Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia

Domning, Daryl Paul. Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 80, 611 pages, frontispiece, 1996. —The significant published literature on the neobiology, paleobiology, and ethnobiology of the mammalian orders Sirenia and Desmostylia is exhaustively cataloged in approximately 4590 main entries alphabetized by author. Both technical and popular works are included, and many entries are annotated. The earliest work cited is a letter by N. Syllacio published in 1494 or 1495, describing Columbus's second voyage to the New World. The effective closing date of the bibliography was 1 May 1994. Six appendices list serial publications devoted to Sirenia, additional sources for history of sirenology and sirenian conservation, coins and postage stamps depicting sirenians, a comprehensive classification and synonymy of sirenians and desmostylians, a summary of the nomenclature of the Recent species of sirenians, and an alphabetical list of the species-group names that have been applied to sirenians and desmostylians. An extensive index is provided, employing 1059 subject headings and cross references; the subject headings include all Linnaean names and combinations ever employed for sirenians and desmostylians, as well as names of all reported sirenian food plants and parasites. More than 40% of the main entries are fully indexed, and many others are partially indexed, yielding a total of over 13,950 index entries. Each complete index entry includes author and date of the work cited, a brief annotation describing the content of the work as it pertains to the indexed subject, and a page reference for the material pertaining to that subject. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The trilobite Phaecops rana Green. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Domning, Daryl P. Bibliography and index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia / Daryl Paul Domning. p. cm. —(Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology ; no. 80) Includes index. 1. Sirenia, Fossil—Bibliography. 2. Sirenia—Bibliography. 3. Desmostylia—Bibliography. I. Title. II. Series. QE701.S56 no. 80 [Z6033.P2] [QE882.S6] 560 s-dc20 [016.569'5] 95-30000 CIP ® The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.
Incorporating ensemble-based probabilistic forecasts into a campaign simulation in the Weather Impact Assessment Tool (WIAT)

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Clasificación de las zonas turísticas españolas en función de las características estructurales de la oferta y la demanda. Una aplicación mediante un modelo de clases latentes

A Classification of Spanish Tourist Zones Based on Structural Characteristics of Supply and Demand. An Application Using a Latent Class Model. Tourist agents and organisms can make an efficient assignation of resources by identifying tourist segments. The goal of this work is to classifying the Spanish tourism zones by means of supply and demand, using a latent class model. Results show the existing of three different groups. A classification of these tourism zones is listed in the paper.
LOWER CRETACEOUS PALYNOLOGY AND SANDSTONE DISTRIBUTION IN THE SCAPA FIELD, U.K. NORTH SEA

Three discrete turbidite sandstone bodies form the Scapa Sandstone Member reservoir units within the limestone, marl and conglomerate sequence of the Early Cretaceous Valhall Formation in the Scapa field (UK North Sea Block 14/19). Eighteen palynological zones have been established for the Valhall Formation, designated as VA in the early Aptian through VR in the latest Ryazanian. Scapa reservoir sandstones are restricted to the late Hauterivian VF to early Valanginian VQ zones. Black, anoxic mudstones of the Fischschiefer Member form a widespread intra- early Aptian correlation marker at the base of zone VA in the upper Valhall Formation.
Application of Spectral Signatures and Colour Ratios to Estimate Chlorophyll in Singapore's Coastal Waters

In this paper, a study of the spectral signatures of coastal surface waters in the Johor and Singapore Straits and the application of colour ratios to estimate chlorophyll is presented. In general, the spectral signatures of coastal waters in Singapore could be represented by two profiles. The first was characterized by a high major reflectance peak at 577 nm which decreased toward the blue and near infra-red (NIR) bands. Such a profile was obtained when chlorophyll levels were low (less than 5 μg l−1). The second profile, which was obtained during periods of high chlorophyll (greater than 10 μg l−1), was characterized by an overall lower reflectance over the visible spectrum, with a distinct absorption trough at 672 nm and reflectance peak at 695 nm. In general, suspended solids (ranging from about 4 to 100 mg l−1) increased reflectance in the green wavebands relative to the red/NIR region. The effect of dissolved organic carbon on the reflectance spectra was generally considered small due to its low concentration (<3 mg l−1). Blue-Green and Red-Near Infrared colour ratios were correlated with chlorophyll a, with the latter generally producing better correlations (R2=0·63).
Implications of global climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the twenty‐first century

For most of the global land area poleward of about 40° latitude, snow plays an important role in the water cycle. The (seasonal) timing of runoff in these areas is especially sensitive to projected losses of snowpack associated with warming trends, whereas projected (annual) runoff volume changes are primarily associated with precipitation changes, and to a lesser extent, with changes in evapotranspiration (ET). Regional studies in the USA (and especially the western USA) suggest that hydrologic adjustments to a warming climate have been ongoing since the mid‐twentieth century. We extend the insights extracted from the western USA to the global scale using a physically based hydrologic model to assess the effects of systematic changes in precipitation and temperature on snow‐affected portions of the global land area as projected by a suite of global climate models. While annual (and in some cases seasonal) changes in precipitation are a key driver of projected changes in annual runoff, we find, as in the western USA, that projected warming produces strong decreases in winter snow accumulation and spring snowmelt over much of the affected area regardless of precipitation change. Decreased snowpack produces decreases in warm‐season runoff in many mid‐ to high‐latitude areas where precipitation changes are either moderately positive or negative in the future projections. Exceptions, however, occur in some high‐latitude areas, particular in Eurasia, where changes in projected precipitation are large enough to result in increased, rather than decreased, snow accumulation. Overall, projected changes in snowpack and the timing of snowmelt‐derived runoff are largest near the boundaries of the areas that currently experience substantial snowfall, and at least qualitatively, they mirror the character of observed changes in the western USA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical impacts of oceanic coccolithophore blooms

Blooms of coccolithophores, particularly those of the species Emiliania huxleyi, cause light in the surface ocean to behave in an unusual fashion, producing distinctive bright “white waters,” apparent from ships and readily detected by remote sensing. The brightness is caused by scattering of light from calcium carbonate platelets (coccoliths). Here we present the results of a modeling study, giving precise calculations of how the coccolith light scattering changes the behavior of light in the water. The results from a Monte Carlo optical model are closely compared to data from the CD60 cruise for a coccolithophore bloom south of Iceland in 1991 [Holligan et al., 1993], and the model is then used to extrapolate from the observational data to predict diverse optical properties that were not measured. Model performance was also tested by comparison of results with those from other, more established optical models. The model results demonstrate clearly that coccoliths cause (1) an increase in the emergent flux (the water-leaving radiance), (2) brighter, more intensely heated water in the top few meters, and (3) darker, less intensely heated water deeper down. Implications of these effects for phytoplankton productivity and for climatology are discussed. Coccolith light scattering is estimated to contribute to global annually averaged planetary albedo by a maximum of ∼0.13%, equivalent to only a small globally averaged radiative forcing of ∼0.22 W m−2.
Contact and the Development of American English

In perhaps one fiftieth of the United States there are linguistic substrata. These are formed by the French in parts of northern New England and Louisiana, the Spanish of the Southwest, the small German colonies in Pennsylvania, and the negroes in some districts in the Southeast. Elsewhere English has no substratum in the United States. It is true that in certain large cities there are recently arrived colonies of people of nonEnglish speech, such, for instance, as the Italians of San Francisco and the Poles of Chicago. But in these colonies those of the second generation speak English with little or no foreign accent and those of the third generation generally lose the foreign speech completely. It could not be otherwise with the extreme mobility of our population and the great economic pressure that is put on our immigrants to learn English.
Detectability of variations in continental water storage from satellite observations of the time dependent gravity field

Continental water storage is a key variable in the Earth system that has never been adequately monitored globally. Since variations in water storage on land affect the time dependent component of Earth's gravity field, the NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, which will accurately map the gravity field at 2–4 week intervals, may soon provide global data on temporal changes in continental water storage. This study characterizes water storage changes in 20 drainage basins ranging in size from 130,000 to 5,782,000 km2 and uses estimates of uncertainty in the GRACE technique to determine in which basins water storage changes may be detectable by GRACE and how this detectability may vary in space and time. Results indicate that GRACE will likely detect changes in water storage in most of the basins on monthly or longer time steps and that instrument errors, atmospheric modeling errors, and the magnitude of the variations themselves will be the primary controls on the relative accuracy of the GRACE‐derived estimates.
Precipitation and Circulation Covariability in the Extratropics

Abstract Extratropical precipitation is primarily produced by cold and warm fronts associated with surface cyclones and upper-level troughs. The growth of these midlatitude storms is partially controlled by the dry baroclinicity of the troposphere, which in turn can be roughly quantified by the intensity of the upper-level zonal flow. Orographic rainfall, an important component of the precipitation in several midlatitude regions, is also partially determined by the intensity of the cross-mountain midlevel winds. Thus, at monthly and longer time scales, variations of precipitation and zonal flow aloft (as well as wind shear) at a given location should exhibit some degree of coherence. In this work the local covariability of these variables is documented over intermonthly and interannual time scales, using global precipitation products and atmospheric reanalysis from 1979 to 2004. The spatial correspondence between the precipitation and two indices of synoptic activity in the extratropics is also documented.
Active drumlin field revealed at the margin of Múlajökull, Iceland: A surge-type glacier

ABSTRACT Recent marginal retreat of Mulajokull, a surge-type outlet glacier of Hofsjokull, Iceland, has revealed a drumlin fi eld consisting of more than 50 drumlins. The drumlins are 90–320 m long, 30–105 m wide, 5–10 m in relief, and composed of multiple beds of till deposited by lodgment and bed deformation. The youngest till layer truncates the older units with an erosion surface that parallels the drumlin form. Thus, the drumlins are built up and formed by a combination of subglacial depositional and erosional processes. Field evidence suggests each till bed to be associated with individual recent surges. We consider the fi eld to be active in the sense that the drumlins are shaped by the current glacial regime. The Mulajokull fi eld is the only known active drumlin fi eld, and is therefore a unique analogue to Pleistocene drumlin fi elds.
Nonlinear analysis of seasonality and stochasticity of the Indus River

Abstract One of the world's largest irrigation networks, based on the Indus River system in Pakistan, faces serious scarcity of water in one season and disastrous floods in another. The system is dominated both by monsoon and by snow and glacier dynamics, which confer strong seasonal and inter-annual variability. In this paper two different forecasting methods are utilized to analyse the long-term seasonal behaviour of the Indus River. The study also assesses whether the strong seasonal behaviour is dominated by the presence of low-dimensional nonlinear dynamics, or whether the periodic behaviour is simply immersed in random fluctuations. Forecasts obtained by nonlinear prediction (NLP) and the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) methods show that the performance of NLP is relatively better than the SARIMA method. This, along with the low values of the correlation dimension, is indicative of low-dimensional nonlinear behaviour of the hydrological dynamics. A relatively better performance of NLP, using an inverse technique, may also be indicative of the low-dimensional behaviour. Moreover, the embedding dimension of the best NLP forecasts is in good agreement with the estimated correlation dimension. This provides evidence that the nonlinearity inherent in the monthly river flow due to the snowmelt and the monsoon variations dominate over the high-dimensional components and might be exploited for prediction and modelling of the complex hydrological system. Citation Hassan, S. A. & Ansari, M. R. K. (2010) Nonlinear analysis of seasonality and stochasticity of the Indus River. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(2), 250–265.
Controls on mineralisation in the Sierra Foothills gold province, central California, USA: a GIS-based reconnaissance prospectivity analysis

The assessment of spatial relationships between the location, abundance and size of orogenic-gold deposits in the highly endowed Sierra Foothills gold province in California, via the combination of field studies and a GIS-based analysis, illustrates the power of such an approach to the characterisation of important parameters of mineral systems, and the prediction of districts likely to host economic mineralisation. Regional- to deposit-scale reconnaissance mapping suggests that deposition of gold-bearing quartz veins occurred in second- and third-order, east-over-west thrusts during regional east – west compression and right-lateral transpression. At the district-scale, significant zones of mineralisation correspond with such transpressional reactivation zones and dilational jogs that developed during the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous along the misaligned segments of first-order faults throughout the Sierra Nevada Foothills Metamorphic Belt. Field-based observations and interpretation of GIS data (including solid geology, structural elements, deposit locations, magnetics, gravity) also highlight the importance of structural permeability contrasts, rheological gradients, and variations in fault orientation for localising mineralisation. Although this approach confirms empirical findings and produces promising results at the province scale, enhanced geological, structural, geophysical and geochronological data density is required to generate regionally consistent, high-quality input layers that improve predictive targeting at the goldfield to deposit-scale.
EUROPEAN MOTHERS' TIME WITH CHILDREN: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES ACROSS NINE COUNTRIES

We use data from the 1996 wave of the European Community Household Panel to present and compare the weekly number of hours mothers of children less than 16 years of age reported looking after children in nine European countries in 1996. In addition, we explore to what extent cross-country differences in socio-demographic characteristics and parents' employment status contribute to differences in maternal time with children across the nine countries. We find cross-country differences in the mean of the amount of time mothers reported looking after children. Only a small portion of these differences is explained by differences in socio-demographic characteristics and employment status across countries in Europe. For three country pairs, we use a Oaxaca decomposition to investigate whether behaviour differences or differences in sample characteristics explain more of the observed differences in mothers' time looking after children. According to our results, the differences between Ireland and the UK can be explained mainly by behaviour differences. The results for Germany vs. Austria and Denmark vs. Greece, however, depend on the weights used.
Channel Roughness in North Carolina Mountain Streams

Channel roughness, often described by Manning's n, is used to represent the amount of resistance that flow encounters, and has direct implications on velocity and discharge. Ideally, n is calculated from a long‐term record of channel discharge and hydraulic geometry. In the absence of these data, a combination of photo references and a validated qualitative method is preferable to simply choosing n arbitrarily or from a table. The purpose of this study was to use United States Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow data to calculate roughness coefficients for streams in the mountains of North Carolina. Five USGS gage stations were selected for this study, representing drainage areas between 71.5 and 337 km2. Photo references of the study sites are presented. Measured discharges were combined with hydraulic geometry at a cross‐section to calculate roughness coefficients for flows of interest. At bankfull flow, n ranged between 0.039 and 0.064 for the five study sites. Roughness coefficients were not constant for all flows in a channel, and fluctuated over a large range. At all sites, roughness was highest during low‐flow conditions, then quickly decreased as flow increased, up to the bankfull elevation.
Diverse responses of vegetation phenology to a warming climate

Warming climates have been widely recognized to advance spring vegetation phenology. However, the delayed responses of vegetation phenology to rising temperature and their mechanisms are poorly understood. Using satellite and climate data from 1982 to 2005, we reveal a latitude transition zone of greenup onset in vegetation communities that has diversely responded to warming temperature in North America. From 40°N northwards, a winter chilling requirement for vegetation dormancy release is far exceeded and the decrease in chilling days by warming winter temperature has little impact on thermal‐time requirements for greenup onset. Thus, warming spring temperature has constantly advanced greenup onset by 0.32 days/year. However, from 40°N southward, the shortened winter chilling days are insufficient for fulfilling vegetation chilling requirement, so that the thermal‐time requirement for greenup onset during spring increases gradually. Consequently, vegetation greenup onset changes progressively from an early trend (north region) to a later trend (south region) along the latitude transition zone from 40–31°N, where the switch occurs around 35°N. The greenup onset is delayed by 0.15 days/year below 31°N.
Airborne hyperspectral remote sensing applications in urban areas: asbestos concrete sheeting identification and mapping

Previous studies have already shown the hyperspectral remote sensing attitude in recognition and identification of asbestos-containing roofs. These surfaces, used in both agricultural and urban buildings, represent a strong environmental problem for their proved toxic influence on human health, causing potential pathogenic effects on the respiratory system. In Italy, the law N/spl deg/257/1992 forbade any use of asbestos derived materials and, for what concerns asbestos concrete sheetings, it required the Public Administrations to take a census of buildings with asbestos-containing roofs. The aim or this research is to test the possibility to use the MIVIS (Multispectral Infrared and Visible Imaging Spectrometer) airborne hyperspectral scanner to map asbestos concrete sheeting inside a metropolitan area of north Italy. The paper reports the results obtained from the application of different methods of MIVIS data processing and classification, with reference to two specific cases of study.
CO2 dissolution in the presence of background flow of deep saline aquifers

We study the effect of background flow on the dissolution and transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) during geological storage in saline aquifers, and include the processes of diffusion, advection, and free convection. We develop a semianalytical model that captures the evolution of the dissolution in the absence of free convection. Using the semianalytical solution, we determine scaling relations for the steady rate of dissolution that follow either Jst∼Pe R or Jst∼Pe depending on the value of Pe/R, where R represents the ratio of the extent of CO2 plume to the aquifer thickness and Pe is the Péclet number. Using direct numerical simulations, we provide detailed behavior of the convective mixing during the dissolution. We establish the criteria for forced and mixed (combined free and forced) convection in aquifers that is governed by the background flow. Accordingly, we provide the scaling relations Jst∼Pe R and Jst∼Ra R representing the forced and free convection asymptotes, respectively, where Ra is a Rayleigh number based on aquifer thickness. The results reveal that the background velocity can delay the onset of free convection and can alter the subsequent mixing. This phenomenon is more profound in the systems subject to strong background flows wherein horizontal component of the velocity field generated by background flow hinders the establishments of vertical component of the velocity field. Finally, by applying the proposed relations to several potential storage sites, we demonstrate the screening process in finding aquifers where the background flow exerts an important influence on the dissolution.