Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient construction of reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo proposal distributions - Discussion

The major implementational problem for reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods is that there is commonly no natural way to choose jump proposals since there is no Euclidean structure in the parameter space to guide our choice. We consider mechanisms for guiding the choice of proposal. The first group of methods is based on an analysis of acceptance probabilities for jumps. Essentially, these methods involve a Taylor series expansion of the acceptance probability around certain canonical jumps and turn out to have close connections to Langevin algorithms. The second group of methods generalizes the reversible jump algorithm by using the so–called saturated space approach. These allow the chain to retain some degree of memory so that, when proposing to move from a smaller to a larger model, information is borrowed from the last time that the reverse move was performed. The main motivation for this paper is that, in complex problems, the probability that the Markov chain moves between such spaces may be prohibitively small, as the probability mass can be very thinly spread across the space. Therefore, finding reasonable jump proposals becomes extremely important. We illustrate the procedure by using several examples of reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo applications including the analysis of autoregressive time series, graphical Gaussian modeling and mixture modelling.
Shipboard Impressed Current CathodicProtection System (ICCP) Analysis

In technical work, the world is often described by one of three sources of values; real structure measured response, experimental measurements or calculated computational results. While it is common to discuss results from each of these three methodologies as representing the same condition this is not really the case. Actual measured structural response is the global behavior of a component based on the complex interaction of geometry, materials, boundary conditions, environmental factors and applied loads. Models, either computational or experimental, are simplified representations of the actual structure. In many instances the accuracy and acceptance of experimental and computational methods is based on how well these methods can duplicate the measured response from a real structure. While it is recognized that both experimental and computational modeling must be initially validated by comparison with rather simplistic structural systems, the emphasis must be on simplified structures. If more complex structures or systems are used as validation problems then issues such as real versus conceptual definitions of boundary conditions, loads and material response must be addressed. These issues are often at the core of the complex nature of structural response. Once an experimental or computational methodology has been validated through a series of comparisons with controlled simple structure or system performance predictions, these methods should be considered as equally ‘true’ in their results as measured data from a real structure is considered ‘true’. Important in evaluating any measured or calculated data is an understanding of the structure
Randomness in post-selected data

Le Phuc Thinh, Gonzalo de la Torre, Jean-Daniel Bancal, Nicolas Brunner, and Valerio Scarani 4 Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543 ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
Linear Aerodynamic Theory of Rotor Blades

A theory is developed for predicting the spanwise lift distribution of rotor blades in forward flight. The guiding thought of Reissner's theory for oscillating wings of finite span is followed, that is, the theory starts with the lifting-surf ace theory and then equations of the lifting-line theory are derived by mathematical approximation. The equation of the liftingsurface theory is exact within the scope of the linear theory. An approximation equivalent to that of Weissinger's L method is adopted rather than that of Prandtl's lifting-line theory. Numerical computations are carried out for the case of an NACA experiment. Fairly good agreements are obtained with the experimental values. However, the theory seems to fail to predict the abrupt lift changes, which are probably due to the nonlinear effect.
Erectile dysfunction and exosome therapy

Erectile dysfunction (ED), as a common male disease, can seriously reduce the life quality of men and their partners. With the improvement of human living standards, ED is considered to be an important health issue that plagues men. However, it is difficult for existing therapeutic approaches to meet the needs of all patients, so it is necessary to develop novel treatment strategies. Exosomes, as a class of vesicles secreted by cells with bilayer membrane structure, are involved in various physiological and pathological processes in human body and considered to have great therapeutic potentials. This review summarizes the recent advances on exosome therapy with animal models of ED, and proposes the prospect of future research in order to provide a basis for clinical trials and clinical translation.
White matter and gray matter changes related to cognition in community populations

Objective Further studies are needed to improve the understanding of the pathological process underlying cognitive impairments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the global and topographic changes of white matter integrity and cortical structure related to cognitive impairments in a community-based population. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed based on 995 subjects (aged 56.8 ± 9.1 years, 34.8% males) from the Shunyi study, a community-dwelling cohort. Cognitive status was accessed by a series of neurocognitive tests including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), category Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Digit Span Test (DST), and Trail Making Tests A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B). Structural and diffusional MRI data were acquired. White matter integrity was assessed using fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD). Cortical surface area, thickness, and volume were measured using Freesurfer. Probabilistic tractography was further conducted to track the white matter fibers connecting to the cortical regions related to cognition. General linear models were used to investigate the association between brain structure and cognition. Results Global mean FA and MD were significantly associated with performances in VFT (FA, β 0.119, p < 0.001; MD, β −0.128, p < 0.001). Global cortical surface area, thickness, and volume were not related to cognitive scores. In tract-based spatial statistics analysis, disruptive white matter integrity was related to cognition impairment, mainly in visuomotor processing speed, semantic memory, and executive function (TMT-A and VFT), rather than verbal short-term memory and working memory (DST). In the whole brain vertex-wise analysis, surface area in the left orbitofrontal cortex, right posterior-dorsal part of the cingulate gyrus, and left central sulcus were positively associated with MMSE and MoCA scores, and the association were independent of the connecting white matter tract. Conclusion Disrupted white matter integrity and regional cortical surface area were related to cognition in community-dwelling populations. The associations of cortical surface area and cognition were independent of the connecting white matter tract.
Specification-Based Autonomous Driving System Testing

Autonomous vehicle (AV) systems must be comprehensively tested and evaluated before they can be deployed. High-fidelity simulators such as CARLA or LGSVL allow this to be done safely in very realistic and highly customizable environments. Existing testing approaches, however, fail to test simulated AVs systematically, as they focus on specific scenarios and oracles (e.g., lane following scenario with the “no collision” requirement) and lack any coverage criteria measures. In this paper, we propose <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathtt {AVUnit}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="monospace">AVUnit</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="zhou-ieq1-3254142.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, a framework for systematically testing AV systems against customizable correctness specifications. Designed modularly to support different simulators, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathtt {AVUnit}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="monospace">AVUnit</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="zhou-ieq2-3254142.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> consists of two new languages for specifying dynamic properties of scenes (e.g., changing pedestrian behaviour after waypoints) and fine-grained assertions about the AV's journey. <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathtt {AVUnit}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="monospace">AVUnit</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="zhou-ieq3-3254142.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> further supports multiple fuzzing algorithms that automatically search for test cases that violate these assertions, using robustness and coverage measures as fitness metrics. We evaluated the implementation of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathtt {AVUnit}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="monospace">AVUnit</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="zhou-ieq4-3254142.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> for the LGSVL+Apollo simulation environment, finding 19 kinds of issues in Apollo, which indicate that the open-source Apollo does not perform well in complex intersections and lane-changing related scenarios.
Current possibilities and future opportunities provided by three-dimensional lung ECM-derived hydrogels

Disruption of the complex interplay between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), the scaffold that provides support, biochemical and biomechanical cues, is emerging as a key element underlying lung diseases. We readily acknowledge that the lung is a flexible, relatively soft tissue that is three dimensional (3D) in structure, hence a need exists to develop in vitro model systems that reflect these properties. Lung ECM-derived hydrogels have recently emerged as a model system that mimics native lung physiology; they contain most of the plethora of biochemical components in native lung, as well as reflecting the biomechanics of native tissue. Research investigating the contribution of cell:matrix interactions to acute and chronic lung diseases has begun adopting these models but has yet to harness their full potential. This perspective article provides insight about the latest advances in the development, modification, characterization and utilization of lung ECM-derived hydrogels. We highlight some opportunities for expanding research incorporating lung ECM-derived hydrogels and potential improvements for the current approaches. Expanding the capabilities of investigations using lung ECM-derived hydrogels is positioned at a cross roads of disciplines, the path to new and innovative strategies for unravelling disease underlying mechanisms will benefit greatly from interdisciplinary approaches. While challenges need to be addressed before the maximum potential can be unlocked, with the rapid pace at which this field is evolving, we are close to a future where faster, more efficient and safer drug development targeting the disrupted 3D microenvironment is possible using lung ECM-derived hydrogels.
Progress toward Better Treatment of Therapy-Related AML

Simple Summary Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) is one of the most serious long-term complications of cancer chemotherapy. Various cytotoxic agents and exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to the development of t-AML, which is usually associated with adverse genetic changes and a poor prognosis. Over the past decade, insights into leukemogenesis have generated significant advances in the risk stratification of t-AML, and have offered us the opportunity to develop individualized options for treatment that target disease biology. In this article, we review current knowledge on the biology of t-AML, putting emphasis on its molecular origin; we also discuss recent advances in its treatment including CPX-351, the use of less intensive regimens (e.g., venetoclax combined with a hypomethylating agent), and novel, molecularly targeted and antibody-based therapies that promise to increase the cure rate. Abstract Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) comprises 10–20% of all newly diagnosed cases of AML and is related to previous use of chemotherapy or ionizing radiotherapy for an unrelated malignant non-myeloid disorder or autoimmune disease. Classic examples include alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors, whereas newer targeted therapies such as poly (adenosine diphosphate–ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have emerged as causative agents. Typically, t-AML is characterized by adverse karyotypic abnormalities and molecular lesions that confer a poor prognosis. Nevertheless, there are also cases of t-AML without poor-risk features. The management of these patients remains controversial. We describe the causes and pathophysiology of t-AML, putting emphasis on its mutational heterogeneity, and present recent advances in its treatment including CPX-351, hypomethylating agent plus venetoclax combination, and novel, molecularly targeted agents that promise to improve the cure rates. Evidence supporting personalized medicine for patients with t-AML is presented, as well as the authors’ clinical recommendations.
Lateral Dynamic Performance of High-Temperature Superconducting Pinning Maglev Vehicle Driven by Electrodynamic Wheel at Medium and Low Speed

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) pinning Maglev has the advantages of self-stationarity, low noise, and resistance. This technology can be applied in urban rail transit, such as straddle-type monorail vehicles. Due to the limited space for placing the drive device above the track, electrodynamic wheel (EDW) drive can be applied effectively utilizing the ample space on both sides of the track, realizing contactless drive. In this article, the lateral dynamic performance of an HTS pinning Maglev vehicle driven by EDW is analyzed. Initially, two-dimensional transient simulations under various rotational speeds of the EDW are conducted. The influence of different working air gaps on the device's normal force and propulsion force is analyzed. Subsequently, a dynamic model of HTS pinning Maglev vehicle with EDW is established. EDW's influence on the lateral dynamic performance of HTS pinning Maglev vehicle is analyzed, and the lateral dynamic performance of the vehicle at various speeds is simulated. The results show that the HTS pinning Maglev vehicle driven by EDW has good lateral dynamic performance in the low and medium speed range, and EDW can effectively improve the lateral stationarity of HTS pinning Maglev vehicle. This article can provide a new driving mode for HTS pinning Maglev vehicle and reference for improving and optimizing the existing medium and low speed straddle-type monorail vehicles with HTS Maglev technology.
Characteristics of plant trait network and its influencing factors in impounded lakes and channel rivers of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, China

Trait-based approaches have been widely used to evaluate the effects of variable environments on submerged macrophytes communities. However, little research focused on the response of submerged macrophytes to variable environmental factors in impounded lakes and channel rivers of water transfer project, especially from a whole plant trait network (PTN) perspective. Here, we conducted a field survey designed to clarify the characteristic of PTN topology among impounded lakes and channel rivers of the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project (ERSNWTP) and to unravel the effects of determining factors on the PTN topology structure. Overall, our results showed that leaf-related traits and organ mass allocation traits were the hub traits of PTNs in impounded lakes and channel rivers of the ERSNWTP, which traits with high variability were more likely to be the hub traits. Moreover, PTNs showed different structures among impounded lakes and channel rivers, and PTNs topologies were related to the mean functional variation coefficients of lakes and channel rivers. Specially, higher mean functional variation coefficients represented tight PTN, and lower mean functional variation coefficients indicated loose PTN. The PTN structure was significantly affected by water total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen. Edge density increased, while average path length decreased with increasing total phosphorus. Edge density and average clustering coefficient showed significant decreases with increasing dissolved oxygen, while average path length and modularity exhibited significant increases with increasing dissolved oxygen. This study explores the changing patterns and determinants of trait networks along environmental gradients to improve our understanding of ecological rules regulating trait correlations.
PENYISIPAN TANDA AIR PADA CITRA DIJITAL BERBASIS DEKOMPOSISI NILAI SINGULIR (DNS)

Imperceptible of Watermarking in Digital Image Based Singular Value Decomposition. Watermarking is a commonly used technique to protect digital image from unintended used such as counterfeiting. This paper will address one of the techniques to embed a watermark to digital image which is based on the singular value decomposition. The primary target to be achieved by a good watermarking technique is that the watermarked image is imperceptible and that the inserted image can still be perfectly retrieved even though various transformations are done to the watermarked image. Our works show that the SVD-based watermarking demonstrates both imperceptibility as well as robustness of the watermarking scheme as indicated by significantly high value of correlation between the inserted and retrieved logo after some transformation such as PSNR, RML and Compression.
ON GENERALIZED FRACTIONAL PROCESSES – A CORRECTION

A sign error in the proof of Theorem 3 of the paper by Gray et al. (1989) slightly changes a result of that theorem. In this correction we note the error along with the resulting changes that should be made in the results and the proof of the theorem. Additionally, another minor error in the proof is noted which does not effect the result.
Photospheric abundances of oxygen, neon, and argon derived from the XUV spectrum of an impulsive flare

Relative elemental abundances of O, Ne, Na, Mg, Ar, and Ca are determined from detailed analysis of XUV spectra emitted by an impulsive flare. The electron density measured from three diagnostic line ratios is 2-3 x 10 to the 12th/cu cm. It was found that the relative abundances in the flare are similar to values obtained from or proposed for photospheric material. The ratios of O/Mg, Ne/Mg, and Ar/Mg are about four times higher in the impulsive flare than the values typically observed in the average corona. It is suggested that electric fields above the photosphere may be responsible for the order of magnitude variations between the abundances of the group of elements with high first ionization potentials (FIP) and the group with low FIP. 18 refs.
Epilepsy and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Connection, Chance, and Challenges

Comorbidities are common in children with epilepsy, with nearly half of the patients having at least one comorbidity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hyperactivity and inattentiveness level disproportional to the child’s developmental stage. The burden of ADHD in children with epilepsy is high and can adversely affect the patients’ clinical outcomes, psychosocial aspects, and quality of life. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain the high burden of ADHD in childhood epilepsy; the well-established bidirectional connection and shared genetic/non-genetic factors between epilepsy and comorbid ADHD largely rule out the possibility of a chance in this association. Stimulants are effective in children with comorbid ADHD, and the current body of evidence supports their safety within the approved dose. Nonetheless, safety data should be further studied in randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials. Comorbid ADHD is still under-recognized in clinical practice. Early identification and management of comorbid ADHD are crucial to optimize the prognosis and reduce the risk of adverse long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The identification of the shared genetic background of epilepsy and ADHD can open the gate for tailoring treatment options for these patients through precision medicine.
A particle simulation of current sheet instabilities under finite guide field

The instability of a Harris current sheet under a broad range of finite guide field (BG) is investigated using a linearized (δf) gyrokinetic electron and fully kinetic ion particle simulation code. The simulation is carried out in the two-dimensional plane containing the guide field along y and the current sheet normal along z. In this particle model, the rapid electron cyclotron motion is removed, while the realistic mass ratio mi∕me, finite electron Larmor radii, and wave-particle interactions are kept. It is found that for a finite BG∕Bx0⩽1, where Bx0 is the asymptotic antiparallel component of magnetic field, three unstable modes, i.e., modes A, B, and C, can be excited in the current sheet. Modes A and C, appearing to be quasielectrostatic modified two-stream instability/whistler mode, are located mainly on the edge of the current sheet. Mode B, on the other hand, is confined in the current sheet center and carries a compressional magnetic field (δBy) perturbation along the direction of electron drif.
Photoacoustic wavefront shaping with a long coherence length laser

Photoacoustic (PA) wavefront shaping (WS; PAWS) could allow focusing light deep in biological tissue. This could enable increasing the penetration depth of biomedical optical techniques including PA imaging. However, focussing at depth requires a light source of long coherence length (CL), presenting a challenge because the CLs of typical PA excitation lasers are short. To address this challenge, we developed a PAWS system based on an externally modulated external cavity laser with a long CL. The system was demonstrated by focussing light through rigid scattering media using both PAWS and optical WS. PAWS enabled focussing through diffusers with 8 × enhancements, while all-optical WS enabled focussing through various scattering media including a 5.8 mm thick tissue phantom. By enabling PAWS with increased coherence, the system could facilitate exploring the practical depth limits of PAWS, paving the way to focussing light deep in tissue.