Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study of Supervised Spam Detection applied to Eight Months of Personal E-Mail

We evaluate ten spam detection methods embodied in six popular open-source spam filters by applying each method sequentially to all of the e-mail received by one individual (X) from August 2003 through March 2004. These 49,086 messages were originally judged in real-time by X. The messages and judgements were recorded, and reproduced so as to provide the same evaluation suite for all the methods. Five of the methods are derived from Spamassassin [spamassassin.org 2004], a hybrid system which includes both static spam-detection rules and a Bayesian statistical learning component. The purpose of intra-Spamassassin comparison is evaluate the relative contributions of the static and learning components in various configurations. The other methods are all “pure” statistical learning systems, in that they contain essentially no spam-detection rules. We compare these – Bogofilter [Raymond 2004], CRM-114 [Yerazunis 2004a], DSPAM [Zdziarski 2004], SpamBayes [Peters 2004], and Spamprobe [Burton 2002a] – against each other and against the learning component of Spamassassin. Recent evaluations have reported very high accuracies – some higher than 99.9% – for several of these filters [Burton 2002a; Zdziarski 2004; Yerazunis 2004a; Louis 2004; Yerazunis 2004b; Holden 2004]. We contrast these studies and others [Sahami et al. 1998; Graham 2004; Robinson 2004; Androutsopoulos et al. 2000; Tuttle et al. 2004] with ours following the presentation of our results. Our study’s objective is to provide a controlled, realistic, statistically meaningful evaluation of several common filters and the methods they embody. While our study is limited to the extent that X’s email is typical, and to the extent that the ten subject methods represent the state of the art, we present our methods and analysis in sufficient detail that they may be reproduced with other email streams and filter implementations. In addition, we have archived our evaluation suite so that we may use it to evaluate future spam detection methods 1 . Spam filtering may be effected in a number of configurations, which we categorize as: manual, static, unsupervised, and supervised. With manual filtering (see figure 1), the task falls to the email recipient who must examine and classify each message that is received. As mentioned above, this process is tedious and error-prone,
Economics as a "tooled" discipline : Lawrence R. Klein and the making of macroeconometric modeling : 1939-1959

Cette these, dont l'objectif est de faire prevaloir l'importance de la macro-econometrie dans l'histoire de la macro-economie, s'articule autour de deux questions centrales : (1) Quelles ont ete les forces et les objectif qui ont motive le developpement de la modelisation macro-econometrique et quelle est la nature des outils et des institutions que les macro-economistes ont construit pour observer, comprendre et controler l'economie d'apres-guerre aux Etats-Unis , (2) Quels ont ete les effets de la construction et de l'utilisation de tels outils dans la production du savoir macro-economique ? En considerant Lawrence R. Klein comme une figure centrale, je parcours la discipline economique des annees 1940-1950 en me focalisant sur l'intersection entre l'histoire de la macro-economie et celle de l'econometrie, et ainsi, je propose une nouvelle vision de 'economie du vingtieme siecle en tant que discipline "saisie par les outils", dans laquelle la theorie (economique et statistique), l'application, l'expertise et la politique s'incorporent dans un meme outil scientifique : un model macro-econometrique. j'expose donc l'histoire de la macro-economie non pas comme le produit des questions ideologiques monolithiques ou purement theoriques, mais plutot comme le produit des visions epistemologiques et de strategies de modelisation divergentes qui remontent aux debats entre les approches empiriques de la macro-economie etatunienne et les methodologies Walrasienne et Marshallienne. Ainsi, je soutiens la these que Klein a ete le personnage principal dans la creation d'une nouvelle maniere de produire le savoir macro-economique qui, a travers la construction et l'utilisation d'outils complexes (modeles macro-econometriques) mis en place au sein d'une configuration institutionnelle specifique (laboratoires econometriques), poursuivait des objectifs explicites de politique economique, et par laquelle les roles bien definis des experts (equipes scientifiques) etaient integrees a une nouvelle pratique scientifique : la modelisation macro-economique.
A Free Trade Area in Services between Israel and the EU: Time to Move up a Gear?

The EU is one of Israel’s major trade partners. The present value of trade between Israel and the EU exceeds $40 billion per year. Israel–EU trade relations date back to the establishment of the European Community by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, and have advanced from limited trade arrangements in the 1960s to a Free Trade Area Agreement (FTAA) in 1975, followed by an Association Agreement which was concluded in 1995 and ratified in 2000. However, all these agreements regulated only trade in goods, leaving trade in services out of their scope. The EU–Israel Association Agreement provides for the liberalization of trade in services, but these provisions have never been put into effect. As a result, trade in services between both parties still encounters unnecessary, burdensome trade barriers. These barriers prevent service suppliers on both sides from reaping the benefits of the existing trade potential and affect the price and variety of services offered to consumers in Europe and Israel. Conclusion of a FTAA in services between the EU and Israel is one of the subjects on the agenda of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) Action Plan, concluded between the dyad in 2004. This is the most promising issue on the EU–Israel Action Plan agenda, particularly in terms of the potential scope of further trade development between Israel and the EU. In 2009 the parties met in Israel for discussions on the possible conclusion of such an agreement. However, as the history of the Association Agreement between Israel and the EU shows, under certain conditions these aspirations may well become a dead letter, especially in view of the practical and policy difficulties involved.
Prevalence of SMN1 deletion and duplication in carrier and normal populations: implication for genetic counselling

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the second most frequent autosomal recessive disease, with a prevalence of 1 in 6000 live born infants.1 It is characterised by degeneration of motor neurones of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, leading to symmetrical muscular weakness and atrophy. The International SMA Consortium classification2 defines several degrees of severity in the SMA phenotype, depending on the age of onset and motor development milestones. Type I SMA, Werdnig-Hoffmann I disease, is the most severe form with onset within 6 months of birth. Patients are unable to sit up and have serious respiratory dysfunction. Type II SMA is the intermediate form with onset within the first 2 years; children can sit up but are unable to walk. The clinical course is variable. Type III (also called Kugelberg-Welander disease) begins after 2 years of age and usually has a chronic evolution. Children can stand and walk unaided at least in infancy. Adult form (type IV) is the mildest, with onset after 30 years of age; few cases have been reported and its prevalence is not accurately known. Spinal muscular atrophy is linked to locus 5q13 in more than 95% of patients.3–6 The critical region, containing several genes including the survival motor neurone ( SMN ) gene, is inverted and duplicated. Homozygous deletion of SMN1 , located in the telomeric position, accounts for the disease in 98% of these cases and has been reported in infantile, intermediate, and adult onset disease.7–10 Linkage analysis in families with SMA shows large de novo deletions in 2% of patients.11–13 SMN2 is a highly homologous gene located in the centromeric duplicated region.7,14 Most of the SMN1 transcripts are full length, whereas most of the SMN2 transcripts lack exon 7. In fact, a nucleotide substitution …
The Deviant ATP-binding Site of the Multidrug Efflux Pump Pdr5 Plays an Active Role in the Transport Cycle*

Background: The deviant ATP-binding site in the important drug resistance-linked Pdr subfamily is unique. Results: Mutations in conserved residues exhibit significant ATPase activity, but reduced transport activity. Conclusion: Conserved residues Cys-199, Glu-1013, and Asp-1042 are not directly involved in ATP hydrolysis but are actively involved in the transport cycle. Significance: Our results indicate a new role for deviant ATP-binding sites. Pdr5 is the founding member of a large subfamily of evolutionarily distinct, clinically important fungal ABC transporters containing a characteristic, deviant ATP-binding site with altered Walker A, Walker B, Signature (C-loop), and Q-loop residues. In contrast to these motifs, the D-loops of the two ATP-binding sites have similar sequences, including a completely conserved aspartate residue. Alanine substitution mutants in the deviant Walker A and Signature motifs retain significant, albeit reduced, ATPase activity and drug resistance. The D-loop residue mutants D340A and D1042A showed a striking reduction in plasma membrane transporter levels. The D1042N mutation localized properly had nearly WT ATPase activity but was defective in transport and was profoundly hypersensitive to Pdr5 substrates. Therefore, there was a strong uncoupling of ATPase activity and drug efflux. Taken together, the properties of the mutants suggest an additional, critical intradomain signaling role for deviant ATP-binding sites.
Performance Evaluation of an Ultra-Wideband Transmit Diversity in a Living Animal Experiment

To realize implant communications with a high data rate, ultra-wideband (UWB) transmission has gathered a lot of attention as a promising candidate. However, due to high operation frequency, the UWB communication link suffers from large attenuation. This represents the difficulty to achieve reliable communications. To mitigate such a problem, spatial diversity techniques have been proposed in the literature, where some of them work without any frequency extension. In contrast, the implant side diversity technique has been rarely discussed because of the difficulty in miniaturizing the size of the transmitter antenna. In this paper, we designed a UWB transmitter diversity antenna and evaluated its performance numerically and experimentally. First, we analyzed the antenna performance using a finite-difference time-domain simulation and physical experiment in a liquid phantom. Thereafter, we measured the path loss performance in an implant communication link using a liquid phantom and a living porcine subject. Finally, we evaluated the impact of the implant side polarization diversity system with the developed antenna on the communication performance. Based on the measured isolation between the polarization channels, our measurements show that a signal-to-noise power ratio improvement of 7 dB can be in principle achieved with a predicted outage rate of 0.01 and a range of 15 cm in typical body environments.
Ten Years without Fungal Peritonitis: A Single Center's Experience

Med Res Opin 1991; 12:325–31. 10. Spinar J, Novotny J, Mayer J, Vitovec J, Spinarova L. Hemocoagulation and hemorrheology in heart failure and the possible effects of glycosaminoglycans. Vnitr Lek 1995; 41:3–7. 11. Palazzini E, Verardi S. Effect of a naturally occurring mucopolysaccharide, glucuronil-glycosaminoglycan sulfate, on coagulative profile and lipemic parameters in patients under chronic hemodialytic treatment. Current Therapeutic Research 1981; 29:678–84. 12. Chang JW, Yang WS, Min WK, Lee SK, Park JS, Chi HS, et al. Effects of simvastatin on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum albumin in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:1213–17. 13. Browner WS, Black D, Newman TB, Hulley SB. Estimating sample size and power. In: Hulley SB, Cumming SR, eds. Designing Clinical Research. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1988: 139–50. 14. Condorelli M, Chiariello M, Dagianti A, Penco M, Dalla Volta S, Pengo V, et al. IPO-V2: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, comparative clinical investigation of the effects of sulodexide in preventing cardiovascular accidents in the first year after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23:27–34. 15. Harenberg J. Review of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic properties of sulodexide. Med Res Rev 1998; 18:1–20.
Pregnancy Outcomes Using Assisted Reproductive Technology After Fertility-Preserving Therapy in Patients With Endometrial Adenocarcinoma or Atypical Complex Hyperplasia

Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes of pregnancy in young women (<40 years old) with early endometrial cancer or atypical complex hyperplasia who were treated by conservative management followed by assisted reproductive technology (ART). Materials and Methods: Medical charts of 11 patients treated from January 1997 to October 2007 at Asan Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed. These patients had all been treated with progestin and serial dilatation and curettage as primary fertility-preserving therapies. Results: After pathological remission of disease, 10 patients tried to become pregnant by ART, 4 by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and 6 by controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, with or without intrauterine insemination. Eight women had intrauterine pregnancies, and 6 patients had live births. Patients have been followed up for 9 to 51 months (mean, 21 months) after delivery, with no evidence of tumor recurrence. Conclusions: Fertility-preserving therapy followed by ART can be a good option in well-selected patients with early endometrial cancer who want to become pregnant.
Linkage Analysis in the Next-Generation Sequencing Era

Linkage analysis was developed to detect excess co-segregation of the putative alleles underlying a phenotype with the alleles at a marker locus in family data. Many different variations of this analysis and corresponding study design have been developed to detect this co-segregation. Linkage studies have been shown to have high power to detect loci that have alleles (or variants) with a large effect size, i.e. alleles that make large contributions to the risk of a disease or to the variation of a quantitative trait. However, alleles with a large effect size tend to be rare in the population. In contrast, association studies are designed to have high power to detect common alleles which tend to have a small effect size for most diseases or traits. Although genome-wide association studies have been successful in detecting many new loci with common alleles of small effect for many complex traits, these common variants often do not explain a large proportion of disease risk or variation of the trait. In the past, linkage studies were successful in detecting regions of the genome that were likely to harbor rare variants with large effect for many simple Mendelian diseases and for many complex traits. However, identifying the actual sequence variant(s) responsible for these linkage signals was challenging because of difficulties in sequencing the large regions implicated by each linkage peak. Current ‘next-generation’ DNA sequencing techniques have made it economically feasible to sequence all exons or the whole genomes of a reasonably large number of individuals. Studies have shown that rare variants are quite common in the general population, and it is now possible to combine these new DNA sequencing methods with linkage studies to identify rare causal variants with a large effect size. A brief review of linkage methods is presented here with examples of their relevance and usefulness for the interpretation of whole-exome and whole-genome sequence data.
Machine Learning Classification Combining Multiple Features of A Hyper-Network of fMRI Data in Alzheimer's Disease

Exploring functional interactions among various brain regions is helpful for understanding the pathological underpinnings of neurological disorders. Brain networks provide an important representation of those functional interactions, and thus are widely applied in the diagnosis and classification of neurodegenerative diseases. Many mental disorders involve a sharp decline in cognitive ability as a major symptom, which can be caused by abnormal connectivity patterns among several brain regions. However, conventional functional connectivity networks are usually constructed based on pairwise correlations among different brain regions. This approach ignores higher-order relationships, and cannot effectively characterize the high-order interactions of many brain regions working together. Recent neuroscience research suggests that higher-order relationships between brain regions are important for brain network analysis. Hyper-networks have been proposed that can effectively represent the interactions among brain regions. However, this method extracts the local properties of brain regions as features, but ignores the global topology information, which affects the evaluation of network topology and reduces the performance of the classifier. This problem can be compensated by a subgraph feature-based method, but it is not sensitive to change in a single brain region. Considering that both of these feature extraction methods result in the loss of information, we propose a novel machine learning classification method that combines multiple features of a hyper-network based on functional magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease. The method combines the brain region features and subgraph features, and then uses a multi-kernel SVM for classification. This retains not only the global topological information, but also the sensitivity to change in a single brain region. To certify the proposed method, 28 normal control subjects and 38 Alzheimer's disease patients were selected to participate in an experiment. The proposed method achieved satisfactory classification accuracy, with an average of 91.60%. The abnormal brain regions included the bilateral precuneus, right parahippocampal gyrus\hippocampus, right posterior cingulate gyrus, and other regions that are known to be important in Alzheimer's disease. Machine learning classification combining multiple features of a hyper-network of functional magnetic resonance imaging data in Alzheimer's disease obtains better classification performance.
The Challenges and Opportunities of E-Commerce in India: Future Prospective

E-commerce is playing one of the vital role in business options and facilitate to explore in the future. E- commerce is concerning the paradigm shift in the business world for trading. Forecast of E-commerce is showing extraordinary prospects in business growth of Indian Economy. The customers base of online shopping is augmented by using internet of things (IOT) and mobile phone applications. Consequently the Indian e-commerce business has seen exciting growth in since from few years. It taking into consideration India's demographic payment system and increasing internet accessibility, the E-commerce business is growing up to greater heights. However, India's overall retail opportunity is substantial, the online business is plagued with some critical challenges. Hence in attending current study has been carried out to depict the present condition and the future prospective of e-commerce business in India. It facilitates to analyze the present trends, explore the challenges and opportunities of e-commerce business in India.
The psychological effects of 205 hours of sleep deprivation.

A RECENT sleep deprivation bibliography compiled by Naitoh1lists more than 175 entries since the original study by Patrick and Gilbert in 1896.2Review of this literature points up the following. 1. There are no carefully controlled studies of 200 or more hours of sleeplessness. With few exceptions, such as those of Katz3and Ross,4most of the reports involve studies of less than 120 hours of sleep deprivation, which is well within the endurance of most adults. Although the upper limits have not been established, it is likely that most adults have approached their endurance near 200 hours. 2. A controversy exists as to both the immediate and long lasting psychotogenic potential of prolonged sleep deprivation. Early reports noted perceptual changes, with some transient disruption of behavior and attention. Tyler5,6noted "symptoms like schizophrenia" in
Molecular subtyping of gastric MALT lymphomas: implications for prognosis and management

Since mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas were first recognised as a distinct entity in 1983, their characterisation and management have seen a series of rapid advances. Here we concentrate on MALT lymphomas at the commonest site—the stomach. Historically, despite their indolence, “localised” gastric low grade lymphomas were treated with surgery, and chemotherapy or radiotherapy were reserved for systemic spread. This emphasis has gradually changed but the major advance came with the discovery that these tumours were caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, and the remarkable finding that most resolved with its treatment.1 H pylori eradication quickly became a firstline therapy, and the research focus changed to how best to assess which cases would respond to this. Endoscopic ultrasound became important for staging and, to some extent, stage predicted response to H pylori eradication. However, the most exciting research over the past eight years has been in understanding the molecular genetics of these fascinating tumours. In this review, we describe these advances and discuss their implications for management, particularly the extent to which they predict the biological behaviour and response of the tumour to H pylori treatment. The term MALT lymphoma was first suggested by Isaacson and Wright in 1983 to describe low grade gastric B cell lymphoma and immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.2 It was soon extended to include similar lymphomas at other mucosal sites such as the lung, occula adnexa, thyroid, and salivary glands. Later the World Health Organisation renamed these tumours “Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphomas of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue” but also retained the shortened term “MALT lymphoma”. 3 The stomach is by far the commonest site for MALT lymphomas, comprising 70% of the total. Despite this, gastric MALT lymphoma is an unusual disease, with an incidence of approximately 0.8 per 100 000 per year. …
Alterations of Dialysate Markers in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Treated with the New Less Bioincompatible Bicarbonate Solutions

nephrology peritoneal dialysis access program. Semin Dial 2003; 16:266–71. 8. Goh Bl, Ganeshadeva YM, Chew Se, Dalimi MS. Does peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion by interventional nephrologists enhance peritoneal dialysis penetration? Semin Dial 2008; 21:561–6. 9. Mendelssohn DC. Increasing PD utilization: should suitable patients be forced? Perit Dial Int 2009; 29:144–6. 10. lim Yn, lim To, eds. Sixteenth report of the Malaysian Dialysis and Transplant registry 2008. Kuala lumpur: Malaysian Society of nephrology; 2009. 11. li PK, Chow KM. Importance of peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion by nephrologists: practice makes perfect. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:3274–6. 12. Zaman F. Peritoneal dialysis catheter placement by nephrologist. Perit Dial Int 2008; 28:138–41. doi:10.3747/pdi.2009. 00237