Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Response of a Hemispheric Multi-Level Model Atmosphere to Forcing by Topography and Stationary Heat Sources in Summer

The stationary planetary waves responding to forcing by topography and stationary heat sources in summer are investigated by means of a steady-state, linear, quasi-geostrophic, 34-level model, with Rayleigh friction, the effect of Newtonian cooling and the horizontal kinematic thermal diffusivity included in a spherical coordinate system. The results show that the main stationary planetary waves responding to forcing by both topography and heat sources in summer are confined to the troposphere over the subtropics. A secondary peak of the maximum amplitude is also found in the upper troposphere at high latitudes for zonal wave numbers k=1 and k=2. The amplitude of stationary planetary waves responding to forcing by heat sources is larger than that responding to forcing by topography. In this computation, the role of refractive index square of stationary planetary waves in summer is also discussed in order to make clear the differences of response of a model atmosphere to forcing in cases of winter and summer.
Statistics for Spatial Data.

Statistics for Spatial Data GEOSTATISTICAL DATA Geostatistics Spatial Prediction and Kriging Applications of Geostatistics Special Topics in Statistics for Spatial Data LATTICE DATA Spatial Models on Lattices Inference for Lattice Models SPATIAL PATTERNS Spatial Point Patterns Modeling Objects References Author Index Subject Index.
Predicting the Default Risk of Companies. Comparison of Credit Scoring Models: Logit Vs Support Vector Machines

Abstract The aim of the article is to compare models on a train and validation sample, which will be created using logistic regression and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and will be used to assess the credit risk of non-financial enterprises. When creating models, the variables will be subjected to the transformation of the Weight of Evidence (WoE), the number of potential predictions will be reduced based on the Information Value (IV) statistics. The quality of the models will be assessed according to the most popular criteria such as GINI statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) and Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC). Based on the results, it was found that there are significant differences between the logistic regression model of discriminatory character and the SVM for the model sample. In the case of a validation sample, logistic regression has the best prognostic capability. These analyses can be used to reduce the risk of negative effects on the financial sector.
Variational inequality for the Stokes equations with constraint

In this paper, the existence problem of the variational inequality for the constrained Stokes equations is considered, in 2- and 3-dimensions with bounded domain. The evolution equation is governed by the subdi erential which formulates the pointwise constraint by the time-dependent obstacle functions. Thanks to the penalty method due to Temam, the hindrance of divergence freeness is avoided. We then characterize the Yosida approximation of the subdi erential and obtain suitable limit conditions.
SOLUTIONS FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE ARBITRARY UNSTEADY FLOWS BY INDICIAL RESPONSES AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

In order to understand the compressible flow around slender wings in unsteady arbitrary motion, it is necessary first to study the tools used for solving the incompressible linearized problem. There are two approaches commonly used to obtain the complete solutions: indicial responses and frequency analysis. The former is based in an infinitesimal variation of the body's position using indicial admittance and Duhamel's integral to compose arbitrary motions. The later employs the assumption of harmonic movement and uses Theodorsen's solution to calculate the circulation in any time according to reduced frequency. Through a Fourier transform the arbitrary motion can be composed. This work presents the application of both methods to solve two general sinusoidal movements of pitching and heaving motion and, after that, a superposition of them. It has been calculated the lift and moment coefficient for the thin airfoil and the results are analyzed by comparing these methods and observing some physical characteristics of each motion.
High flux pinning efficiency by columnar defects dispersed in three directions in YBCO thin films

A systematic investigation of flux pinning by widely direction-dispersed columnar defects (CDs) in YBa2Cu3Oy thin films was carried out by using heavy-ion irradiation: a parallel configuration of CDs aligned along the c-axis, and two trimodal splay configurations composed of CDs crossing at 0° and ± 45° relative to the c-axis, where the splay plane defined by the three irradiation angles is perpendicular (trimodal-A) or parallel (trimodal-B) to the transport current direction. The trimodal configurations show high pinning efficiency over a wide range of magnetic field orientations compared to the parallel one at low magnetic field. In particular, trimodal-B shows the higher critical current density of the two trimodal configurations. The crossed CDs at ± 45° in the trimodal configurations provide uncorrelated flux pinning at B || c due to the large tilting angle off the c-axis, which effectively reinforce the flux pinning of CDs parallel to the c-axis. This assist effect is more remarkable for trimodal-B: a kink sliding motion of flux lines along the CDs is more effectively reduced by the splay plane, not only at B || c but also at inclined magnetic fields off the c-axis.
Quantum Field Theory: A Modern Introduction

The rise of quantum electrodynamics (QED) made possible a number of excellent textbooks on quantum field theory in the 1960s. However, the rise of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the Standard Model has made it urgent to have a fully modern textbook for the 1990s and beyond. Building on the foundation of QED, Quantum Field Theory: A Modern Introduction presents a clear and comprehensive discussion of the gauge revolution and the theoretical and experimental evidence which makes the Standard Model the leading theory of subatomic phenomena. The book is divided into three parts: Part I, Fields and Renormalization, lays a solid foundation by presenting canonical quantization, Feynman rules and scattering matrices, and renormalization theory. Part II, Gauge Theory and the Standard Model, focuses on the Standard Model and discusses path integrals, gauge theory, spontaneous symmetry breaking, the renormalization group, and BPHZ quantization. Part III, Non-perturbative Methods and Unification, discusses more advanced methods which now form an essential part of field theory, such as critical phenomena, lattice gauge theory, instantons, supersymmetry, quantum gravity, supergravity, and superstrings.
Molecular analysis of chromosome movement by microtubule depolymerisation-coupled pulling

The alignment of all chromosomes at the spindle equator is a universal feature of mitosis in metazoans. Kinetochores mediate this migratory event by either sliding chromosomes along the lattice of spindle microtubules (lateral sliding) or by coupling them to depolymerising microtubule plus-ends (depolymerisation-coupled pulling, DCP). While a robust molecular description of the lateral sliding mechanism has been generated both in vivo and in vitro over the past decade, similar models of DCP are lacking. This may represent the comparable complexity of DCP, where multiple redundant kinetochore factors contribute to specific DCP sub-steps that together enable congression. Moreover, unlike the lateral sliding motor CENP-E, many candidate DCP factors have pleiotropic roles in the kinetochore and convincingly separating these in vivo is complex. Here, we discuss how combining high-resolution kinetochore tracking with specific molecular perturbations enables the assignment of distinct DCP functions to kinetochore components. This enables us to build an integrated model of chromosome congression in vivo, which acts downstream of the well established microtubule attachment machinery. We also resolve some of the previously reported discrepancies associated with depletion of kinetochore proteins. Finally, this work identifies a previously overlooked step in wild-type congression.
A YANG Data Model for Routing Configuration

This document contains a specification of a core YANG data model for IP routing configuration. It is expected that this module will serve as a basis for further development of data models for individual routing protocols and other related functions. The present data model defines the building blocks for such configurations - routes and routing tables, routing protocol instances, route filters and route pipes.
Application of Parzen window in filter back projection algorithm

Image reconstruction is the core of CT technology, and the key factor to determine the quality of image reconstruction is the reconstruction algorithm. The algorithm has a direct impact on the accuracy of the image reconstruction results. In the CT image reconstruction algorithm, the filter back projection algorithm has a low time complexity and a high spatial resolution. At the same time, this algorithm is easily realized by parallel computing, which makes the speed of the reconstruction further improved, so this algorithm is a mainstream rebuilt algorithm. According to the principle of filtered back projection algorithm, the selection of filter function has a nonnegligible influence on image reconstruction results and reconstruction speed. First, based on the analysis of classic R-L and S-L filter functions, this paper introduces Parzen window filter function. Then this paper analyzes the quality of reconstructed image of Parzen window filter function in the absence of noise and noise conditions. Through the simulation experiment, it is verified that the Parzen window filter function has high spatial resolution while maintaining good image reconstruction quality.
Clique Size and Centrality Metrics for Analysis of Real-World Network Graphs

The authors present correlation analysis between the centrality values observed for nodes (a computationally lightweight metric) and the maximal clique size (a computationally hard metric) that each node is part of in complex real-world network graphs. They consider the four common centrality metrics: degree centrality (DegC), eigenvector centrality (EVC), closeness centrality (ClC), and betweenness centrality (BWC). They define the maximal clique size for a node as the size of the largest clique (in terms of the number of constituent nodes) the node is part of. The real-world network graphs studied range from regular random network graphs to scale-free network graphs. The authors observe that the correlation between the centrality value and the maximal clique size for a node increases with increase in the spectral radius ratio for node degree, which is a measure of the variation of the node degree in the network. They observe the degree-based centrality metrics (DegC and EVC) to be relatively better correlated with the maximal clique size compared to the shortest path-based centrality metrics (ClC and BWC).
The impact of constant effort harvesting on the dynamics of a discrete‐time contest competition model

In this paper, we study a general discrete‐time model representing the dynamics of a contest competition species with constant effort exploitation. In particular, we consider the difference equation xn+1=xnf(xn−k)−hxn where h>0, k∈{0,1}, and the density dependent function f satisfies certain conditions that are typical of a contest competition. The harvesting parameter h is considered as the main parameter, and its effect on the general dynamics of the model is investigated. In the absence of delay in the recruitment (k=0), we show the effect of h on the stability, the maximum sustainable yield, the persistence of solutions, and how the intraspecific competition change from contest to scramble competition. When the delay in recruitment is 1 (k=1), we show that a Neimark‐Sacker bifurcation occurs, and the obtained invariant curve is supercritical. Furthermore, we give a characterization of the persistent set.
Questioning the existence of superconducting potassium doped phases for aromatic hydrocarbons

It was reported earlier that alkali metal doped picene shows superconductivity at rather high temperatures. In this paper the authors have prepared such materials and thoroughly analyzed them using a variety of measurements. They conclude that superconductivity in doped hydrocarbons is questionable, casting doubts on the previous interpretation of the data.
Stuck on Intergroup Attitudes: The Need to Shift Gears to Change Intergroup Behaviors

Decades of research on how to improve intergroup relations have primarily examined ways to change prejudiced attitudes. However, this focus on negative intergroup attitudes has yielded few effective solutions. Because intergroup relations are shaped by behavior during intergroup interactions, it is necessary to identify constructs that have a strong causal impact on intergroup behavior change. In this article, I will discuss evidence showing that intergroup attitude change is neither a sufficient nor necessary cause for intergroup behavior change. Empirical research suggests that intergroup attitudes are difficult to change and have a limited effect on intergroup behavior. I also distinguish between constructs that primarily affect intergroup attitude change (e.g., counterstereotypical exemplars, evaluative conditioning) and constructs that primarily affect intergroup behavior change (e.g., social norms, self-efficacy). Further, suggestions for future research will also be provided to advance understanding of the various psychological constructs that influence intergroup behavior change, which will help us develop effective methods of improving intergroup relations.
Measuring Quantum Effects in Photosynthetic Light-harvesting Complexes with Multipartite Entanglement

Measuring quantum effects in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes with multipartite entanglement Cathal Smyth Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Physics University of Toronto 2015 This thesis is a compilation of studies on delocalization measures, entanglement, and the role of quantum coherence in electronic energy transfer (EET) in light-harvesting complexes. The first two chapters after the introduction provide foundational knowledge of quantum information and light-harvesting, respectively. Chapter 2 introduces concepts from quantum information such as purity, bipartite entanglement and criteria for its measurement. The peripheral light-harvesting complex LH2, isolated from the anoxygenic purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, is employed as model system of interest. This light-harvesting complex, along with a description of the process of light-harvesting, the presence of quantum coherence, and the different models used to simulate EET, are described in chapter 3. In combination these two chapters lay the foundation for chapter 4, a critical assessment of the current measures of delocalization employed in EET studies, their relationship, and overall effectiveness. The conclusion is that entanglement based measures are most effective at measuring quantum effects, and that they can be related to more conventional delocalization measures such as the inverse participation ratio (IPR) by taking into account the entropy of the system under study. All the measures within this chapter are known as bipartite measures, and only measure the strength of correlation between two sites.
Emission of Joule heating events in simulations of the solar corona

Context. Nanoscale events in cooperation with steady heating from a slow heating mechanism, such as slow-burning current-sheets, could be able to heat the corona; however, their observational traces are hard to detect via current instrumentation. After we locate heating events in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations and synthesise observational data, we extract observational signatures of small-scale events. Aims. Our mission is threefold. The first goal is to observe the manifestation of small-scale events via three observational tools: intensity maps of three extreme ultraviolet (EUV) filters in the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instrument with resolution better than that in AIA images, emission measure (EM) analysis, and time-lag maps. The second goal is to identify the reason why we cannot quantify the energy release from observed events. The third goal is to study the differences between the radiation from isolated heating events and that from the whole corona. Methods. We employed a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (3D-MHD) simulation using the Bifrost code. We simulated the atmosphere of a network embedded in the quiet Sun (QS), and we identified 3D heating events in the corona in several time-steps. Then we synthesised the three observational tools for two cases. First, we considered information from the total column mass in the corona, and then we considered only regions that exhibit heating events. Results. We report on the differences between the two regions of investigation, which also consist of the evidence to justify why observers cannot identify small-scale heating events in observations. We found that the combination of multiple heating events at different cooling phases along the line of sight gives the impression of thin elongated threads of events. For this reason, the EM as a function of temperature has a multi-thermal distribution. Both the radiation and the emission measure of the isolated heating events have values at least ten times lower than the signal calculated from the total corona. We also found that heating events move together with diffuse emission from the slow heating mechanism, and for this reason we cannot differentiate between the two. In addition, we find that the frequency of heating events and their intensity affect the EM distribution as a function of temperature. We also find that the filter’s intensity, EM, and time-lag maps of heating events are different to those incorporating information from the total column mass of the corona. However, the two regions have, on average, comparable values, which are slightly smaller than the analytical cooling timescales calculated for an optically thin and radiation-dominated atmosphere.
A new dimension in medical education: Virtual reality in anatomy during COVID‐19 pandemic

Virtual reality technology has been increasingly used in the field of anatomy education, particularly in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Virtual reality in anatomy (VRA) allows the creation of immersive, three‐dimensional environments or experiences that can interact in a seemingly real or physical way. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant studies. The search included studies published between 2020 and June 2023. The use of VRA education has been shown to be effective in improving students' understanding and retention of knowledge, as well as developing practical skills such as surgical techniques. VRA can allow students to visualize and interact with complex structures and systems in a way that is not possible with traditional methods. It can also provide a safe and ethical alternative to cadavers, which may be in short supply or have access restrictions. Additionally, VRA can be used to create customized learning experiences, allowing students to focus on specific areas of anatomy or to repeat certain exercises as needed. However, there are also limitations to the use of VRA education, including cost and the need for specialized equipment and training, as well as concerns about the realism and accuracy of VRA models. To fully utilize the potential of VRA education, it is important for educators to carefully consider the appropriate use of VR and to continuously evaluate its effectiveness. It is important for educators to carefully consider the appropriate use of VRA and to continuously evaluate its effectiveness to fully utilize its potential.
When galaxy clusters collide : the impact of merger shocks on cluster gas and galaxy evolution

Galaxy clusters mainly grow through mergers with other clusters and groups. Major mergers give rise to cluster-wide traveling shocks, which can be detected at radio wavelengths as relics: elongated, diffuse synchrotron emitting areas located at the periphery of merging clusters. The 'Sausage' cluster hosts an extraordinary Mpc-wide relic, which enables us to study to study particle acceleration and the effects of shocks on cluster galaxies. We derive shock properties and the magnetic field structure for the relic. Our results indicate that particles are shock-accelerated, but turbulent re-acceleration or unusually efficient transport of particles in the downstream area are important effects. We demonstrate the feasibility of high-frequency observations of radio relics, by presenting a 16 GHz detection of the 'Sausage' relic. Halpha mapping of the cluster provides the first direct test as to whether the shock drives or prohibits star formation. We find numerous galaxies in close proximity to the radio relic which are extremely massive, metal-rich, star-forming with evidence for gas mass loss though outflows. We speculate that the complex interaction between the merger, the shock wave and gas is a fundamental driver in the evolution of cluster galaxies from gas rich spirals to gas-poor ellipticals.
Subsonic streamers in water: initiation, propagation and morphology

In this paper, we focus on the development and morphology of underwater subsonic streamers in a pin–plane electrode configuration. The processes of initiation, propagation and branching of underwater subsonic streamers are studied in detail, and the effects of applied voltage amplitude and polarity are discussed. The results show a similar initiation process for both polarities including the formation of a low-density shadowed region, an initial bubble and streamers. Joule heating is thought to be the dominant intrinsic dynamic in the initiation process. There is a distinct difference in the propagation mode and the morphology between positive and negative subsonic streamers. Positive subsonic streamers develop in the form of a bubble cluster with a constant low speed of 20–80 m s−1, but the development mode transition from bubble cluster to secondary streamer occurs at the final stage of streamer propagation. On the other hand, negative subsonic streamers develop in the form of tree-like structures with a thinner root and propagate faster at a speed of 100–370 m s−1, and the propagation velocity increases significantly near the final breakdowns. A specific phenomenon has been observed in which the breakdown voltage of positive polarity can be higher than that of negative polarity in micro-second underwater discharge. The above results indicate that the polarity effect of subsonic streamers is quite different from that of the supersonic streamers.