Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insight into the Neogene tectonic history of the northern Bolivian Orocline from new paleomagnetic and geochronologic data

A paleomagnetic study of 36 sites (315 samples) of Neogene strata from the Peruvian Altiplano and adjacent sub‐Andean belt (Pilcopata area), combined with 40Ar/39Ar dating of 13 lava flows, provide new constraints on the Cenozoic deformation history of the northern Bolivian Orocline. In the Peruvian Altiplano, 40Ar/39Ar dating brackets the age of the strata sampled for paleomagnetism between 26.5 and 12.1 Ma for the Huaccochullo basin, 18.6 and 12.1 Ma for the Descanso‐Yauri basin, and 16.8 and 15.5 Ma for the Ayaviri basin. Sub‐Andean sediments are paleontologically constrained as Miocene, yet pre‐9 Ma. Prefolding magnetizations isolated in the Huaccochullo, Descanso‐Yauri, and Pilcopata localities indicate significant counterclockwise vertical axis block rotations of 11.3° ± 5.4°, 31.0° ± 10.2° and 7.8° ± 4.8°, respectively. The pattern of rotations together with mapped structures suggest that deformation of the northern Altiplano was partitioned into large regions experiencing relatively minor rotation versus smaller, isolated basins exhibiting high‐amplitude counterclockwise rotations that lie in a major left‐lateral shear zone. Our new results imply significant transpressional deformation occurred throughout the Peruvian Altiplano since circa 12 Ma and are integrated in a model detailing the tectonic evolution of the northern Bolivian Orocline since 25 Ma.
Climas y tiempos de España

La variedad climatica de Espana resulta sorprendente para quien no conoce el pais. A caballo entre la zona templada y la subtropical, los climas de Espana son consecuencia de un juego de influencias muy diversas, con predominio de las mediterraneas. La Peninsula Iberica, pinzada entre el Atlantico y el Mediterraneo, en el extremo suroeste de Eurasia y vecina de Africa, dispone de unos factores geograficos propios, en especial el contrastado relieve, que dan lugar a un autentico rompecabezas climatico. En “Climas y tiempos de Espana” el lector encontrara una obra moderna y rigurosa con materiales nuevos que constituye una excelente y completa sintesis climatologica de Espana, imprescindible para el universitario y el estudioso de la atmosfera y en general para quien quiere conocer bien nuestro pais.
Leverförfettning hos mjölkkor och dess koppling till utfodring under sintidsperioden

Leverforfettning ar ett metaboliskt tillstand som ar starkt forknippat med den negativa energibalans som kon befinner sig i vid tiden omkring kalvning. Leverforfettning kan i svara fall paverka leverns funktioner negativt, oka risken for sjukdomar, minska mjolkproduktionen samt orsaka reproduktionsstorningar. Vid negativ energibalans mobiliseras fettsyror fran kons fettvavnad for att tacka upp obalansen mellan energinta g och energiforbrukning. Fettsyrorna transporteras till levern dar de oxideras. Om leverns kapacitet for oxidation av fettsyror overskrids forestras fettsyrorna och triglycerider aterbildas som sedan kan transporteras ut fran levern som very low density-lipoproteins (VLDL). Dock har kons lever en begransad kapacitet att utsondra VLDLs och om denna kapacitet overskrids lagras triglyceriderna in i levern vilket orsakar leverforfettning. Vid sista tiden innan kalvning minskar kons torrsubstansintag drastiskt vilket bidrar till omfattningen av den negativa energibalansen. Det ar darfor viktigt att i mojligaste man uppratthalla torrsubstansintaget innan kalvning, vilket kan goras genom att oka det totala energiinnehallet i foderstaten. Dock ska en foderstat med hogt energiinnehall inte utfodras under hela sintidsperioden da det okar risken for en kraftig hullokning hos kon. Overhull ar en annan viktig orsak till leverforfettning. En ko i overhull mobiliserar storre mangder fettsyror fran fettvavnaden vilket okar risken for leverforfettning. En rad fodertillskott har utvarderats som potentiella substanser for att forebygga eller behandla leverforfettning. Kolin och propylenglykol ar de tillskott som visat sig ha effekt pa koncentrationen av fettsyror i plasman samt andelen inlagrade triglycerider i levern.
Simulations of temperature and turbulence structure of the oceanic boundary layer with the improved near-surface process

An improved model for the oceanic boundary layer is presented in view of the recent observation of the microstructure of the upper ocean including the high dissipation rate near the sea surface. In the new model the surface boundary conditions for both the turbulent kinetic energy flux and the roughness length scale are modified. The parameterization of stratification effects on turbulence is improved, and the convective process is reformulated on the basis of the observation of uniform temperature and velocity profiles within the convective mixed layer. Evolutions of the profiles of both the dissipation rate and temperature of the observation data Patches Experiment as well as the time series of the sea surface temperature over the observation days, are successfully simulated during a diurnal cycle for the first time. It is also shown that the model reproduces various important features of the oceanic boundary layer, for example, the formation of a diurnal thermocline, the profiles of buoyancy flux, and the magnitudes of the buoyancy gradients both within the mixed layer and at the diurnal thermocline. Performance of the model is compared with that of the widely used Mellor-Yamada model.
Carbon Taxes and Deficit Reduction

This paper looks at both the efficiency and distributional implications of a carbon tax and/or other energy taxes as part of a package of measures to address the budget deficit. We build a dynamic general-equilibrium overlapping-generations model (OLG) of the U.S. economy, including detail on government taxes and expenditures and a disaggregated production structure including several energy industries. We find that both the overall cost of including a carbon tax in a package of deficit reduction measures and the distribution of that cost across generations vary significantly based on what other tax and spending measures are included in that package, and vary quite substantially based on which of those measures the carbon tax revenue is used to offset. Moreover, the effects of a carbon tax within a deficit-reduction package can differ significantly from the effects of a revenue-neutral tax swap (as modeled in the prior literature). For their helpful comments and suggestions, we thank Lint Barrage, Dallas Burtraw, Alan Krupnick, and seminar participants at the Congressional Budget Office and the Northeast Workshop on Energy Policy and Environmental Economics. We also thank the Bipartisan Policy Commission, the Smith Richardson Foundation, and Resources for the Future for financial support, and Daniel Velez-Lopez and Samuel Grausz for excellent research assistance.
Synthetic tropical cyclone database

A mathematical model capable of simulating tropical cyclone tracks and central pressure histories over the Coral Sea, Australia, is described. The modeling approach assumes that each cyclone is an independent realization of the same underlying stochastic process. Relatively simple autoregressive models are used for the time series of latitude, longitude, and central pressure. The model is used to generate a large database of synthetic storms whose statistical characteristics are shown to simulate those of the population of real storms. Each synthetic storm can be used, in conjunction with a separately developed wind field model, to drive numerical models for computing wave heights and water levels (including storm surges) throughout the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. In this way, the sample size available for estimating extreme wave heights and water levels is greatly increased.
Status of lead present in ground drinking water samples of Uttarakhand (Garhwal Region) in India

Lead is a naturally occurring metal found deep in the ground. It occurs in small amounts in ore, along with other elements such as silver, zinc, or copper. Even though it is found in small amounts, there is an abundant supply of lead throughout the earth. Because it is widespread, and easy to extract and work with, lead was used for hundreds of years in a wide variety of products found in and around homes, including paint and gasoline. Lead can get into our body in two ways — through breathing it in or by eating it. For example, lead can enter the body through eating or inhaling paint dust or chips. The soil, drinkable ground water around our home can pick up lead from sources such as exterior paint. Lead can also enter in drinking water through our plumbing. In drinking ground water samples of uttarakhand (garhwal region) the level of lead was estimated through ICP mass spectroscopy. The presences of lead in ground drinking water samples of uttarakhand were high as compared to BIS desirable and permissible limits. Both children and adults are vulnerable to the effects of lead. Young children under the age of 5 are particularly vulnerable, because their body, brain, and metabolism are still developing. Two-year-olds tend to have the highest blood level concentration, because they put many things into their mouth, including toys or other products that may contain lead. On the basis of present study we observed that due to the excess quantity of Pb, and others heavy metals in uttarkhand India, the human beings of that region are suffering with various diseases like gastrointestinal, speech disorder, Irritability aggressive behaviors temper tantrums, Sleep difficulties/ disturbances, Anorexia symptoms reflecting eating disorders loss of appetite/weight, behavior, Speech and Language Deficits, Cognitive Impairments and thyroid diseases etc.
The change of land cover and land use and its impact factors in upriver key regions of the Yellow River

Owing to the influence of global change, land cover and land use have changed significantly over the last decade in the cold and arid regions of China, such as Madoi County which is located in the source area of the Yellow River. In this paper, land‐use/cover change and landscape dynamics are investigated using satellite remote sensing (RS) and a geographical information system (GIS). The objectives of this paper are to determine land‐use/cover transition rates between different cover types in the Madoi County over 10 years e.g., from 1990 to 2000. Second, the changes of landscape metrics using various indices and models are quantified. The impact factors of LUCC (Land‐Use land cover Change) are systematically identified by integrating remote sensing as well as statistical data, including climate, frozen soil, hydrological data and the socio‐economic data. Using 30 m×30 m spatial resolution Landsat (Enhanced) Thematic Mapper (TM/ETM+) data in our study area, nine land cover classes can be discriminated. Our results show that Grassland, Marshes and Water Bodies decrease notably, while oppositely, Sands ‐ Gobi and Barren land increase significantly. The number of lakes with an acreage larger than six hectares decreased from 405 in 1990 to 261 in 2000. Numerous small lakes dried out. The area of grassland with a high cover fraction decreased as well, while the surface area of grassland with a medium level of cover fraction increased. The medium cover fraction grassland mainly originates from high cover fraction grassland. The desertification of land is a serious issue. (ii) The inter‐transformations between Grasslands, Barren Land, Sands, Gobi, Water Bodies and Marshes are remarkable. The Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index (SWDI), the Evenness Index (EI) and the extent of Landscape Heterogeneity (LH) has improved. Marshes have become more fragmented hence, with less connected patches. (iii) In the recent 30 years, average annual temperature, the power of evaporation and the index of dryness did increase significantly. Moreover, soil moisture content (SMC) decreased and the drought trend accelerated. The degradation of frozen soil has impacted on the decrease of surface water area and induced a drop in groundwater levels. Monitoring LUCC in sensitive regions would not only benefit from a study of vulnerable ecosystems in cold and high altitude regions, but would provide scientifically based decision‐making tools for local governments as well.
Biomechanical limitations on macrophytes in shallow lakes

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Oceanic lead isotopes and ore genesis

Isotopic ratios of oceanic leads so nearly coincide with those of the youngest ore leads as to suggest sea water as the principal source of ore leads. The connate water buried with marine sediments may deposit its metals within the original host beds, or may migrate under the stimulus of deformation or igneous deposit to form typical epigenetic deposits. Isotopic age of ore lead may conform with that of the host rocks, but is commonly older, or more rarely younger, depending on path of migration. Anomalous leads generally represent contamination by radiogenic lead from Precambrian basement.
The response of palaeomagnetic data to Earth expansion

Summary. Attempts to estimate palaeo-radii of the Earth, using palaeomagnetic data have necessarily been based on simplistic Earth models. It has been asserted that real geological processes are too complex to enable us to approach the problem quantitatively, and such attempts yield invalid results. We examine this and argue that, to the contrary, it appears that errors introduced by allowing for more realistic behaviour of the continents, e.g. ‘orangepeel effect’ and crustal extension, are smaller by an order of magnitude than the response of palaeomagnetic data to simplified expansion models. From a qualitative argument, it is shown that the observed Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic palaeomagnetic data are not what should be expected from an expanded Earth. We conclude that it appears unlikely that the Earth has expanded significantly since the Early Mesozoic.
Effects of autocorrelation and temporal sampling schemes on estimates of trend and spatial correlation

This paper is concerned with temporal data requirements for the assessment of trends and for estimating spatial correlations of atmospheric species. The authors examine statistically three basic issues: (1) the effect of autocorrelations in monthly observations and the effect of the length of data record on the precision of trend estimates, (2) the effect of autocorrelations in the daily data on the sampling frequency requirements with respect to the representativeness of monthly averages for trend estimation, and (3) the effect of temporal sampling schemes on estimating spatial correlations of atmospheric species in neighboring stations. The principal findings are (1) the precision of trend estimates depends critically on the magnitude of auto-correlations in the monthly observations, (2) this precision is insensitive to the temporal sampling rates of daily measurements under systematic sampling, and (3) the estimate of spatial correlation between two neighboring stations is insensitive to temporal sampling rate under systematic sampling, but is sensitive to the time lag between measurements taken at the two stations. These results are based on methodological considerations as well as on empirical analysis of total and profile ozone and rawinsonde temperature data from selected ground stations.
On the time variability of γ-ray sources: A numerical analysis of variability indices

We present a Monte Carlo analysis of the recently introduced variability indices τ (Tompkins 1999) and I (Zhang et al. 2000 & Torres et al. 2001) for γ-ray sources. We explore different variability criteria and prove that these two indices, despite the very different approaches used to compute them, are statistically correlated (5 to 7σ). This conclusion is maintained also for the subset of AGNs and high latitude (|b| > 10 deg) sources, whereas the correlation is lowered for the low latitude ones, where the influence of the diffuse galactic emission background is strong.
Monthly maps of sea surface dissolved inorganic carbon in the North Pacific: Basin‐wide distribution and seasonal variation

[1] We produced 84 monthly maps of sea surface dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration for the North Pacific from 2002 to 2008. The estimated DIC concentration agrees well with DIC concentration observed from research vessels at fixed time series stations (root-mean-square error of 10.2 μmol kg−1). The spatial distribution of 7 year annual mean DIC concentration corresponds to the sea surface salinity distribution and ocean circulation. We explored DIC seasonal variation by categorizing the North Pacific into 10 areal clusters. DIC decrease from March to July was captured: more than 120 μmol kg−1 in the northwest, but less than 40 μmol kg−1 in the subtropics. After subtracting the effects of air-sea CO2 flux and salinity change, the residual DIC decrease from March to July can be considered as net community production (NCP): more than 14 mmolC m−2 d−1 in the boundary region between the subtropics and the subarctic extending from east coast of Japan to the date line, more than 8 mmolC m−2 d−1 in the coastal region of the subarctic, and 4–8 mmolC m−2 d−1 in the offshore region of the subarctic. The NCP corresponds well to 20–30% of the satellite-derived net primary production.
Migrating Cretaceous–Eocene Magmatismin the Serra do Mar Alkaline Province,SE Brazil: Melts from the Deflected Trindade Mantle Plume?

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM, SOUTH ROAD, DURHAM DH1 3LE, UK DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, DOWNING STREET, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ, UK DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, THE UNIVERSITY, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE NE1 7RU, UK DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, McMASTER UNIVERSITY, 1280 MAIN STREET WEST, HAMILTON, ONT. , CANADA L8S 4M1 DEPARTMENTO DE GEOQUIMICA E RECURSOS MINERAIS, INSTITUTO DE GEOCIENCIAS, UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASILIA,
Self‐consistent elastic moduli of a cracked solid

A self-consistent theory for the determination of elastic moduli of cracked solids is presented, and worked out for an isotropic distribution of cracks. A missing ingredient of the previous theory of O'Connell and Budiansky is the correct accounting of crack interaction energy. The new theory leads to a set of differential equations for the effective elastic moduli which are easily solved. The solutions always lie within the physical range, and show that the influence of the cracks on the effective moduli is considerably less than has been previously calculated.
Coastal water recreation and public health of south India a case study in Varkala beach.

Among the different impacts of coastal tourism on the environment, the effect of tourism on public health has special importance. The increase in population during the peak tourism season results usually in an increase in the amount of waste water. Unavailability of necessary infrastructure for waste treatment makes the sea polluted, causing serious health problems. In its most recent report on waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention concluded that the incidence of infections associated with recreational water use has steadily increased over the past several decades (Yoder et al., 2008).
Holocene dust records from the West African Sahel and their implications for changes in climate and land surface conditions

We reconstructed aeolian dust accumulation during the Holocene from two radiocarbon‐dated lake‐sediment sequences from the Manga Grasslands in northeastern Nigeria in order to investigate long‐term changes in the Harmattan dust system over West Africa and evaluate their possible causes. Flux values were low in the early Holocene, decreasing further to a minimum at around 6.2 kyr B.P. after which time they increased, steadily until around 2 kyr B.P. and then more sharply after this time. The long‐term variations in dust flux agree broadly with changes in the exposed area of the Lake Chad Basin to the northeast of the study sites, which vary inversely with the volume of Paleolake Megachad. More proximal sources of dust, including the fine fraction of local dune sand and floodplains of nearby rivers, have also made a contribution to the total dust load during times of enhanced dune and fluvial activity. Sharp rises in dust flux over the past century may be related to human activity. Broad patterns of change in dust flux during the Holocene agree with other reconstructions over the same period. However, we see no evidence for a stepped rise during the middle Holocene, as seen at some sites from the northeastern tropical Atlantic, suggesting that controls on the Harmattan dust system have differed from those affecting dust deposition elsewhere across northern Africa.
Estimation of hydraulic parameters from an unconfined aquifer test conducted in a glacial outwash deposit, Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Abstract : An aquifer test conducted in a sand and gravel, glacial outwash deposit on Cape Cod, Massachusetts was analyzed by means of a model for flow to a partially penetrating well in a homogeneous, anisotropic unconfined aquifer. The model is designed to account for all significant mechanisms expected to influence drawdown in observation piezometers and in the pumped well. In addition to the usual fluid-flow and storage processes, additional processes include effects of storage in the pumped well, storage in observation piezometers, effects of skin at the pumped-well screen, and effects of drainage from the zone above the water table. The aquifer was pumped at a rate of 320 gallons per minute for 72-hours and drawdown measurements were made in the pumped well and in 20 piezometers located at various distances from the pumped well and depths below the land surface. To facilitate the analysis, an automatic parameter estimation algorithm was used to obtain relevant unconfined aquifer parameters, including the saturated thickness and a set of empirical parameters that relate to gradual drainage from the unsaturated zone.