Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Moments for Classical‐, Quasi‐, and Convolution‐Fickian Dispersion of a Conservative Tracer

Transport moments up to fourth order for convolution-, quasi-, and classical-Fickian dispersion of a conservative tracer are presented and compared. Convolution-Fickian yields a non-Gaussian distribution while quasi- and classical-Fickian result in Gaussian type distributions regardless of the distribution of a stationary velocity field. The first and second central spatial moments are the same for convolution- and quasi-Fickian dispersion, while the third and fourth central moments differ.
GENERATION OF NARROW-BANDWIDTH SINGLE PHOTONS USING ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY IN ATOMIC ENSEMBLES

We review recent experiments [M. D. Eisaman et al., Nature438 (2005) 837] demonstrating the generation of narrow-bandwidth single photons using a room-temperature ensemble of 87Rb atoms. Our method involves creation of an atomic coherence via Raman scattering and projective measurement, followed by the coherent transfer of this atomic coherence onto a single photon using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The single photons generated using this method are shown to have many properties necessary for quantum information protocols, such as narrow bandwidths, directional emission, and controllable pulse shapes. The narrow bandwidths of these single photons (~MHz), resulting from their matching to the EIT resonance (~MHz), allow them to be stored in narrow-bandwidth quantum memories. We demonstrate this by using dynamic EIT to store and retrieve the single photons in a second ensemble for storage times up to a few microseconds. We also describe recent improvements to the single-photon fidelity compared to the work by M. D. Eisaman in Nature438 (2005) 837. These techniques may prove useful in quantum information applications such as quantum repeaters, linear-optics quantum computation, and daytime free-space quantum communication.
Strömung an einer Luftblase im senkrechten Rohr

Die Aufgabe: Form und Geschwindigkeit einer in einem vertikalen Rohr aufsteigenden, unendlich langen Luftblase zu finden, fuhrt unter Vernachlassigung der Kapillar- und Zahigkeitskrafte auf ein Eigenwertproblem der Differentialgleichung Δφ=0, das in erster Annaherung unter der der Wirklichkeit gut entsprechenden Annahme gelost wird, das der Meridianschnitt der Blase in der Umgebung der Kuppe durch den Krummungskreis ersetzt werden kann. Der Eigenwert, der sich als Funktion dieses Krummungsradius angeben last, wird dadurch bestimmt, das die asymptotische Losung mit stetiger Tangente in den Krummungskreis ubergehen soll. Berechneter und experimentell gefundener Wert stimmen gut uberein.
Electromagnetic waves in absorbing uniaxial metamaterials

Features of the polarization, energy fluxes of proper inhomogeneous electromagnetic waves in a layer of absorbing uniaxial negative index metamaterial, and an exact solution of the corresponding boundary problem are investigated. A comparative analysis and modeling of optical properties of anisotropic conventional media and metamaterials is carried out. Conditions and possible advantages of a controlled transformation of the radiation characteristics by the metamaterial are analyzed.
Transport and confinement studies in the RFX-mod reversed-field pinch experiment

In the modified RFX experiment (RFX-mod) external magnetic field coils and a close fitting thin conductive shell control radial magnetic fields. In the so-called virtual shell (VS) operation, radial field zeroing at the thin shell radius is stationary provided by the feedback-controlled coils. First experiments on RFX-mod proved the capability of the active scheme to steadily reduce the radial magnetic field. Furthermore it has been found that such edge magnetic field control extends its beneficial effects to the whole plasma. With respect to the old RFX, where magnetohydrodynamic modes amplitude was controlled by the use of a passive thick conductive shell, a stationary 2- to 3-fold reduction of the Br field amplitude in the core is obtained. The reduction of field fluctuations positively reflects on confinement. In fact, a strong reduction of the loop voltage is observed and correspondingly a 3-fold increase in pulse length is achieved by using the same poloidal flux swing. Temperature and particle measurements confirm the improved confinement properties of the VS operation. With a lower ohmic input power, higher electron temperature and lower particle influx are measured. Particle and heat transport have been studied by means of a 1D code. Local power balance was used to compute the heat conductivity profile: for the VS discharges a lower conductivity over a significant region of the plasma is found. The improved properties of RFX-mod VS operation provide a better confinement scaling in terms of plasma current. The results show that compared with the thick shell configuration, a significant confinement improvement can be obtained under stationary conditions by actively controlling the plasma magnetic boundary.
Measures of Concentration

Abstract This paper discusses measures of industry concentration—the concentration ratio, the Herfindahl index and a new measure developed by the authors—both analytically and empirically. The analytical analysis consists of developing a set of properties which we argue all measures of concentration should possess. Although the concentration ratio is shown to be deficient on analytical grounds it appears to yield estimates of concentration not too different from the Herfindahl index and the measure devised by the authors.
An introduction to atmospheric radiation

Fundamentals of Radiation for Atmospheric Applications. Solar Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere. Absorption and Scattering of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere. Thermal Infrared Radiation Transfer in the Atmosphere. Light Scattering by Atmospheric Particulates. Principles of Radiative Transfer in Planetary Atmospheres. Application of Radiative Transfer Principles to Remote Sensing. Radiation and Climate.
Textural and Micromorphological Effects on the Overall Elastic Response of Macroscopically Anisotropic Composites

The Mori-Tanaka elastic response of composites with inclusions exhibiting nontrivial orientation distributions is studied. The effect of texture is evaluated for various fiber and matrix materials, various inclusion geometries, and in the presence of anisotropic fibers. In particular, the effect of misalignment is studied. The polyphase extension of the Mori- Tanaka theory is employed to determine the effective response of aligned composites containing defects of different morphologies.
An objective method for forecasting tropical cyclone intensity using Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer measurements

An empirical analysis program, based on finding an optimal representation of the data, is applied to 120 observations of 29 1973 and 1974 North Pacific tropical cyclones. It is found that the algorithms developed from the Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR-5) base alone outperformed the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) operational forecast for the 48 and 72 hour maximum wind speed. It is also found that the ESMR-5 data base, when combined with the non-satellite base, produced algorithms that improved the 24 and 48 hour maximum wind-speed forecast by as much as 10% and the 72 hour maximum wind forecast by approximately 16% as compared to the forecast obtained from the algorithms developed from the non-satellite data base alone.
Measurement of the linewidth of a continuous-wave laser with a cavity-length modulation technique

We introduce a Fabry–Perot cavity-length modulation technique for measuring the linewidth of a continuous wave (cw) laser. We calculate the peak intensity of a cw laser transmitted through a Fabry–Perot cavity as a function of mirror speed. By fitting the experimental data to the results of the calculation, we determine the linewidth of a frequency-stabilized cw laser. The linewidth of a cw ring dye laser measured in the 570–590-nm wavelength range is ∼170 ± 20 kHz. We also demonstrate the use of this technique to measure the reflectivity of a high-reflectance mirror.
ACT-Vision: active collaborative tracking for multiple PTZ cameras

We describe a novel scalable approach for the management of a large number of Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) cameras deployed outdoors for persistent tracking of humans and vehicles, without resorting to the large fields of view of associated static cameras. Our system, Active Collaborative Tracking - Vision (ACT-Vision), is essentially a real-time operating system that can control hundreds of PTZ cameras to ensure uninterrupted tracking of target objects while maintaining image quality and coverage of all targets using a minimal number of sensors. The system ensures the visibility of targets between PTZ cameras by using criteria such as distance from sensor and occlusion.
IRRADIATION OF ETHYLENE DILUTED IN SOLID NITROGEN WITH VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND ELECTRONS: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF HCN AND HNC

Chemical reactions of C2H4 dispersed in solid nitrogen at 10 K that occur upon irradiation with Lyα light at a wavelength of 121.6 nm and 500 eV electrons were investigated by measuring the infrared absorption spectra. Photolysis of the matrix samples with 121.6 nm light yielded products, including C2H2, CN, and isomers of C2N2, as well as a pair of HCN and HNC. In contrast, electron bombardment of similar matrix samples mainly resulted in the generation of N3, C2H2, C2H3, C3H2, and C3N−. Mechanisms of the reactions that occur during the photolysis and electron-radiation of the matrix samples are discussed. The results of the study provide insights into the formation of HNC and HCN, as well as nitriles, in N2-rich ice samples containing a small proportion of C2H4.
INTERPRETATION OF THE HEIGHT-VERSUS-TIME PRESENTATION OF RADAR ECHOES

Abstract The height-versus-time presentation of radar echoes (used with radars of 1.25- and 0.86-centimeter wave-length) is a record of the precipitation and of some of the clouds passing directly over the radar. Such a record corresponds to a “surface of observation” in the atmosphere. For non-precipitating clouds, the shape of the surface depends upon the upper-wind patterns; for precipitating clouds, the surface is a vertical plane. Many of the recorded precipitation echoes have a marked slope, due to the effect of wind shear on falling precipitation particles. The magnitude of slope appears to be determined mainly by the speed of travel of the precipitation column, the wind shear, and the fall speed of the particles; lesser influences are the change of wind direction with height, horizontal dimension of the column, and the path of the column relative to the radar position. The horizontal distribution of particle sizes may be very important, but not enough is known about this factor to permit an estima.
The power spectrum of the solar wind speed for periods greater than 10 days

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory experiments on the Vela 2-6 and Imp 6-8 satellites have provided more than 11 years of solar wind speed data. The length of this data set provides sufficient frequency resolution to study in detail the power spectrum of speed variations in the range near the solar rotational frequency. Year-by-year power spectra show such large differences that the solar wind time series is probably nonstationary. The spectrum of the entire 11-year time series shows broad bands of power near periods of 27 days (corresponding to the rotational period of the sun), 13.5 days, and higher harmonics. The band of power near 27 days extends from about 25 to about 31.5 days and contains a number of sharply defined peaks. Similar groups of peaks near a period of 27 days in a highly correlated time series, the geomagnetic index aa, have been explained as a solar latitude effect caused by differential rotation. However, recent observations indicate that the source regions of the solar wind during this last solar cycle did not participate in differential rotation; that is, there was a preferred range of longitudes for the sources. We suggest that the individual peaks in both the solar wind and the geomagnetic spectra are probably not due to differential rotation, although the band of power near 27 days almost certainly reflects solar rotation. Rather, the multipeak nature of the power spectra can be explained by a wave packet concept in which recurring high-speed streams are described as a series of pulses (separated by a constant period) that last for a varying number of solar rotations. Subsequent wave packets have the same period but are shifted in phase to mimic the range of possible longitudes for sources of solar wind streams. Power spectra obtained for such idealized wave packets closely resemble the measured spectra of the solar wind speed and geomagnetic activity. We do not find the frequencies predicted by a theory concerning the nonradial oscillation of the sun.
Transmission electron microscopy investigation of the structural damage formed in GaN by medium range energy rare earth ion implantation

The crystallographic nature of the damage created in GaN by 300keV rare earth ions has been investigated following implantation at room temperature by varying the fluence of Er, Eu, or Tm from 7×1013to2×1016at. ∕cm2. There is a build up of point defects clusters, which increases in density and depth versus the ion fluence. When a threshold around 3×1015at. ∕cm2 is reached, a nanocrystalline surface layer is observed. From the lowest fluence, we point out the formation of basal stacking faults, with a majority of I1. Their density also increases with the fluence, but it is seen to saturate at the onset of the observation of the surface nanocrystalline layer. Extrinsic E faults bounded by the c∕2 partials have also been identified; however, most of the E stacking faults transform to I1 which are noticed to fold easily from basal to prismatic planes by switching or not to the Drum atomic configuration.
Microstructural Study of Electroless-Plated CoNiReP/NiMoP Double-Layered Media for Perpendicular Magnetic Recording

The microstructure of the electroless CoNiReP/NiMoP double-layered media was examined with various methods, focusing upon that of the in-plane anisotropy initial regions of the CoNiReP recording layers, and the origin of the initial region was discussed. It was confirmed that the initial region consists of randomly oriented fcc crystallites with Nirich composition, showing the granular condition, while the upper region with the perpendicular anisotropy consists of <002> perpendicularly oriented hcp crystallites, forming the columnar structure with 20- to 30-nm diameter. It is considered that the formation of the initial region is due to a preferential deposition of Ni onto the NiMoP underlayers, and that the thickness of the initial region changes due to a change in the condition of the NiMoP underlayers, especially that of surface activity and/or morphology at their surfaces.
The effect of the medial olivocochlear reflex on click-evoked otoacoustic emissions during psychoacoustic forward-masking tasks

Measurements of otoacoustic emissions in animals have shown that the effects of efferent activation are greater in attentive than in anesthetized animals suggesting that the medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) effects can be modulated by attention. In this study, the effect of efferent activation was measured in humans using click-evoked otoacoustic emissions while listeners were performing a psychoacoustic forward-masking task. Each trial within a block started with a sequence of 50-dB pSPL clicks presented at a rate of 40 Hz that were followed by a 200-ms harmonic-complex masker. The masker was immediately followed by a 10-ms tonal probe and another click train. The listeners’ task was to detect the probe. A constant stimuli method was used to measure performance in the forward-masking task, with the probe presented at seven randomized levels around the predetermined masked threshold. Catch trials were dispersed randomly throughout the block. Click trains before and after the masker-signal segments were .
Developing and testing an optical alignment system for SALT's segmented primary mirror

The design of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), which is based closely on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) at the University of Texas but includes advances incorporating lessons learned from HET, is briefly reviewed. The flowdown of requirements from the optical error budget to the primary mirror control subsystems is presented. The techniques and algorithms used by the Center of Curvature Alignment Sensor (CCAS) to measure segment tilt and piston and estimate the global radius of curvature of the primary are discussed in detail. The steps in the process that allows CCAS to capture and identify segments misaligned by more than 70 arcsec and bring them into alignment with residual errors less than 50milli-arcsec is fully described. Next, the hardware and software designs of CCAS are presented, as well as the results of laboratory performance testing. CCAS has been installed and integrated with the primary mirror control system. Performance results of the integrated system over a range of environmental conditions will be shown. Finally, the overall results of this project are summarized and suggestions for future improvements presented.
Study on spin-splitting phenomena in the band structure of GdN

An exceptional kind of spin splitting in the band structure of AlN/GdN/AlN double heterostructures has been studied by employing temperature-dependent spectroscopy. This spin splitting can be attributed to both the band-gap shrink and the difference between minority and majority band energies in GdN below the Curie point; these results have been established by evaluating the optical band gaps at the X-point. The temperature-dependent magnetization measurements that provide direct evidence of the magnetic ordering below 32 K and it is described by long-range spin correlation in GdN.
Isotropic and anisotropic spin-spin interactions and a quantum phase transition in a dinuclear Cu(II) compound

We report electron-paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies at $\ensuremath{\sim}9.5\text{ }\text{GHz}$ ($X$ band) and $\ensuremath{\sim}34\text{ }\text{GHz}$ ($Q$ band) of powder and single-crystal samples of the compound ${\text{Cu}}_{2}{[\text{TzTs}]}_{4}$ [$N$-thiazol-2-yl-toluenesulfonamidatecopper(II)], ${\text{C}}_{40}{\text{H}}_{36}{\text{Cu}}_{2}{\text{N}}_{8}{\text{O}}_{8}{\text{S}}_{8}$, having copper(II) ions in dinuclear units. Our data allow determining an antiferromagnetic interaction ${J}_{0}=(\ensuremath{-}113\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ $({\mathcal{H}}_{\text{ex}}=\ensuremath{-}{J}_{0}{\mathbf{S}}_{\mathbf{1}}\ensuremath{\cdot}{\mathbf{S}}_{\mathbf{2}})$ between Cu(II) ions in the dinuclear unit and the anisotropic contributions to the spin-spin coupling matrix $\mathcal{D}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}({\mathcal{H}}_{\text{ani}}={\mathbf{S}}_{1}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathcal{D}\ensuremath{\cdot}{\mathbf{S}}_{2})$, a traceless symmetric matrix with principal values $\mathcal{D}/4=(0.198\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $\mathcal{E}/4=(0.001\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ arising from magnetic dipole-dipole and anisotropic exchange couplings within the units. In addition, the single-crystal EPR measurements allow detecting and estimating very weak exchange couplings between neighbor dinuclear units, with an estimated magnitude $|{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}|=(0.060\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The interactions between a dinuclear unit and the ``environment'' of similar units in the structure of the compound produce a spin dynamics that averages out the intradinuclear dipolar interactions. This coupling with the environment leads to decoherence, a quantum phase transition that collapses the dipolar interaction when the isotropic exchange coupling with neighbor dinuclear units equals the magnitude of the intradinuclear dipolar coupling. Our EPR experiments provide a new procedure to follow the classical exchange-narrowing process as a shift and collapse of the line structure (not only as a change of the resonance width), which is described with general (but otherwise simple) theories of magnetic resonance. Using complementary procedures, our EPR measurements in powder and single-crystal samples allow measuring simultaneously three types of interactions differing by more than three orders of magnitude (between $113\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $0.060\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$).
Discrete Dynamics in Transportation System

[Wang, Wuhong] Beijing Inst Technol, Dept Transportat Engn, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Bengler, Klaus] Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Ergon, D-85747 Munich, Germany. [Wets, Geert] Hasselt Univ, Transportat Res Inst IMOB, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium. wangwuhong@bit.edu. cn
Large-Scale C I Emission from Molecular Clouds with Associated Ultraviolet Sources

We present large-scale observations of the 3P1→3P0 transition of neutral carbon, as well as observations of 12CO, 13CO, and C18O, in four molecular clouds with nearby ultraviolet sources: W3, L1630/NGC 2024, S140, and Cep A. The observations cover approximately 30'×30' regions with a 3' beam. A typical C0 column density is about 1.6×1017 cm-2. The overall extent and morphology of the C I emission is similar to that of the 12CO and 13CO J=2→1 emission. There is a strong correlation of C I and 13CO line intensities. The column densities and line strengths of the C I lines imply that these lines arise in gas at the edge of the molecular cloud that is dissociated by ultraviolet radiation. The correlation of C I and 13CO intensity can arise as a result of a combination of column density variations, volume density variations, and unresolved cloud structure. In the latter case, however, any unresolved structures containing both C I and CO need not be more than a few times smaller than the telescope beam. Taken together with C+ observations, the C I data imply that only about half of the gas-phase carbon in molecular clouds is in CO. The observations indicate that the large 13CO/C18O abundance ratio (~20) seen at the edges of molecular clouds results from isotope-selective photodissociation of C18O.
Mathematical strategies common to mechanics and control

This paper deals with strategies common to mechanics and control. Design methods, well known from simple mechanical control systems, are extended to the broader class of affine input systems. Since here exterior differential systems are used for the description of control systems, methods of exterior calculus, like the derived flag, can be applied to the problems of accessibility, observability, and exact linearization. The H∞-design of nonlinear control can be considered as an application of the theory of differential games. By refining this design for Hamiltonian control systems we present an exact solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs- equation for a special problem of optimal damping. On the basis of an infinite dimensional Hamiltonian system, in this case a beam with piezoelectric layers, the applicability of the presented methods, as well as the realizability of the feedback law. is shown.
The evolution of optically selected QSOs – II

Une nouvelle determination de la relation nombre-luminosite et de la fonction de luminosite des quasars est presentee, sur la base d'un catalogue de 420 quasars selectionnes par un faible exces UV et pour lesquels une identification spectroscopique et les redshifts ont ete obtenus en utilisant le systeme a fibres optiques au telescope anglo-australien