Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cuantificación y distribución espacial de los tipos de cubierta en los ecosistemas semiáridos con imágenes hiperespectrales, caso práctico en el Parque Natural Cabo de Gata-Níjar (Almería)

Escribano, P., Palacios-Orueta, A. , Oyonarte, C. (2008). Quantification and spatial distribution of land-cover types in semiarid environments with hyperspectral imaging, a case study in Cabo de Gata-Nijar Natural Park (Almeria). Ecosistemas 17(3):79- 88. In semiarid environments the high spatial variability along with the low photosynthetic activity of vegetation results in difficulties of multispectral sensors in retrieving vegetation cover. Vegetation cover is a key variable in ecosystem processes and directly related with primary productivity. We have assessed the use of hyperspectral sensors and spectral mixing analysis to quantify land-cover types (soil, photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic vegetation) in Cabo de Gata-Nijar Natural Park. The analysis was performed within homogeneous ecosystems which allowed breaking down the high spatial variability of the area making possible the quantification of land-cover types. The aim of this work is to generate quantitative information for monitoring programs. The results allowed establishing the range of variability within each ecosystem type while identifying and analysing land-cover types link with specific ecosystem processes. Besides, it was possible to identify the distinct spatial patterns of land-cover types in each ecosystem studied. These results contribute significantly as the basis for the development of change detection methodologies based on hyperspectral data.
Foot-mounted Pedestrian Navigation based on Particle Filter with an Adaptive Weight Updating Strategy

The algorithm flow of an inertial-based Pedestrian Navigation System (PNS) can be divided into a trajectory-generation stage and trajectory-calibration stage. The Zero-velocity UPdaTe (ZUPT)-aided Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm is commonly used to resolve the trajectory of a walking person, but it still suffers from long-term drift. Many methods have been developed to suppress these drifts and thus to calibrate the trajectory generated by the previous stage. However, these methods have certain requirements, such as explicit map information or frequent location revisits, which are hard to satisfy in such situations as Search and Rescue (SAR) operations. A new approach is proposed in this paper that requires no explicit presupposition. This approach is based on a particle filter framework, with the weight of particles being adaptively adjusted according to the a priori knowledge of building structures and human behaviours. The distribution of particle weights is designed with awareness of the regular structures of buildings. The time-varying parameter of the distribution is acquired from a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based on the foregoing odometry, which has a close relation with human behaviour. HMM is trained offline based on samples acquired in advance. Many real-world experiments under various scenarios were performed, and the results indicate good accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach.
Cyclic reduction of Elliptic Curves Campagna

For an elliptic curve E defined over a number field K, we study the density of the set of primes of K for which E has cyclic reduction. For K = Q, Serre proved that, under GRH, the density equals an inclusion-exclusion sum δE/Q involving the field degrees of an infinite family of division fields of E. We extend this result to arbitrary number fields K, and prove that, for E without complex multiplication, δE/K equals the product of a universal constant A∞ ≈ . 8137519 and a rational correction factor cE/K . Unlike δE/K itself, cE/K is a finite sum of rational numbers that can be used to study the vanishing of δE , which is a non-trivial phenomenon over number fields K 6= Q. We include several numerical illustrations.
Earthquakes and bending of plates at trenches

The mechanisms, distribution, and total moment of earthquakes within the bending oceanic plate seaward of trenches constrain possible mechanical models of the lithosphere. The average annual horizontal slip in normal fault earthquakes, as estimated from the cumulative seismic moment, exceeds the total extension predicted by an elastic plate model. Thus bending is not predominantly an elastic process but must include a large amount of permanent deformation. Normal-faulting earthquakes are associated with every major trench system in the Pacific and Indian oceans, but events indicating horizontal compression are rare. The predominance of normal faults over thrust faults, normal events as deep as 25 km within the lithosphere (well constrained by pP), and the existence of large (Ms > 7.5) normal fault earthquakes suggest that the average oceanic lithosphere is not under regional horizontal compressive stress which is a large fraction of the bending stresses. The location of thrust fault events as deep as 40–50 km within the bending plate requires the lithosphere to have significant strength at least as deep as 50 km. A two-layer plate model with elastic-perfectly plastic rheology can satisfy these seismological constraints and fit the observed shape of the trench and outer rise. Large regional stresses are not required, and variations in thickness and strength are not needed to fit individual profiles. In our preferred average model the mechanical plate is 50 km thick, with a weak (1-kbar yield strength) upper layer and a strong (6 kbar) lower layer. The mechanism for plastic strain at yield is assumed to be slip accompanying earthquakes. Normal fault earthquakes are consistent with Coulomb criterion failure, but some other failure mechanism must be invoked for the thrust fault earthquakes. The bottom of the plate is thought to be defined by a transition to steady state creep, induced either by increasing temperature with depth or by a change from dry to wet rheology. Variations in regional stresses should produce corresponding changes in the shapes of the topographic profiles. An examination of the tectonic settings of a number of profiles suggests that increasing horizontal compression should decrease the curvature of the profile in the vicinity of the zero-crossing point on the seaward wall of the trench.
TELEMEDICINE VERSUS IN‐PERSON DELIVERY OF COGNITIVE PROCESSING THERAPY FOR WOMEN WITH POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: A RANDOMIZED NONINFERIORITY TRIAL

This study examined the effectiveness of telemedicine to provide psychotherapy to women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who might be unable to access treatment. Objectives were to compare clinical and process outcomes of PTSD treatment delivered via videoteleconferencing (VTC) and in‐person (NP) in an ethnically diverse sample of veteran and civilian women with PTSD.
Temporal dynamics and spatial patterns of drought and the relation to ENSO: a case study in Northwest China

An investigation of temporal dynamics and spatial patterns of dryness/wetness conditions over the eastern part of Northwest China (including Shaanxi, Ningxia, the eastern part of Gansu, and a part of southern Inner Mongolia) during the period 1960–2009 is presented. The analysis of this study is threefold. First, the dryness/wetness conditions over the study area were characterized using the self‐calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The spatiotemporal variability of dryness/wetness conditions in the study area was then investigated by the rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) and Mann–Kendall trend test. Third, we examined the periodical oscillations of dryness/wetness conditions and the multi‐scale relationships between dryness/wetness conditions and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results indicate that most parts of the study area were characterized by a dry trend in both the rainy season (May–September) and winter. Four sub‐regions of dryness/wetness conditions across the study area were identified. Based on the wavelet analysis, the periodical features in the PDSI time series for each sub‐region were explored. Negative relationships between the PDSI in the sub‐region I (representing the central and southern parts of Shaanxi and the southeastern Gansu) and the Niño 3.4 index can be consistently detected on 2–6 year scales during the entire period 1960–2009. This suggests that the strong El Niño events generally lead to very dry conditions in the sub‐region I on multi‐year scales. In addition, we further investigated how the ENSO cycle modulates the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) in both developing and decaying phases of El Niño and La Niña events. The results of this study could be beneficial for efficient water resources management and drought assessment in the current study area and also provide a valuable reference for other areas with similar climatic characteristics.
Sourcelands for the Carboniferous Pennine river system: constraints from sedimentary evidence and U-Pb geochronology using zircon and monazite

Abstract Petrographic and U-Pb isotopic data are presented for Carboniferous sandstones from the Pennine basin ranging from Chadian to Westphalian B in age. Variations in the petrography of these samples, particularly the greater abundance of feldspar in Namurian sandstones reported qualitatively by previous authors, are confirmed by modal analyses. The influx of coarse feldspathic sandstones into the Pennine and Southern North Sea basins in the early Namurian is attributed to a marked increase of sediment yields and discharge due to increased precipitation in the hinterlands. The same detrital heavy mineral species occur throughout the Carboniferous. Zircons are petrographically variable both in colour and degree of rounding. Two major sub-populations are recognized; pink-purple grains and colourless-brown grains. U-Pb isotopic analyses of multi-grain fractions of zircon from five of the samples show very similar age patterns; the sixth sample, a Yoredale sandstone appears to be distinct. Single grain analyses of zircons were used to investigate one sample of late Namurian (Rough Rock) sandstone in detail. Concordant or slightly discordant results demonstrate the presence of: rounded brown grains > 3.5 Ga, rounded purple grains 2.8–3.2 Ga, euhedral purple grains ≥2.9 Ga and clear euhedral grains c. 0.41–0.43 Ga. Monazites are shown to be very suitable for single grain analysis, yielding concordant results more often than zircon. Most of the monazite in the Rough Rock and a Westphalian sandstone are Caledonian (0.41–0.43 Ga) but two individual grains have ages of 0.947 and 2.70 Ga. The isotopic results appear to exclude large areas of the North Atlantic region as potential sourcelands and no presently exposed rocks provide a close match with the inferred sourceland geology; rocks now under the northern North sea and/or between Scotland and Greenland are possible, as yet untested, sources.
Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Organic Carbon Stocks in Mediterranean Soils (1956–2007)

During the last few decades, land use changes have largely affected the global warming process through emissions of CO2. However, C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems could contribute to the decrease of atmospheric CO2 rates. Although Mediterranean areas show a high potential for C sequestration, only a few studies have been carried out in these systems. In this study, we propose a methodology to assess the impact of land use and land cover change dynamics on soil organic C stocks at different depths. Soil C sequestration rates are provided for different land cover changes and soil types in Andalusia (southern Spain). Our research is based on the analysis of detailed soil databases containing data from 1357 soil profiles, the Soil Map of Andalusia and the Land Use and Land Cover Map of Andalusia. Land use and land cover changes between 1956 and 2007 implied soil organic C losses in all soil groups, resulting in a total loss of 16·8 Tg (approximately 0·33 Tg y−1). Afforestation increased soil organic C mostly in the topsoil, and forest contributed to sequestration of 8·62 Mg ha−1 of soil organic C (25·4 per cent). Deforestation processes implied important C losses, particularly in Cambisols, Luvisols and Vertisols. The information generated in this study will be a useful basis for designing management strategies for stabilizing the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations by preservation of C stocks and C sequestration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy

Ground-penetrating radar is a technique which offers a new way of viewing shallow soil and rock conditions. The need to better understanding overburden conditions for activities such as geochemical sampling, geotechnical investigations, and placer exploration, as well as the factors controlling groundwater flow, has generated an increasing demand for techniques which can image the subsurface with higher resolution than previously possible. The areas of application for ground-penetrating radar are diverse. The method has been used successfully to map ice thickness, water depth in lakes, bedrock depth, soil stratigraphy, and water table depth. It is also used to delineate rock fabric, detect voids and identify karst features. The effective application of the radar for the high-resolution definition of soil stratigraphy and fractures in bedrock is highlighted. The basic principles and practices involved in acquiring high quality radar data in the field are illustrated by selected case histories. One example demonstrates how radar has been used to map the bedrock and delineate soil horizons to a depth of more than 20 m. Two case histories show how radar has been used to map fractures and changes of rock type to 40 m range from inside a mine. Another case history demonstrates how radar has also been used to detect and map the extent of groundwater contamination. The corroboration of the radar results by borehole investigations demonstrates the power and utility of the high-resolution radar method as an aid for interpolation and extrapolation of the information obtained with conventional coring programmes. With the advent of new instrumentation and field procedures, the routine application of the radar method is becoming economically viable and the method will see expanded use in the future.
Answering Why and When? A Systematic Literature Review of Application Scenarios and Evaluation for Immersive Data Visualization Analytics

Immersive analytics (IA) is a fast-growing research field that concerns improving and facilitating human sense making and data understanding through an immersive experience. Understanding the suitable application scenario that will benefit from IA enables a shift towards developing effective and meaningful applications. This paper aims to explore tasks and scenarios that can benefit from IA by conducting a systematic review of existing studies and mapping them according to the multi-level typology for abstract visualization tasks, which is also known as the what-why-how framework. The study synthesizes several works to answer the why within the context of multiple levels of specificity. In addition, this study also explores the application domains and IA guiding scenarios to address when scenarios best integrate with IA. Then, the paper discusses the IA evaluation types and research methods to evaluate an IA application that can promote effective user engagement in IA. Finally, the limitations and potential future works are discussed
Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment.

CONTEXT Although violence among US youth is a current major concern, bullying is infrequently addressed and no national data on the prevalence of bullying are available. OBJECTIVES To measure the prevalence of bullying behaviors among US youth and to determine the association of bullying and being bullied with indicators of psychosocial adjustment, including problem behavior, school adjustment, social/emotional adjustment, and parenting. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Analysis of data from a representative sample of 15 686 students in grades 6 through 10 in public and private schools throughout the United States who completed the World Health Organization's Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey during the spring of 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Self-report of involvement in bullying and being bullied by others. RESULTS A total of 29.9% of the sample reported moderate or frequent involvement in bullying, as a bully (13.0%), one who was bullied (10.6%), or both (6.3%). Males were more likely than females to be both perpetrators and targets of bullying. The frequency of bullying was higher among 6th- through 8th-grade students than among 9th- and 10th-grade students. Perpetrating and experiencing bullying were associated with poorer psychosocial adjustment (P<.001); however, different patterns of association occurred among bullies, those bullied, and those who both bullied others and were bullied themselves. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of bullying among US youth is substantial. Given the concurrent behavioral and emotional difficulties associated with bullying, as well as the potential long-term negative outcomes for these youth, the issue of bullying merits serious attention, both for future research and preventive intervention.
Generic transcriptional response of E. coli to stress

Bacteria are often exposed to various stressors with inter-linked effects leading to cross-resistance. In order to study the common molecular response to stress in bacteria, we collated and compared transcriptional response of E. coli under a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Bacterial genome-wide gene expression data were retrieved from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and interrogated to identify differentially expressed genes. One hundred and sixty eight genes displayed distinct transcriptional response of E. coli to stress, with simultaneous down-regulation of flagellar assembly pathway and up-regulation of the global regulator rpoS. This computational analysis summarizes stress responsive genes in E. coli and their inter-relationships.
The Allocation of Time and Location Information to Activity-Travel Sequence Data by Means of Reinforcement Learning

In the transportation research area, activity and travel modes are critically important information, based on which the transportation demand/status are simulated or predicted. Once the sequential activity-travel combination is known, such as for instance Sleep-Eat-carWork-Eat-Work-car-Eat-bike-Shop-bike-Leisure-bike-Sleep, it is meaningful to observe how a learning agent can allocate time and location information for given activity-travel pattern combinations in a reasonable way. Also interesting to observe is how it reacts when it is thrown off its optimal arrangement because of some unforeseeable events, such as for instance a traffic jam. Given a constrained environment, we simulate and look into a learning agent’s behavior under the framework of Reinforcement Learning (Mitchell, 1997; Sutton & Barto; 1998), which is in fact a synonym for learning by interaction (Kaelbling, 1996). More specifically, the vector <activity, starting time, duration, location> denotes the agent’s current state, where duration indicates how long the agent has spent on the current activity. There are two actions available for each state: Stay (continue current activity for another time slot at the same location) or Move (travel to a possible location where the agent starts to perform the next activity in the pattern). At each state, the agent will receive a reward from the environment when any possible action is chosen. By accumulating this reward information that it obtained from its trial and error search in the state space, the agent finally gets the optimal/satisfactory time and location arrangement. Previous research work in this area generally deals with only one of these two allocation problems: they either focus on the time planning of the activity patterns (Charypar et al., 2004), or search the shortest path in a dynamic programming way (Dijkstra, 1959). In reality, however, a rational person will consider the time and location arrangements simultaneously in order to achieve a total maximal reward. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that both problems are integrated and solved using Reinforcement Learning. Reinforcement Learning goes back to the very first stages of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning and has several applications in the domain of Intelligent Knowledge Engineering Systems. Indeed, the applications of reinforcement learning are situated in the basic roots of artificial intelligence, such as for instance game playing (Littman, 1994; esauro, 1992, 1994; Thrun, 1995) and robotics (Mahadevan & Connell, 1992; Schaal, 1994). However, there are also numerous other application domains such as for instance in elevator
Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere

Long-term slip rates on major faults in the San Francisco Bay area are predicted by modeling the anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere in response to regional relative plate motion. The model developed by Bird and Kong [1994] is used to simulate lithospheric deformation according to a Coulomb frictional rheology of the upper crust and a dislocation creep rheology at depth. The focus of this study is the long-term motion of faults in a region extending from the creeping section of the San Andreas fault to the south up to the latitude of Cape Mendocino to the north. Boundary conditions are specified by the relative motion between the Pacific plate and the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley microplate [Argus and Gordon, 2000]. Rheologic-frictional parameters are specified as independent variables, and prediction errors are calculated with respect to geologic estimates of slip rates and maximum compressive stress directions. The model that best explains the region-wide observations is one in which the coefficient of friction on all of the major faults is less than 0.15, with the coefficient of friction for the San Andreas fault being approximately 0.09, consistent with previous inferences of San Andreas fault friction. Prediction error increases with lower fault friction on the San Andreas, indicating a lower bound of μSAF > 0.08. Discrepancies with respect to previous slip rate estimates include a higher than expected slip rate along the peninsula segment of the San Andreas fault and a slightly lower than expected slip rate along the San Gregorio fault.