Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A standard light source of very low intensity based on the Cerenkov effect

Standard light sources of very low intensity for use in studies of luminescent effects have been developed using the visible Cerenkov emission from aqueous solutions of β-ray emitting radioactive isotopes. The measured relative intensities of the emission from various β-ray emitters showed agreement with the classical theory of Frank and Tamm for the Cerenkov effect. The absolute intensities observed were not incompatible with the latter theory. Measurements were also made of the spectral distributions of the emission in the visible range; these distributions showed reasonable agreement with those predicted by the theory of Frank and Tamm. The use of standards based on the Cerenkov effect for the calibration of luminescence detectors using photomultiplier tubes, and for the absolute measurement of low intensities of visible light, is discussed.
Synchronization of fractional-order different memristor-based chaotic systems using active control

In this article, synchronization of two different fractional-order memristor-based chaotic systems is considered. To achieve synchronization, an active control technique is used. The main proof is concerned with the problem of synchronization of memristor-based Lorenz systems with memristor-based Chua’s circuits. Numerical simulations of fractional-order memristor-based chaotic systems are performed by using the Caputo version and a predictor–corrector algorithm for fractional-order differential equations, which is a generalization of the Adams–Bashforth–Moulton method. From the simulations, it will be verified that the proposed control method is effective in achieving synchronization.
VOLUME-BASED THERMODYNAMICS GLOBAL PHASE STABILITY ANALYSIS

In this study we propose a method for phase stability analysis at pressure and temperature specifications, in the frame of a “volume-based” thermodynamics. The formulation of the tangent plane distance (TPD) criterion in terms of the Helmholtz free energy is used in this work for testing phase thermodynamic stability at p-T conditions, using component molar densities as primary variables. The phase stability problem is non-convex; the TPD function may exhibit multiple local minima and saddle points, the use of global optimization methods for its minimization being appropriate. For the unconstrained minimization of the TPD function we use the tunneling global optimization method, which has shown its ability in efficiently solving difficult non-convex, highly nonlinear problems. The method is tested for a variety of mixtures ranging from binaries to mixtures with many components, with emphasis on difficult conditions. The proposed method proved to be an efficient and reliable tool for phase stability analysis.
The nonsolar abundance ratios of Arcturus deduced from spectrum synthesis

Using opacity distribution functions based on a newly expanded atomic and molecular line list, we have calculated a model atmosphere for Arcturus that reproduces the observed flux distribution. Individual line parameters in the list were adjusted to match the solar spectrum in a preliminary way, in the regions 5000-5500 A, 6000-6500 A, and 7500-9000 A. The Arcturus model spectrum calculated with these adjustments reproduces well the profiles of all lines in the observed spectrum of the Griffin atlas for which the solar gf-values are well determined. The Arcturus model has an iron abundance [Fe/H]=−0.5±0.1, a temperature T eff =4300±30 K, gravity log g=1.5±0.15, and an overabundance of the light metals
The use of time-domain selection for improved linear prediction

We show by theoretical argument and by experiment with both synthetic and real data that selection of an undriven segment of voiced speech for analysis by linear predictive coding (LPC) gives more accurate estimates of the poles of the vocal-tract model. In the case of voiced nasal phonemes, this technique provides a simple algorithm for separately determining the poles and the zeros in the model and illustrates the desirability of identifying the portions of the speech wave during which there is a significant driving input. A key problem which remains is the development of a practical algorithm for selecting such segments for analysis.
Failure and Redemption of Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR)/Normal Incidence Multifilter Radiometer (NIMFR) Cloud Screening: Contrasting Algorithm Performance at Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) and Southern Great Plains (SGP) Sites

Well-known cloud-screening algorithms, which are designed to remove cloud-contaminated aerosol optical depths (AOD) from Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) and Normal Incidence Multifilter Radiometer (NIMFR) measurements, have exhibited excellent performance at many middle-to-low latitude sites around world. However, they may occasionally fail under challenging observational conditions, such as when the sun is low (near the horizon) and when optically thin clouds with small spatial inhomogeneity occur. Such conditions have been observed quite frequently at the high-latitude Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) sites. A slightly modified cloud-screening version of the standard algorithm is proposed here with a focus on the ARM-supported MFRSR and NIMFR data. The modified version uses approximately the same techniques as the standard algorithm, but it additionally examines the magnitude of the slant-path line of sight transmittance and eliminates points when the observed magnitude is below a specified threshold. Substantial improvement of the multi-year (1999–2012) aerosol product (AOD and its Angstrom exponent) is shown for the NSA sites when the modified version is applied. Moreover, this version reproduces the AOD product at the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) site, which was originally generated by the standard cloud-screening algorithms. The proposed minor modification is easy to implement and its application to existing and future cloud-screening algorithms can be particularly beneficial for challenging observational conditions.
Traces in strict Frobenius algebras and strict complete intersections.

In this paper we prove generalizations of certain classical theorems about zerodimensional subschemes of P such äs Bezout's theorem, the Cayley-Bacharach theorem [DGO], a formula of Jacobi [J] closely related to the residue theorem on P>, and an old result of Humbert [H] on the intersection of curves in P. It is shown that these theorems can be obtained and generalized by a common method which is described in §1 and of which the proof of Bezout's theorem (1.12) is the first Illustration. The generalizations are formulated äs Statements about certain Frobenius and complete intersection algebras, which are called "strict". The affine coordinate rings A of the schemes under consideration are such algebras over their ground field. Their projective coordinate ring is the Rees algebra for a certain filtration of A, and our method is based on the interplay between filtered algebras, their Rees algebras, and their associated graded algebras. Traces in Frobenius algebras are an important tool of our considerations; for instance Jacobi's formula turns out to be a special case of a certain trace formula. In what follows all rings are commutative with 1. Ring homomorphisms map l to 1. An algebra S/R is a pair of rings R, S, together with a ring homomorphism jR — > S. We shall use the language described in [K], appendix A. For complete intersection algebras we refer to [K], appendix C, and for the general theory of traces to [K], appendix F, which is a slightly extended and generalized version of the paper [SS] by Scheja and Storch.
Size-advantage of monovalent nanobodies against the macrophage mannose receptor for deep tumor penetration and tumor-associated macrophage targeting

Rationale: Nanobodies (Nbs) have emerged as an elegant alternative to the use of conventional monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy, but a detailed microscopic insight into the in vivo pharmacokinetics of different Nb formats in tumor-bearers is lacking. This is especially relevant for the recognition and targeting of pro-tumoral tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which may be located in less penetrable tumor regions. Methods: We employed anti-Macrophage Mannose Receptor (MMR) Nbs, in a monovalent (m) or bivalent (biv) format, to assess in vivo TAM targeting. Intravital and confocal microscopy were used to analyse the blood clearance rate and targeting kinetics of anti-MMR Nbs in tumor tissue, healthy muscle tissue and liver. Fluorescence Molecular Tomography was applied to confirm anti-MMR Nb accumulation in the primary tumor and in metastatic lesions. Results: Intravital microscopy demonstrated significant differences in the blood clearance rate and macrophage targeting kinetics of (m) and (biv)anti-MMR Nbs, both in tumoral and extra-tumoral tissue. Importantly, (m)anti-MMR Nbs are superior in reaching tissue macrophages, an advantage that is especially prominent in tumor tissue. The administration of a molar excess of unlabelled (biv)anti-MMR Nbs increased the (m)anti-MMR Nb bioavailability and impacted on its macrophage targeting kinetics, preventing their accumulation in extra-tumoral tissue (especially in the liver) but only partially influencing their interaction with TAMs. Finally, anti-MMR Nb administration not only allowed the visualization of TAMs in primary tumors, but also at a distant metastatic site. Conclusions: These data describe, for the first time, a microscopic analysis of (m) and (biv)anti-MMR Nb pharmacokinetics in tumor and healthy tissues. The concepts proposed in this study provide important knowledge for the future use of Nbs as diagnostic and therapeutic agents, especially for the targeting of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
Microscale acoustofluidics: Microfluidics driven via acoustics and ultrasonics

This article reviews acoustic microfiuidics: the use of acoustic fields, principally ultrasonics, for application in microfiuidics. Although acoustics is a classical field, its promising, and indeed perplexing, capabilities in powerfully manipulating both fluids and particles within those fluids on the microscale to nanoscale has revived interest in it. The bewildering state of the literature and ample jargon from decades of research is reorganized and presented in the context of models derived from first principles. This hopefully will make the area accessible for researchers with experience in materials science, fluid mechanics, or dynamics. The abundance of interesting phenomena arising from nonlinear interactions in ultrasound that easily appear at these small scales is considered, especially in surface acoustic wave devices that are simple to fabricate with planar lithography techniques common in microfluidics, along with the many applications in microfluidics and nanofluidics that appear through the literature.
A Continuous-Time Nonlinear Observer for Estimating Structure from Motion from Omnidirectional Optic Flow

Title of dissertation: A CONTINUOUS-TIME, NONLINEAR OBSERVER FOR ESTIMATING STRUCTURE FROM MOTION FROM OMNIDIRECTIONAL OPTIC FLOW Joseph K. Conroy, Doctor of Philosophy, 2010 Dissertation directed by: Professor J. Sean Humbert Department of Aerospace Engineering Various insect species utilize certain types of self-motion to perceive structure in their local environment, a process known as active vision. This dissertation presents the development of a continuous-time formulated observer for estimating structure from motion that emulates the biological phenomenon of active vision. In an attempt to emulate the wide-field of view of compound eyes and neurophysiology of insects, the observer utilizes an omni-directional optic flow field. Exponential stability of the observer is assured provided the persistency of excitation condition is met. Persistency of excitation is assured by altering the direction of motion sufficiently quickly. An equal convergence rate on the entire viewable area can be achieved by executing certain prototypical maneuvers. Practical implementation of the observer is accomplished both in simulation and via an actual flying quadrotor testbed vehicle. Furthermore, this dissertation presents the vehicular implementation of a complimentary navigation methodology known as wide-field integration of the optic flow field. The implementation of the developed insect-inspired navigation methodologies on physical testbed vehicles utilized in this research required the development of many subsystems that comprise a control and navigation suite, including avionics development and state sensing, model development via system identification, feedback controller design, and state estimation strategies. These requisite subsystems and their development are discussed. A CONTINUOUS-TIME, NONLINEAR OBSERVER FOR ESTIMATING STRUCTURE FROM MOTION FROM OMNIDIRECTIONAL OPTIC FLOW
Toward Efficient Trajectory Planning: The Path-Velocity Decomposition

We present a novel approach to solving the trajectory plan ning problem (TPP) in time-varying environments. The es sence of our approach lies in a heuristic but natural decom position of TPP into two subproblems: (1) planning a path to avoid collision with static obstacles and (2) planning the velocity along the path to avoid collision with moving obsta cles. We call thefirst subproblem the path planning problem (PPP) and the second the velocity planning problem (VPP). Thus, our decomposition is summarized by the equation TPP => PPP + VPP. The symbol => indicates that the de composition holds under certain assumptions, e.g., when obstacles are moving independently of (i.e., not tracking ) the robot. Furthermore, we pose the VPP in path-time space, where time is explicitly represented as an extra dimension, and reduce it to a graph search in this space. In fact, VPP is transformed to a two-dimensional PPP in path-time space with some additional constraints. Algorithms are then pre sented to solve the VPP with different optimality criteria: minimum length in path-time space, and minimum time.
Measuring space radiation with ADIS instruments

Measurements of radiation in space, cosmic rays and Solar energetic particles, date back to the dawn of space flight. Solid state detectors, the basis of most modern high energy charged particle instruments, first flew in space in the 1960's. Modern particle spectrometers, such as ACE/CRIS, ACE/SIS and Ulysses/HET, can measure the elemental and isotopic composition of ions through the iron peak. This is achieved by using position sensing detectors (PSD's) arranged into hodoscopes to measure particle trajectories through the instrument, allowing for pathlength corrections to energy loss measurements. The Angle Detecting Inclined Sensor (ADIS) technique measures particle angle of incidence using a simple system of detectors inclined to the instrument axis. It achieves elemental resolution well beyond iron, and isotopic resolution for moderate mass elements without the complexity of position sensing detectors. An ADIS instrument was selected to fly as the High Energy Particle Sensor (HEPS) on NPOESS, but was de-scoped with the rest of the space weather suite. Another ADIS instrument, the Energetic Heavy Ion Sensor (EHIS), is being developed for GOES-R. UNH has built and tested a engineering unit of the EHIS. Applications for manned dosimetery on the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) are also being explored. The basic ADIS technique is explained and accelerator data for heavy ions shown.
Perpendicular spin transfer torque magnetic random access memories with high spin torque efficiency and thermal stability for embedded applications (invited)

Magnetic random access memories based on the spin transfer torque phenomenon (STT-MRAMs) have become one of the leading candidates for next generation memory applications. Among the many attractive features of this technology are its potential for high speed and endurance, read signal margin, low power consumption, scalability, and non-volatility. In this paper, we discuss our recent results on perpendicular STT-MRAM stack designs that show STT efficiency higher than 5 kBT/μA, energy barriers higher than 100 kBT at room temperature for sub-40 nm diameter devices, and tunnel magnetoresistance higher than 150%. We use both single device data and results from 8 Mb array to demonstrate data retention sufficient for automotive applications. Moreover, we also demonstrate for the first time thermal stability up to 400 °C exceeding the requirement of Si CMOS back-end processing, thus opening the realm of non-volatile embedded memory to STT-MRAM technology.
Generalized Formulation to Estimate a Potential Complex Function of a Flow Past Multiple Cylinders

This paper presents a generalized formulation to calculate an approximation of the complex potential function due to a flow past over any distribution of circular cylinders with different radius and circulation. To validate the formulation, the stream function over different configurations of cylinders is calculated. As an example, the potential complex function of three different configurations of cylinders in the z-plane is studied. In addition, in order to show the interference among the cylinders, the velocity and pressure distribution are also calculated.
Model emission spectra from primeval galaxies

The paper computes models of the UV luminosity produced by a distribution of supernova remnants resulting from a burst of star formation in primeval galaxies at large redshift. The evolution of low metal abundance remnants is described analytically, and their UV emission is found from a velocity grid of radiative shock models. The implications of these results for the detection of line emission from young galaxies and for the diffuse background radiation are discussed.
High-resolution spectroscopic observations of two s-process-enriched and carbon-poor post-AGB stars: GLMP 334 and IRAS 15482−5741

Aims. The study of post-AGB stars provides important information on the s-process inside asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. We determined the atmospheric parameters and abundance patterns of two post-AGB stars: GLMP 334 and IRAS 15482−5741 to better understand their evolutionary state and the nature of the s-element enhancement of these stars. Methods. We used high-resolution optical spectroscopy. Atmospheric parameters and abundances were determined in the localthermodynamic-equilibrium model atmospheres of Kurucz (1993, CD-ROM 13, SAO) using the spectral analysis code MOOG. Spectroscopic observations are compared with nucleosynthesis AGB models of different initial masses and s-process efficiencies. Results. Theoretical interpretations are presented and discussed. The observed distribution of neutron capture elements can be fitted with particular choices of AGB initial masses and of the 13C neutron source (13C-pocket strengths) obtained at the adopted [Fe/H] for each star, but the low [C/Fe] observed is incompatible with model predictions. The problem can be solved by increasing the metallicity by 0.2 dex, which is inside the spectroscopic uncertainty. The abundances of carbon and nitrogen observed in these stars may support the occurrence of an extra-mixing episode, the “cool bottom process”, even if its exact effect cannot be theoretically quantified yet.
Equivalence in symbolic and nonsymbolic contexts: Benefits of solving problems with manipulatives.

Children's failure on equivalence problems (e.g., 5 + 4 = 7 + _) is believed to be the result of misunderstanding the equal sign and has been tested using symbolic problems (including " = "). For Study I (N = 48), we designed a nonsymbolic method for presenting equivalence problems to· determine whether Grade 2 children's difficulty is due to the presence of symbols or to a more fundamental misunderstanding of equivalence. Children's superior performance on nonsymbolic versus symbolic problems suggests that children fail to map their understanding of equivalence onto problems presented with the symbols of arithmetic. For Study 2 (N = 32), we implemented a within-subject design to assess whether experience with nonsymbolic problems would facilitate performance on symbolic problems. This hypothesis was confirmed. Exposure to nonsymbolic problems may have enabled children to map their successful concepts and strategies to symbolic equivalence problems
The role of spectral bandwidth in transverse optical binding

Binding between optically co-trapped micro-particles occurs when the scattered optical fields are sufficient to com pete with the trapping forces. Such optical binding is seen as being pertinent to large-scale micro-manipulation due to the significant forces present within an optical trapping system comprising multiple micro-particles. One aspect of optical binding involves an inter-particle force relationship that is strongly dependent on optical fre quency. In our study we theoretically show that a broadened spectral content associated with frequency doubled broadband ultrashort pulses can result in spatial overlap of contained frequencies. The binding force oscillations are averaged out when sufficient spectral content is present within the pulse.
Synthesis of coded masks for gamma-ray and X-ray telescopes

We propose the synthesis of coded masks for gamma-ray and X-ray telescopes with square or rectangular apertures, using two-dimensional difference sets. Compared with masks employed at present, these facilitate a significant increase in the capability to choose both the size and the fraction of the open pixels, i.e. the telescope resolution and sensitivity. We also point out the possibility of constructing masks on the basis of two-dimensional generalized difference sets, which considerably increases the number of feasible variants
On Certain Bivariate Sign Tests and Medians

Abstract Brown and Hettmansperger proposed an affine invariant bivariate analogue of the sign test, the OS test, based on the generalized median of Oja. On the other hand, Oja and Nyblom introduced a family of locally most powerful affine invariant sign tests. In the case of elliptic distributions, the locally most powerful Blumen's test and the OS test are shown to be asymptotically equivalent. Formulas for calculating asymptotic relative efficiencies of the OS test and the Oja bivariate median are given. It is shown that if the contours of a distribution are of a similar shape, the relative efficiencies of the OS test and Blumen's test depend on the distribution only through the shape of the contours. For the power family of contours |x 1| p + |x 2| p = c, p > 0, numerical calculations show that the efficiency of the OS test relative to Blumen's test attains its minimum 1 as p = 2 (spherical/elliptic case) and increases to infinity as p → 0. In the bivariate Laplace case with independent marginals (p = .
Growth of carbon nanotubes on carbon fibers without strength degradation

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are grown on PAN‐based carbon fibers by means of catalytic chemical vapor deposition technique. By using catalytic thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon, CNTs can be grown in the temperature range of 650–750 °C. However, carbon fibers suffer significant damages resulting in decrease of initial tensile strength. By applying the oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of C2H2 with CO2, we found an alternative way to grow CNTs on carbon fibers at low temperatures, such as 500 °C. Scanning electron microscope results combined with single fiber tests indicate that this low temperature growth enables homogeneous grafting of CNTs onto carbon fibers without degradation of tensile strength.