Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Implications of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Farm and Wild Ruminants

Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a food-borne pathogen that causes human gastrointestinal infections across the globe, leading to kidney failure or even death in severe cases. E. coli are commensal members of humans and animals’ (cattle, bison, and pigs) guts, however, may acquire Shiga-toxin-encoded phages. This acquisition or colonization by STEC may lead to dysbiosis in the intestinal microbial community of the host. Wildlife and livestock animals can be asymptomatically colonized by STEC, leading to pathogen shedding and transmission. Furthermore, there has been a steady uptick in new STEC variants representing various serotypes. These, along with hybrids of other pathogenic E. coli (UPEC and ExPEC), are of serious concern, especially when they possess enhanced antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, etc. Recent studies have reported these in the livestock and food industry with minimal focus on wildlife. Disturbed natural habitats and changing climates are increasingly creating wildlife reservoirs of these pathogens, leading to a rise in zoonotic infections. Therefore, this review comprehensively surveyed studies on STEC prevalence in livestock and wildlife hosts. We further present important microbial and environmental factors contributing to STEC spread as well as infections. Finally, we delve into potential strategies for limiting STEC shedding and transmission.
Uniform rectifiability, elliptic measure, square functions, and $\varepsilon$-approximability

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$, $n\geq 2$, be an open set with Ahlfors-David regular boundary. We consider a uniformly elliptic operator $L$ in divergence form associated with a matrix $A$ with real and merely bounded coefficients which are also locally Lipschitz and satisfy suitable Carleson type estimates. In this paper we prove that if $A$ is symmetric and $\Omega$ satisfies the corkscrew condition, then $\partial\Omega$ is uniformly $n$-rectifiable if and only if every bounded solution of $Lu=0$ is $\varepsilon$-approximable if and only if every bounded solution of $Lu=0$ in $\Omega$ satisfies a suitable square-function Carleson measure estimate. When the matrix $A$ is non-symmetric, under the additional assumption that $\Omega$ is a uniform domain and denoting the transpose of $L$ by $L^*$, we show that $\partial\Omega$ is uniformly $n$-rectifiable if and only if every bounded solution of $Lu=0$ and every bounded solution of $L^*v=0$ in $\Omega$ is $\varepsilon$-approximable if and only if every bounded solution of $Lu=0$ and every bounded solution of $L^*v=0$ in $\Omega$ satisfies a suitable square-function Carleson measure estimate.
Measurements of $\phi_s$ at the LHCb experiment

These proceedings present the current status of measurements of the CP-violating phase $phi_s$ by the LHCb collaboration, reviewing the measurements in channels such as $B_s^0\to J/\psi\phi$, $B_s^0\to J/\psi \pi^+\pi^-$ and $B_s^0 \to \psi(2S)\phi$. The observation of the $B_s^0\to\eta_c\phi$ decay mode is presented for the first time, which can be used to measure $\phi_s$ with larger data samples that will be collected over the coming years by the LHCb experiment. Finally, the expected increase in precision from LHCb measurements of $\phi_s$ over the next decade is presented.
Multistable Synchronous Power Flows: From Geometry to Analysis and Computation

The phenomenon of multistability, in which systems have multiple stable operating points, is central to power grid operations like optimal power flow and transient stability. Transitions between stable states may create undesirable circulating flows and lead to inefficiencies and blackouts. Unfortunately, it is not yet fully understood how many stable states exist, how to characterize them, and how to compute them efficiently. A deeper understanding of multistability, including its dependence upon network structures and power transmission, may lead to more reliable and efficient power flows in future grids. This paper provides a rigorous and comprehensive framework for studying the multistability of active power flows in lossless grids. This problem is equivalent to both the equilibrium analysis of the coupled swing equations and the synchronization problem for Kuramoto oscillators. The proposed framework is based on a novel "winding partition" of the $n$-torus into winding cells, defined by "Kirchhoff's angle law" for undirected graphs. The winding partition possesses several useful properties, including notably that each winding cell contains at most one equilibrium power flow solution. This paper also proposes a complete algorithm to compute these equilibrium points using a novel contraction mapping. Finally, we apply our results to numerically study multistability in several tests cases and estimate power capacity and congestion.
The Gold Standard: Accurate Stellar and Planetary Parameters for Eight Kepler M Dwarf Systems Enabled by Parallaxes

We report parallaxes and proper motions from the Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program for eight nearby M dwarf stars with transiting exoplanets discovered by Kepler. We combine our directly measured distances with mass–luminosity and radius–luminosity relationships to significantly improve constraints on the host stars’ properties. Our astrometry enables the identification of wide stellar companions to the planet hosts. Within our limited sample, all the multi-transiting planet hosts (three of three) appear to be single stars, while nearly all (four of five) of the systems with a single detected planet have wide stellar companions. By applying strict priors on average stellar density from our updated radius and mass in our transit fitting analysis, we measure the eccentricity probability distributions for each transiting planet. Planets in single-star systems tend to have smaller eccentricities than those in binaries, although this difference is not significant in our small sample. In the case of Kepler-42bcd, where the eccentricities are known to be ≃0, we demonstrate that such systems can serve as powerful tests of M dwarf evolutionary models by working in space. The transit-fit density for Kepler-42bcd is inconsistent with model predictions at 2. 1σ (22%), but matches more empirical estimates at 0. 2σ (2%), consistent with earlier results showing model radii of M dwarfs are underinflated. Gaia will provide high-precision parallaxes for the entire Kepler M dwarf sample, and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite will identify more planets transiting nearby, late-type stars, enabling significant improvements in our understanding of the eccentricity distribution of small planets and the parameters of late-type dwarfs.
Testing Comptonizing Coronae on a Long BeppoSAX Observation of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 5548

We test accurate models of Comptonization spectra over the high-quality data of the BeppoSAX long look at NGC 5548, allowing for different geometries of the scattering region, different temperatures of the input soft photon field, and different viewing angles. We find that the BeppoSAX data are well represented by a plane-parallel or hemispherical corona viewed at an inclination angle of 30°. For both geometries the best-fit temperature of the soft photons is close to 15 eV. The corresponding best-fit values of the hot plasma temperature and optical depth are kTe ≃ 250-260 keV and τ ≃ 0.16-0.37 for the slab and hemisphere, respectively. These values are substantially different from those derived fitting the data with a power-law-plus-cutoff approximation to the Comptonization component (kTe ≲ 60 keV, τ ≃ 2.4). In particular, the temperature of the hot electrons estimated from Comptonization models is much larger. This is due to the fact that accurate Comptonization spectra in anisotropic geometries show "intrinsic" curvature that reduces the necessity of a high-energy cutoff. The Comptonization parameter derived for the slab model is larger than predicted for a two-phase plane-parallel corona in energy balance, suggesting that a more "photon-starved" geometry is necessary. The case of a hemispherical corona is consistent with energy balance but requires a large reflection component. The spectral softening detected during a flare that occurred in the central part of the observation corresponds to a decrease of the Comptonization parameter, probably associated with an increase of the soft photon luminosity, the hard photon luminosity remaining constant. The increased cooling fits in naturally with the derived decrease of the coronal temperature kTe in the high state.
Codegree conditions for tilling balanced complete $3$-partite $3$-graphs and generalized 4-cycles

Given two $k$-graphs $F$ and $H$, a perfect $F$-tiling (also called an $F$-factor) in $H$ is a set of vertex disjoint copies of $F$ that together cover the vertex set of $H$. Let $t_{k-1}(n, F)$ be the smallest integer $t$ such that every $k$-graph $H$ on $n$ vertices with minimum codegree at least $t$ contains a perfect $F$-tiling. Mycroft (JCTA, 2016) determined the asymptotic values of $t_{k-1}(n, F)$ for $k$-partite $k$-graphs $F$. Mycroft also conjectured that the error terms $o(n)$ in $t_{k-1}(n, F)$ can be replaced by a constant that depends only on $F$. In this paper, we improve the error term of Mycroft's result to a sub-linear term when $F=K^3(m)$, the complete $3$-partite $3$-graph with each part of size $m$. We also show that the sub-linear term is tight for $K^3(2)$, {the result also provides another family of counterexamples of Mycroft's conjecture (Gao, Han, Zhao (arXiv, 2016) gave a family of counterexamples when $H$ is a $k$-partite $k$-graph with some restrictions. )} Finally, we show that Mycroft's conjecture holds for generalized 4-cycle $C_4^3$ (the 3-graph on six vertices and four distinct edges $A, B, C, D$ with $A\cup B= C\cup D$ and $A\cap B=C\cap D=\emptyset$), i.e. we determine the exact value of $t_2(n, C_4^3)$.
Isolated Effects of Plasma Freezing versus Thawing on Metabolite Stability

Freezing and thawing plasma samples is known to perturb metabolite stability. However, no study has systematically tested how different freezing and thawing methods affect plasma metabolite levels. The objective of this study was to isolate the effects of freezing from thawing on mouse plasma metabolite levels, by comparing a matrix of freezing and thawing conditions through 10 freeze–thaw cycles. We tested freezing with liquid nitrogen (LN2), at −80 °C, or at −20 °C, and thawing quickly in room temperature water or slowly on ice. Plasma samples were extracted and the relative abundance of 87 metabolites was obtained via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Observed changes in metabolite abundance by treatment group correlated with the amount of time it took for samples to freeze or thaw. Thus, snap-freezing with LN2 and quick-thawing with water led to minimal changes in metabolite levels. Conversely, samples frozen at −20 °C exhibited the most changes in metabolite levels, likely because freezing required about 4 h, versus freezing instantaneously in LN2. Overall, our results show that plasma samples subjected to up to 10 cycles of LN2 snap-freezing with room temperature water quick-thawing exhibit remarkable metabolomic stability.
A Study of finitely generated Free Groups via the Fundamental Groups

Free groups have many applications in Algebraic Topology. In this paper I specifically study the finitely generated free groups by using the covering spaces and fundamental groups. By the Van Kampen's theorem, we have a famous fact that the fundamental group of a wedge sum of circles is a free group. Therefore, to study free groups, we could try to figure out the covering spaces of the wedge sum of circles. And in the appendix B, I prove the Nielsen-Schreier theorem which I will use this to study finitely index subgroups of a finitely generated free group.
On separable abelian p-groups

An $S$-ring (a Schur ring) is said to be separable with respect to a class of groups $\mathcal{K}$ if every algebraic isomorphism from the $S$-ring in question to an $S$-ring over a group from $\mathcal{K}$ is induced by a combinatorial isomorphism. A finite group is said to be \emph{separable} with respect to $\mathcal{K}$ if every $S$-ring over this group is separable with respect to $\mathcal{K}$. We provide a complete classification of abelian $p$-groups separable with respect to the class of abelian groups.
Applications of Computer Vision on Automatic Potato Plant Disease Detection: A Systematic Literature Review

In most developing countries, the contribution of agriculture to gross domestic product is significant. Plant disease is one of the major factors that adversely affect crop yield. Traditional plant disease detection techniques are time-consuming, biased, and ineffective. Potato is among the top consumed plants in the world, in general, and in developing countries, in particular. However, potato is affected by different kinds of diseases which minimize their yield and quantity. The advancement in AI and machine learning has paved the way for new methods of tackling plant disease detection. This study presents a comprehensive systematic literature review on the major diseases that harm potato crops. In this effort, computer vision-based techniques are employed to identify potato diseases, and types of machine learning algorithms used are surveyed. In this review, 39 primary studies that have provided useful information about the research questions are chosen. Accordingly, the most common potato diseases are found to be late blight, early blight, and bacterial wilt. Furthermore, the review discovered that deep learning algorithms were more frequently used to detect crop diseases than classical machine learning algorithms. Finally, the review categorized the state-of-the-art algorithms and identifies open research problems in the area.
Effect of lensing magnification on type Ia supernova cosmology

Effect of gravitational magnification on the measurement of distance modulus of type Ia supernovae is presented. We investigate a correlation between magnification and Hubble residual to explore how the magnification affects the estimation of cosmological parameters. We estimate magnification of type Ia supernovae in two distinct methods: one is based on convergence mass reconstruction under the weak lensing limit and the other is based on the direct measurement from galaxies distribution. Both magnification measurements are measured from Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey catalogue. For both measurements, we find no significant correlation between Hubble residual and magnification. Furthermore, we correct for the apparent supernovae fluxes obtained by Supernova Legacy Survey 3-yr sample using direct measurement of the magnification. We find $\Omega _{\rm m0}= 0.282 ^{+0.109} _{-0.086}$ and $w = -1.132 ^{+0.571}_{-0.340}$ for supernovae samples corrected for lensing magnification when we use photometric redshift catalogue of Mizuki, while $\Omega _{\rm m0}= 0.267 ^{+0.114} _{-0.088}$ and $w = -1.074 ^{+0.504} _{-0.312}$ for DEmP photo-z catalogue. Therefore, we conclude that the effect of magnification on the supernova cosmology is negligibly small for the current surveys; however, it has to be considered for the future supernova survey like LSST.
Analysis of Musculoskeletal Injuries Among Collegiate Varsity Electronic Sports Athletes

Background Collegiate electronic sports (esports) in the United States has grown from seven varsity programs in 2016 to over 200 today. Despite its growing success, little has been studied on the injuries of these athletes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of injuries sustained by collegiate esports players and explore the injuries’ impacts on their careers. The authors hypothesized that athletes who spend more time practicing and playing competitively in esports will report an increased history of musculoskeletal injury. Methodology This was a cross-sectional study, level IV evidence. A list of collegiate esports athletes was collected from publicly available sources. Athletes with available contact information were sent a self-reporting questionnaire. The questionnaire examined variables including length of time playing esports, hours/day playing esports, esports-related injury history, surgeries needed, and missed competition time. Results Overall, 153 collegiate esports athletes (88% male, aged 18-42 years) were included, with 41 (26.8%) having experienced at least one injury from esports. Of the 41 injured athletes, three (7.3%) required surgery, 17 (41.5%) had multiple injuries, and seven (17.1%) missed competition time for an average of 3.0 ± 2.3 weeks. Athletes who have been on their respective college team longer (2.0 ± 1.0 vs. 1.7 ± 0.9 years, p = 0.03) and who spent more hours per day practicing had a higher injury incidence (p = 0.01). There was no difference in the current age, sex, age at which athletes began competing in esports, and scholarship status between groups (all p > 0.05). When analyzing the 41 athletes who experienced an injury, the most common injury was to the wrist with 25 total injuries. There were 11 neck, 10 back, nine finger, eight hand, six elbow, and four thumb injuries. Conclusions Collegiate esports players who trained for more hours per day (31.7% of injured players vs. 10.7% of uninjured players practiced more than five hours/day, p = 0.01) and played competitive collegiate esports for more years (2.0 ± 1.0 vs. 1.7 ± 0.9 years, p = 0.03) were more likely to have experienced an esports-related injury. Fortunately, only a small portion of athletes who experienced an injury was forced to miss competition time or require surgery. With this being the largest investigation into collegiate esports-related injuries, future medical research regarding the incidence, management, and prevention of its injuries can help collegiate and professional programs place a greater emphasis on the health of their athletes.
“Whenever You’re Ready to Talk about It”: Prompts and Barriers to Inclusive Family Sex Communication with Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Sons

Abstract Despite growing evidence that parent-child sex communication (PCSC) is a positive strategy for adolescent sexual health outcomes, there is little research about what prompts and impedes these conversations among parents of gay, bisexual, and queer (GBQ) adolescent sons. Using interview data from a multi-method qualitative study, we analyzed parental perspectives (N = 15) on non-heteronormative sex communication with GBQ adolescent sons. Our results revealed that parents are most likely to engage in sex communication if they established open communication with their child, accepted their child’s sexual orientation, encouraged safe sex practices, and were knowledgeable about LGBTQ issues. Conversely, parents who experience communication discomfort were unable to engage in inclusive and comprehensive sex conversations, thus creating a barrier to effective sex-positive communication. These findings have implications for future research and interventions that promote parents’ ability to successfully facilitate conversations about sexual health with their sexuality diverse children.
Mathematical Contributions to the Dynamics of the Josephson Junctions: State of the Art and Open Problems

Mathematical models related to some Josephson junctions are pointed out and attention is drawn to the solutions of certain initial boundary problems and to some of their estimates. In addition, results of rigorous analysis of the behaviour of these solutions when the time tends to infinity and when the small parameter tends to zero are cited. These analyses lead us to mention some of the open problems.
Negative magnetoresistance suppressed through a topological phase transition in 
(Cd1−xZnx)3As2
 thin films

The newly discovered topological Dirac semimetals host the possibilities of various topological phase transitions through the control of spin-orbit coupling as well as symmetries and dimensionalities. Here, we report a magnetotransport study of high-mobility (Cd1-xZnx)3As2 films, where the topological Dirac semimetal phase can be turned into a trivial insulator via chemical substitution. By high-field measurements with a Hall-bar geometry, magnetoresistance components ascribed to the chiral charge pumping have been distinguished from other extrinsic effects. The negative magnetoresistance exhibits a clear suppression upon Zn doping, reflecting decreasing Berry curvature of the band structure as the topological phase transition is induced by reducing the spin-orbit coupling.
The Efficiency of Ensemble Techniques in Predicting Thyroid Disorder: A Comparative Study

Data science is presently connected with a wide range of technical and scientific fields. Thyroid disorder is a widespread issue that affects a great variety of people. Hospitals report several forms of thyroid conditions. In this thesis, a thyroid disease prediction model has been created by classification and comparing traditional and Ensemble algorithms. A dataset including 1,250 records from the Iraqi people was utilized for the first-time using Ensemble methods. Stacking is one of the most effective Ensemble approaches for forecasting complicated structured data. Several metrics, including Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Specificity, F-Score, and the Matthews correlation coefficient, were used to evaluate the performance of the prediction model. The experimental findings show that the proposed technique to optimize the detection of thyroid illnesses may be successfully implemented. The majority of Ensemble methods achieved 100 % accuracy with both the whole data set and the feature selection data set. In terms of precision and computational expense, the given findings outperform comparable models in their field.
Investigation of energy gap and observation of electron-phonon interaction in high-temperature superconductor $La_{1.8}Sr_{0.2}CuO_{4}$ - normal metal point contacts

Electrical characteristics $(I(eV), dV/dI(eV), d^{2}V/dI^{2}(eV))$ are studied comprehensively for pressed submicron point contacts between fresh fractures of LaSrCuO ceramic pellets and a normal metal (Cu). Point contacts (PC) with the direct-type conductivity are investigated, which are characterized by a considerable excess current due to Andreev reflection of quasiparticles at an NS boundary of high transparency. Basic requirements for point contacts suitable for PC measurements are formulated. The models of investigated point contacts permitting the interpretation of the observed characteristics are considered. The results of measurement of the energy gap reveal that LaSrCuO is a superconductor with a strong coupling since the maximum value of the ratio $2\Delta/kT\simeq 11$. It is found that superconducting properties may vary appreciably over distances of several tens of angstroms, resulting in some cases in the simultaneous emergence of two gaps corresponding to two critical temperatures. The $dV/dI(eV)$ and $d^{2}V/dI^{2}(eV)$ curves display some high-intensity singularities whose position on the eV-axis is practically independent of temperature and correlates with the phonon spectrum obtained in neutron scattering experiments. This points to a strong electron-phonon interaction in LaSrCuO.