Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Galois Properties of Division Fields of Elliptic Curves

Let k be a number field, let k be an algebraic closure, and write G = Gal (k/k) for the relative Galois group. If E is an elliptic curve defined over k, then G acts on the group E(k) of points of E defined over k. In particular, for any positive integer n it acts on the group En of points of E with finite order dividing n. From now on, suppose n — I is prime. We can regard Et as a vector space (of dimension 2) over the finite field F, with / elements, and so there is a natural homomorphism (j>t from G to the corresponding general linear group GL(.Ej). A fundamental result of Serre ([16,17]) says that if E has no complex multiplication over k, then (fr^G) = GL (EJ for all sufficiently large /. In other words, there exists l0, depending only on k and E, such that <f>t{G) = GL(£Z) for all / > /0. Up to now it seems that no general estimate for /0 has been written down. Serre gives a number of results for special classes of elliptic curves. For example, Corollaire 1 of [17, p. 308] yields a simple estimate when k = Q and E is semistable. In his later paper [18] he was able to eliminate the semistability condition by assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (see Theoreme 22 and Lemme 15, p. 196). But in a talk at the D. -P.-P. Seminaire in April 1988, he did announce an effective estimate in the general case. In this note we give a general upper bound for /„. As Serre himself pointed out during a conference at Schloss Ringberg in July 1988, such a result is a relatively simple deduction from some isogeny estimates proved by us. Indeed, our exposition in Sections 3 and 4 follows closely a talk he gave there on this subject. After recording the necessary isogeny estimates in Section 2, we apply these in Section 3 to rule out some particular possibilities for (p^G). Then in Section 4 we prove our main result by appealing to the group-theoretical analysis of [17]. We also prove two further results of a similar type. In Section 5 we generalize to several elliptic curves, and in Section 6 we consider the corresponding problem for several points of infinite order on a single elliptic curve. To state our main result we define the Weil height of the elliptic curve E as the (absolute logarithmic) Weil height of its y-invariant.
User feedback scoring and evaluation of a product recommendation system

With the legerity of the Internet, daily life of a common man has changed. Rapid growth of the Internet has a diverse effect on the daily life. The influence of the Internet has changed the way we live and even the way we think. The use of Internet for purchasing different products of the daily needs has increased exponentially in recent years. Now customers prefer online shopping for the acquisition of the various products. But the huge e-business portals and increasing online shopping sites make it difficult for the customers to go for a particular product. It is very common practice that a customer wishes to know the perception of other consumers who already have acquired the same product. Therefore we tried to involve the human judgment in recommending the products to the users using implicit user feedback. In this paper we chose few products and their respective ranks arbitrarily taken from previous work. For obtaining user's purchase activities a vector feedback is taken from the user and on the basis of their feedback products are scored, hence they are again ranked which is supposed to be the user's ranking. Finally we evaluate the system performance using false negative and false positive rates, which show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The 3P and 4P cache replacement policies

Replacement policies for virtual memories or caches have been studied for almost 5 decades. An optimal offline replacement policy was introduced by Belady during the 1960’s [2]. It is termed offline because it relies on the knowledge of future address references. However, replacement policies that can be implemented in practice are online policies that have no knowledge of future references. Actually, there does not exist any optimal online replacement policy, in the sense that it would outperform all the other policies on all address sequences. This can be seen, for instance, by considering the set of all the possible address sequences of a given length, with addresses taken from a finite set. On this set of sequences, all the online replacement policies have the same average miss ratio. Nevertheless, not all replacement policies are equivalent in practice. Program-generated address sequences have characteristics that make certain policies better than others in practice. The LRU policy and some approximations of it, like the CLOCK policy, are known to be good replacement policies in many practical situations. On some sequences, LRU is almost as good as Belady’s policy. Yet, LRU’s success is very dependent on applications characteristics, and there exists some applications for which LRU is far from Belady’s minimum. In 1972, Thorington and Irwin proposed a hardware paging mechanism to select dynamically, for each application, the best among a predefined set of policies [7]. This general idea was rediscovered recently for L2 and L3 processor caches [5, 6, 4]. In particular, two key ideas were introduced by Qureshi et al. : set sampling [5] and bimodal insertion (BIP) [4]. These two ideas are used in the DIP policy [4]. The 3P and 4P replacement policies we propose are based on the CLOCK policy and use set sampling and bimodal insertion. We make four contributions : (1) we show how bimodal insertion can be emulated under the CLOCK policy; (2) we introduce a multi-policy selection mechanism that allows combining more than two different policies; (3) we introduce the 3P policy that uses a bimodal insertion improving memory-level parallelism; (4) we propose the 4P thread-aware policy and a simple method for fairer sharing of a cache by multiple programs. Our submission to the competition is configured to simulate 3P for the single-core configuration and 4P for the multi-core configuration.
Phenomenology as a healthcare research method

Qualitative research methodologies focus on meaning and although use similar methods have differing epistemological and ontological underpinnings, with each approach offering a different lens to explore, interpret or explain phenomena in real-world contexts and settings. In this article, we provide a brief overview of phenomenology and outline the main phenomenological approaches relevant for undertaking healthcare research. Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), a philosopher, established the discipline of phenomenology. In Husserl’s approach to phenomenology, now labelled descriptive phenomenology , experiences are described and researcher perceptions are set aside or ‘bracketed’ in order to enter into the life world of the research participant without any presuppositions.1 Experience is recognised to involve perception, thought, memory, imagination and emotion, each involving ‘intentionality’, as the individual focuses their gaze on a specific ‘thing’ or event.1 Martin Heidegger (1889–1976), a student of Husserl, rejected the theory of knowledge or ‘epistemology’ that influenced Husserl’s work, and instead adopted ‘ontology’, the science of being. In relation to research, ‘epistemology’ is concerned with what constitutes valid knowledge, and how knowledge is gained with a distinction between justified belief and opinion, while ‘ontology’ ‘is more concerned with the nature of reality and now we understand what exists and is experienced. Heidegger developed interpretive phenomenology using hermeneutics, the philosophy of interpretation, and postulated about the concept of ‘being’ in the world, asking, ‘ What is being? ’. Heidegger was interested in interpreting and describing human experience but rejected ‘bracketing’ because …
Drop-Activation: Implicit Parameter Reduction and Harmonic Regularization

Overfitting frequently occurs in deep learning. In this paper, we propose a novel regularization method called Drop-Activation to reduce overfitting and improve generalization. The key idea is to drop nonlinear activation functions by setting them to be identity functions randomly during training time. During testing, we use a deterministic network with a new activation function to encode the average effect of dropping activations randomly. Our theoretical analyses support the regularization effect of Drop-Activation as implicit parameter reduction and verify its capability to be used together with Batch Normalization (Ioffe and Szegedy 2015). The experimental results on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, EMNIST, and ImageNet show that Drop-Activation generally improves the performance of popular neural network architectures for the image classification task. Furthermore, as a regularizer Drop-Activation can be used in harmony with standard training and regularization techniques such as Batch Normalization and Auto Augment (Cubuk et al. 2019). The code is available at \url{this https URL}.
Enhancing benefits from biomass wastes within small-medium scale coffee processing factories in Kiambu County, Kenya

Coffee processing is associated with various sustainability challenges largely due to high water and energy demand, biomass waste generation and lately low returns to farmers. The number of farmers actively involved in coffee production in Kenya is declining. Despite this trend, this paper reports on the potential of maximising benefits to coffee farmers by using coffee processing wastes (pulp and husks) in energy and agricultural services. A survey research design targeting six small to medium scale factories selected based on common criteria and 252 respondents was used. Results showed that about 210 tons of unprocessed coffee was received cumulatively in all the six factories surveyed per year. Processing generated approximately 51% biomass waste from the total input. Direct disposal of this waste to land contributes to direct environmental pollution. Accumulation of coffee husks and pulp was attributed to low awareness of the various uses these wastes have been successfully put elsewhere in the world. Opportunities for increasing benefits to farmers and reduced environmental loads exist in the conversion of coffee husks into branded briquettes for domestic energy supply, and pulp into fortified organic fertilizer for increased land productivity. Kiambu County government needs to invest in these two options through technological innovations and commodity specific extension service that is aligned to global sustainable production and consumption patterns. Key words: Coffee processing biomass wastes, sustainability benefits.
Model for estimating barley production based on satellite images

The present study aimed to analyze and evaluate the barley crops, and also to estimate production by analyzing satellite images. The study was conducted at Didactic and Experimental Resort (DER) of BUASVM Timisoara, Timis County, Romania. The PlanetScope platform was used for the study, with a spatial resolution of 3 m. The satellite images were taken in the PlanetScope Remote Sensing System, at 7 different moments, between 27 March and 27 June 2020. Based on spectral data, MSAVI2 and NDVI indices were calculated. Four plots cultivated with barley were studied (B/ A75, B/A80, B/A82 and B/A84). The variation of the MSAVI2 and NDVI indices in relation to the time factor (T, days), over the study interval, was described by the polynomial models of 2 nd degree, in statistical accuracy conditions. Based on the regression analysis, the estimation of the production based on the MSAVI2 and NDVI indices was possible under the conditions of R 2 =0.998, P <0.05 for plot B/A75, R 2 =0.999, P <0.05 for plot B/A80, R 2 =0.997, P =0.0577 for plot B/ A82 and respectively, R 2 =0.999, P <0.05 for plot B/A84. From the calculation of the RMSEP index, for the estimated productions, the values were obtained: RMSEP=80.8162 for Y B/A75 , RMSEP=50.1633 for Y B/A80 , RMSEP=192.3947 for Y B/ A82 and respectively RMSEP=112.2899 for Y B/A84 . The value of RMSEP=50.1633 for Y B/A80 confirms that for the plot B/ A80 the production estimate was made with the highest precision. ABSTRACT Prezentul studiu a avut ca scop analiza și evaluarea culturilor de orz, precum și estimarea producției prin analiza imaginilor satelitare. Studiul a fost realizat la Statiunea Didactica si Experimentala (SDE) a BUASVM Timisoara, Judetul Timis, Romania. Pentru studiu a fost utilizată platforma PlanetScope, cu o rezoluție spațială de 3 m. Imaginile satelitare au fost realizate în Sistemul de Teledetecție PlanetScope, în 7 momente diferite, în perioada 27 March and 27 June 2020. Pe baza datelor spectrale, au fost calculați indicii MSAVI2 și NDVI. Au fost studiate patru parcele cultivate cu orz (B/A75, B/A80, B/A82 si B/A84). Variația indicilor MSAVI2 și NDVI în raport cu factorul timp (T, zile), pe intervalul de studiu, a fost descrisă de modelele polinomiale de gradul II, în condiții de acuratețe statistică. Pe baza analizei de regresie, estimarea producției pe baza indicilor MSAVI2 și NDVI a fost posibilă în condițiile R 2 =0,998, P <0,05 pentru parcela B/ A75, R 2 =0,999, P <0,05 pentru parcela B/A80, R 2 =0,997, P =0,0577 pentru parcela B/A82 și respectiv,
Agricultural Management Decision Aids Driven by Real-Time Satellite Data

Abstract In a NASA-sponsored program entitled "Use of Earth and Space Science Data Over the Internet," scientists at the University of Wisconsin—Madison have developed a suite of products for agriculture that are based in satellite and conventional observations, as well as state-of-the-art forecast models of the atmosphere and soil_canopy environments. These products include an irrigation scheduling product based in satellite estimates of daily solar energy, a frost protection product that relies on prediction models and satellite estimates of clouds, and a product for the prediction of foliar disease that is based in satellite net radiation, rainfall measured by NEXRAD, and a detailed model of the soil_canopy environment. During the growing season, the first two products are available in near-real time on the Internet. The last product involving foliar disease depends on a decision support system named WISDOM developed by the University of Wisconsin—Extension, which resides locally on growers' home compu.
Testing for competence rather than for "intelligence".

The testing movement in the United States has been a success, if one judges success by the usual American criteria of size, influence, and profitability. Intelligence and aptitude tests are used nearly everywhere by schools, colleges, and employers. It is a sign of backwardness not to have test scores in the school records of children. The Educational Testing Service alone employs about 2,000 people, annually administers Scholastic Aptitude Tests to thousands of aspirants to college, and makes enough money to support a large basic research operation. Its tests have tremendous power over the lives of young people by stamping some of them "qualified" and others "less qualified" for college work. Until recent "exceptions" were made (over the protest of some), the tests have served as a very efficient device for screening out black, Spanish-speaking, and other minority applicants to colleges. Admissions officers have protested that they take other qualities besides test achievements into account in granting admission, but careful studies by Wing and Wallach (1971) and others have shown that this is true only to a very limited degree. Why should intelligence or aptitude tests have all this power? What justifies the use of such tests in selecting applicants for college entrance or jobs? On what assumptions is the success of the movement based? They deserve careful examination before we go on rather blindly promoting the use of tests as instruments of power over the lives of many Americans.
Dynamic implicit social recommendation

Due to the potential value of social relations, social recommendation has attracted a lot of attention recently in the research communities. Modelling time drifting data is a central problem in this area. Temporal changes, such as the emergence of new products or services and the changes in users’ purchase behaviour pattern, bring unique challenges. The need for modelling time changes at the level of each individual significantly reduces the amount of available data for detecting such changes. Thus we should resort to more accurate techniques that suffice the dynamic nature of social recommendations. Besides, the essence of social recommendation methods is utilizing users explicit social connections to improve recommendation results. However, explicit social connection information is not always available in real-world recommender systems. Only few Web sites have implemented the social or trust mechanisms, like Epinions and Douban. Lacking social recommendation data greatly limits the impact and utilization of social recommendation methods. Fortunately, in case that we do not have explicit social information, we can always compute a set of implicit social information to improve the recommendation performance. To this end, we propose a new Implicit Social Recommendation(ISR) model from cascade data (a variant of time series) in Chapter 3, which makes recommendations based on the inferred latent social network. It can sufficiently mine the information contained in time by mining the cascade data and identify the dynamic changes in the users in time by using the latest updated social network to make recommendations. Further, since the temporal information is crucial in social recommendation, we explore the temporal behaviour pattern from users’ time series data in Chapter 4. Themain challenge is finding the discriminative and explainable features (shapelets) that can best represent the raw time series data. We build an economical shapelet learning model that can automatically-learn shapelets without labels. Specifically, a novel Unsupervised Discriminative Subsequence Mining (UDSM) model that automatically-learn shapelets from unlabelled time series data. Another challenge in social recommendation is the continually appeared new users and new items. In real-world application, this problem is unavoidable. How to involve this kind of trapezoidal data streams and how to handle this problem smoothly must be considered. Most of the existing research either builds a general model in a sample scenario such as ignoring the dynamic nature of the system and the problem of new users and items, or only focuses on some specific fields, such as dynamic restaurant recommendation and timely news recommendation. We propose a new Online Learning with Streaming Features (OLSF) algorithm and its two variants OLSF-I and OLSF-II for mining trapezoidal data streams in Chapter 5. OLSF and its variants combine online learning and streaming feature (i.e. continuously appeared new items) together to handle the double-streaming data. Finally,…
Safety and immunogenicity of chromatographically purified Vero cell rabies vaccine for intradermal pre- and post-exposure rabies prophylaxis

Improved rabies pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP) in developing countries uses an economic multi-site intradermal vaccination. Aim: To evaluate immunogenicity of chromatographically purified Vero cell vaccine (CPRV) for intradermal PrEP and PEP. Method: The subjects received conventional PrEP with CPRV or PVRV in PrEP study or received intradermal PEP with CPRV or PVRV and rabies immunoglobulin in PEP study. Result: All subjects who received PrEP with CPRV had protective neutralizing antibody (Nab) titers (≥0.5 IU/ml) 14 days after completing vaccination. In PEP study, Nab titers in the CPRV groups reached ≥ 0.5 IU/ml in all subjects by day 14 through day 90 after vaccination. The geometric mean titers of Nab in the CPRV groups had significantly higher titers than the PVRV group on day 14 through day 365 (p < 0.05). No serious adverse reactions were observed. Conclusions: CPRV is safe and immunogenic when given for intradermal PrEP and PEP.
Attitudes towards and knowledge about Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and the HPV vaccination in parents of teenage boys in the UK

The incidence of cancers attributable to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) that affect males is on the rise. Currently in the UK teenage boys are not vaccinated against HPV while teenage girls are. The rationale for not vaccinating boys is that vaccinating girls should provide herd immunity to boys, however this does not protect men who have sex with men or men who have sex with unvaccinated women. The issue of whether to vaccinate boys or not is a controversial one with considerable lobbying taking place to change the existing policy. On one side of the debate are financial considerations while on the other side health equality is important. One avenue that has not been presented is the parental perspective. The current study uses a self-report questionnaire to explore what parents of teenage boys know about HPV and the vaccine and whether they want the vaccine for their sons. Only half of the parents had heard of HPV prior to completing the survey. Of those who had heard of HPV, knowledge about the health sequelae of HPV for men was poor relative to their knowledge about its impact on female health. Parents who would be willing to vaccinate their sons had higher levels of knowledge about HPV than those parents who would be unwilling or unsure. Irrespective of whether they had previously heard of HPV or not, once provided with a brief description of HPV, the majority of parents thought that boys should be offered the vaccination. There is a pressing need for public education about the potential impact of HPV on male health in order to facilitate uptake of the vaccine in the event of the vaccination programme being extended to men or to facilitate informed decision making about seeking the vaccine privately in the event that it isn’t.