Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study of CAPTCHA Configuration with Machine Attack Defensibility and User Convenience Consideration

: In order to satisfy brute-force attack tolerance and user convenience, we proposed "Directcha-maze" [Sano 17]. In it, multiple CAPTCHA tasks are implicitly embedded in a maze. What users are conscious of is a maze solving task, and thus it is expected that users do not feel psychological burden for repeating CAPTCHA tasks; rather, solving a maze should be an enjoyable task for users. In this paper, we show another advantage of Directcha-maze which we did not find in the prior work and, in addition, propose a method to reduce the response time. Specifically, this paper is organized as follows. (i) We rethink the concept of Directcha-maze. As the result, the authors found that our method contributes to improve not only brute-force attack tolerance but also machine learning attack tolerance. (ii) In order to reduce the response time of the method, we propose using some goals on a maze. Developing a system of the maze which has a start and four goals, we checked the effectiveness of the method.
Growth rate, protein:RNA ratio and stoichiometric homeostasis of submerged macrophytes under eutrophication stress

Growth rate hypothesis (GRH) and stoichiometric homeostasis of photoautotrophs have always been questioned. However, little is known about GRH and stoichiometric homeostasis of aquatic plants, especially submerged macrophytes. Therefore, we aim to test the GRH and explore stoichiometric homeostasis of four freshwater submerged macrophytes under eutrophication stress. At the single species level and the multi-species level, N:P ratios of Potamogeton maackianus , Myriophyllum spicatum , Vallisneria natans and Ceratophyllum demersum had no consistent trends with growth rates. However, protein:RNA ratios of P. maackianus , M. spicatum and V. natans all correlated negatively with growth rates, demonstrating GRH can apply to freshwater submerged macrophytes, even though they are threatening by eutrophication stress. Protein:RNA ratios positively correlated with N:P ratios in culture media and tissues in submerged macrophytes except in P. maackianus (30d), suggesting effects of varying N:P ratios in culture media on protein:RNA ratios are basically in concert with tissue N:P ratios under short-time eutrophication stress. Stoichiometric homeostasis coefficients (H N:P ) indicated submerged macrophytes have weak homeostasis. Stoichiometric homeostasis of V . natans was stronger than those of P. maackianus , M. spicatum and C. demersum . The differences in GRH and homeostasis of the four submerged macrophytes may be due to species traits.
Inclusions of simple C* -algebras

We prove that if a conditional expectation from a simple $C^*$-algebra onto its $C^*$-subalgebra satisfies the Pimsner-Popa inequality, there exists a quasi-basis. As an application, we establish the Galois correspondence for outer actions of finite groups (and more generally finite dimensional Kac algebras) on simple $C^*$-algebras. We also introduce the notion of sectors for stable simple $C^*$-algebras and purely infinite simple $C^*$-algebras in the Cuntz standard form, and discuss several applications, including their relationship to $K$-theory.
Analysis on Pollution Characteristics and Variation Trend of CO in Tianjin

This paper analyses 2010 monitoring data of CO from twelve national monitoring and controlling sites of environmental and atmosphere in Tianjin.The CO change trend and its characteristics were discussed.The results show that the CO data present the characteristic of typical two peaks-two valleys.The CO concentration is high in winter and low in summer.CO correlated negatively with ozone and temperature.
Sensitivity of mass balance of five Swiss glaciers to temperature changes assessed by tuning a degree-day model

Abstract A degree-day model is used to assess the sensitivity of the mass balance of five Swiss glaciers to temperature changes. The model uses temperature data extrapolated from nearby climate stations, and is tuned by varying precipitation to make the model fit the observed distribution of mass balance with altitude. Once the model is tuned, the effect of temperature change is simulated by recalculating the mass balance with the same parameters as before, but with a temperature increase of 1°C throughout the year. The largest mass-balance changes, involving increased ablation of > 1 m w.e. a−1 °C−1, occur at the snout, with a progressively smaller increase with altitude. The area-averaged sensitivities for the five glaciers are −0.7 to −0.9 m w.e. a−1 °C−1. If annual precipitation also increased by 20% it would partly offset the effect of the 1°C higher temperatures but could not compensate for it.
Accurate and efficient prediction of fine‐resolution hydrologic and carbon dynamic simulations from coarse‐resolution models

The topography, and the biotic and abiotic parameters are typically upscaled to make watershed‐scale hydrologic‐biogeochemical models computationally tractable. However, upscaling procedure can produce biases when nonlinear interactions between different processes are not fully captured at coarse resolutions. Here we applied the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Mapping Method (PODMM) to downscale the field solutions from a coarse (7 km) resolution grid to a fine (220 m) resolution grid. PODMM trains a reduced‐order model (ROM) with coarse‐resolution and fine‐resolution solutions, here obtained using PAWS+CLM, a quasi‐3‐D watershed processes model that has been validated for many temperate watersheds. Subsequent fine‐resolution solutions were approximated based only on coarse‐resolution solutions and the ROM. The approximation errors were efficiently quantified using an error estimator. By jointly estimating correlated variables and temporally varying the ROM parameters, we further reduced the approximation errors by up to 20%. We also improved the method's robustness by constructing multiple ROMs using different set of variables, and selecting the best approximation based on the error estimator. The ROMs produced accurate downscaling of soil moisture, latent heat flux, and net primary production with O(1000) reduction in computational cost. The subgrid distributions were also nearly indistinguishable from the ones obtained using the fine‐resolution model. Compared to coarse‐resolution solutions, biases in upscaled ROM solutions were reduced by up to 80%. This method has the potential to help address the long‐standing spatial scaling problem in hydrology and enable long‐time integration, parameter estimation, and stochastic uncertainty analysis while accurately representing the heterogeneities.
Evaluation of Air and Litter Quality with Microbiological Fluctuations in Commercial Broiler Facilities Using a Biological or Chemical Litter Treatment

ii Acknowledgments iv List of Tables vi List of Figures x General Introduction 1 Review of Literature 2 Material and Methods 39 Results and Discussion 44 Effect of Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) and Litter Guard (LG) on air and litter quality with microbiological fluctuations in commercial broiler facilities over three consecutive broiler flocks Trial 1 44 Trial 2 60 Trial 3 76 Trial 1-3 91 Effect of Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) on environmental and microbiological parameters in commercial broiler facilities Trial 1-3 107 Conclusion 120
Towards Automatic Activity Classification and Movement Assessment during a Sports Training Session

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Abstract—Motion analysis technologies have been widely used to monitor the potential for injury and enhance athlete performance. However, most of these technologies are expensive, can only be used in laboratory environments and examine only a few trials of each movement action. In this paper, we present a novel ambulatory motion analysis framework using wearable inertial sensors to accurately assess all of an athlete's activities in real training environment. We firstly present a system that automatically classifies a large range of training activities using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in conjunction with a Random forest classifier. The classifier is capable of successfully classifying various activities with up to 98% accuracy. Secondly, a computationally efficient gradient descent algorithm is used to estimate the relative orientations of the wearable inertial sensors mounted on the shank, thigh and pelvis of a subject, from which the flexion-extension knee and hip angles are calculated. These angles, along with sacrum impact accelerations, are automatically extracted for each stride during jogging. Finally, normative data is generated and used to determine if a subject's movement technique differed to the normative data in order to identify potential injury related factors. For the joint angle data this is achieved using a curve-shift registration technique. It is envisaged that the proposed framework could be utilized for accurate and automatic sports activity classification and reliable movement technique evaluation in various unconstrained environments for both injury management and performance enhancement.
The lipoproteins and lipid transport in abetalipoproteinemia.

The disease abetalipoproteinemia results in intriguing disturbances of lipid transport (2, 3). Included among its manifestations are an inability to form chylomicrons (4) and the lowest concentrations of plasma lipids detected in any human disorder. In this familial syndrome it is possible that the elaboration of beta lipoprotein, or more strictly its beta or B apoprotein, is primarily affected by mutation. This is one of two proteins known to be constituents of human plasma lipoproteins. Abetalipoproteinemia offers unique opportunities for probing the functions of and specific requirements for the B apoprotein and for observing compensating mechanisms aroused by its deficiency. Some explorations into these aspects of the disease have already been made (2-6). This paper adds the following studies: 1) more intensive immunochemical analyses of the plasma lipoproteins than have heretofore been made to determine whether any detectable quantities of beta lipoprotein are present, 2) identification of the protein present in the "low density lipoproteins" frequently reported in this disease, 3) examination of the alpha lipoproteins and their A apoprotein in abetalipoproteinemia, and 4) experimental determination of the effect of B apoprotein deficiency on endogenous glyceride transport.
The impact of emotions on recall: An empirical study on social ads

Emotions are a complex phenomenon that entails a tricky problem regarding the measurement. To partially overcome this question, we assess emotions both using self-report and measures commonly used in neuromarketing. This study assesses the accuracy of the recall after 4 months regarding two social advertising videos about female genital mutilation. Forty female participants were recruited. The skin conductance trend of the participants is different when viewing the two videos. The majority of participants (94.9%) reported that the two videos elicited different emotions (sadness for the first video and anger for the second one). Furthermore, according to arousal and valence model, these data are consistent with the literature that underlines the importance of psychophysiological indexes in measuring emotions and their associations with memory performances.
Protocolo de valoración de la composición corporal para el reconocimiento médico-deportivo. Documento de Consenso del Grupo Español de Cineantropometría de la Federación Española de Medicina del Deporte

La estimación de la composición corporal es importante para la determinación del estado nutricional tanto en condiciones de salud como de enfermedad. Una gran variedad de métodos para la valoración de la composición corporal han sido desarrollados y validados, entre los cuales queremos destacar las técnicas antropométricas y la bioimpedancia eléctrica como métodos de campo de fácil aplicación, buena reproducibilidad y escaso costo.
An Analog Multimode Visual Feature Extraction Retina

We propose a multimode retina integrating image sensing, normalization, smoothing, differentiation and visual feature extraction by incorporating: 1) a histogram equalization function onto the sensor focal plane, which normalizes the image signal at the same dynamic range under different illumination conditions and results a constant signal amplitude facilitating the post processing; 2) a capacitive Gaussian network and a spatial differentiator, which offer a bandpass filtering on the normalized image; 3) a visual feature extraction, which extracts and localizes the areas enveloping objets of interest. This novel multimode retina, when interfaced with a digital processing unit, does a first step processing and information salient region extraction suited for many real-time vision tasks.
Heuristic approach for data gathering in wireless sensor networks

Future device to device communication using the LTE system bring new opportunities for application development. In the case of wireless sensor networks, unmanned aerial vehicles with LTE capabilities could be used to increase the network lifetime, while ensuring high transfer rates between LTE capable sensor nodes and the aerial vehicles. In this article we propose a hybrid heuristic algorithm able to design a set of efficient paths to gather the data generated by sensor nodes, which are scattered over a given area, while ensuring that data collected will not arrive outdated to the base station. This is particularly useful when sensors generate data with time delivery deadlines. Results show that the approach is able to solve the data gathering problem efficiently presenting, for most data sets and time delivery deadline ranges, a high certainty degree regarding the quality of the solution.
Cell Contacts and Airway Epithelial Damage in Asthma

Nasal polyposis is a poorly understood chronic inflammatory disease often associated with asthma. As nasal polyps and asthma both are associated with massive eosinophil infiltration, they may share a common pathophysiological mechanism. Many genetic and autoimmune diseases may result from altered expression or function of cell adhesion molecules such as desmosomes. A transmission electron microscopical study was carried out on tissue from 15 patients suffering from nasal polyps, to investigate if there are changes in desmosomes in nasal polyps from asthmatic and/or allergic patients versus non-asthmatic versus non-allergic patients. In allergic patients the damage to columnar cells was more extensive than in non-allergic patients. Massive infiltration of eosinophils was observed in epithelium and connective tissue in all groups. No significant difference in thickness of the basal lamina was found between any of the groups. All patients had dilated capillaries in the connective tissue. The intercellular space between the epithelial cells was smallest in the asthmatic non-allergic group. The relative length of columnar cell or basal cell desmosomes was reduced in patients with asthma or allergy, compared to non-allergic, non-asthmatic patients. Hence, there appears to be a weakness in the desmosomes in asthmatics and allergics. Epithelial shedding may play an important rote in the pathophysiological process of a multifactorial disease such as asthma.
BIOMASS AND DISTRIBUTION OF PINE FOREST PHYTOCENOSIS FINE ROOTS IN SANDY SOIL AND SANDY CLAY LOAM SOIL ON RECLAIMED SPOIL HEAP OF THE PIASECZNO SULPHUR MINE 1

Summary. The paper presents the results of research on the biomass and distribution of fine roots (of up to 2 mm diameter) in pine forest phytocenosis aged 30 years growing on a reclaimed spoil heap of the Piaseczno Sulphur Mine, in the following two soil and habitat variants: on Quaternary sands (1Pcz) and on Quaternary sands with Krakowiecki clay insertions (2PczNi). The research was conducted using a modified monolith method. The sides of profiles measuring 120 × 120 cm were fitted with a grid of 10 × 10 cm squares, next 250 cm 3 cylinders were used to collect samples from each square. The following factors were determined: the graining of the samples (organoleptically), pH (using Hellig's reagent) and temporary moisture. Next the roots were rinsed and divided into fractions of fine roots with a diameter of up to 2.0 mm, other fractions from 2.0 to 8.0 mm and above 8.0 mm. The roots were then dried at 65oC and weighed. Soil properties and root biomass were submitted to correlation and spatial variability analysis in the profiles using SIP tools. Total biomass of fine roots in the 0–120 cm horizon was found to be comparable to literature data for „natural” forest habitats, but in 1Pcz variant it was slightly smaller (6.00 Mg·ha -1 ) than in the 2PczNi variant (7.16 Mg·ha -1 ). In both variants a significant correlation was discovered (with p = 0.05) between root biomass distribution and moisture distribution in the soil profiles. In the 2PczNi variant, the root biomass moisture distribution was related to the distribution of clay insertions in sand. The results indicated a positive development of biologically active zone in soils forming on the reclaimed spoil heap.
Males under attack: sexual cannibalism and its consequences for male morphology and behaviour in an orb-weaving spider

During their quest to maximize fertilization success, males may be under sexual selection through male–male competition, female choice and/or sexual conflict over mating frequency. In many orb-weaving spiders, mating interactions are characterized by sexual cannibalism, which has been hypothesized to drive the evolution of male morphology and mating behaviour in this group. Here, we investigate sexual selection on male body size, leg length and copulation duration due to sexual cannibalism in the highly sexually dimorphic orb-weaving spider Argiope aurantia. In a controlled laboratory experiment, we analysed male–female interactions for 99 pairs, with the aid of detailed video recordings. We measured selection on males during five selection episodes during the courtship and mating sequences. We found significant selection during the insertion of the first pedipalp, where 23% of males were killed. Larger males with longer legs for their size were more likely to be attacked, but male morphology had no effect on the likelihood of survival. Instead, males that stayed inserted longer (median insertion duration = 3.5 s) were more likely to be killed by the female. However, we did not detect any trade-off between fertilization success and survival during the first insertion. Males that achieved two insertions increased their fertilization success by about 25% compared with males that inserted only once. Our results suggest that sexual cannibalism is not an important contributor to the maintenance of the sexual dimorphism in size or shape (relative leg length) in this species. However, sexual cannibalism does select for very short copulation duration and rapid sperm transfer.
A framework for the analysis of the influence of rainfall spatial organization and basin morphology on flood response

This work describes the derivation of a set of statistics, termed spatial moments of catchment rainfall, that quantify the dependence between rainfall spatial organization, basin morphology and runoff response. These statistics describe the spatial rainfall organisation in terms of concentration and dispersion along the flow distance coordinate. These statistics were derived starting from an analytical framework, and related with the statistical moments of the flood hydrograph. From spatial moments we also created an index quantifying catchment scale storm velocity. This index measures the overall movement of the rainfall system over the catchment, reflecting the filtering effect of its morphology. We also extended spatial moments to the hillslope system, developing a framework to evaluate the relevance of hillslope and channel propagation in the flood response to spatially variable rainfall fields. Data from six flash floods occurred in Europe between 2002 and 2007 are used to evaluate the information provided by the framework. High resolution radar rainfall fields and a distributed hydrologic model are employed to examine how effective are these statistics in describing the degree of spatial rainfall organisation, which is important for runoff modelling. The size of the study catchments ranges between 36 to 2586 km2. The analysis reported here shows that spatial moments of catchment rainfall can be effectively employed to isolate and describe the features of rainfall spatial organization which have significant impact on runoff simulation. Rainfall distribution was observed to play an important role in catchments as small as 50 km2. The description timing error was further improved by the inclusion in the framework of hillslope propagation. This development allows to compare scenarios of hillslope conditions, to evaluate the sensitivity of single basins or the effect of catchment scale. The analysis of catchment scale storm velocity showed a nonlinear dependence with basin scale. The values of velocity observed were however rather moderate, in spite of the strong kinematic characteristics of individual storm elements, and did not play a relevant effect on the flood analyzed.
A climate-flood link for the lower Mekong River

The Mekong River in Southeast Asia thanks its regular annual flood to the southwest monsoon. At longer time scales, the monsoon is a spatially and temporally variable circulation, with different annual to millennial variation for different regions. In this paper, the Indian and the Western Pacific components of the monsoon were analyzed to draw a light on the interannual flood variability of the Mekong River. The focus is on the variance of flood season flows at 8 stations on the Mekong River, as well as on well-known climate indexes that reflect the dynamics of the monsoon circulation and ocean temperature anomalies. An effort was made to identify the temporal resolution that contains most of the interannual variability of both flood regime of the Mekong and monsoon intensity. We found a close connection between the Western Pacific monsoon and the discharge in Kratie and other stations in the Southern Mekong region. In the frequency domain, the interannual to decadal variance of the Mekong discharge closely follows that of the Western Pacific monsoon. More importantly, the well-known regime shift of 1976 in the North Pacific is detectable in the frequency domain for flood discharge and monsoon intensity. This suggests a relationship between Pacific sea surface temperature and monsoon variance, which is a good predictor for flood variance. This dependence influences the probability of occurrence of floods in the Mekong Delta.
Increased Browning of Woody Vegetation due to Continuous Seasonal Droughts in Yunnan Province, China

Abstract In this paper, based on the analysis of satellite measurements, the authors conclude that the continuous seasonal droughts intensify the browning of woody vegetation and that evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) shows a larger browning percentage than other woody vegetation types over Yunnan Province. Based on the Tropical Rain-fall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation standardized anomaly, in the dry season, which is from October to March, the 2010 drought affected an area of Yunnan Province 1.77 times larger than the 2012 drought, but in the post-drought months (April to June), the browning area of all woody vegetation in 2012 was 1.11 times larger than that in 2010 on the basis of the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) standardized anomaly. The reduction of vegetation greenness over large areas of Yunnan Province represents a photosynthetic capacity loss which will have an impact on carbon fluxes to the atmosphere.