Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ICLR 2022 Challenge for Computational Geometry and Topology: Design and Results

This paper presents the computational challenge on differential geometry and topology that was hosted within the ICLR 2022 workshop ``Geometric and Topological Representation Learning". The competition asked participants to provide implementations of machine learning algorithms on manifolds that would respect the API of the open-source software Geomstats (manifold part) and Scikit-Learn (machine learning part) or PyTorch. The challenge attracted seven teams in its two month duration. This paper describes the design of the challenge and summarizes its main findings.
Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health

Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health, Marion Nestle. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002, 457 pp. DOI: 10.1177/1090198102239262 When asked to name the next Corvair, Ralph Nader said, “McDonald’s double cheeseburgers, a weapon of mass destruction. ” The New York Times calls it “the culture war for the new century. ” “It” is food. The challenge is how public health will respond. In her new book, Marion Nestle, a nutrition professor at New York University, takes up the gauntlet. Nestle accepts the challenge and, in the process, provides public health educators with an important analysis of what the problem is in the food war and what we should do about it.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Modelling Response Selection in Task Switching: Testing the Contingent Encoding Assumption Modelling Response Selection in Task Switching: Testing the Contingent Encoding Assumption the Contingent Encoding Assumption 1075 Response Selection in Task Sw

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the " Content ") contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. The contingent encoding assumption is the idea that response selection in task-switching situations does not begin until the cue and the target have both been encoded. The authors tested the assumption by manipulating response congruency, stimulus order, and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) in two experiments. They found evidence of response selection prior to cue encoding for congruent targets with target–cue order at a long SOA, indicating that the contingent encoding assumption is invalid. The authors describe how contingent encoding can be removed from an existing task-switching model by introducing baseline evidence—task-neutral evidence that serves as a baseline for response selection prior to stimulus encoding. Simulations revealed that the modified model could reproduce the full pattern of response time data and generate responses prior to cue encoding. The authors conclude by discussing directions for further model development. Task switching is a challenge for the human cognitive system, but not an insurmountable one. It is a challenge because it is rife with ambiguity: Stimuli are usually multivalent, affording multiple responses that are appropriate for different tasks. However, the challenge is not insurmountable because people can deal with this ambiguity: Task-appropriate responses can be selected for multivalent stimuli, often with considerable speed and accuracy. How this is accomplished is not entirely clear, but we think much can be gained by developing and testing computational models of response selection in task switching. The purpose of the present study was to test an important assumption about response selection that can be found in various task-switching models. In a typical task-switching experiment, …
Crystallization Papers Biological Crystallography Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Crystallographic Studies on Recombinant Human Carnitine Acetyltransferase

In this paper, the puri®cation, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of human carnitine acetyltransferase are reported. Recombinant human carnitine acetyltransferase crystals were grown by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method and belong to the orthorhombic space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 , with unit-cell parameters a = 137.65, b = 84.76, c = 57.65 A Ê and one molecule per asymmetric unit. The intensity data were collected from a cryocooled crystal to 1.6 A Ê resolution using a conventional X-ray source.
Multiview Fisher Discriminant Analysis

CCA can be seen as a multiview extension of PCA, in which information from two sources is used for learning by finding a subspace in which the two views are most correlated. However PCA, and by extension CCA, does not use label information. Fisher Discriminant Analysis uses label information to find informative projections, which can be more informative in supervised learning settings. We show that FDA and its dual can both be formulated as generalized eigenproblems, enabling a kernel formulation. We derive a regularised two-view equivalent of Fisher Discriminant Analysis and its corresponding dual, both of which can also be formulated as generalized eigenproblems. We then show that these can be cast as equivalent disciplined convex optimisation problems, and subsequently extended to multiple views. We show experimental results on an EEG dataset and part of the PASCAL 2007 VOC challenge dataset.
Integer Programming Models to Manage Consensus for Uncertain MCGDM Based on PSO Algorithms

In existing consensus models with optimization approaches, the modified preferences are often virtual values unrelated to the original rating scale. Furthermore, few optimization approaches have been developed to specifically deal with the consensus reaching process in uncertain multiple-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) problems. To investigate these issues, this paper is primarily interested in MCGDM optimization consensus models, in which the uncertain information can be represented using interval numbers. Integer optimization consensus models are established based on both the Manhattan distance and the Euclidean distance, and an antithetic-method-based particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the nonlinear integer programming problems. Compared to existing approaches, the main characteristic of the proposed consensus models is that the generated preferences all belong to the original scales. A numerical example is given to validate the proposed models, and further simulation analyses shed light on the behavior of the developed models.
Intrinsic Grassmann Averages for Online Linear, Robust and Nonlinear Subspace Learning

Principal component analysis (PCA) and Kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) are fundamental methods in machine learning for dimensionality reduction. The former is a technique for finding this approximation in finite dimensions and the latter is often in an infinite dimensional reproducing Kernel Hilbert-space (RKHS). In this paper, we present a geometric framework for computing the principal linear subspaces in both (finite and infinite) situations as well as for the robust PCA case, that amounts to computing the intrinsic average on the space of all subspaces: the Grassmann manifold. Points on this manifold are defined as the subspaces spanned by <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="chakraborty-ieq1-2992392.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-tuples of observations. The intrinsic Grassmann average of these subspaces are shown to coincide with the principal components of the observations when they are drawn from a Gaussian distribution. We show similar results in the RKHS case and provide an efficient algorithm for computing the projection onto the this average subspace. The result is a method akin to KPCA which is substantially faster. Further, we present a novel online version of the KPCA using our geometric framework. Competitive performance of all our algorithms are demonstrated on a variety of real and synthetic data sets.
Winograd Convolution for DNNs: Beyond linear polinomials

We investigated a wider range of Winograd family convolution algorithms for Deep Neural Network. We presented the explicit Winograd convolution algorithm in general case (used the polynomials of the degrees higher than one). It allows us to construct more different versions in the aspect of performance than commonly used Winograd convolution algorithms and improve the accuracy and performance of convolution computations. We found that in fp16 this approach gives us better accuracy of image recognition while keeps the same number of general multiplications computed per single output point as the commonly used Winograd algorithm for a kernel of the size 3 × 3 and output size equal to 4 × 4. We demonstrated that in bf16 it is possible to perform the convolution computation faster keeping the accuracy of image recognition the same as for direct convolution method. We tested our approach for a subset of 2000 images from Imaginet validation set. We present the results for three precision of computations fp32, fp16 and bf16.
Cluster analysis of longitudinal profiles with subgroups

: In this paper, we cluster proﬁles of longitudinal data using a penalized regression method. Speciﬁcally, we allow heterogeneous variation of longitudinal patterns for each subject, and utilize a pairwise-grouping penalization on coeﬃcients of the nonparametric B-spline models to form subgroups. Consequently, we identify clusters based on diﬀerent patterns of the predicted longitudinal curves. One advantage of the proposed method is that there is no need to pre-specify the number of clusters; instead the number of clusters is selected automatically through a model selection criterion. Our method is also applicable for unbalanced data where diﬀerent subjects could have measurements at diﬀerent time points. To implement the proposed method, we develop an alternating direction method of multi- pliers (ADMM) algorithm which has the desirable convergence property. In theory, we establish the consistency properties for approximated nonpara- metric function estimation and subgrouping memberships. In addition, we show that our method outperforms the existing competitive approaches in our simulation studies and real data example.
In vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of Sybaris liquorice roots from Southern Italy

The antioxidant properties of extracts of Sybaris liquorice roots have been assessed using 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. The extracts, obtained by Soxhlet extraction (Et2O, AcOEt, MeOH and BuOH) of the yellow (inner part) and brown (cortex) root powders ensuing from decortication of the raw dry roots, followed by separation and powderisation, were analysed for their scavenging activity by evaluating the colourimetric decrease in the absorbance of DPPH. The highest antioxidant activity (98.39 ± 0.56%) was observed in the case of the Et2O extract of the brown powder, at a concentration of 3.33 mg mL−1. Moreover, the total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and expressed as milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry extract. Our results show that the Et2O extract of the liquorice root cortex could be used as an attractive natural source of antioxidant additives for food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical applications.
Introduction: Mapping the issues

Abstract While the field of ethnic and racial studies has increased dramatically in recent years, issues of methodology have to date remained relatively unexplored. Despite a long tradition of ethnographic research on racialized and ethnic minorities in North America and Europe, comparatively little has been written on what it means to research and write race ethnographically. This Introduction maps the key issues and controversies surrounding ethnography and race in Britain, the United States and mainland Europe, and traces the different anthropological and sociological/urban perspectives on the ethnographic method in relation to race and ethnicity.
Condition-dependent auditory processing in the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus): links to sex, reproductive condition and female estrogen levels

SUMMARY Neural responses to sensory stimuli often differ between sexes, vary seasonally, and can be regulated by endocrine activity, but the ecological and physiological mechanisms driving such patterns are not well understood. The current study examined how auditory function in the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), a vocal teleost, co-varied with sex, reproductive condition and female plasma 17β-estradiol level. Auditory evoked potentials were collected in response to tone pips (100–600 Hz) and a natural round goby pulse vocalization. Additionally, saccule hair cell densities were compared across reproductive groups. Auditory threshold was evaluated in terms of pressure and particle acceleration, and response amplitude and onset latency were measured at 10 dB above threshold. Relative to males, females displayed lower auditory thresholds in response to the natural vocalization and to tones at 300–600 Hz, and had a higher density of saccule hair cells. The 17β-estradiol level was positively associated with amplitude and latency for the pulse stimulus and with both threshold and amplitude for tones at 100–200 Hz in females. Relative to non-reproductive males, reproductive males exhibited longer response latencies at 100–200 Hz. The results demonstrate sexual dimorphism in auditory function in a teleost fish as well as intra-sexual variation, partially based on hormone levels. The current research further identifies links between auditory function and reproductive behaviors in fishes and provides a finer-scaled analysis of how this behavior is reflected at the level of the sensory systems facilitating signal reception.
Analytic modeling of dipolar field requirements for robust coupling in a non-identical biaxial two-magnet system

Magnetic bodies interact with each other through magnetic dipolar fields that depend on the instantaneous magnetization vectors of the coupled magnetic bodies in a system. Previous studies have shown that reliable, deterministic coupling can be achieved in identical two-magnet systems and is a function of the longitudinal and perpendicular components of the dipolar field. In this work, we extend previous work significantly by developing analytic models that map the regions of dipolar field driven magnetization reversal of a non-identical two-magnet system. Models are obtained for mono-domain magnetic bodies with biaxial magnetic anisotropy. The analytic models presented map the necessary requirements for a deterministically coupled two-magnet system. In these deterministic, stable reversals, the two-magnet system stabilizes in an anti-parallel configuration along the natural free-axis of the system, regardless of thermal effects. However, non-deterministic reversals can also occur in certain non-identical systems. These pseudo-reversals occur because only one of the nanomagnets meets the critical field requirements. In this case, the system reversal is a result of thermal drift and therefore complex function system parameters and observation time. We also note that multi-magnet systems may find steady-state orientations away from the free-axis if the perpendicular components of the dipolar field are too large. We present models which accurately map the field magnitudes which result in these meta-stable reversals. Lastly, models to interpret the impact of dipolar coupling on the critical current requirement for spin-transfer-torque driven magnetization switching are also presented in this manuscript. This work greatly expands our understanding of the complex-field interaction in multi-magnet systems and is crucial when evaluating complex magnetic devices.Magnetic bodies interact with each other through magnetic dipolar fields that depend on the instantaneous magnetization vectors of the coupled magnetic bodies in a system. Previous studies have shown that reliable, deterministic coupling can be achieved in identical two-magnet systems and is a function of the longitudinal and perpendicular components of the dipolar field. In this work, we extend previous work significantly by developing analytic models that map the regions of dipolar field driven magnetization reversal of a non-identical two-magnet system. Models are obtained for mono-domain magnetic bodies with biaxial magnetic anisotropy. The analytic models presented map the necessary requirements for a deterministically coupled two-magnet system. In these deterministic, stable reversals, the two-magnet system stabilizes in an anti-parallel configuration along the natural free-axis of the system, regardless of thermal effects. However, non-deterministic reversals can also occur in certain non-identical.
OEPARTEMENT TOEGEPASTE ECONOMISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN

ABSTRACT We present a general company-wide management information system for defining procurement strategies. We believe that existing practices for determining purchasing strategies can be improved and develop a new approach. The system uses total cost of ownership information. We argue that mathematical programming models should be used for exploiting this information when evaluating the firm's strategic procurement options. Our research method corresponds to the innovation action research concept. Implementations at Usinor, a European multinational steel company, validate our approach by showing an average reduction in total cost of ownership of about 10% for the different product groups considered. INTRODUCTION In today's business world characterized by intense global competition, cost management is an important strategic weapon. External purchases of products and services account generally for more than 60% of the total costs for most companies. Consequently, significant cost savings can be realized by effectively determining procurement strategies. Strange enough, while there has been much attention paid in the accounting literature to activity based management and customer profitability analysis, there has been far less notice taken of purchasing. Considering the importance of external purchases, it is indeed rather surprising that most of today' s activity based costing systems are mainly focused on activities that are related to products, services, departments and customers (Foster and Swenson 1997 ; Swenson 1997) and not on the determination of procurement strategies. In the purchasing literature and in practice we have noticed the existence and use of simple, SUbjective and incomplete approaches for supplier selection (for an overview see Degraeve, Labro and Roodhooft 2000). Indeed, for many years, procurement has been an undervalued activity in its contribution to corporate performance improvement and value for money management. Inadequate planning, poor
Disease-Related Microglia Heterogeneity in the Hippocampus of Alzheimer ' s Disease , Dementia with Lewy Bodies , and Hippocampal Sclerosis of Aging

Introduction: Neuropathological, genetic, and biochemical studies have provided support for the hypothesis that microglia participate in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Despite the extensive characterization of AD microglia, there are still many unanswered questions, and little is known about microglial morphology in other common forms of age-related dementia: particularly, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging). In addition, no prior studies have attempted to compare and contrast the microglia morphology in the hippocampus of various neurodegenerative conditions. Results: Here we studied cases with pathologically-confirmed AD (n = 7), HS-Aging (n = 7), AD + HS-aging (n = 4), DLB (n = 12), and normal (cognitively intact) controls (NC) (n = 9) from the University of Kentucky Alzheimer’s Disease Center autopsy cohort. We defined five microglia morphological phenotypes in the autopsy samples: ramified, hypertrophic, dystrophic, rod-shaped, and amoeboid. The Aperio ScanScope digital neuropathological tool was used along with two well-known microglial markers: IBA1 (a marker for both resting and activated microglia) and CD68 (a lysosomal marker in macrophages/microglia associated with phagocytic cells). Hippocampal staining analyses included studies of subregions within the hippocampal formation and nearby white matter. Using these tools and methods, we describe variation in microglial characteristics that show some degree of disease specificity, including, (1) increased microglia density and number in HS-aging and AD + HS-aging; (2) low microglia density in DLB; (3) increased number of dystrophic microglia in HS-aging; and (4) increased proportion of dystrophic to all microglia in DLB. Conclusions: We conclude that variations in morphologies among microglial cells, and cells of macrophage lineage, can help guide future work connecting neuroinflammatory mechanisms with specific neurodegenerative disease subtypes.
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHLOROPHYLLS, CAROTENOIDS, AND THEIR DERIVATIVES IN FRESH AND PROCESSED VEGETABLES

ABSTRACT A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed to quantify major chlorophylls and carotenoids in some raw and processed vegetables. Vegetable samples were simultaneously homogenized and extracted with methanol in a homogenizer in two steps. A sample to solvent ratio of 1 : 10 (w/v) was sufficient for a complete extraction of pigments from pea. The extraction yields were determined to be 79.1% and 20.9% for the first and the second extraction steps, respectively. A MikroPak C8 reversed-phase column was used for the separation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in an elution time of 20 min using gradient mixture of methanol : water at a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min. A good separation of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b), and of their major derivatives, was achieved. The method has also been shown to be applicable for the separation of yellow (α- and β-carotenes) and orange (xanthophylls) carotenoids in some vegetables. The method was shown to be useful to quantify Chl a and Chl b, and of their Mg-free derivatives of Pheo a and Pheo b, in some fresh and processed peas, as well as to quantify β-carotene in carrots.