Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strategies for repeated games with subsystem takeovers: implementable by deterministic and self-stabilizing automata (extended abstract)

Systems of selfish-computers, such as the Internet, are subject to transient faults due to hardware/software temporal malfunctions; just as the society is subjected to human mistakes due to a moment of weakness. Game theory uses punishment for deterring improper behavior. Due to faults, selfish-computers may punish well-behaved ones. This is one of the key motivations for forgiveness that follows any effective and credible punishment. Therefore, unplanned punishments must be proven to have ceased in order to avoid infinite cycles of unsynchronized behavior of "tit for tat". We investigate another aspect of selfish-computer systems. We consider the possibility of subsystem takeover, say, by the use of hostile malware. The takeover may lead to joint deviations coordinated by an arbitrary selfish-computer that controls an unknown group of subordinate computers. We present strategies that deter the coordinator (and its subordinates) from deviating in infinitely repeated games. We construct deterministic and finite automata that implement these strategies with optimal complexity. Moreover, we prove that all unplanned punishments eventually cease by showing that the automata can recover from transient faults.
Climate Policy Constraints and NGO Entrepreneurship: The Story of Norway's Leadership in REDD+ Financing

Norway – a small northern country with only 5 million inhabitants – is at present a global leader in REDD+ financing. In this paper, we explain why and how this happened by telling the story about the emergence of Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) in 2007 and its institutionalization in the following years. We emphasize how a set of Norwegian climate policy characteristics prepared the ground for NICFI. These characteristics were the relative absence of less expensive potential emission cuts domestically, a tradition of seeking cheaper emission reduction options abroad, and few fiscal constraints due to high petroleum revenues. When the domestic demand for a more proactive climate policy started to increase from 2006 onward, two Norwegian environmental NGOs, The Rainforest Foundation Norway and Friends of the Earth Norway, exploited the window of opportunity that emerged from the tension between high domestic abatement costs and increasing domestic climate policy demands by proposing a large-scale Norwegian rainforest effort. This proposal resonated well with the new emphasis on reduced deforestation as a promising climate policy measure internationally. Towards the end of 2007, these ENGOs managed to convince a broad majority in Parliament that large-scale financing of measures to reduce deforestation globally should become an important part of Norwegian climate policy. Financing NICFI through the growth in the steadily increasing development aid budget dampened opposition from more fiscally conservative actors and facilitated the rapid set-up of a flexible implementing organization directly linked to some of the most proactive politicians. Several agreements with key rainforest countries were rapidly established, and including ENGOs in policy formulation and implementation helped maintaining the momentum and legitimacy for NICFI as a more permanent solution to Norway’s climate policy dilemmas. NICFI’s robustness and high level of legitimacy are illustrated by the fact that the initiative has survived the recent 2013 change of government quite intact. However, we also suggest that the long-time survival of the initiative may be dependent on the future of the UNFCCC process as well as the destiny of the national projects.
Premenstrual Disorders Among Perinatally HIV-Infected Adolescents

(4 suppl 3):19795. 13. Gantner P, Reinhart S, Partisani M, et al. Switching to emtricitabine, tenofovir and rilpivirine as single tablet regimen in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients: a cohort study. HIV Med. 2014;16(2):132–136. 14. Gazaignes S, Resche-Rigon M, Yang C, et al. Efficacy and safety of rilpivirine-based regimens in treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients: a prospective cohort study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17(4 suppl 3): 19796. 15. Wu PY, Cheng CY, Luo YZ, et al. Safety of rilpivirine plus nucleoside reversetranscriptase inhibitors in HIV-infected Taiwanese with a higher prevalence of hepatitis virus infection. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17(4 suppl 3):19580. 16. Sax PE, DeJesus E, Mills A, et al; GS-US236-0102 Study Team. Co-formulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus co-formulated efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial, analysis of results after 48 weeks. Lancet. 2012;379: 2439–2448. 17. Greig SL, Deeks ED. Abacavir/dolutegravir/ lamivudine single-tablet regimen: a review of its use in HIV-1 infection. Drugs. 2015;75(5): 503–514.
The Classical Experiments on Cournot Oligopoly

Moving beyond the development of game theory and the exercise games for managers that inspired them, two papers – Hoggatt (1959) and Sauermann and Selten (1959, 1960) – explicitly set up controlled experiments on quantity adjusters (or Cournot) oligopolists. “The experiment can be constructed in such a way that decision-making can be observed throughout, and the assumptions about human behavior implicit in economic theories can be tested. ” claim Sauermann and Selten (1960, p. 85). “We focus on using game situations as a research tool for studying the behavior of human beings in conflict situations” asserts Hoggatt (1959, p. 192). With these papers, experimental research on oligopolies was born, reaching maturity soon, with Fouraker, Shubik, and Siegel (1961), and Fouraker and Siegel (1963). Fouraker and Siegel’s work is indistinguishable in method and purpose from recent oligopoly experiments. The oligopolistic market used in Fouraker and Siegel’s experiments is as simple as it can be, the purpose – comparing the results of two treatments – is clearly stated, while the problems confronted and the solutions applied are not different from today’s. It is instructive to note how in a matter of a few years, simplification is preferred to realism. In Sauermann and Selten (1960), firms are complex, decision-making units with several managers, each specializing in a different task. In Hoggatt (1959), firms are simple, one-person, one-decision units, but different among themselves, and the inverse demand function depends not only on current quantities but also on amounts traded in the past. In Fouraker and Siegel (1963), firms are identical one-person onedecision units, and the inverse demand function is linear in current quantities. Clearly, the purpose of Fouraker and Siegel’s experiments was to study human behavior, not to decipher the complexities of oligopolistic markets or the behavior of complex organizations.
Reclamation for aspen revegetation in the Athabasca oil sands: Understanding soil water dynamics through unsaturated flow modelling

Carrera-Hernández, J. J., Mendoza, C. A. , Devito, K. J., Petrone, R. M. and Smerdon, B. D. 2012. Reclamation for aspen revegetation in the Athabasca oil sands: Understanding soil water dynamics through unsaturated flow modelling. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 103-116. Reclamation of mined areas in the Athabasca oil sands region is required by law, with the ultimate goal of revegetating to species characteristic of predisturbance native plant communities. To develop adequate reclamation strategies, an analysis of soil water dynamics is of utmost importance, as is understanding the impact of the thickness of the reclamation cover. In this work, soil water dynamics and fluxes at the water table were simulated for three reclamation scenarios and compared with the fluxes obtained for natural conditions assuming that aspen is the target reclamation species. According to the simulations, a reclamation thickness between 0.5 and 1.0 m can be used to provide water for revegetation. The numerical simulations show that the reclaimed landscapes have fluxes at the water table that exhibit less fluctuation than natural conditions. To limit the interaction between the water table and atmospheric fluxes, and to limit upward flux, the water table should be deeper than 2.0 m on reclaimed landscapes that use aspen for revegetation, particularly when reclamation takes place during a dry climatological cycle.
Do domestic immigrants live longer? An approach for estimating the life expectancy of small populations

Ageing is a major demographic issue for the world of the 21st century and is caused by substantial declines in fertility and mortality rates. Without international migration, most developed countries would not be able to balance the resulting losses of population and work force. The proportion of elderly (aged 65 and over) in Taiwan reached the threshold of 7%, indicating an ageing society, in 1993, and has been increasing dramatically since then. The county-level populations in Taiwan are also ageing rapidly, but the local changes vary widely because domestic migration rates of each county are different. Urbanization is becoming more obvious, with people tending to move to large cities and counties with better social welfare programs. As a result, domestic migration plays an important role in population ageing at the county level, and the people in counties with larger numbers of domestic immigrants are expected to have a longer life expectancy. However, the life expectancies of people in these counties do not bear out this trend. In the present study, based on domestic migration records from the Department of the Interior of Taiwan, we applied graduation methods and small-area estimation skills to construct county-level life tables, and evaluate whether domestic immigrants have lower mortality rates than those who do not migrate. We found that the domestic immigrants of Kinmen County have significantly lower mortality rates, but those of Hsinchu County do not.
Posttraumatic growth and its correlates among survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer: A brief report

Abstract Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe posttraumatic growth (PTG) levels among survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer (AYAs), and estimate relationships between PTG and medical (cancer type, age at diagnosis, time since treatment), behavioral (physical activity), and psychological (appearance evaluations, body satisfaction) variables. Methods: Eighty-eight AYAs (Mage=33 ± 4.4 years) completed a survey online that included the PTG-Inventory (PTG-I). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations. Findings: Total and subdimension PTG-I scores indicated moderate-to-high PTG levels, with the highest and lowest scores reported for appreciation of life and spiritual change, respectively. Appearance evaluations was moderately and positively correlated with the spiritual change subdimension (r = .31, p < .001). Relationships between PTG and other variables were of weak magnitude and not statistically significant (rs = 0–.21, ps > .05). Conclusions: More research exploring variables related to PTG among AYAs is needed to better understand antecedents and outcomes of PTG.
Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden and Vicinity

Emended descriptions of the female of Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Froelich 1789) and of the male of Wellcomia evoluta (Linstow 1899) are given. The female of A. hermaphrodita is described in full as a description of it does not appear in the literature. Several corrections are made of errors found in descriptions. Especially noticeable is the illustration of the male tail of W. evoluta by Yorke and Maplestone (1926), p. 197, (fig. 131 E) which they wrongly label “Posterior extremity of female (After Hall). ” Further evidence is furnished upon the probable life-cycle of a species of the genus Eustrongylides in showing that pre-adult stages of E. wenrichi Canavan 1929 have been found encysted in a fish, as well as in a frog and amphiuma (“Congo eel”); the adults of the worm were found in a Canadian goose. Thus confirming Jaegerskiöld in his opinion that fish are the intermediate host and fish-eating aquatic birds are the final hosts of the genus. Superparasitism is shown to be of fairly common occurrence. Numerous records of new hosts are mentioned. Three worms that previously were found and described by the writer as new were found again. In each case they were encountered in new but closely related hosts to those in which they were previously found. There are five new species and one new genus described and illustrated in this paper (II): Pharyngostrongylus brevis sp. nov. from a Bernard's kangaroo, Phascolostrongylus turleyi gen. et sp. nov. from a common wombat. Oesophagostomum vigintimembrum sp. nov. from an Arabian camel, Ascaris hippopotami sp. nov. from a hippopotamus and Diplotriaena bifidus sp. nov. from both blue-bearded and pileated jays. Finally, there are 209 determinations of 39 genera and 69 species, including new ones, from 181 hosts involving 94 different host species.
Factors Influencing Uptake of Breastfeeding: The Role of Early Promotion in the Maternity Hospital

Background: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of breastfeeding at birth points in Sicily and the relevance of the factors influencing the adoption of exclusive breastfeeding during hospitalization linked to childbirth. Methods: A survey was conducted to monitor the prevalence of breastfeeding in seven out of nine facilities providing maternity services in the province of Catania (Sicily, Southern Italy) in the years 2016–2018. An online questionnaire was administered using an electronic tablet by the midwife to the mother after discharge. Results: Women who had a higher educational qualification breastfed in a greater proportion (59.6%; odds ratio OR 0.60 for abandoning breastfeeding). Having had a caesarean section moderately impaired breastfeeding uptake, with an almost double chance of declining exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1.74). Starting breastfeeding within 1 h from delivery showed a significant facilitating effect (OR = 0.58). Rooming-in had a strong facilitating effect on exclusive breastfeeding. A breastfeeding advocacy program was shown to protect from abandoning breastfeeding. Conclusions: It is important to offer in all hospitals the possibility and support for breastfeeding in the first moments after childbirth to increase the number of those who will then continue with exclusive breastfeeding.
“I don’t Think These Devices are Very Culturally Sensitive.”—Impact of Automated Speech Recognition Errors on African Americans

Automated speech recognition (ASR) converts language into text and is used across a variety of applications to assist us in everyday life, from powering virtual assistants, natural language conversations, to enabling dictation services. While recent work suggests that there are racial disparities in the performance of ASR systems for speakers of African American Vernacular English, little is known about the psychological and experiential effects of these failures paper provides a detailed examination of the behavioral and psychological consequences of ASR voice errors and the difficulty African American users have with getting their intents recognized. The results demonstrate that ASR failures have a negative, detrimental impact on African American users. Specifically, African Americans feel othered when using technology powered by ASR—errors surface thoughts about identity, namely about race and geographic location—leaving them feeling that the technology was not made for them. As a result, African Americans accommodate their speech to have better success with the technology. We incorporate the insights and lessons learned from sociolinguistics in our suggestions for linguistically responsive ways to build more inclusive voice systems that consider African American users’ needs, attitudes, and speech patterns. Our findings suggest that the use of a diary study can enable researchers to best understand the experiences and needs of communities who are often misunderstood by ASR. We argue this methodological framework could enable researchers who are concerned with fairness in AI to better capture the needs of all speakers who are traditionally misheard by voice-activated, artificially intelligent (voice-AI) digital systems.
A cross‐language study of vowel sounds produced with and without emphasis: Testing the theory of adaptive dispersion

According to Lindbloms Theory of Adaptive Dispersion (TAD), the aim of talkers is to make phonological contrasts sufficiently distinctive to promote linguistic comprehension by the listener while minimizing the articulatory effort needed to achieve this degree of distinctiveness. When part of an utterance carries new—rather than given—information, it tends to be spoken with greater emphasis and clarity. In this study, several possible acoustic correlates of vowels in emphasized words were examined in American English, French, and Japanese in comparable phonetic and sentence contexts. These possible correlates include an expanded vowel space, greater vowel inherent spectral change, and a greater systematic variation in vowel length. Preliminary analyses suggest that the contrast‐enhancing properties of emphasized vowels vary considerably across languages. [Work supported by NIDCD. ]
Elevated Transglutaminase Activity Triggers Angiotensin Receptor Activating Autoantibody Production and Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia

Background Preeclampsia (PE) is a life‐threatening hypertensive disorder of pregnancy associated with autoantibodies, termed AT 1‐AA, that activate the AT 1 angiotensin receptor. Although the pathogenic nature of these autoantibodies has been extensively studied, little is known about the molecular cause of their generation. Methods and Results Here we show that tissue transglutaminase (TG2), an enzyme that conducts posttranslational modification of target proteins, directly modified the 7‐amino acid (7‐aa) epitope peptide that localizes to the second extracellular loop of the AT 1 receptor. These findings led us to further discover that plasma transglutaminase activity was induced and contributed to the production of AT 1‐AA and disease development in an experimental model of PE induced by injection of LIGHT, a tumor necrosis factor superfamily member. Key features of PE were regenerated by adoptive transfer of purified IgG from LIGHT‐injected pregnant mice and blocked by the 7‐amino acid epitope peptide. Translating our mouse research to humans, we found that plasma transglutaminase activity was significantly elevated in PE patients and was positively correlated with AT 1‐AA levels and PE features. Conclusions Overall, we provide compelling mouse and human evidence that elevated transglutaminase underlies AT 1‐AA production in PE and highlight novel pathogenic biomarkers and innovative therapeutic possibilities for the disease.
An Adaptive Mobile Health System to Support Self-Management for Persons With Chronic Conditions and Disabilities: Usability and Feasibility Studies

Background Persons with chronic conditions and disabilities (PwCCDs) are vulnerable to secondary complications. Many of these secondary complications are preventable with proactive self-management and proper support. To enhance PwCCDs' self-management skills and conveniently receive desired support, we have developed a mobile health (mHealth) system called iMHere. In 2 previous clinical trials, iMHere was successfully used to improve health outcomes of adult participants with spina bifida and spinal cord injury. To further expand use of iMHere among people with various types of disabilities and chronic diseases, the system needs to be more adaptive to address 3 unique challenges: 1) PwCCDs have very diverse needs with regards to self-management support, 2) PwCCDs’ self-management needs may change over time, and 3) it is a challenge to keep PwCCDs engaged and interested in long-term self-management. Objective The aim of this study was to develop an adaptive mHealth system capable of supporting long-term self-management and adapting to the various needs and conditions of PwCCDs. Methods A scalable and adaptive architecture was designed and implemented for the new version, iMHere 2.0. In this scalable architecture, a set of mobile app modules was created to provide various types of self-management support to PwCCDs with the ability to add more as needed. The adaptive architecture empowers PwCCDs with personally relevant app modules and allows clinicians to adapt these modules in response to PwCCDs’ evolving needs and conditions over time. Persuasive technologies, social support, and personalization features were integrated into iMHere 2.0 to engage and motivate PwCCDs and support long-term usage. Two initial studies were performed to evaluate the usability and feasibility of the iMHere 2.0 system. Results The iMHere 2.0 system consists of cross-platform client and caregiver apps, a Web-based clinician portal, and a secure 2-way communication protocol for providing interactions among these 3 front-end components, all supported by a back-end server. The client and caregiver apps have 12 adaptive app modules to support various types of self-management tasks. The adaptive architecture makes it possible for PwCCDs to receive personalized app modules relevant to their conditions with or without support from various types of caregivers. The personalization and persuasive technologies in the architecture can be used to engage PwCCDs for long-term usage of the iMHere 2.0 system. Participants of the usability study were satisfied with the iMHere 2.0 client app. The feasibility evaluation revealed several practical issues to consider when implementing the system on a large scale. Conclusions We developed an adaptive mHealth system as a novel method to support diverse needs in self-management for PwCCDs that can dynamically change over time. The usability of the client app is high, and it was feasible for PwCCDs to use in supporting personalized and evolving self-care needs.