Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Canine Characteristics and Symmetry on Perceived Smile Attractiveness When Canine Teeth Are Substituted for Lateral Incisors

Objectives To determine the effect of canine tooth characteristics and symmetry on perceived smile attractiveness when maxillary canine teeth are substituted for missing lateral incisors. Design Prospective, cross-sectional study. Setting Non-clinical study undertaken from Leeds Dental Institute, UK. Participants and methods A composite full-face image of a smiling female was used to display various dentitions; a control image with an ‘ideal’ smile, plus six further images substituting the maxillary lateral incisors with canine teeth either unilaterally or bilaterally with varying size, shape, colour and gingival margin level. The seven images were shown to orthodontists (n = 30), dentists (n = 30) and lay people (n = 30) who were asked to rate smile attractiveness using a visual analogue scale. Results Dental professionals rated smiles with canine substitution for lateral incisor agenesis to be significantly less attractive than an ideal smile unless the substituted canine teeth approximated the lateral incisor in terms of size, shape, colour and gingival margin. Lay people did not find smiles where canine teeth were substituted for lateral incisors significantly more or less attractive than an ideal smile regardless of the canine tooth characteristics. Dental professionals were significantly more perceptive than lay people to the deviation from ideal smile aesthetics due to canine substitution. Smiles with unilateral canine substitution were not found to be significantly less attractive than bilateral canine substitution by all groups. Conclusions Canine characteristics and observer status will affect how canine substitution for lateral incisor agenesis is viewed in terms of aesthetic outcome.
The efficiency of “viscous interaction” between the solar wind and the magnetosphere during intense northward IMF events

We examined 11 cases when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was intensely northward (> 10 nT) for long durations of time (> 3 hours), to quantitatively determine an upper limit on the efficiency of solar wind energy injection into the magnetosphere. We have specifically selected these large BN events to minimize the effects of magnetic reconnection. Many of these cases occurred during intervals of high-speed streams associated with coronal mass ejections when viscous interaction effects might be at a maximum. It is found that the typical efficiency of solar wind energy injection into the magnetosphere is 1.0 × 10−3 to 4.0 × 10−3, 100 to 30 times less efficient than during periods of intense southward IMFs. Other energy sinks not included in these numbers are discussed. Estimates of their magnitudes are provided.
Application of a ramp/flat-fault model to interpretation of the Naga thrust and possible implications for petroleum exploration along the Naga thrust front

The Assam-Arakan thrust belt extends along the India-Myanmar border, from the Chinese border on the north to the Bay of Bengal on the south. Tertiary nonmarine sediments dominate the stratigraphy within the frontal zone of this fold and thrust belt. Thrust-fault flats occur in the upper Barail Group coaly interval, and ramps are localized by preexistent normal faults and stratigraphic discontinuities. As a result, the frontal zone of the thrust belt is characterized by multiscale imbricate structures. The Jaipur anticline occurs at the foreland edge of the Naga thrust imbricate zone, at the northeastern end of the Assam valley. Application of flat/ramp geometric models, with a limited data set from the Jaipur anticline, allows creation of geometrically viable models for interpreting the general structure of the Jaipur anticline and for developing hydrocarbon exploration leads. The results of this method indicate that (1) the proven productive foreland trend extends several kilometers beneath the Naga thrust, and (2) zones of high dip in the thrust belt mark the location of prospect leads probably related to local thrust imbrication. The method provides a testable process of identifying prospective areas; therefore, it can minimize exploration expense and optimize exploration planning.
When Anger Expression Might be Beneficial for African Americans: The Moderating Role of Chronic Discrimination

Objectives: Anger expression is assumed to have mostly negative health effects. Yet, evidence is mixed on how anger expression influences African Americans’ cardiovascular health. The present research aimed to clarify this link by examining moderating effects of chronic discrimination on the relationship between anger expression and cardiovascular risk among African Americans in experimental (Study 1) and epidemiological (Study 2) studies. Method: Study 1 examined how African Americans’ trait anger expression was linked to (a) physiologic reactivity to acute social rejection during an interracial encounter (Session 1); and (b) total/HDL cholesterol assessed two months later (Session 2). Study 2 examined the relationship between anger expression and total/HDL cholesterol with a larger sample of African Americans from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey. Both studies examined perceptions of chronic discrimination as a moderator of the relationships between anger expression and biological responses. Results: In Study 1 higher anger expression was associated with quicker cortisol recovery and greater testosterone reactivity following outgroup social rejection in Session 1 and lower total/HDL cholesterol in Session 2. Study 2 replicated the relationship between anger expression and lower total/HDL cholesterol and further showed that this relationship was unique to the expressive aspect of anger. Importantly, in both studies, these potentially beneficial effects of anger expression were only evident among individuals with lower perceptions of chronic discrimination. Conclusions: These findings suggest that anger expression, when coupled with low levels of chronic discrimination, is associated with adaptive patterns of physiologic responses among African Americans.
Human Factors and Maritime Safety

This paper presents key models and concepts developed in psychology which help to understand the role of human factors in complex systems. It aims to explain their significance for anyone who wants to analyze the role of human factors in maritime accidents. Reason (1990, 1997, 2000) makes a crucial distinction between “active failures” that are made by first-line operators (captain, officers or members of a crew) and “latent failures” that are deeper causes and upstream factors concerning people who are at a distance from the accident. In agreement with this theoretical framework, this paper proposes examining the role of human factors in maritime accidents at three different levels: i) the level of individual – and namely cognitive – factors of first-line operators, ii) the level of social – and namely interpersonal – factors and iii) the level of systemic or organizational factors which correspond to “latent failures”. For each level, the main and recent contributions of the human and social sciences are presented and then used to analyze an emblematic accident.
Multiple Trophic Levels of a Forest Stream Linked to Terrestrial Litter Inputs

The importance of terrestrial-aquatic linkages was evaluated by a large-scale, 3-year exclusion of terrestrial leaf litter inputs to a forest stream. Exclusion of leaf litter had a strong bottom-up effect that was propagated through detritivores to predators. Most invertebrate taxa in the predominant habitat declined in either abundance, biomass, or both, compared with taxa in a nearby reference stream. However, fauna in moss habitats changed little, indicating that different food webs exist in habitats of different geomorphology. Thus, the ecosystem-level consequences of excluding detrital inputs to an ecosystem were demonstrated. Inputs of riparian detritus are essential for conservation or restoration of diverse stream food webs.
Extraction of winter total sea-ice concentration in the Greenland and Barents Seas from SSM/I data

Abstract Significantly different sea-ice concentrations estimated by the well known Bootstrap and NASA/Team SSM/I algorithms are found to occur when the brightness temperature of horizontally polarized radiation is depressed, possibly as a result of ice layers in the snow cover. Furthermore, discontinuous ice concentrations, which do not reflect real concentration variations, sometimes occur when the Bootstrap algorithm switches between polarization and frequency schemes. The Bristol algorithm is designed to overcome these problems, and is described in this paper. In an initial evaluation against 10 cloud-free Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) winter scenes of the Greenland and Barents Seas, the Bristol algorithm, with a correlation coefficient (c corr) of 0·88 and r.m.s. error (e r.m.s.) of 5·2 per cent, outperforms the NASA/Team (c corr = 0·82,e r.m.s. =6·2 per cent), Bootstrap (c corr = 0·74,e r.m.s. = 8·3 per cent) and AES/York (c corr = 0·82,e r.m.s. =6·4 per cent) algorithms, although.
Human Cerebral Arterio-venous Vasoactive Exchange during Alterations in Arterial Blood Gases Running Title: Cerebral Vasoactive Agents and Arterial Blood Gases

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is highly regulated by changes in arterial PCO 2 and arterial PO 2. Evidence from animal studies indicates that various vasoactive factors, including release of noradrenaline, endothelin, adrenomedullin, C-natriuretic peptide (CNP) and nitric oxide (NO), may play a role in arterial blood gas-induced alterations in CBF. For the first time, we directly quantified exchange of these vasoactive factors across the human brain. We measured CBF (Fick principle and transcranial Doppler ultrasound) in 12 healthy humans at rest and during hypercapnia (4, 8% CO 2), hypocapnia (voluntary hyperventilation) and during hypoxia (12, 10% O 2). At each level, blood was sampled simultaneously from the internal-jugular vein (v) and radial artery (a). With the exception of CNP and NO, the simultaneous quantification of noradrenaline, endothelin or adrenomedullin showed no cerebral uptake or release during changes in arterial blood gases. Hypercapnia, but not hypocapnia, increased CBF and caused a net cerebral release in nitrite (as a marker of NO), reflected by an increase in the v-a difference for nitrite [57±18 μmol/L (4% CO 2) and 150±36 μmol/L (8% CO 2); both P<0.05]. There was also release in cerebral CNP during changes in CO 2 (hypercapnia vs. hypocapnia; P<0.05). During hypoxia, there was a net cerebral uptake in nitrite which was reflected in a decreased v-a difference for nitrite [-96±14 μmol/L (10% O 2 ; P<0.05)]. These data indicate that there is a differential exchange of NO across the brain during hypercapnia and hypoxia and that CNP may play a complimentary role in CO 2-induced CBF changes.
Thromboxane Inhibition Reduces an Early Stage of Chronic Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

The pulmonary vasoconstrictor, thromboxane, may contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension. Our objective was to determine if a combined thromboxane synthase inhibitor/receptor antagonist, terbogrel, prevents pulmonary hypertension and the development of aberrant pulmonary arterial responses in newborn piglets exposed to 3 days hypoxia. Piglets were maintained in room air (control) or 11% O 2 (hypoxic) for 3 days. Some hypoxic piglets received terbogrel, 10 mg/kg po bid. Pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, and cardiac output were measured in anesthetized animals. A cannulated artery technique was used to measure responses to acetylcholine. Pulmonary vascular resistance for terbogrel-treated hypoxic piglets was almost one-half the value of untreated hypoxic piglets but remained greater than values for control piglets. Dilation to acetylcholine in preconstricted pulmonary arteries was greater for terbogrel-treated hypoxic than for untreated hypoxic piglets, but was less for pulmonary arteries from both groups of hypoxic piglets than for control piglets. Terbogrel may ameliorate pulmonary artery dysfunction and attenuate the development of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborns.
Prognostic value of hMLH1 and hMSH2 immunohistochemical expression in non-small cell lung cancer. A tissue microarray study.

BACKGROUND hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes are both known to play a role in DNA mismatch repair. Nonetheless, the clinical significance of hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein expression in lung cancers remains unclear. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins in tumor specimens from 179 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients using a tissue microarray technique and to correlate these results with other clinicopathological variables, including the disease specific and overall survivals. METHOD hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies G168-728 for hMLH1 and FE11 for hMSH2 protein expression analysis. The Pearson chi2 test was used to compare the hMLH1 and hMSH2 alterations among the cases and between various clinical and laboratory variables. P < or = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Alteration of hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein expression was observed in 10 % of patients. No significant correlation was found between the protein expression and patient age, smoking status, tumor histology or disease stage and disease free and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins did not have any prognostic value in stage III. NSCLC patients.
How effortful is cognitive control? Insights from a novel method measuring single-trial evoked beta-adrenergic cardiac reactivity

The ability to adjust attentional focus to varying levels of task demands depends on the adaptive recruitment of cognitive control processes. The present study investigated for the first time whether the mobilization of cognitive control during response-conflict trials in a flanker task is associated with effort-related sympathetic activity as measured by changes in the RZ-interval at a single-trial level, thus providing an alternative to the pre-ejection period (PEP) which can only be reliably measured in ensemble-averaged data. We predicted that response conflict leads to a physiological orienting response (i.e. heart rate slowing) and increases in effort as reflected by changes in myocardial beta-adrenergic activity (i.e. decreased RZ interval). Our results indeed showed that response conflict led to cardiac deceleration and decreased RZ interval. However, the temporal overlap of the observed heart rate and RZ interval changes suggests that the effect on the latter reflects a change in cardiac pre-load (Frank-Starling mechanism). Our study was thus unable to provide evidence for the expected link between cognitive control and cardiovascular effort. However, it demonstrated that our single-trial analysis enables the assessment of transient changes in cardiac sympathetic activity, thus providing a promising tool for future studies that aim to investigate effort at a single-trial level.
Pan Evaporation Trends and the Terrestrial Water Balance. I. Principles and Observations

Pan evaporation is just that - it is the evaporation rate of water from a small dish located at the ground-surface. Pan evaporation is a measure of the evaporative demand over terrestrial surfaces. Declines in pan evaporation have now been reported in many regions of the world. The trends vary from one pan to the next, but when averaged over many pans, they are typically in the range of −1 to − 4m m a −2 (mm per annum per annum). In energetic terms, a trend of − 2m m a −2 is equivalent to −0.16 W m −2 a −1 and over 30 years this is a change of −4.8 W m −2 . For comparison, the top-of-atmosphere forcing due to doubled CO2 is estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to be ~3.7 W m −2 . Hence, the magnitude of the pan evaporation trend is large. What is of even greater interest is the direction - a decline - given the well-established warming of the last 30-50 years. In this article, the first in a two part series, we describe the underlying principles in using and interpreting pan evaporation data and then summarise the reported observations from different countries. In the second article, we describe the interpretation of the trends in terms of changes in the terrestrial water balance.
Yield and Pitfalls of Ajmaline Testing in the Evaluation of Unexplained Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Unexplained Death Single-Center

OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the yield of ajmaline testing and assessed the occurrence of confounding responses in a large cohort of families with unexplained cardiac arrest (UCA) or sudden unexplained death (SUD). BACKGROUND Ajmaline testing to diagnose Brugada syndrome (BrS) is routinely used in the evaluation of SUD and UCA, but its yield, limitations, and appropriate dosing have not been studied in a large cohort. METHODS We assessed ajmaline test response and genetic testing results in 637 individuals from 482 families who underwent ajmaline testing for SUD or UCA. RESULTS Overall, 89 individuals (14%) from 88 families (18%) had a positive ajmaline test result. SCN5A mutations were identi ﬁ ed in 9 of 86 ajmaline-positive cases (10%). SCN5A mutation carriers had positive test results at signi ﬁ cantly lower ajmaline doses than noncarriers (0.75 [range: 0.64 to 0.98] mg/kg vs. 1.03 [range: 0.95 to 1.14] mg/kg, respectively; p < 0.01). In 7 of 88 families (8%), it was concluded that
The Bartonian-Priabonian marine record of the eastern South Pyrenean foreland basin (NE Spain): a new calibration of the larger foraminifers and calcareous nannofossil biozonation

This study presents a combined biostratigraphic (calcareous nannofossils, larger foraminifers) and magnetostratigraphic study of the Middle and Late Eocene marine units of the Igualada area, eastern Ebro Basin. The studied sections of Santa Maria de Miralles and La Tossa encompass the complete marine succession of the Santa Maria Group, where assemblages rich in larger foraminifers have been studied since the early 1950's. A total of 224 paleomagnetic sites and 62 biostratigraphic samples were collected along a 1350m-thick section that ranges from chron C20n to chron C16n (~43Ma to ~36Ma). The resulting magnetostratigraphy-based chronology challenges existing chronostratigraphic interpretations of these units and results in a new calibration of the biostratigraphic zonations. The base of calcareous nannofossil Zone NP19-20 is pinned down to an older age than its presently accepted attribution, whereas the time span assigned to Zone NP18 is significantly reduced. A revised calibration of larger foraminifers indicates that Zone SBZ18, formerly assigned exclusively to the late Bartonian, extends its range to the earlymost Priabonian, the Bartonian stage being almost entirely represented by Zone SBZ17. A division of Zone SBZ18 into two subzones is proposed.
Transient strain accumulation and fault interaction in the eastern California shear zone

Satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry reveals transient strain accumulation along the Blackwater‐Little Lake fault system within the Eastern California shear zone. The surface strain map obtained by averaging eight years (1992‐2000) of Earth Resource Satellite (ERS) radar data shows a 120-km-long, 20-kmwide zone of concentrated shear between the southern end of the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake surface break and the northern end of the 1992 Landers earthquake surface break. The observed shear zone is continuous through the Garlock fault, which does not show any evidence of left-lateral slip during the same time period. A dislocation model of the observed shear indicates right-lateral slip at 7 6 3 mm/yr on a vertical fault below ;5 km depth, a rate that is two to three times greater than the geologic rates estimated on northwest-trending faults in the eastern Mojave area. This transient slip rate and the absence of resolvable slip on the Garlock fault may be the manifestation of an oscillatory strain pattern between interacting, conjugate fault systems.
Transtensional rifting in the proto–Gulf of California near Bahía Kino, Sonora, México

Continental rifts require focused strain to rupture and form an ocean basin. In oblique rifts, such as the Gulf of California, focused transtensional strain associated with strike-slip faulting may serve as a catalyst for rupture. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed structural mapping, geochronology, paleomagnetism, and fault kinematics of pre- and synrift rocks exposed in an ∼200 km 2 coastal mountain belt flanking the eastern rift margin of the northern Gulf of California. This coastal Sonora region hosts the onshore portion of the transform boundary between the Upper Tiburon and Adair-Tepoca marine basins—two early-formed oblique rift segments. Extension commenced here between 11.5 Ma and 7 Ma, resulting in 25°–40° of E-NE tilting, initiation of clockwise vertical-axis rotation of fault-bounded blocks, and minor basin sedimentation. Rates of deformation prior to 7 Ma are unconstrained due to a lack of exposed syntectonic deposits. Deformation after 7 Ma was associated with rapid tilting and the majority of observed clockwise vertical-axis rotation and strike-slip faulting. Nonmarine sedimentary basins accumulated coarse sediments above an unconformity eroded across older, tilted strata. By 5–6 Ma, deformation in coastal Sonora must have largely ceased and migrated westward into the Upper Tiburon marine basin. We document up to 120% total extension and total clockwise block rotations up to 53°. In portions of the study area, extension and rotation were supplanted by strike-slip faulting as deformation proceeded. We develop a tectonic model for this Coastal Sonora fault zone, which is bounded by major NW-striking transform faults with >10 km of displacement. Internal to the Coastal Sonora fault zone, the majority of an estimated 6.2 ± 1.1 km of dextral deformation, associated with up to 5.7 km of WNW-directed extension, occurred over the final 1–2 m.y. of its life span, at a strain rate approaching 10 –14 s –1 . This activity occurred as the plate boundary localized along nascent pull-apart basins in the northern Gulf of California, consistent with the hypothesis that late proto–Gulf of California dextral shear zones, such as the Coastal Sonora fault zone, acted to focus lithospheric-scale strain and promoted continental rupture in the wide-rift setting of the Mexican Basin and Range.