Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Edge detection of street trees in high-resolution remote sensing images using spectrum features

In this paper a method of Fourier spectrum features based edge detection of urban street trees is described. The QuickBird image was first transformed by 2-D discrete Fourier transform. Then the energy of the component in spatial frequency was calculated. The energy distribution of the angle in max energy was used for further study. Different frequency segments was analyzed, the frequency that can best describe the street tree edge was chosen as the cut-off frequency of the street trees edge. Odd Gabor filter in frequency domain with the cut-off frequency and the max-energy angle was applied for the edge detection. The road center line is extracted by a Gabor filter in frequency domain. Then the edge of the street trees is restricted by the road center line. The edge detection result is analyzed by Canny criteria, and the ΣV=1.00, and C=0.89.
Robot navigation in dynamic environments using global-appearance descriptors. State of the art

Map building and localization are two important abilities that autonomous mobile robots must develop. This way, much research has been carried out on these topics, and researchers have proposed many approaches to address these problems. This work presents a state of the art report on map building and localization using global appearance descriptors. In this approach, robots capture visual information from the environment and obtain, usually by means of a transformation, a global appearance descriptor for each image. Using these descriptors, the robot is able to estimate its location in a map previously built, which is also composed of a set of global appearance descriptors. Several previous investigations that have led to the approach of this research are summarized in this paper, such as researches that compare several methods of creating global appearance descriptors. In these works we observe how the continuous optimization of the algorithms has lead to better estimations of the robot position within the environment. Finally a number of future directions in which researches are currently working are listed.
The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants

SUMMARY Using perspex observation chambers, the uptake, translocation and distribution of 32P-labelled phosphorus was studied in ectomycorrhizal mycelial networks of Suillus bovinus (Fr.) O. Kuntze interconnecting plants of Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud and Pinus sylvestris L. Label was fed either directly to the cut ends of individual mycelial strands, to plant roots, or to the unsterile peat in the vicinity of advancing mycelial fans. Where 32P was fed to individual strands or mycelial fans it was taken up and translocated through the mycelium, over distances exceeding 40 cm, to all host plants connected to the mycelial network. Ectomycorrhizal roots acted as major sinks for phosphate but the label did not move exclusively towards the plant and was distributed throughout the mycelial system. Calculated translocation rates and flux rates suggest that transport is primarily by symplastic flow rather than turgor driven bulk flow. The amount of label accumulated by each plant was significantly related both to the size of the plant shoot and to the number of mycorrhizal root tips but did not appear to be influenced by the transpiration rates of individual plants. Phosphorus supplied directly to plant roots did not move to other plants via the mycelial connections suggesting that movement of phosphorus between the fungus and host is unidirectional.
Evidence for temporal variation of seismic velocity within the upper continental crust

Observations of systematic temporal variations of seismic anisotropy are presented for an induced-seismicity experiment at 9 km depth. These observations were made under particularly well-controlled conditions in the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) borehole, using shear wave splitting from similar events recorded at a three-component instrument located at 4 km depth from a hydraulic fracturing experiment at 9 km depth. In a large set of seismic events recorded during the experiment, many can be associated with multiplets exhibiting essentially identical waveforms. Since they must have approximately the same source location and source radiation pattern, these events are particularly useful for testing the hypothesis of time-dependent anisotropy. Anisotropy itself is clearly a very prominent feature in the data. A simple approach for waveform matching of split shear waves allows unprecedented resolution of variations in shear wave splitting. Importantly, the variation of shear wave splitting with time is a relative measurement, which can be performed with higher accuracy than the associated absolute measurement. In particular, the relative measurement is not affected by timing errors nor by event distance variations. During the experiment the difference between shear wave velocities decreases by - 2% within - 12 hours. After that, the medium apparently approaches a state which is stable for at least 5 hours. We suggest that the temporal variation is due to the tectonic stress release from seismic events caused by the fluid injection. This model requires the presence of fluid-filled cracks at depths larger than 4 kin.
Divorce in the two-component BVMO family: the single oxygenase for enantioselective chemo-enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidations.

Two-component flavoprotein monooxygenases consist of a reductase and an oxygenase enzyme. The proof of functionality of the latter without its counterpart as well as the mechanism of flavin transfer remains unanswered beyond doubt. To tackle this question, we utilized a reductase-free reaction system applying purified 2,5-diketocamphane-monooxygenase I (2,5-DKCMO), a FMN-dependent type II Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, and synthetic nicotinamide analogues (NCBs) as dihydropyridine derivatives for FMN reduction. This system demonstrated the stand-alone quality of the oxygenase, as well as the mechanism of FMNH2 transport by free diffusion. The efficiency of this reductase-free system strongly relies on the balance of FMN reduction and enzymatic (re)oxidation, since reduced FMN in solution causes undesired side reactions, such as hydrogen peroxide formation. Design of experiments allowed us to (i) investigate the effect of various reaction parameters, underlining the importance to balance the FMN/FMNH2 cycle, (ii) optimize the reaction system for the enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of rac-bicyclo[3.2. 0]hept-2-en-6-one, rac-camphor, and rac-norcamphor. Finally, this study not only demonstrates the reductase-independence of 2,5-DKCMO, but also revisits the terminology of two-component flavoprotein monooxygenases for this specific case.
A New Practical Decision Rule to Better Differentiate BI-RADS© 3 or 4 Breast Masses on Breast Ultrasound

Objectives — The BI-RADS© classi ﬁ cation provides a standardized way to describe ultrasound ﬁ ndings in breast cancer diagnostics. However, there is little information regarding which BI-RADS© descriptors are most strongly associated with malignancy, to better distinguish BI-RADS© 3 (follow-up imaging) and 4 (diagnostic biopsy) breast masses. Methods — Patients were recruited as part of an international, multicenter trial (NCT02638935). The trial enrolled 1294 women (6 excluded) categorized as BI-RADS© 3 or 4 upon routine B-mode ultrasound examination. Ultrasound images were evaluated by three expert physicians according to BI-RADS©. All patients underwent histopathological con ﬁ rmation (reference standard). We performed univariate and multivariate analyses (chi-square test, logistic regression, and Krippendorff ’ s alpha). Results — Histopathologic evaluation showed malignancy in 368 of 1288 masses (28.6%). Upon performing multivariate analysis, the following descriptors were signi ﬁ cantly associated with malignancy ( P < .05): age ≥ 50 years (OR 8.99), non-circumscribed indistinct (OR 4.05) and microlobulated margin (OR 2.95), nonparallel orientation (OR 2.69), and calci ﬁ cation (OR 2.64). A clinical decision rule informed by these results demonstrated a 97% sensitivity and missed fewer cancers compared to three physician experts (range of sensitivity 79 – 95%) and a previous decision rule (sensitivity 59%). Speci ﬁ city was 44% versus 22 – 83%, respectively. The inter-reader reliability of the BI-RADS© descriptors and of the ﬁ nal BI-RADS© score was fair-moderate. Conclusions — A patient should undergo a diagnostic biopsy (BI-RADS© 4) instead of follow-up imaging (BI-RADS© 3) if the patient is 50 years or older or exhibits at least one of the following features: calci ﬁ cation, nonparallel orientation of mass, non-circumscribed margin, or posterior shadowing.
Radiometric calibration status of Landsat-7 and Landsat-5

Launched in April 1999, Landsat-7 ETM+ continues to acquire data globally. The Scan Line Corrector in failure in 2003 has affected ground coverage and the recent switch to Bumper Mode operations in April 2007 has degraded the internal geometric accuracy of the data, but the radiometry has been unaffected. The best of the three on-board calibrators for the reflective bands, the Full Aperture Solar Calibrator, has indicated slow changes in the ETM+, but this is believed to be due to contamination on the panel rather then instrument degradation. The Internal Calibrator lamp 2, though it has not been used regularly throughout the whole mission, indicates smaller changes than the FASC since 2003. The changes indicated by lamp 2 are only statistically significant in band 1, circa 0.3% per year, and may be lamp as opposed to instrument degradations. Regular observations of desert targets in the Saharan and Arabian deserts indicate the no change in the ETM+ reflective band response, though the uncertainty is larger and does not preclude the small changes indicated by lamp 2. The thermal band continues to be stable and well-calibrated since an offset error was corrected in late-2000. Launched in 1984, Landsat-5 TM also continues to acquire global data; though without the benefit of an on-board recorder, data can only be acquired where a ground station is within range. Historically, the calibration of the TM reflective bands has used an onboard calibration system with multiple lamps. The calibration procedure for the TM reflective bands was updated in 2003 based on the best estimate at the time, using only one of the three lamps and a cross-calibration with Landsat-7 ETM+. Since then, the Saharan desert sites have been used to validate this calibration model. Problems were found with the lamp based model of up to 13% in band 1. Using the Saharan data, a new model was developed and implemented in the US processing system in April 2007. The TM thermal band was found to have a calibration offset error of 0.092 W/m2 sr µm (0.68K at 300K) based on vicarious calibration data between 1999 and 2006. The offset error was corrected in the US processing system on April 2007 for all data acquired since April 1999.
Heterogeneous Responses of Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Inflammatory Stimuli are Altered with Age

Murine hematopoietic stem cells display transcriptional heterogeneity that is quantitatively altered with age and leads to the age-dependent myeloid bias evident after inflammatory challenge. Long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) maintain hematopoietic output throughout an animal's lifespan. With age, however, they produce a myeloid-biased output that may lead to poor immune responses to infectious challenge and the development of myeloid leukemias. Here, we show that young and aged LT-HSCs respond differently to inflammatory stress, such that aged LT-HSCs produce a cell-24 intrinsic, myeloid-biased expression program. Using single-cell RNA-seq, we identify a myeloid-biased subset within the LT-HSC population (mLT-HSCs) that is much more common amongst aged LT-HSCs and is uniquely primed to respond to acute inflammatory challenge. We predict several transcription factors to regulate differentially expressed genes between mLT-HSCs and other LT-HSC subsets. Among these, we show that Klf5 , Ikzf1 and Stat3 play important roles in age-related inflammatory myeloid bias. These factors may regulate myeloid versus lymphoid balance with age, and can potentially mitigate the long-term deleterious effects of inflammation that lead to hematopoietic pathologies.
The single Marchantia polymorpha FERONIA homolog reveals an ancestral role in regulating cellular expansion and integrity.

Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall, a rigid structure that is not only important for cell and organ shape, but crucial for intercellular communication and interactions with the environment. In the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the 17 members of the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like (CrRLK1L) receptor kinase family are involved in a multitude of physiological and developmental processes, making it difficult to assess their primary or ancestral function. To reduce genetic complexity, we characterized the single CrRLK1L gene of Marchantia polymorpha, MpFERONIA (MpFER). Plants with reduced MpFER levels show defects in vegetative development, i.e., rhizoid formation and cell expansion, and have reduced male fertility. In contrast, Mpfer null mutants and overexpression lines severely affect cell integrity and morphogenesis of the gametophyte. Thus, the CrRLK1L gene family originated from a single gene with an ancestral function in cell expansion and the maintenance of cellular integrity. During land plant evolution, this ancestral gene diversified to fulfil a multitude of specialized physiological and developmental and roles in the formation of both gametophytic and sporophytic structures essential to the life cycle of flowering plants.
Hugoniot sound velocities and phase transformations in two silicates

Rarefaction wave velocities have been used to estimate sound velocities on the Hugoniot for a quartz rock and for a perthitic feldspar. The Hugoniot states and rarefaction wave velocities were determined with multiple manganin stress gages placed between successive slabs of the sample material. Hugoniot stress states were produced by impact from explosively driven flyer plates. The sound velocity was determined from the transit time across gage planes of the initial characteristic of the rarefaction wave originating at the flyer plate free surface. Sound velocities (referred to Eulerian coordinates) measured in quartzite were 7.6, 8.1, and 10.5 mm/μS at Hugoniot stresses of 220, 250, and 355 kbar, respectively. Sound velocities measured in feldspar were 7.4, 8.7, and 9.2 mm/μs at Hugoniot stresses of 255, 345, and 460 kbar, respectively. These velocities are close to estimated bulk velocities and imply an almost complete loss of material strength behind the shock front. On the basis of our measured sound velocities and earlier observations by others we suggest that the Hugoniot yielding phenomenon is an adiabatic shear process resulting in partial melting behind the shock front. We further suggest that inhomogeneity in the adiabatic shear process may account for many details of the nonequilibrium mixed phase Hugoniot observed in silicates.
Pharmacological Preconditioning With Tumor Necrosis Factor- (cid:1) Activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 at Reperfusion Without Involving Classic Prosurvival Kinases (Akt and Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinase) Molecular Cardiology

Background —We previously reported that tumor necrosis-factor- (cid:1) (TNF- (cid:1) ) can mimic classic ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Because TNF- (cid:1) activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), we hypothesized that TNF- (cid:1) –induced preconditioning requires phosphorylation of STAT-3 rather than involving the classic prosurvival kinases, Akt and extracellular signal–regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2, during early reperfusion. Methods and Results —Isolated, ischemic/reperfused rat hearts were preconditioned by either IPC or low-dose TNF- (cid:1) (0.5 ng/mL). Western blot analysis confirmed that IPC phosphorylated Akt and Erk 1/2 after 5 minutes of reperfusion (Akt increased by 34 (cid:1) 6% and Erk, by 105 (cid:1) 28% versus control; P (cid:2) 0.01). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt inhibition (wortmannin) or mitogen-activated protein kinase–Erk 1/2 kinase inhibition (PD-98059) during early reperfusion abolished the infarct-sparing effect of IPC. In contrast, TNF- (cid:1) preconditioning did not phosphorylate these kinases (Akt increased by 7 (cid:1) 7% and Erk, by 17 (cid:1) 14% versus control; P (cid:3) NS). Neither wortmannin nor PD-98059 inhibited TNF- (cid:1) –mediated cardioprotection. However, TNF- (cid:1) and IPC both phosphorylated STAT-3 and the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death (BAD) (STAT-3 increased by 58 (cid:1) 17% with TNF- (cid:1) or by 68 (cid:1) 12% with IPC; BAD increased by 75 (cid:1) 8% with TNF- (cid:1) or by 205 (cid:1) 20% with IPC; P (cid:2) 0.01 versus control), thereby activating the former and inactivating the latter. The STAT-3 inhibitor AG 490 abolished cardioprotection and BAD phosphorylation with both preconditioning stimuli. Conclusions of the classic prosurvival kinases (Akt and Erk 1/2) is not essential for TNF- (cid:1) –induced preconditioning in the early reperfusion phase. We show the existence of an alternative protective pathway that involves STAT-3 activation specifically at reperfusion in response to both TNF- (cid:1) and classic IPC. This novel prosurvival pathway may have potential therapeutic significance. ( Circulation . 2005;112:3911-3918.) ischemia followed by 1 hour of reperfusion. Cell viability was analyzed by the uptake of propidium iodide on flow cytometry in a population of 10 4 cells, as previously described. 22 the and was
Formative Process Evaluation for Implementing a Social Marketing Intervention to Increase Walking Among African Americans in the Positive Action for Today’s Health Trial

Correspondence should be sent to Dawn K. Wilson, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 (wilsondk@mailbox.sc.edu). Reprints can be ordered at http://www.ajph. org by clicking the “Reprints” link. Contributors S. M. Coulon drafted the article and participated in data collection, management, and interpretation. D. K. Wilson provided oversight on all aspects of the article, the design and implementation of the overall trial, and assisting with data interpretation, and is the principal investigator of the trial. S. Griffin assisted with drafting and editing the article, participated in development of evaluation methods as well as data management and interpretation, and is a coinvestigator of the trial. S. M. St. George participated in data collection, management, and interpretation and coordinated the walking programs. K. A. Alia assisted with data management, conducted relevant literature searches, and drafted and edited the article. N. N. Trumpeter participated in data collection and interpretation, and directed the trial. A. K. Wandersman initiated and led development of evaluation methods, participated in interpretation of data, and is a coinvestigator of the trial. M. Forthofer participated in the development of evaluation methods and interpretation of data and is a coinvestigator of the trial. participated in data collection, management, and interpretation.
Phenethyl isothiocyanate reduces breast cancer stem cell-like properties by epigenetic reactivation of CDH1

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Tumor recurrence, or metastasis, is caused by cancer stem cells and has a dismal prognosis for breast cancer patients. Thus, targeting breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) for eradication is a potential method to improve clinical outcomes. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a novel epigenetic regulator derived from cruciferous vegetables that has marked antitumor effects. However, the exact mechanism of these antitumor effects by PEITC is unknown. As breast cancer progresses, a tumor suppressor in the breast, cadherin 1 (CDH1), is silenced by hypermethylation of the promoter region, further promoting the stem cell-like properties of cancer. Herein, the ability of PEITC to reduce BCSC-like properties by epigenetic reactivation of CDH1 was investigated by multiple analyses such as MTT, colony formation and sphere formation assays, methylation-specific PCR, western blot analysis, Co-IP and qPCR. It was revealed that PEITC inhibited colony and mammosphere formation and decreased the expression of protein markers associated with BCSC-like properties via epigenetic reactivation of CDH1. Further exploration of this mechanism revealed inhibitory effects of PEITC on DNMTs and HDACs, which play a pivotal role in demethylating the hypermethylated CDH1 promoter region. Reactivated CDH1 suppressed the Wnt/ β -catenin pathway which confers BCSC-properties in breast cancer cells. These findings suggest a novel method to eradicate BCSCs from breast cancer patients.
Medium-scale heat fluxes across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Drake Passage and western Scotia Sea

Closely spaced continuous temperature profiles from expendable bathythermographs launched along two sections across the Drake Passage and western Scotia Sea in the summer 1981–1982 are used to examine the vertical medium-scale (∼10–100 m) temperature fine structure. The large-scale temperature structure across the frontal regimes characteristic of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the cross-frontal structure of the upper ocean are discussed. In the Drake Passage the heat content drops about 0.5 × 102 Kcal cm−2 (2 × 109 J m−2) across the Subantarctic Zone and 0.9 × 102 Kcal cm−2 (3.6 − 109 J m−2) across the Polar Front. In the Scotia Sea the heat content changes across the front are not as prominent. The statistical model of Joyce (1977) is used to quantify the heat fluxes across the fronts produced by the medium-scale temperature interleaving. In the Drake Passage the estimated heat flux is 0.32 × 10−3 °C m s−1 (1.3 × 103 W m−2) across the Subantarctic Front and 0.46 × 10−3 °C m s−1 (1.9 × 103 W m−2) across the Polar Front. In the Scotia Sea the estimated heat flux is larger in the Polar Front reaching 0.71 × 10−3 °C m s−1 (2.9 × 103 W m−2). The medium-scale fine structure heat fluxes are about 10% of the existing estimates of the mesoscale eddy heat fluxes and comparable to heat fluxes associated with the meridional flow of deep and bottom waters across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Elevation Data Error and Its Relationship to Land Cover

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) has resulted in the construction of the first publicly available near-global high resolution digital elevation model (DEM). The utility of this DEM, as for any geospatial data set, is a function of its quality. This paper is concerned with the assessment of SRTM accuracy and its relationship to land cover. Two methods—one raster-based and one point-based—are compared to match "finished" three-arc-second SRTM data to high precision, high accuracy surveyed elevations, as well as a corresponding DEM from the USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED). Differences between the two methodologies were not found to be significant. Error for the study site is substantially less than the mission objective, but substantially more than that for the NED. Significant overestimation of actual elevations pervades the SRTM DEM, and the overestimation is significantly higher in forested areas. This systematic error has implications both for applications employing SRTM data and for research on elevation data error modeling.