Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ISM turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability

Abstract We have performed numerical simulations which were designed to further our understanding of the turbulent interstellar medium (ISM). Our simulations include a multi-phase thermodynamic model of the ISM, magnetic fields, and sheared rotation, allowing us to study the effects of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in an environment containing high density cold clouds embedded in a warm, low density, ambient medium. These models have shown that the MRI is indeed a significant source of turbulence, particularly at low mean densities typical of the outer regions of the Milky Way, where star formation rates are low, but high levels of turbulence persist. Here, we summarize past findings, as well as our most recent models which include vertical stratification, allowing us to self-consistently model the vertical distribution of material in the disk.
A sensorless control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric locomotive based on improved high-frequency rotating injection method

The mechanical sensor of electric locomotive is easy to lose, leading to position measurement error, which deteriorates the performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system. Therefore, a limp-home mode based on high-frequency injection sensorless strategy is proposed. The signal processing of conventional high-frequency rotating injection needs several filters, and the delay has an impact on estimated position, which is phase-based demodulation. In this paper, an amplitude-based demodulation strategy is proposed, which needs only one low-pass filter, meanwhile the digital control delay can be canceled automatically. Accordingly, the position estimation precision and robustness can be enhanced with the aid of proposed method. The feasibility and effectiveness of theoretical analysis is verified on an 18-kW PMSM drive system experimental platform.
Student Expectation and Perception on Service Quality: Gap Analysis Model

In the competitive market, it is crucial to stand as the market leaders maintaining the current customers offering the satisfying service quality and creating impacts to attract the potential. Hence, this research identifies the gaps between the customer expectation and perception on the academic service quality of an English Department in Yangon, Myanmar through the five dimensions SERVQUAL model. Deductive approach and exploratory research design are applied in the research. The study uses proportional sampling where a definite number of populations is known and the respondents are selected randomly from every batch. Through mixed method, quantitative and qualitative data are collected from 66 respondents attending English Language Programme. The results reveal that there are significant gaps between the customer expectation and perception, and the customers’ expectation level is higher than the perceived service quality. The qualitative data analysis is not merely provided in the research; therefore, it seems weak to identify the detailed opinions of the respondents’ views on the research factors. The customers’ perception and suggestions should be prioritised for the betterment of developmental progress of the academic service quality. The research indicates the prominence of the customer loyalty to maintain the customer satisfaction in the organisation.
Analyzing target detection performance with multispectral fused images

With the advance in multispectral imaging, the use of image fusion has emerged as a new and important research area. Many studies have considered the advantages of specific fusion methods over the individual input bands in terms of human performance, yet few comparison studies have been conducted to determine which fusion method is preferable to another. This paper examines four different fusion methods, and compares human performance of observers viewing fused images in a target detection task. In the presented experiment, we implemented an approach that has not been generally used in the context of image fusion evaluation: we used the paired comparison technique to qualitatively assess and scale the subjective value of the fusion methods. Results indicated that the false color and average methods showed the best results.
On the behaviour of three-dimensional wave packets in viscously spreading mixing layers

We consider analytically the evolution of a three-dimensional wave packet generated by an impulsive source in a mixing layer. The base flow is assumed to be spreading due to viscous diffusion. The analysis is restricted to small disturbances (linearized theory). A suitable high-frequency ansatz is used to describe the packet; the key elements of this description are a complex phase and a wave action density. It is found that the product of this density and an infinitesimal material volume convecting at the local group velocity is not conserved: there is a cohtinuous interaction between the base flow and the wave action. This interaction is determined by suitable mode-weighted averages of the second and fourth derivatives of the base-flow velocity profile. Although there is some tendency for the dominant wavenumber in the packet to shift from the most unstable value towards the neutral value, this shift is quite moderate. In practice, wave packets do not become locally neutral in a diverging base flow (as do instability modes), therefore, they are expected to grow more suddenly than pure instability modes and do not develop critical layers. The group velocity is complex; the full significance of this is realized by analytically continuing the equations for the phase and wave action into a complex domain. The implications of this analytic continuation are discussed vis-a-vis the secondary instabilities of the packet: very small-scale perturbations on the phase can grow very rapidly initially, but saturate later because most of the energy in these perturbations is convected away by the group velocity. This remark, as well as the one regarding critical layers, has consequences for nonlinear theories.
High laser-wavelength sensitivity of the picosecond ultrasonic response in transparent thin films

We explore from both the theoretical and experimental points of view the influence of the laser wavelength on the strain pulses detected in thin transparent layers using the picosecond ultrasonic technique. From a theoretical analysis of the displacement detection involved in such experiments, we predict amplitude and sign changes in the detected signals as the laser is tuned. Experimental results performed on various samples and at different wavelengths are found to be in excellent agreement with the theoretical description. Several applications based on the high sensitivity of the phenomenon are finally proposed.
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION WITH INCOMPLETE MULTIVARIATE DATA

or less by accident. In this paper we shall be concerned with experiments where variables are missing not by accident, but by design. As an example encountered frequently in psychological research, consider the construction of standardized tests. One phase in the standardization of such tests is the estimation of correlations between parallel forms. If three or more such forms are required, as is frequently the case for tests to be applied on the national level, estimation of correlation coefficients would necessitate the application of all forms to a representative standardization group. The application of more than two forms to the same student may however introduce errors, for recall, learning, or fatigue may seriously influence the results. A given student in the standardization group may receive only two tests, and symmetry suggests that an equal number of students be tested on each pair of examinations. To facilitate the handling of rather general situations, we shall assume a modification of the general linear model for multivariate analysis, E(Y'M) = AtM, where YT(N X p) is a matrix which contains all observations, A(N X m) is the design matrix, and l (m X p), a matrix of parameters. The matrix M, of order (p X u), was introduced by Roy [8] for allowing given linear combinations of variables in the model. It is particularly useful in the present case since, by a suitable array of ones and zeros in the matrix M, we can indicate whether or not a particular variable is observed in a given group of subjects. It will be recalled that models for simple and multiple regression and analysis of variance and covariance are special cases of this general linear model. In accordance with customary assumptions made in this model, we shall
A Reference Benchmark Solution for Free Convection in A Square Cavity Filled with A Heterogeneous Porous Medium

The Fourier-Galerkin (FG) method is used to produce a highly accurate solution for free convection in a square cavity filled with heterogeneous porous medium. To this end, the governing equations are reformulated in terms of the temperature and the stream function. These unknowns are then expanded in infinite Fourier series truncated at given orders. The accuracy of the FG solution is investigated for different truncation orders and compared to the results of an advanced finite-element numerical model using fine-mesh discretization. The obtained results represent a set of high-quality data that can be used for benchmarking numerical models.
A Bootstrap Local Bandwidth Selector for Additive Models

This article proposes a bootstrap local bandwidth selector for estimating nonparametric additive models. The selector is derived from a bootstrap approximation of the conditional mean squared error, based on a wild bootstrap resampling scheme applied to the estimated residuals. The selector is computed exactly (without involving Monte Carlo approximations) and in practice can be evaluated for many additive estimation methods, including backfitting (bivariate), marginal integration, and mixed methods. We study the consistency of the bootstrap approximation and also carry out an empirical simulation study to explore the performance of the proposed selector in comparison with others. The graphical tool SiZer Map enables us to make meaningful comparisons between local and global selectors.
Control of Klatt speech synthesizer with high‐level parameters.

This paper describes a system for synthesis of speech with a terminal analog synthesizer like the Klatt synthesizer. The control of the synthesizer is accomplished with a small number (about 10) of high‐level (HL) parameters that capture directly certain attributes of the state of the vocal tract during speech production. The multiplicity of low‐level parameters in the synthesizer are derived from the HL parameters through a set of mapping relations. The HL parameters consist of (1) the fundamental frequency; (2) a specification of the vocal tract in terms of the first three or four natural frequencies of the tract assuming no opening to the glottis or the nose; (3) the areas of three major orifices in the vocal tract: the glottal opening, the velopharyngeal opening, and (for consonants) the principal constriction in the vocal tract; (4) a measure of active expansion or contraction of the vocal‐tract volume for obstruents; (5) a measure of the efficiency of turbulence noise generation for obstruents. The .
Interaction between X-ray and α-particle Damage in V79 Cells

V79 cells have been exposed to X-rays or 238Pu alpha-particles or to X-rays following priming alpha-particle doses of 0.5, 2 or 2.5 Gy. The survival curve for exposure to alpha-particles was exponential with a D0 of 0.89 Gy. Following exposure to priming alpha-particle doses the resulting X-ray survival curves had the same slope as the single dose X-ray curve, but a reduced shoulder. For alpha-particle priming doses of 0.5 and 2 Gy this reduction was the same as for the same X-ray doses. 2.5 Gy alpha-particles reduced the subsequent X-ray curve Dq to almost zero. alpha-particles do cause damage capable of interacting with X-ray damage.
Statistical Theory of the Energy Levels of Complex Systems. I

New kinds of statistical ensemble are defined, representing a mathematical idealization of the notion of ``all physical systems with equal probability. '' Three such ensembles are studied in detail, based mathematically upon the orthogonal, unitary, and symplectic groups. The orthogonal ensemble is relevant in most practical circumstances, the unitary ensemble applies only when time‐reversal invariance is violated, and the symplectic ensemble applies only to odd‐spin systems without rotational symmetry. The probability‐distributions for the energy levels are calculated in the three cases. Repulsion between neighboring levels is strongest in the symplectic ensemble and weakest in the orthogonal ensemble. An exact mathematical correspondence is found between these eigenvalue distributions and the statistical mechanics of a one‐dimensional classical Coulomb gas at three different temperatures. An unproved conjecture is put forward, expressing the thermodynamic variables of the Coulomb gas in closed analytic form as functions of temperature. By means of general group‐theoretical arguments, the conjecture is proved for the three temperatures which are directly relevant to the eigenvalue distribution problem. The electrostatic analog is exploited in order to deduce precise statements concerning the entropy, or degree of irregularity, of the eigenvalue distributions. Comparison of the theory with experimental data will be made in a subsequent paper.
Second harmonic generation microscopy: principles and applications to disease diagnosis

In this review, the authors discuss the underlying principles of SHG and specific factors that affect the generation properties and describe the essential components of a SHG instrument. In addition, results on the recent progress and impact SHG microscopy has made in different areas of biology and medicine are presented. In particular, the authors focus on disease diagnosis and basic research associated with connected tissues, musculo‐skeletal disorders, and epithelial cancers. The presentation is concluded by offering a perspective on the future technical development of SHG microscopy and additional forefronts to be addressed.
Hepatitis A: Viral Structure, Classification, Life Cycle, Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis Error, and Vaccination

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the well-known viruses that cause hepatitis all around the globe. Although this illness has decreased in developed countries due to extensive immunization, numerous developing and under-developed countries are struggling with this virus. HAV infection can be spread by oral-fecal contact, and there are frequent epidemics through nutrition. Improvements in socioeconomic and sanitary circumstances have caused a shift in the disease's prevalence worldwide. Younger children are usually asymptomatic, but as they become older, the infection symptoms begin to appear. Symptoms range from slight inflammation and jaundice to acute liver failure in older individuals. While an acute infection may be self-limiting, unrecognized persistent infections, and the misapplication of therapeutic methods based on clinical guidelines are linked to a higher incidence of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality. Fortunately, most patients recover within two months of infection, though 10–15% of patients will relapse within the first six months. A virus seldom leads to persistent infection or liver damage. The mainstay of therapy is based on supportive care. All children from 12–23 months, as well as some susceptible populations, should receive routine vaccinations, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Laboratory diagnosis of HAV is based on antigen detection, checking liver enzyme levels, and antibody screening. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has identified HAV in suspected nutrition sources; therefore, this technique is used for preventative measures and food-related laws.
Hybrid Finite Automata-Based Algorithm for Large Scale Regular Expression Matching

Fast data transmission put forward high requirements on network content matching (NCM). Due to the high time complexity, Nondeterministic Finite Automata (NFA) was unable to meet the demand of regular expression matching (REM) which was the core of NCM; Transfer NFA to Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) could enhance the throughput, but led to state explosion, which increased demand for memory. To balance memory and throughput, state explosion in the transformation from NFA to DFA has been analyzed and a new method DC-DFA is presented for large scale REM. DC-DFA is based on hybrid automata structure which composed of NFA and DFA. DC-DFA introduces GradeOne classification to cut the memory usage and deep classification to improve throughput. The results show that for serious state explosion, DC-DFA could reduce 75% DFA states and improve memory utilization efficiently while maintain high system throughput.
Fluorescent molecular hydrogen line emission in the far-red

Over 30 lines from the v = 3-0, 4-1, 7-3 and 8-4 vibrational series of the hydrogen molecule have been observed from λ = 7600-8800 A in the reflection nebula NGC 2023, originating from levels up to 41000 K above ground. This is the first time that H 2 has been observed in the optical CCD regime and these are the highest excitation lines from the ground electronic state that have yet been detected. The spectrum shows the characteristics expected of UV fluorescence, although in detail there are some differences from model predictions
Robust Tube-Based MPC with Piecewise Affine Control Laws

This paper presents a tube-based model predictive control (MPC) algorithm with piecewise affine control laws for discrete-time linear systems in the presence of bounded disturbances. By solving the standard multiparametric quadratic programming (mp-QP), the explicit piecewise affine control laws for tube-based MPC are obtained. Each control law is piecewise affine with respect to the corresponding region (one of the partitions of the feasible set). Due to the fact that the above-mentioned procedures are totally offline, the online computation time is short enough for stabilizing those systems with fast dynamics. In this paper, all the involved constraint sets are assumed to be polytopes. An illustrative example is utilized to verify the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Stochastic resonance induced by the memory of a random delay

We study the stochastic resonance (SR) induced by the memory of a random delay in a bistable system driven by a periodic force. Resorting to numerical simulations, we first analyze the stochastic bifurcation diagram and find that the jump of a Brownian particle between two potential wells becomes regular and exhibits strong periodicity at some optimal noise level. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) theory, we find that the SNR curves vary non-monotonically and behave as an obvious SR phenomenon. Moreover, the parameter-tuning stochastic resonances about the system parameters are also investigated in this paper.
Average energy expended per ion pair in liquid xenon

Measurements were made of the average energy W per ion pair formed in liquid xenon by internal-conversion electrons from 207Bi. Voltage pulses were observed resulting from electron collection either in liquid xenon or in a gaseous mixture of argon (95 percent) and methane (5 percent). The relative pulse heights for the two materials determine the ratio of the W values. Using the known W for the gaseous mixture, a liquid-xenon W of 15.6 + - 0.3 eV was obtained. This value is considerably smaller than the gas-phase values, 21.5 or 21.9 eV. For interpretation, Platzman's energy-balance equation was adapted to liquids, assuming a conduction-band picture. Theoretical values thus calculated agree well with experiment.
Charge transport across single‐molecule junctions: charge reconfiguration and structural dynamics

The charge transport across single‐molecule junctions is often considered as a pure electronic phenomenon. Analysing experiments performed with the mechanically controlled break junction technique, we show that, additionally, both polarization and dynamic motion of the geometric structure of the molecule give important contributions to the charge transport across single‐molecule junctions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Classification of Arc Welding Joints Images Based on Convolutional Neural Network

A vision inspection system for the arc welding joints in the present industrial production is needed for overcoming certain difficulties such as high light reflection and low contrast. The defects of the arc welding joints are complicated and divevisiform, which make them difficult to extract the Region of Interest (ROI) and classify the images by the method of feature values comparison. A classifier based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is built to learn the features in the images and classify them. The CNN architecture and the training parameters are optimized. As a result, the classifier demonstrates an overall accuracy of 95.93% from test sets, which is much better than the accuracy of manual vision inspection.
An Efficient Clock Tree Synthesis Method with Manual Hierachical Operation

A manual hierarchical operation based method for clock tree synthesis is described in this paper. The implementation of this method is adopted in a communication chip design in a 0. 13μm CMOS. Comparing with the conventional clock tree synthesis, the manual method can obtain the following achievements: the clock cell area decreased by 19%, hold time violations decreased by 37%, and the number of hold time violations decreased by 45%, and the clock skew was reduced by 20%.
The influence of post-annealing on the chemical structures and dielectric properties of the surface layer of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 films

Barium strontium titanate (Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3, BST) films have been deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The influences of conventional thermal annealing (CTA) and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the chemical structures of the surface layers of the BST films have been investigated. Grazing x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy show that the RTA-films exhibit more compact structure and more completed crystallization than the CTA-films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigations show that the surface layer is composed of a non-perovskited BST phase and a perovskited BST phase. For the CTA-film, the surface contains about 70% non-perovskited BST phase, and the surface layer is approximately 3–5 nm thick, while for the RTA-film, the surface non-perovskited BST phase amounts to about 40%, and the surface layer is about 1nm. XPS also indicates that the CTA-film surface adsorbs a larger amount of carbon contaminations than the RTA-film. Fourier transform infrared reveals that the amount of the surface adsorbed water and/or OH groups may be ignored. The non-perovskited BST phase is mainly related to the surface structure and the adsorbed carbon contaminations. The effect of annealing temperature on the surface layer and the amount of non-perovskited BST phase has been discussed, and the dielectric properties have also been measured.
Modified Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation for Alfvén Waves Propagating along the Magnetic Field in Cold Plasmas

The basic nonlinear equation which describes the Alfven waves, with small but finite amplitude propagating along the magnetic field in cold plasmas, is derived modifying the reductive perturbation method proposed by Taniuti and Wei. Then as a result, the nonlinear dispersion relation is obtained through a procedure which clarifies the physical meaning. Furthermore, the modified nonlinear Schrodinger equation which describes the modulated Alfven wave more correctly than the previous works is proposed. An example of the nonlinear phenomena is shown by the numerical calculations of the initial value problem, using our basic equation for the Alfven waves.