Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Examination of the East Pacific ITCZ Rainfall Distribution

Abstract Very few (if any) in situ measurements of rainfall are available in the Pacific ITCZ east of the Line Islands (157°W). Hence, climatological datasets, which are assembled from various in situ sources, and satellite-derived analyses of precipitation are frequently relied upon to provide information on the distribution of rainfall in this important region. A substantial amount of disagreement exists among these information sources as demonstrated in this paper. In particular, the east–west gradient of estimated rainfall intensity in the eastern Pacific ITCZ is quite different during the Northern Hemisphere warm season among six different satellite algorithms (one infrared and five microwave) and two climatologies that are examined. Some of these data suggest that a local minimum in rainfall intensity is located near 140°W in the Pacific ITCZ during northern summer, with increasing intensity toward the east and west, while the others depict steadily decreasing rainfall intensity from west of the Ame.
Homogeneity of 20th century European daily temperature and precipitation series

Daily European station series (1901–99) of surface air temperature and precipitation from the European Climate Assessment dataset are statistically tested with respect to homogeneity. A two‐step approach is followed. First, four homogeneity tests are applied to evaluate the daily series. The testing variables used are (1) the annual mean of the diurnal temperature range, (2) the annual mean of the absolute day‐to‐day differences of the diurnal temperature range and (3) the wet day count (threshold 1 mm). Second, the results of the different tests are condensed into three classes: ‘useful’, ‘doubtful’ and ‘suspect’. A qualitative interpretation of this classification is given, as well as recommendations for the use of these labelled series in trend analysis and variability analysis of weather extremes. In the period 1901–99, 94% of the temperature series and 25% of the precipitation series are labelled ‘doubtful’ or ‘suspect’. In the sub‐period 1946–99, 61% of the temperature series and 13% of the precipitation series are assigned to these classes. The seemingly favourable scores for precipitation can be attributed to the high standard deviation of the testing variable, and hence the inherent restricted possibilities for detecting inhomogeneities. About 65% of the statistically detected inhomogeneities in the temperature series labelled ‘doubtful’ or ‘suspect’ in the period 1946–99 can be attributed to observational changes that are documented in the metadata. For precipitation this percentage is 90%. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
From approximate to accurate velocity rays

A new process for generation of accurate velocity rays in 3D models has been developed. The velocity rays describe the changes in isochron points and slowness vectors when a model parameter is allowed to vary. The process is organized with ODE solvers on two levels, where the upper level is model independent. The lower level includes conventional one-way kinematic and dynamic tracing of source and receiver rays, as well as estimation of ray perturbation quantities. Accurate velocity rays are expected to be useful in sensitivity studies, propagation of seismic images, and velocity model updating.
Fracture Analysis of Pennsylvanian Carbonate Bank Systems in the Graford Formation North Central Texas

Abstract The Pennsylvanian carbonate bank system of the Graford Formation crops out mostly in Jack, Palo Pinto, and Wise counties along a northeast-southwest trend in North Central Texas. These rocks were deposited in a delta system at the close of the Ouachita orogeny. Numerous structural features, related to the Bend arch, occur at depth with little or no surface expression. Extensive erosion and regional tilting produced a broad paleoplain which underlies the massive sedimentary wedge along the Gulf Coast. The Pennsylvanian limestone units are systematically jointed throughout their outcrop area. The joints exhibit a wide variance in orientation, although three dominant joint sets are recognizable. The most widely occuring set is North 60 degrees East, with a minor complementary set at North 60 degrees West. The major set, related to the Balcones system and the Ouachita trend, resulted from regional tilting to the southeast. An intermediate set, ranging from North to North 25 degrees West, follows minor structural highs in the subsurface and provides a wider range of orientations than the major set. Scattered minor sets show no relationship to structural features, occur in localized areas, and are probably the result of variations in rock fabric and geometry. Systematic jointing of structureless rocks in the area of investigation is the result of tensile stresses which were present during burial or were introduced during erosion of the overburden. The dominant joint set coincides with the regional strike of the Pennsylvanian strata and probably reflects trends of recently formed, significant slumps. As the overburden on the Graford carbonates was reduced by erosion, variations in differential loading related to local deep structures were reflected in joint development.
Application of Multi-sensor Image in Monitoring Mining Activities and Related Environment Changes: A Case Study at Daye, Hubei, China

This paper presents a case study of Daye, Hubei, China, to trace the mining activities and related environment changes during the past 10 years, with an emphasis on land cover changes. Three sets of satellite data have been used in this case study: TM (ETM+), SPOT-5 and QuickBird image data. A multi-temporal dataset consisting of two Land sat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images and one Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image including 1986, 1994 and 2002 have been used to compare the land cover changes of the Daye area, Hubei Province, China. The combined bands method, iron oxide index and the NDVI index method have been used to investigate the spectrum character and the space character of the different ground objects. The knowledge-based decision tree classification method has been used to get the highly accurate classification result with the TM and ETM+ image data; the interactive interpret Method has been used to interpret the mine distributing with the SPOT-5 and TM fusion image; the visual interpretation method has been used to interpret mine distributing and environment changes with the QuickBird panchromatic and the multi-spectral fusion image. The characteristics of the high accurate classification result and high accurate change detection make quantitative analysis of different mining area features possible. The results of change detection show that the water quality of the whole water body was still bad, although the water quality have been improved in some areas. Vegetation shows degradation trend especially in those areas close to the mining areas, large areas of wood land and plantations are reduced, the increasing bare areas appeared based on the mine database, the reclamation percentage of the abandoned mining is only 20% from 1986 to 2002. The ecological environment in the study area may become worse unless the efficient management of mining business and effective eco-environment protection in mining area are carried out instantly.
APROVECHAMIENTO DEL SUERO DE LECHE COMO BEBIDA ENERGIZANTE PARA MINIMIZAR EL IMPACTO AMBIENTAL

The whey or whey is the fluid that separates cheese during collection and contains components that are not integrated into the coagulation of casein. It has high nutritional content, however, a small percentage is used as feed for farm animals and the remainder discarded, causing pollution problems in rivers and soils. Protein and lactose become pollutants when the whey is thrown into the atmosphere, because the load of organic matter it contains, it allows the reproduction of microorganisms to produce significant changes in the biochemical oxygen demand of the water, and the amount of lactic acid, significantly altered biological processes. Therefore, the possibility of using high amount of nutrients and amino acids present in the whey, through the development of an energy drink, considering the growing number of college students who use them and the environmental impact was raised produced by dairies to discard the whey. Based on experimental tests best suited for the preparation of the energy drink resulting in two formulations with different composition process was selected. Fitness drink consumption was determined through physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes based on the rule of Ecuadorian Standards Institute (INEN): 2609 (2012), whey drinks. Through surveys of college students consumption of energy and the best organoleptic characteristics it is determined formulating getting greater acceptability.
Outcrops on lunar crater rims: Implications for rim construction mechanisms, ejecta volumes and excavation depths

The raised rims of impact craters consist of ejecta deposited onto structurally uplifted target rocks. Although it is commonly accepted that ejecta makes up 50–75% of the total rim height, no previous measurements on well‐preserved, naturally occurring impact craters exist. Relying on data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, I report the first direct measurements of the rim‐forming constituents from 21 lunar craters ranging in diameter from 2.2 km to 45 km. Results show that the ejecta deposit accounts for no more than ~20% of rim relief, and structural uplift is the primary mechanism of rim development in both simple and complex craters. Thick, quasi‐horizontal outcrops of coherent bedrock indicate that this uplift is the result of subsurface injection of debris or melt into the surrounding target rocks. Crater growth, at least during the latest portion of the excavation stage, therefore, proceeds mainly through injection—rather than ejection—of material. These results suggest that ejecta volumes and excavation depths may be factors of 3 to 4 less than previously considered.
ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE EVIDENCE FOR THE PREHISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF ESKIMO CULTURE: AN ASSESSMENT

Differing views of scholars concerning Eskimo origins and the prehistoric development of Eskimo culture are presented, and an attempt is made to assess the degree to which the artifactural evidence fits each particular view. With this aim, an outline of the archaeological complexes in question is given and the interrelations of various arctic traditions discussed. Population
An Integrated Assessment of Water Markets: Australia, Chile, China, South Africa and the USA

The paper provides an integrated framework to assess water markets in terms of their institutional underpinnings and the three ‘pillars’ of integrated water resource management: economic efficiency, equity and environmental sustainability. This framework can be used: (1) to benchmark different water markets; (2) to track performance over time; and (3) to identify ways in which water markets might be adjusted by informed policy makers to achieve desired goals. The framework is used to identify strengths and limitations of water markets in: (1) Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin; (2) Chile (in particular the Limari Valley); (3) China (in particular, the North); (4) South Africa; and (5) the western United States. It identifies what water markets are currently able to contribute to integrated water resource management, what criteria underpin these markets, and which components of their performance may require further development.
Influence of the intensification of the major oceanic moisture sources on continental precipitation

In this study, we address two key issues in the hydrological cycle that have remained elusive: 1) to what extent can we expect climate change to affect the transport of moisture? and, in particular, 2) how will the changes in the sources’ intensity (that is, more evaporation) affect the distribution of continental precipitation? This was achieved using a multimodel ensemble that allowed delimiting those oceanic areas where climate change will likely lead to an increase in evaporation (E) minus precipitation (P). Finally, a sophisticated Lagrangian model was used to identify which continental regions will be affected by changes in precipitation (E − P < 0) originating in each oceanic moisture source. We find that in boreal winter, wide sectors of Europe, Asia, Middle East, South America, and southern Africa are affected, but North America emerges as the most affected continental region. In austral winter, the largest changes are confined to northern and Central America.
Near‐ultraviolet scattering properties of Jupiter

The Voyager 2 photopolarimeter experiment obtained photometric observations of Jupiter at four phase angles between 20° and 80° and at various illumination angles from limb to terminator. These data were analyzed to determine the altitude distribution and scattering properties of the material responsible for Jupiter's low geometric albedo at 2400 A. In polar regions the absorber must be higher than 40 mbar. In mid-latitudes, center-to-limb measurements indicate that most of the absorbing material lies deeper than 100 mbar. Absolute reflectivity requires a considerable amount above 400 mbar. The maximum amount of solar UV flux below 2550 A available for heating the stratosphere at 20° latitude is only 10−4 of the solar constant at Jupiter. The latitudinal distribution of stratospheric absorbers suggests that energy deposition from the magnetosphere is important in their formation. We examine the scattering properties of model atmospheres containing three distinct aerosol size distributions. Rayleigh's phase function fits our data at several phase angles better than any particle phase function. We derive an upper limit to the column abundance of particles larger than 0.05-µm radius in the north tropical zone and north equatorial belt. These regions contain less than one extinction optical depth at 2400 A of such particles above the 100-mbar altitude. Rayleigh scattering from the top 100 mbar obscures effects due to scattering from the deeper absorbing particles over our range of phase angles. We are unable to determine whether the absorbers are particulate or molecular.
Time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring

Time‐lapse seismic reservoir monitoring has advanced rapidly over the past decade. There are currently about 75 active projects worldwide, and more than 100 cumulative projects in the past decade or so. The present total annual expenditures on 4-D seismic projects are on the order of $50–100 million US. This currently represents a much smaller market than 3-D seismic, but the use of 4-D seismic has grown exponentially over the past decade and is expected to continue to do so.
Direct Simulation of Groundwater Age

A new method is proposed to simulate groundwater age directly, by use of an advection-dispersion transport equation with a distributed zero-order source of unit (1) strength, corresponding to the rate of aging. The dependent variable in the governing equation is the mean age, a mass-weighted average age. The governing equation is derived from residence-time-distribution concepts for the case of steady flow. For the more general case of transient flow, a transient governing equation for age is derived from mass-conservation principles applied to conceptual "age mass. " The age mass is the product of the water mass and its age, and age mass is assumed to be conserved during mixing. Boundary conditions include zero age mass flux across all noflow and inflow boundaries and no age mass dispersive flux across outflow boundaries. For transient-flow conditions, the initial distribution of age must be known. The solution of the governing transport equation yields the spatial distribution of the mean groundwater age and includes diffusion, dispersion, mixing, and exchange processes that typically are considered only through tracer-specific solute transport simulation. Traditional methods have relied on advective transport to predict point values of groundwater travel time and age. The proposed method retains the simplicity and tracer-independence of advection-only models, but incorporates the effects of dispersion and mixing on volume-averaged age. Example simulations of age in two idealized regional aquifer systems, one homogeneous and the other layered, demonstrate the agreement between the proposed method and traditional particle-tracking approaches and illustrate use of the proposed method to determine the effects of diffusion, dispersion, and mixing on groundwater age.
French's Index of Differential Diagnosis An A-Z 1

For nearly a century, French's Index of Differential Diagnosis has been unparalleled in providing the clinician with invaluable assistance in quickly and correctly diagnosing a disease from a whole range of presenting symptoms. Arranged alphabetically by symptom, the text helps readers identify each presentation, describes the different diagnoses that it could represent, and explains the signs and tests used to make a diagnosis. Colour photographs of the highest quality have been included to help aid diagnosis at a glance. Highlights: * Completely updated and revised with contributions from key clinical specialists * More than 600 high-quality photographs to aid rapid diagnosis * Clear presentation and well-organised text with alphabetical structure, allowing instant access to information * Differential diagnoses presented in clear lists and tables to aid rapid reference The fifteenth edition of this essential text offers a succinct and well-illustrated aide-memoire that will be indispensable to trainee and established doctors in both general and hospital practice, as well as an invaluable reference for medical students.
Hydrologic response of the Crow Wing Watershed, Minnesota, to mid-Holocene climate change

In this study, we have integrated a suite of Holocene paleoclimatic proxies with mathematical modeling in an attempt to obtain a comprehensive picture of how watersheds respond to past climate change. A three-dimensional surface-water–groundwater model was developed to assess the effects of mid-Holocene climate change on water resources within the Crow Wing Watershed, Upper Mississippi Basin in north central Minnesota. The model was first calibrated to a 50 yr historical record of average annual surface-water discharge, monthly ground-water levels, and lake-level fluctuations. The model was able to reproduce reasonably well long-term historical records (1949–1999) of water-table and lake-level fluctuations across the watershed as well as stream discharge near the watershed outlet. The calibrated model was then used to reproduce paleo-groundwater and lake levels using climate reconstructions based on pollen-transfer functions from Williams Lake just outside the watershed. Computed declines in mid-Holocene lake levels for two lakes at opposite ends of the watershed were between 6 and 18 m. Simulated streamflow near the outlet of the watershed decreased to 70% of modern average annual discharge after ∼200 yr. The area covered by wetlands for the entire watershed was reduced by ∼16%. The mid-Holocene hydrologic changes indicated by these model results and corroborated by several lake-core records across the Crow Wing Watershed may serve as a useful proxy of the hydrologic response to future warm, dry climatic forecasts (ca. 2050) made by some atmospheric general-circulation models for the glaciated Midwestern United States.
“Heavy Shadows and Black Night”: Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America

Abstract A substantive body of scholarship now recognizes that Native American populations declined precipitously in size following European conquest and colonization. The precise magnitude of demographic collapse continues to spark heated debate, but consensus is emerging where dissent prevailed before. That consensus attributes Indian depopulation in large part to the introduction of Old World disease. Many factors besides imported sickness caused aboriginal demise, but disease proved the most destructive agent of a fatal complex. This paper examines the role disease played in depopulating the Spanish Indies, from first contact to the early seventeenth century. Analysis focuses on five distinct geographical settings: Hispaniola, central Mexico, northwestern Mexico, Guatemala south of the Peten rainforest, and the central Andes. For each of these settings, literature is reviewed that illuminates problems of data, chronology, impact, and identification that have charged discussion of the issues for some t.
Modification of Empirical Strong Ground Motion Attenuation Relations to Include the Amplitude and Duration Effects of Rupture Directivity

Rupture directivity effects cause spatial variations in ground motion amplitude and duration around faults and cause differences between the strike-normal and strike-parallel components of horizontal ground motion amplitudes, which also have spatial variation around the fault. These variations become significant at a period of 0.6 second and generally grow in size with increasing period. We have developed modifications to empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to account for the effects of rupture directivity on strong motion amplitudes and durations. The modifications are based on an empirical analysis of near-fault data. The ground motion parameters that are modified include the average horizontal response spectral acceleration, the duration of the acceleration time history, and the ratio of strike-normal to strike-parallel spectral acceleration. The parameters upon which the adjustments to average horizontal amplitude and duration depend are the fraction of the fault rupture that occurs on the part of the fault that lies between the hypocenter and the site, and the angle between the fault plane and the path from the hypocenter to the site. Since both of these parameters can be derived from the hypocenter location and the fault geometry, the model of rupture directivity effects on ground motions that we have developed can be directly included in probabilistic seismic hazard calculations. The spectral acceleration is larger for periods longer than 0.6 second, and the duration is smaller, when rupture propagates toward a site. For sites located close to faults, the strike-normal spectral acceleration is larger than the strike-parallel spectral acceleration at periods longer than 0.6 second in a manner that depends on magnitude, distance, and angle. To facilitate the selection of time histories that represent near-fault ground motion conditions in an appropriate manner, we provide a list of near-fault records indicating the rupture directivity parameters that each contains.
ScP; A probe of ultralow velocity zones at the base of the mantle

The core‐reflected phase ScP is a sensitive probe of the properties of an ultralow velocity zone (ULVZ) at the base of the mantle. In synthetic experiments, a ULVZ with large depressions in P and S velocities results in ScP having two diagnostic precursors and one later arrival, whose timing depends on ULVZ VP, VS, and thickness. Amplitudes of the additional arrivals can be large if ULVZ shear velocity has extreme reductions, such as 30% and greater. Some data examples are presented for southwest Pacific events recorded at short period and broadband arrays in Hawaii, which show evidence for a ULVZ. Resolving all three additional arrivals will help in addressing the strength and ratio of VS and VP reductions in ULVZ, and thus the issue of partial melt.