Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A two-stage formation process for the Oort comet cloud and its implications

Aims. The aim is to check whether the Nice model – which refers to an initially compact configuration of the giant planets that lasted for about 700 Myr and eventually became unstable when Jupiter and Saturn crossed their 2:1 mean motion resonance – is consistent with what we know of the Oort cloud, and to provide an explanation for the mass and structure of the Oort cloud. Methods. A two-stage formation scenario of the Oort cloud is proposed. The starting condition is the Nice model of planet migration, which contains a disc outside Neptune with a mass of 35 M⊕. From the formation efficiency I calculate the amount of mass deposited in the outer Oort cloud (comets with semi-major axis a > 20 000 AU; the inner Oort cloud has comets with semi-major axis a < 20 000 AU) and the innermost Oort cloud (a <∼ 3000 AU). The latter formed when the Sun was part of its birth cluster i.e. before the outer cloud. Results. The mass of the innermost Oort cloud directly inferred from the Nice model is 2.4 M⊕ to 7.2 M⊕, with a value around 5 M⊕ the most probable. The mass in the outer Oort cloud ranges from 0.5 M⊕ to 1 M⊕, with a value close to 0.9 M⊕ being the most likely. Current estimates of the mass in the outer cloud based on observations range from 0.6 M⊕ to 1.4 M⊕, in excellent agreement with predictions. Comets in the outer cloud come both directly from the disc outside Neptune as well as diffusion from the inner(most) cloud due to perturbations by passing stars.
A globally convergent primal-dual interior point method for constrained optimization

This paper proposes a primal-dual interior point method for solving general nonlinearly constrained optimization problems. The method is based on solving the Barrier Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions for optimality by the Newton method. To globalize the iteration we introduce the Barrier-penalty function and the optimality condition for minimizing this function. Our basic iteration is the Newton iteration for solving the optimality conditions with respect to the Barrier-penalty function which coincides with the Newton iteration for the Barrier Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions if the penalty parameter is sufficiently large. It is proved that the method is globally convergent from an arbitrary initial point that strictly satisfies the bounds on the variables. Implementations of the given algorithm are done for small dense nonlinear programs. The method solves all the problems in Hock and Schittkowski's textbook efficiently. Thus it is shown that the method given in this paper possesses a good theoretical convergen.
Investigation of Dysprosium‐Incorporated Potassium Boro‐Tellurite Glasses Toward Radiation Screening and Photonic Applications

A series of quaternary tellurite‐based glasses (72−x)TeO2 + 25B2O3 + 3K2CO3 + xDy2O3, where (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5), are prepared using melt quenching technique. The effect of dopants on structural, physical, optical, and thermal properties of alkali boro‐tellurite glasses are studied using the differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique, UV–vis spectrometer, and photoluminescence technique. The density of as‐prepared samples has been obtained using the conventional Archimedes principle and other physical parameters, viz. molar volume and ion concentration, are also calculated using density. The optical absorption spectra exhibits different excited states of Dy3+ corresponding to 6H15/2→ 6F5/2(∼805 nm), 6F3/2(∼755 nm), 4F9/2 (∼473 nm), 4I15/2 (∼454 nm), 4G11/2 (∼427 nm), 4F7/2(389 nm), 4P3/2(∼366 nm). With the increase in Dy+3 concentration, an increase in optical bandgap, density, and molar volume as well as decrease in molar reflectivity, and reflection loss is evident from this study. The effect of Dy+3 ion concentration on Y/B intensity ratios and CIE chromaticity coordinates have been evaluated to understand the possible applications of aforementioned glass samples for white‐light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs). Moreover, various shielding parameters, viz. half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Z eff), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) have also been determined to understand the shielding characteristics of as‐prepared glass samples.
Starch source, modification and food application

The starch chemistry aspect of amylose and amylopectin fractions along with their contributory roles in defining starch food behavior; such as in gels formation, pasting quality, swellability, dextrinization and viscosity from various sources such as legumes, root, tubers and cereals were reviewed. Chemical and physical modifications of starch like cationation, esterification, acetylation, alkalization and annealing, which somehow weakens glucose linked bond and releasing fractional starch moieties have shown to modify characteristic behavior of starch in food systems and for non-food systems. The application of starch in food and non-food systems were envisaged from resistant to non-resistance starches in legumes, roots and tubers and these were observed to be better in functional characteristic than cereal starches.
Temperature fiber sensor based on semiconductor nanocrystallite-doped phosphate glasses

We propose a temperature fiber sensor based on a CdSe semiconductor nanocrystallite-doped phosphate glass. For 6 nm semiconductor particles the reversible temperature-induced absorption edge shift is demonstrated in the range of 0 °C–150 °C. The prototype of the fiber sensor with sensitivity of 0.12 nm/K and a simple direct intensity detection scheme are reported.
Construction of Fusion Protein for Enhanced Small RNA Loading to Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) naturally carry cargo from producer cells, such as RNA and protein, and can transfer these messengers to other cells and tissue. This ability provides an interesting opportunity for using EVs as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents, such as for gene therapy. However, endogenous loading of cargo, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), is not very efficient as the copy number of miRNAs per EV is quite low. Therefore, new methods and tools to enhance the loading of small RNAs is required. In the current study, we developed fusion protein of EV membrane protein CD9 and RNA-binding protein AGO2 (hCD9.hAGO2). We show that the EVs engineered with hCD9.hAGO2 contain significantly higher levels of miRNA or shRNA (miR-466c or shRNA-451, respectively) compared to EVs that are isolated from cells that only overexpress the desired miRNA or shRNA. These hCD9.hAGO2 engineered EVs also transfer their RNA cargo to recipient cells more efficiently. We were not able to detect changes in gene expression levels in recipient cells after the EV treatments, but we show that the cell viability of HUVECs was increased after hCD9.hAGO2 EV treatments. This technical study characterizes the hCD9.hAGO2 fusion protein for the future development of enhanced RNA loading to EVs.
Single‐immittance‐network‐based inductive‐power‐transfer systems for driving multistring lighting‐emmiting diodes with current balance

Multistring arrays of LED in parallel connection are widely applied in lighting fields. Active control and passive methods are utilized to guarantee equal current sharing between different strings with a common voltage source. Compared with active control, the passive methods that adopt purely passive components without real power dissipation are good candidates. Currently, an inductive power transfer (IPT) converter providing a constant voltage (CV) line, followed by some immittance networks that convert the CV line to constant current (CC) outputs, is commonly used to drive multiple LED strings. However, in such a two‐conversion‐stage scheme, the component count is as many as 3×N , where N is the number of LED strings, which deviates from compact, low‐cost, and simple design ideas. To address it, this paper aims to develop a single‐immittance‐network‐based IPT system to drive multistring LEDs with the current balance. The proposed IPT system can directly provide a CV to CC conversion to drive multistring LEDs with the benefits of simplifying the circuit design, size, and cost. The proposed IPT system also features programmable luminous power, zero‐phase‐angle (ZPA) input, IPT technology, and load‐independent‐current (LIC) output. Detailed analysis, implementation, and experiment are presented in this paper.
An unconditionally stable third order scheme for mixed convection flow between parallel plates with oscillatory boundary conditions

This work proposes an unconditionally stable third‐order multistep technique for time‐dependent partial differential equations. Its unconditional stability is proved by employing von Neumann stability analysis, and constructed Matlab code is another solid proof of the existence of the such scheme. The scheme is constructed on three consecutive time levels, and a compact fourth‐order scheme is considered for spatial discretization. The convergence conditions are found when applied to the system of parabolic equations. The scheme is tested on two examples of flow between parallel plates. The mathematical model of heat and mass transfer of flow between parallel plates under the effects of viscous dissipation, thermal radiations, and chemical reaction is given and solved by the proposed scheme. The impact of some parameters, including radiation and reaction rate parameters, on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles is also illustrated by graphs. The proposed scheme is also compared with the existing scheme, providing faster convergence than an existing one. The fundamental benefit of the proposed scheme is that it can give a compact fourth‐order solution to parabolic equations.
Finite element analysis of delamination of a composite component with the cohesive zone model technique

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess a numerical tool to simulate and predict the onset and the propagation of the delaminations in a composite structure.Design/methodology/approach – The approach to the work is done through the cohesive zone model technique applied to the finite element method.Findings – Double cantilever beam, end notched flexure and mixed mode bending tests have been performed and correlated to benchmark cases, in order to validate the procedure. Numerical test campaign on specimens of the skirts with delaminations has been performed to analyze the behaviour under compressive load and the buckling.Originality/value – This tool is applied to the study of the behaviour of some components in carbon/epoxy composite of a space structure in which one or more delaminations are eventually present following impact damage or manufacturing process. The components in particular are the booster's skirts of a small class launcher, subjected to a compressive load.
Four-graviton scattering to three loops in N = 8 supergravity

: We compute the three-loop scattering amplitude of four gravitons in N = 8 supergravity. Our results are analytic formulae for a Laurent expansion of the amplitude in the regulator of dimensional regularisation. The coe(cid:14)cients of this series are closed formulae in terms of well-established harmonic poly-logarithms. Our results display a remarkable degree of simplicity and represent an important stepping stone in the exploration of the structure of scattering amplitudes. In particular, we observe that to this loop order the four graviton amplitude is given by uniform weight 2 L functions, where L is the loop order.
Extremal black hole scattering at O ( G 3 ) : graviton dominance , eikonal exponentiation , and differential equations

We use N = 8 supergravity as a toy model for understanding the dynamics of black hole binary systems via the scattering amplitudes approach. We compute the conservative part of the classical scattering angle of two extremal (half-BPS) black holes with minimal charge misalignment at O(G3) using the eikonal approximation and effective field theory, finding agreement between both methods. We construct the massive loop integrands by Kaluza-Klein reduction of the known D-dimensional massless integrands. To carry out integration we formulate a novel method for calculating the post-Minkowskian expansion with exact velocity dependence, by solving velocity differential equations for the Feynman integrals subject to modified boundary conditions that isolate conservative contributions from the potential region. Motivated by a recent result for universality in massless scattering, we compare the scattering angle to the result found by Bern et. al. in Einstein gravity and find that they coincide in the high-energy limit, suggesting graviton dominance at this order.
Toward an e(cid:11)ective CFT 2 from N = 4 super Yang-Mills and aspects of Hawking radiation

: Using N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory we recover important aspects of the near-extremal thermodynamics of AdS 5 black holes including both the outer and the inner horizons with their corresponding entropy and energy. This N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory approach to black hole thermodynamics leads to an e(cid:11)ective CFT 2 interpretation similar to the work by Callan and Maldacena. We corroborate this e(cid:11)ective CFT 2 by implementing a particular near-horizon limit that geometrizes the Virasoro algebras as asymptotic symmetries. Using the e(cid:11)ective CFT 2 picture, we discuss aspects of the Hawking radiation rate for a region of the near-extremal AdS 5 black hole quantum evolution.
Second order RG ﬂow in general ˆsu(2) coset models

: We consider a RG ﬂow in a general ˆsu(2) coset model perturbed by the least relevant ﬁeld. The perturbing ﬁeld as well as some particular ﬁelds of dimension close to one are constructed recursively in terms of lower level ﬁelds. Using this construction we obtain the structure constants and the four-point correlation functions in the leading order. This allows us to compute the mixing coeﬃcients among the ﬁelds in the UV and the IR theory. It turns out that they are in agreement with those found recently using the domain wall construction up to this order.
A Shape Definition for Geographic Applications Based on Edge, Elongation, and Perforation

An expanded definition for measuring shape in a geographic context is presented. Shape analysis is important in many geographic contexts such as studying the effects of urban development, measuring geographic characteristics of drainage basins, and examining the patterns of geologic formations. This research implements and tests an approach to expand the current mathematical definition of shape and to measure shape for geographic applications, called the trivariate shape definition. The expanded definition involves identifying three characteristics to define shape: edge, elongation, and perforation. Indices to measure these characteristics were identified and applied to two different data sets. Analysis of results from these data sets suggests that the trivariate index clustered groups of objects based on shape similarity. The trivariate approach provides more flexibility to measure shape by relying on a more specific definition of shape.
Geometry of I-extremization and black holes microstates

Abstract: The entropy of a class of asymptotically AdS4 magnetically charged BPS black holes can be obtained by extremizing the topologically twisted index of the dual three-dimensional field theory. This principle is known as I-extremization. A gravitational dual of I-extremization for a class of theories obtained by twisted compactifications of M2-branes living at a Calabi-Yau four-fold has been recently proposed. In this paper we investigate the relation between the two extremization principles. We show that the two extremization procedures are equivalent for theories without baryonic symmetries, which include ABJM and the theory dual to the non-toric Sasaki-Einstein manifold V 5,2. We then consider a class of quivers dual to M2-branes at toric Calabi-Yau four-folds for which the I-functional can be computed in the large N limit, and depends on three mesonic fluxes. We propose a gravitational dual for this construction, that we call mesonic twist, and we show that the gravitational extremization problem and I-extremization are equivalent. We comment on more general cases.
Comments on the negative speciﬁc heat of the T ¯ T deformed symmetric product CFT

: We show that the T ¯ T deformation of conformal ﬁeld theories whose entropy grows as S ( E ) ∼ E γ for γ > 1 / 2 exhibits negative speciﬁc heat in its microcanonical thermodynamic function S ( E ) . We analyze the large N symmetric product CFT as a concrete example of a CFT with this property and compute the thermodynamic functions such as S ( E ) and E ( T ) . The negative speciﬁc heat in the microcanonical data is interpreted as signaling the ﬁrst order phase transition when the system is coupled to a heat bath
P 0 -approximation of (cid:2)( H 20 ∩ W 3 , ∞ ) on square grids based on interior squares

Wewillapproximateafunctionin (cid:2)( H 20 ∩ W 3 , ∞ ) withapiecewiseconstant function on the square grids, whose degrees of freedom are based on the interior squares only. In spite of the slight lack of degrees of freedom, the approximation error is analyzed to be O ( h ) in L 2 -norm, which is the optimal order for the piecewise-constant interpolation. The result in the paper is relevant to the ﬁnite element approximation for the divergence-free velocity in the Stokes problem with the locally divergence-free P 1 -nonconforming space on the square grids.
Semicontinuity of 4d N = 2 spectrum under renormalization group (cid:13)ow

: We study renormalization group (cid:13)ow of four dimensional N = 2 SCFTs de(cid:12)ned by isolated hypersurface three-fold singularities. We de(cid:12)ne the spectrum of N = 2 theory as the set of scaling dimensions of the parameters on the Coulomb branch, which include Coulomb branch moduli, mass parameters and coupling constants. We prove that the spectrum of those theories is semicontinous under the RG (cid:13)ow on the Coulomb branch using the mathematical result about the singularity spectra under deformation. The semicontinuity behavior of N = 2 spectrum implies a theorem under relevant and Coulomb branch moduli deformation, the absence of dangerous irrelevant deformations and can be taken as the necessary condition for the ending point of a RG (cid:13)ow. This behavior is also true for ( c; c ) ring deformation of two dimensional Landau-Ginzburg model with (2 ; 2) supersymmetry.
Research on Gear Surface Damage Identification Based on the ResNet Network

Gear damage will directly affect the normal operation of the whole transmission system. Aiming at the problem of gear surface damage recognition, a gear surface damage recognition model based on the improved ResNet-34 network is proposed. Firstly, the most suitable network model is selected by training the official describable textures dataset. Secondly, channel pruning, decomposition of the large convolutional kernel, application of global average pooling and transfer learning operations are performed on the primitive network to reduce the computational and parametric quantities and accelerate the training. Finally, experiments are conducted to compare the training effects of the improved network by introducing different pruning methods and scaling factors to the dataset. The experiments show that for the gear surface image dataset, the Slim Pruning (20% Pruned) method results in a 20.78% reduction in computation, a 21.71% compression in the number of parameters, and a 7.38% reduction in the average time per training epoch at a relative error rate of only 1.17%, thus showing that channel pruning can effectively compress the model within the accuracy error and reduce the training cost.
WDN-tailored Complex Network Centrality Metrics for water distribution networks domain analysis

Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are spatially organized infrastructures, whose hydraulic behavior greatly depends on their connectivity properties, i.e., the topological domain. The Complex Network Theory (CNT) provides a wide range of useful functions and metrics that have been tailored for identifying WDNs behavior, even before using hydraulic models. This work exploits the recent studies on the WDN domain, which couple the CNT metrics of centrality tailored for WDN with the intrinsic relevance of the spatial elements of the networks. The study accounts for various combinations of metrics and intrinsic relevance functions aimed at supporting WDN analysis for operational and management tasks. A Digital Water Service (DWS) is used to enable technicians and water companies to replicate the same domain analysis in the ongoing context of digital transformation in WDN sector.
Digital image watermarking technique based on vector quantisation

A digital image watermarking technique based on vector quantisation (VQ) is presented. This technique uses codeword indices to carry the watermark information. The technique is secret and efficient, and the watermarked image is robust to VQ compression with the same codebook. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of this technique.
Analysis of planetary boundary layer feedbacks on the multiple equilibria of the continental water cycle

A simple soil-atmosphere interaction model is developed to study the bimodal distribution of soil moisture in regions where there is feedback between precipitation and soil moisture. Our study includes planetary boundary layer (PBL) feedback in the coupled analytical soil-atmosphere interaction model with a varying PBL height and entrainment from the free atmosphere. This study aims to reveal the dominant PBL feedbacks that impact the occurrence of soil moisture bimodality by comparing the evolution of prognostic variables for a detailed PBL scheme (with varying PBL height and entrainment of heat and moisture from the free atmosphere) with the simple PBL scheme (with fixed PBL height and no entrainment). This study has shown the existence of multiple equilibria in the continental water balance for both detailed PBL and simple PBL schemes when the model is integrated for different initial soil moisture up to equilibria. Although both with and without PBL feedback, the results are in qualitative agreement; the soil moisture initialization to realize multiple equilibria of a detailed PBL scheme is larger than the simple PBL scheme. Although the direct quantitative comparison with observation is clearly limited in the simple model, it also demonstrates how the non-linear dynamics of the coupled soil-atmosphere system may be expected to occur in observations.
Design of an Electrohydraulic Positioning System Using a Novel Model Reference Control Scheme

La methode est appliquee a la commande de positionnement d'un servomecanisme electrohydraulique et est implantee a l'aide d'un ordinateur personnel en temps reel. Les resultats experimentaux montrent l'amelioration de la reponse du systeme par rapport a la methode classique par retroaction de la sortie
Composite scattering of an electrically large ship on a two-dimensional time-evolved sea surface

A time-varying composite scattering of a moving ship on a two-dimensional non-linear sea surface is modelled with the help of the Doppler spectrum in high-frequency bands. A non-linear sea surface is simulated to approximate a real sea environment with high-order terms of the solution to hydrodynamic equations. Numerical simulations are based on the principle of a quasi-stationary algorithm (QSA), which solves time domain problems with frequency domain methods. A four-path model is modified to calculate the composite scattering field, which is utilized for the analysis of the Doppler spectrum. With depth-buffer technology, self-shadowing of the complex physical model is eliminated. Correspondence of the numerical results with experimental data proves that the inclusion of the non-linear interaction term and wind-speed influence is reasonable. The simulated Doppler spectrum of the composite scattering shows a functional dependence of time-evolved scattering components on incidence direction and sea state.