Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Wireless Network for Collection and Synthesis of Mobile Mesoscale Weather Observations

Abstract This paper reports the development of a wireless network of instrumented vehicles and aircraft for the real-time collection and synthesis of their mobile weather observations in mesoscale field experiments. The mobile digital network (MDN) utilizes 900-MHz radio frequency modem technology, enabling real-time data transmissions at up to 115 kbit s−1 across a domain of about 40 km on a side. The effective throughput of the network of multiple mobile units is about 40 kbit s−1 due to overhead from data quality checking and acknowledgment that data have been received. After gathering data from mobile observing platforms at a centrally located mobile command post, both image products and data are then uplinked via geostationary satellite at about 80 kbit s−1 and served to the Internet. The first application of the MDN was to mobile field observations obtained during the International H2O Project (IHOP).
Models for the Analysis of Association in Multivariate Contingency Tables

Abstract The present work describes a family of models that can be used for the analysis of association in multiway cross-classifications. The models are complementary to the usual (i.e., the so-called hierarchical) log-linear models. An advantage of this family of models is that it is frequently possible to give a more parsimonious description of the association than is possible with the usual log-linear models approach. The models will be especially useful when some or all of the variables are ordinal. The models are derived from a reparameterization of the saturated model based on singular value decompositions of interaction terms in the log-linear parameterization. Multivariate association models given in Goodman (1979, 1986), Clogg (1982a,b), Agresti and Kezouh (1983), Gilula and Haberman (1988), and Becker and Clogg (1989) are obtained as special cases. The utility of the models developed in this article is demonstrated with the analysis of two examples. The first example, a cross-classification of .
Changes in Sonographic Thickness with Identification of Nine Layers, Roughness, and Hydration in the Dorsal Hand after Injectables

Background: With the use of sonography, soft-tissue thickness can be measured accurately to assess the volumizing effects of fillers. Methods: In this prospective study, monophasic stabilized hyaluronic acid filler (1 cc) was injected into the dorsal superficial and intermediate laminae of 20 patients using a subdermal scraping fanning injection technique. Sonograms and topographic computer analyses were used to measure soft-tissue thickness, skin roughness, and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) at 1 week and 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. Results: Hand appearance and skin roughness improved in all patients. Sonography showed that soft-tissue thickness was increased by 4.52 mm (immediately after treatment), 5.52 mm (1 week), 4.89 mm (1 month), 4.25 mm (2 months), 4.08 mm (3 months), and 3.86 mm (6 months) from the pretreatment baseline of 3.20 mm. Roughness was reduced by 15.39 au (16.17%) at 1 month, 21.5 (18.12%) at 2 months, 22.7 (23.91%) at 3 months, and 27.16 (38.12%) at 6 months, indicating improvements in fine wrinkles. SCH also improved during follow-up. Conclusions: Detailed subdivision of nine layers of hand dorsum was established in this sonography study for the first time. Soft-tissue thickness was increased more than 207% during follow-up, and placement of hyaluronic acid materials was confirmed in the dorsal superficial and dorsal intermediate laminae. Hand appearance and skin roughness improved in all patients. Veins and tendons became less apparent, with volumizing effects. All patients stated that their skin became more moisturized, youthful, and smooth during the follow-up period after only one session of the subdermal scraping, fanning injection technique. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.
Simulating and estimating agreement in the presence of multiple raters and covariates

Cohen's and Fleiss's kappa are popular estimators for assessing agreement among two and multiple raters, respectively, for a binary response. While additional methods have been developed to account for multiple raters and covariates, they are not always applicable, rarely used, and none simplify to Cohen's kappa. Furthermore, there are no methods to simulate Bernoulli observations under the kappa agreement structure such that the developed methods could be adequately assessed. This manuscript overcomes these shortfalls. First, we developed a model‐based estimator for kappa that accommodates multiple raters and covariates through a generalized linear mixed model and encompasses Cohen's kappa as a special case. Second, we created a framework to simulate dependent Bernoulli observations that upholds all 2‐tuple pair of rater's kappa agreement structure and includes covariates. We used this framework to assess our method when kappa was nonzero. Simulations showed that Cohen's and Fleiss's kappa estimates were inflated unlike our model‐based kappa. We analyzed an Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging study and the classic cervical cancer pathology study. The proposed model‐based kappa and advancement in simulation methodology demonstrates that the popular approaches of Cohen's and Fleiss's kappa are poised to yield invalid conclusions while our work overcomes shortfalls, leading to improved inferences.
Commentary: Rethinking 10-2 visual fields in early diagnosis of glaucoma for a glided glaucoma practice: The right choice to pick up a feeble noise?

In the accompanying article, the authors evaluated 10‐2 visual field (VF) testing strategy and concluded that central VF pointwise linear regression (PLR) analysis was helpful in the detection of progression in advanced glaucomatous damage. [1] In this manuscript, we have highlighted the role of 10‐2 VF testing strategy in the early diagnosis of mild‐moderate glaucomatous defects and how this strategy influences the definition and clinical classification systems pertaining to glaucoma.
Making protected areas effective for biodiversity, climate and food

The spatial extent of marine and terrestrial protected areas (PAs) was among the most intensely debated issues prior to the decision about the post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Positive impacts of PAs on habitats, species diversity and abundance are well documented. Yet, biodiversity loss continues unabated despite efforts to protect 17% of land and 10% of the oceans by 2020. This casts doubt on whether extending PAs to 30%, the agreed target in the Kunming‐Montreal GBF, will indeed achieve meaningful biodiversity benefits. Critically, the focus on area coverage obscures the importance of PA effectiveness and overlooks concerns about the impact of PAs on other sustainability objectives. We propose a simple means of assessing and visualising the complex relationships between PA area coverage and effectiveness and their effects on biodiversity conservation, nature‐based climate mitigation and food production. Our analysis illustrates how achieving a 30% PA global target could be beneficial for biodiversity and climate. It also highlights important caveats: (i) achieving lofty area coverage objectives alone will be of little benefit without concomitant improvements in effectiveness, (ii) trade‐offs with food production particularly for high levels of coverage and effectiveness are likely and (iii) important differences in terrestrial and marine systems need to be recognized when setting and implementing PA targets. The CBD's call for a significant increase in PA will need to be accompanied by clear PA effectiveness goals to reduce and revert dangerous anthropogenic impacts on socio‐ecological systems and biodiversity.
Pathogenic NKT cells attenuate urogenital chlamydial clearance and enhance infertility

Urogenital chlamydial infections continue to increase with over 127 million people affected annually, causing significant economic and public health pressures. While the role of traditional MHCI and II peptide presentation is well defined in chlamydial infections, the role of lipid antigens in immunity remains unclear. Natural killer (NK) T cells are important effector cells that recognize and respond to lipid antigens during infections. Chlamydial infection of antigen‐presenting cells facilitates presentation of lipid on the MHCI‐like protein, CD1d, which stimulates NKT cells to respond. During urogenital chlamydial infection, wild‐type (WT) female mice had significantly greater chlamydial burden than CD1d−/− (NKT‐deficient) mice, and had significantly greater incidence and severity of immunopathology in both primary and secondary infections. WT mice had similar vaginal lymphocytic infiltrate, but 59% more oviduct occlusion compared to CD1d−/− mice. Transcriptional array analysis of oviducts day 6 post‐infection revealed WT mice had elevated levels of Ifnγ (6‐fold), Tnfα (38‐fold), Il6 (2.5‐fold), Il1β (3‐fold) and Il17a (6‐fold) mRNA compared to CD1d−/− mice. In infected females, oviduct tissues had an elevated infiltration of CD4+‐invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, however, iNKT‐deficient Jα18−/− mice had no significant differences in hydrosalpinx severity or incidence compared to WT controls. Lipid mass spectrometry of surface‐cleaved CD1d in infected macrophages revealed an enhancement of presented lipids and cellular sequestration of sphingomyelin. Taken together, these data suggest an immunopathogenic role for non‐invariant NKT cells in urogenital chlamydial infections, facilitated by lipid presentation via CD1d via infected antigen‐presenting cells.
Centimeter- and Millimeter-Wave Attenuation Properties of Carbonyl Iron Fiber-Filled Foam Composites

We have formulated carbonyl iron fiber-filled foam composites and measured their complex permittivity and permeability at x-band (8.2-12.4 GHz) by the transmission and reflection waveguide method. The results show that carbonyl iron fiber with smaller diameter and higher aspect ratio exhibits higher complex permittivity and permeability. The reflection loss measurement shows that lightweight carbonyl iron fiber-filled foam composites possess good absorbing properties in both centimeter- and millimeter-wave bands.
Comparing the structure-function relationship between the visual fields measured with variational Bayes linear regression and SITA standard

Purpose We recently constructed an algorithm to measure visual field (VF) using the variational Bayes linear regression (VBLR). This algorithm enabled a faster VF measurement than the Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm (SITA) standard while maintaining the test-retest reproducibility (Murata H, et al. Br J Ophthalmol 2021). The current study aimed to compare the structure-function relationship between the SITA standard and VBLR. Method In 78 eyes of 56 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, VF measurements were conducted using both SITA standard and VBLR VF, as well as spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The structure-function relationship was investigated between visual sensitivity and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer in the whole VF. This analysis was repeated for each of the 12 sectors (30 degrees). The strength of the structure-function relationship was evaluated using the second-order bias-corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) index. Result In the whole VF, AICc values of SITA standard and VBLR were 601.6 and 597.3, respectively. The relative likelihood that VBLR had a better structure-function relationship than the SITA standard was 88.2% (when the entire field was averaged) or 99.9% (when all test points were analyzed in the pointwise manner). With the sector-wise analysis, SITA standard had a better structure-function relationship than VBLR in 1 sector (Superior sector in the retina), whereas VBLR had a better structure-function relationship than SITA standard in 4 sectors (Supero-Nasal, Infero-Nasal, Inferior, and Infero-Temporal sectors) with >95% relative likelihood. Conclusion Although it depends on locations and similar between SITA standard and VBLR-VF, but VBLR-VF had a better structure-function relationship than the SITA standard overall.
Solar wind observations over Ulysses' first full polar orbit

This study examines solar wind plasma and magnetic field observations from Ulysses' first full polar orbit in order to characterize the high-latitude solar wind under conditions of decreasing and low solar activity. By comparing observations taken over nearly all heliolatitudes and two different intervals covering the same radial distances, we are able to separate the radial and latitudinal variations in the solar wind. We find that once the radial gradients are removed, none of the high-latitude solar wind parameters show much latitudinal variation, indicating that the solar wind emanating from the polar coronal holes is extremely uniform. In addition, by examining nearly 6 years of data starting in the declining phase of the last solar cycle and extending through the most recent solar minimum, we are able to address hemispheric asymmetries in the observations. We find that these asymmetries are most likely driven by differences in the solar wind source over the solar cycle and indicate that more energy goes into the polar solar wind during the declining phase of the solar cycle than around minimum. Because the mass flux is larger in the declining phase while the speeds are very similar, we conclude that this energy is introduced at an altitude below the solar wind acceleration critical point. Finally, we provide details of the statistics of over 20 solar wind parameters so that upcoming observations from Ulysses' second polar orbit, during much more active times on the Sun, can be readily compared to the quieter first orbit results.
Recent advances in pansharpening and key problems in applications

Pansharpening is a process of fusing the spatial detail of a high-resolution panchromatic (Pan) image and the spectral information of a low-resolution multispectral (MS) image to generate a high-resolution MS image. With the fast development of high-resolution satellites, pansharpening techniques are increasingly used worldwide. Even though pansharpening research has been done for decades and numerous techniques have been developed, research efforts are still continuing to further improve the techniques. The most common problems encountered by pansharpening algorithms are colour distortion and spatial artefacts. This article provides a review on recent advances in solving or reducing the problems of colour distortion and spatial artefacts. On the other hand, miss-registration and object size difference between Pan and MS images are also two common key problems in pansharpening applications. Very few publications have discussed these issues. Therefore, this article also addresses these two key problems and provides experimental results to show the capacity of various pansharpening techniques in handling the key problems.
Whole-Body Photobiomodulation Therapy for Fibromyalgia: A Feasibility Trial

Effective treatment for fibromyalgia (FM) is lacking and further treatment options are needed. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) represents one potential treatment option. Whilst favourable findings have been reported using localised PBMT, no investigations have established the value of whole-body PBMT for the complete set of symptom domains in FM. A single-arm feasibility study was conducted in accordance to CONSORT guidelines. A non-probability sampling method was used to access individuals with FM. The primary outcome measure was identified as the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR). Forty-nine participants were screened and 21 trial participants entered the trial. Nineteen participants completed the intervention (18 whole-body PBMT sessions over approximately six weeks). Descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis was undertaken to represent feasibility outcomes. Acceptability of the trial device and processes were established. Outcome measures towards efficacy data were guided by core and peripheral OMERACT domains, utilising a combination of participant-reported and performance-based outcome measures. Positive changes were observed for FM-specific quality of life, pain, tenderness, stiffness, fatigue, sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment. Patient global assessment revealed improvements at 6 weeks, with continued effect at 24 weeks. FM-specific quality of life at 24 weeks remained improved compared with baseline scores. Data for the embedded qualitative component of the trial were captured by participant-reported experience measures and audio-recorded semi-structured interviews. Findings provide evidence to support a full-scale trial and shows promise regarding potential efficacy of this novel non-invasive treatment in an FM population.
A Systematic Investigation of Detectors for Low Signal to Noise Ratio EMG Signals

Active participation of stroke survivors during robot-assisted movement therapy is essential for sensorimotor recovery. Robot assisted therapy contingent on movement intention is an effective way to encourage patients' active engagement. For severely impaired stroke patients with no residual movements, a surface electromyogram (EMG) has been shown to be a viable option for detecting movement intention. Although numerous algorithms for EMG detection exist, the detector with the highest accuracy and lowest latency for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) remains unknown. This study, therefore, investigates the performance of thirteen existing EMG detection algorithms on simulated low SNR (0dB and -3dB) EMG signals generated using three different EMG signal models: gaussian, laplacian, and biophysical model. The detector performance was quantified using the false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR), and detection latency. Any detector that consistently showed FPR and FNR of no more than 20%, and latency of no more than 50ms, was considered an appropriate detector for use in robot-assisted therapy. The results indicate that the Modified Hodges detector, a simplified version of the threshold-based Hodges detector introduced in the current study was the most consistent detector across the different signal models and SNRs. It consistently performed for ~90% and ~40% of the tested trials for 0dB and -3dB SNR, respectively. The two statistical detectors (Gaussian and Laplacian Approximate Generalized Likelihood Ratio) and the Fuzzy Entropy detectors have a slightly lower performance than Modified Hodges. Overall, the Modified Hodges, Gaussian and Laplacian Generalized Likelihood ratio, and the Fuzzy Entropy detectors were identified as the potential candidates that warrant further investigation with real surface EMG data since they had consistent detection performance on low SNR EMG data.
Impact of family support on the cognitive functions of Egyptian elderly

Background Social support is essential in the daily activities of the elderly, which can impact their cognitive functions over time. Aim of the study This study investigates the hypothesis that there is a link between social support and cognitive function in the elderly living in the Egyptian community using the Arabic translation of the Survey of Health, Ageing, Retirement in Europe (SHARE) questionnaire. Subjects and methods Cross-sectional analytic study was conducted as a part of the pilot study for A Longitudinal Study of Egyptian Healthy Ageing (AL-SEHA) project. It included 299 participants (50+ years of age). Investigators collected data using the Arabic translation of the SHARE questionnaire in five Egyptian Universities. Data were then uploaded to the Social Research Centre (SRC) at the American University in Cairo (AUC). Results The prevalence of declined cognitive functions was 39.467% (95% CI: 33.89-45.04). Cognitive impairment was significantly less among university and postgraduate degree holders (p<0.001), married (p=0.0378) or contacted by their kids on a daily or weekly basis (p=0.0364). Conclusion Being married, with a university degree or higher, and increased contact frequency with children, all showed positive correlation with cognitive function in our sample. In conclusion, this research contributes to our understanding of the impact of family network and support and cognitive function in the older Egyptian population. Our findings can be a base to add on to the literature.
Density fluctuations driven by Alfvén waves

The equations for a linearly polarized Alfven wave, propagating parallel to the direction of the average magnetic field in a perfectly conducting fluid, are solved to second order in the wave quanities for cases where the fluid obeys single adiabatic or double adiabatic equations of state. To this order, we find no change in the wave magnetic field or transverse wave velocity, but longitudinal wave velocity and density fluctuations appear, driven by gradients in the wave magnetic-field pressure. This is in contrast to the common belief that even large-amplitude Alfven waves remain purely transverse. The density fluctuations can become quite large when the Alfven speed is close to the ion sound speed in the fluid; this condition may at times exist in the solar wind at 1 AU. We suggest that part of the density fluctuations observed in the solar wind by satellites and interplanetary scintillation may be associated with large-amplitude Alfven waves. Heating of the solar wind might result if the ion sound waves, which are driven by the Alfven waves, are appreciably damped.
Optical conductivity signatures of Floquet electronic phases

Optical conductivity measurements may provide access to distinct signatures of Floquet electronic phases, which are described theoretically by their quasienergy band structures. We characterize experimental observables of the Floquet graphene antidot lattice (FGAL), which we introduced previously [Phys. Rev. B 104, 174304 (2021)]. On the basis of Floquet linear response theory, the real and imaginary parts of the longitudinal and Hall optical conductivity are computed as a function of probe frequency. We find that the number and positions of peaks in the response function are distinctive of the different Floquet electronic phases, and identify multiple properties with no equilibrium analog. First, for several intervals of probe frequencies, the real part of the conductivity becomes negative. We argue this is indicative of a subversion of the usual Joule heating mechanism: The Floquet drive causes the material to amplify the power of the probe, resulting in gain. Additionally, while the Hall response vanishes at equilibrium, the real and imaginary parts of the Floquet Hall conductivity are non-zero and can be as large as the longitudinal components. Lastly, driving-induced localization tends to reduce the overall magnitude of and to flatten out the optical conductivity signal. From an implementation standpoint, a major advantage of the FGAL is that the above-bandwidth driving limit is reached with photon energies that are at least twenty times lower than that required for the intrinsic material, allowing for significant band renormalization at orders-of-magnitude smaller intensities. Our work provides the necessary tools for experimentalists to map reflectance data to particular Floquet phases for this novel material.