Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Homeotic Genes: Clustering, Modularity, and Diversity

Hox genes code for transcription factors and are evolutionarily conserved. They regulate a plethora of downstream targets to define the anterior-posterior (AP) body axis of a developing bilaterian embryo. Early work suggested a possible role of clustering and ordering of Hox to regulate their expression in a spatially restricted manner along the AP axis. However, the recent availability of many genome assemblies for different organisms uncovered several examples that defy this constraint. With recent advancements in genomics, the current review discusses the arrangement of Hox in various organisms. Further, we revisit their discovery and regulation in Drosophila melanogaster. We also review their regulation in different arthropods and vertebrates, with a significant focus on Hox expression in the crustacean Parahyale hawaiensis. It is noteworthy that subtle changes in the levels of Hox gene expression can contribute to the development of novel features in an organism. We, therefore, delve into the distinct regulation of these genes during primary axis formation, segment identity, and extra-embryonic roles such as in the formation of hair follicles or misregulation leading to cancer. Toward the end of each section, we emphasize the possibilities of several experiments involving various organisms, owing to the advancements in the field of genomics and CRISPR-based genome engineering. Overall, we present a holistic view of the functioning of Hox in the animal world.
Epidermal Lamellar Body Biogenesis: Insight Into the Roles of Golgi and Lysosomes

Epidermal lamellar bodies (eLBs) are secretory organelles that carry a wide variety of secretory cargo required for skin homeostasis. eLBs belong to the class of lysosome-related organelles (LROs), which are cell-type-specific organelles that perform diverse functions. The formation of eLBs is thought to be related to that of other LROs, which are formed either through the gradual maturation of Golgi/endosomal precursors or by the conversion of conventional lysosomes. Current evidence suggests that eLB biogenesis presumably initiate from trans-Golgi network and receive cargo from endosomes, and also acquire lysosome characteristics during maturation. These multistep biogenesis processes are frequently disrupted in human skin disorders. However, many gaps remain in our understanding of eLB biogenesis and their relationship to skin diseases. Here, we describe our current understanding on eLB biogenesis with a focus on cargo transport to this LRO and highlight key areas where future research is needed.
TNF-α–Induced miR-21-3p Promotes Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Inhibiting MTDH Expression

Intestinal barrier dysfunction is characterized by increased intestinal permeability to lumen endotoxin, showing remarkable predisposition to immune enteropathy, and colorectal cancer tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is associated with this pathological process, while the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, different doses of TNF-α were used for Caco-2 cell treatment. We discovered that miR-21-3p expression was obviously increased by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. Further study demonstrated that TNF-α could upregulate miR-21-3p expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Then, TargetScan and miRWalk miRNA–mRNA interaction prediction online tools were introduced, and metadherin (MTDH) was screened out as a potential target of miR-21-3p. We subsequently found that miR-21-3p could directly target the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of MTDH mRNA and inhibit its expression. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that miR-21-3p could regulate the Wnt signaling pathway by targeting MTDH mRNA, suggesting the effect of miR-21-3p/MTDH/Wnt axis on intestinal barrier dysfunction. Our findings provide a novel potential biomarker and therapeutic target for intestinal barrier dysfunction and related diseases.
Selenoproteins Protect Against Avian Liver Necrosis by Metabolizing Peroxides and Regulating Receptor Interacting Serine Threonine Kinase 1/Receptor Interacting Serine Threonine Kinase 3/Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling

Liver necroptosis of chicks is induced by selenium (Se)/vitamin E (VE) deficiencies and may be associated with oxidative cell damage. To reveal the underlying mechanisms of liver necrosis, a pool of the corn–soy basal diet (10 μg Se/kg; no VE added), a basal diet plus all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (50 mg/kg), Se (sodium selenite at 0.3 mg/kg), or both of these nutrients were provided to day-old broiler chicks (n = 40/group) for 6 weeks. High incidences of liver necrosis (30%) of chicks were induced by –SE–VE, starting at day 16. The Se concentration in liver and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were decreased (P < 0.05) by dietary Se deficiency. Meanwhile, Se deficiency elevated malondialdehyde content and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver at weeks 2 and 4. Chicks fed with the two Se-deficient diets showed lower (P < 0.05) hepatic mRNA expression of Gpx1, Gpx3, Gpx4, Selenof, Selenoh, Selenok, Selenom, Selenon, Selenoo, Selenop, Selenot, Selenou, Selenow, and Dio1 than those fed with the two Se-supplemented diets. Dietary Se deficiency had elevated (P < 0.05) the expression of SELENOP, but decreased the downregulation (P < 0.05) of GPX1, GPX4, SELENON, and SELENOW in the liver of chicks at two time points. Meanwhile, dietary Se deficiency upregulated (P < 0.05) the abundance of hepatic proteins of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3), and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) at two time points. In conclusion, our data confirmed the differential regulation of dietary Se deficiency on several key selenoproteins, the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in chicks and identified new molecular clues for understanding the etiology of nutritional liver necrosis.
A Core Set of Brain Regions Helps Kids Achieve Their Goals

Your brain is always adjusting to the changing swirl of activities and interactions you have every day. Every time you accomplish a goal, you are exercising what are called the brain’s executive functions. These skills include resisting impulses, switching between tasks, and updating information in your memory. We asked whether these different skills relied on the same brain areas, and whether young people used the same brain areas as adults. We took pictures of kids’ and teens’ brains to see which areas of the brain they were using while they played three simple games related to these executive functions. We found that youth used similar brain regions to adults while playing the three games, and that many parts of the brain were used across all three games. These results help us understand how kids use their brains to be successful and how these skills develop.
Evidence That the Etiology of Congenital Hypopituitarism Has a Major Genetic Component but Is Infrequently Monogenic

Purpose Congenital hypopituitarism usually occurs sporadically. In most patients, the etiology remains unknown. Methods We studied 13 children with sporadic congenital hypopituitarism. Children with non-endocrine, non-familial idiopathic short stature (NFSS) (n = 19) served as a control group. Exome sequencing was performed in probands and both unaffected parents. A burden testing approach was used to compare the number of candidate variants in the two groups. Results First, we assessed the frequency of rare, predicted-pathogenic variants in 42 genes previously reported to be associated with pituitary gland development. The average number of variants per individual was greater in probands with congenital hypopituitarism than those with NFSS (1.1 vs. 0.21, mean variants/proband, P = 0.03). The number of probands with at least 1 variant in a pituitary-associated gene was greater in congenital hypopituitarism than in NFSS (62% vs. 21%, P = 0.03). Second, we assessed the frequency of rare, predicted-pathogenic variants in the exome (to capture undiscovered causes) that were inherited in a fashion that could explain the sporadic occurrence of the proband’s condition with a monogenic etiology (de novo mutation, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive) with complete penetrance. There were fewer monogenic candidates in the probands with congenital hypopituitarism than those with NFSS (1.3 vs. 2.5 candidate variants/proband, P = 0.024). We did not find any candidate variants (0 of 13 probands) in genes previously reported to explain the phenotype in congenital hypopituitarism, unlike NFSS (8 of 19 probands, P = 0.01). Conclusion Our findings provide evidence that the etiology of sporadic congenital hypopituitarism has a major genetic component but may be infrequently monogenic with full penetrance, suggesting a more complex etiology.
Dynamic Optimal Travel Strategies in Intelligent Stochastic Transit Networks

This paper addresses the search for a run-based dynamic optimal travel strategy, to be supplied through mobile devices (apps) to travelers on a stochastic multiservice transit network, which includes a system forecasting of bus travel times and bus arrival times at stops. The run-based optimal strategy is obtained as a heuristic solution to a Markovian decision problem. The hallmarks of this paper are the proposals to use only traveler state spaces and estimates of dispersion of forecast bus arrival times at stops in order to determine transition probabilities. The first part of the paper analyses some existing line-based and run-based optimal strategy search methods. In the second part, some aspects of dynamic transition probability computation in intelligent transit systems are presented, and a new method for dynamic run-based optimal strategy search is proposed and applied.
Stability Indicating HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Eperisone Hydrochloride and Diclofenac Sodium in Bulk and Solid Dosage Form

The objective of present work was to develop and validate a simple, accurate, rapid and precise stability indicating HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of Eperisone hydrochloride (EPE) and Diclofenac sodium (DICLO) in bulk and in capsule dosage form. The method employed Merck TLC plates precoated with Silica F254. After several trials, ethyl acetate: methanol (8:2, v/v), was chosen as the mobile phase with saturation time 15 min, which showed good resolution and acceptable peak parameters. The densitometric analysis of both drugs was carried out at 266 nm. The linearity coefficient was found to be 0.999 for Eperisone hydrochloride (EPE) and 0.999 for Diclofenac sodium (DICLO). The Rf values were found to be 0.38 ± 0.02 and 0.73 ± 0.03 for EPE and DICLO. Stability study of EPE and DICLO was carried out by Forced degradation study. The developed method was successfully applied to estimate the amount of Eperisone hydrochloride and Diclofenac sodium in bulk and capsule dosage form.
Identification of active sites at model platinum electrocatalyts

This dissertation focuses on the optimization of catalytic activities for the electrochemical O reduction, H 2 evolution reaction and CO oxidation. For this purpose, the effect of surface defects, alloys and the electrolyte composition was evaluated. Further, the effect of surface structures on the electrocatalytic activity was experimentally investigated using platinum single crystal model systems. In the process the theoretical concept of the generalized coordination number was verified.
Analyzing complex human sentence processing dynamics with CDRNNs

The empirical predictions of theories of incremental sentence processing are often cached out in word-level features [7, 5, 9, 8, 12], but experimental measures from human participants reﬂect the dynamics of real-time cognition, which may be complex, non-linear, and time-varying [1]. Thus, a central challenge in psycholinguistic theory evaluation is to specify a sufﬁciently expressive linking function between theory-driven word features and measures of human sentence processing, and prior work has argued that widely-used linear time series models may be inadequate, especially for naturalistic designs [1, 2, 14]. The recently proposed technique of continuous-time deconvolutional regression (CDR) relaxes assumed instantaneity of effects [14], instead directly estimating continuous-time impulse response functions (IRFs) that describe the temporal extent of a predictor’s inﬂuence on the response (cf. e.g. spillover regressors [10], which ignore clock time). Empirically, CDR learns plausible effect estimates that generalize signiﬁcantly better than linear models across experimental modalities [15]. However, CDR retains simplifying assumptions that may not hold of human cognition: the parametric form of the IRF must be speciﬁed in advance, the IRF is ﬁxed over time (stationary), effects are strictly linear and additive, and the response variance is assumed to be constant (homoskedastic). Any of these constraints may be violated in practice when analyzing the outputs of a complex system like the human mind, with potential impacts on the resulting model. In this study, we reimplement the CDR impulse response and error distribution using a time-varying deep neural network applied to the predictor sequence (CDRNN). The IRF in CDRNN is therefore a joint (potentially non-linear and interactive) function of all the predictors and time, which can be arbitrarily queried with respect to any collection of feature values, yielding a highly ﬂexible model that relaxes all of the afore-mentioned simplifying assumptions. We use CDRNN both to (1) reanalyze prior claims
The geometry of the space-time Martin boundary
is different than the spatial Martin boundary

We consider a nearest neighbour random walk on the integers with absorption at 0 and constant jump probabilities to the left and right of zero. The associated spectral radius is ρ and the spatial ρ-Martin exit boundary comprises two extremal points and associated minimal excessive functions h−∞ and h+∞ associated with sequences xn converging to −∞ and +∞ respectively. We construct a space-time sequence (xn, n) with xn → −∞ converging to a point in the space-time ρ-Martin exit boundary whose associated space time harmonic function h(x, t) is minimal and of the form ρh+∞(x) not ρh−∞(x) as might have been hoped.
Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Mono Azo, o-o Metal Complex Dyes of Cr(III), Fe(II), Co(II) and Cu(II)

Diazo compounds of 2-aminobenzoic acid with H-acid and 4-Napsa as coupler and their metal complexes were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques like UV, FT-IR, NMR and colorimetric studies. The color data analysis showed their active participation towards the fastness properties on fabric twils. The resultant dyes were then screened against gram negative, positive bacterial and fungal strains which gave promising results.
Electro mobility acceptance: The influence of political bonus and malus factors and preferences for charging stations

As a considerable amount of greenhouse gas emissions are caused by the transport sector with road traffic being the biggest polluter, the German government has initiated programs to promote electric vehicles (EVs). Currently, the main activity is to install charging infrastructure and to provide a financial bonus for the purchase of EVs. As part of the project “Electric City Russelsheim”, CAPI interviews have been conducted to determine the acceptance of EVs among the population. The survey aims to investigate the effects of possible bonus and malus factors to promote EVs. Moreover, it analyses people’s preferences for the configuration of charging stations in a discrete choice experiment. In choice tasks, respondents indicate their preferences by choosing a charging station configuration between two alternatives. Preliminary results from a Multinomial Logit Model on a sample of 462 respondents are presented in this paper. As configuration, respondents mostly prefer Plug & Charge as authentification method, card-based payment method, billing according to the amount of charged electricity, and a higher share of energy from renewable sources.
University of Groningen Effects of written peer-feedback content and sender's competence on perceptions, performance, and mindful cognitive processing Berndt,

Peer-feedback efficiency might be influenced by the oftentimes voiced concern of students that they perceive their peers’ competence to provide feedback as inadequate. Feedback literature also identifies mindful processing of (peer)feedback and (peer)feedback content as important for its efficiency, but lacks systematic investigation. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, peer-feedback content (concise general feedback [CGF] vs. elaborated specific feedback [ESF]) and competence of the sender (high vs. low) were varied. Students received a scenario containing an essay by a fictional student and fictional peer feedback, a perception questionnaire, and a text revision, distraction, and peer-feedback recall task. Eye tracking was applied to measure how written peer feedback was (re-)read, e.g., glance duration on exact words and sentences. Mindful cognitive processing was inferred from the relation between glance duration and (a) text-revision performance and (b) peer-feedback recall performance. Feedback by a high competent peer was perceived as more adequate. Compared to CGF, participants who received ESF scored higher on positive affect towards the peer feedback. No effects were found for peer-feedback content and/or sender’s competence level on Eur J Psychol Educ (2018) 33:31–49 DOI 10.1007/s10212-017-0343-z * Markus Berndt markus.berndt@med.uni-muenchen.de; http://dam.klinikum. uni–muenchen.de Jan-Willem Strijbos j.w. strijbos@rug.nl; http://www.rug.nl/staff/j.w. strijbos Frank Fischer frank.fischer@psy.lmu.de; http://www.psy.lmu.de/ffp_en/index.html 1 Institute for Medical Education, University Hospital of LMU, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany 2 Richard W. Riley College of Education and Leadership, Walden University, 100 Washington Avenue South, Suite 900, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA 3 Department of Educational Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 3, 9712 TG Groningen, The Netherlands 4 Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany performance. Glance durations were negatively correlated to text-revision performance regardless of condition, although peer-feedback recall showed that a basic amount of mindful cognitive processing occurred in all conditions. Descriptive findings also hint that this processing might be dependent on an interaction between peer-feedback content and sender’s competence, signifying a clear direction for future research.
Trabajo Fin de Máster An Integrated Approach to Assertion-Based Random Testing in Logic Languages

We present an approach for assertion-based random testing of Prolog programs that is tightly integrated within an overall assertion-based program development scheme. Our starting point is the Ciao model, a framework that uniﬁes unit testing and run-time veriﬁcation, as well as static veriﬁcation and static debugging, using a common assertion language. Properties which cannot be veriﬁed statically are checked dynamically. In this context, the idea of generating random test values from assertion preconditions emerges naturally since these preconditions are conjunctions of literals, and the corresponding predicates can in principle be used as generators. We develop LPtest , a tool that generates valid inputs from the properties that appear in the assertions shared with other parts of the model, and uses the run time-check instrumentation of the Ciao framework to perform a wide variety of checks. The generation process is based on running standard predicates under non-standard (random) search rules. We propose methods for supporting (C)LP-speciﬁc properties, including combinations of shape-based (regular) types and variable sharing and instantiation, and we also provide some ideas for shrinking for these properties and for enhancing generation by exploiting information inferred by the analyzer. As a case study, we apply LPtest for testing Ciao ’s abstract interpretation-based static analyzer. We approach this problem, using assertion-based random testing, in two different ways. In the ﬁrst one, we encode into Ciao assertions some basic theoretical properties that abstract domains must satisfy in order to be sound. Then we apply the tool to those assertions to check and validate the code of some the abstract domains in the Ciao system. The second method consists in checking, over a suite of benchmarks, that the assertions inferred statically by the analyzer are satisﬁed dynamically, testing them with LPtest . This can be implemented and automatized with little effort by framing it within the Ciao integrated assertion framework and combining its components: the static analyzer , which outputs its results as the original program source with assertions interspersed; and the newly developed random testing framework, which generates and executes
Advanced clinical practice roles in the National Health Service, England: a remedy for workforce problems? A qualitative study of senior staff perspectives

Objective: A major issue facing all health systems is improving population health while at the same time responding to both growing patient numbers and needs and developing and retaining the health care workforce. One policy response to workforce shortages has been the development of advanced clinical practice roles. In the context of an English national policy promoting such roles in the health service, we explored senior managers’ and senior clinicians’ perceptions of factors at the organization level that support or inhibit the introduction of advanced clinical practice roles. The investigation was framed by theories of the diffusion of innovation and the system of professions. Methods: We conducted a qualitative interview study of 39 senior manager and clinicians in 19 National Health Service acute, community, mental health and ambulance organizations across a metropolitan area in 2019. Results: Small numbers of advanced clinical practice roles were reported, often in single services. Four main influences were identified in the development of advanced clinical practice roles: staff shortages (particularly of doctors in training grades) combined with rising patient demand, the desire to retain individual experienced staff, external commissioners or purchasers of services looking to shape services in line with national policy, and commissioner-funded new roles in new ambulatory care services and primary care. Three factors were reported as enabling the roles: finance for substantive posts, evidence of value of the posts, and structural support within the organization. Three factors were perceived as inhibiting developing the roles: confusion and lack of knowledge amongst clinicians and managers, the availability of finance for the roles, and a nervousness (sometimes resistance) to introducing the new roles. Conclusions: While the national policy was to promote advanced clinical practice roles, the evidence suggested there was and would continue to be limited implementation at the operational level. Development scenarios that introduced new monies for such roles reduced some of the inhibiting factors. However, where the introduction of roles required funding to move from one part of a service to another, and potentially from one staff group to another, the growth of these roles was and is likely to be contested. In such scenarios, research and business evidence of relative advantage will be important, as too will be supporters in powerful positions. The paucity of publicly available evidence on the effectiveness of advanced clinical practice roles across the specialties and professions in the context requires urgent attention.