Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transition Experiments on Blunt Bodies with Isolated Roughness Elements in Hypersonic Flight

Smooth titanium hemispheres with isolated three-dimensional (3D) surface roughness elements were flown in the NASA Ames hypersonic ballistic range through quiescent CO2 and air environments. Global surface intensity (temperature) distributions were optically measured and thermal wakes behind individual roughness elements were analyzed to define tripping effectiveness. Real-gas Navier-Stokes calculations of model flowfields, including laminar boundary layer development in these flowfields, were conducted predict key dimensionless parameters used to correlate transition on blunt bodies in hypersonic flow. For isolated roughness elements totally immersed within the laminar boundary layer, critical roughness Reynolds numbers for flights in air were found to be higher than those measured for flights in CO2, i.e., it was easier to trip the CO2 boundary layer to turbulence. Tripping effectiveness was found to be dependent on trip location within the subsonic region of the blunt body flowfield, with effective tripping being most difficult to achieve for elements positioned closest to the stagnation point. Direct comparisons of critical roughness Reynolds numbers for 3D isolated versus 3D distributed roughness elements for flights in air showed that distributed roughness patterns were significantly more effective at tripping the blunt body laminar boundary layer to turbulence.
Physical origin of the quadrupole out-of-plane magnetic field in Hall-magnetohydrodynamic reconnection

A quadrupole pattern of the out-of-plane component of the magnetic field inside a reconnection region is seen as an important signature of the Hall-magnetohydrodynamic regime of reconnection. It has been first observed in numerical simulations and just recently confirmed in the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment [Y. Ren, M. Yamada, S. Gerhardt, H. Ji, R. Kulsrud, and A. Kuritsin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 055003 (2005)] and also seen in spacecraft observations of Earth’s magnetosphere. In this study, the physical origin of the quadrupole field is analyzed and traced to a current of electrons that flows along the lines in and out of the inner reconnection region to maintain charge neutrality. The role of the quadrupole magnetic field in the overall dynamics of the reconnection process is discussed. In addition, the bipolar poloidal electric field is estimated and its effect on ion motions is emphasized.
Field Theory of Tachyon Matter

We propose a field theory for describing the tachyon on a brane–antibrane system near the minimum of the potential. This field theory realizes two known properties of the tachyon effective action: (a) absence of plane-wave solutions around the minimum, and (b) exponential fall off of the pressure at late time as the tachyon field evolves from any spatially homogeneous initial configuration towards the minimum of the potential. Classical solutions in this field theory include nonrelativistic matter with arbitrary spatial distribution of energy.
Equilibrium and ageing dynamics of simple models for glasses

We analyse the properties of the energy landscape of finite-size fully connected p-spin-like models. In the thermodynamic limit the high-temperature phase is described by the schematic mode-coupling theory of supercooled liquids. In this limit, the barriers between different basins are infinite below the critical dynamical temperature at which the ergodicity is broken in infinite time. We show that finite-size fully connected p-spin-like models, where activated processes are possible, exhibit properties typical of real supercooled liquid when both are near the critical glass transition. Our results support the conclusion that fully connected p-spin-like models are the natural statistical mechanical models for studying the glass transition in supercooled liquids.
Unidirectional light emission from high-Q modes in optical microcavities

We introduce a new scheme to design optical microcavities supporting high-$Q$ modes with unidirectional light emission. This is achieved by coupling a low-$Q$ mode with unidirectional emission to a high-$Q$ mode. The coupling is due to enhanced dynamical tunneling near an avoided resonance crossing. Numerical results for a microdisk with a suitably positioned air hole demonstrate the feasibility and the potential of this concept.
Squeezed-input, optical-spring, signal-recycled gravitational-wave detectors

We theoretically analyze the quantum noise of signal-recycled laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors with additional input and output optics, namely frequency-dependent squeezing of the vacuum entering the dark port and frequency-dependent homodyne detection. We combine the work of Buonanno and Chen on the quantum noise of signal-recycled interferometers with ordinary input-output optics, and the work of Kimble el al. on frequency-dependent input-output optics with conventional interferometers. Analytical formulas for the optimal input and output frequency dependencies are obtained. It is shown that injecting squeezed light with the optimal frequency-dependent squeezing angle into the dark port yields an improvement on the noise spectral density by a factor of exp(-2r) (in power) over the entire squeezing bandwidth, where r is the squeezing parameter. It is further shown that frequency-dependent (variational) homodyne read-out leads to an additional increase in sensitivity which is significant in the wings of the doubly resonant structure. The optimal variational input squeezing in case of an ordinary output homodyne detection is shown to be realizable by applying two optical filters on a frequency-independent squeezed vacuum. Throughout this paper, we take as example the signal-recycled topology currently being completed at the GEO600 site. However, theoretical results obtained here are also applicable to the proposed topology of Advanced LIGO.
A Simulation of Galaxy Formation and Clustering

We discuss early results from the first N-body/hydrodynamical simulation to resolve the formation of galaxies in a volume large enough for their clustering properties to be reliably determined. The simulation follows the formation of galaxies by gas cooling within dark halos of mass a few times 1011 M☉ and above, in a flat cold dark matter universe with a positive cosmological constant. Over 2200 galaxies form in our simulated volume of (100 Mpc)3. Assigning luminosities to the model galaxies using a spectral population synthesis model results in a K-band luminosity function in excellent agreement with observations. The two-point correlation function of galaxies in the simulation evolves very little since z = 3, and it has a shape close to a power law over 4 orders of magnitude in amplitude. At the present day, the galaxy correlation function in the simulation is antibiased relative to the mass on small scales and unbiased on large scales. It provides a reasonable match to observations.
Fuzzy output-feedback control for non-linear systems with input time-varying delay

This study investigates the problem of output-feedback H ∞ control for Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems with input time-varying delay. Firstly, a new type of dynamic output-feedback controller is constructed for fuzzy systems with input time-varying delay. Secondly, by using Lyapunov stability theory, a condition with H ∞ performance is developed. Based on the condition, a desired dynamic output-feedback H ∞ controller is designed to guarantee that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable with H ∞ disturbance attenuation. The existence condition of the controller can be obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities, which can be solved by the standard software. The difference between the results proposed in the study and other existing ones is that a new dynamic output-feedback controller can be designed for fuzzy systems with input delay. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed results.
Quantum Monte Carlo Studies of Superfluid Fermi Gases

We report results of quantum Monte Carlo calculations of the ground state of dilute Fermi gases with attractive short-range two-body interactions. The strength of the interaction is varied to study different pairing regimes which are characterized by the product of the s-wave scattering length and the Fermi wave vector, ak{sub F}. We report results for the ground-state energy, the pairing gap {delta}, and the quasiparticle spectrum. In the weak-coupling regime, 1/ak{sub F} 0, the interaction is strong enough to form bound molecules with energy E{sub mol}. For 1/ak{sub F} > or approx. 0.5, we find that weakly interacting composite bosons are formed in the superfluid gas with {delta} and gas energy per particle approaching E{sub mol}/2. In this region, we seem to have Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of molecules. The behavior of the energy and the gap in the BCS-to-BEC transition region, -0.5<1/ak{sub F}<0.5, is discussed.
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-like proof of Bell's theorem involving observers who do not share a reference frame

Vaidman described how a team of three players, each of them isolated in a remote booth, could use a three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state to always win a game which would be impossible to always win without quantum resources. However, Vaidman's method requires all three players to share a common reference frame; it does not work if the adversary is allowed to disorientate one player. Here we show how to always win the game, even if the players do not share any reference frame. The introduced method uses a 12-qubit state which is invariant under any transformation R{sub a}xR{sub b}xR{sub c} (where R{sub a}=U{sub a}xU{sub a}xU{sub a}xU{sub a}, where U{sub j} is a unitary operation on a single qubit) and requires only single-qubit measurements. A number of further applications of this 12-qubit state are described.
A PROPOSITION FOR A DISTANCE MEASURE IN NEIGHBOURHOOD SEARCH FOR SCHEDULING PROBLEMS

ABSTRACT Meta-heuristics use iterations in which moves towards neighbourhood solutions are performed. Their power in escaping from local minima lies in accepting, according to some mechanism, solutions which worsen the current solution. It is generally accepted, that perturbations of solutions should be small. A solution for a scheduling problem is represented many times as a string of characters. The characters identify jobs to be scheduled. The use of a distance measure can enhance the search mechanism in a set of potential solutions. The notion of distance between two strings can be applied to patterns of production sequences. A distance measure is computed between permutations of the same string, which represent various single machine schedules. If cyclic permutations of the symbol sequence have distance zero, it is applicable to the Travelling Salesman Problem, where the symbol sequence represents the sequence of cities in the tour. Sometimes symbol sequences are divided into sub-strings called ‘words’ where the sequence of the words has no importance. This example can serve as a scheduling problem on parallel processors or as a multiple vehicle routing problem. The application of the distance measure to the single machine scheduling problem and the travelling salesman problem is shown. Also some implementation issues are discussed if the concept is applied within a genetic algorithm approach.
INTEGRAL spectrometer SPI’s GRB detection capabilities : GRBs detected inside SPI’s FoV and with the anticoincidence system ACS

The spectrometer SPI, one of the two main instruments of the INTEGRAL spacecraft, oers significant gamma- ray burst detection capabilities. In its 35 (full width) field of view SPI is able to localise gamma-ray bursts at a mean rate of0.8/month. With its large anticoincidence shield of 512 kg of BGO crystals SPI is able to detect gamma-ray bursts quasi omni-directionally with a very high sensitivity. Burst alerts of the anticoincidence shield are distributed by the INTEGRAL Burst Alert System. In the first 8 months of the mission about 0.8/day gamma-ray burst candidates and 0.3/day gamma-ray burst positions were obtained with the anticoincidence shield by interplanetary network triangulations with other spacecrafts.
Search for Inclusive $b\to sl^{+]l^{-}$

We have searched for the eﬀective FCNC decays b → sl + l − using an inclusive method. We set upper limits on the branching ratios B ( b → se + e − ) < 5 . 7 × 10 − 5 , B ( b → sµ + µ − ) < 5 . 8 × 10 − 5 , and B ( b → se ± µ ∓ ) < 2 . 2 × 10 − 5 (at 90 % C.L.). Combining the di-electron and di-muon decay modes we ﬁnd: B ( b → sl + l − ) < 4 . 2 × 10 − 5 (at 90 % C.L.).
Wavelet Interpolation Algorithm for Synthetic Aperture Radiometer

In this paper, we propose a wavelet-based-interpolation algorithm, which improves the effect of Fourier image reconstruction for 2 D synthetic aperture radiometer. The core idea is to get the VF (Visibility Function) data on grid points by using the interpolation algorithm. Along with the problems that Fourier transform meets being solved, the reconstruction precision improved. Comparing with the traditional interpolation methods, this algorithm has the advantages to take the correlation of the whole image into account, to keep fine details of the image, and to avoid the saw-tooth and smoothing effects associated with traditional image interpolation techniques. Accordingly, we present experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Sentence duration as an index of overall proficiency in an L2

Maximum reading rate in the native and second language has often been used to assess bilingual balance. In the present study, the duration of L2 sentences produced at a nonmaximal rate was measured. The subjects were 24 native English (NE) speakers and 240 native Korean (NK) speakers assigned to ten subgroups based on age of arrival in the US (2–22 yrs). The subjects repeated 21 aurally presented English sentences following a delay. The durations of sentences that were produced without pauses or repetitions were measured. The NK subjects who arrived in the US after the age of 9 years produced sentences that were significantly longer than did the NE subjects. Significant correlations were found to exist between the Koreans sentence durations and age of arrival in the US: (1) self‐estimated use of both Korean and English; (2) the number of segmental errors produced in English sentences; and (3) knowledge of English morphosyntax (assessed by a 144‐item Grammaticality Judgment Test). The correlation with amou.
M2-branes stretching between M5-branes

A generalization of Nahm's equation has been recently conjectured by Basu and Harvey to be the BPS condition describing the bound state of a stack of M2-branes ending on an M5-brane. In this note exact solutions are presented for the proposed BPS equation — which is from the point of view of the M2-brane world-volume dynamics — with boundary conditions appropriate for M2-branes stretching between two M5-branes. Unfortunately, since the action for multiple M5-branes or for multiple coincident M2-branes is not known, one can only resort to consistency checks of the proposal instead of a direct comparison of the M2 and M5 world-volume point of views. The existence of our solutions should be seen as such a consistency check of the conjecture, and also as a source of new insight into the dynamics of multiple M2 and M5-branes.
Corundum Structure Oxides Studied by XPS

The electronic structure behaviour of Me2O3 oxides (Me = Ti, V, Cr) has been determined from XPS valence band and core level measurements. From Ti to Cr sesquioxide the relative intensity of the 3d band increases systematically which can be explained by the (atomic) photoelectric cross section and the number of 3d electrons. Simultaneously the 3d-2p band separation decreases indicating a more stronger band overlap equivalent an enhanced covalent bonding component. The different electrical properties among the corundum structure oxides are determined by the trigonal field splitted a1g and eg orbitals, their occupation and relative energy position at the Fermi level. The observations confirm the change from itinerant to more localized behaviour of d electrons caused by crystal structure parameter change (c/a ratio).
Error metrics for predicting discrimination of original and spectrally altered musical instrument sounds

The correspondence of various error metrics to human discrimination data was investigated. Time‐varying harmonic amplitude data were obtained from spectral analysis of eight musical instrument sounds (bassoon, clarinet, flute, horn, oboe, saxophone, trumpet, and violin). The data were altered using fixed random multipliers on the harmonic amplitudes, and the sounds were additively resynthesized with estimated average spectral errors ranging from 1% to 50%. Listeners attempted to discriminate the randomly altered sounds from reference sounds resynthesized from the original data. Then, various error metrics were used to calculate the spectral differences between the original and altered sounds, and the R2 correspondence between the error metrics and the discrimination data was measured. A relative‐amplitude spectral error metric gave the best correspondence to average subject discrimination data, capturing over 90% of the variation relative to a Fourth‐order regression curve, although other formulas gave si.
Boundary losses and spatial statistics of complex modes in a chaotic microwave cavity

We experimentally study the various manifestations of ohmic losses in a two-dimensional microwave chaotic cavity and exhibit two diﬀerent contributions to the resonance widths. We show that the parts of these widths, which vary from mode to mode, are associated to ohmic losses located at the boundary of the cavity. We also describe how this non-proportional damping is responsible for the complex character of wavefunctions (corresponding to a spatially non-uniform phase), which is ubiquitous in open or dissipative wave systems. We experimentally demonstrate that the non-proportional widths are related to a single parameter, which measures the amount of complexity of wavefunctions, and provide theoretical arguments in favor of this relation.
Clonal Dispersal of Cryptococcus gattii VGII in an Endemic Region of Cryptococcosis in Colombia

This study characterized the genotype and phenotype of Cryptococcus gattii VGII isolates from Cucuta, an endemic region of cryptococcal disease in Colombia, and compared these traits with those from representative isolates from the Vancouver Island outbreak (VGIIa and VGIIb). Genetic diversity was assessed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. Phenotypic characteristics, including growth capacity under different temperature and humidity conditions, macroscopic and microscopic morphology, phenotypic switching, mating type, and activity of extracellular enzymes were studied. Virulence was studied in vivo in a mouse model. MLST analysis showed that the isolates from Cucuta were highly clonal, with ST25 being the most common genotype. Phenotypically, isolates from Cucuta showed large cell and capsular sizes, and shared phenotypic traits and enzymatic activities among them. The mating type a prevailed among the isolates, which were fertile and of considerable virulence in the animal model. This study highlights the need for a continuous surveillance of C. gattii in Colombia, especially in endemic areas like Cucuta, where the highest number of cryptococcosis cases due to this species is reported. This will allow the early detection of potentially highly virulent strains that spread clonally, and can help prevent the occurrence of outbreaks in Colombia and elsewhere.
Generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in a cascade of two type-I crystals pumped by femtosecond pulses

We report the generation of polarization-entangled photons by femtosecond-pulse-pumped spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a cascade of two type-I crystals. Highly entangled pulsed states were obtained by introducing a temporal delay between the two orthogonal polarization components of the pump field. They exhibited high-visibility quantum interference and a large concurrence value, without the need of postselection using narrow-bandwidth spectral filters. The results are well explained by the theory which incorporates the space-time dependence of interfering two-photon amplitudes if dispersion and birefringence in the crystals are appropriately taken into account. Such a pulsed entangled photon well localized in time domain is useful for various quantum communication experiments, such as quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation.
Zeta Functions of Finite Graphs and Coverings

Abstract Three different zeta functions are attached to a finite connected, possibly irregular graph X . They originate with a zeta function of Ihara which is an analogue of Riemann's as well as Selberg's zeta function. The three zeta functions are associated to one vertex variable, two variables for each edge, and 2 r (2 r −1) path variables, respectively. Here r is the number of generators of the fundamental group of X . We show how to specialize the variables of the last two zeta functions to obtain the first and we give elementary proofs of generalizations of Ihara's formula which says that the zeta function for a regular graph is the reciprocal of a polynomial. Many examples of covering graphs are also considered.
Archaeal biogeography and interactions with microbial community across complex subtropical coastal waters

Marine Archaea are crucial in biogeochemical cycles, but their horizontal spatial variability, assembly processes, and microbial associations across complex coastal waters still lack characterizations at high coverage. Using a dense sampling strategy, we investigated horizontal variability in total archaeal, Thaumarchaeota Marine Group (MG) I, and Euryarchaeota MGII communities and associations of MGI/MGII with other microbes in surface waters with contrasting environmental characteristics across ~200 km by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Total archaeal communities were extremely dominated by MGI and/or MGII (98.9% in average relative abundance). Niche partitioning between MGI and MGII or within each group was found across multiple environmental gradients. “Selection” was more important than “dispersal limitation” in governing biogeographic patterns of total archaeal, MGI, and MGII communities, and basic abiotic parameters (such as salinity) and inorganic/organic resources as a whole could be the main driver of “selection”. While “homogenizing dispersal” also considerably governed their biogeography. MGI‐Nitrospira assemblages were speculatively responsible for complete nitrification. MGI taxa commonly had negative correlations with members of Synechococcus but positive correlations with members of eukaryotic phytoplankton, suggesting that competition or synergy between MGI and phytoplankton depends on specific MGI‐phytoplankton assemblages. MGII taxa showed common associations with presumed (photo)heterotrophs including members of SAR11, SAR86, SAR406, and Candidatus Actinomarina. This study sheds light on ecological processes and drivers shaping archaeal biogeography and many strong MGI/MGII‐bacterial associations across complex subtropical coastal waters. Future efforts should be made on seasonality of archaeal biogeography and biological, environmental, or ecological mechanisms underlying these statistical microbial associations.
D3-branes in NS5-brane backgrounds

We study D3-branes in an NS5-branes background defined by an arbitrary 4d harmonic function. Using a gauge-invariant formulation of Born-Infeld dynamics as well as the supersymmetry condition, we find the general solution for the ω-field. We propose an interpretation in terms of the Myers effect.