Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review.

OBJECTIVE This the first of two articles reviewing the scientific literature on the evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs), employing the methodology of evidence-based medicine. In this first part of this paper, the general principles of circadian biology that underlie clinical evaluation and treatment are reviewed. We then report on the accumulated evidence regarding the evaluation and treatment of shift work disorder (SWD) and jet lag disorder (JLD). METHODS A set of specific questions relevant to clinical practice were formulated, a systematic literature search was performed, and relevant articles were abstracted and graded. RESULTS A substantial body of literature has accumulated that provides a rational basis the evaluation and treatment of SWD and JLD. Physiological assessment has involved determination of circadian phase using core body temperature and the timing of melatonin secretion. Behavioral assessment has involved sleep logs, actigraphy and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Treatment interventions fall into three broad categories: 1) prescribed sleep scheduling, 2) circadian phase shifting ("resetting the clock"), and 3) symptomatic treatment using hypnotic and stimulant medications. CONCLUSION Circadian rhythm science has also pointed the way to rational interventions for the SWD and JLD, and these treatments have been introduced into the practice of sleep medicine with varying degrees of success. More translational research is needed using subjects who meet current diagnostic criteria.
Mehr postpartale Depressionen bei Sectio in Allgemeinanästhesie

Postpartale Depression ist ein bedeutendes Gesundheitsproblem vonMüttern in den Vereinigten Staaten. Die berichtete Inzidenz hat sich in den letzten 15 Jahren versiebenfacht und betrifft nun bis zu einer von sieben Frauen. Vorliegende Daten suggerieren, dass die Allgemeinenanästhesie verglichen mit der Regionalanästhesie bei der Sectio caesarea mit erhöhter Wahrscheinlichkeit für postoperative depressive Störungen verbunden ist. Bisher hat jedoch keine Studie spezifisch die möglichen protektiven Effekte einer rückenmarksnahen Anästhesie bei der Sectio auf die mütterliche mentale Gesundheit im Vergleich zur Allgemeinanästhesie evaluiert.
Efficient Cross-layer Routing & Congestion Control Architectures for Distributed Systems

In this proposal we first describe some major research problems in distributed systems. We broadly classify these research challenges into four categories. Each of these challenges are in the areas of congestion control, routing, large scale distributed systems (cloud computing) and Distributed of Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. We then discuss existing techniques to deal with these challenges and the shortcomings of the techniques. Finally we propose our comprehensive cross-layer congestion control and routing approach along with other schemes to deal with all these challenges. The design of the Network Control Protocol (NCP) to deal with the congestion control and routing problems is discussed in this proposal. The design of Efficient Distributed File System (EDFS) which uses the NCP concept along with other schemes to deal with the third challenge is also explained in this proposal. Simulation results presented in this proposal show that the congestion control component of NCP outperforms the rate control protocol (RCP) which is a well known congestion control protocol. More simulation results also show that the congestion control component of EDFS gives higher performance than the congestion control component of the Google File System (GFS) which is the transmission control protocol (TCP). As described in the research time-line section of this proposal, the next steps of this PhD research are mainly on the routing (cross-layer) components of NCP and EDFS among other things.
Passing of Sovereignty: The Malaysia/Singapore Territorial Dispute before the ICJ

The 2008 Malaysia/Singapore case before the International Court of Justice relates to the dispute concerning territorial sovereignty over three maritime features in the Straits of Singapore, namely Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge. Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh (hereafter Pedra Branca) is a granite island, measuring 137 m long, with an average width of 60 m. It is situated at the eastern entrance of the Straits of Singapore – one of the busiest maritime passages in the world. It lies approximately 24 nautical miles to the east of Singapore, 7.7 nautical miles to the south of the Malaysian state of Johor and 7.6 nautical miles to the north of the Indonesian island of Bintan. Middle Rocks consists of two clusters of small rocks that are permanently above water, and is located 0.6 nautical miles to the south of Pedra Branca.
Software Development Using VDM SEI Curriculum Module SEI-CM-16-1 . 1 December 1989

ion plays a central role in VDM. The • output tools for screen and paper principle of abstraction is applied both to the defiA general discussion of environments supporting nition of objects (data structures) and operations VDM can be found in [Jones87]. (functions applicable to data structures). II. Formal Specification of Software Using VDM Following a requirements analysis, the first abstract formal specification is developed. This 1. Meta-IV and the Construction of Abstract specification describes the objects and the operaModels tions of the system. The guidelines of VDM This section introduces the specification principles identify general components of such specificathat are applied when using VDM and the specifitions (see section II.1.d) as well as domaincation language constructs used when writing specispecific standard modeling techniques (as described in sections II.2 and III.4).
Benthic Macrofaunal and Megafaunal Distribution on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf and Slope

The Arctic region has experienced the largest degree of anthropogenic warming, causing rapid, yet variable sea-ice loss. The effects of this warming on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf have led to a longer ice-free season which has assisted the expansion of northern development, mainly in the oil and gas sector. Both these direct and indirect effects of climate change will likely impact the marine ecosystem of this region, in which benthic fauna play a key ecological role. The aim of this thesis was to expand the current baseline knowledge of benthic fauna in the interest of developing the capacity to identify, predict and manage benthic change. The distribution of benthic macroand megafauna was characterized utilizing community data from two recent benthic surveys on the Canadian Beaufort shelf and slope. Fauna were collected from 63 stations using box core and trawl sampling gear over the summers of 2009 through 2012 between depths of 30 and 1,000 m. Spatial patterns of abundance, biomass and α and β diversity metrics were examined. Megafaunal abundance and α diversity were elevated on the shelf compared to the slope while the macrofauna did not vary significantly with depth. Multivariate analyses illustrated that both macroand megafaunal community composition varied more across the depth gradient than from east to west along the shelf. However the change across the depth gradient was greater for the megafauna than for the macrofauna. I proposed that megafaunal slope taxa were differentiated from shelf taxa, as faunal replacement not nestedness appeared to be the main driver of megafaunal β diversity across the depth gradient. The lack of correlation between macroand megafauna in abundance, biomass and α and β diversity suggests that these faunal components vary at different spatial scales. These results demonstrate how separately sampling the different benthic components can yield different spatial patterns, with implications for future benthic monitoring in the region. This work contributes to the current regional baselines by providing the first comprehensive description of megafaunal distribution on the Canadian Beaufort shelf and by extending our knowledge of benthic distribution patterns deeper on the slope.
Backlash greets ‘bad luck’ cancer study and coverage

Two weeks ago, Science published a paper by Bert Vogelstein and Cristian Tomasetti of Johns Hopkins University, which put forth a mathematical analysis of the genesis of cancer and sought to explain variations in risk at different tissues. The paper, and especially the news coverage (including by Science ) that followed, came under heavy criticism and generated hundreds of comments. Journalists were accused of misinterpreting the study's results. Although some praised the paper for elucidating the role that chance—the accumulation of random mutations in stem cells—plays in cancer, others argued that the authors' conclusions were flawed or oversimplified. Science examines how this story was communicated and the challenges inherent to streamlining complex biology and statistics for experts and nonexperts alike.
Parasuicide: features of repetition and the implications for intervention.

Parasuicide is one of the commonest causes of admission to medical wards in the UK, in recent years totalling up to 100000 cases annually. Of these it is estimated that at least a third have reported a previous episode of self-harm and that 15-25% will repeat within three months (Buglass & Horton, 1974a; Morgan et al. 1976; Bancroft & Marzack, 1977). The public health impact of parasuicide is therefore substantial: the burden on casualty, general medical and psychiatry services is considerable (Pallis et al. 1975) and the risk of suicide is high (Rygnestad, 1988).
ReviewView from the Top : Hierarchies and Reverse Hierarchies in the Visual System

the whole is surely built of its parts, how is it that the parts remain unknown, while the whole becomes acces-sible? This perceptual enigma is exemplified in percep-presented in rapid sequence, typically 10 to 16 per sec-Jerusalem, 91904 ond, and observers are asked to detect and report Israel something about one or all of them) and in related repetition and change blindnesses (the failure of observers to report detail changes in alternating pictures or the We propose that explicit vision advances in reverse presence of two identical or similar objects). At ten im-hierarchical direction, as shown for perceptual learn-ages per second, observers can identify picture or word ing. Processing along the feedforward hierarchy of categories (Potter, 1976) but are insensitive to repeti-areas, leading to increasingly complex represen-tions of the same object (despite differences in size, tations, is automatic and implicit, while conscious orientation, or viewpoint; Kanwisher, 1987). Observers perception begins at the hierarchy's top, gradually re-also fail to see large changes in a visual scene, even turning downward as needed. Thus, our initial con-at slower rates, as long as the gist remains the same scious percept—vision at a glance—matches a high-(Rensink et al., 1997). The phenomenon of repetition level, generalized, categorical scene interpretation, blindness seems especially paradoxical: it implies that identifying " forest before trees. " For later vision with processing has proceeded to the level of determining scrutiny, reverse hierarchy routines focus attention that one element is a conceptual or categorical repeti-to specific, active, low-level units, incorporating into tion of another—a repetition to which we are then blind. conscious perception detailed information available How can we know that two elements are similar if we there. Reverse Hierarchy Theory dissociates between are blind to the double occurrence? A similar paradox early explicit perception and implicit low-level vision, appears when we briefly view a scene containing many explaining a variety of phenomena. Feature search elements. We can more easily report the average value " pop-out " is attributed to high areas, where large re-of a parameter (such as the mean size or orientation of ceptive fields underlie spread attention detecting cat-elements) than judge if a particular value was present egorical differences. Search for conjunctions or fine in the scene (Ariely, 2001). How is the average computed discriminations depends on reentry to low-level spe-without knowledge of the exemplars? Our answer to cific receptive fields using serial focused attention, these questions will be …
The complete nucleotide sequences of the five genetically distinct plastid genomes of Oenothera , subsection Oenothera : I . Sequence evaluation and plastome evolution

The flowering plant genus Oenothera is uniquely suited for studying molecular mechanisms of speciation. It assembles an intriguing combination of genetic features, including permanent translocation heterozygosity, biparental transmission of plastids, and a general interfertility of well-defined species. This allows an exchange of plastids and nuclei between species often resulting in plastome– genome incompatibility. For evaluation of its molecular determinants we present the complete nucleotide sequences of the five basic, genetically distinguishable plastid chromosomes of subsection Oenothera (=Euoenothera) of the genus, which are associated in distinct combinations with six basic genomes. Sizes of the chromosomes range from 163 365 bp (plastome IV) to 165 728 bp (plastome I), display between 96.3% and 98.6% sequence similarity and encode a total of 113 unique genes. Plastome diversification is caused by an abundance of nucleotide substitutions, small insertions, deletions and repetitions. The five plastomes deviate from the general ancestral design of plastid chromosomes of vascular plants by a subsectionspecific 56 kb inversion within the large single-copy segment. This inversion disrupted operon structures and predates the divergence of the subsection presumably 1 My ago. Phylogenetic relationships suggest plastomes I–III in one clade, while plastome IV appears to be closest to the common
2020 Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations on Antithrombotic Management for High-risk Chronic Coronary Syndrome

The unique characteristics of patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) in the Asia-Pacific region, heterogeneous approaches because of differences in accesses and resources and low number of patients from the Asia-Pacific region in pivotal studies, mean that international guidelines cannot be routinely applied to these populations. The Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology developed these consensus recommendations to summarise current evidence on the management of CCS and provide recommendations to assist clinicians treat patients from the region. The consensus recommendations were developed by an expert consensus panel who reviewed and appraised the available literature, with focus on data from patients in Asia-Pacific. Consensus statements were developed then put to an online vote. The resulting recommendations provide guidance on the assessment and management of bleeding and ischaemic risks in Asian CCS patients. Furthermore, the selection of long-term antithrombotic therapy is discussed, including the role of single antiplatelet therapy, dual antiplatelet therapy and dual pathway inhibition therapy.
Accumulation of FOXP3+T-cells in the tumor microenvironment is associated with an epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-type tumor budding phenotype and is an independent prognostic factor in surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Here we explore the role of the interplay between host immune response and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-Type tumor-budding on the outcome of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). CD4+, CD8+, and FOXP3+T-cells as well as iNOS+ (M1) and CD163+-macrophages (M2) were assessed on multipunch tissue-microarrays containing 120 well-characterized PDACs, precursor lesions (PanINs) and corresponding normal tissue. Counts were normalized for the percentage of tumor/spot and associated with the clinico-pathological features, including peritumoral (PTB) and intratumoral (ITB) EMT-Type tumor-budding and outcome. Increased FOXP3+T-cell-counts and CD163-macrophages and decreased CD8+T-cell-counts were observed in PDACs compared with normal tissues and PanINs (p < 0.0001). Increased peritumoral FOXP3+T-cell-counts correlated significantly with venous invasion, distant metastasis, R1-status, high-grade ITB, PTB and independently with reduced survival. Increased intratumoral FOXP3+T-cells correlated with lymphatic invasion, N1-stage, PTB and marginally with adverse outcome. High peritumoral CD163-counts correlated with venous invasion, PTB and ITB. High intratumoral CD163-counts correlated with higher T-stage and PTB. PDAC-microenvironment displays a tumor-favoring immune-cell composition especially in the immediate environment of the tumor-buds that promotes further growth and indicates a close interaction of the immune response with the EMT-process. Increased peritumoral FOXP3+T-cell density is identified as an independent adverse prognostic factor in PDAC. Patients with phenotypically aggressive PDACs may profit from targeted immunotherapy against FOXP3.
EFEMP1 is repressed by estrogen and inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Wnt/β-catenin signaling in endometrial carcinoma

Epidermal growth factor-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 (EFEMP1) acted as a tumor suppressor in endometrial carcinoma (EC). However, the correlation between EFEMP1 and estrogen is unknown. Here, we reported that the expression of EFEMP1 was conversely associated with ERα in endometrial carcinoma tissues. In endometrial carcinoma cells, estrogen/ERα signaling significantly suppressed the expression of EFEMP1. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrate that estrogen/ERα bound to the estrogen response element (ERE) located in EFEMP1 promoter and repressed its expression. Besides, in vitro and in vivo, EFEMP1 could remarkably suppress the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers such as Vimentin, Snail and the Wnt/β-catenin target genes like Cyclin-D1 and c-Myc, which could be restored when EFEMP1 was silenced. In addition, XAV93920 (the inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway) blocked and LiCl (the activator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway) enhanced the effect of EFEMP1 on EMT. In conclusion, we demonstrated that estrogen/ERα signal suppresses EFEMP1. Besides, EFEMP1 inhibits EMT via interfering the Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Environmental Correlates of African Elephant (Loxodonta africana ) Distribution in Manyara Area, Tanzania

African elephants are a dominant feature of the African Savannah. Their numbers are however declining, partly due to habitat alteration and loss. Understanding how elephants respond to environmental variables and anthropogenic activities is necessary in conserving elephant habitats. This has become imperative in human dominated rangelands such as the Tarangire Manyara Ecosystem (TME). We present a baseline survey on the effects of formal protection, presence of agriculture, roads, urban areas and specific habitat characteristics (surface water presence, tree density, vegetation cover and habitat type) on elephant distribution (indicated by elephant dung) in Manyara Ranch (MR), Lake Manyara National Park (LMNP) and the adjacent community area (CA). We supplemented the dung survey with opportunistic direct elephant sightings. Twenty six elephant groups were identified within the study area. Elephant dung density was higher within protected areas than in the CA. Elephants largely avoided farmland and urban areas but not main
Masses, Parallax, and Relativistic Timing of the PSR J1713+0747 Binary System

We report on 12 years of observations of PSR J1713+0747, a pulsar in a 68 day orbit with a white dwarf. Pulse times of arrival were measured with uncertainties as small as 200 ns. The timing data yielded measurements of the relativistic Shapiro delay, perturbations of pulsar orbital elements due to secular and annual motion of the Earth, and the pulsar's parallax, as well as pulse spin-down, astrometric, and Keplerian measurements. The observations constrain the masses of the pulsar and secondary star to be m1 = 1.3 ± 0.2 M☉ and m2 = 0.28 ± 0.03 M☉, respectively (68% confidence). Combining the theoretical orbital period-core mass relation with the observational constraints yields a somewhat higher pulsar mass, m1 = 1.53 M☉. The parallax is π = 0.89 ± 0.08 mas, corresponding to a distance of 1.1 ± 0.1 kpc; the precision of the parallax measurement is limited by uncertainties in the electron content of the solar wind. The transverse velocity is unusually small, 33 ± 3 km s-1. We find significant timing noise on timescales of several years, but no more than expected by extrapolating timing noise statistics from the slow pulsar population. With the orientation of the binary orbit fully measured, we are able to improve on previous tests of equivalence principle violations.
Hydrology of a Polythermal Glacier, Erikbreen, Northern Spitsbergen

Glacial and glaciohydrologic processes that control the glaciofluvial sediment delivery from Erikbreen, a polythermal glacier on the north coast of Spitsbergen (79°40'N, 12°30'E), were studied during the summer seasons of 1990,1991 and 1992. Erikbreen differs from most glaciers of similar size in Svalbard, by the high flow velocity and a heavily crevassed surface. Water tracing experiments were conducted to study the geometry and stability of subglacial conduits, and the influence of the drainage system on subglacial sediment withdrawal. The withdrawal of sediments was monitored in the proglacial stream. High concentrations of suspended sediments were found. The type of drainage system and the presence of unconsolidated sediments at the glacier bed exerts the main control on the glaciofluvial sediment delivery. Annual delivery of suspended sediments varies by a magnitude, runoff being the controlling variable.
The Welfare Costs of Crime and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean

The aim of this volume is to carry out a systematic and rigorous analysis of the costs of crime and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean, with a focus on methodological and conceptual issues that are key to an exhaustive understanding of their economic and social dimensions. It presents an economic model of crime that conceptualizes the impact of violence on welfare. In addition, this volume is the first of its kind to provide estimates of the direct costs of crime and violence with the accounting method in a homogenous manner for a set of countries in the region (Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Paraguay, and Uruguay). Furthermore, it presents applied analyses on the indirect and intangible economic and social costs of crime and violence, and discusses the need to improve statistical systems in the region for conducting evidence-based citizen security analyses and obtaining estimates of the welfare costs of crime.