Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MEASUREMENT OF THE ANISOTROPY OF COSMIC-RAY ARRIVAL DIRECTIONS WITH ICECUBE

We report the first observation of an anisotropy in the arrival direction of cosmic rays with energies in the multi-TeV region in the Southern sky using data from the IceCube detector. Between 2007 June and 2008 March, the partially deployed IceCube detector was operated in a configuration with 1320 digital optical sensors distributed over 22 strings at depths between 1450 and 2450 m inside the Antarctic ice. IceCube is a neutrino detector, but the data are dominated by a large background of cosmic-ray muons. Therefore, the background data are suitable for high-statistics studies of cosmic rays in the southern sky. The data include 4.3 billion muons produced by downward-going cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere; these events were reconstructed with a median angular resolution of 3° and a median energy of ∼20 TeV. Their arrival direction distribution exhibits an anisotropy in right ascension with a first-harmonic amplitude of (6.4 ± 0.2 stat. ± 0.8 syst.) × 10−4.
Slip avalanches in metallic glasses and granular matter reveal universal dynamics

Universality in materials deformation is of intense interest: universal scaling relations if exist would bridge the gap from microscopic deformation to macroscopic response in a single material-independent fashion. While recent agreement of the force statistics of deformed nanopillars, bulk metallic glasses, and granular materials with mean-field predictions supports the idea of universal scaling relations, here for the first time we demonstrate that the universality extends beyond the statistics, and applies to the slip dynamics as well. By rigorous comparison of two very different systems, bulk metallic glasses and granular materials in terms of both the statistics and dynamics of force fluctuations, we clearly establish a material-independent universal regime of deformation. We experimentally verify the predicted universal scaling function for the time evolution of individual avalanches, and show that both the slip statistics and dynamics are universal, i.e. independent of the scale and details of the material structure and interactions. These results are important for transferring experimental results across scales and material structures in a single theory of deformation.
Asymmetric evolution of magnetic reconnection in collisionless accretion disk

An evolution of a magnetic reconnection in a collisionless accretion disk is investigated using a 2.5 dimensional hybrid code simulation. In astrophysical disks, magnetorotational instability (MRI) is considered to play an important role by generating turbulence in the disk and contributes to an effective angular momentum transport through a turbulent viscosity. Magnetic reconnection, on the other hand, also plays an important role on the evolution of the disk through a dissipation of a magnetic field enhanced by a dynamo effect of MRI. In this study, we developed a hybrid code to calculate an evolution of a differentially rotating system. With this code, we first confirmed a linear growth of MRI. We also investigated a behavior of a particular structure of a current sheet, which would exist in the turbulence in the disk. From the calculation of the magnetic reconnection, we found an asymmetric structure in the out-of-plane magnetic field during the evolution of reconnection, which can be understood by a .
Broken symmetry ν=0 quantum Hall states in bilayer graphene: Landau level mixing and dynamical screening

For bilayer graphene in a magnetic field at the neutral point, we derive and solve a full set of gap equations including all Landau levels and taking into account the dynamically screened Coulomb interaction. There are two types of the solutions for the filling factor $\nu=0$: (i) a spin-polarized type solution, which is the ground state at small values of perpendicular electric field $E_{\perp}$, and (ii) a layer-polarized solution, which is the ground state at large values of $E_{\perp}$. The critical value of $E_{\perp}$ that determines the transition point is a linear function of the magnetic field, i.e., $E_{\perp,{\rm cr}}=E_{\perp}^{\rm off}+a B$, where $E_{\perp}^{\rm off}$ is the offset electric field and $a$ is the slope. The offset electric field and energy gaps substantially increase with the inclusion of dynamical screening compared to the case of static screening. The obtained values for the offset and the energy gaps are comparable with experimental ones. The interaction with dynamical screening can be strong enough for reordering the levels in the quasiparticle spectrum (the $n=2$ Landau level sinks below the $n=0$ and $n=1$ ones).
VERY LONG BASELINE ARRAY IMAGING OF PARSEC-SCALE JET STRUCTURES IN RADIO-LOUD NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES

We conducted very long baseline interferometry observations of five radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies in milliarcsecond resolutions at 1.7 GHz (λ18 cm) using the Very Long Baseline Array. Significant parsec (pc) scale structures were revealed for three out of the five sources with high brightness temperature by direct imaging; this is convincing evidence for nonthermal jets. FBQS J1644+2619 with an inverted spectrum showed a prominent one-sided linear structure, indicating Doppler beaming with an intrinsic jet speed of >0.74c. FBQS J1629+4007, also with an inverted spectrum, showed rapid flux variability, indicating Doppler beaming with an intrinsic jet speed of >0.88c. Thus, we found convincing evidence that these two NLS1s can generate at least mildly or highly relativistic jets, which may make them apparently radio loud even if they are intrinsically radio quiet. On the other hand, the other three NLS1s had steep spectra and two of them showed significantly diffuse pc-scale structures, which were unlikely to be strongly beamed. Thus, some NLS1s have the ability to generate jets strong enough to make them intrinsically radio loud without Doppler beaming. NLS1s as a class show a number of extreme properties and radio-loud ones are very rare. We build on these radio results to understand that the central engines of radio-loud NLS1s are essentially the same as that of other radio-loud active galactic nuclei in terms of the formation of nonthermal jets.
Theory of electromagnetically induced transparency in strongly correlated quantum gases

We develop a general theory to study the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in ultracold quantum gases, applicable for both Bose and Fermi gases with arbitrary inter-particle interaction strength. We show that, in the weak probe field limit, the EIT spectrum is solely determined by the single particle Green's function of the ground state atoms, and reflects interesting quantum many-body effects when atoms are virtually coupled to the low-lying Rydberg states. As an example, we apply our theory to 1D Luttinger liquid, Bose-Mott insulator state, and the superfluid state of two-component Fermi gases, and show how the many-body features can be observed non-destructively in the unconventional EIT spectrum.
Learning-to-Teach: A Case of Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurship Education in Taiwan

The ability to acquire knowledge and skills on oneself is crucial for people of all ages in turbulent environment. Especially for education in emerging fields such as entrepreneurship, where theory and practice flourish at the same time, leaving no time for educators to master via studying existing materials, forcing teachers to acquire new competence while monitoring the source of knowledge and facilitating students gaining insight through practices. In this study, aiming at designing and delivering new courses in emerging fields where expertise and teaching materials are limited, the pace of a course during the emergence of culture and creative industries is presented, along with the strategic approach of “Learning-to-teach” through which it was developed. The process of Learning-to-Teach consisted of three steps: 1) Self-learning; 2) Learning-with-teaching; 3) Learning-through-creating. The approach is then implemented in developing an undergraduate course (Marketing and Management of Arts) which was provided and documented from 2003 to 2014 in an industrial design department in Taiwan. With an average of 60 students per year, 129 books were summarized and 129 novel events with offerings created and launched in domestic and/or international market as class projects. In line with the Mirroring approach developed by author 1 in later years, further discussion is also conducted based on observations around process and outcomes of the course. In general, the presenting course and approach reflect that while entrepreneurship is promoted as an emerging body of knowledge, it is fundamentally involved with education for emerging knowledge fields, which in itself is an entrepreneurial act. With the Learning-to-teach approach and the MMA course through which students with diverse backgrounds collaborating in micro-entrepreneurship
Distance growth of quantum states due to initial system-environment correlations

Intriguing features of the distance between two arbitrary states of an open quantum system are identified that are induced by initial system-environment correlations. As an example, we analyze a qubit dephasingly coupled to a bosonic environment. Within tailored parameter regimes, initial correlations are shown to substantially increase the distance between two qubit states evolving to long-time-limit states according to exact non-Markovian dynamics. It exemplifies the breakdown of the distance contractivity of the reduced dynamics.
Phase separation of a two-component dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate in the quasi-one-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional regime

We consider a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate, which contains atoms with magnetic dipole moments aligned along the z direction (labeled as component 1) and nonmagnetic atoms (labeled as component 2). The problem is studied by means of exact numerical simulations. The effects of dipole-dipole interaction on phase separations are investigated. It is shown that, in the quasi-one-dimensional regime, the atoms in component 2 are squeezed out when the dimensionless dipolar strength parameter is small, whereas the atoms in component 1 are pushed out instead when the parameter is large. This is in contrast to the phenomena in the quasi-two-dimensional regime. These two components are each kicked out by the other in the quasi-one-dimensional regime and this phenomenon is discussed as well.
Inelastic scattering and spin polarization in dilute magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)Sb

The point contact Andreev reflection technique has already been used to measure the spin polarization of some of the dilute magnetic semiconductors, such as narrow-band (In,Mn)Sb, as well as wider gap (Ga,Mn)As. While conventional Andreev reflection has been demonstrated in (In,Mn)Sb, quasiparticle density of states broadening has been observed in (Ga,Mn)As, possibly due to inelastic scattering effects. Here, we investigate the spin polarization, magnetic, and transport properties of epitaxially grown (Ga,Mn)Sb films with the Curie temperature of ∼10K. The spin polarization of 57±5% was measured. Spectrum broadening in (Ga,Mn)Sb has also been observed.
Spin Seebeck effect in Y-type hexagonal ferrite thin films

Spin Seebeck effect (SSE) has been investigated in thin films of two Y-hexagonal ferrites Ba$_2$Zn$_{2}$Fe$_{12}$O$_{22}$ (Zn2Y) and Ba$_2$Co$_{2}$Fe$_{12}$O$_{22}$ (Co2Y) deposited by a spin-coating method on SrTiO$_3$(111) substrate. The selected hexagonal ferrites are both ferrimagnetic with similar magnetic moments at room temperature and both exhibit easy magnetization plane normal to $c$-axis. Despite that, SSE signal was only observed for Zn2Y, whereas no significant SSE signal was detected for Co2Y. We tentatively explain this different behavior by a presence of two different magnetic ions in Co2Y, whose random distribution over octahedral sites interferes the long range ordering and enhances the Gilbert damping constant. The temperature dependence of SSE for Zn2Y was measured and analyzed with regard to the heat flux and temperature gradient relevant to the SSE signal.
GeV-scale thermal WIMPs: Not even slightly ruled out

Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) have long reigned as one of the leading classes of dark matter candidates. The observed dark matter abundance can be naturally obtained by freezeout of weak-scale dark matter annihilations in the early universe. This "thermal WIMP" scenario makes direct predictions for the total annihilation cross section that can be tested in present-day experiments. While the dark matter mass constraint can be as high as $m_\chi\gtrsim100$ GeV for particular annihilation channels, the constraint on the total cross section has not been determined. We construct the first model-independent limit on the WIMP total annihilation cross section, showing that allowed combinations of the annihilation-channel branching ratios considerably weaken the sensitivity. For thermal WIMPs with $s$-wave $2\rightarrow2$ annihilation to visible final states, we find the dark matter mass is only known to be $m_\chi\gtrsim20$ GeV. This is the strongest largely model-independent lower limit on the mass of thermal-relic WIMPs, together with the upper limit on the mass from the unitarity bound ($m_\chi\lesssim 100$ TeV), it defines what we call the "WIMP window". To probe the remaining mass range, we outline ways forward.
Re-appraisal and extension of the Gratton-Vargas two-dimensional analytical snowplow model of plasma focus evolution in the context of contemporary research

Recent resurgence of interest in applications of dense plasma focus and doubts about the conventional view of dense plasma focus as a purely irrotational compressive flow have re-opened questions concerning device optimization. In this context, this paper re-appraises and extends the analytical snowplow model of plasma focus sheath evolution developed by F. Gratton and J.M. Vargas (GV) (Energy Storage, Compression and Switching, Ed. V. Nardi, H. Sahlin, and W. H. Bostick, Eds., vol. 2. New York: Plenum, 1983, p. 353) and shows its relevance to contemporary research. The GV model enables construction of a special orthogonal coordinate system in which the plasma flow problem can be simplified and a model of sheath structure can be formulated. The LPP plasma focus facility, which reports neutron yield better than global scaling law, is shown to be operating closer to an optimum operating point of the GV model as compared with PF-1000.
Convergence of the follow-the-leader scheme for scalar conservation laws with space dependent flux

This paper deals with the derivation of entropy solutions to Cauchy problems for a class of scalar conservation laws with space-density depending fluxes from systems of deterministic particles of follow-the-leader type. We consider fluxes which are product of a function of the density $v(\rho)$ and a function of the space variable $\phi(x)$. We cover four distinct cases in terms of the sign of $\phi$, including cases in which the latter is not constant. The convergence result relies on a local maximum principle and on a uniform $BV$ estimate for the approximating density.
Multi-Source Multi-Destination Hybrid Infrastructure-Aided Traffic Aware Routing in V2V/I Networks

The concept of the “connected car” offers the potential for safer, more enjoyable and more efficient driving and eventually autonomous driving. However, in urban Vehicular Networks (VNs), the high mobility of vehicles along roads poses major challenges to the routing protocols needed for a reliable and flexible vehicular communications system. Thus, urban VNs rely on static Road-Side-Units (RSUs) to forward data and to extend coverage across the network. In this paper, we first propose a new Q-learning-based routing algorithm, namely Infrastructure-aided Traffic-Aware Routing (I-TAR), which leverages the static wired RSU infrastructure for packet forwarding. Then, we focus on the multi-source, multi-destination problem and the effect this imposes on node availability, as nodes also participate in other communications paths. This motivates our new hybrid approach, namely Hybrid Infrastructure-aided Traffic Aware Routing (HI-TAR) that aims to select the best Vehicle-to-Vehicle/Infrastructure (V2V/I) route. Our findings demonstrate that I-TAR can achieve up to 19% higher average packet-delivery-ratio (APDR) compared to the state-of-the-art. Under a more realistic scenario, where node availability is considered, a decline of up to 51% in APDR performance is observed, whereas the proposed HI-TAR in turn can increase the APDR performance by up to 50% compared to both I-TAR and the state-of-the-art. Finally, when multiple source-destination vehicle pairs are considered, all the schemes that model and consider node availability, i.e. limited-availability, achieve from 72.2% to 82.3% lower APDR, when compared to those that do not, i.e. assuming full-availability. However, HI-TAR still provides 34.6% better APDR performance than I-TAR, and ~40% more than the state-of-the-art.
Curvature in the colour–magnitude relation but not in colour–σ: major dry mergers at M* > 2 × 1011 M⊙?

The colour-magnitude relation of early-type galaxies differs slightly but significantly from a pure power law, curving downwards at low and upwards at high luminosities (M r > -20.5 and M r 2 × 10 11 M ⊙ , respectively). The upward curvature at the massive end does not appear to be due to stellar population effects. In contrast, the colour-σ relation is well described by a single power law. Since major dry mergers change neither the colours nor σ, but they do change masses and sizes, the clear features observed in the scaling relations with M * , but not with σ > 150 km s -1 , suggest that M * > 2 × 10 11 M ⊙ is the scale above which major mergers dominate the assembly history. We discuss three models of the merger histories since z ∼ 1 which are compatible with our measurements. In all three models, dry mergers are responsible for the flattening of the colour-M * relation at M * > 3 × 10 10 M ⊙ - wet mergers only matter at smaller masses. At M * > 2 x 10 11 M ⊙ , the merger histories in one model are dominated by major rather than minor dry mergers. In another, although both major and minor mergers occur at the high-mass end, the minor mergers contribute primarily to the formation of the intracluster light (ICL), rather than to the stellar mass growth of the central massive galaxy. This model attributes the fact that α < 1, in the scaling M * ∝ M α dyn , to the formation of the ICL. A final model assumes that the bluest objects today were assembled by minor dry mergers of the bluest (early-type) objects at high redshift, whereas the reddest objects were assembled by a mix of major and minor dry mergers. In this model, the scatter of the colour-magnitude relation should increase with redshift, and the dependence on environment should also be more pronounced at higher redshift: more clustered objects should be redder. Similar measurements of these relations at high redshift will provide further valuable constraints on the mass scale at which major dry mergers dominate the assembly history.
A CATALOG OF VISUALLY CLASSIFIED GALAXIES IN THE LOCAL (z ∼ 0.01) UNIVERSE

The morphological types of 5836 galaxies were classified by a visual inspection of color images using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 to produce a morphology catalog of a representative sample of local galaxies with z < 0.01 ? > . The sample galaxies are almost complete for galaxies brighter than r pet = 17.77 ? > . Our classification system is basically the same as that of the Third Reference Catalog of Bright Galaxies with some simplifications for giant galaxies. On the other hand, we distinguish the fine features of dwarf elliptical (dE)-like galaxies to classify five subtypes: dE, blue-cored dwarf ellipticals, dwarf spheroidals (dSph), blue dwarf ellipticals (dEblue), and dwarf lenticulars (dS0). In addition, we note the presence of nucleation in dE, dSph, and dS0. Elliptical galaxies and lenticular galaxies contribute only ∼ 1.5 ? > and ∼ 4.9 % ? > of local galaxies, respectively, whereas spirals and irregulars contribute ∼ 32.1 ? > and ∼ 42.8 % ? > , respectively. The dEblue galaxies, which are a recently discovered population of galaxies, contribute a significant fraction of dwarf galaxies. There seem to be structural differences between dSph and dE galaxies. The dSph galaxies are fainter and bluer with a shallower surface brightness gradient than dE galaxies. They also have a lower fraction of galaxies with small axis ratios ( b / a ≲ 0.4 ? > ) than dE galaxies. The mean projected distance to the nearest neighbor galaxy is ∼260 kpc. About 1% of local galaxies have no neighbors with comparable luminosity within a projected distance of 2 Mpc.
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Protects Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma, for which elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor. IOP is mainly regulated by dynamic balance of aqueous humor (AH) production and outflow via the conventional trabecular meshwork/Schlemm's canal (TM/SC) pathway. Dysfunctions of TM cells due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been demonstrated to increase the resistance of AH outflow, resulting in IOP elevation. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenolic component in green tea, has been shown to alleviate ER stress in several diseases while its potential roles in alleviating ER stress in TM cells have not been determined. In this study, we investigate the mitigation of tunicamycin-induced ER stress in TM cells by EGCG. MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability of human TM (HTM) cells and primary porcine TM (PTM) cells. ER stress levels in both HTM cells and primary PTM cells were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The primary PTM cells isolated from porcine TM tissues were characterized by immunostaining. We found that 40 μM and 80 μM EGCG pretreatment substantially promoted HTM cell survival under 3 μM tunicamycin-induced ER stress. Pretreatment of 40 μM EGCG markedly reduced the expression of ER stress markers ATF4, HSPA5, and DDIT3, evoked by 3 μM tunicamycin in HTM cells. Furthermore, 40 μM EGCG pretreatment significantly decreased the expressions of ATF4, HSPA5, and DDIT3 at the mRNA level induced by 3 μM tunicamycin and improved cell viability in primary PTM cells. Our results show that EGCG is capable of protecting TM cells from ER stress. EGCG provides a promising therapeutic option for POAG treatment.
SIMULTANEOUS CONSTRAINTS ON THE NUMBER AND MASS OF RELATIVISTIC SPECIES

Recent indications from both particle physics and cosmology suggest the possible existence of more than three neutrino species. In cosmological analyses the effects of neutrino mass and number of species can in principle be disentangled for fixed cosmological parameters. However, since we do not have perfect measurements of the standard Λ cold dark matter model parameters, some correlation remains between the neutrino mass and number of species, and both parameters should be included in the analysis. Combining the newest observations of several cosmological probes (cosmic microwave background, large-scale structure, expansion rate), we obtain Neff = 3.58+0.15−0.16(68% CL)+0.55−0.53(95% CL) and ∑mν < 0.60 eV(95% CL), which are currently the strongest constraints on Neff and ∑mν from an analysis including both parameters. The preference for Neff >3 is at the 2σ level.