Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detailed Study of Stellar Evolution and Stellar Gravitational Collapse Leading to The Formation of Black Holes

In this paper we talk about the formation mechanism of the stellar gravitational singularities. To begin with we talk about the formation and evolution of stars and understand the Hertzsprung Russell diagram that teaches us how to classify stars. With the help of the diagram, we categorize the stars based of their physical parameters such as color, temperature, and mass. We then talk about the death cycle of different mass stars and what comes after when their fuels have been exhausted. Stars below the Chandrashekhar limit form a white dwarf at the end of their lives, while stars above the limit form a neutron star of a singularity. Further to find which of the heavy mass stars forms a singularity we look at the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit that states stars with mass above the limit will form singularities. The types of singularities formed depend on the solution of the general theory of relativity given by Schwarzschild, Kerr, Kerr-Newman, and Reissner-Nordström. Each of the theory aspect of the four solutions has been described to give a better understanding of the structure of the singularity formed. The paper also explains theories such as Wormholes and time travel in brief to try and explain what can replace the singularity.
Expressions of IL4, IL10, and IFNγ cytokines genes during bacterial mastitis

Objective: Many bacteria are involved in causing mastitis in dairy cows. Perfect identification of bacteria is crucial for the appropriate choice of drug for treatment. This study aims to find out the various bacteria that cause mastitis through the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 mastitis somatic cell samples were tested with bacterial nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) universal primers, targeting the 16S rRNA gene. The primers had both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial specificities. Inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL-10), IL-4, and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) expression genes were measured and compared in mastitis-free and mastitis-affected animals. Results: Based on the PCR, 70 (46.7%) samples showed positive results. The expression of the IL-10 gene was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in mastitis-affected cows than noninfected animals. Compared to cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis, the IL-4 and IFNγ genes were expressed more strongly in healthy cows (p> < 0.0001). Conclusion: Mastitis has been linked to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These genes are strong predictors of mastitis in the states analyzed, as evidenced by the differential expression in mastitis and healthy conditions of the IL-4, IL-10, and IFNγ genes. The genes examined here and others will be the subject of additional research.
Food Allergen Nitration Enhances Safety and Efficacy of Oral Immunotherapy in Food Allergy

(1) Background: Posttranslational protein modifications have been demonstrated to change protein allergenicity. Previously, it was reported that pretreatment with highly nitrated food proteins induced a tolerogenic immune response in an experimental mouse model and in human immune cells. Here, we investigated a possible therapeutic effect of modified proteins and evaluated the safety of oral exposure to highly nitrated proteins in an experimental food allergy model. (2) Methods: BALB/c mice were orally sensitized towards ovalbumin (OVA) under gastric acid suppression. Thereafter, treatment via intragastric gavage with maximally nitrated OVA (nOVAmax) and OVA as a control was performed six times every 2 weeks. On the last day of experiments, all the treated mice were orally challenged with OVA. Systemic anaphylactic reaction was determined by measuring the core body temperature. Moreover, antibody levels, regulatory T cell numbers, cytokine levels and histology of antrum tissues were analyzed. (3) Results: After oral immunotherapy, OVA-specific IgE titers were decreased while IgG1 titers were significantly elevated in the mice receiving OVA. After oral challenge with OVA, nOVAmax-treated allergic animals showed no drop of the core body temperature, which was observed for OVA-allergic and OVA-treated allergic animals. Significantly fewer eosinophils and mast cells were found in the gastric mucosa of the allergic mice after nOVAmax treatment. (4) Conclusions: Oral immunotherapy with nOVAmax reduced allergic reactions upon allergen exposure and the number of allergen effector cells in the gastric mucosa. Thus, maximally nitrated allergens enabled an efficient and safe treatment for food allergy in our experimental model.
A Hospitality Improvement Intervention in Residential Care Does Not Warrant Staff Job Satisfaction or Turnover Intention: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study Investigating the Hostmanship Program

Background Accountability pressure is rising in healthcare, and this demonstrates that the quality of care provided within a residential care setting is of utmost importance. Hostmanship is a quality improvement program focusing on person-centered care in residential care settings. Objectives This study aimed to explore the influencing factors for job satisfaction and intention to leave among healthcare workers and the difference in job satisfaction and intention to leave the employer between residential care centers with and without Hostmanship. Methods A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted in sixteen Flemish residential care settings in Belgium. A total of 293 participants completed the questionnaire, divided into two groups: the group with Hostmanship (n = 139), at least one year into a change process implementing Hostmanship, and the group without the Hostmanship program (n = 154). Hierarchical logistic regression analysis estimated effects between demographic characteristics (block one), facility management, staffing and Hostmanship (block two), work characteristics (block three), and work engagement or burnout dimensions (block four) as explanatory variables of job satisfaction and turnover intention as outcome variables. Results This study confirmed the positive impact of social capital and decision latitude on staff member job satisfaction, as shown in previous findings. Age and workload were associated with turnover intentions. A hierarchical logistic regression model explained 68.7 % of the variance in workers' job satisfaction, and a hierarchical logistic regression explained 49.2% of the variance in their intent to leave. Also, no effects were found for Hostmanship on staff job satisfaction and intention to leave. Conclusions This study shows how a quality improvement project such as Hostmanship could produce counterintuitive results for organizations in elderly residential centers. However, results inconsistent with literature were found. It is unclear whether Hostmanship warrants job satisfaction or retaining personnel. Future research must take into consideration success factors when implementing new quality initiatives. A general framework for successful implementation in the healthcare sector should be provided.
Autoantibody Against Ferritin Light Chain is a Serum Biomarker for the Detection of Liver Cirrhosis but Not Liver Cancer

Purpose Ferritin is a protein that plays an important role in iron metabolism, it consists of two subunits: heavy chain (FTH) and light chain (FTL). Elevated expression of FTL is observed in multiple malignancies. Recent studies have found that the frequency of circulating autoantibody against FTL (anti-FTL) increased significantly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study is to verify circulating anti-FTL as a biomarker for the early detection of HCC. Patients and Methods A total of 1565 participants were enrolled and assigned to two independent validation cohorts, including 393 HCC patients, 379 liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, 400 chronic hepatitis (CH) patients, and 393 healthy subjects. The concentration of serum anti-FTL was measured by indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare anti-FTL concentrations between HCC group and three control groups. Percentile 95 of anti-FTL absorbance value of healthy group was selected as the cut-off value to calculate the positive rate in each group. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to quantitatively describe its diagnostic value. Results The median concentration of anti-FTL in HCC patients was higher than that in CH patients and healthy subjects, but there was no difference between HCC patients and LC patients. Further analysis showed that there was no difference between early stage LC, advanced stage LC, Child-Pugh A HCC, Child-Pugh B HCC and Child-Pugh C HCC. The positive rate of anti-FTL was 12.2% (48/393) in HCC, 13.5% (51/379) in LC, 6.3% (25/400) in CH and 5.1% (20/393) in healthy subjects, respectively. The AUC of anti-FTL to distinguish LC from CH or healthy subjects were 0.654 (95% CI: 0.615–0.692) and 0.642 (95% CI: 0.602–0.681), respectively. Conclusion Anti-FTL is not a biomarker for the early diagnosis of HCC due to specificity deficiency, but may be helpful for the early detection of LC.
ARTS: autonomous research topic selection system using word embeddings and network analysis

The materials science research process has become increasingly autonomous due to the remarkable progress in artificial intelligence. However, autonomous research topic selection (ARTS) has not yet been fully explored due to the difficulty of estimating its promise and the lack of previous research. This paper introduces an ARTS system that autonomously selects potential research topics that are likely to reveal new scientific facts yet have not been the subject of much previous research by analyzing vast numbers of articles. Potential research topics are selected by analyzing the difference between two research concept networks constructed from research information in articles: one that represents the promise of research topics and is constructed from word embeddings, and one that represents known facts and past research activities and is constructed from statistical information on the appearance patterns of research concepts. The ARTS system is also equipped with functions to search and visualize information about selected research topics to assist in the final determination of a research topic by a scientist. We developed the ARTS system using approximately 100 00 articles published in the Computational Materials Science journal. The results of our evaluation demonstrated that research topics studied after 2016 could be generated autonomously from an analysis of the articles published before 2015. This suggests that potential research topics can be effectively selected by using the ARTS system.
The Technical Efficiency Portrayed by Duration-Based and Activity-Based Costing Systems

Abstract Purpose This study extends the theoretical analyses of Duration-Based Costing (DBC), an alternative cost measurement system to Activity-Based Costing (ABC). DBC is simpler than ABC and uses the production cycle time to assign costs. This simplicity should allow DBC to be a better costing method for multiproduct firms that exhibit nonconstant returns to scale. Approach Data simulations for 1,000 cases and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are used to analyze the production functions inside DBC and ABC models to determine their relative technical efficiency. Findings The results show that, for a given set of simulations, DBC shows more nonconstant returns to scale than does ABC. This corroborates prior research and suggests that a more complex costing system, such as ABC, may not always match the production technology of a multiproduct firm. Thus, DBC may have a higher level of accuracy than does ABC for firms that exhibit nonconstant returns to scale. Originality Since DBC has only recently been theoretically developed, this study is the first to analyze the relative technical efficiency of DBC compared to ABC. Research Limitations/Implications This study should bring some further awareness of the implications of alternative costing methods. The limitation of DBC is that it does not capture other factors not driven by the production cycle time that could be necessary for management decision making. However, DBC is better for multiproduct firms than a more complicated costing system and does help decision makers determine whether the production process is operating efficiently. It is imperative that firms choose which costing methods fit the firm’s needs and economic structure.
Hass-Type Expander with Marco Rosa Modification used in Primary and Early Mixed Dentition Advantages, Drawbacks and Encountered Clinical Problems

Hass-Type Expander with Marco Rosa Modification used in Primary and Early Mixed Dentition Advantages, Drawbacks and Encountered Clinical Problems Marta Chudek DMD1 and Małgorzata Kuc-Michalska DMD2* 1Doctor in Orthodontic Taning and Dental Private Practice “Ortomikar” in Zabrze, Ul. Pawliczka 10/1 , 41-808 Zabrze, Poland 2University of Silesia in Katowice, Postgraduate Qualifying Studies of SLT and Voice Emission, Orthodontic specialist and Dental Private Practice “Ortomikar” in Zabrze, Ul. Pawliczka 10/1, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
Intrinsic spherical smoothing method based on generalized Bézier curves and sparsity inducing penalization

This study examines an intrinsic penalized smoothing method on the 2-sphere. We propose a method based on the spherical Bézier curves obtained using a generalized de Casteljau algorithm to provide a degree-based regularity constraint to the spherical smoothing problem. A smooth Bézier curve is found by minimizing the least squares criterion under the regularization constraint. The de Casteljau algorithm constructs higher-order Bézier curves in a recursive manner using linear Bézier curves. We introduce a local penalization scheme based on a penalty function that regularizes the velocity differences in consecutive linear Bézier curves. The imposed penalty induces sparsity on the control points so that the proposed method determines the number of control points, or equivalently the order of the Bézier curve, in a data-adaptive way. An efficient Riemannian block coordinate descent algorithm is devised to implement the proposed method. Numerical studies based on real and simulated data are provided to illustrate the performance and properties of the proposed method. The results show that the penalized Bézier curve adapts well to local data trends without compromising overall smoothness.
Fracture of Honeycombs Produced by Additive Manufacturing

Lattice materials, such as honeycombs, are remarkable in their ability to combine high stiffness, strength and toughness at low density. In addition, the recent and pervasive development of additive manufacturing technologies makes it easier to produce these cellular materials and opens new possibilities to improve their properties by implementing small modifications to their microstructure. Such developments open new opportunities towards the design of new classes of architectured materials. For example, recent computational studies have shown that honeycombs with lattice density gradients have a fracture energy under tensile loading up to 50% higher than their uniform counterparts. The aim of this study is to provide experimental evidence for these promising numerical results. To achieve this, single-edge notched tension specimens, with a honeycomb lattice structures, were manufactured by stereolithography using a ductile polymer resin. The performances of three different honeycombs were compared: (i) a uniform sparse lattice, (ii) a uniform dense lattice, and (iii) a gradient lattice with alternating bands of sparse and dense lattices. The results indicated that specimens with a density gradient may achieve a work of fracture per unit volume that is up to 79% higher than that of a uniform lattice.
How Collective Intelligence Restrains the Rumor Spreading in Emergencies?

When communicating online under COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, all kinds of rumors are widely spread on the Internet. Coming with the spread of virus, the rumor spreading not only threaten the public health, but also facilitate panic and destroy the harmony of society. This study took the COVID-19 epidemic, a serious public health emergency, as an example. Firstly, we build up a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) containing the influential factors of Collective Intelligence on unconfirmed information dissemination (UID) on social media, and then conduct an empirical test based on the survey data. The results show that the use of Collective Intelligence can restrain the spread of rumor in public health emergencies, among which critical thinking, collective refutation and proof, crowdsourcing and member heterogeneity are the main restraining factors. However, opinion leaders would facilitate the spread of rumor. This paper not only enriches the theory of Collective Intelligence and rumor management, but also has important practical significance for suppressing rumor spreading during the emergencies.
From Medley to Magnificence: Developing Problem Solving Skills in Biochemistry

Background: Medical students need problem-solving skills because these are crucial in diagnosing cases in the future. This study aimed to improve medical students’ problemsolving abilities through analysis, reasoning, and application. Methods: A four-month prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at MNR Medical College and Hospital (March to June 2021). Six case scenarios were developed and created in PowerPoint. Each scenario was broken down into the following sections: title, history, clinical findings, investigations, and treatment. The slides were arranged randomly to produce a medley which was then shown to the students. They were tasked with sorting the slides and diagnosing each case. Student responses were gathered using a Google Forms questionnaire. Results: The number of participants who completed the activity within the stipulated time was 132. The majority of students (85%) scored over 80% in the activity. The activity was interesting (63.6%), promoted active learning (65.2%), helped students correlate the different aspects of the case scenario and make a diagnosis (69.7%), helped build problembased skills, and activated prior knowledge (71.2%), improved clinical orientation to the curriculum (65.2%), exposed students to aspects of the diseases not dealt with in the classroom (40.9%), students felt such an activity should be required of future students (68.2%). Conclusion: This novel learning method of integrating case scenarios using a digital platform provided multiple opportunities for testing and developing skills necessary for clinical practice. The fact that the activity was well received by students strengthens the argument to create additional activities of this type that may be applied to any topic.
Antimalarial Efficacy of Hydromethanolic Root Extract and Solvent Fractions of Urtica simensis Hochst. ex. A. Rich. (Urticaceae): An Experimental Study on Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

Background Despite modern therapeutic armamentariums, malaria remains a 21st century public health menace. The issue of combating malaria is the ever-growing resistance to high-tech medications in which novel phytomedicines are highly demanding, a rapidly expanding research avenue. In Ethiopian folklore medicine, Urtica simensis has been used to treat malaria by drinking its juice after the dry roots have been mashed and combined with water. Hitherto, no in vivo study has been reported in the literature so far. To substantiate this folkloric claim, the present work herein was done. Methods An acute oral toxicity study was conducted as per the standard protocol. To rule out, the extract's inherent potential effects on bodyweight, basal body To, and PCV changes were tracked for two weeks. A four-day suppressive model and a curative assay model were utilized to investigate the antimalarial activity of the plant. Percent parasitemia suppression, packed cell volume, mean survival date, bodyweight, and rectal body temperature were used to determine antimalarial activity. Result An acute toxicity study reveals that Urtica simensis was atoxic at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. It also affirms that U. simensis is free from intrinsic potential effects of interfering with bodyweight, temperature, and packed cell volume evolution. Both crude extract and its solvent fractions at all test doses exerted significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of parasitemia as compared to the control group. CF400 mg/kg provided the greatest chemosuppressive effect (79.24%). In a curative experiment, crude extract and CF were able to prevent the cardinal indications of P. berghei-induced malaria, such as weight loss, hypothermia, parasitemia, and anemia. Both crude extracts and their solvent fractions prolong survival dates. Conclusion The antimalarial activity of the crude extract and its solvent fractions was promising, confirming previous assertions. As a result, more research studies into chemical entities may be required.
VZV Infection of Primary Human Adrenal Cortical Cells Produces a Proinflammatory Environment without Cell Death

Virus infection of adrenal glands can disrupt secretion of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones from the cortex and catecholamines from the medulla, leading to a constellation of symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, weight loss, nausea, and muscle and joint pain. Specifically, varicella zoster virus (VZV) can produce bilateral adrenal hemorrhage and adrenal insufficiency during primary infection or following reactivation. However, the mechanisms by which VZV affects the adrenal glands are not well-characterized. Herein, we determined if primary human adrenal cortical cells (HAdCCs) infected with VZV support viral replication and produce a proinflammatory environment. Quantitative PCR showed VZV DNA increasing over time in HAdCCs, yet no cell death was seen at 3 days post-infection by TUNEL staining or Western Blot analysis with PARP and caspase 9 antibodies. Compared to conditioned supernatant from mock-infected cells, supernatant from VZV-infected cells contained significantly elevated IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-4, and TNF-α. Overall, VZV can productively infect adrenal cortical cells in the absence of cell death, suggesting that these cells may be a potential reservoir for ongoing viral replication and proinflammatory cytokine production, leading to chronic adrenalitis and dysfunction.
A Strategy for Extracting Full Material Coefficients of AlN Thin Film Based on Resonance Method

AlN thin film is widely used in piezoelectric MEMS devices, and the accurate characterizations of its material coefficients are critical for the optimization of the AlN thin film process and the design of AlN thin-film-based devices. However, it is difficult to extract the material coefficients of AlN in the form of thin film. This paper reports a strategy for systematically extracting full elastic coefficients, piezoelectric coefficients and dielectric constants of c-axis-oriented AlN thin film based on the resonance method outlined in IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity Std 176-1987. In this strategy, four self-suspended resonators with length thickness extension (LTE), thickness extension (TE), radial extension (RE), lateral electric field excited thickness shear (LEF-TS) modes together with a lamb wave resonator (LWR) are specifically adopted, and the material coefficients of AlN thin film are extracted by measuring the impedance spectra of these resonators. In addition, the effects of the pad and electrodes on the resonators were systematically studied, and the corresponding procedures to eliminate their influences on the extraction accuracy of material coefficients were proposed. Finally, a complete extraction process based on the above strategy was established. The simulation results show that the strategy can achieve high accuracy for AlN thin film with different thicknesses and electrode configurations, and it can also be applied to other materials belonging to the 6 mm piezoelectric crystal class such as ZnO, ScAlN, etc.