Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systems in partnership-based urban residential development

This paper aims to increase understanding of partnership-based urban residential development as a system by taking the first steps towards a hypothesis pointing to that direction. Design and methodology The data used was collected from two in-depth residential development case studies in Helsinki region, Finland. The general analytic strategy of this study was continuous coding of the data throughout the research phase and also afterwards. As a framework in urban residential development this study used Public-Private-People Partnership (4P), which connects all the relevant parties of urban residential development process. Findings It is suggested that a system is a relevant construct with which partnership-based urban residential development processes can be examined. Research limitations As the results are based on just two cases under Finnish development legislation and their framework, only analytical generalisations can be made. Practical implications Seeing urban residential development process as a system can help to communicate urban development process with other kinds of complexity, such as complexity found in sustainability, and to enhance discussion on systems thinking and complex systems in urban residential development. Originality/value So far urban planning and commercial development have been suggested to be systems. This paper contributes to non-linear approach to urban residential development process, which is in contrast with more traditional event-sequence models of development.
V-band reference-phase-based zoned fishnet metalens

Here the reference phase technique is used in the design of all metallic zoned lenses based on the fishnet metamaterial. Several metalenses are designed and evaluated both numerically and experimentally. It is shown that the radiation gain is experimentally increased in 1.8 dB when the reference phase is applied to the design.
Interaction of microseisms with crustal heterogeneity: A case study from the San Jacinto fault zone area

We perform a multicomponent analysis to evaluate the validity and limits of noise imaging in the San Jacinto fault zone (SJFZ) area. Estimates of noise propagation and scattering length scales in the area are combined with a noise correlation‐based analysis of variability of noise constituents, excitation regions, and propagation patterns. We evaluate the quality of correlation‐phase and ‐amplitude imaging of tectonic features in the context of observed noise properties. Statistical properties of a regional high‐resolution 3‐D velocity model indicate that propagation of double‐frequency microseism Rayleigh waves is sensitive to medium heterogeneity in the southern California plate boundary area. The analysis of noise correlation functions constructed from records of a regional seismic network suggests stable excitation of microseisms along the southern California coastline. The proximity to the source region together with randomization properties of the heterogeneous medium govern the scattered yet anisotropic character of the wave field. Insignificant travel time errors resulting from the associated imperfect reconstruction of interstation Green's function estimates allow the resolution of a velocity contrast across the SJFZ from noise correlations. However, attenuation estimates are biased by the anisotropic propagation directions. The interaction of the ambient surface wave field with medium heterogeneity facilitates imaging of the velocity structure, but the inversion of the amplitude pattern is limited since it is dominated by wave field instead of medium properties.
The Potential Environmental Benefits of Utilising Oxy-Compounds as Additives In Gasoline, a Laboratory Based Study

summertime: 45.0-60.0 kPa) and D/D1 (RPV for wintertime: 60.0-90.0 kPa) are relevant. The octane number characterises the antiknock performances of auto gasoline. There are two laboratory tests through which the number of octanes is determined: a test that is made on an engine with a single cylinder in mild-knocking conditions and low speed and which has as a result the research octane number (RON) and a test that is made on the same type of engine, but in high speed and high-temperature knocking conditions and which has as a result the motor octane number (MON) of tested gasoline. A fast way to estimate the number of octanes is using the IROX 2000 Fuel Analyzer Portable Gasoline Analysis with MID-FTIR, from Grabner Instruments. Environmental health practitioners worldwide are frequently presented with issues that require further investigating and acting upon so that exposed populations can be protected from ill-health consequences. These environmental factors can be broadly classified according to their relation to air, water or food contamination. However, there are also work-related, occupational health exposures that need to be considered as a subset of this dynamic academic field. This book presents a review of the current practice and emerging research in the three broadly defined domains, but also provides reference for new emerging technologies, health effects associated with particular exposures and environmental justice issues. The contributing authors themselves display a range of backgrounds and they present a developing as well as a developed world perspective. This book will assist environmental health professionals to develop best practice protocols for monitoring a range of environmental exposure scenarios.
Geoengineering: The Next Era of Geopolitics?

While geopolitics used to be about the context of global politics, now in the Anthropocene, it has become a matter of remaking that context rather than taking it as a given. What kind of planet is being made for what kind of civilization is now an unavoidable question of the global economy, as is the related political question of contemporary globalization concerning who decides the future planetary configuration. The discussion of geoengineering proceeds apace as the limited success of climate mitigation focuses attention on what comes next. Thinking about how to govern geoengineering before major experiments are tried unilaterally might be the key to preventing future conflicts over such practical issues as what temperature the planet ought to be. Such questions are the key to the new geopolitics of the Anthropocene, a debate to which geography in general and political geography in particular could have much to contribute.
A statistical classification of Mediterranean species based on their flammability components

Eight dominant Mediterranean species were classified into similar groups according to their expected flammability, by applying multivariate statistical methods (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Canonical Discriminant Analysis) on the values of their most significant pyric properties (heat content, total and mineral ash content, surface area-to-volume ratio, particle density). Based on the statistical classification, meaningful explanations of the flammability differences among individual species were deduced. The results were in good agreement with similar rankings based on laboratory tests. Further validation may render the method widely applicable for the assessment of species potential flammability without laboratory flammability tests.
Final exam timetabling: a practical approach

This paper details a final exam timetable generator. This generator make use of a genetic algorithm optimizer and has the ability to generate several quality timetables for analysis and selection. This generator has been in use at the Ecole de Technologie Superieure with encouraging results. In all exam timetables, there are no exam conflicts, no student having to take 3 consecutive exams and the number of exams per period are always satisfied There are on average 0.8% of the student body with 2 consecutive exams and about 11% of the student body have I pair of exams separated by 1 or 2 free periods. All other students have strictly more than 2 free periods between exams.
Nitrate occurrence and attenuation in the major aquifers of England and Wales

The current occurrence of nitrate in the major aquifers of England and Wales is presented and the evidence for denitrification is critically reviewed. Denitrification is the principal nitrate attenuation process in the subsurface and its potential for mitigating the widespread nitrate inputs is considered. The study focuses on the three most important major aquifers: the Cretaceous Chalk, Permo-Triassic Sandstone and Jurassic Limestone. Elevated ground-water nitrate concentrations are shown to be widespread and continue to rise, with leaching from soils predicted to remain significant. Some 60% of groundwater bodies in England may fail to meet the Water Framework Directive requirement of ‘good status’ by 2015. Acquiring reliable evidence of denitrification is non-trivial and typically comprises integrated assessment of electron donor conditions, nitrogen oxide products, stable isotope ratios, nitrogen/argon ratios, microbiology and comparative velocity estimates. The available field studies confirm that denitrification in unconfined aquifers is relatively limited. Detailed unsaturated zone studies of both the Chalk and Sherwood Sandstone have demonstrated only minor decreases in nitrate concentrations, estimated at just 1–2% of the nitrate load within infiltrating water. Such decreases are unlikely to significantly influence regional groundwater quality. Within the saturated zones of the Chalk, Sherwood Sandstone and Jurassic Limestone aquifers, denitrification was significant only once these aquifers became confined and dissolved oxygen depleted. However, evidence for denitrification is typically weak at the regional aquifer scale and low nitrate concentrations may sometimes be simply ascribed to dilution or non-arrival of plumes. Denitrification within the Chalk or Jurassic Limestone matrix, although geochemically possible, may not occur, as bacteria are potentially excluded by the narrow pore throats. Although it is concluded that denitrification is unlikely to lead to very significant mitigation of the nitrate problems manifest in these aquifers, further research is still warranted to better understand its role. Relatively little denitrification research has been conducted in the major aquifers over the last decade. Organic carbon controls, in-fracture v. in-matrix denitrification and recent trends in nitrate and denitrification at historically monitored sites should all be further investigated.
TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN TRAVEL TIME RESIDUALS OF P WAVES FROM NEVADA SOURCES

graph stations. Matsushiro Station is located in the area of the Matsushiro earthquake swarm, the main activity of which occurred in 1966. Kamikineusu Station is located about 20km southwest of the epicenter of the Hidaka earthquake of January 20, 1970 (M=6.7, h=50km). It is very likely that seismic waves from Nevada to KMU pass through the focal region of this earthquake. The shot times and locations of the explosions in Nevada are taken from a table by SPRINGER and KINNMAN (1971) for 1961-1970 and NOAA's monthly listings ofepicenters for 1971-June 1973. From these periods, 82 observations of P waves from Nevada are found in the bulletin of Matsushiro Observatory. Among these, 53 P-times have been read to one-tenth of a second. These 53 explosions are listed in Table 1, together with one (No.37) which was recorded at KMU. For these events the epicentral distances and the travel time residuals O-C at MAT are calculated and listed in the same table. Plus and minus marks in the column headed "Phase" indicate the compressional and dilatational first motions, respectively. The calculated travel time C is based on the seismological tables for P phases by HERRIN et al. (1968) for h=0km. The heights of most shots are between 500m and 900m above the sea level. For several shots higher than 1000m the travel times have been corrected for height differences.
A 1.2V inductorless receiver front-end for multi-standard wireless applications

A novel, broadband, inductorless, multi- standard receiver front-end in a digital CMOS 90 nm low power (LP) process is described. The front-end operates in the frequency range from 0.8 GHz up to 1.7 GHz. It achieves a voltage gain of 24 dB and a noise figure of 5.5 dB. The measured IIP3 and IIP2 of the receiver are -13 dBm and +30 dBm, respectively. The input return loss is better than -10 dB in the frequency band from 0.8 GHz up to 1.7 GHz. The front-end consumes 26 mA from 1.2 V power supply and occupies a chip area of 1 mm2.
Dissolved organic carbon export with North Pacific Intermediate Water formation

An evaluation of DOC export with the formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water is presented. Data from sites representing the relevant North Pacific water masses (subtropical, subpolar, and subtropical transitional) are used to demonstrate the process. We suggest that dissolved organic carbon (DOC)‐replete Oyashio (subpolar) water mixes with DOC‐depleted Kuroshio (subtropical) water in the mixed water region east of Japan. The new intermediate water, formed at a rate of 2–5 Sv, exports DOC at 13 ± 6 Tg DOC yr−1. On the basis of these findings we present an alternative model to explain the 14C‐DOC age gradient recently reported for intermediate depths of the North Pacific.
Salt Marsh Mosquito-Control Ditches: Sedimentation, Landscape Change, and Restoration Implications

Abstract Corman, S.S. ; Roman, C.T. ; King, J.W. , and Appleby, P.G. , 2012. Salt marsh mosquito-control ditches: sedimentation, landscape change, and restoration implications. Mosquito ditches are a prolific physical feature of Atlantic coast salt marshes, dug most intensely since the 1930s to control the breeding of salt marsh mosquitoes. Removal of ditches by filling or other methods is under consideration as a restoration alternative at a Fire Island, New York, salt marsh. This study evaluated sediment dynamics and marsh landscape structure of the ditched marsh, thereby providing information to better support efforts to predict marsh responses to restoration alternatives. Field surveys, historic and recent aerial photography analysis, and radiometric dating techniques were used. The estimated average natural sedimentation rate within the ditches was 0.52 cm y−1, a rate greater than the accretion rate of the adjacent marsh surface. The average time for a Fire Island ditch to naturally fill would be 175 years from present, but spatially this is highly variable, with some ditches completely filled and others showing no evidence of natural filling. Active filling of ditches may be a feasible restoration alternative, pending the findings of pilot studies, but given concerns for marsh submergence with accelerated rates of sea level rise, restoration design should provide a hydrologic network to facilitate adequate marsh drainage.
Congestion avoidance in computer networks with a connectionless network layer: concepts, goals and methodology

The authors compare the concept of congestion with that of flow control and congestion control. A number of possible alternatives for congestion avoidance are identified. From these a few are selected for study. The criteria for selection and goals for these schemes are described. In particular, the authors wanted the scheme to be globally efficient, fair, dynamic, convergent, robust, distributed, configuration-independent, etc. They model the network and the user policies for congestion avoidance as a feedback control system. The key components of a generic congestion-avoidance scheme are congestion detection, congestion feedback, feedback selector, signal filter, decision function, and increase/decrease algorithms. <<ETX>>
Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks with a Connectionless Network Layer, Part III - Analysis

Polymers in which the side branches contain optically active 2-(4-methyl-cyclohex-3-en-1-yl)-propyl groups, and their preparation. The new polymers are used for the production of moldings, coatings and adhesives, and for finishing paper or textiles. They have K values of from 20 to 140.
[Journal First] ENTRUST: Engineering Trustworthy Self-Adaptive Software with Dynamic Assurance Cases

Software systems are increasingly expected to cope with variable workloads, component failures and other uncertainties through self-adaptation. As such, self-adaptive software has been the subject of intense research over the past decade. Our work focuses on the use of self-adaptive software in applications with strict functional and non-functional requirements. These applications need compelling assurances that the software continues to meet its requirements while it reconfigures its architecture and parameters at runtime. To address this need, we introduce an end-to-end methodology for the ENgineering of TRUstworthy Self-adaptive sofTware (ENTRUST).
Re-defined soil test–grain yield response relationships can give better fertiliser decisions for P, K and S with wheat, canola and lupin in the cropping systems of Western Australia

Soil test P, K and S – response relationships for wheat, lupin and canola can be used to make better fertiliser decisions for the cropping systems of Western Australia. A database of N, P, K and S experiments conducted in Western Australia was compiled. Relationships were then defined between soil test value and per cent maximum yield. Data sets were partitioned according to soil properties and sampling depths to improve the accuracy of the fitted regression equations. Sampling of the surface 0-10 cm soil layer provided suitable predictions of P relationships when separated into soil types with different P sorption capacities. In contrast, soil sampling to 30 cm depth improved the relationship for K soil tests for wheat and canola when the impact of soil acidity and potential yield on root distribution was taken into account. In contrast, deeper soil sampling to 30 cm improved the relationship for S for canola but not for wheat where rate of S leaching and potential yield appear to be important. The N soil test relationships for wheat and canola were not significant and critical levels could not be defined.
Meteor ablation spherules as chondrule analogs

Meteor ablation spherules are melt products of meteoroids that enter the earth's atmosphere. They are produced by aerodynamic melting, a process that surely produced chondrule-like objects in the early solar system but that apparently did not play a role in forming chondrules found in chondrites. The properties of ablation spherules do, however, provide insight into the chondrule problem because the spheres are chondrule analogs formed by a known process. Although the spheres have strong similarities to meteoritic chondrules, they also differ in significant respects. The differences between the spheres and chondrules suggest that chondrules could not have formed by flash melting of a primitive fine-grained chondritic precursor.
Multiple-Time-Scales Hierarchical Frequency Stability Control Strategy of Medium-Voltage Isolated Microgrid

 Abstract —In this paper, an islanded medium-voltage (MV) microgrid placed in Dongao Island is presented, which integrates renewable-energy-based distributed generations (DGs), energy storage system (ESS), and local loads. In an isolated microgrid without connection to the main grid to support the frequency, it is more complex to control and manage. Thus in order to maintain the frequency stability in multiple-time-scales, a hierarchical control strategy is proposed. The proposed control architecture divides the system frequency in three zones: (A) stable zone, (B) precautionary zone and (C) emergency zone. In this way, dynamic stability control that cope with disturbances in short-time scale is implemented by microgrid central controller (MGCC) within Zone B and Zone C. Meanwhile, steady-state stability control to solve the peaks and valleys problem of loads and DGs in long-time scale is executed by microgrid energy management system (MEMS) within Zone A. Furthermore, based on the developed complete small-signal state-space model, sensitivity analysis of the eigenvalues is conducted in order to reveal the dynamic stability margin of the MV microgrid, and to identify the proper range of the control parameters of Zone B. Theoretical analysis, time-domain simulation and field test results under various conditions and scenarios in the Dongao Island microgrid are presented to prove the validity of the introduced control
Investigation of the marine boundary layer cloud and CCN properties under coupled and decoupled conditions over the Azores

Six coupled and decoupled marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds were chosen from the 19 month Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility data set over the Azores. Thresholds of liquid water potential temperature difference ΔθL < 0.5 K (>0.5 K) and total water mixing ratio difference Δqt < 0.5 g/kg (>0.5 g/kg) below the cloud base were used for selecting the coupled (decoupled) cases. A schematic diagram was given to demonstrate the coupled and decoupled MBL vertical structures and how they associate with nondrizzle, virga, and rain drizzle events. Out of a total of 2676 5 min samples, 34.5% were classified as coupled and 65.5% as decoupled, 36.2% as nondrizzle and 63.8% as drizzle (47.7% as virga and 16.1% as rain), and 33.4% as daytime and 66.6% as nighttime. The decoupled cloud layer is deeper (0.406 km) than coupled cloud layer (0.304 km), and its liquid water path and cloud droplet effective radius (re) values (122.1 gm−2 and 13.0 µm) are higher than coupled ones (83.7 gm−2 and 10.4 µm). Conversely, decoupled stratocumuli have lower cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) and surface cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration (NCCN) (74.5 cm−3 and 150.9 cm−3) than coupled stratocumuli (111.7 cm−3 and 216.4 cm−3). The linear regressions between re and Nd with NCCN have demonstrated that coupled re and Nd strongly depend on NCCN and have higher correlations (−0.56 and 0.59) with NCCN than decoupled results (−0.14 and 0.25). The MBL cloud properties under nondrizzle and virga drizzle conditions are similar to each other but significantly different to those of rain drizzle.
The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) in the high latitudes of the North Atlantic: Temperature and Biotic change

Increasingly high resolution isotope- and novel organic geochemical proxy records have revealed that the long-term cooling trend of the middle Eocene was interrupted by a warming phase designated the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO). It is suggested to represent an increase in sea surface temperatures of about 4°C, lasting approximately 400 kyr. The temperature evolution of the MECO is notably well-documented in the Southern Ocean. However, records of temperature- and biotic change during the MECO are largely missing from the higher northern latitudes. Here we document on the sea surface temperature evolution during the MECO reconstructed using TEX86 from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 647 situated in the Labrador Sea. In addition, organic walled remains of dinoflagellates (i.e. dinocysts) were investigated in order to identify environmental change in response to the MECO