Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Simple Model of Nonlinear Diffusive Shock Acceleration

We present a simple model of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration (also called first-order Fermi shock acceleration) that determines the shock modification, spectrum, and efficiency of the process in the plane-wave, steady state approximation as a function of an arbitrary injection parameter, η. The model, which uses a three-power-law form for the accelerated particle spectrum and contains only simple algebraic equations, includes the essential elements of the full nonlinear model and has been tested against Monte Carlo and numerical kinetic shock models. We include both adiabatic and Alfvén wave heating of the upstream precursor. The simplicity and ease of calculation make this model useful for studying the basic properties of nonlinear shock acceleration, as well as providing results accurate enough for many astrophysical applications. It is shown that the shock properties depend upon the shock speed u0 with respect to a critical value u ∝ ηp, which is a function of the injection rate η and maximum accelerated particle momentum pmax. For u0 < u, acceleration is efficient and the shock is strongly modified by the back pressure of the energetic particles. In this case, the overall compression ratio is given by rtot ≈ 1.3M if M > MA0, or by rtot ≈ 1.5M in the opposite case (MS0 is the sonic Mach number and MA0 is the Alfvén Mach number). If u0 > u, the shock, although still strong, becomes almost unmodified and accelerated particle production decreases inversely proportional to u0.
Research on Carbon Emission Management of Electric Power Enterprises Based on Blockchain Technology

As a high energy-consuming industry, it is especially important for electric power companies to manage carbon emissions well. This study analyzes the main problems of electric power companies in carbon asset management, and investigates the methods of intelligent, digital and transparent management of carbon emission situation using intelligent Internet of Things and blockchain technology. Carbon emission management based on blockchain technology can improve the accuracy and openness of carbon asset data and promote electric power companies to move forward to the low-carbon ecological era.
Maturation of Aluminium Adsorbed Antigens Contributes to the Creation of Homogeneous Vaccine Formulations

Although aluminium-based vaccines have been used for almost over a century, their mechanism of action remains unclear. It is established that antigen adsorption to the adjuvant facilitates delivery of the antigen to immune cells at the injection site. To further increase our understanding of aluminium-based vaccines, it is important to gain additional insights on the interactions between the aluminium and antigens, including antigen distribution over the adjuvant particles. Immuno-assays can further help in this regard. In this paper, we evaluated how established formulation strategies (i.e., sequential, competitive, and separate antigen addition) applied to four different antigens and aluminium oxyhydroxide, lead to formulation changes over time. Results showed that all formulation samples were stable, and that no significant changes were observed in terms of physical-chemical properties. Antigen distribution across the bulk aluminium population, however, did show a maturation effect, with some initial dependence on the formulation approach and the antigen adsorption strength. Sequential and competitive approaches displayed similar results in terms of the homogeneity of antigen distribution across aluminium particles, while separately adsorbed antigens were initially more highly poly-dispersed. Nevertheless, the formulation sample prepared via separate adsorption also reached homogeneity according to each antigen adsorption strength. This study indicated that antigen distribution across aluminium particles is a dynamic feature that evolves over time, which is initially influenced by the formulation approach and the specific adsorption strength, but ultimately leads to homogeneous formulations.
Developing Core/Shell Capsules Based on Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and Gelatin through Electrodynamic Atomization for Betalain Encapsulation

Betalains are bioactive compounds with remarkable functional and nutritional activities for health and food preservation and attractiveness. Nevertheless, they are highly sensitive to external factors, such as oxygen presence, light, and high temperatures. Therefore, the search for new structures, polymeric matrices, and efficient methods of encapsulation of these compounds is of great interest to increase their addition to food products. In this work, betalains were extracted from red beetroot. Betacyanin and betaxanthin contents were quantified. Subsequently, these compounds were successfully encapsulated into the core of coaxial electrosprayed capsules composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and gelatin (G). The effect of incorporating the carbohydrate and the protein both in the core or shell structures was studied to elucidate the best composition for betalain protection. Morphological, optical, and structural properties were analyzed to understand the effect of the incorporation of the bioactive compounds in the morphology, color, and chemical interactions between components of resulting electrosprayed capsules. The results of the thermogravimetric and encapsulation efficiency analysis coincided that the incorporation of beetroot extract in G in the core and HPMC in the shell resulted in the structure with greater betalain protection. The effectiveness of the core/shell structure was confirmed for future food applications.
Interference Analysis for UAV Radar Networks With Guard Zones Based on Stochastic Geometry

Due to the increasing number of aerial radars and joint communication/sensing technologies, interference from uncoordinated radars will limit the target detection and ranging performance in the future. In this article, we investigate the interference behavior in an aerial radar network for sensing ground targets. We consider that the radars mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that fly at a certain altitude are randomly distributed according to a two-dimensional homogeneous Poisson point process (HPPP), and that the propagation is modeled using a probabilistic line-of-sight channel model. For such a sensing network, we derive the distribution of the radar interference using a stochastic geometry based analysis. In particular, when Swerling I model is considered for radar cross-section area for the target, we derive the Laplace transform of the radar interference. To avoid a strong interference between neighboring radars, a guard zone is introduced within which the UAV radar transmission around the permitted active radar is inhibited. As the radar performance metric, we derive the successful ranging probability (SRP) of a given radar by exploiting the Laplace transform of radar interference. Using the analytic SRP, we show that we can optimize the radar network parameters such as the radius of the guard zone and the density of the active radars. In addition, we also discuss how the analytic SRP gives an insight into the spectrum utilization strategy for the UAV radar networks with the guard zones.
Association of Psychosocial Factors on COVID-19 Testing among YWCA Service Recipients

The purpose of this study was to examine how psychosocial factors affect receipt of COVID-19 testing among Black and Hispanic women. In this cross-sectional study of Black and Hispanic women who received services from the YWCAs in Atlanta, El Paso, Nashville, and Tucson between 2019 and 2021 (n = 662), we used Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information Systems (PROMIS) item bank 1.0 short forms to examine the impact of psychosocial factors (i.e., depression, anxiety, social isolation, instrumental support, emotional support, and companionship) on COVID-19 testing. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for receipt of a COVID-19 test associated with psychosocial factors while adjusting for confounders. There was little effect of moderate/severe depressions or anxiety on receipt of COVID-19 testing. Black (odds ratio [OR] 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26–1.29) and Hispanic (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.38–0.96) women with high levels of emotional support were less likely to receive the COVID-19 test. While high levels of instrumental support was associated with less likely receipt of the COVID-19 test among Black women (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.34–1.66), it was associated with more likely receipt among Hispanic women (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.74–1.92). Our findings suggest that certain psychosocial factors influence one’s decision to get a COVID-19 test which can be useful in encouraging preventive healthcare such as screening and vaccination.
On the existence of triplewhist tournaments TWh(v)

It is well known that a triplewhist tournament TWh(v) exists only if v ≡ 0 or 1 (mod 4) and v ¬ 5, 9. In this article, we introduce a new concept TWh-frame and use it to show that the necessary condition for the existence of a TWh(v) is also sufficient with a handful possible exceptions of v ∞ {12, 56} ∪ {13, 17, 45, 57, 65, 69, 77, 85, 93, 117, 129, 133, 153}. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 5: 249–256, 1997
Prediction of Soluble Solids Content by Means of NIR Spectroscopy and Relation with Botrytis cinerea Tolerance in Strawberry Cultivars

Strawberry fruits are particularly appreciated by consumers for their sweet taste related to their soluble solids content (SSC). However, strawberries are characterized by a short shelf-life and high susceptibility to tissue infection, mainly by Botrytis cinerea. The SSC determination of strawberry fruit through traditional destructive techniques has some limitations related to the applicability, timing, and number of samples. The aims of this study are (i) to verify if any relation between SSC and B. cinerea susceptibility in the fruits of five strawberry cultivars occurs and (ii) to determine the SSC of strawberry fruits through near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Principal component analysis was used to search for spectral differences among the strawberry genotypes. The partial least squares regression technique was computed in order to predict the SSC of the fruits collected during two harvesting seasons. Moreover, variable selection methods were tested in order to improve the models and get better predictions. The results demonstrated that there was a high correlation between SSC and B. cinerea susceptibility (R2 up to 0.87). The SSC was predicted with a standard error of 0.84 °Brix and R2p 0.75 (for the best model), which indicated the possibility to use the models for screening applications. NIR spectroscopy represents an important non-destructive alternative and finds remarkable applications in the agro-food market.
Critical optical properties of AA-stacked multilayer graphenes

The band structures and optical properties of AA-stacked multilayer graphenes are calculated by the tight-binding model and gradient approximation. For a nL-layer AA-stacked graphene, there are nL peaks at both low and middle frequencies. The threshold energy of odd-layer graphene is much lower than that of even-layer graphene for nL<10. The differences in the electronic structures and optical properties between the odd and even layers are reduced with increasing nL. When nL grows to 30 (200), the spectra of 2D graphene are almost identical to those of 3D graphite at middle (low) frequencies.
Angular and wavelength selectivity of parasitic holograms in cerium doped strontium barium niobate

The angular and wavelength selectivity of noise gratings in doped strontium barium niobate crystals for samples with two different thicknesses are investigated. We found that an offset in the optimum reconstruction angle with respect to the recording geometry occurs as a function of the thickness. This is a consequence of the unidirectional amplification. Thus the scattering intensity for the thinner sample is considerably lowered at the very recording conditions. We analyze the experimental results in terms of the kinematic theory of diffraction.
Production cost functions and demand uncertainty effects in price-only contracts

The price-only contract is the simplest and most common contract between a supplier and buyer in a supply chain. In such a contract, the supplier proposes a fixed wholesale price, and the buyer chooses a corresponding order quantity. The buyer’s optimal behavior is modeled using the Newsvendor model and the supplier’s optimal behavior is modeled as the solution to an optimization problem. This article explores, for the first time, the impact of general production costs on the supplier’s and buyer’s behavior. It is revealed that increased supplier’s production efficiency, reflected in lower marginal production costs, increases the buyer’s optimal profit. Therefore, a buyer would always prefer the more efficient supplier. A higher supplier efficiency, however, may or may not increase the supplier’s optimal profit, depending on the production function’s fixed costs. The effect of demand uncertainty, as measured by the coefficient of variation, is shown to increase the optimal order quantity. The uncertainty effect on the firms’ optimal profits is analyzed. Also, the relationship between production efficiency and the response to demand uncertainty is explored and it is shown that a higher efficiency level increases the responsiveness and volatility of the supplier’s production quantities. Thus, higher-efficiency suppliers are better positioned to respond to changes in the demand uncertainty in the supply chain.
Towards an understanding of meme marketing: conceptualisation and empirical evidence

ABSTRACT Meme marketing taps into the potential of digital culture. Despite considerable practitioner interest, meme marketing is under-researched. The present study aims to fulfil two purposes. First, to conceptualise meme marketing, we draw on speech act theory and the theory of consumption values to define meme marketing. On this basis, we differentiate meme marketing from relevant digital marketing constructs, including e-WOM, digital content marketing, and viral marketing. Second, to validate the proposed definition, we empirically perform a qualitative content analysis to taxonomize meme marketing speech acts. Based on the content analysis of 699 meme marketing posts, we found that meme marketing serves as a rich communication source, sending intentions of the brand through single (i.e. assertive, directive, expressive) as well as combined (i.e. assertive entailing expressive, assertive entailing directive) speech acts that provide customers with epistemic, emotional, and social values. Important theoretical and managerial implications for academic researchers and marketers are also discussed.
ROLE OF SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION IN TEACHING: A CASE STUDY OF KARACHI

Social work is a professional service which based upon knowledge and skills in individuals in society. The social work education is basically compulsory for every person in a society. This study explore the social work education and their importance in Pakistani society. It is significant to consider some of the difficulties that need to be addressed, as well as the path whither a competent social work education might be formed. This research highlights the historical progress of social work education in Pakistan. Moreover, overall research discuss about job satisfaction, job scale, job occupation of a professional social workers, how many social workers want to provide social education to their children, they can easily get job and value of school social work in Pakistan. The present research was descriptive in nature, researcher’s selected quantitative method for data collection. The multiple sampling techniques that were simple random and snowball used for this research. It was found that lack of knowledge and resources regarding social work education are present and it is important for every person because it helps to resolve social issues and it is the basis of development and happiness of the individuals and the society.
Efficient Lattice based (H)IB-DRE

In CCS’04, Diament etc al. presented special kind of public key encryption called Dual Receiver Encryption (DRE). In DRE, sender encrypts the plaintext using public keys of two independent receivers. Both independent receivers can decrypt the ciphertext into the same plaintext using their own private keys. This new cryptography primitive has applications in construction of complete non-malleability and plaintext-awareness public key encryption, for a secure management of data that is to be disseminated to distributed processors, for ubiquitous and mobile computing applications. Daode Zhang et. al. constructed lattice-based IB-DRE scheme which is secure against stronger security notion i.e. adaptive-ID. We present hierarchical identity based dual encryption (HIB-DRE) scheme under LWE assumption. To the best of our knowledge, this gives the ﬁrst provably secure HIB-DRE scheme in the lattice based setting. Independent work by Naccache[1] and Chatterjee - Sarkar[2] presented a variant of Waters’s identity based encryption scheme to reduce Public Parameters. They have considered an identity of l -bits as l (cid:48) chunks where size of each chunk is l / l (cid:48) . This reduces the Public Parameter (PP) size from l to l (cid:48) n × m matrices. This idea was named as blocking technique[3]. We have used blocking technique to reduce the size of PP. Daode Zhang et. al.[4] presented adaptive secure IB-DRE scheme. This scheme[4] contains l + 1, n × m matrices as PPs, where l denotes the number of the bits in identity. Using blocking technique we have reduced the size of PP by around factor β . Because of this the size of prime number q in ﬁeld Z q is increased by 2 β which results in increase in computation cost. We have shown that compared to Daode Zhang et. al.scheme the size of the PP can be decreased approximately by 80% and the time complexity is increased by only 1 . 40% for a suitably chosen β .
Hyperspectral imaging acquisition set-up for medical applications

Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) is a promising practice in research medicine due to its non-contact, non-invasive, non-ionizing, and label-free characteristics. Chromophores, such as haemoglobin and melanin, are responsible for the chemical structure of tissues and determine their spectral properties. Therefore, hyperspectral technologies might serve the role of tissue diagnosis, aiding physicians during surgical or clinical operations. Hence, hyperspectral cameras produce the data used by machine and deep learning algorithms to discriminate healthy from damaged tissues. Nevertheless, data quality remains an issue, especially concerning the small-sized medical dataset available to research. Here, we propose a hyperspectral imaging blueprint, designed to work with push broom sensors, representing one of the highest quality transducers to acquire spectral data. Indeed, push broom sensors only seize one scene line at a time, offering high spatial and spectral resolutions. It can work in any scenario, such as dermatological or surgical, involving a motionless subject. We designed the system to be affordable, open-source and robust. Therefore, it comprises Python libraries, an Arduino one board, a Nema17 stepper motor, its driver controller, and a recirculating ball screw for accurate movement. Furthermore, it offers a diode-based targeting system, attached to a 3D printed circular crown and built to hit the image capture and measure the right focusing distance. We equipped the blueprint with a graphical user interface to let physicians interact with the camera, accurately move it, and acquire the diagnostic data needed.
First-passage densities of a two-dimensional process

The two-dimensional stochastic process$( x( t ),y( t ) )$, where $y( t ) = dx ( t )/dt$ is a Wiener process (Brownian motion) is considered. The value of$x( t )$ when $y( t )$ first hits a line in the plane is of interest. The joint moment generating function (m.g.f.) of the first hitting time and place, as well as the probability density function (p.d.f.) of the first hitting place, in a special case, are obtained by solving the appropriate Kolmogorov backward equation. In the last section of the paper, the joint m.g. f. of the first hitting time and place is used to obtain the optimal control of the process in the first quadrant.
The Welfare of Farmed Mink (Mustela Vison) in Relation to Behavioural Selection: A Review

Animal welfare is a major issue in Europe, and the production of mink, Mustela vison, has also been under debate. One common method of solving animal welfare problems is to adapt the environment to fit the behavioural needs of the animals. In comparison with other forms of husbandry, the mink production environment has remained relatively unchanged over the years and provides for some of the most obvious needs of mink. Whether today's typical housing conditions adequately meet the welfare requirements of mink is currently a topic of discussion. An alternative approach to improving welfare is to modify the animals so that they are better adapted to farming conditions. In large-scale animal production, handling of the individual can be a sporadic event, making an animal's inherent characteristics for temperament and adaptability important factors to consider with respect to its resultant welfare.In this review we present and discuss experiments on behavioural selection for temperament, and against undesirable behaviours, such as fur chewing, in mink. Fur chewing behaviour can be reduced by selection, apparently without any negative effects, whereas only a little is known about the nature and consequences of selecting against stereotypic behaviours. Long-term selection experiments have shown that it is possible to reduce fearfulness in farmed mink. Using a relatively simple test, it is possible for farmers to add behavioural measurements to their normal selection criteria and thereby improve the welfare of farmed mink.
Interdecadal Variability of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Western North Pacific

Investigating the variability of tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the western North Pacific (WNP) during the 49-yr period 1951-99, interdecadal variation is confirmed. Two kinds of periods are identified in this study: High Frequency Period (HFP) when TC activity is enhanced, and Low Frequency Period (LFP) when TC activity is reduced. Significant differences in the number of TCs between HFP and LFP are found in the typhoon season from July through October. The differences in TC activity between HFP and LFP are also found in the areal extent of TC genesis. The area of TC genesis in HFPs extends more to the east than that in LFPs. Seasonal conditions of sea surface temperature (SST), relative vorticity at 850hPa, divergence at 200 hPa and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are analyzed to discuss the differences in TC activity between the two kinds of periods. Both oceanic and atmospheric conditions differ between HFP and LFP with statistical significance. In HFP, the SST in the eastern WNP (east of 150°E) is higher, and the convective activity at the area from 10°N to 20°N is stronger, than in LFP. These results show that the atmospheric and oceanic circumstances for HFPs in the tropical and subtropical WNP enhance the genesis of TCs in comparison with those for LFPs. It is suggested that the variability of SST in the Pacific, and that of large-scale atmospheric circulation are the main causes of the interdecadal variability of TC activity.