Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The structure and kinematics of the southeastern Zagros fold‐thrust belt, Iran: From thin‐skinned to thick‐skinned tectonics

We present the first complete balanced cross section across the southeastern Zagros fold‐thrust belt (ZFTB). The following main structural features emerge from this section: (1) In the south of the ZFTB, the Proterozoic‐to‐Recent sedimentary sequence has been decoupled from its Panafrican basement along the ductile basal evaporites and folded into a series of large detachment anticlines. Ongoing shortening of these structures has resulted in migration of the basal salt layers into the cores of the anticlines and propagation of forelimb thrusts. (2) In the north of the ZFTB, deep‐seated ramps have folded the hanging wall rocks and produced imbrications and duplex structures within the higher levels of the sedimentary sequence. (3) Out‐of‐sequence thrusts, linked to major seismogenic basement faults, have cut through the structures in the cover of the ZFTB. A three‐step incremental restoration of the section shows that two main phases of deformation can be separated in the tectonic evolution of the ZFTB: a Mio‐Pliocene thin‐skinned phase, in the course of which most of the structures in the cover were generated, followed by a Pliocene to Recent thick‐skinned phase, expressed as out‐of‐sequence faulting in the cover, which is currently underlined by the seismicity within the basement. In plan view, the initial structures of the southeastern ZFTB developed with a curved shape essentially controlled by the shape and thickness of the underlying Proterozoic salt basin (i.e., the “Jura style”). In the following basement‐involved phase, out‐of‐sequence thrusts cut at oblique angles through the preexisting structures of the cover. The total shortening absorbed in the cover amounts to at least 45 km, corresponding to a ratio of ∼22%.
Outcrop gamma-ray logging to improve understanding of subsurface well log correlations

Abstract Reliable, reproducible gamma-ray logs of outcrops have been generated by two techniques which aim to improve the visualization of interwell-scale lateral continuity (and discontinuity) of strata and to demonstrate the reliability and potential pitfalls of subsurface wireline log correlations. One innovative technique was developed which uses a standard gamma-ray sonde run from a logging truck in order to log vertical cliff or quarry faces. A second technique employs a hand-held gamma-ray scintillometer to log more easily accessible outcrops. Examples are presented from the Jackfork Group (Pennsylvanian), Arkansas, USA, of outcrop gamma-ray logging of both laterally continuous and discontinuous turbidites in structurally simple and complex settings. Because the strata from which the logs were measured can be visualized and discussed at the outcrop, these examples can clearly illustrate the following aspects of wireline log correlation: (1) reliability can be greatly improved by understanding expected subsurface depositional geometries and lateral facies changes; (2) wireline log correlations in stratigraphically and structurally complex settings, such as many oil or gas fields, may not be reliable without sufficient coring and special logging in addition to well testing; (3) erroneous correlations can result from the common practice of inferring three-dimensional rock geometries from two-dimensional well log data. Additional examples demonstrate that correlations and interpretations of subsurface wireline logs in both oil/gas fields and in exploration areas can be improved by comparing the subsurface logs with outcrop gamma-ray logs of nearby analogous strata.
Where the Least Rainfall Occurs in the Sahara Desert, the TRMM Radar Reveals a Different Pattern of Rainfall Each Season

AbstractSome previous studies were unable to detect seasonal organization to the rainfall in the Sahara Desert, while others reported seasonal patterns only in the less-arid periphery of the Sahara. In contrast, the precipitation radar on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite detects four rainy seasons in the part of the Sahara where the TRMM radar saw the least rainfall during a 15-yr period (1998–2012). According to the TRMM radar, approximately 20°–27°N, 22°–32°E is the portion of the Sahara that has the lowest average annual rain accumulation (1–5 mm yr−1). Winter (January and February) has light rain throughout this region but more rain to the north over the Mediterranean Sea. Spring (April and May) has heavier rain and has lightning observed by the TRMM Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). Summer rain and lightning (July and August) occur primarily south of 23°N. At a maximum over the Red Sea, autumn rain and lightning (October and November) can be heavy in the northeastern portion of .
DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF ICHTHYOPLANKTON IN THE BAHÍA MÁLAGA ESTUARY, PACIFIC COAST OF COLOMBIA (SEPTEMBER 2009-FEBRUARY 2010)

Este estudio presenta la densidad, la composicion taxonomica y la distribucion espacial y temporal del ictioplancton en el estuario de Bahia Malaga, Pacifico colombiano, asi como la relacion entre estos parametros biologicos y algunas variables fisicoquimicas. Se recolectaron muestras en 12 estaciones a lo largo del canal principal de navegacion, las cuales fueron tomadas en cuatro areas seleccionadas siguiendo el diseno muestreal propuesto por Barletta-Bergan. Se realizaron arrastres superficiales con una red conica-cilindrica (ojo de malla: 500 μm; diametro de boca: 0.6 m; largo: 3.5 m). La salinidad y la temperatura fueron medidas antes de cada arrastre. Un total de 69019 ind/1000 m3 de larvas, representadas en 23 familias, 36 generos y 40 especies, fueron recolectadas en muestreos mensuales entre septiembre de 2009 y febrero de 2010. Carangidae (39.0%) fue la familia mas abundante, seguida de Sciaenidae (27.1%) y Engraulidae (20.1%). Las familias mas frecuentes fueron Sciaenidae (26.6%), seguida de Carangidae (22.8%) y Engraulidae (14.7%), las cuales son importantes en los ensamblajes de larvas de peces de estuarios tropicales. El 80% de la densidad fue aportada por seis especies, de las cuales Seriola morfotipo 1 (Carangidae) y Cetengraulis mysticetus (Engraulidae) fueron las mas abundantes y dominantes. No se encontro correlacion entre la densidad de larvas y la salinidad (Spearman, R = 0.23) o la temperatura (Spearman, R = 0.51). El analisis de las variaciones espaciales y temporales de la densidad de larvas senala diferencias significativas entre los meses muestreados (Anova, p = 0.0029; p < 0.05) pero no entre las areas (Anova p = 0.078), sugiriendo que Bahia Malaga ofrece condiciones adecuadas para la presencia larval.
The role of religiosity in the trust decisions of adolescents and young adults

ABSTRACT This study investigated whether youth essentialize religiosity considering religious informants as more trustworthy. Participants (N = 181) from three age groups (preadolescents, early adolescents and young adults) were presented with vignettes and asked which informant the protagonist should trust. One protagonist was introduced as religious. Results showed that youth’s essentialism for religiosity is limited, but those with proximity to religion preferred advice from a Priest over an expert. This suggests that youth’s essentialism for the trustworthiness of religiosity may be limited to religious leaders and is present only among those close to religion. Participants also tended to trust the expert rather than the Priest and the informant whose advice aligned with their own preferences.
An accurate, reliable, and universal qPCR method to identify homozygous single insert T-DNA with the example of transgenic rice

Early determination of transgenic plants that are homozygous for a single locus T-DNA insert is highly desirable in most fundamental and applied transgenic research. This study aimed to build on an accurate, rapid, and reliable quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method to fast-track the development of multiple homozygous transgenic rice lines in the T1 generation, with low copy number to single T-DNA insert for further analyses. Here, a well-established qPCR protocol, based on the OsSBE4 reference gene and the nos terminator, was optimized in the transgenic Japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare, to distinguish homozygous single-insert plants with 100% accuracy. This method was successfully adapted to transgenic Indica rice plants carrying three different T-DNAs, without any modifications to quickly develop homozygous rice plants in the T1 generation. The accuracy of this qPCR method when applied to transgenic Indica rice approached 100% in 12 putative transgenic lines. Moreover, this protocol also successfully detected homozygous single-locus T-DNA transgenic rice plants with two-transgene T-DNAs, a feature likely to become more popular in future transgenic research. The assay was developed utilizing universal primers targeting common sequence elements of gene cassettes (the nos terminator). This assay could therefore be applied to other transgenic plants carrying the nos terminator. All procedures described here use standardized qPCR reaction conditions and relatively inexpensive dyes, such as SYBR Green, thus the qPCR method could be cost-effective and suitable for lower budget laboratories that are involved in rice transgenic research.
Components of ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange in a New Zealand tussock grassland under soil warming and nitrogen addition

ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Terrestrial feedbacks to climate change . 2 1.2 Temperature as a global change driver . 4 1.3 Nitrogen deposition as a global change driver . 8 1.4 Study site . 8 1.5 Thesis objectives . 11 1.6 Thesis outline . 12 CHAPTER 2: ROOTS AFFECT THE RESPONSE OF HETEROTROPHIC SOIL RESPIRATION TO TEMPERATURE IN TUSSOCK GRASS MICROCOSMS . 14 2.
Comparison Between Four Methods for Data Fusion of ETM＋ Multispectral and Pan Images

Four data fusion methods, principle component transform (PCT), brovey transform (BT), smoothing filter-based intensity modulation(SFIM), and hue, saturation, intensity (HSI), are used to merge Landsat-7 ETM+ multispectral bands with ETM+ panchromatic band.Each of them improves the spatial resolution effectively but distorts the original spectral signatures to some extent.SFIM model can produce optimal fusion data with respect to preservation of spectral integrity.However, it results the most blurred and noisy image if the coregistration between the multispectral and pan images is not accurate enough.The spectral integrity for all methods is preserved better if the original multispectral images are within the spectral range of ETM+ pan image.
Asymmetric thermal evolution of the Moon

The Moon possesses a clear dichotomy in geological processes between the nearside and farside hemispheres. The most pronounced expressions of this dichotomy are the strong concentration of radioactive heat sources on the nearside in a region known as the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) and the mare basaltic lava flows that erupted in or adjacent to this terrane. We model the thermochemical evolution of the Moon using a 3‐D spherical thermochemical convection code in order to assess the consequences of a layer enriched in heat sources below the PKT on the Moon's global evolution. We find that in addition to localizing most of the melt production on the nearside, such an enriched concentration of heat sources in the PKT crust has an influence down to the core‐mantle boundary and leaves a present‐day temperature anomaly within the nearside mantle. Moderate gravitational and topographic anomalies that are predicted in the PKT, but not observed, may be masked either by crustal thinning or gravitational anomalies from dense material in the underlying mantle. Our models also predict crystallization of an inner core for sulfur concentrations less than 6 wt %.
A Study on Imputing the Missing Values of Continuous Traffic Counts

Traffic volumes are the important basic data which are directly used for transportation network planning, highway design, highway management and so forth. They are collected by two types of collection methods, one of which is the continuous traffic counts and the other is the short duration traffic counts. The continuous traffic counts are conducted for 365 days a year using the permanent traffic counter and the short duration traffic counts are conducted for specific day(s). In case of the continuous traffic counts the missing of data occurs due to breakdown or malfunction of the counter from time to time. Thus, the diverse imputation methods have been developed and applied so far. In this study the applied exponential smoothing method, in which the data from the days before and after the missing day are used, is proposed and compared with other imputation methods. The comparison shows that the applied exponential smoothing method enhances the accuracy of imputation when the coefficient of traffic volume variation is low. In addition, it is verified that the variation of traffic volume at the site is an important factor for the accuracy of imputation. Therefore, it is necessary to apply different imputation methods depending upon site and time to raise the reliability of imputation for missing traffic values.
Texture analysis of IKONOS panchromatic data for Douglas-fir forest age class separability in British Columbia

This Letter presents the results of textural separability tests obtained by first- and second-order texture methods on different aged Douglas-fir stands in IKONOS panchromatic imagery acquired 3 June 2000 over the Sooke River watershed in British Columbia. The effects of different measures and window sizes on the textural separability are discussed. Small windows sizes were not as effective in separating stands as larger windows sizes. Second-order (spatial co-occurrence homogeneity) texture values were the most effective in distinguishing between age classes. A first-order (variance) texture measure, though still useful, provided less separability.
Poultry manure management: Environmentally sound options

ABSTRACT: Increases in the demand for poultry products have led to rapid and concentrated growth of the industry, which has caused excessive manure supplies in certain areas. Although poultry litter is one of the best organic fertilizers available, and is an extremely valuable resource, excessive land application rates can lead to nitrate leaching into groundwater, phosphorus (P) runoff into adjacent water bodies, and possibly cause elevated bacterial or viral pathogen levels in lakes and rivers. Approximately 13 million Mg (14 million tons) of litter and manure was produced on U.S. poultry farms in 1990, most of which (68%) was broiler litter. Except for small amounts used in animal feed, the major portion (>90%) of poultry litter produced is applied to agricultural land. Adverse impacts resulting from land application of poultry manure may be prevented by implementation of effective best management practices (BMPs). Examples of BMPs include proper nutrient management using agronomic rates of N and/or P, use of buffer zones between treated areas and waterways, correct timing and placement of manure, and irrigation scheduling of liquid manure to limit groundwater contamination. Nutrient loading rates should be based on P in areas of the country that have P sensitive waterbodies and on N in areas where eutrophication of surface water is not a problem. These practices manipulate the soil system to minimize pollutant loss to surface or groundwater. Future research needs include the development of new BMPs that result in decreased negative environmental impact from land applications of this important resource.
An investigation of road crossing behaviour of older pedestrians

Road safety literature suggests that the oldest road users have a high accident risk and that they are much more likely to be severely injured or killed once involved in an accident than any other group of road users. There is also considerable evidence that older people experience deficits not only in their physical abilities but also in sensory, perceptual, and cognitive abilities. Little is known, however, about how these affect road-crossing behaviour and their safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the road-crossing behaviour of both old and young adult pedestrians to determine whether older pedestrians' behaviour was more risky than that of younger pedestrians. The study also aimed to identify target groups and road situations for intervention and to recommend countermeasures designed to reduce the frequency and severity of older pedestrian accidents. Road crossing behaviour of older and younger pedestrians was filmed at two two-lane undivided road strip shopping centre sites, and at one four-lane divided road strip shopping centre site in the Melbourne metropolitan area. Individual road-crossings were filmed unobtrusively from a parked van in which two cameras were set appropriately to record both oncoming near-side traffic and pedestrian movements. Pedestrian behaviour was scored for a number of determinants of safe road crossing actions. Significant differences were observed between young and old pedestrian road crossing behaviour on a number of critical key variables. Overall, the results show that older pedestrians' road crossing behaviour in complex traffic situations was less safe than their younger counterparts. In less complex situations, older pedestrians behaviour was more like that of younger pedestrians. The findings are discussed in relation to age-related sensory, perceptual, cognitive and motor changes and recommendations for countermeasures and further research are made.
The Catchment Area of the Sv. Ivan Karst Spring in Istria (Croatia)

This paper discusses the results of a geological, hydrogeological, and hydrological analysis of the catchment boundaries and area of the Sv. Ivan karst spring. The underground watershed has been determined by geological and hydrogeological methods. The control used was the hydrologie water budget analysis appropriate for karst basins with limited data (Turc, 1954). The Sv. Ivan spring includes one main spring and several intermittent springs. The water in the main spring penetrates the flysch layers which limit the spring's discharge; therefore, the discharge of the main spring is fairly uniform. The ratio between minimum and maximum yearly discharges ranges from 1:3.3 to 1:12.8. Only a part of the water flows through the main spring while the other springs in the zone are overflows. The catchment area of Sv. Ivan spring zone is defined as 65 km2.
The development of a correlative approach relating bird distribution and remotely sensed sediment distribution to predict the consequences to shorebirds of habitat change and loss

The development of a model to predict the consequences to shorebirds (Charadrii) of habitat change and loss is described and discussed. The approach was based on two correlative relationships. The first related the distribution of shorebirds on their intertidal feeding areas to that of the sediments. The second related sediment distribution to those physical features of the estuary, such as shore width, whkh are directly influenced by natural or man-made change. In both relationships, the sediment distribution was determined by classifying remotely sensed images of the intertidal area
Reevaluación del peligro sísmico probabilístico en Chile central

Chile es uno de los paises mas sismicos del mundo, siendo testigo de terremotos que han ocasionado perdidas tanto humanas como materiales. En ambitos de la ingenieria, el peligro sismico es una de las herramientas mas utilizadas en la prevencion de dichas perdidas. El presente estudio revisa el estado del arte de la metodologia probabilistica, comparando tres aproximaciones para su calculo y adaptandolas a Chile central. Se incorporan un conjunto de nuevos antecedentes, tales como la definicion de las fuentes sismogenicas mas importantes (interplaca, intraplaca de profundidad intermedia y corticales), reestimacion de las leyes de Gutenberg-Richter y el uso de leyes de atenuacion especificas a cada una de ellas. Con estos nuevos datos se generan mapas que muestran la aceleracion horizontal maxima (PGA) esperada para una cierta probabilidad en un determinado periodo de vida util donde no solo influye la fuente interplaca, sino que tambien se observa el efecto de las fuentes intraplaca de profundidad intermedia y cortical. En la zona urbana de Santiago, se obtienen valores PGA de 55% de la aceleracion de gravedad (g) para un periodo de retorno de 475 anos y de 72% g para un periodo de retomo de 1950 anos, siendo solo un 13% inferiores a los encontrados en la zona costera (63% g y 83% g, respectivamente).
The Quaternary Geologic History of the Canadian Rocky Mountains

The Canadian Rocky Mountains figured prominently during the glacial history of western Canada. First as a western limit or boundary to the Laurentide Ice Sheet, second as an eastern margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and finally as a centre of local Montane ice. Throughout the Quaternary, complex interactions of glacier ice from these three ice sources markedly changed the physical form of the Rocky Mountains, Trench and Foothills areas. Investigations into the Quaternary history of this region have been ongoing since the beginning of the last century. Since about 1950, the number of studies performed in this area have increased significantly. This paper briefly reviews the historical accomplishments of Quaternary work in the region up to the period of about 1950. From this time to the present, individual study efforts are examined in detail according to the three geographic regions: 1) the northern Rocky Mountains (from the Liard Plateau south to the McGregor Plateau), 2) the central Rocky Mountains (from the McGregor Plateau south to the Porcupine Hills) and 3) the southern Rocky Mountains (from the Porcupine Hills south to the international border). In the northern region, geologic data suggest a maximum of two Rocky Mountain glaciations and only one Laurentide glaciation and no ice coalescence. In the central region, three of four Rocky Mountain events, and at least two Laurentide events are known. Only in the central region is there good evidence for ice coalescence, but the timing of this event is not clearly established. In the south, at least three Rocky Mountain episodes and a variable number of Laurentide episodes are recognized. There is no evidence for ice coalescence. A number of facts support the proposal that Cordilleran ice crossed the Continental Divide and joined with local Montane ice at several locations. However, this expansion of western ice occurred before the Late Wisconsinan in all areas but Jasper. In general, the chronological data presented suggest that the Late Wisconsinan glaciation in the Rocky Mountains was a short-lived event which started around or after 20 ka years ago and ended before 12 ka ago.
Health Education in a Web-based Learning Environment: Learners' Perceptions

The increasing utilization of the World Wide Web in higher education allows instructors to re examine pedagogical strategies and explore ways of taking advantage of the Web's potential to provide for learning experiences that go beyond that possible in the traditional classroom environment. Assumptions on how this enhances the learning experience for students require examination. This paper discusses a study which examines, among other issues, student perceptions of the learning experience when asynchronous, Web-based, collaborative tutorial activities are utilized within an undergraduate health education subject. Analysis of the study data demonstrates that students' perceptions of the effectiveness of the Web-based tutorials lie in their appreciation of opportunities for flexibility, reflection, and self-directed investigation within the learning environment.