Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental Engineering Applications of Electronic Nose Systems Based on MOX Gas Sensors

Nowadays, the electronic nose (e-nose) has gained a huge amount of attention due to its ability to detect and differentiate mixtures of various gases and odors using a limited number of sensors. Its applications in the environmental fields include analysis of the parameters for environmental control, process control, and confirming the efficiency of the odor-control systems. The e-nose has been developed by mimicking the olfactory system of mammals. This paper investigates e-noses and their sensors for the detection of environmental contaminants. Among different types of gas chemical sensors, metal oxide semiconductor sensors (MOXs) can be used for the detection of volatile compounds in air at ppm and sub-ppm levels. In this regard, the advantages and disadvantages of MOX sensors and the solutions to solve the problems arising upon these sensors’ applications are addressed, and the research works in the field of environmental contamination monitoring are overviewed. These studies have revealed the suitability of e-noses for most of the reported applications, especially when the tools were specifically developed for that application, e.g., in the facilities of water and wastewater management systems. As a general rule, the literature review discusses the aspects related to various applications as well as the development of effective solutions. However, the main limitation in the expansion of the use of e-noses as an environmental monitoring tool is their complexity and lack of specific standards, which can be corrected through appropriate data processing methods applications.
Latent Variables Analysis in Person-Oriented Research

In this article, we demonstrate that latent variable analysis can be of great use in person-oriented research. Starting with exploratory factor analysis of metric variables, we present an example of the problems that come with generalization of aggregate-level results to subpopulations. Oftentimes, results that are valid for populations do not represent subpopulations at all. This applies to confirmatory factor analysis as well. When variables are categorical, latent class analysis can be used to create latent variables that explain the covariation of observed variables. In an example, we demonstrate that latent class analysis can be applied to data from individuals, when the number of observation points is sufficiently large. In each case of latent variables analysis, the latent variables can be considered moderators of the structure of covariation among observed variables.
Comparison and evaluation of lot-to-order matching policies for a semiconductor assembly and test facility

This paper is motivated by the problem of assigning semiconductor fabrication wafer lots to customer orders of various sizes. The goal of this research is to develop a method for deciding, on a given day, which orders to fill and the assignment of available lots to orders. This problem can be formulated as an integer program with a non-linear objective and non-linear constraints. Because of the complexity of this formulation, the problem is decomposed into two integer linear programs and solved in sequence by heuristic methods. In this paper, heuristic solutions are selected for the two subproblems and the performances of these heuristics are analysed in an experimental design using a representative data set. Based on this analysis, it is shown that the greedy heuristics selected perform significantly better than current practice. Finally, future research is discussed.
Smoke-Water Enhances Germination and Seedling Growth of Four Horticultural Crops

The impact of plant-derived smoke as a promoter of seed germination in many crops is well documented. However, very little is known about (1) the appropriate plant species for smoke-water preparation, (2) the effect of smoke-water on the germination and the post-germination parameters in non-fire-prone environments, and (3) the relative importance of dark and light conditions and their possible effects. To fill these gaps in knowledge, we conducted field experiments to evaluate the effect of smoke-water produced from five plant species—white willow, sage, rice straw, rosemary, and lemon eucalyptus—on the germination and seedling growth of cucumber, tomato, scotch marigold, and gladiolus. The seeds and cormels were soaked in smoke-water under light or dark conditions. The results revealed that the smoke-water treatments derived from white willow and lemon eucalyptus enhanced germination, post-germination parameters, and macro element content whilst also contributing to dormancy-breaking. In addition, these smoke-water treatments significantly reduced abscisic acid content and increased α-amylase activity under light conditions; however, the stimulating effects were absent under dark conditions. In conclusion, we provide new evidence that germination and seedling growth in non-fire-prone environments can be enhanced by plant-derived smoke, and that stimulating impacts depend on the plant species used to prepare the smoke-water.
Evaluation of Roadside LiDAR-Based and Vision-Based Multi-Model All-Traffic Trajectory Data

Trajectory data has gained increasing attention in the transportation industry due to its capability of providing valuable spatiotemporal information. Recent advancements have introduced a new type of multi-model all-traffic trajectory data which provides high-frequency trajectories of various road users, including vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists. This data offers enhanced accuracy, higher frequency, and full detection penetration, making it ideal for microscopic traffic analysis. In this study, we compare and evaluate trajectory data collected from two prevalent roadside sensors: LiDAR and camera (computer vision). The comparison is conducted at the same intersection and over the same time period. Our findings reveal that current LiDAR-based trajectory data exhibits a broader detection range and is less affected by poor lighting conditions compared to computer vision-based data. Both sensors demonstrate acceptable performance for volume counting during daylight hours, but LiDAR-based data maintains more consistent accuracy at night, particularly in pedestrian counting. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates that, after applying smoothing techniques, both LiDAR and computer vision systems accurately measure vehicle speeds, while vision-based data show greater fluctuations in pedestrian speed measurements. Overall, this study provides insights into the advantages and disadvantages of LiDAR-based and computer vision-based trajectory data, serving as a valuable reference for researchers, engineers, and other trajectory data users in selecting the most appropriate sensor for their specific needs.
How Does the First Molar Root Location Affect the Critical Stress Pattern in the Periodontium? A Finite Element Analysis

Statement of the Problem: The first molar root location plays a pivotal role in neutralization of forces applied to the teeth to prevent injury. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effect of maxillary and mandibular first molar root location on biomechanical behavior of the periodontium under vertical and oblique loadings. Materials and Method: In this three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA), the maxillary and mandibular first molars and their periodontium were modeled. The Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio for the enamel, dentin, dental pulp, periodontal ligament (PDL), and cortical and cancellous bones were adopted from previous studies. The changes in maximum von Misses stress (MVMS) values of each component were analyzed. Results: The MVMS values were the highest in the enamel followed by dentin, cortical bone, cancellous bone, and PDL. The maxillary and mandibular first molars with different root locations and their periodontium showed different biomechanical behaviors under the applied loads. Conclusion: An interesting finding was that the stress concentration point in the path of load degeneration changed from the cervical third in dentin to the apical third in the cancellous bone, which can greatly help in detection of susceptible areas over time.
System for Detecting Learner Stuck in Programming Learning

Getting stuck is an inevitable part of learning programming. Long-term stuck decreases the learner’s motivation and learning efficiency. The current approach to supporting learning in lectures involves teachers finding students who are getting stuck, reviewing their source code, and solving the problems. However, it is difficult for teachers to grasp every learner’s stuck situation and to distinguish stuck or deep thinking only by their source code. Teachers should advise learners only when there is no progress and they are psychologically stuck. This paper proposes a method for detecting when learners get stuck during programming by using multi-modal data, considering both their source code and psychological state measured by a heart rate sensor. The evaluation results of the proposed method show that it can detect more stuck situations than the method that uses only a single indicator. Furthermore, we implemented a system that aggregates the stuck situation detected by the proposed method and presents them to a teacher. In evaluations during the actual programming lecture, participants rated the notification timing of application as suitable and commented that the application was useful. The questionnaire survey showed that the application can detect situations where learners cannot find solutions to exercise problems or express them in programming.
Joint Calibration of a Multimodal Sensor System for Autonomous Vehicles

Multimodal sensor systems require precise calibration if they are to be used in the field. Due to the difficulty of obtaining the corresponding features from different modalities, the calibration of such systems is an open problem. We present a systematic approach for calibrating a set of cameras with different modalities (RGB, thermal, polarization, and dual-spectrum near infrared) with regard to a LiDAR sensor using a planar calibration target. Firstly, a method for calibrating a single camera with regard to the LiDAR sensor is proposed. The method is usable with any modality, as long as the calibration pattern is detected. A methodology for establishing a parallax-aware pixel mapping between different camera modalities is then presented. Such a mapping can then be used to transfer annotations, features, and results between highly differing camera modalities to facilitate feature extraction and deep detection and segmentation methods.
Three-dimensional architecture of epithelial primary cilia

Significance Primary cilia are sensory organelles that detect a wide range of extracellular signals for regulation of cell proliferation. Defects of their assembly/disassembly (primary ciliogenesis) and maintenance are linked to a variety of medical disorders. The signals they detect include mechano-signals from liquid flow, which requires a reversible bending property of the primary cilium axoneme. An accurate 3D structure of primary cilia is essential to fully understand the process and regulation of primary ciliogenesis and clarify the structural basis of the elastic bending property. Here we report complete 3D structural maps and a model for typical epithelial primary cilia, which will serve as the updated structural base for studies of primary cilium assembly and regulation, and mechanosensory function. We report a complete 3D structural model of typical epithelial primary cilia based on structural maps of full-length primary cilia obtained by serial section electron tomography. Our data demonstrate the architecture of primary cilia differs extensively from the commonly acknowledged 9+0 paradigm. The axoneme structure is relatively stable but gradually evolves from base to tip with a decreasing number of microtubule complexes (MtCs) and a reducing diameter. The axonemal MtCs are cross-linked by previously unrecognized fibrous protein networks. Such an architecture explains why primary cilia can elastically withstand liquid flow for mechanosensing. The nine axonemal MtCs in a cilium are found to differ significantly in length indicating intraflagellar transport processes in primary cilia may be more complicated than that reported for motile cilia. The 3D maps of microtubule doublet–singlet transitions generally display longitudinal gaps at the inner junction between the A- and B-tubules, which indicates the inner junction protein is a major player in doublet–singlet transitions. In addition, vesicles releasing from kidney primary cilia were observed in the structural maps, supporting that ciliary vesicles budding may serve as ectosomes for cell–cell communication.
Interference effects and aperture averaging in retroreflected light

An experimental study has been made on the contribution to the effective scintillation index due to aperture averaging and interference effects when using multiple retroreflectors in free-space optical links. These studies are of relevance to asymmetric data links where modulating retroreflectors are used at the remote end of the free-space optical link. For closely spaced retroreflectors the effect of coherent interference at the receiver is seen to increase the effective variance of the received signal, whereas spatial averaging is apparent for more widely spaced retroreflectors. The scintillation index, probability density functions, and fade rates are all affected by the interference. Experiments were conducted over both a short-range (500 to 800 m) and a long-range (16 km) link. The long-range link used three retroreflectors having a spacing that was large enough that interference effects contributed minimally to the observed variance. However, the variance clearly depended on the number of retroreflectors. In addition to measuring the scintillation index, images of the returned light were recorded using a fast framing camera. These experiments were conducted over land and mixed water-land terrains in the case of the short-range links, and exclusively over water in the case of the 16-km link from Chesapeake Beach to Tilghman Island.
OPTIMALITY THEORY IN PHONOLOGY

GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY [q.v. ] aims to construct a predictive theory of natural language sound systems, rooted in a finely-detailed account of the principles defining linguistic representations and the possible relations between them. Within these broad goals, OPTIMALITY THEORY (OT) develops in the context of specific empirical theses about the way phonological systems are organized. We identify three of them here. (i) The role of output targets. Phonological representations may change from their lexical form to their surface or output forms: German /rad/, wheel  lexical form is pronounced [rat]; Maori /inum/ drink lexical form is pronounced [i.nu], English /lik+d/ leak + past is pronounced [likt], and so on. (Notation: we write . to demarcate syllables.) An important finding, announced in Kisseberth 1970 and since replicated in many areas of phonology and morphology, is that such changes are often conditioned by properties that hold of the surface or output forms in the language. In Maori, for example, no syllable is ever closed by a consonant: many lexical forms can be successfully parsed into open syllables without modification (e.g. /patu/ kill), but others, like /inum/, must accommodate to the surface regularity by doing violence to lexical specification. (ii) Intrinsic relation between change and conditions of change. Regular changes in representations take place under specifiable conditions; more subtly, the nature of the change is closely related to the nature of the conditions that provoke it. In Maori, for example, we see a change involving deletion under conditions that refer to a syllabic environment  but not just any syllabic environment is capable of forcing such deletion and not just any change may take place in that environment. The actual process must therefore have access not just to syllable structure per se, as a descriptive convenience, but to the properties of syllable structure which determine that consonant deletion, rather than (say) consonant insertion is the linguistically appropriate response. Theories of rule form in early generative phonology established little or no connection between the structural description or environment of a rule and the structural change it imposed. (iii) Universality and Difference. Phonological grammars are strongly restricted both in absolute terms  some structures and patterns must always be present, others can never arise  and relatively, in that the presence of certain patterns implies the presence of others, or in that certain effects, if present, can only occur under certain conditions, cross-linguistically limited. Yet against this background of universality, languages may still differ considerably and arbitrarily  for example, it is not the case that every language disallows closed syllables, and it is not even the case that every language disallowing closed syllables will permit deletion to eliminate problematic structures that might give rise to them.
Opioid analgesic effects on subjective well-being in the operating theatre.

Exposure to opioid analgesics due to surgery increases the risk of new persistent opioid use. A mechanistic hypothesis for opioids' abuse liability rests on the belief that, in addition to pain relief, acute opioid treatment improves well-being (e.g. via euphoria) and relieves anxiety. However, opioids do not consistently improve mood in laboratory studies of healthy non-opioid users. This observational study determined how two commonly used opioid analgesics affected patients' subjective well-being in standard clinical practice. Day surgery patients rated how good and how anxious they felt before and after an open-label infusion of remifentanil (n = 159) or oxycodone (n = 110) in the operating theatre before general anaesthesia. One minute after drug injection, patients reported feeling intoxicated (> 6/10 points). Anxiety was reduced after opioids, but this anxiolytic effect was modest (remifentanil Cohen's d = 0.21; oxycodone d = 0.31). There was moderate to strong evidence against a concurrent improvement in well-being (Bayes factors > 6). After remifentanil, ratings of 'feeling good' were significantly reduced from pre-drug ratings (d = 0.28). After oxycodone, one in three participants felt better than pre-drug. Exploratory ordered logistic regressions revealed a link between previous opioid exposure and opioid effects on well-being, as only 14 of the 80 opioid-naïve patients reported feeling better after opioid injection. The odds of improved well-being ratings after opioids were higher in patients with previous opioid exposure and highest in patients with > 2 weeks previous opioid use (adjusted OR = 4.4). These data suggest that opioid-induced improvement of well-being is infrequent in opioid-naïve patients. We speculate that peri-operative exposure could increase risk of persistent use by rendering subsequent positive opioid effects on well-being more likely.
Workshop in Simulation Debriefing for Educators in Medicine: Creation, implementation, and evaluation of a debriefing curriculum for novice simulation educators

Debriefing is an integral component of simulation education, and effective debriefing education is required to maintain effective simulation programs. However, many educators report financial and logistical barriers to accessing formal debriefing training. Due to limited educator development opportunities, simulation program leaders are often compelled to utilize educators with insufficient debriefing training, which can limit the impact of simulation‐based education. To address these concerns, the SAEM Simulation Academy Debriefing Workgroup authored the Workshop in Simulation Debriefing for Educators in Medicine (WiSDEM), a freely available, concise, and ready‐to‐deploy debriefing curriculum with a target audience of novice educators without formal debriefing training. In this study, we describe the development, initial implementation, and evaluation of the WiSDEM curriculum.
Associations between social determinants of health and weight status in preschool children: a population-based study.

INTRODUCTION Social determinants of health (SDH) may influence children's weight status. Our objective was to examine relationships between SDH and preschoolers' weight status. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 169 465 children (aged 4-6 years) with anthropometric measurements taken at immunization visits from 2009 to 2017 in Edmonton and Calgary, Canada. Children were categorized by weight status based on WHO criteria. Maternal data were linked to child data. The Pampalon Material and Social Deprivation Indexes were used to assess deprivation. We used multinomial logistic regression to generate relative risk ratios (RRRs) to examine associations between ethnicity, maternal immigrant status, neighbourhood-level household income, urban/ rural residence and material and social deprivation with child weight status. RESULTS Children of Chinese ethnicity were less likely than those in the General Population to have overweight (RRR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.61-0.69) and obesity (RRR = 0.51, 0.42-0.62). Children of South Asian ethnicity were more likely than those in the General Population to have underweight (RRR = 4.14, 3.54-4.84) and more likely to have obesity (RRR = 1.39, 1.22-1.60). Children with maternal immigrant status were less likely than those without maternal immigrant status to have underweight (RRR = 0.72, 0.63-0.82) and obesity (RRR = 0.71, 0.66-0.77). Children were less likely to have overweight (RRR = 0.95, 0.94-0.95) and obesity (RRR = 0.88, 0.86-0.90) for every CAD 10 000 increase in income. Relative to the least deprived quintile, children in the most materially deprived quintile were more likely to have underweight (RRR = 1.36, 1.13-1.62), overweight (RRR = 1.52, 1.46-1.58) and obesity (RRR = 2.83, 2.54-3.15). Relative to the least deprived quintile, children in the most socially deprived quintile were more likely to have overweight (RRR = 1.21, 1.17-1.26) and obesity (RRR = 1.40, 1.26-1.56). All results are significant to p < 0.001. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the need for interventions and policies to address SDH in preschoolers to optimize their weight and health.
An evaluation of the effect of equine-facilitated psychotherapy on patients with substance use disorders

Equine Facilitated Psychiatry and Psychology (EFPP) is a supportive non-pharmacological treatment program used in the treatment of patients with substance use disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible change in patient’s health and health-related quality of life between the first and fourth session of the EFPP program using the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). The Human-Animal Interaction Scale (HAIS) and a 5-point Likert-type scale was used for an assessment of patient’s mood in the experimental group. The study sample included 57 patients (39 in experimental group with EFPP and 18 without EFPP program) with substance use disorders hospitalized in the psychiatric hospital. Comparing the initial and final patients scores in the experimental group, there was a significant positive shift in three of the four domains of the HoNOS scale and in seven of the eight dimensions of the AQoL scale. HAIS significantly increased (p <0.001) in time as well as patient´s mood after every session and in long time perspective. Based on these results, we can assume that the EFPP might be one of the successful programs which may improve patient´s mood and social interactions in substance use disorders.