Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypervelocity Impact Performance of Open Cell Foam Core Sandwich Panel Structures

Metallic foams are a relatively new class of materials with low density and novel physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical and acoustic properties. Although incompletely characterized, they offer comparable mechanical performance to traditional spacecraft structural materials (i.e. honeycomb sandwich panels) without detrimental through-thickness channeling cells. There are two competing types of metallic foams: open cell and closed cell. Open cell foams are considered the more promising technology due to their lower weight and higher degree of homogeneity. Leading micrometeoroid and orbital debris shields (MMOD) incorporate thin plates separated by a void space (i.e. Whipple shield). Inclusion of intermediate fabric layers, or multiple bumper plates have led to significant performance enhancements, yet these shields require additional non-ballistic mass for installation (fasteners, supports, etc.) that can consume up to 35% of the total shield weight [1]. Structural panels, such as open cell foam core sandwich panels, that are also capable of providing sufficient MMOD protection, represent a significant potential for increased efficiency in hypervelocity impact shielding from a systems perspective through a reduction in required non-ballistic mass. In this paper, the results of an extensive impact test program on aluminum foam core sandwich panels are reported. The effect of pore density, and core thickness on shielding performance have been evaluated over impact velocities ranging from 2.2 - 9.3 km/s at various angles. A number of additional tests on alternate sandwich panel configurations of comparable-weight have also been performed, including aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels (see Figure 1), Nomex honeycomb core sandwich panels, and 3D aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels. A total of 70 hypervelocity impact tests are reported, from which an empirical ballistic limit equation (BLE) has been derived. The BLE is in the standard form suitable for implementation in risk analysis software, and includes the effect of panel thickness, core density, and facesheet material properties. A comparison between the shielding performance of foam core sandwich panel structures and common MMOD shielding configurations is made for both conservative (additional 35% non-ballistic mass) and optimistic (additional mass equal to 30% of bumper mass) considerations. Suggestions to improve the shielding performance of foam core sandwich panels are made, including the use of outer mesh layers, intermediate fabric/composite layers, and varying pore density.
Pervaporation of alcohol/water mixtures using ultra-thin zeolite membranes : membrane performance and modeling

The production of liquid transportation fuels such as bioethanol and more recently also biobutanol from renewable resources has received considerable attention. In the production of bio-based alcohols, the separation steps are expensive as the mixtures to be separated are dilute. As an energy-efficient separation technology, pervaporation is considered to be a potential process in biofuel purification. One of the main constraints in the commercialization of pervaporation has been low membrane fluxes, and the consequent high costs due to the high membrane area needed. In order to obtain high fluxes, the membranes should be as thin as possible. In this thesis, the performance of ultrathin zeolite membranes in pervaporation was investigated. Binary ethanol/water and n-butanol/ water mixtures were studied using both hydrophobic and hydrophilic zeolite membranes for alcohol concentration, as well as dehydration. The development of pervaporation membranes and processes has been mainly empirical. Process modeling, however, is an indispensable tool in process design. In this work, the pervaporation performance of the studied membranes was evaluated on the basis of experimental results in combination with mathematical modeling. Due to the low film thickness of the studied membranes, the fluxes were generally higher than reported earlier. Nevertheless, the evaluation in this work showed that the pervaporation performance of the ultra-thin membranes decreased due to flux limitation by membrane support. In this work, pervaporation was modeled by applying both a semi-empirical and a detailed Maxwell-Stefan based mass transfer model. The latter model considers explicitly both adsorption and diffusion, i.e. the phenomena involved in separation by pervaporation. The description of the support behavior was included in the models. Maxwell-Stefan formalism was applied in unary pervaporation for the determination of diffusivities in zeolite membranes. The models performed well within the range of experimental data. Additionally, a practical modeling approach was developed in this work to predict the temperature dependency of adsorption on zeolites. The developed approach can be utilized, e.g., in pervaporation modeling. Thus, this thesis provides knowledge of using ultra-thin zeolite membranes in the pervaporation of alcohol/water mixtures, and offers tools for pervaporation modeling.
Solar Biases in Microwave Imager Observations Assimilated at ECMWF

The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) assimilates microwave imager observations for their information on humidity, cloud, and precipitation. However, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) first-guess (FG) departure biases exhibit a 46-day oscillation with a peak-to-peak amplitude of up to 3 K in brightness temperature, which is linked to the precession of the equator crossing time of the TRMM orbit. The TMI bias has a diurnal cycle, but neither the Special Sensor Microwave Imager nor the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System shows a similar variation, so the bias must be in the TMI instrument itself. Its cause is probably solar heating of the main reflector, which is not perfectly reflective. This means that the instrument measures a combination of Earth emission and the physical temperature of the reflector. This effect has been partly corrected by the data providers, but their correction assumes a constant reflector temperature. In contrast, the ECMWF FG departures suggest that the reflector temperature varies by up to 70 K through the orbit. A method is presented for correcting the bias in the ECMWF assimilation system. It is also noted that when building future conical-scanning microwave imagers, it is important to provide reflectors that are as nonemissive as possible and to also carefully record the reflector's actual (possibly frequency-dependent) emissivity. The in-space temperature of the reflector surface should also be recorded so that it can be used in bias correction.
Economics as a Science of Human Behaviour: Towards a New Social Science Paradigm

Preface. Part A: Human Behaviour. 1. Economics as a Social Science: Approach, Applications and Interdisciplinarity. 2. Economics and Psychology: Homo Oeconomicus. Part B: Applications to Various Areas. 3. Natural Environment: Environmental Protection and Environmental Ethics. 4. Politics: Unemployment and National Socialism. 5. Arts: Investments in Paintings. 6. Family: Patriarchy in China. 7. Conflict: Fighting Political Terrorism by Refusing Recognition. 8. History: Prisoners of War. Part C: Extensions. 9. Limits and Further Development of Homo Oeconomicus. 10. The Price System and Morals. 11. Behavioural Anomalies and Economics. 12. An Ipsative Theory of Human Behaviour. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
Salmonella Enteritidis in commercial layer flocks in Europe: legislative background, on-farm sampling and main challenges

BACKGROUNDDuring 2006 there were 160,645 reported human cases ofsalmonellosis in the then 25 Member States of the European Union(equivalent to an incidence of 35.4 cases per 100,000 population (EFSA,2007a), making Salmonella the second most commonly reportedgastrointestinal zoonotic infection across the EU. However, this figureis likely to be a considerable underestimate of the true incidence ofdisease. In the EU there are five serovars that account for the majorityof cases of Salmonella in humans. These serovars are S. Enteritidis (SE),S. Typhimurium (ST), S. Infantis, S. Hadar, and S. Virchow, and weredesignated by the European Commission (EC) as ‘serovars of publichealth significance’. However, in Europe, SE is by far the predominantserovar (59-62%), followed at a distance by ST (13-17%) (EFSA, 2007a;Fisher, 2004). The rise of SE over the last few decades can be rightlydescribed as an epidemic. The number of human cases of SE started toincrease dramatically in most countries of western Europe during themid - to late eighties, and a similar phenomenon had been observed insome US regions a few years before (Saeed, 1999). This ‘SE epidemic’involved mostly phage type (PT) 4, although in some European countriesand the USA PT8 was initially predominant. In the UK, for example, atthe peak of the SE epidemic (1996/97) PT 4 isolates made up 75% of allSE human isolates. Animal surveillance data suggested a rapid spreadin commercial layers across the EU and beyond. The rapid spread of PT4 worldwide suggests that the epidemic may have originated frominfected grandparent breeding stock, and was subsequently amplifiedthrough hatcheries and disseminated globally. A notable exception tothis phenomenon in western Europe was seen some Nordic countrieswith very strict Salmonella control programmes.Epidemiological investigations demonstrated that contaminated eggsproduced by infected laying hens were the main source of humaninfection with SE (Coyle et al., 1988; Gillespie & Elson, 2005; Gillespieet al., 2005; Rabsch et al., 2001). SE shows an affinity for internal organsof the chicken and (in the case of laying hens) for the ovary and oviduct,leading to internal contamination of eggs prior to being laid (Guan etal., 2006; Humphrey et al., 1989; Poppe, 1999). However, the egg mayalso become contaminated in the shell when the poultry houseenvironment is highly contaminated with SE. In the EU, washing of eggsis not permitted, and irradiation is not regarded as acceptable by thegeneral population.Because the European Union functions as a single market, theEuropean Commission has played a major role in harmonising and co-ordinating monitoring and control programmes and ultimately aimingto reduce the prevalence of Salmonella in primary production of poultryacross member states (MS). A key piece of EU legislation is the EuropeanCommission (EC) Regulation No. 2160/2003, which requires that MS
Friction modeling for dynamic system simulation

Friction is a very complicated phenomenon arising at the contact of surfaces. Experiments indicate a functional dependence upon a large variety of parameters, including sliding speed, acceleration, critical sliding distance, temperature, normal load, humidity, surface preparation, and, of course, material combination. In many engineering applications, the success of models in predicting experimental results remains strongly sensitive to the friction model. Furthermore, a broad cross section of engineering and science disciplines have developed interesting ways of representing friction, with models originating from the fundamental mechanics areas, the system dynamics and controls fields, as well as many others. A fundamental unresolved question in system simulation remains: what is the most appropriate way to include friction in an analytical or numerical model, and what are the implications of friction model choice? This review article draws upon the vast body of literature from many diverse engineering fields and critically examines the use of various friction models under different circumstances. Special focus is given to specific topics: lumped-parameter system models ! usually of low order"—use of various types of parameter dependence of friction; continuum system models—continuous interface models and their discretization; self-excited system response—steady-sliding stability, stick/slip, and friction model requirements; and forced system response—stick/slip, partial slip, and friction model requirements. The conclusion from this broad survey is that the system model and friction model are fundamentally coupled, and they cannot be chosen independently. Furthermore, the usefulness of friction model and the success of the system dynamic model rely strongly on each other. Across disciplines, it is clear that multi-scale effects can dominate performance of friction contacts, and as a result more research is needed into computational tools and approaches capable of resolving the diverse length scales present in many practical problems. There are 196 references cited in this review-article. #DOI: 10.1115/1.1501080$
Teacher Strategies: Explorations in the Sociology of the School

Acknowledgements. Introduction Peter Woods. 1. Strategies in Teaching and Learning Peter Woods. 2. Teacher Interests and Changing Situations of Survival Threat in Primary School Classrooms Andrew Pollard. 3. 'Keeping 'em Quiet': The Significance of Noise for the Practical Activity of Teaching Martyn Denscombe 4. The Role of Humour in Teaching: Strategy and Self-Expression Robert A Stebbins. 5. Strategies and Structure: Some Critical Notes on Teacher Socialisation George Mardle and Michael Walker. 6. The Occupational Culture of Teachers David H Hargreaves. 7. Subject Disciplines as the Opportunity for Group Action: A Measured Critique of Subject Sub-Cultures Stephen J Ball and Colin Lacey. 8. Teachers' Conceptions of Professionalism and Trades unionism: An Ideological Analysis Mark B Ginsburg, Robert J Meyenn and Henry D R Miller. 9. The Politics of Participation - with Specific Reference to Teacher-Pupil Relationships Colin Hunter. 10. Patterns of Power and Authority in Classroom Talk A D Edwards. 11. Technicians or Social Bandits? Some Moral and Political Issues in the Education of Teachers Anthony Hartnett and Michael Naish. Notes on contributors. Indices.
The robustness of the asymmetrically dominated effect: Buying frames, phantom alternatives, and in‐store purchases

Given a choice set of two alternatives, the addition of a third alternative that is clearly inferior to one of the existing alternatives (but not the other), can result in a shift of preference to the alternative that dominates the new alternative. The basic asymmetrically dominated effect, as it is called, is first demonstrated under two different buying frames of mind (“What would you buy? ” and “What would most people buy? ”). It is then shown that the third alternative may be recognized as an unavailable option, yet still cause a preference shift. Finally, the asymmetrically dominated effect is demonstrated for real, in-store purchases. It is concluded that the effect is robust, has a wide scope, is quite sizeable, and is of practical significance. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self-reported Clothing Size as a Proxy Measure for Body Size

Background: Few studies have considered the potential utility of clothing size as a predictor of diseases associated with body weight. Methods: We used data on weight-stable men and women from a subcohort of the Netherlands Cohort Study to assess the correlation of clothing size with other anthropometric variables. Cox regression using the case-cohort approach was performed to establish whether clothing size can predict cancer risk after 13.3 years of follow-up, and if additionally considering body mass index (BMI) in the model improves the prediction. Results: Trouser and skirt size correlated well with circumference measurements. Skirt size predicted endometrial cancer risk, and this effect was slightly attenuated when BMI was added to the model. Trouser size predicted risk of renal cell carcinoma, regardless of whether BMI was in the model. Conclusions: Clothing size appears to predict cancer risk independently of BMI, suggesting that clothing size is a useful measure to consider in epidemiologic studies when waist circumference is not available.
The status of women in preindustrial societies

How does the status of women in different cultures actually compare with that of men? How does this position vary from one realm--religious, political, economic, domestic, or sexual--to another? To examine these questions, Martin King Whyte draws on a cross-cultural sample of 93 preindustrial societies throughout the world. His analysis describes women's roles in historical perspective, offering a much-needed foundation for feminist scholarship as well as provocative thoughts about the future.To determine why women fare better in some societies than others, Professor Whyte compares data from cultures ranging from small, preliterate hunting bands to the capitals of the Inca and Roman empires. This ethnographic material makes possible a systematic review of the diverse roles of women and also enables the author to test many of the theories advanced to explain the situation of women today.Some of the specific questions considered are: Does male supremacy have its origins in the hunting way of life of our distant ancestors? Are women always inferior to men? Do women have superior status in cultures where they produce much food and thereby play an important economic role? Has the position of women improved over the course of human evolution? Originally published in 1978.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015

ABSTRACT For almost 50 years field experiments have been used to study ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring decisions, consistently reporting high rates of discrimination against minority applicants – including immigrants – irrespective of time, location, or minority groups tested. While Peter A. Riach and Judith Rich [2002. “Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place. ” The Economic Journal 112 (483): F480–F518] and Judith Rich [2014. “What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000. ” In Discussion Paper Series. Bonn: IZA] provide systematic reviews of existing field experiments, no study has undertaken a meta-analysis to examine the findings in the studies reported. In this article, we present a meta-analysis of 738 correspondence tests in 43 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015. In addition to summarising research findings, we focus on groups of specific tests to ascertain the robustness of findings, emphasising differences across countries, gender, and economic contexts. Moreover we examine patterns of discrimination, by drawing on the fact that the groups considered in correspondence tests and the contexts of testing vary to some extent. We focus on first- and second-generation immigrants, differences between specific minority groups, the implementation of EU directives, and the length of job application packs.
Long-Term Follow-Up Study of Genome Damage Elimination in Patients with Testicular Seminoma Exposed to Ionising Radiation during Radiotherapy

Long-Term Follow-Up Study of Genome Damage Elimination in Patients with Testicular Seminoma Exposed to Ionising Radiation during Radiotherapy The rate of genome damage elimination after therapeutic exposure to ionising radiation was estimated in stage I testicular seminoma patients monitored over a seven-year follow-up. DNA damage elimination in peripheral lymphocytes of ten subjects was analysed by the chromosome aberration assay. Seven years after the end of radiotherapy, significantly increased frequency of ring and dicentric chromosomes was still detected in comparison with baseline values. These results indicate the induction of genome instability. Long-term follow-up studies of cancer patients after radiotherapy could give us valuable information on the rate of genome damage elimination after exposure to ionising radiation and about the duration and manifestation of genome instability. This may be used in health risk assessment related to the possible development of secondary neoplasia. Studies such as this could have a great value both for oncology and radiation protection management protocols, especially after accidental overexposures. Višegodišnja studija praćenja smanjenja oštećenja genoma kod bolesnika sa seminomom testisa izloženih ionizirajućem zračenju tijekom radioterapije U svrhu procjene uklanjanja oštećenja genoma nakon izlaganja ionizirajućem zračenju, sedam godina nakon radioterapije kod deset ispitanika sa seminomom testisa stadija I analizirana je učestalost strukturnih aberacija kromosoma u limfocitima periferne krvi. Sedam godina nakon radioterapije zabilježena je značajno povećana učestalost dicentričnih i prstenastih kromosoma u odnosu na kontrolne vrijednosti, što upućuje na moguću pojavu odgođene nestabilnosti genoma. Višegodišnje praćenje onkoloških pacijenata nakon radioterapije omogućuje skupljanje podataka o ritmu smanjenja oštećenja genoma i izazivanju genomske nestabilnosti (njezino trajanje i značajke) nužnih u procjeni zdravstvenog rizika, kao što su sekundarne neoplazije. Rezultati ove studije veoma su vrijedni za onkologiju i u izradi preventivnih mjera i propisa iz domene zaštite od ionizirajućeg zračenja u medicini te slučajevima nuklearnog akcidenta.
Et al

disasters. Plenum, 2001. 11. Haley R, Thomas L, Hom J. Is there a Gulf War Syndrome? Searching for syndromes by factor analysis of symptoms. JAMA 1997;277:215–22. 12. Fukuda K, Nisenbaum R, Stewart G, et al. Chronic multi-symptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. JAMA 1998;280:981–8. 13. Ismail K, Everitt B, Blatchley N, et al. Is there a Gulf War Syndrome? Lancet 1999;353:179–82. 14. Shapiro S, Lasarev M, McCauley L. Factor analysis of Gulf War illness: what does it add to our understanding of possible health effects of deployment. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:578–85. 15. Doebbeling B, Clarke W, Watson D, et al. Is there a Persian Gulf War Syndrome? Evidence from a large population-based survey of veterans and nondeployed controls. Am J Med 2000;108:695–704. 16. Knoke J, Smith T, Gray G, et al. Factor analysis of self reported symptoms: Does it identify a Gulf War Syndrome? Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:379–88. 17. Kang H, Mahan C, Lee K, et al. Evidence for a deployment-related Gulf War syndrome by factor analysis. Arch Environ Health 2002;57:61–8.
Fake source‐based source location privacy in wireless sensor networks

The development of novel wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, such as asset monitoring, has led to novel reliability requirements. One such property is source location privacy (SLP). The original SLP problem is to protect the location of a source node in a WSN from a single distributed eavesdropper attacker. Several techniques have been proposed to address the SLP problem, and most of them use some form of traffic analysis and engineering to provide enhanced SLP. The use of fake sources is considered to be promising for providing SLP, and several works have investigated the effectiveness of the fake sources approach under various attacker models. However, very little work has been done to understand the theoretical underpinnings of the fake source technique. In this paper, we (i) provide a novel formalisation of the fake sources selection problem; (ii) prove the fake sources selection problem to be NP‐complete; (iii) provide parametric heuristics for three different network configurations; and (iv) show that these heuristics provide (near) optimal levels of SLP under appropriate parameterisation. Our results show that fake sources can provide a high level of SLP. Our work is the first to investigate the theoretical underpinnings of the fake source technique. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.