Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple Imputation for Partial Recording Periodontal Examination Protocols

Aim: Partial-mouth recording protocols often result in underestimation of population prevalence and extent of periodontitis. We posit that multiple imputation of measures such as clinical attachment loss for nonselected tooth sites in partial-mouth samples can reduce bias in periodontitis estimates. Methods: Multiple imputation for correlated site-level dichotomous outcomes in a generalized estimating equations framework is used to impute site-level binary indicators for clinical attachment loss exceeding a fixed threshold in partial-mouth samples. Periodontitis case definitions are applied to the imputed “complete” dentitions, enabling estimation of prevalence and other summaries of periodontitis for partial-mouth samples as if for full-mouth examinations. A multiple imputation-bootstrap procedure is described and applied for point and variance estimation of these periodontitis measures. The procedure is evaluated with pseudo-partial-mouth samples based on random site selection protocols of 28 to 84 periodontal sites repeatedly generated from full-mouth periodontal examinations of 3,621 participants in the 2013 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) survey. Results: Multiple imputation applied to partial-mouth samples overestimated periodontitis mean extent, defined as the number of sites with clinical attachment loss 3 mm or greater, by 9.5% in random site selection protocols with 84 sites and overestimated prevalence by 5% to 10% in all the evaluated protocols. Conclusions: In the 2013 to 2014 NHANES data, multiple imputation of site-level periodontal indicators provides less biased estimates of periodontitis prevalence and extent than has been reported from estimates based on the direct application of full-mouth case definitions to partial-mouth samples. Multiple imputation provides a promising solution to the longstanding, vexing problem of estimation bias in partial-mouth recording, with potential application to a wide array of case definitions, periodontitis measures, and partial recording protocols. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Partial-mouth sampling, while a resource-efficient strategy for obtaining oral disease estimates, often results in underestimation of periodontitis metrics. Multiple imputation for nonselected periodontal sites produces pseudo-full-mouth data sets that may be analyzed and combined to produce estimates with small bias.
The relation between executive functions, error-related brain activity, and ADHD symptoms in clinically evaluated school-aged children

ABSTRACT Two event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited following errors, the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe), have been proposed to reflect cognitive control, though the specific processes remain debated. Few studies have examined the ERN and Pe’s relations with individual differences in cognitive control/executive functioning using well-validated tests administered separately from the inhibition tasks used to elicit the ERN/Pe. Additionally, neurocognitive tests of executive functions tend to strongly predict ADHD symptoms, but the extent to which task-based and EEG-based estimates of executive functioning/cognitive control account for the same variance in ADHD symptoms remains unclear. The current study addressed these limitations by examining relations between the ERN/Pe and three core executive functions (working memory, inhibitory control, set shifting) in a clinically-evaluated sample of 53 children ages 8–12 (Mage = 10.36, SD = 1.42; 77.4% White/Non-Hispanic; 16 girls) with and without ADHD. Results demonstrated that neither the ERN nor Pe were related to overall cognitive control/executive functioning, or to working memory or set shifting specifically (all 95%CIs include 0.0). In contrast, a larger Pe was associated with better-developed inhibitory control (β=-.35, 95%CI excludes 0.0), but did not capture aspects of inhibitory control that are important for predicting ADHD symptoms. Neither the ERN nor Pe predicted ADHD symptoms (95%CIs include 0.0). Results were generally robust to control for age, sex, SES, ADHD symptom cluster, and anxiety, and emphasize the need for caution when interpreting the ERN/Pe as indices of broad-based cognitive control/executive functioning, as well as using the ERN/Pe to examine cognitive processes contributing to ADHD symptomatology.
Extraction of non-structured object contours based on multi-scale entropy difference operator

Contour information is regarded as important characteristic in computer vision. It is difficult to extract Contour information from the non-structural object due to its complicated structure. This paper present a novel concept of Multi- Scale Entropy (MSE) based on traditional Entropy that can be used to perform reliable extracting contours from non-structured objects such as smoking and rocks. The variety of image information amount was presented dynamically by this means. The Multi-Scale Entropy Difference (MSED) can present the break part of the image gray information and recognize the boundary of object and background effectively. Finally the non-structural object contours was extracted by Maximal Multi-Scale Entropy Difference (MMSED). Experiments have shown that the operator can extract stable contours from non-structural objects and eliminate the interior complex texture structure effectively.
Ionized hypercalcemia in 238 cats from a referral hospital population (2009‐2019)

Abstract Background Ionized calcium concentration ([iCa]) is more sensitive for detecting calcium disturbances than serum total calcium concentration but literature on ionized hypercalcemia in cats is limited. Urolithiasis is a possible adverse consequence of hypercalcemia. Hypothesis/Objectives To describe clinical details of diagnoses associated with ionized hypercalcemia in cats and association with urolithiasis. Animals Cats (238) seen between 2009 and 2019 at a referral hospital with [iCa] above the normal reference interval. Methods Observational cross‐sectional study. Signalment, serum biochemical and imaging findings were reviewed for cats with ionized hypercalcemia considered to be clinically relevant (>1.41 mmol/L). Data were summarized by cause of hypercalcemia (i.e., diagnosis). Results Diagnoses for the 238 cats with [iCa] >1.41 mmol/L included: acute kidney injury (AKI; 13%), malignancy‐associated (10.1%), idiopathic hypercalcemia (IHC; 10.1%), chronic kidney disease/renal diet‐associated (8.4%), iatrogenic (5.5%), primary hyperparathyroidism (2.1%), vitamin D toxicity (2.1%) and granulomatous disease (1.7%). In 112 cases (47.1%), no cause for ionized hypercalcemia could be determined (n = 95), hypercalcemia was transient (n = 12), or the cat was juvenile (<1 year; n = 5). Urolithiasis was identified in 83.3% of AKI, 72.7% of iatrogenic, 61.1% of CKD/renal diet‐associated and 50% of IHC cases that were imaged (<50% for other diagnoses). Diagnoses with a high proportion of concurrent total hypercalcemia included primary hyperparathyroidism (100%), vitamin D toxicity (100%), malignancy‐associated (71.4%), granulomatous disease (66.7%) and IHC (65.2%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Ionized hypercalcemia was most commonly associated with kidney diseases, neoplasia or IHC. The proportion of urolithiasis cases varied by diagnosis.
“[T]he laws need to change to reflect current society”: Insights from stakeholders involved in development, review or implementation of policies about adolescent consent for HIV testing, care and research in Kenya

Engaging adolescents in HIV care and research promotes the development of interventions tailored to their unique needs. Guidelines generally require parental permission for adolescents to receive HIV care/testing or participate in research, with exceptions. Nevertheless, parental permission requirements can restrict adolescent involvement in care and research. To better appreciate prospects for policy reform, we sought to understand the perspectives of stakeholders involved in the development, review and implementation of policies related to adolescents living with HIV.
Self‐similar structure of magnetized advection‐dominated accretion flows and convection‐dominated accretion flows

We study the effects of a global magnetic field on viscously rotating and vertically integrated accretion discs around compact objects using a self-similar treatment. We extend Akizuki & Fukue's work by discussing a general magnetic field with three components (r, φ, z) in advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs). We also investigate the effects of a global magnetic field on flows with convection. For these purposes, we first adopt a simple form of the kinematic viscosity v = αc 2 s /Ω K to study magnetized ADAFs: a vertical and a strong magnetic field, for instance, not only prevents the disc from being accreted but also decreases the isothermal sound speed. Then, we consider a more realistic model of the kinematic viscosity v = αc s H, which makes the infall velocity increase but the sound speed and toroidal velocity decrease. We next use two methods to study magnetized flows with convection, i.e. we take the convective coefficient α c as a free parameter to discuss the effects of convection for simplicity. We establish the α c -α relation for magnetized flows using the mixing-length theory and compare this relation with the non-magnetized case. If α c is set as a free parameter, then |υ r | and c s increase for a large toroidal magnetic field, while |υ r | decreases but |υ φ | increases (or decreases) for a strong and dominated radial (or vertical) magnetic field with increasing α c . In addition, the magnetic field makes the α c -α relation be distinct from that of non-magnetized flows, and allows the ρ α r -1 or p oc r -2 structure for magnetized non-accreting convection-dominated accretion flows with a + gα c < 0 (where g is the parameter to determine the condition of convective angular momentum transport).
In-silico docking and molecular dynamic introspective study of multiple targets of AChE with Rivastigmine and NMDA receptors with Riluzole for Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract The present study was initiated with PDB selection and validation where 11 acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 4 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) proteins were considered for docking with Rivastigmine and Riluzole respectively. Out of the 15 proteins, selected significant binding was observed for AChE, with 5FPQ, and NMDA receptors with 5I2K. Molecular docking studies of 5FPQ/Rivastigmine complex displayed a binding score of −8.6 kcal/mol, and the predicted inhibitory concentration (Ki) was found to be 31 nM, whereas the 5I2K/Riluzole complex showed a binding score of −9.6 kcal/mol, with an inhibitory concentration (Ki) of 21 nM. Riluzole in complex with 5I2K formed predominant π-π stacking interactions with Tyr144, pi-alkyl interaction with Pro129, and conventional hydrogen bond with Phe130. In contrast, Rivastigmine in a complex with 5FPQ formed a hydrogen bond with Gln413 and pi-alkyl with Pro537. Molecular dynamics simulation study of both complexes 5FPQ/Rivastigmine and 5I2K/Riluzole exhibited stable RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and significant numbers of hydrogen bonds. From free energy landscape (FEL) analysis both complexes were observed to achieve global minima. Overall, molecular docking and MD simulation with subsequent binding free energies studies (MM-PBSA) elucidate the binding conformations and stability of these reprogrammed drugs in the AChE and NMDAR targets. From these in-silico predictions, it can be suggested that both Rivastigmine and Riluzole combination may provide better insights as a starting point combination therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
The Impact of Environmental Stress on Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review

Objective: In this review, we detail the impact of environmental stress on cognitive and military task performance and highlight any individual characteristics or interventions which may mitigate any negative effect. Background: Military personnel are often deployed in regions markedly different from their own, experiencing hot days, cold nights, and trips both above and below sea level. In spite of these stressors, high-level cognitive and operational performance must be maintained. Method: A systematic review of the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted from inception up to September 2018. Eligibility criteria included a healthy human cohort, an outcome of cognition or military task performance and assessment of an environmental condition. Results: The search returned 113,850 records, of which 124 were included in the systematic review. Thirty-one studies examined the impact of heat stress on cognition; 20 of cold stress; 59 of altitude exposure; and 18 of being below sea level. Conclusion: The severity and duration of exposure to the environmental stressor affects the degree to which cognitive performance can be impaired, as does the complexity of the cognitive task and the skill or familiarity of the individual performing the task. Application: Strategies to improve cognitive performance in extreme environmental conditions should focus on reducing the magnitude of the physiological and perceptual disturbance caused by the stressor. Strategies may include acclimatization and habituation, being well skilled on the task, and reducing sensations of thermal stress with approaches such as head and neck cooling.
GABAA and serotonergic receptors participation in anxiolytic effect of chalcones in adult zebrafish

Abstract The prevalence of anxiety is a significant public health problem, being the 24th leading cause of disability in individuals affected by this disorder. In this context, chalcones, a flavonoid subclass obtained from natural or synthetic sources, interact with central nervous system (CNS) receptors at the same binding site as benzodiazepines, the primary drugs used in the treatment of anxiety. Thus, our study investigates the anxiolytic effect of synthetic chalcones derived from the natural product 2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyacetophenone isolated from Croton anisodontus Müll. Arg. in modulating anxiolytic activity via GABAergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission in an adult zebrafish model. Chalcones 1 and 2 were non-toxic to adult zebrafish and showed anxiolytic activity via GABAA receptors. Chalcone 2 also had its anxiolytic action reversed by the antagonist granisetron, indicating the participation of serotonergic receptors 5HTR3A/3B in the anxiolytic effect. In addition, molecular docking results showed that chalcones have a higher affinity for the GABAA receptor than DZP and binding in the same region of the DZP binding site, indicating a similar effect to the drug. Furthermore, the interaction of chalcones with GABAA and 5-HT3A receptors demonstrates the anxiolytic effect potential of these molecules. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
High level of tumor marker CA19-9 returned to normal after cholecystectomy in calculous cholecystitis patients

Abstract Background High serum CA19-9 is usually caused by pancreaticobiliary malignancies, but it has also been found in a tiny minority of calculous cholecystitis patients. Aims To clarify the relationship between calculous cholecystitis and serum CA19-9. Methods Clinical data of calculous cholecystitis patients with high serum CA19-9 (high group, n = 20) and normal serum CA19-9 (normal group, n = 40) who underwent cholecystectomy were analyzed. Serum CA19-9 of high group were followed-up and gallbladder specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results Serum CA19-9 in the high group ranged from 105 to 1635 U/ml, of which 30% exceeded 1000 U/ml. Follow-up results showed that 20 patient’s serum CA19-9 returned to normal after cholecystectomy, including 4 closely followed-up patients whose serum CA19-9 recovered within one month. Immunohistochemical results revealed that CA19-9 was mildly positive only in mucosal epithelial cells in the normal group, but positive in mucosal epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and intercellular substances in the high group, accounting for high serum CA19-9. Conclusion Serum CA19-9 is proved to be associated with calculous cholecystitis for the first time, so that clinicians should consider calculous cholecystitis associated CA19-9 elevation in the clinic practice besides other CA19-9 related diseases.
The Iwasawa conjecture for totally real fields

Let F be a totally real number field. Let p be a prime number and for any integer n let Fun denote the group of nth roots of unity. Let 41 be a p-adic valued Artin character for F and let F,, be the extension of F attached to 4, i.e., so that 4 is the character of a faithful representation of Gal(F,,/F). We will assume that F,, is also totally real. For a number field K let K. , denote the cyclotomic Zp-extension of K. Following Greenberg we say that 4 is of type S if F. , n Fc, = F and of type W if 4 is one-dimensional with F. ,p c Fcc. Deligne and Ribet (in [DR], following Kubota and Leopoldt for the case F= Q) have proved the existence of a p-adic L-function associated to a one-dimensional Artin character 4 with F,, totally real. This function Lp(s, 4) is continuous for s e Zp{ 1}, and even at s = 1 if 4, is not trivial, and satisfies the following interpolation property:
Sleep disturbance and gastrointestinal cancer risk: a literature review

Sleep, accounting for roughly one-third of a person’s life, plays an important role in human health. Despite the close association between sleep patterns and medical diseases proven by several studies, it has been neglected in recent years. Presently, all societies are facing the most challenging health-threatening disease, cancer. Among all cancer types, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, especially colorectal type, seem to be one of the most relevant to an individual’s lifestyle; thus, they can be prevented by modifying behaviors most of the time. Previous studies have shown that disruption of the 24-h sleep–wake cycle increases the chance of colorectal cancer, which can be due to exposure to artificial light at night and some complex genetic and hormone-mediated mechanisms. There has also been some evidence showing the possible associations between other aspects of sleep such as sleep duration or some sleep disorders and GI cancer risk. This review brings some information together and presents a detailed discussion of the possible role of sleep patterns in GI malignancy initiation.
Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon

The role of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration as a ‘win‐win’ solution to both climate change and food insecurity receives an increasing promotion. The opportunity may be too good to be missed! Yet the tremendous complexity of the two issues at stake calls for a detailed and nuanced examination of any potential solution, no matter how appealing. Here, we critically re‐examine the benefits of global SOC sequestration strategies on both climate change mitigation and food production. While estimated contributions of SOC sequestration to climate change vary, almost none take SOC saturation into account. Here, we show that including saturation in estimations decreases any potential contribution of SOC sequestration to climate change mitigation by 53%–81% towards 2100. In addition, reviewing more than 21 meta‐analyses, we found that observed yield effects of increasing SOC are inconsistent, ranging from negative to neutral to positive. We find that the promise of a win‐win outcome is confirmed only when specific land management practices are applied under specific conditions. Therefore, we argue that the existing knowledge base does not justify the current trend to set global agendas focusing first and foremost on SOC sequestration. Away from climate‐smart soils, we need a shift towards soil‐smart agriculture, adaptative and adapted to each local context, and where multiple soil functions are quantified concurrently. Only such comprehensive assessments will allow synergies for land sustainability to be maximised and agronomic requirements for food security to be fulfilled. This implies moving away from global targets for SOC in agricultural soils. SOC sequestration may occur along this pathway and contribute to climate change mitigation and should be regarded as a co‐benefit.
Circular RNA SPI1 expression before and after induction therapy and its correlation with clinical features, treatment response, and survival of acute myeloid leukemia patients

Circular RNA spi‐1 proto‐oncogene (circ‐SPI1) regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and bone marrow differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study aimed to assess the relationship of circ‐SPI1 expression with the clinical features, induction therapy response, and survival of AML patients.
Computational Design of Plant‐Based Antistress Agents Targeting Nociceptin Receptor

Stress is the body's reaction to the challenges it faces, and it produces a multitude of chemical molecules known as stressors as a result of these reactions. It's also a misalignment of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems causing changes in a variety of physiological reactions and perhaps leading to stress disorders. The reduction in neurotransmitter & neurohormonal hormones is mainly governed by the nociceptin receptor as G‐protein coupled receptor and increased the level of reactive oxygen species. Various synthetic medicines that target nociceptin receptors were utilized to reduce the effects of stress but they come up with a variety of side effects. Because of the widespread utilization and renewed interest in medicinal herbal plants considered to be alternative antistress therapy. Our present work is an approach to decipher the molecular nature of novel herbal leads by targeting nociceptin receptor, under which herbal compounds were screened and validated through in‐silico methods. Among screened leads, withanolide‐B showed stable association in the active site of the nociceptin receptor as an antistress agent with no side effects. Furthermore, the selected lead was also evaluated for stability by molecular dynamic stimulation as well as for pharmacokinetics and toxicity profile. It has been concluded stable conformation of withanolide‐B without presence of any major toxic effects. As a result, the in silico molecular docking technique is a highly successful method for selecting a prospective herbal lead molecule with respect to a specific target, and future research can pave the way for further exploration in the drug development field.
Bird flight call discrimination using machine learning

The development of a software system which can detect and identify the flight calls of migrating birds is reported. The system first produces a spectrogram using a DFT. Calls are detected in the spectrogram using an ad hoc combination of local peak‐finding and a connectedness measure. Attributes are extracted both globally from the call and from a window moved incrementally through the call. Decision trees are then used to determine the bird species. These decision trees are induced from a training set using Quinlan’s C4.5 system [J. R. Quinlan, C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning, Morgan Kauffman (1993)]. The system has been tested on a set of 138 nocturnal flight calls from nine species of birds [W. R. Evans, personal communication]. Some calls are faint, and interfering insect noise is present in others. Tenfold resampling was used to classify the calls unseen. Seventy‐eight percent of calls were identified correctly, 4% incorrectly and 18% were placed in an ‘‘uncertain’’ category. Neural network‐based.