Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emission reduction targets and outcomes of the Clean Development Mechanism (2005–2020)

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows developing countries to earn carbon credit units by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here we assess the emission reduction outcomes of the CDM between 2005 and 2020. The analysis covers 3,311 CDM projects hosted by 79 countries and over 10,000 Monitoring Reports. We identify which host countries and project types departed from original forecasts more. Overall, the total amount of actual emission reductions was 16% below the targets envisaged by project proponents. Emission reduction projects consistently under-performed over the year, but performance varied between and within regions. Industrial HFCs and N2O projects exceeded their targets, whereas landfill gas and methane avoidance projects under-performed by larger margins. Economic gains were unevenly distributed. Estimated revenues relative to GDP were higher for larger emerging economies, and disproportionately smaller for the deprived members of the Global South. Four host countries (China, India, South Korea and Brazil) not only dominated the market, but also gained an advantage from the higher carbon prices before 2012. Least Developed Countries had their carbon credits issued in more recent years when prices were much lower. The results show an imbalance in economic outcomes and raise questions about the effectiveness and equity of this Kyoto mechanism. Weak targets under Paris Agreement could intensify these challenges.
Directional Antennas Modeling and Coverage Analysis of UAV-Assisted Networks

Existing researches on UAV networks mostly adopt omni-directional antenna pattern, which results in overlapping between coverage areas and bringing severe co-channel interference due to air-to-ground dominant line-of-sight (LOS) channels. Considering directional antennas that concentrate transmission power to small cells, this letter analyzes system performance of UAV-assisted networks with conic directional antenna model by deriving network coverage probability via stochastic geometry, where UAVs and macro base stations (MBSs) are deployed according to independent Poisson point process. Specifically, realistic and mathematically tractable directional antenna pattern is adopted that radiation gain is modeled by a continuous function of the elevation angle <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and the directivity factor <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. In addition, the tradeoff between cell association and interference isolation is exploited by adjusting <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and UAV LOS/NLOS probabilities. Theoretical results show that, system coverage probability could be improved by 41% in urban environment when <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\omega =6.2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and UAV density <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{u}=300/k{m^{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.
Acute Poisoning Readmissions to an Emergency Department of a Tertiary Hospital: Evaluation through an Active Toxicovigilance Program

The aim of this study is to investigate hospital readmissions during 1 year after acute poisoning cases (APC), analyze the temporal behavior of early readmissions (ER) (in the month after the index episode) and predict possible ER. A descriptive analysis of the patients with APC assisted between 2011 and 2016 in the Emergency Department of Hospital La Paz is presented, and various methods of inferential statistics were applied and confirmed by Bayesian analysis in order to evaluate factors associated with total and early readmissions. Out of the 4693 cases of APC included, 968 (20.6%) presented, at least one readmission and 476 (10.1%) of them were ER. The mean age of APC with readmission was 41 years (12.7 SD), 78.9% had previous psychiatric pathology and 44.7% had a clinical history of alcohol addiction. Accidental poisoning has been a protective factor for readmission (OR 0.50; 0.26–0.96). Type of toxin (“drug of abuse” OR 8.88; 1.17–67.25), history of addiction (OR 1.93; 1.18–3.10) and psychiatric history (OR 3.30; 2.53–4.30) are risk factors for readmissions during the first year. Women showed three or more readmissions in a year. The results of the study allow for identification of the predictors for the different numbers of readmissions in the year after the index APC, as well as for ERs.
Kontribusi Faktor Determinan Lingkungan terhadap Prevalensi Kasus Malaria di Kota Sabang, Provinsi Aceh

The city of Sabang has become a model for Indonesia in malaria elimination. However, currently, there is an increase in malaria cases again in Sabang City and the emergence of a new parasite species, namely Plasmodium knowlesi was transmitted through Macaca fascicularis. This study aims to analyze the influence of environmental, physical, chemical, and biological factors on the prevalence of malaria in Sabang City. This type of research is an observational survey with a cross-sectional design with a sampling technique using cluster-random sampling with a total sample of 100 houses in four research villages. Data was collected using interviews, inspections, and environmental observations carried out on 100 selected houses. Data was analyzed using statistics, univariate in the form of percentage distribution, Chi-square bivariate, and multivariate using logistic regression with the Stepwise method. Surveys of adult mosquitoes were caught at night, from 19.00 to 07.00 once in three houses in 4 villages in the research location. The results of this study showed that the physical environment (p=0.0001), the biological environment (p=0.021), and the chemical environment (p=0.011) were significantly associated with malaria cases. The physical environment was the most influential predictor of malaria cases (OR: 11.096).
Compact metric measure spaces and Lambda-coalescents coming down from infinity

We study topological properties of random metric spaces which arise by Lambda-coalescents. These are stochastic processes, which start with an infinite number of lines and evolve through multiple mergers in an exchangeable setting. We show that the resulting Lambda-coalescent measure tree is compact iff the Lambda-coalescent comes down from infinity, i.e. only consists of finitely many lines at any positive time. If the Lambda-coalescent stays infinite, the resulting metric measure space is not even locally compact. Our results are based on general notions of compact and locally compact (isometry classes of) metric measure spaces. In particular, we give characterizations for general (random) metric measure spaces to be (locally) compact using the Gromov-weak topology.
Disk accretion onto a black hole at subcritical luminosity.

The influence of radiation pressure on the structure of accretion disk is considered when the total luminosity L approaches the Eddington limit L/sub c/. The motion of particles in the disk radiation field and gravitational field of a nonrotating black hole was investigated. It is shown that the disk accretion is destroyed when L approximately equals (0.6 + 1.0)L/sub c/. Matter outflow from the central parts of the disk to infinity then sets in. It is concluded that the luminosity cannot significantly exceed the Eddington limit. It is shown that for L greater than or approximately equal to 0.1 L/sub c/ the plasma in upper layers of the central region of the disk is heated up to temperatures approximately 10/sup 9/ K, and the disk becomes thicker as compared with the standard theory. The radiative force can generate magnetic fields B approximately 100 Gs. Convection is the main energy transfer mechanism along Z-coordinate in the central parts of the disk. The convection generates an acoustic flux which dissipates in the upper, optically thin layers of the disk and heats them. The comptonization of soft photons going from lower layers to the hot upper layers and variable accretion rate may explainmore » the spectrum and variations of X-ray emission of the Cyg X-1. « less
Additive extensions to generalized estimating equation methods

The methods underlying vector generalized additive models are extended to provide additive extensions to the generalized estimating equations approaches to multivariate regression problems of Liang and Zeger and the subsequent literature. The methods are illustrated by two examples using correlated binary data concerning the presence or absence of several plant species at the same geographical site and chest pain in male workers from a workforce study. With minor modification, the extensions are shown to apply to longitudinal data.
Could dysregulation of RASSF1 expression be a mechanism of tumorigenesis in CTVT?

ABSTRACT: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is the oldest known somatic cell lineage. It is a transmissible cancer that propagates naturally in dogs and reportedly contains gene mutations. RASSF1 participates in DNA damage repair, and its downregulation, results in tumor progression. Hence, RASSF1 is a tumor suppressor gene. Its expression was quantified in tumors from seventeen animals and three cell cultures derived from tumors. In general, RASSF1 was underexpressed in 65%, and absent in 35% of tumor samples. Cells from tumor tissue cultures showed decreased expression of RASSF1 in 67% and elevated expression in 33% of samples tested. The tumor tissues showed significantly lower levels of RASSF1 expression compared to cultured cells. Previously we reported that both the tumor microenvironment and the host immune system appear to influence the tumorigenesis and stage of CTVT. This is the first article to demonstrate the expression of RASSF1 in CTVT. Decreased RASSF1 possibly helps tumor progression.
Skeletal Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder characterized by a short stature and gonadal dysgenesis, the latter of which requires estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) to induce and maintain secondary sexual characteristics. Insufficient ERT is associated with compromised skeletal health, including bone fragility, in adults with TS. In particular, estrogen insufficiency during adolescence is critical because the acquisition of a defective bone mass during this period results in impaired bone strength later in the life. In addition to bone mass, bone geometry is also a crucial factor influencing bone strength; therefore, a more detailed understanding of the skeletal characteristics of both bone mass and geometry during childhood and adolescence and their relationships with the estrogen status is needed to prevent compromised skeletal health during adulthood in TS. Although a delay in the initiation of ERT is associated with a lower bone mineral density during adulthood, limited information is currently available on the effects of ERT during adolescence on bone geometry. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on skeletal characteristics in children and adolescents with TS and their relationships with estrogen sufficiency, and discuss the potential limitations of the current protocol for ERT during adolescence in order to achieve better skeletal health in adulthood.
Impact of social media on student life

The Internet has changed everyone's life. Social networks may have only been initiated with the help of the Internet. Today's generation is using the internet, which means social media like Snap-chat, Twitter, Facebook, etc., is increasing. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to understand the positive and negative outcomes of social media. In addition, this paper discusses the current situation, the previous situation, and the situation where people do not have social networks. Finally, the influence of social networks on different stages of a person's life is described.
Student Retention and Persistence in University Certificate-First Programs

While access to higher education has grown over the past few years, significant barriers exist for nontraditional students attempting to prepare for and complete postsecondary education. For these students, the traditional methods for acknowledging student achievement do not always work. This research explored the impact of earning professional certificates on nontraditional students’ confidence, motivation, and persistence. Specifically, this study evaluated the matriculation rates between two cohorts of students who participated in the online PathwayConnect program. The mixed-method study found that matriculation rates for students who were encouraged to earn a certificate increased compared to those who followed a traditional path. Analysis of these results suggests that earning a certificate increased students’ confidence and motivation to persist in school. Students reported that (a) earning certificates represented a significant achievement and encouraged them to earn more, (b) the certificate allowed participants to obtain better employment, and (c) the satisfaction of this accomplishment improved their desire to acquire new skills. This approach seemed to positively impact on the development of a strong support network that helped diminish some of the traditional barriers to matriculation. Institutions seeking to improve matriculation rates and student persistence might consider providing professional certificates programs in addition to current academic offerings.
Age-Related Changes and Reorganization of Creativity and Intelligence Indices in Schoolchildren and University Students

Despite the lasting interest towards the relationship between intelligence and creativity, comparably less attention is paid to its age-related changes. Our paper considers the organization of fluid intelligence and psychometric indicators of creativity and is based on the experimental data obtained for children aged 11 (n = 99) and for young adults (n = 77). We used two figural and verbal tasks with and without time limit. We found that the age-related differences in creativity are dependent on the context and the type of testing. The young adults were different from the children, having higher indicators of verbal and figurative creativity, except for the originality of the drawings created within the Incomplete Figures test, and having considerably higher test results for fluid intelligence. These age-related differences, together with the discovered closer relationship between the creativity indicators in the young adults group compared to the children, might suggest insufficient contribution of the components of the executive control of information selection (inhibition, shifting, and updating), which had not fully formed in eleven-year-olds. The comparison of the various indicators of creativity suggests that the most complex task for the children was the composition of an original sentence by joining nouns from various semantic categories.
A dispersion minimizing scheme for the 3-D Helmholtz equation with applications in multigrid based solvers

We introduce a new, compact stencil discretization of the Helmholtz equation suitable for use in the high-frequency regime with relatively coarse regular meshes. The method, called interpolated optimized finite differences (IOFD), features strongly reduced phase speed errors compared to alternatives in three dimensions, while in two dimensions the method is as good as the best alternative known to us, the quasi-stabilized finite element method. Numerical experiments show that it leads to accurate solutions in constant and smoothly varying media using meshes with five to six points per wavelength and wave propagation over hundreds of wavelengths. Dispersion properties are still good on meshes with downto three points per wavelength, which can be exploited in multigrid based solvers. A priori it is unclear that using coarse meshes, e.g. six points per wavelength, indeed reduces simulation cost, because many solvers have not been tested in this regime. We show that for a modified version of a recently developed hybrid two-grid sweeping solver the cost per degree of freedom changes little, so that these efficiency gains can indeed be obtained. Computation times compare favorably to those of alternatives in the literature.
Chitosan Is Necessary for the Structure of the Cell Wall, and Full Virulence of Ustilago maydis

Smut fungi comprise a large group of biotrophic phytopathogens infecting important crops, such as wheat and corn. U. maydis is a plant pathogenic fungus responsible for common smut in maize and teocintle. Through our analysis of the transcriptome of the yeast-to-mycelium dimorphic transition at acid pH, we determined the number of genes encoding chitin deacetylases of the fungus, and observed that the gene encoding one of them (UMAG_11922; CDA1) was the only one up-regulated. The mutation of this gene and the analysis of the mutants revealed that they contained reduced amounts of chitosan, were severely affected in their virulence, and showed aberrant mycelial morphology when grown at acid pH. When the CDA1 gene was reinserted into the mutants by the use of an autonomous replication plasmid, virulence and chitosan levels were recovered in the retro mutant strains, indicating that the CDA1 gene was involved in these features. These data revealed that chitosan plays a crucial role in the structure and morphogenesis of the cell wall during mycelial development of the fungus, and that in its absence, the cell wall becomes altered and is unable to support the stress imposed by the defense mechanism mounted on by the plant host during the infection process.
Massive Galaxies at Redshifts 5<z<6 in the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey Early Data Release

We have exploited the large area coverage of the combined UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey (UDS) and Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) to search for bright Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at z ≥ 5. Using the available optical+near-infrared photometry to efficiently exclude low-redshift contaminants, we identify nine z ≥ 5 LBG candidates brighter than zAB = 25 within the 0.6 square degree overlap region between the UDS early data release (EDR) and the optical coverage of the SXDS. Accounting for selection incompleteness, we es- timate the corresponding surface density of z ≥ 5 LBGs with zAB ≤ 25 to be 0.005 ±0.002 per square arcmin. Modelling of the optical+near-infrared photometry constrains the candi- dates' redshifts to lie in the range 5.1 5 × 10 10 M⊙ which, if con- firmed, places them amongst the most massive galaxies curren tly known at z ≥ 5. It is found thatCDM structure formation can produce sufficient numbers of da rk matter halos at z ≥ 5 to accommodate our estimated number density of massive LBGs for plausible values of σ8 and the ratio of stellar to dark matter. Moreover, it is found that recent galaxy formation mod- els can also account for the existence of such massive galaxies at z ≥ 5. Finally, no evidence is found for the existence of LBGs with stellar masses in excess of ≃ 3 × 10 11 M⊙ at this epoch, despite the large co-moving volume surveyed.
Climate change impact and adaptation policy effectiveness on rice production in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Using historical data from 1986 to 2016, this study quantifies the impacts of climate change and measures the effectiveness of the Indonesian government’s climate change adaptation policies on rice production in 14 Indonesian provinces. Generally, the Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) estimation result showed that rises in temperature and precipitation negatively affected rice production, but relative humidity was beneficial for rice production. At the provincial level, the result of the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimation revealed that West Java was worst affected by climate change. Climate change adaptation policies, including a planting calendar map and farmer insurance, showed positive influence in increasing rice production. Further application of the planting calendar map and reinforced agricultural extension advice are advisable.
Joint Frequency-Spatial Domain Network for Remote Sensing Optical Image Change Detection

Change detection for remote sensing images involves detecting regional surface changes of interest between two images taken of the same geographical area but at different times. In image processing, the spatial domain uses grayscale values to describe an image. The frequency is directly related to the spatial change rate, so the frequency domain can be intuitively associated with patterns of intensity variations in the image. These two domains provide different perspectives for image interpretation. Most existing deep-learning-based methods formulate change detection as a pixel-wise binary classification problem and utilize various strategies to extract information in the spatial domain. However, they rarely pay attention to the rich information in the frequency domain. To address this problem, we propose an end-to-end joint frequency-spatial domain network (JFSDNet) to implement remote sensing optical image change detection. Specifically, we introduce frequency information into the change detection to supplement the loss of image details caused by downsampling. In addition, we employ a frequency selection module to adaptively discriminate and choose frequency clues by reducing the complexity of the frequency features. The JFSDNet is applied to two publicly available datasets: the change-detection dataset (CDD) dataset and the LEarning VIsion and Remote sensing Change Detection (LEVIR-CD) dataset. Compared with other methods, both visual interpretation and quantitative assessment confirmed that our proposed method achieved a favorable performance.
Phospholipase A1 Member A Deficiency Alleviates Mannan-Induced Psoriatic Arthritis in Mice Model

Synovial fluids from rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis patients have high levels of PLA1A. The current study was to understand PLA1A functions in the pathophysiology of rheumatic diseases. We generated Pla1a−/− mice to assess their phenotype and the impact of PLA1A deficiency on the development of mannan-induced psoriatic arthritis (MIP). Mice were evaluated routinely for the induced symptoms. On the day of sacrifice, blood samples were collected for hematology analysis and prepared for plasma. Livers were collected. Lymph node immune cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. We performed μCT scans of hind paws from naïve and mannan-induced female mice. Cytokines/chemokines were quantified using Luminex in hind paw tissues and plasma of female mice. Pla1a−/− mice showed a slight increase in circulating and lymph node lymphocytes. CD4+ T cells contributed most to this increase in lymph nodes (p = 0.023). In the MIP model, the lymph node ratios of CD3+ to CD19+ and CD4+ to CD8+ were higher in Pla1a−/− mice. Pla1a−/− mice were less susceptible to MIP (p < 0.001) and showed reduced bone erosions. Pla1a−/− mice also showed reduced IL-17, KC, IP-10, MIP-1β, LIF, and VEGF in hind paw tissues as compared to WT mice (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that PLA1A deficiency protected from the development of the MIP disease. The data suggested that PLA1A could contribute to MIP through increased activation of lymphocytes, possibly those producing IL-17.