Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maintenance and transformation of representational formats during working memory prioritization

Visual working memory depends on both material-specific brain areas in the ventral visual stream (VVS) that support the maintenance of stimulus representations and on regions in prefrontal cortex (PFC) that control these representations. Recent studies identified stimulus-specific working memory contents via representational similarity analysis (RSA) and analyzed their representational format using deep neural networks (DNNs) as models of the multi-layered hierarchy of information processing. How executive control prioritizes relevant working memory contents and whether this affects their representational formats remains an open question, however. Here, we addressed this issue using a multi-item working memory task involving a retro-cue that prompted participants to maintain one particular item. We exploited the excellent spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings in epilepsy patients and analyzed activity at electrodes in VVS (n=28 patients) and PFC (n=16 patients). During encoding, we identified category-specific information in both VVS and PFC. During maintenance, this information re-occurred in VVS but not in the PFC – suggesting a transformation of PFC representations from encoding to maintenance which putatively reflects the prioritization process. We thus applied RSA in combination with different DNN architectures to investigate the representational format of prioritized working memory contents. Representations during the maintenance period matched representations in deep layers of recurrent but not feedforward DNNs, in both VVS and PFC. While recurrent DNN representations matched PFC representations in the beta band following the retro-cue, they corresponded to VVS representations in a lower theta-alpha frequency range (3-14Hz) towards the end of the maintenance period. Findings could be replicated in recurrent DNNs with two different architectures and using two different training sets. Together, these results demonstrate that VWM relies on representational transformations in VVS and PFC that give rise to distinct coding schemes of prioritized contents.
Pumping iron: A multi-omics analysis of two extremophilic algae reveals iron economy management

Marine algae are responsible for half of the world’s primary productivity, but this critical carbon sink is often constrained by insufficient iron. One species of marine algae, Dunaliella tertiolecta, is remarkable for its ability to maintain photosynthesis and thrive in low-iron environments. A related species, Dunaliella salina Bardawil, shares this attribute but is an extremophile found in hyper-saline environments. To elucidate how algae manage their iron requirements, we produced high-quality genome assemblies and transcriptomes for both species to serve as a foundation for a comparative multi-omics analysis. We identified a host of iron-uptake proteins in both species, including a massive expansion of transferrins and a novel family of siderophore-iron uptake proteins. Complementing these multiple iron-uptake routes, ferredoxin functions as a large iron reservoir that can be released by induction of flavodoxin. Proteomic analysis revealed reduced investment in the photosynthetic apparatus coupled with remodeling of antenna proteins by dramatic iron-deficiency induction of TIDI1, an LHCA-related protein found also in other chlorophytes. These combinatorial iron scavenging and sparing strategies make Dunaliella unique among photosynthetic organisms. Significance Statement Despite their small size, microalgae play a huge role in CO2 uptake via photosynthesis, and represent an important target for climate crisis mitigation efforts. Most photosynthesis proteins require iron as a co-factor so that insufficient iron often limits algal CO2 sequestration. With this in mind, we examined a genus of microalgae called Dunaliella that is exceptionally well-adapted to low iron environments. We produced complete genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes for two species of Dunaliella that hail from radically different environments: one from coastal ocean waters and the other from salt flats. We identified dozens of genes and multiple, complementary strategies that both species utilize for iron-uptake and management that explain Dunaliella’s remarkable ability to thrive on low iron.
From manifolds to invariants of En-algebras

This thesis is the first step in an investigation of an interesting class of invariants of En-algebras which generalize topological Hochschild homology. The main goal of this thesis is to simply give a definition of those invariants. We define PROPs EG, for G a structure group sitting over GL(n, R). Given a manifold with a (tangential) G-structure, we define functors EG[M]: (EG) 0 -+ Top constructed out of spaces of G-augmented embeddings of disjoint unions of euclidean spaces into M. These spaces are modifications to the usual spaces of embeddings of manifolds. Taking G - 1, El is equivalent to the n-little discs PROP, and El [M] is defined for any parallelized n-dimensional manifold M. The invariant we define for a Es-algebra A is morally defined by a derived coend TG(A; M) := EG[M] 9 A n EG for any n-manifold M with a G-structure. The case T' (A; Sl) recovers the topological Hochschild homology of an associative ring spectrum A. These invariants also appear in the work of Jacob Lurie and Paolo Salvatore, where they are involved in a sort of non-abelian Poincare duality.
The origins and diversification of Holarctic brown bear populations inferred from 1 genomes of past and present populations

14 15 The brown bear is one of the few surviving megafauna species that made it through 16 the Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions. It is widely distributed and has become a model 17 organism for studying biogeographic patterns across Eurasia and North America. However, 18 to date, most studies have focused on the mitochondrial genome with nuclear genomes only 19 being used for evolutionary studies within the Ursusidae family or local population studies. 20 Here we present novel genomic data from two Late Pleistocene brown bears from Japan and 21 Siberia, and combine them with modern and ancient published genomes from across the 22 Holarctic range, to investigate the species’ genomic evolutionary history. We uncovered four 23 differentiated populations corresponding to Europe, Siberia, Japan, and North America which 24 all diverged ~100 kya. Palaeogenomic data reveals population continuity in all populations 25 apart from in Europe where Late Pleistocene European individuals cluster with Siberia rather 26 than contemporary/mid-late Holocene European individuals. We propose a replacement 27 around the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Europe, supported by results of a recent 28 population expansion in modern European individuals. Population continuity in Japan and 29 North America contrasts mitochondrial suggestions of multiple migration events. However, 30 the rapid population diversification and increased likelihood of gene flow and incomplete 31 lineage may have biased mitochondrial results. Demographic results show similar effective 32 population declines in all populations ~50 kya which we suggest is due to the geographic 33 dispersal of the newly diversified populations and a decrease of gene flow between
DNA modifications impact natural transformation of Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii is a dangerous nosocomial pathogen, especially due to its ability to rapidly acquire new genetic traits, including antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). In A. baumannii, natural competence for transformation, one of the primary modes of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), is thought to contribute to ARG acquisition and has therefore been intensively studied. However, knowledge regarding the potential role of epigenetic DNA modification(s) on this process remains lacking. Here, we demonstrate that the methylome pattern of diverse A. baumannii strains differs substantially and that these epigenetic marks influence the fate of transforming DNA. Specifically, we describe a methylome-dependent phenomenon that impacts intra- and inter-species DNA exchange by the competent A. baumannii strain A118. We go on to identify and characterize an A118-specific restrictionmodification (RM) system that impairs transformation when the incoming DNA lacks a specific methylation signature. Collectively, our work contributes towards a more holistic understanding of HGT in this organism and may also aid future endeavors towards tackling the spread of novel ARGs. In particular, our results suggest that DNA exchanges between bacteria that share similar epigenomes are favored and could therefore guide future research into identifying the reservoir(s) of dangerous genetic traits for this multi-drug resistant pathogen.
Out of sight, out of mind: Responses in primate ventral visual cortex track individual fixations during natural vision

During natural vision, primates shift their gaze several times per second with large, ballistic eye movements known as saccades. Open questions remain as to whether visual neurons retain their classical retinotopic response properties during natural vision or whether neurons integrate information across fixations and predict the consequences of impending saccades. Answers are especially wanting for vision in complex scenes relevant to natural behavior. We let 13 monkeys freely view thousands of large natural images, recorded over 883 hours of neuronal responses throughout the ventral visual pathway across 4.7 million fixations, and designed flexible analyses to reveal the spatial, temporal, and feature selectivity of the responses. Ventral visual responses followed each fixation and did not become gaze-invariant as monkeys examined an image over seconds. Computational models revealed that neuronal responses corresponded to eye-centered receptive fields. The results suggest that ventral visual cortex remains predominantly retinotopic during natural vision and does not establish a gaze-independent representation of the world.
Diet-induced rewiring of the Wnt gene regulatory network connects aberrant splicing to fatty liver and liver cancer in DIAMOND mice

Several preclinical models have been recently developed for metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and transcriptional landscapes underlying disease in these models are still missing. We investigated the regulatory and transcriptional landscape in fatty livers and liver tumours from DIAMOND mice that faithfully mimic human HCC development in the context of MAFLD. RNA-sequencing and ChIP-sequencing revealed rewiring of the Wnt/β-catenin regulatory network in DIAMOND tumours, as manifested by chromatin remodelling and associated switching in the expression of the canonical TCF/LEF downstream effectors. We identified splicing as a major mechanism leading to constitutive oncogenic activation of β-catenin in a large subset of DIAMOND tumours, a mechanism that is independent on somatic mutations in the locus and that has not been previously shown. Similar splicing events were found in a fraction of human HCC and hepatoblastoma samples.
Doublecortin-immunoreactive immature neurons in the olfactory system across pregnancy and lactation in female mice

In mammalian species, motherhood is a critical period of neural plasticity, allowing the dam to adapt its behaviour to the demanding task of taking care of the pups. For example, in mice, pregnancy and lactation promote proliferation of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone and adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. Thus, we hypothesised that the non-canonical neurogenesis described in other areas of the olfactory system would be similarly affected by either pregnancy or lactation. To test this hypothesis, we analysed the expression of doublecortin (DCX) and Ki67, markers of immature neurons and proliferation respectively, across the reproductive cycle in adult CD1 female mice. In a group of late pregnant females, there was a trend towards increase of DCX cells in the olfactory bulb. In the piriform cortex, lactating females had significantly fewer immature neurons, and of lower complexity and diameter, than pup-sensitised females. This suggests that both lactation, and/or exposure to pups, and the preceding pregnancy are require to promote maturation of this population of embryonically generated DCX-ir neurons. By contrast, the number of DCX-immunoreactive cells in the olfactory tubercle was not significantly affected by motherhood. Finally, we found Ki67 nuclei located in close apposition to clusters of DCX-ir cells in this region, with some of DCX-ir neurons co-expressing both markers. Taken together, our results expand our current knowledge on how motherhood remodels the brain and reveal the olfactory tubercle as an unexplored niche for adult neurogenesis.
Field and genetic evidence support the photosynthetic performance index (PIABS) as an indicator of rice grain yield

The effective increase of the rice breeding process for grain yield could be sustained by developing efficient tools to accelerate plant selection through the rapid determination of reliable predictors. Here, we have described different associations between grain yield and photosynthetic parameters simply and fast obtainable by a non-invasive technique in flag leaf during the anthesis stage. Among the analyzed photosynthetic parameters, the photosynthetic performance index (PIABS) stood out for its strong association with grain yield. A genome-wide association analysis determined in plants from a rice diversity panel at tillering stage indicated the presence of a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 9 characterized by a set of candidate chloroplastic genes with contrasting haplotypes for PIABS. An analysis of these haplotypes indicated a separation into two groups. One with haplotypes linked to high values of PIABS, which were associated almost exclusively with Japonica spp. subpopulations, and another with haplotypes linked to low values of PIABS, which were associated exclusively with Indica spp. subpopulations. Genotypes of the Japonica spp. subpopulations showed high values in panicle weight, a yield components parameter, compared with the Indica spp. subpopulations genotypes. The results of this work suggested that PIABS could be an early predictor of grain yield at the tillering stage in rice breeding processes.
Therapie der primär progredienten Aphasie – eine narrative Überblicksarbeit

Der Begriff primär progrediente Aphasie (PPA) bezeichnet eine degenerative Erkrankung, die sich vorwiegend im Sprachabbau äußert. Entsprechend der vorhandenen Kernmerkmale werden 3 Varianten unterschieden: ▪ die nichtflüssige agrammatische Variante (nfvPPA) mit den zwingend erforderlichen Symptomen Agrammatismus und/oder Sprechapraxie, ▪ die semantische Variante (svPPA) mit obligaten Störungen im Wortverständnis und im Benennen sowie ▪ die logopenische Variante (lvPPA), bei der für die Diagnose Beeinträchtigungen im Wortabruf und im Nachsprechen erforderlich sind.
Estimation of Lamb-shift effects for molecules: Application to the rotation-vibration spectra of water

An approach for approximating Lamb shifts, the leading quantum electrodynamical (QED) effect, in light molecules is presented. The scaled molecular energies were employed for the evaluation of lamb shift as a function of geometry. Results show QED effects on the rovibrational states of water to be larger than present experimental uncertainties, and one order of magnitude smaller than current computational uncertainties.
Influence of light level on the incidence of road casualties and the predicted effect of changing ‘summertime’

Previous studies of the apparent influence of daylight level and hour changes on the incidence of road casualties are reviewed and refined, by analysis of official databases for Great Britain (1969–1973 and 1985–1994) and the USA (1991–1995). New statistical methods, based on precisely computed altitudes of the sun for each accident location, are used to model casualty frequencies aggregated by week and hour of day, and locally evaluated associations between individual casualty incidence and solar altitude. Estimates of the altitude factor are interpreted causally to give counterfactual estimates of the effect of different clock time schedules on countrywide casualty numbers.
Spectral theory of second-order vector difference equations

Abstract This paper is concerned with spectral problems of second-order vector difference equations with two-point boundary value conditions, where the matrix-valued coefficient of the leading term may be singular. A concept of self-adjointness of the boundary value conditions is introduced. The self-adjointness of the corresponding difference operator is discussed on a suitable admissible function space, and fundamental spectral results are obtained. The dual orthogonality of eigenfunctions is shown in a special case. Rayleigh's principles and the minimax theorems in two linear spaces are given. As an application, a comparison theorem for eigenvalues of two Sturm–Liouville problems is presented.
Comparison investigation of fluid rheological characteristics effect on stator temperature field for large hydro-generator based on experiment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship of fluid flow and heat transfer inside the generator, a large hydro-generator is taken for an example and the temperature field in the generator is calculated according to computation of fluid field by using of corresponding mathematics methods based on fluid mechanical theory and heat transfer theory. Design/methodology/approach – To calculate the temperature field of the generator more accurately, a large-scale hydro-generator is taken as an example and the mathematical model and physical model of 3D stator temperature field and fluid field are established. And the calculation results of the fluid field are applied into the physics field of generator, coupled relationship between fluid field and temperature field was calculated by using of finite volume method and finite element method, respectively. The temperature fields based on fluid fields and the effect of different fluid flow state on generator temperature were analyzed and compar.
Resonances and absorption enhancement in thin film silicon solar cells with periodic interface texture

We study absorption enhancement by light scattering at periodically textured interfaces in thin film silicon solar cells. We show that the periodicity establishes resonant coupling to propagating waveguide modes. Ideally, such modes propagate in the high index silicon film where they are eventually absorbed, but waveguide modes exist also in the transparent front contact layer if the product of its refractive index and thickness exceeds half the wavelength. Taking into account that the absorption coefficient of realistic transparent conducing films exceeds the one of silicon close to its band gap, certain waveguide modes will enhance parasitic absorption in the transparent front contact. From an analysis based on the statistic distribution of energy among the available waveguide and radiation modes, we conclude that conventional thin film silicon solar cells with thick and nonideal contacts may fail to reach the previously noted bulk limit of 4nSi2; instead, a more conservative limit of 4(nSi2-nTCO2) applies.
Sources and Applications of Integral Equations

This review was presented, in part, as one of two introductory expositions in a SIAM Symposium on “Applications and Numerical Solutions of Integral Equations” October 11, 1971, at Madison, Wisconsin. Integral equations arise in two principal ways: (i) in the course of solving differential problems by inverting differential operators, and (ii) in describing phenomena by models which require summations (integrations) over space or time or both. Typical examples of both types are described. These include integral equations occurring in geophysical exploration, both by the gravimetric and the seismic methods; those of electrostatic and magnetostatic potential theory; of heat flow; integrodifferential and integral equations encountered in diffusion and radiation, where stochastic models are basic; the equations for lift on an airplane wing, both the infinite case (two-dimensional conformal mapping) and the more difficult finite case with nonuniform cross section; the equations of renewal theory and of biologic.
Asymptotic conditions for weak and proper optimality in infinite dimensional convex vector optimization

In this paper, we establish necessary and sufficient dual conditions for weak and proper minimality of infinite dimensional vector convex programming problems without any regularity conditions. The optimality conditions are given in asymptotic forms using epigraphs of conjugate functions and sub differentials, It is shown how these asymptotic conditions yield standard Lagrangian conditions under appropriate regularity conditions. The main tool, used to obtain these results, is a new solvability result of Motzkin type for cone convex systems. We also provide local Lagrangian necessary conditions for certain non—convex problems using convex approximations
A Lyapunov controller for stable haptic manipulation of hydraulic actuators

A scheme for bilateral control of hydraulic actuators is developed and experimentally evaluated in this paper. The control laws are derived based on Lyapunov's feedback control design technique. Owing to the discontinuity originating from a sign function in the control laws, the control system is non‐smooth. First, the existence, continuation, and uniqueness of Filippov's solution to the system are proven. Next, the extensions of Lyapunov's stability theory to non‐smooth systems and LaSalle's invariant set theorems are employed to prove the asymptotic stability of the control system. Effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified by simulation and experimental studies. It is shown that beside stability, the system has good transparency in terms of position and force exchanges between the master and slave actuators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexural Vibrating Free‐Edge Plates with Stepped Thicknesses for Generating High Directional Ultrasonic Radiation

A transducer for the generation of high directional ultrasonic radiation in fluids is studied. It consists of a plate of particular shape set in oscillation by an adequate vibrator. Since the directional pattern depends substantially on the phase with which the single elements of the plate vibrate, the radiating surface is shaped into steps covering areas vibrating with the same phase, the height of the steps being equal to a half‐wavelength of the radiated sound, in order to obtain a coherent acoustic radiation. To facilitate the design of such plates, an approximate theory of their vibration is shown, and the experimental proofs, whose results confirm the full validity of the adopted method, are described.
Effect of humidity on hydrogen sensitivity of Pt-gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor based sensors

The effects of relative humidity on sensing characteristics of Pt-gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor diode based hydrogen sensors were investigated. The absorbed water and oxygen molecules blocked available Pt surface adsorption sites for H2 absorption and reduced the hydrogen sensing sensitivity compared to low humidity conditions. The hydrogen sensing sensitivity decreased proportional to the relative humidity. However, the presence of humidity improved the sensor recovery characteristics after exposure to the hydrogen ambient.