Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new interferometer architecture combining nulling with phase closure measurements

Imaging the direct light signal from a faint exoplanet against the overwhelming glare of its host star presents one of the fundamental challenges to modern astronomical instrumentation. Achieving sufficient signal-to-noise for detection by direct imaging is limited by three basic physical processes: aberration of the wavefronts (both instrumental and atmospheric), photon noise, and detector noise. In this paper, we advance a novel optical setup which synthesizes the advantages of two different techniques: nulling interferometry to mitigate photon noise, and closure phase to combat optical aberrations. Our design, which employs technology from integrated optics and photonics, is intended to combine the advantageous aspects of both a coronagraph and a non-redundant interferometer inside a single optical device. We show that such an instrument would have a dynamic range limited either by i) the readout noise (if perfect co-phasing), or ii) the photon noise due to stellar flux leakage (in the case of imperfect nulling). This concept is optimal when the readout noise is not the main limitation, ie, for space interferometry or for ground based observations of bright stellar hosts (apparent magnitude brighter than 10).
Force and torque acting on particles in a transitionally rough open-channel flow

Abstract Direct numerical simulation of open channel flow over a geometrically rough wall has been performed at a bulk Reynolds number of ${\mathit{Re}}_{b} \approx 2900$. The wall consisted of a layer of spheres in a square arrangement. Two cases have been considered. In the first case the spheres are small (with diameter equivalent to $10. 7$ wall units) and the limit of the hydraulically smooth flow regime is approached. In the second case the spheres are more than three times larger ($49. 3$ wall units) and the flow is in the transitionally rough flow regime. Special emphasis is given to the characterisation of the force and torque acting on a particle due to the turbulent flow. It is found that in both cases the mean drag, lift and spanwise torque are to a large extent produced at the top region of the particle surface. The intensity of the particle force fluctuations is significantly larger in the large-sphere case, while the trend differs for the fluctuations of the individual components of the torque. A simplified model is used to show that the torque fluctuations might be explained by the spheres acting as a filter with respect to the size of the flow scales which can effectively generate torque fluctuations. Fluctuations of both force and torque are found to exhibit strongly non-Gaussian probability density functions with particularly long tails, an effect which is more pronounced in the small-sphere case. Some implications of the present results for sediment erosion are briefly discussed.
The influence of road networks on brown bear spatial distribution and habitat suitability in a human‐modified landscape

Roads are human infrastructure that heavily affect wildlife, often with marked impacts on carnivores, including brown bears Ursus arctos . Here, we assessed the potential impact of road networks on the distribution of brown bears in the small, isolated and endangered Cantabrian population of north-western Spain. To ascertain whether local road networks affect brown bear spatial distribution, we ﬁ rst assessed potential in ﬂ uences on the distance of bear locations to roads using candidate models which included topographic variables, landcover types, bear age and reproductive status, traf ﬁ c volume and road visibility. Then, we built two sets of habitat suitability models, both with and without roads, to discern the possible loss of habitat suitability caused by roads. The mean distance of bear locations to the nearest road was 968 (cid:1) 804 m and the closest road was a low traf ﬁ c road in 72.5% of cases. Candidate models showed little in ﬂ uence of our variables on bear distance to the nearest road, with the exception of elevation. Habitat suitability models revealed that road networks in our study area seem to have almost no effect on brown bear habitat suitability, except for females with yearlings during the denning season. However, this result may also be a consequence of the fact that only a small proportion (16.5%) of the cells classi ﬁ ed as suitable bear habitats were crossed by roads, that is, most of the roads are primarily located in unsuitable bear habitats in the Cantabrian Mountains. Compared to previous studies conducted in other populations, mainly North American ones, our ﬁ ndings might suggest a different response of Eurasian brown bears to roads due to a longer bear-human coexistence in Europe versus North America. However, the indirect approach used in our study does not exclude other detrimental effects, for example, road mortality, increased stress and movement pattern disruption, only detectable by more direct approaches such
Topophysis and Growth Regulators Effects on Buds and Zygotic Embryos Regeneration of African Bush Mango Tree Cultured In vitro

Background: African bush mango tree is an important fruit plant with high nutritional, medicinal, and commercial values. However, its seedling system remained a deep understanding. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of topophysis and growth regulators on the reactivity of different types of buds and zygotic embryos of wild mango. Methodology: Ripe fruits from two local varieties (Wossro and Sissro) were pulped. The nuts were extracted and dried for one week under greenhouse. Zygotic embryos were excised from nuts and disinfected with the bleach solution (NaClO 10% with 8% active chloride) for 10 min following by three successive rinsing using sterilized water. The second set of nuts was cultivated for under greenhouse in the polybags containing the sand. One month later, buds from different positions (apical, axillary and cotyledonary) were excised and disinfected with NaClO 10% for 10 min follow by the immersion in a mercuric chloride 0.1% added with two drops of Tween 20 especially for axillary and cotyledonary buds for 5 min while 0.01% of mercuric chloride was used for apical buds. The explants were cultured on ¼MS and ½WPM media supplemented with BAP, KIN at different concentrations (0.2 mg/L and 3.5 mg/L respectively) and NAA (0.05 mg/L). Results: The best sprouting rate was obtained with the variety Wossro which showed a high bud break rate (26.47%) against (9.88%) for the variety Sissro. The topophysis significantly influenced the response of the buds in tissue culture. 24.48% of axillary buds were sprouted on ¼ MS medium + 3.5 mg/L BAP+ 0.05mg/L NAA. The in vitro germination of embryos was significantly (p≤ 0.05) influenced by the genotype of the variety. 50.76% of buds were germinated for Wossro while 18.32% were germinated for Sissro. ¼ MS + 0.2 mg/L KIN has significant influenced the plants growth and development. Implication: The findings will help to improve the regeneration rate and plantlets production of African bush mango tree.
Happiness and its determinants among nursing students

Background: Being happy in life is very essential to be healthy, which is important for nursing students to grow and adapt well in their professional life. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the level of happiness and identify the determinants of happiness among nursing students. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty-two undergraduate nursing students College of Nursing, All India Institutes of Medicals Sciences, New Delhi, India, enrolled in the study by convenience sampling. Data were collected through demographic information sheets and oxford happiness questionnaires. Frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean happiness score of nursing students was 3.96 ± 0.59 on a scale of 6. The percentage distribution showed that 43.2% of the students responded “not particularly happy,” and 42.1% were “rather happy. ” The current year of study, the number of close friends, stress experienced in the past 6 months, and engagement in physical activities contributed 53% of the variance in the happiness score of nursing students (P < 0.001). Further, monthly family income (P = 0.018) and choice of course (P = 0.003) had a significant association with their happiness score. Conclusion: Nursing students had a moderate level of happiness. The study suggests that there is a need to develop strategies to enhance happiness among nursing students in alignment with the identified factors. Educators need to develop a holistic curriculum giving equal importance to academic competencies and personal flourishment.
Meta-analysis with assessment of some Phylogenetic Relationship of Entamoeba histolytica of Iraq and Iran

Protozoans of Entamoeba spp. are globally distributed protozoan parasites that infect diverse hosts (human and animals) causing amebiasis with various symptoms ranging from abdominal discomfort, indigestion, diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea, and even death. Entamoeba histolytica infection may be influenced by different strains which are already existing in our population. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the sequence comparison and geneflow of E. histolytica in Iraq and Iran. For this purpose, all reference sequences recorded from the aforementioned countries and deposited in the National Centre for Biology Information (NCBI) database of the mentioned countries (133 reference sequences, 110 from Iraq and 23 from Iran) were included in this study. After aligning and blasting all these sequences and considering the shared regions, eight unique sequences were obtained. According to the Codon-based Z-test of selections, they vary in degree of difference (p-value 0.05). Some records from the study area approached each other 100% which means that geneflow has occurred in the areas under investigation. Outstanding phylogenetic relationship of Entamoeba histolytica of both Iraq and Iran strains are related together and that is important in the molecular epidemiology aspect of amebiasis as it may influence the clinical and pharmacological orientation of the disease in both countries. Current meta-analysis was done for the first time in that approach in the place this study.
Stochastic differential equations with reflecting boundary condition in convex regions

A. V. Skorohod [4] considered a stochastic differential equation for a reflecting diffusion process on 5 = [0, oo) (see also McKean [2] [3]). This is the simplest case among stochastic differential equations subject to boundary conditions and can be solved easily. The purpose of this paper is to show that the multi-dimensional version of Skorohod's equation is still easy to solve if we assume that the domain D is convex. Skorohod's equation describing a reflecting Brownian path ξ on 5 = [0, oo) is
New method for black-hole spin measurement based on flux variation from an infalling gas ring

We propose a new method for black hole spin measurement. In this method, we consider a gas blob or ring falling onto a black hole from the marginally stable orbit, keeping its initial orbital angular momentum. We calculate the gas motion and photon trajectories in the Kerr space-time and, assuming that the gas blob or ring emits monochromatic radiation, carefully examine how it is observed by a distant observer. The light curve of the orbiting gas blob is composed of many peaks because of periodic enhancement of the flux due to the gravitational lensing and beaming effects. Further, the intensity of each peak first gradually increases with time due to the focusing effect around the photon circular orbit and then rapidly decreases due to the gravitational redshift, as the gas blob approaches the event horizon. The light curve of the gas ring is equivalent to a superposition of those of the blobs with various initial orbital phases, and so it is continuous and with no peaks. The flux first gradually increases and then rapidly decays, as in the blob model. The flux variation timescale depends on the black hole spin and is independent from the inclination angle, while time averaged frequency shift have dependences of both effects. We can thus, in principle, determine spin and inclination angle from observations. The observational implications and future issues are briefly discussed.
Constraints on Dark Energy Parameters from Correlations of CMB with LSS

In this paper, we combine the the latest observational data, including the WMAP five-year data (WMAP5), the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and type Ia supernovae (SN) ``union" compilation, and use the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to determine the dark energy parameters. We pay particular attention to the Integrated Sache-Wolfe (ISW) data from the cross-correlations of cosmic microwave background (CMB) and large scale structure (LSS). In the ΛCDM model, we find that the ISW data, as a complement to the WMAP data, could significantly improve the constraint of curvature Ωk. We also check the improvement of constraints from the new prior on the Hubble constant and find this new prior could improve the constraint of Ωk by a factor of 2. Finally, we study the dynamical evolving EoS of dark energy from the current observational data. Based on the dynamical dark energy model, parameterizing as w(a) = w0+wa(1−a), we find that the ΛCDM model remains a good fit to the current data. When taking into account the ISW data, the error bars of w0 and wa could be shrunk slightly. Current constraints on the dynamical dark energy model are not conclusive. The future precision measurements are needed.
Towards understanding of CO2 electroreduction to C2+ products on copper‐based catalysts

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has been regarded as a promising technique for converting CO2 into high‐value fuels and chemicals. Powered by renewable electricity, the CO2RR provides a viable strategy to mitigate the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and close the anthropogenic carbon cycle. Recent studies exhibit that copper‐based catalysts are capable of reducing CO2 to C2+ products, such as ethylene and ethanol, which are of higher value compared with C1 products. The reaction process toward C2+ products involves the formation of key intermediate *CO, the C–C bonding, and the post‐C–C bonding to final products. This perspective is focusing on the mechanism leading to C2+ products, examining the evidence from in situ/operando spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The effects of Cu facet and electrolyte on catalytic performance are reviewed. An in depth discussion of mechanistic aspects of Cu catalyst is presented, shedding light on the intrinsic features of catalyst and electrode‐electrolyte interface, therefore moving towards an understanding of CO2RR at the atomic level.
Acquiring Polish noun inflection: Two children’s productivity and error patterns in relation to parental input

Complex systems of inflectional morphology provide a useful testing ground for input-based language acquisition theories. Two analyses were performed on a high-density (12%) naturalistic sample of two Polish-English children’s (2;0 and 3;11) and their parents’ use of Polish noun inflection: first, each child’s use of inflectional affixes and their lexical restrictedness was compared with their father’s equalised sample. Second, the children’s spontaneous case-marking errors were analysed in context and measured against type and token frequencies in both parents’ data and the child-directed speech (CDS) corpus. Findings in both analyses accord with constructivist theory: near adult-like knowledge of Polish inflections hiding a range of use that is more lexically restricted than in their caregivers’ speech; low error rates hiding much higher ‘pockets of ignorance’ for specific inflectional contexts; and patterns of error that correspond closely to token/type frequencies in the CDS, though with the older sibling making some errors that were not frequency-based. Potential effects of syncretism, case ambiguity and semantics are also discussed.
Can AGN and galaxy clusters explain the surface brightness fluctuations of the cosmic X-ray background?

Fluctuations of the surface brightness of cosmic X-ray background (CXB) carry unique information about faint and low luminosity source populations, which is inaccessible for conventional large-scale structure (LSS) studies based on resolved sources. We used Chandra data of the XBOOTES field ($\sim9\,\mathrm{deg^2}$) to conduct the most accurate measurement to date of the power spectrum of fluctuations of the unresolved CXB on the angular scales of $\sim3\,$arcsec $-$ $\sim17\,$arcmin. We find that at sub-arcmin angular scales, the power spectrum is consistent with the AGN shot noise, without much need for any significant contribution from their one-halo term. This is consistent with the theoretical expectation that low-luminosity AGN reside alone in their dark matter halos. However, at larger angular scales we detect a significant LSS signal above the AGN shot noise. Its power spectrum, obtained after subtracting the AGN shot noise, follows a power law with the slope of $-0.8\pm0.1$ and its amplitude is much larger than what can be plausibly explained by the two-halo term of AGN. We demonstrate that the detected LSS signal is produced by unresolved clusters and groups of galaxies. For the flux limit of the XBOOTES survey, their flux-weighted mean redshift equals $\left \sim0.3$, and the mean temperature of their intracluster medium (ICM), $\left \approx 1.4$ keV, corresponds to the mass of $M_{500} \sim 10^{13.5}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$. The power spectrum of CXB fluctuations carries information about the redshift distribution of these objects and the spatial structure of their ICM on the linear scales of up to $\sim$Mpc, i.e. of the order of the virial radius.
The Role of Community Protection Units in National Defense Efforts as a Supporting Component in Wakatobi Regency, Southeast Sulawesi

The background of the researcher taking the title is the basic need for a country to uphold its sovereignty, maintain territorial integrity, and protect the safety of the nation and state in the form of threats that correlates with the duties and functions of members of the community protection unit. That is under the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 26 of 2020 concerning Implementation Peace, Public Order, and Community Protection. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the role of the Indonesian Community Protection Unit in assisting national defense efforts and as a component of supporting national defense reserves. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method using Clark and Steward's interaction model theory. In-depth interviews, direct observation, and reviewing necessary documentation related to the Community Protection Unit as data collection techniques. Data analysis includes data collection, display, condensation, and conclusion. To test the validity of the data collection, researchers used triangulation of sources, techniques, time, researchers, and theories. Due to limited human resources per the requirements to become a member of the national defense support component, the Wakatobi Regency Community Protection Unit assisting the national defense efforts and as a supporting component has not been appropriately implemented.
GRAVITATIONAL WAVE BACKGROUND FROM BINARY MERGERS AND METALLICITY EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES

The cosmological evolution of the binary black hole (BH) merger rate and the energy density of the gravitational wave (GW) background are investigated. To evaluate the redshift dependence of the BH formation rate, BHs are assumed to originate from low-metallicity stars, and the relations between the star formation rate, metallicity and stellar mass of galaxies are combined with the stellar mass function at each redshift. As a result, it is found that when the energy density of the GW background is scaled with the merger rate at the local universe, the scaling factor does not depend on the critical metallicity for the formation of BHs. Also taking into account the merger of binary neutron stars, a simple formula to express the energy spectrum of the GW background is constructed for the inspiral phase. The relation between the local merger rate and the energy density of the GW background will be examined by future GW observations.
SQrum: An Improved Method of Scrum

—Software systems are having a major impact on many aspects of personal and professional life. Safety-critical applications, such as production line controls, automotive operations, and process industry controls, rely significantly on software systems. In these applications, software failure may result in bodily damage or death. The proper operation of software is essential to the safety and well-being of individuals and businesses. Therefore, software quality assurance is of paramount relevance in the software business today. In recent years, Agile Project Management and particularly Scrum, have gained popularity as a method of dealing with "vuca" business environments, which are characterized by rising Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity. This paper contributes to the software development body of knowledge by proposing a metamodel of Scrum quality assurance, named SQrum (‘SQ’ of Software Quality and ‘rum’ of Scrum). Our objective is to make Scrum more efficient and reliable and to assist enterprises in undertaking quality assurance activities while considering agile practices and values.
NEW ASSOCIATIONS OF GAMMA-RAY SOURCES FROM THE FERMI SECOND SOURCE CATALOG

We present the results of an all-sky radio survey between 5 and 9 GHz of sky areas surrounding all unassociated γ-ray objects listed in the Fermi Large Area Telescope Second Source Catalog (2FGL). The goal of these observations is to find all new γ-ray active galactic nucleus (AGN) associations with radio sources >10 mJy at 8 GHz. We observed with the Very Large Array and the Australia Telescope Compact Array the areas around unassociated sources, providing localizations of weak radio point sources found in 2FGL fields at arcmin scales. Then we followed-up a subset of those with the Very Long Baseline and the Long Baseline Arrays to confirm detections of radio emission on parsec-scales. We quantified association probabilities based on known statistics of source counts and assuming a uniform distribution of background sources. In total we found 865 radio sources at arcsec scales as candidates for association and detected 95 of 170 selected for follow-up observations at milliarcsecond resolution. Based on this we obtained firm associations for 76 previously unknown γ-ray AGNs. Comparison of these new AGN associations with the predictions from using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer color–color diagram shows that half of the associations are missed. We found that 129 out of 588 observed γ-ray sources at arcmin scales not a single radio continuum source was detected above our sensitivity limit within the 3 &sgr; ? > γ-ray localization. These “empty” fields were found to be particularly concentrated at low Galactic latitudes. The nature of these Galactic γ-ray emitters is not yet determined.