Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Equilibrium Network Externalities in the ACH Banking Industry 1

We seek to estimate the causes and magnitudes of network externalities for the automated clearinghouse (ACH) electronic payments system, using a panel data set on individual bank usage of ACH. We construct an equilibrium model of consumer and bank adoption of ACH in the presence of a network. The model identifies network externalities from correlations of changes in usage levels for banks within a network, from changes in usage following changes in market concentration or sizes of competitors and from adoption decisions of banks outside the network with small branches in the network, and can separately identify consumer and bank network effects. We structurally estimate the parameters of the model by matching equilibrium behavior to the data, using simulated maximum likelihood and a data set of localized networks, and use a bootstrap to recover standard errors. The parameters are estimated with high precision and fit various moments of the data reasonably well. We find that most of the impediment to ACH adoption is due to large consumer fixed costs of adoption. The deadweight loss from the network externality is moderate: the optimal number of ACH transactions is about 16% higher than the equilibrium level. 1 We thank Jinyong Hahn, Andrea Moro, Klaas van’t Veld and seminar participants at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Southern California, the University of California Irvine, the United States Department of Justice, the Cowles Foundation Conference on Strategy and Decision Making, the Lisbon CEPR Conference on Applied Industrial Organization and SITE 2002 for helpful comments. The views expressed herein are solely those of the authors, and do not reflect the views of any other organization.
Liquidity Provision During Circuit Breakers and Extreme Market Movements

On October 27, 1997, circuit breakers caused the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) to halt trading for the first time in history as the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) lost 554 points. The next day, the NYSE traded a record 1.2 billion shares as the DJIA increased by 337 points, the largest single-day point gain to date. Using data on the limit order books and specialists? quotes, we examine liquidity provision by limit order traders and floor members during thse extreme market movements. We find evidence that specialists fulfilled their obligations to ? lean against the wind? even though liquidity provision by limit order traders declined precipitously. An analysis of activity during the circuit breaker reveals that limit order traders generally either remained inactive or withdrew liquidity during the market-wide trading halt.
Aalborg Universitet Muscle synergies during bench

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The Indigenous right of self-determination and 'the state' in the Northern Territory of Australia

The topic of this thesis is the prolonged denial and eventual recognition of the rights of the Indigenous peoples of Australia following the British assertion of sovereignty. The analysis considers the manner in which the denial and subsequent recognition of Indigenous rights has affected the system of government of the dominant society (the Commonwealth of Australia) in terms of the establishment and evolution of the constitutional framework and associated processes of institutional change in the principles, structures and procedures of the system of government. The primary jurisdiction in which this topic is explored is the Northern Territory of Australia; the primary contexts are the recognition of Indigenous land rights (defined broadly to include associated natural and cultural heritage and resource rights) and the Indigenous right to self government within ‘the state’ (the internationally constituted and recognised polity of the Commonwealth of Australia). The thesis draws on analogous developments in Canada and New Zealand to demonstrate that, while significant progress has been made in the recognition of Indigenous rights since the 1960s, many forms of recognition remain conceptually and procedurally limited. In particular, associated regimes have almost invariably been devised and implemented within a fundamentally monocultural context in which Indigenous rights remain subject to unilateral abrogation or extinguishment by Commonwealth governments. In addition, the legal basis of and requirements for recognition of Indigenous rights according to Commonwealth law result in extremely variable levels of recognition in different areas and contexts, and principles and procedures for the mutual recognition and co-existence of Indigenous and Commonwealth law and systems of government are only partially apparent in the Federal and Northern Territory systems of government. In addition to extending and deepening the recognition of Indigenous rights throughout all relevant institutions of the system of government, to address these deficiencies the thesis argues that constitutional recognition and protection of Indigenous rights and the negotiation of treaties are essential if the Indigenous right of selfdetermination is to be respected and accommodated by the dominant society.
Limited Flooding Scheme in Mobile Sensor Networks

Mobile Sensor Networks (MSN) is composed of a distributed collection of mobile sensor nodes, each of which has sensing, computation, communication and locomotion capabilities. Since the routing path can be broken when some nodes on the path move to other position, MSN may have a high rate of communication failure. So, MSN has to provide a means for low-cost and low-power routing to support mobility of sensor nodes. In this paper, a limited flooding scheme for routing in MSN is proposed to allow efficient energy utilization without requiring any complicated tasks for path maintenance.
Change detection analysis of land use by using geospatial techniques: a case study of Faisalabad-Pakistan.

Urban centers and cities are the most dynamic regions on the face of the earth. Today cities are the socio-cultural centers in present day life of millions of people around the globe. They are the clusters of population agglomerations. Like other developing countries of the world, Pakistan possessed a number of fast growing cities including Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Hyderabad and Rawalpindi. Faisalabad is one of these fast growing cities of the country and expanding rapidly with varying growth rates and patterns. Two cities of the country viz; Karachi and Lahore have already attained the status of megacities due to their areal extent as well urban proportion in total population. Faisalabad is also on its way to attain this status since the spatial growth is a continuous phenomenon and likely to continue in future. In order to detect and monitor changes in the land use of these fast growing cities like Faisalabad, a variety of techniques and methods can be employed. Among many, geospatial technologies provide essential tools which can be applied in the analysis of LU change detection. This paper is an attempt to assess the land use change detection by using geospatial techniques like SRS and GIS within the defined urban area of Faisalabad city from 1980-2010.
Online Pediatric Information Seeking Among Mothers of Young Children: Results From a Qualitative Study Using Focus Groups

Background Pre-natal and post-natal periods are times when many women actively seek health information from multiple sources, including the Internet. However, little is known about how pregnant women and mothers of young children seek and process online pediatric health information. Objective To explore why and where mothers of young children look for online health information and how they determine if the information they receive is trustworthy. Methods Focus groups were conducted in a Southeastern US city to provide an in-depth exploration of web-related behaviors and beliefs among mothers who work inside and outside of the home. Data from the focus groups were coded using deductive and inductive coding schemes and content was analyzed for the existence of themes. Results Twenty mothers of young children participated in four focus groups. Most participants sought information on the Internet during pregnancy and nearly all sought online information after their child was born, primarily to diagnose or treat pediatric conditions and to seek advice on parenting and development. Participants mainly used commercial information websites for health information and many expressed disdain for commercial product websites. Many also expressed concerns about the reliability of health information on the web and described strategies for determining how much they trust each website. Conclusions Women appear to be high information seekers during pregnancy and the first few years following delivery, and this period represents an important window of time for providing online health information. Participants suggested that online information sources and motives for providing online information should be clear in order to increase perceptions of trust. Participants expressed preference for online clinical health information that is presented by clinical professionals, and online parenting advice that is presented from other parents.
Therapeutics & Clinical Pharmacology

Objective: To assess the clinical performance (color matching and stability, fracture, marginal adaptation, patient satisfaction, and sensitivity) of laminate veneers constructed from Celtra press ceramic and IPS e.max press ceramic with incisal wrap design (split-mouth design). Methodology: Thirty-four ceramic laminate veneers were fabricated for maxillary anterior teeth in six patients. The veneers were randomly divided into two groups based on their material. Group I (the control group) was constructed from IPS e.max press veneers, and Group II (the intervention group) was constructed from Celtra press veneers. The follow-up sessions were performed after 24 hours of cementation (the baseline), then every three months for up to a year for each patient, using a dental probe and operator vision to assess color matching, fracture, and sensitivity in accordance with USPHS criteria. A spectrophotometer (Vita EasyShade®V) was also used to assess the color stability of the restoration. Patients’ satisfaction was also evaluated using a questionnaire chart. Results: An insignificant difference in both groups was revealed, considering color matching, color stability, fractures, marginal adaptation, and sensitivity at all follow-up intervals. While patients' satisfaction results showed a statistically significant difference in some evaluated factors, there wasn’t a clinically significant difference. Conclusion: After one year of follow-up, both Celtra press laminate veneers and IPS e.max press laminate veneers showed successful clinical performance in anterior teeth requiring conservative labial laminate veneers with incisal wrap design in terms of color matching and color stability, fracture, marginal adaptation, sensitivity, and patient satisfaction.
METODOLOGÍA PARA LA ESTIMACIÓN DEL RIESGO DE EROSIÓN HÍDRICA EN CUENCAS HIDROGRÁFICAS UTILIZANDO UN SIG

Se presenta en este trabajo una metodologia para evaluar el riesgo de erosion hidrica en la Cuenca Hidrografica “Santa Catarina” en el Estado de Queretaro. El riesgo fue evaluado mediante el analisis multiplicativo de cuatro factores incluidos en la Ecuacion Universal de Perdida de Suelo (EUPS). Los cuatro factores considerados involucran la potencialidad erosiva de la lluvia y el escurrimiento (factor R), la susceptibilidad del suelo a la erosion (factor K) y el efecto del grado (factor S) y la longitud de la pendiente (factor L). Los resultados obtenidos muestran total concordancia al coincidir las regiones ya erosionadas actualmente con aquellas encontradas con un riesgo muy alto de erosion. Los resultados sirvieron tambien para la planeacion de un programa de manejo y conservacion del recurso suelo de la Cuenca
Combinac¸˜ao Convexa de Filtros H 2 e H ∞ para Equalizac¸ ˜ao Adaptativa

— In this work, H 2 and H ∞ optimization criteria are brieﬂy discussed and the employment of the resulting H 2 and H ∞ ﬁlters is evaluated in the context of adaptive channel equalization. The criteria complementarity, with the ﬁrst criterion presenting better mean performance and the second one being appropriate for “worst case” situations, suggests a combination of their characteristics. Therefore, a convex combination of the H 2 and H ∞ ﬁlters is carried out, which leads to a structure that performs in terms of mean-square error as well as (and in some conditions better than) the best individual ﬁlter
Francesco Scervini Serena Trucchi Intergenerational Precautionary Saving in Europe

This paper examines the interaction between altruism towards offspring and precautionary savings. It investigates whether increased uncertainty in children labor income fosters savings of parents. We first construct a two-periods and two-generations model, to underline which are the mechanisms behind the intergenerational precautionary motive for savings. Second, we exploit two micro datasets to test the main theoretical implications. Parents’ consumption turns out to respond to the offspring’s income risk. This result is robust to the presence of family fixed effects and to many alternative empirical specifications.
A new Miocene biostratigraphy for the northeastern North Atlantic: an integrated foraminiferal, bolboformid, dinoflagellate and diatom zonation

This study presents a new Miocene biostratigraphic synthesis for the high-latitude northeastern North Atlantic region. Via correlations to the bio-magnetostratigraphy and oxygen isotope records of Ocean Drilling Program and Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites, the ages of shallower North Sea deposits have been better constrained. The result has been an improved precision and documentation of the age designations of the existing North Sea foraminiferal zonal boundaries of King (1989) and Gradstein and Bäckström (1996). All calibrations have been updated to the Astronomically Tuned Neogene Time Scale (ATNTS) of Lourens et al. (2004). This improved Miocene biozonation has been achieved through: the updating of age calibrations for key micro fossil bioevents, identification of new events, and integration of new biostratigraphic data from a fora mini feral analysis of commercial wells in the North Sea and Norwegian Sea. The new zonation has been successfully applied to two commercial wells and an onshore research borehole. At these high latitudes, where standard zonal markers are often absent, integration of microfossil groups significantly improves temporal resolution. The new zonation comprises 11 Nordic Miocene (NM) Zones with an average duration of 1 to 2 million years. This multi-group combination of a total of 92 bioevents (70 foraminifers and bolboformids; 16 dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs; 6 marine diatoms) facilitates zonal identification throughout the Nordic Atlantic region. With the highest proportion of events being of calcareous walled microfossils, this zonation is primarily suited to micropaleontologists. A correlation of this Miocene biostratigraphy with a re-calibrated oxygen isotope record for DSDP Site 608 suggests a strong correlation between Miocene planktonic microfossil turnover rates and the inferred paleoclimatic trends. Benthic foraminifera zonal boundaries appear to often coincide with Miocene global sequence boundaries. The biostratigraphic record is punctuated by four main stratigraphic hiati which show variation in their geographic and temporal extent. These are related to the following regional unconformities: basal Neogene, Lower/Middle Miocene (“mid-Miocene unconformity”), basal Upper Miocene and basal Messinian unconformities. Further coring of Neogene sections in the North Sea and Norwegian Sea may better constrain their extent and their effect on the biostratigraphic record.
A New Instrument for Microbial Epidemiology

Insights and knowledge about local antimicrobial resistance (AMR) levels and epidemiology are essential to guide optimal decision-making processes in antimicrobial use. However, dedicated tools for reliable and reproducible AMR data analysis and reporting are often lacking. In this study, we aimed at comparing the effectiveness and efficiency of traditional analysis and reporting versus a new approach for reliable and reproducible AMR data analysis in a clinical setting. Ten professionals that routinely work with AMR data were recruited and provided with one year’s blood culture test results from a tertiary care hospital results including antimicrobial susceptibility test results. Participants were asked to perform a detailed AMR data analysis in a two-round process: first using their analysis software of choice and next using previously developed open-source software tools. Accuracy of the results and time spent were compared between both rounds. Finally, participants rated the usability of the tools using the systems usability scale (SUS). The mean time spent on creating a comprehensive AMR report reduced from 93.7 (SD ±21.6) minutes to 22.4 (SD ±13.7) minutes ( p < 0.001). Average task completion per round changed from 56% (SD: ±23%) to 96% (SD: ±5.5%) ( p < 0.05). The proportion of correct answers in the available results increased from 37.9% in the first to 97.9% in the second round ( p < 0.001). The usability of the new tools was rated with a median of 83.8 (out of 100) on the SUS. This study demonstrated the significant improvement in efficiency and accuracy in standard AMR data analysis and reporting workflows through open-source software tools in a clinical setting. Integrating these tools in clinical settings can democratise the access to fast
Vulnerability and the Impacts of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa

the links between socioeconomic status and HIV portrays poor individuals and households as being more vulnerable to HIV infection, and least able to cope with the ensuing impacts of AIDS-related disease and death. While early stages of the epidemic in the 1980s and early 1990s were driven by ‘mobile men with money’, AIDS is now conventionally perceived as a disease of poverty. But is this too simplistic?
Contribution of Hippocampal and Extra-Hippocampal NR 2 B-Containing NMDA Receptors to Performance on Spatial Learning Tasks

Experimental Procedures NR2B 2lox Mice To obtain the genomic fragment containing NR2B exon 9, a 129/Sv mouse genomic library (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) was screened with two oligonucleotides complementary to intronic regions flanking exon 9. LoxP sites were inserted into introns 8 and 9, a Hind III restriction site into intron 8 for screening by Southern blot, and, for positive selection, a neomycin resistance gene (neo) flanked by two frt sites into intron 9. To enable mRNA quantification from the wt versus the mutant allele in heterozygous mice, two silent mutations creating an Age I restriction site were introduced into exon 9.
Bacterial pathogens associated with severity of HCV infection

: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious pathogen with epidemic ≥ 170 millions and Egypt considered the highest, while immunocompromised chronic HCV patients suffer from serious microbial infections especially bacteria. Aim: investigation of common bacterial infections in patients with chronic HCV in Egypt and its association with HCV severity. Methods: This clinical study was conducted on chronic HCV patients and healthy individuals, while urine and blood samples were collected under optimized conditions. Bacteria were isolated from urine samples and identified using VETIK2 system. Flow cytometry was used for CD56 + and CD3 + levels detection. Alanine/Aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST) levels were detected biochemically, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) level detection and HCV PCR was performed for viral load detection. The result s: showed that Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Eschirechia coli were the common bacterial infections. The slight reduction in CD3 + and CD56 + levels were coincident with the increase of Alt, AST and DGAT1 levels as patients suffered from high HCV load. Conclusion : HCV patients are immunocompromised and suffer from serious secondary bacterial infections which increased the severity of HCV infection.
Characteristics of Soils under the Forest Steppe in Mongolia (THE 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARID LAND (ICAL 2))

The forest steppe in Mongolia lies between the taiga forests and the steppe grasslands, in moister conditions than steppe grasslands. Forest steppe encompasses both coniferous forests and grasslands, each with a unique distribution pattern. This geographical diversity supports biodiversity, giving the forest steppe great value. Although there are many studies of the vegetation of forest steppe, few studies relate vegetation to soil properties. The objective of this study was to clarify the characteristics of soils under the forest steppe in Mongolia. The study was carried out at four sites in Gorkhi-Terelj National Park. We investigated the soil profiles under grassland on a south-facing slope (TER-G) and on a ridge (TER-T), under forest on a north-facing slope (TER-F1) and under dense forest on a north-facing slope (TER-F2). We analyzed soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH (H2O, KCl), exchangeable bases, CEC and humic substances. Two soil-vegetation associations were identified. On Phaeozems characterized by a high C content and high base saturation ratio, the A horizon became thicker, the humic C to fulvic C ratio increased, and the ratio of humic acid to humic + fulvic acids increased as the vegetation changed from forest to grassland. In contrast, Umbrisol was characterized by a low C content, a high C/N ratio and a low base saturation ratio.
Chern-flat manifolds and complex 2-step nilpotent Lie algebras

The study of quasi-K¨ahler Chern-ﬂat almost Hermitian manifolds is strictly related to the study of anti-bi-invariant almost complex Lie algebras. In the present paper we show that quasi-K¨ahler Chern-ﬂat almost Hermitian structures on compact manifolds are in correspondence to complex parallelisable Hermitian structures satisfying the second Gray identity. From an algebraic point of view this correspondence reads as a natural correspondence between anti-bi-invariant almost complex structures on Lie algebras to bi-invariant complex structures. Some natural algebraic problems are approached and some exotic examples are carefully described.