Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C: routine or selective

J Hepatol 1999;31(suppl 1):88–91. 7. Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. N Engl J Med 1999;341:556–62. 8. Liou TC, Chang TT, Young KC, et al. Detection of HCV RNA in saliva, urine, seminal fluid, and ascites. J Med Virol 1992; 37:197–202. 9. Chayama K, Kobayashi M, Tsubota A, et al. Molecular analysis of intraspousal transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 1995;22:431–9. 10. Simmonds P. Variability of hepatitis C virus genome. Curr Stud Hematol Blood Transfus 1994;61:12–35. 11. Dienstag JL. Sexual and perinatal transmission of hepatitis C. Hepatology 1997;26(suppl 1):66S–70S. 12. Buchbinder SP, Katz MH, Hessol NA, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in sexually active homosexual men. J Infect 1994; 29:263–9. 13. Osella AR, Massa MA, Joekes S, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus sexual transmission among homosexual men. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:49–52. 14. Chiaramonte M, Stroffolini T, Lorenzoni U, et al. Risk factors in community-acquired chronic hepatitis C virus infection: A case-control study in Italy. J Hepatol 1996;24:129–34. 15. Caporaso N, Ascione A, Stroffolini T, et al. Spread of hepatitis C virus infection within families. J Viral Hepat 1998;5:67–72. 16. Wejstal R. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 1999;31:92–5. 17. Meisel H, Reip A, Faltus B, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus to children and husbands by women infected with contaminated anti-D globulin. Lancet 1995;345:1209–11. 18. Power JP, Davidson F, O’Riordan J, et al. Hepatitis C infection from anti-D globulin. Lancet 1995;346:372–3 (letter). 19. Ohno T, Mizokami M, Lau JYN, et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus. In: Nishioka K, Suzuki H, Mishiro S, et al, eds. Viral hepatitis and liver disease: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease: Molecules today, more cures tomorrow. Tokyo: SpringerVerlag, 1994:455–8. 20. Piazza M, Sagliocca L, Tosone G, et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus and efficacy of prophylaxis with intramuscular immune serum globulin. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1537–44. 21. Stroffolini T, Lorenzoni U, Menniti-Ippolito F, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in spouses: Sexual transmission or common exposure to the same risk factors? Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:3138–41. 22. Mohamed MK, Hussein MH, Massoud AA, et al. Study of the risk factors for viral hepatitis C infection among Egyptians applying for work abroad. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1996; 71:113–42. 23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998;47:16–20. 24. Jaeckel E, Cornberg M, Mayer J, et al. Early treatment of acute hepatitis C infection with interferon-alfa 2b monotherapy prevents development of chronic HCV infection. Hepatology 2000;32:318A (abstract).
Is Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition an Effective Strategy to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk? CETP Inhibition as a Strategy to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk: The Pro Case.

There is much current interest in the potential of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibition as a strategy to reduce the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). There is also great uncertainty. On the one hand, there is a large body of circumstantial evidence suggesting that inhibition of CETP is antiatherogenic and will protect against the development of ASCVD. On the other hand, 2 human clinical outcome trials with CETP inhibitors have failed. However, as outlined below, because of major problems with these 2 human clinical trials, the hypothesis has not been refuted and it remains unknown whether or not CETP inhibition reduces ASCVD risk. This is something we really need to know. The answer will emerge with the results of 2 large ongoing clinical outcome trials designed to test the hypothesis that CETP inhibition reduces ASCVD risk. Response by Hovingh et al on p 432 There is a possibility that the current level of uncertainty about CETP inhibition may impact adversely on the retention of participants in these ongoing clinical trials and thus reduce their power to provide an answer. We believe that everything possible must be done to ensure that the ongoing clinical outcome trials are allowed to proceed to completion with minimal dropout to provide confidence in the result. The purpose of this article is to summarize the large body of evidence showing that CETP inhibition is protective and that continuation of the ongoing trials to completion is essential. To present this evidence, this article addresses a series of fundamental questions. 1. What exactly is the function of CETP? 2. What is the rationale for inhibiting CETP as a strategy to reduce ASCVD risk? 3. What is the relationship between CETP and atherosclerosis in animal studies? 4. What is the relationship between the genetics and activity of CETP and atherosclerosis …
Human Resource Management For Tourism, Hospitality And Leisure: An International Perspective

Preface. 1. People in international tourism, hospitality and leisure: an introduction. 2. The development of tourism, hospitality and leisure and the nature of employment. 3. Tourism, hospitality and leisure labour markets. 4. Tourism, hospitality and leisure: a service focus and the role of people. 5. A dark side to the coin? 6. Cultural diversity in tourism, hospitality and leisure. 7. The social composition of employment in tourism, hospitality and leisure: Diversity beyond culture. 8. Education, training and development. 9. Planning to meet the human resource needs of the international tourism, hospitality and leisure industry. 10. Sustainability and the Future of Work and Employment in Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure.
Rewarding Excellence: Pay Strategies for the New Economy

Preface. The Author. Introduction. REWARDS AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE. 1. Organizational Effectiveness: The New Logic. 2. Reward System Design Choices. 3. Motivating and Satisfying Excellent Individuals. ATTRACTING, DEVELOPING, AND RETAINING EMPLOYEES. 4. Attracting and Selecting Excellent Employees. 5. Job-- and Seniority--Based Approaches. 6. Developing and Retaining the Right Individuals. REWARDING PERFORMANCE. 7. Rewarding Individual Performance. 8. Appraising Performance. 9. Rewarding Team Excellence. 10. Rewarding Organizational Excellence. STRATEGIC DESIGN. 11. Strategic Reward System Design. 12. Creating High Performance Organizations.
A Forensic Acquisition and Analysis System for IaaS: Architectural Model and Experiment

Cloud computing has been advancing at a feverish pace. It has become one of the most important research topics in computer science and information systems. Cloud computing offers enterprise-scale platforms in a short time frame with little effort. Thus, it delivers significant economic benefits to both commercial and public entities. Despite this, the security and subsequent incident management requirements are major obstacles to adopting the cloud. Current cloud architectures do not support digital forensic investigators, nor comply with today's digital forensics procedures - largely due to the dynamic nature of the cloud. When an incident has occurred, an organization-based investigation will seek to provide potential digital evidence while minimizing the cost of investigation. However, all members engaging in digital forensics must rely, to a very significant degree, upon the assistance of cloud providers to present relevant evidence. Unfortunately, providers often lack appropriate tools and features to perform adequate acquisition and analysis. Therefore, dependence on the CSPs is considered one of the most significant challenges when investigators need to acquire evidence in a timely yet forensically sound manner from cloud systems. This paper aims to achieve two objectives: the first objective is the development and validation of a forensic acquisition system in an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) model in order to ensure organizations remain in complete control, remove the burden/liability from the CSPs and make it easy to acquire the evidence in a forensically sound and timely manner. Secondly, it is to investigate the technical implications and costs resulting from such a system on the day-to-day operation of a cloud system.
GI events leading to death in association with celecoxib and rofecoxib*

lower esophageal ring. N Engl J Med 1971;284:1175–80. 3. Schatzki R, Gray JE. Dysphagia due to a diaphragm-like localized narrowing in the lower esophagus (lower esophageal ring). Am J Roentgenol 1953;70:911–22. 4. Eckardt VF, Kanzler G, Willems D. Single dilation of symptomatic Schatzki rings. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:577–82. 5. Johnston JH, Griffin JC. Anatomic location of the lower esophageal ring. Surgery 1967;61:528–34. 6. Eastridge CE, Pate JW, Mann JA. Lower esophageal ring: Experiences in treatment of 88 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;37:103–7. 7. Norton RA, King GD. Steakhouse syndrome; the symptomatic lower esophageal ring. Lahey Clin Bull 1963;13:55–9. 8. Haubrich WS. The first-bite syndrome. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1986;34:275–8. 9. Postlethwait RW, Sealy WC. Experiences with treatment of 59 patients with lower esophageal web. Ann Surg 1967;165:786–95. 10. Wilkins EW, Bartlett MK. Surgical treatment of the lower esophageal ring. N Engl J Med 1963;268:461–4. 11. Raskin JB, Manten H, Harary A, et al. Transendoscopic electrosurgical incision of lower esophageal (Schatzki) rings: A new treatment modality. Gastrointest Endosc 1985;31:391–3. 12. Gerami S, Cole FH. Dysphagia resulting from esophageal ring. Ann Thorac Surg 1970;10:223–6. 13. Scharschmidt BF, Watts HD. The lower esophageal ring and esophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 1978;69:544–9. 14. Mossberg SM. Lower esophageal ring treated by pneumatic dilatation. Gastroenterology 1965;48:118–21.
Bull-switching in African Bovid Herds: Assessing Best Practices for Breeding Management in Waterbuck

Bull-switching in African Bovid Herds: Assessing Best Practices for Breeding Management in Waterbuck. (Aug 2010) Reneé Crystal Michelle Jones, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Jane M. Packard To implement sustainable ex-situ management of big ungulate herds such as African Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), one strategy is to place a vasectomized male with females during the sub-optimal season for breeding and subsequently replace him with an intact male during the optimal breeding season. However, information is needed on the effects of vasectomy and the long-term effects on social well-being of individuals used in this "bull-switching" treatment, which is designed to enhance well-being of the whole herd. In this study, behavioral observations were conducted in three periods (pretreatment, treatment, post-treatment) 2-months in length. Focal individual observations were used to systematically record (a) continuous samples on video (6-min duration; n = 595), (b) instantaneous samples of proximity (n = 951), and (c) field notes of alloccurrences of social interaction (courting and antagonistic). The quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed a significant effect of treatment on three (courtship, escalation, and proximity) out of four measures (de-
Fear of falling.

Since the identification of the post-fall syndrome1 and use of the term “ptophobia” (the phobic reaction to standing or walking)2 in the early 1980s, fear of falling (FOF) has gained recognition as a health problem of older adults. In an attempt to measure this entity, various definitions have evolved. Tinetti and Powell3 described FOF as an ongoing concern about falling that ultimately limits the performance of daily activities. Other authors4,5 have referred to FOF as a patient's loss of confidence in his or her balance abilities. Still other authors6 defined FOF as a general concept that described low fall-related efficacy (low confidence at avoiding falls) and being afraid of falling. Subjects in one study7 indicated they did not describe themselves as being “afraid of falling,” but rather were “worried” about falling. In the early phase of research, FOF was largely believed to be a consequence of falling. Researchers discussed FOF as resulting from the psychological trauma of the fall, leading to reduced activity and subsequent losses in physical capabilities.2,8–10 Recent research, however, has revealed FOF in those who have not fallen4,11,12 and, furthermore, has uncovered a relationship to physical, psychological, and functional changes in older adults.6 Ongoing studies are focusing on the causes of FOF, dispelling misconceptions (eg, FOF being a result of the normal aging process), and identifying the interventions that address FOF most effectively. The researchers, however, agree that FOF is multifactorial in etiology,12,13 and they suggest that FOF may be a more pervasive and serious problem than falls in older adults6,13 and thus deserves attention. The purpose of this update is to increase the reader's awareness of the current findings about FOF, …
COMMUNITY READINESS AND HEALTH SERVICES

Community readiness theory is a practical tool for implementing changes in community health services. The theory provides methods for assessment, diagnosis, and community change. First, community key informants are asked semi-structured questions that provide information about what is occurring in the community in relation to a specific problem. The results evaluate readiness to deal with that problem on six dimensions; existing efforts, knowledge about the problem, knowledge about alternative methods or policies, leadership, resources, and community climate. The eventual result is a diagnosis of the overall stage of community readiness. There are nine stages, tolerance or no awareness, denial, vague awareness, preplanning, preparation, initiation, institutionalization or stabilization, confirmation/expansion, and professionalization. Each stage requires different forms of interventions in order to move the community to the next stage until, eventually, initiation and maintenance of health services programs and policies can be achieved. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue. ]
“Cytomegalovirus disease” in renal allograft recipients: Is human herpesvirus 7 a co‐factor for disease progression?

Fifty‐six renal allograft recipients were studied prospectively for 3 months or longer after transplant. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) specimens for CMV, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7) DNA (DNAemia) in 67 healthy controls and in serial (fortnightly) PBL specimens from the 56 allograft recipients. None of the healthy controls had detectable CMV DNAemia, although HHV6 and HHV7 DNAemia was found in 7% and 9% of individuals respectively. In contrast, DNAemia due to CMV, HHV6 and HHV7 was found in 50%, 36% and 39% of patients respectively, at some time during the post‐transplant period. Of the 28 patients who had CMV DNAemia, eight developed “CMV disease. ” The risk of progression to “CMV disease” was increased in patients with concurrent DNAemia to all three viruses (relative risk 3.7; 95% CI 1.3–10.5). The relative risk of “CMV disease” for patients with concurrent CMV and HHV7 was also increased (RR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.1–11.6), while the association between CMV and HHV6 was inconclusive (RR = 2.1; 95% CI = 0.7–6.6). The first 26 patients recruited to the study also had serial serum samples tested for antibody responses to the three viruses. “CMV disease” was associated with rising antibody titres to HHV7 (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.02), and weakly so with HHV6 (P = 0.07). It is concluded that in patients with CMV DNAemia, concurrent infection/reactivation of HHV7 (and possibly HHV6) is associated with an increased risk of progression to “CMV disease. ” © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular Inhibitors of Apoptosis Are Global Regulators of NF-κB and MAPK Activation by Members of the TNF Family of Receptors

Signaling downstream of tumor necrosis factor family receptors hinges on the presence or absence of c-IAP proteins. Directing TNFR Signaling with c-IAP Binding of ligands to tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) recruits adaptor proteins and E3 ubiquitin ligases to form signaling complexes that activate NF-κB and MAPK signaling, which are important in development and immunity. Varfolomeev et al. defined the roles of the E3 ubiquitin ligases c-IAP1 and c-IAP2, which are recruited to the TNFR1 complex by the adaptor protein TRAF2. The c-IAPs were critical for NF-κB and MAPK activation and for recruiting distal signaling components to specific TNFRs, and loss of c-IAPs resulted in diminished signaling by these TNFRs. Conversely, TNFR family members that stimulated noncanonical NF-κB signaling, which is inhibited by a complex containing c-IAP proteins, caused the translocation of c-IAP proteins from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, resulting in their degradation. Together, these data suggest that c-IAP proteins regulate canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling as well as MAPK activation by TNFR family members. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members are essential for the development and proper functioning of the immune system. TNF receptor (TNFR) signaling is mediated through the assembly of protein signaling complexes that activate the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (c-IAP) proteins c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are E3 ubiquitin ligases that are recruited to TNFR signaling complexes through their constitutive association with the adaptor protein TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). We demonstrated that c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 were required for canonical activation of NF-κB and MAPK by members of the TNFR family. c-IAPs were required for the recruitment of inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ), the IKK regulatory subunit NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), and RBCK1/Hoil1-interacting protein (HOIP) to TNFR signaling complexes and the induction of gene expression by TNF family members. In contrast, TNFRs that stimulated the noncanonical NF-κB pathway triggered translocation of c-IAPs, TRAF2, and TRAF3 from the cytosol to membrane fractions, which led to their proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. Finally, we established that signaling by B cell–activating factor receptor 3 induced the cytosolic depletion of TRAF3, which enabled noncanonical NF-κB activation. These results define c-IAP proteins as critical regulators of the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways by members of the TNFR superfamily.
Predicting hybrid performance in rice using genomic best linear unbiased prediction

Significance Genomic prediction is a new field of quantitative genetics. Individual performance can be predicted using genome-wide markers before the phenotype is measured. Genomic prediction for hybrid performance is even more promising because genotype of a hybrid is predetermined by the parents. We propose a genomic best linear unbiased prediction to predict hybrid performance of rice, and incorporate dominance and epistasis into the prediction model. Simulation studies showed that predictability can be further improved after incorporating dominance and epistasis into the model. The new strategy of marker-guided hybrid prediction is called genomic hybrid breeding, and it represents a new technology that may potentially revolutionize hybrid breeding in agriculture. Genomic selection is an upgrading form of marker-assisted selection for quantitative traits, and it differs from the traditional marker-assisted selection in that markers in the entire genome are used to predict genetic values and the QTL detection step is skipped. Genomic selection holds the promise to be more efficient than the traditional marker-assisted selection for traits controlled by polygenes. Genomic selection for pure breed improvement is based on marker information and thus leads to cost-saving due to early selection before phenotypes are measured. When applied to hybrid breeding, genomic selection is anticipated to be even more efficient because genotypes of hybrids are predetermined by their inbred parents. Hybrid breeding has been an important tool to increase crop productivity. Here we proposed and applied an advanced method to predict hybrid performance, in which a subset of all potential hybrids is used as a training sample to predict trait values of all potential hybrids. The method is called genomic best linear unbiased prediction. The technology applied to hybrids is called genomic hybrid breeding. We used 278 randomly selected hybrids derived from 210 recombinant inbred lines of rice as a training sample and predicted all 21,945 potential hybrids. The average yield of top 100 selection shows a 16% increase compared with the average yield of all potential hybrids. The new strategy of marker-guided prediction of hybrid yields serves as a proof of concept for a new technology that may potentially revolutionize hybrid breeding.
Man-Made Medicine and Women's Health: The Biopolitics of Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity

National vital statistics in the United States present data in terms of race, sex, and age, treated as biological variables. Some races are clearly of more interest than others: data are usually available for whites and blacks, and increasingly for Hispanics, but seldom for Native Americans or Asians and Pacific Islanders. These data indicate that white men and women generally have the best health and that men and women, within each racial/ethnic group, have different patterns of disease. Obviously, the health status of men and women differs for conditions related to reproduction, but it differs for many nonreproductive conditions as well. In national health data, patterns of disease by race and sex are emphasized while social class differences are ignored. This article discusses how race and sex became such all-important, self-evident categories in 19th and 20th century biomedical thought and practice. It examines the consequences of these categories for knowledge about health and for the provision of health care. It then presents alternative approaches to understanding the relationship between race/ethnicity, gender, and health, with reference to the neglected category of social class.