Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Counter-Globalization and Socialism in the 21st Century: The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America

The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) is a political, economic and social alliance founded by the governments of Venezuela and Cuba in 2004. Over the last decade there had been considerable interest in Latin America’s ‘pink tide’ and renewed debates around ‘Twenty-First Century Socialism’; despite this, the ALBA has been notably absent from research agendas. Counter-Globalization and Socialism in the 21st Century does an excellent job of amending this situation. The 13 chapters of this edited volume combine primary research with theoretical depth to explore the progress and limitations of the ALBA, challenge existing assumptions and emphasise its importance beyond the region. After giving a brief history of the ALBA, Thomas Muhr uses the introductory chapter to establish a theoretical framework and explain the shortcomings of previous literature. Referencing a range of theorists, Muhr emphasises the importance of transnational processes, the need to take into account structural context and the idea of revolution as a process rather than event. As such the book is positioned with a clear sense of purpose: the ALBA is constructing a ‘rival structure to capitalism’, but to understand this we need to move beyond asking ‘is country X socialist? ’ and view the ALBA as a global counter-hegemony within structural constraints (p. 21). This bold stance conceptualises the ALBA in a unique manner and is a clear challenge to some orthodox socialist positions. Reflecting the ALBA’s holistic approach to development, the contributors’ chapters avoid focussing solely upon the organisation of production and instead address how this ‘rival structure’ is being constructed across a broad range of fields. For example, Rosales and Cerezal discuss the ALBA’s alternatives to traditional international financial architecture (p. 142), Cardozo and Strauss speak about a new ‘decolonized’ education led by Bolivia (p. 203), while Villazana explains how the ALBA is resisting the audiovisual hegemony of the USA over the continent (p. 188). As well as the ALBA’s multifaceted nature, what becomes apparent is the plurality of actors involved. States retain a key role, such as Cuba’s contribution of its expertise in achieving human development under immense imperialist pressure, as accentuated by Helen Yaffe. Yet it is the participation of sub-national governments in non-member countries such as El Salvador and the USA, alongside social movements from across the continent, which really give weight to Muhr’s theoretical considerations.
Determinants of farmer retirement and farm succession in Finland

In the past decade, the Finnish agricultural sector has undergone rapid structural changes. The number of farms has decreased and the average farm size has increased; the number of farms transferred to new entrants has decreased as well. Part of the structural change in agriculture is manifested in early retirement programmes. In studying farmers’ exit behaviour in different countries, institutional differences, incentive programmes and constraints are found to matter. In Finland, farmers’ early retirement programmes were first introduced in 1974 and, during the last ten years, they have been carried out within the European Union framework for these programmes. The early retirement benefits are farmer specific and depend on the level of pension insurance the farmer has paid over his active farming years. In order to predict the future development of the agricultural sector, farmers have been frequently asked about their future plans and their plans for succession. However, the plans the farmers made for succession have been found to be time inconsistent. This study estimates the value of farmers’ stated succession plans in predicting revealed succession decisions. A stated succession plan exists when a farmer answers in a survey questionnaire that the farm is going to be transferred to a new entrant within a five-year period. The succession is revealed when the farm is transferred to a successor. Stated and revealed behaviour was estimated as a recursive Binomial Probit Model, which accounts for the censoring of the decision variables and controls for a potential correlation between the two equations. The results suggest that the succession plans, as stated by elderly farmers in the questionnaires, do not provide information that is significant and valuable in predicting true, completed successions. Therefore, farmer exit should be analysed based on observed behaviour rather than on stated plans and intentions. As farm retirement plays a crucial role in determining the characteristics of structural change in agriculture, it is important to establish the factors which determine an exit from farming among elderly farmers and how off-farm income and income losses affect their exit choices. In this study, the observed choice of pension scheme by elderly farmers was analysed by a bivariate probit model. Despite some variations in significance and the effects of each factor, the ages of the farmer and spouse, the age and number of potential successors, farm size, income loss when retiring and the location of the farm together with the production line were found to be the most important determinants of early retirement and the transfer or closure of farms.
Personality and Social Psychology Review the Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice Personality and Social Psychology Review Additional Services and Information for the Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice Request for Reprints Should Be Sent to Malleability of Automatic P

The present article reviews evidence for the malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. In contrast to assumptions that such responses are fixed and inescapable , it is shown that automatic stereotypes and prejudice are influenced by, (a) self-and social motives, (b) specific strategies, (c) the perceiver's focus of attention , and (d) the configuration of stimulus cues. In addition, group members' individual characteristics are shown to influence the extent to which (global) stereotypes and prejudice are automatically activated. This evidence has significant implications for conceptions of automaticity, models of stereotyping and prejudice, and attitude representation. The review concludes with the description of an initial model of early social information processing. Given a thimbleful of facts we rush to make generalizations as large as a tub. Life is short, and the demands upon us for practical adjustments so great, that we cannot let our ignorance detain us in our daily transactions. Psychologists have long recognized the ease with which perceivers use category-based knowledge Although stereotypes and prejudice may be socially abhorrent, they appear to be cognitively beneficial by allowing perceivers to process information and make Research conducted over the past 15 years, however, has suggested that such efficiency goes beyond the perceiver's cognitive laziness or strategic attempts to manage a complex environment. People may often not be aware of what they are doing, they might even intend to be doing something else; perhaps worst of all, the operation of stereotypes and prejudice may be outside of their control (Bargh, 1999). In one of the first demonstrations of the automatic operation of stereotypes, Gaertner and McLaughlin (1983) showed that participants were faster to identify paired letter strings if they were consistent rather than inconsistent with the stereotype of Black Americans (e.g., Blacks-lazy vs. Blacks-ambitious). A fewudice (CUSP) Laboratory for their insightful comments on an earlier draft of the article. I am especially grateful to the many researchers who shared their unpublished research with me. years later, Devine (1989) demonstrated that even sub-liminally presented cues could activate stereotypes, and furthermore, those activated stereotypes could influence interpersonal judgments. Today, over 100 studies have documented that Whites have automatic negative associations with Blacks (or other non-White groups), young adults have automatic negative associations with the elderly, and both men and women automatically associate males and females-as well as a variety of occupational and societal groups-with ste-relative ease of revealing these automatic associations, the strength and …
A HIERARCHICAL FINGERPRINT MATCHING SYSTEM

Fingerprint Recognition is a widely popular but a complex pattern recognition problem. It is difficult to design accurate algorithms capable of extracting salient features and matching them in a robust way. The real challenge is matching fingerprints affected by: i) High displacement/or rotation which results in smaller overlap between template and query fingerprints, ii) Non-linear distortion caused by the finger plasticity, iii) Different pressure and skin condition and iv) Feature extraction errors which may result in spurious or missing features. The information contained in a fingerprint can be categorized into three different levels, namely, Level 1 (pattern), Level 2 (minutia points), and Level 3 (pores and ridge contours). Despite their discriminative power, the Level 3 features are barely used by the vast majority of contemporary automated fingerprint authentication systems (AFAS) which rely mostly on minutiae features. This is mainly because, most of these authentication systems are equipped with 500 ppi (FBI’s standard of fingerprint resolution for AFAS) scanners, and reliably extracting “fine and detailed” Level 3 features require high resolution images. While this may have been the case with many older live-scan devices, the current devices are capable of detecting a reasonable amount of level 3 details even at the relatively limited 500 ppi resolution. In this thesis the above mentioned problems have been addressed and a new hierarchical matcher has been proposed. The hierarchical matcher utilizes Level 3 features (pores and ridge contour) in conjunction with Level 2 features (minutiae) for matching. The aim is to reduce the error rates, namely FAR (False Acceptance Rate) and FRR (False Rejection Rate) in the existing minutiae based systems. The hierarchical matcher has been tested on three diverse databases in public domain. The obtained results are promising and verify our claim.
The Relationship between Macroeconomic Factors and Sectoral Returns: Evidence from Pakistan

Stock market is considered as a mirror for an economy because it mobilizes the economic resources and makes them as a creative investment. Stock market plays an imperative role in economic development of any country. The intent of current study is to explore the relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock returns of different sectors in Pakistan. The macroeconomic variables under consideration are exchange rate, interest rate, money supply, industrial production index, and consumer price index with stock returns of construction and material, chemical, banking, oil and gas, textile and financial sectors. Monthly data has been taken from Jan 2006 to Dec 2012. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Granger causality test shows long run as well as short run causality among the variables. The results of VECM show that it takes approximately two to three months for shocks adjustment toward the mean. The results of Granger causality show the unilateral, bilateral and no causality of sectoral returns with macroeconomic variables. Theoretical and Empirical studies analyzed the relationship among macroeconomic variables and stock returns. (3) has studied the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock market in emerging economies like Malaysia. The study had used seven macroeconomic variables that are consumer prices, credit aggregates, exchange rates, foreign reserves, industrial production index, M1 and M2. Granger causality results showed a unilateral causality between official role and stock prices. Similarly, (4) has analyzed the impact of macroeconomic variables stock market returns on Turkish economy. Similar studies are conducted in a developing country like Pakistan. (5)has investigated the impact of macroeconomic factors on the returns of oil and Gas sector. In the same year another study was conducted by Akhtar (2012), who had identified the impact of macroeconomic variables on the index of banking sector of Pakistan. (6) A researcher has empirically tested the performance of Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) in the Nigerian Stock Exchange. These studies also found no significant effect of inflation and interest rate on stock returns. Another study on the market efficiency is (7), studied the effect of exchange rate and oil prices on stock market of Brazil, Russia India and China and found the mixed results. (8)and (9) had investigated that New Zealand stock market is very sensitive for changes in macroeconomic variables. Effectiveness of APT is also tested in a developing country like Pakistan. A study that has examined the effectiveness of Arbitrage Pricing Theory on stock equity returns of Pakistani market (10).
Thin profile flip chip package-on-package development

As the demands of higher performance, higher bandwidth, and lower power consumption as well as multiple functions increases, the industry is driving advance technology developments in emerging markets, especially in portable and mobile devices to meet these requirements. The utilization of emerging technologies is pushing smaller form factor package designs with finer line width and spacing as well as improved electric and thermal performance and passive embedded technology capabilities. Due to the fast growth in emerging markets for mobile applications, a numbers of wireless devices have jumped to 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) communication platform and may ramp to 5G generation technology in the next two to three years. In addition, advanced silicon (Si) node (20/16/14nm and below) technology development in mobile applications can pursue the die size reduction, efficiency enhancement and lower power consumption. Based on these demands and evolution of the mobile communication platform, package types become more complicated and have migrated from wirebond packaging to flip chip chip scale package (fcCSP) when higher input/output (I/O) counts are needed. For the purpose of having the shortest interconnection between logic devices and mobile low power double data rate (LPDDR) memory, three-dimensional (3D) package-on-package solutions with flip chip interconnect (fcPoP) has been widely utilized. With the ability to stack a logic processor and memory device in a single package, the utilization of fcPoP is becoming a preferred solution for achieving the best performance and efficiency as well as smaller form factor in the mobile market segment. Since the industry adopted fcPoP as a dominant package approach to address the mid to high-end mobile market, various fcPoP developments have been widely discussed. Among these fcPoP structures, bare die package-on-package (BD-PoP) and molded laser package-on-package (MLP-PoP) are the most common fcPoP types being utilized in mobile applications today. Challenges in finer pitch memory devices, thinner package profiles, stringent package warpage/coplanarity requirements as well as Surface Mount Technology (SMT) processes are being addressed. This paper reports the BD-PoP and MLP-PoP developments with a 15×15mm package size that achieve the thin profile and warpage/coplanarity targets. Through the result, low profile (total package height less than 1.2mm) solutions for both BD-PoP and MLP-PoP in mobile applications have been fabricated and demonstrated. The warpage/coplanarity control as well as reliability characterization will also illustrated, which shows these architectures are cost-effective 3D packaging solutions for highly integrated, miniaturized and low profile enabling technology.
Perception of the electromagnetic field emitted by a mobile phone

Electromagnetic sensibility refers to the ability to perceive the electromagnetic field (EMF) without necessarily developing health symptoms attributed to EMF exposure. A large sample of young healthy adults (n = 84) performed two forced‐choice tasks on the perception of the GSM mobile phone EMF (902 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz), “Was the field on? ” and “Did the field change? ” (3 conditions × 100 trials for each task, n = 600 trials in total). A monetary prize was announced for good performance (correct response rate ≥75%, n = 600 trials). The performance was no better than expected by chance, and thus none of the participants won the prize. Two participants showed extraordinary performance in one of the task conditions (“Was the field on? ”, n = 100 trials), with correct response rates of 97% (P = 1.28 × 10−25) and 94% (P = 9.40 × 10−22), but they failed to replicate the result in the retest of six blocks of the same condition 1 month later. Six participants had reported being able to perceive the mobile phone EMF in the preliminary inquiry, but they performed no better than the others. This study provides empirical evidence against the existence of electromagnetic sensibility to the mobile phone EMF, demonstrating the necessity for replication in EMF studies. Bioelectromagnetics 29:154–159, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Allure of Archaeology: Agnes Conway and Jane Harrison at Newnham College, 1903–1907

Jane Ellen Harrison, eccentric Newnham don and classicist, delivered an annual lecture to first year students. She delivered her lectures in dimness so her lantern slides would be clearly visible, adopting a theatrically high-pitched lecture voice for dramatic effect. In 1903, listening enraptured in the audience, sat Agnes Conway, a first year history student. Conway wrote to her mother afterwards saying: ‘it was perfectly lovely – But oh dear, I wish I knew Greek! I am perfectly fired to learn, for it is no good doing Archaeology without it, I have discovered …’. Agnes Conway’s love of archaeology began from that lecture.
ESTIMATING GENERAL DIFFUSION TYPE PROCESS DRIVEN BY FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN MOTION

Conventions and Notations (1) The measure space (M;M; d ) is interpreted as having M as the underly set, M the sigma algebra on M , and d the mesaure on M: If M is a metric space then M is taken as the sigma algebra generated by all its metric-open sets. (2) For two measure spaces (M;M; d ) ; (M1;M1; d 1) and (M M1;M M1; d d 1) is their product measure space. All measurs in the paper are considered complete. (3) Let the triple ( ;F ; P ) be a proability space and (Rn;B (Rn) ; dm) the Euclidean-metric mesure space where dm is the Lebesgue measure on Rn. Let (S;U ; d ) be theire production space, that is S = [0;1) ; U = B ([0;1)) F ; d = dm dP . (4) A ltration of a measure space (M;M; d ) is a non-decreasing family of sub-sigma algebras fM : 2 Kg of M where K is some index set. Filtrations in this paper are augmented with d -mull sets ofM . (5) As a basic assumption, all stochastic process are Rn-valued, measurable random functions fX (t; ! )g from U =(S;U ; d ) to E = (Rn;B (Rn) ; dm) and are adapted to the ltration fFt : t 2 [0;1)g of ( ;F ; P ) : The ltration fFt : t 2 [0;1)g is augmented with P null sets of (to avoid measurability when passing to a limit). (6) Conventions and Notations (7) The measure space (M;M; d ) is interpreted as having M as the underly set, M the sigma algebra on M , and d the mesaure on M: If M is a metric space then M is taken as the sigma algebra generated by all its metric-open sets. (8) For two measure spaces (M;M; d ) ; (M1;M1; d 1) and (M M1;M M1; d d 1) is their product measure space. All measurs in the paper are considered complete. Date : Feburary 26, 2009. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classi cation. Primary 05C38, 15A15; Secondary 05A15, 15A18.
Reperfusion injury after acute myocardial infarction

The restoration of oxygenated blood to ischaemic myocardium—reperfusion—halts the process leading to infarction. Early reperfusion is the only way to prevent progression to myocardial necrosis and thus to limit the size of the infarct. It may also, however, injure the heart. This paradox has become clinically important with the advent of thrombolytic treatment and primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Several studies have shown that there are three main components of reperfusion injury: reperfusion arrhythmias, myocardial stunning, and lethal myocyte injury. Sixty years ago Tennant and Wiggers recognised that the reintroduction of blood flow could cause arrhythmias.1 In animal experiments arrhythmias may occur within seconds of the onset of reflow.2 In humans reperfusion arrhythmias are commonly associated with intracoronary thrombolytic treatment3 and primary coronary angioplasty.4 5 They may be less common after intravenous thrombolytic treatment,6 and in these circumstances it has been proposed that they pose no additional threat to life.7 The disparity may, however, be related to the rate of recanalisation. Yamazaki et al showed that in dogs sudden reperfusion was more likely to be associated with a high frequency of arrhythmias than was staged reperfusion.8 In a randomised clinical study comparing intravenous thrombolytic treatment with primary coronary angioplasty, ventricular fibrillation was significantly more common in the angioplasty group (6.7% v 2.0%). 4 These studies provided angiographic …
Building a standard dataset for Arabie sentiment analysis: Identifying potential annotation pitfalls

Sentiment Analysis (SA) is one of the hottest research fields nowadays. It is concerned with identifying the sentiment conveyed in a piece of text. The current efforts in SA require the existence of standard datasets for training/testing purposes. Such datasets already exist for some languages such as English. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about other languages such as Arabic. Currently existing Arabic SA datasets are restricted (in their domain, size, dialects covered, etc.) and/or have limited availability. Moreover, the annotation process did not receive the proper attention it deserves. Some of the existing datasets relied on the author's point of view for annotation, while others employed annotators, but did not take into account the personal variations between the annotators and how would that affect their agreement. This study presents our efforts to build a standard Arabic dataset with the above concerns in mind. The constructed dataset is intended for generic use as it contains reviews from different domains written in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as well as several dialects. As for the annotation process, it is given high attention by studying the inter-annotator agreements and investigating the potential factors affecting them.