Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HERTZIAN FRACTURES IN THE SUB-DWYKA NOOITGEDACHT STRIATED PAVEMENT, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FORMER THICKNESS OF KAROO STRATA NEAR KIMBERLEY, SOUTH AFRICA

The striated and polished glacial pavements on the farm Nooitgedacht 66, northwest of Kimberley, developed at the base of the Dwyka Group, on a substrate of basic lavas of the Pniel Group, Ventersdorp Supergroup, are very well known as both geological and archaeological monuments. First discovered by Stone Age people who left numerous engravings on the striated rock surfaces, the pavements were rediscovered soon after the discovery of diamonds in the Kimberley area in 1870. Despite the extensive studies and abundant geological and archaeological literature on these pavements since 1880, certain peculiar features have been found that seem to have escaped the notice of previous researchers. The newly-discovered features are circular or oval shaped fractures, sometimes concentric sets of fractures, usually arranged around a central circular or oval shaped depression of the smooth glacially striated substrate of Ventersdorp lava, with, in many cases, radial fractures emanating from the central depression. In this paper these structures are analysed, and they are shown to be a form of Hertzian fracture, which forms through impulsive or static loading of an elastic medium by an indenter. Large quartz porphyry erratic boulders found in the Dwyka tillites overlying the glacial pavements are presumed to have acted as the indenters. By the use of Hertzian fracture theory, the average radii of the Hertzian fractures, and the radii of the largest glacial erratics, are used to infer the total maximum thickness of the Karoo Supergroup strata which once covered the area of the glacial pavements. The thicknesses estimated from this preliminary analysis (5.86 km) are about a factor of 2.6 to 2.3 times higher than estimates derived from studies of crustal xenoliths from kimberlite pipes in the Kimberley area. This may be attributed to the assumptions and the many uncertainties inherent in the calculations performed, but it hints at an independent method of calculating the former thickness of eroded Karoo strata in the area, if some of the parameters involved can be refined by further studies.
Annals of Pure and Applied Logic

In this paper we ﬁrst provide a new axiomatization of algebraically closed MV-algebras based on McNaughton’s Theorem. Then we turn to sheaves, and we represent algebraically closed MV-algebras as algebras of global sections of sheaves, where the stalks are divisible MV-chains and the base space is Stonean. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
EL YACIMIENTO COBRE PORFIDICO "ANDACOLLO" PROVINCIA DE COQUIMBO, CHILE

El yacimiento cuprifero Andacollo se ubica en la Cordillera de la Costa de la Provincia de Coquimbo, a 37 km en linea recta al sureste de la ciudad de La Serena y a 30 km al este del Oceano Pacifico. El deposito puede ser clasificado de acuerdo a sus caracteristicas de mineralizacion-alteracion-estructura como un yacimiento del tipo denominado "cobre porfidico". La mineralizacion se hospeda en rocas volcanicas e intrusivas de disposicion apofisial, ambas muy fracturadas (stockwork). Tanto la metalizacion como la alteracion hipogena se disponen segun modelo que aproximadamente coincide con los descritos para otros cobres-porfidicos del mundo. La zona interior corresponde a una alteracion con estabilidad en los feldespatos y se caracteriza por el grupo biotita-feldespato potasico; rodeando a este se ubican alteraciones con destruccion de feldespatos que del interior hacia afuera corresponden a los arreglos: "feldespato potasico-cuarzo-sericita" y grupo "cuarzo-sericita". La mineralizacion hipogena consiste esencialmente de pirita-calcopirita con cantidades variables de hematita y subordinadamente molibdenita. La razon pirita-calcopirita es alta y varia de 1/1 a mas de 20/1. Se ha podido concluir que el centro de mineralizacion de mas alta ley de cobre-molibdeno presenta una asociacion de pirita-calcopirita-hematita y es cercanamente coincidente con el arreglo de alteracion "feldespato potasico-cuarzo-sericita" y tambien con las razones pirita/calcopirita mas baja. Una caracteristica zona de enriquecimiento supergenico se ha distinguido; esta de' disposicion mas o menos horizontal, esta formada por calcosina (djurleita), pirita y calcopirita. La calcosina se presenta como reemplazo de calcopirita y como delgados revestimientos de pirita. Se estima que existen por lo menos dos estados de enriquecimiento supergenico, estando el principal relacionado con la formacion del pediplano Andacollo (pre-Mioceno). Se cree que el porfido cuprifero Andacollo podria ser de edad Cretacico Superior similar a otros depositos y desarrollos hidrotermales que se ubican en la Cordillera de la Costa y de distinta edad a los Porfidos Chilenos mas conocidos que se ubican en la precordillera y cordillera de Los Andes (Terciario). Se han cubicado como reservas de mineral algo mas de 300 millones de toneladas, lo que representa un 2,5% de los recursos cupriferos calculados para Chile. La explotacion del yacimiento permitiria aumentar en 9% el actual nivel de produccion del pais.
Study of the connection of a wind farm in Wales

The objective of this Project is to study the connection of a wind farm to the electic grid of Wales. This report also contains all the information necessary to understand the calculations made and know where they come theoretically. This document would include the study of how a wind turbine works, the elements those compose it, its principle of operation as well as different kinds of existing generators. Having explained this, this project will focus on the study of the connection of a concrete wind farm to the electric network of Wales. In one hand also will be described the connection requirements and performance that must meet the wind farm. In the other hand, this dissertation will try to characterize the interaction of a wind power park via a digital simulation (MatlabSimulink).
Valid, invalid, or somewhere in between? Baseline ImPACT and stand-alone performance validity testing in collegiate athletes

Objective Baseline cognitive testing is important for sport concussion management. Assessing baseline data for both the validity and reliability is vital to ensuring its utility. Stand-alone performance validity tests (PVT) and embedded validity indicators (EVI) (collectively called “validity measures” hereafter) are commonly used in neuropsychological testing and screening. This study further investigates efficient ways to assess validity of baseline cognitive testing. Methods 231 NCAA athletes completed baseline assessment with ImPACT and one of two PVT’s: Medical Symptom Validity Test or Rey Dot Counting Test. The relationship between scores on validity measures and cognitive performance, symptoms, and sleep was assessed. Results Athletes who failed two or more validity measures performed worse on the Visual Motor Speed Composite while athletes failing three or more measures performed worse on the Reaction Time Composite. Those athletes who failed validity measures and also reported poor sleep performed worse on both composites. Self-reported symptoms and hours of sleep were not independently associated with failing validity measures. Lastly, athletes with self-reported ADHD and/or LD were more likely to fail two+ validity measures (46% versus 27% of neurotypical athletes). Conclusions Consistent with previous research, ImPACT Baseline++ only identified 1.7% of the sample’s data as invalid despite 4.8% of the dataset failing a combination of PVT and EVI and an additional 42.9% failing at least EVI alone. Results suggest that assessing validity on a continuum and using multiple validity measures may be useful to identify data validity that falls in the middle of the continuum. Public Significance Statement Baseline concussion testing is common and often mandated prior to sport participation, however, a baseline only has utility if it is both a reliable and valid representation of the athlete’s healthy and optimal functioning. This study adds to the growing body of literature demonstrating that baseline testing may frequently have questionable validity. It also provides support to the value of conceptualizing validity as a spectrum, rather than dichotomy and is the first to apply the concept to baseline concussion testing data.
Measurement of 87Rb Rydberg-state hyperfine splitting in a room-temperature vapor cell Tauschinsky,

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Early Tertiary evolution of the North Alpine Foreland Basin of the Swiss Alps and adjoining areas

We present a new palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Helvetic zone based on the palinspastic restoration of 18 recently published and new retrodeformed structural cross‐sections through the Swiss Alps, Haute Savoie (France) and Vorarlberg (Austria). The reconstruction resulted in two palaeogeographic maps, one of the pre‐Mesozoic basement, the other for the sedimentary cover of the Helvetic shelf including the Nummulitic deposits of the Palaeocene–Eocene, which mark the onset of the North Alpine Foreland Basin of the Alps.
The Drylands Development Model in Argentinaâ€™s Central West: the Case of Mendoza Province

Argentinaâ€™s central west encompasses a vast dryland territory, organized on the basis of a great contradiction: the confrontation between oasis and rainfed area (desert lands with no irrigation). Within a territory under arid conditions with different desertification levels, Mendoza is a paradigmatic case. The development model fostered at the end of the 19th century was based on the supremacy of strategic resources: water and soil. A mode of regional development reliant on irrigated lands was since then supported to consolidate the wine export model. Nowadays, Mendozaâ€™s non-irrigated lands and their people are marginal, not merely by the effect of a restrictive environment but also by the combined action of a fragile environment and the weightier social, political and economic forces that have banished them to the systemâ€™s margins. Analysis of the regionâ€™s history informs that non-irrigated spaces provided both strategic natural resources for development of irrigated areas and labor for starting productive activities. Simultaneously, non-irrigated lands were curtailed in their right of access to strategic resources for their social reproduction: water, land and identity. This report delves further into the analysis of the dynamics of territory construction whereby some territories stand as central while others are relegated to marginal positions. The analysis goes deeper into a case study with signs of a serious process of territory impoverishment, social exclusion and progress of desertification and poverty, and presents the efforts to encourage a rural development strategy for non-irrigated drylands that allows full inclusion of these territories and actors as rights-bearing subjects. Â
Denitrification and the challenge of scaling microsite knowledge to the globe

Our knowledge of microbial processes—who is responsible for what, the rates at which they occur, and the substrates consumed and products produced—is imperfect for many if not most taxa, but even less is known about how microsite processes scale to the ecosystem and thence the globe. In both natural and managed environments, scaling links fundamental knowledge to application and also allows for global assessments of the importance of microbial processes. But rarely is scaling straightforward: More often than not, process rates in situ are distributed in a highly skewed fashion, under the influence of multiple interacting controls, and thus often difficult to sample, quantify, and predict. To date, quantitative models of many important processes fail to capture daily, seasonal, and annual fluxes with the precision needed to effect meaningful management outcomes. Nitrogen cycle processes are a case in point, and denitrification is a prime example. Statistical models based on machine learning can improve predictability and identify the best environmental predictors but are—by themselves—insufficient for revealing process‐level knowledge gaps or predicting outcomes under novel environmental conditions. Hybrid models that incorporate well‐calibrated process models as predictors for machine learning algorithms can provide both improved understanding and more reliable forecasts under environmental conditions not yet experienced. Incorporating trait‐based models into such efforts promises to improve predictions and understanding still further, but much more development is needed.
The Development of Thematic Core Collections in Cassava Based on Yield, Disease Resistance, and Root Quality Traits

Thematic collections (TCs), which are composed of genotypes with superior agronomic traits and reduced size, offer valuable opportunities for parental selection in plant breeding programs. Three TCs were created to focus on crucial attributes: root yield (CC_Yield), pest and disease resistance (CC_Disease), and root quality traits (CC_Root_quality). The genotypes were ranked using the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) method, and a truncated selection was implemented for each collection based on specific traits. The TCs exhibited minimal overlap, with each collection comprising 72 genotypes (CC_Disease), 63 genotypes (CC_Root_quality), and 64 genotypes (CC_Yield), representing 4%, 3.5%, and 3.5% of the total individuals in the entire collection, respectively. The Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index values generally varied but remained below 10% when compared to the entire collection. Most TCs exhibited observed heterozygosity, genetic diversity, and the inbreeding coefficient that closely resembled those of the entire collection, effectively retaining 90.76%, 88.10%, and 88.99% of the alleles present in the entire collection (CC_Disease, CC_Root_quality, and CC_Disease, respectively). A PCA of molecular and agro-morphological data revealed well-distributed and dispersed genotypes, while a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) displayed a high discrimination capacity among the accessions within each collection. The strategies employed in this study hold significant potential for advancing crop improvement efforts.
11-Year Warm Cloud Seeding Experiment in Maharashtra State, India

A warm cloud modification experiment was carried out during the 11-summer monsoon (June - September) seasons (1973-74, 1976, 1979-86) using a double-area cross-over design with area randomization. An instrumented aircraft was used for the cloud physical measurements seeding. Finely pulverized salt (sodium chloride) particles were released into and the monsoon clouds (stratocumulus and cumulus) during aircraft penetrations into the clouds at a height of 200-300 m above the cloud base. The warm cloud responses to salt seeding were found to be critically dependent on the cloud physical characteristics e.g., vertical thickness and the liquid water content. When clouds having (i) vertical thickness > 1 km, and (ii) LWC > 0.5 g m^3 were seeded with salt particles (modal diameter 10 um, concentration 1 per liter of cloud air) produced increase in rainfall of 24 percent significant at 4 percent level. The cloud physical observations made in not-seeded (control) and seeded (target) clouds have apparently provided some useful evidence to illustrate the possibility that the hygroscopic particle seeding might accelerate the collision-coalescence process.
Evaluation ultrasonore de l'os cortical en transmission transverse : études numérique et expérimentale de la propagation d’ondes circonférentielles pour la caractérisation de la résistance mécanique du col fémoral

Les mesures ultrasonores en transmission transverse permettent d’evaluer un site osseux. Notre objectif est de mettre en evidence et d’exploiter les ondes qui se propagent circonferentiellement dans la coque corticale du col femoral pour caracteriser la resistance de la hanche a la fracture. Des simulations numeriques de la propagation d’ondes dans des sections transverses de col du femur ont ete realisees pour etudier les phenomenes mis en jeu. Nous avons montre�� que le premier signal (« first arriving signal », FAS) en transmission transverse est toujours associe aux ondes circonferentielles. Une forte correlation entre le temps de vol du FAS (TOFFAS) et des parametres geometriques lies a la resistance osseuse (R² = 0. 87 pour le moment d’inertie minimum) a ete observee. Les ondes circonferentielles se sont revelees etre sensibles a la porosite et a l’elasticite de la coque corticale. Un montage ultrasonore experimental a ete concu afin d’etudier la relation entre TOFFAS et la resistance a la fracture obtenue par test mecanique. Une premiere serie de mesures sur neuf echantillons a montre que TOFFAS peu predire la resistance mecanique de l’extremite superieure du femur (R² = 0. 79) au moins aussi bien que la technique de reference (R² = 0. 78) utilisant les rayons-X. Ce montage experimental peut etre optimise et combine au scanner ultrasonore du col du femur existant pour augmenter le niveau de prediction du risque de fracture. Nous proposons comme perspective l’utilisation de la methode DORT pour determiner les vitesses de phase des ondes circonferentielles dans le col du femur a partir desquelles la geometrie et les proprietes materielles de l'os pourraient etre deduites.
Subsurface Contaminant Tracking By Ground-Penetrating Radar And Spectral Induced Polarization

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and spectral induced polarization methods have been combined to outline the hydrogeological structure, the underground paths and the places of residual contaminant accumulation related to a large spill of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) caused by a dirty petrochemical industry near Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The harmful organic chemicals have invaded the upper phreatic layers and penetrated deeply into a thick and extensive semi-confined, multi-aquifer system. GPR processed sections were useful to map the water-table topography, to refine the stratigraphic sequence of the upper phreatic zone and to reconstruct the gross pattern of the contaminant front advancing through it. Electrical resistivity and spectral induced polarization sections were able not only to delineate the gross structure of the aquifer system, but also in helping to follow the contaminant migration in greater depths.
Carbon sources and sinks in forest biomes of the former Soviet Union

The carbon budget of the forest biomes of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and their sequestration potential were assessed by considering (1) net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of different age forest stands and actual forest coverage, (2) carbon flux related to forest fires, (3) the rate of peat accumulation, and (4) anthropogenic influences. The area of forest biomes in the FSU was estimated at 1426.1 million hectares (Mha); forest ecosystems comprised 799.9 Mha, nonforest ecosystems and arable land comprised 506.3 and 119.9 Mha, respectively. The vegetation pool (phytomass and coarse woody debris) was 68.7 Gt C (carbon). The litter and soil carbon pools were 12.2 and 319.1 Gt C, respectively. The net primary productivity (NPP) of forest biomes ecosystems was 5.6 Gt C/yr, the rate of foliage formation was 2.3 Gt C/yr, the rate of humus formation was 161 Mt C/yr with 73 Mt C/yr in the stable form. The NEP of the forest biomes was assessed from the data on NEP of young, middle-age, and premature forest stands. The NEP of the forest biomes was 825 Mt C/yr. Peat was accumulating at an average rate of 23 Mt C/yr. Carbon effluxes from mortmass, litter, and soil organic matter decomposition were calculated from the NPP, NEP, foliage, and humus formation rates. The efflux from mortmass decomposition was 2.6 Gt C/yr, from litter decomposition 2.1 Gt C/yr, and from soil organic matter decomposition 61 Mt C/yr. Peat combustion represented a carbon efflux of 30 Mt C/yr. The carbon efflux from forest fires and agricultural activities was 199 and 10 Mt C/yr, respectively. Carbon efflux from wood harvesting (carbon sequestration in regrowing vegetation was excluded) was 152 Mt C/yr. Considering all components of the natural carbon cycle and the anthropogenic influences, FSU forest biomes were a net sink of 485 Mt C/yr of atmospheric carbon. The Siberian and Far East forests represent approximately 82% of the net sink. The total carbon sink in FSU forests was equivalent to one half of the annual CO2 fossil fuel emissions in the FSU or one half the carbon released from deforestation in subtropical regions.
Weather2vec: Representation Learning for Causal Inference with Non-Local Confounding in Air Pollution and Climate Studies

Estimating the causal effects of a spatially-varying intervention on a spatially-varying outcome may be subject to non-local confounding (NLC), a phenomenon that can bias estimates when the treatments and outcomes of a given unit are dictated in part by the covariates of other nearby units. In particular, NLC is a challenge for evaluating the effects of environmental policies and climate events on health-related outcomes such as air pollution exposure. This paper first formalizes NLC using the potential outcomes framework, providing a comparison with the related phenomenon of causal interference. Then, it proposes a broadly applicable framework, termed weather2vec, that uses the theory of balancing scores to learn representations of non-local information into a scalar or vector defined for each observational unit, which is subsequently used to adjust for confounding in conjunction with causal inference methods. The framework is evaluated in a simulation study and two case studies on air pollution where the weather is an (inherently regional) known confounder.
Covariate adjustment in multiarmed, possibly factorial experiments

Randomized experiments are the gold standard for causal inference and enable unbiased estimation of treatment effects. Regression adjustment provides a convenient way to incorporate covariate information for additional efficiency. This article provides a unified account of its utility for improving estimation efficiency in multiarmed experiments. We start with the commonly used additive and fully interacted models for regression adjustment in estimating average treatment effects (ATE), and clarify the trade-offs between the resulting ordinary least squares (OLS) estimators in terms of finite sample performance and asymptotic efficiency. We then move on to regression adjustment based on restricted least squares (RLS), and establish for the first time its properties for inferring ATE from the design-based perspective. The resulting inference has multiple guarantees. First, it is asymptotically efficient when the restriction is correctly specified. Second, it remains consistent as long as the restriction on the coefficients of the treatment indicators, if any, is correctly specified and separate from that on the coefficients of the treatment-covariate interactions. Third, it can have better finite sample performance than the unrestricted counterpart even when the restriction is moderately misspecified. It is thus our recommendation when the OLS fit of the fully interacted regression risks large finite sample variability in case of many covariates, many treatments, yet a moderate sample size. In addition, the newly established theory of RLS also provides a unified way of studying OLS-based inference from general regression specifications. As an illustration, we demonstrate its value for studying OLS-based regression adjustment in factorial experiments. Importantly, although we analyse inferential procedures that are motivated by OLS, we do not invoke any assumptions required by the underlying linear models.