Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Income Share of Energy and Substitution: A Macroeconomic Approach

As the atmospheric concentration of CO2 emissions has grown to record levels, calls have grown for governments to make steeper emissions cuts, requiring to reduce an economy’s use of fossil energy dramatically. Meanwhile, in the U.S., fossil energy still met 80 percent of the total energy demand as of 2019. This paper examines U.S. energy dependence, measured by its factor share, using a simple neoclassical framework in a systematic way. We find that with empirically plausible differences in substitution elasticities, particularly with a time-varying substitution elasticity between equipment capital and energy, changes in observed factor inputs can account for the variation in the income share of energy. Our analysis suggests that energy-saving technical change may simply be serving as a proxy for capital-energy substitutability. We also use our framework to think about the future. Substitution possibilities among different factor inputs can allow for a decline in the factor share of energy in the long-run. JEL: E13, E25, J23, J3, J68, Q41, Q42, Q48 ∗We thank Christiane Baumeister, Lee E. Ohanian, and participants at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City for helpful comments, and Sungil Kim for excellent research assistance. The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or of any other person associated with the Federal Reserve System. First version: November 2021. †Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 1 Memorial Drive, Kansas City, MO 64198. E-mail: Nida.CakirMelek@kc.frb. org. ‡Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 20th St. and Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20551. E-mail: musa.orak@frb.gov.
Simple reconfigurable antenna with radiation pattern

A radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna is proposed. By controlling the switch states, the antenna can be worked as a monopole antenna with an omnidirectional radiation pattern or a dipole antenna with reflector, which has directional radiation pattern. Detailed design considerations of the proposed antenna, simulated and experimental results are presented and discussed.
Current waveform distortion in power factor correction circuits employing discontinuous-mode boost converters

For active power factor correction circuits employing discontinuous-mode boost converters, the line current will automatically follow the sinusoidal line-voltage waveform. However, due to the modulation of the input inductor current discharging time, there is certain distortion in the AC line-current waveform. It is found that the modulation of inductor current discharging time is a function of the line voltage and the output voltage of the boost converter. For practical design considerations, the waveform distortion and the maximum power factor achievable are derived and presented in a graph form as functions of the ratio of line voltage to output voltage. <<ETX>>
The Effect of Work Environment Conditions, Work Discipline, and Communications on Employee Performance at KSPPS BMT Surya Madinah and BMT Pahlawan Tulungagung

This research is motivated by developments in the era of globalization resulting in an increasingly sharp increase in competition between companies, so that companies are required to highlight all their assets, especially human resources. Human resources are required to continuously be able to develop themselves proactively. Because to achieve the company's corporate goals, it is necessary to have a major asset in the form of employees with good performance. To achieve good performance, the company needs to pay attention to the conditions of a conducive work environment, high work discipline, and good communication. The research aims to analyze and to explain the simultaneous and partial influence of variables of Work Environment Condition, Work Discipline and Communication on Employee Performance of KSPPS BMT Surya Madinah and BMT Pahlawan Tulungagung. This study uses a quantitative approach with the type of associative. The data that was used as primary data from the distribution of questionnaires with 50 respondents, divided into 2 namely was 36 respondents at KSPPS BMT Surya Madinah and 14 respondents at BMT Pahlawan Tungagung. The data analysis that was used was the validity test, reliability test, normality test, classic assumption test, multiple linear regression test, coefficient of determination test (R2), and hypothesis testing (t-test and f test). The results of this research indicate that: (1) the work environment condition has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees of KSPPS BMT Surya Madinah and BMT Pahlawan Tungagung. (2) work discipline has a positive and significant effect on the performance of KSPPS BMT Surya Madinah and BMT Pahlawan Tulungagung employees. (3) communication has a positive and significant effects to the performance of KSPPS BMT Surya Madinah and BMT Pahlawan Tulungagung employees. (4) the work environment condition, work discipline, and communication together have a positive and significant effect on the performance of the employees of KSPPS BMT Surya Madinah and BMT Pahlawan Tulungagung
Wavelet packet modulation: solving the synchronization problem

The novel use of a Maximum Likelihood Decision-Directed (MLDD) synchronization scheme for a Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) System is discussed. MLDD synchronization allows symbol synchronization without edge detection. Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) techniques are being increasingly employed in military communication networks to combat time-dispersive and time-variant channel effects. One MCM method, Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, has been particularly effective against multipath fading environments. Wavelet packet modulation has recently been introduced to address the need for improved transmission performance over channels with joint time and frequency interference components. Wavelet Packet Modulation's strength rests in a flexible, custom mapping of the desired signal on the communications channel at the transmitter to avoid a variety of a priori noise/interference patterns. The use of wavelet packet modulation on wireless channels has been hindered due to symbol synchronization not being achievable with conventional edge detection techniques. A MLDD receiver symbol timing recovery algorithm is presented here that should help expedite the adoption of WPM on wireless channels.
Statischer Stiffness-Index von zwei Multikomponenten-Bandagen-Kompressionssystemen: Ergebnisse einer randomisierten kontrollierten Studie an gesunden Probanden Static Stiffness Index of Two Multicomponent Bandage Compression Systems: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial on Healthy Volunteers

Zusammenfassung Zweck Vergleich der Leistung von zwei Mehrkomponenten-Kompressionssystemen. Methoden In dieser randomisierten, kontrollierten Studie wurden beide Beine von 25 gesunden Probanden nach dem Zufallsprinzip entweder mit einem Kompressionssystem der neuen Generation (UrgoK1, eine einzige Binde) oder einem etablierten System (UrgoK2, zwei Binden) als Kontrolle bandagiert. Beide Systeme wurden Tag und Nacht getragen. Arbeits- und Ruhegrenzflächendruck wurden unmittelbar nach dem Anlegen und nach 4 h, 24 h, 48 h und 72 h gemessen und der Static Stiffness Index (SSI) berechnet. Ergebnisse Nach 4 Stunden wurden mit beiden Systemen ähnlich hohe Arbeitsdrücke und mäßige Ruhedrücke registriert. Im Zeitverlauf folgten die Druckänderungen und des SSI den gleichen Kurven. Nach 48 h wurde ein SSI ≥ 10 mmHg bei 88 % der getesteten und 76 % der Kontrollsysteme erreicht, was die Nichtunterlegenheit des Testsystems bestätigt (p = 0,016). Beide Systeme wiesen gute Halteeigenschaften auf und waren gut verträglich, aber das getestete System wurde von der Mehrheit der Probanden als deutlich angenehmer empfunden und schließlich dem Kontrollsystem vorgezogen. Schlussfolgerung Das neue Kompressionssystem erreichte ähnliche Leistungen wie die Kontrolle, aber seine bessere Akzeptanz könnte ein Vorteil für die Patientencompliance sein. Diese vielversprechenden Ergebnisse müssen in einer klinischen Studie an Patienten mit Unterschenkelulcera und/oder Ödemen bestätigt werden. Abstract Purpose To compare the performances of two multicomponent compression systems. Methods In this randomised controlled trial, both legs of 25 healthy volunteers were randomly bandaged with either a new generation of compression system (UrgoK1, one unique bandage) or an established system (UrgoK2, two bandages), as a control. Both systems were worn day and night. Working and resting interfaces pressures were measured, and Static Stiffness Index (SSI) calculated, immediately after application and after 4 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Results After 4 hours, similar high working pressures and moderate resting pressures were registered with both systems. Over time, changes in pressures and in SSI followed the same curves. After 48 h, a SSI ≥ 10 mmHg was reached with 88 % and 76 % of the tested and control systems, respectively, validating the non-inferior rigidity of the tested system (p = 0.016). Both systems presented good holding properties and were well tolerated, but the tested system was perceived as significantly more comfortable and eventually preferred to the control system by the majority of the volunteers. Conclusion The new compression system achieved similar performances to the control, but its better acceptability could become an asset for patients’ compliance. These promising results need to be confirmed in a clinical study on patients with leg ulcers and/or oedema.
Association of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibition with Covid‐19 hospitalization and all‐cause mortality in the UK biobank

With growing evidence on the protective effect of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19), we aimed to thoroughly investigate the association between the use of major classes of antihypertensive medications and Covid‐19 outcomes in comparison with the use of ACEIs and ARBs.
High Speed Optical Interconnects For Computing Applications

Conventional electrical interconnect and switching technology is rapidly becoming a critical issue in the realization of systems using high speed silicon and GaAs - based technologies. Comparisons between optical interconnect techniques and conventional electrical interconnect techniques are made as they are applied to high speed electronic computing systems. Theoretical and empirical data are used to identify the advantages of optical interconnects at various levels. Besides the inherent advantages of optics such as speed, reduced electromagnetic and radio frequency interference and crosstalk, optical interconnects are capable of providing larger fanouts at higher bandwidths, with possible lower system power and complexity. In addition, optics has an advantage over conventional interconnects via the density potential of free-space interconnects. A review of recent analysis and results of using optical communication in high speed electronic computing applications is presented.
Thin Film ZnO-MOS Transducer with Virtually DC Response

Thin piezoelectric films can be combined with MOS transistors in various ways to make sensitive ultrasonic transducers for bulk and surface waves. By encapsulating a thin sputtered ZnO film and an MOS amplifier in either sputtered or chemically vapor-deposited silicon dioxide, these devices can be made to have a near dc response. Time constants as long as one week have been measured. The frequency response, sensitivity, dynamic ranqe and stabilitv of uncovered and insulator-encaps ulated transduckrs are given. Comparisons are between transducers having ZnO adjacent the gate region of the MOS transistor. made to or in
Launching of the HE11 surface-wave mode on a dielectric rod

The fields excited by a point electric dipole situated on, but oriented perpendicularly to, the axis of an infinitely long dielectric rod are examined. A technique, which involves expressing the fields and the source in a Fourier integral in the z direction and a Fourier series in the ? direction in a cylindrical co-ordinate system (p, ? z), is adopted for the analysis. Only the dominant HE11 dipole modes are found to be excited. Some preliminary numerical results for the dispersion characteristics and the surface-wave power are presented.
Emerging topical drug delivery approaches for the treatment of Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing skin inflammation disease that generally affects 20% of children and 1–3% of adults. It is characterized by pruritus, inflammatory skin lesions, and skin barrier defect. The pillar treatment is topical therapies that have shown great adherence and incredible results in alleviating symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors have shown improvement in the symptoms of atopic dermatitis but have certain side effects. There is need to develop new therapies or novel drug delivery approaches which can overcome drawbacks of the conventional formulation and increase the therapeutic efficacy.
Automatic ultrasonic measurement of sound velocity in liquids by a phase-locked loop method

This paper describes the workings of a new ultrasonic technique for measuring sound velocity in liquids which relies on a phase-locked loop method to automatically eliminate dependence on temperature. The sound velocity v is easily found from the Main VCO frequency f multiplied with the coefficient as the ratio of a known sound velocity v/sub s/ and its frequency f/sub s/. The validity and usefulness for the system was verified experimentally using NaCl solutions as test-liquid specimens. The compensated frequency f/sub C/ is gained from the output of the compensatory VCO (Comp VCO) which is automatically eliminates the strong temperature dependence of sound velocity in liquids. The Comp VCO is constructed identically to the Main VCO. The sound velocity for eliminating the temperature dependence was easily obtained with v=v/sub s/f/sub C//f/sub s/. The system with compensation circuit was applied to NaCl solutions of varying concentrations and was shown to yield 0.0005% accurate velocity determination, independent of temperature variations of /spl plusmn/1.3/spl deg/C at approximately 24.9/spl deg/C.
A Project Portfolio Risk-Opportunity Identification Framework

This article introduces a framework to identify risks and opportunities during portfolio risk management that helps to decrease the uncertainty of achieving the strategic goals of the organization. The final output of the framework is a portfolio risk-opportunity register, which highlights the potential events that could impact the achievement of the goals. An illustrative example of how risk-opportunity identification can be conducted within this framework is also exposed. In spite of being theoretical in nature, the model contributes to the risk management domain applied specifically to project portfolio management, opening the possibility of further research for its verification.
Night-time pedestrian classification with histograms of oriented gradients-local binary patterns vectors

The use of night vision systems in vehicles is becoming increasingly common, not just in luxury cars but also in the more cost sensitive sectors. Numerous approaches using infrared sensors have been proposed in the literature to detect and classify pedestrians in low visibility situations. However, the performance of these systems is limited by the capability of the classifier. This paper presents a novel method of classifying pedestrians in far-infrared automotive imagery. Regions of interest are segmented from the infrared frame using seeded region growing. A novel method of filtering the region growing results based on the location and size of the bounding box within the frame is described. This results in a smaller number of regions of interest for classification, leading to a reduced false positive rate. Histograms of oriented gradient features and local binary pattern features are extracted from the regions of interest and concatenated to form a feature for classification. Pedestrians are tracked with a Kalman filter to increase detection rates and system robustness. Detection rates of 98%, and false positive rates of 1% have been achieved on a database of 2000 images and streams of video; this is a 3% improvement on previously reported detection rates.
An On-Chip Clock Controller for Testing Fault in System on Chip

In this paper, an on-chip clock (OCC) controller with bypass function based on an internal phase locked loop (PLL) is designed to test the faults in system on chip (SOC), such as the transition-delay faults and the stuck-at faults. A clock chain logic which can eliminate the metastable state is realized to generate an enable signal for the OCC controller, and then, the test pattern is generated by the automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) tools. Next, the scan test pattern is simulated by the Synopsys tool and the correctness of the design is verified. The result shows that the design of at-speed scan test in this paper is high efficient for detecting the timing-related defects. Finally, the 89.29 percent transition-delay fault coverage and the 94.50 percent stuck-at fault coverage are achieved, and it is successfully applied to an integrated circuit design.
On the viability of the open source development model for the design of physical objects Lessons learned from the RepRap project

While open source software development has been studied extensively, relatively little is known about the viability of the same development model for a physical object’s design. This thesis addresses this deficit by exploring the extent to which this model is viable for the development of physical objects. It starts with a review of the relevant literature on open source and user innovation communities followed by a case study and survey of the RepRap community. This community develops a digital fabrication system that can 3D print a large share of its own parts. This allows for a decentralized community to independently produce physical parts based on digital designs that are shared via the internet. Apart from improving the device, dedicated infrastructure was developed by user innovators. The survey reveals substantial adoption and development of 3D printer technology, comparable to the larger vendors in the industry. RepRap community members are spending between 145 and 182 full-time equivalents and have spent between 382,000 and 478,000 dollars on innovation alone. At the RepRap project’s 6 month doubling interval, it is entirely feasible that its adoption and disruptive levels of innovation will exceed that of the incumbent industry. Within the community there is a higher incidence in modifications of hardware than in software, and, surprisingly, hardware modifications are expected to be relatively easier for others to replicate. The level of collaboration is also higher for hardware than for software. Through Thingiverse, a web-based sharing platform originating from the RepRap project, 1,486 designs of physical objects in the last 6 months. Also, more than 10,000 objects were independently manufactured by its members’ machines. While already substantial, this level activity exhibits similar exponential growth characteristics. Many RepRap community members possess a fabrication capability that the average person does not have access to. While this does limit the present day generality of the case study findings, there are many reasons to expect a high likelihood of personal access to digital fabrication in the near future. The rapid development and adoption of increasingly affordable, yet more powerful and valuable fabrication technologies and the anti-rival logic of open design allow user-dominant collaborative development to have significant implications for the provisioning of goods in society. Finally, I provide a discussion of the implications and make suggestions for further research.
Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength and Function, Regardless of Protein Supplementation, in the Mid- to Long-Term Period after Gastric Bypass

Inadequate protein intake and low levels of physical activity are common long-term sequelae after bariatric surgery and can negatively affect muscle strength (MS) and physical function (PF). The study investigated the effects of resistance training with or without protein supplementation on MS and PF. The study, which involved a 12-week controlled trial (n = 61) of individuals 2–7 years post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), comprised four groups: whey protein supplementation (PRO; n = 18), maltodextrin placebo (control [CON]; n = 17), resistance training combined with placebo (RTP; n = 11), and resistance training combined with whey protein supplementation (RTP+PRO; n = 15). An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure MS (peak torque at 60°/s and 180°/s). PF was measured with the 30-s sit-to-stand (30-STS), 6-min walk (6-MWT), and timed up-and-go (TUG) tests. There were improvements in the absolute and relative-to-bodyweight peak torque at 60°/s and 180°/s, TUG, 6-MWT and 30-STS in the RTP and RTP+PRO groups, but not in the CON and PRO groups. Changes in MS were significantly correlated with changes in PF between the pre- and post-intervention periods. A supervised resistance training program, regardless of protein supplementation, improved MS and PF in the mid-to-long-term period after RYGB and can lead to clinical benefits and improved quality of life.
Microstructure Transformation In Palm-Fiber Cell Wall And Its Influence On the Fiber's Mechanical Properties During Alkali Treatment

In this study, we examined the microstructure transformation of palm fiber and the influence of this transformation on the fiber mechanical properties during alkali treatment. The fibers were treated with different concentrations of NaOH to study the change rules of the microstructure and the tensile properties. FT-IR microspectroscopic imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy were adopted to observe microstructure transformation during alkali treatment. Research results showed that the hemicellulose and lignin in the fiber cell wall were removed by alkali treatment, leading to a rearrangement of cellulose chains. The tensile properties palm fibers were significantly improved because of crystallinity alterations in the cell walls after alkali treatment. This study might provide a basis for palm fiber’s high-value utilization in the field of materials.
DRAM: Dragonfly Routing Algorithm on Multi-objects by Optimal Thresholds

Network-on-chip (NoC), the main component of multi-core technology, relates closely to interconnection networks for high-performance parallel computers with multiple processors and uses the communication mode of distributed computing system to improve the concurrent of multi-core. Many factors, such as communication latency, area, throughput, power dissipation, etc., are essential to be considered while designing NoC. Due to the great development of integrated circuits, the number of processing units integrated on a chip has increased sharply, which leads to the surge of power density. Power consumption issues have become one of the most important factors of on- chip network design. In order to achieve optimal and concurrent comprehensive performance of high density multi-processor, we proposed a Dragonfly Routing Algorithm on Multi-objects by optimal thresholds (DRAM) through both power and latency optimizations. DRAM was validated efficiently on Dragonfly topology of network-on-chip. The experimental results showed that, compared to DATRA, DRAM can reduce 7.41% on average in minimum power-latency, which is from the value of proposed PL model. Besides, it can also decrease runtime for 2.58% on average when n=4.