Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on the Indonesian Economy

The war that occurred between Russia and Ukraine also had an impact on Indonesia, the war had a fairly serious impact on Indonesia. This is because of the effects of globalization. As a result of globalization, the positive effect received by Indonesia is being able to enjoy technology that is as good as other countries and world-class education. While the negative effects of globalization, if something happens in other parts of the world, it will quickly have an impact on Indonesia including: a decrease in the rupiah exchange rate, a decline in the capital market, loss of income due to a decline in exports, the impact of rising oil prices on the state budget and an increase in imported wheat commodities. The purpose of this study is expected to be able to study and analyze the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the Peace of Diplomatic Relations and the Indonesian Economic Sector. Data analysis was carried out using an analysis of the Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the Indonesian Economy. Ukraine Against the Indonesian Economy. As for the benefits of this research Academically, this research is useful regarding the Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the Indonesian Economy, while Theoretically, this research can enrich the literature in terms of studying the Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the Indonesian Economy.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on household financial asset allocation: A China population study

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese government implemented a “dynamic zero” epidemic prevention policy, which led to an increase in the likelihood of business shutdowns, increased uncertainty about people's income, and changes in people's psychological expectations, which in turn influenced their behavioral choices. This study aims to understand the impact of COVID-19 and other major public health emergencies on household financial asset allocation. To do so, we conducted an online survey of 712 people in China to measure household financial asset allocation behavior during three different time periods: pre-pandemic, mid-pandemic, and post-pandemic. At the same time, we analyzed the impact of sociodemographic characteristics on risk attitudes and the differences in household asset allocation decisions at different pre-pandemic time points among people with different risk attitudes. The results show that household financial asset allocation changed significantly before, during, and after the pandemic, and residents' precautionary savings increased. In addition, gender, education level, occupation, and annual income have significant effects on risk preferences. The pandemic leads to increased uncertainty in economic and social development, people's psychological expectations of economic development play an important role in household financial asset allocation.
Examining Rural and Urban Sentiment Difference in COVID-19–Related Topics on Twitter: Word Embedding–Based Retrospective Study

Background By the end of 2022, more than 100 million people were infected with COVID-19 in the United States, and the cumulative death rate in rural areas (383.5/100,000) was much higher than in urban areas (280.1/100,000). As the pandemic spread, people used social media platforms to express their opinions and concerns about COVID-19–related topics. Objective This study aimed to (1) identify the primary COVID-19–related topics in the contiguous United States communicated over Twitter and (2) compare the sentiments urban and rural users expressed about these topics. Methods We collected tweets containing geolocation data from May 2020 to January 2022 in the contiguous United States. We relied on the tweets’ geolocations to determine if their authors were in an urban or rural setting. We trained multiple word2vec models with several corpora of tweets based on geospatial and timing information. Using a word2vec model built on all tweets, we identified hashtags relevant to COVID-19 and performed hashtag clustering to obtain related topics. We then ran an inference analysis for urban and rural sentiments with respect to the topics based on the similarity between topic hashtags and opinion adjectives in the corresponding urban and rural word2vec models. Finally, we analyzed the temporal trend in sentiments using monthly word2vec models. Results We created a corpus of 407 million tweets, 350 million (86%) of which were posted by users in urban areas, while 18 million (4.4%) were posted by users in rural areas. There were 2666 hashtags related to COVID-19, which clustered into 20 topics. Rural users expressed stronger negative sentiments than urban users about COVID-19 prevention strategies and vaccination (P<.001). Moreover, there was a clear political divide in the perception of politicians by urban and rural users; these users communicated stronger negative sentiments about Republican and Democratic politicians, respectively (P<.001). Regarding misinformation and conspiracy theories, urban users exhibited stronger negative sentiments about the “covidiots” and “China virus” topics, while rural users exhibited stronger negative sentiments about the “Dr. Fauci” and “plandemic” topics. Finally, we observed that urban users’ sentiments about the economy appeared to transition from negative to positive in late 2021, which was in line with the US economic recovery. Conclusions This study demonstrates there is a statistically significant difference in the sentiments of urban and rural Twitter users regarding a wide range of COVID-19–related topics. This suggests that social media can be relied upon to monitor public sentiment during pandemics in disparate types of regions. This may assist in the geographically targeted deployment of epidemic prevention and management efforts.
Multiplicity, diversity and individualization behind shuttlecock play: Chinese sportsmen’s masculinities in today’s China

With sport becoming increasingly mediatized in the global arena that further criss-crosses with the promotion of globalization and Western discourses surrounding manhood and identities, there has been, in contemporary China, a rise of alternate theorizations of masculinities that deviate from hegemonic masculine practices surrounding ‘wen’ (文) and ‘wu’ (武) as well as Maoist ideologies. While such accounts, focusing on demonstrating individuality and individualization, cultivating entrepreneurial spirit and possessing wealth, career success and conspicuous consumption, advocate for a greater understanding of masculinities that call for the diversity and fluidity of Chinese gender roles and male identities, there has also been a revival of traditional masculine ideologies associated with the Chinese Dream, a doctrine established and conveyed by President Xi Jinping, which seeks to highlight China’s quest for modernization and national power while placing ‘wu’ masculine values and culture at the forefront of its agenda. Against such a backdrop, this article, drawing on interviews with and observations of male badminton athletes from Mainland Chinese provincial professional and university teams, argues that, in contemporary China, both traditional and newly emerged masculine values and endeavours are integral to the theorization of masculinities of Chinese men, which are contended to be multiple, pluralized and individualized. With a dearth of academic literature that focuses on the co-presence of and inter-relationships between traditional and new masculinities which are embodied by modern Chinese men, this paper contributes renewed theoretical insights into how the various forms of masculinities coexist, intermix and, ultimately, negotiate with one another to reconstruct Chinese contemporary masculinities, in line with the gender order and hierarchy so upheld within China.
DeResistor: Toward Detection-Resistant Probing for Evasion of Internet Censorship

The arms race between Internet freedom advocates and cen-sors has catalyzed the emergence of sophisticated blocking techniques and directed significant research emphasis toward the development of automated censorship measurement and evasion tools based on packet manipulation. However, we observe that the probing process of censorship middleboxes us-ing state-of-the-art evasion tools can be easily fingerprinted by censors, necessitating detection-resilient probing techniques. We validate our hypothesis by developing a real-time detection approach that utilizes Machine Learning (ML) to detect flow-level packet-manipulation and an algorithm for IP-level detection based on Threshold Random Walk (TRW). We then take the first steps toward detection-resilient censorship evasion by presenting DeResistor 1 , a system that facilitates detection-resilient probing for packet-manipulation-based censorship-evasion. DeResistor aims to defuse detection logic employed by censors by performing detection-guided pausing of censorship evasion attempts and interleaving them with normal user-driven network activity. We evaluate our techniques by leveraging Geneva , a state-of-the-art evasion strategy generator, and validate them against 11 simulated censors supplied by Geneva, while also testing them against real-world censors (i.e., China’s Great Firewall (GFW), India and Kazakhstan). From an adversarial perspective, our proposed real-time detection method can quickly detect clients that attempt to probe censorship mid-dleboxes with manipulated packets after inspecting only two probing flows . From a defense perspective, DeResistor is effective at shielding Geneva training from detection while enabling it to narrow the search space to produce less detectable traffic. Importantly, censorship evasion strategies generated using DeResistor can attain a high success rate from different vantage points against the GFW (up to 98%) and 100% in India and Kazakhstan. Finally, we discuss detection countermeasures and extensibility of our approach to other censor-probing-based tools.
Peculiarities of financial dollarization during martial law: case of Ukraine

The article evaluates the peculiarities of banking sector dollarization in Ukraine with the use of econometric tools and a systems approach, conducts a scenario analysis for dollarization dynamics during martial law, and develops a framework for recommendations with the consideration of long-term financial stability goals. The study finds that the inflation-targeting regime has gradually reduced the dollarization of loans and deposits, but levels remain high. During the full-scale invasion of Russia in Ukraine, the record-low levels of dollarization and NBU restrictions prevented the rapid increase in dollarization as was previously observed during economic crises. The study also finds that loan dollarization is highly dependent on deposit dollarization and that economic agents tend to choose a more stable currency during periods of high inflation and exchange rate volatility. The scenario analysis forecasts that deposit dollarization will continue to grow during the crisis period and high uncertainty, while loan dollarization will stabilize on a new, higher level. To ensure financial stability on a long-term horizon, the de-dollarization strategy should include monetary policy, vertical development of the financial market, in particular, the development of the bonds market and alternative hryvnia instruments, as well as the use of macroprudential tools.
Abnormal Activity of Sympathetic Nervous System in Girls with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Cross-sectional Study.

doi: 10.3967/bes2018.094 1. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, China; 2. The Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong 999077, China; 3. Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China Letter to the Editor
Stock Market Efficiency and Integration: A Study of Eight Economies in the Asia-Pacific Region

A stock market is considered to be efficient if it accurately reflects all the relevant information in determining security prices. In international stock markets, if the assets with identical risks offer similar level of expected returns, then markets are said to be integrated. This paper investigates the stock market efficiency and integration of eight selected economies in the Asia-Pacific region. The sample is composed of 4 Emerging/ Developing (Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia and Pakistan) and 4 Developed (Australia, Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore) markets. The motivation of this paper is two-fold. The first objective is to investigate whether the selected stock markets are efficient at individual level, while the second is to examine whether international diversification is effective. The results revealed that there is no evidence against the efficiency of Japan's stock market while markets of Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Australia are proved to be inefficient. For China, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore, the tests gave inconclusive results with regard to market efficiency. The cointegration analysis confirmed that there are no long-run co-movements between the stock prices, and thus international diversification within economies in the sample is effective.
Gendered Tour-guide Robots and Their Influence on User Attitude and Behavior

In response to the gender equality policy of Taiwanese government and the concept of Gendered Innovations (GI), this paper investigates the influence of gender on user attitude and behavior toward tour-guide robots in learning contexts. In this study, each participant was given an individual appointment to interact with a gendered robot at the Behavioral Research Lab of NTUST in Taiwan, and received NT$150 beforehand as compensation. After a short lab tour, participants were requested to make a donation and fill in a questionnaire by the robot. Findings showed that the gender of robot did not influence the rated persuasiveness of the robot, and female participants rated the robots as more credible than men in part. However, attitude-behavior inconsistency was found in this study. Subjects tended to rate the robot of the same gender as more persuasive than the robot of opposite gender, but male subjects in fact donated more money to female robots, while female subjects showed little preference.
Health Financing Constrained by Population Aging - An Opportunity to Learn from Japanese Experience / Finansiranje Zdravstvene Zaštite U Uslovima Starenja Popualcije - Prilika Da Učimo Na Japanskom Iskustvu

Population aging is a rather new phenomenon in historical demography (1). It initially began with increased life expectancy at birth followed by decreasing female fertility rates among the most developed countries. While its earliest shy roots were visible more than century ago (2), in most high income regions of the world, the phenomena started to attract academic and public attention only in the 1980’s. Clearly one driving factor was the technological revolution in medicine, which succeeded in saving lives from many acute illnesses and controlling many chronic illnesses. The other factor is the changing social role of women; after decades of economic growth after the WWII, the economy started to absorb women from home to work places, giving them higher incentives to work, get education and have a job career, or, paying them to have less children. Although the increased life expectancy and falling fertility had been observed in almost all the high income countries in the last quarter of XX century, some countries have been affected more than the others. Japan was one of those countries; it has the combination highest life expectancy and one of the lowest fertilities. Due to the success of its universal health insurance and aggressive public health policies, since 1980, the country has been consistently at the top of the life expectancy list of the world. Its fertility has started to dip noticeably in the second half of 1980’s, and its TFR has been around 1.3 for the last several years. As a result, it has the most aged population that has been declining for almost a decade. During this period, it has been struggling to find ways to restore its fertility rates, and to pay for the mounting public pension costs and the health care costs. Population aging among today’s fast developing and emerging markets came with many decades delay mostly during last quarter of XX century (3). Up to date it is broadly accepted that this demographic change is common even among middle income developing nations (4). By far the most typical pattern of policy induced rapid aging among the communist countries belong to China and its one child policy (5). One of the picturesque sayings says that some of the Third World nations actually succeeded to become old even before they became fully developed and mature economies. The case of population aging in Eastern Europe and the Balkans traces its causes in socialist policies of Cold War era. In this region total fertility threshold fell beneath 2.1 (children per female) mostly after the 1980`s (6). Socioeconomic transition taking place since 1989 actually worsened negative demographic trends in the region (7). Some recent public health successes of strategies designed to combat aging happened among the leading emerging BRICs economies mostly during the past decade (8).
Upgrading within global value chains: backward linkages, forward linkages and technological capabilities

ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to present a hypothesis of upgrading within global value chains (GVCs). In Stage I, both backward and forward linkages are low at lower level of productivity growth, but it provides ‘window of opportunity’ to increase participation in GVC. Firms enter Stage II with increasingly backward linkages. Only those firms with enough accumulated technological capabilities for transforming into high value-added activities participates in GVC with increasingly forward linkages in Stage III. In Stage IV, both backward and forward linkages again decrease, albeit at a higher level of productivity growth, wherein the firms manage production processes fragmented at different locations. This hypothesis of ‘upgrading within GVC in four stages’ is verified while examining the pattern of backward and forward linkages of global electronics industry with a specific focus on the electronics industry of South Korea, Taiwan and Mexico. It was found that the electronics industry of South Korea and Taiwan exhibited the pattern of ‘upgrading within GVC in four stages’ while Mexican electronics industry got caught in the ‘Stage II’ or ‘low value-added trap’. The proposition is examined from technological capability-building aspects of the systems of innovation approach.
Viral immunogenic footprints conferring T cell cross-protection to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants

COVID-19 brought scenes from sci-fi movies into real life. Infected individuals include asymptomatic cases to severe disease leading to death, suggesting the involvement of the genetic constitution of populations and pathogens contributing to differential individuals’ outcomes. To investigate shared immunogenic features between SARS-CoV-2 targets and other coronaviruses, we modeled their peptides in 3D structures of HLA-A*02:01 (pMHC), comparing their molecular surfaces These structures were also compared with a panel of epitopes from unrelated viruses, looking for potential triggers conferring cross-protection in uninfected individuals. As expected, SARS-CoV 1 and 2 peptides share molecular and physicochemical features, providing an explanation for the verified experimental immunogenicity among them. Surprisingly, even discordant sequences from human coronaviruses 229E, OC43 and epitopes from unrelated viruses involved in endemic human infections exhibit similar fingerprints of immunogenicity with SARS-CoV-2 peptides. The same approach indicates a conserved CD8+ T cell recognition between Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 sequences and altered peptides from Variants of Concern. Examination of structural data over epitope sequence analysis here could explain how previous infections may produce a heterologous immunity response in a global scale against emergent diseases such as Covid-19, mitigating its full lethal potential, and paves the way for the development of wide spectrum vaccine development.
Disability and post-traumatic stress symptoms in the Ukrainian General Population during the 2022 Russian Invasion

Abstract Aims Previous research has shown that people with disabilities are disproportionately vulnerable to symptoms of psychological distress after exposure to armed conflict. Past work has also shown that individuals displaced by conflict are at heightened risk of post-traumatic stress. Using a national online sample of Ukrainians in the early weeks of the 2022 Russian invasion, we aim to examine associations between functional disability and symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Methods We examined the association between levels of functional disability in the Ukrainian population and symptoms of post-traumatic stress during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. We analysed data from a national sample of 2000 participants from across this country, assessing disability using the 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS-12)(six domains of disability) and the International Trauma Questionnaire assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology according to the Eleventh Edition of The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Moderated regression examined the impact of displacement status on the disability–post-traumatic stress relationship. Results Different domains of disability predicted post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) to varying extents, with overall disability score significantly associated with PTSSs. This relationship was not moderated by displacement status. Consistent with previous research, females reported higher levels of post-traumatic stress. Conclusions In a study of a general population during a time of armed conflict, individuals with more severe disabilities were at greater risk of PTSSs. Psychiatrists and related professionals should consider pre-existing disability as a risk factor for conflict-related post-traumatic stress.
Prospects of Machine Translation in the Chinese Context

China has been among the several leading countries in the research and applications of Machine Translation (MT) and Machine-aided Translation (MAT) ever since the 1950s. The first part of this paper is a historical sketch of MT and MAT in the Chinese context, highlighting some important stages in its development which have laid the foundation for later achievements. It is shown that the research of MT in this region is similar to that in other parts of the world, with the attention gradually turning to MAT. The second part deals with the state of the art of MT and MAT research and applications in Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, respectively. Then popular commercial software dedicated to the translation from Chinese into other foreign languages, and vice versa, are introduced, with an appraisal of both their merits and demerits. Finally, prospects of MT and MAT in the Chinese context is discussed. It is suggested that, for mutual benefits, MT and MAT research in the Chinese context should cooperate with the outside world more closely.