Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Culture's Influence on Budget Emphasis: Some Method Issues and Further Evidence

ABSTRACT In light of some of the conflicting expectations and results obtained in a number of cross-cultural budget control studies, this study delineates a number of method issues and provides additional evidence of the relevance of national culture in the use of budgets for control purposes. Three method issues were put forward to explain the equivocal results found in the literature: the influence of multiple cultural dimensions; level of analysis and comparisons of means used to test hypotheses. These method issues are partly dealt with in the design of this study via measurement of cultural dimensions, using data from both local and foreign firms and using a budget emphasis instrument that suffers less from the method shortcomings in a cross-cultural comparability context. A hypothesis based on Hofstede's (1967, p. 281) statement ‘The game of budget control as I described it is a Western game’, is tested by a comparison of the use of budget criteria in performance evaluation between one Anglo-America.
On a conjecture concerning the number of solutions to $a^x+b^y=c^z$, II

Let $a$, $b$, $c$ be distinct primes with $a<b$. Let $S(a,b,c)$ denote the number of positive integer solutions $(x,y,z)$ of the equation $a^x + b^y = c^z$. In a previous paper \cite{LeSt} it was shown that if $(a,b,c)$ is a triple of distinct primes for which $S(a,b,c)>1$ and $(a,b,c)$ is not one of the six known such triples then $(a,b,c)$ must be one of three cases. In the present paper, we eliminate two of these cases (using the special properties of certain continued fractions for one of these cases, and using a result of Dirichlet on quartic residues for the other). Then we show that the single remaining case requires severe restrictions, including the following: $a=2$, $b \equiv 1 \bmod 48$, $c \equiv 17 \mod 48$, $b>10^9$, $c>10^{18}$; at least one of the multiplicative orders $u_c(b)$ or $u_b(c)$ must be odd (where $u_p(n)$ is the least integer $t$ such that $n^t \equiv 1 \bmod p$); 2 must be an octic residue modulo $c$ except for one specific case; $2 \mid v_2(b-1) \le v_2(c-1)$ (where $v_2(n)$ satisfies $2^{v_2(n)} \parallel n$); there must be exactly two solutions $(x_1, y_1, z_1)$ and $(x_2, y_2, z_2)$ with $1 = z_1<z_2$ and either $x_1 \ge 28$ or $x_2 \ge 88$. These results support a conjecture put forward in \cite{ScSt6} and improve results in \cite{LeSt}.
Fluvial carbon flux from headwater peatland streams: significance of particulate carbon flux

The extensive blanket peatlands of the UK uplands account for almost half of total national terrestrial carbon storage. However, much of the blanket peat is severely eroded so that the contemporary role of the peatland system in carbon sequestration is compromised by losses of organic carbon in dissolved (DOC) and particulate (POC) form in the fluvial system. This paper presents the first detailed assessment of dissolved and organic carbon losses from a severely eroded headwater peatland (River Ashop, South Pennines, UK). Total annual fluvial organic carbon losses range from 29–106 Mg C km,‐2 decreasing from the headwaters to the main catchment outlet. In contrast to less eroded systems fluvial organic carbon flux is dominated by POC. POC:DOC ratios decrease from values of 4 in the headwaters to close to unity at the catchment outlet. These results demonstrate the importance of eroding headwater sites as sources of POC to the fluvial system. Comparison with a range of catchment characteristics reveals that drainage density is the best predictor of POC:DOC but there is scatter in the relation in the headwaters. Steep declines in specific POC yield from headwater catchments are consistent with storage of POC within the fluvial system. Key to the significance of fluvial carbon flux in greenhouse gas budgets is understanding the fate of fluvial carbon. Further work on the fate of POC and the role of floodplains in fluvial carbon cycling is urgently required. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observations of Turbulence Mixing and Vorticity in a Littoral Surface Boundary Layer

Abstract Measurements of small-scale vorticity, turbulence velocity, and dissipation rates of turbulence kinetic energy e were taken in a littoral fetch-limited surface wave boundary layer. Drifters deployed on the surface formed convergence streaks with ∼1-m horizontal spacing within a few minutes. In the interior, however, no organized pattern of velocity, vorticity, or turbulence mixing intensity was found at a similar horizontal spatial scale. The turbulent Langmuir number La was 0.6–1.3, much larger than the 0.3 of the typical open ocean, suggesting comparable importance of wind-driven turbulence and Langmuir circulation. Observed e are explained by the wind-driven shear turbulence. The production rate of turbulence kinetic energy associated with the vortex force is about 10−7 W kg−1, slightly smaller than that generated by the wind-driven turbulence. The rms values of the streakwise component of vorticity σζ|| and the vertical component of vorticity σζz have a similar magnitude of ∼0.02 s−1. Vertica.
The Ashbya gossypii Genome as a Tool for Mapping the Ancient Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome

We have sequenced and annotated the genome of the filamentous ascomycete Ashbya gossypii. With a size of only 9.2 megabases, encoding 4718 protein-coding genes, it is the smallest genome of a free-living eukaryote yet characterized. More than 90% of A. gossypii genes show both homology and a particular pattern of synteny with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of this pattern revealed 300 inversions and translocations that have occurred since divergence of these two species. It also provided compelling evidence that the evolution of S. cerevisiae included a whole genome duplication orfusion of two related species and showed, through inferred ancient gene orders, which of the duplicated genes lost one copy and which retained both copies.
Ar/Ar geochronology of ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism in central China

The Dabie Shan of China contain the largest areal exposure of ultrahigh-pressure regional metamorphic rock known on Earth. The thermal history of these unusual rocks is central to understanding the tectonic processes responsible for their creation, preservation, and exhumation. Published ages of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and subsequent cooling range from Archean to Jurassic. By analyzing 21 Dabie hornblende, phengite, and biotite samples by the 40Ar/39Ar method, we find that (1) cooling from peak metamorphic temperatures to ∼300°C occurred between about 206 and 178 Ma; (2) widespread Cretaceous ages reflect reheating by a postultrahigh-pressure magmatic/extensional episode; (3) 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar ages older than 230 Ma, and perhaps 210 Ma, are geologically meaningless due to the incorporation of excess 40Ar; and (4) Dabie ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks are temporally related to blueschist-facies rocks farther west in the suture zone.
Design Flood Hydrograph Based on Multicharacteristic Synthesis Index Method

Flood events consist of flood peaks and flood volumes for various durations that are mutually correlated and need to be described by multiple variables. Conventional flood frequency analysis methods are generally based on the univariate distributions of either flood peaks or flood volumes, and hence only provide a limited assessment of flood events. In this paper, a multicharacteristic synthesis index (MSI) method is developed to describe flood hydrographs in an integrated way by considering the multiple characteristics synthetically, such as flood peak, 1-day maximum flood volume, 3-day maximum flood volume, 7-day maximum flood volume, etc. Annual maximum flood hydrograph series are sampled and then are transformed into corresponding MSI series by the MSI method. The quantile of the MSI series corresponding to a specified design return period is estimated by conventional flood frequency analysis method. A procedure for derivation of design flood hydrograph based on the MSI quantile is proposed. An applic.
Time-Variant Differences in Chemistry Among Four Small Streams

Concentrations of the major cations and silica were monitored in four small British Columbia Coast Mountain streams during the 1976 snowmelt season. The four streams could be grouped into three unique classes using logarithmically transformed calcium and potassium concentrations. The two most similar basins fed streams that were chemically indistinguishable. The next most similar basin yielded runoff that was chemically similar to the other two except for unusually low K+ concentration, possibly due to a shortage of biotite in the bedrock. The fourth stream had unusually high Ca++, Mg++, Na+, and silica concentrations due to the long residence time of groundwater from metamorphic rocks in its basin. Another different feature of that basin was the earlier depletion of its spring snowpack due to its south aspect. Time-variant differences in chemistry among streams were measured as changing ratios of solute concentrations over time. Differences among streams were time-variant due to time variance of interbasin runoff components. The relative contribution of groundwater increased in the basin with the metamorphic rocks and decreased in the other three basins over the summer. The chemical differences among streams were reflected in solute loads as well as solute concentrations. Therefore the major components of variable runoff and solute sources in the study area were high runoff and low solute yield from three basins on granite and low runoff but high solute yield from a basin on metamorphic rocks.
Head-dropping mechanism in traffic control

In this paper, we investigate the application of the head dropping policy as a partial solution to the problem of queue oscillation encountered by RED and its variants. With this method, instead of the tail dropping, which is currently used by RED and many other AQM schemes, the TCP source can be informed of the congestion occurring in the bottleneck router a time period earlier. Specifically, that is a time period of the queuing delay. We have compared DH-RED (drop head RED) and DH-BLUE (drop head BLUE) with the current RED and BLUE in a variety of situations and found that the performances such as the queue size stability as well as packet drop rate can be greatly improved.
Location Efficiency: Neighborhood and Socio-Economic Characteristics Determine Auto Ownership and Use - Studies in Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco

Auto ownership and mileage per car are shown to vary in a systematic and predictable fashion in response to neighborhood urban design and socio-economic characteristics in the Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco regions. In all three cases, average auto ownership is primarily a function of the neighborhood's residential density, average per capita income, average family size and the availability of public transit. Similarly, the average annual distance driven per car is a strong function of density, income, household size and public transit, and a weaker function of the pedestrian and bicycle friendliness of the community. The similarity of these relationships among the three metro areas, despite their differences in geography and age, suggests that similar relationships may be consistent throughout the United States or worldwide. The application of the results to other metro areas is discussed. The dependence of driving on the policy-related variables of residential density, transit access, and pedestrian and bicycle-friendliness may provide policy makers with additional tools for reducing the costs and environmental impacts of transportation.
River Flow Prediction Using an Integrated Approach

River flow predictions are needed in many water resource management activities. Hydrologists have relied on individual techniques such as time series, conceptual, or artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model the complex rainfall-runoff process in the past. These techniques, when used individually, provide reasonable accuracy in modeling and forecasting river flow. This paper presents an integrated approach for river flow prediction in an attempt to achieve better forecast accuracy. Specifically, three different models are presented for daily river flow prediction: a time series model of autoregressive type, a nonlinear conceptual model, and an integrated model. The conceptual model uses the Green-Ampt method to model infiltration, time area method to translate rainfall input in time, and a nonlinear reservoir for flood routing. The integrated model uses conceptual, ANN, genetic algorithm, data-decomposition, and model-fusion techniques. The data derived from the Kentucky River basin were employed to cali.
Ichnotaxonomy of microbial trace fossils in volcanic glass

Abstract: Ancient microbial activity in volcanic glass creates micron-sized cavities that can be regarded as trace fossils. These are common in glassy rims of oceanic pillow lavas and volcanic breccias. Morphologically comparable mineralized traces are also found in (meta)-volcanic glasses from ophiolites and Precambrian greenstone belts. Multiple lines of evidence indicate microbial formation of these borings, although the affinity of the trace maker(s) is poorly constrained. Two broad morphological types have been previously recognized and termed ’granular' and ’tubular' bioalteration textures. Here optical microscopy and SEM observations are used to erect two new ichnogenera: Granulohyalichnus igen. nov. and Tubulohyalichnus igen. nov. Five ichnospecies are also defined: Granulohyalichnus vulgaris isp. nov., a granular species; Tubulohyalichnus simplus isp. nov., an unornamented tubular species; Tubulohyalichnus annularis isp. nov., an annulated tubular species; Tubulohyalichnus spiralis isp. nov., a helicoidal tubular species; Tubulohyalichnus stipes isp. nov., a branched tubular species. This systematic taxonomy is advanced to allow reliable comparisons to be made between new and existing reports of these microbial borings. Moreover, the adoption of a taxonomic framework will aid the development of these ichnofossils as palaeoenvironmental indicators and tracers of microbial evolution.
Is the recently reported 65‐ to 70‐year surface‐temperature oscillation the result of climatic noise?

In a recent paper (Schlesinger and Ramankutty, 1994) we reported finding a 65- to 70-year oscillation in each of the four records of observed global-mean surface temperature. We also found that the oscillation does not exist everywhere over the earth, but rather only over the North Atlantic Ocean and its bordering continental regions of North America, Europe, and northern Africa. We proposed three possible causes for our finding: (1) random radiative forcing of the climate system, that is, climatic noise, (2) oscillatory forcing external to the climate system, such as by a variation in solar irradiance, and (3) an oscillation internal to the climate system, perhaps not unlike that of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, but with a longer timescale. In this paper we critically examine the first hypothesis. Our analysis shows that this hypothesis can be rejected at a very high level of statistical confidence.
Identification and significance of a visible, basalt‐rich Vedde Ash layer in a Late‐glacial sequence on the Isle of Skye, Inner Hebrides, Scotland

This paper reports the discovery of a visible, tephra horizon of Late‐glacial age from the site of Loch Ashik in the Isle of Skye, the Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Although the tephra shards have a bimodal geochemical composition identical to that of the Vedde Ash (a well known marker horizon within Late‐glacial sequences. The horizon at Ashik is dominated by basaltic shards and devitrified tephra shards, giving the layer its characteristic black colour. Only rhyolitic shards have previously been reported from Vedde Ash horizons in the British Isles. This new evidence raises some important questions about the factors that govern the distribution and accumulation of basaltic tephra, and about the methods used to detect ash shards in basins distal to centres of volcanic activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusivity and viscosity dependence in the linear thermocline

We re-visit the linear model of a thermally-driven ocean in a single hemisphere, to understand dependencies on viscosity and mixing. We focus in particular on the vertical and surface velocities. In all cases, the meridional and vertical flows are intensified near the boundaries; as a result, the overturning depends on viscosity. The two types of viscosity we examine (Rayleigh damping and diffusion with the no-slip condition) yield significantly different boundary transports. This in turn can cause large changes in the surface velocities. We observe a single-gyre surface circulation with a diffusive viscosity but two gyres with the Rayleigh. We also examine how the solutions change when the vertical mixing itself is intensified near the boundaries. With (spatially) constant mixing, a significant fraction of the vertical transport occurs in the thermocline interior where viscosity is unimportant. But the localized mixing increases the boundary intensification of the upwelling, making viscosity even more important. There is evidence of similar boundary intensification and viscosity dependence in numerical models.
Anatomical, chemical, and ecological factors affecting tree species choice in dendrochemistry studies

Recently, element concentrations in tree rings have been used to monitor metal contamination, fertilization, and the effects of acid precipitation on soils. This has stimulated interest in which tree species may be suitable for use in studies of long-term trends in environmental chemistry. Potential radial translocation of elements across living boundaries can be a confounding factor in assessing environmental change. The selection of species which minimizes radial translocation of elements can be critical to the success of dendrochemical research. Criteria for selection of species with characteristics favorable for dendrochemical analysis are categorized into (1) habitat-based factors, (2) xylem-based factors, and (3) element-based factors. A wide geographic range and ecological amplitude provide an advantage in calibration and better controls on the effects of soil chemistry. The most important xylem-based criteria are heartwood moisture content, permeability, and the nature of the sapwood-heartwood transition. The element of interest is important in determining suitable tree species because all elements are not equally mobile or detectable in the xylem. Ideally, the tree species selected for dendrochemical study will be long-lived, grow on a wide range of sites over a large geographic distribution, have a distinct heartwood with a low number of rings in the sapwood,more » a low heartwood moisture content, and have low radial permeability. Recommended temperate zone North American species include white oak (Quercus alba L.), post oak (Q. stellate Wangenh.), eastern redcedar (funiperus virginiana L.), old-growth Douglas-fir [Pseudoaugu menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.). In addition, species such as bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata Engelm. syn. longaeva), old-growth redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. ], and giant sequoia [S. gigantea (Lindl.) Deene] may be suitable for local purposes. 118 refs., 2 tabs. « less
On the electrical‐hydraulic conductivity correlation in aquifers

As a justification for the geoelectric characterization of the hydraulic conductivity field, this paper shows theoretically and empirically that electrical and hydraulic (eh) conductivities of aquifers can be correlated. The correlation, demonstrated at the microscale by a published network model of eh transport, arises from the fact that both eh conductivities are a function of connected pore volumes and connected pore surface areas. By considering skewed pore size distributions the microscale equations of eh conductivity scale up to power laws of porosity and specific surface area similar to Archie's law and the Kozeny equation. Also, a third, apparently unreported Archie‐type power law relating electrical conductivity to specific surface area and the cation exchange phenomenon is predicted theoretically and confirmed experimentally. These equations imply a simple log‐log linear correlation between eh conductivities that is either positive or negative. The positive correlation corresponds to a pore‐volume‐dominated electrical flow environment and the negative correlation corresponds to a pore‐surface‐dominated electrical flow environment. These relationships are supported by many published laboratory and field investigations cited in the paper.
Mapping the function of neuronal ion channels in model and experiment

Ion channel models are the building blocks of computational neuron models. Their biological fidelity is therefore crucial for the interpretation of simulations. However, the number of published models, and the lack of standardization, make the comparison of ion channel models with one another and with experimental data difficult. Here, we present a framework for the automated large-scale classification of ion channel models. Using annotated metadata and responses to a set of voltage-clamp protocols, we assigned 2378 models of voltage- and calcium-gated ion channels coded in NEURON to 211 clusters. The IonChannelGenealogy (ICGenealogy) web interface provides an interactive resource for the categorization of new and existing models and experimental recordings. It enables quantitative comparisons of simulated and/or measured ion channel kinetics, and facilitates field-wide standardization of experimentally-constrained modeling. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.22152. 001
‘Columbus's Method of Determining Longitude : An Analytical View’

i. I N T R O D U C T I O N . The detailed Diario Christopher Columbus recorded during his first voyage lacks any description of his methods for mapping the latitudes and longitudes he had promised to his sovereigns. To rationalize a landfall 90 miles south of Columbus's measured latitude, historians have speculated that he relied entirely upon inaccurate dead reckoning navigation to obtain both coordinates, despite considerable opinion from navigation experts that transoceanic pilots then commonly maintained latitude by celestial means. On the other hand, navigators and historians agree that lunar distance, a celestial technique for measuring longitude, was not conceived until 1 j 14 — eight years after Columbus's death. However, Amerigo Vespucci recorded a 1499 longitude measurement on the east coast of South America using a lunar conjunction with Mars. If Amerigo's controversial claim is true, then his good friend, Columbus, might have actually pioneered the technique in 1492. Strong circumstantial evidence supporting this possibility was published by the author four years ago in a Journal for the History of Discoveries addressed mainly to historians and geographers.
Velocity distribution and bed roughness in high‐gradient streams

A model for the velocity field over a poorly sorted bed is derived herein and applied to flow in steep streams with coarse gravel beds. In such streams, large clasts often are comparable in size to stream depth and act as obstacles to the flow. The effect of these obstacles on a flow is estimated by partitioning total stress, proportional to the depth-slope product, into a purely fluid component and a form-drag component associated with flow around the obstacles. An eddy viscosity closure is used, with a length scale dependent on both distance from the boundary and wake dimension. Resulting velocity profiles agree well with profiles measured by Marchand et al. (1984) in nine mountain streams in Colorado. Model runs for a range of conditions reveal that the velocity distribution depends primarily on D84z and flow depth h; D84z is the length of the vertically oriented axis of clasts at the 84th percentile of the grain size distribution. Calculated values of mean velocity, normalized by shear velocity, are well represented by a simple log linear relationship in terms of relative roughness D84/h.