Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Authentication and Privacy

Authentication and privacy refer to the problems of ensuring that communication takes place only between the right parties without disclosure of information to unauthorized eavesdroppers. Radio communication is highly appealing for the convenience of mobility—the freedom from a fixed location. For this reason, wireless services have been growing rapidly. In 2005, an ITU study found more than 2 billion cellular phone subscribers and more than 1.26 billion land phone lines in the world. It has become easy to find IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs in residences, hotels, stores, and corporate sites. Smart phones and a variety of wireless messaging devices cansend SMS, e-mail,and browse the WorldWide Web through a number of wireless services. IEEE 802.16 ‘‘WiMax’’ is starting to offer broadband wireless services in the local loop. The enthusiasm for wireless services makes it easy to ignore the inherent insecurity of the radio medium. The most obvious risk is that radio signals can be received by anyone within range of the transmitter. Radio communications are easy to intercept, possibly by someone who is beyond sight. In contrast, it is more difficult to intercept wired communications. An eavesdropper must physically access a wired medium and therefore tends to be more visible. In wireless communications, the loss of privacy (or confidentiality) is always a possibility, which motivates the need to devise measures to protect privacy. The primary means used to protect privacy in wireless systems is cryptography, which is described in this chapter. Another clear risk is impersonation where someone presents a false identity to attempt to access unauthorized services. For land line phones, impersonation is a much smaller risk because phones are typically in an indoor environment under private ownership. It is implicitly assumed that the owner is responsible for physical access. The identity of a land line phone user is associated with that fixed location. However, users in a wireless network are mobile, so their identities cannot be associated with a particular location. Instead, mobile users must carry their credentials (e.g., passwords) and present them to the network to verify their identity. It is important that authentication credentials are difficult to duplicate by someone else. Authentication of mobile user identities, also largely based on cryptography, is another topic covered in this chapter.
Analysis of lexical signatures for improving information persistence on the World Wide Web

A <i>lexical signature</i> (LS) consisting of several key words from a Web document is often sufficient information for finding the document later, even if its URL has changed. We conduct a large-scale empirical study of nine methods for generating lexical signatures, including Phelps and Wilensky's original proposal (PW), seven of our own static variations, and one new dynamic method. We examine their performance on the Web over a 10-month period, and on a TREC data set, evaluating their ability to both (1) uniquely identify the original (possibly modified) document, and (2) locate other relevant documents if the original is lost. Lexical signatures chosen to minimize document frequency (DF) are good at unique identification but poor at finding relevant documents. PW works well on the relatively small TREC data set, but acts almost identically to DF on the Web, which contains billions of documents. Term-frequency-based lexical signatures (TF) are very easy to compute and often perform well, but are highly dependent on the ranking system of the search engine used. The term-frequency inverse-document-frequency- (TFIDF-) based method and hybrid methods (which combine DF with TF or TFIDF) seem to be the most promising candidates among static methods for generating effective lexical signatures. We propose a dynamic LS generator called <i>Test & Select<</i> (TS) to mitigate LS conflict. TS outperforms all eight static methods in terms of both extracting the desired document and finding relevant information, over three different search engines. All LS methods show significant performance degradation as documents in the corpus are edited.
A causal inference approach for constructing transcriptional regulatory networks

MOTIVATION Transcriptional regulatory networks specify the interactions among regulatory genes and between regulatory genes and their target genes. Discovering transcriptional regulatory networks helps us to understand the underlying mechanism of complex cellular processes and responses. METHOD This paper describes a causal inference approach for constructing transcriptional regulatory networks using gene expression data, promoter sequences and information on transcription factor (TF) binding sites. The method first identifies active TFs in each individual experiment using a feature selection approach. TFs are viewed as "treatments" and gene expression levels as "responses". For every TF and gene pair, a marginal structural model is built to estimate the causal effect of the TF on the expression level of the gene. The model parameters can be estimated using the G-computation procedure or the IPTW estimator. The P-value associated with the causal parameter in each of these models is used to measure how strongly a TF regulates a gene. These results are further used to infer the overall regulatory network structures. RESULTS Our analysis of yeast data suggests that the method is capable of identifying significant transcriptional regulatory interactions and the corresponding regulatory networks. AVAILABILITY The software is under development.
Power and area optimization for multiple restricted multiplication

This paper presents a design and optimization technique for the multiple restricted multiplication problem [N. Sidahao, G. A. Constantinides, and F. Y. Cheung (2004)]. This refers to a situation where a single variable is multiplied by several coefficients which, while not constant, are drawn from a finite set of constants that change with time. The approach exploits dedicated registers in FPGA architecture for further time-step based optimization over previous approaches [N. Sidahao, G. A. Constantinides, and F. Y. Cheung. S. S. Demirsoy, A. G. Dempster, and I. Kale (2003)]. It is also combined with an effective technique, based on high-level power modelling, for power optimization. The problem is formulated into an integer linear program for finding solutions to the minimum-costs. The new approach results up to 22% area saving compared to the optimal non-register approach in [N. Sidahao, G. A. Constantinides, and F. Y. Cheung (2004)], and 80% of all results also show 21%-48% power savings.
International finance and financial crises : essays in honor of Robert P. Flood, Jr.

Preface. Contributors and Conference Participants. A Tribute to Robert Flood, Jr. S. Fischer. Overview. 1. Some Parallels Between Currency and Banking Crises N. Marion. 2. Balance Sheets, the Transfer Problem, and Financial Crises P. Krugman. 3. Financial Crises: What Have We Learned from Theory and Experience? 4. On the Foreign Exchange Risk Premium in Sticky-Price General Equilibrium Models C. Engel. 5. An Information-Based Model of Foreign Direct Investment: The Gains from Trade Revisited A. Razin, et al. 6. An International Dynamic Asset Pricing Model R. Hodrick, et al. 7. Role of the Minimal State Variable Criterion in Rational Expectations Models B. McCallum. 8. Exact Utilities under Alternative Monetary Policy Rules in a Simple Macro Model with Optimizing Agents D. Henderson, J. Kim. Appendix I: Robert P. Flood Jr. - Bibliography.
Elemental mercury poisoning.

Three siblings with inhaled elemental mercury toxicity are described, and the signs and symptoms of mercury toxicity, interpretation of mercury concentrations, and management of elemental mercury exposure are reviewed. A 4-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital with a history of fever and increasing irritability, fatigue, malaise, insomnia, headache, anorexia, and ataxia. She was discharged two days later with a diagnosis of acute cerebellar ataxia. During the following 18 days, the child's condition worsened, and she was rehospitalized. Meanwhile her 11-year-old sister was hospitalized for evaluation of fatigue, weakness, lower back pain, and ataxia. The older girl's blood mercury concentration, at 5.5 micrograms/dL, was in the toxic range. Twenty-four-hour urine mercury screening confirmed mercury intoxication in both children. Questioning revealed that the girls' brother had recently spilled 0.5-1 oz of elemental mercury in the house. All family members underwent blood and urine mercury testing. The brother underwent a dimercaprol challenge to determine his tissue mercury burden, which was found to be greater than 2.4 micrograms/dL. The sisters underwent two courses of chelation therapy with dimercaprol. Symptoms persisted in all three children, and they underwent five 10-day cycles of N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (NAP) therapy; the youngest underwent a third dimercaprol regimen. All siblings continued NAP chelation therapy because of extensive tissue mercury burden until the results of repeated urine mercury concentration determinations were normal. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Towards a Gold Standard Corpus for Variable Detection and Linking in Social Science Publications

In this paper, we describe our effort to create a new corpus for the evaluation of detecting and linking so-called survey variables in social science publications ( e.g. , ”Do you believe in Heaven? ” ). The task is to recognize survey variable mentions in a given text, disambiguate them, and link them to the corresponding variable within a knowledge base. Since there are generally hundreds of candidates to link to and due to the wide variety of forms they can take, this is a challenging task within NLP. The contribution of our work is the ﬁrst gold standard corpus for the variable detection and linking task. We describe the annotation guidelines and the annotation process. The produced corpus is multilingual – German and English – and includes manually curated word and phrase alignments. Moreover, it includes text samples that could not be assigned to any variables, denoted as negative examples. Based on the new dataset, we conduct an evaluation of several state-of-the-art text classiﬁcation and textual similarity methods. The annotated corpus is made available along with an open-source baseline system for variable mention identiﬁcation and linking.
Demographers and the Study of Mortality

Abstract: Demographers have for a long time adopted an empirical approach to the study of the levels and trends of mortality, fertility, and population size. They depend for their analyses on data, usually collected until recent times by government and often for other purposes. Modern demography had its origins in Britain in the second half of the seventeenth century. The major focus of demographers has usually been on mortality, although fertility studies predominated in the 1960s and 1970s. Mortality decline in the West only became certain in the late nineteenth century. Until the 1960s the fastest mortality declines were for the young, but an unheralded mortality decline among the old thereafter became important. The world, especially in economically advanced countries, is faced with an increasingly high proportion of old people, explained largely, not by mortality decline, but by fertility decline. Explanations for the mortality transition place different emphases on the role of modern medicine, better nutrition, and behavioral and social change, particularly rising levels of education. Even among the old, at least until 85 years of age, there are wide differentials in mortality by educational level. Analysts have divided the mortality transition into stages: (1) high, pretransitional mortality, (2) early transitional mortality with the decline explained by the conquest of infectious disease, and (3) late transitional mortality largely attributable to degenerative disease. Some have now added stage (4), the reduction or delay in death from degenerative causes. Attempts have been made to effect the convergence of demographic and epidemiological approaches to the analysis of mortality, and they have been more successful in the case of medical demographic than in social demographic approaches.
FPGA interconnect fault tolerance

The area occupied by wiring channels in an FPGA die is significant, occupying up to 10 metal layers for the latest manufacturing technology. With current trends aiming to reduce the area occupied by wiring segments in the routing channels, wire width and wire spacing have been reduced. This has in turn led to higher occurrences of wiring defects, such as breaks and shorts, and losses in manufacturing yield and fewer functioning devices at fixed manufacturing costs. In the context of fault tolerance, an integral part of any scheme is fault detection and diagnosis. A device is first tested in order to find out whether a fault is present; faulty chips then undergo further tests in order to locate the fault and discover its location and nature. In order not to affect performance and user loads, the testing procedures have to be efficient and compact. This has brought the development of fast testing procedures to complement different fault tolerance schemes. An earlier paper (Campregher et al., 2004) presented a built-in self-test (BIST) method that can efficiently identify the exact location of the interconnect fault. The method is based on a concept known as fault grading which utilizes defect knowledge during manufacturing test to classify faulty devices into different defect groups. Currently, work is proceeding to improve the yield prediction models and assumptions. The main objective of this work is to generate a framework to compare different fault tolerance schemes and analyze their benefits from a manufacturing yield perspective.
Irregular regeneration of hepatocytes and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis

Clin Transplant 1995;9:201–4. 5. Seo JK, Sim JG. Overview of rotavirus infections in Korea. Pediatr Int 2000;42:406–10. 6. Goodman LJ, Segreti J. Diarrheal disease and gastroenteritis. Infect Dis Emerg Med 1992;2:591–605. 7. Schwarz KB, Moore TJ, Willoughby RE Jr, et al. Growth of group A rotaviruses in a human liver cell line. Hepatology 1990;12:638–43. 8. Uhnoo I, Riepenhoff-Talty M, Dharakul T, et al. Extramucosal spread and development of hepatitis in immunodeficient and normal mice infected with rhesus rotavirus. J Virol 1990;64: 361–8.
The complementation problem for Büchi automata with applications to temporal logic.

Cf. the review of the preliminary version [Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 194, 465-474 (1985)] in Zbl 0577.03019. MSC: 03D05 Automata and formal grammars in connection with logical questions 03B70 Logic in computer science 03B25 Decidability of theories and sets of sentences 68Q65 Abstract data types; algebraic specification 03D15 Complexity of computation (including implicit computational complexity) 03B45 Modal logic (including the logic of norms) Cited in 62 Documents
MAN 1 B 1 Deficiency : An Unexpected CDG-II

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of rare metabolic diseases, due to impaired protein and lipid glycosylation. In the present study, exome sequencing was used to identify MAN1B1 as the culprit gene in an unsolved CDGII patient. Subsequently, 6 additional cases with MAN1B1-CDG were found. All individuals presented slight facial dysmorphism, psychomotor retardation and truncal obesity. Generally, MAN1B1 is believed to be an ER resident alpha-1,2mannosidase acting as a key factor in glycoprotein quality control by targeting misfolded proteins for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). However, recent studies indicated a Golgi localization of the endogenous MAN1B1, suggesting a more complex role for MAN1B1 in quality control. We were able to confirm that MAN1B1 is indeed localized to the Golgi complex instead of the ER. Furthermore, we observed an altered Golgi morphology in all patients’ cells, with marked dilatation and fragmentation. We hypothesize that part of the phenotype is associated to this Golgi disruption. In conclusion, we linked mutations in MAN1B1 to a Golgi glycosylation disorder. Additionally, our results support the recent findings on MAN1B1 localization. However, more work is needed to pinpoint the exact function of MAN1B1 in glycoprotein quality control, and to understand the pathophysiology of its deficiency. Citation: Rymen D, Peanne R, Millón MB, Race V, Sturiale L, et al. (2013) MAN1B1 Deficiency: An Unexpected CDG-II. PLoS Genet 9(12): e1003989. doi:10.1371/ journal.pgen. 1003989 Editor: Stefan Mundlos, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Germany Received March 9, 2013; Accepted October 9, 2013; Published December 12, 2013 Copyright: 2013 Rymen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This research was funded by grants from the Research Foundation (FWO, http://www.fwo.be/Default.aspx) Flanders (G.0553.08 and G.0505.12) and by grant ERARE11-135 of the ERA-Net for Research Programs on Rare Diseases (http://www.e-rare.eu/) Joint Transnational Call 2011 (EURO-CDG). In addition, this research was supported by funding from the Belgian Science Policy Office Interuniversity Attraction Poles (BELSPO-IAP) programme through the project IAP P7/ 43-BeMGI. Daisy Rymen and Romain Péanne are respectively research assistant and postdoctoral researcher (FWO Pegasus Marie Curie Fellow) of the FWO. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: gert.matthijs@med.kuleuven. be . These authors contributed equally to this work.
Burian-von Noorden's Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. Theory and Management of Strabismus

73 are particularly useful for quick reference. Well organized, the material is easily accessible to the reader. This volume is an excellent source of vital information when that is needed quickly. Grundy's Lecture Notes on Pharmacology is a concise introductory text which is part of the Blackwell "Lecture Notes" series on medicine. As in most lecture guides, the material is presented in bare essentials; no experimental theories are entertained. The book is designed for readers with little background in biochemistry and physiology. While simplified in content, the text is readable and useful to the beginning student in pharmacology. The book's first part is a discussion of fundamental principles. While the chapter on pharmacokinetics is far too dense to be comprehensible to a new student, the sections on CNS and autonomic nervous system pharmacology are well designed. Later chapters cover pharmacology of individual body systems and adequately discuss most topics. Even given the nature of the text as a review, this book seems particularly selective in its choice of material. As with any British textbook, the choice of drug names (though translated into U.S. terms) can be confusing for an American student. Again, following the pattern of most British texts, the format and explanatory diagrams are fairly unimaginative as compared to newer American volumes. Yet despite these shortcomings, the book is a well-designed presentation of essential pharmacology and is suitable for reviewing material, such as for National Board exams. The depth of objects in space can be judged because of binocular vision. The vergence system aims both eyes in the same direction, allowing the images to fuse; sense of depth results from the slight disparities in the images from each eye. In strabismus, the eyes are not properly aligned and the images fail to fuse. The astute reader can thus explain the acute effects of high levels of alcohol on the vergence system. Chronically, the visual system may suppress the image from one eye and that will fall into disuse and weaken; this condition is known as amblyopia. Strabismus may often be corrected surgically by altering the strength, length, or point of attachment of the ocular muscles. In this way, the eyes may be brought together and, ideally, binocular vision restored. Von Noorden presents an outstanding textbook on the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus; the section on the theory of binocular vision and eye movements is,
The leaf ionome as a multivariable system to detect a plant's physiological status

The contention that quantitative profiles of biomolecules contain information about the physiological state of the organism has motivated a variety of high-throughput molecular profiling experiments. However, unbiased discovery and validation of biomolecular signatures from these experiments remains a challenge. Here we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) leaf ionome, or elemental composition, contains such signatures, and we establish statistical models that connect these multivariable signatures to defined physiological responses, such as iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) homeostasis. Iron is essential for plant growth and development, but potentially toxic at elevated levels. Because of this, shoot Fe concentrations are tightly regulated and show little variation over a range of Fe concentrations in the environment, making them a poor probe of a plant's Fe status. By evaluating the shoot ionome in plants grown under different Fe nutritional conditions, we have established a multivariable ionomic signature for the Fe response status of Arabidopsis. This signature has been validated against known Fe-response proteins and allows the high-throughput detection of the Fe status of plants with a false negative/positive rate of 18%/16%. A “metascreen” of previously collected ionomic data from 880 Arabidopsis mutants and natural accessions for this Fe response signature successfully identified the known Fe mutants frd1 and frd3. A similar approach has also been taken to identify and use a shoot ionomic signature associated with P homeostasis. This study establishes that multivariable ionomic signatures of physiological states associated with mineral nutrient homeostasis do exist in Arabidopsis and are in principle robust enough to detect specific physiological responses to environmental or genetic perturbations.
High Dynamic Control of a Flexure Fast Tool Servo Using On-line Sequential Extreme Learning Machine

Flexure-guided fast tool servo (FTS) driven by piezoelectric actuator (PEA) has the advantages of high accuracy and high speed, which makes it has been widely applied in the microstructure surface processing. Unfortunately, PEA has complicated hysteresis nonlinearity, which will greatly reduce the processing accuracy. The common PID and other traditional control methods are hard to handle complex hysteresis nonlinearity issue. As a classic method of intelligent hysteresis modeling, the traditional artificial neural network (TANN) algorithm can model the hysteresis nonlinearity accurately, however, the high-frequency dynamic hysteresis modeling based on TANN is difficult to be achieved on-line. Therefore, a novel on-line sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM) modeling method is proposed in this work. A compound control strategy consists of the OS-ELM model and PID feedback (OSEP) controller is proposed. A series of validation experiments are successfully carried out. The parameter identification results show that the training speed of the OS-ELM model is 836 times faster than that of the TANN model, and the identification accuracy is improved by 475 times. The closed-loop control results show that the positioning accuracy with OS-ELM hysteresis compensation is 13 times higher than with TANN model. It proves that the FTS system can achieve a satisfactory performance (stroke:$\pmb{120}\mu \mathbf{m}$, average linearity: 0.54%) under high closed-loop bandwidth 200Hz.