Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Results Obtained from a Vowel Recognition Computer Program

As a first step toward a general speech recognition computer program, a program has been developed to recognize ten Eng.ish vowels in isolated words of the form /b/—bowel—/t/. Input to the computer was real time spectral data obtained through the input system described at these meetings in May, 1958, by Forgie and Hughes. The program was developed from the study of spectral data from five speakers. The program was tried on new speakers, the errors analyzed, and the program modified. The program, as finally evolved by this process, first determines the rough location of the first two formants. The remaining confusions are resolved by combinations of the following, as required: (1) position of F3, (2) the slopes of F1 and F2, (3) an estimate of pitch, and (4) the energy in the frequency band between F1 and F2. Whenever the over‐all power is above an arbitrary threshold, each 6‐msec scan of the filtered data is classified as one of the ten possible vowels. A tally at the end of the word determines the final .
SOLAR ROTATION EFFECTS ON THE HELIOSHEATH FLOW NEAR SOLAR MINIMA

The interaction between fast and slow solar wind (SW) due to the Sun's rotation creates corotating interaction regions (CIRs), which further interact with each other creating complex plasma structures at large heliospheric distances. We investigate the global influence of CIRs on the SW flow in the inner heliosheath between the heliospheric termination shock (TS) and the heliopause. The stream interaction model takes into account the major global effects due to slow–fast stream interaction near solar minima. The fast and slow wind parameters are derived from the Ulysses observations. We investigate the penetration of corotating structures through the TS and their further propagation through the heliosheath. It is shown that the heliosheath flow structure may experience substantial modifications, including local decreases in the radial velocity component observed by Voyager 1.
Evolutionary Self-Questioning Games with Local Contribution

We investigate the evolutionary Prisoner's Dilemma and the Snowdrift Game on small-world networks in a realistic social context where individuals consider their local contributions to their group and update their strategies by self-questioning. An individual with introspection can determine whether its current strategy is superior by playing a virtual round of the game and its local contribution is defined as the sum of all the payoffs its neighbors collect against it. In our model, the performance of an individual is determined by both its payoff and local contribution through a linear combination. We demonstrate that the present mechanism can produce very robust cooperative behavior in both games. Furthermore, we provide theoretical analysis based on mean-field approximation, and find that the analytical predictions are qualitatively consistent with the simulation results.
On robust stability for uncertain neural networks with interval time-varying delays

The problem of robust stability of uncertain cellular neural networks with interval time-varying delays is considered. On the basis of the Lyapunov function method and convex optimisation approach, a new delay-dependent stability criterion for the system is derived in terms of linear matrix inequality using a novel mathematical inequality and stability analysis method. Four numerical examples are included to show the effectiveness of the results.
Quiet time plasma sheet ion pressure contribution to Birkeland currents

Birkeland currents transport magnetic tangential stress resulting from J × B forces, which, in the plasma sheet, are balanced by the pressure gradient, Vp. However, derivation of nightside Birkeland currents from Vp observationally has not been possible because pressure must be known everywhere in the plasma sheet at high resolution, which in situ satellites have been unable to provide. Recently, a method of inferring plasma sheet temperature, density, and pressure from low-altitude satellites was developed. The quiet time Birkeland currents (or J // ) are computed from the pressure profile derived from DMSP F8, F9, F10, and F11 data for the year 1992 and magnetic field from a modified Tsyganenko [1989] magnetic field model. Our results show that (1) the region 1 Birkeland currents exhibit a dawn-dusk asymmetry which can be explained by the dawn-dusk asymmetry in the plasma pressure arising if the near-Earth plasma sheet ions are supplied largely by the deep tail plasma sheet and LLBL ions undergoing E X B earthward and gradient/curvature duskward motions; (2) the average region 1 J // is -0.6 and 0.7 nA/m 2 near the neutral sheet (negative current density indicates the currents flow out of the ionosphere and positive means into the ionosphere); and (3) the current system tailward/poleward of the region 1 has the opposite polarities from those in region 1 and apparently is generated from the midnight pressure maximum. These results are fairly consistent with those previously obtained with in situ magnetometer measurements.
New variables for canonical supergravity

Ashtekar's reformulation (1987) of canonical general relativity is extended to simple supergravity in four dimensions. The key idea is to use the left-handed spin connection as a complex coordinate on the phase space. The constraints are simple polynomial functions of degree four or less when expressed in terms of the new conjugate variables. The reformulation is derived starting from a complex first-order supergravity action. The action is invariant under left- and right-handed supersymmetry transformations which are not conjugate, since the connection varies in the latter case but not in the former.
Segmentation and stress in the rhythmic structure of music and speech: A wavelet model

The rhythm of a piece of music or a poem can be described by hierarchical tree structure. A new application of wavelet analyses to rhythm in music and speech is described whose result is a hierarchical structure [N. P. McAngus Todd, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92, 2380 (A) (1992)]. This structure has two complementary components that are obtained from the projection of loci, in the frequency‐time plane, of zero crossings of the slope of the energy flux surface in the energy‐time plane: (a) a segmentation structure, corresponding to positive second derivatives at the zero crossings; (b) a stress structure, corresponding to negative second derivatives at the zero crossings. The value of the stress is given by the second derivative, which has a ‘‘Mexican hat’’ impulse response. These structures resemble the grouping/metrical structures of the theory of F. Lerdahl and R. Jackendoff [A Generative Theory of Tonal Music (MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1983)]. Example analyses of musical and speech performance are demonstrated for .
The Link between Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC) and Standard Normal Variate (SNV) Transformations of NIR Spectra

We demonstrate that set-dependent multiplicative scatter correction and set-independent standard normal variate transformations of NIR spectra are linearly related as theoretically expected. It is shown that the mean and standard deviation of the set-mean-spectrum together with the correlation coefficient between each individual spectrum and set-mean-spectrum are required to link these two transformations. It is through these three quantities, that set-dependency is incorporated into spectra derived by application of multiplicative scatter correction. MSC and SNV are two alternative approaches to reduce particle size effects and they are interconvertible.
THE PEAK VELOCITY AND SKEWNESS RELATIONSHIP FOR THE REFLEXIVE SACCADES

The main sequence relations of saccades stated that the duration was linearly correlated to the saccadic amplitude for a wide range, whereas the peak velocity correlated exponentially to the amplitude with saturation occurred at 30°-40°. Skewness was used efficiently in delineating the asymmetry between the acceleration and deceleration phases of the saccadic velocity profiles. It can be estimated from the shape parameter obtained by applying gamma function to the velocity profile. The relationship between peak velocity and skewness was derived according to the following observations. (1) At the same target amplitude and under the similar test conditions, data from previous investigations showed that great intra- and inter-subject variation of the peak velocity and the skewness were always observed. (2) Although the velocity was substantially decreased and the duration greatly increased, accuracy was not affected with the saccadic amplitude was almost unchanged for the subjects after diazepam had been taken. (3) The duration of acceleration phase is almost unchanged for different amplitudes. Fifteen normal subjects (range 21 to 26 years with mean of 23.6) without history of neurological disease were recruited and tested in this study. Electro-oculograph (EOG) was used for recording the eye movements with amplitudes ranging from 10° to 60°. The results show that the data were highly correlated to the derived peak velocity and skewness relation with correlation coefficient (R) as high as 0.66-0.92 for great amplitudes (>30°). This study provides an alternative method in quantitative analysis of saccadic dynamics
Singularities of moduli spaces of vector bundles over curves in characteristic 0 and p

Let X be a nonsingular projective curve over an algebraically closed field k of any characteristic. One has J, the Jacobian of X. This parameterizes the isomorphism classes of line bundles of degree 0 on X. This was constructed classically, so now one can use geometric invariant theory. Similiarly, one also considers J , the Jacobian of line bundles of degree d, for any integer d. If L is a line bundle of degree d on X, then M → M ⊗ L is an isomorphism from J to J d; hence J and J d are isomorphic, but not canonically. Suppose that k is the field C. Viewing X as a complex manifold, we may consider Hom(π1(X), S1). This is isomorphic to (S1)2g, which is also a complex torus of complex dimension g and isomorphic to J. For bundles of rank > 1 (over any field), put μ(V ) = degV/rankV. Then we say that V is stable (resp. semistable) if, for all proper subbundles W of V, μ(W ) < μ(V ) (resp. μ(W ) ≤ μ(V )). Over C, if degree V = 0 then one has the following classical result.
Entropy and stellar systems

The Tolman proof on the increase of entropy in a collisionless stellar system is discussed; it is emphasized that it does not prove that generalized H-functions are monotonically increasing in time and that it cannot be invoked to justify an arbitrary convex H-function as a basis for a variational principle. On the other hand, there are entropies that can be given a statistical foundation: the Jaynes entropy is introduced and an application is discussed. The results are of interest in theories of galactic formation and may also be applied in galaxy modeling. 15 references.
Green-function method for lattice statics

Abstract This article gives a review of the Green-function method for the calculation of the static properties of lattices with point defects. This method, based upon the Born-von Karman model of a lattice, uses the zero frequency limit of the phonon Green function which gives the static response of the lattice to an applied force. The method is quite general and is applicable to most kind of defects but the attention in this review is restricted to point defects in cubic Bravais lattices. The Green-function method is shown to be formally equivalent to the Kanzaki method but is more powerful and computationally more convenient. For the purpose of illustration the Green-function method has been applied to a vacancy in the Rosenstock-Newell model of a solid. Although the model is physically unrealistic, it has the advantage of yielding results in closed analytic forms which are very useful for qualitative discussions. The applications of the Green-function method to some real systems—vacancies and interstit.
Reduced-Order H ∞ Filtering with Intermittent Measurements for a Class of 2D Systems

The problem of H ∞ ﬁlter design for a class of 2D systems is solved here in the presence of intermittent measurements. Data dropouts are characterized using a stochastic variable satisfying the Bernoulli random binary distribution. Our attention is focused on the design of reduced-order H ∞ ﬁlters such that the ﬁltering error 2D stochastic system is robust mean-square asymptotically stable and fulﬁlls a given H ∞ disturbance attenuation level. We use a new formulation for a class of 2D system Fornasini–Marchesini (FM) models. A sufﬁcient condition is established by means of the linear matrix inequalities (LMI) technique. The efﬁciency and via-bility of the proposed techniques and tools are demonstrated through a set of numerical examples.
Mechanisms of Cloud-radiation interaction in the tropics and midlatitudes

Abstract Radiative forcing and latent heat associated with precipitation are the two most important diabatic processes that drive the circulation of the atmosphere. Clouds can affect radiation and vice versa. It is known that longwave radiative processes can enhance precipitation in cloud systems. This paper concentrates on determining the relative importance of three specific longwave radiative mechanisms by comparing cloud-resolving models with and without one or more of these processes. Three of the ways that longwave radiation is thought to interact with clouds are as follows: 1) cloud-top cooling and cloud-base warming may alter the thermal stratification of cloud layers, 2) differential cooling between clear and cloudy regions might enhance convergence into the cloud system, and 3) large-scale cooling could change the environment. A two-dimensional version of the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model has been used to perform a series of sensitivity tests to identify which is the dominant cloud-radiative fo.
Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction by Microjet Injection

The effect of microjet (μjet) injection on the noise from supersonic jets is investigated. One convergent and three convergent-divergent (C–D) nozzles, covering design Mach numbers (MD) 1.0 to 2.2, are used in the study; all nozzles have the same exit diameter (D). The μjets are injected perpendicular to the primary jet at the nozzle lip from six equally-spaced ports; each port has a diameter of 0.0054D. Effects in the over-expanded and under-expanded regimes as well as one case of fully expanded condition are explored. Relative to the effect on subsonic jets, larger reduction in the overall sound pressure level (OASPL) is achieved in most supersonic conditions. While the injection readily eliminates screech tones with the convergent nozzle it becomes increasingly ineffective in screech reduction with nozzles of higher MD. With all nozzles, the injection is often found to amplify the broadband shock-associated noise; the overall noise reduction occurs due to a suppression of broadband levels especially at lower frequencies. With the shock still within the divergent section of the C–D nozzles, there is ‘excess broadband noise’ and sometimes there are ‘transonic tones’; the injection is found to affect the tones very little but reduce the broadband noise component significantly. For shock-free, fully expanded condition, the OASPL reduction in the peak noise radiation direction is comparable to that in a subsonic case; the same correlation, found earlier for subsonic cases, applies.
Low Threshold Current Density Operation of GaInAsP/InP Lasers with Strain-Compensated Multiple-Layered Wirelike Active Regions

In order to suppress the occurrence of nonradiative recombination traps during an etching and regrowth process, whose origin was considered to be large latticemismatch, a partially strain-compensated five-quantum-well structure was used for 1.5 µm GaInAsP/InP lasers with wirelike active regions (wire widths of 43 nm and 70 nm) fabricated by electron beam lithography, CH4/H2 reactive-ion etching and organo-metallic vapor-phase-epitaxial regrowth. As a result, we realized wirelike lasers with wire widths of 43 nm with a threshold current lower than those of quantum film lasers prepared on the same wafer at temperatures up to 85°C, for the first time.
Analysis of Risk Factors of Coal Chemical Enterprises Based on Text Mining

Coal chemical enterprises have many risk factors, and the causes of accidents are complex. The traditional risk assessment methods rely on expert experience and previous literature to determine the causes of accidents, which has the problems such as lack of objectivity and low interpretation ability. Analyzing the accident report helps to identify typical accident risk factors and determines the accident evolution rule. However, experts usually judge this work manually, which is subjective and time-consuming. This paper developed an improved approach to identify safety risk factors from a volume of coal chemical accident reports using text mining (TM) technology. Firstly, the accident report was preprocessed, and the Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) was used for feature extraction. Then, the K-means algorithm and apriori algorithm were developed to cluster and for the association rule analysis of the vectorized documents in the TF-IDF matrix, respectively to quickly identify the hidden risk factors and the relationship between risk factors in the accident report and to propose targeted safety management measures. Using the sample data of 505 accidents in a large coal chemical enterprise in Western China in the past seven years, the enterprise accident reports were analyzed by text clustering analysis and association rule analysis methods. Through the analysis, six accident clusters and 13 association rules were obtained, and the main risk factors of each accident cluster were further mined, and the corresponding management suggestions were put forward for the enterprise. This method provides a new idea for coal chemical enterprises to make safety management decisions and helps to prevent safety accidents.
DLX5 regulates the osteogenic differentiation of spinal ligaments cells derived from ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament patients via NOTCH signaling

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments (OPLL) is common disorder characterized by heterotopic ossification of the spinal ligaments. Mechanical stimulation (MS) plays an important role in OPLL. DLX5 is an essential transcription factor required for osteoblast differentiation. However, the role of DLX5 during in OPLL is unclear. This study aims to investigate whether DLX5 is associated with OPLL progression under MS.
The state of automated amateur weather observations

Bonaci na LCW. 1953. An estimation of the great London fog of 5–8 December 1952. Weather 8: 333–334 (reprinted in Weather 67: 326). Crewe ME. 2003. Weather image: the floods of 1953. Weather 58: 47–48. Harris DL. 1963. Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm Surge, Technical Paper No 48. US Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau: Washington, DC, p. 139. allowed to dissipate somewhere, and the effects of a slowly-sinking southeastern coastline and rising sea-levels consequent on a melting polar icecap still pose major concerns. Forecasting a major North Sea surge is a key factor in saving lives (http://www.pol. ac.uk/ntslf/model.html). In the worst-case scenario you may not be able to do much about the water, and serious flooding may still result with devastating effects to infrastructure in some localities. But no lives should be lost – provided the warnings are heeded. A comprehensive, frequently-reassessed warning system, involving the Met Office, Environment Agency, local government, river authorities and emergency services is now in place. Practice exercises are held at intervals, and everybody living in the vulnerable communities should be well aware of how they should react if a real warning is issued. The practical problems of any threatened repeat may be that not all residents will react as they have been advised. Some may refuse to move, others may panic: a concern on Canvey Island has been that an inappropriate rush to the mainland could create havoc with possibly disastrous consequences. Nevertheless, a repeat of the 1953 disaster is surely unimaginable.
Adaptive stabilisation of extended nonlinear output feedback systems

The paper deals with the adaptive stabilisation for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems whose nonlinear terms are functions of two state variables. The uncertainty is parametrised by an unknown constant parameter vector affined to smooth nonlinear functions. The model format considered in the paper can be viewed as an extension to the standard output feedback systems with nonlinear terms of the single output which has been extensively studied recently. Based on the principle of adaptive backstepping design, an adaptive control algorithm is proposed to stabilise the system in a feasibility region, using the feedback of the system output which is a vector containing the two state variables.
Oscillation of gate leakage current in double-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors

Using the nonequilibrium Green’s function method, gate current characteristics are investigated for nanometer-scaled double-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. The mode-space approximation is, at the first stage of the calculation, used to obtain self-consistently the potential profile and the charge distribution in the structure. This solution is then used to solve the two-dimensional transport equation to extract the desired quantities. In addition to the dependence of the gate-leakage current on the gate bias and on the oxide thickness, our calculation shows the oscillation behavior of the leakage current versus the drain voltage. It is explained as the result of the strong quantization of electronic states inside the device, giving a resonant-like character to the tunneling of charges from source and drain contacts to the gates. This effect is strongly dependent on the gate length.
Enhanced wave absorption through irregular interfaces

The diffraction and absorption of waves by a system with both absorbing properties and irregular geometry is an open physical problem. A more reachable and closely related question is the understanding of wave oscillations in confined systems containing an absorbing material with an irregular shape. This has to be solved to understand why anechoic chambers (electromagnetic or acoustic) do work better with irregular absorbing walls. The answer to this question could also be used in other fields such as light or microwave absorption, or also to improve the performances of break-waters in order to damp sea-waves. It is found here that, in resonators containing an irregular shaped absorbent material, there appears a new type of mode localization. This phenomemon, that we call “astride” localization, describes the fact that these modes exist in both the lossless and the lossy regions. It is these modes that are particularly efficient in dissipating the energy of waves excited in the non-absorbing region.
High energy neutrino yields from astrophysical sources

We calculate the yield and flavour content of high energy neutrinos produced in astrophysical sources with negligible magnetic fields varying their interaction depth. We take into account the scattering of secondaries on background photons as well as the direct production of neutrinos in decays of charm mesons. If multiple scattering of nucleons becomes important, the neutrino spectra from meson and muon decays are strongly modified with respect to transparent sources. Characteristic for neutrino sources containing photons as scattering targets is a strong energy-dependence of the ratio R0 of νμ and νe fluxes at the sources, ranging from R0=ϕμ/ϕe∼0 below threshold to R0∼4 close to the energy where the decay length of charged pions and kaons equals their interaction length on target photons. Above this energy, the neutrino flux is strongly suppressed and depends mainly on charm production.