Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
60 GHz 2-D Scanning Multibeam Cavity-Backed Patch Array Fed by Compact SIW Beamforming Network for 5G Applications

This paper presents a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2 \times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> multibeam array employing a novel wideband linearly polarized cavity-backed patch antenna for fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication technology. The antenna array comprises four layers stacked on top of one another. The proposed antenna element is composed of three substrate layers and excited using a substrate-integrated waveguide aperture-coupled feed. The antenna element exhibits −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 36.2% from 53 to 76.4 GHz with very flat gain and excellent radiation characteristics. A prototype is fabricated and tested. The compact 2-D scanning multibeam <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2 \times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> antenna array is demonstrated at 60 GHz, where the proposed antenna element is utilized as a radiating element. By employing a novel compact beamforming network (BFN) in the design, the proposed array achieves a size reduction of more than 28% compared to an array fed with the conventional BFN, without degradation in the array performance. A wide bandwidth larger than 27% for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert \text{S}_{\mathbf {11}}\vert < -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB and a peak gain of 12.4 dBi is achieved. The array shows a good symmetrical radiation pattern in the two perpendicular planes. Verified by prototype measurements, the proposed antenna element and multibeam array with features of a compact structure, low cost, wide bandwidth, and superior radiation performance would be practically attractive for 5G applications.
A Simple Decoupling Method for 5G Millimeter-Wave MIMO Dielectric Resonator Antennas

A simple decoupling method of using metallic vias to improve the isolation of millimeter-wave multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) elements is investigated. The vias are vertically added to the DRA elements, at appropriate positions. By means of the interaction with the electromagnetic fields, the vias can potentially affect the filed distributions and further reduce the coupled fields effectively. The isolation between the MIMO DRA elements can, therefore, be enhanced substantially. As the vias are placed inside the DRA elements, no extra footprint is needed, making the entire antenna system very simple and compact. Two typical examples, including an H-plane and an E-plane, coupled $1\times2$ MIMO DRA arrays, have been designed, fabricated, and measured to demonstrate the feasibility and universality of this method. The results show that by using the vias appropriately, the isolation of the H-plane coupled MIMO DRA array can be enhanced from ~15.2 to 34.2 dB, while that of the E-plane array can be improved from ~13.1 to 43 dB at 26 GHz.
Design of Checkerboard AMC Structure for Wideband RCS Reduction

In this paper, we propose a method for designing checkerboard surfaces using strategically placed artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) for wideband radar cross section (RCS) reduction. The theoretical analysis shows that the reflection phases of the two AMCs should be linear. The cancelation conditions of checkerboard structure are analytically derived using an equivalent transmission line model, and the ideal impedance conditions of the two AMCs are obtained, which serve as guidance to select patterns of two AMCs unit. A planar checkerboard surface with two kinds of AMC elements is designed for wideband RCS reduction. A 10 dB RCS reduction is observed for approximately 91.5% of the relative bandwidth (3.77–10.14 GHz) under normal incidence. A prototype of the proposed checkerboard surface is fabricated, and the measurements results show good coincidence with the synthetic studies. The bistatic RCS of the checkerboard surface is considered for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations under oblique incidence.
The Role of Histamine in the Pathophysiology of Asthma and the Clinical Efficacy of Antihistamines in Asthma Therapy

Mast cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Histamine is a central mediator released from mast cells through allergic reactions. Histamine plays a role in airway obstruction via smooth muscle contraction, bronchial secretion, and airway mucosal edema. However, previous clinical trials of H1 receptor antagonists (H1RAs) as a treatment for asthma were not successful. In recent years, type 2 innate immunity has been demonstrated to be involved in allergic airway inflammation. Allergic asthma is defined by IgE antibody-mediated mast cell degranulation, while group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) induce eosinophilic inflammation in nonallergic asthma without allergen-specific IgE. Anti-IgE therapy has demonstrated prominent efficacy in the treatment of severe allergic asthmatics sensitized with specific perennial allergens. Furthermore, recent trials of specific cytokine antagonists indicated that these antagonists were effective in only some subtypes of asthma. Accordingly, H1RAs may show significant clinical efficacy for some subtypes of allergic asthma in which histamine is deeply associated with the pathophysiology.
A Study on Millimeter-Wave Multiuser Directional Beamforming Based on Measurements and Ray Tracing Simulations

This study concerns the evaluation of beamforming techniques in multi-user indoor environment at the mm-wave frequency band of 70 GHz using both measurements and ray tracing simulations carried out in a furnished small-office environment. The goal of the work is twofold: 1) to evaluate ray tracing as a reliable directional channel model for beamforming assessment and for real-time assistance in the beam-searching phase and 2) to evaluate simple beamforming schemes as means to enforce spatial division in a small-indoor environment. Results suggest that the considered ray tracing model can be reliable enough to reproduce the general performance trends of different beamforming schemes and to assist the beam-searching phase, therefore potentially reducing the related time delay and computational overhead.
Novel regulatory systems for acetylcholine release in rat striatum and anti‐Alzheimer's disease drugs

Regulation of neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system is complex. Here, we investigated regulatory mechanisms for acetylcholine (ACh) release from cholinergic neurons by performing superfusion experiments with rat striatal segments after labelling the cellular ACh pool with [3H]choline. Electrical stimulation‐evoked pronounced [3H]ACh release from cholinergic neurons. The estimated quantity of [3H]ACh release per pulse of electrical stimulation was reduced by an increase in stimulus frequency, showing an inverse correlation between release probability of ACh and neuronal excitation. ACh release was also negatively regulated by pre‐synaptic muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs). The autoinhibition induced by released ACh was predominantly suppressed by the M2‐selective antagonist AF‐DX 116, partially inhibited by M3‐selective darifenacin, and minimally by M4‐selective PD 102807. Other subtype‐selective antagonists had no effect at subtype‐selective concentrations. ACh esterase (AChE) inhibitors (diisopropylfluorophosphate, donepezil and galantamine) at concentrations that mostly inhibit esterase activity reduced [3H]ACh release, and the reduction was abolished by treatment with atropine. This implies that pre‐synaptic autoreceptors are activated more after blockade of ACh hydrolysis, leading to autoinhibition of ACh release and consequent reduction in synaptic ACh concentrations. [3H]efflux was also enhanced by ACh uptake inhibitors (100 μM hemicholinium‐3 and physostigmine), regardless of ACh hydrolysis. This study shows that synaptic ACh concentrations in striatal cholinergic neurons are regulated in a complex manner by many factors such as release probability, pre‐synaptic M2/M3/M4 mAChRs, AChE and post‐synaptic ACh uptake, and provides important information about cholinergic neurotransmission for future exploration of therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's and other central nervous system diseases.
A Cluster-Based Dynamic Wind Farm Operation to Improve Annual Energy Production

Wind energy is a global necessity because of its comparative negative environmental impacts. Wind farm power production and consequently its annual energy production (AEP) depends largely on the farm layout chosen. Such layout and turbine density (aspect ratio) must be planned with careful consideration of several factors to include total power production, turbine health, and aesthetics. In this study we propose a dynamic control technique using a wind speed threshold to improve AEP while keeping loads on turbines within acceptable limits, to aid their operative health throughout the expected lifespan. The approach offers flexibility in power capture based on the site’s wind rose. The study assumes a constant axial induction factor only at wind speeds above rated speed, for power estimation. Application of the proposed technique on the proposed spacing yields an increase in AEP of approximately 169 kWh compared to the reference spacing, for the same farm area.
Robust Eye Features Extraction Based on Eye Angles for Efficient Gaze Classification System

Detection of eye gaze direction is a hot topic for research in the computer vision area which can be used in many applications. Although significant eye tracking techniques have been presented by the researchers for the last years, it is still the challenging task for improving the performance of the gaze detection system. This paper presents a new eye feature extraction system to build a robust eye gaze classier which uses the Viola-Jones algorithm to face detection and Constrained Local Neural Field model for eye region localization. Furthermore, geometry features of the eye are extracted from the detected eye region based on angles of a triangle of the eye. The algorithms were tested by a new dataset created from 34 participant females and males in different ages. The experimental results show that this method has better features extraction for the classification process.
New Development of Online Retail in China and the Associated (Accounting) Challenges

Technological advances and improved logistics efficiency, in conjunction with the widespread use of smartphones, have enabled retailers and technology companies to dramatically change Chinese consumers’ purchasing behavior. This paper aims to discuss the current developments in online retail in China and to explore the associated challenges, particularly in regards to accounting. This paper adopts an exploratory case-study approach to investigate the marketing practice of online retail during the “Double 11” shopping festival in China. The results show that the adoption of new marketing practices in the Chinese online retail industry is likely to encourage sales; however, they are also introducing certain challenges, such as the need for collaboration between online and offline stores and the application of accounting standards, including recognition of revenue and categorization of insurance expenses. The findings of this paper have implications for both existing stakeholders and firms that are looking to adopt similar online retail practices.
Synchronization for LTE-A System Downlink: A Proposed Novel Method Used at LTE Wireless Communications

This article presents a synchronization method for the LTE system to determine time offset (TO) and fractional carrier frequency offset (FCFO) in multipath fading channels. With coarse and fine detection steps, the proposed TO estimation method exhibits better mean-squareerror performance and at least 80% lower computational complexity than conventional methods. The proposed method can detect the channel length and uses the undistorted cyclic prefix region to detect FCFO. Results show that the proposed FCFO detection method performs better than conventional methods.
Formation and dynamics of magma reservoirs

The emerging concept of a magma reservoir is one in which regions containing melt extend from the source of magma generation to the surface. The reservoir may contain regions of very low fraction intergranular melt, partially molten rock (mush) and melt lenses (or magma chambers) containing high melt fraction eruptible magma, as well as pockets of exsolved magmatic fluids. The various parts of the system may be separated by a sub-solidus rock or be connected and continuous. Magma reservoirs and their wall rocks span a vast array of rheological properties, covering as much as 25 orders of magnitude from high viscosity, sub-solidus crustal rocks to magmatic fluids. Time scales of processes within magma reservoirs range from very slow melt and fluid segregation within mush and magma chambers and deformation of surrounding host rocks to very rapid development of magma and fluid instability, transport and eruption. Developing a comprehensive model of these systems is a grand challenge that will require close collaboration between modellers, geophysicists, geochemists, geologists, volcanologists and petrologists. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics’.
Mutual Coupling Reduction Using Hybrid Technique in Wideband Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna for WiMAX Applications

In this paper, a novel wideband circularly polarized multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has been proposed for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. The mutual coupling (MC) between closely placed DRA units at $0.5\lambda $ has been significantly reduced by using a new hybrid technique. The exclusive features of the proposed MIMO antenna include wide impedance matching bandwidth (BW), broadband circular polarization (CP), and suppressed MC between the radiating elements. The first step of hybrid technique is the employment of parasitic patch at an optimized distance beside the conformal metal strip of the two identical rectangular DRAs in order to generate CP wave along with a wide impedance matching BW over the same frequency range. In the final step, the MC is suppressed significantly along with the broadband CP by placing the DRAs diagonally at an optimized position. The proposed MIMO antenna is the hybrid of the parasitic patch and the diagonal position of radiating elements. The CP BW offered by the proposed antenna is ~20.82% (3.58–4.40 GHz) in conjunction with an impedance-matching BW of ~38.51% (3.50–4.95 GHz). Moreover, MC less than −28 dB is achieved over the entire band and −26 dB at 3.89 GHz (minimum of the AR) through the hybrid technique. The prototype of the proposed antenna geometry is fabricated and measured. A good agreement has been attained between the simulated and measured results.
Risk factors for early revision after total hip and knee arthroplasty: National observational study from a surgeon and population perspective

Aims To identify predictors of early revision (within 3 years of the index operation) for hip and knee replacement (HR, KR) from both surgeon and population perspectives. Patients and methods Hierarchical logistic regression on national administrative data for England for index procedures between April 2009 and March 2014. Results There were 315,273 index HR procedures and 374,530 index KR procedures for analysis. Three-year revision rates were 2.1% for HR and 2.2% for KR. The highest odds ratios for HR were for 3+ previous emergency admissions, drug abuse, Parkinson’s disease, resurfacing and ages under 60; for KR these were patellofemoral or partial joint replacement, 3+ previous emergency admissions, paralysis and ages under 60. Smaller effects were found for other comorbidities such as obesity (HR) and diabetes (KR). From a population perspective, the only population attributable fractions over 5% were for male gender, uncemented total hip replacements and partial knee or patellofemoral replacements. Conclusions Meeting the rising demand for revision surgery is a challenge for healthcare leaders and policymakers. Our findings suggest optimising patients pre-operatively and improving patient selection for primary arthroplasty may reduce the burden of early revision of arthroplasty. Our study gives useful information on the additional risks of various comorbidities and procedures, which enables a more informed consent process. Clinical relevance Surgeons should make patients with certain risk factors such as age and procedure type aware of their higher revision risk as part of shared decision-making.
A Beamforming-Network-Based Four-Squint-Beam Array Antenna for Ceiling-Mount Access Point

A novel beamforming network (BFN) applicable to a 2 × 2 array antenna is proposed in this letter. It provides four coexisting squint beams tilted away from the array's boresight and is particularly suitable for ceiling-mount access points. The principle novelty lies in the BFN, which comprises four rat-race couplers and two 90° delay lines. With this circuit, four phase offsets, which are −90°, 0°, 0°, and 90°, can be assigned to the four antennas from the four beam ports in a rotating order. To demonstrate its applicability to ceiling-mount antennas, a 2 × 2 clover-leaf array was devised. Simulations and measurements were conducted to verify the tilting beam feature. A comprehensive coverage with elevated gains can be achieved by merging receptions from the four beams, which are applicable to up-to-date multitransceiver devices.
The impact of plasma physics on the timescale to a tokamak fusion power plant

Some of the main plasma physics challenges associated with achieving the conditions for commercial fusion power in tokamaks are reviewed. The confinement quality is considered to be a key factor, having an impact on the size of the reactor and exhaust power that has to be managed. Plasma eruptions can cause excessive erosion if not mitigated, with implications for maintenance and availability. Disruptions are a major concern—one large disruption could terminally damage the reactor so it is important to understand the loads they impart to the structure, and put in place appropriate protection and an effective avoidance/mitigation strategy. Managing the exhaust of heat and particles from the plasma is likely to be a significant issue, which may be mitigated if an advanced confinement regime can be identified. The advanced divertor structures that may be required to handle the exhaust have a significant impact on the design of a fusion reactor. Three strategies can be identified to take account of the physics challenges, with different implications for the timescale to fusion power: (1) a staged approach with the size of each step determined by our confidence in the predictive capability of our models; (2) a single, big step with contingency built into the design where possible to accommodate the uncertainty in physics predictions and (3) a single big step with optimistic physics assumptions and no contingency, accepting the increased financial and reputational risk that comes with such an approach. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Fusion energy using tokamaks: can development be accelerated? ’.
Electromagnetic field (EMF) Measurement for Public Safety Exposure Level

This paper presents the level of Radio Frequency electromagnetic fields from Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) base station antennas. The exposure of Electromagnetic field towards public is being discuss widely due to the fact that it effects the human lives that is surrounded by these communication developments. Certain area was investigated earlier in order to obtain the strongest point of exposure. The location chosen in this paper was based on the red zone detected in the earlier drive test measurement. The measurement was conducted during morning, afternoon and night for 3 days. Data was collected using isotropic antenna and spectrum analyzer. The E-field exposure levels were found to be lower than the maximum level set by international commission on Non-Ionizing radiation protection (ICNIRP) for the general public.
Complex Trait Prediction from Genome Data: Contrasting EBV in Livestock to PRS in Humans

Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) in livestock and polygenic risk scores (PRS) in humans are conceptually similar; however, the between-species differences in linkage disequilibrium (LD) provide a fundamental point of distinction that impacts approaches to data analyses. In this Review, we focus on the similarity of the concepts underlying prediction of estimated breeding values (EBVs) in livestock and polygenic risk scores (PRS) in humans. Our research spans both fields and so we recognize factors that are very obvious for those in one field, but less so for those in the other. Differences in family size between species is the wedge that drives the different viewpoints and approaches. Large family size achievable in nonhuman species accompanied by selection generates a smaller effective population size, increased linkage disequilibrium and a higher average genetic relationship between individuals within a population. In human genetic analyses, we select individuals unrelated in the classical sense (coefficient of relationship <0.05) to estimate heritability captured by common SNPs. In livestock data, all animals within a breed are to some extent “related,” and so it is not possible to select unrelated individuals and retain a data set of sufficient size to analyze. These differences directly or indirectly impact the way data analyses are undertaken. In livestock, genetic segregation variance exposed through samplings of parental genomes within families is directly observable and taken for granted. In humans, this genomic variation is under-recognized for its contribution to variation in polygenic risk of common disease, in both those with and without family history of disease. We explore the equation that predicts the expected proportion of variance explained using PRS, and quantify how GWAS sample size is the key factor for maximizing accuracy of prediction in both humans and livestock. Last, we bring together the concepts discussed to address some frequently asked questions.
Low Frequency Ripple Charging of Li-Ion Battery using Bidirectional Zeta DC-DC Converter to Improve Charge Transfer Efficiency

Li-ion batteries are the most popular rechargeable batteries in applications like consumer electronics and electric vehicles in comparison with other rechargeable battery chemistries due to its high specific energy and longer life cycle. The reliability and life of the battery power devices depends on state of charge (SOC) and the charging protocol used for charging the battery. In this paper, low frequency ripple current (LFRC) charging of Li-Ion battery using the Zeta bi-directional DC-DC converter is presented. Charging the battery at the optimal frequency with ripple current results in improved charge transfer efficiency, improved charging time and thereby improves the life of the battery. To realize the LFRC charging technique, Zeta bidirectional converter and mathematical model of 48V, 4Ah Li-Ion battery is designed and simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink platform. Moreover, an experimental prototype is developed to validate the LFRC charging technique.