Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IFN-γ lowers tumor growth by increasing glycolysis and lactate production in a nitric oxide-dependent manner: implications for cancer immunotherapy

Introduction Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), the sole member of the type-II interferon family, is well known to protect the host from infectious diseases as well as mount anti-tumor responses. The amounts of IFN-γ in the tumor microenvironment determine the host responses against tumors; however, several tumors employ evasive strategies by responding to low IFN-γ signaling. Methods In this study, the response of various tumor cell lines to IFN-γ was studied in vitro. Results IFN-γ-activation increases glycolytic flux and reduces mitochondrial function in a nitric oxide (NO)- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner in the H6 hepatoma tumor cell line. The higher glycolysis further fueled NO and ROS production, indicating a reciprocal regulation. These processes are accompanied by Hypoxia inducing factor (HIF)-1α stabilization and HIF-1α-dependent augmentation of the glycolytic flux. The IFN-γ enhancement of lactate production also occurred in other NO-producing cell lines: RAW 264.7 monocyte/macrophage and Renca renal adenocarcinoma. However, two other tumor cell lines, CT26 colon carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma, did not produce NO and lactate upon IFN-γ-activation. HIF-1α stabilization upon IFN-γ-activation led to lower cell growth of B16F10 but not CT26 cells. Importantly, the IFN-γ-activation of both CT26 and B16F10 cells demonstrated significant cellular growth reduction upon metabolic rewiring by exogenous administration of potassium lactate. Discussion Clinical studies have shown the crucial roles of IFN-γ for successful cancer immunotherapies involving checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. The positive implications of this study on the metabolic modulation of IFN-γ activation on heterogeneous tumor cells are discussed.
Evaluation and Error Source Analysis of Convection‐Permitting Forecasts for Localized Nocturnal Rainfall Over a Complex Mountainous Region in Pearl River Delta, South China

The concave mountainous area of Pearl River Delta (PRD) is a summer rainfall hotspot of South China due to the presence of warm‐moist monsoon flow and complex orography. This study evaluated the performance of a convection‐permitting Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in forecasting nocturnal rainfall in this area, focusing on days with low level southwesterly winds during the summers of 2013–2015. Results showed that the nocturnal rainfall exhibited two centers, one located along the large‐scale northern mountains and the other along the small‐scale Huadu Hill. WRF demonstrated superior performance in predicting rainfall over the northern mountainous region. In contrast, WRF significantly underestimated nocturnal rainfall both near local Huadu Hill and in the foothill area of northern mountains, which were strongly influenced by local forcings. Using high‐resolution analyses from Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS) and Automatic Weather Stations observations, we firstly identified the sources of forecast errors in triggering a typical localized nocturnal convection. Results revealed that WRF severely underestimated thermal contrast between the Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration and the concave mountains, leading to the absence of the northeastern/northern inflows toward the cities. Consequently, low level convergence and updrafts near the convection initiation position were too weak to lift air parcels above the severely overestimated level of free convection, thereby failing to trigger the convection. VDRAS‐based sensitivity experiments, with a specific focus on assimilating surface temperature, validated the crucial role of urban‐mountain thermal contrast on local winds that triggered the nocturnal convection.
Heat Shock Factor 1 Inhibition: A Novel Anti-Cancer Strategy with Promise for Precision Oncology

Simple Summary Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor crucial for cellular stress responses. HSF1 activates heat shock proteins (HSPs) in response to proteotoxic stress, aiding in protein folding and maintaining proteostasis. HSF1 is often overexpressed in various cancer cells, fueling malignancy and indicating a poor prognosis. The mechanisms behind HSF1-induced tumorigenesis are complex and cancer type-dependent. Targeting HSF1 presents a novel cancer treatment strategy. Abstract Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor crucial for regulating heat shock response (HSR), one of the significant cellular protective mechanisms. When cells are exposed to proteotoxic stress, HSF1 induces the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) to act as chaperones, correcting the protein-folding process and maintaining proteostasis. In addition to its role in HSR, HSF1 is overexpressed in multiple cancer cells, where its activation promotes malignancy and leads to poor prognosis. The mechanisms of HSF1-induced tumorigenesis are complex and involve diverse signaling pathways, dependent on cancer type. With its important roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, targeting HSF1 offers a novel cancer treatment strategy. In this article, we examine the basic function of HSF1 and its regulatory mechanisms, focus on the mechanisms involved in HSF1′s roles in different cancer types, and examine current HSF1 inhibitors as novel therapeutics to treat cancers.
Slow slip events in Mexico revised from the processing of 11 year GPS observations

[1] The world's largest observed Slow Slip Events (SSE) occurred in 2001–2002 and 2006 in the Guerrero subduction zone, Mexico. Using an improved GPS processing that accounts for time-varying atmospheric phenomena as well as oceanic, atmospheric and hydrologic loading corrections, the 11 year GPS position time series in Guerrero show a noise reduction of ∼50% with respect to previous studies. Thanks to the improved position time series and, in particular, the simultaneous analysis of the three-dimensional GPS observations, we can provide new information about SSEs in the studied area. First, we detect seven nonperiodic anomalous displacements with subcentimeter amplitude, but no quasi-annual anomalies as proposed previously. The displacements seem to occur simultaneously with the observed peaks of non-volcanic tremor activity in the area. Second, we refine the characteristics of the two major SSEs in terms of timing, duration, and cumulative displacements, and highlight the complex surface spatiotemporal evolution of the displacements during these SSEs. In particular, we observe a clear initiation phase for the 2006 SSE as well as ending phases for both large SSEs. The ending phase shows a strong deceleration of the anomalous displacements with respect to the main displacement phase already observed, for the 2001–2002 and 2006 SSEs. The duration of the SSEs increases by 30–40% including the initiation and ending phases. For the 2006 SSE, the main displacement phase also shows spatiotemporal complexity. Our results demonstrate the need for improved three-dimensional GPS processing technique in order to undertake detailed studies of SSEs.
Cultural Tourism Experiences A Development Framework

Unique and memorable experiences are crucial for the long-term sustained differentiation of the tourism sector (ITIC, 2006; Failte Ireland, 2007). Much attention has been centred upon indigenous cultural tourism as a panacea for revitalising and enhancing the wider services sector of the national economy. Indeed, evidence suggests that the experience value of tourism products is the overriding factor influencing customers‘ motivation to visit attractions (Brunner Sperdin and Peters, 2009). Prior research indicates a lack of theory relating to the nature of experiences and the experience development process (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons 2000; Morgan, et al., 2009). This study aims to close this extant knowledge gap by enhancing our understanding of the nature of cultural tourism experiences and the process by which they can be developed. To achieve this aim, a critical review of literature in the product, service, experience and tourism arenas generated a conceptual framework for the development of cultural tourism experiences. Through the adoption of a qualitative case study of a best practice cultural tourism organisation, the study was able to explore both the nature of cultural tourism experiences and the manner by which they are developed in practice, leading to a refined framework. The major outcome of the study is an experience framework that defines, identifies and articulates the elements of cultural tourism experiences and offers a pragmatic “how to” framework that provides understanding and guidance of the stages and activities of the experience development process. Notably, the study posits learning as the core activity of cultural tourism and emotional outcomes as the core value delivered. Practitioners must create learning opportunities which reinforce personal values and facilitate a range of emotional outcomes based on an understanding of visitors‘ deeper and emotional needs. This study also highlights the equal importance of three types of interaction that stimulate experiences: experience provider to tourist, tourist to tourist and tourist to context. Hence, cultural tourism organisations need to design and offer activities which encourage visitor interaction and active participation to personally create experiences. From a theoretical standpoint, this research has advanced tourism experience literature by delineating the elements that comprise a cultural tourism experience namely, contextual, interactional and emotional outcomes and enhances understanding of the experience development process. The framework clarifies the true nature of cultural tourism experiences and makes a significant contribution to cultural tourism practice as it offers practitioners a pragmatic and implementable process framework to develop new tourism offerings which are capable of generating unique and memorable experiences. From a theoretical standpoint, this research has shown that cultural tourism experiences are no longer ambiguous and abstract.
Heterogeneity in Physio-Chemical Traits of Milk across Buffalo Breeds in Haryana

This research paper presents a comparative analysis of the physio-chemical properties of milk from three different buffalo breeds in Haryana, namely Murrah, Nilli-Ravi, and Surti. The study aimed to evaluate various parameters including fat content, solid not fat (SNF), total solids, protein content, density, lactose content, titratable acidity, freezing point, pH, and specific gravity. A total of 60 buffaloes, 20 from each breed, were selected for the study, and milk samples were collected twice a day, in the morning and evening. The analysis revealed significant differences among the three buffalo breeds in terms of their milk composition. The Murrah breed exhibited the highest fat content (8.02), while the Nilli-Ravi had the lowest (8.14). For SnF values, Murrah shows highest values of 9.41 and Surti buffalo shows lowest 8.78. Similarly, variations were observed in other parameters across different breeds. These results can assist in breed selection for improved milk production, processing, and product development. Furthermore, the data obtained can serve as a valuable resource for dairy industry stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and researchers in the field of dairy science and technology. Future studies could explore the relationship between physio-chemical properties and milk yield, as well as investigating the impact of these variations on the processing and quality of dairy products.
Evidence Accumulates: Patients with Ascending Aneurysms Are Strongly Protected from Atherosclerotic Disease

Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may be fatal upon rupture or dissection and remain a leading cause of death in the developed world. Understanding the pathophysiology of the development of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may help reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the protective relationship between ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms and the development of atherosclerosis, including decreased carotid intima–media thickness, low-density lipoprotein levels, coronary and aortic calcification, and incidence of myocardial infarction. We also propose several possible mechanisms driving this relationship, including matrix metalloproteinase proteins and transforming growth factor-β.
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF NATURAL BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND HIGH PRESSURE PROCESSING AGAINST POTENTIAL PATHOGENS IN INFANT FOODS

OF THE DISSERTATION ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF NATURAL BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND HIGH PRESSURE PROCESSING AGAINST POTENTIAL PATHOGENS IN INFANT FOODS This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of bioactive plant compounds along with high pressure processing (HPP) against pathogens Bacillus cereus and Cronobacter sakazakii in infant formula and infant rice cereal. The influence of these applications on antimicrobial activity, shelf-life and sensory attributes of infant foods were examined. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and [10]-Gingerol (GI) were incorporated (0.05%) in infant rice cereal reconstituted with infant formula. The cereal was inoculated with either B. cereus (ATCC 14579) or B. cereus spores (107-108 log CFU g-1). All the samples were stored at 7, 23 or 37°C for 0, 4, 8 and 24 h. TC showed the highest antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the B. cereus and its spores up to 2.72 and 3.8 log CFU g-1, respectively. HPP (600 MPa for 5 m), and TC (0.05-0.1%) along with Chitosan (CH) (1%), were applied to reconstituted powder infant formula which was inoculated with either 3 strains of C. sakazakii (ATCC 29544, ATCC 12868, and ATCC BAA 894) or 5 strains of B. cereus spore (ATCC 14579, ATCC 33018, ATCC 12826, ATCC 4342, and Difco Spores) cocktail (107-108 log CFU ml-1). All the samples were stored at 7, 23 or 45°C for 5-8 weeks. HPP and TC (0.1%) combination exhibited the highest inhibition (P < 0.05) by reducing the B. cereus spores 2.97 log CFU ml-1 after 7 d. C. sakazakii was fully inactivated by HPP, TC (0.05%) and C (1%) combination following 8 weeks of storage at 7 and 23°C and 2 weeks storage at 45°C. The combination of HPP and bioactive compounds exhibited additive antimicrobial effect. Gradual decrease (P < 0.05) in pH was observed in rice cereal and non-HPP formula samples due to the microbial growth and metabolic activity. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in color, aroma and general appearance of EGCG and GI applied cereal samples, while TC only did exhibit a cinnamon taste. In summary, the antimicrobial findings suggest that TC, EGCG, GI and CH could be incorporated in infant foods along with HPP as natural and safe alternatives to synthetic preservatives and thermal applications.
Study on dominance hierarchy of the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Qinling Mountains

From July 2002 to June 2003,we used focal animal sampling and all-occurrence recording to record the direction and number of occurrences of aggressive and submissive behaviors of 58 Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys from the west ridge troop in the Zhouzhi National Reserve of the Qinling Mountains. The data was then analyzed using the dominance index method. The results revealed that the resident male was the highest-ranking individual within the OMU (One-male unit), the adult females were second rank, then sub-adult females, and finally the juveniles. We also found that a female′s rank in its OMU is unstable: an adult female′s rank will rise after it gives birth. The rank order of the eight OMUs changed between the mating season and the birth season. The highest and lowest-ranking OMUs maintained their positions; while, the remaining units shifted their ranking order between the mating season and birth season.Rank orders might shift due to changes in the degrees of cooperation within the OMUs.
STEM in vocational education and training: The future direction

Vocational education and training (VET) and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education are two distinct but interconnected forms of education that play complementary roles in preparing individuals for the workforce. This work first discusses the relationship between vocational education and STEM education. The breakdown of students in secondary vocational schools (institutions) by subject categories in China in 2021 illustrates that 63% of students in current vocational education in China engage in STEM-related learning. Vocational education and STEM education have a solid inherent logical connection, but vocational education mainly focuses on training within a specific professional field, lacking the integration and comprehensive approach in STEM education. Furthermore, this work explores whether vocational learning would lose competitiveness due to increased labor mobility. It reveals that VET's competitiveness decreased with increased population mobility. Government policies might consider promoting the integration of vocational education and STEM education, enhancing workforce competitiveness through effective generalization of vocational skills in a STEM education framework.
A seismotectonic analysis of the Anza Seismic Gap, San Jacinto Fault Zone, southern California

Small earthquake epicenters near the Anza seismic gap define a 20-km quiescent segment of fault bounded to the northwest and southeast by areas of relatively high seismicity. Recent moderate earthquakes on and near the San Jacinto fault in the gap and their relatively depressed aftershock activity indicate that the fault is seismogenic and highly stressed but locked by some mechanism. The locked nature of the fault may be due to relatively high compressive stress normal to the fault resulting from the convergent geometries of the local, active, discontinuous faults and the oblique orientation of the regional maximum compressive stress. Strain is not being relieved by aseismic fault creep. A swarm of small earthquakes in the crustal block 13 km southwest of the Anza gap beneath the Cahuilla Valley recently released stress in an area which was previously highly active before the 1918 (M 6.8) and 1937 (M_L 6.0) earthquakes. The occurrence of these periods of increased seismicity near Cahuilla in the years immediately before the nearby (closer than 35 km) large earthquakes and the recent swarm suggest that the ground beneath Cahuilla may be acting as a stress meter signaling the presence of high stresses before large local earthquakes. The length of the quiescent fault segment suggests potential for about an M 6.5 earthquake if the entire segment ruptures at once.
The State of the California Current, 1999-2000: Forward to a New Regime?

This report is the latest in an ongoing series that describes oceanographic conditions in the coastal waters of the Californias. The emphasis here is on observations made by CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations) and other programs during the 1999-2000 period. The physical environment off southern California shifted dramatically between 1997 and 1999 from El Nifio (warm anomalies, low productivity) to La Niiia (cool anomalies, high productivity) conditions. The tropical ocean has remained in the La Niiia state through 1999 and into spring 2000, while the region off southern California has been characterized by a vigorous, offshore-displaced California Current, and near-surface temperatures close to the climatological mean. Primary and secondary production in the California Current system have rebounded since the biological drought of the 1997-98 El Niiio. In light of the dramatic variability observed in the CalCOFI region over the past few years, we discuss the physical and biological future of the southern California Current system within the context of a potential large-scale climatic regime shift.
Response Behaviors of Svalbard Reindeer TOwards Humans and Humans Disguised as Polar Bears on Edgeøya

Abstract Due to observed interactions between Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during field work on Edgeøya, Svalbard, we measured response distances for reindeer from a stalking polar bear and improvised five approaches from a person disguised as a polar bear for comparison with human encounters. The alert, flight initiation and escape distances were 1.6, 2.5 and 2.3 times longer, respectively, when Svalbard reindeer were encountered by a person disguised as a polar bear compared to a person in dark hiking gear. Population increase of polar bears on Svalbard and decrease in sea-ice cover in the Arctic region during summer probably results in more frequent interactions with reindeer on the archipelago. Similar reindeer response behavior from encounters with a polar bear and persons disguised as polar bears indicate a predator-prey relationship between the two species on Edgeøya.
Nissl Granules, Axonal Regeneration, and Regenerative Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review

Nissl granules, traditionally recognized for their pivotal role in protein synthesis within neuronal cell bodies, are emerging as intriguing components with far-reaching implications in the realm of regenerative therapeutics. This abstract encapsulates the essence of a comprehensive review, exploring the nexus between Nissl granules, axonal regeneration, and their transformative applications in regenerative medicine. The molecular intricacies of Nissl granules form the foundation of this exploration, unraveling their dynamic role in orchestrating cellular responses, particularly in the context of axonal regeneration. As we delve into the interplay between Nissl granules and regenerative processes, this review highlights the diverse mechanisms through which these granules contribute to neuronal repair and recovery. Beyond their conventional association with neurobiology, recent advancements underscore the translational potential of Nissl granules as therapeutic agents. Insights into their involvement in enhancing axonal regeneration prompt a reconsideration of these granules as key players in the broader field of regenerative medicine. The abstract encapsulates evidence suggesting that modulating Nissl granule-related pathways holds promise for augmenting tissue regeneration, extending their applicability beyond the confines of the nervous system. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for medical professionals, researchers, and clinicians seeking to comprehend the multifaceted role of Nissl granules in regenerative therapeutics. By illuminating the intricate connections between Nissl granules, axonal regeneration, and therapeutic applications, this work aspires to catalyze further research and innovation, ultimately contributing to the evolution of regenerative strategies that harness the innate reparative capacities within cellular constituents.
Impact of an Eddy-Permitting Ocean Resolution on Control and Climate Change Simulations with a Global Coupled GCM.

Abstract Initial results are presented from a 150-yr control and an 80-yr transient simulation of a new global coupled climate model with an ocean model resolution of ⅓°, which is sufficient to permit ocean eddies to form. With no spinup procedure or flux correction, the coupled model remains close to radiative equilibrium, and the enhanced ocean resolution allows an improved ocean state to be simulated; this includes a general decrease in sea surface temperature errors compared to climatology and more realistic large-scale flows compared to previous lower-resolution models. However, the improvements in the atmospheric and coupled model climatology are less pronounced, with small improvements in atmospheric circulation counterbalanced by an El Nino–Southern Oscillation cycle that has peak power at too short a period and with too little power on longer time scales. With the model using exactly the same atmospheric component as a lower-resolution counterpart, the comparison gives some insight into the impac.