Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinematics and stellar populations of the double-barred early-type galaxy NGC357

Abstract We have carried out a kinematical and stellar population analysis of the double-barred galaxy NGC357 to provide a more complete characterization of these systems and their role in the formation of galaxy bulges. We clearly identify the presence of the inner bar in the radial velocity and velocity dispersion profiles. The age, metallicity and [Mg/Fe] abundance ratio estimates are very similar to those of ellipticals of equivalent central σ. The [Mg/Fe] value for the bulge of this galaxy suggests formation timescales shorter than 1Gyr.
Carrier scattering induced by thickness fluctuation of silicon-on-insulator film in ultrathin-body metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors

We demonstrate that carrier scattering induced by the thickness fluctuation of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) film reduces electron mobility in ultrathin-body metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors with SOI thickness, TSOI, of less than 4 nm at room temperature and is the dominant scattering mechanism at low temperatures. The thickness fluctuation of a nanoscaled SOI film induces large potential variations due to the difference of quantum-confinement effects from one part to another, and thus carrier scattering potentials are formed in the channel. It is shown that experimental electron mobility follows the theoretical TSOI dependence and the expected temperature dependence of the scattering induced by SOI thickness fluctuation.
Statistical Prediction of the Storm Surge Associated with Cool-Weather Storms at the Battery, New York

Abstract The winter and early spring weather in the New York City metropolitan region is highly influenced by extratropical storm systems, and the storm surge associated with these systems is one of the main factors contributing to inundation of coastal areas. This study demonstrates the predictive capability of an established statistical relationship between the “storm maximum” storm surge associated with an extratropical storm system and the “average maximum” significant wave height during that storm. Data from publicly available retrospective forecasts of sea level pressure and wave heights, along with a regression equation for storm surge, were used to predict the storm-maximum storm surge for 41 storms in the New York metropolitan region during the period from February 2005 to December 2008. The statistical storm-surge estimates were compared with the surge values predicted by NOAA’s extratropical storm-surge model and NOAA’s operational surge forecast, which includes an error correction, and with wa.
COSMOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE NEUTRINO REST MASS

The consequences of nonzero neutrino mass for several outstanding problems in astrophysics are described and discussed. The universe would in this case be gravitationally dominated by neutrinos, with all dynamical properties being determined by their mass density of approximately 1.0, while baryons may have a density of about 0.03, in agreement with observations of luminous matter and with the implications of the observed deuterium abundance. Because the growth of baryon fluctuations is accelerated by the neutrinos after recombination, background radiation temperature fluctuations may remain as small as less than 0.001, again in agreement with observations. The perturbations of neutrinos are adiabatic, and the damping of these fluctuations in the linear regime determines a characteristic mass which is typical of superclusters. A cellular structure with filaments is predicted on the supercluster scale, with characteristic separations on the order of 15-60 Mpc.
Star cluster detection with WFC/ACS in M 33, 33 new clusters and 51 candidates

In this work we present the detection of 33 star clusters and 51 candidates in one field of the near by galaxy M 33. This study is based on WFC/ACS images available from the HST archive. Thanks to the high resolving power, we were able to confirm that two candidates previously indicated by Christian & Schommer (1982, ApJS, 49, 405) are indeed star clusters. We list the main properties for the star clusters (and candidates), along with some peculiar objects, such as background galaxies and possible HII regions.
Ferroelectric polymer gate on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

There has been much investigation into the implementation of field effect transistors; however, a commercial device is still not available. An attempt is made here to develop a ferroelectric gate device using an Al0.3Ga0. 7N∕GaN heterostructure with a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The ferroelectric copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride∕trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF∕TrFE)] was chosen as a gate material due to advantages such as its small dielectric constant and low crystallization temperature in comparison with the perovskite ferroelectrics. A P(VDF∕TrFE) layer was successfully deposited onto an Al0.3Ga0. 7N∕GaN heterostructure without degrading the transport properties of the 2DEG. The polarization reversal in the gate was proved by piezoelectric scanning force microscopy. With this structure, it was possible to demonstrate the ferroelectric gate operation when modulating the transport properties of the 2DEG due to the stable reversal of the spontaneous polarization in the gate. Transport measurements in co.
Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Daily Streamflow and Extremes at Local Scale in Ontario, Canada. Part II: Future Projection

The paper forms the second part of an introduction to possible impacts of climate change on daily streamflow and extremes in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Daily streamflow simulation models developed in the companion paper (Part I) were used to project changes in frequency of future daily streamflow events. To achieve this goal, future climate information (including rainfall) at a local scale is needed. A regression-based downscaling method was employed to downscale eight global climate model (GCM) simulations (scenarios A2 and B1) to selected weather stations for various meteorological variables (except rainfall). Future daily rainfall quantities were projected using daily rainfall simulation models with downscaled future climate information. Following these projections, future daily streamflow volumes can be projected by applying daily streamflow simulation models. The frequency of future daily high-streamflow events in the warm season (May–November) was projected to increase by about 45%-55% late this century from the current condition, on average of eight-GCM A2 projections and four selected river basins. The corresponding increases for future daily low-streamflow events and future daily mean streamflow volume could be about 25%-90% and 10%-20%, respectively. In addition, the return values of annual one-day maximum streamflow volume for various return periods were projected to increase by 20%-40%, 20%-50%, and 30%-80%, respectively for the periods 2001-50, 2026-75, and 2051-2100. Inter-GCM and interscenario uncertainties of future streamflow projections were quantitatively assessed. On average, the projected percentage increases in frequency of future daily high-streamflow events are about 1.4-2.2 times greater than inter-GCM and interscenario uncertainties.
Complex Modulus of Crosslinked High Polymers

For crosslinked high polymers, the effect of crosslinkages to the frequency-dependent complex modulus is estimated with the aid of a network model. It is then shown that it can be used to explain the deviation of experimental values for a material of crosslinked high polymers, from the theoretical values for a dilute solution of high polymers. Some discussions are given also on the relaxation modulus.
Performance of a negative index of refraction lens

A plano-concave lens with negative index of refraction has been designed and fabricated. Such lenses have been postulated for many years, but only recently has their realization been made possible through improved simulation and fabrication procedures. We report here the simulation, fabrication, and performance of such a lens. The lens images the source field and reproduces the results of standard Gaussian optics. The curved lens with negative index of refraction in the microwave frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum has been compared to a plano-convex Macor positive index of refraction lens having the same radius of curvature.
Psychoacoustic comparison of two methods for the evaluation of prominent discrete tones

Two objective methods have been developed to evaluate the potential annoyance of prominent discrete tones in the noise emissions of products: (1) the tone‐to‐noise ratio (TNR) method [ECMA‐74‐1997, ANSI S1.13‐1995] and (2) the prominence ratio (PR) method [ANSI S1.13]. A task group of the Inter‐Committee Working Group on noise from information technology and telecommunications equipment (ITTE) is studying both procedures, with the goal of optimizing a single method. In some cases the procedures give conflicting results, especially when there are harmonics and/or multiple tones within a single critical band. ECMA‐74‐1997 employs a modification of the TNR method for cases in which there are two tones within the critical band. This talk will present the results of two pilot studies comparing naive listeners’ subjective ratings of signals containing discrete tones to the measured TNR and PR values. In the first pilot study, stimuli were a series of recorded machine noises. In the second study, stimuli were co.
Electro-optic tunable bandpass filter based on long-period-grating-assisted asymmetric waveguide coupling

We present a new electro-optic (EO) tunable bandpass filter design based on a long-period-grating-assisted asymmetric waveguide coupling mechanism. A narrow passband width of <0.2 nm and a large wavelength tuning range exceeding 30 nm can be obtained at a low driving voltage of ~16 V. This type of EO tunable filter would form key building blocks in dynamic wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks.
Methylpolyynes and Small Hydrocarbons in CRL 618

We report on the detection with the Infrared Space Observatory of strong infrared absorption from NH3 and C2H4 in CRL 618. The observed NH3 and C2H4 bands arise from a region with kinetic temperatures ≃200 K, i.e., the dense gas in the photodissociation region associated to the dense torus surrounding the central star, as was the case for the polyynes and cyanopolyynes (see the companion Letter). Several absorption bands, probably arising from small gas-phase hydrocarbons, are observed between 5.5 and 11 μm. Two of these species have been identified with the 30 m IRAM telescope as the methylpolyynes CH3C2H and CH3C4H. However, the absorption around 6.2 μm is particularly broad and could arise from the combination of these small hydrocarbons and from the aromatic C=C stretching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of moderate size. These bands and those associated to the polyynes, cyanopolyynes, methylpolyynes, and benzene are not present in the infrared spectrum of the asymptotic giant branch star IRC +10216.
Energy Transfer and Tropical Cell Structure Over the Central Pacific

Abstract The meridional circulation over the equatorial central Pacific Ocean in April 1967 was found to consist of a shallow northern Hadley cell, an extensive equatorial cell centered south of the equator with maximum subsidence over the equator, and a strong southern Hadley cell. Part of the high-level outflow of the southern Hadley cell subsides across the equator and decreases the activity of the northern convergence zone. The divergence of the equatorial easterlies and the resulting subsidence is increased by a low value of the shearing stress which was observed over the cool upwelling equatorial waters. Transfer of energy by radiation, turbulence, precipitation and advection is determined from observations and calculation. Energy budgets are constructed for three regions between 13N and 13S to obtain as a residual the transport of energy by cumulus and cumulonimbus convection. The budget shows that the mid-tropospheric layer of the low energy is maintained by the efficient vertical transfer of ener.
How does our motor system determine its learning rate

Motor learning is driven by movement errors. The speed of learning can be quantified by the learning rate, which is the proportion of an error that is corrected for in the planning of the next movement. Previous studies have shown that the learning rate depends on the reliability of the error signal and on the uncertainty of the motor system’s own state. These dependences are in agreement with the predictions of the Kalman filter, which is a state estimator that can be used to determine the optimal learning rate for each movement such that the expected movement error is minimized. Here we test whether not only the average behaviour is optimal, as the previous studies showed, but if the learning rate is chosen optimally in every individual movement. Subjects made repeated movements to visual targets with their unseen hand. They received visual feedback about their endpoint error immediately after each movement. The reliability of these error-signals was varied across three conditions. The results are inconsistent with the predictions of the Kalman filter because correction for large errors in the beginning of a series of movements to a fixed target was not as fast as predicted and the learning rates for the extent and the direction of the movements did not differ in the way predicted by the Kalman filter. Instead, a simpler model that uses the same learning rate for all movements with the same error-signal reliability can explain the data. We conclude that our brain does not apply state estimation to determine the optimal planning correction for every individual movement, but it employs a simpler strategy of using a fixed learning rate for all movements with the same level of error-signal reliability.
Estimation of Long-Term Climate Information at Locations with Short-Term Data Records

Abstract The accurate mapping of climate has widespread interest and benefit and depends on the availability of long-term data. Accuracy increases with the amount of data, but, often, insufficient data exist for the desired accuracy. To produce accurate maps within a short time frame, a scheme for estimating long-term climate statistics at locations with only short records is required. A general method is described that involves thin-plate smoothing-spline interpolation. Using data from the long-term stations, two independent interpolations are made to the short-term sites: first, the climate element's distribution and, second, the percentile for the period of observation at the short-term sites. Together these imply a value for the period of observation, but actual values are, of course, available for this period. The difference between the actual and implied values at the short-term sites provides an adjustment to the estimated distribution. It is also demonstrated that for short-term station deployment.
A southern hemisphere survey of meteor shower radiants and associated stream orbits using single station radar observations

The 33.2 MHz interferometric meteor radars located at Davis Station, Antarctica and Darwin, Australia typically detect around 15 000 specular underdense meteor echoes every day. While the angle of arrival of the scattered radio wave can be inferred using phase differences between receive antennae, the direction of individual meteors is not known beyond a plane of ambiguity perpendicular to the angle of arrival. Using the great circle mapping technique with a Jones & Jones type weighting function, 37 meteor shower systems were detected in data collected at both locations over 2006-2007, including nine undocumented showers. The orbital elements of the parent debris streams were then calculated for the 31 showers where sufficiently precise measurements were available.
Bend theory of river meanders. Part 2. Nonlinear deformation of finite-amplitude bends

Meander bends typically show certain systematic deviations from simple Cartesian sinusoidal forms. Bends tend to be round and full, or ‘fat’, often to the point of possessing double-valued plan-forms, as Langbein & Leopold (1966) have noted. Bends also tend to be characteristically skewed in such a fashion that their direction of migration can be determined directly from an aerial photograph of the planform; the water margin of the downstream accreting half of a point bar describes a convex planform, whereas the upstream eroding side has a concave shape. In the present paper a generalized nonlinear equation of bend migration is treated based on the analysis of Part 1 (Ikeda, Parker & Sawai 1981). An expansion technique reminiscent of the Stokes expansion for water waves is developed to perform a nonlinear stability analysis. This analysis provides an explanation of skewing and fattening, and also indicates that lateral and downstream migration rates should increase as bend amplitude develops. These results agree qualitatively with field observations.
H2 + pickup ions in the solar wind: Outgassing of interplanetary dust

Heliospheric neutral atoms and molecules can be ionized and picked up by the solar wind plasma flow. A new generation of space plasma instruments allows detailed study of the solar wind pickup ions with high sensitivity. Detection of H2+ pickup ions in the solar wind is an exceptionally sensitive tool for the search of molecular hydrogen in the heliosphere. Possible sources of neutral molecular hydrogen include contributions from the local interstellar medium release from cometary bodies, and outgassing of interplanetary dust. The flux of the solar wind H2+ pickup ions due to outgassing of interplanetary dust is theoretically established in this work. Solar wind ions bombard and penetrate dust grains where they are neutralized and subsequently released in the form of neutral atoms and molecules. The processes of molecular hydrogen interaction with the solar radiation and solar wind plasma are considered in detail and the process rates are determined. Solar wind H2+ pickup ion fluxes are obtained for heliocentric distances < 5 AU for different heliocentric latitudes. These heliocentric radial and latitudinal dependences would provide guidance for search of the solar wind H2+ pickup ions by Ulysses, WIND, and SOHO missions.
An identification of Energy Cascade in Turbulence by Orthonormal Wavelet Analysis

Orthonormal wavelet expansion method is applied to an analysis of atmospheric turbulence data which shows more than two decades of the inertial subrange spectrum. The result of the orthonor­ mal wavelet analysis of the turbulence data is discussed in comparison with those of an artificial random noise. The local wavelet spectra of turbulence show a characteristic structure. which is absent in the artificial random noise and is identified with the trace of the energy cascade process. The higher· order structure function of velocity. obtained by the wavelet analysis. shows the intermit· tent structure of the flow field. In 1941 Kolmogorov proposed a universal theory of fluid turbulence/) in which every statistical quantity concerning the inertial subrange of flow field is assumed to be determined only by the energy dissiation rate. According to this theory, the average of the n-th order of velocity difference between two points separated by spatial distance r is proportional to r"13. This prediction has been repeatedly examined in accurate experiments in high Reynolds number flows, and it is now widely accepted that as far as lower order of velocity difference is concerned, the r-dependence agrees well with the Kolmogorov theory. In particular, experimental forms of the energy spectrum of the velocity field, which corresponds to n=2, coincide with the Kolmogorov form of k- 5/3 • However, it has been repeatedly confirmed that higher order of the velocity difference has a statistical property different from Kolmogorov's prediction, so that the n-th order structure function of the velocity field, when normalized by the second order of the velocity difference, shows a clear r-dependence. This fact implies that the energy cascade process in the inertial subrange has an unnegligible deviation from the Kolmogorov picture. The deviation is reflected in the shape of the probability distribution function of the velocity difference, which has longer tail for smaller distance r. This deviation is often called intermittency, and its characterization is regarded as one of the central problems of fluid turbulence. The fact that intermittency becomes more prominent at smaller scales indicates that the intermittency is an essential part of the energy cascade process. However, this cascade process itself, sometimes called Richardson cascade, has been only a matter of theoretical consideration, and its characteristic structure has not yet been clearly captured in experiments or in numerical simula­ tions.
Detection of a 40–50 Day Oscillation in the Zonal Wind in the Tropical Pacific

Abstract Nearly ten years of daily rawinsonde data for Canton Island (3S, 172W) have been subjected to spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis. In the course of this analysis a very pronounced maximum was noted in the co-spectrum of the 850- and 150-mb zonal wind components in the frequency range 0.0245–0.0190 day−1 (41–53 days period). Application of a posteriori sampling theory resulted in a significance level of ∼6% (0.1% prior confidence level). This type of significance test is appropriate because no prior evidence or reason existed for expecting such a spectral feature. Subsequent analysis revealed the following structure of the oscillation. Peaks in the variance spectra of the zonal wind are strong in the low troposphere, are weak or non-existent in the 700–400 mb layer, and are strong again in the upper troposphere. No evidence of this feature could be found above 80 mb, or in any of the spectra of the meridional component. The spectrum of station pressure possesses a peak in this frequency range and.
The outer atmosphere of Tau ‐‐ I. A new chromospheric model

A new model of the chromosphere of α Tau (K5 III) has been developed. The lower part of the model is based on an earlier one designed mainly to fit the Ca ii H and K lines. The new model extends through the upper chromosphere, to account for lines of C i, C ii, Si ii and Mg ii, and into the transition region up to 105 K to account for emission from C iv. It is based on observations made with the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The model produces fluxes that for collisionally excited lines agree to within a factor of 2 with those observed, and in particular gives an improved fit to the C ii (uv1) lines. Thus the collisionally excited lines can be accounted for by a plane-parallel, hydrostatic, one-component atmosphere. The new model also gives an improved fit to the O i (uv2) lines, which depend on the H Lyβ flux.