Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Boundary Layer under Near-Inertial Internal Waves over a Critically Sloping Bottom

Abstract Internal waves reflecting off sloping bottoms have been shown to have boundary-layer scales proportional to ν½ (ν is viscosity). As the characteristic slope of the wave approaches the slope of the bottom, the boundary-layer scale increases without limit while the reflected internal wave scale decreases toward zero. When the boundary-layer scale becomes comparable to the internal wave scale, this boundary-layer approximation is no longer valid. This problem is resolved here by using a different boundary-layer balance in the equations of motion for the critical case. The proper balance becomes apparent after rotating the coordinates of the equations of motion so that the horizontal axis is parallel to the bottom: from this balance arise two boundary layers with thickness of order ν⅓. These solutions may have large amplitudes which cancel at the bottom and decay to zero well above the bottom but which allow strong intensification of motions within a layer thickness of the bottom. Assuming ν= 1 cm2 s.
An assessment of radiance in Landsat TM middle and thermal infrared wavebands for the detection of tropical forest regeneration

Abstract It has been postulated that tropical forests regenerating after deforestation constitute an unmeasured terrestrial sink of atmospheric carbon, and that the strength of this sink is a function of regeneration stage. Such regeneration stages can be characterized by biophysical properties, such as leaf and wood biomass, which influence the radiance emitted and/or reflected from the forest canopy. Remotely sensed data can therefore be used to estimate these biophysical properties and thereby determine the forest regenerative stage. Studies conducted on temperate forests have related biophysical properties successfully with red and near-infrared radiance, particularly within the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). However, only weak correlations have generally been observed for tropical forests and it is suggested here that the relationship between forest biophysical properties and middle and thermal infrared radiance may be stronger than that between those properties and visible and near-i.
The Effect of Surface Cover on Soil Moisture Losses by Evaporation

RECENTLY, Duley and Russel proposed for experimental consideration a new method of farming that they call "sub-surface tillage" (3, 4). By this method soil would rarely if ever be turned upside down, but would be handled as regards all operations of seedbed preparation, planting, and tillage, in such manner as to leave all residues so far as possible on the surface of the ground. This method has four objectives: namely, facilitated infiltration, reduced evaporation, decreased erosion by water, and improved control of the hazards of blowing. In another paper Duley (i) has dealt with experimental work being conducted by the Soil Conservation Service and the Nebraska Experiment Station on factors affecting infiltration. This paper will deal with the question of surface evaporation.
International tourism and climate change

Tourism is a major global economic sector that is undergoing tremendous growth in emerging economies and is often touted as salient for development and poverty alleviation in developing countries. Tourism is recognized as a highly climate‐sensitive sector, one that is also strongly influenced by environmental and socioeconomic change influenced by climate change, and is also a growing contributor to anthropogenic climate change. This article outlines the complex interrelationships between climate change and the multiple components of the international tourism system. Five focal themes that have developed within the literature on the consequences of climate change for tourism are then critically reviewed: climatic change and temporal and geographic shifts in tourism demand, climate‐induced environmental change and destination competitiveness within three major market segments (winter sports tourism, coastal tourism, and nature‐based tourism), and mitigation policy developments and future tourist mobility. The review highlights the differential vulnerability of tourism destinations and that the resultant changes in competitiveness and sustainability will transform some international tourism markets. Feedbacks throughout the tourism system mean that all destinations will need to adapt to the risks and opportunities posed by climate change and climate policy. While notable progress has been made in the last decade, a number of important knowledge gaps in each of the major impact areas, key regional knowledge gaps, and both tourist and tourism operator perceptions of climate change risks and adaptive capacity indicate that the tourism sector is not currently well prepared for the challenges of climate change. WIREs Clim Change 2012. doi: 10.1002/wcc.165
Evolution of Navajo eclogites and hydration of the mantle wedge below the Colorado Plateau, southwestern United States

Eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths from ultramafic diatremes of the Navajo province on the Colorado Plateau have been analyzed to investigate hydration of continental mantle and effects of low‐angle subduction on the mantle wedge. Xenoliths have been characterized by petrographic and electron probe analysis and by Sm‐Nd, Rb‐Sr, K‐Ar, and O isotopic analysis of mineral separates from one eclogite and by U‐Pb isotopic analysis of zircons from three samples. K‐Ar analysis of phengite establishes eruption of a Garnet Ridge, Arizona, diatreme at 30 Ma. Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr analyses of clinopyroxene and garnet from that eclogite document recrystallization shortly preceding eruption. Three zircon fractions have been analyzed from that eclogite and from two others representing the nearby Moses Rock and Mule Ear diatremes. Seven of nine small multigrain fractions scatter about a poorly fit discordia between ca. 35 Ma and 1515 Ma (fractions range from overlapping concordia at the lower intercept to a 207Pb/206Pb age of ca. 1220 Ma). The discordant fractions establish a mid‐Proterozoic zircon component in each eclogite, inconsistent with an origin from basalt of the Farallon plate. The pressure recorded by one of these eclogites (3.3 GPa) exceeds that of an eclogite previously attributed to the Farallon plate. Nonetheless, each of the eclogites contains a fraction of nearly concordant zircons with ages in the range 35 to 41 Ma, and one rock also contains a fraction that is nearly concordant at 70 Ma. These concordant ages are interpreted to record episodic zircon growth during recrystallization of Proterozoic mantle. The concordant zircon ages are consistent with published data that establish recrystallization of Navajo eclogites from 81 to 33 Ma, a time interval similar to that of the Laramide orogeny. The eclogite‐facies recrystallization and growth of new zircon are attributed to the catalytic effects of water introduced into the mantle from the Farallon slab. Water penetrated fracture zones extending for at least tens of kilometers into the mantle wedge above the Farallon slab during low‐angle subduction. Magmatism in the San Juan volcanic field to the northeast of the diatremes may be related to similar hydration.
Causes and diagnosis of copper deficiency

To the Editor: The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the peripheral blood of cancer patients has attracted a great deal of attention among investigators. The clinical significance of CTC has probably best been established in breast cancer, where it has been shown that the detection of CTC in metastatic patients correlates with early clinical relapse and patient death [1]. Gene expression profiling of CTC has been extended to other metastatic cancers including colorectal and prostate cancer [2,3]. Recently, a porous barrier density-gradient centrifugation system was developed that allows for enrichment of CTC from peripheral blood [4]. When coupled with the use of specific genes for real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the buoyant density separation approach
Volatile Abundances in Basaltic Magmas and Their Degassing Paths Tracked by Melt Inclusions

The abundances of CO2, H2O, S and halogens dissolved in basaltic magmas are strongly variable because their solubilities and ability to be fractionated in the vapor phase depend on several parameters such as pressure, temperature, melt composition and redox state. Experimental and analytical studies show that CO2 is much less soluble in silicate melts compared to H2O (e.g., Javoy and Pineau 1991; Dixon et al. 1995). As much as 90% of the initial CO2 dissolved in basaltic melts may be already degassed at crustal depths, whereas H2O remains dissolved because of its higher solubility such that H2O contents of basaltic magmas at crustal depths may reach a few percents. Most subduction-related basaltic magmas are rich in H2O (up to 6–8 wt%; Sisson and Grove 1993; Roggensack et al. 1997; Newman et al. 2000; Pichavant et al. 2002; Grove et al. 2005) compared to mid-ocean ridge basalts (<1 wt%; Sobolev and Chaussidon 1996; Fischer and Marty 2005; Wallace 2005). During magma movement towards the surface, exsolution of major volatile constituents (CO2, H2O) causes gas bubble nucleation, growth, and possible coalescence that exert a strong control on the dynamics of magma ascent and eruption (Anderson 1975; Sparks 1978; Tait et al. 1989). Gas bubbles have the ability to move faster than magma (Sparks 1978), particularly in low viscosity basaltic magmas. Bubble accumulation, coalescence and foam collapse give rise to differential transfer of gas slugs and periodic gas bursting (Strombolian activity; Jaupart and Vergniolle 1988, 1989) or periodic lava fountains (Vergniolle and Jaupart 1990; Philips and Wood 2001) depending on magma physical properties and ascent rate. It is also thought that strombolian and lava …
Basic Cardiology

Previous studies suggest that A 1 adenosine receptor antagonists may prevent myocardial reperfusion injury by means of an inhibition of superoxide anion release from neutrophils, leukocyte activation and platelet aggregation. We tested the hypothesis of a blood-independent endothelial protection following A 1 adenosine receptor antagonism with DPCPX (1,3 dipropyl,8-cyclo-pentylxanthine) during ischeamia-reperfusion damage. Isolated working rat hearts were used and submitted to 10 and 20 min global ischaemia in order to assess functional alterations, necrosis enzyme and purine release in coronary effluent, arrhythmias, heart weight changes, ultrastructural morphometry and microvascular permeability by FITC-albumin diffusion technique. DPCPX (100 mM) was administered to perfusion buffer before ischaemia. In untreated hearts we detected a significant reduction of functional parameters, associated with a significant enzyme and purine release, myocardial oedema and ultrastructural damage. In DPCPX-treated hearts functional and histological damage was significantly reduced compared to controls. Moreover, a significant reduction of postischaemic endothelial hyperpermeability (FITC-albumin diffusion, p < 0.02) and ultrastructural damage was observed. Our data suggest that A 1 adenosine receptor antagonism significantly reduces ischaemia-reperfusion damage in isolated, crystalloid perfused rat hearts by direct reduction of endothelial damage and postischaemic hyperpermeability. J Clin Basic Cardiol 1999; 2: 99–104.
Visible and near‐infrared spectra of carbonate rocks: Reflectance variations related to petrographic texture and impurities

Grain size statistics derived from thin section point measurements were used to classify carbonate rock textures and to identify related spectral characteristics in the visible and near-infrared (0.4–2.5 μm) wavelength range. Although the statistics did not permit all the carbonate textural varieties generally recognized by petrologists to be distinguished, three broad textural classes of pure carbonate material were found that produced distinctive spectra. Further refinement of the statistical technique may permit other textural classes to be identified. However, internal scattering in carbonate rocks is a complex phenomenon involving the grain size distribution, as well as the nature and abundance of inclusions and internal grain defects. To yield an optimum textural classification for spectroscopic studies, all such scattering contributors would have to be quantified. The spectral effects of iron oxide, clay, silica, and organic matter impurities were examined by comparing texturally similar pure and impure carbonate rock samples. Of these impurities, organic matter had the greatest spectral influence, and amounts as low as 0.01 wt % commonly caused marked reductions in sample brightness and absorption band intensity. In contrast, the spectral effects of rock texture were subtle and could only be identified in samples that were nearly free of organic matter impurities. The pronounced organic matter spectral effects imply that the organic matter in most carbonates is very finely disseminated. Samples collected from different regions usually showed different degrees of organic spectral quenching. However, no correlations were evident between sample reflectance and contained kerogen H/C ratios or kerogen amounts. Additional analytical work is needed to examine organic matter compositional variation and associated spectral quenching effects in detail. From the present study, it appears likely that contained organic matter will be a dominant factor in the visible and near-infrared spectral expression for most carbonate rocks, and perhaps for other sedimentary lithologies. Spectral quenching by organic matter will likely complicate remote sensing and laboratory spectral determinations of carbonate composition. On the other hand, variations in quenching may prove to be useful for distinguishing rocks that have experienced unusual diagenetic, thermal, or other conditions affecting the organic matter contents.
Restoration of Endangered Species: Conceptual Issues, Planning and Implementation

Part I. Conceptual Issues in Restoration Ecology: 1. Organizational and managerial guidelines for endangered species restoration programs and recovery teams Tim W. Clark and John R. Cragun 2. Genetic considerations for plant population restoration and conservation Charles B. Fenster and Michelle R. Dudash 3. Managing genetic diversity in captive populations of animals Robert C. Lacy 4. The relationship of rarity to plant reproductive biology Stephen G. Weller 5. Experimental evidence for insect impact on populations of short-lived, perennial plants, and its application in restoration ecology Svata M. Louda Part II. Restoration Planning: 6. Impacts of biological invasions on the management and recovery of rare plants in Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawaii Lloyd L. Loope and Arthur C. Medeiros 7. Disturbance-dependent persistence of rare plants: anthropogenic impacts and restoration implications Noel B. Pavlovic 8. A metapopulation approach to Pitcher's thistle recovery in southern Lake Michigan dunes A. Kathryn McEachern et al. 9. Restoration of woodland caribou to the Lake Superior region Peter J. P. Gogan and Jean Fitts Cochrane Part III. Implemented Restorations: 10. The swift fox reintroduction program in Canada from 1983 to 1992 Ludwig N. Carbyn et al. 11. Restoration of the endangered black-footed ferret: a twenty-year overview Tim W. Clark 12. Development and implementation of a recovery program for the federally threatened Lakeside daisy Marcella M. DeMauro 13. Demographic monitoring and the recovery of endangered plant populations Bruce M. Pavlik Part IV. Synthesis and Future Directions: Biology, Politics and Reality: 14. Restoration ecology: living with the Prime Directive Joel S. Brown Taxonomic index Subject index.
Integrating indigenous knowledge and soil science approaches to detailed soil survey in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Farmers’ knowledge about their soils and their management constitutes a complex wisdom system, which if integrated with modern soil science, could provide the necessary synergy for sustainable agricultural development. A field work was undertaken in parts of Kaduna State to ascertain the indigenous knowledge of farmers and compared it with scientific classification of the same soils. The farmers used non-taxonomic classification with two levels of classification, topography or position in the landscape and inherent fertility as the first classifiers, while soil colour, surface characteristics and texture were the second. Overall, the indigenous classification used morphological and physical properties of the surface horizon as their main diagnostic attributes. In the Jagindi site, farmers were able to classify the soil units into Tudu Jar-Kasa and Tudu Yunbu for the soil units JD1 and JD2 respectively while the seasonally flooded unit; JD3 was classified as Fadama, an indigenous soil name that has been found acceptable in scientific literature. Correlation would be easier with the World Reference Base (WRB) system, which also place emphasis on morphological properties observable in the field as shown by the chromic subgroup in WRB and Jar (red) in the indigenous classification of soil unit JD1. The indigenous classification scheme in the study areas, though simple, was adequate in most cases in grouping soils into classes that could be managed using similar management practices, re-emphasizing the use-oriented nature of indigenous classification. For sustainable development in the study areas and to improve communication between the scientists, the extension agents and the farmers, it is suggested that local soil name be integrated into the soil map legend.
Colder Subarctic Pacific with larger sea ice caused by closure of the Central American Seaway and its influence on the East Asian monsoon: a climate model study

Abstract The changes in the sea-ice conditions and sea surface temperatures in the Subarctic Pacific caused by the closure of the Central American Seaway and their influence on the East Asian monsoon are investigated by a series of closed (CE), open (OE) and re-closed (RCE) seaway experiments with a climate model. It is found that a permanent halocline forms in the Subarctic Pacific because of the termination of saline water transport through the seaway in CE and RCE. Efficient cooling by shallow convection in the stratified permanent halocline causes thicker and more extensive sea ice in winter, and leads to colder surface water in summer in the Subarctic Pacific. Colder air, over more extensive sea ice cover in winter and over the colder water in summer, produces higher surface air pressure with anticyclonic wind anomalies in both seasons. Southeasterly and southerly wind anomalies develop around the Japanese archipelago in the East Asian monsoon region and induce warm and humid surface air with increased precipitation over the East Asian continent. These results indicate that the East Asian monsoon is weakened in winter and strengthened in summer as a result of closing the Central American Seaway.
Automated rock mass characterisation using 3-D terrestrial laser scanning

The research investigates the possibility of using point cloud data from 3-D terrestrial laser scanning as a basis to characterise discontinuities in exposed rock massed in an automated way. Examples of discontinuities in rock are bedding planes, joints, fractures and schistocity. The characterisation of discontinuities is of importance, since they determine to a large extend the geotechnical behaviour of the entire rock mass. The conventional way of characterising discontinuities is by manual geological survey using geological compass and measuring tape. A logical alternative to the conventional methods for surveying rock faces is the use of 3-D terrestrial laser scanning. A 3-D terrestrial laser scanning survey yield a 3-D point cloud but this data does not yet provide the information on the character of the discontinuities that can be seen in the rock exposure. In this research two different approaches are followed: the first approach uses surface reconstruction through interpolation of the point cloud and the second approach makes use of direct segmentation of the original point cloud. The main conclusion of this research is that it is possible to automate the derivation of discontinuity orientation and spacing information with both methods. Point cloud segmentation is however, the most preferred approach, since it does not require prior surface reconstruction, is therefore faster, and is not strongly influenced by vegetation and other noise in the data. Point cloud segmentation uses the original point cloud, so there is no data loss, which is unavoidable with a surface reconstruction approach.
Age, Extent and Climatic Significance of the c. 3400 BP Aniakchak Tephra, Western Alaska, USA

Tephra deposits at Whitefish Lake and Cape Espenberg on the northernmost Seward Peninsula of western Alaska were derived from the Aniakchak Caldera on the Alaska Peninsula more than 1500 km to the south. Radiocarbon dates on the climactic, caldera-forming Aniakchak eruption and on proximal and distal tephra indicate the Aniakchak tephra was deposited about 3435 ± 40 BP (3614-3815 cal. BP), and forms an isochronous marker horizon across much of western Alaska. The Aniakchak tephra eruption and several other targe eruptions during the seventeenth century BC may have had widespread effects on climate.
Late holocene human impact on lake basins in central mexico

Palaeolimnological investigations in the volcanic highlands of Central Mexico (19°N) have yielded clear evidence of environmental degradation associated with episodes of forest clearance and agricultural expansion during the last 3500 years. Preliminary results are presented from five lake basins situated at altitudes of 1700 to 2575 m a.s. l. , along a gradient of decreasing aridity and temperature from north to south: Hoya San Nicolas de Parangueo (Guanajuato); La Piscina de Yuriria (Guanajuato); Patzcuaro (Michoacan); Zacapu (Michoacan) and Upper Lerma (Estado de Mexico). Samples from sediment cores and pits are being analyzed for loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility (X and Xfd), major cations, total P, C/N, carbonate content, δ13C, δ18O, diatoms, pollen, and charcoal content. Evidence for disturbance is provided by increases in non-arboreal pollen types, especially maize (Zea mays), peaks of X, Xfd and charcoal; increased concentrations of elements associated with soil material such as Al, Fe, Ti, and P, and diatoms indicative of cultural eutrophication. Patzcuaro, Hoya San Nicolas, Zacapu, and Upper Lerma show an initial phase of disturbance dating from ca. 3500 to 1400 yr B.P., reflecting the widespread adoption of maize cultivation during the Preclassic. A later, more intense phase is recorded in all the basins. In Hoya San Nicolas, La Piscina de Yuriria, Zacapu, and Patzcuaro, which lay within, or on the margins of the Tarascan state, this episode dates from Postclassic to Hispanic times (<1100 yr B.P.). In contrast, disturbance in the Matlatzincan area (the Upper Lerma Basin) was apparently more continuous, culminating during the late Classic to early Postclassic (ca. 1400-700 yr B.P.).
European Studies to Investigate the Feasibility of using 1000 ft Vertical Separation Minima above FL 290. Part II. Precision Radar Data Analysis and Collision Risk Assessment

This paper is the second of a series of three papers, documenting the European studies into the feasibility of 1000 ft vertical separation minima above FL290. The paper discusses the vertical collision risk estimation methodology and an assessment of the collision risk against a target level of safety. The analysis indicates the technical feasibility of a reduced vertical separation minima in the North Atlantic Region. However, for current operations and technical performance within European continental airspace, the risk estimation indicates that a 1000 ft minima is not technically feasible. The contents of this paper reflect the views of the authors concerned; they do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the CAA or NLR.