Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A variably saturated numerical model for seepage and stability analyses of an embankment dam with a central core

Abstract Seepage and slope stability analyses are prerequisites for the safe design of embankment dams. In the present study, a variably saturated numerical flow models is developed for seepage and stability analyses of an embankment dam with a central core. The numerical model solves the variably saturated unsteady state seepage through a vertical section of the dam by fully implicit finite difference scheme. The pore water pressure obtained from the seepage analysis is employed to compute the downstream slope factor of safety under full reservoir condition and upstream slope factor of safety under sudden drawdown using modified Bishop's method. The seismic effects on the stability of both upstream and downstream slopes is carried out using Pseudo Static approach. It is observed that the saturated hydraulic conductivity has significant effect on the factors of safety of both upstream and downstream slopes. Further, it is found that the seismic effects reduce the factors of safety of both upstream and downstream slopes significantly at higher values of saturated hydraulic conductivity of the core material.
Variation of the 3-μm absorption feature on Mars: observations over eastern Valles Marineris by the mariner 6 infrared spectrometer

A new approach for calibration of the shortest wavelength channel (1.8 to 6.0 μm) of the Mariner 6 infrared spectrometer was derived. This calibration provides a new description of the instrument response function from 1.8 to 3.7 μm and accounts for the thermal contribution to the signal at longer wavelengths. This allows the two segments from 1.8 to 6 μm to be merged into a single spectrum. The broad water of hydration absorption spans these two segments and is examined in these merged spectra using a method of band integration. Unlike previous analyses which rely on ratios at two wavelengths, the integration method can assess the band strength independently from the albedo in the near infrared. Spectra taken over the eastern end of the Valles Marineris are examined for variations of the band-integrated value, and three distinct clusters are found. Within the estimated uncertainty, two clusters (both low and high albedo) have approximately the same integrated band depth. The third cluster (medium albedo) has an integrated band depth about 10% higher. This difference cannot be systematically attributed to either surface or atmospheric parameters and suggests variation in the amount of water either chemically or physically bound in surface materials. Approximately one-half of the high integrated band depth cluster is associated with chaotic terrain at the source of outflow channels, the other half occurs over lower inertia plains adjacent to chasmata. This suggests both surface physical properties and mineralogy as well as water in exchange with the atmosphere contribute to the 3-μm bound water absorption.
Automated registration of hyperspectral images

Hyperspectral images of the Earth’s surface are increasingly being acquired from aerial platforms. The dozens or hundreds of bands acquired by a typical hyperspectral sensor are acquired either through a scanning process or by collecting a sequence of images at varying wavelengths. This latter method has the advantage of acquiring coherent images of a scene at different wavelengths. However, it takes time to collect these images and some form of co-registration is required to build coherent image cubes. In this paper, we present a method to register many bands acquired sequentially at different wavelengths from a helicopter. We discuss the application of the Phase Correlation (PC) Method to recover scaling, rotation, and translation from an airborne hyperspectral imaging system, dubbed PHyTIS. This approach is well suited for remotely sensed images acquired from a moving platform, which induces image registration errors due to along and across track movement. We were able to register images to within ± 1 pixel across entire image cubes obtained from the PHyTIS hyperspectral imaging system, which was developed for precision farming applications.
Synthesis and properties of insensitive [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine explosives

An insensitive explosive 3-nitro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]1,2,4,5-tetrazin-6-amine (TTNA) was prepared and fully structurally characterized with good detonation parameters (Td = 213 °C; P = 33.9 GPa; D = 8953 m s−1, IS > 40 J, and FS > 360 N).
Original Research Validation of an Analytical Method for the Determination of the Activity of Xylanase in Animal Feed Additives and in Animal Feedingstuffs

Exogenous carbohydrases are commonly added to monogastric feed to help degrade non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). This action can increase the nutrient availability of feedingstuffs and decrease digestive disturbances, thus improving animal performance. This in turn can lead to improved feed conversion efficiency in meat and egg production. In light of the benefits associated with dietary xylanase inclusion, so too has it become increasingly relevant to quantity them in poultry feed premixtures with additional enzyme activities and directly in compound feed. Hitherto, the analysis of the activity of xylanase in animal feeds has proved difficult. Despite the widespread acceptance of the DNS method for the quantification of xylanase activity, it is not without limitations which can lead to erroneous underor over-estimation of activity, and is particularly variable depending on the feed matrix wherein it is measured. The current method validation examined the following parameters: linearity, precision, uncertainty, sensitivity (limit of detection and limit of quantification) and the experiments were designed to highlight any interference from protease co-ingredients and possible matrix effects in various types of supplemented feed. The assay method described is convenient and inexpensive and could be applied to the rapid and routine analysis of xylanases in animal feeds during quality control and in investigating fraudulent adulteration of feed to ensure the authenticity and traceability of the product.
Stiffness nonlinearity of three sands.

This paper presents the results of 254 drained triaxial compression tests. The results are analyzed with the aim of obtaining a phenomenological description of secant Young's modulus variation according to different test conditions. Using empirical fitting equations, the influences of different factors such as axial strain, vertical consolidation stress, consolidation stress ratio, and stress history on the secant Young's modulus under axisymmetric (triaxial) loading conditions at small and intermediate axial strains are singled out and presented. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the factors affecting the nonlinear secant stiffness of sand and to quantify their relevance at different levels of strain.
High‐resolution acoustic mapping to understand the ore deposit in the Bayonnaise knoll caldera, Izu‐Ogasawara arc

We collected deep‐sea multibeam, side scan, and subbottom profiler data using an autonomous underwater vehicle at the Bayonnaise knoll, a submarine caldera located in the rift zone of the Izu‐Ogasawara arc. We aimed to reveal topographic and geological features and the origin of a hydrothermal field called the Hakurei site in the caldera. We performed seafloor classification by textural analysis using calibrated side‐scan sonar data, which provided an effective means to understand the geology and to highlight potential areas of hydrothermal constructions. The high‐resolution bathymetric map illustrates that the Hakurei hydrothermal field is distributed over a landslide landform in the caldera wall. The distribution of hydrothermal vents indicates that the slip surface has served as a major route of hydrothermal fluids. The radial alignment of chimneys and mounds indicates radial routes of hydrothermal fluid and/or belching along fragile lines in the landslide landform. Various postcaldera activities are inferred including the formation of a lava dome, a pyroclastic cone, and subsequent phreatic explosions. A general volcano‐tectonic structure extending across the caldera in a NW‐SE direction is interpreted as an inferred boundary fault of the North Myojin Rift. Analogous to the Hokuroku basin and land kuroko deposits, it is suggested that the main contributing factor in the formation of kuroko deposits was volcano‐tectonic activity that dominated the margin of the back‐arc rift basin. The intersections between the margin of a rift basin and the surrounding knolls have a high potential for ore‐forming areas.
Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Economic Analysis of Calf-Fed and Wheat Pasture Yearling Systems in the Southern Great Plains1

Abstract Moderate-framed Angus steers from a single cow herd were utilized in a 2-yr study that evaluated performance, carcass traits, and production economics of calf-fed vs. yearling systems. After a brief preconditioning period, weaned steer calves were placed on a high concentrate finishing diet (CF; n = 63) or grazed wheat pasture 164 d before feedlot entry (YF; n = 62). Resulting feedlot entry weight and days on feed were 228 kg and 169 d, respectively, for CF and 445 kg and 88 d, respectively, for YF. Final BW for YF was 87 kg heavier than CF (P 0.27). Profitability tended (P = 0.09) to favor the CF over the YF system, although breakeven selling price was greater (P 0.10) when quality or yield grid markets were applied. Inclusion of a long-term winter wheat grazing period increased hot carcass weight by 17% with no detrimental effects on carcass characteristics.
Crustal deformation and source models of the Yellowstone volcanic field from geodetic data

[1] Geodetic observations, comprising Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Global Positioning System (GPS), and precision leveling measurements, are used to infer volume change in the subsurface associated with the dynamics of the Yellowstone volcanic system. We focus primarily on the Yellowstone Caldera and its related magmatic, hydrothermal, and fault systems. It appears that known faults play a significant role in controlling crustal volume increases and decreases due to the migration of volcanic and hydrothermal fluids. For example, over 5 cm of subsidence from 1992 to 1995 is associated with source volume changes 6–10 km beneath the NW-trending Elephant Back fault zone and a north-trending fault cutting across the caldera. Furthermore, we are able to image an episode of fluid intrusion near the northern edge of the caldera. The intrusion is elongated in the north-south direction and is parallel to the north-trending volume decrease. The primary intrusion and related hydrothermal activity occurred between 1996 and 2000, though the volume changes appear to have continued, shallowed, and changed shape between 2000 and 2002. There is evidence that the intrusive activity influenced extensional faults to the north of the caldera.
Secretify: de la idea al mercado

La extrema competitividad derivada de la globalizacion, hace que los proyectos en Tecnologias de la Informacion (TI), no se valoren por si son buenos o malos. Se da por supuesto que el producto tecnologico es innovador, aporta un valor anadido y tiene un fundamento tecnologico solido y bien construido. Europa es un gran exponente en Desarrollo e Investigacion (I+D), pero todavia esta por detras de paises como Estados Unidos o Japon en cuanto a Innovacion (i). Nos falta conseguir llegar al mercado. No basta con conseguir con exito una prueba de concepto. Hay que ir mas alla. Partimos de la base de un proyecto: Secretify, un cliente de correo web multicuenta sencillo y atractivo que permite a los usuarios cifrar sus comunicaciones utilizando cuentas de correo electronico ya existentes, sin la necesidad de saber nada sobre seguridad, criptografia o gestion de claves. La finalidad de este Trabajo es aplicar todos los conceptos aprendidos durante el Master (en concreto en la rama de Gestion, Innovacion y Negocio TI), para convertir Secretify en un producto que sacar al mercado con exito, teniendo los conocimientos tanto tecnicos como empresariales, para minimizar los riesgos y adecuarse al mercado. ---ABSTRACT---The extreme competitiveness derived from globalization, makes projects in Information Technologies (IT) to not be evaluated for its goodness. It is assumed that the technology product is innovative, provides added value and has a solid technology basis and well constructed. Europe is a great exponent in Research & Development (R&D), but It is still far behind from countries like USA or Japan in terms of Innovation (i). We need to reach the market: it is not enough having a successful proof of concept. We must go further. We start from a project: Secretify, a simple and beautiful web-based multiaccount email client that allow users to cypher their communications using already existing email accounts, without the need to know about security, cryptography or key management. The purpose of this thesis is to apply all concepts learnt during the Master course (specifically in Management, Innovation and IT business), to turn Secretify into a successful market launch, having the technical and business knowledges, in order to reduce the risks and to adapt to the market.
Understanding changes in water availability in the Rio Grande/Río Bravo del Norte basin under the influence of large-scale circulation indices using the Noah land surface model

[1] Water availability plays an important role in the socio-economic development of a region. It is however, subject to the influence of large-scale circulation indices, resulting in periodic excesses and deficits. An assessment of the degree of correlation between climate indices and water availability, and the quantification of changes with respect to major climate events is important for long-term water resources planning and management, especially in transboundary basins as it can help in conflict avoidance. In this study we first establish the correlation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with gauged precipitation in the Rio Grande basin, and then quantify the changes in water availability using runoff generated from the Noah land surface model. Both spatial and temporal variations are noted, with winter and spring being most influenced by conditions in the Pacific Ocean. Negative correlation is observed at the headwaters and positive correlation across the rest of the basin. The influence of individual ENSO events, classified using four different criteria, is also examined. El Ninos (La Ninas) generally cause an increase (decrease) in runoff, but the pattern is not consistent; percentage change in water availability varies across events. Further, positive PDO enhances the effect of El Nino and dampens that of La Nina, but during neutral/transitioning PDO, La Nina dominates meteorological conditions. Long El Ninos have more influence on water availability than short duration high intensity events. We also note that the percentage increase during El Ninos significantly offsets the drought-causing effect of La Ninas.
Atmospheric flow indices, regional climate, and Glacier mass balance in the Canadian Rocky mountains

Glacier mass balance is governed by cumulative temperature and precipitation patterns in a region, making it a sensitive indicator of climate variability and trends. Many studies have drawn the link between local meteorological conditions and glacier mass balance, but these statistical relationships are difficult to extrapolate to other sites or to apply in sensitivity studies of future climate change. In this paper, we explore the ability to predict regional climate anomalies and glacier mass balance in the Canadian Rockies on the basis of 500‐mb circulation indices derived from the NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis dataset. Daily precipitation amounts and variance‐weighted seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies at a suite of six long‐term meteorological stations in the Canadian Rockies (1953–2002) demonstrate a coherent dependence on the daily and mean seasonal atmospheric flow indices. The Peyto Glacier, Alberta, Canada offers the best available mass balance time‐series in the Canadian Rockies (1966–2004). Regression models for Peyto Glacier winter, summer, and annual mass balance variability were constructed from (1) Jasper climate anomalies, (2) regional climate anomalies, and (3) atmospheric flow indices. Model performance was examined in terms of the multiple coefficient of determination and of the variables retained in the stepwise regression analysis. Flow indices were the stronger predictors of mass balance. This offers important advantages for mass balance forecasts, because large‐scale circulation patterns are better captured than surface weather in mountain regions, in both reanalysed climatology and model‐generated climate change scenarios. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
The Impact of Orography on Blocking Frequency in a General Circulation Model

Abstract Sensitivity experiments with a perpetual January version of a low-resolution general circulation model are conducted to investigate the influence of mountains on blocking in the Northern Hemisphere. Two 1200-day integrations, one with and the other without mountains, are compared. The absence of orography severely reduces the total number of days on which blocking is present anywhere over the Northern Hemisphere. It decreases the number of blocking episodes and shortens the duration of an average event. Strong blocking events do occur in the no-mountains simulation, however, and their structure and local maintenance characteristics are similar to strong blocks in the control run. It is concluded that orographic forcing greatly aids the blocking process in the model but is not crucial for the existence of model blocks.
Fertilizing the Amazon and equatorial Atlantic with West African dust

Atmospheric mineral dust plays a vital role in Earth's climate and biogeochemical cycles. The Bodélé Depression in Chad has been identified as the single biggest source of atmospheric mineral dust on Earth. Dust eroded from the Bodélé is blown across the Atlantic Ocean towards South America. The mineral dust contains micronutrients such as Fe and P that have the potential to act as a fertilizer, increasing primary productivity in the Amazon rain forest as well as the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, and thus leading to N2 fixation and CO2 drawdown. We present the results of chemical analysis of 28 dust samples collected from the source area, which indicate that up to 6.5 Tg of Fe and 0.12 Tg of P are exported from the Bodélé Depression every year. This suggests that the Bodélé may be a more significant micronutrient supplier than previously proposed.
Chlorophyll content of Echinochloa polystachya under management in the várzea of the Central Amazon

O ne of the more conspicuous characteristics differentiating the fertile white water várzea f! oodplains from the nutritionally poor igapós, associated with black or clear water rivers, is the massive presence of aquatic herbaceous vegetation in the várzea while only a few species occur in the igapó systems ÜUNK & PIEDADE 1997). Among the huge number of herbaceous species in the várzea, Poaceae is the most important family with 60 species; some o f them, e, grasses such as Echinochloa po/ystachya, are perennial key species in the várzea floodplains, owing to their high density, distribution and primary production (PIEDADE et al. 1991, ]UNK & PIEDADE 1994). The life cycle of E. polystachya is regulated by the hydrologic cycle, with the main peak of growth occurring during the aquatic phase (PIEDADE et al. 1992), mainly in June/July. As the plains dry out during the terrestrial phase, the plant material collapses and new plants are formed in the nodes of the stems of the old generation, typically in November/December, when leaf production reaches the highest values of the year (PIEDADE et ai. 1991, }UNK & PIEDADE 1994).
Calibration of a camera–projector monochromatic system

Camera–projector systems are increasingly being used in many different applications, including object reconstruction. In recent years, a number of approaches have been proposed to calibrate such devices; in this paper a calibration method is presented which can be used with monochromatic systems. The method is based on open‐source code, makes use of planar calibration patterns, is fully automatic, easy to use and fast. Additionally, no initial information regarding the camera interior orientation is needed, and both sensors (camera and projector) are fully calibrated during the process. The method is validated by a series of tests, where root mean square errors (RMSEs) in image space are kept below 1 pixel. Finally, the applicability of the method is demonstrated by implementing two different strategies to automatically reconstruct objects.
Characteristics of reflected and diffuse ions upstream from the earth's bow shock

The distinction between two types of upstream ion populations has been made on the basis of pronounced differences in their distribution functions. The 'reflected' ions represent a fast beam with temperatures typically 1 to 5 times 10/sup 6/ K and speeds up to five times the solar wind speed. An important feature of the reflected ion distributions in their strong temperature anisotropy, with T/sub perpendicular/ exceeding T/sub parallel/ by a factor of two to three. In contrast, the 'diffuse' ions occupy a much larger region of phase space, both in energy and angle; their distribution function generally has the form roughly of a circular ridge in 2 dimensions and a spherical shell in 3 dimensions. Accordingly, their temperature is much larger (> or approx. =10/sup 7/ K), and their bulk speed typically is smaller than the solar wind speed. Both ion populations have densities of the order of 0.1 cm/sup -3/. At times transitions between the two extremes, represented by the reflected and diffuse ion populations, are observed. These 'intermediate' distributions are cresent shaped, with the center of curvature near the solar wind velocity. This property suggests that the intermediate distributions result from pitch angle scattering of the reflected beamsmore » in the solar wind frame and supports the idea that the reflected ions are the origin of the diffuse ions. At times the diffuse ion distributions exhibit considerable structure and rapid temporal variations. Reflected and diffuse ions can also be distinguished by their occurrence as a function of the angle theta between the local shock normal and the interplanetary magnetic field. Whereas the diffuse ions occur predominantly for small theta, the reflected ions are observed most frequently for theta> or approx. =45/sup 0/. « less