Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Full range line-field parallel swept source imaging utilizing digital refocusing

We present geometric optics-based refocusing applied to a novel off-axis line-field parallel swept source imaging (LPSI) system. LPSI is an imaging modality based on line-field swept source optical coherence tomography, which permits 3-D imaging at acquisition speeds of up to 1 MHz. The digital refocusing algorithm applies a defocus-correcting phase term to the Fourier representation of complex-valued interferometric image data, which is based on the geometrical optics information of the LPSI system. We introduce the off-axis LPSI system configuration, the digital refocusing algorithm and demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for refocusing volumetric images of technical and biological samples. An increase of effective in-focus depth range from 255 μm to 4.7 mm is achieved. The recovery of the full in-focus depth range might be especially valuable for future high-speed and high-resolution diagnostic applications of LPSI in ophthalmology.
Integrating a priori information in edge-linking algorithms

This research presents an approach to integrate a priori information to the path metric of the LINK algorithm. The zero-crossing contours of the $DEL2G are taken as a gross estimate of the boundaries in the image. This estimate of the boundaries is used to define the swath of important information, and to provide a distance measure for edge localization. During the linking process, a priori information plays important roles in (1) dramatically reducing the search space because the actual path lies within +/- 2 (sigma) f from the prototype contours ((sigma) f is the standard deviation of the Gaussian kernel used in the edge enhancement step); (2) breaking the ties when the search metrics give uncertain information; and (3) selecting the set of goal nodes for the search algorithm. We show that the integration of a priori information in the LINK algorithms provides faster and more accurate edge linking.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE QUANTUM SIGNATURE ALGORITHM

A true quantum signature algorithm based on continuous-variable entanglement state is proposed. In the suggested algorithm, a key-pair, i.e. private signature key and public verification key, is generated based on a one-way function. By employing the signature key, a message state is encoded into a 2k-particle entangled state and a two-particle entangled state is prepared. The resulting states are exploited as a signature of the message state. The signature can be decoded under the verification key when it needs to be verified. Subsequently, a decoded message state and a two-particle entangled state are obtained. To compare the decoded states and the original states, a quantum circuit for comparing these states is exploited. Making use of measurement results of the quantum circuit one can judge the authenticity of the received signature. According to the security requirement of the signature scheme, the suggested algorithm has been proven to be theoretically secure by using the Shannon information theory.
Remote psychoacoustic testing using the Internet

A number of recent listening tests by the authors and others have begun to use the Internet as a medium for remotely conducting psychoacoustic listening tests. While this offers a solution to the problem of gathering enough highly trained listeners in one geographic location, it results in a reduction in control of factors such as the listener’s immediate environment. A recent experiment by the authors [A. C. Disley, et al., ‘‘Spectral correlations of timbral adjectives used by musicians,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 3333 abstract only (2006)] offered the opportunity to examine and quantify the effect of remote testing via the Internet. Twenty four listeners took an Internet‐based listening test on ten separate occasions, alternating between a controlled environment and an uncontrolled environment. Listeners were given instructions about their uncontrolled listening environments, and data subsequently collected demonstrate good but not universal compliance with those instructions. Comparison of experimental.
Search for Intrasupercluster Gas in the Shapley Supercluster

We set limits to the amount of intrasupercluster gas in the Shapley supercluster, using COBE DMR data to search for the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and HEAO 1 A-2 data to search for diffuse X-ray emission. Chance alignments of the Shapley supercluster with primordial fluctuations were taken into account in the analysis of the COBE DMR data using the two-point correlation function. We modeled the X-ray emission allowing for known point sources and a gradient in galactic emission. We found no evidence for intrasupercluster gas following a truncated isothermal beta model distribution. The Shapley supercluster does not hold much more hot (≥10 keV) large-scale diffuse intrasupercluster gas than the average baryon density derived from standard nucleosynthesis theories.
Development of Iodine Cells for the Subaru HDS and the Okayama HIDES: I. Instrumentation and Performance of the Spectrographs

We have developed iodine (I2) cells for the High Dispersion Spectrograph (HDS) on the Subaru telescope and for the HIgh Dispersion Echelle Spectrograph (HIDES) on the Okayama 1.88m reflector. The cell is put into a compact vacuum vessel, which fits into a small space behind the entrance slit of the HDS. The cell assembly is designed to minimize heat losses from the cell, which is heated during observations, to keep I2 vapor from condensation. The amount of I2 in the cell is determined to be best suited for radial-velocity measurements of solar-type stars. We also report on some performances of the HDS and HIDES as well as their instrumental profiles based on tests of our I2 cells. Lastly, we discuss future improvements of our instruments and data-analysis softwares for I2 observations, and also describe the scientific goals of our project.
An analytical model of metal cutting with a laser beam

The process of cutting metals with a laser beam is described by a mathematical model comprising a set of balance equations for mass, momentum and energy. The molten film at the cutting front is defined as the control volume. The calculation yields average values for the characteristic macroscopic state of the cutting front, such as temperature, melt film velocity and melt film thickness. All relevant parameters of the laser beam and of the process gas flow are considered in the model. Numerical evaluations of the analytical model provide explanations of the process behavior both for inert and for oxygen gas cutting. The narrowing of the kerf width with increasing speed is explained by heat conduction. Furthermore, the model shows that the evaporation temperature is reached at high velocities for thin metal sheets. Using a higher gas pressure increases the diffusion limited oxidation rate and provides higher cutting velocities, while the fraction of oxidized metal decreases substantially with increasing speed.
A MOLECULAR SPIRAL ARM SEGMENT OF M51 AT 3.5 ARCSECOND RESOLUTION

A CO (1-0) map of two 1' fields in M51 at 3.5'' resolution made with the Millimeter Interferometer of the Owens Valley Radio Observatory is presented. The fields include three arm and two interarm Giant Molecular Associations (GMAs) identified earlier in the 8'' mosaic map of Rand & Kulkarni. The GMAs are resolved at this higher resolution. One of the arm GMAs is a less distinct feature in the map than in the mosaic. For the two well-defined arm GMAs and a newly discovered concentration of gas in the arm, the virial masses based on observed CO velocities are 2-4 times below the masses based on their CO fluxes. If we demand that the virial masses of GMAs be no lower than the CO-flux-based masses, then this mass discrepancy hints that the standard conversion factor between CO brightness and molecular column density appropriate for the Galaxy may be too high for M51, by perhaps a factor of 2 or 3. For the two interarm GMAs, the virial masses are 1 and 3 times their CO-flux-based masses, but are rather more uncertain. If the conversion factor is indeed lower in M51, then both of these GMAs are unbound The brightness temperature of the GMAs and the (CO)-C-12/(CO)C-13 ratio found by Young & Sanders also hint at a lower conversion factor for M51. However, it remains unlikely that the conversion factor is low enough to make the virial masses of the arm GMAs significantly larger than the CO-flux-based masses. Several other results from this map aid in our understanding of how GMAs form. Where the spiral arm crosses the major axis, the observed shift in tangential velocity relative to a flat rotation curve agrees with the shift measured from the 8'' mosaic, indicating a tangential streaming motion as expected in the presence of a density wave and confirming that this segment of the spiral arm is a region of reduced shear. The streaming is much stronger, however, than seen in simulations of the gaseous response to a density wave. The GMAs appear to be stable or marginally stable against galactic tidal forces if the adopted conversion factor is correct to within a factor of 2-3. The detailed spatial coincidence between molecular emission and Halpha emission is poor. Three possible causes for this breakdown on small scales are (1) real SFE variations, (2) star formation at different stages along the arm, and (3) patchy extinction. The one-dimensional velocity dispersion in the arms at this resolution is approximately 10 km s-1.
Solar wind, mass and momentum losses during the solar cycle

Abstract We study the connections between the sun's convection zone evolution and the dynamics of the solar wind and corona. We input the magnetic fields generated by a 2.5D axisymmetric kinematic dynamo code (STELEM) into a 2.5D axisymmetric coronal MHD code (DIP). The computations were carried out for an 11 year cycle. We show that the solar wind's velocity and mass flux vary in latitude and in time in good agreement with the well known time-latitude assymptotic wind speed diagram. Overall sun's mass loss rate, momentum flux and magnetic breaking torque are maximal near the solar minimum.
Extraordinary transmission in a narrow energy band for metallic gratings with converging-diverging channels

Transmission metallic gratings with narrow and deep slits having the shape of converging-diverging channel (CDC) can exhibit enhanced transmission resonances for wavelengths larger than the periodicity of the grating. Using finite element method, the authors show that, by varying the gap size at the throat of CDC, the spectral locations of the transmission resonance bands can be shifted close to each other and have high transmittance in a very narrow energy band. Also, the proposed shape can lead to almost perfect transmittance for any desired wavelength by carefully optimizing the metallic material, gap at the throat of CDC, and grating parameters.
Paediatric King Vision® videolaryngoscope in a case of infantile oral mass: A useful alternative to fiberoptic bronchoscope as a first choice in paediatric difficult airway

Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/ her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Aggregation-Based Certificate Transparency Gossip

Certificate Transparency (CT) requires that every CA-issued TLS certificate must be publicly logged. While a CT log need not be trusted in theory, it relies on the assumption that every client observes and cryptographically verifies the same log. As such, some form of gossip mechanism is needed in practice. Despite CT being adopted by several major browser vendors, no gossip mechanism is widely deployed. We suggest an aggregation-based gossip mechanism that passively observes cryptographic material that CT logs emit in plaintext, aggregating at packet processors (such as routers and switches) to periodically verify log consistency off-path. In other words, gossip is provided as-a-service by the network. Based on 20 days of RIPE Atlas measurements that represent clients from 3500 autonomous systems and 40% of the IPv4 space, our proposal can be deployed incrementally for a realistic threat model with significant protection against split-viewing CT logs. We also show that aggregation-based gossip can be implemented for a variety of packet processors using P4 and XDP, running at 10 Gbps line-speed.
A closure theory of intermittency of turbulence

The variational approach to the closure problem of turbulence theory, proposed in an earlier article [Phys. Fluids 26, 2098 (1983); 27, 2229 (1984)], is extended to evaluate the flatness factor, which indicates the degree of intermittency of turbulence. Since the flatness factor is related to the fourth moment of a turbulent velocity field, the corresponding higher-order terms in the perturbation solution of the Liouville equation have to be considered. Most closure methods discard these higher-order terms and fail to explain the intermittency phenomenon. The computed flatness factor of the idealized model of infinite isotropic turbulence ranges from 9 to 15 and has the same order of magnitude as the experimental data of real turbulent flows. The intermittency phenomenon does not necessarily negate the Kolmogorov k−5/3 inertial range spectrum. The Kolmogorov k−5/3 law and the high degree of intermittency can coexist as two consistent consequences of the closure theory of turbulence. The Kolmogorov 1941 theory [J. Fluid Mech. 62, 305 (1974)] cannot be disqualified merely because the energy dissipation rate fluctuates.
Finding the Building in Wayfinding

This article uses a limited example to demonstrate that studies of wayfinding and spatial learning can benefit from a more rigorous analytic description of building layout and exploration paths that exhibit their own pattern. In at least one case, search patterns are strongly shaped according to the degree of integration of each space and each choice node of the circulation system within the overall layout. Given this overriding trend, we formulate the idea of a search structure whereby the intelligible properties of layouts interact with navigation rules to produce characteristic patterns of exploration.
Human Posture Recognition using Artificial Neural Networks

This paper proposes the use of artificial neural networks(ANNs) to classify human postures, using an invasive(intrusive) approach, into 6 categories namely standing, sitting, sleeping and bending - forward and backward. Human posture recognition has numerous applications in the field of healthcare analysis like patient monitoring, lifestyle analysis, elderly care etc. Most importantly, our solution is capable of classifying the aforementioned postures in real-time, by wirelessly(Wi-Fi) acquiring and processing the sensor data on a Raspberry-Pi device with minimal lag. A data-set of 44,800 samples was collected - from 3 subjects - which was used to train and test the neural network. After experimenting and testing with a plethora of network architectures, an optimal neural network architecture(6-9-6) with suitable hyper-parameters was determined which gave an overall accuracy of 97.589%.
Blow-ups and mixed motives

The blow-up formula for Chow groups of smooth varieties is known; for smooth projective varieties there is a similar formula for motives. We generalize these and prove blow-up formulas for higher Chow groups and for mixed motives of smooth quasi-projective varieties. Introduction. In the theory of ordinary Chow groups, there are the projective bundle formula, the self-intersection formula, and the blow-up formula. The first proof of the selfintersection formula and the blow-up formula for the integral Chow group is due to A.T. Lascu, D. Mumford and D.B. Scott [LMS]; the argument is reproduced in [SGA]. A key idea is the use of the deformation to the normal cone. For a modern treatment see [Fu, Chap. 6]; the self-intersection and the blow-up formulas are part of the properties of the refined Gysin maps. In §1 we consider these formulas for higher Chow groups CH(X,n). The statements are parallel to those for ordinary Chow groups (the case n = 0). The projective bundle formula is known to hold. In (1.1) and (1.2), we consider the self-intersection formula and the blow-up formula; for the proof we almost follow that in [SGA], using now the localization sequence for higher Chow groups. From the blow-up formula one can derive the contravariant descent property for higher Chow groups, Theorem (1.5). This is used in [Ha 2] where we show the contravariant descent property for cubical hyperresolutions of a variety. In the rest of this paper, where §1 is not be used except for the case n = 0, we will: (A) Formulate and prove the analogues of (1.1) and (1.2) for relative motives, and derive the original (1.1) and (1.2) from them; (B) Derive from (A) the analogues of (1.1) and (1.2) for mixed motives. In §2, we briefly recall the definition of D(k), the triangulated category of mixed motives over a field k, and, assuming the characteristic of k is zero, the construction of the functor h from the category of smooth quasi-projective varieties to D(k). To each smooth variety X there corresponds an object h(X) (also denoted L(X) ) of D(k), and to each map f : X → Y there is a corresponding morphism f ∗ : h(Y ) → h(X). Further, we show X 7→ h(X) is a “functor” on an appropriate correspondence category of smooth quasi-projective varieties: For a cycle u on X × Y , which is proper over Y , there is an induced morphism L(u) : h(X)(r)[2r] → h(Y )(s)[2s], if codim u = dimX + s− r. Here (r) denotes the Tate twist, and [2r] is the shift in the triangulated category. For example if α ∈ CH(X) there corresponds a morphism C(α) : h(X) → h(X)(r)[2r]. A proper map f : X → Y induces a morphism f∗ : h(X)(dimX)[2 dimX] → h(Y )(dimY )[2 dimY ]. There is partial functoriality for morphisms L(u) in the following sense. If Z is another smooth variety, v a cycle on Y ×Z proper over Z, and if the composition v ◦ u is defined as a cycle on X × Z, then one has L(v ◦ u) = L(v)L(u). 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 14C25; Secondary 14C15, 14C35.
Efficacy of Using a Single, Non‐Technical Variable to Predict the Academic Success of Freshmen Engineering Students

This paper evaluates the efficacy of using freshman student scores from one non‐technical assignment to predict academic success as measured by cumulative grade point average after completion of the first two semesters enrolled at the Mercer University School of Engineering. The predictor assignment is keeping a dialectic course notebook and corresponds to the student's attitude, persistence, and organizational skills rather than math and science preparedness. Statistical analysis, at the 99 percent confidence level, indicated that there was a strong relationship between the student notebook scores and grade point average. Although there was scatter in the data, this one variable does provide insight into student success in the Mercer University Engineering program.
Ultrathin InAlN/GaN heterostructures on sapphire for high on/off current ratio high electron mobility transistors

We report on InAlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire with ultrathin buffers. Two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) exhibiting high mobility (1100 cm2/V s) and low sheet resistivity (356 Ω/□) is achieved at room temperature for a buffer thickness as low as ∼0.1 μm. It is shown that despite a huge dislocation density imposed by this thin buffer, surface roughness is the main factor which affects the transport properties. In addition, sapphire surface nitridation is found to drastically affect the properties of the InAlN/GaN 2DEG. Eventually, HEMTs are processed from these heterostructures. Maximum current densities of 0.35 A/mm and current on-off ratios higher than 109 are measured, which make them suitable for high performance GaN based sensing in harsh environments.
Radiation effects on fiber amplifiers: design of radiation tolerant Yb/Er-based devices

Rare-earth doped optical fibers have been shown to be very sensitive to radiations, limiting the integration of fiber-based systems in space missions. In this paper, we present the characterization of two amplifiers based on a set of prototype active Erbium/Ytterbium codoped double clad fibers developed by Ixfiber SAS. One of these fibers has been codoped with cerium inside its core to enhance its radiation tolerance whereas the other is a classical phosphosilicate Er/Yb fiber. The two amplifiers based on these fibers have been exposed to γ-rays at a low dose rate (0.3 rad/s) and to doses up to 90 krad. Previous studies indicated that Er/Yb amplifiers using this type of fiber suffered significant degradation for cumulated dose above 5-10 krad. We observed, on the contrary, that with our radiation hardened fiber, the degradation of the fiber amplifier's output power can be limited to less than 30% after an exposure dose of ~90 krad.
The X-ray spectrum of NGC 1068

The first X-ray spectrum of a classical Seyfert 2 galaxy, NGC 1068, measured by the Einstein Observatory, is presented. The small soft X-ray luminosity of about 9 x 10 to the 41st ergs/s, the lack of variability, and the Compton temperature of less than 10 to the 6th K are all consistent with the model of Antonucci and Miller (1985); these authors have suggested that NGC 1068 contains a hidden Seyfert 1 nucleus seen indirectly through the electron scattering. However, the steep spectral slope (alpha = 2.0 + or - 0.3) distinguishes the NGC 1068 from the vast majority of Seyfert 1 galaxies. 30 references.
The Multivariate Portmanteau Statistic

Abstract Box and Pierce have derived a goodness-of-fit test, the portmanteau test, for univariate autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) time series models. This test is here extended to multivariate ARMA models; the test statistic may be conveniently expressed as a function of the covariances between the residuals of the fitted model. A modified form of the statistic designed to have superior properties in small samples is derived, and the two forms of the statistic are compared via computer simulation.
Effect of interfaces on Gilbert damping and ferromagnetic resonance linewidth in magnetic multilayers

In magnetic multilayers, the presence of sharp interfaces causes a local increase of the interaction between spin waves and conduction electrons. This leads to an increase of the Gilbert spin-damping parameter near an interface. In turn, the ferromagnetic-resonance linewidth is increased over its value in single-layer films. In addition, the precession of magnetic spins during ferromagnetic resonance induces conduction-electron transitions from the spin-up to the spin-down band. As a result, the spin-up Fermi level differs from the spin-down Fermi level by an amount Δμ. At high precession amplitudes, the existence of Δμ causes a measurable decrease of the Gilbert parameter. At precession-cone angles exceeding 4°, the Gilbert parameter returns nearly to its single-layer value. Ferromagnetic-resonance line shapes are predicted to be non-Lorentzian, narrower and sharper near the top. This line-narrowing effect increases with increasing microwave power. The effect of Δμ spreads into the entire multilayer, .