Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of endolithic biofilms on carbonate rock surfaces

Abstract Almost all natural carbonate rock surfaces as well as carbonate building stones are ubiquitously colonized by micro-organisms such as cyanobacteria, chlorophyceae, fungi and lichens. This colonization occurs endolithically, mostly euendolithically, through active penetration into the rock. Freshly exposed surfaces, such as in glacial forelands of the Dachstein Mountains (Austria) show mature, fully differentiated endolithic colonization after only 15 years of atmospheric exposure. After a time period of 100 to 150 years, coverage of carbonate rock surfaces by endolithic biofilms is almost complete. Most endolithic biofilms (lichens) show similar internal architecture. Under a residual, protective carbonate rock layer are photobiontic micro-organisms. They occupay a well defined zone between 150 to 300 μm beneath the rock surface. In this zone up to 60% of the rock substrate is replaced by microbial biomass. Within the photobiontic layer a constant recycling of cells takes place, where bacteria act as decomposers. Deeper beneath the substrate develops an initially dense, then progressively thinning hyphal network of the mycobiont (i.e. a fungus). Significant differences in amounts and distribution of biomass were observed and quantified which are regional and climatic, but also local and surface age-controlled. Temperature, irradiation and water availability are presumed to be the primary factors. Evidence for a biogenic mechanical surface destabilization (grain loss, desquamation, exfoliation) as observed on siliciclastic rocks, was not found on natural carbonate rock surfaces. The ‘life strategy’ of endolithic biofilms is adapted to conserve their substrates. It commences with quick emplacement within the rock, initially causing some material loss. However, as soon as the endolithic biofilm is established, approaching an equilibrium with the climatic and ecological conditions, it behaves essentially conservatively: it does not continue with growth increments or habitat enlargement. This adaptation of euendolithic biofilms has a generally more protective than destructive impact on their carbonate rock substrates. These observations are important for a better understanding of weathering and deterioration processes, applicable to protection policies and maintenance of cultural monuments.
Toward a model space and model independence metric

Understanding the relationship between computer‐based models and the environment they simulate is becoming increasingly important as we try to predict how the earth's climate will change. As a surrogate for the representation of uncertainty in a prediction problem, it is common to use the range of behaviour from a set of models (an ensemble), and the ensemble mean as the ‘best guess’ prediction. We suggest a ‘model space’ metric, which, by providing one relevant definition of model independence, could allow us to begin to understand the relationship between model spread and prediction uncertainty. This in turn could allow the minimisation of bias from the inclusion of similar models in ensembles and quantification of how much independent information each model contributes to the prediction problem.
A regionalized upper mantle (RUM) seismic model

Seismic velocity heterogeneity in the Earth's mantle is strongly concentrated near its top. The shallow heterogeneity of the mantle correlates strongly with surface tectonics. We use these observations as constraints of a tomographic experiment aimed at building a regionalized upper mantle (RUM) reference model. We use a select set of teleseismic travel times to minimize the mapping of mislocation into structure. The data selection emphasizes the robustness of individual picks. The form of the RUM model is a set of velocity profiles as functions of depth through the upper mantle for each of the different tectonic provinces of Earth. Together the profiles constitute a three-dimensional model which incorporates considerable structural detail but is described by only 90 parameters and has only about 22 degrees of freedom. This is achieved by irregularly sampling a detailed regionalization of the globe, by detailed mapping of subducted lithosphere in the mantle as defined by seismicity, and by combining these structures in an irregular grid in which bookkeeping is efficiently handled. The resulting RUM model includes subducting slabs as sharp fast features in the upper mantle. Old continents are fast; young oceans are slow. Models have been derived for both compressional and shear velocity. The RUM model is designed to represent as much of upper mantle heterogeneity as seen by body wave travel times as possible with a simple model. It can be useful as a reference model for individual tectonic regions. Travel times are efficiently generated for the RUM model. Mislocations of explosions of known location are significantly reduced when corrections for the RUM model are applied to travel time residuals for a spherically symmetrical Earth model.
Non-Newtonian rheological law for highly crystalline dome lavas

Volcanic eruption models are hampered by the lack of multiphase magmatic flow laws. Most rheological models estimate the viscosity of multiphase lavas via the Einstein-Roscoe equation, but this simplification cannot be used for high crystallinity and it does not consider the non-Newtonian strain-rate dependence of viscosity. We carried out parallel plate experiments on natural samples to simulate multiphase lava deformation under various stresses and strain rates. Multiphase lavas exhibit an important component of shear thinning, and appear to invalidate the adequacy of Einstein-Roscoe–based formulations for highly crystalline lava rheology. The remarkable singular dependence of viscosity (η) on strain rate (γ) yields a novel universal rheology law at eruptive temperatures ( T ), i.e., log η = −0.993 + 8974/ T −0.543·log γ Our work reveals the importance of considering microcracking and viscous dissipation at very high strain rate (>10 −3 s −1 ), explaining the occurrence of seismic swarms along the conduit margins, and consequently supporting plug-like magma ascent models.
MODELLING OF LAND SUBSIDENCE ALONG TANAH MAS -PELABUHAN SECTION SEMARANG CITY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

ABSTRACT Land subsidence has been an apparent problem in the northern part of Semarang city, Central Java, which has caused enormous physical and economical impacts. This area is underlain by alluvium sediments of clay, silt, sand and gravel. The nature of the alluvium soil is soft and highly compressible which induces natural consolidation to occur. The lowering of groundwater table due to exploitation and loads of building and earth fill accelerate the rate of consolidation settlement. A study of land subsidence modeling was carried out in the northern part of Semarang city. Collection and analysis of data on the geology, hydrology, soil properties and monitored settlements were conducted. Modeling of land subsidence involved stress deformation analysis using finite element method. The settlements computed for selected section of the city of Semarang were compared with measurements of settlement in the city area. The simulation results appear to be in reasonably good agreement with the measurement results. Simulation results at selected section indicated that the contribution of lowering groundwater table factor accounts for less than 50% of total monitored subsidence. Meanwhile simulation results using application of external loading and lowering of groundwater table showed better agreement with the monitored subsidence. Information of magnitude and factors causing land subsidence is important particularly for city planning purposes.
Editorial: Human contingency learning

The present special issue presents an overview of recent developments and controversies in research on human contingency learning. The aim of this research is to understand the way in which humans learn about causal and noncausal relations between events. It seems quite appropriate that an issue on human contingency learning is the first special issue to feature in the newly remerged Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. In few areas of research has the interplay between human and animal experimental research been so intense and fruitful, with findings and theories mutually influencing each other. Whereas initially, research on human contingency learning was greatly stimulated by the suggestion that models derived from animal conditioning research could be applied to human contingency learning (e.g., Dickinson, Shanks, & Evenden, 1984; Shanks, 1985), in subsequent decades findings and theoretical developments in human learning research have also begun to stimulate developments in animal conditioning (e.g., Beckers, Miller, De Houwer, & Urushihara, 2006; Miller & Matute, 1996). As such, research on human contingency learning spans both former sections of the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Indeed, many papers on contingency learning that have over the years appeared in either section could just as well have been published in the other section. The reunited journal will undoubtedly represent an enduring forum for the exchange of ideas and cross-fertilization between animal and human learning research. We are very pleased that David Shanks has kindly agreed to provide an introductory address for the special issue (Shanks, 2007). It was his seminal work with Anthony Dickinson (e.g., Dickinson et al., 1984; Shanks, 1985, 1986, 1987) that has provided much of the impetus for the renewed interest in human contingency learning since the 1980s, and his sustained and important input to the field has been part of what has kept the field thriving ever since. His address not only identifies a number of questions that should inspire future research, but also provides a (sometimes provocative) framework for the contributions that make up this issue. These contributions range from purely fundamental, theoretical analyses (see the paper by Pineno & Miller, 2007), over empirically oriented reports (see Booth & Buehner, 2007; Cobos, Lopez, & Luque, 2007; De Houwer, Vandorpe, & Beckers, 2007; Hagmayer & Waldmann, 2007; Karazinov & Boakes, 2007; Mitchell, Livesey, & Lovibond,
NEGOTIATION TECHNIQUES TO RESOLVE WESTERN WATER DISPUTES1

: There is a growing literature on the resolution of natural resources conflicts. Much of it is practical, focusing on guidelines for hands-on negotiation. This literature can be a guide in water conflicts. This is especially true for negotiations over new environmental values such as instream flow. The concepts of competitive, cooperative, and integrative styles of conflict resolution are applied to three cases of water resource bargaining. Lessons for the effective use of these ideas include: break a large number of parties into small working groups, approach value differences in small steps, be cautious in the presence of an attentive public, keep decisions at the local level, and understand the opponent's interests.
MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKING : THE CUTTING EDGE DIRECTIONS

Opportunistic or Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) may be used to enable communication in case of failure or lack of infrastructure ( disaster, censorship, remote areas) and to complement existing wireless technologies (c ellular, WiFi). Wireless peers communicate when in contact, forming an impromptu network, whose connectivity graph is highly dynamic and only partly connected. To cope with frequ ent, long-lived disconnections, opportunistic routing techniques have been proposed in which, at every hop, a node d ecides whether it should forward and/or store-and-carry a message . Despite a growing number of such proposals, there still exists little consensus on the m ost suitable routing algorithm(s) in this context. One of the reasons is the large diversity of eme rging wireless applications and networks exhibiting such “episodic” connectivity. These n etworks often have very different characteristics and requirements, making it very difficult , if not impossible, to design a routing solution that fits all. In this chapter, we start by describing some key characteris tic of DTN environments. We first discuss genericnetwork characteristics that are relevant to the routing process (e.g. network density, node heterogeneity, mobility patterns), and identify three major obstacles that most opportunistic routing protocols have to overcome : (a) the uncertainty of future connectivity, (b) the ever-present structure in human and v ehicular mobility, and (c) the Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: The Cutting Edge Directions, Seco nd Edition.By Stefano Basagni, Marco Conti, Silvia Giordano and Ivan Stojmenovic Copyright c © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9 10 OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING heterogeneity of node resources and mobility. We then descr ibe replication techniques aiming to cope with the first obstacle, and utility-based for warding techniques which aim at exploiting the second. Finally, we discuss hybrid, “stateof-the-art” routing schemes, that combine both replication and contact prediction to achieve good performance in a variety of settings and environments.
Video measurements of near-surface bubble spectra

Large bubbles >300μm radius have been observed at depths of between 10 cm and 1.2 m using a small video camera attached to a surface following float. In salt water, bubble spectra are presented for both limited fetch and open sea conditions and in fresh water for limited fetch conditions. The void fractions and areas of the observed bubbles are calculated. Measurements were made in a limited range of wind conditions (greater than Beaufort force 5) and depths (between 10 cm and 1.2 m). Video records were analyzed by eye which introduced some uncertainty in the measured size and limited the number of sampled bubbles. Bubble populations are represented by power law spectra (dndr=ar-b). Near the surface, 2 < b < 3 on average; the distribution is very patchy: near breaking waves there are relatively more large bubbles: here 1 < b < 2. Away from the surface, 3.5 < b < 5.
On: “The normal vertical gradient of gravity” by J. H. Karl (GEOPHYSICS, 48, 1011–1013, July 1983).

In his reply to C. J. Swain’s (1984) discussion Karl states that no one has disagreed with his proposed (0.265 mGal/m) “average value” for the normal gravity gradient and that his global terrain model can be used to challenge the validity of the traditional approach to data reduction. Our investigations show that Karl is in error on both counts, and we hope that the following analyses will help toward a clearer understanding of this question.
Detecting potential erosion threats to the coastal zone: St. John, Usvi

Islands, by definition, contain more coastal zone than mainland coastal regions of similar area, yet island coastal zone management (CZM) plans are typically adapted from existing mainland plans, which often results in narrowly defined and inadequate island coastal zones. Typically, these zones are threatened as much by land use practices employed in adjoining upland watersheds as by practices within the coastal zones themselves. The U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) are no exception. This research identifies areas with high erosion potential in the upland watersheds of St. John, USVI, given current development trends, land management policy, and land use control. To characterize erosion hazard, an erosion model, integrating the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with a digital terrain model (DTM) is built within a geographic information system (GIS). Using quantitative multivariate analysis in the model, a hierarchical assessment of potential soil erosion on development sites that lie outside, yet thr.
Depth profiles of δ13C in bottom water and core top C. wuellerstorfi on the Ontong Java Plateau and Emperor Seamounts

We have measured the carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in bottom waters of the Ontong Java Plateau (western equatorial Pacific) and on the northern Emperor Seamounts (northwest Pacific). Each of these locations is several hundred miles from the nearest Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) stations, and the observed δ13C values at each site differ substantially from regionally averaged GEOSECS δ13C profiles. We discuss the possible causes of these differences, including horizontal variability, near-bottom effects, and problems with the Pacific GEOSECS δ13C data. We also measured the isotopic composition (C and O) of core top C. wuellerstorfi from a depth transect of cores at each location. The δ18O data are used to verify that our samples are Holocene. Comparison of foraminiferal and bottom water δ13C values shows that this species faithfully records bottom water δ13C at both sites and demonstrates that there is no depth-related artifact in the dissolved inorganic carbon-C. wuellerstorfi δ13C relationship at these sites.
Observed changes in the diurnal dewpoint cycles across North America

We analyzed the record of hourly dewpoint data from 92 climatological stations in North America. The data were centered with respect to sunrise and sunset and divided into four geographic regions of approximately equal area in an attempt to uncover regional trends. Few statistically significant regional trends in mean dewpoint temperatures were found. However, the within‐day variations were very well behaved and consistent across regions. They showed a relative decline in dewpoints in the late afternoon at most stations, and small declines just after sunrise. The results are consistent with urbanization signals described by Oke [1987]. An observed rise in midday dewpoint, followed by a fall in late afternoon, indicates some regional enhancement of convection, which may in part be from the urban effect, but other causes are possible. Our dewpoint changes are somewhat consistent with precipitation changes that have described by other researchers.
ADJUSTMENT OF A SIMPLIFIED SATELLITE-BASED ALGORITHM FOR GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION ESTIMATION OVER KOREA

Monitoring the global gross primary production (GPP) is relevant to understanding the global carbon cycle and evaluating the effects of interannual climate variation on food and fiber production. GPP, the flux of carbon into ecosystems via photosynthetic assimilation, is an important variable in the global carbon cycle and a key process in land surface–atmosphere interactions. The Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one of the primary global monitoring sensors. MODIS GPP has some of the problems that have been proven in several studies. Therefore this study was to solve the regional mismatch that occurs when using the MODIS GPP global product over Korea. To solve this problem, we estimated each of the GPP component variables separately to improve the GPP estimates. We compared our GPP estimates with validation GPP data to assess their accuracy. For all sites, the correlation was close with high significance (R 2 = 0.8164, RMSE = 0.6126 g·C·m –2 ·d –1 , bias = –0.0271 g·C·m –2 ·d –1 ). We also compared our results to those of other models. The component variables tended to be either over- or under-estimated when compared to those in other studies over the Korean peninsula, although the estimated GPP was better. The results of this study will likely improve carbon cycle modeling by capturing finer patterns with an integrated method of remote sensing.
The regime shift in the early 1980s of spring precipitation in Korea

The change‐point analysis demonstrates that there is a regime shift in the spring precipitation in Korea in 1980–1981. The total spring precipitation in the years post‐1980 showed a distinct decrease compared to the years pre‐1980. This phenomenon of reduced spring precipitation was particularly dominant in the southwestern regions of the Sobaek Mountain range in Korea. This phenomenon was also noticed in China and Japan, excluding south China. One of the major causes for this decrease in spring precipitation was the increased snow depth in the mid‐latitude regions of continental East Asia. This resulted in a strengthened cold anticyclone over continental East Asia and a relatively weakened subtropical anticyclone over the western North Pacific, thus forcing a continuation of the typical winter pressure pattern of ‘high‐West and low‐East’ in East Asia from preceding winter into current spring. The strengthened northerlies from this zonal pressure pattern played a significant role in restricting the northern movement of the subtropical anticyclone and preventing the inflow of warm and humid air into Korea. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
How is topographic simplicity maintained in ephemeral dryland channels

The lack of topographic complexity in ephemeral dryland channels, despite large variations in hydraulic controls and sediment texture, presents an unexplained paradox that limits understanding of their long-term evolution. In dryland basins, spatially and temporally discontinuous channel flow transports and sorts sediment along the bed intermittently and irregularly. The cumulative effect of these processes counterintuitively produces simple topography, manifest in straight longitudinal profiles and symmetrical cross sections, in contrast with perennial channels. This paper presents numerical modeling experiments based on field measurements to investigate dryland channel topographic development through the responses of bed-material flux and net sediment storage to variations in channel hydrology. We show that spatially variable flow creates and subsequently destroys incipient topography along ephemeral reaches, and that large flood events above a threshold overcome hydraulic and grain-size controls to dampen fluctuations in longitudinal sediment flux through a smoothing of the incipient channel bar forms. The results provide a physical explanation for emergent topographic simplicity in ephemeral dryland channels despite higher variability in streamflow and sedimentary characteristics compared to perennial systems.
DEVELOPMENT OF A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) BASED DECISION-MAKING TOOL FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING PRODUCTS

This paper introduces the need for the responsible selection of construction products and then analyses a number of assessment methodologies. Some computer packages and guidebooks that assist in life cycle assessment or aid construction product selection are briefly reviewed. Issues that affect decision-making and complexities in the construction industry are discussed. A tool for assisting responsible construction product selection is then presented that involves carrying out a streamlined life cycle assessment, comparing a novel product to a traditional product. The tool is pragmatic because only three environmental criteria are considered (resource consumption, energy use and human and ecological impacts) and a relative rather then absolute assessment is required. The decision-assisting methodology is demonstrated with a case study. The limitations and benefits of the streamlined LCA are finally presented.
Two-step development of geomagnetic storms

Using the Dst index, more than 1200 geomagnetic storms, from weak to intense, spanning over three solar cycles have been examined statistically. Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind data have also been used in the study. It is found that for more than 50% of intense magnetic storms, the main phase undergoes a two-step growth in the ring current. That is, before the ring current has decayed significantly to the prestorm level, anew major particle injection occurs, leading to a further development of the ring current, and making Dst decrease a second time. Thus intense magnetic storms may often be the result of two closely spaced moderate storms. The corresponding signature in the interplanetary medium is the arrival of double-structured southward IMF at the magnetosphere.