Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On statistical approaches to climate change analysis

Evidence for a human contribution to climatic changes during the past century is accumulating rapidly. Given the strength of the evidence, it seems natural to ask whether forcing projections can be used to forecast climate change. A Bayesian method for post-processing forced climate model simulations that produces probabilistic hindcasts of inter-decadal temperature changes on large spatial scales is proposed. Hindcasts produced for the last two decades of the 20th century are shown to be skillful. The suggestion that skillful decadal forecasts can be produced on large regional scales by exploiting the response to anthropogenic forcing provides additional evidence that anthropogenic change in the composition of the atmosphere has influenced our climate. In the absence of large negative volcanic forcing on the climate system (which cannot presently be forecast), the global mean temperature for the decade 2000-2009 is predicted to lie above the 1970-1999 normal with probability 0.94. The global mean temperature anomaly for this decade relative to 1970-1999 is predicted to be 0.35C (5-95% confidence range: 0.21C-0.48C). Reconstruction of temperature variability of the past centuries using climate proxy data can also provide important information on the role of anthropogenic forcing in the observed 20th century warming. A state-space model approach that allows incorporation of additional non-temperature information, such as the estimated response to external forcing, to reconstruct historical temperature is proposed. An advantage of this approach is that it permits simultaneous reconstruction and detection analysis as well as future projection. A difficulty in using this approach is that estimation of several unknown state-space model parameters is required. To take advantage of the data structure in the reconstruction problem, the existing parameter estimation approach is modified, resulting in two new estimation approaches. The competing estimation approaches are compared based on theoretical grounds and through simulation studies. The two new estimation approaches generally perform better than the existing approach. A number of studies have attempted to reconstruct hemispheric mean temperature for the past millennium from proxy climate indicators. Different statistical methods are used in these studies and it therefore seems natural to ask which method is more reliable. An empirical comparison between the different reconstruction methods is considered using both climate model data and real-world paleoclimate proxy data. The proposed state-space model approach and the RegEM method generally perform better than their competitors when reconstructing interannual variations in Northern Hemispheric mean surface air temperature. On the other hand, a variety of methods are seen to perform well when reconstructing decadal temperature variability. The similarity in performance provides evidence that the difference between many real-world reconstructions is more likely to be due to the…
The Effect Of Crossbreeding Programmes, Season On Weight And Linear Traits Of Pre-Weaned Nigeria Goats

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different crossbreeding programmes and seasons on pre-weaning weights (PW) and linear body measurements (LBMS), namely, height-at-withers (HW), and body length (BL) for Nigerian purebred goats and their crosses using 176 pre-weaner does. Two breed stocks were used: West Africa dwarf goat (WADG) of Savannah ecozone, Red Sokoto goat (RSG) of desert ecozone which generated five breeding programmes through a complete diallel crosses. The result showed there was significant effect of breed that involved crosses of RSG x F1 (RSG x WADG). Breeding involving WADG x RSG and RSG x RSG had comparable weaning weights that are inferior to the back cross (RSG x F1). The least weight was recorded by pure WADG of the savannah ecozone. The weaning weight was significantly highest (P Keywords : crossbreeding programmes, seasons growth performance, Nigerian goat IFE Journal of Science Vol. 9 (1) 2007 pp. 45-50
Novel applications of fluid inclusions and isotope geochemistry in unravelling the genesis of fossil travertine systems

The Denizli Basin is a fault‐bounded Neogene–Quaternary depression located in the Western Anatolian Extensional Province, Western Turkey. The basin is a unique geological site with abundant active and fossil (Quaternary) travertine and tufa deposits. Fluid inclusion microthermometry and isotopic analysis were applied to study the genesis of the Ballık fossil travertine deposits, located in the south‐eastern part of the basin. Microthermometry on fluid inclusions indicates that the main travertine precipitating and cementing fluids are characterized by low salinity (<0·7 wt% NaCl equivalent) and variable temperatures that cluster at <50°C and ca 100°C. Fluids of meteoric origin have been heated by migration to the deeper subsurface, possibly in a local high geothermal gradient setting. A later uncommon cementation phase is related to a fluid with a significantly higher salinity (25·5 to 26·0 wt% bulk). The fluid obtained its salinity by interaction with Late Triassic evaporite layers. Strontium isotopes indicate that the parent carbonate source rock of the different travertine precipitates is very likely to be the Triassic limestone of the Lycian Nappes. Carbon isotopes suggest that the parent CO2 gas originated from thermal decarbonation of the Lycian limestones with minor contributions of magmatic degassing and organic soil CO2. Oxygen isotopes confirm the meteoric origin of the fluids and indicate disequilibrium precipitation because of evaporation and degassing. Results were integrated within the available geological data of the Denizli Basin in a generalized travertine precipitation model, which enhanced the understanding of fossil travertine systems. The study highlights the novel application of fluid inclusion research in unravelling the genesis of continental carbonates and provides several recommendations for hydrocarbon exploration in travertine‐bearing sedimentary basins. The findings suggest that travertine bodies and their parent carbonate source rocks have the potential to constitute interesting subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Climate Feedbacks in Response to Changes in Obliquity

AbstractThe feedbacks involved in the response of climate to a reduction of Earth’s obliquity are investigated in the GFDL Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1). A reduction in obliquity increases the meridional gradient of the annual mean insolation, causing a strengthening of the atmospheric and ocean circulation that transports more heat poleward. The heat transport does not balance the direct obliquity forcing completely, and additional local radiative fluxes are required to explain the change in the equilibrium energy budget. The surface temperature generally increases at low latitudes and decreases at high latitudes following the change in the insolation. However, in some areas, the sign of the temperature change is opposite of the forcing, indicating the strong influence of feedbacks. These feedbacks are also responsible for a decrease in the global mean temperature despite that the change in the global mean insolation is close to zero. The processes responsible for these changes are increases in the i.
Enhancing Deep Learning Approach for Tamil English Mixed Text Classiﬁcation

Text Classiﬁcation with sentiments understanding is an essential task for data processing and predicting user behavior. In case of Multilingual data, the process requires to convert the entire data to machine understandable language or to pre-process the text prior to classiﬁcation keeping the semantics of the text intact. Deep Learning libraries like Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) with word2vector model and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for natural language processing (NLP) support both techniques, and the manuscript attempts to enhance pre-processing of the Tamil English Mixed text Classiﬁcation. The pre-processing of the Tamil English Mixed text addressed the issue of annotated text non-availability.
Peces Ophidiiformes del Atlántico occidental tropical con especial énfasis en el mar Caribe colombiano

As Ophidiiform fishes are not very well-known and of little economic value, studies on the order are scarce. However, the results shown in this review are an important contribution to the available information on Colombian biodiversity as this is the first listing of Ophidiiform fishes present in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. The results also provide important information about the species for the Colombian and world-wide scientific community, and, in turn, encourage investigation into the genera and the species belonging to this group of marine fish.
Contrats et modes de coordination en agriculture

Cet article cherche a identifier et examiner les modes de coordination et de contractualisation mis en place dans les filieres agroalimentaires, en fonction des types de production et des contextes economiques. Les auteures proposent une revue de litterature internationale centree sur les contrats qui lient les agriculteurs aux entreprises de l’aval des filieres. Cette revue examine comment le developpement de contrats ou de formes d’organisation alternatives au marche spot repond a des objectifs de performance, d’assurance contre les risques et d’exercice de pouvoir/contre-pouvoir de marche. Les auteures etudient le positionnement des organisations de producteurs et des cooperatives qui sont un echelon cle dans les filieres, a la fois pour organiser les agriculteurs (coordination horizontale) et coordonner l’amont et l’aval de la filiere en incluant les entreprises de transformation et de distribution (coordination verticale).
Bidirectional Piecewise Linear Representation of Time Series and its Application in Clustering

The high dimensionality of time-series data presents challenges for direct mining, including time and computational resource costs. In this study, a novel data representation method for time series is proposed and validated in a hierarchical clustering task. First, the bidirectional segmentation algorithm, called BPLR, is introduced for piecewise linear representation (PLR). Through this method, the original time series is transformed into a set of linear fitting (LF) functions, thereby producing a concise, lower-dimensional LF time series that encapsulates the original data. Next, based on dynamic time warping (DTW) distance, a new similarity measure is proposed to compute the distance between any two LF time series, which is called LF-DTW distance. The proposed LF-DTW distance exhibits good performance in handling time-scale distortions between time series. Finally, hierarchical clustering is realized based on the proposed LF-DTW distance. The efficiency and advantages of the proposed approach are validated through experimental results using real-world data. Owing to its ability to capture the inherent structure of time series, the proposed approach consistently outperforms methods based on classic distance metrics and other existing clustering algorithms.
Natural habitat and population control mechanism of Crassula helmsii (Australian Swamp Stonecrop) in Australia

The plant Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cochayne, was likely to become widely distributed and to dominate many damp and wet areas of nature reserves, recreational waters and agricultural drainage of Britain. The aim of this report was to study Australian Swamp Stonecrop in its natural habitat where it is in balance with its environment. This contrasts with its rapid and widespread distribution in the U.K. where its growth interferes with the use of fisheries and amenity lakes but also reduces the value of nature reserves and sites of special scientific interest by suppressing native flora. It was proposed to observe its growth at a variety of sites over its natural distribution and to include some environmental factors, e.g. water-level, water-chemistry (nutrients, acidity and alkalinity), frost-tolerance, salinity, with the help of portable sensors, locally-available services or data. 8 weeks of travel in Australia allowed time to study the plant in its natural habitat including the coastal areas of the southern half of the continent i.e . Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and southern Queensland. The overall objective was to determine the environmental range by visits to selected sites of Crassula helmsii over its geographic range.
Changing Course: Ten Years of Tracking Online Education in the United States.

This document reports on the state of online learning among higher education institutions in the United States. The study is aimed at answering some of the fundamental questions about the nature and extent of online education. Based on responses from over 2,800 colleges and universities, the report addresses the following key issues: (1) massive open online courses (MOOCS); (2) are we heading for online 2.0? ; (3) is online learning strategic? ; (4) how many students are learning online? ; (5) who offers online? ; (6) does it take more faculty time and effort to teach online? ; (7) are learning outcomes in online comparable to face-to-face? ; (8) has faculty acceptance of online increased? ; and (9) barriers to widespread adoption of online learning.
What has really happened to povertyand inequality during the growth process in developing countries

This paper examines the association between growth and poverty reduction and argues that is not as strong an empirical relationship as it is generally expected to be in development policy making. It also shows that to expect growth not to have any systematic positive association with income inequality in developing countries is misplaced. It is argued that we ought to expect that, in general, growth is more likely to weakly reduce poverty and a little more strongly increase income inequality. With this more realistic perspective on the associations between economic growth, income inequality and absolute poverty, the paper goes on to examine whether the speed at which developing economies have globalised, has influenced the intensity with which growth impacted poverty and inequality respectively? It is shown that amongst the fastest globalisers, growth on average increased inequality significantly and was not associated with poverty reduction. On the other hand, for developing economies that globalised at a relatively slower pace, growth reduced poverty and was not associated with rising inequality.
Understanding National Rape Statistics

VAWnet is a project of the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence. “By maintaining an awareness of how and which respondents are selected, how rape is defined by the study, which questions are used to assess rape, how data is analyzed, and what information is being presented, the reader is well-equipped to maneuver through the various available information and walk away with a clearer understanding of the impact and burden of rape victimization in America. ” Policy makers and those who serve sexual violence victims/survivors need accurate information about violence against women to document the extent of the problem and to develop effective public policy, criminal justice, public health, and prevention programming. Those who seek such information are often frustrated because they are confronted with a confusing and often conflicting array of sexual violence statistics that make it difficult to understand the extent of the problem and whether it is getting better, staying the same or getting worse. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how estimates of sexual violence in the United States are produced, with particular emphasis on major sources of rape statistics at the national level. Although having good estimates of rape at the local and state levels would be particularly valuable for local and state programs, such information is generally lacking, so we will focus this review primarily on rape statistics at a national level. Also, we will focus primarily on the crime of rape as opposed to other types of sexual violence. We will address rape among women and female children, as these cases compose the majority of rapes and therefore constitute the large majority of national estimates. Information contained in this report is meant for educative purposes, to either stand alone or be incorporated into broader training and education programming, and may prove useful to an array of advocates in the arena of prevention of violence against women.
Grace, Self-Compassion, and Compassion: Influential Factors in Marital Satisfaction

This study investigated and evaluated the interactive role of the dependent variable—marital satisfaction—with the independent variables of grace, self-compassion, perfectionism, legalism. The purpose of the study was to bring an awareness and understanding of the variables that predict marital satisfaction. The sample size consisted of 63 participants, 23 males and 40 females, ranging in age from 25 to 64. All participants reported themselves to be legally married, with 46% married between 10 and 25 years. A quantitative methodology was used to explore the study questions, including a Pearson correlation and a multiple linear regression. For statistical analysis, a simultaneous multiple regression was used to examine the predictive variables in marital satisfaction, an analysis of which showed that the variables together significantly influenced marital satisfaction. Independently, none of the variables were found to be significant. The Pearson correlation identified a significant positive correlation between self-compassion and perfectionism and a significant negative correlation between grace and legalism. The findings implicate that grace and self-compassion seem to have had the strongest effect on the model, impacting the results.
Seasonal and Annual Water Balance of Agricultural Land in Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan

Soil water balance determines the accumulation and leaching of solutes in the surface soil. In cold regions, where agricultural land is covered with snow in winter, the soil water balance has not been as thoroughly investigated as in warm regions due to the difficulty of conducting continuous and accurate winter field observation in cold environments. In this study, annual water balance at Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan was evaluated including snow-covered periods using a comprehensive hydrometeorological observation system developed for cold region application. During the period from October 20, 2004 to October 19, 2005, the ground was covered with snow for a total of 130 days. Annual precipitation during the study period was 799 mm and estimated evaporation was 591 mm. During the snow-covered period, precipitation was 260 mm, accounting for only 32.5% of the annual precipitation; however, precipitation excess was large (236 mm) due to very small evaporation (24 mm), and the bulk of it infiltrated rapidly during the four-week snowmelt period. This observation suggests that the leaching of soil solutes occurs almost exclusively during the snowmelt period, and that the agricultural soil environment in this region is strongly affected by the water balance in the snow-cover period.
Studies of the grounding-line location on Ice Streams D and E, Antarctica

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images were used prior to the 1991–92 field season to infer the position of the grounding line at the mouths of Ice Streams D and E, West Antarctica. Our field plan for mass-balance studies was based on this determination, and thus the imagery played a central role in both the scientific and logistics planning. A radar profile along the flow direction was made across the inferred grounding line at one location, and ice-thickness measurements together with surface surveying enable us to compare the hydrostatic surface and the actual topography to determine the point at which the ice becomes grounded. The profile transits from floating to grounded ice at the same location as the grounding line inferred from the imagery. Changes in the radar-echo strength also occur at this location, giving further support to this interpretation. Tilt studies of the ice flexure caused by tidal variations at locations on either side of this grounding point give additional evidence that grounding is occurring close by. The combination of these three measurements therefore confirms the grounding-line location derived from the satellite imagery and supports the use of this technique to determine grounding.
Grain Yield Improvement in Water‐Limited Environments

SUMMARY (1) Climate change threatens to reduce rainfall and increase rainfall variability in many of the world’s rainfed and irrigated wheat-growing regions. (2) use efficiency.Breeding for improved productivity in water-limited environments has been suc-cessful but at rates of genetic gain well below that observed in favorable environ-ments. Breeders should not target selec -tion for severe drought, as performance under severe stress does not correlate well in intermediate- to higher-yielding envi-ronments where growers derive most of their income. (3) Genetic gain under drought will rely on multidisciplinary skills that focus on molecular markers for major genes such as breeding but with support from the fol-lowing: simulation modeling; improved physiological understanding and rapid, cost-efficient phenotyping; and molecular techniques aimed at more efficient screening. (4) Greatest benefits arising from modeling and physiology reflect an understanding of the frequency and nature of drought stress, and traits with potential to improve water-(5) The physiological complexity of adapta-tion to drought together with the known polygenic control of productivity traits will likely limit the implementation of transgenes in breeding programs. Transgenic approaches largely focus on assessment of traits affecting cell and plant survival when these are unlikely to increase productivity in managed cropping systems. (6) Tremendous potential lies in the use of resistance to disease and soil constraints, thereby enabling breeders to enrich popu-lations for important alleles conferring adaptation to drought.
A Comprehensive Analytical Sizing Methodology for Transverse and Radial Flux Machines

Transverse flux machines have the potential to offer high torque density in direct-drive vehicle traction applications. Besides, sizing equations are a wide-spread technique for transverse flux machines design, as their computational cost is much lower than the finite element method. In this paper a novel analytical sizing methodology for transverse and radial flux machines is presented, focusing on the current load and the pole length factor as the main design parameters. The motor specifications are intended for a light-duty electric vehicle application. As transverse flux machines have a single, hoop-shaped coil per phase that embraces the flux of all the pole pairs, their principle of operation and therefore their sizing equations differ from radial flux machines. The proposed analytical method allows to compare transverse and radial flux machines easily through a similarity analysis and a parametric study. Furthermore, the discrepancies between the analytical model and the finite element method are quantified and then included in previous equations. Then the analytical model is optimized with a multiobjective genetic algorithm in the final stage. According to the sizing methodology presented here, transverse flux machines have a superior performance than radial flux machines in terms of torque density and efficiency.