Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Comparison of Gender Distribution among School Principals and Teachers in Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea

In 2008, OECD released one multi-national report about one important survey of its twenty-two member countries, the title of this report is “Improving School Leadership: Volume 1 Policy and Practice”. This report analyzed one specific common trend of its members, which is the “unique gender divide among school principals and teachers”. That meaning of this phenomenon is, in the context of school education in some OECD countries, the ratio of female teachers among all teachers is much higher than male teachers. However, the contrast point is, the ratio of female school principals is significant lower than male principals. This phenomenon is especially significant in the East Asia countries. For example, the percentage of female school principals is significantly lower than male principals when we observed the longitudinal trend in Taiwan. In Japan, the ratio of female teachers in primary schools is 62.7% and the ratio of female teachers in junior high schools is 54.8%, but the ratio of female primary school principals in Japan is only 17.9% of the total principals. When we look at the ratio of female principals in junior high schools in Japan, it is even lower; the ratio is only 5%. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to explore the unique gender divide among school principals and teachers in Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. The research methods include document analysis and descriptive statistical analysis. The statistical data is collected from Ministry of Education in Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. The supplemental data is collected from OECD dataset. This study compares the gender distribution among school teachers and principals in these three countries. In the last section of this study, we discuss the findings and their relationships with social cultures in Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. Policy and practice implications are offered to rethink the hindrance of female teachers’ promotion. How to enhance female teachers’ participation in school leadership is another important issue for future studies.
Phylogenetic history of mustelid fauna in Taiwan inferred from mitochondrial genetic loci

Phylogenetic relationships among species of the family Mustelidae were examined using the combined nucleotide sequences of the three mitochondrial genetic loci (cytochrome b (MT-CYB; 1140 bp), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (MT-ND2; 1044 bp), and displacement loop (MT-DLOOP; 540 bp)), with special emphasis on the phylogenetic history of four Taiwanese mustelid species: Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785), Melogale moschata (Gray, 1831), Mustela nivalis L. , 1766, and Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the combined sequences of the mitochondrial genetic loci produced a topology largely congruent with that of previous studies at the species level. Analyses of intraspecific genetic variations revealed two Melogale moschata individuals from Taiwan and Vietnam that showed genetic distances comparable with interspecific variations within the mustelid lineages. Furthermore, Mustela nivalis, recently discovered in Taiwan, was not as genetically differentiated from other continen.
Alternative explanations of the trade-output correlation in the East Asian economies

A number of Asian countries have been able to follow the example of Japan and develop sophisticated industrial economies in a relatively short time. Specifically, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan have become known as the "Four Tigers" of Asia due to their strength and importance in international markets. It is not only the pace of industrialisation but the relative equity which has accompanied growth in these countries that has fascinated economists.This paper analyses alternative structural models which represent different theoretical frameworks for development in East Asia. A structural vectorautoregressive technique is used with panel data comprising Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, for the period 1969-89. This technique has been chosen because it can discriminate between structural hypotheses.The first model tested is a model of export-led output growth. In this exercise exports are allowed to have a direct stimulating effect on the economy. In . Un bon nombre de pays asiatiques ont pu suivre l'exemple du Japon et developper, en un temps relativement court, des economies industrielles sophistiquees. Hong Kong, la Coree du Sud, Singapour et Taiwan, en particulier, se sont fait connaitre comme les "Quatre Tigres" de l'Asie, grâce a leur vitalite et a leur importance sur les marches internationaux. Les economistes ont ete impressionnes non seulement par le rythme de l'industrialisation, mais aussi par la relative equite qui, dans ces pays, a accompagne la croissance.Ce document analyse des modeles structurels de remplacement representant differents schemas theoriques pour un developpement en Asie de l'Est. On utilise une analyse autoregressive structurelle avec des donnees d'echantillon comprenant Hong Kong, le Japon, la Coree du Sud, Singapour et Taiwan, pour la periode 1969-89. Cette technique a ete choisie parce qu'elle permet de differencier les hypotheses structurelles.Le premier modele teste est un modele de croissance de la .
Globalization and Opportunities for Investors in Emerging Stock Markets

Incorporating the extra risky stocks in portfolios can lead to realization of extra returns. Due to financial liberalization, there are huge opportunities of investment in Asian stock markets as these markets have gone through a considerable expansion. In large number of empirical studies of risk return analysis, it is observed that, economic stability and good perspectives have been key assets for the development of emerging markets. Thus emerging capital markets are becoming increasingly important for institutional as well as individual investors. Liberalization of financial systems in these emerging Asian markets have attracted domestic and foreign institutional investors to diversify their funds across the markets and reduce their portfolio risk. To examine the important aspects of investment strategy under risk and uncertainty the paper uses stock returns of five major stock markets of emerging economies, viz. China, South Korea, Taiwan, India, Malaysia. The daily stock price for the period January, 2011 to July, 2016 is used to study the impact of European sovereign-debt crisis and Chinese economic reform as well as currency devaluation on selected emerging markets. In this research we have carried out a detaile dinvestigation through ARCH and its generalized models to estimate conditional and asymmetric volatilities. Engle’s LM (Lagrange Multiplier) test is used to confirm long periods of time with no evidence of ARCH effects as a diagnostic testing of fitted models.In this paper we have also examined the interdependent behavior of these emerging stock markets. Thus, Vector Autoregression (VAR) model is used to identify the channels of interactions.
Assessing the Human Resource in Science and Technology for Asian Countries: Application of Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS

The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) are extremely beneficial when a decision-making process is complex. The reason is that AHP and TOPSIS can prioritize multiple-choice criteria into a hierarchy by assessing the relative importance of criteria and can thus generate an overall ranking of the alternatives. This study uses fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS to evaluate the human resource in science and technology (HRST) performance of Southeast Asian countries. The fuzzy TOPSIS analysis indicates that Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan have similarities in their desired levels of HRST performance. That is, these three countries have better HRST performances than other Southeast Asian countries.
Introduction – Defining the Question and Scope for Review

The nature of teaching in schools in Eastern and Western countries has been a major theme in cross-country comparative studies in education in the past three decades. Interest in such comparative studies emerged in the 1970s after the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) launched the First International Mathematics Study (FIMS) in 1964 (Husen, 1967). This study showed that the US students scored much lower than students in China (Hong Kong), Japan and Korea. Subsequent large-scale quantitative measurements of student achievement, such as IEA’s Second IMS in 1980, and the third, TIMSS, in mid-1990, with a science component added, had consistently revealed the same performance gap between the United States (and other Western countries, such as Germany and Britain) and their counterparts in these East Asian Countries. These large quantitative studies had led researchers to conduct smaller scale research involving qualitative approaches, such as interviews and observation of classroom teaching starting from the early 1980s, for instance, research led by Stevenson and his associates that attempted to identify the contextual factors contributing to the achievement gap. In most cross-cultural comparative studies in education, mathematics and science have been the focus not only because they are more measurable subject areas across different educational systems with different instructional languages but also because they are believed to play more important roles in determining the quality of future work forces for national economic development for the twenty-first century. Given the availability of existing research and space limitation, in this brief review, we refer the Eastern countries to those heavily influenced by Confucian Heritage Culture (CHC), such as China, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore and Western countries mainly to the United States, Germany, Britain and France. Interest in studying classroom teaching and learning has also been driven by the so-called East Asian learner paradox. Observers of East Asian classrooms TEACHERS AND TEACHING IN EASTERN AND WESTERN SCHOOLS: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARATIVE STUDIES
Technical guidelines on testing the migration of primary aromatic amines from polyamide kitchenware and of formaldehyde from melamine kitchenware - 1st edition 2011

Comparability of results is an important feature of the measurements carried out for official controls purposes. In the area of food contact materials and articles comparability of results is dependent on the availability of samples representative of the consignment, the type of exposure and the test conditions used as well as on the performance of the method of analysis. These guidelines contain practical information on sampling, migration testing and methodologies for the analytical determination of primary aromatic amines and of formaldehyde. These guidelines were developed specifically in the context of the Regulation 284/2011 laying down specific conditions and detailed procedures for the import of polyamide and melamine plastic kitchenware originating in or consigned from [the] People's Republic of China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. These guidelines have been prepared by the European Union Reference Laboratory in collaboration with its EU official Network of National Reference Laboratories and have been endorsed by the European Commission competent service DG Health and Consumers (DG SANCO) and its network of Member State Competent Authorities. They are primarily addressed to official control laboratories, national reference laboratories and third party laboratories for providing certificates of compliance. The sampling strategy is addressed to the points of first introduction of import goods in the EU.
Improving prediction of trans-boundary biomass burning plume
dispersion: from northern peninsular Southeast Asia to downwind
western north Pacific Ocean

Abstract. The boreal spring biomass burning (BB) in the northern peninsular Southeast Asia (nPSEA) are lifted into the subtropical jet stream, get transported and deposited across nPSEA, South China, Taiwan, and even the western North Pacific Ocean. This paper as part of the 7-Southeast Asian Studies (7-SEAS) project effort attempts to improve the prediction capability of the chemical transport model (WRF-CMAQ) over a vast region including the mountainous near-source burning sites at nPSEA to its downwind region. Several sensitivity analyses of plume rise are compared in the paper and it discovers that the initial vertical allocation profile of BB plume and plume rise module (PLMRIM) are the main reasons causing the inaccuracies of the WRF-CMAQ simulations. The smoldering emission from the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) empirical algorithm included has improve the accuracies of PM10, O3 and CO at the source. The best performance at the downwind sites is achieved with the inline PLMRIM that accounts for the atmospheric stratification at the mountainous source region with the high-resolution FINN burning emission dataset. The calibrated model greatly improves not only the BB emission prediction over near-source and receptor ground-based measurement sites but also the aerosol vertical distribution (MPLNET, CALIPSO) and column aerosol optical depth (MODIS AOD) of the BB aerosol along the transport route. Three distinct transport mechanisms from nPSEA to the western North Pacific are then identified while a particular mechanism which involves Asian cold surge is able to mix the BB smoke plumes into the boundary layer and affects the ground surface over the western Taiwan.
Continued Circulation in China of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Encoding the Hemagglutinin Gene Associated with the 1997 H5N1 Outbreak in Poultry and Humans

ABSTRACT Since the outbreak in humans of an H5N1 avian influenza virus in Hong Kong in 1997, poultry entering the live-bird markets of Hong Kong have been closely monitored for infection with avian influenza. In March 1999, this monitoring system detected geese that were serologically positive for H5N1 avian influenza virus, but the birds were marketed before they could be sampled for virus. However, viral isolates were obtained by swabbing the cages that housed the geese. These samples, known collectively as A/Environment/Hong Kong/437/99 (A/Env/HK/437/99), contained four viral isolates, which were compared to the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong isolates. Analysis of A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses revealed that the four isolates are nearly identical genetically and are most closely related to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96. These isolates and the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong viruses encode common hemagglutinin (H5) genes that have identical hemagglutinin cleavage sites. Thus, the pathogenicity of the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses was compared in chickens and in mice to evaluate the potential for disease outbreaks in poultry and humans. The A/Env/HK/437/99 isolates were highly pathogenic in chickens but caused a longer mean death time and had altered cell tropism compared to A/Hong Kong/156/97 (A/HK/156/97). Like A/HK/156/97, the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses replicated in mice and remained localized to the respiratory tract. However, the A/Env/HK/437/99 isolates caused only mild pathological lesions in these tissues and no clinical signs of disease or death. As a measure of the immune response to these viruses, transforming growth factor β levels were determined in the serum of infected mice and showed elevated levels for the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses compared to the A/HK/156/97 viruses. This study is the first to characterize the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses in both avian and mammalian species, evaluating the H5 gene from the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 isolates in a different genetic background. Our findings reveal that at least one of the avian influenza virus genes encoded by the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong viruses continues to circulate in mainland China and that this gene is important for pathogenesis in chickens but is not the sole determinant of pathogenicity in mice. There is evidence that H9N2 viruses, which have internal genes in common with the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong isolates, are still circulating in Hong Kong and China as well, providing a heterogeneous gene pool for viral reassortment. The implications of these findings for the potential for human disease are discussed.
Oropharyngeal HPV infection: prevalence and sampling methods among HIV-infected men in South Africa

Worldwide, 96,000 cases of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) occurred in 2012. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for OPC. Data on oropharyngeal HPV infection are limited. There is no consensus on the best sampling method for detecting the infection. We describe the prevalence of oropharyngeal HPV infection among HIV-infected men and compare the performance of oral rinses and swabs in detecting oropharyngeal HPV infection. Paired oral rinses and swabs for 181 men were tested for HPV DNA using the Roche Linear Array. Performance was determined by the number of infections detected and the percentage of samples with adequate DNA extraction. Agreement between sampling methods was assessed by the kappa statistic. Prevalence of oropharyngeal HPV infection with rinse samples was 1.8% (three infections) and 0.6% (one infection) with swabs (p = 0.06). Adequate cellular DNA extraction was more likely with rinse (93.4%) than swab samples (89.0%, p = 0.05). There was moderate agreement between the methods (kappa = 0.49). The prevalence of oropharyngeal HPV DNA infection among this predominantly heterosexual sample of men living with HIV was low and consistent with the infrequent oral sex practices. Oral rinse performed better than oral swab in detecting oropharyngeal HPV DNA infection and might contribute to screening for OPCs.
Thin Film Transistor Technology — Past , Present , and Future

55 (continued on next page) Although liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have been available for over half a century, they were always taken as niche market products because of their rather poor performance: small viewing angles, long response time, and lack of large-area panels. The situation has changed drastically since the availability of the active matrix (AM) LCDs, specially the amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film transistor (TFT) driven LCDs. For example, worldwide revenue of the TFT LCD improved from about $1 billion in 1989 to near $110 billion in 2012.1 The main producers expanded from Japan to the surrounding Asia Pacific countries, such as South Korea, Taiwan, and China. The shipment of LCD TV units from 2011 to 2012 was predicted to increase by 9% to 225 million units.2 In the early mass production stage, TFT LCDs were used in high price products, such as computer monitors, games, and instruments. Later on, due to the gradual maturity of the production technology, TFT LCDs were applied to consumer electronics, such as TVs and mobile phones. At the same time, researchers were investigating new types of TFTs to solve some of the intrinsic device performance or production problems. Furthermore, applications of TFTs beyond pixel driving in the LCD have been explored. Therefore, this is a good time to review the history and progress of the TFT technology as well as to predict possible future development trends.
Higher education research in Hong Kong, Japan, China, and Malaysia: exploring research community cohesion and the integration of thematic approaches

This article analyzes higher education research published in international higher education journals by researchers from China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Malaysia from 1980 to 2013. It does so based on publication counts, and co-authorship and cross-citation mapping, examining these countries’ publication patterns in terms of thematic approach and community cohesion. The results show that each country has experienced distinct evolutions of higher education research, both in terms of the number of publications and thematic diversity. The research organization analyzed by co-authorship networks shows that higher education researchers in Hong Kong tend more to integrate two higher education research approaches – teaching and learning, and policy studies – into their research work. It is also in Hong Kong where most higher education researchers focus their research on both teaching and learning, and policy topics. Higher education researchers in China, Japan, and Malaysia are more thematically specialized in terms of both their positioning and their co-authorship preference. These findings suggest that a broader integration of different thematic areas may be linked more to path-dependent and contextual characteristics than to differences related to the development stage of higher education systems. This is confirmed by the cross-citation analysis, which shows that higher education researchers based in Hong Kong tend to cite each other more frequently than do those based in Japan, China, and Malaysia, suggesting a much greater community cohesion in Hong Kong than in these other countries. The findings highlight that while the maturity of a higher education system influences community cohesion, other factors influence thematic leaning and integration.
Communal Riots in India: Hindu–Muslim Conflict and Resolution

Abstract The Muslim community in India is the second largest community in the country, following the Hindu community, and it forms the largest Muslim minority in the world. Ever since the decline of Moghul rule in India, Muslims in India have been facing communal riots and conflicts from some segments of the Hindu community who are communalists and militants. In this paper, an attempt is made to shed light on the Hindu–Muslim riots and conflicts in India from pre-independence to post-independence, with particular reference to the demolition of the historic Babri Masjid in 1992 and the genocide of Muslims in Gujarat in 2002. The paper also discusses the causes of these problems and presents a few suggestions of some Muslim scholars on the resolution of the Hindu–Muslim tensions and conflicts in India.
Metabolic syndrome: recent prevalence in East and Southeast Asian populations.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a number of Asian populations as defined by several current criteria has been increasing rapidly and appears to resemble that among Western populations. METHODS We review 25 surveys of the metabolic syndrome in Asian populations (PR China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Philippines, Singapore) that report adequate information published during the last 5 years. RESULTS Using Asian-adapted definitions of obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2)) and increased waist circumference (for male > or = 90 cm; for female > or =80 cm) prevalence appears to be between 10 to 30%. Those with the syndrome are more likely to have a history of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The risk of developing Type 2 diabetes is 10 times higher among middle-aged Japanese men with the metabolic syndrome compared to healthy subjects. In Chinese and Japanese populations, people who have the metabolic syndrome are 3 to 10 times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. Variance in prevalence estimates of the metabolic syndrome even within the same country result from differences in sampling and possibly from definitions. CONCLUSIONS The outstanding conclusion from recent surveys across the Asian-Pacific region is that of a consistent increase in the prevalence of the metabolic derangements associated with abdominal adiposity that lead to high risk of morbidity and mortality.