Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time-invariant filtering and segmentation of SAR images by using mean-field annealing

A stochastic model for restoration of and edge extraction from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is presented. This model is based on an observation-prediction model which favors the restoration of piecewise-constant patches separated by long continuous edges. Speckle noise is filtered out by means of an a-priori fixed probability distribution dependent on the number of views. Results on synthetic and real images are reported. To reduce the computational cost, simulated annealing is replaced with a deterministic algorithm based on the weak membrane model and on the mean field equations adapted to SAR. <<ETX>>
Surface intercalation of gold underneath a graphite monolayer on NiÑ111Ö studied by angle-resolved photoemission and high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy

Quasi-two-dimensional intercalationlike systems, synthesized by surface intercalation of gold atoms underneath a monolayer of graphite formed on Ni~111! , have been investigated by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy ~PES! and high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy ~HREELS! Modifications of both electronic structure and vibrational properties due to the presence of the intercalated Au monolayer between the graphite monolayer and Ni~111! are reported. The surface intercalation of the gold atoms underneath the graphite monolayer leads to a ‘‘stiffening’’ of the graphite-derived phonon modes and to an energetic shift of the graphite-derived p, s electronic states in the valence band toward lower binding energies. The observed changes of the PE and HREEL spectra are explained by the saturation of the active Ni(d) bonds by the intercalated gold atoms and by the weakening of the interaction between graphite monolayer and substrate, due to the blockage of the graphite C(p)-Ni(d) hybrid bonds.
Numerical simulation of propagation of small perturbations interacting with flows and solid bodies

This paper addresses the numerical simulation of the acoustic propagation through an aerodynamic flow and its interaction with solid bodies. First, a general conservative formulation is derived from Euler's equations using a small perturbation hypothesis. In a second time, a discrete form is obtained with the help of high-order explicit schemes. Then, boundaries treatments and curvilinear or filtering aspects are examined. Finally, as an illustration and a validation of the E3P code that has been developed on these theoretical basis, an extensive set of numerical simulations is presented. It should be showing the wide range of possible applications that this tool, taken alone or coupled with others, could offer.
New results from the first exoplanet survey in the Canadian High Arctic

We present new results from the first search for transiting exoplanets undertaken from the High Arctic: the AWCam (Arctic Wide-field Cameras) survey. The survey, which has been operating for 2.5 years, is based at 80 degrees North on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic. The small telescopes monitor 70,000 bright stars in a several-hundred square-degree region around Polaris, with milli-magnitude photometric precision, and are capable of discovering giant planets around 10,000 bright, nearby solar-type stars. We present the first longterm monitoring results from the AWCams, including an assessment of the site characteristics and the systems' long-term performance. The High-Arctic site provided excellent survey efficiency, without diurnal windowing and largely uninterrupted by clouds. Useful data was obtained over the entire survey field 71% of the time; the sky was clear 62% of the time. One pristine clear, dark period in winter 2012/13 persisted for 480 hours. In 2012/13 we recorded a period of 480 hours of continuous photometric conditions, attaining 3-4 millimag photometric stability over the entire period. We report the long-term photometric performance of the AWCam systems and detail the discovery of a bright (V=8) low-amplitude eclipsing binary. Finally, we present a concept for an extremely-wide-field arctic survey based on the Evryscope telescope-array design.
A Finite Element Approach for the Modelling of Skeletal Muscle Fatigue

Skeletal muscles are the primary unit for the movement of the human body, they serve as shock absorber and protect the skeleton system against external loads. By maintaining a certain force level, muscle show fatigue effects, expressed by a decrease of the retentive force. To incorporate such effects in a finite element framework, we use a fatigue model that allows us to describe the dynamical processes between active, fatigued, and recovered fibres. The chosen modelling strategy facilitates the efficient transport of the known information about physiological processes in the single fibre to the three‐dimensional macroscopic level where e. g. the dependence of muscle contraction on fatigue effects is studied. Besides the theoretical derivation of the modelling approach, simulations at fibre as well as at muscle level have been investigated (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the longtime behavior of a 2D hydrodynamic model for chemically reacting binary fluid mixtures

Two dimensional diffuse interface model for a chemically reacting incompressible binary fluid in a bounded domain is considered. The corresponding evolution system consists of the Navier–Stokes equations for the (averaged) fluid velocity that are nonlinearly coupled with a convective Cahn–Hilliard–Oono type equation for the difference ψ of two fluid concentrations. The effects of a (reversible) chemical reaction is represented in the latter equation by an additional term of the form ε(ψ − c0), ε > 0. Here, c0 is the stationary spatial average of ψ, provided that, for example, no‐slip and no‐flux boundary conditions are considered. The mass is not necessarily conserved unless the spatial average of the initial datum for ψ coincides with c0. When ε = 0 (i.e., no chemical reaction), the model reduces to the well‐known Cahn–Hilliard–Navier–Stokes system, which has been investigated by several authors. Here, we want to show that the global dynamic behavior of the system is robust with respect to ε. More precisely, we construct a family of exponential attractors, which is continuous with respect to ε. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nominal and temporal interpretation in discourse

The central question in this paper is to what extent nominal and temporal interpretative phenomena in discourse are analogous. Firstly, three apparent similarities between nominal and temporal reference will be put forward. Subsequently, ontological differences between temporal and nominal referents and their linguistic realizations in discourse will be discussed. These differences are used as a kind of search light in discovering, describing and explaining three discourse phenomena, in which nominals and temporals behave differently. 1.
An introduction to the theory of random signals and noise

Preface to the IEEE Press Edition. Preface. Errata. Introduction. Probability. Random Variables and Probability Distributions. Averages. Sampling. Spectral Analysis. Shot Noise. The Gaussian Process. Linear Systems. Noise Figures. Optimum Linear Systems. Nonlinear Devices: The Direct Method. Nonlinear Devices: The Transform Method. Statistical Detection Signals. Appendix 1: The Impulse Function. Appendix 2: Integral Equations. Bibliography. Index.
Baseline Studies of Terrestrial Outdoor Gamma Dose Rate Levels in Nigeria

The outdoor radiation exposure dose rates due to the radioactivity concentration of 40 K, 238 U and 232 Th in the soil across different environments in Nigeria have been carried out using the low-cost method of in situ γ ray spectrometry. Measurements were made in 18 cities, spread across the three major zones of the country. The radioactivity concentrations of these radionuclides in the soil were used to determine their radiation absorbed dose rates in the air. The range of average total dose rate due to the three radionuclides in the Eastern zone is between 0.025 and 0.081 μGy. h -1 with an average of 0.040 ± 0.006 μGy. h -1 , 0.041 and 0.214 μGy. h -1 with a mean of 0.089 ± 0.014 μGy. h -1 for the Western zone and between 0.066 and 0.222 μGy. h -1 with a mean of 0.102 ± 0.032 μGy. h -1 for the Northern zone. The average annual outdoor effective dose equivalents of 51 ± 8 μSv. y -1 114 ± 18 μSv. y -1 and 130 ± 41 μSv. y -1 have been estimated for the Eastern, Western and Northern zones, respectively. The average annual effective dose equivalent for the country has been estimated to be 98 ± 15 μSv. y -1 and the collective effective dose equivalent as 9.7 X 10 3 man.Sv. y -1 . Measurements have been taken as representing the baseline values of natural radioactivity as no artificial radionuclide was detected at any of the sites surveyed.
X-ray clusters of galaxies - Correlation of X-ray luminosity with galactic content

All 14 X-ray clusters of galaxies detected by the Ariel 5 satellite at high galactic latitudes with redshifts of less than 0.05 are analyzed optically for galaxy content. A strong correlation is found between cluster X-ray luminosity and galaxy type: the fraction of spiral galaxies in a cluster decreases rapidly with increasing X-ray luminosity. The observed correlation is consistent with a combined model of thermal bremsstrahlung emission from a hot intracluster gas and stripping of the spiral galaxies caused by the ram pressure of the same intracluster gas.
Etude des phénomènes de réfraction et de diffraction avec un modèle d'approche de la houle en coordonnées curvilignes

The model presented here follows wave propagation in curvilinear coordinates given by rays and crests, (BOUGIS 2004), avoiding angle limitations linked to the parabolic approximation of mild-slope equation on a privileged axis. The method consists of building the meshing in refraction first, and then of modifying it in taking into account diffraction effects by an iterative process. Refraction and diffraction influences, calculated in a combined way, can nevertheless be analysed separately. The model is then compared to REFDIF in monochromatic waves, and to SWAN in irregular waves, and shows interesting results.
Testing for Three or Fewer Outliers in Two-Way Tables

In John and Draper (1978), tests for outliers in two-way tables were discussed. A test statistic QK was considered (see Gentleman and Wilk, 1975b), and was shown to be the sum of squares of successive adjusted normalized uncorrelated residuals. Percentage points for a test statistic involving maximum QK in the one and two outlier cases were estimated by Monte Carlo generations. Formula approximations to these percentage points were suggested. The present paper extends the previous work. Simulations to estimate percentage points for a test statistic involving maximum QK for the three outlier case are summarized, and approximations to these points suggested. An aspect of design of experiments in the general regression situation when it is feared that outliers may occur is also briefly discussed.
TRANSITION WAVES THAT LEAVE BEHIND REGULAR OR IRREGULAR SPATIOTEMPORAL OSCILLATIONS IN A SYSTEM OF THREE REACTION–DIFFUSION EQUATIONS

Transition waves are widespread in the biological and chemical sciences, and have often been successfully modelled using reaction–diffusion systems. I consider a particular system of three reaction–diffusion equations, and I show that transition waves can destabilise as the kinetic ordinary differential equations pass through a Hopf bifurcation, giving rise to either regular or irregular spatiotemporal oscillations behind the advancing transition wave front. In the case of regular oscillations, I show that these are periodic plane waves that are induced by the way in which the transition wave front approaches its terminal steady state. Further, I show that irregular oscillations arise when these periodic plane waves are unstable as reaction–diffusion solutions. The resulting behavior is not related to any chaos in the kinetic ordinary differential equations.
On the Main Conjecture for CM Fields

The aim of this work is to prove a divisibility relation toward the main conjecture for CM fields. Our main tool is the study of congruences between an Eisenstein series and cusp forms on the unitary group GU(2,1). We introduce an Eisenstein ideal in the nearly-ordinary universal Hecke algebra for GU(2,1) and show that it divides the characteristic ideal of the CM Iwasawa module.
Instationary aeroelastic computation of yacht sails

Effective schemes exist to calculate aerodynamic forces for thin bodies and structural dynamics of flexible membranes. The fluid dynamic of thin wings in a irrotational flow leads to the lifting surface theory. Neglecting the inertia of the membrane the structural dynamics are solved by the non‐linear (FEM). But the interaction of flexible membranes and an irrotational flow causes problems due to the different nature of the mathematical equations. On the one hand, there is a partial differential equation for the structural dynamics and on the other hand, there is a singular integral equation for the aerodynamics. The numerical discretization scheme has to fit these different types of equation.
Group Events as Means for Representing Collectivity

In this paper I argue in favor of the introduction of “group” events into a framework of event semantics; these mirror the “group” individuals introduced by Landman (1989), and give the domain of events a structure similar to that of the domain of individuals. Group events are used in order to capture collectivity effects that cannot be represented through the domain of individuals, as in the case of predicate conjunction. An attempt to extend the notion of group events and to use them for counting with adverbials such as three times proves at the very least troublesome.
Powerful electromagnetic waves for active environmental research in geospace

Powerful electromagnetic (EM) waves can exert well‐defined influence on the atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. These active EM interactions can provide spatiotemporal information on the near‐Earth space environment (geospace). Objectives include remote monitoring and controlling of a wide range of parameters of geospace, controlling properties of the ionosphere and magnetosphere, as well as interaction with large‐scale natural energy sources. In addition, applications such as mitigation of atmospheric pollutants and solar power satellites are discussed. Studies of EM wave interactions also contribute to the knowledge of anthropogenic effects in the geospace environment, such as the increasing use of EM radiation.
A study of Levi-Civita’s cylindrical solutions in f ( R , φ) gravity

This manuscript is dedicated to discussing the cylindrical symmetric solutions in a well-known gravity, namely the f ( R , φ) theory of gravity, where R stands for Ricci scalar and φ represents the scalar potential. For our current study, f ( R , φ) = ( 1 + ξ λ 2 φ 2 ) R gravity model is used to ﬁnd the exact solutions of ﬁeld equations. Furthermore, a well-known Levi-Civita solution by considering some parameters has been investigated. We exclusively worked out the expressions of density and pressure terms and analyzed them graphically. Energy conditions especially null energy conditions are examined while discussing the exact solutions of all these cases. It is concluded that the null energy conditions are violated for some speciﬁc regions, which is an indication of the existence of cylindrical wormholes. The charming and fascinating feature of this task is two-dimensional and three-dimensional investigation.
A numerical simulation of the creeping ﬂow of TiO 2 -SiO 2 / C 2 H 6 O 2 hybrid-nano-ﬂuid through a curved conﬁguration due to metachronal waves propulsion of beating cilia

In the current era, the transportation of the nanoﬂuids and the hybrid nanoﬂuids due to the natural propulsive like contraction and relaxation of the ﬂexible walls and the cilia movement has momentous applications in various embryonic technologies. Motivated by the multi-disciplinary evolution and research in this direction, a mathematical model is proposed to study the numerical simulation of the hybrid nanoﬂuid through a curved domain due to the metachronal wave-propulsion of the beating cilia under the creeping ﬂow phenomena. Furthermore, the ﬂow characteristics of a non-Newtonian ﬂuid model (Powell–Eyring ﬂuid model)isdiscussedindetails.Thegoverningequationsareobtainedintermsofthecurvilinear coordinatesinthelaboratoryframe. Transformthissystemofequationsfromtheﬁxedframe tothewaveframebyintroducingalinearrelationbetweenthesetwoframes.Thenumerical solutionofthenon-dimensional-zedequationsisobtainedbyusinganexplicitﬁnitedifference techniquethroughFORTRAN.Itisfoundthatthevisco-elasticparameter(Weissenberg number)overcomestheeffectsofcurvature.Theamplitudeoftheciliahasamassiverolein ﬂuidtransportationthroughaconﬁnedcurvedchannel. Thehybridﬂuidplayedanimportant role in the enhancement of the heat phenomena. A comparison between the straight and curved channels is also highlighted. This research study is very productive to the biological ﬂuid propulsion of the medical micro-machines in the drug delivery.
SEMISUPERVISEDMIXTURE MODELINGWITH FINE-GRAINED COMPONENT-CONDITIONALCLASS LABELING AND TRANSDUCTIVEINFERENCE

This paper introduces a new generative semisupervised (trans­ ductive) mixture model with a more fine-grained class label generation mechanism than that of previous works. Our ap­ proach effectively combines the advantages of standard semisu­ pervised mixtures, which achieve label extrapolation over a mixture component when there are few labeled samples, and nearest-neighbor (NN) classification, which achieves accurate classification in the local vicinity of labeled samples. To­ ward this end, we propose a two-stage stochastic data gener­ ation mechanism, with the unlabeled samples first produced and then the labeled samples generated conditioned on both the unlabeled data and on their components of origin. This nested data generation entails a more complicated (albeit still closed-form) E-step evaluation than that for standard mix­ tures. Our model is advantageous, compared with previous semisupervised mixtures, when mixture components model data from more than one class and when within-component class proportions are not constant over the feature space re­ gion "owned" by a component. Experiments demonstrate gains in classification accuracy over both the previous semisuper­ vised mixture of experts model and over K -NN classification on data sets from the DC Irvine Repository.
Multi-Agent Metaheuristic Framework for Thermal Design Optimization of a Shell and Tube Evaporator Operated with Nanorefrigerant

This study proposes a brand new practical multi-agent optimization framework based on an intelligent collaborative interaction between some prevalent metaheuristic algorithms available in the literature. Proposed optimization architecture is built on widely known and reputed master–slave model assisted with some useful and promising modifications. Conventional stochastic-based optimization algorithms including Particle Swarm Optimization, Crow Search Algorithm, Differential Evolution, and Global Best Algorithm are structurally coordinated to form the slave populations, while the best solutions obtained from these slave subpopulations are forming the master individuals. Contrary to the traditional master–slave approach, master individuals in this proposed framework becomes more functional by performing an extensive local search over numerical results of the best slave individuals. Main aim in constructing such a highly devised multi-agent algorithm is to maintain an effective communication domain between slave individuals (agents) as well as to enhance the capabilities of the cooperative search mechanism through the systematic combination of metaheuristics. Optimization performance of the proposed framework is tested on a suite of 29 optimization benchmark functions. Proposed optimization method surpasses the compared optimization algorithms in 27 out of 29 problems and proves its solution efficiency in multidimensional optimization problems. Then, proposed strategy is applied on single and multi-objective thermal design of a shell and tube evaporator operated with R134a/Al2O3 nanorefrigerant. It is seen that maximum overall heat transfer coefficient is increased by 18.1% and minimum total cost of heat exchanger is reduced by 5.1% in the case of incorporating Al2O3 nanoparticles into R134a.
Daily and annual variations of erythemal ultraviolet radiation in Southwestern Spain

The potential danger of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and its increasing levels at the Earth's surface due to ozone depletion have demanded worldwide representative measurements of UV radiation. This study presents four and one-half years of original records of high temporal resolution ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER) measured in Badajoz, Spain. Its principal aim is to statistically characterize the UVER magnitude and temporal variations, but also to address the interesting special cases of cloud-free and cloudy skies. In particular, the study reports reliable values of fundamental statistical indices, which can serve as relevant values for comparison with other studies and model results. Moreover, the daily and annual evolution of the main central moments of the distribution function are analyzed and interpreted in terms of the forcing and attenuation sources. The analysis focuses on two different temporal scales: hourly and daily values. Integrated hourly and daily data allow for the study of daily and annual variations of the fundamental statistical indices. All of them exhibit high symmetry with respect to solar noon and to certain dates near summer and winter solstices. The analysis shows the great influence of cloudiness in the distribution of UVER values. Thus, both daily and hourly UVER data present a slightly asymmetrical, left tailed, mesokurtic distribution for all months, except for summer, when the lack of clouds produces a leptokurtic distribution which is skewed to the left.
Anisotropic Lagrangian dispersion in rotating flows with a β effect

AbstractA detailed analysis of Lagrangian tracer dispersion is performed on datasets obtained from laboratory experiments that simulate rotating turbulence in the presence of a β effect. Compatible with the limitations of the experimental apparatus, a relatively wide range of the zonostrophy index Rβ, a parameter used to characterize flow regimes in β-plane turbulence, is explored. The considered range spans from values ~O(10−1), for which the flow is nearly isotropic, to values ~O(1), corresponding to the so-called transitional range in which the flow gradually leaves the friction-dominated regime to enter the full zonostrophic regime. The degree of anistropy and the characteristic scales of the flow have been estimated by means of a Lagrangian approach based on the reconstruction of tracer trajectories and on the measure of the finite-scale Lyapunov exponents (FSLE). The FSLE analysis allows one to identify the regimes of two-particle dispersion and to relate them to the physical parameters of the syste.