Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How and When Adversarial Robustness Improves in Knowledge Distillation?

Current works on knowledge distillation (KD) mainly focus on preserving the accuracy. However, other essential model properties, such as adversarial robustness, can be lost during distillation. This paper studies how and when the adversarial robustness can be transferred or improved from a teacher model to a student model in KD. We show that standard KD fails to preserve adversarial robustness, and we propose KD with input gradient alignment (KDIGA) for remedy. Under certain assumptions, we prove that the student model using our proposed KDIGA can achieve at least the same certified robustness as the teacher model. We also propose using KDIGA in an iterative self-distillation (ISD) training scheme, which can achieve better standard accuracy and adversarial robustness than adversarial training (AT), without using AT or any pre-trained robust teacher. Our experiments contain a diverse set of teacher and student models evaluated on ImageNet and CIFAR-10 datasets, including CNNs and ViTs. Our analysis shows several novel insights that (1) With KDIGA and ISD, students can preserve or even exceed the adversarial robustness of the teacher model, even when their models have fundamentally different architectures; (2) KDIGA enables robustness transfer to pre-trained students, such as KD from an adversarially trained ResNet to a pre-trained ViT, without loss of clean accuracy; and (3) Our derived lo-cal linearity bounds for characterizing adversarial robustness in KD are consistent with the empirical results.
Seismic And Geometrical Attributes From Image Gathers

We examine migrated angle domain gathers to extract seismic and geometrical attributes of reflectors. We illustrate the procedure on a real 2D dataset: the angle domains we refer to are the illumination dip angle and the aperture scattering angle. We use the illumination dip angle gather to track the main reflectors and to create a map of the dip values. This information and the scattering aperture angle gather enables to improve AVA analysis and to build maps of seismic attributes. The procedure is automatic.
Pretransplant BK Virus-Specific T-Cell-Mediated Immunity and Serotype Specific Antibodies May Have Utility in Identifying Patients at Risk of BK Virus-Associated Haemorrhagic Cystitis after Allogeneic HSCT

BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) persists lifelong in renal and urothelial cells with asymptomatic urinary shedding in healthy individuals. In some immunocompromised persons after transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCT), the BKPyV high-rate replication is associated with haemorrhagic cystitis (HC). We tested whether the status of BKPyV immunity prior to HSCT could provide evidence for the BKPyV tendency to reactivate. We have shown that measurement of pretransplant anti-BKPyV 1 and 4 IgG levels can be used to evaluate the HC risk. Patients with anti-BKPyV IgG in the range of the 1st–2nd quartile of positive values and with positive clinical risk markers have a significantly increased HC risk, in comparison to the reference group of patients with “non-reactive” anti-BKPyV IgG levels and with low clinical risk (LCR) (p = 0.0009). The predictive value of pretransplant BKPyV-specific IgG was confirmed by determination of genotypes of the shed virus. A positive predictive value was also found for pretransplant T-cell immunity to the BKPyV antigen VP1 because the magnitude of IFN-γ T-cell response inversely correlated with posttransplant DNAuria and with HC. Our novel data suggest that specific T-cells control BKPyV latency before HSCT, and in this way may influence BKPyV reactivation after HSCT. Our study has shown that prediction using a combination of clinical and immunological pretransplant risk factors can help early identification of HSCT recipients at high risk of BKPyV disease.
Locating hydrothermal vents by detecting buoyant, advected plumes

An improved method of detecting buoyant hydrothermal plumes and locating their source vents is introduced. Plumes are detected by computing fluid stability from conductivity, temperature, and depth measurements acquired during navigated, towed, vertically oscillating casts over the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. For each instability detected, the maximum range to its hydrothermal source is estimated by multiplying a theoretical plume equilibration time by a measured current velocity. Using an estimate of current direction, the method reliably locates plume sources where they are known to exist: in all of the focused vent fields mapped by submersible and in several isolated, diffuse flow sites. The method generates a distribution of hydrothermal sources that is more consistent with variations in surface permeability than with circulation cells spaced evenly along a uniformly permeable axis. Axial instabilities are nearly continuous along the heavily fissured and fractured western wall of the axial valley. Beyond the axial valley, instabilities evidence that hydrothermal upflow penetrates the outer slopes of the ridge crest, probably along a boundary between sheet and pillow flows.
Late Proterozoic rifting in NW Scotland: the genesis of the ‘Torridonian’

The two major “Torridonian” successions, viz. the Stoer Group (~968 Ma) and the Sleat–Torridon Groups (~777 Ma) occupy NNE-trending rifts cutting Archaean and early Proterozoic crust. Palaeocurrents, pebble petrography and age, and the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of clay-rich sediments indicate derivation from flanking areas of this old crust, rather than from late Proterozoic Grenville or Morarian metamorphic rocks. The earlier rift seems to be roughly contemporaneous with Grenville metamorphism but genetically unrelated to it. The rifts perhaps mark initiation of an Iapetus-related ocean in the same way as very similar fault-bounded Triassic and Lower Jurassic sediments mark the start of continental break-up and initiation of the present Atlantic. The western margin of both rifts probably coincides with the Outer Hebrides Thrust and the eastern margin with the Moine Thrust Zone. Reactivation of the old rift-margining faults by Caledonian compression may have generated the lower thrusts of the Moine Thrust Zone, while the Moine nappe itself, by analogy with Lower Devonian events in southern Appalachia, represents a slice of the Grenville microcontinent emplaced after closure of the intervening ocean.
Risks of obesity and diabetes development in the population of the Ivano-Frankivsk region in Ukraine

The epidemic of obesity that parallels diabetes mellitus and its complications are diseases of major concern to modern societies. Community-based screening is an effective strategy to identify people at high risk of developing overweight, obesity, prediabetes, diabetes, and related health problems. Here, we present the results of screening the population of four locations in the Ivano-Frankivsk region (Western Ukraine). The study group consisted of 400 adults and 252 children. The measured parameters were: (1) main vital signs - body temperature, resting heart rate, blood pressure; (2) anthropometric indicators - body mass and height, body mass index, waist circumference; and (3) metabolic parameters - fasting capillary blood glucose, total body fat, visceral fat, physical activity level and 10-year risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The study found that 23 % of the adults were overweight and 14.8 % obese. Among children, 9.9 % were overweight and 8.7 % obese. Adult body mass index correlated with visceral fat percentage, systolic/diastolic blood pressure and levels of fasting capillary blood glucose. Adults over 18 years of age had fasting capillary blood glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L (14.3 %), including those with undiagnosed pre-diabetes (13.3 %) and suspected diabetes mellitus (1.0 %). The percentage of visceral body fat in adults was positively associated with the 10-year risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Factors Affecting Motor Vehicle Taxpayer Compliance

Purpose: Tax is the most significant source of revenue for a country, especially Indonesia. Achieving the level of taxpayer compliance and maintaining the level of compliance is a matter of concern in both developed and developing countries. This study aims to determine the effect of service quality, religiosity, and subjective norms on individual taxpayer compliance at the Joint Samsat Office, Tabanan City.Methodology:The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression. This type of research is research with primary data obtained from the answers of individual taxpayers registered at the Joint Samsat Office in Tabanan City, namely answers to a series of questions from a questionnaire posed by researchers regarding the factors that influence taxpayer compliance. The sample was determined using nonprobability sampling with an accidental sampling technique.Findings: The results of this study indicate that good service quality, intense religiosity, and high subjective norms significantly affect individual taxpayer compliance registered with the Joint Samsat Office, Tabanan City.Implication:This research can motivate the Tabanan City Samsat Joint Office to maintain good service quality for the satisfaction and comfort of taxpayers in carrying out their tax obligations.
A Survey on Neural Text Generation and Degeneration

The evolution of text generation has been revolutionized by the rise of transformer-based models. This has brought about significant changes in various fields, including news, social media, and scientific research. However, there is a need for a comprehensive review that covers the historical evolution, challenges, and potential solutions in this domain. To address this gap, we have conducted a thorough survey that provides a comprehensive overview of text generation. We also investigate text degeneration, providing insights and mitigation strategies. Our survey sheds light on the current landscape of neural text generation, identifies forthcoming challenges, and highlights research areas that require exploration within the academic community.
Early transmission of sensitive strain slows down emergence of drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax

The spread of drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites is a challenge towards malaria elimination.P. falciparum has shown an early and severe drug resistance in comparison to P. vivax in various countries. In fact, these Plasmodium species differ in their life cycle and treatment in various factors: development and duration of sexual parasite forms differ, symptoms severity are unequal, relapses present only in P. vivax cases, and the Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is only mandatory in all P. falciparum cases. We compared the spread of drug resistance for both species through two compartmental models using ordinary differential equations. The model structure describes how sensitive and resistant parasite strains infect a human population treated with antimalarials. We found that the early transmission before treatment and the low effectiveness of drug coverage support the prevalence of sensitive parasites delaying the emergence of resistant P. vivax. These results imply that earlier attention of symptomatic and reservoirs of P. vivax accelerates the spread of drug resistance as P. falciparum.
Bioprospecting of Sea Anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) for β-Defensin-like α-Amylase Inhibitors

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most serious diseases of our century. The drugs used are limited or have serious side effects. The search for new sources of compounds for effective treatment is relevant. Magnificamide, a peptide inhibitor of mammalian α-amylases, isolated from the venom of sea anemone Heteractis magnifica, can be used for the control of postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. Using the RACE approach, seven isoforms of magnificamide were detected in H. magnifica tentacles. The exon–intron structure of magnificamide genes was first established, and intron retention in the mature peptide-encoding region was revealed. Additionally, an α-amylase inhibitory domain was discovered in the mucins of some sea anemones. According to phylogenetics, sea anemones diverge into two groups depending on the presence of β-defensin-like α-amylase inhibitors and/or mucin-inhibitory domains. It is assumed that the intron retention phenomenon leads to additional diversity in the isoforms of inhibitors and allows for its neofunctionalization in sea anemone tentacles. Bioprospecting of sea anemones of the order Actiniaria for β-defensin-like α-amylase inhibitors revealed a diversity of inhibitory sequences that represents a starting point for the design of effective glucose-lowering drugs.
The Blue Molybdenum Reaction for the Determination of Phosphate in Natural Water and Detergent Samples

Background: The ideal reaction conditions for the quantitative detection of phosphate in various natural water and detergent samples were carefully researched in order to produce and preserve the colored complex product. The blue complex was identified using a simple and accurate UV-VIS spectrophotometer with a maximum wavelength of 870 nm. Even though phosphate is an essential ingredient for the development of aquatic species, it is important to know exactly how much is present because an excess amount of phosphate can eutrophic water. Since detergents are one of the sources of phosphate in natural water, determining the concentration of phosphate in detergent samples is also essential. Materials and Methods: The method is based on the addition of sodium molybdate, which causes the interaction of orthophosphate with molybdate to produce an intense, stable, and water-soluble phosphomolybdate blue complex. Then, this combination is reduced using hydrazine hydrate in a sulfuric acid solution. Results: With a correlation coefficient of 0.9944, the system complies with Lambert-Beer's law at 870 nm in a concentration range of (0.05-9) ppm. Molar absorptivity was determined to be 12.16x103 L mol-1 cm-1 and Sandell's sensitivity was found to be 0.0156 g cm-2. Water samples were collected from Warte, Choman, Jundeyan, and Bexal in Kurdistan's vicinity of Soran. Further, detergent samples that were obtained from the market and their phosphate level were examined. The Bexal waterfall had the lowest concentration of phosphate, 0.18 ppm, while the Warte and Jundeyan water samples had the highest concentrations, 3.31 ppm, and 3.04 ppm, respectively. Moreover, similar phosphate concentrations in the two detergent samples were discovered to be at 20.43 and 24.76 ppm. Conclusion: The molybdenum blue reaction has been successfully employed to provide a sensitive and quick measuring method to quantify the phosphate content in various water and detergent samples using UV-VIS spectrophotometry by applying the right reaction conditions and reagent quantities.
The Inﬂuence of Family Rearing Style on Children’s Self-esteem

Family is the ﬁrst environment that affects people’s psychological development. In recent years, with the emphasis on education, people have begun to pay more attention to the impact of family rearing style on children’s physical and mental development, especially the impact on self-esteem. The purpose of this article is to summarize how a child’s self-esteem level is inﬂuenced by the parenting style. Through literature review, the present review organizes and summarizes recent articles on the inﬂuence of family parenting style on children’s self-esteem. It concluded that a positive parenting style helps to improve the level of self-esteem of individuals. A negative parenting style, especially the neglect type, can easily lead to separation and differences in the self-esteem of children. Differences in parental roles may lead to different effects on children’s explicit self-esteem in the same dimension; parenting styles affect female individuals’ explicit self-esteem levels more. This paper emphasizes the importance of positive parenting for children’s mental health.
Unraveling the Mysteries of Perineural Invasion in Benign and Malignant Conditions

Perineural invasion (PNI) is defined as the dissemination of neoplastic cells within the perineural space. PNI can be a strong indicator of malignancy and is linked to poor prognosis and adverse outcomes in various malignant neoplasms; nevertheless, it can also be seen in benign pathologic conditions. In this review article, we discuss various signaling pathways and neurotrophic factors implicated in the development and progression of PNI. We also describe the methodology, benefits, and limitations of different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of PNI. The spectrum of presentation for PNI can range from diffuse spread within large nerves (“named” nerves) all the way through localized spread into unnamed microscopic nerves. Therefore, the clinical significance of PNI is related to its extent rather than its mere presence or absence. In this article, we discuss the guidelines for the identification and quantification of PNI in different malignant neoplasms based on the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. We also describe benign pathologic conditions and neoplasms demonstrating PNI and potential mimics of PNI. Finally, we explore avenues for the future development of targeted therapy options via modulation of signaling pathways involved in PNI.
Review of Geophysical Approaches to the Detection of Karst

Geophysical methods have been used for many years to detect subsurface voids and fractures. These techniques include seismic reflection, seismic refraction, seismic surface waves, gravity, D.C. electrical resistivity, electromagnetic radar, heat flow, cross bore hole methods, and various remote sensing methods. This paper describes the various geophysical principles. In actual application geophysical surveys give results which are either successful, unsuccessful or ambiguous. Examples of geophysical surveys will be shown. Why these surveys were successful in locating voids in some cases while in others they were not will be discussed. In particular, results will be given to show the size of geophysical field anomalies that result from cavities and compare these to the normal level of ‘geologic noise’ that is present due to normal variations of subsurface physical properties. One particular result from field studies is that in some cases anomalies have been observed which are much larger than can be explained by the size of the void or fracture. An explanation for the anamolies is that the properties of the soil and rock surrounding the void are charged by anomalous drainage through the void.
DIVERSIDAD DE INSECTOS MINADORES DE HOJAS Y FORMADORES DE AGALLAS EN EL DOSEL Y SOTOBOSQUE DEL BOSQUE TROPICAL

Con el proposito de estimar en que estrato del bosque tropical ocurre mayor diversidad de especies de insectos formadores de agallas y minadores de hojas, se realizaron muestreos desde marzo de 1997 a mayo de 1998 en dos bosques de la República de Panamá (Parque Natural Metropolitano y Fuerte Sherman). Nuestros resultados indican que en el dosel de ambos bosques existe mayor riqueza de insectos formadores de agallas y minadores de hojas que en el sotobosque, siendo la proporción de especies de estos dos grupos en el dosel y sotobosque de 2:1 respectivamente. El índice alfa de Fisher indica que los dos grupos de insectos son más diversos en el dosel de los dos bosques que en el sotobosque, siendo el dosel del Fuerte Sherman donde ocurre mayor abundancia de algunas morfoespecies.
Groundnut: Genetic Approaches to Enhance Adaptation of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea, L.) to Drought

Groundnut or peanut is grown as an oilseed or food crop in more than 100 countries under diverse agroclimatic conditions. About 80% of the world's groundnut is grown in drylands of semiarid tropics that experience erratic droughts and high temperature variability. The impending climate change characterized by an increase in frequency and severity of droughts and elevated temperatures has accentuated negative impacts on the groundnut productivity. Therefore, it is essential to put in place genetic and management interventions in an environmentally sustainable manner to combat negative impacts of climate change. The chapter focuses on the abiotic constraints to groundnut production and describes the current understanding of the crop improvement, under each chapter, with reference to enhancing the adaptive capacity of groundnut to the targeted abiotic stresses. A significant progress has been made in characterizing the genetic variability for various adaptive traits in cultivated "tetraploid" groundnut. Conceptual approaches tested have demonstrated the potential for trait-based breeding by introgressing discrete components of Passioura's yield model. The existing literature suggest that success of crop improvement for drought by introgression of several traits can be achieved through exploiting the existing genetic variability, identification, and characterization of most relevant traits and genes from the germplasm collections and promising trait donor wild races. However, the introgression of multiple traits of interest through conventional breeding has been slow, costly, and laborious due to a lack of rapid and cost-effective selection tools. Recent advances in DNA technologies have opened up novel opportunities to enable marker-assisted selection and breeding in a number of crops. Besides, transgenics technology has emerged as an alternative option for trait pyramiding. However, the challenge in groundnut has been to generate genomic resources to utilize them in molecular breeding program. This chapter provides insights into current research knowledge on the groundnut crop improvement for drought adaptations and a few potential options, which are promising for challenges to be addressed.
Avifauna of Thummalapalle Uranium Mining Area, Andhra Pradesh, India

The avifauna of Thummalapalle Uranium Mining Area in Kadapa and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh consists of 99 species belonging to 43 families as observed during the two-and-half year long study between 2009 and 2012. The majority of them are residents (92%) and a very few are local migrants (5%) and winter migrants (2%), and inclusive of 47 species that are common, 13 occasional, 17 uncommon and 22 rare.
Variation in Tree Ring Width in Relation to Storm Activity for Mid-Atlantic Barrier Island Populations of Pinus taeda

Tree cores were collected from coastal populations of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) on Hog and Parramore Islands of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, Bodie Island (North Carolina) and at North Inlet (South Carolina) for a comparative analysis of growth ring width with storm occurrence. All four sites showed some association between ring width and occurrence of coastal tracking hurricanes and northeasters, with reduced width during the year of the storm or the following year. In addition, ring width increased with decreasing latitude, possibly indicating a relationship between ring width and length of growing season. The difference in variability around the mean ring width between the two Virginia barrier islands was in agreement with suggested differences in island stability. Although a clear relationship between ring width and storm occurrence was not evident, tree ring analysis may be a useful tool in the determination of storm impact on barrier island plant communities, of storm frequency over long time periods, and of differences in stability among barrier islands.