Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
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Good morning Chairman Cantwell and members of the Subcommittee. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to speak with you today on the shortand long-term impacts of ocean acidification on marine resources. My name is Richard Feely, I am a Supervisory Chemical Oceanographer at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in Seattle, WA. My personal area of research is the study of the oceanic carbon cycle and its impact on marine organisms. I have worked for NOAA for more than 32 years and have published more than 160 peerreviewed scientific journal articles, book chapters and technical reports. I serve on the U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Program Scientific Steering Group and I am the co-chair of the U.S. Repeat Hydrography Program Scientific Oversight Committee. For today, you have asked me to provide my insights on ocean acidification and its effect on living marine ecosystems. Most of my comments below are derived from the Royal Society Report, “Ocean Acidification Due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide” (Raven et al., 2005) and the recent U.S. report, derived from a workshop held jointly by the National Science Foundation (NSF), NOAA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, entitled “Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers” (Kleypas et al., 2006).
Geomorphological evolution of the Nete basin: identification of past events to assess the future evolution

Identification of crucial landscape forming events is necessary to assess the future evolution of the landscape. This report deals with the past and future evolution of the Nete basin and surroundings and gives direct and indirect input to the Safety and Feasibility Case 1 (SFC1). In the first part of this report, the past evolution of the Nete basin is evaluated according to stateof-the-art knowledge on the geomorphology and Quaternary geology of the Campine region and adjacent areas. This will be translated into useful elements that would aid assessment of the future evolution (e.g., soil erosion, river behaviour, etc.). The evolution will be put in broader perspective, and it will be shown that the evolution of the Flemish Valley and the English Channel are closely linked with the evolution of the Nete basin. Issues regarding glacio-isostacy will also be dealt with. The evolution of a given landscape also depends on future uplift and/or subsidence rates. Preliminary calculations will be presented regarding past uplift and subsidence rates in the Campine region that may serve as boundary conditions for future vertical movements. In the second part of the report, theoretical considerations are made regarding climate forcing of soil erosion and river behaviour based on generic output from various studies. The theory of river cyclicity will be explained, and various climatic and non-climatic factors will be discussed. Current ideas will be summarized and translated to the Nete basin. Finally, an overall summary of landscape reconstruction and evolution will be given in the final chapter. It should be stressed that internal (uplift/subsidence) and external (climate change) geodynamics are strongly interrelated, and it is often very difficult to distinguish between climatic and tectonic control on landscape evolution.
Assessing contaminant migration pathways and vertical gradients in a low-permeability aquifer using multilevel borehole systems

A comparison of groundwater and gas monitoring data is provided between multilevel and conventional long-screened boreholes constructed around the perimeter of a closed landfill in the English Midlands. Multilevel boreholes were constructed with up to seven separate sampling ports. All boreholes were constructed into strata of the Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group, which proved to consist of a succession of well-bedded, weathered mudstone and clay with occasional thin beds of siltstone and sandstone to approximately 30 m depth. These are low-permeability strata which exhibit sufficient fracture permeability to allow groundwater movement. It is suspected that fractures, particularly along bedding planes, provide discrete pathways for both gas and leachate migration from the landfill. The importance of purging channels prior to sampling both aqueous and vapour phases is emphasised in order to minimise diffusion biases. Monitoring records for the multilevel boreholes demonstrate that there are significant vertical differences in groundwater level, and groundwater chemistry. A predominantly downward vertical hydraulic gradient is proven in all the multilevel boreholes, with a head difference of up to 5 metres over a vertical distance of 13 metres between uppermost and lowest sampling ports. Chloride concentration in groundwater varies from a background of below 50 mg/L to in excess of 700 mg/L within ports of the same multilevel borehole. Total organic carbon varies vertically from less than 10 mg/L to over 50 mg/L. None of this detail is apparent in data gathered from the adjacent long-screened monitoring boreholes, which in general recorded concentrations which were significantly below the maximum in the neighbouring multilevel.
Urban Land Use Classification Using LiDAR Geometric, Spatial Autocorrelation and Lacunarity Features Combined with Postclassification Processing Method

Abstract The economic and technological development zone (ETDZ) is a critical urban economic and functional area. Inefficient land exploitation and insufficient supervision have led to a great waste of land resources. The timely and precise extraction of residential and industrial building type, area, and density information is urgently needed and essential for sustainable land use development. This study attempted to extract residential and industrial buildings by integrating light detection and ranging (LiDAR) geometric, local indicators of spatial association (LISA), and lacunarity features with an object-based classification and postclassification processing approach. Geometric and LISA features were selected based on random forest cross-validation (rfcv) method. Grayscale lacunarity features were then incorporated for detailed classification using a support vector machine classifier and spatial neighbor processing method. An accuracy assessment indicated that the proposed method can effectively identify residential and industrial buildings. The overall classification accuracy and kappa statistics were 96.72% and 0.9538, respectively. A comparison with results derived from the normalized digital surface model (nDSM) alone and nDSM + multiple features (LiDAR geometric, LISA, and lacunarity) showed a significantly improved classification accuracy using kappa analysis. The results not only confirmed the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method but also provided fundamental information for evaluating land use in the ETDZ.
Horizontal strain across the Wasatch Front near Salt Lake City, Utah

Two adjacent geodetic networks span a 105-km extent of the Wasatch fault zone in north-central Utah. One of the networks, located in the vicinity of Salt Lake City, was observed by the National Ocean Service/National Geodetic Survey (NOS/NGS) in 1962–1963 (triangulation mode) and again in 1973–1974 (combined triangulation-trilateration mode). To the north, in the vicinity of Ogden, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) performed five separate trilateration surveys of the second network during the 1972–1981 interval. When fit to a model assuming both temporal and spatial homogeneity for the strain rate, the two independent data sets yield mutually consistent strain rate tensors. Subsets of the NOS/NGS data, however, suggest spatial variation in the strain field, and a subset of the USGS data indicates a possible temporal variation in the strain rate. The quality of the data is such that we are uncertain whether or not these apparent variations represent actual tectonic signals. The strain rate tensors for the two complete data sets suggest an underlying deformational pattern characterized by east-west (E-W) maximum principal strain (extension positive). This pattern may also be inferred from regional seismicity and Quaternary geology. The suspected variations would imply that the area to the north of Salt Lake City experienced significant E-W compression preceding 1978, in contradiction to the underlying strain pattern. This compression may be caused by the mountainous block, eastward adjacent to the fault zone, displacing westward along a shallow-angle, west dipping detachment surface. We speculate on the existence of an E-W trending zone of weakness, for example, secondary faults, located north of Salt Lake City to explain how the stress field to the north may be decoupled from that to the south where E-W compression has not been detected. While seismic and geologic information contribute some plausibility to our speculations, the evidence for the existence of the suspected variations is inconclusive.
"TOROUD", THE LATE MOTION FOR As-Sb BEARING Cu PRODUCTION FROM 2 ND MILLENNIUM BC IN IRAN: AN ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL APPROACH

The interest in arsenic copper and its use in antiquity is on a speedy rise. The potential values of such commodity have drawn significant attention. According to many literatures that will be presented throughout this paper, there is great evidence. that real tin bronze replaced arsenic bronze during 2350-2200 B.C. in the central plateau of Iran. "Chah-Messi" copper mine could be a key point of such investigations. Indeed, multimelange metallic outcrops made this region to a great metallogenic zone. Archaeometallurgical investigations based on geological survey in “Chah-Messi” copper mine in northern part of the central Iranian desert indicate that during the 2nd millennium BC ancient mining and metallurgy were carried out because of outcropping of hydrothermal copper mineralization. The main point of this work focuses on the characterization of the extractive slags with respect to the Cu-As-Sb bearing minerals. Mineralogical-petrochemical studies have been carried out via reflected- and transmitted light microscopy including electron probe microanalyser (EPMA) to perform the analysis of the chemical composition of phases. Based on the results, the material proved to have high amount of Cu, CaO and iron oxide and low in MgO, MnO. Furthermore the result of this study indicated that the Chalcosite and covellite were the processed ore. Lauzonite (Cu-As-Sb) and domeykite (Cu-As) were the dominant Cu-As-Sb bearing minerals which could have the primary influence on the smelting processes and composition of extracted metal. Such characteristics are the hall mark of this region.
The role of OH production in interpreting the variability of CH2O columns in the southeast U.S.

Formaldehyde (CH2O), a key atmospheric oxidation intermediate that is detectable from satellite‐based UV/visible spectrometers, is primarily formed when hydroxyl radical (OH) reacts with volatile organic compounds (VOC) and is removed by photolysis, reaction with OH or deposition. We investigate the influence of OH and VOC variability on the CH2O column using a steady state model and the WRF‐Chem regional chemical transport model over the southeast United States for the summer of 2012 (June–August). The steady state model indicates that the CH2O column primarily depends on OH production rates (POH) at low concentrations of OH (<3 × 106 molecules cm−3), on both POH and VOC reactivity (VOCR: Σiki[VOC]i) at moderate concentrations of OH (3 × 106–7 × 106 molecules cm−3) and on VOCR at high concentrations of OH (>7 × 106 molecules cm−3). When constrained with WRF‐Chem values of boundary layer average POH and VOCR, the steady state model of CH2O explains most of the daily (r2 = 0.93) and average June–August (r2 = 0.97) spatial variance of the fully simulated cloud‐free CH2O column. These findings imply that measurements of the CH2O column offer the potential to better understand the processes affecting oxidation, particularly in remote regions, where OH concentrations are low. The findings also suggest that the inference of VOC emissions based on measurements of CH2O, or any other intermediate oxidation species with a photolytic lifetime that is short relative to removal by reaction with OH (e.g., glyoxal), should carefully account for the influence of OH on the observed pattern, especially where OH concentrations are below 5 × 106 molecules cm−3, as occurs in remote forests, where OH strongly varies, as occurs downwind of large nitrogen oxide (NOx: NO+NO2) emission sources, or where OH sources are potentially biased.
Biochemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Suspended Particulate Matter Over a Tidal Flat of Southern Chile

Abstract Seasonal fluctuations in the biochemical composition of the suspended particulate matter were followed during 2 years in a tidal flat of southern Chile. The suspended particulate matter load (seston) was highly dependent on tidal resuspension and primary productivity. Variations in carbohydrate, lipid and protein in the seston were primarily associated with the periods of high and low standing stocks observed in this environment. Their seasonal trends were very similar and highly correlated with those described for other components of the seston, such as organic matter, chlorophyll α and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen. The nutritional quality of the seston was expressed by a food index calculated on the base of the ratio of food material (lipid + carbohydrate + protein) to total seston. This index was negatively correlated with the inorganic fraction of the seston. Multiple regression analysis showed that the best model to explain the variation of the food index included the inorganic fraction of the seston and the particulate organic nitrogen, which together accounted for 85%. The results suggest that the gross analysis of the seston (organic and inorganic fractions) cannot describe fully its nutritive value and a detailed analysis of the biochemical composition is recommended to achieve a better understanding of the quality of the diet available to filter-feeders.
Thermal evolution of two textural types of mafic granulites in the North China craton: evidence for both mantle plume and collisional tectonics

Mafic granulites from the North China craton can be divided into two textural types, referred to as A- and B-types. A-type mafic granulites display garnet+quartz symplectic coronas, and outcrop in the eastern and western zones of the craton, whereas B-type mafic granulites exhibit orthopyroxene+plagioclase±clinopyroxene symplectites or coronas, and are mainly exposed in the central zone of the craton. Most A-type mafic granulites preserve the prograde (M1), peak (M2) and post-peak near-isobaric cooling (M3) assemblages, which are represented respectively by inclusions of hornblende+plagioclase+quartz, a peak mineralogy of orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz+garnet, and overprinted by garnet+quartz symplectic coronas. These mineral assemblages and their P–T (pressure-temperature) estimates define anticlockwise P–T evolutionary paths. The B-type mafic granulites preserve the peak (M1), post-peak near-isothermal decompression (M2) and cooling (M3) assemblages, which are represented by the peak assemblage of orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz+garnet±hornblende, post-peak orthopyroxene+plagioclase±clinopyroxene symplectites or coronas, and later hornblende+plagioclase+magnetite symplectites, respectively. These mineral assemblages and their P–T estimates define clockwise P–T paths. The anticlockwise P–T paths of the A-type mafic granulites in the eastern and western zones of the North China craton are consistent with a model of underplating and intrusion of mantle-derived magmas. In combination with lithological, structural and geochronological data, the eastern and western zones of the North China craton are considered to represent two continental blocks that developed through the interaction of mantle plumes with the lithosphere from the Palaeoarchaean to the Neoarchaean era. The B-type mafic granulites and associated rocks in the central zone represent a magmatic arc that was metamorphosed and deformed during amalgamation of the eastern and western continental blocks in the late Palaeoproterozoic era. The mineral reaction relations and clockwise P–T paths of the B-type mafic granulites from the central zone record the tectonothermal history of the collision that resulted in the final assembly of the North China craton at c. 1800 Ma.
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper Series Monetary Policy in a Small Open Economy with a Preference for Robustness Monetary Policy in a Small Open Economy with a Preference for Robustness

The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Abstract We use robust control techniques to study the effects of model uncertainty on monetary policy in a small-open-economy model estimated on Australian data. Compared to the closed economy, the presence of open-economy transmission channels and shocks not only produces new trade-offs for monetary policy, but also introduces additional sources of specification errors. We find that price markup shocks in the domestic and import sector are important contributors to volatility in the model, and that the domestic and import sector Phillips curves are particularly vulnerable to model mis-specification. On the other hand, deviations from the interest rate parity condition do not contribute much to overall volatility, nor is the parity condition especially vulnerable to misspecification. Our results suggest that it may be more important for central banks in small open economies to understand the nature of price setting and the effects of exchange rate movements on the economy than the determination of the exchange rate itself. and participants in various seminars and conferences where previous drafts of this paper have been presented. We also thank Anita Todd for editorial suggestions. The second author thanks the Norwegian Financial Market Fund for financial support. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the Federal Reserve System, or the Executive Board of Sveriges Riksbank.
Cellular Senescence: A Troy Horse in Pulmonary Fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease characterized by myofibroblast abnormal activation and extracellular matrix deposition. However, the pathogenesis of PF remains unclear, and treatment options are limited. Epidemiological studies have shown that the average age of PF patients is estimated to be over 65 years, and the incidence of the disease increases with age. Therefore, PF is considered an age-related disease. A preliminary study on PF patients demonstrated that the combination therapy of the anti-senescence drugs dasatinib and quercetin improved physical functional indicators. Given the global aging population and the role of cellular senescence in tissue and organ aging, understanding the impact of cellular senescence on PF is of growing interest. This article systematically summarizes the causes and signaling pathways of cellular senescence in PF. It also objectively analyzes the impact of senescence in AECs and fibroblasts on PF development. Furthermore, potential intervention methods targeting cellular senescence in PF treatment are discussed. This review not only provides a strong theoretical foundation for understanding and manipulating cellular senescence, developing new therapies to improve age-related diseases, and extending a healthy lifespan but also offers hope for reversing the toxicity caused by the massive accumulation of senescence cells in humans.
PELAGOSAURUS TYPUS BRONN, 1841 (MESOEUCROCODYLIA: THALATTOSUCHIA) FROM THE UPPER LIAS (TOARCIAN, LOWER JURASSIC) OF SOMERSET, ENGLAND

Abstract The thalattosuchian crocodyliform Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841 is fully documented and described from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of England. The material under study is part of a historical collection made by Charles Moore (1814–1881) at Strawberry Bank (Ilminster, Somerset, England) around 1848. Apomomorphic features of the genus include: sculpturing on almost the entire skull and mandible with extensive sculpturing on the prefrontal, lachrymal, frontal, parietal, temporal arcade and the posterior extent of the mandible; 30 piercing teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws; small, shallow, egg-shaped antorbital fenestra present within the lachrymal and maxilla; supratemporal fenestrae short anteroposteriorly; paired frontal; anterior margin of internal choana tapers anteriorly between the paired palatines; and presence of a choanal septum on the palatine and pterygoid. Pelagosaurus was a small, exceedingly long-snouted, gracile crocodyliform whose diet probably consisted of small fishes, crustaceans and possibly insects. The small-bodied fish Leptolepis is confirmed as part of its diet as a specimen is found in the rib cage of a small juvenile Pelagosaurus. Laterally placed eyes suggest that this species actively pursued its prey rather than sitting and waiting at the water surface. The phylogenetic position of Pelagosaurus has been debated. Pelagosaurus possesses the majority of teleosaurid apomorphies, including: four premaxillary teeth; small prefrontal; lachrymal visible in dorsal aspect; presence of mandibular fenestrae; dermal armor; and a straight tail; however, these are all plesiomorphic for the Crocodyliformes in general. There also appear to be problems when defining the proposed metriorhynchid features of Pelagosaurus (i.e., broad nasal, large frontal, lateral orbit, sclerotic ring and arrangement of prefrontal-lachrymal). Moreover, characters that have been used in past cladistic analyses are either incorrect or too simplistic. Accordingly, Pelagosaurus is considered to belong to the Thalattosuchia incertae sedis until a more thorough phylogenetic investigation is conducted.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Mathematical level raising through collaborative investigations with the computer

Investigations with the computer can have different functions in the mathematical learning process, such as to let students explore a subject domain, to guide the process of reinvention, or to give them the opportunity to apply what they have learned. Which function has most effect on mathematical level raising? We investigated that question in the context of developing learning materials for 16-year-old students in the domain of probability theory, consisting of computer simulations based on a gambling game and investigation tasks about these games. We compared the difference in level raising between three versions of the learning materials: investigations with the computer before, during or after the learning of a mathematical concept. It was shown that there was no significant difference in the final mathematical level that students attained in the three conditions (the product). However, there were differences in the level on which students approached the investigation tasks (the process). Furthermore, we found evidence of new categories in the students’ answers, lying between the perceptual and conceptual levels, which may give important insight into the process of level raising.