Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observed and model-calculated NO2/NO ratios in tropospheric air sampled during the NASA GTE/CITE-2 field study

Data gathered during the NASA GTE/CITE 2 airborne field campaign were analyzed and compared with diagnostically derived parameters to study the NO x photostationary state in the troposphere and the processes that control this photostationary state. Our analysis focussed on two sets of NO2/NO ratios derived from the data; these were based on overlapping NO and NO measurements made by two s 2 . independent techniques; i.e., a chemiluminescent technique and a technique based on two-photon, laser-induced-fluorescence. While for any given 6- to 10-rain time interval the two observed NO2/NO ratios often exhibited significant discrepancies, these discrepancies appeared to be mostly random rather than systematic, and as a result, the average difference for all time intervals with overlapping NO x measurements was only 12%. One notable exception, however, was the block of data gathered during the last three CITE 2 missions; during these three missions the ratios observed by the chemiluminescent technique were systematically larger than those observed by the laser-induced fluorescence technique by a factor of 1.6. When the data from these three missions were omitted from the analysis, the averages of the observed ratios agreed to within 1%. In contrast to a number of previous studies, the ratios predicted from photochemical model calculations were found to be reasonably consistent with the observed ratios, although on average they tended to fall about 20 - 25% below the observations. This agreement between observations and theory provides strong evidence in support of the importance of peroxy radicals in the fast photochemical cycling of NO. (and the concomitant photochemical production of 03) in both the marine and continental troposphere.
Spatial and temporal variation of Cenozoic surface elevation in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada

The surface uplift of mountain belts caused by tectonism plays an important role in determining the long-term climate evolution of the Earth. However, the general lack of information on the paleotopography of mountain belts limits our ability to identify the links and feedbacks between topography, tectonics, and climate change on geologic time-scales. Here, we present a δ 1 8 O and δD record of authigenic minerals for the northern Great Basin that captures the timing and magnitude of regional surface uplift and subsidence events in the western United States during the Cenozoic. Authigenic calcite, smectite, and chert δ 1 8 O values suggest the northern Great Basin region experienced ∼2km of surface uplift between the middle Eocene and early Oligocene followed by ∼1 to 2km of surface subsidence in the southern Great Basin and/or Sierra Nevada since the middle Miocene. These data when combined with previously published work show that the surface uplift history varied in both space and time. Surface uplift migrated from north to south with high elevations in southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington in the middle Eocene and development of surface uplift in north and central Nevada in the Oligocene. This pattern of north to south surface uplift is similar to the timing of magmatism in the western Cordillera, a result that supports tectonic models linking magamtism with removal of mantle lithosphere and/or a subducting slab.
High 3He emanations from the source regions of recent large earthquakes, central Japan

Recently, two shallow MW 6.6 inland earthquakes, the 2004 mid‐Niigata prefecture earthquake and the 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu‐oki earthquake, occurred in the Niigata sedimentary basin near the boundary between the Eurasian and the North American Plates. In order to elucidate the geographic distribution of the 3He/4He ratios in and around the seismic source regions, new helium isotope data from hot spring gases and water samples from much denser sampling than in previous studies were determined. Although temporal changes in the 3He/4He ratios obtained from each well were unknown before and after the earthquakes, higher 3He/4He ratios were observed in the earthquake source regions compared to other regions. Geochemical evidence for the presence of hot spring gases and natural gases with anomalously high 3He/4He ratios (>3.8 RA) indicates infiltration of mantle fluids derived from the subcrustal lithosphere. A plausible source of mantle helium can be attributed to upward mobilization of aqueous fluids generated by dehydration of the subducting Pacific Plate slab, resulting in the acquisition of primordial helium from a mantle wedge as the fluids into the crust. In addition, aqueous fluids may raise the Earth's surface along permeable conduits leading to the reactivation of high‐angle inverted normal faults and the triggering of recent earthquakes.
Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events

Oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) record profound changes in the climatic and paleoceanographic state of the planet and represent major disturbances in the global carbon cycle. OAEs that manifestly caused major chemical change in the Mesozoic Ocean include those of the early Toarcian (Posidonienschiefer event, T‐OAE, ∼183 Ma), early Aptian (Selli event, OAE 1a, ∼120 Ma), early Albian (Paquier event, OAE 1b, ∼111 Ma), and Cenomanian–Turonian (Bonarelli event, C/T OAE, OAE 2, ∼93 Ma). Currently available data suggest that the major forcing function behind OAEs was an abrupt rise in temperature, induced by rapid influx of CO2 into the atmosphere from volcanogenic and/or methanogenic sources. Global warming was accompanied by an accelerated hydrological cycle, increased continental weathering, enhanced nutrient discharge to oceans and lakes, intensified upwelling, and an increase in organic productivity. An increase in continental weathering is typically recorded by transient increases in the seawater values of 87Sr/86Sr and 187Os/188Os ratios acting against, in the case of the Cenomanian‐Turonian and early Aptian OAEs, a longer‐term trend to less radiogenic values. This latter trend indicates that hydrothermally and volcanically sourced nutrients may also have stimulated local increases in organic productivity. Increased flux of organic matter favored intense oxygen demand in the water column, as well as increased rates of marine and lacustrine carbon burial. Particularly in those restricted oceans and seaways where density stratification was favored by paleogeography and significant fluvial input, conditions could readily evolve from poorly oxygenated to anoxic and ultimately euxinic (i.e., sulfidic), this latter state being geochemically the most significant. The progressive evolution in redox conditions through phases of denitrification/anammox, through to sulfate reduction accompanied by water column precipitation of pyrite framboids, resulted in fractionation of many isotope systems (e.g., N, S, Fe, Mo, and U) and mobilization and incorporation of certain trace elements into carbonates (Mn), sulfides, and organic matter. Sequestration of CO2 in organic‐rich black shales and by reaction with silicate rocks exposed on continents would ultimately restore climatic equilibrium but at the expense of massive chemical change in the oceans and over time scales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years.
Episodic Holocene eruption of the Salton Buttes rhyolites, California, from paleomagnetic, U‐Th, and Ar/Ar dating

In the Salton Trough, CA, five rhyolite domes form the Salton Buttes: Mullet Island, Obsidian Butte, Rock Hill, North and South Red Hill, from oldest to youngest. Results presented here include 40Ar/39Ar anorthoclase ages, 238U‐230Th zircon crystallization ages, and comparison of remanent paleomagnetic directions with the secular variation curve, which indicate that all domes are Holocene. 238U‐230Th zircon crystallization ages are more precise than but within uncertainty of 40Ar/39Ar anorthoclase ages, suggesting that zircon crystallization proceeded until shortly before eruption in all cases except one. Remanent paleomagnetic directions require three eruption periods: (1) Mullet Island, (2) Obsidian Butte, and (3) Rock Hill, North Red Hill, and South Red Hill. Borehole cuttings logs document up to two shallow tephra layers. North and South Red Hills likely erupted within 100 years of each other, with a combined 238U‐230Th zircon isochron age of: 2.83 ± 0.60 ka (2 sigma); paleomagnetic evidence suggests this age predates eruption by hundreds of years (1800 cal BP). Rock Hill erupted closely in time to these eruptions. The Obsidian Butte 238U‐230Th isochron age (2.86 ± 0.96 ka) is nearly identical to the combined Red Hill age, but its Virtual Geomagnetic Pole position suggests a slightly older age. The age of aphyric Mullet Island dome is the least well constrained: zircon crystals are resorbed and the paleomagnetic direction is most distinct; possible Mullet Island ages include ca. 2300, 5900, 6900, and 7700 cal BP. Our results constrain the duration of Salton Buttes volcanism to between ca. 5900 and 500 years.
Ethnic and Racial Differences in Tornado Hazard Perception, Preparedness, and Shelter Lead Time in Tuscaloosa*

The 27 April 2011 EF4 Tuscaloosa tornado directly impacted more than 50,000 residents, causing forty-five fatalities within the city and sixty-five in total. It was a rare urban tornado with varying impacts on the three major ethnic and racial groups within the city. A hybrid survey and interview of open-ended and closed questions was conducted with 211 Tuscaloosa area residents in a two-week period after the tornado. Results indicate significant differences in risk perception, preparedness, and shelter lead time among the three ethnic and racial groups. Furthermore, results were still significant for perception after controlling for the effects of age, education, and experience.
New Dinosaur Footprints from the Upper Cretaceous of Poland in the Light of Paleogeographic Context

The Late Cretaceous track assemblage of southeastern Poland includes intriguing ichnotaxa with Asian or North American affinities. New finds of the ceratopsian-like ichnite and small hadrosauroid track refer directly to this problem, whereas the re-evaluation of foraminifer taxa estimates the stratigraphic positions of the track-bearing horizon and allowed to understand paleogeographic context of the studied and adjacent areas. The results demonstrate that during the Late Cretaceous times, migration of dinosaurs was possible from Asia through the East European Land to Kukeritz Island and the islands at peri-Tethys area.
Low-T formation of high-Cr spinel with apparently primary chemical characteristics within podiform chromitite from Rayat, northeastern Iraq

Abstract Chemical modification of chromian spinel at low-T alteration was examined in detail for a podiform chromitite from a Tethyan ophiolitic mélange belt at Rayat, northeastern Iraq. The chromitite is highly brecciated and the matrix has been completely altered, producing chlorite and carbonate (dolomite and calcite). High-Cr, low-Fe3+ spinel has formed along the margins and cracks of chromian spinel grains throughout the alteration, associated with unaltered primary spinel and magnetite without ferritchromite. In associated harzburgites, only ferritchromite is found instead of the high-Cr, low-Fe3+ spinel. The high-Cr, low-Fe3+ secondary spinel apparently has chemical properties of mantle origin, plotted at the extension of ordinary mantle spinels on compositional spaces. The character is due to subtraction of Al as chlorite with the addition of an amount of magnetite component from the silicate matrix, which is small in volume relative to peridotite and composed of highly magnesian olivine (up to Fo97). We should treat high-Cr chromian spinels with caution in highly altered mantle-derived rocks, especially chromitite and other rocks with highly magnesian olivine, as well as in detrital particles for provenance study.
Study on the body development and conformation-constitution of the Tigaie rusty variety population from Bacau county area.

This study aimed to determine the current level of development of conformation-constitution and body development in the population of Tigaie sheep Rusty variety population bred and exploited within the Research-Development Station for Goat and Sheep Breeding Secuieni-Bacau. The investigations were carried out on the Izvoru Berheciului farm, targeting a number of 140 sheep from Tigaie rusty variety. There were run mass measurements during 2010 mating season. After the statistical processing of data, it was found that the average weight of sheep bred and exploited in Bacau SCDCOC-Secuieni was 40.35 kg, 4.56% higher value compared with the data mentioned in the literature-38.51kg. The results of research indicate that the eumetric appearance of Tigaie breed and the upward dynamics of body development certify the selection and breeding works carried on within SCDCOC Secuieni-Bacau.
Livelihoods, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Morogoro region, Tanzania

I gratefully acknowledge the support of the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). The paper also draws from a Strategic Assessment of Equity and Justice in Adaptation to Climate Change undertaken by the Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development (FIELD), the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), the Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE), and the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
The impact of internet use of sociability: time-diary findings

A semiconductor large scale integrated circuit chip is characterized in that current switching type logical circuits are arranged at the central part of the chip, each of the logical circuits having a current source which is so constructed as to be capable of changing its current value through a change in its connection. Emitter-follower transistors are arranged at the peripheral part of the chip, each of the emitter-follower transistors receiving the output of the current switching type logical circuit as its base input, and a resistor as a load resistor of the current switching type logical circuit is connected to the base of the transistor.
Improving imaging and repeatability on land using virtual source redatuming with shallow buried receivers

ABSTRACTTime-lapse surface seismic monitoring typically suffers from different sources of nonrepeatability related to acquisition imperfections as well as due to complexity of the subsurface. Placing sources and receivers below the surface can improve seismic data repeatability. However, it is not always possible to bury a large number of sources, and therefore the next best option is monitoring with surface sources and buried sensors. We have discovered that redatuming of surface sources to the shallow buried receivers produced a reliable image of target reflectors despite the fact that receivers were placed in the near-field zone of the source. We redatumed data with the virtual source method using crosscorrelation of the measured wavefields. We found that redatuming also reduced nonrepeatability of seismic data associated with changes in acquisition geometry, variable source coupling, and daily/seasonal variations in the near surface. We developed these results with a synthetic case study using a reali.
Relazioni fra consumatori e produttori nel campo delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili

Relationships of consumers and providers in the field of renewable energy sources - The currently ways in which producers and consumers use energy are not sustainable. The short chains are an interesting answer to the energy problem because they reduce the energy dispersion and increase the responsibility of producers and consumers. The other answer is to increase the use of renewable sources. However, such answers are not completely compatible. The development of renewable sources, in a very structured and uneven energy context, can reproduce the same problems of long filiere prevailing for the fossil fuels. Nevertheless, many attempts to create short circuits of energy are in progress. The paper outlines some functioning principles of such circuits, with particular attention to the Italian context after liberalisation and privatisation; in fact, the unbundling process have opened new chances for responsible consumers.
Analyses of firn gas samples from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: Study of nonmethane hydrocarbons and methyl chloride

Firn air was sampled on the Antarctic plateau in Dronning Maud Land (DML), during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 2000/2001. In this paper, we describe the analyses for methyl chloride and nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in these firn air samples. For the first time, the NMHCs ethane, propane, and acetylene have been measured in Antarctic firn air, and concentration profiles for these gases have been derived. A one-dimensional numerical firn air diffusion model was used to interpret the measured profiles and to derive atmospheric concentrations as a function of time. The atmospheric trends we derived for the NMHC and methyl chloride at DML cover the period from 1975 to 2000. Methyl chloride shows a decreasing trend of 1.2 +/- 0.6 ppt per year (annual mean concentration 548 +/- 32 ppt). For ethane we found an increasing trend of 1.6 +/- 0.6 ppt per year (annual mean concentration 241 +/- 12 ppt). The concentrations of propane and acetylene appear to be constant over the period 1975-2000, with annual mean concentrations of 30 +/- 4 ppt for propane and 24 +/- 2 ppt for acetylene.
On estimating end-to-end network path properties

The more information about current network conditions available to a transport protocol, the more efficiently it can be use the network to transfer its data. In networks such as the Internet, the transport protocol must often form its own estimates of network properties based on measurements performed by the connection endpoints. We consider two basic transport estimation problems: determination the setting of the retransmission timer (RTO) for a reliable protocol, and estimating the bandwidth available to a connection as it begins. We look at both of these problems in the context of TCP, using a large TCP measurement set [Pax97b] for trace-driven simulations. For RTO estimation, we evaluate a number of different algorithms, finding that the performance of the estimators is dominated by their minimum values, and to a lesser extent, the timer granularity, while being virtually unaffected by how often round-trip time measurements are made or the settings of the parameters in the exponentially-weighted moving average estimators commonly used. For bandwidth estimation, we explore techniques previously sketched in the literature [Hoe96, AD98] and find that in practice they perform less well than anticipated. We then develop a receiver-side algorithm that performs significantly better.
Investigating the behaviour of a small Mediterranean catchment using three different hydrological models as hypotheses

Mediterranean catchments are characterized by strong nonlinearities in their hydrological behaviour. Properly simulating those nonlinearities still represents a great challenge and, at the same time, an important issue in order to improve our knowledge of their hydrological behaviour. The main aim of this work is find out diverse modelling approaches to reproduce the observed nonlinear hydrological behaviour in a small Mediterranean catchment, Can Vila (Vallcebre, NE Spain).
The response of semi‐arid ephemeral wetland plants to flooding: linking water use to hydrological processes

Evergreen plants inhabiting ephemeral wetlands endure long dry spells interspersed with periods of flooding (or inundation). Inundation events are likely to be important for plant water use and growth, but few studies have linked the physiology of plants to hydrological processes during flood. We investigated the link between changes in the soil physical environment and plant water use traits in a stand of Casuarina obesa Miq and Melaleuca strobophylla Barlow trees during a controlled inundation event at Toolibin Lake. Toolibin Lake is an internationally recognized ephemeral wetland, which is under threat from altered hydrology and salinization. During flood, the velocity of water movement through the clay‐dominated soil profile suggested that macropores and plant root preferential flow paths aided water distribution. C. obesa was more capable than M. strobophylla to capitalize on the inundation event, suggesting preferential use of macropore water and a concentration of roots near the soil surface. Sap flux (QS) and tree diameter (ϕ) were interdependent and there was a correlation between increasing ϕ and increasing pre‐dawn leaf water potential (Ψpd). These observations link the movement of water through the soil profile with changes in tree water use and tree girth in C. obesa and M. strobophylla. Changes in the soil physical environment observed in this study also highlight the risks associated with hydrological management in salinity‐affected ecosystems. Although floods provide fresh water to the root zone of trees, the resulting recharge may also elevate saline groundwater into the region of plant water uptake. Copyright © 2012 Commonwealth of Australia
Methylation and Silencing of the Retinoic Acid Receptor-b 2 Gene in Breast Cancer

Background: A growing body of evidence supports the hypotheses that the retinoic acid receptor b2 (RAR-b2) gene is a tumor suppressor gene and that the chemopreventive effects of retinoids are due to induction of RAR-b2. RAR-b2 expression is reduced in many malignant tumors, and we examined whether methylation of RAR-b2 could be responsible for this silencing.Methods:RAR-b2 expression was studied by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis in eight breast cancer cell lines that were either treated with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2*-deoxycytidine and subsequently with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) or left untreated. Sodium bisulfite genomic sequencing was used to determine the locations of 5-methylcytosines in the RAR-b2 genes of three of these cell lines. In 16 breast cancer biopsy specimens and non-neoplastic breast tissue, methylation-specific PCR was used to determine the methylation status of RAR-b2, and, in 13 of the specimens, RT–PCR analysis was used to detect RAR-b2 expression.Results:Cell lines SK-BR-3, T-47D, ZR-75-1, and MCF7 exhibited expression of RARb2 only after demethylation and treatment with ATRA. The first exon expressed in the RAR-b2 transcript was methylated in cell lines ZR-75-1 and SK-BR-3. Six breast cancer specimens showed methylation in the same region of the gene. No expression of RARb2 was found in any grade III lesion. An inverse association between methylation and gene expression was found in all grade II lesions. The RAR-b2 gene from nonneoplastic breast tissue was unmethylated and expressed. Conclusions:Methylation of the RAR-b2 gene may be an initial step in breast carcinogenesis; treatment of cancer patients with demethylating agents followed by retinoic acid may offer a new therapeutic modality. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:826– 32]