Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The minimum entropy criterion of range alignment in ISAR motion compensation

The envelope correlation algorithm is widely used in range alignment of ISAR motion compensation, however, this method often make the error accumulation, and what is more, a jump error will make when the reflection of target has strong scintillation. To reduce the error of range alignment a minimum entropy criterion of range alignment in ISAR compensation is proposed. Using this method the range bin can be alignment correctly which is verified by real radar data.
The Role of Exsolved Fluids on the Mo Isotopic Composition of Arc Lavas: Insights From the Adakitic Rocks of Solander Volcano

The Molybdenum isotopic composition (δ98/95Mo) of arc lavas is highly variable. While source processes play an important role in controlling the δ98/95Mo of arc magmas, the impact of differentiation on this variability remains poorly understood. In this study, we assess and deconvolute the effects of source and crustal processes on the δ98/95Mo of lavas and enclaves with adakitic compositions from Solander volcano, located above the incipient Puysegur subduction zone. These rocks show extreme δ98/95Mo variation (−0.35‰ to +0.79‰). The most mafic samples have light δ98/95Mo (−0.35‰ to −0.29‰) and low Mo/Ce ratios (0.006–0.007) consistent with published models invoking the addition of altered oceanic crust melts to their mantle source. However, the range of δ98/95Mo in the rest of the sample set is unlikely to result from source processes. Covariations of δ98/95Mo and Mo contents with MgO concentrations indicate that the δ98/95Mo and Mo content variability was generated during differentiation. Similar Sr‐Nd isotope compositions of all Solander lavas exclude a significant role for crustal assimilation. Mineral fractionation alone cannot reproduce the observed systematics without invoking unreasonable δ98/95Mo for the fractionated phases. Instead, we suggest that Mo mobility and associated isotopic fractionation during supercritical fluid exsolution and unmixing, followed by brine assimilation and magma mixing, are the first order controls on δ98/95Mo and Mo concentration variation in the Solander adakitic magmas. Thus, the role of magmatic fluids on the δ98/95Mo of intermediate‐silicic arc rocks can be significant, at least in adakitic systems, and needs to be considered prior to a source assessment.
Coordination and Modulation of Locomotion Pattern Generators in Drosophila Larvae: Effects of Altered Biogenic Amine Levels by the Tyramine β Hydroxlyase Mutation

Forward locomotion of Drosophila melanogaster larvae is composed of rhythmic waves of contractions that are thought to be produced by segmentally organized central pattern generators. We present a systematic description of spike activity patterns during locomotive contraction waves in semi-intact wild-type and mutant larval preparations. We have shown previously that TβhnM18 mutants, with altered levels of octopamine and tyramine, have a locomotion deficit. By recording en passant from the segmental nerves, we investigated the coordination of the neuronal activity driving contraction waves of the abdominal body-wall muscles. Rhythmic bursts of activity that occurred concurrently with locomotive waves were frequently observed in wild-type larvae but were rarely seen in TβhnM18 mutants. These centrally generated patterned activities were eliminated in the distal stumps of both wild-type and TβhnM18 larvae after severing the segmental nerve from the CNS. Patterned activities persisted in the proximal stumps deprived of sensory feedback from the periphery. Simultaneous recordings demonstrated a delay in the bursting activity between different segments, with greater delay for segments that were farther apart. In contrast, bilateral recordings within a single segment revealed a well synchronized activity pattern in nerves innervating each hemisegment in both wild-type and TβhnM18 larvae. Significantly, rhythmic patterns of bursts and waves could be evoked in TβhnM18 mutants by head or tail stimulation despite their highly irregular spontaneous activities. These observations suggest a role of the biogenic amines in the initiation and modulation of motor pattern generation. The technique presented here can be readily extended to examine the locomotion motor program of other mutants.
FREEZING AND HEAVING OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED SOILS

ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF AIR--WATER, ICE--WATER, AND AIR--ICE INTERFACES SHOWS THAT THE APPARENT CONTACT ANGLE BETWEEN AN AIR--ICE INTERFACE AND THE WALL OF A SOIL PORE OUGHT TO VARY RAPIDLY WITH CHANGES IN PORE WATER PRESSURE AND ICE PRESSURE. THIS PAPER GIVES THE EXPECTED RELATIONSHIP AND SHOWS THAT COOLING OF FAIRLY DRY SOIL, WITH FREEZING NUCLEATED AT ONE SPOT, SHOULD CAUSE CERTAIN PORES TO FILL ABRUPTLY WITH ICE, THUS DEPLETING THE WATER CONTENT OF THE SURROUNDING SOIL. THIS CONCLUSION AGREES WITH AVAILABLE DATA. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE ICE PRESSURE IS SLIGHTLY GREATER THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WHEN PORES FILL. LIMITED DATA AVAILABLE IN THE LITERATURE INDICATE THAT A GIVEN MOIST SOIL MAY OR MAY NOT HEAVE; WHEN IT DOES, THE ICE LENSES APPARENTLY FORM SOME DISTANCE BEHIND THE FREEZING FRONT. TO EXPLAIN THIS, THE CONCEPTS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HEAVING ARE PROPOSED FOR SATURATED SOIL. PRIMARY HEAVING OCCURS WHEN THE BASE OF THE GROWING ICE LENS COINCIDES WITH THE LIMIT OF FREEZING, AND THE RATE OF HEAVING IS LIMITED BY THE RATE OF HEAT EXTRACTION. SECONDARY HEAVING IS BELIEVED TO OCCUR WHEN THE FREEZING EXTENDS BELOW THE NOMINAL BASE OF THE (VISIBLE) ICE LENS. ICE IN THE FROZEN PORES CAN MOVE, RELATIVE TO THE PARTICLES, AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE GROWING LENS. A SOLUTION MODEL OF SECONDARY HEAVING IS USED TO ILLUSTRATE AN INCREASE OF ICE PRESSURE FROM THE FREEZING FRONT TO THE BASE OF THE ICE LENS, WHICH WILL OCCUR AT A POINT WHERE ICE PRESSURE IS EQUAL TO THE OVERBURDEN PRESSURE. IT IS CONTENTED THAT SECONDARY HEAVING PRODUCES LARGER HEAVING PRESSURES THAN PRIMARY HEAVING AND EXPLAINS WHY PREVIOUS THEORIES UNDERSTIMATED THE MAXIMUM HEAVING PRESSURE OF SATURATED SOIL. IT IS INFERRED THAT WHENEVER HEAVING OCCURS AS THE FREEZING FRONT IS DESCENDING THROUGH THE SOIL, THE PROCESS MUST BE SECONDARY HEAVING. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIGNIFICANT HEAVING PRESSURES BY UNSATURATED SOIL WILL ORDINARILY INVOLVE SECONDARY HEAVING AND THAT THE PRESSURE DEVELOPED IS LESS THAN THAT DEVELOPED BY THE SAME SOIL WHEN IT IS SATURATED. /AUTHOR/
How do landscapes record tectonics and climate

The Earth's surface is shaped by tectonics and climate. This simple statement implies that we should, in principle, be able to use the landscape as an archive of both tectonic rates and of changes to climate regime. To solve this inverse problem, and decipher the geomorphic record effectively, we need a sound understanding of how landscapes respond and erode in response to changes in tectonic or climatic boundary conditions. Rivers have been a major focus of research in this field because they are patently sensitive to tectonic and climatic forcing via their channel gradient and discharge. Theoretical, field, and numerical modeling techniques in the last few years have produced a wealth of insight into the behavior of fluvial landscapes, while the increasing availability of high-resolution topographic models have provided the data sets necessary to address this research challenge across the globe. New work by [Miller et al. (2012)][1] in Papua New Guinea highlights the progress we have made in extracting tectonics from topography due to these developments, but also illustrates the problems that still remain. This paper reviews our current knowledge of how fluvial landscapes record tectonics at topographic steady-state and under “transient” conditions, assesses why the climate signal has proven so challenging to interpret, and maps out where we need to go in the future. [1]: #ref-17
Water in enstatite from Mid-Atlantic Ridge peridotite: Evidence for the water content of suboceanic mantle?

We present the first water concentration data for oceanic mantle peridotite. The rocks come from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and were sampled by drilling during Leg 153 of the Ocean Drilling Program. Earlier studies of peridotite xenoliths suggest that orthopyroxene is the most important host of water in the upper mantle. However, an unresolved question is whether the measured water content in orthopyroxene is equal to its original concentration in the mantle or possibly lower because of decompression-related water loss. Our investigations of oceanic mantle rocks yield water contents in orthopyroxene in the range between 160 and 270 ppm by weight (wt). These new data, compared with those from xenoliths, experimental studies, and geophysical investigations, imply that the measured values reflect the original mantle contents. The preservation of mantle water contents is ascribed to an exhumation mechanism that provides for cooling during ascent of the suboceanic mantle slices.
FDA announces fast track approval of new drug for lung cancer

The US Food and Drug Administration this week approved AstraZeneca's new cancer drug gefitinib (Iressa), the first of a new class of cancer drugs billed as a well tolerated alternative to conventional chemotherapy. But the approval for use in non-small cell lung cancer was conditional on further studies, and the drug will not be prescribed for first line treatment as originally intended. Gefitinib belongs to a class of drugs known as epidermal growth factor receptors, which block signals in cancer cells that promote growth. It was approved in Japan in July 2002, but the manufacturer's …
Neural network model based on depositional microfaces to well interpolation

Aim In order to improve the inter-well interpolation precision of reservoir parameters.Methods Using neural network model based on depositional microfacies for inter-well interpolation.The well location and microfacies are used as input parameters of neural network model for reservoir parameter spatial prediction.Results Bo 21 block,Gudao field has been studied for inter-well porosity prediction combining porosity data of wells with depositional microfacies information.It is shown that the method can improve obviously the prediction accuracy.Conclusion The method of parameter predict can provide a high quality oil pool geological model for reservoir fine evaluation.
Detection of Microaneurysms in Retinal Angiography Images Using the Circular Hough Transform

This paper presents an automated method for detecting microaneurysms in the retinal angiographic images by using image processing techniques. In the presented method, in order to fade or remove the pseudo images, first retinal images are preprocessed. Then microaneurysms are identified by circular Hough transform. In the existing methods of detecting microaneurysms, it is necessary to identify the vessels in the surface of the retina and to remove them from the background of the image. But in the proposed method, first by using the circular Hough transform the central point of the microaneurysms lesion is identified. Then by using the region growing technique, the total areas of pixels associated with these lesions are identified. In this proposed method due to the removal of the vascular diagnosis which has been very time consuming, the speed of the algorithm has significantly been increased. Results received from the retinal images of five patients show that the accuracy of the proposed method in detecting microaneurysms is about %88.5 that in comparison with other existing methods has higher speed and more accuracy.
INCORPORATION OF NEW TURBULENT CLOSURE SCHEMES IN THE PRINCETON OCEAN MODEL (POM)

One of the most challenging issues in oceanography is the simulation of the mixing processes, which are responsible for diffusion of momentum , heat, salt, sediments etc. In the modeling of flow, the hydrodynamic model simulates the properties of the mean flow while the turbulence model, coupled to the first, is responsible for simulating the mixing processes. In this article it is used the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), which includes the well known turbulent closure model q2 − q2L of Mellor & Yamada (1982), level 2.5. To add flexibility to the modeling, the k − e and k − ω models, which belong to the same class of models, are incorporated into the POM and two test cases, one involving the deepening of the oceanic mixed layer and the other addressing the estuarine circulation, are carried out to allow the quality assessment of the models implementation in the computer code. The tests indicated that the model implementation was adequate. Comparing with the original model available in the Princeton Ocean Model, the results showed that the model k − e tends to overestimate the mixed layer, while the model k − ω underestimates it, within an acceptable range of tolerance. In terms of estuarine circulation, the k − e and k − ω models showed a greater capacity of mixing at the bottom of the estuarine mixing zone and also at the surface layer. RESUMO: Uma das questoes mais desafiadoras em oceanografia e a simulacao dos processos de mistura, responsaveis pela difusao de momentum , calor, sal, sedimentos etc. Na modelagem de escoamentos, o modelo hidrodinâmico simula as propriedades do escoamento medio, enquanto o modelo de turbulencia, acoplado ao primeiro, e o responsavel por simular os processos de mistura. Nesse artigo e utilizado o Princeton Ocean Model (POM), o qual traz acoplado o conhecido esquema de fechamento turbulento q2 − q2L de Mellor & Yamada (1982), n´ivel 2.5. Para adicionar flexibilidade a modelagem, os modelos k − e e k − ω, da mesma categoria de modelos, sao incorporados ao POM e dois casos-teste, um envolvendo o aprofundamento da camada de mistura oceânica e o outro a circulacao estuarina, sao realizados para permitir a avaliacao da qualidade da implementacao dos modelos no codigo computacional. Os testes indicaram que a implementacao dos modelos foi adequada. Tendo como referencia o modelo original do POM, os resultados mostraram que o modelo k − e tende a superestimar a camada de mistura, enquanto o k − ω a subestima, numa faixa aceitavel de tolerância. Em termos de circulacao estuarina, os modelos k − e e k − ω apresentaram uma maior capacidade de mistura tanto no fundo da zona de mistura estuarina como na camada superficial. Palavras-chave: modelos de turbulencia, processos de mistura, modelos a duas equacoes, camada de mistura, circulacao estuarina.
Disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis in pregnancy: A systematic review

Based on fair quality Level 3 evidence, Lu et al.1 note that glatiramer acetate (GA) exposure was not associated with lower mean birthweight, lower mean gestational age, preterm birth (37 weeks), congenital anomaly, or spontaneous abortion. However, GA was given an indeterminate recommendation because further research is needed. The results are not compelling: 3 of the 4 existing human studies of GA were small case series.1
Reply to comment by Flewelling and Sharma on “Hydraulic fracturing in faulted sedimentary basins: Numerical simulation of potential contamination of shallow aquifers over long time scales”

We welcome and appreciate the comments of Flewelling and Sharma [2015, hereafter referred to as FS] which give us the opportunity to clarify and discuss important aspects of our study [Gassiat et al., 2013, hereafter referred to as G13]. FS discuss some important details of the model development and implementation of G13. The main thrust of FS is that parts of the model geometry, parameters and boundary conditions are inappropriate, and model calibration is insufficient for a specific shale gas basin, the St. Lawrence basin. However, the work of G13 was fundamentally a parametric study, using data from multiple shale gas basins to define model geometry, parameters and boundary conditions, and the objective was not to robustly calibrate results to a specific shale gas basin. Below we systematically address the specific comments of FS about the limitations of G13, which provide us an opportunity to further elaborate on the already extensive discussion of such limitations in G13 [paragraphs 36–47].
Subglacial Processes and Subglacial Hydrology

The hydrology of glaciers is known to have a significant influence on glacier dynamics. Rapid variations in dynamics can occur due to changes in the glacial and subglacial hydrology. However, our understanding of the subglacial drainage system is based on few direct and usually short-term observations. In this thesis, two decades of pressure measurements at the glacier bed are investigated. The measurements were carried out at the Svartisen Subglacial Laboratory in Northern Norway where load cells installed at the ice-rock interface under ∼200 m of glacier ice record normal stress. A statistical study of the records for the period 1992-2014 demonstrates that the glacier bed response depends strongly on surface melt and the routing of subglacial water. Changes in subglacial hydrology cause several types of mechanical response at the glacier base. Water increases basal connectivity in summer whereas local processes, such as local ice flow, dominate the pressure signal in winter. The comparison of two summers with high, but contrasting connectivity (correlated vs anti-correlated pressure signal) demonstrates that fluctuations in meltwater input force a load transfer from the connected hydrological system to the unconnected part of the drainage system. Modelling of load transfer near a pressurised channel simulates the observed anti-correlated response in normal stress at the glacier bed. Daily pressure events are also investigated and characterise the response in pressure of the unconnected system, which differs from daily fluctuations in water pressure as measured in boreholes. The peak and decay in pressure that comprise these events are inferred to be a result of the stress bridging effect that occurs during the contraction of the drainage system. The peak in pressure is reproduced with an experiment where an artificial cavity contracts over the load cell and with a stress bridging model that incorporates shear stress transfer near a subglacial cavity. Observations from load cells and boreholes are not contradictory; instead they complement each other and help us characterise the mechanical and hydrological dynamics occurring at the glacier bed.
Tips to Reduce Employee Turnover in the Restaurant Industry: Case of a Restaurant Unit within Darden

This case study explores employee turnover in the restaurant industry. Successful retention strategies were analyzed in detail at Longhorn Steakhouse in Greenville, North Carolina. The need for new strategies is demonstrated to lower turnover rates and retain successful employees. By showing how the manager at Longhorn uses creative measures to lower turnover rate, the reader is encouraged to think of creative strategies on their own that could be successful in lowering turnover at their own place of work or in other applicable settings
Measurement of Agonist-Dependent and -Independent Signal Initiation of α1b-Adrenoceptor Mutants by Direct Analysis of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange on the G Protein Gα11

Immunoprecipitation of a fusion protein between the α1b-adrenoceptor and Gα11 following a [35S]GTPγS [guanosine-5′-O-(3-thio)triphosphate] binding assay resulted in incorporation of low levels of nucleotide. The agonist phenylephrine increased incorporation some 30-fold. Agonist-induced binding represented 1.0 mol of [35S]GTPγS/mol of fusion protein. This was to the G protein linked to the receptor rather than endogenous Gαq/Gα11 as a fusion protein containing the α1b-adrenoceptor and a form of Gα11 (G208A) unable to exchange guanine nucleotides effectively, bound [35S]GTPγS very poorly. Fusion proteins between A293E, D142A, and 3CAM mutants of the α1b-adrenoceptor and Gα11bound substantially greater levels of [35S]GTPγS in the absence of agonist than the fusion incorporating the wild-type receptor. Constitutive binding of the nucleotide induced by these mutants was only 20% of the level achieved by phenylephrine. These mutant receptors thus do not provide an accurate mimic of the agonist-occupied state. Phentolamine reduced the binding of [35S]GTPγS and acted as a partial inverse agonist for each of the constitutively active mutants. [35S]GTPγS binding to Gα11 was elevated by phenylephrine in both wild-type and constitutively active mutant forms of the fusion proteins, but agonist potency and binding affinity were 50 times higher for the fusions containing the mutated receptors. These studies provide the first direct demonstration of the capacity of constitutively active mutants of a receptor to stimulate guanine nucleotide exchange on the α subunit of a Gq family G protein and defines a strategy potentially suitable for any receptor that couples to these G proteins.
Improving the transition between paediatric and adult healthcare : a systematic review

Introduction The transition between paediatric and adult care for young people with chronic illness or disability is often poorly managed, with adverse consequences for health. Although many agree that adolescent services need to be improved, there is little empirical data on which policies can be based. Objectives To systematically review the evidence of effectiveness of transitional care programmes in young people aged 11–25 with chronic illness (physical or mental) or disability, and identify their successful components. Design A systematic literature review in July 2010 of studies which consistently evaluated health outcomes following transition programmes, either by comparison with a control group or by measurement pre-intervention and post-intervention. Results 10 studies met the inclusion criteria, six of which showed statistically signifi cant improvements in outcomes. Descriptive analysis identifi ed three broad categories of intervention, directed at: the patient (educational programmes, skills training); staffi ng (named transition coordinators , joint clinics run by paediatric and adult physicians); and service delivery (separate young adult clinics, out of hours phone support, enhanced follow-up). The conditions involved varied (eg, cystic fi brosis, diabetes mellitus), and outcome measures varied accordingly. All six interventions that resulted in signifi cant improvements were in studies of patients with diabetes mellitus, with glycosylated haemoglobin level, acute and chronic complications, and rates of follow-up and screening used as outcome measures. Conclusions The most commonly used strategies in successful programmes were patient education and specifi c transition clinics (either jointly staffed by paediatric and adult physicians or dedicated young adult clinics within adult services). It is not clear how generalisable these successful studies in diabetes mellitus will be to other conditions.