Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laser micromachined high frequency ultrasonic arrays

Piezoelectric ceramics have been patterned by means of laser micromachining to create ultrasonic arrays resonating in the frequency range of 35-45 MHz. The Lumonics PM-844 excimer laser with a KrF gas mixture (248 nm) has been used to micromachine trenches with a width to depth aspect ratio of up to 1:5. By using a projection etch approach, the large aperture of the excimer laser is used to simultaneously ablate the features of a complex geometrical pattern. Pre-poled ceramic structures >20 /spl mu/m wide and >35 /spl mu/m thick have been cut and validated with SEM images. The dielectric, piezoelectric and acoustic properties have been evaluated using an impedance analyser and pulse-echo techniques.
Structure of neutron star envelopes

We have investigated the envelopes of nonmagnetic neutron stars using the best available opacities and equation of state. The temperature of the inner boundary of the envelope, T/sub b/, is found to be very nearly a universal function of the parameter T/sup 4//sub s/ /g/sub s/, where T/sub s/ is the effective surface temperature, and g/sub s/ is the surface gravity of the neutron star. This result is used to derive a number of other scaling relations, to investigate the effects of general relativity on the thermal structure of the envelope, and to compare envelope calculations by different workers. Tests of the sensitivity of the computations to variations of the input physics show that the accuracy of the T/sub b/ versus T/sub s/ relation depends largely on having accurate values for the conductive opacity in the region where it is dominated by electron-ion scattering. In our calculations we use the conductive opacities calculated by Yakovlev and Urpin, which are the most accurate ones available. For a given T/sub b/ we find luminosities that are 2--2.5 times lower than those calculated using Flowers and Itoh's calculations of the conductive opacities.
Meissner holes in superconductors

Features of the magnetic induction patterns at the boundary between oppositely magnetized parts in YBCO crystals are studied using an advanced magneto-optical technique. Vortices of opposite polarities are revealed to concentrate at the remagnetization front, equivalent to a local increase of the current along it. A model is suggested considering the presence at the front of a flux-free cylinder formed by closed vortex loops. Inside the cylinder the loops collapse because their line tension exceeds the pinning force. Currents along the cylinder surface and in its nearest environment can be large and determine observed flux patterns. A role of the Meissner holes in the appearance of macroturbulent flux instabilities is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Electroluminescence from monolayer ZnO nanoparticles using dry coating technique

We report ultraviolet electroluminescence from ZnO nanoparticle-based devices prepared by the dry-coating technique. With dry-coating process, the structure of the ZnO nanoparticle monolayer (90nm) in the device can be easily achieved. The method reduces the density of pinhole defects in the ZnO nanoparticles. The confirmation for dry coating is investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The devices show the ZnO band-gap emission peak at 380nm and the background emission from the interface between the host matrix and Aluminum tris-8-hydroxyquinoline. The origins of the ZnO band-gap emission and background emission are also discussed.
Recursively Generated Polynomials and Geronimus’ Version of Orthogonality on a Contour

Let $\{ p_n \} $ be a sequence of polynomials generated by the three-term recurrence $p_0 = 1$, $p_1 = z + b_0 $, $p_{n + 1} = (z + b_n )p_n - c_n p_{n - 1} $, $n \geqq 1$. Using only the hypothesis that $\{ b_n \}$ and $\{ c_n \} $ are bounded complex sequences (with $c_n \ne 0$), we show by constructing a weight function as a convergent Laurent series—with coefficients given explicitly in terms of $b_n $ and $c_n $—that the $p_n $ are orthogonal on a contour in the sense that Geronimus describes (and that the Bessel polynomials exemplify). We thus obtain an elementary approach to this kind of orthogonality and provide a construction of the weight function which is an alternative to the continued fraction representation discussed by Askey and Ismail.
Monitoring of singlet oxygen luminescence and mitochondrial autofluorescence after illumination of hypericin/mitochondria complex: a time-resolved study

A study of hypericin (Hyp) interaction with mitochondria isolated from U-87 MG glioma cells as well as the time-resolved measurement of singlet oxygen (1O2) formation and annihilation after illumination of the Hyp/mitochondria complex is presented in this work. Interaction between Hyp and mitochondria was studied by steady-state and time-resolved UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. A high concentration of Hyp leads to the aggregation of this compound inside the mitochondria and the relative population of the monomeric (biologically active) form of Hyp decreases concomitantly to approximately 10% at the highest used Hyp bulk concentration. Photosensitized production of 1O2 in mitochondria after illumination of the Hyp/mitochondria complex is characterized by a rise lifetime of ∼8 μs and shows saturation behaviour with respect to Hyp concentration. The lifetime of 1O2 depends on the composition of the medium where the mitochondria are suspended, ranging from about 3.0 μs in pure water to 26 μs in H2O–D2O (1:9) phosphate buffer. Our results confirm that only the monomeric form of Hyp is able to produce its excited triplet state, which consequently leads to 1O2 production. An influence of photoactivated Hyp on the mitochondria respiration chain was evaluated by the monitoring of time-resolved NAD(P)H fluorescence. We have demonstrated the rise of the NAD(P)H content after illumination of the Hyp/mitochondria complex.
Double pass wave structure function in weak to strong optical turbulence

The authors have recently published one-way horizontal path wave structure function expressions for plane, spherical, and Gaussian-beam waves. Those results are based on a modification of the Rytov approximation method and, by comparison with experimental data, are believed to be valid under all irradiance fluctuation conditions. In this paper, the earlier results are extended to the double pass case in which the received wave is reflected from a smooth target. The point target case is considered for incident plane, spherical, and Gaussian-beam waves. The finite target case is considered for an incident spherical wave with reflection from a plane mirror or a retroreflector. Comparisons are made between the results derived here, the standard Rytov approximation results, and the asymptotic results given by Banakh for conditions of strong irradiance fluctuations.
Test of precision weak-link stage systems with large travel range and subnanometre-scale resolution

D. Shu and J. Maser Diamond Light Source Proceedings / Volume 1 / Issue MEDSI­6 / October 2011 / e41 DOI: 10.1017/S2044820110000729, Published online: 15 December 2010 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge. org/abstract_S2044820110000729 How to cite this article: D. Shu and J. Maser (2011). Test of precision weak­link stage systems with large travel range and subnanometre­scale resolution. Diamond Light Source Proceedings, 1, e41 doi:10.1017/ S2044820110000729 Request Permissions : Click here
Anomalous fast ion losses at high β on the tokamak fusion test reactor

This paper describes experiments carried out on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [R. J. Hawryluk et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 33, 1509 (1991)] to investigate the dependence of β-limiting disruption characteristics on toroidal field strength. The hard disruptions found at the β-limit in high field plasmas were not found at low field, even for β's 50% higher than the empirical β-limit of βn ≈ 2 at high field. Comparisons of experimentally measured β's to TRANSP simulations suggest anomalous loss of up to half of the beam fast ions in the highest β, low field shots. The anomalous transport responsible for the fast ion losses may at the same time broaden the pressure profile. Toroidal Alfven eigenmodes, fishbone instabilities, and Geodesic Acoustic Modes are investigated as possible causes of the enhanced losses. Here, we present the first observations of high frequency fishbones [F. Zonca et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 085009 (2009)] on TFTR. The interpretation of Axi-symmetric Beam-driven Modes as.
Performance and head movements using a helmet-mounted display with different sized fields-of-view

Seventeen subjects searched for, and then monitored, 3, 6, or 9 stationary targets in order to detect and shoot 3 threats. The targets were located in an area 1200 left and right and 900 upward, from straight ahead. They were viewed on a helmet-mounted display (HMD) by making appropriate head movements. The HMD had five different sizes of field-of view (FOV), ranging in width from 200 to 1 200. Subjects hit fewer threats and were threatened for longer durations with small FOVs than with large FOVs. The decrement in performance was dependent on the number of targets. Optimum performance with 3, 6, and 9 targets required FOVs of 200, greater than 200, and greater than 600, respectively. Subjects moved their head less, but faster, with large FOVs than with small FOVs. Also, there was an apparent inverse relation between head velocity while performing the task and error at replacing the targets afterward. It was interpreted that head velocity was mediated by the certainty with which subjects remembered target locations. It appeared that performance at the task was limited by how well subjects integrated information about target locations and not by how fast or how much they could move their heads.
Observational constraints on primordial bubbles

We test the hypothesis that the large-scale cluster and galaxy distribution be generated by the dynamics of primordial bubbles, which would naturally mimic a fractal distribution. We particularly focus on the recent predictions for the bubble spectrum resulting from a first-order phase transition in extended inflation. First, we concentrate on the observations of the correlation function, and we find they can indeed be reproduced in these models. Furthermore, the void filling fraction turns out to be larger than 75%, as required. Second, we consider the observations of the cosmic microwave background (upper limits to the small and large angular scale anisotropy and to the spectral distortion of the blackbody curve), and we find that in order to avoid conflict with them very steep bubble spectra are required
Methodological problems of measurement of fuzzy concepts in the social sciences

The paper explores the possibility of an empirical access to the membership functions of fuzzy sets representing concepts. A formalism is introduced to describe structural features of concepts. It is shown, at least for the system of concepts in the social sciences, especially those on a high level of generality, that the theory of psychological tests provides the methodology of construction of measurement tools.
Potential alternate life biochemistries

While life on Earth continues to be discovered in unlikely environments, the underlying biochemistry is all very similar, based on the element carbon, and requiring liquid water. We consider alternate biochemistries based on elements other than carbon, including other group IVA elements, such as silicon and germanium, and solvents other than water. Terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen are also discussed. A fundamental issue is raised related to the detection of, and even the definition of life, whether it is carbon or non-carbon based. An extreme example of this issue would be in consideration of speculative life based on electrically charged dusty plasmas, which may have no physical body.
Norm maps for formal groups. IV.

Let K be discretely valued complete field of characteristic zero with algebraically closed residue field k of characteristic p > 0. Let A be the ring of integers of K, and let F be a one-dimensional commutative formal group over A. Let K 00 /K be aZP-extension (also calledf-extension); i.e., K 00 /K is Galois and Gal (K 00/K) -==Z , the p-adic integers. Let Kn be the invariant field of p" Gal (K 00 / K). There a:e natural norm maps F Normn 10 : F(K")F (K). Let vbe the normalized exponential valuation on K; i.e., v (n) = 1, where n is a uniformizing element of K. Let F" (K), s E IR, s 2: 1, denote the filtration subgroup of F (K) consisting ofall elements x of A such that v (x) 2: s. Let h be the height of the formal group F and let e K be the (absolute) ramification index of K; i.e., v (p) = e K. In [3] we proved:
On some methods of analysis for weather experiments

SUMMARY Using generalized densities, maximum likelihood and ancillarity, methods are developed for the analysis of randomized weather modification experiments that incorporate predictor variables. The linear logistic form is used to model the distributional singularity at the origin, while a gamma model with predictors is developed for the component conditional on the presence of precipitation. Connexions between the component submodels are explored and illustrated using an Australian data set.
Estimating the Eigenvalues of Sturm–Liouville Problems by Approximating the Differential Equation

This paper is concerned with computing accurate approximations to the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of regular Sturm–Liouville differential equations. The method consists of replacing the coefficient functions of the given problem by piecewise polynomial functions and then solving the resulting simplified problem. Error estimates in terms of the approximate solutions are established and numerical results are displayed. Since the asymptotic properties for Sturm–Liouville systems are preserved by the approximation, the relative error in the higher eigenvalues is much more uniform than is the case for finite difference or Rayleigh–Ritz methods.
Limits in terms of order, with example of limiting element not approachable by a sequence

The importance of the role of the order relation in the theory of the linear continuum has been recognized since the appearance, in 1872, of Dedekind's Stetigkeit und irrationale Zahlen,t and it received added importance at the hands of Cantor: in 1895. A later contribution to the theory was made by O. Veblen§ in 1905, and a systematic account of the theory of the continuum as a type of order was given by E. V. Huntington 1[ the same year. The work of these writers is directed toward a complete characterization of the linear continuum in terms of order alone. A set or class of elements, otherwise undefined, is assumed to fulfil conditions, stated in terms of order, sufficiently restrictive to admit of effective use of the class in the r61e of range of the continuous independent variable. Meanwhile certain classes have been recognized as being, in effect, the range of an independent variable, while not fulfilling all the conditions of the linear continuum. The desirability of utilizing analogies that exist between theories that pertain to these classes and the theory of the continuum is obvious. To this end it is important to generalize, as far as may be, the notions of point sets so as to be applicable to such classes. The thesis of M. FrechetS was a notable effort toward this form of generalization. He presupposes a definition of limit of a sequence of elements, the definition fulfilling certain mild conditions, and defines in terms of this the notion of limiting element of a subelass, and develops a theory applicable to any class for which a limit relation can be defined fulfilling the prescribed
Mathematics and Her Sisters in Medieval Islam: A Selective Review of Work Done from 1985 to 1995

Abstract This paper surveys work done over the past decade, largely in Western Europe and North America, in the history of the mathematical sciences as practiced in medieval Islam from central Asia to Spain. Among the major topics covered, in addition to the usual branches of mathematics, are mathematical geography, astronomy, and optics. We have also given accounts of some current debates on the interpretation of important texts and, in addition, we have surveyed some of the literature dealing with the interrelation of mathematics and society in medieval Islam.Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Cet expose presente un rapport de recherche fait au cours de la derniere decennie en histoire des sciences mathematiques durant le Moyen Âge. Il evalue l'influence islamique de cette periode dans le territoire qui s'etend de l'Asie centrale jusqu'en Espagne. Parmi les sujets traites, on y trouve la geographie, l'astronomie, et l'optique en plus des branches habituelles des mathematiques. Nous donnons un compte rendu des debats actuels en ce qui concerne l'interpretation de publications islamiques de cette epoque. De plus a partir des textes litteraires, on a examine la relation entre les mathematiques et la societe islamique du Moyen Âge. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. [FORMULA]
The Discrimination Power of Projection Pursuit with Different Density Estimators

We explore the properties of projection pursuit discriminant analysis. This discriminant method is very powerful but relies heavily on a univariate density estimate. We show that the procedure based on wavelets maintains the same rate of convergence as with univariate wavelet density estimation. We also show the Bayes risk strong consistency of both the kernel- and wavelet-based methods. Simulated data and real data concerning character recognition show that the method is effective and robust against the curse of dimensionality. The wavelet alternative seems more likely than the kernel counterpart to find an interesting projection. Wavelets are often criticised for giving too wiggly an estimate and for being too localised to give good global properties. In the above context, these potential drawbacks do not weaken the method but the use of wavelets seems to enhance it. A multiple projection generalisation is also considered. Copyright Biometrika Trust 2002, Oxford University Press.
Remarks on competitive coexistence

The asymptotic behavior of two predators competing exploitatively for the same prey in a constant environment is analyzed in this paper. Assuming that the prey have fast dynamics, it is proved, through a singular perturbation argument, that the two predators can coexist if the prey and predators’parameters lie within specified ranges. It is also shown that coexistence occurs through a simple periodic behavior: a poor season, characterized by an almost endemic presence of the prey, alternates with a rich season, during which prey are abundant and predators regenerate. This property follows from the geometric nature of the equilibrium manifold and is therefore generic. The results are in agreement with some conjectures supported by computer simulation and with the most recent theoretical findings on competitive coexistence.
An updated treatment of soil texture and associated hydraulic properties in a global land modeling system

The advent of new data sets describing soil texture and associated soil properties offers the promise of improved hydrological simulation. Here we describe the composition of a new soil texture data set and its implementation into a specific land surface modeling system, namely, the Catchment land surface model (LSM) of the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS‐5) modeling and assimilation framework. First, global soil texture composites are generated using data from the Harmonized World Soil Database version 1.21 (HWSD1.21) and the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO2) project, with explicit consideration of different levels of organic material. Then, the LSM's soil parameters are upgraded using the new texture data, with hydraulic parameters derived for the more extensive set of texture classes using pedotransfer functions. Other changes to the LSM parameters are included to further support simulations at increasingly fine resolutions. A suite of simulations with the original and new parameter versions shows modest yet significant improvements in the Catchment LSM's simulation of soil moisture and surface hydrological fluxes. The revised LSM parameters will be used for the forthcoming Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) soil moisture assimilation product.
Optimal noise-weighted reconstruction with elongated Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor images for laser tomography adaptive optics

The subaperture images in Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors are elongated when using sodium laser guide stars, due to the parallax effect and the nonzero thickness of the sodium layer. This elongation increases the measurement error in each subaperture and introduces a correlation between the measurements in the orthogonal x and y pixel axes. We show, via end-to-end numerical simulations, that including these errors in a matrix-vector-multiply maximum a posteriori reconstructor significantly improves the expected performance of a laser tomography adaptive optics system for the 42 m diameter European Extremely Large Telescope. In particular, including this noise-weighted reconstruction shows the detected photon requirement is similar for both central and side launch of the sodium lasers.
On the force signatures of a pair of multi-plunging airfoils

The unsteady aerodynamics of a pair of multi-plunging airfoils is studied using computational fluid dynamics based on a finite volume method and dynamic layering mesh motion algorithm. The two-dimensional unsteady, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are used as the governing equations while the thin ellipsoidal airfoils, commonly used in micro aerial vehicles, perform harmonic plunging motion. The instantaneous lift and drag coefficients are examined in detail and the effects of Reynolds number, frequency and amplitude of oscillations, and the airfoils’ centre-to-centre spacing on the force coefficients are investigated. It is shown that the force coefficients of each of the plunging airfoils differ noticeably from those of a single plunging airfoil both quantitatively and qualitatively, showing the significance of the airfoil–airfoil interaction. It is also observed that the investigated parameters affect the magnitude and characteristics of the real-time lift and drag coefficients. There is an optimum frequency of oscillations, resulting in the highest thrust generation between the investigated frequencies. The amplitude of oscillations increases the aerodynamic performance by increasing the mean lift coefficient but decreasing the mean drag coefficient at the same time. Re effects on the lift coefficient are negligible; however, it is shown that increasing Re causes the airfoils to generate more thrust compared to the lower Re investigated here.
Properties of jet-driven molecular outflows

We present a critical review of the observed properties of molecular outflows from young stellar objects and show that these properties can be explained by a model in which the molecular flow is driven solely by a collimated jet. Many of the best studied outflows have several characteristics in common, including (1) bipolarity, (2) collimation, (3) partly empty lobes, (4) most material at low velocities, (5) extremely high velocity features, and (6) average momentum directed nearly parallel to the axis of the flow, with small transverse components. From consideration of the conservation of vector momentum, we deduce that energy-driven flows cannot produce the observed distribution of the momentum direction