Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship between perceived limit setting abilities, ASD severity, behaviour problems, and parenting stress in mothers of children with ASD

Parenting stress in mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is high and impacts perceptions about parenting. The current study examined the relationship between parenting stress and observer-perceived limit-setting ability. Participants’ perceptions of other parents’ limit-setting were assessed by showing participants video clips of parenting behaviours. Mothers of 93 children with ASD completed an online survey regarding the severity of their own child’s ASD (Social Communication Questionnaire), their child’s behaviour problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), and their own levels of parenting stress (Questionnaire on Resources and Stress). They were shown five videos of other parents interacting with children with ASD, and were asked to rate the limit-setting abilities observed in each video using the Parent-Child Relationship Inventory. Higher parenting stress negatively related to judgements about others’ limit-setting skills. This mirrors the literature regarding the relationship between self-reported parenting stress and rating child behaviour more negatively. It suggests that stress negatively impacts a wide range of judgements, and implies that caution may be required when interpreting the results of studies in which parenting skills are assessed by self-report.
Evidence for enhanced boundary mixing in the Santa Monica Basin

Transients in the heat content in Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins imply a basin-wide diapycnal eddy diffusivity greater than 1 cm{sup 2}/s. This is significantly larger than the value for SF{sub 6} of 0.25 {+-} 0.08 cm{sup 2}/s determined for the interior of Santa Monica Basin for September 1985 to February 1986 by Ledwell and Watson. However, the exodus of SF{sub 6} from Santa Monica Basin after February 1986, by which time the tracer had mixed to the boundaries of the basin, was fast enough to be consistent with a greatly enhanced vertical flux. Since the kinetic energy in the basin had not changed significantly, it is unlikely that a temporal increase in forcing resulted in enhanced fluxes in the interior of the basin. The most likely interpretation is that diapycnal fluxes in the basin are dominated by processes in the boundary regions. Temperature and SF{sub 6} profiles from near the edges of the basin do not give conclusive evidence either for or against such enhanced mixing. 20 refs., 19 figs., 5 tabs.
An experimental study of vertical infiltration into a structurally unstable swelling soil, with particular reference to the infiltration throttle

The infiltration phenomena associated with a structurally unstable swelling soil are compared with those of a two-layer stable system of a fine sand layer over coarse sand, the fine sand simulating a slaked layer at the soil surface. Water content and bulk density are measured using dual source gamma ray attenuation, pore water pressures by means of individual tensiometer-transducer systems, and soil temperatures by means of individual thermistor-bridge systems. Analysis of the sand column using well-established principles shows that after the wetting front has passed the texture boundary, infiltration is controlled by Kmax of the fine sand layer and the negative moisture potential in the coarse sand at the texture boundary. After the wetting front penetrates the column, the moisture potential at the texture boundary becomes steady and is unaffected by the development of a capillary fringe and outflow at the base of the column. The negative moisture potentials at the texture boundary give rise to potential gradients up to 6.0 in the simulated slaked layer, and an infiltration rate several times that of Kmax. The low flow rates caused by the fine sand layer give rise to an unstable wetting front in the coarse sand and severe 'fingering' occurs. In the swelling soil column, with aggregates of the same size as the coarse sand, the infiltration throttle occurs immediately below the visibly slaked layer and not at the ground surface. Potential gradients through the throttle reach a maximum of 5.9 similar to that in the layered sand column, but the infiltration behaviour of swelling soil differs from the latter in other respects. Infiltration into the former does not occur under isothermal conditions, a 'hot front' 3°C above ambient occurring 2-3 mm ahead of the wetting front, and infiltration does not reach a constant rate because of changes in the hydraulic properties of the throttle with time. Moisture profiles in the swelling soil column during infiltration show the various zones described by Bodman and Colman (1944) for non-swelling soils. An enlarged apparent transition zone extend to 12 cm below the soil surface. Other properties such as density, moisture content, and total potential suggest that much of this apparent transition zone is really part of a transmission zone made up of layers of soil which have different properties because of swelling.
Stress field determinations in France by hydraulic tests in boreholes

The stress field has been determined at eight different sites in France (four in crystalline or metamorphic rocks, four in sedimentary formations) by hydraulic tests in boreholes. For seven of these sites the complete stress field has been determined using the hydraulic tests on pre-existing fractures (HTPF) inversion method. Validity of the results is demonstrated by the good fit between a priori and a posteriori values for the data and by the low values of the a posteriori standard deviation on the unknowns. For four sites, results have been compared with those derived according to the hydraulic fracturing theory. The two methods yield comparable results for the orientation of the maximum horizontal principal stress σH, a generally satisfactory fit for the magnitude of the minimum horizontal principal stress σh, but a very poor agreement for the magnitude of σH. This latter misfit has been attributed to the effect of fluid percolation prior to the actual opening of the fractures. Below a depth of 500 m, a homogeneous σH direction (N150°E) has been determined at the crystalline sites (Auriat, Echassieres, Le Mayet de Montagne, Chassoles), all located in the northern Massif Central. For three of these sites the vertical stress is significantly lower than the weight of overburden as computed from the rock density and the depth of the corresponding measurement. At Auriat and Echassieres the stress field is consistent with a mostly strike-slip faulting regime. At Le Mayet de Montagne and Chassoles the maximum stress is vertical but nearly equal to σH. The stress field has been found to be much more heterogeneous at two of the four sites in sedimentary rocks because of the large variability in mechanical rock properties. In such heterogeneous formations, inversion with the HTPF method must be limited to those data which pertain to the same rock horizon. However, because of its structure this heterogeneity does not restrict the possibility of defining large-scale uniform principal stress directions. All the results are consistent with the local seismotectonics.
Toxoplasma gondii HLA-B*0702 restricted GRA7 20–28 peptide with adjuvants and an universal helper T cell epitope elicits CD8 + T cells producing IFN- γ and reduces parasite burden in HLA-B*0702 mice 1

Ability of CD8 + T cells to act as cytolytic effectors and produce IFN- γ was shown to mediate resistance to Toxoplasma gondii in murine models due to recognition of peptides restricted by murine MHC Class I molecules. However, no T. gondii specific HLA-B07 restricted peptides were proven protective against T gondii . Recently, two T gondii -specific HLA-B*0702-restricted T cell epitopes, GRA7 20–28 (LPQFATAAT) and GRA3 27–35 (VPFVVFLVA), displayed high-affinity binding to HLA-B*0702, and elicited IFN- γ from PBMCs of seropositive HLA-B*0702 persons. Herein, these peptides were evaluated to determine whether they could elicit IFN- γ in splenocytes of HLA-B*0702 transgenic mice when administered with adjuvants and protect against subsequent challenge. Peptide-specific IFN- γ producing T cells were identified by ELISPOT and proliferation assays utilizing splenic T lymphocytes from HLA transgenic mice. When HLA-B*0702 mice were immunized with one of the epitopes identified, GRA7 20–28 in conjunction with a universal CD4 + T cell epitope (PADRE) and adjuvants (CD4 + T cell adjuvant, GLA-SE, and TLR2 stimulatory Pam 2 Cys for CD8 + T cells), this immunization induced CD8 + T cells to produce IFN- γ and protected mice against high parasite burden when challenged with T gondii . This work demonstrates feasibility of bioinformatics followed by an empirical approach based on HLA binding to test this biological activity for identifying protective HLA-B*0702 restricted T gondii peptides and adjuvants that elicit protective immune responses in HLA-B*0702 mice. CD4 + help and GLA-SE and Pam 2 Cys to adjuvant MHC Class I-restricted CD8 + T cells. This vaccine reduced parasite burden in immunized mice challenged with type II parasites. To our this is the first of a T. gondii HLA-B07 restricted CD8 + T cell epitope based vaccine that HLA-B07 transgenic mice against T. gondii immunosense(i.e., on a by empiric testing approach based on binding,effects in and
Particle‐size analysis of aeolian dusts, soils and sediments in very small quantities using a Coulter Multisizer

The Coulter Multisizer has clearly defined strengths and weaknesses as a particle-sizing instrument. It is easier to operate than its Coulter predecessors, though less so than several of its competitors. The Multisizer is best suited to handle very small samples with a narrow particle-size range, such as aeolian dusts and other sediments available only in small quantities. For such samples, Multisizer analysis times are short, resolution is very high (256 size classes) and reproducibility is good. The Multisizer is less well suited to soils and other samples available in large quantities and with a broad particle-size range. For soil particle-size analyses a composite method is proposed involving: Multisizer (2–75 μm), Pipette ( 75 μm). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EVIDENCE OF HIGH COSMIC DUST CONCENTRATIONS IN LATE PLEISTOCENE POLAR ICE (20,000–14,000 YEARS BP)

Dust filtered from the lower portion of the Camp Century ice core (77°10'N, 61°08'W) has been analyzed for the presence of the cosmic dust indicators iridium and nickel using the neutron activation analysis technique. This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the climatic change toward the end of the Last Ice Age was triggered by an incursion of nebular material into the Solar System. The analytical results are consistent with this hypothesis. Concentrations of Ir and Ni in the ice were one to two orders of magnitude higher during the latter portion of the Last Ice Age (19,700-14,200 years BP) as compared with current levels. Ir and Ni levels in 6 out of 8 samples suggest a total cosmic dust influx rate of about 0.5−3 times 107 tons/yr to the Earth's surface as compared with about 1−7 x× 105 tons/yr for the current influx. Elemental concentrations in 6 of the 8 dust samples ranged from 6− 96 ppb for Ir and < 60 to 3200 ppm for Ni. It is concluded that a major fraction of this invading dust would have been of submicron size in which case the concentration of light scattering particles would have been sufficient to significantly alter the light transmission properties of the Solar System and substantially affect the Earth's climate. These results mark the first time that cosmic dust deposition rates have been estimated for prehistoric times using the polar ice record.
Satellite observations of environmental changes from the Tonga volcano eruption in the southern tropical Pacific

Satellite measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua were used to study changes of the ocean and atmosphere following the eruption of a submarine volcano in March 2009 in the southern tropical Pacific. Significant increase of water turbidity was observed in an area of ∼368 km2 near the location of the eruption due to the deposition of volcanic ash. In the ocean region close to the volcanic eruption, the diffuse attenuation coefficient at a wavelength of 490 nm, K d(490), increased from ∼0.025 to 0.16 m−1 before and after the volcanic eruption. Within two weeks of the event, the coverage of the ash-laden waters decreased to ∼30 km2, and after four weeks the satellite-measured marine environment parameters returned back to the pre-eruption condition. The normalized water-leaving reflectance spectra, derived from the combined near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) atmospheric correction algorithm for the ash-laden water, show some unique optical features, different from those of the sediment-dominated turbid waters, river plume waters or other productive waters. No significant sea surface temperature (SST) change was detected from satellite measurements near the eruption site. Volcanic ash plumes in the atmosphere were observed moving north-eastward following the ocean winds on 18 March 2009. The aerosol optical thickness increased from 0.06 on the previous day to 0.25 at a location ∼60 km north-east of the volcanic eruption site.
Recognition and Treatment of Depression With or Without Comorbid Anxiety Disorders

Abstract Anxiety disorders are common in depressed patients. Several studies of the full range of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-defined anxiety disorders in depressed psychiatric outpatients each found that when diagnoses are based on semi-structured diagnostic interviews >40% of the patients had a comorbid anxiety disorder. The recognition of comorbidity is not simply of academic interest, but it has important clinical significance. Epidemiological studies, such as the National Comorbidity Study, have demonstrated that depressed individuals with a history of anxiety disorders are at increased risk for hospitalization, suicide attempt, and greater impairment from the depression. The co-occurrence of anxiety disorders in depressed patients has been associated with a more chronic course of depression in psychiatric patients, primary care patients, and epidemiological samples. Recent research has suggested that clinicians underrecognize anxiety disorder comorbidity in depressed patients. The clinical significance of this underrecognition is highlighted by the finding that patients often want treatment to address their anxiety disorder comorbidity. When anxiety disorders are detected they often influence clinicians' selection of antidepressant medication, though some of clinicians' prescribing biases are not supported by empirical data. In this monograph, Iwona Chelminski, PhD, reviews the significance of anxiety in patients with depression as well as diagnostic instruments for recognizing this comorbidity. Next, Mark Zimmerman, MD, addresses the factors that affect the clinician's choice of antidepressant, focusing on the influence of comorbid anxiety. Finally, Sidney Zisook, MD, discusses the differential efficacy of antidepressants as well as the role of psychotherapy in patients with comorbid anxiety and depression.
A modelling study of discontinuous biological irrigation

by Bernard P. Boudreau’ and Roberta L. MarinelW2 ABSTRACT Irrigation of infaunal dwellings can lead to significant alteration of solute distributions in sediments. As a result, sediment-seawater fluxes of nutrients and dissolved carbon are greatly enhanced, and the biology of benthic communities is affected. The most realistic mathematical representation of irrigation and its effect on sediment geochemistry is Aller’s (1980) cylinder model. One critical assumption of this model is that burrows are irrigated continually, and that burrow water solute concentrations are identical to overlying water concentrations at all times. However, the vast majority of infaunal tube- and burrow-dwelling organisms irrigate periodi- cally, i.e. in an on/off cycle. During periodic irrigation, the solute concentration at the tube wall may vary between the limits imposed by the flux from the porewater and the concentra- tion in the overlying water. We introduce modifications to the cylinder model which allow for periodic irrigation. We assess how periodic irrigation affects solute profiles and fluxes of two chemical constituents, silica and ammonium, for different population densities (distance between burrows) and organism sizes (burrow radii). Silica and ammonium follow first and zeroth order reaction kinetics, respectively, and illustrate the behavior of two general reaction classes. Model results show that the effects of periodic irrigation vary with the class of reaction considered. For silica, radially-averaged profiles during discontinuous irrigation varied less than 15% from those with continuous irrigation for nearly all burrow sizes, burrow distances and reaction rate constants considered. However, we observed large temporal changes (as much as a factor of 6) in the areally-averaged silica flux over the irrigation cycle. Despite this time-dependence, the time-averaged silica flux was similar to that calculated for the continu- ous case. For ammonia, radially-averaged solute profiles were extremely sensitive to the duration of irrigation. In this case, the differences between discontinuous and continuous irrigation were greatest when the duration of irrigation was short (e.g. 5 min), and when the inter-burrow distance was small. As with silica, there was a strong time-dependence in areally-averaged ammonia flux when irrigation was periodic. However, the time-averaged ammonia flux is identical to the flux calculated for continuous irrigation. Our results suggest that irrigation behavior can affect the local burrow environment and this imposes a time dependence on solute fluxes.
Stochastic decadal climate simulations for the Berg and Breede Water Management Areas, Western Cape province, South Africa

A method is described for the generation of multivariate stochastic climate sequences for the Berg and Breede Water Management Areas in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The sequences, based on joint modeling of precipitation and minimum and maximum daily temperatures, are conditioned on annualized data, the aim being to simulate realistic variability on annual to decadal time scales. A vector autoregressive (VAR) model is utilized for this purpose and reproduces well those statistical attributes, including intervariable correlation and serial autocorrelation in individual variables, most relevant for the regional climate in this setting. The sequences incorporate nonlinear climate change trends, inferred using an ensemble of global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Subannual variability is simulated using a block resampling scheme based on the k‐nearest‐neighbor approach, preserving both temporal patterns and spatial correlations. Downscaling to a network of quinary‐level catchments enables distributed runoff, streamflow, and crop simulations and the assessment and integration of impacts. Final output takes the form of daily sequences, structured for driving the ACRU agrohydrological model of the University of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.
International Conference on Population and Development.

The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) attracted delegates from many walks of life and from all over the world. The main thrust of the meeting was to contain world population growth by making family planning universally available and by giving women the power to make decisions about their own lives. The UN estimates that if the ICPD meets its goals, world population will be 7.27 billion in the year 2015 instead of 7.92 billion. The ICPD generated a great deal of controversy, especially as the Vatican and some Muslim countries protested against abortion and some methods of birth control. The anti-abortion stance was embodied by Mother Theresa who likened abortion to war and violence. It was unfortunate that India did not make a strong showing at the ICPD. India seemed to react rather than pro-act to ICPD issues. Since India is projected to become the most populous country in the world by the year 2035, India could have assumed a leading role at the ICPD. India may have been able to lead a developing country initiative to link population control with sustainable social and economic development. Instead, debate centered on the meaning of certain terms such as fertility regulation, family planning, and reproductive health. Despite these disagreements, however, the ICPD ended on an optimistic note. How much the ICPD resolutions will influence the behavior of individual countries remains to be seen.
Suspended sediment transport regime in a debris‐flow gully on Vancouver Island, British Columbia

In debris‐flow‐prone channels, normal fluvial sediment transport occurs (nearly exclusively in suspended mode) between episodic debris‐flow events. Observations of suspended sediment transport through a winter season in a steepland gully in logged terrain revealed two event types. When flows exceeded a threshold of 270 l s−1, events yielded significant quantities of sediment and suspended sediment concentration increased with flow. Smaller events were strongly ‘supply limited’; sediment concentration decreased as flow increased. Overall, there is no consistent correlation between runoff and sediment yield. Within the season, three subseasons were identified (demarcated by periods of freezing weather) within which a pattern of fine sediment replenishment and evacuation occurred. Finally, a signature of fine sediment mobilization and exhaustion was observed within individual events. Fine sediment transport occurred in discrete pulses within storm periods, most of the yield occurring within 5 to 15% of storm runoff duration, so that it is unlikely that scheduled sampling programs would identify significant transport. Significant events are, however, generally forecastable on the basis of regional heavy rainfall warnings, providing a basis for targeted observations. Radiative snowmelt events and rain‐on‐snow remain difficult to forecast, since the projection of temperatures from the nearest regular weather station yields variable results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health Insurance, Labor Supply, and Job Mobility: A Critical Review of the Literature

This paper provides a critical review of the empirical literature on the relationship between health insurance, labor supply, and job mobility. We review over 50 papers on this topic, almost exclusively written in the last 10 years. We reach five conclusions. First, there is clear and unambiguous evidence that health insurance is a central determinant of retirement decisions. Second, there is fairly clear evidence that health insurance is not a major determinant of the labor supply and welfare exit decisions of low income mothers. Third, there is fairly compelling evidence that health insurance is an important factor in the labor supply decisions of secondary earners. Fourth, while there is some division in the literature, the most convincing evidence suggests that health insurance plays an important role in job mobility decisions. Finally, there is virtually no evidence in the literature on the welfare implications of these results. We present some rudimentary calculations which suggest that the welfare costs of job lock are likely to be modest. Our general conclusion is that health insurance has important effects on both labor force participation and job choice, but that it is not clear whether or not these effects results in large losses of either welfare or efficiency.