Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting risky choices from brain activity patterns

Significance Previous studies have examined the neural correlates of risk, but it is unknown if patterns of brain activity can predict choices in risky decision-making. We used functional MRI data to predict choice behavior in subjects while they performed a naturalistic risk-taking task. We found choices on subsequent trials could be predicted with high accuracy when condensing each individual's brain activity to two values, indicating that choice behavior is encoded even in coarse activation patterns. A searchlight analysis demonstrated that choices can also be predicted based on localized activity patterns within neural networks involved in cognitive control. These regions show greater activation prior to safe choices than risky choices, suggesting that control systems play a key role in inhibiting risky choices. Previous research has implicated a large network of brain regions in the processing of risk during decision making. However, it has not yet been determined if activity in these regions is predictive of choices on future risky decisions. Here, we examined functional MRI data from a large sample of healthy subjects performing a naturalistic risk-taking task and used a classification analysis approach to predict whether individuals would choose risky or safe options on upcoming trials. We were able to predict choice category successfully in 71.8% of cases. Searchlight analysis revealed a network of brain regions where activity patterns were reliably predictive of subsequent risk-taking behavior, including a number of regions known to play a role in control processes. Searchlights with significant predictive accuracy were primarily located in regions more active when preparing to avoid a risk than when preparing to engage in one, suggesting that risk taking may be due, in part, to a failure of the control systems necessary to initiate a safe choice. Additional analyses revealed that subject choice can be successfully predicted with minimal decrements in accuracy using highly condensed data, suggesting that information relevant for risky choice behavior is encoded in coarse global patterns of activation as well as within highly local activation within searchlights.
The Great Disruption

The booming Japanese economy from the 1960s through the mid-1980s was one of the most thoroughly studied and admired phenomena of modern times. From steel to automobiles, consumer electronics to watches, Japanese companies easily overran the fortifications of their American and European competitors. Western scholars praised Tokyo's careful economic planning and the focus of Japan's keiretsu? massive, interlocked networks of companies such as Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Matsushita, and Sumitomo? on building long-term competitive advantages. Other analysts attributed Japan's economic momentum to its workers' selfless dedication to improving produc tivity and to the extraordinarily high savings rates of its consumers. Scholars cited the absence of similar factors in Europe and North America, meanwhile, to explain the stagnation afflicting those countries. In the United Kingdom, for example, the huge share of gnp taken up by government spending was seen as crippling economic growth because it crowded out private investment capital. The fortunes of these economies, of course, have now reversed. America has experienced the longest unbroken economic expansion in its history, and the United Kingdom has achieved levels of prosperity that few could have imagined 30 years ago. Japan, in contrast, has
Universal voluntary testing and treatment for prevention of HIV transmission.

lic Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51(RR-8):1-46. 7. Benson CA, Kaplan JE, Masur H, Pau A, Holmes KK; CDC; National Institutes of Health; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004;53(RR-15):1-112. 8. Mofenson LM, Oleske J, Serchuck L, Van Dyke R, Wilfert C; CDC; National Institutes of Health; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004;53(RR-14):1-92. 9. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. HIV/AIDS Policy Fact Sheet, July 2007. http://www.kff. org. Accessed November 17, 2008. 10. Hall HI, Song R, Rhodes P, et al; HIV Incidence Surveillance Group. Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States. JAMA. 2008;300(5):520-529. 11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Late versus early testing of HIV—16 sites, United States, 2000-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003; 52(25):581-586. 12. District of Columbia Department of Health. District of Columbia HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Annual Report, 2007. http://www.dchealth. dc.gov/doh/frames . asp? doc=/doh/lib/doh/services/administration_offices/hiv_aids/pdf /epidemiology_annual_2007. pdf. Accessed November 17, 2008. 13. AIDSInfo Web site. Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children—June 20, 2008. http://aidsinfo.nih. gov/contentfiles/Pediatric_OI. pdf. Accessed November 17, 2008. 14. Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KH, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009;58(RR-4):1-207.
Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America

Foreword by Keith Reeves of Swarthmore College. 1. Introduction: The Puzzle of Participation in American Politics. 2. The Political Logic of Political Participation. 3. Citizen Participation in American Politics, 1952-1990. 4. Citizen Participation in Governmental Politics. 5. Citizen Participation in Electoral Politics. 6. Mobilization and Participation in Electoral Politics. 7. Solving the Puzzle. 8. Conclusion: Mobilization and Political Equality. Appendix A. Participation in Governmental Politics: Data Sources. Appendix B. Participation in Electoral Politics: Data Sources. Appendix C. Participation in Governmental Politics: Tables. Appendix D. Participation in Electoral Politics: Tables. Appendix E. Mobilization and Participation in Electoral Politics: Tables.
NHS direct: managing demand for primary care?

This paper considers how NHS Direct is affecting demand for primary care in particular out-of-hours services from GPs. This is reviewed through a 3-year study of NHS Direct and HARMONI, the integrated telephone health helpline based in West London. It describes the policy background and development of the services on the site, and some of the outcomes of the HARMONI commissioned research to answer the question 'Has NHS Direct increased the workload for HARMONI doctors? '. The research adopted both a qualitative and quantitative approach using cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the data collected. The analysis of the data reveals the issues as both complex and dynamic in nature. The research shows that while there has been no significant change to the total volume of activity, changes within patient groups notably the elderly and children, and in individual GP practices may be significant. In addition, the changes in organizational arrangements may influence significant changes in referral patterns such as GP out-of-hours visits. This was confirmed in the interview data indicating a link between the change in nurses' role from gatekeeper to patient advocate, which happened when they ceased to be employees of the part-time co-op and began to work instead for the 24 hours, 7 days a week NHS Direct service. The conclusions drawn are that behavioural and organizational changes are at least as significant as the evidence-based computerized decision support software in changing the demand for primary care. Further evidence cited is that a different demand pattern of calls was experienced by those local GPs not integrated into out-of-hours provision at NHS Direct West London at the time of the study.
Climate Change and Conservation of Leading‐Edge Peripheral Populations

As with a number of high-latitude countries, Canada is a home to many species that are locally at risk but common farther south. The round-leaved Greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia) is a typical example (Fig. 1) (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada [COSEWIC 2007]). The large jurisdictional boundary between Canada and the United States slices through several ecozones (Fig. 2) and politically divides many species’ ranges. As a result COSEWIC monitors many populations that may be rare or in decline within Canada, but have more stable populations in the United States. Of Canada’s approximately 280 terrestrial species at risk, we estimate that over 75% (224) are at their northern range periphery in Canada (the full list is available from B.M.S.). The allocation of conservation effort to these “peripheral” species has sparked some debate in Canada over whether, or under what circumstances, peripheral populations should be included in national species conservation. Conservation attention to species that are locally rare, but globally common, may fail to consider local biota in a wider context and may result in skewed allocation of funds to protect species in wealthy nations while endemic species in poor nations disappear (Hunter & Hutchinson 1994). Listed species, however, may be locally important sociopolitically and ecologically (Hunter & Hutchinson 1994; Fraser 2000). They may exhibit distinctive characteristics and reserves of biodiversity below the species level that make them valuable for conservation (e.g., Hunter & Hutchinson 1994; Lesica & Allendorf 1995; Fraser 2000). Even without explicit consideration of climate change, one could argue for a continued investment in conserving peripheral populations in Canada.
INTRACELLULAR POSITION OF NUCLEAR DIVISION IN PROTONEMA OF PTERIS VITTATA

The basic growth pattern of protonema of polypodious fern is apical growth; namely by elongation and cell division which usually take place only in the apical cell. These two processes give rise to fairly straight protonema consisting of linearly arranged cells. Elongation growth seems to be strikingly localized a t the tip of the apical cell. In Dryopteris filix-mas protonema, MOHR (1956) stated that the growing zone was restricted to within 20 microns of its tip. Similar results have been noted for bracken fern (TAKAHASHI, 1961). The apical cell elongates mainly in a region within 10 microns of the tip. The region beyond 30 microns from the tip and the other cells do not elongate, except in a few cases for the apical end of subapical cells. During cell division a new cell wall is formed transversely in protonema during filamentous growth phase. Since elongation does not occur in the daughter cell of basal to the division plane, the cell length of this cell is directly fixed by the position where cell division occurs in the parent apical cell. Protonemal cells are not uniform even if they are grown under constant culture conditions. Therefore, it is interesting in the morphogenetic study of fern protonema whether the intracellular position of nuclear division in apical cell is determined or not. In long cells such as those of fern protonema, it is likely that the formation of new cross walls relate to the position of the nucleus before cell division. Observations with stained material have made evident the existence of the nucleus in or near the tip of the apical cell (REUTER, 1953), but there is no obvious indication of the relationship between the position of nuclear division and that of the formation of a new cross wall. This paper demonstrates that in the protonema of Pteris vittata the nucleus is
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Prospective Insect Based Feed Production in West Africa

While the concept of insect based feeds (IBFs) promises great potential, especially in developing countries, the sustainability performance of IBF production remains widely underexplored. Drawing on experimental data from rearing trials in West Africa, three different insect production systems were modelled ex-ante. The generic models served as a basis to analyse and compare the process performances of different IBF production systems using Musca domestica and Hermetia illucens reared on different substrates. The results show that the input efficiency in the production of IBF is largely determined by the quality of rearing substrates, the larval development time and the employed inoculation practises, i.e., the method by which eggs or larvae are added to rearing substrates. The H. illucens system ranked highest for conversion efficiency (substrate input per IBF output), but showed substantially higher inputs in labour, fossil energy and output of wastewater. M. domestica systems operated at lower conversion efficiencies, which resulted in higher outputs of residue substrates, together with higher emissions, land requirements, built infrastructure and water. By offering full disclosure of generic inventory data, this study provides data and inspiration for prospect research and development activities and offers a reference to future life cycle assessments (LCAs) on IBF.
Galloping caseous pneumonia with miliary dissemination in a renal transplant recipient: emphasis on pretransplant detection and prophylaxis.

Kang-Jey Ho, MD PhD, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, University Station, Birmingham, AL 35233 (USA) Dear Sir, Screening of renal transplant candidates for tuberculosis has not been routinely practiced in the United States because of its low prevalence in the general population [1]. Presented here is a patient with end-stage renal disease who developed galloping caseous pneumonia with systemic dissemination 2 months after renal transplantation and expired. Should pretransplant screening and preor post-transplant prophylaxis for tuberculosis be carried out, such tragedy could certainly be avoided. A 56-year-old man was diagnosed to have idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in 1977. He was treated medically unitil February 1986, when he started hemodialysis therapy. In September 1990, the patient underwent a cadaveric renal transplantation. Two immunosuppressive drugs, ciclosporin and prednisone, were used throughout his hospitalization. Immediate postoperative course was complicated by intestinal obstruction with abdominal distention. Colonoscopy was then performed but no mass lesion was found throughout the entire large intestine. The procedure was complicated by perforation of the sigmoid colon which required emergency repair. Meanwhile, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine rose. The patient was then treated with additional immunosuppressive agent OKT3. Renal function improved with OKT3 therapy. However, peripheral lymphopenia with absolute lymphocyte count ranging from 28 to 800/mm3 persisted. Two months after transplantation, the patient started to spike fever. Cytomegalic inclusion disease was suspected and the patient was treated with an antiviral agent, gan-ciclovir, in addition to antibiotics. His immunosuppressive medication was also tapered. Repeated blood and sputum cultures up to the time of his demise grew neither viruses nor bacteria. Bilateral pulmonary reticulonodu-lar infiltrate was noted 2.5 weeks after the onset of fever. Skin tests for trichophyton, mumps, Candida and tuberculosis were all negative. Bronchoscopy was attempted but unsuccessful because the patient could not tolerate the procedure. The infectious disease consultant raised the possibility of mycobac-terial infection and suggested initiation of antituberculous therapy. The patient, however, developed sepsis syndrome and expired 3 months after the transplantation. At autopsy, the contracted native kidneys showed acquired or dialysis-associated cystic disease. The kidney allograft revealed no evidence of rejection. However, many small poorly-
Business Ethics: Case Studies and Selected Readings

Unit I Individual values and the business organization: A. Employee Conflicts of Interest. B. Inappropriate Gifts. C. Security of Company Records. D. Personal Honesty. Unit II Individual rights and the business organization: A. Corporate Due Process. B. Employee Screening. C. Employee Privacy. D. Sexual Harassment. E. Affirmative Action/Equal Employment Opportunity. F. Employment at Will. G. Whistle-Blowing. H. Employee Rights. I. Comparable Worth. Unit III Business operations: A. Financial and Cash Management Procedures. B. Conflicts Between the Corporation's Ethical Code and Business Practices in Foreign Countries. C. Unauthorized Payments to Foreign Officials. D. Workplace Safety. E. Plant Closures and Downsizing. F. Environmental Issues. G. Purchasing: Conflicts and Bribery. Unit IV Business and its competition: A. Advertising Content. B. Appropriation of Others' Ideas. C. Product Pricing. Unit V Business and its product: A. Contract Relations. B. Product Safety. C. Product Quality. D. Customer Privacy. Unit VI Business and its stakeholders: A. Shareholders' Interests. B. Executive Salaries. C. Corporate Contributions. D. Social Issues. E. Public Disclosure and Relations. Unit VII Business and government: A. Government Employees. B. Government Contracts. C. Government Responsibilities.
A model-driven framework for domain specific languages demonstrated on a test automation language

Innovation in today’s automotive industry is largely based on electronics and software. To get a competitive edge a company has to deliver new features steadily. This trend is boosted by a decreasing technology life cycle. The result is an exponential growth of software inside a car. As quality plays a critical role software and hardware have to be tested properly, manual testing is not practicable anymore. At the BMW Group a framework for test automation has been developed including a Microsoft Excel based test specification language. The language and its implementation approach offer various places for improvement, however due to the chosen technology the emendation possibilities are limited. Therefore the development of a new domain specific language (DSL) was decided. However, the development of a new DSL is a difficult task at the moment. The developer needs expertise in the field of language development which involves design, lexical analysis, parser and compiler construction, implementation of a suited runtime and most importantly knowledge of the concepts within the specific domain. A various number of tools supporting domain specific language development is available, yet most lack in categories like reusability, maintainability, interoperability or ease of use. For that reason this thesis proposes a new framework for the development of domain specific languages which is based on the vision of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE). In MDE models are the central artifact of software engineering and enable reuse. A domain and its language (syntax and semantic) are described by models. The framework allows the reuse of existing textual grammars for compiler generator tools, translating them into models. Thereby it becomes possible to apply a large number of MDE transformation and generation tools to them. In turn a language parser and generator can be produced from these grammar models. An additional goal is to automatically generate a suitable language editor and debugger to improve developer experience. Using the proposed framework, the test automation language is reimplemented. This is realized by reusing an existing language and extending it. Also different problems like error reporting or tool support for the DSL are solved.
Fat chance for a favor: obese-normal differences in compliance and incidental learning.

The behavior of obese individuals has been characterized as stimulus bound. To extend this hypothesis, the effects of manipulations of salient external cues on incidental learning and compliance were tested for overweight and normal subjects. High- or low-potency trigrams were presented incidentally, under conditions of high, low, or no distraction. A significant triple-order interaction for subject weight, cue potency, and distraction was obtained. Subsequently, subjects were asked to comply with the request of a heavy or slim confederate whose behavior had been quite pleasant, neutral, or extremely nasty. Both the weight and behavior of the person making the request had a greater effect on the compliance of overweight subjects than on that of normals. Recent research has established that the eaiting behavior of overweight people is highly responsive to food-relevant environmental cues and is relatively unresponsive to internal visceral cues (Nisbett, 1968; Schachter & Gross, 1968; Schachter, Goldman, & Gordon, 1968). Because it seemed possible that this heightened external responsiveness might also hold for non-food-related stimuli, Rodin, Herman, and Schachter (1974) measured overweight and normal-weight subjects in a number of perceptual tasks that have been assumed to tell something about the likelihood that a stimulus will trigger a response. They found that obese subjects were faster than were normals in choice reaction time and that they had lower tachistoscopic recognition thresholds and better immediate recall for items briefly exposed on a slide. In considering these results, Rodin (1973) reasoned that the overweight subject is stimulus bound and therefore gripped by impinging external cues. Consequently, when a task is salient and no other prominent external stimuli are present, obese subjects perform as well or better than normals. However, distracting irrelevant cues may also compel attention and thus disrupt task performance for the obese. Rodin found
Subdividing functional dyspepsia: a paradigm shift?

An understanding of functional dyspepsia (FD) has remained elusive in part because defining the condition has been so difficult.1–3 The term dyspepsia (or “bad digestion”) was simply derived from the Greek dys which means “bad” and peptein which means “to digest”. 3 FD in 2008 is still a diagnosis of exclusion1; the synonyms endoscopy-negative or non-ulcer dyspepsia are arguably no more illuminating. To confound the situation further, the word dyspepsia is not understood by most patients, but remains a vague term in common medical parlance.1–3 There has been an evolution in thinking in terms of what symptoms should and should not comprise FD, but there remains a lack of global consensus despite the Rome working team reports.4 Thus, the recent National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines in the UK continued to lump symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) in with all other upper abdominal complaints as “dyspepsia” in contrast to US guidelines.4 5 Prior to the Rome consensus process, dyspepsia was so poorly defined that the literature was arguably impossible to interpret.3 Many studies used the expression but failed to report what they meant by dyspepsia.6 7 The bandying around of fuzzy concepts persisted—for example, defining dyspepsia as that group of symptoms triggered when food digestion was disordered3 (but how does one know food digestion is truly disordered? ). Dissimilar conditions were subsumed under this heading, including GORD and biliary pain, to name a few.3 The simple concept that dyspepsia should be restricted to refer to meal-related symptoms was largely dismissed because not all peptic ulcer patients reported clear-cut meal-related complaints.3 With the rapid disappearance of peptic ulcer disease in many parts of the Western world, there is now little interest in understanding …