Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teaching & Learning Guide for: Animal Sentience

Animal sentience, in a broad sense, refers to the capacity of an animal to have feelings with a subjective character. If an animal is sentient, there is something that it is like to be that animal. These feelings can include pleasure and pain, but also others such as hunger, curiosity, loneliness, and fear. Animal sentience plays an important role in ethical deliberations, as sentient animals are capable of suffering, a capacity frequently taken to ground moral status. It is also increasingly relevant for policy looking to protect the welfare of animals. Precautionary reasoning can be used to award protection to taxa for which there is some reasonable evidence of sentience, even if this evidence is not definitive. The subjective nature of sentience makes it a difficult scientific target. However, there are an increasing range of indirect indicators that can be used together to infer sentience, including those based on the differences in conscious vs unconscious performance by humans on perceptual and learning tasks, and those based on proposed evolutionary functions of sentience. These indicators can then be used to guide inferences about the distribution of sentience throughout the animal kingdom. There is now wide agreement that there is sufficient evidence to warrant the attribution of sentience to most vertebrates, though some sceptics still question the case for fish. Current work on is also suggestive of sentience in some invertebrates, including cephalopod molluscs and decapod crustaceans.
Comparison of fatty liver disease development in overweight, obese and normal weight children

Introduction: Prevalence of obesity can predispose children to development of fatty liver disease which, given the asymptomatic nature of this disease, may turn into cirrhosis at the end of adolescence if it is not treated. Objectives: This study aimed to compare overweight and obese children with normal weight ones in terms of prevalence of fatty liver disease. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2019 to 2020. A total of 952 children in the 6-18 years age group admitted to the Children medical and training center (Tabriz University of Medical Sciences) were enrolled using multistage cluster random sampling. The participants included 408 normal weight, 314 overweight, and 230 obese children. Chi-square and ANOVA tests were performed to compare the demographic information, anthropometric indices, and liver ultrasound results of the members in the three groups. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The prevalence rate of fatty liver disease in all participants was 16.91%, whereas that in the overweight and obese children was 29.59%. The results suggested that the prevalence of fatty liver was increasing in normal weight, overweight, and obese children. Conclusion: Overweight and obesity in children led to the development of fatty liver. Preventive measures must be taken because one third of the studied obese and overweight children developed fatty liver disease.
The Role of the Human Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Pain

Understanding of the gut microbiome’s role in human physiology developed rapidly in recent years. Moreover, any alteration of this microenvironment could lead to a pathophysiological reaction of numerous organs. It results from the bidirectional communication of the gastrointestinal tract with the central nervous system, called the gut–brain axis. The signals in the gut–brain axis are mediated by immunological, hormonal, and neural pathways. However, it is also influenced by microorganisms in the gut. The disturbances in the gut–brain axis are associated with gastrointestinal syndromes, but recently their role in the development of different types of pain was reported. The gut microbiome could be the factor in the central sensitization of chronic pain by regulating microglia, astrocytes, and immune cells. Dysbiosis could lead to incorrect immune responses, resulting in the development of inflammatory pain such as endometriosis. Furthermore, chronic visceral pain, associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders, could result from a disruption in the gut microenvironment. Any alteration in the gut–brain axis could also trigger migraine attacks by affecting cytokine expression. Understanding the gut microbiome’s role in pain pathophysiology leads to the development of analgetic therapies targeting microorganisms. Probiotics, FODMAP diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation are reported to be beneficial in treating visceral pain.
Sensitivity analysis for state constrained optimal control problems

A family of parameter dependent optimal control poblems for nonlinear ODEs is considered. The problems are subject to pointwise control and state inequality type constraints. It is assumed that, at the reference value of the parameter the reference optimal solution exists and is regular. Regularity conditions are formulated under which the original problems are locally equivalent to some problems subject to equality type constraints only. The classical implicit function theorem is applied to these new problems to investigate Frechet differentiability of the solutions with respect to the parameter. A numerical example is provided.
Integrability of the superstring in AdS3 × S2 × S2 × T3

Type II supergravity admits an AdS3×S2×S2×T3 solution with fluxes depending on several free parameters. We determine the constraints on these parameters imposed by the requirement of (classical) integrability of the superstring sigma model. To do this we analyze the low-energy effective action for the spinning GKP string. The absence of particle production in the tree-level S-matrix of bosonic excitations is shown to imply the vanishing of two of the four parameters in the NSNS three-form flux. This reduces the supergravity background to either the one-parameter AdS3×S2×S2×T3 background preserving eight supersymmetries, or a non-supersymmetric branch, which differs only by flipping a sign in the RR flux. We show that both these branches can be obtained from AdS3×S3×S3×S1 by T-dualities on the (Hopf) circle fibers of the three-spheres and therefore the integrability of the string in these backgrounds follows.
Development of a Highly Adaptive Higher Education System for Satisfaction of the Labor Market Needs

: In the modern market of skilled labor, various transformational processes are clearly observed, which are manifested in the presentation of new requirements for the skills of employees, in the emergence of completely new professions and the obsolescence of existing ones. In addition, non-traditional forms of working relationships are developing, such as remote work, freelancing, outsourcing, and many professions are subject to automation. These changes are caused both by the natural course of scientific and technological development, and by the increasingly complex socio-economic relations in the world. The Institute of Higher Education plays a key role in the formation of relevant competencies, but in the context of the accelerating pace of changes in the labor market, it does not effectively cope with this task. We see the reasons as excessive state regulation of this sphere and insufficient influence of market mechanisms on the formation of educational activities. The purpose of the article is to formulate the basic principles of the higher education system reorganization that most adequately meet the needs of employers in the labor market. At the first stage, it is necessary to identify the key problems of education and find their causes. The next task is to find ways to eliminate these problems based on the analysis of tendencies in the labor market and in the innovation sector.
Propolis, Aloe Vera, Green Tea, Cranberry, Calendula, Myrrha and Salvia Properties against Periodontal Microorganisms

The oral cavity harbors hundreds of microorganisms that may be uncontrolled and provoke several diseases. In this sense, periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease with an essential microbial component in its etiology. Periodontal treatment involves mechanical control of the supra- and subgingival biofilm, but not all patients respond predictably to treatment. In this way, the biofilm chemical control helps in the reduction of periodontal pathogens during treatment or in the delay of bacterial re-colonization after scaling and root planning. Several products have been studied as adjunctive therapy and have shown promising results. Therefore, the present article reviews the biological effects of propolis, aloe vera, green tea, cranberry, calendula, myrrha and salvia that may support their use in the control of subgingival biofilm in patients with periodontitis. All the natural products cited above showed exciting results against microorganisms related to oral diseases, mainly periodontitis. These substances also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The natural agents propolis, aloe vera, green tea, cranberry, calendula, myrrha and salvia demonstrated potential to be used as oral hygiene products, based on their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions.
Formation processes and time scales for meteorite parent bodies

The transition from small particles suspended in the solar nebula to the planetesimals (asteroids) that became the parent bodies of meteorites is examined. Planetesimals probably grew by coagulation of grain aggregates that collided due to different rates of settling and drag-induced orbital decay. Their growth was accompanied by radial transport of solids, possibly sufficient to deplete the primordial mass in the asteroid zone, but with relatively little mixing. The formation of asteroid-sized planetesimals was probably rapid, on a time scale less than 1 Myr.
Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded Poloxamer 407 Gel for Transungual Delivery of Terbinafine HCl

The current study aimed to develop chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) loaded poloxamer 407 (P407) gel formulation for transungual delivery of terbinafine HCl (TBN). TBN-CSNP were prepared by nanoprecipitation method and optimized by face-centered central composite design (FCCCD). Optimized TBN-CSNP formulation exhibited a spherical shape with hydrodynamic diameter; zeta potential and entrapment efficiency (EE) of 229 ± 5 nm; 37 ± 1.5 mV; and 75 ± 2% respectively. The solid state of TBN and its compatibility with formulation ingredients were confirmed through XRD and FTIR analysis respectively. TBN-CSNP loaded P407 gel exhibited pseudoplastic rheological behavior having a spreadability of 11 ± 2 g·cm/s. The washability study showed that 40 ± 2% of the gel was eroded after washing 12 times. Drug release from TBN-CSNP- and TBN-CSNP-loaded gel was 84 ± 5% and 57 ± 3%, respectively. The cumulative quantity of TBN permeated from TBN-CSNP-loaded P407 gel and TBN-loaded P407 gel was 25 ± 8 and 27 ± 4 µg/cm2, respectively. The nail uptake study showed that 3.6 ± 0.7 and 2.1 ± 0.3 µg of rhodamine was uptaken by the nail following 2 h topical application of TBN-CSNP loaded P407 gel and TBN loaded P407 gel, respectively. Hence, the developed CSNP-based P407 gel formulation can be a potential carrier for transungual delivery of TBN to topically treat onychomycosis.
Self-assembly of the gyroid cubic mesophase: Lattice-Boltzmann simulations

We present the first simulations of the self-assembly kinetics of the gyroid cubic mesophase using a Boltzmann transport method. No macroscopic parameters are included in the model and three-dimensional hydrodynamics is emergent from the microscopic conservation laws. The self-assembly arises from local inter-particle interactions in an initially homogeneous, phase-segregating binary fluid with dispersed amphiphile. The mixture evolves in discrete time according to the dynamics of a set of coupled Boltzmann-BGK equations on a lattice. We observe a transient microemulsion phase during self-assembly, the structure function peaks and direct-space imaging unequivocally identifying the gyroid at later times. For larger lattices, highly ordered subdomains are separated by grain boundaries. Relaxation towards the ordered equilibrium structure is very slow compared to the diffusive and microemulsion-assembling transients, the structure function oscillating in time due to a combination of Marangoni effects and long-time-scale defect dynamics.
Strong cosmic censorship for the massless charged scalar field in the Reissner-Nordstrom–de Sitter spacetime

It has recently been shown that the strong cosmic censorship conjecture can be violated by the massless neutral scalar field in the nearly extremal Reissner-Nordstrom--de Sitter black hole. However, the formation of such a black hole by gravitational collapse necessitates the presence of the charged sector on top of the Einstein-Maxwell system. Thus, we numerically calculate the quasinormal modes for a massless charged scalar field in the Reissner-Nordstrom--de Sitter spacetime by generalizing the characteristic formulation to the charged case. As a result, the strong cosmic censorship is recovered by our massless charged scalar field except in the highly extremal limit $Q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{Q}_{m}$, where the violation still occurs when the scalar field is appropriately charged.
Morphology of the 12 Micron Seyfert Galaxies. I. Hubble Types, Axial Ratios, Bars, and Rings

We have compared the morphological characteristics of the 891 galaxies in the Extended 12 μm Galaxy Sample (E12GS) and assessed the effect of the 12 μm selection criterion on galaxy properties. The normal spirals in the E12GS have the same axial ratios, morphological types, and bar and ring fractions as other normal spirals. The H II/starburst galaxies have a higher incidence of bars and more than twice the normal rate of "peculiar" morphologies, both of which are attributable to relatively recent disturbances. The 12 μm Seyfert galaxies show a small (10%) deficiency of edge-on disks. This is caused by extinction but is a much less severe effect than in optically selected samples. There is a similar modest deficit of highly inclined H II/starburst galaxies in the 12 μm sample. The galaxies with active nuclei (Seyfert galaxies and LINERs) have the same incidence of bars as normal spirals but show rings significantly more often than normal galaxies or starbursts. The LINERs have elevated rates of inner rings, while the Seyfert galaxies have outer ring fractions several times those in normal galaxies. The different formation times of bars and rings suggest an interpretation of these differences. Bars form relatively quickly and indicate that material is recently being transported (by redistribution of angular momentum) to the center of the galaxy, where it is likely to trigger a short (e.g., ≲108 yr) burst of star formation. Outer rings may result from similar disturbances but require much more time to form. They would then be associated with more intense nuclear activity if it takes 109 yr or more for the mass transfer to reach the center and raise the black hole accretion rate, by which time the bar has dissolved or has begun to do so. Inner rings form before outer ones, with a formation time more comparable to bars. Thus, it may be that after an interaction or instability triggers an infall of gas, the galaxy in the earliest stage is likely to show enhanced star formation in its center, while later it is more likely to show LINER activity, and still later it is likely to be a Seyfert galaxy. The trends we find with morphology and nuclear activity are not biased either by the distances of the galaxies or by the slightly elevated recent star formation rates shown by the 12 μm galaxies in general.
Peran Hemaglutinin dan Hemolisin pada Escherichia coli Sorbitol-negatif Isolat Burung Puyuh pada Proses Infeksi Secara in Vitro

Abstract Escherichia coli sorbitol-negative in quails cause economic loss due to the death, growth rate inhibition, decreased egg production, and increased medical treatment. Escherichia coli sorbitol-negative has many virulence factors, including hemagglutinin and hemolysin. The aim of this study is to determine the role of hemagglutinin and hemolysin in the infection process of Escherichia coli sorbitol-negative in vitro. This study was performed using 23 isolates of Escherichia coli sorbitol-negative from quails, 52.2% (12 of 23 isolates) had hemagglutinin, while 34.8% (8 out of 23 isolates) had hemolysin. Isolates with hemagglutinin were more attached to human buccal epithelial cells than isolates without hemagglutinin (P <0.05). Isolates with hemolysin were less phagocyted by macrophages compared to isolates which without hemolysin (P <0.05). Escherichia coli sorbitol-negative isolates from quails that have hemagglutinin and hemolysin are pathogenic isolates that possess the potential to cause colibasilosis and transmission between quails and other birds.
Sex-Based Differences in the Association between Serum Copper and Kidney Function: Evidence from NHANES 2011–2016

Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between copper (Cu) and kidney function is rare, and few studies examine the sex differences in this association. We aimed to explore the overall and sex-based relationship between exposure to Cu and biomarkers of kidney function among 4331 participants of the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to examine the overall and sex-specific associations between serum Cu and the kidney function indicator-estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR). Restricted cubic spline models (RCS) stratified by sex were performed to explore the sex-based dose–response associations. Serum Cu in the highest quartile was associated with higher levels of UACR (β = 0.203, 95% CI: 0.100 to 0.306) among overall participants. In males, there was an association of the highest Cu quartile with decreased eGFR (β = −0.023, 95% CI: −0.042 to −0.003) and increased UACR (β = 0.349, 95% CI: 0.171 to 0.527); serum Cu levels also demonstrated a negative nonlinear dose–response association with eGFR and a positive linear dose–response association with UACR in males, whereas females showed a marginally significant nonlinear positive association of eGFR with serum Cu levels. In conclusion, there were sex-specific and dose–response relationships between serum Cu and kidney function indicators. Further prospective and mechanistic studies are warranted.
Gamma rays from jets interacting with BLR clouds in blazars

Context. The innermost parts of powerful jets in active galactic nuclei are surrounded by dense, high-velocity clouds from the broad-line region, which may penetrate into the jet and lead to the formation of a strong shock. Such jet-cloud interactions are expected to have measurable effects on the γ-ray emission from blazars. Aims. We characterise the dynamics of a typical cloud-jet interaction scenario, and the evolution of its radiative output in the 0.1–30 GeV energy range, to assess to what extent these interactions can contribute to the γ-ray emission in blazars. Methods. We use semi-analytical descriptions of the jet-cloud dynamics, taking into account the expansion of the cloud inside the jet and its acceleration. Assuming that electrons are accelerated in the interaction and making use of the hydrodynamical information, we then compute the high-energy radiation from the cloud, including the absorption of γ-rays in the ambient photon field through pair creation. Results. Jet-cloud interactions can lead to significant γ-ray fluxes in blazars with a broad-line region (BLR), in particular when the cloud expansion and acceleration inside the jet are taken into account. This is caused by 1) the increased shocked area in the jet, which leads to an increase in the energy budget for the non-thermal emission; 2) a more efficient inverse Compton cooling with the boosted photon field of the BLR; and 3) an increased observer luminosity due to Doppler boosting effects. Conclusions. For typical broad-line region parameters, either (i) jet-cloud interactions contribute significantly to the persistent γ-ray emission from blazars or (ii) the BLR is far from spherical or the fraction of energy deposited in non-thermal electrons is small.
SCOPING REVIEW TENTANG PENGGUNAAN MOBILE APP DALAM PEMANTAUAN KESEHATAN ANAK BALITA

Latar Belakang: Balita berada pada golden periode dimana pada masa ini ditandai dengan proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang sangat pesat dan disertai dengan perubahan yang memerlukan zat-zat gizi yang jumlahnya lebih banyak dengan kualitas yang tinggi dan harus ditunjang dengan pemantauan kesehatan yang didukung oleh teknologi mumpuni untuk memudahkan para orangtua. Tujuan: Untuk mereview terkait pemantauan kesehatan anak balita dengan mobile app Metode: Scoping Review ini melalui tahapan identifikasi masalah, menentukan prioritas masalah dan pertanyaan, menyusun framework kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, mencari literatur, menyusun prisma flow diagram, melakukan critical appraisal, dan ekstraksi data menggunakan tabel, kemudian mapping literatur Hasil penelitian: Berdasarkan 18 artikel yang diperoleh, selanjutnya didapatkan tema kesehatan fisik, psikis dan pemenuhan gizi, pemantauan kesehatan, imunisasi dan skrining malnutrisi, serta perkembangan teknologi. Di era ini, pemantauan kesehatan balita sudah sangat canggih salah satunya dengan aplikasi mobile app yang dapat diunduh via smartphone. Dengan adanya teknologi ini para orangtua dapat terus memantau kesehatan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak balita dimanapun, kapanpun tanpa terbatas pada ruang dan waktu. Simpulan: Hasil dari pemantauan kesehatan melalui mobile app ini cukup banyak yang berpotensi membantu para orangtua untuk dapat memantau pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak balita. Dengan penggunaan mobile app, orang tua dapat memantau balita berbasis aplikasi yang dsinkronkan dengan bliuethooth, GPS, web, pesan teks, sosial media serta aplikasi berbasis permainan yang memudahkan dalam pengoperasiannya.
Field redefinitions in theories beyond Einstein gravity using the language of differential forms

Author(s): Ezquiaga, Jose Maria; Garcia-Bellido, Juan; Zumalacarregui, Miguel | Abstract: We study the role of field redefinitions in general scalar-tensor theories. In particular, we first focus on the class of field redefinitions linear in the spin-2 field and involving derivatives of the spin-0 mode, generically known as disformal transformations. We start by defining the action of a disformal transformation in the tangent space. Then, we take advantage of the great economy of means of the language of differential forms to compute the full transformation of Horndeski's theory under general disformal transformations. We obtain that Horndeski's action maps onto itself modulo a reduced set of non-Horndeski Lagrangians. These new Lagrangians are found to be invariant under disformal transformation that depend only in the first derivatives of the scalar. Moreover, these combinations of Lagrangians precisely appear when expressing in our basis the constraints of the recently proposed Extended Scalar-Tensor (EST) theories. These results allow us to classify the different orbits of scalar-tensor theories invariant under particular disformal transformations, namely the special disformal, kinetic disformal and disformal Horndeski orbits. In addition, we consider generalizations of this framework. We find that there are possible well-defined extended disformal transformations that have not been considered in the literature. However, they generically cannot link Horndeski theory with EST theories. Finally, we study further generalizations in which extra fields with different spin are included. These field redefinitions can be used to connect different gravity theories such as multi-scalar-tensor theories, generalized Proca theories and bi-gravity. We discuss how the formalism of differential forms could be useful for future developments in these lines.