Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Body image, muscle dysmorphia, and muscularity concerns: a comparison of crossfit athletes, weight-trainers, and non-athletes

CrossFit is a strength-and-conditioning physical activity programme that some studies have shown results in healthier body image outcomes. However, prior studies have typically examined CrossFit in isolation, without adequate group comparison. This study aimed to investigate body image experiences in CrossFit athletes in comparison to weight-trainers and non-athletes. The study used a cross-sectional design in which CrossFit athletes, weight-trainers, and non-athletes from Brazil were asked to complete a measure of positive body image (i.e., body appreciation), negative body image (i.e., body dissatisfaction), and gender-specific muscle-oriented body image (i.e., muscularity concerns in women and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology in men). Between-group comparisons showed that CrossFit athletes and weight-trainers had healthier body image than non-athletes, but differences between the two groups were small. There were no significant between-group differences in muscularity concerns in women, whereas weight-training men had a significantly higher drive for size compared to both CrossFit athletes and non-athletes. Male CrossFit athletes and weight-trainers also showed significantly higher functional impairment as a result of exercise compared to non-athletes. These results suggest that participation in CrossFit may be a route to promoting a healthier body image while mitigating unhealthy muscularity-related attitudes and behaviours. More broadly, our results support the suggestion that physical activity is associated with a healthier body image.
Tax compliance and electronic invoicing in Ecuador: an impact assessment

In 2013, the Ecuadorian Tax Administration officially launched the electronic invoicing system as a strategy to reduce tax evasion in tax returns. These information systems allow for designing better monitoring and auditing tools; consequently, such systems increase the subjective risk perceived by taxpayers, thus increasing their compliance. The aim of this article is to determine the effect that this system had on value-added tax (VAT) returns in the period 2014-2016, using the difference-in-differences (DID) technique. The results show that the increased coverage of the electronic system over time had positive effects on the declaration of sales, purchases, and taxes.
Measurements of underwater sounds from a concrete island drilling structure located in the Alaskan sector of the Beaufort Sea

Underwater sounds produced by a concrete island drilling structure (CIDS) located in the Camden Bay region of the Alaskan sector of the Beaufort Sea were measured during idle and drilling operations, by use of both Nagra model IV‐SJ and TEAC digital audio tape model RD101T recording systems. The wideband sound‐pressure level at 1370 m recorded by the Nagra system, with a low‐frequency recording limit of about 20 Hz, was 89.7 dB re:1μPa. The TEAC DAT system, with a low‐frequency recording limit of 0.2 Hz set by Bruel & Kjaer type 2635 charge amplifier, at 1370 m recorded a sound‐pressure level of 111.9 dB re: 1μPa. At a distance of 22 km the underwater, wideband sound exposure level of a single report of the airgun on the geophysical survey vessel Western Aleutian was 142.8 dB re: (1μPa)2s.
Data hiding on point‐sampled geometry

Abstract We present two new schemes, SSA and ESA, for digital steganography of pointsampled geometry in the spatial domain. Both schemes employ principal component analysis (PCA). The SSA approach increases data hiding capacity by nearly 1.5 times the original capacity. ESA achieves between 1.2 and 3 times the model capacity. Experimental results verify that our schemes can achieve high data capacities with insignificant visual distortion of the original model.
Robust remote-pumping sodium laser for advanced LIDAR and guide star applications

The performance of large ground-based optical telescopes is limited due to wavefront distortions induced by atmospheric turbulence. Adaptive optics systems using natural guide stars with sufficient brightness provide a practical way for correcting the wavefront errors by means of deformable mirrors. Unfortunately, the sky coverage of bright stars is poor and therefore the concept of laser guide stars was invented, creating an artificial star by exciting resonance fluorescence from the mesospheric sodium layer about 90 km above the earth’s surface. Until now, mainly dye lasers or sumfrequency mixing of solid state lasers were used to generate laser guide stars. However, these kinds of lasers require a stationary laser clean room for operation and are extremely demanding in maintenance. Under a development contract with the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and W. M. Keck Observatory (WMKO), TOPTICA Photonics AG and its partner MPB Communications have finalized the development of a next-generation sodium guide star laser system which is available now as a commercial off-the-shelf product. The laser is based on a narrow-band diode laser, Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) technology and resonant second-harmonic generation (SHG), thus highly reliable and simple to operate and maintain. It emits > 22 W of narrow-linewidth (≈ 5 MHz) continuous-wave radiation at sodium resonance and includes a re-pumping scheme for boosting sodium return flux. Due to the SHG resonator acting as spatial mode filter and polarizer, the output is diffraction-limited with RMS wavefront error < λ/25. Apart from this unique optical design, a major effort has been dedicated to integrating all optical components into a ruggedized system, providing a maximum of convenience and reliability for telescope operators. The new remote-pumping architecture allows for a large spatial separation between the main part of the laser and the compact laser head. Together with a cooling-water flow of less than 5 l/min and an overall power consumption of < 700 W, the system offers a maximum of flexibility with minimal infrastructure demands on site. Each system is built in a modular way, based on the concept of line-replaceable units (LRU). A comprehensive system software, as well as an intuitive service GUI, allow for remote control and error tracking down to at least the LRU level. In case of a failure, any LRU can be easily replaced. With these fiber-based guide star lasers, TOPTICA for the first time offers a fully engineered, off-the-shelf guide star laser system for groundbased optical telescopes providing convenient, turn-key operation in remote and harsh locations. Reliability and flexibility will be beneficial in particular for advanced satellite and space debris tracking as well as LIDAR applications.
Three-dimensional heat, moisture and air transfer in unsaturated soils

A new three-dimensional numerical model of coupled heat, moisture and air transfer in unsaturated soil is presented. In particular, the model accommodates moisture transfer in the form of liquid and vapour flow and heat transfer arising from conduction, convection and latent heat of vaporization. The bulk flow of dry air and the movement of air in a dissolved state are also included. The theoretical basis of the model, the finite element solution of the spatial terms and finite difference solution of the temporal terms are briefly presented. Attention is focused on the verification of the new numerical solution. This is achieved via comparisons with independent solutions of heat, moisture and air transfer in an unsaturated soil. The physical problem considered includes the highly non-linear hydraulic properties of sand. Thermal conductivity is also included as a function of soil moisture content. Excellent correlation of results is shown thus providing confidence in the new model. The new model is also applied to a number of test cases which illustrate the need for the development of a model which can fully include three-dimensional behaviour. In particular, three applications are presented each increasing in complexity. The first application illustrates three-dimensional heat transfer. This particular application is verified against existing commercial finite element software. Subsequent applications serve to illustrate how the coupled processes of heat moisture and air transfer combine to yield three-dimensional problems even within a simple geometric domain. Visualization of three-dimensional results is also addressed. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identified hadron production in Ar+Sc collisions at SPS energies

NA61/SHINE is a fixed target experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. The main goals of the experiment are to discover the critical point of strongly interacting matter and to study the properties of the onset of deconfinement. In order to reach these goals, a study of hadron production properties is performed in nucleus-nucleus, proton-proton and proton-nucleus interactions as a function of collision energy and size of the colliding nuclei. In this talk, the newest preliminary results on kaon spectra produced in Ar+Sc collisions at three beam momenta (30A, 40A and 75A) will be shown. The distributions of transverse mass and rapidity will be compared with results of NA61/SHINE (p+p, Be+Be) and NA49 (Pb+Pb, C+C, Si+Si), as well as with available world data.
Hyperbolic Systems of Conservation Laws: The Theory of Classical and Nonclassical Shock Waves

I. Fundamental concepts and examples. - 1. Hyperbolicity, genuine nonlinearity, and entropies. - 2. Shock formation and weak solutions. - 3. Singular limits and the entropy inequality. - 4. Examples of diffusive-dispersive models. - 5. Kinetic relations and traveling waves. - 1. Scalar Conservation Laws. - II. The Riemann problem. - 1. Entropy conditions. - 2. Classical Riemann solver. - 3. Entropy dissipation function. - 4. Nonclassical Riemann solver for concave-convex flux. - 5. Nonclassical Riemann solver for convex-concave flux. - III. Diffusive-dispersive traveling waves. - 1. Diffusive traveling waves. - 2. Kinetic functions for the cubic flux. - 3. Kinetic functions for general flux. - 4. Traveling waves for a given speed. - 5. Traveling waves for a given diffusion-dispersion ratio. - IV. Existence theory for the Cauchy problem. - 1. Classical entropy solutions for convex flux. - 2. Classical entropy solutions for general flux. - 3. Nonclassical entropy solutions. - 4. Refined estimates. - V. Continuous dependence of solutions. - 1. A class of linear hyperbolic equations. - 2. L1 continuous dependence estimate. - 3. Sharp version of the continuous dependence estimate. - 4. Generalizations. - 2. Systems of Conservation Laws. - VI. The Riemann problem. - 1. Shock and rarefaction waves. - 2. Classical Riemann solver. - 3. Entropy dissipation and wave sets. - 4. Kinetic relation and nonclassical Riemann solver. - VII. Classical entropy solutions of the Cauchy problem. - 1. Glimm interaction estimates. - 2. Existence theory. - 3. Uniform estimates. - 4. Pointwise regularity properties. - VIII. Nonclassical entropy solutions of the Cauchy problem. - 1. A generalized total variation functional. - 2. A generalized weighted interaction potential. - 3. Existence theory. - 4. Pointwise regularity properties. - IX. Continuous dependence of solutions. - 1. A class of linear hyperbolic systems. - 2. L1 continuous dependence estimate. - 3. Sharp version of the continuous dependence estimate. - 4. Generalizations. - X. Uniqueness of entropy solutions. - 1. Admissible entropy solutions. - 2. Tangency property. - 3. Uniqueness theory. - 4. Applications.
Geographical and environmental epidemiology : methods for small-area studies

Part 1 Introduction: geographihcal epidemiology and ecological studies small-area studies - purpose and methods health and the environment - the significance of chemicals and radiation. Part 2 Data, computational methods and mapping: mortality data cancer incidence data for adults cancer incidence data for children congenital anomalies specialized registers population counts in small areas use of routine data in studies of point sources of environmental pollution socio-economic confounding use of record linkage in small-area studies confidentiality practical approaches to disease mapping estimating environmental exposures mapping environmental exposure. Part 3 Statistical methods: statistical methods for geographical correlation studies Bayesian methods for mapping disease risk statistical methods for analyzing point-source exposures some comments on methods for investigating disease risk around a point source methods for the assessment of disease clusters. Part 4 Studies of health and the environment: environmental epidemiology - a historical perspective guidelines for the investigation of clusters of adverse health events studies of diseas clustering - problems of interpretation. Part 5 Case studies: childhood leukaemia around the Sellafield nuclear plant the epidemic of respiratory cancer associated with erionite fibres in the Cappadocian region of Turkey soya bean as a risk factor of epidemic asthma the Seveso accident cancer of the larynx and lung near incinerators of waste solvents and oils in Britain a study of geographical correlations in China.
Waveform Circularity from Added Sawtooth and Square Wave Acoustical Signals

An algorithm is given with the purpose of building complex tones for which waveform circularity is shown and for which pitch circularity may be heard. The tones consist of sawtooth and square acoustical waves. It is proposed that a perceptual illusion, analogous to those described by Shepard (1964), can be then created. The signal may comprise an infinite number of harmonics, as in the case of natural sounds. Using the equitempered scale, an appropriate mathematical formula is given.
Effective parameters of split-ring arrays, numerically determined by frequency-dependent homogenization

In this paper, we develop a method to homogenize split-ring arrays in the frequency domain. The expected resonance and negative permeability are obtained via numerical simulations with the finite elements method. A subtle modelization of the split-ring with a closed ring pemits us to avoid meshing the small split, while maintaining the resonant behaviour of this metamaterial. Therefore, our homogenization technique simulates these metamaterials with a minimal computational cost. Simulations were made for several ring orientations, dimensions and shapes.
Slow spin tunneling in the paramagnetic phase of the pyrochlore Nd 2 Sn 2 O 7

The insulating pyrochlore compound Nd2Sn2O7 has been shown to undergo a second order magnetic phase transition at Tc ~ 0.91 K to a noncoplanar all-in--all-out magnetic structure of the Nd3+ magnetic moments. An anomalously slow paramagnetic spin dynamics has been evidenced from neutron backscattering and muon spin relaxation (muSR). In the case of muSR this has been revealed through the strong effect of a 50 mT longitudinal field on the spin-lattice relaxation rate. Here, motivated by a recent successful work performed for Yb2Ti2O7 and Yb2Sn2O7, analyzing the shape of the muSR longitudinal polarization function, we substantiate the existence of extremely slow paramagnetic spin dynamics in the microsecond time range for Nd2Sn2O7. Between 1.7 and 7 K, this time scale is temperature independent. This suggests a double spin-flip tunneling relaxation mechanism to be at play, probably involving spin substructures such as tetrahedra. Unexpectedly, the standard deviation of the field distribution at the muon site increases as the system is cooled. This exotic spin dynamics is in sharp contrast with the dynamics above 100 K which is driven by the Orbach relaxation mechanism involving single Nd3+ magnetic moments.
Noncommutativity in weakly curved background by canonical methods

Using the canonical method, we investigate the Dp-brane world-volume noncommutativity in a weakly curved background. The term 'weakly curved' means that, in the leading order, the source of nonflatness is an infinitesimally small Kalb-Ramond field B{sub {mu}{nu}}, linear in coordinate, while the Ricci tensor does not contribute, being an infinitesimal of the second order. On the solution of boundary conditions, we find a simple expression for the space-time coordinates in terms of the effective coordinates and momenta. This basic relation helped us to prove that noncommutativity appears only on the world sheet boundary. The noncommutativity parameter has a standard form, but with the infinitesimally small and coordinate-dependent antisymmetric tensor B{sub {mu}{nu}}. This result coincides with that obtained on the group manifolds in the limit of the large level n of the current algebra. After quantization, the algebra of the functions on the Dp-brane world volume is represented with the Kontsevich star product instead of the Moyal one in the flat background.
Unraveling Brittle-Fracture Statistics from Intermittent Patterns Formed During Femtosecond Laser Exposure

Femtosecond-laser-written patterns at the surface of brittle materials may show at random times spontaneous alternations from regular to disordered structures and vice versa. Here, we show that these random transitions carry relevant statistical information, such as the Weibull parameters characterizing the fracture of brittle materials. The regular-erratic cycles of random lengths of the observed patterns suggests a phenomenological analogy with the idle and busy periods arising in queuing systems. This analogy enables us to establish experimentally that the random durations of the successive cycles are statistically independent. Based on these observations, we propose an experimental method bypassing the need for many specimens to build up statistically relevant ensembles of fracture tests. Our method is potentially generic, as it may apply to a broad number of brittle materials.
High baryon densities achievable in the fragmentation regions at RHIC and LHC

We use the McLerran-Venugopalan model of the glasma energy-momentum tensor to compute the rapidity loss and excitation energy of the colliding nuclei in the fragmentation regions followed by a space-time picture to obtain their energy and baryon densities. At the top RHIC energy we find baryon densities up to 3 baryons/fm3, which is 20 times that of atomic nuclei. Assuming the formation of quark-gluon plasma, we find initial temperatures of 200 to 300 MeV and baryon chemical potentials of order 1 GeV. Assuming a roughly adiabatic expansion it would imply trajectories in the T − μ plane which would straddle a possible critical point.
ournal of C osmology and A stroparticle hysics J Constraints on long-lived electrically charged massive particles from anomalous strong lens systems

We investigate anomalous strong lens systems, particularly weak lens eﬀects of structures in the line of sight, in models with long-lived electrically charged massive particles (CHAMPs). In such models, matter density perturbations are suppressed through the acoustic damping and the ﬂux ratios in lens systems are impacted, from which we can constrain the nature of CHAMPs. For this purpose, we perform N -body simulations and develop a ﬁtting formula to obtain non-linear matter power spectra in models where cold neutral dark matter and CHAMPs coexist in the early Universe. By using the observed anomalous quadruple lens samples, we obtained the constraints on the lifetime ( τ Ch ) and the mass density fraction ( r Ch ) of CHAMPs. We show that, for r Ch = 1, the lifetime is bounded as τ Ch < 0 . 96 yr at the 95% conﬁdence level, while a longer lifetime τ Ch = 10 yr is allowed when r Ch < 0 . 5 at the 95% conﬁdence level. Implications of our result for particle physics models are also discussed. [24, the at 0 0 . 3134; the baryon mass density, b, 0 0 . 0487; the cosmological constant, Λ , 0 0 . 6866; the Hubble constant, H 0 = 67 . 3 (= 100 h ) km / s / Mpc; the spectral index, n s = 0 . 9603; the root-mean-square (rms) amplitude of matter density perturbations at 8 h − 1 Mpc, σ 8 = 0 . 8421.
Slow light propagation in a thin optical fiber via electromagnetically induced transparency

We propose a configuration that utilizes electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to tailor a fiber mode propagating inside a thin optical fiber and coherently control its dispersion properties to drastically reduce the group velocity of the fiber mode. The key to this proposal is that the evanescent field of the thin fiber strongly couples with the surrounding active medium, so that the EIT condition is met by the medium. We show how the properties of the fiber mode are modified due to the EIT medium, both numerically and analytically. We demonstrate that the group velocity of the modified fiber mode can be drastically reduced $(\ensuremath{\approx}44\mathrm{}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c})$ using the coherently prepared orthohydrogen doped in a matrix of parahydrogen crystal as the EIT medium.
Understanding Formation of Young, Distributed Low-mass Stars and Clusters in the W4 Cloud Complex

It is well known that most of the stars form in rich clusters. However, recent Spitzer observations have shown that a significant number of stars also form in the distributed mode; their origin is not well understood. In this work, we aim to investigate clustered and distributed modes of star formation in the W4 complex. To do so, we identified and characterized the young stellar population associated with the region using homogeneous infrared data sets obtained from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, GLIMPSE, MIPS, and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer surveys. We make stellar surface density and minimum spanning tree maps to identify young clusters, and use Spitzer images to identify irradiated structures, such as elephant-trunk-like structures (ETLSs) and pillars in the region. The surface density distribution of the young stellar objects (YSOs) reveals three new clusterings and ∼50% distributed protostars in the H ii region. The clusters are of low-mass nature but significantly younger than the central cluster IC 1805. We identified ∼ 38 ETLSs in the region, a majority of which consist of one or a few stars at their tips. We find that these stars are low-mass (<2 M⊙) YSOs, located at the outskirts (>17 pc) of the cluster IC 1805 and are part of the scattered distributed population. We argued that the star formation in the ETLSs of W4 is going on possibly due to the triggering effect of the expanding W4 bubble. Although high-resolution photometric and spectroscopic data would be required to confirm the scenario, nonetheless, we discuss the implications of this scenario for our understanding of distributed low-mass star formation in cloud complexes as opposed to other mechanisms such as turbulent fragmentation and dynamical ejection.
Excitons in core-only, core-shell and core-crown CdSe nanoplatelets: Interplay between in-plane electron-hole correlation, spatial confinement, and dielectric confinement

Using semi-analytical models we calculate the energy, effective Bohr radius and radiative lifetime of neutral excitons confined in CdSe colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs). The excitonic properties are largely governed by the electron-hole in-plane correlation, which in NPLs is enhanced by the quasi-two-dimensional motion and the dielectric mismatch with the organic environment. In NPLs with lateral size $L \gtrsim 20$ nm the exciton behavior is essentially that in a quantum well, with superradiance leading to exciton lifetimes of 1 ps or less, only limited by the NPL area. However, for $L < 20$ nm excitons enter an intermediate confinement regime, hence departing from the quantum well behavior. In heterostructured NPLs, different response is observed for core/shell and core/crown configurations. In the former, the strong vertical confinement limits separation of electrons and holes even for type-II band alignment. The exciton behavior is then similar to that in core-only NPL, albeit with weakened dielectric effects. In the latter, charge separation is also inefficient if band alignment is quasi-type-II (e.g. in CdSe/CdS), because electron-hole interaction drives both carriers into the core. However, it becomes very efficient for type-II alignment, for which we predict exciton lifetimes reaching $\mu s$.