Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Generalized Transport Theory: Water-Mass Composition and Age

Abstract A general theory to describe and understand advective and diffusive ocean transport is reported. It allows any passive tracer field with an atmospheric source to be constructed by superposing sea surface contributions with a generalized Green's function called the boundary propagator of the passive tracer equation. The boundary propagator has the interpretation of the joint water-mass and transit-time distribution from the sea surface. The theory thus includes the classical oceanographic idea of water-mass analysis and extends it to allow for a distribution of transit times from the sea surface. The joint water-mass and transit-time distribution contains complete information about the transport processes in the flow. It captures this information in a more accessible way than using velocity and diffusivity fields, however, at least for the case of sequestration and transport of dissolved material by the ocean circulation. The boundary propagator is thus the natural quantity to consider when discus.
Valoración socioambiental de los recursos naturales: el caso de los recursos minerales en la parte central de Baja California Sur, México

15 communities were selected in the influence area of two evaluated phosphate deposits in order to apply a contingent valuation of these mineral resources and its environment. The Tembabichi deposit is in the east margin of the Peninsula, at the Gulf of California coast and the Santo Domingo deposit is in the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The mean willingness to pay of the people of the studied area is of $29.77 monthly pesos, this, to collaborate with the improvement cautions of their environment. Hypothetically a contingent valuation in the whole study area is of $227,859.58 monthly pesos, that is, $2,734,314.9 annual pesos. It is a considerable amount of money to contribute to improvements in the environment for rural communities in socioeconomic underdevelopment.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease : A study of Four cases

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) manifests in most cases as unilateral cervical lymphadenomegaly with or without accompanying fever. The disease is rare and mainly affects young women and has a self-limited course. KFD should be included in the differential diagnosis of suspected cases of viral infections, tuberculosis, reactive lymphadenitis, systemic lupus erythematosus and metastatic diseases. It can be histologically confused with lymphoma. The disease is benign and selflimiting and an excisional biopsy of an affected lymph node is often necessary for diagnosis. There is no specific therapy. This study reports four cases of female patients with KFD who were attended at Yashoda hospital, Malakpet. A review of the literature was carried out with a systematic search on this topic with the aim of informing physicians about this entity that is manifested by cervical masses and fever. Fourth case was interesting because of its association with autoimmune disease (SLE-systemic lupus erythematosus.).
Theoretical Study on Urbanization Process and Ecological Effect with the Restriction of Water Resource in Arid Area of Northwest China

Urbanization is the only way to get to the comparatively-comfortable level in arid area of northwest China, but the most important natural obstacle is serious shortage of water resource. There are lots of contradictions and stresses among urbanization, water resource and eco-environment protection. The paper starts with the importance of the study on urbanization process and ecological effect, then analyzes the national and native research progresses. Water resource is taken as the priority restriction factor in arid area of northwest China. The study methods of this topic include to select motivational factors between the water resource change process and urbanization progress, to reveal the mechanism and rule of water resource stress on urbanization; to analyze the ecological effect about water resource during urbanization process; to set up the dynamic warning indexes system for urbanization and ecological effect, and to analyze the situation and investigate the work of the dynamic warning system for urbanization process with different intensions of water resource restriction; to select the most efficient urbanization mode for saving water and set up water-saving urbanization system by the rule, and so on. Then, the paper gives some decision-making basis for accelerating urbanization process, improving eco-environment of the arid area and achieving the goal to get to the comparatively-comfortable level.
A New Look at Magnoavipes and So-called "Big Bird"Tracks from Dinosaur Ridge (Cretaceous, Colorado)'

Slencler-toed, triclactyl tl-acks with a litg11 digit divarication angle from Dinosaur Kiclge ancl other sites along the Dinosaur Freeway of the Dakota Group are similar to Cenomantan age purported "big bird" tracks (IMngnoau@es) from Texas. No birds of this size are known from the Cenomanian. altlioirgli that does not mean that large birds did not exist. If the producers of all of these tracks were large bircls, our i~nclerwanding of the Cenomanian fauna would have to be revisecl consicieral~ly. Although superhcially I~ird-ltke In appearance these tracks were probably made by non-awn dinosaurs. This interpretation IS I~ased mainly on the arrangement of the phalangeal pacls, digit d~vartcation angles and step lengths. The new ichnotaxon ~Wagnoaupes caneez-i is based on a large sanlple of well-preserved tracks from Dinosaur Kiclge and other sites, it is similar to M. lozuei, which was ciescr~becl on the basis of a s~ngle trackway of poorly preserved footprints. 130th ichnospecies can be accommodatecl within an amended diagnosis of ~Wagnoau~~es. These tracks superficially resemble those of large birds: but are not likely to be of avian :tfiinity.
What a difference a day makes? The effects of repetitive and competitive news framing over time Lecheler,

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Correlations of Biomechanical Characteristics with Ball Speed in Penalty Corner Push-In A Comparison of AIS, X-Band Marine Radar Systems and Camera Surveillance Systems in the Collection of Tracking Data

Maritime traffic has increased in recent years, especially in terms of seaborne trade. To ensure safety, security, and protection of the marine environment, several systems have been deployed. To overcome some of their inconveniences, the collected data is typically fused. The fused data is used for various purposes, one of our interest is target tracking. The most relevant systems in that context are AIS and X-band marine radar. Many works consider that visual data provided by camera surveillance systems enable additional advantages. Therefore, many tracking algorithms using visual data (images) have been developed. Yet, there is little emphasis on the reasons making the integration of camera systems important. Thus, our main aim in this paper is to analyze the aforementioned surveillance systems for target tracking and conclude some of the maritime security improvements resulted from the integration of cameras to the overall maritime surveillance system.
When More Is Less: Field Evidence on Unintended Consequences of Multitasking

Online customer service chats provide new opportunities for firms to interact with their customers and have become increasingly popular in recent years for firms of all sizes. One reason for their popularity is the ability for customer service agents to multitask i.e., interact with multiple customers at a time thereby increasing the system "throughput" and agent productivity. Yet little is known about how multitasking impacts customer satisfaction-the ultimate goal of customer engagements. We address this question using a proprietary data set from an S&P 500 service firm that documents agent multitasking activities unobservable to customers in the form of server logs, customer service chat transcripts, and postservice customer surveys. We find that agent multitasking leads to longer in-service delays for customers and lower problem resolution rates. Both lead to lower customer satisfaction, although the impact varies for different customers. Our study is among the first to document the link between multitasking and customer satisfaction, and it has implications for the design of agent time allocation in contact centers and more broadly for how firms can best manage customer relations in new service channels enabled by information technology. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017. 2763 . This paper was accepted by Lorin Hitt, information systems.
Investigating the representative elementary area concept: An approach based on field data

Changing the scale of observation or averaging has a significant, but poorly understood, impact on the apparent variability of hydrological quantities. The representative elementary area (REA) concept is used as a motivation for measuring inter-storm streamflow and calculating wetness index distributions for the subcatchments of two small study areas in New Zealand. Small subcatchments are combined to provide larger scale samples, and then the variance of specific discharge between similar sized subcatchments is calculated. For small subcatchments (area less than ∼1 km 2 ) this variance is found to decrease with area more quickly than might be expected if the catchments were random samples. Such behaviour is tentatively interpreted as evidence supporting the concept of'organization'. At larger scales, variance between catchments decreases in a way that is consistent with sampling from a stationary random field. The results from the streamflow data are reinforced by an analysis of topographic data for the two study areas, although some questions remain open. Both the flow and topographic data support the idea that it is possible to find an averaging scale where the variability between catchments is sufficiently small for a 'distribution function' approach to be used in distributed rainfall-runoff modelling. Consistent estimates of the scale at which the study areas become stationary (0.5 km 2 for Little Akaloa, 2 km 2 for Lewis) are obtained using both flow and topographic data. The data support a pragmatic REA concept which allows meaningful averages to be formed: this may be a useful base for further conceptual developments, but it is not appropriate for a classical continuum approach. Further conceptual development combined with field measurement and computer simulation are still required for the REA to have operational impacts. In particular, it is not clear which models are appropriate for use at the REA scale.
Late Neogene tectonically driven crustal exhumation of the Sikkim Himalaya: Insights from inversion of multithermochronologic data

Apatite fission track and zircon (U‐Th)/He data are reported for 34 bedrock samples distributed between the foothills and the topographic crest of the Darjeeling‐Sikkim Himalaya. The pattern of observed cooling ages does not correlate with topography, rainfall distribution, and the deeply incised high‐relief Tista window, indicating that tectonic processes are mainly responsible for their spatial distribution. Inversion of this thermochronometric data set using 3‐D thermokinematic modeling constrained by independent geological and geophysical observations was performed to evaluate the contribution of slip partitioning, duplex development, and relief growth on the evolution of the thermal structure of the Himalaya during the last 12 Ma. Models involving significant relief growth do not show a substantial influence of topography evolution on the cooling age distribution, while models involving duplex growth demonstrate that tectonic processes exert a dominant influence on their distribution. In concert with equivalent studies in Bhutan, central Nepal, and NW India, our results attest that the lateral variation of the geometry and kinematics of the Himalayan basal décollement locally associated with duplex formation exert a leading influence on lateral variations of middle to upper crustal long‐term exhumation rates documented along the strike of the Himalaya.
Source and migration processes and evaluation techniques

Geologists who map organic facies can project the geographical distribution of petroleum source rocks. These maps provide a foundation for calculating the timing of petroleum generation and for determining realistic migration pathways to potential reservoir traps. In some geographical areas, geologists may find organic facies useful for reconstructing stratigraphic sequences. Organic facies are the criteria for evaluating the physical, chemical, and biological processes that control the distributions of organic sediments in geological time andspace. Petroleum source rocks represent uncommon paleoenvironrnents. Their organic content is a function of biological productivity, oxygenation in the water column and in near-bottom sediments (preservation), and mineral supply (dilution). Biological input varies from hydrogen-rich algal/bacterial constituents to hydrogen-poor woody fragments. Physical and chemical processes alter biological material before its entombment in rocks. The single most important process affecting the preservation of oil-prone, hydrogen-rich, and therefore oil-generative sedimentary organic matter is oxygenation. Oxygen in the water column, soils, and subaqueous sediments encourages both biological and abiological destruction of hydrogen-rich molecules. Demaison and Moore (1980) discuss oxygen-restricted paleoenvironments where hydrogen-rich,petroleum-generative organic matter is best preserved. Transported and precipitated minerals dilute the relative concentration of organic matter in sediments, and this initial organic matter concentration may ultimately determine whether the rock expels petroleum. Petroleum expulsion requires, among other factors, enough generated petroleum to saturate and exceed the available source rock (usually shale) porosity, especially where available porosity decreases significantly with burial-related compaction. Based on experience, Peters (1986) suggests that this threshold generally occurs at total organic carbon (TOC) values of approximately 0.5 wt. %. Palciauskas (thisvolume) describes the factors that drive petroleum expulsion.
An East Asian Subtropical Summer Monsoon Index and Its Relationship to Summer Rainfall in China

Using the monthly mean NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the monthly rainfall observations at 160 rain gauge stations of China during 1961-1999,and based on major characteristics of the atmospheric circulation over East Asia and the western Pacific,a simple index for the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon (EASSM) is defined.The relationship between this index and summer rainfall in China and associated circulation features are examined.A comparison is made between this index and other monsoon indices. The results indicate that the index defined herein is reflective of variations of both the thermal low pressure centered in Siberia and the subtropical ridge over the western Pacific.It epitomizes the intensity of the EASSM and the variability of summer rainfall along the Yangtze River.Analysis shows that the Siberian low has a greater effect on the rainfall than the subtropical ridge,suggesting that the summer rainfall variability over the eastern parts of China is to a large extent affected by anomalies of the atmospheric circulation and cold air development in the midlatitudes.Taking into account of the effects of both the Siberian low and the subtropical ridge can better capture the summer rainfall anomalies of China. The index exhibits interannual and decadal variabilities,with high-index values occurring mainly in the 1960s and 1970s and low-index values in the 1980s and 1990s.When the EASSM index is low,the Siberian low and the subtropical ridge are weaker,and northerly wind anomalies appear at low levels over the midlatitudes and subtropics of East Asia,whereas southwesterly wind anomalies dominate in the upper troposphere over the tropics and subtropics of Asia and the western Pacific.The northerly wind anomalies bring about frequent cold air disturbances from the midlatitudes of East Asia,strengthening the convergence and ascending motions along the Meiyu front,and result in an increase of summer rainfall over the Yangtze River.
Techno-Economic Analysis and Optimization of a Rural Distribution System with Exponential-Decay Fish School Search Optimization

This paper presents a techno-economic analysis and optimization of a rural distribution system using the Exponential Decay Fish School Search optimization (ED-FSSO). The system considered is a grid-tied IEEE 33 bus distribution system that has limited access to electricity to replicate the scenario of rural distribution systems. The ED-FSSO algorithm is applied to multi-objective function for optimal sizing and placement of photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines (WT’s) and battery energy storage system (BESS) to minimize the net present cost (NPC), energy not supplied (ENS), loss of load expectation (LOLE) and line losses. The results obtained show a significant reduction in line losses by 53.72%, while ENS and LOLE values improved by almost 98% and 97.36%, respectively. Moreover, the voltage profile improved from 0.88 p.u. to 0.95 p.u. The insights gained from this study can help decision-makers to make informed decisions on the deployment of energy infrastructure in rural areas while considering both economic and technical aspects.
THE HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE CHALK AQUIFER SYSTEM

Hydrogeological properties of the Chalk and Crag aquifers of north Norfolk are discussed based upon available information. To advance understanding of the groundwater flow mechanisms in the Chalk aquifer system, this paper presents the results of an extensive groundwater chemistry study in north Norfolk. Combining the hydrogeological and hydrochemical data has provided an understanding of the Chalk aquifer system. The main findings are that the nature and distribution of the pre-Devensian tills govern aquifer conditions and that the Chalk groundwater becomes more saline eastwards, as the Eocene boundary is approached. In general, the valley zone Chalk groundwaters are modern in age, chemically oxidising in character and contain modern contaminants of a mainly agricultural origin; whereas the interfluvial Chalk groundwaters are old (possibly up to 18,000 years old), chemically reducing in character and of good quality, except for occasional high iron concentrations. Chalk groundwater in areas covered by Lowestoft Till can be distinguished from Chalk groundwater in areas covered by North Sea Drift by a bicarbonate concentration of 300 mgl -1 . Values in excess of this concentration are associated with the carbonate-rich
Open Source Software: A Survey from 10, 000 Feet

Open source software (oss), the origins of which can be traced back to the 1950s, is software distributed with a license that allows access to its source code, free redistribution, the creation of derived works, and unrestricted use. oss applications cover most areas of consumer and business software and their study touches many disciplines, including computer science, information systems, economics, psychology, and law. Behind a successful oss project lies a community of actors, ranging from core developers to passive users, held together by a flexible governance structure and membership, leadership and contribution policies that align their interests. The motivation behind individuals participating in oss projects can be, among others, social, ideological, hedonistic, or signaling, while companies gain from their access to high-quality, innovative projects and an increase in their reputation and visibility. Nowadays many business models rely on oss as a product through the provision of associated services, or in coexistence with proprietary software, hardware, services, or licensing. The numerous oss licenses mainly differ on how they treat derived software: some contain provisions that maintain its availability in open source form while others allow more flexibility. Through its widespread adoption, oss is affecting the software industry, science, engineering, research, teaching, the developing countries, and the society at large through its ability to democratize technology and innovation.
PHOSPHORUS LOSSES IN SURFACE RUNOFF AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE WATERS ON TWO AGRICULTURAL FIELDS IN QUEBEC

Concentrations of phosphorus (P) above the water quality guideline of 0.03 mg L-1 are commonly found in rivers draining agricultural lands in Quebec. This gives rise to eutrophication, which has become quite problematic in some parts of Quebec. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution is the dominant source of this P. While the links between P losses, surface runoff, erosion and manure management are reasonably well understood, there is far less information available on the movement of P via subsurface tile drainage systems. Since the majority of intensively managed agricultural lands in Quebec are subsurface drained, this represents a major knowledge gap. Two field sites, located in the Pike River Watershed of Southwestern Quebec, which drains into Lake Champlain, have been instrumented to measure and sample surface runoff and tile drainage waters. Monitoring has been ongoing since October 2000. Results are reported here for the six site-years of data. Subsurface drainage was the dominant pathway by which water left the fields. On average, tile drainage accounted for 81% of the total annual drainage. Surface runoff was responsible for majority of the annual P losses. It accounted for 60% of the annual total, which was on average 1.09 kg/ha. The flow weighted average annual P concentration in subsurface drainage waters ranged between 0.06 mg L-1 and 0.37 mg L-1. The flow weighted average annual P concentration in surface runoff waters ranged between 0.20 mg L-1 and 2.15 mg L-1. On average, P concentrations in surface runoff were 10.9 times higher than those found in subsurface drainage waters, indicating that subsurface drainage may reduce annual P losses. These results also reveal that soil test P and percent P saturation are, on their own, inadequate indicators of potential for P pollution.