Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cooperative wideband spectrum detection based on Maximum Likelihood Ratio for cognitive VANET

Centralized cognitive Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a special VANET of vehicle-to-roadside (V2R) network that each vehicle could explore local spectrum gap and a central controller coordinates the spectrum for cognitive vehicles to realize dynamic spectrum access (DSA). In this paper, Maximum Likelihood Ratio (MLR) detection is proposed as the effective scheme for wideband spectrum detection in multi-carrier modulation based centralized cognitive VANET. Hard fusion process is implemented at central controller to make final decision by means of the combination of each vehicle's local sensing result with special rules. Meanwhile, robust cooperative sensing technique is investigated with the consideration of sensing channel SNR and reporting channel error rate. Simulation results are presented to confirm our theoretical derivations. It is revealed that, compared with energy detection (ED), cooperative wideband spectrum detection with MLR scheme has adaptive features. It is available to adaptive robust cooperative sensing with dynamic threshold variations for centralized cognitive VANET.
Does tea consumption during early pregnancy have an adverse effect on birth outcomes?

BACKGROUND Tea, a common beverage, has been suggested to exhibit a number of health benefits. However, one of its active ingredients, caffeine, has been associated with preterm birth and low birthweight. We investigated whether tea consumption during early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth and abnormal fetal growth. METHODS A total of 8775 pregnant women were included from the Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study. Tea consumption (type, frequency, and strength) during their first trimester and social and demographic factors were obtained by way of questionnaires administered during pregnancy. Information on birth outcomes and complications during pregnancy was obtained from hospital medical records. RESULTS Overall habitual tea drinking (≥1 serving/week) prevalence among pregnant women was low, at 16%. After adjustment for potential confounding factors (eg, maternal age, educational level, monthly income) tea drinking during early pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of preterm birth or abnormal fetal growth (small or large for gestational age) (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS We did not identify a consistent association between frequency of tea consumption or tea strength and adverse birth outcomes among Chinese pregnant women with low tea consumption. Our findings suggest that occasional tea drinking during pregnancy is not associated with increased risk of preterm birth or abnormal fetal growth. Given the high overall number of annual births in China, our findings have important public health significance.
Experimental simulations with an ecosystem model of the Baltic Sea: A nutrient load reduction experiment

The study presents results of decadal simulations of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea with a three‐dimensional coupled physical chemical biological model for the 1980s. The model consists of a circulation model, which is an implementation of the Modular Ocean Model (MOM 2) for the Baltic Sea and an embedded ecosystem model based on a nine‐component model (ERGOM [ Neumann, 2000 ]). The model was driven with realistic atmospheric forcing, river loads, and atmospheric deposition of nutrients. A simulation with the realistic forcing was carried out as a control run in order to study in a further experimental simulation the response of the model ecosystem to a 50% reduction of riverine nutrient loads. It was found that the model food web reacts on the load reduction in a complex manner. The changes in dissolved nutrients and in phytoplankton display a spatial variability and different species‐specific reactions. While the total biomass and nutrient inventories are reduced, there are significant regional differences. In particular, the role of cyanobacteria, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen, is important, and the biomass of cyanobacteria increases in response to the reduced loads. Although the model system needs further improvements, the present study is a step toward an understanding of the quantitative effects of a reduction of nutrient river loads to the Baltic Sea ecosystem based on a full three‐dimensional coupled model.
A decrease in discharge‐normalized DOC export by the Yukon River during summer through autumn

Climate warming is having a dramatic effect on the vegetation distribution and carbon cycling of terrestrial subarctic and arctic ecosystems. Here, we present hydrologic evidence that warming is also affecting the export of dissolved organic carbon and bicarbonate (DOC and HCO3−) at the large basin scale. In the 831,400 km2 Yukon River basin, water discharge (Q) corrected DOC export significantly decreased during the growing season from 1978–80 to 2001–03, indicating a major shift in terrestrial to aquatic C transfer. We conclude that decreased DOC export, relative to total summer through autumn Q, results from increased flow path, residence time, and microbial mineralization of DOC in the soil active layer and groundwater. Counter to current predictions, we argue that continued warming could result in decreased DOC export to the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean by major subarctic and arctic rivers, due to increased respiration of organic C on land.
Seasonal Synchronization of ENSO Events in a Linear Stochastic Model

Abstract A simple model of ENSO is developed to examine the effects of the seasonally varying background state of the equatorial Pacific on the seasonal synchronization of ENSO event peaks. The model is based on the stochastically forced recharge oscillator, extended to include periodic variations of the two main model parameters, which represent ENSO’s growth rate and angular frequency. Idealized experiments show that the seasonal cycle of the growth rate parameter sets the seasonal cycle of ENSO variance; the inclusion of the time dependence of the angular frequency parameter has a negligible effect. Event peaks occur toward the end of the season with the most unstable growth rate. Realistic values of the parameters are estimated from a linearized upper-ocean heat budget with output from a high-resolution general circulation model hindcast. Analysis of the hindcast output suggests that the damping by the mean flow field dominates the seasonal cycle of ENSO’s growth rate and, thereby, seasonal ENSO varia.
Determinants of agricultural best management practice adoption: Evidence from the literature

This article reviews 25 years of literature focused on the adoption of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) in the United States to examine general trends in the categories of capacity, awareness, attitudes and farm characteristics. The study uses a vote count methodology and counts every instance of positive, negative and insignificant relationships in 55 studies. Education levels, capital, income, farm size, access to information, positive environmental attitudes, environmental awareness, and utilization of social networks emerge as some of the variables that are more often positively, rather than negatively, associated with adoption rates. The type of statistical analysis used in the studies has a negligible effect on the results. When different types of BMPs are examined in similar groupings, the aggregated findings generally hold true. The study concludes that farmer adoption rates can be improved by focusing on the generally consistent determinants of agricultural BMP adoption. This paper also highlights future areas of research that are needed including a focus on the determinants of adoption of water and livestock management BMPs and more study of the role of tenure and farm proximity to a river or stream.
Soil Water Hysteresis in Silt Loam and Clay Loam Soils

The microhydrologic properties involving water content, pressure head, and hydraulic conductivity were measured simultaneously for a silt loam and for a clay loam soil. Large hysteresis in the water content-pressure head relationship was found for both soils, the silt loam soil showing the larger amount. There was no measurable hysteresis in the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and water content in either soil. The data from the clay loam soil showed considerable scatter attributed to structural rearrangement in the soil during measurement. A formulation of the independent domain theory by Everett was unsatisfactory for predicting the observed scanning curves in the water content-pressure head relationships of both soils. A theorem of an alternative formulation by Enderby was tested by comparing differences in slopes for reversals from drying to wetting along the main curves to those found on a scanning curve; Enderby's formulation was probably no better for the silt loam soil under the conditions of test than that of Everett.
MANGANESE-BEARING RHIZOCRETIONS IN THE WILLWOOD FORMATION, WYOMING, U.S.A.: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOCLIMATE DURING THE PALEOCENE–EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM

ABSTRACT Changes in the stratigraphic distribution of manganese (Mn)-bearing columnar structures interpreted as rhizocretions indicate a shift in paleohydrological conditions in the Bighorn Basin during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). While most studies agree that significant warming occurred during the PETM, interpretations differ as to the effects of warming on the paleohydrologic regime. The columns consist of sand and silt cemented by calcite that also contains black, Mn-bearing nodules. The rhizocretions are typically vertically oriented and range from a few cm to over 50 cm in diameter and up to 75 cm tall. They are interpreted to have formed in the rhizospheres of relatively large root systems. The rhizocretions are restricted to intervals, showing only weak paleopedogenic development, that are interpreted as crevasse-splay or avulsion deposits. While such deposits are present throughout the study section at Polecat Bench in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, the Mn-bearing rhizocretions are found only below and above the PETM interval and within the initial carbon isotope excursion (CIE) marking the onset of the PETM. The abundance of black, Mn-rich nodules (< 1 cm in diameter) in the rhizocretions and presence of other pedogenic features indicate that the soils in which the plants were growing underwent seasonal flooding and repeated redox alternations. Their distribution in similar host deposits throughout the study interval, except for the main body of the PETM, supports climate as the driving factor in preservation of the Mn-bearing rhizocretions. The Mn-bearing rhizocretions support recent studies that suggest transient drying in northern Wyoming during the PETM.
Promoting cancer screening. A randomized, controlled trial of three interventions.

• To determine effective methods of promoting routine cancer screening, we randomly assigned 62 internal medicine residents to receive cancer screening reminders (computer-generated lists of overdue tests at patients' visits), audit with feedback (monthly seminars about screening, with feedback about their performance rates), or no intervention (controls). Half of the residents in each group also were randomized to receive patient education (patients received literature and notices of overdue tests). We reviewed a sample of each physician's medical records to assess performance of seven tests during 9-month periods before and after initiating the interventions. Cancer screening reminders increased performance of six of seven tests; audit with feedback, four of seven tests; and patient education, one of two targeted breast cancer screening tests. The results indicate that the cancer screening reminders strategy was the most effective in promoting the performance of routine cancer screening tests. (Arch intern Med. 1989;149:1866-1872)
Pro-poor Commercial Management of Non-timber Forest Products in Nepal's Community Forest User Groups: Factors for Success

Abstract This article explores the factors that influence pro-poor commercial management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in 3 community forest user groups (CFUGs) in the Dolakha district in Nepal. Management of NTFPs through CFUGs is an important poverty-reduction strategy in rural Nepal. National policy documents encourage management of NTFPs by CFUGs for commercial purposes, particularly by involving marginalized communities. It is therefore important to understand the existing mechanisms of their involvement. We followed a case study approach and collected data through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, formal and informal discussions, participant observations, and study of secondary data, such as the constitutions and operational plans of the CFUGs. Because institutional arrangements varied across the 3 study CFUGs, the ability of marginalized people to benefit from the commercial management of NTFPs also differed. Results suggest that the involvement of external agencies, and the consequent conducting of NTFP-based pro-poor programs, positively influences commercial management of NTFPs and minimizes elite domination. Likewise, inclusion of representatives of marginalized people in the CFUG executive committees empowers them to lobby with external agencies for pro-poor programs. Furthermore, the geographic location of the community forest limits the involvement of external agencies and marketing of NTFPs. Therefore, because members of CFUGs in remote areas are heavily dependent on collection and sale of NTFPs for their livelihoods, we suggest increasing the focus of external agencies in such areas and including marginalized people in CFUG executive committees.
Long period electromagnetic induction vectors in a sedimentary back-arc basin (Carpatho-Pannonian Basin)

Two effects have been studied concerning the former Wiese arrows and the newly determined complex induction vectors in the Pannonian backarc basin (Hungary): the remote effect of the curved Carpathian Conductivity Anomaly (CA) on the direction of the long period vectors, the local effect of the thickness (or conductance) of the conductive sediments on the induction vectors.The curvature of the Carpathian CA is clearly seen in the direction of the induction vectors as a remote effect dividing the Pannonian Basin into two great parts from this point of view.Following Zhang et al. (1993) who stated that the length (absolute value) of the induction vector becomes also constant in the “S-interval” as the magnetotelluric (MT) impedance which is related to the conductance of the sedimentary cover, it has been studied whether there is also any relation between the length of the induction vectors and the conductance of the same sedimentary cover (or thickness of sediment if its resistivity is constant). Due to the structural inhomogeneities to which the induction vectors are very sensitive, and to their great remote (side) effect, only a weak statistical relation has been found, nevertheless, its trend could be approximated by Ritter and Banks’ (1998) theory. Exceptional cases are demonstrated.
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: The Primer

authoritative text, first published in 2001. The book provides both a primer for the novice and detailed descriptions of techniques for more advanced practitioners, covering rainfall-runoff models and their practical applications. This new edition extends these aims to include additional chapters dealing with prediction in ungauged basins, predicting residence time distributions, predicting the impacts of change and the next generation of hydrological models. Giving a comprehensive summary of available techniques based on established practices and recent research the book offers a thorough and accessible overview of the area. Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: The Primer Second Edition focuses on predicting hydrographs using models based on data and on representations of hydrological process. Dealing with the history of the development of rainfall-runoff models, uncertainty in mode predictions, good and bad practice and ending with a look at how to predict future catchment hydrological responses this book provides an essential underpinning of rainfall-runoff modelling topics. Fully revised and updated version of this highly popular text. Suitable for both novices in the area and for more advanced users and developers. Written by a leading expert in the field. Guide to internet sources for rainfall-runoff modelling software
Bronchiolitis management preferences and the influence of pulse oximetry and respiratory rate on the decision to admit.

OBJECTIVE High incidence, rising admission rates, and relatively ineffective therapies make the management of bronchiolitis controversial. Since 1980, the rate of hospitalization for children with bronchiolitis has increased by nearly 250%, whereas mortality rates for the disease have remained constant. It has been speculated that the increasing use of pulse oximetry has lowered the threshold for admission and may have contributed to the rise in bronchiolitis-related admissions. The objective of this study was to describe pediatric emergency medicine physicians' management preferences regarding infants with moderately severe bronchiolitis and to assess the influence of specific differences in oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) and respiratory rate (RR) on the decision to admit. METHODS Physicians who are members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section of Emergency Medicine and living in the United States were randomized into 4 groups and mailed a survey that contained 1 of 4 vignettes. Vignettes were identical except for given SpO2 values (94% or 92%) and RR (50/min or 65/min). Subjects were asked to answer questions regarding laboratory tests, treatment options, and the decision to admit for the patient in their vignette. RESULTS We received completed surveys from 519 (64%) of the 812 physicians contacted. Most respondents recommended use of bronchodilators (96%), nasal suction (82%), and supplemental oxygen (57%). Few respondents recommended decongestants (9%), steroids (8%), or antibiotics (2%). When asked to rank therapies, respondents gave nasal suction 182 number 1 votes; bronchodilators received 164. The decision to admit varied with SpO2 and RR. Forty-three percent of respondents who received a vignette featuring SpO2 of 94% and a RR of 50/min recommended admission for the infant in their vignette. Fifty-eight percent recommended admission when the vignette SpO2 was 94% and RR was 65/min (chi2 = 5.021). Respondents who received a vignette with SpO2 of 92% were nearly twice as likely to recommend admission: 83% recommended admission when vignette RR was 50/min, and 85% recommended admission when vignette RR was 65/min (chi2 = 0.126). CONCLUSIONS When treating infants with moderately severe bronchiolitis, pediatricians who work in emergency departments frequently use bronchodilators and nasal suction, 2 practices for which supporting data are either conflicting (bronchodilators) or nonexistent (nasal suction). In addition, their decisions to admit differ markedly on the basis of only a 2% difference in SpO2. It is possible that increased reliance on pulse oximetry has contributed to the increase in bronchiolitis hospitalization rates seen during the past 2 decades.
Passive optical remote sensing of cyanobacteria and other intense phytoplankton blooms in coastal and inland waters

Increased frequency and extent of potentially harmful blooms in coastal and inland waters world-wide require the development of methods for operative and reliable monitoring of the blooms over vast coastal areas and a large number of lakes. Remote sensing could provide the tool. An overview of the literature in this field suggests that operative monitoring of the extent of some types of blooms (i.e. cyanobacteria) is relatively straightforward. Operative monitoring of inland waters is currently limited to larger lakes or using airborne and hand-held remote sensing instruments as there are no satellite sensors with sufficient spatial resolution to provide daily coverage. Extremely high spatial and vertical variability in biomass during blooms of some phytoplankton species and the strong effects of this on the remote sensing signal suggest that water sampling techniques and strategies have to be redesigned for highly stratified bloom conditions, especially if the samples are collected for algorithm development and validation of remote sensing data. Comparing spectral signatures of different bloom-forming species with the spectral resolution available in most satellites and taking into account variability in optical properties of different water bodies suggests that developing global algorithms for recognizing and quantitative mapping of (harmful) algal blooms is questionable. On the other hand some authors cited in the present paper have found particular cases where satellites with coarse spectral and spatial resolution can be used to recognize phytoplankton blooms even at species level. Thus, the algorithms and methods to be used depend on the optical complexity of the water to which they will be applied. The aim of this paper is to summarize different methods and algorithms available in an attempt to assist in selecting the most appropriate method for a particular site and problem under investigation.
Discovery of metamorphic diamonds in central China: an indication of a > 4000‐km‐long zone of deep subduction resulting from multiple continental collisions

The Central Orogenic Belt (COB) of China is a major continental collision zone that contains extensive outcrops of deeply subducted and exhumed rocks at both the eastern and the western end of the belt. Here we report discovery of microdiamonds from both eclogites and felsic gneisses in the North Qinling zone in the central portion of the COB. This discovery demonstrates that the country rocks of continental affinity shared in the ultra‐high‐pressure metamorphic (UHPM) event and provides a bridge connecting the two previously recognized UHPM terranes, thereby establishing the existence of a UHPM belt extending more than 4000 km. Geochronological dating yields Early Palaeozoic ages in the west and Early Mesozoic ages in the east, recording two separate continental collisions overprinted within the COB. Occurrence of UHP metamorphism during recurrent continental collision here and in the Alps suggests that deep subduction of continental material during such collisions is probably common rather than exceptional, with significant implications for processes of plate tectonic reorganization and mantle mixing over time.