Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conventionland USA: The Geography of a Latterday Phenomenon

Abstract The recent productions of social history include, among others, the staging of those ephemeral gatherings known as conventions. As one of the pioneers in this important mode of circulation and communication, the United States offers an apt case study of conventioneering's ascent and locational flux. The paper begins by defining a convention; it then (1) examines the selection of convention sites; (2) documents the surge in convention activity; (3) describes cross-sectional changes (1964–1965 to 1990–1991) in the spatial patterns of convention attendance in the United States: and (4) explores the implications of these patterns for students of social change and American metropolitan evolution. The pronounced shift from older metropolises in the Northeast and Midwest to peripheral cities in the South and West may be interpreted more nearly as a response to site-specific amenities promising pleasure and fun than to a place's position in the urban hierarchy. Staging conventions is part and parcel of t.
Thermal models of flat subduction and the rupture zone of great subduction earthquakes

[1] In subduction zones, the size of the seismogenic zone that ruptures during a great thrust earthquake may be thermally controlled. We have constructed finite element thermal models of six transects across three different subduction zones in order to determine the temperature distribution along the plate interface and to predict the size of the seismogenic zone. These models incorporate the complex plate geometries (variable dip downsection) necessary to model a flat slab subduction style. We focus on the rupture zones of the great earthquakes of Nankai (SW Japan) 1946 M8.3 and Alaska 1964 M9.2 as well as on the Cascadia margin. Subduction zone segments with moderate to steep dips exhibit rupture zones of 100–150 km downdip width, consistent with earlier elastic dislocation models and thermal models. For shallow dipping flat slab segments, our models predict larger locked zones, of 150–250 km width, in good agreement with aftershock and geodetic studies. The wider seismogenic zone predicted for flat slab segments results from an uncommonly wide, cold, forearc region, as corroborated by surface heat flow observations. A global analysis of great M > 8 interplate earthquakes of the 20th century reveals that more than a third of these events occurred in flat slab segments, whereas these segments represent only 10% of modern convergent margins. This implies substantially higher interplate coupling for flat slab segments, likely due to the increased downdip extent of the seismogenic zone, and suggests that the seismic risk near such regions may be higher than previously thought.
Spatial and temporal oxygen isotope trends at the northern tree‐line in Eurasia

The oxygen isotope ratio of ice cores and sea‐sediments is an extremely useful source of information on long‐term climatic changes. A similar approach has been applied to the oxygen isotope ratio of tree rings to enable a pattern‐based reconstruction of the isotope variations on the continents. We present an oxygen isotope map for northern Eurasia spanning from Norway to Siberia, that reflects the isotope distribution in the late 19th century, and compare it with an equivalent map for the present‐day situation. The average isotope values of 130 trees show a large east‐to‐west gradient and are highly correlated with the isotope distribution of precipitation. Surprisingly, the 18O/16O ratio of the wood has been decreasing in the interior of the continent since the late 19th century, in contrast to the strong temperature increase recorded by meteorological data. From this isotope trend over time a change in the seasonality of precipitation can be inferred.
Analysis of Recent Four Years Situation for Pesticide Residues in the GAP Certified Agricultural Products Analyzed by National Agricultural Cooperative Federation

Abstract This is the result of pesticide residue monitoring certified Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) bynational agricultural cooperative federation (NACF) from 2009 to 2012. NACF evaluated simultaneously 283pesticide multi-analysis method with GC (ECD, NPD) and HPLC. 6,590 agricultural products were analyzedin this period. As the results 1) detected 20.27% in 2009, 23.42% in 2010, 28.07% in 2011 and finally31.75% in 2012, respectively. There was the total detected pesticide residue in the agricultural products. Theviolated ratio of agricultural products were 2.25% in 2009, 1.82% in 2010, 1.67% in 2011 and 3.47% in2012, respectively. 13 pesticides went over the maximum residue limits (MRLs); carbendazim was thepredominant violation. 40 pesticides; endosulfan was the predominant detected pesticide did not registeredrespectively crops in Korea. Most agricultural products that were under the MRLs met the safety standard,however agricultural products that contain neither registered nor set up MRL any level for exampleendosulfan in strawberry. Agricultural products that go over the MRLs with permitted pesticides, for examplecarbendazim in apple, are rejected. Because of these intricacies continual observation and evaluation will beneed during GAP agricultural cultivation.Key words GAP, pesticides, safety, GC, HPLC
Land–Atmosphere Coupling Strength in the Global Forecast System

Abstract The operational coupled land–atmosphere forecast model from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) is evaluated for the strength and characteristics of its coupling in the water cycle between land and atmosphere. Following the protocols of the Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) it is found that the Global Forecast System (GFS) atmospheric model coupled to the Noah land surface model exhibits extraordinarily weak land–atmosphere coupling, much as its predecessor, the GFS–Oregon State University (OSU) coupled system. The coupling strength is evaluated by the ability of subsurface soil wetness to affect locally the time series of precipitation. The surface fluxes in Noah are also found to be rather insensitive to subsurface soil wetness. Comparison to another atmospheric model coupled to Noah as well as a different land surface model show that Noah is responsible for some of the lack of sensitivity, primarily because its thick (10 cm) surface layer dominates the var.
Planning for the impacts of sea level rise

Coastal areas constitute important habitats, and they contain a large and growing population, much of it located in economic centers such as London, New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Mumbai, and Lagos. The range of coastal hazards includes climate-induced sea level rise, a long-term threat that demands broad response. Global sea levels rose 17 cm through the twentieth century, and are likely to rise more rapidly through the twenty-first century when a rise of more than 1 m is possible. In some locations, these changes may be exacerbated by (1) increases in storminess due to climate change, although this scenario is less certain, and (2) widespread human-induced subsidence due to ground fluid withdrawal from, and drainage of, susceptible soils, especially in deltas. Relative sea level rise has a range of potential impacts, including higher extreme sea levels (and flooding), coastal erosion, salinization of surface and ground waters, and degradation of coastal habitats such as wetlands. Without adaptation, large land areas and millions of people could be displaced by sea level rise. Appropriate responses include climate mitigation (a global response) and/or adaptation (a local response). A combination of these strategies appears to be the most appropriate approach to sea level rise regardless of the uncertainty. Adaptation responses can be characterized as (1) protect, (2) accommodate, or (3) retreat. While these adaptation responses could reduce impacts significantly, they will need to be consistent with responses to all coastal hazards, as well as with wider societal and development objectives; hence, an integrated coastal management philosophy is required. In some developed countries, including England and the Netherlands, proactive adaptation plans are already being formulated. Coastal cities worldwide will be a major focus for adaptation efforts because of their concentrations of people and assets. Developing countries will pose adaptation challenges, especially in deltaic areas and small islands, which are the most vulnerable settings
Stress history and sampling disturbance effects on monotonic and cyclic responses of overconsolidated Bootlegger Cove clays

This paper examines the influence of reproducing the stress history of a natural soil deposit during laboratory reconsolidation on the subsequent response and behavior of heavily overconsolidated Bootlegger Cove Formation (BCF) clays under both monotonic and cyclic loadings. The results are compared with a conventional reconsolidation technique wherein a specimen is directly K0-reconsolidated to the in situ effective stresses, and no stress history of the overconsolidated soil deposit is reproduced. Monotonic and cyclic experiments under triaxial conditions were conducted and their results compared in terms of stress–strain–strength responses with emphasis on shear stiffness degradation, to show the significant difference in the responses between the stress-probe sets. Additionally, comparison with field and in situ measurements are presented to validate procedures, judge the accuracy of the experiments, and evaluate the effects of tube sampling.
Distinguishing Sources of Ground Water Recharge by Using δ2H and δ18O

Stable isotope values of hydrogen and oxygen from precipitation and ground water samples were compared by using a volumetrically based mixing equation and stable isotope gradient to estimate the season and location of recharge in four basins. Stable isotopes were sampled at 11 precipitation sites of differing elevation during a 2‐year period to quantify seasonal stable isotope contributions as a function of elevation. Supplemental stable isotope data collected by the International Atomic Energy Association during a 14‐year period were used to reduce annual variability of the mean seasonal stable isotope data. The stable isotope elevation relationships and local precipitation elevation relationships were combined by using a digital elevation model to calculate the total volumetric contribution of water and stable isotope values as a function of elevation within the basins. The results of these precipitation calculations were compared to measured ground water stable isotope values at the major discharge points near the terminus of the basins. Volumetric precipitation contributions to recharge were adjusted to isolate contributing elevations. This procedure provides an improved representation of recharge contributions within the basins over conventional stable isotope methods. Stable isotope values from wells and springs at the terminus of each basin were used to infer the elevations of precipitation important for recharge of the regional ground water flow system. Ancillary climatic, geologic, and stable isotope values were used to further constrain the location where precipitation is entering the ground water flow system.
Engineering Properties of Fibrous Peats

This state-of-the-art paper presents an interpretation of the permeability, compressibility, and shear strength of fibrous peats using data from laboratory tests on undisturbed block samples of two fibrous peats, as well as extensive laboratory and field data from the literature on fibrous peat deposits. Engineering properties of fibrous peats are significantly different from those of most inorganic soils. However, the same fundamental mechanisms and factors determine behavior of both inorganic soils and fibrous peats. Fibrous peat deposits possess very high initial permeability, typically 1,000 times the initial permeability of soft clay and silt deposits. Upon compression, the permeability of fibrous peats decreases dramatically, with a ratio of permeability change index to in situ void ratio equal to 0.25, as compared to 0.50 for soft clay and silt deposits. Fibrous peats display extreme compressibility to the increase in effective vertical stress, with compression index values right after preconsolidation pressure 5 to 20 times the corresponding compressibility of typical soft clay and silt deposits. Among geotechnical materials, fibrous peats display the highest ratios of secondary compression index to compression index, in the range of 0.05 to 0.07. The values of coefficient of earth pressure at rest for normally consolidated young fibrous peat deposits are in the range of 0.30 to 0.35, as compared to 0.45 to 0.65 for inorganic soils. The values of friction angle from triaxial compression tests for fibrous peats are in the range of 40 to 60°, as compared to less than 35° for soft clay and silt compositions. For fibrous peats, the ratios of undrained shear strength in compression to preconsolidation pressure are usually in the range of 0.50 to 0.75, as compared to 0.32 for soft clay and silt deposits. For surficial fibrous peat deposits the ratio of vane shear strength to preconsolidation pressure is near 1.0, as compared to 0.12 to 0.35 for inorganic soft clay and silt deposits. For fibrous peats, the ratio of undrained Young's modulus to undrained shear strength is in the range of 20 to 80.
Challenges : Several challenges arise in the mining of MDSs

Discovering contrasts between collections of data is an important task in data mining. In this paper, we introduce a new type of contrast pattern, called a Minimal Distinguishing Subsequence (MDS). An MDS is a minimal subsequence that occurs frequently in one class of sequences and infrequently in sequences of another class. It is a natural way of representing strong and succinct contrast information between two sequential datasets and can be useful in applications such as protein comparison, document comparison and building sequential classification models. Mining MDS patterns is a challenging task and is significantly different from mining contrasts between relational/transactional data. One particularly important type of constraint that can be integrated into the mining process is the maximum gap constraint. We present an efficient algorithm called ConSGapMiner, to mine all MDSs according to a maximum gap constraint. It employs highly efficient bitset and boolean operations, for powerful gap based pruning within a prefix growth framework. A performance evaluation with both sparse and dense datasets, demonstrates the scalability of ConSGapMiner and shows its ability to mine patterns from high dimensional datasets at low supports.
Effective cloud fractions from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Theoretical framework and validation

[1] The Dutch-Finnish Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board NASA's EOS-Aura satellite is measuring ozone, NO2, and other trace gases with daily global coverage. To correct these trace gas retrievals for the presence of clouds, there are two OMI cloud products, based on different physical processes, namely, absorption by O2–O2 at 477 nm (OMCLDO2) and rotational Raman scattering (RRS) in the UV (OMCLDRR). Both cloud products use a Lambertian cloud model with albedo 0.8 and contain the effective (i.e., radiometric) cloud fraction and the cloud pressure. First, the theoretical framework for the Lambertian cloud model is given and the concept of effective cloud fraction is discussed. Next, an intercomparison of the effective cloud fractions from both products is presented, as well as a comparison with MODIS cloud data. It is shown that the O2–O2 and RRS effective cloud fractions correlate very well (95%) but that there is an offset of about 0.10. From MODIS geometric cloud fraction and cloud optical thickness data a MODIS effective cloud fraction was calculated. The effective cloud fractions from OMCLDO2 and MODIS show a high correlation of 92% with a very small offset (0.01). In order to guide users, a summary of the validation status of effective cloud fraction and cloud pressure from the OMCLDO2 and OMCLDRR cloud products is presented.
Influence of compaction conditions on pore-size distribution and saturated hydraulic conductivity of a glacial till

The paper examines the hydraulic conductivity of a nonplastic till from northern Quebec. It is shown that the hydraulic conductivity is strongly influenced by the compaction degree of saturation, and the variation of hydraulic conductivity with void ratio is influenced by compaction conditions. Determination of pore-size distributions and microphotographs provide evidence that changes in hydraulic conductivity are related to the fabric of the compacted specimens and macroporosity developing when the soil is compacted at degrees of saturation less than that at the optimum.Key words: till, hydraulic conductivity, microfabric.
Rupture Process of the 26 January 2001 Mw 7.6 Bhuj, India, Earthquake from Teleseismic Broadband Data

We investigate the rupture process of the 26 January 2001 Bhuj, India, M w 7.6 earthquake through inversion of teleseismic broadband body waves. This earthquake ranks as one of the most important recent events due to its occurrence within a stable continental interior, where such events are rare. The Bhuj earthquake occurred on a moderately dipping blind thrust fault within an ancient failed rift. About 70% of the seismic moment released in the earthquake was confined to a very small area (∼375 km2) surrounding the hypocenter and at depths below 12 km. The static stress drop of the Bhuj earthquake is anomalously high (∼20 MPa). The source time history of the event indicates very rapid onset to the moment release and most likely high slip velocities within the deep asperity. This suggests that some of the damage near the epicenter may have been caused by anomalously high-frequency ground motions. The teleseismic data also indicate the presence of a second area of large slip in the shallow part of the Bhuj fault, although the depth extent of this shallow large-slip area is not resolved. Comparisons of the predicted ground motions with observed intensities suggest that substantial slip occurred in the upper 10 km of the fault in order to explain the distribution of high intensities to the west and northwest of the fault. The upper surface layers near the Bhuj fault consist of unconsolidated, low-rigidity sediments and alluvium. The upper ∼ 10 km of the Bhuj fault may therefore be in a conditionally stable region that normally deforms through aseismic creep and can sustain seismic rupture only when dynamically stressed by rupture of the high-strength deep asperity. We suggest that this deep asperity may be related to a lithologic anomaly of ultramafic composition.
Prediction of Streamflow Regime and Annual Runoff for Ungauged Basins Using a Distributed Monthly Water Balance Model 1

Moore, R.D. (Dan), J.W. Trubilowicz, and J.M. Buttle, 2011. Prediction of Streamflow Regime and Annual Runoff for Ungauged Basins Using a Distributed Monthly Water Balance Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 32‐42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011. 00595.x
Permeability changes in simulated granite faults during and after frictional sliding

Thermal–hydrological–mechanical coupling processes suggest that fault permeability should undergo dynamic change as a result of seismic slip. In igneous rocks, a fault's slip surface may have much higher permeability than the surrounding rock matrix and therefore operate as a conduit for fluids. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate changes in fracture permeability (or transmissivity) of a fault in granite due to shear slip and cyclic heating and cooling. Our experiments showed that high initial fracture transmissivity (>10−18 m3) was associated with a high friction coefficient and that transmissivity decreased during slip. We propose that this reduction in transmissivity reflects the presence of gouge in fracture voids, increasing the area of contact in the fault plane and reducing the hydraulic aperture. In contrast, when initial fracture transmissivity was low (<10−18 m3), we observed that friction was lower and transmissivity increased during slip. The high transmissivity and high friction may be explained by large areas of bare rock being in contact on the slip surface. Slip velocity had little influence on the evolution of permeability, probably because gouge produced at different slip velocities had similar grain size distributions, or because gouge leaked from the slip surface. Transmissivity decreased with increasing temperature in heating tests, probably due to thermal expansion increasing normal stress on the fracture. Frictional heating did not influence transmissivity during the shearing tests.
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IN THE TRENCHES: LESSONS FROM A LARGE-SCALE OSS IMPLEMENTATION 1

This paper describes the implementation of an information systems infrastructure using open source software (OSS) in a large Irish public sector organization, Beaumont Hospital. The study identifies the primary organizational drivers in Beaumont’s move to OSS, namely principle and pragmatism. It also discusses some of the problems encountered, such as the change in mind-set required when deploying OSS solutions, and resistance from staff who feared being deskilled by moving away from popular proprietary systems. The study reveals a radical shift in open source deployment from invisible horizontal infrastructure systems to highly visible vertical applications. The first phase of OSS implementation is estimated to lead to cost savings of i13 million over five years. These details are useful in that few studies have quantified the savings from OSS deployment. Given that Beaumont was already receiving academic pricing discounts for many of their original proprietary closed source applications, the savings for a typical commercial organization could be even higher. Also, in many cases, the extra functionality available in the OSS systems deployed allowed for a richer feature set overall. Buoyed by the success of this first phase, Beaumont is planning a second phase of OSS implementation for an overall hospital information system, a financial systems suite, and is even considering developing their payroll system in an open source fashion. The study also identifies how a typical company can contribute back to the OSS community in their own unique way, by distributing applications developed from their own particular domain of expertise, rather than having to make code contributions to the code base of GNU/Linux or Apache as might have been assumed to be the case. Indeed, free access to source code played a very limited role in Beaumont’s motivation, where given the budgetary constraints, zero cost was of more concern than open source.
Choosing the most effective hazardous waste landfill cover

Determining the appropriate criteria and designs for hazardous waste landfill covers has spawned much discussion within the environmental remediation arena. Very little reliable comparison of various technologies exists. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory studied the relative hydrologic performance of four landfill cover designs—two capillary barrier designs, one modified EPA RCRA design, and one control cover. Monitoring the fate of natural precipitation for nearly four years showed that the covers with barrier layers more effectively reduced deep percolation than the control cover. Although none entirely eliminated deep percolation, the RCRA cover, incorporating a clay hydraulic barrier, most effectively controlled it. The two capillary barriers reduced deep percolation, but significant amounts were still produced. Over 90 percent of all percolation through the covers, and lateral flow within the covers, occurred during February through May each year, primarily as a result of snowmelt, early spring rains, and low evapotranspiration. The study also showed that gravel mulch surface treatments (70- to 80-percent ground cover) reduced runoff and erosion. Despite additional shrubs planted on one, the two plots receiving the gravel mulch treatments exhibited equally enhanced amounts of evapotranspiration.