Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oral sex and condom use among young people in the United Kingdom.

CONTEXT The development of UK national targets to reduce the transmission of HIV and other STDs has focused health promotion efforts on advocating the use of condoms during penetrative vaginal and anal sex. However, other behaviors that can facilitate STD transmission-such as oral sex and, in particular, fellatio-have received limited attention. METHODS Between 2003 and 2005, a sample of 1,373 full- and part-time students, primarily aged 16-18, completed questionnaires about their knowledge, attitudes and experiences related to sexual behavior and health. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences by sexual experience and gender. Supplementary data were obtained from sexual event diaries completed by 108 young people. RESULTS Fifty-six percent of survey respondents had experienced fellatio or cunnilingus, including 22% of those who had not yet engaged in penetrative intercourse. Of young people who had had vaginal intercourse, 70% had previously had oral sex. Among those who had experienced fellatio once, 17% had used a condom, but only 2% of respondents who had engaged in fellatio more than once reported consistent use. Reduced pleasure and lack of motivation, desire and forethought were reasons given for not using condoms during fellatio; hygiene, avoidance of the dilemma of whether to spit or swallow ejaculate, and taste were commonly cited as triggers for use. CONCLUSION Greater efforts are needed to publicize the risk of exposure to STDs that many young people face because of unprotected noncoital sexual activities before, as well as after, they enter into relationships involving intercourse.
When Mulan meets Romeo： Cultural impact upon the dating scripts, perceptions and behaviors of college students from the United States and Taiwan in their cross-cultural romantic relationships

This study examines the cultural impact upon the dating scripts, perceptions, and behaviors of college students from the United States and Taiwan in their cross-cultural romantic relationships. Ten same-culture and ten cross-culture couples participated in the retrospective account interviews. Reconfirming the prevalent quantitative research findings that the American participants tend to begin dating at a younger age and change dating partners more frequently, this qualitative study finds that most of the American and Taiwanese participants perceived their dating and cross-cultural romantic relationships seriously by demonstrating a strong sense of responsibility and consistent support in the face of language difficulties, cultural confusions, and social obstacles.
Romaphobia: A unique phenomenon?

This study seeks empirical justification for conceptualizing negative feelings towards the Roma as a distinct type of prejudice, as compared to common prejudice manifested in commonalities between Romaphobia, Islamophobia, anti-Semitism, and anti-Chinese feelings. We conducted secondary analyses of Hungarian national representative data collected in 2002 by the TARKI Institute (Budapest), using face-to-face interviews. Principal component analyses revealed that respondents' feelings towards all four groups were partially explained by social distance at work and antipathy in general. However, the presence of a separate component, dealing specifically with all Roma, supports a notion of Romaphobia as a qualitatively distinct construct. Recommendations for future research and practical implications are presented.
Correlates to seroprevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 among rural Appalachian drug users

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease and, along with substance abuse, an important HIV risk factor. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine HSV‐2 seroprevalence in a sample of drug users in rural Appalachia. Rural Appalachian individuals age 18 or older reporting non‐medical use of prescription opioids, heroin, crack/cocaine, or methamphetamine in the past 6 months (n = 499) were included. Behavioral, demographic, and sexual network data were collected using interviewer‐administered questionnaires. Participants’ serum was tested for HSV‐2 antibodies using the Biokit rapid test (Lexington, MA). The estimated population seroprevalence of HSV‐2 was 14.4% (95%CI: 9.6–19.4%). Only 8.8% were aware of being HSV‐2+, and unprotected sex was reported in 80% of serodiscordant sexual relationships. In a multivariate model, female gender, age, older age at first oral sex, and frequency of unprotected sex in the sexual network were independently associated with HSV‐2 seropositivity. Despite lower seroprevalence than that reported in similar studies of substance abusers, targeted interventions to reduce sexual risk behavior are warranted in this underserved population. Network‐informed approaches with particular focus on women, older individuals, and those engaging in frequent unprotected sex are recommended. J. Med. Virol. 88:512–520, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
State Policy and Spatial Restructuring in Post‐reform China, 1978–95

China's economic reform since 1978 has brought profound change, not only to the functioning of the state organization, but also to the structuring of the space economy. Prior to the reform, the Maoist regime introduced a system of state socialism featuring a centrally planned economy, an anti-commercialist ideology and a development strategy that aimed at the rapid growth of industrial output. Important characteristics of the Maoist plan-ideological space included an uneven economic landscape dominated by the northern manufacturing heartland, a rigid urban hierarchy vertically integrated by a few large cities, and an 'invisible wall' separating urban and rural settlements. The post-reform market-regulatory regime has decentralized the power of decision-making, allowed a market economy to 'grow out of the plan', and freed state control over some peripheral areas that are not indispensable to the growth of the national economy. This has given rise to a distinct developmental landscape marked by the rapid expansion of new production space in South China, small towns and the vast countryside. Spatial restructuring in post-reform China has been primarily a result of state disarticulation rather than increased state intervention. A distinction needs to be made between 'nation-state' and 'local-state' for a better understanding of the operating mechanism of regional development. To solve the mystery of China's spatial restructuring requires a comprehensive approach that moves beyond the traditional East-West regional dichotomy and concentrates on the shifting emphasis of the production space between North and South China, between large cities and small towns, and between cities and the countryside. Copyright Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1999.
Continuity and Change in Urban Chinese Family Life

An attempt is made to summarize key results from a recently concluded project examining continuity and change in one particular dimension of family life in one particular city in the mid-1990s, along with selected comparisons with the same aspect of family life in urban Taiwan. The similarities and differences in urban family patterns in the 1990s are analysed in two ethnically Chinese societies that originally followed quite different development paths, the closed-door revolutionary socialism of the PRC and the market capitalism of Taiwan.
The Rules of Friendship

This paper presents the findings of four studies on the rules of friendship. Studies I and 11 established the strength of endorsement of 43 friendship rules in British, Italian, Hong Kong and Japanese samples. Study Ill found differences in reported rule-keeping between sustained and lapsed friendships by self and other, and between sustained relationships rated high and low in quality. Study IV examined the role of rule breaking in friendship breakdown, and dissolution of friendship was attributed to the breaking of a number of our endorsed rules. Six rules were endorsed as very important in Study I and distinguished between behaviour in lapsed and current friendships; also relationship breakdown was related to failure to keep to these rules. They dealt mainly with the exchange of rewards and intimacy. Dissolution of friendships was also attributed to the breaking of third party rules.
Media and information praxis of young activists in the Umbrella Movement

Young people were key participants in the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong and the media also played an important role in this protest. This study examines how Hong Kong’s young activists developed communication strategies and media practices to mobilize this social movement. A framework termed “media and information praxis of social movements” is proposed for the analysis. The findings showed that in their praxis, the young activists used their media and information literacy skills to initiate, organize, and mobilize collective actions. They not only used social media and mobile networks but also traditional mass media and street booths in a holistic and integrated approach to receive and disseminate information. Hence, these young activists served as agents of mediatization. The results also indicated that the young activists moved away from the traditional movement mode which just tried to motivate a large number of people to protest in the streets. They actively engaged in the new movement mode, which emphasizes the media and information power game. Their praxis in the Umbrella Movement reflects the trend toward the mediatization of social movements in Hong Kong.
The Hanification of Xinjiang, China: The Economic Effects of the Great Leap West

In 1999, the Chinese government launched the Great Leap West – an ambitious economic undertaking to develop China ’ s western frontier. The strategy was to use increasing wealth to abate historical ethnic tensions. And while provinces like Xinjiang have experienced impressive growth, relations between the Han-dominated Beijing and the Uyghurs in Xinjiang have remained unchanged, if not worsened. The former claims the economic bene ﬁ ts have been enjoyed by all – regardless of ethnicity – and have aided regional development. In contrast, the latter alleges the growing riches have primarily bene ﬁ ted the Hans. This article examines these two arguments. Using original data, we ﬁ nd evidence to support both claims – with some quali ﬁ cations. While the Han migrants have bene ﬁ ted immensely from the Great Leap West, it seems the Uyghurs have also enjoyed growing wages. The implications suggest that while Beijing is not necessarily wrong to invest heavily in Xinjiang, the government needs to exercise more consideration of local cultures.
Study of the Relationship of Workplace Person-environment Fit, Country Identification and Affective Commitment -Evidence of Chinese Immigrant Wives in Taiwan

Because of rapid global development, firms generally use a multiple-faceted strategy in the application of human resources. Immigrant wives have been a source of complementary manpower. Compared with the common problems of culture and life, adjustment to these jobs may be more difficult for them. Most immigrant wives in Taiwan are originally from China and experience the additional challenge of national identification. All of these difficulties in workplace decrease their commitment to firms, affect their job performance, reduce their willingness to contribute their capabilities, and eventually increase social costs. To manage the critical HRM issue, this study initially explored P-E fit and affective commitment by conducting empirical research on 300 Chinese immigrant wives in Taiwan. The findings reveal that their PE-Fit positively affects their affective commitment to firms; similarly, their national identification to Taiwan strengthens the stated results. However, the different dimensions of P-E fit had different influence effects. The implications of this study will benefit future research on immigrant employees and HRM practices.
Plasticity of floral sex allocation within inflorescences of hermaphrodite Aconitum gymnandrum

Aims Sex allocation in plants is often plastic, enabling individuals to adjust to variable environments. However, the predicted male-biased sex allocation in response to low resource conditions has rarely been experimentally tested in hermaphroditic plants. In particular, it is unknown whether distal flowers in linear inflorescences show a larger shift to male allocation relative to basal flowers when resources are reduced. In this study, we measure position-dependent plasticity of floral sex allocation within racemes of Aconitum gymnandrum in response to reduced resource availability. Methods Using a defoliation treatment in the field applied to potted plants from a nested half-sibling design, we examined the effects of the treatment, flower position, family and their interactions. Important Findings Allocation to male function increased with more distal flower position, while female allocation either did not change with position or declined at the most distal flowers. Defoliation significantly reduced the mass of both the androecium and gynoecium, but not anther number or carpel number. Gynoecial mass declined more strongly with defoliation than did androecial mass, resulting in a significant increase in the androecium/gynoecium ratio as predicted by sex allocation theory. Plastic responses of androecium mass and gynoecium mass were affected by flower position, with less mass lost in basal flowers, but similar plastic magnitude in both sexual traits across flower position lead to consistent variation in the androecium/gynoecium ratio along the inflorescence. A significant treatment*paternal family interaction for the androecium/gynoecium ratio is evidence for additive genetic variation for plastic floral sex allocation, which means that further evolution of allocation can occur.
Growth and Saving Among Individuals and Households

The lifecycle theory of saving and consumption predicts that changes in an economy's rate of economic growth will affect its aggregate saving rate by changing the lifetime resources of younger people relative to older people. However, studies that track the saving behavior of cohorts of household heads over time as they age have yielded estimates of age-saving profiles that are too flat for growth to have much effect on the aggregate saving rate. One problem with the cohort approach is that multigenerational households are common in many counties, and the age-saving profiles of households may be quite different from the age-saving profiles of individuals that make up households. In this paper, we propose a method for estimating individual age-saving profiles using household data. This method is applied to data from Taiwan and Thailand. We find that the individual method yields results that are more favorable to the lifecycle model. These results imply that changes in the rate of economic growth may in some circumstances have large effects on the aggregate saving rate. However, the size and sign of these effects depends on the rate of economic growth and the rate of population growth, and in many cases the effect of growth on saving is small.
Export Growth and Economic Growth: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction Modeling

Most recent studies that have used time-series data to investigate the causality between a country's export growth and its economic growth have failed to provide uniform support for the export-led growth hypothesis. ' These studies have used the Granger or Sims procedure in order to investigate the possibility of dual causal relationship between export growth and economic growth (measured by output growth). For example, Chow, who adopted the Sims procedure and investigated the causal pattem between export growth and growth in manufactured output, found dual causality in the cases of Brazil, Hong Kong, Israel, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan; one-way causality from export growth to output growth in the case ofMexico; and no causality in the results for Argentina.2 By contrast, Jung and Marshall, who used the Granger concept of causality, found statistical evidence supporting the export-led growth hypothesis in only 4 out of 37 countries.3 Jung and Marshall's findings received further support by Bahmani-Oskooee et al., who employed the Granger concept of causality combined with Akaike's Final Prediction Error (FPE) criterion and concluded that "we find some support in favor of the export-led growth hypothesis, though the evidence is at most inconclusive in evaluating competing hypotheses. "4 Darrats and Hsiao6 are other studies that have used time-series data and rejected the export-led growth hypothesis for most LDCs in their sample. There are three major shortcomings associated with all the time-series studies just mentioned. First, none ofthe studies have checked for the cointegrating properties of the time series involved. Standard Granger or Sims tests are only valid if the original time
A Tale of Two Cities: Factor Accumulation and Technical Change in Hong Kong and Singapore

This paper uses a case study of Hong Kong and Singapore, two of the fastest growing economies in the postwar world, to evaluate competing theories of economic growth. Although broadly similar in historical background and economic structure, the two economies are strikingly different along three dimensions of interest to growth theorists: (1) Hong Kong began the postwar era with a considerably better educated labor force; (2) the subsequent accumulation of human and physical capital in Singapore far exceeds that in Hong Kong; and (3) Singapore has experienced considerably more rapid structural change, as government targeting policies have propelled the economy into technologically advanced sectors. A total factor productivity growth analysis of the two economies reveals that while TFP growth in Hong Kong accounts for over two-thirds of the increase in GDP per capita during the 1970s and 1980s, total factor productivity growth in Singapore during the same period is next to nil. These results constitute strong evidence against linear models of growth that emphasize contemporaneous externalities in the accumulation of factors of production. The poor TFP performance of the Singaporean economy, when associated with its astounding rate of structural transformation, supports models that emphasize the constraints imposed by learning by doing on the evolution of comparative advantage.
Capitalist Development, Entrepreneurial Class, and Democratization in China

The structural theory of democracy postulates that capitalism is an important, if not indispensable, catalyst to democratization. For some scholars, capitalism produces a bourgeoisie that is vital to democracy largely because this class, unlike the aristocracy, does not have to depend on coercive state power to survive and thrive.1 For many others who concentrate on contemporary democratic transitions, capitalism expands the middle class that at a certain evolutionary stage would turn to crucial social pressure for democratization.2 Most structural theorists agree that capitalist development, by its logic, would transform the state-society relations and shape a pattern of class alliances in favor of the growth of a civil society whose main function is to provide a counterweight to state power and prevent its tyrannical abuse.3 China's seemingly steady march toward capitalism has prompted many China specialists to take a structural approach. They argue that the lack or weakness of "civil society" in China accounted for the failure of the 1989 pro-democracy movement and impeded democratic transition. Yet capitalist development
International equity diversification between Japan and its major trading partners

This study attempts to re-investigate whether there exist long-run benefits from international equity diversification between Japan and its major trading partners, Asian countries (Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan) and the USA, using a more powerful nonparametric cointegration test developed by Bierens (1997), over the period 1 July 1999 to 31 December 2004. The results from this test suggest that the Japanese stock market is pairwise cointegrated with the Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and the US stock market but not with the market of South Korea. These findings should prove valuable to individual investors and financial institutions holding long-run investment portfolios in these markets.
Projecting International Tourist Arrivals in East Asia and the Pacific to the Year 2005

This article discusses and analyzes 22 years of international tourist arrivals in 12 tourist destinations in East Asia and the Pacific, and applies a statistical analysis system (SAS) forecast autoregressive time series trend model to project international tourist_flows in that region up to 2005. The projection showed that tourist arrivals to this region's 12 major destinations will increase from 41 million in 1992 to 155 million in 2005, with an overall growth rate of 278% and an average annual growth rate of 10.4%. The tremendous growth of international tourism in the region has been very much associated with intraregional travel in the past. In the projected regional market share, Asia will still maintain its dominant position, increasing from 61% of total international tourist arrivals in 1992 to 65% in 2005, followed by Europe, America, and Oceania. In 2005, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, China, and South Korea will be the top five tourist destinations in the region.
Do Asian stock market prices follow random walks? Evidence from the variance ratio test

Using a basis of the variance ratio statistics with both homoscedastic and hetero-scedatic error variances (Lo and Mackinlay, 1988) the random walk hypothesis of the Asian stock markets is tested. Of the developed and emerging markets, it is found that the random walk hypothesis for the markets of Korea and Malaysia is rejected for all different holding periods. In addition, the random walk hypothesis is also rejected for the Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand markets using the heteroscedasticity-consistent variance ratio estimator
Where Corporate Governance and Financial Analysts Affect Valuation

We examine whether corporate governance and financial analysts affect accounting-based valuation models for B and H shares traded by foreign investors in China and Hong Kong, respectively. We expect that better corporate governance and more effective analyst activity mitigate potential adverse effects on accounting valuation models generated by country-specific problems in accounting, auditing, and legal systems. We find that valuation models perform better for companies with a greater analyst following, smaller forecast errors, relatively high public ownership and a strong board structure. Valuation models and accounting numbers have only limited explanatory power and valuation role for companies with weak governance and less effective analyst performance. The findings are robust across various market value, return, unexpected return, and other accounting valuation models. The results are consistent with less informed foreign investor clienteles searching for signals of more effective analyst activity and better corporate governance mechanisms.
Earnings Gap, Cohort Effect and Economic Assimilation of Immigrants from Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the United States

Using 1990, 2000 censuses and a 2010 survey, I examine the economic performance of ethnically Chinese immigrants from mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan (CHT) in the U.S. labor market. Since 1990, relative wages of CHT migrants have been escalating in contrast to other immigrants. I show these widening gaps are largely explained by individual's endowments, mostly education. Rising U.S.-earned degrees by CHT migrants can account for this relatively successful economic assimilation. Cohort analysis shows that the economic performance of CHT migrants admitted to the U.S. has been improving, even allowing for the effect of aging.