Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Haemochromatosis, hepcidin and disorders of iron metabolism: fields of substantial clinical relevance and current advances

HaemochromatosisThe molecular and genetic causes of haemochromatosis have proved considerably moreheterogeneous than was expected earlier. After Feder et al. identified the main causativegene, HFE, and confirmed that most patients were homozygous for the founder C282Ymutation [1], it has become increasingly apparent that some families suffer from rarerconditions, initially called ‘‘non-HFE haemochromatoses’’. Currently, haemojuvelin (HJV)[2,3], hepcidin, transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) [4,5] and ferroportin-related haemochro-matoses are recognized. The molecular and clinical studies in these areas of researchhave been particularly fruitful during the past 5 years as, i.a. , exemplified by the thesis‘‘Genetic predisposition to iron overload: Prevalence and phenotypic expression ofhemochromatosis-associated HFE-C282Y gene mutation’’ summarized in the presentissue of SJCLI (pp.). Molecular studies of rare haemochromatosis disorders have contributed substantially tothe understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms of iron homeostasis. As routine analyticalmethods of the newly discovered molecules become available and also their usefulness iniron-storage disorders and anaemias, it is likely they will become additional valuable tools inthe diagnosis and monitoring of treatment not only of patients with different forms ofhaemochromatoses, but also, for example, in the common clinical condition of secondary/inflammatory anaemias.As an example of the current advances in the roles of these molecules in iron metabolismand in anaemia, the biological functions of hepcidin will be briefly highlighted, including itsinteraction with iron, ferroportin and HJV.HepcidinMammals lack regulated mechanisms for iron excretion and their iron balance is thereforemaintained by tight regulation of the iron absorption in the upper small intestine. The
A Novel Class of Somatic Small RNAs Similar to Germ Cell Pachytene PIWI-interacting Small RNAs*

Background: Germ cells exclusively express PIWI-interacting small RNAs for transposon and gene regulation. Results: Somatic cells express similar RNAs that do not require known small RNA proteins and that partially complement mRNAs. Conclusion: These somatic small RNAs represent a novel small RNA population, which potentially regulates mRNA translation. Significance: Defining novel small RNAs is essential for elucidating the mechanisms that control gene expression. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that bind PIWI family proteins exclusively expressed in the germ cells of mammalian gonads. MIWI2-associated piRNAs are essential for silencing transposons during primordial germ cell development, and MIWI-bound piRNAs are required for normal spermatogenesis during adulthood in mice. Although piRNAs have long been regarded as germ cell-specific, increasing lines of evidence suggest that somatic cells also express piRNA-like RNAs (pilRNAs). Here, we report the detection of abundant pilRNAs in somatic cells, which are similar to MIWI-associated piRNAs mainly expressed in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids in the testis. Based on small RNA deep sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses, pilRNA expression is dynamic and displays tissue specificity. Although pilRNAs are similar to pachytene piRNAs in both size and genomic origins, they have a distinct ping-pong signature. Furthermore, pilRNA biogenesis appears to utilize a yet to be identified pathway, which is different from all currently known small RNA biogenetic pathways. In addition, pilRNAs appear to preferentially target the 3′-UTRs of mRNAs in a partially complementary manner. Our data suggest that pilRNAs, as an integral component of the small RNA transcriptome in somatic cell lineages, represent a distinct population of small RNAs that may have functions similar to germ cell piRNAs.
Fate and Effect of Endotoxin Derivatives in Tumor-Bearing Mice 1

Summary 1. A toxic endotoxin, its nontoxic chemical derivative called endotoxoid, and endotoxic glycolipids were tested in tumor-hemorrhage and lethality assays in tumor-bearing mice. All three materials were active in the tumor-hemorrhage assay. This indicates that neither toxicity nor the presence of O-antigenic polysaccharides is necessary to induce tumor hemorrhage. 2. No evidence of a direct action of endotoxin on tumors or of altered reticuloendothelial function could be obtained by the fluorescein antibody technique, which was used to detect the presence of endotoxin preparations in the different tissues. 3. Basic amines such as putrescine, spermine, and cadaverine, found in incompletely purified endotoxin preparations, and vasoactive agents such as histamine and serotonin could not duplicate the hemorrhagic activity of the endotoxic materials. 4. The tumor-bearing state increases the susceptibility of mice to the lethal action of all three materials. 5. Various inbred mouse strains, with or without tumor, showed a significantly different degree of endotoxin sensitivity.
Examination of the traditional raman lidar technique. II. Evaluating the ratios for water vapor and aerosols.

In a companion paper [Appl. Opt. 42, 2571 (2003)] the temperature dependence of Raman scattering and its influence on the Raman and Rayleigh-Mie lidar equations were examined. New forms of the lidar equation were developed to account for this temperature sensitivity.Here those results are used to derive the temperature-dependent forms of the equations for the water vapor mixing ratio, the aerosol scattering ratio, the aerosol backscatter coefficient, and the extinction-to-backscatter ratio. The error equations are developed, the influence of differential transmission is studied, and several laser sources are considered in the analysis. The results indicate that the temperature functions become significant when narrowband detection is used. Errors of 5% and more can be introduced into the water-vapor mixing ratio calculation at high altitudes, and errors larger than 10% are possible for calculations of aerosol scattering ratio and thus of aerosol backscatter coefficient and of extinction-to-backscatter ratio.
Menace of Air Pollution Worldwide

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. These are greater cause for concern because they are inadequately monitored. Air pollution from growing vehicular traffic, cutting down of trees to build express highways and flyovers and the hazards from industrial effluent have sharply increased the incidence of a range of diseases , from asthma to cancer to mental retardation, caused by increasing levels of lead (Pb) in the blood stream. Air pollution has become a devastating child killer throughout Asia. Children living in cities are unintended victims of the rapid industrialization and urbanization of most of Asian countries, poisoned by breathing air polluted by motor vehicle exhausts and industrial smokestacks. But kids in rural areas don’t escape harm either. Children die every year from breathing smoke from fires that turn their own homes into death traps. Because diseases tied to environmental factors can have more than one cause, it’s impossible to state flatly how many children are victims of air pollution. The large proportion of time that most people spend inside air-conditioned spaces increases the likelihood that poor indoor quality may cause adverse reactions such as allergies, eye irritation, headaches, feeling of confusion, and drowsiness as well as more serious long term effects. Carbon dioxide levels can be used as an indicator to evaluate whether adequate ventilation is taking place in the building. A high concentration of CO2 may indicate that other contaminants in the building may be concentrating. Problems associated with high CO2 are drowsiness, fatigue, and sick building syndrome. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the major sources of indoor air contamination. Inhalation of ETS is commonly termed as "second hand smoking" or "passive smoking". The ubiquitous nature of ETS in indoor environment indicates that some unintentional inhalation of ETS by non-smokers is inevitable. ETS is a dynamic and complex mixture of more than 4000 chemicals found in both vapour and particle phase. Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated metropolitan areas, especially in developing countries where environmental regulations are relatively lax or nonexistent. However, even populated areas in developed countries attain unhealthy levels of pollution. This manuscript delineates about various air pollutants, related health hazards and control measures.
Positive periodic solutions of nonautonomous functional differential equations depending on a parameter

where a = a(t), h = h(t), and τ = τ(t) are continuous T-periodic functions. We will also assume that T > 0, λ > 0, f = f (t) as well as h = h(t) are positive, ∫T 0 a(t)dt > 0. Functional differential equations with periodic delays appear in a number of ecological models. In particular, our equation can be interpreted as the standard Malthus population model y′ = −a(t)y subject to perturbation with periodical delay. One important question is whether these equations can support positive periodic solutions. Such questions have been studied extensively by a number of authors (cf. [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7] and the references therein). In this paper, we are concerned with the existence and nonexistence of periodic solutions when the parameter λ varies. For this purpose, we call a continuously differentiable and T-periodic function a periodic solution of (1) associated with λ∗ if it satisfies (1) when λ = λ∗. We show that there exists λ∗ > 0 such that (1) has at least one positive T-periodic solution for λ ∈ (0,λ∗] and does not have any T-periodic positive solutions for λ > λ∗. Our technique is based on the well-known upper and lower solutions method (cf. [5]). We proceed from (1) and obtain [ y(t)exp (∫ t
In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Extract of Allium scorodoprasum 1131

Mitic, V. D. , V. P. StankoV-JoVanoVic, M. D. ilic, J. S. cVetkoVic, M. V. DiMitriJeVic and G. S. StoJanoVic, 2014. In vitro antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Allium scorodoprasum. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 1130-1136 the antioxidant properties of methanol extract of Allium scorodoprasum bulb and seed were evaluated, through determination of total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging and ferric thiocyanate methods. Bulb extract showed greater reducing power (aeac value per 1 mg of dry extract for bulb was 6.00 ± 1.03 mg) and ability to scavenge DPPH radical, as well as total phenolic (36.692 ± 4.475 μg Ga/mg of dried bulb extract) and flavonoid content. Total phenolic and flavonoid content assay were correlated with ferric reducing power and “scavenging” radical capacity test, and correlation among them was significant. Our research showed that Allium scorodoprasum can be considered as plant with antioxidant compounds.
Location in Ad Hoc Networks

An ad hoc1 network is defined as a decentralised wireless network that is set up on-the-fly for a specific purpose. These networks were proposed years ago for military use, with the purpose of communicating devices in a highly constrained scenario. Under such a network, devices join and leave the network dynamically; thus, it cannot be expected to have any kind of network infrastructure. This wish for decentralised on-the-fly networks has subsequently expanded to cover several fields besides the military. Today, there are several mobile services requiring the self-organising capabilities that ad hoc networks offer. Examples include packet tracking, online-gaming, and measuring systems, among others. Ad hoc networks have obvious benefits for mobile services, but they also introduce new issues that regular network protocols cannot cope with, including optimum routing, network fragmentation, reduced calculation power, energy-constrained terminals, etc. In ad hoc networks, positioning takes a significant role, mainly due to the on-the-fly condition. In fact, several services require nodes to know the position of the customers in order to perform their duty properly. Wireless sensor networks concentrate most of the services that need positioning to perform their duty. Such networks constitute a subset of ad hoc networks involving dense topologies operating in an ad hoc fashion, and they are composed of small, energy and computation constrained terminals. In ad hoc networks, and especially in wireless sensor networks, nodes are spread over a certain area without a precise knowledge about the topology. In fact, this topology is variable. Accordingly, there are several unknowns (e.g., node density and coverage, network’s energy map, the presence of shadowed zones, nodes’ placement in the network coverage area) that are likely to constrain the performance of ad hoc services. Knowledge of the terminals’ locations can substantially improve the service performance. Positioning is not only important for the service provisioning; it is also crucial in the ad hoc protocol stack development. Due to the changes in the topology and the lack of communication infrastructure, ad hoc protocols have to address several issues not present in regular cellular networks. Routing is one of the best examples of the dependence of ad hoc networks on positioning. Studies such as (Stojmenovic, 2002) demonstrate that only position-based routing protocols are scalable, i.e., able to cope with a higher density of
Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this E , E , " Pride signedited by Parsons , J . A .

(*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this E, E, "Pride signedited by Parsons, J.A. , patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Jobling call (Mol. Microbiol. 1961,5(7): 1755-67. U.S.C. 154(b) by 301 days. Moazed et al., J. Infectious Dis. 175:883-890, 1997. Murdin et al., J. Infectious Dis. 181(Supp. 3):S544-S551, 2000. (21) Appl. No.: 10/479,503 Wong et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 30(7):1625-1630, 1992. Yang et al., Infection & Immunity 61(5):2037-2040, 1993. (22) PCT Filed: May 31, 2002 International Search Report from PCT/US02/17278. Marston et al., “Discovery and characterization of a novel immu (86). PCT No.: PCT/USO2/17278 nogenic Chylamydophila pneumoniae peptide reactive with murine monoclonal and human serum antibodies,” 4 I ICAAC Abstracts, S 371 (c)(1), Chicago, IL, Sep. 22-25, 2001. (2), (4) Date: Dec. 2, 2003 Marston et al., “Newly Characterized Species-Specific Immuno s 9 genic Chlamydophila pneumonia Peptide Reactive with Murine Monoclonal and Human Serum Antibodies. ” Clinical and Diagnos (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO02/099039 tic Laboratory Immunology, 9(2):446-452, 2002. Naidu et al., “An immunogenic epitope of Chlamydia pneumoniae PCT Pub. Date: Dec. 12, 2002 from a random phage display peptide library is reactive with both O O monoclonal antibody and patients Sera. ” Immunology Letters, (65) Prior Publication Data 62(2): 111-115, 1998.
Bipolar disorder treatment guidelines and their limits in every day clinical practice

The most widely accepted definition of “guidelines” refers to: “. a set of recommendations systematically developed on the basis of acknowledgements continuously updated and validated, aiming to determine an optimal attitude to be adopted for a peculiar task. Guidelines should be considered as a starting point for setting attitudes and behaviors shared among different types of organizations, including private and public ones, belonging to different areas (including the medical setting), usually being not mandatory (conversely labeled as “protocols” or “procedure codes”), but highly recommended” 1. Medical guidelines usually represent a synthesis of current scientific knowledge developed by the integration of the evidence-based data (mainly from randomized, placebo controlled clinical trials, RCTs) with the rational clinical practice and the experience regarding a specific topic. Generally, guidelines are defined by a committee of internationally recognized experts on the topic, evaluating available data and ranking studies according to certain “levels of evidence”, i.e., the modality by which researchers categorize efficacy from evidence-based data. In addition, several committees incorporate adjunctive clinical data from open trials, retrospective analyses and expert consensus on efficacy and tolerability (in one word, effectiveness) of different treatment options in order to propose a “recommendation grade” for each therapeutic option 2. Guidelines should be particularly valuable when a given disorder manifests with heterogeneous clinical presentations and/or when it should require different therapeutic approaches within its course, as in the case of bipolar disorder (BD), which often represents a hard to treat, disabling, and potentially life threatening condition 3. Within the past decades, a growing number of guidelines have been proposed for the treatment and management of BD across its different phases; such guidelines are continuously updated and increasingly comprehensive. Yet, despite their informative and educational value, a number of constraints strongly limit their clinical applicability, actually making them difficult to be followed by clinicians. We consider some aspects that may account for this issue, also trying to give practical advice about possible misleading use of the guidelines and their possible negative consequences in the treatment of BD in everyday clinical practice.
Leniency and Severity Errors in Performance Appraisal in the Context ofCollectivist and Individualist Culture

Although the difficulty in carrying out the human resources’ practices into life in different cultures is a major problem that the implementers have been handling for years, the “appraisal errors”, which are important obstacles in front of an effective performance appraisal, are needed to be examined more deeply in terms of socio-cultural factors. Because, performance appraisals may be affected much by the value judgments that may have quite serious differences with respect to the cultures. Therefore putting forward the effects of the context in which the appraisal errors take place, has a critic importance for making sense of the error reasons and for creating solutions. In this study, leniency and severity errors, those are included in the performance errors, have been examined in the context of collectivist and individualist cultures. Besides, the question as “how do the judgment values of those cultures affect the tendencies of the raters towards leniency and severity error? ” has been tried to answer. This theoretical study has revealed that the variety of the cultural differences could affect the tendencies of the raters towards leniency and severity influentially.
Interaction in Multidimensional Contingency Tables : An Information Theoretic Approach

The problem of interaction in multidimensional contingency tables is inves tigated from the viewpoint of information theory as developed by Kullbac k. The hypothesis of no rth-order interaction is defined in the sense of an hypothes is of "generalized" independence of class ifications with fixed rth order marginal restraints. For a three· way table, with given cell probabilities 7Tijk , the minimum discrimination information for a continge ncy table with marginals P jj . , P. jk, and P i . is given by the se t of cell probabilities P 0 k = a jjbjk e ,,·7Ti j k where aij , b j ,. , and eik are functions of the given marginal probabilities , that is, In (p! jJ7Tij") = In a ij + In bj k + In e ,,·, representing no second-order interaction. The minimum discrimination inlormation stati sti c, asymptotically distributed as X" with appropriate degrees of freedom is
Complex Distributions Emerging in Filtering and Compression

In filtering, each output is produced by a certain number of different inputs. We explore the statistics of this degeneracy in an explicitly treatable filtering problem in which filtering performs the maximal compression of relevant information contained in inputs. The filter patterns in this problem conveniently allow a microscopic, combinatorial consideration. This allows us to find the statistics of outputs, namely the exact distribution of output degeneracies, for relatively large input sizes. We observe that the resulting degeneracy distribution of outputs decays as $e^{-c\log^\alpha \! d}$ with degeneracy $d$, where $c$ is a constant and exponent $\alpha>1$, i.e. faster than a power law. Importantly, its form essentially depends on the size of the input data set, appearing to be closer to a power-law dependence for small data set sizes than for large ones. We demonstrate that for sufficiently small input data set sizes typical for empirical studies, this distribution could be easily perceived as a power law.
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR MASSIVE ONLINE GAMING

Virtual worlds and massive multiplayer online games are amongst the most popular applications on the Internet. In order to host these applications a reliable architecture is required. It is essential for the architecture to handle high user loads, maintain a complex game state, promptly respond to game interactions, and prevent cheating, amongst other properties. Many of today’s Massive Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG) use client-server architectures to provide multiplayer service. Clients (players) send their actions to a server. The latter calculates the game state and publishes the information to the clients. Although the client-server architecture has been widely adopted in the past for MMOG, it suffers from many limitations. First, applications based on a client-server architecture are difficult to support and maintain given the dynamic user base of online games. Such architectures do not easily scale (or handle heavy loads). Also, the server constitutes a single point of failure. We argue that peer-to-peer architectures can provide better support for MMOG. Peer-to-peer architectures can enable the user base to scale to a large number. They also limit disruptions experienced by players due to other nodes failing. This research designs and implements a peer-to-peer architecture for MMOG. The peer-to-peer architecture aims at reducing message latency over the network and on the application layer. We refine the communication between nodes in the architecture to reduce network latency by using SPDY, a protocol designed to reduce web page load time. For the application layer, an event-driven paradigm was used to process messages. Through user load simulation, we show that our peer-to-peer design is able to process and reliably deliver messages in a timely manner. Furthermore, by distributing the work conducted by a game server, our research shows that a peer-to-peer architecture responds quicker to requests compared to client-server models.
WEAK SOLUTIONS AND MAXIMAL REGULARITY FOR

in the framework of a Hilbert triple {V,H, V ′}; here A(t), t ∈]0, T [, is a family of linear continuous and coercive operators from V to V ′ and φ is a proper convex l.s. c. function defined in V with values in ]−∞,∞]. We give a weak formulation of (? ) which allows f ∈ H−1/2+δ(0, T ;H), for some δ > 0 and we prove that the weak solution belongs to H1/2− (0, T ;H), ∀ > 0, besides the standard L(0, T ;V ) ∩ L∞(0, T ;H). Under suitable regularity hypotheses on the data f (in particular f ∈ H(0, T ;H) for some δ > 0 is sufficient) and u0, the strong solution is in H3/2− (0, T ;H), ∀ > 0. In this case we prove an optimal error estimate for the backward Euler discretization of (? ) in L(0, T ;V ) ∩ L∞(0, T ;H) and in H(0, T ;H). We apply these results to the porous medium and the Stefan problem.