Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fluid Restriction during Running Increases GI Permeability

The purpose of this study was to determine gastrointestinal (GI) permeability during prolonged treadmill running (60 min at 70% V˙O 2max ) with and without fluid intake (3 ml/kg body mass/ 10 min). Twenty runners (11 males, 9 females; age= 22 ± 3 (SD) yrs; mean V˙O 2max = 55.7 ± 5.0 ml/kg/min) completed four experiments: 1) rest, 2) running with no fluid (NF), 3) running with ingestion of a 4% glucose solution (GLU), and 4) running with ingestion of a water placebo (PLA). To determine GI permeability, subjects also drank a solution containing 5 g sucrose (S), 5 g lactulose (L), and 2 g rhamnose (R) immediately prior to each trial. Gastroduodenal permeability was determined by urinary S excretion, while small intestinal permeability was determined by the L/R excretion ratio. Percent body mass loss (i.e., dehydration) was negligible during rest, GLU and PLA, while NF resulted in a 1.5% loss of body mass (p < 0.05). Gastroduodenal and intestinal permeability were significantly (p < 0.008) increased in NF compared to rest. There were no other differences in GI permeability. These re-sults indicate that fluid restriction during 1 h of steady-state running increases GI permeability above resting levels.
Thyroidectomy Blocks Stress-Induced Prolactin Rise in Rats:

Summary Thyroidectomized (TX) adult Wistar male rats and their sham-operated controls were submitted to im mobilization stress during forty minutes. Thyroidectomy partially blocks stress-induced prolactin (PRL) secretion. Previous administration of MK 212, a serotonin agonist, re verts this picture. The effect of MK 212 is specifically due to its interaction with 5HT2 receptors, since the injection of LY 53857, a selective blocker of these receptors, 30 min before MK 212, prevents the effect of this serotonin ago nist. LY 53857, injected alone, yields a partial blockade of PRL secretion during stress in sham-operated rats. TX rats receiving LY 53857 or saline have comparable low values of plasma PRL during stress. It is suggested that thy roidectomy disrupts the functional integrity of the central serotonergic pathways involved in the stress-induced PRL rise.
HGH20k Species and Variability of GH Responses to Long-Duration Exercise in Male Cyclists Fed Different Food Supplements

Summary Exercise studies dealing with hGH have al ways considered this hormone as a unique molecular entity. We postulated that the well-known variability in blood total hGH response could possibly be explained, at least in part, by concomitant changes in blood hGH20k levels, variant form possibly expressing some of the hGH anti-insulinic properties. Six male trained cyclists were imposed a 2-hr long ergocycle exercise. Food supplements were given prior to and/or during exertion to exacerbate a possible contribution from hGH20k to total hGH variability by mod ification of substrate availability. Both blood total hGH and hGH20k levels increased with exercise, the largest in creases being observed in absence of supplementation. Large variability of responses were observed in both blood total hGH and hGH20k levels, the latter variant contrib uting minimally to total blood hGH response (4.3 + 0.8 %), and being closely associated with the main species (r = 0.90; p < 0.001). It was concluded that variations as sociated with hGH20k increases observed in response to prolonged exercise cannot explain the large intra-and inter-individual variability measured in blood total hGH re sponse.
Arbitrary control of the polarization state and intensity of non-diffracting beams along their propagation direction

We experimentally demonstrate a class of non-diffracting beams with state of polarization (SoP) and intensity that can both be controlled along the propagation direction. The beams are composed of a superposition of equal frequency co-propagating Bessel beams (BBs) with different transverse and longitudinal wavenumbers. The BBs are weighted by suitable complex coefficients derived from closed-form analytic expressions. The desired polarization states (i.e., linear, radial, azimuthal and elliptical) are each independently encoded onto a set of BBs with the suitable polarizations. For experimental generation, the resulting field is decomposed into two orthogonal polarizations (horizontal and vertical). Via constructive (and destructive) interference of BBs, specific SoPs can be designed to switch on (and off) during propagation. This effectively alters the resultant SoP and intensity of the beam throughout propagation. We envision our proposed method to be of great interest in many applications, such as optical tweezers, atom guiding, material processing, microscopy, and optical communications.
Rat Pineal Gland Suppresses the Injection Stress-Reactive ACTH Outflow

Summary The involvement of the pineal gland in the regulation of the initial ACTH reactive outflow to short-term stress inducement was studied. The stress trial, consisting of the subcutaneous saline injection in the animal hind leg, elicited ACTH release, the peak appearing in the 5th min followed by a rapid downturn to the prestress level in the 15th min. The higher ACTH level in the pinealectomized rats was monitored in the 5th min. The results obtained show the implication of the pineal gland in restricting the magnitude of the initial stress-reactive ACTH outflow.
Expression of IGF System Genes During T-Antigen Driven Pituitary Tumorigenesis

Expression of IGF-I, IGF-ll, the Type-I IGF receptor and six IGF binding proteins were examined in three different T-ag-driven mouse tumors. Unlike the widespread expression of IGF-ll in pancreatic 3-cell tumors, IGF-ll was not widely expressed in the two different pituitary tumors examined indicating that a mechanism independent of focal IGF-Il expression can also drive 1-antigen tumorigenesis. In addition, multiple IGF binding proteins were expressed in all three tumor types. This expression, however, was generally heterogeneous with no specific changes to indicate a required role for any IGF binding protein in 1-antigen tumorigenesis.
The Relationships Among Serum Uric Acid, Plasma Insulin, and Serum Lipoprotein Levels in Subjects with Spinal Cord Injury

Relationships were investigated among serum uric acid (UA), the insulin response to a standard oral glucose load (75 g), and serum lipoprotein levels in 197 individuals with chronic spinal cord inlury (Sd). All subjects had normal liver and renal function. None had a prior history of diabetes mellitus or gout. The mean age of subjects was 50 1 years, duration of injury (DOl), 18 1 years, and body mass index (BMI), 25 0.4kg/rn2. No significant differences were found between those with paraplegia or quadriplegia for any of the parameters measured. The mean serum UA values were not significantly different among the subgroups of subjects with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes mellitus (5.6 0.2 mgJdl, 5.6 0.2 and 5.7 0.3, respectively). Approximately one-half of the subjects had an abnormality in oral glucose tolerance. The levels of serum UA (p<0.OO1) and serum triglycerides (TG) (p<0.01) in the subgroup with hyperinsulinemia were significantly higher than in the subgroup with normal insulin levels. By linear regression analyses, the serum UA concentration was positively correlated with peak plasma insulin level (r= 0.31, p<O.OO1), and BMI (r= 0.20, p <0.01), but not with age, DOl, or peak glucose. The data suggest that in subjects with chronic Sd, as in the healthy ablebodied population, hyperuricemia is associated with hyperinsulinemia, obesity and abnormal lipoprotein metabolism.
IGF-II in Primary Human Colorectal Tumors: Peptide Level, Activated Promoters, Parental Imprinting and Gene Rearrangement

IGF-II is a polypeptide growth factor with growth and differentiation promoting activities, involved in human development. We have reported previously IGF-ll mRNA and peptide overexpression in primary human colon cancers. Here we show that the IGF-lI peptide content is increased in six primary colon cancers compared to the corresponding healthy tissues. The IGF-ll transcripts in healthy and cancerous colon tissues were identified by Northern blotting and RT-PCR. Promoters P3 and P4 were active in most tissues. Relaxation of parental imprinting was observed in two tumors and one healthy tissue, without any correlation with the IGF-Il transcript levels. Rearrange-ments of the IGF-ll gene in two tumors containing very high amounts of IGF-ll mRNA are described. Fragments containing the breakpoints were cloned by the vectorette-PCR strategy. In both tumors, the breakpoints occurred in repetitive sequences. In one tumor (Til), the breakpoint was localized 2kb down-stream the end of exon 9. The second tumor (T18) contains two modified alleles. In one rearranged allele the breakpoint is located in exon 9. The exact position of the breakpoint in the second rearranged allele has not been identified. In future experiments, the correlation between the gene rearrangements and IGF-lI mRNA overexpression will be studied.
Nussbaum‐type function–based attitude control of spacecraft with actuator saturation

This paper investigates the attitude stabilization problem of spacecraft subject to external disturbances and actuator saturation. A novel attitude control scheme is technically proposed by incorporating the Nussbaum gain technique into backstepping design. The key idea behind this is to introduce a special Nussbaum‐type function in order to compensate for the time‐varying nonlinear terms arising from input saturation. By exploiting the dynamic surface control technique, the problem of “explosion of terms” inherent in traditional backstepping designs is effectively eliminated and the computational burden is significantly reduced. Additionally, based on the selected Nussbaum‐type function, a constructive analysis methodology is presented, which plays an important role in analyzing the stability properties of the closed‐loop system. It is then proved that the proposed control scheme can guarantee the boundedness of all closed‐loop signals. Furthermore, the unwinding phenomenon is given a simple and effective remedy by resorting to suitable choices of the attitude error variable and the virtual control law. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out to assess the effectiveness and demonstrate the advantages of the proposed control scheme.
Beyond Submodular Maximization

While there are well-developed tools for maximizing a submodular function subject to a matroid constraint, there is much less work on the corresponding supermodular maximization problems. We develop new techniques for attacking these problems inspired by the continuous greedy method applied to the multi-linear extension of a submodular function. We first adapt the continuous greedy algorithm to work for general twice-continuously differentiable functions. The performance of the adapted algorithm depends on a new smoothness parameter. If $F:[0,1]^n\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ is one-sided $\sigma$-smooth, then the approximation factor only depends on $\sigma$. We apply the new algorithm to a broad class of quadratic supermodular functions arising in diversity maximization. This captures metric diversity maximization ($\sigma=2$) and negative-type diversity ($\sigma=4$). We also develop new methods (inspired by swap rounding and approximate integer decomposition) for rounding quadratics over a matroid polytope. Together with the adapted continuous greedy this leads to a $O(\sigma^{3/2})$-approximation. This is the best asymptotic approximation known for this class of quadratics and the evidence suggests that it may be tight. We then consider general (non-quadratic) functions. We give a broad parameterized family of monotone functions which include submodular functions and the just-discussed supermodular family of discrete quadratics. Such set functions are called $\gamma$-meta-submodular. We develop local search algorithms with approximation factors that depend only on $\gamma$. We show that the $\gamma$-meta-submodular families include well-known function classes including meta-submodular functions ($\gamma=0$), proportionally submodular ($\gamma=1$), and diversity functions based on negative-type distances or Jensen-Shannon divergence (both $\gamma=2$) and (semi-)metric diversity functions.
A partial analogue of the Grothendieck-Springer resolution for symmetric spaces

Motivated by questions in the study of relative trace formulae, we construct a generalization of Grothendieck's simultaneous resolution over the regular locus of certain symmetric pairs. We use this space to prove a relative version of results of Donagi and Gaitsgory about the automorphism sheaf of regular stabilizers. We also obtain partial results toward applications in Springer theory for symmetric spaces.
Listen to the Image

Visual-to-auditory sensory substitution devices can assist the blind in sensing the visual environment by translating the visual information into a sound pattern. To improve the translation quality, the task performances of the blind are usually employed to evaluate different encoding schemes. In contrast to the toilsome human-based assessment, we argue that machine model can be also developed for evaluation, and more efficient. To this end, we firstly propose two distinct cross-modal perception model w.r. t. the late-blind and congenitally-blind cases, which aim to generate concrete visual contents based on the translated sound. To validate the functionality of proposed models, two novel optimization strategies w.r. t. the primary encoding scheme are presented. Further, we conduct sets of human-based experiments to evaluate and compare them with the conducted machine-based assessments in the cross-modal generation task. Their highly consistent results w.r. t. different encoding schemes indicate that using machine model to accelerate optimization evaluation and reduce experimental cost is feasible to some extent, which could dramatically promote the upgrading of encoding scheme then help the blind to improve their visual perception ability.
Size effects on the open probability of two-state ion channel system in cell membranes using microcanonical formalism based on gamma function

Ion channel systems are a class of proteins that reside in the membranes of all biological cells and forms conduction pores that regulate the transport of ions into and out of cells. They can be investigated theoretically in the microcanonical formalism since the number of accessible states can be easily evaluated by using the Stirling approximation to deal with factorials. In this work, we have used gamma function (Γ (n)) to solve the two-state or open-close channel model without any approximation. New values are calculated for the open probability (p0) and the relative error between our numerical results and the approximate one using Stirling formula is presented. This error (p0app — p0)/p0 is significant for small channel systems.
Adaptive Regularization Algorithms with Inexact Evaluations for Nonconvex Optimization

A regularization algorithm using inexact function values and inexact derivatives is proposed and its evaluation complexity analyzed. This algorithm is applicable to unconstrained problems and to problems with inexpensive constraints (that is constraints whose evaluation and enforcement has negligible cost) under the assumption that the derivative of highest degree is $\beta$-H\"{o}lder continuous. It features a very flexible adaptive mechanism for determining the inexactness which is allowed, at each iteration, when computing objective function values and derivatives. The complexity analysis covers arbitrary optimality order and arbitrary degree of available approximate derivatives. It extends results of Cartis, Gould and Toint (2018) on the evaluation complexity to the inexact case: if a $q$th order minimizer is sought using approximations to the first $p$ derivatives, it is proved that a suitable approximate minimizer within $\epsilon$ is computed by the proposed algorithm in at most $O(\epsilon^{-\frac{p+\beta}{p-q+\beta}})$ iterations and at most $O(|\log(\epsilon)|\epsilon^{-\frac{p+\beta}{p-q+\beta}})$ approximate evaluations. An algorithmic variant, although more rigid in practice, can be proved to find such an approximate minimizer in $O(|\log(\epsilon)|+\epsilon^{-\frac{p+\beta}{p-q+\beta}})$ evaluations.While the proposed framework remains so far conceptual for high degrees and orders, it is shown to yield simple and computationally realistic inexact methods when specialized to the unconstrained and bound-constrained first- and second-order cases. The deterministic complexity results are finally extended to the stochastic context, yielding adaptive sample-size rules for subsampling methods typical of machine learning.
Performance of Bluetooth scatternets under E-limited polling and walk-in bridge scheduling

In this paper we analyze the performance of Bluetooth scatternets with piconets interconnected with SS bridges. Masters do not maintain any specific schedules of meeting points with bridges; they simply poll the bridge in every cycle and exchange the data when bridge is present. Both ordinary slaves and bridges are polled using the E-limited scheme. We consider bursty traffic and model service times, access delay and bridge delay as the QoS parameters of the scatternet. Analytical and simulation results show that this scatternet/piconet scheduling approach offers good performance and excellent scalability.
Inhibition of Insulin, Glucose-Dependant Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Secretion by Octreotide has no Effect on Post-Heparin Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase Activity

This study examines the immediate effect of modulating postprandial insulin and insulinotropic hormone (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GIP; glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1) secretion on the activation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in six lean and six obese age-matched women. Subjects were given, on two separate occasions, 340 kcal of carbohydrate alone or combined with an IV infusion of octreotide, (100 tg infusion from 30 mm before the meal for 150 mi. Post-heparin LPL activity (10,000 U) was measured on each occasion 120 minutes post-carbohydrate. Following oral carbohydrate post-prandial plasma insulin levels were significantly higher in obese subjects than in lean (p<0.Ol). Glucose tolerance was slightly impaired in obese subjects. Insulin, GIP and GLP-1 secretion post-carbohydrate was markedly reduced by octreotide in lean and obese subjects. LPL activity was similar in the two groups after carbohydrate administration and was unaffected by octreotide. Inhibition of postprandial insulin, GIP and GLP-1 secretion acutely did not reduce post-heparin LPL activity either in lean or obese subjects.
Measuring the Risk of Extreme Events

Event risk is described by the distribution of excessive financial losses due to broad, abrupt shocks. We consider the measurement of event risk in the context of the classical, axiomatic definition of risk measures initiated by Artzner, Delbaen, Eber & Heath (1999). The class of utility-based risk measures is shown to be particularly suited for the detection and quantification of event risk. We illustrate this using standard extreme value distributions.
Endocrine, Paracrine and Autocrine Control of Follicular Development

Summary Development of a single follicle during the menstrual cycle is under control of hormones stimulating follicular matura tion, ovulation and luteogenesis. Several factors intervene locally to prevent other follicles from developing at the same time as dominant follicle. These other follicles re main quiescent or evoluate to atresia. Atresia results from the action of several endocrine, paracrine and autocrine mechanisms which synergistically inhibit aromatase ac tivity. The subsequent lack of estrogens reduces granulosa cell multiplication. The oocyte will not become fertilizable before the pre ovulatory peak of LH, after the resumption of meiosis and after reaching metaphase of the second meiotic division. Several factors are involved in the inhibition of spontaneous resumption of meiosis: cyclic nucleotides, sex steroids, somatostatin and oocyte maturation inhibi tor(s) (OMI). Ovulation is related to breakdown of con nective tissue synthesized by granulosa cells under the in fluence of FSH. Connective tissue lysis is dependent on proteolytic enzymes which are released and activated by FSH, LH and relaxin. A paracrine control could be in volved in ovulation: LH induces the production of prosta glandin and relaxin by theca cells which, in turn, stimulate collagenase and proteoglycanase secretion by granulosa cells.
Design and analysis of optically controlled pattern reconfigurable planar Yagi–Uda antenna

A novel pattern reconfigurable planar optically controlled Yagi-Uda antenna is proposed. The antenna comprises a director, a driven dipole, a reflector and the substrate. The two parasitic elements loaded with positive intrinsic negative (PIN) photodiodes in the middle, applied as manipulating switches, are capable of varying the radiation pattern by transforming their physical structures. A prototype of the proposed antenna along with PIN photodiodes was fabricated to verify the concept of optically controlled pattern reconfiguration. The simulated and experimental results indicate that the |S 11 | curves and radiation patterns of the proposed antenna in both the PIN switches' on and off state are similar; however, the direction of maximum radiation differs between these two states by 180°. Good unidirectional radiation patterns with the front-to-back ratios of 12 and 8 dB are obtained. About 10 dB impedance bandwidth can reach 15% and the maximum gain is more than 6.3 dBi. This study proposes a three-element equivalent current radiation model based on the current distribution from simulation, which can explain the directional radiation characteristics of the designed antenna well. This pattern reconfigurable antenna can be optically controlled remotely, reducing the effects of controlling network on the antenna radiator.
Semantic Foundations of Higher-Order Probabilistic Programs in Isabelle/HOL

Higher-order probabilistic programs are used to describe statistical models and machine-learning mechanisms. The programming languages for them are equipped with three features: higher-order functions, sampling, and conditioning. In this paper, we propose an Isabelle/HOL library for probabilistic programs supporting all of those three features. We extend our previous quasi-Borel theory library in Isabelle/HOL. As a basis of the theory, we formalize s-finite kernels , which is considered as a theoretical foundation of first-order probabilistic programs and a key to support conditioning of probabilistic programs. We also formalize the Borel isomorphism theorem which plays an important role in the quasi-Borel theory. Using them, we develop the s-finite measure monad on quasi-Borel spaces. Our extension enables us to describe higher-order probabilistic programs with conditioning directly as an Isabelle/HOL term whose type is that of morphisms between quasi-Borel spaces. We also implement the qbs prover for checking well-typedness of an Isabelle/HOL term as a morphism between quasi-Borel spaces. We demonstrate several verification examples of higher-order probabilistic programs with conditioning