Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Earth science applications of ICESat/GLAS: a review

The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) completed 19 successful campaigns for Earth observation missions following its launch in 2003. The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on board ICESat provided data of high quality with unprecedented accuracy over the globe. The three laser sensors of GLAS acquired a large volume of data between 2003 and 2009. These data were used widely to detect changes in Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and to determine forest heights, sea-ice freeboard heights and the distribution of cloud and aerosols. Here, we provide a review of these applications, describe the methodology involved in GLAS data processing and summarize some of the challenges to make better use of GLAS data. Other applications, including ice-sheet slope extraction, distinguishing between water, bare land, urban building and high forest, urban building height extraction, changes in glaciers and ice caps and water levels in lakes are discussed more briefly.
The science of climate change: questions and answers

Earth’s climate has changed over the past century. The atmosphere and oceans have warmed, sea levels have risen, and glaciers and ice sheets have decreased in size. The best available evidence indicates that greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are the main cause. Continuing increases in greenhouse gases will produce further warming and other changes in Earth’s physical environment and ecosystems.
HUBUNGAN PANJANG TUNGKAI DENGAN KECEPATAN BERJALAN PADA SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS NEGERI 6 MANADO

Abstract: This is caused by factors that affect normal human walking speed i.e., sex, fitness level, body height and weight. People with long strides could walk faster than those with short steps if they take the same number of steps per minute because they can travel a distance further in every step of their feet. But some said that the shorter leg is not a reason for a slow walking speed. The purpose of this research is to find out whether or not there is a relationship between the length of the legs with walking speed. This study was carried out with the design of cross sectional study. The population taken all SMAN 6 Manado grade 3 by the number of samples of 40 people, the determination of sample by random sampling techniques by means of a lottery. Data obtained from the results of measurements of the length of the limb and walking speed is done by the researcher themselves. Acquired long limbs with an average rating of 98 cm, 3,79608 cm, standard deviation value for a minimum of 90 cm and a maximum of 105 cm, While the walking speed obtained average value of 1,2983 m/s, the standard deviation 0.14007 m/s, the minimum value of 1.06 m/s and maximum 1,93 m/s. Conclusion, there is a significant correlation between leg length and walking speed with the value of the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was obtained value of r = 0.262 and p = 0.051 in the direction of a positive correlation. Keywords: the length of the legs, walking speed Abstrak: Tidak semua orang berjalan dengan kecepatan berjalan rata-rata manusia. Hal ini disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan berjalan normal manusia yaitu, jenis kelamin, tingkat kebugaran tubuh, tinggi dan berat badan. Orang dengan langkah panjang bisa berjalan lebih cepat daripada orang-orang dengan langkah pendek jika mereka mengambil jumlah langkah yang sama per menit karena mereka dapat menempuh jarak lebih jauh dalam setiap langkah kaki mereka. Tapi ada yang mengatakan bahwa kaki yang lebih pendek tidak menjadi alasan kecepatan berjalan yang lambat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya hubungan antara panjang tungkai dengan kecepatan berjalan Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan desain cross sectional study. Populasi yang diambil semua siswa SMA Negeri 6 Manado kelas 3 dengan jumlah Sampel 40 orang, penentuan sampel dengan teknik random sampling dengan cara undian. Data diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran panjang tungkai dan kecepatan berjalan yang dilakukan oleh peneliti sendiri. Diperoleh panjang tungkai dengan nilai rata-rata 98 cm, standar deviasi 3,79608 cm, nilai minimum 90 cm dan maksimum 105 cm sedangkan kecepatan berjalan diperoleh nilai rata-rata 1,2983 m/s, standar deviasi 0,14007 m/s, nilai minimum 1,06 m/s dan maksimum 1,93 m/s. Kesimpulan, terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara panjang tungkai dan kecepatan berjalan dengan nilai analisis koefisien korelasi Pearson diperoleh nilai r = 0,262 dengan p = 0,051 dengan arah korelasi positif. Kata kunci: Kecepatan Berjalan dan Panjang Tungkai
A unified database of large European earthquakes

Understanding the potential for large earthquake disasters in the Euro-Mediterranean region, including effects from tsunamis, is a high priority in the European seismological community. Accurate locations and magnitudes are of utmost importance in order to determine various parameters needed for seismic hazard assessment. Data from local earthquake catalogues for all of Europe and the near surroundings have now been compiled and homogenized in historical as well as instrumental time. This new database concentrates on large earthquakes (Mw≥6). Studies of this new database conclude that the earthquake locations concentrate around main tectonic features with less scatter than has been provided by existing databases from international seismological agencies and other previous compilations.
Water Level Fluctuations and Its Implications on Fish Breeding Nests in Lake Mutirikwi, Masvingo, Zimbabwe -

The study aimed at assessing the relationship between water level fluctuation and the number of fish breeding nests which were exposed along selected bays of Lake Mutirikwi in southeastern Zimbabwe. Data was collected between October 2014 and February 2015 through mapping of exposed fish nests on two selected bays. The results showed that water level fluctuation was in response to water inflows after rains or water withdrawal for the purposes of irrigation and consumption in Masvingo city. The fluctuating seasonal exposure of fish breeding nests had a negative impact on fish recruitment in the lake due to failure to optimise use of fish nests by both Tilapia rendalli and Oreochromis niloticus, in particular substrate spawners . This seasonal disruption of breeding activities calls for increased awareness and education on water resource conservation by lake users in order for the basic ecological needs of fish to be addressed. It was noted there was a general lack of knowledge by stakeholders on the relation that lies between water level and fish breeding. Enlightened stakeholders can support fish production through moderated water extraction particularly during seasons of poor rains.
Soil Strength Improvement by Microbial Cementation

The biologically induced cementation (BioGrout) method has been used in this study to improve engineering properties of soil. Laboratory tests have been carried out to quantify the effect of BioGrout treatment on the strength of two types of sand by using Sporosarcina pasteurii bacteria. Bearing strength and other parameters, such as colony forming units (number of bacteria), pH level, temperature, and amount of CaCO3, have also been studied. Calcification (cementation) through precipitation of CaCO3 on the mineral surfaces has been clearly observed from the images of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Finally, the effect of sand material on the effectiveness of biocementation was investigated via employement of different sand types.
Fish-produced Markings on the Outer Continental Margin East of the Middle Atlantic States

Much of the fine-grained surficial sedimentary cover of the continental slope in the vicinity of Wilmington Canyon southeast of Delaware Bay has been disturbed by the activity of benthic fish. Underwater photographs and video recordings in the canyon area supplemented by observations of fish swimming over a soft surface in an aquarium provide information on the origin of different fish structures. The resemblance between many fish-produced markings and physically produced sedimentary structures noted in ancient slope and basin deposits is actually quite striking. Preserved fin marks, especially those produced by flatfish, would probably be confused with groove, slide and diverse tool marks preserved as casts on the base of siltstone and sandstone strata. Where fish resting or nesting depressions occur in large numbers, the seafloor surface superficially appears molded by low amplitude, round-crested interference ripple marks. Structures produced by fish burying themselves into the mud bottom disturb lamination; such structures would resemble some forms of load structures in cross-section. The generally random distribution of fish-markings, however, is in contrast with the normally down-slope and downcurrent orientation characteristic of physically produced structures.
Model for Calculating Bed Load Transport of Sediment

A bed load transport model based on the mechanics of sediment moving by saltation yields predicted values of bed load flux as a function of boundary shear stress, grain diameter and density. The parameters required to calculate bed load transport (particle velocity, bed load sediment concentration, and the height of the bed load layer) can all be determined from our model, which computes sequences of trajectories of individual saltating grains as well as the concentration of moving grains that the flow can support. The latter is related to the momentum the accelerating grains extract from the flow. Predicted curves of bed load transport vs. boundary shear stress agree well with transport data collected by Gilbert Meyer-Peter \Iet al.,\N and the Waterways Experimental Station; measured shear stress was corrected for pressure drag when bed forms were present. Comparison of predicted bed load transport with common bed load equations reveals considerable similarity among the relationships. The best agreement with the data is produced by relationships in which the transport rate vanishes as the shear stress approaches the critical Shields’ number, as in our model and Yalin’s equation.
The desert fireball network: A new camera network in the western Australian Nullarbor

NETWORK IN THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN NULLARBOR. P. A. Bland, P. Spurny, A. W. R. Bevan, T. Smith, J. Borovicka, T. McClafferty. IARC, Dept. Earth Sci. & Eng., Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK. (p.a.bland@imperial.ac.uk); IARC, Dept. Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Ondrejov Observatory, Astron. Inst. Acad. Sci. Czech Republic, 251 65 Ondrejov, Czech Republic; Dept. Earth Planet. Sci., Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Western Australian Museum Kalgoorlie-Boulder, 17 Hannan St., Kalgoorlie, WA 6433, Australia.
A theoretical model of the effects of timber harvesting on slope stability

An infinite slope stability model is proposed which incorporates changes in root cohesion and vegetation surcharge through several timber management cycles along with the stochastic influence of rainfall on pore water pressure. Recovery of rooting strength and tree surcharge following timber harvest are simulated by a sigmoid relationship, while root deterioration of harvested vegetation is described by an exponential decay function. The effects of long-term timber management on probability of failure are simulated by overlaying the impacts of a prior vegetation removal on a more recent removal. For each year the critical pore water pressure (ucrit) needed to trigger slope failure is computed. An empirical function relating piezometric level to antecedent rainfall, storm intensity, and total precipitation is presented to assess the probability of occurrence of ucrit, based on historical rainfall records for a site in coastal Alaska. Simulations of probability of failure indicate that alternate thinnings and clear-cuts and clear-cuts alone produce less stable conditions than shelterwood harvesting systems and partial cuts. Repeated harvesting cycles with progressively shorter rotations, reduced regeneration potential of new vegetation, and destruction of understory vegetation during logging or site preparation can all increase the probability of failure. These analyses can provide land managers with options for acceptable vegetation management strategies on potentially unstable hillslopes.
Diversified Provenance of the Songpan-Ganzi Triassic Turbidites, Central China: Constraints from Geochemistry and Nd Isotopes

The Songpan-Ganzi Complex (SGC) in central China is one of the largest turbidite basins on Earth, but the origin of slates and sandstones is still open to debate. Petrographic, geochemical, and Nd isotope data for representative turbidites were collected, and the SGC was thus divided up into four main zones. The western and middle zones are characterized by easterly paleocurrents, abundant high-pressure (HP)-related dense minerals, and low chemical index of alteration (CIA) and Th/U values. The samples from the western zone have strongly negative ϵNd values, old Nd model ages, and low ferromagnesian but high felsic contents. The sediments from the middle zone have intermediate ϵNd values and Nd model ages and trace elemental ratios. No HP-related dense minerals have been identified in the eastern zone, which is dominated by westerly paleocurrents, with intermediate Nd isotopic and geochemical values. The northernmost zone is characterized by high εNd (0) values, young TDM ages, and high ferromagnesian but low felsic contents. Geochemical and Nd isotopic data all are suggestive of an overall silicic provenance of the sediments, which have not been homogenized by recycling. Several source rocks for the samples are identified, and they include sedimentary rocks, ophiolites, silicic igneous rocks, and HP metamorphic rocks. Nd isotopes and geochemical indices least susceptible to change by sedimentary processes indicate that turbidites in the SGC were dominantly derived from central Qiangtang, Dabie-Qinling, and Kunlun. The low CIA values and Th/U ratios indicate that the source areas for the western SGC could have been elevated by tectonism and dominated by cool and/or arid climates.
Alternating asymmetric topography of the Alaska range along the strike‐slip Denali fault: Strain partitioning and lithospheric control across a terrane suture zone

Contrasting lithospheric strength between terranes often results in the concentration of strain and deformation within the weaker material. Dramatic alternating asymmetric topography of the central and eastern Alaska Range along the active Denali fault is due to contrasting lithospheric strength between terranes and a suture zone, controlled by fault location with respect to the irregular boundary of a relatively stronger terrane backstop. Highest topography and greatest Neogene exhumation in the central Alaska Range occur on the concave side of the arcuate Denali fault, yet to the north and on the convex side of the fault in the eastern Alaska Range. The Denali fault largely lies along a Mesozoic suture zone between two large composite terranes (Yukon and Wrangellia composite terranes: YCT and WCT), but the McKinley strand of the fault cuts across an embayment of weaker suture‐zone rocks (Alaska Range suture‐zone, ARSZ) within the irregular southern boundary of the YCT (Hines Creek fault). Deformation (and uplift of the Alaska Range) is driven by slip and partitioning of strain along the Denali fault, occurring preferentially in weaker rocks of the ARSZ against the stronger YCT. Where the YCT lies well north of the McKinley strand, deformation is primarily to the north of the fault (eastern Alaska Range). Where the YCT is close to the fault, deformation is primarily to the south (central Alaska Range). While the trace of the McKinley strand approximates a small circle, two restraining bends (McKinley and Hayes) pinned equidistant from the ends of this strand localize uplift and exhumation.
Periodic modulations of the energetic electron fluxes in the distant radiation zone

Periodic modulations of the energetic (>45 kev) electron fluxes are observed throughout the distant radiation zone by Geiger counters aboard Imp 1 and 2. These modulations have periods from a few minutes to half an hour, and coherent trains of these modulations are observed lasting as long as several hours. The peak-to-valley ratios are often an order of magnitude or more, and the strongest and most persistent periodicity is about six minutes. The largest and most regular modulations occur in the skirt region near the 0300 local time meridian (LSEP = 120°). Modulations of somewhat reduced amplitude are observed in the geomagnetic tail, in the transition region, and near the bow shock. We believe that these modulations of the electron fluxes are evidence for strong hydromagnetic wave activity throughout the distant radiation zone. These modulations increase in amplitude and extent with Kp. No such modulations are observed inside L = 8 except when the daily Kp sum is greater than 23. The fact that the periods of these modulations tend to be about six minutes suggests that a resonant effect is occurring in the magnetosphere or in the transition region.
Noise-based monitoring and imaging of aseismic transient deformation induced by the 2006 Basel reservoir stimulation

ABSTRACTWe have analyzed the time-dependent properties of the ambient seismic wavefield between 0.1 and 8 Hz to detect, resolve, monitor, and image the deformation induced by the water injection associated with the stimulation of the 2006 Deep Heat Mining Project in the city of Basel, Switzerland. The application of passive methods allowed the detection of an aseismic transient of approximately 35 days’ duration that began with the onset of the reservoir stimulation. Peak deformation was reached some 15 days after the bleed-off and after the induced seismicity ceased. We resolved a significant increase in seismic velocities and a simultaneous decorrelation of the noise correlation coda waveforms. The wavefield properties implied that the material response was monitored mainly in the sedimentary layer (<2.5 km) above the stimulated volume that was approximately 4.5 km deep. We inverted the velocity-change and decorrelation data to estimate the spatial distribution of the medium changes. The resulting imag.
Ice and debris in the fretted terrain, Mars

Viking moderate- and high-resolution images along the northern highland margin were studied monoscopically and stereoscopically to contribute to an understanding of the development of fretted terrain. Results suport the hypothesis that the fretting process involved flow facilitated by interstitial ice. The process apparently continued for a long period of time, and debris-apron formation shaped the fretted terrain in the past as well as the present. Interstitial ice in debris aprons is most likely derived from ground ice obtained by sapping or scarp collapse. Debris aprons could have been removed by sublimation if they consisted mostly of ice, or by deflation if they consisted mostly of debris. To remove the debris, wind erosion was either very intense early in martian history, or was intermittent, perhaps owing to climatic cycles. The location of debris aprons in two midlatitudinal belts can be attributed to atmospheric conditions that permit ice to remain in the ground at moderate depth in those latitudes, and climatic factors that permit temperatures to be warm enough for ice to flow. Channels have minimum gradients of 5–8 m/km, which permits flowing ice to deform by dislocation creep at exceedingly low strain rates; alternately, ice-charged debris may have been buoyed by brines. By analogy with the fretted channels, ice could have flowed through the outflow channels if the atmospheric pressure was somewhat higher in the past and permitted ice to exist in the equatorial area.
Online User Recruitment With Adaptive Budget Segmentation in Sparse Mobile Crowdsensing

Sparse mobile crowdsensing (MCS) is a cost-effective data collection paradigm that aims to recruit users to collect data from a part of sensing subareas and infer the rest. In a more realistic scenario, users participate in real-time and collect data along the way. For missing data inference, the significance of data collected from different subareas often varies over time. However, since users’ trajectories are uncertain, recruiting users who can cover important spatio-temporal subareas presents a challenge. Additionally, how to segment the budget wisely during recruitment is another challenge. To tackle these challenges, we propose a dual reinforcement learning (RL)-based online user recruitment strategy with adaptive budget segmentation, called DualRL-U, which consists of two alternating decision steps, i.e., the user recruitment decision and the budget retention decision. Specifically, for the user recruitment decision, we use RL to connect the user with data inference accuracy to estimate their contributions. For the budget retention decision, we use RL to connect the budget with the number of times the user can sense to evaluate the cost effectiveness. In this way, a dual RL model is constructed to achieve effective recruitment by alternately executing user recruitment decisions and budget retention decisions. Extensive experiments on real-world sensing data sets show the effectiveness of DualRL-U.
On the Formation of Antarctic Intermediate and Bottom Water in Ocean General Circulation Models

Abstract A series of coarse-resolution models were integrated with a view to determining the most appropriate representation of the largest-scale water masses formed in the Southern Ocean. In particular, it was hoped that the models could realistically simulate Antarctic Bottom and Intermediate Water. The ocean model employed has a global domain with a realistic approximation of the continental outlines and bottom bathymetry. The subgrid-scale variation of bottom bathymetry is removed by spatial averaging over each grid box. The annual mean forcing at the sea surface is derived from climatological fields of temperature, salinity, and wind stress. It is found that the salinity of shelf water in the Weddell and Ross seas is critical if the model is to appropriately simulate the world's intermediate and bottom water masses. If the surface layer is too fresh in the Weddell and Ross seas, any bottom water formed adjacent to Antarctica is significantly less dense than in the real ocean. Furthermore, surface wat.
Community unity: experimental evidence for meiofauna and macrofauna

Etude experimentale en cages in situ (plage de Virginie) de la structure d'une biocenose benthique comprenant deux classes de taille et de ses reponses a la manipulation (predateurs et stress divers). Conjointement, on etudie la similitude d'utilisation des refuges biogenes par les deux classes de taille
The anatomy of Askeptosaurus italicus from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio and the interrelationships of thalattosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida)

The anatomy of the thalattosauriform reptile Askeptosaurus italicus from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio is redescribed. Important anatomical features are the plesiomorphic braincase, the unique fronto-lacrimal contact, the absence of a previously described thyroid fenestra, and significant intraspecific variation in the carpus. An analysis of thalattosaur ingroup relationships reveals that Endennasaurus and the monophyletic Askeptosaurus and Anshunsaurus are the sister group to all other thalattosaurs, whereas the Monte San Giorgio taxa Clarazia and Hescheleria form the sister clade of Thalattosaurus, and the Chinese Xinpusaurus and the Californian Nectosaurus form a monophyletic group. The analysis supports the biogeographic interpretation of trans-Pacific relationships and a re-invasion of Tethyan areas.