Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Þróun leikskóla á Íslandi: Samtal við skrif Jóns Torfa Jónassonar

Árið 2006 gaf dr. Jón Torfi Jónasson, prófessor út bókina Frá gæslu til skóla: Um þróun leikskóla á Íslandi. Þar greindi hann þróun leikskólastigsins frá mörgum ólíkum sjónarhornum, fjallaði m.a. um stöðugleika orðræðunnar um leikskóla og um hvað umræður og deilur um leikskólastarf snerust. Í ritinu er farið yfir sögu leikskólans á Íslandi, formleg umgjörð hans og starfshættir skoðuð sem og menntun leikskólakennara. Þá fjallaði höfundur sérstaklega um bæði bóknámsrek og kerfisrek í skólakerfinu. Í þessari grein verður litið til baka og nokkur þeirra álitaefna sem Jón Torfi veltir upp skoðuð nú 16 árum síðar. Spurt er: Hvað hefur gerst í málefnum leikskólans á hálfum öðrum áratug? Á hvaða vegferð er íslenski leikskólinn? Sjónum er annars vegar beint að ytri áhrifaþáttum, svo sem samfélagsbreytingum liðinna ára, breytingum á leikskólakennaramenntuninni og opinberri stefnumótun í málefnum leikskólans. Hins vegar er litið til innra starfs leikskólans og leitast við að greina þau áhrif sem stefnumótunin hefur haft eða ekki haft á starfshætti leikskólans. Fjallað er um leikskólann sem gæslu eða skóla og færð rök fyrir að í leikskólum fari fram hvort tveggja; nám og umönnun. Bóknámsrek í leikskólum landsins er til umfjöllunar og velt vöngum yfir ástæðum þess að samfellt nám barna hefur ekki orðið að veruleika. Loks eru þær breytingar sem orðið hafa á viðhorfum til barna í kjölfar Sáttmála Sameinuðu þjóðanna um réttindi barnsins reifaðar. Notuð var skjalagreining og farið yfir opinber gögn um leikskólann á liðnum 16 árum. Meginniðurstaða greinarinnar er að sú þróun sem orðið hefur varðandi ytri umgjörð og innra starf íslenska leikskólans sé um margt til fyrirmyndar. Hins vegar virðast vera teikn á lofti um ósamræmi milli opinberrar stefnu og starfshátta sem benda til þess að huga þurfi betur að innleiðingu og eftirfylgni stefnumótunar.
A Lightweight, Zero-Power Intermodulation Sensor Based on the Graphene Oscillator

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) require a massive number of sensor nodes for data collection and storage, for which the power management and area efficiency of battery-powered sensors may be an issue. In this article, we propose and numerically study a fully passive and lightweight intermodulation sensor based on the reconfigurable graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) oscillator and passive frequency mixer. The output frequency of the self-powered GFET-based oscillator can be sensitive to the surface doping effect caused by charged surface absorbates, reactive gases, contaminations, or aqueous solutions. In the intermodulation sensor, the low-frequency signals generated by GFET oscillator are mixed with the incident radio frequency (RF) waves, forming the retransmitted and the RF intermodulation signals. Since the intermodulation products do not mess up with the reception signal, the unwanted clutters, self-jamming, and interferences can be effectively suppressed. Our results show that the output frequency of the GFET oscillator can sensitively respond to charged molecules, and such information can be encoded in the backscatter intermodulation signal. We believe that our GFET-based intermodulation sensor may be beneficial for a variety of the Internet of Things (IoTs), remote sensing, and environment monitoring applications.
Role of Pyroptosis in Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used pain reliever that can cause liver injury or liver failure in response to an overdose. Understanding the mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death is critical for identifying new therapeutic targets. In this respect it was hypothesized that hepatocytes die by oncotic necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis and more recently pyroptosis. The latter cell death is characterized by caspase-dependent gasdermin cleavage into a C-terminal and an N-terminal fragment, which forms pores in the plasma membrane. The gasdermin pores can release potassium, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and other small molecules in a sublytic phase, which can be the main function of the pores in certain cell types such as inflammatory cells. Alternatively, the process can progress to full lysis of the cell (pyroptosis) with extensive cell contents release. This review discusses the experimental evidence for the involvement of pyroptosis in APAP hepatotoxicity as well as the arguments against pyroptosis as a relevant mechanism of APAP-induced cell death in hepatocytes. Based on the critical evaluation of the currently available literature and understanding of the pathophysiology, it can be concluded that pyroptotic cell death is unlikely to be a relevant contributor to APAP-induced liver injury.
The Odds Ratios of a 2 × 2 Contingency Table

We [1] have earlier reported on the feasibility for setting exact limits on the underlying odds ratio of a 2 X 2 contingency table. We then used the wellestablished principle that conditional on all marginals of the 2 X 2 table, the distribution of the table, i.e. of any cell entry in the table, depended only on the true odds ratio. Here, we intend to review some other aspects of the all-marginals-fixed distribution, making contrasts with the cases variously of no fixed quantities, only grand total fixed, or only one set of marginals fixed. Whichever conditioning or lack of conditioning is made, a maximum likelihood requirement in parameter estimation turns out to be that the expected table should equal the observed table. The odds ratio of the fitted expected table is thus equal to that of the observed table, yet in the instance of the doubly-conditioned distribution the observed table odds ratio is not the maximum likelihood estimate. More general]y, the ratio of crossproduct expectations, E(A) E(D) E(B) E(C), where expectatioins are based on a specified value for the odds ratio, fails to yield that specified value for the odds ratio in the doubly-conditioned situation. For all sampling situations, as we shall bring out, E(AD) E(BC) does equal the parametric odds ratio. (The quantity E(AD/BC) is not appropriate to consider since it is infinite in non-asymptotic situations for which there is a positive probability for a zero cell outcome. ) In connection with the doubly-conditioned situation we shall give calculations for chi square alternative to those we previously published. We begin by identifying the appearance of a sample 2 X 2 table outcome with row totals, N1 and N2, column totals MII, and A12, cell entries, A, B, C, and D, grand total T, the table taking the form
Quadratic Stability of Uncertain Reset Control Systems

Abstract In this paper, we consider quadratically robust stability of reset control systems with uncertain output matrices. We show that, when the uncertain set is a convex polyhedron, the necessary and sufficient condition for a reset control system to be quadratically robustly stable is that the vertices of the uncertain set share a common block diagonal Lyapunov function.
A Multivariate Stochastic Degradation Model for Dependent Performance Characteristics

Abstract Simultaneous degradation of multiple dependent performance characteristics (PCs) is a common phenomenon for industrial products. The associated degradation modeling is of practical importance yet challenging. The dependence of the PCs can usually be attributed to two sources, one being the overall system health status and the other the common operating environments. Based on the observation, this study proposes a parsimonious multivariate Wiener process model whose number of parameters increases linearly with the dimension. We introduce a common stochastic time scale shared by all the PCs to model the dependence from the dynamic operating environment. Conditional on the time scale, the degradation of each PC is modeled as the sum of two independent Wiener processes, where one represents the common effects shared by all the PCs, and the other represents degradation caused by randomness unique to this PC. An EM algorithm is developed for model parameter estimation, and extensive simulations are implemented to validate the proposed model and the algorithms. For efficient reliability evaluation under a multivariate degradation model, including the proposed one, a bridge sampling-based algorithm is further developed. The applicability and the advantages of the proposed methods are demonstrated using a multivariate degradation dataset of a coating material. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Fine-grained bird recognition by using contour-based pose transfer

Abstract. We propose a pose transfer method for fine-grained classifications of birds that have wide variations in appearance due to different poses and subcategories. Specifically, bird pose is transferred by using Radon-transform-based contour descriptor, k-means clustering, and K nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier. During training, we clustered annotated image samples into certain poses based on their normalized part locations and used the cluster centers as their consistent part constellations for a particular pose. At the testing stage, Radon-transform-based contour descriptor is used to find the pose a sample belongs to with a KNN classifier by using cosine similarity, and normalized part constellations are transferred to the unannotated image according to the pose type. Bag-of-visual words with OpponentSIFT and color names extracted from each part and from the global image are concatenated as feature vector, which is input to support vector machine for classification. Experimental results demonstrate significant performance gains from our method on the Caltech-UCSD Birds-2011 dataset for the fine-grained bird classification task.
Polymeric Excipients in the Technology of Floating Drug Delivery Systems

The combination of targeted transport and improvement of the release profile of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is a current trend in the development of oral medicinal products (MP). A well-known way to implement this concept is to obtain floating gastroretentive delivery systems that provide a long stay of the dosage form (DF) on the surface of the stomach contents. The nomenclature of excipients (Es) of a polymeric nature used in the technology of obtaining floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) is discussed. Based on the data presented in research papers, the most widely used groups of polymers, their properties, and their purpose in various technological approaches to achieving buoyancy have been determined. In addition, ways to modify the release of APIs in these systems and the Es used for this are described. The current trends in the use of polymers in the technology of floating dosage forms (FDF) and generalized conclusions about the prospects of this direction are outlined.
LYS Başarılarına Göre Okul Performanslarının Eğitsel Veri Madenciliği Teknikleriyle İncelenmesi: 2011 İstanbul Örneği

In this study, 42 different types of high schools in Istanbul from which students took University Placement Exam (LYS) are clustered in terms of their performances. It was also aimed to determine the types of tests that are more efficient among these schools. For this purpose, educational data mining techniques such as clustering and decision tree are used. By deploying the non-hierarchical k-means algorithm, schools are separated into 5 different clusters which have different success level for each of Math-Science (MS), Language and Math (LM) and Language-Social Studies (LS) test scores. It is found that Science High Schools, Private Science High Schools, Anatolian High Schools and Anatolian Teacher Schools found to be in the highest achievement level in all of the test scores. Furthermore, constructed decision tree models with CHAID algorithm show that (1) Chemistry for the score type MS, (2) Math for the score type LM and (3) Turkish Language and Literature for the core type LS were the test types which are primarily effective in the division of schools into clusters.
Multivariate refinement equations and convergence of subdivision schemes

Refinement equations play an important role in computer graphics and wavelet analysis. In this paper we investigate multivariate refinement equations associated with a dilation matrix and a finitely supported refinement mask. We characterize the Lp-convergence of a subdivision scheme in terms of the p-norm joint spectral radius of a collection of matrices associated with the refinement mask. In particular, the 2-norm joint spectral radius can be easily computed by calculating the eigenvalues of a certain linear operator on a finite dimensional linear space. Examples are provided to illustrate the general theory.
Outcomes of Philadelphia Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adolescent and Young Adults

Background Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) accounts for 25% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) age subgroup. It is associated with poor outcomes and is considered a standard indication for allogeneic stem cell transplant (Allo-SCT). Improved outcomes have been reported with addition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to chemotherapy in children and the role of Allo-SCT is now being debated in the first remission. Complete response (CR) at three months is associated with improved survival even without Allo-SCT in first CR. In this study, we have analyzed disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and factors affecting survival outcomes of Ph+ ALL in the AYA subgroup, in resource-limited settings treated with chemotherapy and TKIs. Materials and methods This is a retrospective, multicenter cohort study of Ph+ ALL AYA patients, aged 18-40 years, and registered between January 2015 and December 2020. Primary objectives are to calculate disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Secondary objectives are to identify prognostic factors affecting response rates and outcomes. List of cases was obtained from hospital information system (HIS) and data were collected from patient case notes and electronic medical records. Data analysis was done utilizing the SPSS statistical program (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Results Forty-nine patients were identified with Ph+ ALL with a median age of 23 years (range: 18-40 years) and a male-to-female ratio of 2.5:1. None of the patients had central nervous system (CNS) disease. White cell count was >30,000 per mm3 in 26% of patients, while 13% had additional cytogenetic abnormalities. Thirty-three percent patients received adult (hyper-cyclophosphamide, vincristine, Adriamycin, and dexamethasone {CVAD}) protocols while 67% received pediatric-inspired (Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster {BFM} 2000 or UK-ALL 2003/2011) protocols. TKI therapy was received by 66% of patients during treatment (early: 37%; late: 29%) and 34% did not receive TKIs due to financial constraints. CR after induction was achieved in 69% cases. Induction mortality was 16%. The median DFS for the entire cohort was 27 months (0.93-53.06) and the median OS was 29 months (8.89-49.10). The median OS in Allo-SCT group was not reached vs 8.0±8.8 months (p=0.05) with chemotherapy only. The OS was significantly better in patients with no additional cytogenetic abnormalities, pediatric-inspired chemotherapy protocols, early use of TKIs in induction phase, Allo-SCT, and post-Allo-SCT use of TKIs. Conclusion Addition of TKIs to pediatric-inspired chemotherapy protocols in Ph+ ALL AYA patients and Allo-SCT results in better overall survival. TKI availability remains a significant issue in low-income countries due to significant financial burden on the patients. Allo-SCT continues to be an attractive option, particularly in low-income countries providing an option for cure in Ph+ ALL.
AI Service Placement for Multi-Access Edge Intelligence Systems in 6G

This paper studies the artificial intelligent (AI) task deployment problem of a multi-access edge intelligent system in a 6G network, in which the cloud server broadcasts the AI program to the edge computing nodes. In particular, task nodes can perform remote processing by offloading AI tasks to cloud servers or other edge computing nodes, or they can perform processing tasks locally. In order to minimize the total computing time and energy consumption of all task nodes and maximize the inference accuracy of AI tasks, we jointly optimize the resource allocation and computing offloading decision of each node by solving a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. In order to efficiently solve this non-convex problem, we propose an alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) based algorithm, which effectively decomposes the problem into easy-to-handle MINLP subproblems. Through the proposed ADMM-based algorithm, each task node can use local channel state information (CSI) to optimize its calculation mode and resource allocation, which is more suitable for large-scale networks. The simulation results show that this method is significantly better than other benchmarks in various network environments, and the computational complexity is relatively low.
UNE MINORATION POUR L'EXPOSANT DU GROUPE DES CLASSES D'UN CORPS ENGENDRÉ PAR UN NOMBRE DE SALEM

In this article we extend the main result of [2] concerning lower bounds for the exponent of the class group of CM-fields. We consider a number field K generated by a Salem number α. If k denotes the field fixed by α ↦ α-1 we prove, under the generalized Riemann hypothesis for the Dedekind zeta function of K, lower bounds for the relative exponent eK/k and the relative size hK/k of the class group of K with respect to the class group of k.
Modeling Count Data with Excess Zeroes

There are many studies in social sciences, such as traffic accident analysis, in which the event counts may be characterized by a large number of zero observations. In this article, a proposed model that takes into account both the zero-count state and the nonzero-count state is used to describe the traffic accident phenomenon. The probability of the zero-count state (p) and the mean number of event counts (µ) in the non-zero-count state may depend on the covariates. Sometimes, p and µ are unrelated, while at other times, p may assume a simple function of µ. In proposing the model, different types of traffic accidents at signalized intersections in Singapore were investigated. The results demonstrate that the zero-altered probability process is an appropriate technique for modeling specific types of accidents in which the data contain many zero counts.
Comparison of initial perturbation methods for ensemble prediction at convective scale

Convective‐scale ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) are often initialized with downscaled initial condition perturbations (ICPs) from a global coarser EPS. Although downscaled ICPs have been shown to have a positive impact at short ranges, they cannot represent the uncertainty at small scales. Hence, there is a spin‐up of around 9–12 h until the forecast perturbations develop realistic small‐scale structures. On the other hand, ensemble data assimilation (EDA) is a common approach to obtain initial perturbations at all scales resolved by the numerical model. However, the high computational cost of EDA systems severely limits their size and their resolution. An alternative cheaper method to derive small‐scale ICPs is considered here, based on a random sampling of the model background‐error covariances. This article provides an evaluation of random and EDA‐based IC perturbation methods against the baseline downscaling approach, in the framework of the pre‐operational convective‐scale EPS developed at Météo‐France with the AROME‐France model at a 2.5 km horizontal resolution.
Stapled NRPS enhances the production of valinomycin in Escherichia coli

Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are a large family of secondary metabolites with notable bioactivities, which distribute widely in natural resources across microbes and plants. To obtain these molecules, heterologous production of NRPs in robust surrogate hosts like Escherichia coli represent a feasible approach. However, reconstitution of the full biosynthetic pathway in a host often leads to low productivity, which is at least in part due to the low efficiency of enzyme interaction in vivo except for the well‐known reasons of metabolic burden (e.g., expression of large NRP synthetases—NRPSs with molecular weights of >100 kDa) and cellular toxicity on host cells. To enhance the catalytic efficiency of large NRPSs in vivo, here we propose to staple NRPS enzymes by using short peptide/protein pairs (e.g., SpyTag/SpyCatcher) for enhanced NRP production. We achieve this goal by introducing a stapled NRPS system for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic NRP valinomycin in E. coli. The results indicate that stapled valinomycin synthetase (Vlm1 and Vlm2) enables higher product accumulation than those two free enzymes (e.g., the maximum improvement is nearly fourfold). After further optimization by strain and bioprocess engineering, the final valinomycin titer maximally reaches about 2800 µg/L, which is 73 times higher than the initial titer of 38 µg/L. We expect that stapling NRPS enzymes will be a promising catalytic strategy for high‐level biosynthesis of NRP natural products.
Optimality conditions and duality in multiple objective programming involving semilocally convex and related functions

A nonlinear multiple objective programming problem is considered where the functions involved are nondifferentiable. By considering the concept of weak minima, the Fritz John type and Karush-Kuhn- Tucker type necessary optimality conditions and Wolfe and Mond-Weir type duality results are given in terms of the right differentials of the functions. The duality results are stated by using the concepts of generalized semilocally convex functions
Modelling of multi-conjugate adaptive optics for spatially variant aberrations in microscopy

Adaptive optics has been implemented in a range of high-resolution microscopes in order to overcome the problems of specimen-induced aberrations. Most implementations have used a single aberration correction across the imaged field. It is known, however, that aberrations often vary across the field of view, so a single correction setting cannot compensate all aberrations. Multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) has been suggested as a possible method for correction of these spatially variant aberrations. MCAO is modelled to simulate the correction of aberrations, both for simple model specimens and using real aberration data from a biological specimen.
The Green–Kubo formula for general Markov processes with a continuous time parameter

For general Markov processes, the Green–Kubo formula is shown to be valid under a mild condition. A class of stochastic evolution equations on a separable Hilbert space and three typical infinite systems of locally interacting diffusions on (irreversible in most cases) are shown to satisfy the Green–Kubo formula, and the Einstein relations for these stochastic evolution equations are shown explicitly as a corollary.