Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stability transitions and turbulence in horizontal convection

Abstract Recent results have shown that convection forced by a temperature gradient along one horizontal boundary of a rectangular domain at a large Rayleigh number can be turbulent in parts of the flow field. However, the conditions for onset of turbulence, the dependence of flow and heat transport on Rayleigh number, and the roles of large and small scales in the flow, have not been established. We use three-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) over a wide range of Rayleigh numbers, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}Ra\sim 10^8\mbox{--}10^{15}$ , for Prandtl number $Pr=5$ and a small aspect ratio, and show that a sequence of several stability transitions at $Ra \sim 10^{10}\mbox{--} 10^{11}$ defines a change from laminar to turbulent flow. The Prandtl number dependence too is examined at $Ra = 5.86 \times 10^{11}$ . At the smallest $Ra$ considered the thermal boundary layer is characterized by a balance of viscous stress and buoyancy, whereas inertia and buoyancy dominate in the large- $Ra$ regime. The change in the momentum balance is accompanied by turbulent enhancement of the overall heat transfer, although both laminar and turbulent regimes give $Nu\sim Ra^{1/5}$ . The results support both viscous and inviscid theoretical scaling models from previous work. The mechanical energy budget for an intermediate range of Rayleigh numbers above onset of instability ( $10^{10}<Ra<10^{13}$ ) reveals that the small scales of motion are produced predominantly by thermal convection, whereas at $Ra \ge 10^{14}$ shear instability of the large-scale flow begins to play a dominant role in sustaining the small-scale turbulence. Extrapolation to ocean conditions requires knowledge of the inertial regime identified here, but the simulations show that the corresponding asymptotic balance has not been fully realized by $Ra \sim 10^{15}$ .
A new family of optimal adaptive controllers for Markov chains

We consider the problem of adaptively controlling a Markov chain with unknown transition probabilities. A new family of adaptive controllers is exhibited which achieves a performance precisely equalling the optimal performance achievable if the transition probabilities (i.e., the model or dynamics of the system) were known instead. Hence, the adaptive controllers presented here are truly optimal The performance of the system to be controlled is measured by the average of the costs incurred over an infinite operating time period. These adaptive controllers can, potentially, be implemented on digital computers and used in the on-line control of unknown systems.
Intraoperative application of optical spectroscopy in the presence of blood

A simple but effective method of spectral processing was developed to minimize or remove the effects of the presence of superficial blood on tissue optical spectra and, hence, enhance the performance of optical-spectroscopic-based in vivo tissue diagnosis and surgical guidance. This spectral-processing algorithm was developed using the principles of absorption-induced light attenuation wherein the ratio of fluorescence intensity (F) and the hth power of diffuse reflectance intensity (Rd) at a given emission wavelength /spl lambda//sub m/ is immune to spectral distortions induced by the presence of blood on the tissue surface. Here, the exponent h is determined by the absorption coefficients of whole blood at the excitation and emission wavelengths. The theoretical basis of this spectral processing was verified using simulations and was experimentally validated. Furthermore, the optical spectra of brain tissues collected in vivo was processed using this algorithm to evaluate its impact on brain tissue differentiation using combined fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Based on the simulation, as well as experimental results, it was observed that using F/Rd/sup h/ h can effectively reduce or remove spectral distortions induced by superficial blood contamination on tissue optical spectra. Thus, optical spectroscopy can also be used intraoperatively for applications such as surgical guidance of tumor resection.
Increased fatty acid metabolism and decreased glycolysis are hallmarks of metabolic reprogramming within microglia in degenerating white matter during recovery from experimental stroke

The goal of this study was to evaluate changes in metabolic homeostasis during the first 12 weeks of recovery in a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model of stroke. To achieve this goal, we compared the brain metabolomes of ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres from aged male mice up to 12 weeks after stroke to that of age-matched naïve and sham mice. There were 707 biochemicals detected in each sample by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, indicated by acyl carnitine levels, was increased in stroked tissue at 1 day and 4 weeks following stroke. Glucose and several glycolytic intermediates were elevated in the ipsilateral hemisphere for 12 weeks compared to the aged naïve controls, but pyruvate was decreased. Additionally, itaconate, a glycolysis inhibitor associated with activation of anti-inflammatory mechanisms in myeloid cells, was higher in the same comparisons. Spatial transcriptomics and RNA in situ hybridization localized these alterations to microglia within the area of axonal degeneration. These results indicate that chronic metabolic differences exist between stroked and control brains, including alterations in fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis within microglia in areas of degenerating white matter for at least 12 weeks after stroke.
Geometric characterizations of the fixed poles for some control problems

The aim of the paper is to present some geometric characterizations for the fixed poles of some control problems and to enhance a major property of some particular invariant subspaces (self-bounded controlled invariants and self-hidden conditioned invariants) associated with the disturbance rejection by state or dynamic measurement feedback, the decoupling problem by (regular) state feedback and the simultaneous decoupling and disturbance rejection problem by (regular) state feedback. Such particular invariant subspaces are indeed the geometric supports for the construction of optimal solutions in the sense of maximal pole placement abilities.
The horizontal wire antenna over a conducting or dielectric half space: Current and admittance

The wave number, the distribution of current, and the admittance of a horizontal wire antenna over a homogeneous isotropic half space are determined when the complex wave number characteristic of the half space is large in magnitude compared with the real wave number of the air. The axial electric field at the surface of the half space is described. The properties of the antenna are obtained from those of the eccentrically insulated dipole in a general medium in the limit as the radius of the insulation is increased without limit while the distance of the dipole from the boundary is kept constant. Application of the new theory to the Beverage or wave antenna is discussed.
A FIXED-GRID FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR PHASE-CHANGE PROBLEMS

A simple finite-difference method was developed for solid-liquid phase-change problems. The present method is based on a fixed grid and implicit in time. A fictitious temperature concept is introduced to derive finite-difference equations to deal with the nodal points across the solid-liquid interface. The algorithm is applied to a one-dimensional Stefan problem for which exact solutions are available. The computational results are found to be in excellent agreement with the exact solutions. Further, the present method yields no oscillations of temperature and phase front, which are commonly observed with the typical enthalpy method.
THE COSMIC RAY AND THE 10.7 CM FLUX VARIATIONS DURING SOLAR CYCLES 19-23

The cosmic ray flux (CRF) and 10.7 cm flux (F10.7) are studied for solar cycles 19-23. The cross-correlations show longer time-dependence at odd than at even cycles. A shift of the maximum at the histograms of CRF 1 /F10.7 1 (the ratios of normalized values), does not depend on the polarity of the cycle. The behavior of CRF 1 vs F10.7 1 differs for odd and even cycles and also for different cycle phases. We fitted an inverted CRF 1 profile to the F10.7 1 profile with a linear function. The F10.7 1 /CRF inv histogram differs for odd and even cycles. The results for sunspot number (SSN) are similar to F10.7 but differ for the F10.7 1 /CRF inv histograms. Summarizing, besides the differences between odd and even cycles, there occur variations at different phases of the cycles and also variations independent of the polarity of the cycle, the latter perhaps arising outside the heliosphere.
A technique for analyzing the structure of isometries

A new technique is introduced to investigate the structure of isometry Lie algebras. Some general results are first proved by applying this technique to n‐dimensional manifolds equipped with metrics of arbitrary signature. A restriction is then made to 3‐manifolds representing the space of orbits of the timelike Killing field in stationary space–times. Under the assumption of asymptotic flatness at spatial infinity, a complete description of isometry Lie algebras of these 3‐manifolds is obtained. As corollaries, several results about symmetries of stationary isolated systems in general relativity are proved.
Biocompatible SuFEx Click Chemistry: Thionyl Tetrafluoride (SOF4 )-Derived Connective Hubs for Bioconjugation to DNA and Proteins.

We report here the development of a suite of biocompatible SuFEx transformations from the SOF4 -derived iminosulfur oxydifluoride hub in aqueous buffer conditions. These biocompatible SuFEx reactions of iminosulfur oxydifluorides (R-N=SOF2 ) with primary amines give sulfamides (8 examples, up to 98 %), while the reaction with secondary amines furnish sulfuramidimidoyl fluoride products (8 examples, up to 97 %). Likewise, under mild buffered conditions, phenols react with the iminosulfur oxydifluorides (Ar-N=SOF2 ) to produce sulfurofluoridoimidates (13 examples, up to 99 %), which can themselves be further modified by nucleophiles. These transformations open the potential for asymmetric and trisubstituted linkages projecting from the sulfur(VI) center, including versatile S-N and S-O connectivity (9 examples, up to 94 %). Finally, the SuFEx bioconjugation of iminosulfur oxydifluorides to amine-tagged single-stranded DNA and to BSA protein demonstrate the potential of SOF4 -derived SuFEx click chemistry in biological applications.
Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency and Microwave Ablation for the Management of Patients With Benign Thyroid Nodules

Abstract Ultrasound-guided thermal ablation has been shown to considerably reduce nodule-related discomfort and cosmetic problems. Hence, this review was done to determine the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency or microwave ablation in the management of benign thyroid nodules. Searches were done in EMBASE, SCOPUS, PubMed Central, Cochrane library, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Clinicaltrials.gov until August 2022. Meta-analysis was carried out using random-effects model. With 95% confidence intervals (CIs), pooled standardized mean differences, mean differences, and/or odds ratio reported. In total, we analyzed 16 studies, most of them had high risk of bias. The pooled standardized mean difference for symptom score was −1.01 (95% CI, −1.83 to −0.19; I2 = 94.2%), for cosmetic relief was −1.26 (95% CI, −2.27 to −0.24; I2 = 96%), for postoperative nodule volume was −1.77 (95% CI, −3.06 to −0.48; I2 = 94%), for hospital stay was −3.88 (95% CI, −4.58 to −3.18; I2 = 91.1%), for operation time was −3.30 (95% CI, −3.95 to −2.64; I2 = 93.4%). The pooled odds ratio for postoperative pain was 0.04 (95% CI, 0.00–0.35; I2 = 95.1%), for postoperative hypothyroidism was 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01–0.11; I2 = 0%), for postoperative hoarseness was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.22–1.47; I2 = 0%), for postoperative hematoma was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.15–2.22; I2 = 0%). Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency and microwave ablation had better efficacy and safety profile in terms of symptoms, cosmetic relief, complication rate, duration of stay, and operation time when compared with conventional surgery or observation without treatment for patients with benign thyroid nodules.
Core Representations of the Standard Fixed Tree Game

This paper discusses the core of the game corresponding to the standard fixed tree problem. We introduce the concept of a weighted constrained egalitarian solution. The core of the standard fixed tree game equals the set of all weighted constrained egalitarian solutions. The notion of home-down allocation is developed to create further insight in the local behavior of the weighted constrained egalitarian allocation. A similar and dual approach by the notion of down-home allocations gives us the class of weighted Shapley values. The constrained egalitarian solution is characterized in terms of a cost sharing mechanism.
A comparative assessment of two optical fibre techniques for measuring the speed of the electric wind in a negative polarity, atmospheric corona discharge

Two optical fibre anemometers, one based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (OFIA) and another a novel laser-optical fibre Bragg grating sensor (FBGA) have been constructed to measure the speed of the convective air flow generated in the point-plane gap of a negative corona discharge in atmospheric air. In both configurations the sensing section of the optical fibre anemometers is subjected to controlled, repetitive bursts of infrared radiation from a CO2 laser and the combination of localized heating and convective cooling by the corona wind results in an optical signal that is directly calibrated to the speed of the wind. Both the OFIA and FBGA successfully measured the speed of the corona wind in the discharge gap, with wind speeds ranging from 0 to 0.7 m s−1 observed at different locations in the discharge gap. However, the FBGA, due primarily to the ability to average sensor response over many measurements, exhibited an order of magnitude higher sensitivity than the OFIA (Δv ≈ 4 × 10−3 m s−1 compared to 3 × 10−2 m s−1). Both sensors yielded measurements of wind speed that were an order of magnitude lower than similar measurements using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA), indicating that the seed particles introduced as part of the LDA system are providing false reading of wind speed due to acceleration by the gap electric field.
Performance dependence on grading width of a-SiGe:H component solar cells

For the bottom cell in a tandem structure, a-SiGe:H solar cells are often applied, because the red response of these cells is higher. In order to optimize the performance of these cells, the germanium concentration in the intrinsic layer is profiled. In this paper, the authors aim to understand, using computer simulations, the variation of external parameters of solar cells with the band-gap grading width near the interfaces. Experimental results show that grading is essential, but that the grading width near the p-i interface needs to be as small as possible, whereas that near the i-n interface needs to be as large as possible. Varying the grading width mainly affects the fill factor of the cells. Computer simulations indicate that the profile of the slope of the valence band tail in the graded regions is important, because it influences the density of state distribution in the cell.
Companions of low-redshift radio-quiet quasars

Using imaging data from a relatively complete subset of low-redshift radio-quiet quasars, the frequency of finding associated companion galaxies of the quasars is determined statistically. With an average completeness limit of M/sub r/ of about -19, it is found that about 40 percent of the quasars have at least one close physical companion within a projected distance of 100 kpc. The percentage of quasars with detected companions is consistent with all quasars in the sample having a companion of luminosity brighter than about -16.5 mag. It is estimated that the frequency of finding close companions to quasars is about six times higher than that expected for field galaxies. This frequency is similar to that found for lower-luminosity Seyfert galaxies. The properties of the companions appear to be uncorrelated with the level of activity in the quasars. This suggests that, for radio-quiet quasars, the companions act mainly as triggers of the activity and are probably not a strong determining factor of the detailed properties of the quasars. 28 references.
Evolving a hybrid model of a fed-batch fermentation process

This paper presents a novel method for the system identification of the fed-batch fermentation process defined in the problem statement of the Biotechnological Control Forum Modelling and Control Competition. The identification methodology involves a hybrid of mechanistic modelling and Genetic Programming tech niques. It provides an accurate model of the system which should be extremely useful in both the optimisation and control of this process.
Inflammatory invasion on human vaginal mucosa correlated with combined drug treatment and recurrence in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a chronic, difficult to treat vaginal infection, caused by Candida species, which affects women of all ages and ethnic and social background. Most RVVC studies use animal models, and there is still a lack of observation on human tissue samples and effective therapy to reduce recurrence.
Pattern recognition reveals sex‐dependent neural substrates of sexual perception

Sex differences in brain activity evoked by sexual stimuli remain elusive despite robust evidence for stronger enjoyment of and interest toward sexual stimuli in men than in women. To test whether visual sexual stimuli evoke different brain activity patterns in men and women, we measured hemodynamic brain activity induced by visual sexual stimuli in two experiments with 91 subjects (46 males). In one experiment, the subjects viewed sexual and nonsexual film clips, and dynamic annotations for nudity in the clips were used to predict hemodynamic activity. In the second experiment, the subjects viewed sexual and nonsexual pictures in an event‐related design. Men showed stronger activation than women in the visual and prefrontal cortices and dorsal attention network in both experiments. Furthermore, using multivariate pattern classification we could accurately predict the sex of the subject on the basis of the brain activity elicited by the sexual stimuli. The classification generalized across the experiments indicating that the sex differences were task‐independent. Eye tracking data obtained from an independent sample of subjects (N = 110) showed that men looked longer than women at the chest area of the nude female actors in the film clips. These results indicate that visual sexual stimuli evoke discernible brain activity patterns in men and women which may reflect stronger attentional engagement with sexual stimuli in men.
Beeinflusst sportliche Aktivität die Revisionsrate nach Knietotalendoprothese? Analyse eines 12-Jahres-Follow-up

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Der Anspruch von Patienten an Knietotalprothesen (KTEP) wächst zunehmend. Es stellt sich immer wieder die Frage, ob sportlich aktive Patienten nach Implantation einer KTEP ein erhöhtes Revisionsrisiko aufweisen im Vergleich zu Patienten ohne sportliche Aktivitäten. Patienten/Material und Methoden In einer retrospektiven Studie wurden 130 Patienten mit einem Altersdurchschnitt von 69,2 Jahren zu Ihrer sportlichen Aktivität 22 Monate vor und nach KTEP Primärimplantation befragt. Die Patienten wurden aufgrund der Ergebnisse der Befragung in 2 Gruppen (A = Sport, B = No-Sport) eingeteilt. 7 Jahre postoperativ wurden dieselben Patienten erneut zu Ihrem Sportverhalten und 12 Jahre postoperativ zusätzlich zu stattgehabten Revisionsoperationen befragt. Ergebnisse Von den 130 im Jahre 2005, ca. 2 Jahre nach KTEP-Implantation, befragten Patienten gaben 88 (67,7 %) an, regelmäßig Sport auszuüben (Gruppe A) während 42 Patienten (32,3 %) keinerlei Sport betrieben (Gruppe B). 2010 antworteten 87 der 130 Patienten auf die Befragung. 60 Patienten der Gruppe A waren weiterhin regelmäßig sportlich aktiv. 27 Patienten der Gruppe B gaben an, weiterhin keinerlei Sport zu betreiben. 2015 konnten von den 87 Patienten die 2010 befragt wurden immerhin noch 67 Patienten kontaktiert werden – davon 46 Patienten der Gruppe A und 21 Patienten der Gruppe B. In Gruppe A kam es 12 Jahre postoperativ bei 7 von 46 Patienten (15,2 %) zu Revisionsoperationen. In Gruppe B gaben 5 von 21 (23,8 %) Patienten Revisionsoperationen im Sinne von Wechseloperationen in den letzten Jahren an. Schlussfolgerung Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass 12 Jahre nach Primärimplantation einer KTEP die Revisionsrate in der Gruppe der sportlich aktiven Patienten verglichen mit den Inaktiven deutlich reduziert war. Daher lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass moderate sportliche Aktivität nach künstlichem Kniegelenkersatz keinen negativen Einfluss auf die Standzeit einer Knietotalendoprothese hat, sondern sogar möglicherweise zu verbesserter Osteointegration und damit zu weniger osteolytischen Reaktionen mit daraus resultierender aseptischer Prothesenlockerung führen könnte.
Building uniform and long-range ordered nanostructures on a surface by nucleation on a point defect array

We present both experimental and simulated results of ordered growth of cobalt nano-islands on a Au(111) vicinal template. Firstly, the temperature range for ordered growth and the islands size distributions are investigated by a rate equation model and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations. Secondly, the incidence of the surface structure on the growth of cobalt is studied in detail by means of variable temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy experiments and KMC simulations. The underlying atomic processes responsible for the ordered growth are discussed.
Stimmumfangsprofilmessung

Zusammenfassung Die Stimmumfangsprofilmessung ist eine der wichtigsten apparativen Untersuchungsmethoden in der Stimmdiagnostik. Sie wird nicht nur im klinischen Alltag zur Diagnostik von Stimmstörungen eingesetzt, sondern auch zur Erfassung stimmlicher Leistungen im Rahmen von Stimmgutachten und in der Gesangspädagogik verwendet. Es werden Grundfrequenz- und Schalldruckpegelwerte von Sing- und Sprechstimme gemessen und in einem X-Y-Diagramm dokumentiert. Bei der Messung ist auf die Einhaltung standardisierter Messbedingungen, z. B. Mund-Mikrofon-Abstand von 30 cm und Geräuschpegel in der Umgebung <40 dB, zu achten. Die Messergebnisse ermöglichen Aussagen zur quantitativen und qualitativen Auswertung der Stimmleistung zum Messzeitpunkt. Verlaufskontrollen können Therapieerfolge und stimmliche Entwicklungen aufzeigen.
Evidence for tunneling in reverse‐biased III‐V photodetector diodes

Photodiodes made from III‐V group semiconductor alloys have been found to exhibit anomalously high dark currents. We present evidence that tunneling is the dominant source of dark current in many cases. The tunneling current becomes substantial at peak junction electric fields as low as 105 V/cm due to the small direct energy gaps and small effective masses of the materials tested. Tunneling sets limits on the magnitude of the electric field attainable in these materials, and therefore has serious implications on photodetector design and performance.