Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards an Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Content Analysis in Propaganda Research

Wilhelm Kempf Towards an Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Content Analysis in Propaganda Research 1. Reconstruction of socio-psychological context as a methodological framework Within the framework of recent studies on U.S. propaganda and psychological warfare during the Contra War in Nicaragua (Kempf, 1990), a communication model was developed according to which it is not so much the facts that count for persuasion and propaganda but more the meaning that they are given. In order to manipulate that meaning, persuasion and propaganda make use of the command and parade aspects of communication which determine the recipient's horizon of consciousness. According to this model, the meaning of a message results from the context in which it is placed. This context is determined by three aspects of the communication: 1. The report aspect conveys information and is, therefore, synonymous with the (propositional) content of the communication. 2. The command aspect refers to what sort of message it is to be taken as (Watzlawick et al., 1967) and includes information about the senders of messages themselves (the "self-manifestation" aspect according to Schulz von Thun, 1981) as well as information about the relationship between the communicators (the "relationship" aspect) 3. The parade aspect, finally, imposes behavior on the recipient and provokes his or her response. As Kracauer (1952, p.642) points out, "most communications are not so much fixed entities as ambivalent challenges. " They challenge the audience "to absorb them and react to them. "
The Education of the Whole Child

What is the education of the whole child? the educational climate and the children and worldviews project how we carried out the research children's experience of conflict and loss children's religious and scientific thinking the identity of "Asian" children taking children's stories to other children children and parental separation religious identity and children's worldviews the implications for education the implications for the classroom religious education and collective worship children's spirituality and our contemporary culture prospects for education.
Drosophila follicle cells are patterned by multiple levels of Notch signaling and antagonism between the Notch and JAK/STAT pathways

The specification of polar, main-body and stalk follicle cells in the germarium of the Drosophila ovary plays a key role in the formation of the egg chamber and polarisation of its anterior-posterior axis. High levels of Notch pathway activation, resulting from a germline Delta ligand signal, induce polar cells. Here we show that low Notch activation levels, originating from Delta expressed in the polar follicle cells, are required for stalk formation. The metalloprotease Kuzbanian-like, which cleaves and inactivates Delta, reduces the level of Delta signaling between follicle cells, thereby limiting the size of the stalk. We find that Notch activation is required in a continuous fashion to maintain the polar and stalk cell fates. We further demonstrate that mutual antagonism between the Notch and JAK/STAT signaling pathways provides a crucial facet of follicle cell patterning. Notch signaling in polar and main-body follicle cells inhibits JAK/STAT signaling by preventing STAT nuclear translocation, thereby restricting the influence of this pathway to stalk cells. Conversely, signaling by JAK/STAT reduces Notch signaling in the stalk. Thus, variations in the levels of Notch pathway activation, coupled with a continuous balance between the Notch and JAK/STAT pathways, specify the identity of the different follicle cell types and help establish the polarity of the egg chamber.
Association of insurance status and age with cervical cancer stage at diagnosis: National Cancer Database, 2000-2007.

OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship of age at diagnosis and insurance status with stage among cervical cancer patients aged 21 to 85 years. METHODS We selected data on women (n = 69 739) diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer between 2000 and 2007 from the National Cancer Database. We evaluated the association between late stage (stage III/IV) and both insurance and age, with adjustment for race/ethnicity and other sociodemographic and clinical factors. We used multivariable log binomial models to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The proportion of late-stage disease increased with age: from 16.53% (21-34 years) to 42.44% (≥ 70 years). The adjusted relative risk of advanced-stage disease among women aged 50 years and older was 2.2 to 2.5 times that of patients aged 21 to 34 years. Uninsured (RR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.40, 1.49), Medicaid (RR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.34, 1.41), younger Medicare (RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.19), and older Medicare (RR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.15, 1.26) patients had a higher risk of late-stage disease than did privately insured patients. CONCLUSIONS Screening should be encouraged for women at high risk for advanced-stage disease.
CORR Insights: Can Femoral Rotation Be Localized and Quantified Using Standard CT Measures?

T he introduction and wide availability of CT enables us to directly measure femoral anteversion and tibial torsion. However, there is ongoing controversy regarding what to measure, where to measure, and even why to measure. The terminology regarding the torsional profile of the femur can be confusing – some authors tend to use femoral torsion and anteversion interchangeably, while others refer to femoral torsion as being localized in the femoral shaft and femoral anteversion as a result of the anatomy of the proximal femur. The authors must be congratulated for attempting to introduce clarity into the confusing terminology in regards to torsion of the femur [6]. They differentiate between femoral version and femoral torsion and suggest using ‘‘version’’ for rotation localized proximal to the lesser trochanter and ‘‘torsion’’ for rotation localized distal to the lesser trochanter. Additionally, they provide the tools to differentiate between the two and report the accuracy of the two methods that allow for this differentiation. The intraand inter-rater reliability were surprisingly high for all of all three methods used. Differentiation between femoral anteversion and torsion was possible using the Kim and volumetric method in all cases. Many articles focus on the accuracy and reliability of CT measurements; these show that the localization and level of the CT cuts on the distal and especially on the proximal femur appear to influence the accuracy of the measurements made [7, 8, 11]. Proximal femoral anatomy introduces bias when taking measurements from a simple transverse plane cut. Therefore, techniques have been proposed to incline the plane and to reconstruct the intertrochanteric and neck region using three-dimensional CT [7, 11]. In contrast to previous reports [7, 11], the accuracy of all three techniques, including the traditional single neck axis cut, was equally high with a deviation from the true torsion of only 1 ± 4 degrees. This CORR Insights is a commentary on the article ‘‘Can Femoral Rotation Be Localized and Quantified Using Standard CT Measures? ’’ by Georgiadis and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-4000-4. The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/ licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. This CORR Insights comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-0144000-4.
Infrastructure as a financial asset class

One of the greatest challenges of 21st century is how to address the infrastructure needs which are fast arising around the world. More and better quality infrastructure is demanded in new economies such as China and India, while in mature economies such as Europe and the United States, ageing infrastructure calls for immediate repair and replacement. Even though governments understand the importance of infrastructure as a catalyst of growth, they can no longer sustain these investments alone. As a result, we can clearly observe the presence of a continuous infrastructure investment gap. In response, governments worldwide are turning to private investors in order to sustainably bridge this widening gap. However, private investors remain cautious in relation to this young asset class, as there is still limited information about the financial performance of infrastructure. The goal of this thesis is to study, for the first time in detail, infrastructure as a new financial asset. This analysis is among the few to examine the investment characteristics of different infrastructure sectors and sub-sectors, and is the first to study the significance of this differentiation at the portfolio level. Using different optimisation techniques, this thesis seeks to evaluate whether private investors should focus on a single infrastructure sector, or instead are better of investing in a portfolio containing multiple infrastructure sectors. Lastly, the study aims to prove evidentially the best way to access infrastructure by comparing the listed and the much opaque unlisted infrastructure space. The results of this thesis show that infrastructure consists of different heterogeneous infrastructure sectors thus, by focusing on a single listed infrastructure sector, fund managers will be able to gain complete knowledge of the performance of the sector and still enjoy diversification benefits. Moreover, results indicate that, despite the attractive performance of unlisted infrastructure, public policy is a key lever in attracting private investments into infrastructure.
The impact of social media brand communication on consumer-based brand equity dimensions through Facebook in fast moving consumer goods: The case of Egypt

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of firm-created and user-generated social media brand communication on five consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) dimensions through Facebook on the Egyptian fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry. This paper used quantitative approach, which consists of distributing, collecting, and analyzing large-scale questionnaire survey. Questionnaires were administered personally and electronically distributed. Data were collected from 400 customers based on quota sampling technique to cover the Egyptian population distribution and analyzed by using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results of our paper showed that firm-created social media brand communication has a significant positive direct impact on only four CBBE dimensions (brand awareness, brand perceived quality, brand associations and brand trust). Whereas user-generated social media brand communication has no significant impact on brand perceived quality, brand loyalty, and brand trust. Additionally, it has been found that usergenerated social media brand communication has a negative impact on brand awareness and brand associations. This paper adds to the body of knowledge by focusing on the impact of two different types of social media communication (firm-created and user-generated social media brand communication) on 5 CBBE dimensions (brand awareness, brand perceived quality, brand associations, brand loyalty, and brand trust) in new context, which is the Egyptian FMCG industry. On the other hand, this paper provides vital information to the marketing specialists and brand managers to understand how CBBE dimensions could be built via two different types of social media communication. Corresponding author: Heba Sadek Email addresses for corresponding author: heba_sadek@yahoo.co.uk First submission received: 25th June 2017 Revised submission received: 30th August 2017 Accepted: 28th September 2017
Vecteurs caractéristiques de modèles océaniques pour la réduction d'ordre en assimilation de données

Les principales difficultes que connaissent les methodes actuelles d'assimilation de donnees sont la taille des problemes (tres grande), la specification des erreurs (mal connues) et les non-linearites (mal prises en compte). C'est pour tenter de remedier a ces deux premiers points en particulier que nous nous interessons a des methodes de reduction d'ordre prenant le mieux possible en compte la "variabilite" du systeme considere. Sa connaissance passe par la detection de modes privilegies que nous appelons vecteurs caracteristiques et qui sont a la base de toutes nos experiences. Il s'agit des vecteurs singuliers, des vecteurs de Liapunov, de ceux obtenus par breeding, des vecteurs singuliers non lineaires et des composantes principales. Au travers de diverses applications, nous abordons successivement trois points : le premier concerne la reduction des couts de calcul de la methode d'assimilation 4D-Var par minimisation de la fonctionnelle d'ecart aux observations dans un espace de dimension plus petite que celle de l'espace d'origine. Il s'agit pour le second de la prise en compte d'un terme d'erreur modele dans les equations de la methode 4D-Var, terme decompose sur des bases de vecteurs caracteristiques. Le troisieme vise a etudier la capacite de ces vecteurs a corriger les predictions effectuees par une methode d'assimilation sequentielle variante du filtre de Kalman : le filtre SEEK. Il resulte de toutes ces experiences que chaque type de vecteurs caracteristiques s'adapte plus ou moins bien aux differents processus d'assimilation, les resultats mettant toutefois globalement en evidence le role des non-linearites - particulierement au travers des modes issus de la technique de breeding - et l'efficacite de la reduction d'ordre en termes de couts de calcul.
Stretch‐Induced Injury Alters Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Cellular ATP in Cultured Astrocytes and Neurons

Abstract: Energy deficit after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may alter ionic homeostasis, neurotransmission, biosynthesis, and cellular transport. Using an in vitro model for TBI, we tested the hypothesis that stretch‐induced injury alters mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ? m) and ATP in astrocytes and neurons. Astrocytes, pure neuronal cultures, and mixed neuronal plus glial cultures grown on Silastic membranes were subjected to mild, moderate, and severe stretch. After injury, Δ? m was measured using rhodamine‐123, and ATP was quantified with a luciferin‐luciferase assay. In astrocytes, Δ? m dropped significantly, and ATP content declined 43‐52% 15 min after mild or moderate stretch but recovered by 24 h. In pure neurons, Δ? m declined at 15 min only in the severely stretched group. At 48 h postinjury, Δ? m remained decreased in severely stretched neurons and dropped in moderately stretched neurons. Intracellular ATP content did not change in any group of injured pure neurons. We also found that astrocytes and neurons release ATP extracellularly following injury. In contrast to pure neurons, Δ? m in neurons of mixed neuronal plus glial cultures declined 15 min after mild, moderate, or severe stretch and recovered by 24‐48 h. ATP content in mixed cultures declined 22‐28% after mild to severe stretch with recovery by 24 h. Our findings demonstrate that injury causes mitochondrial dysfunction in astrocytes and suggest that astrocyte injury alters mitochondrial function in local neurons.
Emerging role of stereotactic body radiotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer

The management of pancreatic cancer continues to be challenging. Despite surgical, genetic and molecular advances, its overall prognosis remains poor. Surgical resection is the only modality that offers a chance for a cure, with an overall survival rate of 10–20% at 5 years. However, only 20% of the patients are surgical candidates because of locally advanced disease or systemic stage at presentation. Conventional radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, has been used to treat patients with advanced-stage pancreatic cancer, an approach with high rates of local recurrence. Stereotactic body radiation therapy, also known as stereotactic ablative radiotherapy has emerged as a treatment modality that allows the precise delivery of a large ablative radiation dose to a tumor volume while sparing surrounding organs and tissues. Phase I and II studies have shown good rates of local control of the disease but rates of distant metastasis remain significant. Strategies to combine novel systemic therapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy are to be explored.
Inequality and the disappearing large firm wage premium

The large-firm wage premium, which goes back over 100 years to Moore (1911), is shrinking. The correlation between firm size (in logs) and wages (in logs) dropped by 55% between 1978 and 2013. In this paper we examine the Social Security Administration Master Earnings File covering from 1978-2013, and the Current Population Survey (CPS) from 1968 to 2015, finding three factors account for this. First, the fall in the large firm wage premium has been driven almost entirely by the drop in the firm fixed effect from an Abowd et al. (1999) [AKM] style model. Large firms traditionally hire higher ability employees which shows up in a positive correlation of firm size and the worker fixed-effect. We see this in our data from 1980 onwards, but this correlation remains largely unchanged until 2013. So the drop in large-firm wage premium is not driven by a fall in the quality of employees, but instead by a fall in the firm fixed-effect. That is, the pay premium which large firms are offering appears to have shrunk in absolute terms. Second, most of the fall in the largefirm wage premium occurred within industries. Although industries with a historically large firm-size premium like manufacturing shrunk while those with smaller size premium like services and retail expanded,
Differences in cooperative behavior among Damaraland mole rats are consequences of an age-related polyethism

Significance Nonreproductive group members of naked and Damaraland mole rats are thought to be organized in permanent, distinct castes that differ in behavior and physiology, suggesting that their social organization resembles that of obligatorily eusocial insects. This study tests predictions about the distribution of cooperative behavior based on the suggestion that individual differences represent a caste system. Our data provide no evidence that helpers show fixed, divergent developmental pathways or specialize in particular tasks. Instead, variation in their behavior appears to represent an age-related polyethism. The results suggest that the behavioral organization of social mole-rat groups is similar to that of other singular cooperatively breeding vertebrates, and that similarities to obligatorily eusocial insects have been overestimated. In many cooperative breeders, the contributions of helpers to cooperative activities change with age, resulting in age-related polyethisms. In contrast, some studies of social mole rats (including naked mole rats, Heterocephalus glaber, and Damaraland mole rats, Fukomys damarensis) suggest that individual differences in cooperative behavior are the result of divergent developmental pathways, leading to discrete and permanent functional categories of helpers that resemble the caste systems found in eusocial insects. Here we show that, in Damaraland mole rats, individual contributions to cooperative behavior increase with age and are higher in fast-growing individuals. Individual contributions to different cooperative tasks are intercorrelated and repeatability of cooperative behavior is similar to that found in other cooperatively breeding vertebrates. Our data provide no evidence that nonreproductive individuals show divergent developmental pathways or specialize in particular tasks. Instead of representing a caste system, variation in the behavior of nonreproductive individuals in Damaraland mole rats closely resembles that found in other cooperatively breeding mammals and appears to be a consequence of age-related polyethism.
Who is answering my queries: understanding and characterizing interception of the DNS resolution path

DNS is a critical service for almost all Internet applications. DNS queries from end users are handled by recursive DNS servers for scalability. For convenience, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) assign recursive servers for their clients automatically when the clients choose the default network settings. On the other hand, users should also have the flexibility to use their preferred recursive servers, like public DNS servers. Since almost all DNS queries are sent in plain-text, it's possible for on-path devices to intercept DNS queries sent to public resolvers, by spoofing the IP addresses of user-specified DNS servers and surreptitiously responding using alternative resolvers instead. The trust relationship between users and public DNS are thus broken by the hidden interception of the DNS resolution path (which we term as DNS interception). The hidden DNS interception can pose users to privacy and security threats, and we aim to shed light on this behavior in this study. It's challenging to observe DNS interception because we need vantages points distributed across the globe. We solved this problem by recruiting clients from a proxy network and popular security software with a large number of real-world users. In this paper, we performed a large-scale analysis on on-path DNS interception and investigate its scope and characteristics. In practice, we designed a novel approach to detecting DNS interception and deployed a global measurement platform. Considering different transport protocols and various recursive servers, we have gained multi-faceted insights. In particular, using traffic from 148,478 residential and cellular IP addresses, we find that 259 of the 3,047 ASes (8.5%) that we inspect exhibit DNS interception behavior, including large providers, such as China Mobile. Particularly, 27.9% DNS/UDP queries from China to Google Public DNS are intercepted. Moreover, we find that alternative resolvers used by interceptors may use outdated software (which should be deprecated before 2009) and lack security-related functionality, such as handling DNSSEC requests. Our work highlights the issues around on-path DNS interception and provides new insights into its countermeasures. Our research provides a first large-scale study on DNS end-to-end violation. Our work delivers evidence of DNS interception and serves as strong motivation of deploying encrypted DNS (e.g., DNS-over-TLS and DNS-over-HTTPS). After being published, our findings are reported by several well-known media, such as ACM Technews, The Register, and Hackread. This paper is based on: Baojun Liu, Chaoyi Lu, Haixin Duan, Ying Liu, Zhou Li, Shuang Hao, and Min Yang. 2018. Who Is Answering My Queries: Understanding and Characterizing Interception of the DNS Resolution Path. In Proceedings of USENIX Security 2018. USENIX Security Symposium, Baltimore, USA, 16 pages. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1836213, U1636204) and the BNRist Network and Software Security Research Program (Grant No. BNR2019TD01004).