Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Approximation- and Quantization-Aware Training for Graph Neural Networks

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are one of the best-performing models for processing graph data. They are known to have considerable computational complexity, despite the smaller number of parameters compared to traditional Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Operations-to-parameters ratio for GNNs can be tens and hundreds of times higher than for DNNs, depending on the input graph size. This complexity indicates the importance of arithmetic operation optimization within GNNs through model quantization and approximation. In this work, for the first time, we combine both approaches and implement quantization- and approximation-aware training for GNNs to sustain their accuracy under the errors induced by inexact multiplications. We employ matrix multiplication CUDA kernel to speed up the simulation of approximate multiplication within GNNs. Further, we demonstrate the execution speed, accuracy, and energy efficiency of GNNs with approximate multipliers in comparison with quantized low-bit GNNs. We evaluate the performance of state-of-the-art GNN architectures (i.e., GIN, SAGE, GCN, and GAT) on various datasets and tasks (i.e., Reddit-Binary, Collab for graph classification, Cora and PubMed for node classification) with a wide range of approximate multipliers. Our framework is available online: https://github.com/TUM-AIPro/AxC-GNN.
Characterization and Methanogenic Potential Evaluation of Faecal Sludge: Case of the Kossodo Biogas Plant in Ouagadougou

The use of faecal sludge (FS) in anaerobic digestion (AD) requires a perfect knowledge of their composition. Considered as a very heterogeneous material, the high variability of FS can disturb biodigesters’ functionality and impact biogas production. Unique in West Africa, Kossodo’s biogas plant in Ouagadougou receives sludge from septic tanks and pit latrines. To evaluate the quality of sludge discharged in this treatment plant and its ability for AD, a characterization of 130 FS trucks from several onsite sanitation facilities was carried out. Physico-chemicals, including heavy metals and microbiological parameters, were analyzed using standard protocols. A biochemical methane potential test was employed to evaluate biogas yield. Results showed that raw sludge averaged 1.12% total solids (TS), 54.74% volatile solids (VS), 9253 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 1645 mg/L biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Settled faecal sludge exhibited higher levels of total coliforms, E. coli, helminth eggs, and heavy metals. Heavy metal levels met AD standards defined by VDI 4630, with decreasing toxicity order: Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > As ≥ Hg. The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio was 6.7 ± 4.3, indicating unsuitability for AD. Sludge settling increased C/N ratio by 46%, which was still below optimal AD conditions (20–30). Methane yield of raw and settled FS averaged 61 ± 0.2 and 156 ± 3.2 NL CH4/kg VS removed, respectively. Co-substrate addition could enhance the methanogenic yield of these sludges. This study provides a valuable database on the characteristics of FS, supporting sustainable recovery options.
Analysis of the trends of climate variability over two different eco-regions of Ethiopia

Abstract This study analyzed the trends of precipitation and temperature in two eco-regions, which represent the whole part of Ethiopia based on climate variations. Mann–Kendall, Sen’s slope estimator test and innovative trend analysis method were used to detect precipitation and temperature trends. The observed historical meteorological data from 1980 to 2016 were used to analyze the trends in this study. MATLAB software was used to analyze the trends of climate variability. The findings of this study showed that the trends of precipitation were statistically significant with a positive trend in Gondar (β = 1.84) and Bahir Dar (β = 1.80) of highland eco-regions, whereas a significant increasing trend was observed in Negele (β = 23.40) and Gewane (β = 0.10) of lowland eco-regions. However, Sekoru (β = 0.01) and Degahabur (β = 4.13) stations showed a significant decreasing trend. As far as trends of temperature are concerned, a statistically significant increasing trend of temperature was observed in Gondar (β = 0.04) and Bahir Dar (β = 0.08), and a sharp significant decreasing trend was observed in Sekoru (β = 0.01) stations of highland eco-regions. The lowland eco-regions (Gewane (β = 0. 10), Degahabur (β = 0.03) and Negele (β = 0.07)) showed a statistically significant increasing trend. The consistency in precipitation and temperature trends over the two eco-regions of Ethiopia confirms the robustness of the change in trends. Further study should be done by taking more stations and datasets to reach a conclusion whether climate change has occurred or not. However, the findings of this study could provide insights for policy- and decision-makers to take proactive measures for climate change mitigation.
A sediment graph model based on an instantaneous unit sediment graph

A model was developed for predicting sediment graphs from agricultural watersheds. Storm sediment graphs are predicted by convolving source runoff with an instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG). The IUSG is the distribution of sediment from an instantaneous burst of rainfall producing one unit of runoff. The IUSG is the product of an instantaneous unit hydrograph and the sediment concentration distribution. Initial sediment concentration of the IUSG is assumed to vary linearly with source runoff volume. A sediment-routing function, based on travel time and sediment particle size, is used to predict the sediment concentration distribution. Tests with 50 storms from five watersheds showed that the model is applicable to agricultural watersheds in the Texas blacklands. It should be useful in designing reservoirs or in waterquality-modeling problems.
Kinematics of the Eastern Flank of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming

Abstract The eastern flank of the Beartooth Mountains is located approximately 30 miles north of Cody, Wyoming along the steeply dipping northwestern margin of the Bighorn Basin. Along the northeastern and eastern margins of the Beartooth uplift, northeasterly-directed compression during the Laramide orogeny reactivated pre-existing zones of weakness in the Precambrian. Northwest- trending structures developed along the northeast margin, and north-south trending structures developed on the eastern flank. The northeast flank of the uplift has been transported toward the northeast, over the axis of the Bighorn Basin. Three miles west of Red Lodge, Montana, gravity data, surface data, seismic data, and well data indicate the Beartooth fault is dipping 25° to 35° southwest, and is striking northwest-southeast. A minimum amount of basement overhang is estimated at 16,500 feet along this segment of the uplift. At the Grove Creek area, the Beartooth fault begins to strike north-south. The change in strike from northwest-southeast to north-south presents an interpretational dilemma as data suggest models of both high-angle and low-angle faulting. The intersection of the trends represents the maximum overhang (26,000 feet) and maximum eastward transport of the Beartooth uplift. As the fault is traced southward, the angle of faulting begins to gradually steepen, decreasing the magnitude of overhang. A well penetrating the Precambrian overhang was drilled by Phillips Petroleum at Ruby Creek. Basement overhang of 8,000 feet is interpreted at this location. The decreased overhang suggests a higher angle of fault dip along this margin of the Beartooth uplift. Displacement and Precambrian overhang continue to diminish southward along the Beartooth fault, until displacement eventually "goes blind" by propagating into the Canyon Mouth Anticline. The strike of the fault along the eastern Beartooth uplift is somewhat oblique to the direction of tectonic transport. This alignment would suggest lateral motion along the north-south striking fault. Field evidence suggests that lateral motion did occur along the fault, resulting in reverse right-oblique slip along the eastern flank. High-angle dip on the Beartooth Fault results in decreased shortening along the eastern margin of the uplift. Along the transition zone from low to high-angle dip of the Beartooth Fault, the Line Creek Fault and the BTF(A) increase their displacement and shortening. The increased shortening along these two faults southward along with the reverse right-oblique slip on the Beartooth fault helps to maintain structural balance between the northeast and eastern margins of the Beartooth range.
Determinants of Financial Distress: The Case of Government-Linked Companies in Malaysia

This study examined the relationship between financial distress level and liquidity, profitability and leverage for the 30 Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) in Malaysia using financial data for the period of 2016 until 2020. Financial distress level is measured using Altman Z-score, while liquidity, profitability and leverage are proxied by current ratio, return on assets (ROA) and debt ratio, respectively. Total assets, representing company size, is also included as a control variable. Panel regression analysis was conducted using Eviews 13.0. The findings revealed that all three independent variables are significantly related to Altman Z-score, with the hypothesized relationships, supporting the theory and also previous empirical studies. This further reinforces the importance of profitability, liquidity and leverage in ensuring that a company does not experience financial distress. About three-quarter of the GLCs are in financial distress, as evidenced by the Altman Z-score of below 1.81, and it is recommended that the government take prudent measures to improve their financial conditions. The negative correlation between ROA and debt ratio suggests that optimal capital structure does not exist because the marginal increase in debt level erodes profitability, instead of increasing it through tax benefits. The findings of this study also reinforce the M&M Theory and Trade-off theory in which optimal debt level is imperative in ensuring that a company maximizes its value while at the same time minimizing the risk of financial default. Future studies are recommended to compare the GLCs with other public-listed companies and also to extend the time period.
Classification of Morse–Smale Diffeomorphisms with a Finite Set of Heteroclinic Orbits on Surfaces

In this paper, we consider orientation-preserving Morse-Smale diﬀeomorphisms on orientable closed surfaces. Such diﬀeomor-phisms can have inﬁnitely many heteroclinic orbits, which makes their topological classiﬁcation very diﬃcult. In fact, even in the case of a ﬁ-nite number of heteroclinic orbits, there are no exhaustive classiﬁcation results. The main problem is that for all currently known complete topological invariants of such systems, the implementation is not described. In this paper, we present a complete topological classiﬁcation of Morse-Smale diﬀeomorphisms with a ﬁnite number of heteroclinic orbits on surfaces, including a realization.
The Response of Lake Area Change to Climate Variations in North Tibetan Plateau during Last 30 Years

Inland lake is a sensitive indicator of climate change. Because lakes in high mountain region are in natural status and are little affected by human activities, their changes can reflect climate conditions. In this paper, four inland lakes (Bamucuo, Pengcuo, Dongcuo and Nairipingcuo) area changes in area and factors causing the water level growth are analyzed using remote sensing data and climate data from meteorological stations near the four lakes. For lake area changes from 1980 to 2005, the TM and CBERS remotely sensed data and topographic map at 1:100,000 scale in 1975 are used in this study. The meteorological data including temperature, rainfall, evaporation (1971-2004), snow depth and land frost depth from four meteorological stations Naqu, Anduo, Bange and Dangxiong which are the closest to the four lakes are used in this study. Based on the lake area information derived from a digitized 1:100,000 scale topographic map in 1975 and satellite remote sensing data from 1980 to 2005 georeferenced using topographic map, it is found out that four lakes' areas increased in 1980 compared with 1975, by 9.8 km2, 9.7 km2, 12.9 km2 and 3.9 km2, respectively. In 1988, the four lakes retreated and their areas are equivalent to the areas in 1975. The areas of Bamucuo, Pengcuo, Dongcuo and Nairipingcuo notably increased during the last 30 years from 1975 to 2005. Their areas increased by 48.2 km2 (25.6%), 38.2 km2 (28.2%), 19.8 km2 (16.2%) (compared with 2004) and 26.0 km2 (37.6%). The lake area increase has been more obvious since 2000. The analysis of climate changes for the last 40 years shows that annual mean temperature and precipitation increased significantly, while evaporation, maximum land frost depth and maximum snow depth decreased. For instance, the mean temperature increased by 0.28 oC/10a from 1961 to 2004; rainfall witnessed a big fluctuation from 1961 to 1994 and the maximum and minimum rainfall occurred in this period. The rainfall has been increasing since 1994. Evaporation decreased by 130 mm/10a from 1995 to 2004. The maximum land frost depth reduced 10 to 40 cm and the maximum snow depth decreased as well. The result based on the relationship between lake area changes and climate variation shows the main factors which are directly related to lake water level are rainfall, ice snow defrost and land frost. The indirect factors of lake area changes are temperature, lake size, catchment's area, land formation of lake basin, surface features etc.
Air–sea exchanges of CO 2 in the world's coastal seas

The air–sea exchanges of CO 2 in the world's 165 estuaries and 87 continental shelves are evaluated. Generally and in all seasons, upper estuaries with salinities of less than two are strong sources of CO 2 (39 ± 56 mol C m −2 yr −1 , positive flux indicates that the water is losing CO 2 to the atmosphere); mid-estuaries with salinities of between 2 and 25 are moderate sources (17.5 ± 34 mol C m −2 yr −1 ) and lower estuaries with salinities of more than 25 are weak sources (8.4 ± 14 mol C m −2 yr −1 ). With respect to latitude, estuaries between 23.5 and 50° N have the largest flux per unit area (63 ± 101 mmol C m −2 d −1 ); these are followed by lower-latitude estuaries (23.5–0° S: 44 ± 29 mmol C m −2 d −1 ; 0–23.5° N: 39 ± 55 mmol C m −2 d −1 ), and then regions north of 50° N (36 ± 91 mmol C m −2 d −1 ). Estuaries south of 50° S have the smallest flux per unit area (9.5 ± 12 mmol C m −2 d −1 ). Mixing with low- p CO 2 shelf waters, water temperature, residence time and the complexity of the biogeochemistry are major factors that govern the p CO 2 in estuaries, but wind speed, seldom discussed, is critical to controlling the air–water exchanges of CO 2 . The total annual release of CO 2 from the world's estuaries is now estimated to be 0.10 Pg C yr −1 , which is much lower than published values mainly because of the contribution of a considerable amount of heretofore unpublished or new data from Asia and the Arctic. The Asian data, although indicating high p CO 2 , are low in sea-to-air fluxes because of low wind speeds. Previously determined flux values rely heavily on data from Europe and North America, where p CO 2 is lower but wind speeds are much higher, such that the CO 2 fluxes are higher than in Asia. Newly emerged CO 2 flux data in the Arctic reveal that estuaries there mostly absorb rather than release CO 2 . Most continental shelves, and especially those at high latitude, are undersaturated in terms of CO 2 and absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere in all seasons. Shelves between 0 and 23.5° S are on average a weak source and have a small flux per unit area of CO 2 to the atmosphere. Water temperature, the spreading of river plumes, upwelling, and biological production seem to be the main factors in determining p CO 2 in the shelves. Wind speed, again, is critical because at high latitudes, the winds tend to be strong. Since the surface water p CO 2 values are low, the air-to-sea fluxes are high in regions above 50° N and below 50° S. At low latitudes, the winds tend to be weak, so the sea-to-air CO 2 flux is small. Overall, the world's continental shelves absorb 0.4 Pg C yr −1 from the atmosphere.
An approach for explaining group recommendations based on negotiation information

Explaining group recommendations has gained importance over the last years. Although the topic of recommendation explanation has received attention in the context of single-user recommendations, only a few group recommender systems (GRS) currently provide explanations for their group recommendations. However, those GRS that support explanations, provide either explanations being highly reliant on the aggregation technique used for generating the recommendation (most of them trying to tackle shortcomings of the underlying technique), or explanations with a rich content but requiring users to provide considerable additional data. In this article, we present a novel approach for providing explanations of group recommendations, which are generated by a GRS based on multi-agent negotiation techniques. An evaluation of our approach with a user study in the movies domain has shown promising results. Explanations provided by our GRS system helped users during the decision-making process, since they modiﬁed the feedback given to recommended items. This is an improvement with respect to systems that do not provide explanations for their recommendations.
Perlindungan Data Pribadi Konsumen Pinjaman Online: Suatu Analisis

Penelitian ini membahas perlindungan data pribadi konsumen pinjaman online. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perbandingan hukum dan kasus hukum. Perlindungan hukum tentang data pribadi khususnya nasabah Pinjaman Online di Indonesia perlu untuk segera direalisasikan melalui pengesahan Peraturan Pemerintah dan/atau Undang-Undang tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi untuk menjamin hak warga negara atas perlindungan diri pribadi dan menumbuhkan kesadaran masyarakat serta menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatan atas pentingnya perlindungan data pribadi. Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Pribadi harus mengatur perlindungan data secara akurat dan transparan serta mengatur tentang (1) pembatasan cara pengumpulan, penyimpanan atau pembagian data pribadi; (2) mewajibkan perusahaan untuk mengungkapkan cara mereka menggunakan data pribadi; (3) mengamanatkan tingkat mimimun perlindungan data pribadi; (4) jaminan hukum terhadap hak pemilik data pribadi; (5) larangan dalam penggunaan data pribadi ditujukan kepada orang yang memperoleh atau mengumpulan atau mengungkapkan atau menggunakan data pribadi yang bukan miliknya dengan maksud untuk menguntungkan diri sendiri atau orang lain secara melawan hukum atau dapat mengakibatkan kerugian pemilik data pribadi atau konsumen; (6) perumusan sanksi administratif dan sanksi pidana yang berkeadilan, berkepastian, dan bermanfaat secara hukum dan ekonomi.
Effects of perceived information quality, perceived system quality, and perceived flow on mobile Social Networking Sites (SNS) users' trust

This chapter examines the effects of perceived information quality, perceived system quality, and perceived flow on mobile Social Networking Sites (SNS) users' trust. Pearson correlations via SPSS 21.0 computer program was used for data analysis as it has the ability to ensure the consistency of the model with the data, to provide information necessary to scrutinize the study hypotheses, and to estimate associations among constructs. Each correlation coefficient was assessed as significant at the 0.01 level, and the overall model was determined to fit the data well as multicollinearity was absent. In terms of the associations with perceived user trust, perceived flow had highest significant positive correlation coefficients, followed by perceived information quality and perceived system quality. Next, further investigation of the study encountered that perceived flow is significantly associated by both perceived system quality and perceived information quality of mobile SNS, respectively. The chapter concludes with directions for future research.
Exploring the topography of mind: GIS, social space and archaeology

The later-prehistoric linear ditches that divide the chalk landscape of Wessex, south England, are markers in an area. It is a topographic space. The ditches seem to be placed with a view to their visibility in the landscape. It is a human topographic space. A GIS study of the ditches' place, in terms of what a human sees in moving acros undulating ground, goes beyond that environmental determinism which underlies many GIS studies.
Effectiveness of SMART heart package on knowledge and practice regarding prevention of coronary artery disease among high-risk adults in selected urban community at Bangalore

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease. Smoking is one of the triggering factors for CAD, which increases mortality and morbidity rates. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the SMART heart package on high-risk adults' knowledge and practice of coronary artery disease prevention. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A quasi-experimental research study was conducted in India from March 25 to April 23, 2022, through a house-to-house survey. This survey was conducted among 200 adults out of 159 high-risk adults who were identified by a screening tool, using a systematic random sampling technique to select 60 subjects for the study. A SMART heart package intervention was administered for selected high-risk adults. The pre-test and the post-test were conducted using self-administered structured questionnaires for knowledge and a non-observation checklist for practice. The data had been analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. RESULTS: The findings show that at the baseline level of knowledge and practice, the majority of the subjects had inadequate knowledge 43 (71.7%) and 51 (85.0%) had poor practice, whereas after administration of the SMART heart package, 29 (48.3%) of subjects had moderately adequate knowledge and 29 (48.3%) had average practice. At baseline, the mean score was 41.5%, which increased to 79.1% on knowledge and 37.2% to 72.5% on practice after the implementation of the intervention, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Hence, the SMART heart package was effective in increasing the level of knowledge and practice of CAD prevention among high-risk adults.
Stability Parameters of Register File Bit Cell with Low Power Consumption Priority

This research is dedicated to a transistor sizing method of an 8-transistor register file static random access memory bit cell aiming to create two-port register files and two-port static random access memory with reduced supply voltage to reduce power consumption. This method can also be applied to 6-transistor single-port static random access memory bit cells. The method is based on the analysis of butterfly curves and the search for such values of the sizes of transistors and margin of their threshold voltages, in which, for a given critical minimal supply voltage, the condition for the existence of one intersection and one touch of its curves is achieved for the butterfly curves. The obtained samples of the register files bit cell in silicon and its critical voltage were compared to the results of circuit simulation in the write and read mode depending on the supply voltage. Experimental register files chip samples were successfully tested in silicon at a voltage of 0.75 V.