Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SIGNAL DISCOVERY, LIMITS, AND UNCERTAINTIES WITH SPARSE ON/OFF MEASUREMENTS: AN OBJECTIVE BAYESIAN ANALYSIS

For decades researchers have studied the On/Off counting problem where a measured rate consists of two parts. One part is due to a signal process and the other is due to a background process, the magnitudes for both of which are unknown. While most frequentist methods are adequate for large number counts, they cannot be applied to sparse data. Here, I want to present a new objective Bayesian solution that only depends on three parameters: the number of events in the signal region, the number of events in the background region, and the ratio of the exposure for both regions. First, the probability of the counts only being due to background is derived analytically. Second, the marginalized posterior for the signal parameter is also derived analytically. With this two-step approach it is easy to calculate the signal's significance, strength, uncertainty, or upper limit in a unified way. This approach is valid without restrictions for any number count, including zero, and may be widely applied in particle physics, cosmic-ray physics, and high-energy astrophysics. In order to demonstrate the performance of this approach, I apply the method to gamma-ray burst data.
High Resolution Echelle Spectroscopy of Two High Proper Motion Stars: HD 102870 and BD+20 3603

A chemical abundance analysis is made of two F type high proper motion stars selected from the {\sc ELODIE} library. We use high resolution (R=42\,000) and high signal to noise ratio (S/N=103, 36 $-$per$-$pixel) \'echelle spectra from the {\sc ELODIE} library of HD\,102870 and BD\,+20\,3603, as two representative F type high proper motion stars, to determine fundamental parameters and photospheric abundances of 16 chemical elements including slow (s)$-$ and rapid (r)$-$process elements from Y to Ba. The chemical composition and kinematic parameters of the stars imply that they belong to different Galactic populations: we report HD\,102870, an IAU standard radial velocity star, to be a thin disk star and BD\,+20\,3603, a metal-poor HPM star, to be a halo star.
Pairing effects in the nondegenerate limit of the two-dimensional Fermi gas

The spectral function of a spin-balanced two-dimensional Fermi gas with short-range interactions is calculated by means of a quantum cluster expansion. Good qualitative agreement is found with a recent experiment by Feld $\textit{et al.}$ [Nature (London) $\textbf{480}$, 75 (2011)]. The effects of pairing are clearly visible in the density of states, which displays a suppression of spectral weight due to the formation of a two-body bound state. In addition, the momentum distribution and the radio-frequency spectrum are derived, which are in excellent agreement with exact universal results. It is demonstrated that in the limit of high temperature, the quasiparticle excitations are well defined, allowing for a kinetic description of the gas.
Finite-size corrections for ground states of Edwards-Anderson spin glasses

Extensive computations of ground-state energies of the Edwards-Anderson spin glass on bond-diluted, hypercubic lattices are conducted in dimensions d=3, …, 7. Results are presented for bond densities exactly at the percolation threshold, p=pc, and deep within the glassy regime, p>pc, where finding ground states is one of the hardest combinatorial optimization problems. Finite-size corrections of the form 1/Nω are shown to be consistent throughout with the prediction ω=1−y/d, where y refers to the “stiffness” exponent that controls the formation of domain wall excitations at low temperatures. At p=pc, an extrapolation for d→∞ appears to match our mean-field results for these corrections. In the glassy phase, however, ω does not approach its anticipated mean-field value of 2/3, obtained from simulations of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin glass on an N-clique graph. Instead, the value of ω reached at the upper critical dimension matches another type of mean-field spin glass models, namely those on sparse random networks of regular degree called Bethe lattices.
Spin transfer in magnetic nanopillars

This thesis describes experimental studies of spin-transfer induced magnetization switching and dynamics in bilayer magnetic nanopillars. Known as the spin transfer effect, a spin-polarized current can transfer its angular momentum to a magnetic layer, resulting in its reversal as well as microwave dynamics. It has become a major focus in both physics and technology. Our nanostructured spin valve junctions are fabricated using two different processes. The first one is the nanostencil process, where pillar structures are deposited into pre-defined stencil holes with submicron lateral dimensions, and extended leads are patterned using lithography. The other one is the subtractive process, where pillar structures are formed by etching pre-deposited magnetic films. Junctions were patterned so that current flows perpendicularly to the layer surface. Low frequency transport measurements were conducted on asymmetric Co/ Cu/ Co spin valve junctions with large perpendicular applied magnetic field to study the current needed to excite magnetization dynamics as a function of thin magnetic layer thickness. The critical current density decreases as the free layer
Prognostic Value of GIMAP4 and Its Role in Promoting Immune Cell Infiltration into Tumor Microenvironment of Lung Adenocarcinoma

GIMAPs are recognized as an important regulator in the carcinogenesis and development of lung cancer, but the function of GIMAP4 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of lung cancers is unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression and variation of GIMAP4 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), to explore its association with infiltration of immune cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data were analyzed. Infiltration of immune cells was identified with TIMER (Tumor Immune Estimation Resource) and TISIDB (an integrated repository portal for tumor-immune system interactions). GIMAP4 expression declined in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), correlated with a poor overall survival (OS) in LUAD, indicating that GIMAP4 was a promising prognostic biomarker in LUAD. GIMAP4 mutation frequency was 1.76% in TCGA cohort and was relevant to the expression of immune components. TIMER and CIBERSORT analysis further confirmed that high GIMAP4 expression possibly promoted immune cell infiltration into the TME, with low GIMAP4 impairing the efficacy of immunotherapies targeting common immune check point inhibitors (ICI). GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analyses were performed to provide insights into biological processes involved in LUAD. GIMAP4 was expected to be a prognostic biomarker in LUAD and provides potential adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapeutic strategies for targeting ICIs.
Optimization of the radiation hardness of silicon pixel sensors for high x-ray doses using TCAD simulations

The European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) will deliver 27000 fully coherent, high brilliance X-ray pulses per second each with a duration below 100 fs. This will allow the recording of diffraction patterns of single molecules and the study of ultra-fast processes. One of the detector systems under development for the XFEL is the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD), which consists of a pixel array with readout ASICs bump-bonded to a silicon sensor with pixels of 200 × 200 μm2. The particular requirements for the detector are a high dynamic range (0, 1 up to 105 12 keV photons/XFEL-pulse), a fast read-out and radiation tolerance up to doses of 1 GGy of 12 keV X-rays for 3 years of operation. At this X-ray energy no bulk damage in silicon is expected. However fixed oxide charges in the SiO2 layer and interface traps at the Si-SiO2 interface will build up. As function of the 12 keV X-ray dose the microscopic defects in test structures and the macroscopic electrical properties of segmented sensors have been investigated. From the test structures the oxide charge density, the density of interface traps and their properties as function of dose have been determined. It is found that both saturate (and even decrease) for doses above a few MGy. For segmented sensors surface damage introduced by the X-rays increases the full depletion voltage, the surface leakage current and the inter-pixel capacitance. In addition an electron accumulation layer forms at the Si-SiO2 interface which increases with dose and decreases with applied voltage. Using TCAD simulations with the dose dependent damage parameters obtained from the test structures the results of the measurements can be reproduced. This allows the optimization of the sensor design for the XFEL requirements.
The Concept of Probability in Quantum Mechanics

From about the beginning of the twentieth century experimental physics amassed an impressive array of strange phenomena which demonstrated the inadequacy of classical physics. The attempts to discover a theoretical structure for the new phenomena led at first to a confusion in which it appeared that light, and electrons, sometimes behaved like waves and sometimes like particles. This apparent inconsistency was completely resolved in 1926 and 1927 in the theory called quantum mechanics. The new theory asserts that there are experiments for which the exact outcome is fundamentally unpredictable, and that in these cases one has to be satisfied with computing probabilities of various outcomes. But far more fundamental was the discovery that in nature the laws of combining probabilities were not those of the classical probability theory of Laplace. I want to discuss here the laws of probability of quantum mechanics. The subject is over twenty years old and has been expertly discussed in many places. My only excuse for speaking about it again is the hope that, being mathematicians, all of you may not have heard of it in detail. And you may be delighted to learn that Nature with her infinite imagination has found another set of principles for determining probabilities; a set other than that of Laplace, which nevertheless does not lead to logical inconsistencies. We shall see that the quantum mechanical laws of the physical world approach very closely the laws of Laplace as the size of the objects involved in the experiments increases. Therefore, the laws of probabilities which are conventionally applied are quite satisfactory in analyzing the behavior of the roulette wheel but not the behavior of a single electron or a photon of light. I should say, that in spite of the implication of the title of this talk the concept of probability is not altered in quantum mechanics. When I say the probability of a certain outcome of an experiment is p, I mean the conventional thing, that is, if the experiment is repeated many times one expects that the fraction of those which give the outcome in question is roughly p. I will not be at all concerned with analyzing or defining this concept in more detail, for no departure from the concept used in classical statistics is required. What is changed, and changed radically, is the method of calculating probabilities. The effect of this change is greatest when dealing with objects of atomic dimensions. For this reason we shall illustrate the laws of quantum mechanics by describing the results to be expected in some experiments dealing with a single electron. The experiment is illustrated in figure 1. At A we have a source of electrons S. The electrons at S all have the same
Metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors with ZrO2 dielectrics grown on In0.53Ga0.47As by chemical beam deposition

Zirconium oxide films were grown by chemical beam deposition with zirconium tert-butoxide as the source on (2×4) reconstructed, n-type In0.53Ga0. 47As surfaces obtained after As decapping. Optimized growth conditions yielded ZrO2/In0.53Ga0. 47As interfaces that were free of second phases. Capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements with different top electrodes showed a frequency dispersion of less than 2% per decade in accumulation. The accumulation capacitance and horizontal position of the CV curve were independent of temperature, while the inversion capacitance was strongly temperature dependent. Flat band voltages correlated with the work function of the metal electrode.
Pour un enseignement efficace du français, langue seconde ou étrangère (L2), aux Autochtones du Québec

Cet article vise à sensibiliser les intervenants de français (L2), qu’ils travaillent avec des Autochtones ou avec des allochtones, à l’importance de la spécificité de l’enseignement du français L2 aux Autochtones du Québec. Il indique pourquoi cet enseignement doit être spécifique et en quoi il doit être spécifique, compte tenu de divers aspects et présente aussi des notes théoriques et pratiques portant sur cet enseignement.
Estimation of cosmological parameters from neutral hydrogen observations of the post-reionization epoch

The emission from neutral hydrogen (HI) clouds in the post-reionization era (z{<=}6), too faint to be individually detected, is present as a diffuse background in all low frequency radio observations below 1420 MHz. The angular and frequency fluctuations of this radiation ({approx}1 mK) are an important future probe of the large-scale structures in the Universe. We show that such observations are a very effective probe of the background cosmological model and the perturbed Universe. In our study we focus on the possibility of determining the redshift-space distortion parameter {beta}, coordinate distance r{sub {nu}}, and its derivative with redshift r{sub {nu}}{sup '}. Using reasonable estimates for the observational uncertainties and configurations representative of the ongoing and upcoming radio interferometers, we predict parameter estimation at a precision comparable with supernova Ia observations and galaxy redshift surveys, across a wide range in redshift that is only partially accessed by other probes. Future HI observations of the post-reionization era present a new technique, complementing several existing ones, to probe the expansion history and to elucidate the nature of the dark energy.
Zebrafish Model of Stickler Syndrome Suggests a Role for Col2a1a in the Neural Crest during Early Eye Development

Most cases of Stickler syndrome are due to autosomal-dominant COL2A1 gene mutations leading to abnormal type II collagen. Ocular findings include axial eye lengthening with vitreal degeneration and early-onset glaucoma, which can result in vision loss. Although COL2A1 is a major player in cartilage and bone formation, its specific role in eye development remains elusive. We investigated the role of Col2a1a in neural crest migration and differentiation during early zebrafish eye development. In situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, live imaging, exogenous treatments [10 μM diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), 100 nM all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and 1–3% ethanol (ETOH)] and morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) injections were used to analyze wildtype Casper (roy−/−;nacre−/−), TgBAC(col2a1a::EGFP), Tg(sox10::EGFP) and Tg(foxd3::EGFP) embryos. Col2a1a colocalized with Foxd3- and Sox10-positive cells in the anterior segment and neural crest-derived jaw. Col2a1a expression was regulated by RA and inhibited by 3% ETOH. Furthermore, MO knockdown of Col2a1a delayed jaw formation and disrupted the ocular anterior segment neural crest migration of Sox10-positive cells. Interestingly, human COL2A1 protein rescued the MO effects. Altogether, these results suggest that Col2a1a is a downstream target of RA in the cranial neural crest and is required for both craniofacial and eye development.
An investigation on the switching of asymmetric wake flow and the bi-stable flow states of a simplified heavy vehicle

This study investigates the effect of aspect ratios (Ra*) on the wake bi-stability behind the GTS model using improved delayed-detached eddy simulation (IDDES) at a Reynolds number of 2.7×104. Eight cases with Ra* in the range of Ra*∈[0.5, 2.0] have been considered to investigate the asymmetric wake flow and the corresponding aerodynamic response. The primary objective of this study is to reveal the mechanism of the Ra* effects on the GTS’s flow topology, asymmetric wake flow and the bi-stable flow switching process. The accuracy of the numerical method has been validated by comparing the recirculation bubble, vortex core and aerodynamic drag with those obtained from the previous large-eddy simulation study and the water channel experiment. The results show that three typical flow topologies (FT-I, FT-II and FT-III) are classified according to the drag coefficient and the length relation between the vertical and horizontal recirculation region. The vertical and horizontal asymmetric characteristics can be transformed between two adjacent flow topologies. Moreover, a switching process of the bi-stable wake flow is also observed as Ra* is equal to 0.71. Additionally, the ground motion can reverse the dominated flow state and inhibiting the corresponding switching process.
Diversity and Abundance of Soil Collembola during GM Rice Overexpressing Cry1B-Cry1Aa Cultivations at Four Confined Field Trials in West Java

Collembola (springtails) is an important soil biology indicator to monitor toxicity or ecological disturbances in the ecosystem. The impact of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice cv Rojolele events expressing Cry1B-Cry1Aa driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter resistant to yellow rice stem borer (YSB, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker) on non-target Collembola community was assessed. The experiment was performed at four locations under confined field trials according to the Indonesia’s environmental safety regulation on genetically engineered crops. Six transgenic rice events were tested with non-transgenic Rojolele and the moderately resistant IR42 rice varieties as controls. The experimental design was randomised block design with three replicates. Collembola were collected from the bunds between plots using pitfall and Berlese funnel traps at seedling, vegetative and generative stages, as well as at harvesting time. The results showed that Collembola abundance and diversity were significantly affected by both experimental sites and observation times. However, no significant differences in Collembola diversity and abundance between Bt rice and non-Bt controls were observed. Thus, we can conclude that the cultivation of the Bt rice cv Rojolele events expressing Cry1B-Cry1Aa protein fusion do not adversely affect biodiversity and abundance of Collembola at the four confined rice fields.
A nanoscale probe of the quasiparticle band structure for two dimensional electron systems

The advent of a broad class of two-dimensional (2D) electronic materials has provided avenues to create and study designer electronic quantum phases. The coexistence of superconductivity, magnetism, density waves, and other ordered phases on the surfaces and interfaces of these 2D materials are governed by interactions which can be experimentally tuned with increasing precision. This motivates the need to develop spectroscopic probes that are sensitive to these tuning parameters, with the objective of studying the electronic properties and emergence of order in these materials. In the first part of this thesis, we report on spectroscopic studies of the topological semimetal antimony (Sb). Our simultaneous observation of Landau quantization and quasiparticle interference phenomena on this material enables their quantitative reconciliation after two decades of their study on various materials. We use these observations to establish momentum-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (MR-STM) as a robust nanoscale band structure probe, and reconstruct the multi-component dispersion of Sb(111) surface states. We quantify surface state parameters relevant to spintronics applications, and clarify the relationship between bulk conductivity and surface state robustness. At low momentum, we find a crossover in the single particle behavior from massless Dirac to massive Rashba character a unique signature of topological surface states. In the second part of this thesis, we report on the spectroscopic study of charge density wave (CDW) order in the dichalcogenide 2H-NbSe2 a model system for understanding the interplay of coexisting CDW and superconducting phases. We detail the observation of a previously unknown unidirectional (stripe) CDW smoothly interfacing with the familiar triangular CDW on this material. Our low temperature measurements rule out thermal fluctuations and point to local strain as the tuning parameter for this quantum phase transition. The distinct wavelengths and tunneling spectra of the two CDWs, in conjunction with band structure calculations, enable us to resolve two longstanding debates about the anomalous spectroscopic gap and the role of Fermi surface nesting in the CDW phase of NbSe2. Our observations motivate further spectroscopic studies of the phase evolution of the CDW, and of NbSe 2 as a prototypical strong coupling density wave system in the vicinity of a quantum critical point.
White Noise Representation of Earthquakes

White-noise source used in conjunction with analog computer is convenient method of analyzing structures subjected to complex ground motions and of assigning probabilities to deformations arising; it is suggested that "standard large earthquake" be represented by "white" ground accelerations having flat spectral density of 0.75 ft\U2\N/sec\U4\N/cps and duration of 1/2 min.
Performance of a superconducting single photon detector with nano-antenna

The performance of single-photon detectors can be enhanced by using nano-antenna.The characteristics of the superconducting nano-wire single-photon detector with cavity plus anti-reflect coating and specially designed nanoantenna is analysed.The photon collection efficiency of the detector is enhanced without damaging the detector’s speed,thus getting rid of the dilemma of speed and efficiency.The characteristics of nano-antenna are discussed,such as the position and the effect of the active area,and the best result is given.The photon collection efficiency is increased by 92 times compared with that of existing detectors.
Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein Potently Restricts Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Endothelial Cells

PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) are dynamic macromolecular complexes that mediate intrinsic immunity against viruses of different families, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Upon HCMV infection, PML-NBs target viral genomes entering the nucleus and restrict viral immediate–early gene expression by epigenetic silencing. Studies from several groups performed in human fibroblast cells have shown that the major PML-NB components PML, Daxx, Sp100 and ATRX contribute to this repression in a cooperative manner. Their role for HCMV restriction in endothelial cells, however, has not yet been characterized although infected endothelium is thought to play a crucial role for HCMV dissemination and development of vascular disease in vivo. Here, we use conditionally immortalized umbilical vein endothelial cells (HEC-LTT) as a cell culture model to elucidate the impact of PML-NB proteins on lytic HCMV infection. Depletion of individual PML-NB proteins by lentiviral transduction showed a particularly strong antiviral effect of PML in HEC-LTT, compared to human fibroblasts. A closer characterization of this antiviral function revealed that PML may not only effectively inhibit HCMV immediate-early gene expression but also act at later steps of the viral replication cycle. At contrast, we surprisingly noted an antiviral behavior of Daxx in complementary approaches: Depletion of Daxx resulted in decreased viral gene expression, while overexpression of Daxx promoted HCMV infection. In summary, our data demonstrate a cell type-specific effect of PML-NB components on lytic HCMV infection and suggest an important role of PML in the inhibition of HCMV dissemination through infected endothelial cells.