Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
"When Are We Going To Be Settled Down and Know This Is Our Place?”: A Phenomenological Examination of Iraqi Refugee Families’ Lived Experiences with Resettlement

Of the 69,930 refugees that resettled to the United States during the fiscal year of 2013, the largest group consisted of over 19,000 Iraqi refugees. Additionally, the recent outbreak of a new wave of violence in Iraq has led to an increase in the number of Iraqi citizens who have fled Iraq’s borders and migrated to the United States. Earlier studies that had been conducted on the resettlement of Iraqi refugees were quantitative in nature, focused on individuals, and did not provided a nuanced and thick description of the lived experiences of refugee families who had resettled in the United States. This gap in the research is particularly relevant for Iraqi refugee families since they comprise such a large proportion of refugees migrating to America. Accordingly, the purpose of this qualitative existential phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of resettlement for Iraqi refugee families who had recently been forced to flee their homeland and resettle in a mid-sized southeastern city in the United States. From this study it is hoped that government and nonprofit agencies will have a clearer vision of what resettlement was like from the families’ perspectives. Seven Iraqi refugee families (17 participants) were interviewed for the purpose of gaining multiple perspectives of the resettlement process from each family. After data analysis, the seven major themes that emerged across families from these unstructured in-depth interviews were: (1) “We came from death”/“A new life for me and my family” (leaving danger for safety), (2) “We left everything” (loss associated with trauma), (3) “Now we have hope”/“What future do we have? ” (hope/lack of hope), (4) “’Can we help you? Do you need anything? ’”/”The assistance for us as refugees is very little” (support/lack of support), (5) “We trust God with our life” (religion and spirituality), (6) “The family is our backbone” (family bonding), and (7) “What will the future look
Leishmania Promastigotes Induce Cytokine Secretion in Macrophages through the Degradation of Synaptotagmin XI

Synaptotagmins (Syts) are type-I membrane proteins that regulate vesicle docking and fusion in processes such as exocytosis and phagocytosis. We recently discovered that Syt XI is a recycling endosome- and lysosome-associated protein that negatively regulates the secretion of TNF and IL-6. In this study, we show that Syt XI is directly degraded by the zinc metalloprotease GP63 and excluded from Leishmania parasitophorous vacuoles by the promastigotes surface glycolipid lipophosphoglycan. Infected macrophages were found to release TNF and IL-6 in a GP63-dependent manner. To demonstrate that cytokine release was dependent on GP63-mediated degradation of Syt XI, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Syt XI before infection revealed that the effects of small interfering RNA knockdown and GP63 degradation were not cumulative. In mice, i.p. injection of GP63-expressing parasites led to an increase in TNF and IL-6 secretion and to an augmented influx of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes to the inoculation site. Both of these cell types have been shown to be infection targets and aid in the establishment of infection. In sum, our data revealed that GP63 induces proinflammatory cytokine release and increases infiltration of inflammatory phagocytes. This study provides new insight on how Leishmania exploits the immune response to establish infection.
Conditional cooperation and confusion in public-goods experiments

Significance The finding that people vary in how they play economic games has led to the conclusion that people vary in their preference for fairness. Consequently, people have been divided into fair cooperators that make sacrifices for the good of the group and selfish free-riders that exploit the cooperation of others. This conclusion has been used to challenge evolutionary theory and economic theory and to guide social policy. We show that variation in behavior in the public-goods game is better explained by variation in understanding and that misunderstanding leads to cooperation. Economic experiments are often used to study if humans altruistically value the welfare of others. A canonical result from public-good games is that humans vary in how they value the welfare of others, dividing into fair-minded conditional cooperators, who match the cooperation of others, and selfish noncooperators. However, an alternative explanation for the data are that individuals vary in their understanding of how to maximize income, with misunderstanding leading to the appearance of cooperation. We show that (i) individuals divide into the same behavioral types when playing with computers, whom they cannot be concerned with the welfare of; (ii) behavior across games with computers and humans is correlated and can be explained by variation in understanding of how to maximize income; (iii) misunderstanding correlates with higher levels of cooperation; and (iv) standard control questions do not guarantee understanding. These results cast doubt on certain experimental methods and demonstrate that a common assumption in behavioral economics experiments, that choices reveal motivations, will not necessarily hold.
Subcellular proteomic analysis of host‐pathogen interactions using human monocytes exposed to Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague, is of concern to human health both from an infectious disease and a biodefense perspective. While Y. pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis share more than 90% DNA homology, they have significantly different clinical manifestations. Plague is often fatal if untreated, yet Y. pseudotuberculosis causes severe intestinal distress but is rarely fatal. A better understanding of host response to these closely related pathogens may help explain the different mechanisms of virulence and pathogenesis that result in such different clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to characterize host protein expression changes in human monocyte U937 cells after exposure to Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis. In order to gain global proteomic coverage of host response, proteins from cytoplasmic, nuclear and membrane fractions of host cells were studied by two‐dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and relative protein expression differences were quantitated. Differentially expressed proteins, with at least 1.5‐fold expression changes and p values of 0.01 or less, were identified by mass spectrometry including matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐MS or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. With these criteria, differential expression was detected in 16 human proteins after Y. pestis exposure and 13 human proteins after Y. pseudotuberculosis exposure, of which only two of the differentially expressed proteins identified were shared between the two exposures. Proteins identified in this study are reported to be involved in a wide spectrum of cellular functions and host defense mechanisms including apoptosis, cytoskeletal rearrangement, protein synthesis and degradation, DNA replication and transcription, metabolism, protein folding, and cell signaling. Notably, the differential expression patterns observed can distinguish the two pathogen exposures from each other and from unexposed host cells. The functions of the differentially expressed proteins identified provide insight on the different virulence and pathogenic mechanisms of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis.
Waterborne Cryptosporidium Oocyst Identification and Genotyping: Use of GIS for Ecosystem Studies in Kenya and Ecuador

SATOMI KATO: LUKE ASCOLILLO; JOSEFINE EGAS: LAUREN ELSON,” KIMBERLY GOSTYLA; LISA NAPLES,” JAMES ELSE: FERNANDO SEMPERTEGUI: ELENA NAUMOVA,” ANDREY EGOROV,” FERNANDO OJEDA” and JEFFREY GRIFFITHS” “Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, and bCorporaciok Ecuatoriana de Biotecnologia, Quito, Ecuado,: and “Tufts University School of Veterinavy Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA, and dYerkes National Primate Research Cente6 Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, and “Empressu Metropolitanta de Alcantarillado y Agua Potable de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
Autoreactive T-Lymphocytes in Inflammatory Skin Diseases

The presence of one or several autoantigen(s) and a response by the adaptive immune system are the key criteria to classify a pathology as an autoimmune disease. The list of entities fulfilling this criterion is currently growing in the light of recent advancements in the pathogenetic understanding of a number of important dermatoses. The role of autoreactive T-lymphocytes differs amongst these pathologies. While they are directly involved as effector cells attacking and sometimes killing their respective target in some diseases (e.g., vitiligo), they provide help to B-lymphocytes, which in turn produce the pathogenic autoreactive antibodies in others (pemphigus and pemphigoid). Atopic dermatits is a chimera in this regard, as there is evidence for both functions. Psoriasis is an example for an entity where autoantigens were finally identified, suggesting that at least a subgroup of patients should be classified as suffering from a true autoimmune rather than autoinflammatory condition. Identification of resident memory T-lymphocytes (TRM) helped to understand why certain diseases relapse at the same site after seemingly effective therapy. Therefore, the in-depth characterization of autoreactive T-lyphocytes goes way beyond an academic exercise and opens the door toward improved therapies yielding durable responses. TRM are particularly suitable targets in this regard, and the clinical efficacy of some established and emerging therapeutic strategies such as the inhibition of Janus Kinase 3 or interleukin 15 may rely on their capacity to prevent TRM differentiation and maintenance. Research in this field brings us closer to the ultimate goal in the management of autoimmunity at large, namely resetting the immune system in order to restore the state of tolerance.
A Close Look at the Relationship between Multiple Choice Vocabulary Test and Integrative Cloze Test of Lexical Words in Iranian Context

In spite of various definitions provided for it, language proficiency has been always a difficult concept to define and realize. However the commonality of all the definitions for this illusive concept is that language tests should seek to test the learners’ ability to use real-life language. The best type of test to show such ability is considered to be the integrative test and cloze test is in turn regarded to constitute nearly all the factors needed for language use ability. However, the greatest obstacle of cloze tests or in general pragmatic tests is their administrative and scoring constraints for a large number of testees. Discrete-point tests, as the easiest and most common type of tests used for valid national and international proficiency tests, have always been doubtfully questioned as to whether they indicate the learners’ ability to use language in real-life situation, but due to their tangible shortcomings, no absolute answer can be provided. The study aims at shedding light at the idea of the extent to which the discrete items of vocabulary proficiency show the learners’ vocabulary proficiency in the real world of language use. Hence, the study seeks to calculate the correlation between discrete-point and integrative language proficiency tests of vocabulary administered to 21 Iranian freshmen studying English as a Foreign Language.
The evolving livestock sector in Ethiopia: Growth by heads, not by productivity

Livestock is important in Ethiopia’s agricultural economy as almost all farmers own some livestock. Livestock assets are valued at 720 USD per farm on average. Overall livestock output has grown rapidly over the last decade, estimated at almost 6 percent per year, but about 80 percent of that growth came from increases in the number of livestock. The stock of different livestock species was about 50 percent higher in 2015 than a decade earlier, while modern input use and improvements in production methods contributed little to growth in the livestock sector. Linked to improved access to extension and markets, adoption of improved breeds and improved feeding practices increased, but such adoption patterns started from a very low base. Within the livestock sector, cattle are dominant, making up an estimated three-quarters of the value of livestock stock. However, the share of cattle in total livestock output is declining, and small ruminants are on the rise, especially in pastoralist areas. Given the rapid growth in livestock numbers and the increasing livestock density per unit of land, we find that feeding practices are changing. Grazing land is declining in availability, so reliance on commercial feed markets is increasing. Access to vaccinations and veterinary service provision have improved, and livestock death rates declined slightly over the last decade. However, the number of livestock lost to deaths is still more than twice the number sold for meat production, indicating important challenges remaining for the development of the livestock sector in Ethiopia.
Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Aliran Perdagangan Pakaian Jadi Indonesia dengan Rentang Waktu Penelitian Tahun 2001 - 2016

Industri pakaian jadi Indonesia adalah industri padat karya dan juga sebagai penyumbang devisa ekspor non migas, dan memenuhi kebutuhan sandang dalam negeri. Namun, perkembangan ekspor industri pakaian jadi Indonesia belakangan ini staganan, dan berkurangnya kontribusi terhadap PDB. Stagnasi ekspor industri pakaian jadi Indonesia ini tidak mengimbangi kenaikan konsumsi pakaian jadi di dunia. Kebijakan yang telah dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan resrukturisasi mesin/peralatan salah satunya adalah industri pakaian jadi, pemberian insentif berupa pegurangan besarnya PPh pasal 35 dan penundaan PPh pasal 29, kerjasama perdagangan dengan Asean, China, Japan dan Korea tidak serta merta meningkatkan kinerja ekspor. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi aliran perdagangan industri pakaian jadi Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode regresi data panel. Hasil analisa yang didapatkan adalah faktor yang mempengaruhi secara signifikan terhadap aliran perdagangan adalah GDP riil per kapita negara tujuan ekspor, nilai tukar rupiah terhadap negara tujuan ekspor, harga ekspor pakaian jadi ke negara tujuan ekspor, perjanjian perdagangan bebas dengan negara tujuan ekspor tujuan ekspor dan ekspor pakaian jadi yang dilakukan sebelumnya. Sedangkan untuk jarak ekonomi Indonesia dengan negara tujuan ekspor tidak terjadi pengaruh secara signifikan disebabkan seiring kemajuan teknologi dan transportasi maka jarak ekonomi akan memiliki nilai signifikan yang makin rendah. Faktor utama yang mempengaruhi aliran perdagangan pakaian jadi Indonesia adalah ekspor yang dilakukan sebelumnya dengan tingkat probalitas 0,000 dan koefisien 0,845. Faktor lain yang akan meningkatkan aliran perdagangan pakain jadi Indonesia adalah perjanjian kerjasama dengan negara tujuan ekspor utama seperti Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara yang tergabung dalam EU28.
Genetic and Immunologic Characterization of Seven Encephalitozoon hellem Human Strains

Over the last few decades microsporidia have emerged as opportunistic pathogens. Recent studies suggest a high presence of human-related microsporidia in nature, including immunocompetent individuals as well as different animal hosts. Encephalitozoon hellem is the third most frequent microsporidia causing clinical disease in humans. It was fiist isolated from ocular lesions in three AIDS patients [3] and subsequently, it has been found to cause respiratory, urogenital and disseminated mihosporidiosis [6]. Until recently this microsporidia was considered exclusive of human hosts but it has recently been reported in avian hosts. To our knowledge, five reports exist in non-human hosts, four in psittacine birds [2.9. 12.131 and the other in an ostrich [ 111. The zoonotic potential of this microsporidia has been highlighted by the fact that it has been isolated not only in animals with clinical symptoms but also in a clinically normal pet bird [ 121. Immunochemical and genetic characterization has proved to be useful in elucidating the epidemiology and the zoonotic potential of microsporidia. Genotype differentiation based on variation in the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) sequence of the rDNA and in the immunochemical characteristics has been achieved in three of the human microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Encephalitozoon cwu'culi and E. hellem). In the case of E. hellem, three ITS genotypes have been described. ITS genotype 1 was the most frequently reported in humans and also the one found in avian hosts [7, 121. The immunochemical profiles of the three ITS genotypes are also differentiable [7]. To contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiology of E.helfem, we have immunochemically and genetically characterized 7 strains of E. hellem isolated from American. Italian and Spanish AIDS patients.
Role of Microorganisms in Corrosion Induction and Prevention

Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) is defined as the deterioration of metals as a result of metabolic activities of microbes. The biological harmful activities modify local chemistry and render it more corrosive to the metal. The aerobic iron and manganese bacteria are mainly responsible about the accelerated pitting attacks of stainless steel, however the anaerobic sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are responsible for most highly corrosion damages to offshore steel structures. Most MIC takes the form of pits that form below the colonies of living organic matter and mineral and the deposits of biological origin. Stainless and carbon steel tanks, pipelines, heat exchangers, fuel storage tanks are mainly affected by MIC. On the other hand, other beneficial microorganisms play a major role for protecting these surfaces from corrosion via different mechanisms including biofilms formation. The aim of this review is to present a spotlight on the history and the role of microorganisms on the induction and prevention of corrosion. This includes corrosion inhibition mechanisms employing beneficial microorganisms with special reference to microbial biofilms to avoid the dramatic economic loss due to corrosion. On the contrary, different types of harmful microorganisms included in corrosion are also discussed including iron and sulfur reducing bacteria. Review Article Mansour and Elshafei; BBJ, 14(3): 1-11, 2016; Article no.BBJ. 27049 2
Study of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Properties of Medicinal Plants

The anti-oxidant activity and total phenolic content of alcoholic extracts from seven medicinal plants (Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum sanctum, Cassia fistula, Piper betel, Citrus aurantifolia, Catharanthus roseus, and Polyalthia longifolia) were evaluated by using a model system consisting of ? -carotene, DPPH free radical and Folin-Ciocalteu method. The total Phenolic content of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and ranged from 366mg/100g to 212 mg/100g on fresh weight basis. The total flavanoid content of extracts determined by Aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and ranged from 39.84mg/100g to 15.94mg/100g of fresh weight. The highest antioxidant activity was demonstrated by Citrus auantifolia (87.05%) followed by Ocimum sanctum (81.80%) and Catharanthus roseus (71.4%). The highest tannin content was found to be in Catharanthus roseus (7.14%) while in case of anthocyanin content the highest value was found to be in Polyalthia longifolia (0.65mg/l). As far as antimicrobial activity is concerned, Ocimum sanctum and Citrus aurantifolia were found to be most potent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus whereas Piper betel showed no effect. Except Piper betel all the extracts were able to inhibit the two bacterial strains and the zone of inhibitions ranged from 19.6 mm to 13.5 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration against E. coli in case of Ocimum sanctum is 10% and against S. aureus it is 20% while in case of Citrus aurantifolia extracts were active even at 10% concentration for E. coli and 15% for S. aureus.
KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF HEPATITIS B AMONG STUDENTS OF A PUBLIC SECTOR UNIVERSITY

Hepatitis B is the foremost public health problem around the world eating up the major portion of health resources. The increasing prevalence is a constant threat to our community as it is an important cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular 1-3 carcinoma resulting in significant morbidity and mortality . Hepatitis B infection is prevalent worldwide, with a probable 2 billion people affected, of whom more than 350 million are chronic carriers. About 700000 die each year from HBV linked 4 liver ailment or hepatocellular carcinoma . The prevalence of HBV fluctuates greatly in different areas of world. Approximately three quarters of chronic carriers of hepatitis-B 5 live in Asia . The occurrence of HBV infection is 5-10% in Southeast Asia and 1% in North Europe and America. The 6 incidence in India is 3-4% . Hepatitis B and C are both endemic in our country and the predictable frequency of hepatitis B antigen among healthy adults in a study done locally was 2.4% (ranging from 1.4-11.0%). The frequency is even greater in high1 risk groups . Another study recorded an estimate of 405 million 7 carriers in Pakistan with a carrier rate of 3-4% for HBV . Likewise a survey on hepatitis C infections observed that overall prevalence of HCV in Mansehra was 10.3% while among males it 8 was 11.8%, whereas, in females it was 9.4% . One more study shows that the prevalence of hepatitis B and C in general population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan was 2.28% 9 and 3.19 respectively . The key factors responsible for global epidemic of hepatitis B include reuse of syringes, blood transfusion, tattooing, mother to child transmission and unsafe sexual practices. Therapeutic injections are quite common in our community and this pose a 5 consistent threat of transmitting such infections . Overuse of injections and unsafe injection practices causes an estimated 810 16 million cases of hepatitis B . As management is expensive and lots of the patients cannot afford this expensive treatment, it is essential that everyone, particularly those at risk should be vaccinated against hepatitis B virus and public should be educated regarding its preventive measures. General public particularly the health care personnel should be familiar with epidemiological factors of disease for instance communicability, Sequel, prevention and control. The introduction of training in universal safety measures and countrywide vaccination programs in decreasing the load of disease cannot be overemphasized. Rationale: Hepatitis infection is a main health problem in our state and is responsible for high morbidity and mortality among those infected. Lack of knowledge and awareness about the disease is responsible for this state of affairs. As not many studies are conducted in our country to assess the knowledge of general public concerning Hepatitis B, this study was carried out ABSTRACT