Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A test of autoregression in Gaussian spatial processes

Cliff & Ord (1981, ? 14) have discussed the test of significance of simple spatial parameter in the simultaneous spatial model introduced by Whittle (1954). Besag (1974) has given an alternative conditional model which has certain advantages in making inferences. Whittle (1954) and Ord (1975) have considered the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters. The computations are particularly tedious when the number of observations is large because a determinant of high order is involved. In some cases approximations to the value of the determinant given by Whittle (1954) are satisfactory. Besag & Moran (1975) have considered an alternative method of coding for obtaining unbiased estimators. Besag (1977) has also considered a method of pseudolikelihood which gives a reasonably efficient and consistent estimator. Tests considered by Cliff & Ord (1981, ? 1 4) are restricted to testing the regression parameter taking value zero, which can also be used for the conditional model. Burridge (1980) and King (1981) have considered optimum properties of Cliff & Ord's test statistic. In the present paper we have given a simple test for the regression parameter for the conditional model taking any arbitrarily chosen valid value. This enables us to obtain a confidence interval. This test is not available for the simultaneous model. Section 2 gives the test statistic and the resultant confidence interval. In ? 3 exact and approximate null distributions of the test statistic are given. In ? 4 its efficiency for local alternatives has been given. Section 5 gives a generalization and ? 6 gives an example.
Parametric estimation of Dempster-Shafer belief functions

Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence offers a natural setting for representing imprecise and uncertain information stemming @om several sources. The application of the evidence theory in fusing information coming @om different sources still poses certain problems. Of paramount importance is the problem of estimating the belief functions. Due to the coherence of this theory with the Bayesian approach, the belief functions can be represented by probabilities (a priori and a posteriori probabilities). In this paper, we propose an algorithm to estimate these belief functions. The algorithm is iterative and based on the maximum likelihood estimators. The interest of the proposed algorithm and its potential are studied starting @om a few simple simulations.
RNA sequencing least shrew (Cryptotis parva) brainstem and gut transcripts following administration of a selective substance P neurokinin NK1 receptor agonist and antagonist expands genomics resources for emesis research

The least shrew is among the subset of animals that are capable of vomiting and therefore serves as a valuable research model for investigating the biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and genomics of emesis. Both nausea and vomiting are associated with a variety of illnesses (bacterial/viral infections, bulimia, exposure to toxins, gall bladder disease), conditions (pregnancy, motion sickness, emotional stress, overeating) and reactions to drugs (chemotherapeutics, opiates). The severe discomfort and intense fear associated with the stressful symptoms of nausea and emesis are the major reason for patient non-compliance when being treated with cancer chemotherapeutics. Increased understanding of the physiology, pharmacology and pathophysiology underlying vomiting and nausea can accelerate progress for developing new antiemetics. As a major animal model for emesis, expanding genomic knowledge associated with emesis in the least shrew will further enhance the laboratory utility of this model. A key question is which genes mediate emesis, and are they expressed in response to emetics/antiemetics. To elucidate the mediators of emesis, in particular emetic receptors, their downstream signaling pathways, as well as the shared emetic signals, we carried out an RNA sequencing study focused on the central and peripheral emetic loci, the brainstem and gut. Thus, we sequenced RNA extracted from brainstem and gut tissues from different groups of least shrews treated with either a neurokinin NK1 receptor selective emetic agonist, GR73632 (5 mg/kg, i.p.), its corresponding selective antagonist netupitant (5 mg/kg, i.p.), a combination of these two agents, versus their corresponding vehicle-pretreated controls and drug naïve animals. The resulting sequences were processed using a de novo transcriptome assembly and used it to identify orthologs within human, dog, mouse, and ferret gene sets. We compared the least shrew to human and a veterinary species (dog) that may be treated with vomit-inducing chemotherapeutics, and the ferret, another well-established model organism for emesis research. The mouse was included because it does not vomit. In total, we identified a final set of 16,720 least shrew orthologs. We employed comparative genomics analyses as well as gene ontology enrichment, KEGG pathway enrichment and phenotype enrichment to better understand the molecular biology of genes implicated in vomiting.
Applications of nonlinear dynamics to developmental process modeling

Contents: Preface. K.M. Newell, P.C. M. Molenaar, Introduction: Modeling Development as Dynamical Systems. Part I: Physical Growth and Motor Development. M. Lampl, M.L. Johnson, Normal Human Growth as Saltatory: Adaptation Through Irregularity. P. Fitzpatrick, Modeling Coordination Dynamics in Development. K.M. Newell, Degrees of Freedom and the Development of Postural Center of Pressure Profiles. Part II: Cognitive Development. R.W. Thatcher, A Predator-Prey Model of Human Cerebral Development. P. van Geert, Dynamic Modeling of Cognitive and Language Development: From Growth Processes to Sudden Jumps and Multimodality. H.L. J. van der Maas, The Dynamical and Statistical Properties of Cognitive Strategies: Relations Between Strategies, Attractors, and Latent Classes. Part III: Development of Communication. P.H. Been, Nonlinear Dynamics of Brain Regions and the Design of Neuronal Growth-Cycle-Based Cognitive Tasks. D. Newtson, Dynamical Systems and the Structure of Behavior. R.C. Schmidt, B. O'Brien, Modeling Interpersonal Coordination Dynamics: Implications for a Dynamical Theory of Developing Systems. Part IV: Methods in Dynamical Systems and Development. S.M. Pincus, Approximate Entropy (ApEn) as a Regularity Measure. P.C. M. Molenaar, M.E. J. Raymakers, Fitting Nonlinear Dynamical Models Directly to Observed Time Series.
Two-Stage Penalized Composite Quantile Regression with Grouped Variables

This paper considers a penalized composite quantile regression (CQR) that performs a variable selection in the linear model with grouped variables. An adaptive sup-norm penalized CQR (ASCQR) is proposed to select variables in a grouped manner; in addition, the consistency and oracle property of the resulting estimator are also derived under some regularity conditions. To improve the efficiency of estimation and variable selection, this paper suggests the two-stage penalized CQR (TSCQR), which uses the ASCQR to select relevant groups in the first stage and the adaptive lasso penalized CQR to select important variables in the second stage. Simulation studies are conducted to illustrate the finite sample performance of the proposed methods.
Sensitivity of Near-Surface Temperature Forecasts to Soil Properties over a Sparsely Vegetated Dryland Region

AbstractWeather Research and Forecasting Model forecasts over the Great Salt Lake Desert erroneously underpredict nocturnal cooling over the sparsely vegetated silt loam soil area of Dugway Proving Ground in northern Utah, with a mean positive bias error in temperature at 2 m AGL of 3.4°C in the early morning [1200 UTC (0500 LST)]. Positive early-morning bias errors also exist in nearby sandy loam soil areas. These biases are related to the improper initialization of soil moisture and parameterization of soil thermal conductivity in silt loam and sandy loam soils. Forecasts of 2-m temperature can be improved by initializing with observed soil moisture and by replacing Johansen's 1975 parameterization of soil thermal conductivity in the Noah land surface model with that proposed by McCumber and Pielke in 1981 for silt loam and sandy loam soils. Case studies illustrate that this change can dramatically reduce nighttime warm biases in 2-m temperature over silt loam and sandy loam soils, with the greatest imp.
Accurate computation of the impedance elements of the magnetic‐field integral equation with RWG basis functions through field‐domain and source‐domain integral swapping

We present a new strategy to compute the impedance elements of the Magnetic‐Field Integral Equation (MFIE) formulation in Method of Moments (MoM) with a discretization of low‐order divergence‐conforming basis functions (RWG). The impedance matrix elements are accurately computed by swapping the inner‐ and outer‐integrals in the accurate computation of a MoM–MFIE discretization with low‐order curl‐conforming basis functions (nxRWG). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 709–712, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22228
The Spatial Photographic Recording of Fine Interference Phenomena

Interference bands as close together as 0. 4μ were recorded with the Kodak Type 548 Spectroscopic Plates. The penetration of these bands into the emulsion layer was detected by microscopic examination of a vertical section of the photographic record. The photographic record of such bands, the spacing between which depends only upon the angular tilt of a Lloyd mirror and the wave-length of the radiant energy being used, should prove useful as a stage micrometer. Since these photographic records behave as diffraction gratings, the spacing between the band images was checked by measuring the diffraction angle, using radiant energy having a wave-length shorter than the spacing.
Semianalytical Sensitivity of Floquet Characteristic Exponents with Application to Rotary-Wing Aeroelasticity

The stability of a nonlinear dynamic system with periodic coefficients can be evaluated by linearizing the equations of motion of the system about a steady-state equilibrium position and then, using Floquet -Liapunov theory, by calculating the eigenvalues, or characteristi c multipliers, of the transition matrix at the end of one period, and finally by examining the real parts of the characteristic exponents corresponding to the characteristic multipliers. This article describes a methodology to calculate the sensitivity of the characteristic exponents to changes in system parameters, taken as design variables, using semianalytic derivatives rather than finite difference approximations. Linear and nonlinear contributions to such sensitivities are identified and algorithms for the calculation of each contribution are provided. The linear contribution to the sensitivity to each design variable can be calculated at a fraction of the cost of one analysis, with appropriate attention to the details of the computer implementation. The nonlinear contribution requires a fixed overhead cost of as many analyses as the number of variables that define the equilibrium position, regardless of the number of design variables with respect to which the sensitivities are sought. A potential problem in the calculation of finite difference gradients is identified and discussed. The linear portion alone is sufficiently accurate for the helicopter problem of the study.
Investigation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)–Insect Pollinator Interactions Aiming to Increase Cowpea Yield and Define New Breeding Tools

Impact of pollination on the agri-food sector is of paramount importance. Pollinators contribute to the maintenance of ecosystems, the reproduction and survival of many plants, and their presence usually leads to increased yield and quality of agricultural products. Breeding and selecting for plant traits for enhancing pollinator visits could therefore lead to more resilient farming systems. In stating the advantages of enhancing pollinators in agricultural systems, this study was designed aiming to assess six cowpea accessions for their flower traits and their effect on insect-pollinators. Pollinators species abundance and foraging activity was recorded and their impact on yield was investigated. Twenty-five of the twenty-seven flower traits studied differed statistically significantly among cowpea accessions. The main pollinators recorded belonged to the genus Xylocopa (Latreille, 1802). Seed and fresh pod yield was not affected by pollinators. The floral traits related to pollinators abundance and foraging activity were flower color, inflorescence position and the hours that the flowers per plant remained open during the day. However, they were not related linearly to pollinators abundance and foraging activity; therefore, they did not constitute safe traits for selection aiming to increase pollinators visitation. The findings suggested that other traits, such as pollen and nectar reward, probably perform a more important role in attracting pollinators compared to flower traits.
Equatorial Undercurrent Influence on Surface Seawater δ18O Values in the Galápagos

Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) in seawater reflect the combined influences of ocean circulation and atmospheric moisture balance. However, it is difficult to disentangle disparate ocean and atmosphere influences on modern seawater δ18O values, partly because continuous time series of seawater δ18O are rare. Here we present a nearly nine‐year, continuous record of seawater δ18O values from the Galápagos. Seawater δ18O values faithfully track sea surface salinity and salinity along the equator at 50 m depth. Zonal current velocity within the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC), directly west of the Galápagos, is strongly correlated with Galápagos surface seawater δ18O values with a 1‐month lag. Reconstructions of Galápagos seawater δ18O values could thus provide a window into past variations in the strength of the EUC, an important influence on large‐scale tropical Pacific climate.
Classroom Space, Classroom Time, and the Representation of Dynamic Phenomena

In 1973, Austrian ethologist Karl von Frisch was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his pioneering work on communication among insects, in particular his discovery of the “waggle dance” that honey bees use to communicate the direction and distance of food sources to hive mates (von Frisch, 1923, 1946, 1967). The prize was a long time in coming. Von Frisch began his study of bees in the early 1920s. Controversy over his theory persisted until 2006, when British scientists successfully used harmonic radar techniques to track the flight of bees and confirm von Frisch’s theory (Riley, et al., 2005). The work, consuming long stretches of von Frisch’s career, involved careful experiments separated by long periods of detailed observation and the identification of patterns of movement of bees within specially designed hives with glass walls.
Neutrino escape, nuclear dissociation, and core collapse and/or explosion

An extensive set of numerical calculations of spherically symmetric stellar collapse has been completed in which a careful treatment of neutrino transport, equation of state, weak interaction reaction rates, and relativistic hydrodynamics has been attempted. With currently accepted physics of the collapse, the outcome is continued collapse for initial models with large iron cores and a marginal explosion for those with iron cores near 1.4 M/sub sun/. The strength of the marginal explosions may well be sensitive to the details of the physics assumed and to the methods of computation used. Lack of strong explosions is due to an energy production (by the bounce of the inner regions, M(r)roughly-equal0.6M/sub sun/ ) which is inadequate to dissociate the nuclei remaining in the outer regions of the large cores. These shocks do not die upon passage through the neutrinosphere; some propagate out to radii beyond 500 km. The previously neglected effects of pulsational instability during silicon burning in the presupernova star may result in smaller iron cores at collapse and in stronger explosions.
Inducing ferromagnetism and magnetoelectric coupling in the ferroelectric alloy system BiFeO3–PbTiO3 via additives

There is a growing interest in BiFeO3-based alloys because of the possibility it offers for developing high-temperature high-performance piezoelectric materials and for their interesting multiferroic properties. Often such ceramics are synthesized with additives either to reduce/suppress leakage current that the system inherits from the parent compound BiFeO3 or to promote sintering via formation of the liquid phase. We demonstrate here the propensity for stabilizing ferromagnetism in the ferroelectric solid solution BiFeO3–PbTiO3 (BF–PT) when synthesized with additive MnO2. Detailed investigation revealed that the ferromagnetic property of the ceramic is extrinsic and caused by the additive enabled precipitation of trace amount of the ferrimagnetic Pb-hexaferrite phase, not easily detected in conventional x-ray diffraction measurements. We also show that the ferromagnetic property is induced in Co-modified BF–PT. However, in this case, the additive stabilizes the CoFe2O4 spinel ferrite phase. While our findings offer a strategy to develop particulate magnetoelectric multiferroic composites using additive assisted precipitation of the ferrimagnetic phase(s) in BiFeO3-based ferroelectric alloys, it also helps in better understanding of the electromechanical response in BFO-based alloys.
Exploring the Phospholipid Transport Mechanism of ATP8A1-CDC50

P4-ATPase translocates lipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic plasma membrane leaflet to maintain lipid asymmetry distribution in eukaryotic cells. P4-ATPase is associated with severe neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases such as neurological and motor disorders. Thus, it is important to understand its transport mechanism. However, even with progress in X-ray diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy techniques, it is difficult to obtain the dynamic information of the phospholipid transport process in detail. There are still some problems required to be resolved: (1) when does the lipid transport happen? (2) How do the key residues on the transmembrane helices contribute to the free energy of important states? In this work, we explore the phospholipid transport mechanism using a coarse-grained model and binding free energy calculations. We obtained the free energy landscape by coupling the protein conformational changes and the phospholipid transport event, taking ATP8A1-CDC50 (the typical subtype of P4-ATPase) as the research object. According to the results, we found that the phospholipid would bind to the ATP8A1-CDC50 at the early stage when ATP8A1-CDC50 changes from E2P to E2Pi-PL state. We also found that the electrostatic effects play crucial roles in the phospholipid transport process. The information obtained from this work could help us in designing novel drugs for P-type flippase disorders.
Kinetic meshless method for compressible flows

We present a grid‐free or meshless approximation called the kinetic meshless method (KMM), for the numerical solution of hyperbolic conservation laws that can be obtained by taking moments of a Boltzmann‐type transport equation. The meshless formulation requires the domain discretization to have very little topological information; a distribution of points in the domain together with local connectivity information is sufficient. For each node, the connectivity consists of a set of nearby nodes which are used to evaluate the spatial derivatives appearing in the conservation law. The derivatives are obtained using a modified form of the least‐squares approximation. The method is applied to the Euler equations for inviscid flow and results are presented for some 2‐D problems. The ability of the new scheme to accurately compute inviscid flows is clearly demonstrated, including good shock capturing ability. Comparisons with other grid‐free methods are made showing some advantages of the current approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The aerodynamics of tennis balls-The topspin lob

A general description is presented of the calculation of the ballistic trajectory of a flying spinning ball acted on, in addition to the forces of gravity and drag, by the so‐called Magnus force. By applying the regression analysis to results of wind‐tunnel measurement of the drag and lift coefficients of a spinning ball, a calculation of the nonlinear differential equation of the hodograph was carried out by means of the Runge–Kutta method. The theoretical results that can be used to calculate the ballistic trajectories for any ball game were applied to one of the most difficult and most interesting tennis strokes, i.e., to the topspin lob. Practical results obtained for various distances are presented in a table as well as in graphical form. UFAJP
Interactions of pathogenic Escherichia coli with CEACAMs

The pathogenic Escherichia coli can be parsed into specific variants (pathovars) depending on their phenotypic behavior and/or expression of specific virulence factors. These pathogens are built around chromosomally-encoded core attributes and through acquisition of specific virulence genes that direct their interaction with the host. Engagement of E. coli pathovars with CEACAMs is determined both by core elements common to all E. coli as well as extrachromosomally-encoded pathovar-specific virulence traits, which target amino terminal immunoglobulin variable-like (IgV) regions of CEACAMs. Emerging data suggests that engagement of CEACAMs does not unilaterally benefit the pathogen and that these interactions may also provide an avenue for pathogen elimination.
Duality in robust control: uncertainty vs. controller

To find a controller that provides the maximal stability margin to an LTI system under rank-one perturbations is a quasiconvex problem. In the paper, the dual quasiconvex problem is obtained, using the convex duality arguments in the Hardy space H/sup /spl infin//. It is shown that the dual problem can be viewed as minimization of a "length" of uncertainties that destabilize the system. Several examples establishing a connection with such classical results as the corona theorem and the Adamyan-Arov-Krein theorem are considered.
An Overview of Corneal Transplantation in the Past Decade

The cornea is a transparent avascular structure located in the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eyes and also serves as a barrier between the outside world and the internal contents of the eye. Like every other body part, the cornea may suffer insult from trauma, infection, and inflammation. In the case of trauma, a prior infection that left a scar, or conditions such as keratoconus that warrant the removal of all or part of the cornea (keratoplasty), it is important to use healthy donor corneal tissues and cells that can replace the damaged cornea. The types of cornea transplant techniques employed currently include: penetrating keratoplasty, endothelial keratoplasty (EK), and artificial cornea transplant. Postoperative failure acutely or after years can result after a cornea transplant and may require a repeat transplant. This minireview briefly examines the various types of corneal transplant methodologies, indications, contraindications, presurgical protocols, sources of cornea transplant material, wound healing after surgery complications, co-morbidities, and the effect of COVID-19 in corneal transplant surgery.