Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonuniformly moving shear crack model of a shallow focus earthquake mechanism

A shallow earthquake focus mechanism is modeled by a plane strain shear crack extending at a nonuniform rate under the action of general loading. An equation of motion of the crack tip is determined in terms of a specific fracture energy, i.e., a surface energy, by applying an overall energy balance fracture criterion. If the specific fracture energy is specified, the motion can be determined. On the other hand, if any particular motion of the fault boundary is specified, the requisite specific fracture energy can be calculated from the equation of motion. A process of destruction of unbroken material is included in which the relative sliding of the faces of the fracture surface leads to complete removal of stress in the fractured area. The strength of the dynamic stress singularity at the crack tip is written as a product of an equivalent static stress singularity multiplied by a universal function of crack velocity, the universal function decreasing with increasing crack tip velocity.
Projectile Penetration in Granular Soils

Results from centrifuge and 1-g model tests of projectile penetration into granular soils are described. Solid spherical projectiles in four calibers were fired into uniform samples of dry sand at approximately 305 m/s. Comparison to full-scale test results verified the suitability of the centrifuge testing technique for this type of problem. Power relationships between projectile penetration depth and projectile mass-to-area ratio are developed. Statistical analyses show that these functions describe the combined 1-g and centrifuge test results with a high degree of accuracy. Test results are compared to predictions of penetration depth based on Young’s equation. Suggestions for improvements in Young’s equation are made, including elimination of an arbitrary mass-scaling factor, use of a soil description based on physical properties of the soil, and use of a soil-specific exponent with the projectile mass-to-area ratio.
Integrated biomagnetochronology for the Palaeogene of ODP Hole 647A: implications for correlating palaeoceanographic events from high to low latitudes

Abstract Lower Eocene to Oligocene microfossil-rich hemipelagic sediments in ODP Hole 647A, southern Labrador Sea, provide a strategic section for resolving the early history of high North Atlantic climates and ocean circulation, and for correlating with carbonate-poor lower Cenozoic sediments in the Arctic and Nordic seas. Our new, integrated palaeomagneto- and multigroup biostratigraphy (63 dinoflagellate cyst, calcareous nannofossil, planktonic foraminifer and diatom datums) significantly improves Site 647 chronostratigraphy and provides a framework for future studies. This new age model, coupled with provisional δ18O analyses, provides greater confidence in the location of significant ocean-climate events at this site, including the Eocene–Oligocene transition and the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum. Early Eocene hyperthermals may also be present near the base of the section. Palaeomagnetic age control is significantly improved in the Eocene, but not in the Oligocene. Revised estimates of sedimentation and biogenic flux indicate changes in supply and preservation that may be climatically controlled. A Lower to Middle Eocene hiatus is more precisely constrained, with a c. 4 million year duration. Age and depth errors quantify the age uncertainties throughout the section. Our revised age model will play an important role in stratigraphic correlation between very high latitude and lower latitude sites. Supplementary material: All tables with ages and age-derived calculations based on the Gradstein et al. (2004) timescale used herein are reproduced as supplementary tables using both the Gradstein et al. (2004) and the Cande & Kent (1995) timescales (Tables DS1–DS6). Discrete sample and shipboard pass-through cryomagnetometer palaeomagnetic data, planktonic foraminifer and fine fraction (<20 µm) stable isotope data, raw and processed core GRA density data, and specifications and results of GRA density spectral analyses are also provided as supplementary tables (Tables DS7–DS11). These tables are available at www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18546.
Analysis of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Tax Proposals

The U.S. Congress is considering a set of bills designed to limit the nation's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper complements the analysis by Paltsev et al. (2007) of cap-and-trade bills and applies the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model to carry out an analysis of the tax proposals. Several lessons emerge from this analysis. First, a low starting tax rate combined with a low rate of growth in the tax rate will not reduce emissions significantly. Second, the costs of GHG reductions are reduced with the inclusion of non-CO2 gases in the carbon tax scheme. Third, welfare costs of the policies can be affected by the rate of growth of the tax, even after controlling for cumulative emissions. Fourth, a carbon tax -- like any form of carbon pricing -- is regressive. However, general equilibrium considerations suggest that the short-run measured regressivity may be overstated. Additionally, the regressivity can be offset with a carefully designed rebate of some or all of the revenue. Finally, the carbon tax bills that have been proposed or submitted are for the most part comparable to many of the carbon cap-and-trade proposals that have been suggested. Thus the choice between a carbon tax and cap-and-trade system can be made on the basis of considerations other than their effectiveness at reducing emissions over some control period.
Modelling rapid flow response of a tile‐drained field site using a 2D physically based model: assessment of ‘equifinal’ model setups

Rapid flow in connected preferential flow paths is crucial for fast transport of water and solutes through soils, especially at tile‐drained field sites. In the present study, we propose a spatially explicit approach to represent worm burrows as connected structures of realistic geometry, high conductivity and low retention capacity in a two‐dimensional physically based model. We show that this approach allows successful prediction of a tile‐drain discharge and preferential flow patterns in soil observed during the irrigation of a tile‐drained hillslope in the Weiherbach catchment. However, we found a considerable equifinality in the spatial setup of the model when key parameters such as the area density of worm burrows, the maximum volumetric water flows inside these macropores and the conductivity of the tile drain were varied within the ranges of either our measurements or measurements reported in the literature. In total, we found that 67 out of 432 model runs were acceptable [Nash–Sutcliffe (NS) ≥ 0·75]. Among these, the 13 best yielded a NS coefficient of more than 0·9, which means that more than 90% of the flow variability is explained by the model. Also, the flow volumes were in good accordance and timing errors were less than or equal to 20 min. It is suggested that this uncertainty/equifinality could be reduced when more precise data on initial states of the subsurface and on the width of the control volume draining into a single drainage tube could be made available. However, such data are currently most difficult to assess even at very well investigated sites such as those studied here. We thus suggest that non‐uniqueness of the spatial setup of process‐based model seems to be an important factor causing predictive uncertainty at many sites where preferential flow dominates system response. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter space methods in joint parameter estimation for groundwater flow models

The joint estimation of model parameters using hydraulic head and tracer concentration data is examined using methods based on parameter space analysis. Response surfaces and confidence regions can indicate how multiple data sets interact to reduce parameter uncertainty. Each data set produces a unique response surface and confidence region. If these surfaces are oriented differently for the two data sets, parameter uncertainties are significantly reduced when the second data set is included in the inversion. If these surfaces are similar for the two data sets, the second data set will not reduce the parameter uncertainty significantly. The axes of the linearized confidence ellipsoid are analyzed to determine the difference in orientation of the confidence regions for the two data sets. The use of confidence regions can be extended to predict the value of a second data set in reducing the uncertainty of parameter estimates, before the data are collected. Parameter space approaches are also introduced for selecting the relative weights for the individual data sets in joint parameter estimation. The conventional method based on the analysis of data residuals is compared to three other methods: with the weights selected to maximize parameter stability, to minimize the volume of the confidence region, or to minimize the longest axis of the confidence region. Each criterion can lead to substantially different weights applied to each of the data sets. The application of these methods is demonstrated using hydraulic head measurements and 14C concentrations to calibrate a model of groundwater flow in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico.
The recent state of the climate: Driving components of cloud‐type variability

[1] To reduce the Earth's radiation budget uncertainty related to cloud types' changes, and better understand the climate constraints resulting from long-term clouds' variability, frequent and finer (than actually existing) observations are necessary. This is one of the aims of future satellite programs such as the Global Change Observation Mission-Climate (GCOM-C) satellite, to be launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). To facilitate the transition from past to future observations, the actual state of climate variables (e.g., cloud types) needs to be evaluated. This evaluation is attempted in the present work with the analysis of long-term cloud types' distribution and amounts. The data set used for this study is 25 years (1982–2006) of global daytime cloud properties observed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) satellites sensors. Though various calibrations have been applied on NOAA-AVHRR data, the effects of the orbit drift experienced by these satellites need to be corrected. A signal processing decomposition method allowing the filtering of the cloud types' amount trend affected by the orbit drift is used to perform the necessary corrections. The results obtained show a quantifiable improvement of the cloud amount estimation and trends of the individual NOAA satellites initial observations, at the global and regional scales. The corrected global cloud amount shows a slight decrease in its linear trend. The driving factors of this trend are the decrease in mid and low clouds overwhelming the increase in high clouds (+0.04% cloud amount/yr). A comparison with other cloud climatology studies such as the International Cloud Satellite Climatology Project (ISCCP) data set shows that the global cloud decrease noticed in NOAA-AVHRR's data is smaller. And, contrary to the NOAA-AVHRR's data, the driving force of the ISCCP linear trend is a sharp decrease in low clouds (−0.20% cloud amount/yr).
Kinematics of the western Caribbean: Collision of the Cocos Ridge and upper plate deformation

Subduction of the Cocos plate and collision of the Cocos Ridge have profound effects on the kinematics of the western Caribbean, including crustal shortening, segmentation of the overriding plate, and tectonic escape of the Central American fore arc (CAFA). Tectonic models of the Panama Region (PR) have ranged from a rigid block to a deforming plate boundary zone. Recent expansion of GPS networks in Panama, Costa Rica, and Colombia makes it possible to constrain the kinematics of the PR. We present an improved kinematic block model for the western Caribbean, using this improved GPS network to test a suite of tectonic models describing the kinematics of this region. The best fit model predicts an Euler vector for the counterclockwise rotation of the CAFA relative to the Caribbean plate at 89.10°W, 7.74°N, 1.193° Ma−1, which is expressed as northwest‐directed relative block rates of 11.3 ± 1.0–16.5 ± 1.1 mm a−1 from northern Costa Rica to Guatemala. This model also predicts high coupling along the Nicoya and Osa segments of the Middle American subduction zone. Our models demonstrate that the PR acts as a single tectonic block, the Panama block, with a predicted Euler vector of 107.65°W, 26.50°N, 0.133° Ma−1. This rotation manifests as northeast migration of the Panama block at rates of 6.9 ± 4.0–7.8 ± 4.8 mm a−1 from southern Costa Rica to eastern Panama. We interpret this motion as tectonic escape from Cocos Ridge collision, redirected by collision with the North Andes block, which migrates to the northwest at 12.2 ± 1.2 mm a−1.
Fast and learnable behavioral and cognitive modeling for virtual character animation

Behavioral and cognitive modeling for virtual characters is a promising field. It significantly reduces the workload on the animator, allowing characters to act autonomously in a believable fashion. It also makes interactivity between humans and virtual characters more practical than ever before. In this paper we present a novel technique where an artificial neural network is used to approximate a cognitive model. This allows us to execute the model much more quickly, making cognitively empowered characters more practical for interactive applications. Through this approach, we can animate several thousand intelligent characters in real time on a PC. We also present a novel technique for how a virtual character, instead of using an explicit model supplied by the user, can automatically learn an unknown behavioral/cognitive model by itself through reinforcement learning. The ability to learn without an explicit model appears promising for helping behavioral and cognitive modeling become more broadly accepted and used in the computer graphics community, as it can further reduce the workload on the animator. Further, it provides solutions for problems that cannot easily be modeled explicitly. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Goldstone Retinoic Acid : Result of the Randomized MRC Trial Trans Predict Prognosis in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treated With All-Presenting White Blood Cell Count and Kinetics of Molecular Remission

http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary. org/content/93/12/4131.full. html Updated information and services can be found at: (3667 articles) Clinical Trials and Observations  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following Blood collections http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary. org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#repub_requests Information about reproducing this article in parts or in its entirety may be found online at: http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary. org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#reprints Information about ordering reprints may be found online at: http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary. org/site/subscriptions/index.xhtml Information about subscriptions and ASH membership may be found online at:
Temporal trends of postinjury multiple-organ failure: Still resource intensive, morbid, and lethal

BACKGROUND While the incidence of postinjury multiple-organ failure (MOF) has declined during the past decade, temporal trends of its morbidity, mortality, presentation patterns, and health care resources use have been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to describe the evolving epidemiology of postinjury MOF from 2003 to 2010 in multiple trauma centers sharing standard treatment protocols. METHODS “Inflammation and Host Response to Injury Collaborative Program” institutions that enrolled more than 20 eligible patients per biennial during the 2003 to 2010 study period were included. The patients were aged 16 years to 90 years, sustained blunt torso trauma with hemorrhagic shock (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg, base deficit ≥ 6 mEq/L, blood transfusion within the first 12 hours), but without severe head injury (motor Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score < 4). MOF temporal trends (Denver MOF score > 3) were adjusted for admission risk factors (age, sex, body max index, Injury Severity Score [ISS], systolic blood pressure, and base deficit) using survival analysis. RESULTS A total of 1,643 patients from four institutions were evaluated. MOF incidence decreased over time (from 17% in 2003–2004 to 9.8% in 2009–2010). MOF-related death rate (33% in 2003–2004 to 36% in 2009–2010), intensive care unit stay, and mechanical ventilation duration did not change over the study period. Adjustment for admission risk factors confirmed the crude trends. MOF patients required much longer ventilation and intensive care unit stay, compared with non-MOF patients. Most of the MOF-related deaths occurred within 2 days of the MOF diagnosis. Lung and cardiac dysfunctions became less frequent (57.6% to 50.8%, 20.9% to 12.5%, respectively), but kidney and liver failure rates did not change (10.1% to 12.5%, 15.2% to 14.1%). CONCLUSION Postinjury MOF remains a resource-intensive, morbid, and lethal condition. Lung injury is an enduring challenge and should be a research priority. The lack of outcome improvements suggests that reversing MOF is difficult and prevention is still the best strategy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiologic study, level III.
Vertical profiles of the O2/N2 ratio in the stratosphere over Japan and Antarctica

To examine the spatial and temporal behavior of stratospheric O2, air samples were collected using a cryogenic sampler over Sanriku, Japan and Syowa, Antarctica and analyzed for δ(O2/N2), δ15N of N2 and δ18O of O2. The measured values of all these components decreased gradually with height. The differences in δ(O2/N2), δ15N and δ18O between the middle and lowermost levels of the stratosphere were about 250, 100, and 180 per meg, respectively. The observed stratospheric profiles of δ15N and δ18O were in agreement with those calculated using a steady‐state 1‐dimensional eddy‐diffusion/molecular‐diffusion model, which suggests that the upward decrease of stratospheric δ(O2/N2) is caused by a gravitational separation of O2 and N2 molecules. The averaged stratospheric δ(O2/N2) at heights above 20–25 km over Sanriku, corrected for the gravitational separation, was always higher than the upper tropospheric δ(O2/N2) value over Japan, and it decreased secularly. From the past temporal δ(O2/N2) variation deduced from the gravitational separation‐corrected stratospheric δ(O2/N2) values and the mean ages of the respective air samples, which corresponds to its secular trend in the troposphere, average terrestrial biospheric and oceanic CO2 uptake for October 1993–September 2001 were estimated to be 1.1 ± 1.3 and 1.8 ± 1.3 GtC yr−1, respectively.
Mesospheric observations using a 2.66-MHz radar as an imaging Doppler interferometer: Description and first results

We have made measurements in the 60–100 km region using a 2.66-MHz radar operated as an imaging Doppler interferometer. This allows us to view the entire region within 24° of zenith simultaneously, Doppler-sorting and then echo-locating the returns to achieve image resolution of ±3° in zenith angle and ±5 m/s in velocity. The approach is contrasted with conventional beam-forming radar methods. We assume that the phenomena responsible for the observed weak radar scattering can be described as a distribution of discrete scattering points. Each scattering point is then characterized by its three spatial coordinates, its radial velocity, and the amplitudes and phases of its spectral components measured on a number of independent antennas. We present a series of apparent-motion profiles from 61 to 87 km, showing the repeatability of the profiles and their evolution in time, followed by a two-dimensional image of the scattering surface at 85 km, showing the motions of the individual scattering points and their distribution in space. Then we show images of the scattering surfaces from altitudes of 58 to 103 km, every 9 km, showing at each altitude the distribution in the horizontal plane of the locations of the scattering points, the specularity, or aspect sensitivity, of the scattering, and the derived apparent-motion vectors. A sequence of eight 51-s frames shows highly structured activity at 103 km.
Recent progress in UV remote sensing

This paper reviews selected previously published papers that have appeared since the last UV SPIE conference in 1994. The papers data from late 1994, 1995, and early 1996. The intent is to cover UV remote sensing applications, measurements, and associated models that relate to the thermosphere, the ionosphere, the aurora, equatorial disturbance regions, and solar flux. These remote sensing techniques rely on airglow or auroral radiances and on accurate knowledge of the solar flux. As previously, the wavelength region is from the beginning of the ultraviolet at 400 nanometers to about 1 nm.
An efficient hierarchical segmentation approach for remote sensing images

Segmentation is one of the key problems in remote sensing image processing, and a cluster hierarchy is a powerful tool to analyze data on multiple scales. In this paper, we present an optimal hierarchical remote sensing image segmentation approach which is a combination of feature-based classification, multi-scale region merging and classification-based object refinement, and it is shown to have the following properties: 1) it gets better results on general remote sensing images; 2) it offers a flexible segmentation hierarchy at a less computational cost.