Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse gases concentrations and emissions in different inland water bodies in Chengdu Plain

Freshwater systems are important sources of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) in the atmosphere, but their contributions to the regional GHGs budgets remain uncertain due to numerous types, complex carbon and nitrogen cycle processes, and human disturbance. This study monitored the concentrations and fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O in different inland waters including rivers, irrigation canals, reservoirs and ponds in Chengdu Plain (Xinjin District), so as to explore the characteristics and influencing factors of greenhouse gas emission in different inland waters in Chengdu Plain. The total evasions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from different types of waters were estimated. The results showed that the concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus vary significantly in different inland waters with the highest level found in pond systems and polluted river sections, followed by the irrigation canals and the generally lower values detected in reservoirs and rivers. It was suggested that pollution load is higher in artificial waters. The dissolved CO2, CH4, N2O concentrations in all inland waters ranged from 15.7–153.1 μmol L–1, 0.099–0.986 μmol L–1 and 0.016–0.354 μmol L–1, respectively. And, CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations in artificial irrigation canals, ponds and polluted rivers were significantly higher than those in the unpolluted rivers and reservoirs. The estimation of greenhouse gas fluxes based on the boundary layer method showed that the CO2 fluxes from irrigation canals were the highest (197 ± 52 mmol m–2 d–1), followed by ponds (114.04 ± 42.20 mmol m–2 d–2), rivers (65.49 ± 50.70 mmol m–2 d–2), reservoirs (22 ± 30 mmol m–2 d–1); the CH4 and N2O fluxes from irrigation canals and ponds were the highest, approximately 2~3 times those from rivers and reservoirs; the greenhouse gases fluxes from seriously polluted rivers were also higher than these from other unpolluted rivers. Based on the extrapolation method, the total greenhouse gas evasions from inland waters in Xinjin District were estimated as 2.5 × 104 t CO2 y–1, 107 t CH4 y–1 and 69 t N2O y–1, whose CO2 equivalent converted was about 5.0 × 104 t y–1 according to the global warming potential. The greenhouse gas fluxes from irrigation canals, ponds, reservoirs and rivers accounted for 19%, 24%, 1% and 56% of the total evasion from all inland water in Xinjin District, respectively. The irrigation canals and ponds had small water areas but showed high greenhouse gas emissions. The regression analysis showed that the concentrations and fluxes of CO2, CH4, N2O were positively correlated with the conductivity and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, while negatively Y. Zhang et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment 239 (2021) 101–117 102
The Relevance of TLR8 in Viral Infections

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the largest pattern recognition receptors responsible for activating the innate and adaptive immune response against viruses through the release of inflammatory cytokines and antiviral mediators. Viruses are recognized by several TLRs, including TLR8, which is known to bind ssRNA structures. However, the similarities between TLR8 and TLR7 have obscured the distinctive characteristics of TLR8 activation and its importance in the immune system. Here we discuss the activation and regulation of TLR8 by viruses and its importance in therapeutical options such as vaccine adjuvants and antiviral stimulators.
”Unmasking the Villain”: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals the Real Identity of the Key Pest (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in South America

Simple Summary In this work, we aimed to resolve the identification of the peanut thrips, the key pest of Arachis hypogaea in South America. Based on morphological, biological, and molecular data, we conclude that the name historically applied to this pest, Enneothrips flavens, constitutes a misidentification and that the peanut thrips is actually an undescribed species, Enneothrips enigmaticus sp. n. Abstract The peanut thrips, Enneothrips enigmaticus sp. n. , is the key pest of Arachis hypogaea L. in South America, where it can cause yield losses of up to 85%. This species has historically been identified as Enneothrips flavens, but access to the holotype of this species and freshly collected material from southeastern and northern Brazil revealed that specimens commonly collected on peanut crops are not conspecific with E. flavens. Biological, molecular, and morphological assessments were carried out and led to the conclusion that the key pest of A. hypogaea belongs to a previously undescribed species: Enneothrips enigmaticus sp. n.
Building Blocks of the Protective Suberin Plant Polymer Self-Assemble into Lamellar Structures with Antibacterial Potential

The protection of terrestrial plants from desiccation, mechanical injury, and pathogenic invasion is achieved by waxes and cutin polyesters on leaf and fruit surfaces as well as suberin polymers that are embedded in the cell walls of roots, but the physicochemical principles governing the organization of these biological composites remain incompletely understood. Despite the well-established enzymatic mediation of suberin formation in the skins of potato tubers, cork oak trees, and internal plant tissues, the additional possibility of self-assembly in this system was suggested by our serendipitous finding that solvent extracts from potato phellem tissues form suspended fibers and needles in the absence of such catalysts over a period of several weeks. In the current study, we investigated self-assembly for three-component model chemical mixtures comprised of a hydroxyfatty acid, glycerol, and either of two hydroxycinnamic acids that together typify the building blocks of potato suberin biopolymers. We demonstrate that these mixtures spontaneously form lamellar structures that are reminiscent of suberized plant tissues, incorporate all constituents into self-assemblies, can form covalently bound ester structures, and display antibacterial activity. These findings provide new perspectives on the self-association and reactivity of these classes of organic compounds, insights into agriculturally important suberin formation in food crops, and a starting point for engineering sustainable materials with antimicrobial capabilities.
Physiological and Shoot Growth Responses of Abies holophylla and Abies koreana Seedlings to Open-Field Experimental Warming and Increased Precipitation

Projected changes in temperature and precipitation in mid-latitude wet regions are expected to significantly affect forest ecosystems. We studied the physiological and shoot growth responses of Abies holophylla and Abies koreana seedlings to warming (3 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (irrigation with 40% of rainfall) treatments under open-field conditions. The physiological parameters, quantified by the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and total chlorophyll content, were monitored from July to October 2018. Shoot growth (i.e., root collar diameter and height) was assessed in August and December 2018. Irrespective of the treatments, the physiological parameters of both species decreased from July to August under warming treatment due to heat stress before recovering in September and October. Warming alone (W) and warming along with increased precipitation (W*P) decreased the physiological activities of both species in July, August, and September, with more pronounced effects on A. koreana compared with A. holophylla. Increased precipitation resulted in the increased chlorophyll content of both species in October. Shoot growth was not generally affected by the treatments, except for a subtle reduction in height under W*P for A. koreana. A. holophylla had consistently higher values for the physiological parameters and shoot growth than A. koreana. Our results indicate that the physiological activities of the Abies species could be seriously reduced under climate change, with a more severe impact on A. koreana. Among the two species, A. holophylla appears to be a more robust candidate for future forest planting.
Self-paced learning with multigranularity metric for one example person re-identification

Abstract. Person re-identification (re-ID) is an important topic in computer vision. We study the one-example re-ID task, where each identity has only one labeled example along with many unlabeled examples. In practice, for the unlabeled data, it is difficult to differentiate each person because of many conditions, such as low resolutions, occlusions, and lighting. In previous works, fine-grained information has been proven to be useful for supervised re-ID. To solve choosing a reliable, easy sample for self-paced learning, we exploit fine-grained features to metric the distances between labeled data and unlabeled data, the combination strategy of global and overlapping-part distance selecting more positive data for model training. In addition, the attention mechanism has been introduced to suppress the interruption of background. The training data are split into three parts, i.e., labeled data, pseudolabeled data, and instance-labeled data. First, the model is initialized by one-shot data for each identity. Then, pseudolabels are estimated from the unlabeled data and updating the model iteratively. The self-paced progressive sampling method is adopted to increase the number of the selected pseudolabeled candidates step by step. Notably, with pretrained model, on Market-1501, the rank-1 accuracy of our method is 86.0% which exceeds most other methods, experiment on two image-based datasets demonstrate promising results under one example re-ID setting.
Technology of Processing Plant Extracts Using an Aluminometasilicate Porous Carrier into a Solid Dosage Form

A method of preparing tablets called liquisolid technique is currently emerging. In these formulations, an important role is played by porous carriers, which are the basic building blocks of liquisolid systems (LSSs). The most common are microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), magnesium aluminometasilicates, silica aerogels, mesoporous silicates, clays, etc. In this study, magnesium aluminometasilicate is used to prepare modified LSS formulations with plant extracts as model drugs dissolved in water (W) or ethanol (E). The modification involves drying tablets in a microwave (MW) and hot air dryer (HA) for a specified period. Powder blends and tablets were evaluated for physical properties, and their antioxidant activity (AA) was measured in a modified dissolution by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). PLS and ANOVA were used to compare tablets properties depending on the composition and technology. The experiment is based on a previous one, in which the plant extracts were processed into tablets using a similar method. Therefore, extending the study to include more plants and the robust statistical evaluation and comparison of the products was a procedure to justify the suitability of the presented method for a wide range of liquid plant extracts. As a result, we obtained tablets with excellent physical properties, including a short disintegration and dissolution, which is problematic in tableted extracts.
Crop Water Availability Mapping in the Danube Basin Based on Deep Learning, Hydrological and Crop Growth Modelling

The Danube Basin has been hit by several droughts in the last few years. As climate change makes weather extremes and temperature records in late winter and early spring more likely, water availability and irrigation possibilities become more important. In this paper, the crop water demand at field and national scale within the Danube Basin is presented using a dense time series of multispectral Sentinel-2 data, for crop type maps derived with deep learning techniques and physically-based models for crop parameter retrieval and crop growth modelling.
Targeted Delivery Methods for Anticancer Drugs

Simple Summary The current main technological strategies for the delivery of anticancer drugs are discussed herein. This comprehensive review may help researchers design suitable delivery systems. Abstract Several drug-delivery systems have been reported on and often successfully applied in cancer therapy. Cell-targeted delivery can reduce the overall toxicity of cytotoxic drugs and increase their effectiveness and selectivity. Besides traditional liposomal and micellar formulations, various nanocarrier systems have recently become the focus of developmental interest. This review discusses the preparation and targeting techniques as well as the properties of several liposome-, micelle-, solid-lipid nanoparticle-, dendrimer-, gold-, and magnetic-nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Approaches for targeted drug delivery and systems for drug release under a range of stimuli are also discussed.
UCE Phylogenomics Resolves Major Relationships Among Ectaheteromorph Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae): A New Classification For the Subfamilies and the Description of a New Genus

Abstract Uncovering the evolutionary history of the subfamilies Ectatomminae and Heteroponerinae, or ectaheteromorphs, is key to understanding a major branch of the ant tree of life. Despite their diversity and ecological importance, phylogenetic relationships in the group have not been well explored. One particularly suitable tool for resolving phylogeny is the use of ultraconserved elements (UCEs), which have been shown to be ideal markers at a variety of evolutionary time scales. In the present study, we enriched and sequenced 2,127 UCEs from 135 specimens of ectaheteromorph ants and investigated phylogeny using a variety of model-based phylogenomic methods.Trees recovered from partitioned maximum-likelihood and species-tree analyses were well resolved and largely congruent.The results are consistent with an expanded concept of Ectatomminae that now includes the subfamily Heteroponerinae new synonym and its single tribe Heteroponerini new combination. Eleven monophyletic groups are recognized as genera: Acanthoponera, Alfaria status revived, Boltonia Camacho and Feitosa new genus, Ectatomma, Gnamptogenys, Heteroponera, Holcoponera status revived, Poneracantha status revived, Rhytidoponera, Stictoponera status revived, and Typhlomyrmex.The new phylogenetic framework and classification proposed here will shed light on the study of Ectatomminae taxonomy and systematics, as well as on the morphological evolution of the groups that it comprises.
Effect of Digital Game Addiction and Social Anxiety Levels on Recreational Active Adolescents

The aim of the research is to investigate the digital game addiction and social anxiety levels of adolescents who play sports recreationally. 226 adolescents (69 girls, 157 boys) who do sports recreationally participated in the research. In the research, the personal information form prepared by the researcher and the short form of the digital game addiction scale (DGAS-7) developed by Lemmens and friends (2009) and adapted into Turkish by Irmak and Erdoğan (2015) and La Greca and others, (1988) developed by Demir and others, (2000) Social Anxiety Scale for Children which was adapted into Turkish, were used. SPSS 22 statistical program was used in the analysis of the research. Manova analysis and regression analysis were used in the research. The level of significance in the research was taken as p<. 01. As a result of the analysis, the digital game addiction score averages of boys were found to be significantly higher than girls. As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that digital game addiction, together with the variables of gender and having a computer at home, predicted social anxiety at a statistically significant level.
Impact of high penetration of variable renewable generation on frequency dynamics in the continental Europe interconnected system

This study addresses the development and operation of the European continental electricity system with a high penetration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) generation. The main focus of the work is the assessment of the impact of inertia reduction, due to wind and PV power electronics interface, on frequency stability indicators, as the rate of change of frequency and the frequency nadir following a large generation loss. The analysis is based on dynamic frequency stability studies, performed for every hour of the year and over a large number of weather scenarios. The outputs of these simulations are used to perform statistical analysis of these indicators and to estimate the critical instantaneous penetration rate of wind and PV, which the European continental synchronous area can accommodate from a system dynamics point of view. The results show that a single critical instantaneous penetration rate cannot be defined, since the frequency dynamic behaviour depends on parameters that change from one period to the following. Instead, this critical penetration rate should be calculated for every dispatch period. This study also highlights the growing importance of load self-regulating effect's contribution to frequency stability in the future system.
A Graph-Based Approach to Boundary Estimation with Mobile Sensors

We consider the problem of adaptive sampling for boundary estimation, where the goal is to identify the two-dimensional spatial extent of a phenomenon of interest. Motivated by applications in estimating the spread of wildfires with a mobile sensor, we present a novel graph-based algorithm that is efficient in both the number of samples taken and the distance traveled. The key idea behind our approach is that by sampling locations close to known cut edges (edges whose vertices lie on opposite sides of the boundary), we can reliably find additional cut edges. Our approach repeats this process of using the newly discovered cut edges to find additional cut edges, eventually identifying all vertices lying adjacent to the boundary. We show that our method achieves both a sample complexity and a distance traveled that are within a constant factor of the optimal values. Moreover, the computational complexity of determining sample locations and paths is O(1), making its deployment on mobile sensors highly realistic. Experimental results on both synthetic and historical wildfire data show that our proposed algorithm outperforms existing methods in terms of sample complexity, distance traveled, and computation time.
A Qualitative Study About Reliefs Meaning Of Plaosan Temple: The Buddhist Tourism Destination At Klaten, Central Java

This study belongs to qualitative research. This recent study focuses on the history of Plaosan temple and the reliefs meaning existed at Plaosan Temple located at Klaten Regency, Central Java. The subject of this study was the Plaosan temple itself. This study aims to identify reliefs meaning of Plaosan temple and also the history of it. The method of this study is qualitative. The data were collected using observation, interview, and documentations. The data collected were analyzed qualitatively. The history of Plaosan temple was taken from the interview with an archeologies at Central Java Institute for Preservation of Cultural Heritage and documentation from some sources founded at the library of this institute. The reliefs meaning was taken from the interview. However, the observation was done for the preliminary study. The research finding showed that there were there were three types of reliefs of Plaosan temple. Those were shaped characters, ornamental decoration, and animals. Each relief character had their own meaning. Character involved the character of a man and a woman which symbolized gender equality existed in the past, ornamental decoration about plants and tendrils showed about human’s life, and animal reliefs that consist mythological animals of Kara and Makara symbolized about reminder and teachings for human being.
Transient Brittle Creep Mechanism Explains Early Postseismic Phase of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki Megathrust Earthquake: Observations by High‐Rate GPS Solutions

The early stage of the postseismic phase is characterized by a large deformation rate. Its analysis is thus key to decipher the role played by different mechanisms (afterslip and viscoelasticity) at various time scales. Here, we process GPS data to obtain 30‐s kinematic position time series recording the surface deformation following the Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐Oki megathrust earthquake (2011), and combine them with static solutions over 9 years. We analyze the temporal evolution of the time series and use these observations to image the postseismic slip. We find that the first month of deformation following Tohoku‐Oki can be explained by an afterslip mechanism, that exhibits an “Omori‐like” decay, with a p‐value around 0.75 almost everywhere with the exception of a small region around Ibaraki prefecture where p ∼ 1 is observed. This p < 1 indicates that the postseismic displacements do not increase logarithmically with time as predicted by rate‐and‐state rheology. Instead, we argue that early afterslip is associated with a transient brittle creep mechanism. We use numerical simulations to show that an exponent of p < 1 can be explained by a combination of thermal activation of local slips and elastic interactions. Over longer time scales, an additional mechanism is required to explain the observed deformation signal, and the transient brittle creep mechanism is combined with viscoelastic relaxation modeled by a Newtonian flow. The spatial analysis reveals two distinct afterslip regions, a major one on the North, associated with a p‐value around 0.75, and a smaller one close to the Ibaraki aftershock, associated with p ∼ 1.
Rituximab-associated hypogammaglobulinemia in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Incidence and time course

Abstract Objective: Rituximab (RTX) is approved for remission induction and maintenance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Observational studies demonstrate decline in immunoglobulin (IgG) in AAV post-RTX. The time course for the onset of hypogammaglobulinemia (Hypo-IgG) post-RTX is unknown. This is a key determinant in deciding whether to continue RTX for reinduction or maintenance of remission for AAV. We evaluated the trends of Hypo-IgG among AAV patients post-RTX therapies. Methods: An observational single-tertiary-center study of AAV patients treated with RTX for remission induction or maintenance (induction therapy, maintenance therapy, and combined induction and maintenance therapy) between 1998 and 2018. Poisson regression was used to compare the incidences of Hypo-IgG: mild (450-700 mg dL–1), moderate (200-450 mg dL–1), and severe (≤200 mg dL–1). Ig levels were measured every 3-6 months after RTX use. Results: Mean (SD) age at last visit was 59 (16) years, 93% were Caucasians, 64% were females, and 71 (63%) had granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Hypo-IgG occurred in 47 patients: one (2%) severe, 13 (28%) moderate, and 33 (70%) mild. Lower incidences of mild Hypo-IgG post-RTX were seen during induction compared to maintenance (IR 5.04 per 100 000 days vs 5.45 per 100 000 days, incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.08, 95% CI 0.34, 3.19). Moderate Hypo-IgG occurred at 2.29 per 100 000 days during induction and 1.82 per 100 000 days during maintenance (IRR 0.79, 95% CI 0.08, 4.84). Conclusion: Hypo-IgG is common among AAV treated with RTX, occurring in 42% of patients in this single-center cohort. The nadir IgG levels occur during remission induction, and the IgG levels remain relatively stable or increase over time in those receiving RTX for remission maintenance.