Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Erratum: ``Dust ablation during the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts''

Because of the complexity of the physical and chemical processes that occurred during the collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter, our understanding of the observed phenomena is not complete. In this paper, models of the ablation of small particles from both the incoming cometary comae and the refalling impact plumes are used to better define the physics and chemistry of the impacts. The incomplete ablation of small refractory plume grains can explain both the timing and relative strengths of the metal emission lines (e.g., Mg and Na) that were observed many minutes after the impacts. Model-data comparisons show that silicate dust was present in the fastest moving portions of the plume and that some of the plume material (at least during the L impact) was ejected at velocities in excess of 22 km s -1 (for a 45° ejection angle). The models also show that the plume dust is not completely ablated at typical plume reentry velocities; therefore, a good estimate for the maximum size of the plume grains is the final observed radius of the high-altitude dust (e.g., < 0.15 μm), and abundances inferred from the metallic emission features observed after the impacts do not provide a good measure of the amount of silicate material in the plume. Other implications for the physical and chemical properties of the comet/impact plume and for the timing and other features of the observations are discussed in detail.
Waveform Inversion of a Large Low-frequency Wide-azimuth Land Data Set in Oman

In 2010 and 2011, a 3-D low-frequency wide-azimuth dataset has been acquired in Oman to improve the sub-surface image. This dataset also enables velocity model building via waveform inversion in an, almost, hands-off way, thus speeding up the delivery of velocity model for migration. Trustworthy signal as low as two hertz is visible after a specifically designed dual-domain data processing. The waveform inversion gave a velocity model that better explains the dataset than the initial background velocity, especially at long offsets, meaning that the velocity updates were mainly due to the interpretation of the diving waves. The migrated images with the waveform inversion velocity after an ad-hoc correction of the horizontal velocity to the vertical velocity show significant improvement. This real example inversion illustrates our ability to invert large low-frequency, long-offset and wide-azimuth land data sets with acoustic waveform inversion and how we could incorporate waveform inversion, which is not a stand-alone approach yet, in a velocity model workflow.
Transformation Invariant Control of Voxel-Wise False Discovery Rate.

Multiple testing for statistical maps remains a critical and challenging problem in brain mapping. Since the false discovery rate (FDR) criterion was introduced to the neuroimaging community a decade ago, many variations have been proposed, mainly to enhance detection power. However, a fundamental geometrical property known as transformation invariance has not been adequately addressed, especially for the voxel-wise FDR. Correction of multiple testing applied after spatial transformation is not necessarily equivalent to transformation applied after correction in the original space. Without the invariance property, assigning different testing spaces will yield different results. We find that normalized residuals of linear models with Gaussian noises are uniformly distributed on a unit high-dimensional sphere, independent of t-statistics and F-statistics. By defining volumetric measure in the hyperspherical space mapped by normalized residuals, instead of the image's Euclidean space, we can achieve invariant control of the FDR under diffeomorphic transformation. This hyperspherical measure also reflects intrinsic "volume of randomness" in signals. Experiments with synthetic, semi-synthetic and real images demonstrate that our method significantly reduces FDR inconsistency introduced by the choice of testing spaces.
Review in Vivo Induction of Immune Responses to Pathogens by Conventional Dendritic Cells

Specific defense mechanisms against pathogens are fulfilled by different subsets of nonmucosal conventional dendritic cells (DCs), including migratory Langerhans cells (LCs), dermal DCs, and resident CD8 + and CD8 À DCs found in lymphoid organs. Dermal DCs capture antigens in the skin and migrate to lymph nodes , where they can transfer the antigens to CD8 + DCs and activate CD4 + T cells. Differential antigen-processing machinery grants CD8 + DCs a high efficiency in activating CD8 + T cells through crosspresentation, whereas CD8 À DCs preferentially trigger CD4 + T cell responses. Recent findings have revealed the important role played by monocyte-derived DCs (mo-DCs), newly formed during infection, in activating CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, regulating immunoglobulin production, and killing pathogens. However, a number of controversial issues regarding the function of different DC subsets during viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections remain to be resolved. Introduction Over the last decade, mouse experimental models of infection have provided important insights into the identification, origin, and functional specialization of different dendritic cell (DC) subsets (reviewed by Shortman and Naik, 2007). Specific functions related to defense mechanisms against pathogens have been attributed to the main subsets of mouse conventional DCs (cDCs), which include migratory epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs, as well as resident CD8 + and CD8 À DCs found
Geospatial Methods for Reducing Uncertainties in Environmental Health Risk Assessment: Challenges and Opportunities

As in many studies involving disparate data and methodologies, environmental health risk assessment research is prone to errors and uncertainties. Unfortunately, uncertainties associated with the research findings can seldom be eliminated, and policy decisions often need to be made based on the uncertain findings. Hence methods that can help reduce uncertainties associated with the research findings would be most useful and need to be developed. This article highlights, through a case study, four major sources of uncertainties, which include uncertainties from data, methods of analysis, interpretations of the findings, and reactions to the findings. Five groups of geospatial methods that can help reduce the uncertainties as a result of combinations of the four sources are identified, including methods for visualization and measurement, cluster detection, exposure modeling, scale analysis, and decision support. The article concludes that future effort should focus more on the development of decision tools to enable decision making based on uncertain findings.
Influence of S. mutans on Base-metal Dental Casting Alloy Toxicity

We have highlighted that exposure of base-metal dental casting alloys to the acidogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans significantly increases cellular toxicity following exposure to immortalized human TR146 oral keratinocytes. With Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), S. mutans-treated nickel-based (Ni-based) and cobalt-chromium-based (Co-Cr-based) dental casting alloys were shown to leach elevated levels of metal ions compared with untreated dental casting alloys. We targeted several biological parameters: cell morphology, viable cell counts, cell metabolic activity, cell toxicity, and inflammatory cytokine expression. S. mutans-treated dental casting alloys disrupted cell morphology, elicited significantly decreased viable cell counts (p < 0.0001) and cell metabolic activity (p < 0.0001), and significantly increased cell toxicity (p < 0.0001) and inflammatory cytokine expression (p < 0.0001). S. mutans-treated Ni-based dental casting alloys induced elevated levels of cellular toxicity compared with S. mutans-treated Co-Cr-based dental casting alloys. While our findings indicated that the exacerbated release of metal ions from S. mutans-treated base-metal dental casting alloys was the likely result of the pH reduction during S. mutans growth, the exact nature of mechanisms leading to accelerated dissolution of alloy-discs is not yet fully understood. Given the predominance of S. mutans oral carriage and the exacerbated cytotoxicity observed in TR146 cells following exposure to S. mutans-treated base-metal dental casting alloys, the implications for the long-term stability of base-metal dental restorations in the oral cavity are a cause for concern.
Global Trends and Variability in Soil Moisture and Drought Characteristics, 1950–2000, from Observation-Driven Simulations of the Terrestrial Hydrologic Cycle

Abstract Global and regional trends in drought for 1950–2000 are analyzed using a soil moisture–based drought index over global terrestrial areas, excluding Greenland and Antarctica. The soil moisture fields are derived from a simulation of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle driven by a hybrid reanalysis–observation forcing dataset. Drought is described in terms of various statistics that summarize drought duration, intensity, and severity. There is an overall small wetting trend in global soil moisture, forced by increasing precipitation, which is weighted by positive soil moisture trends over the Western Hemisphere and especially in North America. Regional variation is nevertheless apparent, and significant drying over West Africa, as driven by decreasing Sahel precipitation, stands out. Elsewhere, Europe appears to have not experienced significant changes in soil moisture, a trait shared by Southeast and southern Asia. Trends in drought duration, intensity, and severity are predominantly decreasing, but .
A spectral analysis of rainfall in Edo and Delta States (formerly Mid‐Western Region), Nigeria

Power spectral analysis of annual rainfall has been performed for Edo and Delta States (formerly Mid‐Western Region) in Nigeria using data for 1931–1997 in order to identify any regular periodicities which may be present. The Hanning filter was employed for the purpose of smoothing the power spectral. Irregular short‐term periodicities were evident with significant cycles of between 3 and 6 years. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
GEOMAGNETIC EVIDENCE FOR FLUID UPWELLING AT THE CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY

Summary. Previous studies, both geomagnetic and seismic, have been unable to show conclusively whether or not there is fluid upwelling at the core-mantle boundary. Here a new method is developed, in which an attempt is made to invert geomagnetic secular variation data measured at the Earth's surface for a frozen-flux purely toroidal core-mantle boundary (CMB) velocity field, under the assumption that the mantle is electrically insulating and flux is frozen in at the CMB. These data have previously been inverted for the core-mantle boundary radial secular variation, from which the appropriate fit between model and data is known. Two different main field models were used to assess the effect of uncertainty in its radial component at the CMB. The conclusions were the same in both cases: frozen-flux purely toroidal motions provide a poor fit. A statistical test allows very firm rejection of the hypothesis that the residuals are not significantly larger, whereas there is no statistical difference between the residuals of inversions for radial secular variation and frozen-flux velocity fields at the CMB if upwelling and down-welling is included. The inherent non-uniqueness in the velocity field obtained is not of concern, since only their statistical properties are utilized and no physical significance is attached to the flows obtained.
Groundwater contamination: pump-and-treat remediation

The purpose of this paper is to explore reasons for the observed difficulty of groundswater cleanup and note some implications that become clear during this process. Tthe discussion is limited to organic contaminants because they are the most health-threatening chemicals detected in groundwater and because the greatest difficulties in groundwater remediation have been encountered at organic contamination sites.
Comment on "Theoretical investigation of perylene dimers and excimers and their signatures in X-ray diffraction".

The structures of the ground and excimer states of perylene pairs are calculated [using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT techniques] in a free as well as a crystal environment, and their spectroscopic properties are studied for the most stable configurations. The vertical transition energies for the absorption and emission bands are obtained, and they are in good agreement with experimental data. In these calculations, up to six excited states are considered. With the calculated structures of the ground and excimer states, the scattering factors are analyzed as a function of the concentration of excimers in a crystal. The intensity of the 110, 005, and 0 10 0 reflections are found to be fairly sensitive to the presence of excimers in the crystal. The finite (nanosecond) lifetime of the excimer may make it possible to observe this state using time-resolved X-ray diffraction techniques.
An ice flow modeling perspective on bedrock adjustment patterns of the Greenland ice sheet

Since the launch in 2002 of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites, several estimates of the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) have been produced. To obtain ice mass changes, the GRACE data need to be corrected for the effect of deformation changes of the Earth's crust. Recently, a new method has been proposed where ice mass changes and bedrock changes are simultaneously solved. Results show bedrock subsidence over almost the entirety of Greenland in combination with ice mass loss which is only half of the currently standing estimates. This subsidence can be an elastic response, but it may however also be a delayed response to past changes. In this study we test whether these subsidence patterns are consistent with ice dynamical modeling results. We use a 3-D ice sheet–bedrock model with a surface mass balance forcing based on a mass balance gradient approach to study the pattern and magnitude of bedrock changes in Greenland. Different mass balance forcings are used. Simulations since the Last Glacial Maximum yield a bedrock delay with respect to the mass balance forcing of nearly 3000 yr and an average uplift at present of 0.3 mm yr −1 . The spatial pattern of bedrock changes shows a small central subsidence as well as more intense uplift in the south. These results are not compatible with the gravity based reconstructions showing a subsidence with a maximum in central Greenland, thereby questioning whether the claim of halving of the ice mass change is justified.
DROUGHTS IN RIVER BASINS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES

Tree-ring reconstructions of centuries-long streamflows in four river basins of western United States were used to assess the severity, frequency and distribution of duration of droughts in the basins, and the probability of extreme drought in well-populated areas of California and Arizona. Our results show (i) greater long-drought threat than that inferred from historical streamflow records; (ii) weak statistical dependence of streamflows across the river basins; and (iii) significant probability of droughts in individual river basins.
Composition and origin of Luna 16 aluminous mare basalts

The mineralogy and petrology of 58 lithic fragments, 52 of which are basaltic, in the Luna 16 samples were studied, with textures, and mineral and bulk compositions determined by petrographic and electron microprobe techniques. These mare basalt fragments differ from other mare basalts in being aluminous (11-20%) which results in plagioclase and (olivine) microphenocrysts; moreover, they have very low-FeO and MgO and high-CaO, FeO/MgO, and normative diopside contents.
Experimental calcite dissolution under stress: Evolution of grain contact microstructure during pressure solution creep

[1] For the first time, nanometer resolution techniques both in situ and ex situ were compared in order to study calcite dissolution under stress. The obtained results enabled identification of the relative importance of pressure solution driven by normal load and free surface dissolution driven by strain energy. It is found that pressure solution of calcite crystals at the grain scale occurred by two different mechanisms. Diffusion of the dissolved solid took place either at a rough calcite/indenter interface, or through cracks that propagated from the contact toward the less stressed part of the crystal. It is also found that strain rates are mostly a function of the active process, i.e., pressure solution associated or not with cracks, rather than being influenced by stress variations. Strain rates obtained in this study are in agreement with published data of experimental calcite and carbonate dissolution under stress.
A Study of Coastal Morphodynamics on the Muddy Islands in the Changjiang River Estuary

Based on field work for morphology and collected data on hydrodynamics, winds as well as artificial structures, this article deals with characteristics of coastal profiles, shoreline migration, erosion-accretion cycles and influence of human activities on coastal development. Due to silt-dominated sedimentary environments and current-dominated hydrodynamic conditions, coastal morphology in the studied area is different from that on sandy beaches. On the other hand, the ringlike shoreline of the islands and the strong influence of river discharge make the coastal processes more comprehensive than normal muddy coasts. Coastal profiles in the islands were classified as three types: channel bank, tidal beach and shoal head. In the light of these terms, three kinds of erosion-accretion cycles were explored; (a) several years cycle, controlled by the changes in the offshore river channels; (b) annual cycle, influenced by the seasonal variations in winds, sea level, tidal range and nearshore suspended sediment concentration and (c) storm cycle caused by typhoons or cold waves. Due to the protection of vegetation, morphological process in the marsh was apparently different from that in the adjacent bare flat. Protective structures have stoped the retreat of the erosive coasts and slowed the migration of the islands, while reclaimation on accretional coasts greatly narrowed intertidal profiles and speeded the advancement of shorelines. The potential impacts of sea-level rise and reduction in sediment supply in the next century were also related.
Induction of matrix metalloproteinases-14 and -2 by cyclical mechanical stretch is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

OBJECTIVE Mechanical forces have profound effects on endothelial cells. This study was undertaken to examine the hypothesis that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a potential mediator of stretch-induced effects on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) grown on a flexible membrane base were stretched by vacuum to 20% of maximum elongation, at 60 cycles/min. We used the TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP600125, to investigate the cyclical stretch-induced expression of MMP-14 and -2 in cultured HUVECs. RESULTS Cyclical mechanical stretch significantly increased protein synthesis and mRNA expression for MMP-14 and -2 from 2 to 24 h. The increased MMP-14 and-2 proteins after stretch were completely blocked after the addition of TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody (5 microg/ml) or SP600125 (20 microM) 30 min before stretch. By zymography, MMP-2 expression was induced by cyclical stretch and was attenuated by TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody and SP600125. Cyclical stretch increased the immunohistochemical labeling of MMP-14 and -2 and significantly increased release of TNF-alpha into the culture media from 120+/-2 to 331+/-2 pg/ml (P<0.001) after stretch for 12 h. Cyclical stretch increased and SP600125 decreased the phosphorylated JNK. Gel-shifting assay showed that DNA-protein binding activity of AP-1 increased after cyclical stretch and TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody and SP600125 abolished the binding activity induced by cyclical stretch. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that cyclical stretch augments TNF-alpha production and MMP genes expression in HUVECs. TNF-alpha mediates the stretch-induced MMP genes expression, at least in part, through the JNK pathway.
Muscle-directed mechanosensory feedback activates egg-laying circuit activity and behavior in C. elegans

Mechanosensory feedback of internal reproductive state drives decisions about when and where to reproduce.1 For instance, stretch in the Drosophila reproductive tract produced by artificial distention or from accumulated eggs regulates the attraction to acetic acid to ensure optimal oviposition.2 How such mechanosensory feedback modulates neural circuits to coordinate reproductive behaviors is incompletely understood. We previously identified a stretch-dependent homeostat that regulates egg laying in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sterilized animals lacking eggs show reduced Ca2+ transient activity in the presynaptic HSN command motoneurons that drive egg-laying behavior while animals forced to accumulate extra eggs show dramatically increased circuit activity that restores egg laying.3 Interestingly, genetic ablation or electrical silencing of the HSNs delays, but does not abolish, the onset of egg laying3–5 with animals recovering vulval muscle Ca2+ transient activity upon egg accumulation.6 Using an acute gonad microinjection technique to mimic changes in pressure and stretch resulting from germline activity and egg accumulation, we find that injection rapidly stimulates Ca2+ activity in both neurons and muscles of the egg-laying circuit. Injection-induced vulval muscle Ca2+ activity requires L-type Ca2+ channels but is independent of presynaptic input. Conversely, injection-induced neural activity is disrupted in mutants lacking the vulval muscles, suggesting ‘bottom-up’ feedback from muscles to neurons. Direct mechanical prodding activates the vulval muscles, suggesting they are the proximal targets of the stretch-dependent stimulus. Our results show that egg-laying behavior in C. elegans is regulated by a stretch-dependent homeostat that scales postsynaptic muscle responses with egg accumulation in the uterus.
Observations of highly nonlinear internal solitons over the continental shelf

Surface disturbances caused by strong, near‐surface internal waves are widely seen in coastal regions as bands of slick and rough water propagating shoreward. These surface slicks are typically manifestations of optical and radar backscatter properties above internal solitons, and have strong surface current pulses associated with them. During a recent experiment studying coastal internal waves, extremely strong solitary internal wave packets were observed over a three week period on a very shallow and strongly stratified pycnocline off Northern Oregon. During periods of strongest tidal forcing, solitons were consistently observed on the leading edge of a semidiurnal internal tide bore, with pycnocline displacements up to 25m downward from a 7m initial depth in the first few solitons. The extreme nonlinearity of these internal waves is believed to be unique in ocean observations. This note characterizes these highly nonlinear Solitary Internal Waves (SIW) and presents a second order KdV model which reproduces the form of the displacements, and the small change in soliton width with amplitude predicted by this model.