Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of dolutegravir on folate, vitamin B12 and mean corpuscular volume levels among children and adolescents with HIV: a sub‐study of the ODYSSEY randomized controlled trial

Dolutegravir‐based antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the preferred antiretroviral treatment for children and adolescents living with HIV. A large surveillance study in Botswana previously raised concerns about an association between pre‐conception dolutegravir and neural tube defects. Before these concerns were subsequently resolved, we set up a sub‐study to look at the effect of dolutegravir on levels of folate and vitamin B12 in children and adolescents within the randomized ODYSSEY trial, as folate and vitamin B12 are known to play a crucial role in neural tube development.
Data‐guided Authoring of Procedural Models of Shapes

Procedural models enable the generation of a large amount of diverse shapes by varying the parameters of the model. However, writing a procedural model for replicating a collection of reference shapes is difficult, requiring much inspection of the original and replicated shapes during the development of the model. In this paper, we introduce a data‐guided method for aiding a programmer in creating a procedural model to replicate a collection of reference shapes. The user starts by writing an initial procedural model, and the system automatically predicts the model parameters for reference shapes, also grouping shapes by how well they are approximated by the current procedural model. The user can then update the procedural model based on the given feedback and iterate the process. Our system thus automates the tedious process of discovering the parameters that replicate reference shapes, allowing the programmer to focus on designing the high‐level rules that generate the shapes. We demonstrate through qualitative examples and a user study that our method is able to speed up the development time for creating procedural models of 2D and 3D man‐made shapes.
CRITICAL TAPER MODEL OF FOLD-AND-THRUST BELTS AND ACCRETIONARY WEDGES

The fold-and-thrust belts and submarine accretionary wedges that lie along compressive plate boundaries are one of the best understood deformational features of the Earth's upper crust. Although there is considerable natural variation among the many fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges that have been recognized and explored, several features appear to be universal . In cross section, fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges occupy a wedge-shaped deformed region overlying a basal detachment or decollement fault; the rocks or sediments beneath this fault show very little deformation. The decollement fault characteristically dips toward the interior of the mountain belt or, in the case of a submarine wedge, toward the island arc; the topography, in contrast, slopes toward the toe or deformation front of the wedge. Deformation within the wedge is generally dominated by imbricate thrust faults verging toward the toe and related fault-bend folding. Two North American fold-and-thrust belts that exhibit these features are shown in Figure 1. Neither of these two examples is tectonically active today; the southern Canadian fold-and-thrust belt was active during the late Jurassic and Cretaceous (150-100 Ma), whereas the southern Appa­ lachians were deformed during the late Carboniferous to Permian Alle­ ghenian orogeny (300-250 Ma). Figure 2 shows two examples that are currently active: the Taiwan fold-and-thrust belt, produced by the sub­ duction of the Eurasian plate beneath the Philippine Sea plate (Suppe 1981 , 1987); and the Barbados accretionary wedge, produced by the sub-
KI-Zeitschrift-Auszug als Leseprobe

In order to enable the efficient reuse of collected experience knowledge, the identification of the most relevant experiences with respect to the current reuse need is one of the most crucial issues. One approach for supporting this process with AI methods is the application of similarity-based retrieval techniques developed in the area of CaseBased Reasoning. We describe the basic idea of this approach and present a novel open source tool which simplifies the development of knowledge-based retrieval functionality in experience management applications.
Model for multiscale disaggregation of spatial rainfall based on coupling meteorological and scaling descriptions

The precipitation output of a mesoscale atmospheric numerical model is usually interpreted as the average rainfall intensity over the grid cell of the model (typically 30 × 30 km to 60×60 km). However, rainfall exhibits considerable heterogeneity over subgrid scales (i.e., scales smaller than the grid cell), so it is necessary for hydrologic applications to recreate or simulate the small-scale rainfall variability given its large-scale average. Rainfall disaggregation is usually done statistically. In this paper, a new subgrid scale rainfall disaggregation model is developed. It has the ability to statistically reproduce the rainfall variability at scales unresolved by mesoscale models while being conditioned on large-scale rainfall averages and physical properties of the prestorm environment. The model is based on two extensively tested hypotheses for midlatitude mesoscale convective systems [Perica and Foufoula-Georgiou, 1996]: (1) standardized rainfall fluctuations (defined via a wavelet transform) exhibit simple scaling over the mesoscale, and (2) statistical scaling parameters of rainfall fluctuations relate to the convective available potential energy (CAPE), a measure of the convective instability of the prestorm environment. Preliminary evaluation of the model showed that the model is capable of reconstructing the small-scale statistical variability of rainfall as well as the fraction of area covered with rain at all analyzed subgrid scales. The performance evaluation was based on comparison of summary statistics and spatial pattern measures of simulated fields with those of known fields observed during the Oklahoma-Kansas Preliminary Regional Experiment for Storm-Central (PRE-STORM).
Role of Pressure in Smectite Dehydration--Effects on Geopressure and Smectite-to-Illite Transformation

Evaluation of the effect of pressure on the temperature of interlayer water loss (dehydration) by smectites under diagenetic conditions indicates that smectites are stable as hydrated phases in the deep subsurface. Hydraulic and differential pressure conditions affect dehydration differently. Smectites under hydraulic pressure conditions, such as in the pores of a sandstone, will retain at least two water layers (basal spacing, d001 = 15A). Smectites under differential pressure for vertical effective stress conditions, such as in compacting shales, are stable as two-water-layer complexes to temperatures of 67°-81°C (153°-178°F), at which one water layer will be expelled. Loss of the remaining water layer requires temperatures of 172°-19 °C (342°-377°F). The temperatures of dehydration increase with pore fluid pressure and interlayer water density. The stability of hydrated smectite under hydraulic-pressure conditions indicates that simple thermal dehydration of smectite is not important in the development of abnormally high subsurface fluid pressures. Loss of water by smectite in a shale of low permeability may cause overpressuring; however, the resulting increase in fluid pressure will inhibit further dehydration. The temperatures of dehydration under differential-pressure conditions are inversely related to pressure and interlayer water density. The temperature range for interlayer water loss by smectite under differential-pressure conditions is approximately coincident with the beginning of the smectite-to-illite transformation and hydrocarbon generation. The model presented assumes the effects of pore fluid composition and 2:1 layer reactivity to be negligible. Agreement between theoretical and experimental results validate this assumption. However, changes in the chemical stability of the 2:1 layer with decreasing interlayer water content, increasing pressure and temperature, and changing pore-fluid chemistry may be important in initiating clay and organic matter transformations. Changes in clay stability with interlayer water loss may also be responsible for the different rates of smectite-to-illite transformation observed in interbedded sandstones and shales.
A mass balance approach to assess carbon dioxide evolution during erosional events

The accelerated greenhouse effect and the degradation of land resources by water and wind erosion are two major, yet interrelated global environmental challenges. Accelerated decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cultivated soils results in decline in SOC stocks over time and also contributes to increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. Off‐site transport of SOC in runoff waters during erosional events also contributes to SOC depletion, but there is a paucity of data in the literature documenting erosional SOC losses and the fate of eroded SOC. In this paper, we present a mass balance approach to compute CO2 evolved from mineralization of SOC during transport and deposition of eroded soils. Erosion‐induced CO2 emission rates ranging between 6 and 52 g C m−2 yr−1 were computed using data on SOC stocks and dynamics from a series of long‐term experiments conducted across a range of ecological regions. For the cropland of the world, we estimated an annual flux of 0.37 Pg CO2‐C to the atmosphere due to water erosion. This flux is significant and suggests that water erosion must be taken into consideration when constructing global and regional C budgets. Through its contribution to atmospheric CO2 increase, water erosion can have a positive feedback on the accelerated greenhouse effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Middle Miocene fossil grasses from Fort Ternan, Kenya

At the well-known fossil mammal locality of Fort Ternan in southwestern Kenya, radiometrically dated at about 14 million years old (middle Miocene), fossil grasses have been preserved by nephelinitic sandstone in place of growth above a brown paleosol (type Onuria clay). Large portions of grass plants as well as fragments of leaves have revealed details of silica bodies, stomates, and other taxonomically important features under the scanning electron microscope. The computer database for grass identification compiled by Leslie Watson and colleagues was used to determine the most similar living grass genera to the five distinct kinds of fossil found. Two of the fossil species are assigned to Cleistochloa kabuyis sp. nov. and C. shipmanae sp. nov. This genus includes one species from low fertility dry woodland soils of New South Wales and Queensland and a second species from “raw clay soils” in western New Guinea. A third fossil species, represented by a large portion of a branching culm, is assigned to Stereochlaena miocenica sp. nov. This genus includes five species of low-fertility woodland soils in southeastern Africa. Both Cleistochloa and Stereochlaena are in the supertribe Panicanae of the subfamily Panicoideae. A fourth species is assigned to Distichlis africana sp. nov. and provides a biogeographic link between the single species of this genus now living in coastal grasslands in southeastern Australia and the 12 species of dunes and deserts found throughout the Americas from Patagonia and the West Indies to the United States and Canada. A fifth species is, like D. africana, in the subfamily Chloridoideae, but its stomata were not seen and it could belong to Cyclostachya, Pogoneura, or Polevansia. This earliest known wooded grassland flora in Africa is taxonomically unlike the modern grass flora of fertile volcanic African landscapes, and may have been recruited from an archaic grass flora of Gondwanan desert and lateritic soils.
Infrared spectra of nitric acid trihydrate (β‐NAT): A comparison of available optical constants and implication for the detection of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)

The β phase of nitric acid trihydrate (β‐NAT) is assumed to be one of the essential components of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) and may play an important role in ozone chemistry. Infrared spectra of vapour deposited films of β‐NAT, have been measured in transmission and in reflection‐absorption (RAIR). The spectra have been simulated with the different sets of optical constants available in the literature. The films are found to be optically isotropic. The refractive indices of Toon et al. (1994) give the best global fit to the data, but have low resolution and tend to smooth sharp features. The higher resolution indices of Höpfner et al. (2006) lead to worse overall spectral simulations, but can account for the comparatively narrow feature at 820 cm−1 recently identified in field measurements of β‐NAT particles. The best compromise is obtained with the “coa” indices of Höpfner et al.
ANALISIS PENGARUH KETEBALAN MAGNET DAN JUMLAH LILITAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK GENERATOR MAGNET PERMANEN 18 SLOT 16 POLE

Wind energy in Indonesia has great potential so it needs to be utilized to produce electrical energy in the context of energy transition. However, its medium-low speed is a challenge to maximize its potential. A suitable generator for use is a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). However, the PMSG used today has low efficiency and characteristics. This study uses the best parameters from previous studies and adds updates to the magnetic thickness and number of windings to produce high-characteristic PMSG. Researchers design and test through simulation with the help of Magnet Infolytica software with Finite Element Method (FEM) method. The simulated values are processed using Microsoft Excel to produce input power, output power
Limits to Climate Change Adaptation: Case Study of the Australian Alps

Climate change is occurring and not being mitigated, motivating adaptation but adaptation strategies can have biophysical, economic, technological, and social limits. We review publicly available documents to assess how successful current and proposed adaptation strategies may be for the Australian Alps, including likely limits and potential collaborations and conflicts among stakeholders. Conservation managers, the tourism industry, and local communities have implemented or are proposing a range of adaptation strategies in the region. Some stakeholder strategies complement each other (e.g. invasive species control, fire management), while others are potential sources of conflict (water and electricity for snowmaking, year-round tourism). Economic costs and biophysical constraints are the most important limits to these adaptation strategies. These types of limits and conflicts between different stakeholders on adaptation strategies are likely to occur in other regions and demonstrate that adaptation may only provide partial and short term solutions to the challenges of climate change.
On large scale convection in the atmosphere over the tropical Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean

The motivation for this study came from the variation of deep convection during the anomalous climatological events known as El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Various environmental variables, mainly sea surface temperature (SST), wind and precipitation affect various stages of the convection process. Despite the considerable work that has been done in this area, there are gaps in our knowledge of deep convection and its relationship to SST. The study encompassed an area from 70°E to 180°E and from 45°S to 45°N, but concentrated on the tropical region which is considered to be of primary importance to the development of ENSO events. The data sets used consistd of satellite-derived SST fields, wind fields from Australian Bureau of Meteorology, precipitable water vapour from NOAA/TOVS and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), all for the period 1984 to 1986. This period lies between the 1982/83 and 1986/87 ENSO events, and therefore provides information on the character of convection prior to and at the early stages of the 1986/87 event. The annual variation of SST, wind, OLR and \precipitable water were mapped during the study period. A wind divergence analysis at 200 mb revealed a zone of convergence over northern Australia from June to November. Over the ocean, the maximum convection is generally located west of the SST warm centre, and convection follows changes in the location of the warm centre. A conceptual model relating OLR to SST and upper level wind divergence has been developed. It successfully explains the relationship between these three variables, especially above the threshold temperature of 27.5°C, and points to the importance of upper level divergence in the development of deep convection. Some interesting features were found to be related to the 1986/87 ENSO event. A positive SST anomaly developed over the tropical mid-Pacific during the study period. By contrast a negative anomaly developed simultaneously over the south Indian Ocean west of Australia. Evidence of a weak convection signal, much before the ENSO anomaly was fully developed, was observed in the Philippines Sea region from May 1986 onward.
The Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Rosso Ammonitico succession of Monte Inici (Trapanese Domain, western Sicily); sedimentology, biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy

The pelagic Jurassic successions of the Trapani region of western Sicily are dominated by the characteristic Tethyan Rosso Ammonitico lithofacies. In order to revise the stratigraphy (sedimentology, microbiofacies, ammonite and calpionellid biostratigraphy, isotope stratigraphy) and to define a reference section, a well exposed succession of Rosso Ammonitico, spanning the Callovian-Upper Berriasian interval, has been selected in the eastern sector of Monte Inici, Trapani province. A sedimentological study has enabled us to distinguish three subfacies within the Rosso Ammonitico: nodular, pseudo-nodular, and intraclastic nodular subfacies. The two latter subfacies are characterized by the presence of intraclasts produced largely by mechanical abrasion, that suggest a formation by hydrodynamic processes. Increasing hydrodynamic energy is inferred from Lower Kimmeridgian to Upper Berriasian deposits. The vertical evolution of the microfacies shows the greatest skeletal diversity in the Middle Oxfordian, coinciding with a peak of delta 13 C. Ammonites are abundant in the Middle Oxfordian-Lower Kimmeridgian, where several ammonite zones have been recognized. With the aid of calpionellids we have been able to identify the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary and to recognize high frequency biostratigraphic intervals in the Berriasian, that can be correlated throughout palaoetethys. The delta 13 C curve shows a marked positive peak at the base of the section (Lower to Middle Callovian) and a second, composite, positive excursion in the Middle-Upper Oxfordian. From the base of the Kimmeridgian, delta 13 C values slowly decrease, remaining low in the Berriasian. Oxygen isotope values exclude late burial diagenetic overprinting and the carbon peaks are interpreted as reflecting carbon cycle perturbations due to high biological productivity that may mirror global palaeoenvironmental variations. The Middle Oxfordian peak coincides with the highest skeletal diversity, with the first occurrence of the nodular facies, and with the onset of cherty limestones (lateral equivalents of radiolarites) in the southern sector of Monte Inici, and in localities to the west and north. The heteropy between Rosso Ammonitico and radiolarites s.l. suggests that sedimentation was controlled by local palaeotopography.
SAM/SAH Mediates Parental Folate Deficiency-Induced Neural Cell Apoptosis in Neonatal Rat Offspring: The Expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3

Research demonstrated that folate deficiency in either the mother or father could impact the biological functions of the offspring’s of neural cells. Folate deficiency can also impair the methionine cycle, thus contributing to the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), which could potentially cause damage to the central nervous system. The study focused on the effect of parental folate deficiency on neural cell apoptosis in offspring neonatal rats and whether it is mediated by the levels of SAM and SAH in brains. The experimental design was conducted by feeding female and male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with either folate-deficient or folate-normal diets, sacrificing the offspring within 24 h and isolating their brain tissue. Rats were divided into four groups: the maternal-folate-deficient and paternal-folate-deficient (D-D) group; the maternal-folate-deficient and paternal-folate-normal (D-N) group; the maternal-folate-normal and paternal-folate-deficient (N-D) group; and the maternal-folate-normal and paternal-folate-normal (N-N) group. There was down-regulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression, up-regulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Caspase-3 expression of neural cells, and pathological changes in the brain ultrastructure, as well as decreased SAM levels, increased SAH levels, and a decreased SAM/SAH ratio in the rat fetal brain via parental folate deficiency. In conclusion, parental folate deficiency could induce the apoptosis of neural cells in neonatal offspring rats, while biparental folate deficiency had the greatest effect on offspring, and the unilateral effect was greater in mothers than in fathers. This process may be mediated by the levels of SAM and SAH in the rat fetal brain.
Teenage alcohol consumption: a view from different groups / Consumo de alcohol juvenil: una visión desde diferentes colectivos

En este trabajo se estudian diferentes colectivos relacionados con el botellon evaluando su acercamiento a la realidad de este fenomeno e identificando sus necesidades de intervencion. Se ha preguntado a 4083 jovenes (14-25 anos), 212 padres y 63 policias de Valencia que entienden por botellon, las consecuencias asociadas al mismo, y las alternativas que piensan que paliarian este fenomeno. Policias y jovenes aluden principalmente a consumir alcohol con amigos. Policias y padres destacan las consecuencias sociales negativas del consumo juvenil, mientras los jovenes ven consecuencias positivas (socializacion) y no lo asocian con problemas personales o de rendimiento. Las alternativas propuestas por policias son bajar los precios del alcohol y habilitar botellodromos, que no solucionaria el consumo juvenil excesivo, y un tipo de ocio alternativo poco valorado por los jovenes. Las propuestas de los padres trasladan su responsabilidad a la administracion, escuela, etc., y junto con los policias proponen informar mas a los jovenes sobre el alcohol. Sin embargo, los tres colectivos deberian acceder a dicha informacion y tomar conciencia de las consecuencias bio-psico-sociales del consumo. Ademas, con los padres hay que trabajar su nivel de conciencia, ya que son uno de los determinantes directos del inicio y mantenimiento del consumo. Abstract In this paper, we study various groups related to the “botellon” evaluating its approach to the reality of this phenomenon and identifying their needs for intervention. Has been interviewed 4083 young people (14-25 years), 212 parents and 63 policemen from Valencia about what they mean by “botellon”, the consequences associated with it, and the alternatives they think reduce this phenomenon. Police and youth refers mainly to the alcohol consume with friends. Police and parents highlighted the negative socials consequences of teenage consumption, while young people see positive consequences (socialization) and no association with performance or personal problems. The alternatives proposed by police are lower alcohol prices and to enable botellodromos, that would not solve youth excessive consumption, and a type of alternative leisure undervalued by young people. The proposals from the parents transfer their responsibility to the administration, school, etc. and together with the policemen intend to increase youth alcohol knowledge. However, the three groups should have access to this information and become aware of the bio-psycho-social consequences of this consumption. In addition, parents have to work their level of consciousness, because they are one of the direct determinants of onset and duration of consumption.