Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From solid to granular gases: the steady state for granular materials

This paper aims at extending the well‐known critical state concept, associated with quasi‐static conditions, by accounting for the role played by the strain rate when focusing on the steady, simple shear flow of a dry assembly of identical, inelastic, soft spheres. An additional state variable for the system, the granular temperature, is accounted for. The granular temperature is related to the particle velocity fluctuations and measures the agitation of the system. This state variable, as is in the context of kinetic theories of granular gases, is assumed to govern the response of the material at large strain rates and low concentrations. The stresses of the system are associated with enduring, frictional contacts among particles involved in force chains and nearly instantaneous collisions. When the first mechanism prevails, the material behaves like a solid, and constitutive models of soil mechanics hold, whereas when inelastic collisions dominate, the material flows like a granular gas, and kinetic theories apply. Considering a pressure‐imposed flow, at large values of the normal stress and small values of the shear rate, the theory predicts a nonmonotonic shear rate dependence of the stress ratio at the steady state, which is likely to govern the evolution of landslides. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PATTERNS OF FLOWS IN AN INTERMEDIATE PROMINENCE OBSERVED BY HINODE

The investigation of plasma flows in filaments/prominences gives us clues to understanding their magnetic structures. We studied the patterns of flows in an intermediate prominence observed by Hinode/SOT. By examining a time series of Hα images and Ca ii H images, we have found horizontal flows in the spine and vertical flows in the barb. Both of these flows have a characteristic speed of 10–20 km s−1. The horizontal flows displayed counterstreaming. Our detailed investigation revealed that most of the moving fragments in fact reversed direction at the end point of the spine near a footpoint close to the associated active region. These returning flows may be one possible explanation of the well-known counterstreaming flows in prominences. In contrast, we have found vertical flows—downward and upward—in the barb. Most of the horizontal flows in the spine seem to switch into vertical flows when they approach the barb, and vice versa. We propose that the net force resulting from a small deviation from magnetohydrostatic equilibrium, where magnetic fields are predominantly horizontal, may drive these patterns of flow. In the prominence studied here, the supposed magnetohydrostatic configuration is characterized by magnetic field lines sagging with angles of 13° and 39° in the spine and the barb, respectively.
The Infrared Handbook

Abstract : Contents: Radiation Theory, Artificial Sources, Natural Sources, Atmospheric Scattering, Atmospheric Absorption, Propagation Through Atmospheric Turbulence, Optical Materials, Optical Design, Optical Elements-Lenses and Mirrors, Optical-Mechanical Scanning Techniques and Devices, Detectors, Charge- Coupled Devices, Imaging tubes, Photographic Film, Cooling Systems, Detector- Associated Electronics, Reticle and Image Analyses, Displays, Imaging Systems, Radiometry, Warning Systems, Tracking Systems, Ranging, Communications, and Simulation Systems, Aerodynamic Influences on Infrared System Design, and Physical Constants and Conversion Factors.
Transient well‐type flows in heterogenous formations

The problem of averaging transient flows by sources of a given head boundary condition in heterogeneous formations of random conductivity is investigated. The study generalizes the recently developed mathematical model of average transient nonuniform flow [Indelman, 1996;Tartakovsky and Neuman, 1998a]. The latter allows calculating the mean head for sources of flux boundary condition and, as such, is not applicable to modeling common well flows. To account for the head condition, the source term in the local flow model is modeled by a random function proportional to the hydraulic conductivity. The local flow equations are further averaged in order to determine the mean flow variables. It is shown that the effective conductivity cannot be defined for arbitrary initial head distributions. This precludes deriving the mathematical model of an average transient flow with the head boundary condition. However, the average flow equations are derived for the important particular case of a uniformly distributed initial head. The effective conductivity tensor is defined for an arbitrary heterogeneous formation and analyzed in detail for isotropic media. It is shown that at the initial stage of the transient flow, the effective conductivity is larger than the conductivity arithmetic mean. The fundamental solution of the average flow equations (mean Green function), corresponding to the mean head distribution due to the instantaneous injection of the unit mean amount of water through a point source, is derived at first order in the conductivity variance and is compared with the mean head for the flux boundary condition.
Plasmon hybridization in parallel nano-wire systems

We apply the plasmon hybridization method to a double-nano-wire system, providing a simple and intuitive description of the plasmon excitations in the system. We apply the two-center cylindrical coordinate system for mathematical convenience and find an explicit form of the surface plasmon oscillations, in terms of the interaction between the bare plasmon modes of the individual surfaces of the nano-wires. We present numerical results to display how the plasmon excitations of the system depend on nano-wire separation when there is no angular momentum transfer, i.e., when m = 0.
Porous silicon‐based scaffolds for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications

This work describes the formation of porous composite materials based on a combination of bioactive mesoporous silicon and bioerodible polymers such as poly‐caprolactone (PCL). The fabrication of a range of composites prepared by both salt leaching and microemulsion techniques are discussed. Particular attention to the influence of Si content in the composite on in vitro calcification assays are assessed. For each system, cytotoxicity and cellular proliferation are explicitly evaluated through fibroblast cell culture assays. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Field‐based adipose tissue quantification in sea turtles using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy validated with CT scans and deep learning

Abstract Loss of adipose tissue in vertebrate wildlife species is indicative of decreased nutritional and health status and is linked to environmental stress and diseases. Body condition indices (BCI) are commonly used in ecological studies to estimate adipose tissue mass across wildlife populations. However, these indices have poor predictive power, which poses the need for quantitative methods for improved population assessments. Here, we calibrate bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) as an alternative approach for assessing the nutritional status of vertebrate wildlife in ecological studies. BIS is a portable technology that can estimate body composition from measurements of body impedance and is widely used in humans. BIS is a predictive technique that requires calibration using a reference body composition method. Using sea turtles as model organisms, we propose a calibration protocol using computed tomography (CT) scans, with the prediction equation being: adipose tissue mass (kg) = body mass − (−0.03 [intercept] − 0.29 * length2/resistance at 50 kHz + 1.07 * body mass − 0.11 * time after capture). CT imaging allows for the quantification of body fat. However, processing the images manually is prohibitive due to the extensive time requirement. Using a form of artificial intelligence (AI), we trained a computer model to identify and quantify nonadipose tissue from the CT images, and adipose tissue was determined by the difference in body mass. This process enabled estimating adipose tissue mass from bioelectrical impedance measurements. The predictive performance of the model was built on 2/3 samples and tested against 1/3 samples. Prediction of adipose tissue percentage had greater accuracy when including impedance parameters (mean bias = 0.11%–0.61%) as predictor variables, compared with using body mass alone (mean bias = 6.35%). Our standardized BIS protocol improves on conventional body composition assessment methods (e.g., BCI) by quantifying adipose tissue mass. The protocol can be applied to other species for the validation of BIS and to provide robust information on the nutritional and health status of wildlife, which, in turn, can be used to inform conservation decisions at the management level.
Surge Wave Propagation Modelling Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Flows in the s-shaped intake (Royal Aircraft Establishment intake model 2129 M2129) have been simulated and analysed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Steady throughflow for validation and verification was initially studied and then the unsteady flow of surge wave propagation following the application of a surge signature at the engine face was modelled. Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations have been considered using the SST turbulence model. The freestream Mach number (M) was fixed at 0.21 and the Reynolds number (Re) based on the non-dimensional engine face diameter was 777,000. It was found that the propagation of the surge wave through the duct following the application of the surge signature demonstrated a complex flow with an interaction with the natural separation of the flow from the starboard side first bend. The duct offsets induce an over-pressure on the port side of the duct at the first bend that can peak at a value of around 2.7 with respect to the downstream boundary steadystate pressure in extreme cases.
Psychometric properties of three online-related addictive behavior instruments among Bangladeshi school-going adolescents

Background Due to the ease of access to the internet in modern society users have become more prone to experiencing addictive behaviors online. The present study aimed to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of the Bangla Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), Gaming Disorder Test (GDT), and Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) due to a lack of existing sound psychometric tools in Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional paper-and-pencil survey was carried out among 428 school-aged adolescents who were active gamers (90.89% males; Meanage: 16.13±1.85 years; age range: 10–19 years). Participants were recruited using convenience sampling across four selected schools in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Data collected included sociodemographic information, frequency of internet use and gaming behaviors, psychological states (i.e., Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9], Generalized Anxiety Disorder [GAD-7]), disordered gaming and social media use (i.e., IGDS9-SF, GDT, and BSMAS). Psychometric testing was conducted to examine the validity and reliability levels of the Bangla IGDS9-SF, GDT, and BSMAS. Results The newly adapted Bangla IGDS9-SF, GDT, and BSMAS exhibited adequate levels of internal consistency. All total scores were significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, frequencies of internet use/online activities and gaming, supporting criterion and convergent validity. CFA indicated excellent construct validity as all instruments had a good fit to the data. Conclusions The findings suggest that the Bangla IGDS9-SF, GDT, and BSMAS are sound psychometric instruments due to their satisfactory psychometric properties including internal consistency, criterion validity, convergent validity, and construct validity.
A narrow linewidth laser for WDM applications using silicon waveguide technology

DBR lasers are a potential alternative to DFB lasers in applications where low chirp or narrow linewidth are required. Several groups have reported hybrid distributed Bragg reflector lasers (HDBR) realised from the coupling of a fibre Bragg grating to an optical gain element, typically an AR/HR coated Fabry-Perot laser. We report on Bookham's planar implementation of the fibre grating laser onto the ASOC silicon platform, in particular the grating to optical amplifier alignment. ASOC technology refers to the fabrication of integrated optics components in silicon on insulator (SOI) material. The advantages offered by ASOC include low loss waveguides, mass production capability and the simple hybrid and monolithic integration of active components. The laser cavity is formed between the High Reflection (HR) coating of the optical amplifier at one end and the grating at the other. In this case the grating acts as a wavelength dependent reflector which will select a single or limited number of longitudinal cavity modes of the associated external cavity. A low split ratio coupler and photodiode are monolithically integrated to enable a power monitoring function. The fibre is secured to the ASOC chip using a passive fibre attach method that has been reported previously.
Fluctuations of psychological states on Twitter before and during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has been repeatedly associated with poor mental health. Previous studies have mostly focused on short time frames such as around the first lockdown periods, and the majority of research is based on self-report questionnaires. Less is known about the fluctuations of psychological states over longer time frames across the pandemic. Twitter timelines of 4,735 users from London and New York were investigated to shed light on potential fluctuations of several psychological states and constructs related to the pandemic. Moving averages are presented for the years 2020 and 2019. Further, mixed negative binomial regression models were fitted to estimate monthly word counts for the time before and during the pandemic. Several psychological states and constructs fluctuated heavily on Twitter during 2020 but not during 2019. Substantial increases in levels of sadness, anxiety, anger, and concerns about home and health were observed around the first lockdown periods in both cities. The levels of most constructs decreased after the initial spike, but negative emotions such as sadness, anxiety, and anger remained elevated throughout 2020 compared to the year prior to the pandemic. Tweets from both cities showed remarkably similar temporal patterns, and there are similarities to reactions found on Twitter following other previous traumatic events.
Changes in adenosine receptors and neurotrophic factors in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Modulation by chronic caffeine

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of corticospinal tract motor neurons. Previous studies showed that adenosine-mediated neuromodulation is disturbed in ALS and that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has a neuroprotective function in ALS mouse models. We evaluated how adenosine (A1R and A2AR) and VEGF (VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) system markers are altered in the cortex and spinal cord of pre-symptomatic and symptomatic SOD1G93A mice. We then assessed if/how chronic treatment of SOD1G93A mice with a widely consumed adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine, modulates VEGF system and/or the levels of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), known to be under control of A2AR. We found out decreases in A1R and increases in A2AR levels even before disease onset. Concerning the VEGF system, we detected increases of VEGFB and VEGFR-2 levels in the spinal cord at pre-symptomatic stage, which reverses at the symptomatic stage, and decreases of VEGFA levels in the cortex, in very late disease states. Chronic treatment with caffeine rescued cortical A1R levels in SOD1G93A mice, bringing them to control levels, while rendering VEGF signaling nearly unaffected. In contrast, BDNF levels were significantly affected in SOD1G93A mice treated with caffeine, being decreased in the cortex and increased in spinal the cord. Altogether, these findings suggest an early dysfunction of the adenosinergic system in ALS and highlights the possibility that the negative influence of caffeine previously reported in ALS animal models results from interference with BDNF rather than with the VEGF signaling molecules.
Socioeconomic status index is an independent determinant of breast cancer screening practices: Evidence from Eastern China

Background Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy affecting Chinese women, and early routine screening is incredibly important for its prevention and control. This study aimed to investigate the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in female breast cancer screening practices using the composite SES index. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 1816 women in Eastern China. Data were collected using an online self-administered questionnaire from January 2020 to May 2021. We used principal component analysis to construct the composite SES index using educational level, annual household income, and occupation. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the SES index and breast cancer screening utilization. Results Of the participants, 19.27% reported having performed breast self-examination, 12.89% reported having undergone clinical breast examination, and 3.52% reported having received mammography. The SES has a significant influence on the patronage of female breast cancer screening in Eastern China. The composite SES index was found to have a positive and significant association with breast cancer screening practices. An interaction was found between the SES index and patient characteristics, such as health awareness, marital status, and location of residence. In addition, the SES index had a positive effect on breast cancer-related knowledge. Conclusions Socioeconomic inequalities existed in Eastern China and were related to breast cancer screening patronage. The composite SES index was identified as a significant determinant of breast cancer screening practices. Our results highlighted the negative impacts of socioeconomic inequities on female breast cancer screening utilization. This suggests that reducing socioeconomic inequalities in breast cancer screening requires more focused interventions and concerted outreach activities for groups with lower education levels, lower income, or lower occupational classes.
Pt-based gate enhancement-mode InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs for large-scale integration

The barrier heights of several n-InAlAs/metal Schottky contacts are discussed. A thin-Pt/Ti/Pt Au multilayer gate is proposed for InP-based InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs. Its Schottky barrier height was measured as 0.83 eV, and it shows good threshold voltage stability. Performance measurements of an enhancement-mode HEMT fabricated using a 1.1- mu m-long multilayer gate indicate a threshold voltage of 0.05 V and a transconductance of 540 mS/mm. <<ETX>>
Equilibrium free energies from path sampling of nonequilibrium trajectories

Jarzynski’s relation between equilibrium free energy and nonequilibrium work is rewritten as an average of work with respect to a work weighted ensemble. The present form is more appropriate for computer application of Jarzynski’s relation where the dissipative work is frequently much greater than kBT. Monte Carlo sampling of very short nonequilibrium trajectories yields good estimates of the equilibrium free energy change. The procedure can be thought of as a generalization of thermodynamic integration in ordinary free energy calculations. Very short trajectories can be used to compute the free energy difference. In the infinitely short trajectory limit, we recover the thermodynamic integration scheme. We also show that free energy estimate can be obtained from moments of the work distribution. The last result is most useful for experimental measurements of the free energy.
Quantum dot LED phosphors: performance and reliability improvements

Quantum dots (QDs) are rare-earth free downconverters which have been demonstrated as ideal phosphor replacement materials from an optical perspective, with the potential to enable a 30% or larger improvement in LED efficiency as compared to today’s rare-earth phosphors at the same quality of light (higher CRI implementations see larger improvements). However to date QDs have demonstrated less than ideal reliability under standard LED chip conditions, prohibiting cost-effective integration into conventional luminaire formats. This talk will discuss the present status and future prospects of QDs as LED downconverters, including recent advances in connecting quantum dot structure to high temperature and high intensity performance, an updated look at QD reliability, and the limits of QDs in a variety of phosphor configurations.
De functionibus duarum variabilium quadrupliciter periodicis, quibus theoria transcendentium Abelianarum innititur.

l. In Fuaclamentis Novis Theonae Functionum Ellipticarum adnotavi (pg.85.), diiplicem periodum amplecti universam^ quae in aualysi fingt possit, periodicitatem. Quam rem sequentihus accuratius examinemus. Periodicam voco functiouem λ(ί/), si datur constans / talis, ut pro quolibet ipsius u valore sit λ(ί/ + /) = λ(ΐί). · . Constantem i functionis voco indicem. Patet autem, ex uno indice innumeros provenire alios, cum eius multiplum positivum aut negativum quodcunque et ipse sit index. E quorura numero eum9 cuius nulla pars aliquota fiuvctionis index est, indicem functionis dico proprium. Circumferuntur in elementis functiones periodicae sin (u), e, quarum indices proprii sunt resjp. 2ττ, ΰ-ττ/" — 1. lam ponanuis, cuius rei exemplum in functionibus ellipticis primum monstrabatur, functionem λ(^) duabus gaudere periodis, quas ad unam revocare non liceat. Sint earum indices i, i'3 unde simul locum habent aequationes : λ(ιι + 0 = λ(«), λ(^ + ζ) =·λ(α), de quibus, designantibus my m' numeros quoscunque integros positivos aut negativos, haec sequitur generalior:
Aircraft and dual polarization radar observations of hydrometeors in light stratiform precipitation

A case study investigating the relationship of ice phase microphysical structure to differential reflectivity is presented. the distribution of ice crystal types in light precipitation is discussed and shown to agree with a theoretical model of an individual precipitation fallstreak. the particle characteristics were found to reflect sorting by size and type associated with fall through weak wind shear as well as growth in regimes of varying temperature and humidity within the fallstreak. The observed differential reflectivities were compared with the in situ particle measurements and the association of high values with planar crystal structures demonstrated. the particle size distribution was found to have a marked influence on radar returns, particularly through the obscuring effects of large particles of indefinite shape. This effect gave rise to relative variations of differential reflectivity which were found to differ from the predictions of monodisperse models. In particular large dendritic crystals of low density were found in this case to be associated with stronger signatures than denser plate-like crystals which from theoretical studies might be expected to produce the greatest differential reflectivity. Because of these complicating factors under stratiform conditions it was concluded that differential reflectivity data must be interpreted with considerable caution in the absence of in situ measurements or other supporting data.
The association between tobacco use and COVID-19 infection and adverse outcomes in three Nordic countries: a pooled analysis

1. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, K9 Global folkhälsa, K9 GPH, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. 2. Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm Region, (CES), Solnavägen 1E (Torsplan), 113 65 Stockholm, Sweden 3. Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, PO BOX 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland. 4. Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Postbox 222 Skøyen, N0213 Oslo, Norway.