Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Appendix A : Computation of fraternity coefficients

The fraternity coefficients can be approximated by a straightforward simulation approach, which keeps track if the genes of two individuals are identical by descent. We assume a pedigree consisting of n individuals, and denote by mi and fi the mother and father of individual i, respectively. If either of the parents is unknown (e.g. i belonging to the first generation in the pedigree or being an immigrant), we set mi=-1 or fi=-1. Let the pedigree be ordered so that the parents always come before the offspring, i.e. mi<i and fi<i. In the simulation, two genes are assigned for each individual, one originating from the mother and the other one from the father. The simulation is initiated by assigning unique values for the genes that would originate from the unknown parents, e.g. labelling them as 1,2,. The remaining genes are then assigned to the individuals i=1,. ,n by randomly choosing either of the genes assigned to the parents. If the values are the same for two genes, these genes are identical by descent. The procedure is replicated N times, and the fraternity coefficient ij is estimated as ij ˆ , the fraction of replicates for which the two genes are identical for individuals i and j. We note that ij can be nonzero only if the approximation provided by Eq. 1 is nonzero. Hence only a subset of the pairs needs to be examined, lowering substantially the computational cost if is a sparse matrix.
How Much Do Code Repositories Include Peripheral Modifications?

In the last decade, a variety of studies on mining software repositories has been conducted. Mining repositories has a potential to obtain useful knowledge for the future development and maintenance. When software repositories are mined, large commits in them are often excluded from mining targets because large commits include merging and we believe that large commits include peripheral modifications, which may affect negative impacts on mining code repositories. However, if large commits include code modifications, excluding large commits loses such modifications unintentionally. Moreover, such data cleansing assumes that there are no peripheral modifications in small commits. In this paper, we investigate how much peripheral modifications are included in commits in code repositories. As a result, we found that excluding large commits is insufficient to remove hindrances in commits for mining code repositories.
A length compensation method to eliminate the varying length defect in one dimensional fisheye views

Graphical fisheye view is an effective technique for visualizing and navigating large information structures. However, there are still technical difficulties that hinder its broader applications. One of the prominent problems is the varying length effect seen in most fisheye views. The varying length effect refers to a phenomenon that the length (or height) of a fisheye component is not fixed, but it varies with the location of the focal point. This effect may bring some disadvantages that reduce the usability of a fisheye component. To overcome this defect, sporadical solutions have been seen for specific implementations, but a systematic method has not been seen yet. This paper proposes a length compensation method to eliminate the varying length defect for one dimensional fisheye components. The method provides solutions for handling both discrete and continuous magnifications respectively. The mathematical foundation of the method is given, and the implemented prototype proves that it is effective.
Performance evaluation of binary descriptors for mobile robots

Mobile robot technology has been one of the most promising topics recently. As the basis of mobile robots, object recognition has important research significance to perceive environments. Float-point descriptors like SIFT are widely used for object recognition, but need large storage and computational costs. To overcome the limitations of float-point descriptors applied to mobile robots, binary descriptors are put forward. Since the property of object recognition algorithms can be affected by the selection of descriptors, evaluation of different descriptors to compare performance of them is necessary. However, evaluation of up-to-date binary descriptors for mobile robots is lack. In this paper, an evaluation of several algorithms based on binary descriptors i.e. BRIEF, ORB, BRISK and FREAK on a mobile robot object recognition dataset is provided. To find an efficient descriptor for mobile robots, some typical performance metrics are used to analyze the results of evaluation. And an improved object recognition strategy is presented. It can enhance the performance of binary descriptors for object recognition of mobile robots. This paper can provide a practical reference for researchers in this field.
Efficient Memory-Mapped I/O on Fast Storage Device

In modern operating systems, memory-mapped I/O (mmio) is an important access method that maps a file or file-like resource to a region of memory. The mapping allows applications to access data from files through memory semantics (i.e., load/store) and it provides ease of programming. The number of applications that use mmio are increasing because memory semantics can provide better performance than file semantics (i.e., read/write). As more data are located in the main memory, the performance of applications can be enhanced owing to the effect of a large cache. When mmio is used, hot data tend to reside in the main memory and cold data are located in storage devices such as HDD and SSD; data placement in the memory hierarchy depends on the virtual memory subsystem of the operating system. Generally, the performance of storage devices has a direct impact on the performance of mmio. It is widely expected that better storage devices will lead to better performance. However, the expectation is limited when fast storage devices are used since the virtual memory subsystem does not reflect the performance feature of those devices. In this article, we examine the Linux virtual memory subsystem and mmio path to determine the influence of fast storage on the existing Linux kernel. Throughout our investigation, we find that the overhead of the Linux virtual memory subsystem, negligible on the HDD, prevents applications from using the full performance of fast storage devices. To reduce the overheads and fully exploit the fast storage devices, we present several optimization techniques. We modify the Linux kernel to implement our optimization techniques and evaluate our prototyped system with low-latency storage devices. Experimental results show that our optimized mmio has up to 7x better performance than the original mmio. We also compare our system to a system that has enough memory to keep all data in the main memory. The system with insufficient memory and our mmio achieves 92% performance of the resource-rich system. This result implies that our virtual memory subsystem for mmap can effectively extend the main memory with fast storage devices.
Resonance and the Perception of Musical Meter

Abstract Many connectionist approaches to musical expectancy and music composition let the question of ‘What next? ’ overshadow the equally important question of ‘When next? ’. One cannot escape the latter question, one of temporal structure, when considering the perception of musical meter. We view the perception of metrical structure as a dynamic process where the temporal organization of external musical events synchronizes, or entrains, a listener's internal processing mechanisms. This article introduces a novel connectionist unit, based upon a mathematical model of entrainment, capable of phase- and frequency-locking to periodic components of incoming rhythmic patterns. Networks of these units can self-organize temporally structured responses to rhythmic patterns. The resulting network behavior embodies the perception of metrical structure. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of our approach for theories of metrical structure and musical expectancy.
HEALTH CARE DEMAND IN RURAL MOZAMBIQUE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1996/97 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

ABSTRACT Despite rapid economic growth in recent years, Mozambique remains a very poor country. Expenditure-based poverty measures are reflected in widespread food insecurity and poor health status. In recognition of these problems, the Government of Mozambique is promoting expanded and improved quality and equity in access to health care as an important component in the global strategy to fight poverty. Given years of colonial neglect and systematic destruction of health facilities during the civil war, recent government policy has focused on expanding the rural health network. However, insofar as the ultimate objective of the provision of curative services is to ensure that those in need of care receive effective treatment, it is also necessary to think beyond supply. Specifically, we need to consider how individuals behave during episodes of illness, and what factors affect this behavior. This paper provides quantitative evidence on the importance of individual, household, and community characteristics on individuals’ care-seeking decisions during episodes of illness. The paper estimates a “flexible” multinomial model of health care provider choice conditional on illness using data from the 1996/97 Mozambique National Household Survey on Living Conditions (IAF). The empirical analysis is underpinned by a basic theoretical framework of utility maximization and household production of health. A number of individual and household characteristics, e.g., age, education, and reported symptoms, stand out as highly significant determinants of health seeking behavior. Also, prices, defined in the model as the composite of user fees and time costs associated with consultations at different providers, are found to be
The Development of Entrepreneurship at School: The Spanish Experience.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to encourage entrepreneurship and creativity among primary school pupils than they acquire entrepreneurial skills through running a business. Design/methodology/approach – A pilot experience has been structured into three large phases: analysis of the starting situation; production of the materials and their application in the classroom; and final evaluation. In order to evaluate this experience, the primary school pupils (8-12-years-old) were interviewed and a questionnaire completed. Findings – The overall results have been satisfactory and indicated a positive participant reaction to the project that has improved entrepreneurial competencies and the future potential for business start-up. Research limitations/implications – The research respondents were drawn from one region of Spain, and the pilot experience has been carried out in the Rural Schools Grouped Together (in Spanish: “Colegio Rural Agrupado”). Practical implications – Recommendations are offered which.
Natural and Human-Induced Drivers of Groundwater Sustainability: A Case Study of the Mangyeong River Basin in Korea

The sustainability of rural areas depends on the availability of water resources. The Mangyeong River Basin (MRB) in Korea faces a water supply shortage for agriculture and industry. Based on 11-year (2005–2015) precipitation and groundwater monitoring data, groundwater sustainability was evaluated in terms of natural and man-made factors and their spatio-temporal variations. A precipitation time-series revealed a declining trend, but there were different seasonal trends between wet and dry periods, with declining and rising trends, respectively. Groundwater hydrographs from five national groundwater monitoring wells showed temporal variations. Groundwater wells located in downstream areas showed both recharge from upgradient areas and local man-made impacts (e.g. from pumping), resulting in an ambiguous relationship between precipitation and water levels. However, other monitoring wells in the upstream areas displayed water level responses to precipitation events, with a declining trend. Using the standardized precipitation index at a time scale of 12 months (SPI-12) and the standardized groundwater level anomaly, meteorological and groundwater drought conditions were compared to infer the relationship between precipitation deficit and groundwater shortage in the aquifer. The SPI results indicated severely dry to extremely dry conditions during 2008–2009 and 2015. However, the standardized groundwater level anomaly showed various drought conditions for groundwater, which were dependent on the site-specific hydrogeological characteristics. Finally, groundwater sustainability was assessed using water budget modelling and water quality data. Presently, if groundwater is used above 39.2% of the recharge value in the MRB, groundwater drought conditions occur throughout the basin. Considering water quality issues, with nitrate being elevated above the natural background, this critical abstraction value becomes 28.4%. Consequently, in the MRB, sustainable groundwater management should embrace both natural and human-induced factors to regulate over-exploitation and prevent contamination.
Enhanced Vascular Neuronal Nitric-Oxide Synthase-Derived Nitric-Oxide Production Underlies the Pressor Response Caused by Peripheral N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Activation in Conscious Rats

Although the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) obligatory unit NMDAR1 is expressed in the vasculature and myocardium, the impact of peripheral NMDAR activation on blood pressure (BP) has received little attention. We demonstrate, for the first time, dose-related pressor responses elicited by systemic NMDA (125, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/kg) in conscious rats. The pressor response was peripheral NMDAR-mediated because: 1) it persisted after ganglion blockade (hexamethonium; 5 mg/kg i.v.); 2) it was attenuated by the selective NMDAR blocker dl-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (5 mg/kg, i.v.) or the glycine/NMDAR antagonist R-(+)-3-amino-1-hydroxypyrrolid-2-one [R-(+)-HA-966; 10 mg/kg i.v. ]; and 3) NMDA (1.25–10 mM) increased contractile force of rat aorta in vitro. It is noteworthy that ex vivo studies revealed enhanced nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vascular tissues collected at the peak of the NMDAR-mediated pressor response. Pharmacological, ex vivo, and in vitro findings demonstrated attenuation of the NMDAR-mediated increases in BP and vascular NO and ROS by the nonselective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (10 mg/kg i.v.) or the neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibitor Nω-propyl-l-arginine hydrochloride (150 μg/kg i.p.) but not by the endothelial NOS inhibitor N5-(1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithine (4 or 10 mg/kg i.v.). Furthermore, R-(+)-HA-966 attenuated NMDA-evoked generation of vascular NO and ROS. The findings suggest a pivotal role for enhanced vascular nNOS-derived NO in ROS generation and in the subsequent pressor response elicited by peripheral NMDAR in conscious rats.
Functionally compromised CHD7 alleles in patients with isolated GnRH deficiency

Significance Inactivating mutations in the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) gene causes a severe developmental disorder known as CHARGE syndrome. Recently, several missense mutations in CHD7 have been reported in isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) -deficiency (IGD) patients who lack full CHARGE features. However, the precise functional consequence of these IGD-associated missense mutations on the activity of CHD7 protein is not known. This study confirms the predominance of missense CHD7 alleles in 5% of IGD patients and provides, to our knowledge, first experimental evidence that functionally compromised CHD7 missense alleles contribute to the pathogenesis of both the anosmic and normosmic forms of IGD. These results imply a preferential sensitivity for CHD7 dysfunction in the developmental ontogeny as well as neuroendocrine regulation of GnRH neurons in humans. Inactivating mutations in chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) cause CHARGE syndrome, a severe multiorgan system disorder of which Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency (IGD) is a minor feature. Recent reports have described predominantly missense CHD7 alleles in IGD patients, but it is unclear if these alleles are relevant to causality or overall genetic burden of Kallmann syndrome (KS) and normosmic form of IGD. To address this question, we sequenced CHD7 in 783 well-phenotyped IGD patients lacking full CHARGE features; we identified nonsynonymous rare sequence variants in 5.2% of the IGD cohort (73% missense and 27% splice variants). Functional analyses in zebrafish using a surrogate otolith assay of a representative set of these CHD7 alleles showed that rare sequence variants observed in controls showed no altered function. In contrast, 75% of the IGD-associated alleles were deleterious and resulted in both KS and normosmic IGD. In two families, pathogenic mutations in CHD7 coexisted with mutations in other known IGD genes. Taken together, our data suggest that rare deleterious CHD7 alleles contribute to the mutational burden of patients with both KS and normosmic forms of IGD in the absence of full CHARGE syndrome. These findings (i) implicate a unique role or preferential sensitivity for CHD7 in the ontogeny of GnRH neurons, (ii) reiterate the emerging genetic complexity of this family of IGD disorders, and (iii) demonstrate how the coordinated use of well-phenotyped cohorts, families, and functional studies can inform genetic architecture and provide insights into the developmental biology of cellular systems.
Non-intrusive, parallel recovery of replicated data

The increasingly widespread use of cluster architectures has resulted in many new application scenarios for data replication. While data replication is, in principle, a well understood problem. recovery of replicated systems has not yet received enough attention. In the case of clusters, recovery procedures are particularly important since they have to keep a high level of availability even during recovery. In fact, recovery is part of the normal operations of any cluster as the cluster is expected to continue working while sites leave or join the system. However, traditional recovery techniques usually require stopping processing. Once a quiescent state has been reached, the system proceeds to synchronize the state of failed or new replicas. In this paper. we concentrate on how to perform recovery in a replication middleware without having to stop processing. The proposed protocol focuses on how to minimize the redundancies that take place during concurrent recovery of several sites.
Survival, growth, and recruitment of octocoral species (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) in Coiba National Park, Pacific Panama

Octocorals (order Alcyonacea) from the tropical eastern Pacific have been largely ignored in coral reef studies, with the exception of recent taxonomic reviews. This study is the first to examine the population dynamics of 10 shallow water species in six genera (Leptogorgia, Pacifigorgia, Muricea, Psammogorgia, Heterogorgia, and Carijoa) found in rocky coral communities in Coiba National Park, Pacific Panama. For a 17-mo period, we monitored, every 4 mo, 1445 colonies of 15 species in fixed plots at 20 m depth in four coral communities. Size distribution, survivorship, and recruitment rates were calculated. Growth rate was calculated for Leptogorgia alba Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864, Pacifigorgia Irene Bayer, 1951, Psammogorgia arbuscula Verrill, 1868, and Muricea austera Lamouroux, 1821. Average octocoral density was 38.7 (SD 27.55) colonies m -2 (n = 1394) with a range of 1-103 colonies m -2 and 1-11 species within a study plot. An overall population decline of 25.2% was observed in 1 yr. Leptogorgia alba was the most common species; it was abundant at all sites and exhibited characteristics of an r-selected species. In contrast, M. austera showed traits of a K-selected species, with low mortality and recruitment rates. Studied species were grouped into two distinct clusters based on their distribution, average density, mortality, and recruitment rates. Five species were grouped with L. alba and six species were grouped with M. austera.
Adolescent and caregivers’ experiences of electronic adherence assessment in paediatric problematic severe asthma

This study explored the experiences of adolescents and their caregivers regarding adherence to inhaled corticosteroids which are assessed through an electronic monitoring device (EMD). These devices are increasingly being used for assessing medication adherence, yet there is little information about patient’s experience of these tools. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight adolescents with severe asthma, aged 11–15 years, who were electronically monitored as part of their care, along with their caregivers. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Three themes were identified: ‘they were trying to help me get better’, ‘checking up and catching out’ and ‘who is responsible? ’ The themes highlighted differences in priorities between participant groups, the impact of monitoring on the healthcare relationship and the dilemma of transferring responsibility for asthma management to adolescents. The findings suggest it is important for healthcare professionals to engage with patient’s preferences and priorities when introducing EMDs.
Corporate Disclosure of Intangibles: A Comparative Study of Practices among Indian, US, and Japanese Companies

Today, the methods which create value for companies have undergone a sea change. In the new globalized economy, when companies have edge to edge competition, the intangibles like strategies, brands, market leadership, management policies, etc., play a major role in creating value for a company. Very few intangibles are covered under the mandatory rules and regulations of accounting all over the world. Despite these regulatory limitations, an increasing number of companies are voluntarily opting to include information in their list of intangibles in the notes to their annual accounts or as an appendix in a narrative form. The narrative reporting on intangibles has not yet been regularized by various accounting authorities, but to have competitive edge in the market, a number of companies are voluntarily disclosing information on intangibles in their business review section along with the mandatory information on intangibles in the financial accounts. This study examined and compared the various disclosure practices of intangibles of the top one hundred Indian, US, and Japanese companies for a period of five years, i.e., 2001–2005. The study examined the type and extent of information on intangibles being disclosed by the companies with the help of a disclosure Index. The index of disclosure of intangibles used in this paper consisted of an extensive list of 180 items, including both mandatory as well as voluntary disclosure items. This study reveals that the countries under study, i.e., India, US, and Japan, have shown a significant improvement in their overall disclosure scores over the five year period. The Japanese companies have shown the maximum improvement of 59 per cent in the overall disclosure scores over five year period, followed by US (42 %) and Indian companies (31%). Secondly, ‘IPRS and goodwill and other intangibles’ group showed maximum increase in five years by the sample companies of all the three countries under study. On the basis of the results, it can be suggested that Indian companies need to improve their disclosure practices in the areas of ‘strategy and competition’ and ‘market and customer’. Secondly, the accounting authorities should endeavour to regularize the narrative reporting on intangibles. A number of organizations are working to improve disclosure of non-financial items. Some of them are International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB), Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and European Commission (EC).