Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The organization of symbol tables

An efficient symbol table organization is an important feature in the design of any compiler. During lhe construction of the Virginia ALGOL 60 compiler for the Burroughs B205, the primary consideration in the symbol table design was that the recognition of idenfiflers and reserved words should be as rapid as possible. The general features of the technique are describe& Synli}ol Table (;ha,'actcristics \Vhe/wver zm idetalifier is declared, a m,w et~iry is made lit lhe s3 l.I)ol lal)le. The d(lail~ of sueh elli ries will not t)e described ]wre, si.ce i;}ieir form will (i(? pel.i oi~ the orga.i-zaiion of ih(3 (',oi/lpil(>r ilself, t)tll ilt g(>llcl'ttl lwo tVl)('s ()f entry Intlsl t)(,sIore(]: (i) The lialile ilseif, logell.w wilit a lill/,: ]{' lolig i(tetlli-fiefs itl'(! allowed. This will t)e r(,M're<l to as the NANII; e:nlry. (it) Tile ilitel'lml represeiflaiion of the i(teltl trier, whMl is used t)y ! he r<,,si of (he e, onq)ih~r. This ,,viii be r(%rre(t io as lhe I N 1:() e.l ry. I l, c<,l tailis ilff<~ri.at iol~ e<>ncerninF lhe l ype of variabh~, lhc Idoek ii~ which it was declared, a.d so forih. This c(}l~.nutlical i(m is eollecrli<,<l wit h ill(; way iI~ which enlries arc Ioealed ilt the space alhmai(,(l io the sylllbol lane, and 1 he eftieMmy wii h v+hich (,ill ries call be idei~ti/ied on it sul)se(/u(.i~ (, call. In ill<. Virginia col~lpilrr, lhe reserved xxords are pro-loaded ill the synibol iablo iiselt'. Thus all "llamcs" oc-~ I {t lteW el/ll'V t() {he uext availat~le st)ace it/ltie tabh, vecl()r. At the {illle of a "eaIl" (.i the symbol (aide, ihe i~momi.g name ca~i be checked agains(~ the names in the tat)le from the top (tow. In the ease when lhe same identifier has been declared in several itested blocks, this will ahvays select the valid ent,ry, ttm~ever, looking up a name in Ibis type of synlbol table is a very I inie-eonsuining proc, ess; for a problein wilh It/lie I)loek slruclure, an average of half the entries lmzsl tie seal'ehe(l at, ea,ch lo<)kup. The proh/enl is eonip<)ullded tly lhe il(.e(l to rec<lguize Ihe A[,(a)L reserved words, slime eac.ll . ame n/usL firsl, I)e (,,heck(~<l a~ainst lhe reserved w<)M list, ullle~s soii/e ariifieial device like all cscal)c synltl<i1 is used it/ lh(; source language. A. alfert.d)ive tyl)e (if synili()l latde (irganizaiim is olle ill which (! illries are not lnade sequeniially in lhe lal)le spat.e. This technique was first used …
Motor Control in Infants with Down Syndrome

M. Phil. Thesis London University. 14. Parkes, C. M. (1972) Bereavement-Studies of Grief in Adult Life. New York: International Universities Press. 15. Frommer, E. A. (1978) ‘Management of medica! treatment in childhood psychiatric disorders. Advances in Biological Psychiatry, 2, 37-49. 16. Leventhal, J. M. (1984) ‘Psychosocial assessment of children with chronic physical disease. ’ Pediatric Clinics of North America, 31, 7 1-86, 17. Pless, I. B. , Pinkerton, P. (1975) Chronic Childhood Disorder-Promoting Patterns of Adjustment. London: Henry Kimpton. 18. Dorner, S. (1975) ‘The relationship of phys.ical handicap to stress in families with an adolescent with spina bifida. ’ Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 17, 765-776. 19. Khan, A. U. , Herndon, C. H. , Ahmadian, S. Y. (1971) ‘Social and emotional adaptations of children with transplanted kidneys and chronic hemodialysis. ’ American Journal of Psychiatry,
Dielectronic Recombination of Fe XIX Forming Fe XVIII: Laboratory Measurements and Theoretical Calculations

We have measured resonance strengths and energies for dielectronic recombination (DR) of Fe XIX forming Fe XVIII via N = 2 → N′ = 2 and N = 2 → N′ = 3 core excitations. All measurements were carried out using the heavy-ion Test Storage Ring at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany. We have also calculated these resonance strengths and energies using two independent, state-of-the-art techniques: the perturbative multiconfiguration Breit-Pauli (MCBP) and multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) methods. Overall, reasonable agreement is found between our experimental results and theoretical calculations. The most notable discrepancies are for the 3l3l' resonances. The calculated MCBP and MCDF resonance strengths for the n = 3 complex lie, respectively, ≈47% and ≈31% above the measured values. These discrepancies are larger than the estimated ≲20% total experimental uncertainty in our measurements. We have used our measured 2 → 2 and 2 → 3 results to produce a Maxwellian-averaged rate coefficient for DR of Fe XIX. Our experimentally derived rate coefficient is estimated to be good to better than ≈20% for kBTe ≥ 1 eV. Fe XIX is predicted to form in photoionized and collisionally ionized cosmic plasmas at kBTe ≫ 1 eV. Hence, our rate coefficient is suitable for use in ionization balance calculations of these plasmas. Previously published theoretical DR rate coefficients are in poor agreement with our experimental results. None of these published calculations reliably reproduce the magnitude or temperature dependence of the experimentally derived rate coefficient. Our MCBP and MCDF results agree with our experimental rate coefficient to within ≈20%.
A Methodology to Adjust ATMS Observations for Limb Effect and Its Applications

The Advanced Technology Microwave Sounders (ATMS), carried on the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite, was launched on 28 October 2011. The ATMS is a follow‐on instrument to advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU), currently flying on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. The primary new ATMS features are a reduced hardware package and improved gap coverage. One thing in common about cross‐track sounders is a scan perpendicular to the motion of the satellite, allowing a broad swath of measurements to be taken. But an undesirable feature is that the measurements vary with scan angle because of changes in the optical pathlength through the Earth's atmosphere between the Earth and the satellite. One approach to this problem is to limb adjust the measurements to a fixed view angle. The limb correction algorithm applied to ATMS is based on the heritage methodology originally applied to MSU and later to AMSU. The limb correction method is applied to each of the 96 ATMS field of view (FOV) per scan line, adjusting the off‐nadir FOV to the nadir view with fitting error generally within the instrumental noise. The limb‐adjusted brightness temperature were used in the original, legacy TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder, and Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder NOAA sounding product algorithms and more recently to derive the total precipitation water (TPW) retrieval over ocean, with a bias of 0.046 mm and a standard deviation of 3.43 mm, when compared with European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts TPW data. The limb‐corrected brightness temperature can be used to detect the atmospheric weather features, such as the warm cores for tropical cyclones, and the imagery presents snapshots for quick weather signal diagnosis.
Juvenile zebra finches learn the underlying structural regularities of their fathers’ song

Natural behaviors, such as foraging, tool use, social interaction, birdsong, and language, exhibit branching sequential structure. Such structure should be learnable if it can be inferred from the statistics of early experience. We report that juvenile zebra finches learn such sequential structure in song. Song learning in finches has been extensively studied, and it is generally believed that young males acquire song by imitating tutors (Zann, 1996). Variability in the order of elements in an individual’s mature song occurs, but the degree to which variation in a zebra finch’s song follows statistical regularities has not been quantified, as it has typically been dismissed as production error (Sturdy et al., 1999). Allowing for the possibility that such variation in song is non-random and learnable, we applied a novel analytical approach, based on graph-structured finite-state grammars, to each individual’s full corpus of renditions of songs. This method does not assume syllable-level correspondence between individuals. We find that song variation can be described by probabilistic finite-state graph grammars that are individually distinct, and that the graphs of juveniles are more similar to those of their fathers than to those of other adult males. This grammatical learning is a new parallel between birdsong and language. Our method can be applied across species and contexts to analyze complex variable learned behaviors, as distinct as foraging, tool use, and language.
Electrofusion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Islet Cells for Diabetes Therapy: A Rat Model

Islet transplantation is a minimally invasive treatment for severe diabetes. However, it often requires multiple donors to accomplish insulin-independence and the long-term results are not yet satisfying. Therefore, novel ways to overcome these problems have been explored. Isolated islets are fragile and susceptible to pro-apoptotic factors and poorly proliferative. In contrast, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly proliferative, anti-apoptotic and pluripotent to differentiate toward various cell types, promote angiogenesis and modulate inflammation, thereby studied as an enhancer of islet function and engraftment. Electrofusion is an efficient method of cell fusion and nuclear reprogramming occurs in hybrid cells between different cell types. Therefore, we hypothesized that electrofusion between MSC and islet cells may yield robust islet cells for diabetes therapy. We establish a method of electrofusion between dispersed islet cells and MSCs in rats. The fusion cells maintained glucose-responsive insulin release for 20 days in vitro. Renal subcapsular transplantation of fusion cells prepared from suboptimal islet mass (1,000 islets) that did not correct hyperglycemia even if co-transplanted with MSCs, caused slow but consistent lowering of blood glucose with significant weight gain within the observation period in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In the fusion cells between rat islet cells and mouse MSCs, RT-PCR showed new expression of both rat MSC-related genes and mouse β-cell-related genes, indicating bidirectional reprogramming of both β-cell and MSCs nuclei. Moreover, decreased caspase3 expression and new expression of Ki-67 in the islet cell nuclei suggested alleviated apoptosis and gain of proliferative capability, respectively. These results show that electrofusion between MSCs and islet cells yield special cells with β-cell function and robustness of MSCs and seems feasible for novel therapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus.
Plasma Charging Damage: An Overview

Introduction Plasma processing has become an integral part of the fabrication of integrated circuits since it offers advantages in terms of directionality, low temperature and process convenience. However. , plasma processing also offers increased damage potential because of surface charging of floating gates in MO! ; devices. With the continued decrease in gate oxide thickness to improve device performance, this type of damage is becoming more of a concern. The damage can degrade all the electrical properties of a gate oxide which include the fixed oxide charge density, the interface state density, the flat band voltage, the leakage cui-rent and the various breakdown related parameters. [1,;! ,17] As expected, all the MOS transistor parameters which depend on the oxide properties can be degraded by charging. [3]
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Production of Mannitol and Gluconic Acid

Renewable carbohydrates can serve as substrates for a large number of chemical, fermentative, and enzymatic production processes. ’-5 At present, only hydrolysis and isomerization reactions are used for enzymatic carbohydrate conversions on an industrial scale. For example, starch is converted to oligosaccharides (maltodextrines) by a-amylase. Thereafter, further splitting to glucose is achieved by the action of glucoamylase. ’ The a1 . dglycosidic bonds are cleaved by pullulanase or isoamylase. Soluble enzymes were applied for all these processes.Iv2 Glucose is then isomerized to a mixture of fructose (42%) and glucose (58%) by applying immobilized glucose isomerase! On this route, some 10’ metric tons/year of glucose-fructose syrup (“isomerose” or “isoglucose”) are produced worldwide mainly on the basis of corn starch. ’ By addition of chromatographically separated fructose, a higher fructose/ glucose ratio (up to 72% fructose) is adjusted! Alternatively, mixtures of glucose and fructose may be obtained by sucrose hydrolysis with invertase2 (e.g., in molasses). Overall, though, glucose-fructose mixtures represent a promising substrate for further conversions, for example, for the production of gluconic acid or polyols (sorbitol, mannitol) . ’-’ At present, gluconic acid is produced by the fermentation of glucose with Aspergillus niger or Gluconobacter suboxydans,” whereas the synthesis of mannitol together with sorbitol occurs mainly via catalytic or electrochemical reduction of gluco~e. ~ World market data are roughly as follows: gluconic acid 35,000 tons/year, mannitol 15,000 tons/year, and sorbitol about 450,000 tons/year. Recently, Makkee and co-workers reported on the production of mannitol from glucose-fructose mixtures by combined action of both a biocatalyst and a chemocatalyst. ” Various attempts to oxidize glucose to gluconic acid enzymatically by glucose oxidase failed to be economically feasible. This was mainly because of the poor oxygen solubility in aqueous systems and the severe inactivation of the enzyme by the H202 generated during FADH regeneration by oxygen.l2-” We therefore looked for a dehydrogenasecatalyzed reaction and found that NAD(P)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Bacillus megaterium is a suitable enzyme that is also commercially available.
Interictal spikes, fast ripples and seizures in partial epilepsies – combining multi‐level computational models with experimental data

Epileptic seizures, epileptic spikes and high‐frequency oscillations (HFOs) are recognized as three electrophysiological markers of epileptogenic neuronal systems. It can be reasonably hypothesized that distinct (hyper)excitability mechanisms underlie these electrophysiological signatures. The question is ‘What are these mechanisms? ’. Solving this difficult question would considerably help our understanding of epileptogenic processes and would also advance our interpretation of electrophysiological signals. In this paper, we show how computational models of brain epileptic activity can be used to address this issue. With a special emphasis on the hippocampal activity recorded in various experimental models (in vivo and in vitro) as well as in epileptic patients, we confront results and insights we can get from computational models lying at two different levels of description, namely macroscopic (neural mass) and microscopic (detailed network of neurons). At each level, we show how spikes, seizures and HFOs can (or cannot) be generated depending on the model features. The replication of observed signals, the prediction of possible mechanisms as well as their experimental validation are described and discussed; as are the advantages and limitations of the two modelling approaches.
Long-term reliability of the Athabasca River (Alberta, Canada) as the water source for oil sands mining

Significance We show that current and projected surface water allocations from the Athabasca River, Alberta, Canada, for the exploitation of the Alberta oil sands are based upon an untenable assumption of the representativeness of the short instrumental gauge record. Our trend analysis of the instrumental data shows declining regional flows. Our tree-ring reconstruction shows periods of severe and prolonged low flows not captured by the instrumental record. Exploitation of the Alberta oil sands, the world’s third-largest crude oil reserve, requires fresh water from the Athabasca River, an allocation of 4.4% of the mean annual flow. This allocation takes into account seasonal fluctuations but not long-term climatic variability and change. This paper examines the decadal-scale variability in river discharge in the Athabasca River Basin (ARB) with (i) a generalized least-squares (GLS) regression analysis of the trend and variability in gauged flow and (ii) a 900-y tree-ring reconstruction of the water-year flow of the Athabasca River at Athabasca, Alberta. The GLS analysis removes confounding transient trends related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Pacific North American mode (PNA). It shows long-term declining flows throughout the ARB. The tree-ring record reveals a larger range of flows and severity of hydrologic deficits than those captured by the instrumental records that are the basis for surface water allocation. It includes periods of sustained low flow of multiple decades in duration, suggesting the influence of the PDO and PNA teleconnections. These results together demonstrate that low-frequency variability must be considered in ARB water allocation, which has not been the case. We show that the current and projected surface water allocations from the Athabasca River for the exploitation of the Alberta oil sands are based on an untenable assumption of the representativeness of the short instrumental record.
Cool and Hot Executive Function Impairments in Violent Offenders with Antisocial Personality Disorder with and without Psychopathy

Background Impairments in executive function characterize offenders with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and offenders with psychopathy. However, the extent to which those impairments are associated with ASPD, psychopathy, or both is unknown. Methods The present study examined 17 violent offenders with ASPD and psychopathy (ASPD+P), 28 violent offenders with ASPD without psychopathy (ASPD−P), and 21 healthy non-offenders on tasks assessing cool (verbal working memory and alteration of motor responses to spatial locations) and hot (reversal learning, decision-making under risk, and stimulus-reinforcement-based decision-making) executive function. Results In comparison to healthy non-offenders, violent offenders with ASPD+P and those with ASPD−P showed similar impairments in verbal working memory and adaptive decision-making. They failed to learn from punishment cues, to change their behaviour in the face of changing contingencies, and made poorer quality decisions despite longer periods of deliberation. Intriguingly, the two groups of offenders did not differ significantly from the non-offenders in terms of their alteration of motor responses to spatial locations and their levels of risk-taking, indicated by betting, and impulsivity, measured as delay aversion. The performance of the two groups of offenders on the measures of cool and hot executive function did not differ, indicating shared deficits. Conclusions These documented impairments may help to explain the persistence of antisocial behaviours despite the known risks of the negative consequences of such behaviours.
Matching Logic

Matching logic is a first-order logic (FOL) variant to reason about structure. Its sentences, called patterns, are constructed using variables, symbols, connectives and quantifiers, but no di erence is made between function and predicate symbols. In models, a pattern evaluates into a power-set domain (the set of values that match it), in contrast to FOL where functions, predicates and connectives map into a domain. Matching logic generalizes several logical frameworks important for program analysis, such as: propositional logic, algebraic specification, FOL with equality, and separation logic. Patterns allow for specifying separation requirements at any level in any program configuration, not only in the heaps or stores, without any special logical constructs for that: the very nature of pattern matching is that if two structures are matched as part of a pattern, then they can only be spatially separated. Like FOL, matching logic can also be translated into pure predicate logic with equality, but it also admits its own sound and complete proof system. I. Introduction and Motivation Matching logic's formulae, called patterns, are defined using variables, symbols from a signature, and FOL connectives and quantifiers. We only treat the many-sorted first-order case in this paper, but the same ideas can be extended to order-sorted or higher-order contexts. Specifically, if (S; ) is a many-sorted signature and Var an S -sorted set of variables, the patterns 's of sort s2 S are defined as follows:
Level Sets and Extrema of Random Processes and Fields

Introduction. Reading diagram. Chapter 1: Classical results on the regularity of the paths. 1. Kolmogorov's Extension Theorem. 2. Reminder on the Normal Distribution. 3. 0-1 law for Gaussian processes. 4. Regularity of the paths. Exercises. Chapter 2: Basic Inequalities for Gaussian Processes. 1. Slepian type inequalities. 2. Ehrhard's inequality. 3. Gaussian isoperimetric inequality. 4. Inequalities for the tails of the distribution of the supremum. 5. Dudley's inequality. Exercises. Chapter 3: Crossings and Rice formulas for 1-dimensional parameter processes. 1. Rice Formulas. 2. Variants and Examples. Exercises. Chapter 4: Some Statistical Applications. 1. Elementary bounds for P{M > u}. 2. More detailed computation of the first two moments. 3. Maximum of the absolute value. 4. Application to quantitative gene detection. 5. Mixtures of Gaussian distributions. Exercises. Chapter 5: The Rice Series. 1. The Rice Series. 2. Computation of Moments. 3. Numerical aspects of Rice Series. 4. Processes with Continuous Paths. Chapter 6: Rice formulas for random fields. 1. Random fields from Rd to Rd. 2. Random fields from Rd to Rd! , d> d! Exercises. Chapter 7: Regularity of the Distribution of the Maximum. 1. The implicit formula for the density of the maximum. 2. One parameter processes. 3. Continuity of the density of the maximum of random fields. Exercises. Chapter 8: The tail of the distribution of the maximum. 1. One-dimensional parameter: asymptotic behavior of the derivatives of FM. 2. An Application to Unbounded Processes. 3. A general bound for pM. 4. Computing p(x) for stationary isotropic Gaussian fields. 5. Asymptotics as x! +". 6. Examples. Exercises. Chapter 9: The record method. 1. Smooth processes with one dimensional parameter. 2. Non-smooth Gaussian processes. 3. Two-parameter Gaussian processes. Exercises. Chapter 10: Asymptotic methods for infinite time horizon. 1. Poisson character of "high" up-crossings. 2. Central limit theorem for non-linear functionals. Exercises. Chapter 11: Geometric characteristics of random sea-waves. 1. Gaussian model for infinitely deep sea. 2. Some geometric characteristics of waves. 3. Level curves, crests and velocities for space waves. 4. Real Data. 5. Generalizations of the Gaussian model. Exercises. Chapter 12: Systems of random equations. 1. The Shub-Smale model. 2. More general models. 3. Non-centered systems (smoothed analysis). 4. Systems having a law invariant under orthogonal transformations and translations. Chapter 13: Random fields and condition numbers of random matrices. 1. Condition numbers of non-Gaussian matrices. 2. Condition numbers of centered Gaussian matrices. 3. Non-centered Gaussian matrices. Notations. References.