Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PII: S0925-4773(00)00374-9

The morphogen gradient of Wingless, a Wnt family member protein, provides positional information to cells in Drosophila imaginal discs. Elucidating the mechanism that precisely restricts the expression domain of wingless is important in understanding the two-dimensional patterning by secreted proteins in imaginal discs. In the pouch region of the wing disc, wingless is induced at the dorsal/ventral compartment boundary by Notch signaling in a compartment-dependent manner. In the notum region of the wing disc, wingless is also expressed across the dorsal/ventral axis, however, regulation of notal wingless expression is not fully understood. Here, we show that notal wingless expression is established through the function of Pannier, U-shaped and Wingless signaling itself. Initial wingless induction is regulated by two transcription factors, Pannier and U-shaped. At a later stage, wingless expression expands ventrally from the pannier expression domain by a Wingless signaling-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, expression of pannier and u-shaped is regulated by Decapentaplegic signaling that provides the positional information along the anterior/posterior axis, in a concentration-dependent manner. This suggests that the Decapentaplegic morphogen gradient is utilized not only for anterior/posterior patterning but also contributes to dorsal/ventral patterning through the induction of pannier, u-shaped and wingless during Drosophila notum development. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(00)00472-X

From studies performed primarily in mammals, it is thought that the P2X3 purinoreceptor is involved in mediating sensory and nociceptive signals in adult tissues. However, little is known concerning the expression or function of P2X family genes during early development. Here we describe the expression of a gene (p2x3) encoding a P2X3 receptor during zebra®sh development. We ®nd that zebra®sh p2x3 is expressed in the anlage of the trigeminal ganglion from very early stages of development, most likely in neural crest derived trigeminal cells as opposed to placode derived cells. p2x3 is also expressed in the spinal sensory Rohon-Beard cells and in the putative posterior lateral line ganglion. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(99)00217-8

The recent development of transgenic methods for the frog Xenopus laevis provides the opportunity to study later developmental events, such as organogenesis, at the molecular level. Our studies have focused on the development of the tadpole gut, where tissue speci®c promoters have yet to be identi®ed. We have used mammalian promoters, for the genes elastase, pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1, transthyretin, and intestinal fatty acid binding protein to drive green ̄uorescent protein expression in live tadpoles. All of these were shown to drive appropriate tissue speci®c expression, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms organising the gut are similar in amphibians and mammals. Furthermore, expression from the elastase promoter is initiated in the pancreatic buds before morphological de®nition becomes possible, making it a powerful tool for the study of pancreatic determination. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
The budding role of FGF Implantation of beads soaked in fibroblast growth factor into the flank of a chick embryo

During development limbs grow out from the lateral plate mesoderm at characteristic locations along the flank of the embryo. For example, in the chick, one wing and one leg develop from each side, the former more anteriorly than the latter, and each with distinct anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral patterning. How is limb location and identity specified? Recently it has emerged that signalling molecules of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have important roles in integrating cell proliferation and patterning during limb growth. Now Cohn et al. [1] have shown that implantation of FGF-soaked beads into the embryonic chick flank induces the formation of extra limbs. This suggests that FGF might also determine the positions at which limb buds initiate.
PII: S0042-6989(98)00184-9

A dietary source of retinoid or carotenoid has been shown to be necessary for the biosynthesis of functional visual pigment in flies. In the present study, the larvae or adults of Drosophila melanogaster were administered specific carotenoid-containing diets and high performance liquid chromatography was used to identify and quantify the carotenoids in extracts of wild type and ninaD visual mutant flies. When b-carotene was fed to larvae, wild type flies were shown to hydroxylate this molecule and to accumulate zeaxanthin and a small amount of b-cryptoxanthin. Zeaxanthin content was found to increase throughout development and was a major carotenoid peak detected in the adult fly. Carotenoids were twice as effective at mediating zeaxanthin accumulation when provided to larvae versus adults. In the ninaD mutant, zeaxanthin content was shown to be specifically and significantly altered compared to wild type, and was ineffective at mediating visual pigment synthesis when provided to both larval and adult mutant flies. It is proposed that zeaxanthin is the larval storage form for subsequent visual pigment chromophore biosynthesis during pupation, that zeaxanthin or b-crytoxanthin is the immediate precursor for light-independent chromophore synthesis in the adult, and that the ninaD mutant is defective in this pathway. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
male-killing strain described in Upolu and Savii [15]. Populations infected with this second strain can resist invasion from the male-killer

Upolu and Savii [15]. Populations infected with this second strain can resist invasion from the male-killer wBol1, adding more complexity and yet another level of evolutionary conflict to the mix. Compelling support for rapid evolution often stems from laboratory studies, yet here the research documents transitions in the wild without experimental interference. Charlat et al. [2] have caught evolution-in-action on islands that have really lived up to their ‘natural laboratory’ tag. Evidence indicating rapid host counter-adaptation after 10 generations, obtained without sustained targeted selection possible in experimental evolution studies, is impressive and shows what an effective agent of punctuated change conflict-based evolution can be. The data captured from the natural environment avoid criticisms of artificial selection, commonly levelled at lab experiments. Powerful evidence from field systems is understandably rare, because it requires being around at the right place, at the right time, and measuring the right trait(s) using the right tools. The issue of timing is particularly keen here, as the extreme female-biased sex-ratio seems to have persisted for at least 78 years — between 1923 and 2001 — before rapidly switching and approaching parity in 2005/2006 [2,7]. Dynamics over this period, and in the future, beg many further questions of this powerful system. It would be extremely informative to know how the sex ratio varied in the female-biased population before the suppressor joined the fray? How did the suppressor enter the population: via immigration or mutation? What are the exact mechanisms by which wBol1 kills male embryos, and how does the suppressor nullify this effect? What are the costs, if any, of carrying the suppressor? When, if ever, will (wBol1) change and out-evolve the suppressor? The continued effective combination of population and behavioural ecology with modern molecular genetic techniques, as well as some laboratory experimental control, should allow some of these important evolutionary questions to be answered.
PII: S0042-6989(97)00325-8

In order to quantify the ability of the human visual system to use texture information to perceive planar surface orientation, I measured subjects’ ability to discriminate planar surface slant (angle away from the fronto-parallel) for a variety of different types of textures and in a number of different viewing conditions. I measured the subjects’ discrimination performance as a function of surface slant, field of view size and surface texture structure. I compared the subjects’ performance with that of ideal observers derived for each of the available texture cues—texel position, scaling and foreshortening. The results can be summarized by four points: (i) subjects’ discrimination performance improves dramatically with increasing surface slant, tracking the performance of the ideal observers; (ii) subjects can integrate texture information over a large range of visual angles; (iii) comparisons between human subjects and ideal observers show that the human observers rely to some degree on foreshortening information; and (iv) similar comparisons show that in using foreshortening information, subjects rely to some extent on a prior assumption of isotropy. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(99)00130-6

Asymmetric divisions that produce two distinct cells play a fundamental role in generating different cell types during development. Here we investigate the role of the cortex region and mitotic apparatus in asymmetrical localization and segregation of Bep4 protein in Paracentrotus lividus egg. By centrifugation of eggs with or without drugs we established an involvement of the cortex region in localization of Bep4 protein, con®rmed by immunohistochemistry of isolated cortex. Association with the mitotic apparatus during cell division permits selective partitioning of Bep4 protein into the daughter cells. Direct association with spindle was also demonstrated both by Western blot and immunohistochemestry after isolation of the mitotic apparatus. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(02)00145-4

Haploinsufficiency of SOX9, which encodes a homeodomain transcription factor, results in Campomelic dysplasia. Classical features of this disorder (e.g. skeletal dysplasia and 46,XY sex reversal) are in concordance with SOX9 expression profiles during human embryonic development. We report the robust expression of SOX9 throughout the pancreas during human embryogenesis, at levels of detection equivalent to the developing skeleton and testis. In the early foetal period, SOX9 expression declines and, in particular, is not apparent within the pancreatic islets. In keeping with this profile, examination of three cases with Campomelic dysplasia revealed abnormal pancreatic morphology. Epithelial cells were less densely packed within the mesenchymal stroma and islets less clearly formed with variable expression of hormone and b cell markers. Taken together, these data indicate a novel potential role for SOX9 in pancreas development during human embryogenesis and early foetal life. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(99)00101-X

Transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family interact with the Wnt signaling pathway to control transcription of downstream genes (Clevers, H., van de Wetering, M., 1997. TCF/LEF factor earn their wings. Trends Genet. 13, 485±489). We were interested in cloning family members which were expressed in zebra®sh neural crest, because Wnt signaling modulates speci®cation of neural crest fate (Dorsky, R.I., Moon, R.T., Raible, D.W., 1998. Control of neural crest cell fate by the Wnt signalling pathway. Nature 396, 370±373). We cloned a zebra®sh homolog of lef1 and localized its chromosomal position by radiation hybrid mapping. lef1 is expressed in the neural crest as well as the tailbud and developing mesoderm, and is maternally expressed in zebra®sh, unlike mouse and Xenopus homologs. In addition, we cloned two tcf3 genes and a homolog of tcf4, neither of which were strongly expressed in premigratory neural crest. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0042-6989(97)00415-X

Optical texture patterns contain three quasi-independent cues to planar surface orientation: perspective scaling, projective foreshortening and density. The purpose of this work was to estimate the perceptual weights assigned to these texture cues for discriminating surface orientation and to measure the visual system’s reliance on an isotropy assumption in interpreting foreshortening information. A novel analytical technique is introduced which takes advantage of the natural cue perturbations inherent in stochastic texture stimuli to estimate cue weights and measure the influence of an isotropy assumption. Ideal observers were derived which compute the exact information content of the different texture cues in the stimuli used in the experiments and which either did or did not rely on an assumption of surface texture isotropy. Simulations of the ideal observers using the same stimuli shown to subjects in a slant discrimination task provided trial-by-trial estimates of the natural cue perturbations which were inherent in the stimuli. By back-correlating subjects’ judgements with the different ideal observer estimates, we were able to estimate both the weights given to each cue by subjects and the strength of subjects’ prior assumptions of isotropy. In all of the conditions tested, we found that subjects relied primarily on the foreshortening cue. A small, but significant weight was given to scaling information and no significant weight was given to density information. In conditions in which the surface textures deviated from isotropy by random amounts from stimulus to stimulus, subject judgements correlated well with the estimates of an ideal observer which incorrectly assumed surface texture isotropy. This correlation was not complete, however, suggesting that a soft form of the isotropy constraint was used. Moreover, the correlation was significantly lower for textures containing higher-order information about surface orientation (skew of rectangular texture elements). The results of the analysis clearly implicate texture foreshortening as a primary cue for perceiving surface slant from texture and suggest that the visual system incorporates a strong, though not complete, bias to interpret surface textures as isotropic in its inference of surface slant from texture. They further suggest that local texture skew, when available in an image, contributes significantly to perceptual estimates of surface orientation. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(99)00128-8

Organization and function of the Notch signaling pathway in Drosophila are best understood with respect to its role in the process of selection of neural progenitor cells. However, there is evidence that, besides neurogenesis, the Notch signaling pathway is involved in several other developmental processes, one of which is the selection of muscle progenitor cells. Thus, the number of these cells is increased in neurogenic mutants, and it has been proposed that muscle progenitor cells are selected from clusters of equivalent cells expressing genes of the achaete-scute gene complex (AS-C). Here, I present evidence for the participation of additional elements of the Notch signaling pathway in myogenesis. Gal4 mediated expression of a Notch variant, E(spl) and Hairless shows that the selection of muscle progenitor cells obeys principles apparently identical to those acting at the selection of neural progenitor cells. q 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0042-6989(96)00269-6

The aim of this study was to determine whether an integrator of neural activity influences the amount of myopia and axial elongation resulting from deprivation of form vision. The effects on ocular parameters of a continuous period of 30 min per day of normal vision was compared to two exposures of 15 min duration each, or three exposures of 10 min each. For the remaining time, chicks had monocular translucent occlusion in a 12 hr light/12 hr dark diurnal cycle, for either 2 or 3 weeks. Fellow eyes and the eyes of bilaterally unoccluded chicks were used as controls. We found that several short periods of normal visual stimulation per day were more effective in preventing the development of form deprivation myopia and axial elongation than was one single period of the same total duration, after both 2 and 3 weeks of treatment. This study suggests that the level of neural activity in the retina may have a cumulative effect in influencing ocular growth.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00552-4

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is known to be involved in multiple inductive events during embryogenesis including the development of amniote skin. Here, we demonstrate that early application of BMP-2 to the lateral trunk of chick embryos induces the formation of dense dermis, which is competent to participate in feather development. We show that BMPs induce the dermis markers Msx-1 and cDermo-1 and lead to dermal proliferation, to expression of b -catenin, and eventually to the formation of ectopic feather tracts in originally featherless regions of chick skin. Moreover, we present a detailed analysis of cDermo-1 expression during early feather development. The data implicate that cDermo-1 is located downstream of BMP in a signaling pathway that leads to condensation of dermal cells. The roles of BMP and cDermo-1 during development of dermis and feather primordia are discussed. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0042-6989(96)00248-9

The characteristics of directionally selective cells in area 17 of the cat are studied using moving random pixel arrays (RPAs) with 50Y0white and 50Y0black pixels. The apparent motion stimulus is similar to that used in human psychophysics [Fredericksen et al. (1993). VisionResearch,33, pp. 1193–1205]. We compare motion sensitivity measured with single-step pixel lifetimes and unlimited pixel Iifetimes. A motion stimulus with a single-step pixel lifetime contains directional motion energy primarily at one combination of spatial displacement and temporal delay. We recorded the responses of complex cells to different combinations of displacement and delay to describe their spatio-temporal correlation characteristics. The response to motion of RPAs with unlimited lifetime is strongest along the preferred speed line in a delay vs displacement size diagram. When using an RPA with a single-step pixel lifetime, the cells are responsive to a much smaller range of spatial displacements and temporal delays of the stimulus. The maximum displacement that still gives a directionally selective response is larger when the preferred speed of the cell is higher. It is on average about three times smaller than the receptive field size. 01997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00426-9

A Drosophila gene encoding a novel zinc-®nger protein, Meics, was cloned using a monoclonal antibody. The predicted amino acid sequence contains 12 zinc-®nger motifs of the C2H2-type. During spermatogenesis, Meics distributes intranuclearly at preand post-meiotic stages whereas it relocates to central-spindle microtubules at both meiotic divisions. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(02)00037-0

HasPOU-III is expressed in multiple cell types during the first 3 days of development of the gastropod Haliotis asinina. HasPOU-III expression begins in two bilaterally symmetrical sets of cells on the ventral ectodermal surface of the trochophore larva; one set are putative foot mucous cells. After torsion, HasPOU-III transcripts transiently appear in the developing ganglia of the central nervous system. At the end of larval morphogenesis, HasPOU-III expression is initiated in dorsoposterior cells of the visceral mass, in the posterior cells of the statocyst and in the developing radular sac. These expression patterns in Haliotis, a spiralian lophotrochozoan, are similar to POU Class III genes in other bilaterians where expression occurs in secretory cells and the developing nervous system. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0042-6989(01)00046-3

Visual-spatial attention involves modulations of activity in human visual cortex as indexed by electrophysiological and functional neuroimaging measures. Prior studies investigating the time course and functional anatomy of spatial attention mechanisms in visual cortex have used higher-order discrimination tasks with complex stimuli (e.g. symbol matching in bilateral stimulus arrays, or letter discrimination), or simple detection tasks but in the presence of complex distracting information (e.g. luminance detection with superimposed symbols as distractors). Here we tested the hypothesis that short-latency modulations of incoming sensory signals in extrastriate visual cortex reflect an early spatially specific attentional mechanism. We sought evidence of attentional modulations of sensory input processing for simple, isolated stimuli requiring only an elementary discrimination (i.e. size discrimination). As in prior studies using complex symbols, we observed attention-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow in extrastriate visual cortex that were associated with changes in event-related potentials at a specific latency range. These findings support the idea that early in cortical processing, spatially-specific attentional selection mechanisms can modulate incoming sensory signals based on their spatial location and perhaps independently of higher-order stimulus form. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0042-6989(97)00462-8

It is a long-standing hypothesis that primate trichromacy evolved to help fruit-eating primates find fruits amongst leaves. We measured the reflectance spectra of fruits eaten by a trichromatic primate, Alouatta seniculus, in the rainforest of French Guiana, as well as those of the leaves that form the natural background to fruits. We develop a method of specifying these natural colour signals in a chromaticity diagram appropriate for A. seniculus. By treating the task facing frugivorous monkeys as a signal detection task, we show that the spectral tuning of the L and M cone pigments in A. seniculus is optimal for detecting fruits amongst leaves. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0925-4773(01)00598-6

Digit formation during vertebrate limb development is a well-known example of programmed cell death. We have used this system to analyze whether the formation of the interdigital necrotic zone in mouse autopods is linked with the expression of BAG-1, a gene with an anti-death activity. Here, we demonstrate that during development of mouse autopods, BAG-1 expression is downregulated upon the initiation of interdigital apoptosis. We further show that retinoic acid induced interdigital apoptosis is also correlated with a downregulation of BAG-1 expression. On the contrary, the expression of BAG-1 remains unaltered in autopods of RARb/RARg mice which show severe interdigital webbing due to a marked decrease in interdigital apoptosis. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.