Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sea Ice Trends in Climate Models Only Accurate in Runs with Biased Global Warming

AbstractObservations indicate that the Arctic sea ice cover is rapidly retreating while the Antarctic sea ice cover is steadily expanding. State-of-the-art climate models, by contrast, typically simulate a moderate decrease in both the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice covers. However, in each hemisphere there is a small subset of model simulations that have sea ice trends similar to the observations. Based on this, a number of recent studies have suggested that the models are consistent with the observations in each hemisphere when simulated internal climate variability is taken into account. Here sea ice changes during 1979–2013 are examined in simulations from the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) as well as the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE), drawing on previous work that found a close relationship in climate models between global-mean surface temperature and sea ice extent. All of the simulations with 1979–2013 Arctic sea ice retreat as fast as observations a.
Rethinking Classification and Localization in R-CNN

Modern R-CNN based detectors share the RoI feature extractor head for both classiﬁcation and localization tasks, based upon the correlation between the two tasks. In contrast, we found that different head structures (i.e. fully connected head and convolution head) have opposite preferences towards these two tasks. Speciﬁcally, the fully connected head is more suitable for the classiﬁcation task, while the convolution head is more suitable for the localization task. Therefore, we propose a double-head method to separate these two tasks into different heads (i.e. a fully connected head for classiﬁcation and a convolution head for box regression). Without bells and whistles, our method gains +3.4 and +2.7 points mAP on MS COCO dataset from Feature Pyramid Network baselines with ResNet-50 and ResNet-101 backbones, respectively.
Seeing isn't Believing: Practical Adversarial Attack Against Object Detectors

In this paper, we presented systematic solutions to build robust and practical AEs against real world object detectors. Particularly, for Hiding Attack (HA), we proposed the feature-interference reinforcement (FIR) method and the enhanced realistic constraints generation (ERG) to enhance robustness, and for Appearing Attack (AA), we proposed the nested-AE, which combines two AEs together to attack object detectors in both long and short distance. We also designed diverse styles of AEs to make AA more surreptitious. Evaluation results show that our AEs can attack the state-of-the-art real-time object detectors (i.e., YOLO V3 and faster-RCNN) at the success rate up to 92.4% with varying distance from 1m to 25m and angles from -60{\deg} to 60{\deg}. Our AEs are also demonstrated to be highly transferable, capable of attacking another three state-of-the-art black-box models with high success rate.
A Fully-Differential Biopotential Amplifier With a Reduced Number of Parts

Objective: Fully differential topologies are well-suited for biopotential amplifiers, mainly for single-supply battery-powered circuits such as portable wearable devices where a reduced number of parts is desired. A novel fully differential biopotential amplifier is proposed with the goal of providing electrode offset rejection, bandwidth limitation, and a temporal response compliant with biomedical standards with only a single commercial quad operational amplifier (OA) integrated circuit. Methods: A novel compensation strategy was used to provide a transfer function with only one zero at the origin, which makes it easy to comply with the transient response imposed by biomedical standards. A topology with no grounded components was leveraged to obtain a common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) ideally infinite and independent of components mismatches. Results: Design equations are presented and, as an example, an electrocardiogram (ECG) amplifier was built and tested. It features a CMRR of 102 dB at 50 Hz, 53 dB gain that supports dc input voltages up to ±300 mV when powered from a 0 to 5-V single-supply voltage, and a cutoff frequency of less than 0.05 Hz with a first order response. Conclusion: A fully differential biopotential front-end was designed and validated through experimental tests, demonstrating proper operation with only 4 OAs. Significance: The amplifier is intended for board-level design solutions, it can be built with off-the-shelf components that can be selected according to specific needs, such as reduced power consumption, low noise, or proper operation from a low-voltage power source.
A 90.6% Efficient, 0.333 W/mm2 Power Density Direct 48V-to-1V Dual Inductor Hybrid Converter With Delay-Line-Based V2D Controller

This brief presents a 48V-to-1V 10-level dual inductor hybrid converter (DIHC) containing 11 on-chip switches and an off-chip gallium nitride (GaN) switch. Thanks to the 10-level Dickson switched-capacitor (SC) circuit, most of the voltage stress will be taken over by off-chip capacitors, which reduces the voltage stress of each switch to 4.8 V and takes full advantage of the voltage pressure on the 5-V on-chip transistors. This proposed structure is implemented in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BCD process to convert 48-V input to 1-V output with up to 18-A current load. The post-layout simulations show that a peak power efficiency of 90.6% can be achieved at 5.2-A loading and the power density is about 0.333 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W/mm^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> considering the power stage area.
A Deep-Learning-Based Fusion Approach for Global Cyclone Detection Using Multiple Remote Sensing Data

Cyclone detection is a classic yet developing topic. Various methods have been developed for the purpose of cyclone detection based on sea level pressure, cloud imagery, and wind field. In this article, a data fusion approach that utilizes the data productions from multiple remote sensors is presented. A deep-learning-based object detection algorithm was adopted to form a global-scale cyclone detection model. Wind field data obtained from mean wind field-advanced scatterometer was integrated with the rainfall intensity data obtained from global precipitation measurement as the dataset for model training and testing. Feature pyramid network (FPN), which was designed for small target detection, was integrated with faster-regions with convolutional neural network to detect the cyclones within the fused dataset. The proposed model consists of two modules: a feature extractor and region proposal network based on FPN that searches for the potential areas of cyclones within the fused dataset, and a regions of interests processor that calibrate the locations of cyclone regions through a fully-connected neural network and a bounding box regression. An ablation experiment was also designed in the study in order to verify the necessity of data fusion. The results from ablation experiment suggested that the wind field data provided more contribution in the cyclone detection than the precipitation data.
A simple model for a scalar two-point correlator in the presence of a resonance

We present a simple toy model for a scalar-isoscalar two-point correlator, which can serve as a testing ground for the extraction of resonance parameters from Lattice QCD calculations. We discuss in detail how the model correlator behaves when it is restricted to a finite spatial volume, and how the finite-volume data can be used to reconstruct the spectral function of the correlator in the infinite volume, which allows to extract properties of the resonance from such data.
A MegaCam Survey of Outer Halo Satellites. I. Description of the Survey

We describe a deep, systematic imaging study of satellites in the outer halo of the Milky Way. Our sample consists of 58 stellar overdensities—i.e., substructures classified as either globular clusters, classical dwarf galaxies, or ultra-faint dwarf galaxies—that are located at Galactocentric distances of RGC ≥ 25 kpc (outer halo) and out to ∼400 kpc. This includes 44 objects for which we have acquired deep, wide-field, g- and r-band imaging with the MegaCam mosaic cameras on the 3.6 m Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope and the 6.5 m Magellan-Clay telescope. These data are supplemented by archival imaging, or published gr photometry, for an additional 14 objects, most of which were discovered recently in the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We describe the scientific motivation for our survey, including sample selection, observing strategy, data reduction pipeline, calibration procedures, and the depth and precision of the photometry. The typical 5σ point-source limiting magnitudes for our MegaCam imaging—which collectively covers an area of ≈52 deg2—are glim ≃ 25.6 and rlim ≃ 25.3 AB mag. These limits are comparable to those from the coadded DES images and are roughly a half-magnitude deeper than will be reached in a single visit with the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Our photometric catalog thus provides the deepest and most uniform photometric database of Milky Way satellites available for the foreseeable future. In other papers in this series, we have used these data to explore the blue straggler populations in these objects, their density distributions, star formation histories, scaling relations, and possible foreground structures.
Multiphase partitions of lattice random walks

Considering the dynamics of non-interacting particles randomly moving on a lattice, the occurrence of a discontinuous transition in the values of the lattice parameters (lattice spacing and hopping times) determines the uprisal of two lattice phases. In this letter we show that the hyperbolic hydrodynamic model obtained by enforcing the boundedness of lattice velocities derived in Giona M. , Phys. Scr. , 93 (2018) 095201 correctly describes the dynamics of the system and permits to derive easily the boundary condition at the interface, which, contrarily to the common belief, involves the lattice velocities in the two phases and not the phase diffusivities. The dispersion properties of independent particles moving on an infinite lattice composed by the periodic repetition of a multiphase unit cell are investigated. It is shown that the hyperbolic transport theory correctly predicts the effective diffusion coefficient over all the range of parameter values, while the corresponding continuous parabolic models deriving from Langevin equations for particle motion fail. The failure of parabolic transport models is shown via a simple numerical experiment.
Influences of spin-orbit coupling on Fermi surfaces and Dirac cones in ferroelectriclike polar metals

Based on first-principles calculations and k . p effective models, we report physical properties of ferroelectric-like hexagonal polar metals with P63mc symmetry, which are distinct from those of conventional metals with spatial inversion symmetry. Spin textures exist on the Fermi surface of polar metals (e.g. ternary LiGaGe and elemental polar metal of Bi) and spin-momentum locking exist on accidental Dirac cones on the sixfold rotational axis, due to the spin-orbit coupling and lack of inversion symmetry in polar space group. This effect has potential applications in spin-orbitronics. Dirac points are also predicted in LiGaGe.
Complementing binary symbolic indices of heart period dynamics by acceleration and deceleration runs

Relevant properties of heart period dynamics can be analyzed by methods derived from symbolic dynamics. However, a lot of information is lost especially if the RR tachogram is transformed to a binary representation. Here, we aim to complement measures of binary symbolic dynamics by properties closely related to the binary representation, i.e. runs of accelerations and decelerations of heart period as basic characteristics underlying heart rate variability. This approach is applied to 1079 RR tachograms from healthy subjects covering the entire adulthood (age range: 18 to 84 years). Each parameter was analyzed per age decade. The average RR interval increased at old age compared to the youngest age group (median RR interval 839 ms vs. 970 ms). SDNN was constant up to 39 years and declined for older subjects (56 ms vs. 36 ms). Binary symbolic indices were derived from acceleration and deceleration of heart period. P1V, i.e. binary patterns of length 3 with one variation, decreased for elderly (>70 years, 53,4%) compared to young ages (<29 years, 66,3%). At the same time P2V, i.e. binary patterns with two variations, increased (14,7% vs. 22,7%). The cumulative accelerations and decelerations were largest for youngest subjects and decreased subsequently and was low in the age group 40 to 49 years (accelerations: −73 ms vs. −37 ms, decelerations. 64 ms vs. 34 ms). The analysis of runs of accelerations and decelerations provides information complementing results from binary symbolic dynamics.
The detached-binary channel for the formation of contact binaries

The detached-binary channel is an important channel for the formation of contact binaries, according to which a detached binary might evolve into contact by evolutionary expansion of the components, or angular momentum loss through the effect of magnetic braking. We have carried out a detailed binary population synthesis study of this channel, and obtained the parameter regions for detached binaries to evolve into contact. Combining the observations from the Kepler satellite with our results, we found that the ratio of the birth rate of the progenitors of contact binaries to that of contact binaries is greater than about 1.2. This suggests that for the detached-binary channel, the progenitors can be sufficient to produce observed contact binaries. In this channel, we find that the distribution of orbital period for contact binaries has a peak at about 0.25 d and a tail extending to longer periods, and the formation time-scale of contact binaries has a large range from similar to 1 Myr to 15 Gyr. These results show that the detached-binary channel could explain satisfactorily the main observational characteristics of contact binaries, in particular the distribution of orbital period shown by the Kepler observations and the existence of very young contact binaries.
High frequency heart rate variability was increased by addition of 5% CO2 to breathing air in healthy, young humans

Oscillations in cardiovascular variables may be part of the cardiovascular control mechanisms. Heart rate variability in the high frequency interval is part of the cardiorespiratory interactions. Main part of high frequency heart rate variability is called respiratory sinus arrhythmia, which is influenced by ventilation pattern. We investigated how addition of 5 % CO2 to the air affected the high frequency heart rate variability. CO2 breathing increased heart rate variability, and this was linearly related to increases in both tidal volume and end-tidal CO2. CO2 breathing also increased heart rate, which did not affect heart rate variability.
Effects of Mechanical Scanning Speeds on Eddy-Current Detection of Cavity Defects

This article presents a distributed current-source (DCS) model considering the perturbation of the eddy-current (EC) field and its EC-generated magnetic flux density (MFD) caused by the defect in a moving conductor. The perturbed EC field, which is formulated into two subproblems (with and without a defect) in state space, is iteratively solved for the transient responses of a 3-D EC system and used to analyze the parametric effects on the fine and coarse detection of cavity defects. The DCS model improves the computational efficiency by reducing the solution domain and the number of experiments for parameter optimization, leading to the development of an EC probe consisting of an MFD sensor and a pair of rectangular electromagnets. Experimentally evaluated on a testbed configured on a computer numerical control (CNC) lathe for 2-D area scanning, the findings demonstrate the feasibility of mechanical scanning at a high speed to improve EC detection efficiency.
Structure and Dynamics of Inhomogeneities in Aqueous Solutions of Graft Copolymers of N-Isopropylacrylamide with Lactide (P(NIPAM-graft-PLA)) by Spin Probe EPR Spectroscopy

Coil-to-globule transition and dynamics of inhomogeneities in aqueous solutions of graft copolymers of NIPAM with different content of oligolactide groups were studied using spin probe continuous wave EPR spectroscopy. The technique of the suppressing of TEMPO as spin probe by spin exchange with Cu2+ ions was applied. This approach allowed us to detect individual EPR spectra of the probe in collapsed globules and estimate its magnetic and dynamic parameters reliably. The formation of inhomogeneities at temperatures lower than the volume phase transition temperature measured via transmission, and differential scanning calorimetry was fixed. An increase in oligolactide content in copolymers leads to the formation of looser globules, allowing for the exchange of the probe molecules between the globules and the external solution.
Origin of half-semimetallicity induced at interfaces of C-BN heterostructures

Half-semimetallicity has been predicted to occur in zigzag-shaped graphene ribbons embedded in BN sheets. Using first-principles density-functional calculations a physical explanation is given, showing that the magnetism of the edge states in graphene strips and polarity effects in BN strips team up to give a spin asymmetric screening that induces an electronic reconstruction and half-semimetallicity at the interface, with a gap of at least a few hundreds of millielectron volts for one spin orientation and a tiny gap of tens of millielectron volts for the other. The dependence with ribbon widths is discussed, revealing that a range of ribbon widths is required to obtain the half-semimetallic state. These results prove that unconventional physical effects similar to those observed at insulating oxide interfaces, can also exist in lower dimensions, opening alternative routes for tuning electronic properties at nanointerfaces.
Floquet topological phase transitions in a kicked Haldane-Chern insulator

We consider a periodically $\delta$-kicked Haldane type Chern insulator with the kicking applied in the $\hat{z}$ direction. This is known to behave as an inversion symmetry breaking perturbation, since it introduces a time-dependent staggered sub-lattice potential. We study here the effects of such driving on the topological phase diagram of the original Haldane model of a Hall effect in the absence of a net magnetic field. The resultant Floquet band topology is again that of a Chern insulator with the driving parameters, frequency and amplitude, influencing the inversion breaking mass $M$ of the undriven Haldane model. A family of such, periodically related, `Semenoff masses' is observed to occur which support a periodic repetition of Haldane like phase diagrams along the inversion breaking axis of the phase plots. Out of these it is possible to identify two in-equivalent masses in the reduced zone scheme of the Floquet quasienergies, which form the centres of two inequivalent phase diagrams. Further, variation in the driving amplitude's magnitude alone is shown to effect the topological properties by linearly shifting the phase diagram of the driven model about the position of the undriven case. A phenomenon that allows the study of Floquet topological phase transitions in the system. Finally, we also discuss some issues regarding the modifications to Haldane's condition for preventing band overlaps at the Dirac point touchings in the Brillouin zone, in the presence of kicking.
Further Studies on Sampled-Data Consensus of Multi-Agent Systems With Communication Delays

To lower the computational burden and weaken the impact of uncertainties of controllers on system stability, a novel nonfragile sampled-data control scheme is presented for multi-agent systems (MASs) with communication delays. A modified looped-functional, where some matrices are not required to be positive, is introduced by fully utilizing the state information of some intervals. Furthermore, based on the constructed Lyapunov functional, together with the free weighting matrix method, the improved sufficient conditions for consensus of the MASs are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, two numerical simulations are used to illustrate the better performance of the proposed methods than other existing literature.
Semitauonic $B$ decays at Belle/Belle II

It is experimentally observed that ratios of branching fractions for semitauonic and semileptonic $B$ decays, known as the $R(D^{(*)})$, are higher than Standard Model (SM) predictions. The $B \to \bar{D}^{(*)} \tau^{+} \nu_{\tau}$ decays, except for the branching fractions, offer also other observables, in particular, angular observables may determine spin structure of a potential New Physics (NP) providing some clues to explain the $R(D^{(*)})$ puzzle. In this review, polarization measurements in $B \to \bar{D}^{*} \tau^{+} \nu_{\tau}$ decays at Belle are presented and prospects for measurements of characteristics of semitauonic $B$ decays at Belle/Belle II are described.
Effect of size and vacancy defects on buckling properties of arsenene nanosheets

ABSTRACT Vacancy defects and size variations are inevitable in the preparation of arsenene nanosheets, and the effect of size and random distribution of vacancy defects on the buckling properties of arsenene nanosheets is not negligible. Previous research methods, such as molecular dynamics, have limitations in terms of computational cost when investigating this aspect. In this paper, a model of arsenene nanosheets is developed based on the finite element method and the buckling properties of arsenene nanosheets are investigated under various operating conditions such as different sizes, different orientations and the presence of vacancy defects. The results show that the buckling performance of arsenene nanosheets is enhanced by smaller size. In contrast, the presence of vacancy defects leads to the destruction of the original structure of arsenene nanosheets, resulting in a decrease in their buckling properties. This study provides an important contribution to the investigation of the buckling properties of arsenene nanosheets.
An Output Capacitor-Less Low Dropout Regulator Based on Push-Pull Amplifier

In this paper, a fast transient response output capacitor-less low dropout (OCL-LDO) regulator with low quiescent current is presented. A current-mode common-gate differential transconductance amplifier is paired with a push-pull output stage to achieve high slew rate at low quiescent currents. Coupling capacitors are embedded to provide feedback paths to get rid of the limit of bypass bandwidth and a pair of common-mode feedback resistors are used to adjust the dynamic current to improve the transient response performance of the error amplifier. The proposed OCL-LDO is implemented in CMOS 180 nm process, the power supply ranges from 2.5 to 4 V and achieves a stable 1.8 V output over a load range of 0.2-10 mA. The simulation results show that under the maximum load current change, the output voltage spike at 100 ps edge time is less than 340 mV, the settling time is 2.2 us, and the measured quiescent current consumption is 9.25 uA.