Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
a brief history of the BSD Fast File System

writes books and articles, teaches classes on UNIX-and BSD-related subjects, and provides expert-witness testimony on software patent, trade secret, and copyright issues, particularly those related to operating systems and file systems. While at the University of California at Berke-ley, he implemented the 4.2BSD Fast File System and was the Research Computer Scientist at the Berkeley Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) overseeing the development and release of 4.3BSD and 4.4BSD. UNIX file system with Bill Joy in the late 1970s. I wrote the Fast File System, now called UFS, in the early 1980s. In this article, I have written a survey of the work that I and others have done to improve the BSD file systems. Much of this research has been incorporated into other file systems. The first work on the UNIX file system at Berke-ley attempted to improve both the reliability and the throughput of the file system. The developers improved reliability by staging modifications to critical filesystem information so that the modifications could be either completed or repaired cleanly by a program after a crash [14]. Doubling the block size of the file system improved the performance of the 4.0BSD file system by a factor of more than 2 when compared with the 3BSD file system. This doubling caused each disk transfer to access twice as many data blocks and eliminated the need for indirect blocks for many files. The performance improvement in the 3BSD file system gave a strong indication that increasing the block size was a good method for improving throughput. Although the throughput had doubled , the 3BSD file system was still using only about 4% of the maximum disk throughput. The main problem was that the order of blocks on the free list quickly became scrambled as files were created and removed. Eventually, the free-list order became entirely random, causing files to have their blocks allocated randomly over the disk. This randomness forced a seek before every block access. Although the 3BSD file system provided transfer rates of up to 175 kbytes per second when it was first created, the scrambling of the free list caused this rate to deteriorate to an average of 30 kbytes per second after a few weeks of moderate use. There was no way of restoring the performance of a 3BSD file system except to recreate the system. The first version of the current BSD file system was written …
Journal of Undergraduate Research at Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato Minnesota State University, Mankato

The ability to determine a user’s location through an existing 802.11 wireless network has vast implications in the area of context-aware and pervasive computing. Such abilities have been developed mainly in the Linux environment to date. To maximize its usefulness, a location determination system was developed for the more dominant Windows operation system. While being able to operate outdoors as well as indoors, this system succeeds where traditional GPS (Global Positioning Systems) fail, namely indoor environments. This system could benefit the large number of existing wireless networks and requires no additional hardware; only a few simple software downloads. The ability of a user to determine his/her location with the click of a button and begin using the services in the immediate vicinity or be shown a map leading to the desired area/item (a book in a library for example), are but two illustrations of the benefits that a wireless location determination system serve.
Particle Systems—a Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects

This paper introduces particle systems--a method for modeling fuzzy objects such as fire, clouds, and water. Particle systems model an object as a cloud of primitive particles that define its volume. Over a period of time, particles are generated into the system, move and change form within the system, and die from the system. The resulting model is able to represent motion, changes of form, and dynamics that are not possible with classical surface-based representations. The particles can easily be motion blurred, and therefore do not exhibit temporal aliasing or strobing. Stochastic processes are used to generate and control the many particles within a particle system. The application of particle systems to the wall of fire element from the Genesis Demo sequence of the film Star Trek H: The Wrath of Khan [10] is presented.
Applying Multiple Characteristics and Techniques in the NICT Information Retrieval System at NTCIR-6

Our information retrieval system takes advantage of numerous characteristics of information and uses numerous sophisticated techniques. It uses Robertson’s 2-Poisson model and Rocchio’s formula, both of which are known to be effective. Characteristics of newspapers such as locational information are used. We present our application of Fujita’s method, where longer terms are used in retrieval by the system but de-emphasized relative to the emphasis on the shortest terms. This allows us to use both compound and single-word terms. The statistical test used in expanding queries through an automatic feedback process is described. The method gives us terms that have been statistically shown to be related to the top-ranked documents obtained in the first retrieval. We also use a numerical term, QIDF, which is an IDF term for queries. QIDF decreases the scores for stop words that occur in many queries. It can be very useful for foreign languages for which we cannot determine stop words. We also use web-based unknown word translation for bilingual information retrieval. We participated in two monolingual information retrieval tasks (Korean and Japanese) and five bilingual information retrieval tasks (Chinese-Japanese, EnglishJapanese, Japanese-Korean, Korean-Japanese, and
Applying Multiple Characteristics and Techniques to Obtain High Levels of Performance in Information Retrieval

Our information retrieval system which achieves its goals by taking advantage of numerous characteristics of the information and applying numerous sophisticated techniques is described. Robertson’s 2Poisson model and Rocchio’s formula, both of which are known to be effective, have been applied in the system. Characteristics of newspapers such as locational information were applied. We give examples of this method’s effectiveness in retrieval from collections of newspaper articles, such as the document set for NTCIR 3. We present our application of Fujita’s method, where longer terms are used in retrieval by the system but de-emphasized relative to the emphasis on the shortest terms; this allows us to use both compound and single-word terms. The statistical test used in expanding queries through an automatic feedback process is described. The method gives us terms which have been statistically confirmed to be related to the top-ranked documents that were obtained in the first retrieval. We describe the success of the system in four tasks (Korean, Japanese, English, and Chinese) of monolingual information retrieval at NTCIR 3; i.e., the highest scores for precision on all tasks, except for average precision on the ”rigid” CC task, where its score was second highest. In terms of the other evaluated measures and monolingual information retrieval in other languages, the system obtained both the best average precision and the best R-precision.
Image Enhancement Techniques-A Review

: This paper deal with image processing and its fundamental steps after that this paper has focused on the different image enhancement techniques. Image enhancement has found to be one of the most important vision applications because it has ability to enhance the visibility of images. Distinctive procedures have been proposed so far for improving the quality of the digital images. Image enhancement is one of the key issues in high quality pictures such as digital cameras. Since image clarity is easily affected by lighting, weather, or equipment that has been used to capture the image. These conditions lead to image may suffer from loss of information. The main purpose of image enhancement is to bring out detail that is hidden in an image or to increase contrast in a low contrast image. It provides a multitude of choices for improving the visual quality of images. Its object is to open up certain picture characteristics for investigation, conclusion and further use.
No . 0803 Community-Based Production of Open Source Software : What do we know about the developers who participate ?

This paper seeks to close an empirical gap regarding the motivations, personal attributes and behavioral patterns among free/libre and open source (FLOSS) developers, especially those involved in community-based production, and considers the bearing of its findings on the existing literature and the future directions for research. Respondents to an extensive web-survey’s (FLOSS-US 2003) questions about their reasons for beginning to work FLOSS are classified according to their distinct “motivational profiles” by hierarchical cluster analysis. Over half of them also are matched to projects of known membership sizes, revealing that although some members from each of the clusters are present in the small, medium and large ranges of the distribution of project sizes, the mixing fractions for the large and the very small project ranges are statistically different. Among developers who changed projects, there is a discernable flow from the bottom toward the very small towards to large projects, some of which is motivated by individuals seeking to improve their programming skills. It is found that the profile of early motivation, along with other individual attributes, significantly affects individual developers’ selections of projects from different regions of the size range.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Why reliabilism is not enough

In this paper we argue that standard calls for explainability that focus on the epistemic inscrutability of black-box machine learning models may be misplaced. If we presume, for the sake of this paper, that machine learning can be a source of knowledge, then it makes sense to wonder what kind of justification it involves. How do we rationalize on the one hand the seeming justificatory black box with the observed widespread adoption of machine learning? We argue that, in general, people implicitly adopt reliabilism regard-ing machine learning. Reliabilism is an epistemological theory of epistemic justification according to which a belief is warranted if it has been produced by a reliable process or method [18]. We argue that, in cases where model deployments require moral justification, reliabilism is not sufficient, and instead justifying deployment requires establishing robust human processes as a moral “wrap-per” around machine outputs. We then suggest that, in certain high-stakes domains with moral consequences, reliabilism does not provide another kind of necessary justification—moral justification. Finally, we offer cautions relevant to the (implicit or explicit) adoption of the reliabilist interpretation of machine learning.
Beach Evolution Adjacent to a Seasonally Varying Tidal Inlet in Central Vietnam

ABSTRACT Do, T.K. A. ; de Vries, S. , and Stive, M.J.F. , 2018. Beach evolution adjacent to a seasonally varying tidal inlet in central Vietnam. Cua Dai Inlet is a typical, seasonally varying tidal inlet in central Vietnam. Since 1995 the northern adjacent coast, known as Cua Dai Beach, has experienced serious erosion. The decadal scale behavior of this inlet appears to reflect a nonperiodic cyclic process. Inlet channel shifting from north to south has welded the abandoned ebb-tidal delta with Cua Dai Beach, leading to accretion but subsequently triggering erosion. Although erosion of Cua Dai Beach was exacerbated by decrease of sediment supply from the estuary and ebb-tidal delta and by coastal developments, the channel shifting to the south, and the ebb shoal development were important primary controlling mechanisms. This study aims to quantify the main erosional processes in and near the Cua Dai coastal inlet and adjacent beaches since 1995. First, satellite data were used to detect shoreline change trends and to estimate volume changes. Second, alongshore, wave-driven sediment transports were estimated using numerical models. Observed shoreline changes indicate that, during the period from 2000 to 2010, erosion rates at the northern side of the inlet were on average 12 m/y. Close to the inlet, erosion rates were larger, up to 19 m/y. At the same time, the southern coast of the inlet was found to accrete with a mean rate of 11 m/y. Calculated alongshore sediment transport rates explain the observed erosion and accretion patterns. The overall system lost a significant sediment volume, which is estimated to amount to 243,000–310,000 m3/y. A logical conclusion is that the effects of the shifting of the inlet channel to the south caused erosion of the northern adjacent coast, whereas human interventions in the river catchment, the estuary, and along the coast contributed importantly to the overall sediment deficit of the inlet system and its beaches and to the shifting erosion pattern toward the north.
Segmentation of bone structures with the use of deep learning techniques

chapter presents the results obtained. The last chapter focuses on conclusions and perspectives for further work. The preliminary results of the work were presented in the CPEE 2020 conference [12]. The paper broadens the subject with segmentation performed by FCN network and modifications of the U-net network. Evaluation of the results was performed on much larger dataset with the use of additional fitting measures.
Organization of tropical convection

Atmospheric moist convection is an important source of uncertainty in current climate models. Compared to the resolved spatial scales, convective updrafts are small scale processes which, however, have an important influence on the atmospheric state. To determine their effect on the resolved scales, clouds are usually approximated as non-interacting despite their ability to trigger or favor new convection in their surrounding. In particular, convectively induced cold pools trigger new updrafts along their boundaries and thus induce correlations between successive generations of clouds, while convectively induced humidity perturbations accumulate over many generations and cause self-aggregation of convection on time scales much longer than the individual cloud life times. While the cold pool triggering and the instability of the atmosphere to humidity perturbations have been studied in detail, there is a lack of understanding of how these interactions affect the large scale properties of a convective field and thus impact the resolved scales. In this thesis we will introduce minimally simple models to represent the effects of cold pool triggering and convectively induced humidity perturbations and relate them to models known from statistical physics to determine how these processes lead to the formation of large scale structures. We start by introducing a modified percolation model which can reproduce the observed size distributions of shallow cumulus clouds. Analyzing size distributions using satellite data, we argue that it is the merging of smaller subclouds to larger clouds which leads to power law size distributions over a range of scales which increase as the total cloud fraction approaches a critical value. Modifying the standard percolation model to include clustering leads to quantitative agreement. The second model describes the spreading of convective activity using a 2D lattice model based on directed percolation. Motivated by the cold pool induced spreading of convective activity we argue that the ability of convection to trigger new convection can explain the observed continuous phase transition in precipitation strength. While we find that the model can reproduce the spreading of convection in an atmospheric model simulation, we also propose a more direct test for this hypothesis. The third model addresses the spatial evolution of self-aggregation, which organizes convection on long space and time scales. We argue that the convectively induced humidity perturbations lead to a diffusive spatial interaction and conclude that the upscale growth of moist and dry regions can be described as a phase-separation process called coarsening. Comparison with previous studies shows that coarsening can explain the frequently noted domain shape and size dependence and, at least initially, the upscale growth of moist and dry regions. Using models known from statistical physics we find that we are not only able to qualitatively describe the emergence of large scale properties but that, due to universal properties of these models, we are able to make quantitative predictions.
The ICARUS project - Command, Control and Intelligence (C2I)

This paper describes the features and concepts behind the Command, Control and Intelligence (C2I) system under development in the ICARUS project, which aims at improving crisis management with the use of unmanned search and rescue robotic appliances embedded and integrated into existing infrastructures. A beneficial C2I system should assist the search and rescue process by enhancing first responder situational awareness, decision making and crisis handling by designing intuitive user interfaces that convey detailed and extensive information about the crisis and its evolution. The different components of C2I, their architectural and functional aspects are described along with the robot platform used for development and field testing.
Scale-Space Based Feature Point Detection for Noisy Digital Curves

The Problem: We are building systems that support sketch based interaction with computers. These systems rely on having a lower level module that takes freehand strokes consisting of a series of pixel positions along with their timestamps and generates more meaningful descriptions that approximate the input stroke in terms of lines, curves and their combination. One of the important phases in this stroke approximation process is the feature detection phase where the corners of the input stroke are identified.
Multiple Systems in Decision Making

Neuroeconomics seeks to gain a greater understanding of decision making by combining theoretical and methodological principles from the fields of psychology, economics, and neuroscience. Initial studies using this multidisciplinary approach have found evidence suggesting that the brain may be employing multiple levels of processing when making decisions, and this notion is consistent with dual‐processing theories that have received extensive theoretical consideration in the field of cognitive psychology, with these theories arguing for the dissociation between automatic and controlled components of processing. While behavioral studies provide compelling support for the distinction between automatic and controlled processing in judgment and decision making, less is known if these components have a corresponding neural substrate, with some researchers arguing that there is no evidence suggesting a distinct neural basis. This chapter will discuss the behavioral evidence supporting the dissociation between automatic and controlled processing in decision making and review recent literature suggesting potential neural systems that may underlie these processes.
Statistical Software

Abstract: This article discusses selected statistical software, aiming to help readers ﬁnd the right tool for their needs. We categorize software into three classes: Statistical Packages, Analysis Packages with Statistical Libraries, and General Programming Languages with Statistical Libraries. Statistical and analysis packages often provide interactive, easy-to-use workﬂows while general programming languages are built for speed and optimization. We emphasize each software’s deﬁning characteristics and discuss trends in popularity. The concluding sections muse on the future of statistical software including the impact of Big Data and the advantages of open-source languages. This article discusses selected statistical software, aiming to help readers ﬁnd the right tool for their needs (not provide an exhaustive list). Also, we acknowledge our experiences bias the discussion towards software employed in scholarly work. Throughout, we emphasize the software’s capacity to analyze large, complex data sets (“Big Data”). The concluding sections muse on the future of statistical software. To aid in
Regularity and stability of optimal controls of nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations

The regularity and stability of optimal controls of nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations are investigated. Under suit- able assumptions every control satisfying first-order necessary con- ditions is shown to be a continuous function in both space and time. Moreover, the behaviour of a locally optimal control under certain perturbations of the cost functional and the state equation is investi- gated. Lipschitz stability is proven provided a second-order sufficient optimality condition holds.
Investigation of Automatic Speech Recognition Performance and Mean Opinion Scores for Different Standard Speech and Audio Codecs

Abstract Usage of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems is increasing day-by-day for voice centric applications in mobile handheld and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) devices. The necessity is also increasing to find out the ASR performance under different network impediments. Among them, speech and audio coding standards is the one, which affects the ASR performance greatly, when, using them with different sampling and bit rates in the practical systems. Another common impediment which influences the ASR accuracy is the bit errors in the wireless networks and packet drop conditions in the VoIP networks. ASR performance with some of the speech coding standards under noise conditions for the wireless networks is reported in the literature. However, each study is reporting the ASR performance for few narrowband codecs with different speech databases and different ASR toolkits like RAPHEL, HTK, SPHINX, etc. In this paper, the analysis on ASR performance while using both narrowband and wideband speech and audio coding standards, which are currently accepted for GSM mobile and VoIP networks, using the common speech database-TIMIT, and using ASR toolkit-SPHINX, is presented. The Mean Opinion Score (MOS), which is the generally accepted speech quality measurement technique, is also analyzed for all the speech and audio coding standards, using the same speech database. The results of the studies carried out for the ASR word accuracies and MOS values for different narrowband and wideband speech and audio codecs under no-loss conditions are presented. Results for different rates of packet drop condition which is the common noise scenario in wired networks such as VoIP (which is also merging with wireless networks) are also presented. The observation is that though some of the codecs are showing poor MOS performance at lower bit rates, the corresponding ASR performance is comparable with other codecs at higher bit rates.