Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implications for

eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. Abstract: In the face of growing levels of congestion and persistent air quality problems, planners increasingly see community design as a way of reducing automobile dependence. Because of growing levels of obesity and the attendant health problems, public health officials have also turned to community design as a way of increasing physical activity. Proponents from both camps argue that higher population and employment densities, greater mixes of land uses, more gridlike street networks, and better transit service contribute to lower levels of driving and higher levels of walking, and they cite numerous studies to support their cases. But most studies focus on the population as a whole, and few studies so far consider the ways in which the effect of community design might differ for particular segments of the population given their particular travel needs. As evidence of the complexity of women's travel accumulates, researchers have begun to explore what community design means for women, both the possibility that community design adds to their travel burden and the possibility that it can help to ease that burden. Women face significant concerns related to family, health, and safety that complicate their daily lives; these concerns contribute to their need for travel and to the constraints they face in attempting to meet those needs. Communities designed so that women must drive long distances to work, to daycare, to shopping, or to medical appointments add to the time and cost of meeting their personal and household needs. In contrast, communities designed for shorter driving distances and for modes other than driving may offer women the option of reducing the time and money they spend on travel. At this time, few questions have been answered and many questions remain, not only about the implications of community design for the travel of women but also about the relationship between community design and travel behavior more generally. As a step toward building a research agenda on the implications for women
Explorer Unemployment Needs Context

The notion of voluntary unemployment held by orthodox economic theory could be refuted by happiness research, showing that those unemployed experience a persistent loss in life-satisfaction. However, most current research addressing this question is conducted at the individual level or taking into account only simple economic aggregate indicators, such as unemployment rates or inflation. The effects of unemployment on life-satisfaction however are likely to vary between societies depending on factors beyond the economic realm. This paper demonstrates the need to consider a wider set of country-level characteristics, including economic, demographic and attitudinal indicators, if the relationship between unemployment and life-satisfaction is to be understood adequately. Using data from the World Values Survey multi-level models are computed for up to 40 European and Anglo-Saxon societies. While economic indicators such as GDP per capita and income inequality appear to be relevant, unemployment rates seem to not affect the relationship greatly, contrary to results from several previous studies. Other factors however do, either mitigating the loss in life-satisfaction when becoming unemployed (such as the mean level of the perception of autonomy in a society), or further depressing life-satisfaction (such as the mean emphasis of work in a society, the age-dependency ratio or the proportion of women in the labour force). Possible explanations are discussed and suggestions for improved further research made.
Bound computation of dependability and performance measures

When evaluating quantitative measures of complex systems using Markov models, a major drawback is the size of the generated state space, due to the intrinsic combinatorics associated with these models. If the number of states is excessively large, the model may be simply untractable. Observe also that in some cases, innnite models are appropriate, in which case, except for particular structures, the numerical procedures are not applicable. Recently, methods have been proposed to deal with this problem. The idea is to derive bounds of the measures of interest, by replacing a large part of the state space by some compact information. This has been done mainly for asymptotic dependability measures, and the proposed methods are valid under speciic and restrictive conditions. In this paper, we extend these techniques to more general cases. In particular, we show that our approach can also give tight bounds of performance measures. We also show how to handle, in some cases, innnite models. We illustrate the new method with some analytically untractable open queueing networks, as well as with dependability models that cannot be analyzed by previous proposed techniques. Calcul de bornes de mesures de s^ uret e de fonctionnement et de performance R esum e : L' evaluation quantitative de syst emes complexes par des mod eles Markoviens a pour inconv enient majeure l'explosion combinatoire de la taille de l'espace d' etats g en er e. Si ce nombre d' etats est excessivement grand, l'analyse du mod ele peut s'av erer impossible. Observons aussi que dans certains cas, les mod eles appropri es sont innnis et donc pour lesquels, except ees certaines structures particuli eres, on ne peut pas appliquer les techniques num eriques. R ecemment, de nouvelles m ethodes ont et e propos ees pour contrer ce probl eme. L'id ee principale est d'obtenir des bornes des mesures d'int er^ et en r eduisant une tr es grande partie de l'espace d' etats a l'aide d'information compacte. Cette approche a et e essentiellement d evelopp ee pour des mesures de s^ uret e de fonctionnement asymptotiques, et les m ethodes d ejj a existantes ne sont valables que sous certaines conditions restrictives. Dans ce papier, nous elargissons l'applicabilit e de ces techniques a des mod eles plus g en eraux. En particulier, nous montrons que ce type de m ethodes peut aussi donner des bornes de mesures de performance de bonne qualit e. …
The re-regulation of public transport : alternative approaches to planning in Chile and Britain

The principal objective of this paper is to review recent efforts to restore regulation to the previously deregulated public transport markets of Santiago (Chile) and the English Metropolitan Areas (Britain). It proposes to briefly analyse the impacts of deregulation on key stakeholder groups, such as operators, users and authorities, and to identify the key reasons for re-introducing controls. In addition, this paper will track the evolution of new programmes and identify some of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. RÉSUMÉ: Le but principal de ce rapport est d’examiner les efforts récents pour restaurer la réglementation dans le secteur du transport public de Santiago (Chili) et dans les agglomérations urbaines anglaises, qui ont été auparavant déréglementées. Il propose d’analyser brièvement les impacts de la déréglementation sur les groupes concernés comme les conducteurs, les passagers et les autorités locales. De plus, il essaie d’identifier les raisons principales en faveur de la réintroduction de ces contrôles. Ce rapport expliquera également l’évolution des nouveaux programmes et identifiera les avantages et les inconvénients de chaque approche.
Desalination and Water Treatment

Membranes with varying degrees of hydrophilicity made from blends of poly(vinylidene ﬂuoride) (PVDF) and polycarbonate (PC) were prepared to recover water from emulsiﬁed oily wastewater. The effects of different amounts of PC content on the structure, hydrophilicity, and functionality of these PVDF/PC membranes were analyzed using contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersion X-ray analysis, liquid–liquid displacement, and a fouling test with an oil/water emulsion. The slightly hydrophilic character of the PC decreases the hydrophobicity of the blend membranes compared to a pure PVDF membrane. Increasing the amount of PC in the casting solution causes little change in average pore size but a substantial change in the membrane’s porosity and surface structure, with these changes reﬂected in the efﬁciency of the membranes with respect to recovering water from the emulsiﬁed oily wastewater. The best performance, meaning less membrane fouling and better permeate quality, was obtained using a blend membrane containing 20% PC, which achieved an initial permeate ﬂux of 28.59L/m 2 h with a limiting permeate ﬂux of 22.11 L/m 2 h, a COD of 88 ppm in the permeate solution, and 97.8% oil retention.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Toll-like receptors : tools , assays , and implications for in vitro pyrogen tests

Activation of TLR4 by LPS has been generally accepted to be dependent on the presence of LPS-binding proteins as well as the extracellular adaptor molecule MD-2. We noticed that addition of human serum to LPS-stimulated human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably-transfected with CD-14 and TLR4 resulted in abundant cell activation and IL-8 production, whereas in absence of serum little IL-8 was produced. As we hypothesized that human MD-2 was involved in the TLR4-potentiating effect, we attempted to purify MD-2 from human serum. Using a combination of size exclusion, anion, and cation chromatography two candidate protein bands were identified. However, mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the candidate protein bands were not MD-2, but suggested that angiostatin, a proteolytic fragment of plasminogen, the expression of which is increased during sepsis, was capable of potentiating TLR4 activation. Follow-up experiments with serum either depleted or enriched for small plasminogen-like molecules, failed to support the hypothesis that angiostatin potentiates the LPS activation of TLR4. Nonetheless, we found that the activation of CD14/TLR4-expressing HEK cells was greatly increased by human serum obtained from septic patients as compared to normal serum, which sheds new light on the findings published by other groups. Potentiation of LPS-activated TLR4 by human serum
Parameter estimation and validation of the terrestrial ecosystem model Biome-BGC using eddy-covariance flux measurements

4 INTRODUCTION 5 MODEL DESCRIPTION 7 MODEL UPDATES 10 MODELLING FOUR FOREST BIOME TYPES USING A PROCESS BASED ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL, BIOME-BGC: VALIDATION AND UNCERTAINTIES 12 OBJECTIVES 12 SITE CHARACTERISTICS AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA 13 TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST SITES 15 BOREAL CONIFEROUS FOREST SITES 17 BOREAL DECIDUOUS FOREST SITES 17 TEMPERATE CONIFEROUS FOREST SITES 18 NITROGEN DEPOSITION DATA 19 EDDY COVARIANCE FLUX DATA 19 MODEL PARAMETERISATION 20 MODEL SIMULATIONS AND VALIDATION 20 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22 MODEL PHENOLOGY 22 MODEL VALIDATION 24 PROBLEMATIC SITES 33 NORTH BOREAS 33 GUNNARSHOLT 36 CONCLUSIONS 36 PHENOLOGY 36 RESPIRATION 36 BOREAL SITES 37 MPI-BGC Tech Rep 16: Trusilova, Trembath, and Churkina 3 PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR THE TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM MODEL BIOMEBGC USING EDDY-COVARIANCE FLUX MEASUREMENTS 38 OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES 38 OBJECTIVES 39 MODEL PARAMETERISATION 39 MODEL SIMULATIONS 41 OBSERVATIONAL DATA 43 UNCERTAINTIES 43 NONLINEAR INVERSION 44 MISFIT FUNCTION 45 THE UNCERTAINTY OF MODEL OUTPUT 46 ONE ITERATION OF THE OPTIMISATION 47 CONSTRAINTS ON THE MODEL OUTPUT 49 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 49 UNCERTAINTY IN CARBON FLUXES 50 OPTIMISED PARAMETER VALUES 52 TESTING OPTIMISED PARAMETERS 55 REDUCTION OF FLUX UNCERTAINTY WITH OPTIMISED PARAMETERS 56 CONCLUSIONS 57 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 59 REFERENCES 60 MPI-BGC Tech Rep 16: Trusilova, Trembath, and Churkina 4
An Experimental Investigation of Unsteady Thrust Augmentation Using a Speaker-Driven Jet

An experimental investigation is described in which a simple speaker-driven jet was used as a pulsed thrust source (driver) for an ejector configuration. The objectives of the investigation were twofold: First, to add to the experimental body of evidence showing that an unsteady thrust source, combined with a properly sized ejector generally yields higher thrust augmentation values than a similarly sized, steady driver of equivalent thrust. Second, to identify characteristics of the unsteady driver that may be useful for sizing ejectors, and predicting what thrust augmentation values may be achieved. The speaker-driven jet provided a convenient source for the investigation because it is entirely unsteady (having no mean component) and because relevant parameters such as frequency, time-averaged thrust, and diameter are easily variable. The experimental setup will be described, as will the various measurements made. These include both thrust and Digital Particle Imaging Velocimetry of the driver. It will be shown that thrust augmentation values as high as 1.8 were obtained, that the diameter of the best ejector scaled with the dimensions of the emitted vortex, and that the so-called Formation Number serves as a useful dimensionless number by which to characterize the jet and predict performance.
Propriétés thermo-physiques et hydratation de la surface de Mars

Ce travail de these est consacre a la caracterisation physique de la surface de Mars et a l'etude des facteurs dynamiques la modifiant. Deux aspects sont etudies. Le premier concerne les proprietes thermo-physiques qui sont un moyen de contraindre les actions que les forces erosives et sedimentaires cumulees sur les temps geologiques ont joue a la surface de Mars. Le second est l'hydratation de la surface de Mars qui est une donnee importante du systeme climatique martien en tant que reservoir d'eau.Afin de caracteriser ces deux proprietes physiques de la surface de Mars, nous avons combine l'approche orbitale permettant une couverture globale, l'approche in situ qui fournit une interpretation locale robuste et l'utilisation d'outils de simulation des processus physiques. Les donnees des instruments OMEGA, un spectro-imageur a bord de Mars Express en orbite autour de Mars depuis 2004, et le capteur de temperature de surface de l'instrument REMS, embarque a bord de Curiosity et en operation dans le cratere Gale depuis 2012 ont ete analysees en detail. Les mesures de temperature de surface de ces deux instruments ont ete inversees pour caracteriser les proprietes thermo-physiques de la surface au moyen d'un modele climatique. Nous presentons la premiere carte globale de l'inertie thermique de la surface de Mars calculees a partir des donnees OMEGA et nous mettons en evidence de maniere inedite des comportements thermiques specifiques d'assemblages heterogenes a la surface de Mars ou de processus physiques negliges.Les informations relatives a l'hydratation de la surface ont pu etre extraites des donnees OMEGA grâce a la prise en compte de mesures en laboratoire et ont ete interpretees de concert avec les resultats de plusieurs missions autour ou a la surface de Mars et des simulations climatiques du cycle de l'eau afin de reconstruire l'histoire de cette hydratation. Nous trouvons que l'hydratation est stable tout au long de l'annee martienne et qu'elle augmente avec la latitude de maniere asymetrique entre les deux hemispheres. La distribution spatiale de l'hydratation coincide avec les zones en contact regulier avec des depots de givre, qui apparait ainsi etre a l'origine du processus responsable de l'implementation de l'eau dans le regolite martien.
The association between the health-related physical �tness and inhibitory control in preschool children

Inhibitory control develops rapidly during the preschool stage, and development of inhibitory control in this period is signi�cant for the healthy growth of the future. However, most studies paid more attention to children and adolescents in recent years, but less focus on preschool children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the association between the health-related physical �tness and inhibitory control in preschool children. This study was a cross-sectional study, 128 preschool children in Yangpu District of Shanghai were recruited by convenient sampling. The health-related physical �tness T-score (HPFT) was obtained by adding standard scores of six indicators: body mass index, handgrip strength, standing long jump, one-leg balance, 2×10m shuttle run test, and 20m shuttle run test. Inhibitory control was assessed using the �anker task and re�ected by reaction time and accuracy.
Infarct on Brain Imaging, Subsequent Ischemic Stroke, and Clopidogrel-Aspirin Efficacy: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance In the Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke (POINT) trial, acute treatment with clopidogrel-aspirin was associated with significantly reduced risk of recurrent stroke. There may be specific patient groups who are more likely to benefit from this treatment. Objective To investigate whether the association of clopidogrel-aspirin with stroke recurrence in patients with minor stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack (TIA) is modified by the presence of infarct on imaging attributed to the index event (index imaging) among patients enrolled in the POINT Trial. Design, Setting, and Participants In the POINT randomized clinical trial, patients with high-risk TIA and minor ischemic stroke were enrolled at 269 sites in 10 countries in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand from May 28, 2010, to December 19, 2017. In this post hoc analysis, patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether they had an acute infarct on index imaging. All POINT trial participants with information available on the presence or absence of acute infarct on index imaging were eligible for this study. Univariable Cox regression models evaluated associations between the presence of an infarct on index imaging and subsequent ischemic stroke and evaluated whether the presence of infarct on index imaging modified the association of clopidogrel-aspirin with subsequent ischemic stroke risk. Data were analyzed from July 2020 to May 2021. Exposures Presence or absence of acute infarct on index imaging. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome is whether the presence of infarct on index imaging modified the association of clopidogrel-aspirin with subsequent ischemic stroke risk. Results Of the 4881 patients enrolled in POINT, 4876 (99.9%) met the inclusion criteria (mean [SD] age, 65 [13] years; 2685 men [55.0%]). A total of 1793 patients (36.8%) had an acute infarct on index imaging. Infarct on index imaging was associated with ischemic stroke during follow-up (hazard ratio [HR], 3.68; 95% CI, 2.73-4.95; P < .001). Clopidogrel-aspirin vs aspirin alone was associated with decreased ischemic stroke risk in patients with an infarct on index imaging (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41-0.77; P < .001) compared with those without an infarct on index imaging (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.74-1.65; P = .62), with a significant interaction association (P for interaction = .008). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the presence of an acute infarct on index imaging was associated with increased risk of recurrent stroke and a more pronounced benefit from clopidogrel-aspirin. Future work should focus on validating these findings before targeting specific patient populations for acute clopidogrel-aspirin treatment.
Board 50: WIP: Evidence-based analysis of the design of collaborative problem-solving engineering tasks

), and monitoring and evaluation (evaluating the solution and considering alternatives). To assess the design of ill-structured engineering tasks for collaborative problem solving, we have developed a method that is based on the presence and proportion of Ge’s four processes. This paper identifies the processes implemented by groups of students as they solved an ill-structured task, and determines which aspects of the task design promoted those processes. Based on the findings, we will make suggestions to further improve the design of the task and comment on the overall takeaways for the design of any collaborative, ill-structured task. This study seeks to answer the following research questions:
Wave‐equation migration velocity analysis. I. Theory

We present a migration velocity analysis (MVA) method based on wavefield extrapolation. Similarly to conventional MVA, our method aims at iteratively improving the quality of the migrated image, as measured by the flatness of angle‐domain common‐image gathers (ADCIGs) over the aperture‐angle axis. However, instead of inverting the depth errors measured in ADCIGs using ray‐based tomography, we invert ‘image perturbations’ using a linearized wave‐equation operator. This operator relates perturbations of the migrated image to perturbations of the migration velocity. We use prestack Stolt residual migration to define the image perturbations that maximize the focusing and flatness of ADCIGs.
Effect of Simulation and Pretest Application on Learning in Inhaler Drug Training of Nursing Student: Solomon Experimental Design

Background: Despite asthma management guidelines and newly developed effective medications, asthma is still a difficult-to-control disease because of the inability of nurses to use inhaler drugs effectively and properly. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of simulation-based training and pretest application on the knowledge and performance scores with a Solomon four-group experimental design. Methods: Group 1 underwent a pretest, training, and a posttest; group 2 a pretest and posttest; group 3 training and a posttest; and group 4 a posttest. Data were collected at the beginning and in the last stage (n = 120). Results: Among groups without pretest the amount of increase in post-test knowledge score due to education in group 3 was higher compared to group 4. Post-test knowledge score average of group 2 was higher than group 4 (t = 3.30; p = .002). The average post-test knowledge score of group 1 was higher than group 3 (t = 7.35; p <.001). The pre-test affected the post-test knowledge score. Post-test mean score was higher than group 1 than group 2 (t = 2.92; p = .005). Posttest performance mean score of group 3 was higher than group 4 (t = 6.26; p <.001). Simulation training was effective in practice. Posttest performance mean score of group 2 was higher than group 4 (t = 4.27; p <.001). Conclusion: Simulation training with standardized patients was effective in teaching how to use inhaler drugs.