Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and controlling factors of dispersion in bounded heterogeneous porous media

In this study, we present first‐order (in terms of the log conductivity variance) analytical solutions to displacement covariances Xij and macrodispersion coefficients Dij for transport of conservative solutes in two‐dimensional, bounded heterogeneous porous media. These solutions are presented as infinity series and are explicit functions of the statistics of the log hydraulic conductivity. Using numerical examples, the convergence of these solutions in terms of the number of terms in truncated finite summations is first investigated, and the accuracy of these solutions is examined by comparing them with results from Monte Carlo simulations and the semianalytical solutions of Osnes (1998). Through several examples, the general features of time‐dependent Xij and Dij are discussed. Unlike in unbounded domains, the longitudinal macrodispersivity D11 for bounded domains does not approach an asymptotic value at large dimensionless time but instead increases quickly near the downstream constant head boundary. In addition, D11 for bounded domains is always larger than that in unbounded domains, and accordingly, the transverse macrodispersivity D22 in bounded domains is smaller than that in unbounded domains. These differences stem from the lateral no‐flow boundaries in our bounded domain models. We also investigated the effect of domain sizes on Xij and Dij. Our study shows that both Xij and Dij depend not only on the dimensionless size of the domain but also on its aspect ratio. The dependence of Xij and Dij on the particles' initial location has also been investigated at detail. Our results indicate that while this dependence is very small for X11 and D11, the release location has a significant impact on both X22 and D22. Our solutions to both displacement covariances and macrodispersivity are compared against those derived from tracer test data at the Borden site. The comparison shows that our solutions are quite close to observed data, indicating that they may be applicable to predict solute transport at the field scale.
First-principles study on the material properties of the inorganic perovskite 
Rb1−xCsxPbI3
 for solar cell applications

Recently, replacing or mixing organic molecules in the hybrid halide perovskites with the inorganic Cs or Rb cations has been reported to increase the material stability with the comparable solar cell performance. In this work, we systematically investigate the electronic and optical properties of all-inorganic alkali iodide perovskites Rb1-xCsxPbI3 using the first-principles virtual crystal approximation calculations. Our calculations show that as increasing the Cs content x, lattice constants, band gaps, exciton binding energies, and effective masses of charge carriers decrease following the quadratic (linear for effective masses) functions, while static dielectric constants increase following the quadratic function, indicating an enhancement of solar cell performance upon the Rb addition to CsPbI3. When including the many-body interaction within the GW approximation and incorporating the spin-orbit coupling (SOC), we obtain more reliable band gap compared with experiment for CsPbI3, highlighting the importance of using GW+SOC approach for the all-inorganic as well as organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite materials.
ASAM OpenSCENARIO®: Supplementary notes

OSC defines the dynamic content of the world, for example, behavior of traffic participants and how these are expected to interact with each other and the environment. OSC occupies a unique position among the ASAM OpenX standards in that ASAM’s membership currently actively develops two major versions of it in parallel. For the sake of readability in this document the terms OSC 1.x and OSC 2.x represent the latest version of each. Due to the different foundations between the versions, ASAM took measures throughout the development of these parallel activities to ensure that convergence and compatibility between OSC 1.x and OSC 2.x is possible. These measures were formulated as requirements to all OSC development projects:
Spin-orbit precession along eccentric orbits for extreme mass ratio black hole binaries and its effective-one-body transcription

In this work we present an analytical gravitational self-force calculation of the spin-orbit precession along an eccentric orbit around a Schwarzschild black hole, following closely the recent prescription of Akcay, Dempsey, and Dolan. We then transcribe this quantity within the Effective-One-Body (EOB) formalism, thereby determining several new, linear-in-mass-ratio, contributions in the post-Newtonian expansion of the spin-orbit couplings entering the EOB Hamiltonian. Namely, we determine the second gyro-gravitomagnetic ratio $g_{S_*}(r,p_r,p_{\phi})$ up to order $p_r^2/r^4$ included.
Circuit Privacy for FHEW/TFHE-Style Fully Homomorphic Encryption in Practice

A fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme allows a client to encrypt and delegate its data to a server that performs computation on the encrypted data that the client can then decrypt. While FHE gives con(cid:28)dentiality to clients’ data, it does not protect the server’s input and computation. Nevertheless, FHE schemes are still helpful in building delegation protocols that reduce communication complexity, as the ciphertext’s size is independent of the size of the computation performed on them. We can further extend FHE by a property called circuit privacy, which guarantees that the result of computing on ciphertexts reveals no information on the computed function and the inputs of the server. Thereby, circuit private FHE gives rise to round optimal and communication ef-(cid:28)cient secure two-party computation protocols. Unfortunately, despite signi(cid:28)cant e(cid:27)orts and much work put into the e(cid:30)ciency and practical implementations of FHE schemes, very little has been done to provide useful and practical FHE supporting circuit privacy. In this work, we address this gap and design the (cid:28)rst randomized bootstrapping algorithm whose single invocation sanitizes a ciphertext and, consequently, serves as a tool to provide circuit privacy. We give an extensive analysis, pro-pose parameters, and provide a C++ implementation of our scheme. Our bootstrapping can sanitize a ciphertext to achieve circuit privacy at an 80-bit statistical security level in between 1.3 and 0.9 seconds, depending which Gaussian sampling algorithm is used, and whether the parameter set targets a fast Fourier or a number theoretic transform-based implementation. In addition, we can perform non-sanitized bootstrapping in around 0.27 or 0.14 seconds. Crucially, we do not need to increase the parameters to perform computation before or after sanitization takes place. For comparison’s sake, we revisit the Ducas-StehlØ washing machine method. In particular, we give a tight analysis, estimate e(cid:30)ciency, review old, and provide new parameters.
Solar occultation measurement of mesospheric ozone by SAGE III/ISS: impact of variations along the line of sight caused by photochemistry

Abstract. Twilight gradients in the concentration of atmospheric species with short photochemical lifetimes influence the transmission data obtained in a solar occultation instrument, such as the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III aboard the International Space Station (SAGE III/ISS). These photochemically induced changes result in nonlinear asymmetries in the species distribution near the tangent altitude along the line of sight (LOS). The bias introduced by neglecting the effects of twilight variations in the retrieval of mesospheric ozone is the focus of this study. Ozone (O3) in the mesosphere exhibits large variations near the terminator during sunrise and sunset based on current understanding of the photochemistry of this altitude region. The algorithm used in the SAGE III/ISS standard retrieval procedure for mesospheric ozone does not include the effects of these gradients. This study illustrates a method for implementing a correction scheme to account for the twilight variations in mesospheric O3 and gives an estimate of the bias in the standard retrieval. We use the results from a diurnal photochemical model conducted at different altitudes to develop a database of ratios of mesospheric O3 at different solar zenith angles (SZA) around 90∘ to O3 at a SZA of 90∘ for both sunrise and sunset conditions. These ratios are used to scale the O3 at levels above the tangent altitude for appropriate SZA in the calculation of the optical depth along the LOS. In general, the impact of the corrections due to twilight variations is to increase the contribution of the overlying layers to the optical depth thereby reducing the retrieved O3 concentration at the tangent altitude. We find that at sunrise the retrieved mesospheric O3 including the diurnal corrections is lower by more than 30 % compared to the archived O3. We show the results obtained for different latitudes and seasons. In addition, for nearly collocated sunrise and sunset scans, we note that these corrections lead to better qualitative agreement in the sunrise to sunset O3 ratio with the photochemical model prediction.
Evolutionary shaping of human brain dynamics 1

19 The human brain is distinct from those of other species in terms of size, organization, and 20 connectivity. How do structural evolutionary differences drive patterns of neural activity 21 enabling brain function? Here, we combine brain imaging and biophysical modeling to show that 22 the anatomical wiring of the human brain distinctly shapes neural dynamics. This shaping is 23 characterized by a narrower distribution of dynamic ranges across brain regions compared with 24 that of chimpanzees, our closest living primate relatives. We find that such a narrow dynamic 25 range distribution supports faster integration between regions, particularly in transmodal 26 systems. Conversely, a broad dynamic range distribution as seen in chimpanzees facilitates brain 27 processes relying more on neural interactions within specialized local brain systems. These 28 findings suggest that human brain dynamics have evolved to foster rapid associative processes in 29 service of complex cognitive functions and behavior. 30
Light dark states with electromagnetic form factors

New particles $\chi$ that are electrically neutral but couple to the electromagnetic current via higher-dimensional operators and that are sufficiently light, at or below the GeV-mass scale, can be produced in pairs in a number of dedicated high-intensity experiments. In this work we consider the production of $\chi$ through magnetic- and electric-dipole moments as well as through anapole moment and charge radius interactions in electron beams. We derive new constraints from BaBar, NA64 and mQ and forecast the future sensitivity on the existence of such states, from Belle-II, LDMX and BDX. We present for the first time a detailed treatment of the off-shell production of photons in electron beams with subsequent decay into a $\chi\bar\chi$ pair in a 2-to-4 process. These direct limits are then compared to the effects on SM precision observables, as well as to bounds from flavor physics and high energy colliders. Finally, we consider the possibility that $\chi$ is dark matter and study ensuing astrophysical and cosmological constraints. We find that a combination of all considered probes rule out $\chi$ particles with mass-dimension five and six photon interactions as dark matter when assuming a standard freeze-out abundance.
On Nichols algebras associated to simple racks

This is a report on the present state of the problem of determining the dimension of the Nichols algebra associated to a rack and a cocycle. This is relevant for the classification of finite-dimensional complex pointed Hopf algebras whose group of group-likes is non-abelian. We deal mainly with simple racks. We recall the notion of rack of type D, collect the known lists of simple racks of type D and include preliminary results for the open cases. This notion is important because the Nichols algebra associated to a rack of type D and any cocycle has infinite dimension. For those racks not of type D, the computation of the cohomology groups is needed. We discuss some techniques for this problem and compute explicitly the cohomology groups corresponding to some conjugacy classes in symmetric or alternating groups of low order.
On The Origin of Supernova-less Long Gamma-Ray Bursts

The fraction of long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) without an associated bright supernova (SN-less GRBs) at low redshifts is comparable to that of GRBs associated with bright supernovae (SN-GRBs). The prompt emission and its fast decline phase in both types of GRBs are well described by the cannonball model of GRBs, where inverse Compton scattering of ambient light is the dominant γ-ray production mechanism. However, in SN-less GRBs, the fast decay of the prompt emission appears to be overtaken by an afterglow powered by a millisecond pulsar, while, in SN-GRBs, the late-time X-ray afterglow is well described by synchrotron radiation from the decelerating jet in the interstellar medium. We use their different X-ray light curves to determine the ratio of SN-less GRBs/SN-GRBs at very high redshifts. We find that at z > 4, this ratio is the same as that at small redshifts. Such a z-independent ratio suggests that the origin of SN-less GRBs is a phase transition of neutron stars to quark stars in high-mass X-ray binaries, rather than the merger of neutron stars.
Simulation and spectral analysis of inharmonic tones of musical instruments

Simulation and spectral analysis of harmonic and inharmonic pure tones of musical instruments is undertaken. It is shown how the basic wave such as sine can be used to simulate various harmonic and inharmonic sound signals of different instruments generating different timbres. It is shown that even the modest value of inharmonicity coefficient is sufficient to raise the frequency of inharmonic spectrum by a partial step more than that of the harmonic spectrum thus deviating the spectrum from strictly harmonic case. Listening tests of the simulated tones are also conducted which proves that the perception of inharmonicity depends on the number of partials present in the sound.
Teaching with Intentionality: Language Educators as Transformative Intellectuals and Reflective Practitioners

The fall 2022 issue of GATESOL Journal provides its readers with insights into how language educators could create meaningful learning experiences for their students. The papers are connected with the core idea that language educators are vested in intentionally using pedagogical approaches that could have an impact on how and what students are learning. The papers position language educators as both transformative intellectuals (i.e., educators who strive not only for educational advancement but also personal transformation) and reflective practitioners (i.e., problem-solvers possessing “the ability to look back critically and imaginatively, to do cause-effect thinking, to derive explanatory principles, to do task analysis, also to look forward, and to do anticipatory planning” [Kumaravadivelu, 2003, p. 10]). This issue will showcase teachers’ intentions through their roles as transformative intellectuals and reflective practitioners.
Generalized clockwork theory

We generalize the clockwork theory in several directions. First, we consider beyond nearest neighbors interactions. Considering such interactions keeps a larger subgroup of the original $U(1)^{N+1}$ unbroken and can allow for different symmetry breaking patterns. We recover the original clockwork scenario in the presence of these additional interactions. In such case, the masses of the massive modes change, but a single massless mode remains intact. Such interactions are naturally interpreted as higher derivative terms from the point of view of extra dimensions. Second, we generalize the clockwork shift symmetry to non-abelian global groups. Third, trivial embedding of the clockwork scenario in supergravity, yields an AdS minimum as big as the clockwork interaction. Specifically, the clockwork is connected to the cosmological constant. We analyze the different ways in which a Minkowski supersymmetric minimum can be constructed, and demonstrate simple SUSY breaking mechanisms that preserve or break the clockwork symmetry. We show that the clockwork direction is actually a special SUSY breaking direction, that does not require the inclusion of additional fields or parameters. Fourth, we review the extra-dimensional origin of the mechanism and interpretation, in the case of conformal coupling to gravity.
Openness and Economic Growth in Developing Countries Based on Experimental and Mathematical Statistics Analysis

— The relationship between economic growth and the opening up of the country has always been a topic that has attracted a lot of attention. In this paper, the author uses a cross country dataset to analyze the correlation between countries’ openness and economic growth. This dataset includes 43 upper middle-income countries among developing countries. After eliminating the outlier, the author develops a simple OLS regression model and choose 5 indicators to represent openness respectively, and he also uses the growth rate of real GDP per capita to represent economic growth and controls real GDP per capita to make the model more accurate. In the end, this research finds out that the data and the results support the positive correlation between openness and economic growth.
Ends of Complexes

Introduction Chapter summaries Part I. Topology at Infinity: 1. End spaces 2. Limits 3. Homology at infinity 4. Cellular homology 5. Homology of covers 6. Projective class and torsion 7. Forward tameness 8. Reverse tameness 9. Homotopy at infinity 10. Projective class at infinity 11. Infinite torsion 12. Forward tameness is a homotopy pushout Part II. Topology Over the Real Line: 13. Infinite cyclic covers 14. The mapping torus 15. Geometric ribbons and bands 16. Approximate fibrations 17. Geometric wrapping up 18. Geometric relaxation 19. Homotopy theoretic twist glueing 20. Homotopy theoretic wrapping up and relaxation Part III. The Algebraic Theory: 21. Polynomial extensions 22. Algebraic bands 23. Algebraic tameness 24. Relaxation techniques 25. Algebraic ribbons 26. Algebraic twist glueing 27. Wrapping up in algebraic K- and L-theory Part IV. Appendices References Index.
Multiple-choice Question Generation for the Chinese Language

: We present a method to generate multiple-choice questions (MCQs) from Chinese texts for factual, eventual, and causal answer keys. We ﬁrst identify answer keys of these types using NLP tools and regular expressions. We then transform declarative sentences into interrogative sentences, and generate three distractors using geographic and aliased entity knowledge bases, Synonyms, HowNet, and word embeddings. We show that our method can generate adequate questions on three of the four reported cases that the SOTA model has failed. Moreover, on a dataset of 100 articles randomly selected from a Chinese Wikipedia data dump, our method generates a total of 3,126 MCQs. Three well-educated native Chinese speakers evaluate these MCQs and conﬁrm that 76% of MCQs, 85% of question-answer paris, and 91% of questions are adequate and 96.5% of MCQs are acceptable.
Magnetoreflectivity of Pb 1 − x Eu x Te epilayers and PbTe/ Pb 1 − x Eu x Te multiple quantum wells

Molecular-beam epitaxy grown n-type Pb{sub 1{minus}x}Eu{sub x}Te epilayers (x{le}0.034) and PbTe/Pb{sub 1{minus}x}Eu{sub x}Te (x{le}0.039) multiple-quantum-well (MQW) samples were studied by magnetoreflectivity in the Faraday configuration (B{parallel}[111]) for magnetic fields up to 6T at 4.2 K. Since the IV-VI lead salt compounds are quite polar semiconductors, resonant electron-longitudinal-optic- (LO-) phonon coupling (Fr{umlt o}hlich coupling) modifies the cyclotron resonance (CR) energies in the Pb{sub 1{minus}x}Eu{sub x}Te single epilayers for the three-dimensional (3D) case. Due to the many-valley band structure {ital two} different Fr{umlt o}hlich coupling constants are relevant. However, the CR energies of quasi-two-dimensional (2D) carriers in PbTe wells [n{sup 2D}=(1.5{minus}3){times}10{sup 11}cm{sup {minus}2}] of PbTe/Pb{sub 1{minus}x}Eu{sub x}Te MQW samples do {ital not} exhibit a significant resonant electron-LO-phonon interaction. This observation is attributed to finite-electron concentration effects, in particular, to a partial filling of the lowest 2D Landau spin level. The static and dynamic screening of the polar interaction are considered as well, but are ruled out as an explanation for the absence of any remarkable polaron correction to the CR energies of electrons in the PbTe quantum wells for the range of carrier concentrations investigated. The magnetoreflectivity spectra of Pb{sub 1{minus}x}Eu{sub x}Te single layers and PbTe/Pb{sub 1{minus}x}Eu{sub x}Te quantum well samples aremore » simulated numerically, using a model for the dielectric response of which also includes the electron-LO-phonon interaction. The transverse and longitudinal masses, and thus also the interband momentum matrix elements are determined for Pb{sub 1{minus}x}Eu{sub x}Te as a function of the composition up to x{lt}0.034. It is found that the transverse mass {ital increases} with Eu content, whereas the longitudinal one nearly stays constant. (Abstract Truncated)« less
Attribution of runoff variance in the alpine basin of Northwest China at multiple timescales

ABSTRACT Attributions of runoff variability have been widely conducted under the Budyko framework; however, the effects of snow water equivalent change (∆swe) have not been considered by this framework in alpine basins. Considering the Heihe upstream basin of Northwest China as an example, we derived runoff variance ( ) from the variance and covariance of precipitation (P), soil water storage change (∆soil), ∆swe, potential evapotranspiration (E 0), and land surface condition (represented by Budyko’s parameter, n) on seasonal and annual scales. The results showed that P variance mainly controlled in autumn and winter. The n variance ranked first in spring and summer. The effects of P and n variance on annual were enhanced compared to their seasonal values. However, was alleviated by the interaction between factors, especially by ∆soil and n, P and ∆soil with negative contributions. The effects of ∆swe variance could not be ignored, especially in spring.
Neoliberal globalization, hegemonic crisis, and the struggle for a countermovement the case of the ‘Responsible Business Initiative’ in Switzerland

ABSTRACT Since the emergence of neoliberalism, the power of multinational corporations has dramatically grown. Given the limits of ‘self-regulation’ (e.g. Corporate Social Responsibility), this paper examines the attempt to develop a regime of ‘public governance’ rooted in law-based regulation. The focus is on a referendum voted in 2020 that aimed at regulating Swiss-based multinational corporations. This case is interesting for two reasons. First, Switzerland hosts among the biggest multinational corporations in the world; changing regulations in Switzerland thus implies modifying the rules of globalization as a whole. Second, while corporations are often accused of directly influencing the political agenda through lobby or corruption, in this case citizens were endowed with the power to change the rules for these corporations. While the proposal was finally rejected, the referendum campaign allows reflection on the interplay between globalization and national democratic politics and on the possibilities and difficulties of developing alternative forms of globalization.