Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward an understanding of the properties of neural network approaches for supernovae light curve approximation

The modern time-domain photometric surveys collect a lot of observations of various astronomical objects, and the coming era of large-scale surveys will provide even more information. Most of the objects have never received a spectroscopic follow-up, which is especially crucial for transients e.g. supernovae. In such cases, observed light curves could present an aﬀordable alternative. Time series are actively used for photometric classiﬁcation and characterization, such as peak and luminosity decline estimation. However, the collected time series are multidimensional, irregularly sampled, contain outliers, and do not have well-deﬁned systematic uncertainties. Machine learning methods help extract useful information from available data in the most eﬃcient way. We consider several light curve approximation methods based on neural networks: Multilayer Perceptrons, Bayesian Neural Networks, and Normalizing Flows, to approximate observations of a single light curve. Tests using both the simulated PLAsTiCC and real Zwicky Transient Facility data samples demonstrate that even few observations are enough to ﬁt networks and achieve better approximation quality than other state-of-the-art methods. We show that the methods described in this work have better computational complexity and work faster than Gaussian Processes. We analyze the performance of the approximation techniques aiming to ﬁll the gaps in the observations of the light curves, and show that the use of appropriate technique increases the accuracy of peak ﬁnding and supernova classiﬁcation. In addition, the study results are organized in a Fulu Python library available on GitHub, which can be easily used by the community.
Stagnant slabs in the upper and lower mantle transition region

We made a region‐by‐region examination of subducted slab images along the circum‐Pacific for some of the recent global mantle tomographic models, specifically for two high‐resolution P velocity models and two long‐wavelength S velocity models. We extracted the slab images that are most consistent among different models. We found that subducted slabs tend to be subhorizontally deflected or flattened in the upper and lower mantle transition region, the depth range of which corresponds roughly to the Bullen transition region (400–1000 km). The deflected or flattened slabs reside at different depths, either above or across the 660‐km discontinuity as in Chile Andes, Aleutian, Southern Kurile, Japan, and Izu‐Bonin; slightly below the discontinuity as in Northern Kurile, Mariana, and Philippine; or well below it as in Peru Andes, Java, and Tonga‐Kermadec. There is little indication for most of these slabs to continue “directly” to greater depths well beyond the transition region. Mantle downflow associated with present slab subduction appears to be blocked strongly to turn into predominantly horizontal flow in the transition region. Recent global tomographic models show also a group of lithospheric slabs deeply sinking through the lower mantle, typically the presumed Farallon slab beneath North and Central America and the presumed Indian (Tethys) slab beneath Himalaya and the Bay of Bengal. These remnant slabs are not connected to the surface plates or to the presently subducting slabs and appear to sink independently from the latter. The presence of these deeply sinking slabs implies that the pre‐Eocene subduction occurred in much the same way as in the present day to accumulate slab bodies in the transition region and that the consequent unstable downflow occurred extensively through the transition region in the Eocene epoch to detach many of the surface plates from the subducted slabs at depths and hence to cause the reorganization of global plate motion.
Seismic imaging of reservoir flow properties: Time-lapse amplitude changes

Asymptotic methods provide an efficient means by which to infer reservoir flow properties, such as permeability, from time-lapse seismic data. A trajectory-based methodology, much like ray-based methods for medical and seismic imaging, is the basis for an iterative inversion of time-lapse amplitude changes. In this approach a single reservoir simulation is required for each iteration of the algorithm. A comparison between purely numerical and the trajectory-based sensitivities demonstrates their accuracy. An application to a set of synthetic amplitude changes indicates that they can recover large-scale reservoir permeability variations from time-lapse data. In an application of actual time-lapse amplitude changes from the Bay Marchand field in the Gulf of Mexico we are able to reduce the misfit by 81% in twelve iterations. The time-lapse observations indicate lower permeabilities are required in the central portion of the reservoir.
Edge extraction of small reflection target in SAR image

A edge synthesized extraction method of small reflection target for SAR (synthetic aperture radar) image is proposed. A wavelet de-noising method is obtained based SAR image clutter heterogeneity. SAR image segmentation threshold values are calculated based the criteria of smallest error. The interesting target is obtained after several segmentations. The SAR image target edge appears by morphological operation. The validity of this method is tested by real SAR image.
Nonlinear bacterial load‐streamflow response on a marine beach

Bacterial concentration (Escherichia coli) is used as the key indicator for marine beach water quality in Hong Kong. For beaches receiving streamflow from unsewered catchments, water quality is mainly affected by local nonpoint source pollution and is highly dependent on the bacterial load contributed from the catchment. As most of these catchments are ungauged, the bacterial load is generally unknown. In this study, streamflow and the associated bacterial load contributed from an unsewered catchment to a marine beach, Big Wave Bay, are simulated using a modelling approach. The physically based distributed hydrological model, MIKE‐SHE, and the empirical watershed water quality model (Hydrological Simulation Program – Fortran) are used to simulate streamflow and daily‐averaged E. coli concentration/load, respectively. The total daily derived loads predicted by the model during calibration (June–July 2007) and validation (July–October 2008) periods agree well with empirical validation data, with a percentage difference of 3 and 2%, respectively. The simulation results show a nonlinear relationship between E. coli load and rainfall/streamflow and reveal a source limiting nature of nonpoint source pollution. The derived load is further used as an independent variable in a multiple linear regression (MLR) model to predict daily beach water quality. When compared with the MLR models based solely on hydrometeorological input variables (e.g. rainfall and salinity), the new model based on bacterial load predicts much more realistic E. coli concentrations during rainstorms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Gault of Folkestone

In this paper I have not made any attempt to correlate the Gault of Folkestone with beds of similar age in other parts of England or of the Continent, but simply to describe the Gault as seen at Folkestone, and to give a list of its fossils. Not having had time to examine the Gault in other parts of England, I am not in a position at present to state whether these divisions will hold good over extended areas. Upon some future occasion I hope to place before this Society a more general paper upon the Gault, correlating the various beds. The Geological Magazine for April, 1868 (vol. v. No. 4), contains a most valuable paper entitled the “Albian or Gault of Folkestone,” by Mr. Charles E. De Rance, of the Geological Survey. In this paper Mr. De Rance divides the Gault into eleven zones, all of which are well marked and have been recognized more or less by all geologists and fossil-collectors who have visited the district. Provisional names have been assigned to these beds, indicative either of their colour, position, or fossil contents.
Response of ponderosa pine forests in central Oregon to prescribed underburning

approved: U``rl'-t 14 Kermit A. Cromack,` Jr. Tree growth and soil nutrient responses to prescribed underburning were determined for a period of up to 12 years at four sites in northcentral and central Oregon ponderosa pine stands (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.). Differences reported are significant at a = 0.10. During the first 4-growing-season-measurement period after underburning, ponderosa pine periodic annual increments (PAIs) were reduced for basal area (BA) by 12 to 33 percent at all four sites; for volume, by 8 to 34 percent at two sites; for height, by 12 and 19 percent for the two different intensities of burn treatment at one site; and for quadratic mean diameter, by 11 to 29 percent at three sites. Percent increases in BA in ponderosa pine were reduced by 16 to 31 percent and percent increases in volume by from 3 to 32 percent, both at all four sites. Reductions in PAIs persisted for 12 years-three 4-growing-season measurement periods-at the one site where tree growth was measured for that period of time. The responses of mineral soil and forest floor horizons to prescribed underburning and time were determined at the same four sites. Changes due to treatment immediately after underburning and long-term; due to time; due to treatment x time interaction; and from year to year, irrespective of treatment, were determined. Immediately after underburning, mineral soil bulk density and concentrations of TN, soil organic matter (SOM), and bicarbonate extractable P decreased at one site. Forest floor OM, TN, total P, and total K masses decreased immediately after underburning. The summed (1) masses of forest floor and mineral soil nutrients, ZOM, ETN, I total P, £C//N, EC/Y.TP, and ZN/5:TP, decreased immediately after underburning in the high fuel consumption treatment units at Lava Butte. Soil pH increased after underburning and remained elevated by about 0.2 pH units for up to 12 years-the duration of the study. Soils with low initial concentrations of TN, SOM, or CEC appeared more likely to show changes in these nutrients or properties due to prescribed underburning. Response of Ponderosa Pine Forests in Central Oregon to Prescribed Underburning by Johanna D. Landsberg A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed October 15, 1992 Commencement June 1993
Interdecadal Thermohaline Oscillations in a Sector Ocean General Circulation Model: Advective and Convective Processes

Abstract Oceanic interdecadal thermohaline oscillations are investigated with a coarse-resolution version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Modular Ocean Model. The geometry of the model is a box with a depth of 5000 m and a longitudinal width of 60°, spanning latitudes from 14.5° to 66.5°N. The model ocean is forced by a zonal wind stress, a heat flux parameterized by restoring the surface temperature toward a reference value, and a specified surface freshwater flux. Zonal wind stress, reference temperature, and freshwater flux are all longitudinally uniform, time-independent, and vary meridionally. It is shown that the ocean model can be in a state of interdecadal oscillations, and a physical mechanism is explained. For these oscillatory solutions, both surface mean heat flux and basin mean kinetic energy vary with interdecadal periods. Temperature and salinity budget analyses reveal that these oscillations depend primarily on advective and convective processes. Horizontal advective heat tran.
Assessment of the water quality and spatial distribution of the major pollutants in Ngerengere River Catchment, Tanzania.

Pollution from natural and anthropogenic processes threatens available fresh water resources. This is the case for Ngerengere River in Wami/Ruvu basin in Tanzania. The pollution is aggravated by agricultural and industrial wastewater from upstream sources. The deteriorating water quality poses risks to health and livelihoods, with most affected communities located downstream of the catchment. Few studies have been done on pollution in Ngerengere River catchment. Hence little information is available on the distribution and contribution of major sources of pollution and their impacts to downstream users. This study aimed at assessing the spatial distribution of potentially polluting agricultural and industrial activities, and their contribution to pollution in the catchment. Specifically, the physico-chemical assessment of pollution levels along the river was done, followed by the assessment of river health through biological assessment of macroinvertebratesâ€™ sensitivity and diversity. Furthermore, mapping of the spatial distribution of pollution sources and the estimation of their relation to pollution levels were undertaken. During the study period (February- March 2011), four sampling campaigns at nine points were assessed for physicochemical parameters (including heavy metals), according to Standard Methods. Pollution levels were correlated to the distribution of pollution sources through overlaying landuse and pollution distribution maps and calculating the dominant landuse in a selected buffer area from the sampling points. The GIS work was done using the ArcGIS software. River health was assessed through the diversity of macro-invertebrates according to the SASS 5 Method. Results showed high concentrations of physico-chemical parameters, which give indications of intensive agricultural activities and industrial activities. Total Phosphate showed a maximum concentration of 5mg/l, while TKN reached 120mg/l at the industrial release point. Peak concentrations of Cadmium were observed to be 0.104 mg/l and similar trends existed for other heavy metals. These results were believed to be due to the textile effluent released upstream of the catchment and the increasing rate of agricultural development in the catchment. The results indicated high pollution and implied severe impacts to downstream users. Overall, results for bio-assessment indicated poor biological health of the river due to low diversity, abundance and richness. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in the physico-chemical concentrations and bioassessment results along the river at 95% confidence levels. From the mapping, the spatial distribution of pollution and landuse gave indication of the relationships between the pollution sources. The results obtained provided baseline information, which may be used in the development of appropriate Water Quality Management Systems. ,WATERnet
Refugee Onward Migration and the Changing Ethnic Geography of Scotland

Abstract The 2011 Census showed that Scotland's population had increased and part of this increase is due to inward migration. Among the in-migrants, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of black and minority ethnic people living in Scotland, notably those with a ‘black’ ethnicity. So, the ethnic geography of Scotland is changing and this appears to be due in part to significant numbers of asylum seekers and refugees who have been housed in Glasgow in recent years. This paper reports on two research studies carried out with refugees to explore their decision-making processes and the reasons why many have opted to stay in Scotland. Among the important factors identified are education (with children settled in schools), the availability of housing, a sense of loyalty to cities like Glasgow for accepting them, and the absence of obvious onward destinations. Some onward migration has taken place, but the numbers who have chosen to remain have had an important effect on the ethnic make-up of the country. The paper seeks to extend our understanding of the long-term implications of refugee decision-making for Scotland's ethnic geography.
Adoption of improved irrigation scheduling methods in Alberta: An empirical analysis

This study examines the adoption of improved irrigation scheduling methods in Alberta and identifies the major factors that influence farmers’ decisions to adopt them. The data were collected in a large farm-household survey conducted in 12 irrigation districts as well as among private irrigators in southern Alberta. Results show that the most commonly adopted improved irrigation scheduling method was the “feel and appearance (of soil) method. ” Only a few farmers adopted other methods. Based on descriptive and econometric analysis (logit and Tobit models), the sources of information, the size of the farm, farm succession and accessing external support significantly influenced the adoption decision of farmers. Cette étude examine l’adoption d’une méthode améliorée de planification de l’irrigation en Alberta, et identifie les principaux facteurs qui influencent les décisions des agriculteurs. Les données ont été recueillies selon un vaste sondage conduit auprès des ménages agricoles dans 12 districts d’irrigation, ainsi que les irrigants privés dans le sud de l’Alberta. Les résultats montrent que la méthode améliorée de planification de l’irrigation la plus adoptée est la méthode de “toucher et l’aspect (de sol). ” Seulement quelques agriculteurs ont adopté des autres méthodes. Basé sur l’analyse descriptive et économétrique (Les modèles Logit et Tobit), les sources d’information, la taille de la ferme, la succession de la ferme, et l’accès de soutien externe ont significativement influencé la décision d’adoption des agriculteurs.
Bayesian Inference on Earthquake Size Distribution: A Case Study in Italy

Abstract This article is focused on the study of earthquake size statistical distribution by using Bayesian inference. The strategy consists in the definition of an a priori distribution based on instrumental seismicity and modeled as a power-law distribution. By using the observed historical data, the power law is then modified in order to obtain the posterior distribution. The aim of this article is to define the earthquake size distribution using all the seismic database available (i.e., instrumental and historical catalogs) and a robust statistical technique. We apply this methodology to the Italian seismicity, dividing the territory in source zones as done for the seismic hazard assessment, taken here as a reference model. The results suggest that each area has its own peculiar trend: while the power law is able to capture the mean aspect of the earthquake size distribution, the posterior emphasizes different slopes in different areas. Our results are in general agreement with the ones used in the seismic hazard assessment in Italy. However, there are areas in which a flattening in the curve is shown, meaning a significant departure from the power-law behavior and implying that there are some local aspects that a power-law distribution is not able to capture.
Evaluation of the radiation dose from radon ingestion and inhalation in drinking water

Radon and its radioactive progenies in indoor places are recognized as the main sources of public exposure from the natural radioactive sources. The tap water used for drinking and other household uses can increase the indoor radon level. In the present research, drinking water samples were collected from various places and supplies of public water used in Mashhad city which has about 4 million population. Then radon concentration has been measured by PRASSI system three times for each sample. Results show that about 75% of water samples have radon concentration gathered than 10 Bq/L which advised EPA as a normal level. According to measurements data, the arithmetic mean of radon concentration for all samples was 16.238 ± 9.322 Bq/L. Similarly, the annual effective dose in stomach and lung per person has been evaluated in this research. According to the advice of WHO and EU Council, just 2 samples induced the total annual effective dose greater than 0.1 mSv/y. Key words: Radon, effective dose, drinking water, PRASSI system, Mashhad city.
Fast depletion of gaseous elemental mercury in the Kongsvegen Glacier snowpack in Svalbard

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM, Hg°) was measured in the snowpack interstitial air on the Kongsvegen Glacier (Svalbard) between the surface and 190 cm depth. A rapid depletion of GEM from ∼5 to 0.4 ng.m−3 in the snowpack air was measured in less than 8 hours at a calculated depletion rate of ∼0.5–0.7 ng.m−3.h−1 while concentration of GEM above the snow stayed constant about 1.7 ng.m−3. This depletion could only be explained by chemical processes and this study suggests that Br. could be the most important reactant for the oxidation of GEM in the interstitial snow air. The lifetime of GEM was estimated to be ∼10 minutes with second order reaction rate constant between GEM and Br. of about ∼2 × 10−11 cm−3.molecule−1.s−1. These first experimental kinetic values for GEM oxidation in the snow air are in good agreement with both theoretical and modelling studies previously reported.
Multifractal analysis and modeling of rainfall and river flows and scaling, causal transfer functions

River flows have been known to be scaling for over 40 years and scaling notions have developed rapidly since the 1980s. Using the framework of universal multifractals and time series of rainfall and river runoff for 30 French catchments (basin sizes of 40 km 2 to 200 km 2 ) from 1 day to 30 years, we quantify types and extent of the scaling regimes. For both flow and rain series, we observed a scale break at roughly 16 days, which we associate with the synoptic maximum ; the time scale of structures of planetary spatial extent. For the two scaling regimes in both series, we estimate the universal multifractal parameters as well as the critical exponents associated with multifractal phase transitions. Using these exponents, we perform (causal) multifractal time series simulations and show how a simple (linear) scaling transfer function can be used to relate the low-frequency rainfall series to the corresponding river flow series. The highfrequency regime requires nonlinear transforms.
Fracture permeability and groundwater flow in clayey till near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Field and laboratory studies of a clayey unweathered glacial till have shown that its bulk permeability exceeds its matrix permeability by two orders of magnitude. Such findings are common for weathered till but are rare for unweathered till, and have important implications for groundwater recharge and contaminant transport. The till in question is 6 m thick and appears to be unweathered and unfractured. It is overlain by 12 m of weathered and highly fractured till. Results of consolidation tests on the unweathered till indicate a mean vertical hydraulic conductivity of 3.5 × 10−11 m∙s−1 and a mean specific storage of 1.3 × 10−4 m−1. Results of slug tests yield a horizontal hydraulic conductivity of about 5 × 10−9 m∙s−1. Drawdowns in the till in response to pumping from the aquifer below indicate a vertical hydraulic diffusivity of 4.5 × 10−5m2∙s−1. The slug test results combined with specific storage results from consolidation tests indicate a similar value for horizontal hydraulic diffusivity of 4 × 10−.