Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Colombia Coffee Sector Study

El presente documento analiza la evolucion del sector cafetero colombiano en la ultima decada, periodo en el cual ha perdido valor. Se hace un diagnostico de las causas que han generado el retroceso del sector y propone unas estrategias de politica para que vuelva a ser competitivo en los mercados internacionales. De las conclusiones se destaca la necesidad de mejorar la eficiencia en la produccion para poder competir a precios cada dia mas bajos en el mercado mundial, se propone una estrategia para desarrollar negocios en los nichos de los llamados cafes especiales a los que se les reconocen primas superiores por parte de los compradores, y en el plano regulatorio se recomienda que la parafiscalidad que afecta al sector sea reformulada para que el impuesto que tributan los cafeteros sea bajo, estable y fijo en el tiempo. Con los recursos que se generen por esta contribucion se deberan financiar los programas prioritarios para beneficio de los caficultores. Programas que de manera individual no pueden ser acometidos (Investigacion o promocion). El rol de la institucionalidad cafetera debera ser reformulado. Los recursos del cafe no deben seguir suplantando los recursos del Estado en obras publicas en las regiones cafeteras, pero la organizacion cafetera regional puede convertirse en un ejecutor importante de proyectos de inversion con recursos del presupuesto general de la Nacion.
Soil hydrophobic effects on infiltration and catchment runoff

After dry summers or drought, eucalypt forest soils at two sites in southeastern Australia developed hydrophobic or non-wetting surface characteristics that reduced infiltration, measured using a sprinkling infiltrometer. At one site the development of hydrophobic conditions caused the rainfall to runoff conversion efficiency of a forested catchment to increase from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. Under non-hydrophobic conditions at this site, grassland always generated more runoff than forest. However, one major rainfall-runoff was recorded at a time of highly hydrophobic forest soil conditions and this storm generated greater runoff on the forested catchment than the grassland catchment. At the second site forest soils have naturally highly conductive surface layers because of a dense network of macropores and pathways for preferential flow. Hydrophobic conditions produced by drought caused soil water movement to be confined to only a few of the larger macropores exposed to surface ponded water. Even so, infiltration rates remained relatively high so that the impacts of hydrophobic soils were not translated into increased catchment runoff as at the first site.
Seismicity and Active Tectonics in the Etna Region: Constraints for a Seismotectonic Model

Geodynamic processes at Etna are very fast and result from the interaction of volcano-related movements and regional tectonics. High rates of tectonic activity are indicated by (i) geological and paleoseismological data, with Holocene slip-rates varying from 1.0 to 2.7 mm/yr, (ii) aseismic creep affecting most of the structures of the volcano with short-term slip-rates up to 20 mm/yr, and (iii) frequent seismicity. In particular, the characteristics of shallow earthquakes occurring at Etna may provide effective evidence for the recognition of active faults and the assessment of their kinematics. These events commonly feature shallow foci (H < 5 km), moderate magnitudes (up to 4.9) but high macroseismic intensities reaching the IX-X grade EMS with short recurrence times (tens of years). Destructive effects and damage distributed along narrow areas astride the fault scarp often accompany extensive surface faulting, with end-to-end rupture lengths up to 6.5 km and vertical offsets up to 90 cm. Patterns of coseismic and creeping ground ruptures also reveal the occurrence of hidden faults at Etna, that represent discrete segments of major continuous fault zones previously mapped as distinct. In the present paper a review of long-term seismicity, tectonics and evidence of surface faulting phenomena is presented. The synthesis of previous data has allowed to characterise active faults in the Etna region and to propose a first seismotectonic model which encompasses the following features: i) geometry and kinematics of seismogenic faults; ii) length and behaviour of individual segments; iii) definition of seismic potential.
The Cave of Fontéchevade: Recent Excavations and their Paleoanthropological Implications

Part I. Introduction, Background, and Methodology Philip G. Chase, Andre Debenath, Harold L. Dibble and Shannon P. McPherron: 1. Introduction and background 2. Introduction to the 1994-8 excavations Part II. Specialized Analyses: 3. Sedimentology and stratigraphy at Fontechevade William R. Farrand 4. Paleoclimate delineation using magnetic susceptibility data Brooks B. Ellwood 5. Electrical resistivity survey of Fontechevade Shannon P. McPherron and Brooks B. Ellwood 6. The fossil human remains Philip G. Chase and Virginie Teilhol 7. Radiometric dates Philip G. Chase, Henry P. Schwarcz and Thomas W. Stafford, Jr 8. Faunal taphonomy Philip G. Chase and Jean-Francois Tournepiche 9. The fauna from Henri-Martin's excavation of bed Jean-Francois Tournepiche 10. The Upper Paleolithic of Fontechevade Laurent Chiotti 11. Description of the lithic industries Harold L. Dibble and Shannon P. McPherron Part III. Analysis and Conclusions Philip G. Chase, Andre Debenath, Harold L. Dibble and Shannon P. McPherron: 12. Processes of site formation and their implications 13. Summary and conclusions.
Differentially Private Federated Learning With an Adaptive Noise Mechanism

Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple distributed clients to collaboratively train a model with owned datasets. To avoid the potential privacy threat in FL, researchers propose the DP-FL strategy, which utilizes differential privacy (DP) to add elaborate noise to the exchanged parameters to hide privacy information. DP-FL guarantees the privacy of FL at the cost of model performance degradation. To balance the trade-off between model accuracy and security, we propose a differentially private federated learning scheme with an adaptive noise mechanism. This is challenging, as the distributed nature of FL makes it difficult to appropriately estimate sensitivity, where sensitivity is a concept in DP that determines the scale of noise. To resolve this, we design a generic method for sensitivity estimates based on local and global historical information. We also provide instances on four commonly used optimizers to verify its effectiveness. The experiments on MNIST, FMNIST and CIFAR-10 convincingly prove that our proposed scheme achieves higher accuracy while keeping high-level privacy protection compared to prior works.
Molecular identification of endophytic fungi from Aquilaria sinensis and artificial agarwood induced by pinholes-infusion technique

1 Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, P. R. China. 2 Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China. 3 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, P. R. China. 4 Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
THE EARLY DEPOSITIONAL PHASES OF THE NORTHERN APENNINE FOREDEEP-THRUST BELT SYSTEM: IMPLICATIONS FROM THE “MACIGNO COSTIERO” (LATE OLIGOCENE, ITALY)

The late Chattian “Macigno costiero” represents the innermost and the oldest portion of the well developed siliciclastic wedge of the migrating Oligo- Miocene foredeep-thrust-belt system of the Northern Apennine. Its stratigraphic features help to understand the early phases of the sin-collisional sedimentation and the evolution of such a thrust belt. In the turbiditic siliciclastic sequence, carbonates were found at different stratigraphic levels (chaotic-debris flow key-level, calcareous turbidites and Subligurian olistostromes and olistoliths). Stratigraphical studies of the sequence based on facies analysis, petrographical observations and biostratigraphical analysis of calcareous nannofossils allow to suggest some hypotheses of the palaeogeographic setting and the evolution of the foredeep-thrust belt system. The vertical distribution of the sediments and their sedimentological characters show a low efficiency sand-rich turbidite system (sensu Mutti and Normark, 1987), characterised by a prograding fan terminated by the emplacement of slices of the orogenic wedge. Olistostromes and olistoliths found in the turbidite succession were the precursor of the allochthonous nappe. The proposed hypothesis shows that turbidite sediments were probably fed transversally to the basin, from a shallow marine shelf adjacent to a crystalline basement. The “Macigno costiero” was deposited in an internal position of the foredeep system.
Implications of rising energy and transportation costs for future urban development: A global perspective

In order to get a clear cut picture of the impact of rising transport costs on the future urban development of the city of Hamburg, the Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI) together with alstria have set up a joint research project. In this context, the goal is to derive policy recommendations for a sustainable development of the growing city of Hamburg. The analysis focuses on several perspectives: Beginning at an aggregate level, the analysis will gradually narrow down to more detailed levels. The remainder of the project may therefore be interpreted as zooming in from the global level over the regional down to the local view with the final goal to analyze the impact of rising energy prices on the size, inner city structure and economic development of Hamburg. In detail, the following four topics will be addressed: Part I: The global view: Future development of the world's economic geography Part II: The regional view: Development perspectives for the City of Hamburg Part III: The local view: Inner city trends in Hamburg Part IV: Hamburg - a city of the future!
The Influence of Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Employee Performance in Banking Industry

The goal of the study was to ascertain how the performance of employees of Islamic Bank was impacted by job characteristics, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior. Data for this quantitative study were gathered through distributing questionnaires and using library records. This study's sample is a saturated sample. 42 people participated in the survey as responders in total. Multiple linear regression is the method of data analysis that has been applied. The study's findings revealed that organizational citizenship behavior, work happiness, organizational commitment, and job characteristics all have a major impact on how well employees of Islamic Bank perform. Additionally, this study demonstrates that organizational citizenship behavior, work happiness, organizational commitment, and job characteristics all have a substantial impact on the performance of Islamic Bank personnel. The percentage indicates that the factors of work qualities, organizational commitment, job happiness, and organizational citizenship behavior may account for 55.5% of the performance variable. While other elements or variables not included in this research account for the remaining 44.5%.
The Relationship Amongst Countries’ Governance, Energy and Sustainable Development

In this paper we construct a theoretical framework linking governance practiced by some countries to some of their economical, financial, social and environmental variables. To achieve this goal, we selected a sample of data composed of variables from 55 countries, available at the World Bank website. On the other hand, we measured the countries' level of governance by the indicator promoted by Transparency International. The period considered in this research was 8 years, from 2000 to 2008. We used the method of linear regression with panel data, in order to investigate statistical relationships among governance and the other variables. We applied the method of simultaneous equations in order to make a robustness test on the first results and findings. The results of the two models converged and showed the existence of a statistical significant relationship between governance and several of the variables investigated. This allows us to infer that the development of the countries governance is closely linked with the long-term sustainable development.
Les choix organisationnels des propriétaires de chevaux de loisir dans les espaces ruraux

La possession d’equides de loisir a recemment connu un essor important. Pour entretenir ces animaux, leurs proprietaires peuvent soit les prendre en charge eux-memes, soit faire appel a des prestataires de services marchands. Les assimilant a des producteurs de leur propre loisir, nous proposons d’etudier les determinants de leur choix organisationnel grâce aux theories traitant habituellement des frontieres de la firme. Les 251 enquetes realisees demontrent la pertinence de l’application de ces cadres d’analyse a la production domestique. Les proprietaires d’equides poursuivent un objectif d’efficience. Ils cherchent a maximiser leur utilite, tout en minimisant leurs couts de production et de transaction et en s’adaptant aux ressources auxquelles ils peuvent avoir acces.
Design and Simulation Research of Wire-Driven Continuum Minimally Invasive Surgical Robot

Aiming at the problems of small and variable surgical space segmentation and insufficient dexterity of surgical robots, this paper designs a small and flexible line-driven continuum surgical robot. Firstly, each part of the robot is described; then, the kinematics analysis of the controllable bending bone segment is carried out, and the analysis results are simulated by using MATLAB software, and the operation space pose of different driving line changes of the controllable bending bone segment is obtained; finally, The Monte Carlo method workspace is used for simulation analysis. According to the research results, it is verified that the robot can bend flexibly and supplely, which is suitable for complex small surgery scenarios.
Three‐dimensional velocity field of present‐day crustal motion of the Tibetan Plateau derived from GPS measurements

Using the measurements of 750 GPS stations around the Tibetan Plateau for over 10 years since 1999, we derived a high‐resolution 3‐D velocity field for the present‐day crustal movement of the plateau. The horizontal velocity field relative to stable Eurasia displays in details the crustal movement and tectonic deformation features of the India‐Eurasia continental collision zone with thrust compression, lateral extrusion, and clockwise rotation. The vertical velocity field reveals that the Tibetan Plateau is continuing to rise as a whole relative to its stable north neighbor. However, in some subregions, uplift is insignificant or even negative. The main features of the vertical crustal deformation of the plateau are the following: (a) The Himalayan range is still rising at a rate of ~2 mm/yr. The uplift rate is ~6 mm/yr with respect to the south foot of the Himalayan range. (b) The middle eastern plateau has a typical uplift rate between 1 and 2 mm/yr, and some high mountain ranges in this area, like the Longmen Shan and Gongga Shan, have surprising uplift rates as large as 2–3mm/yr. (c) In the middle southern plateau, there is a basin and endorheic subregion with a series of NS striking normal faults, showing obvious sinking with the rates between 0 and ‐3 mm/yr. (d) The present‐day rising and sinking subregions generally correspond well to the Cenozoic orogenic belts and basins, respectively. (e) At the southeastern corner of the plateau. There is an apparent trend that the uplift rate is gradually decreasing from between 0.8 and 2.3 mm/yr in the inner plateau to between ‐0.5 and ‐1.6 mm/yr outside the plateau, with the decrease of terrain height.
A New Catalog of Southern California Earthquakes, 1800–2005

There are many earthquake catalogs covering California, but none includes everything one would like to have for constructing and testing hypotheses of earthquake occurrence. Perhaps it is most obvious that focal mechanism estimates are needed in many phases of earthquake forecasting and evaluation. They are needed for estimating the stress increments from past earthquakes, for identifying those earthquakes that have been encouraged by known previous earthquakes, and for testing models that forecast focal mechanisms as well as location and magnitude. Focal mechanisms are available for recent, instrumentally recorded earthquakes, but they are not yet uniformly available for all relevant quakes, and there are often alternate solutions for recent events. Some focal mechanisms are available for large historic (that is, pre-instrumental) earthquakes, but these estimates are generally scattered through the literature rather than systematically cataloged. Instrumentally determined focal mechanisms are clearly best, but estimated ones can still be useful. Measured focal mechanisms show some degree of regularity that can be exploited to estimate unmeasured ones from nearby measured values. Some earthquake forecasts explicitly apply to mainshocks as well as aftershocks, while others, like the source model for the 2002 National Seismic Hazard Map, are meant to apply to mainshocks only. For those reasons it would be convenient to have a catalog in which all known events are included, but which labels aftershocks in a way that they can be removed or down-weighted as needed. Earthquake catalog data, like any other results, are subject to errors. Location errors for historic earthquakes and magnitude errors for all events could well affect the assessment of an earthquake forecast. Statistical tests can and should account for the uncertainties in catalog data. To date, such tests have not been employed for earthquake forecasts, in part because the uncertainties are poorly understood. It is well known that …
Últimes tendències poblacionals del corriol camanegre Charadrius alexandrinus a l'Empordà

This study, after almost twenty years of monitoring the Kentish plover, a species characteristic of the sandbanks and sand dunes of Emporda’s coast, reveals its population tendencies and the problems that affect its nidification and future. These problems are tackled by a series of corrective measures, which are not yet fully adopted this very day.
Collisional model for rapid fore‐arc block rotations, arc curvature, and episodic back‐arc rifting in subduction settings

We review geophysical and geological data from 23 active and ancient plate boundaries to document a compelling spatial and temporal relationship between collision, plate boundary curvature, rapid tectonic rotations, and the occurrence of back‐arc rifting. Our observations support a conceptual model where the change from subduction to collision causes rapid fore‐arc rotation (when viewed in a reference frame relative to the bounding tectonic plates), leading to marked plate boundary curvature. Our global compilation reveals that most active back‐arc rifts are associated with rapidly rotating fore arcs and nearby collisions. Thus, we propose that collision and rapid fore‐arc rotations play a major role in the evolution and kinematics of back‐arc basins. We conduct numerical modeling to better understand the physical processes behind these observed rapid tectonic rotations at convergent margins. Our results suggest that the presence of an indentor or choke point in the subduction system (e.g., collision) can generate rapid rotation of the fore arc about a nearby pole and lead to back‐arc rifting. The rate of fore‐arc rotation and back‐arc rifting depends on the incoming indentor velocity and can be greatly enhanced by slab rollback and the presence of a low‐viscosity back arc. Where viscosity of the back arc is low, fore‐arc rotation dominates; where back‐arc viscosity is high, the formation of strike‐slip faults and tectonic escape dominates. Our observational and model‐derived results illustrate that shallow crustal forces produced by the entry of buoyant features into subduction zones are a fundamental mechanism for the generation of fore‐arc block rotations, plate boundary curvature, back‐arc rift evolution, and tectonic escape in subduction systems. Rollback of the subducting slab within the mantle will certainly enhance the processes we describe but it is not the only driving force.
Board diversity and financial reporting quality: does firm size matter?

This study scrutinises how the diversity of a board of directors (BOD) determines the financial reporting quality (FRQ) and how firm size may act in a moderating role. FRQ has two measurments, which are faithful representation and relevance. Faithful representation has one proxy, which is financial restatement. Relevance has two proxies, which are the predictive value and confirmatory value. Moreover, a board’s diversity includes its members’ gender, age, expertise and educational level. The research sample consists of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2020; this produced 377 firms, resulting in 1,885 observations; we used panel data. Boards are homogeneous, except for boards with accounting expertise. Male directors can reduce the potential for financial restatements, but when moderated by firm size, they cannot guarantee the predictive value. Moreover, old directors can also reduce financial misconduct, but unqualified opinions are difficult to obtain when moderated by firm size. Further, a BOD without a member holding a doctoral degree can have a significant adverse effect on financial restatements and agency conflict. Agency conflict is the ultimate result of a negative predictive value. Meanwhile, board expertise boosts the fairness of financial reporting, resulting in obtaining an unqualified opinion and providing a predictive value. The fundamental qualitative characteristics of financial reporting must offer a relevant and faithful representation, while the previous studies employed this separately; this study tackles that gap. The previous research that tested corporate governance on FRQ is still very limited and tends to focus on one topic (e.g. gender), so our research is more comprehensive since BOD diversity was investigated. The FRQ worsens because the BOD is homogeneous. Based on the findings, the FRQ can be improved if there are female directors, younger directors, and directors who hold PhDs serving on the boards. This means that their presence/proportion must increase.