Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neck extensor fatigue: Comparing the effect of 45 degrees of neck flexion to the effect of 45 degrees of trunk flexion

The neck muscle fatigue and subjective discomfort due to neck postural exposure was evaluated. Ten male participants were asked to hold one of the two static neck postural exposures for 30 minutes (one condition per day): 1) Neck flexion (N-45) where head and neck were flexed 45º relative to trunk while the participant was standing upright, and 2) Trunk flexion (T-45) where head and neck were not flexed relative to trunk, but trunk was flexed 45º. Surface electromyography was used to collect muscle activity of neck extensors. T-45 caused higher fatigue in neck extensor muscles (p=0.0229) and higher neck subjective discomfort (p=0.0088) compared to N-45, but the long-term effects of these two conditions are not clear because of the difference in the role of passive tissues. We recommend that work assessment tools consider both measures of neck postural exposure (neck flexion and trunk flexion) in their assessment tools.
Effects of Dietary Betaine on the Laying Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Uterus and Ovary Function of Laying Hens at the Late Stage of Production

Simple Summary Egg is a staple food in the human diet, containing all nutrients except vitamin C and dietary fibre. As the layers age, egg production and egg quality drop. Betaine is a natural compound widely found in many plants and animals, such as beets, spinach, wheat, and shellfish. It is readily available and cheap. Many studies have addressed betaine as a valuable dietary addition to alleviating inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. However, it is unclear whether dietary betaine consumption can improve the laying performance during the late-laying period. In this study, betaine was added to the diet of 65-week-old Jinghong-1 layers, whose laying performance declines after 60 weeks and can be below 80% at 80 weeks when the commercial cycle ends. We found that dietary betaine increased egg production and eggshell thickness. Our data further suggested that dietary betaine improved the function of the uterus and ovary, manifested by increased antioxidation capacity, higher expression of calcification-associated genes and hormone receptors, and decreased expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Considering the tendency to keep hens in production longer and the hens’ welfare, this study may offer a partial solution to the problem of egg production and quality. Abstract Betaine has been found to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, whether dietary betaine can protect late-laying hens against these adverse effects is unknown. Here, 270 65-week-old Jinghong-1 laying hens were randomly divided into the Control, 0.1% Betaine, and 0.5% Betaine groups and fed a basal diet, 0.1%, and 0.5% betaine supplemented diet, respectively. The trial lasted for seven weeks. Birds that consumed 0.5% betaine laid more eggs with thicker eggshells. Accordingly, uterine reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and ovarian superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents were increased. The uterine calcium ion content and the mRNA expression of ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, and carbonic anhydrase two were increased. Moreover, ovarian IL-1β, Caspase-1, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 mRNA expressions were decreased; luteinising hormone receptor (LHR) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA expressions were increased. Furthermore, dietary betaine decreased the ovaries’ mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT)1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b. The methylation level at the promoter region of ovarian LHR decreased. These results indicated that dietary betaine consumption with a concentration of 0.5% could increase the laying rate and the eggshell thickness during the late-laying period. The underlying mechanism may include antioxidative, anti-apoptosis, and hormone-sensitivity-enhancing properties.
A Potential Case of Change Blindness in an Officer-Involved Shooting

The perceptual phenomenon of change blindness has been widely researched in the scientific literature, mostly in laboratory studies. This case study reviews the fatal shooting of a woman who suddenly backed her car in the general direction of law enforcement officers as other officers were attempting to extract her from the car. The deputy who eventually fired at the woman initially had his TASER drawn; when he perceived the car reversing toward officers, he tried to holster his TASER before drawing and firing his handgun. By the time the deputy fired, the woman had stopped reversing and was driving the car forward (i.e., not toward officers). Even after viewing police in-car-camera video, the deputy was adamant that he perceived the car as still moving backward when he fired. The facts are compared to the characteristics of change blindness and other human factors potentially at play.
A Real-Time Flame Detection Method Using Deformable Object Detection and Time Sequence Analysis

Timely and accurate flame detection is a very important and practical technology for preventing the occurrence of fire accidents effectively. However, the current methods of flame detection are still faced with many challenges in video surveillance scenarios due to issues such as varying flame shapes, imbalanced samples, and interference from flame-like objects. In this work, a real-time flame detection method based on deformable object detection and time sequence analysis is proposed to address these issues. Firstly, based on the existing single-stage object detection network YOLOv5s, the network structure is improved by introducing deformable convolution to enhance the feature extraction ability for irregularly shaped flames. Secondly, the loss function is improved by using Focal Loss as the classification loss function to solve the problems of the imbalance of positive (flames) and negative (background) samples, as well as the imbalance of easy and hard samples, and by using EIOU Loss as the regression loss function to solve the problems of a slow convergence speed and inaccurate regression position in network training. Finally, a time sequence analysis strategy is adopted to comprehensively analyze the flame detection results of the current frame and historical frames in the surveillance video, alleviating false alarms caused by flame shape changes, flame occlusion, and flame-like interference. The experimental results indicate that the average precision (AP) and the F-Measure index of flame detection using the proposed method reach 93.0% and 89.6%, respectively, both of which are superior to the compared methods, and the detection speed is 24–26 FPS, meeting the real-time requirements of video flame detection.
Performance assessment of rainwater harvesting considering rainfall variations in Asian tropical monsoon climates

: Rainwater harvesting is increasingly recognized as an important source of water supply. However, the technique is practiced for very different purposes depending on region and rainfall conditions. In this study, the performance of rainwater harvesting was evaluated in accordance with local user practice to determine its suitability as a primary water supply. A water balance model using a long-term time series was applied to simulate system behavior under various scenarios of tank size and monsoon patterns in the Asian tropical monsoon region, investigated at 111 sites in Vietnam. The results of the study show that a limited range of 20–110 L/d can meet basic demand with 95% reliability. However, an additional water of 50–400 L/d is available for extra supply during rainy season. The diversity of monsoon patterns leads to considerable variation of additional available water (AAW) despite uniform amounts of annual precipitation. Tank size is recognized as playing a crucial role in improvement of supply capacity for basic demand while roof area and precipitation exerts a higher influence on AAW.
High Resolution Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy for the Last 150,000 Years in the Southern South China Sea: Core MD972151

This study presents the directional paleomagnetic secular variationpattern of core MD972151 taken from the southwestern South China Seaduring the IMAGES Ⅲ-IPHIS Cruise in 1997.A total of 281 samplestaken from this core were subjected to AF demagnetization to analyze theircharacteristic remanent magnetization.The results indicated a reversed event at depth of between 21.7 and23.8 meters.It was identified as the Blake Event,and has an age interval ofabout 130ka.Another short reversed event was found near the bottom ofthe core.This was tentatively described as an excursion that occurred atabout 150-160ka.These assignments were in very close agreement with theresults of oxygen isotope analysis.Consequently,the core under study wasdetermined to be presenting a record of perhaps the last 160ka probably.And the sedimentation rate can thus be estimated to be of about 17-18cm/ky.In addition to the reversed events,two excursions were also observed,one at the core top to 3.7 meters,and the other at 15.3-15.5m in depth.Thelatter excursion was estimated to be of about 75ka in age,based on comparingthe results of this study to the intensity record made by Valet andMeynadier(1993). However,the former one might well be a recent excursion, under 20ka in age,because comparison with oxygen isotope dataruled out the possibility of being the'Laschamp Event'. Another possiblecause for this abnormal event might be that it was due to deposition processof the sediments.Of course,this question will require further study.Finally,the paleo-longitude variation pattern shows that the VGPsseemed to drift eastward at a record rate of over 4 meters in depth.Thisdeparts from observations of the present-day geomagnetic field that indicate the magnetic pole is drifting westward.The significance of this discrepancy warrants further study too.
TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF A CHAGAS DISEASE MODEL WITH STANDARD INCIDENCE INFECTION

In this paper, an insect-parasite-host model with Ricker’s type re-production of triatomines and the standard incidence rate of the interaction between insects and hosts is formulated to study the transmission dynamics of Chagas disease. Two thresholds of the ecological basic reproduction number of triatomines and the epidemiological basic reproduction number of Chagas disease are derived, which determine the dynamics of this model. As a result, the existence of equilibria and the local/global stabilities of the equilibrium are accordingly obtained. Moreover, backward bifurcation, forward bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation are also shown analytically and numerically. Biologically speaking, Chagas disease may undergo outbreak if the number of bites of per triatomine bug per unit time or the transmission probability from infected bugs to susceptible competent hosts per bite increase.
Métodos para evaluar el efecto del pastoreo sobre las comunidades vegetales de bofedales Methods to evaluate the effects of domestic herbivores on the vegetation communities of bofedales

Bofedales are azonal, high-Andean wetlands dominated by cushion-forming vascular plants. Among other ecosystem services, they provide a crucial resource in nutrients for domestic herbivores, for centuries. Herbivores are generally known to affect both the composition and the species richness of plant communities. In bofedales, beyond this direct effect, herbivores are also expected to impact severely plant communities across changes in the direction and intensity of plant-plant interactions between the dominant, cushion species (Juncaceae) and their associated species. In the Cordillera Real of Bolivia, bofedales are dominated by two cushion species: Distichia muscoides and Oxychloe andina. Our objective is to provide a panel of easy-to-use methods designed
Discrete Design Optimization of 3-Phase Induction Motors Using Standard Lamination

—3-phase squirrel-cage type induction motors are very widely used as industrial drives. They have outpaced their predecessor the d.c. motors for various advantages they have. Slip-ring or phase-wound types are used as adjustable-speed drives. Cage-type motors are also being used as adjustable-speed drives after the advent of power-electronic devices. The single-phase motors are also widely used for running small machineries and domestic appliances. The total expenses for these motors constitute the largest fraction of the total investment at the consumer end. Therefore, they must be designed cost-optimally. At the same time, they must conform to the standards specified by the customer or the statutory regulations imposed by the authorities. We can expect to arrive at a feasible but not cost-optimal solution if the design is made according to textbook guidelines. Standard stampings are more cost-effective for job work because they do not require the purchase of expensive dies. Using commercially available standard stampings, the paper presents an iterative procedure for obtaining the most cost-effective solution under typical design constraints. On this foundation, a case study was developed.
Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union European Union

Through the past decade, far-right political parties have skyrocketed in popularity and electoral success across the globe, with an especially pronounced effect seen in Europe. One critical component of far-right political movements is nationalist sentiment, often expressed via racist or xenophobic policies and rhetoric. This paper seeks to investigate how electoral success of far-right political parties and elite messaging via policy stances of these parties impacts rates of xenophobic violence in a country. Using data from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES) and hate crime statistics from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), it is shown that electoral success of a far-right political party does not impact rates of ethnically motivated violence, but elite messaging from far-right political parties on immigration policy is associated with an increase in xenophobic hate crimes
adjunctive therapy patterns in glaucoma patients using prostaglandin analogs

Purpose: To analyze patterns of use of adjunctive therapies among new initiators of topical prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) in a managed care population. Methods: The study cohort included patients in a claims database who initiated PGA therapy between June 2007 and April 2011. Patients who had one or more adjunctive therapy prescriptions during 24 months of follow-up were included. Patterns of adjunctive therapy use were identified and compared between patients who had one or two fills of the initial adjunctive therapy and those who had three or more. Results: There were 16,486 eligible beneficiaries. Of these, 5,933 (36%) had one or more adjunctive therapies within 24 months from the start of the PGA, 82% of whom started adjunctive therapy within 12 months. About 28% of patients started adjunctive therapy with a fixed-combination product; 45% of these patients started within the first 30 days. Overall, a large number of patients (42%) required adjunctive therapy within 30 days. Twenty-five percent of patients had only one or two prescriptions of their initial adjunctive therapy; of these patients, 74% discontinued adjunctive therapy altogether. Conclusion: Approximately 30% of patients starting glaucoma therapy will require adjunctive therapy within 1 year, and many receive a fixed-combination product as initial adjunctive therapy shortly after starting glaucoma therapy. This suggests a prescribing trend toward earlier, more aggressive drug therapy to control pressure and minimize disease progression. We found that compliance with adjunctive therapy continues to be a problem for patients, which could be attributed to a number of treatment burden and economic factors. Optometry;
Squall-Line Intensiﬁcation via Hydrometeor Recirculation

Many studies have demonstrated the intimate connection between microphysics and deep moist convection,especiallyforsqualllinesviacoldpoolpathways.Thepresentstudyexaminesfournumericallysimulated idealizedsqualllinesusingtheRegionalAtmosphericModelingSystem(RAMS)andincludesacontrol simulation that uses full two-moment microphysics and three sensitivity experiments that vary the mean diameter of the hail hydrometeor size distribution. Results suggest that a circulation centered at the freezing level supports midlevel convective updraft invigoration through increased latent heating. The circulation begins with hail hydrometeors thatinitiate within theconvective updraftabove thefreezing leveland arethen ejected upshear because of the front-to-rear ﬂow of the squall line. As the hail falls below the freezing level, the rear-inﬂow jet (RIJ) advects the hail hydrometeors downshear and into the upshear ﬂank of the midlevel convective updraft. Because the advection occurs below the freezing level, some of the hail melts and sheds raindrops. The addition of hail and rain to the updraft increases latent heating owing to both an enhancement inrimingandvapordepositionontohailandrain.Theincreaseinlatentheatingenhancesbuoyancywithinthe updraft,whichleadstoanincreaseinprecipitationandcoldpoolintensitythatpromoteapositivefeedbackonsquall-linestrength.Theupshear-tiltedsimulatedsqualllinesinthisstudyindicatethatashailsizeisde-creased, squall lines are invigorated through the recirculation mechanism.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface Eﬀects of debris ﬂow composition on runout, depositional mechanisms, and deposit morphology in laboratory experiments

Predicting debris ﬂow runout is of major importance for hazard mitigation. Apart from topography and volume, runout distance and area depends on debris ﬂow composition and rheology, but how is poorly understood. We experimentally investigated eﬀects of composition on debris ﬂow runout, depositional mechanisms, and deposit geometry. The small-scale experimental debris ﬂows were largely similar to natural debris ﬂows in terms of ﬂow behavior, deposit morphology, grain size sorting, channel width-depth ratio, and runout. Deposit geometry (lobe thickness and width) in our experimental debris ﬂows is largely determined by composition, while the eﬀects of initial conditions of topography (i.e., outﬂow plain slope and channel slope and width) and volume are negligible. We ﬁnd a clear optimum in the relations of runout with coarse-material fraction and clay fraction. Increasing coarse-material concentration leads to larger runout. However, excess coarse material results in a large accumulation of coarse debris at the ﬂow front and enhances diﬀusivity, increasing frontal friction and decreasing runout. Increasing clay content initially enhances runout, but too much clay leads to very viscous ﬂows, reducing runout. Runout increases with channel slope and width, outﬂow plain slope, debris ﬂow volume, and water fraction. These results imply that debris ﬂow runout depends at least as much on composition as on topography. This study improves understanding of the eﬀects of debris ﬂow composition on runout and may aid future debris ﬂow hazard assessments. we and boundary conditions of the experimental and laboratory we detail to evaluate experimental We present observations of and Finally, we discuss and elaborate in laboratory
Organic Fertilization in Traditional Mediterranean Grapevine Orchards Mediates Changes in Soil Microbial Community Structure and Enhances Soil Fertility

Soil microbial populations and their functions related to nutrient cycling contribute substantially to the regulation of soil fertility and the sustainability of agroecosystems. A field experiment was performed to assess the medium‐term effect of a mineral fertilizer and two organic fertilization systems with different nitrogen sources on the soil microbial community biomass, structure, and composition (phospholipid fatty acids, pattern, and abundance), microbial activity (basal respiration, dehydrogenase, protease, urease, β‐glucosidase, and total amount of phosphomonoesterase activities), and physical (aggregate stability) and chemical (total organic C, total N, available P and water‐soluble carbohydrates) properties in a vineyard under semiarid Mediterranean conditions after a period of 10 years. The three fertilization systems assayed were as follows: inorganic fertilization, addition of grapevine pruning with sheep manure (OPM), and addition of grapevine pruning with a legume cover crop (OPL). Both treatments, OPM and OPL, produced higher contents of total organic carbon, total N, available P, water‐soluble carbohydrates, and stable aggregates. The organic fertilization systems increased microbial biomass, shifted the structure and composition of the soil microbial community, and stimulated microbial activity, when compared with inorganic fertilization. The abundances of fungi and G+ bacteria were increased by treatments OPM and OPL, without significant differences between them. Organic and inorganic fertilization produced similar grapevine yields. The ability of the organic fertilization systems for promoting the sustainability and soil biological and chemical fertility of an agroecosystem under semiarid conditions was dependent of the organic N source. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE FISH GOD GAVE US: THE FIRST SALMON CEREMONY REVIVED

Following the 1974 court order restoring their treaty- guaranteed salmon fishing rights, Coast Salish Indians of Puget Sound have reinstituted the long abandoned First Salmon Ceremony. The restored ceremony follows the pattern established in the nineteenth century of incorporating Christian symbols into native rituals and appealing to a Supreme Being as the ul- timate source of legitimacy. However, it differs from other contemporary Indian rituals sig- nificantly, because it expresses a direct connection between ritual and economic power and be- cause it attempts to justify the new economic order to non-Indians as well as Indians by empha- sizing the antiquity of Indian association with salmon and the special God- given role Indians play in preserving this resource for all people of the Northwest. Claiming this responsibility marks a new way of characterizing relations between Indians and whites. It represents a shift from the confrontational relations of the mid-twentieth century to complementary relations. Changes in attitudes of whites toward Indians and toward salmon as food indicate a corresponding alteration in the stance of significant elements of the dominant white society. Emphasis on sharing food as the central ritual act makes the Salmon Ceremony an ideal vehicle to represent such complemen- tary interethnic relations.