Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Discovery of Controversial Legal Judgments by an Entropy-Based Measurement (S)

—The judgment of controversial cases has always been an important judicial issue, but it is not easy to discover them in practice. In this paper, based on 1,361,354 legal instruments data collected from China Judgments Online, we adopt a deep learning framework to classify 147 different kinds of crimes. The proposed method has three critical steps: 1) We adopt a deep learning model to predict crime categorization; 2) With the trained model, each case is given a score vector which represents the probability that it belongs to each crime; 3) With the probability score, we develop an entropy-based index to measure the controversy of each case. We ﬁnd that the larger the entropy, the more inconsistent the result given by the model based on the ﬁrst instance judgment. To verify the proposed entropy measure, we provide 1) two-sided evidence based on second instance judgments; 2) comparison with some baseline models. Both conﬁrm the practical usefulness of the entropy measure. Our results indicate that the proposed framework has an ability to discover potentially controversial cases. It should be noted that the goal of this study is not to substitute the model result for the judge’s decision, but to provide a guiding reference for the judicial practice of sentencing.
Etude des paliers magnétiques passifs

Les paliers magnetiques a reluctance variable et les paliers magnetiques a aimants permanents representent les deux principaux types de paliers magnetiques passifs. Les paliers a reluctance variable utilisent l'attraction entre des pieces polaires en materiaux doux, dont la forme geome-trique permet de creer des forces de rappel lors d'un deplacement relatif de la partie tournante par rapport a la partie fixe du palier» Certaines formes simples peuvent etre traitees par le calcul analytique, mais l'etude de la plupart des paliers necessite l'utilisation de methodes numeriques. Les paliers a aimants permanents utilisent les forces d'attraction ou de repulsion entre des aimants de forme annulaire. Ils sont plus simples a concevoir et a realiser que les precedents. Apres avoir dresse la liste de l'ensemble des configurations pos¬sibles, le calcul analytique des differents types de paliers a permis de tirer un grand nombre de resultats relatifs aux formes geometriques ideales et aux possibilites de ces dispositifs. Quant a la realisation de ces paliers, l'etude de differents materiaux a aimant a montre que les Terres Rares-Cobalt, qui allient a une aimantation elevee un champ coercitif important, sont particuliere-ment bien adaptes a cette application. La technique du frettage de l'aimant tournant permet d'atteindre de tres grandes vitesses de rotation. Ces dispositifs sont principalement utilises soit lorsqu'on recherche un couple de frottement minimum (suspension du disque d'un compteur electrique), soit pour le positionnement d'un rotor tournant a tres grande vitesse (volant de stockage d'energie).
Exploring channel switching in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic: Are shoppers all driven by the same motivations?

PurposeThe pandemic impacted consumers' shopping processes, leading them to approach the online channel for grocery shopping for the first time. The paper contributes to the retailing literature by identifying different grocery shopper segments willing to switch online moved by heterogeneous motivations. Integrating the technology acceptance model 2 (TAM-2) and the protection motivation theory (PMT), this study identifies technology-related and Covid-related motivations jointly impacting channel switching.Design/methodology/approachA mixture regression model was estimated on the 370 valid questionnaires, filled out by Italian shoppers, delivering four internally consistent segments.FindingsThe results reveal the existence of four segments willing to switch towards the online channel for grocery shopping in the aftermath of the pandemic. Utilitarian shoppers would switch online as they consider the online channel useful and easy to use. Responsive shoppers will prefer the online channel driven by the fear of being infected in-store. Novel enthusiasts show interest in the online channel to not catch the virus and cope with emotional fear, although they consider online shopping as an enjoyable and useful activity as well. Smart shoppers consider online shopping as an easy-to-use alternative for their grocery purchases.Originality/valueThis paper identifies technology-related and Covid-related motivations jointly impacting shoppers' channel switching to online and presents a novel method – i.e. mixture regression – allowing for the identification of shopper segments motivated by different reasons, both emotional and utilitarian, to switch towards the online channel for their grocery shopping. Among other motivations, the fear of Covid-19 is identified as a relevant motivation to switch to online.
Midwifery, freedom to practice? : an international exploration of midwifery practice

1. Introduction 2. Best practice: aims and realities 3. Midwifery in Australia: emerging from the shadows 4. Embracing change: maintaining standards 5. Midwifery practice in Ghana and Malawi: influences of the health system 6. Does being a Principality with an Assembly government help midwives in Wales to be free to practise? 7. Between a rock and a hard place: the situation of the Finnish midwife 8. Midwifery led care 9. The impact of war on the practice of midwifery and the wellbeing of women and children in Iraq 10. Midwifery Irish style. Government policy: its effects on midwifery practice 11. A culturally diverse and disease-burdened environment: the effects on midwifery practice 12. Birthing in Latvia: midwives serving lovingly 13. Normal birth in Scotland: the effects of policy, geography and culture 14. Independence in practice:a New Zealand case study of midwives partnership 15. Women supporting midwifery: the influence of consumer organisations on best practice
Perturbation Resilience of Self-Adaptive Step-Size Algorithms for Solving Split Variational Inclusion Problems and their Applications

Abstract In this paper, two viscosity proximal type algorithms involving the superiorization method are presented for solving the split variational inclusion problems in real Hilbert spaces. Strong convergence theorems and bounded perturbation resilience analysis of the proposed algorithms are obtained under mild conditions. The split feasibility problems, the split minimization problems, and the variational inequality problems are concerned as the applications, and several numerical experiments are performed to show the efficiency and implementation of the proposed algorithms.
Analysis of Potential Non-Canonical or Alternate STAT5 Functions in Immune Development and Growth.

BACKGROUND Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins play key roles in development, growth, and homeostasis. These roles have principally been assigned to their "canonical" function as inducible transcriptional activators acting downstream of cytokines and other factors. However, variant "non-canonical" functions have also been identified. The potential in vivo role for non-canonical STAT functions was investigated in the zebrafish model. METHODS Two zebrafish Stat5.1 mutants were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 that should impact canonical functionality: one with a deleted transactivation domain (ΔTAD) and another with a disrupted tyrosine motif (ΔTM). Immune cell development, growth, and adiposity of these Stat5.1 mutants were assessed in comparison to a Stat5.1 knockout (KO) mutant in which both canonical and non-canonical functions were ablated. RESULTS Both the ΔTAD and ΔTM mutants showed significantly reduced embryonic T lymphopoiesis, similar to the KO mutant. Additionally, adult ΔTAD and ΔTM mutants displayed a decrease in T cell markers in the kidney, but not as severe as the KO, which also showed T cell disruption in the spleen. Severe growth deficiency and increased adiposity were observed in all mutants, but ΔTAD showed a more modest growth defect whereas ΔTM exhibited more profound impacts on both growth and adiposity, suggesting additional gain-of-function activity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that canonical Stat5.1 plays a major role in T cell development and growth throughout the lifespan and non-canonical Stat5.1 functions also contribute to aspects of adult T lymphocyte development and growth, with alternate functions impacting growth and adiposity.
Effect of Pretreatment on the Nitrogen Doped Activated Carbon Materials Activity towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Nitrogen-doped activated carbons with controlled micro- and mesoporosity were obtained from wood and wastes via chemical processing using pre-treatment (pyrolysis at 500 °C and hydrothermally carbonization at 250 °C) and evaluated as oxygen reduction catalysts for further application in fuel cells. The elemental and chemical composition, structure and porosity, and types of nitrogen bonds of obtained catalyst materials were studied. The catalytic activity was evaluated in an alkaline medium using the rotating disk electrode method. It was shown that an increase in the volume of mesopores in the porous structure of a carbon catalyst promotes the diffusion of reagents and the reactions proceed more efficiently. The competitiveness of the obtained carbon materials compared to Pt/C for the reaction of catalytic oxygen reduction is shown.
Prediction of the 4-Year Incidence Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Healthy Japanese Adults: The Fukushima Health Database

Aim: Estimating the risk of developing ischemic stroke (IS) may assist health professionals in motivating individuals to modify their risk behavior. Methods: A predictive model was derived from 178,186 participants from Fukushima Health Database, aged 40-74 years, who attended the health checkup in 2014 and completed at least one annual health checkup by 2018 (Cohort I). Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to build a 4-year prediction model, thus the risk scores were based on the regression coefficients. External validation for the risk scores was conducted in another cohort of 46,099 participants following between 2015 and 2019 (Cohort II). Results: The 4-year cumulated incidence rate of IS was 179.80/100,000 person-years in Cohort I. The predictive model included age, sex, blood pressure, hypertension treatment, diabetes, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, walking pace, and body weight change of 3 kg within one year. Risk scores were interpreted based on the Cohort I predictive model function. The Harrell’sC-statistics of the discrimination ability of the risk score model (95% confidence interval) was 0.744 (0.729-0.759) in Cohort I and 0.770 (0.743-0.797) in Cohort II. The overall agreement of the risk score probability of IS incidence for the observed/expected case ratio and 95% CI was 0.98 (0.92-1.05) in Cohort I and 1.08 (0.95-1.22) in Cohort II. Conclusions: The 4-year risk prediction model revealed a good performance for IS incidence, and risk scores could be used to estimate individual incidence risk of IS. Updated models with additional confirmed risk variables may be needed.
Establishing Benchmark Percentiles for the Classification of Body Fat Percentage of Professional Male Athletes Competing in Combat Sports through Bioimpedanciometry

Body composition as a meaningful factor can result in physiological responses in both the physical body and general health status. Nevertheless, the schemes for establishing cut-off points for identifying the classifications of the body fat percentage of athletes competing in combat sports still include gaps. The aim of this study was, by using bioimpedanciometry, to calculate the percentiles for the classification of body fat percentages in Lithuanian professional male athletes (n = 52) competing in combat sports with weight classes. A total of 52 Lithuanian professional male athletes competing in combat sports with weight classes were evaluated using a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis method with frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 1000 kHz. Percentiles P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97 were used to determine the classification. As a consequence, the following classification categories were assigned: 6.6–7.8% (extremely low); 7.9–10.9% (very low); 11.0–14.7% (below normal); 14.8–18.8% (normal); 18.9–21.5% (above normal); 21.6–29.3% (very excessive); and ≥29.4% (extremely excessive). The assessment of body composition in combat sports athletes identified an inverse association between higher body fat levels and a decrease in the muscle-to-fat ratio (β –1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): –1.5; –1.0, p < 0.001). The relationship between lower body fat percentage and lighter weight categories in which combat sports athletes from different combat sports were competing has been identified (β 0.3%, 95% CI: 0.2; 0.3, p < 0.0001). The established cut-off points may assist sports medicine professionals and sports dietitians in monitoring the adiposity of combat sports athletes.
Rural Knowledge Centers as Facilitators of New Learning Opportunities for the Rural Families: a case study

There are various names and descriptions for rural knowledge centers, but their main role is facilitate the access to managed or direct information services for rural families. India is home to a very large number of pilot projects in this sector over the last about ten years. The number of internet-connected rural knowledge centers varies but is believed to be close to 10000 as of mid-2006. The recent decision of the Government of India to establish about 1,00,000 Common Service Centers has generated altogether new possibilities and opportunities to design and make available a wide range of information services for the rural poor in India. Earlier studies indicated that the access to government information, and information on education were the two priority information demands. A number of projects include provision of governance-related information as a key service. Education mostly relating to IT literacy is offered on many projects although systematic efforts to measure the importance and impact of such information are not yet available. One of the significant challenges that India faces is the recurrence of disasters that lead to large scale disruption of economic and development activities and causes considerable distress among the victims. Over a period of time, relief measures have become affordable in many situations but the cumulative losses are staggering. The Disaster Management Authority of India has identified drought and earthquakes as among the phenomena that can cause deep and lasting distress among the victims while generating massive economic losses to the system as a whole. There is a need to identify new systems that combine early warning arrangements with access for appropriate support services. Over the last two years, ICRISAT has made an effort in partnership with CRIDA to study the possible use of rural knowledge centers in enhancing drought preparedness at the micro-regional level among the rural families. The pilot is premised on the assumption that a country such as India has reasonable arrangements for early warning communication in a top-down manner. International experience shows that such top-down flow of important information must combine with a bottom-up process for its rapid and effective use by the intended recipients, namely the rural families. The rural knowledge centers, operating in an interactive hub-and-spokes model for local value-addition and dissemination and capture, could provide the right interfaces to generate such blended communication.
Privacy-Aware Task Allocation and Data Aggregation in Fog-Assisted Spatial Crowdsourcing

Spatial crowdsourcing (SC) enables task owners (TOs) to outsource spatial-related tasks to a SC-server who engages mobile users in collecting sensing data at some specified locations with their mobile devices. Data aggregation, as a specific SC task, has drawn much attention in mining the potential value of the massive spatial crowdsensing data. However, the release of SC tasks and the execution of data aggregation may pose considerable threats to the privacy of TOs and mobile users, respectively. Besides, it is nontrivial for the SC-server to allocate numerous tasks efficiently and accurately to qualified mobile users, as the SC-server has no knowledge about the entire geographical user distribution. To tackle these issues, in this paper, we introduce a fog-assisted SC architecture, in which many fog nodes deployed in different regions can assist the SC-server to distribute tasks and aggregate data in a privacy-aware manner. Specifically, a privacy-aware task allocation and data aggregation scheme (PTAA) is proposed leveraging bilinear pairing and homomorphic encryption. PTAA supports representative aggregate statistics (e.g., sum, mean, variance, and minimum) with efficient data update while providing strong privacy protection. Security analysis shows that PTAA can achieve the desirable security goals. Extensive experiments also demonstrate its feasibility and efficiency.
Recent Advances in Microbial-Assisted Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soil

Soil contamination with cadmium (Cd) is a severe concern for the developing world due to its non-biodegradability and significant potential to damage the ecosystem and associated services. Industries such as mining, manufacturing, building, etc., rapidly produce a substantial amount of Cd, posing environmental risks. Cd toxicity in crop plants decreases nutrient and water uptake and translocation, increases oxidative damage, interferes with plant metabolism and inhibits plant morphology and physiology. However, various conventional physicochemical approaches are available to remove Cd from the soil, including chemical reduction, immobilization, stabilization and electro-remediation. Nevertheless, these processes are costly and unfriendly to the environment because they require much energy, skilled labor and hazardous chemicals. In contrasting, contaminated soils can be restored by using bioremediation techniques, which use plants alone and in association with different beneficial microbes as cutting-edge approaches. This review covers the bioremediation of soils contaminated with Cd in various new ways. The bioremediation capability of bacteria and fungi alone and in combination with plants are studied and analyzed. Microbes, including bacteria, fungi and algae, are reported to have a high tolerance for metals, having a 98% bioremediation capability. The internal structure of microorganisms, their cell surface characteristics and the surrounding environmental circumstances are all discussed concerning how microbes detoxify metals. Moreover, issues affecting the effectiveness of bioremediation are explored, along with potential difficulties, solutions and prospects.
The phanerozoic carbon cycle : CO[2] and O[2]

The term "carbon cycle" is normally thought to mean those processes that govern the present-day transfer of carbon between life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. This book describes another carbon cycle, one which operates over millions of years and involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the combination of life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks and ancient sedimentary organic matter (including recent, large-scale human-induced burning of fossil fuels), the burial of organic matter and carbonate minerals in sediments, and volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide contribute to this cycle. In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle, Robert Berner shows how carbon cycle models can be used to calculate levels of atmospheric CO[2 and O[2 over Phanerozoic time, the past 550 million years, and how results compare with independent methods. His analysis has implications for such disparate subjects as the evolution of land plants, the presence of giant ancient insects, the role of tectonics in paleoclimate, and the current debate over global warming and greenhouse gases
Detailed characterisation of invasive aspergillosis in a murine model of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease shows new insights in infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus versus Aspergillus nidulans

Introduction Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is the most prevalent infectious complication in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Yet, understanding of fungal pathogenesis in the CGD host remains limited, particularly with regards to A. nidulans infection. Methods We have used a murine model of X-linked CGD to investigate how the pathogenesis of IA varies between A. fumigatus and A. nidulans, comparing infection in both X-linked CGD (gp91-/-) mice and their parent C57BL/6 (WT) mice. A 14-colour flow cytometry panel was used to assess the cell dynamics over the course of infection, with parallel assessment of pulmonary cytokine production and lung histology. Results We observed a lack of association between pulmonary pathology and infection outcome in gp91-/- mice, with no significant mortality in A. nidulans infected mice. An overwhelming and persistent neutrophil recruitment and IL-1 release in gp91-/- mice following both A. fumigatus and A. nidulans infection was observed, with divergent macrophage, dendritic cell and eosinophil responses and distinct cytokine profiles between the two infections. Conclusion We have provided an in-depth characterisation of the immune response to pulmonary aspergillosis in an X-linked CGD murine model. This provides the first description of distinct pulmonary inflammatory environments in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans infection in X-linked CGD and identifies several new avenues for further research.
SIDE FRICTION OF PILES IN CALCAREOUS SANDS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING, SAN FRANCISCO, 12-16 AUGUST 1985

Steel piles driven in calcareous sands develop considerably less side resistance than those driven in silica sands. This paper describes an investigation of the strength behavior and soil-steel friction of two noncemented calcareous sands, with particular emphasis on the effects of grain crushing on these properties. Results indicate that calcareous sands have very high friction angles, and average soil-steel friction angles. Grain crushing does not appear to reduce these properties. It is concluded that low side friction of steel piles driven in calcareous sands is caused by low effective soil-pile interface stresses rather than small soil-pile friction angles. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 287689. (Author/TRRL)
Sound transmission through a fluctuating ocean

Sketch by Leonardo da Vinci Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Part I. The Ocean Environment: 1. Ocean structure 2. Planetary waves and eddies 3. Linear internal waves Part II. Introduction to Sound Transmission in the Ocean: 4. The ocean sound channel 5. The wave equation Part III. Sound Transmission Through a Fluctuating Ocean: 6. Transmission through a homogeneous, isotropic medium 7. The ocean medium 8. Statistics of acoustic signals 9. Multipath effects and n-point Gaussian statistics Part IV. Theory of Sound Transmission: 10. Supereikonal, or Rytov approximation 11. Propagation through a single upper turning point 12. Path integrals and propagation in saturated regimes 13. The transport equation in sound scattering Part V. Experimental Observations of Acoustic Fluctuations: Eleuthera-Bermuda 15. Cobb seamount 16. Azores Epilogue Appendices Bibliography Glossary of terms Units, dimensions and glossary of symbols Index.
Livelihoods and Vulnerability in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Southern Africa: Exploring the links between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation

This book sets out the findings of research conducted into the links between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation in Southern Africa. It follows from extensive primary research conducted in the region, as well as intensive engagement with researchers, policy-makers and relevant institutions in several countries in southern Africa, as part of the Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation Programme led by DFI, NERC and ESRC.