Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and energy drinks: individual contribution of common ingredients on ethanol-induced behaviour

Since energy drinks (EDs) were sold to the general public as soft drinks and recreational beverages, mixing EDs with ethanol has grown in popularity, particularly among younger people. Given the research that links these drinks with higher risk behaviors and increased ethanol intake, ethanol combined with EDs (AmEDs) is a particularly worrying combination. EDs generally commonly include a variety of ingredients. Sugar, caffeine, taurine, and B-group vitamins are almost always present. Studies on the combined effect of ethanol and sugar and caffeine on ethanol-induced behaviors are extensive. Not so much in regards to taurine and vitamins. This review briefly summarises available information from research on the isolated compounds on EtOH-induced behaviors first, and secondly, the combination of AmEDs on EtOH effects. The conclusion is that additional research is needed to fully comprehend the characteristics and consequences of AmEDs on EtOH-induced behaviors.
Disk-loaded monopoles with parallel strip elements

Design considerations and experimental performance data are presented for disk-loaded folded monopoles in which the vertical elements consist of flat parallel strips separated by a dielectric. The presence of the dielectric and the flat strip geometry permit control of resonance frequency, susceptance slope, and impedance step-up ratio over ranges suitable for the design of electrically small antennas with a broad double-tuned response. Graphs are presented giving the impedance step-up ratio due to folding for various strip dimensions derived from static calculations. Experimental results are shown for antennas with heights in the range of one-eighth to one-tenth wavelength.
ROLLS, STREETS, WAVES, AND MORE: A Review of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Structures in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract The atmospheric boundary layer is home to a number of horizontally elongated quasi-two-dimensionalphenomena including cloud streets, roll vortices, thermal waves, and surface layer streaks. These phenomena, their dynamics, and their interactions are explored via a review of the literature. Making a clear distinction betweenthe various quasi-two-dimensional phenomena allows improved synthesis of previous results and a betterunderstanding of the interrelationships between phenomena.
Triggering of internal transport barrier in JET

Internal transport barriers (ITBs) can be produced in JET by the application of strong additional heating during the current rise phase of the plasma discharge. Using up to 3 MW of lower hybrid power to tailor the q-profile prior to the main heating phase, a large variety of q-profiles ranging from low positive to strong negative central shear have been obtained during the current rise (0.4 MA s−1). With negative central magnetic shear s = (r/q)(dr/dq), the analysis of ITB triggering reveals a correlation between the formation of the ITB and q min reaching an integer value (q = 2 or q = 3). This observation is confirmed by the analysis of the Alfven cascades. The minimum power required to access regimes with ITBs is probably related to the transport and magnetohydrodynamic properties of integer magnetic surfaces. Laser ablation and shallow pellet injection have also been attempted in recent JET ITB triggering experiments. This article was scheduled to appear in issue 7 of Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion. To access this special issue on advanced Tokamak research in EFDA-JET please follow this link: http://stacks.iop. org/0741-3335/44/7
The Use of Collagen-Based Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering

Synthetic bone substitute materials (BSMs) are becoming the general trend, replacing autologous grafting for bone tissue engineering (BTE) in orthopedic research and clinical practice. As the main component of bone matrix, collagen type I has played a critical role in the construction of ideal synthetic BSMs for decades. Significant strides have been made in the field of collagen research, including the exploration of various collagen types, structures, and sources, the optimization of preparation techniques, modification technologies, and the manufacture of various collagen-based materials. However, the poor mechanical properties, fast degradation, and lack of osteoconductive activity of collagen-based materials caused inefficient bone replacement and limited their translation into clinical reality. In the area of BTE, so far, attempts have focused on the preparation of collagen-based biomimetic BSMs, along with other inorganic materials and bioactive substances. By reviewing the approved products on the market, this manuscript updates the latest applications of collagen-based materials in bone regeneration and highlights the potential for further development in the field of BTE over the next ten years.
Constructing Approximate Confidence Intervals for Parameters With Structural Equation Models

Confidence intervals (CIs) for parameters are usually constructed based on the estimated standard errors. These are known as Wald CIs. This article argues that likelihood-based CIs (CIs based on likelihood ratio statistics) are often preferred to Wald CIs. It shows how the likelihood-based CIs and the Wald CIs for many statistics and psychometric indexes can be constructed with the use of phantom variables (Rindskopf, 1984) in some of the current structural equation modeling (SEM) packages. The procedures to form CIs for the differences in correlation coefficients, squared multiple correlations, indirect effects, coefficient alphas, and reliability estimates are illustrated. A simulation study on the Pearson correlation is used to demonstrate the advantages of the likelihood-based CI over the Wald CI. Issues arising from this SEM approach and extensions of this approach are discussed.
Dynamical effects of the cosmological constant.

The possibility of measuring the density parameter OMEGA-0 and the cosmological constant lambda-0 = LAMBDA/(3H0(2)) using dynamical tests is explored in linear and non-linear theory. In linear theory we find that the rate of growth of the perturbations at the present epoch is approximated by f(z = 0) almost-equal-to-OMEGA-0(0.6) + 1/70 lambda-0(1 + 1/2 OMEGA-0). Therefore, dynamical tests such as infall around clusters and dipoles at the present epoch do not distinguish well between universes with and without a cosmological constant. At higher redshifts, the perturbations also depend mainly on the matter density at a particular epoch, f(z) almost-equal-to OMEGA-0.6(z), which has a strong dependence on lambda-0 at z almost-equal-to 0.5-2.0. Therefore, information on both parameters can be obtained by looking at clustering at different redshifts. In practice, however, the other observables also depend on the cosmology, and in some cases conspire to give a weak dependence on lambda-0. By using the non-linear spherical infall model for a family of Cold Dark Matter (CDM) power-spectra we also find that dynamics at z = 0 does not tell much about lambda-0. At higher redshifts there is unfortunately another conspiracy between conventional observables, which hides information about lambda-0. The final radius of a virialized cluster (relative to the turnaround radius) is approximated by R(f)/R(ta) almost-equal-to (1 - eta/2)/(2 - eta/2), where eta is the ratio of LAMBDA to the density at turn-around. Therefore a repulsive-LAMBDA gives a smaller final radius than a vanishing-LAMBDA.
An electrocardiographic baseline reconstruction method for rapid ventricular tachycardia

The authors describe a novel method for electrocardiographic (ECG) baseline reconstruction of rapid Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) by removal of the overlapping T-wave from electrocardiographic signal. Reconstruction is done sequentially by extracting information lying in RR-variation zone. This sequential algorithm yields a non-overlapping pure QRST-signal, which can be used to subtract overlapping T-waves from ventricular tachycardia. Finally the authors demonstrate the use of the method in Body Surface Potential Mappings (BSPM).
MPF: A Robust Vehicle Localization Framework Based on Topological Map and Odometry

Robust and accurate localization is a mandatory task for autonomous driving. Global positioning method such as global positioning system (GPS) frequently faces signal blocking or city canyon effects in urban area. Dead reckoning sensors such as wheel/visual odometry (VO) or IMU suffer from cumulative drift and require frequent corrections from external sensors. We believe a topological map that is easily available nowadays can be a cheap and effective global sensor for this task. In this article, a flexible topological-map-based probabilistic filtering framework is proposed to tackle the cumulative error problem. Rather than matching the entire trajectory to the map, we prefer extracting sparse anchor points (APs) on the trajectory and producing correcting results for them during filtering. Considering the large uncertainty the trajectory observation contains, our framework is capable of adaptively correcting multiple positions jointly and updating their states only in situations with low uncertainty. This special mechanism explicitly avoids erroneous determination of the position at large uncertain situations such as dense road crossings or roads with small curvature. The experiments carried out on KITTI and our own datasets with both naive single-lane and more advanced multilane topological maps demonstrate that our method can greatly improve the localization accuracy and effectively constrain the cumulative error within a small bound.
A Physical-Based Method for Pixel-by-Pixel Quantifying Uncertainty of Land Surface Temperature Retrieval From Satellite Thermal Infrared Data Using the Generalized Split-Window Algorithm

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important physical parameter at the interface between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere. Accurately quantifying LST uncertainty is essential for the generation of a long-term and consistent LST Climate Data Record (CDR) or Earth System Data Record (ESDR) from either multiple sensors or algorithms. In this study, a physical-based method was proposed to quantify the uncertainty of LST retrieval from satellite thermal infrared (TIR) data using the generalized split-window (GSW) algorithm. LST uncertainties were parameterized as a function of brightness temperature at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and surface emissivity in two split-window channels, which are two key input parameters in the GSW algorithm, as well as their uncertainties. The performance of the parameterized uncertainty model was evaluated according to the simulation dataset at six prescribed viewing zenith angles (VZAs) of 0°, 33.56°, 44.42°, 51.32°, 56.25°, and 60°, with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.001 K. The coefficients of the parameterized uncertainty model at arbitrary VZA within a sensor’s field of view (FOV) can be obtained by linear interpolation of the coefficients at the six prescribed VZAs. Once the coefficients of the parameterized uncertainty model for each pixel are available, total LST uncertainties can be quantified on a pixel-by-pixel basis. As an example, the parameterized uncertainty model was applied to actual MODIS data for displaying the spatial distribution of LST uncertainties. The results indicate that the parameterized uncertainty model can characterize the spatial variation in LST uncertainties well over various land cover types.
Residual‐based a posteriori estimators for the potential formulations of electrostatic and time‐harmonic eddy current problems with voltage or current excitation

In this paper, we consider some potential formulations of electrostatic as well as time‐harmonic eddy current problems with voltage or current excitation sources. The well‐posedness of each formulation is first established. Then, the reliability of the corresponding residual‐based a posteriori estimators is derived in the context of the finite element method approximation. Finally, the implementation in an industrial code is performed, and the obtained theoretical results are illustrated on an academic and on an industrial benchmark. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vortex Dynamics in the Cylinder Wake

Since the review of periodic flow phenomena by Berger & Wille (1972) in this journal, over twenty years ago, there has been a surge of activity regarding bluff body wakes. Many of the questions regarding wake vortex dynamics from the earlier review have now been answered in the literature, and perhaps an essential key to our new understandings (and indeed to new questions) has been the recent focus, over the past eight years, on the three-dimensional aspects of nominally two-dimensional wake flows. New techniques in experiment, using laser-induced fluorescence and PIV (Particle-Image-Velocimetry), are vigorously being applied to wakes, but interestingly, several of the new discoveries have come from careful use of classical methods. There is no question that strides forward in understanding of the wake problem are being made possible by ongoing three- dimensional direct numerical simulations, as well as by the surprisingly successful use of analytical modeling in these flows, and by secondary stability analyses. These new developments, and the discoveries of several new phenomena in wakes, are presented in this review.
AirDrop: Towards Collaborative, Multi-Resolution Air-Ground Teaming for Terrain-Aware Navigation

Driven by advances in deep neural network models that fuse multi-modal input such as RGB and depth representations to accurately understand the semantics of the environments (e.g., objects of different classes, obstacles, etc.), ground robots have gone through dramatic improvements in navigating unknown environments. Relying on their singular, limited perspective, however, can lead to suboptimal paths that are wasteful and quickly drain out their batteries, especially in the case of long-horizon navigation. We consider a special class of ground robots, that are air-deployed, and pose the central question: can we leverage aerial perspectives of differing resolutions and fields of view from air-to-ground robots to achieve superior terrain-aware navigation? We posit that a key enabler of this direction of research is collaboration between such robots, to collectively update their route plans, leveraging advances in long-range communication and on-board computing. Whilst each robot can capture a sequence of high resolution images during their descent, intelligent, lightweight pre-processing on-board can dramatically reduce the size of the data that needs to be shared among its peers over severely bandwidth-limited long range communication channels (e.g., over sub gigahertz frequencies). In this paper, we discuss use cases and key technical challenges that must be resolved to realize our vision for collaborative, multi-resolution terrain-awareness for air-to-ground robots.
Apple Pomace as an Ingredient Enriching Wheat Pasta with Health-Promoting Compounds

The global overproduction of apples is associated with large amounts of post-production waste, for which new forms of utilization should be sought. Therefore, we aimed to enrich wheat pasta with apple pomace in various percentages (10, 20, 30 and 50%). The content of total polyphenols, individual polyphenols (using UPLC-PDA-MS/MS methods) and dietary fibre, chemical composition and physical properties of the resulting pasta were determined. The addition of apple pomace to pasta resulted in increased levels of pro-health compounds: total polyphenols, phenolic acids, quercetin derivatives, flavon-3-ols and dihydrochalcones as well as dietary fibre. Decreases in hardness and maximum cutting energy were also observed in pasta supplemented with apple pomace compared to control pasta. Water absorption capacity was not influenced by the addition of apple pomace, with the exception of pasta made with 50% apple pomace.
Use Of Wavefront Curvature To Relate Seismic Data With Subsurface Parameters

A Dix-type formula relating the normal moveout velocity (VNMO) to the parameters of a two-dimensional, dipping bed, multilayered model of the earth is discussed. The formula results from (1) showing that the VNMO is related to the radius of curvature of the wavefront emerging at the surface after reflection from some interior horizon, and (2) expressing this radius in terms of the parameters of the earth model. An example with severely dipping layers is used to compute the VNMO from the formula, which is then compared to the value of moveout velocity obtained from a synthetic velocity gather generated at the same point in the model.
Successive harvests affect the aromatic and polyphenol profiles of novel catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) cultivars in a genotype-dependent manner

Introduction Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) produces volatile iridoid terpenes, mainly nepetalactones, with strong repellent activity against species of arthropods with commercial and medical importance. Recently, new catnip cultivars CR3 and CR9 have been developed, both characterized by producing copious amounts of nepetalactones. Due to its perennial nature, multiple harvests can be obtained from this specialty crop and the effects of such practice on the phytochemical profile of the plants are not extensively studied. Methods In this study we assessed the productivity of biomass, chemical composition of the essential oil and polyphenol accumulation of new catnip cultivars CR3 and CR9 and their hybrid, CR9×CR3, across four successive harvests. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition was obtained via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Individual polyphenols were quantified by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography- diode-array detection (UHPLC-DAD). Results Although the effects on biomass accumulation were independent of genotypes, the aromatic profile and the accumulation of polyphenols had a genotype-dependent response to successive harvests. While cultivar CR3 had its essential oil dominated by E,Z-nepetalactone in all four harvests, cultivar CR9 showed Z,E-nepetalactone as the main component of its aromatic profile during the 1st, 3rd and 4th harvests. At the second harvest, the essential oil of CR9 was mainly composed of caryophyllene oxide and (E)-β-caryophyllene. The same sesquiterpenes represented the majority of the essential oil of the hybrid CR9×CR3 at the 1st and 2nd successive harvests, while Z,E-nepetalactone was the main component at the 3rd and 4th harvests. For CR9 and CR9×CR3, rosmarinic acid and luteolin diglucuronide were at the highest contents at the 1st and 2nd harvest, while for CR3 the peak occurred at the 3rd successive harvest. Discussion The results emphasize that agronomic practices can significantly affect the accumulation of specialized metabolites in N. cataria and the genotype-specific interactions may indicate differential ecological adaptations of each cultivar. This is the first report on the effects of successive harvest on these novel catnip genotypes and highlights their potential for the supply of natural products for the pest control and other industries.
Constraints on Colour Category Formation

This article addresses two questions related to colour categorization, to wit, the question what a colour category is, and the question how we identify colour categories. We reject both the relativist and universalist answers to these questions. Instead, we suggest that colour categories can be identified with the help of the criterion of psychological saliency, which can be operationalized by means of consistency and consensus measures. We further argue that colour categories can be defined as well-structured entities that optimally partition colour space. We provide some empirical support for this claim by presenting experimental results, which indicate that internal structure is a better predictor of colour categories than perceptual saliency.
Design and experiment of a pneumatic self-repairing soft actuator

Abstract This paper presents a study on the design and modeling of a novel pneumatic self-repairing soft actuator. The self-repairing soft actuator is composed of driving element, heating element, and repairing element. The driving element completes the deformation of the self-repairing soft actuator. The heating element and the repairing element complete the self-repairing function of the self-repairing soft actuator. A model used to optimize the structure is established, and the structure of the self-repairing soft actuator is determined through finite element analysis and experiment. The self-repairing time model of the soft actuator is established. The influences of different factors on the self-repairing effect and the self-repairing time are analyzed. The self-repairing scheme of the soft actuator is determined. Experiments show that the shortest time for the self-repairing soft actuator to complete the self-repairing process is 83 min. When the self-repairing soft actuator works normally, the bending angle can reach 129.8° and the bending force can reach 24.96 N. After repairing, the bending angle can reach 108.2°, and the bending force can reach 21.85 N. The repaired soft actuator can complete normal locomotion.
The Interplay Among Natural Menopause, Insomnia, and Cognitive Health: A Population-Based Study

Purpose The interrelationships among age at menopause, sleep, and brain health have been insufficiently studied. This study sought to examine the influence of age at natural menopause and insomnia symptoms on long-term cognitive function among US women. Patients and Methods Our study included a nationally representative cohort of US adults age 50+ from the Health and Retirement Study (2008–2018). We restricted this cohort to 5880 women age 50+, from a diverse racial and ethnic groups. Age at menopause was retrieved from baseline (2008) for women having natural menopause. Five questions were used to identify women with insomnia symptoms (2010 and 2012): trouble falling asleep, nighttime awakenings, early morning awakenings, feelings of nonrestorative sleep, and use of sleep aids. A battery of four neuropsychological tests was conducted biennially (years) to evaluate cognitive function. Longitudinal associations between age at natural menopause and cognitive function were estimated with mixed effects models with a random intercept. Insomnia symptoms were examined as potential mediators or modifiers in the pathway between age at menopause and cognition. Results One year earlier in age at menopause was associated with a 0.49 lower mean in composite cognitive score, in any given survey year (adjusted p = 0.002). Earlier age at menopause was associated with higher risk of developing insomnia symptoms (eg, trouble falling asleep OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96, 0.99), and insomnia symptoms were associated with worse cognitive performance (eg, trouble falling asleep, beta = −0.5, p-value = 0.02). Therefore, insomnia symptoms could potentially mediate the association between age at natural menopause and cognition. Conclusion Earlier age at menopause is associated with a lower score in cognitive performance. This association may be mediated by insomnia symptoms. Our findings spotlight that among women who experience early menopause, there is the need for studies of sleep-based interventions to mitigate cognitive decline.