Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The independence of game theory of utility theory

A theory of noncooperative and cooperative games, that parallels the classical theory [ l ] , [2] but makes no use of utility theory, is outlined in this note. 1. Games in normal form. The following definition seems suitable for our purpose (see, e.g., [3, § 5]). DEFINITION 1.1. An n-person game (in normal form) is a system G={N; S\ • • , ' S» ; X\ • • • , X»; R\ • • • , #*; H\ • • • , ff»}, where : (1.1) N is a set of n members (the players of G), and for each i £ i V : (1.2) S is a nonempty set (the set of strategies of player i). (1.3) X is a nonempty set (the set of outcomes for player i). (1.4) R(ZXXX (the preference relation of player i). (1.5) iJ* is a function whose domain is the set S = SX • • • X 5 n and whose range is X* (the payoff function of player i). If SGS, 5 = (S, • • • , s), and s*ÇiS\ we denote: (1.6) s\s = (s\ • • • , r 1 , 5*, s\ • • , s) DEFINITION 1.2. Let G = {N; S \ • • • , S»; X, • • • , X; R\ • • • , jR; i? , • • • , H) be an ^-person game. s £ 5 is an equilibrium point for G if for each i £ i V : (1.7) (jff<(j J ^0, ff*(*)) $ JRS for all j< G S*. This is Nash's definition [2] adjusted to our case. 2. Finite, noncooperative games. Let G = {N;S\ • '-,S";X\ • • ;X»;R\ • • • , *»; tf, • • • , #"} be an w-person game. G is finite if 5* is finite for all i£ iV. The mixed extension of G is the ^-person game
Anharmonicity Contributions to Dislocation Drag

A unified theory of the effect of phonon‐phonon scattering on the drag force Bv acting upon a dislocation moving with velocity v, much less than the sound velocity, is presented. A formalism is developed in terms of a frequency‐ and wave‐vector‐dependent bulk viscosity. Thermoelastic damping, phonon viscosity, phonon scattering, and, in the case of oscillatory motion, reradiation damping are all included in this framework. It is shown that the dominant mechanism is that resulting from phonon scattering and gives rise to the form BS=β [k2R(0)/θΩa2]J5(T/θ) for a straight dislocation. Here R(0)=WDT2/Λ)T→0, where WD is the dislocation contribution to the phonon component of the thermal resistance, Λ the dislocation density, Ωa the atomic volume, κ is the Boltzmann constant, and T and θ the ambient and Debye temperatures, respectively. The function J5(x)5=(x)5/5! )∫ 01/xx5ex(ex−1)−2dx, and the numerical constant β is estimated to be 1.2×104. The physical processes underlying all the above mechanisms are explore.
BLOOD FLOW IN ARTERIES

Blood flow in arteries is dominated by unsteady flow phenomena. The cardiovascular system is an internal flow loop with multiple branches in which a complex liquid circulates. A nondimensional frequency parameter, the Womersley number, governs the relationship between the unsteady and viscous forces. Normal arterial flow is laminar with secondary flows generated at curves and branches. The arteries are living organs that can adapt to and change with the varying hemodynamic conditions. In certain circumstances, unusual hemodynamic conditions create an abnormal biological response. Velocity profile skewing can create pockets in which the direction of the wall shear stress oscillates. Atherosclerotic disease tends to be localized in these sites and results in a narrowing of the artery lumen—a stenosis. The stenosis can cause turbulence and reduce flow by means of viscous head losses and flow choking. Very high shear stresses near the throat of the stenosis can activate platelets and thereby induce thrombosis, which can totally block blood flow to the heart or brain. Detection and quantification of stenosis serve as the basis for surgical intervention. In the future, the study of arterial blood flow will lead to the prediction of individual hemodynamic flows in any patient, the development of diagnostic tools to quantify disease, and the design of devices that mimic or alter blood flow. This field is rich with challenging problems in fluid mechanics involving three-dimensional, pulsatile flows at the edge of turbulence.
Biomedical heterogeneous data categorization and schema mapping toward data integration

Data integration is a well-motivated problem in the clinical data science domain. Availability of patient data, reference clinical cases, and datasets for research have the potential to advance the healthcare industry. However, the unstructured (text, audio, or video data) and heterogeneous nature of the data, the variety of data standards and formats, and patient privacy constraint make data interoperability and integration a challenge. The clinical text is further categorized into different semantic groups and may be stored in different files and formats. Even the same organization may store cases in different data structures, making data integration more challenging. With such inherent complexity, domain experts and domain knowledge are often necessary to perform data integration. However, expert human labor is time and cost prohibitive. To overcome the variability in the structure, format, and content of the different data sources, we map the text into common categories and compute similarity within those. In this paper, we present a method to categorize and merge clinical data by considering the underlying semantics behind the cases and use reference information about the cases to perform data integration. Evaluation shows that we were able to merge 88% of clinical data from five different sources.
Mechanical Properties and Liquid Absorption of Calcium Phosphate Composite Cements

Calcium phosphate cements present increased biocompatibility due to their chemical composition being similar to that of the hydroxyapatite in the hard tissues of the living body. It has certain limitations due to its poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength and increased brittleness. Thus, the optimal way to improve properties is through the design of novel composite cements. The purpose was fulfilled using a 25% hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) mixed with 3% urethane dimethacrzlate (UDMA) base matrix with various ratios of polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and polycaprolactone (PCL). Mineral filler is based on tricalcium phosphate (TCP) with different chitosan ratio used as bio-response enhancer additive. Four mixtures were prepared: S0—unfilled polymer matrix; S1 with 50% TCP filler; S2 with 50% chitosan + TCP filler; and S3 with 17.5% chitosan + TCP mixed with 17.5% nano hydroxyapatite (HA). The mechanical properties testing revealed that the best compressive strength was obtained by S2, followed by S3, and the worst value was obtained for the unfilled matrix. The same tendency was observed for tensile and flexural strength. These results show that the novel filler system increases the mechanical resistance of the TCP composite cements. Liquid exposure investigation reveals a relative constant solubility of the used filler systems during 21 days of exposure: the most soluble fillers being S3 and S2 revealing that the additivated TCP is more soluble than without additives ones. Thus, the filler embedding mode into the polymer matrix plays a key role in the liquid absorption. It was observed that additive filler enhances the hydrophobicity of UDMA monomer, with the matrix resulting in the lowest liquid absorption values, while the non-additivated samples are more absorbent due to the prevalence of hydrolytic aliphatic groups within PEG 400. The higher liquid absorption was obtained on the first day of immersion, and it progressively decreased with exposure time due to the relative swelling of the surface microstructural features. The obtained results are confirmed by the microstructural changes monitored by SEM microscopy. S3 and S2 present a very uniform and compact filler distribution, while S1 presents local clustering of the TCP powder at the contact with the polymer matrix. The liquid exposure revealed significant pore formation in S0 and S1 samples, while S3 and S2 proved to be more resistant against superficial erosion, proving the best resistance against liquid penetration.
Fundamentals of turfgrass management.

Preface. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. Careers in the Turfgrass Industry. Chapter 2. Introduction to the Grasses. Chapter 3. Cool-Season Grasses. Chapter 4. Warm-Season Grasses. Chapter 5. Ornamental Grasses. Chapter 6. Establishment. Chapter 7. Soil Testing and Soil Amendment. Chapter 8. Fertilization. Chapter 9. Mowing, Plant Growth Regulators, and Shade. Chapter 10. Irrigation. Chapter 11. Thatch, Cultivation, and Topdressing. Chapter 12. Weed Control. Chapter 13. Turf Insects. Chapter 14. Turfgrass Diseases. Chapter 15. Sports Field Management. Chapter 16. Sod Production. Chapter 17. Professional Lawn Care. Chapter 18. Golf Course Maintenance. About the Author. Index.
Can Text-based Knowledge Graph Completion Benefit From Zero-Shot Large Language Models?

Text-based knowledge graph completion (KGC) methods, leveraging textual entity descriptions are at the research forefront. The efficacy of these models hinges on the quality of the textual data. This study explores whether enriched or more efficient textual descriptions can amplify model performance. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable improvements in NLP tasks, attributed to their sophisticated text generation and conversational capabilities. LLMs assimilate linguistic patterns and integrate knowledge from their training data. Compared to traditional databases like Wikipedia, LLMs provide several advantages, facilitating broader information querying and content augmentation. We hypothesize that LLMs, without fine-tuning, can refine entity descriptions, serving as an auxiliary knowledge source. An in-depth analysis was conducted to verify this hypothesis. We found that (1) without fine-tuning, LLMs have the capability to further improve the quality of entity text descriptions. We validated this through experiments on the FB15K-237 and WN18RR datasets. (2) LLMs exhibit text generation hallucination issues and selectively output words with multiple meanings. This was mitigated by contextualizing prompts to constrain LLM outputs. (3) Larger model sizes do not necessarily guarantee better performance; even the 7B model can achieve optimized results in this comparative task. These findings underscore the untapped potential of large models in text-based KGC, which is a promising direction for further research in KGC. The code and datasets are accessible at \href{https://github.com/sjlmg/CP-KGC}.
Late Paleogene Abyssal Circulation in North Atlantic: ABSTRACT

The earliest phase of intense abyssal circulation in the North Atlantic occurred near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary about 36 to 38 Ma. The abyssal currents eroded a prominent unconformity that is best developed along and near basin margins and at paleodepths below about 3 km (9,800 ft). The unconformity forms a strong reflecting interface in both the northern North Atlantic (reflector R4) and the western North Atlantic (horizon Au). We estimate from the geometric relations of the unconformity that about 0.5 × 106 km3 of sediment were eroded from the margins of the northern and western North Atlantic basins. Below the unconformity, bedding relations in seismic reflection profiles show little evidence for significant abyssal circulation however, deep-sea boreholes have recovered abundant biosiliceous Eocene sediments that may be related to increased upwelling that was stimulated by a weaker, precursory abyssal circulation phase. Erosional and depositional patterns indicate that the bottom water source for the early Oligocene abyssal circulation system was in the northern Atlantic. The Greenland Sea opened about this time and may have provided a passage for dense, intermediate or deep Arctic water to enter first the Norwegian Sea and then the North Atlantic via passages in the Greenland-Scotland Ridge (Denmark Straits and Faeroe-Shetland Channel). This water presumably penetrated into the South Atlantic and beyond, transporting its suspended sediment load to depositional locales peripheral to and away from basins margins. Penetration of the water mass to circum-Antarctic areas may have provided a reinforcing teleconnection that aided formation of deep and bottom water around Antarctica, which apparently was pr requisite to initial development of the global psycrosphere at this time. There is a suggestion in the distribution of the unconformity in North Atlantic borehole and seismic data that with time the abyssal currents progressively affected shallower sea floor (< 3 km; < 9,800 ft) and became more restricted to proximal areas of basin margins. Along the eastern United States continental slope and probably elsewhere, the unconformity locally was reexcavated by erosion (turbidity currents and sediment mass movements) associated with a mid-Oligocene sea-level lowstand. Flow intensity of the abyssal current system decreased throughout the Oligocene. By late Oligocene to early Miocene time, current-controlled deposition, as opposed to erosion and/or transport, was widespread. Most of the major sedimentary ridges first began to nucleate at this time and sedime t waves became a common and persistent feature in the sedimentary record. End_of_Article - Last_Page 559------------
Cryosphere products in the first generation of the Global Change Observation Mission-Climate (GCOM-C1)

The “Global Change Observation Mission-Climate” (GCOM-C) is a project of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for the global and long-term observation of the Earth environment. The GCOM-C is expected to play an important role in monitoring and understanding global climate change. It will be a kind of health checkup of the Earth from space. The GCOM-C also aims to construct, use, and verify systems that enable continuous global-scale observations of various geophysical parameters. The GCOMC is a part of the JAXA’s GCOM mission which consists of two satellite series, GCOM-C and GCOM-W (Water), spanning three generations in order to perform uniform and stable global observations for 13 years. Whereas GCOM-W carries a multi-frequency, dual-polarized, passive microwave radiometer named Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) to observe waterrelated targets such as precipitation, water vapor, sea surface wind speed, sea surface temperature, soil moisture, and snow depth, GCOM-C carries a multi-spectral optical radiometer named Second Generation Global Imager (SGLI), which will have special features of wide spectral coverage from 380nm to 12�m, a high spatial resolution of 250m, a field of view exceeding 1000km, two direction simultaneous observation, and polarization observation. The GCOM-C mission aims to contribute to improving our knowledge and prediction of the global carbon cycle and radiation budget through high-accuracy observation of global vegetation, ocean color, temperature, cloud, aerosol, and snow and ice through the SGLI observations. The GCOM will take over the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) mission and transition into long-term monitoring of the Earth. One of the important targets to be observed by GCOM-C is snow and sea ice in the cryosphere. SGLI on GCOM-C1 will retrieve not only snow cover extent but also snow physical parameters such as snow grain size, temperature, and mass fraction of impurity mixed in snow layer. The snow physical parameters are important factors that determine spectral albedo of the snow surface. Thus it is essential to monitor those parameters from space in order to better understand snow metamorphosis and melting process and also to study the response of snow and sea-ice cover extent in the Polar Regions to a climate forcing such as global warming. A final goal of these observations is to improve land-surface processes in numerical climate models by accumulating knowledge on the evolution of snow and sea ice in the cryosphere.
Mosquitoes Possess Specialized Cuticular Proteins That Are Evolutionarily Related to the Elastic Protein Resilin

Simple Summary Insects possess elastic cuticles in movable body parts such as the wing hinges and the basement of the hind legs of jumping insects. These cuticles contain a rubber-like protein called resilin. Resilin is a member of a cuticular protein family with a specific binding domain to chitin, which is another component of the cuticle. Resilin, or resilin-like proteins, have been reported in many insects. In a malaria vector mosquito, a curious cuticular protein has been found. It has a chitin-binding domain that is highly homologous to resilin, but it lacks repetitive sequences that are common in resilin and are essential for its elastic properties. It was unknown whether this protein is conserved in mosquitoes, whether this protein is the mosquito resilin, or whether mosquitoes possess another canonical resilin. In this paper, we found that this protein (termed resilin-related) is conserved in mosquitoes and seems to be evolutionarily derived from the resilin. Resilin-related, however, has very different structural features from resilin. Therefore, it probably plays special roles distinct from those of resilin in mosquitoes. Another resilin-like protein was found to exist commonly in holometabolous insects. Although this protein is likewise not a canonical resilin, it might confer elastic properties to cuticles in mosquitoes. Abstract Resilin is an elastic protein that is vital to insects’ vigorous movement. Canonical resilin proteins possess the R&R Consensus, a chitin-binding domain conserved in a family of cuticular proteins, and highly repetitive sequences conferring elastic properties. In the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, however, a cuticular protein has been found that has an R&R Consensus resembling that of resilin but lacks the repetitive sequences (here, we call it resilin-related or resilin-r). The relationship between resilin-r and resilin was unclear. It was also unknown whether resilin-r is conserved in mosquitoes. In this paper, phylogenetic and structural analyses were performed to reveal the relationship of resilin homologous proteins from holometabolous insects. Their chitin-binding abilities were also assessed. A resilin-r was found in each mosquito species, and these proteins constitute a clade with resilin from other insects based on the R&R Consensus sequences, indicating an evolutionary relationship between resilin-r and resilin. The resilin-r showed chitin-binding activity as same as resilin, but had distinct structural features from resilin, suggesting that it plays specialized roles in the mosquito cuticle. Another resilin-like protein was found to exist in each holometabolous insect that possesses resilin-like repetitive sequences but lacks the R&R Consensus. These results suggest that similar evolutionary events occurred to create resilin-r and resilin-like proteins.
Adaptive Filter Theory

Background and Overview. 1. Stochastic Processes and Models. 2. Wiener Filters. 3. Linear Prediction. 4. Method of Steepest Descent. 5. Least-Mean-Square Adaptive Filters. 6. Normalized Least-Mean-Square Adaptive Filters. 7. Transform-Domain and Sub-Band Adaptive Filters. 8. Method of Least Squares. 9. Recursive Least-Square Adaptive Filters. 10. Kalman Filters as the Unifying Bases for RLS Filters. 11. Square-Root Adaptive Filters. 12. Order-Recursive Adaptive Filters. 13. Finite-Precision Effects. 14. Tracking of Time-Varying Systems. 15. Adaptive Filters Using Infinite-Duration Impulse Response Structures. 16. Blind Deconvolution. 17. Back-Propagation Learning. Epilogue. Appendix A. Complex Variables. Appendix B. Differentiation with Respect to a Vector. Appendix C. Method of Lagrange Multipliers. Appendix D. Estimation Theory. Appendix E. Eigenanalysis. Appendix F. Rotations and Reflections. Appendix G. Complex Wishart Distribution. Glossary. Abbreviations. Principal Symbols. Bibliography. Index.
Compared to men, women view professional advancement as equally attainable, but less desirable

Significance We identify a profound and consistent gender gap in people’s core life goals. Across nine studies using diverse sample populations (executives in high-power positions, recent graduates of a top MBA program, undergraduate students, and online panels of working adults) and over 4,000 participants, we find that, compared to men, women have a higher number of life goals, place less importance on power-related goals, associate more negative outcomes (e.g., time constraints and tradeoffs) with high-power positions, perceive power as less desirable, and are less likely to take advantage of opportunities for professional advancement. Women view high-level positions as equally attainable as men do, but less desirable. Our findings advance the science of gender, goals, organizational behavior, and decision making. Women are underrepresented in most high-level positions in organizations. Though a great deal of research has provided evidence that bias and discrimination give rise to and perpetuate this gender disparity, in the current research we explore another explanation: men and women view professional advancement differently, and their views affect their decisions to climb the corporate ladder (or not). In studies 1 and 2, when asked to list their core goals in life, women listed more life goals overall than men, and a smaller proportion of their goals related to achieving power at work. In studies 3 and 4, compared to men, women viewed high-level positions as less desirable yet equally attainable. In studies 5–7, when faced with the possibility of receiving a promotion at their current place of employment or obtaining a high-power position after graduating from college, women and men anticipated similar levels of positive outcomes (e.g., prestige and money), but women anticipated more negative outcomes (e.g., conflict and tradeoffs). In these studies, women associated high-level positions with conflict, which explained the relationship between gender and the desirability of professional advancement. Finally, in studies 8 and 9, men and women alike rated power as one of the main consequences of professional advancement. Our findings reveal that men and women have different perceptions of what the experience of holding a high-level position will be like, with meaningful implications for the perpetuation of the gender disparity that exists at the top of organizational hierarchies.
Confidence sets for persistence diagrams

Persistent homology is a method for probing topological properties of point clouds and functions. The method involves tracking the birth and death of topological features (2000) as one varies a tuning parameter. Features with short lifetimes are informally considered to be "topological noise," and those with a long lifetime are considered to be "topological signal. " In this paper, we bring some statistical ideas to persistent homology. In particular, we derive confidence sets that allow us to separate topological signal from topological noise.