Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon Genesis and Organic Facies in Cambrian Carbonates of the Eastern Officer Basin, South Australia

In mid-1979, a stratigraphic well drilled by the South Australian Department of Mines and Energy (SADME), Byilkaoora-1, encountered shows of aromatic-naphthenic and naphthenic oils while coring Cambrian carbonates in the northeastern Officer basin, South Australia. The oils occupy vugs and partly healed fractures in an alkaline playa-lake sequence of algal-plate dolomite mudstone, dolomite mudstone with Magadi-type chert, and organic-rich dolomitic argillaceous mudstone containing calcite pseudomorphs of sodium carbonate-bicarbonate minerals, notably trona and shortite. Oil-source-rock correlations confirm that the oils originated within those facies drilled. The Byilkaoora oils are thus the first reported examples of nonmarine Cambrian petroleum. They are unusually rich n the C15-C25 and C30 acyclic isoprenoid alkanes, except where severely biodegraded. Sterane and hopane distributions indicate that the oils were expelled from marginally mature source rocks. On the southeastern flank of the Officer basin, micritic carbonates deposited in a marine-sabkha environment are marginally mature to mature and have good oil-source potential, although minor staining is the only evidence of oil generation and migration in these rocks. The primary organic facies of the Officer basin carbonates determines whether they are oil or gas prone. Kerogen in the oil-prone carbonates is either Type I (deposited in an alkaline playa-lacustrine environment) or Type II (deposited in a marine-sabkha or lacustrine environment). Marine lagoonal carbonates contain gas-prone Type III kerogen derived from algal (including cyanobacterial) mucilage. Petrographically, the major components of the oil-prone kerogens are lamellar alginite and bituminite. Likely precursors include the lipids of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and various heterotrophic bacteria. The sesterterpanes and squalane present in high concentrations in the Byilkaoora oils and their source rocks may be biological markers of halophilic and/or methanogenic archaebacteri .
Closing the global N2O budget: A retrospective analysis 1500–1994

We present new estimates of global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions for the period 1500–1994 based on revised Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1997; Mosier et al., 1998]. Use of these estimates as input to a simple atmospheric box model resulted in a closed N2O budget over time, showing that increases in atmospheric N2O can be primarily attributed to changes in food production systems. We hypothesize that before the ninetheenth century conversion of natural land to agriculture had no net effect on N2O. During the twentieth century a fast expansion of agricultural land coupled with intensification of land use may have caused a net increase in N2O. In our base scenario the total N2O emissions increased from 11 Tg N yr−1 in 1850 to 15 Tg N yr−1 in 1970 and to 18 Tg N yr−1 in 1994.
Early differentiation of meteorites constrained by the Hf-W isotope system

Isotopic studies of meteorites and sampies from the Moon, Mars, and the Earth combined with astranomical observations of planet forming regions from our Solar System and extrasolar systems pravide clues about the formation of terrestrial planets. Dynamic simulations indicate that formation of planetary embryos occurred within the first 0.01-1 million years (Myr), and embryos collided to form planets within 1-100 Myr. The chronology of these events can be refined using short-lived radionuclides (half-life <100 Myr) that are liekly to have been injected into the protosolar cloud shortly before or during its collapse. The present thesis is focussed on the use of the 182Hf_182W chronometer in refining early solar system chronology. The 182Hf_W system is the most powerful chronometer to date differentiation and metal-care segregation of planetesimals and planets because of its apprapriate half-life (-9 Myr) for evaluating the first 50 Myr 0 f solar system history . Hafnium strongly fraetionates from W because it is lithophile and is preferentially incorporated in silicates whereas W is siderophile and partitions in the metal. Besides, Hf and W are both refractory and occur in chondritic ratios in bulk planetary bodies and are hence well defined. Two distinct graups of differentiated meteorites, iron meteorites and angrites, have been investigated in this work. In the first study we report high precision W isotopic data for 35 iron meteorites. Small but resolvable isotopic variations were measured both within and between iron meteorite groups. These heterageneities are interpreted as being produeed largely by interaction of W isotopes with highly energetic particles from Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR). After correction of cosmic ray effects, we inferred that core segregation in the asteroid-sized parent body sampled by magmatic meteorites must have occurred less than I Myr after the event dated by the Hf-W chronometer in Allende CAIs (CAIs are Ca-Al-rich refractory inc1usions and are thought to be the oldest condensates to form in the Solar System). The study of non-magmatic irons revealed that some impact-generated metallic pools formed at least ~5 and 10 Myr after the start ofthe solar system. To investigate the cosmogenic effects in more detail and to quantify them, in the second study we analysed two large iran meteorites, Carbo (IID) and Grant (lIlAB), at different depths within these meteorites. We found that the 182W;184W ratio near the preatmospheric centre of the metearoid was lower by 50 parts per million compared to values near the pre-atrnospheric surface. This is the first experimental evidence of eosmogenic effects on W isotopes in iron meteorites. Based on the excellent correlation between 182W;184W ratio and the 3He concentration of the sampies, a first order correction for cosmicray effects on W isotopes was praposed for any iron meteorite for which an independent
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis and Treatment in High- and Low-Income Countries: A Narrative Review

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a hereditary cardiac condition characterized by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy without a hemodynamic cause. This condition is prevalent in the United States, resulting in various clinical manifestations, including diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular outflow obstruction, cardiac ischemia, and atrial fibrillation. HCM is associated with several genetic mutations, with sarcomeric mutations being the most common and contributing to a more complex disease course. Early diagnosis of HCM is essential for effective management, as late diagnosis often requires invasive treatments and creates a substantial financial burden. Disparities in HCM diagnosis and treatment exist between high-income and low-income countries. High-income countries have more resources to investigate and implement advanced diagnostic and treatment modalities. In contrast, low-income countries face challenges in accessing diagnostic equipment, trained personnel, and affordable medications, leading to a lower quality of life and life expectancy for affected individuals. Diagnostic tools for HCM include imaging studies such as 2D echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), and electrocardiograms (ECGs). CMR is considered the gold standard but remains inaccessible to a significant portion of the world's population, especially in low-income countries. Genetics plays a crucial role in HCM, with numerous mutations identified in various genes. Genetic counseling is essential but often limited in low-income countries due to resource constraints. Disparities in healthcare access and adherence to treatment recommendations exist between high-income and low-income countries, leading to differences in patient outcomes. Addressing these disparities is essential to improve the overall management of HCM on a global scale. In conclusion, this review highlights the complex nature of HCM, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis, genetic counseling, and access to appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Addressing healthcare disparities is crucial to ensure that all individuals with HCM receive timely and effective care, regardless of their geographic location or socioeconomic status.
Application of Digitizing Methods to Urban Area with an Example-- Zong-Ye Historic District, Tainan City

This article attempts to apply digitizing methods to historic assets in old downtown by map overlaying analysis after map rectifying, and then taking textual method through surveying images. After proving and conform through research, townscape could be connected with real historic traces by reality digitizing approach, and it will make a reality aura of formerly district for visitors. In this way the abundant, definite and impressive content of district can be the valuable materials in region development, and the time and space of this district could continue the history and culture of the city. Consequently, this article aims to set up a feasibility proposal applied to it concretely. This article puts forward 1.the district analysis through historic map rectifying 2.the reality digital reconstruction of streets digital archives elements 3.the application on AR(Augmented Reality) in historic district, and brings forward an technological approach which could respond to the challenge of losing regional characteristics in redevelopment process with an example of Zong-Ye historic district in traditional Tainan City. Therefore, this proposal which places great emphasis on local history and culture is equipped with applying value for European cities based on plentiful culture in cultural industries and regional development issues.
Opportunity for All: Growth, Equity, and Land Use Planning for California's Future

Growth in California has thus far largely meant sprawl: low density development that is rapidly extending the boundaries of our metropolitan regions. Public concern with growth and sprawl has also been spreading, with complaints about more congestion; longer commutes; more pollution; disappearing wilderness, open space and farmland; visual blight; a loss of a sense of community and a lowered quality of life. California’s population -- 34 million in 1999 -- is projected to reach 45.4 million by 2020 and 58.7 million by 2040. This represents an increase of almost 75% over the next 40 years. So long as current land use patterns continue, these new Californians will find themselves continuing to sprawl. As Californians debate how to accommodate this growth, they will make choices that will affect the shape of the state's cities, towns, and regions and their environmental economic health. These choices will also determine if we continue to let sprawl exact its heavy social cost in inequality and lost opportunity. But there is as yet no consensus on what to do about sprawl, what policies to adopt, or what changes to make. Alternative visions to the current pattern are being more widely discussed, and citizens and governments are increasingly calling for smart growth and sustainable development. This approach is often summarized as the Three Es : Economy, Environment and Equity. The goal is to balance, and whenever possible to reconcile, the competing demands of these three areas: job growth and a healthy economic sector; environmental quality and protection of wilderness and open space; and economic opportunity, social justice and reduced inequality. But just as most of the public and media attention to the problems of growth and sprawl largely neglects the social costs of sprawl, so do most of the state and local efforts to plan for growth. The primary focus of smart growth is on only two of the three Es: economy and environment. Yet successfully planning for California’s future will require that we consider the equity impacts of our land use choices.
Stereopsis And Scene Partitioning For Terrain Interpretation

Determining the planar orientation of the ground surface provides useful additional cues for enhanced performance in various image processing applications. For example, it can provide conflict resolution in target aspect and thus improvement in target classification. It can help in ground vehicle navigation where extremely high slopes or banks would reduce the traversibility of the vehicle. Similarly, it can also be useful in nap-of-the-earth air vehicle navigation through terrain following terrain avoidance. This paper discusses a passive technique to estimate ground plane orientations for scene interpretation. The scene registration problem is handled through a two-dimensional segment-free differential operator. Ranges to points in the scene are computed via an optical flow generation technique and the scene reconstruction is accomplished by a combination of first and second order gradients of the range map.
Uji Reliabilitas Barriers to Seeking Psychological Help Scale (BSPHS) versi Bahasa Indonesia

Adanya peningkatan prevalensi masalah kesehatan mental di Indonesia terutama pada individu dewasa awal tidak diimbangi dengan usaha mencari bantuan professional, sehingga perlu untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi hambatan dalam mencari bantuan psikologis dari professional. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji validitas dan reliabilitas Skala Barriers to Seeking Psychological Help (BSPHS) versi Bahasa Indonesia untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saya yang menghambat individu dewasa awal dalam mencari bantuan psikologis dari tenaga profesional di Indonesia. Partisipan pada penelitian ini terdiri dari 229 orang dengan rentang usia 18 hingga 32 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa BSPHS versi Bahasa Indonesia valid dan reliabel dalam mengukur hambatan untuk mencari bantuan psikologis pada individu dewasa awal, dengan angka korelasi Pearson yang berkisar pada angka 0,409 – 0,719 dan koefisien Cronbach’s Alpha sebesar 0,894. Faktor-faktor hambatan yang memiliki skor reliabilitas tinggi hingga sangat tinggi yaitu ketakutan akan stigma sosial, kepercayaan pada profesional, kesulitan pengungkapan diri, penurunan penilaian diri, serta kurangnya pengetahuan.
Analysis of the Expected Shortfall of Aggregate Dependent Risks

We consider d identically and continuously distributed dependent risks X1,…, Xd. Our main result is a theorem on the asymptotic behaviour of expected shortfall for the aggregate risks: there is a constant cd such that for large u we have . Moreover we study diversification effects in two dimensions, similar to our Value-at-Risk studies in [2].
THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS (STUDY ON EMERGING ADULTHOOD IN JAKARTA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC)

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic that has lasted for three years had a negative psychological impact. Individuals feel depression, anxiety, restlessness, mental exhaustion, and feelings of worthlessness. The above condition is called psychological distress. This is felt by every individual, including emerging adulthood. In the developmental stage, early adult individuals are in a transitional period where there are changes in life that make individuals subject to psychological stress. Psychological distress is predicted by perceived social support [16]. Perceived social support can reduce the level of psychological distress. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of psychological distress and perceived social support, as well as to examine the role of perceived social support on psychological distress but in early adulthood in Jakarta. This study uses a non-experimental quantitative study method. Based on data analysis, the level of psychological distress of early adult individuals in Jakarta is low. Meanwhile, the level of perceived social support is quite high. Then, perceived social support is not significantly related to psychological distress. Thus, perceived social support may not necessarily reduce the level of psychological distress
The Quality of Milk for Cheese Manufacture

World production of milk in 2008 is estimated at ∼576 × 106 tonnes (ZMP, 2008), with India/Pakistan, the Americas and Europe being the major producing regions. The proportions of total milk produced by cow, water buffalo, goat, ewe, camel and other are ∼84.0, 12.1, 2.0, 1.3, 0.2 and 0.2, respectively (International Dairy Federation – IDF, 2008). Cows’ milk is the major milk used for cheese manufacture; however, significant quantities of cheese are also made from goat, sheep and water buffalo milks in some European Union (EU) countries, such as France, Italy and Spain. Based on an estimated yield of 1 kg cheese 10 kg−1 milk, the percentage of total milk used for cheese is ∼25%, but varies widely from ∼70–90% in some European countries (Italy, France, Denmark and Germany) to ∼0.5% in China. While cheese-like products are produced in most parts of the world, the principal cheese-producing regions are Europe, North America and Oceania. Cheese production has increased consistently over the last two decades at an annual average rate of ∼1.5%. As discussed in Chapter 8, this may be attributed to a number of factors including increases in global population and per capita income, globalisation of eating trends/habits, changing lifestyles, growth in use of cheese as an ingredient in the food service (in pizza-type dishes, cheese burgers and salad dishes) and industrial sectors (cordon bleu entrees, co-extruded products with cheese and gratins). The increase in consumption has been paralleled by a greater emphasis on improved quality and consistency with respect to the levels of particular nutrients (fat, protein, calcium -Ca2+ and sodium -Na+), physical properties (texture and cooking attributes), sensory characteristics and processability (size reduction attributes, such as shredability; ability to yield processed cheeses or other cheese products when subjected to secondary processing). Consequently, this has necessitated an increase in the quality and consistency of all inputs (milk composition/quality, enzyme activity/purity, starter cultures characteristics, for example, acid productivity, phage resistance, autolytic properties and flavour-imparting characteristics) and standardisation of the manufacturing process (cf. Chapter 8). In an overall context, milk quality for cheese manufacture may be defined as its suitability for conversion into cheese and deliver cheese of the desired quality and yield. The current chapter examines milk quality for cheese manufacture and the factors affecting it, together with broad-based strategies for improving quality and consistency.
Real‐time mud gas logging during drilling of the SAFOD Pilot Hole in Parkfield, CA

The real‐time mud gas monitoring during drilling of the 2.2 km deep SAFOD Pilot Hole has proved successful. A nearly complete depth profile was obtained for methane, radon, helium, and, with limitations, for carbon dioxide. Within the sedimentary section (0–768 m) mud gas yielded the highest CH4, CO2, and 222Rn concentrations, whereas He was comparably low. Four major gas‐rich zones were identified. Methane is a mixture of microbial and thermogenic origin. Mud gas concentrations of CH4 and Rn are much lower in the underlying granitic rocks and the average background level of He is higher. In addition to several gas‐rich zones, two shear zones inferred from geophysical measurements are also indicated by increased mud gas concentrations. Gas results permit speculation that one major shear zone is hydraulically connected to the sedimentary section above. Up to 9% of the helium is of mantle origin, which is probably a lower limit.
DISEÑO CENTRADO EN EL USUARIO: INTERACCIÓN HOMBRE-COMPUTADORA

En la Interacción Humano-Computadora (HCI: Human-Computer Interaction), el diseño de la interfaz gráfica de usuario cumple un rol imperante en la mediación de las distintas relaciones cognitivas que establece el usuario cuando interactúa con cualquier tipo de dispositivo tecnológico. La comprensión e identificación de los modelos asociados al diseño y desarrollo de estas interfaces posibilita un acercamiento a la lógica del usuario y a cómo facilitar la consecución de sus objetivos. El presente documento es el abordaje temático relacionado con la asignatura Interacción Hombre-Maquina del programa de estudio (PE) de la Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Sistemas de Información en la Facultad de Informática Mazatlán; y aporta una aproximación teórica desde lo conceptual, metodológico y las normativas que hacen al buen diseño del componente de interacción; las interfaces del usuario y su proceso de desarrollo, sobre las etapas de diseño de interfaces específicas, y de la calidad de uso del producto enmarcadas en el diseño centrado en el usuario. Se introducen los conceptos básicos de la Interacción Hombre – Computadora, se expone una breve referencia a su evolución. Y se describe el proceso de diseño de la interfaz de usuario, haciendo hincapié en las características más importantes. Se introducen los conceptos de usabilidad, y las normas internacionales para construir interfaces accesibles.
Land titling policy and soil conservation in the uplands of Northern Vietnam

Up to 25 percent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are caused by deforestation, and Indonesia is the third largest greenhouse gas emitter worldwide due to land use change and deforestation. On the island of Sulawesi in the vicinity of the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), many smallholders contribute to conversion processes at the forest margin as a result of their agricultural practices. Specifically the area dedicated to cocoa plantations has increased from zero (1979) to nearly 18,000 hectares (2001). Some of these plots have been established inside the 220,000 hectares of the LLNP. An intensification process is observed with a consequent reduction of the shade tree density. This study assesses which impact carbon sequestration payments for forest management systems have on the prevailing land use systems. Additionally, the level of incentives is determined which motivates farmers to desist from further deforestation and land use intensification activities. Household behaviour and resource allocation is analysed with a comparative static linear programming model. As these models prove to be a reliable tool for policy analysis, the output can indicate the adjustments in resource allocation and land use shifts when introducing compensation payments. The data was collected in a household survey in six villages around the LLNP. Four household categories are identified according to their dominant agroforestry systems. These range from low intensity management with a high degree of shading to highly intensified shade free systems. At the plot level, the payments from carbon sequestration are the highest for the full shade cocoa agroforestry system, but with low carbon prices of € 5 tCO2e-1 these constitute 5 percent of the cocoa gross margin. Focusing on the household level, however, an increase of up to 18 percent of the total gross margin can be realised. Furthermore, for differentiated carbon prices up to € 32 tCO2e-1 the majority of the households have an incentive to adopt the more sustainable shade intensive agroforestry system. A win-win situation seems to appear, whereby, when targeting only the shade intensive agroforestry systems with carbon payments, the poorest households economically benefit the most and land use systems with high environmental benefits are promoted.