Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wave Energy Associated with the Variability of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex

Abstract A study is performed on the energetics of planetary wave forcing associated with the variability of the northern winter polar vortex. The analysis relies on a three-dimensional normal mode expansion of the atmospheric general circulation that allows partitioning the total (i.e., kinetic + available potential) atmospheric energy into the energy associated with Rossby and inertio-gravity modes with barotropic and baroclinic vertical structures. The analysis mainly departs from traditional ones in respect to the wave forcing, which is here assessed in terms of total energy amounts associated with the waves instead of heat and momentum fluxes. Such an approach provides a sounder framework than traditional ones based on Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux diagnostics of wave propagation and related concepts of refractive indices and critical lines, which are strictly valid only in the cases of small-amplitude waves and in the context of the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jeffries (WKBJ) approximation. Positive (negati.
Algorithmic bounds for the chromatic number

A k-colouring of a graph G is an assignment of k different colours to the vertices of G such that adjacent vertices receive different colours. The minimum cardinality k for which G has a k-colouring is called the chromatic number of G and is denoted by χ(G). Its computation is NP-hard. It is not difficult to colour the vertices of a graph in linear time using at most Δ(G) + 1 colours, where Δ(G) is the maximum vertex degree of a given graph G. Moreover, the classical theorem of Brooks states that χ(G) ≤ Δ(G) unless G is a complete graph or an odd cycle. We will strengthen the upper bound of Δ + 1 by considering additional parameters in terms of vertex degrees and the clique number. These new bounds will be accompanied by polynomial time algorithms attaining these improved bounds. †Dedicated to H. Th. Jongen on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
Continuous facesheet low voltage deformable mirrors

Litton/Itek Optical Systems has been a leader in the development of deformable mirrors for use in high quality optical systems since 1973. The monolithic piezoelectric mirror (MPM), which was introduced in 1974, has been the quality product against which all other visible wavelength compensators have been compared. The stacked actuator deformable mirror (SADM), first delivered in 1980, set new performance standards for infrared systems. These devices continue to maintain high quality large stroke performance in the field. In 1981 Itek began the development of a new concept in deformable mirrors, the low voltage electrodisplacive mirror (LVEM). Itek teamed with Bell Aerospace in 1984 to develop a cooled silicon electrodisplacive mirror (CSEM) technology. The CSEM development emphasized extending the LVEM technology to high energy laser systems applications by incorporating a silicon multiport pin-fin heat exchanger into the mirror structure. Recently, in 1988, Itek began developing a cost efficient cooled mirror technology compatible with moderate flux levels and quantity production. The LVEM uncooled technology has matured and represents the current state of the art in deformable mirror performance. Upon its maturity, the CSEM technology will provide both high performance and cost efficient cooled deformable mirrors for the needs of the high energy laser community.
Generating price‐effective intermodal routes

We describe the problem of intermodal international freight transport that is faced by some logistic service providers and the solution that ORTEC's logistic suite offers to these customers. This solution is based on a state of the art k‐shortest path algorithm for directed networks. Our focus is on the modeling aspects of the problem. In particular, we propose an approach in two phases and methods to reduce the size of the network, so as to obtain a solution within an acceptable calculation time.
Formation of single-and double-layer silicon in slit pores

We report on the formation of quasi-two-dimensional nanostructures of silicon by quenching liquid silicon confined in slit nanopores. The formation processes are investigated by molecular-dynamics (MD) calculations using the Tersoff potential. We find that single- or double-layer nanosheets are formed according to the slit width. Both of these nanosheets contain hexagonal planes, and the structure of the single-layer nanosheet is the same as that of graphene. The stability of these nanosheets within the slit nanopore is confirmed by first-principles MD calculations up to $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The present findings demonstrate the possibility of the synthesis of novel nanostructures by confinement in nanopores.
Reduction of interface-state density in 4H–SiC n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor structures using high-temperature hydrogen annealing

The effects of hydrogen annealing on capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics and interface-state density (Dit) of 4H–SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structures have been investigated. The Dit was reduced to as low as 1×1011 eV−1 cm−2 at Ec−E=0.6 eV using hydrogen annealing above 800 °C, where Ec−E is the energy level from the conduction-band edge. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy and Dit analysis revealed that Dit decreased with the increase of hydrogen concentration accumulated at the SiO2/4H–SiC interface. The interface states at SiO2/4H–SiC are thought to be originated from the dangling bonds of C atoms as well as Si atoms, because Dit decreases as the hydrogen annealing temperature increases and saturates around 800 °C. This high-temperature hydrogen annealing is useful for accumulation-type SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors, which have n-type MOS structures to reduce the Dit.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Curved Pipe

We use Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) to compute a fully-developed turbulent flow in a curved pipe. The results allow us to study how the curvature influences the mean velocity profile and also various turbulent statistics. We find reasonable agreement with the few experiments that are available. Our simulation also allows a detailed study of secondary motion in the cross section of the pipe which are caused by the centrifugal acceleration due to the pipe curvature. It is known that this secondary motion may consist of one, two, or three circulation cells.
Improves comprehension when mapping many variables with Ring Maps Geovisualizing Data

www.esri. com Figure 2: This elliptical ring map displays one month of data for 12 demographic variables in each ZIP Code in Washington, D.C. Document files, tables, and charts can summarize complex data, but they can be hard to read and interpret. However, a GIS-based map known as a ring map can help overcome this problem for location-specific data. A ring map is a map surrounded by a set of concentric, segmented rings that can be circular or elliptical in shape. Each ring displays an additional dimension (e.g., temporal) of data that represents an attribute of a particular location. Thus, the ring map shows more than geographic positions; it creates infographics that can organize and display several types of data organized using the simplicity and clarity of a map.
Risk-sensitive sensor scheduling for discrete-time nonlinear systems

We consider a discrete time, partially observed risk sensitive optimal control problem in which observations of the state are available from a finite number of different measurement sources. At each time step, one sensor can be chosen. We study the problem of finding the sensor schedule and the system input so that a risk-sensitive cost is minimized. For the general nonlinear case, the problem is generally infinite dimensional. In the case of linear systems however, the information state is finite dimensional, and a finite dimensional suboptimal strategy is presented when the cost is quadratic.
Dynamic Pricing and Supply Coordination with Reimbursement Contract under Random Yield and Demand

This paper investigates the dynamic pricing and supply chain coordination in a decentralized system that consists of one supplier and one manufacturer, in which both the market demand and production yield are stochastic. We show that the centralized expected profit is jointly concave in the production quantity and order quantity when the price is ex-ante selected. We also derive the equilibrium strategies in the decentralized system and prove that the entire profit of supply chain is inevitably lower than that under centralized system. Based on this, we propose a reimbursement contract to coordinate the decentralized supply chain so as to achieve the maximized profit. It is worth mentioning that, under reimbursement contract, the equilibrium production and order quantities are irrelevant to the manufacturer's risk sharing coefficient but are only determined by the supplier’s risk sharing coefficient.
Atribuições Dadas à Matemática e Ansiedade ante a Matemática: o relato de alguns estudantes do ensino fundamental

This study aimed to identify attributions to mathematics and degrees of anxiety related to mathematics. Study 1 applied the brainstorming technique, which consisted in writing, on a sheet of paper, everything that occurs before the word "Mathematics". Fifty seven elementary school students participated, 28 of 2nd grade and 29 of 6th grade. Sixth grade students attributed more negative characteristics to mathematics than those of 2nd grade. Study 2 applied a math anxiety scale to four children in 6th grade, randomly selected from study 1. It was observed that situations in which students showed high or extreme anxiety were those in which they were exposed to conditions such as exams, schoolwork, and going to the blackboard. Data are discussed in terms of the increase in negative attributions over the years and the need for methodologies that prevent the aversion to mathematics.
Global-local approaches: the Arlequin framework

Numerical approaches allowing for the local analysis of global models are listed, the Arlequin method being the topic of focus. By superposing mechanical states sharing energies, this method generates a partition of models framework that gives a consistent “plasticity” to the classical mechanical and numerical (mono-)modelling. It consists in a family of formulations of mechanical problems, each of them being derived by combining basic bricks whose choices are rigorously analysed. The effectiveness of this partition of models framework to allow concurrent multimodel and multiscale analysis is exemplified.
Defining motivation and cognition in animals

Abstract Motivation in an automaton, whether it be artificial or animate, is simply that aspect of the total state that determines the behaviour. In an autonomous agent, which has a degree of self‐control, the motivational state includes a cognitive evaluation of the likely consequences of possible future behaviour. Such evaluation implies optimization with respect to some motivational criterion.
An optically luminous radio galaxy at Z = 3.22 and the K-z diagram at high redshift

Images of the radio galaxy 6C 1232+39 taken through the B, R, I, J, H, and K filters, taken through a narrow-band filter centered on the Ly alpha line, and made with the VLA at 5 GHz are presented. This radio galaxy is found to have a 'classical double' radio structure, unlike the other two radio galaxies with z greater than 3 that have been extensively studied. It is shown that 6C 1232+39 has a red bump in its rest-frame optical spectrum, like the other two radio galaxies with z greater than 3. Evidence is presented which shows that the scatter in the K-z diagram at z greater than 2 is greater that the scatter at z less than 2. Lastly, it is suggested that the dispersion in the K-band magnitudes of the known radio galaxies with z greater than 2 raises doubts as to the use of the K-z Hubble relation to estimate the redshifts of distant radio galaxies from K magnitudes alone.
Trends in Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes over the Southern Ocean

In this study, the trends in latent and sensible heat fluxes (LHF and SHF) over the Southern Ocean (oceans south of 35? S) and the contributions of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), the Pacific-South America teleconnection patterns (PSA1 and PSA2) and The El Ni? o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to these heat fluxes were investigated using the Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) dataset from 1979 to 2008. Significant positive annual trends in LHF occur over the Agulhas Current, the Brazil Current, the oceans in the vicinity of New Zealand and southern Australia, and the eastern Pacific Ocean near between 35? S and 40? S. Significant negative seasonal trends occur in LHF which differ among the four seasons. The spatial pattern and seasonal variation of the trends in SHF over the Southern Ocean are similar to those of LHF. The spatial patterns of the trends in LHF and SHF caused by the AAO, PSA1, PSA2 and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) indices show a wave-like feature, varying with different seasons, that can be explained by the anomalous meridional wind associated with the four indices. The above four indices account for a small portion of the trend in LHF and SHF. The residual trends in LHF over the Southern Ocean may be explained by a climate shift in the late 1990s for the four seasons. But the residual trends in SHF over the Southern Ocean are not associated with the climate shift.
Spectroscopic Analysis of the Cobalt Peculiar Star HR 5049 in the Red Spectral Region

A detailed LTE analysis of metallic lines in the red spectral region (between A5700 A and A6700 A) was carried out for the B-type peculiar star HR 5049. The abundances of 5 elements from 8 ions were determined. This star exhibits unusually strong lines of Co I and Co II, and this element is found to be overabundant by as much as 4.0 dex compared to the solar abundance. Weak CI I lines have been detected in the observed region, and CI was estimated to be overabundant by 3.0 dex. The abundances of Si, Cr, and Fe are also strongly enhanced. Although lines of Pri l l were found to vary with the phase in the rotation period of the star, other elements were found not to vary. Prom its observed abundance-pattern, HR 5049 is suggested to be a member of a rare group of CP stars which are characterized by enhancements of chlorine and cobalt, as in HR 1094.
Random walk on a one dimensional inhomogeneous lattice

The case of a random walk on a one-dimensional inhomogeneous lattice is considered when the rate constants of the particle jumping to adjacent lattice points depend on the particle's position and jumping direction. The macroscopic characteristics of the process are evaluated for the lattice length tending to infinity. The requirements to be met by the sequences of jumping rate constants for the process to be self-averaging are analysed. In this case the macroscopic characteristics are shown to be equivalent to those of the random walk on a homogeneous lattice with an effective jumping rate constant. A method has been found for computing the effective jumping rate constant for a large class of inhomogeneous lattices.
Nondipole effects in helium photoionization

An accurate calculation of the nondipole anisotropy parameter γ in the photoionization of helium below the N = 2 threshold is presented. The calculated results are in fairly good agreement with the experimental results of Krässig et al (2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 203002), but not as good as the accuracy of the calculation should have warranted. A careful examination of the possible causes for the observed discrepancies between theory and experiment seems to rule out any role either of the multipolar terms higher than the electric quadrupole, or of the singlet–triplet spin–orbit mixing. It is argued that such discrepancies might have an instrumental origin, due to the difficulty of measuring vanishingly small total cross sections σtot with the required accuracy. In such eventuality, it might be more appropriate to use a parameter other than γ, such as for instance the drag current, to measure the nondipole anisotropy of the photoelectron angular distribution.
Dust Particles Counteract the Boosting of Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence by Glycerol Droplets

A dusty glycerol drop injected at the antinode of acoustic standing waves in water produces single bubble sonoluminescence after glycerol has practically diffused. The bubble is dim and the sonoluminescence intensity changes from cycle to cycle. Effects of the dust particles are revealed by a telemicroscope, stroboscope, and Mie scattering. Various types of deviation from the ordinary radius-time curve are observed for Mie scattering. An outstanding example is that in which the scattering intensity alternates between two types of waveforms every 10 s while the acoustic pressure is kept fixed.
Diffusion, superposition, and the redundant-targets effect

Abstract We describe a model to account for the redundant-targets effect which combines the idea of superposed channel activity under redundant-target trials with the concept of stochastic accumulation of information over time. The model assumes that the accumulation of information over time in each channel can be described as a Wiener process and that the overt response is initiated as soon as a threshold is reached. In redundant-target trials, the activation from both stimulated channels is assumed to be superposed in order to form the overall accumulation process. Formally, the joint activation in redundant-target trials is described as a two-dimensional Wiener process which admits an arbitrary channel correlation. We derive the predictions of this model on the level of the means and variances of the reaction times for simultaneous, as well as for non-simultaneous, target presentations. The results show that the channel correlation does not influence the predictions on the level of the mean reaction times at all. The application of the model is illustrated using data from Miller's (1986, Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 331-343), study oil bimodal detection.
A Loose Coupling Mechanism of Synthesis of ATP by Proton Flux in the Molecular Machine of Living Cells

A loose coupling mechanism is proposed for the molecular machine of living cells which performs the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by a proton flux across the membrane. The basic assumption is that a torque or rotational movement is produced in protein molecules by the proton flux and the ATP synthesis is promoted by the torque or rotational movement in the molecules. The first process is carried out by a mechanism similar to the bacterial flagellar motor where the coupling between the flow of protons and the rotation of the motor is loose. A structural model for the second process is also presented. The threshold of the potential difference of proton for the ATP synthesis can be low and the number of protons to synthesize one ATP molecule is not an integer but a variable number.
Color edge detectors: a subjective analysis

A subjective analysis is performed on various classical, and order statistic-based color edge detectors. Order statistic edge detectors imply that image pixels within a specific region, are treated statistically such that outliers can be rejected from the general trends in the data. A different type of subjective rating system is employed here and the rationale behind its use is explained. The importance of subjective edge detection lies in the development of a color edge detector which can accurately simulate what is seen by humans.
Surface morphology modelling for the resistivity analysis of low temperature sputtered indium tin oxide thin films on polymer substrates

Amorphous or weakly crystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film samples have been prepared on polymethylmethacrylate and polyethylene terephthalate substrates by RF-magnetron sputtering at a low substrate temperature. The surface morphological and electrical properties of the ITO layers were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a standard four-point probe measurement. The effect of surface morphology on the resistivity of ITO thin films was studied, which presented some different variations from crystalline films. Then, a simplified film system model, including the substrate, continuous ITO layer and ITO surface grain, was proposed to deal with these correlations. Based on this thin film model and the AFM images, a quadratic potential was introduced to simulate the characteristics of the ITO surface morphology, and the classical Kronig–Penney model, the semiconductor electrical theory and the modified Neugebauer–Webb model were used to expound the detailed experimental results. The modelling equation was highly in accord with the experimental variations of the resistivity on the characteristics of the surface morphology.
Surface photovoltage measurements on pyrite (100) cleavage planes: Evidence for electronic bulk defects

Temperature dependent contactless surface photovoltage measurements by photoelectron spectroscopy have been performed on cleaved (100) surfaces of pyrite (FeS2) single crystals. The results have been fitted by thermionic emission, recombination, and tunneling models for the majority carrier transport to the surface. Neither of them is able to explain the small photovoltages consistently. By calculating electronic defect levels due to the sulfur deficiency of pyrite a high number of defect states in the band gap is obtained. As a consequence a nonuniform depletion layer is expected with a part of the band bending potential falling off at a very small distance near the surface. The small photovoltages can be explained by a tunneling of majority carriers through the narrow barrier and by recombination losses due to the defects.
Directed polymers on trees: a martingale approach

The authors use martingale methods and simple convexity arguments to compute rigorously the limiting free energy in the problem of directed polymers on a tree. The limit is a degenerate random variable and convergence holds almost surely. The only assumption on the common distribution of the random potentials attached to the bonds of the tree is that its Laplace transform exists everywhere in (0, infinity ).
On a problem connected with Beta and Gamma distributions

Now we can state the converse problem as follows : Let X and Y be two independently and identically distributed random variables having a common distribution function Fix). Suppose that W = Xj{X + Y) has a Beta distribution of the form (1.2). Then the question is whether £(x) is necessarily a Gamma distribution of the form (1.1). This problem was posed by Mauldon in [9]. He also showed that the converse problem is not true in general and constructed an example of a non-Gamma distribution with this property using the solution of an integral equation which was studied by Goodspeed in [2]. In the present paper we carry out a systematic investigation of this problem. In §2, we derive some general properties possessed by this class of distribution laws Fix). In §3, we give some analytical lemmas. In §4, we make use of the lemmas and deduce a characterization of a class of distribution laws having moments of a certain order. In the final section, we construct some further examples of distribution functions Fix).
Atomic Carbon in APM 08279+5255 at z = 3.91

We present a detection of [C I] 3P1-3P0 emission in the lensed quasar APM 08279+5255 at z = 3.91 using the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer. The [C I] line velocity and width are similar to the values of previously detected high-J CO and HCN lines in this source, suggesting that the emission from all of these species arises from the same region. The apparent luminosity of the [C I] line is L = (3.1 ± 0.4) × 1010 K km s-1 pc2, which implies a neutral carbon mass M = (4.4 ± 0.6)m-1 × 107 M☉, where m is the lensing magnification factor. The [C I] line luminosity is consistent with the large molecular gas mass inferred from the nuclear CO line luminosity (~1011m-1 M☉). We also present an upper limit on the H2O 110-101 line luminosity in APM 08279+5255 of L < 1.8 × 1010 K km s-1 pc2 (3 σ).