Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sulfide saturation mechanisms in gabbroic intrusions in the Nipigon Embayment

The Seagull and Kitto intrusions in the Nipigon Embayment of northwestern Ontario were studied to gain an understanding of the processes involved in sulfur saturation of the mafic to ultramafic magmas leading to the formation of platinum group element (PGE) concentrations. Profiles of sulfur, copper, nickel, gold, palladium, and platinum concentrations as a function of depth revealed that sulfur saturation occurred at the base of the Seagull intrusion. A higher grade horizon occurs well above the base of the intrusion, suggesting that a reef-type of process was significant here and possibly in the Kitto intrusion, as well. Olivine compositions indicate that, in both cases, the parental magmas were undersaturated with respect to sulfur. Sulfur, neodymium–samarium, and rubidium–strontium isotopic data suggest that assimilation of country rock and sulfide played a role, especially in the formation of basal concentrations of PGEs.
Predicting River Travel Time from Hydraulic Characteristics

Predicting the effect of a pollutant spill on downstream water quality is primarily dependent on the water velocity, longitudinal mixing, and chemical/physical reactions. Of these, velocity is the most important and difficult to predict. This paper provides guidance on extrapolating travel-time information from one within bank discharge to another. In many cases, a time series of discharge (such as provided by a U.S. Geological Survey stream gauge) will provide an excellent basis for this extrapolation. Otherwise, the accuracy of a travel-time extrapolation based on a resistance equation can be greatly improved by assuming the total flow area is composed of two parts, an active and an inactive area. For 60 reaches of 12 rivers with slopes greater than about 0.0002, travel times could be predicted to within about 10% by computing the active flow area using the Manning equation with n = 0.035 and assuming a constant inactive area for each reach. The predicted travel times were not very sensitive to the assu.
A review of environmental statements in the British forest sector

The results of a quality review of 89 of the 101 environmental statements (ESs) pertaining to the British forest sector over the period 1988-1998 are presented. The methodology was based on the Environmental Statement Review Package, modified for the forest sector. The standard of ESs was generally poor, only one being wholly acceptable. The ESs presented limited useful additional information to decision makers. A fundamental, recurrent issue was the failure to adequately scope assessments, leading to unfocused baseline data collection, inadequate identification of impacts, and inappropriate or inadequate determination of impact significance. Given that wholesale amendments to environmental impact assessment (EIA) legislation are unlikely in the near future, it is up to the Forestry Commission (as the competent authority) to bring about improvements in the quality of ESs. This may be achieved by providing further guidelines on the EIA process, particularly screening and scoping, and by introducing a consistent UK-wide ES review system for forestry projects.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES TREATMENT GUIDELINES 2002

These guidelines for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) after consultation with a group of professionals knowledgeable in the field of STDs who met in Atlanta on September 26-28, 2000. The information in this report updates the 1998 Guidelines for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (MMWR 1998;47 [No. RR-1]). Included in these updated guidelines are new alternative regimens for scabies, bacterial vaginosis, early syphilis, and granuloma inguinale; an expanded section on the diagnosis of genital herpes (including type-specific serologic tests); new recommendations for treatment of recurrent genital herpes among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); a revised approach to the management of victims of sexual assault; expanded regimens for the treatment of urethral meatal warts; and inclusion of hepatitis C as a sexually transmitted infection. In addition, these guidelines emphasize education and counseling for persons infected with human papillomavirus, clarify the diagnostic evaluation of congenital syphilis, and present information regarding the emergence of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and implications for treatment. Recommendations also are provided for vaccine-preventable STDs, including hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
Impact of light coherence on depth of focus of wearable retinal displays

This paper discusses the impact of light coherence on the defocusing properties of a novel retinal projection display. The display is based on a liquid crystal display (LCD) illuminated by partially coherent light from a LED which projects the LCD-image directly onto the eye's retina. It is shown that the increase of the coherence level of the illumination light enhances on the one hand the contrast of a defocused image. On the other hand, however, the perceived image quality is affected by the occurrence of intermediate defocusing peaks as well as by coherence effects, such as edge-ringing. Measurements of both the modulation transfer function (MTF) and of the text readability when defocusing are presented using a bench model of the display system. The experimental results reveal that for text readability the best DOF can be achieved not for fully coherent illumination, but for partially coherent light of a coherence level σ ≈ 0.35-0.5. Further, it is shown that the optimum σ-level depends slightly on the targeted text size.
Vascular and Cryptogam Richness in the World's Highest Alpine Zone, Tibet

Abstract This study explores the elevational richness patterns of vascular and cryptogam species in the highest alpine zone in the world, the Tibet/Xizang Autonomous Region (78°25′–99°06′E, 26°50′–36°53′N). The data are based on the published flora for vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens. Elevational ranges have been interpolated for each species recorded in the flora at altitudes between 4500 and 6000 m into 16 elevational bands of 100 m each. A species is assumed to be present at all elevational bands between its lower and upper limits as recorded in the flora. Total richness has been further subcategorized into richness of different functional groups and some dominant angiosperm families. Generalized linear models (GLMs) up to 3 orders are applied to assess the relationship between species richness and elevation and the statistically most appropriate model based on the highest F value among the significant models is selected. A total of 1585 species, 385 genera, and 111 families are recorded in the flora from this part of the alpine zone. Flowering plants are represented by 1328 species, 261 genera, and 54 families. A significant decreasing quadratic relation with increasing elevation is the most common pattern among most of the functional groups. Bryophytes, lichens, and their functional groups show a linear declining pattern except for a quadratic relation in foliose lichen richness. A significant unimodal relation is found with some angiosperm families. The patterns found are both similar and dissimilar to published results from studies using interpolation or direct observations. Scale, environmental heterogeneities, stress, disturbance, and tolerance by individual species are the likely causes for these patterns.
Sustained Attention is Associated with Error Processing Impairment: Evidence from Mental Fatigue Study in Four-Choice Reaction Time Task

Attention is important in error processing. Few studies have examined the link between sustained attention and error processing. In this study, we examined how error-related negativity (ERN) of a four-choice reaction time task was reduced in the mental fatigue condition and investigated the role of sustained attention in error processing. Forty-one recruited participants were divided into two groups. In the fatigue experiment group, 20 subjects performed a fatigue experiment and an additional continuous psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) for 1 h. In the normal experiment group, 21 subjects only performed the normal experimental procedures without the PVT test. Fatigue and sustained attention states were assessed with a questionnaire. Event-related potential results showed that ERN (p < 0.005) and peak (p < 0.05) mean amplitudes decreased in the fatigue experiment. ERN amplitudes were significantly associated with the attention and fatigue states in electrodes Fz, FC1, Cz, and FC2. These findings indicated that sustained attention was related to error processing and that decreased attention is likely the cause of error processing impairment.
Artic sea ice variability: Model sensitivities and a multidecadal simulation

A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model is used to illustrate a sensitivity evaluation strategy in which a statistical model is fit to the output of the ice model. The statistical model response, evaluated in terms of certain metrics or integrated features of the ice model output, is a function of a selected set of d (= 13) prescribed parameters of the ice model and is therefore equivalent to a d-dimensional surface. The d parameters of the ice model are varied simultaneously in the sensitivity tests. The strongest sensitivities arise from the minimum lead fraction, the sensible heat exchange coefficient, and the atmospheric and oceanic drag coefficients. The statistical model shows that the interdependencies among these sensitivities are strong and physically plausible. A multidecadal simulation of Arctic sea ice is made using atmospheric forcing fields from 1960 to 1988 and parametric values from the approximate midpoints of the ranges sampled in the sensitivity tests. This simulation produces interannual variations consistent with submarine-derived data on ice thickness from 1976 and 1987 and with ice extent variations obtained from satellite passive microwave data. The ice model results indicate that (1) interannual variability is a major contributor to the differences of ice thickness and extent over timescales of a decade or less, and (2) the timescales of ice thickness anomalies are much longer than those of ice-covered areas. However, the simulated variations of ice coverage have less than 50% of their variance in common with observational data, and the temporal correlations between simulated and observed anomalies of ice coverage vary strongly with longitude.
Targeting modulation of noradrenalin release in the brain for amelioration of REMS loss-associated effects

Abstract Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) loss affects most of the physiological processes, and it has been proposed that REMS maintains normal physiological processes. Changes in cultural, social, personal traits and life-style severely affect the amount and pattern of sleep, including REMS, which then manifests symptoms in animals, including humans. The effects may vary from simple fatigue and irritability to severe patho-physiological and behavioral deficits such as cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. It has been a challenge to identify a molecule(s) that may have a potential for treating REMS loss-associated symptoms, which are very diverse. For decades, the critical role of locus coeruleus neurons in regulating REMS has been known, which has further been supported by the fact that the noradrenalin (NA) level is elevated in the brain after REMS loss. In this review, we have collected evidence from the published literature, including those from this laboratory, and argue that factors that affect REMS and vice versa modulate the level of a common molecule, the NA. Further, NA is known to affect the physiological processes affected by REMS loss. Therefore, we propose that modulation of the level of NA in the brain may be targeted for treating REMS loss-related symptoms. Further, we also argue that among the various ways to affect the release of NAlevel, targeting α2 adrenoceptor autoreceptor on the pre-synaptic terminal may be the better option for ameliorating REMS loss-associated symptoms.
The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus

Dengue and chikungunya are increasing global public health concerns due to their rapid geographical spread and increasing disease burden. Knowledge of the contemporary distribution of their shared vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus remains incomplete and is complicated by an ongoing range expansion fuelled by increased global trade and travel. Mapping the global distribution of these vectors and the geographical determinants of their ranges is essential for public health planning. Here we compile the largest contemporary database for both species and pair it with relevant environmental variables predicting their global distribution. We show Aedes distributions to be the widest ever recorded; now extensive in all continents, including North America and Europe. These maps will help define the spatial limits of current autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya viruses. It is only with this kind of rigorous entomological baseline that we can hope to project future health impacts of these viruses. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.08347. 001
Kinematic models of fluvial terraces over active detachment folds : Constraints on the growth mechanism of the Kashi-Atushi fold system, Chinese Tian Shan

During detachment folding, the relationship between differential uplift and shortening depends on the mechanism of fold growth, such as limb rotation or hinge migration, and may vary over the lifetime of a fold. Thus, neither long-term shortening rates nor the present fold geometry unambiguously constrain the kinematics of fold growth. Where rivers cut through growing anticlines, flights of abandoned fluvial terraces act as passive kinematic markers. As shortening progresses, the terraces become deformed and thereby preserve critical information about the kinematics and evolution of active fold growth. To constrain recent fold growth across three detachment folds in the Kashi-Atushi fold system in the SW Tian Shan, China, we surveyed flights of deformed terraces and compared them with geometric models of successively emplaced horizontal unconformities (terraces) across pregrowth strata deformed by hinge migration, limb rotation, and a combination of the two. Migration of angular hinges and curved hinge zones were also compared. Each kinematic model predicts both a distinct geometry for the deformed terraces and contrasting angular relationships between the terraces and the pregrowth strata. Notably, limb rotation and migration of curved hinge zones result in progressively rotated terraces that cut across pregrowth strata, whereas all limb-lengthening models result in parallelism between pregrowth strata and terrace straths across much of the fold. The Kashi-Atushi terraces show clear evidence of abandoned axial surfaces, concentrated deformation near the core of the folds, and progressive tilting with age. When compared to the model predictions, the folds are likely growing by a combination of limb rotation in the tight cores of the folds and hinge-zone migration of pregrowth strata across the flanks of the folds.
Reconciling the north–south density difference scaling for the Meridional Overturning Circulation strength with geostrophy

Since the formulation of the Stommel two-box model for the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), various theoretical and conceptual models for the MOC emerged based on scaling the MOC strength with the north south density difference. At the same time the MOC should obey geostrophic balance with an east-west density difference. Scaling with the north south density gradient seems to violate the common assumption of geostrophic balance for the large-scale circulation, which implies that the pressure gradient is orthogonal to the flow. In this brief report, we report on the results of a series of numerical simulations in an idealized ocean basin (with a zonally periodic channel at its southern end). The simulations performed with different surface forcing conditions indicate that the meridional and zonal density gradients, important for the MOC strength, are in fact related to each other through the stratification located at the northern end of the periodic channel. The results suggest that the water properties at the northern end of the periodic channel play a crucial role in setting the MOC strength, possibly explaining the sensitivity of climate models to the conditions in this area.
Decomposition of projected regional sea level rise in the North Atlantic and its relation to the AMOC

While it is well understood that thermal expansion dominates global mean steric sea level rise, climate models show large differences in spatial patterns. This study aims to decompose regional steric sea level rise in the North Atlantic into thermal and saline effects in a fully coupled model. In contrast to other studies we focus on the differences between two climate change scenarios and establish a link between the sea level changes and the differences in the response of the overturning circulation. While overturning is reduced in the phase of the greenhouse gas increase, differences between the scenarios are not significant until the stabilization in the 22nd century. The influence from thermosteric and halosteric contributions on the meridional density gradient is of the same size during the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations. The haline effect becomes prominent afterwards, reducing the meridional density gradient and preventing the overturning from recovery.
Thermally-driven currents induced by shading from emergent reed vegetation

The chemical and physical environment within reed beds is known to differ from that in the open water in lakes (DALE & GILLESPIE 1977, WIGAND et al. 1997). Reed beds serve as protection for juvenile fish (ÜKUN et al. 2005, ÜKUN & MEHNER 2005), and the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates has been shown to be higher in the reeds than in open water (VAN DE MEUTTER et al. 2005). Exchange processes at the boundary between the open water and the reed bed, which could transport for example nutrients and oxygen, have not been previously investigated. Differential heating ofthe lake surface is potentially important to this exchange process. The surface water within the reed bed will be colder because the shaded surface water will receive less solar radiation than the open surface. The warmer surface water outside the vegetation will flow into the reed bed on top o f the colder surface water as a consequence of the density differences, while water below will flow outward to preserve the mass ba1ance. This process has been studied for a floating plant layer (CoATES & PATTERSON 1993) and stands of Typha orientalis (WATERS 1997). Other types of differential heating in lakes are known to induce currents. Ihe most well known is between the 1ittoral and pelagic zones during daytime heating or night-time cooling because shallower water heats and cools faster than deep (MoNISMITH et al. 1990, FARROW & PATTERSON 1994, JAMES et ai. 1994). We analyzed so1ar radiation, temperature profiles, and determined the induced current between the open water and a reed bed in a shallow lake.
Review: A bioavailability-based rationale for controlling metal and metalloid contamination of agricultural land in Australia and New Zealand

Metal pollution of agricultural land in Australia and New Zealand is less severe than that documented in many European countries, due to the lower density of urban developments and a lower level of industrialisation. However, Australia and New Zealand are highly dependent on plant production systems based on plant-microbial symbioses (e.g. Rhizobium, mycorrhizae) and other natural biogeochemical processes for maintaining nutrient status in soils that are generally low in nutrients and, in Australia, also low in organic matter. Data linking metal concentrations in soil to agricultural and ecological effects are sparse for Australia and New Zealand, and regulatory frameworks and guidelines to control metal contamination of soils rely heavily on data generated in countries of the northern hemisphere. Adoption of benchmark concentrations for metal contaminants from these countries has led to inappropriate levels being chosen for several elements. These problems could be avoided and metal contamination of soils could be more effectively controlled if instead of relying on total concentrations of metals in soil and soil amendments, regulations and guidelines considered the biologically active fractions. This review considers the advantages and disadvantages of a bioavailability-based approach to the control of metal contamination of soils and suggests improvements needed to avoid both over- and under-protective measures.
Periodic spacing between consecutive equatorial plasma bubbles

We analyze three‐years of data collected by a field‐aligned airglow imaging system located at the Cerro Tololo Inter‐American Observatory near La Serena, Chile to determine the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). On 317 of the 552 predominately clear nights of observations, structure indicative of EPBs is present. On 123 of these nights, multiple EPBs with periodic spacings were recorded with 88 nights showing 3 or more consecutive bubbles. We suggest that the periodic spacing of EPBs could be related to the properties of an underlying seed mechanism, namely gravity waves (GWs). The distribution of spacings compares favorably to the spectrum of GW induced traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) measured by Vadas and Crowley (2010) from a similar geographic latitude in the northern hemisphere. Furthermore, the distribution of spacings decreases from 2006 through 2009, tracking the corresponding decrease in the thermospheric neutral temperature, Tn. As Tn decreases, GWs with larger horizontal wavelengths have smaller initial amplitudes and cannot propagate as easily to EPB seeding altitudes. Thus, our observations are consistent with GW theory.
New York State’s Bail Elimination Act of 2019: a retrospective mental health impact assessment

ABSTRACT Pretrial detention is associated with negative health and mental health outcomes but new policies that limit its use rarely cite the impact that such changes could have on individual or family-level mental health. This paper describes the potential of mental health impact assessments to be used as a tool in policy decision-making about criminal legal system reforms. An abbreviated, retrospective mental health impact assessment of New York State’s Bail Elimination Act of 2019 was undertaken based on a review of literature to illustrate how reducing pretrial detention impacts social determinants of health and, in turn, mental health. Evidence is presented about the known effects of pretrial detention on eight social determinants of health and the impacts of those on mental health. The evidence demonstrates that policy decisions have important mental health implications that should be considered as part of the deliberative process. This review supports the use of mental health impact assessments to engage communities, inform policy, and address historical inequities in the criminal justice system in order to reduce the consequent mental health disparities.