Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear TM surface waves in a left-handed material structure

The nonlinear characteristics of TM surface waves at microwave frequencies in a layered structure of left-handed metamaterial filme, a nonlinear antiferromagnet cover, and a linear dielectric substrate have been performed. The complex wave number of TM surface wave is computed by solving the dispersion equation in order to find out the reduced phase and attenutation constants. The effects of the frequency and nonlinearity of antiferromagnet on the reduced phase and attenuation constants have been examined. The power flow has also been studied as a function of the reduced phase and attenuation constants.
The dwarf spheroidal companions to M31: Surface-brightness profiles

CCD images and surface photometry are presented for the three dwarf spheroidal companions to M31. The derived light profiles are the msot accurate to date for galaxies of this type and serve to define the faint end of the surface-brightness-luminosity relation for early type dwarfs. New structural parameters are also compared for a subset of the galactic dwarf spheroidals, which indicate, when compared to the M31 dwarfs, that both sets of dwarf galaxies are similar. A B−V color is measured for And I and found to be in accord with that expected from the metallicity derived by Mould and Kristian (1990, ApJ, 354) from their color-magnitude diagram study. However, to a high degree of accuracy, we rule out their claim of a color gradient in this galaxy
Fractoemission during crack propagation in glass

The phenomenon termed fractoemission was monitored in soda‐lime‐silica glass specimens during slow crack growth. No electron, ion, or photon signals were detected until crack velocities reached approximately 10−2 m/s. These observations suggest that the more intense fractoemissions observed during fast fracture are due to dissipation of the excess energy associated with unstable crack growth, but more significantly that fractoemissions are not fundamental to crack propagation in glass.
Computing the Bayesian highest posterior density credible sets for the lognormal mean

Contaminant concentration data collected at Superfund sites are typically positively skewed, and the log‐normal distribution is commonly used to model such data distribution. U.S. EPA guidance documents recommend the use of H‐statistics to compute the upper confidence limit (UCL) of the mean of a log‐normal distribution. Recent work reported in the statistical literature has shown that the UCL calculated from the H‐statistics can yield extremely high false positives. In the present article we compute the Bayesian highest posterior density (HPD) credible set of the log‐normal mean. Simulated results using techniques of computational geometry are presented. Several experimental results on environmental data sets reveal that the UCL obtained by using the proposed Bayesian approach is more reasonable than those obtained by using other techniques. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamical diffraction explanation of the anomalous transmission of light through metallic gratings

In this paper, it is pointed out that the light transmission anomalies observed for thin-film metallic gratings can be explained entirely in terms of dynamical diffraction theory. Surface plasmons are an intrinsic component of the diffracted wave field and, as such, play no independent causal role in the anomalies. as has been implied by others. The dynamical scattering matrix for the Bloch-wave modes of the diffracted photon wave field (E, H) is derived for a three-dimensionally periodic medium with arbitrary dielectric constant. A new theoretical treatment and numerical results are presented for a one-dimensional array of slits. In model metallic slit arrays, with negative dielectric constant, 100% and 0% transmission is possible at different wavelengths in the zero-order beam. In slit arrays, both propagating and evanescent modes (traditional surface plasmons) are strongly excited at both the peak and the minimum transmission conditions.
Room-temperature InAsSbP∕InAs light emitting diodes by liquid phase epitaxy for midinfrared (3–5μm) dynamic scene projection

The InAsSbP∕InAs light emitting diodes (LEDs) grown by liquid phase epitaxy and tuned at several wavelengths inside the 3–5μm band were tested. Light pattern, radiation apparent temperature (Ta), thermal resistance, and self-heating details were characterized at T=300K in microscale by calibrated infrared cameras operating in the 3–5 and 8–12μm bands. The authors show that LEDs dynamically simulate very hot (Ta⩾750K) targets as well as cold objects and low observable. They resume that low cost LEDs enable a platform for photonic scene projection devices able to compete with thermal microemitter technology. Proposals on how to further increase LEDs performance are given.
Performance of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) high-resolution near-infrared multi-object fiber spectrograph

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) uses a dedicated 300-fiber, narrow-band near-infrared (1.51-1.7 μm), high resolution (R~22,500) spectrograph to survey approximately 100,000 giant stars across the Milky Way. This three-year survey, in operation since late-summer 2011 as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS III), will revolutionize our understanding of the kinematical and chemical enrichment histories of all Galactic stellar populations. We present the performance of the instrument from its first year in operation. The instrument is housed in a separate building adjacent to the 2.5-m SDSS telescope and fed light via approximately 45-meter fiber runs from the telescope. The instrument design includes numerous innovations including a gang connector that allows simultaneous connection of all fibers with a single plug to a telescope cartridge that positions the fibers on the sky, numerous places in the fiber train in which focal ratio degradation had to be minimized, a large mosaic-VPH (290 mm x 475 mm elliptically-shaped recorded area), an f/1.4 six-element refractive camera featuring silicon and fused silica elements with diameters as large as 393 mm, three near-infrared detectors mounted in a 1 x 3 mosaic with sub-pixel translation capability, and all of these components housed within a custom, LN2-cooled, stainless steel vacuum cryostat with dimensions 1.4-m x 2.3-m x 1.3-m.
The ultraviolet excess of Seyfert 1 galaxies and quasars.

A sharp rise from 4000 to 3650 A in the excess flux was obtained when a power-law determined in the red and infrared was subtracted from IR-optical-UV composite spectra of eight Seyfert 1 galaxies and quasars to measure UV excess. The excess is produced by Balmer continuum emission which, relative to H-alpha, is greater than the prediction of Case B recombination by a factor of 1.5-2.5. An additional component from 5000 A to the far-UV was found when the spectra were fitted with combinations of power-law and hydrogen recombination continua. The component is well described by a blackbody at a single temperature ranging from 20,000 to 30,000 K. All of the observed spectra were producible with combinations of power-law, recombination and blackbody emission, and all of the objects in the sample were found to have a power-law component with a slope of -1.1 + or - 0.1.
A Novel Impedance Matching Topology for Magnetically Coupled Wireless Power Transfer

A modified 4-coil magnetic resonance wireless power transfer (MRWPT) system is proposed. Four coils based on 2-coil system with additional two matching coils were used in this topology. When Tx-Rx distance is changed, the input impedance is changed. However, it can be adjusted by coil parameters of matching coils to maintain impedance matching for maximum efficiency. The equivalent circuit of MRWPT system was analyzed for both transmission function and optimum coupling coefficient of the matching coils. By using four spiral resonant coils, these design considerations was experimentally verified. The measured data agreed well with the calculated data and the transmission function of the proposed system was more efficient than that of conventional 2-coil system.
Er3+-doped fibre laser sensor design for structural health monitoring applications

Fiber optic sensors are a mature choice for highly sensitive applications. Most modern pressure sensors are based on the piezoelectric effect (pressure causes a material to conduct electricity at a certain rate, leading to a specific level of charge flow associated with a specific level of pressure). In this paper, we describe theoretical calculations which predict encouraging experimental results on pressure sensing with optical fibers. These results may be used in applications for distributed sensors in structural health monitoring (SHM). The sensing fiber is capable of propagating 3 modes with a straight fiber length of 30cm at a lambda of 1550nm. In our experiments, a perpendicular force of F=200gr cause a core compression of nearly 2um, according to Poisson’s elastic coefficient for silica, which in turn provoked the loss of half the number of modes indicating a 50% sensitivity as shown in our results included here. The proposed set-up intends to measure force vs propagating modes in a standard single mode fiber. A full set of results will be included in our presentation.
Atomic-scale study of GaMnAs/GaAs layers

Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy was used to study GaMnAs diluted magnetic semiconductors grown by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy. The Ga1−xMnxAs layer, containing a concentration of x=0.005, shows that the dominant defect in the material is the arsenic antisite. Mn ions can also be resolved and show a signature distinct from the arsenic antisites. Spectroscopic measurements are perfomed to study the variation of the Fermi level between the Ga0.995Mn0.005As and GaAs layers. The Mn ions act as acceptor dopants. However, for x=0.005, the Mn concentration in comparison with the As antisite concentration is too small to induce a significant change of the Fermi level from the midgap position, preventing the layer from being ferromagnetic.
Transmission of images with subwavelength resolution to distances of several wavelengths in the microwave range

Pavel A. Belov,1,2 Yan Zhao,1 Simon Tse,1 Pekka Ikonen,3 Mário G. Silveirinha,4 Constantin R. Simovski,2,3 Sergei Tretyakov,3 Yang Hao,1 and Clive Parini1 1Department of Electronic Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom 2Saint Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Sablinskaya Street 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia 3Radio Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3000, FI-02015 TKK, Finland 4Departamento de Engenharia Electrotécnica da Universidade de Coimbra, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Pólo II, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal Received 8 April 2008; published 16 May 2008
Photodetectors based on treated CdSe quantum-dot films

We demonstrate photodetectors of sandwich geometry active in the visible spectrum in which the active layer is a 200 nm thick film of CdSe quantum dots (QDs). The solution-phase treatment of the QD film with n-butylamine after casting greatly increases the exciton dissociation efficiency and charge-transport properties of the film. Under 110mW∕cm2 illumination with light at λ=514nm, the photocurrent to dark current ratio, Iphoto∕Idark, is 103 at V=0V, and the 3 dB frequency is ∼50kHz. At room temperature, we observe zero-bias external quantum efficiencies (EQE) from 0.08% to 0.23% in the wavelength range λ=350nm to λ=575nm, corresponding to an internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 0.6±0.1% across the tested spectrum. At V=−6V, EQE ranges from 15% to 24%, corresponding to an IQE of 70±10%.
Infrared characterization of aluminum and hydrogen defect centers in irradiated quartz

As‐received and 60Co‐irradiated cultured quartz is characterized using low‐temperature near‐infrared Fourier spectroscopy, and peaks associated with as‐grown hydroxide (OH) and aluminum hydroxide (Al‐OH) point‐defect centers are measured. Defect‐center distributions are determined from scanning small crystal regions parallel or normal to the crystal‐growth axis. Large variations in point defects are observed arising from variations in substitutional and interstitial impurity concentrations along the crystal‐growth axis. For the initial radiation doses as‐grown OH decreases uniformly across the crystal and forms Al‐OH, but Al‐OH peak strength varies considerably in different crystal sections. This indicates the possibility of radiation‐induced hydrogen diffusion over large distances to compensate nonuniformities in aluminum‐ion distribution. With increasing dose as‐grown OH may stabilize to a constant level in some crystal regions but deplete in other sections. For some crystals, Al‐OH continues to form ev.
Carbuncle Phenomena and Other Shock Anomalies in Three Dimensions

Keiichi Kitamura * and Eiji Shima † Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5210, Japan and Philip L. Roe ‡ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Hypersonic flow computations have proved to be very troublesome due to the appearance of shock anomalies (instabilities and oscillations), such as carbuncle phenomenon. These anomalies are categorized into one-dimensional (1D) and multidimensional (MD) modes, and these modes both arise from many factors and their combinations. Accurate prediction of hypersonic heating, a key issue in hypersonic flow computations, is therefore challenging especially for three dimensions (3D). In the present study, we focus on 3D shock anomalies and heating motivated by the following reasons: 1) Intuitively, MD shock anomalies are considered to develop more likely in 3D than in two dimensions (2D), but it cannot be proved mathematically, nor has it been numerically demonstrated; specifically, it is not clear yet whether the third dimension plays another role which is absent in 2D. 2) Most of proposed remedies for MD anomalies had been tested in 1D or 2D setups in the literature, but it is not guaranteed whether such MD dissipations actually work well in 3D. 3) It is already known to be troublesome to extend some of MD methods developed in 2D considerations to 3D. The numerical results show that 3D anomalies are too complicated to be predicted from their 2D counterparts, and that they can either be partly removed or (even worse) enhanced by MD dissipations. Therefore, robustness of a numerical method which worked well in 2D may not be preserved in 3D.
Construction of Decision Tree Based on Rough Sets Theory

In the process of constructing decision trees, the selecting criteria of classification attributes will directly affect the classification results. Here we presented the classification contribution function (CCF), a new concept based on rough sets theory, which is regarded as the criteria for choosing attributes in the core of attributes. The basic idea of CCF is using of discernibility matrix to determine attribute core (if there is no core, using its reduction). Then through the classification contribution function to determine core classification contribution value and employ the big value as node. Next employing the selected attribute ways to divide decision-making system and each value attribute can produce a subset. The experiments show that, being compared with the entropy based C4.5 and weighted mean roughness, our method can get simpler decision tree and improve the efficiency of classification.
Ultraviolet-laser atom-probe tomographic three-dimensional atom-by-atom mapping of isotopically modulated Si nanoscopic layers

Using ultraviolet-laser assisted local-electrode atom-probe (UV-LEAP) tomography, we obtain three-dimensional (3D) atom-by-atom images of isotopically modulated S28i and S30i ultrathin layers having thicknesses in the range of 5–30 nm. The 3D images display interfaces between the different monoisotopic layers with an interfacial width of ∼1.7 nm, thus demonstrating a significant improvement over isotope mapping achievable using secondary-ion mass-spectrometry or even visible laser-assisted atom-probe tomography. This sharpness is attributed to reduced thermal effects resulting from using a highly focused UV laser beam. Our findings demonstrate that UV-LEAP tomography provides the high accuracy needed to characterize, at the subnanometer scale, the emerging isotopically programmed nanomaterials.
The Ising model with a transverse field. II. Ground state properties

For Pt. I see ibid., vol. 4, 2359 (1971). The properties of the Ising model with a transverse field, with the Hamiltonian written H=- Gamma Sigma iSix-1/2 Sigma i,jJijSizSjz, are studied by perturbation expansions at T=0 in the ground state, both below and above the critical field Gamma C, for an hypercubic lattice and short range interactions. The order parameter (Sz) and the correlation function G=) Sigma iSiz Sigma jSjz) are calculated respectively below and above Gamma C. The gap in the excitation spectrum is also studied above the critical field. The critical behaviour obtained from these expansions at T=0 is different from that obtained at T finite and is shown to be analogous to the critical behaviour of the Ising model for a lattice with one more dimension.
Effect of surfactant on the stability of film flow down an inclined plane

The effect of an insoluble surfactant on the stability of the gravity-driven flow of a liquid film down an inclined plane is investigated by a normal-mode analysis. Numerical solutions of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation reveal the occurrence of a stable Marangoni mode and a possibly unstable Yih mode, and demonstrate that the primary role of the surfactant is effectively to raise the critical Reynolds number at which instability is first encountered.
A mathematical foundation for self-testing: Lifting common assumptions

In this work we study the phenomenon of self-testing from the first principles, aiming to place this versatile concept on a rigorous mathematical footing. Self-testing allows a classical verifier to infer a quantum mechanical description of untrusted quantum devices that she interacts with in a black-box manner. Somewhat contrary to the black-box paradigm, existing self-testing results tend to presuppose conditions that constrain the operation of the untrusted devices. A common assumption is that these devices perform a projective measurement of a pure quantum state. Naturally, in the absence of any prior knowledge it would be appropriate to model these devices as measuring a mixed state using POVM measurements, since the purifying/dilating spaces could be held by the environment or an adversary. We prove a general theorem allowing to remove these assumptions, thereby promoting most existing self-testing results to their assumption-free variants. On the other hand, we pin-point situations where assumptions cannot be lifted without loss of generality. As a key (counter)example we identify a quantum correlation which is a self-test only if certain assumptions are made. Remarkably, this is also the first example of a correlation that cannot be implemented using projective measurements on a bipartite state of full Schmidt rank. Finally, we compare existing self-testing definitions, establishing many equivalences as well as identifying subtle differences.
Magnetization density of 5f electrons in ferromagnetic PuSb

The magnetization density of 5 f electrons in PuSb has been measured by use of a single crystal and polarized neutrons. The spatial extent of the spin and orbital densities is such that the form factor has a maximum at sin theta/lambda approx. 0.2 A/sup -1/. The ground-state wave function is deduced. Evidence for anisotropic interactions is presented. 14 references, 3 figures.
On the performance of surface plasmon resonance based fibre optic sensor with different bimetallic nanoparticle alloy combinations

In this work, we have investigated the capability of different bimetallic nanoparticle alloy combinations to be used in fibre optic sensors based on the technique of surface plasmon resonance. The metals considered for this analysis are silver, gold, copper and aluminium. The performance of the sensor with different bimetallic nanoparticle alloy combinations is evaluated and compared numerically. The performance is analysed in terms of three parameters: sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and operating range for the sensing layer refractive index values. On the basis of the comparison and some logistic criteria, the best possible bimetallic alloy combinations along with a requisite alloy composition ratio are predicted. The bimetallic nanoparticle alloy combination is capable of simultaneously providing larger values of sensitivity, SNR and operating range, which is not possible with any single metallic nanoparticle layer.
ON THE DETERMINATION OF EMPIRICAL STELLAR FLUX SCALES

Several studies have appeared in the literature describing methods for deriving stellar continuum fluxes as simple functions of Johnson color indices. In previous papers, we have used similar relations to derive Ca II H and K line core fluxes for dwarf stars on Lowell Observatory's Solar-Stellar Spectrograph (SSS) program. Our desire is to present our data, and complementary data from the Mt. Wilson and National Solar Observatory stellar and solar programs, in terms of physical fluxes. However, our existing relations break down for mid-K and later stars and for giant stars, which form an important element of our target list. In this work I have used a broader range of spectrophotometry and angular diamters than in our previous work to derive empirical flux scales for spectral types A to early M, luminosity classes I to V, and for four color indices, Johnson B-V, V-R, R-I, and Stromgren b-y. In this paper, I describe the methods I used and present the desired flux scales. I compare the results with those from earlier studies and present examples of the use of the flux scales. The data and results are available on the World Wide Web.
Optical, X-ray and radio observations of HD 61396: a probable new RS CVn-type binary

We have carried out BVR photometric and Hα spectroscopic observations of the star HD 61396 during 1998 March 20 to 1999 April 3. We have discovered regular optical photometric variability from this star, with an inferred period of 31.95±0.10 d, and an amplitude of ∼0.18 mag. A possible period of 35.34±0.12 d, as determined with Hipparcos, cannot be completely ruled out, however. Modelling of its photometric light curve with two circular spots indicates that 5–21 per cent of the stellar surface is covered by dark starspots which are ∼830 K cooler than the surrounding photosphere, and produce the observed rotational modulation of the optical flux. Optical spectroscopy reveals a variable Hα emission feature, indicating that it is an unusually active star. In addition, we have analysed archival X-ray data of HD 61396, obtained from serendipitous observations with the ROSAT X-ray observatory, and we also discuss the radio properties of this star, based on both published Green Bank and unpublished VLA observations. The strong photometric variability and Hα emission, the relatively hard X-ray spectrum, and the high X-ray and radio luminosities imply that HD 61396 is most likely to be a member of the RS CVn class of evolved active binary stars. Its X-ray and radio luminosities place it among the five most luminous active binaries detected so far.