Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
School board governance in urban low-socio economic setting: A case study of public primary schools in Kibera, Kenya

The global trend in the management of public school systems is systematic decentralisation of authority and responsibility to the school level. The local community, through their representatives in the school boards or committees, are mandated to make decisions on significant matters related to school operations. This devolution of authority and responsibility to school level decision-makers is intended to ensure transparency, accountability, ownership and provision of quality education. Although the public primary school boards have been in existence in Kenya since the 1980s, they became more prominent after the introduction of free primary education in 2003 and the determination to realise the education for all goal in the year 2015. In urban low socioeconomic settings such as Kibera slum, the boards operate under extremely difficult conditions. Most of the board members are low income earners with relatively low levels of education, and yet they are expected to provide effective and strategic leadership to the schools. Paradoxically, some schools within this setting have performed much better than schools in well-off settings. It is not clear, though, if the performance of such schools could be attributable in any way to their school boards. This study was necessitated by the paucity of literature on the efficacy of public primary school boards in developing nations and in urban low socioeconomic settings. Invitational Education Theory and Practice, Ecological System Theory, and Pragmatism provided the theoretical framework used to describe the operation and impact of public primary school boards in Kibera slum in Kenya. Kibera is the largest informal settlement in Sub-Saharan Africa and one of the five largest slums in the world. According to invitational theory, a school is considered inviting if the physical environment, people, processes, policies and programs are conducive to teaching and learning. Ecological systems theory posits that a child’s development is affected by both family and ecological factors (social, political, biological and economic conditions). To explore how the public primary school boards are effective in assuring quality education is provided to slum children, despite the internal and external factors, this study adopted the pragmatic stance. There is a growing trend of school-based management movement towards model of corporate governance. Although several models of decentralisation existed their differences were based on where the locus of decision-making lies — administrative,
Duration of smoking abstinence and success in quitting.

BACKGROUND For most smokers, quitting is a difficult process. Many smokers try to quit repeatedly before they succeed, with some relapsing even after a lengthy period of abstinence. Few population-based cohort studies have examined relapse among former smokers. Quantification of the relationship between the duration of abstinence and the likelihood of continued abstinence is important for the evaluation of ongoing public health interventions and the design of smoking-cessation programs. PURPOSE We analyzed longitudinal data from a large, representative population cohort of former smokers and estimated the probability of future relapse for different durations of abstinence at baseline (e.g., 1 to <3 months and 3 to <6 months). METHODS From the 1990 California Tobacco Survey that used a random-digit-dialed computer-assisted telephone survey to interview 24296 California adults (baseline interview) from June 1990 through February 1991, a stratified random sample of 4642 adults was reinterviewed from March 1992 through July 1992. Both surveys assessed smoking status using standard questions about the lifetime use of 100 cigarettes and the self-classification of current smoking: 1) "Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your lifetime? " and 2) "Do you smoke cigarettes now? " We included all 1449 former smokers at baseline interview who answered "yes" to the first question and "no" to the second and who also provided a valid date at both of the surveys when asked, "When did you last smoke regularly? " All data were weighted to account for the study design and to ensure that the estimates were representative of the California population by age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and geographic region. RESULTS Only about 12% of the former smokers who had quit for less than 1 month at baseline remained continuously abstinent at the follow-up interview. This percentage increased to 25% for those who had quit from 1 to less than 3 months; it increased again to 52% if the duration of quitting was from 3 to less than 6 months, but it increased only slightly to 59.2% for those who had quit from 6 to less than 12 months. Overall, the likelihood of remaining continuously abstinent until the follow-up interview was about 90% for former smokers who had quit for 3 months or longer and 95% for those who had quit for 1 year or longer. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We suggest that self-reported cessation for more than 3 months be considered as an intermediate criterion for success both in longitudinal studies and the cross-sectional evaluation of community interventions. If a more stringent criterion is needed, we recommend self-reported cessation for at least 1 year.
Mainstreaming early and exclusive breastfeeding for improving child survival.

India is home to maximum number of under-five deaths and underweight children in the world. In 2006 for the first time the number of children in the world dying before their fifth birthday fell below 10 million to 9.7 million annually. South Asias contribution to this figure was 3.1 million out of which 2.1 million deaths occurred in India i.e. 21 percent of the global burden of under five deaths. Most of these deaths occur during the neonatal period. A reduction in the number of deaths among the under-five children reflects the countrys progress on the fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 4). About 55 million or one-third of the worlds underweight children under the age of five years live in India. Malnutrition has been estimated to be an underlying cause of up to 50-60 percent of under five deaths. The number of young underweight children reflects the countrys progress on the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG 1) which deals with eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. In India the average annual rate of decline in malnutrition has been around 0.9% since 1990. Considerably accelerated progress is needed for India to meet its MDG target of halving the percentage of underweight children by 2015. Despite breastfeedings numerous recognized advantages early and exclusive breastfeeding rates in most states of the India are low. There are many gaps in policy and programs related to infant and young child feeding in India. The big challenge is how to mainstream IYCF counseling and support interventions to help women to succeed both in early and exclusive breastfeeding. The rationale for supporting a major program to protect promote and support breastfeeding action backed by a budgetary support is compelling for our country. Child health and development policies should urgently address this major concern.
Demand restrictions in price‐based decisions: managers versus consumers

Purpose – The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of qualitative demand factors in companies' pricing decisions.Design/methodology/approach – An empirical study was carried out, interviewing price managers in a selection of 74 companies from Andalusia (Spain). Findings – It has been observed that qualitative aspects play a secondary role in pricing decisions. There are two main reasons: quantitative information is easier to obtain, use and interpret than qualitative information; and most companies, and in particular smaller ones, have no budget available for qualitative market studies.Research limitations/implications – The empirical research is based on a sample of companies in the food sector. This opens several lines of future research: to diversify the areas of activity participating in the study; to include other company characteristics in the analysis; and to design operative methods for incorporating qualitative demand factors into pricing decisions.Originality/value – The relevance of this s.
Alternative splicing: a ubiquitous mechanism for the generation of multiple protein isoforms from single genes.

PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy . 468 MANIFESTATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE SPLICING . 469 SPLICE SITE SELECTION. 470 PATTERNS OF ALTERNATIVE PRE·mRNA SPLICING . 476 Combinarorial Exons . 477 Mutuafly Exclusive Exons . 479 Internal Donor and Acceptor Sites . 480 Retained Introns. 483 Alternati ve 5' and 3' -Terminal Exons. 483 READING FRAME CONSTRAINTS ON ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. 485 MECHANISMS OF ALTERNATIVE SPLICE SITE SELECTION . 486 Primary and Secondary Structure of RNA Transcripts . 487 Combinatorial Splicing. 488 Mutually Exclusive Splicing. 488 Internal Acceptor and Donor Sites and Retained Introns. 490 EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. 490
An Asymptotic Analysis of the Bootstrap Bias Correction for the Empirical CTE

Abstract The a-level Conditional Tail Expectation (CTE) of a continuous random variable X is defined as its conditional expectation given the event {X > qα} where qα represents its α-level quantile. It is well known that the empirical CTE (the average of the n(1 – a) largest order statistics in a sample of size n) is a negatively biased estimator of the CTE. This bias vanishes as the sample size increases but in small samples can be significant. Hence the need for bias correction. Although the bootstrap method has been suggested for correcting the bias of the empirical CTE, recent research shows that alternate kernel-based methods of bias correction perform better in some practical examples. To further understand this phenomenon, we conduct an asymptotic analysis of the exact bootstrap bias correction for the empirical CTE, focusing on its performance as a point estimator of the bias of the empirical CTE. We provide heuristics suggesting that the exact bootstrap bias correction is approximately a kernel-based estimator, albeit using a bandwidth that converges to zero faster than mean square optimal bandwidths. This approximation provides some insight into why the bootstrap method has markedly less residual bias, but at the cost of having higher variance. We prove a central limit theorem (CLT) for the exact bootstrap bias correction using an alternate representation as an /1 distance of the sample observations from the α-level empirical quantile. The CLT, in particular, shows that the bootstrap bias correction has a relative error of n -¼. In contrast, for any given ε > 0, and under the assumption that the sampling density is sufficiently smooth, relative error of order O(n -½+ε) is attainable using kernel-based estimators. Thus, in an asymptotic sense, the bootstrap bias correction as a point estimator of the bias is not optimal in the case of smooth sampling densities. Bootstrapped risk measures have recently found interest as estimators in their own right; as an application we derive the CLT for the bootstrap expectation of the empirical CTE. We also report on a simulation study of the effect of small sample sizes on the quality of the approximation provided by the CLT. In support of the bootstrap method we show that the bootstrap bias correction is optimal if the sampling density is constrained only to be Lipschitz of order 1/2 (or, loosely speaking, to have only half a derivative). Because in practice densities are at least twice differentiable, this optimality result largely fails to make the bootstrap method attractive to practitioners.
College life is stressful today – Emerging stressors and depressive symptoms in college students

ABSTRACT Objective: The study identified important stressors associated with depressive symptoms in college students across the subgroups of gender and domestic/international status, and compared between-group differences across stress levels. Participants: Data were collected from 631 undergraduate students from October 2014 to March 2015. Methods: Participants completed an online survey containing measures of stressors (Student-Stress-Survey), depressive symptoms (CES-D scale), and demographics. Results: The mean CES-D score (16.24) of sample indicated high depressive symptoms. International students reported higher depressive symptoms than domestic students and students identifying as female showed higher depression symptoms than male. Eight most frequently occurring stressors experienced by over 50% of the sample were identified as important; differences in stress levels across gender and domestic/international status were discussed. Conclusions: This renewed look reinforced that tailored and sustained efforts are needed to address the continued prevalence of different stressors and associated depressive symptoms faced by college students on US campuses.
Risk of incident coronary artery disease in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) often present hyperlipidemia, which is a risk factor of incident coronary artery disease (CAD). However, few studies have examined CAD in PBC. METHODS We identified 41 patients who developed CAD amongst 2,675 PBC cases across seven years and selected the PBC patients without CAD as controls according to sex and age. RESULTS Females dominated in these patients with CAD. The median time from the diagnosis of PBC to the onset of CAD was 44 months. The patient group with CAD had higher median levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (4.68 mmol/L versus 3.52 mmol/L, P=0.036) and higher proportion of cases with hypertension (63.4% versus 19.5%, P<0.001) compared to that without CAD. In the logistic regression, only hypertension (with versus without, P<0.001; OR, 1.597; 95% CI, 1.139-2.053) was selected. CONCLUSION PBC patients with hypertension should be monitored carefully due to the risk of incident CAD.
Classifying project management resources by complexity and leverage

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework to classify project management resources as sources of competitive advantage.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on the resource‐based view of the firm and project management literature to explore the level of competitive advantage from 17 project management resources based on their degree of complexity and level of leverage in the project management process. This exploratory study drew on a small sample of practitioners in the classification.Findings – The paper proposes a conceptual model to show the relationship between four categories of resources and their contribution to competitive advantage by being valuable, rare, inimitable, and organizationally supported.Research limitations/implications – This paper is exploratory in nature and uses a small sample of practitioners.Practical implications – The authors believe that the classification of project management resources based on complexity and leverage provides a usefu.
Emotion and the experience of listening to music : a framework for empirical research

v I Accounting for Musically Evoked Emotion 1 1 The need for a model 2 2 Music as Sound 14 Response to Sound . 15 Response to Pattern . 23 Sounds and Patterns in Music . 28 3 Music as Utterance 39 Communication and Vocalisation . 39 Utterance, Evolution and Development . 44 Music as Utterance . 48 Utterance, Music and Gesture . 54 4 Music as Context 58 A Context for Listening to Music . 59 Context and the Evocation of Emotion . 67 5 Music as Narrative 75 Narratives in Music? 77 Suspense and Expectation . 86 To Other Worlds . 97 6 The Model and its Implications 101 II An Empirical Investigation of Narrative 112 7 Music in the Presence of Explicit Narratives 113 Part One Method . 116 Part One Results and Discussion . 126 Part Two Method . 136 Part Two Results and Discussion . 143 General Discussion . 150
INTERCONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE OF STREAM FISH COMMUNITY TRAITS ALONG GEOMORPHIC AND HYDRAULIC GRADIENTS

Community convergence across biogeographically distinct regions suggests the existence of key, repeated, evolutionary mechanisms relating community characteristics to the environment. However, convergence studies at the community level often involve only qualitative comparisons of the environment and may fail to identify which environ- mental variables drive community structure. We tested the hypothesis that the biological traits of fish communities on two continents (Europe and North America) are similarly related to environmental conditions. Specifically, from observations of individual fish made at the microhabitat scale (a few square meters) within French streams, we generated habitat preference models linking traits of fish species to local scale hydraulic conditions (Froude number). Using this information, we then predicted how hydraulics and geomorphology at the larger scale of stream reaches (several pool-riffle sequences) should quantitatively influence the trait composition of fish communities. Trait composition for fishes in stream reaches with low Froude number at low flow or high proportion of pools was predicted as nonbenthic, large, fecund, long-lived, nonstreamlined, and weak swimmers. We tested our predictions in contrasting stream reaches in France (n = 1 1) and Virginia, USA (n = 76), using analyses of covariance to quantify the relative influence of continent vs. physical habitat variables on fish traits The reach-scale convergence analysis indicated that trait proportions in the communities differed between continents (up to 55% of the variance in each trait was explained by "continent"), partly due to distinct evolutionary histories. However, within continents, trait proportions were comparably related to the hydraulic and geomorphic variables (up to 54% of the variance within continents explained). In particular, a synthetic measure of fish traits in reaches was well explained (50% of its variance) by the Froude number independently of the continent. The effect of physical variables did not differ across continents for most traits, confirming our predictions qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore, despite phy- logenetic and historical differences between continents, fish communities of France and Virginia exhibit convergence in biological traits related to hydraulics and geomorphology. This convergence reflects morphological and behavioral adaptations to physical stress in streams. This study supports the existence of a habitat template for ecological strategies. Some key quantitative variables that define this habitat template can be identified by characterizing how individual organisms use their physical environment, and by using dimensionless physical variables that reveal common energetic properties in different systems. Overall, quantitative tests of community convergence are efficient tools to demonstrate that some community traits are predictable from environmental features.
Macroeconomic Expectations of Households and Professional Forecasters

Economists have long emphasized the importance of expectations in determining macroeconomic outcomes. Yet there has been almost no recent effort to model actual empirical expectations data; instead, macroeconomists usually simply assume that expectations are "rational. " This paper shows that while empirical household expectations are not rational in the usual sense, expectational dynamics are well captured by a model in which households' views derive from news reports of the views of professional forecasters, which in turn may be rational. The model's estimates imply that people only occasionally pay attention to news reports; this inattention generates "stickyness" in aggregate expectations, with important macroeconomic consequences.
Cooperative Holistic Scene Understanding: Unifying 3D Object, Layout, and Camera Pose Estimation

Holistic 3D indoor scene understanding refers to jointly recovering the i) object bounding boxes, ii) room layout, and iii) camera pose, all in 3D. The existing methods either are ineffective or only tackle the problem partially. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end model that simultaneously solves all three tasks in real-time given only a single RGB image. The essence of the proposed method is to improve the prediction by i) parametrizing the targets (e.g., 3D boxes) instead of directly estimating the targets, and ii) cooperative training across different modules in contrast to training these modules individually. Specifically, we parametrize the 3D object bounding boxes by the predictions from several modules, i.e., 3D camera pose and object attributes. The proposed method provides two major advantages: i) The parametrization helps maintain the consistency between the 2D image and the 3D world, thus largely reducing the prediction variances in 3D coordinates. ii) Constraints can be imposed on the parametrization to train different modules simultaneously. We call these constraints "cooperative losses" as they enable the joint training and inference. We employ three cooperative losses for 3D bounding boxes, 2D projections, and physical constraints to estimate a geometrically consistent and physically plausible 3D scene. Experiments on the SUN RGB-D dataset shows that the proposed method significantly outperforms prior approaches on 3D object detection, 3D layout estimation, 3D camera pose estimation, and holistic scene understanding.
A retrospective study of small molecule disorder types of metabolism in paediatric patients in intensive care.

Background Although inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are rare individually, collectively IEM cause substantial morbidity and mortality and the diagnosis is challenging. Aims To analyse epidemiological and clinical data, final diagnosis and clinical outcomes of patients with a suspected diagnosis of IEM (small molecule disorders type) admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods We collected and analysed medical records data of all patients admitted to the PICU at Alexandria University Children's Hospital, from January 2010 to December 2014, with a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of small molecule disorders, including clinical presentations, laboratory results and clinical outcomes. Results A total of 34 patients had a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of small molecule disorders at PICU admission. Diagnosis was confirmed in 22.7% of suspected cases at admission and in 25% of suspected cases during PICU stay. Consanguineous marriage was found in 50% of cases with confirmed small molecule disorders. Conclusions A high index of suspicion is important for diagnosing and categorizing small molecule disorders in screening of high-risk individuals in low- and middle-income countries.