Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nucleotide Sequence of a Maize cDNA for a Class II, Acidic [beta]-1,3-Glucanase

The enzyme /3-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39), which hydrolyzes /3-1,3-glycosidic bonds, is widely distributed in plants and is one of the pathogenesis-related proteins inducible by pathogen attack. The enzyme activity has been correlated with resistance to Exserohilum turcicum infection in Zea mays (maize) (Jondle et al., 1989). Such correlations and the fact that the enzyme has fungal cell-wall hydrolytic activity (/? -1,3-glucans) indicate that /3-1,3-glucanases may be an important component in the plant defense against fungal pathogens. The fungus Aspergillus flavus causes ear and kernel rots in maize both in the field and in stored grain (Calvert et al., 1978). The infected kemels can then be contaminated with a compound produced by the fungus aflatoxin, which is a very carcinogenic compound. As a way to begin to manipulate antifungal genes of plant origin in order to increase resistance to fungal infection, we have characterized the hydrolytic enzyme chitinase that is produced in maize in response to A. flavus infection (Wu et al., 1994). Here we report the cDNA sequence of a maize /3-1,3-glucanase (Table I). To obtain the P-1,3-glucanase cDNA, we cloned a fragment following amplification by the PCR using primers of nucleotides 345 to 361 and 944 to 962 of the barley /3-1,3-glucanase GII (Hoj et al., 1989). The purified PCR products were digested with SstII and SmaI and cloned into pBluescript
Communication for Caring: A Case Study of a Regular Teacher Who Works for a Japanese High School with Three-shift System

A high school with three shifts (sambusei), where students can choose their schedule from three time-table options, is a new kind of formal educational facility in Japan. This type of school has been designed to facilitate access for students with various lifestyles. In such a school, the responsibilities of faculty and staff are adjusted to each student’s special needs. Traditionally in Japan, regular teachers have had responsibilities which would be expected of educational counselors. This study investigates how the quality of collaboration among caring professionals including school teachers, a part-time counselor, and other staff members at a sambusei high school affects the students. The focus is on a regular science teacher who is assigned to deal with the students’ behavioral and psychological problems. The authors observe the guidance activities of this teacher and conduct interviews with teachers including yogo-kyoyu (health coordinators), in order to investigate how this teacher communicates with other school staff in the sambusei school setting. The authors also discuss how schools deal with students’ problems in an East Asian situation where schools do not have full-time school counselors.
The Science of AIDS: A Tale of Two Worlds

The author executive director of the Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS calls for a redirection of current biomedical research in this area with an emphasis on technologies that are both globally relevant and affordable. Scientific progress related to HIV/AIDS has been of little benefit to the millions of men women and children in poor countries who lack access to antiretroviral combinations or drugs to prevent vertical HIV transmission. In general the societal response to the AIDS epidemic has lagged behind advances in biomedical research. Programs with documented effectiveness--school-based sex education condom promotion and needle exchange for example--have not been widely implemented. The AIDS crisis has potential to provide a new paradigm for the interaction between science and society caregivers and patients and public health agencies and affected communities. However this demands a new culture of international cooperation with increased emphasis on sustaining social interventions and strengthening research institutions. Ethical questions on how to ensure high research standards in developing country settings where health resources are severely limited must be addressed. Over the long term development of an effective HIV vaccine will be the touchstone of global commitment to the application of science to a social good.
THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF BED-FORM HIERARCHIES

SUMMARY The bed forms generated by liquid flows over loose-grain boundaries assume only two orientations relative to flow, being either transverse or longitudinal, but range enormously in physical scale. Two types of bed form, current ripples and parting lineations, take a characteristic length (2) which is independent of boundary conditions as expressed by flow depth (d). We have that: λL≤ 0.025 m (parting lineations) λR≤ 0.60 m (ripples). The characteristic length of other kinds of bed form is correlated with flow depth, according to the equations: λD= 1.16D1. 1.55 (dunes) λA 6.3d (antidunes, Fr = 1.0) λSR= 1.35d1. 31 (sand ribbons) λM - 672d1.11 (meander bars) λT= 116d2 (tidal current ridges) From these relationships can be deduced the compositions of theoretical hierarchies of bed forms, where a hierarchy is defined as a series of bed forms graded as to size which in combination are adapted to a single overall flow condition. The compositions of these hierarchies, which are closely matched by naturally occurring hierarchies, are broadly related to available flow depth, general flow conditions (lower or upper regime), and availability of sediment. Bed forms are considered to be due to unstable interactions between the bed material and the over-bed flow, of liquid or grains or both. Hierarchies of bed forms arise because the quantities determining the flow are suficiently numerous that several mutually unstable combinations can exist, each combination being expressed in terms of a bed form of a characteristic physical scale and orientation relative to flow.
Central Bank Dollar Swap Lines and Overseas Dollar Funding Costs

Following a scarcity of dollar funding available internationally to banks and financial institutions, starting in December 2007 the Federal Reserve established or expanded Temporary Reciprocal Currency Arrangements with fourteen foreign central banks. These central banks had the capacity to use these swap facilities to provide dollar liquidity to institutions in their jurisdictions. This paper presents the developments in the dollar swap facilities through the end of 2009. The facilities were a response to dollar funding shortages outside the United States during a period of market dysfunction. Formal research, as well as more descriptive accounts, suggests that the dollar swap lines among central banks were effective at reducing the dollar funding pressures abroad and stresses in money markets. The central bank dollar swap facilities are an important part of a toolbox for dealing with systemic liquidity disruptions.
Bienes públicos y Ley de Costas en Nicaragua

A continuacion se expone parte de los resultados de la investigacion “Externalidades, medio ambiente y politica economica en Nicaragua”, componente de la Tesis Doctoral “Modelo bioeconomico para determinar la capacidad de carga turistica en ecosistemas fragiles”. Se realizo un analisis documental teniendo como fuentes documentos oficiales, publicaciones cientificas especializadas y un reconocimiento in situ en algunas franjas costeras de Nicaragua. En ese orden los bienes economicos fueron examinados bajo diversos criterios teoricos, como los sustentados por Robbins, Samuelson, Musgrave y Ostrom. Se logro establecer que, no obstante la evolucion conceptual sobre bienes publicos y bienes privados, persisten grandes divergencias en su expresion empirica y positiva debido al cambio dinamico en la valoracion de los medios a la luz de nuevos fines, como sucede en las franjas costeras de Nicaragua ante el auge del turismo y la relevancia que estan adquiriendo los bienes comunes y los emergentes bienes globales
De macht van het getal: een statistische kritiek van de bevolkingsstatistieken in België (1801-1976)

One of the most important problems in critical research involving official statistics is the question of the reliability of the source. Studies suggest that the reliability of data has improved over time, but we lack absolute certainty and understanding of how this process occurs and develops. In the absence of appropriate techniques for evaluating a large quantity of data, there must always be a certain amount of doubt about the reliability of the material. This article investigates how the reliability of the most basic tables from censuses and official statistics on demographic development evolved throughout the 19th and much of the 20th centuries. After a general presentation of the sources and relevant critical literature (parts I and II), the author compares the population figures of municipalities with the projected distribution according to Benford’s Law (part III). This technique proves to be effective in tracking data irregularities, as long as the anomalies exhibit a pattern of systematic deviation. Our analysis shows that the detected bias in sets of data can be largely attributed to errors in processing of results of individual countings. This is demonstrated by comparing several examples. In general terms, this study shows a slow but gradual improvement of the quality of data gathered during this period, except for a relapse from the middle to penultimate decades of the 19th century. The decline was halted when the central government began to more closely scrutinise statistical collection in its municipalities.
InSAR analysis of Miyake-jima volcano with Radarsat images

A volcanic island, Miyake-jima, has erupted since the end of June 2000. Fifteen Radarsat images of the island are analyzed and eight fine interferograms are produced with a newly developed enhance filter although the island is covered with vegetation. Eleven GPS stations were set since 1998 in the island, but most of them stopped working mainly because of failure of the electric power supply. Differential SAR interferometry could detect crustal deformation in space continuously and is the only way to monitor crustal deformation caused by the volcanic activity. Orbital base lines of pairs of SAR images are corrected using GPS data.
Plasmacytoid, conventional, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells undergo a profound and convergent genetic reprogramming during their maturation

DCs express receptors sensing microbial, danger or cytokine signals, which when triggered in combination drive DC maturation and functional polarization. Maturation was proposed to result from a discrete number of modifications in conventional DCs (cDCs), in contrast to a cell‐fate conversion in plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). cDC maturation is generally assessed by measuring cytokine production and membrane expression of MHC class II and co‐stimulation molecules. pDC maturation complexity was demonstrated by functional genomics. Here, pDCs and cDCs were shown to undergo profound and convergent changes in their gene expression programs in vivo during viral infection. This observation was generalized to other stimulation conditions and DC subsets, by public microarray data analyses, PCR confirmation of selected gene expression profiles, and gene regulatory sequence bioinformatics analyses. Thus, maturation is a complex process similarly reshaping all DC subsets, including through the induction of a core set of NF‐κB‐ or IFN‐stimulated genes irrespective of stimuli.
Managing Our Coastal Paradise: Managing the Visual and Cultural Values of Regional Coastal Landscapes

Incorporation of the visual and associated cultural values found in the coast landscape into coastal planning and management is necessary in the face of the extreme development pressures along the Queensland and New South Wales coast, and the concurrent loss of these landscape values. An evaluation procedure for visual - cultural values has been developed over several projects for the coast landscape. The procedure allows GIS mapping and other data base recording of these values and provides the methodology for the incorporation of these values in the planning process at both State and local government levels. The visual evaluation procedure and management strategy is outlined through case study projects in particular the FNQ2010 Scenic Landscape Audit and Management Strategy.
The influence of African air pollution on regional and global tropospheric chemistry

The influence of African air pollution on regional and global tropospheric chemistry A. M. Aghedo, M. G. Schultz, and S. Rast Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modelling, Hamburg, Germany now at: ICG-II, Research Centre, Jülich, Germany Received: 3 May 2006 – Accepted: 15 May 2006 – Published: 4 July 2006 Correspondence to: A. M. Aghedo (adetutu.aghedo@zmaw.de)
On the freezing phenomena of soil

As a result of ovservation and measuring soil moisture content in connection with freezing phenomena of the soil, it was obtained that the various forms of the frozen soil were almost due to the soil moisture content on condition that soil-density were about 1gr/cm3 (by apparent specific gravity) and cooling rate of air temperature over the surface of earth was 0.4°C/h-0.7°C/h.For this reason, the forms of frozen soil were classified as follows;The frozen soilslike the concrete contained water more than 40 per cent in soils, stratification of ice crystals and soil-grains contained it 33-40 per cent but there were about 42 per cent often in the field, frost columns contained it more than 50 per cent even if they contained much soil-grains.When soil water was less than 33 per cent, there were no grains of ice crystal.Appearance of change due to soil moisture content was shown as isopleth.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Cancer: Early Evaluation of Therapeutic Response with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography

The early assessment of the therapeutic response after percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation is important, in order to correctly decide whether further treatment is necessary. The residual unablated tumor is usually depicted on contrast-enhanced multiphase helical computed tomography (CT) as a focal enhancing structure during the arterial and portal venous phases. Contrast-enhanced color Doppler and power Doppler ultrasonography (US) have also been used to detect residual tumors. Contrast-enhanced gray-scale US, using a harmonic technology which has recently been introduced, allows for the detection of residual tumors after ablation, without any of the blooming or motion artifacts usually seen on contrast-enhanced color or power Doppler US. Based on our experience and reports in the literature, we consider that contrast-enhanced gray-scale harmonic US constitutes a reliable alternative to contrast-enhanced multiphase CT for the early evaluation of the therapeutic response to RF ablation for liver cancer. This technique was also useful in targeting any residual unablated tumors encountered during additional ablation.
Characters and Evolution of the Geodynamics in the Eastern Kunlun

The Eastern Kunlun is the important metallogenic belt in China.The geological structure is complicated,geological structure environment formed uniquely,and the mineral resources are rich in the region.We gained many geological data and information by previous regional geological and mineral survey and scientific research.With the theories of modern plate tectonics and geological structure,on analysis of stratum,structure,magma rock of the Eastern Kunlun and their distribution characteristics,this article further discusses the evolution characters of geological structure and geodynamics in Eastern Kunlun,also presents the division of the tectonic belt into the following three parts:caledonian back-arc split belt of Eastern Kunlun North,granitci-metamorphism complex belt of in Eastern Kunlun Middle,composite belt of Eastern Kunlun South.And also this article considers the evolution process of geological structure in the Eastern Kunlun including four stages or cycles:neoarchean-proterozoic,early paleozoic,late paleozoci-early mesozoic,mesozoic-cenozoic,which provides theoretical foundation for the geological exploration in Eastern Kunlun.
ATVB in Focus Vascular Precursors: Origin, Regulation and Function

Endothelial cells provide the dynamic lining of blood vessels throughout the body and provide many tissue-specific functions, in addition to providing a nonthrombogenic surface for blood cells and conduit for oxygen and nutrient delivery. As might be expected, some endothelial cells are injured or become senescent and are sloughed into the bloodstream, and most circulating endothelial cells display evidence of undergoing apoptosis or necrosis. However, there are rare viable circulating endothelial cells that display properties consistent with those of a progenitor cell for the endothelial lineage. This article reviews historical and current literature to present some evidence that the endothelial lining of blood vessels may serve as a source for rare endothelial colony–forming cells that display clonal proliferative potential, self-renewal, and in vivo vessel forming ability. The article also discusses the current gaps in our knowledge to prove whether the colony-forming cells are in fact derived from vascular endothelium. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:1094-1103.)
Developing an Indicator-Based Approach to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Urban Regeneration for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

To convert today’s cities into low-carbon and climate resilient urban environments we must take actions over time to reshape urban form, modify the land-use structure, rehabilitate and retrofit existing buildings, renew infrastructure systems, and improve the provision of key urban services. Urban regeneration policy and practices can be an opportunity to take actions to make cities more climate-friendly and less vulnerable. However, the potential role of urban regeneration is not sufficiently evaluated and understood. Considering this assumption, this research aims to evaluate the role of urban regeneration in developing climate resilient and low-carbon urban environments. To this end, an indicator framework has been developed and applied to two specific case study areas in Japan, namely Yokohama Minato Mirai 21 and Kanazawa City. Minato Mirai 21 is a symbolic waterfront redevelopment project in the central district of Yokohama city. On the other hand, Kanazawa city is known for its regeneration attempts to achieve compact urban form and revitalize its downtown through a “city centre revitalization plan”. The paper comprises four major sections. In the first section, the conceptual framework of the research is explained through a discussion on the linkages between urban development (with a special emphasis on urban regeneration) and climate change mitigation and adaptation. The second section explains the methodology of the research and describes the steps of indicator development. Based on the findings of case studies, the third section presents the extent of contributions of each regeneration process to develop climate-friendly urban environments. The fourth section indicates and discusses the key factors, which not only enhanced but also hindered the potential contributions of each regeneration process. The findings of this research are assumed to provide significant implications for policy-making to strengthen the relationships between urban development and climate change.
Hydrological Changes in Africa

Climate has been relatively stable at high latitudes during the past 10,000 years, but as [Gasse][1] explains in her Perspective, the tropics have seen large hydrological shifts during this time. She highlights the report by [ Barker et al. ][2], who use an isotopic tracer to deduce changes in moisture transport patterns in tropical Africa over the past 14,000 years. In contrast with high-latitude and temperate regions, isotopic rainfall compositions in the tropics correlate primarily with precipitation, and cannot be interpreted in terms of temperature only. [1]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/292/5525/2259 [2]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/short/292/5525/2307
Climate Swings Come into Focus

The last glacial period was far from quiet. During so-called Heinrich events, large armadas of icebergs were shed from the ice sheet that covered much of North America. The tracks of debris left by the melting icebergs can still be seen in sediment cores from the North Atlantic. In their Perspective, [Broecker and Hemming][1] report from a recent miniconference that attempted to chart the climatic impacts of these events. [1]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/short/294/5550/2308
Characterization of four hypervariable microsatellite loci in a nuptial gift-giving spider and its prospect for paternity analyses

Abstract In the gift-giving spider Paratrechalea ornata, females mate multiple times and apparently may bias the paternity according to the nuptial gift content (nutritive or worthless). Paternity studies using microsatellite markers would, therefore, be ideal for studying male fertilization success for female offspring. We genotyped four microsatellites previously reported in one species of the genus using 43 individuals from four different localities in Uruguay. We describe the allelic and genotypic variation in all loci, and compare the findings to the reported variation for the genus. Except for one locus, all loci showed significant departure from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to heterozygote deficit. This could possibly be explained by the mixed nature of the sample and the effect of the population structure. These loci, and especially those that are highly hypervariable, are an important tool for paternity assessment and would allow a better understanding of the role of post-copulatory processes in P. ornata.
Teaching points with 3-dimensional mapping of cardiac arrhythmias: teaching point 3: when early is not early.

Before creating a detailed 3-dimensional map of an arrhythmia, the electrophysiologist should already have a reasonable idea regarding which cardiac chamber contains either the focal site of origin of an automatic tachycardia or the relevant substrate for reentry. Typically, a combination of careful review of the ECG during tachycardia and knowledge of the location of abnormal substrate (such as myocardial infarction, atriotomy scar, etc) will allow focused mapping in the appropriate chamber. Prior teaching points have already discussed1,2 the fact that an isolated “early site of activation” is essentially meaningless for guiding ablation of macroreentry. However, in some circumstances, even for a focal “automatic” tachycardia, the apparently early site is not a suitable site to target for ablation. After constructing the activation map during tachycardia before ablation, especially if the earliest site of activation obtained does not appear to be particularly early compared with the surface ECG reference, the following should be considered. ### Overlapping Cardiac Structures Mapping a chamber other than the actual chamber where the tachycardia originates will clearly lead to a wrong conclusion. For example, when mapping premature ventricular tachycardias or monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in a structurally normal heart, a detailed map of the right ventricular outflow tract may show the “earliest site” of activation to be in the posterior wall of the right ventricular outflow tract. The true site of origin may, however, be in a coronary cusp or the subvalvar anterior left ventricular outflow tract. The posterior right ventricular outflow tract may appear to be early because a far-field signal is detected on the mapping electrode or because of breakthrough in the right ventricular outflow tract from the wave front originating on the other side of the region.3,4 After mapping the left ventricle and coronary cusps and combining the maps, the earliest activation …