Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ermittlung (der Temperaturabhängigkeit) materialspezifischer Kennwerte von Miniaturproben aus Lotgut mittels Nanoindentation

Für die zuverlässige Herstellung und den Gebrauch immer kleiner werdender Geräte und Strukturen ist die Kenntnis der zugehörigen Werkstoffeigenschaften unerlässlich. Deren Ermittlung muss an Miniaturproben durchgeführt werden, da die gebräuchlichen, auf Standardproben beruhenden Verfahren keine verlässlichen Aussagen über das Materialverhalten im µm–Bereich geben. Aus diesem Grund wird hier die Ermittlung lokaler Parameter von Werkstoffen in Bauteilen in Anlehnung an die Untersuchung bleifreier Lotwerkstoffe mit Hilfe der sog. Nanoindentation beschrieben. Das Verfahren dient in erster Linie der Bestimmung von Standardwerkstoffkennwerten wie dem Elastizitätsmodul, der Fließgrenze und der Härte. Des Weiteren ist die Nanoindentation in der Lage, über den Ansatz der i nversen Methode ein vollständiges Spannungs–Dehnungs–Diagramm zu ermitteln, welches in dieser Arbeit mit dem Ergebnis eines herkömmlichen Zugversuchs verglichen wird. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improving early phase oncology clinical trial design: An opportunity for statisticians

This short communication supports that rule‐based study designs such as the ‘3 + 3’ study design are still being used in early phase oncology development programs despite their inferior performance to model‐based and model‐assisted designs. Statisticians have an opportunity to shape and improve early phase oncology drug development programs by introducing newer, more efficient study designs that estimate the Optimal Biological dose to their oncology trialist colleges.
Scratching the Surface Takes a Toll: Immune Recognition of Viral Proteins by Surface Toll-like Receptors

Early innate viral recognition by the host is critical for the rapid response and subsequent clearance of an infection. Innate immune cells patrol sites of infection to detect and respond to invading microorganisms including viruses. Surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can be activated by viruses even before the host cell becomes infected. However, the early activation of surface TLRs by viruses can lead to viral clearance by the host or promote pathogenesis. Thus, a plethora of research has attempted to identify specific viral ligands that bind to surface TLRs and mediate progression of viral infection. Herein, we will discuss the past two decades of research that have identified specific viral proteins recognized by cell surface-associated TLRs, how these viral proteins and host surface TLR interactions affect the host inflammatory response and outcome of infection, and address why controversy remains regarding host surface TLR recognition of viral proteins.
Effects of Vertically Heterogeneous Soil Salinity on Genetic Polymorphism and Productivity of the Widespread Halophyte Bassia prostrata

Salinity is one of the environmental factors that affects both productivity and genetic diversity in plant species. Within the soil profile, salinity is a dynamic indicator and significantly changes with depth. The present study examined the effects of the vertical heterogeneity of soil salinity chemistry on the plant height, fresh and dry biomass accumulation, water content, level of genetic polymorphism, and observed and expected heterozygosity in seven populations of halophyte Bassia prostrata in natural habitats. Soil salinity ranged from slight (Ssalts = 0.11–0.25%) to extreme (Ssalts = 1.35–2.57%). The main contributors to salinity were Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Multivariate analysis revealed that biomass accumulation is positively affected by moderate/high salinity in 20–60 cm soil layers, which may be associated with the salt required for the optimal growth of the halophyte B. prostrata. The formation of seed genetic diversity is negatively affected by slight/moderate salinity in the 0–40 cm layers. An increase in divalent ion content can reduce genetic diversity and increase the local adaptation of B. prostrata to magnesium–calcium sulfate salinity. The effect of the in-depth distribution of soil salinity on productivity and genetic diversity may be related to seasonal variables during biomass accumulation (summer) and seed formation (autumn).
Structure-Based Rational Design of Small α-Helical Peptides with Broad-Spectrum Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

A series of small (7–12 mer) amphipathic cationic peptides were designed and synthesized to create short helical peptides with broad-range bactericidal activity and selectivity toward the bacterial cells. The analysis identified a lead 12-mer peptide 8b with broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive (MIC = 3.1–6.2 μg/mL) and Gram-negative (MIC = 6.2–12.5 μg/mL) bacteria and selectivity toward prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells (HC50 = 280 μg/mL, >75% cell viability at 150 μg/mL). The rapid membranolytic action of 8b was demonstrated by a calcein dye leakage assay and confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. According to circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopy, the peptides have an irregular spatial structure in water. A lipid bilayer induced an amphipathic helix only in 12-mer peptides, including 8b. Molecular dynamics simulations provided detailed information about the interaction of 8b and its closest analogues with bacterial and mammalian membranes and revealed the roles of particular amino acids in the activity and selectivity of peptides.
On the foundations of multivariate heavy-tail analysis

Univariate heavy-tailed analysis rests on the analytic notion of regularly varying functions. For multivariate heavy-tailed analysis, reliance on functions is awkward because multivariate distribution functions are not natural objects for many purposes and are difficult to manipulate. An approach based on vague convergence of measures makes the differences between univariate and multivariate analysis evaporate. We survey the foundations of the subject and discuss statistical attempts to assess dependence of large values. An exploratory technique is applied to exchange rate return data and shows clear differences in the dependence structure of large values for the Japanese Yen versus German Mark compared with the French Franc versus the German Mark.
Dynamic properties of one-dimensional Heisenberg magnets

The dynamic properties of one-dimensional magnets with either ferro- or antiferro-magnetic coupling (J) and arbitrary spins (S) are studied over a wide range of temperatures. A simple expression for the relaxation shape function F(k, omega ) (equivalent to the generalized susceptibility), which has the merit of satisfying certain sum rules and limits, is derived from Mori's generalized Langevin equation with the three-pole approximation introduced by Lovesey and Meserve 1972. The form and properties of the function are found.
Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Multiparticulate Dosage Form Carrying Budesonide-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles to Enhance the Efficiency of Pellets in the Colon

An attempt was made to conquer the limitation of orally administered nanoparticles for the delivery of budesonide to the colon. The ionic gelation technique was used to load budesonide on chitosan nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were investigated in terms of size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, shape and drug release. Then, nanoparticles were pelletized using the extrusion–spheronization method and were investigated for their size, mechanical properties, and drug release. Pellets were subsequently coated with a polymeric solution composed of two enteric (eudragit L and S) and time-dependent polymers (eudragit RS) for colon-specific delivery. All formulations were examined for their anti-inflammatory effect in rats with induced colitis and the relapse of the colitis after discontinuation of treatment was also followed. The size of nanoparticles ranged between 288 ± 7.5 and 566 ± 7.7 nm and zeta potential verified their positive charged surface. The drug release from nanoparticles showed an initial burst release followed by a continuous release. Pelletized nanoparticles showed proper mechanical properties and faster drug release in acidic pH compared with alkaline pH. It was interesting to note that pelletized budesonide nanoparticles released the drug throughout the GIT in a sustained fashion, and had long-lasting anti-inflammatory effects while rapid relapse was observed for those treated with conventional budesonide pellets. It seems that there is a synergistic effect of nanoformulation of budesonide and the encapsulation of pelletized nanoparticles in a proper coating system for colon delivery that could result in a significant and long-lasting anti-inflammatory effect.
Relationship between Tumor Infiltrating Immune Cells and Tumor Metastasis and Its Prognostic Value in Cancer

Tumor metastasis is an important reason for the difficulty of tumor treatment. Besides the tumor cells themselves, the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the process of tumor metastasis. Tumor infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are one of the main components of TME and plays an important role in every link of tumor metastasis. This article mainly reviews the role of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in epithelial mesenchymal transformation, extracellular matrix remodeling, tumor angiogenesis and formation of pre-metastatic niche. The value of TIICs in the prognosis of cervical cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer was also discussed. We believe that accurate prognosis of cancer treatment outcomes is conducive to further improving treatment regimens, determining personalized treatment strategies, and ultimately achieving successful cancer treatment. This paper elucidates the relationship between tumor and TIICs in order to explore the function of immune cells in different diseases and provide new ideas for the treatment of cancer.
Personalized Brain–Computer Interface and Its Applications

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are a new technology that subverts traditional human–computer interaction, where the control signal source comes directly from the user’s brain. When a general BCI is used for practical applications, it is difficult for it to meet the needs of different individuals because of the differences among individual users in physiological and mental states, sensations, perceptions, imageries, cognitive thinking activities, and brain structures and functions. For this reason, it is necessary to customize personalized BCIs for specific users. So far, few studies have elaborated on the key scientific and technical issues involved in personalized BCIs. In this study, we will focus on personalized BCIs, give the definition of personalized BCIs, and detail their design, development, evaluation methods and applications. Finally, the challenges and future directions of personalized BCIs are discussed. It is expected that this study will provide some useful ideas for innovative studies and practical applications of personalized BCIs.
Some Acoustic Measures of the Fundamental Periodicity of Normal and Pathologic Larynges

Pitch perturbations were computed by measuring the differences between the durations of adjacent fundamental periods from recorded acoustic waveforms. Sound‐synchronized high‐speed motion pictures of the vocal cords were also taken with a laryngeal mirror. It was found that pitch perturbations reflect variations in the waveshape of the glottal area wave, as well as variations in glottal periodicity. Perturbations having an absolute value ⩾0.5 msec are apparently induced by transients in the air‐pressure drop across the glottis, which may in turn be caused by changes in vocal‐tract configurations. Speakers with longer fundamental periods tend to have larger perturbations. The pitch perturbations of 23 speakers with pathologic larynges were measured. Certain of the speakers who had pathologic growths on their vocal cords had larger pitch perturbations than did normal speakers with the same median fundamental periods. The “perturbation factor,” which was defined as the percent that perturbations ⩾0.5 msec oc.
Gestion publique de Santé : Perception de la Cabine de télémédecine

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Unique ice dendrite morphology on state-of-the-art oil-impregnated surfaces

Significance Unlike dendrites on traditional textured wetting (hydrophilic) and nonwetting (hydrophobic) surfaces, which are sharp, pointy, and branching, dendrites on state-of-the-art micro/nanostructured oil-impregnated surfaces are thick and lumpy without pattern. The unique dendrite morphology is attributed to oil wicking due to dendrite growth from the vapor phase. The presence of dendrites on the outer shell of frozen droplets causes the oil in the wetting ridge to migrate into the porous dendritic network by creating a capillary pressure imbalance between the surface texture and the dendrites. By capturing the effects of oil chemistry, oil viscosity, and wetting ridge volume on dendrite morphology and oil depletion rate using a regime map, this work informs the rational design of depletion-resistant oil-impregnated ice-repellent surfaces.
Two-Step Targeted Drug Delivery via Proteinaceous Barnase-Barstar Interface and Doxorubicin-Loaded Nano-PLGA Outperforms One-Step Strategy for Targeted Delivery to HER2-Overexpressing Cells

Nanoparticle-based chemotherapy is considered to be an effective approach to cancer diagnostics and therapy in modern biomedicine. However, efficient tumor targeting remains a great challenge due to the lack of specificity, selectivity, and high dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs required. A two-step targeted drug delivery strategy (DDS), involving cancer cell pre-targeting, first with a first nontoxic module and subsequent targeting with a second complementary toxic module, is a solution for decreasing doses for administration and lowering systemic toxicity. To prove two-step DDS efficiency, we performed a direct comparison of one-step and two-step DDS based on chemotherapy loaded PLGA nanoparticles and barnase*barstar interface. Namely, we developed and thoroughly characterized the two-step targeting strategy of HER2-overexpressing cancer cells. The first targeting block consists of anti-HER2 scaffold polypeptide DARPin9_29 fused with barstar. Barstar exhibits an extremely effective binding to ribonuclease barnase with Kaff = 1014 M−1, thus making the barnase*barstar protein pair one of the strongest known protein*protein complexes. A therapeutic PLGA-based nanocarrier coupled to barnase was used as a second targeting block. The PLGA nanoparticles were loaded with diagnostic dye, Nile Blue, and a chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin. We showed that the two-step DDS increases the performance of chemotherapy-loaded nanocarriers: IC50 of doxorubicin delivered via two-step DDS was more than 100 times lower than that for one-step DDS: IC50 = 43 ± 3 nM for two-step DDS vs. IC50 = 4972 ± 1965 nM for one-step DDS. The obtained results demonstrate the significant efficiency of two-step DDS over the classical one-step one. We believe that the obtained data will significantly change the direction of research in developing targeted anti-cancer drugs and promote the creation of new generation cancer treatment strategies.
Positive Effects of Biologics on Osteoporosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder that causes vulnerability of bones to fracture owing to reduction in bone density and deterioration of the bone tissue microstructure. The prevalence of osteoporosis is higher in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), than in those of the general population. In this autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease, in addition to known risk factors for osteoporosis, various factors such as chronic inflammation, autoantibodies, metabolic disorders, drugs, and decreased physical activity contribute to additional risk. In RA, disease-related inflammation plays an important role in local or systemic bone loss, and active treatment for inflammation can help prevent osteoporosis. In addition to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs that have been traditionally used for treatment of RA, biologic DMARDs and targeted synthetic DMARDs have been widely used. These agents can be employed more selectively and precisely based on disease pathogenesis. It has been reported that these drugs can inhibit bone loss by not only reducing inflammation in RA, but also by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting bone formation. In this review, the pathogenesis and research results of the increase in osteoporosis in RA are reviewed, and the effects of biological agents on osteoporosis are discussed.
Left Ventricular Fibrosis Assessment by Native T1, ECV, and LGE in Pulmonary Hypertension Patients

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as an alternative to right heart catheterization for the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients. The aim of this study was to compare cardiac MRI-derived left ventricle fibrosis indices between pre-capillary PH (PrePH) and isolated post-capillary PH (IpcPH) patients and assess their associations with measures of ventricle function. Global and segmental late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), longitudinal relaxation time (native T1) maps, and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) were compared among healthy controls (N = 25; 37% female; 52 ± 13 years), PH patients (N = 48; 60% female; 60 ± 14 years), and PH subgroups (PrePH: N = 29; 65% female; 55 ± 12 years, IpcPH: N = 19; 53% female; 66 ± 13 years). Cardiac cine measured ejection fraction, end diastolic, and end systolic volumes and were assessed for correlations with fibrosis. LGE mural location was qualitatively assessed on a segmental basis for all subjects. PrePH patients had elevated (apical-, mid-antero-, and mid-infero) septal left ventricle native T1 values (1080 ± 74 ms, 1077 ± 39 ms, and 1082 ± 47 ms) compared to IpcPH patients (1028 ± 53 ms, 1046 ± 36 ms, 1051 ± 44 ms) (p < 0.05). PrePH had a higher amount of insertional point LGE (69%) and LGE patterns characteristic of non-vascular fibrosis (77%) compared to IpcPH (37% and 46%, respectively) (p < 0.05; p < 0.05). Assessment of global LGE, native T1, and ECV burdens did not show a statistically significant difference between PrePH (1.9 ± 2.7%, 1056.2 ± 36.3 ms, 31.2 ± 3.7%) and IpcPH (2.7 ± 2.7%, 1042.4 ± 28.1 ms, 30.7 ± 4.7%) (p = 0.102; p = 0.229 p = 0.756). Global native T1 and ECV were higher in patients (1050.9 ± 33.8 and 31.0 ± 4.1%) than controls (28.2 ± 3.7% and 1012.9 ± 29.4 ms) (p < 0.05). Cardiac MRI-based tissue characterization may augment understanding of cardiac involvement and become a tool to facilitate PH patient classification.
A new robust visual tracking algorithm based on Transfer Adaptive Boosting

A new robust visual tracking algorithm, based on Transfer Adaptive Boosting, is proposed in this paper. The algorithm is able to produce a higher accuracy hypothesis for more effective and adaptive tracking by using certain useful historical instances of the video. The theoretical upper bound for the classification error of the samples and its corresponding theorem are also given. The theoretic analysis and simulation results show that the new method achieves a better performance compared with other methods in terms of avoiding drifting and miss‐tracking, even with complex variations and alterations of the object's original appearance, such as occlusions, illuminations, and shape deformations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deep adaptation of CNN in Chinese named entity recognition

Named entity recognition (NER) is an important task in the field of natural language processing, but it is more challenging in Chinese because of the lack of natural delimiters. The traditional character‐based Chinese NER model directly uses long short‐term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent units, and other sequence models to extract sentence‐level information from character sequences, resulting in the lack of word‐level information in the model. Therefore, a Chinese NER model called ChineseBERT‐CNNs‐BiLSTM‐CRF was proposed, which uses the ChineseBERT pretrained model as the embedding layer so that the vector representation of each Chinese character contained pinyin, glyph, and conventional character information. In addition, a CNN‐based neural network structure called CNNs was presented to extract word‐level information from character sequences and alleviate the problem of entity boundary recognition. BiLSTM was used to extract global features (i.e., sentence‐level information) and predict the corresponding labels of character sequences. Further, conditional random field (CRF) was employed to impose certain rules on the prediction of BiLSTM to enhance the recognition effect of the model. The experimental results revealed that the F1 values of the model on MSRA, people's Daily, and Weibo datasets reached 95.76, 96.61, and 70.00%, respectively, highlighting the effectiveness of the model.
Systematic headwater sampling of white‐spotted charr reveals stream capture events across dynamic topography

River system rearrangements such as stream capture play a crucial role in determining range expansion and gene flow of stream organisms between different watersheds. However, it is challenging to clarify the role of stream capture in dynamic landscapes where frequent connections and disconnections occur in stream networks. We hypothesized that fine‐scale sampling with genome‐wide analysis could reveal the effect of stream capture on the range expansion of stream fish and detect unidentified river rearrangement of headwater streams in a highly heterogeneous landscape.
Hyperoxia Induced Hypomyelination

We asked whether hyperoxia might induce hypomyelination of the corpus callosum, clinically described as periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of the severely preterm infant. Mouse pups and their nursing dams were placed in 80% oxygen from P4-P8, then removed to room air until P11. Corpus callosal sections were probed myelin immunofluorescence, tested for myelin basic protein concentration by Western blot, and both glial fibrillary acidic protein levels and apoptosis quantified. Density of corpus callosal capillaries were measured after lectin staining and hypoxia measured by Hypoxyprobe. Numbers of oligodendrocytes were quantified by immunohistochemistry. We next used hypoxiamimesis as a surrogate to hypoxia by comparing cerebral hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) stabilization to hepatic HIF stabilization. Hyperoxia induced hypomyelination and a reduction of corpus callosal capillaries. Hyperoxia decreased numbers of oligodendrocytes with an increase in corpus callosal fibrosis and apoptosis. Cerebral hypoxiamimesis induced hypomyelination whereas hepatic hypoxiamimesis alone increased myelination, oligodendrocyte numbers, and corpus callosal capillary density. Hepatic HIF-1 dependence on myelination was confirmed using the cre/lox hepatic HIF-1 knockout. These findings suggest that hyperoxia can induce hypomyelination through vasoobliteration and subsequent ischemia, adding a potential oxygen induced mechanism to the diverse causes of periventricular leukomalacia of the severely preterm infant. Targeting hepatic HIF-1 alone led to increased myelination.