Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Outcome in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Active management of ruptured intracranial aneurysm in subarachnoid hemorrhage is indicated in patients with favorable prognosis. Outcome prediction is based on patient characteristics and clinical and radiological factors. Current clinical grading scales are imprecise, with low interobserver reproducibility. Therefore, outcome prediction remains inconsistent and decision making becomes difficult, especially for patients with poor clinical grade. Methods— The possible relationship between apolipoprotein E genotype and the outcome of patients suffering spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage was investigated. A prospective study was conducted on all patients with spontaneous aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage admitted to our unit during a 2-year period. All patients were managed according to standard protocol, and treatments were given according to their clinical grading. Patient characteristics, clinical grade, radiological grade, and apolipoprotein E genotype were documented. The focus of the study was the 6-month neurological outcome for this group of patients after they were discharged. Results— Seventy-two patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were admitted to the Prince of Wales Hospital in Shatin, Hong Kong, China, from February 1998 to February 2000. Their ages ranged from 24 to 95 years of age, with a mean (SD) age of 58.3 (15.0) years. Apolipoprotein E ϵ4 was found in 15 patients (21%). At 6 months, Glasgow Outcome Scale score ≤3 was found in 29 patients (40%). Univariate analysis showed that older patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.07;P =0.07) and patients with poor Fisher’s grade (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.3 to 15.2;P =0.01), poor World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade (OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 1.9 to 17.8;P =0.002), or apolipoprotein E ϵ4 (OR, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.7 to 21.3;P =0.006) were more likely to attain unfavorable outcome at 6 months. The additional effect of apolipoprotein E ϵ4 remained significant in the multiple logistic regression model (OR, 11.3; 95% CI, 2.2 to 57.0;P =0.003); the gain in predictive performance was not significant (P =0.26). Conclusions— Apolipoprotein E ϵ4 genotype is related to poor outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Personal and social influences regarding oral sex among African American female adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To identify personal and social factors associated with performing oral sex among female adolescents. METHODS Sexually active African American female adolescents (n = 715) recruited from sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics were assessed for self-esteem, sexual sensation seeking, unprotected vaginal sex (UVS), self-efficacy to communicate about sex and to refuse sex, fear of negotiating condoms, relationship power, peer norms surrounding risky sexual behavior, ever having performed oral sex, and three vaginally acquired STIs. RESULTS Prevalence for at least one STI was 29%. More than half reported performing oral sex. Controlling for age, performing oral sex was associated with relatively higher sexual sensation seeking, any UVS in past 60 days, relatively lower self-efficacy to refuse sex, and having peer norms supportive of risky sexual behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Given the potential for epidemic spread of orally acquired STIs to populations of female adolescents residing in communities with high rates of STI prevalence, this initial research provides guidance for intervention development and expanded research efforts.
Are there autoantibodies reacting against citrullinated peptides derived from type I and type II collagens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?

Objectives: To assess the possible presence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of autoantibodies recognising citrullinated peptides derived from type I and II collagens. Methods: Firstly, the binding of four pairs of synthetic peptides (arginine-containing and artificially citrullinated forms) related to different regions of human type II collagen were tested with sera from 120 patients with RA and 81 controls. Secondly, two similar pairs of peptides related to the carboxy terminal telopeptides of the α1 and α2 chains of human type I collagen were tested. Results: 42–53% of the RA sera showed increased binding of arginine peptides related to type II collagen. However, 12 RA sera bound the citrullinated form of the α1(II) telopeptide more strongly than the corresponding arginine peptide. 20 RA sera bound the citrullinated carboxytelopeptide from the α1 chain of type I collagen (α1(I) telopeptide) more strongly than the respective arginine peptide. The correlation between the autoantibodies to type I and II collagen telopeptides was rs = 0.576, p<0.001. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) assay was positive in 71/120 (59%) patients with RA. An anti-CCP assay detects a different subgroup of antibodies than anti-telopeptide assays. However, both anti-telopeptide and anti-CCP antibodies were increased in patients with RA. Conclusion: Some patients with RA were identified whose sera contained antibodies that specifically bound citrullinated peptides related to the carboxy terminal telopeptides of the α1 and α2 chains of type I collagen and the α1 chains of type II collagen (sequences YYXA, FYXA, and YMXA, where X stands for citrulline).
Mao's China: A History of the People's Republic

geopolitical factors such as the removal of the KMT to the landlord-dominated west and southwest of China during the war with Japan. McFarlane's provocative analysis in this chapter will engage the China scholar in old debates, but it assumes a lot of the novice reader, especially the discussion of geopolitical factors. The following chapters are somewhat more even methodologically. McFarlane's chapter on the economy after 1949 is an excellent survey which emphasizes the improvement in the quality of "human resources"—levels of education, health, cultural activities, and participation in the decision-making process—as well as economic growth. He does not emphasize the struggle over policy as much as he might have, but his summary of the Communists' economic model is concise and not dated by recent events. Colin Mackerras's two chapters on Chinese society and culture concentrate on family life, religion, thought, and education, and on the arts. He finds very little to admire in the traditional system and deals with it somewhat superficially. For instance, in discussing the effect of Confucianism on the family, he makes no distinction between social classes or urban and rural areas. Nevertheless, the chapters, overall, provide a good introductory survey. They also convey Mackerras's intimacy with his topic, derived from two years' residence in China as well as from his many years of scholarly work. The final two chapters on foreign relations, by Edmund Fung (assisted by Mackerras in the last one), raise a great many controversial issues, which are not made explicit. For instance, Fung states categorically that the KMT made no attempt to regain territory lost to the Japanese—an accusation that is hotly denied on Taiwan and has been little researched. But again, like his colleagues, Fung provides a good survey that succeeds in being "both informative and interpretive. " If I were to assign one book on China to a novice on the subject, it would not be this one. But I would happily recommend it as one of a number of introductory books worth reading. At the end of the book the authors state that they will have achieved their purpose if the reader's curiosity has been excited and he or she has become aware of problems related to China. If these modest criteria are the final standard of judgment, the book is a success.
Knowledge and power: the interface between religion and education in China

Abstract Religion is becoming increasingly popular among students in post-Mao China, especially in the higher education arena. This growing interest in religion poses a potential challenge to the compulsory Marxist ideology taught in the school curriculum. Focusing on a group of university student believers from different religious traditions, this study explores how Chinese students negotiate their religious beliefs with the Marxism-based knowledge acquired from primary to tertiary educational levels. Three patterns are observed in the religious students’ accounts: (a) grounding in religious conviction; (b) negotiation through lived experience; and (c) deconstruction of Marxist thought from an academic perspective. Drawing on Young’s theoretical concept of the ‘knowledge of the powerful’, this study reveals an interplay between the different forms of knowledge that shape religious students’ beliefs and identities in China.
Environmental Perception and Sense of Responsibility of the Tourism Industry in Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan

This paper attempts to elicit the underlying reasons why and how people within the tourism industry perceive the natural environment and how they regard their own responsibility for environmental management. As East Asian culture is believed to have different attitudes and values towards the natural environment and resources when compared to Western culture, it is hypothesised that there will be a corresponding difference in how they view the relationship between nature and tourism. Although this is not an East–West comparative study, it nevertheless aims to discern if there is any structural variation in perception within East Asian countries. To this end, a questionnaire was conducted in Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan in 1994 and the data were analysed by Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). The analysis shows that authoritarianism and an anthropocentric market approach to the natural environment and resources affect the perception of tourism activities across cultures. Minor cultural differences were found in the perceptual construct of nature and tourist activities.
Pubic hair removal among women in the United States: prevalence, methods, and characteristics.

INTRODUCTION Although women's total removal of their pubic hair has been described as a "new norm," little is known about the pubic hair removal patterns of sexually active women in the United States. AIMS The purpose of this study was to assess pubic hair removal behavior among women in the United States and to examine the extent to which pubic hair removal methods are related to demographic, relational, and sexual characteristics, including female sexual function. METHODS A total of 2,451 women ages 18 to 68years completed a cross-sectional Internet-based survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic items (e.g., age, education, sexual relationship status, sexual orientation), cunnilingus in the past 4weeks, having looked closely at or examined their genitals in the past 4weeks, extent and method of pubic hair removal over the past 4weeks, the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). RESULTS Women reported a diverse range of pubic hair-grooming practices. Women's total removal of their pubic hair was associated with younger age, sexual orientation, sexual relationship status, having received cunnilingus in the past 4weeks, and higher scores on the FGSIS and FSFI (with the exception of the orgasm subscale). CONCLUSION Findings suggest that pubic hair styles are diverse and that it is more common than not for women to have at least some pubic hair on their genitals. In addition, total pubic hair removal was associated with younger age, being partnered (rather than single or married), having looked closely at one's own genitals in the previous month, cunnilingus in the past month, and more positive genital self-image and sexual function.
Party Management of Talent: Building a Party‐led, Merit‐based Talent Market in China

This study examines major policy measures that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders have adopted to establish a party-led, merit-based talent management system to cope with a talent deficit in the reform era. It also assesses the effectiveness of these measures at both national and local levels. This study argues that although merit principles are never entirely missing from China's cadre personnel management, they have been given increasing priority in managing the cadre corps and recruiting global experts to China during the past three decades. This study shows that the CCP personnel management policies are in substantial and adaptive evolution, which is important for understanding the nature of human resource management in post-Mao China.
Human factors in East Asian virtual teamwork: a comparative study of Indonesia, Taiwan and Vietnam

Abstract There has been considerable research into the technical aspects of virtual teams. By contrast, few studies have focused on their ‘human factors’, such as the way team members cooperate within the context of cross-national boundaries. This study applies a ‘mixed method’ approach to research virtual teams in three Asian economies: Indonesia, Taiwan and Vietnam. We find that critical human factors, including individual cultural intelligence, cultural openness and self-efficacy, significantly influence team member knowledge sharing willingness in cross-national virtual teams. However, a positive relationship between team member knowledge sharing willingness and knowledge sharing behaviour is not supported because other elements, such as interpersonal trust, leadership, team interaction and member language ability, can significantly affect the effect of the above mentioned factors on virtual team knowledge sharing. Our study offers a new model to improve the study of virtual teamwork and provides practical applications for managing cross-national teams, especially in the selection, training and development of team members.
Prevalence of multiple drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases in Northeast India

Two numbers of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Gossingpara, Runikhata area in Chirang district of Assam had shown multiple mutations in Pfcrt-dhfr-dhps gene (up to seven mutations: One mutation in Pfcrt gene, three mutations in Pfdhfr gene and three mutations in Pfdhps gene). Similarly, two cases in Bat camp, Miao area under Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh had shown a total of eight mutations, of which one mutation in Pfcrt gene, three mutations in Pfdhfr gene, three mutations in Pfdhps gene and one mutation in PfATPase6 gene. One case in 3 Miles, Miao area of Changlang district has shown mutations in Pfcrt(one mutation), Pfdhfr(four mutations) and Pfdhps(three mutations) gene. These results indicated that there is an existence of multiple mutant P. falciparum malaria cases in northeastern region of India.
[Physical anthropology studies at Keijo Imperial University Medical School].

Medical research during the Japanese Colonial Period became systematic and active after the Keijo Imperial University Medical School was established in 1926. Various kinds of research were conducted there including pharmacological, physiological, pathological and parasitological research. The Keijo Imperial University was give a mission to study about Korea. Urgent topics for medical research included control of infectious diseases, hygiene and environmental health that might have affected colonizing bodies of the Japanese as well as the colonized. The bodies of Koreans had been studied by Japanese even before the establishment of the University. The Keijo Imperial University research team, however, organized several field studies for physical anthropology and blood typing research at the national scale to get representative sampling of the people from its north to its south of the Korean peninsula. In the filed, they relied upon the local police and administrative power to gather reluctant women and men to measure them in a great detail. The physical anthropology and blood typing research by the Japanese researchers was related to their eagerness to place Korean people in the geography of the races in the world. Using racial index R.I. (= (A%+AB%)/(B%+AB%)), the Japanese researchers put Koreans as a race between the Mongolian and the Japanese. The preoccupation with constitution and race also pervasively affected the medical practice: race (Japanese, Korean, or Japanese living in Korea) must be written in every kind of medical chart as a default. After the breakout of Chinese-Japanese War in 1937, the Keijo Imperial University researchers extended its physical anthropology field study to Manchuria and China to get data on physics of the people in 1940. The Japanese government and research foundations financially well supported the Keijo Imperial University researchers and the field studies for physical anthropology in Korea, Manchuria and China. The physical anthropology research was actively conducted hand in hand with imperialistic expansion, and driven by zeal for measuring the body.
HIV risk, seropositivity and predictors of infection among homeless and non-homeless women sex workers in Miami, Florida, USA

Although homelessness has frequently been associated with substance abuse, and has been established as a predictor of HIV risk among substance abusers, little is known about the impact of homelessness on HIV risk among female sex workers. This analysis investigated the contribution of homelessness to sexual risk taking among a sample of 485 female sex workers recruited into an HIV prevention programme in Miami, Florida, 41.6% of whom considered themselves to be currently homeless. Findings indicated that in comparison to non-homeless sex workers, significantly more homeless sex workers were daily users of alcohol and crack, and their past month sex work reflected significantly more frequent vaginal and oral sex acts, higher levels of unprotected vaginal sex and more numerous sexual activities while ‘high’ on drugs. At the same time, a significantly greater proportion of homeless sex workers encountered customers that refused to use condoms than did the non-homeless sex workers. There were no significant differences in HIV seropositivity between the homeless and non-homeless women (22.5 and 24.9%, respectively), primarily because the majority of the women in the study cycled in and out of homelessness.
HIV, STD, and hepatitis risk behaviors of young men before and after incarceration

Abstract High rates of HIV, STD and hepatitis and associated risk behaviors have been documented among persons entering correctional facilities. However, there is a paucity of data on risk behaviors after release from custody. This study documents risk behaviors and informs intervention development targeting young men leaving incarcerated settings. We enrolled and interviewed 106 men from five prisons up to 60 days prior to their release from prison and interviewed them again four times after their release (at 1-week, 1-, 3- and 6-months). At enrollment, men were 18–29 years of age. Nearly 54% identified as African American, while 27% identified as White, 10% identified as Hispanic/Latino and 10% identified as “other”. Approximately 83% had been incarcerated multiple times, 37% reported a prior STD diagnosis and their mean lifetime number of sex partners was 36 (median = 20). Many reported multiple sex partners and inconsistent condom use after release. A significant decrease in condom use during vaginal sex with primary committed female partners and in oral sex with both committed and casual female partners after release from prison were reported from 1–6 months. These young men are at sexual risk of HIV, STD and hepatitis infection after release from prison. Interventions are needed to prevent this population from acquiring and transmitting HIV, STD and hepatitis.
Effectiveness of Repeat Single-Dose Nevirapine for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 in Repeat Pregnancies in Uganda

Background: Single-dose nevirapine (SDNVP) is widely used to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-limited settings. Given detection of resistant mutants among women who receive SDNVP, concerns have arisen over the efficacy of SDNVP in repeat pregnancies. Methods: Retrospective data were collected from SDNVP-exposed and -unexposed women from the HIV Network for Prevention 012 trial who subsequently received SDNVP in another pregnancy. Prospective data were collected from pregnant women who were SDNVP exposed or unexposed before delivery. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to estimate rates of HIV infection and HIV-free survival among infants born to women with or without prior SDNVP exposure. Results: In the retrospective cohort, the infection rates were 11.3% and 16.7% for 104 infants of NVP-exposed and -unexposed mothers, respectively (P = 0.41). In the prospective cohort, among 103 infants of NVP-exposed and -unexposed mothers, the 12-month infant HIV infection rates were 20.5% and 18.7% (P = 0.81) and HIV-free survival rates were 74.4% and 78.1% (P = 0.66), respectively. Conclusions: There was no increased risk of infant HIV infection among SDNVP-exposed women compared with -unexposed women. These findings support current international guidelines to offer SDNVP to HIV-infected pregnant women, regardless of previous SDNVP exposure, when more complex prophylaxis regimens are not available.
Coping in spouses of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the usage and perceived effectiveness of coping strategies of spouses of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Taiwan, the Republic of China, during the acute phase of the illness. DESIGN Survey. SETTING Visitors room for a coronary care unit in Taiwan, the Republic of China. SUBJECTS Twenty-one female and 10 male spouses of patients with acute myocardial infarction. OUTCOME MEASURES The Revised Ways of Coping Scale was modified to assess both frequency of use and perceived effectiveness of coping strategies. It was also translated into Chinese. RESULTS Seeking Social Support was the most frequently used coping strategy, whereas Confrontive Coping was used the least. There were significant positive relationships between the extent of usage of coping strategies and their perceived effectiveness. Men used Planful Problem-Solving more often and found it be more effective than did women; they also found the Self-Controlling and Accepting Responsibility strategies to be more effective than did women. Older spouses reported the Planful Problem-Solving strategy to be more effective than did younger subjects. The more family members living with a spouse, the less Accepting Responsibility was used as a coping strategy. CONCLUSIONS Spouses of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Taiwan, the Republic of China, report using a variety of coping strategies. Those used most often are perceived to be the most effective.
Equal Representation by Search Engines? A Comparison of Websites across Countries and Domains

The study examined search engine coverage of websites across countries and domains. Websites in four domains (commercial, educational, governmental, and organizational) from four countries (U.S., China, Singapore, and Taiwan) were randomly sampled by custom-built computer programs and then manually filtered for their suitability for the study. Representation of the 1,664 sampled sites in four major search engines (Google, Yahoo! , MSN, and Yahoo! China) was examined in terms of whether the site was covered and the number of pages indexed by the search engines. The study found that U.S. sites received higher coverage rates than their counterparts in other countries. The language of a site did not affect the site’s chance of being indexed by search engines. Sites that were more visible had a higher chance of being indexed, but this factor did not seem to explain the differentiated coverage across countries. Yahoo! China provided better coverage of sites from China and surrounding regions than its global counterpart, Yahoo! The poor coverage of Chinese commercial and governmental sites is noted and the implications are discussed in light of the tremendous development of the Web in China.