Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Hardness of Approximating Label Cover

The Label-Cover problem was introduced in ABSS93] and shown there to be quasi-NP-hard to approximate to within a factor of 2 log 1? n for any constant > 0. This combina-torial graph problem has been utilized ABSS93, GM97, ABMP98] for showing hardness-of-approximation of numerous problems. We present a direct combinatorial reduction from low error-probability PCP DFK + ] to Label-Cover. This improves on ABSS93] in two ways. First, it improves the previous hardness-of-approximation factor known for Label-Cover, achieving a factor of 2 log 1? n where = 1= loglog c n for any constant c < 1=2. Furthermore, we show approximating Label-Cover is NP-hard for these large factors, compared to the quasi NP-hardness, obtained previously. Our result for Label-Cover immediately strengthens the known hardness result for several approximation problems as mentioned above, for example the Minimum-Monotone-Satisfying-Assignment (MMSA) problem ABMP98]. Furthermore, we examine a hierarchy of approximation problems obtained by restricting the depth of the monotone formula in MMSA. This hierarchy turns out to be equivalent to an AND/OR scheduling hierarchy suggested in GM97]. We show some hardness results for certain levels in this hierarchy, and place Label-Cover between levels 3 and 4. This partially answers an open problem from GM97] regarding the precise complexity of each level in the hierarchy, and the place of Label-Cover in it.
In situ characterization of shallow elastic nonlinear parameters with Dynamic Acoustoelastic Testing

In situ measurement of the elastic nonlinear site response is advantageous to provide optimal information for prediction of strong ground motion at a site. We report the first implementation of a technique known as Dynamic Acoustoelastic Testing (DAET) in situ with the ultimate goal of developing a new approach for site characterization. DAET has shown promising results at the laboratory scale for the study of nonlinear elasticity of Earth materials, detailing the full nonlinear elastic properties of the studied sample. We demonstrate the feasibility of DAET in situ and compare it to other methods (nonlinear resonance spectroscopy, wave amplitude dependence of propagation velocity, and wave distortion). Nonlinear elastic properties are characterized by DAET with the advantage of providing a local assessment compared to other methods, here at a depth of 4 m to 5 m. A vertical dynamic strain amplitude of 5 ×10−5 produces a relative change in compressional wave modulus of 6%. We measure an effective parameter of quadratic elastic nonlinearity of order −103, the same order of magnitude measured at the laboratory scale in rocks and in packs of unconsolidated glass beads. Hysteresis is observed in the variation in soil elasticity as a function of the instantaneous dynamic strain that evolves as the dynamic strain amplitude is increased from 9 ×10−7 to 5 ×10−5.
A Reliable and Power Efficient Beacon Structure for Cognitive Radio Systems

In this paper, an energy efficient structure for beacon signal transmission is proposed for incumbent wireless microphone protection in a cognitive radio system. The proposed structure consists of two consecutive parts: Synchronization with Index and Synchronization with Payload, transmitted as in-phase and quadrature components respectively. As opposed to the current beacon design, it can achieve more reliable and balanced error protection for the beacon components, while keeping the system complexity low.
The evolution of the luminosity functions in the FORS Deep Field from low to high redshift

We present the redshift evolution of the restframe galaxy luminosity function (LF) in the red r � , i � ,a ndzbands, as derived from the FORS Deep Field (FDF), thus extending our earlier results to longer wavelengths. Using the deep and homogeneous I-band selected dataset of the FDF, we were able to follow the red LFs over the redshift range 0.5 < z < 3.5. The results are based on photometric redshifts for 5558 galaxies derived from the photometry in 9 filters and achieving an accuracy of ∆z/(zspec + 1) ≤ 0.03 with only ∼1% outliers. A comparison with results from the literature shows the reliability of the derived LFs. Because of the depth of the FDF, we can give relatively tight constraints on the faint-end slope α of the LF; the faint-end of the red LFs does not show a large redshift evolution and is compatible within 1σ to 2σ with a constant slope over the redshift range 0.5 < z < 2.0. Moreover, the slopes in r � , i � ,a ndzare very similar to a best-fitting value of α = −1.33 ± 0.03 for the combined bands. There is a clear trend of α to steepen with increasing wavelength: αUV&u� = −1.07 ± 0.04 → αg� &B = −1.25 ± 0.03 → αr� &i� &z� = −1.33 ± 0.03. We subdivided our galaxy sample into four SED types and determined the contribution of a typical SED type to the overall LF. We show that the wavelength dependence of the LF slope can be explained by the relative contribution of different SED-type LFs to the overall LF, as different SED types dominate the LF in the blue and red bands. Furthermore we also derived and analyzed the luminosity density evolution of the different SED types up to z ∼ 2. We investigated the evolution of M ∗ and φ ∗ by means of the redshift parametrization M ∗ (z) = M ∗ + a ln (1 + z )a ndφ ∗ (z) = φ ∗ (1 + z) b . Based on the FDF data, we found only a mild brightening of M ∗ (ar� ∼− 0.8, and ai� ,z� ∼− 0.4) and a decreasing φ ∗ (br� ,i� ,z� ∼− 0.6) with increasing redshift. Therefore, fromz �∼ 0. 5t oz �∼ 3 the characteristic luminosity increases by ∼0.8, ∼0.4, and ∼0.4 mag in the r � , i � ,a ndzbands, respectively. Simultaneously the characteristic density decreases by about 40% in all analyzed wavebands. A comparison of the LFs with semi- analytical galaxy formation models by Kauffmann et al. (1999) shows a similar result to the blue bands: the semi-analytical models predict LFs that describe the data at low redshift very well, but show growing disagreement with increasing redshifts.
Watershed optimization of best management practices using AnnAGNPS and a genetic algorithm

An optimization algorithm linked with a nonpoint source (NPS) pollution model can be used to optimize NPS pollution control strategies on a field‐by‐field basis in a watershed by maximizing NPS pollution reduction and net monetary return. In this paper a methodology is described which integrated a genetic algorithm (GA) (an optimization algorithm) with a continuous simulation, watershed‐scale, NPS pollution model, Annualized Agricultural Non‐Point Source Pollution model (AnnAGNPS) to optimize the selection of best management practices (BMP) on a field‐by‐field basis for an entire watershed. To test the methodology, optimization analysis was performed for a U.S. Department of Agriculture experimental watershed in Pennsylvania to identify BMPs that minimized long‐term (over a 4‐year period) water quality degradation and maximized net farm return on an annual basis. Results indicate that the GA was able to identify BMP schemes that reduced pollutant load by as much as 56% and increased net annual return by 109%.
A Fire Intensity of Different Type of Material in Process Industry

: This paper is focused on different type of combustible material`s internal energy called calorific value, and their fire intensity when the material burn. Fire hazard is play major role for increase the accident, loss of life and property in the processing industry as well as storage area of the industry. The reason for high amount of fire in industry dwellings is due to the reasons that such buildings were not subjected to fire prevention legislation or continuing managerial supervision, till construction of multi-storeyed buildings had started. The total amount of fuel present in a building is never constant as everyday same or the other additions are being made and waste materials are being thrown away. But a reasonable accurate fire load of the building can always be calculated or is otherwise known from experience. The first load in building depends upon the size of the building but fire load density i.e. the total fire load per square metre of the floor area of building as a whole is dependent on the occupancy type of building if optimally equipped. In this paper included the fire load of combustible materials available in industry. The fire load of combustible materials is the amount of heat in kilo-calorie which is liberated per square meter of floor area of a compartment by the combustion of the contents of the building and any combustible parts of the building itself. The amount of heat is used as the basis for grading of occupancies. The fire load is determined by multiplying the weight of all combustible materials by their calorific values and dividing the figure by the floor area under consideration.
RELATIONSHIP OF FLOW CYTOMETRY WITH OTHER CLINICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH NEUROENDOCRINE DUCTAL CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST

Summary Aims. The aim of the study was to determine cellular ploidy of invasive ductal breast carcinoma with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation and its share in certain phases of the cell cycle. It was also aimed at assessing the relationship of the cell cycle profile with other clinical and histopathological features. Methods. The study was carried out in 80 patients with invasive ductal breast cancer, and classified as breast carcinoma with NE differentiation according to their histopathological parameters. The patients underwent treatment at the University Hospital for Tumors, Zagreb, Croatia during the period January 1 to December 31, 1992. Data about patients’ age, estrogen and progesterone receptor concentration, cancer size, and treatment modality were retrospectively collected from their case histories. Paraffin blocks were used for immunohistochemical and histochemical analysis and flow cytometric analysis of the tumor cell cycle. Neuroendocrine tumor diagnosis was made using Grimelius and immunohistochemical staining including neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A and synaptophysin. Results. Analysis by flow cytometry detected 27 tumors (33.8%) with DNA diploidy showing proliferative activity lower than 20%, and 53 tumors (66.2%) with DNA aneuploidy, tetraploidy and/or DNA diploidy with proliferative activity over 20%. Progesterone receptor concentration in DNA-diploid tumors was significantly higher that in DNA-aneuploid, tetraploid tumors and tumors with proliferative activity of ≥ 20% (p<0.001). Concentration of estrogen receptors, age, histological grade, tumor size, Grimelius staining and immnohistochemical markers did not significantly differ between the groups. Conclusion. Data collected in our study show a higher mean concentration of progesterone receptors in the group of diploid tumors and tumors with low proliferative activity. In consideration with the above criterium, other pathological and clinical parameters did not show any significant difference relative to both tumor ploidy and its proliferative activity. For final conclusion on the clinical significance of neuroendocrine differentiation in breast cancer further studies that would include monitoring of the course and outcome of the disease are required.
Young male blackcaps with blood parasite coinfections cope with oxidative stress favouring anthocyanin-rich food during migratory fattening

Parasites may alter host physiology, which may promote behavioural adaptations to counteract their eﬀect. Adaptive feeding may help individuals to cope with infection, especially during physiologically highly demanding life stages. For instance, migrating birds need to fuel long-distance ﬂights and repair oxidative damage caused by intense aerobic exercise, and parasites may inﬂuence on how individuals balance these needs. Infected birds may face increased oxidative challenges, which could induce them to favour antioxidant defences over other needs, such as fattening. We tested whether migrating birds can adaptively choose food according to their needs, favouring dietary antioxidants to cope with oxidative stress caused by blood parasites during migration. During autumn migration, we mist-netted young male European blackcaps ( Sylvia atricapilla ) stopping over in central Spain. We placed the birds in cages where they were oﬀered fat and anthocyanin-enriched food alternatives. We measured preference for each food oﬀer. We tested their infections by haemosporidian parasites with PCR techniques and their parasitaemia with blood smear inspection. We also measured physiological variables that account for nutritional and oxidative status in red blood cells and plasma. We found that birds with multiple infections favoured anthocyanin-enriched food controlling for an eﬀect of body mass on food preference (lean blackcaps preferred anthocyanins, likely because they are urged to repair oxidative damage upon arrival on stopover with depleted energy reserves). Infected birds had a lower antioxidant capacity of plasma, and individuals with more oxidative damage preferred anthocyanin-enriched food. Our results suggest that parasite infections may increase individuals’ antioxidant needs, which could aﬀect migration performance if the urge to ﬁnd dietary antioxidants reduces fuel consumption rate.
Theoretical Analysis of Regional Ground Water Flow: 3. Quantitative Interpretations

The natural basin yield of a ground water basin can be calculated from a quantitative analysis of the flow net obtained from a digital computer solution to a numerical mathematical model of the basin. The natural basin yield is an unique property of the basin and can be considered as a measure of the ground water recharge to the basin and a conservative estimate of the safe yield. Rates of ground water recharge and discharge vary from place to place throughout the areal extent of a basin; a quantitative analysis can be used to determine the positions of concentration. Quantitative interpretation of ground water flow nets can play an important role in the calculation of basin-wide water balances due to the inter- relationships between ground water recharge and infiltration at one end of the flow system and ground water discharge, evapotranspiration, and stream baseflow at the other.
Geophysical Signatures of a Roman and Early Medieval Necropolis

The Roman and early medieval Richeaume XIII necropolis in Provence (France) was systematically studied using magnetic prospection and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Remains of a limestone‐made building are embedded in a reddish clay formation bearing iron oxides. This produces an interesting negative magnetic anomaly, whereas the wall itself is resistive. Other dipolar magnetic anomalies are correlated with the location of sepulchres, either covered by roman, strongly magnetized tegulae, or corresponding to burnt layers of cremations. After normal data processing, filtering and modelling are applied to the magnetic field data in order to more precisely define the sources. Constraints using ERT soundings, magnetic property measurements, archaeological and geological data help to build such a source model. This study particularly emphasizes that magnetic prospection combined with ERT profiles should be suitable and sufficient on other necropolis sites in the same geological environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection and mapping of hydrocarbon deposits on Titan

[1] We report the identification of compounds on Titan's surface by spatially resolved imaging spectroscopy methods through Titan's atmosphere, and set upper limits to other organic compounds. We present evidence for surface deposits of solid benzene (C6H6), solid and/or liquid ethane (C2H6), or methane (CH4), and clouds of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) aerosols using diagnostic spectral features in data from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS). Cyanoacetylene (2-propynenitrile, IUPAC nomenclature, HC3N) is indicated in spectra of some bright regions, but the spectral resolution of VIMS is insufficient to make a unique identification although it is a closer match to the feature previously attributed to CO2. We identify benzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon, in larger abundances than expected by some models. Acetylene (C2H2), expected to be more abundant on Titan according to some models than benzene, is not detected. Solid acetonitrile (CH3CN) or other nitriles might be candidates for matching other spectral features in some Titan spectra. An as yet unidentified absorption at 5.01-μm indicates that yet another compound exists on Titan's surface. We place upper limits for liquid methane and ethane in some locations on Titan and find local areas consistent with millimeter path lengths. Except for potential lakes in the southern and northern polar regions, most of Titan appears “dry. ” Finally, we find there is little evidence for exposed water ice on the surface. Water ice, if present, must be covered with organic compounds to the depth probed by 1–5-μm photons: a few millimeters to centimeters.
Improved Closed Set Text-Independent Speaker Identification by combining MFCC with Evidence from Flipped Filter Banks

requires a robust feature extraction unit followed by a speaker modeling scheme for generalized representation of these features. Over the years, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) modeled on the human auditory system has been used as a standard acoustic feature set for SI applications. However, due to the structure of its filter bank, it captures vocal tract characteristics more effectively in the lower frequency regions. This paper proposes a new set of features using a complementary filter bank structure which improves distinguishability of speaker specific cues present in the higher frequency zone. Unlike high level features that are difficult to extract, the proposed feature set involves little computational burden during the extraction process. When combined with MFCC via a parallel implementation of speaker models, the proposed feature set outperforms baseline MFCC significantly. This proposition is validated by experiments conducted on two different kinds of public databases namely YOHO (microphone speech) and POLYCOST (telephone speech) with Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) as a Classifier for various model orders.
Fingerprint matching based on weighting method and SVM

Fingerprint verification is an important biometric technology. In this paper, an improved fingerprint matching approach that uses weighting method and support vector machine (SVM) is presented. The traditional minutiae-based matching task is transformed to a classification task in the proposed approach using SVM. Furthermore, a new weight feature is introduced based on the distance between minutiae to supplement the minutiae information, especially for fingerprint images of poor quality. To give an objective assessment of the approach, both international and domestic fingerprint verification competition databases have been used for the evaluation. Experimental results show substantial improvements in the accuracy and performance of fingerprint verification.
Sensitivity Analysis of Soil Fumigant Transport and Volatilization to the Atmosphere

Interest in the use of vadose zone transport models for fumigant risk assessment is increasing. Good modeling practice includes an assessment of model sensitivity and output uncertainty. This computational study evaluated the sensitivity of HYDRUS‐1D‐ and HYDRUS 2D/3D‐simulated fumigant cumulative flux, maximum 6‐h period mean flux density, and soil gas concentrations to 15 model input variables using Monte Carlo Latin hypercube analysis. The input variables included fumigant physicochemical properties, agricultural film (tarp) properties, and soil properties. Three different application scenarios were investigated: tarped broadcast, tarped bedded shank injection, and a tarped drip line‐source application. Model sensitivity to initial water content (θi), saturated water content (θs), and tarp permeability varied among scenarios depending on the relative importance of soil gas diffusive resistance and tarp mass transfer resistance to fumigant volatilization. Model outputs were sensitive to fumigant air–water partition and gas‐phase diffusion coefficients, two parameters that probably have a small contribution to overall modeling uncertainty because accurate estimation methods for these parameters are available. Sensitivities to the fumigant degradation rate were high in all scenarios, and sensitivity to tarp permeability was high only when substantial volatilization occurred from the tarped portion of soil surfaces. Existing literature data for both degradation and tarp permeability are highly variable; parameterizing these processes using literature estimates may contribute substantially to model uncertainty. In several cases, the highest output sensitivities were to θs. For model comparisons to site‐specific field data, soil texture‐based estimates of θs are potentially large contributors to model uncertainty; direct measurement is recommended.
Supplementary Material for Stitchable Neural Networks

In the proposed SN-Net, we introduce a nearest stitching strategy which limits the stitching between two anchors of the nearest complexity/performance. In Figure A, we describe more details for this approach based on DeiT [6]. Under the nearest stitching, we limit the stitches to two types: Ti-S and S-B, which connects DeiT-Ti/S and DeiTS/B, respectively. Experiments in the main manuscript have shown that stitching anchors with a larger complexity/performance gap or sequentially stitching more than two anchors achieves inferior performance.
FY 2010 Second Quarter Report Evaluation of the Liu-Daum-McGraw (LDM) Drizzle Threshold Parameterization using Measurements from the VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere Land Study (VOCALS) Field Campaign

Metric for Quarter 2: Evaluate LDM (Liu, Daum, McGraw) drizzle threshold parameterization for a range of cloud conditions by comparing the threshold function computed using measurements of cloud droplet number concentration and cloud liquid water content to measurements of drizzle droplet number concentrations and/or drizzle water content.
Hierarchical Bayesian optimization algorithm: toward a new generation of evolutionary algorithms

Over the last few decades, genetic and evolutionary algorithms (GEAs) have been successfully applied to many problems of business, engineering, and science. This paper discusses probabilistic model-building genetic algorithms (PMBGAs), which are among the most important directions of current GEA research. PMBGAs replace traditional variation operators of GEAs by learning and sampling a probabilistic model of promising solutions. The paper describes two advanced PMBGAs: the Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA), and the hierarchical BOA (hBOA). The paper argues that BOA and hBOA can solve an important class of nearly decomposable and hierarchical problems in a quadratic or subquadratic number of function evaluations with respect to the number of decision variables.