Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Structure of Meaning in Language: Parallel Narratives in Linear Algebra and Category Theory

Categories for AI, an online program about category theory in machine learning, unfolded over several months beginning in the Fall of last year. The “Cats for AI” organizing committee, which included several researchers from industry including two from DeepMind, felt that the machine learning community ought to be using more rigorous compositional language and that category theory has “great potential to be a cohesive force” in science in general and in Artificial Intelligence in particular. While this article is by no means a comprehensive report on that event, the popularity of “Cats for AI” — the five introductory lectures on cats.for. ai have been viewed thousands of times — signals the growing prevalence of category theoretic tools in AI. One place where category theory is gaining traction in machine learning is by providing a formal way to discuss how learning systems can be put together. This article has a different and somewhat narrow focus. It’s about how a fundamental piece of AI technology used in language modeling can be understood, with the aid of categorical thinking, as a process that extracts structural features of language from purely syntactical input. The idea that structure arises from form may not be a surprise for many readers — cat-
Lasing in a Neodymium-doped Aluminium Oxide Taiji Resonator

In many applications in integrated optics, high output power and mode stability are required for an on-chip laser. This could be achieved by using unidirectional lasing. However, on-chip lasers with a microring cavity are either not stable or prone to spontaneous switching. In this contribution, a low-cost design for stable unidirectional lasing is proposed: a Nd 3+ -doped 𝐀𝐥 𝟐 𝐎 𝟑 Taiji resonator. Moreover, lasing is experimentally shown.
Identifying nd communicting expertise in systems reengineering: a patterns approach

The reengineering of legacy systems — by which we mean those that have value and yet `significantly resist modification and evolution to meet new and constantly changing business requirements' — is widely recognised as one of the most significant challenges facing software engineers. A complex mixture of business and technical factors must be taken into account to ensure success, and there is a wide range of different contexts each with its own problems. Moreover, the business needs do not stay constant while the technical factors are dealt with. In the paper it is argued that the main problem is not that the necessary expertise does not exist, but rather, that it is hard for software engineers to become expert in all of the necessary areas. It is proposed that systems reengineering patterns may help to codify and disseminate expertise, and that this approach has some advantages over conventional methodological approaches. This contention is supported by means of some candidate patterns drawn from the authors experience and supported by information from elsewhere.
IL-21 and IFN alpha therapy rescues terminally differentiated NK cells and limits SIV reservoir in ART-treated macaques

Unlike HIV infection, which progresses to AIDS absent suppressive anti-retroviral therapy, nonpathogenic infections in natural hosts, such African green monkeys, are characterized by a lack of gut microbial translocation and robust secondary lymphoid natural killer cell responses resulting in an absence of chronic in ﬂ ammation and limited SIV dissemination in lymph node B-cell follicles. Here we report, using the pathogenic model of antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques that sequential interleukin-21 and interferon alpha therapy generate terminally differentiated blood natural killer cells (NKG2a/c low CD16 + ) with potent human leukocyte antigen-E-restricted activity in response to SIV envelope peptides. This is in contrast to control macaques, where less differentiated, interferon gamma-producing natural killer cells predominate. The frequency and activity of terminally differentiated NKG2a/c low CD16 + natural killer cells correlates with a reduction of replication-competent SIV in lymph node during antiretroviral therapy and time to viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption. These data demonstrate that African green monkey-like natural killer cell differentiation pro ﬁ les can be rescued in rhesus macaques to promote viral clearance in tissues.
Motivation of Sports Participation among Sports and Recreation Students at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Nowadays, more and more people are aware of the importance of physical and mental health in all aspects of economic, political, and social development. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of sports participation motivation of sports and recreation program students At Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , as well as to investigate sports participation motivation differences based on gender, age, and years of study . The subjects of this study are a total of 86 respondents in years one through four. The Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al, 1983) is used to assess sports participation motivation . The study's findings indicate that the highest levels of motivation for sports participation are physical fitness ( x̄ =2.81) while Team Membership ( x̄ =2.23) was the least important sub-dimension. There are also significant differences in sports participation motivation based on gender, age, and years of study. This finding will help the Student Affairs Department to organize events regarding this finding. Also, it is recommended that future research be conducted using other sports participation questionnaires such as Exercise Motivation Inventory and Sport Motivation Scale.
Effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on functional vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND Vascular calcification is a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hemodialysis patients experience severe vascular calcifications. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a central calcification inhibitor of the arterial wall; its activity depends on vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamate carboxylation. Uncarboxylated MGP, formed as a result of vitamin K deficiency, is associated with cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest poor vitamin K status in hemodialysis patients. We therefore aimed to investigate whether daily vitamin K supplementation improves the bioactivity of vitamin K-dependent proteins in hemodialysis patients, assessed by circulating dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP, uncarboxylated osteocalcin, and uncarboxylated prothrombin (PIVKA-II [protein induced by vitamin K absence II]). STUDY DESIGN Interventional randomized non-placebo-controlled trial with 3 parallel groups. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 53 long-term hemodialysis patients in stable conditions, 18 years or older. 50 healthy age-matched individuals served as controls. INTERVENTIONS Menaquinone-7 (vitamin K(2)) treatment at 45, 135, or 360 μg/d for 6 weeks. OUTCOMES Plasma levels of dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP, uncarboxylated osteocalcin, and PIVKA-II. MEASUREMENTS Plasma levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS At baseline, hemodialysis patients had 4.5-fold higher dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP and 8.4-fold higher uncarboxylated osteocalcin levels compared with controls. PIVKA-II levels were elevated in 49 hemodialysis patients. Vitamin K(2) supplementation induced a dose- and time-dependent decrease in circulating dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP, uncarboxylated osteocalcin, and PIVKA-II levels. Response rates in the reduction in dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP levels were 77% and 93% in the groups receiving 135 μg and 360 μg of menaquinone-7, respectively. LIMITATIONS Small sample size. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that most hemodialysis patients have a functional vitamin K deficiency. More importantly, it is the first study showing that inactive MGP levels can be decreased markedly by daily vitamin K(2) supplementation. Our study provides the rationale for intervention trials aimed at decreasing vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients by vitamin K supplementation.
Quantification of the heterogeneity of the unsaturated zone based on environmental deuterium observed in lysimeter experiments

Abstract An approach is presented which enables the quantification, in integrative form, of the preferential flow and the heterogeneity in water transport through the unsaturated zone under natural atmospheric conditions. For these purposes, deuterium transport was estimated in seven lysimeters filled with different sediment materials by applying a conceptual model, which consists of preferential and matrix flow paths for each using the lumped parameter approach. The piston flow and dispersion transit time distribution functions were assumed, for preferential and matrix flow paths, respectively. Weekly 2H data measured in precipitation (1984–1991) were taken as the input function. Combining modelling of isotopes and hydrological data enabled the quantification of preferential flow rates. The fraction of preferential flow directly appearing in the outflow within one week varied between 17 and 30%. The fraction of preferential flow was practically independent of the soil texture and flow rates. The crucial parameter influencing the fraction of direct flow was found to be the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks ). In the matrix flow, it was found that the apparent dispersion parameter (PD )* is indirectly proportional to the mean water content ( ). This relationship shows that the heterogeneity of the water flux in the matrix is higher for lower water contents. Finally, the transit time distribution functions, determined for both flow paths and the fractions of preferential flow, were used to construct vulnerability diagrams. Such a diagram gives the amounts of tracer mass (conservative pollutant), which appear weekly in the outflow between 0 and 60 weeks. The vulnerability diagrams showed different patterns for different soils, depending on the saturated conductivity and mean water content. Coarser material with low and high Ks showed a short mean transit time for the matrix flow (about 10 weeks) and mean preferential flow equal to or higher than 20%. Finer sand, with lower Ks and higher , resulted in mean transit times of approximately 30 weeks and preferential flow of 17–21%. These diagrams can be used to estimate the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution for different soil materials of the unsaturated zone.
Ecological and methodological drivers of species’ distribution and phenology responses to climate change

Climate change is shifting species’ distribution and phenology. Ecological traits, such as mobility or reproductive mode, explain variation in observed rates of shift for some taxa. However, estimates of relationships between traits and climate responses could be influenced by how responses are measured. We compiled a global data set of 651 published marine species’ responses to climate change, from 47 papers on distribution shifts and 32 papers on phenology change. We assessed the relative importance of two classes of predictors of the rate of change, ecological traits of the responding taxa and methodological approaches for quantifying biological responses. Methodological differences explained 22% of the variation in range shifts, more than the 7.8% of the variation explained by ecological traits. For phenology change, methodological approaches accounted for 4% of the variation in measurements, whereas 8% of the variation was explained by ecological traits. Our ability to predict responses from traits was hindered by poor representation of species from the tropics, where temperature isotherms are moving most rapidly. Thus, the mean rate of distribution change may be underestimated by this and other global syntheses. Our analyses indicate that methodological approaches should be explicitly considered when designing, analysing and comparing results among studies. To improve climate impact studies, we recommend that (1) reanalyses of existing time series state how the existing data sets may limit the inferences about possible climate responses; (2) qualitative comparisons of species’ responses across different studies be limited to studies with similar methodological approaches; (3) meta‐analyses of climate responses include methodological attributes as covariates; and (4) that new time series be designed to include the detection of early warnings of change or ecologically relevant change. Greater consideration of methodological attributes will improve the accuracy of analyses that seek to quantify the role of climate change in species’ distribution and phenology changes.
Designer Support for Online Collaboration and Knowledge Construction

Designer support is critical for facilitating collaboration and knowledge construction in an online learning environment. Designer support in this paper refers to the mechanisms that a designer builds in a technology-mediated environment to facilitate online learning. This paper focuses on two aspects of designer support: 1) creating a shared context, and 2) facilitating online communication and knowledge construction. Examples of these two aspects of support are presented along a continuum ranging from technology that simply allows collaboration to collaborative technology that makes collaboration more accessible to users. Examples of strategies for creating a shared context include the use of metaphorical designs to graphically represent the virtual environment for intuitive navigation and role transplantation, the use of informational support for decision-making, and the use of multiple information channels and tools to support coordinated collaboration in task-based projects. In order to facilitate online communication and knowledge construction, on the other hand, designers can employ communication scaffolds to structure online communication and artifacts as shared representations that provide contexts for online discussions. Finally, the potential application of similar mechanisms to online course management systems is discussed.
Indian summer monsoon rainfall and its link with ENSO and Indian Ocean climate indices

We examine the relationship between the state of the equatorial Indian Ocean, ENSO, and the Indian summer monsoon rainfall using data from 1881 to 1998. The zonal wind anomalies and SST anomaly gradient over the equatorial Indian Ocean are used as indices that represent the condition of the Indian Ocean. Although the index defined by the zonal wind anomalies correlates poorly with Indian summer monsoon rainfall, the linear reconstruction of Indian summer monsoon rainfall on the basis of a multiple regression from the NINO3 and this wind index better specifies the Indian summer monsoon rainfall than the regression with only NINO3. Using contingency tables, we find that the negative association between the categories of Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the wind index is significant during warm years (El Niño) but not during cold years (La Niña). Composite maps of land precipitation also indicate that this relationship is significant during El Niño events. We conclude that there is a significant negative association between Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial Indian Ocean during El Niño events. A similar investigation of the relationship between the SST index and Indian summer monsoon rainfall does not reveal a significant association. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Hydrology and microclimate of a partly restored cutover bog, Quebec

Peatlands do not readily return to functional wetland ecosystems after harvesting (cutting), because the harsh hydrological and microclimatic conditions are unsuitable for Sphagnum regeneration. In this study, drainage ditches blocked after harvesting restored the water balance to a condition similar to a nearby natural bog. Evaporation averaged 2.9 and 2.7 mm day -1 on the cutover and natural bog, respectively. Evaporation consumed most of the rainfall input (86 and 80%, respectively), whereas runoff was minor at both sites (6 and 4%, respectively). However, the water table position was markedly different at these sites. Median water table depth was 0.05m below the surface in the natural bog, compared with 0.44m in the cutover bog (ditches blocked). Changes to the peak soil matrix owing to drainage and cutting reduced the specific yield (Sy) of the peat to 0.04-0.06 from 0.35-0.55, causing exaggerated water table changes in the cutover site. Nevertheless, volumetric soil moisture in the cutover site (0.67 ±.08) had low variability, and was maintained above moisture contents found in Sphagnum hummocks in the natural bog (0.48 ±.10), although less than on Sphagnum lawn (0.84 ±.11). Poor Sphagnum regeneration on cutover surfaces can therefore be attributed to its inability to extract water from the underlying peat, which retains water at matric suction greater than the non-vascular Sphagnum can generate. The corrupted iron pan under main ditches has permitted partial recharge of the underlying aquifer, reducing local hydraulic gradients, thereby decreasing vertical seepage loss.
Multiobjective design of aquifer monitoring networks for optimal spatial prediction and geostatistical parameter estimation

Effective sampling of hydrogeological systems is essential in guiding groundwater management practices. Optimal sampling of groundwater systems has previously been formulated based on the assumption that heterogeneous subsurface properties can be modeled using a geostatistical approach. Therefore, the monitoring schemes have been developed to concurrently minimize the uncertainty in the spatial distribution of systems' states and parameters, such as the hydraulic conductivity K and the hydraulic head H, and the uncertainty in the geostatistical model of system parameters using a single objective function that aggregates all objectives. However, it has been shown that the aggregation of possibly conflicting objective functions is sensitive to the adopted aggregation scheme and may lead to distorted results. In addition, the uncertainties in geostatistical parameters affect the uncertainty in the spatial prediction of K and H according to a complex nonlinear relationship, which has often been ineffectively evaluated using a first‐order approximation. In this study, we propose a multiobjective optimization framework to assist the design of monitoring networks of K and H with the goal of optimizing their spatial predictions and estimating the geostatistical parameters of the K field. The framework stems from the combination of a data assimilation (DA) algorithm and a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA). The DA algorithm is based on the ensemble Kalman filter, a Monte‐Carlo‐based Bayesian update scheme for nonlinear systems, which is employed to approximate the posterior uncertainty in K, H, and the geostatistical parameters of K obtained by collecting new measurements. Multiple MOEA experiments are used to investigate the trade‐off among design objectives and identify the corresponding monitoring schemes. The methodology is applied to design a sampling network for a shallow unconfined groundwater system located in Rocky Ford, Colorado. Results indicate that the effect of uncertainties associated with the geostatistical parameters on the spatial prediction might be significantly alleviated (by up to 80% of the prior uncertainty in K and by 90% of the prior uncertainty in H) by sampling evenly distributed measurements with a spatial measurement density of more than 1 observation per 60 m × 60 m grid block. In addition, exploration of the interaction of objective functions indicates that the ability of head measurements to reduce the uncertainty associated with the correlation scale is comparable to the effect of hydraulic conductivity measurements.
Electrical Performance Analysis of High-Speed Interconnection and Power Delivery Network (PDN) in Low-Loss Glass Substrate-Based Interposers

In this article, electrical performance analysis of high-speed interconnection and power delivery network (PDN) in low-loss glass substrate-based interposers is conducted considering signal integrity (SI) and power integrity (PI). The low-loss glass substrate is a superior alternative to silicon substrate in terms of high-speed signaling and fabrication yield. However, the low-loss of the substrate is vulnerable to power/ground noise in the PDN since the low-loss property of the substrate cannot suppress the noise naturally. In this article, an in-depth electrical performance analysis is conducted based on various measurements and simulations to fully benefit the advantages of the low-loss glass substrate. First, the fabrication process and test vehicles for the analysis are explained. Using the test vehicles, the electrical performance of the glass interposer’s high-speed interconnection is compared with those of silicon and organic interposers. The insertion loss, eye-diagrams, and signal bandwidths of three interposer channels are compared and analyzed based on electromagnetic (EM) and circuit simulations. Also, the electrical performance of the through glass via (TGV) channel is measured and compared with through silicon via (TSV) channel. The high-speed interconnection of the glass interposer showed better performance for most of the parameters which is more suitable for maintaining the SI. Even though the low-loss of the glass substrate ensured the SI, power/ground noise issues in the PDN must be analyzed and solved. In this article, various cases inducing the power/ground noise in the PDN are considered, simulated, and measured. To solve the issues, ground TGV design and electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) design are proposed for an efficient broadband suppression of the noise generated in the glass interposer PDN.
Amyloid Precursor Protein and Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders associated with age or inherited mutations. It is characterized by severe dementia in the late stages that affect memory, cognitive functions, and daily life overall. AD progression is linked to the accumulation of cytotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein combined with other pathological features such as synaptic loss, defective energy metabolism, imbalances in protein, and metal homeostasis. Several treatment options for AD are under investigation, including antibody-based therapy and stem cell transplantation. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a membrane protein considered to play a main role in AD pathology. It is known that APP in physiological conditions follows a non-amyloidogenic pathway; however, it can proceed to an amyloidogenic scenario, which leads to the generation of extracellular deleterious Aβ plaques. Not all steps of APP biogenesis are clear so far, and these questions should be addressed in future studies. AD is a complex chronic disease with many factors that contribute to disease progression.