Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Breast Mass Segmentation and Classification Using Subtraction of Temporally Sequential Digital Mammograms

Objective: Cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with 1 in 5 of all new cancers arising in the breast. The introduction of mammography for the radiological diagnosis of breast abnormalities, significantly decreased their mortality rates. Accurate detection and classification of breast masses in mammograms is especially challenging for various reasons, including low contrast and the normal variations of breast tissue density. Various Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems are being developed to assist radiologists with the accurate classification of breast abnormalities. Methods: In this study, subtraction of temporally sequential digital mammograms and machine learning are proposed for the automatic segmentation and classification of masses. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated on a dataset created especially for the purposes of this study, with 320 images from 80 patients (two time points and two views of each breast) with precisely annotated mass locations by two radiologists. Results: Ninety-six features were extracted and ten classifiers were tested in a leave-one-patient-out and k-fold cross-validation process. Using Neural Networks, the detection of masses was 99.9% accurate. The classification accuracy of the masses as benign or suspicious increased from 92.6%, using the state-of-the-art temporal analysis, to 98%, using the proposed methodology. The improvement was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion: These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the subtraction of temporally consecutive mammograms for the diagnosis of breast masses. Clinical and Translational Impact Statement: The proposed algorithm has the potential to substantially contribute to the development of automated breast cancer Computer-Aided Diagnosis systems with significant impact on patient prognosis.
Recurrence Relations of the Hypergeometric-type functions on the quadratic-type lattices

The central idea of this article is to present a systematic approach to construct some recurrence relations for the solutions of the second-order linear difference equation of hypergeometric-type defined on the quadratictype lattices. We introduce some recurrence relations for such solutions by also considering their applications to polynomials on the quadratic-type lattices.
Interpreting idioms in a second language

How do people understand figurative speech in a foreign language? What strategies do they use? By means of an online questionnaire, this study investigated to what extent contextual information and transfer play a role in the interpretation of idioms in a second language, controlling for familiarity. Sixty-one native speakers of Dutch were asked to guess the correct interpretation of English idioms with and without a Dutch equivalent, presented with and without context, out of four answer options. The results showed that correctly interpreting an idiom depends on both the presence of context and the possibility of transfer. More correct interpretations were given when an idiom was presented in a context, but only for English idioms without an equivalent in the native language. English idioms with an equivalent in Dutch, often rated as familiar, were mostly understood correctly. We interpret this result as the involvement of transfer from the native language.
Badly approximable vectors and fractals defined by conformal dynamical systems

We prove that if $J$ is the limit set of an irreducible conformal iterated function system (with either finite or countably infinite alphabet), then the badly approximable vectors form a set of full Hausdorff dimension in $J$. The same is true if $J$ is the radial Julia set of an irreducible meromorphic function (either rational or transcendental). The method of proof is to find subsets of $J$ that support absolutely friendly and Ahlfors regular measures of large dimension. In the appendix to this paper, we answer a question of Broderick, Kleinbock, Reich, Weiss, and the second-named author ('12) by showing that every hyperplane diffuse set supports an absolutely decaying measure.
A Generalized Workflow for Creating Machine Learning-Powered Compact Models for Multi-State Devices

The predictive capability of existing physical descriptions of multi-state devices (e.g., oxide memristors, ferroelectrics, antiferroelectric, etc.) cannot be fully leveraged in circuit simulations due to practical limitations regarding the complexity of compact models. We attempt to circumvent this issue by adopting a machine-learning (ML) - based approach to develop a compact model that retains the full physical description of these devices. ML-based modeling approaches have garnered immense interest in recent years and have already been successfully utilized in making models for several novel devices. A known hurdle for ML-based compact modeling is the need for a large amount of experimental data to properly train the model. We propose a method to simulate additional data by duplicating the data and adding Gaussian Noise to the duplicates. We propose a generalized framework to - (i) facilitate efficient training of ML-based device models, (ii) conduct seamless conversion to a Verilog-A model, and (iii) interface with industry-standard circuit simulators (HSPICE, SPECTRE, etc.). We demonstrate the capabilities of our framework using the hafnium oxide (HfOx) memristor as a test device. As the source of the training data, we use a physical model that unifies detailed atomic-level descriptions with self-consistent evaluation of electronic transport. In addition, we test our model with experimental data for multiple memristor samples and repeated cycles of the same sample. Our ML-based framework prepares a circuit-compatible compact model to facilitate system-level simulations. With our model, we achieve a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.000863 and an R2 of 0.977371 on our testing data.
A Free Boundary Problem for the Localization of Eigenfunctions

We study a variant of the Alt, Caffarelli, and Friedman free boundary problem with many phases and a slightly different volume term, which we originally designed to guess the localization of eigenfunctions of a Schr\"odinger operator in a domain. We prove Lipschitz bounds for the functions and some nondegeneracy and regularity properties for the domains.
Effects of Internet Adoption on Health and Subjective Well-Being of the Internal Migrants in China

During the past decades, the number of rural–urban migrants has dramatically increased in China. Their well-being is important for social development and has attracted the attention of researchers. This paper adopts five waves of repeated cross-sectional datasets within a nine-year span, included in the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS 2010–2018), to evaluate the impacts and mechanisms of internet adoption on the health status and subjective well-being of rural–urban migrants. Empirical results suggest that there are significant positive correlations between internet adoption and health status as well as subjective well-being. The results of structural equation modeling suggest that the impact of the internet on well-being occurs through increasing, bridging, and bonding social capital for rural–urban migrants. The mediating impact of bonding social capital on subjective well-being is more prominent, while the mediating impact of bridging social capital on health is stronger. Furthermore, we have explored the heterogeneous effects across gender and education. This is an early study which investigates such an important topic in the context of the digital era.
Embedding simply connected 2-complexes in 3-space -- IV. Dual matroids

We introduce dual matroids of 2-dimensional simplicial complexes. Under certain necessary conditions, duals matroids are used to characterise embeddability in 3-space in a way analogous to Whitney's planarity criterion. We further use dual matroids to extend a 3-dimensional analogue of Kuratowski's theorem to the class of 2-dimensional simplicial complexes obtained from simply connected ones by identifying vertices or edges.
Groups in simple theories

Groups definable in simple theories retain the chain conditions and decomposition properties known from stable groups, up to commensurability. In the small case, if a generic type of G is not foreign to some type q, there is a q-internal quotient. In the supersimple case, the Berline-Lascar decomposition works. One-based simple groups are finite-by-abelian-by-finite.
Unification of integrability in supersymmetric gauge theories

A four-dimensional analog of Chern-Simons theory produces integrable lattice models from Wilson lines and surface operators. We show that this theory describes a quasi-topological sector of maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in six dimensions, topologically twisted and subjected to an \Omega-deformation. By realizing the six-dimensional theory in string theory and applying dualities, we unify various phenomena in which the eight-vertex model and the XYZ spin chain, as well as variants thereof, emerge from supersymmetric gauge theories.
A Hierarchical Quality-Related Fault Diagnosis Method for Nonlinear Industrial Systems

This article focuses on the quality-related fault diagnosis problem in industrial systems in terms of the proposed hierarchical data-driven (HDD) method. As opposed to the existing approaches, the proposed approach makes use of the ensemble learning method to avoid selecting the optimal kernel parameter, saving computation costs in the training process. Further, a novel quality-related fault diagnosis scheme that incorporates the quality-related fault detector and the weighted fault reconstitution method is designed to monitor the fault and reveal the trends of the quality state. In the end, both a simulation case and an industrial case are applied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Detecting laws in power subgroups

Abstract A group law is said to be detectable in power subgroups if, for all coprime m and n, a group G satisfies the law if and only if the power subgroups Gm and Gn both satisfy the law. We prove that for all positive integers c, nilpotency of class at most c is detectable in power subgroups, as is the k-Engel law for k at most 4. In contrast, detectability in power subgroups fails for solvability of given derived length: for all coprime m and n we construct a finite group W such that and are metabelian but W has derived length 3. We analyse the complexity of the detectability of commutativity in power subgroups, in terms of finite presentations that encode a proof of the result.
A New p-adic Maass-Shimura Operator and Supersingular Rankin-Selberg p-adic L-functions

We give a construction of a new $p$-adic Maass-Shimura operator defined on an affinoid subdomain of the preperfectoid $p$-adic universal cover $\mathcal{Y}$ of a modular curve $Y$. We define a new notion of $p$-adic modular forms as sections of a certain sheaf $\mathcal{O}_{\Delta}$ of "nearly rigid functions" which transform under the action of subgroups of the Galois group $\mathrm{Gal}(\mathcal{Y}/Y)$ by $\mathcal{O}_{\Delta}^{\times}$-valued weight characters. This extends Katz's notion of $p$-adic modular forms as functions on the Igusa tower $Y^{\mathrm{Ig}}$; indeed we may recover Katz's theory by restricting to a natural $\mathbb{Z}_p^{\times}$-covering $\mathcal{Y}^{\mathrm{Ig}}$ of $Y^{\mathrm{Ig}}$, viewing $\mathcal{Y}^{\mathrm{Ig}} \subset \mathcal{Y}$ as a sublocus. Our $p$-adic Maass-Shimura operator sends $p$-adic modular forms of weight $k$ to forms of weight $k + 2$. Its construction comes from a relative Hodge decomposition with coefficients in $\mathcal{O}_{\Delta}$ defined using Hodge-Tate and Hodge-de Rham periods arising from Scholze's Hodge-Tate period map and the relative $p$-adic de Rham comparison theorem. By studying the effect of powers of the $p$-adic Maass-Shimura operator on modular forms, we construct a $p$-adic continuous function which satisfies an "approximate" interpolation property with respect to the the algebraic parts of central critical $L$-values of anticyclotomic Rankin-Selberg families on $GL_2 \times GL_1$ over imaginary quadratic fields $K/\mathbb{Q}$, including the "supersingular" case where $p$ is not split in $K$. Finally we establish a new $p$-adic Waldspurger formula which, in the case of a newform, relates the formal logarithm of a Heegner point to a special value of the $p$-adic $L$-function.
Current-Aided Multiple-AUV Cooperative Localization and Target Tracking in Anchor-Free Environments

In anchor-free environments, where no devices with known positions are available, the error growth of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) localization and target tracking is unbounded due to the lack of references and the accumulated errors in inertial measurements. This paper aims to improve the localization and tracking accuracy by involving current information as extra references. We first integrate current measurements and maps with belief propagation and design a distributed current-aided message-passing scheme that theoretically solves the localization and tracking problems. Based on this scheme, we propose particle-based cooperative localization and target tracking algorithms, named CaCL and CaTT, respectively. In AUV localization, CaCL uses the current measurements to correct the predicted and transmitted position information and alleviates the impact of the accumulated errors in inertial measurements. With target tracking, the current maps are applied in CaTT to modify the position prediction of the target which is calculated through historical estimates. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methods are validated through various simulations by comparisons with alternative methods under different trajectories and current conditions.
Fast and Accurate Transient Analysis of Thin-Wire Structure in Half-Space With PEEC Method

This article presents an efficient full-wave partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method of thin-wire structure in half-space for lightning transient analysis. In the framework of the PEEC formulation for thin-wire conductors, the partial elements are computed by double-folded line integrals. In layered media, the interaction integrals involve dyadic Green's functions, which contain a closed-form part and a Sommerfeld-integral part. The direct numerical computation of these integrals is very challenging and time-consuming, which hinders the practical application of the full-wave method. However, the efficient and accurate evaluation of partial elements has not been investigated in a comprehensive way so far. Accordingly, this article presents an efficient method for the evaluation of the partial elements between elementary segments in half space. The main novelty is that the interaction integrals are computed through a combination of the Taylor series expansion of the full-wave free space Green's function and the Sommerfeld-integral adaptive interpolation technique, which significantly reduces the computation time. The new method is systematically validated on examples from finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and method of moments and experimental results. The proposed method is validated with the NEC code in the frequency domain and the FDTD in the time domain.
Looking for Neutral Ground in the Polarised Field of Contemporary Ecological and Social Crises

It is claimed that art opens the mind to new possibilities. My own experience supports this claim. Through a personal narrative this paper will follow my transformation in the last six years from a narrowly focussed technologist to a broad minded and successful artist who is considering the state of the world and how to transform it. The paper will be structured against a backdrop of artworks that trace the development of my practice as an artist and researcher and will reflect on progress towards the goal of influencing the beliefs and actions of others through art. At its most fundamental, this progress is marked by a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of all social and ecological issues and art’s possibilities and limitations in effecting social change. It is hoped that these reflections will be of assistance to other artists and art educators. All artists reflect their personal experience, personality and interests through their art. For mature age artists, like myself, who arrive late to the art world these traits develop without a means for expression and my life as a father and 30-year career as an industrial metallurgist in the steel industry had not intersected the art world in any way. In 2008 my job was made redundant and by 2012 my interest in photography as a hobby and my growing passion for climate change had converged at the beginning of a visual arts degree. Six years later I am a recognised artist with multiple awards and have started doctoral studies into art strategies for sustainability.
A general method to obtain the spectrum and local spectra of a graph from its regular partitions

It is well known that, in general, part of the spectrum of a graph can be obtained from the adjacency matrix of its quotient graph given by a regular partition. In this paper, we propose a method to obtain all the spectrum, and also the local spectra, of a graph $\Gamma$ from the quotient matrices of some of its regular partitions. As examples, it is shown how to find the eigenvalues and (local) multiplicities of walk-regular, distance-regular, and distance-biregular graphs.
The Pauli equation with complex boundary conditions

We consider one-dimensional Pauli Hamiltonians in a bounded interval with possibly non-self-adjoint Robin-type boundary conditions. We study the influence of the spin–magnetic interaction on the interplay between the type of boundary conditions and the spectrum. Special attention is paid to -symmetric boundary conditions with the physical choice of the time-reversal operator . This article is part of a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical devoted to ‘Quantum physics with non-Hermitian operators’.
Novel CaCO3-Based Material Formulation for Orange-Colored Spectrum Tracer Projectile

This study underlines the development of orange-colored spectrum tracer material based on Fe/CaCO3/PVC compound. The optimum composition of the compound was determined by comparing three different ratios of Fe-CaCO3-PVC. The sample with the highest CaCO3 content decomposed earlier than that of the other samples. This sample also produced the lowest calorific energy around 275.61 cal/g and emitted a medium-dark orange spectrum. The color brightness was affected by the number of color source materials as well as CaCl2 and Ca(OH)2 which were formed during the combustion process. Meanwhile, the sample with the lowest CaCO3 content produced light orange color with a sharp spectrum emission. The concentration of fuel material (Fe) as well as the higher calorific energy (466.39 cal/g) of this composition contributes to the enhanced spectrum intensity. All samples emitted the orange color, with the wavelength ranging from 585 to 593 nm. Beside of calcite as the main phase, the x-ray diffraction analysis at 650 ℃ shows Fe2O3 as a secondary phase. The FTIR analysis of the as-heated sample presents the Fe-O bending band with a broader peak, which can be attributed to the existence of Fe2O3 species. The presence of this structure made all these samples have high ignition temperature. HIGHLIGHTS The tracer formulation contain iron, CaCO3 and polyvinyl chloride Iron fuel influences the thermal stability of tracer material The tracer composition emits orange-color start from 587 to 594 nm wavelength The highest spectrum intensity found at composition with containing greatest iron fuel GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Convexity of Balls in Gromov--Hausdorff Space

In this paper we study the space $\mathcal{M}$ of all nonempty compact metric spaces considered up to isometry, equipped with the Gromov--Hausdorff distance. We show that each ball in $\mathcal{M}$ with center at the one-point space is convex in the weak sense, i.e., every two points of such a ball can be joined by a shortest curve that belongs to this ball, however, such a ball is not convex in the strong sense: it is not true that every shortest curve joining the points of the ball belongs to this ball. We also show that a ball of sufficiently small radius with center at a space of general position is convex in the weak sense.
Mechanisms involved in the biocontrol of rice sheath blight by Waitea circinata

ABSTRACT The BRS Tropical rice cultivar was developed for tropical foodplains, but is susceptible to sheath blight, making the Waitea circinata bioagent an important tool in managing the disease. This study aimed to assess the W. circinata mechanisms involved in the parasitism and resistance induction to sheath blight. The in vitro antagonism was assessed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, followed by quantification of the lytic enzymes involved in parasitism, such as chitinase, glucanase and protease. An effect of the W. circinata mycoparasite against Rhizoctonia solani was observed. The W. circinata application suppressed the sheath blight by up to 65 % and increased the chitinase, glucanase and lipoxygenase activity 72 h after the inoculation and that of the peroxidase 96 h after the inoculation. Thus, W. circinata showed to be efficient in suppressing sheath blight by parasitism and induced resistance via the activation of biochemical mechanisms.
Bounds on Embeddings of Rational Homology Balls in Symplectic 4-manifolds

The rational homology balls $B_n$ appeared in Fintushel and Stern's rational blow-down construction [FS2]. Later, Symington [Sy1], defined this operation in the symplectic category. In [Kh2], the author defined the inverse procedure, the symplectic rational blow-up. In this paper, we study the obstructions to symplectically rationally blowing up a symplectic 4-manifold, i.e. the obstructions to symplectically embedding the rational homology balls $B_n$ into a symplectic 4-manifold. We prove a theorem and give additional examples which suggest that in order to symplectically embed the rational homology balls $B_n$, for high n, a symplectic 4-manifold must at least have a high enough $c_1^2$ as well.
Strichartz and Local Smoothing Estimates for Stochastic Dispersive Equations with Linear Multiplicative Noise

We study a quite general class of stochastic dispersive equations with linear multiplicative noise, including especially the Schr\"odinger and Airy equations. The pathwise Strichartz and local smoothing estimates are derived here in both the conservative and nonconservative case. In particular, we obtain the P-integrability of constants in these estimates, where P is the underlying probability measure. Several applications are given to nonlinear problems, including local well-posedness of stochastic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations with variable coefficients and lower order perturbations, integrability of global solutions to stochastic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations with constant coefficients. As another consequence, we prove as well the large deviation principle for the small noise asymptotics.