km) is found at stations Rio Carpintero (RCC) and Guantanamo Bay (GTBY), in the southeastern part of Cuba; this result is in agreement with the southward gradual thinning of the crust revealed by previous studies. In the crystalline crust, the S-wave velocity varies between ∼2.8 and ∼3.9 km s–1 and, at the crust–mantle transition zone, the shear wave velocity varies from ∼4.0 and ∼4.3 km s–1. The lithospheric thickness varies from ∼65 km, in the youngest lithosphere, to ∼150 km in the northeastern part of the Cuban island, below Maisi (MAS) and Moa (MOA) stations. Evidence of a subducted slab possibly belonging to the Caribbean plate is present below the stations Las Mercedes (LMG), RCC and GTBY whereas earlier subducted slabs could explain the results obtained below the Soroa (SOR), Manicaragua (MGV) and Cascorro (CCC) station.
Review: Source, Fate, Toxicological Effect and Removal Technology of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

ABSTRACT Human pharmaceuticals are considered emerging organic micro-pollutants, originating mostly from hospital and municipal wastewater treatment plants. They can be found widely in a variety of water media, including wastewater, surface water, ground water, coastal water and drinking water at trace levels (ng/L or low μg/L). Many pharmaceuticals show their persistence to biodegradation in water, however their bioaccumulation is still not clear and chronic effects to living organisms for long term exposure need further studies. The occurrences and fate of active pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites in aquatic environments are complicated, which vary between their physio-chemical properties, environment conditions and removal efficiency of water treatment plants. Advanced treatment technologies such as ozonation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), membrane bioreactor (MBR) show high efficiency to reduce concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in water.
A weed risk management system for the Northern Territory.

A weed risk management (WRM) process is recognised internationally as a useful tool to assist land managers to address the often controversial issue of exotic plant management. A WRM process is currently being developed for use in the Northern Territory (NT). The proposed WRM framework includes a weed risk assessment process modified from the South Australian and Queensland WRA systems. The NT system will include a two stage process: a) an initial assessment of weed risk candidates using a list of questions about the species biology, invasiveness and negative impacts based on the South Australian model; and b) a more detailed assessment of costs and benefits (based on the Queensland WRA system) for those species with low to moderate risk which are consisered to have substantial benefit to some land users. The modified systems include questions particularly relevant for northern Australia. Stakeholders have been involved in the development and implementation stages, through engagement in workshops, community forums and representation on committees undertaking policy development, technical development of the WRA tool and its implementation.
En'lightening' energy use: the co-evolution of household lighting practices

Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) are a well-developed, readily available technology that could deliver substantial energy savings in the residential sector. Due to this, lighting is usually a preferred target for household energy-saving campaigns and policies. However, the energy used to light homes continues to rise. In order to explore the reasons behind this increase, this paper examines changing household lighting practices in the UK using recent in-depth interview data and drawing upon current sociological theories about the construction of consumption practices. The paper illustrates how lighting choices made by householders tend to co-evolve with the household lighting practices portrayed by the media. It concludes that policies seeking to promote energy-efficient lighting technologies would be well advised to enlist the support of lighting designers, manufacturers, advertisers and sales people involved in the presentation of household lighting practices in the media.
Case Study: Numerical Modeling of the Tidal Bore on the Qiantang River, China

The tidal bore at the estuary of the Qiantang River in China is one of the most spectacular bores in the world. Although it is a famous scenic spot, it may cause disasters due to its destructive power. In this paper, a new numerical model, based on a Godunov-type scheme with the water level-bottom topography formulation combined with the improved wet/dry techniques, is constructed to numeri- cally simulate the tidal bore on the Qiantang River. The simulated results using the model agree well with observed data, which shows that the model can reproduce the formation, evolution, and dissipation of the tidal bore on the Qiantang River.
Monitoring regulatory T cells as a prognostic marker in lung transplantation

Lung transplantation is the major surgical procedure, which restores normal lung functioning and provides years of life for patients suffering from major lung diseases. Lung transplant recipients are at high risk of primary graft dysfunction, and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in the form of bronchiolitis obliterative syndrome (BOS). Regulatory T cell (Treg) suppresses effector cells and clinical studies have demonstrated that Treg levels are altered in transplanted lung during BOS progression as compared to normal lung. Here, we discuss levels of Tregs/FOXP3 gene expression as a crucial prognostic biomarker of lung functions during CLAD progression in clinical lung transplant recipients. The review will also discuss Treg mediated immune tolerance, tissue repair, and therapeutic strategies for achieving in-vivo Treg expansion, which will be a potential therapeutic option to reduce inflammation-mediated graft injuries, taper the toxic side effects of ongoing immunosuppressants, and improve lung transplant survival rates.
Identifikasi Faktor Risiko Melalui Finnish Diabetes Risk Score Sebagai Prediktor Risiko Terjadinya Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2

Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan di seluruh dunia yang kasusnya terus mengalami peningkatan. Upaya pengendalian faktor risiko sejak dini dapat mencegah terjadinya diabetes melitus dan menurunkan risiko terjadinya komplikasi dimasa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor risiko yang menjadi prediktor terjadinya diabetes mellitus di masa yang akan datang. Pengambilan data dalam penelitisn ini menggunakan instrumen Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) yang telah tervalidasi yang terdiri dari delapan komponen yaitu usia, indeks masa tubuh, lingkar pinggang, aktivitas fisik, konsumsi sayur dan buah, penggunaan obat antihipertensi, riwayat kadar glukosa darah dan riwayat diabetes mellitus dalam keluarga. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 30 repsonden. Hasil dari identifikasi faktor risiko dengan menggunakan FINDRISC terhadap 30 responden didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut responden dengan kategori rendah sebanyak 12 orang (40%), responden pada kategori sedikit meningkat yaitu sebanyak 13 orang (43,3%), responden dengan kategori menengah sebanyak 2 orang (6,66%) dan responden dengan kategori tinggi sebanyak 3 orang (10%). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat menjadi perhatian dan kewaspaan dari responden untuk melakukan upaya pencegahan sedini mungkin guna menghindari terjadinya diabetes mellitus dan komplikasi diabetes mellitus pada 10 tahun mendatang.
Distribution of foraminifera and ostracods in the Onkaparinga Estuary, South Australia

Analysis of sediment and aquatic vegetation samples collected along the Onkaparinga estuary, South Australia, revealed the distribution patterns of benthic and epi-benthic micro-organisms, specifically foraminifera and ostracods. The total assemblage provided an assemblage ‘snap shot,’ contemporaneous with the environmental conditions at the time of sampling, as well as seasonally and time-averaged distribution information. Species richness is low in the upper reaches of the estuary and favours species with a wide salinity tolerance. Observed species richness increases seawards. Species richness and abundance within species is greater where there is conspicuous aquatic vegetation. Thus, species richness and distribution appear to be related to the proximity to the sea and the provision of diverse habitable substrate. Foraminiferal species, Ammonia beccarii and Elphidium excavatum, and ostracods belonging to the genera Paracypria, Xestolebris and Leptocythere dominate the total assemblage. These species are characteristic of euryhaline conditions. The mutual maximum occurrences of Reophax barwonensis, Ammobaculites barwonensis and Trochammina inflata signify mid-estuarine conditions. In the lower regions of the estuary, the appearance of shallow marine species of foraminifera such as Elphidium crispum and Quinqueloculina poeyana, and ostracods Bairdoppilata sp. , Hemicytherura spp. and Paranesidea spp. signifies interactions with the adjacent inner shelf coastal waters. Throughout the entire length of the estuary, the presence of vegetal substrate created a strong numerical bias towards live occurrences of the ostracods Paracypria sp. and Xestolebris cedunaensis. These species are potentially useful as proxies for paleoenvironmental interpretations of estuarine sediments.
Mode of Strong Earthquake Recurrence in the Central Ionian Islands (Greece): Possible Triggering due to Coulomb Stress Changes Generated by the Occurrence of Previous Strong Shocks

The spatiotemporal distribution of shallow strong (M 6.3) earthquakes occurring in the area of central Ionian Islands is analyzed. These shocks are generated on two adjacent fault segments with different strike, but both segments are associated with strike-slip faulting, constituting the boundary between continental collision to the north and oceanic subduction to the south. Seismic activity is concentrated in short time intervals alternating with much longer relatively quiescent periods. Each active period consists of a relatively large event or series (two to four) of events occurring closely both in space and time. This alteration was observed to happen four times since 1867, the period when complete data exist for the study area. Since the phenomenon is not strictly periodic, and during each active period multiple events occurred, I attempted to interpret the seismic behavior on the basis of possible trig- gering. I then investigated how changes in Coulomb failure function (DCFF) asso- ciated with one or more earthquakes may trigger subsequent events. Both the co- seismic slip due to the generation of the strong earthquakes and stress buildup associated with the two major fault segments were taken into account for the DCFF calculation. Earthquakes can be modeled as static dislocations in elastic half-space, and the stress pattern has been calculated according to the geometry and slip of each of the faults that ruptured in the chain of events. These calculations show that 13 out of 14 earthquakes of M 6.3 were preceded by a static stress change that encouraged failure. The magnitude of the stress increases transferred from one earthquake to another ranged from 0.01 MPa (0.1 bar) to over 0.1 MPa (1 bar), showing that stress transfer adequately explains the occurrence pattern of these events. Maps of current DCFF provide additional information to long-term earthquake prediction. Areas of positive DCFF have been identified at two sites in Kefalonia and Lefkada faults, respectively, where the next strong events are expected to occur, a fact that will substantiate the hypothesis elaborated in this article.