Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulations on the Effects of Desaturation on Soil Liquefaction Resistance

Ground liquefaction remains as one of the major causes of infrastructure damages during earthquakes. The concept of artificially creating “desaturation or partial saturation” in liquefiable soils has been introduced to improve soil liquefaction resistance. This paper describes the theory and computational implementation to simulate the effects of desaturation on soil liquefaction resistance. The theoretical basis of the computational model is developed based on Biot’s consolidation theory. Computational simulations were conducted to simulate the behaviors of soils under cyclic loading. From these, the trends of pore water pressure evolution and liquefaction resistance of soils under different initial degree of saturation were predicted. Simulation results show that as degree of saturation decreases from 100% to 86%, the number of loading cycles to initialize liquefaction increases from 86 cycles to 237 cycles or increases by 175%. This indicates that desaturation or artificial induction of partial saturation in soils is an effective approach for soil liquefaction mitigation. This can be accomplished by, for example, introducing air bubbles into the pore spaces of soils. While promising, the procedures to introduce air bubbles into soils need to be further developed in light of practice requirements.
Microbial resilience as influenced by an herbicide in soils from native prairie, CRP, and row crop management.

The objective of this study was to examine differences in soil microbial resilience as impacted by herbicide application on soils from prairie and row crop management. The treatments were: native prairie (TP), restored prairie (PF), CRP * , and corn-soybean rotation (CS) management. Surface soil (10 cm) was collected from two locations within each treatment with four subsamples per location in June 2008. Soil enzymes studied include: fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and dehydrogenase. Eleven glyphosate concentrations (0 to 2000 ppm) were applied (Roundup Original Max) and soil dehydrogenase and FDA hydrolase activities were assayed periodically over 50 days. Soil enzyme activities were lower on day one and ten irrespective of enzyme type or management. The highest enzyme activities were observed on day 5 and the activity declined thereafter. However, some soil treatments exhibited increased activity on days 30 and 50. Herbicide concentration had a smaller effect on FDA hydrolase activity while the effect of concentration was highly variable for dehydrogenase activity. Results of the study show that soils from native prairie have greater enzyme resilience while cropped soils have the lowest. Establishment of prairies may help maintain active soil processes and could help maintain or improve soil quality.
Arkko and Haverinen Expires in Six Months [page 1] Eap Aka Authentication

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress. " Abstract This document specifies an Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) mechanism for authentication and session key distribution using the UMTS AKA authentication mechanism. AKA is based on symmetric keys, and runs typically in a UMTS Subscriber Identity Module, a smart card like device. AKA provides also backward compatibility to GSM authentication, making it possible to use EAP AKA for authenticating both GSM and UMTS subscribers.
Microphysical and radiative changes in cirrus clouds by geoengineering the stratosphere

In the absence of tangible progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the implementation of solar radiation management has been suggested as measure to stop global warming. Here we investigate the impacts on northern midlatitude cirrus from continuous SO2emissions of 2–10 Mt/a in the tropical stratosphere. Transport of geoengineering aerosols into the troposphere was calculated along trajectories based on ERA Interim reanalyses using ozone concentrations to quantify the degree of mixing of stratospheric and tropospheric air termed “troposphericity”. Modeled size distributions of the geoengineered H2SO4‐H2O droplets have been fed into a cirrus box model with spectral microphysics. The geoengineering is predicted to cause changes in ice number density by up to 50%, depending on troposphericity and cooling rate. We estimate the resulting cloud radiative effects from a radiation transfer model. Complex interplay between the few large stratospheric and many small tropospheric H2SO4‐H2O droplets gives rise to partly counteracting radiative effects: local increases in cloud radiative forcing up to +2 W/m2for low troposphericities and slow cooling rates, and decreases up to −7.5 W/m2for high troposphericities and fast cooling rates. The resulting mean impact on the northern midlatitudes by changes in cirrus is predicted to be low, namely <1% of the intended radiative forcing by the stratospheric aerosols. This suggests that stratospheric sulphate geoengineering is unlikely to have large microphysical effects on the mean cirrus radiative forcing. However, this study disregards feedbacks, such as temperature and humidity changes in the upper troposphere, which must be examined separately.
The Impact of Incongruous Lake Temperatures on Regional Climate Extremes Downscaled from the CMIP5 Archive Using the WRF Model

AbstractThe impact of incongruous lake temperatures is demonstrated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to downscale global climate fields. Unrealistic lake temperatures prescribed by the default WRF configuration cause obvious biases near the lakes and also affect predicted extremes hundreds of kilometers from the lakes, especially during winter. Using these default temperatures for the Great Lakes in winter creates a thermally induced wave in the modeled monthly average sea level pressure field, which reaches southern Florida. Differences of more than 0.5 K in monthly average daily maximum 2-m temperature occur along that wave during winter. Noteworthy changes to temperature variability, precipitation, and mesoscale circulation also occur when the default method is used for downscaling. Consequently, improperly setting lake temperatures for downscaling could result in misinterpreting changes in regional climate and adversely affect applications reliant on downscaled data, even in area.
Evaluación agronómica y sensorial de fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) mejorado nutricionalmente en el norte del departamento del Cesar, Colombia

Objetivo: evaluar las características agronómicas y sensoriales de varios genotipos de fríjol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) biofortificado, con respecto a un tradicional, para seleccionar el de mejores posibilidades de adopción. Materiales y métodos: el estudio se desarrolló en el Cesar (Colombia) y comprendió tres fases: 1) evaluación de la aceptación de semillas de 35 líneas de fríjol biofortificado por 331 productores y consumidores, 2) evaluación agronómica y nutricional, de las nueve líneas mejor calificadas y 3) evaluación sensorial por 273 personas comparativamente con un testigo regional. A los cuatro genotipos con mejores resultados agronómicos y nutricionales se les aplicaron pruebas de aceptabilidad, al mejor valorado, además pruebas de preferencia y discriminación triangular. Resultados: los de mejor aceptación por tipo de semilla fueron dos genotipos de cada color: negro, crema, rojo y rosado moteado. Los cuatro con mejor rendimiento, sanidad, contenidos de hierro y zinc incluyeron un genotipo de cada color; frente a un patrón local no presentaron diferencias de aceptabilidad por olor, color y sabor (p>0,05), pero si por textura y consistencia (p<0,05) a favor de los biofortificados, sobresaliendo el negro. Con este último y el patrón local se preparó una receta, los evaluadoresdiscriminaron entre los dos y hubo diferencias en la aceptabilidad de algunas características sensoriales, a favor del biofortificado. Conclusión: los genotipos de fríjol biofortificado presentaron mejor rendimiento, sanidad, contenidos de hierro y zinc que el patrón local, los cuatro mejor valorados presentaron algunas diferencias sensoriales frente al testigo, a favor de los biofortificados, sobresaliendo el genotipo negro.
Activation of a4b2*/a6b2* Nicotinic Receptors Alleviates Anxiety during Nicotine Withdrawal Without Upregulating Nicotinic Receptors

Although nicotine mediates its effects through several nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes, it remains to be determined which nAChR subtypes directly mediate heightened anxiety during withdrawal. Relative success in abstinence has been found with the nAChR partial agonist varenicline (Chantix; Pfizer, Groton, CT ); however, treatment with this drug fails to alleviate anxiety in individuals during nicotine withdrawal. Therefore, it is hypothesized that success can be found by the repurposing of other nAChR partial agonists for cessation therapies that target anxiety. It is noteworthy that the selective partial agonists for a4b2, ABT-089 [2-methyl-3-[2(S)pyrrolidinylmethoxy]pyridine], and a7, ABT-107 [5-(6-[(3R)-1azabicyclo[2.2. 2]oct-3-yloxy] pyridazin-3-yl)-1H-indole] (AbbVie, North Chicago, IL), have not been evaluated as possible therapeutics for nicotine cessation. Therefore, we examined the effect of ABT-089 and ABT-107 on anxiety during withdrawal from nicotine in the novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) paradigm. We found that short-term administration of ABT-089 and ABT-107 alleviate anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal from nicotine while long-term administration of ABT-089 but not ABT-107 reduces anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal. After behavioral testing, brains were harvested and b2-containing nAChRs were measured using [H]epibaditine. ABT-089 and ABT-107 do not upregulate nAChRs, which is in contrast to the upregulation of nAChRs observed after nicotine. Furthermore, ABT-089 is anxiogenic in nicotine naive animals, suggesting that the effects on anxiety are specifically related to the nicotinedependent state. Together, these studies identify additional nAChR partial agonists that may aid in the rational development of smoking cessation aids.
The Complement System : An Unexpected Role in Synaptic Pruning During Development and Disease

Memory consolidation is the hypothetical process in which an item in memory is transformed into a long-term form. It is commonly addressed at two complementary levels of description and analysis: the cellular/synaptic level (synaptic consolidation) and the brain systems level (systems consolidation). This article focuses on selected recent advances in consolidation research, including the reconsolidation of long-term memory items, the brain mechanisms of transformation of the content and of cue-dependency of memory items over time, as well as the role of rest and sleep in consolidating and shaping memories. Taken together, the picture that emerges is of dynamic engrams that are formed, modified, and remodified over time at the systems level by using synaptic consolidation mechanisms as subroutines. This implies that, contrary to interpretations that have dominated neuroscience for a while, but similar to long-standing cognitive concepts, consolidation of at least some items in long-term memory may never really come to an end. 227 A nn u. R ev . N eu ro sc i. 20 12 . 3 5: 22 724 7. D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w . a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g by W ei zm an n In st itu te o f Sc ie nc e on 0 6/ 20 /1 2. F or p er so na l u se o nl y. NE35CH11-Dudai ARI 21 May 2012 8:22 Memory consolidation: hypothetical process in which a memory item is transformed into a long-term or remote form
Le migrazioni interne nel secolo scorso: vecchie e nuove forme a confronto

After having been object of several studies, the analysis of internal migration in Italy decreased since the 80s and the 90s. The most important reasons that could explain this lack of interest are probably related to the quantitative reduction of internal geographical mobility and to the consistent international migration fluxes that started to move towards Italy. Anyway, recently some scholars have got back to study the Italian internal migration because the inter-regional mobility rates are increasing again. These studies claimed that the demographic and skill composition of migrants has changed with respect to the so-called «great migration»: it means that, in contrast to what happened in the 60s and 70s, current South-North migrants are the youngest and the most highly educated. The objectives of this work are twofold:the former is to make clearer the theoretical debate on this topic through the statistical analysis of longitudinal data; the latter is to compare the internal migration of the 60s and 70s with the more recent one, studying how the individual characteristics of internal migrants changed over time.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogenous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell neoplasms primarily affecting older persons, associated with dysplastic changes of bone marrow cells, peripheral cytopenias, and various risk of leukemic transformation. Although treatment with several drugs has shown improved disease control, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) remains the only curative treatment for MDS. The number of patients receiving a transplant, as well as survival, have increased past years because of the use of reduce‐intensity conditioning regimens (RIC) as well as the use of haploidentical donors for transplantation. With treatment‐related mortality as main limitation, pre‐transplant evaluation is essential to assess risks for this older group of patients. In a recent randomized study, allo‐HSCT with RIC for patients >50 years old with higher‐risk MDS demonstrated superiority in survival compared with hypomethylating agents. Genetic mutations have been shown to significantly impact treatment outcomes including after transplant. Recently, a transplant‐specific risk score (which includes age, donor type, performance status, cytogenetic category, recipient's cytomegalovirus status, percentage of blasts, and platelet count) has shown superiority in transplantation outcome prediction, compared with previous scoring systems. Survival remains low for most patients with TP53 mutations and novel treatment strategies are needed, such as administration of natural killer cells post‐transplant, as there is no clear evidence that maintenance therapy after transplantation can improve outcomes.
A resource-based analysis of IT sourcing

This paper studies the relationships between the choice of a sourcing mode for information systems, the value of the resources used in systems development activities and the presence of those resources at a sufficient level within the firm. The objective is to better understand the factors underlying the decision to keep the development of an information system inside the firm or to entrust it to an outside partner. A sourcing model is proposed using the resource-based theory. A case study is used to illustrate the concepts included in the research model. Data from this case illustrate how the model could be used to predict the appropriate sourcing mode, given the availability of the necessary resources and their strategic value.
Near-Surface Characterization of a Geotechnical Site in North-East Missouri using Shear-Wave Velocity Measurements

Shear-wave velocity ( Vs ) as a function of soil stiffness is an essential parameter in geotechnical characterization of the subsurface. In this study, multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) and downhole methods were used to map the shear-wave velocity-structure and depth to the bedrock surface at a 125 m × 125 m geotechnical site in Missouri. The main objective was to assess the suitability of the site for constructing a large, heavy building. The acquired multichannel surface wave data were inverted to provide 1D shear-wave velocity profile corresponding to each shot gather. These 1D velocity profiles were interpolated and contoured to generate a suite of 2D shearwave velocity sections. Integrating the shear-wave velocity data from the MASW method with the downhole velocity data and the available borehole lithologic information enabled us to map shearwave velocity-structure to a depth on the order of 20 m. The bedrock surface, which is dissected by a significant cut-and-fill valley, was imaged. The results suggest that the study site will require special consideration prior to construction. The results also demonstrate the successful use of MASW methods, when integrated with downhole velocity measurements and borehole lithologic information, in the characterization of the near surface at the geotechnical sites.
Structure of the surface wind field from the Seasat SAR

An intensive analysis of the vector wind field of one Seasat data set: pass 1339 is described. Wind speed and direction signatures are found in Seasat SAR (synthetic aperture radar) images, and the resulting estimates are compared with the Seasat-A scatterometer system (SASS) and simultaneous NOAA P-3 aircraft measurements. A power law is presented to relate SAR-measured backscatter to SASS-estimated wind speed, and the SAR estimates are shown to agree with the SASS estimates to within a standard error of 0.7 m/s over a range of wind speeds from 3 m/s to 13 m/s. The surface expressions of atmospheric roll vortices are apparent in several of the SAR images and may be responsible for the wind-direction signature in these cases. Wind field estimates averaged over regions of variable sizes are possible because of the high resolution of SAR imagery. A method for extracting low wave number directionality and its variability from SAR spectra is described, and SAR direction estimates obtained from spectra of 6.4-km-square images are shown to have a precision of approximately 10°. Although a comparison data set that could validate these higher resolution estimates is lacking, averages over 40-km-square regions are in good agreement with the other wind field information. The SAR wind direction estimates yield a more complete interpretation in a region with a turning wind field near a front that is ambiguous with only SASS observations. In this region the flow patterns of the high-resolution estimates appear consistent with our knowledge of the overall circulation, considering all the observations. However, in another region the small-scale variability is too large and random to represent real wind variability, although averages derived from these estimates are still reliable.
O USO DE ÁGUA PELAS PLANTAÇÕES FLORESTAIS - UMA REVISÃO THE WATER USE BY FOREST PLANTATIONS - A REVIEW

This review aims to present some of the main results and infer about the current state-of-the-art of the controversy related to the water use by forest plantations. Several studies have been carried out in this area in different regions, mainly in Australia, South Africa, Europe, India and Brazil. However, according to authors, the controversy persists and it is necessary that the scientific results are understood by the community in order to avoid the predominance of myths and half-truths. In this way, the current review intends to summarize some scientific results concerning the main hydrologic aspects of the plantations (interception, transpiration and catchment water balance), the relationship between the high productivity and the water use efficiency, and the importance of the establishment of forest management plan focused on the river watershed scale, in order to contribute to hydrological sustainability. The results coincide that the relationship between the forest plantations and the water depends on the region, species, environmental conditions and management practices on the watershed scale.
Eleventh Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Contaminant migration through groundwater—the role of modelling in the design of barriers

The role of analysis in the evaluation and design of barriers is discussed. Factors considered include (i) the mechanisms controlling contaminant migration through barriers; (ii) the determination of diffusion and distribution coefficients; (iii) leachate mounding and the effect of clogging of leachate collection systems upon contaminant migration through barriers; (iv) the importance of considering the finite mass of contaminant available for transport into the soil and a method of modelling the effect of finite mass of contaminant; and (v) examples of how analysis may improve the geotechnical engineer's feel for the effectiveness of potential contaminant attenuation mechanisms in both glacial till deposits and fractured rock. Key words: contaminant migration, analysis, diffusion, advection, clays, groundwater, fractured rock, design, barriers.
The Islay Anticline (Inner Hebrides)

I. Introduction As compared with the publications of the Geological Survey, the present paper includes the following new features:— (1) Direct structural evidence is offered of the superposition of the Lower Torridonian sediments of the Rhinns of Islay upon the Lewisian Gneiss of the southern part of that peninsula. Dr. Peach and Mr. Wilkinson were not apparently on the outlook for big inversions, apart from such as are introduced by thrusts, and so their interpretation of the structure required confirmation. (2) The Loch Gruinart Fault is recognized, and its possible correlation with the Great Glen Fault discussed. No dislocation is suspected in this position by the Survey authors, but Mr. George Barrow, in conversation, has suggested that an important thrust separates the Rhinns from the rest of Islay. (3) Collateral evidence is afforded of the existence of the Loch Skerrols Thrust. (4) The Maol an Fhithich Quartzite is separated from the Islay Quartzite. (5) The comparatively simple anticlinal structure of North Islay, as illustrated in Sections A & B (Pl. XII), is traced in detail. In the Survey description Dr. Peach and Mr. Wilkinson recognize the anticlinal structure of that part of the district which is included within the horseshoe outcrop of the Dolomitic Group; but they correlate the quartzite beyond this outcrop with the quartzite inside, and assume that the Dolomitic Group is everywhere preserved in synclines. The structural relations, although very clear in the