Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Political Economy of Subsidy Giving

Why is subsidy-giving such a popular economic development strategy? I estimate the political benefit of subsidy-giving by combining hand-collected subsidy data, county level election returns, and a new survey of voters in states with recent subsidy deals. I find that the incumbent governor’s vote share increases by 2 to 3 percentage points in subsidy-winning counties. Surprisingly, the vote share effect is not correlated with the number of jobs promised at the subsidized establishment. In fact, the effect is only present for deals with news coverage, and the effect is largest when the subsidy is announced during the election year, which means that the governor accrues political benefit before any jobs are created. I provide suggestive evidence that career concerned governors prefer subsidy-giving to more effective job creation policies because of the positive media coverage of these subsidy deals. JEL Classifications: H25, H71, D72, R58
Symbolic powers of codimension two Cohen-Macaulay ideals

Abstract Let IX be the saturated homogeneous ideal defining a codimension two arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay scheme and let denote its m-th symbolic power. We are interested in when We survey what is known about this problem when X is locally a complete intersection, and in particular, we review the classification of when for all We then discuss how one might weaken these hypotheses, but still obtain equality between the symbolic and ordinary powers. Finally, we show that this classification allows one to: (1) simplify known results about symbolic powers of ideals of points in (2) verify a conjecture of Guardo, Harbourne, and Van Tuyl, and (3) provide additional evidence to a conjecture of Römer.
Unraveling the Complexities of Neurological Disease and Injury with Real-Time, Live-Cell Analysis

microglia-like cells (hiMGS) and monocyte-derived macrophages were co-cultured with pHrodo-labeled synaptosomes and NPCs (neural progenitor cells) and imaged real-time with the Incucyte ® Live-Cell Analysis System, revealing an increase in phagocytosis of synaptic structures and NPCs by the microglia-like cells, and lower uptake by macrophages. Cells were then treated with C4, implicated in schizophrenia, and the engulfment of synaptic structures was observed. This model suggests the possibility for the creation of patient specific models amenable to drug screening. Taken together, these examples illustrate the power of applying live-cell kinetic analysis to re-examine mechanisms of action for existing drugs and creating new screening assays, the results of which can be used to guide additional research investigations.
University of University of in Linguistics in Linguistics Definiteness Morphology in Swedish Determiner Phrases Definiteness Morphology in Swedish Determiner Phrases

Abstract In Swedish determiner phrases definiteness can be realised both pre-nominally with a definite article and post-nominally with a definite suffix on the head noun. This paper discusses the distribution of definiteness morphology in a number of morphosyntactic contexts. Separate patterns of definiteness marking emerge when considering the following morphosyntactic contexts: DPs modified with a prepositional phrase, DPs followed by a restrictive relative clause, and DPs with adjectival pre-nominal modification. This paper synthesizes various proposals in the literature to develop the working analysis: in particular, LaCara's (2011) analysis which includes two component features of definiteness and insights about DEN-omission from Simonenko (2014: Chapter 2). This working analysis demonstrates that the distribution under discussion can be unified using while maintaining a straightforward mapping between the semantics and the morphosyntax. The following avenues are identified as promising areas for future work: the distribution of definiteness morphology in additional morphosyntactic or semantic contexts and between varieties of Swedish; the semantic features adopted here and their alternatives; typological work concerning the semantic and morphosyntax definiteness cross-linguistically, including the properties of adjectival modification in definite DPs.
Local bounded cochain projection

We construct projections from the space of differential k-forms which belong to L2 and whose exterior derivative also belongs to L2, to finite dimensional subspaces of piecewise polynomial differential forms defined on a simplicial mesh. These projections have the properties that they commute with the exterior derivative and are bounded independent of the mesh size. Unlike some other recent work in this direction, the projections are also locally defined in the sense that they are defined by local operators on overlapping macroelements, in the spirit of the Clement interpolant.
Density-Based Geometry Compression for LiDAR Point Clouds

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors produce 3D point clouds that capture the surroundings, and these data are used in applications such as autonomous driving, tra � c monitoring, and remote surveys. LiDAR point clouds are usually compressed for e � cient transmission and storage. However, to achieve a high compression ratio, existing work often sacri � ces the geometric accuracy of the data, which hurts the e � ectiveness of downstream applications. Therefore, we propose a system that achieves a high compression ratio while preserving geometric accuracy. In our method, we � rst perform density-based clustering to distinguish the dense points from the sparse ones, because they are suitable for di � erent compression methods. The clustering algorithm is optimized for our purpose and its parameter values are set to preserve accuracy. We then compress the dense points with an octree, and organize the sparse ones into poly-lines to reduce the redundancy. We further propose to compress the sparse points on the polylines by their spherical coordinates considering the properties of both the LiDAR sensors and the real-world scenes. Finally, we design suitable schemes to compress the remaining sparse points not on any polyline. Experimental results on DBGC, our prototype system, show that our scheme compressed large-scale real-world datasets by up to 19 times with an error bound under 0.02 meters for scenes of thousands of cubic meters. This result, together with the fast compression speed of DBGC, demonstrates the online compression of LiDAR data with high accuracy. Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/RapidsAtHKUST/DBGC.
Molecular Technology for Isolation and Characterization of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 4 from Penaeus monodon, and the Response to Bacterial Infection and Low-Salinity Challenge

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) is a component of the JNK signaling pathway and plays an important role in immunity and stress resistance. In this study, MKK4 cDNA was cloned, and its bacterial infection and low-salinity challenge responses were researched. The full-length PmMKK4 cDNA was 1582 bp long, with an 858-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 285-amino acid (aa) protein. Results showed that PmMKK-4 was expressed in all examined tissues of P. monodon. The PmMKK4 expression level was found to be lowest in eyestalk ganglion and highest in muscle (approximately 41.25 times than in eyestalk ganglion). Following the infection of Staphylococcus aureus, PmMKK4 was up-regulated in both hepatopancreatic and gill tissues. However, after infection with Vibrio harveyi, PmMKK4 was down-regulated for a period of time in gill tissue, with fluctuating up- and down-regulation in hepatopancreas tissue. Furthermore, after infection with Vibrio anguillarum, gill tissue and hepatopancreas tissue showed a continuous downward trend. The PmMKK4 gene in the gill tissue and hepatopancreas tissue of P. monodon was activated after low-salinity stress. The expression change of PmMKK4 in gill tissue was more significant. The research showed that the PmMKK4 gene plays an important role in both innate immunities after pathogen infection and adaptation in a low-salt environment.
Volume and Determinant Densities of Hyperbolic Rational Links

The volume density of a hyperbolic link is defined as the ratio of hyperbolic volume to crossing number. We study its properties and a closely-related invariant called the determinant density. It is known that the sets of volume densities and determinant densities of links are dense in the interval [0,v_{oct}]. We construct sequences of alternating knots whose volume and determinant densities both converge to any x in [0,v_{oct}]. We also investigate the distributions of volume and determinant densities for hyperbolic rational links, and establish upper bounds and density results for these invariants.
A Numerical Study of Methods for Moist Atmospheric Flows: Compressible Equations

AbstractTwo common numerical techniques for integrating reversible moist processes in atmospheric flows are investigated in the context of solving the fully compressible Euler equations. The first is a one-step, coupled technique based on using appropriate invariant variables such that terms resulting from phase change are eliminated in the governing equations. In the second approach, which is a two-step scheme, separate transport equations for liquid water and water vapor are used, and no conversion between water vapor and liquid water is allowed in the first step, while in the second step a saturation adjustment procedure is performed that correctly allocates the water into its two phases based on the Clausius–Clapeyron formula. The numerical techniques described are first validated by comparing to a well-established benchmark problem. Particular attention is then paid to the effect of changing the time scale at which the moist variables are adjusted to the saturation requirements in two different varia.
Generating series formulas for the structure constants of Solomon's descent algebra

Introduced by Solomon in his 1976 paper, the descent algebra of a finite Coxeter group received significant attention over the past decades. As proved by Gessel, in the case of the symmetric group its structure constants give the comultiplication table for the fundamental basis of quasisymmetric functions. We show that this property actually implies several well known relations linked to the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence and some of its generalisations. We further use the theory of type B quasisymmetric functions introduced by Chow to provide analogue results when the Coxeter group is the hyperoctahedral group.
Multiply union families in $\mathbb{N}^n$

Let $A\subset \mathbb{N}^{n}$ be an $r$-wise $s$-union family, that is, a family of sequences with $n$ components of non-negative integers such that for any $r$ sequences in $A$ the total sum of the maximum of each component in those sequences is at most $s$. We determine the maximum size of $A$ and its unique extremal configuration provided (i) $n$ is sufficiently large for fixed $r$ and $s$, or (ii) $n=r+1$.
The Fermat-type equations x5 + y5 = 2zp or 3zp solved through ℚ-curves

We solve the Diophantine equations x 5 +y 5 = dz p with d = 2,3 for a set of prime numbers of density 1/4 , 1/2, respectively. The method consists in relating a possible solution to another diophantine equation and solving the later by using Q-curves and a generalized modular technique as in work of Ellenberg and Dieulefait-Jimenez along with some new techniques for eliminating newforms.
Long Cycles in t-Tough Graphs with t > 1

It is proved that if G is a t-tough graph of order n and minimum degree δ with t > 1, then either G has a cycle of length at least min{n, 2δ + 4} or G is the Petersen graphIt is proved that if G is a t-tough graph of order n and minimum degree δ with t > 1, then either G has a cycle of length at least min{n, 2δ + 4} or G is the Petersen graph
A MASSIVELY PARALLEL EXACT TSP SOLVER FOR SMALL PROBLEM SIZES

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a combinatorial optimization problem tasked with finding the shortest tour for visiting a set of cities such that each city is visited exactly once, and the tour ends in the starting city. This problem has gained attention among researchers because it is easy to describe yet difficult to solve. TSP has numerous important real-life applications, but its NP-hardness makes it difficult to find an optimal solution even for relatively small problem sizes. The literature describes many heuristic algorithms that solve the problem approximately but only few exact algorithms. The TSP solver implemented in this study is a GPU-accelerated exact solver for small problem sizes. The goal is to exploit the computing capabilities of modern GPUs for finding an optimal solution using simple algorithms. The algorithms used are exhaustive search for up to 7 cities and branch and bound for problems up to 30 cities. The branch and bound algorithm performs an irregular traversal of the search tree, making it challenging to parallelize efficiently, especially for massively parallel GPUs. I implemented the algorithm in CUDA and tested it on GPUs with different compute capabilities. My solver is exact and very fast. It outperforms the CONCORDE and LKH solvers for problems with up to 15 cities. On a 13-city instance, my solver is 36 and 15 times faster than CONCORDE and LKH, respectively.
Microscopic Validation of a Variational Model of Epitaxially Strained Crystalline Films

A discrete-to-continuum analysis for free-boundary problems related to crystalline films deposited on substrates is performed by $\Gamma$-convergence. The discrete model here introduced is characterized by an energy with two contributions, the surface and the elastic-bulk energy, and it is formally justified starting from atomistic interactions. The surface energy counts missing bonds at the film and substrate boundaries, while the elastic energy models the fact that for film atoms there is a preferred interatomic distance different from the preferred interatomic distance for substrate atoms. In the regime of small mismatches between the film and the substrate optimal lattices, a discrete rigidity estimate is established by regrouping the elastic energy in triangular-cell energies and by locally applying rigidity estimates from the literature. This is crucial to establish pre-compactness for sequences with equibounded energy and to prove that the limiting deformation is one single rigid motion. By properly matching the convergence scaling of the different terms in the discrete energy, both surface and elastic contributions appear also in the resulting continuum limit in agreement (and in a form consistent) with literature models. Thus, the analysis performed here is a microscopical justifications of such models.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Received Dec 26, 2022 Revised Mar 30, 2023 Accepted Apr 2, 2023 The effectiveness of teaching methods is determined by whether a student is attentive in a lecture or not. In face-to-face classroom teaching, a teacher is able to judge whether students are understanding the subject, based on their facial expressions. However, since the uprise of COVID-19 pandemic, virtual classrooms have found a holding in the field of education and detecting attentiveness of students is a challenge in the same. This paper proposes a student attentiveness model that would detect and monitor a student’s eye state to determine their level of attentiveness and provide a real-time feedback mechanism to the teacher. The proposed model employs a histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) method in conjunction with support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for face recognition. It then computes an adaptive eye aspect ratio (AEAR) for each individual student to determine their level of attentiveness. The model is tested on a real-time dataset and validated using classifiers (SVM, decision tree, and random forest). The results of the classifiers verify that the model produces an accuracy of more than 92%.
A fourth-order dispersive flow into K\"ahler manifolds

We discuss a short-time existence theorem of solutions to the initial value problem for a fourth-order dispersive flow for curves parametrized by the real line into a compact K\"ahler manifold. Our equations geometrically generalize a physical model describing the motion of a vortex filament or the continuum limit of the Heisenberg spin chain system. Our results are proved by using so-called the energy method. We introduce a bounded gauge transform on the pullback bundle, and make use of local smoothing effect of the dispersive flow a little.
Domains of time-dependent density-potential mappings

The key element in time-dependent density functional theory is the one-to-one correspondence between the one-particle density and the external potential. In most approaches, this mapping is transformed into a certain type of Sturm–Liouville problem. Here we give conditions for existence and uniqueness of solutions and construct the weighted Sobolev space they lie in. As a result, the class of v-representable densities is considerably widened with respect to previous work.
X-ray Compton scattering tomography

We lay the foundations for a new fast method to reconstruct the electron density in X-ray scanning applications using measurements in the dark field. This approach is applied to a type of machine configuration with fixed energy sensitive (or resolving) detectors, and where the X-ray source is polychromatic. We consider the case where the measurements in the dark field are dominated by the Compton scattering process. This leads us to a 2D inverse problem where we aim to reconstruct an electron density slice from its integrals over discs whose boundaries intersect the given source point. We show that a unique solution exists for smooth densities compactly supported on an annulus centred at the source point. Using Sobolev space estimates, we determine a measure for the ill posedness of our problem based on the criterion given by Natterer ("The mathematics of computerized tomography" SIAM 2001). In addition, with a combination of our method and the more common attenuation coefficient reconstruction, we show under certain assumptions that the atomic number of the target is uniquely determined. We test our method on simulated data-sets with varying levels of added pseudo random noise.
[Shar-THE INFLUENCE OF SILICA UPON QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, AND BIOCHEMICAL TRAITS OF TOMATO UNDER WATER STRESS

Water stress is by far the most serious limiting factor to tomato ( Solanum lycopersicom ) production, partic-ularly in Iran where located in arid and semi-arid regions. Silicon (Si) is considered an effective element to mitigate the adverse effects of water stress by promoting plant growth and production. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of the foliar application of Si (0, 100, and 200 mg L –1 ) and three water regimes – no stress (100), mild stress (80%), and severe stress (60%) – on the growth parameters, the yield, and the fruit quality as well as antioxidant status of the tomato. The imposed water stress significantly increased the total soluble solids (TSS), the total acidity (TA), and the flavonoids as well as antioxidant de fense parameters such as catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX), while the growth parameters (plant height and leaf number) and tomato yield were decreased. In contrast, the foliar application of Si (200 mg L –1 ) remarkably improved the total yield of tomatoes when exposed to water stress by improving the antioxidant enzyme activities and total flavonoid compounds. In addition, the application of Si could significantly improve the growth parameters (plant height and leaf number) and fruit quality (fruit firmness and size). As a result, the foliar application of Si could be suggested as an effective strategy for imparting water stress resistance in the tomato.
Cohomologically complete intersections with vanishing of Betti numbers

Let $I$ be ideal of an $n$-dimensional local Gorenstein ring $R$. In this paper we will describe several necessary and sufficient conditions such that the ideal $I$ becomes cohomologically complete intersections. In fact, as a technical tool, it will be shown that the vanishing $H^i_{I}(R)= 0$ for all $i\neq c= \grade (I)$ is equivalent to the vanishing of the Betti numbers of $H^c_{I}(R)$. This gives a new characterization to check the cohomologically complete intersections property with the homological properties of the vanishing of Tor modules of $H^c_{I}(R)$.
Inconsistency of Measure-Theoretic Probability and Random Behavior of Microscopic Systems

We report an inconsistency found in probability theory (also referred to as measure-theoretic probability). For probability measures induced by real-valued random variables, we deduce an "equality" such that one side of the "equality" is a probability, but the other side is not. For probability measures induced by extended random variables, we deduce an "equality" such that its two sides are unequal probabilities. The deduced expressions are erroneous only when it can be proved that measure-theoretic probability is a theory free from contradiction. However, such a proof does not exist. The inconsistency appears only in the theory rather than in the physical world, and will not affect practical applications as long as ideal events in the theory (which will not occur physically) are not mistaken for observable events in the real world. Nevertheless, unlike known paradoxes in mathematics, the inconsistency cannot be explained away and hence must be resolved. The assumption of infinite additivity in the theory is relevant to the inconsistency, and may cause confusion of ideal events and real events. As illustrated by an example in this article, since abstract properties of mathematical entities in theoretical thinking are not necessarily properties of physical quantities observed in the real world, mistaking the former for the latter may lead to misinterpreting random phenomena observed in experiments with microscopic systems. Actually the inconsistency is due to the notion of "numbers" adopted in conventional mathematics. A possible way to resolve the inconsistency is to treat "numbers" from the viewpoint of constructive mathematics.
A Priori Estimates for the Compressible Euler Equations for a Liquid with Free Surface Boundary and the Incompressible Limit

In this paper, we prove a new type of energy estimate for the compressible Euler equations with free boundary, with a boundary part and an interior part. These can be thought of as a generalization of the energies in Christodoulou and Lindblad to the compressible case and do not require the fluid to be irrotational. In addition, we show that our estimates are in fact uniform in the sound speed k. As a consequence, we obtain convergence of solutions of compressible Euler equations with a free boundary to solutions of the incompressible equations, generalizing the result of Ebin to when you have a free boundary. In the incompressible case our energies reduce to those in Christodoulou and Lindblad, and our proof in particular gives a simplified proof of their estimates with improved error estimates. Since for an incompressible irrotational liquid with free surface there are small data global existence results, our result leaves open the possibility of long‐time existence also for slightly compressible liquids with a free surface. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.