Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in settlement patterns on the River Rena, southeast Norway: A response to Holocene climate change?

The melting of the Scandinavian Ice-Sheet in the early Holocene allowed humans to populate the northernmost parts of Europe. Recent excavations of archaeological sites on the riverbank, floodplain and kame terraces of the River Rena, southeast Norway have defined periods of human occupation in riverside environments, which became ice-free during the last deglaciation. In this paper, we extend the scope of previous archaeological work by examining the sedimentology and chronology of five riverside sedimentary sequences along the River Rena. Our aims were to reconstruct the Holocene evolution of part of the river, and determine whether changes in Holocene settlement patterns might be linked to changes in river evolution and/or climate. Results show: (1) widespread draining of the kame terraces of the River Rena occurred shortly before the first consistent human settlement in the area began c. 8 ka BP; (2) human settlement was maintained until the present day, except during a period of previously undocumented abandonment between c. 4 and 3 ka BP, associated with a sustained period of high river discharge. We link the establishment of first undisputable settlement to reduced water levels as glaciers retreated upstream during a ‘warmer’ phase of the early Holocene, shortly after the 8.2 ka climatic downturn event. The most recent abandonment of the riverbank settlements 4—3 ka BP occurred during the last phase of glacier advance in the River Rena region, which has been linked to the Europe-wide late-Holocene Thermal Decline (Neoglacial) downturn in climate.
Light regimes in Populus plantations using Voxel-based Light Interception

Three-dimensional light interception by three uniform Populus canopies was studied using the Voxel-based Light Interception Model (VLIM) in combination with ground-based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) measurements. As the VLIM was developed and validated in a virtual environment to ensure reference data availability, the objective was to test the consistency of the measurement and analysis protocol in real forest canopies. An automated pre-processing of raw LiDAR scans delivered high quality structure information, which was imported into a ray-tracing algorithm for modelling of light/canopy interactions. The low within-plot variability (mean standard deviation <6%) and significant differences between light interceptions modelled for the separate forest stands demonstrated the capacity of the procedure to repeatedly reproduce detailed representations of canopy/light interactions.
Constraining the roughness degree of slip heterogeneity

This article investigates different approaches for assessing the degree of roughness of the slip distribution of future earthquakes. First, we analyze a database of slip images extracted from a suite of 152 finite-source rupture models from 80 events (Mw = 4.1-8.9). This results in an empirical model defining the distribution of the slip spectrum corner wave numbers (kc) as a function of moment magnitude. To reduce the "epistemic" uncertainty, we select a single slip model per event and screen out poorly resolved models. The number of remaining models (30) is thus rather small. In addition, the robustness of the empirical model rests on a reliable estimation of kc by kinematic inversion methods. We address this issue by performing tests on synthetic data with a frequency domain inversion method. These tests reveal that due to smoothing constraints used to stabilize the inversion process, kc tends to be underestimated. We then develop an alternative approach: (1) we establish a proportionality relationship between kc and the peak ground acceleration (PGA), using a k−2 kinematic source model, and (2) we analyze the PGA distribution, which is believed to be better constrained than slip images. These two methods reveal that kc follows a lognormal distribution, with similar standard deviations for both methods.
The crustal structure of the East Anatolian plateau (Turkey) from receiver functions

The crustal structure of the Anatolian plateau in Eastern Turkey is investigated using receiver functions obtained from the teleseismic recordings of a 29 broadband PASSCAL temporary network, i.e., the Eastern Turkey Seismic Experiment [ETSE]. The S‐wave velocity structure was estimated from the stacked receiver functions by performing a 6‐plane layered grid search scheme in order to model the first order features in the receiver functions with minimum trade‐off. We found no significant crustal root beneath the western portion of the network, but there is some evidence of crustal thickening in the northern portion of the network. We found an average crustal thickness of 45 km and an average crustal shear velocity of 3.7 km/s for the entire eastern Anatolian plateau. Within the Anatolian plateau we found evidence of a prominent low velocity zone where the crust thickness is approximately 46 km. These results suggests that the 2 km high topography across the Anatolian plateau is dynamically supported because most of the plateau appears to be isostatically under‐compensated. Also, there appears to be a region of thin crust at the easternmost edge of the Anatolian plateau that may be a relic from the accretion of island arcs to the Eurasian plate.
The Algal Ridges and Coral Reefs of St. Croix: Their Structure and Holocene Development

The shallow coral reef and algal ridge systems on the eastern shelf of St . Croix are described and mapped in some detail . Based on present reef morphology, a section through the barrier reef in a ship channel, numerous sand probes and C 14 dating, Holocene growth patterns of the reefs are determined and a model of Holocene evolution developed . Based on many drill cores through the algal ridges, C14 dating and paleoecology relative to modern ridge and reef surfaces on St . Croix, growth patterns during the late Holocene are also developed for the algal ridges . Lithophyllum congestum, Porolithon pachydermum, and several Neogoniolithon species are the primary algal ridge builders on St . Croix . L . congestum requires turbulent water and high light intensity to achieve the branching form which characterizes its occurrence in the algal ridges . Also, coralline accretion rates of 3-6 mm/year necessary for ridge construction are achieved only if intensive parrot fish and Diadema grazing are prevented by consistent and intensive wave action . A dead coral surface or pavement at a depth of 0 to 2 m, will be colonized by crustose corallines and in turbulent water, can develop progressively by coralline algal accretion into an incipient mound, a high boiler and eventually by boiler fusion, into a linear algal . riidge . Off open, easterly shores in St . Croix, coral reefs, on building to the surface, develop algal ridges . The present morphology of the ridgereef complex has developed primarily as a result of the control exerted by pre-existing shelf and bench levels and changing rates of Holocene sea level rise on coral-coralline and grazer ecology . Special emphasis is placed here on the importance of pre-existing shelf level in determining the form and developmental stage of ridge-reef systems . 1/Contribution no . 26 from the West Indies Laboratory of Fairleigh Dickinson University, St . Croix, U . S . Virgin Islands . This study was supported by the Research Awards Program of the Smithsonian Institution . L/Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D . C . 20560
Sorption of Mecoprop by two clay landfill liner materials: Oxford Clay and Mercia Mudstone

Abstract As part of a programme of research into natural attenuation of contaminants in landfill liners, the sorption and desorption of Mecoprop (MCPP) by mineral liner materials was investigated. Mercia Mudstone and Oxford Clay have the potential to attenuate MCPP by sorption processes, which were observed to be rapid in both materials. Sorption to iron hydroxides was thought to be the main mechanism operating in Mercia Mudstone and may be responsible for some of the sorption occurring in Oxford Clay. Additional sorption to Oxford Clay may be related to its kerogen content, as this type of organic matter has been shown to be highly sorbent for hydrophobic organic compounds, but further research is needed to assess whether kerogen has a high affinity for polar compounds such as MCPP. Desorption tests demonstrated that desorption was rapid and that sorption was potentially reversible. There was some evidence that tannic acid in the synthetic leachate did not affect MCPP sorption, but the high ionic strength leachate reduced sorption of MCPP in Oxford Clay. For regulatory risk assessments, this result emphasizes the importance of conducting sorption tests in a matrix similar to that of the environment under investigation to obtain realistic results for sorption coefficients.
Environmental Controls on the Petrology of a Late Holocene Speleothem from Botswana with Annual Layers of Aragonite and Calcite

ABSTRACT A carbonate stalagmite from Drotsky's Cave in northwestern Botswana consists of alternating layers of calcite and aragonite. Layer counts and radiocarbon ages indicate that the calcite-aragonite pairs are annual layers representing about 1500 years of deposition. The annual layering probably resulted from highly seasonal rainfall. Comparison of the uppermost layers of the speleothem with meteorological records shows that precipitation of CaCO3 in Drotsky's Cave was controlled by climate. Thickness of calcite layers correlates with rainfall, suggesting that calcite precipitation was largely dependent on the quantity of water supplied to the speleothem. By contrast, thickness of aragonite layers correlates with temperature, although variation in temperature cannot explain greater aragonite abundance on the sides of the speleothem compared to its center. Mg/Ca ratios in calcite layers increase upward to the bases of overlying aragonite layers, and analyses of cave waters suggest that fluid Mg/Ca ratios reach levels sufficient to cause aragonite precipitation. Increasing evaporation, which caused greater ionic strength and supersaturation, resultant increasing Mg/Ca ratios in the fluid, and perhaps increasing temperature probably combined to cause aragonite precipitation. Detailed petrographic analysis suggests that each annual cycle of CaCO3 precipitation began with relatively intense fluid flow, sometimes sufficient to dissolve some of the underlying aragonite before precipitation of calcite. Calcite precipitation under a thick fluid layer allowed euhedral crystals to form at first, but thinning of the fluid to a film allowed only flatly terminated calcite crystals by season's end. As fluid flow diminished, increasing evaporation, increasing Mg/Ca ratios in the fluid, and perhaps increasing temperature combined to cause aragonite precipitation to begin, particularly on the sides of the speleothem. In some years, fluid flow diminished to the point that dust accumulated on aragonite surfaces before the onset of the next year's precipitation. /P>
The relationship between gravity and bathymetry in the Pacific Ocean

Surface-ship and satellite derived data have been compiled in new free-air gravity anomaly, bathymetry and geoid anomaly maps of the Pacific Ocean basin and its margin. The maps are based on smoothed values of the gravity anomaly, bathymetry and geoid interpolated on to a 90 X 90km grid. The smoothed values of bathymetry and geoid anomaly have been corrected for age. The resulting maps show the Pacific ocean basin is associated with a number of ENE-WSW trending geoid anomaly highs with amplitudes of approx + or -5m and wavelengths of approx 3000km. The most prominent of these highs correlate with the Magellan seamounts-Marshall Gilbert Islands-Magellan rise and the Hess rise-Hawaiian ridge regions. The correlation between geoid anomaly and bathymetry cannot be explained by models of static compensation, but is consistent with a model in which the geoid anomaly and bathymetry are supported by some form of dynamic compensation. Suggests that the dynamic compensation, which characterizes ocean lithosphere older than 80Ma is the result of mantle convection on scales that are smaller than the lithospheric plates themselves. -from Authors
Hydrologic Model Framework for Water Resources Planning in the Santa Cruz River, Southern Arizona 1

Abstract: The authors develop a model framework that includes a set of hydrologic modules as a water resources management and planning tool for the upper Santa Cruz River near the Mexican border, Southern Arizona. The modules consist of: (1) stochastic generation of hourly precipitation scenarios that maintain the characteristics and variability of a 45‐year hourly precipitation record from a nearby rain gauge; (2) conceptual transformation of generated precipitation into daily streamflow using varied infiltration rates and estimates of the basin antecedent moisture conditions; and (3) surface‐water to ground‐water interaction for four downstream microbasins that accounts for alluvial ground‐water recharge, and ET and pumping losses. To maintain the large inter‐annual variability of streamflow as prevails in Southern Arizona, the model framework is constructed to produce three types of seasonal winter and summer categories of streamflow (i.e., wet, medium, or dry). Long‐term (i.e., 100 years) realizations (ensembles) are generated by the above described model framework that reflects two different regimes of inter annual variability. The first regime is that of the historic streamflow gauge record. The second regime is that of the tree ring reconstructed precipitation, which was derived for the study location. Generated flow ensembles for these two regimes are used to evaluate the risk that the regional four ground‐water microbasins decline below a preset storage threshold under different operational water utilization scenarios.
Geographic Information Systems

graph graph and geography the geographical problem Figure 3.11: The Koenigsberg bridge problem and its graphical representation. The problem and its associated graph is shown in Figure 3.11 and this allows us to prove it is impossible to visit all the land masses, crossing each bridge only once. Graphs are a topological construct, and do not have a notion of distance associated with them in general. Rather that spend a long time reviewing the theory of graphs, we give a number of definitions: graph: a set of nodes and edges; edge: e = {x, y} is the edge joining nodes x and y; directed graph: each edge of the graph has a direction attached; labelled graph: each edge has an associated label; connected graph: there is a path between all pairs of nodes in the graph; isomorphic graphs: two graphs which have the same connectedness are said to be isomorphic; 14 CS3210 Geographic Information Systems cycle: a path in the graph from a node back to itself; acyclic graph: a graph with no cycles (easily analysed); tree: a connected acyclic graph, frequently used as a data structure in CS in general and GIS. Figure 3.12: A graph and two of its possible planar embeddings. Planar graphs are graphs which can be represented as planar embeddings of the abstract graph with edges only crossing at nodes. An example of a planar graph and two possible embeddings are shown in Figure 3.12. Note that the two planar embeddings shown are not homeomorphic to each other, so there is some ambiguity as to which is appropriate. We will return to some of these concepts as we need them. In particular we will explore network data structures further later in the course.
Deep crustal and local rheological controls on the siting and reactivation of fault and shear zones, northeastern Newfoundland

The siting of a c. 25 km wide, transpressive, high-strain zone at the eastern margin of the Gander Zone of NE Newfoundland corresponds to the trace of a fundamental contact between two Gondwanan basement blocks displaced sinistrally relative to one another during Silurian orogenesis. Changes in plate motion during the Devonian led to kinematic reversal and reactivation of the shear zone and, at high structural levels, the development of a major brittle-ductile fault system. At a local scale within the Silurian ductile high-strain zone, the focus of deformation and shifts in siting of shear were closely related to magma presence. We consider that granite magmas exploited shear zones within the crust to aid ascent, and in doing so enhanced local deformation. Cessation of magma supply and/or cooling of magmas within conduits caused deformation to relocate elsewhere. NE Newfoundland hence provides an example of how fault/shear zone siting and reactivation may be controlled by regional-scale pre-existing basement configuration and more localised processes affecting rheology, notably plutonism.
Importance of dew in controlling the air‐surface exchange of HONO in rural forested environments

Mechanisms regarding formation and loss of nitrous acid (HONO) in the rural atmosphere are not well understood. Results of field observations and laboratory experiments implicate the importance of dew in controlling the surface‐atmosphere exchange of HONO. Dew water, abundantly available on ground surfaces, especially on canopy surfaces in forested regions, during summer and autumn nights, serves as a sink and a temporary reservoir of atmospheric HONO and as a source in the morning when the dew droplets evaporate.
Anomalous high‐frequency wave propagation from the Tonga–Kermadec seismic zone to New Zealand

Summary. Bulletins of the International Seismological Centre (ISC) show very large residuals, up to 15 s early, for arrivals from events in the TongaKermadec subduction zone to the New Zealand network of seismometers. The very early arrivals are confined to events south of about 22"S, and shallower than about 350 km. The waveforms show two distinct phases: an early, emergent, first phase with energy in the high-frequency band 2-10 Hz, and a distinct second phase, containing lower frequency energy, arriving at about the time predicted by JB tables. The residuals are attributed to propagation through the cold, subducted lithosphere, which has a seismic velocity 5 per cent faster, on average, than normal. Ray tracing shows that the ray paths lie very close to the slab for events south of 22"S, but pass well beneath the slab for events further north, corresponding to the change in residual pattern. This characteristic of the ray paths is due to the curved shape of the seismic zone, and in particular to the bend in the zone where the Louisville ridge intersects the trench at 25"s. The residuals can only be explained if the high velocity anomaly extends to a depth of 450 km in the region of the gap in deep seismicity from 32 to 36"s. The very high-frequency character of the first phase requires the path from the bottom of the slab to the stations to be of high Q, and to transmit 2-10 Hz energy with little attenuation. The absence of low-frequency energy in the first phase is due to the narrowness of the high-velocity slab, which transmits only short-wavelength waves. The second phase, which contains low frequencies, is identified as a P-wave travelling beneath the subducted slab in normal mantle. There is no need to invoke any special structures, such as low-velocity waveguides or reflectors, to explain any of the observations. The S-wave arrivals show similar effects.
Reservoir Management and Operations Models: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review

The objective of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art of mathematical models developed for reservoir operations, including simulation. Algorithms and methods surveyed include linear programming (LP), dynamic programming (DP), nonliner programming (NLP), and simulation. A general overview is first presented. The historical development of each key model is critically reviewed. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are presented.
Could Immigration Prevent Population Decline? The Demographic Prospects of Germany Revisited

Germany has a record of more than 40 years of below-replacement fertility and annual death surplus. Hence, it is commonly accepted that Germany’s population will decline considerably in the coming decades. Recent increases in immigration may, however, challenge the official long-term demographic projections for Germany. This paper assesses the impact of a permanent higher-than-expected level of net immigration to Germany as in the past three years on the projections for population, age structure and ethnic makeup by mid-century. The paper adds a higher immigration variant to the Federal Statistical Office’s latest Coordinated Population Projection and two variants of a (a) constant or (b) decreasing fertility rate among migrant women. It can be shown that with permanent net migration as high as in recent years (around 300,000 per annum), Germany’s population would not significantly decrease in the coming decades but would rather remain at 80 million until 2050. On the other hand, the sharp rise in the old-age dependency ratio is only mildly weakened by increased immigration rates. This issue is therefore probably best addressed by other (or additional) means. The increase in retirees will level off after 2035 in any case. The ethnic makeup of society would be affected to a greater degree than its age composition: The share of first- and second-generation immigrants among the total population is projected to rise to about 35 percent in this scenario (and to above 40 percent if the third generation is also counted).
Surface motion of a layered medium having an irregular interface due to incident plane SH waves

A practical method is devised to calculate the elastic wave field in a layer-over-half-space medium with an irregular interface, when plane waves are incident from below. This method may be used for studying the interface shape of the M discontinuity, for example, using the observed spectral amplitude and phase-delay anomalies due to teleseismic body waves. The method is also useful for the engineering-seismological study of earthquake motions of soft superficial layers of various cross sections. The scattered field is described as a superposition of plane waves, and application of the continuity conditions at the interface yields coupled integral equations in the spectral coefficients. The equations are satisfied in the wave-number domain when the interface shape is made periodic and the equations are Fourier transformed and truncated. Frequency smoothing by using complex frequencies reduces lateral interferences associated with the periodic interface shape and permits comparison of computed results with those obtained from finite bandwidth observations. Analyses of the residuals in the interface stress and displacement, performed for each computed solution, provided estimates of the errors. The relative root-mean-square residual errors were generally less than 5% and often less than 1% for problems in which the amplitude of the interface irregularity and the shortest wavelength were comparable. The method is applied to several models of ‘soft basins’ ‘dented M discontinuity’ and ‘stepped M discontinuity’ The results are compared with those derived from the flat-layer theory and from the ray theory. In addition to vertical interference effects familiar in the flat-layer theory, we observe the effects of lateral interference as well as those of ray geometry on the motion at the surface.
Geomagnetic storms and substorms

This report is divided into two main parts corresponding roughly to observations and interpretations. The observation section is subdivided into papers concerned with the solar wind, geomagnetic tail, the magnetosphere, and the ionosphere and atmosphere. These regions are of course interdependent, and the boundaries between them are not sharp. However, most papers are clearly assignable to one of the three groups. The few that are not are assigned to the most appropriate one or are multiply referenced. Papers on subjects included in other reports in this series are mentioned here if they bear directly on storms and substorms. Papers on ionospheric storms and the storm response of the neutral atmosphere are included in the references.