Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Customizable landmark‐based field aperture design for automated whole‐brain radiotherapy treatment planning

Purpose To develop and evaluate an automated whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT) treatment planning pipeline with a deep learning–based auto‐contouring and customizable landmark‐based field aperture design. Methods The pipeline consisted of the following steps: (1) Auto‐contour normal structures on computed tomography scans and digitally reconstructed radiographs using deep learning techniques, (2) locate the landmark structures using the beam's‐eye‐view, (3) generate field apertures based on eight different landmark rules addressing different clinical purposes and physician preferences. Two parallel approaches for generating field apertures were developed for quality control. The performance of the generated field shapes and dose distributions were compared with the original clinical plans. The clinical acceptability of the plans was assessed by five radiation oncologists from four hospitals. Results The performance of the generated field apertures was evaluated by the Hausdorff distance (HD) and mean surface distance (MSD) from 182 patients’ field apertures used in the clinic. The average HD and MSD for the generated field apertures were 16 ± 7 and 7 ± 3 mm for the first approach, respectively, and 17 ± 7 and 7 ± 3 mm, respectively, for the second approach. The differences regarding HD and MSD between the first and the second approaches were 1 ± 2 and 1 ± 3 mm, respectively. A clinical review of the field aperture design, conducted using 30 patients, achieved a 100% acceptance rate for both the first and second approaches, and the plan review achieved a 100% acceptance rate for the first approach and a 93% acceptance rate for the second approach. The average acceptance rate for meeting lens dosimetric recommendations was 80% (left lens) and 77% (right lens) for the first approach, and 70% (both left and right lenses) for the second approach, compared with 50% (left lens) and 53% (right lens) for the clinical plans. Conclusion This study provided an automated pipeline with two field aperture generation approaches to automatically generate WBRT treatment plans. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrated that our novel pipeline was comparable with the original clinical plans.
Invariant measures for bipermutative cellular automata

A right-sided, nearest neighbour cellular automaton (RNNCA) is a continuous transformation $\Phi:\mathcal A^{\mathbb Z} \rightarrow\mathcal A^{\mathbb Z}$ determined by a local rule $\phi:\mathcal A^{\{0,1\}}\rightarrow\mathcal A$ so that, for any $\mathbf a\in\mathcal A^{\mathbb Z}$ and any $z\in\mathbb Z$, $\Phi(\mathbf a)_z = \phi(a_z,a_{z+1})$. We say that $\Phi$ is bipermutative if, for any choice of $a\in\mathcal A$, the map $\mathcal A\ni b \mapsto \phi(a,b)\in\mathcal A$ is bijective, and also, for any choice of $b\in\mathcal A$, the map $\mathcal A\ni a \mapsto \phi(a,b)\in\mathcal A$ is bijective. We characterize the invariant measures of bipermutative RNNCA. First we introduce the equivalent notion of a quasigroup CA . Then we characterize $\Phi$-invariant measures when $\mathcal A$ is a (nonabelian) group, and $\phi(a,b) = a\cdot b$. Then we show that, if $\Phi$ is any bipermutative RNNCA, and $\mu$ is $\Phi$-invariant, then $\Phi$ must be $\mu$-almost everywhere $K$-to-1, for some constant $K$. We then characterize invariant measures when $\mathcal \mathcal A^{\mathbb Z}$ is a group shift and $\Phi$ is an endomorphic CA.
Fluctuations and Ion Isotropy in the Solar Wind

The reasons the solar wind seems to behave as a fluid in spite of the near-absence of collisions are investigated. The ion distribution, which is nearly isotropic even though magnetic moment ought to be conserved, is considered quantitatively. Fluctuations and waves are often invoked to replace collisions to provide the fluid properties. Calculations based on a theory of diffusion due to electric field fluctuations are used to estimate the important ranges of fluctuations. It appears that the probable fluctuations are in the neighborhood of 1 Hz, and that such electric fields have not been sufficiently investigated. However, estimates based on observations of density and magnetic fluctuations suggest that the electric fields might be sufficient to provide the required diffusion, and are worth further study.
Changes of Choroidal Thickness in Children after Short-Term Application of 1% Atropine Gel

Introduction: The aim of the study was to assess changes in choroidal thickness (ChT) after administration of 1% atropine for 1 week in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic children. Methods: A total of 235 children aged 4–8 years, which included 46 myopia, 34 emmetropia, and 155 hyperopia patients, were recruited and divided into three groups according to the spherical equivalent with the use of 1% atropine twice a day for 1 week. The ChT was measured at baseline and 1 week. Results: In the myopia and emmetropia groups, following administration of 1% atropine gel, the ChT thickened significantly under the fovea (i.e., from 278.29 ± 53.01 μm to 308.24 ± 57.3 μm, p < 0.05; from 336.10 ± 78.60 μm to 353.46 ± 70.22 μm, p < 0.05, respectively), and at all intervals from the fovea, while in the hyperopia group, there was no significant difference in the ChT except the nasal side (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Topical administration of 1% atropine gel for 1 week significantly increased the subfoveal and parafoveal ChT in children with myopia and emmetropia. Atropine did not increase the ChT in hyperopic children, except on the nasal side.
Ecological validity reconsidered: the Night Out Task versus the D-KEFS

ABSTRACT Introduction Although executive functioning (EF) correlates with execution of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), tests of EF have been criticized for having poor ecological validity. Attempts have been made to develop new tests that approximate naturalistic daily tasks. However, the incremental utility of such tests has not been convincingly demonstrated. The Night Out Task (NOT) is a novel measure designed to increase ecological validity. This study examined whether the NOT correlates with traditional lab- and home-based measures of EF and IADLs, and whether it outperforms traditional measures of EF in predicting IADLs. Method Participants (50 adults aged 60 to 95) completed (1) the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) and IADLs in the laboratory, and (2) ecological momentary assessment of EF and daily IADL tasks at home across three weeks (using the Daily Assessment of Independent Living and Executive Skills protocol; DAILIES). Results The NOT correlated with a lab-based measure of EF beyond covariates, and lab-based IADLs beyond covariates and beyond the D-KEFS. However, it was unrelated to at-home variables beyond covariates. In contrast, the D-KEFS was a significant predictor of at-home IADLs, and this association was mediated by at-home EF performance. Conclusion This study provides a preliminary validation of the NOT as a correlate of office-based performances in a primarily college educated white sample. Despite its high face validity, the NOT does not appear to sufficiently tap EF processes needed for home-based IADLs as measured by the DAILIES, although small sample size limits the interpretability of this negative finding.
Diffraction by a small unstopped lens

Abstract When monochromatic light is incident on a small converging lens which has no mount, the usual diffraction pattern is supplemented by light that has passed unobstructed around the lens. This problem arises in ice physics; very perfect lenses are formed by water occluded in the grain boundaries of polycrystalline ice, and measurement of the diffraction patterns they produce gives the ratio of the grain-boundary energy to that of an ice-water interface. The diffraction pattern is calculated here for the real region containing the focus, and also for the virtual region, because it is in the latter that the most sensitive measurements can be made. The intensity pattern depends entirely on a single parameter n, namely the number of half-period Fresnel zones subtended by the lens at its focus. The movement of the zeros of amplitude (wave dislocations) is followed as n changes. For discrete values of n an unstopped lens possesses a single anti-focus point, on axis in the virtual field, where the intensit.
Some remarks on Feynman rules for non-commutative gauge theories based on groups G≠U(N)

We study for subgroups G⊆U(N) partial summations of the θ-expanded perturbation theory. On diagrammatic level a summation procedure is established, which in the U(N) case delivers the full star-product induced rules. Thereby we uncover a cancellation mechanism between certain diagrams, which is crucial in the U(N) case, but set out of work for G⊂U(N). In addition, an explicit proof is given that for G⊂U(N), G≠U(M), M < N there is no partial summation of the θ-expanded rules resulting in new Feynman rules using the U(N) star-product vertices and besides suitable modified propagators at most a finite number of additional building blocks. Finally, we show that certain SO(N) Feynman rules conjectured in the literature cannot be derived from the enveloping algebra approach.
Thirty years of the Central Resolvent Law and three laws on the 1/n expansion for resolvent of random matrices

After many years of investigations in the Theory of Random Matrices, we can say today that a very important and advanced result occupies the central place in this theory: CENTral REsolvent Law (CENTRE-LAW) for the traces of analytic function of random matrices, proved in 1975, in [15, pp. 278–324]. In the present paper we continue to consider this important problem of Theory of Random Matrices (TRM) - the CENTRE-LAW for the resolvent’s trace of a certain empirical covariance matrix of dimension mn which is used in almost all known estimators of General Statistical Analysis(GSA). At the end of this paper the reader can find the literature concerning GSA:[1–46, GSA]. Here we follow the main procedures of REFORM method (REsolvent, FORmula and Martingale) and have shown as 30 years ago that Central Limit Theorem for the traces of analytic function of random matrices has an unbelievable property: it is asymptotically normal with convergence rate (mnn)−1/2 under G-condition mnn −1 <1, where n is the number of independent observations of a random vector with covariance matrix . We want to emphasize that all known publications concerning the problem of estimation of functions of many parameters deal only with improvements of estimators. See, for example, jackknife and bootstrap methods. Only in [1–46,GSA] it was for the first time, shown that there exist in this analysis consistent estimators of some functions under the G-condition. Therefore, we can develop mathematical statistics under G-condition without any new restrictions for observations and statistical models. In the following sections we present a review of the main steps of the proof of the main assertions about Central Resolvent Law for the traces of analytic function of random matrices. We describe very succinctly the main features of the proof of the CENTRE-law. As in the previous papers, we will focus mainly on the limit theorem for random determinants. The proof is quite similar to the one proved in [15, pp. 278–324].
Properties of a simulated convective boundary layer over inhomogeneous vegetation

Using a high‐resolution boundary‐layer model, effects of heterogeneity over a mesoscale flat domain are investigated through a series of idealised model simulations. In these simulations two different land surface types (bare soil and vegetation) are arranged in two different patterns. It is found that the effect of heterogeneity remains significant with geostrophic winds of 10 m s−1. However, when the geostrophic wind direction is perpendicular to the alignment of the surface heterogeneities (with alignment here defined as the direction along the edges of a sequence of surface patches), higher winds tend to weaken the coherent circulations caused by the surface heterogeneities. The vertical winds generated by the mesoscale circulations associated with the surface heterogeneities are on the order of 0.5 cm s−1. When the geostrophic wind direction is perpendicular to the alignment of the surface heterogeneities over a three‐strip surface type, the mesoscale pattern in horizontal velocity is also pronounced, with significant fluctuations at the interfaces between two different surface patches. The heights at which the heterogeneity effects on potential temperature and winds vanish are well above the convective boundary layer top and reach at least 3.3 Zi under light winds, but depend on the wind speed and directions as well as the orientation of surface heterogeneities.
The CASTOR-K Code, Recent Developments and Applications

The CASTOR-K code is a hybrid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)-drift kinetic code developed for the study of MHD modes in the presence of energetic ion populations. It allows a fast assessment of the linear stability of the modes, as well as an accurate calculation of damping due to thermal species (Landau damping). These capabilities make the code an invaluable tool for parametric studies and data analysis. In recent years, CASTOR-K has been mostly used to analyze JET data, including the identification of mechanisms involved in the expulsion of energetic ions from the plasma. However, in order to prepare the code to be used for a wider range of tokamaks including ITER, the code is being subject to a series of important improvements. These improvements aim not only to introduce new physics in the code but also to make it capable of exchanging data with other codes through its integration in modelling infrastructures. In this paper a description of the CASTOR-K code is presented, as well as a summary of the most important results obtained with this code and a description of the new improvements being implemented.
Evaluation functions and composition operators on Banach spaces of holomorphic functions

Let $B(\Omega)$ be the Banach space of holomorphic functions on a bounded connected domain $\Omega$ in $\mathbb C^n$, which contains the ring of polynomials on $\Omega $. In this paper, we first establish a criterion for $B(\Omega )$ to be reflexive via evaluation functions on $B(\Omega )$, that is, $B(\Omega )$ is reflexive if and only if the evaluation functions span the dual spaces $(B(\Omega ))^{*} $. Moreover, under suitable assumptions on $\Omega$ and $B(\Omega)$, we establish a characterization of the composition operator $C_\varphi$ to be a Fredholm operator on $B(\Omega)$ via the property of the holomorphic self-map $\varphi:\Omega\to\Omega$. Our new approach utilizes the symbols of composition operators to construct a linearly independent function sequence, which bypasses the use of boundary behavior of reproducing kernels as those may not be applicable in our general setting.
Time-Dependent and Light-Induced Fading in Victoreen Model 2600-80 Aluminum Oxide Thermoluminescence Dosemeters

Abstract : In the absence of light, the thermoluminescence (TL) signal of irradiated aluminum oxide TL dosemeters (TLD) faded by 21% in 3 months. When exposed to low intensity incandescent light. the TL signal decreased by 25% in 6 h. High intensity fluorescent light caused the TL signal to fade by more than 90% in 6 h.
Semantic Guided Level-Category Hybrid Prediction Network for Hierarchical Image Classification

Hierarchical classification (HC) assigns each object with multiple labels organized into a hierarchical structure. The existing deep learning based HC methods usually predict an instance starting from the root node until a leaf node is reached. However, in the real world, images interfered by noise, occlusion, blur, or low resolution may not provide sufficient information for the classification at subordinate levels. To address this issue, we propose a novel semantic guided level-category hybrid prediction network (SGLCHPN) that can jointly perform the level and category prediction in an end-to-end manner. SGLCHPN comprises two modules: a visual transformer that extracts feature vectors from the input images, and a semantic guided cross-attention module that uses categories word embeddings as queries to guide learning category-specific representations. In order to evaluate the proposed method, we construct two new datasets in which images are at a broad range of quality and thus are labeled to different levels (depths) in the hierarchy according to their individual quality. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed HC method.
Exciton - Exciton transitions involving strongly bound Frenkel excitons: an ab initio approach

In pump-probe spectroscopy, two laser pulses are employed to garner dynamical information from the sample of interest. The pump initiates the optical process by exciting a portion of the sample from the electronic ground state to an accessible electronic excited state, an exciton. Thereafter, the probe interacts with the already excited sample. The change in the absorbance after pump provides information on transitions between the excited states and their dynamics. In this work we study these exciton-exciton transitions by means of an ab initio real time propagation scheme based on dynamical Berry phase formulation. The results are then analyzed taking advantage of a Fermi-golden rule approach formulated in the excitonic basis-set and in terms of the symmetries of the excitonic states. Using bulk LiF and 2D hBN as two prototype materials, we discuss the selection rules for transitions involving strongly bound Frenkel excitons, for which the hydrogen model cannot be used.
Preparation and Properties of Tumor-Targeting MRI Contrast Agent Based on Linear Polylysine Derivatives

We developed a tumor-targeted contrast agent based on linear polylysine (PLL) by conjugating a small molecular imaging agent, fluorescent molecule and targeting agent amino phenylboronic acid onto the amino groups of polylysine, which can specifically target monosaccharide sialic acid residues overexpressing on the surface of tumor cell membranes. Further, 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (DCA) was attached to the free amino groups of the polylysine to change to a negative charge at physiology pH to lower the cytotoxicity, but it soon regenerated to a positive charge again once reaching the acidic intratumoral environment and therefore increased cell uptake. Laser confocal microscopy images showed that most of the polymeric contrast agents were bound to the cancer cell membrane. Moreover, the tumor targeting contrast agent showed the same magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrasting performance in vitro as the small molecule contrast agent used in clinic, which made it a promising tumor-targeting polymeric contrast agent for cancer diagnosis.
Probabilistic bounds with quadratic-exponential moments for quantum stochastic systems

This paper is concerned with quadratic-exponential moments (QEMs) for dynamic variables of quantum stochastic systems with position-momentum type canonical commutation relations. The QEMs play an important role for statistical ``localisation'' of the quantum dynamics in the form of upper bounds on the tail probability distribution for a positive definite quadratic function of the system variables. We employ a randomised representation of the QEMs in terms of the moment-generating function (MGF) of the system variables, which is averaged over its parameters using an auxiliary classical Gaussian random vector. This representation is combined with a family of weighted $L^2$-norms of the MGF, leading to upper bounds for the QEMs of the system variables. These bounds are demonstrated for open quantum harmonic oscillators with vacuum input fields and non-Gaussian initial states.
TYPE IA SUPERNOVAE IN LYON GROUPS OF GALAXIES

Two galaxies with observed type Ia supernovae have been identified in each of three Lyon groups of galaxies not associated with the Virgo cluster. The difference of well-determined apparent magnitudes at lihgt curve maximum of the supernovae in each group is delta-B </= 0.2 mag, delta-V </= 0.2 mag. Previously, Branch and Tammann found that the observed apparent magnitudes at maximum light for type Ia supernovae in three galaxies, each with two_ observed supernovae, are nearly identical. The consistency of these two independent results further suggests that the set of all type Ia supernovae contains a large subset of 'standard candles'.
On the Threshold of Drop Fragmentation under Impulsive Acceleration

We examine the complete landscape of parameters which aﬀect secondary breakup of a Newtonian droplet under impulsive acceleration. A Buckingham-Pi analysis reveals that the critical Weber number ( We cr ) for a non-vibrational breakup depends on the density ratio ( ρ ), the drop ( Oh d ) and the ambient ( Oh o ) Ohnesorge numbers. Volume of ﬂuid (VOF) multiphase ﬂow simulations are performed using Basilisk to conduct a reasonably complete parametric sweep of the non-dimensional parameters involved. It is found that, contrary to current consensus, even for Oh d (cid:54) 0 . 1, a decrease in Oh d has a substantial impact on the breakup morphology, motivating plume formation, and in turn aﬀecting We cr . It is found that in addition to ρ (which previous studies have explored), Oh o also aﬀects the balance between pressure diﬀerences between a droplet’s pole and its periphery, and the shear stresses on its upstream surface, which ultimately dictates the ﬂow inside the droplet. This behavior manifests in simulations through the observed pancake shapes and ultimately the breakup morphology (forward or backward bag). All factors that play an essential role in droplet deformation process are speciﬁed and theories explaining the observed results on the basis of these factors are provided. A We cr − Oh d plot is provided to summarize all variations in critical Weber number observed due to changes in the involved non-dimensional parameters. All observed critical pancake and breakup morphologies are summarized using a phase diagram illustrating all deformation paths a droplet might take under impulsive acceleration. Finally, based on the understanding of process of bag breakup gained from this work, a non-dimensional parameter to predict droplet breakup threshold is derived and tested on all simulation data obtained from this work and all experimental data gathered from existing
Instant Volumetric Head Avatars

We present Instant Volumetric Head Avatars (INSTA), a novel approach for reconstructing photo-realistic digital avatars instantaneously. INSTA models a dynamic neural radiance field based on neural graphics primitives embedded around a parametric face model. Our pipeline is trained on a single monocular RGB portrait video that observes the subject under different expressions and views. While state-of-the-art methods take up to several days to train an avatar, our method can reconstruct a digital avatar in less than 10 minutes on modern GPU hardware, which is orders of magnitude faster than previous solutions. In addition, it allows for the interactive rendering of novel poses and expressions. By leveraging the geometry prior of the underlying parametric face model, we demonstrate that INSTA extrapolates to unseen poses. In quantitative and qualitative studies on various subjects, INSTA outperforms state-of-the-art methods regarding rendering quality and training time. Project website: https://zielon.github. io/insta/