Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tectonic stresses in the lithosphere: constraints provided by the experimental deformation of rocks.

The strengths of rocks clearly place an upper limit on the stress that can be sustained by the upper half of the lithosphere. Laboratory data on rock rheology are generally lacking at intermediate temperatures and pressures on the important rock types expected in the lithosphere, so a definitive accounting of the strength distribution with depth in the upper lithosphere is presently unattainable. Analogies are drawn between the fragmentary strength data on silicates at intermediate temperature and the more extensive experimental data on marble and limestone, and several tentative conclusions are drawn: First, brittle processes, such as faulting and cataclasis, are expected to control rock strength at low pressures and temperatures. The strengths associated with these brittle mechanisms increase rapidly with increasing effective pressure and are relatively insensitive to temperature and strain rate. Second, the transitions between brittle and ductile processes occur at critical values of the least principal stress σ3. I suggest that the concept of the deformation mechanism map of Ashby (1972) be extended to brittle-ductile transitions by normalizing the applied differential stress σ by σ3, i.e., the transitions occur at critical values of σ/σ3. Third, the high temperature flow law of olivine, widely applied to problems involving flow in the asthenosphere, is inappropriate to the conditions of temperature found in the lithosphere, because different dislocation flow mechanisms dominate at low to intermediate temperatures. The fragmentary rheological data suggest the following rheological structure of the lithosphere where it is inelastically deforming: A rapid pressure-driven increase in rock strength with depth culminates with a shear strength maximum of up to 8 kbar at depths that depend on the state of stress and on the temperature distribution. A review of the mechanisms of weakening associated with water suggests that water weakening effects are probably not important in the oceanic lithosphere but are likely to be controlling in the continental crust.
CAFFEINE, CHOCOLATE, PERFORMANCE AND MOOD

Background: There has been considerable research on the effects of caffeine on performance and mood. This means that it can now be used as a positive control to benchmark the effects of less studied foods and drinks. Chocolate has been less frequently investigated, and the present study examined the effects of caffeine given in coffee and dairy milk chocolate in the same experiment. Methods: A parallel groups design was used to investigate the effects of 60 mg caffeine given in coffee and dairy milk chocolate. Forty-eight participants completed the study, which involved a practice session and two test sessions before and after the caffeine/chocolate manipulations. The test battery involved mood rating and performance tasks measuring a variety of functions (motor, episodic memory, working memory and attention). Participants either carried out the sessions in the morning (10.30 start) or afternoon (15.30 start). Impulsivity scores were recorded before the start of the study. Results : Caffeine was associated with feeling more clumsy but more efficient. The effect of chocolate on mood varied with the time of testing. Those given chocolate in the afternoon felt more friendly, quick-witted and excited than the no chocolate group. This pattern of results was reversed for the morning groups. Chocolate had no effects on the performance tasks. Selective effects of caffeine were observed, with no effect on the motor or episodic memory tasks but the faster performance of the logical reasoning task after caffeine. Interactions between caffeine and impulsivity were found in the search and memory speed and Bakan accuracy analyses. High impulsive participants showed worse performance than low impulsive people in the decaffeinated conditions, and the opposite was found after caffeine. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that, compared to caffeine in coffee, dairy milk chocolate produces few
Fingerprinting of Non-resolved Three-axis Stabilized Space Objects Using a Two-Facet Analytical Model

Abstract : This approach to resident space object (RSO) fingerprinting is motivated by the established framework of biometric fingerprinting which comprises a basic differentiator, followed by three levels of matching. Level 0 (L0) features would be the size and type of the fingerprint. Level 1 (L1) features are the macro characteristics of the fingerprint. Level 2 (L2) features are locations where a single ridge in the fingerprint splits into two branches or where two branches converge into one. Level 3 (L3) features describe the periodic pattern in the fingerprint. Match at each level provides progressively higher confidence. Correspondingly, the RSO fingerprinting can be considered to comprise matching at a base level, followed by three levels of features. L0 consist of sentinel features such as the gross brightness, and contrast, shape and position of principal specular glints. L1 features comprise the geometric shape of the signature brightness and its color indices. This is analytically represented using a polynomial in the cosine of the sub-solar angle, which captures the effect of the seasons. The Level 2 captures the intrinsic character of the sloping regions or bifurcations in the signature brightness and color. It is used to separate the contribution of the solar panel and body. Level 3 consists of the temporal evolution of the fractional abundance of the solar panel and the body. This allows inference on the mechanical stability and basic information about the attitude of the RSO. A collection of L0 to L3 features for an RSO is thus defines its fingerprint.
14 Pitching STEM: A Communicative Approach to Entrepreneurship in STEM Classrooms

This chapter examines a group of undergraduate science students ’ oral performances and perceptions of a STEM pitching activity designed to enhance their entrepreneurial mindset. Drawing on scholarly literature from the ﬁ elds of STEM education and business communication, it is argued that that communication can serve as a source of synergy that educators can strategically capitalize upon as part of their interdisciplinary efforts to teach entrepreneurship in STEM classrooms. In practice, such an approach entails providing STEM students with an opportunity to engage in instructional activities such as making a STEM pitch to a hypothetical funder about an innovative technology. In theory, integration of this form of business communication into the STEM curriculum is hypothesized as a source of entrepreneurial cognition for STEM learners (i.e., it can give rise to entrepreneurial thinking and mindset). Moreover, its reliance on communicative action is consistent with approaches to entrepreneurial education wherein the STEM entrepreneur seeks to actively create entrepreneurial opportunities. To illustrate how this interdisciplinary approach may look in practice, we examine and analyze the classroom
Mixing in the Transition Layer during Two Storm Events

Abstract Upper-ocean dynamics analyzed from mooring-array observations are contrasted between two storms of comparable magnitude. Particular emphasis is put on the role of the transition layer, the strongly stratified layer between the well-mixed upper layer, and the deeper more weakly stratified region. The midlatitude autumn storms occurred within 20 days of each other and were measured at five moorings. In the first storm, the mixed layer follows a classical slab-layer response, with a steady deepening during the course of the storm and little mixing of the thermocline beneath. In the second storm, rather than deepening, the mixed layer shoals while intense near-inertial waves are resonantly excited within the mixed layer. These create a large shear throughout the transition layer, generating turbulence that broadens the transition layer. Details of the space–time structure of the frequencies in both short waves and near-inertial waves are presented. Small-scale waves are excited within the transition .
Deep water formation and poleward ocean heat transport in the warm climate extreme of the Cretaceous (80 Ma)

An ocean simulation of the “greenhouse” climate of the Late Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago (Ma), demonstrates that warm salty deep water, consistent with proxy climate data, can be formed by cooling in the high latitude Southern Hemisphere. This is contrary to the long standing hypothesis of deep water formation due to evaporation over low latitude marginal seas. A reduced equator to pole temperature gradient is maintained with a poleward ocean heat transport that is not larger than today's.
From St Paul's to the Tate Modern; Overcoming Problems in Monitoring Bridge Deflections Using GPS

SUMMARY A series of trials were conducted upon the Millennium Bridge in London during the 22 to 24 November 2000. These trials consisted of monitoring the deflections of the Bridge using three GPS receivers, and an accelerometer, over a period in total of 11 hours. The results were processed and filtered in an attempt to show that GPS could be used in such an environment to monitor deflections. The results illustrated, however, that due to the satellite constellation in the UK; a large void exists from the zenith to the horizon in a northerly direction. This void and lack of GPS satellites within it results in a poor NDOP, resulting in poor North-South precision. The phenomena was evident in the Bridge results. A GPS data simulator, developed at the IESSG, was then used to re-create the Bridge data, and subsequently pseudolite data simulated into the same. The results illustrate that if a pseudolite had been used on the day of the field trials; the results could well have been improved upon.
ARPC5 isoforms and their regulation by calcium-calmodulin-N-WASP drive distinct Arp2/3-dependent actin remodeling events in CD4 T cells

CD4 T cell activation induces nuclear and cytoplasmic actin polymerization via the Arp2/3 complex to activate cytokine expression and strengthen T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Actin polymerization dynamics and filament morphology differ between nucleus and cytoplasm. However, it is unclear how the Arp2/3 complex mediates distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic actin polymerization in response to a common stimulus. In humans, the ARP3, ARPC1, and ARPC5 subunits of the Arp2/3 complex exist as two different isoforms, resulting in complexes with different properties. Here, we show that the Arp2/3 subunit isoforms ARPC5 and ARPC5L play a central role in coordinating distinct actin polymerization events in CD4 T cells. While ARPC5L is heterogeneously expressed in individual CD4 T cells, it specifically drives nuclear actin polymerization upon T cell activation. In contrast, ARPC5 is evenly expressed in CD4 T cell populations and is required for cytoplasmic actin dynamics. Interestingly, nuclear actin polymerization triggered by a different stimulus, DNA replication stress, specifically requires ARPC5 but not ARPC5L. TCR signaling but not DNA replication stress induces nuclear actin polymerization via nuclear calcium-calmodulin signaling and N-WASP. Diversity in the molecular properties and individual expression patterns of ARPC5 subunit isoforms thus tailors Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization to different physiological stimuli.
Cognitive status among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Purpose: We investigated the association between cognitive impairment and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), taking into account demographic and clinical variables evaluated during routine practice. Patients and methods: We performed a post hoc analysis of a cross-sectional study that included subjects with stable COPD. Sociodemographic and clinical information was recorded using the Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exacerbations index and the Charlson comorbidity index. Cognitive performance was studied by the mini-mental state examination, with a score less than 27 indicating clinical impairment. Depressive symptoms, physical activity, and quality of life (EuroQoL-5 dimensions and COPD Assessment Test) were also evaluated. Results: The analysis included 940 subjects. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 39.4%. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that cognitive impairment was associated with educational level (odds ratio [OR] = 0.096, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.011–0.447) and poorer quality of life measured by the EuroQoL-5 dimensions social tariff (OR = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.950–0.983). When questionnaires were not included in the analysis, cognitive impairment was associated with educational level (OR = 0.063, 95% CI = 0.010–0.934), number of exacerbations (OR = 11.070, 95% CI = 1.450–84.534), Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exacerbations index score (OR = 1.261, 95% CI = 1.049–1.515), and the Charlson comorbidity index (OR = 1.412, 95% CI = 1.118–1.783). Conclusion: Cognitive impairment is common in COPD and is associated with low educational level, higher disease severity, and increased comorbidity. This could have therapeutic implications for this population. Beck Depression Inventory; mass index; BODEx, mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exacerbations index; assessment Test; pulmonary disease;
Sensitivity of modeled far‐IR radiation budgets in polar continents to treatments of snow surface and ice cloud radiative properties

While most general circulation models assume spectrally independent surface emissivity and nonscattering clouds in their longwave radiation treatment, spectral variation of the index of refraction of ice indicates that in the far IR, snow surface emissivity can vary considerably and ice clouds can cause nonnegligible scattering. These effects are more important for high‐elevation polar continents where the dry and cold atmosphere is not opaque in the far IR. We carry out sensitivity studies to show that in a winter month over the Antarctic Plateau including snow surface spectral emissivity and ice cloud scattering in radiative transfer calculation reduces net upward far‐IR flux at both top of atmosphere and surface. The magnitudes of such reductions in monthly mean all‐sky far‐IR flux range from 0.72 to 1.47 Wm−2, with comparable contributions from the cloud scattering and the surface spectral emissivity. The reduction is also sensitive to sizes of both snow grains and cloud particles.
BiasAsker: Testing Social Biases in Dialog Systems

Conversational AI software products, such as chatbots and digital assistants, have been widely used daily. With the power of recent advances in artificial intelligence, such products can generate more vivid conversations with users. However, since state-of-the-art chatbot models are trained on large, public datasets openly collected from the Internet, they can generate speeches that contain biases and stereotypes. Previous works on detecting the bias in conversational AI systems are either based on training a specific classification model, which can not guarantee the accuracy, or based on human annotation, which needs much effort and can not be widely used. In this paper, we propose BiasAsker, a novel testing method that can automatically find the bias in conversational AI software by asking questions. Experimental results show that BiasAsker can reveal a significant amount of biases on widely deployed software products and research models. Warning: We apologize that this article presents examples of biased sentences to demonstrate the results of our method. Examples are quoted verbatim.
Estimating T‐year flood confidence intervals of rivers in Çoruh basin, Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine the most suitable probability distribution for estimating T‐year flood confidence intervals of the rivers in Çoruh basin, Turkey. For this purpose, 10 different distributions, which are widely used in hydrologic frequency analysis, were fitted to annual maximum flows of nine gauging stations located in critical parts of the basin, and parameters of these distributions were estimated using the method of maximum likelihood. In order to determine the most suitable distributions at each station, Akaike's information criterion, modified Akaike's information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, Kolmogorov–Smirnov and chi‐square goodness‐of‐fit tests were applied. According to evaluations of these tests, two‐parameter lognormal, Gumbel and generalised Pareto appeared to be the most suitable distributions. Then, these distributions were used for the estimation of T‐year's flood confidence intervals (10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 years). Finally, the performances of the distributions were compared and discussed with regard to its application on the stations.
Relationships between Δ14C and the molecular quality of dissolved organic carbon in rivers draining to the coast from the conterminous United States

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural waters possesses chemical and molecular qualities indicative of its source and age. The apportionment of DOC by age into millennial and decadal pools is necessary to understand the temporal connection between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. We measured Δ14C‐DOC and chemical composition indices (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254), fluorescence index (FI), hydrophobic organic acid fraction (HPOA) content) for 15 large river basins in the conterminous United States. Across all rivers the average proportion of HPOA in DOC correlated strongly with SUVA254 (r2 = 0.93 p < 0.001). Individual Δ14C‐DOC ranged from a low of −92.9‰ (726 y.b.p.) in the Colorado River to 73.4‰ (>Modern) in the Altamaha River for the year 2009. When adjusted by total discharge, these U.S. Rivers export modern carbon at between 34 and 46‰, a signal dominated by the Mississippi River. The variation in Δ14C correlates to indices of the aromaticity of the DOC measured by the SUVA254 (r2 = 0.87, p < 0.001), and FI (r2 = 0.6; p < 0.001) as well as differences in annual river discharge (r2 = 0.46, p < 0.006). SUVA254 was further correlated to broad scale vegetation phenology estimated from the Enhanced Vegetation Index derived from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). We show that basins with high discharge, high proportions of vegetation cover, and low human population densities export DOC enriched in aromatic material that corresponds to recently fixed atmospheric CO2. Conversely old DOC is exported from low discharge watersheds draining arid regions, and watersheds more strongly impacted by humans. The potential influence from fossil carbon from human inputs to aquatic systems may be important and requires more research.
THE FREE BOUNDARY FOR ELASTIC-PLASTIC TORSION PROBLEMS1

Consider the variational inequality: Find u e. K such that f ßVu • V(c - .«) > n/e(c - u) (¡i > 0) for any v e K, where K = {w e H¿(Q); \Vw\ < 1} and Q is a 2-dimensional simply connected domain in R2 with piecewise C3 boundary. The solution u represents the stress function in a torsion problem of an elastic-plastic bar with cross section Q. The sets E = {x G Q; |Vu(jc)| < 1}, P — {x e Q; \Vu(x)\ = 1} are the elastic and plastic sets respectively. The purpose of this paper is to study the free boundary äinöl more specifically, an estimate is derived on the number of points of local maximum of the free boundary.
The adsorption of lead and other heavy metals on oxides of manganese and iron

Measurements were made of the adsorption of cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc on nine synthetic manganese oxides and three synthetic iron oxides, to determine the mechanism by which lead accumulates in the manganese oxides in soils. Adsorption of lead by the manganese oxides was up to 40 times greater than that by the iron oxides, and lead was adsorbed more strongly than any of the other ions studied by all of the oxides except goethite. This is considered to be the reason for the accumulation of lead in the manganese oxides in soils. No evidence was found for the oxidation of lead, nor for the formation of specific lead-manganese minerals.
Topographic preconditioning of open ocean deep convection

Abstract Evidence for oceanic convection over Maud Rise in the Weddell Sea suggests that bottom topography may select the location and scale of deep convecting oceanic chimneys forced by seasonal large-scale atmospheric cooling. In this paper, the role of bottom topography in open-mean deep convection is studied using an idealized three-dimensional primitive equation model. A barotropic mean flow impinges on a Gaussian-shaped seamount in a stratified domain generating a Taylor cap (a region of topographically trapped fluid). Uniform surface cooling is applied throughout the domain. When the Taylor cap is tall enough to interact with the surface mixed layer, the local isolation from the advection of heat by the mean flow forms a conduit into the deep water. Convection within this region is significantly enhanced relative to ambient levels away from the seamount and to similar numerical simulations performed without bottom topography. Given uniform background stratification, domed isopycnals are not importa.
Interpretation of authigenic vs. allogenic green peloids of ferric clay in the Proterozoic Penganga Group, southern India

Abstract Ferric illite in the Neoproterozoic Penganga Group, southern India, occurs in a lenticular unit of reworked arkoses conformably enclosed in carbonate mudstones, deposited in a shelf-margin carbonate slope setting influenced by deep marine sediment gravity flows. The structures and textures of the arkoses suggest emplacement by fine-grained debris flows and deposition in channels incised into the carbonate slope. Ferric illite is sparse in the arkoses and has small concentrations and grainsizes within the same size fraction of the associated detritus, uniform chemical composition and an association with reworked facies. It consists predominantly of granular grains that are mostly sorted spherical, ovoid, capsule-shaped and vermicular peloids; many broken and micaceous. These attributes provide a comprehensive framework for suggesting an allogenic origin for the ferric illite previously interpreted as authigenic. The methodology adopted here is a useful approach in the interpretation of in situ vs. reworked origins of glauconitic minerals.
The Role of Openness Personality in Indonesia an Online Marketplace that Influences Online Impulsive Buying Behavior

The development of technological innovation in this era has resulted in shopping activities through online marketplaces, which are currently trendy and have shown increasingly high sales, which can be used as the right context to explore consumers' impulsive buying behavior in online marketplaces. The results are only hedonic motives and monetary sales promotions that can significantly influence online impulsive buying behavior partially. Openness personality does not moderate the influence of e-wom, hedonic motives, and monetary sales promotion on online impulsive buying behavior. Suggestions to increase strong online impulsive buying, online stores can use stimulating sales promotion activities that integrate hedonic benefits such as providing promotions when releasing new products.