Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Machine learning enhanced next-generation optical access networks—challenges and emerging solutions [Invited Tutorial]

Optical access networks are envisioned to become increasingly complex as they support more and more diverse and immersive services, each with a different capacity, latency, and reliability need. While machine learning has been touted as a silver bullet that will intelligently manage network operations and resources to meet these demands, as it had been anticipated for core and metro networks, there exist various challenges that need to be addressed to progress machine learning models from research to production. In this tutorial, we first aim to motivate the continued push to advance optical access networks and rationalize the use of machine learning in these networks. We then highlight the challenges that are especially amplified due to the traffic dynamicity and heterogeneity, data scarcity, and computation-resource constraints of optical access networks. We discuss emerging machine learning approaches that are being explored to address these challenges. Finally, we consider a fast and self-adaptive machine learning enhanced dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme in an illustrative future use case of supporting immersive human-to-machine communications over the mobile fronthaul of next-generation mobile networks.
Application of HfSiON as a gate dielectric material

Physical and electrical properties of HfSiON that make this material desirable as the gate dielectric in a standard metal–oxide–semiconductor flow are reported. Sputtering was used to deposit films with minimal low dielectric constant interface layers, equivalent oxide thicknesses below 13 A, and leakage current density at least two orders of magnitude lower than SiO2. The presence of nitrogen in the film enhances the thermal stability relative to HfSiO, and no crystallization was observed for anneals up to 1100 °C.
Liver transplantation for alcohol-associated hepatitis

Purpose of review Early liver transplantation is emerging as a treatment option for severe alcohol-associated hepatitis refractory to pharmacotherapies. This review outlines the current status of transplantation for alcohol-associated hepatitis and the treatment of alcohol use disorder after liver transplantation. Recent findings Rates of early liver transplantation for alcohol-associated hepatitis are increasing with significant heterogeneity in practices across the Unites States. Recent studies have demonstrated a substantial survival benefit in patients transplanted for alcohol-associated hepatitis with improved outcomes in early vs. late transplantation, first vs. prior hepatic decompensation, and posttransplant abstinence/delayed relapse vs. early return to alcohol use. Several prediction algorithms have been developed to ascertain patients’ risk of alcohol relapse and aid in candidate selection, though data on treatment of alcohol use disorders in transplant recipients remains limited. Summary Although controversial, early liver transplantation for severe alcohol-associated hepatitis has shown to be a lifesaving intervention. Additional research is needed to evaluate its long-term outcomes, optimize candidate selection, and understand treatment of alcohol use disorder posttransplant.
The Rayleigh problem is everywhere!

In this work, we discuss a variety of problems that can be cast as specific instances of the superposition of random amplitudes times random phase functions, the Rayleigh problem. A wide number of problems that occur in sensor domain are equivalent to specific instances of this problem. Using characteristic functions, it is possible to determine how to mathematically characterize the probability density function or equivalently the characteristic function for the general Rayleigh problem.
Homoarginine in the cardiovascular system: Pathophysiology and recent developments

Upcoming experimental and epidemiological data have identified the endogenous non‐proteinogenic amino acid L‐homoarginine (L‐hArg) not only as a novel biomarker for cardiovascular disease but also as being directly involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction. The association of low L‐hArg levels with adverse cardiovascular events and mortality has proposed the idea of nutritional supplementation to rescue pathways inversely associated with cardiovascular health. Subsequent clinical and experimental studies contributed significantly to our knowledge of potential effects on the cardiorenal axis, acting either as a biomarker or a cardiovascular active agent. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive summary of the L‐hArg metabolism, pathophysiological aspects, and current developments in the field of experimental and clinical evidence in favor of protective cardiovascular effects. Establishing a reliable biomarker to identify patients at high risk to die of cardiovascular disease represents one of the main goals for tackling this disease and providing individual therapeutic guidance.
Stability and Uniform Particle Approximation of Nonlinear Filters in Case of Non Ergodic Signals

Abstract In this paper, we propose a new approach to study the stability of the optimal filter w.r. t. its initial condition in introducing a “robust filter, ” which approximates the optimal filter uniformly in time. This approach allows us to prove, in some cases, when the signal is nonergodic, the stability of the optimal filter in mean over the observations and the uniform convergence in mean over the observations of a special interacting particle filter to the optimal filter.
A Multimodel Investigation of Asian Summer Monsoon UTLS Transport Over the Western Pacific

The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) as a chemical transport system is investigated using a suite of models in preparation for an airborne field campaign over the Western Pacific. Results show that the dynamical process of anticyclone eddy shedding in the upper troposphere rapidly transports convectively uplifted Asian boundary layer air masses to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Western Pacific. The models show that the transported air masses contain significantly enhanced aerosol loading and a complex chemical mixture of trace gases that are relevant to ozone chemistry. The chemical forecast models consistently predict the occurrence of the shedding events, but the predicted concentrations of transported trace gases and aerosols often differ between models. The airborne measurements to be obtained in the field campaign are expected to help reduce the model uncertainties. Furthermore, the large‐scale seasonal chemical structure of the monsoon system is obtained from modeled carbon monoxide, a tracer of the convective transport of pollutants, which provides a new perspective of the ASM circulation, complementing the dynamical characterization of the monsoon.
Very Large Array Observations of 6 Centimeter H2CO in the Direction of Cassiopeia A

H2CO observations in the 110-111 transition (6 cm) obtained with the Very Large Array in the direction of the supernova remnant Cas A are presented. Absorption images are obtained with a resolution of 6'' and a sensitivity of ≲0.003. Molecular structures in the Perseus arm are observed between -34 and -49 km s-1. The distribution of the molecular gas is significantly clumpy. Seventy-two clumps could be identified, with sizes of 0.17 ± 0.05 pc, densities between 0.3 and 14 × 104 cm-3, and masses below 10 M☉. In agreement with previous studies, most of the clumps, if not all, appear to be dispersing. The high H2 column density to the west of Cas A accounts for the lack of optical emission in this region. Moreover, the optical extinction, estimated to be 8 mag toward the expansion center of Cas A, might explain why the supernova explosion was not observed in the 17th century. A major objective of the present survey is to search for signs of a possible interaction between Cas A and a western cloud. A striking correlation between the continuum emission and the H2CO absorption distribution, and slight spectral broadenings toward the west, are the only evidence that may suggest that Cas A is interacting with an external cloud. However, the evidence is not enough to draw any definitive conclusion.
The structure and spectrum of a colliding-cloud system and its possible relationship to QSOs

The detailed structure and spectrum to be expected from a very high-velocity cloud-cloud collision are determined, and the results are compared with observed characteristics of QSOs. It is found that shock waves with phi > or approx. = 1000 km s/sup -1/ may provide an important source of ionizing radiation in QSOs and related objects.
Identification of Place of Consonant Articulation from Vowel Formant Transitions

The study was done to determine the importance of CV and VC formant transitions in the identification of place of consonant production. Syllables made up from consonants (/p,t,k,b,d,g,f,s,∫,v,z,ȝ/) and the /ə/ vowel were recorded and spliced so that the noise portions were eliminated from the CV and VC formant transitions. Seventeen undergraduate students were asked to identify the formant transitions as labial, alveolor, palatal, or no consonant. Analysis of the results indicated that: (1) the number of correct identifications was considerably greater than chance for all sounds except voiceless stops; (2) there were significantly more correct identifications made of VC than of CV formant transitions; (3) there were no significant differences between fricatives and stops; (4) there were significantly more correct identifications of voiced than of voiceless consonants; and (5) there was significant variation related to place of consonant articulation. The best explanation for the findings related to CV vs .
1608+656: A Gravitationally Lensed PostStarburst Radio Galaxy

The gravitational lens system 1608+656 displays four flat-spectrum, pointlike components that are the images of the unresolved core of a double-lobed radio source. The lensing mass is a galaxy at z = 0.630. New spectra of this system enable us to determine a conclusive redshift of 1.394 for the lensed object. The spectra show prominent high-order Balmer absorption lines and Mg II absorption. These lines, and the absence of [O II] emission, indicate that this is a poststarburst or E + A galaxy. It is unique among lensed objects in not being a quasar and among E + A galaxies in having the highest known redshift. Even allowing for lens magnification, the lensed object is a very luminous galaxy, with an absolute magnitude, M(r) = -22.8 mag. The deconvolved infrared image indicates that the galaxy may be slightly resolved. The radio luminosity density of the lobes is L1.4 = 5.78 × 1025 W Hz-1, which puts the source on the boundary between FR I and FR II radio galaxies. Together with the redshift for the lens and a satisfactory mass model, the determination of the lensed object redshift makes this system an excellent candidate for measuring H0.
Optical study of γL high energy photonic pseudogaps in ZnO inverted opals

We provide experimental evidence of the opening of two new pseudogaps in the high energy region of the ΓL direction in ZnO inverted opals. The appearance of these new pseudogaps is brought about by the increase of refractive index contrast. The calculated band diagram in the ΓL direction, which corresponds to propagation along the (111) crystallographic direction, accounts for the spectral width and position dependence of the pseudogaps on the ZnO fraction present in the opal. To prove this we have performed an optical study by means of reflection and transmission spectroscopy of ZnO inverted opals with different degrees of infiltration. We also study the pseudogap appearing in the highest energy spectral position as a function of sample thickness. In addition, the band engineering developed here allows us to isolate a nondispersive band from the others.
Corrigendum: Long-wavelength limit of gyrokinetics in a turbulent tokamak and its intrinsic ambipolarity (2012 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 54 115007)

Recently, the electrostatic gyrokinetic Hamiltonian and change of coordinates have been computed to order (cid:1) 2 in general magnetic geometry. Here (cid:1) is the gyrokinetic expansion parameter, the gyroradius over the macroscopic scale length. Starting from these results, the long-wavelength limit of the gyrokinetic Fokker–Planck and quasineutrality equations is taken for tokamak geometry. Employing the set of equations derived in the present paper, it is possible to calculate the long-wavelength components of the distribution functions and of the poloidal electric ﬁeld to order (cid:1) 2 . These higher order pieces contain both neoclassical and turbulent contributions, and constitute one of the necessary ingredients (the other is given by the short-wavelength components up to second order) that will eventually enter a complete model for the radial transport of toroidal angular momentum in a tokamak in the low ﬂow ordering. Finally, we provide an explicit and detailed proof that the system consisting of second-order gyrokinetic Fokker–Planck and quasineutrality equations leaves the long-wavelength radial electric ﬁeld undetermined; that is, the turbulent tokamak is intrinsically ambipolar.
Microwave-Enabled Wearables: Underpinning Technologies, Integration Platforms, and Next-Generation Roadmap

This paper presents a holistic and authoritative review of the role of microwave technologies in enabling a new generation of wearable devices. A human-centric Internet of Things (IoT) covering remote healthcare, distributed sensing, and consumer electronics, calls for high-performance wearable devices integrated into clothing, which require interdisciplinary research efforts to emerge. Microwaves, the “interconnect” of wireless networks, can enable, rather than solely connect, the next generation of autonomous, sustainable, and wearable-friendly electronics. First, enabling technologies including wireless power transmission and RF energy harvesting, backscattering and passive communication, RFID, and electromagnetic sensing are reviewed. We then discuss the key integration platforms, covering smart fabrics and electronic textiles, additive manufacturing, printed electronics, natively-flexible and organic RF semiconductors, and fully-integrated CMOS systems, where opportunities for hybrid integration are highlighted. The emerging research trends, from mmWave 6G, RF sensing and imaging, to healthcare applications including neural implants, drug delivery, and safety upon exposure to microwaves are re-visited and discussed, presenting a future roadmap for interdisciplinary research towards sustainable and reliable next-generation wearables.
Stress-driven diffusion in a drying liquid paint layer

A model is presented for the diffusion-driven drying of a polymeric solution such as liquid paint. Included is a stress build-up and relaxation in the polymer network of the viscoelastic material, which influences the diffusion process. The behaviour of the (one-dimensional) model is analysed by means of the maximum principle and illustrated with numerical calculations.
Poroelastic behaviour of saturated brittle rock with anisotropic damage

A new anisotropic poroelastic damage model is proposed for saturated brittle porous materials. The model is formulated in the framework of the continuum damage mechanics. A second-rank symmetric tensor is used to characterize material damage due to oriented microcracks. The classic Biot poroelastic theory is then extended to include poroelastic damage coupling. Both the deterioration of elastic properties and poroelastic coefficients is taken into account. A suitable procedure for determination of model parameters from standard laboratory tests is presented. The validity of the model is tested through comparison between numerical predictions and experimental data in various loading conditions. The overall performance of the model is evaluated. The choice of relevant effective stress for the microcrack propagation criterion in saturated cohesive geomaterials is discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryptosporidiosis: From Prevention to Treatment, a Narrative Review

Cryptosporidiosis is a water- and food-borne zoonotic disease caused by the protozoon parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium. C. hominis and C. parvum are the main two species causing infections in humans and animals. The disease can be transmitted by the fecal–oral route as well as the respiratory route. The infective stage (sporulated oocysts) is resistant to different disinfectants including chlorine. Currently, no effective therapeutic drugs or vaccines are available to treat and control Cryptosporidium infection. To prevent cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals, we need to understand better how the disease is spread and transmitted, and how to interrupt its transmission cycle. This review focuses on understanding cryptosporidiosis, including its infective stage, pathogenesis, life cycle, genomics, epidemiology, previous outbreaks, source of the infection, transmission dynamics, host spectrum, risk factors and high-risk groups, the disease in animals and humans, diagnosis, treatment and control, and the prospect of an effective anti-Cryptosporidium vaccine. It also focuses on the role of the One Health approach in managing cryptosporidiosis at the animal–human–environmental interface. The summarized data in this review will help to tackle future Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals and reduce the disease occurrence.
Hurricane Model Experiments with a New Cumulus Parameterization Scheme

Abstract A cumulus parameterization scheme that utilizes a one-dimensional cloud model is tested in a revised, axisymmetric hurricane model. The details of how the parameterization scheme may he incorporated into a larger wale model are presented. With a mean tropical sounding, the cumulus parameterization scheme yields a vertical distribution of heating that is appropriate for tropical cyclone development. The structure of the model hurricane and the properties of the convective clouds at various stages of the model storm development are described. The vertical distribution of the cloud-scale heating and the vertical eddy fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum are given as a function of radius from the storm center during the mature stage. The vertical fluxes of heat and moisture cool and dry the lower troposphere while they warm and moisten the upper troposphere. The vertical transport of radial momentum by the cumulus convection is relatively unimportant, however, the transport of tangential momentum is.
The devil's in the details: Variation in estimates of late‐life activity limitations across national cohort studies

Assessing activity limitations is central to aging research. However, assessments of activity limitations vary, and this may have implications for the populations identified. We aim to compare measures of activities of daily living (ADLs) and their resulting prevalence and mortality across three nationally‐representative cohort studies: the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), and the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS).
Phosphorylation of enteroviral 2Apro at Ser/Thr125 benefits its proteolytic activity and viral pathogenesis

Enteroviral 2A proteinase (2Apro), a well‐established and important viral functional protein, plays a key role in shutting down cellular cap‐dependent translation, mainly via its proteolytic activity, and creating optimal conditions for Enterovirus survival. Accumulated data show that viruses take advantage of various signaling cascades for their life cycle; studies performed by us and others have demonstrated that the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is essential for enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71) and other viruses replication. We recently showed that ERK1/2 is required for the proteolytic activity of viral 2Apro; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of 2Apro remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the 125th residue Ser125 of EV‐A71 2Apro or Thr125 of coxsackievirus B3 2Apro, which is highly conserved in the Enterovirus, was phosphorylated by ERK1/2. Importantly, 2Apro with phosphor‐Ser/Thr125 had much stronger proteolytic activity toward eukaryotic initiation factor 4GI and rendered the virus more efficient for multiplication and pathogenesis in hSCARB2 knock‐in mice than that in nonphospho‐Ser/Thr125A (S/T125A) mutants. Notably, phosphorylation‐mimic mutations caused deleterious changes in 2Apro catalytic function (S/T125D/E) and in viral propagation (S125D). Crystal structure simulation analysis showed that Ser125 phosphorylation in EV‐A71 2Apro enabled catalytic Cys to adopt an optimal conformation in the catalytic triad His‐Asp‐Cys, which enhances 2Apro proteolysis. Therefore, we are the first to report Ser/Thr125 phosphorylation of 2Apro increases enteroviral adaptation to the host to ensure enteroviral multiplication, causing pathogenicity. Additionally, weakened viruses containing a S/T125A mutation could be a general strategy to develop attenuated Enterovirus vaccines.
Kinetic Mathematical Modeling of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cardiomyocyte Mitochondria

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is an oxygen-dependent process that consumes catabolized nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to drive energy-dependent biological processes such as excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes. In addition to in vivo and in vitro experiments, in silico models are valuable for investigating the underlying mechanisms of OXPHOS and predicting its consequences in both physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we compare several prominent kinetic models of OXPHOS in cardiomyocytes. We examine how their mathematical expressions were derived, how their parameters were obtained, the conditions of their experimental counterparts, and the predictions they generated. We aim to explore the general landscape of energy production mechanisms in cardiomyocytes for future in silico models.
A Critical Evaluation of Patient Pathways and Missed Opportunities in Treatment for Heart Failure

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a global problem responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Methods: This review describes the patient pathways and missed opportunities related to treatment for patients with HF. Results: The contemporary management strategies in HF, including medical therapies, device therapy, transplant, and palliative care. Despite the strong evidence base for therapies that improve prognosis and symptoms, there remains a large number of patients that are not optimally managed. The treatment of patients with HF is highly influenced by those who are caring for them and varies widely across geographical regions. HF patients can be broadly classified into two key groups: those who have known HF, and those who are incidentally found to have reduced left ventricular systolic dysfunction or other cardiac abnormality when an echocardiogram is performed. While all patients are under the care of a general practitioner or family doctor, in other instances, non-cardiologist physicians, cardiologists, and specialist HF nurses—each will have varying levels of expertise in managing HF—are part of the broader team involved in the specialist management of patients with HF. Conclusions: There are many potential missed opportunities in HF treatment, which include general opportunities, medications, etiology-specific therapy, device therapy, therapies when initial treatments fail, and palliative care.