Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Class of Online Censoring Based Quaternion-Valued Least Mean Square Algorithms

Streaming Big Data applications require the means to efficiently utilize large-scale data in an online manner. This issue becomes even more pressing when data are also multidimensional, as is the case with quaternion data streams. To this end, we first introduce the online censoring (OC) based quaternion least mean square (OC-QLMS) and OC-augmented QLMS (OC-AQLMS) algorithms, which censor less informative data in order to reduce computational complexity without severely affecting performance. Next, to censor both the outlier and noninformative data, we also propose the robust OC-QLMS (ROC-QLMS) and ROC-AQLMS. Fixed and adaptive threshold rules are introduced into the proposed OC algorithms to efficiently implement the desired censoring probability in the quaternion domain. The fundamental convergence analysis on the step size for all the proposed algorithms is also presented and the superior properties of the proposed algorithms are demonstrated in system identification scenarios.
Geant4-a new Monte Carlo toolkit for simulating space radiation shielding and effects

The need to assess the effects of radiation on spacecraft is becoming increasingly important due to the increased sensitivity of microelectronics and sensors and the reduced availability of radiation hard alternatives. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation offers the ability to model in detail the physics of space radiation. Geant4 is a new-generation toolkit for Monte Carlo simulation, intended primarily for the high-energy physics community, but with potentially wider applications including space. Unlike other codes that attempt to treat the wide range of processes by interfacing existing MC models, Geant4 has been developed to provide, in a single tool, comprehensive treatment of the physical processes for a wide range of particles and energies. The European Space Agency as part of the Geant4 international collaboration is supporting the development of this code with the objective of making it the basis of a general space radiation shielding and effects tool.
Spectral Multipliers for Hardy Spaces Associated with Schrödinger Operators with Polynomial Potentials

Let Tt be the semigroup of linear operators generated by a Schrödinger operator − A = Δ − V, where V is a non‐negative polynomial, and let ∫0∞λdEA(λ) be the spectral resolution of A. We say that f is an element of HAp if the maximal function Mf(x) = supt>0|Ttf(x)| belongs to Lp. We prove a criterion of Mihlin type on functions F which implies boundedness of the operators F(A)=∫0∞F(λ)dEA(λ) on HAp , 0 < p ⩽ 1. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 42B30, 35J10.
The age of the galactic cosmic rays derived from the abundance of Be-10

The isotopic composition of galactic cosmic-ray beryllium has been measured in the energy interval 30--150 MeV per nucleon with the use of cosmic-ray telescopes carried on the IMP-7 and IMP-8 Earth satellites during 1973--1975. From the calibration of an identical instrument in beams of /sup 7/Be, /sup 9/Be, and /sup 10/Be at the LBL Bevatron accelerator, it is shown that these instruments can resolve these isotopes and that the calibration determines the relative separation of the /sup 9/Be and /sup 10/Be distributions to an accuracy of +- 0.1 atomic mass units. The measured cosmic-ray isotopic abundances of /sup 7/Be and /sup 9/Be are found to be in agreement with calculations based on steady-state models for the interstellar propagation of cosmic-ray nuclei with an exponential path length distribution with a 6 g cm/sup -2/ leakage mean free path, after account has been taken of solar modulation. However, the measured abundance of the radioactive /sup 10/Be component (half-life=1.5 x 10/sup 6/ years) is substantially less than that calculated under the assumption that the cosmic rays propagate in regions of the galactic disk that have the traditionally accepted average interstellar density of 1 atom cm/sup -3/. From our observed ratio /sup 10/Be/Be=0.028 +-more » 0.014, we deduce an average interstellar density of about 0.2 atoms cm/sup -3/, and a cosmic-ray lifetime for escape of 1.7 x 10/sup 7/ years. The most obvious conclusion to be drawn from the experiments is that, since the average interstellar matter density traversed by the cosmic rays is smaller than the average densities derived from the current observational evidence for the galactic disk, the cosmic rays may be spending the major part of their life in the galactic halo or in specific regions of the disk with low matter density. We discuss the implications of this low interstellar density for models of the confinement and propagation of the cosmic rays in galactic magnetic fields. « less
The regulation of plant cell wall organisation under salt stress

Plant cell wall biosynthesis is a complex and tightly regulated process. The composition and the structure of the cell wall should have a certain level of plasticity to ensure dynamic changes upon encountering environmental stresses or to fulfil the demand of the rapidly growing cells. The status of the cell wall is constantly monitored to facilitate optimal growth through the activation of appropriate stress response mechanisms. Salt stress can severely damage plant cell walls and disrupt the normal growth and development of plants, greatly reducing productivity and yield. Plants respond to salt stress and cope with the resulting damage by altering the synthesis and deposition of the main cell wall components to prevent water loss and decrease the transport of surplus ions into the plant. Such cell wall modifications affect biosynthesis and deposition of the main cell wall components: cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, lignin, and suberin. In this review, we highlight the roles of cell wall components in salt stress tolerance and the regulatory mechanisms underlying their maintenance under salt stress conditions.
Improved key rates for quantum key distribution employing soft metrics using Bayesian inference with photon counting detectors

This paper investigates the potential improvements that may be obtained in terms of the secret key transmission rate in a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) scheme whereby photon-counting detectors are used at the receiver. To take full advantage of such detectors, soft information is generated in the form of Log-Likelihood Ratios (LLRs) using a Bayesian estimator of phase of the signal pulse which is used to carry the information. The technique is general in a sense that any optical communication scheme whereby the received mean photon count is relatively small, but not necessarily below one and uses the polarization state of light to transmit the binary data may benefit from the soft information processing proposed, although in this paper, we have focused on the QKD application. We demonstrate using simulations the significant reduction in the residual Bit Error Rate (BER) and Frame Error Rate (FER) that is achievable using the proposed soft information processing scheme for a given Quantum BER (QBER) on the quantum link, after the information reconciliation process using LDPC Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding.
Epigenetic Regulation Mediated by Sphingolipids in Cancer

Epigenetic changes are heritable modifications that do not directly affect the DNA sequence. In cancer cells, the maintenance of a stable epigenetic profile can be crucial to support survival and proliferation, and said profile can differ significantly from that of healthy cells. The epigenetic profile of a cancer cell can be modulated by several factors, including metabolites. Recently, sphingolipids have emerged as novel modulators of epigenetic changes. Ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate have become well known in cancer due to activating anti-tumour and pro-tumour signalling pathways, respectively, and they have recently been shown to also induce several epigenetic modifications connected to cancer growth. Additionally, acellular factors in the tumour microenvironment, such as hypoxia and acidosis, are now recognised as crucial in promoting aggressiveness through several mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications. Here, we review the existing literature on sphingolipids, cancer, and epigenetic changes, with a focus on the interaction between these elements and components of the chemical tumour microenvironment.
The (null) effect of spectral estimator on the estimation of spectral moments

The spectra of English voiceless sibilants [s] and [s], when computed with traditional estimators, such as the DFT calculated over an interval multiplied with a data window, exhibit relatively large variance, which is believed to introduce error in the estimation of linguistically meaningful features, such as the first four spectral moments (centroid, variance, skewness, and kurtosis). In an effort to reduce this error, it is becoming common practice to compute such features from a multitaper spectrum (MTS)—an estimator, which asymptotically has a fraction of the DFT's variance. However, while the difference in variance has been demonstrated mathematically when the number of data samples approaches infinity, it remains an open question whether the MTS engenders more precise spectral features when estimated from the short intervals that are relevant for comparing [s] and [s]. To evaluate this issue empirically, the first four moments were estimated, with an MTS and a hamming-windowed DFT, from the middle 4.
Localized quantum well excitons in InGaN single-quantum-well amber light-emitting diodes

Optical properties of the InGaN single-quantum-well amber light-emitting-diodes were investigated to verify the importance of localized quantum well (QW) excitons in their spontaneous emission mechanisms. The internal piezoelectric field (FPZ) across the QW of the order of 1.4 MV/cm was confirmed to point from the surface to the substrate. Transmittance and photovoltaic spectra exhibited a broad band tail state, and the emission lifetime increased with decreasing detection photon energy. The electroluminescence spectra did not show remarkable energy shift between 10 and 300 K. The spectra exhibited an exponential tail and the higher energy portion increased more rapidly than that of the lower energy one, reflecting a thermal distribution of the localized carriers within the tail states. Since the well thickness is only 2.5 nm and is atomically flat, the device is considered to exhibit reasonably efficient emission with the external quantum efficiency of 5% at 20 mA in spite of the presence of FPZ and larg.
Upper and Lower Solution Method and a Singular Boundary Value Problem for the One-Dimensional p-Laplacian

Abstract The singular boundary value problem Φ u ′ ′ = −g t , u , for all t ∈ 0, 1 , u 0 = u 1 = 0, is studied in this paper with Φ(s) = |s|p − 2s, p > 1. The singularity may appear at u = 0, t = 0, and t = 1, and the function g may change sign. The existence of solutions is obtained via an upper and lower solution method.
Joint Noise Model Learning and Source Localization With Unknown Transmit Power

Instead of assuming the accurate noise model and transmit power, we address the received signal strength (RSS) localization problem under a more practical assumption that the exact noise model and transmit power are unavailable. In this letter, we propose to use a universal mixture of Gaussian (MoG) distribution to model the unknown noise due to the fact that MoG distribution can adaptively fit any distribution by adjusting the involved parameters. We propose a novel variational inference framework to achieve joint automatical noise model learning and target localization with unknown transmit power. Numerical experiments are conducted to prove the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Linear Trees, Lattice Walks, and RNA Arrays

The leftmost column entries of RNA arrays I and II count the RNA numbers that are related to RNA secondary structures from molecular biology. RNA secondary structures sometimes have mutations and wobble pairs. Mutations are random changes that occur in a structure, and wobble pairs are known as non-Watson–Crick base pairs. We used topics from RNA combinatorics and Riordan array theory to establish connections among combinatorial objects related to linear trees, lattice walks, and RNA arrays. In this paper, we establish interesting new explicit bijections (one-to-one correspondences) involving certain subclasses of linear trees, lattice walks, and RNA secondary structures. We provide an interesting generalized lattice walk interpretation of RNA array I. In addition, we provide a combinatorial interpretation of RNA array II as RNA secondary structures with n bases and k base-point mutations where ω of the structures contain wobble base pairs. We also establish an explicit bijection between RNA structures with mutations and wobble bases and a certain subclass of lattice walks.
Avalanche properties of sandpile models in terms of a microscopic parameter

Sandpile models are usually characterized by studying the “macroscopic” critical properties of its non-equilibrium steady state. However, most of the information of a sandpile avalanche remains stored in a “microscopic” parameter, the toppling number si of each sand column at a lattice site i. In terms of si, a number of physical quantities such as distribution of si, fluctuation and correlation in si, density distribution of si etc.; are defined and analyzed for a variety of sandpile models at their respective steady states. A set of new critical exponents is estimated and scaling relations among them are established. The values of the critical exponents are found to satisfy the scaling relations and able to characterize the system properties distinctly for different sandpile models. The analysis not only reveals the complex geometrical properties associated with the toppling surface but also provides deeper insight into the avalanche properties.
Scattering loss reduction in polymer waveguides by reflowing

A polymer channel waveguide was fabricated by reactive ion etching. Loss measurements were performed on this waveguide before and after reflowing. The waveguide loss decreases from 3 to 1 dB=cm by heating the sample slightly above the glass transition temperature of the core material. This result in channel loss is very close to the measured film losses of 0.8 dB=cm.
Why, when and how to give safety-netting advice

In primary care, consultations often conclude with the patient being advised to seek medical care if their symptoms become worse or do not resolve; which is known as safety-netting advice (SNA). Although it is widely accepted that patients should be given SNA, studies have shown that there is a wide variation in the quantity and quality of SNA given to patients, with patients reporting that the information they receive is often vague and unhelpful. This article explains why providing patients with SNA is essential for safe practice and describes how safety-netting can be improved by coming to the consultation with pre-prepared SNA and a system for delivering that advice to the patient.
Factors Associated With Weight Loss After Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding in Adolescents With Severe Obesity

Background: Childhood obesity is associated with many comorbidities. Bariatric surgery is known to be efficient for reducing weight in adolescents. Objectives: The primary outcome was to identify somatic or psychosocial factors associated with success at 24 months after a laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) procedure in our cohort of adolescents with severe obesity. Secondary endpoints were to describe weight loss outcomes, comorbidity resolution, and complications. Methods: We have retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who had LAGB placed between 2007 and 2017. Factors associated with success at 24 months after LAGB were researched, with success being defined as positive percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) at 24 months. Results: Forty-two adolescents underwent a LAGB procedure, the mean %EWL was 34.1% at 24 months, with improvement in most comorbidities and without major complications. Having lost weight before surgery was associated with success, whereas a high body mass index at surgery was associated with a higher risk of failure. No other factor was found to be associated with success. Conclusion: Comorbidities mostly improved 24 months after LAGB and no major complication occurred. Having lost weight before surgery was associated with a successful surgery, whereas a high body mass index at surgery increases the risk of failure.
Development in the DIII-D tokamak of advanced operating scenarios and associated control techniques for ITER

Significant progress has been made on the DIII-D tokamak in the capability to control key plasma features and using such control to expand the operational limits of stationary and steady-state tokamak operation. Recent experiments have demonstrated the capability to suppress several key plasma instabilities of concern for ITER, including edge localized modes, neoclassical tearing modes and resistive wall modes. In addition, the ability to regulate the rotation and current density profiles through feedback control has been demonstrated. The use of these control techniques has allowed an expansion of the envelope of viable, stationary tokamak operation, highlighted by the demonstration of sustained (∼2 s) operation of βN ≃ 4 (50% above the no-wall stability limit) as well as fully noninductive operation with β ≃ 3.5%. This development is supported by a vigorous basic fusion science programme, which has provided new insights into turbulence dynamics over a large range in spatial scales, new measurements of the structure of fast-ion instabilities and their effect on the fast-ion population and important information on the transport of carbon and associated tritium co-deposition on plasma facing surfaces.
The role of systematics for understanding ecosystem functions: Proceedings of the Zoologica Scripta Symposium, Oslo, Norway, 25 August 2022

On 25 August 2022, the Zoologica Scripta ‐ An International Journal of Systematic Zoology and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters arranged a symposium entitled ‘The role of systematics for understanding ecosystem functions’ in the Academy's premises in Oslo, Norway. The symposium aimed at offering a forum for exploring and discussing trends and future developments in the field of systematics. Eleven international experts contributed expertise on various issues related to global challenges, such as biodiversity assessments, databases, cutting‐edge analysis tools, and the consequences of the taxonomic impediment. Here, we compiled a multi‐author proceedings paper of the symposium contributions that are arranged in chapters and presents the content and the key conclusions of the majority of the presentations.
Benchmarking time series with autocorrelated survey errors

Summary The Denton method is widely used by statistical agencies to benchmark time series (i.e. to adjust them to annual benchmarks). This method does not take into account: (a) the presence of bias, and (b) the presence of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in the survey errors. This paper introduces a regression benchmarking method which incorporates (a) and (b) and calculates the relative efficiency with respect to the Denton method, under the assumption of various types of ARMA processes for the survey errors. The results are illustrated with the Canadian Retail Trade series.
On the conjugate of bounded functions

If ƒ is a real 27r-periodic function such that | / | < k < ir/2 and ƒ its conjugate, then Usinh(//2)ll2 < (cos k)~ \\fl2\\2. Let ƒ be a real 27r-periodic function and ƒ its conjugate. If | / | < 1 and 0<k<ir/2, then [3, VII, 2.11] It follows from (1) that if miy) = |{JC: \f(pc)\ >y}\ is the distribution function of ƒ, then (2) miy) < Const/exp (ky). In the case where ƒ is the characteristic function of a measurable set E C [-IT, ir], E. Stein and G. Weiss proved that [2, Lemma 5] (3) miy) < Const sin (|tf|/2)/sinh iy/2). Moreover they gave an exact formula for miy), which shows that m(y) depends on \E\ only. In [3] the proof of (1) is based on Cauchy's theorem for holomorphic functions. The same method can provide an alternative proof of the theorem of Stein and Weiss mentioned above [1, III, 1.10]. It seems that it has passed unnoticed that this method also yields an inequality similar to (3) for all bounded functions. It is obvious that such an inequality considerably improves (2) for large values of y. A convenient way to formulate this result is the following THEOREM. If f is a real lit-periodic function such that \f\<k< 7r/2 and f its conjugate, then AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 42A40, 44A15. iThis work was done in part while the author was a visitor at the Department of Mathematics, Université de Paris—Sud, 91405 Orsay, France. Copyright © 1975, American Mathematical Society
Integration of Transcriptomics and Non-Targeted Metabolomics Reveals the Underlying Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Development in Duck during Embryonic Stage

Skeletal muscle is an important economic trait in duck breeding; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of its embryonic development. Here, the transcriptomes and metabolomes of breast muscle of Pekin duck from 15 (E15_BM), 21 (E21_BM), and 27 (E27_BM) days of incubation were compared and analyzed. The metabolome results showed that the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including the up-regulated metabolites, l-glutamic acid, n-acetyl-1-aspartylglutamic acid, l-2-aminoadipic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, bilirubin, and the significantly down-regulated metabolites, palmitic acid, 4-guanidinobutanoate, myristic acid, 3-dehydroxycarnitine, and s-adenosylmethioninamine, were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of cofactors, protein digestion and absorption, and histidine metabolism, suggesting that these pathways may play important roles in the muscle development of duck during the embryonic stage. Moreover, a total of 2142 (1552 up-regulated and 590 down-regulated), 4873 (3810 up-regulated and 1063 down-regulated), and 2401 (1606 up-regulated and 795 down-regulated) DEGs were identified from E15_BM vs. E21_BM, E15_BM vs. E27_BM and E21_BM vs. E27_BM in the transcriptome, respectively. The significantly enriched GO terms from biological processes were positive regulation of cell proliferation, regulation of cell cycle, actin filament organization, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization, which were associated with muscle or cell growth and development. Seven significant pathways, highly enriched by FYN, PTK2, PXN, CRK, CRKL, PAK, RHOA, ROCK, INSR, PDPK1, and ARHGEF, were focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, wnt signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, cell cycle, and adherens junction, which participated in regulating the development of skeletal muscle in Pekin duck during the embryonic stage. KEGG pathway analysis of the integrated transcriptome and metabolome indicated that the pathways, including arginine and proline metabolism, protein digestion and absorption, and histidine metabolism, were involved in regulating skeletal muscle development in embryonic Pekin duck. These findings suggested that the candidate genes and metabolites involved in crucial biological pathways may regulate muscle development in the Pekin duck at the embryonic stage, and increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the avian muscle development.