Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The ELT-3 GATA Factor Specifies Endoderm in Caenorhabditis angaria in an ancestral gene network

Endoderm specification in the nematode, C. elegans, occurs through a well-characterized pathway that is initiated by maternally provided SKN-1/Nrf, and with additional input from POP-1/TCF, which activates the GATA factor cascade MED-1,2 → END-1,3 → ELT-2,7. Orthologues of the MED and END factors, and ELT-7, are found only among nematodes of the Elegans Supergroup consisting of species closely related to C. elegans, which raises the question of how gut is specified in their absence. In this work, we investigate gut specification outside the Elegans Supergroup. We find that the C. angaria and C. portoensis orthologues of the elt-3 GATA factor gene are expressed in the early E lineage, just before their elt-2 orthologues. In C. angaria, both Can-pop-1(RNAi) and Can-elt-3(RNAi) result in a penetrant ‘gutless’ phenotype. Can-pop-1 is necessary for Can-elt-3 activation, showing that it acts upstream. When introduced into C. elegans as transgenes, overexpressed Can-elt-3 is sufficient to specify gut, while Can-elt-2 can rescue gut differentiation under the control of its own promoter. Our results demonstrate an ancestral mechanism for gut specification and differentiation in Caenorhabditis involving a simplified gene network consisting of POP-1 → ELT-3 → ELT-2. Summary statement Specification of the gut progenitor E in a distant relative of C. elegans uses a different GATA factor, ELT-3, suggesting that the ancestral network was simpler.
Dendrochronology of Forests Buried in Hachinohe Tephra on the Eastern Slope of Towada Volcano, Northern Japan

青森県十和田湖東方には, 十和田火山起源の十和田八戸テフラにおおわれた最終氷期 (約12,650年前) の埋没林が広い地域で確認される. その埋没林から採集した埋没樹木22個体 (トウヒ属14個体, カラマツ属5個体, モミ属3個体) に年輪年代学の手法を適用したところ, トウヒ属とモミ属では属内でもまた属間でもクロスデイティングができた. しかしながら, すべて倒木状態で産出したカラマツ属は, 属内においても属間でもクロスデイティングができなかった. また, 樹皮の残存したトウヒ属8個体とモミ属3個体の立木の最終形成年輪の形成年が, クロスデイティングの結果, 一致したことから, 同じ年に死滅したことがわかった. さらに, この最終形成年輪の年輪構造の詳細な検討から, その年の晩材形成がすでに終了していることがわかった. 以上のことから, この埋没林は, ある年の秋から次の春までの間に起きた十和田火山の噴火により, 短時間のあいだに埋積され, 一斉に枯死したことが明らかになった.
Carbon sequestration in urban landscapes: the example of a turfgrass system in New Zealand

Soil carbon sequestration was analysed in the topsoil (0–0.25 m) of putting greens of different ages (5, 9, 20, 30, 40 years) in a golf course in Palmerston North, New Zealand. The soil texture was the same for all putting greens and the intensive management guaranteed that the carbon (C) inputs to the soil were very similar for all ages. Significant and linear soil C sequestration rates occurred for 40 years. The soil C sequestration rate in 0–0.25 m depth was 69 ± 8 g/m2.year over a 40-year period totalling 28 t/ha over 40 years. The relative microbial activity (dehydrogenase activity/total soil C content) representing the bioavailability of soil C decreased by about 50% over 40 years. The C sequestration and decrease of bioavailability of soil C was much more pronounced in 0.1–0.25 m depth than in the top 0.1 m. In the top 0.1 m, very little C sequestration occurred, most probably due to the intensive soil management in this depth. We concluded that the C sequestration was mainly caused by the increasing humification of C in the undisturbed part of the soil (0.1–0.25 m depth) as was indicated by a significant decrease in the relative microbial activity. Turfgrass systems such as putting greens are well suited to sequester C in urban areas.
is not an appropriate payload of antibody-drug conjugates as rapid inactivation by lysosomal enzymes

: Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a proteasome inhibitor used for oncology indications including treating multiple myeloma. CFZ is a potent cytotoxic agent with an IC 50 in the nanomolar range in various cancer cell lines and was considered as a potential payload for antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). However, the conjugated CFZ to anti-CD22 or anti-HER2 antibody totally abolishes the in vitro potency. This was a surprise since with other payloads such as monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) where a potent anti-proliferation efficacy was retained as MMAE alone or as a payload in an ADC. Further investigations were conducted using CFZ alone, CFZ with a linker and CFZ-ADC with tissue matrices including lysosomal enzymes. With CFZ linked to the ADC, cathepsin B (a lysosomal enzyme) was efficient in liberating CFZ from the ADC by cleavage of valine-citrulline linker. At the same time, the liberated CFZ in the lysosome was inactivated due to further metabolism by lysosomal enzymes. The products from epoxide and amide hydrolysis were identified from these incubations. These results suggested that the CFZ-ADC upon uptake and internalization specifically delivers CFZ payload to the lysosomes, where the CFZ was inactivated. On the other hand, CFZ by itself is not as vulnerable and could reach its target. Therefore, the lysosomal stability is an important criterion in the selection of a payload for making the next generation of potent ADC therapeutics.
Identifying the characteristic scale of scene variation in fine spatial resolution imagery with wavelet transform-based sub-image statistics

Understanding the spatial structure of fine spatial resolution images is instrumental for either pixel- or object-based image analysis. In this Letter, the characteristic scale of scene variation in images is evaluated using statistics of sub-images produced by a wavelet transform. Six statistics, namely mean, variance, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis, were calculated for three directional sub-images and their derivative energy signature image at a sequence of wavelet decomposition levels. A simulated image, an aerial AUSIMAGE™ image (spatial resolution 0.2 m) and a recent Système Probatoire de l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT)-5 High Resolution Geometric (HRG) panchromatic image (spatial resolution 2.5 m) were analysed. It was found that with energy signature images, the change rate of SD over spatial resolution ranges between two successive decomposition levels ( ( SD/ ( R) suggested a synoptic and approximate description for the characteristic scale of scene variation. However, by comparing the result with the ranges of geostatistical variograms, it is suggested that the geostatistical method can correctly identify the characteristic scales of scene variation; semivariances can be calculated at any lag and orientation, while standard wavelet transforms are decomposed at only limited spatial resolution and orientation levels.
Assessing the Significance of Focal Activations Using Their Spatial Extent

Current approaches to detecting significantly activated regions of cerebral tissue use statistical parametric maps, which are thresholded to render the probability of one or more activated regions of one voxel, or larger, suitably small (e.g. 0.05). We present an approximate analysis which gives the probability that one or more activated regions of a specified volume, or larger, could have occurred by chance. These results mean that the detection of significant activations no longer depends on a fixed (and high) threshold but can be effected at any (lower) threshold, in terms of the spatial extent of the activated region. The substantial improvement in sensitivity which ensues is illustrated using a power analysis and a simulated phantom activation study.
Permeability and frictional strength of cation‐exchanged montmorillonite

Smectites, such as montmorillonite, are abundant throughout the upper crust and are commonly found in fault gouge. They are known for their weak frictional strength and low permeability. Smectites are swellable clays in which the interlayer cation can easily be exchanged. In this study, we measure permeability and frictional strength of montmorillonite exchanged with Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ using a triaxial shear apparatus. We find that the interlayer cation influences both permeability and the friction coefficient. K‐montmorillonite is significantly stronger (μ=0.26) than Na‐montmorillonite (μ=0.15) and Ca‐ or Mg‐montmorillonite (μ=0.11). Permeability for all four clays is between 10−21 and 10−23 m2 in the pressure range between 10 MPa and 100 MPa, with K‐montmorillonite the most permeable clay gouge. Mg‐, Ca‐, and Na‐montmorillonite show relative similar permeabilities of which Na‐montmorillonite is least permeable. We relate the higher frictional strength and permeability of K‐montmorillonite to reduce interlayer water content caused by differences in cation hydration and adsorption. The results show that the rapid cation exchange process in montmorillonite can influence macroscale parameters, such as permeability and strength, which can contribute to changes in local pressure conditions and frictional strength of shallow fault zones.
Origin of early Triassic rift-related alkaline basalts from Southwest China: age, isotope, and trace-element constraints

We report new analytical data regarding major and trace element geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopic composition, and zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analysis from the Kaiyuan alkaline basalts of Yunnan Province, along the southern margin of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). Zircon U-Pb ages and bulk-rock geochemistry indicate that the mafic lavas erupted at 248 ± 6 Ma with OIB-like trace element and isotope ratios similar to the Emeishan high-Ti basalts. These characters suggest that the Kaiyuan alkaline basalts are the products of the post-ELIP magmatism, involving remelting of the plume head after the main ELIP phase. By analogy with the Neogene Red Sea rift system, the Kaiyuan alkaline basalts may have been caused by a Red Sea-like extension along the southwestern margin of the Yangzte during the Early Triassic, during which the hypothesized rift system experienced plate–boundary forces that vanished quickly in the Late Triassic period.
Fossil eggs of probable piscine origin preserved on Pennsylvanian Sphenopteridium foliage from the Kinney Quarry, central New Mexico

ABSTRACT The Upper Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks exposed in the Kinney Brick Company quarry, central New Mexico, contain a diverse megaflora with abundant foliage of the pteridosperm Sphenopteridium manzanitanum. A few of the frond fragments carry many small (to 2.0 mm in diameter), compressed spherical bodies, which occur as linear or random groups on both foliar rachises and laminae; also present are two compact, isolated aggregates not attached to any organic substrate. The individual bodies are delimited by a thin, amorphous wall that evidently was membranous, flexible, and adhesive, forming flattened areas of mutual contact. These bodies are interpreted as animal eggs. Their association with spirorbid worm tubes and other evidence indicates that the eggs were deposited under water, on floating or suspended vegetation or in compact, unattached masses. Neither terrestrial nor aquatic invertebrates yield satisfactory clues as to the egg source. However, the aquatic or semi-aquatic vertebrates (fishes .
Valproic Acid Attenuates Neural Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Degeneration 30 Days after Traumatic Brain Injury, Hemorrhagic Shock, and Polytrauma in a Swine Model

Introduction: A single-dose (150mg/kg) of valproic acid (VPA) has been shown to decrease brain lesion size and improve neurologic recovery in pre-clinical models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the long-term impact of single-dose VPA following TBI has not been well evaluated. Methods: Yorkshire swine were subjected to TBI (cortical impact), hemorrhagic shock, and polytrauma. Animals remained in hypovolemic shock for two hours prior to resuscitation with normal saline (NS, volume = 3x hemorrhaged volume) or NS + VPA (150 mg/kg) (n=5/cohort). Brain samples were harvested 30 days following injuries. The cerebral cortex adjacent to the site of cortical impact was evaluated using TUNEL assay, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. Results: VPA treatment significantly decreased the number of TUNEL (+) cells and expression of cleaved-caspase 3. Expression of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba1), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), amyloid beta (A β ), and phosphyrlated-Tau (p-Tau) were significantly attenuated (p < 0.05) in the VPA-treated animals compared to the NS group. VPA treatment also significantly increased (p < 0.05) expression of brain-derived neurotrophic the long-term impact of single-dose VPA administration, however, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term impact of single-dose VPA (150 mg/kg) treatment in a large animal trauma model of TBI. We hypothesized that single-dose VPA administration would attenuate neural apoptosis, inflammation, and degeneration and promote neural plasticity in a long-term swine model of TBI, HS, and polytrauma. rabbit anti-A (1:1000); rabbit anti-Tau (1:1000), (1:1000), rabbit anti-brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF, 1:1000), rabbit κ B (1:1000), rabbit anti-IkB α (1:1000), rabbit anti-histone 3 (H3, 1:1000), mouse anti- β -actin (1:3000)
The Clinical Significance of Perineural Invasion by Prostate Cancer on Needle Core Biopsy Involvement of Single Versus Multiple Sextant Sites

Note: This article was posted on the Archives Web site as an Early Online Release. Early Online Release articles have been peer reviewed, copyedited, and reviewed by the authors. Additional changes or corrections may appear in these articles when they appear in a future print issue of the Archives. Early Online Release articles are citable by using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), a unique number given to every article. The DOI will typically appear at the end of the abstract.
Effect of Clopidogrel on Early Failure of Arteriovenous Fistulas for Hemodialysis

Laura M. Dember, MDGerald J. Beck, PhDMichael Allon, MDJames A. Delmez, MDBradley S. Dixon, MDArthur Greenberg, MDJonathan Himmelfarb, MDMiguel A. Vazquez, MDJennifer J. Gassman, PhDTom Greene, PhDMilena K. Radeva, MSGregory L. Braden, MDT. Alp Ikizler, MDMichael V. Rocco, MD, MSCEIngemar J. Davidson, MDJames S. Kaufman, MDCatherine M. Meyers, MDJohn W. Kusek, PhDHarold I. Feldman, MD, MSCEfor the Dialysis Access ConsortiumStudy GroupA
Orthodontic Treatment Needs of Children Living in Orphanage According to the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs among orphan children as the prevalence malocclusion is common among this population due to high occurrence of malnourishment. Methods: The sample consisted of 158 orphans with the age group ranging from 11 to 13 years from different orphanage Institutes using simple random sampling technique. Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to record orthodontic treatment needs. The Statistical software namely SPSS version 15.0 was used for the analysis different parameters at p value <0.05. Results: Overall DAI was found to be very high i.e. 23.92±5.568 and was more seen in girls. 79.7% orphans had crowding and 42.2% subjects were having diastema between incisors. Maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth irregularity was observed among 67.2% and 78.4% orphans respectively and 41.1% had a normal anterior posterior molar. Conclusion: The severity of malocclusion and orthodontic needs were more among this group of population due to different factors. Hence careful planning based on feasibility is essential for the creation of appropriate solutions.
Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus

We present and interpret Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988–1997 at 189 sites extending east-west from the Caucasus mountains to the Adriatic Sea and north-south from the southern edge of the Eurasian plate to the northern edge of the African plate. Sites on the northern Arabian platform move 18±2 mm/yr at N25°±5°W relative to Eurasia, less than the NUVEL-1A circuit closure rate (25±1 mm/yr at N21°±7°W). Preliminary motion estimates (1994–1997) for stations located in Egypt on the northeastern part of Africa show northward motion at 5–6±2 mm/yr, also slower than NUVEL-IA estimates (10±1 mm/yr at N2°±4°E). Eastern Turkey is characterized by distributed deformation, while central Turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion (internal deformation of <2 mm/yr) involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the Anatolian plate. The Anatolian plate is de-coupled from Eurasia along the right-lateral, strike-slip North Anatolian fault (NAF). We derive a best fitting Euler vector for Anatolia-Eurasia motion of 30.7°± 0.8°N, 32.6°± 0.4°E, 1.2°±0.1°/Myr. The Euler vector gives an upper bound for NAF slip rate of 24±1 mm/yr. We determine a preliminary GPS Arabia-Anatolia Euler vector of 32.9°±1.2°N, 40.3°±1.1°E, 0.8°±0.2°/Myr and an upper bound on left-lateral slip on the East Anatolian fault (EAF) of 9±1 mm/yr. The central and southern Aegean is characterized by coherent motion (internal deformation of <2 mm/yr) toward the SW at 30±1 mm/yr relative to Eurasia. Stations in the SE Aegean deviate significantly from the overall motion of the southern Aegean, showing increasing velocities toward the trench and reaching 10±1 mm/yr relative to the southern Aegean as a whole.
Constraints on the timing of Scandian deformation and the nature of a buried Grampian terrane under the Caledonides of northwestern Ireland

In the Caledonides of northwestern Ireland there is little evidence for the crystalline basement to the Dalradian Supergroup, though ascertaining its nature is a critical prerequisite for palaeogeographical reconstructions. In Donegal a lamprophyre intrusion has sampled material with isotopic composition, age and fabrics that permit the investigation of the hidden basement of this region. U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes in concert with structural analysis are used to elucidate the origin of three morphologically distinct zircon populations from the lamprophyre. The first of these comprises c. 828 to c. 1660 Ma rounded inherited grains. The second population, of 476 ± 3 Ma large xenocrystic grains, displays oscillatory zoned cores embayed by cross-cutting overgrowths, implying a multi-stage magmatic genesis. The third population, of 437 ± 5 Ma high aspect ratio euhedral grains, is interpreted to date the magmatic crystallization of the lamprophyre. Hf isotopic data from the Silurian and Neo- to Mesoproterozoic zircons yield crustal residence ages of 1.0–2.3 Ga. However, the Ordovician grains have ϵHfi values of c. −20 and model ages of 2.7–2.8 Ga. These data are consistent with the presence of either Archaean crust or an underthrust Ordovician magmatic rock with an Archaean source component, at depth in NW Ireland. Felsic xenoliths, interpreted to be derived from the country rock Dalradian metasediments, exhibit a pre-entrainment foliation and are randomly oriented relative to the foliation within the lamprophyre matrix, indicating deformation prior to c. 437 Ma, probably related to the Grampian orogeny. The host lamprophyre contains a magmatic foliation parallel to a foliation in the country rock, implying synkinematic emplacement during regional NW–SE compression at 437 Ma. Supplementary material: Details of the analytical methods are available online at www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18614.
Upper mantle anisotropy from long‐period P polarization

We introduce a method to infer upper mantle azimuthal anisotropy from the polarization, i.e., the direction of particle motion, of teleseismic long-period P onsets. The horizontal polarization of the initial P particle motion can deviate by >10° from the great circle azimuth from station to source despite a high degree of linearity of motion. Recent global isotropic three-dimensional mantle models predict effects that are an order of magnitude smaller than our observations. Stations within regional distances of each other show consistent azimuthal deviation patterns, while the deviations seem to be independent of source depth and near-source structure. We demonstrate that despite this receiver-side spatial coherence, our polarization data cannot be fit by a large-scale joint inversion for whole mantle structure. However, they can be reproduced by azimuthal anisotropy in the upper mantle and crust. Modeling with an anisotropic reflectivity code provides bounds on the magnitude and depth range of the anisotropy manifested in our data. Our method senses anisotropy within one wavelength (250 km) under the receiver. We compare our inferred fast directions of anisotropy to those obtained from Pn travel times and SKS splitting. The results of the comparison are consistent with azimuthal anisotropy situated in the uppermost mantle, with SKS results deviating from Pn and Ppol in some regions with probable additional deeper anisotropy. Generally, our fast directions are consistent with anisotropic alignment due to lithospheric deformation in tectonically active regions and to absolute plate motion in shield areas. Our data provide valuable additional constraints in regions where discrepancies between results from different methods exist since the effect we observe is local rather than cumulative as in the case of travel time anisotropy and shear wave splitting. Additionally, our measurements allow us to identify stations with incorrectly oriented horizontal components.
Aktualitások a sérült immunitású betegek cytomegalovirusinfekcióinak ellátásában II. Terápiás lehetőségek és ellátási stratégiák patients with cytomegalovirus

A humán cytomegalovirusinfekció a leggyakoribb emberi vírusfertőzések közé tartozik. Ép immunrendszerű szemé-lyekben kezelést rendszerint nem igényel. A T-sejtes immunválasz sérülése esetén ugyanakkor a korábban latens fertőzés reaktiválódik, esetenként súlyos szervi érintettséggel járó vírusbetegség alakulhat ki. A jelenleg elérhető humán cytomegalovirusellenes vegyületek száma csekély, megelőzés, illetve kezelés céljából ganciklovir, valganciklovir, foszkarnet vagy cidofovir adható. A felsorolt szerek klinikai használatát legfőképpen a toxicitásuk korlátozza. Új terápiás alternatívák után kutatva egyedül a terminázkomplex-gátló letermovir hatékonyságát és tolerálhatóságát sikerült bi-zonyítani. Őssejttranszplantáltak körében végzett klinikai vizsgálatban a letermovir szignifikánsan csökkentette a humán cytomegalovirusreaktiváció arányát, javította a túlélést. Az alkalmazhatóságot
Low Cardiac Index Is Associated With Incident Dementia and Alzheimer Disease

95% CI, 1.07–2.54; P =0.022). Compared with individuals with normal cardiac index, individuals with clinically low cardiac index had a higher relative risk of dementia (HR=2.07; 95% CI, 1.02–4.19; P =0.044). If participants with clinically prevalent cardiovascular disease and atrial fibrillation were excluded (n=184), individuals with clinically low cardiac index had a higher relative risk of both dementia (HR=2.92; 95% CI, 1.34–6.36; P =0.007) and AD (HR=2.87; 95% CI, 1.21–6.80; P =0.016) compared with individuals with normal cardiac index. Conclusion —Lower cardiac index is associated with an increased risk for the development of dementia and AD. resonance imaging–assessed cardiac index incident all-cause and Alzheimer using multivariable-adjusted E4 cardiovascular relative median follow-up participants a higher relative both and low cardiac index (<2.5 L · min −1 · m −2 ), our findings may have major public health relevance to Alzheimer disease and dementia risk factors and prevention strategies. Future research is necessary to understand the pathway(s) by which low cardiac index increases risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease for the purposes of informing interventions evaluating whether enhanc-ing cardiac index can reduce unhealthy brain aging or the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease.