Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heliocentric distance dependence of the interplanetary magnetic field

Recent and ongoing planetary missions have provided and are continuing to provide extensive observations of the variations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) both in time and with heliocentric distance from the sun. Large time variations in both the IMF and its fluctuations are observed. These are produced predominantly by dynamical processes in the interplanetary medium associated with stream interactions. Magnetic field variations near the sun are propagated to greater heliocentric distances, a process also contributing to the observed variability of the IMF. Temporal variations on a time scale comparable to or less than the corotation period complicate attempts to deduce radial gradients of the field and its fluctuations from the various observations. However, recent measurements inward to 0.46 AU and outward to 5 AU suggest that the radial component of the field on average decreases approximately as r−2, as was predicted by Parker, while the azimuthal component decreases more rapidly than the r−1 dependence predicted by simple theory. Three sets of observations are consistent with an r−1.3 dependence for |Bϕ|. The temporal variability of solar wind speed is most likely the predominant contributor to this latter observational result. The long-term average azimuthal component radial gradient is probably consistent with the Parker r−1 dependence when solar wind speed variations are taken into account. The observations of the normal component magnitude |Bθ| are roughly consistent with a heliocentric distance dependence of r1.4. The observed radial distance dependence of the total magnitude of the IMF is well described by the Parker formulation. There is observational evidence that amplitudes of fluctuations of the vector field with periods less than 1 day vary with heliocentric distance as approximately r3/2, in agreement with theoretical models by Whang and Hollweg. In relation to total field intensity, the amplitude of directional fluctuations is on average nearly constant with radial distance, at most decreasing weakly with increasing distance, although temporal variations are large. There is evidence that fluctuations in field intensity grow in relation to those in field direction with increasing distance. More observations are needed to confirm these conclusions. The number of directional discontinuities per unit time is observed to decrease with increasing distance from the sun. The apparent decrease may possibly be caused by geometric or selection effects. The relationship between fluctuations of the field and the corotating stream structure is still not understood in detail, and therefore the origins of the various mesoscale and microscale features are at present uncertain.
Erbium implanted thin film photonic materials

Erbium doped materials are of great interest in thin film integrated optoelectronic technology, due to their Er3+ intra-4f emission at 1.54 μm, a standard telecommunication wavelength. Er-doped dielectric thin films can be used to fabricate planar optical amplifiers or lasers that can be integrated with other devices on the same chip. Semiconductors, such as silicon, can also be doped with erbium. In this case the Er may be excited through optically or electrically generated charge carriers. Er-doped Si light-emitting diodes may find applications in Si-based optoelectronic circuits. In this article, the synthesis, characterization, and application of several different Er-doped thin film photonic materials is described. It focuses on oxide glasses (pure SiO2, phosphosilicate, borosilicate, and soda-lime glasses), ceramic thin films (Al2O3, Y2O3, LiNbO3), and amorphous and crystalline silicon, all doped with Er by ion implantation. MeV ion implantation is a technique that is ideally suited to dope these mat.
A Uniform Control Method for Imbalance Compensation and Automation Balancing in Active Magnetic Bearing-Rotor Systems

The undesired synchronous vibration due to rotor mass imbalance is a main disturbance source in all rotating machinery including active magnetic bearing (AMB)-rotor systems. In the AMB-rotor system, imbalance compensation, which causes the AMB actuators to spin a rotor about its geometric axis, and automation balancing, which spins a rotor about its inertial axis, are two kinds of common control aim for the rotor imbalance control. In this study, the internal relation between the imbalance compensation and the automation balancing is analyzed and a uniform control method is proposed. With the identical control algorithm, the proposed control method can realize the automation balancing or the imbalance compensation, respectively, by switching the controller’s junction position in the original control loop. The proposed control method does not depend on the dynamic plant model, because its algorithm is based on the real-time identification for the Fourier coefficient of the rotor imbalance disturbance. In this paper, the process of identification algorithm is given in detail and all the possible junction forms of the controller are illustrated. By the simulations, the identification performances of the control algorithm are compared in the conditions with three variable factors, including the signal noise ratio (SNR), the imbalance phase and the identification delay time. The noise level has considerable influence on the identification precision, but the imbalance phase has little. To prolong the identification delay time will be of benefit to improve the identification precision but slow down the identification process. Experiments, which are carried out on an AMB-rigid rotor test rig, indicate that by switching the junction position of the controller in control loop, both kinds of rotor imbalance control can achieve the good effectiveness.
First Trimester Ultrasound Detection of Fetal Central Nervous System Anomalies

Objective: To evaluate the potential of the first-trimester ultrasound (US) features for the detection of central nervous system (CNS) anomalies. Methods/Methodology: This is a prospective one-center three-year study. Unselected singleton pregnant women were examined using an extended first-trimester anomaly scan (FTAS) that included the CNS assessment: the calvaria shape, the septum (falx cerebri), the aspect of the lateral ventricles, the presence of the third ventricle and aqueduct of Sylvius (AS) and the posterior brain morphometry: the fourth ventricle, namely intracranial translucency (IT), brain stem/brain stem–occipital bone ratio (BS/BSOB) and cisterna magna (CM). The spine and underlying skin were also evaluated. The cases were also followed during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and at delivery. FTAS efficiency to detect major CNS abnormalities was calculated. Results: We detected 17 cases with CNS major abnormalities in a population of 1943 first-trimester (FT) fetuses, including spina bifida with myelomeningocele, exencephaly-anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, hydrocephaly, cephalocele and Dandy-Walker malformation. The CNS features in the abnormal group are presented. In the second trimester (ST), we further diagnosed cases of corpus callosum agenesis, cerebellar hypoplasia, vein of Galen aneurysm and fetal infection features (ventriculomegaly, intraventricular bands, intraventricular cyst and hyperechoic foci), all declared normal at the FTAS. During the third trimester (TT) scan we identified a massive fetal cerebral haemorrhage absent at previous investigations. We report a detection rate of 72.7% of fetal brain anomalies in the FT using the proposed CNS parameters. The sensitivity of the examination protocol was 72.7%, and the specificity was 100%. Conclusion: A detailed FT CNS scan is feasible and efficient. The majority of cases of major CNS abnormalities can be detected early in pregnancy. The visualization rates of the CNS parameters in the FT are great with short, if any, additional investigation time. FT cerebral disorders such as haemorrhage or infections were missed in the FT even when an extended evaluation protocol was used.
The decay of the flow in the end region of a suddenly blocked pipe

Abstract We consider the decay to rest of initially laminar flow within the end region of a suddenly blocked pipe. Here the flow is dominated by two temporally developing boundary layers, one on the pipe wall and one located at the blockage. The evolution and interaction of these boundary layers contributes to the creation and annihilation of toroidal vortices in the end-region flow, the number and extent growing with increasing Reynolds numbers. For larger Reynolds numbers, these nonlinear vortices delay the decay process within the end region, decaying at a slower rate than flow far downstream of the blockage. Our numerical simulations for pre-blockage Reynolds numbers up to 3000 indicate that the flow in this end region is stable to axisymmetric disturbances.
Measurement of piezoelectrically induced charge in GaN/AlGaN heterostructure field-effect transistors

Electron concentration profiles have been obtained for AlxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistor structures. Analysis of the measured electron distributions demonstrates the influence of piezoelectric effects in coherently strained layers on III-V nitride heterostructure device characteristics. Characterization of a nominally undoped Al0.15Ga0. 85N/GaN transistor structure reveals the presence of a high sheet carrier density in the GaN channel which may be explained as a consequence of piezoelectrically induced charges present at the Al0.15Ga0. 85N/GaN interface. Measurements performed on an Al0.15Ga0. 85N/GaN transistor structure with a buried Al0.15Ga0. 85N isolation layer indicate a reduction in electron sheet concentration in the transistor channel and accumulation of carriers below the Al0.15Ga0. 85N isolation layer, both of which are attributable to piezoelectric effects.
Participación de jóvenes de Ibagué en el Paro Nacional del 2021

En la ciudad de Ibagué, durante el periodo del 28 de abril a julio de 2021, se dieron movilizaciones sociales atípicas, protagonizadas, entre otros actores, por jóvenes que, desde variadas peticiones, buscaron agruparse en una reivindicación específica, ser un movimiento de oposición. El propósito del documento es generar una aproximación a la comprensión de la movilización social desde los y las jóvenes, por ello la estrategia metodológica estuvo guiada por la recopilación de información teórica, pero también experimental, de parte de cuatro jóvenes participantes activos de las movilizaciones. Como principales resultados se tiene que los jóvenes se integran al movimiento social desde la experiencia, a partir del aprendizaje construyen su identidad, esto es, sus agendas, sus contendores, sus reivindicaciones, su historicidad. Finalmente, a nivel nacional y regional, el contexto de oportunidades para movilizarse es cíclico, es decir que el Paro 2021 hace parte de un proceso movilizatorio, que a veces alcanza mayor o menor intensidad según las oportunidades del contexto.
Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Positive Emotion Dysregulation on Risky Behavior Following Idiographic Emotion Inductions

In the present study, we used an experimental paradigm with subjective and objective assessments to further explicate the role of positive emotion dysregulation on risky behavior. Participants were 151 community women currently experiencing intimate partner violence and using substances (age: M = 40.81 years; 30.5% Black). Participants were randomly assigned to positive, negative, and neutral idiographic emotion inductions. Subjective (state self-report) and objective (high-frequency heart rate variability [hfHRV], skin conductance response, and salivary cortisol) markers of emotion dysregulation were assessed, following which participants completed subjective (state urges for substances) and objective (Balloon Analogue Risk Task) measures of risky behavior. Results showed that (a) greater self-reported state emotion dysregulation and lower hfHRV predicted more urges for substances in the positive (vs. negative and neutral) emotion-induction condition and (b) lower hfHRV predicted more behavioral risk-taking propensity in the positive (vs. neutral) emotion-induction condition. These findings provide additional support for the influence of positive emotion dysregulation on risky behavior.
Bandpass filtered faces and audiovisual speech perception

The visual system processes images in terms of spatial frequency‐tuned channels. However, it is not clear how complex object and motion processing are influenced by this early visual processing. In two studies this question was explored in audiovisual speech perception. Subjects were presented with spatial frequency filtered images of the moving face during a speech in noise task. A wavelet procedure was used to create five bandpass filtered stimulus sets. The CID Everyday sentences were presented with a multivoice babble noise signal and key word identification accuracy was scored. Performance varied across the filter bands with peak accuracy being observed for the images containing spatial frequencies spanning 7–14 cycles/face. Accuracy for higher and lower spatial frequency bands was found to be lower. When viewing distance was manipulated no change in the overall shape or peak in the key word accuracy function was observed. However, at the longest viewing distance the performance in the highest spatia.
Single-Cut Far-Field Pattern Determination of Polarized Linear Antenna Array via Quasi-Far-Field Mathematical Absorber Reflection Suppression

In this work, a method for rapidly and accurately determining the single-cut far-field (FF) patterns of any polarized linear antenna array, termed as quasi-far-field mathematical absorber reflection suppression (QFF-MARS), is introduced. The proposed QFF-MARS method takes advantage of the cylindrical wave expansion (CWE) theory and is able to exclude interference from scatters at the QFF range. In this method, probe compensation is not needed, owing to the fact that the measurement procedure is the same as that for FF. It is only required that the measurement distance for an antenna under test (AUT) satisfies the FF and QFF conditions for its smaller and larger dimensions, respectively. To validate the proposed method, a 45° polarized antenna array and a phased array have been simulated. The results obtained by the proposed approach are consistent with both theoretical and measured results. This indicates that the proposed approach can directly obtain the single-cut FF patterns of polarized linear antenna arrays at a QFF range, while identifying and extracting range-related multipath effects.
Origin of hysteretic magnetoelastic behavior in magnetoelectric 2-2 composites

The local magnetization behavior of the magnetostrictive phase of ferromagnetic/piezoelectric magnetoelectric composites is compared to the hysteretic response using advanced magneto-optical imaging. Local magnetoelastic relaxation leads to the formation of magnetization modulated branched domain structures in the magnetic phase. This results in a complex field response governed by interlocking domain processes. An interrelation of magnetic domain formation and the piezomagnetic response is derived, revealing the origin of the hysteretic magnetoelectric response. As a result, domain wall induced effects lead to a reduction of magnetoelectric signal. Controlling the magnetic domain formation processes is the foundation for reversible magnetoelectric behavior.
Testing for complete independence in high dimensions

A simple statistic is proposed for testing the complete independence of random variables having a multivariate normal distribution. The asymptotic null distribution of this statistic, as both the sample size and the number of variables go to infinity, is shown to be normal. Consequently, this test can be used when the number of variables is not small relative to the sample size and, in particular, even when the number of variables exceeds the sample size. The finite sample size performance of the normal approximation is evaluated in a simulation study and the results are compared to those of the likelihood ratio test. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Quantification of β+ activity generated by hard photons by means of PET

Positron emission tomography (PET) as a method for quality assurance in radiotherapy is well investigated in the case of therapy with carbon ion beams and successfully applied at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator at Chiba (HIMAC), Japan, and the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Germany. By measuring the β+ activity distribution during the irradiation (in-beam PET), valuable information on the precision of the dose deposition can be obtained. To extend this efficient technique to other radiation treatment modalities may be worthwhile. For example, since positron emitters are generated by high-energy photons with energies above 20 MeV due to (γ, n) reactions (predominantly 11C and 15O in tissue), in-beam PET seems to be feasible for radiation therapy with high-energy photons as also shown in Geant4 simulations. Quantitative results on the activation of tissue-equivalent materials at hard photon beams were obtained by performing off-beam PET experiments. Homogeneous PMMA phantoms as well as inhomogeneous phantoms were irradiated with high-energy bremsstrahlung. After the irradiation the distributions of the generated positron emitters in the phantoms were measured using a conventional PET scanner. Furthermore, the depth–dose distributions were determined by means of optically stimulated luminescence detectors. In the experiments an activity per dose comparable to that produced in a typical patient irradiation with carbon ions could be achieved for 34 MV bremsstrahlung. In addition, a high contrast in the PET images for materials with different density and stoichiometry could be detected. Thus, further research concerning the development of in-beam PET seems to be worthwhile.
Effect of an infinite plane wall on the motion of a spherical Brownian particle

The motion of a spherical Brownian particle in an incompressible fluid bounded by an infinite plane wall is studied on the basis of the linearized Landau–Lifshitz equations for the fluctuating hydrodynamics. The asymptotic forms for large time t of the autocorrelation function Φdj(t) for the random force acting on the particle and the autocorrelation function Ψij(t) for its velocity are discussed for the case that the distance l between the wall and the particle is finite but much larger than the particle radius a. It is shown that Φii and Ψii fall off as t−3/2 for a2/ν≪t≪l2/ν, but for t≫l2/ν they fall as t−5/2 or t−7/2, accordingly, as the direction i is parallel or perpendicular to the wall, where ν is the kinematic shear viscosity of the fluid.
Photopatternable nano-composite (SU-8/ZnO) thin films for piezo-electric applications

Photo-curable nanocomposite material was formulated by embedding ZnO nanoparticles into a SU-8 matrix and studied for its piezoelectric properties for low cost fabrication of self-powered nanodevices. The piezoelectric coefficient of ZnO nanoparticles was observed to be ranging between 15 and 23 pm/V, which is the highest reported. These experimental studies support the recent theoretical predictions where the piezoelectric coefficients in ZnO nanoparticles were found to be higher compared to the thin films because of the surface relaxation induced volume reductions in the nanometer scale. The photo-curable property of these polymer composite films is exploited to demonstrate fabrication of a micro-cantilever test structure.
Community characteristics and the risk of non-communicable diseases in Ghana

Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) are rising quickly in low- and middle- income countries. In Ghana, chronic diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality, yet data and the evidence- base for awareness, detection, and management of NCDs are lacking. Using data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS), the first national study with information on hypertension and other risk factors, we examine the correlates and community characteristics associated with the risk of hypertension, obesity, and anemia among women. We find that hypertension prevalence in Ghana was 16 percent and 17 percent were overweight/obese, while 41 percent had anemia of any form. On community characteristics, the level of poverty in a community was significantly associated with lower risks of all three NCDs, while the aggregate level of employment had higher risks. On individual characteristics, the wealth of a household, women’s educational level and urban residence were significant predictors of NCDs. We interpret the findings within the literature on neighborhood characteristics, the social gradient of health and in the context of speeding up the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SGDS) to reduce premature deaths by one-third by 2030.
The Effectiveness of Mindful Hypnotherapy on Psychological Inflexibility, Pain Acceptance, Headache Disability and Intensity in Females with Chronic Migraine Headache: A Randomized Clinical Trial

This study was a randomized controlled design and examined the feasibility and effectiveness of mindful hypnotherapy on psychological inflexibility, pain acceptance, headache disability, and headache intensity in patients with chronic migraine headaches. The sample consisted of 38 females with chronic migraine who were randomly assigned to mindful hypnotherapy and medical treatment as usual groups. Psychological inflexibility pain scale (PIPS), chronic pain acceptance questionnaire-revised (CPAQ-R), headache disability inventory (HDI), diary scale for headache, and short-form McGill pain questionnaire 2 (SF-MPQ-2) were administered at baseline and post-treatment in both groups. The psychological inflexibility mean (SD) score was 81.00 (12.15) at baseline, which significantly decreased to 53.28 (17.06) after the intervention (p < 0.001). Additionally, the mean (SD) score of the pain acceptance was 46.44 (11.16), which significantly increased to 73.61 (15.65) in post-intervention (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean (SD) score of headache disability was 73.55 (19.48), which significantly decreased to 23.33 (19.88) in post-intervention (p < 0.001). Finally, headache intensity was 7.33 (0.98) and 5.78 (1.83), which significantly decreased to 2.77 (2.04), and 1.38 (1.48) after the intervention based on the Diary Scale for Headache and McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2), respectively (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the results show that mindful hypnotherapy is a feasible and effective treatment for chronic migraine.
Nonlinear pulse propagation in wavelength dependence of birefringence fiber optics

We perform an analytical and numerical analysis of the influence of wavelength dependence of birefringence (WDB) during nonlinear pulse propagation through fiber optics. We find a set of coupled nonlinear equations, which allows for the study of the WDB in fibers. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the concept of cross-dispersion birefringence (CDB) is introduced to show what makes spectral pulse evolution broaden faster than usual. Some linear and nonlinear phenomena are analyzed, such as polarization trajectories, four-wave mixing, and supercontinuum (SC) generation. We show that the WDB changes the polarization states dramatically and Stokes and anti-Stokes waves linearly move toward longer and shorter wavelengths, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate that CDB has the capability to generate SC with immunity to the initial polarization angle.