Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamical analysis and constraints for the HD 196885 system

The HD 196885 system is composed of a binary star and a planet orbiting the primary. The orbit of the binary is fully constrained by astrometry, but for the planet the inclination with respect to the plane of the sky and the longitude of the node are unknown. Here we perform a full analysis of the HD 196885 system by exploring the two free parameters of the planet and choosing different sets of angular variables. We find that the most likely configurations for the planet are either nearly coplanar orbits (prograde and retrograde), or highly inclined orbits near the Lidov-Kozai equilibrium points, i = 44° or i = 137°. Among coplanar orbits, the retrograde ones appear to be less chaotic, while for the orbits near the Lidov-Kozai equilibria, those around ѡ = 270° are more reliable, where ѡ is the argument of pericenter of the planet's orbit with respect to the binary's orbit . From the observer's point of view (plane of the sky) stable areas are restricted to (I 1 ,Ω 1 ) ∼ (65°, 80°), (65°, 260°), (115°, 80°), and (115°, 260°), where I 1 is the inclination of the planet and Ω 1 is the longitude of ascending node.
Predicting the Potential Suitable Area of the Invasive Ant Linepithema humile in China under Future Climatic Scenarios Based on Optimized MaxEnt

Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is one of “100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species” listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Although native to South America, this ant has spread worldwide via international trade. Currently, L. humile has not been found in China, and if it invades China, it might pose a potential risk to the native invertebrates, vertebrates, plants, and human livelihoods. Based on 2432 global occurrence records and ten bioclimatic variables, the optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the potential suitable areas of L. humile in China. We analyzed the important bioclimatic variables affecting the potential suitable areas, and determined the changes in potential suitable areas under future climatic scenarios. Our results indicated that the mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11), precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19), mean temperature of the wettest quarter (Bio8), and precipitation of the warmest quarter (Bio18) were the most important bioclimatic variables. Under the current climatic scenarios, the potential suitable area of L. humile in China is 80.31 × 104 km2, which is mainly located in Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Hubei. Under future climate scenarios over coming decades, the potential suitable areas of L. humile showed an overall increase and a shift to higher latitudes, which indicated the invasion risk of L. humile in China will increase under climate change. Our findings provide the theoretical guidance for the early warning and monitoring of L. humile in China.
Computer Simulations of High Energy Physics

This thesis describes the development of two independent computer programs, Herwig++ and Effective. Both of these programs are used for phenomenological predictions of high energy physics. Herwig++ is used to simulate events as measured at particle colliders. This thesis presents a new set of variables for parton shower evolution. These new variables retain the angular ordering feature of the variables found in the original HERWIG software, while improving the Lorentz invariance of the shower and improving the coverage of the phase space. Also developed is a new model for hadronization. By changing the distribution of probabilities of cluster decays into hadron pairs this model is able to enforce desired results, such as isospin symmetry or meson-baryon ratios, more intuitively. These new developments are compared against existing LEP data. Effective is used to generate the mass spectrum of supersymmetric models. This program is able to provide the 1-loop effective potential and 1-loop mass matrices for an arbitrary N=1 supersymmetric model. This software also is able to solve the renormalization group equations at one-loop for the parameters of the model and, in turn, provide the scale dependent values of these parameters.
RX J1716.6+6708: A Young Cluster at z = 0.81

Clusters of galaxies at redshifts nearing 1 are of special importance since they may be caught at the epoch of formation. At these high redshifts there are very few known clusters. We present follow-up ASCA, ROSAT High Resolution Imager, and Keck LRIS observations of the cluster RX J1716.6+6708, which was discovered during the optical identification of X-ray sources in the north ecliptic pole region of the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. At z = 0.809, RX J1716.6+6708 is the second most distant X-ray–selected cluster so far published and the only one with a large number of spectroscopically determined cluster member velocities. The optical morphology of RX J1716.6+6708 resembles an inverted S-shape filament with the X-rays coming from the midpoint of the filament. The X-ray contours have an elongated shape that roughly coincides with the weak lensing contours. The cluster has a low temperature, kT = 5.66 keV, and a very high velocity dispersion σlos = 1522 km s-1. While the temperature is commensurate with its X-ray luminosity of (8.19 ± 0.43) × 1044 h ergs s-1 (2–10 keV rest frame), its velocity dispersion is much higher than expected from the σ-TX relationship of present-day clusters with comparable X-ray luminosity. RX J1716.6+6708 could be an example of a protocluster, where matter is flowing along filaments and the X-ray flux is maximum at the impact point of the colliding streams of matter.
Black hole formation in the grazing collision of high-energy particles

We numerically investigate the formation of D-dimensional black holes in high-energy particle collision with the impact parameter and evaluate the total cross section of the black hole production. We find that the formation of an apparent horizon occurs when the distance between the colliding particles is less than 1.5 times the effective gravitational radius of each particles. Our numerical result indicates that although both the one-dimensional hoop and the (D-3)-dimensional volume corresponding to the typical scale of the system give a fairly good condition for the horizon formation in the higher-dimensional gravity, the (D-3)-dimensional volume provide a better condition to judge the existence of the horizon.
THE CENTRAL REGION IN M100 - OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING

We present new high-resolution observations of the central region in the late-type spiral galaxy M100 (NGC 4321) supplemented by three-dimensional numerical modeling of stellar and gas dynamics, including star formation (SF). Near-infrared imaging has revealed a small bulge of 4'' effective diameter; a 60'' radial length stellar bar of moderate strength, previously inferred from optical and 21 cm observations; and an ovally shaped, ringlike structure in the plane of the disk between 10''-22'' from the center, whose major axis makes a large angle with the bar. The K isophotes become progressively elongated and skewed to the position angle of the bar both outside and inside the ''ring,'' forming an inner barlike region. The galaxy exhibits a mild circumnuclear starburst concentrated in the inner part of the K ''ring. '' This SF is prominent in Ha and the U, B, and V bands, forming an incomplete ring. In addition, two strong local maxima of K emission have been observed to lie remarkably symmetrically with respect to the galactic nucleus and equidistant from it at 7. ''5, slightly leading the stellar bar. CO molecular emission is peaked in the dust lanes seen in the I - K color index image. We interpret the twists in K isophotes and the swinging of spiral arms through similar to 360 degrees inside the corotation radius as being indicative of the presence of a double inner Lindblad resonance (ILR) and test this hypothesis by modeling the gas flow in a self-consistent gas+stars disk embedded in a halo, with an overall NGC 4321-like mass distribution in the system. Both ILRs have been verified using nonlinear orbit analysis by determining the spatial extent of the family of orbits oriented along the minor axis of the bar. We have reproduced the basic morphology of the region inside corotation, including (1) the similar to 60 degrees bar; (2) the large-scale trailing shocks representing the offset dust lanes in the bar; (3) two symmetric K peaks corresponding to gas compression maxima which lie at the caustic formed by the interaction of a pair of trailing and leading shocks in the vicinity of the inner ILR, both peaks being sites of SF; and (4) two additional zones of SF corresponding to gas compression maxima at the bar's minor axis, where the large-scale shocks start to curl and which are referred in the literature as ''twin peaks. '' We argue further that the twisting of K isophotes in the neighborhood of the resonance region requires a population of red stars which are dynamically young and follow gas rather than stellar orbits, i.e., red supergiants. At the same time, a substantial contribution from OB stars to the K light is expected within the inner kiloparsec and especially in the symmetric K peaks. We also conclude that NGC 4321 hosts a single stellar bar which fuels the starburst activity within the circumnuclear ''ring'' by channeling gas there at the median rate of similar to 0.1-1 Mo yr(-1).
Aerosol optical depth regime over megacities of the world

Abstract. Currently, 55 % of the world's population resides in urban areas and this number is projected to increase to 70 % by 2050. Urban agglomerations with a population over 10 million, characterized as megacities, are expected to be more than 100 by 2100. Such large concentrations of population could boost creativity and economic progress, but also raises several environmental challenges such as air quality degradation. In this study, we investigate the spatial and temporal variability of urban aerosol state of 81 cities with a population over 5 million, relying on daily satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals, derived at fine spatial resolution (0.1∘×0.1∘), over an 18-year period spanning from 2003 to 2020. According to our results, the lowest long-term mean AOD values worldwide were found in European and American cities (from 0.08 to 0.20). For almost all African and Asian cities, mean AOD ranged from 0.25 up to 0.90, but a considerable dust aerosol contribution (up to 70 %) was found for some of them with associated mean dust optical depth (DOD) values reaching up to 0.4. Mostly Chinese and Indian cities tend to have higher mean AOD values in the areas surrounding their center, while the opposite was found for most of the cities in the rest of the world. High intraannual AOD variability was revealed for the eastern American cities, while lower values were found in Chinese, eastern Indian and the eastern Mediterranean cities. During the study period, statistically significant negative AOD decadal trends were found for East Asian, European and North American cities, with the greatest decrease of −0.1 to −0.3 per decade recorded for the Chinese cities, in which the maximum mean AODs (0.45–0.91) are observed. In most of the US cities, where low mean AOD <0.17 was recorded, considerable declining AOD trends were found (−30 % to −50 % per decade). For the rest of Asian, African and South American cities, statistically significant AOD increase was found, with the greatest values of +0.07 to +0.16 per decade recorded for Indian cities. In Bengaluru (India), it is reported the lowest mean AOD value (0.2) and the maximum AOD increase (+69 %), which may be partially attributed to the population growth over the study period. The agreement of the satellite-derived AOD trends against those obtained from ground-based AERONET measurements was examined. For ground-based stations within the geographical limits of the contiguous urban area of the examined cities, a 0.93 correlation for the long-term means of AOD was found and ∼75 % of the derived trends agreed in sign. It was found that the spatial homogeneity within the examined satellite domain and the location of the surface station were key factors that determined their agreement. The present study highlights the vital and essential contribution of spaceborne products to monitor aerosol burden over megacities of the planet towards fulfilling the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of “sustainable cities and communities”, dealing with urban air quality.
Texture description and segmentation in image processing

Textured regions in images can be defined as those regions containing a signal which has some measure of randomness. This thesis is concerned with the description of homogeneous texture in terms of a signal model and to develop a means of spatially separating regions of differing texture. A signal model is presented which is based on the assumption that a large class of textures can adequately be represented by their Fourier amplitude spectra only, with the phase spectra modelled by a random process. It is shown that, under mild restrictions, the above model leads to a stationary random process. Results indicate that this assumption is valid for those textures lacking significant local structure. A texture segmentation scheme is described which separates textured regions based on the assumption that each texture has a different distribution of signal energy within its amplitude spectrum. A set of bandpass quadrature filters are applied to the original signal and the envelope of the output of each filter taken. The filters are designed to have maximum mutual energy concentration in both the spatial and spatial frequency domains thus providing high spatial and class resolutions. The outputs of these filters are processed using a multi-resolution classifier which applies a clustering algorithm on the data at a low spatial resolution and then performs a boundary estimation operation in which processing is carried out over a range of spatial resolutions. Results demonstrate a high performance, in terms of the classification error, for a range of synthetic and natural textures
Evaluation of aerosol–cloud interactions in E3SM using a Lagrangian framework

Abstract. A Lagrangian framework is used to evaluate aerosol–cloud interactions in the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) version 1 (E3SMv1) for measurements taken at Graciosa Island in the Azores where a U.S. Department of Energy Atmosphere Radiation Measurement (ARM) site is located. This framework uses direct measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration (instead of relying on satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth) and incorporates a suite of ground-based ARM measurements, satellite retrievals, and meteorological reanalysis products that when applied to over a 1500 trajectories provides key insights into the evolution of low-level clouds and aerosol radiative forcing that is not feasible from a traditional Eulerian analysis framework. Significantly lower concentrations (40 %) of surface CCN concentration are measured when precipitation rates in 48 h back trajectories average above 1.2 mm d−1 in the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) product. The depletion of CCN concentration when precipitation rates are elevated is nearly twice as large in the ARM observations compared to E3SMv1 simulations. The model CCN concentration bias remains significant despite modifying the autoconversion and accretion rates in warm clouds. As the clouds in trajectories associated with larger surface-based CCN concentration advect away from Graciosa Island, they maintain higher values of droplet number concentrations (Nd) over multiple days in observations and E3SM simulations compared to trajectories that start with lower CCN concentrations. The response remains robust even after controlling for meteorological factors such as lower troposphere stability, the degree of cloud coupling with the surface, and island wake effects. E3SMv1 simulates a multi-day aerosol effect on clouds and a Twomey radiative effect that is within 30 % of the ARM and satellite observations. However, the mean cloud droplet concentration is more than 2–3 times larger than in the observations. While Twomey radiative effects are similar amongst autoconversion and accretion sensitivity experiments, the liquid water path and cloud fraction adjustments are positive when using a regression model as opposed to negative when using the present-day minus pre-industrial aerosol emissions approach. This result suggests that tuning the autoconversion and accretion alone is unlikely to produce the desired aerosol susceptibilities in E3SMv1.
Superconductivity in twisted graphene 
NbSe2
 heterostructures

We study the low-energy electronic structure of heterostructures formed by one sheet of graphene placed on a monolayer of ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$. We build a continuous low-energy effective model that takes into account the presence of a twist angle between graphene and ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$, and of spin-orbit coupling and superconducting pairing in ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$. We obtain the parameters entering the continuous model via ab initio calculations. We show that despite the large mismatch between the graphene's and ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$'s lattice constants, due to the large size of the ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$'s Fermi pockets, there is a large range of values of twist angles for which a superconducting pairing can be induced into the graphene layer. In addition, we show that the superconducting gap induced into the graphene is extremely robust to an external in-plane magnetic field. Our results show that the size of the induced superconducting gap, and its robustness against in-plane magnetic fields, can be significantly tuned by varying the twist angle.
on CC1

value is in winter (0.4±0.3 µg/m 3 ) and the lowest is in summer (0.2±0.1 µg/m 3 ). Moreover, the values for eBC are also the highest in winter (5.3±1.8 µg/m 3 ), what is expected. The relative contribution of biomass (BC BB ) to eBC, present in this table for winter, shows that the higher excess of eBC contribution from fossil fuels than biomass burning was observed during winter. Our results for BC BB annual average concentration is 0.25±0.15 µg/m 3 and it is lower than in Zabrze (Poland) (0.93±0.76. µg/m 3 ) (Ziola et al., 2021). It can probably be connected with introduction in September 2019 of ban of burning wood and coal in Krakow.
Social identification effects in social dilemmas

Three experimental studies were conducted to examine two alternative explanations for the widely established positive e(cid:128)ect of social identiﬁcation in promoting cooperation in social dilemmas. We hypothesised that social identiﬁcation e(cid:128)ects could be either ascribed to (1) an increase in the value assigned to the collective good (i.e. goal-transformation hypothesis) or (2) an enhancement of trust in the cooperation of other group members (i.e. goal-ampliﬁcation hypothesis). To disentangle these two explanations, we examined the e(cid:128)ects of social identiﬁcation on the contributions to a public good of people with a di(cid:128)erent social value orientation (i.e. pre-existing di(cid:128)erences in preferred outcome distribution between self and others). Following the goal transformation hypothesis, we predicted that an increased group identiﬁcation would raise contributions, in particular for people essentially concerned with their personal welfare (i.e. pro-self value orientation). Alternatively, following the goal ampliﬁcation hypothesis it was expected that increased group identiﬁcation would primarily a(cid:128)ect decisions of people concerned with the collective welfare (i.e. prosocial value orientation). The results of all three studies provided support for the goal-transformation rather than goal-ampliﬁcation hypothesis, suggesting that ‘selﬁsh’ individuals can be encouraged to cooperate by increasing the salience of their group membership. Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Our Knowledge of the Internal World

1. Starting in the Middle 2. Epistemic Possibilities and the Knowledge Argument 3. Locating Ourselves in the World 4. Notes on Models of Self-Locating Belief 5. Phenomenal and Epistemic Indistinguishability 6. Acquaintance and Essence 7. Knowing What One is Thinking 8. After the Fall References
PHILOLOGY AND LINGUISTICS Interdependence of linguistic and extralinguistic factors influencing the development of language conceptualization in the sphere of business and enterpreneurship

Анотація. У статті розглядаються концепт “бізнес” та “підприємництво”, їхня характеристика, відмінність та як вони використовуються між собою. Адже розуміння цих двох понять різниться в залежності від впливу лінгвістичних та екстралінгвістичних факторів, які також проаналізовані в роботі. Для дослідження цих понять було застосовано концептуальний аналіз. Відповідно до лінгвістичної відносності, яка припускає, що люди, які розмовляють різними мовами, по-різному сприймають світ і по-різному думають. Тому саме за цією теорією мова впливає і є тим фактором, за допомогою якого можна утворювати певні
The role of dust sources in the Tibetan Plateau may be Underestimated: A high-resolution simulation study of regional differences in dust characteristics in the Tibetan Plateau

: Because of the unique geographical location of the Tibetan Plateau and its important role in global climate change, aerosol variability over the plateau has been of wide interest to the academic community. Most studies have focused on the influence of external aerosols; however, a few studies 10 have been conducted on dust aerosols within the plateau. In this study, the plateau was divided into three regions, west, south, and north based on surface vegetation and climatic characteristics, and the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry was used to simulate the Tibetan Plateau from 2004 to 2006 to quantify the spatial and temporal variability of dust within the plateau with high resolution. The dust sources of the plateau are located in the northern part of the Qiangtang Plateau, 15 the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin, the Namucuo and Lhasa regions, the Qaidam Basin, the source areas of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, and the Qinghai Lake and its surrounding areas. Owing to windy weather and arid soil conditions, the dust emissions of the three regions reached 11.00 × 10 7 (west), 3.30 × 10 7 (south) and 4.50 × 10 7 (north) μg · m -2 , during winter, and remained at a low level from May to October. Although the annual variation in dust emissions was relatively consistent across the three 20 regions, there were substantial differences in dust loading, with almost no dust present in the atmosphere in the south, a to a minimum in August, with minimum wind speeds of 2.2, 1.9, and 2.3 m/s in the three regions. The model results and reanalysis data showed a significant difference in wind speed in summer, with the model results being 180 significantly lower than the reanalysis data, with a difference of 1 m/s. The China Meteorological Data Network provides monthly averages of multiyear observations of meteorological elements at 19 stations in TP. T 2 and U 10 were also very close to the observed heights of the daily variables. In this study, the observations were compared with the model results to increase the credibility of the model results. However, because almost all stations were located in the 185 southeastern part of the plateau, only the southern region was selected for comparison. The results of