Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selection paradoxes of Bayesian inference

When the inference to be made is selected after looking at the data, the classical statistical approach demands — as seems intuitively sensible — that allowance be made for the bias thus introduced. From a Bayesian viewpoint, however, no such adjustment is required, even when the Bayesian inference closely mimics the unadjusted classical one. In this paper we examine more closely this seeming inadequacy of the Bayesian approach. In particular, it is argued that conjugate priors for multivariate problems typically embody an unreasonable determinism property, at variance with the above intuition.
Sequential and Simultaneous Estimation of Hybrid Discrete Choice Models

The formulation of hybrid discrete choice models, including both observable alternative attributes and latent variables associated with attitudes and perceptions, has become a topic of discussion once more. To estimate models integrating both kinds of variables, two methods have been proposed: the sequential approach, in which the latent variables are built before their integration with the traditional explanatory variables in the choice model and the simultaneous approach, in which both processes are done together, albeit with a sophisticated but fairly complex treatment. Here both approaches are applied to estimate hybrid choice models by using two data sets: one from the Santiago Panel (an urban mode choice context with many alternatives) and another consisting of synthetic data. Differences between both approaches were found as well as similarities not found in earlier studies. Even when both approaches result in unbiased estimators, problems arise when valuations are obtained such as the value of time for forecasting and policy evaluation.
Maximum principle for the fractional diffusion equations with the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative and its applications

In this paper, the initial-boundary-value problems for the one-dimensional linear and non-linear fractional diffusion equations with the Riemann-Liouville time-fractional derivative are analyzed. First, a weak and a strong maximum principles for solutions of the linear problems are derived. These principles are employed to show uniqueness of solutions of the initial-boundary-value problems for the non-linear fractional diffusion equations under some standard assumptions posed on the non-linear part of the equations. In the linear case and under some additional conditions, these solutions can be represented in form of the Fourier series with respect to the eigenfunctions of the corresponding Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems.
Sensitivity of High-Resolution Forecasts Using the Adjoint Technique at the 10-km Scale

This paper provides an experimental framework designed to assess the performance and the evolution of the diabatic Aire Limitee Adaptation Dynamique Developpement International (ALADIN) adjoint model at 10-km grid size. Numerical experiments are carried out with the goal of evaluating the adjoint model solutions and the benefit of employing a complex linearized physical parameterization package in the gradient computation. Sensitivity studies with respect to initial conditions at high resolution on real meteorological events are performed. Numerical results obtained in the gradient computations show that, at high resolution, a strong nonlinear flow over complex orography might be a potential source of numerical instability in the absence of a robust dissipative physics employed in the adjoint model. Also, the scheme of the linearized large-scale precipitation is a source of noise in precipitating areas. The results on one particular case suggest that on the one hand the adjoint model is able to capture the dynamically sensitive area, but on the other hand the subsequent sensitivity forecast is more sensitive to the sign and the amplitude of the initial state perturbation rather than the structure of the gradient field.
QSOs with narrow emission lines

Observations of two new high-redshift, narrow-lined QSOs (NLQSOs) are presented and discussed together with observations of similar objects reported in the literature. Gravitational lensing is ruled out as a possible means of amplifying the luminosity for one of these objects. It is found that the NLQSOs have broad bases on their emission lines as well as the prominent narrow cores which define this class. Thus, these are not pole-on QSOs. The FWHM of the emission lines fits onto the smoothly falling tail of the lower end of the line-width distribution for complete QSO samples. The equivalent widths of the combined broad and narrow components of the lines are normal for QSOs of the luminosity range under study. However, the NLQSOs do show ionization differences from broader-lined QSOs; most significant, the semiforbidden C III/C IV intensity ratio is unusually low. The N/C abundance ratio in these objects is found to be normal; the Al/C abundance ratio may be quite high. 38 references.
Saturation and beaming in astrophysical masers. II - The fully saturated limit

Radiative transfer in fully saturated maser clouds has been investigated using the four-stream model equations of Alcock and Ross (1985). It is shown that a modest elongation of the maser cloud produces a substantial asymmetry in the maser output. The ratio of output fluxes in different directions is a strong function of the ratio of the corresponding chord lengths across the cloud. Arguments are presented that the asymmetries reported here for the four-stream models closely mimic the asymmetries that should be expected in a real master cloud. 10 references.
General Analysis of Longitudinal Dispersion in Nonuniform Flow

An analytical method is proposed by which the effects of flow nonuniformity and variable dispersion coefficients can be evaluated for problems involving longitudinal dispersion in porous media. A boundary layer approximation is used to develop general solutions of the one-dimensional convective-dispersion equation for steady flow. Several examples are considered by using the analytical method, and the general effect of flow nonuniformity on dispersion is discussed. Comparisons of the analytical solution with numerical solutions of the exact equation indicate that the method will yield accurate results in many applications.
Undecidability, Computation Universality and Minimality in Economic Dynamics*

An attempt is made, in this paper, to pose questions about economic dynamics in the broad areas of microeconomics, behavioural economics and macroeconomics from the point of view of classical recursion theory. This viewpoint makes it imperative that the fundamental economic entities in question are given an algorithmic formulation. Algorithms, in turn, are intrinsically dynamic objects which, if they are nontrivial, encapsulate nonlinear dynamics in novel ways such that it is possible to ask decidability questions and obtain effective answers about the economic entities. It is shown, formally, that rational economic behaviour is comfortably consistent with nonmaximum, disequilibrium and unstable economic dynamics in core areas of microeconomics, behavioural economics and macroeconomics. Copyright 1999 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd
A modified variational iteration method for solving fractional Riccati differential equation by Adomian polynomials

In this paper, we introduce a modified variational iteration method (MVIM) for solving Riccati differential equations. Also the fractional Riccati differential equation is solved by variational iteration method with considering Adomians polynomials for nonlinear terms. The main advantage of the MVIM is that it can enlarge the convergence region of iterative approximate solutions. Hence, the solutions obtained using the MVIM give good approximations for a larger interval. The numerical results show that the method is simple and effective.
Imaging standing surface plasmons by photon tunneling

We present a direct method for optically exciting and imaging delocalized standing surface plasmons in thin metal films. We show theoretically that when imaging the field of the plasmons with a photon scanning tunneling microscope, the presence of the dielectric probe has a negligible effect on the surface modes of the metal film. We demonstrate that plasmon interference can be sustained in arbitrarily large regions of the metal film in comparison to the excitation wavelength. This knowledge can be important when seeking the relative distance between two scattering centers such as the presence of micron or submicron structures.
Nonstationary Response Analysis of Long Span Bridges under Spatially Varying Differential Support Motions Using Continuous Wavelet Transform

An input-output relation for the nonstationary response of long-span bridges subjected to random differential support motions is proposed in the present study. The proposed methodology is more general than the existing ones, in the sense that it can evaluate nonstationarity in both the intensity and frequency content of the response statistics for spatially correlated multipoint random excitations. Furthermore, because the input-output relation is established through the transfer functions of dynamic systems, the proposed wavelet-based methodology can easily be used to predict the stochastic response of any structural systems in conjunction with available finite-element software. The input-output formulation is also not restricted to a particular wavelet basis function, since it has been derived by following a general wavelet-based description of input nonstationary processes. The bridge has been modeled as a simply supported beam with multispans in a finite-element framework to obtain the dynamic propert.
alpha beta phase transition in tin: A theoretical study based on density-functional perturbation theory

The free energies of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phases of tin are calculated in the harmonic approximation using density-functional theory and density-functional perturbation theory, within the local-density approximation. At $T=0 \mathrm{K}$ the free energy of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase lies $\ensuremath{\approx}359\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}$ above that of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ structure. The narrower frequency range spanned by the vibrational band in the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase makes its entropy larger at high temperature. As a consequence, the free energies of the two phases equal each other at a temperature of 38 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, in close agreement with the observed transition temperature ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}13\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}. $
Enhanced GMRES method combined with MLFMA for solving electromagnetic wave scattering problems

For efficiently solving large dense complex linear systems that arise in the electric field integral equation (EFIE) formulation of electromagnetic wave scattering problems, the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is used to speed up the matrix vector product operations, and the sparse approximate inverse (SAI) preconditioning technique is employed to accelerate the convergence rate of the generalized minimal residual (GMRES) iterative method. We show that the convergence rate can be greatly improved by augmenting to the GMRES method a few eigenvectors associated with the smallest eigenvalues of the preconditioned system. Numerical experiments indicate that this new variant GMRES method is very effective with the MLFMA and can reduce both the iteration number and the computational time significantly. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 1433–1439, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23385
Data reduction for multiple functional data with class information

The term ‘functional data’ (or ‘curve’) refers to an analog or digital signal measured during each operational cycle of a manufacturing process. Functional data contain rich information concerning the process condition and product quality for quality improvement. We propose a vertical group-wise threshold (VGWT) procedure for the reduction of multiple high-dimensional functional data containing class information. The proposed method selects important wavelet coefficients for the whole set of multiple curves by a comparison between every vertical energy metric and a threshold (VGWT). The VGWT increases the class separability with a reasonably small loss in data-reduction efficiency. A real-life example is presented to illustrate the proposed method, and a Monte Carlo simulation is performed to study the impact of different levels of class variation and noise.
Effective preprocessing in #SAT

Preprocessing #SAT instances can reduce their size considerably and decrease the solving time. In this paper we investigate the use of the hyper-binary resolution and equality reduction to preprocess the #SAT instances. And a preprocessing algorithm Preprocess MC is presented, which combines the unit propagation, the hyper-binary resolution, and the equality reduction together. The experiment shows that these excellent technologies not only reduce the size of the #SAT formula, but also improve the ability of the model counters to solve #SAT problems.
On-chain defect emission in electroluminescent polyfluorenes

We present time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on a range of poly- and oligofluorenes with different molecular weights in both dilute solution and thin films. The commonly observed parasitic broad green emission band, which has previously been attributed to an excimer, is identified in all solution and film samples and assigned to an on-chain emissive defect. By comparison of the luminescence decay in the solid state at different temperatures it is shown that, at room temperature, intramolecular relaxation is faster in these polyphenylenes than intermolecular exciton diffusion.
Generalized Verma Modules Induced from sl(2, C) and Associated Verma Modules

Abstract With each generalized Verma module induced from a “well-embedded” parabolic subalgebra of a Lie algebra with triangular decomposition, we associate a Verma module over the same algebra in a natural way. In the case when the semisimple part of the Levi factor of the parabolic subalgebra is isomorphic to sl (2, C ) and the generalized Verma module is induced from an infinite-dimensional simple module, we prove that the associated Verma module is simple if and only if the original generalized Verma module is simple.
Numerical Model Based Approach for Estimating Probability of Detection in NDE Applications

A method for using a numerical model in a probabilistic framework for estimating the probability of detecting a flaw in the presence of measurement variabilities is presented. The approach used centers around a measurement model which is based on the finite-element analysis of the eddy current nondestructive testing (NDT) phenomenon. The probability of detection (POD) model consists of modeling the different sources of measurement variabilities by a multivariate Gaussian distribution about a mean vector and a diagonal covariance matrix. The effects of various sources of noise in a practical eddy current NDT situation have been studied. Results obtained show that the probability of detecting a flaw is decreased as a consequence of the measurement variabilities. >
dcemriS4: A Package for Medical Image Analysis

Quantitative analysis of perfusion imaging using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is achieved through a series of processing steps, starting with the raw data acquired from the MRI scanner, and involves a combination of physics, mathematics, engineering and statistics. The purpose of the dcemriS4 package is to provide a collection of functions that move the experimental data through all steps of the data analysis pipeline using standard data formats that may be visualized and manipulated across a wide variety of software packages.
Doppler-free multiphotonic spectroscopy

The review describes atomic transitions where two or more photons are simultaneously absorbed by an atom or a molecule (without any intermediate resonant level). The authors show theoretically and experimentally the possibilities of these transitions for numerous high-resolution spectroscopic studies. The Doppler broadening is suppressed in two-photon transitions if the atoms are irradiated by two laser waves travelling in opposite directions, because the Doppler shift in one wave cancels that in the other. A generalization is made for multiphotonic transitions. A typical experimental set-up with a CW dye laser is described in detail, but the possibilities of other light sources are also discussed.
Quantifying the benefits of sentence repetition on the intelligibility of speech in continuous and fluctuating noises

Good verbal communication is essential to ensure safety in the workplace and social participation during daily activities. In many situations, speech comprehension is difficult due to hearing problems, the presence of noise, or other factors. As a result, listeners must often ask the speaker to repeat what was said in order to understand the complete message. However, there has been little research describing the exact benefits of this commonly used strategy. This study reports original data quantifying the effect of sentence repetition on speech intelligibility as a function of signal‐to‐noise ratio and noise type. Speech intelligibility data were collected using 18 normal‐hearing individuals. The speech material consisted of the sentences from the Hearing In Noise Test (HINT) presented in modulated and unmodulated noises. Results show that repeating a sentence decreases the speech reception threshold (SRT), as expected, but also increases the slope of the intelligibility function. Repetition was also fo.
Analysing correlation between sequential event in student’s learning path

The relationship between a course and other subjects described in the curriculum does not explain how much the relationship is supposed to influence the success of students’ learning path. Also, some courses are not explicitly written as prerequisites to any other course in the curriculum, but still contribute significantly to the success of the subsequent course. One common way to find the correlation between these courses is by using the classical Pearson Test, but this might ignore the detail of the relationship. This can be improved by incorporating the PCA cross-matrix technique with an improved and more-detailed per-grade relation, not just a general view. This means that students who perform excellently in the previous course might also perform very well in a subsequent one. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the incorporation of the PCA cross matrix technique with a detailed description of the correlation's strength between the prerequisite course and the course it is prerequisite to, based on the results of the former, added more details to the classical Pearson test.
The Influence of Na and Ti on the In Vitro Degradation and Bioactivity in 58S Sol-Gel Bioactive Glass

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Na and Ti on the in vitro degradation and bioactivity in the 58S bioactive glass. The degradation was evaluated through the activation energy of Si ion release from bioactive glasses and the weight loss of bioactive glasses in Tris-HCl buffer solution. The in vitro bioactivity of the bioactive glasses was investigated by analysis of apatite-formation ability in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The results showed that Na in the 58S glass accelerated the dissolution rate of the glass, whereas Ti in the 58S glass slowed down the rate of glass solubility. Bioactivity tests showed that Na in glass increased the apatite-forming ability in SBF. In contrast, Ti in glass retards the apatite formation at the initial stage of SBF soaking but does not affect the growth of apatite after long periods of soaking.
A Note on Weak Separability

Here subsets of the real line are given the subspace topology, and Cartesian products of topological spaces are given the product topology. Monotone means weakly increasing or weakly decreasing with respect to the natural ordering of R. This article comments on joint continuity that enables one to remove a certain amount of confusion about a small point in the celebrated paper "The Structure of Utility Functions. " The question at issue is whether it is necessary for Gorman's results that the domains of his utility functions be not merely connected, but in fact path-connected, topological spaces.
Dynamic Image Representation in a Spiking Neural Network Supplied by Astrocytes

The mathematical model of the spiking neural network (SNN) supplied by astrocytes is investigated. The astrocytes are a specific type of brain cells which are not electrically excitable but induce chemical modulations of neuronal firing. We analyze how the astrocytes influence images encoded in the form of the dynamic spiking pattern of the SNN. Serving at a much slower time scale, the astrocytic network interacting with the spiking neurons can remarkably enhance the image representation quality. The spiking dynamics are affected by noise distorting the information image. We demonstrate that the activation of astrocytes can significantly suppress noise influence, improving the dynamic image representation by the SNN.
A Stage–Stage Dead-Band Compensated Multiband RF Energy Harvester for Sensor Nodes

This article presents a dead-band compensated multiband stacked electromagnetic energy harvester for powering sensor nodes. It is adaptive for typical ambient radio frequency (RF) power levels found within the environment. A stage–stage feedforward technique is adopted in the proposed harvester to enhance the output voltage, in turn, harvested power and sensitivity. Moreover, a compensation circuit is included in the design for bypassing the inactive bands to avoid unexcited band rectifier diodes. A prototype is designed to cover four frequency bands GSM (900 and 1800 MHz), 4G-LTE (2.3 GHz), and Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) and further integrated with a TI BQ25570 power converter. The analytical, simulated, and measured results show the increment in the output voltage with the frequency bands. The measured efficiency of the RF-to-dc converter is 44.2% at −20-dBm input power and 89% at 0 dBm. The efficiency is improved by 13% on average under dead-band compensation. With the multiband stacking, the harvester achieves a start-up voltage of 320 mV at −24 dBm and is found to be efficient to drive a temperature sensor STLM20 at −12-dBm input power.
MIXING EFFICIENCY IN STRATIFIED SHEAR FLOWS

▪ Abstract The issue of the physical mechanism(s) that control the efficiency with which the density field in stably stratified fluid is mixed by turbulent processes has remained enigmatic. Similarly enigmatic has been an explanation of the numerical value of ∼0.2, which is observed to characterize this efficiency experimentally. We review recent work on the turbulence transition in stratified parallel flows that demonstrates that this value is not only numerically predictable but also that it is expected to be a nonmonotonic function of the Richardson number that characterizes preturbulent stratification strength. This value of the mixing efficiency appears to be characteristic of the late-time behavior of the turbulent flow that develops after an initially laminar shear flow has undergone the transition to turbulence through an intermediate instability of Kelvin-Helmholtz type.
Research on method of laser spot detection in infrared image

In order to remove or at least significantly reduce the interference caused by incident laser, the detection for the laser spot in infrared image is indispensable. According to the shape and gray distribution characteristics of laser spots, the laser spot is identified and located in the infrared image by using the SIFT feature matching algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of this method, interference laser irradiation experiments with different laser powers are carried out. The experimental results show that this method can accurately detect laser spots in infrared images, and can adapt to different sizes of laser spots.