Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Climate Change in the Ocean, Mixed-Layer Depth, and Subjective Likelihood

This paper describes a Bayesian statistical analysis of long term changes in the depth of the ocean’s mixed layer. The data are thermal profiles recorded by ships. For this data there is no good sampling model and therefore no obvious likelihood function. Our approach is to elicit posterior distributions for small data sets directly from the expert. Then we infer the likelihood function and use it on large data sets. The typical Bayesian analysis posits data from a parametric family of sampling distributions, as in Equation 1.
Finite–State Source–Channel Coding for Individual Source Sequences With Source Side Information at the Decoder

We study the following semi–deterministic setting of the joint source–channel coding problem: a deterministic source sequence (a.k.a. individual sequence) is transmitted via a memoryless channel, using delay-limited encoder and decoder, which are both implementable by periodically–varying finite-state machines, and the decoder is granted with access to side information, which is a noisy version of the source sequence. We first derive a lower bound on the achievable expected distortion in terms of the empirical statistics of the source sequence, the number of states of the encoder, the number of states of the decoder, their period, and the overall delay. The bound is shown to be asymptotically achievable by universal block codes in the limit of long blocks. We also derive a lower bound to the best achievable excess–distortion probability and discuss situations where it is achievable. Here, of course, source coding and channel coding cannot be completely separated without loss of optimality. Finally, we outline a few extensions of the model considered, such as: (i) incorporating a common reconstruction constraint, (ii) availability of side information at both ends, and (iii) extension to the Shannon channel with causal state information at the encoder. This work both extends and improves on earlier work of the same flavor (Ziv 1980, Merhav 2014), which focused only on the expected distortion, without side information at either end, and without the above mentioned additional ingredients.
Political Polarization and the Impact of Internet and Social Media Use in Brazil

Influential scholars have pointed to the Internet and social media as a reason for the recent political divide in many countries. Greater exposure to imbalanced information in these environments would reinforce previous political positions leading voters to develop more extreme positions or greater animosity towards candidates of the opposing political group, a phenomenon known as affective polarization. This study investigates the impact of Internet and social media use on Brazil’s recent affective polarization, exploring the historical peculiarities in the layout of pre-existing infrastructure that causes exogenous variation in Internet and social media usage. There is no empirical evidence that access to this new media environment explains affective polarization within the population under this study. Findings are consistent with the strand of literature suggesting that the recent phenomena of political polarization in some countries cannot be attributed to Internet and social media use. (JEL D12, D72, L82, L86)
Polyhedral realizations for $B(\infty)$ and extended Young diagrams, Young walls of type ${\rm A}^{(1)}_{n-1}$, ${\rm C}^{(1)}_{n-1}$, ${\rm A}^{(2)}_{2n-2}$, ${\rm D}^{(2)}_{n}$

The crystal bases are quite useful combinatorial tools to study the representations of quantized universal enveloping algebras $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$. The polyhedral realization for $B(\infty)$ is a combinatorial description of the crystal base, which is defined as an image of embedding $\Psi_{\iota}:B(\infty)\hookrightarrow \mathbb{Z}^{\infty}_{\iota}$, where $\iota$ is an infinite sequence of indices and $\mathbb{Z}^{\infty}_{\iota}$ is an infinite $\mathbb{Z}$-lattice with a crystal structure associated with $\iota$. It is a natural problem to find an explicit form of the polyhedral realization ${\rm Im}(\Psi_{\iota})$. In this article, supposing that $\mathfrak{g}$ is of affine type ${\rm A}^{(1)}_{n-1}$, ${\rm C}^{(1)}_{n-1}$, ${\rm A}^{(2)}_{2n-2}$ or ${\rm D}^{(2)}_{n}$ and $\iota$ satisfies the condition of `adaptedness', we describe ${\rm Im}(\Psi_{\iota})$ by using several combinatorial objects such as extended Young diagrams and Young walls.
Internship – Impact of language evolution in historical texts on NLP models

The ENP-China project falls within the “Digital Humanities” field and aims to study the mutation of the elites in China between the 19th and 20th centuries on the basis of a large amount of data, especially textual data, in Chinese and English from this period. Therefore, we need to conduct experiments and reflection on the use of NLP tools in the context of historical research. In this perspective, analyzing the influence of language changes during the considered period is essential in order to correctly apply NLP models that match the historian’s needs (named entity recognition, entity relations, event extraction, . . . ).
Psychophysiological Bases of smokers’ Classification System Based on the Amazing Reflection of Tobacco-Related Rates*

The psychological and sociocultural factors related to nicotine addiction have been described. This study aims to obtain psychophysiological bases of the Smoker Classification System, starting from the comparison of the startle reflex caused by tobacco-related cues in people with different levels of tobacco consumption. The startle reflex was recorded from a selected sample of 39 participants: 16 men and 23 women aged between 20 and 29 with a mean of 24.36 and standard deviation of 2.88. These participants smoked 5 to 15 cigarettes a day and had been classified using the Smoker Classification System’s evaluation criteria based on questionnaire C4R in which they were exposed to 21 images from the International Affective Picture System and to a startle sound stimulus of 105 dB. The electromyography of the orbicularis oculi was measured to evaluate the magnitude of the startle reflex. The topography of consumption and the results of the psychophysiological recordings were analyzed using comparative statistics of means through structural equation models. It was concluded that significant differences exist in the degree of physiological implication in all four consumption levels. Finally, the limitations and future directions of this study are analyzed.
Adaptive Model-based Control with Reinforcement Learning for Fault Tolerance

Fault tolerant control (FTC) focuses on developing algorithms to accommodate system faults in a manner that still allows the degraded system to operate effectively. Additionally, a series of data-driven methods such as reinforcement learning (RL) have shown success for improving con-trol of complex and continuous tasks. However, optimal controllers obtained with RL methods do not guarantee optimality when introducing faults. As such, in this work, we propose a control architecture that combines parameter estimation, RL, and model-based control to handle faults in a continuous control environment. Furthermore, we demonstrate our approach on complex control of an octocopter subject to a trajectory-tracking task with single and multiple faults. We showcase improved performance compared to nominal hierarchical PID control for single and multiple large magnitude faults. Lastly, we highlight our ap-proach’s robustness against noisy parameter estimation representing our controller’s viability in a real-world scenario.
An Omitted Variable Bias Framework for Sensitivity Analysis of Instrumental Variables

We develop an “omitted variable bias” framework for sensitivity analysis of instrumental variable (IV) estimates that naturally handles multiple “side-eﬀects” (violations of the exclusion restriction assumption) and “confounders” (violations of the ignorability of the instrument assumption), exploits expert knowledge to bound sensitivity parameters, and can be easily implemented with standard software. More speciﬁcally, we introduce sensitivity statistics for routine reporting, such as (extreme) robustness values for IV estimates, describing the minimum strength that omitted variables need to have to change the conclusions of an IV study. Next we provide visual displays that fully characterize the sensitivity of IV point-estimates and conﬁdence intervals to violations of the standard IV assumptions. Finally, we oﬀer formal bounds on the worst possible bias under the assumption that the maximum explanatory power of omitted variables are no stronger than a multiple of the explanatory power of observed variables. Conveniently, we also show that many pivotal conclusions regarding the sensitivity of the IV estimate (e.g. tests against the null hypothesis of zero causal eﬀect) can be reached simply through separate sensitivity analyses of the eﬀect of the instrument on the treatment (the “ﬁrst stage”) and the eﬀect of the instrument on the outcome (the “reduced form”). We apply our methods in a running example that uses instrumental variables to estimate the returns to schooling.
AN ANALYSIS OF RELATIONS BETWEEN INTERNET ADDICTION RATE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL AND HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND SOME VARIABLES-EXAMPLE OF İZMİR BAYRAKLI

We aim to investigate the association between the rate of students’ internet addiction and academic achievements and some variables in a study with 1118 students from four high schools and eight secondary schools in Bayraklı, Izmir, Turkey Young Internet Addiction Scale short form was used, personal information and academic achievement forms were provided by the researcher. Statistical analysis and data assessment indicated that 1.4 of secondary and high school students were internet addicts, 28.1% were risky internet users, while there was no meaningful difference between secondary and high school users by internet addiction scores, there was one, in favour of female students concerning the difference between male and female students. It was found that the internet addiction rate of those with computers in their room is meaningfully high as compared to those without, and as the time spent using computer or mobile phones increase, addiction increased and academic achievement dropped dramatically.
Variation in Mild Context-Sensitivity: Derivational State and Structural Monotonicity

Aravind Joshi famously hypothesized that natural language syntax was characterized (in part) by mildly context-sensitive generative power. Subsequent work in mathematical linguistics over the past three decades has revealed surprising convergences among a wide variety of grammatical formalisms, all of which can be said to be mildly context-sensitive. But this convergence is not absolute. Not all mildly context-sensitive formalisms can generate exactly the same stringsets (i.e. they are not all weakly equivalent), and even when two formalisms can both generate a certain stringset, there might be differences in the structural descriptions they use to do so. It has generally been difficult to find cases where such differences in structural descriptions can be pinpointed in a way that allows linguistic considerations to be brought to bear on choices between formalisms, but in this paper we present one such case. The empirical pattern of interest involves wh-movement dependencies in languages that do not enforce the wh-island constraint. This pattern draws attention to two related dimensions of variation among formalisms: whether structures grow monotonically from one end to another, and whether structure-building operations are conditioned by only a finite amount of derivational state. From this perspective, we show that one class of formalisms generates the crucial empirical pattern using structures that align with mainstream syntactic analysis, and another class can only generate that same string pattern in a linguistically unnatural way. This is particularly interesting given that (i) the structurally-inadequate formalisms are strictly more powerful than the structurally-adequate ones from the perspective of weak generative capacity, and (ii) the formalism based on derivational operations that appear on the surface to align most closely with the mechanisms adopted in contemporary work in syntactic theory (merge and move) are the formalisms that fail to align with the analyses proposed in that work when the phenomenon is considered in full generality.
EVALUATION OF MIRNAS AS A NON-INVASIVE BLOOD-BASED MARKER FOR DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER

Backgrounds: Although Colorectal cancer accounts for over 10% of all cancer incidence, it is highly preventable and can be detected at a stage when there are often no symptoms. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy encourages everyone over 50 to be screened for colorectal cancer, but many should start much earlier due to health and family history. Minimally invasive tests will be superior overtime taking into consideration availability, costs, convenience, and patient–clinicians preferences. Methods: 50 patients with known colorectal cancer (CRC) were enrolled based on colonoscopic and histopathological findings and 25 healthy subjects were enrolled as control group. Level of microRNA-21 gene expression was measured in both groups. Results: Level of microRNA-21 gene expression was significantly higher among CRC group in comparison to control group (2.76 ± 0.56 vs. 0.71 ± 0.16 (u/l); P< 0.001). A cut off point > 1.09 u/l, microRNA-21 gene expression had 96% sensitivity and 95% specificity with area under curve was 0.95 for detection of colo-rectal cancer. Level of microRNA-21 gene expression was significantly higher among CRC group in comparison to control group and its level was increasing with those with metastasis. Conclusion: Level of microRNA-21 gene expression is useful biomarker for discriminating CRC patients from healthy people.
A Tool for Online Debates

Nowadays, internet is one of the most used vehicles to connect people. There are some social networks, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube that provide ways for users to interact among them, via comment boxes. However, these interactions usually leads to unstructured or even chaotic debates. This problem was ﬁrst described by Leite and Martins in [24]. In their work, semantics for Social Abstract Argumentation were also proposed in order to tackle this problem. Although these semantics have been proposed, there is no tool that can validate this model. Our aim is to develop an online debate tool based on Social Abstract Argumentation, in order to validate this model. To achieve this, we will adapt an algorithm that implements Social Abstract Argumentation e ﬃ ciently [15]. The system that we aim to develop, must rely on a robust architecture, since it will allow a large number of users, arguments, and relations, while providing an adequate performance when running the algorithm. This tool must be easy to use as well as provide a pleasant user experience. Furthermore, it can be used in a vast range of applications (e.g. online newspapers, participatory democracy, decision making) with a signiﬁcant impact
In vitro enamel subsurface lesions : characterization and treatment

Les taches blanches sont liees a l'hypomineralisation sous la surface de l'email et sont la 1ere etape du developpement de la carie dentaire. La detection precoce des caries dentaires naissantes avant qu'elles n'atteignent le stade de la cavitation offre une opportunite pour des soins dentaires efficaces. Pour realiser les objectifs de cette etude qui sont de renforcer l'idiome des soins minimalement invasifs, nous avons identifie un modele de cycle de pH modifie qui permet d’imiter les conditions intra-buccales qui conduisent a la formation de lesions de type tache blanche, dans un court laps de temps. Des techniques optiques non invasives, comme la microscopie Raman confocale et la microscopie multiphotonique, ont ete utilisees dans cette etude pour detecter de petits changements dans la composition chimique de l'email in vitro.De plus, la technique de nano-indentation a ete appliquee pour etudier les changements dans les proprietes mecaniques de l'email et les relier a ceux affectant sa composition chimique apres l'induction des caries, afin d‘ajouter de la specificite chimique-mecanique aux informations sur les lesions sous-surface de l'email. Les resultats obtenus demontrent un grand potentiel pour les techniques examinees, fournissant une base pour des applications interessantes dans le diagnostic clinique de differentes pathologies dentaires. Pour resoudre le probleme du traitement des lesions primitives sans intervention chirurgicale, l'efficacite de la creme GC Tooth Mousse et du dentifrice contenant de la nano-hydroxyapatite «KAREX» dans l'amelioration de la remineralisation de l'email demineralise par la localisation du phosphate de calcium amorphe a la surface de la dent a ete inspectee. L'etude a indique le manque de preuves fiables soutenant l'efficacite des agents remineralisants dans le traitement des taches blanches. Ce travail doit etre poursuivi par d'autres etudes in-vitro et par des etudes cliniques.
Transforming the Culture: Internet Research at the Crossroads

The topic of justice, fairness, bias, labor and their relation the products and practices of technology and internet companies has been a subject of our concern for nearly a decade. We see these challenges– from the organizing logics of the technology sector with respect to algorithmic discrimination, to labor practices in commercial content moderation, as key pathways into better understanding the creation and maintenance of problems made by the technology sector that cannot be solved with techno-solutionism. While our work has been closely aligned to research and advocacy broadly construed in the domain of ethics and AI, we seek to expand the conversations about sociotechnical systems beyond individual, moral and ethical concerns to those of structures, practices, policies which would allow for interdisciplinary frameworks from the ﬁelds of critical information studies, sociology, and the social sciences, and the humanities. To make legible the paradigm-shifting work we think could be taken up by scholars at colleges and universities, we will outline the contours and speciﬁcs of institutionalizing these approaches through a research center, the UCLA Center for Critical Internet Inquiry (C2i2) and its activities, By making visible the need for such a space, and our experiences and values, our hope is that it will make transparent the process and possibilities for centering justice and fairness in the world, rather than the prevailing technosolutionism we see emerging within conversations and initiatives focused on ethics and technology.
Participación de los canales de Ca 2 + en la capacitación espermática

During sperm capacitation in the female reproductive tract, sperm undergo a series of physiological and biochemical changes, where a change in ionic flow is described that modulates intracellular pH, intracellular calcium, and membrane potential, regulating the physiology of sperm. Changes in intracellular calcium concentrations are regulated by the activity of ion channels that form a pore in the plasma membrane through which ions pass, causing changes in the flagellar motility of spermatozoa. This review aims to examine the involvement of the main calcium channels in sperm during sperm capacitation, an essential study to understand how sperm acquires fertilizing potential. Keyword— Sperm, Ion channels, Calcium, Sperm capacitation. Resumen— Durante la capacitación espermática en el tracto reproductor femenino, los espermatozoides experimentan una serie de cambios fisiológicos y bioquímicos, en donde se describe, un cambio en el flujo iónico que modula el pH intracelular, calcio intracelular y potencial de la membrana, regulando la fisiología de los espermatozoides. Los cambios en las concentraciones intracelulares de calcio son regulados por la actividad de canales iónicos que forman un poro en la membrana plasmática a través del cual atraviesan los iones, ocasionando cambios en la movilidad flagelar de los espermatozoides. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo examinar la participación de los principales canales de calcio en los espermatozoides durante la capacitación espermática, un estudio esencial para comprender cómo el espermatozoide adquiere el potencial fertilizante. Palabras claves—Espermatozoide, Canales iónicos, Calcio, Capacitación espermática.
Multi-model hybrid ensemble weighted adaptive approach with decision level fusion for personalized affect recognition based on visual cues

In the domain of affective computing different emotional expressions play an important role. To convey the emotional state of human emotions, facial expressions or visual cues are used as an important and primary cue. The facial expressions convey humans affective state more convincingly than any other cues. With the advancement in the deep learning techniques, the convolutional neural network (CNN) can be used to automatically extract the features from the visual cues; however variable sized and biased datasets are a vital challenge to be dealt with as far as implementation of deep models is concerned. Also, the dataset used for training the model plays a significant role in the retrieved results. In this paper, we have proposed a multi-model hybrid ensemble weighted adaptive approach with decision level fusion for personalized affect recognition based on the visual cues. We have used a CNN and pre-trained ResNet-50 model for the transfer learning. VGGFace model’s weights are used to initialize weights of ResNet50 for fine-tuning the model. The proposed system shows significant improvement in test accuracy in affective state recognition compared to the singleton CNN model developed from scratch or transfer learned model. The proposed methodology is validated on The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) dataset with 77.85 % accuracy. The obtained results are promising compared to the existing state of the art methods.
Review and analysis of microbiologically influenced corrosion: The chemical environment in oil and gas facilities

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a complex phenomenon requiring integrated knowledge of multiple disciplines to better manage and mitigate impacts. The chemical environment (e.g. produced water, soured oil) plays an important role in MIC. Chemical reactions and phase changes due to temperature, pressure, pH and to a lesser extent salinity, impact microbial activities which in turn influences the surrounding chemical environment leading to corrosion. The chemical–microbial interactions complicate the understanding of chemical species transformation and partitioning behaviour in gas, water and oil and subsequent impact on corrosion. In this paper, a review of the complex chemical transformations of chemical species resulting from biotic and abiotic processes are presented. These chemical species can have growth, inhibitory or synergistic effects on microbial activities causing MIC. Microbial activities are found to overlap with chemical/electrochemical processes leading to corrosion. The interaction between chemical environment, environmental factors, electrochemical and microbial processes has been explained with examples from the literature, to understand the contributory effects on MIC. This study will inform further investigation on the chemical environment impacting MIC and model development.