Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A river transformed: Historic geomorphic changes of the lower Rio Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas, Chihuahua, and Coahuila

Large-scale water development of the upper Rio Grande in the U.S. and Mexico, and of the Rio Conchos in Mexico, has resulted in channel narrowing, vertical floodplain accretion, and loss of channel capacity of the lower Rio Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas, Chihuahua, and Coahuila. Although general channel narrowing has occurred since the 1940s, the active channel width of the Rio Grande in Big Bend National Park has narrowed by 35-50% since 1991. This recent phase of narrowing occurred following a channel widening flood in 1991. Narrowing has occurred by vertical accretion of finegrained deposits inset within natural levees. Vertical accretion has occurred on top of alternate bars of sand and gravel. In two floodplain trenches, 2.75 and 3.5m of vertical accretion were measured, all of which occurred during the past 17 years. In some localities, nearly 90% of bare, active channel bars were converted to vegetated floodplain during the same period. Channel narrowing by vertical accretion coincided with a rapid invasion of non-native riparian vegetation (Tamarix chinensis, Arundo donax). Upward shifts of stage-discharge relations occurred resulting in over-bank flooding at lower discharges, and continued vertical accretion despite a progressive reduction in stream flow. Thus, although peak flows were reduced by 48% and the duration of the 2-year 1 Coauthored by John C. Schmidt
An assessment of long-term trends in hydrologic components and implications for water levels in Lake Superior

The combination of climate change and natural periodicities in meteorological variables are demonstrating significant impacts on the water resources of Lake Superior within the Laurentian Great Lakes system of North America. Statistical analyses of long-term records are used to demonstrate how changes over time may be interpreted very differently, depending upon the timeframe over which the analyses are made. Non-linear regression modelling shows that, while increasing trends in overland and overlake precipitation, flows and runoff occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century, very different trends are apparent for the period 1970-2005. For this latter period, increasing rates of air overlake temperature and lake evaporation are occurring but all other parameters are demonstrating decreasing trends. The result is a decline in water levels in Lake Superior at the rate of approximately 1 cm per year over the last 3 5 years. The results are used to show that to avoid decreasing water levels in Lake Superior, the discharge through St Mary's River must be decreased to approximately one-half the long-term annual average, the results of which will have dramatic implications for ships' cargo levels and hydroelectric energy generation.
User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2)-a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations

PHREEQC version 2 is a computer program written in the C programming language that is designed to perform a wide variety of low-temperature aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC is based on an ion-association aqueous model and has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations; (2) batch-reaction and onedimensional (1D) transport calculations involving reversible reactions, which include aqueous, mineral, gas, solidsolution, surface-complexation, and ion-exchange equilibria, and irreversible reactions, which include specified mole transfers of reactants, kinetically controlled reactions, mixing of solutions, and temperature changes; and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for differences in composition between waters, within specified compositional uncertainty limits. New features in PHREEQC version 2 relative to version 1 include capabilities to simulate dispersion (or diffusion) and stagnant zones in 1D-transport calculations, to model kinetic reactions with user-defined rate expressions, to model the formation or dissolution of ideal, multicomponent or nonideal, binary solid solutions, to model fixed-volume gas phases in addition to fixed-pressure gas phases, to allow the number of surface or exchange sites to vary with the dissolution or precipitation of minerals or kinetic reactants, to include isotope mole balances in inverse modeling calculations, to automatically use multiple sets of convergence parameters, to print user-defined quantities to the primary output file and (or) to a file suitable for importation into a spreadsheet, and to define solution compositions in a format more compatible with spreadsheet programs. This report presents the equations that are the basis for chemical equilibrium, kinetic, transport, and inverse modeling calculations in PHREEQC; describes the input for the program; and presents examples that demonstrate most of the program's capabilities.
On the Origin of Shelf Water in the Middle Atlantic Bight

Abstract Based on a limited set of available oxygen isotope measurements, it is hypothesized that the mean now in the Middle Atlantic Bight is part of a 5000 km-long buoyancy-driven, coastal current which originates along the southern coast of Greenland. This idea is consistent with most features of the known circulation of the region.
Implementation of a Multi-Approach Fake News Detector and of a Trust Management Model for News Sources

Technological development combined with the evolution of the Internet has made it possible to reach an increasing number of people over the years and given them the opportunity to access information published on the network. The growth in the number of fake news generated daily, combined with the simplicity with which it is possible to share them, has created such a large phenomenon that it has become immediately uncontrollable. Furthermore, the quality with which malicious content is made is increasingly high so even professional experts, such as journalists, have difficulty recognizing which news is fake and which is real. This paper aims to implement an architecture that provides a service to final users that assures the reliability of news providers and the quality of news based on innovative tools. The proposed models take advantage of several Machine Learning approaches for fake news detection tasks and take into account well-known attacks on trust. Finally, the implemented architecture is tested with a well-known dataset and shows how the proposed models can effectively identify fake news and isolate malicious sources.
In situ measurements of rock salt permeability changes due to nearby excavation

The Small-Scale Mine-By was an in situ experiment to measure changes in brine and gas permeability of rock salt as a result of nearby excavation. A series of small-volume pressurized brine- and gas-filled test intervals were established 8 m beneath the floor of Room L1 in the WIPP underground. The test intervals were isolated in the bottom of the 4.8-cm diameter monitoring boreholes with inflatable rubber packers, and are initially pressurized to about 2 MPa. Both brine- and gas-filled test intervals were located 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 r from the center of a planned large-diameter hole, where r is the radius of the large-diameter hole. Prior to the drilling of the large-diameter borehole, the responses of both the brine- and gas-filled test intervals were consistent with the formation modeled as a very low permeability, low porosity porous medium with a significant pore (brine) pressure and no measurable gas permeability. The drilling of the mine-by borehole created a zone of dilated, partially saturated rock out to about 1.5 r. The formation pressure increases from near zero at 1.5 r to the pre-excavation value at 4 r. Injection tests reveal a gradient of brine permeabilities from 5 {times} 10{sup {minus}18}more » m{sup 2} at 1.25 r to about the pre-excavation value (10{sup {minus}21} m{sup 2}) by 3 r. Gas-injection tests reveal measurable gas permeability is limited to within 1.5 r. 17 refs., 24 figs., 6 tabs. « less
Rheology of bimodal crystals suspensions: Results from analogue experiments and implications for magma ascent

The effect of crystal size of bimodal suspensions on rheology of magmas at strain rates between 0 and 1 s−1 is studied. Suspensions consist of silicon oil and two populations of natural crystals with size 63–125 and 250–500 µm mixed in different proportions; the total solid fraction ϕ of the mixtures is between 0.25 and 0.5. At ϕ ≤ 0.4, finer, coarser, and bimodal suspensions display comparable viscosities. At ϕ ≥ 0.4, the viscosity of the bimodal suspensions is larger than that of the unimodal ones. The bimodal suspension, made mainly of finer crystals, shows a stronger increase of viscosity with ϕ. The addition of finer crystals to a suspension of coarser ones produces a more pronounced increase of viscosity with respect to suspensions of coarse or fine crystals alone, and of finer crystals with added coarser ones. The bimodal suspensions of coarser crystals develops yield stress at ϕ ≥ 0.25, the others at ϕ ≥ 0.4. It is modeled the ascent velocity in a 20 m wide dike of magmas with bimodal and unimodal populations of crystals of different size. For ϕ ≤ 0.4, the crystal size has not effects on the ascent velocity of magmas. For ϕ ≥ 0.4, the velocity of a magma with growing phenocrystals decreases as ϕ increases less than that of a magma with forming microlites, and more of a magma with microlites and growing phenocrystals. A magma with phenocrystals and forming microlites has the lowest ascent velocity.
Economics of Water Use for Commodity Production in Scarcity Arid Regions: Kutum, Darfur

This paper investigates water use in a rural village in semi-arid of Darfur region. Water use is viewed from the perspective of four production sectors: agriculture, rural industry, trade and services as well as domestic requirements: drinking, cooking and sanitary uses. Water for these uses may be from three sources: rain, surface and underground water. Surveys indicate that groundwater use is dominated by agricultural activities including irrigated vegetables and grains, tree crops, and animal rearing. A ratio of water use to income generated is used as a measure of water intensity compared across activities and commodities. Agricultural commodities, irrigated vegetables, grains and trees, are the most water intensive. The results provide useful background information for the development of predictive models and water conservation strategies. It presents an analysis of water use in a drought-inflicted of Darfur as preliminary findings of a research project whose objective is to assess the implications of alternative rural development scenarios for water use and water scarcity.
Propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir apoyo social percibido en pacientes chilenos con diabetes tipo 2 * Psychometric Properties of a Scale Designed to Measure Perceived Social Support in Chilean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

a b s T r a C T ThepresentstudytestedthepsychometricpropertiesoftheZimetetal. '� Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (n = 76) from Temuco City, Chile. The total scale shown appropriate levels of internal consistency (0,849). An exploratory factorial analysis, with Varimax rotation, was performed over the MSPSS measures. In agreement with the original Scale, three factors were obtained explaining 66,8% of the variance. These results suggest that MSPSS is a psychometrically sound instrument that can be applied to pa- tients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Phase I clinical evaluation of 99mTc-labeled Affibody molecule for imaging HER2 expression in breast cancer

The determination of tumor human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) status is of increasing importance with the recent approval of more efficacious HER2-targeted treatments. There is a lack of suitable methods for clinical in vivo HER2 expression assessment. Affibody molecules are small affinity proteins ideal for imaging detection of receptors, which are engineered using a small (molecular weight 6.5 kDa) nonimmunoglobulin scaffold. Labeling of Affibody molecules with positron emitters enabled the development of sensitive and specific agents for molecular imaging. The development of probes for SPECT would permit the use of Affibody-based imaging in regions where PET is not available. In this first-in-human study, we evaluated the safety, biodistribution, and dosimetry of the 99mTc-ZHER2:41071 Affibody molecule developed for SPECT/CT imaging of HER2 expression. Methods: Thirty-one patients with primary breast cancer were enrolled and divided into three cohorts (injected with 500, 1000, or 1500 µg ZHER2:41071) comprising at least five patients with high (positive) HER2 tumor expression (IHC score 3+ or 2+ and ISH positive) and five patients with low (IHC score 2+ or 1+ and ISH negative) or absent HER2 tumor expression. Patients were injected with 451 ± 71 MBq 99mTc-ZHER2:4107. Planar scintigraphy was performed after 2, 4, 6 and 24 h, and SPECT/CT imaging followed planar imaging 2, 4 and 6 h after injection. Results: Injections of 99mTc-ZHER2:41071 were well tolerated and not associated with adverse events. Normal organs with the highest accumulation were the kidney and liver. The effective dose was 0.019 ± 0.004 mSv/MBq. Injection of 1000 µg provided the best standard discrimination between HER2-positive and HER2-low or HER2-negative tumors 2 h after injection (SUVmax 16.9 ± 7.6 vs. 3.6 ± 1.4, p < 0.005). The 99mTc-ZHER2:41071 uptake in HER2-positive lymph node metastases (SUVmax 6.9 ± 2.4, n = 5) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in HER2-low/negative lymph nodes (SUVmax 3.5 ± 1.2, n = 4). 99mTc-ZHER2:41071 visualized hepatic metastases in a patient with liver involvement. Conclusions: Injections of 99mTc-ZHER2:41071 appear safe and exhibit favorable dosimetry. The protein dose of 1000 µg provides the best discrimination between HER2-positive and HER2-low/negative expression of HER2 according to the definition used for current HER2-targeting drugs.
Numerical simulation of a response of an oceanic front to an atmospheric frontal passage

The influence of middle-latitude cyclones and their associated cold fronts on open-ocean fronts is studied with an embedded mixed layer ocean circulation model similar to that of Adamec et al. (1981). Finite differences with horizontal resolution of 5 km in a staggered grid are used to solve the model equations within a domain of total meridional extension of 300 km and 500 m depth. Three numerical experiments were performed to investigate the response of an oceanic front, similar to the South Atlantic subtropical convergence zone, to an atmospheric frontal passage. Under the effect of the cold air outbreak the thermal and dynamic structures of the upper layers are substantially modified with a higher sinking/cooling rate of the mixed layer. The sinking/cooling rate depends strongly on the magnitude of the thermal gradient at the top of the thermocline and on the mixed layer depth. Due to the differences in sinking/cooling rates, a single storm can move the oceanic front up to 20 km from its initial position. For low-intensity winds, a change in the wind direction does not affect the thermal structure of the upper layer ocean, even in the frontal region. The mixed layer oscillations are entirely a function of the daily scale of the solar heating. For a sudden change in the wind direction, the response of the current velocity field in the mixed layer is almost instantaneous.
ARE THE ALPS COLLAPSING

▪ Abstract Orogenic collapse is a process that transfers gravitational potential energy from regions of high potential energy to regions of lower potential energy. This transfer is classically considered to be accomplished by extension in the orogenic core and by synchronous shortening in foreland regions of the orogen. Not all extensional features in collisional mountain belts need, however, reflect orogenic collapse. Normal faulting, thrust faulting, and strike-slip faulting are all active in different parts of the Alps today and reflect complex local responses to ongoing Europe-Adria convergence. The Western Alps is the only area today where extension and shortening radial to orogen trend occur synchronously and where orogenic collapse may be an important process. Elsewhere in the Alps, normal faults are oriented at a high angle to orogen trend and were primarily active in Oligocene and Miocene time. Most present-day activity in the Central and Eastern Alps is on strike-slip faults that are accommodati.
Corporate Social Responsibility Across Middle East and North Africa

This paper attempts to synthesise the reports prepared by various authors, who live and work in their homeland in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), on the notion of "corporate social responsibility" ("CSR"). The reports are prepared as a prologue for a workshop organised by the World Bank (MDF5) which took plavece in Beirut in 2005. The authors come from different backgrounds. They were invited not to engage in an academic exercise but to capture and reflect upon the "realities" of the debate in their countries on the basis of their role as proactive participants. The objective was to detect common elements and patterns in the issues of and approaches to "CSR" in the MENA region. The authors were asked to use a common format for their reports, but left free in their approach.
Structural and Functional Studies on Evolutionary Repurposing of H-box/NC-proteins : From Host Factor to Virus Protein

v Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning . vii List of papers included in the thesis . ix Additional publications . x Contribution Report . xi Acknowledgements . xv Abbreviations . xvii Table of
Special Section on New and Emerging Areas and Technologies in Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Part I — Minireview Fluorescence-Based High-Throughput Assays for Investigating Cytochrome P450 Enzyme-Mediated Drug – Drug Interactions

The cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), a group of heme-containing enzymes, catalyze oxidative metabolism of a wide range of drugs and xenobiotics, as well as different endogenous molecules. Strong inhibition of human CYPs is the most common cause of clinically associated pharmacokinetic drug – drug/herb – drug interactions (DDIs/HDIs), which may result in serious adverse drug reactions, even toxicity. Accurate and rapid assessing of the inhibition potentials on CYP activities for therapeutic agents is crucial for the prediction of clinically relevant DDIs/HDIs. Over the past few decades, significant efforts have been invested into developing optical substrates for the human CYPs, generating a variety of powerful tools for high-throughput assays to detect CYP activities in biologic specimens and for screening of CYP inhibitors. This minireview focuses on recent advances in optical substrates developments for human CYPs, as well as their applications in screening CYP inhibitors and DDIs/HDIs studies. The examples for rational design and optimization of highly specific optical substrates forthe targetCYPenzyme,as wellasapplicationsininves-tigating CYP-mediated DDIs, are illustrated. Finally,
Kijken in het brein: Over de mogelijkheden van neuromarketing

Met moderne beeldvormende technieken, de neuro-imaging-technieken, kan ge-meten worden waar en wanneer hersenactiviteit plaats vindt bij de uitvoering van een bepaalde taak. Zodoende kan de reactie van de hersenen gemeten worden op marketing stimuli zoals een reclamefilmpje of een verpakking, of als een klant moet kiezen tussen merken. In deze rede wordt een visie gegeven op de mogelijk-heden van onderzoek met behulp van hersenscans in marketing. De sterkten en zwakten van de vier belangrijkste neuro-imaging-technieken worden besproken (EEG, MEG, PET en fMRI), en de geschiktheid van deze technieken voor toepas-sing in marktonderzoek wordt bepaald. In een tweetal voorbeelden van consumen-tenonderzoek (reclameherinnering en merkkeuzeprocessen) worden de toepas-singsmogelijkheden ge? llustreerd. Er wordt geconcludeerd dat neuro-imaging unieke mogelijkheden opent voor marktonderzoek, maar dat nog veel fundamen-teel onderzoek nodig is voordat deze technieken ingezet kunnen worden in de praktijk. Het doel van neuromarketing is het beter begrijpen van de klant en haar reactie op marketing stimuli, door de processen in de hersenen direct te meten en in de theorievorming en stimuli-ontwikkeling te betrekken. Alhoewel de grootste nadruk ligt op het beter begrijpen van de klant door middel van theorievorming, moet het uiteindelijk ook de manager helpen bij het ontwerpen van effectievere marketing stimuli.
Genetic Fuzzy Systems - Evolutionary Tuning and Learning of Fuzzy Knowledge Bases

Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems Evolutionary Computation Introduction to Genetic Fuzzy Systems Genetic Tuning Processes Learning with Genetic Algorithms Genetic Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems Based on the Michigan Approach Genetic Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems Based on the Pittsburgh Approach Genetic Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems Based on the lterative Rule Learning Approach Other Genetic Fuzzy Rule-Based System Other Kinds of Evolutionary Fuzzy Systems Applications.
Global hydrological models: a review

Abstract Global hydrological models (GHMs) have effectively become a separate research field in the last two decades. The paper reviews and compares 12 known global modelling efforts since 1989, the year the first GHM was published. Structure, strengths and weaknesses of individual models are examined, and the objectives of model development and their initial applications are documented. Issues such as model uncertainty, data scarcity, integration with remote sensing data and spatial resolution are discussed. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis
Dunes, turbulent eddies, and interfacial exchange with permeable sediments

Interfaces between a water column and underlying porous media are ubiquitous in nature. Turbulent flow over an irregular interface separating a water column and underlying porous media drives advective‐fluid exchange between the two domains. We investigate the dynamics of this coupled system for unidirectional flow in the water column and a triangular interface modeled on dunes. Numerical simulations solve the Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations for the water column and then Darcy's Law and the continuity equation for the porous media. The two sets of equations are coupled via the pressure distribution along the interface. The pressure maximum and minimum along the interface, which are tied to the presence of an eddy, dominantly control the configuration of and flux through the interfacial exchange zone (IEZ) in the porous media. Since the length of eddies for fully developed turbulent flow is insensitive to the Reynolds numbers (Re), the configuration of the IEZ remains stable across a range of Re, although flux through the IEZ is strongly dependent on the Re. The flux is a power function of Re and a linear function of the current‐topography induced pressure gradient along the interface. Mean residence times for fluids in the IEZ follow an inverse‐power relationship with Re since the volume of the IEZ is insensitive to Re. The IEZ depths and fluxes can be predicted via equations fitted to the simulated IEZ depths and fluxes, scaled by the dune steepness, for different Re, granted that other systems maintain close dynamic similitude with those studied here.