Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HONO and NOx during the polar spring and summer in the polar regions (Beine

"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" is a phrase made popular by Carl Sagan [Rational Wiki]. This is particularly relevant to the Ye et al. [2018] paper. The authors make the extraordinary claim that “. the sum of all known NOx-related HONO formation mechanisms was found to account for less 20% of the daytime HONO source in the background terrestrial air masses, . ”. If this claim were true, it would possibly force a reassessment of our understanding of HOx and NOx budgets of the troposphere, depending on the details of the other 80% of the (unknown) sources. However, the evidence presented Ye et al., [2018] does not justify that claim. In fact, Neuman et al. [2016] conclude: “Outside of recently emitted plumes from known combustion sources, HONO mixing ratios measured several hundred meters above ground level were indistinguishable from zero within the 15 parts per trillion by volume measurement uncertainty. The results reported here do not support the existence of a ubiquitous unknown HONO source that produces significant HONO concentrations in the lower troposphere. ” The conclusion of these two studies disagree strongly, yet the reported measurements were made from different aircraft with different instrumentation, but in the same region of the country over the same time period, summer 2013. Unfortunately, Ye et al., [2018] do not discuss or even cite Neuman et al. [2016]. The differences in the results reported in these two papers point to clear experimental problems in the measurements. Until these problems are resolved, the extraordinary claim of Ye et al. [2018] should not be published. References Neuman, J. A. , et al. (2016), HONO emission and production determined from airborne measurements over the Southeast U.S., J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , 121, 9237–9250, doi:10.1002/2016JD025197. Rational Wiki, ttps://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Extraordinary_claims_require_extraordinary _evidenceh Ye, C. , et al. (2018), Tropospheric HONO distribution and chemistry in the Southeast U.S., Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. , https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-105.
The spermatozoon of Carybdea marsupialis (Cubozoa, Cnidaria)

Summary The spermatozoon of Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeidae) is a primitive sperm with a short pear-shaped head and a long tail. The head contains a pyriform nucleus, six mitochondria, two centrioles aligned on the major axis of the sperm, and an anchoring apparatus formed by a complex pericentriolar system and a pyramid-like appendix (spur). The pericentriolar system is formed by three different and concentric orders of pericentriolar processes located around the distal centriole from which they, together with the spur, originate. Antero-laterally to the nucleus and scattered in the midpiece, we have found several pro-acrosomal vesicles with two concentric regions with a different electron density. The tail has a conventional 9+2 axoneme. In the transition zone between the anchoring apparatus and the tail, the central axonemal doublet is not yet present, but there is an electron-dense cylinder internal and adhering to the nine peripheral doublets, and the latter are connected to the plasma membrane by the classical Y-links. The spermatozoa are probably released through ruptures of the endodermal layer of the testes, as in other cnidarian species. The spermatozoon of C. marsupialis is very different from the modified anthozoan sperm, and shares characters with both the Hydrozoa and the Scyphozoa. The shape of the spur, its striations, the shape of the tertiary pericentriolar processes and the presence of the intersecondary processes of the anchoring apparatus are new for the whole phylum and are considered autapomorphic characteristics.
Biochemical relationships with the orientation of the autotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve under nutrient replete conditions

Swimming orientation in autotrophic marine dinoflagellates often follows a pattern attributed to positive phototaxis during the day and positive geotaxis at night. Exceptions that occur in field and laboratory observations most often describe ascents or descents that anticipate sunrise or sunset. These exceptions may originate in biochemical synthesis patterns that use sequential photosynthate (carbohydrate and lipid) production and dissolved nltrogen absorption for subsequent cell gro\vth (RNA and protein) and division (DNA), instantaneous biocheinical state may influence onentation either through mechanical ballastlng or through growth optimization that ~nfluences sensory-medlated responses to environmental cues. In the present mesocosm (150 cm length X 44 cm diameter) study. samples from a quantized (all cells divide together at approximately 3 d intervals) population of Gymnodinium breve Davis collected at the surface and mid-column support comparisons of die1 orientation preferences and cellular biochemical states over a 3 d period. Up to 50% of the column populatlon aggregates at the surface during the day, but this percentage decreases with time since cell division. Withln a given day, G h]-eve exhibits continuous negative geotaxis associated with surface aggregation when the taxis is stronger and with dispersion through the water column when the taxis is weaker Posit~ve phototaxis helps maintain surface aggregation during the afternoon as negatlve geotaxis weakens. The surface cells exhibit only slightly lower concentrations of DNA and RNA, somewhat lower concentrations of protein and carbohydrate, and significantly lower concentrations of chlorophyll a and lipid, compared to the cells sampled from mid-column. The strength of the negative geotaxis of the mid-column cells negatively correlates with lipid concentration. These results support the case for a biochemical influence on orientation but require more experimental data to establish cause and effect.
Experimental study on cogging-torque reduction of transverse-flux motor with skewed armature cores

Transverse-flux motors are suitable for getting high torque density by increasing their number of poles owing to the independent coil design from the number of poles. However, these kinds of motors typically have a large amount of permanent magnets with increasing the number of poles. We have designed a transverse-flux motor with a consequent-pole rotor having almost half amount of magnets compared with conventional surface-mounted magnet rotors. Although this motor can generate comparably large average torque to the conventional motors, it has larger cogging torque. And, conventional skew structures, often applied to axially uniform motors, are generally effective for reducing the cogging torque by offsetting dominant harmonic components but cannot be applied to transverse-flux motors including our motor due to their axially non-uniform structure. This paper describes radially skewed armature cores, compatible to basic configuration of general transverse-flux motors, for the cogging torque reduction of our motor. Results of FEM magnetic analysis and its spectral analysis indicate that the most dominant harmonic component of the cogging torque reduces by 96%, and consequently, peak-to-peak value of the three-phase cogging torque reduces by 87%. These analysis results are almost agreed with experimental result, in which the most dominant harmonic component reduces by 86% and peak-to-peak value of the cogging torque can be approximately estimated to decrease by 82%. Therefore, the radial skew structure could be verified to effectively suppress the cogging torque of the transverse-flux motor.
Facebook use and its predictive factors among students: Evidence from a lower- and middle-income country, Bangladesh

Background: Facebook is a popular social networking site in the modern world. It has an adverse effect such as impairing daily health and psychological health and also interpersonal relationships when the use becomes problematic. Aims To examine problematic Facebook use (PFU) and its predictors among Bangladeshi students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 601 Bangladeshi students and collected data related to socio-demographic information, behavioral health, internet use behavior, depression, anxiety and problematic Facebook use [assessed using the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS)]. The data were analyzed using descriptive (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (independent sample t-tests, one-way ANOVAs, correlations, and multivariable linear regression). Results The results indicated that 29.1% of participants were problematic Facebook users (using cutoff ≥18 out of 30). Medical college students had higher mean score on PFU than other students (p < 0.001). In addition, the mean score of PFU was significantly higher among the students who were in a relationship (p = 0.001), did not engage in physical activity (p < 0.001), used the internet more than 5 h per day (p < 0.001), used social media (p < 0.001), and had depression or anxiety symptoms (p < 0.001). PFU was significantly associated with depression and anxiety among the whole sample. Predictive factors for PFU included relationship status, daily internet use time, gaming, social media use, depression, and anxiety. The model predicted almost 33.2% variance for PFU. Conclusions Findings suggest interventions should be implemented for students with a special focus on medical students who had higher score of PFU than other types of students.
$C^{1, \alpha}$-regularity for solutions of degenerate/singular fully nonlinear parabolic equations

We establish the interior $C^{1,\alpha}$-estimate for viscosity solutions of degenerate/singular fully nonlinear parabolic equations $$u_t = |Du|^{\gamma}F(D^2u) + f. $$ For this purpose, we prove the well-posedness of the regularized Dirichlet problem \begin{equation*} \left\{ \begin{aligned} u_t&=(1+|Du|^2)^{\gamma/2}F(D^2u)&&\text{in $Q_1$} \newline u&=\varphi&&\text{on $\partial_p Q_1$}. \end{aligned}\right. \end{equation*} Our approach utilizes the Bernstein method with approximations in view of difference quotient.
Randomized clinical trial: benefits of aerobic physical activity for 24 weeks in postmenopausal women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of aerobic physical activity in reducing the frequency of hepatic steatosis and metabolic and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods:Forty sedentary postmenopausal women (mean age 55.3 ± 8.0 y) with biopsy-proven NAFLD were randomly divided into two groups: an exercising group (19 participants) and a control group (nonexercising, 21 participants). The exercise group underwent a supervised aerobic physical activity program of 120 min/wk for 24 weeks. The anthropometric parameters; body composition; hepatic, lipid, and glycemic profiles; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index; cytokines; transient elastography (FibroScan; liver stiffness/controlled attenuation parameter); and cardiopulmonary exercise test were evaluated at baseline and after 24 weeks of protocol. Results:At baseline there were no significant differences in anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters—stiffness and liver fat content by FibroScan between the groups. After 24 weeks, we observed a decrease of waist circumference, an increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P < 0.05), and improved cardiopulmonary functional capacity in the exercise group. In addition, the controlled attenuation parameter analysis showed no significant decrease of hepatic steatosis in the exercise group. With regard to the systemic inflammation, there were, however, no significant differences in the cytokines between the groups. Conclusions:An aerobic physical activity program of 24 weeks in NAFLD postmenopausal women showed improvement in some variables such as waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cardiopulmonary performance that may be beneficial in improving cardiovascular risk factors in this population.
Unsupervised Predictive Memory in a Goal-Directed Agent

Animals execute goal-directed behaviours despite the limited range and scope of their sensors. To cope, they explore environments and store memories maintaining estimates of important information that is not presently available. Recently, progress has been made with artificial intelligence (AI) agents that learn to perform tasks from sensory input, even at a human level, by merging reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms with deep neural networks, and the excitement surrounding these results has led to the pursuit of related ideas as explanations of non-human animal learning. However, we demonstrate that contemporary RL algorithms struggle to solve simple tasks when enough information is concealed from the sensors of the agent, a property called "partial observability". An obvious requirement for handling partially observed tasks is access to extensive memory, but we show memory is not enough; it is critical that the right information be stored in the right format. We develop a model, the Memory, RL, and Inference Network (MERLIN), in which memory formation is guided by a process of predictive modeling. MERLIN facilitates the solution of tasks in 3D virtual reality environments for which partial observability is severe and memories must be maintained over long durations. Our model demonstrates a single learning agent architecture that can solve canonical behavioural tasks in psychology and neurobiology without strong simplifying assumptions about the dimensionality of sensory input or the duration of experiences.
Coating of Ultra-Small Micro End Mills: Analysis of Performance and Suitability of Eight Different Hard-Coatings

Due to the constant need for better functionalized surfaces or smaller, function integrated components, precise and efficient manufacturing processes have to be established. Micro milling with micro end mills is one of the most promising processes for this task as it combines a high geometric flexibility in a wide range of machinable materials with low set-up costs. A downside of this process is the wear of the micro end mills. Due to size effects and the relatively low cutting speed, the cutting edge is especially subjected to massive abrasive wear. One possibility to minimize this wear is coating of micro end mills. This research paper describes the performance of eight different hard coatings for micro end mills with a diameter <40 µm and discusses some properties for the best performing coating type. With this research, it is therefore possible to boost the possibilities of micro milling for the manufacture of next generation products.
Post-traumatic stress

SIR: The recent article by Gossop et a! (Journal, March 1989, 154, 360â€”363) on opiate withdrawal symptoms was broadly in keeping with previous work showing that 80% of heroin addicts could be withdrawn as in-patients using methadone, and also that withdrawal symptoms have a large psychologi cal weighting and are therefore more severe around the time of completion of the programme. The 10day withdrawal regime was, however, associated with a higher drop-out rate soon after, and as they point out, this is likely to be due to variables other than opiate withdrawal. There has been little work on why 20% of addicts fail to finish their detoxification, and it would prove methodologically difficult to study this adequately. One possible reason that might account for a pro portion of the 20% would be concurrent benzodiaze pine addiction, and this might also explain some of the cases of higher relapse after the 10-day detoxification. A study of 298 addicts attending the drug depen dence unit at St George's Hospital, London, found benzodiazepines in the urine of nearly 60% (Beary et al, 1987), and in a study of 79 addicts in Sheffield, 90% said that they used benzodiazepines, with reg ular use in about 50% (Perera et a! , 1987). Rebound anxiety can occur if benzodiazepines have been used for three weeks, and about half of patients who have taken them for three years experience a specific with drawal syndrome (Noyes eta! , 1988). If we hypothe sise that 30% of benzodiazepine users experience rebound anxiety or a withdrawal state on abrupt discontinuation, and that 50% of addicts take benzo diazepines, then we could expect 15% of heroin addicts to experience some form of withdrawal reaction if detoxified using methadone alone. The symptoms of rebound anxiety and some of the symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal would lead to a score on the Opiate Withdrawal Scale, but the perceptual abnormalities seen in benzodiazepine withdrawal would not. The symptoms, however, would not necessarily respond to methadone. With short-acting benzodiazepines, a withdrawal reaction may be seen within 24 hours. For the more com monly used benzodiazepines, however, they are more likely to present at about 5 days and peak at about 10 days. The combination of this and finishing the meth adone withdrawal regime, which is a psychologically difficult time for the addicts, may partly explain the higher drop-out rate in the 10-day withdrawal group than in the 21-day programme in the study of Dr Gossop eta! I feel that this is an aspect of opiate withdrawal that warrants further attention if we are to success fully treat heroin addicts.
Seasonality and habit persistence in a life cycle model of consumption

SUMMARY The allocation of non-durable consumers' expenditure over the four quarters of the year reflects choices made by consumers, implying a utility function exhibiting seasonality. Incorporating such a function, the life cycle model fails to explain fully the observed dynamics in UK seasonally unadjusted data. Seasonal habit persistence effects are introduced and found to be significant. Although this generalized model stands up well to testing in a univariate context, it fails to exclude a predictive role for lagged income changes. Seasonality is inherent in many economic time series, but it is rarely considered to be an issue of interest in econometric model-building. Rather than explicitly investigating the economics underlying seasonal variation, modellers typically try to remove its effects either by using seasonally adjusted data or by including seasonal intercept dummies in their equations. The former practice is criticized by Wallis (1974), who shows that it may distort the relationship between variab le the latter assumes that the function simply shifts up or down with the season. However, except for degrees of freedom considerations, there seems to be no a priori reason why the same parameters or functional form should apply at different times of the year: indeed, Gersovitz and MacKinnon (1978) argue that realistic utility, cost or production functions result in models in which seasonal influences cannot be separated out in a simple fashion. In the present study seasonality is treated as one of the features to be explained within the economic model. Thus, in the particular application to non-durable consumers' expenditure, it is argued that the allocation of expenditure over the year reflects seasonal tastes and hence seasonality in the underlying utility function: the implications of this are explicitly investigated. The framework for our analysis is the influential paper by Hall (1978), who derives a randomwalk model for real non-durable consumers' expenditure when rational expectations are combined with a life cycle theory of consumption. Hall does not investigate seasonality at all, and employs seasonally adjusted values in his empirical analysis: although subsequent US authors have examined many aspects of this theory, the type of data used has rarely been
Why Do Some Bt-Cotton Farmers in China Continue to Use High Levels of Pesticides?

China was the first developing country to introduce Bt cotton on a large scale. This paper provides an indepth economic analysis of Bt cotton production by small-scale farmers in China. Data were collected in 2002 in Linqing County, in Shandong Province and comprised a season-long cotton production monitoring with 150 farmers and complementary household interviews. For quality assessment, the Bt toxin concentration of the various Bt varieties used by the farmers was determined for each plot. All farmers were growing insect resistant Bt cotton varieties. Yet, they sprayed high amounts of chemical insecticides, out of which 40% were extremely or highly hazardous. The paper reviews methodological issues inherent to impact assessment of crop biotechnology and identifies market and institutional failure as possible reasons for continued high pesticide use. Using the damage function methodology the coefficients for both damage control inputs, i.e., Bt varieties (measured as toxin concentration), and insecticide quantity were not significantly different from zero. Results show that absence of enabling institutions and lack of farmer knowledge can considerably limit the benefits of Bt cotton for small-scale farmers. The paper points out the importance to include the institutional conditions in the evaluation of agricultural biotechnology in developing countries.
Wiping the Slate Clean: Individual Response to State Tax Amnesties*

State governments in recent years have pursued a variety of novel methods to generate revenues. One approach that has become increasingly popular-and controversial-is the tax amnesty. An amnesty typically gives individuals an opportunity to pay previously unpaid taxes without being subject to the penalties and prosecution that the discovery of evasion normally brings. Since 1981, twenty-eight states have offered some form of tax forgiveness to individuals who have failed to pay all their taxes. However, despite the potential significance of amnesties, they are only now beginning to attract much attention. Most of the discussion of amnesties has focused upon the details of their administration [9; 12; 13; 15]. There have now been some theoretical analyses of the benefits and costs of amnesties [2; 3], and, as information from the state programs has become available, there have also been some examinations of the characteristics of those who participate in amnesties and the factors that cause amnesties. ' However, the availability of information from those states that have held an amnesty makes examination of two different issues possible. First, do individuals respond in their amnesty compliance decisions to the incentives introduced by an amnesty? Second, how can states use this information to structure an amnesty that encourages maximum participation and generates maximum revenues? It is the purpose of this paper to examine these issues. A standard expected utility model of individual behavior under uncertainty is developed to analyze the individual's response to an amnesty. This model is used to derive a demand for taxes paid in the amnesty, a demand that depends in large part upon the structural features of the amnesty: are known delinquents allowed to participate, is interest on back taxes reduced, are post-amnesty penalties increased, and are greater funds spent on post-amnesty enforcement? This amnesty tax equation is then estimated using aggregate data from the twenty-eight states that have