Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Weather–Climate Interactions in the Eastern Antilles and the 2013 Christmas Storm

AbstractThis study considers eastern Antilles (11°–18°N, 64°–57°W) weather and climate interactions in the context of the 2013 Christmas storm. This unseasonal event caused flash flooding in Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Martinique, and Dominica from 24 to 25 December 2013, despite having winds <15 m s−1. The meteorological scenario and short-term forecasts are analyzed. At the low level, a convective wave propagated westward while near-equatorial upper westerly winds surged with eastward passage of a trough. The combination of tropical moisture, cyclonic vorticity, and uplift resulted in rain rates greater than 30 mm h−1 and many stations reporting 200 mm. Although forecast rainfall was low and a few hours late, weather services posted flood warnings in advance. At the climate scale, the fresh Orinoco River plume brought into the region by the North Brazil Current together with solar radiation greater than 200 W m−2, enabled sea temperatures to reach 28°C, and supplied convective available potential e.
Radiation budget biases in AMIP5 models over the East Asian monsoon region

The abilities of 27 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Projection models to simulate the radiation budget (RB) over the East Asian monsoon region (EAMR) are analyzed based on Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Energy Balanced and Filled, hereafter CERES, products. The regional mean values of annual top of the atmosphere (TOA) net RB in the simulations are constantly larger than the CERES values in the majority of the models (24 of 27), due mainly to the overestimation of its shortwave (SW) component. The TOA SW RB overestimation in most models (25 of 27) is due mainly to the insufficient SW absorption by the atmosphere and the consequent superfluous downwelling shortwave radiation reaching and being absorbed by the surface. Both the intensity underestimation of SW cloud radiative forcing (CRF) and the inadequate clear‐sky atmospheric SW absorption contribute to the overestimation of TOA SW RB in the models. The underestimation of SW CRF intensity is mainly due to the reduced total cloud cover simulated in most of the models compared with the general circulation model‐oriented CALIPSO Cloud Product. Black carbon explains the greatest part of the clear‐sky atmospheric SW absorption biases in most of the models. The persistent underestimation of TOA SW CRF intensity over the EAMR across all seasons largely explains the seasonally constant overestimation of TOA SW RB. The seasonal variation in clear‐sky longwave (LW) RB demonstrates the remarkable seasonal variation in atmospheric and surface LW RB biases.
Bottom-driven upwelling generated by eastern intensification in closed and semi-closed basins with a sloping bottom

Cold water is observed in the eastern Great Australian Bight, and the presence of this water is inconsistent with that expected from surface Ekman-induced upwelling resulting from the imposed windfield. A numerical model is employed to investigate this situation under idealized conditions, from which the bottom slope has been identified as the most dominant factor contributing towards the presence of the cold water. A boundary current generated on the eastern side of the idealized bight is attributed to eastern intensification of a predominantly Stommel type, induced by the topographical gradient. It is proposed that the cold water observed at the eastern boundary is the result of upwelling driven by a bottom Ekman-transport convergence in this region, which is in turn the result of a large bottom stress curl maintained by the eastern intensification.
Ocean Measurements from Space in 2025

Seasat, launched by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1977, was the first dedicated ocean-viewing satellite. Since then, in addition to NASA, the space agencies of Europe, France, Canada, Germany, India, Japan, and China have all launched ocean-viewing sensors or dedicated ocean-viewing satellites. Properties currently measured from space are sea surface temperature; topography (height); salinity; significant wave height and wave spectra; surface wind speed and vectors; ocean color; continental and sea ice extent, "flow, deformation, thickness; ocean mass; and to a lesser extent, surface currents. By 2025, one additional measurement may become available—total surface currents—but the largest foreseen improvements are increased spatial and temporal resolution and increased accuracy for all the currently measured properties.
Remote sensing of water level and ice cover of large and middle-sized lakes of Russia

The use of satellite methods for inland waters is often difficult because of their spatial resolution comparable to or greater thatn the size of water resevoirs. Remote sensing with high spatial resolution is often associated with ea large repeat period of data, or with a significant dependence of the quality of data on weather conditions. In this regard, the sue of Jason-2 sattelite equipped with dual-frequency (13.6 GHz and 5 GHz) radar altimeters and passive three-frequency (18,21 and 37 GHz) microwave radiometers is of interest, because the footprint diameter of their altimeters in Ku-band is about 10km and the repeat period of observations is ten days, that make it suitable for observations of large and medium-sized inland waters. In this work we use the data of Jason-2 satellite to determine the water level variations ice-cover régime of 6 lakes in Russia, water areas of which are intersected by the tracks of this satellite. Variations in water level is calculated on the base of retracking method taking into account the fact that the waveforms of altimetry pulses of satellites Jason-2 are distorted due to the influence of land. Satellite data are compared with available in situ observations and the correlation coefficient with in situ is calculated. The ice regime of lakes is determined using the a new method based on the analysis of the difference between the brightness temperatures of land and water in summer and winter periods. For validation of this method the visual images of the lakes from Aqua and Landsat satellites and in situ data are used.
Variability of sources and sinks of CO2 in the western Indian and southern oceans during the year 1991

For the period from January to September 1991 we describe spatial and temporal variations of sea surface carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO2) in the Antarctic, Subantarctic, subtropical, and tropical regions of the Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea). The measurements were made continuously with an infrared technique during seven cruises. We study the temporal variations of fCO2 at daily, monthly and seasonal scales in selected areas. High-frequency variabilities of 20 μatm/d have been observed near polar frontal zone. Both spatial and temporal fCO2 variations are large near the subtropical and Subantartic fronts. In the subtropical domain, fCO2 decreases regularly from austral summer to winter. In January this region is a small CO2 sink with values near equilibrium with the atmosphere. In July, low fCO2 (300 μatm) leads to a CO2 flux of −4.5 mmol/m2/d into the ocean for the zonal band 23°S-35°S. A quantitative study of monthly and seasonal fCO2 budgets is presented for the subtropical area. Considering first the observations at seasonal scale, it is shown that changes in fCO2 can be explained by temperature variations and air-sea exchanges; the sum of biological and mixing processes, considered as the balance of the seasonal fCO2 budget, is close to zero. The monthly fCO2 budgets are then calculated. In that case, other processes must be taken into account to close the budget: the observations indicate that the effect of productivity exceeds the one of mixing in austral summer and the opposite in winter. We then describe the seasonal air-sea fCO2 differences (ΔfCO2) for the whole western Indian Ocean and corresponding Antarctic sector (18,000 observations). In the equatorial and tropical regions the ocean is a CO2 source as was previously observed in the 1960s. In the subtropical area the CO2 sink dominates but varies strongly on a monthly scale. In the circumpolar front zones there is a large potential CO2 sink in summer. In the Antarctic waters, fCO2 spatial variability is very high at mesoscale, especially in the area of the Kerguelen plateau. Finally, it is shown that in some oceanic areas, well-defined relations exist between fCO2 distribution and temperature and salinity. If we want to use them to constrain mappings of continuous fCO2 fields from sparse observations, such relations must be considered at regional and at least seasonal scales.
Permeation of Volatile Organic Compounds through EVOH Thin Film Membranes and Coextruded LLDPE/EVOH/LLDPE Geomembranes

Abstract Coextruded geomembranes with an inner ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) layer are gaining attention as potential improved barriers to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when used in barrier systems that would traditionally use high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes. The permeation characteristics of nine common VOCs in aqueous solutions through the EVOH layer are investigated for two thin films: a 0.015-mm-thick, 32 mol% EVOH and a 0.02-mm-thick, 44 mol% EVOH. The VOCs included aromatic hydrocarbons [benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)] and chlorinated hydrocarbons [1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), dichloromethane (DCM), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PCE)]. The BTEX permeation coefficients, P g , range from 1.4 × 10 − 14 to 25 × 10 − 14 m 2 ⋅ s − 1 depending on the contaminant and mol% EVOH. When a 0.02-mm-thick, 38 mol% EVOH thin film layer is coextruded with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) to form a 0.53-mm-thick geomembrane, the BTEX permeation v.
Potential effects of development on flow characteristics of two New Jersey streams

: Parts of the Raritan River basin in central New Jersey have undergone increasing development over the last several decades. The increasing population relies on the region's ground water and surface water sources for its residential, commercial, and industrial water supply. Urbanization, regionalized wastewater-treatment facilities, stream channel alterations, and interbasin transfers of water can all affect water availability. This pilot study was conducted to determine whether significant trends exist in the base-flow and overland-runoff characteristics of streams in two subbasins with different percentages of urban/built-up land (Anderson et at., 1976). Changes in flow characteristics that could indicate future reductions in safe water yield of the Raritan River basin were examined. Flow and flow variability of the steams draining these two subbasins have increased over time. Many of the flow measures studied experienced pronounced trend shifts about 1960. The cause of these changes cannot be readily determined from the data, nor is it clear whether the increased flow variability lies outside the natural range of flow variability of the streams draining the subbasins.
Formation and gas/particle partitioning of monoterpenes photo‐oxidation products over forests

By using adequate sampling techniques we studied the chemical pathways, the gas‐to‐particle partition and the conversion processes leading to the formation of organic aerosols via the photo‐oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere over a conifer forest. Photo‐oxidation products of monoterpenes such as pinonic acid, nor‐pinonic acid, pinic acid, pinonaldehyde and nopinone were detected in the gas and particulate phases of all forest aerosol samples. Considering the diurnal concentration pattern of the photo‐oxidation products of α‐ and β‐pinene and Aitken nuclei concentration measured during the same periods, we observed that the acidic photo‐oxidation products of monoterpenes play a more important role in the formation of new particles than the corresponding carbonyl compounds.
RECONSTRUCTING THE DIET AND PALEOECOLOGY OF PLIO-PLEISTOCENE CERCOPITHECOIDES WILLIAMSI FROM STERKFONTEIN, SOUTH AFRICA

ABSTRACT The Plio-Pleistocene cave site of Sterkfontein has yielded the remains of Cercopithecoides williamsi, a colobine monkey reconstructed as a terrestrial folivore given its dental morphology, heavily worn teeth and robustly built postcranial skeleton. To address the validity of these dietary and habitat inferences, patterns of dental microwear obtained from low-magnification stereomicroscopy for C. williamsi specimens from Sterkfontein Member 4 (n = 13) are compared to a broad comparative sample of extant primates, including Cebus apella (n = 10), Colobus polykomos, (n = 6), Papio anubis (n = 13), and Papio ursinus (n = 39) as well as extinct Parapapio broomi (n = 12) from Sterkfontein Member 4 and Theropithecus oswaldi danieli (n = 6) from Swartkrans Member 1. Cercopithecoides williamsi exhibits numerous large pits and puncture pits, and few fine scratches. When diet is considered, C. williamsi is closely associated with C. polykomos and C. apella, suggesting folivorous resources and some hard-objects were consumed, possibly from seeds or grit on fallen fruit, but more likely from grit adhering to the underground storage organs of C4 plants given its mixed C3/C4 isotopic signal. This fossil taxon groups with terrestrial primates more than arboreal ones when habitat is considered. Individuals attributed to C. williamsi largely cluster as a group and a comparison of multiple use-wear scars differentiates open or partially open habitats from forested ones, suggesting dental microwear provides a strong habitat signal.
Optimal rejection of the image extinction in confocal scanning microscopy

12 This paper shows the mathematical expression of the light such as the extinction curve in the optical fields of system using AO deflector, and the axial/lateral response experimentally when the error sources change. We propose the progressive methods for the rejection of image extinction as the following. At first, for having the corrected image, small spot and long scan range, this paper shows that the optimal design having the multi-objects can be used by choosing the unitary lens device in confocal scanning microscopy. At second, in order to compensate for the intensity cancellation at the end profile that may be the cause of waviness for the optical image, this paper shows that it is efficient to schedule the frequency of scan. According to characteristics of the extinction curve and axial/lateral response having the error property, we can define the frequency and sensitivity of as their robustness.
Central, peripheral, and contextual regulation of food intake

Near-unlimited access to energy-dense foods high in fat and sugar is widely viewed as a major contributing factor to the obesity epidemic of modern industrialized nations. Excessive consumption of these highly palatable foods, however, may have consequences on physiological and psychological function that extend beyond gains in body weight. Like drugs of abuse, palatable foods acquire enhanced incentive salience with repeated exposure, reflecting increased motivation to obtain and consume them. Whether palatable foods, similar to drugs of abuse, can also produce a withdrawal-like syndrome upon cessation of access remains unclear. This dissertation describes a model of rapid, excessive 'binge-like' intake of a highly palatable sweet fat diet in rats, investigates whether evidence of a withdrawal-like syndrome or impaired reward function is apparent during the abstinent period between binges, and explores the contribution of cannabinoid type 1(CB1) receptor mediated signals in regulating binge-like behavior. Results indicated that limited daily access to the sweet fat diet induced robust binge-like behavior in the absence of negative emotional symptoms of anxiety-like behavior or impaired reward function upon withdrawal. However, rats with a history of binge-like palatable food intake did show evidence of enhanced reactivity to binge- related cues. A binge prime consisting of a minimal dose of the sweet fat diet and contextual cues associated with the binge increased locomotor indices of activity and elevated intracranial self-stimulation thresholds. This suggests that the primary factors motivating continued binge-like intake are the hedonic value of the food and the appetitive drive associated with binge cues rather than an attempt to compensate for a negative state of withdrawal. Using a novel CB1 receptor inverse agonist, the hypothesis that central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors contribute independently to regulation of binge- like food intake was also tested. Peripheral CB1 blockade reduced ad libitum intake of both less palatable chow and the palatable diet, but joint blockade of central and peripheral receptors was required to suppress binge-like intake. This suggests that central cannabinoid circuitry is preferentially recruited when incentive to consume a palatable food is enhanced by limited access
Barbara A Kennedy (1972)

Kennedy's (1972) short, but classic, paper examines the validity of the concept of ‘bankfull’ as the channel-forming discharge and how that may apply to underfit streams. She argues that the 1.5 year recurrence interval equals bankfull assumption is invalid in many settings and leads to unnecessarily complex explanation of underfit meander wavelengths. Kennedy, who passed away in February 2014, is also remembered as a demanding educator who loved geomorphology, but even more so, her students.
A new centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation of Alberta and its implications for centrosaurine taxonomy and systematics

Centrosaurus brinkmani (sp. nov) is distinguished from Centrosaurus apertus by key features of its cranial ornamentation, including the shape and orientation of the postorbital horn and parietal ornamentation at parietal locus 3, the shape of the parietal ornamentation at locus 2, and the possession of accessory parietal ossifications developed as short spines on the caudal parietal ramus. This species is restricted to the Oldman Formation of southern Alberta and is the oldest ceratopsid represented by diagnostic material in Canada. Phylogenetic analysis of the Centrosaurinae suggests that the development of spike-like ornamentation at the parietal locus 3 parietal locus is inversely related to the development of the P1 parietal ornamentation.
The topography of drumlins; assessing their long profile shape

The literature on drumlins is pervaded by the notion that their longitudinal profile is usually highly asymmetric with a stoss steeper end and a lee gentler end, and that this can be used to infer the palaeo ice flow direction. The idea is built up in many papers covering more than a century of research. However, most of the early published papers were qualitative in nature and more recent quantitative papers appear to challenge the ubiquity of the classical stoss–lee shape. Here the shape of the drumlin longitudinal profile of 29,238 drumlins in the British Isles has been analysed. Drumlins were grouped into flowsets for which a palaeo ice flow direction was inferred independently of the drumlin shape. Given such ice flow directions it was then possible to identify the upflow and downflow ends of each drumlin and to trace and extract its longitudinal profile. Results indicate that the highest point of the drumlin is usually found around half way along the profile. The mean slope angles at the stoss and lee ends were found to be very similar. Finally, the average profile built from all mapped drumlins appears almost symmetric. In conclusion, drumlin longitudinal profile is far from being the classically asymmetric shape widely reported in text‐book descriptions. Drumlins are mostly symmetrical in shape with a very slight tendency towards the classical shape. Highly asymmetric drumlins do exist but are rare and with an almost equal numbers of drumlins that are the reverse of this. These findings are verified both at the entire population level and the flowset level. This demonstrates that the idealized stoss–lee shape of classically‐asymmetric drumlins is not representative of the population and should be replaced with that of mostly symmetric bumps. Drumlin shape is not a good indicator of the palaeo ice flow direction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistics of extremes and estimation of extreme rainfall: II. Empirical investigation of long rainfall records / Statistiques de valeurs extrêmes et estimation de précipitations extrêmes: II. Recherche empirique sur de longues séries de précipitations

Abstract Abstract In the first part of this study, theoretical analyses showed that the Gumbel distribution is quite unlikely to apply to hydrological extremes and that the extreme value distribution of type II (EV2) is a more consistent choice. Based on these theoretical analyses, an extensive empirical investigation is performed using a collection of 169 of the longest available rainfall records worldwide, each having 100–154 years of data. This verifies the theoretical results. In addition, it shows that the shape parameter of the EV2 distribution is constant for all examined geographical zones (Europe and North America), with value κ = 0.15. This simplifies the fitting and the general mathematical handling of the distribution, which become as simple as those of the Gumbel distribution.
Recommending MeSH terms for annotating biomedical articles

Background Due to the high cost of manual curation of key aspects from the scientific literature, automated methods for assisting this process are greatly desired. Here, we report a novel approach to facilitate MeSH indexing, a challenging task of assigning MeSH terms to MEDLINE citations for their archiving and retrieval. Methods Unlike previous methods for automatic MeSH term assignment, we reformulate the indexing task as a ranking problem such that relevant MeSH headings are ranked higher than those irrelevant ones. Specifically, for each document we retrieve 20 neighbor documents, obtain a list of MeSH main headings from neighbors, and rank the MeSH main headings using ListNet–a learning-to-rank algorithm. We trained our algorithm on 200 documents and tested on a previously used benchmark set of 200 documents and a larger dataset of 1000 documents. Results Tested on the benchmark dataset, our method achieved a precision of 0.390, recall of 0.712, and mean average precision (MAP) of 0.626. In comparison to the state of the art, we observe statistically significant improvements as large as 39% in MAP (p-value <0.001). Similar significant improvements were also obtained on the larger document set. Conclusion Experimental results show that our approach makes the most accurate MeSH predictions to date, which suggests its great potential in making a practical impact on MeSH indexing. Furthermore, as discussed the proposed learning framework is robust and can be adapted to many other similar tasks beyond MeSH indexing in the biomedical domain. All data sets are available at: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih. gov/CBBresearch/Lu/indexing.
The influence of faunal condensation and mixing on the preservation of fossil benthic communities

Fursich. Franz Theodor 1978 07 IS: The influence of faunal condensation and mixing on the preservation of fossil benthic communities. Lethaia, Vol. 11, pp. 243–250. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. Condensation phenomena caused by environmental, biotic, or diagenetic factors are widespread in the fossil record, especially in shallow shelf sediments, and may alter the composition of ancient communities. Even without large-scale transport being involved, often only time-averaged seres will be available for palaeosynecological studies. This should be kept in mind when community analysis of such shell accumulations is attempted.