Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Model-based Clustering for Social Networks

Network models are widely used to represent relations among interacting units or actors. Network data often exhibit transitivity, meaning that two actors that have ties to a third actor are more likely to be tied than actors that do not, homophily by attributes of the actors or dyads, and clustering. Interest often focuses on finding clusters of actors or ties, and the number of groups in the data is typically unknown. We propose a new model, the Latent Position Cluster Model (LPCM), under which the probability of a tie between two actors depends on the distance between them in an unobserved Euclidean " social space, " and the actors' locations in the latent social space arise from a mixture of distributions, each one corresponding to a cluster. We propose two estimation methods: a two-stage maximum likelihood method, and a Bayesian MCMC method; the former is quicker and simpler, but the latter performs better. We also propose a Bayesian way of determining the number of clusters present using approximate conditional Bayes factors. It models transitivity, homophily by attributes and clustering simultaneously, and does not require the number of clusters to be known. The model makes it easy to simulate realistic networks with clustering, potentially useful as inputs to models of more complex systems of which the network is part, such as epidemic models of infectious disease. We apply the model to two networks of social relations.
Neurorehabilitation in shared virtual reality

– Virtual reality is used for a wide range of applications nowadays. It can also be used for medical purposes, for example in the process of therapy and rehabilitation of patients. The advantage of applying virtual reality to the rehabilitation process is the possibility of creating interesting and immersive virtual environments and scenarios. Based on an analysis of the technology’s potential uses and current solution, we have created an application in Unity, that will allow patients and therapists to collaborate in a shared virtual environment. The application includes several simple scenarios that can be expanded and combined into more complex, engaging sequences in the future, as well as interface to communicate with external environments to assess the patient’s actions.
Determinants of Std Epidemics: Implications for Phase Appropriate Intervention Strategies

Determinants of evolving epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are equally influenced by the evolution of the STD epidemics themselves and by the evolution of human societies. A temporal approach to STD transmission dynamics suggests the need to monitor infectivity, rate of exposure between infected and susceptible individuals, and duration of infectiousness in societies. Different indicators may be used to monitor rate of exposure in the general population and in core groups. In addition, underlying determinants of STD epidemics such as poverty, inequality, racial/ethnic discrimination, unemployment, sex ratio, volume of migration, and health care coverage and quality are important variables to monitor through a surveillance system focused on social context. Ongoing large scale societal changes including urbanisation, globalisation, increasing inequality, and increasing volume of migrant populations may affect the evolution of STD epidemics. Globalised STD epidemics could pose a major challenge to local public health systems. " Our conception of the determinants of an epidemic changes as the epidemic evolves: at certain times pressure arises to track infection and improve access to health care systems; at other times, the emphasis has been on individual risk factors, risk taking or on " risk groups; " eventually, rising poverty and social deprivation may figure more predominantly in policy making. " Atlani L, et al. Social change and HIV in the former USSR: the making of a new epidemic. T he complex interactions between the evolu­ tion of STD epidemics and our comprehen­ sion of such evolution are difficult to grasp. Our understanding is shaped to a great extent by public health pressures to control the epidemic, and the political pressures that originate in cultural sensitivities, power dynamics, and eco­ nomics of resource allocation. All of these pressures are highly interactive and dynamic. Identification and implementation of effective prevention programmes depend on a scientifically sound, objective understanding of how STD epidemics evolve. The predominant scientific paradigms of our time are a limiting influence on such understand­ ing. First, despite attempts to move to population level approaches, 1–3 the predominant thinking in sexually transmitted disease (STD) epidemiology is still individual based. 4 Second, despite attempts to conceptualise STD epidemics in longitudinal frameworks, 5 the epidemiology of STD is still con­ structed in terms of cross sectional thinking. Third, even though with infectious disease epide­ miology transmission of the organism is more important than acquisition in determining spread of infection, most of our thinking in …
Moments, magnitudes, and radiated energies of non‐volcanic tremor near Cholame, CA, from ground motion spectra at UPSAR

By averaging the spectra of events within two episodes of tremor (on Jan. 21 and 24, 2005) across the 12 stations of UPSAR, we improved the S/N sufficiently to define source spectra. Analysis of eleven impulsive events revealed attenuation‐corrected spectra of displacement similar to those of earthquakes, with a low‐frequency plateau, a corner frequency, and a high frequency decay proportional to f−2. Seismic moments, M0, estimated from these spectra range from about 3 to 10 × 1011 N‐m or moment magnitudes in the range 1.6 to 1.9. The corner frequencies range from 2.6 to 7.2 Hz and, if interpreted in the same way as for earthquakes, indicate low stress drops that vary from 0.001 to 0.04 MPa. Seismic energies, estimated from the ground motion spectra, vary from 0.2 × 105 to 4.4 × 105 J, or apparent stresses in the range 0.002 to 0.02 MPa. The low stress parameters are consistent with a weak fault zone in the lower crust at the depth of tremor. In contrast, the same analysis on a micro‐earthquake, located near Cholame (depth = 10.3 km), revealed a stress drop of 0.5 MPa and an apparent stress of 0.02 MPa. Residual spectra from ω−2 model fits to the displacement spectra of the non‐volcanic tremor events show peaks near 4 Hz that are not apparent in the spectra for the microearthquake nor for the spectrum of earth noise. These spectral peaks may indicate that tremor entails more than shear failure reminiscent of mechanisms, possibly entailing fluid flow, associated with volcanic tremor or deep volcanic earthquakes.
Marine Regions: Towards a Global Standard for Georeferenced Marine Names and Boundaries

GIS has become an indispensable tool for managing and displaying marine spatial data. However, a unique georeferenced standard of marine place names and boundaries has yet to be established. As such, an online, open-access, standardized, hierarchical list of geographic names, that is, Marine Regions, has been developed, linking each of these names to information and maps of the geographic location. The objectives are to capture all geographic marine names worldwide, including ocean basins, seas, seamounts, sandbanks, ridges, bays, and other marine geographical place names and attributes, and to display univocally the boundaries of marine biogeographic or other managed marine areas in order to facilitate marine data management, marine (geographic) research and the management of marine areas. Marine Regions is freely available at http://www.marineregions. org.
Performance Evolution of In-Knowledge Graph Tasks: A Structured Liter- ature Review

The goal of knowledge graph completion is to predict new information within a knowledge graph. Researchers increase their focus on knowledge graph embedding methods for the completion process and neglect traditional knowledge completion methods. Despite that, there is no direct comparison of the historical performance differences between embedding methods and traditional knowledge graph completion methods in literature. This includes the not researched extent of performance increase that the embedding method can potentially provide. To address this problem, we use a systematic literature review to study the performance of these two groups. We are interested in a historical performance comparison that indicates whether there is a difference between them. The analyses of our performance data results shows a better performance for none embedding methods than embedding methods. The results indicate that knowledge graph embedding methods provide no performance advantage and do not justify the greater extent of research investment in current literature.
Desistance from Sexual Offending 1

Purpose of Review. This article reviews the growing body of knowledge on desistance from sexual offending. Although the cessation of offending is a standard observation in criminology and has been demonstrated by people who commit all manner of crimes, it has only recently been considered relevant for individuals convicted of sexual offences. Recent Findings. Desistance from crime is a natural human process and has been observed even among those people who commit sexual offences. The clearest distinction between sexual and nonsexual offenders is the way they are treated by the criminal justice system. Desistance can occur in different ways, for different people, and under different circumstances. It can occur naturally, with or without formal therapeutic assistance or criminal justice intervention. Summary. Comparatively few sexual offenders truly warrant the restrictive approaches of enhanced community supervision to which so many people are now subject. A growth industry devoted to sustaining the belief that there is something very different (and identifiable) about sexual offenders has resulted in increasingly dangerous trends in our criminal justice system’s response to this crime.
Arbeidslivsregimer i Danmark og Norge — går de hver sin vei?

Generelt vurderes det norske og det danske arbeidslivregimet som bortimot identiske: Begge er koordinerte markedsøkonomier der arbeidsmarkedet i stor grad reguleres gjennom partsavtaler. Men spørsmålet er om de to regimene er i ferd med å gå i ulike retninger, og i så fall i hvilken grad dette er en følge av utviklingen av flexicurity i dansk arbeidsliv. Med utgangspunkt i analyser av de norske og danske institusjoner og av multinasjonale selskapers tilgang til de to arbeidsmarkedsmodellers institusjoner (særlig fagforeninger og samarbeidssystemer) belyses forskjeller mellom den danske og den norske arbeidsmarkedsmodellen. Ny-institusjonell teori, herunder Varieties of Capitalism, brukes som teoretisk utgangspunkt.
Evolution of Natrocarbonatite from a Wollastonite Nephelinite Parent: Evidence from the June, 1993 Eruption of Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania

Lapilli and unusually thick, high viscosity lavas extruded from Oldoinyo Lengai in June, 1993 are composed of crystal-rich natrocarbonatite containing a small proportion of porphyritic silicate spheroids. The silicate spheroids are of wollastonite nephelinite mineralogy, but they also contain natrocarbonatite mineral grains and aggregates (a) in glass inclusions within nepheline and pyroxene phenocrysts, and (b) within the fine-grained silicate groundmass of the spheroids. The chemical relationships of the natrocarbonatite component in the spheroids to the dominant silicate fraction are consistent with liquid immiscibility, as are the multiple stages of unmixing. These direct observations confirm the intimate relationship between natrocarbonatite and wollastonite nephelinite inferred both from the field relationships at Oldoinyo Lengai, and from low-PT experimentation. The plutonic equivalent (wollastonite ijolite) of the magma type found to be parental to natrocarbonatite at Oldoinyo Lengai does occur in other carbonatite complexes of differing ages and wide geographical distribution; hence it is possible that the generation of natrocarbonatite is not unique to Oldoinyo Lengai. Certain features in the matrix of the carbonatite flows (coarser grain size, breakdown of solid-solutions observed in earlier, rapidly chilled lavas) are attributed to the relatively slow cooling of these atypically thick flows.
Stratocumulus-cumulus transition explained by bulk boundary layer theory

: Stratocumulus clouds occurring over eastern subtropical ocean basins dominate climatological cloudiness at low latitudes and are important for Earth’s global radiative energy budget. Further west, there is an observed transition to scattered cumulus cloud cover, the so-called stratocumulus-cumulus transition (SCT), which is controlled by changing large-scale mete-orological conditions. To explore the mechanisms driving the SCT, we present an extension of the traditional bulk boundary layer model (bulk model) for stratocumulus-topped boundary layers that explicitly considers cloud decoupling from the surface and subsequent cloud fraction reduction. By forcing our bulk model with boundary conditions from ERA5 reanalysis, we are able to quantitatively capture the climatological SCT. We compare the modeled SCT to satellite observations across transects of the eastern Paciﬁc and show good agreement. The bulk model highlights the importance of surface temperature variations across the transect for controlling the SCT. We also use the bulk model to explore the sensitivity of low clouds to changing meteorological factors and show how this sensitivity is nonlinear and depends on cloud regime.
University of Birmingham Dorsal-to-ventral imbalance in the superior longitudinal fasciculus mediates methylphenidate’s effect on beta oscillations in ADHD

While pharmacological treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) is a first line intervention for ADHD, its mechanisms of action have yet to be elucidated. We here seek to identify the white matter tracts that mediate MPH’s effect on beta oscillations. We implemented a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover de-sign, where boys diagnosed with ADHD underwent behavioral and MEG measurements during a spatial attention task while on and off MPH. The results were compared with an age/IQ-matched control group. Estimates of white matter tracts were obtained using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Via a stepwise model selection strategy, we identified the fiber tracts (regressors) significantly predicting values of the dependent variables of interest (i
Analysis and Design of a Position Observer With Resistance Adaptation for Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives

A back-electromotive-force-based reduced-order position observer with stator-resistance adaptation is analyzed for motion-sensorless synchronous reluctance motor (SyRM) drives. Analytical equations for steady-state estimation errors and stability conditions are derived (with and without resistance adaptation), taking into account errors in the parameter estimates. The effect of the observer gain on the noise reduction is studied by means of eigenvector analysis. A robust gain selection is proposed, which maximizes the allowed uncertainties in the parameter estimates. The proposed observer design is experimentally evaluated using a 6.7-kW SyRM drive; stable operation is demonstrated at low speeds under various parameter errors.
ZAPP! Zonotope Agreement of Prediction and Planning for Continuous-Time Collision Avoidance with Discrete-Time Dynamics

—The past few years have seen immense progress on two fronts that are critical to safe, widespread mobile robot deployment: predicting uncertain motion of multiple agents, and planning robot motion under uncertainty. However, the numerical methods required on each front have resulted in a mismatch of representation for prediction and planning. In prediction, numerical tractability is usually achieved by coarsely discretizing time, and by representing multimodal multi-agent interactions as distributions with infinite support. On the other hand, safe planning typically requires very fine time discretization, paired with distributions with compact support, to reduce conservativeness and ensure numerical tractability. The result is, when existing predictors are coupled with planning and control, one may often find unsafe motion plans. This paper proposes ZAPP (Zonotope Agreement of Prediction and Planning) to resolve the representation mismatch. ZAPP unites a prediction-friendly coarse time discretization and a planning-friendly zonotope uncertainty representation; the method also enables differentiating through a zonotope collision check, allowing one to integrate prediction and planning within a gradient-based optimization framework. Numerical examples show how ZAPP can produce safer trajectories compared to baselines in interactive scenes.
Uranium in secondary silica; a possible exploration guide

Study of uraniferous silica precipitates in the Shirley Basin, Wyoming, identified areas where ancient uraniferous ground water once ponded. Chalcedony collected from and directly beneath thick accumulations of rhyolite ash contain as much as 250 ppm uranium in a pre-ash topographic low and lesser concentrations (10 to 160 ppm) elsewhere. Differences in the U concentration of chalcedony collected from approximately the same stratigraphic horizon reflect the enrichment of uranium in ground water as it percolated downward and basinward through the overlying rhyolite ash. Uranium is homogeneously distributed as a uranyl species within the chalcedony and reflects coprecipitation of dissolved uranium and colloidal silica in a uraniferous silica-gel. Laboratory measurements of the partitioning of uranium between various solutions and silica-gel precipitates indicate that, for ranges of pH and dissolved carbonate typical of ground water, dried silica-gel contains about 400 to 1,000 times the uranium concentration of the solution from which it forms. Uranium is postulated to be incorporated as an adsorbed uranyl-silica-hydroxyl complex. A 20-m.y. -minimum apparent age for uraniferous chalcedony was obtained by U-Pb isotope dating. Reported minimum ages for nearby sedimentary uranium deposits generally lie between this age and the age of rhyolite which hosts the silica (32.4 + or - 2.6 m.y.). Leaching of uranium from ash during the period 20 to 32 m.y. is therefore compatible with a volcanic source-rock hypothesis.
Demonstration by lopamidol CT-Myelography Compressive Cervical Myelopathy: Cystic Necrosis of the Spinal Cord in

Seven consecutive patients with compressive cervical myelopathy were studied with standard water-soluble contrast myelography and immediate CT followed by delayed CT of the spinal canal at 10 to 12 hr. Every case demonstrated findings suggestive of necrosis and/or cavitation of the central portions of the spinal cord on the delayed CT study. Two types of abnormalities were visualized in the form of delayed collections of contrast media inside the cord: (1) bilateral enhancement, a double-barreled "snake eyes" appearance at or near the level of compression (consistent with central gray matter necrosis and/or cavitation-local syringomyelia ex-vacuo); and (2) longitudinally oriented, "pencil-shaped" central enhancement of variable length distant from the level of compression (consistent either with an enlarged central canal-hydromyelia ex vacuo-or with necrosis and/or cavitation extending craniad and caudad from the area of maximal compression and located in or near the anterior portion of the dorsal columns-distant syringomyelia ex-vacuo). These findings, supported by previous re ports of autopsy specimens, may explain in part: (1) the frequent discrepancy between the levels of maximal cervical compression and the variable neurologic signs; and (2) the frequent lack of improvement in clinical signs after surgical decompression of the spinal cord at this late stage of the illness. We believe similar intramedullary lesions may be present in other cases of chronic compression of varying etiology at any location within the spinal cord.
Continual Segment: Towards a Single, Unified and Non-forgetting Continual Segmentation Model of 143 Whole-body Organs in CT Scans

Deep learning empowers the mainstream medical image segmentation methods. Nevertheless, current deep segmentation approaches are not capable of efficiently and effectively adapting and updating the trained models when new segmentation classes are incrementally added. In the real clinical environment, it can be preferred that segmentation models could be dynamically extended to segment new organs/tumors without the (re-)access to previous training datasets due to obstacles of patient privacy and data storage. This process can be viewed as a continual semantic segmentation (CSS) problem, being understudied for multi-organ segmentation. In this work, we propose a new architectural CSS learning framework to learn a single deep segmentation model for segmenting a total of 143 whole-body organs. Using the encoder/decoder network structure, we demonstrate that a continually trained then frozen encoder coupled with incrementally-added decoders can extract sufficiently representative image features for new classes to be subsequently and validly segmented, while avoiding the catastrophic forgetting in CSS. To maintain a single network model complexity, each decoder is progressively pruned using neural architecture search and teacher-student based knowledge distillation. Finally, we propose a body-part and anomaly-aware output merging module to combine organ predictions originating from different decoders and incorporate both healthy and pathological organs appearing in different datasets. Trained and validated on 3D CT scans of 2500+ patients from four datasets, our single network can segment a total of 143 whole-body organs with very high accuracy, closely reaching the upper bound performance level by training four separate segmentation models (i.e., one model per dataset/task).
The Bedrock of Byzantine Fault Tolerance: A Uniﬁed Platform for BFT Protocols Analysis, Implementation, and Experimentation

Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) protocols cover a broad spectrum of design dimensions from infrastructure settings, such as the communication topology, to more technical features, such as commitment strategy and even fundamental social choice properties like order-fairness. The proliferation of different protocols has made it difﬁcult to navigate the BFT landscape, let alone determine the protocol that best meets application needs. This paper presents Bedrock , a uniﬁed platform for BFT protocols analysis, implementation, and experimentation. Bedrock proposes a design space consisting of a set of dimensions and explores several design choices that capture the trade-offs between different design space dimensions. Within Bedrock, a wide range of BFT protocols can be implemented and uniformly evaluated under a uniﬁed deployment environment.