Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The stability of ducted compound flows and consequences for the geometry of coaxial injectors

A two-dimensional wake-like compound flow, formed by a low-speed stream embedded within a high-speed flow, is examined in this article. It is shown that the range of absolutely unstable flow in parameter space greatly increases when such a flow is confined within a duct. Parameters studied here are: the density ratio, which is from 0.1 to 1000; the velocity ratio, which varies from co-flow to counter-flow; and the ratio of the duct width to the width of the central jet. Absolutely unstable flows permit perturbations to propagate upstream, and can lead to self-sustained global oscillations similar to the vortex shedding process which takes place in the wake of a bluff body. This theoretical situation models the wake-like behaviour of a two-fluid coaxial injector with a recessed central tube. The aerodynamic destabilizing mechanism is of primary importance whereas the stabilizing mechanisms, which are not considered here, are of secondary importance. The conclusions from this analysis of a ducted compound flow can explain why one observes self-sustained oscillations in recessed coaxial injectors. The presence of a recirculation bubble in the central flow, which is the basis of other proposed explanations, is not required.
Numerical Simulation of Flame Acceleration and Fast Deflagrations Using Artificial Thickening Flame Approach

The numerical studies of flame acceleration and fast deflagrations in an obstructed channel have been carried out widely over the past ten years [1-4]. Most of these high resolution numerical simulations used a single-step Arrhenius reaction model without explicit turbulent model. So it seems that the turbulence field in the unburned gases ahead of the flame was under-resolved [5]. Johansen and Ciccarelli [5] carried out large eddy simulations of initial flame acceleration using the flame surface density (FSD) combustion model. They showed that the turbulent flame finally enters the “thickened reaction zones” regime during the early stages of the flame acceleration. In this regime, the rate of combustion is more controlled by the rate of chemical reactions than the rate of mixing. Hence, to model the propagation of fast deflagrations in an obstructed channel the artificially thickened flame (ATF) approach [6] which is based on the Arrhenius model seems to be an appropriate option. In this model, it is implicitly assumed that chemistry rather than mixing controls the reaction rate [7]. In this approach, sub-grid scale turbulent mixing is also included using an efficiency function [6]. Another issue about the single step Arrhenius kinetics model is that both flames and detonations cannot be exactly described by the same one-step Arrhenius model, mostly because this model has only a few adjustable parameters. So that, this model may not be appropriate for combustion wave transitions, such as the transition from a laminar to turbulent flame or a turbulent flame to a detonation [3]. Hence, a more complete chemical reaction model is needed. Therefore in this paper the two-dimensional filtered reactive Navier-Stokes equations were solved utilising a chemistry based combustion model (i.e. ATF approach) and using detailed chemical mechanism.
Cloning , functional activities and in vivo tissue distribution of rat NKR-P 1 F TCR αβ F cells

We have successfully cloned nine NKR-P1 F TCRαβF cells from PVG rat spleens, utilizing murine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α (MIP-1α) and IL-2. These clones are either double negative (DN, CD4–CD8–), which included clones 3.31, 3.71, 4.19, 4.59 and 4.65, or single positive (SP, CD4FCD8–), which included clones 1.64, 3.8, 3.76 and 3.78. No CD8 F clone was recovered. All nine clones are restricted in terms of their expression of the V β antigens, since they express V β8. 2 but not V β8. 5, Vβ10 or Vβ16. These clones are agranular and they fail to generate NK or LAK activity upon incubation with IL-2, IL-12 or their combination. On the basis of their production of intracellular cytokines they can be divided into three categories: (i) SP clones (1.64, 3.8, 3.76 and 3.78) do not produce IL-2 or IL-4, but produce IFNγ and IL-12, and they vary in their production of IL-1, RANTES or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α; (ii) DN clones 4.59 and 4.65 produce IL-1 α and IFN-γ only, and fail to produce other cytokines; and (iii) DN clones 3.31, 3.71 and 4.19 produce IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, RANTES and TNFα. From all the clones examined only DN clones 3.31 and to a lesser degree 4.19 produce IL-4. In vivo tissue localization of clones 3.8, 3.31 and 4.59 shows that these cells distribute into the liver and bone marrow 24 h post i.v. administration. Their accumulation in the liver and bone marrow along with their ability to secrete various cytokines suggest that these cells may influence the generation, differentiation or apoptosis of immune or hematopoietic cells.
Indoor Person Identification and Fall Detection through Non-intrusive Floor Seismic Sensing

This paper presents a novel in-network person identification and fall detection system that uses floor seismic data produced by footsteps and fall downs as an only source for recognition. Compared with other existing methods, our approach is done in real-time, which means the system is able to identify a person almost immediately with only one or two footsteps. An adapted in-network localization method is proposed in which sensors collaborate among them to recognize the person walking, and most importantly, detect if the person falls down at any moment. We also introduce a voting system among sensor nodes to improve accuracy in person identification. Our system is innovative since it can be robust to identify fall downs from other possible events, like jumps, door close, objects fall down, etc. Such a smart system can also be connected to smart commercial devices (like Google Home or Amazon Alexa) for emergency notifications. Our approach represents an advance in smart technology for elder people who live alone. Evaluation of the system shows it is able to identify people with one or two steps in an average of 93.75% (higher accuracy than other methods that use more footsteps), and it detects fall downs with an acceptance rate of 95.14% (distinguishing from other possible events). The fall down localization error is smaller than 0.28 meters, which it is acceptable compared to the height of a person.
A Critical Assessment of an Extended Learning Environment in Interior Design Studio

This paper presents a critical assessment of an interior design studio that was constructed face-to-face then online as an extended studio environment through spatial and technological means. In the Interior Design Studio III, students were expected to design an experiential retail store aiming at answering the contemporary customer and brand interactive experience. The concept of ‘interactive experience’ was central not only in terms of a project outcome but also of the studio process: an experiential learning environment is designed to enhance the understanding of the design studio. Within this scope, the collaboration with the maker lab of the university provided technological interfaces and analog model making methods while also expanding the limits of studio space. The interactive experience would not only result in the project outcome but also be integrated to the studio model. This studio model and the topic was conducted face-to-face in the campus three semesters consecutively, while the following two were held online. The study is based on exploratory research using qualitative techniques to analyze the design process of the students in the face-to-face and online experiential learning environment. The main objective is to overview and assess the interior design studio by providing a new perspective to the students about space and user relationship regarding interaction and atmosphere not only in terms of the given design problem but also the ‘environment’ they are experiencing the ways of design.
A Structural Study of the Activated Carbon Fibers as a Function of Activation Degrees

Isotropic pitch-based carbon fiber was isothermally activated in atmosphere. Structural parameters of the isotropic carbon fibers and activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The and La of the carbon fibers were measured to be 4.04 and 23.6 and those of ACFs were 4.29 and 22.7 , respectively, representing less ordered through activation process. The pores in the ACFs were characterized by BET, and they showed super-high specific surface area of maximum value 3,495 from average pore size of 8.3 at 59% burn-off. It was recognized that 8-9 was optimum range of pore size for efficient creation of high specific surface area. The average size of the pores formed at higher temperature () was larger than that of the pores formed at lower temperature ().
REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM WASTEWATER USING CONVENTIONAL AND NANOSORBENTS: A REVIEW

Wastewater that contains heavy metal ions is considered as the serious threat for environmental pollution. Most of the heavy metals are toxic and their ions are not biodegradable with the tendency to accumulate in the soil and in the living organisms, and hence they are significant environmental pollutants. Therefore, the treatment of the heavy metal ions and their elimination from water and wastewater is very important for environmental protection, and thus the public health. Adsorption is the most commonly used method for removal of the heavy metal ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions. There are a number of materials that can be applied as adsorbents for heavy metals. The clay minerals (bentonite), zeolites, activated carbon, metal oxides, are widely used as conventional adsorbents in the removal of different heavy metal ions, such as Zn(II), Pb(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) from wastewater. The development of nanotechnology enabled nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, to be widely used as the effective sorbents for the heavy metal elimination from wastewater.
Crystal structure of the compounds R Fe 4 Si 2 ( R = Dy , Tm )

The crystal structures of the compounds RFe4Si2 (R = Dy, Tm) were determined from X-ray single-crystal (CAD-4T diffractometer, Mo Kα radiation) and powder (HZG-4a diffractometer, Fe Kα radiation) diffraction data. The compounds crystallize with the ZrFe4Si2 structure type, space group P42/mnm, Pearson symbol tP14; a = 7.1691(8), c = 3.780(1) Å, RF = 0.0197, Rw = 0.0186 for DyFe4Si2 and a = 7.1235(3), c = 3.7847(2) Å, RB = 0.0777 for TmFe4Si2. Both compounds are stoichiometric with an ordered distribution of the atoms.
GROUND PEARL MILLET INSTEAD OF CORN FOR GROWING PIGS : DIGESTABILITY AND PERFORMANCE

In order to evaluate the technical viability substitution of corn by Pearl Millet in an isometrics way for growing pigs rations, it was carried out at the Animal Science Department of the University of Lavras (UFLA) two metabolism assays and one performance trial. The metabolism assays were conducted by utilizing 12 crossbred (LD x LW) barrows (31.80 ± 2.20 kg/BW) for the feed stuffs (ground corn, ground pearl millet and whole grain) and 10 barrows (42.10 ± 2.10 kg/BW) for rations with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substitution of corn by ground pearl millet. The pigs were distributed in metabolism cages. The experiment was in a completely randomized block design and the evaluation period was used as split-plots. A total feces collection and oxide ferric as a marker were used in both metabolism assays. A total of 120 crossbred (LD x LW) barrows and gilts with an average weight of 30.69 ± 1.2 kg/BW, were utilized in the performance trial. The experiment was in a randomized block design, with five treatments and twelve replicates, the experimental unit was represented by pens with two pigs (1 barrows and 1 gilt). The metabolism data from both ground pearl millet and whole showed no significant differences (P>0.05) for apparent digestibility of nutrients as well as energetic values. In average, the DDM, ADCP, DP, DE and ME of pearl millet were 87.14%; 86.25%; 11.49%; 3166 kcal kg-1 and 3040 kcal kg-1, respectively. The substitution of ground pearl millet at maximum 100% showed no significant differences (P>0.05) on the digestibility coefficients of Crude Protein and Nitrogen Retention. Therefore, the digestibility coefficients of Dry Matter, as well as the energetic values (DE and ME) of rations decreased linearly (P<0,01) as ground corn was substituted by ground pearl millet. The performance data as daily gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion showed no significant effect (P>0,05) due to the increase of pearl millet in the rations. In conclusion it is technically viable to replace ground corn ,up to 100%, by ground pearl millet in isometrics way in rations for growing pigs from 30 to 60 kg.
Wall Shear Stress Measurement on Curve Objects with PIV in Connection to Benthic Fauna in Regulated Rivers

The flow characteristics in the vicinity of a set of half-cylinders of different sizes simulating benthic objects were studied experimentally using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The cylinders were mounted on the bottom of an open channel, and the influence of the flow speed on the distribution of the shear stress along the bottom geometry was investigated. Of special interest was how the shear stress changes close to the wall as a function of the flow speed and cylinder arrangement. It was found that the shear stress varies significantly as a function of position. This implies habitat heterogeneity allowing benthic invertebrates with different shear stress tolerance exists when the bottom consists of differently sized stones. It was also shown that direct measurements of near wall velocity gradients are necessary to accurately calculate the wall shear stress for more complex geometries.
GRAPE SEED OIL : FROM A WINERY WASTE TO A VALUE ADDED COSMETIC PRODUCT-A REVIEW

In this respect, the major aim of this research work is to explore possible ways for the use of winery wastes. The objective is to encourage companies to apply value adding technologies in order to reduce their waste generation and disposal, provide further alternatives to diminish the environmental impact of winery activity and introduce additional sources of income. This research focuses on grape seeds and reveals its promising future as a distinct product with potential usage in cosmetology.
A stochastic model for induced seismicity based on non-linear pressure diffusion and irreversible permeability enhancement

During deep reservoir engineering projects, in which permeability is enhanced by high-pressure ﬂuid injection, seismicity is invariably induced, posing nuisance to the local population and a potential hazard for structures. Hazard and risk assessment tools that can operate in real-time during reservoir stimulation depend on the ability to efﬁciently model induced seismicity. We here propose a novel modelling approach based on a combination of physical considerations and stochastic elements. It can model a large number of synthetic event catalogues, and at the same time is constrained by observations of hydraulic behaviour in the injection well. We model ﬂuid ﬂow using non-linear pressure diffusion equations, in which permeability increases irreversibly above a prescribed pressure threshold. The transient pressure ﬁeld is used to trigger events at so-called ‘seed points’ that are distributed randomly in space and represent potential earthquake hypocentres. We assign to each seed point a differential stress based on the mean estimates of the in situ stress ﬁeld and add a normal distributed random value. Assuming a fault orientation with respect to the stress ﬁeld and a Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, we evaluate at each time step, if a seed point is triggered through a pressure increase. A negative proportional relationship between differential stress and b values is further assumed as observed from tectonic earthquakes and in laboratory experiments. As soon as an event is triggered, we draw a random magnitude from a power-law distribution with a b value corresponding to the differential stress at the triggered seed point. We thus obtain time-dependent catalogues of seismic events including magnitude. The strategy of modelling ﬂow and seismicity in a decoupled manner ensures efﬁciency and ﬂexibility of the model. The model parameters are calibrated using observations from the Basel deep geothermal experiment in 2006. We are able to reproduce the hydraulic behaviour, the space-time evolution of the seismicity and its frequency–magnitude distribution. A large number of simulations of the calibrated model are then used to capture the variability of the process, an important input to compute probabilistic seismic hazard. We also use the calibrated model to explore alternative injection scenarios by varying injection volume, pressure as well as depth, and show the possible effect of those parameters on seismic hazard.
QUANTUM SIZE EFFECT IN CHEMOSYNTHESIZED NANOSTRUCTURED CdS THIN FILMS

Nanostructured thin films of cadmium sulphide (CdS) with different thickness were prepared by chemosynthesis method. The films were deposited at various time intervals at <100C using low precursor concentration. These films were characterized for their structural, optical and surface morphological studies by using X-ray diffraction, UVvisible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques respectively. The X-ray diffraction spectra reveal cubic crystal structure. With increase in film thickness the optical band gap was found to be decreased from 2.98 to 2.44 eV. An increase of 0.56 eV over the bulk band gap of CdS is found, this attributed due to the quantum size effect in CdS films. The transmittance of the films is found to be in the ranges between 55 to 75%. The CdS thin films show the particles sizes in the range of 4-19 nm in diameter.
Bundle Charging: Wireless Charging Energy Minimization in Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

Using a mobile charger to wirelessly charge sensors is a promising yet not well-solved technique. Existing trajectory planning schemes for wireless charger either (1) fail to optimize the one-to-many characteristic of wireless charging or (2) fail to jointly optimize the charger movement cost and the charging cost. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal trajectory planning for a mobile charger in terms of energy minimization in the quadratic attenuation charging model. There exists a trade-off between charging efficiency and trajectory distance. If the mobile charger comes close to sensors, the charging efficiency is high, but the entire charging trajectory of the charger will be long and vice versa. To address this trade-off, we propose the idea of charging bundle and optimize the charger's trajectory based on the charging bundle rather than each sensor. The optimal charging bundle generation problem and the bundle trajectory optimization problem are discussed gradually. Both of them are proven to be NP-hard. Then, we first propose a greedy bundle generation algorithm with an approximation ratio of lnn, where n is the number of sensors. After that, we propose a TSP-based solution and further optimize the TSP-trajectory by jointly considering the adjacent charging locations. Theorems are proposed to effectively find the optimal location. Extensive experiments show that our scheme achieves a much better performance than traditional schemes.
Crystal chemistry of FeO at high pressure and temperature

AhstractThe phase relations and equations of state of Fe,O have been studied up to a pressure of 100 GPa and a temperature of 1100 K, using a high-temperature diamond-anvil cell combined with synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Under a hydrostatic environment, Fe.O transforms from the NaCl-type cubic structure (Bl) to a rhombohedral structure at 16 GPa and 300 K. The transition pressures increase as a function of temperature with a pressure-temperature slope of 0.070(±0.003) GPalK. No significant effect of non stoichiometry on the transition boundary was observed. The transition occurs at lower pressure under nonhydrostatic conditions. The rhombohedral phase increases its distortion with increasing pressure. Further distortions from the rhombohedral cell to a lower symmetry phase were observed at pressures above 40 GPa at room temperature. Upon heating at high pressure, the NiAs-type hexagonal phase (BS) forms at 90 GPa and 600 K. Least-squares fits of the hydrostatic compression data yielded the room-temperature bulk modulus K TO = 146(±2) GPa with its pressure derivative (8KTOI8P)T = 4 for the NaCI-type cubic phase (Bl). The effect of degree of nonstoichiometry on the bulk moduli is small, within the uncertainty of the experiments. Although the bulk modulus for the rhombohedral phase cannot be determined accurately, by comparing the structurally related interplanar d spacings it is evident that the rhombohedral phase is less compressible than the cubic phase. The bulk modulus and its pressure derivative for the NiAs-type hexagonal phase (BS), derived from the static compression data, are 172 GPa and 4.3 at 900 K, respectively.
Synthesis of nanocrystalline thin films at the organic/aqueous interface

This article provides a review of wet chemical routes for the synthesis of nanocrystalline thin films at liquid/liquid interface. The properties of these films at the interfaces of two immiscible liquids have recently been studied with great interest. The recent developments in this area are highly significant and the growth of films at the liquid/liquid interface has made this technique very attractive. This report will also review the effect of concentration of precursors, the particles size, and the morphology of these films grown at interface.
Stochastic Battery Operations using Deep Neural Networks

In this paper, we introduce a scenario-based optimal control framework to account for the forecast uncertainty in battery arbitrage problems. Due to the uncertainty of prices and variations of forecast errors, it is challenging for battery operators to design profitable strategies in electricity markets. Without any explicit assumption or model for electricity price forecasts' uncertainties, we generate future price scenarios via a data-driven, learning-based approach. By aiding the predictive control with such scenarios representing possible realizations of future markets, our proposed real-time controller seeks the optimal charge/discharge levels to maximize profits. Simulation results on a case-study of California-based batteries and prices show that our proposed method can bring higher profits for different battery parameters.