Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The life cycle of thunderstorm gust fronts as viewed with Doppler radar and rawinsonde data

Abstract This paper presents the time-dependent analysis of the thunderstorm gust front with the use of Project NIMROD data. RHI cross sections of reflectivity and Doppler velocity are constructed to determine the entire vertical structure. The life cycle of the gust front is divided into four stages: 1) the formative stage; 2) the early mature stage; 3) the late mature stage; and 4) the dissipation stage. A new finding is a horizontal roll detected in the reflectivity pattern resulting from airflow that is deflected upward by the ground, while carrying some of the smaller precipitation ahead of the main echo core of the squall line. This feature is called a “precipitation roll”. As determined from rawinsonde data, the cold air behind the gust front accounts for the observed surface pressure rise. Calculations confirm that the collision of two fluids produce a nonhydrostatic pressure at the leading edge of the outflow. The equation governing the propagation speed of a density current accurately predicts t.
THE MASS OF THE CLASSICAL CEPHEID V350 SGR

Two medium resolution spectra of the hot companion of the Cepheid V350 Sgr have been obtained with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. Comparison of these spectra (in the wavelength range 1840 to 1880 Å) with the spectrum of α Lyr shows that V350 Sgr B has a projected rotation velocity which may be as high as 150 km sec-1. The velocity difference between the spectra of V350 Sgr B at two orbital phases is measured to be -23.1 ± 3.8 km sec-1. The error is dominated by the aperture centering. When combined with the orbital velocity variation of the Cepheid derived from the ground-based orbit and the mass of the companion deduced from IUE spectra, the mass of the Cepheid is found to be 5.2 ± 0.9 M\sun. The observed mass--luminosity combination of V350 Sgr A is a good match to recent evolutionary calculations which use moderate convective overshoot near the main sequence, however, the blue loops do not extend to temperatures as hot as the Cepheid.
A model-based fault prognostics scheme for uncertain non-linear discrete-time systems with multiple distinct faults

In this paper, an online prognostics framework is proposed for a class of uncertain non-linear discrete-time systems with multiple faults affecting the system state with all the states being considered measurable. Multiple faults imply that each system state is affected by several faults at the same time provided the faults are separable. In this framework, multiple faults (incipient or a combination of incipient faults) are detected by using the proposed fault detection (FD) estimator, which consists of an online approximator in discrete time and a robust adaptive term. Subsequently, the fault isolation (FI) module is initiated such that each state of the FI observer corresponds to a particular fault type in the case of single fault or fault combination in the case of multiple faults. The faults will be isolated successfully when the corresponding FI state residuals converge to zero in contrast with other FI schemes where they guarantee only boundedness. In addition, multiple isolation estimators are not required here since a decision scheme is utilized by using FD and FI estimators to determine the fault location, type and number of faults that occurred. Suitable mathematical conditions are derived to show the class of faults that could be isolated. Time to failure is determined by using the parameter update law of the FI estimator and the failure thresholds. Finally, a simulation example is used to demonstrate the proposed prognostics scheme.
Effects of Propofol on Cortical Electroencephalograms in the Operation of Glioma-Related Epilepsy

Background: A cortical electroencephalogram (ECoG) is often used for the intraoperative monitoring of epilepsy surgery, and propofol is an important intravenous anesthetic, but its effect on EEGs is unclear. Objectives: To further clarify the effect of propofol on cortical ECoGs during glioma-related epilepsy surgery and to clarify the possible clinical value. Methods: A total of 306 patients with glioma were included in the study. Two hundred thirty-nine with glioma-related epilepsy were included in the epilepsy group, and 67 without glioma-related epilepsy were included in the control group. All patients experienced continuous, real-time ECoG monitoring and long-term follow-up after surgery. Results: After injection of low-dose propofol, the rate of activated ECoGs in the epilepsy group (74%) was significantly higher than in the control group (9%). Furthermore, compared with patients in the untreated group, patients in the treated group had lower rates of early and long-term postoperative seizure frequencies and fewer interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). Conclusions: Low-dose infusion of propofol can specifically activate ECoGs in epilepsy patients. Therefore, activated ECoGs might provide an accurate and reliable method for identifying potential epileptic zones during glioma-related epilepsy surgery, resulting in better early and long-term prognoses after epilepsy surgery.
NMR evidence of anomalous molecular diffusion due to structural confinement

Using the field gradient NMR technique, anomalous molecular diffusion in a porous host matrix of polypropylene could be followed over a substantial range of observation times. The experimentally determined time exponents of anomalous diffusion are found to decrease with decreasing pore filling factors, indicating an enhancement of molecular confinement. For sufficiently large observation times normal diffusion is observed and the effect of confinement results in a mere reduction of the effective diffusivity, which is independent of the given molecular species.
Deploying Cultural Knowledge of Nature to Construct the Nature Sports Experience

A tourist’s cultural construction of nature can shape their nature sports experience. It can also impact how they perceive the destinations where they engage in nature sports. This ethnography identifies how international tourists on a surfing trip in Australia draw on their cultural knowledge of nature to assign meaning to their experiences and surroundings. The nature sports experience is influenced by three types of cultural knowledge applied to nature: declarative, evaluative, and procedural. Interaction with nature activates that knowledge. Theoretical contributions include offering a comprehensive explanation for how cultural knowledge of nature can transform the nature sports experience and providing a more complete picture of how cultural knowledge impacts the tourist’s interpretation of a destination. Applied implications involve drawing on different types of cultural knowledge to create compelling nature sports and destination promotion campaigns.
Adaptive mutation differential evolution algorithm and its application to estimate soft sensor parameters

A novel adaptive mutation differential evolution (ADE) algorithm containing the adaptive mutation operator, in which the mutation probability is determined according to the evolved generations, is proposed in this paper. The adaptive mutation operator makes the individuals diversity in the population at the initial generations to overcome the premature, and reduces the mutation probability gradually during the evolutionary process to preserve the excellent individuals and enhance the probability of obtained the global optimal solution. To compare the performances of ADE with those of the traditional differential evolution (DE), ADE and DE are applied to search the global optimal solution of analytical function. The results demonstrate that both ADE's on-line and off-line performances are superior to those of DE, the probability of obtained the global optimal solution is larger than that of DE, and that the parameter sensitivity degree of ADE is lower than that of DE. Furthermore, ADE is applied to estimate the model parameters of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (4-CBA) soft sensor, and satisfactory results are obtained.
Numerical experiment on two-dimensional electron liquids. Thermodynamic properties and onset of short-range order

Thermodynamic properties of two-dimensional electron liquids are determined by numerical experiments over the domain of the plasma parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}n{e}^{4}}{{T}^{2}}$, $0.05\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\le}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}$, where $n$, $e$, and $T$ denote the number density, the unit charge, and the temperature in energy units, respectively. The correlation energy thus obtained is consistent with both the result of the plasma-parameter expansion calculation and that of earlier numerical experiments in the high-density domain. The pair correlation function $g(r)$ agrees with the analytical result when $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is small. Short-range order appears at the critical plasma parameter ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{sr}}$ in the range $10l{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{sr}}l15$. It is pointed out that the two-dimensional screening function $h(r)=\mathrm{ln}[g(r)+1]+\frac{{e}^{2}}{\mathrm{Tr}}$ is approximately a linear function of the radius $r$ in the short-range domain, as in the case of three dimensions.
Estimation of Respiratory Rate during Biking with a Single Sensor Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) System

Objective: The employment of wearable systems for continuous monitoring of vital signs is increasing. However, due to substantial susceptibility of conventional bio-signals recorded by wearable systems to motion artifacts, estimation of the respiratory rate (RR) during physical activities is a challenging task. Alternatively, functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) can be used, which has been proven less vulnerable to the subject’s movements. This paper proposes a fusion-based method for estimating RR during bicycling from fNIRS signals recorded by a wearable system. Methods: Firstly, five respiratory modulations are extracted, based on amplitude, frequency, and intensity of the oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (O2Hb) signal. Secondly, the dominant frequency of each modulation is computed using the fast Fourier transform. Finally, dominant frequencies of all modulations are fused, based on averaging, to estimate RR. The performance of the proposed method was validated on 22 young healthy subjects, whose respiratory and fNIRS signals were simultaneously recorded during a bicycling task, and compared against a zero delay Fourier domain band-pass filter. Results: The comparison between results obtained by the proposed method and band-pass filtering indicated the superiority of the former, with a lower mean absolute error (3.66 vs. 11.06 breaths per minute, p<0.05). The proposed fusion strategy also outperformed RR estimations based on the analysis of individual modulation. Significance: This study orients towards the practical limitations of traditional bio-signals for RR estimation during physical activities.
Association of Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1) 40 bp 3′ UTR VNTR Polymorphism (rs28363170) and Cannabis Use Disorder

Introduction: Cannabis remains the most widely used illicit drug among Nigerians, often associated with psychiatric disorders. Since genetic predisposition has been implicated in substance use disorders, we, therefore, aimed at finding out the relationship between dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) polymorphism and cannabis use disorder. Methods: We recruited 104 patients from a tertiary psychiatric facility in Lagos, Nigeria, who were diagnosed with cannabis use disorder according to ICD-10 and 96 non-smokers as a comparative group. The smokers were screened with Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT), and cannabis dependence was assessed with the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS). Genotyping was carried out for the 40 bp 3′ UTR VNTR of the DAT1 (rs28363170). Results: The frequencies of 9R/9R, 9R/10R, 10R/10R among non-smokers and smokers were 14 (14.3%), 25 (26.2%), 57 (59.5%) and 17 (16.3%), 54 (51.9%), 33 (31.7%) respectively. The genotype distribution was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) only in the smokers’ population (χ² = 1.896, P = .166). Individuals with the 10R allele were almost twice as likely as the 9R carriers to smoke cannabis (OR = 1.915, 95% CI: 1.225-2.995). However, this polymorphism was not associated with the quantity of cannabis smoked, age at onset of smoking, CUDIT, and SDS scores. Conclusion: The DAT VNTR polymorphism was associated with cannabis smoking but not cannabis use disorder.
Molecular Markers in Breeding of Crops: Recent Progress and Advancements

A convectional plant breeder faces the challenge of how to more effectively and efficiently perform selection and accelerate breeding progress to satisfy the requirements of changing demands for crop cultivars. However, with the development and advancement of molecular marker technology, the fate of plant breeding has shifted from year to year. Recently, different types of molecular markers have been developed, and advancements in sequencing technologies have greatly increased plant improvement. To further our understanding of molecular markers, several reviews have been published in recent decades. However, with the advancement of newly emerging technologies and techniques, the reviewers did not discuss several recently emerged technologies and techniques in plant breeding. Therefore, this article is intended to be reviewed as an overview of recent breakthroughs in DNA markers and their applications in breeding of crops for early and senior researchers with little or no experience with molecular markers. The progress made in molecular plant breeding, genetics, genomic selection, gene pyramiding, MAS, and gene mapping has contributed to a deeper understanding of molecular markers, provided deeper insights into the variability available for crops, and considerably supplemented current breeding techniques. Next-generation sequencing technologies assist in the identification of novel molecular markers for complex and unstructured populations through genotyping-by-sequencing, gene mapping, QTL mapping, and association mapping. Altogether, the classification of molecular markers and their potential application in plants are discussed.
Computational analysis and flow structure of a transitional separated-reattached flow over a surface mounted obstacle and a forward-facing step

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of transitional separating-reattaching flow on a two-dimensional square surface mounted obstacle and a forward facing step has been performed using a dynamic sub-grid scale model. The Reynolds number based on the uniform inlet velocity and the obstacle/step height is 4.5 × 103. The mean LES results for both the obstacle and step flow compare reasonably well with the available experimental and DNS data. The flow structures upstream of the surface-mounted obstacle (referred to hereafter as obstacle) and the forward-facing step (referred to hereafter as FFS) consist of unstable two-dimensional structures and coherent rib-shaped structures. These structures with the aid of 3D streamline visualisation strongly indicate that the upstream separation bubble is a closed one rather than an open one in the sense that there is little evidence to suggest that there is fluid injection from the upstream separation region into the downstream separated region for the two geometries. The spectra and time history for the velocities and pressure fields at locations immediately upstream of the obstacle and FFS (including the recirculation region) were analysed using both the Fourier and wavelet transforms and revealed the unsteady nature of the recirculation region upstream of the obstacle and FFS. The transition process has been elucidated using both 2D and 3D flow visualisation of the flow. In both geometries (obstacle and FFS), the separated boundary layer downstream of the leading edge shows 2D nature and roll-up shortly downstream of the separation line leading to 2D K-H rolls to be shed from the leading edge. Coherent structures such as the λ-shaped and rib-like vortices commonly associated with a flat plate boundary layer and also found in the separated-reattached flow of a blunt leading edge plate aligned horizontally to a flow are not common in the separated-reattached flow over the obstacle and FFS.
TEMPORAL/SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CLIMATOLOGICAL VARIATION OF THUNDERSTORM AND LIGHTNING OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS IN GUANGDONG

With monthly and annual dataset of thunderstorm and lightning measured at 24 stations from 1957 to 2004 and at 4 stations from 1951 to 2004 in Guangdong, the temporal and spatial distribution of thunderstorm and lightning in the province is studied. It is shown in the empirical orthogonal decomposition of the number of thunderstorm and lightning days there is a clear declining tendency in the number of both for the period of interest. For every 10 years, the thunderstorm has decreased by 4.8 days and lightning by 9.5 days on average. The trends of thunderstorm and lightning are regional, with the largest drop in Zhanjiang and Xuwen in the Leizhou Peninsula for thunderstorm while the least fall in the southeastern part of the province for both thunderstorm and lightning. The negative trend for lightning is more obvious than that for thunderstorm. As shown in our study, long-term tendency of thunderstorm and lightning days have significant seasonal variation. May, June, July, August and September are the months when thunderstorm and lightning drop the most while they increase a little in the winter months of December, January and February, instead of decreasing. After 1983, winter thunderstorm and lightning were more frequent than the time before it. The decrease of thunderstorm reflects the climate change and is consistent with the climatological variation of rain days in the province.
Convergence of Sample Eigenvectors of Spiked Population Model

In this paper, for the general non Gaussian spiked population model, where a few fixed eigenvalues of the population covariance matrix are separated from others, we investigate the convergence properties of the eigenvectors of sample covariance matrices corresponding to the spiked population eigenvalues and angle between the population eigenvectors and sample eigenvectors as both the sample size and population size are large.
Efficient and Flexible Multiauthority Attribute-Based Authentication for IoT Devices

The correctness and reliability of data sources are the keys to the practicality of data collected by Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Attribute-based signature (ABS) is a cryptographic primitive for users to sign with their own attributes, which can be applied to the authentication process in IoT scenarios. The attribute authority is responsible for issuing the attribute key to the user in ABS. Multiple authorities can complete attribute management tasks to avoid the threat of a single authority. However, attribute authorities need to execute multiple interactions to collaborate to generate attribute keys for users, which brings a large transmission burden. In addition, a lot of resource-constrained terminals in the IoT mostly play the role of signer or verifier in authentication protocols. The signature generation and verification algorithms often have heavy pairing and exponentiation operations. Currently, no ABS scheme takes into account the efficiency of all participating entities simultaneously. In this article, we present an aggregated anonymous key issue (AAKI) protocol to reduce the transmission burden between multiple authorities. Meanwhile, the noninteractive zero-knowledge proof aggregate exponentiation (NI-ZKPoKAE) protocol is designed to aggregate the transmitted secret values in AAKI. To reduce the computational burden of signers and verifiers, Blakley secret sharing, where the Hadamard matrix is used more efficiently to handle the $(n, n)$ -threshold, is used to construct an efficient and fine-grained multiauthority ABS (EFMA-ABS) scheme. This brings high efficiency to all three types of parties involved in IoT authentication. Our above-mentioned protocols have been proven to be feasible and effective.
Hazard Map Calculations Using Grid Computing

We present seismic-hazard maps computed using an OpenSHA (Field et al., 2003; http://www.OpenSHA.org/) application that makes use of distributed grid computing. A seismic-hazard map gives the probability that some intensity-measure level will be exceeded over a chosen time span (alternatively, one might plot the exceedance level at a particular probability). One of the two main model components needed to generate such a map is an Earthquake-Rupture Forecast (ERF), which gives a complete inventory of all possible earthquake ruptures in the region, above some magnitude threshold, and over a specified time span. The other model component is an Intensity-Measure Relationship (IMR), which gives the probability that an intensity-measure level will be exceeded at a site given the occurrence of an earthquake rupture. Examples of the latter include attenuation relationships ( e.g., Abrahamson and Shedlock, 1997), although our definition is more general to accommodate, for example, full-waveform-based IMR's. A hazard curve, which gives the exceedance probability as a function of the intensity-measure level, is then computed by considering the potential influence of all ruptures in the ERF at the site of interest (see Field et al., 2003, for details). Finally, a hazard map simply represents the spatial distribution of a point on the hazard curve. OpenSHA, which is a collaboration between the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), currently has Java applications for computing hazard curves (Field et al., 2005a), hazard spectra, scenario ShakeMaps (Field et al., 2005b), and full hazard maps (exemplified here). Because proper SHA requires that all viable, alternative models be considered in order to account for epistemic uncertainties (SSHAC, 1997), a primary goal has been to enable any new ERF or IMR to plug into these applications without having to rewrite existing code. We exemplify this “plug and play” modularity in this …
Cytotoxicity Test of Active Compounds Natural Ingredients of Snail Mucus (Achatina fulica) Against BHK-21 Fibroblast Cells

Snails are unpleasant yet beneficial. Rural people have used one to treat illnesses like toothache for years. We will test snail's mucus Achatina fulica's cytotoxic activity against Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK-21) fibroblast cells at 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100% and its resistance to Phorpyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, E. Faecalis, and S. aureus using Microtetrazolium (MTT) assay. The test and comparison solution was incubated with 5x103/100 l cells in 96-well plates. 5 mg/mL MTT completed the solution's incubation. ELISA readers measured purple color intensity. The formula transformed absorbance data at 595 nm into percent alive cells. ELISA readers read data. ANOVA, parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov data normality test were performed. The cytotoxicity statistical test shows the following results: 12.5 % (0.76875 ±0.01117), 25% (0.49350 ±0.004796), 50% (0.30250 ±0.006658) and 100% (0.171 ±0.10488). The lowest cytotoxicity of Achatina fulica snail mucus is 12.5% with an average of 0.768. Achatina fulica snail mucus resists Phorpyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, E. Faecalis, and S. aureus at 12.5%.
Large Eddy Simulation of a Smooth Circular Cylinder Oscillating Normal to a Uniform Flow

Results of a numerical evaluation of transitional flow around a circular cylinder forced to oscillate in a direction normal to a uniform flow are presented. The cylinder is considered to be a representative of a single riser exposed to a steady current. Numerical simulations were carried out using the LES method in 2-D and 3-D with a near-wall approach that was developed without using a law of the wall for a finite element code (FEM). The 3-D simulations were compared with the 2-D results and experimental data in order to assess the relative performance of the 3-D LES simulations