Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Resistance-to-Digital Converter possessing exceptional insensitivity to circuit parameters

A new Resistance-to-Digital Converter (RDC) suitable for single element resistive sensors is presented in this paper. The proposed scheme is based on a relaxation oscillator circuit, which along with a timer-counter that measures the time intervals of oscillations, provides digital output proportional to the resistance of the sensor. In most of the existing RDCs, the output characteristic has gain, offset and non-linearity errors owing to various circuit parameters and their drift in the measurement unit. The output of the proposed RDC has a special nature, by the design of the measurement method, that it is not a function of the circuit parameters such as offset voltages and bias currents of the opamps and comparators used, gain of various units employed, ON-resistance of the switches, value or mismatch in the magnitudes of the reference voltages employed, etc. Such a scheme will be useful for high accuracy measurements, even in circumstances where the above-mentioned parameters may vary or drift, due to variation in the measurement environment, say, large variation in temperature. A prototype of the proposed RDC has been developed in the laboratory and the performance has been tested under various conditions. The output was found to be linear with a worst-case non-linearity of 0.06 % As expected, the sensitive of the output of the prototype RDC to various circuit parameters was found to be negligible.
Memory Hierarchy Sensitive Graph Layout

Mining large graphs for information is becoming an increasingly important workload due to the plethora of graph structured data becoming available. An aspect of graph algorithms that has hitherto not received much interest is the effect of memory hierarchy on accesses. A typical system today has multiple levels in the memory hierarchy with differing units of locality; ranging across cache lines, TLB entries and DRAM pages. We postulate that it is possible to allocate graph structured data in main memory in a way as to improve the spatial locality of the data. Previous approaches to improving cache locality have focused only on a single unit of locality, either the cache line or virtual memory page. On the other hand cache oblivious algorithms can optimise layout for all levels of the memory hierarchy but unfortunately need to be specially designed for individual data structures. In this paper we explore hierarchical blocking as a technique for closing this gap. We require as input a specification of the units of locality in the memory hierarchy and lay out the input graph accordingly by copying its nodes using a hierarchy of breadth first searches. We start with a basic algorithm that is limited to trees and then extend it to arbitrary graphs. Our most efficient version requires only a constant amount of additional space. We have implemented versions of the algorithm in various environments: for C programs interfaced with macros, as an extension to the Boost object oriented graph library and finally as a modification to the traversal phase of the semispace garbage collector in the Jikes Java virtual machine. Our results show significant improvements in the access time to graphs of various structure.
Conditioning on the propensity score can result in biased estimation of common measures of treatment effect: a Monte Carlo study

Propensity score methods are increasingly being used to estimate causal treatment effects in the medical literature. Conditioning on the propensity score results in unbiased estimation of the expected difference in observed responses to two treatments. The degree to which conditioning on the propensity score introduces bias into the estimation of the conditional odds ratio or conditional hazard ratio, which are frequently used as measures of treatment effect in observational studies, has not been extensively studied. We conducted Monte Carlo simulations to determine the degree to which propensity score matching, stratification on the quintiles of the propensity score, and covariate adjustment using the propensity score result in biased estimation of conditional odds ratios, hazard ratios, and rate ratios. We found that conditioning on the propensity score resulted in biased estimation of the true conditional odds ratio and the true conditional hazard ratio. In all scenarios examined, treatment effects were biased towards the null treatment effect. However, conditioning on the propensity score did not result in biased estimation of the true conditional rate ratio. In contrast, conventional regression methods allowed unbiased estimation of the true conditional treatment effect when all variables associated with the outcome were included in the regression model. The observed bias in propensity score methods is due to the fact that regression models allow one to estimate conditional treatment effects, whereas propensity score methods allow one to estimate marginal treatment effects. In several settings with non‐linear treatment effects, marginal and conditional treatment effects do not coincide. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smooth refinable functions provide good approximation orders

We apply the general theory of approximation orders of shift-invariant spaces of [C. de Boor, R. A. DeVore, and A. Ron, Trans Amer. Math. Soc. , 341 (1994), pp. 787--806], [C. de Boor, R. A. DeVore, and A. Ron, J. Funct. Anal. , 119 (1994), pp. 37--78], and [C. de Boor, R. A. DeVore, and A. Ron, "Approximation orders of FSI spaces," Constr. Approx., 13 (1997), to appear] to the special case when the finitely many generators $\Phi\subset L_2(\Rd)$ of the underlying space S satisfy an N-scale relation (i.e., they form a "father-wavelet" set). We show that the approximation orders provided by such finitely generated shift-invariant spaces are bounded from below by the smoothness class of each $\psi\in S$ (in particular, each $\phi\in\Phi$), as well as by the decay rate of its Fourier transform. In fact, similar results are valid for refinable shift-invariant spaces that are not finitely generated. Specifically, it is shown that under some mild technical conditions on the scaling functions $\Phi$, approximation.
Father regression: Clinical narratives and theoretical reflections

The author deals with love‐hate enthrallment and submission to a primitive paternal object. This is a father‐son relationship that extends through increasing degrees of ‘primitiveness’ or extremeness, and is illustrated through three different constellations that constitute a continuum. One pole of the continuum encompasses certain male patients who show a loving, de‐individuated connection to a father experienced as trustworthy, soft, and in need of protection. Further along the continuum is the case of a transsexual patient whose analysis revealed an intense ‘God‐transference’, a bondage to an idealized, feared, and ostensibly protective father‐God introject. A great part of this patient's analysis consisted in a fi erce struggle to liberate himself from this fi gure. The other end of the continuum is occupied by religious terrorists, who exemplify the most radical thralldom to a persecutory, godly object, a regressive submission that banishes woman and enthrones a cruel superego, and that ends in destruction and self‐destruction. Psychoanalytic thinking has traditionally dealt with the oedipal father and recently with the nurturing father, but there is a gap in thinking about the phallic, archaic father, and his relations with his son(s). The author aims at fi lling this gap, at the same time as she also raises the very question of ‘What is a father? ’ linking it with literary and religious themes.
Reluctance to think: unable or unwilling?

Students have started to tell me that they do not want or need to think about science. Those concerned were undergraduate and graduate students pursuing degrees in various biomedical sciences. The thinking expected was entirely normal for science, involving the synthesis of information, problem analysis, calculation, the solution and analysis of practical problems and question development, for example. I have not solicited expressions of reluctance, but I have attempted to elicit more information from those students volunteering them. While this explicit reluctance to think is new to me, there are reports of similar observations [1-3]. Of course, we are all reluctant to think sometimes, but the new willingness of students to express it implies a more profound problem. If education is intended in part to train students how to learn and think for themselves [4], the reluctance of students to practise this compromises the value of education. For those students intending to practise medicine, work as scientists, formulate health policy, teach or engage in any of the many other occupations that might suit biomedical scientists, an ability to think effectively and efficiently is essential [5]. Students must be helped to prevent a reluctance to think becoming a habit. Effective thinking relies on both the ability and the willingness to think [4]. Moreover, the ability to think necessarily implies a recognition of the possibility of error [6], which is relatively uncommon among students. There is a considerable difference between the thought patterns of practising scientists and clinicians and those of students. It takes time for thought and practice to develop the questioning, analysis, pattern matching, deduction and educated guesswork that contribute to thinking [7-9]. This is reinforced by a Xhosa speaking South African student of speech and hearing therapy who wrote " . I fail because I have to learn more than the words of your teaching - I have to give back to you the way you think. This is what you are really testing, this is how you assess my 'intelligence'. You test to see whether I have learnt to think like you yet " [10]. Even if students are willing to think, they may not be as capable as we might hope because they may not have had enough time to develop the necessary thinking skills. The reluctance of students to think prompts at least four questions. These relate to the significance of the reluctance, the reasons for refusing, the consequences of refusing and how we might encourage students to be more willing to think better. I consider each of these in turn.
Economie assessments on the use of wired and wireless recharging systems in Italian and European market

The conductive charging method for the electric vehicles is the most widespread, since it is the simplest and has higher returns. In the last years, alternative charging technologies have been investigated. Between these wireless charging systems have been large diffusion and have been commercialized by some manufacturer. Wireless charging systems for electric vehicles have some advantages respect the wired ones, not obliging the user to connect physically the vehicle to the electric charging station. Assuming the efficiency declared by the manufacturer of wireless systems the authors, in this paper, estimate the maximum cost that wireless recharging systems can have to be, however, more favorable with respect to that of wired one. The estimation is developed by means of classical economic indexes, in the framework of Italian end European markets. The results show that, in the Italian market, there should be a 39% reduction in the price of the wireless system compared to its actual value, in order to make it more convenient than the wired one. This reduction is equal to 33% for the European market.
Thread Progress Aware Block Migration for Dynamic NUCA

Non-Uniform Cache Architecture (NUCA) is a viable solution for large capacity on-chip caches to manage the increasing wire delay. Dynamic NUCA divides the last-level cache (LLC) into smaller cache banks connected by on-chip network. D-NUCA yields good performance through migrating blocks within bank sets at runtime to harness data locality. Various works have well explored and studied D-NUCA, including block migration, mapping and searching. However, all of the previous D-NUCA design are thread-oblivious. Due to the interference on shared resources, threads often demonstrate unbalanced progress wherein the lagging threads with slow progress are more critical to overall performance. In this paper, we propose a novel D-NUCA design called Thread prOgress aware block Migration (TOM). TOM exploits the dynamic thread criticality information to control block migration. TOM aims at boosting the execution of critical threads through biased block migration. Experimental results show that TOM can effectively reduce the execution time of a set of PARSEC applications with less energy dissipation compared with previous D-NUCA design.
Parser Design

A parser is a tool used to split a text stream, typically in some human readable form, into a representation suitable for understanding by a computer. Usually this representation will be either a stream of tokens, or some tree structure, such as the abstract syntax tree for a programming language. There are many parser tools in existence, but by far the most well known are Lex [? ] and Yacc [? ], and their open source alternatives Flex [? ] and Bison [? ]. For the purposes of this paper, I will use the initial names to refer to either tool, as the latter ones are reverse compatible with the former.
N-type Ca2+ channels are located on somata, dendrites, and a subpopulation of dendritic spines on live hippocampal pyramidal neurons

In the nervous system the influx of Ca2+ orchestrates multiple biochemical and electrical events essential for development and function. A major route for Ca2+ entry is through voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). It is becoming increasingly clear that the precise contribution VDCCs make to neuronal function depends not only upon their specific electrophysiological properties but also on their distribution over the nerve cell surface. One location where the presence of VDCCs may be critical is the dendritic spine, a structure known to be the major site of excitatory synaptic input. On spines, VDCCs are hypothesized to play an essential role in signal processing, learning, and memory. However, direct evidence for the presence of VDCCs on spines is lacking. Attempts to examine the distribution of VDCCs, or indeed any other components, on spines have been hampered since the size of many spines is close to the limits of resolution of conventional light microscopy. Using a new, biologically active, fluorescein conjugate of omega-conotoxin (Fl-omega-CgTx), a selective blocker of N-type VDCCs, and confocal microscopy, we have mapped the distributions of N-type VDCCs on live CA1 neurons in rat hippocampal slices. VDCCs were found on somata, throughout the dendritic arbor, and on dendritic spines in all hippocampal subfields. A comparison of three- dimensional reconstructions of structures labeled by Fl-omega-CgTx with those outlined by 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (Dil) or Lucifer yellow confirmed the presence of N-type VDCCs on dendritic spines. However, spine frequency on dendrites labeled with Fl- omega-CgTx was much lower than the spine frequency on dendrites labeled with Lucifer yellow or Dil, suggesting that some spines lack N-type VDCCs. These results offer the first direct evidence for the localization of any voltage-dependent channel on dendritic spines. The presence of N-type VDCCs on dendrites and their spines argues that these channels may participate in the generation of active Ca2+ conductances in distal dendrites, and is consistent with a role for spines as specialized compartments for concentrating Ca2+.
Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities

1. Post-colonialism and borderland identities Part I. Rediscovering National Histories: 2. National history and national identity in Ukraine and Belarus 3. National identity and myths of ethnogenesis in Transcaucasia 4. History and group identity in Central Asia Part II. Ethnopolitics and the Construction of Group Boundaries: 5. Nation re-building and political discourses of identity politics in the Baltic states 6. Redefining ethnic and linguistic boundaries in Ukraine: indigenes, settlers and Russophone Ukrainians 7. The Central Asian states as nationalising regimes Part III. Language and Nation-Building: 8. Language myths and the discourse of nation-building in Georgia 9. Language policy and ethnic relations in Uzbekistan.
Representation of spontaneous movement by dopaminergic neurons is cell-type selective and disrupted in parkinsonism

Significance Deciphering the roles of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the control of movement is critical not only for understanding of normal motor function but also for defining the basis of motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. However the activity of these neurons generally has been considered to be unrelated to movement. Here we demonstrate that dopaminergic neurons signal the onset of spontaneous movement in a cell-type–selective manner and that these signals can be read out in transmitter and receptor activity dynamics in the striatum, one of their principal targets. Importantly, these movement-related signals were lost in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Together, these data suggest that movement-related firing of dopaminergic neurons is important for precise motor control. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons are essential for appropriate voluntary movement, as epitomized by the cardinal motor impairments arising in Parkinson’s disease. Understanding the basis of such motor control requires understanding how the firing of different types of dopaminergic neuron relates to movement and how this activity is deciphered in target structures such as the striatum. By recording and labeling individual neurons in behaving mice, we show that the representation of brief spontaneous movements in the firing of identified midbrain dopaminergic neurons is cell-type selective. Most dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), but not in ventral tegmental area or substantia nigra pars lateralis, consistently represented the onset of spontaneous movements with a pause in their firing. Computational modeling revealed that the movement-related firing of these dopaminergic neurons can manifest as rapid and robust fluctuations in striatal dopamine concentration and receptor activity. The exact nature of the movement-related signaling in the striatum depended on the type of dopaminergic neuron providing inputs, the striatal region innervated, and the type of dopamine receptor expressed by striatal neurons. Importantly, in aged mice harboring a genetic burden relevant for human Parkinson’s disease, the precise movement-related firing of SNc dopaminergic neurons and the resultant striatal dopamine signaling were lost. These data show that distinct dopaminergic cell types differentially encode spontaneous movement and elucidate how dysregulation of their firing in early Parkinsonism can impair their effector circuits.
Absorbing external shocks : the Gulf crisis, international migration linkages and the Indian economy, 1990 : with special reference to the impact on Kerala

The 1991 Persian Gulf war may have affected the entire India economy the economy of the State of Kerala and the returning migrants from Iraq and Kuwait. Even though there were various effects on the Indian economy such as remittances through official sources and merchandise and project exports the single greatest effect was a possible increase in oil prices. Thus oil prices could have been the only national effect needing major policy interventions. According to 1990 overseas migration data the Gulf War affected 10% of all migrants from Kerala STate (i.e. those in Kuwait). The Indian government helped in the evacuation of nationals from Kuwait and Iraq and if they would return to Kerala it could mean a return of a population to Kerala 15-20 times that of all India. Most migrants sent back remittances to Kerala through the informal system rather than the banking system. Most migrant-dependent households invested their remittances into housing construction. Thus economists predicted that the negative effect of the reduction in remittances would be felt within specific districts specific groups of migrant and migrant-dependent households and certain economic sectors such as housing. Another likely local liability as a result of a reduction in remittances would be less income not only for direct families but the extended family networks. Placing children in schools would also pose a problems since money is needed for admission. The poorest returnees may not be able to pay back debt to the recruiting agencies. 2 policy methods are proposed: 1) stimulate economic growth in Kerala such as setting up food-processing enterprises and 2) target interventions making the best use of labor and capital resources of returnees such as entrepreneurial development and facilitation programs.
The Study of Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories And Approaches

I. Introduction. - 1 * The Theory of Nonprofit Organizations Revisited. - 2 * The Economics of the Third Sector: Toward a More Comprehensive Approach. - II. The Major Theories. - Public Good Theories. - 3 * Public Good Theories of the Nonprofit Sector: Weisbrod Revisited. - 4 * The Public Goods Theory Revisited: Comments on Kingma's Revisitation of Weisbrod. - Trust-Related Theories. - 5 * Trust, Repute, and the Role of Nonprofit Enterprise. - 6 * The Role of Trust in Nonprofit Enterprise. - Stakeholder Theories. - 7 * Stakeholder Theories of the Nonprofit Sector: One Cut at the Economic Literature. - Entrepreneurship Theories. - 8 * Entrepreneurship in Nonprofit Organizations: Its Role in Theory and in the Real World Nonprofit Sector. - 9 * Entrepreneurs, Managers, and the Nonprofit Enterprise. - Voluntary Failure and Institutional Theories. - 10 * Voluntary Failure Theory and Nonprofit-Government Partnership. - 11 * Voluntary Failure Theory Correctly Viewed. - 12 * State, Subject, Space: Silences in Institutionalist Theories of Nonprofit-Government Relations. - Organizational Theory and Behavior. - 13 * The Behavior of Organizations. - 14 * Are Nonprofit Organizations Different? - III. Comparisons and Implications. - 15 * Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector: A Comparative Perspectives of Structure and Change. - 16 * Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organizations: An Evaluation. - 17 * An Ecological Perspective on NonProfit Research.