Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fine-grained location prediction of non geo-tagged tweets: a multi-view learning approach

Geotagged Social Media (GTSM) data, especially geotagged tweets are valuable sources of information for many important applications. Only small portions of geotagged tweets are available (less than 3%). Identifying tweet location is a challenging problem that has attracted the interest of both academic and industry fields. Existing approaches have satisfactory accuracy at country and city level, but fail in locating more precisely the tweets. This paper presents FLAIR, an approach for geolocating tweets at finer granularities. Our objective is to predict the tweet location in a well-known and pre-defined area, that is to reduce the distance error between the predicted and real locations. In this work, we propose a location prediction model leveraging spatial model for POIs extracted from a text from one hand, and textual model comparing text similarity between geotagged and non-geotagged tweets, from another hand. We adopt a multi-view learning approach to combine the results of both predictions. Experimental results show that our proposed model outperforms the existing solutions.
Predictors of progression in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies with interstitial lung disease

Abstract The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a group of connective tissue diseases that afect multiple organ systems, including the lungs. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the most common and heterogeneous complication of IIMs, with its degree ranging from mild to fatal. Thus, it is critical to identify clinical features and validated biomarkers for predicting disease progression and prognosis, which could be beneficial for therapy adjustment. In this review, we discuss predictors for rapid progression of IIM-ILD and propose guidance for disease monitoring and implications of therapy. Systematic screening of myositis-specific antibodies, measuring serum biomarker levels, pulmonary function tests, and chest high-resolution computer tomography will be beneficial for the evaluation of disease progression and prognosis.
Adaptive finite element methods for sparse PDE-constrained optimization

We propose and analyse reliable and efficient a posteriori error estimators for an optimal control problem that involves a nondifferentiable cost functional, the Poisson problem as state equation and control constraints. To approximate the solution to the state and adjoint equations we consider a piecewise linear finite element method, whereas three different strategies are used to approximate the control variable: piecewise constant discretization, piecewise linear discretization and the so-called variational discretization approach. For the first two aforementioned solution techniques we devise an error estimator that can be decomposed as the sum of four contributions: two contributions that account for the discretization of the control variable and the associated subgradient and two contributions related to the discretization of the state and adjoint equations. The error estimator for the variational discretization approach is decomposed only in two contributions that are related to the discretization of the state and adjoint equations. On the basis of the devised a posteriori error estimators, we design simple adaptive strategies that yield optimal rates of convergence for the numerical examples that we perform.
Quantum theory of measurements as quantum decision theory

Theory of quantum measurements is often classified as decision theory. An event in decision theory corresponds to the measurement of an observable. This analogy looks clear for operationally testable simple events. However, the situation is essentially more complicated in the case of composite events. The most difficult point is the relation between decisions under uncertainty and measurements under uncertainty. We suggest a unified language for describing the processes of quantum decision making and quantum measurements. The notion of quantum measurements under uncertainty is introduced. We show that the correct mathematical foundation for the theory of measurements under uncertainty, as well as for quantum decision theory dealing with uncertain events, requires the use of positive operator-valued measure that is a generalization of projection-valued measure. The latter is appropriate for operationally testable events, while the former is necessary for characterizing operationally uncertain events. In both decision making and quantum measurements, one has to distinguish composite nonentangled events from composite entangled events. Quantum probability can be essentially different from classical probability only for entangled events. The necessary condition for the appearance of an interference term in the quantum probability is the occurrence of entangled prospects and the existence of an entangled strategic state of a decision maker or of an entangled statistical state of a measuring device.
Wall Stress Distributions in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Do Not Correlate With Symptoms

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a permanent and irreversible dilation of the lower region of the aorta. It is typically an asymptomatic condition that if left untreated can expand to the point of rupture. Mechanically-speaking, rupture of an artery occurs when the local wall stress exceeds the local wall strength. It is therefore understandable that numerous studies have attempted to estimate the AAA wall stress. Recently the Intelligent Systems for Medicine Laboratory (ISML) presented a very efficient method to compute AAA wall stress using geometry from Computed Tomography (CT) images, and median arterial pressure as the applied load. The ISML's method is embedded in the software platform BioPARR - Biomechanics based Prediction of Aneurysm Rupture Risk, freely available from this http URL. The uniqueness of our stress computation approach is three-fold: i) the results are insensitive to unknown patient-specific mechanical properties of arterial wall tissue; ii) the residual stress is accounted for, according to Y.C. Fung's Uniform Stress Hypothesis; and iii) the analysis is automated and quick, making our approach compatible with clinical workflows. In this study we evaluated 19 cases of AAA. A proportion of these were classified as symptomatic. The results of the analysis demonstrate, contrary to the common view, that neither the wall stress magnitude nor the stress distribution correlate with the presence of clinical symptoms.
Hydrologic recovery after wildfire: A framework of approaches, metrics, criteria, trajectories, and timescales

Abstract Deviations in hydrologic processes due to wildfire can alter streamflows across the hydrograph, spanning peak flows to low flows. Fire-enhanced changes in hydrologic processes, including infiltration, interception, and evapotranspiration, and the resulting streamflow responses can affect water supplies, through effects on the quantity, quality, and timing of water availability. Post-fire shifts in hydrologic processes can also alter the timing and magnitude of floods and debris flows. The duration of hydrologic deviations from a pre-fire condition or function, sometimes termed hydrologic recovery, is a critical concern for land, water, and emergency managers. We reviewed and summarized terminology and approaches for defining and assessing hydrologic recovery after wildfire, focusing on statistical and functional definitions. We critically examined advantages and drawbacks of current recovery assessment methods, outline challenges to determining recovery, and call attention to selected opportunities for advancement of post-fire hydrologic recovery assessment. Selected challenges included hydroclimatic variability, post-fire land management, and spatial and temporal variability. The most promising opportunities for advancing assessment of hydrologic recovery include: (1) combining statistical and functional recovery approaches, (2) using a greater diversity of post-fire observations complemented with hydrologic modeling, and (3) defining optimal assemblages of recovery metrics and criteria for common hydrologic concerns and regions.
Complex Langevin simulation of quantum vortices in a Bose-Einstein condensate

The ab-initio simulation of quantum vortices in a Bose-Einstein condensate is performed by adopting the complex Langevin techniques. We simulate the nonrelativistic boson field theory at finite chemical potential under rotation. In the superfluid phase, vortices are generated above a critical angular velocity and the circulation is clearly quantized even in the presence of quantum fluctuations.
Pioneer 10 and 11 Spacecraft Anomalous Acceleration in the light of the Nonsymmetric Kaluza–Klein (Jordan–Thiry) Theory

The Nonsymmetric Kaluza–Klein (Jordan–Thiry) Theory leads to a model of a modified acceleration that can fit an anomalous acceleration experienced by the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft. The future positions of those spacecrafts are predicted using distorted hyperbolic orbit. A connection between an anomalous acceleration and a Hubble constant is solved in the theory together with a relation to a cosmological constant in CDMΛ model. In the paper we consider an exact solution of a point mass motion in the Solar System under an influence of an anomalous acceleration. We find two types of orbits: periodic and chaotic. Both orbits are bounded. This means there is no possibility to escape from the Solar System. Some possibilities to avoid this conclusion are considered. We resolve also a coincidence between an anomalous acceleration and the cosmological constant using a paradigm of modern cosmology. Relativistic effects and a cosmological drifting of a gravitational constant are considered. The model of an anomalous acceleration does not cause any contradiction with Solar System observations. We give a full statistical analysis of the model. We consider also a full formalism of the Nonsymmetric Jordan–Thiry Theory for the problem and present a relativistic model of an anomalous acceleration. We consider the model for General Relativity approximation, i.e. gμν≠ημν ( gμν=gνμ ). In this model there are no contradictions with General Relativity tests in the Solar System. Pioneer 10/11 spacecrafts will come back in 106 years (a time scale of our periodic solutions is 106 years). Moreover, almost relativistic or relativistic spacecrafts can escape from the Solar System. We consider also a model of a relativistic acceleration which is more complicated, with gμν≠gνμ taken into account.
THE LUMINOSITY PROFILES OF BRIGHTEST CLUSTER GALAXIES

We have derived detailed R-band luminosity profiles and structural parameters for a total of 430 brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), down to a limiting surface brightness of 24.5 mag arcsec−2. Light profiles were initially fitted with a Sérsic's R1/n model, but we found that 205 (∼48%) BCGs require a double component model to accurately match their light profiles. The best fit for these 205 galaxies is an inner Sérsic model, with indices n ∼ 1–7, plus an outer exponential component. Thus, we establish the existence of two categories of the BCG luminosity profiles: single and double component profiles. We found that double profile BCGs are brighter (∼0.2 mag) than single profile BCGs. In fact, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test applied to these subsamples indicates that they have different total magnitude distributions, with mean values MR = −23.8 ± 0.6 mag for single profile BCGs and MR = −24.0 ± 0.5 mag for double profile BCGs. We find that partial luminosities for both subsamples are indistinguishable up to r = 15 kpc, while for r > 20 kpc the luminosities we obtain are on average 0.2 mag brighter for double profile BCGs. This result indicates that extra-light for double profile BCGs does not come from the inner region but from the outer regions of these galaxies. The best-fit slope of the Kormendy relation for the whole sample is a = 3.13 ± 0.04. However, when fitted separately, single and double profile BCGs show different slopes: asingle = 3.29 ± 0.06 and adouble = 2.79 ± 0.08. Also, the logarithmic slope of the metric luminosity α is higher in double profile BCGs (αdouble = 0.65 ± 0.12) than in single profile BCGs (αsingle = 0.59 ± 0.14). The mean isophote outer ellipticity (calculated at μ ∼ 24 mag arcsec−2) is higher in double profile BCGs (edouble = 0.30 ± 0.10) than in single profile BCGs (esingle = 0.26 ± 0.11). Similarly, the mean absolute value of inner minus outer ellipticity is also higher in double profile BCGs. From a subsample of 24 BCGs, we found strong evidence that extra-light at intermediate radii in double profile BCGs is related to the presence of a faint stellar envelope. Similarly, from another subsample of 12 BCGs we also found that extra-light is related to star formation. On the other hand, we did not find differences between these two BCG categories when we compared global cluster properties such as the BCG-projected position relative to the cluster X-ray center emission, X-ray luminosity, or BCG orientation with respect to the cluster position angle.
Invariant Connections and Symmetry Reduction in Loop Quantum Gravity

The intention of this thesis is to provide general tools and concepts that allow to perform a mathematically substantiated symmetry reduction in (quantum) gauge field theories. Here, the main focus is on the framework of loop quantum gravity (LQG), where we concentrate on the reduction of the quantum configuration space, and the construction of a normalized Radon measures on the reduced one. More precisely, we introduce a new way to symmetry reduce the LQG-configuration space directly on the quantum level, and then show that this always leads to a (strictly) larger reduced space than quantizing the classical configuration space of invariant connections (traditional approach). We prove a general classification theorem for such invariant connections, which we then use to calculate the classical configuration space for the homogeneous and the spherically symmetric case. Here, the backbone of the introduced reduction concept is a lifting result for group actions on sets to spectra of $C^*$-subalgebras of the bounded functions thereon; and as a further application of this, we single out the standard kinematical Hilbert space of homogeneous isotropic loop quantum cosmology by means of the same invariance condition for both the standard configuration space $\mathbb{R}_{\mathrm{Bohr}}$, as well as for the Fleischhack one $\mathbb{R}\sqcup\mathbb{R}_{\mathrm{Bohr}}$. Along the way, symmetries of embedded analytic curves under a given analytic Lie group action are investigated, and a first classification result is proven for the case that the action is proper or pointwise proper and transitive, and only admits normal stabilizers.
Lithium abundance in the globular cluster M4: from the turn‐off to the red giant branch bump

We present Li and Fe abundances for 87 stars in the globular cluster M4, obtained by using high-resolution spectra collected with GIRAFFE at the Very Large Telescope. The targets range from the turn-off up to the red giant branch bump. The Li abundance in the turn-off stars is uniform, with an average value equal to A(Li)= 2.30 ± 0.02 dex (σ= 0.10 dex), consistent with the upper envelope of Li content measured in other globular clusters and in the halo field stars, confirming also for M4 the discrepancy with the primordial Li abundance predicted by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe+ big bang nucleosynthesis (WMAP+BBNS). The global behaviour of A(Li) as a function of the effective temperature allows us to identify the two main drops in the Li evolution due to the first dredge-up and to the extra-mixing episode after the red giant branch bump. The measured iron content of M4 results to [Fe/H]=−1.10 ± 0.01 dex (σ= 0.07 dex), with no systematic offsets between dwarf and giant stars. The behaviour of the Li and Fe abundances along the entire evolutionary path is incompatible with theoretical models including pure atomic diffusion, pointing out that an additional turbulent mixing below the convective region needs to be taken into account, able to inhibit the atomic diffusion. The measured value of A(Li) and its homogeneity in the turn-off stars allow us to put strong constraints on the shape of the Li profile inside the M4 turn-off stars. The global behaviour of A(Li) with the effective temperature can be reproduced with different pristine Li abundances, depending on the kind of adopted turbulent mixing. One cannot reproduce the global trend that starts from the WMAP+BBNS A(Li) and adopts the turbulent mixing described by Richard, Michaud & Richer with the same efficiency as that used by Korn et al. to explain the Li content in NGC 6397. In fact, such a solution is not able to well reproduce simultaneously the Li abundance observed in turn-off and red giant branch stars. However, the WMAP+BBNS A(Li) can be reproduced assuming a more efficient turbulent mixing able to reach deeper stellar regions where the Li is burned. We conclude that the cosmological Li discrepancy cannot be easily solved with the present, poor understanding of the turbulence in the stellar interiors, and a future effort to well understand the true nature of this non-canonical process is needed.
[C II] 158 μm and [N II] 205 μm emission from IC 342 - Disentangling the emission from ionized and photo-dissociated regions

Context. Atomic fine-structure line emission is a major cooling process in the interstellar medium (ISM). In particular the [C II] 158 μ m line is one of the dominant cooling lines in photon-dominated regions (PDRs). However, it is not confined to PDRs but can also originate from the ionized gas closely surrounding young massive stars. The proportion of the [C II] emission from H II regions relative to that from PDRs can vary significantly. Aims. We investigate the question of how much of the [C II] emission in the nucleus of the nearby spiral galaxy IC 342 is contributed by PDRs and by the ionized gas. We examine the spatial variations of starburst/PDR activity and study the correlation of the [C II] line with the [N II] 205 μ m emission line coming exclusively from the H II regions. Methods. We present small maps of [C II] 158 μ m and [N II] 205 μ m lines recently observed with the GREAT receiver on board SOFIA. We present different methods to utilize the superior spatial and spectral resolution of our new data to infer information on how the gas kinematics in the nuclear region influence the observed line profiles. In particular we present a super-resolution method to derive how unresolved, kinematically correlated structures in the beam contribute to the observed line shapes. Results. We find that the emission coming from the ionized gas shows a kinematic component in addition to the general Doppler signature of the molecular gas. We interpret this as the signature of two bi-polar lobes of ionized gas expanding out of the galactic plane. We then show how this requires an adaptation of our understanding of the geometrical structure of the nucleus of IC 342. Examining the starburst activity we find ratios I ( [C II] ) / I ( 12 CO(1−0)) between 400 and 1800 in energy units. Applying predictions from numerical models of H II and PDR regions to derive the contribution from the ionized phase to the total [C II] emission we find that 35−90% of the observed [C II] intensity stems from the ionized gas if both phases contribute. Averaged over the central few hundred parsec we find for the [C II] contribution a H II-to-PDR ratio of 70:30. Conclusions. The ionized gas in the center of IC 342 contributes more strongly to the overall [C II] emission than is commonly observed on larger scales and than is predicted. Kinematic analysis shows that the majority of the [C II] emission is related to the strong but embedded star formation in the nuclear molecular ring and only marginally emitted from the expanding bi-polar lobes of ionized gas.
Topological Chiral Edge States in Deep‐Subwavelength Valley Photonic Metamaterials

Topological valley photonics has emerged as a new frontier in photonics with many promising applications. Previous valley boundary transport relies on kink states at internal boundaries between two topologically distinct domains. However, recent studies have revealed a novel class of topological chiral edge states (CESs) at external boundaries of valley materials, which have remained elusive in photonics. Here, topological CESs are proposed and experimentally demonstrated in valley photonic metamaterials (VPMMs) by accurately tuning on‐site edge potentials. Moreover, the VPMMs work at deep‐subwavelength scales. Thus, the supported CESs are highly confined and self‐guiding without relying on a cladding layer to prevent leakage radiation. Via direct near‐field measurements, the bulk bandgap, the edge dispersions, and the robust edge transport passing through sharp corners, which are hallmark signatures of the CESs, are observed. This work paves a way to explore novel topological edge states in valley photonics and sheds light on robust and miniaturized photonic devices.
AT-GAN: A Generative Attack Model for Adversarial Transferring on Generative Adversarial Nets

We propose a new attack model called AT-GAN that transfers generative adversarial nets (GANs) for adversarial attacks. Different from existing attacks that add small perturbations to the input images, AT-GAN tries to explore the distribution of adversarial instances so as to directly generate the adversarial examples from any random noise. In this way, the generated adversarial examples are not limited to any natual images. Also, compared with the ioneer work using GAN that do iterations of gradient descent to search for a good noise in the neighborhood of an original random noise such that the corresponding output of GAN is an adversial example, our model is a generative model that tries to learn the distribution of the adversial examples. Once AT-GAN is trained, it can generate adversarial images and the output is not limited to the input noise. Experiments show that AT-GAN is very fast and can generate plenty of adversarial instances that look more realistic to human eyes, AT-GAN yields a higher attack success rate under various adversarial training defenses for semi-whitebox as well as black-box attack settings, and AT-GAN can learn a distribution of adversarial examples that is very close to the distribution of the real data.