Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ASCA View of Our Galactic Center: Remains of Past Activities in X-Rays?

Detailed X-ray images and spectra of the galactic-center region up to 10 keV were obtained with ASCA. Diffuse thermal-emission with distinct Ka lines from highly ionized ions of various elements has confirmed the presence of an extended high-temperature plasma. The fluorescent X-ray emission from cold iron atoms in molecular clouds was also found, possibly due to irradiation by X-rays from the center, which was bright in the past, but is presently dim. The results suggest that the galactic center exhibited intermittent activities with a time-averaged energy generation rate comparable to Seyfert nuclei, a class of active galactic nuclei.
Gait Trajectory Planning Based on Least Squares Fitting - Polynomial for Lower Extremity Rehabilitation

According to the analysis results of normal gait data, a method of gait trajectory planning based least squares curve fitting is proposed. Given the generalized-th order polynomial functions, the coefficients for functions are determined, then, a health hip and knee gait trajectory planning functions were obtained. The computer data analysis results show that the gait trajectory fitted can represent a normal gait accurately.
Coherent superposition of exciton states in quantum dots induced by surface plasmons

We present an experimental demonstration of strong optical coupling between CdSequantum dots of different sizes which is induced by a surface plasmon propagating on a planar silver thin film. Attenuated total reflection measurements demonstrate the hybridization of exciton states, characterized by the observation of two avoided crossings in the energy dispersion measured for the interacting system.
Magnetic Field Configuration in Impulsive Solar Flares Inferred from Coaligned Microwave/X-Ray Images

The results of an analysis of 14 impulsive solar flares, observed simultaneously with microwave and X-ray imaging instruments, are presented. From the relative locations of microwave, hard X-ray, and soft X-ray sources, we have found that in 10 of the 14, at least two loops are involved. Typical sizes of the two loops differ; one is typically ≤20'' and the other 30''-80''. Microwave emission is detected from both loops, while hard X-ray emission is preferentially radiated from the shorter of the two loops. The shorter loop is brighter than the longer loop in soft X-rays. However, intensity variations of microwaves from the two loops are similar. These observations, together with comparisons of the microwave/X-ray images with photospheric magnetograms, suggest that in the majority of impulsive flare events two loops interact with each other, releasing magnetic energy and producing energetic electrons. The observations are therefore consistent with the emerging flux model of flares.
In-flight performance and calibration of the Chandra high-resolution camera spectroscopic readout (HRC-S)

The High Resolution Camera (HRC) is one of two focal plane instruments on the NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory which was successfully launched on July 23, 1999. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was designed to perform high resolution spectroscopy and imaging in the X-ray band of 0.07 to 10 keV. The HRC instrument consists of two detectors, HRC-I for imaging and HRC-S for spectroscopy. Each HRC detector consists of a thin aluminized polyimide blocking filter, a chevron pair of microchannel plates and a crossed grid charge readout. The HRC-I is an approximately 100 X 100 mm detector optimized for high resolution imaging and timing, the HRC-S is an approximately 20 X 300 detector optimized to function as the readout for the Low Energy Transmission Grating. In this paper we discuss the in-flight performance of the HRC-S, and present preliminary analysis of flight calibration data and compare it with the results of the ground calibration and pre-flight predictions. In particular we will compare ground data and in-flight data on detector background, quantum efficiency, spatial resolution, pulse height resolution, and point spread response function.
Theoretical calculations of electron transport in molecular junctions: Inflection behavior in Fowler-Nordheim plot and its origin

We investigated the origin of an inflection behavior appearing in Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) plot of current-voltage characteristics for molecular junctions using two different levels of calculation methods: nonequilibrium Green's-function technique combined with the density-functional theory and tight-binding approximation. Although the inflection has so far been interpreted from the naive model that the charge transport mechanism transits from a direct to the F-N tunneling, our results indicated that the inflection does not necessarily mean the transition between the two regimes. We found from the close examination of the relation between the behavior of the F-N curve and the transmission function that the inflection takes place when the molecular level responsible for electric currents approaches to the edge of the bias window. While our interpretation for the inflection drastically differ from the conventional model, the F-N plots obtained from our calculations showed closely similar behavior as those from the recent experiments.
Voicing‐dependent vowel duration in English and French: Monolingual and bilingual production

It is well established in English phonology that vowels preceding voiceless consonants are approximately two‐thirds the duration of vowels preceding voiced consonants when these vowels occur in stressed prepausal environments. It is claimed that such a large voicing‐dependent effect does not exist in certain other languages, such as French. However, in previous studies, the syllabic and phonemic structures of the stimuli used for cross‐language comparison have not been held constant. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to compare durational effects in English and French stimulus words having the same syllabic structure and, to the extent possible, the same phonemic structure. An additional issue of the study was the ability of bilinguals to utilize the English durational rule. Computer analysis of 854 stimulus words revealed that (1) there were larger context‐dependent differences in preconsonantal vowel duration in English than in French, and (2) the English and French vowel duration ratios of Fr.
Theoretical study of protein folding: outlining folding nuclei and estimation of protein folding rates

Our theoretical approach for prediction of folding/unfolding nuclei in three-dimensional protein structures is based on a search for free energy saddle points on networks of protein unfolding pathways. Under some approximations, this search is rapidly performed by dynamic programming and results in prediction of Φ values, which can be compared with those found experimentally. We show that the presented theoretical approach can be used to outline a folding nucleus in proteins’ 3D structure. We demonstrate that incorporation of such ‘details’ as hydrogen atoms (in addition to the heavy ones) improves prediction of the folding nuclei. The model provides good predictions of folding nuclei for proteins whose 3D structures have been determined by x-ray, and is less successful for proteins whose structures have been determined by NMR. Besides, the same dynamic programming-based calculation yields the transition state free energy, and thus allows one to estimate the protein folding rate. A more direct estimate of the folding rate can be obtained from Monte Carlo simulation of refolding of known 3D protein structure, which is also described in this work. The refolding times obtained from dynamic programming and Monte Carlo simulations correlate reasonably well with logarithms of experimentally measured folding rates at mid-transition.
Magnetic properties of amorphous GdFeB and GdCoB alloys

Studies have been made of the magnetization of GdFeB and GdCoB amorphous thin films in which ratios of Gd to transition metal and B to transition metal were varied. In GdCoB alloys the Co moment decreases as the sum of the B and Gd concentration increases. Assuming a charge transfer mechanism, each Gd contributes 1.4 electrons and each B 2.1 electrons to the Co 3‐d band. The moment can be described by an additive charge transfer equation. However, in GdFeB alloys the Fe moment increases with increasing B concentration beyond a boron to iron ratio of 0.15. In addition to a reduction in Fe moment by charge transfer of 2.1 electrons from Gd and 2.4 from B, there is an increase in Fe moment due to B addition at higher concentrations. A possible cause for this behavior can be found in the noncollinear (sperimagnetic) alignment of the Fe magnetic sublattice in amorphous ferrimagnetic alloys. High field susceptibility data show that sperimagnetism is reduced with increasing boron.
Acoustical study of the development of stop consonants in children

This study focuses on the acoustic patterns of stop consonants and adjacent vowels as they develop in young children (ages 2.6–3.3) over a 6‐month period. The acoustic properties that are being measured for stop consonants include spectra of bursts, frication noise and aspiration noise, and formant movements. Additionally, acoustic landmarks are labeled for measurements of durations of events determined by these landmarks. These acoustic measurements are being interpreted in terms of the supraglottal, laryngeal, and respiratory actions that give rise to them. Preliminary data show that some details of the child’s gestures are still far from achieving the adult pattern. The burst of frication noise at the release tends to be shorter than adult values, and often consists of multiple bursts, possibly due to greater compliance of the active articulator. From the burst spectrum, the place of articulation appears to be normal. Finally, coordination of closure of the glottis and release of the primary articulato.
Algorithms for draping fabrics on doubly‐curved surfaces

Three algorithms for draping biaxially woven fabrics on arbitrarily curved surfaces are presented and compared for numerical accuracy and computational expense. The first one minimizes the elastic energy in each fabric cell, while the two others are based on placing a net of interlocked and inextensible fibres on the surface along geodesic lines. A benchmark shows that the minimum energy technique performs the best and is also the most promising for further optimization in terms of numerical quadrature formulae.
The Linear Polarization of Radio Sources Between 11 and 20 cm Wavelength. III. Influence of the Galaxy on Source Depolarization and Faraday Rotation

Abstract : The dependence on galactic latitude of the 11 and 20 cm polarization of 355 extragalactic sources reveals no definite evidence of depolarization within the Galaxy. The distribution of Faraday rotation can be explained in terms of a field along the local spiral arm, deformed by magnetic 'loops' in the solar neighbourhood. (Author)
Goldenrod Pigments and the Occurrence of Hematite and Possibly Goethite in the Olympus–Amazonis Region of Mars

Abstract The spectral properties of the Olympus–Amazonis region of Mars were reproduced using laboratory mixtures of palagonitic tephra and goldenrod pigments, which are blends of well-crystalline hematite and goethite. Laboratory spectra for pure pigments and mixtures were obtained at ∼140 and ∼305 K to bracket the temperature range of the martian surface. The best fit to the martian surface spectrum was obtained with a mixture of palagonitic tephra and 2.5% BLS12, a goldenrod pigment with 44% of its iron atoms associated with hematite and 56% with goethite (determined from Mossbauer spectroscopy). Although goethite is the major phase, the positions of reflectivity maximum and minimum near 750 and 860 nm, respectively, are determined by the hematite component at both temperatures. Spectrally, the presence of goethite is recognized by increased reflectivity between ∼400 and 550 nm and, particularly at low temperatures, lowered reflectivity between ∼1000 and 1300 nm compared to spectra of mixtures containing only hematite. Although the presence of goethite is consistent with the martian spectrum, the presence of the mineralogy is equivocal because other ferric-bearing phases (e.g., maghemite, lepidocrocite, akaganeite, schwertmannite, jarosite, and nontronite) have similar spectral characteristics, making definitive identification difficult. Thus, our results show that spectral data for Olympus–Amazonis, which are hematitic based on positions of spectral features, permit the presence of comparable proportions of other ferric-bearing phases. Weathering products in addition to hematite, such as goethite from oxidative and hydrolytic weathering or jarosite and/or schwertmannite from acid-sulfate weathering, may be present but spectrally masked by hematite.
Vibrationally excited H2, HCl and NO+ in the diffuse clouds toward zeta Ophiuchi

Absorption lines from vibrationally excited H2 and from HCl were detected in the ultraviolet spectrum of Zeta Oph with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Improved upper limits on NO(+) absorption were obtained as well. The data were analyzed with an updated version of a chemical model for diffuse clouds (van Dishoeck & Black 1986) as a guide to understanding this gaseous environment. The comparisons suggest that the flux of ultraviolet radiation impinging on the cloud surface is approximately 1-2 times the average interstellar radiation field, which is lower than once believed.
Analysis and Design of a Novel-Shape Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Minimization of Torque Ripple and Iron Loss

This paper presents the shape optimization of a permanent magnet synchronous motor to reduce the torque ripple and iron loss. Specifically, the harmonics of the electromotive force and cogging torque are decreased by adjusting the permanent magnet arrangement and non-uniform air gap length. In addition, an additional flux path along the q-axis is proposed with a unique rotor shape to increase the q-axis inductance and reluctance torque. The improvement in the performance of the proposed model is verified with simulated and experimental results.
Fully convolutional network for rice seedling and weed image segmentation at the seedling stage in paddy fields

To reduce the cost of production and the pollution of the environment that is due to the overapplication of herbicide in paddy fields, the location information of rice seedlings and weeds must be detected in site-specific weed management (SSWM). With the development of deep learning, a semantic segmentation method with the SegNet that is based on fully convolutional network (FCN) was proposed. In this paper, RGB color images of seedling rice were captured in paddy field, and ground truth (GT) images were obtained by manually labeled the pixels in the RGB images with three separate categories, namely, rice seedlings, background, and weeds. The class weight coefficients were calculated to solve the problem of the unbalance of the number of the classification category. GT images and RGB images were used for data training and data testing. Eighty percent of the samples were randomly selected as the training dataset and 20% of samples were used as the test dataset. The proposed method was compared with a classical semantic segmentation model, namely, FCN, and U-Net models. The average accuracy rate of the SegNet method was 92.7%, whereas the average accuracy rates of the FCN and U-Net methods were 89.5% and 70.8%, respectively. The proposed SegNet method realized higher classification accuracy and could effectively classify the pixels of rice seedlings, background, and weeds in the paddy field images and acquire the positions of their regions.
Random change point models: investigating cognitive decline in the presence of missing data

With the aim of identifying the age of onset of change in the rate of cognitive decline while accounting for the missing observations, we considered a selection modelling framework. A random change point model was fitted to data from a population-based longitudinal study of ageing (the Cambridge City over 75 Cohort Study) to model the longitudinal process. A missing at random mechanism was modelled using logistic regression. Random effects such as initial cognitive status, rate of decline before and after the change point, and the age of onset of change in rate of decline were estimated after adjustment for risk factors for cognitive decline. Among other possible predictors, the last observed cognitive score was used to adjust the probability of death and dropout. Individuals who experienced less variability in their cognitive scores experienced a change in their rate of decline at older ages than individuals whose cognitive scores varied more.
On the Random Generation of Finite Simple Classical Groups

Abstract Let G be a finite simple classical group with natural module of dimension n, and let r, s be primes, not both 2, with r ≤ s. Denote by P r, s (G) the probability that G is generated by two randomly chosen elements of orders r and s. We prove that there is a quadratic function f such that if n ≥ f(s), then P r, s (G) → 1 as |G| → ∞.
Sensitivity analysis for Markov reward structures until entrance times

This work presents an estimate of the error on a cumulative reward function until the entrance time of a continuous-time Markov chain into a set, when the infinitesimal generator of this chain is perturbed. The derivation of an error bound constitutes the first part of the paper while the second part deals with an application where the time until saturation is considered for a circuit switched network which starts from an empty state and which is also subject to possible failures.
Stochastic geometry models in high-level vision

We survey the use of Markov models from stochastic geometry as priors in ‘high-level’ computer vision, in direct analogy with the use of discrete Markov random fields in ‘low-level’ vision. There are analogues of the Gibbs sampler, ICM and simulated annealing, and connections with existing methods in computer vision.
Artificial Fluid Properties for Large-Eddy Simulation of Compressible Turbulent Mixing

An alternative methodology is described for Large-Eddy Simulation of flows involving shocks, turbulence and mixing. In lieu of filtering the governing equations, it is postulated that the large-scale behavior of an ''LES'' fluid, i.e., a fluid with artificial properties, will be similar to that of a real fluid, provided the artificial properties obey certain constraints. The artificial properties consist of modifications to the shear viscosity, bulk viscosity, thermal conductivity and species diffusivity of a fluid. The modified transport coefficients are designed to damp out high wavenumber modes, close to the resolution limit, without corrupting lower modes. Requisite behavior of the artificial properties is discussed and results are shown for a variety of test problems, each designed to exercise different aspects of the models. When combined with a 10th-order compact scheme, the overall method exhibits excellent resolution characteristics for turbulent mixing, while capturing shocks and material interfaces in crisp fashion.
Mathematical analysis of vortex sheets

We consider the motion of the interface separating two domains of the same fluid that moves with different velocities along the tangential direction of the interface. The evolution of the interface (the vortex sheet) is governed by the Birkhoff‐Rott (BR) equations. We consider the question of the weakest possible assumptions such that the Birkhoff‐Rott equation makes sense. This leads us to introduce chord‐arc curves to this problem. We present three results. The first can be stated as the following: Assume that the Birkhoff‐Rott equation has a solution in a weak sense and that the vortex strength is bounded away from 0 and ∞. Moreover, assume that the solution gives rise to a vortex sheet curve that is chord‐arc. Then the curve is automatically smooth, in fact analytic, for fixed time. The second and third results demonstrate that the Birkhoff‐Rott equation can be solved if and only if only half the initial data is given. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using characteristic loci in the Hopf bifurcation

The Hopf bifurcation theorem is used by physicists, biologists and others interested in oscillations in systems described by differential equations. This paper presents a version of the theorem applicable directly to feedback systems, using the method of characteristic loci in an interpretation which looks rather like a multiple-loop version of the graphical describing function method. Frequency, amplitude and stability of oscillations about an equilibrium state are predicted by an iterative process which starts with a 2nd-order harmonic balance and successively increases the number of harmonics taken into account. The results from each stage of the process are used to define a curve in the complex plane from which the results of the next stage can be read off; consequently, the user has a visual indication of the accuracy and rate of convergence. The main theoretical limitation is that the nonlinear elements in the system must be continuously differentiable at least once more than the order of the highest harmonic used, whereas the main practical limitation is that the formula for the curve becomes extremely complicated if more than about six harmonics are considered.
Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report

This Consensus Report is intended to provide clinical professionals with evidence-based guidance about individualizing nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes. Strong evidence supports the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of nutrition therapy as a component of quality diabetes care, including its integration into the medical management of diabetes; therefore, it is important that all members of the health care team know and champion the benefits of nutrition therapy and key nutrition messages. Nutrition counseling that works toward improving or maintaining glycemic targets, achieving weight management goals, and improving cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., blood pressure, lipids, etc.) within individualized treatment goals is recommended for all adults with diabetes and prediabetes. Though it might simplify messaging, a “one-size-fits-all” eating plan is not evident for the prevention or management of diabetes, and it is an unrealistic expectation given the broad spectrum of people affected by diabetes and prediabetes, their cultural backgrounds, personal preferences, co-occurring conditions (often referred to as comorbidities), and socioeconomic settings in which they live. Research provides clarity on many food choices and eating patterns that can help people achieve health goals and quality of life. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) emphasizes that medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is fundamental in the overall diabetes management plan, and the need for MNT should be reassessed frequently by health care providers in collaboration with people with diabetes across the life span, with special attention during times of changing health status and life stages (1–3). This Consensus Report now includes information on prediabetes, and previous ADA nutrition position statements, the last of which was published in 2014 (4), did not. Unless otherwise noted, the research reviewed was limited to those studies conducted in adults diagnosed with prediabetes, type 1 diabetes, and/or type 2 diabetes. Nutrition therapy for children with diabetes or women …