Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Turtle body size evolution is determined by lineage‐specific specializations rather than global trends

Organisms display considerable variety of body sizes and shapes, and macroevolutionary investigations help to understand the evolutionary dynamics behind to such variations. Turtles (Testudinata) show great body size disparity, especially when their rich fossil record is accounted for. We explored body size evolution in turtles, testing which factors might influence the observed patterns and evaluating the existence of long-term directional trends. We constructed the most comprehensive body size dataset for the group to date, tested for correlation with paleotemperature, estimated ancestral body sizes, and performed macroevolutionary model-fitting analyses. We found no evidence for directional body size evolution, even when using very flexible models, thereby rejecting the occurrence of Cope’s rule. We also found no significant effect of paleotemperature on overall through-time body size patterns. In contrast, we found a significant influence of habitat preference on turtle body size. Freshwater turtles display a rather homogenous body size distribution through time. In contrast, terrestrial and marine turtles show more pronounced variation, with terrestrial forms being restricted to larger body sizes, up to the origin of testudinids in the Cenozoic, and marine turtles undergoing a reduction in body size disparity after the extinctions of many groups in the mid-Cenozoic. Our results therefore suggest that long-term, generalized patterns are probably explained by factors specific to certain groups and related at least partly to habitat use.
Novel Green Fluorescent Polyamines to Analyze ATP13A2 and ATP13A3 Activity in the Mammalian Polyamine Transport System

Cells acquire the polyamines putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) via the complementary action of polyamine uptake and synthesis pathways. The endosomal P5B-type ATPases ATP13A2 and ATP13A3 emerge as major determinants of mammalian polyamine uptake. Our biochemical evidence shows that fluorescently labeled polyamines are genuine substrates of ATP13A2. They can be used to measure polyamine uptake in ATP13A2 and ATP13A3-dependent cell models resembling radiolabeled polyamine uptake. We further report that ATP13A3 enables faster and stronger cellular polyamine uptake than ATP13A2. We also compared the uptake of new green-fluorescent PUT, SPD and SPM analogs using different coupling strategies (amide, triazole or isothiocyanate) and fluorophores (symmetrical BODIPY, BODIPY-FL and FITC). ATP13A2 promotes the uptake of various SPD and SPM analogs, whereas ATP13A3 mainly stimulates the uptake of PUT and SPD conjugates. However, the polyamine linker and coupling position on the fluorophore impacts the transport capacity, whereas replacing the fluorophore affects polyamine selectivity. The highest uptake in ATP13A2 or ATP13A3 cells is observed with BODIPY-FL-amide conjugated to SPD, whereas BODIPY-PUT analogs are specifically taken up via ATP13A3. We found that P5B-type ATPase isoforms transport fluorescently labeled polyamine analogs with a distinct structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggesting that isoform-specific polyamine probes can be designed.
An approximation error approach for compensating for modelling errors between the radiative transfer equation and the diffusion approximation in diffuse optical tomography

In this paper, we investigate the applicability of the Bayesian approximation error approach to compensate for the discrepancy of the diffusion approximation in diffuse optical tomography close to the light sources and in weakly scattering subdomains. While the approximation error approach has earlier been shown to be a feasible approach to compensating for discretization errors, uncertain boundary data and geometry, the ability of the approach to recover from using a qualitatively incorrect physical model has not been contested. In the case of weakly scattering subdomains and close to sources, the radiative transfer equation is commonly considered to be the most accurate model for light scattering in turbid media. In this paper, we construct the approximation error statistics based on predictions of the radiative transfer and diffusion models. In addition, we investigate the combined approximation errors due to using the diffusion approximation and using a very low-dimensional approximation in the forward problem. We show that recovery is feasible in the sense that with the approximation error model the reconstructions with a low-dimensional diffusion approximation are essentially as good as with using a very high-dimensional radiative transfer model.
The fine structure constant

The fine structure constant is one of the fundamental constants of nature characterizing the whole range of physics including elementary particle, atomic, mesoscopic and macroscopic systems. This diversity is reflected in a large number of independent and competitive physical methods available for measuring . Included in this review are high precision determinations of based on the measurements of the neutron de Broglie wavelength, the quantum Hall effect, the ac Josephson effect, the electron anomalous magnetic moment, and some simple QED bound systems. Also discussed are new promising approaches based on atom beam interference and single electron tunnelling. Possible implications to physics that might arise from the comparison of 's obtained by these methods are explored.
Optical bistability and gating in metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy grown GaAs etalons operating in reflection

Nonlinear Fabry–Perot etalons of GaAs have been fabricated with metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy technology. The etalons operate in reflection mode, and have an epitaxially grown, rear dielectric mirror consisting of a stack of alternating AlAs/GaAlAs layers. Optical logic functions using a HeNe laser and optical bistability at room temperature are reported. Low switching powers and improved etalon uniformity are obtained.
Constructing a Pulsar Timing Array

Arrival time data from a spatial array of millisecond pulsars can be used (1) to provide a time standard for long time scales, (2) to detect perturbations of the earth's orbit, and (3) to search for a cosmic background of gravitational radiation. A polynomial time series representation for these three effects is first developed that is appropriate for analysis of the present data with its limited degrees of freedom. A pulsar timing array program is then described that has been established at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory 43 m telescope with observations of PSR 1620 - 26, PSR 181 - 24, and PSR 1937 + 21. The results cover a 2 yr period beginning in July 1987. The influence of global parameters - clock, earth location, and effects of gravitational radiation is discussed in the context of the polynomial model. 45 refs.
The Impact of Overseas Mergers and Acquisitions on Corporate Business Risk —— An Empirical Analysis Based on Chinese Listed Enterprises

— Overseas mergers and acquisitions (M&A) has become an important route for companies to enter the international market, but there is a lack of clear answers in the existing literature on how overseas M&A affects corporate business risk. This paper empirically examines the impact of overseas M&A on corporate business risk based on propensity score matching and difference-in-difference method using financial data of Chinese listed companies matched with cross-border M&A transaction data from Wind database from 2010 to 2019. The findings show that overseas M&A significantly reduce corporate business risk through the diversification risk dispersion effect; the heterogeneity analysis shows that overseas M&A have a more significant effect on reducing business risk for private enterprises compared to state-owned enterprises. The findings of the study provide more direct empirical evidence for the government's strategy of encouraging and supporting enterprises to “go global”.
Determining the average SFR of K+A galaxies

Abstract We stack FIRST survey cutout images of 811 K+A galaxies to derive a mean 1.4 GHz radio image of our sample from which we measure a mean K+A flux density of 56 μJy. We carry out Monte Carlo simulations by randomly selecting radio-quiet white dwarfs to create 10,000 stacks equivalent to our K+A stack. From the measured fluxes of these stacks, we establish a 5σ detection limit of 43 μJy for stacked images. For the average redshift of our sample, we find an mean star formation rate of ~1.7 M⊙ yr−1. We split the sample by age and find a mean radio flux of 60 μJy, which corresponds to a star formation rate of 1.6 M⊙ yr−1, for galaxies with starburst ages less than 250 Myr.
On the relation between sea‐surface heat flow and thermal circulation in the ocean

A theoretical framework for the description of the thermal state and circulation in the ocean is presented. Relations between differential heating, diffusive heat flux and surface drift are derived and discussed in the light of the basic mechanical property of the system, i.e. the tendency for light water to spread on top of heavier water. We find that for low and medium temperatures, the poleward surface drift can be determined directly from a knowledge of the heat flux through the sea surface. Preliminary quantitative estimates indicate that the “Hadley circulation” for the entire ocean involves a volume flux of order 70 ± 30 Sverdrup. For the North Atlantic we find a poleward drift of order 10 Sverdrup which compares well with previous estimates of the southward deep flow. Mean values for the diffusive flux in the ocean are found to be of order 20 W m -2 at 15 °C and 60 W m -2 at 25 °C. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982. tb01806.x
Search for the rare radiative decay: W → πγ in pp¯ Collisions at √s=1

We present a search for the rare radiative decay \wpigamma\ using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.3 fb -1 of proton-antiproton collisions at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV collected by the CDF experiment at Fermilab. As no statistically significant signal is observed, we set a 95% confidence level upper limit on the relative branching fraction Γ(W ± → π ± γ)/Γ(W ± →e ± v) at $6.4\times 10 -5 , a factor of 10 improvement over the prev
When Are Variance Ratio Tests for Serial Dependence Optimal

This paper considers a class of statistics that can be written as the ratio of the sample variance of a filtered time series to the sample variance of the original series. Any such statistic is shown to be optimal under normality for testing a null of white noise against some class of serially dependent alternatives. A simple characterization of the alternative class is provided. The results are used to show that a variance ratio test for mean reversion is an optimal test and to illustrate the forms of mean reversion it is best at detecting. Copyright 1992 by The Econometric Society.
Effect of temperature on trap depth formation in multi-layer insulation: Low density polyethylene and fluorinated ethylene propylene

This paper reports on an investigation into space charge formation and decay at dielectric interfaces. In particular, the influence of temperature on the formation of the trap deep has been studied. A multi-dielectrics structure composed of two dielectric films, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP), was subjected to an electric stress level of +14.3 kV/mm at two temperatures, 40 °C and 60 °C, and space charge measurements were taken using the pulsed electro-acoustic technique. Space charge distributions were investigated for combinations of LDPE/FEP flat specimens. The time dependence of the space charge distribution was subsequently recorded at different temperatures under short circuit (depolarization) conditions. It was found that temperature plays a significant role in space charge dynamics at the dielectric interface, charge mobility, electrical conductivity, filling of the trap, and the formation of the shallow trap.
High-efficiency single photon detection via frequency up-conversion

We propose a method of single photon detection of infrared (IR) photons at potentially higher efficiencies and lower noise than allowed by traditional IR band Avalanche Photodiodes (APD). By up-converting the photon from IR, e.g., 1550 nm, to a visible wavelength in a nonlinear crystal, we can utilize the much higher efficiency of visible wavelength APDs. We have used a nonlinear crystal -- Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) -- and a pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser to perform the up-conversion to a 631-nm photon. When properly quasi-phase-matched, PPLN provides a large enough second order nonlinear susceptibility that near unit conversion efficiency of the IR photon into the visible should be possible. We have been able to observe peak conversion efficiencies as high as 80%, and have demonstrated scaling down to the single photon level while maintaining a background of 3 x 10-4 dark counts/count. Since the PPLN only acts on one polarization of the single photon, we also propose a 2-crystal extension of this scheme whereby orthogonal polarizations may be up-converted coherently, thereby enabling complete quantum state transduction.
Ferroelectric and dielectric behavior of heterolayered PZT thin films

Heterolayered Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 thin films consisting of different numbers of alternating Pb(Zr0.7Ti0.3)O3 and Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 layers are studied. They exhibit (001)∕(100) preferred orientation and dense microstructure when baked at 500°C and then thermally annealed at 650°C. They demonstrate a considerably low leakage current density in the order of 10−7A∕cm2. Their ferroelectric and dielectric properties are improved with increasing number of alternating Pb(Zr0.7Ti0.3)O3 and Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 layers, thereby the six-heterolayered PZT thin film shows a much enhanced remanent polarization of 41. 3μC∕cm2 and relative permittivity of 710 at 1kHz. In fatigue test, a wake-up phenomenon is observed with the heterolayered films, where the degradation in switchable polarization is delayed. At elevated temperatures, the wake-up phenomenon was reduced, leading to fatigue degradation at a relatively lower number of switching cycles. The phenomenon is related to the injected electron causing oxygen vacancies, the accumu.
Patterns of potential magnetic field merging sites on the dayside magnetopause

Models of the magnetospheric and magnetosheath magnetic fields are used to determine the relative orientations of these fields at the dayside magnetopause in order to locate potential merging sites. Areas on the magnetopause with different fractional antiparallel components are displayed by contour diagrams for a variety of interplanetary field orientations. For interplanetary fields oriented perpendicular to the solar wind velocity the areas of nearly antiparallel field agree with those obtained by Crooker using simplified representations for the magnetic field geometry. Here, the application of more realistic models gives the locations of areas where any antiparallel component occurs. Potential merging sites for interplanetary fields with radial components are also illustrated. The results suggest that the topology of the magnetosheath and magnetospheric fields provides antiparallel components over a substantial fraction of the magnetopause for most interplanetary field orientations.
Tonalites in crustal evolution

Tonalites, including trondhjemite as a variety, played three roles through geological time in the generation of Earth’s crust. Before about 2.9 Ga ago they were produced largely by simple partial melting of metabasalt to give the dominant part of Archaean grey gneiss terranes. These terranes are notably bimodal; andesitic rocks are rare. Tonalites played a crucial role in the generation of this protocontinental and oldest crust 3.7- 2.9 Ga ago in that they were the only low-density, high-SiO2 rocks produced directly from basaltic crust. In the enormous event giving the greenstone-granite terranes, mostly 2.8-2.6 Ga ago, tonalites formed in lesser but still important proportions by partial melting of metabasalt in the lower regions of down-buckled greenstone belts and by remobilization of older grey gneisses. Tectonism in the Archaean (3.9- 2.5 Ga ago) perhaps was controlled by small-cell convection (McKenzie & Weiss 1975). Little or no ophiolite or eclogite formed, and only minor andesite. Plate tectonics of modern type (involving large, rigid plates) commenced in the early Proterozoic. Uniformitarianism thus goes back one-half of the age of the earth. Tonalites compose about 5-10 % of crust generated in Proterozoic and Phanerozoic time at convergent oceanic-continental margins. They occur here as minor to prominent members of the compositionally continuous continental-margin batholiths. A simple model of generation of these batholiths is offered: mantle-derived mafic magma pools in the lower crust above a subduction zone reacts with and incorporates wall-rock components (Bowen 1922), and breaches its roof rocks as an initial diapir. This mantle magma also develops a gradient of partial melting in its wall rocks. This wall-rock melt accretes in the collapsed chamber and moves up the conduit broached by the initial diapir, the higher, less siliceous fractions of melting first, the lower, more siliceous (and further removed) fractions of melting last. The process gives in the optimum case a mafic-to-siliceous sequence of diorite or quartz diorite through tonalite or quartz monzodiorite to granodiorite and granite. The model implies that great masses of cumulate phases and refractory wall rock form the roots of continentalmargin batholiths, and that migmatites overlie that residuum and underlie the batholiths.
The runaway universe : the race to find the future of the cosmos

The incredible story of two rival groups of brilliant astronomers seeking the mysterious number that will determine the future of the universe. }For decades, astronomers have sought to discover the ultimate fate of the univers. Will the cosmos continue forever in its expansion, which began billions of years ago with the big bang? Or will gravity someday reverse the process, producing a "big crunch? " Within the past few years, two rival groups of astronomers have announced a discovery that seems to resolve the issue: Instead of slowing down, the expansion of the universe seems to be accelerating . This finding has shaken the science of cosmology to its very foundation. This is the story of the astronomers who have stood the world of cosmology on its ear--and of their competitive race to discover the future of the cosmos. It is also an investigation into whether their remarkable findings will stand the test of time. If the new results are verified in the coming years, we will eventually find ourselves in a "runaway universe," in which every bit of matter is extremely far from its closest neighbor. Then the cosmological constant, which Einstein once rued as his "greatest blunder," will turn out to be one of his finest insights into the nature of space itself.A vivid picture of an unexpected turn of events, The Runaway Universe presents the startling new discovery that is revolutionizing our view of the cosmos. }
Fiber Bragg grating current sensor using linear magnetic actuator

We report a novel, to our knowledge, current sensor based on a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Using a cantilever beam and a linear magnetic actuator, the change of current is transferred to the Bragg wavelength shift of the FBG with good linearity and repeatability. The current sensor thus gains the merits of FBG sensors, and thus is immune to light intensity fluctuation, multiplexing capability, etc., and can be adopted for real industrial monitoring.
Large Sets of Orthogonal Arrays and Multimagic Squares

Large sets of orthogonal arrays (LOA) have been used to construct resilient functions and zigzag functions by D. R. Stinson. In this paper, a special kind of LOA, strong double large sets of orthogonal arrays (SDLOA), is introduced and some constructions are provided. Meanwhile, a construction of multimagic squares based on SDLOAs is also given. As its application, it is proved that a t‐multimagic square of order qt exists whenever q is a prime power and q≥2t−1 , t≥2 , which improves a similar result by H. Derksen et al. from primes to prime powers in Amer. Math. Monthly (2007).
Rigorous analysis of frequency selective surfaces of finite extent using a hybrid finite difference time domain–boundary integral equation technique

A hybrid finite difference time domain–boundary integral equation approach is used to model frequency selective surfaces of finite extent. Using the finite difference time domain technique, a system matrix is constructed for a box enclosing all relevant features within a unit cell. The open character of the finite frequency selective surface is modeled by coupling a boundary integral equation formulation to the system matrix found with the finite difference time domain approach. A number of relevant examples are studied, and a comparison is made between our new technique and the more classical finite difference time domain technique or the hybrid finite element–boundary integral equation method.
FR II Broad Absorption Line Quasars and the Life Cycle of Quasars

By combining the Sloan Digitized Sky Survey Third Data Release quasar list with the VLA FIRST survey, we have found five new objects having both broad absorption lines (BALs) in their optical spectra and FR II radio morphologies. We identify an additional example of this class from the FIRST Bright Quasar Survey, J1408+3054. Including the two previously known FR II-BAL quasars, J1016+5209 and LBQS 1138-0126, brings the number of such objects to eight. These quasars are relatively rare; finding this small handful has required the 45,000 large quasar sample of SDSS. The FR II-BAL quasars exhibit a significant anticorrelation between radio-loudness and the strength of the BAL features. This is easily accounted for by the evolutionary picture, in which quasars emerge from cocoons of BAL-producing material that stifle the development of radio jets and lobes. There is no such simple explanation for the observed properties of FR II-BALs in the unification-by-orientation model of quasars. The rarity of the FR II-BAL class implies that the two phases do not coexist for very long in a single quasar, perhaps less than 105 yr, with the combined FR II, high-ionization broad absorption phase being even shorter by another factor of 10 or more.
Linear rheology of nanofilled polymers

The linear rheology of nanoparticle filled polymer (NPFP) melts has been a quite charming but controversial topic of long standing. This article reviews recent research advances to provide a general understanding of its universal appearance and underlying mechanism. This work summarizes the rheological criteria for determining the so-called liquid-to-solid transition with increasing filler content, the contradictory ideas of four kinds of time-concentration superposition principles proposed for constructing master curves of linear rheology, and a wide range of constitutive and phenomenological models focused on creating rheological contributions of the polymer, filler, and interface region from different perspectives. Controversies about microstructures of NPFPs including filler structure and chain dynamics of the matrix are briefly described. Several open questions are highlighted to outline the most likely general framework for the further investigation of the linear rheology of NPFP melts.