Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mitochondria-involved apoptosis induced by MPPa mediated photodynamic therapy

Numerous new photosensitizers are now in various stages of trials demonstrating the broad applicability of Photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, only a handful of photosensitizers have received regulatory approval. Lack of effective photosensitizers has become a major limit for extensive application of PDT. Our previous study showed MPPa to be a good photosensitizer candidature, MPPa-PDT can lead PC-3M cell line to death mainly via apoptotic way both in vitro and in vivo, and part of the mechanism was investigated. Mitochondria may play a key role in the process, in order to further elucidate the mechanism, we investigated the level of ROS, GSH, NO, Ca2+, mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as cytochrome C. All in all, ROS production, depletion of GSH, and the activation of ROS downstream, such as mitochondria depolarization, cytochrome C release, were detected in our study. The results provide a mechanism by which oxidative stress provokes apoptosis of PC-3M cells.
A generalized eigenvalue perturbation approach to coherency

It has long been recognized that the presence of weak interconnections between areas within an electric power system can give rise to low frequency, lightly damped modes representing undesirable electromechanical oscillations between generating units. To date, rigorous analyses of this phenomenon have relied primarily on singular perturbation perspectives, associating the weak interconnection with small parameters in a dynamic model. As an alternative, this paper presents a simple method for identifying slow modes based on first order sensitivities of generalized eigenvalues in a power system model composed of differential equations with algebraic constraints. By explicitly displaying (to first order approximation) the dependence of eigenstructure on line parameters and on the interconnection topology of the network, this approach provides a number of useful insights. In particular, it is used to develop an efficient new algorithm for partitioning a network into coherent areas (identifying both generator and load buses within an area).
Image reconstruction of multi-channel photoacoustic and laser-ultrasound data using reverse time migration

We propose a new reconstruction algorithm for photoacoustic and laser-ultrasound imaging based on reverse time migration (RTM), a time reversal imaging algorithm originally developed for exploration seismology. RTM inherently handles strong velocity heterogeneity and complex propagation paths. A successful RTM analysis with appropriate handling of boundary conditions results in enhanced signal-to-noise, accurately located structures, and minimal artifacts. A laser-ultrasound experiment begins with a source wave field generated at the surface that propagates through the sample. Acoustic scatterers in the propagation path give rise to a scattered wave field, which travels to the surface and is recorded by acoustic detectors. To reconstruct the laser-ultrasound image, a synthetic source function is forward propagated and cross-correlated with the time-reversed and back-propagated recorded (scattered) wave field to image the scatterers at the correct location. Conversely, photoacoustic waves are generated by chromophores within the sample and propagate "one-way" to the detection surface. We utilize the velocity model validated by the laser-ultrasound reconstruction to accurately reconstruct the photoacoustic image with RTM. This approach is first validated with simulations, where inclusions behave both as a photoacoustic source and an acoustic scatterer. Subsequently, we demonstrate the capabilities of RTM with tissue phantom experiments using an all-optical, multi-channel acquisition geometry.
Spinors and Space–Time: Subject and author index

In the two volumes that comprise this work Roger Penrose and Wolfgang Rindler introduce the calculus of 2-spinors and the theory of twistors, and discuss in detail how these powerful and elegant methods may be used to elucidate the structure and properties of space-time. In volume 1, Two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields, the calculus of 2-spinors is introduced and developed. Volume 2, Spinor and twistor methods in space-time geometry, introduces the theory of twistors, and studies in detail how the theory of twistors and 2-spinors can be applied to the study of space-time. This work will be of great value to all those studying relativity, differential geometry, particle physics and quantum field theory from beginning graduate students to experts in these fields.
GMPLS control plane failure recovery

Failures in the GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching) control plane and in the data plane may independently occur. The established data plane connections such as lightpaths in WDM networks must remain operational in the event of a control plane failure. A control plane failure should not cause changes of the state of connections and resources in the data plane. In addition, the control plane needs to recover the lost state information, or acquire up-to-date state information. The engineering of GMPLS control plane failure recovery techniques must consider different failure scenarios, co-ordinations of different recovery mechanisms. In this paper, we summarize the graceful restart mechanism for the signalling protocols, then present a two-step failure recovery of the signalling protocols to improve the recover speed.
Technical Note: Multi‐sensor data fusion of aerosol optical thickness

This paper investigates the applicability and limitations of combining multi‐sensor data through data fusion, to increase the usefulness of the datasets. This study focuses on merging daily mean aerosol optical thickness (AOT), as measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, to increase spatial coverage and produce complete fields to facilitate comparison with models and station data. The fusion algorithm used the maximum likelihood (ML) technique to merge the pixel values where available, and then the optimal interpolation method to fill the remaining gaps. The algorithm was applied to a regional AOT subset. The results illustrate that the fusion algorithm can produce complete AOT fields with reasonably good data values and acceptable errors. The cumulative semivariogram (CSV) was found to be sensitive to the spatial distribution and fraction of gap areas and, thus, useful for assessing the sensitivity of the fused data to spatial gaps.
Testing goodness-of-fit in logistic case-control studies

We present a goodness-of-fit test for the logistic regression model under case-control sampling. The test statistic is constructed via a discrepancy between two competing kernel density estimators of the underlying conditional distributions given case-control status. The proposed goodness-of-fit test is shown to compare very favourably with previously proposed tests for case-control sampling in terms of power. The test statistic can be easily computed as a quadratic form in the residuals from a prospective logistic regression maximum likelihood fit. In addition, the proposed test is affine invariant and has an alternative representation in terms of empirical characteristic functions. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
A full‐Bayesian approach to the groundwater inverse problem for steady state flow

A full‐Bayesian approach to the estimation of transmissivity from hydraulic head and transmissivity measurements is developed for two‐dimensional steady state groundwater flow. The approach combines both Bayesian and maximum entropy viewpoints of probability. In the first phase, log transmissivity measurements are incorporated into Bayes' theorem, and the prior probability density function is updated, yielding posterior estimates of the mean value of the log transmissivity field and covariance. The two central moments are generated assuming that the prior mean, variance, and integral scales are “hyperparameters”; that is, they are treated as random variables in themselves which is contrary to classical statistical approaches. The probability density functions (pdfs) of these hyperparameters are, in turn, determined from maximum entropy considerations. In other words, pdfs are chosen for each of the hyperparameters that are maximally uncommitted with respect to unknown information. This methodology is quite general and provides an alternative to kriging for spatial interpolation. The final step consists of updating the conditioned natural logarithm transmissivity (ln(T)) field with hydraulic head measurements, utilizing a linearized aquifer equation. It is assumed that the statistical properties of the noise in the hydraulic head measurements are also uncertain. At each step, uncertainties in all pertinent hyperparameters are removed by marginalization. Finally, what is produced is a ln(T) field conditioned on measurements of both hydraulic heads and log transmissivity and covariances of the ln(T) field. In addition, we can also produce resolution matrices, confidence (credibility) limits, and the like for the ln(T) field. It is shown that the application of the methodology yields good estimates of transmissivities, even when hydraulic head measurements are noisy and little or no information is specified on mean values of ln(T), variance of ln(T), and integral scales.
Gaseous halos: Implications for cluster, galaxy, and radio-source evolution

Substantial amounts of enriched gas produced during the early stages of galactic evolution can be stably contained within massive extended halos and released into the intracluster medium by galaxy collisions at a relatively late epoch. If most of the intracluster gas in rich clusters originates in this manner, the onset of ram-pressure stripping can be delayed until z< or approx. =0.5. Prior to this, such clusters contain many spiral and gas-rich elliptical galaxies, thereby accounting for the unusually large proportion of blue galaxies found in distant clusters. Implications are drawn for X-ray observations of rich clusters, and for the morphology of extended extragalactic radio sources.
The radon equilibrium factor and comparative dosimetry in homes and mines

The equilibrium factor, a measure of the degree of radioactive equilibrium between radon and its short-lived radioactive decay products, is often assumed to be 0.4 for risk assessment. While this is usually a reasonable assumption, there are important exceptions. In particular, in active mines where ventilation rates are high, the equilibrium factor can be much less than 0.4. In such cases, if lung dose rate is computed based on measured activity size distributions and normalised to radon concentrations, comparisons to lung dose rate in other environments must take into account possible differences in the equilibrium factor. In the comparative dosimetry section of the BEIR VI Report, this critical step was omitted. Thus, the ratio of home lung dose rate to diesel miner lung dose rate is actually 0.44, not 1 as stated in the Report. This oversight may have major public policy implications.
Disturbance decoupling by feedforward and preview control

On formule et on resout un probleme de decouplage de perturbation pour un systeme lineaire continu pour lequel on admet une boucle de reaction positive de l'entree de perturbation et de ses derivees. On montre que les problemes sont equivalents pour un systeme continu et pour un systeme discret
Optics in Stratified and Anisotropic Media: 4×4-Matrix Formulation

A 4×4-matrix technique was recently introduced by Teitler and Henvis for finding propagation and reflection by stratified anisotropic media. It is more general than the 2×2-matrix technique developed by Jones and by Abeles and is applicable to problems involving media of low optical symmetry. A little later, we developed a 4×4 differential-matrix technique in order to solve the problem of reflection and transmission by cholesteric liquid crystals and other liquid crystals with continuously varying but planar ordering. Our technique is mathematically equivalent to that of Teitler and Henvis, but we used a somewhat different approach. We start with a 6×6-matrix representation of Maxwell’s equations that can include Faraday rotation and optical activity. From this, we derive expressions for 16 differential-matrix elements so that a wide variety of specific problems can be attacked without repeating a large amount of tedious algebra. The 4×4-matrix technique is particularly well suited for solving complicated reflection and transmission problems on a computer. It also serves as an illuminating alternative way to rederive closed solutions to a number of less-complicated classical problems. Teitler and Henvis described a method of solving some of these problems, briefly in their paper. We give solutions to several such problems and add a solution to the Oseen–DeVries optical model of a cholesteric liquid crystal, to illustrate the power and simplicity of the 4×4-matrix technique.
Asymmetry of acceptor wave functions caused by surface-related strain and electric field in InAs

The spatial distribution of the local density of states (LDOS) at Mn acceptors near the (110) surface of p-doped InAs is investigated by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). The shapes of the acceptor contrasts for different dopant depths under the surface are analyzed. Acceptors located within the first ten subsurface layers of the semiconductor show a lower symmetry than expected from theoretical predictions of the bulk acceptor wave function. They exhibit a (001) mirror asymmetry. The degree of asymmetry depends on the acceptor atoms' depths. The measured contrasts for acceptors buried below the 10th subsurface layer closely match the theoretically derived shape. Two effects are able to explain the symmetry reduction: the strain field of the surface relaxation and the tip-induced electric field.
Stabilization by Noise Revisited

Given a d × d matrix A and a d × k matrix B. We investigate how the stability behavior of ẋ = (A + BG(t)) × can be improved by a k × d matrix-valued white noise process G(t). The analysis is based on the theory of Lyapunov exponents (exponential growth rates) and uses an averaging principle. It generalizes a result by the author and co-workers for the case B = identity, in which the top Lyapunov exponent can be brought arbitrarily close to trace A/d by cleverly choosing G(t). Fur gegebene d × d-Matrix A und d × k-Matrix B wird untersucht, wie das Stabilitatsverhalten von ẋ = (A + BG(t)) × durch k × d-matrixwertiges weises Rauschen G(t) verbessert werden kann. Die Analyse beruht auf der Theorie der Lyapunov-Exponenten (exponentielle Wachstumsraten) und benutzt ein Mittelungsprinzip. Die Arbeit verallgemeinert ein fruheres Resultat von Verfasser und Mitautoren fur den Fall B = Identitat, in welchem der groste Lyapunov-Exponent durch geschickte Wahl von G(t) beliebig nahe an trace A/d gebracht werden kann.
A position, rotation, and scale invariant image descriptor based on rays and circular paths

In this paper a rotation, scale and translation (RST) invariant image descriptor based on 1D signatures is presented. The position invariant is obtained using the amplitude spectrum of the Fourier transform of the image. That spectrum is introduced in the analytical Fourier-Mellin transform (AFMT) to obtain the scale invariance. From the normalized AFMT amplitude spectrum two 1D signatures are constructed. To build a 1D circular signature, circular path binary masks are used to filter the spectrum image. On the other hand, ray path binary filters are utilized in the construction of the 1D ray signature. These 1D signatures are RST invariant image descriptors. The Latin alphabet letters in Arial font style were used to test the descriptor efficiency. According with the statistical analysis of bootstrap with a constant replacement B = 1000 and normal distribution, the descriptor has a confidence level at least of 95%.
Convex Model for Earthquake Damage and Loss Estimation of Individual Buildings

Probabilistic results drawn upon inadequate information are suspicious. The convex set theory, which requires much less information, is employed to model the uncertainties of the spectral displacement and damage state medians. Furthermore, a convex model of fragility function is established based on the Envelope Bound Convex Models of the spectral displacement and damage state medians. A bound loss estimation method is derived by integrating HAZUS-AEBM module with the convex set theory. The loss bounds of a hotel in southern China are obtained and compared to the loss calculated by HAZUS-AEBM method, which locates in the lower half interval of convex analysis results. The uncertainty propagation is analyzed and damage state medians are found to be most critical factor to the loss. Finally, the PEER's probabilistic loss estimation methodology is also applied to this example to deduce the probability of loss exceeding the bound values of convex analysis results.
A nonlinear adaptive speed tracking control for sensorless permanent magnet step motors with unknown load torque

Assuming that only stator currents and voltages are available for feedback, a nonlinear adaptive speed tracking control algorithm is proposed for a permanent magnet step motor with unknown constant load torque. It relies on three new theoretical results: the ‘s‐alignment’ and ‘c‐alignment’ procedures, in which the motor is forced to reach certain known equilibrium points, and an output feedback controller which guarantees asymptotic speed tracking for every initial condition belonging to an explicitly computed domain of attraction (global exponential convergence is achieved in the case of known constant load torque). Numerical simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the method of equivalent edge currents to composite scattering from the cone-cylinder above a dielectric rough sea surface

Compared with scattering from a rough surface only, composite scattering from a target above a rough surface has become so practical that it is a subject of great interest. At present, this problem has been solved by some numerical methods which will produce an enormous calculation amount. In order to overcome this shortcoming, the reciprocity theorem (RT) and the method of equivalent edge currents (MEC) are used in this paper. Due to the advantage of RT, the difficulty in computing the secondary scattered fields is reduced. Simultaneously, MEC, a high-frequency method with edge diffraction considered, is used to calculate the scattered field from the cone-cylinder target with a high accuracy and efficiency. The backscattered field and the polarization currents of the rough sea surface are evaluated by the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) method and physical optics (PO) method, respectively. The effects of the backscattering radar cross section (RCS) and the Doppler spectrum on the size of the target and the windspeed of the sea surface for different incident angles are analysed in detail.
New Robust Variable Selection Methods for Linear Regression Models

Motivated by an entropy inequality, we propose for the first time a penalized profile likelihood method for simultaneously selecting significant variables and estimating unknown coefficients in multiple linear regression models in this article. The new method is robust to outliers or errors with heavy tails and works well even for error with infinite variance. Our proposed approach outperforms the adaptive lasso in both theory and practice. It is observed from the simulation studies that (i) the new approach possesses higher probability of correctly selecting the exact model than the least absolute deviation lasso and the adaptively penalized composite quantile regression approach and (ii) exact model selection via our proposed approach is robust regardless of the error distribution. An application to a real dataset is also provided.
Behavioural Deception and Formal Models of Communication

Having a satisfactory definition of behavioural deception is important for understanding several types of evolutionary questions. No definition offered in the literature so far is adequate on all fronts. After identifying characteristics that are important for a definition, a new definition of behavioural deception is offered. The new definition, like some other proposed attempts, relies on formal game-theoretic models of signalling. Unlike others, it incorporates explicit consideration of the population in which the potentially deceptive interactions occur. The general structure of the definition satisfies many of the characteristics that were problematic for other definitions, and others are satisfied by explicitly incorporating information about the population in which interactions occur. Examples are given for chick begging in the Sir Philip Sidney game and other situations. 1 Introduction 2 Deception in Formal Models 2.1 Formal models of signalling 2.2 Deception as dishonesty 2.3 Deception as negative value of information 2.4 Deception as misinformation with payoff conditions 3 A Revised Definition 3.1 Technical definitions 3.2 Begging behaviour and the Sir Philip Sidney game 3.3 ‘Universal’ deception and a possible objection 3.4 One-on-one interactions 3.5 Lucky errors 4 Discussion and Conclusions 1 Introduction 2 Deception in Formal Models 2.1 Formal models of signalling 2.2 Deception as dishonesty 2.3 Deception as negative value of information 2.4 Deception as misinformation with payoff conditions 2.1 Formal models of signalling 2.2 Deception as dishonesty 2.3 Deception as negative value of information 2.4 Deception as misinformation with payoff conditions 3 A Revised Definition 3.1 Technical definitions 3.2 Begging behaviour and the Sir Philip Sidney game 3.3 ‘Universal’ deception and a possible objection 3.4 One-on-one interactions 3.5 Lucky errors 3.1 Technical definitions 3.2 Begging behaviour and the Sir Philip Sidney game 3.3 ‘Universal’ deception and a possible objection 3.4 One-on-one interactions 3.5 Lucky errors 4 Discussion and Conclusions
The IMET (Improved Meteorology) Ship and Buoy Systems

Abstract The recently developed IMET (improved meteorology) system for ships and buoys and the key elements of the program that led to its development are described. The system improves the ability to measure mean meteorological variables, including wind velocity, barometric pressure, incoming shortwave and longwave radiation, air temperature, sea surface temperature, humidity, and precipitation, from both types of platforms. Extensive laboratory and field tests of a variety of sensors were conducted to investigate and document their stability, accuracy, and reliability. Modular electronics were developed so that each sensor in the system communicated digitally, returning calibrated values to a central data recorder. IMET systems have been deployed on buoys in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and on research vessels. The history of the program, reasons for the choice of the present sensor suite, the design of the sensor modules, a description of the data acquisition system, and examples of data collected w.
A unified perspective on robot control: the energy Lyapunov function approach

A unified framework for stability analysis for robot tracking control is presented. By using an energy-motivated Lyapunov function candidate, closed-loop stability is shown for a large family of control laws sharing a common structure of proportional and derivative feedback and model-based feedforward. The feedforward can be zero, partial or complete linearized dynamics, partial or complete nonlinear dynamics, or linearized or nonlinear dynamics with parameter adaptation. As a result, the dichotomous approaches to the robot control problem based on the open-loop linearization and nonlinear Lyapunov analysis are both included in this treatment. Furthermore, quantitative estimates of the trade-offs between different schemes in terms of the tracking performance, steady state error, domain of convergence, real-time computation load, and required a priori model information are derived. <<ETX>>