Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A hybrid method toward accurate mapping of mangroves in a marginal habitat from SPOT multispectral data

Three bands of SPOT multispectral imagery are manually stratified and subsequently analysed using the ERDAS Imagine software to map mangroves in the Waitemata Harbour of Auckland, New Zealand, a climatically marginal habitat of mangroves. The methodology in generating the mangrove distribution maps is described first. The mapped mangroves and their mapping accuracy are presented and discussed next. The mapping accuracy is achieved at 76% in the one-tiered mangrove classification scheme. If mapped as two categories based on density, the thriving, tall mangroves are more accurately mapped (72.5%) than the sporadically-canopied ones (63.3%) due to their heavy confusion with urban residential. The merging of the two classes of mangroves after classification results in an accuracy of 81.4%. In addition to mangrove density, patch size of mangrove habitats, tidal height and topographic shade are the other identified factors degrading the mapping accuracy.
Depositional origin of tuffaceous units in the Pliocene Upper Siwalik Subgroup, Jammu (India), NW Himalaya

Abstract During late Pliocene times, extrabasinally derived acidic volcanic ashes were deposited as distal pyroclastic fallout in upland interfluvial–lacustrine settings in the northwestern part of the Siwalik basin. These ash beds occur as a bentonitized tuff band and tuffaceous mudstones in the Jammu region of India. We located and described 12 outcrops of this conspicuous, geographically widespread bentonitized tuff band and tuffaceous mudstone association at the same stratigraphic level, coincident with the Gauss–Matuyama boundary at 2.48 Ma. This bentonitized tuff band and tuffaceous mudstone association represents a stratigraphic marker horizon in the diachronous and sporadic vertebrate fauna-yielding Siwalik strata. The claystone, siltstone, and sandstone units and embedded bentonitized tuff band and tuffaceous mudstone beds represent a coarsening-upward sequence reflecting deposition in lacustrine proximal and distal bottomsets, pro-delta foresets, and mouth-bar facies capped by fluvial topsets. This study reports a chain of four contemporaneous, palaeo-lake basins at this stratigraphic level, which ranged in length from 2 to 7 km.
Simulating the Geometry Dependence in Heat Generation During Photonic Curing: Enabling High-Temperature Processing of TFTs on Plastic

Flashlamp annealing and photonic curing are gaining increasing interest in enabling high-performance TFTs on low thermal budget substrates due to the transient and non-equilibrium nature of the heating process. However, the photonic curing process is not fully understood due to the limitations of one-dimensional heat transfer models that are typically used to simulate heating. In this work, a three-dimensional model is used to simulate the heat generation during the photonic curing process. The 3D model illustrates interesting and unique phenomena for the first time, such as the influence of the area, aspect ratio, and proximity on the thermal profiles of the gate structures. For example, the maximum curing temperature achieved with a metal gate on a polyimide-coated glass substrate decreases from~ 600 to ~180°c when the area is decreased from 106 to 102cm2. In addition, the maximum temperature increases from~ 500 to 550 °C, when the distance between the gates is reduced from 100 to 2 um. These results demonstrate the importance of a 3D model for photonic curing, and provide an important step towards broader adoption of photonic curing for large-area flexible electronics.
Resource Allocation for Secure MIMO-SWIPT Systems in the Presence of Multi-Antenna Eavesdropper in Vehicular Networks

In this paper, we optimize the secrecy capacity of the legitimate user under resource allocation and security constraints for a multi-antenna environment for the simultaneous transmission of wireless information and power in a dynamic downlink scenario. We study the relationship between secrecy capacity and harvested energy in a power-splitting configuration for a nonlinear energy-harvesting model under co-located conditions. The capacity maximization problem is formulated for the vehicle-to-vehicle communication scenario. The formulated problem is non-convex NP-hard, so we reformulate it into a convex form using a divide-and-conquer approach. We obtain the optimal transmit power matrix and power-splitting ratio values that guarantee positive values of the secrecy capacity. We analyze different vehicle-to-vehicle communication settings to validate the differentiation of the proposed algorithm in maintaining both reliability and security. We also substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by analyzing the trade-offs between secrecy capacity and harvested energy.
Seismic Stability Procedures for Solid-Waste Landfills

US federal regulations require that municipal solid-waste landfills located in seismic impact zones be designed to resist earthquake hazards. However, due to the lack of well-documented case histories, analytical procedures for evaluating the seismic performance of waste fills are not well established. Typically, procedures that were developed to analyze the seismic stability of earth embankments are applied to landfills, but waste fills are significantly different from earth embankments. In this paper, the application of pseudostatic stability and seismically induced deformation analyses to waste fills is assessed. The results of one-dimensional wave propagation analyses indicate that the seismic stability of waste fills depends primarily on the dynamic properties and height of the waste fill, and the characteristics of the design bedrock motions (intensity, frequency content, and duration). For many cases in which the waste fill`s fundamental period is at least two times higher than the design bedrock motion`s predominant period, the maximum horizontal equivalent acceleration will be less than about half of the bedrock maximum horizontal acceleration.
Precipitation in the Amazon and its relationship with moisture transport and tropical Pacific and Atlantic SST from the CMIP5 simulation

Abstract. Studies on numerical modeling in Amazonia show that the models fail to capture important aspects of climate variability in this region and it is important to understand the reasons that cause this drawback. Here, we study how the general circulation models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulate the inter-relations between regional precipitation, moisture convergence and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the adjacent oceans, to assess how flaws in the representation of these processes can translate into biases in simulated rainfall in Amazonia. Using observational data (GPCP, CMAP, ERSST.v3, ERAI and evapotranspiration) and 21 numerical simulations from CMIP5 during the present climate (1979–2005) in June, July and August (JJA) and December, January and February (DJF), respectively, to represent dry and wet season characteristics, we evaluate how the models simulate precipitation, moisture transport and convergence, and pressure velocity (omega) in different regions of Amazonia. Thus, it is possible to identify areas of Amazonia that are more or less influenced by adjacent ocean SSTs. Our results showed that most of the CMIP5 models have poor skill in adequately representing the observed data. The regional analysis of the variables used showed that the underestimation in the dry season (JJA) was twice in relation to rainy season as quantified by the Standard Error of the Mean (SEM). It was found that Atlantic and Pacific SSTs modulate the northern sector of Amazonia during JJA, while in DJF Pacific SST only influences the eastern sector of the region. The analysis of moisture transport in JJA showed that moisture preferentially enters Amazonia via its eastern edge. In DJF this occurs both via its northern and eastern edge. The moisture balance is always positive, which indicates that Amazonia is a source of moisture to the atmosphere. Additionally, our results showed that during DJF the simulations in northeast sector of Amazonia have a strong bias in precipitation and an underestimation of moisture convergence due to the higher influence of biases in the Pacific SST. During JJA, a strong precipitation bias was observed in the southwest sector associated, also with a negative bias of moisture convergence, but with weaker influence of SSTs of adjacent oceans. The poor representation of precipitation-producing systems in Amazonia by the models and the difficulty of adequately representing the variability of SSTs in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans may be responsible for these underestimates in Amazonia.
Shaken and stirred: Chilling the crust with earthquakes

The long-documented hydrological response to earthquakes ([Muir-Wood and King, 1993][1]; [Roeloffs 1996][2]) has been whittled down to two prevailing underlying mechanisms ([Wang2008][3]): (1) the response of confined aquifers to volumetric strains in the near-field, with well-level increases in
Injury deaths, Australia 2004–05

Accidental falls, suicide and transport-related injuries are common causes of death in the Australian community. This report finds that overall, rates of injury death in Australia during 2004-05 increased with the remoteness of the injured person's residence, with those who resided in very remote areas having a rate more than double that of the national rate. When considering only deaths resulting from motor vehicle transport accidents, the mortality rate for those who resided in very remote areas was 4 times the national rate. When considering state and territory of residence, those who resided in the Northern Territory, where much of the population lives in remote and very remote areas, had mortality rates almost 3 times the national rate for motor vehicle transport-related deaths, more than double the national rate for suicides, and more than 4 times the national rate for homicides.
Simulating oceanic CaCO3 export production in the greenhouse

A model scenario for the change in global marine biogenic CaCO3 export production (CaCO3 = calcium carbonate) due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure is carried out. Findings from laboratory experiments, which suggest a decrease of biocalcification at higher pCO2, are extrapolated to the world ocean by use of the biogeochemical ocean general circulation model HAMOCC. For an A1B IPCC emission scenario and constant emission rates after year 2100, the simulation predicts a global decrease of biological CaCO3 export production by about 50% in year 2250. The negative feedback due to this drop in CaCO3 export on the atmospheric CO2 concentration is small as compared to the anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This negative feedback will potentially be compensated by a shallower remineralization of organic carbon.
CORRECTING FOR SPATIAL EFFECTS IN LIMITED DEPENDENT VARIABLE REGRESSION: ASSESSING THE VALUE OF "AD-HOC" TECHNIQUES

A common test for spatial dependence in regression analysis with continuous dependent variables is the Moran's I. For limited dependent variable models, the standard definition of a residual breaks down because yi is qualitative. Efforts to correct for potential spatial effects in limited dependent variable models have relied on ad-hoc methods such as including a spatial lag variable or using a regular sample that omits neighboring observations. Kelejian and Prucha have recently developed a version of Moran's I for limited dependent variable models. We present the statistic in a more accessible way and use it to test the value of previously-used ad-hoc techniques with a specific data set. Keywords: Morans I, Spatial Autocorrelation, Limited Dependent Variable Models, Land-Use Change, Geographical Information Systems (GIS),
Review of Geometric and Radiometric Analyses of Paintings

This paper presents an overview of a number of diagnostic campaigns carried out to assess the conservation state of paintings. The specific characteristics required in cultural heritage applications have been investigated and are reported, where two main fields are considered: radiometric analyses using multispectral images and 3D surveying for geometric deformation analysis by means of photogrammetry and laser scanning. The activities described were accomplished in interdisciplinary teams, composed of photogrammetrists, art‐historians, restorers and experts of non‐destructive diagnostic techniques.
Monitoring primary depletion reservoirs using amplitudes and time shifts from high-repeat seismic surveys

In the high-porosity, poorly consolidated turbidites of the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, production-induced compaction is the main production-drive mechanism when aquifer support is weak and prior to pressure support by secondary recovery water injection. Time-lapse (4D) seismic monitoring of this class of reservoirs has provided several new learning opportunities. The time-lapse amplitude response of these fields can be complicated due to saturation changes (water replacing oil) inside the reservoir, rock compaction causing density and velocity changes inside the reservoir, stress relief and associated deformation of the rock outside the reservoir, and changes in reservoir fluid pressures due to pore-pressure decrease. Methods that rely on time-lapse amplitude changes with offset to discriminate pressure and saturation changes can help separate and thus simplify the interpretation of some of these effects (Tura and Lumley, 1999; Landro, 2001).
Atmospheric CO2 content in the last 120,000 years: The Phosphate‐Extraction Model

Broecker [1982] has proposed that during the retreat of the Wisconsin ice sheets, atmospheric CO2 increased because of the extraction of phosphorus from the ocean as sea level rose. Using a time-dependent box-model, we examine the consequences of the phosphate extraction hypothesis over the last 120,000 years, assuming that δ18O change in core V28-238 is analogous to sea level variation. The model takes into account the total CO2 and alkalinity balance in the deep sea and in an ‘upper’ reservoir consisting of the surface ocean and atmosphere, which are assumed to be in equilibrium. Dissolution of deep-sea calcium carbonate sediment is assumed to respond to the supply of particulate carbonate from the ‘upper’ box and to the dissolved carbonate-ion concentration of the deep sea. Assuming 1015 mole of phosphorus and 1017 mole of carbon were extracted during deglaciation, the predicted increase in pCO2 is 54 ppm. Variation of pCO2 follows the ice-volume forcing function with a 1000 yr lag, which is the input residence time of water in the deep sea. The accumulation (supply minus dissolution) of CaCO3 and the percent preservation (accumulation over supply) follow the derivative of the ice-volume function. Both are similar to the solution index and percent fragments of core V28-238. In addition, unusually good preservation is predicted during deglaciation due to carbon extraction. If phosphorus but not carbon is assumed to be extracted, the accumulation of CaCO3 varies little, remaining near a value equivalent to the river input.
Laminar cirrus observed near the tropical tropopause by LITE

The Lidar In‐space Technology Experiment (LITE) provided near‐global observations of optically thin clouds during a 10‐day Space Shuttle mission in September 1994. We report here on layers of cirrus occurring in thin sheets, which we refer to as ‘laminar’ cirrus, observed near the tropical tropopause. The layers were observed to have thicknesses generally between a few hundred meters and one kilometer and to be unusually homogeneous in the horizontal, with extents of up to 2700 km. Layers were observed near and possibly above the mean tropical tropopause, both in clear air and above intense tropical thunderstorms, but only in the tropics (35°N to 20°S). Thin layers near the tropopause were found to be common, but not pervasive, throughout the tropics including regions characterized by large scale subsidence in the middle troposphere.
Research on target tracking in coal mine based on optical flow method

To recognize, track and count the bolting machine in coal mine video images, a real-time target tracking method based on the Lucas-Kanade sparse optical flow is proposed in this paper. In the method, we judge whether the moving target deviate from its trajectory, predicate and correct the position of the moving target. The method solves the problem of failure to track the target or lose the target because of the weak light, uneven illumination and blocking. Using the VC++ platform and Opencv lib we complete the recognition and tracking. The validity of the method is verified by the result of the experiment.
Spatio-temporal analysis of environmental radiation in Korea

Geostatistical visualization of environmental radiation is a very powerful approach to explore and understand spatio-temporal variabilities of environmental radiation data. Spatial patterns of environmental radiation can be described quantitatively in terms of variogram and kriging, which are based on the idea that statistical variation of data are functions of distance. (authors)
Downscaling MODIS LST in the East African mountains using elevation gradient and land-cover information

Land-surface temperature (LST) is strongly affected by altitude and surface albedo. In mountain regions where steep slopes and heterogeneous land cover are predominant, LST can vary significantly within short distances. Although remote sensing currently provides opportunities for monitoring LST in inaccessible regions, the coarse resolution of some sensors may result in large uncertainties at sub-pixel scales. This study aimed to develop a simple methodology for downscaling 1 km Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST pixels, by accounting for sub-pixel LST variation associated with altitude and land-cover spatial changes. The approach was tested in Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, where changes in altitude and vegetation can take place over short distances. Daytime and night-time MODIS LST estimates were considered separately. A digital elevation model (DEM) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), both at 250 m spatial resolution, were used to assess altitude and land-cover changes, respectively. Simple linear regressions and multivariate regressions were used to quantify the relationship between LST and the independent variables, altitude and NDVI. The results show that, in Kilimanjaro, altitude variation within the area covered by a 1 km MODIS LST pixel can be up to ±300 m. These altitude changes can cause sub-pixel variation of up to ±2.13°C for night-time and ±2.88°C for daytime LST. NDVI variation within 1 km pixels ranged between –0.2 and 0.2. For night-time measurements, altitude explained up to 97% of LST variation, while daytime LST was strongly affected by land cover. Using multivariate regressions, the combination of altitude and NDVI explained up to 94% of daytime LST variation in Kilimanjaro. Finally, the downscaling approach proposed in this study allowed an improved representation of the influence of landscape features on local-scale LST patterns.
Recurrent landslides events on the submarine flank of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion Island)

Abstract New studies confirm the existence of large landslide events related to both the Piton des Neiges and the Piton de la Fournaise volcanic systems. Like many other island basaltic shield volcanoes, Réunion Island has had a complex evolution combining construction processes and recurrent destructive events. Landslide deposits probably form an important part of its internal structure. Sliding events and related tsunamis are one of the major hazards of this kind of volcanic activity, in an intraplate oceanic context. The submarine flank of Piton de la Fournaise has been extensively studied using Seabeam bathymetry and high resolution side-scan sonar images. The eastern submarine flank is entirely covered by 550 km3 of landslide deposits, which are mainly subaerially erupted basaltic lavas, transported and fractured in large-scale mass wasting. Volumetric considerations imply recurrent partial destruction of the edifice, by landsliding, during its construction. For each sector collapse the fundamental process is the sliding of large blocks, up to several kilometres in length. Fractions of the slide blocks break up and evolve into debris avalanches. Analogue experiments have been carried out to tentatively explain the geometry of these periodic large landslides of the unbuttressed flank. The morphology and the deformation in the landslides of the model are compared to the natural system of Piton de la Fournaise.
Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: Modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation

The classical Rayleigh model assuming isotopic equilibrium fails to explain the deuterium and oxygen 18 contents of polar snow. This model leads to too high temperature-isotope gradients (both for δD and δ18O), to too low δD - δ18O slopes, and consequently to an excessively large range of deuterium excess values (d = δD - 8δ18O). We present a new model that takes into account the existence of an isotopic kinetic effect at snow formation as a result of the fact that vapor deposition occurs in an environment supersaturated over ice. This kinetic effect is thoroughly discussed from a microphysical point of view and tested against experimental data and field observations. This new formulation reconciles predicted and observed values both for the temperature-isotope and δD - δD18O relationships for reasonable values of supersaturation over ice.
Benefits of Quality Changes in Recreational Fishing: A Single-Site Travel cost Approach

This study extends the travel cost literature on valuing quality improvements by measuring the benefits of improved quality in a single-site recreation demand model. Measures of exogenous recreation quality are used instead of the more typically used endogenous measures. Recreation demand for freshwater fishing on the Tar-Pamlico River in North Carolina is specified to depend on access price, income, and expected recreation quality. Variation in expected recreation quality is found from predictions of a catch rate regression model. The number of fishing trips decreases with increases in travel and time costs and increases with increases in recreation quality. Changes in consumer surplus from quality changes are estimated using the individual variation in quality and estimates of recreation benefits.
BEHAVIOR OF A LOOSELY COMPACTED UNSATURATED VOLCANIC SOIL

In this paper, the stress-strain relationsihp and volumetric behavior of a loosely compacted unsaturated decomposed volcanic soil (fill) were studied by conducting three series of triaxial stress path tests: (1) consolidated undrained on the saturated fill; (2) constant water content; and (3) a reducing suction under constant deviator stress on the unsaturated fill. The last two series of tests were designed to simulate the effects of undrained response and rainfall infiltration in initially unsaturated slopes, respectively. It was found that the saturated loose volcanic soil behaves like clay under isotropic compression but it resembles sand behavior when it was subjected to undrained shear. For isotropically consolidated unsaturated specimens sheared under a constant water content, a hardening stress-strain and a nonlinear shear strength–suction relationship are observed. At relatively high suctions, both angle of friction and apparent cohesion appear to be independent of suction. Volumetric contraction during shear is observed in this series of tests. On the other hand, anisotropically consolidated loose unsaturated specimens subjected to a reducing suction change from contractive to dilative behavior as the net mean stress increases. This observed volumetric behavior, unlike the shear strength, is stress path–dependent and cannot be explained by using the existing elastoplastic critical state theoretical framework extended for unsaturated soils.