Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gamma‐Autoregressive Models for Stream‐Flow Simulation

Since hydrologic time series in general, and stream‐flow series, in particular, are dependent and not normally distributed, use of the classical autoregressive and moving average (ARMA) models to represent such series requires transformation of the original series into normal before applying the model. On the other hand, gamma‐autoregressive (GAR) models assume that the underlying series is dependent with a gamma marginal distribution and the models do not require variable transformation. However, the models require the estimation of certain statistics generally leading to biased estimates of the model parameters. This paper presents a procedure for bias correction, based on computer simulation studies, applicable for estimating parameters of GAR(l) models. Applications of the proposed procedure to annual stream‐flow series of several rivers are included. The GAR(l) model, when used in conjunction with the proposed estimation procedure, is an attractive alternative for synthetic stream‐flow simulation, is.
Seasonality in the tourism industry: impacts and strategies

Seasonality is a concept that is well studied and documented in the tourism literature. Being ubiquitous, all tourism enterprises and regions are impacted by seasonality whether severely or mildly. Seasonality causes the fluctuation in tourists and visitor numbers to a destination. Therefore, some destinations at certain times have more tourists and visitors than they are able to accommodate, while at other times, there are too few tourists and visitors to the region. Although, seasonality is widely perceived in a negative light because its effects are linked with a reduction of tourist dollars, not all effects of tourism are negative. There are many strategies that are used to address the effects of seasonality. These include pricing strategies, diversifying the attraction, market diversification and seeking assistance from the government and industry bodies. Increasing the length of the tourist season and modifying the timing to school holidays are other strategies. At enterprise level, additional strategies include the recruitment of temporary staff. With the range of available strategies for addressing the effects of seasonality, the selection and adoption of a strategy should be in line with the strategic plan of the enterprise or the destination for an effective result. In today’s environment, such decision making would need to include and consider social and environmental factors in addition to economic ones. Uneven distribution of use over time (peaking) is one of the most pervasive problems with outdoor recreation and tourism, causing inefficient resource use, loss of profit potential, strain on social and ecological carrying capacities, and administrative scheduling difficulties.
Semantics, Discourse and Statistical Machine Translation

In the past decade, statistical machine translation (SMT) has been advanced from word-based SMT to phraseand syntax-based SMT. Although this advancement produces significant improvements in BLEU scores, crucial meaning errors and lack of cross-sentence connections at discourse level still hurt the quality of SMT-generated translations. More recently, we have witnessed two active movements in SMT research: one towards combining semantics and SMT in attempt to generate not only grammatical but also meaningpreserved translations, and the other towards exploring discourse knowledge for document-level machine translation in order to capture intersentence dependencies. The emergence of semantic SMT are due to the combination of two factors: the necessity of semantic modeling in SMT and the renewed interest of designing models tailored to relevant NLP/SMT applications in the semantics community. The former is represented by recent numerous studies on exploring word sense disambiguation, semantic role labeling, bilingual semantic representations as well as semantic evaluation for SMT. The latter is reflected in CoNLL shared tasks, SemEval and SenEval exercises in recent years. The need of capturing cross-sentence dependencies for document-level SMT triggers the resurgent interest of modeling translation from the perspective of discourse. Discourse phenomena, such as coherent relations, discourse topics, lexical cohesion that are beyond the scope of conventional sentence-level n-grams, have been recently considered and explored in the context of SMT. This tutorial aims at providing a timely and combined introduction of such recent work along these two trends as discourse is inherently connected with semantics. The tutorial has three parts. The first part critically reviews the phraseand syntax-based SMT. The second part is devoted to the lines of research oriented to semantic SMT, including a brief introduction of semantics, lexical and shallow semantics tailored to SMT, semantic representations in SMT, semantically motivated evaluation as well as advanced topics on deep semantic learning for SMT. The third part is dedicated to recent work on SMT with discourse, including a brief review on discourse studies from linguistics and computational viewpoints, discourse research from monolingual to multilingual, discourse-based SMT and a few advanced topics. The tutorial is targeted for researchers in the SMT, semantics and discourse communities. In particular, the expected audience comes from two groups: 1) Researchers and students in the SMT community who want to design cutting-edge models and algorithms for semantic SMT with various semantic knowledge and representations, and who would like to advance SMT from sentence-bysentence translation to document-level translation with discourse information; 2) Researchers and students from the semantics and discourse community who are interested in developing models and methods and adapting them to SMT.
Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature

We are fortunate to be at a stage when formal research projects, including substantial ones on a large scale, are bringing computation to bear on literary questions. While I participate in this style of research, in this talk I plan to discuss some different but valuable approaches to literature that use computation, approaches that are complementary. Specifically, I will discuss how smaller-scale and even ad hoc explorations can lead to new insights and suggest possibilities for more structured and larger-scale research. In doing so, I will explain my concept of exploratory programming, a style of programming that I find particularly valuable in my own practice and research and that I have worked to teach to students in the humanities, most of whom have no programming background. I am completing a book, Exploratory Programming for the Arts and Humanities, to be published by the MIT Press next year, which I hope will foster this type of programming. In my talk, I will provide some examples of how both generative approaches (developing system that produce literary language) and analytical approaches can be undertaken using exploratory programming, and will explain how these can inform one another. While some of this work has been presented in literary studies and computer science contexts, my examples will also include work presented in art and poetry contexts.
ASTER and Landsat ETM+ images applied to sugarcane yield forecast

This paper proposes a method to support sugarcane yield forecast using vegetation spectral indices, principal component analysis and historic yield data. The study area is located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and is divided into 11 production plots (108.75 ha), where sugarcane of the RB85 5536 variety is cultivated on red latossol (oxissol‐type) soil and flat topography. The data employed in the study include radiometrically and geometrically corrected enhanced thermatic mapper Plus (ETM+)/Landsat‐7 and ASTER/Terra images, acquired in June and April 2001, respectively, and historic harvest data measured in 2000 and 2001. The method comprises several steps: (a) enhancement of specific spectral responses of vegetation constituents; (b) reduction of spectral dimensions with prioritization of information and weighing of parameters related to foliar area; the data processed through these steps are reduced to a single image (the synthesis image), from which the mean DN (digital number) per cultivated area is calculated; (c) the image DNs are subsequently transformed into ton of stalk per hectare (t ha−1) through normalization, which requires knowledge of the previous year's yield for the cultivated production plots under analysis. Yield estimates using the method showed greater precision in comparison to the ubiquitous visual methods employed by the sugarcane agro‐industry in Brazil. Using factual productivity data of the year 2000 harvest only, the method achieved estimate errors varying between 2.57% and 5.65%, compared with 9.06% expected by the sugar factory; whereas using data from the year 2001 harvest, error margins were remarkably lower, around 1%.
Encaminamiento inter-dominio con calidad de servicio basado en Overlay Entities distribuidas y QBGP

este documento propone un nuevo enfoque al tema de encaminamiento inter-domino con Calidad de Servicio (Quality of Service, QoS). Nuestro enfoque consiste en proporcionar una arquitectura overlay completamente distribuida asi como una nueva capa de encaminamiento para el aprovisionamiento dinamico de QoS, pero haciendo uso de las extensiones de QoS y las capacidades de Ingenieria de Trafico (Traffic Engineering, TE) de la subyacente capa BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) para el aprovisionamiento estatico de QoS. Nuestro objetivo radica principalmente en influenciar como se intercambia el trafico entre Sistemas Autonomos (Ases) remotos y con multiples conexiones a Internet, basados en parametros especificos y preestablecidos de QoS. Proporcionamos un conjunto de resultados obtenidos mediante simulacion los cuales avalan la factibilidad de nuestra propuesta.
Methane emission from Yangtze estuarine wetland, China

[1] Yangtze estuary, lying in the subtropical monsoon region of China, is characterized by a unique environmental setting and endemic wetland plant species (Scirpus mariqueter). Methane (CH4) emission fluxes were measured at the Yangtze estuarine wetland, Chongming Dongtan (CD), by a static closed chamber technique from May 2004 to April 2005. The results showed that CD is the source of atmospheric CH4, and emission fluxes had significant diurnal and seasonal variation. The annual average CH4 emission flux was 2.06 mg m−2 h−1 at the CD marsh site and 0.04 mg m−2 h−1 at the CD bare tidal flat (nonvegetated). Wetland plant species (S. mariqueter) and temperature were the primary factors controlling the CH4 emission. The results of the light and dark chamber comparison and plant shoot clipping experiment suggest that molecular diffusion and convective gas flow methods were the two main mechanisms of CH4 transported via S. mariqueter plants in July. However, molecular diffusion was believed to be the primary transport mechanism from August to October, with leaf resistance as one of the factors regulating CH4 diffusion. There was significant correlation between CH4 fluxes and temperature, especially the 10 cm depth ground temperature (R2 = 0.7784). Although sediment organic carbon content did not determine CH4 fluxes, net ecosystem production was significantly correlated with CH4 fluxes, suggesting that the photosynthates of S. mariqueter effectively provided the substrate for methanogenic bacteria.
Distribution Channels for Wine Tourism in New Zealand

This study examines the structure of the distribution channels and the underlying factors influencing the most prominent channel choices within the wine tourism industry in New Zealand. This research specifically compares wine tourism in Marlborough and Auckland. It aims to provide a better understanding of the distribution channels for practitioners in the wine tourism industry, with the hope of assisting them to develop their wine tourism businesses successfully and manage the businesses growth effectively. This is a destination-based study performed by employing qualitative approaches focusing on the supply-side through semi-structured interviews. These in-depth interviews were conducted with the owners or managers of the local wine tour operators and wineries in the two regions. The findings generally show that wine tourism businesses place a clear priority on direct distribution of their wine tourism product to visitors “at destination”; the majority of customers of all these businesses are independent visitors. Specifically, overseas independent tourists comprise the largest portion of customers to local wine tour operators in Marlborough and Auckland. The wine tour operators work more actively with intermediaries and reach tourists “in market”, “while travelling” and “at destination” than wineries in these two regions. Marlborough wineries and Auckland wine tour operators and wineries receive domestic corporate groups, most of whom are approached “at destination” with direct distribution. Compared with wineries in Marlborough, more corporate groups use Auckland wine tour operators to visit wineries. Marlborough wineries and wine tour operators, and Auckland wine tour operators receive more international visitors, whereas the majority of visitors to Auckland wineries are from Auckland. When considering the function of wine tourism distribution channels, information provision, reservation and purchase are nearly equally important to local wine tour operators in both Marlborough and Auckland; the most widely used functions for Marlborough wineries is information provision; for Auckland wineries, information provision and purchase play significant roles in the distribution of wine tourism product. Factors influencing distribution channel choice include information provision cost, commissions, businesses’ attitudes towards tourism, perceptions of the Internet, service diversity, capacity, accessibility, availability, market segments, reputation and nature of intermediaries.
Investing in the Batteries and Vehicles of the Future: A View Through the Stock Market

A large number of companies operating in the EV and battery supply chain have listed on a U.S. stock exchange in recent years. I compile a unique data set of high-frequency stock returns for those companies and investigate the extent to which an “industry” factor specific to the EV and battery supply chain (an “EV” factor) can explain their returns. Those returns are decomposed into systematic and idiosyncratic components, with the former given by a set of latent factors extracted from a large panel of stock returns using high-frequency principal components. It is found that a market factor and a factor associated with tech stocks have good explanatory power for the stocks of interest. I identify an “EV” factor as the first principal component of the idiosyncratic returns and find it has relatively good explanatory power for EV and battery stocks, often exceeding that of the tech factor. There is also evidence for a lithium factor that plays an important role in the returns of lithium companies.
Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata): Biology, Oil Processing, and Technological Potential

The global production of vegetable oil has increased since the beginning of the century, reaching a peak of 209 million tons in 2020/2021 and is projected to continue to increase due to population growth and the impact of the biodiesel industry. In this context, palm oil and soybean oil have stood out. However, both palm oil and soybean oil production chains are not fully sustainable, leading to socioeconomic and environmental challenges, which have driven the search for new raw materials with sustainability potential. Macauba [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. Ex Mart. ] is an oleaginous palm distributed mainly in Central and South America, and most of the Brazilian territory. It is one of the species with greater potential for economic exploitation due to its high oil productivity and use of by-products from oil extraction and processing. This chapter addresses the most up-to-date information in biology, oil production, and oil processing from fruit to oil applications.
SPICAM IR acousto-optic spectrometer experiment on Mars Express

SPICAV IR, a part of SPICAV/SOIR suite on Venus Express, is a compact single pixel spectrometer for the spectral range of 0.65–1.7 mm based on acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF) technology. SPICAV IR is derived from SPICAM IR operating on Mars Express, the first AOTF spectrometer in the deep space, and adapted for Venus atmosphere measurements. The spectrometer sequentially measures spectra of reflected solar radiation from Venus on the dayside and the emitted Venus radiation in spectral ‘‘windows’’ on the nightside, and works also in solar occultation mode. The spectral range is 0.65– 1.1 mm with spectral resolution of 7.8 cm � 1 , and 1–1.7 mm with spectral resolution of 5.2 cm � 1 . A description of this near-IR instrument, its calibration, in-flight performances, and the modes of operations on Venus’ orbit are presented. A brief overview of the science measurements is given: water vapor measurements in the mesosphere on the day-side and near surface on the nightside, mapping of the O2(a 1 Dg) emission at 1.27 mm, aerosol studies via polarization and scattering solar radiation at the day-side, and measurements of aerosol properties at the tops of the clouds in solar occultations.
Nondestructive assessment of rangeland soil depth to petrocalcic horizon using electromagnetic induction

The distribution of soil depth to cemented subsoil horizons is important for land evaluation and management, particularly in arid and semiarid rangelands, where plant growth is limited by soil depth. Traditional methods of quantifying soil depth distribution are destructive, time‐consuming, and costly. Therefore nondestructive, efficient, and inexpensive methods for assessing soil depth are needed. We investigated the effectiveness of electromagnetic induction for nondestructively assessing the distribution of soil depth to petrocalcic horizon in a semiarid rangeland landscape in central Utah. Apparent conductivity was measured with the EM31 and EM38 electromagnetic induction meters in an 11.5‐ha survey area and in four 0.1‐ha plots. Soil depth was measured in hand‐excavated pits or in hand‐augered holes. Rangeland soil depth was positively and significantly correlated with apparent conductivity. Apparent conductivity measurements made by different operators were not significantly different, indicating th.
Sizing up the bubbles that produce very fine ash during explosive volcanic eruptions

Explosive volcanic eruptions emit large proportions of very fine ash (<30 μm) into the atmosphere, posing hazards to aviation, infrastructure, and human health. Here we present an analysis of bubble size distributions at the point of fragmentation during the 18 May 1980 eruption of MSH through the examination of simple ash particles in distally deposited fall samples. The external surfaces of individual fine ash grains preserve the morphology of the bubbles that burst to form the ash, so bubble sizes can be measured using stereo‐scanning electron microscopy. Simple ash particles are those that allow the measurement of a single vesicle imprint per individual grain. These simple ash particles are the finest component of the tephra, and can thus travel great distances from the source volcano. Analyses of samples provided bubble volume distributions with a dominant peak between 560 and 5600μm3, corresponding to equivalent vesicle diameter modes of 10–22 μm, and these values were consistent for all examined sample locations. Determination of syn‐eruptive bubble sizes thus makes it possible to glean information regarding conduit dynamics at the point of magma fragmentation from observed ash deposits, to parameterize numerical eruption models in ways not previously possible, and to quantify the size of bubbles that burst to create the ash component most hazardous to the aviation industry and human health.
Technology Open Access book

of in inevitable (only it to its recognition, prevention, and for Progress in understanding this disease has occurred with recognition that it is not a degenerative joint disease. Causative factors, such as joint malalignment, ligamentous abnormalities, overuse, and biomechanical and metabolic factors been recognized as amenable to intervention; genetic factors, less so; with metabolic diseases, intermediate. Its diagnosis is based on recognition of overgrowth of bone at joint margins. This contrasts with overgrowth of bone at vertebral margins, which is not a symptomatic phenomenon and has been renamed spondylosis deformans. Osteoarthritis describes an abnormality of joints, but the severity does not necessarily produce pain. The patient and his/her symptoms need to be treated, not the x-ray.
Decadal changes in dissolved inorganic carbon in the Pacific Ocean

Using high‐quality data sets obtained about a decade apart, we examined the changes of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Pacific Ocean, separating anthropogenic and natural CO2. Observations along three transoceanic sections along 47°N, 179°E, and 17°S showed both decadal increases (>20 µmol kg–1) and decreases (<−20 µmol kg–1) of anthropogenic CO2 in thermocline waters. As a result, the decadal‐scale storage of anthropogenic CO2 north of 40°N in the North Pacific was close to ±0 mol m–2 a–1, except in the western subarctic Pacific. In contrast, in subtropical regions of both hemispheres, we found an increasing trend of >10 µmol kg–1 in oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, reflecting accumulation in mode waters. Along 17°S, increases of anthropogenic CO2 were >20 µmol kg–1, larger than expected from increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere. The annual water‐column inventories of anthropogenic CO2 changes calculated in 20° longitudinal or 10° latitudinal bands throughout the Pacific Ocean revealed relatively high values (>0.7 mol m–2 a–1) in the subtropical regions of both hemispheres and low values in the tropical Pacific. This distribution pattern is similar to previous estimates for the Anthropocene, implying that the redistribution processes of anthropogenic CO2 have not changed on a basin scale over the last decade. We estimated the total anthropogenic and natural CO2 storage in the Pacific Ocean to be 8.4 ± 0.5 and 0.6 ± 0.4 Pg carbon decade–1, respectively.
In Situ and Lidar Observations of Tropopause Subvisible Cirrus Clouds During TC4

[1] During the Tropical Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling (TC4) experiment in July–August 2007, the NASA WB-57F and ER-2 aircraft made coordinated flights through a tropopause subvisible cirrus (SVC) layer off the Pacific Coast of Central America. The ER-2 aircraft was equipped with a remote sensing payload that included the cloud physics lidar (CPL). The WB-57F payload included cloud microphysical and trace gas measurements, and the aircraft made four vertical profiles through the SVC layer shortly after the ER-2 flew over. The in situ and remotely sensed data are used to quantify the meteorological and microphysical properties of the SVC layer, and these data are compared to the limited set of SVC measurements that have previously been made. It is found that the layer encountered was particularly tenuous, with optical depths (τ) between about 10−4 and 10−3. From the in situ and other meteorological data, radiative heating rate perturbations of ∼0.05–0.1 K day−1 are calculated. These heating rates are smaller than previous estimates for tropopause SVC, consistent with the smaller τ in the present study. Coverage statistics based on CPL data from other TC4 flights indicate that this cloud was not an outlier among the sampled population. SVC with properties similar to the one presented here are below the detection limit of space-based lidars such as CALIPSO, and a comparison with the TC4 statistics suggests that a majority (>50%) of tropopause SVC (with τ < 0.01) could be unaccounted for in studies using CALIPSO data.