Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The intended and interpreted technology curriculum in four New Zealand secondary schools : does this all mean the same? : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education, Massey University.

i Acknowledgements. iii Dedication . iii Chapter 1 Introduction. 1 1.1 General aim of the research . 1 1.2 Contextual background and relevance of the research. 2 1.3 The research. 3 1.4 Research aims and questions . 4 1.5 Researcher position . 5 1.6 Outline of the thesis. 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review. 8 2.1 Perspectives on meanings of technology. 8 2.1.1 Technological determinism. 9 2.1.2 Social shaping of technology . 10 2.1.3 Ecological priorities. 12 2.2 Technology in education . 13 2.2.1 Technology in education in Britain . 13 2.2.2 Technology in education in New Zealand . 16 2.2.3 Challenges to teachers . 17 2.3 The New Zealand Curriculum Framework. 19 2.4 Technology in the New Zealand Curriculum . 23 2.4. 1 Technology in the New Zealand curriculum – What is it? 24 2.4. 2 How schools implement the curriculum . 27 2.4. 3 Teacher views of technology . 35 2.4. 4 Creative and critical thinking . 40 2.4. 5 Student views of technology . 40 2.5 Curriculum stocktake . 41 2.5. 1 Curriculum project and futures in technology education. 43 2.6 Some definitions. 47 2.7 Conceptualisations of the intended and interpreted curriculum . 48 2.7. 1 A theoretical framework . 51 2.8 Summary. 53 Chapter 3 Methodology . 54 3.1 Research aims and questions . 55 3.2 Interpretive (qualitative) versus normative (quantitative) approaches to research. 56 3.2.1 Positivist/post­positivist . 57 3.2.2 Interpretivist/constructivist . 57 3.2.3 Emancipatory/critical. 58 3.3 Case study. 59 3.4 Interviews . 63 3.4. 1 Interviewees . 66 3.4. 2 Interview schedules/instruments . 69 3.4. 3 Implementation of the interviews. 73 3.5 Data analysis . 73 3.6 Validity and reliability. 74 3.7 Ethical considerations. 78
Public Rental Housing and Obesogenic Behaviors among Adults in Hong Kong: Mediator Role of Food and Physical Activity Environment

Public rental housing (PRH) for low-income families has been shown in several studies to be associated with poor health status and obesity. However, the causes of this health disparity are controversial, and the associations and pathways between PRH and obesogenic behaviors remain unknown. Using cross-sectional survey data of 1977 adults living in Hong Kong (aged or over 18) together with multi-source GIS-based environmental data, we examined the associations between PRH and obesogenic behaviors and the extent to which those associations can be explained by neighborhood food and physical environment. The unhealthy food environment, which relates with infrequent fruit and vegetables consumption, was calculated based on the relative density of fast food restaurants and convenience stores to grocery stores. The physical activity environment, which relates to physical inactivity and prolonged sitting, was assessed in terms of density of sports facilities and street greenery, separately. Regressions and mediation analyses show that PRH was negatively associated with physical inactivity directly and also indirectly via higher sports facilities density; however, PRH was positively associated with unhealthy diet largely directly and positively associated with prolonged sitting indirectly via less street greenery. We advanced the international literature of PRH health impact assessment and its environmental health pathways by providing evidence from the least housing-affordable city in the world. The findings provide planning implications in formulating a healthier PRH community for these low-income PRH households and mitigating health disparities induced by housing type.
Creditor protection, shareholder protection, and cost of debt financing around the world

Debt financing plays an important role in corporate financial decisions. Therefore, the cost of debt is an interesting topic in corporate finance. Using a sample of 153,784 observations across 30 countries from 2003 to 2016, we find that creditor rights positively affect the cost of debt. In addition, the effect of shareholder rights is weaker in countries with stronger creditor protection. JEL Classification: G32, G34
Development of Saraiki WordNet by Mapping of Word Senses: A Corpus-based Approach

This paper aimed to develop the Saraiki WordNet. Saraiki is one of the regional languages spoken in Pakistan and has a unique history of its own. Saraiki language is remarkably similar to two languages, namely Punjabi and Sindhi. Saraiki has different dialects and each dialect is representative of the region where it is spoken. This paper used the Urdu WordNet (Zafar, Mahmood, Shams & Hussain, 2014) as the basis for the formation of Saraiki WordNet. Urdu WordNet (Zafar et al., 2014) was created by UET Lahore and is based on Princeton WordNet (Miller, 1990). Dictionaries or lughats and literary sources, such as poetry, fiction, as well as non-literary sources, such as newspapers of Saraiki language, were used to extract data. Additionally, Urdu word senses were mapped onto Saraiki word senses. The method used in this study was mapping, while the expansion approach was used in the mapping process. This study may aid in creating bilingual dictionaries (of Saraiki and Urdu? ) in the future. Keywords: expand approach, mapping, Saraiki language, WordNet
A new approach of under-frequency load shedding technique in an islanded distribution network

Under-frequency load shedding is a common technique to maintain the power system stability by removing the overload in some part of the system. The existing under-frequency load shedding schemes operate successfully in the interconnected grid system. A particular approach of under-frequency load shedding scheme is required for an islanded system which is known to be not as strong as the grid. This paper presents a new approach of load shedding scheme in an islanded distribution system incorporating distribution state estimation. The scheme is based on an intelligent technique to reduce the effect of power deficiency in an islanded network. The disturbance magnitude is calculated based on rate of change of frequency by using the simplest expression of the generator swing equation. Moreover, the process for assessing the power consumption of the customer can be achieved by state estimation method. In this paper, state estimation for a distribution network is developed and enhanced by composite load model to obtain the most practical value of the system state variables. Finally, the calculated value of the disturbance magnitude will be shed according to the estimated value of loads in each bus.
SEBAT-Based Readout for FET THz Detectors With Intrinsic Power-to-Frequency Conversion

TeraHertz (THz) detection with Field-Effect Transistor-based (FET-based) detectors requires low-noise amplification, which typically involves trade-offs in terms of complexity, power, and area, resulting in severe scalability constraints for pixel integration into imaging arrays. The purpose of this paper is to describe a novel approach, from design to experimental validation, that enables active device-level amplification of the signal generated by a FET detector and converts it to a frequency suitable for digital processing. This has been done by exploiting a Single-Electron Bipolar Avalanche Transistor (SEBAT) to build a low-noise compact front-end circuit. The FET output is connected to the SEBAT forming a circuit element that here is defined as a TeraHertz Single-Electron Transistor (THzSET). The FET generates a detection current when it senses the THz signal; this current is then injected into the SEBAT, which generates an avalanche current pulse for each single electron, achieving a device-level amplification. The avalanche pulse rate is then evaluated from the signal measured at the SEBAT collector, and performing an FFT of the counts-per-second curve over time it is possible to measure the modulated THz signal applied to the device. The obtained Responsivity <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {R}_{\text {F}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and the Noise Equivalent Power NEP are respectively <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\frac {\text {4.61Gcps}}{\text {W}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\frac {\text {88nW}}{\sqrt {\text {Hz}}} $ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 330GHz illumination frequency. This is achieved with sub-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> power consumption and minimal area overhead: indeed, the pixel and the interface have a total area of 0.146mm<sup>2</sup>, where the antenna area is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${455} \times {320}\mu \text{m}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and the SEBAT area is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${27} \times {22}\mu \text{m}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.
Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota Develops over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes

Temporal development of maternal and infant microbiomes during early life impacts short- and long-term infant health. This study aimed to characterize bacterial dynamics within maternal faecal, human milk (HM), infant oral, and infant faecal samples during the exclusive breastfeeding period and to document associations between human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) intakes and infant oral and faecal bacterial profiles. Maternal and infant samples (n = 10) were collected at 2–5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days postpartum and the full-length 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was sequenced. Nineteen HMOs were quantitated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Bacterial profiles were unique to each sample type and changed significantly over time, with a large degree of intra- and inter-individual variation in all sample types. Beta diversity was stable over time within infant faecal, maternal faecal and HM samples, however, the infant oral microbiota at day 2–5 significantly differed from all other time points (all p < 0.02). HMO concentrations and intakes significantly differed over time, and HMO intakes showed differential associations with taxa observed in infant oral and faecal samples. The direct clinical relevance of this, however, is unknown. Regardless, future studies should account for intakes of HMOs when modelling the impact of HM on infant growth, as it may have implications for infant microbiota development.
İLKÖĞRETİM MATEMATİK ÖĞRETMEN ADAYLARININ İSTATİSTİK DERSİNİN İSLENİŞİNE, ÖĞRENİLMESİNE VE DEĞERLENDİRMESİNE İLİŞKİN İNANÇ VE ÖNERİLERİ

In this cross-sectional survey study, prospective primary school mathematics teachers’ beliefs and suggestions on the teaching, learning and assessment of statistics were explored. One hundred and sixty (n=160) prospective teachers, who study at two public universities’ department of primary school mathematics education in Turkey, participated in this study. As a data collection tool, the belief section of Revised Statistics Teaching Inventory was used. Prospective teachers’ responses to the items of this questionnaire being adapted to Turkish were analysed and presented as frequencies and percentages. A content analysis of prospective teachers' answers to the question of “How should statistics courses to be taught? ” were conducted by two researchers, and interrater reliability between them was found to be . 93. The participants of this study expressed that statistics courses involved a series of calculations by hand, and their lecturers did not focus on the conceptual understanding of definitions and procedures. Additionally, many participants indicated that formative assessment and alternative assessment tools should be implemented to assess students’ progress in statistics cources. Similar studies can be conducted with students studying in different departments. Furthermore, the relationship between the teaching practice of statistics lecturers and students’ expectations can be explored by observing statistics classrooms.
Constant-time Dynamic (Δ +1)-Coloring

We give a fully dynamic (Las-Vegas style) algorithm with constant expected amortized time per update that maintains a proper (Δ +1)-vertex coloring of a graph with maximum degree at most Δ. This improves upon the previous O(log Δ)-time algorithm by Bhattacharya et al. (SODA 2018). Our algorithm uses an approach based on assigning random ranks to vertices and does not need to maintain a hierarchical graph decomposition. We show that our result does not only have optimal running time but is also optimal in the sense that already deciding whether a Δ-coloring exists in a dynamically changing graph with maximum degree at most Δ takes Ω (log n) time per operation.
Embedding 21st century employability into assessment and feedback practice through a student–staff partnership

In-course assessments are an essential part of any coursework because they represent both a physical output of the skills and knowledge acquired at university, but also have the role of supporting student transitions into prospective careers. Therefore, assessments could be used as a conduit to encourage student awareness of the skills needed for the workplace and verify their attainment of these skills, particularly at foundation levels within a degree. Within a second-year Microbiology and Immunology course, students struggled to engage with standalone timetabled careers-related sessions, yet they showed enthusiasm when employability was embedded into assessments. A staff–student partnership project explored these issues, with the overall aim of understanding how to effectively embed employability skills into assessment and feedback and support students positioning themselves for the future. Through a focus group, this project investigated the reasons for low student engagement with timetabled employability sessions and used student views to develop digital initiatives and 21st-century competencies that could be applied more widely within assessment and feedback practice. These initiatives were then implemented as pre-session self-directed activities, with the objective of helping students to link course feedback with employment skills and future career planning, followed by a newly developed in-class reflective feedback session that allowed students time to consider what skills they have developed and make links with future careers. Project evaluation was conducted using a quantitative survey of the students involved.
Dilemmatic dual-factor determinants of discontinuous intention in cryptocurrency usage

PurposeCryptocurrency, an important application of blockchain technology, has gradually circulated, and its use has become widespread. While cryptocurrency is growing rapidly, potential risks are simultaneously emerging. Users thus may abandon their usage behavior of cryptocurrency, hindering the future development of cryptocurrency. While prior studies focus more on the intention to use cryptocurrency in the pre-adoption phase, less studies pay attention to discontinuance usage intention in the post-adoption phase. To fill this knowledge gap, this stfudy aims to explore factors that cause discontinuance usage intention regarding cryptocurrency.Design/methodology/approachBased on the net valence framework theoretically grounded on the theory of reason action, a dilemmatic dual-factor model is proposed to figure out cryptocurrency users' discontinuance usage intention from the perceived risk and perceived benefit. This study identifies four potential risks and three potential benefits that affect perceived risk and benefit. The model with nine hypotheses were developed, and research data were collected by a survey method. A total of 343 valid responses were received, and PLS-SEM with SmartPLS was utilized to test the nine hypotheses, with seven hypotheses supported empirically.FindingsOur findings demonstrate that financial, legal and operational risks are critical to increase users' perceived risk, and perceived usefulness and seamless transactions play important roles in enhancing users' perceived benefit. Moreover, while perceived risk can increase users' discontinuance usage intention to cryptocurrency, perceived benefit can mitigate such intention.Originality/valueThis study contributes nascent knowledge to the literature by examining factors that influence discontinuous usage intention in regard to cryptocurrencies, to firms that have issued or attempted to issue cryptocurrencies and to the potential users of cryptocurrencies by adjusting the mode of operation and investment strategies and reducing user costs, achieving a win-win situation for firms and users.
CHARACTERISATION OF AmCCR1 AND pseudoCOMTAm PROMOTERS IN Acacia mangium

Acacia mangium is one of the most important species in forest plantation industry in Southeast Asia. Lignin is a complex polymer found in plant which has to be removed using harsh and toxic chemicals for the production of high quality paper. Understanding the complex pathway that underlies the regulation of lignin biosynthetic genes requires in depth knowledge of the genes involved and it’s regulatory elements. Using Thermal Asymmetric Interlaced PCR, a 770bp promoter of pseudoCOMTAm and 619bp of AmCCR1 promoter were isolated. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of cis acting elements commonly found in lignin biosynthetic genes such as TATA box, CAAT box, W box, AC-I and AC-11 elements on both promoters.
Volumetric and optofluidic live-cell imaging using high-resolution Fourier light-field microscopy (HR-FLFM)

Intracellular organelles in live cells have played a significant role in the spatiotemporal regulation and processes of cellular systems. The visualization of submicron-scale organelle structures and dynamics inside cells requires high-resolution highthroughput microscopic techniques, together with 3D multicolor live imaging capabilities. Light-field microscopy (LFM), which rapidly emerged in recent years as a scanning-free and scalable imaging method, has been widely used for observing structural and functional information spanning many spatiotemporal scales from single cells to mammalian brains. Recent developments of Fourier light-field microscopy (FLFM) have further improved image quality and enhanced computational efficiency by capturing the 4D light field in the Fourier domain. Unlike previous works, which primarily focus on largescale tissues and fixed biological samples, here, we report a high-resolution FLFM (HR-FLFM) to broaden its applications to the realm of high-resolution volumetric and optofluidic imaging for live cells. In HR-FLFM, we have designed a hexagonal microlens array (MLA) to achieve uncompromised subcellular visualization. A 3D deconvolution algorithm using a hybrid PSF has been innovatively developed to reduce the reconstruction artifacts and upgrade the performance of the system. We have demonstrated the 3D optofluidic imaging capabilities of HR-FLFM on typical biological models such as mitochondria and peroxisomes in both fixed and live cells, and the integration with microfluidic systems to achieve a high imaging throughput of the system. We anticipate that HR-FLFM will provide a multiplexed methodology for investigating subcellular anatomy, functions and cell-to-cell variability, paving a promising pathway for broad single-cell investigations and technological breakthroughs.
Identification of Temperature Drift for FOG Using RBF Neural Networks

Temperature drift is a nonnegligible factor causing big biasing error in FOG. How to identify and compensate this error relates directly to the measurement accuracy. After comparing the features of BP and RBF networks, the latter was applied to identify the temperature drift as it can achieve the global optimum evaluation and has the linear weight combiner and fast learning. Of the different approaches of parameter learning, the OLS algorithm is prior by its simplicity, high accuracy and fast speed. The simulation results show that the RBF network based method with the OLS learning offers a powerful and successful procedure for fitting and compensating the temperature drift.
‘Out Beyond Jointery’: Developing a Model for Gaming Multi-Domain Warfare

What Huizinga is saying here is not that conflict is playful, but rather, it is a game, following set rules of conduct and occurs within a defined zone of action. Elsewhere in Homo ludens, he argues that modern warfare operates without the ritualised, rule-based structure of, for example, the mediaeval tourney. The purpose of this paper is to consider the ways in which a model based on the structure of games may help us better engage with the challenges of Multi-Domain Conflict. We are all familiar with the concept of Cyber as the 5th Domain of warfare, but we need to consider it not as a discrete zone, but as running through and interpenetrating the other 4 (Earth, Sea, Air, Space), the informational spine that enables all other forms of conflict. This paper will: 1. Discuss the developing concept of Multi-Domain Conflict as a move ‘beyond jointery’ (as General Sir Nick Carter put it) into a truly integrated form of warfare, blurring and collapsing boundaries between kinetic and non-kinetic, between the services, and between military and civilian authority; 2. Outline a theoretical model for conceptualising Multi-Domain Conflict as gamelike in form, with environments of operation (‘boards’), protagonists (‘players’), and possible forms of action (‘moves’). As befits a conference on Cyber and Information Warfare, it will argue that the D5 model of IW (Deny, Disrupt, Degrade, Deceive and Destroy) is portable and scalable across the other 4 domains (Land, Sea, Air, Space); 3. Show how this theoretical model can be employed both to model and simulate Multi-Domain Conflict; wargames have been a key element of military planning and training for at least a century – this paper argues that we need to develop a new Kriegspiel to better understand coming conflicts.
The Importance of Networking: Plant Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 and Its Interactors

Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is arguably the best-known plant complex of the Polycomb Group (PcG) pathway, formed by a group of proteins that epigenetically represses gene expression. PRC2-mediated deposition of H3K27me3 has amply been studied in Arabidopsis and, more recently, data from other plant model species has also been published, allowing for an increasing knowledge of PRC2 activities and target genes. How PRC2 molecular functions are regulated and how PRC2 is recruited to discrete chromatin regions are questions that have brought more attention in recent years. A mechanism to modulate PRC2-mediated activity is through its interaction with other protein partners or accessory proteins. Current evidence for PRC2 interactors has demonstrated the complexity of its protein network and how far we are from fully understanding the impact of these interactions on the activities of PRC2 core subunits and on the formation of new PRC2 versions. This review presents a list of PRC2 interactors, emphasizing their mechanistic action upon PRC2 functions and their effects on transcriptional regulation.
Possibilities and limitations of cities' intellectual capital management

Intellectual capital, as the most important resource in the knowledge economy, is becoming a key factor which enables obtaining and sustaining the competitive advantage. This applies not only to companies, but also to the level of cities, countries and regions. Cities that recognize that intangible assets are a key factor in future growth and development can be labelled as "smart cities". These cities take advantage of digitalization, apply innovation, and manage intellectual capital in order to preserve and further develop it. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of intellectual capital management, not only at the level of companies, but also at the level of cities. Also, certain models or approaches that can help cities in successful management of intangible assets will be presented. Some problems faced by the so-called "smart cities" in the management of individual elements of this valuable property will also be considered.