Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the supervisory control of discrete event systems

This thesis discusses a model for the supervisory control of discrete event systems. The purpose of discrete event system models is to describe those aspects of a plant which cannot be adequately modeled within the paradigm of difference or differential equations. The present investigation is based on a state transition model for the open-loop behavior with separate means of control; this is the model originally proposed by Ramadge and Wonham (RW-Model). For our discussion we adopt an extension of the RW-model to infinite sequences of events rather than finite strings. The RW-model distinguishes between two classes of events: events that can be disabled and events that are always enabled. A generalization of this notion of control is proposed for the analysis of large-scale discrete event systems with interacting components. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution of an important supervisory control problem and present a polynomial-time algorithm for synthesis of the corresponding supervisor. We use the extended model for an analysis of Boolean coordination problems for multi-component systems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution in the absence of synchronization are given. It is shown that the general coordination problem can become computationally intractable. We extend the analysis of coordination problems to the case of discrete event processes with synchronization which we model with shared events. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to basic synchronous coordination problems are derived. We demonstrate the significance of the result by showing that coordination problems can become computationally intractable if these conditions are violated. We present an extension of the RW-Model to infinite real-time behaviors, which is based on a model for finite real-time behaviors suggested by Brave and Heymann. It is shown how to solve a basic supervisory control problem under the assumption that the supervisor can react arbitrarily fast to events occurring in the plant. Finally, we study the effect of delay in the communication between plant and supervisor. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a supervisor which implements a desired closed-loop behavior are given. The complexity of the corresponding synthesis algorithm is investigated.
Role of Topography in Triggering Elevated Thunderstorms Associated With Winter Cold Fronts Over the Eastern Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau

Using observations and reanalysis data, the circulation characteristics of elevated thunderstorms behind winter cold fronts (ETCFs) over the eastern Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau are summarized, and a new triggering mechanism in the cold season related to topography is proposed. ETCFs always occur on the ridge and eastern side of the Dalou Mountain and are triggered at night. Pattern classifications using obliquely rotated T‐mode principal component analysis show that low‐level large‐scale circulation patterns have the following two characteristics: a southwestern airflow at 850 hPa, changing from southwest wind to east wind; and a northeast airflow at 900 hPa, changing from northeast wind to east wind. ETCFs occur in the area of this low easterly wind. A case study of 21 January 2020, shows that it is the intersection of the topography and cold front that provides unique geographical and circulation conditions for triggering elevated thunderstorms. Lateral friction along the mountains causes horizontal wind shear to flow parallel to them, forming positive and negative vortices above and below the front, respectively. This pair of vortices is strengthened by inertial oscillation at night, producing a stronger easterly wind. In the combined effects of frontal lift and topographical lift of the easterly flow, the elevated convection is triggered in the convergence zone above the front. These results provide a new insight into how topography helps to trigger convection in the cold season.
Three‐dimensional chromosome re‐modelling: The integral mechanism of transcription regulation in bacteria

Nucleoid‐associated proteins (NAPs) are architectural proteins of the bacterial chromosome and transcription factors that dynamically organise the chromosome and regulate gene expression in response to physicochemical environmental signals. While the architectural and regulatory functions of NAPs have been verified independently, the coupling between these functions in vivo has not been conclusively proven. Here we describe a model NAP – histone‐like nucleoid structuring protein (H‐NS) – as a coupled sensor‐effector that directly regulates gene expression by chromatin re‐modelling in response to physicochemical environmental signals. We outline how H‐NS‐binding partners and post‐translational modifications modulate the role of H‐NS as a transcription factor by influencing its DNA structuring properties. We consolidate our ideas in models of how H‐NS may regulate the expression of the proVWX and hlyCABD operons by chromatin re‐modelling. The interplay between chromosome structure and gene expression may be a common – but, at present, under‐appreciated – concept of transcription regulation in bacteria.
Higher Order Solutions for Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation by Hamiltonian Approach

Here we applied higher order solutions of Hamiltonian approach to search for a solution to nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The obtained solutions were in good accordance with other methods including Energy-Balance Method (EBM), Amplitude Frequency Formulation (AFF) and also numerical solution to verify the accuracy and simplicity of the proposed method. We conclude that the first order of Hamiltonian approach is highly beneficial when a quick answer is required, but the higher order gives more exact solution.
SatERR: A Community Error Inventory for Satellite Microwave Observation Error Representation and Uncertainty Quantification

Satellite observations are indispensable for weather forecasting, climate change monitoring, and environmental studies. Understanding and quantifying errors and uncertainties associated with satellite observations are essential for hardware calibration, data assimilation, and developing environmental and climate data records. Satellite observation errors can be classified into four categories: measurement, observation operator, representativeness, and preprocessing errors. Current methods for diagnosing observation errors still yield large uncertainties due to these complex errors. When simulating satellite errors, empirical errors are usually used, which do not always accurately represent the truth. We address these challenges by developing an error inventory simulator, the Satellite Error Representation and Realization (SatERR). SatERR can simulate a wide range of observation errors, from instrument measurement errors to model assimilation errors. Most of these errors are based on physical models, including existing and newly-developed algorithms. SatERR takes a bottom-up approach: Errors are generated from root sources and forward propagate through radiance and science products. This is different from, but complementary to, the top-down approach of current diagnostics, which inversely solves unknown errors. The impact of different errors can be quantified and partitioned, and a ground-truth testbed can be produced to test and refine diagnostic methods. SatERR is a community error inventory, open-source on GitHub, which can be expanded and refined with input from engineers, scientists, and modelers. This debut version of SatERR is centered on microwave sensors, covering traditional large satellites and small satellites operated by NOAA, NASA, and EUMETSAT.
Text Matching in Insurance Question-Answering Community Based on an Integrated BiLSTM-TextCNN Model Fusing Multi-Feature

Along with the explosion of ChatGPT, the artificial intelligence question-answering system has been pushed to a climax. Intelligent question-answering enables computers to simulate people’s behavior habits of understanding a corpus through machine learning, so as to answer questions in professional fields. How to obtain more accurate answers to personalized questions in professional fields is the core content of intelligent question-answering research. As one of the key technologies of intelligent question-answering, the accuracy of text matching is related to the development of the intelligent question-answering community. Aiming to solve the problem of polysemy of text, the Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration (ERNIE) model is used to obtain the word vector representation of text, which makes up for the lack of prior knowledge in the traditional word vector representation model. Additionally, there are also problems of homophones and polyphones in Chinese, so this paper introduces the phonetic character sequence of the text to distinguish them. In addition, aiming at the problem that there are many proper nouns in the insurance field that are difficult to identify, after conventional part-of-speech tagging, proper nouns are distinguished by especially defining their parts of speech. After the above three types of text-based semantic feature extensions, this paper also uses the Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) and TextCNN models to extract the global features and local features of the text, respectively. It can obtain the feature representation of the text more comprehensively. Thus, the text matching model integrating BiLSTM and TextCNN fusing Multi-Feature (namely MFBT) is proposed for the insurance question-answering community. The MFBT model aims to solve the problems that affect the answer selection in the insurance question-answering community, such as proper nouns, nonstandard sentences and sparse features. Taking the question-and-answer data of the insurance library as the sample, the MFBT text-matching model is compared and evaluated with other models. The experimental results show that the MFBT text-matching model has higher evaluation index values, including accuracy, recall and F1, than other models. The model trained by historical search data can better help users in the insurance question-and-answer community obtain the answers they need and improve their satisfaction.
The Zonal Patterns in Late Quaternary Tropical South American Precipitation

Speleothem oxygen isotope records (δ18O) of tropical South American rainfall in the late Quaternary show a zonal “South American Precipitation Dipole” (SAPD). The dipole is characterized by opposing east‐west precipitation anomalies compared to the present—wetter in the east and drier in the west at the mid‐Holocene (∼7 ka), and drier in the east and wetter in the west at the Last Glacial Maximum (∼21 ka). However, the SAPD remains enigmatic because it is expressed differently in western versus eastern δ18O records and isotope‐enabled climate model simulations usually misrepresent the magnitude and/or spatial pattern of δ18O change. Here, we address the SAPD enigma in two parts. First, we re‐interpret the δ18O data to account for upwind rainout effects that are known to be pervasive in tropical South America, but are not always considered in Quaternary paleoclimate studies. Our revised interpretation reconciles the δ18O data with cave infiltration and other proxy records, and indicates that the centroid of tropical South American rainfall has migrated zonally over time. Second, using an energy balance model of tropical atmospheric circulation, we hypothesize that zonal migration of the precipitation centroid can be explained by regional energy budget shifts, such as changing Saharan albedo associated with the African Humid Period, that have not been modeled in previous SAPD studies. This hypothesis of a migrating precipitation centroid presents a new framework for interpreting δ18O records from tropical South America and may help explain the zonal rainfall anomalies that predate the late Quaternary.
Generalized gini occupational segregation indices

This article axiomatically derives a class of numerical indices of integration (equality) in the distribution of different types of workers across occupations. The associated segregation (inequality) indices parallel one form of multidimensional generalized Gini inequality indices. A comparison is made with the other Gini-related segregation indices. A numerical illustration of the family of indices is also provided using US occupational data.
Looking Local: An Exploration of Texas Residents’ Perceptions of the GO TEXAN Certification Program to Develop Brand Positioning Strategies

Abstract State agricultural certification programs allow consumers to knowingly purchase products grown or produced in their state. However, consumers may not be aware of or understand the concept behind these certification programs. This study examined Texas residents’ awareness and perceptions of one state agricultural certification program, GO TEXAN. To position a brand and develop key messages, communicators must be aware of how the audience views the brand, its key qualities and characteristics, and the information channels to distribute the messages. To do so, we distributed a survey instrument embedded in Qualtrics to a panel of Texas residents. We found respondents were generally unaware of the GO TEXAN certification program; however, the results of this study provide evidence of the consumers preferred products and qualities of GO TEXAN’s certified products. We suggest communicators use elements of brand positioning to develop strategic key messages that are relevant to target audiences. Specifically, messages should be developed with key frames highlighting product freshness, flavor, taste, and purchase convenience. Communication efforts should be developed to provide emphasis to these attributes on the product label, at farmers markets, and at places of purchase. Further, we recommend future research should explore how types of key messages impact brand awareness, loyalty, and willingness to purchase.
Characteristics of cloud properties over South America and over Andes observed using CloudSat and reanalysis data

ABSTRACT CloudSat profile of attenuated corrected radar reflectivity (Ze) and cloud mask data are used to investigate the cloud properties over South America (SA) during Austral Summer monsoon seasons. Deep convective core (DCC), deep & intense convective systems (DCSs & ICSs), and cloud clusters (CCs) are defined based on the Ze and cloud mask values. The spatial distributions of DCCs show that land-dominated areas have higher frequency of DCCs and Atlantic Ocean has less DCCs. The Pacific Ocean does not consist of DCCs, whereas eastern flank of Andes has higher frequency of DCCs compared to western flank of the Andes. North La Plata basin (Sierra de Cordoba) has a higher fraction of deeper (shallower) DCCs. Deep convection over the Sierra de Cordoba and South La Plata Basin is characterized by precipitation-size particles compared to cloud-size particles, whereas deep convection over north La Plata Basin is dominated by mostly cloud-size particles. The horizontal span of DCSs and ICSs is higher over south La Plata Basin and Atlantic Oceans compared to other SA areas. Sierra de Cordoba (Atlantic Ocean) has the highest (lowest) frequency of small DCSs and vice versa. DCSs and ICSs show the opposite characteristic, as all the selected areas consist of a higher fraction of large (small) sized DCSs (ICSs). CCs develop more in horizontal than in vertical direction over the high latitude and vice versa over lower latitude. The CCs distribution reflects the orography and moisture flow pattern at the east and west side of Andes. The higher Ze, which is the proxy for rainfall, occurs at the eastern flank/slope of the Andes, and related to easterly moisture loaded synoptic flow, transported from Amazon and upslope flow along the slope.
The vanishing of Poincaré series

Every holomorphic modular form of weight k > 2 is a sum of Poincaré series; see, for example, Chapter 5 of (5). In particular, every cusp form of even weight k ≧ 4 for the full modular group Γ(1) is a linear combination over the complex field C of the Poincaré series . Here mis any positive integer, z ∈ H ={z ∈ C: Im z>0} and The summation is over all matrices with different second rows in the (homogeneous) modular group, i.e. in SL(2, Z). The factor ½ is introducted for convenience.
Some contributions on the multivariate Poisson–Skellam probability distribution

ABSTRACT In this article, we introduce a new form of distribution whose components have the Poisson or Skellam marginal distributions. This new specification allows the incorporation of relevant information on the nature of the correlations between every component. In addition, we present some properties of this distribution. Unlike the multivariate Poisson distribution, it can handle variables with positive and negative correlations. It should be noted that we are only interested in modeling covariances of order 2, which means between all pairs of variables. Some simulations are presented to illustrate the estimation methods. Finally, an application of soccer teams data will highlight the relationship between number of points per season and the goal differential by some covariates.
A simple orthonormalization method for stable and efficient computation of Green's functions

Some major matrix methods for computation of Green's functions of a layered half-space model are compared. It is known that the original Thomson-Haskell propagator algorithm has the loss-of-precision problem when waves become evanescent. The minor matrix extension solves to some extent the numerical problem but at the expense of the computational efficiency. At present, the recursive technique (the reflectivity method) is used by most seismologists. An alternative algorithm is presented that uses the same strategy as the original propagator algorithm but avoids the numerical problem by inserting an additional numerical procedure into the matrix propagation loop. The new technique is simple and efficient, and in particular, it is not only applicable to the matrix method but also to any numerical integration method for general use. High-frequency synthetic seismograms are computed for modeling significant site effects such as observed in the aftershocks of the Latur earthquake, 1993, India.
Asymptotically exact conditional inference in deep generative models and differentiable simulators

Many generative models can be expressed as a deterministic differentiable function of random inputs drawn from some simple probability density. This framework includes both deep generative architectures such as Variational Autoencoders and a large class of dynamical system simulators. We present a method for performing efficient MCMC inference in such models when conditioning on observations of the model output. For some models this offers an asymptotically exact inference method where Approximate Bayesian Computation might otherwise be employed. We use the intuition that conditional inference corresponds to integrating a density across the manifold corresponding to the set of inputs consistent with the observed outputs. This motivates the use of a constrained variant of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo which leverages the smooth geometry of the manifold to coherently move between states exactly satisfying the constraint. We validate the method by performing inference tasks in a diverse set of models: parameter inference in a dynamical predator-prey simulation, joint 3D pose and camera model inference from 2D projections and image in-painting with a generative model of MNIST digit images.
Assessment of Factors that affect male partner involvement in emergency obstetric care in Fortportal Regional referral hospital

Male partner involvement has been recognized as a key factor in improving maternal health and reducing maternal mortality in settings where men play key roles in decision making in the household. Male partner involvement is one of the strategies that can be used to accelerate the decline in maternal mortality and improve maternal health. The objective of this study was to determine the level of male partner involvement in emergency obstetric care and/or came from home in labour and identify factors that influenced their involvement. A crosssectional survey using interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was conducted among 150 women aged 18 years. Male involvement was measured using a composite measure of 5 key points. Pearson Chi-Square was used to test association between the various factors and the level of male involvement and logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the influence of these factors on the level of male involvement. The mean age of participants was 32.9 years (SD=8.2). Overall, 26.4% had high level of involvement, 55.2% had moderate level of involvement and 18.4% had low level of involvement. The period with the highest proportion of high male involvement was during labour and delivery. Younger age (18- 25years vs. 26-35years: OR=0.28, 95%CI: 0.12, 0.66) and the couple living with other family members negatively impacted on the level of male involvement. On the other hand, higher level of education (Tertiary: OR=40.57, 95%CI- 3.16, 520.32; Senior Secondary: OR=7.73, 95% CI- 1.61, 37.15) and the couple living together (OR= 13.12, 95%CI 6.86, 25.08) had a positive influence on the level of male involvement. Healthcare institution barriers to male partner involvement included poor staff attitudes, restrictions on male access to labour and delivery rooms and unwelcoming health facility environment. Male involvement in emergency obstetric care and/or came from home in labour was not optimal. Improving male-friendliness of health facilities in terms of infrastructure, organization of services and staff attitudes and education of the community especially men to sensitize them against the negative attitudes towards male participation in maternity care can improve male involvement. The Hospital Management Team in collaboration with the community leaders should organize educational campaigns within the communities to educate community members especially the men, on the importance and benefits of male involvement in maternal health care. Such campaigns can also address negative sociocultural norms and attitudes. The hospital should restructure the maternal health clinics to make them more male friendly. Adequate space and privacy must be provided. Given the sociocultural diversity in the country, more research should be encouraged in this important area to enable the design of culturally appropriate and sensitive male friendly services throughout the country. Keywords: Maternal mortality, male partner, emergency, obstetric care and Fortportal Hospital
The role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in tumor microenvironment

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the most important hallmarks of malignant tumors. Specifically, lipid metabolic reprogramming has marked impacts on cancer progression and therapeutic response by remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the past few decades, immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for advanced cancers. Lipid metabolic reprogramming plays pivotal role in regulating the immune microenvironment and response to cancer immunotherapy. Here, we systematically reviewed the characteristics, mechanism, and role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in tumor and immune cells in the TME, appraised the effects of various cell death modes (specifically ferroptosis) on lipid metabolism, and summarized the antitumor therapies targeting lipid metabolism. Overall, lipid metabolic reprogramming has profound effects on cancer immunotherapy by regulating the immune microenvironment; therefore, targeting lipid metabolic reprogramming may lead to the development of innovative clinical applications including sensitizing immunotherapy.