Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detectability of gaps in the modulation of a 4‐kHz carrier

This experiment tested the idea that the auditory system contains a ‘‘modulation filter bank. ’’ It was an analog in the modulation‐frequency domain of an experiment in the audio‐frequency domain, whose results were explained in terms of ‘‘ringing’’ in the auditory filter [M. J. Shailer and B. C. J. Moore, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 1110–1117 (1987)]. Subjects had to detect a gap in sinusoidal modulation (rates of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 100 Hz, modulation index =1) applied to a 4‐kHz 70‐dB sinusoidal carrier. The modulator preceding the gap ended with a positive‐going zero crossing. The modulator was turned on at the end of the gap either at a positive‐going zero crossing (standard phase) or at a negative‐going zero crossing (reversed phase). For very small gaps [<0.1 times the period (P) of the modulator], detectability was very poor for the standard‐phase condition but was good for the reversed‐phase condition. For low modulation rates, and for a gap duration of 0.5P, the opposite pattern was observed. The resu.
The UK ROSAT Deep Survey

We present a summary of the identification content of the UK ROSAT Deep Survey. The survey is based on a 115ksec PSPC observation and comprises a sample of 70 sources to a flux limit of 2 × 10−15 ergs cm−2 s−1 (0.5–2 keV). At bright fluxes the survey is dominated by broad line QSOs, at intermediate fluxes it contains a number of groups and clusters of galaxies, but at faint fluxes the survey contains many galaxies with narrow optical emission lines (NELGs). The average X-ray spectrum of the NELGs is harder than that of the QSOs and similar to that of the X-ray background. The NELGs have optical spectra similar to the majority of the field galaxy population in the same redshift range and may simply be the more luminous members of the emission line field galaxy population. Based on optical line ratios and X-ray/optical ratios, the NELGs, both as a sample and within individual galaxies, appear to be a mixture of starburst galaxies and true AGN.
Polarized light emission from semipolar GaInN quantum wells on {11¯01} GaN facets

GaInN quantum wells with reduced piezoelectric field deposited epitaxially on the {11¯01} facets of selectively grown GaN stripes show distinct polarization properties of the emitted light. Systematic electro- and photoluminescence studies demonstrate that the light is linearly polarized parallel to the stripes, representing the ⟨112¯0⟩ direction of the GaN crystal. Our model calculations show that this is a consequence of the strain-induced valence-band splitting depending on the crystal orientation. The polarization ratio is calculated and compared to measured values.
Effective electro-optic constants of free-standing superlattices of any symmetry

A general framework describing the effective electro-optic constants of an idealized free-standing superlattice, composed of thin alternating layers is derived, as a function of the dielectric and electro-optic constants of each of the N constituents. The proposed model is valid only if the energy of light is small compared to the gap of each materials. The results are applied to superlattices with layers of all classes of all symmetries (triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, hexagonal, tetragonal, and cubic).
Regimes in the wintertime circulation over northern extratropics. I: Observational evidence

Regimes of the northern extratropical circulation in winter are identified in this paper as clusters of atmospheric states in a low-dimensional phase space generated by the leading EOFs of eddy geopotential fields. In order to define the clusters, our algorithm seeks points corresponding to local maxima for the density of atmospheric states; subsequently, a cluster is defined around each density maximum as that portion of the phase space in which the observed density can be locally approximated by a unimodal function. Two analyses were performed, using a 5-dimensional and a 3-dimensional space respectively, and they provided consistent results. Six clusters were found. the largest cluster includes 40% of the fields in our sample; its centroid is close to the climatological winter state, but it possesses a positive projection on the Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern. the other five clusters represent anomalous flow regimes and include 52% of the fields. One of them shows a low amplitude of the planetary waves; the remaining four represent states with large wave amplitude but different phases. the variability between clusters accounts for the bimodality in the amplitude of planetary waves detected in previous observational studies. Our analysis reveals that this bimodality is much enhanced in the region of the phase space where the PNA index is negative, and the separation among the clusters is stronger. Finally, frequencies of transitions between clusters are presented, which show an asymmetric behaviour in the transitions between regimes with low and high amplitude of planetary waves.
Molecular Gas in the Inner 100 Parsecs of M51

We report imaging of CO (2-1) emission in the nucleus of M51 at 1'' (47 pc) resolution. Molecular gas is found closely associated with the nuclear radio jet and the X-shaped dust absorption feature seen in the Hubble Space Telescope images. The CO emission lies along the side of the nuclear radio continuum "jet. " The strongest molecular emission is not symmetric in either position or velocity with respect to the nucleus—the dominant feature is at redshifted velocities and peaks 1'' to the west of the radio/optical nucleus. The CO (2-1) emission has an integrated flux implying a molecular gas mass of 107 M☉ for a standard Galactic giant molecular cloud CO-to-H2 conversion ratio, which is consistent with the total virial mass of the individual complexes. The redshifted CO emission is elongated with a deconvolved semimajor axis of 65 pc (1.″38). Assuming the molecular gas moves in circular orbit about the nucleus (defined by the point radio source), we find a dynamical mass of 2 × 108 M☉ at R≥47 pc with no correction for inclination. The molecular gas has sufficient density (≥105 cm-3) to collimate the radio jet and ionized outflow from the active galactic nucleus (AGN), and this gas may in fact be the reservoir of matter that supplies the AGN.
Applying Dijkstra’s algorithm for general shortest path problem with normal probability distribution arc length

We present a general treatment of shortest path problems by dynamic program in networks having normal probability distributions as arc lengths. We consider a network that may contains cycles. Two operators of sum and comparison need to be adapted for the proposed Dijkstra's algorithm. Because of inefficiency of the methods such as maximum likelihood estimation and moment generating function due to long computational efforts and inaccurate solution results, convolution approach is used to sum two normal probability distributions being employed in the Dijkstra's algorithm. Generally, stochastic shortest path problems are treated using expected values of the arc probabilities, but in the proposed method using distributed observed past data as arc lengths, an integrated value is obtained as the shortest path length. The objective of this paper is to extend the general shortest path problem in dynamic and stochastic networks where link travel times are defined as normal probability distributions. We solve a numerical example to show efficiency of our proposed approach and after finding the shortest path in the network we obtain the shortest path's density function, too.
A study of the preedge xray absorption fine structures in ni monoxide

Pre-edge features in the Ni K-edge x-ray absorption nearedge structure (XANES) spectrum of Ni monoxide (NiO) in octahedral coordination, were investigated. By comparing experimental data with dipolar and quadrupolar cross-section calculations in the framework of the full multiple-scattering theory we assign the first pre-edge peak to a direct quadrupolar transitions from the 1s core state to the 3d molecular orbitals of the central atom (due to the more effective attraction of the core hole). The intensity of quadrupolar transition is almost equal to the dipolar pre-edge structure, at higher energy, due to the hybridization between the p-orbitals of the central atom with the higher-shell metal octahedral orbitals, that reflects the density of states derived by the medium range order of the system.
Two-photon-excited autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation microscopy for the visualization of penetration of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles into human tooth tissue ex vivo

Penetration of nanoparticles into tooth tissues is of significant interest in solving problems related to reduction of tooth sensitivity, enamel strengthening and restoration and cosmetic bleaching. In this work we demonstrate two-photonexcited autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation microscopy for visualization of penetration of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles into tooth tissues.
ORDER, DISORDER, AND PHASE TRANSITION IN CONDENSED SYSTEMS Magnetoresistance Hysteresis in Granular HTSCs as a Manifestation of the Magnetic Flux Trapped by Superconducting Grains in YBCO + CuO Composites

Hysterestic behavior of the magnetoresistance of granular HTSCs and its interaction with the mag- netic hysteresis are studied by measuring magnetoresistance R ( H ) and critical current I c ( H ) of composites formed by HTSC Y 0.75 Lu 0.25 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 and CuO. A network of Josephson junctions is formed in such compos- ites, in which the nonsuperconducting component plays the role of barriers between HTSC grains. Hysteretic dependences R ( H ) of magnetoresistance are studied in a wide range of transport current density j and are ana- lyzed in the framework of the two-level model of a granular superconductor, in which dissipation takes place in the Josephson medium and the magnetic flux can be pinned both in grains and in the Josephson medium. The interrelation between the hysteresis of critical current I c ( H ) and the evolution of the hysterestic dependence R ( H ) of the magnetoresistance upon transport current variation is demonstrated experimentally. The effect of the magnetic past history on the hysteretic behavior of R ( H ) and the emergence of a segment with a negative magnetoresistance are analyzed. It is shown for the first time that the R ( H ) dependences are characterized by a parameter that is independent of the transport current, viz., the width of the R ( H ) hysteresis loop.
Lattice Green's Function for the Diatomic Lattices

Attention is called to the fact that the lattice Green's function for a diatomic alternating lattice (regular or irregular) can be calculated from the lattice Green's function for the corresponding monatomic lattice. The definition of the lattice Green's function is given in such a fashion that the imaginary part of the trace of the function gives the level density. The values at the origin are shown by graphs for the square, sc, and bcc diatomic lattices; the sc and bcc diatomic lattices are of the sodium‐chloride and cesium‐chloride type crystal structures, respectively. Discussions are given of the analytic behaviors and symmetry properties. The real part of the lattice Green's function is used to discuss the localized state of the one‐impurity problem in the diatomic lattices. Some symmetry properties for the monatomic alternating lattice are given in the Appendix.
On errors-in-variables for binary regression models

SUMMARY We consider binary regression models when some of the predictors are measured with error. For normal measurement errors, structural maximum likelihood estimates are considered. We show that if the measurement error is large, the usual estimate of the probability of the event in question can be substantially in error, especially for high risk groups. In the situation of large measurement error, we investigate a conditional maximum likelihood estimator and its properties.
Non-LTE diagnostics of the infrared observations of the planetary atmosphere

The analysis of the infrared measurements of a number of sophisticated space experiments requires modeling of molecular infrared radiation with accounting for the nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non--LTE). In this dissertation a general formulation is given of the multilevel vibrational-rotational non-LTE problem for a mixture of radiating molecular gases in a planetary atmosphere. The approach for the solution of this problem suggested here utilizes the Accelerated Lambda Iteration (ALI) technique developed in stellar astrophysics for spectrum formation calculations and for the computation of non-LTE model stellar atmospheres. This new for atmospheric science technique is not subject to the limitations of the traditional matrix and conventional lambda iteration methods which dominate the studies dealing with non-LTE in planetary atmospheres. In the case of the CO2 non-LTE problems in the atmospheres of Earth and Mars it is demonstrated that ALI approach is far superior to the other algorithms in minimizing computer time and storage and in converging much more rapidly. While ``atmospheric'' groups concentrated on the development of codes suitable for treatment of limited number of selected non-LTE problems the computer code package ALI-ARMS (for ``Accelerated Lambda Iteration for Atmospheric Radiation and Molecular Spectra'') compiled in framework of this study allows non-LTE treatment of arbitrary number of molecules interacting by collisionally induced exchange of energy and by the band overlaps. It was applied to the analysis of large amount of the infrared limb radiance data obtained both in the CRyogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) experiments on board of the german ASTRO-SPAS satellite and by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument orbiting Mars on board of the NASA Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) satellite. In case of the Earth's atmosphere first detailed distributions of temperature and trace gas concentrations in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere were obtained. The retrieved temperature data confirmed the ``two-level'' structure of the Earth's mesopause which was recently discovered in the lidar and rocket experiments. These results contribute to the studies of the mesosphere, which is considered today to be the tracer of the global climate changes.
Compact model for forward subthreshold characteristics in polymer semiconductor transistors

We present a compact model for polymer thin film transistors (TFTs) operating in forward subthreshold region. Due to the threshold voltage shift in these devices, the bias point of a device operating for a sufficiently long time moves toward the subthreshold region. Therefore, modeling subthreshold operation in polymer semiconductor based TFTs is important. We particularly address two areas where polymer TFTs are different from other disordered materials such as amorphous silicon. Firstly, the shape of the density of deep states cannot be assumed to be purely exponential. Such an assumption does not provide fine modeling of the subthreshold slope. Secondly, for subthreshold operation particularly under high drain-source bias, we need to include Poole–Frenkel type transport mechanisms such as variable range hopping and space charge limited current. This paper includes these features and develops a compact closed form model.
Treating inhomogeneous essential boundary conditions in finite element methods and the calculation of boundary stresses

Finite element approximations of the Stokes and Navier–Stokes equations with in-homogeneous essential boundary conditions are considered. Boundary conditions are enforced weakly by introducing Lagrange multipliers. Optimal error estimates, including some for the stress vector on the boundary, are derived under minimal regularity assumptions on the data. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of a practical choice of finite element spaces for which the Lagrange multiplier calculation uncouples from that for the velocity and pressure. The results are also applicable to general second-order elliptic systems.
Variable latencies of noisy signals: Estimation and testing in brain potential data

SUMMARY The electric response of the brain related to some event, i.e. stimulus, is usually estimated by repeated stimulation and subsequent averaging of the activity recorded time-locked to the stimulus. The present paper deals with the model that the single responses may have varying latency, i.e. arrival time, after stimulus onset. For estimating the single latencies, a maximum likelihood approach employing iterative Fisher-scoring is developed. Further a statistic for testing on the presence of latency variation is derived. Simulations and real data applications are discussed.
Annealing of nonhydrogenated amorphous carbon films prepared by filtered cathodic arc deposition

The effect of postdeposition annealing to 600 °C in vacuum on the hardness, modulus, film stress, and sp3 content of nonhydrogenated amorphous carbon was studied. The films were deposited using a filtered cathodic arc source and the film properties were varied by controlling the substrate bias. In films with an initial sp3 content of greater than 80% a significant decrease (from 10.5 GPa to less than 2 GPa) in the level of compressive stress was observed without deterioration of the mechanical properties. In films with an initial sp3 content of 50%, the stress and hardness remained constant. Films with lower sp3 content showed a significant increase in the level of stresses and only a marginal decrease in hardness. The evolution of stresses and hardness with annealing is discussed in light of a proposed microstructure of these amorphous films.
On Optimal Design of Compliant Mechanisms for Specified Nonlinear Path Using Curved Frame Elements and Genetic Algorithm

This paper discusses topology, shape and size optimization of fully compliant mechanisms for path generation applications using curved frame elements and genetic algorithm. The topology optimization problem is treated as a discrete ‘0-1’ problem wherein the elastic modulus is chosen as 0 or some pre-specified value, and no intermediate value in between. As the Young’s moduli are discrete topology design variables, function based genetic algorithm is employed for optimization. The size optimization variables are the lengths, in-plane widths and out-of-plane thicknesses of frame elements. Shape optimization is performed using the end slopes. Kirchhoff’s shallow arch beam theory is employed along with co-rotational geometrically nonlinear formulation. Synthesis examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of min-max criterion proposed to achieve a curved path specified using precision points.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A Skeletonizing Algorithm With Improved Isotropy

An improved algorithm is presented which is capable of transforming thick objects in a discrete binary image into thinner representations called skeletons. The skeletal shapes produced are shown to be more isotropic than those produced using other algorithms. The algorithm uses a non-iterative procedure based on the 4-distance ("city block") transform to produce connected reversible skeletons. The types and properties of 4-distance neighborhoods, which are used in skeletal pixel selection, are developed. Local-maxima are included in the skeleton, allowing reversibility using a reverse distance transform. Improved isotropy is achieved by defining pixels with certain types of neighborhoods to be interesting. It is shown that these isotropy-improving pixels may be added to the skeletons produced by any 4-distance-based skeletonizing algorithm that retains all local-maxima without affecting connectedness.
Time dependent spectral analysis of nonstationary time series

Abstract Modeling of nonstationary stochastic time series has found wide applications in speech processing, biomedical signal processing, seismology, and failure detection. Data from these fields have often been modeled as piecewise stationary processes with abrupt changes, and their time-varying spectral features have been studied with the help of spectrograms. A general class of piecewise locally stationary processes is introduced here that allows both abrupt and smooth changes in the spectral characteristics of the nonstationary time series. It is shown that this class of processes behave as approximately piecewise stationary processes and can be used to model various naturally occuring phenomena. An adaptive segmentation method of estimating the time-dependent spectrum is proposed for this class of processes. The segmentation procedure uses binary trees and windowed spectra to nonparametrically and adaptively partition the data into approximately stationary intervals. Results of simulation studies dem.
Toward N-dimensional parallel optical image processing

Encodings of N-dimensional images on planar screens are studied from the standpoint of their suitability for reduction of N-dimensional image processing to 2-dimensional one. Such a reduction, if possible, would allow us to implement N- dimensional image processing optically via 2-dimensional one which is natural to optics. With this goal in mind a planar encoding commutative with respect to set and morphological operations is proposed. Also it is shown how to simulate in the plane N-dimensional geometric duality transform. Based on such a simulation, a constant-time optical algorithm for constructing the convex hull of N-dimensional images is proposed.
Brillouin Scattering and Ultrasonic Study on an Epoxy Prepolymer

The temperature dependence of elastic properties in a common epoxy prepolymer was investigated using Brillouin scattering and ultrasonic pulse spectroscopy. In the GHz region, the Brillouin shift frequency curve showed a sharp kink at about 250 K, which was in good accordance with T g observed by DSC. The D 90R function calculated from the Brillouin shift frequency showed a clear dispersion at temperatures near 350 K, at which a broad peak of the Brillouin linewidth was observed. In the MHz region, ultrasonic wave attenuation also showed a peak near 285 K. Assuming that these changes result from the α relaxation in the glass transition region, the frequency-temperature behavior of the peaks was discussed in connection with the α relaxation in fully cured epoxy resin.
Direct Observation of a Self-Affine Crack Propagation

We study experimentally the propagation of an in-plane crack through a transparent Plexiglas block. The toughness is controlled artificially and fluctuates spatially like uncorrelated random noise. The system is loaded by an imposed displacement and cracks in mode I at low speed (10{sup -7}{endash}5{times}10{sup -5} m/s). The crack front is observed optically with a microscope and a high resolution digital camera. During the propagation, the front is pinned and becomes rough. Roughness of the crack front is analyzed in terms of self-affinity. The roughness exponent is shown to be 0.55{plus_minus}0.05 in a static regime. No evolution of the roughness exponent is observed during the propagation even if the crack speed changes. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Detection of Multivariate Outliers in Elliptically Symmetric Distributions

An extension of Ferguson's (Fourth Berkeley Symposium on Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 1961, Volume 1) univariate normal results and Schwager and Margolin's (1982) multivariate normal results for detection of outliers is made to the multivariate elliptically symmetric case with mean slippage. The main result can be viewed as a robustness property of the use of Mardia's multivariate kurtosis statistic as a locally optimum test statistic to detect outliers against nonnormal multivariate distributions.