Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A brief survey of visualization methods for deep learning models from the perspective of Explainable AI.

The fairly recent success of neural networks in large scale tasks ranging from speech recognition to localization and mapping of autonomous systems, has made them prevalent in state-of-the-art AI applications. Although the success is in part due to algorithmic advances in the training procedure of such networks, the intrinsics of the learning process and the learned content remain largely vague. However, since such AI systems will be used even more frequently to deal with safety critical tasks, for instance, autonomous driving or social robotic applications, the issue of trusting them arises imperatively. How can a car manufacturing company persuade clients to let an AI system drive their car when the manufacturers themselves cannot fully explain how that system works or the conditions under which it successfully operates? How can a doctor employ a neural network-based system to infer about a patient’s treatment if the doctor has no way to know how that inference will be made? Is it possible that a robotic mechanism supposed to aid an elderly person will fail in the process? Although research into rigorous mathematical explanation of neural networks is ongoing, such questions raise the issue of how to build neural network models that will be interpretable not only to experts in the task field but also to users without prior knowledge or expertise in the area. Research such as that presented by Nguyen et. al., 2015 [1], where they manage to ‘fool’ a convolutional neural network into making an erroneous classification decision with high confidence is an indication that despite huge successes in test tasks, we cannot fully trust machine learning systems and, in particular, neural networks; we need to have a way of understanding what makes them fail or succeed. Moreover, from a human rights and fiscal point of view, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, EU 2016/679) which will take effect as a law in 2018, highlights the importance of being able to explain decision-making systems (Goodman and Flaxman, 2016 [2]). The regulation stipulates the right of citizens to be able to understand how an algorithmic decision that concerned them was reached. The importance of this regulation is paramount considering that many of the state-of-the-art algorithms that social media, recommender and credit assessment systems employ are difficult to understand, even for experts in the area, or totally inexplicable if they are based, for instance, on deep neural networks. Furthermore, according to the regulation, given that many AI systems are used for profiling purposes, one should be able to explain that the algorithm that made a particular decision was impartial and non-discriminatory. Therefore, algorithm designers and machine learning experts should be able to explain to non-experts in an understandable way how their system inferred its final decision from input features. In case they
Fairness and Load Balancing in SDWN Using Handoff-Delay-Based Association Control and Load Monitoring

Traffic loads in any 802.11 WLAN are distributed unevenly. This imbalance implies that some access points (APs) suffer from traffic congestions, while others are underutilized. The unbalanced load distributions cause annoying packet delay and throughput degradation which is unacceptable in current and future networks. A load-balancing algorithm should solve two challenges. The first is to accurately identify the APs’ loads to timely find traffic imbalances. And the second is to associate clients with APs to achieve optimal proportional fairness intelligently. Network metrics such as throughput, delay, jitter, and client amount cannot be used individually to accurately identify APs’ loads, because of the complexities of wireless communications. Which metrics to use and how to combine those network metrics to represent AP load are controversial. For intelligent association control, handoff delay (time to move a station from an AP to another) may last for 6 seconds. If the algorithm designers do not consider this delay in their optimization processes, unnecessary re-associations generated in their algorithm will offset the optimization profits. In this paper, we propose novel learning-based methods to monitor the network load to discover real-time load unbalances. We also model the load balancing problem as a utility maximization problem in which costs caused by handoff delay are considered. Then we utilize discretized linear programming theory and general assignment problem theory to solve it. We also compute the approximation ratio of our algorithm. We implement the whole load balancing system and evaluate the performances which show that our method outperforms a state-of-art algorithm in terms of throughput by up to12.7%, and it outperforms the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) based method by up to 28.13%.
Service Responses to Women with Mental Health Needs

There are individual mental health professionals who respond to women with mental health needs with warmth and intelligence; staff whose practice is antioppressive and fully cognisant of the impacts of poverty, domestic violence and racism upon their patients’ lives; and there are doctors, nurses and therapists who work in solidarity with the women in their care and who fully appreciate their practical and emotional struggles. However, only a handful of mental health services could be described in such terms. Most services fail to provide the support and safety women with mental health needs require and many routinely demean women, dismiss their distress and replicate the dynamics of abuse and exclusion that have characterised their previous lives. This article suggests we have reached a turning point in Britain in relation to mental health service provision for women. Not only is there considerable evidence of an association between women’s social experience and their mental health, but this association is also acknowledged by the majority of mental health workers. Many staff also recognise that the professional training they received provided them with a wholly inadequate preparation for engaging helpfully with their patients. As individuals some have abandoned the medical paradigm altogether and no longer ask ‘What is wrong with this woman? ’ but rather ‘What has happened to this woman? ’ In this paper we draw upon evidence from a range of sources to explore these issues, including some of the work we have ourselves carried out in the last two years. Particularly relevant in this context is information gathered as part of a national programme to develop and pilot training for staff in secure services who work with women with mental health needs (Scott & ParryCrooke, 2001). As part of the training needs assessment phase of this programme, data was collected by questionnaire from 63 multi-disciplinary staff and through interviews with 60 staff in six secure services. We also draw upon findings from a recent survey (Williams et al, 2001a) of attitudes to mental health services for women, which was carried out to inform the Mental Health Strategy for Women currently being developed by the Department of Health.
Reproductive structures associated with Cobbania, a fl oating monocot from the Late Cretaceous of the Amur Region, Russian Far East

Cobbania corrugata (Lesquereux) Stockey, Rothwell & Johnson, an aquatic plant previously known from the Late Cretaceous of North America is found in the roughly coeval deposits of Amur Province, Russian Far East. It is associated with fruits and dispersed seeds assigned to Cobbanicarpites amurensis Krassilov & Kodrul gen. et sp. nov. The fruit emerged from a spathulate bract and was detached at maturity, with persistent laminar appendages and ovoid (olfactory? ) bodies. The fruit interior shows a central prominence and low radial ridges. The seeds are numerous, radially disposed in a continuous girdle along the inner fruit wall. Cleared seed compressions show an operculate micropylar cap in line with a chalazal cap or the latter is displaced toward the ventral side and at a variable distance from the hilum. The seed coat consists of two cell layers composed of different, transversely elongated and polygonal papillose cells, with fi bres in the inner layer. Comparable spathulate fruits or coenocarps are known in the extant Arales and Alismatales. Similar features of seed morphology occur in the Hydrocharitaceae and other alismatalean families. Paleoecology of Cobbania plant is discussed on account of its stratigraphic proximity to dinosaur localities.
Health Effects of PM2.5 and Its Components on Mortality, Blood Pressure, and DNA Methylation

Epidemiological studies have examined the association between PM2.5 mass and mortality, but there remains uncertainty about the relative importance of species. PM2.5 contains various species, such as organic carbon, elemental carbon, and metals. Determining the differential toxicity of PM2.5 species and identifying species with greatest toxicity is of great importance to emissioncontrol strategies and regulations. In the dissertation thesis, effects of PM2.5 species on health outcomes on different levels were estimated. The first study examined the association between PM2.5 species and mortality on approximately 4.5 million deaths for all causes, cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction, stroke, and respiratory diseases in 75 U.S. cities for 2000-2006, using city-season specific Poisson regression and multivariate meta-regression controlled for infiltration. Since cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of death within U.S. population, the second study aimed to determine which PM2.5 species are associated with blood pressure, an indicator of cardiovascular health, in a longitudinal cohort. Linear mixed-effects models with the adaptive LASSO penalty were applied to longitudinal data from 718 elderly men in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study (NAS),
Effects of iconicity in lexical decision

abstract In contrast to arbitrariness, a recent perspective is that words contain both arbitrary and iconic aspects. We investigated iconicity in word recognition, and the possibility that iconic words have special links between phonological and semantic features that may facilitate their processing. In Experiment 1, participants completed a lexical decision task (“Is this letter string a word? ”) including words varying in their iconicity. Notably, we manipulated stimulus presentation conditions such that the items were visually degraded for half of the participants; this manipulation has been shown to increase reliance on phonology. Responses to words higher in iconicity were faster and more accurate, but this did not interact with condition. In Experiment 2 we explicitly directed participants’ attention to phonology by using a phonological lexical decision task (“Does this letter string sound like a word? ”). Responses to words that were higher in iconicity were once again faster. These results demonstrate facilitatory effects of iconicity in lexical processing, thus showing that the benefits of iconic mappings extend beyond those reported for language learning and those argued for language evolution.
THE EFFECT OF SELF-EFFICACY AND OBEDIENCE PRESSURE ON AUDIT JUDGMENT BY USING TASK COMPLEXITY AND MORAL REASONING AS THE MODERATING VARIABLE Hasnidar

Hasnidar 1 , Mediaty 2 and Andi Kusumawati 2 . 1. Magister of Accounting, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. 2. Economics and Business Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History Received: 4 August 2018 Final Accepted: 6 September 2018 Published: October 2018
Necessary Public Investment: The Role of Public Banks

Abstract The role of public banks in financing necessary investment is discussed with reference to a causal framework linking public and private expenditure in sequential time. The text starts by looking at lending to the public and private sector in Europe and develops a simple interpretation of it, which is used to discuss the causes of the recent financial crisis. The evidence shows that the recent financial crisis cannot be imputed to excessive public debt but possibly only to the fast accumulation of private debt. These facts can be interpreted in terms of a simple causality structure where public expenditure determines the level of economic activity. If causality can run from public to private expenditure, the role of public banks in the creation of new savings becomes potentially important because, being part of the public sector, they can play also an indirect role as monetary financial intermediaries, in addition to their traditional role as nonmonetary financial intermediaries recycling savings already accumulated in the past. The article discusses these two possible roles of public banks with reference to some examples. The case of investment for climate change mitigation shows that both roles are important for the pursuit of public policy goals. If only the traditional nonmonetary intermediary role is retained, in the absence of other incentives, the level of environmental investment risks being limited to that portion of the necessary investment that the market considers profitable, i.e., it would probably be insufficient to reduce the climate change risks. In the best variant, these necessary environmental investments would be realized at the expense of other necessary public investment. If, on the contrary, environmental investment is to be realized without reducing other necessary public investments, public banks should engage also in monetary financial intermediary’s activities aimed at creating new wealth. The text concludes by describing briefly the main logical consequences of the analysis developed.
Animals and Temperature: List of contributors

List of contributors Preface 1. Adaptation of biological membranes to temperature: biophysical perspectives and molecular mechanisms A. Y. Gracey, J. Logue, P. E. Tiku and A. R. Cossins 2. Temperature adaptation: molecular aspects G. Di Prisco and B. Giardina 3. Stenotherms and eurytherms: mechanisms establishing thermal optima and tolerance ranges G. N. Somero, E. Dahlhoff and J. J. Lin 4. Ecological and evolutionary physiology of stress proteins and the stress response: the Drosophila melanogaster model M. E. Feder 5. Temperature adaptation and genetic polymorphism in aquatic animals A. J. S. Hawkins 6. Phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptations of mitochondria to temperature H. E. Guderley and J. St Pierre 7. Temperature and ontogeny in ectotherms: muscle phenotype in fish I. A. Johnston, V. L. A. Vieira and J. Hill 8. Ectotherm life-history responses to developmental temperature D. Atkinson 9. Testing evolutionary hypotheses of acclimation R. B. Huey and D. Berrigan 10. Experimental investigations of evolutionary adaptation to temperature J. A. Mongold, A. F. Bennett and R. E. Lenski 11. Thermal evolution of ectotherm body size: why get big in the cold? L. Partridge and V. French 12. Physiological correlates of daily torpor in hummingbirds J. E. P. W. Bicudo 13. Development of thermoregulation in birds: physiology, interspecific variation and adaptation to climate Z. A. Eppley 14. Evolution of endothermy in mammals, birds and their ancestors J. Ruben 15. The influence of climate change on the distribution and evolution of organisms A. Clarke Index.
Transmembrane domain interactions in carnitine palmitoyltransferase I

Membrane proteins are involved in a wide range of vital cellular processes, responsible for relaying signals and cargo across cell membranes. A deeper molecular understanding of their function is essential to elucidate the mechanisms of numerous diseases and medical conditions. As an example, the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) enzymes are responsible for the regulation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation thus are central to cell function. Previous work had shown that the transmembrane (TM) domains of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein CPT1 have a significant influence on the enzyme’s kinetics, which is different in the two catalytically active isoforms, CPT1A and CPT1B. It was also shown that TM-domains, and specifically TM2, are involved in driving the oligomerisation of the full length CPT1A. For this reason, the study of TM-TM oligomerisation and their roles in the function of CPT1 are fundamentally important in the design of pharmacological strategies aimed at the modulation of the activities of these enzymes in conditions such as diabetes. The main focus of this PhD research was to systematically investigate the homo- and hetero-oligomerisation of the TM domains to help better understand the structurefunction relationship for CPT1 membrane proteins. In this project, different techniques were used from the areas of chemistry, molecular biology, and biophysics (in vivo oligomerisation assays, chemical crosslinking, circular dichroism and analytical ultracentrifugation), in order to examine these interactions. The membrane spanning sequences of rCPT1A and rCPT1B were found to selfassociate, and the order of oligomerisation was also determined. Sequence motifs likely to be responsible for the interactions of these TM domains were identified using in silico modelling. Mutagenesis analyses confirmed the role of suggested GxxxG(A) motifs in the homo-oligomerisation of rCPT1A TM2 domains. The heterooligomerisation of TM1-TM2 domains was also studied, and was found to be significant in both isoforms. The work presented in this thesis shows that the membrane spanning regions of the CPT1 enzymes are capable of interacting through both homo- and hetero-oligomerisation. The results strongly suggest that these interactions may play a significant role in the complex formation of the full length enzymes and provide further evidence that CPT1 may function as a channel in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Length-Weight and Morphometric Relationships of the Tank Goby Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822)(Perciformes: Gobiidae) in the Ganges of Northwestern Bangladesh

The present study describes the length-weight (LWR) and morphometric relationships of the tank goby Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) (Perciformes: Gobiidae), an important small indigenous fish species in the Ganges, northwestern Bangladesh. A total of 266 specimens, 11.30-23.60 cm in total length (TL), were caught using traditional fishing gear from March 2006 to February 2007. The allometric coefficient b of the LWR for the combined sexes was close to the isometric value (b = 3.068 for TL and b = 3.089 for SL, standard length), but with a slight negative allometric growth for males (b = 2.954 for TL, b = 2.953 for SL) and a slight positive allometric growth for females (b = 3.293 for TL, b = 3.166 for SL). The results further indicated that morphometric relationships were highly correlated (r > 0.712; P < 0.001). To the best of our knowledge, this study presented the first reference on LWR and morphometric relationships for G. giuris from Bangladeshi waters. These results will be useful for fishery managers to impose adequate * Corresponding author. Tel. : +81 99 286 4152; Fax: +81 99 286 4133 E-mail address: yeamin2222@yahoo.com Asian Fisheries Science 22(2009):961-969 ISSN: 0116-6514 E-ISSN: 2073-3720 https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs. 2009.22. 3.008 961 Asian Fisheries Science 22(2009):961-969 962 regulations for sustainable G. giuris fishery management not only in the Ganges of Bangladesh but also in neighbouring countries.
Seed Coat Cracking in Soybean

Elliptical cracks in the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] seed coat have been termed seed coat cracking. This imperfection of the seed coat is an avenue for pathogenic and adverse environmental factors to affect seed quality. To better understand this phenomenon, the time of occurence and morphological changes involved in seed coat cracking were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Physical parameters of normal and cracked seed and the amount of seed coat cracking that occurs in a pod were also determined [. ]
A comparison of the cold hardiness of populations of Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from southern England and the Canadian Prairies

The Canadian population of Delia radicum is more cold hardy than the English population in that the supercooling point is slightly lower and overwintering pupae are less sensitive to lower temperatures and longer exposure times. However, the Canadian population is slightly less cold hardy at higher temperatures within the cold injury zone. Female D. radicum were more susceptible to cold-induced mortality than males among the Canadian population, but this sex difference was not significant in the English population. The proportion of malformed adults and the rate of postdiapause development were not related to cold injury in either population. The bounds of the cold injury zone for species or populations of freezing susceptible, diapausing insects plus the sensitivity of the species to cold injury within this zone can provide an ecologically sound method of describing cold hardiness. Sensitivity, measured by the slope of a regression describing the relationship between survival and the duration of exposure.
Resolving the differences in plant burial responses

Burial is one of the major factors influencing plant ecology in deserts and coastal areas. Consequently, many studies have measured the responses of dune plants to sand burial. However, there remains little agreement about the mechanisms and characteristics constituting the burial response of plants. In particular, stimulation of growth has been reported as the most common plant burial response; however, stimulation has not been reported consistently among studies. Here, a literature survey showed that the depth of burial relative to the height of the plant determined whether the growth of a species was stimulated by burial. Growth stimulation was limited to shallow burial depths, while burial depths greater than the height of the plant consistently resulted in reduced growth. As studies used widely differing burial depths or units of growth measurement, the variation in reported stimulation of plant growth can be partly attributed to differences in experimental procedure. The stimulation of growth in many species was accompanied by an increase in photosynthesis over a limited period and by a shift in biomass allocation from root to shoot. Most plants demonstrated stimulated growth (up to 200%) in response to shallow burial indicating that some burial response mechanisms are general to many species. However, a few specialist dune species displayed a much greater ability to respond to burial (up to 700% stimulation of plant mass). Although allocation shifts and increased photosynthesis have been shown to be associated with dune plant burial response, there remains a need for field measurements that focus on the diversity of mechanisms underlying plant response to burial.