Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
(s, S) Equilibria in Stochastic Games

We study a class of two-player continuous time stochastic games in which agents can make (costly) discrete or discontinuous changes in the variables that affect their payoffs. It is shown that in these games there are Markov perfect equilibria of the two-sided (s,S) rule type. In such equilibria at a critical low state (resp. high state) player 1 (resp. 2) effects a discrete change in the environment. In some of these equilbria either or both players may be passive. On account of the presence of fixed costs (to discrete changes) the payoffs are non-convex and hence standard existence arguments fail. We prove that the best response map satisfies a surprisingly strong monotonicity condition and use this to establish the existence of Markov perfect equilibria. The first-best solution is also a two-sided (s,S) rule but the symmetric first-best solution has a wider s-S band than the symmetric Markovian equilibria. A further contribution of this paper is the development of a framework for continuous time games, which allows players to react instantaneously to their opponent's moves. We mention various applications of the theory and discuss in detail an application to product innovations.
Theory and numerical applications of compositional multi-phase flow in porous media

For many multi-phase flow and transport processes in porous media, miscibility of the constituent components (i.e., the chemical compounds of the fluids) is a non-negligible part of the governing physics. This thesis covers several theoretical and numerical aspects of such flows. First, the continuum-scale equations are motivated starting from the molecular scale. Then, techniques to discretize these equations are presented while keeping their parallel implementation by computer programs in mind. After the theoretical, numerical, and implementation-related aspects of such flows are covered, this thesis examines some sample applications to illustrate various computational and physical properties of such flows. Finally, this thesis is concluded and a list of related fields which it does not cover is given. The main contribution of this thesis to the scientific state of the art is the proposal of non-linear complementarity problem (NCP) based model assumptions to handle phase transitions in compositional simulations of flow in porous media as well as an extensive evaluation of its properties relative to established approaches - such as the primary variable switching (PVS) and the black-oil models. Fur viele Stromungsprozesse in porosen Medien ist Mischbarkeit der chemischen Komponenten aus denen sich die Fluidphasen zusammensetzen ein nicht vernachlassigbarer Teil der zu betrachtetenden physikalischen Vorgange. Diese Dissertation bearbeitet verschiedene theoretische und numerische Aspekte solcher Stromungen. Zuerst werden die kontinuumsskaligen Gleichungen mithilfe der molekularen Skala motiviert. Anschliesend werden Diskretisierungstechniken fur diese Gleichungen besprochen, wobei ihre Implementierung in parallelen Computerprogrammen mitberucksichtigt wird. Nachdem die theoretischen, numerischen und Implementierungsabhangigen aspekte dieser Stromungen behandelt wurden, betrachtet diese Dissertation einige Beispielanwendungen um die verschiedenen numerischen und physischen eigenschaften dieser zu untersuchen. Zuletzt wird ein kurzer Ausblick auf weiterfuhrende Themen gegeben, die nicht im Rahmen dieser Arbeit besprochen werden konnten. Der Hauptbeitrag dieser Arbeit zum Stand der Forschung ist die Behandlung von Phasenubergangen als nichtlineare Komplementaritatsprobleme (NCP), sowie die ausfuhrliche Untersuchung der Eigenschaften dieser Herangehensweise im Vergleich zu existierenden Modellen wie beispielsweise dem Primarvariablentauschmodell (PVS) und dem Black-Oil Modell.
An analytical model for the plateau stage of type II supernovae

This paper presents an analytical model for hydrogen envelope cooling in Type II supernovae during the plateau phase. Observable features of SN IIp light curves, such as the duration of the plateau, t p , and its V magnitude, are expressed through such basic parameters as the energy of explosion and the mass, and the initial radius of the envelope. The relationships derived are in excellent agreement with similar ones obtained from fits to a grid of hydrodynamical calculations. The duration of the plateau turns out to be most sensitive to the envelope mass, and much less to the explosion energy and the initial radius. This conclusion provides support for the results of the previous analytical models of SN IIp's
On Efficient Solutions with Trade-Offs Bounded by Given Values

In this article, efficient solutions of multiple objective optimization problems with trade-offs, bounded by prespecified lower and upper bounds, are investigated. It is shown that one of the existing techniques to obtain these solutions does not work correctly. Furthermore, a new approach is given to approximate the set of such solutions. In addition to theoretical discussions, some clarifying examples are given.
On the origin of the 1.2-$\mu {\rm m}$ feature in type Ia supernova spectra

The infrared colour evolution of type Ia supernovae is very uniform, exhibiting a dip in the J-H light curve approximately 30 d after maximum light. Spectroscopically, this dip has been identified with what appears as a broad absorption feature (5×10 4 km s −1 ) at 1.2 μm. Although many candidate transitions have been investigated in the past, no plausible species of ion or molecule has been found that can account for an absorption at this wavelength. We suggest that this absorption is in fact a lack of emission caused by the absence of any significant opacity in this wavelength interval. At this epoch the supernova is merely a broad-line nebula with no lines near 1.2 μm
Directionally Weakened Diffusion for Optical Flow

Optical flow estimation from image sequences is of paramount importance to computer vision applications. Many optical flow algorithms have been proposed for optical flow computation, which minimize a certain energy function involving a data term and a smoothness term. In this paper, we propose a new method to compute optical flow by decomposing the Laplacian operator along the tangential and gradient direction of the image. Experimental results show that the new method could gain more accurate estimation of optical flow around motion discontinuities compared with the classical methods.
The role of viscoelastic properties in strain testing using microstructured polymer optical fibres (mPOF)

Optical fibre sensors have conventionally been made of silica. Polymers however have a much lower Young's modulus and higher elastic limit than silica, and can be incorporated into a larger range of materials. Whilst these properties make them attractive for using in mechanical sensing, using polymers also brings complexity because of their viscoelastic response. In this work, we use long period gratings (LPG) in microstructured polymer optical fibre (mPOF) as a mechanical optical sensor. The effects of stress and strain on the sensor are decoupled and analysed independently. Through experiments and modelling we show that the effect of stress (as opposed to strain), and the relaxation of stress in the optical fibre during loading have a minimal effect.
Inhomogeneous distribution of dislocations in a SiGe graded layer and its influence on surface morphology and misfit dislocations at the interface of strained Si/Si0.8Ge0.2

To improve the quality of a strained Si layer on a SiGe virtual substrate, the distribution of dislocations in a graded SiGe layer is characterized using electron beam induced current sEBICd. A crosshatch pattern of dark and bright bands running along the two k110l directions is observed in an EBIC image taken with a 25-keV-electron beam at 80 K. These dark and bright EBIC bands are attributed, respectively, to high- and low-density dislocation regions in the graded SiGe layer, as is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The effects of such an inhomogeneous dislocation distribution on the surface morphology and the generation of misfit dislocations sMDsd at the interface of strained Si/SiGe are investigated. Comparison between the EBIC image and an atomic force microscope image shows that the high-density dislocation regions are correlated with ridges on the surface topography. A chemical etching image shows that most of the MDs lie along the edges of surface ridges. Possible mechanisms of MD generation at the interface of the strained Si/SiGe are proposed.
Time effects in cavitation experiments

It is possible that too little attention has been given to the role of time in cavitation experiments. In this letter a summary is given of some of the time effects which have been reported in the literature. First, it seems that the rate at which tension is applied to the test liquid is an important factor. Secondly, in some experiments, there are incubation times 'during which nothing happens'. Thirdly, if a liquid is first subjected to pressurisation before being subjected to tension, the time duration of this precompression is important. Lastly, in repeated dynamic stressing, there is evidence of a 'recovery' time in the cavitation behaviour of the liquid. Some results from recent work are also reported and discussed.
Electrically driven hybrid Si/III-V lasers based on adiabatic mode transformers

We report the first Silicon/III-V evanescent laser based on adiabatic mode transformers. The hybrid structure is formed by two vertically superimposed waveguides separated by a 100nm-thick SiO2 layer. The top waveguide, fabricated in an InP/InGaAsP-based heterostructure, serves to provide optical gain, and the bottom Si-waveguides system, which supports all optical functions, is constituted by two tapered rib-waveguides (mode transformers), two distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR), and a surface-grating coupler. The supermode of this hybrid structure is controlled by an appropriate design of the tapers located at the edges of the gain region. In the middle part of the devices, almost all the field resides in the III-V waveguide so that the optical mode experiences maximal gain, while in regions near the III-V facets, mode transformers ensure an efficient transfer of the power flow towards Si-waveguides. The investigated device operates under quasi-continuous wave regime. The room temperature threshold current is 100 mA, the side mode suppression ratio is as high as 20dB, and the fiber-coupled output power is ~7mW.
The discovery of 50 minute periodic absorption events from 4U 1915-05

The steady flux from 4U1916-05 which undergoes periodic absorption dips every 50 minutes was demonstrated. This period represents the underlying orbital period of the system. It is suggested that variations in the depth and duration of these events are caused by a bulge in the edge of the accretion disk, at the point where the gas stream impacts the disk. The mass losing star in this system is probably a low mass white dwarf. The spectrum of the dips indicates that the metallicity of the absorbing material is at least a factor 17 below solar values.
Passivity and passification of T-S fuzzy descriptor systems with stochastic perturbation and time delay

This study is concerned with the passivity and passification problems for Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy descriptor systems subject to stochastic perturbation and time-varying delay. The stochastic disturbance is given in the form of one-dimensional Brownian motion and the delay is assumed to be time-varying and differentiable. By utilising the Lyapunov functional method and the stochastic analysis techniques, a delay-dependent criterion is presented to ensure that the considered system is regular, impulse-free, asymptotically stable in the mean-square sense and passive in the sense of expectation. Then, based on this criterion, two procedures are proposed for designing state-feedback controller, which guarantee the resulting closed-loop system admissible and passive in the sense of expectation. All conditions are cast in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, two illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed results.
TUNNELING CURRENT NOISE IN THIN GATE OXIDES

We have examined fluctuations in the tunneling current of 3.5 nm SiO2 barriers for voltages in the direct tunneling regime. We find a 1/f power law for the spectral density of the fluctuations where f is the frequency. This 1/f noise can be attributed to fluctuations of a trap assisted tunneling current through the oxide that causes current noise but is not evident in the I–V curves. We suggest that this noise may be a more sensitive probe of trap assisted tunneling and degradation in thin oxides than other measures. At voltages above a threshold of 2.5 V, we observe the reversible onset of non‐Gaussian current transients in the noise. The onset of these current transients can be related to a transition in the spacial uniformity of the tunneling current density that may result in eventual breakdown of the oxide.
A Passive Fault Tolerant Flight Control for Maximum Allowable Vertical Tail Damaged Aircraft

This paper investigates a passive fault tolerant control to aircraft that suffers from vertical tail damage. A novel notion of damage degree is introduced to parameterize the damaged flight dynamics model. It is applied to seek the maximum allowable damage degree (tolerance capacity) stabilizable by the proposed passive fault tolerant and backup control under a linearized model. The design algorithms are presented and illustrated through numerical simulations on a Boeing-747 100/200 model. Furthermore, the impact of potential control saturation is taken into account in the proposed design and a set of design parameters are tuned such that the maximum allowable damage degree is bounded, represented as the so-called critical damage degree.
Elementary Loop Structures in the Solar Corona Analyzed from TRACE Triple-Filter Images

This study represents the first quantitative analysis of the multithread structure of coronal loops. We analyzed a set of 234 fine loop threads observed with TRACE triple-filter images at wavelengths of 171, 195, and 284 Å. The cross-sectional flux profiles are simultaneously forward fitted in all three filters with the superposition of a cospatial Gaussian and linear background functions. We fit a general multitemperature differential emission measure (DEM) distribution to each cross section, as well as the special case of a single-temperature or isothermal DEM. We perform these forward fits at ≈18,000 loop positions and find that this geometric model could be fitted in ≈3500 cases (within a χred ≤ 1.5), while all other cases require more complex geometric models of the loop cross section, secondary loops, and background. The major result of this study is that the vast majority (84%) of the acceptable DEM fits are isothermal. Temperatures are measured over the whole sensitivity range of 0.7-2.8 MK, but with a higher probability near the peak sensitivities of the three filters. We conclude that we indeed resolve "elementary" or "monolithic" loop strands with TRACE, in terms of isothermal homogeneity. Virtually all earlier studies detected ensembles of multiple strands, while our detected loop strands exhibit much smaller widths (w ≈ 1.4 ± 0.3 Mm) and also smaller signal-to-background ratios (14% ± 10%). We suggest that the temperature homogeneity of coronal loops up to widths of w ≲ 2000 km is related to their magnetic mapping to photospheric granulation (convection) cells.
Mechanisms of lesion formation in high intensity focused ultrasound therapy

The lesions generated by high-intensity ultrasound were studied in transparent tissue phantoms premixed with and without Optison ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) at 1.1 and 3.5 MHz acoustic frequencies. Generation of small bubbles was observed at the very beginning of exposure, while cigar-shaped thermal lesions began to form at the focus after a delay. After further heating, boiling occurred and changed the lesion from cigar-shape to tadpole-shape, with advancement toward the transducer. Broadband noise was detected in phantoms with UCA initially. UCA also lowered the pressure threshold and enlarged the lesion. However, the lesion was formed centimeters in front of the focus at 1.1 MHz. While thermal and cavitation effects are believed to be both important in lesion formation, tadpole-shaped transformation results from boiling activity.
A rapid prototyping system for broadband multichannel active noise and vibration control

The development system presented in this thesis consists of a highly integrated controller which can be used for different active noise and vibration control (ANVC) applications. The system consists of an embedded PC and an interfacing card that can offer up to 16 analog input and output channels. The algorithms were developed and evaluated using a rapid prototyping environment based on Realtime Linux, Matlab/Simulink and the Realtime Workshop (RTW). The controller is model based and uses the RMFeLMS algorithm. This algorithm combines good convergence properties with a relatively low computational complexity. The RMFeLMS algorithms still suffers from poor convergence properties when the reference signals are colored. Therefore the RMFe algorithm was extended with a fast affine projection algorithm (FAP), making the algorithm suitable for applications with strongly colored reference signals. The results and performance of this new algorithm was verified by means of experiments and simulations. The RMFeLMS and RMFeFAP algorithm are model based controllers that still suffer from model mismatch. This is mainly due to the required precision of the model and the fact that it is estimated off-line. The influence of this model mismatch was reduced by adding a feedback controller that used dual and collocated signal pairs. This resulted in a system with less extreme resonance and anti-resonance peaks, making the overall system less sensitive to model mismatch. These low-authority control loops were combined with a multichannel adaptive controller. This resulted in a high-authority low-authority control strategy. The method presented in this thesis uses a low-authority controller that is implemented as a high-speed digital control loop, resulting in a flexible and reconfigurable system. The advantage of such a structure is that it improves the overall mean square error (MSE) and robustness of the system.
The electronic band structure of CoS2

Angle-resolved and energy-dependent photoemission was used to study the band structure of paramagnetic CoS2 from high-quality single-crystal samples. A strongly dispersing hybridized Co–S band is identified along the Γ–X line. Fermi level crossings are also analysed along this line, and the results are interpreted using band structure calculations. The Fermi level crossings are very sensitive to the separation in the S–S dimer, and it is suggested that the half-metallic gap in CoS2 may be controlled by the bonding–antibonding splitting in this dimer, rather than by exchange splitting on the Co atoms.
Iterating the basic construction

Let N C M be a pair of type II1 factors with finite Jones' index and N cM CM1 C M2 C C Mn C C M2n+l be the associated tower of type II1 factors obtained by iterating Jones' basic construction. We give an explicit formula of a projection in M2n+l which implements the conditional expectation of Mn onto N, thus showing that M2n+1 comes naturally from the basic construction associated to the pair N c Mn. From this we deduce several properties of the relative commutant N' n Mn. Introduction. Let N C M be a pair of finite factors. Jones defined in [1] the index [M: N] of N in M to be the coupling constant of N in its representation on L2 (M). If this index is finite, then the trace preserving conditional expectation of M onto N, regarded as an operator on L2 (M), generates together with M a finite factor Ml. This factor is called in Jones' terminology the extension of M by N and the construction of Ml from M and N, the basic construction. The pair M C M1 has the remarkable property that [Ml: M] = [M: N], so this procedure may be iterated to get an increasing sequence of finite factors N c M c M1 C M2 C . and together with it a sequence of projections ei E Mi+i, i > 0, implementing the conditional expectations at consecutive steps. We prove in this paper that in this sequence of factors the basic construction arises periodically from n to n steps, for any n. In fact we give a formula for a projection fn in M2n+l that implements the conditional expectation of Mn onto N: fn is a scalar multiple of the word of maximal length in {e }o<-<2n, namely fn = [M: N]n(n+l)/2(enen.1 . eo)(en+len el) . (e2n . en) We mention that this result was independently obtained by A. Ocneanu [2]. We apply this theorem to show that if the logarithm of the index [M : N] equals the relative entropy H(MIN) considered in [3], then one also has H(MnIN) = ln[Mn : N] for every n. Since this equality characterizes an extremal case for an inclusion of factors, from the analysis of a similar situation in [3] we deduce several properties of the inclusion N c Mn and of the relative commutant N' n Mn. 1. Preliminaries. Throughout this paper M will be a finite factor with normalized trace T, T(l) = 1. We denote by 11x112 = T(X*X)1/2, x E M, the Hilbert norm given by r and by L2 (M, T) the Hilbert space completion of M in this norm. The canonical conjugation of L2(M, T) is denoted by J. It acts on M C L2(M, r) Received by the editors February 23, 1987. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 46L35; Secondary 46L10. (? )1988 American Mathematical Society 0002-9947/88 $1.00 + $. 25 per page
Near-infrared imaging polarimetry of bipolar nebulae – III. R Mon/NGC 2261

High-spatial-resolution polarization and surface brightness images of R Mon/NGC 2261 at J, H and K are presented. The polarimetric images show that NGC 2261 is a near-IR reflection nebula, illuminated by R Mon. There is evidence that R Mon is surrounded by a dense disc or toroid of material. This evidence includes the constancy and direction of the polarization position angle with wavelength, the low polarization observed immediately to the east and west of R Mon, and the increasing blueness of NGC 2261 with increasing angular distance from R Mon. NGC 2261 show increasing polarization from H to K, which is most likely due to the presence of grains with a size distribution larger than that found in the diffuse ISM
Spurious Fixed Effects Regression

This paper shows that spurious regression results can occur for a fixed effects model with weak time series variation in the regressor and/or strong time se- ries variation in the regression errors when the first-differenced and Within-OLS estimators are used. Asymptotic properties of these estimators and the related t-tests and model selection criteria are studied by sending the number of cross- sectional observations to infinity. This paper shows that the first-differenced and Within-OLS estimators diverge in probability, that the related t-tests are incon- sistent, that R2s converge to zero in probability and that AIC and BIC diverge to ? 1 in probability. The results of the paper warn that one should not jump to the use of fixed effects regressions without considering the degree of time series variations in the data.
Transparent conducting ZnO nanorods for nanoelectrodes as a reverse tunnel junction of GaN light emitting diode applications

We demonstrated transparent vertical aligned ZnO nanorod arrays for nanoelectrodes as a reverse-tunnel junction of GaN LEDs. GaN LEDs with ZnO nanorod arrays for nanoelectrodes demonstrated three times enhanced light output power compared with that of GaN LEDs with tunnel junction ZnO thin film, resulting from increased light extraction efficiency. Tunnel junction ZnO nanorod arrays for nanoelectrodes offer both high transparent current spreading layer for uniform current injection and easy method for high extraction efficiency.