Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE, STUDIED USING THE CMASS SAMPLE OF SDSS-III

We study the three-dimensional genus topology of large-scale structure using the northern region of the CMASS Data Release 10 (DR10) sample of the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. We select galaxies with redshift 0.452 < z < 0.625 and with a stellar mass Mstellar > 1011.56 M☉. We study the topology at two smoothing lengths: RG = 21 h−1 Mpc and RG = 34 h−1 Mpc. The genus topology studied at the RG = 21 h−1 Mpc scale results in the highest genus amplitude observed to date. The CMASS sample yields a genus curve that is characteristic of one produced by Gaussian random phase initial conditions. The data thus support the standard model of inflation where random quantum fluctuations in the early universe produced Gaussian random phase initial conditions. Modest deviations in the observed genus from random phase are as expected from shot noise effects and the nonlinear evolution of structure. We suggest the use of a fitting formula motivated by perturbation theory to characterize the shift and asymmetries in the observed genus curve with a single parameter. We construct 54 mock SDSS CMASS surveys along the past light cone from the Horizon Run 3 (HR3) N-body simulations, where gravitationally bound dark matter subhalos are identified as the sites of galaxy formation. We study the genus topology of the HR3 mock surveys with the same geometry and sampling density as the observational sample and find the observed genus topology to be consistent with ΛCDM as simulated by the HR3 mock samples. We conclude that the topology of the large-scale structure in the SDSS CMASS sample is consistent with cosmological models having primordial Gaussian density fluctuations growing in accordance with general relativity to form galaxies in massive dark matter halos.
Optimal Control Systems

INTRODUCTION Classical and Modern Control Optimization Optimal Control Historical Tour About This Book Chapter Overview Problems CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS AND OPTIMAL CONTROL Basic Concepts Optimum of a Function and a Functional The Basic Variational Problem The Second Variation Extrema of Functions with Conditions Extrema of Functionals with Conditions Variational Approach to Optimal Systems Summary of Variational Approach Problems LINEAR QUADRATIC OPTIMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS I Problem Formulation Finite-Time Linear Quadratic Regulator Analytical Solution to the Matrix Differential Riccati Equation Infinite-Time LQR System I Infinite-Time LQR System II Problems LINEAR QUADRATIC OPTIMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS II Linear Quadratic Tracking System: Finite-Time Case LQT System: Infinite-Time Case Fixed-End-Point Regulator System Frequency-Domain Interpretation Problems DISCRETE-TIME OPTIMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS Variational Calculus for Discrete-Time Systems Discrete-Time Optimal Control Systems Discrete-Time Linear State Regulator Systems Steady-State Regulator System Discrete-Time Linear Quadratic Tracking System Frequency-Domain Interpretation Problems PONTRYAGIN MINIMUM PRINCIPLE Constrained Systems Pontryagin Minimum Principle Dynamic Programming The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman Equation LQR System using H-J-B Equation CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS Constrained Optimal Control TOC of a Double Integral System Fuel-Optimal Control Systems Minimum Fuel System: LTI System Energy-Optimal Control Systems Optimal Control Systems with State Constraints Problems APPENDICES Vectors and Matrices State Space Analysis MATLAB Files REFERENCES INDEX
A search for GeV-TeV emission from Gamma-ray Bursts using the Milagro detector

The Milagro detector surveyed the sky continuously in the Very High Energy regime from January 2000 through March 2008. During that time, over 130 GRBs were detected and well localized by satellites within its 2 sr field of view. We have used Milagro data to search for >1 GeV emission from these bursts. Milagro is a water Cerenkov detector designed primarily for observations in the 0.1–100 TeV energy range. In the standard mode of operation, Milagro data is used to reconstruct the direction of an incoming high energy particle by analyzing the timing information of a large number of photomultiplier tubes that are triggered in coincidence by the air shower generated when such a particle interacts with the Earth’s atmosphere. Milagro data, however, can also be analyzed in “scaler mode,” where the rates of individual photomultiplier tubes can be used to detect emission above 1 GeV (albeit with no directional information). Here we present results from both techniques for all known GRBs detected by BATSE, Beppo.
Fast response of PLZT pyroelectric detectors to megawatt CO 2 laser pulses

PLZT ceramic was used to make fast pyroelectric detectors. These detectors were able to: 1) respond to 10 ns events; 2) directly drive a 50 Ω CRO input with load resistors as small as 10 Ω; and 3) withstand irradiation with CO 2 laser pulses of 2 MW/cm2without cracking or need for repoling. The performance characteristics are described and are found to be in general agreement with a previously developed analysis.
Non-Linear Programming with Randomization

This paper considers non-linear programming models in which randomized solutions are allowed. That is, we consider the minimization of the expected value of a non-linear function subject to constraints on the expectation of nonlinear functions, where the expectations are taken with respect to randomized decision strategies. Saddle-point and related optimality conditions similar to those given in [Karlin, S. 1959. Mathematical Methods and Theory in Games, Programming, and Economics, Vol. 1, Chapter 7, Addison-Wesley. ] and [Kuhn, H. W. , A. W. Tucker. 1951. Nonlinear programming. Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability. University of California Press, 481--492. ] for convex functions are obtained with only very mild restrictions on the shape of the optimizing and constraint functions. We also consider when the optimal solution need not be randomized and how the notions of Lagrange multipliers and game theory are related to our results. We offer an economic interpretation of our solution. A few simple examples are given to illustrate the implications of randomized strategies. It is also pointed out how the results of this paper are related to the decomposition methods widely used to solve mathematical programming problems.
A non-linear field theory

A unified field theory of mesons and their particle sources is proposed and considered in its classical aspects. The theory has static solutions of a singular nature, but finite energy,characterized by spin directions; the number of such entities is a rigorously conserved constant of motion; they interact with an external meson field through a derivative-type coupling with the spins, akin to the formalism of strong-coupling meson theory. There is a conserved current identifiable with isobaric spin, and another that may be related to hyper-charge. The postulates include one constant of the dimensions of length, and another that is conjectured necessarily to have the value ђc, or perhaps ½ђc, in the quantized theory.
Prediction of unobstructed flow for co-rotating multi-disk drive in an enclosure

The flow structure and isotherms of hard disk drives (HDD) are investigated using a finite element method (FEM). The governing equations are based on the three-dimensional axisymmetric Navier–Stokes partial differential equations (PDEs) with Galerkin FE formulation. Co-rotating models are selected that include the non-ventilated configuration within an enclosure. With various operating conditions for the disk system, the following important parameters are considered: disk number (n), rotational speed (Ro), and wall temperature. The flow structure changes rapidly when the rotational Reynolds number (Reϕ) is increased. The flow has a greater tendency to flow radially outwards and the swirling velocity tends to be more vertically orientated, especially for high Reϕ values. The isotherms only have small varying regions near the rotating axis, forming outward arcs near the wall and inward arcs near the end gap of the disk. Different from the case without the enclosure, the vorticities exist along the outer disk ends. Both the swirling velocity and isotherms indicate nearly symmetrical characteristics, as expected. A higher temperature gradient occurs near the right outer disk ends, which implies the characteristic of higher heat flux. A commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code, CFX-5, was chosen to validate the results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LIDAR-MEASURED WIND PROFILES The Missing Link in the Global Observing System

The three-dimensional global wind field is the most important remaining measurement needed to accurately assess the dynamics of the atmosphere. Wind information in the tropics, high latitudes, and stratosphere is particularly deficient. Furthermore, only a small fraction of the atmosphere is sampled in terms of wind profiles. This limits our ability to optimally specify initial conditions for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and our understanding of several key climate change issues. Because of its extensive wind measurement heritage (since 1968) and especially the rapid recent technology advances, Doppler lidar has reached a level of maturity required for a space-based mission. The European Space Agency (ESA)'s Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus (ADM-Aeolus) Doppler wind lidar (DWL), now scheduled for launch in 2015, will be a major milestone. This paper reviews the expected impact of DWL measurements on NWP and climate research, measurement concepts, and the recent advances in technology that .
Spectral approach to non-isotropic turbulence subjected to rotation

The non-isotropic effects of solid-body rotation on homogeneous turbulence are investigated in this paper. A spectral formalism using eigenmodes introduces the spectral Coriolis effects more easily and leads to simpler expressions for the integral quadratic terms which come mostly from classical two-point closures. The analysis is then applied to a specific eddy damped quasi-normal Markovian model, which includes the inertial waves regime in the evaluation of triple correlations. This procedure allows for a departure from isotropy by external rotation effects. When started with rigorously isotropic initial data, the various trends observed on the Reynolds stresses and the integral lengthscales remain in accordance with the results from direct simulations; moreover they reflect a very specific spectral angular distribution. Such an angular dependence allows a drain of spectral energy from the parallel to the normal wave vectors (with respect to the rotation axis), and thus appears consistent with a trend toward two-dimensionality.
Reasoning about relations: Spatial and nonspatial problems

Two experiments investigated the mental representation of spatial and nonspatial two-dimensional problems. The experiments were designed to contrast opposite predictions of the model theory of reasoning and the formal rules of inference theories. Half of the problems required more inferential steps but only one model, whereas the other half required fewer inferential steps but two models. According to the inference rules, theory problems that require more inferential steps should be harder, whereas the model-based theory predicts that problems that require two models should be harder. In Experiments 1a and 1b we measured the problem solving time and the percentage of errors. In Experiments 2a and 2b the problems were presented segmented in two different displays. We measured the comprehension time for each display, the question answering times, and the percentage of errors. The results of all experiments supported the model theory predictions in both spatial and nonspatial domains.
Molecular dynamics simulations of fine structure in oxygen K-edge x-ray emission spectra of liquid water and ice

X-ray emission (XE) spectroscopy has recently been taken as evidence for specific molecular structures in hydrogen bonded liquids. Experimentally derived and contradicting interpretations of the fine structure in the XE spectra of liquid water have been proposed in the literature. Here it is shown that all features of the XE spectra of liquid water can be explained based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations by including core-hole excited-state dynamics. Future experiments are proposed which could discriminate between existing interpretations without relying on theory.
A useful decomposition for the Green's functions of cylinders and spheres

A method is presented for improving the convergence of the near field evaluation of Green's functions for cylinders and spheres. The slow convergence of the scattered field which occurs when both the field point and source point approach the surface of the scatterer is shown to be due to the presence of an image inside the scatterer, thus giving physical insight into the method. The method involves the subtraction of this image field term by term from the scattered field expression, leaving a series which converges quickly. The image field is restored by using closed form expressions. This special image term is shown to be analogous to the image which occurs in electrostatics problems where a charge is in the presence of a cylinder or sphere.
Atmospheric measurements on Mars - The Viking meteorology experiment

The Viking Meteorology Experiment is one of nine experiments to be carried out on the surface of Mars by each of two Viking Landers positioned at different latitudes and longitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The meteorology experiment will measure pressure, temperature, wind speed, and wind direction at 1½ h intervals throughout the Martian day. The duration of each measurement period, the interval between data samples for a measurement period, and the time at which the measurement period is started will be varied throughout the mission. The scientific investigation and the sensors and electronics used for making the atmospheric measurement are discussed.
Antiferromagnetic Structure and Domains in Single Crystal NiO

Single crystals of NiO have been annealed and stressed at room temperature to sweep out twin boundaries. Neutron diffraction and rotational torque studies have been made on a crystal which had only 1.3% of the twin orientation. The ferromagnetic sheet structure originally proposed in which the atomic moments lie in (111) planes is found to be correct. The anisotropy in the (111) plane is extremely small and at low fields the spins in the ferromagnetic sheet are locked in domains and the susceptibility is nearly isotropic. Rotation of the spins in (111) takes place at fields above 2400 oe.
CHAOTIC DYNAMICS AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF FRACTIONAL-ORDER CHUA'S CIRCUITS WITH A PIECEWISE-LINEAR NONLINEARITY

In this paper, we numerically investigate the chaotic behaviors of the fractional-order Chua's circuit with a piecewise-linear nonlinearity. We find that chaos exists in the fractional-order Chua's circuit with order less than 3. The lowest order we find to have chaos is 2.7 in the homogeneous fractional-order Chua's circuit and 2.8 in the unhomogeneous fractional-order Chua's circuit. Our results are validated by the existence of a positive Lyapunov exponent. A chaos synchronization method is also presented for synchronizing the homogeneous fractional-order chaotic Chua's systems. The approach, based on stability theory of fractional-order linear systems, is simple and theoretically rigorous. It does not require the computation of the conditional Lyapunov exponents. Simulation results are used to visualize and illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed synchronization method.
Influence of threading dislocations on GaN-based metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors

The influence of threading dislocations on the properties of GaN-based metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) ultraviolet photodetectors was investigated. It was found that screw dislocations had a strong influence on the dark current of the photodetectors, while edge dislocations had the predominant effect on their responsivity. The dark current increased as the screw dislocation density increased due to their lowering of the Schottky barrier height. However, the responsivity of the photodetectors decreased with increasing edge dislocation density because of the dangling bonds along those edge dislocation lines which enhance the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The results suggest that reducing both the screw and edge dislocation densities is an effective way to improve the photoelectric property of GaN-based MSM ultraviolet photodetectors.
Global and exponential attractors for a Caginalp type phase-field problem

We deal with a generalization of the Caginalp phase-field model associated with Neumann boundary conditions. We prove that the problem is well posed, before studying the long time behavior of solutions. We establish the existence of the global attractor, but also of exponential attractors. Finally, we study the spatial behavior of solutions in a semi-infinite cylinder, assuming that such solutions exist.
Bounds in algebraic Riccati and Lyapunov equations: a survey and some new results

This paper summarizes and investigates the relations of a number of bounds for the solutions of the algebraic Riccati and Lyapunov equations that have been reported during the last two decades. Also presented are bounds for the unified Riccati equation using the delta operator and it is shown that some bounds for the continuous and discrete Riccati equations can be unified by them.
Error estimates for the spectral Galerkin approximations of the solutions of Navier–Stokes type equations

In [8], [9] R. Rautmann has given a systematic development of error estimates for the spectral Galerkin approximations of the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations (spectral in the sense that one chooses as basis functions the eigenfunctions of the Stokes operator). Error estimates are presented locally in time, valid on a finite interval determined by certain norms of the data. If one assumes the solution to be approximated is uniformly regular fort ≥ 0, the method gives an error estimate which grows exponentially with time. Without further assumptions this is the best estimate that one can expect. However, as pointed out in [2] by J. G. Heywood, if one assumes, additionally, that the solution to be approximated is stable, then one obtains an error estimate which is uniform in time.
Development of lactate‐related gene signature and prediction of overall survival and chemosensitivity in patients with colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor of the digestive system that contains high levels of immune cells. Lactic acid, a major metabolite, plays a crucial role in tumor development, maintenance, and therapeutic response. However, the prognostic potential and therapeutic biomarker potential of lactate‐related genes (LRGs) in CRC patients remain to be elucidated.
Individual level microbial communities in the digestive system of the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus : Complex, robust and prospective

Abstract The freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus is an important decomposer of leaf detritus, and its diverse gut microbiome has been depicted as key contributors in lignocellulose degradation as of terrestrial isopods. However, it is not clear whether the individual‐level microbiome profiles in the isopod digestive system across different habitats match the implied robust digestion function of the microbiome. Here, we described the bacterial diversity and abundance in the digestive system (hindgut and caeca) of multiple A. aquaticus individuals from two contrasting freshwater habitats. Individuals from a lake and a stream harboured distinct microbiomes, indicating a strong link between the host‐associated microbiome and microbes inhabiting the environments. While faeces likely reflected the variations in environmental microbial communities included in the diet, the microbial communities also substantially differed in the hindgut and caeca. Microbes closely related to lignocellulose degradation are found consistently more enriched in the hindgut in each individual. Caeca often associated with taxa implicated in endosymbiotic/parasitic roles (Mycoplasmatales and Rickettsiales), highlighting a complex host–parasite–microbiome interaction. The results highlight the lability of the A. aquaticus microbiome supporting the different functions of the two digestive organs, which may confer particular advantages in freshwater environments characterized by seasonally fluctuating and spatially disparate resource availability.
Prognostic artificial intelligence model to predict 5 year survival at 1 year after gastric cancer surgery based on nutrition and body morphometry

Personalized survival prediction is important in gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy based on large datasets with many variables including time‐varying factors in nutrition and body morphometry. One year after gastrectomy might be the optimal timing to predict long‐term survival because most patients experience significant nutritional change, muscle loss, and postoperative changes in the first year after gastrectomy. We aimed to develop a personalized prognostic artificial intelligence (AI) model to predict 5 year survival at 1 year after gastrectomy.
Experimental and computational models to investigate intestinal drug permeability and metabolism

Abstract Oral administration is the preferred route for drug administration that leads to better therapy compliance. The intestine plays a key role in the absorption and metabolism of oral drugs, therefore, new intestinal models are being continuously proposed, which contribute to the study of intestinal physiology, drug screening, drug side effects, and drug–drug interactions. Advances in pharmaceutical processes have produced more drug formulations, causing challenges for intestinal models. To adapt to the rapid evolution of pharmaceuticals, more intestinal models have been created. However, because of the complexity of the intestine, few models can take all aspects of the intestine into account, and some functions must be sacrificed to investigate other areas. Therefore, investigators need to choose appropriate models according to the experimental stage and other requirements to obtain the desired results. To help researchers achieve this goal, this review summarised the advantages and disadvantages of current commonly used intestinal models and discusses possible future directions, providing a better understanding of intestinal models.