Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimação de frequência usando sensores de erro com atrasos adaptativos

This paper proposes a solution to improve the performance of the first order Early Error Sensing (EES) Adaptive Time Delay Tanlock Loops (ATDTL) presented in (Al-Zaabi, Al-Qutayri e Al-Araji, 2005), regarding to frequency estimation and tracking time. The EES-ATDTL are phaselocked-loops (PLL) used to hardware implementations, due to their simple structure. Fixed-points theorems are used to determine conditions for rapid convergence of the estimation process and a estimative of the frecuency input is obtained with a Gaussian filter that improves the gain adaptation. The mathematical models are the presented by (Al-Araji, Al-Qutayri e Al-Zaabi, 2006). Simulations have been performed to evaluate the theoretical results.
Envelopes of nonlinear geometry

A general framework for comparing objects commonly used to represent nonlinear geometry with simpler, related objects, most notably their control polygon, is provided. The framework enables the efficient computation of bounds on the distance between the nonlinear geometry and the simpler objects and the computation of envelopes of nonlinear geometry. The framework is used to compute envelopes for univariate splines, the four point subdivision scheme, tensor product polynomials and bivariate Bernstein polynomials. The envelopes are used to approximate solutions to continuously constrained optimization problems.
Families and adolescent problem behaviour

Development takes place in social contexts. These social contexts are believed to have an impact on individual behavior and developmental course. Of the many contexts in which individuals develop, the family has been considered to be among the most important and influential. The family provides a context wherein individuals are necessarily interdependent, exerting a reciprocal and continuous influence on one another. Researchers have increasingly directed their attention to adolescence as an important phase in the life course, and to the family as a context for understanding adolescent development. The present thesis focuses on families with adolescent children. It aims to clarify how family members perceive family warmth and each other's problem behavior. The relation between family warmth and the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship on the one hand and adolescent problem behavior on the other hand is examined.
Richtmyer-Meshkov instability with strong radiatively driven shocks

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is investigated with strong radiatively driven shocks (Mach≳20, 5×compression) using the Nova laser. The target consists of a solid density ablator and lower‐density plastics (Atwood number A<0) in planar geometry to facilitate in‐flight radiographic diagnosis. Perturbations η=η0 cos kx are imposed at the interface to seed the instability. The experiments agree with full hydrodynamic simulations over a wide variety of conditions. For small initial amplitudes ‖A‖kη0<1, the growth rate agrees with a linear impulsive model using the average of the pre‐ and post‐shock initial amplitudes. For ‖A‖kη0≳1, the growth rate is limited to the difference between the transmitted shock speed and the interface speed.
Simulation Outside Magnetic Field of the Sun

We derive the viscous current in the fully ionized two-fluid plasma to generate the solar magnetic field. The global magnetic field of the Sun can be simulated by the viscous current from the differential rotation inside the Sun. The field presents a structure with 6-polar. As the viscous current is very weak, the magnetic field intensity is only about G, which could be considered as the background field of the Sun. The theory is a start for the generation of solar magnetic field. The local strong magnetic field of the Sun is not considered in the paper.
Rayleigh instability of charged drops and vesicles in the presence of counterions

Rayleigh instability of charged conducting drops, in the viscous regime, is analyzed in the presence of counterions in the surrounding fluid. The Rayleigh criterion for the instability is derived in the Debye–Huckel approximation. It is found that the critical charge for the instability is reduced in the presence of counterions. The analysis is carried out for charged vesicles, with symmetric double layers across the bilayer, and the critical charge for the instability is determined. It is found that vesicles can indeed become unstable at high surface potentials. These results should be important in biological systems, where cells, with charged membranes, are immersed in electrolyte solutions. Additionally, the expression for the decay rate for vesicles with charged bilayers should give better estimates for the correlation time of the shape fluctuations.
On the Modular Figure and Ford‐Spheres

In §1 we study Figure 1 for variable h. In §2 and §3 this is combined with Ford‐circles (Figure 2) and the choice h = 0 (Figure 3). In §4 a limit is evaluated. In §5 we treat Figure 5 (“Ford‐circles inside the unit‐circle”) and a technical application. In §6 contains various modular figures (Figures 7, 8, 9). §7 treats synchronous rotation of Figure 1 and Eoing from R2 to R3; the rotating upper half‐plane of C corresponds then to the unit‐sphere. In §8 a sphere‐packing on C is introduced. Finally in §9 a sphere‐packing inside the unit‐sphere arises.
Discovery of a Large-Amplitude SU UMa-Type Dwarf Nova, CT Hydrae

A faint dwarf nova, CT Hya, was observed for seven nights during its long outburst in 1995 FebruaryMarch and during quiescence on 1995 December 15. V-band CCD photometry revealed superhumps with a period of 0.06505 (±0.00010) d or its aliases, 0.06358 (±0.00010) d or 0.06649 (±0.00010) d, and with a total amplitude of about 0.25 mag. This discovery confirms CT Hya as being a new member of SU UMatype dwarf novae. We have concluded that CT Hya is an intermediate object between ordinary SU UMa stars and WZ Sge stars based on its peculiar behavior.
Overcoming therapeutic resistance in pancreatic cancer is not a simple mix of PDT and chemotherapy: Evaluation of PDT-chemotherapy combinations in 3D tumor models

The dismal survival statistics for pancreatic cancer are due in large part to the notoriously poor response of these tumors to conventional therapies. Here we examine the ability of photodynamic therapy (PDT), using the photosensitizer verteporfin to enhance of the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy agents and/or eradicate populations that are nonresponsive to these agents. Using an in vitro 3D tumor model of pancreatic cancer combined with an imaging-based methodology for quantifying therapeutic response, we specifically examine PDT combination treatments with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin. We show that our 3D cell culture model recapitulates a more clinically-relevant dose response to gemcitabine, with minimal cytotoxic response even at high doses. The same cultures exhibit modest response to PDT treatments, but are also less responsive to this modality relative to our previous reports of monolayer dose response in the same cells. In combination we found no evidence of any enhancement in efficacy of either PDT or gemcitabine treatment regardless of dose or sequence (PDT before gemcitabine, or gemcitabine before PDT). However, when oxaliplatin chemotherapy was administered immediately after treatment with 2.5J/cm2 verteporfin PDT, there was an observable enhancement in response that appears to exceed the additive combination of either treatment alone and suggesting there may be a synergistic interaction. This observation is consistent with previous reports of enhanced efficacy in combinations of PDT with platinum-based chemotherapy. The contrast in results between the combinations examined here underscores the need for rational design of mechanism-based PDT combinations.
Principal modes of variation for processes with continuous sample curves

Analysis of a process with continuous sample curves can be carried out in a manner similar to principal components analysis of vector processes. By appropriate definition of a best linear model in the continuous case, we show that principal modes of variation consist of eigenfunctions of the process covariance function C(s, t). Procedures for estimation of these eigenfunctions from a finite sample of observed curves are given, and results are compared with principal components analysis of the same data.
Data association hypothesis evaluation for i.i.d. but non-Poisson multiple target tracking

This paper discusses the evaluation of data association hypotheses for a general class of multiple target tracking problems. We assume that the number of targets is unknown, and that given the number of targets, the joint target state distributions form a system of independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) probability distributions. We are particularly interested in the case where the prior probability distribution of the number of targets is not necessarily Poisson. We will show that the Poisson assumption is not only sufficient but also necessary for the commonly used standard multiplicative hypothesis evaluation formula. Consequently, we claim that the use of the standard multiplicative hypothesis evaluation formula implies, either explicitly or implicitly, the Poisson assumption. We will also examine the Poisson assumption on the number of false alarms in each measurement set.
Extratropical Forcing of Tropical Pacific Convection during Northern Winter

Abstract Statistical evidence is presented to support the notion that tropical convection in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during northern winter can be forced by disturbances originating in the extratropics. The synoptic-scale transients in these regions are characterized at upper levels by strong positive tilts in the horizontal and appear to induce vertical motions ahead of troughs as in midlatitude baroclinic systems. Two case studies of such interactions are examined, one for the eastern North Pacific ITCZ and another somewhat different type of interaction for the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) over the western South Pacific. Both cases are associated with upper-level troughs, strong cold advection deep into the tropics, and the formation of a frontal boundary at low levels. The ITCZ case is characterized by the advection of anomalously high isentropic potential vorticity air southward, a strong poleward flux of heat and westerly momentum, and the devel.
High Electrocaloric Effect in Ferroelectrics

The existing situation in prospects of application of electrocaloric effect (ECE), related to finding ferroelectrics exhibiting high values of ECE, is discussed. Besides 1st order ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transitions, which were most promising till recent time with respect to high values of ECE, there are other approaches, related to ECE in high field range in relaxors and polymers. The restrictions of application of traditional indirect evaluation of ECE in ferroelectrics are discussed.
Simulation studies of plasma waves in the electron foreshock: The generation of Langmuir waves by a gentle bump‐on‐tail electron distribution

The generation of Langmuir waves by a gentle bump-on-tail electron distribution is analyzed. It is shown that with appropriately designed simulation experiments, quasi-linear theory can be quantitatively verified for parameters corresponding to the electron foreshock. The distribution function develops a plateau by resonant diffusion, and changes outside this velocity range are negligible, except for the contribution of nonresonant diffusion to acceleration of bulk electrons. The dispersion relation is solved for the evolving distribution function and exhibits the dynamics of wave growth and changes in real frequency. The integral of the quasi-linear equations is also used to relate the evolution of distribution function and wave spectrum and gives agreement with the simulations. Even in extremely long simulation runs there is practically no evolution in wave energy or the distribution function, once a plateau has been formed. the saturated field levels are much lower than the estimates that are generally used to assess the importance of additional weak or strong turbulence effects. These effects cannot prevent plateau formation and are only noticeable if ions are also included in the model. They then lead to a redistribution of the spectrum toward low wave number modes which propagate mainly opposite to the beam. Thismore » occurs long after plateau formation and plays no significant role in the overall system dynamics or energy balance. One will have to live with quasi-linear theory as a key ingredient for a global model of foreshock wave phenomena. « less
Formation of a High‐Density Deuterium Plasma Focus

During the early investigation of the high‐energy, low‐pressure mode of a coaxial hydromagnetic gun, a second mode of action was established for large gas fillings. This particular mode, previously reported was found to lead to a high‐density plasma focus situated at a distance ∼1–1.5 cm beyond the face of the center electrode. The plasma focus has the following properties; particle density ρ ∼ 2–3 × 1019/cm3, temperature T ∼ 1–3 keV, time duration t ∼ 0.2–0.3 μsec, and volume ∼15 mm3. Neutron yields >1010/burst and soft x rays are observed. These results are remarkably similar to those reported by Petrov et al. and Filippov et al. of the USSR using a metal wall pinch tube apparatus. The average velocity vz of the current sheath in the gun proper is found to depend on the fourth root of the applied voltage squares, divided by the mass density according to the simple ``snowplow'' ``M'' theory. The current sheath is found to be nonplanar and mass pickup by the advancing sheath is nonlinear with radius. The .
Controlled experiments in cosmological gravitational clustering

A systematic study is conducted of gravitational instability in 3D on the basis of power-law initial spectra with and without spectral cutoff, emphasizing nonlinear effects and measures of nonlinearity; effects due to short and long waves in the initial conditions are separated. The existence of second-general pancakes is confirmed, and it is noted that while these are inhomogeneous, they generate a visually strong signal of filamentarity. An explicit comparison of smoothed initial conditions with smoothed envelope models also reconfirms the need to smooth over a scale larger than any nonlinearity, in order to extrapolate directly by linear theory from Gaussian initial conditions.
Tracking phase singularities in optical fields

We developed a Matlab based procedure for tracking phase singularities in optical fields. It visualises the motion of the singularities and quantifies their charges while the wave field propagates. We will explain how this procedure works and present some singularity trajectories calculated by this method. It will turn out that this procedure might be very useful for investigating the behaviour of phase singularities.
Analysis of stellar occultation data for planetary atmospheres. I - Model fitting, with application to Pluto

Consideration is given to an analytic model for a stellar-occultation light curve developed for a small, spherically symmetric planetary atmosphere that includes thermal and molecular weight gradients in a region that overlies an extinction layer. The model incorporates two equivalent sets of parameters. One set specifies the occultation light curve in terms of signal levels, times, and time intervals. The other set specifies physical parameters of the planetary atmosphere. Equations are given for the transforming between the sets of parameters, including their errors and correlation coefficients. Detailed numerical calculations are presented for a benchmark case. The results obtained are consistent with the isothermal prediction of the 'methane-thermostat' model of Pluto's atmosphere.
Super-focusing of visible and UV light using a meta surface

In this paper, a novel meta surface is proposed for super-focusing. This surface contains two slits surrounded by finite corrugations for enhanced focusing. This simple surface has the super-focusing ability to focus both near and far field light in a hot-spot with an FWHM much smaller than half the wavelength of the incident light. The structure is suitable for one dimensional and two dimensional focusing applications. The enhanced transmission through the double slit is also utilized for directional beaming over a wide cone of angles. Moreover, various structures have been proposed for super-focusing in the visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. The proposed structure lends itself to various applications, including subwavelength imaging and nanolithography.
Experimental and theoretical study of Penning ionisation of H2O by metastable helium He(23S)

Combining experimental and theoretical information the authors develop a model for Penning ionisation of H2O by He(23S): the population ratio of the different ionic states depends on the orientation of H2O with respect to He*. A strong anisotropy of the He*+H2O energy surface makes this effect visible in the experimental electron energy spectrum.
Limits on fNL parameters from Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe three-year data

We analyse the three-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data and look for a deviation from Gaussianity in the form of a three-point function that has either of the two theoretically motivated shapes: local and equilateral. There is no evidence of departure from Gaussianity and the analysis gives the currently tightest bounds on the parameters fNLlocal and fNLequil, which define the amplitudes of respectively the local non-Gaussianity and the equilateral non-Gaussianity: −36 < fNLlocal < 100, −256 < fNLequil < 332 at 95% C.L.
Verification of mesoscale objective analyses of VAS and rawinsonde data using the March 1982 AVE/VAS special network data

Abstract A field program in March 1982 obtained rewinsonde data over a mesoscale network that had resolution similar to that of the temperature and moisture data simultaneously obtained from VAS (Visible and infrared spin-span radiometer Atmospheric Sounder). This provides a unique opportunity to verify objective analysis procedures used to combine standard rawinsonde and VAS soundings of temperature and moisture. In this study, various combinations of VAS data, conventional rawinsonde data, and gridded data from the National Weather Service's (NWS) global analysis, are used in successive-correction (SC) and variations objective analysis procedures. The analysis are objectively and subjectively compared with the AVE/VAS special-network rawinsonde data, where the major discernable mesoα-scale feature at this time was a cold-air pocket at 500 mb. The objective three-dimensional verification statistics show that the use of VAS data to supplement the NWS rawinsonde data significantly decreased the mixing-rati.
GENERALIZED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DARK CARRIER DISTRIBUTION AND PHOTOCARRIER COLLECTION IN SOLAR CELLS

A recently identified relationship between the probability of collection of a photogenerated carrier in a solar cell and the dark minority-carrier concentration at the point of generation is generalized to three-dimensional geometries with arbitrary doping profile and variable band gap including abrupt compositional changes, grain boundaries, and floating junctions. The proof of the resulting relationship is simpler and more transparent than in earlier work with more restricted geometries.
Investigation on recovery of gap insulation strength and EUV radiation in the post-discharge stage of a laser-triggered discharge produced tin plasma EUV source

This paper presents an investigation on the recovery of gap insulation strength and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation in the post-discharge stage of a laser-triggered discharge produced tin plasma (LTDPP) EUV source. Gap insulation strength recovers more quickly under a shorter gap length. The gap breakdown voltage recovered to 19.4 kV with a breakdown probability of 25% at 80 µs after an 8 J discharge under a 2.5 mm gap. The same discharge energy under a 5 mm gap required 140 µs for equal recovery. The EUV radiation recovery process was measured utilizing a double laser triggered discharge system. EUV radiation recovery lagged behind the gap insulation strength recovery for both the 2.5 and 5 mm gap. In the case of the 8 J input pulse energy, EUV radiation recovered to the same level as the first EUV pulse at about 600 and 160 µs for the 5 and 2.5 mm gaps, corresponding to a 1.67 kHz and 6.25 kHz repetition rate, respectively. In the case of the 2.5 mm gap and 4 J input pulse energy, our EUV source could work with a repetition rate of upto 23 kHz, enabling the EUV output to reach 345 W/2πsr which was 4.5 times as the value of the 5 mm gap and 8 J input energy. To discuss the slower EUV radiation process, the initial laser trigger phase and plasma pinch stage during the first and second laser-triggered discharge were visualized by means of high speed visible light imaging and laser Schlieren imaging. Comparative results suggest that tin droplets influenced the initial laser-produced plasma plume, consequently affecting the Z-pinch plasma dynamics and its EUV radiation which resulted in the delayed EUV recovery process.
Interband-cascade infrared photodetectors with superlattice absorbers

Interband-cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs), composed of discrete superlattice absorbers, are demonstrated at temperatures up to 350 K with a cutoff wavelength near 5 μm at 80 K to beyond 7 μm above room temperature. The peak responsivity exceeds 200 mA/W, higher than the values reported from early interband cascade laser structures, suggesting a significantly enhanced quantum efficiency of the superlattice absorbers. A theoretical model, originally developed for quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), is applied to ICIPs to analyze their device performance. The Johnson-limited and background-limited detectivities are extracted and indicate that background-limited performance temperatures for two ICIP structures are 126 and 105 K at 5 μm. It is expected that optimized ICIPs will provide improved performance by combining the advantages of conventional photodiodes and the discrete nature of QWIPs and IC lasers.
Computational Approach Based on a Differential Evolution with Self-Adaptive Concept for Microwave Imaging of Two-Dimensional Inverse Scattering Problem

Abstract The application of four techniques for the shape reconstruction of a metallic cylinder by measured scattered fields is studied in this article. These approaches are applied to two-dimensional configurations. Finite-difference time-domain is employed for the analysis of the forward scattering part, while the inverse scattering problems are transformed into optimization problems. Different differential evolutionary algorithms are applied to reconstruct the location and shape of the two-dimensional metallic cylinder. These techniques have been tested in the case of simulated measurements contaminated by additive white Gaussian noise. The reconstructed results by algorithm with self-adaptive control parameter settings are better than these obtained by the standard differential evolution algorithm and dynamic differential evolution algorithm.
Star-Bus-Ring Architecture for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

A star-bus-ring architecture for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is proposed and demonstrated. The FBG survivability and capacity of a multipoint sensor system are enhanced by adding remote nodes and 2×2 optical switches to the star-bus-ring architecture. Moreover, to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the sensor system, we adopt a FBG laser scheme in constructing our proposed star-bus-ring architecture. The fiber laser adopted in this system resulted in an SNR of more than 50 dB for the sensor system. Finally, the network survivability is experimentally verified.