Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical studies of massive stars. I - Evolution of a 15-solar-mass star from the zero-age main sequence to neon ignition

The evolution of a star with mass 15 times that of the sun from the zero-age main sequence to neon ignition has been computed by the Henyey method. The hydrogen-rich envelope and all shell sources were explicitly included in the models. An algorithm has been developed for approximating the results of carbon burning, including the branching ratio for the C-12 + C-12 reaction and taking some secondary reactions into account. Penetration of the convective envelope into the core is found to be unimportant during the stages covered by the models. Energy transfer from the carbon-burning shell to the core by degenerate electron conduction becomes important after the core carbon-burning stage. Neon ignition will occur in a semidegenerate core and will lead to a mild 'flash. ' Detailed numerical results are given in an appendix. Continuation of the calculations into later stages and variations with the total mass of the star will be discussed in later papers.
DETECTION OF A FEATURE AT 0.44 MEV IN THE CRAB PULSAR SPECTRUM WITH FIGARO-II - A REDSHIFTED POSITRON-ANNIHILATION LINE

The balloon-borne experiment FIGARO II was launched from the base of Trapani-Milo on July 9, 1990 at 0433 UT and observed the Crab pulsar for about 5 hr. The light curve of the signal from PSR 0531 + 21 folded with the radio period shows clearly the known double-peak structure. The spectrum of the second peak, the dominant structure in the hard X-rays and low-energy gamma rays, is characterized by a feature which, if interpreted as an emission line, gives the intensity of (0.86 {plus minus} 0.33) {times} 10 to the {minus}4th photons/sq cm per sec at the energy of 0.44 {plus minus} 0.01 MeV at a confidence level of 99.6 percent. If this feature is the signature of positron annihilation close to the neutron star surface, redshifted by the intense gravitational field, it is possible to estimate the mass-to-radius ratio of the Crab neutron star and the positron production rate from one of the polar caps. The former is equal to 0.087 solar masses/km and the latter 8.2 {times} 10 to the 39th e(+)/s for a pencil-beam pattern, in reasonable agreement with some heuristic estimates based on the number of energetic particles radiating the optical pulses. 16 refs.
Implementation of integrated BIM-VR into construction management curriculum: lessons learned and development of a decision support system

Several educational institutions and universities have introduced Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Virtual Reality (VR) courses separately in the construction management (CM) programs around the globe, and others are in the process of integrating them into their curricula. However, fewer institutions have included integrated BIM and VR into their courses. The industry needs for integrated BIM-VR are not fully recognised by universities due to the lack of a guideline and cognitive dissonance between academia and industry. As a result, most universities do not have a rigorous strategy for developing BIM-VR teaching topics and plans. This study firstly aims to report on some of the employed processes by university lecturers and academics in an Australian University to integrate BIM-VR education into CM curriculum. The review on the secondary sources indicates that the integration of BIM/VR education requires the consideration of three aspects including: industry needs, course contents, classroom size and software and hardware selection. The second aim of this paper is to develop a decision support system by utilising the PROMETHEE method as one of the multi-criteria decision-making approaches. The findings of the secondary sources and development of the decision support system help the educational institutions and practitioners for their future BIM-VR implementation initiatives.
Disambiguation of the Boltzmann–Gibbs–Shannon entropy in systems with continuous states

The Boltzmann–Gibbs–Shannon entropy S d of a system with discrete states i is straightforward and well established, but its proper generalization to systems with continuous states x is problematical. The generally accepted expression S = −∫dx ρ(x)log[ρ(x)/m(x)] exhibits anomalous behavior when the probability density ρ(x) varies significantly over volumes of order v(x) = 1/m(x), and diverges when ρ(x) is singular. The traditional remedy for these deficiencies has been coarse graining (CG) over small discrete cells in x-space, but such procedures are ad hoc, arbitrary, subjective, and ultimately ambiguous. Here we propose an alternative procedure in which CG is replaced by an integral transform of ρ(x) that represents the statistical accuracy to which the value of x can be resolved or determined. The resulting unambiguous expression for S preserves the essential properties of S d for arbitrary ρ(x), including the singular ρ(x) that occur in nonequilibrium steady states.
Matrix Assisted Structural Hypothesis Construction

This paper outlines a novel process for designing a structural hypothesis. Relevant factors in a study are identified and micro-hypotheses are enunciated in a matrix format. Levels of similarity are assigned to each pair of factors. Multi-dimensional scaling techniques are used to graphically portray the matrix. The example of ‘‘Quality of Life’’ (QoL) is used to illustrate the proposed matrix approach to generate a structural hypothesis. A Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) of the hypothetical Quality of Life matrix shows a structure in which four polar regions surround a central region representing ‘‘general’’ QoL. This clear and logical structure of the hypothesized correlation matrix is a strong first confirmation that the approach allows for a detailed, systematic and theoretically based mode of reasoning and didactics. Additionally, the structure found here corresponds to a previous SSA analysis based on empirical Quality of Life data. Construction assistée par matrice d’une hypothèse structurale: Cet article décrit un nouveau procédé de construction d’une hypothèse structurale. Les facteurs pertinents dans une étude sont identifiés et les micro-hypothèses sont énoncées sous forme de matrice. Des niveaux de similitude sont affectés à chaque paire de facteurs. Des techniques d’analyse multidimensionnelle sont utilisées pour représenter graphiquement la matrice. L’exemple de la « Qualité de vie » (QdV) est utilisé pour illustrer l’approche matricielle proposée pour la production d’une hypothèse structurale. L’analyse du plus petit espace (SSA) de la matrice hypothétique de la qualité de la vie montre une structure dans laquelle quatre régions polaires entourent une zone centrale représentant la qualité de vie ‘‘générale’’. Cette structure claire et logique de la matrice de corrélation hypothétique est une excellente confirmation d’une approche qui permet une analyse détaillée, systématique et fondées sur le raisonnement et la didactique. En outre, la structure trouvée ici correspond à une précédente analyse SSA basée sur des données empiriques de la qualité de vie.
Review of Recent Work on the Magnetic and Spectroscopic Properties of the Rare‐Earth Orthoferrites

The rare‐earth orthoferrites are a family of canted antiferromagnets which show an unusual variety of magnetic properties. This article begins with a brief review of the ``allowed'' spin configurations compatible with the crystallographic symmetry of the orthoferrite structure and a summary of the experimentally observed spin configurations, spin reorientation temperatures, compensation temperatures, etc. We then review recent research on these materials, grouping most of the recent work into four major categories; studies of the spin reorientation transition, studies of the rare‐earth spin ordering, spectroscopic studies directed at determining magnetic interaction parameters, and studies of magnetic domains and domain walls. The spin reorientation process has been established to occur over a finite temperature range as a fourth‐order anisotropy, generally small, comes to dominate the orientational behavior in the temperature region where the usually domainant second‐order anisotropy passes through zero .
Exploring quality issues in building information models via structural design reviews

Building Information Models (BIMs) are being used widely in the construction industry. BIMs generally contain errors and mistakes, if not identified, might result in long review processes with the employers or cause issues during code compliance checks or construction. Since the quality requirements vary according to projects and even the stakeholders within the same project, it is challenging to establish a standard quality-check procedure. To focus on the model quality, custom procedures tailored according to the needs of the design teams should be prepared. Hence, there is a need to explore the BIM quality issues and develop formulations to identify and eliminate them in time. Currently, there are no specific guidelines and formulations to determine the overall quality level of a BIM and propose Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) procedures. In this study, design and model reviews from the owner are used to analyze the items to be checked for satisfying a structural model’s integrity. The design reviews are classified and analyzed to understand the existing issues. This study contributes to a better understanding of BIM quality issues and proposes a direction toward BIM quality assurance and control formulation that can be tailored by practitioners and design teams.
Systematic review of critical success factors for developing an Afro-centric neighbourhood sustainability assessment framework

Cities across South Africa are predominantly characterised by multiple forms of poverty, growing inequality, environmental degradation, slums and informal settlements, social and economic exclusion, and spatial segregation. These challenges present significant hurdles in planning for and coping with rapid population growth, urbanisation and protecting communities against natural and human-made disasters. This project aims to address the lack of local neighbourhood sustainability assessment (NSA) frameworks to improve the inclusivity, sustainability and connectivity of communities in South Africa. The existing NSA tools promote a specific type of urban development that effectively excludes marginalised communities and is not entirely suited to South African communities’ economic, socio-cultural, and environmental context. To achieve this, seven major assessment tools across the global North and South are selected and scrutinised using content analysis to identify and catalogue the critical success factors (CSFs) for enabling inclusive, smart, sustainable communities in South Africa using existing knowledge on neighbourhood assessment tools and relevant literature. The result is a proposed structure of four categories and 86 CSFs for the Afro-centric NSA framework that can address the challenges encountered in South African marginalised communities.
Block by block: potential and challenges of the blockchain in the context of facilities management

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate possibilities for the blockchain to impact Facilities Management and the challenges that its implementation would present. This paper mostly takes the form of a theoretical study involving desk research and limited case study examples. The paper shows that the growth of blockchain technology is becoming more and more embedded in various industries and that the building and FM sectors may be potential candidates for its future implementation under certain circumstances. Blockchains are not a fully established technology in FM so the potential value of them is yet to be established. Smart contracts and documentation recording in blockchains such as Ethereum can schedule maintenance better, ensure supplier, landlord and tenant contracts are more robust and easier to action. This paper also shows that blockchain technology is not without its challenges such as a lack of privacy and the fact that it is still an emerging technology. However, new competencies and understandings are essential in preparing for what is increasingly likely to be an inevitable future for the industry. This leads to the question of whether blockchains shape their infrastructure to FM, or whether FM should be the medium to change. The results of this paper can be of benefit to facilities and building managers, property developers, blockchain experts as the era of big data, digital twins and smart buildings becomes increasingly pervasive
Low profile filtering antenna with high selectivity without extra circuit

A novel microstrip filtering antenna with high selectivity is presented. A shorting SIR stub and a square patch with a rectangular ring slot are designed to produce a couple of radiation nulls near the passband, respectively. The bandwidth (3.44GHz-3.94GHz) is wider than that in a traditional antenna. In the presented antenna, the selectivity of the right side of passband is 30.3 dB, and the selectivity of the left side of passband is 18.2dB without an extra circuit. The proposed antenna consists of three layers of stacking structure connected tightly up and down, so it has an easy fabrication structure. Flat gain, compact size 0. 49λ*0. 49λ*0. 07λ, and higher front and back ratio (>20dB) are obtained than the conventional antenna.
Structure of Incidence Algebras of graphs

In this paper, we study the incidence algebra I (A, γ) of the category of paths in a (oriented multi-) graph γ over a ring A.We describe relationships between algebraic properties of I(A, We describe relationships between algebraic properties of I(A, γ) and combinatorial features of γ. Specifically, we give necessary and sufficient conditions on γ and A in order that I(A, γ) satisfy a polynomial identity, be prime, semi-prime, o r right Noether-ian. We also determine the nil radical B (A, γ) of I(A, γ) for a large class of rings A, and show that under certain finiteness conditions, IiA, γ)/B (A, γ) i s isomorphic to the direct product of the incidence algebras of the strongly connected components of γ
Automatic Red Blood Cell Classification for MICAD Based on PSO-CSVM

The automatic classification of erythrocyte is critical to clinic blood-related disease treatment in Medical Image Computer Aided Diagnosing(MICAD). After 3D height field recovered from the varied shading, the depth map of each point on the surfaces is applied to calculate Gaussian curvature and mean curvature, which are used to produce surface type label image. Accordingly the surface is segmented into different parts through multi-scale bivariate polynomials function fitting. The count of different surface types is used to design a classifier for training and classifing the red blood cell by means of support vector machine and particle swarm optimization. The experimental result shows that this approach is easily to implement and promising.
Magnetic Parameters for Ultra-high Frequency (UHF) Ferrite Circulator Design

We designed an ultra-high frequency (UHF: 300MHz to 3 GHz) ferrite circulator to investigate magnetic parameters, which are suitable for a self-biased GHz circulator design. The size of the ferrite disk was 1.58 mm in thickness and 13.5 mm in diameter. The saturation magnetization (4πM s ) of 3900 Gauss, internal magnetic field (H in ) of 1 kOe, and ferromagnetic linewidth (ΔH) of 354 Oe were used in circulator performance simulation. The simulation results show the isolation of 36.4 dB and insertion loss of 2.76 dB at 2.6 GHz and were compared to measured results. A Ni-Zn ferrite circulator was fabricated based on the above design parameters. An out-of-plane DC magnetic field (H 0 ) of 4.8 kOe was applied to the fabricated circulator to measure isolation, insertion loss, and bandwidth. Experimental magnetic parameters for the ferrite were H in of about 1.33 kOe and 4πM s of 3935 Gauss. The isolation 43.9 dB and insertion loss of 5.6 dB measured at 2.5 GHz are in close agreement with the simulated results of the designed ferrite circulator. Based on the simulated and experimental results, we demonstrate that the following magnetic parameters are suitable for 2 GHz self-biased circulator design: 4πM r of 3900 Gauss, H a of 4.5 kOe, H c greater than 3.4 kOe, and ΔH of 50 Oe.
SolarWalk: smart home occupant identification using unobtrusive indoor photovoltaic harvesters

The key to optimal occupant comfort as well as resource utilization in a smart building is to provide personalized control over smart appliances. Additionally, with an exponentially growing Internet-of-Things (IoT), reducing the need of frequent user attention and effort involving building management to control and manage an enormous number of smart devices becomes inevitable. One crucial step to enable occupant-specific personalized spaces in smart buildings is accurate identification of different occupants. In this paper, we introduce SolarWalk to show that small and unobtrusive indoor photovoltaic harvesters can identify occupants in smart home scenarios. The key observations are that i) photovoltaics are commonly used as a power source for many indoor energy-harvesting devices, ii) a PV cell's output voltage is perturbed differently when different persons pass in close range, creating an unique signature voltage trace, and iii) the voltage pattern can also determine the person' walking direction. SolarWalk identifies occupants in a smart home by training a classifier with their shadow voltage traces. SolarWalk achieves an average accuracy of 88% to identify five occupants in a home and on average 77% accurate to determine whether someone entered or exited the room. SolarWalk enables an accurate occupant identification system that is non-invasive, ubiquitous, and does not require dedicated hardware and rigorous installation.
LightNILM: lightweight neural network methods for non-intrusive load monitoring

The aim of non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is to infer the energy consumed by the appliances in a house given only the total power consumption. Recently, literature have shown that deep neural networks are the state-of-the-art approaches for tacking NILM. For example, both sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) and sequence-to-point (seq2point) learning models are the popular frameworks with typical network architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, these deep neural network approaches are computationally expensive and require huge storage for the purpose of prediction, and consequently would not be capable of deploying on mobile/edge devices. This paper addresses these issues for seq2point learning models by employing specifically designed network architectures which can be processed by using TensorFlow Lite to deploy on mobile phones. We show that our models only require 0.5% number of the parameters used in original seq2point models, whilst achieve comparable accuracy. Our models are then successfully tested on mobile phones with reasonable accuracy performance.
Understanding the willingness to share building data by a social study based on privacy calculus theory

In recent years, machine learning (ML) based building analytics have been developed for diverse building services. Yet, the widespread sharing of building data, which underpins the establishment of ML models, is not a common practice in the buildings industry today. Clearly, there are privacy concerns. There are studies on protecting building data, e.g., to k-anonymize building data; yet these studies are computational methods. The root causes of why building operators are or are not willing to share data are unclear. In this paper, we study the problem of willingness to share building data. First, we justify our study by investigating the field to show that data sharing is indeed limited. Second, we examine the issue of the willingness to share building data from the perspective of a social study. We observe that the intention to disclose (i.e., decision making on data sharing) is not only based on perceived risks, but also on perceived benefits. We leverage the privacy calculus theory and present a systematic study. We develop hypotheses, design a questionnaire, conduct a survey involving 95 building operators and service providers around the world, and analyze the results, wherein we quantify how various factors influence the willingness to share building data. Third, we use trust, an important factors to the intention to disclose, to develop a trust model with differentiable trust levels. Such model provides building operators a mechanism to share data besides a 0-and-1 choice. We present a case study where we enhance an existing building data anonymization platform, PAD with the trust model. We show that the enhanced PAD has a substantially smaller computation workloads.
XENIA: eXplainable ENergy Informatics and Attributes for building energy benchmarking

Benchmarking energy usage help identify operational and strategic best practices suitable for an establishment while creating awareness of energy consumption. Therefore in this work, we present XENIA, a data-driven energy benchmarking methodology for buildings in Singapore using a public dataset of building attributes. We develop an ensemble tree model to predict energy consumption using the building attributes as predictors. Symmetric mean absolute percentage error of these models for hotel and retail buildings is 5.15% and 5.02%, respectively. A benchmark grade is then assigned to each building using the actual and predicted energy consumption. To interpret the model, we provide a global explanation using the partial dependence function to show the effect of building attributes on energy consumption. For local explanation, i.e., for a specific building, we use the SHAP value to show the influence of each building attribute in the prediction model. The results for hotels and retail buildings show that change in AC and non-AC floor has the highest positive impact on energy consumption.
Perturbation theory of resonant cavities

A detailed derivation is given of the perturbation formula for the frequency shift on introducing a sample of ferrite or dielectric material into a resonant cavity. The purpose of this is to make clear what assumptions are involved in the derivation; it is necessary to appreciate what these assumptions are in order to design accurate experiments.
Comparison of Biosimilar Trastuzumab ABP 980 with Reference Trastuzumab in Neoadjuvant Therapy for HER2-positive Breast Cancer – an Analysis of a Large University Breast Cancer Centre

Abstract Background ABP 980 is a biosimilar antibody to reference trastuzumab (RTZ). Aim of the following study is to confirm the similarity of ABP 980 and RTZ in terms of clinical efficacy and safety in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer (EBC) undergoing neoadjuvant trastuzumab-containing chemotherapy in a clinical real-world situation that also includes patients receiving pertuzumab. Methods Patients with HER2-positive EBC, who were treated from 12/2010 to 03/2020 at the Department of Women’s Health at Tuebingen University Hospital, Germany, with at least four cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (+/− pertuzumab) in combination with ABP 980 or RTZ were included in a retrospective analysis. For efficacy analysis patients achieving a pathologic complete remission (pCR = no invasive tumor in breast and lymph nodes) were compared. Safety was evaluated by comparing the number of patients with a decrease in left ventricular function (LVEF) of > 10%. Results 124 patients were included of whom 46 (37.1%) have received ABP 980 and 77 (62.9%) were treated with RTZ. A pCR was found in 77 patients (62.1%). For patients treated with ABP 980 as compared to RTZ, there was no significant difference regarding efficacy (pCR-rates of 60.9% versus 62.8%, p = 0.829) or cardiac safety (LVEF decline in 6.5% versus 2.6%, p = 0.274). Conclusion Similarity of ABP 980 as compared to RTZ was confirmed in a real-world situation, including a large proportion of patients that have also received pertuzumab treatment.