Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New evidence of Tasmania's tectonic history from a novel seismic experiment

In March 1995, 44 land‐based recorders were deployed throughout Tasmania, SE Australia, to record seismic energy from an encircling array of marine normal‐incidence reflection shot lines. We invert refraction and wide‐angle reflection traveltimes for crustal structure, with the principal outcome being a map of the Tasmanian Moho. Key tectonic inferences from this map include: (1) the Arthur Lineament metamorphic belt in NW Tasmania overlies a major change in crustal thickness (over 5 km) and probably represents the NW limit of deformation in Tasmania during the Mid‐Late Cambrian Tyennan Orogeny, (2) thickening of the crust beneath central northern Tasmania may be associated with the juxtaposition of the Eastern and Western Tasmania Terranes during the Mid‐Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny, and (3) the difference in crustal thickness between the east and west coasts reflects the presence of differing strain regimes during the Cretaceous break‐up of Gondwana.
A Necessidade de uma Metodologia para a Definição Estratégica da Digitalização do Negócio das PME

A tecnologia da World Wide Web (web), que se suporta na Internet, esta a transformar todas as actividades de negocio em actividades baseadas em informacao, assistindo-se a uma mudanca radical dos modelos teoricos e de organizacao tradicionais. As pequenas e medias empresas (PME) constituem o tipo de empresa que mais vantagens podem retirar da utilizacao da Internet para o comercio (CE) e o negocio (NE) electronico. Constata-se que as metodologias existentes possuem insuficiencias para ajudar as PME a definirem uma tal estrategia. Neste artigo analisa-se o estado da arte e conclui-se da necessidade da definicao de uma metodologia que recolha essas insuficiencias e proponha alternativas que permitam colmatar as mesmas.
1D and 2D Cole‐Cole‐inversion of time‐domain induced‐polarization data

A new method for the 2D inversion of induced polarization (IP) data in the time domain has been developed. The entire IP transients were observed and inverted into 2D Cole‐Cole earth models, including resistivity, chargeability, relaxation time and the frequency constant. Firstly, a modified 1D time‐domain electromagnetic algorithm was used to calculate the response of a layered polarizable ground. The transient signals were then inverted using the Marquardt method to derive the Cole‐Cole parameters of each layer. However, model calculations showed that the EM effects could be neglected for the time range (>1 ms) and for the transmitter–receiver distances (<50 m) used in this study. Therefore, the induction effects were not considered for the solution of the 2D inverse problem and a DC solution was applied. An approximative forward algorithm was introduced in order to calculate the IP transients directly in the time domain and in order to speed up the inverse procedure. The approximation is highly accurate, and this is demonstrated by comparing the approximations with their exact solutions up to 3D.
A nonsplit complex frequency-shifted PML based on recursive integration for FDTD modeling of elastic waves

In finite-difference time-domain FDTD modeling of elastic waves, absorbing boundary conditions are used to mitigate un- fields — it is difficult to adopt a complex frequency--shifted stretching function. We present an alternative implemen-tation of a PML that is based on recursive integration and does not re- quire splitting of the velocity and stress fields. Modeling re-sults show that the performance of our implementation using a stan- dard stretching function is identical to that of the convention-al split-field PML. Then we show that the new PML can be modi- fied easily to include the complex frequency-shifted stretching function. Results of models with an elongated domain show that this modification can substantially improve the performance of
An estimate of hypocentre location accuracy in a large network: possible implications for tectonic studies in Italy

SUMMARY Data recorded by the Italian Telemetered Seismic Network (ITSN) of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica (ING) have been widely used in recent years to image slab structures and to find evidence for active processes along the Italian Peninsula. However, the use of seismic data for geostructural purposes may be affected by the well-known trade-off between earthquake location and seismic-velocity parameters. Furthermore, the confidence ellipse predicted by standard procedures may be inadequate for the representation of the probable error of a computed localization. This paper evaluates the probable errors on the hypocentre determinations of the seismic events recorded by the ITSN, using a Monte Carlo method. We compute synthetic arrival times using a 1-D velocity model appropriate as an average for the Italian area. The hypocentres used are ail those recorded by the ITSN during the period January 1992 to March 1994 (1972 events). Station locations are those of the current ITSN configuration. The synthetic arrival times are perturbed with a Gaussian distribution of errors and input to INGs standard hypocentral location procedure, but using crustal velocities differing by 10 per cent from those used to generate them. Each simulation is repeated at least 30 times. Average absolute shifts of hypocentres are assessed in grid cells of linear dimension 33 km covering the whole Italian region. For regions within the ITSN, shifts are typically 5-10 km in location and up to 20 km in depth. However, for offshore and coastal regions, they are much greater: 50 km or more in both location and depth (far exceeding the equivalent uncertainties quoted by ING bulletins). Possible consequences of this are highlighted by producing a cross-section of subcrustal hypocentres from the Adriatic to the Tyrrhenian Sea, where the large uncertainty in depth precludes any confident interpretation of dipping tectonic features.
The increase in stratospheric water vapor from balloonborne, frostpoint hygrometer measurements at Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado

Stratospheric water vapor concentrations measured at two midlatitude locations in the northern hemisphere show water vapor amounts have increased at a rate of 1–1.5% yr−1 (0.05–0.07 ppmv yr−1) for the past 35 years. At Washington, D.C., measurements were made from 1964–1976, and at Boulder, Colorado, observations began in 1980 and continue to the present. While these two data sets do not comprise a single time series, they individually show increases over their respective measurement periods. At Boulder the trends do not show strong seasonal differences; significant increases are found throughout the year in the altitude range 16–28 km. In winter these trends are significant down to about 13 km.
Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations provide a means for obtaining high-resolution topographic terrain maps from data acquired simultaneously at two slightly displaced antennas. Calculation of the three-dimensional coordinates of all the points in a radar image can be made from the combination of along-track, slant range, and interferometer fringe measurements. Thus the result compensates for the layover exhibited by conventional radar maps and removes the false targets generated by multiple signal paths to a given object in the scene. We have derived a topographic map of a portion of the San Francisco Bay Area utilizing data that were recorded by a radar system mounted on a NASA CV990 aircraft and processed by a general purpose digital computer. This map displays the height above sea level of a region approximately 11 km by 10 km in size, sampled on an 11-m pixel grid. Uncertainties in the estimated height result from imprecise knowledge of the observational geometry, radar bandwidth limitations, and finite signal-to-noise ratios. For our system, each factor contributed approximately 3–4 m to a relative rms error of about 6 m. Additional global errors of the order of 10 m can result from inaccurate monitoring of aircraft attitude. The statistical variation of the height measurements from the ocean portion of the map, which we can presume to be quite flat, is 2–10 m rms, which is consistent with the theoretical estimate. Comparison of our results with U.S. Geological Survey contour maps indicates a high degree of correlation between the two sets of altitude data.
Evolution of the Indian Ocean Triple Junction between 65 and 49 Ma (anomalies 28 to 21)

Reinterpretation of newly published geophysical data (Kamesh-Raju and Ramprasad, 1989) and older profiles of the Central Indian Basin, associated with similar studies of the Madagascar and Crozet basins, shows that the Indian Ocean Triple Junction trace on the Indian plate corresponds, at anomalies 23 and 22, to a N38°E offset of the magnetic lineations, oblique to both the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) and Central Indian Ridge (CIR) spreading directions. The conjugate Triple Junction trace on the African plate identified in the Madagascar Basin is associated with a roughly north-south offset, parallel to the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) fracture zones. In order to account for these observations and the velocity triangle of the Indian, African, and Antarctic plates close to the Triple Junction, a ridge-fault-fault mode is proposed, with a propagatorlike SEIR-CIR offset. The Triple Junction jumped between anomalies 24 and 23 and between anomalies 22 and 21, restoring a ridge-ridge-ridge configuration which immediately turned to a pseudo-ridge-ridge-fault and later to a true ridge-fault-fault configuration. After the Triple Junction jump at anomaly 21, the former SEIR-CIR offset was accommodated by a new CIR fracture zone. The lack of such a fracture zone prior to anomaly 21 suggests that either a pseudo-ridge-ridge-fault or an unstable ridge-ridge-ridge configuration prevailed before anomaly 24, in agreement with the velocity triangles which predict more unstable Triple Junction modes. Both modes support the creation of numerous SWIR fracture zones, presently observed between 52°30′E and 59°30′E, as a consequence of the Triple Junction evolution between anomalies 29 and 24. This result suggests that the physiography of the SWIR records the history of the Triple Junction.
Global‐scale analysis of the mantle Pds phases

A global-scale analysis of travel times of the mantle Pds phases (converted from P to S from the discontinuity at a depth d beneath the receiver) is presented. Most of the data are related to P′410′s and P′660′s, recorded by the broadband stations of Geoscope, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) and other networks. In order to provide a good global-scale coverage, published measurements at 37 stations are complemented by our measurements at 45 stations. Lateral resolution of our data is many times higher than that of SS and its precursors, previously used for similar purposes, but we have fewer data in the oceans. Lateral variations of travel times of the major Pds phases are strongly correlated with the lateral P and S velocity variations in the uppermost mantle, as revealed by tomographic studies. The scaling coefficient between the teleseismic S and P residuals, as found from the variations of travel times of the major Pds phases, is around 3.7 for North America and around 3.3 for the rest of the world. Almost all the differential travel times t(P′660′s) – t(P′410′s) are in the range of ±1 s, relative to the average value of 24.0 s. If the lateral variations of the velocities within the mantle transition zone (MTZ) can be neglected, the corresponding variations of thickness of the MTZ are in the range of ±10 km, relative to the standard depth of 250 km, and do not show significant correlation with either velocities in the upper mantle above the MTZ or with the variations of thickness of the MTZ, as found in some recent studies of precursors to SS. There is a weak but marginally significant positive correlation between the variations of thickness of the MTZ inferred from our data and the S velocity variations in the MTZ, as given by Su et al. [1994]. This correlation suggests that both variables contain temperature-dependent components. Lateral variability of the MTZ is also manifested by extreme weakness of P′410′s at several locations. This may indicate either anomalous topography on 410 km discontinuity or strong broadening of the otherwise sharp discontinuity. At some stations there are arrivals that can be interpreted as P′520′s. This interpretation implies that the strengh and/or sharpness of 520 km discontinuity, as well as its depth, are laterally variable in a broad range.
The Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis Agassiz

Synopsis The structure of the fishes constituting the Devonian genus Cheirolepis is investigated. Articulated remains from the Scottish Old Red Sandstone and the Canadian Upper Devonian were studied and two species are recognised, the Middle Devonian C. trailli and the Upper Devonian C. canadensis. Recently described fragmentary material from Europe assigned to the genus is best regarded as incertae sedis. Cheirolepis is the earliest actinopterygian genus with extensive material. Neurocranial remains are described, with a crossopterygian-like parasphenoid. There seems to have been a mobile rostral region with several small bones between premaxilla and postrostral extending to the anterior corner of the small dermal orbit. New palatoquadrate and pectoral girdle material is described. The apparently primitive nature of the head skeleton is related to the cranial dynamics and the likely mode of life. The small scales and the elongate-fusiform body shape are a corollary of the method of swimming. The ecology of the fishes is touched upon. A taxonomic investigation of the two species was carried out but although interesting variation in the scale-row numbers came to light no changes at the specific level were deemed necessary. Revised generic and specific diagnoses are given.
Azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves in East Asia

We present a surface wave study aimed to resolve the azimuth‐dependent propagation velocities of Rayleigh waves (10–184s) in East Asia. The resultant anisotropy patterns demonstrate that East Asia consists of a number of tectonic domains, each displays a characteristic and self‐consistent deformation mode. The depth variation of the anisotropy pattern in each domain helps to understand the boundary actions on the lithosphere and the depth‐varying deformation styles owing to rheology change.
Efficient and versatile CRISPR engineering of human neurons in culture to model neurological disorders

The recent identification of multiple new genetic causes of neurological disorders highlights the need for model systems that give experimental access to the underlying biology. In particular, the ability to couple disease-causing mutations with human neuronal differentiation systems would be beneficial. Gene targeting is a well-known approach for dissecting gene function, but low rates of homologous recombination in somatic cells (including neuronal cells) have traditionally impeded the development of robust cellular models of neurological disorders. Recently, however, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technologies have expanded the number of systems within which gene targeting is possible. Here we adopt as a model system LUHMES cells, a commercially available diploid human female mesencephalic cell line that differentiates into homogeneous mature neurons in 1-2 weeks. We describe optimised methods for transfection and selection of neuronal progenitor cells carrying targeted genomic alterations using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. By targeting the endogenous X-linked locus, we introduced four independent missense mutations that MECP2 cause the autism spectrum disorder Rett syndrome and observed the desired genetic structure in 3-26% of selected clones, including gene targeting of the inactive X chromosome. Similar efficiencies were achieved by introducing neurodevelopmental disorder-causing mutations at the autosomal locus on chromosome 20. Our results indicate that EEF1A2 efficiency of genetic “knock-in” is determined by the location of the mutation within the donor DNA molecule. Furthermore, we successfully introduced an mCherry tag at the locus to yield a fusion protein, demonstrating MECP2 that larger insertions are also straightforward in this system. We suggest that our optimised methods for altering the genome of LUHMES cells make them an attractive model for the study of neurogenetic disorders.
Chemical and Pedological Delimiting of Deeply Stratified Archaeological Sites in Frozen Ground

Abstract Delimiting and testing deeply stratified archaeological sites in frozen ground is facilitated by drilling and analyzing soil cores. After a test grid of the proposed area has been surveyed, a lightweight, portable diamond drill is used to sample those subareas selected through the use of (1) surface clues, (2) test-pit data, and (3) knowledge of standard site patterns of the cultures represented. Gross core analysis demonstrates soil profile continuities and discontinuities throughout the site. Munsell colours, thicknesses and gross inclusions of soil levels are recorded before thawing of the cores. Most cultural and human chemical residues are studied following thawing and dissection of the cores. The locations of bone, lithics, and human waste in frozen arctic and alpine soils and possibly in augured southern soils aid in vertical and horizontal site delimitation. Small samples of archaeologically important trace chemicals such as bone apatite and phosphorous can be taken for field analysis. Re.
Dunite 72417 - A chemical study and interpretation

The rock selected for the study is one of the rare ultrabasic rocks, which seems to have survived early lunar differentiation. The Rb-Sr internal isochron for this dunite gave an age of about 4.55 AE. The dunite was sampled at Apollo 17, Station 2 from a single 10x20-cm clast incorporated into a KREEP-rich blue-gray breccia 72435, Boulder 3. Nine dunite samples were analyzed with the aid of instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis procedures. Data for 27 elements are shown in a table. Attention is given to trapped liquid (magma), a garnet hypothesis, models for the dunite genesis, and magma compositions from which 15415 and 72417 crystallized.
Bayesian GLS for Regionalization of Flood Characteristics in Korea

For ungauged and gauged sites in Korea, the estimation of flood quantiles is a difficult but important problem. The problem is particularly difficult because almost all flood records are short ( 80 mm/ day ) is common during the 3 -month flood season (July ~ September) when approximately one third of the total annual precipitation (1283 mm) occurs. Such heavy rainfall is transformed to severe floods by the physiographical characteristics of the small and mountainous Korean peninsula. Flood data are essential for studies addressing flood risk reduction; but, unfortunat ely, flood record lengths are generally very short in Korea. Only 31
Biomimetic Properties of Minerals and the Search for Life in the Martian Meteorite ALH84001

The existence of extraterrestrial life was heralded by controversial claims made in 1996 that the Martian meteorite ALH84001 harbored relics of ancient microorganisms. We review here the accumulated evidence for and against past extraterrestrial life in this Martian meteorite. The main pro-life arguments—the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, magnetite crystals, carbonate globules, and structures resembling terrestrial life-forms known as nanobacteria—can be deemed ambiguous at best. Although these criteria are compatible with living processes, each one of them can be explained by nonliving chemical processes. By undergoing amorphous-to-crystalline transformations and binding to multiple substrates, including other ions and simple organic compounds, minerals—especially those containing carbonate—have been shown to display biomimetic properties, producing forms that resemble bacteria. This simple and down-to-earth explanation can account fully for the existence of mineral entities resembling put.
Monthly rainfall changes in Central and Western Mediterranean basins, at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries

Changes in the statistical distribution of rainfall amounts have been studied in four Mediterranean regions: the French and Spanish Mediterranean coasts, Sardinia Island, and the Calabrian region, in Italy. The largest precipitation series (from 70 to 150 years) in these zones have been collected and studied at yearly and monthly time scales by means of different parametric and nonparametric techniques. Nonparametric procedures have focussed on continuous time series changes, while possible changes at the end of the 20th century have been studied developing a parametric method. Among the results obtained, the 1984/1985 to 1994/1995 and 1994/1995 to 2004/2005 decades have been revealed as some of the driest ones since data are available in central and western Mediterranean. Despite that, such a finding is not always accompanied with a trend in the entire rainfall series. On the one hand, the low precipitation amounts detected in Central Mediterranean are caused in its major contribution by a diminution of the winter rainfall. On the other hand, a diminution of the spring and winter rainfall is the cause of the driest records since data are available in Western Mediterranean. Possible relations between the dry records and seasonal SLP‐based indexes have been studied. The seasonal configurations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) have been calculated and their time series have provided a good perspective on the evolution of the most contributive synoptic patterns to climate variability at the region. The high frequency of positive seasonal phases of winter, spring and autumn NAO at the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st have been found as possible dynamic mechanism causing the last decades dryness. Moreover, moving correlations suggest a strengthening in the correlation between those seasonal NAOs and precipitation anomalies in Central and Western Mediterranean. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society