Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal dynamics in methane emissions from the Amazon River floodplain to the troposphere

Methane fluxes to the troposphere from the three principal habitats of the floodplain of the Amazon River main stem (open waters, emergent macrophyte beds, and flooded forests) were determined along a 1,700-km reach of the river during the low-water period of the annual flood cycle (November-December 1988). Overall, emissions averaged 68 ({plus minus} 20) mg CH{sub 4} m{sup {minus}2} d{sup {minus}1} and were significantly lower than similar emissions determined previously for the high-water period, 184 ({plus minus} 41) mg CH{sub 4} m{sup {minus}2} d{sup {minus}1} (July-August 1986). This difference was due to significantly lower emissions from floating macrophyte environments. Low-water emissions from open waters and flooded forest areas were not significantly different than at high water. A monthly time series of methane emissions from eight lakes located in the central Amazon basin showed similar results. Average annual emission from the lakes was 125 ({plus minus} 28) mg CH{sub 4} m{sup {minus}2} d{sup {minus}1}. Methane emissions from lakes were significantly higher during the high water period, again primarily due to an increase in emissions from macrophyte habitats. The data were used to calculate a seasonally weighted annual emission to the troposphere from the Amazon River main stem floodplain of 5.1 Tgmore » yr{sup {minus}1}, which indicates the importance of the area in global atmospheric chemistry. « less
Mesoscopic structural observations of cores from the Chelungpu Fault System, Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project Hole-A, Taiwan

1 Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 2 Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kochi, Japan 3 Department of Natural Environmental Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan 4 Department of Earth Sciences and Institute of Geophysics, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC 5 Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 6 Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA * Corresponding author address: Dr. Hiroki Sone, Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA; E-mail: hsone@pangea.stanford. edu doi: 10.3319/TAO.2007. 18.2. 359(TCDP) Structural characteristics of fault rocks distributed within major fault zones provide basic information in understanding the physical aspects of faulting. Mesoscopic structural observations of the drilled cores from Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project Hole-A are reported in this article to describe and reveal the distribution of fault rocks within the Chelungpu Fault System. The Chelungpu Fault System in Hole-A was encountered at a depth of between 1050 1250 m where deformation structures increased. Three major fault zone structures were found at approximate depths of 1111, 1153, and 1221 m. The presence of wide fault rock regions were mostly concentrated in these 3 fault zones. The fault zone at 1111 m mainly consists of a nearly brecciated fracture zone and a clayey fault gouge zone of about 1.05 m in thickness. Fault rocks from the fault zone at 1153 m are characterized by the presence of sand grains in the matrix content, consisting of Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 18, No. 2, June 2007 360 a 1.1-m thick fault breccia zone and a 0.35-m thick fault gouge zone. The fault zone at 1221 m consists of fault breccia and fault gouge of 1.15 m in total thickness. These are relatively harder and darker in color than the previous 2 fault zones. Each of the 3 fault zones contains a few layers of dark colored rocks of approximately 5 80 mm in thickness within the fault breccia and fault gouge zones. These dark colored rocks were found distinctively within the fault rocks. However, there relation to the process of faulting is not clearly understood and shall be discussed in detail with the aid of microscopic observations. (
LIMITING PARAMETERS IN THE MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION OF A GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE

A prominent aeromagnetic anomaly in Randolph County, Indiana, suggests the existence of a dikelike structure within the Precambrian basement rocks. Because of the ambiguity inherent in magnetic interpretation, a unique solution for the parameters involved (depth of burial, geometric configuration, and magnetic susceptibility of the mass producing the anomaly) is impossible. However, if one of the parameters is known it is sometimes possible to indicate a range of plausible values for each of the remaining parameters. The depth to the surface of the Precambrian rocks in Randolph County is known from drill‐hole data to be about 3,000 ft. As the depth of burial is known, limits need be set only on the thickness, angle of dip, and susceptibility contrast of the assumed dike. These limits are determined by a graphical method. Theoretical anomalies over the postulated dike are computed for different dike thicknesses, angles of dip, and susceptibility contrasts. The computed profiles are then fitted to an observ.
Nimbus-7 global cloud climatology. I - Algorithms and validation

Abstract Data from the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), both aboard the Nimbus-7 satellite, are used to determine cloudiness parameters for the globe. The 11.5 μm THIR radiances and the 0.36 μm and 0.38 μm TOMS reflectivities, along with concurrent surface temperature data from the Air Force 3-D nephanalysis, are the primary data sources. They are processed by an algorithm that determines total cloud amount, cloud amount in three altitude categories, cirrus cloud, deep convective cloud, warm cloud, and the radiance of radiation emitted by the clouds. and the underlying surface. The algorithm is of the bispectral threshold type, which yields two independent estimates of total cloud, one from the infrared algorithm and one from the UV reflectivity algorithm. For the daytime observations (local noon at the equator), these two independent estimates are combined to determine a composite estimate, while at night (local midnight at the equator), onl.
The Fate of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water in the FLAME Model

AbstractNorth Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water, also known as Eighteen Degree Water (EDW), has the potential to store heat anomalies through its seasonal cycle: the water mass is in contact with the atmosphere in winter, isolated from the surface for the rest of the year, and reexposed the following winter. Though there has been recent progress in understanding EDW formation processes, an understanding of the fate of EDW following formation remains nascent. Here, particles are launched within the EDW of an eddy-resolving model, and their fate is tracked as they move away from the formation region. Particles in EDW have an average residence time of ~10 months, they follow the large-scale circulation around the subtropical gyre, and stratification is the dominant criteria governing the exit of particles from EDW. After sinking into the layers beneath EDW, particles are eventually exported to the subpolar gyre. The spreading of particles is consistent with the large-scale potential vorticity field, and there .
Deuterium in North Atlantic Storm Tops

Abstract During the ERICA project in 1989, ice crystals were collected from the tops bf two winter storms and one broad cirrus cloud. Deuterium concentration in the storm ice samples, together with a model of isotope fractionation, are used to determine the temperature where the ice was formed. Knowledge of the ice formation temperature allows us to determine whether the ice has fallen or been lofted to the altitude of collection. In both storms, the estimated fall distance decreases upward. In the 21 January storm, the fall distance decreases to zero at the cloud top. In the 23 January storm, the fall distance decreases to zero at a point 2 km below the cloud top and appears to become negative above, indicating lofted ice. Cloud particle data from the cloud tops show an ice-to-vapor ratio greater than one and indicate the presence of particles with small terminal velocities; both observations support the idea of ice lofting. The satellite-derived cloud tops lie well below the actual cloud top (e.g., 2.5 .
Seismic Technique To Determine The AllowableBearing Pressure In Soils And Rocks

Based on a variety of case histories of site investigations, including extensive bore hole data, laboratory testing and geophysical prospecting, an empirical formulation is proposed for the rapid determination of the allowable bearing capacity of shallow foundations. The proposed expression corroborates consistently with the results of the classical theory and is proven to be rapid, reliable and safe. It consists of only two soil parameters, namely the in situ measured shear wave velocity, and the unit weight. The unit weight may also be determined, with sufficient accuracy, by means of another empirical expression, using the P-wave velocity. It is indicated that once the shear and P-wave velocities are measured in situ by an appropriate geophysical survey, the allowable bearing pressure, as well as the coefficient of subgrade reaction and many other elasticity parameters, may be determined rapidly and reliably.
Food Waste Recycling and Algal Destruction for Municipalities and Food Plants

Algae, food waste (groceries, bakery waste), dairy processing waste (hereafter called dairy waste) and algae comingled with food or dairy waste were digested in Induced Bed Reactor (IBR) anaerobic digesters at mesophilic conditions in trials that ran for about one year; data was collected for 7 months. Algae were harvested from the city’s facultative lagoon based 14 MGD wastewater treatment facility to reduce effluent total phosphorus concentration and anaerobic digestion was explored as a method to dispose of the algae. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from the algae was 32 to 62.5% depending on hydraulic retention time. Though the IBR is a high rate digester, in these experiments a long HRT of nearly 40 days gave the best COD removal (62.5%) for algae. COD removal from food waste was about 86%; that from dairy was about 80% and comingling resulted in COD removal of up to 87%. A zeolite based biogas conditioner removed sulfur compounds including H2S and other contaminants from biogas to non-detectable limits (< 0.050 ppmv). The biggest problem with feeding food waste was grinding and materials handling. Otherwise the food waste was good substrate.
Lifting the veil on abundance patterns

The distribution of species abundances in samples from large species assemblages appears to follow a lognormal distribution truncated on the left at what Preston called the ‘veil line’. MacArthur suggested that if we could see the entire, unveiled distribution of abundances in the assemblage, we would discover that the distribution is left-skewed. This suggestion takes on a particular interest because, as we will show, Sugihara’s so-far successful model of abundance patterns predicts that abundance distributions are more likely to be left- than right-skewed. Recently published estimates of the population sizes of British bird species allow us to observe the completely unveiled distribution of a natural assemblage. This data set is, perhaps, uniquely informative because of the accuracy of the population size estimates of rare British bird species. The distribution is indeed left-skewed and the degree of left-skewness is quantitatively compatible with Sugihara’s model.
Tectonics of the Andaman Sea and Burma: Convergent Margins

The Andaman-Nicobar Ridge and the Indo-Burman Range are composed of sediments of the Bengal and Nicobar Fans scraped off the underthrusting Indian plate at the Sunda subduction zone. The Andaman Sea and the eastern part of the central valley of Burma represent a Neogene-Quaternary extensional basin underlain by oceanic crust formed by northwestward rifting of this orogenic ridge away from continental crust of the eastern Burma highlands and the Malay Peninsula. The plate edge is defined by a north-south transform in Burma, by the Sumatran fault system longitudinally bisecting Sumatra, and by a complex system of short spreading rifts and transforms in the central basin of the Andaman Sea. Where sedimentation rates are high over the newly formed oceanic crust, no magnetic a omalies are identifiable; where sedimentation rates are low or negligible, clear magnetic anomalies have permitted dating this phase of opening at approximately 11 m.y. B.P.
A downward positive leader that radiated optical pulses like a negative stepped leader

[1] Using a high-speed optical imaging system (Automatic Lightning Progressing Feature Observation System (ALPS)) operated at a time resolution of 100 ns, we recorded a downward positive leader that radiated more than 20 optical pulses during its downward progression over the height from 299 m to 21 m above the ground like a negative stepped leader. The leader propagated at a speed of around 1.0 × 106 m/s over the height from 272 m to 93 m and then accelerated to a speed of 2.5 × 106 m/s at the height of about 45 m. The positive leader pulses show a 10–90% risetime ranging from 1.2 to 3.8 μs with a geometric mean (GM) value of 2.0 μs, and a half-peak width ranging from 1.8 to 5.1 μs with a GM value of 3.4 μs. On average, the GM risetime and GM half-peak width of these positive leader pulses are about 5 times (2.0 μs versus 0.4 μs) and 3 times (3.4 μs versus 1.1 μs) larger, respectively, than those of negative leader pulses. The step luminosity pulses apparently originate in the leader tip region, which is unresolved with our limited spatial resolution of about 25 m, and propagate upward over distances from several tens of meters to more than 200 m (undetectable beyond that distance) with a speed close to 1.0 × 108 m/s. The pulses appear to attenuate significantly during their initial upward propagation of several tens of meters and then exhibit a tendency to be more or less constant in their luminosity.
The impact of drug clearance on duration of action of corticosteroids

Corticosteroids (CS) are widely used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Following inhalation, corticosteroids are subjected to drug clearance within the lungs. Their duration of action is dictated by their physiochemical properties, which subsequently impacts on their binding and activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), essential for corticosteroid function. Upon activation, GR translocates into the nucleus, where it reduces expression of proinflammatory markers, such as CXCL8. We hypothesised that fluticasone furoate (FF), a once-daily CS that has superior affinity and a slower rate of dissociation from GR than budesonide (BUD) and fluticasone propionate (FP) will maintain its action and function following a 20h washout period. The effects of BUD, FP and FF on GR nuclear translocation over a 24h time-course was examined in U937 monocytes. Importantly, we compared the effects of a 20h washout on GR nuclear localisation and suppression of CXCL8 following treatment with CS for 4h. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric analyses and results presented as mean±SEM. Treatment with BUD, FP and FF significantly induced GR nuclear translocation at 24h. Importantly, a 20h washout following a 4h treatment period reduced BUDand FP-induced GR nuclear localisation to basal levels, whereas FF maintained similar levels of GR nuclear translocation. A corresponding difference in CXCL8 suppression was also observed following the 20h washout period. Exposure of cells to FF for 4h (followed by 20h washout) was as effective as continued exposure for 24h.
An Interdecadal Oscillation in an Idealized Ocean Basin Forced by Constant Heat Flux.

Abstract The authors report on a regular, interdecadal oscillation in a three-dimensional ocean circulation model. The model is run using box geometry of size comparable to the North Atlantic and is driven by a constant, zonally uniform, surface heat flux. The meridional overturning in the model exhibits a peak to peak oscillation of 7 Sv about a mean of 15 Sv. The period is 50 years. The oscillation has many similarities to that found by Delworth et al. in the GFDL coupled ocean-atmosphere model. In particular, the SST anomaly pattern during the oscillation. is quite similar to that in the coupled model and also to interdecadal anomaly patterns seen in SST data from the North Atlantic. Since the surface flux is constant, the oscillation is due to a balance between convergence in the oscillating part of the poleward heat transport and changes in local heat storage. A similar balance applies to the coupled model where changes in surface heat flux weakly oppose the oscillation. Including salinity, by adding.
Water and heat stress: the effect on the growth and yield of maize and the impacts on irrigation water

The onset of water stress and the determination of heat stress on maize were studied using a ground-based remote sensing technique. The experiments were conducted at the University of Wyoming Research and Extension Center located in Powell, WY during the 2012 growing season on fields subjected to sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI), on-surface drip irrigation (ODI), and sprinkler (SPR) irrigation methods. In all three experiments the crop was subjected to three irrigation strategies, including 1.00ETc, 0.75ETc and 0.50ETc. Throughout the growing season the canopy temperature was monitored with infrared thermometers (IRTs) and the environmental variables were monitored with an automated weather station that was located on site. The IRTs were set to automatically retrieve and transmit the data to a dedicated computer using data loggers and radio transmitters/receivers. The soil moisture was monitored weekly with a neutron probe to a depth of 1 m. Plant samples for growth analysis were obtained regularly, and phenology observations were recorded bi-weekly. Photosynthesis was obtained in all treatments within each experiment using an infrared gas analyzer. Compared to the ODI and the SPR fields, water and heat stress had less effect on maize grown at the SDI field. Reduction on net photosynthesis was as little as 5.91 percent at the 0.75ET treatment of the SDI to as much as 65 percent at the 0.50ET treatment of the SPR. A functional relationship between the average crop water stress index (CWSI) and grain yield, was found. The use of IRTs for conditions in the semi-arid and arid regions of
Robust mosiacs of close-range high-resolution images

This paper presents a robust algorithm which relies only on the information contained within the captured images for the construction of massive composite mosaic images from close-range and high-resolution originals, such as those obtained when imaging architectural and heritage structures. We first apply Harris algorithm to extract a selection of corners and, then, employ both the intensity correlation and the spatial correlation between the corresponding corners for matching them. Then we estimate the eight-parameter projective transformation matrix by the genetic algorithm. Lastly, image fusion using a weighted blending function together with intensity compensation produces an effective seamless mosaic image.
Origin of the Jinbaoshan Pt-Pd Deposit, Western Yunnan: Implications for the Relationship of Crustal Contamination and Mineralization

Magmatic sulfide deposits in the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China, have variable chalcophile and siderophile metal contents and can be divided into PGE, Cu-Ni-PGE and Cu-Ni deposits. Jinbaoshan Pt-Pd deposit is the only large-scale PGE deposit in the Emeishan large igneous province, which has a huge regional prospecting potential, so a correct understanding of the mineralization and a new idea of prospecting is quite significant (Deng et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2014). The Jinbaoshan Pt-Pd deposit is located in the west side of Yangtze archicontinent and the east side of the Red River faults (Yang et al., 2010, 2011), inside the Ninglang-Midu mafic-ultramafic intrusion zone. The ore body is situated in wehrlites, presenting as a stratoid or lentoid body, and with ore grades ranging from 1 to 5 ppm Pt+Pd. The factors that control the formation of the PGE-rich ore body are a matter of debate. One of the major questions still posed with respect to Jinbaoshan Pt-Pd deposit is if crustal contamination is an essential ingredient in the process. This research tries to make clear of the relationship between mineralization and crustal contamination.
Entropy generation in the ocean by small-scale mixing

Abstract An expression that includes salt diffusion was developed and evaluated for the rate of entropy production σ in the ocean. The evaluation was done for mixing events produced by turbulent overturns and double diffusion. Temperature and salinity profiles from four representative oceanic regimes were used in the evaluation. For typical mid- or low-latitude profiles thermal diffusion is the main component of σ in upper-ocean turbulent events; in abyssal waters, viscous dissipation is the principal component. The depth of transition from dominance by σt to dominance by σv depends upon the depth dependence of mixing intensity, which has not been determined. Salt diffusion plays a major role only in a few locations where salinity strongly dominates the density field; the most prominent example is the shallow arctic halocline. Elsewhere, the effect of salt diffusion, However, when the viscous dissipation within the well-mixed layers above and below salt-fingering interfaces is also considered, viscous dis.
Thermohaline instability in the North Atlantic during meltwater events: Stable isotope and ice-rafted detritus records from Core SO75-26KL, Portuguese Margin

A benthic isotope record has been measured for core SO75-26KL from the upper Portuguese margin (1099 m water depth) to monitor the response of thermohaline overturn in the North Atlantic during Heinrich events. Evaluating benthic δ18O in TS diagrams in conjunction with equilibrium δc fractionation implies that advection of Mediterranean outflow water (MOW) to the upper Portuguese margin was significantly reduced during the last glacial (< 15% compared to 30% today). The benthic isotope record along core SO75-26KL therefore primarily monitors variability of glacial North Atlantic conveyor circulation. The 14C-accelerator mass spectrometry ages of 13.54±. 07 and 20.46±. 12 ka for two ice-rafted detritus (IRD) layers in the upper core section and an interpolated age of 36.1 ka for a third IRD layer deeper in the core are in the range of published 14C ages for Heinrich events H1, H2, and H4. Marked depletion of benthic δ13C by 0.7–1.1‰ during the Heinrich events suggests reduced thermohaline overturn in the North Atlantic during these events. Close similarity between meltwater patterns (inferred from planktonic δ18O) at Site 609 and ventilation patterns (inferred from benthic δ13C) in core SO75-26KL implies coupling between thermohaline overturn and surface forcing, as is also suggested by ocean circulation models. Benthic δ13C starts to decrease 1.5–2.5 kyr before Heinrich events Hl and H4, fully increased values are reached 1.5–3 kyr after the events, indicating a successive slowdown of thermohaline circulation well before the events and resumption of the conveyor's full strength well after the events. Benthic δ13C changes in the course of the Heinrich events show subtle maxima and minima suggesting oscillatory behavior of thermohaline circulation, a distinct feature of thermohaline instability in numerical models. Inferrred gradual spin-up of thermohaline circulation after Hl and H4 is in contrast to abrupt wanning in the North Atlantic region that is indicated by sudden increases in Greenland ice core δ18O and in marine faunal records from the northern North Atlantic. From this we infer that thermohaline circulation can explain only in part the rapid climatic oscillations seen in glacial sections of the Greenland ice core record.