Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Participación de las farmacias comunitarias en los programas de reducción de daños

espanolLas farmacias, por su accesibilidad y distribucion geografica, constituyen un recurso muy adecuado para prevencion y tratamiento de drogodependencias. Los farmaceuticos pueden participar en programas de reduccion de danos y facilitar la incorporacion de los Usuarios de Drogas Intravenosas (UDI) al sistema sanitario. Para muchos farmaceuticos el kit antisida, que comenzo a distribuirse en 1989 en las farmacias del Pais Vasco y se ha extendido a otras comunidades autonomas y paises proximos, fue el primer paso en su implicacion en este campo y les permitio concienciarse de su papel en el mismo. Los Programas de Intercambio de Jeringuillas son efectivos para prevenir conductas de riesgo y disminuir la seroconversion entre UDI. La incorporacion a ellos de las farmacias comenzo en 1992 en Cataluna y Pais Vasco, permitiendo ampliar la red de atencion y mejorar notablemente la accesibilidad de una forma muy eficiente. Los Programas de Mantenimiento con Metadona son la modalidad de tratamiento de la dependencia a opiaceos mas evaluada y que obtiene mejores resultados. Normalizar la administracion de la metadona realizandola en el entorno en el que se dispensa el resto de los medicamentos, en lugar de utilizar recursos exclusivos para los UDI, ayuda a su estabilizacion e integracion social. Muchos farmaceuticos estan dispuestos a participar en estos y otros programas destinados a UDI. Es deseable que las autoridades sanitarias aprecien las ventajas de implicar en ellos a las farmacias y sean conscientes de la necesidad de formar adecuadamente a los farmaceuticos y establecer sistemas de remuneracion adecuados. EnglishGiven their accessibility and geographical distribution pharmacies are a highly appropriate resource in prevention and treatment of drug addiction. Pharmacists can take part in risk reduction programmes and made easier the contact of Intravenous Drug Users (IDUs) with the health system. For many pharmacists the anti-AIDS kit, which were first distributed in the Basque pharmacies in 1989 and later extended to other autonomous communities and neighbouring countries; was the first step in their involvement in this field, making them aware of the role they may have. The Syringe Exchange Programmes are effective in preventing risk behaviours and reducing seroconversion among IDUs. Their involvement began in Catalonia and the Basque Country in 1992, thereby widening considerably the attention network and improving accessibility in a highly efficient manner. Methadone Maintenance Programmes are the most assessed opiate dependence treatments and obtain the best results. Normalizing methadone administration in the environment where other medicines are dispensed instead of using resources exclusively designed for IDUs, contributes to their stabilisation and social integration. Many pharmacists are willing to take part in IDUs oriented programmes. Health authorities should appreciate the advantages of involving pharmacies in these programmes and should be aware of the need of training pharmacists correctly and establishing appropriate remuneration systems.
Accuracy and precision of methods for estimating river loads

River loads often have to be estimated from continuous discharge data but relatively infrequent sampling of sediment, solute, or pollutant concentrations. Two standard ways of doing this are to multiply mean concentration by mean discharge, and to use a rating curve to predict unmeasured concentrations. Both methods are known from previous empirical studies to underestimate true load. Statistical considerations explain these biases and yield correction factors which can be used to obtain unbiased estimates of load. Simulation experiments with normally-distributed scatter about log-linear trends, and sampling experiments using a natural data set, show that the corrected rating curve method has lower sampling variability than other unbiased methods based on average instantaneous load and is thus the recommended procedure when the rating plot is of the assumed form. The precision of all methods increases with sample size and decreases with increasing rating-curve slope and scatter.
The global antigenic diversity of swine influenza A viruses

Swine influenza presents a substantial disease burden for pig populations worldwide and poses a potential pandemic threat to humans. There is considerable diversity in both H1 and H3 influenza viruses circulating in swine due to the frequent introductions of viruses from humans and birds coupled with geographic segregation of global swine populations. Much of this diversity is characterized genetically but the antigenic diversity of these viruses is poorly understood. Critically, the antigenic diversity shapes the risk profile of swine influenza viruses in terms of their epizootic and pandemic potential. Here, using the most comprehensive set of swine influenza virus antigenic data compiled to date, we quantify the antigenic diversity of swine influenza viruses on a multi-continental scale. The substantial antigenic diversity of recently circulating viruses in different parts of the world adds complexity to the risk profiles for the movement of swine and the potential for swine-derived infections in humans. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.12217. 001
What can comparative genomics tell us about species concepts in the genus Aspergillus?

Understanding the nature of species” boundaries is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. The availability of genomes from several species of the genus Aspergillus allows us for the first time to examine the demarcation of fungal species at the whole-genome level. Here, we examine four case studies, two of which involve intraspecific comparisons, whereas the other two deal with interspecific genomic comparisons between closely related species. These four comparisons reveal significant variation in the nature of species boundaries across Aspergillus. For example, comparisons between A. fumigatus and Neosartorya fischeri (the teleomorph of A. fischerianus) and between A. oryzae and A. flavus suggest that measures of sequence similarity and species-specific genes are significantly higher for the A. fumigatus - N. fischeri pair. Importantly, the values obtained from the comparison between A. oryzae and A. flavus are remarkably similar to those obtained from an intra-specific comparison of A. fumigatus strains, giving support to the proposal that A. oryzae represents a distinct ecotype of A. flavus and not a distinct species. We argue that genomic data can aid Aspergillus taxonomy by serving as a source of novel and unprecedented amounts of comparative data, as a resource for the development of additional diagnostic tools, and finally as a knowledge database about the biological differences between strains and species.
(S)‐roscovitine, a CDK inhibitor, decreases cerebral edema and modulates AQP4 and α1‐syntrophin interaction on a pre‐clinical model of acute ischemic stroke

Cerebral edema is one of the deadliest complications of ischemic stroke for which there is currently no pharmaceutical treatment. Aquaporin‐4 (AQP4), a water‐channel polarized at the astrocyte endfoot, is known to be highly implicated in cerebral edema. We previously showed in randomized studies that (S)‐roscovitine, a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, reduced cerebral edema 48 h after induction of focal transient ischemia, but its mechanisms of action were unclear. In our recent blind randomized study, we confirmed that (S)‐roscovitine was able to reduce cerebral edema by 65% at 24 h post‐stroke (t test, p = .006). Immunofluorescence analysis of AQP4 distribution in astrocytes revealed that (S)‐roscovitine decreased the non‐perivascular pool of AQP4 by 53% and drastically increased AQP4 clusters in astrocyte perivascular end‐feet (671%, t test p = .005) compared to vehicle. Non‐perivascular and clustered AQP4 compartments were negatively correlated (R = −0.78; p < .0001), suggesting a communicating vessels effect between the two compartments. α1‐syntrophin, AQP4 anchoring protein, was colocalized with AQP4 in astrocyte endfeet, and this colocalization was maintained in ischemic area as observed on confocal microscopy. Moreover, (S)‐roscovitine increased AQP4/α1‐syntrophin interaction (40%, MW p = .0083) as quantified by proximity ligation assay. The quantified interaction was negatively correlated with brain edema in both treated and placebo groups (R = −.57; p = .0074). We showed for the first time, that a kinase inhibitor modulated AQP4/α1‐syntrophin interaction, and was implicated in the reduction of cerebral edema. These findings suggest that (S)‐roscovitine may hold promise as a potential treatment for cerebral edema in ischemic stroke and as modulator of AQP4 function in other neurological diseases.
Valor de mercado y disposicion a pagar por la marca "Ternasco de Aragon"

El objetivo de este trabajo se centra en comparar el valor de mercado de una marca generica de calidad ligada a un territorio, como es el Ternasco de Aragon (TA), con el valor percibido por parte del consumidor, con el fin de obtener el mercado potencial de dicho productor, Asimismo, se analizan los factores determinantes de dicho valor percibido. Para ello se comparan los precios erales de mercado con la informacion obtenida a partir de una muestra representativa de consumidores en la mencionada region, que se ha segmentado teniendo en cuenta el nivel o experiencia de consumo en relaion con la carne de cordero. Para los dos segmentos se calcula su maxima disposicion a pagar por la marca TA y se estima un modelo capaz de explicar los factores determinantes de dicha decision. En terminos generales, los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo confirman una imagen de calidad de la marca Ternasco de Aragon tanto en el mercado como en la mente de los propios consumidores. Mienras que la experiencia previa y los atributos intrinsecos del productos son los principales determinantes de la decision de pagar un sobreprecio, las caracteristicas sociodemograficas y psicograficas son las que juegan un papel mas relevante cuando lo que se mide es la cuantia que se esta dispuesto a pagar. En cualquier caso, el potencial de crecimiento de este producto en la region es moderado, ya que el valor percibido, en terminos medios, se situa por debajo del precio real de mercado. The objective of this paper is to compare the market value of a quality label linked to a specific region, Ternasco de Aragon(TA), with the consumer's perceived value, in order to estimate the market potential. Moreover, main factors affecting the perceived value are analyzed. To achieve this objective, market prices are collected as well as information from a representative sample from this region. Consumers segments are defined taking into account their experience in lamb meat consumption. For each segment, we analyze the consumer;s knowledge, attitudes and willingness-to-pay (WTP) a premium for the quality label TA. We also estimate a model to analyze main factors affecting the WTP, Results indicate that both the market and teh consumers associate the TA label to a higher quality and more expensive product. While previous experience and intrinsic attributes are main determinants to pay a premium, consumer's socio-economic characteristics and lifestyles play a more important role in determining the premium amount. In any case, the market potential of the TA label is moderate as, in average, market prices are higher than the premium consumers are willing to pay.
Unmet Health Care Needs of the Older Population in European Countries Based on Indicators Available in the Eurostat Database

Access to healthcare may affect the health of the population, especially older people. The aim of this study is to analyze the reasons and factors influencing the unmet healthcare needs (UHCN) of the older population in the context of differences between age groups for 28 European countries. A self-reported UHCN indicator obtained from Eurostat database was used. The share of people with healthcare needs reporting distance/transportation issues was significantly different in the younger and older groups, as well as in age groups within the older population. The differences in other reasons were not so considerable. Problems with UHCN were observed more often in the older population with lower rather than with higher income and with more severe activity limitations rather than with none/moderate limitations (differences statistically significant, except for income for 75+). In most countries, the UHCN dependence on income/activity limitation is higher in the age group of 15–64 than for the older population. To plan/introduce/monitor appropriate, tailored actions for improving healthcare access for the older population, a detailed analysis of the UHCN prevalence, reasons, and determinants in this age group is needed; it is insufficient to analyze only the population as a whole. Additionally, the group of older people is not homogeneous in terms of UHCN.
The Tropical Western Hemisphere Warm Pool

The Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) of water warmer than 28.5°C extends from the eastern North Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and at its peak, overlaps with the tropical North Atlantic. It has a large seasonal cycle and its interannual fluctuations of area and intensity are significant. Surface heat fluxes warm the WHWP through the boreal spring to an annual maximum of SST and areal extent in the late summer/early fall, associated with eastern North Pacific and Atlantic hurricane activities and rainfall from northern South America to the southern tier of the United States. SST and area anomalies occur at high temperatures where small changes can have a large impact on tropical convection. Observations suggest that a positive ocean‐atmosphere feedback operating through longwave radiation and associated cloudiness is responsible for the WHWP SST anomalies. Associated with an increase in SST anomalies is a decrease in atmospheric sea level pressure anomalies and an anomalous increase in atmospheric convection and cloudiness. The increase in convective activity and cloudiness results in less longwave radiation loss from the surface, which then reinforces SST anomalies.
Re-Evaluating Neonatal-Age Models for Ungulates: Does Model Choice Affect Survival Estimates?

New-hoof growth is regarded as the most reliable metric for predicting age of newborn ungulates, but variation in estimated age among hoof-growth equations that have been developed may affect estimates of survival in staggered-entry models. We used known-age newborns to evaluate variation in age estimates among existing hoof-growth equations and to determine the consequences of that variation on survival estimates. During 2001–2009, we captured and radiocollared 174 newborn (≤24-hrs old) ungulates: 76 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Minnesota and South Dakota, 61 mule deer (O. hemionus) in California, and 37 pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in South Dakota. Estimated age of known-age newborns differed among hoof-growth models and varied by >15 days for white-tailed deer, >20 days for mule deer, and >10 days for pronghorn. Accuracy (i.e., the proportion of neonates assigned to the correct age) in aging newborns using published equations ranged from 0.0% to 39.4% in white-tailed deer, 0.0% to 3.3% in mule deer, and was 0.0% for pronghorns. Results of survival modeling indicated that variability in estimates of age-at-capture affected short-term estimates of survival (i.e., 30 days) for white-tailed deer and mule deer, and survival estimates over a longer time frame (i.e., 120 days) for mule deer. Conversely, survival estimates for pronghorn were not affected by estimates of age. Our analyses indicate that modeling survival in daily intervals is too fine a temporal scale when age-at-capture is unknown given the potential inaccuracies among equations used to estimate age of neonates. Instead, weekly survival intervals are more appropriate because most models accurately predicted ages within 1 week of the known age. Variation among results of neonatal-age models on short- and long-term estimates of survival for known-age young emphasizes the importance of selecting an appropriate hoof-growth equation and appropriately defining intervals (i.e., weekly versus daily) for estimating survival.
Optimal design of non‐Newtonian, micro‐scale viscous pumps for biomedical devices

The present paper addresses the numerical optimization of geometrical parameters of non‐Newtonian micro‐scale viscous pumps for biomedical devices. The objective is to maximize the mass flow rate per unit of shaft power consumed by the rotor when an external pressure load is applied along the channel that houses the rotor. Two geometric parameters are considered in the optimization process: (i) the height of the channel that houses the rotor (H) and (ii), the eccentricity (ε) of the rotor. Three different micro‐scale viscous pump configurations were tested: a straight‐housed pump (I‐shaped housing) and two curved housed pumps (L‐ and U‐shaped housings). The stress–strain constitutive law is modeled by a power‐law relation. The results show that the geometric optimization of micro‐scale viscous pumps is critical since the mass flow rate propelled by the rotor is highly dependent on ε and H. Numerical simulations indicate that mass flow rate is maximized when ε ∼ 0, namely when the rotor is placed at a distance of 0.05 radii from the lower wall. The results also show that micro‐scale viscous pumps with curved housing provide higher mass flow rate per unit of shaft power consumed when compared with straight‐housed pumps. The results are presented in terms optimized dimensions of all three configurations (i.e., Hopt and εopt) and for values of the power‐law index varying between 0.5 (shear thinning fluids) and 1.5 (shear‐thickening fluids). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 37–47. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Creation and Characterisation of a National Compound Collection: the Royal Society of Chemistry Pilot Original Citation the Creation and Characterisation of a National Compound Collection: the Royal Society of Chemistry Pilot † ‡

Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not­for­profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. e We present a summary of the National Compound Collection (NCC) pilot; which harvested chemical structure data from 746 publicly-available PhD theses to create an enhanced database of diverse and interesting (largely organic) molecular entities. The database comprised 75 000 structure entries, of which 70% were new to ChemSpider at the time of upload. The dataset was evaluated for structural uniqueness by twelve external drug discovery groups from the pharmaceutical, biotech, academic and not-for-profit sectors. These partners generated data reported here comparing the NCC pilot with their in-house compound collections. The proportion of NCC structures considered to be useful for drug discovery ranged from 5–80% depending on the strictness of the filters used; most interestingly from a drug discovery standpoint 13k NCC compounds (18% of the NCC) passed the filters and were of good diversity. These compounds are quite different from those that are already present in the screening collections but not so different that they are no longer considered to be drug-like. In general, the drug discovery teams would consider these compounds to be high value molecules for inclusion in their screening collections. This pilot addressed the potential value of unpublished data and explored the practicalities of large-scale data extraction, to inform both retrospective and prospective extraction of chemical data from theses.
F layer postsunset height rise due to electric field prereversal enhancement: 1. Traveling planetary wave ionospheric disturbance effects

[1] An ionospheric sounding station is operational at Palmas (10.2°S, 48.2°W, dip latitude 5.5°S), Brazil, since 2002. Observations of F layer virtual height day-to-day variations during evening hours (1800 LT to 2000 LT) show a strong variability, even during geomagnetically quiet periods. From the ionospheric multifrequency virtual height variations (at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 MHz), observed from July 2003 to May 2004, it is found that the virtual height day-to-day variability presents oscillations with periods of days during the evening hours. The thermospheric wind component perpendicular to the magnetic meridian (zonal wind) is one of the primary sources that generate the F region dynamo near sunset, which causes the zonal electric field prereversal enhancement (PRE) that induces the E × B vertical F layer postsunset height rise. Therefore, the planetary wave (PW) component that flows superposed on the thermospheric wind induces a traveling planetary wave ionospheric disturbance (TPWID) on the vertical F layer displacement. This indicates that the postsunset ionospheric height rise can be strongly modulated by TPWID oscillations. Our study shows that TPWIDs with periods of several days control the strength of the electric field PRE and, therefore, slowly push the F layer heights up or down, according to the TPWID phase. Also, simultaneous virtual height variations at Sao Jose dos Campos (low latitude) and Palmas (equatorial region) for October and November show similar behavior. This suggests that TPWID oscillation is a manifestation of atmospheric equatorial Kelvin waves that modulate the thermospheric wind.
When City and Country Collide: Managing Growth In The Metropolitan Fringe

As traditional rural industries give way to residential and commercial development, the land at the edges of developed areas - the rural-urban "fringe" - is becoming the middle landscape between city and countryside that the suburbs once were. The fringe is where America's struggles over population growth and the development of open space are most visible and bitter. The author addresses problems caused by unplanned growth in the battlefield where urban meets rural - 10-40 miles outside of major urban areas where traditional rural industries of farming, forestry, and mining are rapidly giving away to residential and service-oriented development. The fringe differs from the suburb in that the development is much lass dense and more sporadic. The implications for accommodating economic and population growth pressures, as well as issues of environmental quality and competitiveness in the global economy, are profound. But formulating and implementing solutions to sprawl and managing growth in the fringe have seemed elusive. As the nation's population and economy expand, the challenges of managing growth in the fringe will become more heated and complex. The author examines the fringe phenomenon and presents a workable approach to fostering more compact development. He provides viable alternatives to traditional land use and development practices and offers a solid framework and rational perspective for wider adoption of growth management techniques.