Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discrete Time Signal Localization Accuracy in Gaussian Noise at Low Signal to Noise Ratios

Convolution and matched filtering are often used to detect a known signal in the presence of noise. The probability of detection and probability of missed detection are well known and widely used statistics. Oftentimes we are not only interested in the probability of detecting a signal but also accurately estimating when the signal occurred and the error statistics associated with that time measurement. Accurately representing the timing error is important for geolocation schemes, such as Time of Arrival (TOA) and Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), as well as other applications. The Cramér Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) and other, tighter, bounds have been calculated for the error variance on Time of Arrival estimators. However, achieving these bounds requires an amount of interpolation be performed on the signal of interest that may be greater than computational constraints allow. Furthermore, at low Signal to Noise Ratios (SNRs), the probability distribution for the error is non-Gaussian and depends on the shape of the signal of interest. In this paper we introduce a method of characterizing the localization accuracy of the matched filtering operation when used to detect a discrete signal in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) without additional interpolation. The actual localization accuracy depends on the shape of the signal that is being detected. We develop a statistical method for analyzing the localization error probability mass function for arbitrary signal shapes at any SNR. Finally, we use our proposed analysis method to calculate the error probability mass functions for a few signals commonly used in detection scenarios. These illustrative results serve as examples of the kinds of statistical results that can be generated using our proposed method. The illustrative results demonstrate our method’s unique ability to calculate the non-Gaussian, and signal shape dependent, error distribution at low Signal to Noise Ratios. The error variance calculated using the proposed method is shown to closely track simulation results, deviating from the Cramér Rao Lower Bound at low Signal to Noise Ratios.
Essential Oils and their Antimicrobial Activity: A Review

Essential oils (EOs) have been used in ethno-medicine as an effective and safe antimicrobial agents for a long time. They have been evaluated for the bactericidal, fungicidal, antiparasitical, insecticidal, virucidal, medicinal and cosmetics applications. EOs are derived from various species of edible and medicinal plants including herbs and spices. They are liquid and volatile complex mixture of compounds obtained from different parts of plants such as tea tree, oregano tree, clove, thyme, citrus and mint. Terpenes and terpenoids and their derivatives are the major constituents of EOs while aromatic and aliphatic components are the minor constituents. EOs possess strong antibacterial and antifungal properties for both susceptible and resistant strains, where they have the ability to damage the structural integrity of cell membrane, induce leakage of cell constituents, influencing the cell metabolism and eventually causing cell death.
British Columbian continental shelf as a source of dissolved iron to the subarctic northeast Pacific Ocean

The distribution of dissolved (<0.4 μm) iron (Fe) across the continental shelf and slope of Queen Charlotte Sound on the west coast of Canada was examined to estimate the potential of these waters as a source of Fe to the Fe‐limited waters of the subarctic northeast Pacific. Iron profiles obtained in shelf, slope, and offshore waters demonstrate decreasing concentrations of Fe with distance from the continent. Within 50 m of the shelf sediments dissolved Fe concentrations were 5.3 ± 0.3 nM. This signal was detected, although attenuated by 80%, along the isopycnal surface at offshore stations 40–50 km seaward of the shelf break, strongly suggesting cross‐shelf transport of an Fe‐rich plume originating in low dissolved oxygen (<3 ml L−1, <130 μmol kg−1) waters in subsurface water over the continental shelf. Several physical mechanisms that may cause these Fe‐enriched waters to advect offshore in this region (i.e., tidal currents and Ekman transport in the bottom boundary layer, coastal downwelling/relaxation from upwelling, and the formation of anticyclonic, westward‐propagating, coastal eddies) are discussed. We suggest that strong tidal currents over broad continental shelves may play a key role in Fe supply to ocean basins.
A possible explanation of gravity anomalies over mid‐ocean ridges

Gravity fields over the crests of slow spreading mid-ocean ridges are characterized by small amplitude free air gravity anomaly lows (30–70 mGal) with wavelengths of 40–60 km, flanked by smaller gravity highs. In general, the amplitude and wavelength of these gravity lows decrease with increasing spreading rate until, at fast spreading ridges (> 5 cm/yr), free air gravity highs (10–20 mGal) are observed. Previous explanations of these anomalies, which involve uncompensated ridges, thermally expanded ridges and elastic plate compensation models, are generally not consistent with the geological evidence regarding the nature of the crust and upper mantle beneath the ridge crest. In particular, the postulated presence of wide zones of partial melt in the uppermost mantle is inconsistent with petrologic data from mid-ocean ridge basalts, which indicates that primary melts are in equilibrium with and extracted from residual mantle at depths of 30 km or more. In addition, similar gravity lows observed over extinct spreading ridges suggest that the anomalies are not mainly due to any dynamic aspect of the accretion process taking place at active spreading centers. Geometrical models of mid-ocean ridges derived from detailed structural and petrologic studies of the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex have been used to generate gravity anomalies over ridges with various spreading rates. Modeling results show that four main sources serve to define the amplitude and wavelength of the gravity anomaly: the ridge topography, the crustal level magma chamber, the configuration of the isotherms near the ridge crest, and a low-density, partially gabbroic cumulate root extending vertically into the mantle beneath the ridge. Systematic variations in the contributions from these sources with increasing spreading rate control the changes in character of the gravity anomaly from slow to fast spreading centers. Major contributions are found to come from the topography and from the lowdensity root, which broadens with slower spreading rates, resulting in both increasing amplitude and increasing wavelength with decreasing spreading rate. At extinct spreading centers, contributions from the magma chamber, isotherms, and topography gradually diminish with time once the ridge ceases to spread, whereas the low-density root remains a permanent part of the oceanic lithosphere and continues its contribution to the gravity field. Seismic evidence from slow spreading centers appears to support the existence of the lowdensity gabbroic root zone inferred from the study of the Bay of Islands ophiolite and the gravity analysis presented here.
KARACAALİ (KIRIKKALE) DEMİR CEVHERLERİNİN MİNERALOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİ

The studied iron ores are located along cracks and fractures in the microgabbro, diabase and basic type rocks anda re characterized by massive, dissemine and brecciatic veins and irregular masses. Various alteration types such as uralitization, albitization, chloritization, actinolitization, tremolitization, epidotization, sossuritization, carbonatization, argillitization and silicification have been developed by effecting of hydrothermal processes during fluid-rock interaction. Main mineralization is composed of mainly magnetite and pyrite and lesser amounts of hematite, muscetofitte, chalcopyrite, bornite, tetrahedrite, pyrhotite, marcasite, goethite and trungite. The geological, petrographical and mineralogical data indicate that the Karacaali iron deposit was formed by means of hydrothermal processes.
Shear wave attenuation and dispersion in melt-bearing olivine polycrystals: 2. Microstructural interpretation and seismological implications

[1] The torsional forced oscillation tests of melt-bearing olivine aggregates reported by Jackson et al. [2004] consistently show a peak in attenuation that is absent from melt-free aggregates tested under similar conditions and grain sizes. Characterization by SEM shows that the melt resides in triple junction tubules and larger pockets as previously described. TEM imaging and EDS analysis reveals that olivine-olivine grain boundaries are characterized by a region ≤1 nm wide which is structurally and chemically distinct from olivine grain interiors. From the possible mechanisms that can produce an anelastic attenuation peak, melt squirt can be eliminated for our samples and experimental conditions. We attribute the observed attenuation peak to elastically accommodated grain boundary sliding, requiring that the grain boundaries are weak relative to olivine grain interiors but have a significantly higher viscosity than bulk melt. While the nanometer scale grain boundary structure in the melt-bearing aggregates is essentially the same as for melt-free aggregates studied previously, elastically accommodated sliding in the latter is apparently inhibited by tight three-grain edge intersections. The exponentially increasing high temperature background attenuation in both types of aggregate is attributed to diffusionally accommodated grain boundary sliding. Extrapolation to mantle grain sizes shows that the broad peak may be responsible for nearly frequency independent attenuation in partially molten regions of the upper mantle.
Cultural Networks of the Chungin: Chosŏn Interpreters' Participation in Poetry Societies

Abstract:This paper illuminates the cultural performance of Chosŏn (1392–1910) interpreters in the nineteenth century, with a particular focus on interpreters' participation in poetry societies (sisa 詩社). The study aims to explore the cultural status of interpreters by examining the networks they built within poetry societies and to investigate whether engagement in cultural activities contributed to their social mobility in the late nineteenth century. Existing scholarship on the social mobility of the chungin (中人, "middle people") heavily relies on the influence of demographic expansion and position monopoly, at the expense of other indicators reflecting the chungin's social position such as economic, cultural, and political standing. To bridge this research gap, this research uses the cultural life of Chosŏn interpreters as a lens to examine how the chungin interacted with other groups. I use Kang Wi's (姜瑋 1820–1884) Kohwandang such'o (古歡堂收艸, "Collected Works of Kang Wi") as the primary source to extract social connections between the Poetry Society of the Sixth Bridge (Yukkyo sisa 六橋詩社), of which most members were official interpreters and medical doctors living in Hanyang, and the South Poetry Society, which was a poetry community organized by the yangban. Through analyzing clusters and patterns based on the concurrence of the participants, this study concludes that the cultural status of the chungin did not fully align with their categorization in the social hierarchy, and the social gap between the yangban and the chungin did not cease because of cultural exchanges.
Procesos de acreditación de pedagogías: un estudio del quehacer de las agencias

This paper reports results from a research on procedures for accreditation of ITT programs that Accreditation agencies follow in Chile. It analyzes whether the specific procedures for program evaluation are reliable or whether they depend on the judgment of the agency. Results show that despite agencies comply with current regulations, aspects that are regulated and have accurate descriptions about how to proceed are very few in relation to the huge number of procedures and decisions to be made by agencies, and so their work is much discretionary.
Active contour segmentation for hyperspectral oil spill remote sensing

Oil spills could occur in many conditions, which results in pollution of the natural resources, marine environment and economic health of the area. Whenever we need to identify oil spill, confirm the location or get the shape and acreage of oil spill, we have to get the edge information of oil slick images firstly. Hyperspectral remote sensing imaging is now widely used to detect oil spill. Active Contour Models (ACMs) is a widely used image segmentation method that utilizes the geometric information of objects within images. Region based models are less sensitive to noise and give good performance for images with weak edges or without edges. One of the popular Region based ACMs, active contours without edges Models, is implemented by Chan-Vese. The model has the property of global segmentation to segment all the objects within an image irrespective of the initial contour. In this paper, we propose an improved CV model, which can perform well in the oil spill hyper-spectral image segmentation. The energy function embeds spectral and spatial information, introduces the vector edge stopping function, and constructs a novel length term. Results of the improved model on airborne hyperspectral oil spill images show that it improves the ability of distinguishing between oil spills and sea water, as well as the capability of noise reduction.
Urban Contamination of the Chicago/Coastal Lake Michigan Atmosphere by PCBs and PAHs during AEOLOS

Air concentrations of PCBs and PAHs were measured in the urban/industrial complex of Chicago, IL, over southern Lake Michigan, and in a non-urban area as part of the AEOLOS (Atmospheric Exchange Over Lakes and Oceans) Project. Air samples were collected simultaneously in intensive experiments during May and July 1994 and January 1995 in order to determine the influence of contaminated air masses from the Chicago urban/industrial complex on the southern Lake Michigan atmosphere. Gas phase ∑PAH concentrations over the lake ∼10−20 km offshore ranged from 0.8 to 70 ng/m3 while urban air concentrations were 27−430 ng/m3. Photooxidation of gas phase PAHs during the day resulted in daytime over-lake concentrations that were ∼75% less than corresponding nighttime concentrations. Gas phase ∑PCB concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 1.1 ng/m3 over the lake and from 0.27 to 14 ng/m3 in the urban area. ∑PCB concentrations varied seasonally as a result of higher volatilization during the summer. The highest concentration.
Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer in the frame of the convective and orographically-induced precipitation study

During the Convective and Orographically‐induced Precipitation Study (COPS), lidar dark bands were observed by the Univ. of BASILicata Raman lidar system (BASIL) on several IOPs and SOPs (among others, 23 July, 15 August, 17 August). Dark band signatures appear in the lidar measurements of particle backscattering at 355, 532 and 1064 nm and particle extinction at 355 and 532 nm, as well as in particle depolarization measurements. Lidar data are supported by measurements from the University of Hamburg cloud radar MIRA 36 (36 GHz), the University of Hamburg dual‐polarization micro rain radars (24.1 GHz) and the University of Manchester Radio UHF clear air wind profiler (1.29 GHz). Results from BASIL and the radars are illustrated and discussed to support in the comprehension of the microphysical and scattering processes responsible for the appearance of the lidar dark band and radar bright band.
K-Means Extensions for Clustering Categorical Data on Concept Lattice

—Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) is a key tool in knowledge discovery, representing data relationships through concept lattices. However, the complexity of these lattices often hinders interpretation, prompting the need for innovative solutions. In this context, the study proposes clustering formal concepts within a concept lattice, ultimately aiming to minimize lattice size. To address this, The study introduces introduce two novel extensions of the k-means algorithm to handle categorical data efficiently, a crucial aspect of the FCA framework. These extensions, namely K-means Dijkstra on Lattice (KDL) and K-means Vector on Lattice (KVL), are designed to minimize the concept lattice size. However, the current study focuses on introducing and refining these new methods, laying the groundwork for our future goal of lattice size reduction. The KDL utilizes FCA to build a graph of formal concepts and their relationships, applying a modified Dijkstra algorithm for distance measurement, thus replacing the Euclidean distance in traditional k-means. The defined centroids are formal concepts with minimal intra-cluster distances, enabling effective categorical data clustering. In contrast, the KVL extension transforms formal concepts into numerical vectors to leverage the scalability offered by traditional k-means, potentially at the cost of clustering quality due to oversight of the data's inherent hierarchy. After rigorous testing, KDL and KVL proved robust in managing categorical data. The introduction
A Systematic Review on Blockchain Scalability

—Blockchain is an exciting new technology that has garnered attention across multiple industries. This new technology offers several advantages, including decentralization, transparency, and immutability. However, several issues limit the effectiveness of this technology, such as scalability, interoperability, and privacy. A systematic review of blockchain scalability research was conducted using three primary databases: ACM, Science Direct, and IEEE. The review examined the state of the art in blockchain scalability, identifying the most important research trends and challenges. The solutions that have been established can be categorized into two main groups: those that pertain to block storage and those that pertain to the underlying blockchain mechanism. Numerous solutions were suggested for each main group. The most common proposed solutions for improving the scalability of blockchain networks in the literature are improving the consensus algorithm and using sharding. Most of the solutions were proof of concept and need more investigation in the future.
The Estimation of Traditional Phillips Curve

This article presents theoretical foundations for original Phillips curve formulation and an empirical investigation, where the structure of the theoretical model serves as a template for the creation of the empirical model.For a couple of decades the majority of empirical Phillips curve type assessments are performed using the New Keynesian Phillips curve with Calvo pricing as a benchmark for this type of relationship. New Keynesian model has solid microeconomic foundations, has proved itself very well in the analysis of price stickiness; nevertheless, it is not without limitations. The main insufficiency of New Keynesian model is that it has no direct links to the conditions and the changes that occur in the labour market. The need to encompass the conditions in labour market comes from the coincides that occur time to time when the growth rates of aggregate production may diminish or even become negative, but the level of employment may stay the same, what in turn means that the pressure on inflation won’t drop, despite the fact that production level has not increased as expected or even has decreased. This article aims to fill this gap and presents alternative theoretical foundations for Phillips curve, that lead to the model with direct links to the labour market. Theoretical foundations are necessary as they may help to minimize the risks to miss some important details or to omit important factors. Although the empirical analysis in this paper is based on Lithuanian data, it is not country specific.
Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Dried Meat Sold at Sokoto Metropolis

Thin sheets of high-quality, lean beef are partially dried in the sun to create dried meat made from animals. The duration of the solar drying phases and the infusion period of the ingredients rely on the ambient conditions, which are the primary sources of microbial contamination, notably fungi. This study's objective was to recognize and collect fungi connected to the dried meat offered for sale in Sokoto city. During the course of the research, dried meat samples were gathered from four different Sokoto metropolis locations, including Kusha Shagalinku on Atiku Road, Gidan Man Ada, Abdullahi Fodio Road, and Sasakawa. The samples were examined for microorganisms using serial dilution, and fungi were identified based on the morphology of the colony, conidia, and conidiogenous cells. The research's findings showed that four species of fungi were isolated, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus terreus having the highest and lowest percentages of occurrence, respectively, among the isolated species. According to the location, the dried meat retrieved from Atiku road has the lowest frequency occurrence (1.94) and the fungi isolated from it has the highest frequency occurrence (30.56%). These results suggest that eating dry meat may increase the risk of exposure to aflatoxins in humans. The preparation and storing of the dried meat should be done with the utmost safety and cleanliness.
Healthcare analytics—A literature review and proposed research agenda

This research addresses the demanding need for research in healthcare analytics, by explaining how previous studies have used big data, AI, and machine learning to identify, address, or solve healthcare problems. Healthcare science methods are combined with contemporary data science techniques to examine the literature, identify research gaps, and propose a research agenda for researchers, academic institutions, and governmental healthcare organizations. The study contributes to the body of literature by providing a state-of-the-art review of healthcare analytics as well as proposing a research agenda to advance the knowledge in this area. The results of this research can be beneficial for both healthcare science and data science researchers as well as practitioners in the field.
Winter‐to‐spring transition in Europe 48–54°N: From temperature control by advection to control by insolation

As established in previous studies, and analyzed further herein for the years 1988–1998, warm advection from the North Atlantic is the predominant control of the surface‐air temperature in northern‐latitude Europe in late winter. This thesis is supported by the substantial correlation Cti between the speed of the southwesterly surface winds over the eastern North Atlantic, as quantified by a specific Index Ina, and the 2‐meter level temperature Ts over central Europe ( 48–54°N; 5–25°E), for January, February and early March. In mid‐March and subsequently, the correlation Cti drops drastically (quite often it is negative). The change in the relationship between Ts and Ina marks a transition in the control of the surface‐air temperature. As (a) the sun rises higher in the sky, (b) the snows melt (the surface absorptivity can increase by a factor of 3.0), (c) the ocean‐surface winds weaken, and (d) the temperature difference between land and ocean (which we analyze) becomes small, absorption of insolation replaces the warm advection as the dominant control of the continental temperature. We define the onset of spring by this transition, which evaluated for the period of our study occurs at pentad 16 (Julian Date 76, that is, March 16). The control by insolation means that the surface is cooler under cloudy conditions than under clear skies. This control produces a much smaller interannual variability of the surface temperature and of the lapse rate than prevailing in winter, when the control is by advection.