Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An introduction to orogenic andesites and crustal growth

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the current state of research on orogenic andesites. While their importance as proxies to the evolution of the continental crust has long been recognized, andesite genesis has remained highly controversial with a broader consensus yet to be reached. The controversy is fuelled by the question of whether orogenic andesites are primary melts of slab and mantle materials, or instead derivative products of basaltic mantle melts that differentiate in the overlying crust. These hypotheses are addressed in three sections of the book devoted to slab–mantle processes, the complexities of melt differentiation at crustal levels, and models pertaining to arc crustal growth. We believe that cross-fertilization and discussion among seemingly opposite and irreconcilable hypotheses will smooth the pathway towards a holistic communal model of andesite petrogenesis.
Reconciling rapid strain accumulation with deep seismogenic fault planes in the Ventura Basin, California

Global Positioning System measurements across the east central Ventura basin, Transverse Ranges, southern California, before the nearby 1994 Northridge earthquake show high strain rates. Interpreting this rapid strain accumulation using the usual model of deep slip on a dislocation in a uniform elastic half-space requires slip to extend to within 5 km of the surface. Such shallow slip is difficult to reconcile with the substantial coseismic displacement at depths from 7 to 19 km during the Northridge earthquake. Here we model the displacement and velocity fields throughout the earthquake cycle using a two-dimensional finite element model with a viscoelastic rheology. Displacements are driven by far-field and basal velocity boundary conditions and by imposed periodic earthquakes on the thrust faults bounding the basin. The thrust faults rupture through an elastic upper crust to a depth of 15 km. After a transient stage, during which stresses and strains build up to quasi-equilibrium values, the behavior of the model becomes periodic. The sum of the coseismic displacement divided by the repeat interval, plus the average interseismic velocity, is equal to the geologic velocity. The temporal variation in surface velocity depends mainly on the Elsasser relaxation time (proportional to the product of the Maxwell time of the lower crust and the ratio of the thicknesses of the entire crust and viscoelastic lower crust). We are able to match the observed high strain rate only if we include the observed variations in elastic modulus associated with the deep basin sediments. The model reconciles geologic, geodetic, and seismological observations of deformation. There are trade-offs among the far-field convergence rate, the Elsasser time, the earthquake repeat time, and the time into the earthquake cycle. Acceptable convergence rates range from 8 mm/yr, for a relaxation time of the lower crust of 300 years, to 12 mm/yr, for a 30-year relaxation time.
High‐temperature creep of olivine single crystals 1. Mechanical results for buffered samples

To investigate the rheological behavior of the Earth's upper mantle, over 100 high-temperature deformation experiments have been performed on single crystals of San Carlos olivine in controlled chemical environments at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa. Constitutive equations have been determined which describe the dependence of creep rate on applied stress, temperature and oxygen fugacity in terms of power law relations. In addition, the effects of orthopyroxene activity and loading orientation on the creep behavior have been investigated. For samples of each of three compression directions, [101]c, [011]c and [110]c, buffered by orthopyroxene or magnesiowustite, either two or three power law equations are required to describe the dependence of strain rate at fixed stress on temperature and oxygen fugacity over the full range of experimental conditions. It is proposed that in each power law regime a different creep mechanism controls the creep rate. For all of the experimental conditions, the activation energy for creep is independent of the stress level and the stress exponent is constant at 3.5±0.1. Activation energies for the various creep mechanisms varied from 230 to 1000 kJ/mol; and oxygen fugacity exponents lie in the range −0.03 to 0.4. From the constitutive equations determined based on the power law equations for all of the creep mechanisms, e˙-T-fo2 deformation maps were constructed at a stress of 1 MPa for olivine.
University of Birmingham First Observation of a Baryonic Bs0 Decay

We report the first observation of a baryonic B 0 s decay, B 0 s → p ¯ Λ K − , using proton-proton collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 . 0 fb − 1 . The branching fraction is measured to be B ð B 0 s → p ¯ Λ K − Þ þ B ð B 0 s → ¯ p Λ K þ Þ ¼ ½ 5 . 46 (cid:2) 0 . 61 (cid:2) 0 . 57 (cid:2) 0 . 50 ð B Þ (cid:2) 0 . 32 ð f s =f d Þ(cid:3) × 10 − 6 , where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic, the third uncertainty accounts for the experimental uncertainty on the branching fraction of the B 0 → p ¯ Λ π − decay used for normalization, and the fourth uncertainty relates to the knowledge of the ratio of b -quark hadronization probabilities f s =f d .
Internal waves and mixing in the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean

Microstructure measurements in the equatorial Pacific at 140°W in late 1984 show a pronounced diurnal variation in both high-frequency internal wave energy and kinetic energy dissipation rate. Observations indicated that after sunset, internal waves (presumably generated by convective overturns in the mixed layer) propagate downward and increase turbulence levels in the pycnocline. It is proposed that large mixed layer eddies in the South Equatorial Current interact with the large shear caused by the Equatorial Undercurrent to generate a westward going anisotropic wave field. The momentum transport in the radiated wave field results in a drag force on the equatorial mean flow field. The observed mean wind stress at 140°W during Tropic Heat I (which is twice as large as the annual mean wind) is closer to the estimated radiation stress (∼−10−4 m2 s−2) at the base of the mixed layer (≈30 m) than to the estimated turbulent stress (∼−10−5 m2 s−2). A wave dissipation model based on the observed turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate is introduced in order to estimate the wave momentum flux divergence in the stratified region above the undercurrent core. The model predicts that most of the downward wave momentum flux penetrates through the undercurrent core. It is hypothesized that when the wind stress is strong, the equatorial Pacific Ocean responds by generating a westward traveling internal wave field which transports much of the surface wind stress below the actively mixing surface layer.
The influence of the Hawaiian Archipelago upon the wind‐driven subtropical gyre in the western North Pacific

In the middle of the Subtropical Gyre in the western North Pacific is the Subtropical Counter-current, comprised of at least three narrow bands of eastward geostrophic mean flow near 20°N, 24°N, and 26°N, each extending from the sea surface through the main pycrocline. The origin of these narrow bands of eastward mean flow has not previously been explained. In this study, these bands are shown in the mean to extend zonally from the Philippine Sea (i.e., 140°E) to the vicinity of the Hawaiian Archipelago (i.e., 160°W). East of there, they cannot be found. Therefore a hypothesis is presented wherein the Hawaiian Archipelago (extending from 19°N to 26°N near 165°W) is seen to act as an effective barrier, modifying the response of the western subtropical North Pacific to wind-driven effects in the eastern subtropical North Pacific and, in so doing, giving rise to these bands of eastward mean flow in the middle of the western Subtropical Gyre. A test of this hypothesis utilizes a Sverdrup [1947] model, driven by the annual, long-term, mean wind stress curl, constructed on a 2° latitude/longitude grid from synoptic (6 hourly) surface wind observations for the 13-year period 1968–1980. Two model simulations are conducted, one in the absence of the Hawaiian Archipelago and one in the presence of it. In the absence of the archipelago, none of the bands of eastward mean flow are simulated. In the presence of the archipelago, the narrow bands of eastward mean flow at 20°N, 26°N, and 24°N are simulated, although the latter band is very weak. These narrow bands of eastward flow are shown to occur in response to the deflection northward of the wind-driven geostrophic streamlines in the central subtropical North Pacific by the Hawaiian Archipelago.
On the minimum number of arcs in k-dicritical oriented graphs

The dichromatic number $\dic(D)$ of a digraph $D$ is the least integer $k$ such that $D$ can be partitioned into $k$ directed acyclic digraphs. A digraph is $k$-dicritical if $\dic(D) = k$ and each proper subgraph $D'$ of $D$ satisfies $\dic(D') \leq k-1$. An oriented graph is a digraph with no directed cycle of length $2$. For integers $k$ and $n$, we denote by $o_k(n)$ the minimum number of edges of a $k$-critical oriented graph on $n$ vertices (with the convention $o_k(n)=+\infty$ if there is no $k$-dicritical oriented graph of order $n$). The main result of this paper is a proof that $o_3(n) \geq \frac{7n+2}{3}$ together with a construction witnessing that $o_3(n) \leq \left \lceil \frac{5n}{2} \right \rceil$ for all $n \geq 12$. We also give a construction showing that for all sufficiently large $n$ and all $k\geq 3$, $o_k(n)<(2k-3)n$, disproving a conjecture of Hoshino and Kawarabayashi. Finally, we prove that, for all $k\geq 2$, $o_k(n) \geq \pth{ k - \frac{3}{4}-\frac{1}{4k-6}} n + \frac{3}{4(2k-3)}$, improving the previous best known lower bound of Bang-Jensen, Bellitto, Schweser and Stiebitz.
Comparative effects of subterranean clover, medic, lucerne, and chickpea in wheat rotations, on nitrogen, organic carbon, and moisture in two contrasting soils

The effects of subterranean clover, medic, and lucerne, grown simultaneously from 1988 to 1990, followed by wheat from 1991 to 1993, and of chickpea and long fallow in alternate years with wheat, on soil total nitrogen (N), nitrate-N (NO-3-N), organic carbon (C), and moisture were measured over 6 years in 2 long-term experiments on a black earth (pellic vertisol) and red clay (chromic vertisol) in northern New South Wales. The accretion of soil total N in the black earth and NO-3-N in both soils was higher after lucerne than after other legumes, and NO-3 in the black earth remained high after lucerne to the full depth (120 cm) of measurement during the following 3 years of wheat growing. Clover had the next largest effect on total N and NO-3 accretion, and chickpea had the smallest effect except in the red clay where chickpea increased NO-3 more than medic in 1990. However, none of the annual legumes had much effect on NO-3 after the first year of cropping and their small residual effects, if any, were confined to the top 30 cm of soil. Levels of total N accretion after lucerne were higher than previously measured, because of the greater depth of measurement, but were similar on a per unit depth basis. High levels of NO-3 -N after long fallow, especially in the black earth, which tended to be higher than after medic or chickpea, were probably caused by accelerated mineralisation of organic N which has declined more in this rotation than in any other. There was no accumulation of organic C during the legume growing period in any rotation, and C tended to be lower after chickpea than after other legumes. Organic C was almost always lowest in the long fallow treatment. Summer-growing grasses, which occurred in all treatments to varying degrees, may have caused the organic C accumulation during the 3 years of cropping. In the first year of wheat growing, soil water was lower after lucerne than after other treatments and highest after long fallow, continuous wheat, and chickpea. It was replenished in the red clay to field capacity in all treatments by high rainfall during the fallow before the first wheat crop but not in the black earth, which failed to reach field capacity in any treatment even 2.5 years after the pasture legume phase.
A Mechanistic Model of Ocean Interdecadal Thermohaline Oscillations

Abstract Oceanic interdecadal thermohaline oscillations are studied in the context of a conceptual two box model. In this mechanistic model, two essential processes associated with convection, subsurface advective heating and surface freshening, are modeled in terms of horizontal relaxation processes, with the surface relaxation timescale shorter than the subsurface one. The model can oscillate with interdecadal periods within a certain parameter regime, and captures the fundamental characteristics of interdecadal oscillations: a clockwise trajectory in the T-S plane. The dependence of the amplitude and period of the oscillation on different model parameters is explored. It is shown that there are two important parameters in the model: 1) p, the ratio of the timescale of the surface freshening process to that of the subsurface advective heating process, and 2) q, the ratio of the saline forcing to the thermal forcing in maintaining the vertical halocline and inverted thermocline structure. Oscillatory sol.
Ultraviolet and Multiwavelength Variability of the Blazar 3C 279: Evidence for Thermal Emission

The γ-ray blazar 3C 279 was monitored on a nearly daily basis with IUE, ROSAT, and EGRET for 3 weeks between 1992 December and 1993 January. During this period, the blazar was at a historical minimum at all wavelengths. Here we present the UV data obtained during this multiwavelength campaign. A maximum UV variation of ~50% is detected, while during the same period the X-ray flux varied by no more than 13%. At the lowest UV flux level, the average spectrum in the 1230-2700 Å interval is unusually flat for this object (⟨αUV⟩ ~ 1). The flattening could represent the lowest energy tail of the inverse Compton component responsible for the X-ray emission, or it could be due to the presence of a thermal component at ~20,000 K, possibly associated with an accretion disk. The presence of an accretion disk in this blazar object, likely observable only in very low states and otherwise hidden by the beamed, variable synchrotron component, would be consistent with the scenario in which the seed photons for the inverse Compton mechanism producing the γ-rays are external to the relativistic jet. We further discuss the long-term correlation of the UV flux with the X-ray and γ-ray fluxes obtained at various epochs. All UV archival data are included in the analysis. Both the X-ray and γ-ray fluxes are generally well correlated with the UV flux, with approximately square root and quadratic dependences, respectively.
Statistical Modeling of Causal Effects in Continuous Time 1

This article studies the estimation of the causal effect of a time-varying treatment on time-to-an-event or on some other continuously distributed outcome. The paper applies to the situation where treatment is repeatedly adapted to time-dependent patient characteristics. The treatment effect cannot be estimated by simply conditioning on these time-dependent patient characteristics, as they may themselves be indications of the treatment effect. This time-dependent confounding is common in observational studies. Robins [(1992) Biometrika 79 321–334, (1998b) Encyclopedia of Biostatistics 6 4372–4389] has proposed the so-called structural nested models to estimate treatment effects in the presence of time-dependent confounding. In this article we provide a conceptual framework and formalization for structural nested models in continuous time. We show that the resulting estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. Moreover, as conjectured in Robins [(1998b) Encyclopedia of Biostatistics 6 4372– 4389], a test for whether treatment affects the outcome of interest can be performed without specifying a model for treatment effect. We illustrate the ideas in this article with an example.
Evaluation of trends in integration of organic farming system into potato farming: Soil fertility and productivity

Application of chemical fertilizers is the general fertilization practice in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) farming system. Present trend is application of animal manure along with reduced rates of chemical fertilizers in potato farming. Precise impacts of incorporation of organic farming system into conventional farming system was evaluated by means of potato productivity and soil fertility using major potato growing fields in Sri Lanka. Three clusters were selected on the basis of different fertilizations, and physical and chemical properties of soils were analyzed. Productivity and production costs of potato were also assessed in all clusters from 2003 to 2005. Major nutrient levels were higher than the required amounts for potatoes in all clusters in both manure amended systems (MASs) and manure unamended systems (MUSs), but there was no significant difference in major nutrient levels between MASs and MUSs. However, the tuber yield was not affected by incorporation of organic farming system and showed a strong positive linear correlation with sand : clay ratio of soil. Animal manure amended systems reduced the potato production costs by 3.0-7.2% without affecting the tuber yield, and thereby increasing the benefit to cost ratio. Key words: Land classes, chemical fertilizer, organic farming, potato yield Vidyodaya J. of Sci. (2009) Vol. 14, pp 15-29
Replica Shuffled Belief Propagation Decoding of LDPC Codes

Replica shuffled belief propagation decoders of low-density parity-check codes are presented. The proposed decoders converge faster than standard and shuffled belief propagation decoders. Simulations show that the new decoders offer good performance versus complexity trade-offs. This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.; an acknowledgment of the authors and individual contributions to the work; and all applicable portions of the copyright notice. Copying, reproduction, or republishing for any other purpose shall require a license with payment of fee to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright c ©Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc., 2005 201 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Presented at the Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS-2005) held at Johns Hopkins University in March, 2005. Replica Shuffled Belief Propagation Decoding of LDPC Codes Juntan Zhang, Yige Wang and Marc Fossorier Department of Electrical Engineering University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822 Jonathan S. Yedidia Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories 201 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02139
An Empirical Study of End-User Behaviour in Spreadsheet Error Detection & Correction

Very little is known about the process by which end-user developers detect and correct spreadsheet errors. Any research pertaining to the development of spreadsheet testing methodologies or auditing tools would benefit from information on how end-users perform the debugging process in practice. Thirteen industry-based professionals and thirty-four accounting & finance students took part in a current ongoing experiment designed to record and analyse end-user behaviour in spreadsheet error detection and correction. Professionals significantly outperformed students in correcting certain error types. Time-based cell activity analysis showed that a strong correlation exists between the percentage of cells inspected and the number of errors corrected. The cell activity data was gathered through a purpose written VBA Excel plug-in that records the time and detail of all cell selection and cell change actions of individuals.
Orbital migration and the frequency of giant planet formation

We present a statistical study of the post-formation migration of giant planets in a range of initial disk conditions. For given initial conditions we model the evolution of giant planet orbits under the influence of disk, stellar, and mass loss torques. We determine the mass and semi-major axis distribution of surviving planets after disk dissipation, for various disk masses, lifetimes, viscosities, and initial planet masses. The majority of planets migrate too fast and are destroyed via mass transfer onto the central star. Most surviving planets have relatively large orbital semi-major axes of several AU or larger. We conclude that the extrasolar planets observed to date, particularly those with small semi-major axes, represent only a small fraction (∼25% to 33%) of a larger cohort of giant planets around solar-type stars, and many undetected giant planets must exist at large (>1-2 AU) distances from their parent stars. As sensitivity and completion of the observed sample increase with time, this distant majority population of giant planets should be revealed. We find that the current distribution of extrasolar giant planet masses implies that high mass (more than 1-2 Jupiter masses) giant planet formation must be relatively rare. Finally, our simulations imply that the efficiency of giant planet formation must be high: at least 10% and perhaps as many as 80% of solar-type stars possess giant planets during their pre-main sequence phase. These predictions, including those for pre-main sequence stars, are testable with the next generation of ground- and space-based planet detection techniques.
Changes in moisture balance between glacial and interglacial conditions: influence on carbon cycle processes

Abstract During the arid Late Glacial and Last Glacial Maximum (between approximately 30 000 and 13 000 calendar years ago), vegetation cover retreated and large areas of the continents were occupied by desert and semi-desert vegetation. The result of this general decrease in biological activity would have been a decrease in the size of the land carbon reservoir, and a decrease in the rate of chemical rock weathering. By contrast, during the early-mid-Holocene, conditions in many areas seem to have been moister than today due to a more active hydrological cycle. All of these processes would have affected the global carbon cycle and altered the amplitude and timing of the climate fluctuations themselves. In effect, the climatic shift between glacial and interglacial conditions creates a very large ‘missing source’ of carbon, perhaps amounting to thousands of gigatonnes, to account for the carbon uptake by the land system during the present interglacial, and thus carbon cycle models of the late Quaternary may need to be revised extensively.
An Algebraic Approach for Identification of Linear Systems with Fractional Derivatives

Identification of fractional order systems is considered from an algebraic point of view. It allows for a simultaneous estimation of model parameters and fractional (or integer) orders from input and output data. It is exact in that no approximations are required. Using Mikusinski's operational calculus, algebraic manipulations are performed on the operational representation of the system. The unknown parameters and (fractional) orders are calculated solely from convolutions of known signals. A generalized Voigt model describing a viscoelastic material is used to illustrate the approach.