Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature field downstream of a heated cylinder

Simultaneous measurement of flow velocity and temperature field for a heated bluff body typically presents a problem. We attempt to carry out simultaneous measurement using two different methods, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Schlieren. In this experiment an electrically heated circular cylinder is placed in a parallel flow in a wind tunnel. The experimental tests were carried out at low Reynolds numbers (Re<200), thus the flow field was approximately two dimensional (the same flow in every normal plane of the heated circular cylinder). Two-dimensional flow and the principle of the Schlieren measurement technique were used to visualize the temperature field. The Z-type Schlieren technique was applied to measure the temperature distribution. Experiments were carried out for forced convection in a 500x500 mm cross-section wind tunnel. The measurement technique and results were shown at different cylinder surface temperatures. The relationship between the vortices shed from the heated cylinder and the heat transfer was determined by relevant numerical simulations. The main objective of the present experimental investigation is to determine whether both velocity and temperature can be measured at the same time. Results are promising and indicate that this aim can probably be met with further refinements of the technique.
An Artificial Talker Driven from a Phonetic Input

This paper describes a method of producing artificial speech from a phonetic input, i.e., symbols representing the names of phonemes corresponding to a given text are fed into a machine and the acoustic waveforms of connected speech emerge. The experimental work was accomplished on an electronic computer (IBM 7090), but the scheme is simple enough to permit realization with analog hardware. The talking machine program is divided into two parts. The first part simulates a more or less conventional resonance synthesizer of the tandem variety, requiring nine control signals; buzz intensity, hiss intensity, pitch, plus the center frequencies and bandwidths of three formants. Initially, this part of the program was used alone in experiments for which the inputs were detailed specifications of the control signals derived from spectrograms and physiological data, sampled at approximately three times the phonemic rate. Results from this phase were later combined with known results in speech perception to produce .
Development of a Machine‐cut Metal Grating for Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy

We have developed a special grating capable of producing an echellogram (a spectrum arranged in raster form) in the 30th or even higher order in the near‐infrared wavelength region. The grating substrate is made of an aluminum alloy that has been carved mechanically with a high‐precision shaving machine. The optical efficiency, measured with a special spectrophotometer at about 2 μm, is ∼70%. The diffuse light component, possibly attributable to scattering on the grating surface, has been estimated to be at most ∼5% when the grating is incorporated in an actual spectrograph system. The measured efficiency of the fabricated grating is compared with that given by a numerical analysis. The comparison shows remarkable agreement in both the optical efficiency and the distribution of energy diffracted to various orders.
Reliability of gate oxide grown on nitrogen‐implanted Si substrates

Direct nitrogen implant into Si substrate prior to gate oxidation has been proposed to grow multiple gate oxide thicknesses on a single wafer. In this letter, we have studied the reliability of gate oxide grown on nitrogen‐implanted Si substrate. The effects of implant doses, sacrificial oxide thicknesses, and gate oxide thicknesses on gate oxide reliability have been investigated. It was found that there is a tradeoff between oxide thickness control and gate oxide reliability.
Improvement of Coiling Mode to Suppress Higher-Order-Modes by Considering Mode Coupling for Large-Mode-Area Fiber Laser

Mode coupling, bend distortion and bend loss are important considerations in large mode area (LMA) fiber laser. Both mode coupling and mode distortion were studied in the step-index fiber in theory. The dependence of mode power on propagation distance, effective bend radius was calculated with the bend radius changing suddenly and gradually. Taking mode coupling into account, we designed a new cone-shaped coiling device for beam quality improvement. These results and design are of benefit to the applications of coiling fiber to improve beam quality for LMA fiber laser.
Low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics of complex fluids by multi-particle-collision dynamics

Hydrodynamic interactions in complex fluids are investigated by the multi-particle-collision-dynamics algorithm, a mesoscopic simulation technique. The diffusive dynamics of simple fluids is studied, and the diffusion coefficient is calculated as a function of the mean free path of a particle. For small mean free paths, we observe strong effects due to hydrodynamic interactions among the fluid particles. These results are then used to study the dynamics of short polymer chains in solution. For an appropriate choice of the mean free path of the solvent, we obtain excellent agreement of our simulation results with the predictions of Zimm theory for the center-of-mass diffusion coefficient and the relaxation times of the Rouse modes.
Pupil Diameter and the Depth-of-field of the Human Eye as Measured by Laser Speckle

Results are given for the variation in the depth-of-field with entrance pupil diameter for six subjects. The method was based on observation of a laser speckle pattern at 633 nm on the surface of a slowly rotating drum. Depth-of-field falls with pupil diameters up to ∼ 5 mm and then remains at an approximately constant value. The roles of diffraction, aberration, the Stiles-Crawford effect and of non-optical aspects of the visual system are discussed.
The concept and initial studies of a crosstie random access memory (CRAM)

The crosstie‐Bloch line memory elements which were used in the serial crosstie memory can be reconfigured into a random access memory. The new approach decreases the access time, eliminates complexity, increases reliability, and is straightforward. The five‐level nonvolatile device is intended to be integrated on a silicon chip with decoders and drivers on the chip. It is expected that some of the five levels will be folded in with the levels used to connect the transistors needed for decoding and driving.
A Posteriori Error Estimate and Adaptive Mesh Refinement Algorithm for Atomistic/Continuum Coupling with Finite Range Interactions in Two Dimensions

In this paper, we develop the residual based a posteriori error estimates and the corresponding adaptive mesh refinement algorithm for atomistic/continuum (a/c) coupling with finite range interactions in two dimensions. We have systematically derived a new explicitly computable stress tensor formula for finite range interactions. In particular, we use the geometric reconstruction based consistent atomistic/continuum (GRAC) coupling scheme, which is optimal if the continuum model is discretized by $P^1$ finite elements. The numerical results of the adaptive mesh refinement algorithm is consistent with the optimal a priori error estimates.
Dust extinction of the stellar continua in starburst galaxies: The Ultraviolet and optical extinction law

We analyze the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) UV and the optical spectra of 39 starburst and blue compact galaxies in order to study the average properties of dust extinction in extended regions of galaxies. The optical spectra have been obtained using an aperture which matches that of IUE, so comparable regions within each galaxy are sampled. The data from the 39 galaxies are compared with five models for the geometrical distribution of dust, adopting as extinction laws both the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud laws. The commonly used uniform dust screen is included among the models. We find that none of the five models is in satisfactory agreement with the data. In order to understand the discrepancy between the data and the models, we have derived an extinction law directly from the data in the UV and optical wavelength range. The resulting curve is characterized by an overall slope which is more gray than the Milky Way extinction law's slope, and by the absence of the 2175 A dust feature. Remarkably, the difference in optical depth between the Balmer emission lines H(sub alpha) and H(sub beta) is about a factor of 2 larger than the difference in the optical depth between the continuum underlying the two Balmer lines. We interpret this discrepancy as a consequence of the fact that the hot ionizing stars are associated with dustier regions than the cold stellar population is. The absence of the 2175 A dust feature can be due either to the effects of the scattering and clumpiness of the dust or to a chemical composition different from that of the Milky Way dust grains. Disentangling the two interpretations is not easy because of the complexity of the spatial distribution of the emitting regions. The extinction law of the UV and optical spectral continua of extended regions can be applied to the spectra of medium- and high-redshift galaxies, where extended regions of a galaxy are, by necessity, sampled.
Application of the Mayer Method to the Melting Problem

The antiferromagnetic Ising model can also describe a gas with purely repulsive intermolecular forces, and a comparison of the two is made, the transition of such a `gas' to a solid-like structure being the analogue of the appearance of an antiferromagnetic structure. Three simple lemmas enable the asymptotic behaviour of the Mayer cluster sums to be related to other combinatorial problems on the lattice, such as that studied by Hammersley and Broadbent (1957). Some information on these problems is already available, but a detailed discussion is reserved to another paper. The Mayer formalism can be generalized to deal with the antiferromagnetic problem, with the conclusion that the transition is probably first-order and associated with a singularity of the Mayer b-series on the positive real axis of the z variable, but that there is a closer one on the negative real axis. The Mayer β-series can probably be extended beyond the transition and corresponds to a metastable liquid. Its divergence probably represents the absolute limit of the metastable state. The symmetry of the particular model used implies a second transition at a still higher density which may be likened to a change of crystal structure. (The gas of completely rigid molecules is a limiting case, and has only one transition, the transition curve then being a linear relation between P and T.) These considerations agree well with other work on the antiferromagnetic Ising model. A `solid-gas' critical temperature seems most unlikely for any realistic interaction, through it could occur for a sufficiently `soft' one.
Magnetic coupling of the active chromosphere to the solar interior.

Evidence is summarized to show that the configuration of e lines which governs the appearance of H-alpha fine structure in active regions is set mainly by motions in the subphotosphere where these lines are anchored. It is shown that H-alpha fine structure is directly coupled to a layer probably more than 5000 km below the photosphere, and little distortion of the strong fields is expected in the ines. The shorter rotation period of active regions observed by Howard and others (compared to the photospheric gas) reted as a result ofthis direct coupling of the strong field to a more rapidly rotating solar interior. The effects of dragging such a field through a photosphere of finite resistivity are briefly considered for features of various observed cross-sections.
The evolution of disk galaxies and the origin of S0 galaxies

We reconsider the relation between spiral and SO galaxies in the light of recent data on the colors and morphology of disk systems, and on the content of clusters at different redshifts. Star formation will strongly deplete the gas in most spirals in a fraction of the Hubble time, so we suggest that the gas in spirals has been replenished by infall from residual envelopes, probably including gas-rich companions and tidal debris. SO's may then be disk systems that lost their gas-rich envelopes at an early stage and consumed their remaining gas by star formation. This picture is consistent with the color of SO's if most of their star formation stopped at least a few gigayears ago, and it is consistent with their small disk-to-bulge ratios relative to spirals, since this is a direct result of the early truncation of star formation. Numerical simulations show that the gas envelopes of disk galaxies in clusters are largely stripped away when the clusters collapse, but star formation can continue in the spirals for several gigayears while their remaining disk gas is consumed. These results can explain the blue galaxies observed by Butcher and Oemler in two condensed clusters at zapprox.0. 4: these clustersmore » are seen just before most of their galaxies run out of gas, so that star formation is still occurring in them but will soon die out, causing the spirals to evolve into SO's with normal present colors. A rapid evolution of the galaxy content of condensed clusters is predicted at moderate redshifts, ranging from a large fraction of blue galaxies at zapprox.0. 4 to very few at zapprox.0. « less
Multi-product lot sizing and scheduling on unrelated parallel machines

This article studies a problem of optimal scheduling and lot sizing a number of products on m unrelated parallel machines to satisfy given demands. A sequence-dependent setup time is required between lots of different products. The products are assumed to be all continuously divisible or all discrete. The criterion is to minimize the time at which all the demands are satisfied, C max, or the maximum lateness of the product completion times from the given due dates, L max. The problem is motivated by the real-life scheduling applications in multi-product plants. The properties of optimal solutions, NP-hardness proofs, enumeration, and dynamic programming algorithms for various special cases of the problem are presented. A greedy-type heuristic is proposed and experimentally tested. The major contributions are an NP-hardness proof, pseudo-polynomial algorithms linear in m for the case, in which the number of products is a given constant and the heuristic. The results can be adapted for solving a production line design problem.
Numerical Simulation of Formation and Breakup of a Three-Fluid Compound Jet

The formation and breakup of an axisymmetric immiscible, viscous, laminar compound jet flowing vertically downward into and breaking up in another immiscible liquid is studied numerically. We use a front-tracking/finite difference method to track the unsteady motion and the breakup of the compound jet interfaces, which are governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for Newtonian fluids. We consider the formation and breakup of a three-fluid compound jet in which the inner fluid density is greater than the shell's fluid density, and compare with the case when the inner fluid density is less than the shell's fluid density. The effects of interfacial tensions in terms of Weber number and interfacial tension ratio are investigated. An increase in Weber number leads to an increase in the breakup length of the compound jet and a decrease in the size of compound drops.
Submartingalas finitas, teoremas de convergencia y métodos no standard

Se examinan dos teoremas clasicos de convergencia de submartingalas en tiempo discreto, los de convergencia casi segura y en L^1, usando los metodos del analisis no standard. Se realiza para ello un estudio previo sobre las submartingalas finitas. El marco formal adoptado para el analisis no standard es el de la "Internal Set Theory" de E. Nelson.
The effect of stress and task variation on formant location

The effect of psychological stress and of different task demands on the frequency, amplitude, and band width of formants in words spoken as part of a word recognition task was studied. Subjects were 39 medical assistants who took part in an experiment on the effect of arousal on speech performance. Subjects had to engage in two types of cognitive tasks with different demands on concentration and mathematical ability and had to describe two types of films, one film on pottery making with low stress inducing potential and one film on a surgical operation. Immediately after each of these tasks, subjects had to read out loud words which were presented at relatively short exposure times (to simulate a word recognition task). Vowels within these words were isolated and formant frequencies, amplitude and band width were measured using linear prediction formant estimation routines. The results are interpreted in terms of the inter‐speaker and intra‐speaker variability of formant data across different levels of em.
A relaxation scheme for a multi-class Lighthill-Whitham-Richards traffic flow model

We present a high-resolution relaxation scheme for a multi-class Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (MCLWR) traffic flow model. This scheme is based on high-order reconstruction for spatial discretization and an implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta method for time integration. The resulting method retains the simplicity of the relaxation schemes. There is no need to involve Riemann solvers and characteristic decomposition. Even the computation of the eigenvalues is not required. This makes the scheme particularly well suited for the MCLWR model in which the analytical expressions of the eigenvalues are difficult to obtain for more than four classes of road users. The numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the presented method.
Approximations to the Distribution of Quadratic Forms

Positive definite quadratic forms in normal variates, which do not necessarily reduce to a multiple of a $\chi^2$ variate, arise quite naturally in estimation and hypothesis testing problems related to normal distributions and processes. A classical example is the problem of testing the difference between two sample means, $\bar x - \bar y$, where the $x$ observations have variance other than of $y$ observations (Welch [9]). More recent examples include: analysis of variance when errors are assumed to have unequal variance or are correlated (Box [1] [2]); regression analysis with stationary errors (Siddiqui [8]); and estimation of spectral density functions of stationary processes (Freiberger and Grenander [4]). Let $Q = \frac{1}{2}Y'MY$, where $Y = \lbrack Y_1, \cdots, Y_n\rbrack$ is a $N(0; V)$ distributed column vector, $Y'$ its transposed row vector, 0 zero vector, $V$ a positive definite covariance matrix, and $M$ a real symmetric matrix of rank $m \geqq n$. Let $a_1, \cdots, a_m$ be the non-zero characteristic roots of $A = MV$. It is well known (see, for example, Ruben [8]) that there exists a non-singular transformation from $Y$ to $X$ such that $X_1, \cdots, X_n$ are independent $N(0, 1)$ variates and $Q = \frac{1}{2} \sum^m_1 a_jX^2_j$. Without loss of generality we therefore assume that $Q$ has this canonical form. Many papers have been written on the distribution of $Q$, especially when $a_j$ are positive, and a more or less comprehensive list of these is included in the references of the two papers by Ruben [8] [9]. We shall therefore refer to only those which have direct bearing with the present paper. In this paper, we will be mainly concerned with distribution of $Q$ when $m$ is an even number, say $2k$, and $a_j$ positive. When $m$ is an odd number a slight modification is necessary and this is mentioned in Remark (2) of Section 3. We will choose our subscripts so that $0 x)$ can be evaluated as a finite linear combination of gamma df's. In other situations we require some methods of approximating to $F(x)$. In Sections 3 and 4 a simple approximation to $F(x)$ will be presented which reduces to the exact distribution when the condition of Theorem 1 is satisfied. The method is based on bounding $Q$ by $Q_1$ and $Q_2$, where $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ are quadratic forms satisfying the condition of Theorem 1. The approximation is then obtained by minimizing $d(F, \hat F)$ where $\hat F(x)$ is a linear combination of $F_i(x) = Pr (Q_i > x), i = 1, 2$, and $d(\cdot, \cdot)$ is the distance function of the metric space $L^2(0, \infty)$. In Section 5 a few numerical examples will be worked out for purposes of illustration.
EUV modeling accuracy and integration requirements for the 16nm node

EUV lithography is widely viewed as a main contending technology for 16nm node device patterning. However, EUV has several complex patterning issues which will need accurate compensation in mask synthesis development and production steps. The main issues are: high flare levels from optical element roughness, long range flare scattering distances, large mask topography, non-centered illumination axis leading to shadowing effects, new resist chemistries to model very accurately, and the need for full reticle optical proximity correction (OPC). Compensation strategies for these effects must integrate together to create final user flows which are easy to build and deploy with reasonable time and cost. Therefore, accuracy, usability, speed and cost are important with methods that have considerably more complexity than current optical lithography mask synthesis flows. In this paper we analyze the state of the art in accurate prediction and compensation of several of these complex EUV patterning issues, and compare that to 16nm node expected production needs. Next we provide a description of integration issues and solutions which are being implemented for 16nm EUV process development. This includes descriptions of OPC model calibration with flare, shadowing, and topography effects. We also propose a realistic (in terms of accuracy and mask area) flare parameter calibration flow to improve short and longer range flare correction accuracy above what can be achieved with only a measured EUV flare PSF.
Orbiting Molecular Reservoirs around Evolved Red Giant Stars

We report molecular emission from the circumstellar envelopes of two carbon-rich stars with oxygen-rich envelopes, EU And and BM Gem. We find a narrow (FWHM ~ 5 km s-1) CO (2-1) emission line from EU And and an even narrower (FWHM ~ 1 km s-1) 13CO emission line from BM Gem. We also place upper limits to the emission of HCN, SiO, SO, HCO+, and CS from BM Gem. We argue that the narrow CO emission lines are signatures of long-lived reservoirs of orbiting gas and that standard models for CO emission from red giant winds are not appropriate for these two stars. By including the Red Rectangle and AC Her, narrow CO emission characteristic of gravitationally bound gas has been detected from four post-main-sequence systems, and we can begin to characterize these apparently similar environments. Some common characteristics are the following: (1) Their diameters are typically between ~100 and ~1000 AU. (2) The masses of CO are near 1027 g. (3) Unlike the envelopes around mass-losing carbon stars where MCO/Mdust ~ 2, the circumstellar orbiting reservoirs often appear to have MCO < Mdust. (4) Molecules in addition to CO seem to be rare; we have yet to detect any other abundant gas-phase molecule besides CO. (5) Grains from 20 μm to 0.2 cm in radius may be common in these systems. (6) The reservoirs can possess large clumps. These properties can be understood if substantial chemical and dynamical evolution has occurred during the long lifetime of the orbiting reservoirs which are probably produced during mass loss in a binary system.