Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales from agricultural, environmental and clinical origins: South Africa in a global context

Carbapenem agents are regarded as last-resort antibiotics, however, bacterial resistance towards carbapenems has been reported in both clinical and agricultural settings worldwide. Carbapenem resistance, defined as the resistance of a bacteria towards one or more carbapenem drugs, can be mediated in either of, or a combination of, three mechanisms–although, the mechanism mediated through the production of carbapenemases (β-lactamases that are able to enzymatically degrade carbapenems) is of most significance. Of particular concern is the occurrence of carbapenemase producing Enterobacterales (CPE), with literature describing a dramatic increase in resistance globally. In South Africa, increases of carbapenemase activity occurring in Enterobacter species, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have recently been reported. CPE can also be found in agricultural environments, as global studies have documented numerous instances of CPE presence in various animals such as pigs, cattle, seafood, horses and dogs. However, most reports of CPE occurrence in agricultural settings come from Northern America, Europe and some parts of Asia, where more extensive research has been conducted to understand the CPE phenomenon. In comparison to clinical data, there are limited studies investigating the spread of CPE in agricultural settings in Africa, highlighting the importance of monitoring CPE in livestock environments and the food chain. Further research is necessary to uncover the true extent of CPE dissemination in South Africa. This review will discuss the phenomenon of bacterial antibiotic resistance (ABR), the applications of the carbapenem drug and the occurrence of carbapenem resistance globally.
Factors controlling the temporal variability of mass and trace metal downward flux at 1000 m depth at the DYFAMED site (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea)

Abstract. Mass fluxes and trace metal (TM) fluxes were measured from samples collected in 2003 to 2005 from sediment traps deployed at 1000 m depth at the DYFAMED (DYnamique des Flux Atmospheriques en MEDiterranee) time-series station (central Ligurian Sea, 2350 m depth). A highly significant correlation is observed between all TM fluxes, whatever the nature and emission source of the TM (e.g., crustal such as Al, Fe, Co, or anthropogenic such as Zn, Cd, Pb) and the mass flux. Because these TMs originate from different emission sources, and, therefore, their atmospheric deposition to the sea surface varies with different seasonal patterns, it is suggested that fluxes of particulate organic carbon determine fluxes of TMs, and not the contrary. The seasonal sequence of the transfer of TMs to sea floor (winter convection, spring bloom and nutrient depletion of surface waters in summer and autumn) is briefly examined to highlight the concomitant temporal variability of mass and TM fluxes. This suggests that the TM downward transfer is totally controlled by the seasonal variability of biogenic carbon production, itself depending upon the intensity of winter convection. This may be a peculiarity of marine regions such as the Ligurian Sea, where hydrodynamical features (and, therefore, spring blooms) are strongly constrained by climatic and meteorological conditions (winter temperature, wind events, rain events).
Micromechanical Contrast of Ordos Basin Sandstone‐Mudstone Interbedded Layered Rocks

Layered rocks are heterogeneous media composed of multiscale minerals with contrasting geomechanical properties. It remains unclear how the mechanical responses of constituent minerals among different adjacent layers vary in a microscale. Based on the grid nanoindentation tests assisted by high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy techniques, we quantified the mechanical responses of various minerals in an interbedded sandstone‐mudstone core sample and provided visual mineralogies and indentation patterns of different adjacent layers. Results show that the Young's modulus, hardness, and elasticity index of quartz and dolomite decrease, whereas their fracture toughness and plastic work ratio increase from the sandstone layer to the mudstone layer. Quartz displays elastic‐dominated deformations in the sandstone layer whereas transforms into medium‐plastic deformations in the mudstone layer. The mean values of Young's modulus, hardness, and elasticity index of quartz in the sandstone layer are 1.28, 2.00, and 1.56 times higher than that in the mudstone layer, respectively. Dolomite and phyllosilicate minerals show prominently plastic‐dominated deformations in each layer. When an indenter encounters multiple minerals simultaneously, the mechanical responses are determined by the softer phases and irregular indent impressions are generated. Shear and radical cracks are prone to occur in the elastic‐dominated minerals, while chipping damage is induced in the plastic‐dominated minerals. This work provides new insights and fundamental understandings in geomechanical properties contrasts in multilayered rocks, and can facilitate the geomechanical modeling and upscaling schemes in multilayered formations.
ALCod: Adaptive LDPC Coding for 3-D NAND Flash Memory Using Inter-Layer RBER Variation

Three-dimensional (3D) NAND flash memory has been frequently utilized in consumer electronics as a popular storage device. However, data reliability has become an important problem to be solved. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with superior error correction capability are commonly used in 3D NAND flash memory to ensure data reliability. Unfortunately, high raw bit error rate (RBER) induced by retention time and program/erase (P/E) cycles leads to increased the number of decoding iterations, failing to correct bit errors. Consequently, data reliability cannot be well ensured by using conventional LDPC coding. Moreover, the number of decoding iterations between layers fluctuates greatly due to process variation, which leads to a large difference in decoding latency. To reduce and shorten the gap of inter-layer decoding iterations, this paper proposes ALCod: an adaptive LDPC coding scheme for 3D triple-level cell (TLC) NAND flash memory by exploiting the inter-layer RBER variation. Specifically, this paper first conducts a preliminary experiment, which shows that RBER and the number of decoding iterations between layers and pages have a great difference. And, high RBER induces decreased decoding performance, thus introducing more decoding iterations and time consumption. Then, inspired by these findings, ALCod adaptively performs LDPC coding operations according to the RBER variation induced by retention time and P/E cycles. For pages and layers with higher RBER, by using ALCod, the original bit sequence is split into two parts on average and encoded separately. During decoding, known bits of 0 information are used to improve the initial decoding information (i.e., log-likelihood ratio (LLR) information per bit). To help with the decoding of the codeword’s unknown information, the LLR amplitude of known bits of 0 is increased. The known information and unknown information participate in the same check equation, which, according to the LDPC decoding principle, can provide useful LLR information to speed up decoding update for unknown information. ALCod can improve LDPC decoding performance and effectively eliminate soft decision decoding at higher RBER. Simulation results show ALCod can significantly reduce the uncorrectable bit error rate (UBER), decoding iterations, and time consumption.
Sports Competition Risk Adjustment of Policy Tools Application, Content Construction and Optimization Strategies

: By using the methods of literature, content analysis, and other research methods, with the help of NVivo12 qualitative analysis software, this article excavates and quantitatively analyzes 37 sports event risk policy texts issued by the State Council, the State Sports General Administration, the China Athletics Association, and other institutions from 2014 to 2022 from three dimensions of policy tools, decentralization reform, and influencing factors. Research shows: (1) In the dimension of policy tools, the risk policy of sports events is mainly based on environmental policy tools, the total amount of supply policy tools is moderate, the demand policy tools are relatively insufficient, and the internal factors of each tool are not balanced. (2) In the dimension of "streamline administration, delegate powers, and improve regulation and services", policy tools mainly play a role in optimizing services and supervision and management, but decentralization is relatively lacking, and each tool has insufficient traction on the demand side. (3) In the dimension of influencing factors of event risk, the policy tools are mainly based on the supply side of personnel factors and management factors, supplemented by the environment side, but the overall demand side is insufficient. Based on this, the study puts forward the following optimization suggestions:(1) Optimize the combination effect of policy tools and form a systematic policy tool; (2) Continue to further promote the reform of decentralization, management and service, and improve the coupling between policies;(3) Improve the synergy between the risk factors of the event and the policy tools, and create a new situation of co-construction, co-governance, sharing and safe running of the competition.
Ecology of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata along the coasts of the Campania region (Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean Sea)

Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis genus are a recurrent phenomenon in tropical and temperate regions worldwide. The most widely distributed species in the Mediterranean Sea, Ostreopsis cf. ovata, produces blooms with increasing intensity, frequency and distribution. These blooms have been associated with respiratory problems and skin irritations in humans, causing health problems along Italian coasts. In addition, palytoxin-like substances produced by this species can be accumulated by various organisms and make the seafood toxic, with further risks to human health. This thesis is based on the analysis of a multiannual dataset gathered at different coastal sites along the Campania region: 1) the area of Posillipo, in the Gulf of Naples, where the most intense blooms of O. cf. ovata for the Campania Region are regularly recorded; 2) the Ischia Island coasts, which are subjected to natural acidification due to the presence of volcanic vents; 3) the sandy littoral of the Gulf of Salerno littoral, where O. cf. ovata has not been found previously, and where structures for the defence from coastal erosion will be built. Results showed that: i) Ostreopsis cf. ovata blooms are a stable phenomenon, occurring at regular frequency over the years in summer months along Posillipo and Ischia Island coasts; ii) the blooms show a marked seasonality, with peaks in the summer months, thus representing a risk for people during the bathing season, either through direct contact and aerosol or following the consumption of contaminated seafood; iii) based on the results from the Ischia island, a lower pH does not affect Ostreopsis blooms, meaning no risk decrease in future scenarios of ocean acidification; iv) Ostreopsis does occur in the Gulf of Salerno, although at low concentrations, probably due to the absence of a suitable substrate; by providing a hard substrate for macroalgae hosting Ostreopsis blooms, artificial structures against coastal erosion might determine an increase of the species in an area where it has not represented a risk so far. The present study highlights the relevance of appropriate strategies for monitoring Ostreopsis blooms. Knowledge and data obtained can be used for a better assessment and interpretation of these phenomena, thus supporting informed management actions to protect the environment, seafood resources and human health.
Environmental Change: The Evolving Ecosphere

1. Introducing Environmental Change, 2. Cosmosphere, 3. Lithosphere and Barysphere, 4. Atmosphere, 5. Hydrosphere, 6. Pedosphere, 7. Toposphere, 8. Biosphere and Ecosphere, 9. Environmental Evolution.
A research on real time three-dimensional lidar color image acquisition system

Lidar and CCD camera have the excellent ability of capturing 3D information of objects and they are widely used for 3D modeling. The effective fusion of 3D lidar image and CCD camera color image can give better results. The major problem of fusion lidar data and CCD camera data is the coordinate calibration between them. In consideration of the traits of lidar and CCD camera, a special 3D calibration object was designed, and an improved coordinate calibration method was proposed, which fits a plane using principal components analysis and can highly improve the calibration precision. After the lidar and CCD camera has been calibrated, the data they captured are transferred to fusion computer by USB and network. Data processing and display are achieved in fusion software written in C++ and OpenGL. Experiment results show that our real time image fusion system gives good result in the 3D reconstruction of objects, the imaging rate of the system can get to 5 frames per second.
Methane oxidation and pathways of production in a Texas paddy field deduced from measurements of flux, δl3C, and δD of CH4

Irrigated rice paddies are one of the few methane (CH4) sources where the management of its emissions may be possible. Before that can be initiated, however, the relationship between production, oxidation, and emission of CH4 and the processes controlling them must be better known. To that end we have made measurements of concentration and stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes of CH4 and CO2 in paddy fields along the Gulf Coast of Texas. Although only small differences in total CH4 flux (∼46.5 g m−2 clayey and ∼43 g m−2 sandy) and average δ13CH4 (seasonal averages of −56.11±1.21‰ clayey and −53.57±0.97‰ sandy) from emitted CH4 were observed in two plots with different soil textures, by making additional measurements of belowground CH4 and CO2 we learned much about processes occurring in the paddy field. We estimated that roughly 98% of the CH4 released was transported through the plant and that residence times for belowground CH4 were from about 1 to 5 hours during most of the season, indicating fast processing of both organic carbon and current photosynthesized carbon to make CH4. The percentage of CH4 made from acetate fermentation calculated using isotope data was strongly dependent on the value of the fractionation factor (α) associated with the CO2/H2 reduction pathway for CH4 formation. Using a range of reasonable values for α, we calculated that acetate fermentation was from 67 to 80% early in the season to 29 to 60% late in the season (generally decreasing as the season progressed). Most importantly, we have strong evidence that rhizospheric CH4 oxidation occurs in paddy fields. We have developed a semiempirical equation and used it to calculate the percent of CH4 oxidized as a function of total CH4 produced from field measurements of δ13CH4 under natural conditions. Because most emitted CH4 is transported by the rice plant, it was necessary to determine the isotopic fractionation CH4 underwent during its transport through the plant. This value, 12±l‰, was used to calculate oxidation percent using belowground and emitted δ13CH4 values. In Texas, oxidation of CH4 in the soil increased from ∼20 to ∼60% over the 6 week period just prior to harvest.
Fractura atípica de fémur por antirresortivos

Introducción: denosumab reduce el riesgo de fractura osteoporótica. Preocupaciones sobre los efectos secundarios raros de las terapias antirresortivas como fractura femoral atípica, han contribuido a la infrautilización de los medicamentos para la osteoporosis. Objetivo: presentar caso clínico para reconocer las características clínicas, el diagnóstico y el manejo de una fractura femoral atípica por uso de denosumab. Presentación del caso: paciente femenina de 83 años, con osteoporosis de alto riesgo de fractura en manejo con ácido zolendrónico por 5 años con empeoramiento de densidad mineral ósea. Implementacion de manejo a denosumab recibiendo 3 dosis, presentando fractura atípica de fémur. Discusión y conclusión: la eficacia del denosumab para disminuir riesgo de fracturas en pacientes con alto riesgo de fracturas es evidente. Existe una gran incertidumbre sobre cómo tratar a los pacientes después de que hayan sufrido una fractura atípica de fémur, sin embargo, el beneficio de usar terapia antirresortiva para manejo de la osteoporosis es mayor que el riesgo de presentar un evento adverso derivado de la terapia antirresortiva. La terapia anabólica es una alternativa para el manejo de la osteoporosis en este grupo de pacientes.
Substantially positive contributions of new particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei under low supersaturation in China based on numerical model improvements

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) and subsequent particle growth are important sources of condensation nuclei (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). While many observations have shown positive contributions of NPF to CCN at low supersaturation, negative NPF contributions were often simulated in polluted environments. Using the observations in a coastal city of Qingdao, Beijing, and Gucheng in north China, we thoroughly evaluate the simulated number concentrations of CN and CCN using an NPF-explicit parameterization embedded in the WRF-Chem model. For CN, the initial simulation shows large biases of particle number concentrations at 10–40 and 40–100 nm. By adjusting the process of gas–particle partitioning, including the mass accommodation coefficient (MAC) of sulfuric acid, the phase changes in primary organic aerosol emissions, and the condensational amount of nitric acid, the improvement of the particle growth process yields substantially reduced overestimation of CN. Regarding CCN, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the oxidation of semi-volatile and intermediate-volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) is called SI-SOA, the yield of which is an important contributor. At default settings, the SI-SOA yield is too high without considering the differences in precursor oxidation rates. Lowering the SI-SOA yield under linear H2SO4 nucleation scheme results in much-improved CCN simulations compared to observations. On the basis of the bias-corrected model, we find substantially positive contributions of NPF to CCN at low supersaturation (∼ 0.2 %) over broad areas of China, primarily due to competing effects of increasing particle hygroscopicity, a result of reductions in SI-SOA amount, surpassing that of particle size decreases. The bias-corrected model is robustly applicable to other schemes, such as the quadratic H2SO4 nucleation scheme, in terms of CN and CCN, though the dependence of CCN on SI-SOA yield is diminished likely due to changes in particle composition. This study highlights potentially much larger NPF contributions to CCN on a regional and even global basis.
The Importance of Representing Mixed-Phase Clouds for Simulating Distinctive Atmospheric States in the Arctic

AbstractObservations from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment (SHEBA) suggest that the Arctic Basin is characterized by two distinctly different preferred atmospheric states during wintertime. These states appear as two peaks in the frequency distribution of surface downwelling longwave radiation (LWD), representing radiatively clear and opaque conditions. Here, the authors have investigated the occurrence and representation of these states in the widely used ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) dataset. An interannually recurring bimodal distribution of LWD values is not a clearly observable feature in the reanalysis data. However, large differences in the simulated liquid water content of clouds in ERA-Interim compared to observations are identified and these are linked to the lack of a radiatively opaque peak in the reanalysis. Using a single-column model, dynamically controlled by data from ERA-Interim, the authors show that, by tuning the glaciation speed of supercooled liquid c.
Application of INQUA Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale to recent earthquakes in Japan and Taiwan

Abstract The INQUA Environmental Seismic intensity scale (ESI 2007 scale) is a new seismic intensity scale proposed by the Subcommission on Palaeoseismology, INQUA, based on seismically induced ground effects. This intensity scale is expected to be useful for evaluation of detailed areal distribution of seismic intensity and also for the evaluation of intensity of palaeoearthquakes. We selected four great earthquakes to map ESI 2007 scale distribution: the 1995 Kobe; the 2004 Chuetsu, Japan; the 1935 Hsinchu-Taichung; and the 1999 Chichi, Taiwan. Proposed ESI 2007 scale maps from these areas are the mesh maps with a grid of about 1 km2, showing more detailed intensity patterns than those previously provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Central Weather Bureau for the four areas. Different responses of ground effects to the earthquakes, depending on local differences of geological materials near the surface and morphological condition of each site, are more clearly expressed by the ESI 2007 scale map, because of the large number of observed sites by the evaluation of ESI 2007 scale. Calibration exercise also reveals, however, that the classification of ESI 2007 scale needs some improvement.
Monitoring Residual Chlorine Decay and Coliform Contamination in Water Distribution Network of Kampala, Uganda

The study was undertaken to examine water quality in the distribution network of Kampala City by assessing five storage reservoirs and four consumer taps. The aim was to evaluate residual chlorine decay and relate it to the risk of recontamination. Physicochemical quality of water in the distribution network was temperature 25.6(24.23-28.66) pH 6.6 (6.5-7.1); turbidity 1.9 (0.5-4.5) NTU; colour 17.2 (2.0-54) PtCo, ammonia 0.02 (0.0-0.05) mgl-1, and Fe2+ 0.005 (0-0.0.08) mgl-1. Residual chlorine decay was significant between the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) and the storage tanks (Total Chlorine, F=35.67, P< 0.05; Free Chlorine, F=37.97, P<0.05) and consumer taps (P<0.05) and chlorine concentrations were lower that the WHO (2008) recommended levels in two reservoirs and most of the community standpipe taps. The findings in this study provide a typical scenario of water distribution network in African urban areas and the conditions that increase the risk of recontamination. The information generated is important to the scientific community for designing further research to ensure consumer safety. The Water Board can use the generated information and recommendations in this study for better planning and management of the water distribution network. @JASEM