Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chlorin Index: A new parameter for organic matter freshness in sediments

Total chlorins, comprising degradation products of chlorophyll, have been used recently to reconstruct paleoproductivity from marine sediment cores. Here, we report on a new index, the Chlorin Index (CI), that proves to be a helpful tool for rapidly estimating organic matter freshness in marine sediments. The CI is a ratio between the fluorescence intensity of a sediment extracted with acetone and treated with hydrochloric acid and the original sediment extract. It represents the ratio of chlorophyll and its degradation products deposited in the sediments that could still be chemically transformed and those that are inert to chemical attack. The ratio is lower in sediments that include freshly deposited phytoplankton material and higher in older, more degraded sediments. We measured this new parameter on surface sediments, and sediments from several short and a long sediment core from different oceanic settings. CI values range from 0.2 for chlorophyll a to 0.36–0.56 for fresh material deposited on the shelf off Namibia to values around 0.67 in sediments off Chile and Peru to values up to 0.97 for sediments in a deep core from the northeastern slope of the Arabian Sea. We have compared the CI to rates of bacterial sulfate reduction, as a direct measure of organic matter reactivity and to other degradation indices based on amino acid composition. We conclude that the CI is a reliable and simple tool for the characterization of organic material freshness in sediments in respect to its degradation state.
Anatomy of the primitive bird Sapeornis chaoyangensis from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China

Two new, nearly completely articulated skeletons of Sapeornis chaoyangensis provide much new information about the anatomy of this basal avian, particularly in the skull, pectoral girdle, forelimb, and hind limb. This new material shows that the hand of Sapeornis, with a phalangeal formula of "232," was more derived than previously reconstructed. The skeleton of Sapeornis has several unique features, such as a distinctively elongated fenestra on the proximal end of the humerus, a robust furcula with a distinctive hypocleidum, and an elongated forelimb. Sapeornis exhibits a combination of derived and primitive features, including a short, robust non-strut-like coracoid and a fibula reaching the distal end of the tarsal joint (as in Archaeopteryx), a pygostyle, reduced manual digits, and a well-fused carpometacarpus (as in more advanced birds). These features further indicate the mosaic pattern in the early evolution of birds and confirm the basal position of Sapeornis near Archaeopteryx and Jeholornic in.
Drivers of the virtual water trade

Through the international trade of food commodities, countries virtually export or import the water used for food production, known as “virtual water. ” The international trade network thus implies a network of virtual water flows from exporting to importing countries. The purpose of this study is to identify some controlling factors of the virtual water network by means of multivariate regression analyses, or gravity laws, as often named in economics. Starting from the FAOSTAT database, we reconstruct 25 years (1986–2010) of international virtual water trade values; we then analyze the dependence of the exchanged fluxes on: population, gross domestic product, arable land, virtual water embedded in agricultural production and dietary demand, and geographical distance between countries. Significant drivers are identified for each country considering separately export and import fluxes; temporal trends are outlined and the relative importance of drivers is assessed by a commonality analysis. Results indicate that population, gross domestic product and geographical distance are the major drivers of virtual water fluxes, with a minor (nonnegligible) contribution given by the agricultural production of exporting countries. Such drivers have become relevant for an increasing number of countries throughout the years, with an increasing variance explained by the distance between countries and a decreasing role of the gross domestic product. The worldwide adjusted coefficient of determination of fitted gravity‐law model is 0.57 (in 2010), and it has increased in time, confirming the good descriptive capability of selected drivers for the virtual water trade.
An integration of GIS and virtual reality for visualization of large irrigated area spatial information

This paper introduces the application of geographic information systems (GIS) and virtual reality (VR) technology with visualization of irrigated area spatial information in order to improve irrigated area information management and presents a novel architecture for 3D irrigated area information management system. The functions of each module are describes. Based on shule river basin informatization project, a practical application of system is introduced.
The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised Version (DISC-R): III. Concurrent criterion validity.

OBJECTIVE To examine the concurrent criterion validity of the Revised Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-R), a structured lay-administered instrument designed for use in community studies, under conditions designed to provide strict controls for information and method variance. METHOD The DISC-R was compared with a semistructured clinical interview that covered a similar information base as the DISC-R, used standardized ratings to record symptom information, and, similar to the DISC-R, was scored by DSM-III-R-based computerized diagnostic algorithms. Subjects were 74 child and adolescent clinic attendees and their adult custodians. RESULTS Overall, moderate levels of agreement were found between DISC-R and clinician-generated diagnoses; these findings were tempered, however, by the fact that the validation interview was less reliable than the DISC-R. CONCLUSIONS Although these findings provide preliminary support for the use of the DISC-R, they cast some doubt on the adequacy of clinician-generated diagnoses as validation criteria and suggest that alternate approaches to the assessment of validation should be pursued.
The Physical Basis for Predicting Atlantic Sector Seasonal-to-Interannual Climate Variability*

Abstract This paper reviews the observational and theoretical basis for the prediction of seasonal-to-interannual (S/I) climate variability in the Atlantic sector. The emphasis is on the large-scale picture rather than on regional details. The paper is divided into two main parts: a discussion of the predictability of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)—the dominant pattern of variability in the North Atlantic—and a review of the tropical Atlantic prediction problem. The remote effects of El Nino are also mentioned as an important factor in Atlantic climate variability. Only a brief discussion is provided on the subject of South Atlantic climate predictability. Because of its chaotic dynamical nature, the NAO and its related rainfall and temperature variability, while highly significant over Europe and North America, are largely unpredictable. This also affects the predictive skill over the tropical Atlantic, because the NAO interferes with the remote influence of El Nino. That said, there appears to be .
O Fator de Impacto: sua popularidade, seus impactos e a necessidade de preservação do processo de geração do conhecimento científico

El proceso de evaluación de la producción científica según criterios objetivos, en ámbito nacional, aunque reciente en Brasil (1998), en virtud de su magnitud, ya fue suficiente para popularizar el Factor de Impacto –y desafortunadamente su empleo. El momento ahora es de popularizarse sus tan citadas limitaciones(1). Ese indicador, a pesar de propuesto en la década de los años 1950(2), resulta del esfuerzo previo de otros investigadores(3), cuya intención en el recuento de referencias bibliográficas de un volumen del The Journal of the American Chemical Society era identificar los periódicos de Química más relevantes para la biblioteca de una facultad pequeña. Dicha iniciativa de selección de periódicos tuvo implicaciones mundiales a medida que, en la década de 1970, el Science Citation Index (SCI)(a) pasa a publicar un informe de citaciones de periódicos (el Journal Citation Reports, popularmente conocido por su sigla JCR). Dicho informe brindaba la posibilidad de reproducir el estudio realizado en 1927, al clasificar los periódicos citados por (o que hubieran citado) cualquiera de los periódicos indexados en el SCI. Además de esa posibilidad, se presentaba el Factor de Impacto de cada periódico, así como el Índice de Inmediatez y la Vida Media, que se mantienen actualmente–otros indicadores también están disponibles en el informe, pero no alcanzan la misma popularidad. Utilizar el Factor de Impacto en evaluaciones significa basarse en un análisis restringido a las citaciones a los periódicos indexados en la Web of Science (interfaz web que tiene acceso no solo al SCI como a sus bancos complementarios en ciencias sociales, artes y humanidades). Se añade a ello la restricción a las citaciones a los artículos recientes, ya que considera su primero y segundo años de exposición, es decir, si un periódico tiene sus artículos de determinado año citados después de dos años, no se está considerando el impacto de ese periódico. ¿Es así que manejamos la literatura de nuestra área, determinando una exigua fecha de caducidad? De esa manera, ¿no sería el caso de mantener las caras suscripciones a periódicos solo para los últimos dos años? Otro aspecto merece atención: en tratándose de la ciencia brasileña, citaciones a periódicos no indexados en la Web of Science tampoco se considerarán –basta con observar el porcentaje de periódicos brasileños citados en artículos de autores brasileños para estimar cuánto se pierde de información. Se debe todavía recordar que se está restringiendo aún más al ignorar citaciones a otros tipos
TOPEX/POSEIDON: The 2‐cm solution

The unprecedented accuracy of TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimeter data warrants a new evaluation of the methods typically used to form time series of sea level change. Whereas explicit removal of orbit error has always been required as a first step in altimeter data processing, the T/P analysis presented here is based simply on unadjusted, monthly averages. This approach has the advantage of retaining the large-scale ocean signal, which would be distorted by orbit adjustment. Using 16 months of data, we have evaluated the T/P monthly means on spatial scales ranging from mesoscale to global. In the tropical Pacific, comparisons with 17 island tide gauge records and dynamic height derived from 36 thermistor moorings show that the altimeter data have an accuracy of approximately 2 cm when averaged over spatial scales of a few hundred kilometers. On basin scales in the northern hemisphere, similar agreement is found between the T/P data and the dynamic height climatology of Levitus (1982). These new altimeter observations are thus providing the first reliable view of global sea level changes on seasonal-to-interannual timescales.
Continuous monitoring of high‐temperature fumaroles on an active lava dome, Volcán Colima, Mexico: Evidence of mass flow variation in response to atmospheric forcing

Rapid, multichannel monitoring of fumaroles on Volcan Colima, Mexico, provides new insight into the time-scales and magnitudes of fumarole temperature variation. Temperatures in five fumaroles, all located along a single fracture cutting the summit lava dome of the volcano, were monitored at 20-min intervals between May 1991 and May 1992. Measurements were made using a programmable data logger deployed near the fumarole field, and data were radiotelemetered to a nearby volcano observatory at regular intervals. Mean fumarole temperatures varied between 350°C and 550°C. Statistical analysis of these time series shows that significant diurnal variation occurs in each fumarole. Magnitudes of these daily fluctuations are generally between 25°C and 50°C, although larger-amplitude variations occur, especially in cooler fumaroles. Simultaneous monitoring of atmospheric pressure at the fumaroles indicates that these variations in temperature are inversely correlated with barometric pressure. These observations indicate that fumarole temperatures respond to atmospheric forcing. A numerical model developed to explore the dependence of fumarole temperature on mass flow demonstrates that many aspects of observed temperature variation are accounted for by mass flow variation, resulting from small changes in barometric pressure. The relationship between mass flow and fumarole temperature is nonlinear: the response of fumarole temperatures to a given change in mass flow is greatest in fumaroles with low mass flow (and cool temperatures). The nature of this dependence is little affected by fumarole geometry for the cases considered. Continuous measurement of fumarole temperatures may be an effective means of monitoring local mass flow on volcanoes. At Volcan Colima, average temperatures changed by less than 100°C during the 1-year sampling period. During and immediately following effusive activity, changes in degassing were abrupt and inconsistent along the length of the fracture. Following this period, temperatures decreased gradually, and there was a higher degree of correlation between fumaroles. The method described here represents a substantial improvement over traditional fumarole-monitoring techniques because subtle variation can be quickly identified using standard statistical techniques, and the method provides regular information about thermal activity on a volcano, minimizing the hazards normally associated with the collection of these data on a regular basis.
Desalinization and Wastewater Reuse as Technological Alternatives in an Arid, Tourism Booming Region of Mexico

Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, is one of Mexico's most popular tourist destinations. With 25% of the state's population, it has one of the highest population growth rates in the country mostly due to large-scale tourism development. Economic and population growth mean greater water consumption. The region's main water source is the San Jose aquifer is overexploited. Private desalinization plants as well as wastewater reclamation plants are becoming important alternative technologies for water management at resort hotels. The projections for population growth and water consumption in the region are alarming. Clearly, there is an urgent need to design renewable resources management strategies, diversify technological alternatives, and design public policies to face the challenges of the future.
A Two-Porosity Double-Lithology Model for Partial Melting, Melt Transport and Melt-Rock Reaction in the Mantle

To better understand the dynamical processes of partial melting, melt transport, and melt^rock reaction in the mantle, mass conservation equations for a two-porosity double lithology continuum have been developed using the method of volume averaging. Here the region of interest is treated as two overlapping continua occupied by a low-porosity peridotite matrix and a high-porosity dunite channel network. Conservation equations for the matrix and channel continua are coupled through mass transfer terms that include matrix dissolution and diffusive and advective mixing between the melt in the channel and that in the matrix. Essential features of the two-porosity double lithology model have been investigated through simple case studies. In general, the composition of the channel melt is a weighted average of the matrix melt extracted along the melting column (as a result of melt suction) and the matrix materials dissolved into the channel melt (as a result of matrix^channel transformation). Dissolution of pyroxene in the peridotite matrix into the channel melt and precipitation of olivine lowers the compatible trace element abundances in the channel melt. In the absence of matrix dissolution, the channel melt is equivalent to the aggregated or pooled matrix melt.The incompatible trace element abundance in the channel melt is dominated by the less depleted small-degree melts from the lower part of the melting column and not very sensitive to the details of how the melt suction rate and matrix^channel transformation rate vary spatially. The incompatible trace element abundances in the matrix melt and solid are very sensitive to the direction of melt flow across the matrix^channel interface, the magnitude and variation of the relative melt suction rate, and the depth of dunite channel initiation, and depend moderately on variations in channel volume fraction in the double lithology region. Percolation of the enriched channel melt into the more depleted residual matrix in the upper part of the melting column may provide a viable mechanism for late-stage melt refertilization or mantle metasomatism. Understanding the first-order characteristics of the channel and matrix melts and solids is essential in deciphering the melting and melt migration his-tories of residual mantle rocks and erupted basalts.
Spatial scale of high‐speed flows in the plasma sheet observed by Cluster

Spatial gradients of high‐speed flows in the midtail plasma sheet are determined using multipoint observations from the Cluster spacecraft along the “dawn‐dusk” direction (perpendicular to the main flow and in the plane of the tail current sheet) and along the north‐south direction. If we take the average or median of the spatial gradients and assume that the flow channel has a linear gradient, these values suggest that the full width of the flow channel is 2–3 RE in the “dawn‐dusk” direction and 1.5–2 RE in the north‐south direction. The velocity gradient at the duskward edge of a flow tends to be sharper than that at the dawnward edge, possibly reflecting an asymmetry in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling process associated with the flow.
A shallow strong patch model for the 2011 great Tohoku‐oki earthquake: A numerical simulation

A numerical simulation is conducted for understanding the mechanics of the 2011 great Tohoku‐oki earthquake (Mw = 9.0), which widely broke the plate interface at the Pacific plate subducting beneath northern Honshu (Tohoku), Japan. In the model, frictional stress on the plate interface is assumed to obey a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law. A strong patch (asperity) with higher effective normal stress and a large value of characteristic slip distance is assumed at a shallower part of the plate interface. This strong patch controls the occurrence of great earthquakes that broke the entire seismogenic plate interface with recurrence intervals of several hundred years. The present model explains large coseismic slip at a shallower part of the 2011 great earthquake and accumulation of slip deficit at deeper parts, where smaller M7 class earthquakes repeatedly occurred before the great earthquake.
A semi-automated tool for surface water mapping with RADARSAT-1

Fresh water is arguably the most vital resource for all aspects of a healthy and stable environment and society. Monitoring the extent of surface water enables resource managers to detect perturbations and long-term trends in water availability and set consumption guidelines accordingly. Radar in general, and RADARSAT-1 in particular, is very good at detecting open surface water and has been used operationally for flood monitoring in many countries. Significant radar data archives now exist to analyse seasonal, annual, and decadal trends in surface water availability. A software tool (Forest non-Forest Class Extraction or FnFCE), based on software initially designed for deforestation classification with RADARSAT-1 data and later modified to include a flood mapping capability, has been adapted for this surface water application. Three test sites have been selected to demonstrate this surface water mapping tool, including Fort Mackay, Alberta, a tar sands area with water used for industrial purposes; Cache Lake in Tuktut Nogait National Park, Northwest Territories, where the many park lakes are currently poorly monitored and understood; and Old Crow Flats, Yukon Territory, a large area of ponds and lakes thought to be at risk from permafrost degradation and important to caribou migration and oil and gas development. This paper describes the software tool and demonstrates preliminary results of monitoring seasonal and annual changes in surface water distribution using RADARSAT-1 imagery for the three test sites. An overview of the successes and limitations of the approach is given, as well as a summary of the current state of evolution of the method and the envisioned software development plan.
New potassium‐argon basalt date in relation to the Pliocene Bluff Downs Local Fauna, northern Australia

A new radiometric date of 3.6 Ma for the basalt overlying fossiliferous units of the Allingham Formation, provides a minimum age for the Bluff Downs Local Fauna. Ground studies and interpretation of aerial photography has clarified the volcanic history of the area and a new basalt flow has been identified and named. Although the age of the capping basalt permits a younger age for the Bluff Downs Local Fauna than originally described, the stratigraphy, combined with the interpreted stage of evolution of the fauna, still supports an Early Pliocene age for the site.
Gas hydrates—geological perspective and global change

Gas hydrates are naturally ocurring solids consisting of water molecules forming a lattice of cages, most of which contain a molecule of natural gas, usually methane. The present article discusses three important aspects of gas hydrates: their potential as a fossil fuel resource, their role as a submarine geohazard, and their effects on global climate change. 70 refs., 16 figs., 1 tab.
Consistent surface albedo retrieval from two adjacent geostationary satellites

Monitoring and understanding climate changes of the Earth require the generation of long‐term and consistent global data set from observations. In this context, geostationary satellite observations could play a significant role thanks to the long duration of the missions and the corresponding archives. In particular, their frequent acquisition cycle throughout the day can be used to document the surface anisotropy and therefore surface albedo. This paper investigates the possibility to generate a consistent surface albedo maps from two adjacent geostationary satellites, namely Meteosat‐5 and ‐7. The analysis relies on the comparison of albedo values derived over the common observed area. These values agree favorably between the two spacecrafts.