Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of In Vitro and In Vivo Metabolism of α-Amanitin in Rats Using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Method

The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of in vitro–in vivo correlation of α-amanitin from clearance perspectives as well as to explore the possibility of extra-hepatic metabolism of α-amanitin. First, a liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometric (LC-qTOF-MS) method for α-amanitin in rat plasma was developed and applied to evaluate the in vitro liver microsomal metabolic stability using rat and human liver microsomes and the pharmacokinetics of α-amanitin in rat. The predicted hepatic clearance of α-amanitin in rat liver microsomes was quite low (5.05 mL/min/kg), whereas its in vivo clearance in rat (14.0 mL/min/kg) was close to the borderline between low and moderate clearance. To find out the difference between in vitro and in vivo metabolism, in vitro and in vivo metabolite identification was also conducted. No significant metabolites were identified from the in vivo rat plasma and the major circulating entity in rat plasma was α-amanitin itself. No reactive metabolites such as GSH-adducts were detected either. A glucuronide metabolite was newly identified from the in vitro liver microsomes samples with a trace level. A semi-mass balance study was also conducted to understand the in vivo elimination pathway of α-amanitin and it showed that most α-amanitin was mainly eliminated in urine as intact which implies some unknown transporters in kidney might play a role in the elimination of α-amanitin in rat in vivo. Further studies with transporters in the kidney would be warranted to figure out the in vivo clearance mechanism of α-amanitin.
The charge trapping effect of metal-ferroelectric (PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3)-insulator (HfO2)-silicon capacitors

Metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor (MFIS) capacitors with a Pb(Zr0.53,Ti0.47)O3 ferroelectric layer and a hafnium oxide insulator layer have been fabricated and characterized. The size of the capacitance-voltage memory windows was investigated. The memory window first increases to a saturated value of 0.7V with the sweep voltage and then decreases due to charge injection. The oxide trapped charges in the ferroelectric∕insulator layers are studied by a voltage stress method. The flatband voltage (VFB) is measured before and after the voltage stress. The ΔVFB is 0.59V at a negative stress voltage pulse of −5V for 30s. The ΔVFB under positive voltage stress was much less and was 0.06V at a stress voltage of +5V for 5min. The energy-band diagram of the MFIS structure at inversion and accumulation modes are plotted and the VFB shift can be explained by the trapping or detrapping of charges. The current-density versus stress time (J‐t) characteristics were also measured. The result is consistent with the charge trapping model.Metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor (MFIS) capacitors with a Pb(Zr0.53,Ti0.47)O3 ferroelectric layer and a hafnium oxide insulator layer have been fabricated and characterized. The size of the capacitance-voltage memory windows was investigated. The memory window first increases to a saturated value of 0.7V with the sweep voltage and then decreases due to charge injection. The oxide trapped charges in the ferroelectric∕insulator layers are studied by a voltage stress method. The flatband voltage (VFB) is measured before and after the voltage stress. The ΔVFB is 0.59V at a negative stress voltage pulse of −5V for 30s. The ΔVFB under positive voltage stress was much less and was 0.06V at a stress voltage of +5V for 5min. The energy-band diagram of the MFIS structure at inversion and accumulation modes are plotted and the VFB shift can be explained by the trapping or detrapping of charges. The current-density versus stress time (J‐t) characteristics were also measured. The result is consistent with t.
Tense and lax vowels - degree of constriction or pharyngeal volume?

This article reports a series of model experiments where tense vowel configurations were transformed in steps to lax configurations in order to estimate the contribution of each articulator to the spectral contrast. Traditionally, the contrast of tenseness in vowels has been associated with the degree of constriction of the passage between the tongue arch and the palate and with vowel quantity, both being associated with magnitude of muscular tension and energy. Alternatively it has been claimed that the contrast is no different to simple raising and lowering of the tongue. But the behaviour of the tongue arch alone is known to be inadequate for tuning the vocal tract. It is necessary to look at pharyngeal constrictions as well. In addition, activity in the pharynx has been focused by recent interest in tongue root position (ATR). The apparent correlation with quantity has been attributed to extra tension requiring more time to execute, but this is too simple. In continuous speech, the tongue frequently has to pass through a tense configuration to get to a lax configuration. For these experiments, it is argued that there are two distinct contrasts. Tenseness is expressed in vocal tract configuration providing an audible timbre contrast due to spectral contrast. Quantity is expressed separately in a temporal contrast. It is concluded that the degree of constriction and degree of ATR provide equal contributions to the spectral contrast (except for low pharyngeal [a]-like vowels where vowel constriction and ATR are contradictory). Further, the contrast in rounded vowels is further enhanced by associated increase of larynx depression, lip rounding and tongue blade depression for tense vowels.
Lattice thermal conductivity reduction in Bi2Te3 quantum wires with smooth and rough surfaces: A molecular dynamics study

nanowireswith diameters ranging from 3 to 30 nm with both smooth and rough surfaces. It is found that when thenanowire diameter decreases to the molecular scale (below 10 nm, or the so-called “quantum wire”), the thermalconductivity shows signiﬁcant reduction as compared to bulk value. On the other hand, the thermal conductivityfor the 30-nm-diam nanowire only shows less than 20% reduction, in agreement with recent experimental data.Also, the thermal conductivity of nanowires shows a weaker temperature dependence than the typical
Critical comparison of three modal methods: bidirectional eigenmode expansion propagation method, aperiodic rigorous coupled mode analysis, and harmonic expansion method

The performance of three bidirectional modal methods the "classical" bidirectional eigenmode expansion propagation method, the aperiodic rigorous coupled wave analysis (known also as the Fourier modal method), and the mode expansion method based on harmonic expansion are mutually compared using modeling tasks that include eigenmode calculation of a relatively high-contrast planar waveguide, spectral transmittance of a one-dimensional "photonic crystal" filter in a photonic wire, spectral transmittance of a surface plasmon based optical sensor, and a reflectance from a double-groove structure in a high-contrast waveguide. All methods exhibit generally comparable performance, as follows from good mutual agreement of the results and generally comparable computational time. Although all methods use perfectly matched layers as absorbing boundary conditions, their implementation in the aperiodic rigorous coupled wave analysis exhibits significantly stronger attenuation than that used in the other two methods. Thus, significant improvement of the latter methods seems possible.
Pre-testing effects are target-specific and are not driven by a generalised state of curiosity

ABSTRACT Guessing an answer to an unfamiliar question prior to seeing the answer leads to better memory than studying alone (the pre-testing effect), which some theories attribute to increased curiosity. A similar effect occurs in general knowledge learning: people are more likely to recall information that they were initially curious to learn. Gruber and Ranganath [(2019). How curiosity enhances hippocampus-dependent memory: The prediction, appraisal, curiosity, and exploration (PACE) framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(12), 1014–1025] argued that unanswered questions can cause a state of curiosity during which encoding is enhanced for the missing answer, but also for incidental information presented at the time. If pre-testing similarly induces curiosity, then it too should produce better memory for incidental information. We tested this idea in three experiments that varied the order, nature and timing of the incidental material presented within a pre-testing context. All three experiments demonstrated a reliable pre-testing effect for the targets, but no benefit for the incidental material presented before the target. This pattern suggests that the pre-testing effect is highly specific and is not consistent with a generalised state of curiosity.
Measurements of nanofluid viscosity and its implications for thermal applications

Experimental results on the viscosity of alumina-based nanofluids are reported for various shear rates, temperature, nanoparticle diameter, and nanoparticle volume fraction. From the data it seems that the increase in the nanofluid viscosity is higher than the enhancement in the thermal conductivity as reported in the literature. It is shown, however, that the viscosity has to be increased by more than a factor of 4—relative to the increase in thermal conductivity—to make the nanofluid thermal performance worse than that of the base fluid.
HOW TO SOLVE THE MASS SPECTRUM OF QUARKS AND LEPTONS

It is suggested that the existing mass spectrum of quarks and leptons can be explained by solving a set of sum rules for quark and lepton masses. As an illustration, we presented a solution where given the three charged lepton masses, all the six quark masses are correctly derived with the prediction of mt≃131 GeV from the six sum rules including two new empirical ones.
Cryopreservation of Yak Semen: A Comprehensive Review

Simple Summary The yak is a multifunctional domesticated mammal that serves as a protein source for local herders and as a cultural and religious symbol. Recent worldwide climatic changes, namely, global warming, have directly impacted yak habitats; specifically, they have negatively influenced yak population sizes, as natural reproduction is not adequate to maintain a stable population. These conditions have caused researchers to investigate artificial yak reproduction. In this review, we cover numerous features of sperm cryopreservation in yaks and the many research efforts undertaken to enhance the cryopreservation process in yaks. Abstract An urgent need to boost the sustainability and efficiency of animal production exists, owing to the growing global population. Enhancing the global fertility of animals, especially cattle, is essential to ameliorate this issue. Artificial insemination and sperm cryopreservation have a considerable and favorable influence on the quantity and quality of the cattle produced. Sperm cryopreservation is crucial for livestock production because it promotes and accelerates genetic diversity and the worldwide dispersion of animals with enhanced genetics. Owing to the importance of cryobiology in reproductive technologies, researchers are developing new approaches, and they are testing cryoprotectant drugs to enhance sperm cryosurvival. However, the viability of sperm after freezing is low and widely varies across breeding yaks. These faults are crucial because they impede advances in reproductive biotechnology and the study of mammalian gametes at a fundamental level. Using chemicals, researchers have developed and enhanced various extenders with varying degrees of efficiency to reduce cryodamage and oxidative stress. In this article, we review the cryopreservation of yak semen, the development of extenders, the difficulties faced during cryopreservation, and the evaluation of semen quality using various methodologies. This review might be helpful for researchers exploring semen cryopreservation in the future, as demand for enhanced cryopreservation exists to boost the post-thaw viability and fertility of sperm.
Monitoring and Identification of Abnormal Network Traffic by Different Mathematical Models

The presence of anomalous traffic on the network causes some dangers to network security. To address the issue of monitoring and identifying abnormal traffic on the network, this paper first selected the traffic features with the mutual information-based method and then compared different mathematical models, including k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), and Elman. Then, parameters were optimized by the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) based on the defects of BPNN and Elman to obtain GOA-BPNN and GOA-Elman models. The performance of these mathematical models was compared on UNSW-UB15. It was found that the KNN model had the worst performance and the Elman model performed better than the BPNN model. After GOA optimization, the performance of the models was improved. The GOA-Elman model had the best performance in monitoring and recognizing abnormal traffic, with an accuracy of 97.33%, and it performed well in monitoring and recognizing different types of traffic. The research results demonstrate the reliability of the GOA-Elman model, providing a new approach for network security.
Could serum thrombocyte/lymphocyte (TLR), neutrophil/lymphocyte (NLR) and neutrophil/albumin (NAR) ratios be indicators of hospitalization and mortality in COVID-19?

Background and Objectives: Neutrophil / lymphocyte (NLR) and thrombocyte / lymphocyte ratios (TLR) are also a guiding factors in the prognostic evaluation of infectious diseases. Another parameter to determine inflammation and prognosis is albumin. This study was aimed to determine whether TLR, NLR and neutrophil / albumin ratios (NAR) are effective in predicting the severity and course of Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective and cross-sectional study, a total of 1597 patients who were admitted to our hospital between 15.03. 2020–1.06. 2020, diagnosed with COVID-19 were evaluated. Results: In the estimation of the decision for hospitalization, TLR, NLR and NAR AUROC values were 0.596, 0.634, 0.602 for cutoff values 123.7, 2.3 and 839.5, respectively. In predicting mortality, TLR, NLR and NAR AURO sample size can be specified C values were 0.674, 0.821, 0.787 for cutoff values 168.1, 5.2 and 1303.4, respectively (p <0.001 for all). Conclusion: In our study, it was determined that TLR, NLR and NAR are independent predictors in making the decision of hospitalization and in determining the prognosis in patients who are decided to be hospitalized.
Mental toughness among national soccer officials: A comparative analysis

Few studies have looked at the psychological mechanisms that govern soccer officials’ performance to this point. The main goal of the study is to identify age-related changes in mental toughness among officials. Sixty active national officials were chosen at random from the All-India Football Federation’s national officials’ roster (AIFF). Group A is 25-30 years old, with a mean and SD of 27.4±3.39 (lower age group); Group B is 31-35 years old, with a mean and SD of 31.8±1.28 (middle age group); and Group C is 36-40 years old, with a mean and SD of 37.6±1.98 (higher age group). The Psychological Performance Inventory (PPI), developed by James E. Loehr in 1982, was chosen as the research’s test item. This instrument evaluates seven aspects of mental toughness, including selfconfidence, negative energy control, attention control, visualisation and imagery control, motivation, positive energy control, and attitude control. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with a significance threshold of 0.05, was used as the statistical approach to assess the study’s hypothesis. The finding of the research paper shows no significant difference among various groups.
Analysis of genetic diversity in two plantations of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis

Forest tree breeding activities in plantations with exotic species implies several instances of material selection where genetic variation can be affected. The objective of the work was to verify the genetic variability present in two plantations of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis by microsatellite markers, initially designed for Pinus taeda fluorescent-labeled. Thus, 299 individuals were analyzed using eight polymorphic microsatellite markers. The results indicate that both plantations have adequate levels of genetic diversity that are representative of the Pinus genus. Through the Bayesian method, it was possible to detect two different population genetic structures (K = 2) between both plantations analyzed. In conclusion, this study suggests that microsatellites markers are useful tools to monitor genetic variation in genetic breeding programs. The genetic diversity estimated in both plantations is similar and typical for Pinus plantations, and as expected, there was a slight decrease in genetic variability in the commercial plantation in comparation with the base plantation.
The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students and interns at Tabuk University

Objectives: This study was conducted among medical students and interns at Tabuk University, Saudi Arabia to estimate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) prevalence and explores its risk factors. Methods: Using a questionnaire this cross-sectional study collected data regarding the parti cipants’ characteristics, red flag signs of colorectal cancer, Rome III criteria, HADS-A questionnaire and lifestyle habits. Results: Out of 215 participants, 22.8% had IBS. Univariate analysis showed significant association between IBS and female gender (p=0.007), family history of IBS (p<0.001) and celiac disease (p=0.002), sleep duration<6 hours/day (p<0.001) and anxiety disorder (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed significantly increased likelihood of IBS with family history of IBS (OR: 3.583, 95% CI: 1.518 ─ 8.460, p=0.004) and celiac disease (OR: 3.896, 95% CI: 1.124 ─ 13.507, p=0.032), sleeping<6 hours/day (OR: 11.288, 95% CI: 2.956 ─ 43.106, p<0.001) and having higher HADS-A score (for each increase by one point: OR: 1.194, 95% CI: 1.068 ─ 1.336, p=0.002). Conclusions: Prevalence of IBS was 22.8% and the detected independent preventable risk factors were sleeping<6 hours/day and having an anxiety disorder. Future studies should assess IBS impact on academic achievements and clinical performance of students and healthcare workers.
High-Frequency Forecasting of Stock Volatility Based on Model Fusion and a Feature Reconstruction Neural Network

Stock volatility is an important measure of financial risk. Due to the complexity and variability of financial markets, time series forecasting in the financial field is extremely challenging. This paper proposes a “model fusion learning algorithm” and a “feature reconstruction neural network” to forecast the future 10 min volatility of 112 stocks from different industries over the past three years. The results show that the model in this paper has higher fitting accuracy and generalization ability than the traditional model (CART, MLR, LightGBM, etc.). This study found that the “model fusion learning algorithm” can be well applied to financial data modeling; the “feature reconstruction neural network” can well-model data sets with fewer features.
Link Budget Analysis for Backscatter-Based Passive IoT

Massive connectivity of billions of communicating devices for fifth-generation (5G) and beyond networks requires the deployment of self-sustaining, maintenance-free, and low-cost communication paradigms. Could passive Internet of Things (IoT) solve these challenges? Passive IoT can be realized with the backscatter communication (BackCom) paradigm, which uses ultra-low power, inexpensive passive tags to support massive connectivity. However, a comprehensive link budget analysis for BackCom networks has not yet been available. It is something that is necessary for practitioners and researchers to evaluate the potential of BackCom. This survey is organized as follows. First, we describe the BackCom configurations, passive IoT design targets, backscatter channel statistics, and the different components and operations of the backscatter tag. Second, we develop the forward link budget and the overall link budget. All the relevant parameters are described in detail. Third, we give numerical and simulation results to get insights on the achievable performance of BackCom networks. Since additive path losses and excess fading can limit the performance of BackCom networks, we examine potential solutions to overcome the resulting limitations, enabling massive IoT networks. We also discuss integrating BackCom with existing wireless technologies. We further highlight some applications and address open issues, challenges, and future research directions.
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION FOR A POISSON RATE PARAMETER WITH MISCLASSIFIED COUNTS

This paper proposes a Poisson‐based model that uses both error‐free data and error‐prone data subject to misclassification in the form of false‐negative and false‐positive counts. It derives maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for the Poisson rate parameter and the two misclassification parameters — the false‐negative parameter and the false‐positive parameter. It also derives expressions for the information matrix and the asymptotic variances of the MLE for the rate parameter, the MLE for the false‐positive parameter, and the MLE for the false‐negative parameter. Using these expressions the paper analyses the value of the fallible data. It studies characteristics of the new double‐sampling rate estimator via a simulation experiment and applies the new MLE estimators and confidence intervals to a real dataset.
A Survey of Full Length Nonlinear Shift Register Cycle Algorithms

Shift registers have been used to generate sequences of 0’s and 1’s for over thirty years. A wide variety of applications has been made of these sequences. Principally, communications have made use of the sequences generated.One particular class of shift register sequences for which applications exist is the full length nonlinear shift register sequences. These sequences are periodic and of length $2^n $ and all $2^n $ different binary n-tuples appear exactly one time in a periodic portion of the sequence. In this paper we discuss various algorithms which have been suggested for generating these sequences.