Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In the native speaker’s eye: Online processing of anomalous learner syntax

Abstract How do native speakers process texts with anomalous learner syntax? Second-language learners of Norwegian, and other verb-second (V2) languages, frequently place the verb in third position (e.g., *Adverbial-Subject-Verb), although it is mandatory for the verb in these languages to appear in second position (Adverbial-Verb-Subject). In an eye-tracking study, native Norwegian speakers read sentences with either grammatical V2 or ungrammatical verb-third (V3) word order. Unlike previous eye-tracking studies of ungrammaticality, which have primarily addressed morphosyntactic anomalies, we exclusively manipulate word order with no morphological or semantic changes. We found that native speakers reacted immediately to ungrammatical V3 word order, indicated by increased fixation durations and more regressions out on the subject, and subsequently on the verb. Participants also recovered quickly, already on the following word. The effects of grammaticality were unaffected by the length of the initial adverbial. The study contributes to future models of sentence processing which should be able to accommodate various types of “noisy” input, that is, non-standard variation. Together with new studies of processing of other L2 anomalies in Norwegian, the current findings can help language instructors and students prioritize which aspects of grammar to focus on.
Electronic structure and small polaron hole transport of copper aluminate

High-temperature electrical property measurements (electrical conductivity, thermoelectric coefficient) on polycrystalline ${\mathrm{CuAlO}}_{2}$ exhibited characteristic small polaron features, i.e., low mobilities (0.1\char21{}0.4 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V s) and an activation energy of \ensuremath{\sim}0.14 eV. The thermopower was p type (\ensuremath{\sim}440 \ensuremath{\mu}V/K) and roughly temperature independent. The local-density full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method was used to calculate the band structure, densities of states, and optical properties (within the electric-dipole approximation) in order to account for the unique electronic and optical properties of this potential transparent conducting oxide.
The Optically Thick Fe XVII Spectrum: X-Ray, Extreme-Ultraviolet, and Forbidden Line Ratios

Level populations, X-ray line fluxes, and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) line intensities are calculated for a 37 level model of the Fe XVII ion, as functions of the column density of Fe XVII, in slab geometry and cylindrical geometry. The resonance lines at 15.02 and 15.25 Å are found to exhibit initial increases in fluxes relative to the forbidden line at 17.10 Å and the usual reference resonance line at 16.78 Å as optical thickness increases. Eleven EUV lines and the forbidden 2p53s(3P0-3P1) transition near 1154 Å are also found to be relatively enhanced by opacity.
Efficiency of Manchega Sheep Milk Intended for Cheesemaking and Determination of Factors Causing Inefficiency

Simple Summary As payment systems currently do not reflect the quality of raw milk intended for cheesemaking, the industry demands tools to estimate an economical value of milk based on its performance during the coagulation process. This study develops algorithms that aim to improve the overall efficiency of the cheese sector through a more adequate connection between the demands of the industry and the technological profiles of raw milk, as well as to establish an objective method to set prices, which particularly consider the usefulness of milk to make cheese. Taking into account that the few studies available on this topic only focus on fresh cheese yield, we also evaluated the moisture of the curd, which led to an algorithm based on dry extract, which is more suitable considering the wide range of cheeses available in the market, and thus, better adjusts to the reality of the industry. Abstract Understanding the factors that determine and regulate cheese yield would allow, through deterministic parametric efficiency models, the determination of the most appropriate milk characteristics for the industry, and the estimation of a technological value for these characteristics. The present study aims to evaluate coagulation performance of Manchega sheep milk intended for cheesemaking and explores two models to determine milk technological efficiency. For this purpose, 1200 Manchega sheep milk samples were collected, and analyses were performed for composition, milk coagulation properties (MCP), somatic cell count (SCC), and milk color values. A first model was built based on curd yield (CE) and a second one based on dry curd yield (DCE). GLM and MANCOVA analyses were used to identify the factors that determine curd yield efficiency, which mainly depended on pH, casein, and lactose content and, to a lesser extent, on the speed of coagulation and curd firmness. When comparing both models, differences were linked to the water retention capacity of the curd. Based on this, the DCE model was considered much more accurate for prediction of coagulation efficiency in a wider variety of cheeses, as it does not seem to be affected by moisture loss.
Evaluation of the Normal Stress Interaction Parameter in the Tensor Polynomial Strength Theory for Anisotropic Materials

A simple engineering approximation for evaluating the interaction term in the tensor polynomial strength theory is given. The approximation treats the interaction term under plane stress condition as a parameter which depends on the failure properties parallel with the reference axes. Theoretically, the correct way to obtain the value of the normal stress interaction parameter is by way of tests on 45 ° off-axis specimens. However this method has been found difficult to apply to real anisotropic materials. Various approximations have been proposed of which the most noteworthy is the one of "Tsai and Hahn. " A detailed discussion of this and the currently proposed approx imation is included.
Pre-workout Induced Demand Ischemia

Pre-workout supplement use has increased in recent years. Multiple side effects and off-labeled substances have been reported. We report a case of a 35-year-old patient who recently started a pre-workout and was found to have sinus tachycardia, elevated troponin, and subclinical hyperthyroidism. The echocardiogram showed normal ejection fraction and no wall motion abnormality. Beta-blockade therapy with propranolol was offered, but she refused, and her symptoms and troponin levels improved after proper hydration within 36 hours. A cautious and accurate assessment of young, fitness-enthusiastic patients experiencing unusual chest pain is essential to identify a reversible cardiac injury and possible off-label substances in over-the-counter supplements.
Some exact statistics of two-dimensional viscous flow with random forcing

By regarding the amplitudes of a set of orthogonal modes as the co-ordinates in an infinite-dimensional phase space, the probability distribution for an ensemble of randomly forced two-dimensional viscous flows is determined as the solution of the continuity equation for the phase flow. For a special, but infinite, class of types of random forcing, the exact equilibrium probability distribution can be found analytically from the Navier-Stokes equations. In these cases, the probability distribution is the product of exponential functions of the integral invariants of unforced inviscid flow.
Vibrational signals are species‐specific and sex‐specific for sexual communication in the tea leafhopper, Empoasca onukii

Empoasca onukii Matsuda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the primary pest of tea gardens, but the species' sexual communication and mating behavior is currently unclear. A similar species, Empoasca vitis Göthe, had been reported to use vibrational signals for mating communication, so we studied these two aspects from the perspective of biotremology. First, laser vibrometry detected both males and females could emit vibrational signals that are sex specific. Females emitted one signal type (the female signal), and males emitted two signal types: the male calling signal and the male courtship signal. Compared with the male signals, the female signal has a simpler structure, lower dominant frequency, and shorter length. Second, the vibrational signals of E. onukii play a decisive role in sexual communication. The male emits calling signals and then recognizes the female based on her reply signal; after establishing a duet with the female, the male emits a series of courtship signals, and then continually locates and approaches the female according to her reply signals, and finally attempts to copulate. Third, vibrational signals of E. onukii are species‐specific. Comparing E. onukii and E. vitis, there are differences in three aspects: the emitting behavior of female signals, the types of male signals, and the structure of male and female signals. We conclude that E. onukii uses sex‐ and species‐specific vibrational signals for sexual communication.
Existence and Stochastic Structure of a Non‐negative Integer‐valued Autoregressive Process

A simple criterion is given for the existence of a generalized integer‐valued autoregressive (GINAR(p)) process. We show that the GINAR(p) process is nothing but an AR(p) process. The spectral density gives a good insight into the stochastic structure of a GINAR(p) model. The spectral representation of the process is explicitly given. The estimation of parameters of the process is also discussed and clarifies some results presented by Du and Li (The integer‐valued autoregressive (INAR(p)) model. J. Times Ser. Anal. , 12 (1991), 129‐‐42). Finally, we describe the number of seizures of an epileptic patient using a model of this class.
Long‐term drift of the coronal source magnetic flux and the total solar irradiance

We test the method of Lockwood et al [1999] for deriving the coronal source flux from the geomagnetic aa index and show it to be accurate to within 12% for annual means and 4.5% for averages over a sunspot cycle. Using data from four solar constant monitors during 1981–1995, we find a linear relationship between this magnetic flux and the total solar irradiance. From this correlation, we show that the 131% rise in the mean coronal source field over the interval 1901‐1995 corresponds to a rise in the average total solar irradiance ΔI = 1.65±0.23 Wm−2.
On the nonlinear instability of Euler and Prandtl equations

In this paper we give examples of nonlinearly unstable solutions of Euler equations in the whole space ℝ2, the half space ℝ × ℝ+, the periodic strip ℝ × , the strip ℝ × [−1,1], and the periodic torus 2, with an application to vortex sheets. Using the same methods, we prove an instability result for Prandtl-type boundary layers that appear in ℝ × ℝ+ and × ℝ+. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design of efficient photonic crystal bend and power splitter using super defects

We propose a new scheme for an efficient photonic crystal 90° bend and power splitter. First we design a 90° bend by placing a super defect at the junction of two orthogonal photonic crystal waveguides. We changed the parameters of the super defect to optimize the transmission coefficient of the bent structure. Our two-dimensional (2D) simulations show more than 85% efficiency over a wide range of wavelengths. Then using this new scheme and adding another waveguide we design a new power splitter and optimize it with the same procedure. We used the coupled mode theory to analytically investigate the structures and finite difference time domain to simulate and optimize the structures performances.
Against All Odds, Femicide Did Not Increase During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From Six Spanish-Speaking Countries

This paper tests a situational hypothesis which postulates that the number of femicides should increase as an unintended consequence of the COVID-19-related lockdowns. The monthly data on femicides from 2017 to 2020 collected in six Spanish-speaking countries—Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Panama, Mexico, and Spain—and analyzed using threshold models indicate that the hypothesis must be rejected. The total number of femicides in 2020 was similar to that recorded during each of the three previous years, and femicides did not peak during the months of the strictest lockdowns. In fact, their monthly distribution in 2020 did not differ from the seasonal distribution of femicides in any former year. The discussion criticizes the current state of research on femicide and its inability to inspire effective criminal polices. It also proposes three lines of intervention. The latter are based on a holistic approach that places femicide in the context of crimes against persons, incorporates biology and neuroscience approaches, and expands the current cultural explanations of femicide.
Sensitivity of the (Q, R) inventory model to penalty cost parameter

This paper treats an approximate continuous review inventory model with backlogging of excess demand and stochastic leadtime. The major result derived is that the behavior of the optimal order size with respect to the shortage cost parameter is determined solely by the “conditional mean residual life” function corresponding to the leadtime demand distribution. Some minor results and illustrative examples are also included.
An Integrated Radiologic-Pathologic Understanding of COVID-19 Pneumonia

This article reviews the radiologic and pathologic findings of the epithelial and endothelial injuries in COVID-19 pneumonia to help radiologists understand the fundamental nature of the disease. The radiologic and pathologic manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia result from epithelial and endothelial injuries based on viral toxicity and immunopathologic effects. The pathologic features of mild and reversible COVID-19 pneumonia involve nonspecific pneumonia or an organizing pneumonia pattern, while the pathologic features of potentially fatal and irreversible COVID-19 pneumonia are characterized by diffuse alveolar damage followed by fibrosis or acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia. These pathologic responses of epithelial injuries observed in COVID-19 pneumonia are not specific to SARS-CoV-2 but rather constitute universal responses to viral pneumonia. Endothelial injury in COVID-19 pneumonia is a prominent feature compared with other types of viral pneumonia and encompasses various vascular abnormalities at different levels, including pulmonary thromboembolism, vascular engorgement, peripheral vascular reduction, a vascular tree-in-bud pattern, and lung perfusion abnormality. Chest CT with different imaging techniques (eg, CT quantification, dual-energy CT perfusion) can fully capture the various manifestations of epithelial and endothelial injuries. CT can thus aid in establishing prognosis and identifying patients at risk for deterioration. © RSNA, 2023
Opposing manner of miR‐455‐3p against NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex in the cortex and hippocampus of depressive rats under simulated complex space environment

Depression in astronauts is one of the consequences of space flight effects, negatively impacting their work performances. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms in space flight‐induced depression are still unknown; however, various neuropsychiatric disorders reported that overexpressed NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex in the brain triggers various pathological pathways, and inhibiting NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex asserts antidepressant effects. Through our in silico analysis, we found that epigenetic regulator miR‐445‐3p targets PSD‐95 and is hypothesized to down‐regulate NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex to prevent neuronal damage associated with depression. Therefore, the present study is aimed to determine the novel insight of the miR‐455‐3p against the NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex in the neurobiology of space flight‐induced depressive behavior. Using a simulated space environment complex model (SCSE) for 21 days, we induced depressive behavior in rats to analyze miR‐455‐3p expression and NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex in the cortex and hippocampus of the SCSE depressed rats through qRT‐PCR and western blot analysis. Further, an in vitro microgravity model using rat hippocampus cell lines (RHNC) was utilized to identify the independent role of miR‐455‐3p on (1) NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex and TrKB–BDNF proteins, (2) oxidative stress, (3) nitric oxide level, (4) inflammatory cytokines, (5) mitochondrial biogenesis/ dynamics, and (6) cell survival. Our results showed that miR‐455‐3p regulates NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex in the SCSE depressed rats in opposite ways, with the cortex revealing a higher level of miR‐455‐3p and low‐level NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex and the hippocampus showing down‐regulated miR‐455‐3p and up‐regulated NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex, indicating a region‐specific change in the miR‐455‐3p and NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex in the SCSE depressed rats. Further RHNC results also confirmed down‐regulated miR‐455‐3p and up‐regulated NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex expression, similar to the findings in the hippocampus of SCSE rats, suggesting that microgravity influences miR‐455‐3p and associated changes. Additional investigations revealed that miR‐455‐3p targets PSD‐95 and co‐regulates NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex along with TrkB–BDNF signaling and exert protective effects against NR2B‐PSD‐95‐nNOS complex, oxidative stress, nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines, and mitochondrial defects, suggesting a valuable biomarker for devising depressive disorders.
Predicting kidney outcomes among Latin American patients with lupus nephritis: The prognostic value of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy and tubulointerstitial inflammation

Objective To assess the effect of tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) on kidney survival in lupus nephritis (LN). Methods Two hundred eighty five patients with biopsy-proven LN were retrospectively studied. Kidney survival was defined as the time from initial biopsy to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), dialysis, or transplant. Kidney survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan–Meier method and the statistical difference between survival curves compared by the log-rank test. Cumulative incidence functions with competing risk of death for kidney survival were also graphed. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression and competing-risk analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of ESKD. Results Fifty-seven patients (20%) progressed to ESKD during a median time of 4.2 (2.0–55.2) months after biopsy. TII was present in 206 (72.3%) biopsies, while IFTA in 99 (34.7%) biopsies. Patients with moderate-to-severe IFTA had worse kidney survival than those with none or mild IFTA in both the Kaplan–Meier (p = 0.018) and the competing-risk analyses (p = 0.017). Patients with class IV ± V LN had worse kidney survival than those with non-class IV LN by the Kaplan–Meier method (p = 0.050), but not in the competing-risk analysis (p = 0.154). Worse kidney survival was also found among those with fibrous crescents than those without, in both the Kaplan–Meier (p = 0.010) and the competing-risk (p = 0.011) analyses. By multivariable Cox regression analysis, older age (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.07) and class IV ± V LN (HR 5.06, 95% CI 1.82–14.09) were associated with higher risk of ESKD after adjusting for sex, ethnicity, TII, and IFTA. By competing-risk analyses, class IV ± V LN (SHR 3.32, 95% CI 1.25–8.83) and no response to immunosuppressive therapy (SHR 4.55, 95% CI 1.54–13.41) were associated with a higher risk of ESKD, while eGFR >90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (SHR 0.98 for each ml/min/1.73 m 2 , 95% 0.97–0.99) with a lower risk. Conclusions Patients with moderate-to-severe IFTA had worse kidney survival than those with none or mild IFTA. Worse kidney survival was also found among those with class IV LN and fibrous crescents versus those without IV LN and fibrous crescents, respectively.
Power-efficient in vivo brain-machine interfaces via brain-state estimation

Objective. Advances in brain–machine interfaces (BMIs) can potentially improve the quality of life of millions of users with spinal cord injury or other neurological disorders by allowing them to interact with the physical environment at their will. Approach. To reduce the power consumption of the brain-implanted interface, this article presents the first hardware realization of an in vivo intention-aware interface via brain-state estimation. Main Results. It is shown that incorporating brain-state estimation reduces the in vivo power consumption and reduces total energy dissipation by over 1.8× compared to those of the current systems, enabling longer better life for implanted circuits. The synthesized application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) of the designed intention-aware multi-unit spike detection system in a standard 180 nm CMOS process occupies 0.03 mm2 of silicon area and consumes 0.63 µW of power per channel, which is the least power consumption among the current in vivo ASIC realizations. Significance. The proposed interface is the first practical approach towards realizing asynchronous BMIs while reducing the power consumption of the BMI interface and enhancing neural decoding performance compared to those of the conventional synchronous BMIs.
Persistent Path-Spectral (PPS) Based Machine Learning for Protein-Ligand Binding Affinity Prediction

Molecular descriptors are essential to quantitative structure activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) models and machine learning models. Here we propose persistent path-spectral (PPS), PPS-based molecular descriptors, and PPS-based machine learning model for the prediction of the protein-ligand binding affinity, for the first time. For the graph, simplicial complex, and hypergraph representation of molecular structures and interactions, the path-Laplacian can be constructed and the derived path-spectral naturally gives a quantitative description of molecules. Further, by introducing the filtration process of the representation, the persistent path-spectral can be derived, which gives a multiscale characterization of molecules. Molecular descriptors from the persistent path-spectral attributes then are combined with the machine learning model, in particular, the gradient boosting tree, to form our PPS-ML model. We test our model on three most commonly used data sets, i.e., PDBbind-v2007, PDBbind-v2013, and PDBbind-v2016, and our model can achieve competitive results.
Optical Luminosity Function of the QSOs Observed with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Seven (SDSS DR7)

We have determined the Optical Luminosity Function (OLF) of a sample of 80946 Quasi Stellar Objects (QSOs) taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Seven (SDSS DR7) with redshift range 0.3 z Mi z z z z z z z ΔMi = -0.5. A flat universe with cosmological parameters Ωm = 0.3, Ω∧ = 0.7, and Hubble constant Ho = 70.0 km·s-1·Mpc-1 is used. From the optical luminosity function a clear evidence of AGN downsizing is observed, i.e. the number density of the less luminous AGNs peaks at lower redshift than the number density of the more luminous AGNs.
Targeted Degradation of PD-L1 and Activation of the STING Pathway by Carbon-Dot-Based PROTACs for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology is an emerging approach to degrade disease-associated proteins. Here, we report a carbon-dot (CD)-based PROTAC (CDTAC) that degrade membrane proteins via ubiquitin-proteasome system. CDTACs can bind to programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), recruit cereblon (CRBN) to induce PD-L1 ubiquitination, and degrade them with proteasomes. Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) is also used to enhance the cellular uptake and proteasome activity. More than 99% or 90% of PD-L1 in CT26 or B16-F10 tumor cells can be degraded by CDTACs, respectively. Furthermore, CDTACs can activate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway to trigger immune responses. Thus, CDTACs with FMD treatment effectively inhibit the growth of CT26 and B16-F10 tumors. Compared with small molecule-based PROTACs, CDTACs offer several advantages, such as efficient membrane protein degradation, targeted tumor accumulation, immune system activation, and in vivo detection.