Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geothermics and climate change 2. Joint analysis of borehole temperature and meteorological data

Long-period ground surface temperature variations contained in borehole temperature-depth profiles form a complementary climate change record to high-frequency, but noisy surface air temperature (SAT) records at weather stations. We illustrate the benefits of jointly analyzing geothermal and meteorological data for two regions in Utah where both high-quality temperature-depth measurements and century long SAT records exist. Transient temperature-depth profiles constructed from SAT time series reproduce in considerable detail borehole transient ternperature-depth profiles. Typical rms differences between these transient temperature profiles are less than 13 mK. The analysis yields a preobservational mean (POM) temperature, a parameter describing the long-term mean surface temperature prior to the onset of SAT measurements (i.e., prior to the 20th century). The average POM for these two regions is 0.6°±0.2°C cooler than the 1951–1970 average SAT, suggesting that 20th century warming represents a real and significant departure from 19th century surface temperature values. In certain cases, borehole temperature profiles might be used as an independent check on long-wavelength adjustments made to SAT data.
Las Redes Sociales En La Gestión de Los Recursos Naturales : ¿Qué Hay Que Aprender de Una Perspectiva Estructural?

Social networks among actors and stakeholders are gaining attention in studies of natural resource management, particularly those of adaptive management based on different forms of participation and co-management. In this sense, social networks have primarily been envisioned as enabling different actors to collaborate and coordinate management efforts. Here, we continue the discussion initiated by Newman and Dale (2005), which highlighted the fact that not all social networks are created equal. We discuss the relation between some structural characteristics and functions of social networks with respect to natural resource management, thus focusing on structural implications that are often overlooked when studying social networks within the context of natural resource management. We present several network measures used to quantify structural characteristics of social networks and link them to a number of features such as learning, leadership, and trust, which are identified as important in natural resource management. We show schematically that there may be inherent juxtapositions among different structural characteristics that need to be balanced in what we envision as social network structures conducive to adaptive co-management of natural resources. We argue that it is essential to develop an understanding of the effects that different structural characteristics of social networks have on natural resource management.
The Global Climate of September-November 1990: ENSO-like Warming in the Western Pacific and Strong Ozone Depletion over Antarctica

During the September-November (SON) 1990 season, some conditions continued to evolve toward an ENSO warm episode in the tropical western Pacific. Sea surface temperature anomalies were found in the central equatorial Pacific and the oceanic thermocline along the equator remained deeper than normal. However, seasonal mean convection did not show any characteristics of a warm episode. For the third straight season, above-normal temperatures were observed over much of the land mass in the Northern hemisphere. In the Antarctic stratosphere, ozone depletion in the polar region was the second largest since 1958. 10 refs., 20 figs., 1 tab.
An investigation of relation between CO2 emissions and yield of tea production in Guilan province of Iran

This paper examines the CO2 emissions patterns and the relationship between CO2 input and yield for tea production in Lahijan city of Guilan province. Data from 30 farmers were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire method. The results showed that the average of total CO2 emissions in tea production was 935.98 kgCO2eq. ha-1 where the nitrogen with about (26.32%) and diesel fuel with about (26.32%) were the major CO2 emitter, respectively. Based on three farms size level results, the medium and small farms had the best and worst condition from CO2 emissions and tea yield point of view. The CO2 ratio of small, medium, large and total farms was computed as 0.113, 0.079, 0.105 and 0.089 kgCO2eq. kg-1, respectively. In this study, the Cobb-Douglass production function was applied for modeling of CO2 inputs on tea yield. Econometric assessment results revealed that the CO2 inputs of phosphate and nitrogen had significant influence on the yield. The impact of phosphate (-2.60) and nitrogen (2.50) were found at the highest among the other input parameters in decreasing and increasing of yield, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the MPP value of CO2 inputs was between -24.17 and 66.91. Also the MPP value of nitrogen was the highest among all CO2 emitter inputs.
HYDROMORPHOLOGY OF THE UNCONFINED GROUNDWATER IN THE SOUTH OF KLATEN DISTRICT (Data before Earthquake Mei 27th 2006)

There are some characteristics and distributions of unconfined groundwater variation in the research area. Those are related to a system of water supply and consumptive use for drinking water. Variation of the groundwater characteristic depends on variation of morphology. Therefore, it is needed to delineate hydromorphology units of the regions as a base on groundwater resources management, especially for drinking water. The aims of the research are: (1) to study of the characteristic and distribution of unconfined groundwater variations base on landform units, (2) to study the factors that affect such variations, and (3) to establish the hydromorphology units of the regions for groundwater resources management, especially for drinking water. The method used in this research is landform approach and field survey. The sampling method is stratified sampling, based on landform as the analysis approach. Result of the research shows that there are some variations of groundwater characteristic at each landform. Landforms which have good groundwater characteristic are Hydromorphology Unit of Fluvio Volcanic Plain of Young Merapi (except Bayat region) and Hydromorphology Unit of Volcanic Foot Plain of Young Merapi. At those units, there are good quality of groundwater, bicarbonate water (hydrochemical type I), having low electric conductivity, shallow of water table, low in fluctuation, and middle to fast class in aquifer permeability. Those units are the most potential unconfined groundwater resources management for drinking water. The units which have poor groundwater characteristic are Hidromorphology Unit in Bayat Region, including Undulating Alluvial Plain, Fluvio Volcanic Plain of Young Merapi, and Swamp Alluvial Plain. Generally, the groundwater quality is medium to poor, the hydrochemical type is Va (initiation process of connate water) and type III (evaporate water), shallow up to medium of water table, and low to middle class of aquifer permeability. The taste of groundwater is brackish to saline with high concentration of chloride.
Arctic Mixed-Phase Cloud Properties from AERI Lidar Observations: Algorithm and Results from SHEBA

Abstract A new approach to retrieve microphysical properties from mixed-phase Arctic clouds is presented. This mixed-phase cloud property retrieval algorithm (MIXCRA) retrieves cloud optical depth, ice fraction, and the effective radius of the water and ice particles from ground-based, high-resolution infrared radiance and lidar cloud boundary observations. The theoretical basis for this technique is that the absorption coefficient of ice is greater than that of liquid water from 10 to 13 μm, whereas liquid water is more absorbing than ice from 16 to 25 μm. MIXCRA retrievals are only valid for optically thin (τvisible < 6) single-layer clouds when the precipitable water vapor is less than 1 cm. MIXCRA was applied to the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) data that were collected during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment from November 1997 to May 1998, where 63% of all of the cloudy scenes above the SHEBA site met this specification. The retrieval determined that.
Rapid extension recorded by cooling‐age patterns and brittle deformation, Naxos, Greece

The metamorphic core complex exposed as the island of Naxos in the Aegean Sea records an unusually complete sequence of structures developed as a result of continental extension. The structures formed during Miocene rise and cooling from ductile, upper amphibolite facies and anatectic conditions to brittle near-surface conditions beneath the Naxos detachment fault. Top-to-the-north ductile fabrics in the footwall, which initially developed during amphibolite facies prograde metamorphism, were overprinted by a succession of north directed, normal sense lower-temperature brittle structures as the footwall was tectonically unloaded and unroofed. Pseudotachylite and cataclasite formation, brittle faulting, alteration, and erosion of the footwall occurred during continued slip and tectonic denudation. Neogene conglomerate and megabreccia, in part derived from exhumation of this footwall, lie structurally above the peripheral Naxos fault. Published K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages for hornblende, white mica, and biotite in the footwall decrease northwestward; apparent ages 17–50 Ma in the southeast correspond to areas of low metamorphic grade where preextension argon was partially retained. Published ages 16–10 Ma in higher-grade rocks of the domal core in the north are cooling ages that for each of the three minerals show a component of younging in the NNE direction of extension. Assuming this is the direction of unroofing, we interpret the rate of this younging as the fault slip rate as the footwall rocks moved >20 km SSW relative to their hanging wall along the base of the Naxos detachment fault. The calculated rates of slip average 5–8 mm/yr, comparable to maximum rates reported in the Basin and Range province.
Tree-Ring Studies on Agathis australis (Kauri): A Synthesis of Development Work on Late Holocene Chronologies

The potential of kauri (Agathis australis) for paleoclimate research is well established. Multiple tree-ring chronologies have been derived from living and sub-fossil material and growth-climate relationships have been identified. Work has progressed to the stage where raw ring-width data and chronologies covering the last half of the second millennium can confidently be placed in the public domain, to facilitate multi-proxy paleoclimate studies. This paper outlines progress in deriving kauri tree-ring chronologies, summarises data availability and quality, and explores the scope for developing composite chronologies. Statistical quality control of the available data was undertaken, following application of an “optimum” standardisation technique. Variations in sample depth with time and between sites result in a complex evolving pattern of chronology quality across sites. Analysis of inter-site statistical relationships identified a pervasive regional-scale signal in kauri with some minor secondary patterns. In light of the strong common signal, a kauri master chronology was built by pooling tree-ring series. Analysis of the quality of this chronology indicates that high-quality master chronologies can be derived for A.D. 1597–1996 from as few as 25 trees from seven sites.
THE ROLE OF PERFECTLY MOBILE COMPONENTS IN METAMORPHISM

The concept of perfectly mobile components was introduced to petrologic literature by D. S. Korzhinskii (1936, 1950). Korzhinskii noticed that in metasomatic rocks the content of certain components was more or less fixed throughout the metasomatic process, but that the content of other components, either volatile ones such as H20 and CO2 or those with appreciable solubility in pore fluid, changed greatly during metasomatism (compare Shaw 1956). Components of the first type were designated "inert" and of the second type "perfectly mobile" (in English translation). The terms "perfectly mobile" and "inert" were redefined by Korzhinskii in the context of his thermodynamic theory of open systems, the result being that the words lost their literal meaning and acquired an esoteric, technical significance. The redefinition was unfortunate as it provides an example of how the use of common words in multiple senses can lead to misunderstanding. The terminology and concepts have been widely used, discussed, and criticized in petrologic studies of metamorphic and metasomatic rocks. The purpose of this paper is to review the historical development of the concepts of "inert" and "perfectly mobile" components. Problems that have arisen in the application of the concepts to understanding rocks are discussed. The concepts are then evaluated in the light of current research in metamorphic petrology.
Divulgación voluntaria estratégica ante un evento laboral: evidencia empírica para el mercado continuo español

The aim of this paper is to analyse the disclosure activity in press around a labor event, for the companies quoted on Spanish continuous market and the reaction of stock prices of those firms affected by such events. The previous period to the signature of a firm level collective agreement offers potentially strong incentives for the firm its disclosure policy in the previous year to the signature. If the disclosure policy can increase the returns of the firm via a, reduction of asymmetric information or to hyping the stock price, this may result in a lower cost of capital. However the company can have incentives to change the opinion of the union about the solvency and futures cash flows of the firm, in such a form that the increase agreed in the wages is the minor possible. Therefore, the disclosure policy confronts a conflict of objectives. On the one hand, the desire to influence on the market with an aggressive policy of disclosure of good news, reducing the negative effect that the signature has on the market. On the other hand, the desire of the agreement being the most favourable for the firm. Our results provide evidence both directions. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la actividad de divulgacion en prensa escrita alrededor de un evento laboral y los movimientos del precio de los titulos afectados por el evento, de las empresas cotizadas en el mercado continuo espanol. El periodo anterior a la firma de un convenio de empresa ofrece incentivos potencialmente fuertes para cambiar la politica de divulgacion de una compania. Si la politica de divulgacion puede aumentar la rentabilidad de la firma, bien por reduccion de la asimetria informativa o por promocionar la accion, esta disfrutara de un coste de capital menor. Pero tambien la empresa puede tener incentivos para cambiar la opinion del sindicato acerca de la solvencia y futuros flujos de caja de la empresa, de tal forma que, el incremento pactado en los salarios sea lo menor posible. Por ello, la politica divulgadora de la empresa afronta un conflicto entre el deseo de influenciar al mercado con una politica agresiva de divulgacion de buenas noticias, paliando el efecto negativo que la firma del convenio tiene sobre el mercado y, por otro lado, el deseo de que la negociacion del convenio sea lo mas favorable para la empresa. Nuestros resultados proporcionan evidencia de ambos casos.
Ice lead orientation characteristics in the winter Beaufort Sea

The directional orientations of leads in the winter ice pack of the Beaufort Sea are studied both spatially and temporally. Data from the European Earth Resources Satellite-1 (ERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) was used. The SAR data was produced in image form at the Alaska SAR Facility (ASF) with 100m/spl times/100m pixel resolution. The lead ice pixels, which included all non-multiyear ice; were defined using a simple thresholding of the radar backscatter values. The orientations of the leads covering the Beaufort Sea during the period of January through March of 1992 were derived using a lead skeletonization technique. Results show a strong temporal persistence in the distribution and orientation of the leads during this period. The orientation of leads newly-formed within a 3-day period were then compared to both the local and large-scale ice deformation fields. Results show a consistent relationship between the orientations of the newly-formed leads and the principal direction of shear within the ice motion fields. <<ETX>>
Time Series Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry for Ground Deformation Monitoring over a Small Scale Tectonically Active Deltaic Environment (Mornos, Central Greece)

ABSTRACT Parcharidis, I. ; Kourkouli, P.; Karymbalis, E. ; Foumelis, M. , and Karathanassi, V. , 2013, Time series synthetic aperture radar interferometry for ground deformation monitoring over a small scale tectonically active deltaic environment (Mornos, Central Greece). This study deals with the estimation of subtle ground deformation at millimetric accuracy over the broader area of the Mornos River delta in Central Greece and its spatio-temporal distribution for the period between 1992 and 2009 through Persistent Scatterers Interferometry (PSI). The results showed that the majority of the scatterers, which show subsidence, are located within the delta plain with mean subsidence rates throughout the delta varying between −7.2 and +0.7 mm/y. An attempt is made to highlight the geographic distribution, the amplitude, and the causes of the observed delta plain subsidence. The positive correlation between the thickness of the fine-grained Holocene deltaic deposits and the subsidence rates reveals that the main cause is the natural compaction of sediments. The highest subsidence is observed at Bouka Karahassani village, which corresponds to the area of the most recently abandoned river mouth, which is intensely eroded by marine processes. Apart from the dominance of fine sediments in the study area, subsidence may also be attributed to submarine gravitational mass movements along the steep slopes of the prodelta as well as to the reduction of sediment load after the dam construction in 1979. The NW part of the delta seems to have been affected by aseismic slip along a NE-SW trending normal fault buried beneath the alluvial deposits of the Skala torrent fan.
Do women and men compete equally on a level playing field? An empirical investigation into the 2021 Olympic shooting competitions

Due to physical differences between the genders, it is hard to study whether women also vary from men in their competitive drive in sports. The Olympic committee instituted major rule changes in the sport of shooting in the Tokyo Olympic Games (2021), leveling the playing field. We explored performance in a myriad of competitions including newly established mixed-gender doubles events in this unique sport of very limited physical input. Men performed better than women in events which required “dynamic” qualities (following moving targets) but when the competitions were held most constant (rifle shooting with stationary targets indoors) and regardless of distance or posture, women performed equally to men exhibiting seemingly similar competitive drive. The last finding should propel the Olympic committee to fully integrate rifle events. In the broader sense, we find that when the playing field is even, the genders, at least among highly trained selective competitors compete equally.
Role of Slip Velocity in the Behavior of Stratified Multiphase Plumes

This paper presents direct measurements of multiphase plumes in stratification and correlates characteristic plume properties with the nondimensional slip velocity UN . UN is defined as the ratio of the bubble slip velocity us to a characteristic plume fluid rise velocity (BN)1∕4 ; B is the total kinematic buoyancy flux, and N is the buoyancy frequency. UN is derived by dimensional analysis and is compared to other nondimensional parameters for multiphase plumes in the literature. To investigate correlations of the nondimensional numbers with plume properties, laboratory experiments were conducted in linear stratification using dispersed phases of air, oil, and glass beads (creating an inverted plume). A new type of plume behavior is identified, called Type 1* , in which the horizontal motion in the first detrainment event disperses the relatively weak bubbles, creating a diffuse bubble plume that forms out of the intrusion. Measurements from these and previous experiments for type behavior, trap height, .
Chapters School of Hotel Administration Collection 2-2012 Innovative Practice in the Spanish Hotel Industry

A survey of corporate-level senior research and development managers in twenty-seven of Spain’s largest hotel chains found a general bias toward innovation, as the majority have formal R&D departments and offer rewards for innovative concepts. Considering a framework that includes four types of innovation (i.e., product innovations, process innovations, enhanced knowledge of market, and management innovations), the survey found that the chains focused the greatest innovation efforts on improving management. However, the innovations most frequently mentioned involve enhanced knowledge of the market, including the use of new sales channels and communication improvements. Case studies of four hotel concepts depict innovations intended to be singular, that is, hard to duplicate. NH Hoteles uses its customer data center to segment customers and create targeted communications and special offers; Hoteles Hesperia has allied with Michelinrated chefs to upgrade its hotel restaurants both in terms of menu and image; Chic&Basic has installed modest-price but high-quality inns in center-city locations that usually host luxury hotels or poor quality guest accommodations; and Marqués de Riscal has developed City of Wine, in the Rioja region of Spain, complete with a Frank Gehry–designed hotel operated by the Starwood Luxury Collection.