Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The decapod crustaceans of the Panama Canal

Abele, Lawrence G. , and Won Kim. The Decapod Crustaceans of the Panama Canal. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 482, 50 pages, 18 figures, 3 tables, 1989. —Eighty-eight species of decapod crustaceans were collected from the Panama Canal. Seven of these were previously undescribed (Macrobrachium crebrum, new species, M. digitus, new species, Synalpheus recessus, new species, 5. superus, new species, Eurypanopeus canalensis, new species, Panopeus gatunensis, new species, and P. mirafloresensis, new species), and another five were known only from one or a few records. Approximately 27 of the species occurred in fresh water (including one introduced from Iraq), 31 in euryhaline conditions, and 30 in almost marine conditions. Thirty species were collected from the Miraflores Third Locks Lake area and spillway (6-30 °/oo), 23 species from the lower locks (10-30 °/oo), and 25 species from the upper locks (0-5 °/oo) of the Miraflores Locks. Twelve species were collected from the fresh water of the Pedro Miguel Locks and an equal number from freshwater streams on Barro Colorado Island. The Gatun Locks yielded four species from the freshwater upper locks, eight from the 2-8 °/oo waters of the middle locks, and 22 from the 8-15 °/oo waters of the lower locks. A typical marine assemblage of species occurred down to about lO°/oo, whereas a typical freshwater fauna occurred up to about 3°/oo; a speciesminimum zone was observed from about 3 to 5 °/oo. There has been relatively little exchange between the Atlantic and Pacific regions. Seven Atlantic species (one freshwater and six euryhaline species) were collected from the Pacific side and one Pacific euryhaline species from the Atlantic side. Most of the Atlantic migrants were collected from the Miraflores Third Locks Lake area and apparently have not established breeding populations outside of the Panama Canal. Surprisingly, only one of the 27 freshwater species has spread throughout the canal. The fresh water of Gatun Lake forms an effective barrier to the distribution of stenohaline marine species, and therefore any salinization of Gatun Lake (or construction of a sea-level canal) would almost certainly result in an extensive faunal exchange and would be unconscionable given our ignorance of the biota and ecology of the communities of the Panama Canal. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea caver nosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Abele, Lawrence G. The decapod crustaceans of the Panama Canal. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 482) Bibliography: p. 1. Decapod (Crustacea)—Panama—Canal Zone. 2. Crustacea—Panama—Canal Zone. I. Kim Won, 1955II. Tide. III. Series. QI1.S54 no. 482 5 9 1 s 88-600342 [QL444.M33] [595.3'84'097287]
The Long Run Relationship among Price Variability, Inflation and The Markup

This paper links two existing but separate literatures. Measures of the markup, inflation and relative price variability (RPV) from annual and quarterly US and UK data are used to examine the relationships among the variables. The results show that two long-run relationships can be identified from the data: a negative relationship between inflation and the markup and a positive relationship between inflation and RPV. As RPV does not enter the inflation-markup long-run relationship we argue that explanations of this relationship based on RPV are poor even though they may help explain a short-run relationship between the variables.
Field measurements of soil respiration: Principles and constraints, potentials and limitations of different methods

Soil respiration is a major component in the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems and has been measured in the field for more than eight decades. In this chapter, we will describe the measurement of soil CO2 efflux at the soil surface that can be considered as equivalent to soil CO2 production when integrated over long time periods (week, month or season). At shorter time scales the transport of CO2 may uncouple the soil CO2 efflux from its production inside the soil. Different methods have been developed to measure this efflux. These methods can affect the object being measured by disturbing the biochemical processes involved in CO2 production, the physical properties influencing CO2 movement towards the soil surface, or by changing the environmental conditions in the soil. Therefore, soil respiration measurements in the field are one of the most difficult among the ecosystem flux measurements. So far, no single method has been established as the standard but comparisons, which give important indications on their accuracy, have been performed. The choice of the measurement methodology is not limited to that of a measurement system. The experimenter has to elaborate a protocol depending on the temporal and spatial scales studied. In this chapter, we will describe the most commonly used methodologies for measuring soil CO2 efflux and present their history, principles and constraints (Section 2.2). In addition, we will present a number of major error sources associated with the different methods and the ways to avoid them (Section 2.3), describe a comparison between different systems (Section 2.4) and give recommendations for the measurement protocol (Section 2.5). 2.2 MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY OF TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Generation of Annual Rainfall Data for Australian Stations

The lag one Markov or the first order autoregressive [AR(1)] model has been widely used to generate annual rainfall data (Srikanthan and McMahon, 1985). The main drawback with this model is that it cannot model the long wet and dry spells observed in the data due to ENSO effects. However, it is effective in preserving the low order moments and short term persistence as measured by the lag one autocorrelation coefficient. Thyer and Kuczera (1999) developed a Hidden State Markov (HSM) model, which explicitly models the wet and dry states and successfully applied to Sydney rainfall data. The above two models were applied to annual rainfall data from 44 rainfall stations located throughout Australia and the performance of the models was evaluated using a number of statistics. It was found that for statistics such as moments the data was unable to discriminate between the AR(1) and HSM models. However, it was shown that the AR(1) model cannot be relied upon to satisfactorily reproduce 2- and 3-year low rainfall sums whereas the HSM model can. This would suggest that the HSM model is more suitable than AR(1) for simulating multi-year drought sequences.
University of Groningen The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Uptake Fluxes by Mice on a Guar Gum Supplemented Diet Associate with Amelioration of Major Biomarkers of the Metabolic Syndrome

Studies with dietary supplementation of various types of fibers have shown beneficial effects on symptoms of the metabolic syndrome. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main products of intestinal bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber, have been suggested to play a key role. Whether the concentration of SCFAs or their metabolism drives these beneficial effects is not yet clear. In this study we investigated the SCFA concentrations and in vivo host uptake fluxes in the absence or presence of the dietary fiber guar gum. C57Bl/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with 0%, 5%, 7.5% or 10% of the fiber guar gum. To determine the effect on SCFA metabolism, C-labeled acetate, propionate or butyrate were infused into the cecum of mice for 6 h and the isotopic enrichment of cecal SCFAs was measured. The in vivo production, uptake and bacterial interconversion of acetate, propionate and butyrate were calculated by combining the data from the three infusion experiments in a single steady-state isotope model. Guar gum treatment decreased markers of the metabolic syndrome (body weight, adipose weight, triglycerides, glucose and insulin levels and HOMA-IR) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis decreased dosedependently by guar gum treatment. Cecal SCFA concentrations were increased compared to the control group, but no differences were observed between the different guar gum doses. Thus, no significant correlation was found between cecal SCFA concentrations and metabolic markers. In contrast, in vivo SCFA uptake fluxes by the host correlated linearly with metabolic markers. We argue that in vivo SCFA fluxes, and not concentrations, govern the protection from the metabolic syndrome by dietary fibers. Citation: den Besten G, Havinga R, Bleeker A, Rao S, Gerding A, et al. (2014) The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Uptake Fluxes by Mice on a Guar Gum Supplemented Diet Associate with Amelioration of Major Biomarkers of the Metabolic Syndrome. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0107392 Editor: Daotai Nie, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, United States of America Received January 9, 2014; Accepted August 15, 2014; Published September 9, 2014 Copyright: 2014 den Besten et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was funded by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative via the Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * Email: B.M. Bakker01@umcg.nl
Xeroderma Pigmentosum with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Eye

XerodermaPigmentosum(XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by photosensitivity, pigmentary changes, premature skin ageing and marked increase in risk of developing malignant neoplasms of the skin and eyes. Here we present case of a sibling, 8 years old boy and 6 year old girl (Figure. 1). Girl had developed squamous cell carcinoma of left eye.
Resolution and uncertainty in hydrologic characterization

Hydrologists have applied inverse techniques to obtain estimates of subsurface permeability and porosity variations and their associated uncertainties. Although inverse methods are now well established in hydrology, important aspects of inverse theory, the analysis of resolution, and the trade‐off between model parameter resolution and model parameter uncertainty have not been utilized. In this paper the concept of model parameter resolution is incorporated into the analysis of hydrological experiments. Model parameter resolution is a measure of the spatial averaging implicit in estimates of a distributed hydrological property such as permeability. There are two important uses of resolution and uncertainty estimates in hydrology. The first use is to plan a hydrologic testing program. Resolution matrices can be developed for proposed well tests in a variety of synthetic media. Then the effectiveness of the test design can be evaluated in terms of model parameter resolution and uncertainty. Secondly, when real data are available and used in an inversion determining the distribution of hydrologic parameters, estimates of model parameter resolution and uncertainty analysis can indicate the reliability of the solution. For synthetic tests in which the hydraulic conductivity varies and porosity does not, it is found that tracer data can provide better spatial resolution of subsurface hydraulic conductivity variations than transient pressure data. Pressure data are most sensitive to hydraulic conductivity variations immediately surrounding the well. Both pressure and tracer data better determine barriers to flow rather than channels to flow. The methodology is applied to a set of transient pressure data gathered at the Grimsel Rock Laboratory of the Swiss National Cooperative for the Storage of Radioactive Waste. In the fracture under study a low hydraulic conductivity region appears to partition the fracture plane into two distinct zones.
A CONSTRAINT ON ARGUMENT ELLIPSIS IN CHILD JAPANESE

It has been claimed in the theoretical literature that one of the distinguished characteristics of East Asian languages is the availability of argument ellipsis (e.g. Kim 1999, Oku 1998, Saito 2007, Takahashi 2008): In languages like Japanese and Korean, null objects permit not only a strict-identity interpretation but also a sloppy-identity interpretation, and the latter reading is argued to derive from ellipsis of argument DPs.
Laboratory Investigations Patterns and Localization of Gene Expression During Intramembranous Bone Regeneration in the Rat Femoral Marrow Ablation Model

Tissue formation and repair are dependent upon cascades of biological events, but the signals in- volved and the possible gene coexpression patterns during intramembranous bone repair are only poorly understood. We sought to place this mode of regenera- tion in context by profiling quantitative gene expression for a panel of 39 genes between days 1 and 14 following rat femoral marrow ablation. In situ hybridization was employed to localize a subset of genes. Additionally, principal components analysis was conducted to identify underlying factors suggestive of coexpression patterns. During inflammation (days 15), several genes, includ- ing cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, showed downregulation. Other proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis fac- tor-a and interleukin-1b, exhibited increasing levels around day 5. During repair (days 310), growth fac- tors, receptors, and inhibitor genes for transforming growth factor- b; basic fibroblast growth factor; bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, and 7; vascular endothelial growth factor; and insulin-like growth factor-I were upregulated. In addition, the gene for core binding factor-a1 and markers of osteoblast function such as alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, osteonectin, os- teopontin, and osteocalcin had peak expression at day 5 or 7. The remodeling phase (days 1014) was charac- terized by peaks for cytokines associated with osteo- clastic activity including receptor activator of nuclear factor-jB, receptor activator of nuclear factor-jB ligand (RANKL), cathepsin K, tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2. In situ hybridiza- tion showed that the most common sites of increased signal were within osteoblastic cells on trabecular and endosteal surfaces. Principal components analysis iden- tified eight underlying factors that together explained over 80% of the variance in the data.
Role of women participation in Balochistan- Pakistan small ruminant's development: potentials, prospects and constraints

Small ruminants contribute the most significant share to the economy of Balochistan. It provides enormous portion of food supply to the rest of country. In rural areas of the province, there are nomadic, transhumance and sedentary families involve their women and children in the rearing small ruminants. Women perform livestock rearing activities in the province, such as; treating sick animals, herding, collecting fodder, poultry care, breeding, cleaning shelters, converting manure into fuel, processing milk, processing wool, sheering hair and etc. The purpose of the current study was to examine the potentials, and development of livestock sector through small ruminants' contributions by in the economy of the province. However, there are many constraints which hinder them to work freely. This paper is an attempt to highlight the participation of women in small ruminants' development of Balochistan. Results indicated that potential was positively related to future prospects and development.
Synthèse de HPr(Ser-P)(His~P) chez Streptococcus Salivarius

HPr is a protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). HPr can be phosphorylated on Hisis, by enzyme I (EI) of the PTS, and on Ser46, by the HPr(Ser) kinase/phosphorylase (HprK/P). Lastly, HPr can be phosphorylated on both residues, producing HPr(Ser-P)(His~P). The main goal of this study was to determine how HPr(Ser-P)(His~P) is synthesized in streptococci. Theoretically, HPr(Ser-P)(His~P) can be synthesized via the phosphorylation of HPr(Ser-P) by EI and/or of HPr(His-P) by HprK/P. We studied the kinetics of both reactions with proteins from Streptococcus salivarius. The results from the study conducted with EI showed that (i) the kcJKm for HPr(Ser-P) was approximately 5000-fold lower than that for HPr at pH 7,9 and 37°C, (ii) no glycolytic intermediate stimulated HPr(Ser-P)(His~P) synthesis, (iii) synthesis of HPr(Ser-P)(His~P) was about 8 times more efficient at acidic pH, which are conditions found in growing streptococci, and (iv) synthesis of Bacillus subtilis HPr(Ser-P)(His~P) by B. subtilis EI was also stimulated at acidic pH. Our results suggest that the synthesis of HPr(Ser-P)(His~P) in streptococci results from the high intracellular levels of HPr(Ser-P) and the stimulation of the reaction at acidic pH. The absence of HPr(Ser-P)(His~P) in B. subtilis growing in the presence of glucose might be explained by the fact that this bacterium maintains an intracellular pH near neutrality during growth. The results from the study conducted with HprK/P showed that the kcat/Km for HPr(H15D) and HPr(H15E) were about 13 times lower than that for HPr at pH 7,4 and 37°C. Under conditions where HPr(His-P) was stable (pH 8,6 and 15°C), the kcJKm for HPr(H15D) and HPr(His-P) were 9 and 26 times lower than that for HPr, respectively. Lastly, the phosphorylation of HPr(H15D) was only marginally enhanced at acidic pH and FBP did not stimulate the synthesis of HPr(Ser-P)(His~P). Our results suggest that (i) the inefficient phosphorylation of HPr(His-P) results from the presence of a negative charge at position 15 but also from other structural elements, and (ii) the contribution of HprK/P to the synthesis of HPr(Ser-P)(His~P) in streptococci is marginal.
Assessment of Conservation Status in the Lower Jijia – Prut Rivers Natura 2000 Site

Computer-based classification enables rapid processing of large volumes of data and can also provide more consistent and repeatable results than visual interpretation, although it is not necessarily more accurate. Also, area calculations that are difficult and time consuming to do manually are easily computed from a computer-classified image. The present paper work provides an active monitoring map, based on the NDVI processing, to be used for conservation puposes. The LANDSAT imagery processed in this respect leads to automatic classification of the vegetation conservation state and pinpoints the representative areas by their spectral response.
Quality Control in SBAS: Protection Levels and Reliability Levels

This contribution extends the common documented approach of integrity through Protection Levels in Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) positioning for aeronautics, to reliability on the basis of statistical hypothesis testing, and as such provides a safeguard against model misspecifications as anomalies and outliers in the measurements. It is shown that when integrity is monitored through Protection Levels and reliability added through Reliability Levels, the availability of the SBAS position solution is more than 99% for APV-I precision approach. The availability for CAT-I is currently just a few percent. When the Galileo constellation is added, and current performance is copied ahead, the percentage for CAT-I increases to beyond 95%.
Response of Long Valley Caldera to the Mw = 7.3 Landers, California, Earthquake

Of the many sites in the western United States responding to the June 28, 1992, Landers earthquake (M w = 7.3) with remotely triggered seismicity, only Long Valley caldera is monitored by both seismic and continuous deformation networks. A transient strain pulse and surge in seismicity recorded by these networks began within tens of seconds following arrival of the shear pulse from Landers. The cumulative strain and number of triggered earthquakes followed the same exponentially decaying growth rate (time constant 1.8 days) during the first 6 days following Landers. The strain transient, which was recorded on a borehole dilatometer at the west margin of the caldera and a long-base tiltmeter 20 km to the east, peaked on the sixth day at =0.25 ppm and gradually decayed over the next 15-20 days. The absence of a clear strain signal exceeding 0.4 ppm in data from the two-color geodimeter deformation lines, which span the central section of the caldera, indicates that the strain transient cannot be due solely to pressure changes in the concentrated pressure source 7 km beneath the central part of the caldera that accounts for most of the uplift of the resurgent dome since 1980. The triggered seismicity occupied the entire seismogenic volume beneath the caldera. The focal mechanisms, the frequency-magnitude distribution, and the spatial distribution of the triggered earthquakes are typical of other swarms in Long Valley caldera. The cumulative seismic moment of the triggered earthquakes through the first 2 weeks after the Landers earthquake corresponds to a single M = 3.8 earthquake, which is too small by nearly 2 orders of magnitude to account for the 0.25-ppm peak amplitude of the observed strain transients. Evidently, the strain transient represents the dominant response mode, which precludes direct triggering of local earthquakes by the large dynamic stresses from Landers as the dominant process. Conditionally viable models for the triggering process beneath the caldera include (1) the transient pressurization of magma bodies beneath the resurgent dome and Mammoth Mountain by the advective overpressure of rising bubbles, (2) a surge in fluid pressure within the seismogenic zone due to upward cascading failure of isolated compartments containing superhydrostatic pore fluids, (3) relaxation (fluidization) of a partially crystallized magma body or dike intrusion in the deep crustal roots of Long Valley magmatic system, or (4) aseismic slip on midcrustal faults. Either the deep, relaxing-magma body or lower crustal dike intrusion satisfy all the strain observations with a single deformation source. The latter model admits the possibility that large, regional earthquakes can trigger the episodic recharge of the deep roots of crustal magmatic systems.
Dentition of Nansei Islanders and Peopling of the Japanese Archipelago: The Basic Populations in East Asia, IX

The dental features of 4 geographical samples from the Nansei Island chain were compared with those of East and Southeast Asian samples. The series from Amami-, Okinawa-, and Sakishima-Islands exhibit inter-regional difference in both metric and non-metric dental features, pointing to some clinal variation in the Nansei Island chain. The original morphology is supposed to be represented by Jomonese. This clinal variation may reflect the post-Yayoi biocultural microevolution and admixture with the sinodont populations from main-island Japan. The sundadont ancestors of Jomonese have likely arrived from Sundaland via the now-submerged East Asian continental shelf in and after the late Pleistocene. One of the main routes for peopling of the Japanese Archipelago might have been through the Nansei Island chain.
Why Don't We Have Sustainable Agriculture Now?

Why has it been so difficult to bring about sustainable agriculture on a large scale in the United States? Or, for that matter, why don’t we already have an agricultural system that would better fit most definitions of sustainable? This conference proceeding is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/leopold_conf/13