Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deformation and sedimentation around active Miocene salt diapirs on the Tihama Plain, northwest Yemen

Abstract The Al Salif and Jabal al Milh salt diapirs of Miocene age cut through a 4–5 km thick overburden of Miocene to Recent sedimentary rocks in the southern Red Sea. The Al Salif diapir is part of a north-south oriented diapiric wall which has caused updoming of the overburden and active extensional faulting. The halite is folded into tight to isoclinal subvertical folds, with largescale rafts of interbedded gypsum-anhydrite boudinaged on the fold limbs. There is no evidence for large-scale overburden stoping or injection of salt into overlying faults and fractures, and the upward movement of the salt dome is probably caused by the overburden being forced aside and sliding off the dome. The upper surface of the salt is an undulating smooth surface which was exposed at the sea-floor during the Quaternary. Coral reefs with 14C ages of 3700 a have been raised up to an elevation of 17 m above present-day sea-level, giving a surface uplift rate of 4.6 mm a−1. At the Jabal Al Milh diapir, recumbent folding and thrusting are the main deformation features observed in the siltstones and gypsum layers of the overburden. The overburden has been rotated to the vertical at least 200 m from the diapir walls. The folding and thrusting is interpreted to be caused by overflow of salt in a namakier. This study shows that overburden sediments above the Al Salif diapir extended to allow sediments to slide from the salt dome crest by listric faulting, whereas sediments underlying the Jabal al Milh salt glacier were sheared and shortened in the horizontal direction.
High-dimensional computational geometry

Consider the following problem: given a database of points in a multidimensional space, construct a data structure which given any query point finds the database point(s) closest to it. This problem, called nearest neighbor search has been of great importance to several areas of computer science, including pattern recognition, databases, vector compression, computational statistics and data mining. Many of the above applications involve data sets whose size and dimensionality are very large. Therefore, it is crucial to design algorithms which scale well with the database size as well as with the dimension. The nearest neighbor problem is an example of a large class of proximity problems. Apart from the nearest neighbor, the class contains problems like closest pair, diameter (or furthest pair), minimum spanning tree and clustering problems. In the latter case the goal is to find a partition of points into k clusters, in order to minimize a certain function. Example functions are: the sum of the distances from each point to its nearest cluster representative (this problem is called k-median), the maximum such distance (k-center), the sum of all distances between points in same clusters (k-clustering), etc. Since these problems are ubiquitous, they have been investigated in computer science for a long while (e.g., in computational geometry). As a result of this research effort, many efficient solutions have been discovered for the case when the points lie in a space of small dimension. Unfortunately, their running time grows exponentially with the dimension. In this thesis we show that it is in fact possible to obtain efficient algorithms for the aforementioned problems, if we are satisfied with answers which are approximate. The running time of our algorithms for the aforementioned problems has only polynomial dependence on the dimension, and sublinear (for the nearest neighbor problem) or subquadratic (for the closest pair, minimum spanning tree, clustering etc.) dependence on the number of input points. These results hold for a wide range of metrics, including Euclidean, Manhattan or maximum norms and Hausdorff metrics; some of the results hold even for general metrics. We support our theoretical results with their experimental evaluation.
Proof of concept of regional scale hydrologic simulations at hydrologic resolution utilizing massively parallel computer resources

We present the results of a unique, parallel scaling study using a 3‐D variably saturated flow problem including land surface processes that ranges from a single processor to a maximum number of 16,384 processors. In the applied finite difference framework and for a fixed problem size per processor, this results in a maximum number of approximately 8 × 109 grid cells (unknowns). Detailed timing information shows that the applied simulation platform ParFlow exhibits excellent parallel efficiency. This study demonstrates that regional scale hydrologic simulations on the order of 103 km2 are feasible at hydrologic resolution (∼100–101 m laterally, 10−2–10−1 m vertically) with reasonable computation times, which has been previously assumed to be an intractable computational problem.
Significant Feature Selection in Range Scan Data for Geometrical Mobile Robot Mapping

Simultaneous Mapping and Localization (SLAM) has become a very important task for mobile robots. Different approaches have been proposed over the last years. Most of them use directly raw data or simple features as geometric representa- tions. Recent works on SLAM have been proposed different geometric representations, which captures more context than other features, permitting an additional cognitive and reasoning mapping. In this paper, we propose a method to select significant features used for constructing polygonal maps for indoor mobile robot navigation. To segment and group raw laser range scan data in polygonal curves (polylines) a discrete curve evolution method (DCE) has been applied. Relevance measure computa- tions derived from DCE, together with length of line segments and turn angles are used to select relevant features. Features selected for a single scan St at time t are matched against a sub- group gt-1 of features from the global map Gt-1 at t - 1, obtained from the last known position. A least squares method is applied to find optimal translation and rotation between partial map St and the global map Gt-1. Finally, maps are merged to get the actualized map Gt.
Research on land registration procedure ontology of China

Land registration is public act which is to record the state-owned land use right, collective land ownership, collective land use right and land mortgage, servitude, as well as other land rights required the registration according to laws and regulations onto land registering books. Land registration is one of the important government affairs , so it is very important to standardize, optimize and humanize the process of land registration. The management works of organization are realized through a variety of workflows. Process knowledge is in essence a kind of methodology knowledge and a system which including the core and the relational knowledge. In this paper, the ontology is introduced into the field of land registration and management, trying to optimize the flow of land registration, to promote the automation-building and intelligent Service of land registration affairs, to provide humanized and intelligent service for multi-types of users . This paper tries to build land registration procedure ontology by defining the land registration procedure ontology's key concepts which represent the kinds of processes of land registration and mapping the kinds of processes to OWL-S. The land registration procedure ontology shall be the start and the basis of the Web service.
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Environmental controls on photosynthetic rates of lower montane cloud forest vegetation in south-western Colombia

A variety of microclimatic and edaphic factors have been shown to limit photosynthetic productivity in tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) ecosystems. It is now understood that multiple controls may limit photosynthesis within individual TMCFs, and that the relative importance of each control varies between sites. This chapter describes the nutrient status, microclimate, leaf structural traits and photosynthetic gasexchange characteristics of lower montane cloud forest (LMCF) vegetation at the Centro de Estudios Ambientales Tambito site, a wet LMCF reserve located on the Pacific slopes of Colombia’s Western Cordillera. Neither periodic water shortage nor prolonged waterlogging was observed at Tambito. Total soil nitrogen and available phosphorus were above the range typically observed in lowland evergreen rain forests (LERF), while exchangeable calcium levels were lower. In terms of soil nutrient status, total nitrogen and available phosphorus at Tambito were above the range typically observed in more productive LERF, while exchangeable calcium levels were lower. Leaf nutrient contents observed at Tambito were broadly similar to values observed in LERF. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) remained well below the light-saturation level for leaf-scale photosynthesis (A) throughout the day during the wet season and for 21 hours day � 1 during the dry season. Cloudiness may reduce the competitive advantage of high Amax in canopy leaves, thereby increasing the fitness of alternative traits conferred by low specific leaf area, including nutrient-use efficiency and leaf longevity. Therefore, it was concluded that persistent PPFD limitation of photosynthesis may help to explain the prevalence of sclerophylly in tropical montane cloud forests.
Characteristics of small tropical cumulus clouds and their impact on the environment

This study uses a number of data sets (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator data, space shuttle photography, Radiation Measurement System data, aircraft data, and shipboard soundings) to investigate the characteristics of small tropical cumulus clouds and their impact on their environment. The goal is to uncover useful information with application to radiative transfer simulation and satellite remote sensing. In fields of small cumulus clouds, size distributions are found to decrease in number with increasing diameter according to a double power law relation, often with a clear break diameter. Fractal dimensions corresponding to the horizontal area and perimeter of the clouds are greater for the larger clouds than for the smaller clouds, with the same break diameter as the size distributions, meaning that the larger clouds have more ragged perimeters. These two results suggest a characteristic horizontal length scale dividing larger and smaller boundary layer cumuli. Spatial distributions show a clear tendency toward clustering. Smaller cumuli appear to grow upward more quickly with increasing horizontal size than do larger cumuli. Albedo is found to increase with greater cloud fraction and higher solar zenith angle. Even sparse fields of small cumulus cause significant shortwave forcing at the ocean surface. Simulation suggests that small cumulus may introduce significant errors into sea surface temperature retrievals and that such clouds can be difficult to remove with operational cloud-filtering schemes. Clouds smaller than about I km in diameter are not seen to precipitate.
How Did the Elimination of the Earnings Test above the Normal Retirement Age Affect Retirement Expectations

We look at the effect of the 2000 repeal of the earnings test above the normal retirement age (NRA) on retirement expectations of male workers in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Using administrative records on Social Security benefit entitlements linked to the HRS survey data, we can distinguish groups of respondents according to how, before the repeal, the earnings test would have affected their marginal wage rate after the NRA. We use panel data models with fixed and random effects to investigate the effect of the repeal on the subjective probability to work full-time after the NRA as well as after age 62. We find that male workers whose marginal wage rate increased because the earnings test was repealed, had the largest increase in this probability. We find no significant effects of the repeal on the probability to work full-time past age 62. Since the tax introduced by the earnings test was small when accounting for actuarial benefit adjustments, our results suggest that male workers misperceive the complicated rules of the earnings test.
Create the ensemble sea surface temperature using the Bayesian model averaging

Measuring accurately Sea Surface temperature is important for many marine applications and monitoring the global climate system. Many instruments are used for the measuring the SST. The SST delivered from satellite have the advantages that are a broad scope and consistent detection. But SST products show the different value because of different of retrieval algorithm and sensor. To reduce the uncertain, SST data ensemble is carried out using the Bayesian model averaging(BMA). BMA is method of the weighted average using the posterior probability distribution. And the means and variances of the posterior probabilities are estimated using Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm. The estimated mean of the posterior probability is used as the weight for the weighted average. SST data of Aqua/MODIS, Terra/MODIS and NOAA/AVHRR was used as ensemble member. SST data Envisat/AATSR was used as reference data for calculating the posterior probability and validation data. To make the monthly ensemble SST, their provided monthly SST data was used. one-leave-out-cross validation that is one of the statistical validation method is used for validating the ensemble SST. The 12 cases, except for the data of one month per the case, was made and excepted month was used validation period. And we compared with the ensemble mean and median. As the result, ensemble BMA showed the lowest RMSE.
Atmospheric chemistry and distribution of formaldehyde and several multioxygenated carbonyl compounds during the 1995 Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study

Airborne measurements of formaldehyde (FA), glycolaldehyde (GA), glyoxal (GL), methylglyoxal (MG), and pyruvic acid (PD) were made on board instrumented aircraft platforms, the Department of Energy G1 and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration P3 (FA only), during the 1995 Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study. FA data determined on these two aircraft during three intercomparison flights agreed to within ∼10%. The mean and median (in parentheses) concentrations observed within the boundary layer ( 0.8) observed between FA and two other isoprene products, GA and MG. Further, the magnitudes of the nonzero FA intercept exhibited in these correlation plots are found to qualitatively agree with the fraction of precursors that did not concomitantly produce GA and MG. Inspection of specific flights showed direct evidence of the dominance of isoprene as a precursor for FA, appreciable contribution of FA to CO, and negligible decay of FA overnight. Because of the dominant role isoprene plays as a precursor of FA, FA could be used as a proxy of isoprene for assessing the applicability of various versions of biogenic emission inventory.
Observations of internal wave reflection off sloping bottoms

Current and temperature spectra exhibit intensification and polarization near sloping bottoms over a band of frequencies centered at the local internal wave critical frequency. Examples are drawn from a variety of island, seamount, and continental slope observations. Waves propagating down from mid-depth change energy density, wave number, and azimuth when they reflect off the bottom, providing a natural perturbation to the deep ocean interior internal wave spectrum. Deviations from linear theory are interpreted as evidence for dissipation through subsequent shear instability and/or nonlinear interaction. Topographic features appear likely to be energy sinks for internal wave energy.
The ITRF96 realization and its associated velocity field

This text intends to present and to analyse the quality of the new 1996 edition of the International Terrestrial Reference System, called the ITRF96. The ITRF96 represents a key step forward in the activity of the IERS terrestrial system determinations: a new physical combination model has been developed as well as a new stochastic model. For the first time, the level of accuracy has reached 1 cm (or better) in position for about 50% of ITRF96 stations and 30% of the stations have their velocities determined, free of any aditional tectonic plate model assumption, with an uncertainty better than 3 mm/yr. The ITRF96 also provides a more complete solution: a new software has been developed which makes available the ITRF96 full variance‐covariance matrix whereas this information was restricted to station positions in the previous ITRF94 edition. Moreover, the network coverage is clearly the largest set of globally distributed terrestrial Space Geodesy stations that have ever been computed: 521 stations located among 290 sites. In addition, station velocities are also determined at a very accurate level allowing possible determination of kinematic plate motion models free of any geological assumption.
Securing peer-to-peer networks usingtrusted computing

It seems likely that TCG-compliant computing platforms will become widespread over the next few years. Once one accepts that the trusted computing paradigm offers an interesting and powerful set of security features, the natural question arises: for what purposes can this technology be exploited? In this chapter, we examine the application of trusted computing to securing peer-to-peer (P2P) networks.
Palaeovelocity: A parsimonious proposal

Using data collected in her field studies, Maizels (1983) compared five methods of calculating palaeovelocity from coarse gravel deposits. Her paper indicated that the five methods provide estimates which differ by up to 2 x. There are several errors in the published equations, however. Upon correction, the smallest estimate is within 3% per cent of the largest. Other published data sets suggest that the distinction among a variety of palaeovelocity equations is not worth pursuing in light of the amount of scatter in typical data. This paper recommends use of the Thompson and Campbell (1979) modification of the basic Keulegan flow resistance equation because it fits the data as well as any other, whilst covering a more comprehensive range of flow conditions. Problems of appropriate roughness length and entrainmnet function remain.
POTASSIUM-ARGON AGES OF GRANITIC ROCKS IN THE INYO BATHOLITH, EAST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA

Potassium-argon ages of hornblende and biotite from granitic rocks in the central White-Inyo mountains of California indicate that the composite Inyo batholith was emplaced in Early to Middle Jurassic time (184–151 m.y.) and contains a small, possibly xenolithic, body of foliated granodiorite of Triassic age (213 m.y.). Two isolated plutons (Sage Hen Flat, 138–130 m.y. and Birch Creek, 80–77 m.y.) were emplaced in the metamorphic rocks west of the batholith in the Cretaceous. The range of K-Ar ages of intrusive rocks of the White-Inyo mountains is similar to that of the Sierra Nevada and supports the concept that the Inyo and Sierra batholiths are comagmatic.
An integrated perspective on farming in the early Neolithic lakeshore site of La Draga (Banyoles, Spain)

Abstract A combined analysis of the faunal and charred plant macroremains from the early Neolithic lakeshore site of La Draga (Banyoles, Spain) is presented. The aim was to characterise the farming strategies practiced by the first Neolithic communities in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula in terms of their degree of intensity. The joint discussion of the data allowed the observation that permanent plots could have been kept, that a high harvest would have been practiced and that a low-scale processing of the crop could have taken place within the domestic space, where the grain would be stored. This type of crop husbandry would permit the livestock to access the fields and graze the stubble, which would result in the manuring of the plots. Herds were kept close to the dwellings and different management and consumption practices were observed between the larger and the smaller animals. Smaller animals were probably produced and consumed at a household scale while larger animals would require a cooperative management and consumption. It is concluded that the available evidence points towards an intensive mixed farming model.
Climate sensitivity to black carbon aerosol from fossil fuel combustion

[1] Black carbon aerosol particles from fossil fuel combustion are good absorbers of solar radiation and hence exert a positive radiative forcing, reinforcing the warming due to anthropogenic increases in CO2 and other greenhouse gases. However, it is unclear how the climate sensitivity to black carbon aerosol forcing compares with the sensitivity to greenhouse gas forcing. Here we investigate this question using the HadSM4 configuration of the Hadley Centre climate model, extended by the addition of interactive black carbon and sulphate aerosol schemes. The results confirm earlier suggestions that the climate sensitivities are not necessarily similar and indicate that the black carbon sensitivity may be weaker. Possible reasons for this are explored by studying several feedback mechanisms operating in the model.
The Global Climate for March-May 1993: Mature ENSO Conditions Persist and a Blizzard Blankets the Eastern United States.

Mature El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions dominated the central and eastern tropical Pacific during the March-April-May (MAM) 1993 season. Weaker than normal trade winds, anomalous easterly flow at 200 mb, enhanced convection in the equatorial central Pacific, and the negative phase of the Tahiti-Darwin Southern Oscillation index (SOI) were all prevalent throughout the season. Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies increased dramatically during MAM 1993, with positive anomalies exceeding 1 C covering the entire equatorial Pacific from about 170 deg W to the South American coast. The depth of the equatorial oceanic thermocline remained greater than normal east of 140 deg W and less than normal in the western Pacific throughout the entire season. The positive phase of the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) teleconnection pattern dominated the circulation over the Pacific/North American sector during all 3 months of the season bringing much-above-normal surface temperatures over Alaska and western North America and below-normal temperatures over the southeastern United States. The pattern was also associated with above-normal precipitation in the Pacific Northwest during April and May. Over Europe, seasonal positive 500-mb height anomalies were associated with positive temperature anomalies and drier than normal conditions. Negative height anomalies dominated the polar region of themore » Southern Hemisphere during MAM 1993. Positive height anomalies at high latitudes of the South Pacific and negative anomalies in the middle and subtropical latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere also persisted throughout the season. « less