Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Continuous-Variable Entanglement Generation from a Four-State Atom under Raman Excitation

We investigate the generation and the evolution of continuous-variable (CV) entanglement from a laser-driven four-state atom inside a doubly resonant cavity under Raman excitation. Two transitions in the four-state atom independently interact with the two cavity modes, while two other transitions are driven by coupling laser fields. By including the atomic relaxation as well as cavity losses, we show that the CV entanglement with large mean number of photons can be generated in our scheme. We also show that the intensity of the coupling laser fields can influence effectively the entanglement period of the cavity field. Different from the conventional resonant excitation scheme where zero one-photon detuning are required, it is found that the intensity and period of entanglement between the two cavity modes as well as the total mean photon number of the cavity field can be adjusted by properly modulating the frequency detuning.
Laboratory experiments related to the solar wind and the magnetosphere

The increasing number of laboratory experiments related to the solar wind and the magnetosphere calls for a critical review of the conditions under which a laboratory experiment can provide information about space phenomena. Naturally, the starting point is a discussion of the problem of physical similarity. For a unified presentation of the several sets of scaling laws that have been used, it is convenient to use the similarity laws of the Vlasov theory as a reference system. Clearly, the biggest obstacle for a strict reproduction of the solar-wind-magnetosphere interaction in the laboratory is collisional interaction. In the solar wind at the earth's orbit, strict simulation is possible only for phenomena with a dimension of the order of a few hundred kilometers or smaller, such as the bow shock structure. A discussion of the existing terrella experiments shows that most of them obtain similarity by scaling the interplanetary field and the geomagnetic field differently. This determines the processes for which quantitative agreement can be expected, e.g., the shape of the frontal part of the cavity boundary and the approximate shape and position of the bow shock. Strict similarity can be achieved in simulating the structure of the bow shock wave. The over-all ranges of the shock parameters of seven collision-free shock experiments discussed cover substantial parts of the bow shock parameter ranges. A comparative discussion of the magnetic-field profiles of the estimated shock width and of the appearance of oscillatory structures shows strong resemblances between space and laboratory observations. Several other experiments related to the solar wind and the magnetosphere are also listed.
Use of Minimal Residual Disease Status to Reduce Uncertainty in Estimating Long-term Survival Outcomes for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients

Background: Demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of new treatments for multiple myeloma (MM) often relies on the extrapolation of overall survival (OS) trial data. This method can introduce uncertainty in long-term survival estimates if OS data are immature, as is often the case in newly diagnosed MM (NDMM). We explore the use of the relationship between minimal residual disease (MRD) status and OS to reduce uncertainty of long-term survival outcomes. Objectives: To evaluate if uncertainty in long-term modeled outcomes in NDMM is reduced using a response-based partitioned survival model (PSM), whereby patients were categorized as MRD-positive or -negative, relative to a standard PSM, when OS data are immature. Methods: Standard and response-based PSMs, estimating patient life-years (LYs) over a lifetime horizon, were developed for NDMM patients treated with bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (BTd) with or without daratumumab as induction and consolidation therapy. In the standard PSM, LYs were determined by extrapolations from individual patient data from CASSIOPEIA. In the response-based PSM, survival was dependent on MRD status at the time of the response assessment via a landmark analysis. Cox-proportional hazard ratios from external sources and CASSIOPEIA informed the relationship for OS between MRD-positive and MRD-negative, and between patients receiving BTd and daratumumab plus BTd, respectively. Uncertainty was assessed by comparing LYs and OS extrapolations from deterministic and probabilistic analyses. Results: This response-based PSM demonstrated reduced uncertainty in long-term survival outcomes compared with the standard PSM (range across extrapolations of 3.4 and 7.7 LYs for daratumumab plus BTd and BTd, respectively, vs 14.8 and 11.8 LYs for the standard PSM). It also estimated a narrower interquartile range of LYs in the probabilistic analyses for the majority of parametric extrapolations. Discussion: Alternative methods to estimate long-term survival outcomes, such as a response-based PSM, can reduce uncertainty in modeling predictions around cost-effectiveness estimates for health technology assessment bodies and payers, thereby supporting faster market access for novel therapies with immature survival data. Conclusions: Use of MRD status in a response-based PSM reduces uncertainty in modeling long-term survival in patients with NDMM and provides a greater number of clinically plausible extrapolations compared with a standard PSM.
Analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running.

: Four main characteristics were distinguished on the basis of an analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running which determine the special exercise capacities of a sprinter: a) the ability for rapid attainment of speed in start momentum; b) ability for attaining maximal strength; c) ability for maintaining maximal running speed; d) ability to resist fatigue in the final phase of running. These properties are relatively conditioned and effected, to different degrees, by training. Distinctions between qualified sprinters and beginners are observed in display of maximal running speed, but these distinctions are not observed in display of staring speed and in abilities to resist fatigue.
Underwater scattering imaging based on obtaining polarization characteristics of full field of view

At present, most polarization imaging techniques cannot recover objects with different polarization characteristics in the same field of view. In this work, the shortcoming is overcome by estimating the global varying Mueller matrix of the target. After that, the illumination light with globally varying polarization state is estimated to inhibit the noise caused by computational imaging. The descattering imaging experiments through turbid water indicate that the images recovered by our method present the similarity to the targets without scattering, and the noise is suppressed to some extent. In addition, the superiority of the proposed method is proved by comparing with other polarization underwater imaging strategies.
Nonlocal nature of vortex stretching in an inviscid fluid

Three‐dimensional Euler equations are studied numerically and analytically to characterize intense vortex stretching in an inviscid fluid. Emphasis is put on the nonlocal effects stemming from the pressure term. The purpose of this paper is twofold. One is to give numerically a detailed characterization of vortex structures on the basis of previously proposed two eigenvalue problems associated with vorticity. The other is to give some mathematical analyses which highlight the role of the pressure Hessian in vortex dynamics, especially in connection with a possible singularity. Also discussed are the differences in local and global (possible) blowups. The blowup problem is not directly discussed by the present numerics at moderate resolution.
Motion Consistence and Textural Coherence based Error Concealment Algorithm for Corrupted Macroblock

In this paper, an error concealment algorithm for lost macroblock (MB), named motion consistence and textural coherence based error concealment algorithm (MCTC), is proposed to meet the requirement of video transmission over error-prone channels. A directional predicted motion vector (MV) set is setup by using the motion consistence between MV co-located in reference frame and the neighboring MVs of the lost MB. To find out an optimal MV from this candidate MV set, a textural coherence based boundary matching (TCBM) criterion is proposed. The experiment results show that the MCTC outperforms the state-of-the-art video error concealment methods in both objective and subjective visual quality.
An Inductively Coupled CP Slot Antenna Based on Intrinsic 90° Phase Difference and its Flexible Application in Wideband CP Radiation

In this article, a design concept to take advantage of two coupled slots and their inductive coupling to provide the necessary $90^{\mathrm {\circ }}$ phase difference for circular polarization (CP) realization is presented. Initially, two individual identical slots are arranged in coupling to each other in a perpendicular position, thus acquiring a pair of orthogonal linear polarization (LP) with equal amplitude. Simultaneously, an inherent $90^{\mathrm {\circ }}$ phase difference is naturally produced by the inductive coupling between two slot radiators. In order to clearly illustrate the evolution principle of this proposed CP realization method, the whole structure is in general modeled as an equivalent three-port network for efficient study. Based on these two achieved conditions, a CP slot antenna with one minimum AR point of 4.7% AR bandwidth (ARBW) is satisfactorily realized. After that, based on this proposed design concept, an additional slot is introduced to construct a new inductive coupling, thus facilitating two AR points under triple-mode resonance. With this arrangement, a wideband CP slot antenna with an improved ARBW of 14.1% is successfully implemented, which in turn validates the effectiveness and flexibility of this CP design approach. Finally, both the CP slot antenna element and the wideband CP antenna are implemented, fabricated, and tested. The measured results of the antenna prototypes are found in good agreement with the simulated results, thereby confirming the design concept.
XANES calculation with an efficient “non muffin-tin” method: application to the angular dependence of the Al K-edge in corundum

We present a reciprocal-space “non muffin-tin” scheme for calculating X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES). The method uses pseudopotentials and reconstructs all electron wave functions within the Projector Augmented Wave framework. The method incorporates a recursive method to compute absorption cross section as a continued fraction. The continued fraction formulation of absorption is advantageous in that it permits the treatment of core-hole-electron interaction through large supercells (hundreds of atoms). This opens new fields of applications like surfaces, molecules, small aggregates or amorphous materials, for which large supercells are required. The method is applied to the natural linear dichroism at the Al K-edge in corundum (α-Al2O3). Details about the convergence process of the calculation are given. The influence of the core-hole effects is emphasized and comparison with “muffin-tin” multiple scattering calculation is made.
Simulation of geomembrane response to settlement in landfills by using the material point method

Because of the multiple layers of dissimilar materials and large deformations involved in the subsidence of a landfill system, large-scale computer simulation of the geomechanical response to subsidence with the use of conventional numerical methods are problematic. The Material Point (MPM), 1,2 which was recently developed for dynamic problems such as penetration and perforation, is a newly emerging numerical method. The MPM is modified in this paper to simulate the geomechanical response of a landfill cover system that includes a geomembrane under quasi-static loading conditions. Sample problems, for which an analytical solution is available with certain assumptions, are considered to demonstrate the proposed solution procedure. Future work is discussed based on current research results.
Cocaine-Induced Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Case Report

We illustrate a notable case of a middle-aged male who presents to a community hospital with left third- and fourth-digit discoloration and pain for the past four days. On presentation to the emergency department, a urine drug screen was ordered which showed synthetic cannabinoids, cocaine, and amphetamines. Initial therapy of nitroglycerin paste, oral oxycodone, intravenous Dilaudid®, and aspirin was started, which resulted in decreased subjective pain. The pathophysiology and mechanism of cocaine-induced Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) are discussed. Our purpose in putting forward this case is to acknowledge cocaine use as a cause of secondary RP and to emphasize the importance of early recognition to reduce the occurrence of digital necrosis.
En busca del crecimiento en México, ¿y si hablamos de convergencia social?

Se analizó la convergencia económica y social interestatal en las 32 entidades federativas de México durante el periodo 2005-2019. Se probó si existe convergencia económica absoluta a través del ingreso real y del ingreso laboral real promedio e ingreso laboral real por hora promedio. Para probar si existe convergencia social absoluta se utilizaron las variables de esperanza de vida, tasa de supervivencia, tasa de supervivencia infantil y nivel educativo de los trabajadores. También mediante la técnica de dependencia espacial, el I de Moran, se encontró que las variables económicas relacionadas con el ingreso laboral presentan una alta correlación espacial. En cambio, sólo las variables sociales como esperanza de vida y el nivel educativo de los trabajadores presentan correlación espacial.
Turbulent stretching of line and surface elements

Material line and surface elements transported in a turbulent velocity field increase in length or area at an exponential rate. In this paper we investigate how the stretching rates are related to the statistical properties of the velocity field both analytically and numerically in simple models of turbulence. In a Gaussian model the statistics exhibit time-reversal invariance. We demonstrate that, as pointed out by Kraichnan (1974), this leads to equality of line and area stretching rates. We also construct a model which violates the time-reversal property and splits the values of the rates for lines and surfaces. The sign of the splitting depends on the sign of the time-reversal breakdown.
Limits of a Ginzburg–Landau model with codimension-one defects

We derive a nondimensional Ginzburg–Landau energy functional that does not use temperature-dependent scaling quantities. Using the machinery of gamma-convergence, the asymptotic limits of the functional are computed in the presence of thin defects centered around co-dimension 1 manifolds. We classify the defects into three groups depending on the L1-norm of the defect potential. We show that each group has its own distinguished asymptotic limit as the thickness of the defect converges to zero.
New approach to find nonlinear Fourier transform of optical signals

Motivated by available methods in quantum mechanics, we have developed a novel method to find the nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT) of optical signals. Using this approach, we are able to analytically solve the matrix eigenfunction-eigenvalue equation that describes NFT and reduce it to an ordinary first order scalar differential equation. This simplifies the processes of finding the NFT of any optical signal and can potentially lead to more efficient and accurate numerical methods to find NFT.
The True Shapes of the Dumbbell and the Ring

Using images centered around the 2.12 μm line of molecular hydrogen obtained with the Wide Field Infrared Camera on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, we show that in spite of the different apparent morphologies, the Dumbbell Nebula and the Ring Nebula share the same intrinsic three-dimensional triple biconic structure.
Broiler Age Influences the Apparent Metabolizable Energy of Soybean Meal and Canola Meal

Simple Summary The accurate estimation of the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) content of feed ingredients is crucial for a precise poultry feed formulation. Protein-source ingredients are the second major source of energy supply in broiler diets. The current AME values of protein sources are obtained from reference tables or equations, which have been determined using older broilers (usually 3-5-week-old). In this approach, the effects of broiler age on the AME or nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) of feed ingredients are ignored. The objective of the current investigation was to examine the effects of broiler age on the AMEn of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) from day 1 to 42 of age. It was found that age has a marked effect on the AMEn of SBM and CM. Nutritionists, therefore, must consider using age-dependent AME or AMEn values for SBM and CM in feed formulation. Abstract The effects of broiler age on the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) were examined. A corn-SBM basal diet was developed, and two test diets were formulated by substituting (w/w) 300 g/kg of the basal diet with SBM or CM. Six groups of broiler chickens, aged 1–7, 8–14, 15–21, 22–28, 29–35 or 36–42 d post-hatch, were utilized. Each diet, in pellet form, was randomly allocated to six replicate cages in each age group. Except for the 1–7 d age group, the birds were fed a starter (d 1–21) and/or a finisher (d 22–35) diet prior to the introduction of the experimental diets. The number of birds per cage was 10 (d 1–7), 8 (d 8–14) and 6 (d 15–42). The AME and AMEn of SBM and CM were determined by total excreta collection. The data for each protein source were subjected to orthogonal polynomial contrasts using the General Linear Models procedure. Bird age decreased the retention of dry matter quadratically (p < 0.001) for both SBM and CM. The retention of nitrogen decreased linearly (p < 0.001) with the advancing age of broilers for SBM and CM. The AMEn of SBM and CM decreased quadratically (p < 0.001) as the birds grew older. The highest AMEn was observed during week 1 for both SBM and CM, then declined until week 3, followed by increases thereafter. The current results showed that the age of broiler chickens influenced the AMEn of SBM and CM and supported the use of age-dependent AMEn of feed ingredients in diet formulations.
Magneto-Convective Transport of Nanofluid in a Vertical Lid-Driven Cavity Including a Heat-Conducting Rotating Circular Cylinder

Numerical simulations are performed for the two-dimensional magneto-convective transport of Cu–H2O nanofluid in a vertical lid-driven square cavity in the presence of a heat-conducting and rotating circular cylinder. The left wall of the cavity is allowed to translate at a constant velocity in the vertically upward direction. Both left and right walls are maintained at isothermal but different temperatures. The top and bottom walls of the enclosure are thermally insulated. At the central region of the cavity is a heat-conducting circular cylinder which can rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise. A constant horizontal magnetic field of amplitude B0 is applied perpendicular to the vertical walls. The nanofluid is electrically conducting, while the solid walls are considered electrically insulated. Simulations are performed for various controlling parameters, such as Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 10), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 50), dimensionless rotational speed of the cylinder (Ω = ±1), and nanoparticle concentration (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.3), while Reynolds number based on lid velocity is fixed at a specific value (Re = 100). The flow and thermal fields are found to be susceptible to changes in the magnetic field and mixed convective strength, as well as nanoparticle concentration. However, the direction of cylinder rotation is observed to have little or no influence quantitatively on global hydrodynamic and thermal parameters.
Relation between Surface Roughness and Specular Reflectance at Normal Incidence

Expressions relating the roughness of a plane surface to its specular reflectance at normal incidence are presented and are verified experimentally. The expressions are valid for the case when the root mean square surface roughness is small compared to the wavelength of light. If light of a sufficiently long wavelength is used, the decrease in measured specular reflectance due to surface roughness is a function only of the root mean square height of the surface irregularities. Long-wavelength specular reflectance measurements thus provide a simple and sensitive method for accurate measurement of surface finish. This method is particularly useful for surface finishes too fine to be measured accurately by conventional tracing instruments. Surface roughness must also be considered in precise optical measurements. For example, a non-negligible systematic error in specular reflectance measurements will be made even if the root mean square surface roughness is less than 0.01 wavelength. The roughness of even optically polished surfaces may thus be important for measurements in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum.
Cyclic Changes in Dust-to-Gas Ratio

We discuss the time variation of the dust-to-gas mass ratio in spiral galaxies, using the multiphase model of interstellar medium. The typical timescale of the phase change of an interstellar gas is ~107-8 yr in spiral galaxies. Since the phase transition changes the filling factor of the cold gas where the dust growth occurs, the dust growth rate varies on that timescale. In order to examine the response of the dust-to-gas ratio to the phase transition, we construct a model of the time evolution of the dust-to-gas ratio. We adopt the three-phase model for the interstellar gas and the Ikeuchi-Tomita model for the mass exchange between the phases. According to the model, three types of solutions are possible: (1) all the gas is transformed to a hot gas; (2) a stable stationary state of three phases is realized; and (3) the filling factor of each phase cyclically changes. For the three types of solutions, the dust-to-gas ratio behaves as follows: for solution 1, almost all the dust is destroyed (the dust-to-gas ratio becomes ~0); for solution 2, the dust-to-gas ratio converges to a stationary state; and for solution 3, the dust-to-gas ratio varies cyclically in response to the phase transition. In the case of solution 3, the amplitude of the variation of the dust-to-gas ratio is large (nearly an order of magnitude) if the dust growth timescale is shorter than the phase transition timescale. This condition is easily satisfied in spiral galaxies. However, it is difficult for dwarf galaxies to realize the condition, because their small metallicity makes the dust growth timescale long.
Lagrangian Statistical Simulation of Concentration Mean and Fluctuation Fields.

Abstract Lagrangian statistical (Monte Carlo) simulations of the mean and fluctuating concentration fields due to turbulent dispersion are critically reviewed. Attention has been restricted to work in which particle trajectories are modeled directly, which in effect means simulations based on the Langevin equation (or in finite difference form, Markov-chains) and its generalization. The material covered has been selected and presented so as to achieve an orderly progression from simple to more complex turbulent flows. At present this field involves many heuristic modeling assumptions and an attempt is made to justify some of these by appeal to special and limiting cases.