Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Colloids and colloid assemblies : synthesis, modification, organization and utilization of colloid particles

Foreword.Preface. 1. Latex Particles (Klaus Tauer). 2. Semiconductor Nanoparticles (Andrey L. Rogach, Dmitri V. Talapin and Horst Weller). 3. Monolayer Protected Clusters of Gold and Silver (Mathias Brust and Christopher J. Kiely). 4. Sonochemical Synthesis of Inorganic and Organic Colloids (Franz Grieser and Muthupandian Ashokkumar). 5. Colloidal Nanaoreactors and Nanocontainers (Marc Sauer and Wolfgang Meier). 6. Miniemulsions for the Convenient Synthesis of Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles and "Single Molecule" Applications in Materials Chemistry (Katharina Landfester and Markus Antonietti). 7. Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticle Modification via Chemical Reactions (Luis M. Liz Marzan). 8. Nanoscale Particle Modification via Sequential Electrostatic Assembly (Frank Caruso). 9. Colloidal Crystals: Recent Developments and Niche Applications (Younan Xia, Hiroshi Fudouzi, Yu Lu, and Yadong Yin). 10. Surface-directed Colloids Patterning: Selective Deposition via Electrostatic and Secondary Interactions (Paula T. Hammond). 11. Evolving Strategies of Nanomaterials Design (Sean Davis). 12. Nanoparticle Organization at the Air-water Interface and in Langmuir-Blodgett Films (Murali Sastry). 13. Layer-by-layer Self-assembly of Metal Nanaparticles on Planar Substrates: Fabrication and Properties (Thierry P. Cassagneau). 14. Assembly of Electrically Functional Microstructures from Colloidal Particles (Orlin D. Velev). 15. 3D Ordered Macroporous Materials (Rick C. Schroden and Andreas Stein). 16. Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Multicolor and Ultrasensitive Biological Labels (Warren C.W. Chan, Xiaohu Gao and Shuming Nie). 17. Colloids for Encoding Chemical Libraries: Applications in Biological Screening (Bronwyn J. Battersby, Lisbeth Grondahl, Gwendolyn A. Lawrie, and Matt Trau). 18. Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules as Biomimetic Models (Gleb B. Sukhorukov and Helmuth Mohwald). Subject Index.
Aging of Low and High Level Vision: From Chromatic and Achromatic Contrast Sensitivity to Local and 3D Object Motion Perception

The influence of normal aging in early, intermediate and high-level visual processing is still poorly understood. We have addressed this important issue in a large cohort of 653 subjects divided into five distinct age groups, [20;30[, [30;40[, [40;50[, [50;60[and [60;[. We applied a broad range of psychophysical tests, testing distinct levels of the visual hierarchy, from local processing to global integration, using simple gratings (spatial contrast sensitivity -CS- using high temporal/low spatial frequency or intermediate spatial frequency static gratings), color CS using Landolt patches, moving dot stimuli (Local Speed Discrimination) and dot patterns defining 3D objects (3D Structure from Motion, 3D SFM). Aging data were fitted with linear or quadratic regression models, using the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2 a) to quantify the effect of aging. A significant effect of age was found on all visual channels tested, except for the red-green chromatic channel. The high temporal low spatial frequency contrast sensitivity channel showed a mean sensitivity loss of 0.75 dB per decade (R2 a = 0.17, p<0.001), while the lower intermediate spatial frequency channel showed a more pronounced decrease, around 2.35 dB (R2 a = 0.55, p<0.001). Concerning low-level motion perception, speed discrimination decreased 2.71°/s (R2 a = 0.18, p<0.001) and 3.15°/s (R2 a = 0.13, p<0.001) only for short presentations for horizontal and oblique meridians, respectively. The 3D SFM task, requiring high-level integration across dorsal and ventral streams, showed the strongest (quadratic) decrease of motion coherence perception with age, especially when the task was temporally constrained (R2 a = 0.54, p<0.001). These findings show that visual channels are influenced by aging into different extent, with time presenting a critical role, and high-level dorso-ventral dominance of deterioration, which accelerates with aging, in contrast to the other channels that show a linear pattern of deterioration.
A note on locally unextendible non-maximally entangled basis

We study the locally unextendible non-maximally entangled basis (LUNMEB) in Hd ⊗ Hd. We point out that there exists an error in the proof of the main result of LUNMEB [Quant. Inf. Comput. 12, 0271(2012)], which claims that there are at most d orthogonal vectors in a LUNMEB, constructed from a given non-maximally entangled state. We show that both the proof and the main result are not correct in general. We present a counter example for d = 4, in which five orthogonal vectors from a specific nonmaximally entangled state are constructed. Besides, we completely solve the problem of LUNMEB for the case of d = 2.
Wear Resistance Analysis of A359/SiC/20p Advanced Composite Joints Welded by Friction Stir Welding

O avanco no desenvolvimento de pecas automotivas exige novos materiais de baixo custo com propriedades mecânicas superiores e com maior resistencia ao desgaste em comparacao com os materiais existentes. Por exemplo, compositos com matriz de aluminio (AMC) mostram melhores propriedades mecânicas como resistencia a abrasao e ao desgaste, alta resistencia e estabilidade quimica e dimensional. A industria automotiva tem centrado em AMC para uma variedade de aplicacoes em pecas automotivas, a fim de melhorar a economia de combustivel, minimizar as emissoes dos veiculos, melhorar as opcoes de design e aumentar o desempenho. A Resistencia ao desgaste e um fator importante a determinar para a vida util dos componentes automotivos, em geral naqueles componentes submetidos a sistemas mecânicos como freios e suspensoes. O processo de soldagem por friccao e mistura mecânica (FSW - Friction Stir Welding) surge como um processo capaz de unir AMC, principalmente com a capacidade de soldar sem comprometer seu reforco cerâmico. O objetivo deste estudo e focado na analise de caracteristicas de desgaste da junta soldada por FSW de matriz de aluminio reforcados com 20 por cento em peso de composito de carboneto de silicio (A359 / SiC / 20p). O procedimento experimental consistiu em cortar amostras em pequenas placas e realizar tres soldas nestas placas utilizando uma maquina FSW com uma ferramenta com ombro de 20 mm de diâmetro e pino de 8 mm de diâmetro. As caracteristicas de desgaste das tres juntas soldadas e metal base foram analisados aplicando carga constante de 5 N e uma velocidade de rotacao de 100 rpm utilizando um aparelho de teste Pin-on-disk, usando uma esfera de aco de com safira com 6 mm de diâmetro. Os resultados experimentais indicam que as tres juntas soldadas apresentaram baixo coeficiente de friccao comparado com o metal base. Os resultados determinaram que os parâmetros do processo FSW afetam a resistencia ao desgaste das juntas soldadas, devido a diferentes modificacoes microestruturais durante a soldagem, que provoca uma baixa resistencia ao desgaste na zona soldada.
Low-fat, high-sugar diet and lipoprotein profiles.

The recent paper by Dreon et al (1) reported that a very-lowfat diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men. The dietary nutrient data presented in their Table 1 show that at the same time that the percentage of energy from fat decreased from 31.8% to 10.4%, that from carbohydrates increased from 52.1% to 75.7%, with half of the carbohydrate energy derived from simple sugars. Only near the end of the paper did Dreon et al mention that potential differences in metabolic effects of complex compared with simple sugars need to be considered. It has long been known that simple sugars generate much more triacylglycerol than do complex carbohydrates (2), as well as less HDL cholesterol (3–5). More recently, it has been recognized that triacylglycerols are a risk factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD; 6). Another way of assessing the effect of fat and carbohydrates on IHD is to consider the dietary profiles of several countries along with their IHD mortality rates. Presented in Table 1 are consumer food supply data that were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization (7) and 1986 IHD mortality rates that were obtained from the World Health Organization (8). The simple sugars category is approximated by sweeteners, lactose, and 50% of the fruit energy. What is readily apparent from Table 1 is that there is no relation between the fraction of the diet derived from total carbohydrates and IHD mortality rates, and little relation between grams of fat and IHD mortality rates. However, there is a hint that there is a relation between the fraction of the diet derived from simple carbohydrates and IHD mortality rates. In the data presented in Table 1, lactose has the highest correlation with IHD mortality. The linear regression results for lactose are r = 0.97 (P = 0.006) for males and r = 0.95 (P = 0.014) for females. Lactose has long been associated with IHD mortality rates for men and older women according to the ecologic approach (9, 10), although no case-control or cohort studies have been conducted to confirm this finding. In addition, sweeteners have recently been associated with IHD mortality for women between the ages of 35 and 64 y (10).
Environmental fate of pyrethroids in urban and suburban stream sediments and the appropriateness of Hyalella azteca model in determining ecological risk

According to several recent studies using standard acute Hyalella azteca sediment bioassays, increased pyrethroid use in urban and suburban regions in California has resulted in the accumulation of toxic concentrations of pyrethroids in sediments of area streams and estuaries. However, a critical review of the literature indicates that this is likely an overestimation of environmental risk. Hyalella azteca is consistently the most susceptible organism to both aqueous and sediment‐associated pyrethroid exposures when compared to a suite of other aquatic taxa. In some cases, H. azteca LC50 values are less than the community HC10 values, suggesting that the amphipod is an overly conservative model for community‐ or ecosystem‐level impacts of sediment‐associated pyrethroids. Further, as a model for responses of field populations of H. azteca, the laboratory bioassays considerably overestimate exposure, because the amphipod is more appropriately characterized as an epibenthic organism, not a true sediment dweller; H. azteca preferentially inhabit aquatic macrophytes, periphyton mats, and leaf litter, which drastically reduces their exposure to contaminated sediments. Sediment‐bound pyrethroids are transported via downstream washing of fine particulates resulting in longer range transport but also more efficient sequestration of the chemical. In addition, site‐specific variables such as sediment organic carbon content, grain size, temperature, and microbial activity alter pyrethroid bioavailability, degradation, and toxicity on a microhabitat scale. The type and source of the carbon in particular, influences the pyrethroid sequestering ability of sediments. The resulting irregular distribution of pyrethroids in stream sediments suggests that sufficient nonimpacted habitat may exist as refugia for resident sediment‐dwelling organisms for rapid recolonization to occur. Given these factors, we argue that the amphipod model provides, at best, a screening level assessment of pyrethroid impacts and can correctly identify those sediments not toxic to benthic organisms but cannot accurately predict where sediments will be toxic. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:325–335. © 2011 SETAC
Sorting out the cytokines of asthma

Asthma is a complex disorder characterized by intermittent, reversible airway obstruction, and by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Although its cause(s) remain unknown, we now recognize that asthma is a syndrome whose common pathologic expression is inflammation of the airways. The airways of patients with even mild asthma are inflamed, and some data suggest that the severity of the asthma parallels the degree of inflammation (1-3). The airway inflammation of asthma is unique in that the airway wall is infiltrated by T lymphocytes bearing the T helper type 2 phenotype (4) and by eosinophils and mast ceils (2, 5, 6). Each of these cells is thought to contribute to the physiologic changes that characterize asthma (Fig. 1). The TH2 lymphocytes produce a limited panel ofcytokines including IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF. Although the primary signals resulting in the infiltration of the asthmatic airways by this lymphocyte subset have not yet been identified, a number of models have been proposed based on the concept that the inflammtory process is triggered by the presentation of a restricted panel of antigens in the presence of appropriate cytokines. The net effect of antigen presentation in this microenvironment is to promote the synthesis of IgE through the actions of IL-4 on Ig isotype switching (7) and to enhance the differentiation, migration, and pathobiologic capacity of eosinophils through the actions of GMCSF, IL-3, and IL-5 (8, 9). The IgE produced in asthmatic airways binds to Fc~RI on mast cells, priming them for activation by antigen. Mast cells arise from bone marrow precursors, enter the circulation as non-metachromatically staining, agranular, CD34 +, c-kit +, and F%I<I + mononuclear leukocytes (10), and localize to mucosal and submucosal sites such as the bronchi. Once localized, these lineage-committed immature mast cells undergo tissue-specific differentiation along with maturation and expansion. Their development and movement involves growth factors and cytokines derived from both structural and hematopoietic cells in their microenvironment. The mast cells that further migrate into the luminal space, and which can be recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage, are primed for an augmented activation response (11). Mast cells also elaborate IL-4 (12, 13), which favors conversion ofT cells to the TH 2 phenotype, and IL-5 (14), which contributes to eosinophilopoiesis and to the priming of eosinophils for augmented responses. Once recruited from the circulation, mature eosinophils, in the presence of"asthmatic" cytokines, convert to an autoaggressive phenotype (15, 16), termed "hy
Metal Grid Contact Design for Four-Terminal Tandem Solar Cells

Flat-panel tandem solar cells have demonstrated the potential to exceed the efficiencies of their single-junction constituents. However, robust design rules for tandem solar cells are currently lacking, slowing the development of cost-effective implementations of this technology. A double-junction solar cell with four-terminal (4T) architecture stacks two electrically independent subcells and avoids current-matching losses, resulting in two main advantages over the conventional integrated two-terminal (2T) architecture: a higher energy yield and a loosened constraint on material bandgap combinations. Because both subcells are contacted independently in a 4T tandem, multiple stacked semitransparent contacts are needed, causing optical and series resistance losses. Moreover, for stationary flat-panel tandems, contacts need to be optimized for a varying direction of incident sunlight. In this study, we develop a framework for optimizing metal grid contacts for 4T tandem solar cells and quantify the electrical and optical loss associated with these contacts. We also explore the range of conditions for which it is beneficial to align metal grid contact fingers. We find that, for most applications, the front and back contacts of the top cell should be aligned, resulting in a decrease in energy yield loss between $\text{5}{{\% }}\;{\text{and}}\;15{{\% }}$, while aligning the bottom cell contacts is not beneficial and may even reduce total energy yield. Finally, we show that for nonideally matched subcell pairings, the contacts loss in a 4T tandem is not enough to counter the yield benefit of 4T over 2T tandems, while the contact loss may make the yield for more ideally matched subcells be comparable for 2T and 4T devices.
Plasma levels and cardiovascular, endocrine, and excretory effects of atrial natriuretic peptide during different sodium intakes in man.

Endogenous plasma concentrations of human atrial natriuretic peptide (alpha hANP) as well as effects of synthetic alpha hANP on some cardiovascular, endocrine, and renal excretory parameters were investigated in 10 normal subjects during sodium (Na+) intakes of 17, 140, and 310 mmol/day, respectively. Plasma hANP was slightly but not significantly higher after 5 days of normal or high sodium intake than after 5 days of low sodium intake [54 +/- 13, 46 +/- 8, and 37 +/- 5 (mean +/- SEM) pg/ml, respectively]. alpha hANP infused at 0.1 microgram/kg X min during all Na+ intakes produced a similar fall in diastolic blood pressure (P less than 0.001) and rise in heart rate (P less than 0.001), a comparable percent increase in plasma norepinephrine (P less than 0.001), and a reduction in plasma cortisol and aldosterone (P less than 0.01-0.001) despite raised renin activity (P less than 0.05-0.001) and unchanged plasma electrolytes. alpha hANP-induced plasma volume contraction, diuresis, and natriuresis were greater during high than low Na+ intake (P less than 0.01-0.001). Therefore, in normal man different Na+ intakes are accompanied by marked modifications in renal excretory responsiveness to alpha hANP. Regardless of sodium intake, alpha hANP can promote BP reduction and hemoconcentration, elicit reflex (? ) sympathetic activation, and depress basal circulating aldosterone and cortisol levels in the face of an activated renin system.
Mprevalence and Financial Loss Estimation of Cystic Echinococcosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Mizan Teferi and Teppi Municipal Abattoirs, South-Western Ethiopia

2 Abstract: A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and estimate financial losses due to hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at Mizan Teferi and Teppi abattoirs was carried out from October 2010 to April 2011. Out of the total 382 cattle slaughtered and examined visually and manually (palpation and incision), 43 (11.26%) were infected with hydatid cysts, harboring one or more cysts in different visceral organs (lung, liver and kidney). Only body condition had shown a significant association with regard to cyst detection (P<0.05). Out of 43 infections detected from different organs, 26 (60.47%), 14 (32.56%) and 3 (6.98%) were found from the lung, liver and kidney respectively. On the other hand, size category of cysts indicated that 16 (37.2%) were small, 12 (27.9%) medium and 15 (34.9%) large. No detectable cysts were found in the heart and spleen. Of the 43 hydatid cysts collected and examined for the status of fertility, sterility or calcification, 13 (28.9%) were fertile, 21 (46.67%) sterile and 11(24.4%) calcified. And out of 13 fertile cysts, 6(13.3%) were viable and 7(15.56%) were non viable. In the current study, the annual economic loss due to bovine hydatidosis at Mizan Teferi and Teppi municipal abattoirs due to offal condemnation and carcass weight loss was assessed and estimated at 127,456.3 ETB (7,497.43 US$; 1US$= 17 ETB). Considering the current result, hydatidosis is occurring in a moderate frequency in those areas supplying cattle for slaughter at Mizan Teferi and Teppi municipal abattoirs than it has been encountered elsewhere in Ethiopia. However, there seems an existing socio-economic situation favourable for hydatidosis and hence the issue should not be undermined. For that reason, it remains one of the most important diseases warranting serious attention for prevention and control actions in Mizan Teferi and Teppi areas. Thus, establishment of well equipped standardized abattoirs, creation of public awareness and control of stray dogs are paramount importance.
5-level double converter with different DC divided link voltage

This paper proposes a 5-level double converter with dividing the DC link voltage in different ratio and new pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. The 5-level double converter has five potentials (P2, P1, NPP, N1, and N2) in the DC link and they can be obtained with splitting the DC link by four capacitors (Fig.1). The NPP potential corresponds to base potential and the value is zero. In the proposed method, the ratio of P2, P1, N1, and N2 potentials is 1:2:2:1 respectively whereas the conventional method is 1:1:1:1 respectively. For a DC link voltage Vdc, P2, P1, NPP, N1, and N2 potentials are Vdc/2, Vdc/3, zero, -Vdc/3, and -Vdc/2 respectively. Otherwise, those of the conventional method are Vdc/2, Vdc/4, zero, -Vdc/4, and -Vdc/2 respectively. In the conventional method, switching signals of the inverter are generated by a space vector modulation (SVM) method. However, this modulation technique is unsuitable for high modulation index region because switching patterns of the region are less than them of the other region. Otherwise in the proposed method, more switching patterns available, and can be reduced the laps of the switching patterns. Concretely, available switching patterns of the proposed method are 97 patterns whereas 61 patterns in the conventional method. Therefore, the harmonic reduction of the output voltage in the high modulation index region can be expected. Switching signals of the 5-level rectifier are generated by instantaneous-value-compared current control method with multi band hysteresis comparators (MHCs) to supply a DC power source for inverter. In case of the proposed method, the ratio of current error and potential axis is divided in the ratio of 1:2:2:1. We confirmed the performance of the 5-level double converter by simulation. Simulation results show that the 5-level potential is stability, input phase currents can be generated sinusoidal waveform, and harmonics reduction of output voltage is possible compared with the conventional method.
Recruitment Strategies and Colony Size in Ants

Ants use a great variety of recruitment methods to forage for food or find new nests, including tandem running, group recruitment and scent trails. It has been known for some time that there is a loose correlation across many taxa between species-specific mature colony size and recruitment method. Very small colonies tend to use solitary foraging; small to medium sized colonies use tandem running or group recruitment whereas larger colonies use pheromone recruitment trails. Until now, explanations for this correlation have focused on the ants' ecology, such as food resource distribution. However, many species have colonies with a single queen and workforces that grow over several orders of magnitude, and little is known about how a colony's organization, including recruitment methods, may change during its growth. After all, recruitment involves interactions between ants, and hence the size of the colony itself may influence which recruitment method is used—even if the ants' behavioural repertoire remains unchanged. Here we show using mathematical models that the observed correlation can also be explained by recognizing that failure rates in recruitment depend differently on colony size in various recruitment strategies. Our models focus on the build up of recruiter numbers inside colonies and are not based on optimality arguments, such as maximizing food yield. We predict that ant colonies of a certain size should use only one recruitment method (and always the same one) rather than a mix of two or more. These results highlight the importance of the organization of recruitment and how it is affected by colony size. Hence these results should also expand our understanding of ant ecology.