Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Reactor Antineutrino Flux and Spectrum at Daya Bay.

The Daya Bay experiment has observed correlations between reactor core fuel evolution and changes in the reactor antineutrino flux and energy spectrum. Four antineutrino detectors in two experimental halls were used to identify 2.2 million inverse beta decays (IBDs) over 1230 days spanning multiple fuel cycles for each of six 2.9 GW_{th} reactor cores at the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear power plants. Using detector data spanning effective ^{239}Pu fission fractions F_{239} from 0.25 to 0.35, Daya Bay measures an average IBD yield σ[over ¯]_{f} of (5.90±0.13)×10^{-43} cm^{2}/fission and a fuel-dependent variation in the IBD yield, dσ_{f}/dF_{239}, of (-1.86±0.18)×10^{-43} cm^{2}/fission. This observation rejects the hypothesis of a constant antineutrino flux as a function of the ^{239}Pu fission fraction at 10 standard deviations. The variation in IBD yield is found to be energy dependent, rejecting the hypothesis of a constant antineutrino energy spectrum at 5.1 standard deviations. While measurements of the evolution in the IBD spectrum show general agreement with predictions from recent reactor models, the measured evolution in total IBD yield disagrees with recent predictions at 3. 1σ. This discrepancy indicates that an overall deficit in the measured flux with respect to predictions does not result from equal fractional deficits from the primary fission isotopes ^{235}U, ^{239}Pu, ^{238}U, and ^{241}Pu. Based on measured IBD yield variations, yields of (6.17±0.17) and (4.27±0.26)×10^{-43} cm^{2}/fission have been determined for the two dominant fission parent isotopes ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu. A 7.8% discrepancy between the observed and predicted ^{235}U yields suggests that this isotope may be the primary contributor to the reactor antineutrino anomaly.
Discharge and water table predictions using a generalised TOPMODEL formulation

A simple, generalized saturated zone formulation is presented in this paper to relax the assumption of an exponential function originally made in TOPMODEL. This saturated zone model is based on the concept of a 'discharge : relative storage' (Q Delta S) function which is derived empirically, using recession curve analysis, and may be of arbitrary form. The generalized formulation is applied to the Seternbekken MINIFELT catchment in Norway, where detailed distributed water table data have been measured. These water table data are used to suggest an empirical, power law modification of the topographic a/tan beta index. Results for the simulation through time of discharges and water table depths at a few locations show that the generalized saturated zone formulation is as efficient a simulator of the observed data as a conventional TOPMODEL, but requires one parameter less to be calibrated. The simulation of detailed water table distributions is only approximate in both cases. The modified power law index shows only a small improvement but provides a basis for a discussion of possible sources of error in the TOPMODEL assumptions for this site. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypoxia-induced Preadipocyte factor 1 expression in human lung �broblasts through ERK/PEA3/c-Jun pathway

Several studies have reported that hypoxia plays a pathological role in severe asthma and tissue �brosis. Our previous study showed that hypoxia induces A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) expression in human lung �broblasts. Moreover, preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref-1) is cleaved by ADAM17, which participates in adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, Pref 1 overexpression is involved in liver and heart �brosis. Studies have demonstrated that polyoma enhancer activator 3 (PEA3) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) play crucial roles in lung �brosis, and the Pref-1 promoter region contains PEA3 and AP-1 binding sites, as predicted. However, the roles of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), PEA3, and AP-1 in hypoxia-stimulated Pref-1 expression in human lung �broblasts remain unknown. immunoprecipitated with an anti-PEA3 antibody; further, they were immunoblotted with antibodies for serine and PEA3. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three experiments. *p < 0.05, compared with the control at 0 minutes. (C) Cells were subjected to hypoxia (1% O2) for 30 minutes; the PEA3 binding site of the Pref-1 promoter region was detected through the ChIP assay. Input for for use as a positive control. Mouse polyclonal IgG for use as a negative control. Traces indicate that the three experiments produced similar results. (D) Cells were transfected with 0.8 μg of PEA3-Luc and 0.1 μg of pBK-CMV-Lac Z for 24 hours and then subjected to hypoxia (1% O2) for another 16 hours. Cells were harvested for a luciferase activity assay. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM, n = 3. *p < 0.05, relative to nonstimulated cells. (E) WI-38 cells were subjected to hypoxia (1% O2) for 30 minutes. In confocal microscopy, the cells were incubated with antibodies speci�c for PEA3, and immunoreactivity was performed through the incubation of the cells with an FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. All slides were counterstained with DAPI (blue) to distinguish the nucleus, which were visualized under an immuno�uorescence microscopy (original magni�cation, 20×; n = 3).
Non-destructive determination of Young’s modulus and its relationship with compressive strength, porosity and density

Summary The Grindosonic apparatus, new equipment capable of indirectly determining rock compressive strength, is discussed. This utilizes the principle that elasticity theory can be applied to rock masses (Attewell & Farmer 1976; Selby 1982) and directly measures the fundamental vibration frequency of a rock sample of regular dimensions following shock excitation. Dynamic Young’s modulus and a variety of other parameters can be established. Samples of Upper Cretaceous Chalk and Upper Jurassic Portland Limestone are used to demonstrate the apparatus and its application. Test specimens were prepared and analysis conducted on material extracted at a number of locations throughout the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset, UK. Samples suitable for deformation in triaxial compression were also prepared and correlations drawn between compressive strength, dynamic Young’s modulus, porosity and density.
MARGINAL EFFECTS OF MERIT AID FOR LOW-INCOME STUDENTS

Financial aid from the Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation (STBF) provides comprehensive support to a student population similar to that served by a host of state aid programs. In conjunction with STBF, we randomly assigned aid awards to thousands of Nebraska high school graduates from low-income, minority, and first-generation college households. Randomly assigned STBF awards boost bachelor’s (BA) degree completion for students targeting four-year schools by about 8 points. Degree gains are concentrated among four-year college applicants who would otherwise have been unlikely to pursue a four-year program. Degree effects are mediated by award-induced increases in credits earned toward a BA in the first year of college. The extent of initial four-year college engagement explains differences in impact by target campus and across covariate subgroups. The projected lifetime earnings effect of awards exceeds marginal educational spending for all of the subgroups examined in the study. Projected earnings gains exceed funder costs for urban students and for students with relatively weak academic preparation. JEL Codes: H52, I22, J24.
Cinobufacini ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice through inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization

Cinobufacini is a traditional Chinese medicine used in clinic with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. It improves the colitis outcome in clinic, however the mechanism underlying its function has not been uncovered. In this study, we investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of cinobufacini on colitis using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, mainly focusing on the impact of macrophages polarization. Our results showed that cinobufacini dramatically ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice. Cinobufacini treatment reduced the infiltration of activated F4/80 + and/or CD68 + macrophages into the colon in DSS-induced colitis mice. More importantly, cinobufacini significantly decreased the quantity of M1 macrophages and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ), tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ), induced nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ). Cinobufacini also increased the population of M2 macrophages and the expression of anti-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) and arginase-1 ( Arg-1 ) in DSS-induced colitis mice. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that cinobufacini inhibited M1 macrophage polarization in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanistically, our in vivo and in vitro results showed that the cinobufacini inhibits of M1 macrophage polarization may associated with the suppression of NF-κB activation. In conclusion, our study suggests that cinobufacini could ameliorate DSS-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization. In our study, we found cinobufacini reduced the phosphorylation of IκBα and IKKα/β protein and inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 induced by LPS. Our results suggest that cinobufacini influences phenotypic polarization of macrophages by regulation of NF-κB activation. We found that cinobufacini also promoted M2 polarization while suppressing M1 polarization. However, the polarization of macrophages to M1 and M2 types is regulated by different signaling
Differential Response to a Selective Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonist (sr141716: Rimonabant) in Female Mice from Lines Selectively Bred for High Voluntary Wheel-running Behaviour

a Exercise is a naturally rewarding behaviour in human beings and can be associated with feelings of euphoria and analgesia. The endocannabinoid system may play a role in the perception of neurobiological rewards during and after prolonged exercise. Mice from lines that have been selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running (high runner or HR lines) may have evolved neurobiological mechanisms that increase the incentive salience of endurance-type exercise. Here, we test the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signalling has been altered in the four replicate HR lines as compared with four nonselected control lines. After 18 days of acclimation to cages with attached wheels, we injected mice with rimonabant (SR141716), a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist. During the time of normal peak running, each mouse received, in a randomized order, intraperitonial injection of rimonabant (0.1 or 3.0 mg/kg) or vehicle, over 9 days. Drug response was quantified as wheel revolutions, time and speed 10–70 min postinjection. Rimonabant decreased running in all mice; however, female HR mice differentially decreased running speed and distance (but not time) as compared with control females. We conclude that altered endocannabinoid signalling plays a role in the high wheel running of female HR mice.
Effect of cement type on shear behavior of cemented calcareous soil

There is little information in the geotechnical literature regarding the influence of the type of cement on the engineering behavior of cemented soils. This paper explores the mechanical behavior of a calcareous soil under triaxial loading after treatment with different types of cement, namely Portland cement, gypsum, and calcite. To identify the specific effects of each cement type a parametric study was undertaken, where factors such as density and unconfined compressive strength were maintained constant for each cementing agent. Samples of the cemented soil were examined under optical and electron microscopy to understand the bond mechanism created by each cement. Results from triaxial testing have shown that, despite having the same unconfined compressive strength and density, the effective stress paths and postyield response are significantly different, mainly because of the different volumetric response upon shearing. Samples prepared using Portland cement showed ductile yield and strong dilation afterwards; calcite and gypsum-cemented samples exhibited brittle yield, generally followed by contractive behavior. The paper discusses the results and explains the reasons behind the differences in the mechanical response.
Trends in hydrological and climatic variables affected by four variations of the Mann-Kendall approach in Urmia Lake basin, Iran

ABSTRACT The trends in hydrological and climatic time series data of Urmia Lake basin in Iran were examined using the four different versions of the Mann-Kendall (MK) approach: (i) the original MK test; (ii) the MK test considering the effect of lag-1 autocorrelation; (iii) the MK test considering the effect of all autocorrelation or sample size; and (iv) the MK test considering the Hurst coefficient. Identification of hydrological and climatic data trends was carried out at monthly and annual time scales for 25 temperature, 35 precipitation and 35 streamflow gauging stations selected from the Urmia Lake basin. Mann-Kendall and Pearson tests were also applied to explore the relationships between temperature, precipitation and streamflow trends. The results show statistically significant upward and downward trends in the annual and monthly hydrological and climatic variables. The upward trends in temperature, unlike streamflow, are much more pronounced than the downward trends, but for precipitation the behaviour of trend is different on monthly and annual time scales. Furthermore, the trend results were affected by the different approaches. Specifically, the number of stations showing trends in hydrological and climatic variables decreased significantly (up to 50%) when the fourth test was considered instead of the first and the absolute value of the Z statistic for most of the time series was reduced. The results of correlations between streamflow and climatic variables showed that the streamflow in Urmia Lake basin is more sensitive to changes in temperature than those of precipitation. The observed decreases in streamflow and increases in temperature in the Urmia Lake basin in recent decades may thus have serious implications for water resources management under the warming climate with the expected population growth and increased freshwater consumption in this region. Editor Z. W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Q. Zhang
Hydrogeochemistry of seepage water collected within the Youngcheon diversion tunnel, Korea: source and evolution of SO4‐rich groundwater in sedimentary terrain

In the Youngcheon Diversion Tunnel area, South Korea, 46 samples of tunnel seepage water (TSW) and borehole groundwater were collected from areas with sedimentary rocks (mainly sandstone and shale) and were examined for hydrogeochemical characteristics. The measured SO4 concentrations range widely from 7·7 to 942·0 mg/l, and exceed the Korean Drinking Water Standard (200 mg/l) in about half the samples. The TDS (total dissolved solid) content generally is high (171–1461 mg/l) from more shale‐rich formations and also reflects varying degrees of water–rock interaction. The water is classified into three groups: Ca SO4 type (61% of the samples collected), Ca SO4 HCO3 type (15%) and Ca HCO3 type (24%). The Ca HCO3 type water (mean concentrations=369 mg/l Ca, 148 mg/l HCO3 and 23 mg/l SO4) reflected the simple reaction between CO2‐recharged water and calcite, whereas the more SO4‐rich nature of Ca SO4 type water (mean concentrations=153 mg/l Ca, 66 mg/l HCO3 and 416 mg/l SO4) reflected the oxidation of pyrite in sedimentary rocks and fracture zones. Pyrite oxidation resulted in precipitation of amorphous iron hydroxide locally within the tunnel as well as in high concentrations of Ca (mean 153 mg/l) and Na (mean 49 mg/l) for TSW, and is associated with calcite dissolution resulting in pH buffering. The pyrite oxidation required for the formation of Ca SO4 type water was enhanced by the diffusion of oxygenated air through the fractures related to the tunnel's construction. The subsequent outgassing of CO2 into the tunnel resulted in precipitation of iron‐bearing carbonate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
European pollution outbreaks during ACE 2: Microphysical particle properties and single-scattering albedo inferred from multiwavelength lidar observations

[1] We present vertically resolved physical particle properties and the single-scattering albedo at 532 nm of pollution plumes advected from the European continent out over the Atlantic Ocean. The parameters follow from the inversion of optical data, which were obtained from six-wavelength aerosol lidar observations near Sagres (37°N, 9°W), Portugal, in the framework of Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2 (ACE 2) (June–July 1997). Particle effective radii were 0.15 ± 0.06 μm, volume concentrations ranged from 6 to 27 μm3cm−3, and surface area concentrations were 80 to 1200 μm2 cm−3. The particles in general showed negligible absorption, with the mean imaginary part of the wavelength-independent complex refractive index being at 0.009i ± 0.010i. The mean real part was 1.56 ± 0.07. A mean value of 0.95 ± 0.06 was obtained for the single-scattering albedo at 532 nm. The numbers indicate that the major contributor to the observed pollution was nonabsorbing ammonium-sulfate-like material. A very small fraction was contributed by absorbing sootlike material. Correlation analysis showed that effective radius was well correlated with the Angstrom exponents of the underlying extinction spectra. Furthermore, correlations of the single-scattering albedo with the particle extinction-to-backscatter ratio and with the imaginary part of the complex refractive index were found. This result shows that the first two parameters contain information about the chemical state of the observed particles.
Monthly CO surface sources inventory based on the 2000–2001 MOPITT satellite data

This paper presents results of the inverse modeling of carbon monoxide surface sources on a monthly and regional basis using the MOPITT (Measurement Of the Pollution In The Troposphere) CO retrievals. The targeted time period is from April 2000 to March 2001. A sequential and time‐dependent inversion scheme is implemented to correct an a priori set of monthly mean CO sources. The a posteriori estimates for the total anthropogenic (fossil fuel + biofuel + biomass burning) surface sources of CO in TgCO/yr are 509 in Asia, 267 in Africa, 140 in North America, 90 in Europe and 84 in Central and South America. Inverting on a monthly scale allows one to assess a corrected seasonality specific to each source type and each region. Forward CTM simulations with the a posteriori emissions show a substantial improvement of the agreement between modeled CO and independent in situ observations.
Sleep disorders in Human Immunodeficiency Virus: a substudy of the pharmacokinetics and clinical observations in people over fifty (POPPY) study

Background. Self-reported sleep quality is poor in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH), but prior studies commonly used nonspecific questionnaires, investigated only single sleep disorders, or lacked human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative controls. We addressed these limitations in the Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Observations in People Over Fifty (POPPY) Sleep Substudy by assessing PWH and HIV-negative controls for insomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and sleep apnea (SA). Methods. Previously enrolled POPPY participants coenrolled in this substudy without regard to sleep symptoms. Participants completed validated sleep assessments including the Insomnia Severity Index questionnaire, International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group questionnaire, and in-home, wrist-worn overnight oximetry. They also completed health-related quality of life questionnaires including 36-item Short Form (SF-36) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep questionnaires. Results. We enrolled 357 PWH (246 >50 years of age; 111 between 18 and 50 years) and 126 HIV-negative controls >50 years of age. Among PWH, criteria were met by 21% for insomnia, 13% for RLS, and 6% for SA. Compared with HIV-negative controls, PWH had a higher risk of insomnia (adjusted odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.2–12.9) but not RLS or SA. Compared with PWH without insomnia, those with insomnia reported significantly worse scores on all SF-36 and PROMIS components; fewer than 30% reported previous diagnosis or treatment for insomnia. Conclusions. Insomnia was more common in PWH, associated with worse health-related quality of life, and frequently undi-agnosed. Further research should focus on the pathogenesis of insomnia in PWH and the development of effective screening and intervention strategies for this unique population.
General Cardiovascular Risk Profile Identifies Advanced Coronary Artery Calcium and Is Improved by Family History: The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) provides prognostic information regarding the risk of cardiovascular events. As a result, the presence of advanced CAC has been proposed as a rationale for aggressive risk factor modification. Using the data from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, we assessed the ability of the General Cardiovascular Risk Profile (GCRP) to identify individuals with advanced CAC and determined whether identification of advanced CAC is improved by adding 2 different definitions of a positive family history of coronary heart disease. We defined family history as a dichotomous variable (ie, having ≥1 first-degree relative with premature coronary heart disease) or by familial risk stratification (ie, as a weak, moderate, or strong family history based on number of relatives with coronary heart disease, age at onset, and the presence of stroke or diabetes mellitus in the family). We observed that the GCRP worked well to identify individuals with positive CAC scores, and the addition of family history using either definition improved the discriminatory ability of this model. However, correct reclassification of individuals into lower or higher risk categories for a CAC score >300 was only improved with the addition of familial risk stratification to the GCRP variables. Our findings are consistent with the notion that the GCRP is a general model for assessing global cardiovascular disease risk, and we demonstrate that addition of family history to the GCRP (especially comprehensive familial risk assessment based on the number of relatives with coronary heart disease, age at onset, and the presence of stroke or diabetes mellitus in the family) further enhances the prediction of the presence of advanced CAC.
Effects of acute-liver-failure-plasma exposure on hepatic functionality of HepaRG-AMC-Bioartificial Liver

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Dimensions of Fashion Retailer Internationalisation “A UK snapshot”

This paper represents the early stages of a major research project investigating the contemporary context and practice of retail internationalisation. While the topic of retail internationalisation is fairly well researched, established paradigms and models may be considered outmoded in context of recent commercial, technical and market developments. As fashion businesses are historically regarded as among the most prevalent and successful of international retailers, this market sector is used to identify innovative applications within the topic. The aim of this paper is to present a paradigm of conventional and emergent internationalisation options available to a fashion retailer. The longer term aim is to broaden research to develop a model representing the contemporary nature of retail internationalisation.