Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Empirical modeling of the storm time innermost magnetosphere using Van Allen Probes and THEMIS data: Eastward and banana currents

The structure of storm time currents in the inner magnetosphere, including its innermost region inside 4RE, is studied for the first time using a modification of the empirical geomagnetic field model TS07D and new data from Van Allen Probes and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms missions. It is shown that the model, which uses basis‐function expansions instead of ad hoc current modules to approximate the magnetic field, consistently improves its resolution and magnetic field reconstruction with the increase of the number of basis functions and resolves the spatial structure and evolution of the innermost eastward current. This includes a connection between the westward ring current flowing largely at R≳3RE and the eastward ring current concentrated at R≲3RE resulting in a vortex current pattern. A similar pattern coined ‘banana current’ was previously inferred from the pressure distributions based on the energetic neutral atom imaging and first‐principles ring current simulations. The morphology of the equatorial currents is dependent on storm phase. During the main phase, it is complex, with several asymmetries forming banana currents. Near SYM‐H minimum, the banana current is strongest, is localized in the evening‐midnight sector, and is more structured compared to the main phase. It then weakens during the recovery phase resulting in the equatorial currents to become mostly azimuthally symmetric.
The effect of intercepted rainfall on the water balance of a hardwood forest

Evaporation from a large hardwood forest is estimated from measurements of the required meteorological variables and from measured stomatal resistances. A correction factor is derived to overcome the incorrect assumption that evaporative demand remains the same during wet and dry periods. The factor is based on the ratio of the isothermal resistances during the wet and subsequent dry periods. The stomatal measurements were converted to canopy resistances by dividing by the leaf area index and were used to obtain the water balance for the entire season. The results are analyzed to show that evaporation from a wet canopy is often 2–3 times greater than transpiration from the same surface. Rates of interceptional loss, calculated from the wet and dry evaporation rates, were verified by direct measurements of throughfall and stemflow. Net interceptional loss, equal to the excess evaporation from a wet canopy over a dry one, depended on rainfall duration and character and was on the average about 60–80% of total interception, In the overall summer water balance of 442 mm of precipitation and 52-mm depletion of soil storage, transpiration via the trees accounted for 261 mm; evaporation from the wetted leaves and branches for 111 mm, and runoff for 131 mm, giving an error of closure in the water balance of only 9 mm. If transpiration only had been used instead of interception when the canopy was wet, the error in the water balance would have been 100 mm.
Impacts ofClimate Change on Range Expansion by the Mountain Pine Beetle

The current latitudinal and elevational range of mountain pine beetle (MPB) is not limited by available hosts. Instead, its potential to expand north and east has been restricted by climatic conditions unfavorable for brood development. We combined a model of the impact of climatic conditions on the establishment and persistence of MPB populations with a spatially explicit, climate-driven simulation tool. Historic weather records were used to produce maps of the distribution of past climatically suitable habitats for MPB in British Columbia. Overlays of annual MPB occurrence on these maps were used to determine if the beetle has expanded its range in recent years due to changing climate. An examination of the distribution of climatically suitable habitats in 10-year increments derived from climate normals (1921-1950 to 1971-2000) clearly shows an increase in the range of benign habitats. Furthermore, an increase (at an increasing rate) in the number of infestations since 1970 in formerly climatically unsuitable habitats indicates that MPB populations have expanded into these new areas. The potential for additional range expansion by MPB under continued global warming was assessed from projections derived from the CGCM1 global circulation model and a conservative forcing scenario equivalent to a doubling of CO2 (relative to the 1980s) by approximately 2050. Predicted weather conditions were combined with the climatic suitability model to examine the distribution of benign habitats from 1981-2010 to 19412070 for all of Canada. The area of climatically suitable habitats is anticipated to continue to increase within the historic range of MPB. Moreover, much of the boreal forest will become climatically available to the beetle in the near future. Since jack pine is a viable host for MPB and a major component of the boreal forest, continued eastward expansion by MPB is probable.
Recent advances in the understanding of tubal ectopic pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is described as the implantation of an embryo outside the normal uterine cavity. It most commonly occurs in the fallopian tube, hence termed a tubal ectopic pregnancy (tEP). It is a gynaecological emergency and remains the leading cause of direct maternal mortality related to the first trimester of pregnancy worldwide. This article explores the emergence of additional risk factors for tEP, showing new evidence for identifying patient risk factors and highlighting potential areas of research. Additionally, we discuss the up-to-date patient-centred approach for the diagnosis, management and counselling of patients with tEP and ongoing clinical trials for the improvement of medical management.
The Effect of Signal-to-Noise Ratio on the Study of Sea Level Trends

Abstract Extracting secular sea level trends from the background ocean variability is limited by how well one can correct for the time-varying and oscillating signals in the record. Many geophysical processes contribute time-dependent signals to the data, making the sea level trend difficult to detect. In this paper, cyclostationary empirical orthogonal functions (CSEOFs) are used to quantify and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between the secular trend and the background variability, obscuring this trend in the altimetric sea level record by identifying and removing signals that are physically interpretable. Over the 16-yr altimetric record the SNR arising from the traditional least squares method for estimating trends can be improved from 4.0% of the ocean having an SNR greater than one to 9.9% when using a more sophisticated statistical method based on CSEOFs. From a standpoint of signal detection, this implies that the secular trend in a greater portion of the ocean can be estimated with a hig.
CALL FOR PAPERS Integrative and Translational Physiology: Integrative Aspects of Energy Homeostasis and Metabolic Diseases Glucose sensing by gut endocrine cells and activation of the vagal afferent pathway is impaired in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Lee J, Cummings BP, Martin E, Sharp JW, Graham JL, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Raybould HE. Glucose sensing by gut endocrine cells and activation of the vagal afferent pathway is impaired in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302: R657–R666, 2012. First published December 7, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00345. 2011. —Glucose in the gut lumen activates gut endocrine cells to release 5-HT, glucagon-like peptide 1/2 (GLP-1/2), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which act to change gastrointestinal function and regulate postprandial plasma glucose. There is evidence that both release and action of incretin hormones is reduced in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We measured cellular activation of enteroendocrine and enterochromaffin cells, enteric neurons, and vagal afferent neurons in response to intestinal glucose in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the UCD-T2DM rat. Prediabetic (PD), recent-diabetic (RD, 2 wk postonset), and 3-mo diabetic (3MD) fasted UCD-T2DM rats were given an orogastric gavage of vehicle (water, 0.5 ml /100 g body wt) or glucose (330 mol/100 g body wt); after 6 min tissue was removed and cellular activation was determined by immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated calcium calmodulin-dependent kinase II (pCaMKII). In PD rats, pCaMKII immunoreactivity was increased in duodenal 5-HT (P 0.001), K (P 0.01) and L (P 0.01) cells in response to glucose; glucose-induced activation of all three cell types was significantly reduced in RD and 3MD compared with PD rats. Immunoreactivity for GLP-1, but not GIP, was significantly reduced in RD and 3MD compared with PD rats (P 0.01). Administration of glucose significantly increased pCaMKII in enteric and vagal afferent neurons in PD rats; glucose-induced pCaMKII immunoreactivity was attenuated in enteric and vagal afferent neurons (P 0.01, P 0.001, respectively) in RD and 3MD. These data suggest that glucose sensing in enteroendocrine and enterochromaffin cells and activation of neural pathways is markedly impaired in UCD-T2DM rats.
Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Lytic Programmed Cell Death in Acute Inflammation

Significance: Redox signaling through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) has a key role in several mechanisms of regulated cell death (RCD), necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and apoptosis, thereby decisively contributing to inflammatory disorders. The role of mtROS in apoptosis has been extensively addressed, but their involvement in necrotic-like RCD has just started being elucidated, providing novel insights into the pathophysiology of acute inflammation. Recent Advances: p53 together with mtROS drive necroptosis in acute inflammation through downregulation of sulfiredoxin and peroxiredoxin 3. Mitochondrial hydroorotate dehydrogenase is a key redox system in the regulation of ferroptosis. In addition, a noncanonical pathway, which generates mtROS through the Ragulator-Rag complex and acts via mTORC1 to promote gasdermin D oligomerization, triggers pyroptosis. Critical Issues: mtROS trigger positive feedback loops leading to lytic RCD in conjunction with the necrosome, the inflammasome, glutathione depletion, and glutathione peroxidase 4 deficiency. Future Directions: The precise mechanism of membrane rupture in ferroptosis and the contribution of mtROS to ferroptosis in inflammatory disorders are still unclear, which will need further research. Mitochondrial antioxidants may provide promising therapeutic approaches toward acute inflammatory disorders. However, establishing doses and windows of action will be required to optimize their therapeutic potential, and to avoid potential adverse side effects linked to the blockade of beneficial mtROS adaptive signaling. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 708–727.
Error analysis for the evaluation of model performance: rainfall–runoff event time series data

This paper provides a procedure for evaluating model performance where model predictions and observations are given as time series data. The procedure focuses on the analysis of error time series by graphing them, summarizing them, and predicting their variability through available information (recalibration). We analysed two rainfall–runoff events from the R‐5 data set, and evaluated 12 distinct model simulation scenarios for these events, of which 10 were conducted with the quasi‐physically‐based rainfall–runoff model (QPBRRM) and two with the integrated hydrology model (InHM). The QPBRRM simulation scenarios differ in their representation of saturated hydraulic conductivity. Two InHM simulation scenarios differ with respect to the inclusion of the roads at R‐5. The two models, QPBRRM and InHM, differ strongly in the complexity and number of processes included. For all model simulations we found that errors could be predicted fairly well to very well, based on model output, or based on smooth functions of lagged rainfall data. The errors remaining after recalibration are much more alike in terms of variability than those without recalibration. In this paper, recalibration is not meant to fix models, but merely as a diagnostic tool that exhibits the magnitude and direction of model errors and indicates whether these model errors are related to model inputs such as rainfall. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quasi-Biennial and Quasi-Decadal Variations in Snow Accumulation over Northern Eurasia and Their Connections to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Abstract Spatial and temporal characteristics of winter snow depth variation over northern Eurasia and their connections to sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and associated atmospheric circulation anomalies, surface air temperatures, and precipitation are examined by using 60 yr (1936–95) of station data records. This study found that snow depth variation over the region east of the Caspian Sea and west of China, explaining 10.1% of total snow depth variance, has a quasi-biennial variability of about 2.5 yr. The snow depth variation over central European Russia and western-central Siberia, explaining 8.1% of the total snow depth variance, has a quasi-decadal variability of about 11.8 yr. The snow depth variation over the northern Ural Mountains, explaining 7.5% of the total snow depth variance has, variability of about 8 and 14 yr. The quasi-biennial snow depth variation is associated with SSTs over the northern North Pacific and tropical western Atlantic extending into the Gulf of Mexico. The associated at.
以Lattice Boltzmann Methods為基礎的植物繁殖、競爭模擬

Today, large 3D scenes such as forests, canyons and cities are used in many games and movies. These scenes also contain a lot of complex objects, and therefore need to use modeling software to produce. In the case of plant simulation, most modeling software is able to simulate external factors such as wind and other phenomena. However, the model itself remains static. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to design a simulation system which can generate 3D plant scene with great change over time. To simulate the distribution and diffusion phenomena in a large area grassland ecosystem, we first segment our land into small squares and generate the distribution of weeds of a square by ways of Poisson-Disk Sampling. And then splice these squares with different density together to form an entire environment. The diffusion of weeds is calculated by lattice Boltzmann method and with some extra effects to simulate more realistic results. In addition, as the basis for simulating real environment, we retrieve some important data from Geographic Information System (GIS) to reflect more realistic characteristics of natural scene.
Infrared spectral absorption of nearly invisible cirrus clouds

The SUbsonic aircraft Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS) was conducted 8 April–10 May 1996 to better understand the radiative properties of high level ice crystal clouds produced by anthropogenic (i.e., jet aircraft) and natural (i.e., weather) causes. In this paper multispectral radiance data observed during SUCCESS from the high flying NASA ER‐2 aircraft are presented to demonstrate that nearly ‘invisible’ high level layers of very small ice particles can cause very significant absorption (50% or more) of the upwelling infrared radiation to space.
Spelling Progress Bulletin

The spelling preferences of chief executive officers and those of Personnel Directors from the same corporations were compared. It was hypothesized that the same views toward spelling reform were not shared by the two groups. High-level executives selected traditional or reformed spellings from a thirty-item questionnaire. Personnel Directors from corporations whose executives responded then reviewed resumes containing all traditional or some reformed spellings. Their reactions to the resumes were compared with the reformed spelling choices of respective executives. It was found that although a relatively high percentage of reformed spellings were chosen by the executives, a significant prejudice existed against potential applicants whose resumes contained reformed spellings. Table of
Understanding Loneliness in Younger People: Review of the Opportunities and Challenges for Loneliness Interventions

Loneliness affects the quality of life of people all around the world. Loneliness is also shown to be directly associated with mental health issues and is often the cause of mental health problems. It is also shown to increase the risk of heart diseases and other physical illnesses. Loneliness is studied both from the social and medical sciences perspectives. There are also interventions on the basis of health informatics, information and communication technologies (ICTs), social media, and other technological solutions. In the literature, loneliness is studied from various angles and perspectives ranging from biological to socioeconomical and through anthropological understandings of technology. From the ICT and technological sides, there are multiple reviews studying the effectiveness of intervention strategies and solutions. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive review on loneliness that engulfs the psychological, social, and technological studies of loneliness. From the perspective of loneliness informatics (ie, the application of health informatics practices and tools), it is important to understand the psychological and biological basis of loneliness. When it comes to technological interventions to fight off loneliness, the majority of interventions focus on older people. While loneliness is highest among older people, theoretical and demographical studies of loneliness give a U-shaped distribution age-wise to loneliness; that is, younger people and older people are the demographics most affected by loneliness. But the strategies and interventions designed for older people cannot be directly applied to younger people. We present the dynamics of loneliness in younger people and also provide an overview of the technological interventions for loneliness in younger people. This paper presents an approach wherein the studies carried out from the perspectives of digital health and informatics are discussed in detail. A comprehensive overview of the understanding of loneliness and the study of the overall field of tools and strategies of loneliness informatics was carried out. The need to study loneliness in younger people is addressed and particular digital solutions and interventions developed for younger people are presented. This paper can be used to overcome the challenges of technological gaps in the studies and strategies developed for loneliness. The findings of this study show that the majority of interventions and reviews are focused on older people, with ICT-based and social media–based interventions showing promise for countering the effects of loneliness. There are new technologies, such as conversational agents and robots, which are tailored to the particular needs of younger people. This literature review suggests that the digital solutions developed to overcome loneliness can benefit people, and younger people in particular, more if they are made interactive in order to retain users.
Optimization of data pre-processing methods for time-series classification of electroencephalography data

ABSTRACT The performance of time-series classification of electroencephalographic data varies strongly across experimental paradigms and study participants. Reasons are task-dependent differences in neuronal processing and seemingly random variations between subjects, amongst others. The effect of data pre-processing techniques to ameliorate these challenges is relatively little studied. Here, the influence of spatial filter optimization methods and non-linear data transformation on time-series classification performance is analyzed by the example of high-frequency somatosensory evoked responses. This is a model paradigm for the analysis of high-frequency electroencephalography data at a very low signal-to-noise ratio, which emphasizes the differences of the explored methods. For the utilized data, it was found that the individual signal-to-noise ratio explained up to 74% of the performance differences between subjects. While data pre-processing was shown to increase average time-series classification performance, it could not fully compensate the signal-to-noise ratio differences between the subjects. This study proposes an algorithm to prototype and benchmark pre-processing pipelines for a paradigm and data set at hand. Extreme learning machines, Random Forest, and Logistic Regression can be used quickly to compare a set of potentially suitable pipelines. For subsequent classification, however, machine learning models were shown to provide better accuracy.
Estimating primaries by sparse inversion and application to near-offset data reconstruction

Accurate removal of surface-related multiples remains a challenge in many cases. To overcome typical inaccuracies in current multiple-removal techniques, we have developed a new primary-estimation method: estimation of primaries by sparse inversion (EPSI). EPSI is based on the same primary-multiple model as surface-related multiple elimination (SRME) and also requires no subsurface model. Unlike SRME, EPSI estimates the primaries as unknowns in a multidimensional inversion process rather than in a subtraction process. Furthermore, it does not depend on interpolated missing near-offset data because it can reconstruct missing data simultaneously. Sparseness plays a key role in the new primary-estimation procedure. The method was tested on 2D synthetic data.
Mixed‐phase cloud radiative properties over Ross Island, Antarctica: The influence of various synoptic‐scale atmospheric circulation regimes

Spectral downwelling shortwave irradiance measurements made beneath overcast stratiform cloud decks at Ross Island, Antarctica (77.5°S, 167°E), are used in conjunction with discrete ordinates‐based radiative transfer simulations to examine how mixed‐phase clouds influence shortwave irradiance at the surface during austral spring‐summer. From 10 October 2012 until 4 February 2013, an Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD, Inc.) spectroradiometer deployed at the Arrival Heights (77.82°S, 166.65°E) laboratory of McMurdo Station measured in 1 min averages the downwelling spectral hemispheric (direct plus diffuse) irradiance spanning visible (VIS) and near‐infrared regions of the solar spectrum, from 350 to 2200 nm. Conservative‐scattering cloud optical depth τc is retrieved in the interval 1022–1033 nm, where the albedo of the snow‐covered surface is lower than at VIS wavelengths. The impact of liquid versus mixed‐phase cloud properties on the surface shortwave energy budget is discerned using irradiances in the 1.6 μm window. Five case studies employ NASA A‐Train satellite and ancillary meteorological data sets to investigate the macrophysical, microphysical, and shortwave radiative characteristics of clouds possessing distinct meteorological histories. Cloud systems within marine air masses arriving at Ross Island after transiting the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) and the Ross Ice Shelf are radiatively dominated by the ice phase. In contrast, moist marine air moving directly onshore from the Ross Sea brings low clouds with a stronger influence of liquid water. Deep cyclonic disturbances over the Ross Sea are seen to be limited in their ability to deliver significant moisture as far south as Ross Island, where clouds are mainly optically thin.