Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the human ‘interaction engine’: comparative approaches to social action coordination

The evolution of language was likely facilitated by a special predisposition for social interaction, involving a set of communicative and cognitive skills summarized as the ‘interaction engine'. This assemblage seems to emerge early in development, to be found universally across cultures, and to enable participation in sophisticated joint action through the addition of spoken language. Yet, new evidence on social action coordination and communication in nonhuman primates warrants an update of the interaction engine hypothesis, particularly with respect to the evolutionary origins of its specific ingredients. However, one enduring problem for comparative research results from a conceptual gulf between disciplines, rendering it difficult to test concepts derived from human interaction research in nonhuman animals. The goal of this theme issue is to make such concepts accessible for comparative research, to promote a fruitful interdisciplinary debate on social action coordination as a new arena of research, and to enable mutual fertilization between human and nonhuman interaction research. In consequence, we here consider relevant theoretical and empirical research within and beyond this theme issue to revisit the interaction engine's shared, convergently derived and uniquely derived ingredients preceding (or perhaps in the last case, succeeding) human language. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Revisiting the human ‘interaction engine’: comparative approaches to social action coordination’.
Evolution and developmental expression of the sodium–iodide symporter ( NIS , slc5a5) gene family: Implications for perchlorate toxicology

The vertebrate sodium–iodide symporter (NIS or SLC5A5) transports iodide into the thyroid follicular cells that synthesize thyroid hormone. The SLC5A protein family includes transporters of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. Disruption of SLC5A5 function by perchlorate, a pervasive environmental contaminant, leads to human pathologies, especially hypothyroidism. Perchlorate also disrupts the sexual development of model animals, including threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), but the mechanism of action is unknown. To test the hypothesis that SLC5A5 paralogs are expressed in tissues necessary for the development of reproductive organs, and therefore are plausible candidates to mediate the effects of perchlorate on sexual development, we first investigated the evolutionary history of Slc5a paralogs to better understand potential functional trajectories of the gene family. We identified two clades of slc5a paralogs with respect to an outgroup of sodium/choline cotransporters (slc5a7); these clades are the NIS clade of sodium/iodide and lactate cotransporters (slc5a5, slc5a6, slc5a8, slc5a8, and slc5a12) and the SGLT clade of sodium/glucose cotransporters (slc5a1, slc5a2, slc5a3, slc5a4, slc5a10, and slc5a11). We also characterized expression patterns of slc5a genes during development. Stickleback embryos and early larvae expressed NIS clade genes in connective tissue, cartilage, teeth, and thyroid. Stickleback males and females expressed slc5a5 and its paralogs in gonads. Single‐cell transcriptomics (scRNA‐seq) on zebrafish sex‐genotyped gonads revealed that NIS clade‐expressing cells included germ cells (slc5a5, slc5a6a, and slc5a6b) and gonadal soma cells (slc5a8l). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that perchlorate exerts its effects on sexual development by interacting with slc5a5 or its paralogs in reproductive tissues. These findings show novel expression domains of slc5 genes in stickleback and zebrafish, which suggest similar functions across vertebrates including humans, and provide candidates to mediate the effects of perchlorate on sexual development.
Gallium‐based liquid metals for lithium‐ion batteries

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most exciting inventions of the 20th century and have been widely employed in modern society. LIBs have powered many of our electronics, such as laptop computers, smartphones, and even large‐scale energy storage systems. With the development of modern technology, next‐generation LIBs with higher energy density are in demand. A number of electrode materials with high theoretical capacity, including Sn, Si, Li metal anode, and S cathode materials, have been explored. Nevertheless, they usually suffer from structural or interface failure during cycling, limiting their practical application. Ga‐based liquid metals (LMs) possess self‐healing capability, fluidity, and metallic advantages so they have been employed as self‐healing skeletons or interfacial protective layers to minimize the negative impact of volume expansion or dendritic growth on the electrode materials. Herein, the features of Ga‐based LMs are briefly discussed to indicate their potential for battery systems. In addition, recent developments on Ga‐based LMs applied in LIBs have been summarized, including from the aspects of anodes, cathodes, and electrolytes. Finally, future opportunities and challenges for the development of Ga‐based LMs in LIBs are highlighted.
Impact Of rewards System On Employee Productivity: The Case of Orient Energy System with the Perspective of Employer

The motive of this researched work is to identify the impact of rewards system (intrinsic or extrinsic) on employee productivity, employee motivation, and job satisfaction & employee performance on a specific organization orient energy system. Human resource now a day’s playing major role in any organization, it also considered as the back bone of any organization, the rewards are important to increase the productivity of the employee and keep them engaged in their work in 21st century. The researched show that the rewards system effects the motivation and performance of employee but it not much effective in long run, and is also ensure that on the initial stage intrinsic and extrinsic rewards effect the employee productivity but on the higher level the employee motivated with only the extrinsic (financial rewards).
Kajian Pengaruh Suhu dan Lama Ekstraksi secara Pengukusan terhadap Kadar Albumin Ikan Gabus (Ophiocephalus Striatus)

The objective of this study is to determine the temperature and duration of the right steaming extraction to obtain albumin content and yield that optimal from the Gabus fish (Ophiocephalus striatus). The research method is to determine the temperature in the range 40-90 o C, and the steaming extraction waterbath for 25-35 minutes, to obtain yield and albumin content of optimal fish Gabus coarse extract . Testing temperature and extraction time is steaming toward yield, albumin content and albumin yield of fish Gabus meat using Group Randomized Factorial design analysis (RAKF). The results showed that no interaction between the various factors treated with the higher temperature range of 40-90 o C, and the range of 25-35 minutes longer steaming. The highest albumin yield extract of the common snakehead of 2.459 g/100g fish, by steaming temperature 60°C for 25-35 minutes
Clenbuterol attenuates immune reaction to lipopolysaccharide and its relationship to anhedonia in adolescents

While inflammation has been implicated in psychopathology, relationships between immune-suppressing processes and psychiatric constructs remain elusive. This study sought to assess whether β2-agonist clenbuterol (CBL) would attenuate immune activation in adolescents with mood and anxiety symptoms following ex vivo exposure of whole blood to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our focus on adolescents aimed to target a critical developmental period when psychiatric conditions often emerge and prior to chronicity effects. To capture a diverse range of immunologic and symptomatologic phenotypes, we included 97 psychotropic-medication free adolescents with mood and anxiety symptoms and 33 healthy controls. All participants had comprehensive evaluations and dimensional assessments of psychiatric symptoms. Fasting whole-blood samples were collected and stimulated with LPS in the presence and absence of CBL for 6 hours, then analyzed for 41 cytokines, chemokines, and hematopoietic growth factors. Comparison analyses used Bonferroni-corrected nonparametric tests. Levels of nine immune biomarkers—including IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TGF-α, and TNF-α—were significantly reduced by CBL treatment compared to LPS alone. Exploratory factor analysis reduced 41 analytes into 5 immune factors in each experimental condition, and their relationships with psychiatric symptoms were examined as a secondary aim. CBL+LPS Factor 4—comprising EGF, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, sCD40L, and GRO—significantly correlated with anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia, even after controlling for depression severity. This study supports the possible inhibitory effect of CBL on immune activation. Using a data-driven method, distinctive relationships between CBL-affected immune biomarkers and dimensional anhedonia were reported, further elucidating the role of β2-agonism in adolescent affective symptomatology.
Layout problems and their complexity

The subject of this thesis is the complexity involved in finding one-dimensional (linear) layouts of graphs to optimize various properties. The problems that have been considered are described in the following paragraphs. In Chapter 1 we motivate the subject and give applications in various areas of computer science. In this chapter the fundamental properties we study of linear layouts are defined. This chapter is meant to be used as an introduction to the subsequent material. In Chapter 2 we present relationships between various properties of linear layouts. We relate cutwidth to the following properties of graphs: search number, bandwidth and topological bandwidth and pebble demand. We obtain the following results: (1) If a graph has cutwidth k, it has search number at most k, (2) For degree 3 graphs, search number (allowing no recontamination) and cutwidth are identical, (3) For trees, cutwidth is identical to topological bandwidth, (4) If a graph has cutwidth k, it has topological bandwidth at most k, and (5) Any directed acyclic graph G with in-degree d and cutwidth k can be pebbled with at most k + (VBAR)d/2(VBAR) pebbles in the black/white pebble game and with at most min {2k('2) + k + 1, 2k log(,2) (VBAR)G(VBAR)} pebbles in the black pebble game. In Chapter 3 we characterize graphs with cutwidth 2 and cutwidth 3. The results in Chapter 2 relating cutwidth and search number are used in the characterization of cutwidth 3 graphs. In Chapter 4 we give an improved dynamic programming algorithm for laying out graphs with cutwidth k. This algorithm takes O(n('k-1)) steps. The dynamic programming technique also works to give efficient algorithms for vertex separation, simultaneous bandwidth and cutwidth restriction on graphs, topological bandwidth, and others. In Chapter 5 we give a characterization of graphs with bandwidth 2 and a linear time algorithm that determines this property. This simplifies previous results. We also present observations about bandwidth 3 graphs which hopefully will lead to a characterization of such graphs. In Chapter 6 we give a summary of this work and consider unsolved related problems.
Prediction error neurons in mouse cortex are molecularly targetable cell types

Predictive processing postulates the existence of prediction error neurons in cortex. Functionally, both negative and positive prediction error neurons have been identified in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, but whether they correspond to transcriptionally defined subpopulations is unclear. Here we used the activity-dependent, photoconvertible marker CaMPARI2 to tag neurons in layer 2/3 of visual cortex during stimuli and behaviors designed to trigger prediction errors. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on these populations and found that previously annotated Adamts2 and Rrad layer 2/3 cell types were enriched when photolabeling for negative or positive prediction error responses respectively. Finally, we validated these results functionally by designing artificial promoters for use in AAV vectors to express genetically encoded calcium indicators. Thus, positive and negative prediction error responses mapped onto transcriptionally distinct cell types in layer 2/3 that can be targeted using AAV vectors.
Diffusion MRI head motion correction methods are highly accurate but impacted by denoising and sampling scheme

Abstract Head motion correction is particularly challenging in diffusion‐weighted MRI (dMRI) scans due to the dramatic changes in image contrast at different gradient strengths and directions. Head motion correction is typically performed using a Gaussian Process model implemented in FSL's Eddy. Recently, the 3dSHORE‐based SHORELine method was introduced that does not require shell‐based acquisitions, but it has not been previously benchmarked. Here we perform a comprehensive evaluation of both methods on realistic simulations of a software fiber phantom that provides known ground‐truth head motion. We demonstrate that both methods perform remarkably well, but that performance can be impacted by sampling scheme and the extent of head motion and the denoising strategy applied before head motion correction. Furthermore, we find Eddy benefits from denoising the data first with MP‐PCA. In sum, we provide the most extensive known benchmarking of dMRI head motion correction, together with extensive simulation data and a reproducible workflow. Practitioner points Both Eddy and SHORELine head motion correction methods performed quite well on a large variety of simulated data. Denoising with MP‐PCA can improve head motion correction performance when Eddy is used. SHORELine effectively corrects motion in non‐shelled diffusion spectrum imaging data.
Age‐dependent NMDA receptor function is regulated by the amyloid precursor protein

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critical for the maturation and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses. In the hippocampus, NMDARs mainly contain GluN2A and/or GluN2B regulatory subunits. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has emerged as a putative regulator of NMDARs, but the impact of this interaction to their function is largely unknown. By combining patch-clamp electrophysiology and molecular approaches, we unravel a dual mechanism by which APP controls GluN2B-NMDARs, depending on the life stage. We show that APP is highly abundant specifically at the postnatal postsynapse. It interacts with GluN2B-NMDARs, controlling its synaptic content and mediated currents, both in infant mice and primary neuronal cultures. Upon aging, the APP amyloidogenic derived C-terminal fragments, rather than APP full length, contribute to aberrant GluN2B-NMDAR currents. Accordingly, we found that the APP processing is increased upon aging, both in mice and human brain, and interfering with this mechanism normalized the aberrant currents. While the first mechanism might be essential for synaptic maturation during development, the latter could contribute to age-related synaptic impairments. In brief Rajão-Saraiva et al. identified the APP full-length protein as a regulator of glutamatergic transmission in immature synapses, by controlling GluN2B synaptic content and mediated currents during postnatal development. Upon aging, the APP amyloidogenic derived C-terminal fragments, rather than APP full length, contribute to aberrant GluN2B-NMDAR currents. Our work highlights the importance of keeping APP processing under tight control, to ensure the normal functioning of glutamatergic synapses, being particularly relevant to understand age-related synaptic impairments and AD.
Elucidating the patterns of pleiotropy and its biological relevance in maize

Pleiotropy - when a single gene controls two or more seemingly unrelated traits - has been shown to impact genes with effects on flowering time, leaf architecture, and inflorescence morphology in maize. However, the genome-wide impact of true biological pleiotropy across all maize phenotypes is largely unknown. Here we investigate the extent to which biological pleiotropy impacts phenotypes within maize through GWAS summary statistics reanalyzed from previously published metabolite, field, and expression phenotypes across the Nested Association Mapping population and Goodman Association Panel. Through phenotypic saturation of 120,597 traits, we obtain over 480 million significant quantitative trait nucleotides. We estimate that only 1.56-32.3% of intervals show some degree of pleiotropy. We then assessed the relationship between pleiotropy and various biological features such as gene expression, chromatin accessibility, sequence conservation, and enrichment for gene ontology terms. We find very little relationship between pleiotropy and these variables when compared to permuted pleiotropy. We hypothesize that biological pleiotropy of common alleles is not widespread in maize and is highly impacted by nuisance terms such as population structure and linkage disequilibrium. Natural selection on large standing natural variation in maize populations may target wide- and large-effect variants, leaving the prevalence of detectable pleiotropy relatively low. Author Summary The genetic basis of complex traits has been thought to exhibit pleiotropy, which is the notion that a single locus can control two or more unrelated traits. Widespread reports in the human disease literature show genomic signatures of pleiotropic loci across many traits. However, little is known about the prevalence and behavior of pleiotropy in maize across a large number of phenotypes. Using association mapping of common alleles in over one hundred thousand traits, we determine how pleiotropic each region was and use these quantitative scores to functionally characterize each region of the genome. Our results show little evidence that pleiotropy is a common phenomenon in maize. We observed that maize does not exhibit the same pleiotropic characteristics as human diseases in terms of prevalence, gene expression, chromatin accessibility, or sequence conservation. Rather than pervasive pleiotropy, we hypothesize that strong selection on large and wide effect loci and the need for trait independence at the gene level keep the prevalence of pleiotropy low, thus, allowing for the adaptation of maize varieties to novel environments and conditions.
Crown-of-thorns starfish in captivity experience sustained large-scale changes in gene expression

Marine animals in the wild are often difficult to access, so that biologists have to extrapolate from the study of animals in captivity. However, the implicit assumption that physiological and cellular processes of animals in artificial environments are not significantly different from those in the wild has rarely been tested. Here we investigate the extent to which the biological state of an animal is impacted by captivity by comparing global gene expression in wild and captive crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS). We compare transcriptomes of three external tissues obtained from wild COTS with captive COTS maintained in aquaria for at least one week. On average, an astonishingly large 24% of the coding sequences in the genome are differentially expressed. Comparing transcriptomes from coelomocytes – cells in internal coelomic fluid – in wild and captive COTS, we find that 20% of the coding sequences in the genome rapidly change expression. These captive transcriptomes remained markedly different from the wild ones for more than 30 days in captivity, and showed no indication of reverting back to a wild state. Genes consistently upregulated in captivity include those involved in oxidative stress and energy metabolism, whereas genes downregulated are involved in intercellular signalling. These extensive changes in gene expression in captive COTS suggest that captivity has a profound and sustained impact on the physiology, behaviour and health of these echinoderms. The potential for such dramatic changes should be accounted for when designing studies seeking to understand wild animals.
mTORC1 hyperactivation causes sensory integration deficits due to habenula impairment

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is an integration hub for extracellular and intracellular signals necessary for proper brain development. Hyperactivation of mTORC1 is found in many developmental diseases, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Atypical reactivity to sensory stimuli is often found in patients with ASD. The most frequent hereditary cause of ASD is Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), in which inactivating mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes result in hyperactivation of the mTORC1 pathway. We have discovered that the zebrafish model of TSC, tsc2vu242/vu242 mutants lack light preference, a behavior requiring integration of multiple sensory inputs. Here, we show that the lack of light preference in tsc2vu242/vu242 zebrafish is caused by aberrant sensory integration of light stimuli in the left dorsal habenula. Single-cell calcium imaging analysis revealed that tsc2vu242/vu242 fish showed impaired function of the left dorsal habenula, in which neurons exhibited higher activity and lacked habituation to the light stimuli resulting in atypical response to light. Lack of light-preference behavior and abnormal neuronal activity in the left dorsal habenula were rescued by rapamycin, indicating that hyperactive mTorC1 causes aberrant habenula function and impaired sensory integration resulting in lack of light preference. Our results link sensory integration deficits seen in TSC patients suffering from ASD with hyperactive mTORC1 and suggest that mTORC1 hyperactivity contributes to atypical reactivity to sensory stimuli in ASD.
Strigolactone mediates moso bamboo root response to phosphate stress

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) grows in soils with widespread phosphate (Pi) deficiency, resulting in low shoot yield. While it also suffers from high Pi due to heavy fertilization, which causes the degradation of bamboo forest. A novel plant hormone, strigolactone (SL), plays a key role in root growth and development under Pi stress, but its regulatory mechanism has not been systematically reported. Our study investigated SL-mediated mechanism in response to Pi stress in moso bamboo. We compared the root growth under low, sufficient and high Pi, and analyzed the temporary trends of gene expression in primary root tip region and lateral root primordium zone. The effects of SL-analog (GR24) and SL-inhibitor (TIS108) on root architecture at low and high Pi were evaluated. SL biosynthesis and signaling are the main pathways of root response to Pi stress. With the decrease of Pi level, 5-deoxystrigol and strigol in the root exudates increase significantly. Under low Pi, SL is indispensable for the maintenance of root cell morphology, and promotes primary root elongation and reduces lateral root formation by upregulating the expression of phosphorous starvation response genes and downregulating the expression of abscisic acid response genes. The absence of SL at high Pi releases the inhibition of ethylene responsive genes’ expression to inhibit root elongation and promote branching. In general, SL mediates the response of bamboo roots to Pi stress by regulating its biosynthesis and signal transduction and influencing other hormone pathways.