Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Dual-Band and Dual Circularly Polarized Wide-Angle Scanning Array Antenna With Single-Feed Elements at K-/Ka-Bands

This article presents a K/Ka-band dual circular-polarization (CP) wide-angle scanning array antenna with single-feed elements. The antenna has the properties of dual operating bands, orthogonal CPs, and wide beam coverage. The K-/Ka-band coupler is designed and employed in this antenna with ±90° phase difference excited at the same feeding port at different bands. Shorted posts are used to suppress the parasitic mode and improve the scanning performance of the antenna. Besides, the dual-band coupler is codesigned with the dual-polarized antenna to improve the axial ratio (AR) at wide scanning angles. The polarizations are left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) in K-band and right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) in Ka-band. At the boresight, the ARs are below 3 dB within the frequency bands from 17.7 to 20.2 GHz and from 28 to 30.5 GHz. At the scanning angle of ±60°, the gain drop is less than 4.5 dB in the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$xo {z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$yo {z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> planes.
Estimating land use characteristics for hydrologic models

Many hydrologic models, including both linked process simulation models and unit hydrograph models, require estimates of land use characteristics (e.g., percentage of impervious area) for calibration. Past investigations have demonstrated that reliable estimates of land use can be obtained by aerial photograph sampling analyses. Even when aerial photographs are available, however, it is an expensive and time-consuming process to measure land use characteristics. Prediction equations that are derived from data characterized by high variability in the land use characteristics appear to be a reliable alternative to aerial photograph sampling analyses. In addition to being less expensive and time consuming the prediction equation approach can be used in generating land use estimates for future land use configurations. The prediction equations derived herein require demographic characteristics (e.g., population density and housing density) that can be obtained from census summaries or projections compiled by planning agencies and thus could be used with hydrologic models to estimate the impact of future development alternatives.
Geochronological and geochemical studies on quartz diorite in Yuximolegai Daban,West Tianshan and its tectonic implication

The relatively less variable major element contents of the quartz diorite from Yuximolegai Daban and their CA/TH index about 1.2 indicated that they should belong to the calc-alkaline series rocks. The quartz diorite might be the co-magmatic rocks with the associated calc-alkaline basaltic andesite of the Dahalajunshan Formation. Both of them are the products of partial melting of the enriched spinel-lherzolite,and their formation was controlled by the fluid derived from the dehydration of the subducting plate. This process of enrichment and metasomatism in primary mantle wedge illustrated the significant characteristics of continental contamination in the quartz diorite of Yuximolegai Daban. The obvious depletion of HFSE,including Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,Ti and the Pb enrichment demonstrate that the characteristics of igneous rocks in orogenic belt related to the plate subduction,which formed in the island arc of the active continental margin. So,this quartz diorite occurred in a compressive tectonic setting while the high-K series of volcanic lava in the Dahalajunshan Formation was formed in an extensional tectonic setting induced by the plate-slit. The concordia age of 309.9±2.7Ma obtained from zircon grains in the quartz diorite,implicated that the igneous rocks of the Dahalajunshan Formation in eastern Awulale Mountains was formed in Late Carboniferous.
‘Growing together’

Professional learning communities (PLCs) are a teacher collaboration and professional development strategy that is widely used in public schools in the United States and beyond. PLCs have the potential to improve instruction and student learning through structured, ongoing, job-embedded staff collaboration. However, many schools find it challenging to implement the features of PLCs effectively. The Arkansas Division of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE) invested in three years of intensive supports for schools to build high-functioning PLCs using Solution Tree’s Professional Learning Communities at Work® (PLC at Work®) model. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Solution Tree’s supports on student English language arts (ELA) and math achievement tests in Arkansas. The study used a two-stage matching process to establish treatment and comparison groups combined with a difference-in-differences model to estimate treatment effects. It found that within 19 months (i.e., by the state testing period in the second year of implementation) the model had positive impacts on math achievement test scores (0.083 standard deviations, p = 0.014) and no effects on ELA achievement test scores. The findings are relevant for schools considering or actively using PLCs to improve collaboration, teaching, and learning. The study also describes areas for further research, including replication in different contexts and experimental studies.
Breeding birds of Kothri valley, eastern Garhwal Himalayan foothills, India

The Western Himalayas constitute a critical priority Endemic Bird Area (BirdLife International 2003). The western Himalayan foothills of Uttarakhand state are known for their diverse avifaunal assemblage. Knowledge of the region’s bird richness mainly comes from work done at two prominent protected areas, viz. Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR) in the east and Rajaji National Park in the west, both of which are declared Important Bird Areas (Rahmani & Islam 2004). While the bird checklist of Corbett stands at 549 (Sharma et al. 2003), the one for Rajaji lists 312 species of birds (Pandey et al. 1994). The area providing ecological connectivity between these two protected areas is a stretch of forest that is a part of Lansdowne Forest Division (Fig. 1). The most important area within this division is the valley of Kothri Rau (river), which flows in an approximately north– south direction and is accessible through a forest road which runs along the river. The avifauna of the Kothri catchment has not been studied in detail. What little published information there is comes from Ghosh & Chatterjea (2006), who surveyed the birds at Saneh, the lowest end of the valley abutting agricultural landscape in Breeding birds of Kothri valley, eastern Garhwal Himalayan foothills, India
Predicting tree heights for biomass estimates in tropical forests – a test from French Guiana

The recent development of REDD+ mechanisms requires reliable estimation of carbon stocks, especially in tropical forests that are particularly threatened by global changes. Even though tree height is a crucial variable for computing aboveground forest biomass (AGB), it is rarely measured in large-scale forest censuses because it requires extra effort. Therefore, tree height has to be predicted with height models. The height and diameter of all trees over 10 cm in diame- ter were measured in 33 half-hectare plots and 9 one-hectare plots throughout northern French Guiana, an area with sub- stantial climate and environmental gradients. We compared four different model shapes and found that the Michaelis- Menten shape was most appropriate for the tree biomass pre- diction. Model parameter values were significantly different from one forest plot to another, and this leads to large errors in biomass estimates. Variables from the forest stand structure explained a suf- ficient part of plot-to-plot variations of the height model pa- rameters to improve the quality of the AGB predictions. In the forest stands dominated by small trees, the trees were found to have rapid height growth for small diameters. In forest stands dominated by larger trees, the trees were found to have the greatest heights for large diameters. The above- ground biomass estimation uncertainty of the forest plots was reduced by the use of the forest structure-based height model. It demonstrated the feasibility and the importance of height modeling in tropical forests for carbon mapping. When the tree heights are not measured in an inventory, they can be pre- dicted with a height-diameter model and incorporating forest structure descriptors may improve the predictions.
Dynamic Effects of Illumination on Single-Diode Photovoltaic Models: Performance Differences Between Indoor and Outdoor Environments

The dynamic interaction between lighting and photovoltaic (PV) performance has significant implications for both indoor and outdoor PV system design and optimization. As a result, the purpose of this work was to analyze the performance of a single diode model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell, and the work was carried out in a solar system simulator in MATLAB. The effects of illumination were modified in MAT LAB for both indoor (2001x, 4001x, 6001x, 8001x, and 10001x) and outdoor (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 W/m2) illumination conditions using Solarex MSX 60 PV panels. For both conditions, the higher the irradiance, the higher the output current, and thus the higher the power generated. When comparing outdoor and indoor conditions, it may be stated that outdoor conditions are preferable to indoor conditions.
ASSESSESSING AND MAPPING WATER QUALITY (CASE STUDY: WESTERN DELTA -EGYPT)

In terms of the importance of investigating the water quality in Egypt, this research was initiated in order to evaluate the surface water quality in the Western Delta Region by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) based on Egyptian guidelines of law 48/1982. The water quality of El-Nubaria Canal-the main surface water resource for the horizontal expansion projects in Western Delta-, El Mahmoudia; El Hager; El Nassr; El Khandak; and Abo Diab Canals was investigated. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for mapping the WQI variations in different canals. The results of the index average for different sites location at each canal showed that the water quality in the studied canals ranked as marginal for all canals. This is attributed to the fact of mixing low quality water of agricultural drains with canals fresh water in the study area. It was thus recommended that water use in the western delta should be restricted to its quality or to improve the water quality by increasing the fresh water discharge or reducing water mixing ratio with drains.
Crosscurrents: cultural dimensions and global Web user-interface design

classic study of cultures in organizations, and considers how they might affect user-interface designs. Examples from the Web illustrate the cultural dimensions. mation first or read about the organization and assess its credibility? Different cultures look for different data to make decisions. In most projects, the complex interplay of user, business, marketing, and engineering requirements needs to be resolved by Web user-interface and information visualization designers. Their development process includes iterative steps of planning, research, analysis, design, evaluation, documentation, and training. As they carry out all of these tasks, however , they would do well to consider their own cultural orientation and to understand the preferred structures and processes of other cultures. This attention would help them to achieve more desirable global solutions or to determine to what extent localized, cus-tomized designs might be better than international or universal ones. Cultures, even within some countries, are very different. Sacred colors in the Judeo-Christian West (e.g., red, blue, white, gold) are different from Buddhist saffron yellow or Islamic green. Subdued Finnish designs for background screen patterns (see Figure 1) might not be equally suitable in Mediter-ranean climates, in Hollywood, USA, or Bol-lywood, India. These differences go deeper than mere appearance; they reflect strong cultural values. How might these cultural differences be understood without falling into the trap of stereotyping other cultures? Many analysts in organizational communication have studied cultures thoroughly and published classic theories; other authors have applied these theories to analyze the impact of culture on business relations and commerce (see Bibliography). Few of these works are well known to the user-interface design community. This paper introduces the well-respected work of one theorist, Geert Hofstede, and applies some of his cultural dimensions to Web user interfaces. Edward T. Hall, David Victor, and Fons Trompenaars would have been equally valuable in illuminating the problems of cross-cultural communication on the Web, but our application of Hofstede will demonstrate the value of this body of research for our field.
Soil Physical, Chemical and Understory Plant Nutritional Response to Pinyon-juniper Encroachment and Prescribed Fire in a Central Nevada Woodland.

Pinyon-juniper encroachment into sagebrush-grassland communities has produced a need for viable restoration treatments of sagebrush-grasslands. In the following manuscripts we document the effects woodland expansion and spring prescribed fire used as a restoration treatment on soil physical properties particularly infiltration and water repellency, soil chemical properties, and understory aboveground biomass and tissue nutrient concentrations. We observed that water infiltration and the development of water repellency was effected by cover type, soil coarse mineral particles, and burning. Soil chemistry was affected by cover type, time, and burning. It was also determined that plant aboveground biomass and nutrient concentrations are species dependent, and that these factors are effected by time and burning. Each species had a unique response to burning, although they may follow similar trends in temporal variation. There were direct links between burning, soil chemistry, and plant aboveground biomass and tissue nutrient concentrations.
Additional Exercises for Chapter 2 of the book :

1. Chen et al. [4] proposed the incorporation of fitness inheritance [16] to improve the efficiency of a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA). Analyze this proposal and criticize it. Compare and contrast elitism with respect to fitness inheritance. Relate fitness inheritance to the global criterion method discussed in Chapter 1 (Section 7.1.1). Discuss possible ways to extend Chen et al.’s proposal.
PERFORMANCE OF LONG-TERM CARE SYSTEMS

This report evaluates the performance of long-term care (LTC) systems in Europe, with a special emphasis on four countries that were selected in Work Package 1 of the ANCIEN project as representative of different LTC systems: Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Poland. Based on a performance framework, we use the following four core criteria for the evaluation: the quality of life of LTC users, the quality of care, equity of LTC systems and the total burden of LTC (consisting of the financial burden and the burden of informal caregiving). The quality of life is analysed by studying the experience of LTC users in 13 European countries, using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Older persons with limitations living at home have the highest probability of receiving help (formal or informal) in Germany and the lowest in Poland. Given that help is available, the sufficiency of the help is best ensured in Switzerland, Italy and the Netherlands. The indirectly observed properties of the LTC system are most favourable in France. An older person who considers all three aspects important might be best off living in Belgium or Switzerland. The horizontal and vertical equity of LTC systems are analysed for the four representative countries. The Dutch system scores highest on overall equity, followed by the German system. The Spanish and Polish systems are both less equitable than the Dutch and German systems. To show how ageing may affect the financial burden of LTC, projections until 2060 are given for LTC expenditures for the four representative countries. Under the base scenario, for all four countries the proportions of GDP spent on public and private LTC are projected to more than double between 2010 and 2060, and even treble in some cases. The projections also highlight the large differences in LTC expenditures between the four countries. The Netherlands spends by far the most on LTC. Furthermore, the report presents information for a number of European countries on quality of care, the burden of informal caregiving and other aspects of performance. The LTC systems for the four representative countries are evaluated using the four core criteria. The Dutch system has the highest scores on all four dimensions except the total burden of care, where it has the second-best score after Poland. The German system has somewhat lower scores than the Dutch on all four dimensions. The relatively large role for informal care lowers the equity of the German system. The Polish system excels in having a low total burden of care, but it scores lowest on quality of care and equity. The Spanish system has few extreme scores. Policy implications are discussed in the last chapter of this report and in the Policy Brief based on this report. This report is accompanied by a separate document, published as ENEPRI Research Report No. 117A, containing statistical appendices.
Evaluation of two methods to discriminate Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) stocks along the northern Gulf of Alaska

Pacific herring within the spill area, and particularly within Prince William Sound, were injured by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and have not yet fully recovered. Because herring are important prey for many marine species, as well as humans, their stock health is relevant to the recovery of other injured resources and services. To increase our understanding of the distribution and mixing of Northwest Gulf of Alaska (NWGA) herring stocks and to help identify important habitats and rearing areas for individual populations, it is relevant to be able to determine the stock of origin for herring sampled during field investigations. This 1-year pilot study will perform a comparative investigation of two promising stock identification techniques (elemental analysis of otoliths and fatty acid profile analysis of select soft tissues). Limited samples from Sitka Sound, PWS, Kamishak Bay, Kodiak Island, and Togiak will be collected and analyzed to determine if stock differences are detectable by each procedure, and at what scale. Successful results from this pilot study should be followed up with future evaluations of the temporal and structural (i.e., sex, age, maturity) stability of these biomarkers.
Green Coffee Bean Defect Detection Using Shift-Invariant Features and Non-Local Block

In recent years, markets targeting the production of coffee have been flourishing. In order to achieve and preserve higher-quality coffee beans, it is essential to detect defects before roasting them. However, the manual process often results in human errors due to fatigue, not to mention additional labor costs in production. In view of this, we propose the deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) for capturing coffee bean images, while applying non-local block and shift invariant features to enhance the degree of discrimination. The results indicate that the method shows approximately 98% of accuracy based on the F1 score for detecting coffee bean defects. Furthermore, the lightweight model, which only consists of about two hundred thousand parameters is practical in the coffee beans market due a low cost.
Software Defined Networking: Design and Deployment

Software Defined Networking: Design and Deployment provides a comprehensive treatment of software defined networking (SDN) suitable for new network managers and experienced network professionals. Presenting SDN in context with more familiar network services and challenges, this accessible text: Explains the importance of virtualization, particularly the impact of virtualization on servers and networks Addresses SDN, with an emphasis on the network control plane Discusses SDN implementation and the impact on service providers, legacy networks, and network vendors Contains a case study on Googles initial implementation of SDN Investigates OpenFlow, the hand-in-glove partner of SDN Looks forward toward more programmable networks and the languages needed to manage these environments Software Defined Networking: Design and Deployment offers a unique perspective of the business case and technology motivations for considering SDN solutions. By identifying the impact of SDN on traffic management and the potential for network service growth, this book instills the knowledge needed to manage current and future demand and provisioning for SDN.
Closures Used in Zonally Averaged Ocean Models

There are at least three substantially different closures presently being used in two-dimensional ocean models. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify the assumptions that are implicit in these closures. Two of these formulations arise from zonally averaging the momentum equations: one has viscous damping represented by Fickian diffusion and the other by Rayleigh damping. Here a single equation is derived that includes both of these as special cases. The derivation shows that the Rayleigh damping term corresponds to horizontal diffusion of momentum into the western boundary and that this term is dominant for realistic parameter values. The vertical diffusion term can be neglected provided the Ekman transport is included in the surface layer, and the meridional diffusion term can be neglected if length scales less than 500 km are not resolved. If shorter length scales are considered, then the meridional diffusion term is required to avoid a numerical instability. The third zonally averaged model formulation is based on vorticity dynamics. This approach has the advantage that the large geostrophic terms are eliminated by cross-differentiation so that attention is focused on the important ageostrophic effects. Previous work has shown that this formulation results in an improved fit to general circulation model results, but this fit depends on the use of a boundary condition that is somewhat ad hoc. Here the authors present a derivation that suggests a consistent dynamical interpretation of this boundary condition.
Probabilistic microearthquake location for reservoir monitoring

Accurately locating microseismic events can be used to monitor fluid migration during reservoir production and hydrofracturing operations. This is usually done with sparse networks of seismic sensors located in boreholes or with denser surface arrays. The data used for microearthquake monitoring are corrupted by noise, which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio to values as low as 0.1. Monitoring methods based on traveltime picking of various wave modes (P or S) cannot deal with this level of noise and require extensive user interaction. An alternative class of methods uses time reversal to focus microearthquake information at the source position. These methods can handle noisier signals because they do not rely on event picking or recorded seismograms, but the methods are also costlier to run and still require picking locations where wavefields focus. We advocate the time-reversal technique within the general framework of Bayesian inversion. Given an assumption about the possible locations of microearthquak.