Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optical Investigation Into Wall Wetting From Late-Cycle Post-Injections Used for Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration

Wall wetting phenomena were investigated in a light-duty diesel optical engine operating under typical diesel particulate filter regeneration conditions through the use of liquid spray imaging during late-cycle post-injections. Three post-injection timings were explored: 1) an ‘early’ timing (44.5°aTDC) where high ambient temperatures and densities were expected to decrease the liquid penetration, 2) a ‘conventional’ timing (78.5°aTDC) that is typically used to produce the necessary aftertreatment regeneration exhaust conditions, and 3) a ‘late’ timing (133.5°aTDC) where in-cylinder flows generated by exhaust valve opening-induced blowdown can disrupt the liquid penetration. In addition to a 2007 US certification diesel fuel, a palm-derived B20 biodiesel blend and soy-derived B100 biodiesel were examined since liquid spray impingement is thought to worsen for biodiesel blends due to the higher fuel distillation temperature, density, and viscosity. No significant wall wetting was observed for the early post-injection. However, considerable impingement occurred for the conventional and late post-injections. Liquid penetration and the persistence of liquid fuel in the cylinder were found to increase with biodiesel content, while exhaust blowdown flows were ineffective in reducing the severity of wall wetting. Negligible distortion of jet structure was observed for the liquid spray at the late post-injection. Short pulse durations decreased the severity of liquid penetration with the soy-derived biodiesel during the early post-injection SOI, but were otherwise ineffective.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Processing of Apparel Advertisements: Application and Extension of Elaboration Likelihood Model

This is an investigation of how consumers use the elements of an apparel advertisement to develop their attitudes toward an advertised product. It examined whether participants' involvement level (high or low) and the product type (utilitarian jacket or expressive jacket) influence the ways consumers process a message argument (strong or weak) and background picture (unattractive or attractive) in an apparel advertisement. Using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), an experimental study was conducted to examine information processing activities and attitude formation. Participants with a high level of involvement devoted more information processing efforts to specific elements of the advertisement - verbal messages for the utilitarian product and pictorial information for the expressive product - than participants with a low level of involvement. As a result, when the level of involvement was high, the message argument influenced the consumer's attitude toward the utilitarian product, whereas the background picture influenced attitudes toward the expressive product. In this paper, we discuss the applicability of ELM and its extension in explaining attitudes toward an apparel product.
Full scale experience with biological process models — Calibration issues

The advent of computer-based modeling tools has greatly improved the ease with which biological process modeling can be implemented. However, the calibration of a site-specific model does not always receive the same level of scrutiny as does model development. Three examples are presented to illustrate how this can be detrimental to process design: (i) lack of solids mass balance closure can lead to erroneous SRT estimates; (ii) incomplete specification of COD partitioning can result in underestimation of plant solids loading and corresponding under-design of clarification and aeration capacities; and (iii) inadequate determination of nitrogen species and COD partitioning can hinder process design of nutrient removal facilities with stringent discharge criteria. Provision of these types of data will greatly facilitate model calibration and improve their utility.
The Effect of Chest Physiotherapy During Immediate Postoperative Period among Patients Underwent Abdominal Surgery

Objective: To evaluate the effect of chest physiotherapy on pain and oxygen saturation during the immediate postoperative period among patients underwent abdominal surgery. Method: A quantitative approach, by using single group pre-test and post-test qausi experimental research design without equivalent control group was undertaken. Thirty subjects who fulfilled both inclusion and exclusion criteria were included by using convenient sampling method. Pulse oximetry measurement was performed preoperatively and on the second postoperative day. A visual analog pain scale (VAS) was applied on the second postoperative day, before and after chest physiotherapy. The subjects received treatment at the post-anesthesia care unit. Length of hospitalization, surgery duration and postoperative pulmonary complications were gathered from patient’s medical record. Results: The subjects showed improved in oxygen-hemoglobin saturation reading after chest physiotherapy during the immediate postoperative period (p < 0.04). Conclusion: Chest physiotherapy was effective for improving oxygen-hemoglobin saturation reading during the immediate postoperative period among patient underwent upper abdominal surgery without increased abdominal pain.
Theoretical analysis and experimental validation of a novel multilevel inverter topology for renewable energy interfacing applications

This paper presents a new topological structure for symmetrical cascaded multilevel inverters. The proposed circuit consists of cross-connected separate symmetrical DC sources which can generate number of levels equal to that of a cascaded H-bridge topology with reduced number of power switches. It is especially suitable for utility interfacing of renewable energy sources. It also offers the possibility of a transformer less and filter less operation. The working principle of the proposed topology is explained with the help of a single-phase five level inverter. Simulation results are obtained in matlab/simulink environment and are verified experimentally on a laboratory prototype. An exhaustive comparison of the proposed topology is made with the classical cascaded H-bridge topology, especially with the considerations of conduction losses and cost-effectiveness. The proposed topology results in the reduction of number of power switches, losses, installation area, and converter cost and thus can be implem.
The vortex mask design for irregular arrays of contact holes

The formation of contact holes in semiconductor integrated circuit device fabrication is considered. The contact holes size usually corresponds to the resolution of the stepper. The vortex mask technique is intended to improve resolution in patterning contact holes through exposure. By adopting this technique, an isolated contact hole with a diameter of approximately 80 nm and 250 nm pitch can be formed with KrF, NA=0.63. The conventional vortex mask approach permits the single exposure printing of regular arrays of contact holes. The unwanted contact holes should be erased from resist pattern by exposing the wafer with a second, conventional trim mask. The double exposure process makes the fabrication more expensive. In the present work the vortex mask for single exposure printing of irregular arrays of contact holes is suggested.
Dynamic sampling in digital microfluidic devices

There are critical implementation challenges to consider for new digital microfluidic technologies. In dynamic applications, properties of both the system and the microdroplet are changing in time due to the adsorption of microdroplet species at the solid-liquid and liquid-vapor interfaces. In this paper, these digital microfluidic dynamic challenges are overcome through the introduction of real-time sensing submodules. Dynamic sampling has been added to the actuation mechanisms of the digital microfluidic system, and it is shown that the complete fluid system can be characterized simultaneously by measurements of the microfluidic system capacitance and the microdroplet contact angle.
Numerical Simulation on Wave Forces Acting on Superstructure of Twin-Decks Bridge

Based on practice engineering and model test, and considering different bridge elevation, elevation of sea bed, and the different wave factor, the author uses the 2D numerical wave tank based on the software ANSYS FLUENT which is established by ourselves to carry on the numerical simulation to various models, and compares with the corresponding experimental values. The author verified that all the forces are descending with the increase of bridge elevation. The most dangerous bridge elevation under wave action exists in bridge design, so it should be avoided. The optimum elevation of the bridge deck is recommended +5.5 m, and some advices on practice design engineering are presented.
Handheld direction of arrival finder with electronically steerable parasitic array radiator using the reactancedomain MUltiple SIgnal Classification algorithm

Reactance-domain MUltiple Signal Classification (RD-MUSIC) is a promising scheme for enabling ESPAR (Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator) antennas to accurately estimate the DOAs (directions-of-arrival) of radio waves. The ESPAR antenna is a variable directional antenna designed for battery-operated mobile terminals, and is utilised for handheld DOA finder applications as well as for wireless communication systems. We present some experimental results showing that the RD-MUSIC with a conventional calibration obtains a sharp spectrum for accurate DOA estimation, although the ESPAR antenna is equipped with only a single-port output unlike a conventional array antenna. The results also demonstrate that RD-MUSIC works well even when exploiting fewer beam patterns than the number of antenna elements. Moreover, we have verified that a human body hardly generates any degradation of DOA estimation even holding the DOA finder close to the body. The degradation of DOA estimation because of a human body is kept to less than about 6°, and removing beam patterns towards directions of reflections from the human body is found to be useful in decreasing the errors. Although the reduction in the number of beams results in reducing the total number of estimated waves, it can mitigate the influence of a human body for actual DOA estimation with the handheld DOA finder.
Towards Achieving Green Buildings In Developing Countries Based On A Traditional Approach With Reference To The Hot-arid Climate

Despite the fact that green buildings have become an important architectural trend in the 21st century, they still constitute a tiny subset of existing buildings in developing countries. Buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is for the provision of lighting and air conditioning. Developing countries are still facing unprecedented environmental and financial challenges in their pursuit of achieving rapid urban growth. The combined effect of the business model of “growing at any cost” adopted by these countries has resulted in the deterioration of their environment, manifested in the forms of depleting eco-systems and increasing climate vulnerability. There is growing realization of the urgency to move away from the current situation towards green buildings. This research argues that green buildings have much to learn from the buildings of the past. The research methodology of this paper adopts an analytic approach to environmental solutions in traditional architecture. The key emphasis on the design of greens building lies in energy-saving and nature conservation. The findings of this research reveal that the traditional architecture approach can be used as the main base for green buildings in developing countries. Furthermore, a reconsideration of a traditional architecture approach can provide crucial solutions towards achieving green buildings in developing countries.
Energy harvesting for a wireless monitoring system of overhead high-voltage power lines

For electric power transmission the overhead power line monitoring system plays an important role in operating security for grid operators as well as high supply availability at optimised cost. In this study, an approach to harvesting energy from the electric field around the conductor to supply the wireless sensor nodes was investigated. Special requirements in functionality, reliability and limited accessibility at the power line result in the development of a specific energy management strategy. A prototype of the power module was realised and tested under high voltage laboratory conditions. Then, a field test was carried out under real operating conditions. The test results confirm that the power module can collect enough energy to power the sensor nodes. The contribution in this study presents theoretical considerations of energy availability from the electric field, design of energy management and results from measurements with the prototype in a high voltage laboratory and in field test. The field test results demonstrate that the energy harvester can collect enough energy to power the sensor nodes by 16 mW.
Research of a high-efficiency practical distributed fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor system

A novel practical distribute Fiber Bragg Grating sensor system is presented in this paper. When the bandwidth of the broadband light source is 300 nm, the whole system can monitor more than 1000 meters and it is divided into 100 sections. Each section has 4 gratings with identical center wavelength, and these identical gratings monitor a small zone. The center wavelength of grating will shift due to temperature changes. By detecting the reflected light, the change of temperature and the location can be obtained. The system will alarm if this temperature is over setting value. A high-precision optoelectronic detector is used to detect the optical power, and the resolution is 1 nw. Based on the theory analysis, temperature experiments of different wavelength have been done. Based on the ARM Processor Cores, we designed an optimized algorithm which encoded all gratings and coordinated Fabry-Perot (F-P) tunable filter and optoelectronic detection system synchronously. The accuracy of the algorithm is up to 10 μs. The results show that grating center wavelength varies with temperature and linearity is over 99.6 %. The system not only can realized the temperature measurements but also expand the monitor range. It has been seen in experiments that the characteristics of the measured precisions of good reliability and high efficiency, application in distributed multimetering.
High transconductance AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistors on SiC substrates

Heterostructure field effect transistors have been fabricated using AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown on n-type SiC substrates. These 0.25 µm-gate devices exhibited a high drain current and DC transconductance of 1.71 A/mm and 222 mS/mm, respectively. In sharp contrast to the high current density HFETs fabricated on sapphire substrates was the absence of the negative differential resistance in the drain characteristics. A drain-to-gate breakdown voltage of 39 V was also obtained.
Design of low-power hybrid digital pulse width modulator with piecewise calibration scheme

A low-power hybrid digital pulse width modulator (DPWM) is proposed in the paper. Owing to the piecewise calibration scheme, the delay time of delay line is locked to target frequency. The delay line consists of two piecewise lines with different control codes. The delay time of each cell in one sub-delay-line is longer than the last significant bit (LSB) of DPWM, while the delay time of each cell in the other sub-delay-line is shorter than LSB. Optimum linearity is realised with minimum standard cells. Simulation results show that the differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity are improved from 5.1 to 0.4 and from 5 to 1.3, respectively. The DPWM is fully synthesised and fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS process. The proposed DPWM occupies a silicon area of 0.01 mm2, with 31.5 μw core power consumption. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate the 2-MHz, 10-bit resolution implementation. Pulse width histogram is firstly introduced to characterise the linearity of the DPWM.
An exploratory analysis of extended grocery supply chain operations and home delivery

This article examines ordering and delivery data from several home delivery grocers in both the USA and the UK. Contrary to popular perceptions, the demise of home delivery grocers (or Internet grocers as they were known during the artificial boom period of 1997‐2000) was exaggerated. In fact, sales for grocery home delivery are currently at least 50 per cent higher than their “peak” in 2000. This article examines the operational challenges involved in offering this value‐added service to consumers and posits the argument that prior efforts (notably Webvan) failed in large part due to poor operational execution and poorly planned business models. Closes with some insights regarding the problems which must be addressed if this extended grocery channel is to become successful in the long run.
A Potential Solution to Unintelligible English Accent: an Orthoepic Study of the Effectiveness of Stress Placement Intervention for Chinese English Speakers

Although English has continued to grow as a major language spoken internationally, many non-native speakers have found learning to say English vocabulary correctly difficult because of proper word stress placement. This study was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of word stress rules, created by Canadian linguist George Waldo (1968), in improving the pronunciation of English by Chinese college students. Given the problems associated with the pronunciation of English by nonnative American speakers. The purposes of this research were two-fold.
Current Limiting Device - A Utility's Need

Dramatic growth of today's utility systems is causing fault currents to exceed circuit breaker capabilities at existing major stations. Moreover, mathematical projections indicate that this trend will continue at an accelerated rate. Development of a device to limit the instantaneous magnitude of the fault currents to predetermined levels is actively being pursued. This paper discusses the need and application of such a current limiting device.
Impacts of ISO 9000 registration on European firms: a case analysis

ISO 9000 certification serves as an entre into the global marketplace. European firms have been the most prolific in obtaining ISO 9000 certification. The certification experiences of 11 European firms are described. On‐site interviews and questionnaires were used to identify: the obstacles encountered during the implementation effort; the impacts certification had on operational factors; and the ISO 9000 elements requiring the greatest resources. Results suggest that firms of different sizes, in different industries, in different countries have similar experiences with respect to the obstacles, benefits, and effort associated with ISO 9000 certification. This information may facilitate certification by companies in countries seeking to penetrate international markets.
Generation of OAM waves with circular phase shifter and array of patch antennas

The design of an ‘orbital angular momentum (OAM) antenna’ based on an original phase shifter and power divider combination at 2.5 GHz is presented. A prototype is manufactured and characterised based on return loss, radiation and phase patterns. Both simulation and experimental results evidence the properties of waves carrying OAM. This OAM antenna is simple, compact and easy to realise, which makes it suitable for radio communications and radar applications.
Concurrent dual band class F power amplifier with novel harmonic control network

In this article, we present a novel two‐section transmission line (TSTL) based dual band harmonic control (HC) technique applied to the design of high efficiency power amplifier (PA). The dual band TSTL design criterion is investigated for three particular cases and a class‐F HC network adopting all the three kinds of TSTLs is designed. For further demonstration, we realized and fabricated a harmonic tuned PA operating concurrently at 0.8 and 1.9 GHz. Experimental results have shown 75% and 72% PAE at 40.1 and 43.3 dBm output power in the two targeted bands. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:707–711, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26629
Ground Motion Prediction Equation (“Attenuation Relationship”) for Inelastic Response Spectra

This paper presents the process and fundamental results of a comprehensive ground motion prediction equation (GMPE, or “attenuation” relationship) developed for inelastic response spectra. We used over 3,100 horizontal ground motions recorded in 64 earthquakes with moment magnitudes ranging from 4.3–7.9 and rupture distances ranging from 0.1–199 km. For each record, we computed inelastic spectra for ductility ranging from one (elastic response) to eight. Our GMPE correlates inelastic spectral ordinates to earthquake magnitude, site-to-source distance, fault mechanism, local soil properties, and basin effects. The developed GMPE is used in both deterministic and probabilistic hazard analyses to directly generate inelastic spectra. This is in contrast to developing “attenuation” relationships for elastic response spectra, carrying out a hazard analysis, and subsequently adopting approximate rules to derive inelastic response from elastic spectra.
Study of a piezoelectric transformer-based DC/DC converter with a cooling system and current-doubler rectifier

The objective of this study was to increase the output current and power in a piezoelectric transformer (PT)-based DC/DC converter by using a cooling system. It is known that the output current of a PT is limited by temperature build-up because of losses, especially when driving at high vibration velocity. Although connecting different inductive circuits at the PT secondary terminal can increase the output current, the root cause of the temperature build-up problem has not yet been solved. This paper presents a study of a PT with cooling system in a DC/DC converter with a commonly used full-bridge rectifier and current-doubler rectifier. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed technique were investigated. A theoretical–phenomenological model was developed to explain the relationship between the losses and the temperature rise. It will be shown that the vibration velocity as well as heat generation increases the losses. In our design, the maximum output current capacity can increase by 100% when the temperature of operation of the PT is kept below 55 ° C. The study comprises a theoretical part and experimental proof-of-concept demonstration of the proposed design method.
An expert system for automatic extraction of machining features and tooling selection for automats

This article reports on the design and implementation of an expert system for automatic identification of machined surfaces on symmetric rotational components manufactured on Automats. The OPS5PLUS expert system shell was used to represent the procedural knowledge to reason and extract both the internal and external part features and their dimensions in order to select form tools for machining. Details ofthe implementation are described, along with examples. The expert system can be integrated easily with other manufacturing applications, such as automated process planning and NC part programming.