Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Local Government in Ceylon: A Historical Perspective

The objective of the article is to explore the local administrative system of Sri Lanka from 4 th century BC to 1815 AC through a historical perspective. The history of local administration in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) could be traced to the period of King Pandukabhaya in the 4 th Century B.C. During his period the local administration was given a central attention thus he legitimized the city administration. During the Medieval Ceylon the king was the chief of the entire kingdom. The regions were ruled by the closest members of the royal family. The village affairs were conducted by elders of villages through a council of Village Committee. This early proof of the system of local governance in the country is considered a derivative of Indo-Aryan model of local administration. The Country was invaded by western power such as Portuguese, Dutch and British. The Portuguese did not want to introduce Portugal system of administration in Ceylon. The Dutch did not wish to make drastic changes in the sphere of existing native system of local administration. One of the unique features of the Dutch rule in Ceylon was the emphasis drawn to the City administration. Special Ordinances enacted and enforced by them during their tenure seemed to be relevant to city or town administration. Local administration in the Kandyan kingdom was much more complex and magnitude than that of the ancient and the medieval system. The king’s authority was fundamental of the central as well as the local administration. The local government system in the kandyan kingdom had been utilized for tax collection, distribution of income, maintenance of irrigation, veterinary services and judicial procedures.
Scénarios de régulation décentralisée des prélèvements agricoles en eau souterraine. Évaluation participative dans le bassin du Clain

La loi sur l’eau de 2006 prevoit l’etablissement d’Organismes uniques de gestion collective (OUGC) charges de repartir la ressource en eau entre irrigants. Ceci impose de reflechir a des modes de gestion decentralisee de l’eau d’irrigation. Les auteurs ont elabore deux instruments economiques de gestion decentralisee respectant les principes d’Ostrom : un systeme de bonus-malus individuels et monetaires, et un systeme d’autoregulation imbriquee. Par une methode de prospective participative, ces instruments ont ete discutes avec trois groupes d’irrigants et de representants institutionnels du bassin du Clain (86). Le premier a ete mal recu, les participants rejetant le principe « de la carotte et du bâton ». Le second a ete fortement apprecie et semble constituer un futur envisageable.
PPARg2 Regulates Adipose Expression of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is expressed at high levels in liver, kidney, and adipose tissue. This enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis and adipose glyceroneogenesis. The regulatory factors important for adipose expression of the PEPCK gene are not well defined. Previous studies with transgenic mice established that the region between bp22086 and2888 is required for expression in adipose tissue but not for expression in liver or kidney tissue. We show here that a DNA fragment containing this region can function as an enhancer and direct differentiation-dependent expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene from a heterologous promoter in cultured 3T3-F442A preadipocytes and adipocytes. We further demonstrate that the adipocyte-specific transcription factor PPARg2, previously identified as a regulator of the adipocyte P2 enhancer, binds in a heterodimeric complex with RXRa to the PEPCK 5*-flanking region at two sites, termed PCK1 (bp 2451 to 2439) and PCK2 (bp 2999 to 2987). Forced expression of PPARg2 and RXRa activates the PEPCK enhancer in non-adipose cells. This activation is potentiated by peroxisome proliferators and fatty acids but not by 9-cis retinoic acid. Mutation of the PPARg2 binding site (PCK2) abolishes both the activity of the enhancer in adipocytes and its ability to be activated by PPARg2 and RXRa. These results establish a role for PPARg2 in the adipose expression of the PEPCK gene and suggest that this factor functions as a coordinate regulator of multiple adipocyte-specific genes.
Expert Systems With Applications

Machine learning has become an appealing signature-less approach to detect and classify malware because of its ability to generalize to never-before-seen samples and to handle large volumes of data. While traditional feature-based approaches rely on the manual design of hand-crafted features based on experts’ knowledge of the domain, deep learning approaches replace the manual feature engineering process by an underlying system, typically consisting of a neural network with multiple layers, that perform both feature learning and classification altogether. However, the combination of both approaches could substantially enhance detection systems. In this paper we present an hybrid approach to address the task of malware classification by fusing multiple types of features defined by experts and features learned through deep learning from raw data. In particular, our approach relies on deep learning to extract N-gram like features from the assembly language instructions and the bytes of malware, and texture patterns and shapelet-based features from malware’s grayscale image representation and structural entropy, respectively. These deep features are later passed as input to a gradient boosting model that combines the deep features and the hand-crafted features using an early-fusion mechanism. The suitability of our approach has been evaluated on the Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge benchmark and results show that the proposed solution achieves state-of-the-art performance and outperforms gradient boosting and deep learning methods in the literature.
Impact of Climate Change on Wheat Production in Kentucky

 From 2002 to 2012, Kentucky winter wheat ranged in value from $52 million to $209 million.  Climate change and variability have the potential to significantly impact this important economic enterprise within our state.  This report summarizes the current state of knowledge of the potential of climate change to impact wheat production in Kentucky and surrounding states. 2 Soft red winter wheat is one of the major row crops in Kentucky, along with corn and soybean. Together these crops are valued at about $1.4 billion, or 35% of all agricultural receipts in the Commonwealth. In Kentucky, from 2002 to 2012, winter wheat ranged in value from $52 million to $209 million. Revenue differences largely reflect fluctuations in wheat yield, both within the state and around the country. Wheat yields in Kentucky over this same period ranged from state averages of 48 to 71 bushels per acre. Wheat acres harvested in Kentucky in any given year fluctuated by 30% above and below the average acreage planted for that decade. In addition, over that decade, about 29% of the acres planted to wheat were not harvested for grain, with a range from 19 to 43%. In a normal year, about 10% of the crop is harvested for silage, which means a range from 9 to 33% was abandoned annually because of economically significant damage to the crop. Climate change and variability have the potential to significantly impact this important economic enterprise within our state. Perhaps no year in recent history has seen as dramatic a negative impact of weather on annual crop yields as 2012. Kentucky experienced above normal temperatures during late winter and early spring that advanced wheat growth beyond normal levels. The warm weather was followed by a late spring freeze that severely damaged wheat yields. Following the late freeze, above normal spring temperatures encouraged farmers to plant corn early and most of the crop had an excellent start to the season. However, spring was followed by some of the hottest and driest weather in 50 to 70 years, depending on the location in Kentucky, and corn yields were devastated. Conversely, 2013 was relatively wet and cooler for most of the wheat, corn and soybean growing season, resulting in excellent yields of all three crops. As scientists attempt to predict when and how climate will change in this region of the country, producers need to be aware of …
Water and solute dynamics during rainfall events in headwater catchments in the Central Swiss Alps under the influence of green alder shrubs and wetland soils

In the Swiss Alps, shrubs (e.g. Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC) are encroaching into formerly open habitats. The shrub encroachment might affect soil hydrological properties, which in turn influence runoff generation. Moreover, alder species (Alnus spp.) are known to affect chemical soil properties (e.g. increase of nitrate concentrations in the soil solution) and can therefore alter the water quality of stream water. In our study, we investigated four small alpine headwater catchments to assess the influence of shrub encroachment and wetland soils on stream water geochemistry during storm runoff. Stream water was sampled in the growing season of 2010 at hourly intervals during one single rainfall event. Stable isotope values (δ18O) of stream water (ranging from −13.8 to −8.5‰) and rainfall (bulk mean δ18O value of about −5.6‰) during the single event were used to estimate the fraction of event water in stream discharge. Continuously measured electrical conductivity in the growing seasons of 2010 and 2011 was used to infer information on runoff generation during 15 rainfall events. Riparian wetland soils were flushed by a high fraction of event water of up to 72% during peak discharge, which increased the dissolved organic carbon export during the single rainfall event. Besides the atmospheric input through nitrate in rainwater, the expected expansion of green alder shrubs in the region, associated with increasing number and intensity of summer rainfall events in the future, might increase the episodic export of nutrients such as dissolved organic carbon and NO3− from these catchments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kurak ve yarı kurak alan ağaçlandırmalarında değişik makineli arazi hazırlığı yöntemlerinin dikim başarısı üzerine etkileri

Kurak ve yari kurak alan agaclandirmalarinda, degisik toprak isleme yontemlerinin dikim basarisi uzerine etkilerini konu alan bu calismada, 12 farkli islem arastirma kapsamina alinmistir. Bu kapsamda ikili ve uclu riperle tam alanda derin alt toprak isleme, hafif ve agir diskaro ile ust toprak isleme ve cift soklu pullukla gradoni tipi teras yapimi islemlerinin bazilari tek basina bazilari ise kombine olarak uygulanmistir. Dikimlerde, tuplu Anadolu karacami, Toros sediri ve Boz ardic fidanlari kullanilmistir. Deneme alani Karaman-Ayranci yoresinde tesaduf parselleri deneme desenine uygun ve 3 yinelemeli olarak kurulmustur Dikimden sonraki birinci ve ikinci vejetasyon donemleri sonunda yasama yuzdesi, fidan boyu, son yila ait surgun boyu ve dip cap olcumleri yapilmistir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS istatistik paket programinda degerlendirilmistir. Yapilan Varyans Analizi ve Duncan testi sonuclarina gore, denemeye alinan islemlerden olculen tum karakterler bakimindan 2 (2’li riper+gradoni teras) ve 8 (3’lu riper+gradoni teras) nolu islemler, en basarili ilk bes yada alti islem arasinda yer aldigi icin ekonomik ve uygulama kolayligi olabilecegi dusunulerek her uc tur icinde onerilmistir. Ilk iki vejetasyon donemi sonunda tespit edilen yasama yuzdesi sonuclarina gore ise oncelikle Boz ardic ve Toros sediri yuksek yasama oranlari nedeniyle deneme alaninin temsil ettigi ekolojik sartlardaki agaclandirmalarda tercih edilebilir. Her ne kadar ikinci yil sonu itibariyle %43’luk bir yasama orani ortaya koysa da, dogal yayilisi, biyolojik ve silvikulturel ozellikleri goz onunde bulundurularak kurak ve yari kurak alan agaclandirmalarinda mutlaka Anadolu karacamina da yer verilmelidir. Anahtar kelimeler: Kurak, Yari-kurak, Agaclandirma, Toprak isleme, Dikim basarisi, Karacam, Toros sediri, Boz ardic
Approches numériques pour l'analyse globale d'écoulements pariétaux en régime subsonique

Dans le cadre de l'etude des ecoulements ouverts, deux types de dynamiques coexistent. Les ecoulements de type oscillateur qui presentent une frequence propre d'oscillation independante des perturbations exterieures (dynamique intrinseque), ainsi que les ecoulements de type amplificateur selectif de bruit comme les ecoulements de jets ou de couches limites decollees, caracterises par une plus large gamme de frequences dependantes essentiellement de bruit exterieur (dynamique extrinseque). Les etudes de couches limites decollees en regime incompressible ont montre un lien entre le phenomene auto-entretenu de basse frequence qui apparait et l'interaction non normale des modes globaux instables existants pour ce type de configuration. L'objectif de ce travail consiste a etendre cette interpretation lorsque l'ecoulement est en regime subsonique. Dans ce but, un travail d'adaptation des conditions aux limites non-reflechissantes aux problemes de stabilite globale a ete realise. Une methode de zone absorbante de type Perfectly Matched Layer a ete implementee dans un code de simulation numerique utilisant des methodes de collocation spectrale. Une methode de decomposition de domaine adaptee aux calculs des solutions stationnaires ainsi qu'aux problemes de stabilite globale a egalement ete utilisee pour permettre la validation des conditions aux limites implementees sur un cas d'ecoulement rayonnant de cavite ouverte. Enfin, les etudes de stabilite d'un ecoulement de couche limite decollee derriere une geometrie de type bosse ont ete realisees. L'etude des instabilites bidimensionnelles, responsables du phenomene basse frequence (flapping), et realisees en regime subsonique montre que le mecanisme observe en regime incompressible est aussi observe en regime subsonique. La stabilite de cet ecoulement vis-a-vis de perturbations tri-dimensionnelles, et plus particulierement les instabilites centrifuges ont aussi ete etudiees en fonction du nombre de Mach.
Sistemas de tutorización inteligente basados en redes bayesianas

omputacion. Cada vez son mas los programas informaticos que nos permiten aprender cualquier materia o destreza. En este contexto surgieron los Sistemas de Tutorizacion Inteligente asociados a redes bayesianas. Las redes bayesianas son herramientas estadisticas surgidas en el contexto de la Inteligencia Artificial orientadas a la inferencia probabilistica y en el ambito de la tutorizacion electronica se utilizan para modelar la incertidumbre asociada al estudiante y su nivel de conocimiento. En este trabajo presentamos la metodologia de las redes bayesianas en relacion a los Sistemas de Tutorizacion Inteligente, revisamos algunos ejemplos importantes de estos sistemas y proponemos ciertos aspectos que podrian mejorar el desarrollo de los sistemas de tutorizacion. Programmed teaching has suffered major advances because of the computer science development. There are more and more software designed to learn any matter or skill. Intelligent Tutoring Systems arose in that context associated with bayesian networks. Bayesian nets are statistical tools developed in the field of Artificial Intelligence to manage probabilistic inference. In educational context, bayesian nets are used to model the uncertainty about student knowledge. We present the Bayes nets methodology related with Intelligent Tutoring Systems, we review several examples of bayesian tutoring systems and we propose how tutoring systems could be optimized.
Preface "Biogeochemistry and ecosystems in the western north Pacific continental margins under climate change and anthropogenic forcing"

K. -K. Liu1, M. -H. Dai2, K. -R. Kim3, and G. -C. Gong4 1Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Sciences, National Central Univ., Chungli, Taiwan 2State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen Univ., Xiamen, China 3RIO, Seoul National Univ., Seoul/GIST College, GIST, Gwangju, South Korea 4Institute of Marine Environmental Chemistry and Ecology/Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean Univ., Keelung, Taiwan
Analysis of Air Pollution Index and Its Influence Factors in Beijing

Based on Data of Air Pollution Index( API) and meteorological data of Beijing from 2001 to 2012,the paper analyzed the trend and influence factors of Beijing's API through descriptive statistics and generalized linear model( GLM). Analysis results indicated that,the air quality was better and better in the observed period generally. API varied seasonally,which was higher in spring and winter and was lower in summer. Meteorological variables have significant effects on air quality. Air pressure,temperature,precipitation and duration of sunshine negatively correlated with API,while daily maximum temperature,humidity and wind speed positively correlated with API. The policy of traffic control did improve air quality,while no significant weekend effect was found.
Terror and Tourism: Charting the Ambivalent Allure of the Urban Jungle

articles from a California couple exploring the roadways and waterways of Asia on Tortuga II, an amphibious jeep purchased from a World War II surplus depot. The couple’s first installment recounts their floating and roading adventures on and along the Ganges, where Tortuga would sometimes carry them “to venerable cities and princely palaces” and other times serve as their “campsite in the countryside, where the only wealth was in the stars” (Schreider and Schreider 1960, 445). Their next installment, published in May 1961, chronicles the couple’s travels through Indonesia. As the article’s subtitle heralds, this leg of their Tortuga adventure transpires in a “young and troubled island nation. ” Their essay opens dramatically, with their arrival in the capital city of Jakarta, a little over a decade after Indonesia’s independence from the Netherlands:
Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets.

Questo documento, che contiene la posizione ufficiale dell’American Dietetic Association (ADA), include la rassegna indipendente della letteratura operata dagli Autori, in aggiunta alla rassegna sistematica condotta utilizzando l’ADA’s Evidence Analysis Process e altre informazioni ottenute dalla Evidence Analysis Library. Le argomentazioni provenienti dalla Evidence Analysis Library sono indicate chiaramente. L’utilizzo di un approccio basato sull’evidenza fornisce importanti benefici aggiuntivi rispetto a precedenti metodi di revisione. Il maggior vantaggio di questo approccio è una standardizzazione più rigorosa dei criteri di revisione, che minimizza la probabilità di bias del revisore e aumenta la facilità di confronto tra i differenti articoli. Per una descrizione dettagliata dei metodi utilizzati nel processo di analisi dell’evidenza, è possibile accedere all’ADA’s Evidence Analysis Process all’URL http://adaeal.com/eaprocess/. A ciascuna affermazione conclusiva, conclusion statement, è stato assegnato un grado da parte di un gruppo di lavoro di esperti, basato sull’analisi sistematica e sulla valutazione dell’evidenza sostenuta dalle ricerche analizzate. Grado I=buono; Grado II=discreto; Grado III=Limitato; Grado IV=esclusiva opinione dell’esperto; e Grado V=non valutabile (perchè non esiste evidenza per sostenere o rifiutare la conclusione). Le informazioni basate sull’evidenza per questo ed altri argomenti possono essere reperite su https://www. adaevidencelibrary.com e l’iscrizione per i non membri può essere acquistata su https://www.adaevidencelibrary.com/store.cfm.
Position of the American Dietetic Association : Breaking the barriers to breastfeeding

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) that broad-based efforts are needed to break the barriers to breastfeeding initiation and duration. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months is the ideal feeding pattern for infants. Increases in initiation and duration are needed to realize the health, nutritional, immunological, psychological, economical, and environmental benefits of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding initiation rates have increased, but cultural barriers to breastfeeding, especially against breastfeeding for 6 months and longer, still exist. Gaps in rates of breastfeeding based on age, race, and socioeconomic status remain. Children benefit from the biologically unique properties of human milk including protection from illness with resulting economic benefits. Mother’s benefits include reduced rates of premenopausal breast and ovarian cancers. Appropriate lactation management is a critical component of successful breastfeeding for healthy women. Lactation support and management is even more important in women and children with special needs caused by physical or developmental disability, disease, or limited resources. Dietetics professionals have a responsibility to support breastfeeding through appropriate education and training, advocacy, and legislative action; through collaboration with other professional groups; and through research to eliminate the barriers to breastfeeding. POSITION STATEMENT It is the position of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) that broad-based efforts are needed to break the barriers to breastfeeding initiation and duration. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months is the ideal feeding pattern for infants. Increases in initiation and duration are needed to realize the health, nutritional, immunological, psychological, economical, and environmental benefits of breastfeeding. BREASTFEEDING TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES National efforts to promote breastfeeding have been successful at increasing rates of breastfeeding initiation. Nonetheless, fewer than one third of infants are being breastfed beyond 6 months of age, and many potential benefits are being forfeited. The next challenge to ADA and other professional organizations is to communicate the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months. Since the first edition in 1979 of Healthy People, in which the US Surgeon General’s Report stated that breastfeeding is to be encouraged (1) and the follow-up editions in which specific goals for initiation and duration rates have been identified (2,3), the United States has seen a resurgence in breastfeeding rates. Breastfeeding initiation rates increased from a low of about 20% in the early 1970s to a high of 61.9% Position of the American Dietetic Association: Breaking the barriers to breastfeeding
Research on source direction of Neogene Zhujiang Formation in Huizhou Depression

Based on the distribution of sand bodies and the seismic reflection characteristics,the source direction of lower and upper members of Neogene Zhujiang Formation is researched by analyzing the assemblage characteristics of light and heavy minerals and the plane change trend of debris composition in Huizhou Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin.The results show that the lower member of Zhujiang Formation has three source regions.The principal sources of detritus in the northwest and northeast area are derived from the distal sedimentation and the principal sources of detritus in the southern area are derived from proximal sedimentation.With the sea level rising,the southern source region disappears in the upper member of Zhujiang Formation.The sedimentary characteristics are mainly controlled by northwest and northeast source regions.The principal sources of detritus in the northwest area are derived from distal sedimentation and the principal sources of detritus in the northeast area are derived from proximal sedimentation.