Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Volatile and N isotope chemistry of the Molucca Sea collision zone: Tracing source components along the Sangihe Arc, Indonesia

Volcanic gases are sensitive indicators of subduction processes and are used to evaluate the contributions from various source components. Nitrogen isotope systematics in particular are a valuable tool for determining the fate of organic matter in subduction zones. We present the first arc‐wide survey of trace gas chemistry and nitrogen isotope variations from the Sangihe Arc of northeastern Indonesia, where the narrow Molucca Sea Plate subducts beneath the Sangihe Arc to the west and the Halmahera Arc to the east. Relative volatile abundances and N isotopic compositions of volcanic gases show systematic along‐arc variations. Northern volcanoes exhibit low N2/He ratios and δ15N values (northern minima 542 and −7.3‰, respectively), indicating minimal addition of sediment to source magmas. In contrast, the southern part of the arc is characterized by high N2/He and δ15N values (southern maxima 2000 and +2.1‰, respectively), consistent with greater sediment contributions in the formation of the magmas. These observations can be correlated with the complex tectonic setting of the region whereby oblique collision between the two arcs has caused sediment obduction, decoupling the accretionary wedges from the underlying oceanic plate. In the north, where the collision is more developed, the lack of trace gas and N isotope evidence of sedimentary inputs to the source of arc magmas is consistent with enhanced sediment decoupling. In the south, where collision and accretionary wedge decoupling are not yet taking place, sediments would presumably subduct normally, in agreement with higher N2/He and δ15N values. Awu volcano, at the northernmost extension of the arc, is anomalous and exhibits high N2/He (2852) coupled with low δ15N (−3.3‰). These values are suggestive of increased slab contribution in the northernmost arc, possibly by slab melting as collision stalls the progress of the subducting plate and allows it to become superheated.
Effects of sampling scale on patterns of habitat association in tropical trees

Questions: Niche differentiation is a central explanation for the co-existence and distribution patterns of numerous tree species in tropical forests, but functional equivalence leading to neutral dynamics has been proposed as an alternative explanation. This niche vs neutral debate is fuelled by the highly variable results yielded by studies of the association between tree species distributions and environmental factors, where some studies find strong associations but others do not. Here, we ask how differences in sampling scale between studies contribute to this variation. Location: Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Methods: Using distribution maps of canopy-statured individuals, we evaluated patterns of habitat association in five tropical tree species on Barro Colorado Island across a wide range of sampling scales (from 50 to 1600 ha). We investigated the scale-dependency of species clumping patterns (Ripley’s K) and the association of species distributions with important environmental variables (forest age, topography and geological formation) using point pattern analyses. Results: Clump size and clump density had high variances within and among spatial scales. Significant habitat associations were found in all five species, with the number of habitat associations generally increasing with the sampling scale. Ignoring dispersal constraints inflated the number of significant habitat associations. Conclusions: We found that patterns of habitat association (and hence conclusions on the importance of niche vs neutral processes) are strongly affected by the choice of sampling scale and location. Explicit inclusion of the effect of spatial scale is critical for studies of habitat association and the main processes that structure communities of tropical trees.
Compositional Zoning of the Bishop Tuff

and the roofward decline in liquidus temperature of the zoned melt, prevented significant crystallization against the roof, consistent with dominance of crystal-poor magma early in the eruption and lack of any roof-rind fragments among the Bishop ejecta, before or after onset of caldera collapse. A model of secular incremental zoning is advanced wherein numerous batches of crystal-poor melt were released from a mush zone (many kilometers thick) that floored the accumulating rhyolitic melt-rich body. Each batch rose to its own appropriate level in the melt-buoyancy gradient, which was selfsustaining against wholesale convective re-homogenization, while the thick mush zone below buffered it against disruption by the deeper (non-rhyolitic) recharge that augmented the mush zone and thermally sustained the whole magma chamber. Crystal^melt fractionation was the dominant zoning process, but it took place not principally in the shallow melt-rich body but mostly in the pluton-scale mush zone before and during batchwise melt extraction.
Sistemas de apoio à decisão para problemas de localização e roteamento.

O objetivo deste trabalho e mostrar os sistemas de apoio a decisao desenvolvidos para solucionar problemas de localizacao e roteamento, composto pelos novos enfoques de algoritmos de localizacao e roteamento e sistemas de informacao geografica Spring, Map Objects, Transcard e Arc View.
Tertiary Cardiovascular Syphilis Presenting as Aortic Regurgitation, Aortitis, Thrombus, and Coronary Artery Occlusion, Requiring Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Patient: Male, 51-year-old Final Diagnosis: Syphilis Symptoms: Dyspena Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Cardiology Objective: Rare coexistence of disease or pathology Background: Heart failure is caused by coronary artery disease, valvular disease, and arrhythmias and is highly treatable with recent technology. However, the incidence of syphilis is increasing worldwide. This case report describes tertiary cardiovascular syphilis, accompanied by aortic regurgitation, syphilitic aortitis complicated by thrombus of the ascending aorta, and coronary artery occlusion, requiring percutaneous coronary artery intervention. Case Report: A 51-year-old Japanese man with no significant medical history was admitted to the hospital for worsening shortness of breath on exertion. On physical examination, there was no edema in either lower leg. Chest X-rays showed an enlarged heart and pulmonary congestion, and echocardiography showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 18%, with full circumferential wall motion impairment. Heart failure was diagnosed, and the patient was found to have severe coronary artery disease and aortic regurgitation. He underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for his coronary artery occlusion and was treated with medications for heart failure. Two months later, his condition improved, and PCI was performed for the revascularization of the remaining coronary artery. After PCI was completed, the patient was evaluated for vasculitis. The aortic wall lesion was likely a result of non-active syphilitic aortitis, and the results of serological tests of syphilis were positive. Therefore, we concluded that the diagnosis was cardiovascular syphilis. Conclusions: This case report has highlighted the need for clinicians to be aware of the cardiovascular findings in syphilis, including syphilitic aortitis, particularly at this time, when the global incidence of syphilis is increasing.
The importance of gas storage to the UK: The DECC perspective

The UK economy faces a major challenge; our indigenous gas supplies are in decline and we are moving towards increasing import dependence on gas. By the end of the decade, the UK will have an import dependency of around 30%, and by 2020 it could rise to some 80%. To manage this change, new gas supply infrastructure is needed to increase our capacity to import, store and transport gas efficiently. A regulatory environment that enables the development of timely and appropriately sited infrastructure projects is vital. The need for increased gas supply infrastructure, and a regulatory environment to allow such infrastructure to be delivered to the market in a timely fashion, was set out by the Government in the Energy White Paper of 2003 (DTI 2005a): Our Energy Future — creating a low carbon economy. It identified four challenges, one of which was securing the reliability of energy supplies. This remains integral to an energy policy that meets the needs and expectations of all energy consumers. It was considered as part of the DTI’s Energy Review (DTI 2006a) and will be addressed again in the forthcoming Energy White Paper. It is clear that any weakness in infrastructure could push up gas prices, or result in interruptions to supply, with harmful consequences for both UK industry and UK consumers.
Low-cost options for reducing consumer health risks from farm to fork where crops are irrigated with polluted water in West Africa

To identify interventions which reduce health risks of consumers where highly polluted irrigation water is used to irrigate vegetables in West Africa, scientists worked over 5 years with farmers, market traders and street food vendors in Ghana. The most promising low-cost interventions with high adoption potential were analyzed for their ability to reduce common levels of pathogens (counts of fecal coliforms and helminth eggs). The analysis showed the combination potential of various interventions, especially on-farm and during vegetable washing in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The tested market-based interventions were important to prevent new or additional contamination.
The meteorological and chemical processes influencing UK air quality investigated using satellite observations and modelling

Poor UK air quality has important social and economic impacts with ~29,000 premature deaths and costs to society of ~£20 billion, annually. It is important to understand the controlling factors and be able to forecast it. Therefore, the operational UK Met Office Air Quality in the Unified Model (AQUM), a short-range forecast model of atmospheric chemistry and aerosols, has been designed to predict hazardous air quality events. This study presents the first evaluation of AQUM using satellite observations of trace gases. These satellite observations, in comparison with AQUM, have also been used to investigate the influence of synoptic weather on UK air quality. Satellite data are prone to large random, systematic and smoothing errors. An algorithm has been developed to calculate and reduce the random error component of time-averaged Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) NO2 retrievals. It reduces the time-averaged tropospheric NO2 errors by 30-70% through the cancellation of random errors, which allows for a more critical evaluation of regional models. Comparisons with the processed observations of tropospheric column NO2 for 2006 show that AQUM overestimates column NO2 over northern England and Scotland in summer and across the domain in winter. Sensitivity experiments suggest that the model’s treatment of NOx point source (power station) emissions and missing N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry are the cause of these column NO2 overestimations. Satellite column NO2 composited under daily classifications of UK synoptic weather indicate that unstable (stable) cyclonic (anticyclonic) conditions lead to column NO2 transport (accumulation) away from (over) UK source regions. Wind direction influences column NO2 as source region leeward transport can be detected from space. AQUM, composited using the same methodology, successfully captures these air quality - synoptic weather relationships, giving confidence in its ability to forecast air pollution under different synoptic conditions.
Late Cenozoic stress distribution along the Misis Range in the Anatolian, Arabian, and African plate intersection region, SE Turkey

[1] This study defines the Mio-Pliocene to present-day stress regime acting at the northeastern Mediterranean along the SE border of the Neogene Adana basin along the Misis Range. The inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms shows that the present-day state of stress is dominantly a transtension, combined the strike-slip and extension with a consistent ENE (N83°E) trending σHmin (σ3) axis. The inversion slip vectors measured on fault planes and chronologies between striations indicate a consistent strike-slip stress regime that varied from transpressional initially to transtensional during Pleistocene time, with the latter continuing into recent times as indicated by earthquake focal mechanism inversions. Both states have consistent NNW (N15°W) trending, compatible with NNW Arabian drift direction, and ENE (N75°E) trending σHmax (σ1) and σHmin (σ3) axes, respectively, but have significantly different mean arithmetic stress ratio (Rm) values: Rm = 0.75 indicating transpression for the old regional stress regime and Rm of 0.20 denoting transtensional for the younger regional stress regime. The crosscutting of striations confirms also the change within the strike-slip stress regime. Both stress regimes induce sinistral displacement along the major strike-slip fault systems, i.e., East Anatolian Fault, Karatas-Osmaniye Fault. The temporal stress regime change probably occurred during Quaternary time and resulted from coeval influence of the superimposed forces owing to subduction processes in the southwest along the Cyprus arc, continental collision in the east, and westward escape of the Anatolian Block in the north and west.
Studies on Colombian cryptogams XX. A transect analysis of the bryophyte vegetation along an altitudinal gradient on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Along an altitudinal transect on the northern slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, 500-4100 m, five altitudinal bryophyte zones are distinguished – four forest zones and one paramo zone – based on ecosystem releve analysis concerning species presence, substrate preference and percentage cover of bryophytes. Releves were compared by using Sorensen’s Index of Similarity and a simplified dendrogram technique, and zonation diagrams were constructed. Bryophyte zonation seems primarily correlated with climatic factors (precipitation, air temperature) as preliminary data suggest. Species presence and cover percentage appear to be of almost equal significance in distinguishing the different bryophyte zones of the tropical forests and are highest in the so-called “condensation zones”. Work continues on other altitudinal transects in the Colombian Andes, in the framework of the ECOANDES project.
Factors affecting tomato consumption in the United States

Fresh and processed tomato consumption has increased significantly in the United States over the past two decades. However, little is known about the distribution of tomato consumption across different marketing sectors, geographic regions, or population groups. Using data from USDA’s 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, this article examines the consumption distribution of fresh and processed tomatoes in the United States. The analysis indicates that per capita fresh tomato consumption is greatest in the northeastern and western areas of the country while processed tomatoes are most popular in the West and Midwest. With the exception of catsup, the majority of tomatoes and products are consumed at home. Catsup is a teenage staple and one-third is consumed with fast foods.
Similar and Different: The Differentiation of Basic-Level Categories

Categories in the middle level of a taxonomic hierarchy tend to be highly differentiated in that they have both high levels of within-category similarity and low levels of between-category similarity. Research on similarity reveals a distinction between pairs of categories that are seen as dissimilar because they have few commonalities and pairs that are seen as dissimilar because they have many psychologically relevant alignable differences. The authors suggest that the low between-category similarity proposed for neighboring basic-level categories is actually a matter of having many psychologically relevant differences. In contrast, the low between-category similarity of superordinates is a result of their having few commonalities. The authors evaluate this claim in 4 experiments using a variety of natural stimuli and converging measures. The data support the importance of aliguable differences for distinguishing between pairs of basic-level categories.
COLOR FOR CONIFEROUS FOREST SPECIES

Abstract : Considerable interest has been aroused in aerial color photography in recent years, and in this study panchromatic and color photos at a scale of 1:5,000 were compared with regard to their relative value in the identification of coniferous tree species. It was concluded that in using color photos the interpreter can benefit from more varied stimuli in the interpretation process, a natural color appearance which can provide specific color signatures for many species, a greater amount of information on the canopy texture in general, and the morphological characteristics of the tree crown in particular. Not only is the total amount of information greater on the color photo, it is also better differentiated and therefore more easily interpreted. (Author)
Structure-Based Design of Pteridine Reductase Inhibitors Targeting African Sleeping Sickness and the Leishmaniases†

Pteridine reductase (PTR1) is a target for drug development against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species, parasites that cause serious tropical diseases and for which therapies are inadequate. We adopted a structure-based approach to the design of novel PTR1 inhibitors based on three molecular scaffolds. A series of compounds, most newly synthesized, were identified as inhibitors with PTR1-species specific properties explained by structural differences between the T. brucei and L. major enzymes. The most potent inhibitors target T. brucei PTR1, and two compounds displayed antiparasite activity against the bloodstream form of the parasite. PTR1 contributes to antifolate drug resistance by providing a molecular bypass of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibition. Therefore, combining PTR1 and DHFR inhibitors might improve therapeutic efficacy. We tested two new compounds with known DHFR inhibitors. A synergistic effect was observed for one particular combination highlighting the potential of such an approach for treatment of African sleeping sickness.
Tax-Financed Public Funds Injection into Banks and its Welfare Implications

I construct a model of a dynamic economy in which the government collects taxes and injects them into banks f capitals for stabilization of financial system. In theoretical part, I derive loan demand and supply functions from dynamic optimizing problems of households and banks. Carrying out a simulation, I show that the injection improves welfare in some first periods, although it rather aggravates in the long term. I also show that the injection induces efficient investments in some first periods, while, it induces inefficient investments in the long term.
NONCOMMUTATIVE SPECTRAL SYNTHESIS FOR THE INVOLUTIVE BANACH ALGEBRA ASSOCIATED WITH A TOPOLOGICAL DYNAMICAL SYSTEM

If Σ = (X,σ) is a topological dynamical system, where X is a compact Hausdorff space and σ is a homeomorphism of X, then a crossed product involutive Banach algebra `(Σ) is naturally associated with these data. If X consists of one point, then `(Σ) is the group algebra of the integers, hence the general `(Σ) could be regarded as a noncommutative `-algebra. In this paper, we study spectral synthesis for the closed ideals of `(Σ) in two versions, one modeled after C(X), and one modeled after `(Z). We identify the closed ideals which are equal to (what is the analogue of) the kernel of their hull, and determine when this holds for all closed ideals, i.e., when spectral synthesis holds. In both models, this is the case precisely when Σ is free. Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail address: mdejeu@math.leidenuniv. nl Department of Mathematics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji City, Japan. E-mail address: juntomi@med.email. ne.jp Date: Received: 15 August 2012; Accepted: 25 November 2012. ∗ Corresponding author. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46K99; Secondary 46H10, 47L65.
Capillary pressure characteristics necessary for simulating DNAPL infiltration, redistribution, and immobilization in saturated porous media

This study presents a capillary‐pressure saturation (PC‐S) constitutive model that incorporates the capillary phenomena necessary for simulating the spatial distribution of nonwetting fluid migrating in a saturated porous medium. To develop a model validation data set, a sequence of dense, nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) pools were emplaced, under alternating drainage and imbibition conditions, in a one‐dimensional, 1 m tall, saturated sand pack. A light transmission/image analysis system successfully distinguished between connected‐phase and residual nonwetting fluid in the apparatus, thereby permitting the accurate measurement of DNAPL pool heights. These heights are found to depend on the nonzero capillary pressure across the fluid‐fluid interface at the top of the pool. The terminal pressure is demonstrated to be the minimum sustainable capillary pressure in connected‐phase nonwetting fluid experiencing imbibition, below which residual is formed. Additional bench‐scale experiments demonstrate that a nonwetting phase pool will penetrate an underlying capillary barrier when the entry pressure is exceeded and that the resulting infiltration will terminate when the capillary pressure at the barrier reduces to the terminal pressure. At the macroscopic scale the terminal pressure corresponds to the extinction saturation (i.e., zero nonwetting phase flow) at the inflection point on the imbibition PC‐S curve. A ratio of terminal to entry pressure of approximately 0.6 is found to apply at both bench and macroscopic scales and to be independent of porous media and fluid properties. The developed PC‐S constitutive model, which extends the Brooks‐Corey function to incorporate the terminal pressure, successfully predicted the behavior observed in the laboratory experiments. Constitutive models that do not incorporate both an entry and a terminal pressure, such as those based upon the standard van Genuchten function, are demonstrated to be unable to predict the observed equilibrium DNAPL pool heights in homogeneous media or above capillary barriers.
Lithosphere Thickness Control on the Extent and Pressure of Mantle Melting Beneath Intraplate Ocean Islands

(10); 5, Balleny (2); 6, Bouvet (1); 7, Cameroon Line (5); 8, Canary Islands (8); 9, Cape Verde (10); 10, Caroline (10); 11, Cocos (1); 12, Comoros (5); 13, Crozet (4); 14, Desertas (3); 15, Desventuradas (3); 16, Easter seamount (1); 17, Fernando de noronha (1); 18, Galapagos (23); 19, Gough chain (1); 20, Guadalupe (1); 21, Hawaiian (12); 22, Heard (1); 23, Iceland (4); 24, Jan Mayen (1); 25, Juan Fernandez (3); 26, Kerguelen (7); 27, Line Island Chain (1); 28, Macquarie (1); 29, Maderia (2); 30, Marion (1); 31, Marquesas (12); 32, Martin Vas (1); 33, Mascarene (1); 34, Mauritius (1); 35, Mcdonald (1); 36, Peter I island (1); 37, Pitcairn, Gambier (6); 38, Prince Edward (1); 39, Reunion (1); 40, Revillagigedo (4); 41, Ross Island (1); 42, Samoan (4); 43, Selvagen (2); 44, Society (10); 45, St Helena (1); 46, Svalbard (1); 47, Trinidade (1); 48, Tristan da Cunha (5); 49, Tuamotu (1). On diagram; island chain marked with red circle and number. Islands chains given in alphabetical order and number of islands associated with that chain in brackets. Map courtesy of http://chuma.cas. usf.edu/~juster/volc1/world%20map.gif Lithosphere Thickness Control on the Extent and Pressure of Mantle Melting Beneath Intraplate Ocean Islands