Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Green-blue algae in white wonderland – a review of current distributions and possible changes to cyanobacteria distribution caused by anthropogenic climate change in Antarctica.

Antarctic warming is currently occurring at an unprecedented rate and has been associated with human activities resulting in anthropogenic climate change. Warming of the Antarctic continent has resulted in warmer annual temperatures, changing precipitation patterns and higher abundances of ice-free areas vital to organism survival. Climatic changes impact organisms inhabiting these cold-climate areas and may lead to reduced or extended habitancy in different parts of Antarctica. One organism impacted is cyanobacteria, the most abundant non-marine organism in the Antarctic region (Quesada, Goff & Karentz, 1998). Cyanobacteria is a vital organism in many ecosystems as cyanobacteria fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into soils and photosynthesises CO2 to O2, benefiting many organisms. However, in high abundances cyanobacteria can overwhelm an ecosystem and negatively impact cohabiting organisms which is seen in many temperate climate locations. Anthropogenic climate change may impact the future of the endemic cyanobacteria population and other interrelated organisms. Current research has limited knowledge on possible impacts of anthropogenic climate change on the microorganism. Through analysis of factors, which will be affected by climate change (e.g. ice-free regions, temperature, or lake salinity), it is possible to extrapolate potential growth rates of cyanobacteria in the future. Optimal temperature for growth rate, as well as current Antarctic distributions will be used as evidence to assess future environments cyanobacteria may inhabit. Findings that cyanobacteria are thought to come from temperate origins also show current research suggests no reason that Antarctic cyanobacteria species are likely to go extinct and rather that there is potential for geographic species expansion.
X-Ray Measurement of Dark Matter “Temperature” in A1795

We present a method from an X-ray observation of a galaxy cluster to measure the radial profile of the dark matter velocity dispersion, σDM, and to compare the dark matter "temperature" defined as μmpσ/kB with the gas temperature. The method is applied to the XMM-Newton observation of A1795. The ratio between the specific energy of the dark matter and that of the intracluster medium (ICM), which can be defined as βDM in analogy with βspec, is found to be less than unity everywhere, ranging ~0.3-0.8. In other words, the ICM temperature is higher than the dark matter "temperature," even in the central region where the radiative cooling time is short. A βDM value smaller than unity can most naturally be explained by heating of the ICM. The excess energy of the ICM is estimated to be ~1-3 keV per particle.
How Much of the Remaining Gender Pay Gap is the Result of Discrimination, and How Much is Due to Individual Choices?

Using secondary data to obtain results which were representative of the UK population, this research identifies the key components of the persisting gender pay gap. It then quantifies them to assess the contribution of each factor to the remaining gender pay gap in the UK, something which few studies have done before. The research finds that of the factors which explain the gender pay gap, the following make the most significant contribution to the remaining gender pay gap in the UK: part-time work, education, size of the firm a person is employed in and Occupational Segregation. Occupational Segregation is a considerable problem in the UK, with women under-represented in all areas of higher managerial and professional occupations. Women are concentrated in low paid, low grade socio-economic groups, and in particular occupations such as childcare and administration. This segregation is even more noticeable among part-time workers, and persists even among those with Higher Education qualifications suggesting that a Higher Education qualification provides women with little advantage in cracking the glass ceiling. Although some of the factors might be interrelated for example, Occupational Segregation and part-time work there is a strong possibility that discrimination is embedded not only in the policies, processes and systems of the occupational structure, but also within factors associated in the past with the acquisition of education, training and work experience. Recommendations are made on how to achieve a further narrowing of the gender pay gap in the future. Unless these problems are dealt with now, the gender pay gap will remain for many years to come.
Building Globalization: Transnational Architecture Production in Urban China

When I wrote the small book New China Architecture in 2006, I was aware that my book, relying primarily on my observations and the publicly available material, was to capture what I have called the ecstatic moment of architectural glorification in China in the two decades at the turn of the new century. But that book is about architecture. I had hoped that future research would elucidate more the political and economic circumstances under which these buildings were produced. Building Globalization: Transnational Architecture Production in Urban China by Xuefei Ren does just that. Readers, however, should not expect to gain much understanding of new architecture in China from this book, for the critique of it does not go beyond ‘‘innovative designs’’ and ‘‘spectacular forms’’. Indeed, much of the architecture in our age has been treated in such a reductive fashion, driven, if we believe the author of this book, by the prospect that the symbolic capital of architectural forms may be transformed into economic currency. I wonder, had the book appeared a few months later, whether or not the author would have been a little more measured in applying the Bourdieuian formula to architecture production in China. The Spaniards, for example, did much the same as the Chinese, and had also hoped to cash in from their architectural production. Legend has it that the mayor of Barcelona would drive an American star architect around his town and ask: ‘‘What do you want to build? ’’ ‘‘How about another art museum? ’’ suggested the architect. The airlines had already started cancelling flights to Bilbao long before the European debt crisis. Now the time is up; the Spaniards, though having ended up with more art museums and cultural centres than they will ever need, will have to pay for them in the decades to come. But we shall leave this aside since this book does us a very good service in revealing the ‘‘secret’’ of the way in which the Chinese projects are being developed. The book tells us, in clear and well structured narratives, and through the informed case studies of the Jianwai SOHO, Shanghai Xintiandi and the Beijing Olympics, the types of transnational architectural players in China, the role of the state in the development process, its entangled relations with the private developers, the nature of land ownership and its transaction, and the unique and charged story of Chinese chai qian (demolishing and relocation), as Asian Studies Review December 2012, Vol. 36, pp. 551–594
Incidental Breast Cancers Identified in the One-Stop Symptomatic Breast Clinic

Purpose Breast cancers can be asymptomatic at an early stage and hence screening programmes play an important role in detecting breast cancers early. Even in those patients who present with breast symptoms, breast cancers may be present at a site remote to the site of symptoms. In this study, we aimed to assess the frequency, site and imaging modality used to identify these incidental cancers in the symptomatic one-stop breast clinic. Methods All patients who were seen in our breast clinic with breast symptoms over a two-year period were included in the study. We correlated the presenting symptoms of patients diagnosed with breast cancer with imaging (mammogram and ultrasound) findings. Incidental cancers were defined as "histologically confirmed breast cancers which were impalpable, remote to the site of symptoms and only identified on imaging. " Results In the study period, 281 women were diagnosed with breast cancer out of 4,400 patients seen at the one-stop breast clinic. Thirty six patients (12.8%) diagnosed with breast cancer had an incidental cancer which was only identified by imaging. The majority of contralateral, incidental cancers were identified by both mammography and ultrasound (US) and patients were all above 35 years. Conclusion We suggest mammography of both breasts and US of the symptomatic breast in order to identify incidental cancers.
Systematic transcriptome analysis reveals tumor-specific isoforms for ovarian cancer diagnosis and therapy

Significance Identifying molecules that are specific to tumors for use in early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy is both a primary goal and a key discovery challenge across diverse areas of oncology. To discover ovarian tumor-specific molecules, we developed custom bioinformatics algorithms to analyze transcriptome sequence data of 296 ovarian cancer and 1,839 normal tissues and validated putative tumor-specific mRNA isoforms by RT–quantitative PCR. The results revealed multiple candidate diagnostic and therapeutic targets with unique sequences that were expressed in most of the cancers examined but not in normal tissues. The process we developed can be readily applied to identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets for any of the 30 or more tumor types for which large amounts of transcriptome data now exist. Tumor-specific molecules are needed across diverse areas of oncology for use in early detection, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Large and growing public databases of transcriptome sequencing data (RNA-seq) derived from tumors and normal tissues hold the potential of yielding tumor-specific molecules, but because the data are new they have not been fully explored for this purpose. We have developed custom bioinformatic algorithms and used them with 296 high-grade serous ovarian (HGS-OvCa) tumor and 1,839 normal RNA-seq datasets to identify mRNA isoforms with tumor-specific expression. We rank prioritized isoforms by likelihood of being expressed in HGS-OvCa tumors and not in normal tissues and analyzed 671 top-ranked isoforms by high-throughput RT-qPCR. Six of these isoforms were expressed in a majority of the 12 tumors examined but not in 18 normal tissues. An additional 11 were expressed in most tumors and only one normal tissue, which in most cases was fallopian or colon. Of the 671 isoforms, the topmost 5% (n = 33) ranked based on having tumor-specific or highly restricted normal tissue expression by RT-qPCR analysis are enriched for oncogenic, stem cell/cancer stem cell, and early development loci—including ETV4, FOXM1, LSR, CD9, RAB11FIP4, and FGFRL1. Many of the 33 isoforms are predicted to encode proteins with unique amino acid sequences, which would allow them to be specifically targeted for one or more therapeutic strategies—including monoclonal antibodies and T-cell–based vaccines. The systematic process described herein is readily and rapidly applicable to the more than 30 additional tumor types for which sufficient amounts of RNA-seq already exist.
Effects of Interferon, Ribavirin, and Iminosugar Derivatives on Cells Persistently Infected with Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT Persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis in humans. In chronic carriers, the viral infection induces liver damage that predisposes the patient for cirrhosis and can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. Current chemotherapies are limited to alpha interferon (IFN-α) used either alone or in combination with ribavirin (RBV). In addition to its limited efficacy, this treatment is frequently poorly tolerated because of its side effects. The urgently needed development of new drugs is made difficult by the lack of an in vitro or in vivo infectivity model, and no cell line has been found so far to reliably and reproducibly support HCV infection. For this reason, the closely related pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has sometimes been used as a surrogate in vitro infectivity model. In this study we used an MDBK cell line persistently infected with noncytopathic BVDV to assess the antiviral effect of IFN-α and RBV, the two drugs currently in clinical use against HCV. The same system was then used to evaluate the potential of two classes of iminosugar derivates to clear noncytopathic BVDV infection from MDBK cells. We show that treatment with long-alkyl-chain deoxynojirimycin derivatives, which are inhibitors of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident α-glucosidases, can greatly reduce the amount of secreted enveloped viral RNA. Long-alkyl-chain deoxygalactonojirimycin derivatives, which do not inhibit ER α-glucosidases, were less potent but still more effective in this system than IFN-α or ribavirin.
Explanatory Models of Common Mental Disorders among Traditional Healers and Their Patients in Rural South India

Objective: To delineate concepts, categories, causes of common mental disorders (CMD) and their treatment as understood by traditional healers practicing in rural South India. Methods: Key informant interviews, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with traditional and faith healers were conducted to identify concepts, causes, presentations and treatments for CMD. Patients attending clinics conducted by these healers were interviewed using the Tamil versions of the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) and the Short Explanatory Model Interview (SEMI) in order to identify CMD and understand their explanatory models of illness respectively. Results: Different terms, concepts and treatments were used by traditional and faith healers. A total of 72 patients were interviewed using the CIS-R and the SEMI. Thirty (42.3%) satisfied the International Classification of Diseases-10 Primary Care Version criteria for CMD. Mixed anxiety depression was the most common diagnosis (40%). Conclusions: An understanding of local patient perspectives of common mental disorders will allow modern medicine to provide culturally sensitive and locally acceptable health care.
Cell death, remodeling, and repair in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Apoptotic cells can be detected in the parenchyma and airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in greater numbers than seen in normal lungs or those from smokers without COPD. Implications include more apoptosis and/or decreased clearance of apoptotic cells. Both epithelial and endothelial cells become apoptotic. What role does the apoptosis play in the emphysema or small airway alterations seen in COPD? In simple terms, loss of cells by apoptosis would be expected to accompany, or perhaps initiate, the overall tissue destruction normally believed responsible. Indeed, direct induction of apoptosis in pulmonary endothelial or epithelial cells in rodents is accompanied by emphysematous changes. On the other hand, apoptotic cells are normally removed from tissues rapidly with minimal tissue response, to be followed by cell replacement to maintain homeostasis. The presence of detectable apoptotic cells, therefore, may imply defects in these clearance mechanisms, and, in keeping with this hypothesis, there is increasing evidence for such defects in patients with COPD. Mice with abnormalities in apoptotic cell removal also tend to develop spontaneous "emphysema. " A reconciling hypothesis is that recognition of apoptotic cells not only leads to removal but also, normally, to signals for cell replacement. If this latter response is lacking in COPD-susceptible smokers, defects in normal alveolar or small airway repair could significantly contribute to the structural disruption. The concept puts emphasis on defective repair as well as initial injury (i.e., persistent alteration of dynamic tissue homeostasis, as a key contributor to COPD), with, it is hoped, additional approaches for mitigation.
Facts or friends?: distinguishing informational and conversational questions in social Q&A sites

Tens of thousands of questions are asked and answered every day on social question and answer (Q&A) Web sites such as Yahoo Answers. While these sites generate an enormous volume of searchable data, the problem of determining which questions and answers are archival quality has grown. One major component of this problem is the prevalence of conversational questions, identified both by Q&A sites and academic literature as questions that are intended simply to start discussion. For example, a conversational question such as "do you believe in evolution? " might successfully engage users in discussion, but probably will not yield a useful web page for users searching for information about evolution. Using data from three popular Q&A sites, we confirm that humans can reliably distinguish between these conversational questions and other informational questions, and present evidence that conversational questions typically have much lower potential archival value than informational questions. Further, we explore the use of machine learning techniques to automatically classify questions as conversational or informational, learning in the process about categorical, linguistic, and social differences between different question types. Our algorithms approach human performance, attaining 89.7% classification accuracy in our experiments.
STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF MENTALLY ILL OFFENDERS

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iii DEDICATION . iv LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . 1 Statement of the Problem . 2 Purpose of the Study . 3 CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW . 5 Vulnerability of Mentally Ill Offenders . 5 Prevalence . 7 Criminalization . 7 Stigma . 9 Services Available of Mentally Ill Offenders . 12 Access to Treatment . 13 Community Programs . 14 Diversion . 16 Perception of Mentally Ill Offenders . 17 Media . 17 vi Knowledge and Information . 17 Subgroups . 20 Professionals . 21 Students . 22 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY . 27 General Research Objectives . 27 Statement of Specific Research Question and Hypotheses . 27 Research Question #1 . 27 Research Hypothesis 1 . 27 Research Question #2 . 27 Research Hypothesis 2 . 28 Research Question #3 . 28 Research Hypothesis 3 . 28 Instrumentation . 28 Pre-testing of the Instrument . 31 Procedure . 32 Sampling Procedure . 32 Measures . 32 Data Analysis Techniques. 32 CHAPTER IV – DATA ANALYSES . 33 vii Demographic Profile . 33 Descriptive Statistics . 35 ATMIO Subscales . 35 Negative Stereotypes . 35 Community Risk. Table 3 displays the descriptive statistics associated with the ATMIO Community Risk subscale. 37 Rehabilitation/Compassion . 39 Diminished Responsibility. 40 CAMI Subscales . 41 Authoritarianism. 41 Benevolence . 43 Community Mental Health Ideology. 45 Social Restrictiveness . 46 SSMIS . 47 Originally Conceived Items . 49 Experiential Items . 51 Reliability Analysis . 52 Summated Scale Scores . 53 Bivariate Analyses . 55 CHAPTER V – DISCUSSION . 86 viii Revisiting the Research Questions. 86 Revisiting the Research Hypotheses . 87 Discussion . 88 Comparison with Original Study . 92 Limitations . 93 Policy Implications . 94 Suggestions for Future Research . 96 Conclusions . 98 APPENDIX A – Survey Instrument . 101 APPENDIX B – IRB Approval Letter . 108 REFERENCES . 109
Pericardial, pleural and diaphragmatic endometriosis in association with pelvic peritoneal and bowel endometriosis: a case report and review of the literature

Diaphragmatic endometriosis is a rare entity, often asymptomatic, which has been described only in small series. It is almost always associated with severe pelvic involvement. The most plausible theory about this condition is based on retrograde menstruation and subsequent transportation of viable cells in peritoneal fluid from the pelvis up the right gutter to the right hemidiaphragm, thus demonstrating its asymmetric distribution on the diaphragm. Pre-operative diagnosis is poorly supported by imaging techniques. In most cases, it is an incidental finding because the lesions may hide behind the right hepatic lobe. In that case it cannot be easily demonstrated with a laparoscope from an umbilical port. Symptomatic diaphragmatic endometriosis is associated with deep lesions which can involve the entire thickness of the diaphragm. In these cases, treatment is more difficult with possible incomplete pain relief and a considerable possibility of recurrence. In this subset, abdominal surgery is recommended. Surgical treatment must be individualized on the basis of the patient's age, fertility desires, type and location of disease and symptoms. We report the surgical treatment of a patient with synchronous pericardial, pleural and diaphragmatic endometriosis associated with pelvic peritoneal and bowel involvement. A review of the literature regarding pericardial and diaphragmatic endometriosis focusing on anatomical and surgical aspects of its management is undertaken.
Idempotent work stealing

Load balancing is a technique which allows efficient parallelization of irregular workloads, and a key component of many applications and parallelizing runtimes. Work-stealing is a popular technique for implementing load balancing, where each parallel thread maintains its own work set of items and occasionally steals items from the sets of other threads. The conventional semantics of work stealing guarantee that each inserted task is eventually extracted exactly once. However, correctness of a wide class of applications allows for relaxed semantics, because either: i) the application already explicitly checks that no work is repeated or ii) the application can tolerate repeated work. In this paper, we introduce idempotent work tealing, and present several new algorithms that exploit the relaxed semantics to deliver better performance. The semantics of the new algorithms guarantee that each inserted task is eventually extracted at least once-instead of exactly once. On mainstream processors, algorithms for conventional work stealing require special atomic instructions or store-load memory ordering fence instructions in the owner's critical path operations. In general, these instructions are substantially slower than regular memory access instructions. By exploiting the relaxed semantics, our algorithms avoid these instructions in the owner's operations. We evaluated our algorithms using common graph problems and micro-benchmarks and compared them to well-known conventional work stealing algorithms, the THE Cilk and Chase-Lev algorithms. We found that our best algorithm (with LIFO extraction) outperforms existing algorithms in nearly all cases, and often by significant margins.