Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coordination vs . Differentiation : the Adoption of Electronic Medical Records by Hospital Systems

This paper seeks to understand hospital incentives in choosing health IT vendors: using the mostly-adopted product for coordination or otherwise to differentiate from the local market. In particular, the decision confronted by a hospital belonging to a hospital chain is characterized by the tradeoff between purchasing from the local market leader and following the choice of the parent system when both are different. I develop a simple discrete-choice model to evaluate the effect of each factor. Using a nationwide sample of affiliated hospitals from 2006 to 2010, I find that on average the system-dominating vendor has much greater advantage over the vendor leading the local market. After addressing the potential endogeneity issue, the impact from choosing the market-leading vendor is even negative among affiliated hospitals. It may imply large systems are likely to create information silos, demonstrating lower propensity for external information exchange. ∗Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Email: linj17@rpi.edu †I am deeply indebted to Gautam Gowrisankaran for the continuous guidance and support. I also thank Mauricio Varela for the valuable suggestions and comments. I have benefited from conversations with Keith Joiner, Tiemen Woutersen, Mo Xiao, and Madhu Viswanathan. I am also very grateful for the help from Katherine Bao in data processing. I acknowledge HIMSS Analytics for providing the data used in this study. All the errors are my own.
Interpretation of geophysical data in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence and its relevance to lower Paleozoic geology

The southern, subsurface boundary of the crustal section typical of the Grenville Orogen can be traced from the St. Lawrence Estuary to western Newfoundland by means of a prominent gravity and magnetic gradient. North of the boundary, the gravity and magnetic data suggest that the upper surface of the Precambrian basement is irregular and is overlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the St. Lawrence Platform which outcrop in a regular undisturbed pattern on Ile d9Anticosti. The areas known to have a thick Paleozoic section, such as Ile d9Anticosti and offshore from Bay of Islands, Newfoundland, coincide with areas of relatively low gravity. East of Ile d9Anticosti, however, an area with similar low gravity values and bounded by steep magnetic gradients was previously thought to be underlain by a thin Paleozoic section on the basis of seismic refraction data obtained from nearby areas. If the Paleozoic section is indeed thin, the gravity and magnetic anomalies can be explained by the presence of an anorthosite intrusion with a minimum thickness of 4 km within the Precambrian basement. However, a more tenable interpretation, which is consistent with the known sedimentary thicknesses elsewhere in the Gulf and which does not contravene the refraction data, is that the Paleozoic section thickens locally to at least 5 km. This thick section is postulated to occur over a downfaulted portion of a salient on the early Paleozoic margin of North America.
Climate change, sustainability and the need for a new industrial revolution in Scotland

ABSTRACT This paper sets the wider global and Scottish context for this Special Issue of EESTRSE. Climate change is inextricably linked to wellbeing, security and sustainability. It poses a fundamental challenge to the way we organise society and our relationship to the exploitation of the Earth's resources. Rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, linked to burning fossil fuels and land use, present a major risk of climate change, with serious but uncertain impacts emerging at a regional scale. A new industrial revolution is needed to achieve energy security and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with energy efficiency and energy production emitting low or no CO2 at its heart. At present, on a global scale, there is a mismatch between the emphasis on economic growth and the need to reduce emissions and achieve a sustainable use of resources. A more sustainable blueprint for the future is emerging in Europe and Scotland has much to gain economically and socially from this change. Scotland's ambitious emission reduction targets (42% cut by 2020 and 80% by 2050) are achievable, but require major commitment and investment. Despite success in cutting emissions from activities within Scotland, Scotland's consumption-based emissions rose by 11% in 1996–2004.
Artificial swarms : Biologically inspired organization

Many species of animals self-organize into coherent groups called swarms, flocks, schools, etc. These coherent groups enhance to the fitness of the individuals within it in a variety of ways including moving toward desirable goals or avoiding threats. Remarkably, the group forms without any sort of central control. Local interactions with a simple set of rules can lead to remarkably complex behavior. Typical approaches to controlling artificial systems typically relies upon a top-down control theoretic approach where one describes desired qualities and finds solutions that optimize these qualities. Unfortunately, these approaches seldom scale well, so that controlling large numbers of artificial objects can be rather challenging. The alternative is to seek biologically inspired solutions. Even simple animals can form societies that yield a collective organism. Ants are a good example though there are many successful social insects. Individual ants are inept by almost any measure but through local interactions can solve a variety of difficult problems including finding the shortest path from their nest to the cookie crumbs on your kitchen counter without any sort of central leadership. However, the connection between the local interactions and the globally complex behavior can be elusive.
Mesozoic shoshonitic intrusives in the Yangchun Basin, western Guangdong, and their tectonic significance:II . Trace elements and Sr- Nd isotopes

Trace elements and Sr- Nd isotopic data are presented for the Mesozoic intrusives in the Yangchun Basin, western Guangdong. The Mashan monzo- diorites are characterized by strong enrichment of K, Sr and LREE, and nearly chondritic isotopic compositions with (87Sr/86Sr)i≈ 0.704 6 ande Nd(t)≈ 1. The Gangwei- Lunshui quartz monzonites and granodiorites are moderately enriched in K, Sr, Rb and LREE, but strongly enriched in Th. They have enriched Sr- Nd isotopic compositions with (87Sr/86Sr)i≈ 0.706 3 ande Nd(t)≈－ 2. The Shilu granodiorites are enriched in Sr, but less enriched in K, Rb, Th and LREE. They are characterized by more radiogenic Sr- Nd isotopic compositions with (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.708 4～ 0.708 9 ande Nd(t)≈－ 6. It is concluded, in terms of geochemical and Sr- Nd isotopic features, that the Mashan monzo- diorites were generated from a metasomatism mantle source strongly enriched in LILE and LREE, while the Gangwei- Lunshui plutons were derived from a metasomatism mantle source with more radiogenic Sr- Nd isotopic compositions followed by extensive crystal fractionation. The Shilu pluton was formed by re- melting of pre- existing underplating mafic rocks at the lower crustal level. The secular variation of magma compositions was mostly attributed to the upwelling of asthenosphere and extension of overlying lithosphere in the Nanling Region during the early Jurassic to early Cretaceous.
LA ARQUEOFAUNA DEL CAMPO VOLCÁNICO PALI AIKE: EL SITIO OREJAS DE BURRO 1, SANTA CRUZ, ARGENTINA

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el analisis arqueofaunistico del conjunto de materiales recuperados en el sitio Orejas de Burro 1 (OB1), sector meridional del campo de lava Pali Aike (CVPA) -Santa Cruz, Argentina-. Se analizaron dos sectores excavados de forma independiente, uno correspondiente a un area de entierro situada hacia el fondo de la cueva y otro a un sondeo realizado en un espacio no alterado antropicamente contiguo al enterratorio. Desde un punto de vista temporal, se separaron dos conjuntos correspondientes al Holoceno tardio inicial (ca. 3.500 anos 14C AP) y al Holoceno tardio final (ca. 1.700-500 anos 14C AP). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron diferencias significativas en la representacion de variables tafonomicas y de frecuencias y diversidad de especies por sectores excavados y por bloques temporales. En particular, se evidencia un uso mas intenso de la cueva hacia el 3.500 anos AP, coincidiendo con una mayor representacion de especies procedentes de la costa del estrecho de Magallanes (moluscos; aves de ambiente marino/costero), las cuales habrian sido explotadas en el marco de movimientos logisticos por parte de grupos cazadores del interior.
Estimating groundwater recharge in lowland watersheds

Little attention has been given to the role of groundwater in the hydrological cycle of lowland watersheds. Our objective in this study was to estimate total recharge to groundwater by analysing water table response to storm events and the rate at which water was transferred into the shallow aquifer. This was conducted at three sites in a rural watershed in the lower Atlantic coastal plain near Charleston, South Carolina, USA. A novel version of the water table fluctuation method was used to estimate total recharge to the shallow aquifer by comparing hourly data of water table position following storm events and measuring water table recession behavior, rather than subjective graphical analysis methods. Also, shallow aquifer recharge rates (vertical fluxes) were estimated using Darcy's Law by comparing static water levels in a water table well and in a shallow piezometer during dry periods. The total annual recharge estimated ranged from 107 ± 39 mm·yr–1 (5–10% of annual precipitation) at a poorly drained topographic low area to 1140 ± 230 mm·yr–1 (62–94% of annual precipitation) for a moderately well‐drained upland site. The average aquifer recharge rate was 114 ± 60 mm·yr–1, which is similar to previous estimations of base flow for the ephemeral third‐order streams in this watershed. The difference in the two methods may have been caused by processes not accounted for in the Darcy flux method, soil moisture deficits, and average evapotranspiration demand, which is about 1100 mm·yr–1 for this region. Although other factors also can affect partitioning of recharge, an integrated approach to inspecting easily gathered groundwater data can provide information on an often neglected aspect of water budget estimation. We also discuss the effects of land use change on recharge reduction, given a typical development scenario for the region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issues and Opinions in Nutrition Utility and Importance of Gene Knockout Animals For Nutritional and Metabolic Research 1 , 2

The importance of many dietary constituents in maintenance of health is obvious. While deficiencies in dietary intake of specific nutrients may be detrimental to growth, reproduction and immunity, excessive amounts of specific nutrients in the diet can also lead to disease states. For example, increased intake of dietary fat and cholesterol is associated with hyperlipidemia and an increased risk of coronary heart disease (Keys 1970). Excessive intake of vitamin D has also been shown to result in soft-tissue calcification and renal calculi. However, it must be noted that while the correlation exists between increase nutrient uptake and specific diseases, the response of a given individual is quite variable. These individual variations in dietary responsiveness are likely due to the different genetic composition of each individual. Numerous genetic factors are involved in determining responsiveness to specific dietary nutrients. These include genes important for nutrient absorption as well as those important for the metabolism and processing of the nutrient in the diet. Additionally, the amount of each nutrient in the diet also has an impact on the level of specific gene expression. Such regulatory mechanisms may also account for individual differences in susceptibility to diet-induced diseases. Advances in molecular biology techniques during the past decade have led to an explosion of research aimed at understanding diet and gene interactions in health and diseases. While most of the earlier work focused on nutrient regulation of gene expression, transgenic technology has also been used to study the effect of overexpression of specific genes in modulation of dietary nutrient effects and on the metabolism of dietary components as they relate to normal health and pathogenesis of diseases. More recently, targeted gene inactivation, commonly known as gene knockout, has been employed to study the functional importance of specific genes and the impact of specific genetic mutations and deletions on complex metabolic processes which ultimately lead to various diseases (Melton 1990). This review provides an overview of the utility and importance of the gene ablation technology to nutritional and metabolic research. Experimental approaches to modulate gene expression in vivo
Groundwater connectivity controls peat burn severity in the boreal plains

Wildfire is the largest disturbance affecting peatland ecosystems and can typically result in the combustion of 2–3 kg C m−2 of near‐surface peat. We hypothesized that organic soil burn severity, as well as the associated carbon emissions, varies significantly as a function of hydrogeological setting due to groundwater impacts on peat bulk density and moisture content. We measured depth of burn (DOB) in three peatlands located along a hydrogeological and topographic gradient in Alberta's Boreal Plains. Peatland margins across all hydrogeological settings burned significantly deeper (0.245 ± 0.018 m) than peatland middles (0.057 ± 0.002 m). Further, hydrogeological setting strongly impacted DOB. A bog with an ephemeral groundwater connection in a coarse‐textured glaciofluvial outwash experienced the greatest DOB at its margins (0.514 ± 0.018 m) due to large water table fluctuations, while a low‐lying oligotrophic groundwater flow‐through bog in a coarse‐textured glaciofluvial outwash experienced limited water table fluctuations and had the lowest margin burn severity (0.072 ± 0.002 m). In an expansive peatland in a lacustrine clay plain, DOB at the margins bordering an isolated domed bog portion (0.186 ± 0.003 m, range: 0.0–0.748 m) was considerably greater than the DOB observed at fen margins with a longer groundwater flow path (<0.05 m). Our research indicates that groundwater connectivity can have a dominant control on soil carbon combustion across and within hydrogeological settings. We suggest that hydrogeological setting be used to identify potential deep burning ‘hotspots’ on the landscape to increase the efficacy of wildfire management and mitigation strategies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug Use and Abuse in Sport

Performance enhancing and prescription drugs were a growing issue in professional football, as more players in recent years have fallen victim to drug testing; resulting in lengthy suspensions and fines. This research aimed to show that the culture of using performance enhancing and prescription drugs in order to play football starts at the college level or even earlier. Past research had laid the foundation for this study and through the use of a random sampling method; colleges and universities from across the country were asked to take a survey. From their responses, some patterns had started to develop. Results from the study showed that there was some incentive to use performance-enhancing drugs in order to achieve financial success and to sustain a career at the collegiate and professional level. Also, players were willing to take narcotic painkillers and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in order to play through injuries. This was analyzed to see the overall impact that these drugs were having on the sport and also on player health. Further analysis and a larger sampling method may be necessary in order to make an assumption about the overall population and drug culture within college football. Document Type Undergraduate Project Professor's Name Katharine Burakowski Subject Categories Sports Management This undergraduate project is available at Fisher Digital Publications: http://fisherpub.sjfc. edu/sport_undergrad/79
THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC CHANGE ON LAKE ICE AND WATER TEMPERATURE

Huttula, T. , Peltonen, A. , Bilaletdin, A. & Saura, M. 1992. The effects of climatic change on lake ice and water temperature. Aqua Fennica 22,2:129142. The effect of climatic change on lake ice and water temperature was predicted with a one dimensional vertical model. Applications were done in three Finnish lakes of different sizes. Using the predictions from a climatological model and from a watershed model the input data for the lake model was modified. The results indicated about a two weeks delay in the first freezing of the lake and about a two months shorter ice cover period than in the present climate. Small sheltered lakes, having no spring turnover now, will have it in a changed climate. The thermal stratification will be considerably steeper and the thermocline will be 5-8 m higher than in the present climate and the surface water temperature will increase by about 5-6 “C. The water temperature in hypolimnion will be about 2-3 “C colder than in the present climate.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND SPACING ON FRUIT YIELD OF TOMATO

Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) is popular in fresh market and processing industries. Production of tomatoes under greenhouse conditions is gaining popularity in Kenyan highlands. Yields are limited by poor soil nutrition with nitrogen being the most limiting nutrient required in large quantities. The study investigated the effects of nitrogen levels and spacing on tomato fruit yield and quality in a Quonset greenhouse at 2238m above sea level. Plants were grown in a greenhouse at Egerton University, Department of Horticulture research and demonstration field in two seasons. The first season commenced in October 2002, to February 2003, the second in February 2003, to July 2003. The nitrogen rates 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha -1 applied in two equal splits. Spacing was 40x30, 40x40, 50x30 and 50x40 cm. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design, with a Split-Plot arrangement with main plots as nitrogen levels and spacing the sub plots in three replications. Fruit yield and quality data were taken after each harvesting. Number of marketable fruits was significantly affected by spacing in both seasons. Nitrogen of 80 kg ha -1 and spacing of 40 x 30 cm had the highest mean fruit numbers in season 2. Nitrogen of 80 kg N ha -1 and spacing of 50 x 30 cm had the highest fruit yield in season 1. Marketable unit fruit weight was highest in season 1, at 50 x 40 cm. The study was significant to farmers producing tomatoes under greenhouse, to maximize on profits by scaling down nitrogen fertilizer use to attain high yields and quality of marketable tomato fruits using appropriate spacing.
Differential expression of endothelial beta-catenin and plakoglobin during development and maturation of the blood-brain and blood-retina barrier in the chicken.

The development of the blood-brain barrier depends upon the formation of a closely regulated system of adherens and tight junctions. A prerequisite for a functional junction system is the linkage of transmembrane adhesion receptors (cadherins) to the cytoskeleton via catenins. The localization of specific catenins at the adherens junction correlates with the stability of interendothelial contacts in vitro, but in vivo data are lacking thus far. Investigating brain angiogenesis in the chicken, we demonstrated that beta-catenin, but not plakoglobin, initially codistributed with N-cadherin at the ablumenal endothelial membrane at contact sites to perivascular cells, from where both antigens disappeared during blood-brain barrier maturation. In contrast, plakoglobin was most prominent at the interendothelial junction where only small amounts of beta-catenin were present. Western-blot analysis revealed a stronger developmental decrease of beta-catenin than plakoglobin, whereas N-cadherin was completely lost. beta-Catenin but not N-cadherin was reinduced in brain endothelial cells during dedifferentiation in vitro and localized to the interendothelial junctions. These first in vivo data support the hypothesis that endothelial beta-catenin and N-cadherin are transiently relevant for the contact of brain endothelial to perivascular cells. Plakoglobin seems not to interact with N-cadherin but is exclusively localized at interendothelial junctions providing evidence for its role in the formation of stable adherens junctions, which may play a role for the initiation, and/or stabilization of tight junctions. Dev Dyn 2000;217:86-98.
Communications on Stochastic Analysis Communications on Stochastic Analysis

We prove a large deviation result for a random symmetric n (cid:2) n matrix with independent identically distributed entries to have a few eigenvalues of size n . If the spectrum S survives when the matrix is rescaled by a factor of n , it can only be the eigenvalues of a Hilbert-Schmidt kernel k ( x;y ) on [0 ; 1] (cid:2) [0 ; 1]. The rate function for k is I ( k ) = 12 R h ( k ( x;y ) dxdy where h is the Cram(cid:19)er rate function for the common distribution of the entries that is assumed to have a tail decaying faster than any Gaussian. The large deviation for S is then obtained by contraction.
Geomorphology, sedimentology and minimum exposure ages of streamlined subglacial landforms in the NW Himalaya, India

Streamlined subglacial landforms that include drumlins in three study areas, the upper Chandra valley around Chandra Tal, the upper Spiti Valley and the middle Yunam Valley of the NW Himalaya of India were mapped and studied using geomorphic, sedimentological and geochronological methods. These streamlined subglacial landforms include a variety of morphological types, including: (i) half egg‐shaped forms; (ii) complex superimposed forms; (iii) dome‐shaped forms; (iv) inverse forms; and (v) flat‐topped symmetrical forms. Sedimentological data indicate that subglacial deformational processes are responsible for the formation of the streamlined subglacial landforms in the Chandra Tal and upper Spiti Valley study areas. In contrast, streamlined landforms in the middle Yunam Valley are the result of melt‐out and subglacial erosional processes. In the Yunam Valley study area, 11 new cosmogenic 10Be surface exposure ages were obtained for boulders inset into the crests of streamlined subglacial landforms and moraines, and also for a bedrock surface. The streamlined landforms date to 8–7 ka, providing evidence of an early Holocene valley glaciation, and older moraines date to ∼17–15 and 79–52 ka, representing other significant valley glacial advances in the middle Yunam Valley. The subglacial landforms in the Chandra Valley provide evidence for a ≥300‐m‐thick Lateglacial glacier that advanced southeast, overtopping the Kunzum Range, and advancing into the upper Spiti Valley. The streamlined subglacial landforms in these study areas of the NW Himalaya highlight the usefulness of such landforms in developing glacial chronostratigraphy and for understanding the dynamics of Himalayan glaciation.