Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The electrical contact: the properties and rupture of the microscopic molten metal bridge

The size, shape and stability of microscopic molten metal bridges of iron, platinum, gold, nickel, tungsten and molybdenum have been studied in the current range 10-100 A and the rupture voltages measured in each case. High-speed photographs were also obtained, and these gave information concerning the development and rupture of the molten metal bridges and the post-rupture micro-plasma.
ON THE TORELLI THEOREM FOR MINIMAL IMMERSIONS

Torelli's Theorem for Riemann surfaces (see [1]) states that the equivalence class of a Jacobian of a Riemann surface with topological information (the polarization) determine uniquely the candidate conformal structure for the Riemann surface to embed holomorphically in it and to represent the 2-homology class determined by the polarization via Poincare Formula (see e.g. [1]). By Wirtinger's Inequality [7] holomorphic maps into an Abelian variety are minimal immersions into a flat torus, just by choosing any flat metric hermitian w.r. t. the complex structure. The aim of this paper is to ask if such conformal rigidity holds in the larger class of minimal immersions. We will also relate this problem to the existence of stable minimal surfaces not holomorphic w.r. t. any compatible complex structure (see [3]), and also we will show that uniqueness of minimal immersions with a fixed injective homomorphism between the first homology groups does not hold (see [2]). Classically the topological constraint on the class of maps to be considered is given by the 2-homology class which the immersed surfaces have to represent. A stronger constraint is given by fixing the homomorphism induced between the first homology of the surface and the one of the torus, since the image via two maps inducing the same homomorphism between the first homology groups represent the same 2-homology class. From this point of view a more sensible way to look at Torelli's theorem is the following: consider a symplectic basis of closed curves {«», /3j}i = 1 , . , r on the topological surface of genus r, and let us indicate by Tr the moduli space of Riemann surfaces of genus r, E r , marked in this way. (Note that this is not the space of Riemann surfaces with level structure considered in [11]).
Using passive sensor data to probe associations of social structure with changes in personality: A synthesis of network analysis and machine learning

Social network analysis (SNA) is an increasingly popular and effective tool for modeling psychological phenomena. Through application to the personality literature, social networks, in conjunction with passive, non-invasive sensing technologies, have begun to offer powerful insight into personality state variability. Resultant constructions of social networks can be utilized alongside machine learning-based frameworks to uniquely model personality states. Accordingly, this work leverages data from a previously published study to combine passively collected wearable sensor information on face-to-face, workplace social interactions with ecological momentary assessments of personality state. Data from 54 individuals across six weeks was used to explore the relative importance of 26 unique structural and nodal social network features in predicting individual changes in each of the Big Five (5F) personality states. Changes in personality state were operationalized by calculating the weekly root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) in 5F state scores measured daily via self-report. Using only SNA-derived features from wearable sensor data, boosted tree-based machine learning models explained, on average, approximately 28–30% of the variance in individual personality state change. Model introspection implicated egocentric features as the most influential predictors across 5F-specific models, with network efficiency, constraint, and effective size measures among the most important. Feature importance profiles for each 5F model partially echoed previous empirical findings. Results support future efforts focusing on egocentric components of SNA and suggest particular investment in exploring efficiency measures to model personality fluctuations within the workplace setting.
The anatomy of the uterine artery: A meta‐analysis with implications for gynecological procedures

The uterine artery (UA) is an arterial branch of the internal iliac artery in women, usually arising from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. However, due to the high variability in the anatomy of the UA, embolization of this vessel may be challenging. Therefore, the objective of this meta‐analysis was to provide physicians with transparent data on the anatomy of the UA, using the available data in the literature. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to find all the relevant studies regarding the UA. A total of 16 articles met the required criteria. The UA was found to originate most frequently from the internal iliac artery as the pooled prevalence was set to be 61.72% (95% CI: 41.31%–80.31%). A pooled prevalence of the UA originating from the umbilical artery was established at 13.93% (95% CI: 2.76%–30.44%). A pooled prevalence of the UA originating from the inferior gluteal artery was set to be 5.22% (95% CI: 0.00%–15.44%). In conclusion, we believe that this is the most accurate and up‐to‐date study regarding the highly variable anatomy of the UA. The UA originates most frequently from the internal iliac artery (61.72%), however, other origins, such as from the umbilical artery (13.93%) or the inferior gluteal artery (5.22%) may occur. It is hoped that the results of the present meta‐analysis will be a helpful tool for surgeons performing pelvic or gynecological surgeries.
Infrared galaxies - Evolutionary stages of massive star formation

We cite evidence which indicates that infrared galaxies may represent evolutionary stages during which a large number of massive stars are being formed. The lifetime of these stars would be rather short (10$sup 6$--10$sup 7$ years), and the resulting supernova explosions could account for the level of non-thermal activity which often accompanies the thermal infared emission. (AIP)
A robust estimation approach for uncertain systems with perturbed measurements

This paper deals with state estimation problem for uncertain continuous‐time systems. A numerical treatment is proposed for designing interval observers that ensures guaranteed upper and lower bounds on the estimated states. In order to take into account possible perturbations on the system and its outputs, a new type of interval observers is introduced. Such interval observers consist of two coupled general Luenberger‐type observers that involve dilatation functions. In addition, we provide an optimality criterion in order to find optimal interval observers that lead to tight interval error estimation. The proposed existence and optimality conditions are expressed in terms of linear programming. Also, some illustrative examples are given. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why Hoffmann? His Chemistry **

Abstract: Why was it that Roald Hoffmann was the perfect collaborator for R. B. Woodward for proposing the Principle of Conservation of Orbital Symmetry as the solution to the no‐mechanism puzzle? This publication presents 17 “tools” that Hoffmann used extensively and effectively prior to the Woodward‐Hoffmann collaboration that would he call upon reveal the mechanism of pericyclic reactions. In a sense, this is a biography of Hoffmann with a focus on his personal and professional skills as of May 5, 1964.
Redistribution of the Novel Clostridioides difficile Spore Adherence Receptor E-Cadherin by TcdA and TcdB Increases Spore Binding to Adherens Junctions

Clostridioides difficile causes antibiotic-associated diseases in humans, ranging from mild diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis and death. A major clinical challenge is the prevention of disease recurrence, which affects nearly ~20 to 30% of the patients with a primary C. difficile infection (CDI). ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile causes antibiotic-associated diseases in humans, ranging from mild diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis and death. A major clinical challenge is the prevention of disease recurrence, which affects nearly ~20 to 30% of the patients with a primary C. difficile infection (CDI). During CDI, C. difficile forms metabolically dormant spores that are essential for recurrence of CDI (R-CDI). In prior studies, we have shown that C. difficile spores interact with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which contribute to R-CDI. However, this interaction remains poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that C. difficile spores interact with E-cadherin, contributing to spore adherence and internalization into IECs. C. difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB lead to adherens junctions opening and increase spore adherence to IECs. Confocal micrographs demonstrate that C. difficile spores associate with accessible E-cadherin; spore-E-cadherin association increases upon TcdA and TcdB intoxication. The presence of anti-E-cadherin antibodies decreased spore adherence and entry into IECs. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, and immunogold labeling, we observed that E-cadherin binds to C. difficile spores, specifically to the hairlike projections of the spore, reducing spore adherence to IECs. Overall, these results expand our knowledge of how C. difficile spores bind to IECs by providing evidence that E-cadherin acts as a spore adherence receptor to IECs and by revealing how toxin-mediated damage affects spore interactions with IECs.
Deformation underneath low-load indentations in copper

The origin of the indentation size effect has been studied using convergent beam electron diffraction in the transmission electron microscope to map the crystal lattice rotations that occur underneath low-load indentations made at loads of 5 and 15 mN in copper. It is shown that the measured rotations are greater underneath the larger indentation. This is inconsistent with the predictions of strain gradient plasticity, although there appear to be no other substantial differences in the deformation patterns. It is therefore suggested that the observed increase in hardness at the lower load is associated with the reduced probability of finding a suitable dislocation source in the loaded volume.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of solids and their surfaces

Discusses photoemission from solids and their surfaces. The authors concentrate in particular on angle-resolved photoemission which has been developed into one of the most powerful spectroscopic methods for studying solids, particularly when used in conjunction with light sources such as synchrotron radiation. They discuss the basis of the technique, and briefly outline developments in experimental and theoretical methods. Then they consider examples of the application to a range of problems, to study the electronic band structure of solids, to study surface states to probe the orientation, lateral interaction and chemical state of atoms and molecules on surfaces, as well as to probe the crystallographic ordering at surfaces.
Strictly Positive Real H Controller Synthesis via Iterative Algorithms for Convex Optimization

The synthesis of strictly positive real H 2 controllers for collocated control of large space structures is addressed. To perform this synthesis, a convex optimization technique has already been developed using linear matrix inequalities. This existing technique is based on two design criteria: strict positive realness and the use of H 2 norm as the criterion for optimization. It adopts a common Lyapunov solution to both of these criteria, which results in undesirable conservatism. To reduce this conservatism, a new synthesis technique based on iterative algorithms that can produce superior, noncommon Lyapunov solutions is proposed. Even if a common Lyapunov solution is infeasible, the proposed technique can yield feasible, strictly positive real H 2 controllers. An illustrated example is included.
Structural Studies Reveal that Endosomal Cations Promote Formation of Infectious Coxsackievirus A9 A-Particles, Facilitating RNA and VP4 Release

Coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9) is a common cause of meningitis and neonatal sepsis. The triggers and mode of action of RNA release into the cell unusually do not require receptor interaction. ABSTRACT Coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9), an enterovirus, is a common cause of pediatric aseptic meningitis and neonatal sepsis. During cell entry, enterovirus capsids undergo conformational changes leading to expansion, formation of large pores, externalization of VP1 N termini, and loss of the lipid factor from VP1. Factors such as receptor binding, heat, and acidic pH can trigger capsid expansion in some enteroviruses. Here, we show that fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin or neutral endosomal ionic conditions can independently prime CVA9 for expansion and genome release. Our results showed that CVA9 treatment with albumin or endosomal ions generated a heterogeneous population of virions, which could be physically separated by asymmetric flow field flow fractionation and computationally by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image processing. We report cryo-EM structures of CVA9 A-particles obtained by albumin or endosomal ion treatment and a control nonexpanded virion to 3.5, 3.3, and 2.9 Å resolution, respectively. Whereas albumin promoted stable expanded virions, the endosomal ionic concentrations induced unstable CVA9 virions which easily disintegrated, losing their genome. Loss of most of the VP4 molecules and exposure of negatively charged amino acid residues in the capsid’s interior after expansion created a repulsive viral RNA-capsid interface, aiding genome release. IMPORTANCE Coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9) is a common cause of meningitis and neonatal sepsis. The triggers and mode of action of RNA release into the cell unusually do not require receptor interaction. Rather, a slow process in the endosome, independent of low pH, is required. Here, we show by biophysical separation, cryogenic electron microscopy, and image reconstruction that albumin and buffers mimicking the endosomal ion composition can separately and together expand and prime CVA9 for uncoating. Furthermore, we show in these expanded particles that VP4 is present at only ~10% of the occupancy found in the virion, VP1 is externalized, and the genome is repelled by the negatively charged, repulsive inner surface of the capsid that occurs due to the expansion. Thus, we can now link observations from cell biology of infection with the physical processes that occur in the capsid to promote genome uncoating.
Electron Charge Density Study on Antiferroelectric Phase Transition in PbZrO3

Electron charge density distributions of PbZrO 3 both in the paraelectric and antiferroelectric phases are investigated at 520 and 100 K, respectively, by analyzing the high-energy synchrotron-radiation (SR) powder diffraction data utilizing the maximum entropy method (MEM)/Rietveld method. A clear evidence to show that the Pb atom in the paraelectric phase is disordered in the ⟨ 110⟩ directions and forms covalent bonds with the neighboring twelve O atoms is revealed. In the antiferroelectric phase, the Pb atoms are ordered alternately parallel and antiparallel to the direction, which allows the formation of strong covalent bonds on the shortened Pb─O bonds. Anisotropic thermal motion of the O atoms in the paraelectric phase is observed, which implies the rotation of ZrO 6 octahedra at the antiferroelectric phase transition.
The Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Outcomes of Gastroentero-pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors - Experience from A Tertiary Cancer Center.

OBJECTIVE Gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors with variable behaviors. Our aim was to study the baseline characteristics and outcomes of GEP-NETs and to establish the impact of tumor grade and resectability on the survival. METHODS A single center retrospective review of patients registered at SKMCH &RC Pakistan with the diagnosis of GEP-NETs was carried out from the Hospital Information System. The baseline characteristics of 134 diagnosed patients from January 2006 to August 2020 were analyzed. Overall survival (OS) and Disease Free Survival (DFS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier curve. The impact of tumor grade and resectability was seen on the OS and DFS. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 23. Categorical parameters were computed using ChiSquare test, keeping p-value =0.05 significant. RESULT A large majority had Grade 1 disease (59%) along with localized stage at presentation (73.1%) as compared to Grade 2 (23.9%) and Grade 3 (17.1%) disease with metastatic stage at presentation (26.9%). The 5 year OS according to tumor grade was, 88%, 57% and 0% in low, intermediate and high grade respectively. The 5-year OS was 94%, 79% and 43% in the completele, incomplete and in unresectable disease group, respectively. CONCLUSION GEP-NETs are rare tumors with good outcomes in Grade I and II and poor outcomes in grade III Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC). Tumor grade and complete surgery of the primary tumor are important predictors of response outcomes and prognosis.
Moving object detection method based on the cloud model and background subtraction

Moving object detection has an important role in machine vision and video processing. In the paper, we present a method based on the cloud model and background subtraction. First, a background subtraction in the image is done and the moving window is used to segment the image. Cloud model is used in the moving window to detect the moving object, with the concept extracting of the cloud model. At last, an experiment is given and compared with the background subtraction and the cloud model. It shows that our method is relative, precise and effective.
Symbiotic bacteria stabilize the intestinal environment by producing phenylpropanoids

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) can colonize in the intestinal tract of chickens and transmit to humans. In order to decrypt the mechanism of avian resistance to S. Enteritidis, we utilized two China local chicken breeds to generate the reciprocal crosses (the Cross and the Reverse‐cross). The two lines of hybrids were orally inoculated with S. Enteritidis at 2‐day old and sampled at 3 days post‐inoculation. Along the analysis direction of multi‐omics, differential metabolites, functional pathways and correlated microbes, we found that 12 species of microbes thrived upon S. Enteritidis challenge and probably contributed to the intestinal stability in the Cross by enhancing the production of phenylpropanoids. Our findings can help to understand the symbiotic and resistant mechanisms derived from the intestinal microbiota.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces antagonistic action to Nogo signaling by the upregulation of lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS) expression

Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) have limited capacity for axonal regeneration after trauma and neurological disorders due to an endogenous nonpermissive environment for axon regrowth in the CNS. Lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS) contributes to axonal tract formation in the developing brain and axonal regeneration in the adult brain as an endogenous Nogo receptor‐1 (NgR1) antagonist. However, how LOTUS expression is regulated remains unclarified. This study examined molecular mechanism of regulation in LOTUS expression and found that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increased LOTUS expression in cultured hippocampal neurons. Exogenous application of BDNF increased LOTUS expression at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose‐dependent manner. We also found that pharmacological inhibition with K252a and gene knockdown by siRNA of tropomyosin‐related kinase B (TrkB), BDNF receptor suppressed BDNF‐induced increase in LOTUS expression. Further pharmacological analysis of the TrkB signaling pathway revealed that BDNF increased LOTUS expression through mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) cascades, but not phospholipase C‐γ (PLCγ) cascade. Additionally, treatment with c‐AMP response element binding protein (CREB) inhibitor partially suppressed BDNF‐induced LOTUS expression. Finally, neurite outgrowth assay in cultured hippocampal neurons revealed that BDNF treatment‐induced antagonism for NgR1 by up‐regulating LOTUS expression. These findings suggest that BDNF may acts as a positive regulator of LOTUS expression through the TrkB signaling, thereby inducing an antagonistic action for NgR1 function by up‐regulating LOTUS expression. Also, BDNF may synergistically affect axon regrowth through the upregulation of LOTUS expression.
Use of pixel- and plot-scale screening variables to validate MODIS GPP predictions with Forest Inventory and Analysis NPP measures across the eastern USA

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) estimates of gross primary production (GPP) were validated using field-based estimates of net primary production from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program across the eastern USA. A total of 54 969 MODIS pixels and co-located FIA plots were analysed to validate MODIS GPP estimates. We used a data resolution of individual MODIS pixels and co-located FIA plots, and used detailed pixel- and plot-specific attributes by applying screening variables (SVs) to assess conditions under which MODIS GPP was most strongly validated. Eight SVs were used to test six hypotheses about the conditions under which MODIS GPP would be most strongly validated. The six hypotheses addressed were (1) MODIS pixel quality checks, (2) FIA plot quality checks, (3) land-cover classification comparability of co-located MODIS pixels and FIA plots, (4) FIA plot homogeneity, (5) FIA plot tree density and (6) MODIS seasonal variation. SVs were assessed in terms of trade-off between improved relations and reduced number of samples. MODIS seasonal variation and FIA plot tree density were the two most efficient SVs, followed by basic quality checks for each data set. Sequential application of SVs indicated that combined usage of five of the eight SVs provided an efficient data set of 17 090 co-located MODIS pixels and FIA plots, which raised the Pearson correlation coefficient from 0.01 for the Complete data set of 54 969 plots to 0.48 for this screened subset of 17 090 plots. The screened subset of plots exhibited good representation of the Complete data set in terms of species abundance, plot distribution and mean productivity. We conclude that the application of SVs provides a useful approach to ensure compatibility of two data sets for broad-scale forest carbon budget analysis and monitoring.
Editorial: advances in computational fluid dynamics and its applications

1Australian Nuclear Science Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee, Sydney, NSW 2233, Australia 2 School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia 3Center for Numerical Simulation and Modeling, Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0408, USA 4School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
An oral phenylacrylic acid derivative suppressed hepatic stellate cell activation and ameliorated liver fibrosis by blocking TGF‐β1 signalling

Liver fibrosis is an excessive wound‐healing response governed by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). To date, there is no drug available for liver fibrosis. Although ferulic acid (FA) has multiple pharmacological functions, its anti‐hepatic fibrosis activity is weak. Based on the activity modification of the FA structure, we synthesized a series of phenylacrylic derivatives and found a superior compound, FA11. In this study, we investigated its antifibrotic effect and mechanism.