Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE COMPLETE SPECTRUM OF THE NEUTRON STAR X-RAY BINARY 4U 0614+091

We observed the neutron star (NS) ultra-compact X-ray binary 4U 0614+091 quasi-simultaneously in the radio band (Very Large Array), mid-infrared (IR)/IR (Spitzer/Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer and Infrared Array Camera), near-IR/optical (Small and Moderate Aperture Research Telescope System), optical–UV (Swift/UV–Optical Telescope), soft and hard X-rays (Swift/X-ray Telescope and Rossi-X-ray Timing Explorer). The source was steadily in its “hard state. ” We detected the source in the whole range, for the first time in the radio band at 4.86 and 8.46 GHz and in the mid-IR at 24 μm, up to 100 keV. The optically thick synchrotron spectrum of the jet is consistent with being flat from the radio to the mid-IR band. The flat jet spectrum breaks in the range ∼(1–4) × 1013 Hz to an optically thin power-law synchrotron spectrum with spectral index ∼−0.5. These observations allow us to estimate a lower limit on the jet radiative power of ∼3 × 1032 erg s−1 and a total jet power LJ ∼ 1034μ−10.05 E0.53c erg s−1 (where Ec is the high-energy cutoff of the synchrotron spectrum in eV and μ0.05 is the radiative efficiency in units of 0.05). The contemporaneous detection of the optically thin part of the compact jet and the X-ray tail above 30 keV allows us to assess the contribution of the jet to the hard X-ray tail by synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) processes. We conclude that, for realistic jet size, boosting, viewing angle, and energy partition, the SSC emission alone, from the post-shock, accelerated, non-thermal population in the jet, is not a viable mechanism to explain the observed hard X-ray tail of the NS 4U 0614+091.
Nonperturbative contributions from complexified solutions in $\mathbb{C}P^{N-1}$models

We discuss the non-perturbative contributions from real and complex saddle point solutions in the $\mathbb{C}P^1$ quantum mechanics with fermionic degrees of freedom, using the Lefschetz thimble formalism beyond the gaussian approximation. We find bion solutions, which correspond to (complexified) instanton-antiinstanton configurations stabilized in the presence of the fermionic degrees of freedom. By computing the one-loop determinants in the bion backgrounds, we obtain the leading order contributions from both the real and complex bion solutions. To incorporate quasi zero modes which become nearly massless in a weak coupling limit, we regard the bion solutions as well-separated instanton-antiinstanton configurations and calculate a complexified quasi moduli integral based on the Lefschetz thimble formalism. The non-perturbative contributions from the real and complex bions are shown to cancel out in the supersymmetric case and give an (expected) ambiguity in the non-supersymmetric case, which plays a vital role in the resurgent trans-series. For nearly supersymmetric situation, evaluation of the Lefschetz thimble gives results in precise agreement with those of the direct evaluation of the Schr\"odinger equation. We also perform the same analysis for the sine-Gordon quantum mechanics and point out some important differences showing that the sine-Gordon quantum mechanics does not correctly describe the 1d limit of the $\mathbb{C}P^{N-1}$ field theory of $\mathbb{R} \times S^1$.
A STRONG MERGER SHOCK IN ABELL 665

Deep (103 ks) Chandra observations of Abell 665 have revealed rich structures in this merging galaxy cluster, including a strong shock and two cold fronts. The newly discovered shock has a Mach number of M = 3.0 ± 0.6, propagating in front of a cold disrupted cloud. This makes Abell 665 the second cluster, after the Bullet cluster, where a strong merger shock of M ≈ 3 ? > has been detected. The shock velocity from jump conditions is consistent with (2.7 ± 0.7) × 103 km s−1. The new data also reveal a prominent southern cold front with potentially heated gas ahead of it. Abell 665 also hosts a giant radio halo. There is a hint of diffuse radio emission extending to the shock at the north, which needs to be examined with better radio data. This new strong shock provides a great opportunity to study the re-acceleration model with the X-ray and radio data combined.
Deconfinement phase transition in holographic QCD with matter

In the framework of a holographic QCD approach we study the influence of matter on the deconfinement temperature T{sub c}. We first consider the quark flavor number (N{sub f}) dependence of T{sub c}. We observe that T{sub c} decreases with N{sub f}, which is consistent with a lattice QCD result. We also delve into how the quark number density {rho}{sub q} affects the value of T{sub c}. We find that T{sub c} drops with increasing {rho}{sub q}. In both cases, we confirm that the contributions from quarks are suppressed by 1/N{sub c}, as it should be, compared to the ones from a gravitational action (pure Yang-Mills theory)
Stability of spin-0 graviton and strong coupling in Horava-Lifshitz theory of gravity

In this paper, we consider two different issues, stability and strong coupling, raised lately in the newly-proposed Horava-Lifshitz (HL) theory of quantum gravity with projectability condition. We find that all the scalar modes are stable in the de Sitter background, due to two different kinds of effects, one from high-order derivatives of the spacetime curvature, and the other from the exponential expansion of the de Sitter space. Combining these effects properly, one can make the instability found in the Minkowski background never appear even for small-scale modes, provided that the IR limit is sufficiently closed to the relativistic fixed point. At the fixed point, all the modes become stabilized. We also show that the instability of Minkowski spacetime can be cured by introducing mass to the spin-0 graviton. The strong coupling problem is investigated following the effective field theory approach, and found that it cannot be cured by the Blas-Pujolas-Sibiryakov mechanism, initially designed for the case without projectability condition, but might be circumvented by the Vainshtein mechanism, due to the non-linear effects. In fact, we construct a class of exact solutions, and show explicitly that it reduces smoothly to the de Sitter spacetime in the relativistic limit.
A moments' analysis of quasi-exactly solvable systems: a new perspective on the sextic potential gx6+bx4+mx2+βx2?>

A quantum system is quasi-exactly solvable (QES) when a subset of its eigenvalues can be obtained in closed form, or they are the roots of closed form expressions. In one dimension, QES states assume the form Ψ(x)=P(x)R(x)? >, involving a known positive reference function R(x)? > and a polynomial P(x), so that the Taylor expansion of Ψ(x)/R(x)? > truncates at a finite order. For non-QES states this truncation procedure, for suitable reference functions, can provide approximate values for the eigenvalues. It corresponds to the Hill determinant method, which is known to be unstable when R? > assumes the controlling asymptotic form of the physical state. For this reason, it cannot be used to simultaneously generate exact QES states while approximating non-QES states. To address these limitations, the orthogonal polynomial projection quantization (OPPQ) method was developed (Handy and Vrinceanu 2013 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 46 135202; 2013 J. Phys. B: Atom. Mol. Opt. Phys. 46 115002). It is demonstrated in this paper that OPPQ can directly and transparently provide, at the same time, both algebraic solutions for QES states and convergent, numerically stable, approximations for non-QES states. Within the OPPQ analysis for the wavefunction representation Φ(x)=R(x)Φ(x)? >, the Bender–Dunne energy orthogonal polynomials correspond, exactly (up to a numerical factor), to the energy dependent power moments ν(p) = ∫dx xpΦ(x). Within this perspective, the existence of QES states is associated with an anomalous kink behavior in the order of the finite difference moment equation corresponding to the ν's, suggesting a change in the number of degrees of freedom. This was first noted through the implementation of the eigenvalue moment method, the first application of semidefinite programming analysis to quantum operators (Handy and Bessis 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 931). This moments' perspective also reveals additional properties for the non-QES states of the same symmetry as the QES states: their lower order ν-moments must be zero. We demonstrate our results in the context of the two sextic potentials: Vsa(x) = x6 + mx2 + bx4 and Vss(x) = x6 + mx2 + b/x2.
ANALYSIS ON CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SUBSURFACE KINETIC HELICITY AND PHOTOSPHERIC CURRENT HELICITY IN ACTIVE REGIONS

An investigation on correlations between photospheric current helicity and subsurface kinetic helicity is carried out by analyzing vector magnetograms and subsurface velocities for two rapidly developing active regions. The vector magnetograms are from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (SDO/HMI) observed Stokes parameters, and the subsurface velocity is from time–distance data-analysis pipeline using HMI Dopplergrams. Over a span of several days, the evolution of the weighted current helicity shows a tendency similar to that of the weighted subsurface kinetic helicity, attaining a correlation coefficient above 0.60 for both active regions. Additionally, there seems to be a phase lag between the evolutions of the unweighted current and subsurface kinetic helicities for one of the active regions. The good correlation between these two helicities indicates that there is some intrinsic connection between the interior dynamics and photospheric magnetic twistedness inside active regions, which may help to interpret the well-known hemispheric preponderance of current-helicity distribution.
Symbolic approach and induction in the Heisenberg group

We associate a homomorphism in the Heisenberg group to each hyperbolic unimodular automorphism of the free group on two generators. We show that the first return-time of some flows in "good" sections, are conjugate to niltranslations, which have the property of being self-induced.
The VOI-Based Valleytronics

We discuss the valley-orbit interaction (VOI) and the concept of VOI based valleytronics. Potential of such valleytronics is illustrated, with graphene as an example material, in several frontier applications comprising FETs, quantum computing, and quantum communications. Two important devices are discussed as examples, namely, 1) valley pair qubits in coupled graphene quantum dots, to build quantum networks consisting of graphene and photons, and 2) valleybased FETs consisting of graphene quantum wires (channels) and armchair graphene nanoribbons (sources and drains), to build graphene-based, low-power FET circuits. This demonstration makes the VOI-based valleytronics an attractive R & D direction in the area of electronics.
The pseudovariety of all nilpotent groups is tame

It has been shown that for every prime number [Formula: see text], the pseudovariety [Formula: see text] of all finite [Formula: see text]-groups is tame with respect to an implicit signature containing the canonical implicit signature. In this paper, we generalize this result and we show that the pseudovariety of all finite nilpotent groups is tame but it is not completely tame.
Generalized quasirandom properties of expanding graph sequencesedding

We consider special spectral, discrepancy, degree, and codegree properties of expanding graph sequences. As we can prove equivalences and implications between them and the definition of the generalized (multiclass) quasirandomness of Lovász–Sós, they can be regarded as generalized quasirandom properties akin to the equivalent quasirandom properties of the seminal Chung–Graham–Wilson paper in the one-class scenario. Since these properties are valid for certain deterministic graph sequences, irrespective of stochastic models, the partial implications also justify for low-dimensional embedding of large-scale graphs and for discrepancy minimizing spectral clustering.
Efficient and Robust Registration on the 3D Special Euclidean Group

We present a robust, fast and accurate method for registration of 3D scans. Using correspondences, our method optimizes a robust cost function on the intrinsic representation of rigid motions, i.e., the Special Euclidean group SE(3). We exploit the geometric properties of Lie groups as well as the robustness afforded by an iteratively reweighted least squares optimization. We also generalize our approach to a joint multiview method that simultaneously solves for the registration of a set of scans. Our approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art robust 3D registration method based on a line process in terms of both speed and accuracy. We show that this line process method is a special case of our principled geometric solution. Finally, we also present scenarios where global registration based on feature correspondences fails but multiview ICP based on our robust motion estimation is successful.
Dynamical R-parity violations from exotic instantons

We show how R-parity can be dynamically broken by non-perturbative quantum gravity effects. In particular, in D-brane models, Exotic instantons provide a simple and calculable mechanism for the generation of R-parity violating bilinear, trilinear and higher order superpotential terms. We show examples of MSSM-like D-brane models, in which one Exotic Instanton induces only one term among the possible R-parity violating superpotentials. Naturally, the idea can be generalized for other gauge groups. As a consequence, a dynamical violation of R-parity does not necessarily destabilize the proton, i.e. a strong fine tuning is naturally avoided, in our case. For example, a Lepton violating superpotential term can be generated without generating Baryon violating terms, and viceversa. This has strong implications in phenomenology: neutrino, neutron-antineutron, electric dipole moments, dark matter and LHC physics.
A HERO’S DARK HORSE: DISCOVERY OF AN ULTRA-FAINT MILKY WAY SATELLITE IN PEGASUS

We report the discovery of an ultra-faint Milky Way satellite galaxy in the constellation of Pegasus. The concentration of stars was detected by applying our overdensity detection algorithm to the SDSS-DR 10 and confirmed with deeper photometry from the Dark Energy Camera at the 4 m Blanco telescope. Fitting model isochrones indicates that this object, Pegasus III, features an old and metal-poor stellar population ([Fe/H] ∼ –2.1) at a heliocentric distance of 205 ± 20 kpc. The new stellar system has an estimated half-light radius of r h = 78 − 24 + 30 ? > pc and a total luminosity of M V ∼ − 4.1 ± 0.5 ? > that places it into the domain of dwarf galaxies on the size–luminosity plane. Pegasus III is spatially close to the MW satellite Pisces II. It is possible that the two might be physically associated, similar to the Leo IV and Leo V pair. Pegasus III is also well aligned with the Vast Polar Structure, which suggests a possible physical association.
Classification of chest CT using case-level weak supervision

Our goal is to investigate using only case-level labels extracted automatically from radiology reports to construct a multi-disease classifier for CT scans with deep learning method. We chose four lung diseases as a start: atelectasis, pulmonary edema, nodule and pneumonia. From a dataset of approximately 5,000 chest CT cases from our institution, we used a rule-based model to analyze those radiologist reports, labeling disease by text mining to identify cases with those diseases. From those results, we randomly selected the following mix of cases: 275 normal, 170 atelectasis, 175 nodule, 195 pulmonary edema, and 208 pneumonia. As a key feature of this study, each chest CT scan was represented by only 10 axial slices (taken at regular intervals through the lungs), and furthermore all slices shared the same label based on the radiology report. So the label was weak, because often disease will not appear in all slices. We used ResNet-50 as our classification model, with 4-fold cross-validation. Each slice was analyzed separately to yield a slice-level performance. For each case, we chose the 5 slices with highest probability and used their mean probability as the final patient-level probability. Performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC). For the 4 diseases separately, the slice-based AUCs were 0.71 for nodule, 0.79 for atelectasis, 0.96 for edema, and 0.90 for pneumonia. The patient-based AUC were 0.74 for nodule, 0.83 for atelectasis, 0.97 for edema, and 0.91 for pneumonia. We backprojected the activations of last convolution layer and the weights from prediction layer to synthesize a heat map. This heat map could be an approximate disease detector, also could tell us feature patterns which ResNet-50 focus on.
Knotting probabilities after a local strand passage in unknotted self-avoiding polygons

We investigate, both theoretically and numerically, the knotting probabilities after a local strand passage is performed in an unknotted self-avoiding polygon (SAP) on the simple cubic lattice. In the polygons studied, it is assumed that two polygon segments have already been brought close together for the purpose of performing a strand passage. This restricts the polygons considered to those that contain a specific pattern called Θ at a fixed location; an unknotted polygon containing Θ is called a Θ-SAP. It is proved that the number of n-edge Θ-SAPs grows exponentially (with n) at the same rate as the total number of n-edge unknotted SAPs (those with no prespecified strand passage structure). Furthermore, it is proved that the same holds for subsets of n-edge Θ-SAPs that yield a specific after-strand-passage knot-type. Thus, the probability of a given after-strand-passage knot-type does not grow (or decay) exponentially with n. Instead, it is conjectured that these after-strand-passage knot probabilities approach, as n goes to infinity, knot-type dependent amplitude ratios lying strictly between 0 and 1. This conjecture is supported by numerical evidence from Monte Carlo data generated using a composite (aka multiple) Markov chain Monte Carlo BFACF algorithm developed to study Θ-SAPs. A new maximum likelihood method is used to estimate the critical exponents relevant to this conjecture. We also obtain strong numerical evidence that the after-strand-passage knotting probability depends on the local structure around the strand-passage site. If the local structure and the crossing sign at the strand-passage site are considered, then we observe that the more ‘compact’ the local structure, the less likely the after-strand-passage polygon is to be knotted. This trend for compactness versus knotting probability is consistent with results obtained for other strand-passage models; however, we are the first to note the influence of the crossing-sign information. We use two measures of ‘compactness’: one involves the size of a smallest polygon that contains the structure and the other is in terms of an ‘opening’ angle. The opening angle definition is consistent with one that is measurable from single molecule DNA experiments. The theoretical and numerical approaches presented here are more broadly applicable to other SAP models.
Scaling Limits of Discrete Optimal Transport

We consider dynamical transport metrics for probability measures on discretisations of a bounded convex domain in $\mathbb{R}^d$. These metrics are natural discrete counterparts to the Kantorovich metric $\mathbb{W}_2$, defined using a Benamou-Brenier type formula. Under mild assumptions we prove an asymptotic upper bound for the discrete transport metric $\mathcal{W}_{\mathcal{T}}$ in terms of $\mathbb{W}_2$, as the size of the mesh $\mathcal{T}$ tends to $0$. However, we show that the corresponding lower bound may fail in general, even on certain one-dimensional and symmetric two-dimensional meshes. In addition, we show that the asymptotic lower bound holds under an isotropy assumption on the mesh, which turns out to be essentially necessary. This assumption is satisfied, e.g., for tilings by convex regular polygons, and it implies Gromov-Hausdorff convergence of the transport metric.
Mathematical analysis of weak and strong solutions to an evolutionary model for magnetoviscoelasticity

The paper is concerned with the analysis of an evolutionary model for magnetoviscoelastic materials in two dimensions. The model consists of a Navier-Stokes system featuring a dependence of the stress tensor on elastic and magnetic terms, a regularized system for the evolution of the deformation gradient and the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert system for the dynamics of the magnetization. First, we show that our model possesses global in time weak solutions, thus extending work by Benesova et al. 2018. Compared to that work, we include the stray field energy and relax the assumptions on the elastic energy density. Second, we prove the local in time existence of strong solutions. Both existence results are based on the Galerkin method. Finally, we show a weak-strong uniqueness property.
Maximum possible fidelity in $1\rightarrow 2$ qubits cloning

We re-analyse the Bu\v{z}ek-Hillery Universal Quantum Cloning machine protocol and show that it allows better values for fidelity and Hilbert-Schmidt norm than hitherto reported. This higher value for the fidelity is identical to the maximum fidelity of phase covariant quantum cloning of Bru\ss -Cinchetti-D'Ariano-Macchiavello. This value of fidelity has also been obtained by Niu and Griffiths in their work without machine states. This is the maximum possible fidelity obtainable in $1\rightarrow 2$ qubits cloning. We then describe a different and new state dependent cloning protocol with four machine states where all non-exact copies of input states are taken into account in the output and we use the Hessian method of determining extrema of multivariate functions. The fidelity for the best overall quantum cloning in this protocol is $\bar{F}=0.847$ with an associated von-Neumann entropy of $\bar{S}=0.825$.
Physical Hilbert Spaces in Quantum Gravity

We summarize our investigation of the extent to which the choice of internal clock influences the dynamics in quantum models of gravity. Firstly, at the classical level, we define an extension to the Hamilton-Jacobi theory of contact transformations, which allows for transformations of time coordinates. Secondly, at the quantum level, we employ the extended theory to separate the quantum effects brought by the free choice of internal clock from those originating from inequivalent quantization maps. Next, we show with two examples two kinds of origin of the clock effect in quantum gravitational systems.
Expected Supremum Representation and Optimal Stopping

We consider the representation of the value of an optimal stopping problem of a linear diffusion as an expected supremum of a known function. We establish an explicit integral representation of this function by utilizing the explicitly known joint probability distribution of the extremal processes. We also delineate circumstances under which the value of a stopping problem induces directly this representation and show how it is connected with the monotonicity of the generator. We compare our findings with existing literature and show, for example, how our representation is linked to the smooth fit principle and how it coincides with the optimal stopping signal representation. The intricacies of the developed integral representation are explicitly illustrated in various examples arising in financial applications of optimal stopping.