Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late rapid deterioration after endoscopic third ventriculostomy: additional cases and review of the literature.

OBJECT Late rapid deterioration after endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a rare complication. The authors previously reported three deaths from three centers. Three other deaths and a patient who experienced rapid deterioration have also been reported. Following the death at the University of Toronto of an additional patient who underwent surgery elsewhere, they canvassed pediatric neurosurgeons in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia for additional cases. METHODS An email was sent to the members of the Canadian Congress of Neurological Sciences who are pediatric neurosurgeons, to the pediatric neurosurgery email list of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, to the email list of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, and to designated neurosurgeons in the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Australia, who in turn contacted pediatric neurosurgeons in their countries. A data form was provided, and data from previously reported cases were extracted. Nine additional cases were identified, and the results were collated with those of the seven cases previously reported. Patient age at surgery ranged from 2 days to 13 years (mean 7.6 years). The most common causes of hydrocephalus were aqueductal stenosis in 50% of patients and tectal glioma in 25% of patients. The time to treatment failure ranged from 5 weeks to 7.8 years (mean 2.5 years). Thirteen patients died, one patient was in a vegetative state, one patient was mildly disabled, and one patient whose condition deteriorated outside the operating room was alive and well. In the 13 patients in whom the ventriculostomy site was visualized at autopsy or repeated endoscopy, the ventriculostomy was shown to be occluded. CONCLUSIONS Late rapid deterioration is a rare but lethal complication of ETV. The mechanism is unclear, but deterioration can occur long after the ETV becomes occluded. Patients and caregivers should be counseled regarding this potential complication. An indwelling ventricular access device is an option for patients undergoing ETV.
A KINGDOM UNDER SIEGE. Nepal's Maoist Insurgency, 1996 to 2003.

* 1. Life and Death in the Time of War * 2. Politics in Nepal (1768-1996) * 3. Understanding the Causes of the 'People's War' * 4. The Growth of the Maoist Movement * 5. Two Momentous years, 2001 and 2002 * 6. Cost of the Conflict * 7. Ceasefire Again * Annexes * Notes * References
Molecular and cellular origins of behavioral sex differences: a tiny little fly tells a lot

Behavioral sex differences primarily derive from the sexually dimorphic organization of neural circuits that direct the behavior. In Drosophila melanogaster, the sex-determination genes fruitless (fru) and doublesex (dsx) play pivotal roles in producing the sexual dimorphism of neural circuits for behavior. Here we examine three neural groups expressing fru and/or dsx, i.e., the P1 cluster, aSP-f and aSP-g cluster pairs and aDN cluster, in which causal relationships between the dimorphic behavior and dimorphic neural characteristics are best illustrated. aSP-f, aSP-g and aDN clusters represent examples where fru or dsx switches cell-autonomously their neurite structures between the female-type and male-type. Processed sensory inputs impinging on these neurons may result in outputs that encode different valences, which culminate in the execution of distinct behavior according to the sex. In contrast, the P1 cluster is male-specific as its female counterpart undergoes dsx-driven cell death, which lowers the threshold for the induction of male-specific behaviors. We propose that the products of fru and dsx genes, as terminal selectors in sexually dimorphic neuronal wiring, induce and maintain the sex-typical chromatin state at postembryonic stages, orchestrating the transcription of effector genes that shape single neuron structures and govern cell survival and death.
A New Fish Species of the Genus Bhavania (Homalopteridae: Homalopterinae) from River Noadhing Drainage, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Bhavania australis is the only species of genus Bhavania so far recorded from the southern states of India (Tal war and Jhingran, 1991). This fish species has a good number of synonymies, Platycara australis (Jerdon, 1849), Homaloptera maculata (Day, 1877), Homaloptera brucei (Day, 1877), Bhavania annandalei, Hora ( 1920). Subsequently, Hora (1920) revised the genus Bhavania (Subfamily : Homalopterinae) on retrieval of the species Bhavania australis from the state of Kerela, Karnataka and other southern states of India. Even thereafter several Authors (Hora, 1941; Jayaram, 1981; Menon, 1987; Talwar & Jhingran, 1991) on redescription of the species Bhavania australis rather kept in the same genus Bhavania. Recently, on reassessment of the faunal wealth of Arunachal Pradesh, India, led to the record of one more species of Bhavania from the River Noadhing drainages, Lohit district. The new species has its own special characteristic features which could be readily differentiated from the species Bhavania australis on various scores: head dotted with pores and arranged in rows along the margin of orbit; thoracic region with a central pit; lateral line at the origin of ventral fin slightly curved; pectoral fin overlapping the ventral fin anteriorly; caudal emarginate, lower lobe longer than upper; longitudinal band from the base to the tip of lower caudal lobe, eight number of saddle-shaped blotches on the back. On the basis of these distinctive characters, the species has been described as a new species Bhavania arunachalensis along with a key to the identification of all the species of genus Bhavania in the text.
Impact of Different Oseltamivir Regimens on Treating Influenza A Virus Infection and Resistance Emergence: Insights from a Modelling Study

Several studies have proven oseltamivir to be efficient in reducing influenza viral titer and symptom intensity. However, the usefulness of oseltamivir can be compromised by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant virus. The selective pressure exerted by different oseltamivir therapy regimens have received little attention. Combining models of drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, viral kinetics and symptom dynamics, we explored the efficacy of oseltamivir in reducing both symptoms (symptom efficacy) and viral load (virological efficacy). We simulated samples of 1000 subjects using previously estimated between-subject variability in viral and symptom dynamic parameters to describe the observed heterogeneity in a patient population. We simulated random mutations conferring resistance to oseltamivir. We explored the effect of therapy initiation time, dose, intake frequency and therapy duration on influenza infection, illness dynamics, and emergence of viral resistance. Symptom and virological efficacies were strongly associated with therapy initiation time. The proportion of subjects shedding resistant virus was 27-fold higher when prophylaxis was initiated during the incubation period compared with no treatment. It fell to below 1% when treatment was initiated after symptom onset for twice-a-day intakes. Lower doses and prophylaxis regimens led to lower efficacies and increased risk of resistance emergence. We conclude that prophylaxis initiated during the incubation period is the main factor leading to resistance emergence.
Success and Education in South Korea

ment in Japan has become widely known,1 and South Korean students have recently achieved the highest mean scores in science and math in the International Assessment of Educational Progress (IAEP) administered by the Educational Testing Service to 13-year-olds in 19 countries, with Taiwanese students having achieved second highest.2 This international success is well known in South Korea, having been widely reported in the media, and has become a source of national pride. It is not immediately apparent why children in South Korea and Taiwan should be so successful in science and math. Neither subject is a traditional strength of East Asian intelligentsias, and educated Koreans often respond to questions about South Korean students' mastery of math by noting that none of the world's famous mathematicians have been East Asian. Lip service has been given to scientific and technical education since the founding of the Republic of Korea in 1948, but the actual emphasis in educational planning up until the 1970s was citizenship educationinculcating loyalty, patriotism, self-reliance, and anticommunism. Even the ideology of modernization introduced in the early 1960s focused on spirit rather than technology. In-su Son has characterized the educational policy of Huii-s6k Mun, minister of education and culture during the Democratic Party Government of 1960-61, thusly: "If modernization is realizing humanity by making daily life more rational, then the spiritual aspect of modernization is even more important than the material, and the spiritual must precede [the material], if only in stages . human propensities and the structure of consciousness must be reconstructed as the driving force of social reform. "3 Serious and sustained special attention to scientific and technical education came only in 1973
States Monitoring States: The United States, Australia, and China's Human Rights, 1990-2001

In an era of globalization, universal human rights are judged to transcend state borders and fragment state sovereignty. International human rights treaties and multilateral human rights organizations play an increasing role in regulating state activity and exert a socializing impact on recalcitrant states. Recent research suggests that bilateral pressures are low on the scale of effectiveness in comparison to multilateral pressures.2 Despite this, individual states continue to assume an ongoing role in monitoring each other’s human rights performance. Far from diminishing, the regulatory burden of the state appears to be expanding, as the monitoring of China’s human rights by the international community is diverted, at China’s urging, into an increasing number of bilateral channels. Despite US extension of Permanent Normal Training Relations (PNTR) to China in 2000, and despite
Economic development and mass political participation in contemporary China: determinants of provincial petition (Xinfang) activism 1994–2002

Rapid economic development has increased mass political participation in market reform China. Many electoral authoritarian regimes with a good record of economic development have experienced the growing participation of elite/middle-class citizens. Under the Chinese Communist Party regime, however, the poor mass is the main group to participate drastically more. This is because despite rapid aggregate growth, the mass have suffered extensively from excessive exploitation with high levels of corruption and inequality, which benefits many local elites. The regime has evaded authoritarian election but channeled such mounting participatory demands into an extensive petition (Xinfang) institution nationwide. As a result, the mass petition activism has rapidly increased since the early 1990s. This article finds the specific determinants of such petition activism with newly assembled data on provincial petition frequency and multiple case studies.
Prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in nine countries

Background. There are few cross-national comparisons of the rates of suicide ideation and attempts across diverse countries. Nine independently conducted epidemiological surveys using similar diagnostic assessment and criteria provided an opportunity to obtain that data. Methods. Suicide ideation and attempts were assessed on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule in over 40000 subjects drawn from the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, France, West Germany, Lebanon, Taiwan, Korea and New Zealand. Results. The lifetime prevalence rates/100 for suicide ideation ranged from 2·09 (Beirut) to 18·51 (Christchurch, New Zealand). Lifetime prevalence rates/100 for suicide attempts ranged from 0·72 (Beirut) to 5·93 (Puerto Rico). Females as compared to males had only marginally higher rates of suicidal ideation in most countries, reaching a two-fold increase in Taiwan. Females as compared to males had more consistently higher rates for suicide attempts, reaching a two- to three-fold increase in most countries. Suicide ideation and attempts in most countries were associated with being currently divorced/separated as compared to currently married. Conclusions. While the rates of suicide ideation varied widely by country, the rates of suicide attempts were more consistent across most countries. The variations were only partly explained by variation in rates of psychiatric disorders, divorce or separation among countries and are probably due to cultural features that we do not, as yet, understand.
Once-weekly prophylactic dosing of recombinant factor IX improves adherence in hemophilia B

Regular prophylactic treatment in severe hemophilia should be considered an optimal treatment. There is no general agreement on the optimal prophylaxis regimen, and adherence to prophylaxis is a main challenge due to medical, psychosocial, and cost controversies. Improved approaches in prophylaxis regimen of hemophilia B are needed to make patients’ lives easier. There is some evidence to support the efficacy of once-weekly prophylaxis. Longer sampling schedules are required for the determination of pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of factor IX (FIX). The half-life of FIX seems to be longer than previously described and is expected to be 34 hours. The clinical significance of maintaining a 1% trough level is widely debated in hemophilia B. The overall relationship between factor concentrate levels and incidence of joint bleeding was found to be very weak. Data also indicate that the distribution of FIX into an extravascular FIX compartment may contribute to hemostasis independently of circulating plasma FIX levels. Clinical assessment of the frequency and severity of bleeds remain an important measure of the efficacy of treatment. Role of PK-guided therapy remains to be established. Two prospective randomized studies had evaluated the efficacy and safety of 100 IU/kg once-weekly prophylaxis with nonacog alfa, and this prophylaxis regimen was found to be associated with lower annual bleeding rate compared with on-demand treatment in adolescents and adults with moderately severe-to-severe hemophilia B. Secondary prophylaxis therapy with 100 IU/kg nonacog alfa once weekly reduced annual bleeding rate by 89.4% relative to on-demand treatment. Residual FIX may be supportive of effectiveness. Once-weekly prophylaxis was well tolerated in the two studies, with a safety profile similar to that reported during the on-demand treatment period. To individually tailor treatment to clinical response and to minimize costs of factor concentrate, it would be of interest to investigate the efficacy of lower doses of the drug administered once a week.
An exploration of organization dissent and workplace freedom of speech among young professional intra-urban migrants in Shanghai

ABSTRACT This study explores the factors influencing the dissent behavior and perceptions of workplace freedom of speech among young Chinese professionals who are intra-urban migrants. It attempts to grasp the role of the Chinese household registration system, referred to as Hukou, in migrants’ professional and everyday life. Fourteen interviews were conducted with young, well-educated intra-urban migrants who possessed middle-income jobs but did not possess a Shanghai registration (Hukou). This study reveals that traditional Confucian values are significant in shaping Chinese migrant workers’ expressions of dissent and perceptions of workplace freedom of speech. Findings from this study demonstrate that further attention to professional migrants is warranted to understand their unique position in Chinese society. Internal migration is a global phenomenon particularly prominent in developing countries. This study is an attempt to shed light on internal migrant’s social and organizational life in developing economies.
Remaking Beijing : Tiananmen Square and the Creation of a Political Space

In 1949, Beijing still retained nearly all of its time-honored character and magnificence. But when Chairman Mao rejected the proposal to build a new capital for the People's Republic of China and decided to stay in the ancient city, he initiated a long struggle to transform Beijing into a shining beacon of socialism. So began the remaking of the city into a modern metropolis rife with monuments, public squares, exhibition halls, and government offices. Wu Hung grew up in Beijing and experienced much of the city's makeover firsthand. In this lavishly illustrated work, he offers a vivid, often personal account of the struggle over Beijing's reinvention, drawing particular attention to Tiananmen Square - the most sacred space in the People's Republic of China. Remaking Beijing considers the square's transformation from a restricted imperial domain into a public arena for political expression, from an cpic symbol of socialism into a holy relic of the Maoist regime, and from an official and monumental complex into a site for unofficial and antigovernment demonstrations. Wu Hung also explores how Tiananmen Square has become a touchstone for official art in modern China - as the site for Mao's monumental portrait, as the location of museums narrating revolutionary history, and as the grounds for extravagant National Day parades celebrating the revolutionary masses. He then shows how in recent years the square has inspired artists working without state sponsorship to create paintings, photographs, and even performances that reflect the spirit of the 1989 uprisings and pose a forceful challenge to official artworks and the sociopolitical system that supports them. Remaking Beijing will reward anyone interested in modern Chinese history, society, and art, or, more generally, in how urban renewal becomes intertwined with cultural and national politics.
The timing of entry into motherhood in Asia: A comparative perspective.

Abstract This paper examines the determinants of age at first birth from an explicitly comparative perspective in the following Asian societies: Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand. The key structural variables have the same (or similar) effects in each of the groups examined. Education through primary school and beyond has a strong delaying effect on age at first birth in all eight populations. Difference of rural-urban origin does not affect the timing of motherhood in any of these societies. We also find a remarkably strong effect of shared cultural heritage. All the Confucian groups tend to behave similarly, as do the Muslim and Hindu groups.
Country Survey: Defense Policy and Military Spending in Taiwan, 1952–2009

In this article we survey military spending, the evolution of national defense policy, and the role that defense spending played in economic activities in Taiwan from 1952 to 2009. With the ongoing cross-Strait dialogue and closer commercial ties between Taiwan and China, the share of military spending in government expenditures (or GDP) has tended to gradually decline, which is in accordance with the change in defense policy from an offensive posture to a defensive-oriented attitude. In addition, we investigate the defense spending–inflation nexus in Taiwan. The multivariate structural change test identifies two break points and three regimes are categorized accordingly. The Granger causality test based on the VAR model reveals that the heavy defense burden in Taiwan during 1952–71 (the first regime) is essentially an important factor causing the higher price levels. However, when the tension across the Taiwan Strait is alleviated as well as the defense-oriented policy adopted, the military spending no longer plays a crucial role in determining inflation in the recent two regimes. Sensitivity analysis confirms that our results are robust to different model specifications.
Independent Candidates in China's Local People's Congresses: a typology

Previous studies of China's local people's congress (LPC) elections have been preoccupied with the description of the new election law, the operation of that law, the control mechanism of local Chinese Communist Party (CCP) committees in the electoral process, electorates and selectorates, and the voting behavior in China's limited-choice election. Less scholarly attention has been paid to the emergence and implications of independent candidates in this electoral setting. Based on interviews, document analysis and observation, this paper defines the independent candidate, classifies them into four types, and describes the campaign process and specific outcomes in China's LPC elections. It is demonstrated that the development of independent candidates forms a realistic power locus in China's LPC elections, and to a large extent provides a functional substitution of opposition parties for exploring the change of authoritarian regime without opposition parties.
Land-Use Management and Wet-Rice Cultivation (Jebi Aji) by the Apatani People in Arunachal Pradesh, India

The traditional knowledge and expertise of the Apatani group of villages in the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India were evaluated in terms of the cultural and social cohesiveness associated with managing the land, water and agro-biodiversity. Unlike other tribal communities in north-east India, who mainly practise shifting cultivation, the Apatani depend mainly on perennial wet-rice cultivation. They successfully grow 16 varieties of rice in the waterlogged paddy fields by means of organic farming and appropriate use of diverse natural resources. The traditional wet-rice farming system is functional even today and is modified by the community as and when required. Apatani land-use management is conducted using well tried traditional land law systems, and land is classified into 10 major categories on the basis of traditional uses. The paper also highlights the traditional irrigation technology and techniques for maintaining soil fertility and storing grain.
The Republic as Er Myth: Plato’s Iconoclastic Utopianism

In the twentieth century, the Nazi death camps, the killing fields of the Khmer Rouge, the Soviet gulags, and the Maoist counter-revolutionary campaigns, rather than the pacific, enlightened society envisioned by Sir Thomas More, were seen by many luminaries of the liberal tradition as the truest expression of utopianism. Karl Popper identifies Plato as the root source of the “utopian social engineering” that led to the deaths of millions. This article provides an alternative reading of Plato’s Republic in an attempt to resuscitate the concept of utopia while steering it clear of the kinds of abuses Popper and others so rightly decry. It argues that Plato is educating his audience to the dangers of the utopian social engineering that Popper accuses him of promoting.