Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Circumnuclear molecular gas in Seyfert galaxies

A search is made for circumnuclear C-12O (J = 1-0) emission from 12 Seyfert galaxies with recession velocities less than 5000 km/s, using the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45 m telescope. Circumnuclear CO emission has been detected from four Seyfert galaxies. Among them, NGC 591 (= Mrk 1157) is a new detection. Comparing these results with those of published larger beam CO observations, molecular gas clouds are not highly concentrated in the circumnuclear zones in the Seyfert galaxies. This property is different from that of starburst nuclei, in which the inner surface density of molecular gas is significantly higher than that of the outer one. However, there is no significant difference in the circumnuclear molecular gas densities between the Seyferts and the starburst nuclei. This implies that the circumnuclear molecular gas density within a diameter of less than 5 kpc is not a key parameter which activity occurs in galactic nuclei. 39 refs.
Chilling Damage to Photosynthesis in Young Zea mays

Carbon dioxide and water vapour exchanges of the second leaf of Zea mays in controlled environment cuvettes were measured in an open gas-exchange system, during and following subjection to low temperature stress. Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (Fc) decreased markedly with decrease in leaf temperature so that Fc at 5 °C was c. 7% of Fc at 20 °C. Fc continued to decline if leaf temperature was maintained at 5 °C, and when returned to 20 °C the leaf could not regain its previous Fc. This chill-induced reduction in the capacity of the leaf to assimilate C02 was proportional to the duration of the chill and increased with water vapour pressure deficit and photon flux density (7p). Six hours at 5 °C decreased Fc on return to 20 °C, relative to Fc prior to treatment, by c. 10% in darkness and by c. 50% in a photon flux density approaching full-sunlight (/p = 1-5 mmol m~J s"1)- The degree of reduction in Fc following chill treatment showed an almost linear dependence on both the length and temperature of the chill. Chill treatments resulted in a decrease in both stomatal and mesophyll conductances. Examination of the responses of FQ to light and C02 concentration suggested that chill damage to the capacity for C02 assimilation resulted from effects on both the light and C02 limited processes within photosynthesis.
850nm VCSEL with a liquid crystal overlay

We developed an in- house technology to overlay liquid crystal (LC) on top of a 850nm Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) creating a so-called LC-VCSEL. Prior to this, the effect of the cell thickness on the planar alignment of the E7 LC is investigated. It is observed that the LC orientation is planar, uniformly aligned over the whole cell with an average pre-tilt of 22.50 in a thin a cell of 13μm thickness; such alignment uniformity is not observed in a thick cell of 125μm. Nevertheless, several domains of good uniformity are still present. Further, the polarization resolved LI characteristics of LC-VCSEL are investigated with and without the insertion of LC in a cell glued directly onto VCSEL package. Before filling in the LC, the VCSEL emits linearly polarized light and this linear polarization is lost after LC filling. The output intensity as a function of polarizer angle shows partial planar alignment of the E7 LC, which is very important for the further advancement of the LC-VCSEL integrated system.
Achieving optimal reverberation time in a room, using newly patented tuning tubes

The aging population has several acoustic requirements in order to optimize their ability to hear better, as well as feel better, in a room. First, there is the requirement that the reverberation time of the room must be reduced in order to assist in hearing. Secondly, there needs to be a lowering of the NC in order to increase the SNR. Increasing the SNR not only helps to assist in hearing, but also reduces some hearing aid problems. In addition to these two standard room requirements, there is also a need for the reduction of lower frequency sounds within a room, such as sounds typical of mechanical equipment. Recent data support the fact that there is a correlation between certain diseases and low frequency intolerance. Since standard products used to absorb sound have a greater absorption in speech frequencies there is a need for products that have greater absorption in lower frequencies. Ideally, these products should also be washable. This paper presents detail on each of this requirements, as well .
Airfoil Optimization Design by Panel Methods forSmall Size Aerial Vehicle at Low Reynolds Number

Airfoil optimization design has been carried out by panel methods for small size aerial vehicle at low Reynolds number. The optimization airfoil formulas were expressed by the NACA4 digital airfoil analytical expressions with a few optimization variables that made the optimizing computation quick. A system of n+1 dimensional linear equations have been derived from vortex panel and source panel methods to compute the vortex and source strengths on the airfoil surface and aerodynamic coefficients in airfoil optimization process. The airfoil was optimized under the condition of taking the maximum lifting coefficient of taking off or landing without stall for optimization goal by Matlab optimization toolbox. The aerodynamic analysis results of optimized airfoil by XFOIL indicate that the lifting coefficients all have some extent increase relative to drag coefficients in the range of 0-12 degrees of angle of attack respectively. Keywordslow Reynolds number; airfoil optimization; panel method; lifting coefficient
Finite-dimensional compensators for infinite-dimensional systems via Galerkin-type approximation

In this paper existence and construction of stabilizing compensators for linear time-invariant systems defined on Hilbert spaces are discussed. An existence result is established using Galerkin-type approximations in which independent basis elements are used instead of the complete set of eigenvectors. A design procedure based on approximate solutions of the optimal regulator and optimal observer via Galerkin-type approximation is given and the Schumacher approach is used to reduce the dimension of compensators. A detailed discussion for parabolic and hereditary differential systems is included.
Review of the Theory of Pulsar Wind Nebulae

Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe) are ideal astrophysical laboratories where high energy relativistic phenomena can be investigated. They are close, well resolved in our observations, and the knowledge derived in their study has a strong impact in many other fields, from AGNs to GRBs. Yet there are still unresolved issues, that prevent us from a full clear understanding of these objects. The lucky combination of high resolution X-ray imaging and numerical codes to handle the outflow and dynamical properties of relativistic MHD, has opened a new avenue of investigation that has lead to interesting progressed in the last years. Despite all of these, we do not understand yet how particles are accelerated, and the functioning of the pulsar wind and pulsar magnetosphere, that power PWNe. I will review what is now commonly known as the MHD paradigm, and in particular I will focus on various approaches that have been and are currently used to model these systems. For each I will highlight its advantages and limitations, and degree of applicability.
Responses to Acoustic Stimuli from Single Units in the Eighth Nerve of the Bullfrog

Single unit recordings from the eighth nerve of the bullfrog reveal two strikingly different kinds of auditory units. Both kinds of units exhibit sharply frequency dependent sensitivity (tuning curves). “Simple” units are maximally sensitive to tone bursts of frequency between 1000 and 1500 cps. Their frequency sensitivity and their capacity to “follow” pulse stimuli are well‐matched to the spectral composition and pitch period, respectively, of the bullfrog's croak. Simple units cannot be inhibited by acoustic stimuli. “Complex” units are inhibited by acoustic signals in the frequency range from 300 to 1000 cps. Some complex units are excited by acoustic stimuli, some are excited by both acoustic and vibratory stimuli, and some are excited by vibratory stimuli alone. Complex units that can be excited by sound are most sensitive to frequencies between 200 and 700 cps. Simple and complex units probably derive from separate sense organs (the basilar and amphibian papillae, respectively) within the otic caps.
Suppression of magnetic-field pulse-induced magnetization precession by pulse tailoring

Short magnetic-field pulses may be used in the near future to change the magnetization state in magnetic storage devices. In order to minimize the time required for this process, and thus to maximize the switching speed of such devices, the magnetization precession after the termination of the magnetic-field pulse needs to be suppressed to a maximum degree. It is demonstrated experimentally that the appropriate adjustment of the field pulse parameters may lead to a full suppression of the magnetization precession immediately upon termination of the field pulse.
Canopy Assessment of Cycling Routes: Comparison of Videos from a Bicycle-Mounted Camera and GPS and Satellite Imagery

Many studies have proven that urban greenness is an important factor when cyclists choose a route. Thus, detecting trees along a cycling route is a major key to assessing the quality of cycling routes and providing further arguments to improve ridership and the better design of cycling routes. The rise in the use of video recordings in data collection provides access to a new point of view of a city, with data recorded at eye level. This method may be superior to the commonly used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from satellite imagery because satellite images are costly to obtain and cloud cover sometimes obscures the view. This study has two objectives: (1) to assess the number of trees along a cycling route using software object detection on videos, particularly the Detectron2 library, and (2) to compare the detected canopy on the videos to other canopy data to determine if they are comparable. Using bicycles installed with cameras and GPS, four participants cycled on 141 predefined routes in Montréal over 87 h for a total of 1199 km. More than 300,000 images were extracted and analyzed using Detectron2. The results show that the detection of trees using the software is accurate. Moreover, the comparison reveals a strong correlation (>0.75) between the two datasets. This means that the canopy data could be replaced by video-detected trees, which is particularly relevant in cities where open GIS data on street vegetation are not available.
Stochastic analysis of three‐phase flow in heterogeneous porous media: 1. Spectral/perturbation approach

Stochastic analysis of steady state three‐phase (water, oil, and air) flow in heterogeneous porous media was performed using the perturbation theory and spectral representation technique. The governing equations describing flow of water, oil, and air are coupled and nonlinear. The key stochastic input variables are intrinsic permeability, k, and the soil grain size distribution index, α. Three different stochastic combinations of these two input parameters were considered in the analysis. The spectral/perturbation approach was used to develop closed‐form expressions to describe stochastic variability of key output processes, such as capillary and individual phase pressures. The second paper of this two‐part series [Abdin and Kaluarachchi, this issue] will discuss the applicability and the validity of the spectral/perturbation technique to study the stochastic behavior of three‐phase flow using numerical simulations.
Generalization of the ''Schwarzschild surface'' to arbitrary static and stationary metrics.

A generalization of the r = 2m ``Schwarzschild surface'' is defined for static metrics which are not necessarily spherically symmetric. This surface exhibits simultaneously the properties of being a ``one‐way membrane'' for causal propagation and of being a surface of infinite red shift. The necessary and sufficient condition that these two phenomena take place on the same surface in an arbitrary stationary metric is also obtained. The distinctions between the static and stationary cases are shown to be essential by examples from the Kerr metric.
Information theory and inverse probability in telecommunication

The foundations of information theory are presented as an extension of the theory of inverse probability. By postulating that information is additive and taking suitable averages, all the essential definitions of Shannon's theory for discrete and continuous communication channels, with and without noise, are obtained. The theory is based on the idea that receiving a communication, or making an observation, merely changes the relative probabilities of the various possible messages. The whole process of reception can therefore be regarded as a means of evaluating a posteriori probabilities, and this leads to the idea that the optimum receiver in any telecommunication problem can always be specified, in principle, by inverse probability. The simplest instance is the correlation receiver for detecting very weak signals in the presence of noise, and its theory is briefly discussed The paper concludes with an answer to possible criticisms of the use of inverse probability.
A tunnel-induced injection field-effect transistor with steep subthreshold slope and high on-off current ratio

In this letter, a tunnel-induced injection field-effect transistor (TI-FET) is proposed and demonstrated. Compared with conventional tunneling field-effect transistor, by changing N-type drain into P-type and inserting a N-type pocket layer into the underlap region, off-state current is appreciably reduced, due to higher hole barrier induced by the inserted N-type pocket layer which can prevent hole leakage current from the drain. During the switching process, the gate controlled tunneling electrons from the source are trapped in the N-type pocket region and simultaneously decrease the hole barrier of the drain, which can increase hole injection current much more rapidly than the hole diffusing over a barrier directly controlled by a gate as in P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor and thus ensure a very steep subthreshold slope. When the device is switched on, on-state current can be enhanced due to the dominant hole current diffusing from the drain, which is higher than pure tunneling.
Lie and Jordan ideals of operators on Hilbert space

A linear manifold 2 in ©(§) is a Lie ideal in 33(§) if and only if there is an associative ideal 5 such that (S. ^(C)) C 2 c S + CI. Also S is a Lie ideal if and only if it contains the unitary orbit of every operator in it. On the other hand, a subset of 33(§) is a Jordan ideal if and only if it is an associative ideal.
Calibration of multiview camera with parallel and decentered image sensors

This paper focuses on the calibration problem of a multi-view shooting system designed for the production of 3D content for auto-stereoscopic visualization. The considered multi-view camera is characterized by coplanar and decentered image sensors regarding to the corresponding optical axis. Based on the Faugéras and Toscani's calibration approach, a calibration method is herein proposed for the case of multi-view camera with parallel and decentered image sensors. At first, the geometrical model of the shooting system is recalled and some industrial prototypes with some shooting simulations are presented. Next, the development of the proposed calibration method is detailed. Finally, some simulation results are presented before ending with some conclusions about this work.
N-Point Correlation Functions in the CfA and SSRS Redshift Distribution of Galaxies

Using counts in cells, we estimate the volume-average N-point galaxy correlation functions for N = 2, 3, and 4, in redshift samples of the CfA and SSRS catalogs. Volume-limited samples of different sizes are used to study the uncertainties at different scales, the shot noise, and the problem with the boundaries. The hierarchical constants S3 and S4 agree well in all samples in CfA and SSRS, with average S3 = 194 +/- 0.07 and S4 = 4.56 +/- 0.53. We compare these results with estimates obtained from angular catalogs and recent analysis over IRAS samples. The amplitudes SJ seem larger in real space than in redshift space, although the values from the angular analysis correspond to smaller scales, where we might expect larger nonperturbative effects. It is also found that S3 and S4 are smaller for IRAS than for optical galaxies. This, together with the fact that IRAS galaxies have smaller amplitude for the above correlation functions, indicates that the density fluctuations of IRAS galaxies cannot be simply proportional to the density fluctuations of optical galaxies, i.e., biasing has to be nonlinear between them.
Analysing the behaviour of partially coherent divergent Gaussian beams propagating through oceanic turbulence

Theoretical study of propagation behaviour of partially coherent divergent Gaussian beams through oceanic turbulence has been performed. Based on the previously developed knowledge of propagation of a partially coherent beam in atmosphere, the spatial power spectrum of the refractive index of ocean water, extended Huygens–Fresnel principle and the unified theory of coherence and polarization, analytical formulas for cross-spectral density matrix elements are derived. The analytical formulas for intensity distribution, beam width and spectral degree of coherence are determined by using cross-spectral density matrix elements. Then, the effects of some source factors and turbulent ocean parameters on statistical properties of divergent Gaussian beam propagating through turbulent water are analysed. It is found that beam’s statistical propagation behaviour is affected by both environmental and source parameters variations.
An experimental study on the noise correlation properties of CBCT projection data

In this study, we systematically investigated the noise correlation properties among detector bins of CBCT projection data by analyzing repeated projection measurements. The measurements were performed on a TrueBeam on-board CBCT imaging system with a 4030CB flat panel detector. An anthropomorphic male pelvis phantom was used to acquire 500 repeated projection data at six different dose levels from 0.1 mAs to 1.6 mAs per projection at three fixed angles. To minimize the influence of the lag effect, lag correction was performed on the consecutively acquired projection data. The noise correlation coefficient between detector bin pairs was calculated from the corrected projection data. The noise correlation among CBCT projection data was then incorporated into the covariance matrix of the penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) criterion for noise reduction of low-dose CBCT. The analyses of the repeated measurements show that noise correlation coefficients are non-zero between the nearest neighboring bins of CBCT projection data. The average noise correlation coefficients for the first- and second- order neighbors are 0.20 and 0.06, respectively. The noise correlation coefficients are independent of the dose level. Reconstruction of the pelvis phantom shows that the PWLS criterion with consideration of noise correlation results in a lower noise level as compared to the PWLS criterion without considering the noise correlation at the matched resolution.
Influence of the Cavitation Model on the Simulation of Cloud Cavitation on 2D Foil Section

For numerical simulations of cavitating flows, many physical models are currently used. One approach is the void fraction transport equation-based model including source terms for vaporization and condensation processes. Various source terms have been proposed by different researchers. However, they have been tested only in different flow configurations, which make direct comparisons between the results difficult. A comparative study, based on the expression of the source terms as a function of the pressure, is presented in the present paper. This analytical approach demonstrates a large resemblance between the models, and it also clarifies the influence of the model parameters on the vaporization and condensation terms and, therefore, on the cavity shape and behavior. Some of the models were also tested using a 2D CFD code in configurations of cavitation on two-dimensional foil sections. Void fraction distributions and frequency of the cavity oscillations were compared to existing experimental measurements. These numerical results confirm the analytical study.
Choosing the Resampling Scheme when Bootstrapping: A Case Study in Reliability

Abstract Often when dealing with complex data structures there is no unique way to bootstrap. If the data can be viewed as U 1, …, U n iid from some distribution P, then one can bootstrap by resampling the U's. Alternately, one can resample in a more model-based way; that is, by making use of the structure of the model P. A typical example of this is linear regression, in which the data is (Y i , X i ), i = 1, …, n. One can resample the pairs (Y i , X i ), or one can resample the residuals from a fitted model. This phenomenon arises over quite a wide spectrum of problems, and in many cases the different methods of bootstrapping can give substantially different results. It seems hopeless to come up with a general theory that compares the different ways of bootstrapping. In this article we study in some detail a certain model that arises in reliability theory in which there are two natural ways to bootstrap. This model is described as follows. Available for testing is a sample of n iid systems each having t.
Optimal Rate of Convergence for Finite Mixture Models

In finite mixture models, we establish the best possible rate of convergence for estimating the mixing distribution. We find that the key for estimating the mixing distribution is the knowledge of the number of components in the mixture. While a √n-consistent rate is achievable when the exact number of components is known, the best possible rate is only n 1/4 when it is unknown. Under a strong identifiability condition, it is shown that this rate is reached by some minimum distance estimators. Most commonly used models are found to satisfy the strong identifiability condition.
Preparation and characterization of expanded graphite polymer composite films for thermoelectric applications

This report demonstrates application of expanded graphite (ExG) for thermoelectric energy conversion, where it serves as a filler for both p‐ and n‐type organic materials. Thin ExG composite films showing improved thermoelectric properties were prepared. In particular, composites with intrinsically conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) yielding high electrical conductivity (up to 104 S m−1) and enhanced thermopower (Seebeck coefficient) provided promising p‐type material. Chemical doping experiments performed on ExG dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) revealed that the exfoliated graphitic sheets can be efficiently n‐doped with polyethyleneimine (PEI). As a result, n‐type ExG/PVA/PEI composite thin films showing improved n‐type characteristics with thermopower values as high as −25.3 µV K−1 were prepared. With a 25 wt% ratio of PEI to ExG, the electrical conductivity was measured to be ∼103 S m−1, which is remarkably high for n‐type polymer composites. Strips of composite films containing 50 wt% of ExG in PEDOT:PSS were used as p‐type components, and composite films containing 20 wt% of ExG in PVA doped with PEI were used as n‐type components in thermoelectric modules to demonstrate thermoelectric voltage with one, two, and three p‐n couples connected in series. The testing modules produced an output voltage of ∼4 mV at a temperature gradient of 50 K. The module generated 1.7 nW power, when a load resistance matched the internal module resistance of 1 kΩ. Our results show that chemical functionalization of ExG in thin composite films resulted in more effective thermoelectric properties.