Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
E-Credit Derivatives: Buying and Selling Credit Risk Over the Internet

This article provides an overview of the on-line platforms for trading credit derivatives. The article also discusses the key issue facing parties intending to establish similar platforms in Australia, that is whether or not the operation of such a platform constitutes the establishment or conduct of a futures market in Australia. Finally, the article comments on the new market licensing provisions proposed in the Financial Services Reform Bill 2001 (which is expected to be enacted in October 2001). It is likely that the various credit derivatives presently transacted on-line would, if transacted in Australia, constitute "futures contracts" under the Australian Corporations Law. Accordingly, it will therefore be necessary for the operator of an on-line platform to ensure that the credit derivatives transacted via that platform are, in fact, being transacted on an "exempt futures market" (in order to avoid the civil and criminal sanctions imposed for breaches of the futures licensing provisions of the Corporations Law). The Financial Services Reform Bill, introduces a new form of licence, the "Australian market licence". A party that operates a "financial market" in Australia must hold this licence. A financial market includes facilities through which offers to acquire or dispose of "financial products" are regularly made. It is likely that credit derivatives would fall within the definition of "financial products" set out in the Bill. However, it remains unclear whether or not an on-line platform for transacting credit derivatives constitutes a "facility". Notwithstanding this, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission is likely to consider a platform through which a substantial volume of business is transacted as constituting a facility for financial products and thus a regulated financial market.
Heterothallism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates from nature: effect of HO locus on the mode of reproduction

Understanding the evolution of sex and recombination, key factors in the evolution of life, is a major challenge in biology. Studies of reproduction strategies of natural populations are important to complement the theoretical and experimental models. Fungi with both sexual and asexual life cycles are an interesting system for understanding the evolution of sex. In a study of natural populations of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found that the isolates are heterothallic, meaning their mating type is stable, while the general belief is that natural S. cerevisiae strains are homothallic (can undergo mating‐type switching). Mating‐type switching is a gene‐conversion process initiated by a site‐specific endonuclease HO; this process can be followed by mother–daughter mating. Heterothallic yeast can mate with unrelated haploids (amphimixis), or undergo mating between spores from the same tetrad (intratetrad mating, or automixis), but cannot undergo mother–daughter mating as homothallic yeasts can. Sequence analysis of HO gene in a panel of natural S. cerevisiae isolates revealed multiple mutations. Good correspondence was found in the comparison of population structure characterized using 19 microsatellite markers spread over eight chromosomes and the HO sequence. Experiments that tested whether the mating‐type switching pathway upstream and downstream of HO is functional, together with the detected HO mutations, strongly suggest that loss of function of HO is the cause of heterothallism. Furthermore, our results support the hypothesis that clonal reproduction and intratetrad mating may predominate in natural yeast populations, while mother–daughter mating might not be as significant as was considered.
Partitioning of nutrients in merino ewes. II. Glucose utilization by skeletal muscle, the pregnant uterus and the lactating mammary gland in relation to whole body glucose utilization.

The net uptake and oxidation of glucose by leg muscle, pregnant uterus, and lactating mammary gland, together with the rate of irreversible loss and oxidation of glucose in the whole body of Merino ewes are reported. The ewes were fed on either chaffed oaten hay (OH), chaffed lucerne hay (L), or a mixture of chaffed oaten and lucerne hays (OHL). Measurements were made during five different physiological states: dry (nonpregnant), at 94 and 125 days of pregnancy, and at 20 and 50 days after lambing. Whole body glucose irreversible loss was related significantly to intake of metabolizable energy and fleece-free maternal body weight and this relation was the same in dry, pregnant and lactating ewes. The proportion of glucose oxidized in the whole body was unaffected by diet, but was lower in pregnant than in dry or lactating ewes. Some 6% of whole body carbon dioxide (CO2) production was derived from oxidation of glucose, and in ewes eating the OH diet this proportion was lower than for ewes fed on other diets. The proportion of CO2 derived from glucose was lower in pregnant ewes than in dry and lactating ewes. Leg (muscle) glucose uptake was lower in ewes fed on the OH diet than in ewes given the other diets. This arose partly because of decreased blood flow to the leg in ewes fed OH. Muscle glucose uptake, corrected for lactate output, accounted for 20, 44 and 34% of glucose irreversible loss in ewes fed OH, OHL and L respectively. There was no significant effect of physiological state on glucose uptake by leg muscle. The maximum contribution glucose uptake, corrected for output of lactate, could make to leg muscle oxygen consumption was 31% and there were no differences due to diet or physiological state. Uterine glucose uptake was 10.5 mg min-1 kg-1, and was unaffected by diet and stage of pregnancy. Glucose uptake was maintained, despite a decline in blood flow per kilogram of uterus from 399 to 237 ml min-1 kg-1, between 94 and 125 days of pregnancy by an increase in arteriovenous difference of glucose over the same period from 2.8 to 4.4 mg 100 ml-1. Total uptake of glucose by the uterus increased from 26 to 47 mg min-1 between 94 and 125 days of pregnancy. The proportion of glucose irreversible loss accounted for by uterine uptake increased from 46 to 65% between 94 and 125 days, and was greater for ewes fed OH (84%) than L (46%) at 125 days of pregnancy. A maximum of 71% of milk lactose could have been derived directly from glucose; 17% of glucose taken up by the mammary gland was oxidized, contributing to 20% of mammary CO2 output. Mammary glucose uptake was lower in ewes fed OH than in ewes fed the other diets. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Big-bang versus Gradualism ? Towards a Framework for Understanding Institutional Change in Central and Eastern Europe ∗

“Despite its victory over socialism and its important successes, capitalism has not been introduced successfully everywhere. At the beginning of the third millennium, there still remains the major challenge of bringing about prosperity and growth via well-working market institutions in the poorest (and highly populated) continents, countries, and regions in the world. By introducing capitalism in former socialist economies, the objective, one hopes, is to bring these countries, within an appropriate period of time, to levels of prosperity comparable to those of the most advanced industrialized countries” (Roland 2000: XVIII, author's emphasis).
Paying for Cures: How Can We Afford It? Managed Care Pharmacy Stakeholder Perceptions of Policy Options to Address Affordability of Prescription Drugs.

BACKGROUND High-priced medications with curative potential, such as the newer hepatitis C therapies, have contributed to the recent growth in pharmaceutical expenditure. Despite the obvious benefits, health care decision makers are just beginning to grapple with questions of how to value and pay for curative therapies that may feature large upfront cost, followed by health benefits that are reaped over a patient's lifespan. Alternative policy options have been proposed to promote high value and financially sustainable use of these therapies. It is unclear which policy options would be most acceptable to health care payer and biomedical manufacturer stakeholders. OBJECTIVES To (a) briefly review pharmaceutical policy options to address health system affordability and (b) assess the acceptability of alternative policy options to health care payers and biomedical manufacturers before and after an Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) continuing pharmacy education (CPE) session. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and Cochran databases for pharmaceutical policy options addressing affordability. With input from a focus group of managed care professionals, we developed CPE session content and an 8-question survey focusing on the most promising policy options. We fielded the survey before and after the CPE session, which occurred as part of the 2016 AMCP Annual Meeting. We first conducted a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test to assess response distributions. Next, we tested how responses differed before and after by using an ordered logit and a multinomial logit to model Likert scale and unordered responses, respectively. RESULTS Although risk-sharing payments over time remained the most favorable choice before (37%) and after (35%) the CPE session, this choice was closely followed by HealthCoin after the session, which increased in favorability from 4% to 33% of responses (P = 0.001). About half of the respondents (54%) indicated that legislative change is the most significant barrier to the implementation of any policy. CONCLUSIONS As high-cost curative drugs reach the market, managed care stakeholders need information from a balanced education source regarding alternative policies to address affordability. We found that after the AMCP CPE session, risk-sharing payments over time and HealthCoin were the most favorable options. DISCLOSURES No funding was provided for this research. Carlson reports consulting fees from Genentech, Pfizer, and Seattle Genetics. The other authors have nothing to disclose. Study concept and design were contributed by Yeung, Garrison, and Carlson. Yeung collected the data, which were interpreted by Yeung and Basu. The manuscript was written by Yeung, Suh, and Bansal and revised by Yeung. A portion of this research was presented at the Academy of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy Annual Meeting as a continuing education session entitled "Paying for Cures: How Can We Afford It? " on April 20, 2016, in San Francisco, California.
An unusual failure of sevoflurane QuikFil PEN bottles

10/2017). 5. Merry AF, Cooper JB, Soyannwo O, Wilson IH, Eichhorn JH. International standards for a safe practice of Anaesthesia 2010. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2010; 57: 1027–34. 6. Alkire BC, Raykar NP, Shrime MG, et al. Global access to surgical care: a modelling study. Lancet Global Health 2015; 3: e316–23. 7. Funk LM, Weiser TG, Berry WR. Global operating theatre distribution and pulse oximetry supply: an estimation from reported data. Lancet 2010; 376: 1055–6. 8. Sama HD, Maman AF, Walker IA. Incidence of hypoxia and related events detected by pulse oximeters provided by the Lifebox Foundation in the maternity unit at Sylvanus Olympio University Teaching Hospital, Togo. Journal of Anesthesia 2015; 29: 971–3. 9. Checketts MR, Alladi R, Ferguson K, et al. AAGBI guidelines: recommendations for standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery. Anaesthesia 2016; 71: 85–93.
Evidence for environmentally enhanced forest growth

Significance Northern forests have sequestered a substantial amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the past several decades. This large carbon (C) sink usually is considered to be driven by tree regrowth after stand-replacing disturbance and growth enhancement due to environmental changes, but the relative contribution between these two processes remains unclear. In this study, we evaluate the contribution of growth enhancement induced by environmental changes to biomass C sink in Japan’s forests and demonstrate that this growth enhancement accounts for 8.4–21.6% of biomass C sink in four major plantations from 1980 to 2005. This finding highlights that global environmental changes can stimulate tree growth and thus enhance forest C sequestration over a broad geographical scale. Forests in the middle and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere function as a significant sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This carbon (C) sink has been attributed to two processes: age-related growth after land use change and growth enhancement due to environmental changes, such as elevated CO2, nitrogen deposition, and climate change. However, attribution between these two processes is largely controversial. Here, using a unique time series of an age-class dataset from six national forest inventories in Japan and a new approach developed in this study (i.e., examining changes in biomass density at each age class over the inventory periods), we quantify the growth enhancement due to environmental changes and its contribution to biomass C sink in Japan’s forests. We show that the growth enhancement for four major plantations was 4.0∼7.7 Mg C⋅ha−1 from 1980 to 2005, being 8.4–21.6% of biomass C sequestration per hectare and 4.1–35.5% of the country's total net biomass increase of each forest type. The growth enhancement differs among forest types, age classes, and regions. Our results provide, to our knowledge, the first ground-based evidence that global environmental changes can increase C sequestration in forests on a broad geographic scale and imply that both the traits and age of trees regulate the responses of forest growth to environmental changes. These findings should be incorporated into the prediction of forest C cycling under a changing climate.
A Body Area Propagation Model Derived From Fundamental Principles: Analytical Analysis and Comparison With Measurements

Using wireless sensors worn on the body to monitor health information is a promising new application. To realize transceivers targeted for these applications, it is essential to understand the body area propagation channel. Several numerical, simulated, and measured body area propagation studies have recently been conducted. While many of these studies are useful for evaluating communication systems, they are not compared against or justified by more fundamental physical models derived from basic principles. This type of comparison is necessary to provide better physical insights into expected propagation trends and to justify modeling choices. To address this problem, we have developed a simple and generic body area propagation model derived directly from Maxwell's equations revealing basic propagation trends away, inside, around, and along the body. We have verified the resulting analytical model by comparing it with measurements in an anechoic chamber. This paper develops an analytical model of the body, describes the expected body area pathloss trends predicted by Maxwell's equations, and compares it with measurements of the electric field close to the body.
Students as designers and creators of educational computer games: Who else?

In the companion article, Spirit of the Game: Empowering Students as Designers in Schools? , author Cher Ping Lim puts forth strong arguments supporting the creation and use of curricular, educational games in our schools and education. His essay ends with the question ‘Can students build such games? ’ This paper responses to this question and provides examples of how students can design and build games within the school curriculum to enhance engagement in the classrooms. Two approaches are suggested: Mini-game-based curriculum and complex game for entire course.
Kinderleicht wie ein Computerspiel? Versuch einer Analyse

Technisch ist in der Welt der virtuellen Realitäten (VR) alles in Butter. Einund Ausgabegeräte für VR-Systeme existieren, Algorithmen gibt es in Hülle und Fülle, und die nötige Rechenleistung zur Erzeugung von 3D-Grafik in Echtzeit liefert jeder PC vom Discounter. Durchgesetzt haben sich virtuelle Umgebungen (virtual environments, VE) als allgemeine Benutzungsschnittstellen jedoch nicht. In einigen Nischen werden VRTechniken erfolgreich eingesetzt, etwa in Simulatoren zur Pilotenausbildung oder zur anschaulichen Visualisierung von Konstruktionen vor ihrer tatsächlichen Herstellung. Ansonsten existieren sie jedoch hauptsächlich als Forschungsprototypen, beeindruckend bei Vorführungen, aber im Alltag bedeutungslos. Die Suche nach Gründen muß von den Motivationen und Hoffnungen ausgehen, mit denen VE-Ansätze für die verschiedensten Anwendungen vorgeschlagen wurden. Ein gern angeführtes Argument ist die Ähnlichkeit zu Computerspielen, welche zum einen erfolgreich 3DTechniken einsetzen und zum anderen als einfach und intuitiv bedienbar, also benutzerfreundlich gelten. Der vorliegende Beitrag sammelt vorhandenes Wissen und versucht, anhand einer kurzen Analyse gängiger Spieltypen den Geltungsbereich dieser Aussage einzugrenzen. Abschnitt 2 gibt einen Überblick über Computerspiele und erinnert an die Voraussetzungen für die Benutzerfreundlichkeit von Anwendungssoftware. In Abschnitt 3 werden exemplarisch einige Klassen von Computerspielen vorgestellt und analysiert. Der letzte Abschnitt zieht Schlußfolgerungen aus den gemachten Beobachtungen.
Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Health effects of air pollution

Abstract: COPD is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized and the developing countries. According to the prediction of the World Health Organization, COPD will become the third leading cause of mortality and the fifth cause of disability in 2020 worldwide. In epidemiology, distinct phenotypic entities converge on the term COPD, so that prevalence and mortality data may be inclusive of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma; moreover, the assessment of prevalence rates may change considerably according to the diagnostic tools used. Thus, a considerable problem is to estimate the real prevalence of COPD in the general population. COPD is determined by the action of a number of various risk factors, among which, the most important is cigarette smoking. However, during the last few decades, evidence from epidemiological studies finding consistent associations between air pollution and various outcomes (respiratory symptoms, reduced lung function, chronic bronchitis and mortality), has suggested that outdoor air pollution is a contributing cause of morbidity and mortality. In conclusion, epidemiological studies suggest that air pollution plays a remarkable role in the exacerbation and in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases. Thus, respiratory physicians, as well as public health professionals, should advocate for a cleaner environment.
Symbolic Representation of General Alternating Waves and of Double Frequency Vector Products

a. Graphically alternating currents and E. M. F. 's are usually represelnted by vectors. A vector is a quantity having length and direction. The length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more convenient for complex nietworks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the absolute values of potential (with regard to anv reference point chosen as co-ordinate center) and their connection the difference of potential, in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quantities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a complex quantity also, In symbolic denotation. Thus current, E. M. F.S impedanee and admittance are related by muultiplication and division of complex quantities similar as current, E. M. F. , resistance and conductance are related by Ohm's law in direct current circuiits. In direct current circuits, power is the product of current into E. M. F. In alternating current circuits, if .
“Precision psychiatry”: A promising direction so far

et al. Sleep disorders in children with attention‐deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) recorded overnight by video-polysomnography. Sleep Med 2009;10:1132-8. 3. Naguy A. Clonidine use in psychiatry: Panacea or panache. Pharmacology 2016;98:87-92. 4. Arya R, Jain SV. Sleepwalking in children and adolescents. In: Kothare SV, Ivanenko A, editors. Parasomnias. Ch. 6. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2013. p. 97-113. 5. Bevacqua BK, Fattouh M, Backonja M. Depression, night terrors, and insomnia associated with long-term intrathecal clonidine therapy. Pain Pract 2007;7:36-8. Access this article online
Pokemon Phenomenon vs the Classroom : First Do No Harm Janene

The ‘Pokemon Phenomenon’ occurred in 1997 when over 600 children were hospitalized after watching Pokemon Episode 38 (now banned). Medical research has since identified and measured a specific neurological response to particular visual light stimuli in up to 8% of the population aged 5 – 15 years old. This type of response is known as photosensitivity and may have a negative effect on a student’s cognition and behaviour. Symptoms can range from nausea to headache to seizure activity.These symptoms are not restricted to students diagnosed with epilepsy. International television restrictions have been implemented to reduce stimulus material being broadcast, although incidents still happen. The colour, pattern and frequency restrictions do not currently apply to video games, the Internet or movies shown at cinemas, even though health warnings have been included in some manuals, opening credits or box office windows. However, in recent years certain large screen televisions and smartboards have included warnings regarding the risk of stroke or seizures during use. How can teachers protect their students and safely use the technology that has become central to so many learning experiences? Part of the difficulty for teachers is that the students most at risk are those who don’t yet know they are photosensitive, so classroom practices need to include everyone. As photosensitive responses may be stimulated by environmental factors such as computers and other digital media, it would be advantageous if teachers were aware of this trait and the ways in which its effects can be minimised. Many learning experiences have been enhanced by digital media, this paper invites us to question ‘Are we doing no harm? ’ For example, are we decreasing the stimulus for students at risk due to photosensitivity? Some suggestions are given which are simple, practicable adjustments assembled from medical literature, suitable for all general classrooms, whilst additional adjustments are specifically tailored to support students who have been diagnosed with photosensitivity.
Utility of an in vitro test with rumen fluid from slaughtered cattle for capturing variation in methane emission potential between cattle types and with age

Abstract: Differences in methane emission between cattle types and 273–4903-d-old cattle were evaluated. Rumen content from 59 beef and 32 dairy cattle, collected at an abattoir, was used for in vitro incubation with a forage-based diet alone or supplemented with extruded linseed. Incubating rumen fluid from dairy cows yielded lower methane per gram of diet dry matter (DM) incubated (? 5.5%), methane/total gas ratios (? 8.5%), and ammonia concentrations (? 38%) than that from beef cattle. Linseed decreased methane yield (? 6.5%), total gas production (? 3.6%), and methane/total gas ratio (? 2.7%). High emitters responded slightly more to linseed than low emitters. Lower methane yield (? 15%), total gas (? 11%), and ammonia concentrations (? 20%), and a trend for lower methane/total gas ratios (? 5.2%) were found in Limousin × Brown Swiss than in Limousin × Holstein. In beef cattle, methane yield increased (up to 40 mL g-1 DM) with age in a linear manner, whereas in overall dairy and beef animals the relationship was curvilinear (high in young and old animals) concerning methane/total gas ratio and ammonia concentration (trend in beef). In conclusion, rumen fluid from slaughtered animals may be useful to study variations in methane emission from different cattle types.