Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NADPH Oxidases Are Required for Appressorium-Mediated Penetration in Colletotrichum scovillei-Pepper Fruit Pathosystem

NADPH oxidase (Nox) complexes are known to play essential roles in differentiation and proliferation of many filamentous fungi. However, the functions of Noxs have not been elucidated in Colletotrichum species. Therefore, we set out to characterize the roles of Nox enzymes and their regulators in Colletotrichum scovillei, which causes serious anthracnose disease on pepper fruits in temperate and subtropical and temperate region. In this study, we generated targeted deletion mutants for CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD via homologous recombination. All deletion mutants were normal in mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial germination, and appressorium formation, suggesting that CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD are not involved in those developmental processes. Notably, conidia of ΔCsnox2 and ΔCsnoxr, other than ΔCsnox1 and ΔCsnoxd, failed to cause anthracnose on intact pepper fruits. However, they still caused normal disease on wounded pepper fruits, suggesting that Csnox2 and CsnoxR are essential for penetration-related morphogenesis in C. scovillei. Further observation proved that ΔCsnox2 and ΔCsnoxr were unable to form penetration peg, while they fully developed appressoria, revealing that defect of anthracnose development by ΔCsnox2 and ΔCsnoxr resulted from failure in penetration peg formation. Our results suggest that CsNox2 and CsNoxR are critical for appressorium-mediated penetration in C. scovillei-pepper fruit pathosystem, which provides insight into understanding roles of Nox genes in anthracnose disease development.
Fluorescence Assay for Detecting Four Organophosphorus Pesticides Using Fluorescently Labeled Aptamer

In this work, we reported a rapid and sensitive fluorescence assay in homogenous solution for detecting organophosphorus pesticides by using tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labeled aptamer and its complementary DNA (cDNA) with extended guanine (G) bases. The hybridization of cDNA and aptamer drew TAMRA close to repeated G bases, then the fluorescence of TAMRA was quenched by G bases due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Upon introducing the pesticide target, the aptamer bound to pesticide instead of cDNA because of the competition between pesticide and cDNA. Thus, the TAMRA departed from G bases, resulting in fluorescence recovery of TAMRA. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection for phorate, profenofos, isocarbophos, and omethoate were 0.333, 0.167, 0.267, and 0.333 µg/L, respectively. The method was also used in the analysis of profenofos in vegetables. Our fluorescence design was simple, rapid, and highly sensitive, which provided a means for monitoring the safety of agricultural products.
Entropy Measures of Some Nanotubes Using Sombor Index

In (QSAR)/(QSPR) studies, topological indices play an essential role, as a molecular descriptor. For measuring the structural information of chemical graphs and complex networks, the graph entropies with topological indices take the help of Shannon’s entropy concept, which now become the information-theoretic quantities. In discrete mathematics, biology, and chemistry, the graph entropy measures play an essential role. In this paper, we study the Boron Nanotube and we compute entropies of these structures by making relation of newly defined degree based topological indices, called Sombor index with the help of the information function, which is the number of vertices of different degrees together with the number of edges among the various vertices. Further, the numerical and graphical comparison are also studied.
Intraspecific hybridisation of an invasive lizard on Lord Howe Island

ABSTRACT Human-mediated dispersal of animals often acts to bring populations that have been separated for substantial periods of evolutionary time (e.g. millions of years) in their native range into contact in their introduced range. Whether these taxa successfully interbreed in the introduced range provides information on the strength of reproductive isolation amongst them. The invasive delicate skink (Lampropholis delicata) has been accidentally introduced to Lord Howe Island from four genetically divergent (>2 million years) regions of the species’ native range in eastern Australia. We used mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data to investigate whether the individuals from four of the native-range source regions are interbreeding on Lord Howe Island. Our analyses indicate that intraspecific hybridisation among individuals from all four native-range source regions is occurring. Although there is little evidence for hybrids in the northern end of Lord Howe Island (proportion of hybrids: 0–0.02; n = 31), there is a high proportion of hybrids in the central (0.33–0.69; n = 59) and southern regions (0.38–0.75; n = 8) of the island. Given the strong evidence for interbreeding among all four native-range source regions examined, and the relatively minor morphological, life-history and phenotypic variation among them, we suggest that the delicate skink should continue to be treated as a single, widespread, but variable species.
TORIC VARIETIES AND COBORDISM

OF DISSERTATION TORIC VARIETIES AND COBORDISM A long-standing problem in cobordism theory has been to nd convenient manifolds to represent cobordism classes. For example, in the late 1950's, Hirzebruch asked which complex cobordism classes can be represented by smooth connected algebraic varieties. This question is still open. Progress can be made on this and related problems by studying certain convenient connected algebraic varieties, namely smooth projective toric varieties. The primary focus of this dissertation is to determine which complex cobordism classes can be represented by smooth projective toric varieties. A complete answer is given up to dimension six, and a partial answer is described in dimension eight. In addition, the role of smooth projective toric varieties in the polynomial ring structure of complex cobordism is examined. More speci cally, smooth projective toric varieties are constructed as polynomial ring generators in most dimensions, and evidence is presented suggesting that a smooth projective toric variety can be chosen as a polynomial generator in every dimension. Finally, toric varieties with an additional ber bundle structure are used to study some manifolds in oriented cobordism. In particular, manifolds with certain ber bundle structures are shown to all be cobordant to zero in the oriented cobordism ring.
Graphene-Based Absorption–Transmission Multi-Functional Tunable THz Metamaterials

The paper reports an absorption–transmission multifunctional tunable metamaterial based on graphene. Its pattern graphene layer can achieve broadband absorption, while the frequency selective layer can achieve the transmission of specific band. Furthermore, the absorption and transmission can be controlled by applying voltage to regulate the chemical potential of graphene. The analysis results show that the absorption of the metamaterial is adjustable from 22% to 99% in the 0.72 THz~1.26 THz band and the transmittance is adjustable from 80% to 95% in 2.35 THz. The metamaterial uses UV glue as the dielectric layer and PET (polyethylene terephthalate) as the flexible substrate, which has good flexibility. Moreover, the metamaterial is insensitive to incident angle and polarization angle, which is beneficial to achieve excellent conformal properties.
Multi-Span Long-Haul Fiber Transmission Model Based on Cascaded Neural Networks With Multi-Head Attention Mechanism

In this paper, a novelty fiber transmission model consisting of cascaded neural networks with the multi-head attention mechanism has been put forward to solve signal transmission prediction problems in multi-span long-haul fiber link. After appropriately training the model with collected data by the gradient descent method, it can gradually handle the rules of signals’ changes over each span and predict the signal transmission results with notably low time cost compared with traditional split-step Fourier method based long-haul model. Through numerical demonstration, this new model can predict 1000 km fiber link with symbol rate up to 40GBaud in the QAM modulation with extremely low predicting error.
Benchmark Figure of Merit Extensions for Low Jitter Phase Locked Loops Inspired by New PLL Architectures

A conventional figure-of-merit (FOM) for a phase-locked loop (PLL) has served as the most powerful indicator to compare and to normalize performance of different PLL designs. Simply, the conventional FOM is based on the jitter-power trade-off. With a few assumptions, theoretically, it provides a fair comparison. However, as the PLL design techniques have advanced, the assumptions have started breaking. Also, it misses performance impacts from some other important factors other than the jitter and the power. As a result, it is expected that the performance comparison with the conventional FOM is not fair enough for some cases. This work reviews the state-of-the-art PLL design techniques and investigates how those techniques conflict with the assumptions of the conventional FOM. In addition, alternate FOMs which complement the conventional FOM are discussed. To capture complex cross-correlation between various factors, the proposed methodology is to find a correlation between the conventional FOM and other factors from extensive performance surveys, along with quantitative analyses.
Comparison between Some Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods for Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance Trend of Bovine Mastitis Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bulgaria

Simple Summary The aim of the study was to assess the resistance of bovine mastitis Staphylococcus aureus isolates to antimicrobials by comparison of laboratory methods and statistical analysis. For this, 546 mastitis milk samples at 14 farms from 9 districts in Bulgaria were examined. A total of 92 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated and identified. The results showed high resistance to sulfadimethoxine (87%), followed by resistance to penicillin (33.7%), erythromycin (13%), streptomycin (8.7%), tetracycline (6.5%) and gentamicin (1.1%). The comparison of the methods demonstrated more than 90% agreement for 9 tested antimicrobial drugs, hence proving reliability of results from monitoring of resistance. Considering the detected discrepancies for some of isolates, an integral evaluation through standard and modern molecular methods for Staphylococcus aureus is recommended. The results from this study add to the microbiology laboratory experience and strategies for mastitis prevention and control programmes. Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the resistance of bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates from farms in Bulgaria to different classes of chemotherapeutic drugs by comparison of some phenotypic and genotypic methods by means of Cohen’s kappa statistics. The study comprised 546 milk samples from subclinical and clinical mastitis at 14 farms from 9 districts in the country. A total of 92 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from tested samples and identified by nuc PCR. The results demonstrated high levels of resistance to sulfadimethoxine (87%), followed by resistance to penicillin (33.7%), erythromycin (13%), streptomycin (8.7%), tetracycline (6.5%) and gentamicin (1.1%). The comparison of both phenotypic tests with respect to 9 antimicrobials revealed strong agreement with kappa coefficient 0.836. An almost complete agreement was evidenced between phenotypic resistance to penicillin and blaZ gene presence, to methicillin with mecA gene, to tetracycline with tet genes, but the agreement between erythromycin resistance and erm genes presence was moderate. This study was the first to demonstrate discrepancy between the behaviour to cefoxitin in the disk diffusion test and oxacillin in the MIC test for an isolate shown to carry the mecA gene in the subsequent genetic analysis. Considering the detected discrepancies for some of isolates, an integral evaluation through phenotypic and molecular methods for monitoring of antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus is recommended.
Rigid inner forms of real and p-adic groups

We define a new cohomology set for an affine algebraic group G and a multiplicative finite central subgroup Z, both defined over a local field of characteristic zero, which is an enlargement of the usual first Galois cohomology set of G. We show how this set can be used to normalize the Langlands-Shelstad endoscopic transfer factors and to give a conjectural description of the internal structure and endoscopic transfer of L-packets for arbitrary connected reductive groups that extends the well-known conjectural description for quasi-split groups. In the real case, we show that this description is correct using Shelstad's work.
Allocation, allocation, allocation! The political economy of the development of the European Union Emissions Trading System

The European Union's pioneering carbon Emissions Trading System, the EU ETS, has inspired countries around the world to launch their own CO2 markets. This paper analyses the evolution of the EU ETS from a political economy perspective, emphasizing the interaction of economic principles and political interests at pivotal moments, and showing how each compromise changed the scope for future design choices. We focus on the allowance allocation issue, which provides a window into the complex tug‐of‐war between economic efficiency and the politics of distribution. Our account highlights the dynamic nature of CO2 market reform, and provides lessons that can help inform the design of more stable and effective CO2 markets in the future.
NEGATIVE-SAMPLING WORD-EMBEDDING METHOD

One of the most famous authors of the method is Tomas Mikolov. His software and method of theoretical application are the major ones for our consideration today. It is better to pay attention that it is more mathematically oriented. The use of embedding models to turn KGs into vector space has become a well-known field of research. In recent years, a plethora of embedding learning approaches have been proposed in the literature. Many of these models rely on data already stored in the input KG. Following the closed world assumption, the knowledge not presented in the KG cannot be judged untrue; instead, it may only be labeled as unknown. On the other hand, embedding models, like most machine learning algorithms, require negative instances to learn embeddings efficiently. To deal with this, a variety of negative sample generating strategies have been developed. The author himself had more to do with mathematics, and his method concerns, first of all, a mathematical solution for a theoretical, and then a practical solution for creating this and the method we are analyzing. Dense vector word representations have lately gained popularity as fixed-length features for machine learning algorithms, and Mikolov’s system is now widely used. We investigate one of its main components, Negative Sampling, and offer efficient distributed methods that allow us to scale to indicate and exclude the possibility of probability loss in a similar value. Furthermore, this method is laser-focused on a single action in the broad sense for processing the recognition of the above-mentioned vector or words. It is important to pay attention to mathematical theory and understand the importance of the neural network in this field.
The Dynamics of Deterministic Chaos in Numerical Weather Prediction Models

Atmospheric weather systems are coherent structures consisting of discrete cloud cells forming patterns of rows/streets, mesoscale clusters and spiral bands which maintain their identity for the duration of their appreciable life times in the turbulent shear flow of the planetary Atmospheric Boundary Layer. The existence of coherent structures (seemingly systematic motion) in turbulent flows has been well established during the last 20 years of research in turbulence. Numerical weather prediction models based on the inherently non-linear Navier-Stokes equations do not give realistic forecasts because of the following inherent limitations: (1) the non-linear governing equations for atmospheric flows do not have exact analytic solutions and being sensitive to initial conditions give chaotic solutions characteristic of deterministic chaos (2) the governing equations do not incorporate the dynamical interactions and co-existence of the complete spectrum of turbulent fluctuations which form an integral part of the large coherent weather systems (3) limitations of available computer capacity necessitates severe truncation of the governing equations, thereby generating errors of approximations (4) the computer precision related roundoff errors magnify the earlier mentioned uncertainties exponentially with time and the model predictions become unrealistic. The accurate modelling of weather phenomena therefore requires alternative concepts and computational techniques. In this paper a universal theory of deterministic chaos applicable to the formation of coherent weather structures in the ABL is presented.
Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology

Human lymphatic filariae have evolved numerous immune evasion strategies to secure their long-term survival in a host. These strategies include regulation of pattern recognition receptors, mimicry with host glycans and immune molecules, manipulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, induction of apoptosis in effector immune cells, and neutralization of free radicals. This creates an anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory milieu in the host: a modified Th2 immune response. Therefore, targeting filarial immunomodulators and manipulating the filariae-driven immune system against the filariae can be a potential therapeutic and prophylactic strategy. Filariae-derived immunosuppression can also be exploited to treat other inflammatory diseases and immunopathologic states of parasitic diseases, such as cerebral malaria, and to prevent leishmaniasis. This paper reviews immunomodulatory mechanisms acquired by these filariae for their own survival and their potential application in the development of novel therapeutic approaches against parasitic and inflammatory diseases. Insight into the intricate network of host immune-parasite interactions would aid in the development of effective immune-therapeutic options for both infectious and immune-pathological diseases.
Low-Cost Wireless Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges

Nowadays, low-cost accelerometers are getting more attention from civil engineers to make Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) applications affordable and applicable to a broader range of structures. The present accelerometers based on Arduino or Raspberry Pi technologies in the literature share some of the following drawbacks: (1) high Noise Density (ND), (2) low sampling frequency, (3) not having the Internet’s timestamp with microsecond resolution, (4) not being used in experimental eigenfrequency analysis of a flexible and a less-flexible bridge, and (5) synchronization issues. To solve these problems, a new low-cost triaxial accelerometer based on Arduino technology is presented in this work (Low-cost Adaptable Reliable Accelerometer—LARA). Laboratory test results show that LARA has a ND of 51 µg/√Hz, and a frequency sampling speed of 333 Hz. In addition, LARA has been applied to the eigenfrequency analysis of a short-span footbridge and its results are compared with those of a high-precision commercial sensor.
B0 Correction for 3T Amide Proton Transfer (APT) MRI Using a Simplified Two-Pool Lorentzian Model of Symmetric Water and Asymmetric Solutes

Amide proton transfer (APT)-weighted MRI is a promising molecular imaging technique that has been employed in clinic for detection and grading of brain tumors. MTRasym, the quantification method of APT, is easily influenced by B0 inhomogeneity and causes artifacts. Current model-free interpolation methods have enabled moderate B0 correction for middle offsets, but have performed poorly at limbic offsets. To address this shortcoming, we proposed a practical B0 correction approach that is suitable under time-limited sparse acquisition scenarios and for B1 ≥ 1 μT under 3T. In this study, this approach employed a simplified Lorentzian model containing only two pools of symmetric water and asymmetric solutes, to describe the Z-spectral shape with wide and ‘invisible’ CEST peaks. The B0 correction was then performed on the basis of the fitted two-pool Lorentzian lines, instead of using conventional model-free interpolation. The approach was firstly evaluated on densely sampled Z-spectra data by using the spline interpolation of all acquired 16 offsets as the gold standard. When only six offsets were available for B0 correction, our method outperformed conventional methods. In particular, the errors at limbic offsets were significantly reduced (n = 8, p < 0.01). Secondly, our method was assessed on the six-offset APT data of nine brain tumor patients. Our MTRasym (3.5 ppm), using the two-pool model, displayed a similar contrast to the vendor-provided B0-orrected MTRasym (3.5 ppm). While the vendor failed in correcting B0 at 4.3 and 2.7 ppm for a large portion of voxels, our method enabled well differentiation of B0 artifacts from tumors. In conclusion, the proposed approach could alleviate analysis errors caused by B0 inhomogeneity, which is useful for facilitating the comprehensive metabolic analysis of brain tumors.
Microwave Dielectric Properties of CaTiO3 and MgTiO3 Thin Films

The CaTiO3 and MgTiO3 films were prepared by a sol-gel method, and the effect of annealing temperature on the microwave dielectric properties of both films was investigated. It was possible to obtain well-crystallized CaTiO3 and MgTiO3 films with no evidence of secondary phases at 800°C. The dielectric constants (εr) and temperature coefficients of dielectric constant (TCK) of crystalline CaTiO3 and MgTiO3 films were found to increase with an increase in annealing temperature while the dielectric losses (tan δ) tended to decrease in the microwave frequency region. This result was attributed to the enhanced crystallinity and grain size with increasing annealing temperature. εr, tan δ and TCK of CaTiO3 films were about 160, 0.003 ±0.0003 and -1340 ppm/°C at 1–6 GHz. But the MgTiO3 films showed the values of εr ∼16, tan δ∼0.0008 ±0.0001 and TCK ∼+260 ppm/°C, respectively.
Robustness of Power Distribution System: A Comparative Study of Network and Performance Based Metrics

Improving the resilience of the power distribution networks is becoming a top priority for the utility companies. Robustness is a key part of resilience, and is often studied through failure-based analysis. Furthermore, with the increasingly dynamic nature of the grid, voltage fluctuation is an important factor to consider while assessing system robustness. Very few metrics exist for capturing robustness to voltage fluctuations, primarily due to their complex computation process. While several failure-based robustness metrics have been proposed in the literature, there is no strict consensus regarding the applicability of these metrics. Therefore, this paper addresses two key gaps in robustness analysis of power distribution networks. First, this paper presents a systematic study of different failure-based robustness metrics by comparing their similarity and dissimilarity in ranking critical nodes of the power distribution network. Secondly, the efficacy of these metrics in characterizing voltage fluctuations is evaluated by comparing their ranking to that of voltage influencing scores. From experimental results, it is shown that hybrid failure-based metrics can quantify voltage fluctuations to a reasonable extent. We highlight the major shortcomings of current metric formulations and discuss possible future research directions related to robustness characteristics and analysis.