Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Compact Formulation and a Branch-price-and-cut Algorithm for the Robust Vehicle Routing Problem with Multiple Deliverymen

In this paper, we study the vehicle routing problem with time windows and multiple deliverymen (VRPTWMD) considering the uncertain demands, as well as uncertain travel and service times. In addition to routing and scheduling decisions, the VRPTWMD involves deliverymen allocation decisions on each route to reduce service times. This variant appears in logistics companies that operate within a regular schedule and deliver products to retailers located in congested urban areas. We rely on two mathematical formulations to represent the VRPTWMD: one of them is based on flow and the other on a set partitioning formulation. These formulations are extended to the robust version of the problem considering the possible realizations of the uncertain parameters within budgeted uncertainty sets. A robust flow formulation is obtained by linearising recursive equations, instead of using the duality technique commonly used in the literature on static robust optimization. Additionally, we propose an exact method based on a branch-price-and-cut algorithm to solve the corresponding set partitioning formulation of the problem, in which an adapted dynamic programming algorithm is used to solve the resource constrained elementary shortest path problem with data uncertainty. Computational experiments using literature instances and risk analysis via Monte-Carlo simulation are performed, showing evidence of the sensitivity of decisions, cost and risk as the uncertainties of the problem increase.
High-accuracy calculation of energies, lifetimes, hyperfine constants, multipole polarizabilities, and blackbody radiation shift inK39

Excitation energies of the ns, npj, ndj, nf j, and ngj states with n 7 in neutral potassium are evaluated. First-, second-, third-, and all-order Coulomb energies and firstand second-order Coulomb-Breit energies are calculated. Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and lifetimes are determined for levels up to n=9–12. Electric-dipole 4s1/2-npj, n=4–26 , electric-quadrupole 4s1/2-ndj, n=3–26 , and electric-octupole 4s1/2-nf j, n=4–26 matrix elements are calculated to obtain the ground state E1, E2, and E3 static polarizabilities. Scalar and tensor polarizabilities for the 4pj excited state in K I are also calculated. All the above-mentioned matrix elements are determined using the all-order method. We also investigate the hyperfine structure in K. The hyperfine A values are determined for the first low-lying levels up to n=7. The quadratic Stark effect on hyperfine structure levels of the K ground state is investigated. The calculated shift for the F=2,M =0 ↔ F=1,M =0 transition is found to be −0.0746 Hz / kV /cm 2, in agreement with the experimental value −0.071 0.002 Hz / kV /cm 2. These calculations provide a theoretical benchmark for comparison with experiment and theory.
Constraining the braking indices of magnetars

Because of the lack of long-term pulsed emission in quiescence and the strong timing noise, it is impossible to directly measure the braking index n of a magnetar. Based on the estimated ages of their potentially associated supernova remnants (SNRs), we estimate the values of the mean braking indices of eight magnetars with SNRs, and find that they cluster in the range of 1-42. Five magnetars have smaller mean braking indices of 1 3 for the other three magnetars are attributed to the decay of external braking torque, which might be caused by magnetic field decay. We estimate the possible wind luminosities for the magnetars with 1 3, within the updated magneto-thermal evolution models. Although the constrained range of the magnetars' braking indices is tentative, as a result of the uncertainties in the SNR ages due to distance uncertainties and the unknown conditions of the expanding shells, our method provides an effective way to constrain the magnetars' braking indices if the measurements of the SNR ages are reliable, which can be improved by future observations.
Impact of PSO Reinitialization on the Accuracy of Dynamic Global Maximum Power Detection of Variant Partially Shaded PV Systems

The Global Maximum Power (GMP) of photovoltaic (PV) systems changes its location on the power–voltage (P–V) curve as the shading pattern (SP) changes over time. Although the original Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique can catch the GMP easily under the same SP, once it changes its location, it cannot catch the new GMP because the particles search around the first GMP caught. Therefore, conventional PSO is a time-invariant GMP tracker that cannot follow the dynamic GMP under variant SP. The novelty in this study is the modification of the conventional PSO technique to become a time-variant GMP technique. This has been achieved through dispersing the particles based on two new reinitialization methodologies for searching for the variant GMP. The first methodology depends on dispersing the PSO particles at a certain predefined time (PDT) in order to look for the new GMP of the new SP. The latter depends on continually monitoring any changes in the SP to disperse the particles to follow the new GMP. A detailed comparison between the improved PSO with two new reinitialization methodologies and the conventional PSO is introduced. The improved PSO with SP change reinitialization methodology tracked the dynamic GMP efficiently and accurately compared the conventional PSO and the improved PSO with PDT reinitialization. Also, no hardware modification in the existing PV system is required, which makes it an excellent option to improve the performance of new and existing PV systems.
Comparative analysis of parametric, nonparametric and permutation methods for differential expression

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PARAMETRIC, NONPARAMETRIC AND PERMUTATION METHODS FOR DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION by Rahul Patil DNA microarrays permit us to study the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. They are now used in many different contexts to compare mRNA levels between two or more samples of cells. Microarray experiments typically give us expression measurements on a large number of genes. Increasing popularity of microarray technology has resulted in a number of tests being proposed to detect differentials expression. The purpose of study is to compare the parametric, non parametric and permutation tests when applied to microarray data for differential expression analysis. t test (parametric), Mann Whitney test (nonparametric) and Significance of analysis (permutation ) test are compared. The study focused on comparison of tests based on the ranking of genes by different tests. Biological and simulation data was used to test compare the performance of statistical tests. The result shows that the SAM test outperform the other two tests, under Normal as well as Lognormal data simulation in case of both low and high number of replicates. Application to simulated data also brings out the fact that with increase in number of replicates the performance all the tests improves. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PARAMETRIC, NONPARAMETRIC AND PERMUTATION METHODS FOR DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION
The DFNB 31 gene product whirlin connects to the Usher protein network in the cochlea and retina by direct association with USH 2 A and VLGR 1

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, THRC, Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany and Unidad de Genética y Diagnóstico Prenatal, Hospital Universitario La Fe and Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
An ( n-3 ) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid – Deficient Diet Disturbs Daily Locomotor Activity , Melatonin Rhythm , and Striatal Dopamine in Syrian Hamsters 1 – 3

Several studies suggest that (n-3) PUFA may play a role in the regulation of cognitive functions, locomotor and exploratory activity, and affective disorders. Additionally, (n-3) PUFA affect pineal function, which is implicated in the sleep-wake rhythm. However, no studies to our knowledge have explored the role of PUFA on the circadian system. We investigated the effect of an (n-3) PUFA-deficient diet on locomotor and pineal melatonin rhythms in Syrian hamsters used as model species in circadian rhythm research. To assess the possible relationship between voluntary wheel running activity and dopaminergic neurotransmission, we also measured endogenous monoamine concentrations in the striatum. Two-month-old male hamsters, fed either an (n-3) PUFA-deficient or an (n-3) PUFA-adequate diet, were housed individually in cages equipped with run wheels. At 3 mo, cerebral structures were extracted for biochemical and cellular analysis. In (n-3) PUFA-deficient hamsters, the induced changes in the pineal PUFA membrane phospholipid composition were associated with a reduction in the nocturnal peak level of melatonin that was 52% lower than in control hamsters (P , 0.001). The (n-3) PUFA-deficient hamsters also had higher diurnal (P , 0.01) and nocturnal (P1⁄4 0.001) locomotor activity than the control hamsters, in parallel with activation of striatal dopaminergic function (P , 0.05). The (n-3) PUFA-deficient hamsters exhibited several symptoms: chronic locomotor hyperactivity, disturbance in melatonin rhythm, and striatal hyperdopaminergia. We suggest that an (n-3) PUFA-deficient diet lessens the melatonin rhythm, weakens endogenous functioning of the circadian clock, and plays a role in nocturnal sleep disturbances as described in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Nutr. 138: 1719–1724, 2008.
A new whole-of-city strategy for addressing cardiovascular population health

ABSTRACT People in low- and middle-income countries experience heart disease at alarming rates. As urbanization accelerates, cities can drive innovative partnerships to improve prevention and management of heart disease, bringing government, business and civil society together. Through Better Hearts Better Cities, we pioneered a people-centered and multisector initiative, guided and owned by local city authorities, to address cardiovascular disease and its underlying causes within the context of rapid urbanization, reaching millions of people. Cities across the world can apply its strategy, consisting of six pillars named CARDIO, shorthand for Care, Access, policy Reform, Data and digital, Intersectoral collaboration and local Ownership.
Extraction of Uranium ( VI ) and Lanthanide ( III ) Ions into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid Containing β-Diketone and

Extraction behavior of metals using a supercritical CO2 medium or an organic solvent medium was investigated comparatively in the extraction system of U(VI), La(III) and Lu(III) with the β-diketones (HA) such as 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (Htta), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-7,7-dimethyl-4,6-octanedione (Hfod) and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (Hpmbp) together with tributylphosphate (TBP). An addition of TBP to the extraction medium contributes to an increase of the extractability through a so-called “synergistic effect” and an enhancement of the solubility of the solutes, i. e. , an extractant and a metal-extractant complex, in the supercritical CO2, ( modifier effect ). These effects of TBP enables the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction ( SFE ) of U(VI) and lanthanide(III) from the aqueous solution of pH in the range of 1 to 3. The U(VI) species extracted into the supercritical CO2 or cyclohexane was found to be identical and UO2A2TBP. The extraction constant by the SFE of these metal ions with β-diketones and TBP are one or two orders smaller than that by the cyclohexane extraction.
Characteristics and Pathogenicity of the Cell-Adapted Attenuated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus of the Non-S INDEL Cluster

The high antigenic diversity of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) means that porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a challenge for the global pig industry. Understanding the circulation of the virus to determine an optimal vaccine strategy is important in controlling the disease. In this study, we describe the genetic diversity of circulating PEDV based on the full sequences of spike genes of eight positive samples collected in Vietnam since 2018. Additionally, we developed a live attenuated vaccine candidate from the cell-adapted PEDV2 strain, which was continuously passaged until level 103 in VERO-CCL81 cells. PEDV2-p103, which belongs to the emerging non-S INDEL cluster, exhibited low virus shedding, did not induce lesions in the small intestine of challenged piglets, and had a high titer in the VERO-CCL81 cell at 48 h post-infection. These results suggest that the PEDV2-p103 strain could be a potential oral attenuated vaccine, and its immunogenicity and efficacy should be further assessed through in vivo tests.
Analysis of genetic trend in fertility and production traits of Karan Fries ( Holstein Friesian crossbred ) cattle using BLUP estimation of breeding values

Shakti Kant Dash Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana -141004 Email: shaktikant07@gmail.com Abstract Selection to improve dairy cattle production leads to a decline in fertility performance due to unfavorable association between the traits. Analysis was carried out to study the genetic trend in the fertility traits of Karan Fries (Holstein Friesian crossbred) cattle due to selection favoring production traits. Data spread over a period of 34 years (1978 to 2012) were utilized to study the traits viz. first lactation 305 day milk yield (F305MY), first service period (FSP) and first lactation daughter pregnancy rate (FDPR). Heritability estimates were obtained using average information restricted maximum likelihood (AIREML) were 0.31±0.10, 0.12±0.06 and 0.02±0.05 for F305MY, FSP, and FDPR, respectively. Significant phenotypic trend estimates obtained for F305MY, FSP and FDPR were 18.71±8.37 kg/year, 1.14±0.51 days/year and 0.0061±0.0018/year, respectively. Unfavorable genetic trend estimates of -0.0012±0.0004 was obtained for FDPR. The results indicated that continuous selection for production performance had negatively impacted fertility which was evident from a declining trend in fertility performance of Karan Fries cattle in contrast to an increasing trend in production performance.
Systematic Analysis of Periodic Vegetation Patterns

Spatially periodic vegetation patterns are observed in many semiarid regions. They are classified according to their symmetry as vegetation stripes on hillsides or spotted patterns on flat ground. We propose a simple model based on the interactions among water, soil and vegetation, which gives a systematic description of the variety of vegetation patterns. First, it describes most characteristics of vegetation stripes investigated in field observations and agrees with the hypothesized origin of vegetation stripes deduced from field observations, the spatially heterogeneous infiltration rate of surface water into soil. Moreover, it indicates that spotted patterns emerge from the same dynamics. Second, the pattern selection derived from the model is consistent with that found in real phenomena, i.e. predominantly bare ground with spotted vegetation in the most severe environments, banded patterns in intermediate environments and nearly continuous vegetation with spotted bare ground in the most favorable environments.
NBPTS Certification: Who Applies and What Factors are Associated with Success?

National Board Certification represents one of the most significant reform efforts in the area of teacher quality in the last two decades. Since the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) certified its first round of teachers in 1995, approximately 24,000 teachers have become certified at a cost to the country of well over $200 million, yet no large-scale quantitative research exists on the candidates of the program and their effectiveness in educating children. Since 1995, we have seen significant growth in NBPTS application and certification rates. In this paper, we describe the results of a study of teachers in North Carolina assessing the factors associated with the decision to apply to NBPTS and the factors associated with successful certification. We find that with all else equal, those teachers who are African-American, and/or female, score higher on standardized tests or are younger are more likely to apply for certification. With respect to NBPTS certification, we find that African-American and male teachers are less likely to be certified. Finally, we find that teachers who score higher on standardized tests are more likely to be certified.
Weight of Evidence Approach to Maritime Accident Risk Assessment Based on Bayesian Network Classifier

Probabilistic maritime accident models based on Bayesian Networks are typically built upon the data available in accident records and the data obtained from human experts knowledge on accident. The drawback of such models is that they do not take explicitly into the account the knowledge on non-accidents as would be required in the probabilistic modelling of rare events. Consequently, these models have difficulties with delivering interpretation of influence of risk factors and providing sufficient confidence in the risk assessment scores. In this work, modelling and risk score interpretation, as two aspects of the probabilistic approach to complex maritime system risk assessment, are addressed. First, the maritime accident modelling is posed as a classification problem and the Bayesian network classifier that discriminates between accident and non-accident is developed which assesses state spaces of influence factors as the input features of the classifier. Maritime accident risk are identified as adversely influencing factors that contribute to the accident. Next, the weight of evidence approach to reasoning with Bayesian network classifier is developed for an objective quantitative estimation of the strength of factor influence, and a weighted strength of evidence is introduced. Qualitative interpretation of strength of evidence for individual accident influencing factor, inspired by Bayes factor, is defined. The efficiency of the developed approach is demonstrated within the context of collision of small passenger vessels and the results of collision risk assessments are given for the environmental settings typical in Croatian nautical tourism. According to the results obtained, recommendations for navigation safety during high density traffic have been distilled.
A Single-Stage Electrolytic Capacitor-Less EV Charger With Single- and Three-Phase Compatibility

This article proposes a modular single-stage electrolytic capacitor-less electric vehicles charger with single and three-phase grid compatibility. The proposed single-stage structure inherently maintains dc charging current for three-phase grid. For single-phase grid, a phase module is reconfigured to operate as a power decoupling circuit, making battery current to be dc. Furthermore, the proposed single-stage on-board charger is able to achieve zero voltage switching under wide grid and battery voltage ranges with only one control variable of phase shift angle. A balancing control method is proposed to ensure pure dc battery charging under unbalanced grid conditions. An optimized design of the planar core with Litz wire for achieving low profile is presented. Finally, a 11-kW prototype of the proposed charger achieved a power density of 5.25 kW/L and demonstrated 97.01% peak efficiency.
Investigation on Convective Heat Transfer and Flow Features of Nanofluids

Low thermal conductivity is a primary limitation in the development of energy-efficient heat transfer fluids that are required in many industrial applications. In this paper we propose that an innovative new class of heat transfer fluids can be engineered by suspending metallic nanoparticles in conventional heat transfer fluids. The resulting {open_quotes}nanofluids{close_quotes} are expected to exhibit high thermal conductivities compared to those of currently used heat transfer fluids, and they represent the best hope for enhancement of heat transfer. The results of a theoretical study of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids with copper nanophase materials are presented, the potential benefits of the fluids are estimated, and it is shown that one of the benefits of nanofluids will be dramatic reductions in heat exchanger pumping power.
Ammonium Fertilizer Reduces Nitrous Oxide Emission Compared to Nitrate Fertilizer While Yielding Equally in a Temperate Grassland

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, are a challenge associated with application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers to soil. However, N source selection can play a role in reducing these emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured from ammonium (ammonium sulfate) and nitrate (calcium nitrate) fertilizers over one year in temperate grassland using the closed static chamber method. Nitrogen was applied at a system representative rate of 220 kg ha−1 y−1 in six split applications. Cumulative annual N2O-N emissions were 0.29 kg ha−1 for the control, 1.07 kg ha−1 for the ammonium fertilizer and significantly higher at 2.54 kg ha−1 for the nitrate fertilizer. The annual emission factor (EF) for the ammonium fertilizer was 0.35% vs 1.02% for the nitrate fertilizer, a 66% reduction in the EF for ammonium vs nitrate and a 2.9 times higher EF for nitrate compared with ammonium. No difference in grass yield or N uptake was detected between fertilizers. This study shows that an ammonium fertilizer produces the same yield and N efficiency as a nitrate fertilizer with lower N2O emissions. The results also demonstrate that the nitrate portion of fertilizers is a key factor in N2O emissions in temperate grassland. This work is the first of its kind detailing the annual EF of both a solely ammonium-N and a solely nitrate-N fertilizer we could find.
Thermal Boundary Resistance in GaN Films Measured by Time Domain Thermoreflectance with Robust Monte Carlo Uncertainty Estimation

ABSTRACT In this work, we investigate the thermal boundary resistance and thermal conductivity of GaN layers grown on Si with 100 nm AlN transition layers using time domain thermoreflectance (TDTR). The GaN layers ranged from 0.31 to 1.27 μm. Due to the challenges in determining the thermal boundary resistance of the buried interfaces found in this architecture, a new data reduction scheme for TDTR that utilizes a Monte Carlo fitting method is introduced and found to dramatically reduce the uncertainty in certain model parameters. The results show that the GaN thermal conductivity does not change significantly with layer thickness, whereas the resistance of the AlN layer decreases slightly with GaN thickness.