Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Building software quality classification trees: approach, experimentation, evaluation

A methodology for generating an optimum software quality classification tree using software complexity metrics to discriminate between high-quality modules and low-quality modules is proposed. The process of tree generation is an application of the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) procedures to the binomial distribution. AIC procedures are based on maximum likelihood estimation and the least number of complexity metrics. It is an improvement of the software quality classification tree generation method proposed by Porter and Selby (1990) from the viewpoint that the complexity metrics are minimized. The problems of their method are that the software quality prediction model is unstable because it reflects observational errors in real data too much and there is no objective criterion for determining whether the discrimination is appropriate or not at a deep nesting level of the classification tree when the number of sample modules gets smaller. To solve these problems a new metric is introduced and its validity is theoretically and experimentally verified. In our examples, complexity metrics written in C language, such as lines of source code, Halstead's (1977) software science, McCabe's (976) cyclomatic number, Henry and Kafura's (1981) fan-in/out and Howatt and Baker's (1989) scope number, are investigated. Our experiments with a medium-sized piece of software (85 thousand lines of source code; 562 samples) show that the software quality classification tree generated by our new metric identifies the target class of the observed modules more efficiently using the minimum number of complexity metrics without any significant decrease of the correct classification ratio (76%->72%) than the conventional classification tree.
Characterization of reflection scanning near‐field optical microscopy and scanning tunnelling optical microscopy/photon scanning tunnelling microscopy working in preliminary approach constant height scanning mode

The resolution in near‐field images is currently determined by the visual inspection of recorded images. One of the major questions in near‐field optical microscopy is ‘what resolution can be reached, the tip‐to‐sample distance being known? ’ This knowledge is critical when choosing the scanning step and the distance between the tip and the sample, in a preliminary scan. This preliminary scan is often the only way to detect the interesting parts of the sample, with limited risk of tip crash and topographical artefacts. The method proposed here needs two scans of the same area, of the same sample, in constant height mode, recorded at two tip‐to‐sample distances. The pseudo‐transfer function is the ratio of the Fourier transform of these two data maps. This function enables the evaluation of the limit of resolution. Theoretical considerations are introduced to assess the method.
Syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum in situ originating from the perianal skin

cell fate. Development 2004;131:965–73. 2. Leong KG, Karsan A. Recent insights into the role of Notch signaling in tumorigenesis. Blood 2006;107:2223–33. 3. Weng AP, Ferrando AA, Lee W, Morris JP IV, Silverman LB, Sanchez-Irizarry C, et al. Activating mutations of NOTCH1 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Science 2004;306:269–71. 4. Sulis ML, Williams O, Palomero T, Tosello V, Pallikuppam S, Real PJ, et al. NOTCH1 extracellular juxtamembrane expansion mutations in T-ALL. Blood 2008;112:733–40. 5. Gschwind A, Fischer OM, Ullrich A. The discovery of receptor tyrosine kinases: targets for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:361–70.
The Relationship Between Acculturation and General Health of Arab Americans

Purpose: To determine the relationship between acculturation and health status among Arab Americans in southern California. Design: A cross-sectional survey with 297 adult Arab Americans used (a) a demographic and health survey, SF-36 Version-1, to assess physical and mental health and (b) the Acculturation Rating Scale for Arab Americans-II to assess acculturation. Findings: Participants reported significantly better physical health and worse mental health compared to the published norm for the 1998 U.S. population. Better physical health was associated with demographic factors and bicultural identification; better mental health was associated with attraction to American culture. Attraction to American culture predicted alcohol use, whereas attraction to Arabic culture predicted cigarette smoking. Conclusion: Different patterns of association existed between acculturation and physical and mental health among Arab Americans. Implications for Practice: Findings suggest that acculturation is an important factor to consider in the well-being of Arab Americans, especially in their mental health.
Can inhibition resolve retrieval competition through the control of spreading activation ?

world that is both complex and subject to continuous change. Without the ability to remember who we are, what we have done, and what we intend to do, we would cease to function in any meaningful way. Perhaps because of this pivotal role, we become aware of the importance of memory only when it fails to capture the information we require. The recall of a friend’s new address, a mobile phone number, or even the name of one’s current partner are typical of the everyday retrieval tasks that can be frustrated by unwanted competition from related memories. If only there were some way of setting aside unwanted related memories, we might be better placed to retrieve the information we wish to remember. Of course, for the most part, this is exactly what we appear to do. But how does memory accomplish this conjuring feat, given the vast array of interrelated memories accumulated over a lifetime? What kind of mechanism is responsible for resolving retrieval competition between related memories? In contrast to more traditional views of memory, in which forgetting tends to be characterized as inconvenient lapses in memorial ability, recent theorizing suggests that some forms of forgetting may possess an adaptive function—that is, the resolution of retrieval competition (Anderson & Bjork, 1994; R. A. Bjork, 1989). Specifically, it has been argued that the retrieval of desired memories can be promoted by the active forgetting or inhibition of related memories (Anderson, R. A. Bjork, & E. L. Bjork, 1994; Anderson & Spellman, 1995). Support for this view draws upon an extensive literature concerned with directed (E. L. Bjork, Bjork, & Anderson, 1998; R. A. Bjork, 1989) and nondirected (Anderson, 2003; M. D. MacLeod, Bjork, & Bjork, 2003) forgetting. The present article contributes to this debate and clarifies some of the unresolved issues by providing an in-depth exploration of the mechanisms responsible for retrieval-induced forgetting in the retrieval practice paradigm (see also Anderson, 2003; Levy & Anderson, 2002). The retrieval practice paradigm typically comprises four phases: a study phase, a retrieval practice phase, a distractor, and a final recall task. In the study phase, participants are presented with lists of categories containing related exemplars (e.g., fruit–apple, fruit–orange, drink–beer, drink–wine). Following this initial stage, the participants are presented with a cued retrieval practice task in which a subset of exemplars about some of the categories are repeatedly retrieved (e.g., fruit–ap____, fruit–or____). This procedure has the effect of creating three distinct item types: practiced exemplars from the practiced category (i.e., Rp items), unpracticed exemplars from the practiced category (i.e., Rp items), and unpracticed exemplars from the unpracticed category (i.e., Nrp items). During the final recall task, in which the participants are encouraged to recall all the items presented originally, practiced Rp items tend to be better recalled than un-
Knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer screening and associated factors among female Hawassa university college of medicine and health sciences students

Worldwide, cancer of the cervix is the major leading cause of cancer death in women after breast cancer. Each year, half-million new cases are diagnosed and approximately 274,000 deaths due to cervical cancer in 2008. It is the most common malignancy among females in developing countries. Cancer of the cervix is the most common female cancer, and approximately half a million women develop cervical cancer each year, with an estimated 80% or more occurring in developing countries.1,2 Cervical cancer is the most common and lethal among women in Sub-Saharan Africa, second only to breast cancer in northern Africa.3 In South Africa, cervical cancer is the most common cancer in black women and fourth among white women. Although cervical cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among women in developing countries, the patients were present with advanced disease.4 The epidemiologic risk factors for cervical cancer are: having multiple sexual partners, early onset of sexual activity, Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, lower genital tract neoplasia, or prior sexual exposure to someone with cervical neoplasia, a history of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs),cigarette smoking, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, other forms of immunosuppression and long-term oral contraceptive pill use.5 A considerable reduction in cervical cancer incidence and deaths achieved in developed countries with systematic cytological screening programs. Thus, it is largely preventable by effective screening programs. However, this has not been possible in most limited resource countries, mainly because systematic screening is rarely performed.6,7 In Ethiopia, Cervical Cancer ranks as the second most frequent cancer among women between 15 and 44years of age. Every year 4648 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, and 3,235 dies from the disease.8
stimating population density for disease risk assessment: The mportance of understanding the area of influence of traps using wild igs as an example

Population density is a key driver of disease dynamics in wildlife populations. Accurate disease risk assessment and determination of management impacts on wildlife populations requires an ability to estimate population density alongside management actions. A common management technique for controlling wildlife populations to monitor and mitigate disease transmission risk is trapping (e.g., box traps, corral traps, drop nets). Although abundance can be estimated from trapping actions using a variety of analytical approaches, inference is limited by the spatial extent to which a trap attracts animals on the landscape. If the “area of influence” were known, abundance estimates could be converted to densities. In addition to being an important predictor of contact rate and thus disease spread, density is more informative because it is comparable across sites of different sizes. The goal of our study is to demonstrate the importance of determining the area sampled by traps (area of influence) so that density can be estimated from management-based trapping designs which do not employ a trapping grid. To provide one example of how area of influence could be calculated alongside management, we conducted a small pilot study on wild pigs (Sus scrofa) using two removal methods 1) trapping followed by 2) aerial gunning, at three sites in northeast Texas in 2015. We estimated abundance from trapping data with a removal model. We calculated empirical densities as aerial counts divided by the area searched by air (based on aerial flight tracks). We inferred the area of influence of traps by assuming consistent densities across the larger spatial scale and then solving for area impacted by the traps. Based on our pilot study we estimated 2 the area of influence for corral traps in late summer in Texas to be ∼8.6 km . Future work showing the effects of behavioral and environmental factors on area of influence will help mangers obtain estimates of density from management data, and determine conditions where trap-attraction is strongest. The ability to estimate density alongside population control activities will improve risk assessment and response operations against disease outbreaks. Published by Elsevier B.V.
WeedMap: A large-scale semantic weed mapping framework using aerial multispectral imaging and deep neural network for precision farming

The ability to automatically monitor agricultural fields is an important capability in precision farming, enabling steps towards more sustainable agriculture. Precise, high-resolution monitoring is a key prerequisite for targeted intervention and the selective application of agro-chemicals. The main goal of this paper is developing a novel crop/weed segmentation and mapping framework that processes multispectral images obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using a deep neural network (DNN). Most studies on crop/weed semantic segmentation only consider single images for processing and classification. Images taken by UAVs often cover only a few hundred square meters with either color only or color and near-infrared (NIR) channels. Although a map can be generated by processing single segmented images incrementally, this requires additional complex information fusion techniques which struggle to handle high fidelity maps due to their computational costs and problems in ensuring global consistency. Moreover, computing a single large and accurate vegetation map (e.g., crop/weed) using a DNN is non-trivial due to difficulties arising from: (1) limited ground sample distances (GSDs) in high-altitude datasets, (2) sacrificed resolution resulting from downsampling high-fidelity images, and (3) multispectral image alignment. To address these issues, we adopt a stand sliding window approach that operates on only small portions of multispectral orthomosaic maps (tiles), which are channel-wise aligned and calibrated radiometrically across the entire map. We define the tile size to be the same as that of the DNN input to avoid resolution loss. Compared to our baseline model (i.e., SegNet with 3 channel RGB (red, green, and blue) inputs) yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of [background=0.607, crop=0.681, weed=0.576], our proposed model with 9 input channels achieves [0.839, 0.863, 0.782]. Additionally, we provide an extensive analysis of 20 trained models, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in order to evaluate the effects of varying input channels and tunable network hyperparameters. Furthermore, we release a large sugar beet/weed aerial dataset with expertly guided annotations for further research in the fields of remote sensing, precision agriculture, and agricultural robotics.
Making Belady-Inspired Replacement Policies More Effective Using Expected Hit Count

Memory-intensive workloads operate on massive amounts of data that cannot be captured by last-level caches (LLCs) of modern processors. Consequently, processors encounter frequent off-chip misses, and hence, lose a significant performance potential. One way to reduce the number of off-chip misses is through using a well-behaved replacement policy in the LLC. Existing processors employ a variation of least recently used (LRU) policy to determine a victim for replacement. Unfortunately, there is a large gap between what LRU offers and that of Belady's MIN, which is the optimal replacement policy. Belady's MIN requires selecting a victim with the longest reuse distance, and hence, is unfeasible due to the need to know the future. Consequently, Belady-inspired replacement polices use Belady's MIN to derive an indicator to help them choose a victim for replacement. In this work, we show that the indicator that is used in the state-of-the-art Belady-inspired replacement policy is not decisive in picking a victim in a considerable number of cases, and hence, the policy has to rely on a standard metric (e.g., recency or frequency) to pick a victim, which is inefficient. We observe that there exist strong correlations among the hit counts of cache blocks in the same region of memory when Belady's MIN is the replacement policy. Taking advantage of this observation, we propose an expected-hit-count indicator for the memory regions and use it to improve the victim selection mechanism of Belady-inspired replacement policies when the main indicator is not decisive. Our proposal offers a 5.2\% performance improvement over the baseline LRU and outperforms Hawkeye, which is the state-of-the-art replacement policy.
Nasal High Flow Delivered within the Helmet: A New Noninvasive Respiratory Support

Tommaso Mauri 1,2 , Elena Spinelli 2 , Massimiliano Mariani 1 , Amedeo Guzzardella 1 , Chiara Del Prete 1 , Eleonora Carlesso 1 , Donatella Tortolani 3 , Paola Tagliabue 2 , Antonio Pesenti 1,2 , Giacomo Grasselli 1,2 . 1. Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy 2. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy 3. Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Ferrara, Italy
Signatures of the transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays

We discuss the signatures of the transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays in different scenarios, giving the most attention to the dip scenario. The dip is a feature in the diffuse spectrum of ultrahigh-energy protons in the energy range 1x10{sup 18}-4x10{sup 19} eV, which is caused by electron-positron pair production on the cosmic microwave background radiation. The dip scenario provides a simple physical description of the transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays. Here we summarize the signatures of the pair-production dip model for the transition, most notably the spectrum, the anisotropy, and the chemical composition. The main focus of our work is, however, on the description of the features that arise in the elongation rate and in the distribution of the depths of shower maximum X{sub max} in the dip scenario. We find that the curve for X{sub max}(E) shows a sharp increase with energy, which reflects a sharp transition from an iron-dominated flux at low energies to a proton-dominated flux at E{approx}10{sup 18} eV. We also discuss in detail the shape of the X{sub max} distributions for cosmic rays of given energy and demonstrate that this represents a powerful tool to discriminate between the dip scenario andmore » other possible models of the transition. « less
Recovery-oriented professionals: Helping relationships in mental health services

Background: Traditionally mental health services have been based on the view that health professionals effect changes within a person with psychiatric problems via a range of treatment methods. Service users have had little opportunity to speak for themselves about their view of professional help or about what supports their recovery process. Aim: Explore helping relationships from the perspective of service recipient experiences. Method: Qualitative study based on interviews with 15 service users with lived experience of severe mental illness. Results: Certain common factors about helpful relationships were identified. Service users valued professionals who conveyed hope, shared power, were available when needed, were open regarding the diversity in what helps, and were willing to stretch the boundaries of what is considered the "professional" role. Conclusions: Recovery-oriented professionals were those who had the courage to deal with the complexities and the individuality of the change process, and were able to use their professional skills and expertise in a collaborative partnership with the service user. A recovery-orientation in professionals also involves the willingness and ability to shape services to the needs and preferences of each individual service user.
HISTOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF RESPONSE TO DIRECT PULP CAPPING WITH PROPOLIS: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN RABBIT.

Asmaa M Gamal 1 , Nagwa M Khattab 2 , Tamer A Fouda 3 and Safaa M Tohamy 4 . 1. Dentist in Faculty of Dentistry Hospital. 2. Professor of Pediatric and Community Dentistry and Vice Dean for education and student Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University. 3. Lecturer of Pediatric and Community Dentistry, Faculty' of Dentistry', Minia University. 4. Lecturer of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
Estimation of sodium availability in food in Slovenia: results from household food purchase data from 2000 to 2009

Abstract Introduction: The main aim of the study was to estimate average daily sodium availability of Slovenian consumers based on the food purchase data for the period 2000-2009. The secondary aim was to look for food group contributors to sodium availability. Methods: Food purchase records (Household Budget Survey) as well as country-specific reference values and food composition information were used to estimate mean sodium availability of purchased foods (grams of sodium/person/ day - g Na/p/day) as well as food groups and foods with the largest contribution to the total sodium availability. Discussion and results: The mean sodium availability of purchased foods decreased in the period 2000-2009 and was on average 2,104±132 mg Na/p/day, not accounting for ready-made meals, most semi-prepared foods and adding salt during cooking and at the table. The key food group contributors of sodium in Slovenia were breads and bakery products (35.0%), meat products (27.9%), processed vegetables (6.6%) and cheeses (5.3%). Conclusions: Notwithstanding the smaller purchased quantities of higher-sodium foods (e.g. sausages, prosciutto, dry meat, pickled cucumbers) in comparison to larger purchased quantities of the medium-sodium foods (e.g. white bread, mixed bread, brown bread, milk, rolls), both food groups contribute significant amounts of sodium in the diets of Slovenians. Izvleček Uvod: Glavni namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti razpoložljivost natrija v kupljenih živilih v Sloveniji. Osnovo so predstavljali podatki nacionalne raziskave o porabi v gospodinjstvih za obdobje 2000-2009. Sekundarni cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, katere skupine živil prispevajo k največji razpoložljivosti natrija v prehrani slovenskih porabnikov. Metode: Za oceno povprečnega vnosa natrija (izraženega v gramih natrijevega klorida/oseba/dan - g osebo/Na/dan) v kupljenih živilih in glavnih skupinah živil so bili uporabljeni podatki o povprečni porabi živil v gospodinjstvih in podatki o hranilni sestavi živil. Razprava in rezultati: Povprečna vrednost razpoložljivega natrija v kupljenih živilih se je v obdobju od leta 2000 do leta 2009 znižala in znaša v povprečju 2,104±132 mg natrija/osebo/dan. Pri tem niso bile upoštevane vrednosti vnosa pripravljenih in polpripravljenih obrokov ter dosoljevanje hrane pri mizi. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da so ključne skupine živil, ki prispevajo največje količine natrija v prehrani prebivalcev Slovenije, kruh in pekovski izdelki (35,0%), mesni izdelki (27,9%), konzervirana zelenjava (6,6%) in siri (5,3%). Zaključki: Raziskava je pokazala, da k vnosu natrija v prehrani prebivalcev Slovenije znatno prispevajo živila, ki vsebujejo višje vrednosti natrija (npr. salame, pršut, sušeno meso, vložena zelenjava) in ki se jih v prehrani ljudi zaužije v nižjih količinah, in živila s srednjimi vrednostmi natrija (npr. bele in mešane vrste kruha, črni kruh), ki se jih porabi v večjih količinah.