Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A satellite technique for quantitatively mapping rainfall rates over the oceans

Abstract A theoretical model for calculating microwave radiative transfer in raining atmospheres is developed. These calculations are compared with microwave brightness temperatures at a wavelength of 1.55 cm measured by the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) on the Nimbus 5 satellite and rain rates derived from WSR-57 meteorological radar measurements. A specially designed ground-based verification experiment was also performed, wherein upward viewing microwave brightness temperature measurements at wavelengths of 1.55 and 0.81 cm were compared with directly measured rain rates. It is shown that over ocean areas, brightness temperature measurements from ESMR may be interpreted in terms of rain rate with about an accuracy of a factor of 2 over the range 1–25 mm h−1 rain rate.
Synthesizing a nanoparticle distribution in magnetic fluid hyperthermia

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the synthesis of magnetic fluid characteristics, like diameter of nanoparticles (NPs) and their concentration, in order to obtain a prescribed temperature rate. An evolution strategy algorithm is used in the optimization procedure, while three‐dimensional finite‐element (FE) modelling is used for magnetic field and thermal field analysis in transient conditions.Design/methodology/approach – FE analysis has been used in order to compute the magnetic and thermal field in a suitable model of the tumor region. The power density due to NP has been accordingly derived.Findings – The NP distribution, giving a prescribed thermal response, is synthesized.Practical implications – The proposed method can be used to design a therapeutic treatment based on magnetic fluid hyperthermia.Originality/value – The paper belongs to a streamline of innovative studies on computational hyperthermia.
Single-photon sources

The concept of the photon, central to Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, is exactly 100 years old. Yet, while photons have been detected individually for more than 50 years, devices producing individual photons on demand have only appeared in the last few years. New concepts for single-photon sources, or ‘photon guns’, have originated from recent progress in the optical detection, characterization and manipulation of single quantum objects. Single emitters usually deliver photons one at a time. This so-called antibunching of emitted photons can arise from various mechanisms, but ensures that the probability of obtaining two or more photons at the same time remains negligible. We briefly recall basic concepts in quantum optics and discuss potential applications of single-photon states to optical processing of quantum information: cryptography, computing and communication. A photon gun's properties are significantly improved by coupling it to a resonant cavity mode, either in the Purcell or strong-coupling regimes. We briefly recall early production of single photons with atomic beams, and the operation principles of macroscopic parametric sources, which are used in an overwhelming majority of quantum-optical experiments. We then review the photophysical and spectroscopic properties and compare the advantages and weaknesses of various single nanometre-scale objects used as single-photon sources: atoms or ions in the gas phase and, in condensed matter, organic molecules, defect centres, semiconductor nanocrystals and heterostructures. As new generations of sources are developed, coupling to cavities and nano-fabrication techniques lead to improved characteristics, delivery rates and spectral ranges. Judging from the brisk pace of recent progress, we expect single photons to soon proceed from demonstrations to applications and to bring with them the first practical uses of quantum information.
Rank tests for censored randomized block designs

SUMMARY Rank tests are proposed and studied for the hypothesis of equal treatment effects in randomized block experiments. The procedures are applicable to samples containing arbitrarily right-censored observations as well as uncensored observations. In the case of logistic and double exponential rank scores, the tests are shown to be censored data extensions of the well-known Friedman (1937) and Brown & Mood (1951) procedures respectively. The application of the techniques to problems in survival analysis is also discussed. variate is subjected to arbitrary right censorship. In the context of biological assays, Sampford & Taylor (1959) have largely dealt with parametric normal theory approaches to both the estimation and testing of treatment effects. Patel (1975) has discussed a censored data modification of Friedman's (1937) statistic for testing the global hypothesis of equal treatment effects, while L. J. Wei has in unpublished work proposed a class of test procedures based on Gehan's (1965) scoring scheme. Downton (1976) and Morton (1978) have also discussed nonparametric tests for block designs. The latter develops a class of rank statistics arising by forming a linear combination of score components from Cox's (1975) partial likelihood. The present approach is to use the marginal probability of a generalized rank vector rather than a partial likelihood in the formation of a class of tests. The resulting rank tests differ from Morton's in several respects. For example, multiple distinct censored values between two consecutive uncensored observations would receive identical scores with the present scheme, distinct scores with Morton's. The specific objective of this paper is to propose a class of linear rank tests, derived under optimal local power considerations, for the global hypothesis of equal treatment effects. To develop this class of tests we exploit the concept of the accumulated rank vector probability of Prentice (1978). The principal theoretical results concerning the derivation of the test statistic and its null hypothesis permutation distribution follow in ? 2. The scores for the test statistic are given in explicit form for selected densities in ? 3. In ? 4 the test statistic is shown, when dealing with only uncensored data, to reduce to Friedman's (1937) statistic with logistic scores and to Brown & Mood's (1951) median test with double exponential scores. A discussion of the application of the techniques to both the log linear and proportional hazards models in survival analysis is the subject of ? 5.
Fruit shape detection by level set

A novel approach for fruit shape detection in RGB space was proposed, which was based on fast level set and Chan-Vese model named as Modified Chan-Vese model (MCV). This new algorithm is fast and suitable for fruit sorting because it does not need re-initializing. MCV has three advantages compared to the traditional methods. First, it provides a unified framework for detecting fruit shape boundary, and does not need any preprocessing even though the raw image is noisy or blurred. Second, if the fruit has different colors at the edges, it can detect perfect boundary. Third, it processed directly in color space without any transformations that may lose much information. The proposed method has been applied to fruit shape detection with promising result.
Site preference for Co/sup 2+/ and Ti/sup 4+/ in Co-Ti substituted barium ferrite

Co/sup 2+/ and Ti/sup 4+/ substituted M-type barium ferrite, BaFe/sub 12-2x/Co/sub x/Ti/sub x/O/sub 19/, with x from 0 to 0.9 has been prepared using a modified ceramic method and investigated by electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Results show that Co/sup 2+/ and Ti/sup 4+/ cations prefer to occupy the 4f/sub VI/ and 2b crystallographic sites, with 4f/sub IV/ and 2a sites are only slightly involved as well for x>0.6. These site preferences will significantly weaken the uniaxial anisotropy of this material which is attributed to the contribution of iron ions at the 2b and 4f/sub VI/ sites. As a consequence, the coercive force of BaFe/sub 12-2x/Co/sub x/Ti/sub x/O/sub 19/ drastically decreases and the magnetization remains almost a constant as x increases. >
Time dependence of piezoelectric d33 coefficient of cellular ferroelectret polypropylene film

Due to the inherent viscosity of polymer, piezoelectric response in the thickness direction (d33) of cellular ferroelectret films usually depends on the time of measurement. In this letter, the micromechanical theory of viscoelastic composite was extended to predict the time dependence of the overall piezoelectric d33 coefficient of voided charged polymer foam. Experiments were carried out to find the time spectra of piezoelectric d33 coefficient of voided charged polypropylene film. Theoretical simulation agrees well with experiment data.
A New Determination of the Distance to Kepler’s Supernova Remnant

Using the Very Large Array, H I observations of Kepler's supernova remnant (SN 1604, 3C 358) have been carried out with an angular resolution of approximately 15″ and a velocity resolution of 1.3 km s-1. The distance to this historical supernova remnant (SNR; diameter ∼3′) has been controversial, with estimates ranging from a few kiloparsecs to 12 kpc. Based on a weak H I absorption feature at +21.3 km s-1 seen in the new data, a lower limit of 4.8 ± 1.4 kpc can be derived. No prominent interstellar H I features are detected near Kepler's SNR, indicating that the evolution of the remnant has been influenced by the circumstellar medium, while the interstellar medium seems to have had negligible effect on the expansion process. At a velocity of +21.3 km s-1, emission from an H I cloud to the east of the SNR is detected, which may be physically associated with the remnant of SN 1604, based on morphological considerations. An upper limit of 6.4 kpc to the distance can be derived based on the lack of H I absorption at a velocity of +50 km s-1, where extended H I emission is detected.
Precise multiplications with the NEF

This report discusses how to implement the multiplication of two numbers in the NEF with a high accuracy. The main improvement will be achieved by using diagonal encoders instead of randomly distributed encoders. In the selection of the evaluation points a trade-off is found as they cannot give a uniform distribution when projected to the encoders while being limited to the input domain. That leads to an alternative multiplication network architecture improving the accuracy further.
Dependence of thin-oxide films quality on surface microroughness

The effects of silicon surface microroughness on electrical properties of thin-oxide films, such as breakdown electric field intensity (E/sub BD/) and time-dependent dielectric breakdown (Q/sub BD/), have been studied, where the microroughnesses of silicon and silicon dioxide surfaces are evaluated by the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. An increase of surface microroughness has been confirmed to severely degrade the E/sub BD/ and Q/sub BD/ characteristics of thin-oxide films with thicknesses of 8-10 nm and to simultaneously decrease channel electron mobility. An increase of surface microroughness has been demonstrated to originate mainly from wet chemical cleaning processing based on the RCA cleaning concept, particularly the ammonium-hydrogen-peroxide cleaning step. In order to keep the surface microroughness at an initial level, the content ratio of NH/sub 4/OH/H/sub 2/O/sub 2//H/sub 2/O solution has been set at 0.05:1:5 and the room-temperature DI water rinsing has been introduced right after the NH/sub 4/OH/H/sub 2/O/sub 2//H/sub 2/O cleaning step in conventional RCA cleaning procedure. >
Inspection of magnetic semiconductor and clustering structure in CoFe-doped ZnO films by bias-dependent impedance spectroscopy.

Diluted magnetic semiconductor and cluster dominated structure of CoFe-doped ZnO films have been systematically investigated by bias-dependent impedance spectroscopy. The complex impedance spectroscopy of 5mol% CoFe-doped ZnO film can be fitted by an equivalent circuit employing two sets of parallel resistance (R) and capacitance (C) components in series, representing the oxide grain and grain boundary contribution, respectively. For 10mol% CoFe-doped ZnO film, a third RC component together with a single resistance element, which are likely due to the presence of metal clusters and metal-oxide interface, have to be taken into account to fit the impedance spectroscopy. By applying a dc bias of 0∼1.5V, the relaxation contribution from different structural origin can be clearly identified. The bias-dependent impedance spectroscopy demonstrates significant sensitivity to the formation of CoFe clusters in ZnO.
Totally geodesic submanifolds of Riemannian manifolds and curvature-invariant subspaces

An isometric immersion φ: S —» M of a Riemannian manifold S into another Riemannian manifold M is called totally geodesic if the geodesies in S are carried into geodesies in M. We call such a pair (S, φ) a totally geodesic submanifold of M. Nevertheless, identifying S and the image φ(S), we often call the subset φ(S) in M a totally geodesic submanifold. Local problems are generally discussed in such a way. Among submanifolds of a Riemannian manifold, totally geodesic ones are fundamental. Totally geodesic submanifolds of Riemannian symmetric spaces have been well investigated and it has been shown that they have beautiful and fruitful properties. In particular, due to the (M+, M_)-theory by B. Y. Chen and T. Nagano ([3]) this subject has made great progress. The author has a wish to understand well totally geodesic submanifolds of "general" Riemannian manifolds and obtained a few results in this paper. We are concerned with three problems in this paper.
An Information Theoretic Argument on the Form of Damage Accumulation in Solids

An approach to modeling failure that is inspired by two experimentally observed facts is presented. These observations are: (1) cracks grow as the end result of a irreversible, dissipative process, and (2) fracture has an inherent lengthscale, timescale and/or spatial hierarchy influenced by the (possibly dynamically changing) microstructural state. The second of these facts enables one to view the seemingly deterministic cracks observed at higher levels of hierarchy as resulting from uncertain events at lower-levels of hierarchy associated with microstructural variations. A key mathematical result developed in Information Theory together with the maximum entropy principle of Statistical Mechanics is utilized to derive a form of damage that is “maximally non-committal” about microstructural uncertainty in lower levels of fracture hierarchy. The irrecoverable energy that is expended in the creation of new surfaces or in plastic dissipation is associated with the microstructural damage using continuum thermodynamics and J2 plasticity theory. The formulated result is shown to provide an exponential form of damage accumulation under constant dissipation rate, and a form similar to the popular Smith-Ferrante traction-separation law of cohesive zone models under conditions of decreasing dissipation rate. Finally, the model is validated through comparisons with experimental observations of damage accumulation during cyclic fatigue testing of solder alloys.
Ideals having the expected reduction number

1. Introduction. Let R be a Noetherian local ring with infinite residue field k, and let / be an R-ideal. When studying algebraic properties of the blow-up of Spec(/? ) along V(l), it is often important to have good upper bounds for the "reduction number" of the ideal /. Recall that an ideal / c / is a reduction of / if the extension of Rees algebras R[Jt] C R[It] is module finite, or equivalently, if ir+l = J\r for some r > 0 ([32]). The least such r is denoted by rj(I). A reduction is minimal if it is minimal with respect to inclusion, and the reduction number r(l) of / is defined as min{o(/) | J a minimal reduction of/}. Finally, the analytic spread ? (I) of / is the Krull dimension of the fiber ring R[lt] &)R k, or equivalently, the minimal number of generators jbi(J) of any minimal reduction J of 1 ([32]). Philosophically speaking, J is a "simplification" of /, with the reduction number r(l) measuring how closely the two ideals are related. Of the numerous recent results about Rees algebras and associated graded rings of ideals having "small" reduction number ([18], [19], [38], [35], [12], [13], [14], [4], [3],
Insight on Some Interesting Models of Parallel Universe

The theoretical perspective on universe is the most intriguing subject of discussion. Human's curiosity made them wandered about the origin and form of the universe and because of the attempt to find those answers the idea of the parallel universe came into the light. This study has been undertaken to investigate and gain insight about some models of parallel universes. We have described models that are most fascinating. The inquiry isn't if the multiverse really exists or not but if they exists how are they like and where they might be.
CYCLOTRON EMISSION FROM PLASMAS WITH NON-MAXWELLIAN DISTRIBUTIONS

Cyclotron emission from high-energy plasmas is calculated for two classes of electron distnibution functions: those that decrease monotonically with increasing electron energy, and those that have one or more maxima displaced from zero energy. In the first case, the emission does not differ greatly from the emission of a Maxwellian plasma with the same energy. In the second case the emission can grow exponentially with distance traversed in the plasma, resulting in a greatly enhanced loss of radiant power. (auth)
Explanation of Socio-economic Inequality in Medicine Use: A Cross-sectional Analysis from Iran

Background Despite the favorable progress in the production of medicines, there is no significant access to these important health inputs among different socio-economic groups. Objectives This study aimed to measure and explain socio-economic inequality in prescribed and non-prescribed medicine use in Iran. Methods Data were obtained from a recent household survey on health services in Iran conducted in 2016. The Erreygers concentration index (ECI) was used to measure socio-economic inequality in the use of prescribed and non-prescribed medicines. In addition, Decomposition analysis was conducted to explain socio-economic inequality. Results The ECI revealed pro-rich socio-economic inequality in prescribed medicine use (ECI = 0.067, SE = 0.010), indicating that prescribed medicine use was concentrated on the better-offs. On the other hand, this index showed pro-poor inequality in non-prescribed medicine use (ECI = -0.064, SE = 0.009). Decomposition analysis showed that economic status and place of residence were the main determinants of socio-economic inequality in prescribing medicines. These factors and the number of health care needs explained the majority of socio-economic inequality in non-prescribed medicine use. Conclusions Despite previous positive beliefs, we found remarkable socio-economic inequality in the use of medicines in Iran. Facilitating access to pharmaceutical services for disadvantaged households and rural residents and promoting of national essential medicines list could be recommended against socio-economic inequality in the pharmaceutical market of Iran.
Contrastive backward effects of nonspeech tones on speech perception

Nonspeech stimuli influence phonetic categorization, but effects observed so far have been limited to precursors’ influence on perception of following sounds. However, both preceding and following speech affect phonetic categorization. This asymmetry in nonspeech and speech effects raises questions about whether general auditory processes play a role in context‐dependent speech perception. Here, experiments test whether the asymmetry stems from methodological issues rather than genuine mechanistic limitations. To determine whether backward effects of nonspeech on speech may be achieved when listeners are sufficiently encouraged to incorporate later‐occurring acoustic events, a series of experiments examined perception of CVC words with [da]–[ga] series onsets followed by embedded tones and one of two possible final consonants. When the final consonant was required for word identification, subjects showed clear contrastive effects; more [d]‐initial words were heard with higher‐frequency tones approximating.
On semiclassical (zero dispersion limit) solutions of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We calculate the leading‐order term of the solution of the focusing nonlinear (cubic) Schrödinger equation (NLS) in the semiclassical limit for a certain one‐parameter family of initial conditions. This family contains both solitons and pure radiation. In the pure radiation case, our result is valid for all times t ≥ 0. We utilize the Riemann‐Hilbert problem formulation of the inverse scattering problem to obtain the leading‐order term of the solution. Error estimates are provided. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PLSR and MIMIC-PLS Model Approach to Determinants of Capital Structure Choices and Comparative Analysis

In this study, the determinants of capital structure choices, which are very important for companies. For this reason, the data of 167 companies traded in ISE and BIST between 2008 and 2017 were collected. 11 variables as 8 indicators, and 3 causes, which are thought to have an impact on the capital structure, were determined. In the study, 2 analyses were made and the results were compared. In the first analysis, 3 models were established by changing the dependent variable and analysed with the Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) method. Afterwards, the MIMIC Model, which can provide simultaneous solution to these 3 models, is again analysed with Partial Least Squares (PLS). A Comparison of the results of the two analyses is given. According to the results of the analysis, it has been seen that the most effective indicator variables on the capital structure in all models are profitability and liquidity. Among the reason variables, which are thought to represent the capital structure best in the model, total debt is the variable that best represents the capital structure, which is included as a latent variable. Again, according to the MIMIC model result, it has been seen that the effective theory for the companies traded in the BIST in Turkey is the trade-off theory. Finally, when the PLSR and MIMIC models are compared, it can be said that the MIMIC model is more preferable in terms of both examining the relationships in more detail and the compatibility of the results with the theories.
A INTERGERACIONALIDADE NO MERCADO DE TRABALHO: DESAFIOS E POTENCIALIDADES

O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura do tipo narrativa, propondo-se realizar um levantamento sobre como o envelhecimento populacional e a transição demográfica vêm impactando o mercado de trabalho. O envelhecimento populacional é um processo diverso em função das desigualdades socioeconômicas e especificidades de cada lugar e um desafio coletivo com implicações para todos os setores da sociedade. Considerando esse contexto e a tendência de aumento da mão de obra de idosos, as empresas identificam a necessidade de um ambiente de trabalho intergeracional para suprir as demandas. Também, é necessária uma estruturação de políticas de seguridade social e cuidado, garantindo a qualidade de vida dos idosos. No Brasil, existem diversas iniciativas governamentais e da sociedade civil visando trabalhar o tema. No presente estudo identificamos 18 iniciativas. Assim, concluímos que o Brasil, através de suas organizações, precisa trabalhar em prol da conscientização sobre os estigmas do idadismo e incentivar o trabalho intergeracional em todos os níveis de trabalho.