Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Morphology and Chemistry of Diagenetic Features in the Clay‐Rich Glen Torridon Unit of Gale Crater, Mars

The clay‐rich Glen Torridon region of Gale crater, Mars, was explored between sols 2300 and 3007. Here, we analyzed the diagenetic features observed by Curiosity, including veins, cements, nodules, and nodular bedrock, using the ChemCam, Mastcam, and Mars Hand Lens Imager instruments. We discovered many diagenetic features in Glen Torridon, including dark‐toned iron‐ and manganese‐rich veins, magnesium‐ and fluorine‐rich linear features, Ca‐sulfate cemented bedrock, manganese‐rich nodules, and iron‐rich strata. We have characterized the chemistry and morphology of these features, which are most widespread in the higher stratigraphic members in Glen Torridon, and exhibit a wide range of chemistries. These discoveries are strong evidence for multiple generations of fluids from multiple chemical endmembers that likely underwent redox reactions to form some of these features. In a few cases, we may be able to use mineralogy and chemistry to constrain formation conditions of the diagenetic features. For example, the dark‐toned veins likely formed in warmer, highly alkaline, and highly reducing conditions, while manganese‐rich nodules likely formed in oxidizing and circumneutral conditions. We also hypothesize that an initial enrichment of soluble elements, including fluorine, occurred during hydrothermal alteration early in Gale crater history to account for elemental enrichment in nodules and veins. The presence of redox‐active elements, including Fe and Mn, and elements required for life, including P and S, in these fluids is strong evidence for habitability of Gale crater groundwater. Hydrothermal alteration also has interesting implications for prebiotic chemistry during the earliest stages of the crater's evolution and early Mars.
The Effect of the Swiss CO2 Levy on Heating Fuel Demand of Private Real Estate Owners

To effectively mitigate climate change, it is crucial to better understand the reaction of fossil-fuel demand to price and tax changes, and more precisely to climate policy instruments such as a carbon levy. The Swiss CO2 levy on heating fuels was introduced in 2008 at CHF 12/tCO2eq, and was increased steadily up to CHF 84/tCO2eq during the period of 2016/2017. This paper investigated the effectiveness of the levy as an instrument to reduce heating fuel demand, and hence carbon emissions, of private real estate owners. The Swiss Household Budget Survey 2006–2017 constituted the main data source. Before–after and pseudo-panel regressions were used to capture the CO2 levy’s effects, and a large set of household characteristics, as well as climatic conditions, were controlled for. No significant effects in the first two policy periods of 2008–2013 were found. Over the period of 2014–2017, a significant reduction in house owners’ heating fuel demand of up to 14% with respect to 2006–2007 was detected. The effect was less significant and smaller in magnitude for flat owners. A significant CO2 levy semielasticity of heating fuel demand of −1.3% for house owners was further estimated. Hence, the results confirmed the effectiveness of the CO2 levy under the conditions that the levy was sufficiently high, as during the years of 2014–2017, and households directly paid the levy and were responsible for decisions concerning heating and insulation, as was the case for house owners.
Novel architecture of MEMS microphone that employs deflecting micro beams and piezoresistive nano gauges

Electret microphones dedicated to consumer electronics and medical applications (hearing aids) have reached the miniaturization limits. Since the release of the first microphone based on silicon micromachining, electret microphones are constantly replaced by MEMS microphones. Regardless of the transduction principle (capacitive, piezoresistive, piezoelectric, optical), all of the MEMS microphones reported in the state of the art literature are based on a membrane deflecting out of the plane of the base wafer. On the contrary, the novel microphone architecture that is developed in the frame of the ANR MADNEMS project uses micro beams that deflect in the plane of the base wafer. The presented microphone profits of the well known technological platform developed at CEA LETI that integrates micro and nanofabrication to deliver high- performance MEMS sensors. Transduction is achieved by piezoresistive nano gauges integrated in the microsystem, arranged in a Wheatstone bridge and attached to micro beams. Acoustic pressure fluctuations lead to the deflection of the micro beams which produces a stress concentration in the nano gauges. Such architecture enables us to reduce the surface of the deflecting element and leads to a microphone with a smaller footprint that preserves at the same time high performance. Accurate simulations of the discussed transducer couple acoustic, mechanic and electric behavior of the system. Due to micrometric dimensions of acoustic vents, thermal and viscous boundary layers have to be taken into account. Additionally the influence of backspace volume on pressure response has to be examined. The paper will initially present general principle of operation and the technological process; then, the coupled microphone model will be briefly presented. Finally we will focus on the parametric tests (technological process properties) and electromechanical test (mechanical properties of MEMS) of the microphones.
Physical Activity and Physiological Fitness Status of 10(superscript th) Grade Male Students in Al-Dhahirah Region, Sultanate of Oman

The objective of this study was to measure the physical activity and physiological fitness (cardiovascular fitness, body composition, flexibility, muscle strength and endurance) of 10th grade male students in the Al-Dhahirah region, Sultanate of Oman. The study sample consisted of 330 male students from rural and urban areas. The study used a physical activity survey to measure the physical activity and a test battery to measure the physiological fitness components (1 mile walk/run test; a skinfold of chest, abdominal, and thigh; sit and reach test; hand grip test; and one minute sit-ups). The results showed that body fat percentage (6.82±4.91) and muscle strength (38.15±7.60) of urban students were higher than rural students (body fat percentage 5.79±4.29, muscle strength 37.81±6.93). Rural respondents scored higher in flexibility (39.36±6.95), muscle endurance (40.03±7.64) and cardiovascular endurance (7.63±1.30) compared to urban students (flexibility 37.96±6.97, muscle endurance 39.78±7.67, cardiovascular endurance 8.03±1.77). The results showed significant difference in body fat percentage (p=0.04), muscle endurance (p=0.00), and cardiovascular endurance (p=0.01) between participation in sports activities and physiological fitness components for the overall sample. The study recommends that a concerted effort be made by all parents, teachers, school administrators and the community to improve the general physical fitness of students on the whole.
Elaboration Models with Symmetric Information Divergence

Various statistical methodologies embed a probability distribution in a more flexible family of distributions. The latter is called elaboration model, which is constructed by choice or a formal procedure and evaluated by asymmetric measures such as the likelihood ratio and Kullback–Leibler information. The use of asymmetric measures can be problematic for this purpose. This paper introduces two formal procedures, referred to as link functions, that embed any baseline distribution with a continuous density on the real line into model elaborations. Conditions are given for the link functions to render symmetric Kullback–Leibler divergence, Rényi divergence and phi‐divergence family. The first link function elaborates quantiles of the baseline probability distribution. This approach produces continuous counterparts of the binary probability models. Examples include the Cauchy, probit, logit, Laplace and Student's t links. The second link function elaborates the baseline survival function. Examples include the proportional odds and change point links. The logistic distribution is characterised as the one that satisfies the conditions for both links. An application demonstrates advantages of symmetric divergence measures for assessing the efficacy of covariates.
The Effect of Perceptions of Hookah Harmfulness and Addictiveness on the Age of Initiation of Hookah Use among Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Youth

Despite the negative health consequence of hookah, hookah risk perceptions are misguided among youth. Secondary data analysis of 12–17-year-old never hookah users at their first wave of PATH participation (2013–2019) was performed. The effect of perceptions of hookah harmfulness and addictiveness on the age of initiation ever, past 30-day, and fairly regular hookah use were estimated using interval-censored Cox proportional hazards models. The distribution of the age of initiation of hookah outcomes by perception levels of harmfulness and addictiveness are reported as cumulative incidence and 95% CI. Youth who perceived hookah to be neither harmful nor addictive were 173% more likely to initiate ever, 166% more likely to first report past 30-day use, and 142% more likely to first report fairly regular hookah use at earlier ages compared to youth who considered hookah to be both harmful and addictive. By age 18, 25.5% of youth who perceived hookah as neither harmful nor addictive were estimated to initiate ever hookah use while 9.3% of youth who perceived hookah as harmful and addictive were estimated to initiate ever hookah use. These findings indicate the need to provide prevention and education campaigns to change perceptions of the harmfulness and addictiveness of hookah to delay the age of initiation of hookah use.
The “Cyber Security via Determinism” Paradigm for a Quantum Safe Zero Trust Deterministic Internet of Things (IoT)

The next-generation <italic>Internet of Things</italic> (IoT) will control the critical infrastructure of the 21st century, including the <italic>Smart Power Grid</italic> and <italic>Smart Cities</italic>. It will also support <italic>Deterministic Communications</italic>, where ‘deterministic traffic flows’ (D-flows) receive strict <italic>Quality-of-Service</italic> (QoS) guarantees. A <italic>‘Cybersecurity via Determinism’</italic> paradigm for the next-generation <italic>‘Industrial and Tactile Deterministic IoT’</italic> is presented. A forwarding sub-layer of simple and secure ‘deterministic packet switches’ (D-switches) is introduced into layer-3. This sub-layer supports many deterministic <italic>Software Defined Wide Area Networks</italic> (SD-WANs), along with 3 new tools for improving cyber security: <italic>Access Control</italic>, <italic>Rate Control</italic>, and <italic>Isolation Control</italic>. A <italic>Software Defined Networking</italic> (SDN) control-plane configures each D-switch (ie FPGA) with multiple deterministic schedules to support D-flows. The SDN control-plane can embed millions of isolated <italic>Deterministic Virtual Private Networks</italic> (DVPNs) into layer 3. This paradigm offers several benefits: 1) All congestion, interference, and <italic>Distributed Denial-of-Service</italic> (DDOS) attacks are removed; 2) Buffer sizes in D-switches are reduced by 1000+ times; 3) End-to-end IoT delays can be reduced to ultra-low latencies, i.e., the speed-of-light in fiber; 4) The D-switches do not require Gigabytes of memory to store large IP routing tables; 5) Hardware support is provided in layer 3 for the US NIST <italic>Zero Trust Architecture</italic>; 6) Packets within a DVPN can be entirely encrypted using <italic>Quantum Safe</italic> encryption, which is impervious to attacks by <italic>Quantum Computers</italic> using existing quantum algorithms; 7) The probability of an undetected cyberattack targeting a DVPN can be made arbitrarily small by using long <italic>Quantum Safe</italic> encryption keys; and 8) Savings can reach <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\$ $ </tex-math></inline-formula>10s of Billions per year, through reduced capital, energy and operational costs.
Weekday and Weekend Physical Activity of Preschool Children in Relation to Selected Socioeconomic Indicators

Physical activity (PA) is as vital for improving the health of young children as it is positively associated with a broad range of psychological, cognitive, and cardio-metabolic outcomes. The aims of this study were to: (1) to assess the level of PA and meeting the WHO recommendations: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and the number of steps in Polish preschool boys and girls on weekdays and on weekends; (2) to investigate the relationship between selected socioeconomic indicators (self-reported by parents) and PA, including meeting the WHO recommendation for daily MVPA and the number of steps on weekdays and on weekends among Polish preschoolers. Data were collected in the 2017/2018 school year. The study included a total of 522 boys and girls both aged between 5 and 6 years. The ActiGraph GT3X-BT tri-axial accelerometer was used to measure PA. Selected socioeconomic indicators as well as parental body weight and body height were self-reported by parents/caregivers using a questionnaire. In most of the PA indicators analyzed for girls (moderate, vigorous, total MVPA, and steps/day), the averages were higher during the week than during the weekend. Moreover, significantly more boys met the criteria of MVPA, both on weekdays and over the weekend (32.3% boys and 19.2% girls on weekdays and 31.1% boys and 18.1% girls on weekends). Additionally, more boys met the step recommendations, but only on weekends (15.5% boys and 6.6% girls). It was found that if there were two people in a household, there was an almost a three-fold greater chance (adj. OR = 2.94, p = 0.032) of meeting the MVPA criterion with an even stronger association (over fivefold greater chance) in meeting the step recommendation (adj. OR = 5.56, p = 0.033). The differences in the day schedule may potentially contribute with the level of PA in girls. Among the analyzed selected socioeconomic indicators, only the number of people in a household had a significant association on PA.
RV-TEE-Based Trustworthy Secure Shell Deployment: An Empirical Evaluation

Incorrect cryptographic protocol implementation and malware attacks targeting its runtime may lead to insecure execution even if the protocol design has been proven safe. This research focuses on adapting a runtime-veriﬁcation-centric trusted execution environment (RV-TEE) solution to a cryptographic protocol deployment — particularly that of the Secure Shell Protocol (SSH). We aim to show that through a concrete realization of RV-TEE, which is neither tied to speciﬁc CPU mode nor requires the consequential operating system support, SSH execution can be rendered trustworthy. We provide: (i) An RV-TEE setup for a popular SSH implementation based on a widely-adopted RV tool, and a USB-connected hardware security module (ii) An overview of the property extraction process through a methodical analysis of the SSH protocol speciﬁcations (iii) Security vulnerabilities identiﬁed as a result of RV-TEE adoption (iv) An overhead analysis delineating what SSH applications can beneﬁt from our proposed setup in a practical manner.
A stable equilibrium? Brexit, the border and the future of the UK–EU relationship

ABSTRACT Inthis review, I reflect on first-hand accounts from both sides of the Brexit negotiations, as well as academic work on the past, present, and future of the Ireland/Northern Ireland border and the UK–EU relationship. What emerges is a key question: if the dispute around the future of the border can be resolved through additional forms of UK–EU integration and co-operation, then a new settlement short of membership can be imagined; if the Protocol collapses, then a series of further destabilisations are inevitable. Either way, the two deals agreed between the UK and the EU in 2019 and 2020 mark just the next stage in the Brexit process rather than a new equilibrium in UK–EU relations.
Scientific concept development in early childhood through the lens of “over-development”

Conceptual development in the scientific domain begins early. This typically brings with it an “overthinking” in form of mis- and alternative conceptions. This study aims to examine more closely the emergence of scientific misconceptions by drawing on three other areas of early rule-based learning where overapplication of rules can be observed in early child development, namely overextension, over regularisation, and over imitation. Key similarities across the different domains of development showcase similar U-shaped trajectories but are seen as sophistication in children’s thought processes, evident through the extrapolation of rules. Age-related differences in when these trajectories emerge are considered, exploring how these developments do not necessarily occur in parallel but as a potential result of each other. Implications for educational practice are considered, given the observed interaction between linguistic and non-linguistic forms of overdevelopment. These focus particularly on the role of talk in formal and informal settings. Keywords: Overconceptualisation; overextension; over regularisation; over imitation.
Digital predistortion of envelope tracking amplifiers driven by slew-rate limited envelopes

This paper presents a new Digital Predistorter (DPD) to compensate for nonlinear distortion that arises in Envelope Tracking (ET) Power Amplifiers (PAs) driven by slew-rate limited versions of the real signal's envelope. The slower version of the transmitted signal's envelope is used to cope with the slew-rate and bandwidth limitations of Envelope Amplifiers (EAs). Unfortunately, the use of slower versions of the real signal's envelope as the drain modulator generates a special kind of nonlinear memory effects. This paper shows experimental results that prove that is possible to compensate for these nonlinear memory effects that appear when exciting the supply of a RF linear PA with a slew-rate limited version of the envelope.
UHF passive RFID‐based sensor‐less system to detect humidity for irrigation monitoring

This article aims to propose a RFID system to detect the humidity of the soil in flowerpots and help farmers to judge whether the plants should be watered or not. By tuning the tag to dry soil state, it achieves higher dynamic range and sensitivity (20 dB) compared to a commercial RFID tag performance. This approach saves the addition of a sensor element to the RFID tag to operate as a wireless sensor.
Symmetry as Iconicity: The Lexicalizations of
 ‘Breasts’

A word is said to be iconic if there is a perceived similarity between its form and its meaning. Research on lexical iconicity has shown that it pervades most sections of vocabulary structure but is scarce in regards to mimicking abstract properties of referents. In this paper, we propose the abstract property of symmetry as iconic, illustrating it with the lexicalizations of the meaning ‘(woman’s) breasts’ in world languages. Statistical analysis shows that the frequency of symmetric lexemes corresponding to the symmetric notion ‘breasts’ in the world languages by far exceeds the frequency that could be expected by mere chance. We also adduce further evidence from specific languages, of phonological and semantic nature, that further supports our proposal of the existence of symmetric iconicity. In particular, some languages violate a regular sound change just in order to preserve the iconicity of the original word, others develop by analogy symmetric synonyms, and still others may falsely reanalyze a symmetric form in two identical parts just in order to reflect their perception of the meaning as symmetric. The presented arguments make a strong case for the proposed notion of symmetric iconicity.
The Tbx6 Transcription Factor Dorsocross Mediates Dpp Signaling to Regulate Drosophila Thorax Closure

Movement and fusion of separate cell populations are critical for several developmental processes, such as neural tube closure in vertebrates or embryonic dorsal closure and pupal thorax closure in Drosophila. Fusion failure results in an opening or groove on the body surface. Drosophila pupal thorax closure is an established model to investigate the mechanism of tissue closure. Here, we report the identification of T-box transcription factor genes Dorsocross (Doc) as Decapentaplegic (Dpp) targets in the leading edge cells of the notum in the late third instar larval and early pupal stages. Reduction of Doc in the notum region results in a thorax closure defect, similar to that in dpp loss-of-function flies. Nine genes are identified as potential downstream targets of Doc in regulating thorax closure by molecular and genetic screens. Our results reveal a novel function of Doc in Drosophila development. The candidate target genes provide new clues for unravelling the mechanism of collective cell movement.
From Algorithmic to Institutional Logics: The Politics of Differential Privacy

Over the past two decades, we have come to see that traditional de-anonymization techniques fail to protect the privacy of individuals in sensitive datasets. To address this problem, computer scientists introduced differential privacy, a strong definition of privacy that bounds the amount of information a statistical release leaks about any individual. Differential privacy has become a gold standard for privacy protection: organizations from Google to the U.S. Census Bureau have adopted differentially private methods, and the MIT Technology Review named it as one of the top ten technologies expected to have “widespread consequences for human life. ” Yet, while differential privacy offers rigorous statistical guarantees, we must also examine how these guarantees interact with social and contextual factors. In this paper, I investigate the political dimensions of differential privacy. What does the adoption of this standard reveal or obscure about the privacy practices within sociotechnical systems? And how might a reliance on this standard impact our progress towards broader notions of privacy? Drawing on scholarship from sociology, law, computer science, and science and technology studies, I describe the entanglements between algorithmic privacy and institutional logics, highlighting disempowering practices that may emerge despite, or in response to, the adoption of differential privacy. The goal of this work is not to discourage the use of differential privacy, which I argue is necessary and beneficial in a wide range of settings, but to examine where it may have unintended consequences. I conclude with recommendations on how the privacy community can continue to develop formal privacy standards while elevating broader visions of privacy.