Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of complete dissolution of a nonaqueous phase liquid in saturated porous media

The attenuation of gamma radiation was utilized to measure changing residual trichloroethylene (TCE) saturation in an otherwise water-saturated porous medium as clean water was flushed through the medium. A front over which dissolution actively occurred was observed. Once developed, this front varied in length from ≈11 mm to ≈21 mm, lengthening as it moved through the porous medium. Gamma attenuation measurements and analyses of effluent water samples indicate that there was minimal if any transport of TCE as colloidal droplets. Even as trapped TCE ganglia decreased in size due to dissolution, there is no evidence that they became mobile and advected downgradient. An extraction of the porous medium at the completion of one experiment indicated that less than 0.002% of the original TCE mass remained, suggesting that minimal amounts of separate phase TCE remained trapped within the medium after flushing with 290 pore volumes. Mass transfer rate coefficients were computed and are shown to be a function of Darcy flux, TCE volumetric content, and distance into the region of residual TCE.
The influence of tourism event constraints and hospitableness on tourists with disabilities satisfaction and revisit intention in Saudi Arabia

This study contributes to the existing knowledge and enriches practices regarding the influence of tourism event constraints and hospitableness on tourists with disabilities (TwD) and its relationship with their satisfaction and revisit intention. There is dearth in applied studies that examine the influences between tourism event constraints, hospitableness, TwDs satisfaction and their intention to revisit destinations. More specifically, little empirical research had been done to examine the influence of tourism event constraints and hospitableness on TwD’s satisfaction and revisit intention in a Saudi Arabian tourism context. The current study reported on data collected empirically through questionnaires distributed among TwD in Saudi Arabia. The findings stated that there are significant relationships between the influence of tourism event intrinsic, interactional, and environmental constraints and perceived hospitableness on TwD satisfaction and revisit intention regarding their tourism experiences. These findings strengthen related theory by hypothesizing the effects of the tourism satisfaction and past experiences of TwD on their revisit intention. The results help the industry decision makers, suppliers, intermediaries, marketers and governmental sectors to improve the
Preliminary interpretation of thermal data from the Nevada Test Site

Analysis of data from 60 wells in and around the Nevada Test Site, including 16 in the Yucca Mountain area, indicates a thermal regime characterized by large vertical and lateral gradients in heat flow. Estimates of heat flow indicate considerable variation on both regional and local scales. The variations are attributable primarily to hydrologic processes involving interbasin flow with a vertical component of (seepage) velocity (volume flux) of a few mm/yr. Apart from indicating a general downward movement of water at a few mm/yr, the reults from Yucca Mountain are as yet inconclusive. The purpose of the study was to determine the suitability of the area for proposed repository sites.
Upper Mississippi River System Navigation/Sedimentation Study. Report 1. Bank Erosion Literature Study.

Abstract : This literature search was conducted to obtain pertinent data and research regarding the process of bank erosion along the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS). References were identified pertaining to bank erosion resulting from flow velocity, flow quantity, secondary currents, bank materials and covers, wave energy from wind and navigation, and other forces resulting from navigation. References were from both studies on the Upper Mississippi River System and other similar alluvial rivers.
AVHRR surface temperature and narrow-band albedo comparison with ground measurements for the Greenland ice sheet

An ice-surface temperature retrieval algorithm for the Greenland ice sheet was developed using NOAA 11 thermal radiances from channels 4 and 5. Temperature, pressure and humidity profiles, cloud observations and skin temperatures from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) camp, located at the equilibrium line altitude at 49°17′W, 69°34′N, were used in the LOWTRAN 7 model. Through a statistical analysis of daily clear sky profiles, the coefficients that correct for the atmospheric effects were determined for the ETH-Camp field season (May to August). Surface temperatures retrieved by this method were then compared against the in situ observations with a maximum difference of 0.6 K. The NOAA 11 narrow-band planetary albedo values for channels 1 and 2 were calculated using pre-launch calibration coefficients. Scattering and absorption by the atmosphere were modelled with LOWTRAN 7. Then, narrow-band albedo values for the AVHRR visible and near infrared channels were compared with in situ high resolution spectral reflectance measurements. In the visible band (580–680 nm), AVHRR-derived narrow-band albedo and the in situ measurements corrected with radiative transfer model LOWTRAN 7 showed a difference of less than 2%. For the near infrared channel (725–1100 nm) the difference between the measured and modelled narrow-band albedo was 14%. These discrepancies could be either the result of inaccurate aerosol scattering modelling (lack of the in situ observation), or the result of sensor drift due to degradation.
Incident spectral irradiance in the Arctic Basin during the summer and fall

[1] Calibrated values of incident spectral irradiance are reported from the Healy Oden Transarctic Experiment during August and September 2005. Spectra were obtained for a wide range of solar zenith angles, cloud conditions, and surface types to provide basic data for regional shortwave radiative energy balance calculations as well as climate model parameterization and validation. Supervised principal component analysis on the spectral continuum showed that three principal components explain over 99% of the variance resulting from darkening across the solar spectrum with increasing cloud cover by volume scattering, from stronger attenuation in the solar infrared relative to visible wavelengths by H2O, and from Rayleigh scattering. Comparison of the observations with the atmospheric radiation model SBDART showed that good agreement was obtained varying only the cloud optical depth. Applying the model, we showed how the surface albedo affects incident spectral irradiance under clear as well as cloudy skies, and we obtained a quantitative estimate of the visual effects of “water sky” and “ice blink. ” We also determined the spectral albedo of the atmosphere for a dense arctic stratus cloud deck decoupled from the influence of the underlying surface. Incident spectral irradiances were integrated numerically and compared with calibrated pyranometer observations. Agreement was within 5% for cases where the cloud transparency and incident irradiance did not fluctuate strongly over the 10-min pyranometer recording intervals. A new set of values for total albedo for clear versus cloudy conditions at high and low Sun angles is presented for six prominent arctic surface types.
Fort Conger: A Site of Arctic History in the 21st Century

Fort Conger, located at Discovery Harbour in Lady Franklin Bay on northern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, played an intrinsic role in several High Arctic expeditions between 1875 and 1935, particularly around 1900–10 during the height of the Race to the North Pole. Here are found the remains of historic voyages of exploration and discovery related to the 19th century expeditions of G.S. Nares and A.W. Greely, early 20th century expeditions of R.E. Peary, and forays by explorers, travelers, and government and military personnel. In the Peary era, Fort Conger’s connection with indigenous people was amplified, as most of the expedition personnel who were based there were Inughuit from Greenland, and the survival strategies of the explorers were largely derived from Inughuit material cultural and environmental expertise. The complex of shelters at Fort Conger symbolizes an evolution from the rigid application of Western knowledge, as represented in the unsuitable prefabricated Greely expedition house designed in the United States, towards the pragmatic adaptation of Aboriginal knowledge represented in the Inughuit-influenced shelters that still stand today. Fort Conger currently faces various threats to its longevity: degradation of wooden structures through climate and weathering, bank erosion, visitation, and inorganic contami­nation. Its early history and links with Greenlandic Inughuit have suggested that the science of heritage preservation, along with management practices of monitoring, remediation of contamination, and 3D laser scanning, should be applied to maintain the site for future generations.
Performance Analysis of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks With Buffer Constraint

The design and performance analysis of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have attracted intensive attention. In this study, we present a theoretical framework to evaluate the performances of UASNs. In contrast to existing methods, we applied a new communication protocol model to characterize the channel interference by taking into account the unique characteristics of underwater acoustic channels, namely, the concurrent transmission opportunities owing to the large propagation delays of acoustic signals. Using the communication protocol model, we investigated the collision regions of a communication pair and then derived a closed-form expression for the successful packet transmission probability. Moreover, we considered practical networks where each node is equipped with a limited data buffer to store its generated packets. Using collision analysis and a stationary buffer distribution, we derived the closed-form expression of system performance in terms of the throughput and the packet queue delay. Finally, we validated the accuracy of our analysis via extensive simulation results. The impacts of various network parameters on the system performance are also evaluated.
Theory and experiment of Differential Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy

Recent advances in Differential Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy (DARS) techniques have given rise to applications in the field of poromechanics. We report on the experimental demonstration of bulk modulus measurements on poroelastic samples at sonic frequencies (1 kHz) with DARS. Normal mode perturbation is due to scattering of a foreign object (i.e., a rock sample) within an otherwise fluid‐filled resonator. The perturbation theory on an elastic object determines its bulk modulus (inverse compressibility). The experimental bulk modulus of medium‐ to high‐permeability (>10 mD) poroelastic samples is in agreement with predictions from quasi‐static loading of a porous sphere using the Biot theory. This result demonstrates that pore fluid flow governs the dominant relaxation process of the rock during compression. For low‐permeability samples (<10 mD), pressure equilibration via slow wave diffusion is limited, and only qualitative agreement is found between the upper bound (Gassmann undrained modulus) and the lower bound (volume‐weighted compressibilities of the two constituents). DARS experiments, in conjunction with the poroelastic theory presented here, allow one to infer such rock physical properties as the effective bulk modulus at sonic frequencies.
Effect of Platelet Rich Fibrin and Bio-Oss for Socket Preservation

Objectives: The aim of the present was to evaluate the effect of platelet rich fibrin and bio-oss for socket preservation. Subjects and methods: Thirty patients were divided randomly, into 3 groups: Group (A): include sockets which left to heal alone. Group (B): include sockets grafted with bio-oss. Group (C): include sockets grafted with bio-oss and PRF. Follow up: 1 st and 7 th day post operatively to evaluate patients clinically, and 1, 6 months for radiograph evaluation by CBCT. Results: There were a statistically significant reduction in bone height, width and density in group C, B than group A (control group). Group C showed limited reduction and best results in length, width, density and volumetric changes than group B. Conclusion: Bio-oss bone either grafted with PRF or not is effective on healing process and decrease bone resorption than leaving socket to heal alone.
Antileakage Fourier transform for seismic data regularization

Seismic data regularization, which spatially transforms irregularly sampled acquired data to regularly sampled data, is a long-standing problem in seismic data processing. Data regularization can be implemented using Fourier theory by using a method that estimates the spatial frequency content on an irregularly sampled grid. The data can then be reconstructed on any desired grid. Difficulties arise from the nonorthogonality of the global Fourier basis functions on an irregular grid, which results in the problem of “spectral leakage”: energy from one Fourier coefficient leaks onto others. We investigate the nonorthogonality of the Fourier basis on an irregularly sampled grid and propose a technique called “antileakage Fourier transform” to overcome the spectral leakage. In the antileakage Fourier transform, we first solve for the most energetic Fourier coefficient, assuming that it causes the most severe leakage. To attenuate all aliases and the leakage of this component onto other Fourier coefficients, the data component corresponding to this most energetic Fourier coefficient is subtracted from the original input on the irregular grid. We then use this new input to solve for the next Fourier coefficient, repeating the procedure until all Fourier coefficients are estimated. This procedure is equivalent to “reorthogonalizing” the global Fourier basis on an irregularly sampled grid. We demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of this technique with successful applications to both synthetic and real data examples.
Constraining ecological and biological bias in planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and δ18Occ: A multispecies approach to proxy calibration testing

[1] Parallel stable isotope (δ18Occ) and Mg/Ca measurements performed in three planktonic foraminifer species provide multiple perspectives on past temperature change and thus allow published calibrations for these geochemical proxies to be tested against each other. The comparison of “simultaneous” temperature records, as recorded by both the δ18Occ and Mg/Ca signature of each species, reveals very clearly the nonpassive character of foraminifera as proxy carriers and allows the systematic temperature response of δ18Occ and Mg/Ca in different foraminifer species to be explored. On the basis of their Mg/Ca signatures, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (right), Globigerina bulloides, and Globigerinoides ruber (white) are each found to exhibit a specific and narrow range of temperature variability; however, the interspecies offsets in “optimum” temperature habitat that are suggested in this way are not expressed by similarly scaled δ18Occ offsets. Hence it is demonstrated that the temperature modes/variations that are recorded by each species cannot be calibrated to Mg/Ca and δ18Occ variations via a single pair of calibrations for all three species: species-specific δ18Occ and/or Mg/Ca temperature calibrations are required. On the basis of the average δ18Occ and Mg/Ca offsets observed between the three species, it appears that many of the temperature calibrations that are currently proposed for both of these proxies are inconsistent. The data presented here cannot provide species-specific Mg/Ca and δ18Occ temperature calibrations; however, they do provide a simple method for testing our calibrations in application and clearly indicate that further calibration work using paired Mg/Ca and δ18Occ is required before the full potential of these proxies may be realized.
Economics and the conservation of global biological diversity

This paper explores the relationship between economics and biodiversity conservation with minimal recourse to jargon, making the issue accessible even to the non-economist. It deals with the concepts of cost and benefit as they apply to biodiversity. Since biodiversity is an area where no clear measure of benefits exists, the process of project selection for a financial mechanism such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF) becomes especially complex. The paper reviews concepts and measures of biodiversity, assesses what is currently known about extinction rates and species loss, and looks at efforts to place a value on biodiversity. It also investigates the question of why biodiversity is being eroded, and argues that the main economic causes of biodiversity erosion are the pressures exerted by population growth to convert available land, and under-investment in biodiversity. It recommends policies that reduce the returns on land conversion by eliminating subsidies and other economic policy distortions; and policies that aim to increase the returns on biodiversity conservation, for example, by conferring and enforcing property rights on those who sustainably manage resources, and by instituting mechanisms to capture the global benefits of sustainable land use. Finally, the paper considers ways in which the GEF might alleviate the problem of under-investment in biodiversity.
Role of blood flow in endothelial functionality: a review

Endothelial cells, located on the surface of blood vessel walls, are constantly stimulated by mechanical forces from the blood flow. The mechanical forces, i.e., fluid shear stress, induced by the blood flow play a pivotal role in controlling multiple physiological processes at the endothelium and in regulating various pathways that maintain homeostasis and vascular function. In this review, research looking at different blood fluid patterns and fluid shear stress in the circulation system is summarized, together with the interactions between the blood flow and the endothelial cells. This review also highlights the flow profile as a response to the configurational changes of the endothelial glycocalyx, which is less revisited in previous reviews. The role of endothelial glycocalyx in maintaining endothelium health and the strategies for the restoration of damaged endothelial glycocalyx are discussed from the perspective of the fluid shear stress. This review provides a new perspective regarding our understanding of the role that blood flow plays in regulating endothelial functionality.
Viruliferous and non‐viruliferous aphids behave differently to enhance the spread of the virus

Plant viruses can modulate insect vector behaviour directly and/or indirectly by altering plant biochemistry. In many instances, such behavioural alterations increase the frequency of encounters between host and vector, leading to enhanced virus dispersal in ecosystems. In the current study using Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae), and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as a pathosystem, we evaluated the direct and indirect effects of CMV on M. persicae biology and behavioural responses. Data showed that CMV indirectly modulates the aphid vector by providing fitness benefits to aphids, leading to enhanced aphid reproduction on CMV‐infected pepper plants in comparison with non‐infected C. annuum plants. Furthermore, CMV can also alter aphid behaviour directly by modulating the behavioural response of viruliferous aphids towards non‐infected plants. We demonstrate that CMV directly and indirectly modulates the insect vector thereby enhancing its transmission in agroecosystems.
Air‐sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province‐based synthesis

In determining global sea‐to‐air CO2 flux from measurements or models, the ocean margin has not been resolved from the land or the open ocean. Recent studies have indicated that shelves can be either a large sink or a source for atmospheric CO2. This CO2 sink/source term may substantially alter our current view of the global carbon budget for land and oceans. However, past fieldwork and synthesis have focused on a few shelves in the northern temperate zone while the vast majority of other shelves are ignored. By dividing the highly heterogeneous shelves into seven provinces, we suggest that the continental shelves are a sink for atmospheric CO2 at mid‐high latitudes (−0.33 Pg C a−1) and a source of CO2 at low latitudes (0.11 Pg C a−1). Warm temperature and high terrestrial organic carbon input are most likely responsible for the CO2 release in low latitude shelves.
A Jurassic Time Scale

Application of geologic ages expressed in numeric time (millions of years) is a recent but rapidly expanding factor in petroleum exploration (rates of tectonic movements; basin models; geohistory analysis; prediction of reservoir quality, source potential, and HC maturation; correlation of geophysics with geologic events, etc.). This paper proposes an emendation of published versions of the Jurassic time scale. The standard geochronologic subdivision is combined with a linear-numeric scale, with a biostratigraphic scheme (ammonites, calcareous nannofossils), and with the geomagnetic-reversal time scale. To this purpose, basement ages at some Deep Sea Drilling Project sites are evaluated and related to the geomagnetic-reversal scale. The numeric scale certainly cannot be r garded as precisely and firmly determined throughout the Jurassic, but it seems adequate as a broad framework.
Tectonic evolution of the North China Block: from orogen to craton to orogen

Abstract The North China Craton contains one of the longest, most complex records of magmatism, sedimentation, and deformation on Earth, with deformation spanning the interval from the Early Archaean (3.8 Ga) to the present. The Early to Middle Archaean record preserves remnants of generally gneissic meta-igneous and metasedimentary rock terranes bounded by anastomosing shear zones. The Late Archaean record is marked by a collision between a passive margin sequence developed on an amalgamated Eastern Block, and an oceanic arc–ophiolitic assemblage preserved in the 1600 km long Central Orogenic Belt, an Archaean–Palaeoproterozoic orogen that preserves remnants of oceanic basin(s) that closed between the Eastern and Western Blocks. Foreland basin sediments related to this collision are overlain by 2.4 Ga flood basalts and shallow marine–continental sediments, all strongly deformed and metamorphosed in a 1.85 Ga Himalayan-style collision along the northern margin of the craton. The North China Craton saw relative quiescence until 700 Ma when subduction under the present southern margin formed the Qingling–Dabie Shan–Sulu orogen (700–250 Ma), the northern margin experienced orogenesis during closure of the Solonker Ocean (500–250 Ma), and subduction beneath the palaeo-Pacific margin affected easternmost China (200–100 Ma). Vast amounts of subduction beneath the North China Craton may have hydrated and weakened the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, which detached in the Mesozoic, probably triggered by collisions in the Dabie Shan and along the Solonker suture. This loss of the lithospheric mantle brought young asthenosphere close to the surface beneath the eastern half of the craton, which has been experiencing deformation and magmatism since, and is no longer a craton in the original sense of the word. Six of the 10 deadliest earthquakes in recorded history have occurred in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton, highlighting the importance of understanding decratonization and the orogen–craton–orogen cycle in Earth history.