Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STAQ: Static Traffic Assignment with Queuing

Because of computation time issues on large networks, most strategic regional and urban transport models today use static instead of dynamic traffic assignment procedures. Mathematical models of traffic assignment are usually based upon Wardrop’s principle. To solve this static traffic equilibrium problem almost all applied static assignment models follow Beckmann who formulated it as a convex optimization problem containing a link travel time function (Beckmann 1956). This function has the form of a polynomial whose degree and coefficients are specified from statistical analysis of real data. The best known polynomial is the BPR function (US bureau of Public Roads, 1964). Although widely used, traffic assignment models based on Beckmann’s formulation have several drawbacks. Firstly, these models penalize but not explicitly constrain link flows to their respective link capacities. This can result in a solution where traffic flows exceed link capacities. Secondly, models derived from Beckmann’s formulation do not account for queuing and spillback on the network as a result of high demand, resulting in poor travel times and route choice on congested networks. Related drawbacks are that congestion is modelled downstream instead of upstream from the bottleneck and that upstream bottlenecks do not influence downstream traffic demand. These drawbacks not only yield incorrect link flows and travel times, they also prevent proper network and matrix calibration using traffic counts on congested links. Given the ever increasing levels of structural congestion, these drawbacks will only become more relevant in the future.
Constructions with Predicatives for Psychological States in the Bulgarian Language – Nomenclature and Differential Characteristics

CONSTRUCTIONS WITH PREDICATIVES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES IN THE BULGARIAN LANGUAGE – NOMENCLATURE AND DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS. The study attempts to classify the possibilities for predicative constructions in the Bulgarian language from the semantic standpoint. The scope of the analysis are predicative constructions denoting internal experiences interpreted in Bulgarian as psychological states (and not processes, activities, etc.). Three main points of reference serve as a springboard for the analysis: (1) Predicative constructions are chosen as a research goal; (2) Semantic description operates along the lines of the thematic role of the Experiencer as long as it meets the criteria for constructions with predicatives for psychological states; (3) The place and the role of case relations, and in particular their markedness concerning cli­ tics, are considered exemplary of a syncretic grammatical category at the morphology­syntax­semantics interface, thus playing a significant role in liaising the specifics of the construction under scrutiny at all levels of form and function. Special attention is paid to the role of the thematic and type­of ­action (Vendlerian) classification of predicates and predicatives capable of entering into the constructions used for expressing psychological states of the Experiencer.
Predicting infrasound transmission loss using deep learning

Modelling the spatial distribution of infrasound attenuation (or transmission loss, TL) is key to understanding and interpreting microbarometer data and observations. Such predictions enable the reliable assessment of infrasound source characteristics such as ground pressure levels associated with earthquakes, man-made or volcanic explosion properties, and ocean-generated microbarom wavefields. However, the computational cost inherent in full-waveform modelling tools, such as Parabolic Equation (PE) codes, often prevents the exploration of a large parameter space, i.e., variations in wind models, source frequency, and source location, when deriving reliable estimates of source or atmospheric properties – in particular for real-time and near-real-time applications. Therefore, many studies rely on analytical regression-based heuristic TL equations that neglect complex vertical wind variations and the range-dependent variation in the atmospheric properties. This introduces significant uncertainties in the predicted TL. In the current contribution, we propose a deep learning approach trained on a large set of simulated wavefields generated using PE simulations and realistic atmospheric winds to predict infrasound ground-level amplitudes up to 1000 km from a ground-based source. Realistic range dependent atmospheric winds are constructed by combining ERA5, NRLMSISE-00, and HWM-14 atmospheric models, and small-scale gravity-wave perturbations computed using the Gardner model. Given a set of wind profiles as input, our new modelling framework provides a fast (0.05 s runtime) and reliable (∼5 dB error on average, compared to PE simulations) estimate of the infrasound TL.
Prevalence of white matter pathways coming into a single white matter voxel orientation: The bottleneck issue in tractography

Characterizing and understanding the limitations of diffusion MRI fiber tractography is a prerequisite for methodological advances and innovations which will allow these techniques to accurately map the connections of the human brain. The so-called “crossing fiber problem” has received tremendous attention and has continuously triggered the community to develop novel approaches for disentangling distinctly oriented fiber populations. Perhaps an even greater challenge occurs when multiple white matter bundles converge within a single voxel, or throughout a single brain region, and share the same parallel orientation, before diverging and continuing towards their final cortical or sub-cortical terminations. These so-called “bottleneck” regions contribute to the ill-posed nature of the tractography process, and lead to both false positive and false negative estimated connections. Yet, as opposed to the extent of crossing fibers, a thorough characterization of bottleneck regions has not been performed. The aim of this study is to quantify the prevalence of bottleneck regions. To do this, we use diffusion tractography to segment known white matter bundles of the brain, and assign each bundle to voxels they pass through and to specific orientations within those voxels (i.e. fixels). We demonstrate that bottlenecks occur in greater than 50-70% of fixels in the white matter of the human brain. We find that all projection, association, and commissural fibers contribute to, and are affected by, this phenomenon, and show that even regions traditionally considered “single fiber voxels” often contain multiple fiber populations. Together, this study shows that a majority of white matter presents bottlenecks for tractography which may lead to incorrect or erroneous estimates of brain connectivity or quantitative tractography (i.e., tractometry), and underscores the need for a paradigm shift in the process of tractography and bundle segmentation for studying the fiber pathways of the human brain.
Fault Tolerant Control in Hybrid Systems: A Brief Surve

This paper addresses the fault tolerant control (FTC) issue of hybrid systems. Two kinds of faults are considered: Continuous fault that affects each continuous system mode; Discrete fault that affects the switching condition. The paper surveys the major results in two aspects: FTC for hybrid systems with continuous stability goal; FTC for hybrid systems with discrete specifications. The motivation of this paper is to provide the readers a better understanding on how to achieve FTC goal in hybrid systems.
An efficient neural network model for the input resonant resistance of coaxial fed rectangular microstrip antennas with thin and thick substrates

In this paper, an efficient neural network model is suggested to determine the input resonant resistance of coaxial fed rectangular microstrip antennas (MSAs) with thin and thick substrates. The NN results are in good agreement with experimental results reported in literature. This method can easily be modified to address problems involving more general types of MSAs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2197–2199, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21908
Analysis on the Compensation for the Demodulated Phase Errors Caused by Sampling Frequency Offset in OFDM Systems

Due to the excellent spectral efficiency and inherent resistance to multipath fading effect, OFDM has been widely adopted in Digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T). However, as a multi-carrier transmission technique, there is sampling frequency offset (SFO) in the OFDM systems, which will seriously degrade performance of demodulation by resulting in interference between adjacent sub-carriers (ICI) and demodulated phase deviation. In this paper, to achieve correction of phase errors and solve the problem that OFDM signals cannot be correctly demodulated for complex constellation when SFO exists, we propose an adaptive sampling frequency tracking and demodulated phase error compensation scheme based on synchronization symbol information of OFDM signals. Numerical results supported by simulations are provided to show that the proposed scheme in an ADSL environment indicate great performance improvement of demodulation.
Finite Element Analysis of Ventricular Wall Motion and Intra-Ventricular Blood Flow in Heart with Myocardial Infarction

To study the wall motion abnormality and characteristic flow distribution observed in the heart with myocardial infarction, we modified our finite element model of left ventricle and performed simulations at two different phases after the onset of the disease by applying characteristic material property to the infarcted region. The model could not only reproduce the hemodynamic change in myocardial infarction but also give mechanistic insight into the following complicating problems. 1) Stagnation of blood as the cause of clot formation 2) Extra energy wasted for the stretch of infarcted tissue. The effect of compensatory enhancement of the force generation in normal myocardial tissue is also discussed.
Determination of Hippuric Acid and Methylhippuric Acid Isomers in the Urine of Gas Stations Workers

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration levels of hippuric acid and 2, 3, 4- methyl hippuric acid isomers as biological indicators of exposure to toluene and xylene isomers in the urine of the gas stations workers of Ahvaz, Iran. Methods: The urine sample was taken the first time in January and the second time in June 2018. Eight gas stations were selected in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province, Iran. The study sample was 24 males; three workers participated in the study from each gas station. Two workers in each gas station served as the exposed group, and one secretary from each gas station was the control group. The participants’ ages ranged from 21 to 49 years. Each participant was requested to fill out a consent form to participate in the study and a questionnaire containing personal information such as age, smoking, weight and height, and work experience. Results: The mean concentration of hippuric acid, 2, 3 and 4- methyl hippuric acid in the investigated urine of the workers were 0.245, 0.017, 0.012, and 0.011 g/g creatinine, respectively. There was no relationship between variable of season and levels of hippuric acid, 2, 3 and 4- methyl hippuric acid in the urine of exposed and control groups. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the analyzed results of urine samples between control and exposure groups. There was at least one methyl hippuric acid isomer, indicating that all subjects were exposed to xylene, which was lower than the threshold limit value. In conclusion, the variable of season cannot cause a significant change in the metabolites of toluene and xylene isomers. Exposure of workers to toluene and xylene at gas stations is within acceptable limits.
Preliminary Study of Dosimetry for Wireless Energy Transfer System

INTRODUCTION Since the mankind found the electromagnetic field, serious interest and effort was devoted by Nikola Tesla to transport energy over long distances by wireless. These efforts have been beginning before a century, but there are not the techniques occupied the attention. In 2007, Marin Soljacic group of MIT have suggested new wireless energy transfer technique using resonant coupling phenomenon [1]. In the view of the safe use of electromagnetic field, the dosimetry for the wireless energy transfer system is needed. The reference [1] described the general safety regulations for the incident electromagnetic field. In this paper, as a preliminary study of dosimetry for the system, we calculated induced current density and electric field within head of Japanese numerical model (Taro [2]) under the assumption of exposure to the constant magnetic field, whose values are based on the reference [1].
A review of recent developments in parametric based acoustic emission techniques applied to concrete structures

This article presents a review of recent developments in parametric based acoustic emission (AE) techniques applied to concrete structures. It recapitulates the significant milestones achieved by previous researchers including various methods and models developed in AE testing of concrete structures. The aim is to provide an overview of the specific features of parametric based AE techniques of concrete structures carried out over the years. Emphasis is given to traditional parameter-based AE techniques applied to concrete structures. A significant amount of research on AE techniques applied to concrete structures has already been published and considerable attention has been given to those publications. Some recent studies such as AE energy analysis and b-value analysis used to assess damage of concrete bridge beams have also been discussed. The formation of fracture process zone and the AE energy released during the fracture process in concrete beam specimens have been summarised. A large body of experimental data on AE characteristics of concrete has accumulated over the last three decades. This review of parametric based AE techniques applied to concrete structures may be helpful to the concerned researchers and engineers to better understand the failure mechanism of concrete and evolve more useful methods and approaches for diagnostic inspection of structural elements and failure prediction/prevention of concrete structures.
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP BETWEEN GENERATIONS X AND Y AND THE EFFECT ON POWER PLANT COMPANY PERFORMANCE

This study analyzes the differences in transformational leadership between generation X and generation Y and its effect on company performance in two power generation companies in North Sumatra Province. The number of samples was 50 people in each group of generations X and Y. Data analysis using SPSS included F-test, T-test, the coefficient of determination, and independent sample T-test. The F-test shows that charismatic variables, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual considerations simultaneously affect the performance of each group of generation X and generation Y. The results of the T-test in generation X show that the variables of inspirational motivation and individual considerations are partially has a positive and significant effect on company performance, meanwhile in generation Y only charismatic variables have a positive and significant influence on company performance. The results of the coefficient of determination said that the transformational leadership of generation X contributed 70.2% to the company performance, while the transformational leadership of the Y generation contributed 22.3% to the company performance. Independent sample T-test said that there was a significant difference between the transformational leadership of the generation X and generation Y.
The role played by supply chain strategies and supply chain integration in financial performance. An empirical study in Peru

The objective of this study is to develop and test a framework for the role that supply chain strategy (SCS) and supply chain integration have in a firm’s financial performance and to increase the understanding of the role that these factors play in supply chain design. Structural equation modeling was used to test these relationships based on data obtained from small and medium exporting enterprises in Peru. This study responds to a gap in understanding the role of supply chains in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and how firms in Latin America, especially in Peru, apply supply chain concepts. Findings indicate that companies should prioritize their integration efforts depending on the type of supply chain strategy. Likewise, results show that customer integration is directly related to a firm’s financial performance. This study responds to the need to understand the development of supply chain strategies and the generation of competitive advantage in Peruvian export-manufacturing SMEs.
Loss Simulation Model Testing and Enhancement

This paper is a response to the Casualty Actuarial Society's call for papers on the topic of "Testing Loss Reserving Methods, Models and Data Using the Loss Simulation Model. " Its goal is to test and improve the Loss Simulation Model (LSM). The testing methods used are good sources for analyzing real claim data. A two-state regime-switching feature is also built into the model to add an extra layer of flexibility to describe claim data. Motivation. The testing and enhancement of the Loss Simulation Model helps improve and refine the model. The test method may also be a good reference for performing tests on real claim data. Method. Statistical tests are applied to the data simulated by the Loss Simulation Model. Standard distribution fitting methods such as maximum likelihood estimation are used to analyze real claim data. The open-source software LSM is enhanced via programming in Visual Basic. Results. The LSM is enhanced with two-state regime-switching capability. Testing of the Loss Simulation Model according to the list suggested by the Loss Simulation Model Working Party is conducted. It shows the consistency between model input and model output for the addressed issues except case reserve adequacy. Conclusions. Categorical variable and two-state regime-switching capability are added to the LSM. Testing of the LSM increases the confidence in the accuracy of this advanced and useful tool. Keywords. simulation model; loss reserving; regime-switching; copula.
Voltaic turbine – A paradigm shift proposed in generating electricity

Sustainable demand for electric power results in a warehouse that naturally favors development of wind turbines that are significantly quieter and more efficient for generating electricity than today's fleet. Achieving this will require a revolutionary new concept, in particular "Magneto Voltaic Power plant" that generate electricity with the help of repulsive force which cause the turbine blades to rotate. The magneto voltaic power plant triggered the original development of wind turbines raising its energy and output power. This paper outlines the main issues involved in replacing the wind source to that of the repulsive force. It's shown that implementation of repulsive force generates electric power at a feasible cost and this would clearly be the enabling technology for generating electricity of the future.
Superinfection Exclusion of Alphaherpesviruses Interferes with Virion Trafficking

Most viruses utilize a form of superinfection exclusion to conserve resources and control population dynamics. gD-dependent superinfection exclusion in alphaherpesviruses is well documented. However, the undercharacterized gD-independent SIE provides new insight into how alphaherpesviruses limit sequential infection. ABSTRACT Superinfection exclusion (SIE) is a phenomenon in which a primary viral infection interferes with secondary viral infections within that same cell. Although SIE has been observed across many viruses, it has remained relatively understudied. A recently characterized glycoprotein D (gD)-independent SIE of alphaherpesviruses presents a novel mechanism of coinfection restriction for herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). In this study, we evaluated the role of multiplicity of infection (MOI), receptor expression, and trafficking of virions to gain greater insight into potential mechanisms of alphaherpesvirus SIE. We observed that high-MOI secondary viral infections were able to overcome SIE in a manner that was independent of receptor availability. We next assessed virion localization during SIE through live microscopy of fluorescently labeled virions and capsid assemblies. Analysis of these fluorescent assemblies identified changes in the distribution of capsids during SIE. These results indicate that SIE during PRV infection inhibits viral entry or fusion while HSV-1 SIE inhibits infection through a postentry mechanism. Although the timing and phenotype of SIE are similar between alphaherpesviruses, the related viruses implement different mechanisms to restrict coinfection. IMPORTANCE Most viruses utilize a form of superinfection exclusion to conserve resources and control population dynamics. gD-dependent superinfection exclusion in alphaherpesviruses is well documented. However, the undercharacterized gD-independent SIE provides new insight into how alphaherpesviruses limit sequential infection. The observations described here demonstrate that gD-independent SIE differs between PRV and HSV-1. Comparing these differences provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms of SIE implemented by two related viruses.
Novel calculation of HVDC converter harmonics by linearization in the time-domain

There is an increasing interest in the steady-state analysis of high power converter circuits for the computation of both characteristic and uncharacteristic harmonics. Uncharacteristic harmonics arise due to asymmetries in excitation/operation and are of particular interest given their overall adverse effect on the power system. Frequency domain methods for harmonic analysis are efficient though not necessarily comprehensive; that is not all the necessary details of the system are simultaneously modeled. This paper presents a novel technique that is both efficient and comprehensive as the time domain nature of the differential/algebraic equations describing the power converter operation is retained. Efficient convergence of the time domain boundary value problem is assured by an appropriate linearization. Subsequent Fourier analysis of the the time domain solution yields the harmonic spectra. Comparison is made with time domain steady-state solutions obtained by brute-force computation.
3D-Strudel - a novel model-dependent map-feature validation method for high-resolution cryo-EM structures

Recent technological advances in electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) have led to significant improvements in the resolution of many single-particle reconstructions and a sharp increase in the number of entries released in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB) every year, which in turn has opened new possibilities for data mining. Here we present a resolution-dependent library of rotamer-specific amino-acid map motifs mined from entries in the EMDB archive with reported resolution between 2.0 and 4. 0Å. We further describe 3D-Strudel, a method for map/model validation based on these libraries. 3D-Strudel calculates linear correlation coefficients between the map values of a map-motif from the library and the experimental map values around a target residue. We also present “Strudel Score”, a plug-in for ChimeraX, as a user-friendly tool for visualisation of 3D-Strudel validation results.