Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING WITH AN ARBITRARY APERTURE: ACTIVE COMPENSATION OF APERTURE DISCONTINUITIES

We present a new method to achieve high-contrast images using segmented and/or on-axis telescopes. Our approach relies on using two sequential deformable mirrors (DMs) to compensate for the large amplitude excursions in the telescope aperture due to secondary support structures and/or segment gaps. In this configuration the parameter landscape of DM surfaces that yield high-contrast point-spread functions is not linear, and nonlinear methods are needed to find the true minimum in the optimization topology. We solve the highly nonlinear Monge–Ampere equation that is the fundamental equation describing the physics of phase-induced amplitude modulation. We determine the optimum configuration for our two sequential DM system and show that high-throughput and high-contrast solutions can be achieved using realistic surface deformations that are accessible using existing technologies. We name this process Active Compensation of Aperture Discontinuities (ACAD). We show that for geometries similar to the James Webb Space Telescope, ACAD can attain at least 10−7 in contrast and an order of magnitude higher for both the future extremely large telescopes and on-axis architectures reminiscent of the Hubble Space Telescope. We show that the converging nonlinear mappings resulting from our DM shapes actually damp near-field diffraction artifacts in the vicinity of the discontinuities. Thus, ACAD actually lowers the chromatic ringing due to diffraction by segment gaps and struts while not amplifying the diffraction at the aperture edges beyond the Fresnel regime. This outer Fresnel ringing can be mitigated by properly designing the optical system. Consequently, ACAD is a true broadband solution to the problem of high-contrast imaging with segmented and/or on-axis apertures. We finally show that once the nonlinear solution is found, fine tuning with linear methods used in wavefront control can be applied to further contrast by another order of magnitude. Generally speaking, the ACAD technique can be used to significantly improve a broad class of telescope designs for a variety of problems.
On the Passage from Nonlinear to Linearized Viscoelasticity

We formulate a quasistatic nonlinear model for nonsimple viscoelastic materials at a finite-strain setting in the Kelvin's-Voigt's rheology where the viscosity stress tensor complies with the principle of time-continuous frame-indifference. We identify weak solutions in the nonlinear framework as limits of time-incremental problems for vanishing time increment. Moreover, we show that linearization around the identity leads to the standard system for linearized viscoelasticity and that solutions of the nonlinear system converge in a suitable sense to solutions of the linear one. The same property holds for time-discrete approximations and we provide a corresponding commutativity result. Our main tools are the theory of gradient flows in metric spaces and Gamma-convergence.
A template bank for gravitational waveforms from coalescing binary black holes: non-spinning binaries

P. Ajith, S. Babak, Y. Chen, M. Hewitson, B. Krishnan, A. M. Sintes, 3 J. T. Whelan, B. Brügmann, P. Diener, 6 N. Dorband, J. Gonzalez, 7 M. Hannam, S. Husa, D. Pollney, L. Rezzolla, L. Santamaŕıa, U. Sperhake, and J. Thornburg 8 Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany Departament de F́ısica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa Km. 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Instituto de F́ısica y Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio C-3, Cd. Universitaria. C. P. 58040 Morelia, Michoacán, México School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England (Dated: May 11, 2009)
Understanding student computational thinking with computational modeling

Recently, the National Research Council's framework for next generation science standards highlighted "computational thinking" as one of its "fundamental practices". 9th Grade students taking a physics course that employed the Arizona State University's Modeling Instruction curriculum were taught to construct computational models of physical systems. Student computational thinking was assessed using a proctored programming assignment, written essay, and a series of think-aloud interviews, where the students produced and discussed a computational model of a baseball in motion via a high-level programming environment (VPython). Roughly a third of the students in the study were successful in completing the programming assignment. Student success on this assessment was tied to how students synthesized their knowledge of physics and computation. On the essay and interview assessments, students displayed unique views of the relationship between force and motion; those who spoke of this relationship in causal (r.
Microscopic Origin of Charged Impurity Scattering and Flicker Noise in MoS2 field-effect Transistors

Scattering of charge carriers and flicker noise in electrical transport are the central performance limiting factors in electronic devices, but their microscopic origin in molybdenum disulphide~(MoS$_2$)-based field effect transistors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that both carrier scattering and low-frequency $1/f$ noise in mechanically exfoliated ultra-thin MoS$_2$ layers are determined by the localized trap states located within the MoS$_2$ channel itself. The trap states not only act as Coulomb scattering centers that determine transport in both equilibrium ($eV k_BT$) regimes, where $V$ and $T$ are the source drain bias and temperature respectively, but also exchange carriers with the channel to produce the conductivity noise. The internal origin of the trap states was further confirmed by studying noise in MoS$_2$ films deposited on crystalline boron nitride substrates. Possible origin and nature of the trap states is also discussed.
All-optical measurement of Rydberg-state lifetimes

We have developed an all-optical method for measuring the lifetimes of $nS$ and $nD$ Rydberg states and demonstrate its capabilities with measurements on a dilute cloud of ultracold $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in a cryogenic environment. The method is based on the time-resolved observation of resonant light absorption by ground-state atoms and selective transfer of Rydberg atoms into the ground state at varying delay times in order to reconstruct Rydberg decay curves. Our measurements of the $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ $30{S}_{1/2}$ state indicate an increase of the lifetime at lowered environment temperatures, as expected due to decreased blackbody radiation. For the $38{D}_{5/2}$ state with an attractive dipole-dipole interaction, ionization and lifetime reduction due to collisional effects are observed.
A SPECTROPOLARIMETRIC VIEW ON THE NATURE OF THE PECULIAR TYPE I SN 2005hk

We report two spectropolarimetric observations of SN 2005hk, which is a close copy of the “very peculiar” SN 2002cx, showing low peak luminosity, slow decline, high ionization near peak, and an unusually low expansion velocity of only about 7000 km s-1. Further to the data presented by Chornock et al., at −4 days before maximum, we present data of this object taken on 2005 November 9 (near maximum) and November 23 (+ 2 weeks) that show the continuum and most of the spectral lines to be polarized at levels of about 0.2%–0.3%. At both epochs the data correspond to the Spectropolarimetric Type D1. The general low level of line polarization suggests that the line-forming regions for most species observed in the spectrum have a similar shape to that of the photosphere, which deviates from a spherical symmetry by <10%. In comparison with spectropolarimetry of Type Ia and core-collapse SNe at similar epochs, we find that the properties of SN 2005hk are most similar to those of Type Ia SNe. In particular, we find the low levels of continuum and line polarization to indicate that the explosion mechanism is approximately spherical, with homogeneous ejecta (unlike the chemically segregated ejecta of CCSNe). We discuss the possibility that SN 2005hk was the result of the pure deflagration of a white dwarf and note the issues concerning this interpretation.
CARMENES: Calar Alto high-resolution search for M dwarfs with exo-earths with a near-infrared Echelle spectrograph

CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exo-earths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs) is a next-generation instrument to be built for the 3.5m telescope at the Calar Alto Observatory by a consortium of Spanish and German institutions. Conducting a five-year exoplanet survey targeting ~ 300 M stars with the completed instrument is an integral part of the project. The CARMENES instrument consists of two separate spectrographs covering the wavelength range from 0.52 to 1.7 μm at a spectral resolution of R = 85, 000, fed by fibers from the Cassegrain focus of the telescope. The spectrographs are housed in a temperature-stabilized environment in vacuum tanks, to enable a 1m/s radial velocity precision employing a simultaneous ThAr calibration.
Schoenflies solutions of conformal boundary values may fail to be Sobolev

We show that there exist planar Jordan domains $\Omega_1$ and $\Omega_2$ with boundaries of Hausdorff dimension $1$ such that any conformal maps $\varphi_1 \colon \mathbb D \to \Omega_1$ and $\varphi_2 \colon \Omega_2 \to \mathbb D $ cannot be extended as global homeomorphisms between the Riemann spheres of $W^{1,\,1}$ class (or even not in $BV$).
New massive supergravity and auxiliary fields

We construct a supersymmetric formulation of three-dimensional linearized new massive gravity without introducing higher derivatives. Instead, we introduce supersymmetrically a set of bosonic and fermionic auxiliary fields which, upon elimination by their equations of motion, introduce fourth-order derivative terms for the metric and third-order derivative terms for the gravitino. Our construction requires an off-shell formulation of the three-dimensional supersymmetric massive Fierz–Pauli theory. We discuss the nonlinear extension of our results.
Aggressive Behavior and DNA Sequencing of Acheta Domesticus (Gryllidae: Orthoptera)

Male crickets show intensive aggressive behavior when they encounter another male. During this study comprehensive analysis on aggressive behavior in Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus) was investigated. It was noticed that male adopted six behavioral responses i.e., pre-established dominance, antennal railing, uni-lateral and bi-lateral mandible dispersal, engagement of mandibles and grappling in order to gain contact to females and to defend his territory was significantly prominent. This aggressive behavior was ignored yet attention was not paid towards this. Beside this, Illustrative Barcode, Nucleotide Sequence, Sequences producing significant alignment, and Distance distribution graph of Acheta domesticus was also presented for correct identification of sibling species.
Low-energy Electron collisions with O$_2$: Test of Molecular R-matrix without Diagonalization

Electron collisions with O$_2$ at scattering energies below 1 eV are studied in the fixed-nuclei approximation for a range of internuclear separations using the ab initio molecular R-matrix method. The $^2\Pi_g$ scattering eigenphases and quantum defects are calculated. The parameters of the resonance and the energy of the bound negative ion are then extracted. Different models of the target that employ molecular orbitals calculated for the neutral target are compared with models based on anionic orbitals. A model using a basis of anionic molecular orbitals yields physically correct results in good agreement with experiment. An alternative method of calculation of the R-matrix is tested, where instead of performing a single complete diagonalization of the Hamiltonian matrix in the inner region, the system of linear equations is solved individually for every scattering energy. This approach is designed to handle problems where diagonalization of an extremely large Hamiltonian is numerically too demanding.
ON ULTRA-HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS AND THEIR RESULTANT GAMMA-RAYS

The Fermi Large Area Telescope collaboration has recently reported on 50 months of measurements of the isotropic extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGRB) spectrum between 100 MeV and 820 GeV. Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) protons interact with the cosmic microwave background photons and produce cascade photons of energies 10 MeV–1 TeV that contribute to the EGRB flux. We examine seven possible evolution models for UHECRs and find that UHECR sources that evolve as the star formation rate (SFR), medium low luminosity active galactic nuclei type-1 (L = 1043.5 erg s−1 in the [0.5–2] KeV band), and BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) are the most acceptable given the constraints imposed by the observed EGRB. Other possibilities produce too much secondary γ-radiation. In all cases, the decaying dark matter (DM) contribution improves the fit at high energy, but the contribution of still unresolved blazars, which would leave the smallest role for decaying DM, may yet provide an alternative improvement. The possibility that the entire EGRB can be fitted with resolvable but not-yet-resolved blazars, as recently claimed by Ajello et al., would leave little room in the EGRB to accommodate γ-rays from extragalactic UHECR production, even for many source evolution rates that would otherwise be acceptable. We find that under the assumption of UHECRs being mostly protons, there is not enough room for producing extragalactic UHECRs with active galactic nucleus, gamma-ray burst, or even SFR source evolution. Sources that evolve as BL Lacs, on the other hand, would produce much less secondary γ-radiation and would remain a viable source of UHECRs, provided that they dominate.
Exact Renormalization Group and Loop Variables: A Background Independent Approach to String Theory

This paper is a self-contained review of the loop variable approach to string theory. The Exact Renormalization Group is applied to a world sheet theory describing string propagation in a general background involving both massless and massive modes. This gives interacting equations of motion for the modes of the string. Loop variable techniques are used to obtain gauge invariant equations. Since this method is not tied to flat space–time or any particular background metric, it is manifestly background independent. The technique can be applied to both open and closed strings. Thus gauge invariant and generally covariant interacting equations of motion can be written for massive higher spin fields in arbitrary backgrounds. Some explicit examples are given.
A noninterference trusted dual system security guarantee method based on secure memory

With the continuous maturity and development of single hardware security mechanism, it has been widely used in the field of information technology, but the single hardware mechanism has insufficient security guarantee in its own supporting drivers and other key programs. In response to this problem, this article proposes a trusted isolation model based on the noninterference theory and gives a formal proof. The realization is based on the trusted platform control module (TPCM) hardware mechanism by introducing a secure memory bar to provide a way to achieve a trusted dual‐system isolation guarantee. The hardware interface of secure memory module is consistent with that of ordinary memory module, which is widely used. It can improve the security guarantee ability of trusted computing platform, and has a good reference value for the design and application of trusted computing platform equipment.
Creating artificial magnetic fields for cold atoms by photon-assisted tunneling

This paper proposes a simple setup for introducing an artificial magnetic field for neutral atoms in 2D optical lattices. This setup is based on the phenomenon of photon-assisted tunneling and involves a low-frequency periodic driving of the optical lattice. This low-frequency driving does not affect the electronic structure of the atom and can be easily realized by the same means which are employed to create the lattice. We also address the problem of detecting this effective magnetic field. In particular, we study the center-of-mass wave packet dynamics, which is shown to exhibit certain features of cyclotron dynamics of a classical charged particle.
Optical identification of the transient supersoft X-ray source RX J0527.8-6954, in the LMC

Context. Close binary supersoft X-ray sources (CBSS) are binary systems that contain a white dwarf with stable nuclear burning on its surface. These sources, first discovered in the Magellanic Clouds, have high accretion rates and near-Eddington luminosities (10 37 −10 38 erg s −1 ) with high temperatures (T = 2−7 × 10 5 K). Aims. The total number of known objects in the MC is still small and, in our galaxy, even smaller. We observed the field of the unidentified transient supersoft X-ray source RX J0527.8-6954 in order to identify its optical counterpart. Methods. The observation was made with the IFU-GMOS on the Gemini South telescope with the purpose of identifying stars with possible He ii or Balmer emission or else of observing nebular extended jets or ionization cones, features that may be expected in CBSS. Results. The X-ray source is identified with a B5e V star that is associated with subarcsecond extended Hα emission, possibly bipolar. Conclusions. If the primary star is a white dwarf, as suggested by the supersoft X-ray spectrum, the expected orbital period exceeds 21 h; therefore, we believe that the 9.4 h period found so far is not associated to this system.
Parents’ views on coaching in youth community sport settings

Abstract Parents play a major role as enablers and motivators of their children’s sport participation and retention. However, parents are often not considered in the data collection pertaining to youth sport coaching initiatives. We investigated parent perceptions of community youth sport coaching within the context of a Coach Developer Program which was trialled across 6 community sport clubs. 17 parents contributed qualitative data via interview. Reflexive thematic analysis resulted in the themes: expectations of coaching; limitations in coach development; parents’ ability to notice change, and sustainability of coach development programs. There was a mismatch between parent expectations of coaches and their recognition that the coaching role is multi-faceted with coach development difficult where coaching is largely undertaken by novice volunteers. Findings from this study add to the limited literature that considers the role of parent perceptions and expectations of coaching when providing coach development programs in community youth sport settings.
Thompson groups for systems of groups, and their finiteness properties

We describe a procedure for constructing a generalized Thompson group out of a family of groups that is equipped with what we call a cloning system. The previously known Thompson groups F, V, Vbr and Fbr arise from this procedure using, respectively, the systems of trivial groups, symmetric groups, braid groups and pure braid groups. We give new examples of families of groups that admit a cloning system and study how the finiteness properties of the resulting generalized Thompson group depend on those of the original groups. The main new examples here include upper triangular matrix groups, mock reflection groups, and loop braid groups. For generalized Thompson groups of upper triangular matrix groups over rings of S-integers of global function fields, we develop new methods for (dis-)proving finiteness properties, and show that the finiteness length of the generalized Thompson group is exactly the limit inferior of the finiteness lengths of the groups in the family.
Shape Resonances in superconducting gaps in a 2DEG at oxide- oxide interface

In multiband superconductivity, the case where the single electron hopping between different Fermi surface spots of different symmetry is forbidden by selection rules is recently attracting a large interest. The focus is addressed to superconductivity made of multiple condensates with different symmetry where the chemical potential crosses a 2.5 Lifshitz transition. This can now be investigated experimentally by fine-tuning of the chemical potential in the range of tens meV around a band edge using gate voltage control. We discuss here the case of a superconducting two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), at the interface between two insulating oxides confined within a slab of 5 nanometers thickness, where the electronic structure is made of subbands generated by quantum size effects. We obtain shape resonances in the superconducting gaps, characterisc gaps to Tc ratios and the BCS-BEC crossover in the upper subband for different pairing strength in the shallow Fermi surface, pointing toward the best configurations for enhanced superconductivity in 2DEG.
Super-resolution photoacoustic fluctuation imaging with multiple speckle illumination

In deep tissue photoacoustic imaging, the spatial resolution is inherently limited by acoustic diffraction. Moreover, as the ultrasound attenuation increases with frequency, resolution is often traded-off for penetration depth. Here we report on super-resolution photoacoustic imaging by use of multiple speckle illumination. Specifically, we show that the analysis of second-order fluctuations of the photoacoustic images combined with image deconvolution enables resolving optically absorbing structures beyond the acoustic diffraction limit. A resolution increase of almost a factor 2 is demonstrated experimentally. Our method introduces a new framework that could potentially lead to deep tissue photoacoustic imaging with sub-acoustic resolution.
Compositional disorder and transport peculiarities in the amorphous indium oxides

We present results of the disorder-induced metal-insulator transition (MIT) in three-dimensional amorphous indium-oxide films. The amorphous version studied here differs from the one reported by Shahar and Ovadyahu [Phys. Rev. B 46, 10917 (1992)] in that it has a much lower carrier concentration. As a measure of the static disorder we use the dimensionless parameter kF � . Thermal annealing is employed as the experimental handle to tune the disorder. On the metallic side of the transition, the low temperature transport exhibits weak-localization and electron-electron correlation effects characteristic of disordered electronic systems. These include a fractional power-law conductivity versus temperature behavior anticipated to occur at the critical regime of the transition. The MIT occurs at a kF � ≈ 0.3 for both versions of the amorphous material. However, in contrast with the results obtained on the electron-rich version of this system, no sign of superconductivity is seen down to ≈0.3 K even