Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-precision forecast using grey models

In recent years the grey theorem has been successfully used in many prediction applications. The proposed Markov-Fourier grey model prediction approach uses a grey model to predict roughly the next datum from a set of most recent data. Then, a Fourier series is used to fit the residual error produced by the grey model. With the Fourier series obtained, the error produced by the grey model in the next step can be estimated. Such a Fourier residual correction approach can have a good performance. However, this approach only uses the most recent data without considering those previous data. In this paper, we further propose to adopt the Markov forecasting method to act as a longterm residual correction scheme. By combining the short-term predicted value by a Fourier series and a long-term estimated error by the Markov forecasting method, our approach can predict the future more accurately. Three time series are used in our demonstration. They are a smooth functional curve, a curve for the stock market and the Mackey-Glass chaotic time series. The performance of our approach is compared with different prediction schemes, such as back-propagation neural networks and fuzzy models. All these methods are one-step-ahead forecasting. The simulation results show that our approach can predict the future more accurately and also use less computational time than other methods do.
Exploring few-photon, few-electron reactions at FLASH: from ion yield and momentum measurements to time-resolved and kinematically complete experiments

In this paper, we briefly review a series of recent pioneering experiments on few-photon-induced multiple fragmentation of atoms and molecules performed at the free electron laser (FEL) at Hamburg (FLASH) using a ‘reaction microscope’, i.e. a coincident momentum imaging technique. For atoms we consider the most basic nonlinear process, namely direct or sequential two-photon double ionization (TPDI). In particular, benchmark data for theory are presented, such as recoil–ion momentum distributions for direct TPDI of He and Ne, and fully differential data for sequential TPDI of Ne. For molecules we show how one can identify contributions from different reaction channels by inspecting the measured kinetic energy and angular distributions of ionic fragments and even infer the time delay between the two-photon absorption events in TPDI by detailed comparison with theory. Finally, we describe a novel split mirror arrangement for EUV-pump–EUV-probe experiments and present the very first time-resolved data on the dynamics of N2 molecules irradiated by the FLASH light.
Hidden structure in liquids

The canonical partition function for classical many-body systems is transformed so that the temperature-independent packing statistics and the thermal excitations are uniquely separated. This requires classification of particle configurations according to multidimensional potential-energy minima that can be reached by steepest-descent paths ("quenches"). Such classifications have been constructed for several starting configurations in the solid, fluid, and coexistence phases of the two-dimensional Gaussian core model. These quenches reveal a remarkable degree of polycrystalline order hidden within the fluid phase by "vibrational" distortion, and that order appears to have a large correlation length. The results suggest that melting hinges upon defect softening in the quenched packings, and a crude "theory" of melting for the Gaussian core model is developed in the Appendix.
Thinning digital filters: A piecewise-exponential approximation approach

An algorithm is presented for designing finite impulse response (FIR) recursive digital filters that require few multiplies to produce good frequency response, The process of reducing the number of multiplies needed to implement a digital filter is called thinning. This thinning algorithm uses dynamic programming techniques to find the best least-squares piecewise-exponential approximation to a desired impulse response of length P. Because these filters are implemented recursively, the number of arithmetic operations is independent of the model filter length P and is dependent only on the number of pieces or segments S used in the approximation ( S \ll P ). Examples of thinned narrow-band, broad-band, lowpass, and bandpass filters are given. Several of these thinned filters require fewer than one-third the number of multiplications required for the corresponding model filter, while still retaining desirable frequency response characteristics. The effects of coefficient quantization and finite precision arithmetic are also discussed.
Scattering signatures for some human tissues using synchrotron radiation

At photon energies below 100 keV, coherent scatter becomes important and because of its sharply forward peaked nature, it is the dominant interaction at small angles. Further, in the momentum transfer region above 0.5 A -1 , free atom form factors are sufficient to describe coherent scattering. The angular distribution of the coherent scattering carries detailed information about the object and can be used as a signature of the tissue type of the object. The aim of this work was to analyze the scattering properties of different human tissues according to histological classifications. The coherent scattering signatures of healthy and neoplastic breast, uterus and kidney tissues were measured using x-ray synchrotron radiation at the XRD2 beamline at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS).
The VIRGO Project

The Virgo project is a Italian-French collaboration aiming at the construction of a long baseline interferometric antenna for the detection of gravitational radiation signals of cosmic origin. We describe the principles of the system, and high-light the technical challenges we need to overcome for reaching a sensitiity as low as 10−23Hz−1/2.
A robust method for locating the poles of Green′s function in lossless or lossy multilayered media

This article describes a robust method for locating the poles of the spectral‐domain Green's functions in a lossless or lossy multilayered medium. Real‐coded genetic algorithm (RGA) is first introduced to approximate the locations of the surface‐ and/or leaky‐wave poles and then followed by a Cauchy's integral theorem to rapidly refine the poles and remove the unwanted ones. Numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1929–1934, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24472
Subwavelength ripple formation on the surfaces of compound semiconductors irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses

High-spatial-frequency periodic structures on the surfaces of InP, GaP, and GaAs have been observed after multiple-pulse femtosecond laser irradiation at wavelengths in the transparency regions of the respective solids. The periods of the structures are substantially shorter than the wavelengths of the incident laser fields in the bulk materials. In contrast, high-frequency structures were not observed for laser photon energies above the band gaps of the target materials.
Capillary Rise in Sands of Uniform Spherical Grains

Uniform spheres packed in regular array form a non‐cylindrical cyclic capillary, characterized by a maximum and minimum capillary rise with intermediate positions of possible equilibrium. In practice spheres may be packed to a variety of porosities P thus requiring a mixture of regular and irregular pilings arranged in a very distorted pattern. However the meniscus is also distorted to conform in a general way with the distortions of the lattice. Accordingly positions of maximum and minimum rise may be expected. The meniscus for maximum rise tends to pass through the plane of centers of neighboring spheres. Slight deviations from this condition due to the rise at sphere contacts are shown to be of minor importance. Any piling may be treated statistically as a hexagonal array with a spacing 2r+d where d is computed to give the observed porosity. In such a system three types of cell occur with a definite frequency, and these cell types are assumed present in the meniscus with the same frequency distribution.
Surface imaging by scanning-laser-induced voltage

A scanning-laser-induced voltage (SLIV) technique is used to obtain a high-resolution map or image of the thermovoltage at the surface of thin films of high-melting-point transition metals. The image is produced by displaying, on a cathode ray tube, the surface thermovoltage produced by a pulsed laser beam scanned across the sample. It is shown that the SLIV technique is applicable to a variety of different surface features that were previously difficult to observe.
Conditions for Consistency of a Log-Likelihood-Based Information Criterion in Normal Multivariate Linear Regression Models under the Violation of the Normality Assumption

In this paper, we clarify conditions for consistency of a log-likelihood-based information criterion in multivariate linear regression models with a normality assumption. Although a normality is assumed to the distribution of the candidate model, we frame the situation as that the assumption of normality may be violated. The conditions for consistency are derived from two types of asymptotic theory; one is based on a large-sample asymptotic framework in which only the sample size approaches∞, and the other is based on a high-dimensional asymptotic framework in which the sample size and the dimension of the vector of response variables simultaneously approach ∞. In both cases, our results are free of the influence of nonnormality in the true distribution.
Investigation of the flow behind a two-dimensional model with a blunt trailing edge and fitted with splitter plates

The flow in the wake of a two-dimensional model with a blunt trailing edge was examined at Reynolds numbers (based on model chord) between 1·4 × 105 and 2·56 × 105. The ratio of total boundary-layer thickness at the trailing edge to model base height was approximately 0·5. Measurements were taken of base pressure and vortex shedding frequency together with traverses of the wake using a hot-wire anemometer. Traverses carried out along the wake showed a peak in the root-mean-square velocity-fluctuation at a distance equal to one base height from the model rear face. The position of the peak is referred to as the position of the fully formed vortex. The investigation was extended to a model fitted with splitter plates up to four base heights long. For each plate tested, a position of the fully formed vortex was found, and its distance from the model base was discovered to be inversely proportional to the base pressure coefficient. The flow about the model with splitter plates is described as being separated into five régimes of flow.
Learning physical characteristics like animals for legged robots

Abstract Physical characteristics of terrains, such as softness and friction, provide essential information for legged robots to avoid non-geometric obstacles, like mires and slippery stones, in the wild. The perception of such characteristics often relies on tactile perception and vision prediction. Although tactile perception is more accurate, it is limited to close-range use; by contrast, establishing a supervised or self-supervised contactless prediction system using computer vision requires adequate labeled data and lacks the ability to adapt to the dynamic environment. In this paper, we simulate the behavior of animals and propose an unsupervised learning framework for legged robots to learn the physical characteristics of terrains, which is the first report to manage it online, incrementally and with the ability to solve cognitive conflicts. The proposed scheme allows robots to interact with the environment and adjust their cognition in real time, therefore endowing robots with the adaptation ability. Indoor and outdoor experiments on a hexapod robot are carried out to show that the robot can extract tactile and visual features of terrains to create cognitive networks independently; an associative layer between visual and tactile features is created during the robot’s exploration; with the layer, the robot can autonomously generate a physical segmentation model of terrains and solve cognitive conflicts in an ever-changing environment, facilitating its safe navigation.
Integrated Common-Mode Filter for GaN Power Module With Improved High-Frequency EMI Performance

While the employment of wide bandgap (WBG) devices in high-frequency and high-voltage applications brings benefits such as reduced system size and improved efficiency, it aggravates the electromagnetic interference (EMI) issue due to fast switching. High-frequency EMI noise suppression relies mainly on the filter design, where the filter's performance is strongly affected by parasitics. Through analyzing the common-mode (CM) equivalent circuit of a half-bridge power module, this letter identifies the key parasitics that dominate the performance of a common-mode filter (CMF) at high frequencies. To minimize the parasitics, the concept of integrating the CMF inside the WBG power module package is developed to improve the noise attenuation. A π-type CMF is integrated with a half-bridge GaN-based power module as a prototype to validate the concept. Experiments are conducted by measuring the CM noise spectrum received by the line impedance stabilization networks (LISNs) from the hard switching of the designed power module under 70 V and 80 kHz. Comparing the measured results of the integrated CMF to the externally added CMF, up to 50 dBμV more attenuation is achieved by the integrated CMF in the frequency range of 10 to 100 MHz, verifying the theoretical analysis and the established CM equivalent circuit.
Identifying a large deviation rate function

Assume a sequence of probabilities {Pn} has a large deviation rate function I. It is proved that I takes a form analogous to a convex conjugate. If I is also assumed convex, then I is a convex conjugate of an explicitly defined function ft. The results are applied to the empirical law of a Markov chain yielding universal bounds on I. Examples are given of Markov chains in which the empirical law has a large deviation rate strictly between the given bounds.
Consistency of quasi‐static boundary value problems in electromagnetic modelling

This paper analyses the possibility to computationally settle consistency of field problems, especially those arising from electromagnetic modelling: the electromagnetic theory is expressed in field‐oriented concepts, which allow for formulation of boundary value problems with no solution at all or infinitely many solutions. This possibility of such inconsistent problems decreases the productivity of electromagnetic design software. This paper relates the consistency question to topological aspects of the model domain, and proposes a scheme for routine computation of the relevant topological aspects of electromagnetic models. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series: Type A Combinatorial Theory

Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are generalizations of the Riemann zeta function. Like the Riemann zeta function, they are Dirichlet series with analytic continuation and functional equations, having applications to analytic number theory. By contrast, these Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series may be functions of several complex variables and their groups of functional equations may be arbitrary finite Weyl groups. Furthermore, their coefficients are multiplicative up to roots of unity, generalizing the notion of Euler products. This book proves foundational results about these series and develops their combinatorics. These interesting functions may be described as Whittaker coefficients of Eisenstein series on metaplectic groups, but this characterization doesn't readily lead to an explicit description of the coefficients. The coefficients may be expressed as sums over Kashiwara crystals, which are combinatorial analogs of characters of irreducible representations of Lie groups. For Cartan Type A, there are two distinguished descriptions, and if these are known to be equal, the analytic properties of the Dirichlet series follow. Proving the equality of the two combinatorial definitions of the Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series requires the comparison of two sums of products of Gauss sums over lattice points in polytopes. Through a series of surprising combinatorial reductions, this is accomplished. The book includes expository material about crystals, deformations of the Weyl character formula, and the Yang-Baxter equation.
Protein Content in the Diet Influences Growth and Diarrhea in Weaning Piglets

Simple Summary Weaning (that is, removal from the sow) and the following two months are the riskiest periods in a pig’s life, especially for pig’s gastrointestinal health. The change in diet due to the suspension of the mother’s milk, accompanied by an acceleration of both morphological and enzymatic maturation of the intestinal mucosa of the piglets, can worsen digestion and absorption. In this context, the protein requirement of piglets, which are in a phase of rapid growth, may be greater than the intestine’s ability to digest proteins. Undigested proteins are the best pabulum for the proliferation of the pathogenic bacterial flora that causes diarrhea. Since these problems can no longer be resolved with prophylactic use of antibiotics, the best balance between intestinal health and growth performance must be found. A diet low in crude protein and supplemented with synthetic amino acids can help achieve this goal. Abstract The aim of this research has been to assess the effect of the dietary protein level on piglet growth and post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) incidence. Piglet fecal microbiota and feces composition were also assessed. The experiment was carried out on 144 weaned piglets (Duroc × Large White; 72 piglets per treatment) and lasted from weaning (at 25 days of age) until the end of the post-weaning phase (at 95 days). Two dietary protein levels were compared: high (HP; 17.5% crude protein on average, during the experiment) and low (LP; 15.5% on average). Lower (p < 0.01) average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were observed in LP piglets in the first growth phase. However, at the end of the post-weaning period, the growth parameters were not significantly different in the two diets. Diarrhea scores were lower in piglets fed LP diets than in piglets fed HP diets (28.6% of the total vs. 71.4% in the HP piglets). Fibrobacteres, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes were more abundant in the feces of the piglets fed LP diets. Feces nitrogen content was lower in piglets fed LP diets. In conclusion, low protein levels in the diet can reduce the incidence of PWD while only marginally affecting growth parameters.
Extremum seeking loops with assumed functions

Extremum seeking (also peak-seeking) controllers are designed to operate at an unknown set-point that extremizes the value of a performance function. This performance function is approximated by an assumed function with a finite number of parameters. These parameters, which are estimated online, are assumed to change slowly compared to the plant and compensator dynamics. Philosophically, the approach of assuming a function is in contrast with traditional approaches that use time scale separation between gradient computation and function minimization and the system dynamics. To analyze our current scheme, quadratic functions or exponentials of quadratic functions are assumed as approximations to the performance function. This allows the peak-seeking control loop to be reduced to a linear system. For this loop, compensators can be designed and robust performance and stability analysis of the loop due to parameter uncertainty in the assumed performance functions can be obtained.
Subcategorization of intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules based on suspicious ultrasonographic findings

Purpose This study compared the malignancy risk of intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules according to the presence of suspicious ultrasonographic (US) findings. Methods From January 2014 to December 2014, 299 consecutive intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules in 281 patients (mean age, 50.6±12.5 years) with final diagnoses were included in this study. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed the US findings and subcategorized the intermediate suspicion category into nodules without suspicious findings and nodules with suspicious findings, including punctate echogenic foci, nonparallel orientation, or irregular margins. The malignancy rates were compared between the two subcategory groups. Results Of the 299 intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules, 230 (76.9%) were subcategorized as nodules without suspicious findings and 69 (23.1%) as nodules with suspicious findings. The total malignancy rate was 33.4% (100/299) and the malignancy rate of nodules with suspicious findings was significantly higher than that of nodules without suspicious findings (47.8% vs. 29.1%, P=0.004). In nodules with suspicious findings, the most common suspicious finding was punctate echogenic foci (48/82, 58.5%) followed by nonparallel orientation (22/82, 26.8%) and irregular margins (12/82, 14.6%). Thirteen nodules had two suspicious findings simultaneously. A linearly increasing trend in the malignancy rate was observed according to the number of suspicious US findings (P for trend=0.001). Conclusion Intermediate suspicion thyroid nodules with suspicious findings showed a higher malignancy rate than those without suspicious findings. Further management guidelines for nodules with suspicious findings should differ from guidelines for nodules without suspicious findings, even in the same US category.
Salicylic Acid and Mobile Regulators of Systemic Immunity in Plants: Transport and Metabolism

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) occurs when primary infected leaves produce several SAR-inducing chemical or mobile signals that are transported to uninfected distal parts via apoplastic or symplastic compartments and activate systemic immunity. The transport route of many chemicals associated with SAR is unknown. Recently, it was demonstrated that pathogen-infected cells preferentially transport salicylic acid (SA) through the apoplasts to uninfected areas. The pH gradient and deprotonation of SA may lead to apoplastic accumulation of SA before it accumulates in the cytosol following pathogen infection. Additionally, SA mobility over a long distance is essential for SAR, and transpiration controls the partitioning of SA into apoplasts and cuticles. On the other hand, glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and azelaic acid (AzA) travel via the plasmodesmata (PD) channel in the symplastic route. In this review, we discuss the role of SA as a mobile signal and the regulation of SA transport in SAR.
Some conditions for monotone nondecreasing step response with the fastest rise time

This paper investigates some conditions which guarantee the fastest rise and settling time in the step response of LTI (linear time-invariant) systems. As one of the main results, it shows that any LTI stable system having the relative degree 1 and the smallest absolute value of zeros' production has the fastest step response among those systems with the same positive DC gain and the same poles. Also, it is shown that the result which is proposed is the same as the cheap control in the LQ (linear quadratic) problem for SISO (single-input, single-output) systems.