Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Causal Contribution in Rare Event Data

We introduce a framework for causal discovery and attribution of causal influence 1 for rare events in time series data–where the interest is in identifying causal links 2 and root causes of individual discrete events rather than the types of these events. 3 Specifically, we build on the theory of temporal point processes, and describe 4 a discrete-time analogue of Hawkes processes to model the occurrence of self-5 exciting rare events with instantaneous effects. We then introduce several scores 6 to measure causal influence among individual events. These statistics are drawn 7 from causal inference and temporal point process theories, describe complementary 8 aspects of causality in temporal event data, and obey commonly used axioms for 9 feature attribution. We demonstrate the efficacy of our model and the proposed 10 influence scores on real and synthetic data. 11
2D wavelet analysis and compression of on‐line industrial process data

In recent years the wavelet transform (WT) has interested a large number of scientists from many different fields. Pattern recognition, signal processing, signal compression, process monitoring and control, and image analysis are some areas where wavelets have shown promising results. In this paper, 2D wavelet analysis and compression of near‐infrared spectra for on‐line monitoring of wood chips is reviewed. We introduce a new parameter for outlier detection, distance to model in wavelet space (DModW), which is analogous to the residual parameter (DModX) used in principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares analysis (PLS). Additionally, we describe the wavelet power spectrum (WPS), the wavelet analogue of the power spectrum. The WPS gives an overview of the time–frequency content in a signal. In the example given, wavelets improved the detection of spectral shift and compressed data 1000‐fold without degrading the quality of the 2D wavelet‐compressed PCA model. The example concerned an industrial process‐monitoring situation where near‐infrared spectra are measured on‐line on top of a conveyer belt filled with wood chips at a Swedish pulp plant. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RAMAN SCATTERED He ii λ4332 IN THE SYMBIOTIC STAR V1016 CYGNI

Raman scattering of He ii line photons with atomic hydrogen is important in studying the mass loss processes in many symbiotic stars and a number of young planetary nebulae. We calculate the scattering cross sections and branching ratios associated with the Raman scattered He ii λ4332 feature formed through inelastic scattering of He ii λ949 with a hydrogen atom. At the line center of He ii λ949, the total scattering cross section is computed to be σtot = 2.5 × 10−22 cm2, and the branching ratio into the level 2s is 0.12. We also present a high-resolution spectrum of the symbiotic star V1016 Cygni obtained with the 1.8 m telescope at Mt. Bohyun to investigate the Raman scattering origin of the broad feature blueward of He ii λ4338. Based on the atomic calculation, we perform Monte Carlo calculations for the line formation. The scattering region is assumed to be a part of a uniform spherical shell that subtends a solid angle ΔΩ = π steradian with a neutral column density . By adding a far-UV continuum around He ii λ949 normalized by the equivalent width of He ii λ949 to be 2.3 Å, we obtain a good fit for both the Raman scattered He ii λ4332 and the broad wings around Hγ. Our analysis of the Raman feature blueward of Hγ in V1016 Cyg is consistent with the previous study of the Raman features blueward of Hα and Hβ by Jung and Lee.
The impact of discount appeal of food ordering application on consumer satisfaction in Southeast Asia

This study aims to determine the effect of discounts on interest, selection, and satisfaction in the food and beverage ordering application service. In the current digital era, food and beverage ordering applications are widely used by the public, one of which is a food e-commerce website and application. We conducted this research with 100 respondents who are subscribers of food e-commerce websites and applications in Indonesia. The analysis was carried out using path analysis using the SmartPLS version 3. The results of this study indicate that discounts have a significant and positive effect on customers' selection, interest, and satisfaction in the food e-commerce website application. The influence given is also quite significant because it is the strength of food e-commerce websites.
THE HEAVY BALL WITH FRICTION METHOD, I. THE CONTINUOUS DYNAMICAL SYSTEM: GLOBAL EXPLORATION OF THE LOCAL MINIMA OF A REAL-VALUED FUNCTION BY ASYMPTOTIC ANALYSIS OF A DISSIPATIVE DYNAMICAL SYSTEM

Let H be a real Hilbert space and Φ:H ↦ R a continuously differentiable function, whose gradient is Lipschitz continuous on bounded sets. We study the nonlinear dissipative dynamical system: ${\ddot x}(t)+\lambda{\dot x}(t)+\nabla\Phi(x(t))=0, \lambda>0, plus Cauchy data, mainly in view of the unconstrained minimization of the function Φ. New results concerning the convergence of a solution to a critical point are given in various situations, including when Φ is convex (possibly with multiple minima) or is a Morse function (the critical point being then generically a local minimum); a counterexample shows that, without peculiar assumptions, a trajectory may not converge. By following the trajectories, we obtain a method for exploring local minima of Φ. A singular perturbation analysis links our results with those concerning gradient systems.
Micronic-size cryogenic thermometer for turbulence measurements

Micronic-size thermometers (1.5×1.5×0.5 μm3) designed for local measurements in turbulent gaseous helium in the range of 4–80 K, have been developed and tested. Their very short time response (⩽1 μs) and micronic spatial resolution allow to perform measurements down to the Kolmogorov dissipative length scale, for high Reynolds or Rayleigh numbers flows. These thermometers, designed to be nonperturbative in the flow, are based on Au–Ge thin films deposited by sputtering process on drawn glass fibers. Their relative sensitivities σ=|(T/R)(dR/dT)| are ranging from 0.15 to 0.9, and are nearly constant on the whole temperature range.
Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater with Poly-ε-Caprolactone-Reinforced Chitosan Composite

Currently, the requirements for adsorbent materials are based on their environmentally friendly production and biodegradability. However, they are also related to the design of materials to sustain many cycles in pursuit of low cost and profitable devices for water treatments. In this regard, a chitosan reinforced with poly-ε-caprolactone thermoplastic composite was prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy; Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, mechanical properties, as well as erosion and swelling assays. The isotherm and kinetic data were fitted with Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium capacities at pH 6 of Zn(II), Cu(II), Fe(II), and Al(III) were 165.59 ± 3.41 mg/g, 3.91 ± 0.02 mg/g, 10.72 ± 0.11 mg/g, and 1.99 ± 0.22 mg/g, respectively. The adsorbent material lost approximately 6% of the initial mass in the adsorption-desorption processes.
THE SPECTRUM OF NOVA AQUILAE 1943

The absorption spectrum, type dG8, appears prominently on all seven spectrograms of AEAquarii. The absorption lines are well defined, and with dispersions of 75 and 120 A/mm yield satisfactory velocities. The results indicate that the source of these lines is one component of a rapid binary system whose period is not greater than two days. The observed velocity range is more than 250 km/sec. Thus far, no lines of a secondary component have been detected. Further observations will be needed to determine the elements of the orbit and the relationship between the gaseous envelope producing the emission lines and the binary system. Rotational effects probably play a leading role in widening the emission lines. Similar radial velocity changes are apparent in SS Cygni and in RU Pegasi whose spectra at minimum also show measurable absorption lines. The binary character of these stars, hitherto unrecognized, gives a new line of approach to the study of the SS Cygni type of variation, even though it does not present any simple clue to the explanation of the sudden outbursts of luminosity at semiregular intervals of several weeks or months.
Prognostic Impact of Severe Atrial Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation in Atrial Fibrillation Patients

Background and Aim: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an epidemic disease with a significant global health impact. Atrial functional tricuspid regurgitation (AF-TR) is a more recently acknowledged complication of AF. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value of severe AF-TR in patients with AF, and its determinants. Methods: In this retrospective, observational study, we included AF patients admitted consecutively to a tertiary clinical hospital between January 2018 and February 2020, irrespective of cause of hospitalization. Patients with organic TR, significant pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%, those with implanted cardiac devices and those with in-hospital mortality were excluded. Severe TR was defined according to current guidelines. Median follow-up time was 34 (28–39) months. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Results: We included 246 AF patients, with a mean age of 71.5 ± 9.4 years. 86.2% had AF-TR, while 8.1% had severe AF-TR. Mortality rate was 8.5%. Right atrial diameter (p = 0.005), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) (p = 0.015) and NT-proBNP (p = 0.026) were independent predictors for the presence of severe valvular dysfunction. In multivariable survival analysis, severe AF-TR, was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (HR 5.4, 95% CI 1.1–26.2, p = 0.035). Conclusion: Severe AF-TR was an independent predictor of mortality in AF patients, while mild/moderate AF-TR apparently had no impact on prognosis.
Ozônioterapia como tratamento auxiliar em paciente com comorbidades com periodontite localizada aguda

Introdução: A utilização de terapias coadjuvantes ao tratamento da DP vem apresentando significativa melhora nos casos, sendo a ozônioterapia (OT) uma delas. Na literatura a OT tem sido utilizada como antimicrobiano, imunomodulador, analgésico, reparador tecidual e anti-inflamatório. Objetivo: Tem como objetivo relatar um caso de periodontite estágio II com quadro de agudização tratado com terapia periodontal não cirúrgica associada com ozônioterapia. Relato de Caso: Paciente gênero masculino, 70 anos, diabético tipo II e hipertenso, sendo comorbidades ambas controladas compareceu a clínica de especialização em periodontia de uma faculdade queixando-se sobre uma secreção purulenta que ocorria de forma recorrente nas regiões superior e inferior. Ao exame clínico verificou-se a presença de biofilme e cálculos dentários em ambas arcadas, ausência de elementos dentários, mobilidade dentária grau III nos elementos 33, 43 e 44 e bolsas periodontais com profundidade acima de 10mm e secreção purulenta nos elementos 13, 14, 15 e 16. Após liberação médica, tratamento iniciou com irrigação de água ozonizada com concentração de 60% nas áreas de supuração e aplicação de gel ozonizado com concentração de 10% durante 7 dias, em seguida 2 sessões de raspagem não cirúrgica periodontal e irrigação de água ozonizada com concentração de 60% nas áreas das bolsas periodontais, contudo devido a não redução da profundidade de sondagem nos elementos 13, 14, 15 e 16 foi proposto raspagem em campo aberto e irrigação de água ozonizada à 60% para descontaminação das regiões. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a OT apresentou um resultado positivo como terapia coadjuvante na melhora do quadro agudo do paciente, contudo deve-se salientar a não substituição do tratamento periodontal convencional e higienização pela OT e sim a junção das três técnicas.
On the decay of Saffman turbulence subject to rotation, stratification or an imposed magnetic field

We consider freely decaying, statistically axisymmetric turbulence evolving in the presence of a background rotation, an imposed stratification or a uniform magnetic field. We focus on the case of Saffman turbulence in which E(k → 0) ~ k2 and show that, if the large scales evolve in a self-similar manner, then u⊥2 ℓ⊥2 ℓ∥ = constant in rotating, stratified and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. This may be contrasted with E(k → 0) ~ k4 turbulence, in which u⊥2 ℓ⊥4 ℓ∥ ≈ constant. (Here the subscripts ⊥ and ∥ indicate directions perpendicular and parallel to the axis of symmetry, and ℓ⊥, ℓ∥ and u⊥ are suitably defined integral scales.) This constraint on the integral scales allows us to make simple, testable predictions for the temporal evolution of ℓ⊥, ℓ∥ and u⊥ in all three systems. There are only limited data sets against which to compare these predictions, but they are consistent with those data which are currently available.
YY Geminorum: A Very Late Type Close Binary with Possible Magnetic Stellar Wind

The O-C curve of the very late type close binary (dM1e + dM1e) YY Geminorum is formed and analyzed based on all available times of minimum light. It is found that the orbital period shows a secular decrease with rate dP/dt = -1.08 × 10-8 days yr-1. There is weak evidence indicating that a small-amplitude period oscillation is superposed on the period decrease. YY Gem is a well-detached eclipsing binary containing two very active components. The secular period decrease may suggest that the system is undergoing secular mass and angular momentum loss via a magnetic stellar wind. If the small-amplitude oscillation is real, it can be explained either by magnetic activity cycles or by the presence of a giant planet or brown dwarf.
How Children Constrain Their Argument Structure Constructions.

We tested two hypotheses about how English-speaking children learn to avoid making argument structure errors such as Don't giggle me. The first is that children base their usage of verbs on membership in narrow-range semantic classes (Pinker 1989). The second is that children make use of indirect negative evidence in the form of alternative expressions that preempt tendencies to overgeneralize. Ninety-six children (32 each at 2.5, 4.5, and 6/7 years of age) were introduced to two nonce verbs, one as a transitive verb and one as an intransitive verb. One verb was from a semantic class that can be used both transitively and intransitively while the other was from a fixed transitivity class. Half of the children were given preempting alternatives with both verbs; for example, they heard a verb in a simple transitive construction (as in Ernie's meeking the car) and then they also heard it in a passive construction-which enabled them to answer the question What's happening with the car? ' with It's getting meeked (rather than generalizing to the intransitive construction with It's meeking). We found empirical support for the constraining role of verb classes and of preemption, but only for children 4.5 years of age and older. Results are discussed in terms of a model of syntactic development in which children begin with lexically specific linguistic constructions and only gradually learn to differentiate verbs as lexical items from argument structure constructions as abstract linguistic entities.
Density Functional Theory Search of 3d Transition Metal Complexes in Diamond for Quantum Sensing Applications

Optically addressable defects in wide‐bandgap semiconductors are of considerable interest as materials platforms for quantum sensing and information systems. Density functional theory is used to identify novel defects in diamond consisting of transition metal + nitrogen complexes with potential for quantum sensing. Defects are characterized with respect to formation energy, ordering and degeneracy of the defect energy levels, optical and charge transition energies, zero‐field‐splitting energies, and thermodynamic stability. Novel defect sites with optically addressable spin states and viable spin sublevel configurations are identified, and analysis of activation energies for atomic migration indicates stability in the lattice.
Optimal unit commitment

The paper describes a new and rigorous method for determining the mode of operation of an electrical power system that minimizes the operational cost. The power system consists of M thermal generating units and one constant-head hydroplant. The operational cost includes the fixed and variable start-up and running costs of the thermal units. The method uses the maximum principle of Pontryagin to determine the generation levels of the operating units, to devise additional criteria for fathoming a vertex in the branch and bound algorithm, and to reduce the number of units considered for shut down. The choice of which units to shut down from those suggested by the maximum principle is done by branch and bound.
The Astro-H Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS)

The Soft-X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) is a high spectral resolution, cryogenic x-ray spectrometer that will fly on the Japan/U.S. Astro-H observatory in 2014. The SXS is composed of a 36 pixel, imaging, x-ray calorimeter array that will operate at 0.05 K utilizing a 2-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator and a redundant pre-cooler design using both a 40 liter liquid helium tank and a 1.7 K Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler. Additional redundant Stirling cycle coolers provide pre-cooling for the (JT) and cool the outer thermal shields for the JT and the helium tank. The detector system, while similar to that flown on Suzaku, is composed of larger 0.81×0.81mm pixels, but has significantly better performance, currently predicted to be better than 4 eV FWHM at 6 keV with 95% quantum efficiency. This instrument is the result of a close collaboration between many institutions in the U.S. and Japan over the last 25 years. Here we will present an overview of the SXS instrument, the SXS cooling system, and recent laboratory improvements to the detector system.The Soft-X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) is a high spectral resolution, cryogenic x-ray spectrometer that will fly on the Japan/U.S. Astro-H observatory in 2014. The SXS is composed of a 36 pixel, imaging, x-ray calorimeter array that will operate at 0.05 K utilizing a 2-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator and a redundant pre-cooler design using both a 40 liter liquid helium tank and a 1.7 K Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler. Additional redundant Stirling cycle coolers provide pre-cooling for the (JT) and cool the outer thermal shields for the JT and the helium tank. The detector system, while similar to that flown on Suzaku, is composed of larger 0.81×0.81mm pixels, but has significantly better performance, currently predicted to be better than 4 eV FWHM at 6 keV with 95% quantum efficiency. This instrument is the result of a close collaboration between many institutions in the U.S. and Japan over the last 25 years. Here we will present an overview of the SXS instrument, the SXS cooling system, and recent .
Redefining the role of a learner in the competency-based medical curriculum

Redefining the role of a learner in the competency-based medical curriculum Ilavenil Karunakaran, Gugapriya Thiagarajan Sukhumar and Guru Thangiah Arun Department of Anatomy, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Coimbatore, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India, and Clinical Imaging Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Superparamagnetic relaxation times for mixed anisotropy and high energy barriers with intermediate to high damping: 1. Uniaxial axis in a 〈001〉 direction

The Néel‐Brown theory for superparamagnetic relaxation rates is generalized to ferromagnetic particles with mixed cubic and uniaxial anisotropy. In this article the uniaxial axis is in a 〈001〉 crystallographic direction, while in part 2 it is in a 〈111〉 direction. The calculations are for high energy barriers, so transitions between states (stable equilibria) are rare. Transition rates from an energy minimum across a saddle point are determined by the height of the energy barrier and the shape of the energy surface around these two points. To account for multiple connections between minima, a master equation is solved for the probability distribution and the effect on the magnetic moment is calculated. Some relaxation modes have no effect on the moment. There are as many as five distinct relaxation rates for the probability distribution, but at most two for the moment. One rate is for the component parallel to the uniaxial axis, while the other is for the perpendicular component. These rates are functions of the cubic anisotropy parameter K′1 and the uniaxial parameter Ku. The double relaxation rate can give rise to phenomena such as partial superparamagnetism and multiple blocking temperatures.
Weakly interacting, massive particles and the solar neutrino flux

If the Sun contained even a small mass fraction of weakly interacting massive particles, there could be significant effects on central solar structure. The long mean free paths associated with such particles make them very efficient energy conductors. Consequently, an essentially isothermal core can be produced, which removes the central temperature peak responsible for the bulk of the predicted solar neutrinos in Davis's /sup 37/Cl neutrino capture experiment. We explore the solar evolutionary consequences of both imposed isothermal core models and models including energy transport by a specific class of weakly interacting particles. In particular, a relative mass fraction, 10/sup -8/, of 4GeV particles reduces predicted neutrino count rates by more than a factor of 3.
CMOS time-mode smart temperature sensor using programmable temperature compensation devices and DR time-to-digital converter

This work presents a time-mode smart temperature sensor in a standard 180 nm CMOS process, intended for on-chip thermal monitoring applications. A new temperature-to-pulse converter (TPC) is proposed utilising programmable temperature compensation devices, where a dual delay-line conﬁguration is adopted, namely sensor and reference delay-lines. The proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) delay offered by the sensor delay-line has a temperature coefﬁcient (TC) of 720 ppm/ (cid:3) C, whereas almost constant delay possessed by the reference delay-line has a TC of 60 ppm/ (cid:3) C, over 0–100 (cid:3) C temperature range. The proposed 1st-order DR time-to-digital converter (TDC) serves as the smart sensor readout, where a novel delay-cell is proposed using multipath approach. The projected DR TDC achieves 30 ns full-scale range at 9 ps resolution. The dual delay-line conﬁguration in the TPC and the dynamic element matching in the DR TDC bound the inaccuracy of the proposed smart temperature sensor to ± 0.68 (cid:3) C. The sensor shows a resolution of 0.03 (cid:3) C at 0.5 l s conversion time.