Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of organic carbon losses by water erosion after biocrust removal

Abstract In arid and semiarid ecosystems, plant interspaces are frequently covered by communities of cyanobacteria, algae, lichens and mosses, known as biocrusts. These crusts often act as runoff sources and are involved in soil stabilization and fertility, as they prevent erosion by water and wind, fix atmospheric C and N and contribute large amounts of C to soil. Their contribution to the C balance as photosynthetically active surfaces in arid and semiarid regions is receiving growing attention. However, very few studies have explicitly evaluated their contribution to organic carbon (OC) lost from runoff and erosion, which is necessary to ascertain the role of biocrusts in the ecosystem C balance. Furthermore, biocrusts are not resilient to physical disturbances, which generally cause the loss of the biocrust and thus, an increase in runoff and erosion, dust emissions, and sediment and nutrient losses. The aim of this study was to find out the influence of biocrusts and their removal on dissolved and sediment organic carbon losses. One-hour extreme rainfall simulations (50 mm h-1) were performed on small plots set up on physical soil crusts and three types of biocrusts, representing a development gradient, and also on plots where these crusts were removed from. Runoff and erosion rates, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and organic carbon bonded to sediments (SdOC) were measured during the simulated rain. Our results showed different SdOC and DOC for the different biocrusts and also that the presence of biocrusts substantially decreased total organic carbon (TOC) (average 1.80±1.86 g m-2) compared to physical soil crusts (7.83±3.27 g m-2). Within biocrusts, TOC losses decreased as biocrusts developed, and erosion rates were lower. Thus, erosion drove TOC losses while no significant direct relationships were found between TOC losses and runoff. In both physical crusts and biocrusts, DOC and SdOC concentrations were higher during the first minutes after runoff began and decreased over time as nutrient-enriched fine particles were washed away by runoff water. Crust removal caused a strong increase in water erosion and TOC losses. The strongest impacts on TOC losses after crust removal occurred on the lichen plots, due to the increased erosion when they were removed. DOC concentration was higher in biocrust-removed soils than in intact biocrusts, probably because OC is more strongly retained by BSC structures, but easily blown away in soils devoid of them. However, SdOC concentration was higher in intact than removed biocrusts associated with greater OC content in the top crust than in the soil once the crust is scraped off. Consequently, the loss of biocrusts leads to OC impoverishment of nutrient-limited interplant spaces in arid and semiarid areas and the reduction of soil OC heterogeneity, essential for vegetation productivity and functioning of this type of ecosystems.
Ways of through Qualitative Research

Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) This material is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. Bansal, Pratima; Smith, Wendy; Vaara, Eero
Comparisons of temperature response to solar forcing in the pre‐ and post periods of satellite data assimilation

On the basis of both composite and multiple linear regression analysis, three temperature datasets from two reanalyses and one set of satellite observations have been used to evaluate the different responses in the winter [December–February (DJF)] period as they relate to solar forcing between the pre‐ and post periods of satellite data assimilation. The two periods are defined as 1958–1978 when no satellite data was available to be assimilated and the 1979–2002 period when satellite data was assimilated in the operational forecast models. The solar forcing signal for the two periods can be identified as significant in the extremes of the solar cycle (maximum and minimum). The composite analysis shows that the solar response of the DJF temperatures in the three datasets shows large‐scale similarities although there are differences over the southern middle‐high latitudes and some tropical areas. The stratospheric response showed the strongest DJF temperature anomalies related to solar variability occurring over the Arctic, but its sign is negative in 1979–2002 and positive in 1958–1978 for solar maximum activity. The stratospheric temperature response can be confirmed using a multiple regression analysis. The temperature features may be partially explained by the impacts of heating via ozone absorption, and is reinforced by the solar cycle, El‐Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), volcanic eruptions and other factors. In contrast, the tropospheric response, with a dynamic wavelike structure, occurs over the middle latitudes. The tropospheric differences between the two periods are not clearly resolved and raise questions about the efficacy of the observations and our ability to use the observations effectively. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Transition from School to Work: Search Time and Job Duration

We consider the early labour market experience of young persons. Using a large data sample of Norwegian individuals finishing education in 1989-91, we analyze the transition from school to work and the duration of the first job. We allow the search duration, the accepted wage, and the job duration to be connected in a system of simultaneous equations which is estimated by maximum likelihood. The empirical evidence suggests that individuals with higher levels of schooling get jobs more quickly, and also have longer durations of their first jobs. Apprentices have shorter search periods and stay in their jobs longer than other individuals at the same educational level. Females appear to have lower reservation wages when entering the labour market (shorter search time and lower wages). They also stay in the first job longer than males do. The search duration and the accepted wage affect job duration positively, but the estimated covariance terms suggest unobserved factors working in the opposite direction.
Multimodal imaging of brain tumors

Background: Glioblastomas have a poor prognosis, possibly because of a subpopulation of therapy-resistant stem cells within the heterogeneous glioblastoma. Because the subventricular zone is the main source of neural stem cells, we aimed at characterizing the subventricular zone using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to show subventricular zone involvement in glioblastoma. Methods: We prospectively included 93 patients with primary glioblastomas who underwent preoperative DTI. The nonenhancing high fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal was used to describe the infiltrative tumor margin. We used a 5-mm margin surrounding the lateral ventricles to define the subventricular zone. The subventricular zone with high FLAIR was compared with the subventricular zone without high FLAIR, control high FLAIR outside the subventricular zone and control contralateral normal-appearing white matter. Normalized DTI parameters were calculated and compared between the different regions. Results: The subventricular zone with high FLAIR showed increased isotropic p values compared with the subventricular zone without high FLAIR (t126 = 3.9; P < 0.001) and control regions (t179 = 1.9; P = 0.046). Anisotropic q and fractional anisotropy values were lower in regions with high FLAIR compared with the subventricular zone without high FLAIR (t181 = 11.6, P < 0.001 and t184 =12.4, P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: DTI data showed that the subventricular zone is involved in glioblastoma with increased isotropic p values in the subventricular zone with high FLAIR, indicating tumor infiltration.
2D Image to 3D Box with Deep Learning Method

This article will show you a method for converting 2d images into 3d bounding boxes. The idea is to split the task into two steps. Firstly, we use neural network to output 3D object features displayed in 2D images. Then, we combine the boundary information of 2D objects in the images to generate geometric constraints on 3D objects, so as to get a complete 3D boundary box. In the ﬁrst step, we deﬁned an innovative loss function called combined o rientation l oss . This loss function took into account both the cosine distance and Euclidean distance, so that the length of the direction vector could also be reﬂected in the loss, which could enhance the sensitivity of the model to the prediction accuracy. In the second step, we return to the dimensions of 3D objects, which are relatively stable and therefore suitable for predicting a wide range of object types. Combining these two steps and the translation constraints of the object in the 2D image, we can accurately and stably restore its 3D border shape. We evaluated our approach on the KITTI target detection benchmark, including the oﬃcial measure of 3D direction estimates and the accuracy of the resulting 3D bounding box. In the case of low calculation requirements achieved good results.
DIOPHANTINE GEOMETRY ON CURVES OVER FUNCTION FIELDS

In these notes we give a reasonably self contained proof of three of the main theorems of the diophantine geometry of curves over function ﬁelds of characteristic zero. Let F be a function ﬁeld of dimension one over the ﬁeld of the complex numbers C i. e. a ﬁeld of transcendence degree one over C . Let X F be a smooth projective curve over F . We prove that:
A grid dataset of leaf age-dependent LAI seasonality product (Lad-1 LAI) over tropical and subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests

29 Quantification of large-scale leaf age-dependent leaf area index has been lacking in 30 tropical and subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests (TEFs) despite the recognized 31 importance of leaf age in influencing leaf photosynthetic capacity in this region. Here, 32 we simplified the canopy leaves of TEFs into three age cohorts, i.e., young, mature and 33 old one, with different photosynthesis capacity (V c,max ) and produced a first grid dataset 34 of leaf age-dependent LAI product ( referred to as Lad-LAI ) over the continental scale 35 from satellite observations of TROPOMI (the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) 36 sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) as a proxy of leaf photosynthesis. The 37 seasonality of three LAI cohorts from the new Lad-LAI products agree well at the three 38 sites (one in subtropical Asia and two in Amazon) with very fine collections of monthly 39 LAI of young, mature and old leaves. Continental-scale comparisons with independent 40 Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index 41 (EVI) products and 53 samples of in situ measurements of seasonal litterfall data also 42 demonstrate the robustness of the LAI seasonality of the three leaf age cohorts. The 43 spatial patterns clustered from the three LAI cohorts coincides with those clustered 44 from climatic variables. And the young and mature LAI cohorts perform well in 45 capturing a dry-season green-up of canopy leaves across the wet Amazonia areas where 46 mean annual precipitation exceeds 2,000 mm yr −1 , consistent with previous satellite 47 data analysis. The new Lad-LAI products are primed to diagnose the adaption of 48 tropical and subtropical forest to climate change; and will also help improve the 49 development of phenology modules in Earth System Models. The proposed satellite-50 based approaches can provide reference for mapping finer temporal and spatial 51 resolution LAI products with different leaf age cohorts. The Lad-LAI products are 52 available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. 21700955.v2 (Yang et al., 2022).
Monitoring the state of a large boreal forest region in eastern Canada through the use of multitemporal classified satellite imagery

Multitemporal classification of Landsat imagery was used to measure and monitor the state of the forest over a large area (11.6 million ha) of boreal forest in eastern Canada using four criteria for a 20 year period (1985–2005). The Enhancement-Classification Method was used in this study. Forty-eight thematic classes based on Canada's National Forest Inventory were identified, then grouped into 13 indicators, and reorganized within four main criteria: (i) forest versus nonforest land cover, (ii) forest development stage, (iii) forest cover type, and (iv) forest cover density. Validation based on 2973 high-resolution geo-referenced digital aerial colour photos of the 2005 classified images showed an overall accuracy of the four criteria of 83%, 68%, 58%, and 62%, respectively. The change in each indicator between 1985 and 2005 could be summarized as: (i) a decrease in productive forest area of 0.4% (approx. 43 000 ha); (ii) a 4.6% decrease in mature stand area, with a concomitant increase in areas classified as vegetated (1.3%) and regenerated (3.4%); (iii) concentration of harvesting pressure on coniferous and mixed stands with respective reductions of 8.2% and 0.8%, due to their conversion to deciduous stands; and (iv) an increase in low-density stands (3.1%) and a decrease in high-density stands (8.3%). These results demonstrate that medium-resolution (30 m) remote sensing tools can be used both to monitor the state of the boreal forest and to produce key indicators, which were extracted from the multidate Landsat satellite imagery.
Variable‐Suction Multicompartment Samplers to Measure Spatiotemporal Unsaturated Water and Solute Fluxes

To better understand the movement of water and solutes in soils, and the risk of groundwater contamination, we need water and solute flux observations distributed in space and time. We designed a new variable‐suction multicompartment percolation sampler that can be buried below an undisturbed soil volume in the field. The instrument collects percolate from 100 cells within a 32.5‐ by 32.5‐cm area. Drop counters record the number of drops falling into the sample collectors of all cells. The cells are covered by a porous material to which suction is applied in accordance with nearby tensiometer readings. The collected water can be repeatedly extracted in situ, allowing the breakthrough curve of each cell to be measured. This temporal and spatial resolution greatly helps to quantify heterogeneous flow at scales between that of the individual sampling cell and the entire sampler. Three prototypes were tested in different laboratory (under a soil monolith) and field experiments (buried in situ) in Australia and the Netherlands. One sampler was covered with a nylon mesh, another with sintered porous stainless steel plates, and a third with a polyamide membrane. Water was uniformly applied at the soil surface by irrigation (laboratory) or natural rainfall (field). Suction could be controlled once the covers were saturated, blocking the inflow of air. The instruments operated continuously for several months. The membrane and metal covers worked best. The wealth of data obtained from a single experiment provides considerable insight in water and solute transport processes in undisturbed soils.
Dynamic aerosol model: Urban/industrial aerosol

Aerosol properties vary with the aerosol type, loading, or atmospheric conditions. We found that a dynamical aerosol model that describes the variability of aerosol properties as a function of aerosol optical thickness can address this issue. Ambient urban/industrial aerosol is measured in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States during the summer of 1993 by automatic Sun/sky radiometers. The volume size distributions inverted from the measured sky radiance represent the entire column of ambient particles. These data depict an aerosol regime in which accumulation mode particle size and volume increases as optical thickness increases. A dynamical aerosol model that is a function of optical thickness is constructed by fitting lognormal functions to the volume size distributions. It accounts for 60% of the variance in the aerosol accumulation mode size distributions. The accumulation mode is represented as a linear combination of two modes: one with volume modal radius 0.11 μm and the other with modal radius 0.21 μm. The model is shown to recreate the correct independently measured sky radiance in the backscattering direction and to predict the phase function within model uncertainties of data collected in subsequent years. The model is shown to be unbiased with respect to the time of day and to reproduce the wavelength dependence measured by the independent Sun measurements. The dynamic model has substantially different properties than a static continental model except for the limited optical thickness range of 0.0-0.25.
Macrophages support healing of ischemic injury by transdifferentiating towards mural cells and adopting functions important for vascular support

Sterile in�ammation following injury is important for tissue restoration. In injured human and mouse tissues, macrophages were recently found to accumulate perivascularly. This study investigates if macrophages adopt a mural cell identity important for restoration following ischemic injury. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of fate-mapped macrophages from ischemic mouse muscles demonstrates an identity switch of a subpopulation of macrophages with downregulated myeloid cell genes and upregulated mural cell genes. This macrophage-to-mural cell switch was further strengthened when including unspliced transcripts in the analysis. Induction of macrophage-specic PDGFR β -deciency prevented the perivascular macrophage phenotype, impaired vessel maturation and increased vessel leakiness, which ultimately reduced limb function. In conclusion, macrophages in adult ischemic tissue were demonstrated to undergo a transdifferentiation program to morphologically, transcriptomically and functionally resemble mural cells while losing their macrophage identity. The macrophage-to-mural cell switch is crucial for restored tissue function, and warrants exploration for future immunotherapies to enhance healing following injury.
Density and porosity of the lunar crust from gravity and topography

[1] Newly obtained gravity and topography data of the Moon, combined with a lithospheric flexure model that considers both surface and subsurface loading, are used to place constraints on the density of the upper crust from a localized spectral admittance analysis. Subsurface loads are found to be relatively unimportant in the highlands, and when subsurface loads are neglected, the best fitting bulk densities for a number of highland regions are found to vary from 2590 to 2870 kg m−3, with a mean value of 2691 kg m−3. Crustal rock densities estimated from geochemical considerations and global iron and titanium abundances imply somewhat greater densities, which we interpret as porosity affecting the gravity-derived bulk density estimates. The average porosity in the upper few kilometers of crust is calculated to be about 7.7%, which is consistent with porosity estimates of impact-fractured meteorites and terrestrial impact craters.
Status of onboard image compression for CNES space missions

On board Image compression is a very powerful tool to optimize the onboard resources needed to store and transmit image data to ground. This is due to the steady performance improvements of the compression algorithms and to the availability, for spaceborne applications, of highly integrated circuits (ASIC technology) that made it possible to implement very sophisticated real-time schemes. We propose in this paper a survey of on on-board image compression with emphasis on some compression architectures and present the future prospects.
ANÁLISIS PALEOPARASITOLÓGICO DE COPROLITOS HALLADOS EN SITIOS ARQUEOLÓGICOS DE PATAGONIA AUSTRAL: DEFINICIONES Y PERSPECTIVAS

The study of ancient populations’ epidemiological profi les requires joint efforts between specialists of diverse disciplines. In this context, paleoparasitological studies has recently begun to offer independent evidence that supplements more traditional bone palaeopathology studies. Palaeoparasitology analyses sediments, mummifi ed tissue, bones and coprolites in order discover evidence of ancient parasite loads. In this paper/Elsewhere (Cite), the fi rst paleoparasitological results for Southern Patagonia are reported, together with a strategy for the treatment and conservation of specifi c archaeological materials. Here we outline our methods for the study of coprolites and emphasize the need for recovery and conservation of such remains for paleoecological inferences.
10 THE ETHICS OF GENETIC ENHANCEMENT Key Concepts and Future Prospects Jonny Anomaly

Human enhancement occurs when we improve an existing capacity, or create a new capacity, so that we can perform a task better or our lives as a whole go better. Depending on how we define the term, enhancement can be intentional or accidental. It can be environmental, biochemical, physical, technological, or genetic. And enhancement can be performed on ourselves or on our children in order to make our own life, our children’s lives, or even other people’s lives go better. After all, the traits our children have profoundly effect how they interact with other people. In many ways, the story of human progress has been a story of technologies that enhance our ability to survive and flourish. The advent of controlled fire allowed us to keep warm at night and to cook our food, which increased the absorption of nutrients. The invention of tools to build houses and the deliberate breeding of crops for food gave us more security. And the development of written language and mathematics allowed us to think more complex thoughts, control risks associated with climate, and develop the kinds of science and technology that modern humans rely on. These are all examples of altering our environment in ways that affect our bodies and minds. Cultural innovations change the way we think and how we live, and in many cases, cultures and genes have co-evolved to alter our capacities. Perhaps more importantly, different cultures are evolutionary processes that select different traits by sifting out bodies and brains that are poorly adapted to those cultures (Henrich 2015). Cultures that reward patience and planning, for example, tend to get more of those traits to the extent that patient and intelligent people have more surviving offspring, or perhaps in some cases, more reproductive opportunities (Clark 2009, Kuijpers et al. 2022). Modern debates over enhancement usually focus on intentionally altering ourselves through medicine, surgery, or genetic engineering. Humans have long used medicine to influence their health, and we have selected mates in ways that predictably affect the traits of our offspring. But the scientific revolution that began with the European Renaissance and culminated in modern genetics has enabled us to understand how heredity works and to use this understanding to transform humanity. We will focus on genetic enhancement because of its ability to dramatically alter our capacities and its potential effects across generations. Genetic enhancement can come from selecting between alternative mates with the intention of influencing the traits of offspring, using a sperm or egg donor, or using in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) to select against diseases or in favor of desired traits. Another form of genetic enhancement involves gene editing using bacteria-derived enzymes Jonny Anomaly and Tess Johnson