Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On decoding (31, 16, 7) quadratic residue code up to its error correcting capacity with bit-error probability estimates

The quadratic residue codes are a class of the error correcting codes with interesting mathematics. Among them, the (31, 16, 7) quadratic residue code is the code with reducible generator polynomial and three-error-correcting capacity. The algebraic decoding algorithm for the (32, 16, 8) quadratic residue code is developed by Reed et al. (1990). In this paper, a simplified decoding algorithm is proposed. The algorithm uses bit-error probability estimates, which is first developed by Reed MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report (1959), to cancel the third error and then uses the algebraic decoding algorithm mentioned above to correct the remaining two errors. Simulation results show that this modified decoding algorithm slightly reduces the decoding complexity for correcting the third error while maintaining the same BER performance in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Also, the flowchart of the above decoding algorithm is illustrated with Fig. 1.
Factors determining dissociation fractions in atomic beams generated by ‘‘straight‐through’’ microwave discharge sources

We have studied the parameters affecting the degree of dissociation in atomic beams produced by a source consisting of a quartz tube with an exit slit downstream from a microwave discharge, which is maintained by means of an Evenson cavity. These parameters include the effects of catalysts, discharge tube diameter, slit width, cavity‐slit distance, discharge power, and tube material in producing atomic beams of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and the halogens. The achievable degree of dissociation is found to be quite sensitive to all those parameters except discharge power and tube material. Optimal values are presented.
Passivation of oxygen vacancy states in HfO2 by nitrogen

Nitrogen is known to reduce leakage currents and charge trapping in high-dielectric-constant gate oxides such as HfO2. We show that this occurs because nitrogen, substituting for oxygen atoms next to oxygen vacancy sites, repels the occupied gap states due to the neutral and positively charged oxygen vacancies out of the band gap into its conduction band. The state of the negatively charge vacancy is also repelled upwards but remains as a shallow gap state. This occurs because the vacancy becomes effectively positively charged; the adjacent Hf ions relax outwards from the vacancy and shift its states upwards. We show this using ab initio calculation methods which do not require an empirical correction to the band gap.
Solid-liquid equilibria in nanoparticles of Pb-Bi alloys

The melting behavior of isolated nanoparticles of Pb-Bi alloys was observed by hot stage transmission electron microscopy. Dark-field images acquired as a function of temperature permitted the melting behavior of individual nanoparticles to be characterized as a function of their composition and size. In this way, the experimental measurements could be used to find the temperature at which the onset of melting occurred and the temperature at which the transition from a liquid-solid two-phase particle to a complete liquid particle occurred. From these data, phase diagrams of individual, isolated nanoparticles were constructed as a function of the size of the nanoparticle. Several deviations from the melting behavior of bulk materials were observed. For particles of a given composition the melting temperature is lowered relative to the melting temperature of bulk material and the depression of temperature increases with the inverse of the particle radius. The liquid and solid phases follow melting paths that form liquidus and solidus bands on the temperature-composition phase diagram. The range of two-phase coexistence shrinks as the solute concentration decreases, and the liquidus and solidus bands finally coalesce into a single line at low solute concentrations in apparent violation of the Gibbs phase rule. Of particular interest is the observation that melting begins and ends abruptly as temperature is increased. Considering the isolated particle as a thermodynamic system in contact with a heat reservoir and a pressure reservoir, the conditions for two-phase equilibrium in the particles were calculated from the total internal energy of the particle and the reservoirs. The loci of parameters of the calculated minimum points of the total energy were compiled to calculate a phase diagram for alloy nanoparticles as a function of their size. This calculated diagram contains all of the special features observed experimentally and agrees quantitatively with the experimental measurements. These features should be sufficiently general to apply to other alloys. The quantitative conformance of the experimental with the calculated results is sensitive to the material properties, in particular to the composition dependence of the surface energy of the liquid.
Deconvolution of supersmooth densities with smooth noise

The author considers the estimation of the common probability density of independent and identically distributed random variables observed with added white noise. She assumes that the unknown density belongs to some class of supersmooth functions, and that the error distribution is ordinarily smooth, meaning that its characteristic function decays polynomially asymptotically. In this context, the author evaluates the minimax rate of convergence of the pointwise risk and describes a kernel estimator having this rate. She computes upper bounds for the L2 risk of this estimator.
Effective degree of coherence: general theory and application to electromagnetic fields

The concept of overall or effective degree of coherence has proven useful and insightful in the scalar theory of light. In this paper we extend the concept to fields represented over arbitrary vector (Hilbert) spaces. We show that the effective degree of coherence remains unaltered by scaled unitary mappings, which describe for instance many physical interactions. In the context of random, vector-valued electromagnetic fields the invariance implies that the effective degree of coherence assumes the same value in commonly used representation spaces. Thereby, in contrast to the local degree of coherence, this quantity can be taken as an intrinsic property of the electromagnetic wave field. In particular, the effective degree of coherence does not change when the field is scattered by a lossless medium and it can be determined from the far-field pattern. Hence the effective degree of coherence of electromagnetic fields is readily measurable.
Nonlinear piezoresistance effects in silicon

Nonlinearity of the piezoresistance effects in p‐ and n‐type silicon was measured at room temperature for three surface impurity concentrations and for three crystallographic orientations <100≳, <110≳, and <112≳. Piezoresistance coefficients up to third order in stress were obtained experimentally. Uniaxial stresses up to about 174 MPa were applied with currents flowing either parallel (longitudinal configuration) or perpendicular (transverse configuration) to them. A complete set of nine independent second‐order tensor components was determined. The second‐order piezoresistance coefficients in various configurations of uniaxial stress, current, and crystallographic orientation were calculated by the sixth rank tensor transformation. The nonlinear piezoresistance effect in n‐type silicon was discussed with the many‐valley model.
Chromospheric Damping of Alfvén Waves

We analytically study the damping of Alfvén mode oscillations in the chromosphere and in coronal loops. In the partially ionized chromosphere the dominant damping process of Alfvén waves is due to collisions between ions and neutrals. We calculate the damping time for Alfvén waves of a given frequency, propagating through model chromospheres of various solar structures such as active region plage, quiet sun, and the penumbra and umbra of sunspots. For a given wave frequency, the maximum damping always occurs at temperature minimum heights and in the coldest structure(s), i.e., the umbra of sunspots. Energy dissipation due to ion-neutral damping of Alfvén waves with an energy flux of 107 ergs cm-3 s- 1 can play a considerable role in the energy balance of umbrae, quiet sun, and plage for Alfvén wave periods of the order, respectively, 50, 5, and 0.5 s. We also consider Alfvén waves in coronal loops and the leakage of wave energy through the footpoints. We assume a three-layer model of coronal loops with constant Alfvén speed vA (and no damping) in the corona, vA varying exponentially with height in the dissipative chromosphere, and vA again constant in the photosphere at the end of the loop. We find an exact analytical solution in the chromospheric part. Using these solutions, we estimate the leakage of wave energy from the coronal volume through the footpoint regions of the loop and find that the presence of a moderate amount of chromospheric damping can enhance the footpoint leakage. We apply this result to determine the damping time of standing waves in coronal loops. The enhanced footpoint leakage also has implications for theories of coronal heating based on resonant absorption. Finally, we find exact expressions for the damping of Alfvén waves launched in the photosphere and upward propagating through the chromosphere and into the corona. The partially ionized chromosphere presents an effective barrier for upward propagating Alfvén waves with periods less than a few seconds.
Flow cell for strain- and temperature-compensated refractive index measurements by means of cascaded optical fibre long period and Bragg gratings

An optical fibre sensing system based on a hybrid cascaded long period grating (LPG) and fibre Bragg grating configuration and a thermo-stabilized flow cell for refractometric measurements is proposed. The system makes it possible to measure, and thus to cancel, the LPG cross-sensitivities to strain, temperature and fibre bending. The experimental results show that the proposed system provides satisfactory performances as far as the refractive index sensitivity and resolution are concerned. The maximum sensor sensitivity and resolution are 3120 nm/RIU and 2 × 10−5 RIU, respectively. The whole system with its flow cell and the gratings fabrication are extensively described, together with the acquisition and data processing. The stability of the sensor for several hours was also tested. We believe that the proposed system can be successfully used for label-free chemical/biochemical sensing.
Monte Carlo estimate of the dynamical critical exponent of the 2D kinetic Ising model

This paper describes a Monte Carlo study of the 2D kinetic Ising model. The long-time behaviour of various time-delayed correlation functions is investigated by renormalisation group methods. This long-time behaviour can be described in terms of a simple exponential relaxation of the magnetisation which enables a reliable estimate of the dynamical critical exponent, z, to be made.
Outlier detection and time series modeling

Some statistics used in regression analysis are considered for detection of outliers in time series. Approximations and asymptotic distributions of these statistics are considered. A method is proposed for distinguishing an observational outlier from an innovational one. A four-step procedure for modeling time series in the presence of outliers is also proposed, and an example is presented to illustrate the methodology.
On Approximations for the Central and Noncentral Distribution of the Generalized Variance

Abstract It is shown how the noncentral probability density function of the generalized variance can be approximated by a central probability density function under certain conditions by using moments and moment generating functions. It is also shown that these density functions can be approximated by a linear function of two gamma densities, which can readily be applied to practical problems. The theoretical results are verified by a sampling experiment.
Air Pollution Transport Studies in a Coastal Zone Using Kinematic Diagnostic Analysis

Abstract Data from a mesoscale wind analysis of a vigorous lake/land breeze circulation on 4 September 1974 along the western shoreline of Lake Michigan are available. A computer program takes subjectively analyzed observed and estimated u and v components of the wind for a 24 h period, calculates vertical motions, and then estimates the trajectory of any particle(s) released within the coastal zone. The computed three-dimensional trajectories are presented using computer graphics displays. They reveal highly complex transport processes for aerosols released from typical line and multistack point sources. Aerosol recirculation and size sorting can be found within the lake breeze cell.
An Experimental Study of Amplitude and Frequency Effects upon a Pulsating Jet

Pulsating jets are very common and useful in various industrial aspects. However, they have some different basic characteristics from steady jets. In this research, the authors reveal both the frequency and the amplitude effects of pulsations on a jet, including large-amplitude cases. Experiments are conducted at a Reynolds number of 5,000, Strouhal numbers of 0.011 - 0.27 and velocity-amplitude ratios of 0.1 - 1.0. Using a hot-wire anemometry, the authors show centre velocities, radial profiles, half widths and total flow rates at several positions downward a nozzle exit. From centre velocities and radial profiles, we can see that the streamwise scale of the potential core is less than three times the diameter. From half widths and total flow rates, we can see that the pulsation enhances mixing, and confirm the frequency and the amplitude effects specifically. On the other hand, from centre velocities and radial profiles, we cannot see the both effects clearly. As a result, the authors show the combined frequency-and-amplitude effect upon total flow rate, which consists with small-amplitude results by Crow and Champagne (1971), and find the optimum frequencies.
Evaluation of the additive noise of a flat panel detector and its effect on cone-beam CT applications

Cone-beam systems designed for breast cancer detection bear a unique radiation dose limitation and are vulnerable to the additive noise from the detector. Additive noise is the signal fluctuation from detector elements and is independent of the incident exposure level. In this study, two different approaches (single pixel based and region of interest based) to measure the additive noise were explored using continuously acquired air images at different exposure levels, with both raw images and flat-field corrected images. The influence from two major factors, inter-pixel variance and image lag, were studied. The pixel variance measured from dark images was used as the gold standard (for the entire detector 15.12±1.3 ADU2) for comparison. Image noise propagation through reconstruction procedures was also investigated and a mathematically derived quadratic relationship between the image noise and the inverse of the radiation dose was confirmed with experiment data. The additive noise level was proved to affect the CT image noise as the second order coefficient and thus determines the lower limit of the scan radiation dose, above which the scanner operates at quantum limited region and utilizes the x-ray photon most efficiently.
Selectively patterned metal nanodots fabrication by combining block copolymer self-assembly and electron beam lithography

Selectively patterned periodic metal nanodots are prospective for use in photonic, plasmonic and magnetic storage devices. Here, we proposed a simple method to fabricate metal nanodots by block copolymer self-assembly and electron beam lithography. Block copolymer self-assembly is a facile method to fabricate periodic nanostructures such as cylinder and sphere in a large area. These self-assembled nanostructures are useful as templates and scaffolds for the fabrication of periodic metal nanodots. In this study, we used polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) and fabricated perpendicular PMMA cylinders onto substrate in PS matrixes. After UV irradiation and immersion in acetic acid, cylindrical nanopores of PS were fabricated. We performed electron beam lithography onto these PS nanoporous thin films. PS is negative tone resist for electron beam lithography. If the electron dose was enough large for PS resist, nanoporous structures were fabricated only in exposed areas after development by solvent, which dissolves PS. We evaporated Au onto these patterned nanoporous templates and sonicated these metal evaporated films in tetrahydrofuran (THF). In consequence, metal nanodots were fabricated only in exposed areas. The diameter and pitch of these nanodots were approximately 20 nm and 40 nm, respectively. These values were almost equal to block copolymer self-assembled cylinder structures. Finally, we demonstrated a simple method for fabricating periodic metal nanodots only in selective areas.
The Concept of Representation

Introduction The Problem of Thomas Hobbes Formalistic Views of Representation "Standing For": Descriptive Representation "Standing For": Symbolic Representation Representing as "Acting For": The Analogies The Mandate-Independence Controversy Representing Unattached Interests: Burke Representing People Who Have Interests: Liberalism Political Representation Appendix on Etymology Notes Bibliography Index
Method for reconstructing the pixel missing region on remote sensing images

Abstract Reconstruction of the pixel missing regions on remote sensing images is an important research issue in remote sensing image processing. These regions due to clouds and stripes are generally processed using the traditional synthesis and image inpainting techniques. Such processing can also be implemented with multispectral/multitemporal based methods. However, these methods have some limitations in applications, such as the sharpened borders between the filled regions and their neighbors and the requirement for multiple images. A method is developed for reconstructing pixel missing regions using a corresponding recent term image (reference image) acquired from different sensors with different spectral bands. A case study shows that the new method obviously outperforms the replacement method.
Development of four-stage x-ray telescope for wide-field fine spectroscopic mission

We are developing the new type of X-ray telescope with short focal length for small satellite to perform the fine spectroscopic study of diffus soft X-rays with very low surface brightness. Point of the design of such system is to use four-stage reflection to reduce focal length. For this purpose, techniques developed for the fabrication of high throughput X-ray telescope for ASTRO-E/E2 satellite can be applied. Though the energy range is restricted below 1 keV, a combination with X-ray micro-calorimeter can provide us powerful tool for the study such as the detection of warm-hot intergalactic medium with the temperature of several millions degree, which should exist in the peripheral region around clusters of galaxies. We will report on the the design of such system, results of performance estimation by ray tracing program.
Accurate measurement of the declinations of radio sources

The two 90-foot steerable paraboloids of the Owens Valley Radio Observatory were used as a two-element interferometer at 960 Mc/s with various separations along a north-south baseline to measure accurately the declinations of a number of radio sources, most of which were of small diameter. The measured values of declination are tabulated for 110 sources with right ascensions between 0 hours and 14 hours 10 minutes. The standard errors of the measured values range from ± 2.6 seconds of arc to ± 46 seconds of arc with an average of ± 13 seconds of arc. A discussion of the sources of error is included.
Level Schedules for Mixed-Model, Just-in-Time Processes

A mixed-model manufacturing facility running under a Just-in-Time JIT production system is controlled by setting the production sequence of the final assembly process. This sequence is set to achieve the primary goal of an organization operating under a JIT system, which is to maintain a constant rate of part usage. In this paper, a graph-theoretic approach is used to determine an optimal solution for this goal for a new, nonconvex objective function. Furthermore, it is shown that a schedule always exists such that, at all times, the deviation of actual production from the desired level of production for every product is never more than one unit.
High speed silicon photonic crystal waveguide modulator for low voltage operation

A high speed compact silicon modulator is experimentally demonstrated to work at a low driving voltage desirable for on-chip applications. As carrier injection is the only practical option for optical modulation in silicon, a lower limit of current density (∼104A∕cm2) exists for achieving gigahertz modulation in the p-i-n diode configuration. Exploiting the slow group velocity of light in photonic crystal waveguides, the interaction length of this Mach-Zehnder interferometer-type silicon modulator is reduced significantly compared to conventional modulators. The required high current density is achieved with a low voltage (2V) by scaling down the interaction length to 80μm.
ON THE APPLICATION OF THE RECIPROCITY THEOREM IN RESISTIVITY PROSPECTING

In a recent publication, Van Nostrand and Cook (1966) draw attention to the reciprocity theorem of electrical conduction, whereby if current is supplied between two points of an electrical conductor and the potential difference is measured between a second pair of points, this potential difference is the same as would arise between the first pair if the same current were supplied between the second pair. In particular, they cite limitations to the application of this theorem put forward by Wenner and claim that when adapting this theorem to actual field conditions “the assumptions for its validity often do not hold” (p. 39). This appears to be at variance with a later statement (p. 46) that it is safe to apply the reciprocity theorem.
In vivo time-lapse imaging of skin burn wound healing using second-harmonic generation microscopy

Wound healing is a process to repair the damaged tissue caused by thermal burn, incised wound, or stab wound. Although the wound healing has many aspects, it is common for dynamics of collagen fiber, such as decomposition, production, or growth, to be closely related with wound healing. If such the healing process can be visualized as a timelapse image of the collagen fiber in the same subject, one may obtain new findings regarding biological repairing mechanisms in the healing process. In this article, to investigate the temporal modoification of dermal collagen fiber in the burn wound healing, we used second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy, showing high selectivity and good image contrast to collagen molecules as well as high spatial resolution, optical three-dimensional sectioning, minimal invasiveness, deep penetration, the absence of interference from background light, and in vivo measurement without additional staining. Since SHG light arises from a non-centrosymmetric triple helix of three polypeptide chains in the collagen molecule, SHG intensity sensitively reflects the structure maturity of collagen molecule and its aggregates. A series of time-lapse SHG images during the wound healing process of 2 weeks clearly indicated that condensation and melting of dermal collagen fibers by the deep dermal burn, decomposition of the damaged collagen fibers in the inflammation phase, production of new collagen fibers in the proliferation phase, and the growth of the new collagen fibers in the remodeling phase. These results show a high potential of SHG microscopy for optical assessment of the wound healing process in vivo.