Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
North Atlantic and European seasonal predictability using an ensemble of multidecadal atmospheric GCM simulations

An initial study of seasonal predictability for the North Atlantic and European regions is presented, using an ensemble of six integrations of the Hadley Centre atmospheric climate model (HADAM1) for the period 1949‐1993. The model was forced by the Hadley Centre’s observed global sea-ice and sea-surface temperature data set (GISST). The model reproduces with considerable skill the patterns of many of the main modes of mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) variance over this region, including the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). For MSLP, the most predictable modelled seasons over the North Atlantic‐European sector as a whole are spring and winter (although random variability is still substantial), and for the NAO specifically, the model shows significant skill from winter to spring. At this time of year the observed NAO is related to SST patterns mainly in the North Atlantic, and in years of extreme Atlantic SST anomalies, reasonably skilful statistical simulations of the sign of the NAO anomaly can be made. For the UK, the highest simulation skill is for temperature, which we hypothesize is related directly to local SST anomalies. The effects of ENSO have also been investigated. Over the North Atlantic, the model produces a strong 500 hPa height
Sediment and nutrient removal in an established multi-species riparian buffer.

ABSTRACT: Riparian buffers are widely recommended as a tool for removing nonpoint source pollutants from agricultural areas especially those carried by surface runoff. A field plot study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of an established multi-species buffer in trapping sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus from cropland runoff during natural rainfall events. Triplicate plots were installed in a previously established buffer with a 4.1 by 22.1 m (14 × 73 ft.) cropland source area paired with either no buffer, a 7.1 m (23 ft) switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. cv. Cave-n-Rock) buffer, or a 16.3 m (53.5 ft) switchgrass/woody buffer (7.1 m swithgrass/9.2 m woody) located at the lower end of each plot. The switchgrass buffer removed 95% of the sediment, 80% of the total-nitrogen (N), 62% of the nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), 78% of the total-phosphorus (P), and 58% of the phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P). The switchgrass/woody buffer removed 97% of the sediment, 94% of the total-N, 85% of the NO3-N, 91% of the total-P, and 80% of the PO4-P in the runoff. There was a significant negative correlation between the trapping effectiveness of the buffers and the intensity and total rainfall of individual storms. While the 7 m (23 ft) switchgrass buffer was effective in removing sediment and sediment-bound nutrients, the added width of the 16.3 m (53.5 ft) switchgrass/woody buffer increased the removal efficiency of soluble nutrients by over 20%. Similar or even greater reductions might have been found if the 16.3 m (53.5 ft) buffer had been planted completely to native warm-season grasses. In this buffer, combinations of the dense, stiff, native warm-season grass and woody vegetation improved the removal effectiveness for the nonpoint source pollutants from agricultural areas.
COMPARISON OF TIDAL CURRENTS UNDER DIFFERENT NOURISHMENT SCHEMES ON WEST BEACH OF BEIDAIHE, CHINA

This paper detailed a study on the tidal current field around a beach nourishment project including submerged breakwaters and jetties. The effect of different nearshore structure arrangements on the tidal current field was studied utilizing a numerical model build based on the solution of two-dimensional shallow water equations and an unstructured grid. In order to calibrate the numerical model, field survey was conducted at 5 current stations and a tidal level station around the project area. According to a primary analysis on stability, environment, sight of the beach, and construction quantity, four project schemes were chosen and simulated. After comparing the modeling results, the effects of submerged breakwaters and jetties were discussed. Conclusively, it is feasible to protect the filled sand on west beach by jetties and submerged breakwaters through obvious tidal current velocity reduction in the nearshore area.
DATA SECURITY FOR P2P CLOUD STORAGE USING AES

: Cloud computing is a technology. User’s stores their own data directly to the cloud. P2P cloud storage is a composition of structure of Peer – to – Peer computing and Cloud computing. P2P cloud Storage mainly used to Strong data security and reliable storage. The important challenge in P2P storage is data security in cloud to achieve using access control mechanism. Our proposed System to achieve data security using two-way encryption based on attribute based access control mechanisms. The encryption performed based on ABE . To achieves the efficiency for data security using user abrogation in owner level performance.
Institute for Strategy and Business Economics University of Zurich

The release of players from a club to the national team often leads to a conﬂict concerning the duration of the players’ stay with the national team. Based on a theoretical bargaining model, we examine whether intervention in this conﬂict by a governing body is desirable. We show that bargaining between the club and the national team yields a socially ineﬃcient outcome if ﬁnancial compensation is either prohibited or limited. If, however, the national team is allowed to pay unlimited ﬁnancial compensation to the club, it is not necessary to intervene in the negotiations because the bargaining outcome will be socially optimal.
Field study of dispersion in a heterogeneous aquifer

Observations of the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity at a tracer test site, located at Columbus Air Force Base in Mississippi, are presented. Direct measurements of hydraulic conductivity of the heterogeneous alluvial aquifer at the site were made using borehole flowmeter logging, slug tests, and a laboratory permeameter to test undisturbed soil cores. Indirect methods estimating hydraulic conductivity were also evaluated, including soil grain size analyses, surface geophysical surveys, and mapping of sediment facies. The spatial covariance of the 2187 hydraulic conductivity values obtained with the borehole flowmeter method was examined. The log hydraulic conductivity variance (σln2K) and the horizontal and vertical correlation scales (λh and λv) of 4.5, 12.8 m, and 1.6 m, respectively, were estimated assuming second-order stationarity of the conductivity field. The covariance parameters are uncertain with bounding values that are 24–76% above or below the estimate. Covariance parameters estimated with more limited nonflowmeter data were within the same magnitude as those obtained using the extensive flowmeter data, suggesting that data from a variety of methods may be used to provide approximate values of the autocovariance parameters. Nonstationarity of the ln K field was examined by removing three-dimensional polynomial trend surfaces and calculating variograms of the residuals. Significantly lower estimates for σln2K, λh and λv of 2.7, 4.8 m, and 0.8 m, respectively, were obtained from the third-order log conductivity residuals. After trend removal, the bounding parameter values differ 15–44% from the estimated values. Accounting for unsteady flow and the uncertainty in the covariance parameters of the third-order log conductivity residuals, the calculated longitudinal and horizontal transverse macrodispersivities ranged from 1.5 m to 1.8 m and 0.3 m to 0.6 m, respectively.
Determination of the translational temperature of the high altitude terrestrial thermosphere from the rotational distribution of the 5.3 µm emission from NO(v=1)

The rotational distribution of vibrationally excited nitric oxide produced by impacts with atomic oxygen is investigated using a quasiclassical trajectory approach. The present study confirms the earlier result that the nascent rotational distribution may be described by a Maxwell‐Boltzmann (MB) distribution. It further shows that the temperature describing the nascent distribution is about 25% lower than the translational temperature and equals it after 3 to 5 collisions. Translational temperature as function of altitude is derived from the nighttime rotational distribution of the 5.3 µm emission observed by cryogenic infrared radiance for shuttle (CIRRIS 1A) and compared with the mass spectrometer incoherent scatter (MSIS) model temperature. Because of the strong 5.3 µm emission this method has larger signal than the N + O radiative recombination currently used to determine the nighttime thermospheric temperatures.
Transformation of Educational Management in Shaping the Character of Santri at the Purba Baru Musthafawiyah Traditional Islamic Boarding School

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of educational management on the character development of students at the Musthafawiyah Purba Baru Traditional Islamic Boarding School in Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra Province. This is a descriptive qualitative study in which data was gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research subjects included foundation administrators, pesantren leaders and vice-chairmen, teachers, and students. According to the findings of the study, the transformation process of educational management in forming the character of students at the Musthafawiyah Purba Baru Traditional Islamic Boarding School, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra Province, has been implemented in the form of a clean, honest, disciplined, trustworthy, independent, respectful, and simple character carried out through yellow book learning activities. Kyai, teachers, hostel supervisors, peers, and yourself all internalize these character values. Despite the fact that it is not optimally responsive to the times and has yet to determine the focus of character development.
UV‐B in Germany higher in 1993 than in 1992

A comparison of spectral UV measurements between 1992 and 1993 showed increased levels of UV-B radiation in late spring and early summer of 1993 caused by reduced total ozone columns. The monthly averaged total ozone columns in 1993 were the lowest since ozone was systematically recorded in Southern Germany. The data also show that UV-A radiation was lower in 1993 than in 1992, due to differences in cloudiness between the two years. Our data demonstrate the impact of clouds and aerosols on UV-B irradiances which must be considered in addition to stratospheric ozone change when interpreting changes in UV-B irradiances.
A demo‐genetic model shows how silviculture reduces natural density‐dependent selection in tree populations

Biological production systems and conservation programs benefit from and should care for evolutionary processes. Developing evolution‐oriented strategies requires knowledge of the evolutionary consequences of management across timescales. Here, we used an individual‐based demo‐genetic modelling approach to study the interactions and feedback between tree thinning, genetic evolution, and forest stand dynamics. The model combines processes that jointly drive survival and mating success—tree growth, competition and regeneration—with genetic variation of quantitative traits related to these processes. In various management and disturbance scenarios, the evolutionary rates predicted by the coupled demo‐genetic model for a growth‐related trait, vigor, fit within the range of empirical estimates found in the literature for wild plant and animal populations. We used this model to simulate non‐selective silviculture and disturbance scenarios over four generations of trees. We characterized and quantified the effect of thinning frequencies and intensities and length of the management cycle on viability selection driven by competition and fecundity selection. The thinning regimes had a drastic long‐term effect on the evolutionary rate of vigor over generations, potentially reaching 84% reduction, depending on management intensity, cycle length and disturbance regime. The reduction of genetic variance by viability selection within each generation was driven by changes in genotypic frequencies rather than by gene diversity, resulting in low‐long‐term erosion of the variance across generations, despite short‐term fluctuations within generations. The comparison among silviculture and disturbance scenarios was qualitatively robust to assumptions on the genetic architecture of the trait. Thus, the evolutionary consequences of management result from the interference between human interventions and natural evolutionary processes. Non‐selective thinning, as considered here, reduces the intensity of natural selection, while selective thinning (on tree size or other criteria) might reduce or reinforce it depending on the forester's tree choice and thinning intensity.
3D ray+Born migration/inversion—Part 2: Application to the SEG/EAGE overthrust experiment

The SEG/EAGE overthrust model is a synthetic onshore velocity model that was used to generate several large synthetic seismic data sets using acoustic finite-difference modeling. From this database, several realistic subdata sets were extracted and made available for testing 3D processing methods. For example, classic onshore-type data-acquisition geometries are available such as a swath acquisition, which is characterized by a nonuniform distribution of long offsets with azimuth and midpoints. In this paper, we present an application of 2.5D and 3D ray+Born migration/inversion to several classical data sets from the SEG/EAGE overthrust experiment. The method is formulated as a linearized inversion of the scattered wavefield. The method allows quantitative estimates of short wavelength components of the velocity model. First, we apply a 3D migration/inversion formula formerly developed for marine acquisitions to the swath data set. The migrated sections exhibit significant amplitude artifacts and acquisition footprints, also revealed by the shape of the local spatial resolution filters. From the analysis of these spatial resolution filters, we propose a new formula significantly improving the migrated dip section. We also present 3D migrated results for the strike section and a small 3D target containing a channel. Finally, the applications demonstrate, that the ray+ Born migration formula must be adapted to the acquisition geometry to obtain reliable estimates of the true amplitude of the model perturbations. This adaptation is relatively straightforward in the frame of the ray+Born formalism and can be guided by the analysis of the resolution operator.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems Seismology for the 2012 Mw 6.1 Emilia Earthquake: : Exploiting the VADASE Algorithm

Online Material: Tables of statistical indexes; figures comparing displacement solutions. The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been repeatedly proven to be a powerful tool to estimate coseismic displacements and waveforms, with accuracies ranging from few millimeters to few centimeters. These promising results were achieved following two main strategies: differential positioning (DP) and precise point positioning (PPP; Bock et al. [1993], Kouba [2003], Larson et al. [2007], Larson [2009], Ohta et al. [2012], Xu et al. [2012], and Hung and Rau [2013]). In particular, both the modeling of fault rupture and the seismic moment estimation could benefit from GPS‐derived displacements, because GPS is not affected by the saturation problems experienced by seismometers located near the epicenters of strong earthquakes. Thanks to the robustness of the GPS‐derived displacement waveforms, in the last years some authors (Bock et al. , 2000; Langbein and Bock, 2004; Blewitt et al. , 2006; Bock and Genrich, 2006) addressed the problem to retrieve them in real time, with accuracies of a few centimeters, from GPS high‐rate observations (1 Hz or more). In this context, the Variometric Approach for Displacements Analysis Standalone Engine (VADASE) has been proposed (Colosimo et al. [2011a], Colosimo [2013]). The approach is based on time single differences of carrier phase observations continuously collected using a standalone GPS receiver and on standard GPS broadcast products (orbits and clocks) that are available in real time. Therefore, one receiver works in standalone mode and the epoch‐by‐epoch displacements (equivalent to velocities) are estimated. Then, they are summed over the time interval when the earthquake occurred to retrieve displacements. Because VADASE does not require either additional technological complexity or a centralized data analysis, in principle, it can be embedded into the GPS receiver firmware and therefore can work in real time. Moreover, differently from DP and PPP, …
Prix Prud'homme 1999 - Quand le sel de l'océan pimente le climat

EnglishBecause of its impact on sea-water density, salinity modifies both the dynamics and thermodynamics of the ocean. While these effects have been known for several decades, their climatic impact is giving rise to a renewed interest. In particular, the salinity has an impact on heat exchanges within the ocean; it modifies both the ability of the ocean to store heat and the access paths to the heat stored at depth. Today's ocean-atmosphere coupled models are mature enough to study the role of salinity in climate variability and equilibrium. Sensitivity tests done with such models show salinity has impacts from the bottom of the ocean to the top of the atmosphere (El Nino, global change.). These results highlight the need for a more coherent modelling of the global water cycle and for an increase in the quality observations required to validate it. francaisPar son impact sur la densite de l'eau de mer, la salinite modifie le fonctionnement dynamique et thermodynamique de l'ocean. Si ces effets sont connus depuis longtemps, leur impact sur le climat suscite un regain d'interet. En particulier, l'impact de la salinite sur les echanges de chaleur dans l'ocean modifie la capacite des oceans a stocker de la chaleur, d'une part, et les modalites d'acces a la chaleur stockee en profondeur, d'autre part. Les modeles couples ocean-atmosphere ont atteint une maturite suffisante pour aborder l'etude du role de la salinite dans l'equilibre et la variabilite du climat. Des tests de sensibilite realises avec de tels modeles de climat montrent un impact de la salinite du fond des oceans jusqu'au sommet de l'atmosphere (El Nino, changement planetaire.). Ces resultats soulignent la necessite de modeliser de facon coherente l'ensemble du cycle hydrologique et rappellent le besoin accru de donnees de qualite pour la validation.
Impact of atmosphere and sub‐surface ocean data on decadal climate prediction

We present a set of idealised model experiments that investigate the impact of assimilating different amounts of ocean and atmosphere data on decadal climate prediction skill. Assimilating monthly average sub‐surface temperature and salinity data successfully initialises the meridional overturning circulation and produces skillful predictions of global ocean heat content. However, when sea surface temperature data is assimilated alone the predictions have much less skill, particularly in the extra‐tropics. The upper 2000m temperature and salinity observations currently provided by the Argo array of floats are therefore potentially well suited to initialising decadal climate predictions. We note however that we do not attempt to simulate the actual distribution of Argo floats. Assimilating data beneath 2000m always reduces the RMSE, with the most significant improvements in the Southern Ocean. Furthermore, assimilating six hourly atmospheric observations significantly improves the forecast skill within the first year, but has little impact thereafter.
Influence of northwest Pacific productivity on North Pacific Intermediate Water oxygen concentrations during the Bølling-Ållerød interval (14.7-12.9 ka)

Elevated productivity in the northwest Pacific is suggested as a new possible control driving past intervals of low-O2 intermediate water along the western continental margin of North America. According to this mechanism, O2 consumption would occur near the site of formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), due to increased respiration of organic carbon in response to a high-productivity event. Evidence is provided for such a productivity increase during the Bolling-Allerod interval (14.7–12.9 ka), a time when laminated sediments were deposited along the northern California margin. By this mechanism, low-O2 events in intermediate waters off the western North American margin could occur without significant changes in the rate of NPIW ventilation.
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) Diagnosis and Risk Stratification: A Comprehensive Review

Simple Summary To choose the appropriate treatment for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), proper diagnosis and risk assessment of the disease is mandatory. This study reviews some of the diagnostic tools, and the patient- and disease-related prognostic factors that affect the outcome. Predictive tools designed by these factors help determine which patients should undergo radical nephroureterectomy. Other tools help post-operative decisions regarding the use of chemotherapy and planning follow-up sessions. The available pre-operative predictive tools and post-operative nomograms are discussed. A revision of the current classification of patients to low- and high-risk groups is recommended, to expand the number of patients benefiting from kidney-sparing surgeries. Abstract Diagnosis and risk stratification are cornerstones of therapeutic decisions in the management of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Diagnostic modalities provide data that can be integrated, to provide nomograms and stratification tools to predict survival and adverse outcomes. This study reviews cytology, ureterorenoscopy and the novel tools and techniques used with it (including photodynamic diagnosis, narrow-band imaging, optical coherence tomography, and confocal laser endomicroscopy), and biopsy. Imaging modalities and novel biomarkers are discussed in another article. Patient- and tumor-related prognostic factors, their association with survival indices, and their roles in different scores and predictive tools are discussed. Patient-related factors include age, sex, ethnicity, tobacco consumption, surgical delay, sarcopenia, nutritional status, and several blood-based markers. Tumor-related prognosticators comprise stage, grade, presentation, location, multifocality, size, lymphovascular invasion, surgical margins, lymph node status, mutational landscape, architecture, histologic variants, and tumor-stroma ratio. The accuracy and validation of pre-operative predictive tools, which incorporate various prognosticators to predict the risk of muscle-invasive or non-organ confined disease, and help to decide on the surgery type (radical nephroureterectomy, or kidney-sparing procedures) are also investigated. Post-operative nomograms, which help decide on adjuvant chemotherapy and plan follow-up are explored. Finally, a revision of the current stratification of UTUC patients is endorsed.
Atmospheric water vapour over oceans from SSM/I measurements

Abstract The Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) flying on the most recent satellite of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) measures radiation from the Earth-atmosphere system within millimetre wavelengths. This radiation is strongly modified by the varying atmospheric water-vapour content. A technique to derive the water-vapour content over oceans from these measurements is developed. The sensor system is studied theoretically by calculating the radiative transfer for a non-scattering atmosphere in the appropriate spectral channels for a large set of atmospheric/oceanic situations. Subsequently, statistical retrieval coefficients are derived via a regression analysis of the synthetic measurements. Approaches using one to three spectral channels enable us to derive water vapour amounts in vertical columns with accuracies from 0.145 to 0.17g/cm2. A case study with real SSM/I data demonstrates the capability of the system to derive atmospheric water-vapour fields over the global ocean wi.