Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Core–Shell Type Lipidic and Polymeric Nanocapsules: the Transformative Multifaceted Delivery Systems

Amongst the several nano-drug delivery systems, lipid or polymer-based core–shell nanocapsules (NCs) have garnered much attention of researchers owing to its multidisciplinary properties and wide application. NCs are structured core–shell systems in which the core is an aqueous or oily phase protecting the encapsulated drug from environmental conditions, whereas the shell can be lipidic or polymeric. The core is stabilized by surfactant/lipids/polymers, which control the release of the drug. The presence of a plethora of biocompatible lipids and polymers with the provision of amicable surface modifications makes NCs an ideal choice for precise drug delivery. In the present article, multiple lipidic and polymeric NC (LNCs and PNCs) systems are described with an emphasis on fabrication methods and characterization techniques. Far-reaching applications as a carrier or delivery system are demonstrated for oral, parenteral, nasal, and transdermal routes of administration to enhance the bioavailability of hard-to-formulate drugs and to achieve sustained and targeted delivery. This review provide in depth understanding on core–shell NC’s mechanism of absorption, surface modification, size tuning, and toxicity moderation which overshadows the drawbacks of conventional approaches. Additionally, the review shines a spotlight on the current challenges associated with core–shell NCs and applications in the foreseeable future. Graphical Abstract
Autocorrelations of R - R distributions as a measure of heart variability

We introduce an algorithm for on-line measurement of instant changes of heart dynamics. It measures the variability of $R$-$R$ segments in electrocardiagrams. The method is based on measuring the autocorrelations of the distributions of the system's dynamical variable. The algorithm has been tested on a sample of cardiac conditions.
Ultrafast laser microwelding for transparent and heterogeneous materials

When ultrafast laser pulses are focused inside the interface between a couple of transparent materials, the optical intensity in the focal area can usually become high enough to initiate the filamentary propagation of optical pulses and almost simultaneously the nonlinear absorption occurs in the filamentary area. Due to this absorption of optical energy, both of the materials can locally be melted and the interface is joined after resolidification. The laser microwelding technique based on the nonlinear phenomena has several unique features: (i) the insertion of any intermediate layers is no need for the microwelding, (ii) it's possible to weld the materials with different thermal expansion coefficients, (iii) the joint area can also be arbitrarily extended by scanning the filamentary area. We call this powerful technique "ultrafast laser microwelding". In this paper, we present the results on "ultrafast laser microwelding" for transparent materials such as the silica and borosilicate glass, and heterogeneous materials such as glass and metals.
Three-Dimensional Structure and Evolution of the Vertical Velocity and Divergence Fields in the MJO

AbstractThe features in the planetary-scale wind field that shape the MJO-related vertical velocity field are examined using the linear analysis protocol based on the daily global velocity potential field described in a companion paper, augmented by a compositing procedure that yields a more robust and concise description of the prevalent patterns over the Indo-Pacific warm pool sector (60°E–180°). The analysis elucidates the structural elements of the planetary-scale wind field that give rise to the characteristic “swallowtail” shape of the region of enhanced rainfall and the “bottom up” evolution of the vertical velocity profile from one with a shallow peak on the eastern end of the region of enhanced rainfall to one with an elevated peak on the western end. These distinctive features of the vertical velocity field in the MJO reflect the juxtaposition of deep overturning circulation cells in the equatorial plane and much shallower frictionally driven cells in the meridional plane to the east and west of.
Some subsonic and transonic buffet characteristics of the twin-vertical-tails of a fighter airplane configuration

Vertical-tail buffet response data were obtained from tests in the Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel using a rigid, 1/6-size, full-span model of an F-18 airplane that was fitted with flexible vertical tails of two different levels of structural stiffness. Response data are presented at Mach numbers from 0.30 to 0.95 over a range of angles of attack from -10 to +40 degrees. These data indicate the following: (1) the buffet response occurs in the first bending mode; (2) the buffet response is a maximum in the angle of attack range from 30 to 40 degrees; (3) the buffet response increases with increasing dynamic pressure, but changes in response are not linearly proportional to the changes in dynamic pressure; (4) the buffet response is larger at M = 0.30 than it is at the higher Mach numbers; and (5) the maximum intensity of the buffeting is described as heavy to severe using an assessment criteria proposed by another investigator.
A scouring sensor by using the electrical properties of carbon nanotube-filled cement-based composite

This paper investigates a scouring sensor using electrical properties of carbon nanotubes(CNTs)-filled cement-based composite. First, for specimens filled with different amount of CNTs, the electrical behavior and the principle which it followed were studied. The effect of the different magnetic field intensity on the arrangement of CNTs in the base was presented. Furthermore, the environment effects (temperature and humidity) on sensors and its causes were revealed. Also, the design of the temperature and humidity self-compensation sensor based on separated electrode was proposed. Finally, by comparison of the sensitivity of the scouring electrode and the stability of the reference electrode, the optimal scheme of the electrode was determined.
Dissipation of energy in the locally isotropic turbulence

In my note (Kolmogorov 1941a) I defined the notion of local isotropy and introduced the quantities Bdd(r)=[ud(M′)−ud(M)]2,¯[un(M′)−un(M)¯]2, where r denotes the distance between the points M and M', ud(M) and ud(M') are the velocity components in the direction MM'¯¯ at the points Mand M', and un(M) and un(M') are the velocity components at the points M andM' in some direction, perpendicular to MM'.
The WC10 central stars CPD−56° 8032 and He 2‐113 – II. Model analysis and comparison with nebular properties

We present detailed atmospheric analyses of two [WC10] central stars of planetary nebulae (PNe), CPD−56° 8032 and He 2-113, the results of which are compared with parameters inferred from their nebular properties. Our quantitative study is based on non-LTE modelling of diagnostic He i–II, C II–IV and O II–III lines. We find that spectroscopic similarities are reflected in the derived stellar properties: for both stars we obtain Teff∼30 kK and log L/L⊙=3.7; log (˙M/M⊙ yr−1)=−5.4 and v∞=225 km s−1 for CPD−56° 8032, while log (˙M/M⊙ yr−1)=−6.1 and v∞=160 km s−1 for He 2-113. The derived stellar properties are fairly consistent with the recent study of Leuenhagen et al., when adjusted for the different distances adopted. We find excellent agreement between our C2+ wind temperature and the independent determination by De Marco et al., supporting our assumption of radiative equilibrium. We find that both stars are highly enriched in carbon and oxygen, but with stellar hydrogen undetectable for He 2-113 (in contrast to Leuenhagen et al.). Our final abundance determinations indicate H:He:C:O mass fractions of 0:34:52:14 for CPD−56° 8032 and 0:34:54:13 for He 2-113. We confront our model flux distributions with observed nebular properties using Zanstra and photoionization techniques, and identify a major discrepancy between the observed and predicted nebular properties for these particular PNe. The hydrogen ionizing fluxes predicted by our WR non-LTE models greatly exceed those implied by nebular observations. The lack of heavy-element line blanketing in our wind models could be responsible. However, the geometry and high nebular densities of these PNe suggest that they represent poor probes of the Lyman continuum flux of their central stars.
Natural power method for fast subspace tracking

Elaborates on a natural version of the power method for fast estimation and tracking of principal subspace or/and principal components of a vector sequence. The natural power method has the fastest convergence rate among a class of power-based methods such as the Oja method, the projection approximation subspace tracking (PAST) method, and the novel information criterion (NIC) method. Like the above three methods, the natural power method can also be implemented with only O(np) flops of computation at each iteration but maintain the fastest convergence rate, where n is the dimension of the vector sequence and p is the dimension of the principal subspace. Also like other power-based methods, the natural power method can be easily adopted for principal components tracking, constrained subspace tracking, and detection of the dimension of the principal subspace. In great contrast to non-power-based methods such as MALASE and OPERA, the natural power method is globally convergent.
NONLINEAR BUBBLE DYNAMICS

▪ Abstract The inertia-dominated dynamics of a single gas or vapor bubble in an incompressible or nearly incompressible liquid has been the subject of intense investigation for many years. Studies prior to 1976 were thoroughly reviewed by Plesset & Prosperetti (1977) in Volume 9 of this series. Our review fills the gap between Plesset & Prosperetti's review and the present. We focus on new understandings of bubble dynamics through a nonlinear dynamical systems approach.
Electron energization in lunar magnetospheres

The interaction of the solar wind with lunar surface magnetic fields produces a bow shock and a magnetosphere-like structure. In front of the shock wave energetic electrons up to keV energies are produced. This paper describes how resonant interactions between plasma turbulence in the form of lower-hybrid waves and electrons can result in field aligned electron acceleration. The turbulent wave fields close to the lower-hybrid resonant frequency are excited most probably by the modified two-stream instability, driven by the solar wind ions that are reflected and deflected by the low shock.
Modeling the Galileo dust measurements at Jupiter

We discuss our modeling that is aimed to reproduce the observed dust impact rates during the first two Ganymede encounters of Galileo. We use a detailed fields and particles model of the magnetosphere and simultaneously follow the dynamics and the charging history of small dust particles. We assume Io to be the only source of the escaping dust grains and show that our model matches the gross characteristics of the observations. We argue that the large scale dawn‐to‐dusk electric field can be responsible for shaping the emission pattern of dust from the Io plasma torus. The emission pattern shows a minimum flux toward the Sun, perhaps explaining why the observed fluxes did not increase as Galileo approached the source region of the dust particles. We show that the general shape of the trajectories of the grains offers a good explanation for the sudden shift in the observed direction of the dust impacts. Modeling the observed dust impact rates gives an excellent opportunity to test our particles and fields model of Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Wave activity above the ionosphere of Titan: Predictions for the Cassini mission

[1] In this paper we present a study of the beam-driven wave generation mechanisms in linear approximation which are viable in the flowside plasma mantle of Saturn's moon, Titan. The flowside plasma mantle is defined, by analogy with the dayside plasma mantle of the planet Venus and Mars, as being the interaction region between the “cold” ionospheric plasma and “hot” streaming plasma of magnetospheric or solar wind origin, with both types of plasma being present in comparable densities. Since no in situ plasma and field measurements are currently available in Titan's flowside mantle, we performed our model calculations in a broad plasma parameter space encompassing the plasma characteristics determined by Voyager 1 in Titan's wake. Two types of beam instability modes were found to be dominant: a fluid-like (nonresonant) modified two-stream instability (MTSI) and the kinetic (beam resonant) ion-ion acoustic instability (IIAI). The two instability modes are characterized by distinct frequency ranges (an order or below the lower hybrid frequency for the MTSI and a few times the lower hybrid frequency for the IIAI) and are found to be dominant in well-separated spatial regions determined by the presence/absence of cold ionospheric electrons. Giving a global rather than a specific description of the instability types expected to be the most important growing modes within Titan's flowside mantle, we intend to make predictions concerning the wave characteristics of the dominant wave modes measurable by the plasma wave instrument on board the Cassini spacecraft.
On-Line Process Control using Attributes with Misclassification Errors: An Economical Design for Short-Run Production

On-line process control consists of inspecting a single item for every m (integer and m ≥ 2) produced items. Based on the results of the inspection, it is decided whether the process is in-control (the fraction of conforming items is p 1; State I) or out-of-control (the fraction of conforming items is p 2 < p 1; State II). If the inspected item is non conforming, it is determined that the process is out-of-control, and the production process is stopped for an adjustment; otherwise, production continues. As most designs of on-line process control assume a long-run production, this study can be viewed as an extension because it is concerned with short-run production and the decision regarding the process is subject to misclassification errors. The probabilistic model of the control system employs properties of an ergodic Markov chain to obtain the expression of the average cost of the system per unit produced, which can be minimised as a function of the sampling interval, m. The procedure is illustrated by a numerical example.
Gravity-driven flows of viscous liquids over two-dimensional topographies

Using phase-stepped interferometry, we have measured full two-dimensional maps of the free-surface shape of a thin liquid film of water flowing over an inclined plate with topography. The measurement technique allows us to image automatically the shape of the free surface in a single field of view of about 2.4 by 1.8 mm, with a lateral resolution of 3.1 μm and a height resolution of 0.3 μm. By imaging neighbouring regions and combining them, complete two-dimensional free-surface profiles of gravity-driven liquid films with a thickness ranging between 80 and 120 μm are measured, over step, trench, rectangular and square topographies with depths of 10 and 20 μm, and lateral dimensions of the order of 1 to several mm. The experimental results for both one- and two-dimensional flows are found to be in good agreement with existing models, including a recent two-dimensional Green's function of the linearized problem by Hayes et al. This extends the applicability of simple models to cases with a high value of topography steepness and low-viscosity liquids as in our experiments. A corollary of the agreement with the linear two-dimensional model is that our experimental results behave linearly, a convenient property that allows the free-surface response to complex topographies to be worked out from knowledge of the response to an elementary topography like a square.
Outliers to the peak energy–isotropic energy relation in gamma-ray bursts

The peak energy–isotropic energy (EpEi) relation is among the most intriguing recent discoveries concerning gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). It can have numerous implications for our understanding of the emission mechanism of the bursts and for the application of GRBs to cosmological studies. However, this relation has been verified only for a small sample of bursts with measured redshifts. We propose here a test of whether a burst with an unknown redshift can potentially satisfy the EpEi relation. Applying this test to a large sample of BATSE bursts, we find that a significant fraction of those bursts cannot satisfy this relation. Our test is sensitive only to dim and hard bursts, and therefore this relation might still hold as an inequality (i.e. there are no intrinsically bright and soft bursts). We conclude that the observed relation seen in the sample of bursts with known redshift might be influenced by observational biases and the inability to locate and to localize well hard and weak bursts that have only a small number of photons. In particular, we point out that the threshold for detection, localization and redshift measurement is essentially higher than the threshold for detection alone. We predict that Swift will detect some hard and weak bursts that would be outliers to the EpEi relation. However, we cannot quantify this prediction. We stress the importance of understanding the detection–localization–redshift threshold for the coming Swift detections.
The Structure of a Small, Intense Hurricane—Inez 1966

Abstract This is the third in a series of articles about hurricane structure and budgets. The two preceding articles, LeSeur and Hawkins (1963), and Hawkins and Rubsam (1968), dealt with a weak and a moderate hurricane (respectively). Hurricane Inez is described here in a very small, intense state and, as such, deserves its own place in the hierarchy of models. It is strongly recommended that the previous articles be kept available for comparison. On 28 September when the storm was most intense, the inflow layer appeared to extend no higher the 750 mb level. Budgets constructed for this layer suggested (when taken with other data) a nonlinear relationship between the drag coefficient and the wind speed, moisture convergence in the inflow layer led to postulated rainfall rates ranging from 0.15 in h−1 in the 40 to 50 n mi annulus to 1.9 in h−1 in the 0 to 10 n mi circle. Bowen ratios ranged from 0.11 to 0.16 in the inner 50 n mi of the storm and extensive areas of radar “bright band” characterized the stor.
Masking of Speech by Line‐Spectrum Interference

Two series of intelligibility tests were conducted. In the tests, speech was presented against a background of interference. The line‐spectrum interference consisted of from 4 to 256 sinusoids, superposed in a linear adder. Three different spacings of the components in frequency, and several different distributions of power among the components, were studied. Tests with continuous‐spectrum random noise were made for comparison.The over‐all interference power required to reduce intelligibility to a given level decreases as the number of components in the interference increase. The drop is about 10 db in the decade from 4 to 40 components. Beyond 40, there is much less change. Even 256 components, however, mask measurably less effectively than random noise of equivalent power in the band 200–6100 cps. For a given number of components, the line‐spectrum interference most detrimental to intelligibility has the same number of components in each frequency band of equal contribution to intelligibility, and its c.
Picosecond photoconducting Hertzian dipoles

The generation transmission, and detection of extremely rapid electromagnetic pulses have been achieved using fast photoconducting materials as time‐varying Hertzian dipoles. This approach, which has a measured time response of 1.6 ps, overcomes many of the limitations imposed by transmission line structures, and due to its jitter‐free behavior and open geometry is ideally suited for transient electromagnetic measurements of materials.
Scrambled net variance for integrals of smooth functions

Hybrids of equidistribution and Monte Carlo methods of integration can achieve the superior accuracy of the former while allowing the simple error estimation methods of the latter. One version, randomized (t, m, s)-nets, has the property that the integral estimates are unbiased and that the variance is o(1/n), for any square integrable integrand. Stronger assumptions on the integrand allow one to find rates of convergence. This paper shows that for smooth integrands over s dimensions, the variance is of order n -3 (log n) 3-1 , compared to n -1 for ordinary Monte Carlo. Thus the integration errors are of order n -3/2 (log n) (s-1)/2 in probability. This compares favorably with the rate n -1 (log n) s-1 for unrandomized (t, m, s)-nets.
Attosecond physics comes of age: from tracing to steering electrons at sub-atomic scales

Efforts to access ever shorter time scales are motivated by the endeavour to explore the microcosm in ever smaller dimensions. At the turn of the millennium, one and a half decades after the first real-time observation of molecular dynamics with femtosecond laser pulses (1 fs = 10-15 s), we witnessed the emergence of sub-femtosecond (that is: attosecond) pulses (1 as = 10-18 s). They have been produced in the extreme ultraviolet regime by nonlinear frequency conversion of femtosecond laser pulses. A precise control of the hyperfast electric field oscillations of the driving femtosecond pulses not only allowed the controlled generation of single attosecond pulses and their full characterization but also, for the first time, steering and tracing the atomic-scale motion of electrons.
TRANSFER FUNCTIONS FOR RIGID RECTANGULAR FOUNDATIONS

Closed-form expressions and comprehensive numerical solutions are presented for the transfer functions of surface-supported, rigid, rectangular foundations excited by horizontally polarized, incoherent shear waves for which the motions are parallel to one of the foundation sides. The free-field ground motion is specified stochastically in terms of a local power spectral density function and an orthotropic incoherence function which decays exponentially with the square of the excitation frequency and the separation distance. The response quantities examined include the lateral and torsional components of the foundation motion. Displayed graphically, the results elucidate the effects and relative importance of the numerous parameters involved. For vertically incident incoherent wave fields, the lateral transfer function of a rectangular foundation is related to that of a judiciously selected square foundation, and the interrelationship of the results is examined.
SUPERHUMPS IN CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES. I. T LEONIS

We report photometry of the dwarf nova T Leonis during its 1993 supermaximum. The principal outburst lasted approximately 20 days, during which large-amplitude superhumps were consistently seen in the light curve. The mean period was 86.7 ± 0.1 minutes, about 2.4% longer than the orbital period determined from radial-velocity measurements. Analysis of data obtained during the 1987 supermaximum implies that the superhump period decreased slowly, with dP/dt=-6 x 10-5, or dP/dm=-6 min/mag. These are typical values for SU UMa-type dwarf novae. At the end of the outburst, the star suddenly brightened again to magnitude 13, from which it declined on a timescale of about 1 day and without superhumps. It is possible that this event was a normal outburst. This suggests that superoutbursts can trigger normal outbursts, and may explain the "bump" frequently found in the light curves of SU UMa stars very late in a superoutburst.