Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An r-Dimensional Quadratic Placement Algorithm

In this paper the solution to the problem of placing n connected points (or nodes) in r-dimensional Euclidean space is given. The criterion for optimality is minimizing a weighted sum of squared distances between the points subject to quadratic constraints of the form X'X - 1, for each of the r unknown coordinate vectors. It is proved that the problem reduces to the minimization of a sum or r positive semi-definite quadratic forms which, under the quadratic constraints, reduces to the problem of finding r eigenvectors of a special "disconnection" matrix. It is shown, by example, how this can serve as a basis for cluster identification.
3DPFIX: Improving Remote Novices' 3D Printing Troubleshooting through Human-AI Collaboration

The widespread consumer-grade 3D printers and learning resources online enable novices to self-train in remote settings. While troubleshooting plays an essential part of 3D printing, the process remains challenging for many remote novices even with the help of well-developed online sources, such as online troubleshooting archives and online community help. We conducted a formative study with 76 active 3D printing users to learn how remote novices leverage online resources in troubleshooting and their challenges. We found that remote novices cannot fully utilize online resources. For example, the online archives statically provide general information, making it hard to search and relate their unique cases with existing descriptions. Online communities can potentially ease their struggles by providing more targeted suggestions, but a helper who can provide custom help is rather scarce, making it hard to obtain timely assistance. We propose 3DPFIX, an interactive 3D troubleshooting system powered by the pipeline to facilitate Human-AI Collaboration, designed to improve novices' 3D printing experiences and thus help them easily accumulate their domain knowledge. We built 3DPFIX that supports automated diagnosis and solution-seeking. 3DPFIX was built upon shared dialogues about failure cases from Q&A discourses accumulated in online communities. We leverage social annotations (i.e., comments) to build an annotated failure image dataset for AI classifiers and extract a solution pool. Our summative study revealed that using 3DPFIX helped participants spend significantly less effort in diagnosing failures and finding a more accurate solution than relying on their common practice. We also found that 3DPFIX users learn about 3D printing domain-specific knowledge. We discuss the implications of leveraging community-driven data in developing future Human-AI Collaboration designs.
The effect of hydration status on the echocardiographic measurements of normal cats.

BACKGROUND Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy of cats is based on 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. However, circulating fluid volume largely determines diastolic cardiac chamber dimensions, and reduced diastolic volume in other species results in what has been called "pseudohypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium. " HYPOTHESIS Altered hydration produces changes on 2D echocardiography that may confound the diagnosis or severity assessment of cardiomyopathy of cats. ANIMALS Ten normal colony-sourced mixed breed cats were included. METHODS Cats were examined by echocardiography at baseline and at completion of 3 protocols (volume depletion and maintenance-rate and anesthetic-rate IV fluid administration) applied in randomized crossover design with a 6-7 day washout period. RESULTS Volume depletion increased diastolic left ventricular interventricular septal (IVSd) and free wall diameter (4.5 +/- 0.4 to 5.8 +/- 0.6 mm; P < .001) with wall thickness exceeding 6 mm in 4 cats. Diastolic left ventricular internal diameter (LVIDd) decreased, and reduction in systolic left ventricular internal diameter (LVIDs) produced end-systolic cavity obliteration in 7 cats. Left-atrial-to-aortic-root ratio (LA: Ao, 1.4 +/- 0.2 to 1.2 +/- 0.1, P < .05) and left atrial area in diastole (LAAd) decreased with volume depletion. Maintenance-rate IV fluid administration increased LAAd and fractional shortening (FS%). Anesthetic-rate IV fluid administration increased LVIDd, FS%, LAAd, and LA:Ao ratios (to 1.7 +/- 0.1, P < .01), producing an LA: Ao ratio above normal limits in 6 cats. A systolic heart murmur developed with administration of fluid at maintenance (n = 1) and anesthetic rates (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS Altered hydration status produces changes in the echocardiographic examination of normal cats that may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of cardiomyopathy or mask its presence. Hydration status should be considered during echocardiographic examination in cats.
Mortality and suicide after self-harm: community cohort study in Taiwan

Background Little is known about outcomes after self-harm in East Asia. Aims To investigate mortality after self-harm in a Taiwanese population. Method Between 2000 and 2003, 1083 individuals who self-harmed were identified through a population self-harm register in Nantou County, Taiwan, and followed until 2007 for date and cause of death on a national mortality database. Results In total, 145 individuals died, 48 through suicide. The risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in the first year were 4.7% and 2.1% respectively, representing 8- and 131-fold age- and gender-standardised increases. Male gender and older age were independent risk factors for both suicide and non-suicide mortality. Use of more lethal methods in the index episode was associated with higher mortality but this was accounted for by gender. Conclusions Results in this sample support the recommendation that people with a history of recent self-harm should be a major target for suicide prevention programmes.
Designing ApplTree: usable scheduling software for people with cognitive impairments

Abstract Background Smartphone reminding applications can help overcome memory difficulties experienced by people with acquired brain injury (ABI). Cognitive difficulties with memory and attention make entering reminders into a device, and remembering to set reminders, challenging for this group. ApplTree is a reminding app with features that aim to address challenges. One app feature was push notifications (asking “Do you need to set any reminders? ”) to support people to initiate use of the app to set reminders. Another app feature was a customisable user interface design to support attention and short term memory during reminder setting. Methods In a mixed-methods user study, five people with self or other reported memory impairment following ABI used ApplTree for at least 4 months. They received push notifications for at least 2 months and no push notifications for at least 2 months. Monthly participant interviews provided insight into user interface preference, app use, and push notification acceptability. Results Receiving four Push notifications per day doubled number of daily reminders set and four of the five participants found receiving them to be acceptable. This long-term field study uncovered issues relevant for clinicians and designers, including insights into the potential benefits of different user interface designs, the impact of family members on app use, and the importance of perceived need influencing use and acceptance. Conclusions Feedback provided insight into future considerations when designing reminding apps and using them in neuropsychological rehabilitation. This work highlights the benefit of user-led research into accessible design and use of assistive technologies. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION “Unsolicited” push prompts are an easy to implement feature of reminding technology that is useful and acceptable for people with ABI in community rehabilitation. Observations provide insights about how people with ABI make use of reminding apps over time. This can inform those designing apps or providing reminding technology as part of neuropsychological rehabilitation. Participants differed on their preference of the two user-interface designs available in ApplTree. This highlights an area for future research because currently available reminding apps have a broad-shallow design which may not always be appropriate for people with ABI.
Fitting Empirical Fundamental Diagrams of Road Traffic: A Comprehensive Review and Comparison of Models Using an Extensive Data Set

Understanding the inter-relationships between traffic flow, density, and speed through the study of the fundamental diagram of road traffic is critical for traffic modelling and management. Consequently, over the last 85 years, a wealth of models have been developed for its functional form. However, there has been no clear answer as to which model is the most appropriate for observed (i.e. empirical) fundamental diagrams and under which conditions. A lack of data has been partly to blame. Motivated by shortcomings in previous reviews, we first present a comprehensive literature review on modelling the functional form of empirical fundamental diagrams. We then perform fits of 50 previously proposed models to a high quality sample of 10 150 empirical fundamental diagrams pertaining to 25 cities. Comparing the fits using information criteria, we find that the non-parametric Sun model greatly outperforms all of the other models. The Sun model maintains its winning position regardless of road type and congestion level. Our study, the first of its kind when considering the number of models tested and the amount of data used, finally provides a definitive answer to the question “Which model for the functional form of an empirical fundamental diagram is currently the best? ”. The word “currently” in this question is key, because previously proposed models adopt an inappropriate Gaussian noise model with constant variance. We advocate that future research should shift focus to exploring more sophisticated noise models. This will lead to an improved understanding of empirical fundamental diagrams and their underlying functional forms.
Recovering Detectable Uncorrectable Errors via Spatial Data Prediction

High-performance computing applications are central to advancement in many fields of science and engineering. Central to this advancement is the supposed reliability of the HPC system. However, as system size grows and hardware components run with near-threshold voltages, transient upset events become more likely. Many works have explored the problem of correcting data corruption; however, recovery is often left to checkpoint-restart or application-specific techniques. Recovering from a checkpoint incurs overhead due to reading a checkpoint and recomputing lost work. Allowing the application to recover just the corrupted data enables faster and more efficient recovery. This paper explores using spatial similarities to recover detectable uncorrectable errors. We explore several reconstruction methods and evaluate their effectiveness at recovering corrupted entries in data arrays. Results show that the Lorenzo 1-Layer prediction method yields the best results, with over half of its reconstructions having less than 1% relative error across all applications.
Estimating packet loss rate in the access through application-level measurements

End user monitoring of quality of experience is one of the necessary steps to achieve an effective and winning control over network neutrality. The involvement of the end user, however, requires the development of light and user-friendly tools that can be easily run at the application level with limited effort and network resources usage. In this paper, we propose a simple model to estimate packet loss rate perceived by a connection, by round trip time and TCP goodput samples collected at the application level. The model is derived from the well-known Mathis equation, which predicts the bandwidth of a steady-state TCP connection under random losses and delayed ACKs and it is evaluated in a testbed environment under a wide range of different conditions. Experiments are also run on real access networks. We plan to use the model to analyze the results collected by the "network neutrality bot" (Neubot), a research tool that performs application-level network-performance measurements. However, the methodology is easily portable and can be interesting for basically any user application that performs large downloads or uploads and requires to estimate access network quality and its variations.
A new donors’ CYP3A5 and recipients’ CYP3A4 cluster predicting tacrolimus disposition, and new-onset hypertension in Chinese liver transplant patients

Aim The purpose of the current study was to investigate individualized therapy of tacrolimus (Tac), as well as complications after liver transplantation (LT) with the known genetic determinants and clinical factors. Methods In this retrospective study, two cohorts (n=170) from the China Liver Transplant Registry (CLTR) database from July 2007 to March 2015 were included. Results Both donors’ CYP3A5*3 and recipients’ CYP3A4*1G had a correlation with Tac pharmacokinetics at four weeks (all P<0.05), except recipients’ CYP3A4*1G nearly had an association at week 2 (P=0.055). The model of donors’ CYP3A5*3, recipients’ CYP3A4*1G, and total bilirubin (TBL), for the prediction of Tac disposition, was better than donors’ CYP3A5*3 only at week 1, 2, and 3 (P=0.010, P=0.007, and P=0.010, respectively), but not apparent at week 4 (P=0.297). Besides, when the P value was greater than or equal to 0.6685 after considering the false-positive rate R=10%, the patients were considered to have a faster metabolism, according to the mentioned model. Interestingly, we found that if more than or equal to two alleles A were present in the combination of donors’ CYP3A5*3 and recipients’ CYP3A4*1G genotype, there was a lower Tac C/D ration at week 1, 2, and 3 (P<0.001, P=0.001, and P<0.001), except at week 4 (P=0.082), and the probability of new-onset hypertension was lesser (P<0.001). Conclusions These data provided a potential basis for a comprehensive approach to predicting the Tac dose requirement in individual patients and provided a strategy for the effective prevention, early diagnosis of new-onset hypertension in Chinese LT recipients.
Mechanisms of particulate matter toxicity

The human lung with a surface area of 40±120 m is constantly exposed to between 10 000 and 20 000 L of ambient air daily, which consists of a wide range and a large number of non-biological particles produced by human inhabitation. The lung's defence mechanisms are usually adequate to deal with a large number of particles deposited on to its surface. In brief, these constitute mechanical removal and biochemical neutralization. Larger particles deposited on the conducting areas such as the trachea and bronchi are propelled upwards by the mucociliary clearance mechanisms into the throat and ®nally swallowed, while smaller particles which reach the oxygen absorbing area of the lung are removed by scavenging cells called macrophages, which either carry the phagocytosed particles up to the airways towards the mucociliary clearance system or are transported through the alveolar wall into the lungs' internal clearance channels, the lymphatic vessels which drain into the lymph nodes, where they might remain in an inert state, or be transported into the blood. Particles present in the ambient air contain transition metals capable of generating reactive oxygen molecules that produce an oxidantmediated damage to cells lining the mucous membrane. These oxidizing substances are rapidly neutralized by antioxidants which are secreted by epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract or which passively diffuse from the plasma into the respiratory lining ̄uid. Although the healthy lung is capable of dealing effectively with a large number of particles deposited on to its surface, these defence mechanisms may be overwhelmed by either particle number overload or by the inherent toxicity of the particle. In patients compromised with lung functions such as defective mucociliary clearance or abnormal immune function, even a small particle load may be suf®cient to produce harmful effects on the lung. Recently, there have been increasing concerns over the adverse health effects of these ambient non-biological particles. Over 60 epidemiological studies conducted in different geographical locations of the world have demonstrated a consistent association between ambient levels of particles with various health outcome indices, including mortality, exacerbations of asthma, chronic bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, ischaemic heart diseases and strokes [1±4]. Similarly, there has been an increasing understanding into the underlying biological mechanisms of toxicity of particles over recent years, which has helped to strengthen the association between particulate matter and health as causal, as has been suggested in epidemiological studies. This article reviews the literature of the various mechanisms of particulate matter toxicity.
Getting Started on Political Research

Benjamin A. Most, or "Ben" as he was affectionately known to his friends, colleagues, and students, was an associate professor at the University of Iowa when he died suddenly in November of 1986. In the discipline of political science he will be remembered most for his provocative and cogently argued "think pieces," written with Harvey Starr, that force researchers in the international relations field to reflect on the logical and theoretical bases of their inquiry. While his published contributions to the field will live on for some time, in a few of us who were lucky enough to be his students he leaves another legacy. From the opening day of his introductory graduate I.R. class it became clear that Ben had an infectious enthusiasm, even excitement for political research. As the semester progressed, students-especially those who got close to himoften "caught" Ben's love of research, which I believe remains alive in us still, someday perhaps to be passed on to yet another generation of students. Ben's enthusiasm, as well as the thoughtfulness with which he approached his discipline, are communicated in the following piece, in which he presents many of his ideas on the research enterprise. It is hoped that its publication will help students of political science currently struggling with the perennial questions of, "What should I do? " and "How should I do it? " to finally get started. '
Using Pseudotypes To Study Heterosubtypic Antibody Responses Elicted By Seasonal Influenza Vaccination

Influenza viruses represent an important public health burden since they cause annual epidemics associated with severe illness and mortality in high-risk populations. Additionally, zoonotic influenza virus infections have potential to produce intermittent pandemics, which have led to millions of deaths globally. However, strategies to prevent influenza severity and spread can be implemented. It is known that antibodies against the haemagglutinin play a key role in protection from influenza virus infection, thus both seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines aim to elicit such antibodies. Generally, they are directed against haemagglutinin globular head epitopes and are able to neutralize closely related influenza strains, but recently antibodies able to neutralize multiple influenza strains and subtypes have also been described. The discovery of these antibodies, primarily directed against the haemagglutinin stalk, has generated interest in understanding how they are generated and how widespread they are in the human population. Furthermore, eliciting such antibodies has become the aim of many ‘universal’ vaccine approaches. However, the study of these cross-reactive antibodies using classical serological assays is problematic since the current assays have been shown to be relatively insensitive in detecting them. The main objective of this thesis was to study the presence and breadth of cross-reactive neutralizing responses in human populations. To overcome the limitations of current serological tests in detecting these responses, lentiviral pseudotype particles bearing the haemagglutinins of different influenza A subtypes and influenza B strains were used as surrogate antigens in neutralization assays. After the generation of these novel tools and the establishment of appropriate controls, pseudotype particle neutralization assays were employed to investigate cross-reactive antibody responses in pre- and post-vaccination sera. Next, the use of chimeric haemagglutinins, in which the globular head was substituted with the head of a different subtype, was incorporated into the pseudotype system. This allowed the differentiation between haemagglutinin head-directed and stalk-directed antibody responses. The ability to efficiently detect broadly neutralizing antibody responses, including those directed against the haemagglutinin stalk, shows that pseudotype particles are tools that should be further characterised and implemented to be used in sero-epidemiological studies and for ‘universal’ vaccine immunogenicity studies.
Phylogenetic Relationships of Cottids (Pisces: Cottidae ) in Upper Snake River Basin of Western North America

Phylogenetic Relationships of Cottids (Pisces: Cottidae) in Upper Snake River Basin of Western North America Sun Yeong Oh Department of Biology, BYU Master of Science Freshwater sculpins (Cottus) are common throughout temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Their broad distribution in the Western North America makes them a good model for understanding phylogeographic relationships among western fishes. Within much of the interior west three lineages, C. bairdii, C. confusus, and the C. beldingii complex, are most prevalent. The distribution of these three overlap in the Snake River Basin. All occur below Shoshone Falls on the Snake River. However, only two currently reside in the Upper Snake River above the falls. An exception are the Lost River streams of central Idaho. While these streams are technically part of the Upper Snake River Basin, they do not directly connect with the Snake River. Preliminary studies with a single mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene suggested multiple pathways for Cottus introduction into the Lost River stream complex. Here, three mitochondrial and five nuclear genes were examined to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of these three lineages. Sequences were obtained from 71 different populations in the Lost River streams and surrounding basins. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenies were constructed using these data. Our data indicate that relationships among populations within these species are complex and that no single invasion into the Lost River streams and surrounding regions can account for the phylogenetic signals detected. Instead, it appears that multiple invasions in an evolving landscape played a significant role in the modern distribution of species in this region.