Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Respiratory co-infections between influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (2014–2017)

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) of a viral aetiology are common in the paediatric age group. Although the most prevalent infections in the winter are those caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza viruses, the use of molecular amplification techniques has evinced that a considerable percentage of cases (20--40%) involve more than one virus, that is, are coinfections. The current evidence is insufficient to establish whether coinfection is associated with a higher morbidity or mortality, although both depend on the viruses involved. Given the current uncertainty that exists in regard to the clinical course of these infections, we thought it would be relevant to review the cases of coinfection that involved RSV and influenza viruses. We analysed the prevalence of respiratory viruses in all patients aged less than 2 years with a suspected acute infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract that sought care in our emergency department in the 2014--2017 period. The method used for detection of respiratory viruses was a multiple RT-PCR assay (Anyplex RV16, Seegene, Korea) capable of simultaneously detecting and differentiating between 16 viruses. We found 803 cases of influenza in the period under study, 515 cases of influenza A (64.1%) and 208 of influenza B (25.9%), as well as 992 cases of infection by RSV, 588 involving RSV subtype A (59.2%) and 404 subtype B (40.8%). There were 48 cases of coinfection by RSV and influenza viruses (Table 1). These 48 cases amounted to 5.9% of detected cases of influenza, of which 43 (89.5%) corresponded to type A (8.3% of total cases of influenza A) and 5 (10.5%) to type B (2.4% of the total cases of influenza B). Of all cases of influenza A virus infection, 34 (79%) corresponded to subtype A(H3N2) and 9 (21%) to subtype A(H1N1)pdm09.
Stratospheric aerosol retrieval with optical spectrograph and infrared imaging system limb scatter measurements

[1] An algorithm for the retrieval of global stratospheric aerosol profiles is presented using the optical spectrograph and infrared imaging system limb scatter measurements as an example data set. The retrieval utilizes a one-dimensional version of the MART nonlinear relaxation inversion suitable for limb scatter. A height profile of the particle size distribution must be assumed in order to retrieve the aerosol number density. An altitude normalized wavelength ratio measurement vector is employed to minimize effects of upwelling radiation from ground albedo and uncertainties in the neutral density profile. Using a method of numerical perturbation, a formal error analysis is performed that shows that the dominant error term is the measurement noise. Comparison with stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment (SAGE) II and SAGE III coincident measurements of extinction shows agreement with the limb scatter retrievals to within 15% throughout the lower stratosphere for an appropriate choice of particle size distribution. The relatively high sampling resolution of the limb scatter technique makes this data set of interest for studying the dynamics of the stratosphere, stratosphere/troposphere exchange, and for extending the long history of the aerosol data record from the SAGE series of occultation measurements.
Dense saline plumes in Exuma Sound, Bahamas

Cold dense plumes have been associated with coral killoff on tropical shelves as well as with sediment movement from banks to the deep basins adjacent to shallow banks. This paper presents evidence that plumes of dense, salty water generated over shallow banks entrain ambient water rather than descending intact to a density compensation level (as has sometimes been assumed) and that plumes can spread laterally distances of tens of kilometers from their source. In Exuma Sound, dense, salty water appears to be formed year-round by cooling or by evaporation over shallow banks. The water is forced by tidal currents through the channels between islands onto the narrow shelves of Exuma Sound where it likely moves as gravity currents. The gravity currents entrain basin water as they cross the shelf and cascade over the steep shelf edge into Exuma Sound, after which they are advected by ambient currents around the sound. A numerical streamtube model was used to explore early details of plume evolution. The model predicts that the plumes entrain 2.6–5.0 parts ambient water, particularly as they traverse the gently sloping shelf. The resulting loss of density contrast means that the model plumes reach their density level in Exuma Sound at relatively shallow depths, 50–95 m, just below the base of the mixed layer. The final depth of modeled plumes is relatively consistent with observed plume depths, which vary seasonally (∼75 m in early winter to ∼45 m in summer) depending on the depth and density characteristics of the seasonal mixed layer. Over the sound, observed plume thickness ranges from ∼40 m in winter to ∼20–30 m in summer. Final salinity values exceed 36.8 practical salinity units; final density ranges from sigmat ∼23.75 to ∼24.5. Plume depth, vertical structure, and longevity are shown to depend on upper ocean mixing processes such as convection and wind mixing.
Exploring the Red Sea seasonal ecosystem functioning using a three‐dimensional biophysical model

The Red Sea exhibits complex hydrodynamic and biogeochemical dynamics, which vary both in time and space. These dynamics have been explored through the development and application of a 3-D ecosystem model. The simulation system comprises two off-line coupled submodels: the MIT General Circulation Model (MITgcm) and the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM), both adapted for the Red Sea. The results from an annual simulation under climatological forcing are presented. Simulation results are in good agreement with satellite and in situ data illustrating the role of the physical processes in determining the evolution and variability of the Red Sea ecosystem. The model was able to reproduce the main features of the Red Sea ecosystem functioning, including the exchange with the Gulf of Aden, which is a major driving mechanism for the whole Red Sea ecosystem and the winter overturning taking place in the north. Some model limitations, mainly related to the dynamics of the extended reef system located in the southern part of the Red Sea, which is not currently represented in the model, still need to be addressed.
Environment and democracy in the Czech Republic : the environmental movement in the transition process

Introduction 1. Defining an Environmental Movement 2. Different Approaches to the Study of Environmental Movements 3. Origins of the Czech Environmental Movement: From Conservation to Political Opposition 4. The Development of the Czech Environmental Movement 1990-2000 5. Case Studies 6. The Czech Environmental Movement in 2003 Conclusion Bibliography Index
Seasonal-to-interannual forecasting of tropical indian ocean sea surface temperature anomalies : Potential predictability and barriers

Abstract Whether seasonally phased-locked persistence and predictability barriers, similar to the boreal spring barriers found for El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), exist for the tropical Indian Ocean sector climate is investigated using observations and hindcasts from two coupled ocean–atmosphere dynamical ensemble forecast systems: the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Coupled Forecast System (CFS) for 1990–2003, and the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) system for 1993–2002. The potential predictability of the climate is also assessed under the “perfect model/ensemble” assumption. Lagged correlations of the indices calculated over the east and west poles of the Indian Ocean dipole mode (IDM) index show weak sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) persistence barriers in boreal spring at both poles, but the major decline in correlation at the east pole occurs in boreal midwinter for all start months with an almost immediate recovery, albeit negative correlation.
Intraannual variability of tides in the thermosphere from model simulations and in situ satellite observations

In this paper, we provide insights into limitations imposed by current satellite‐based strategies to delineate tidal variability in the thermosphere, as well as the ability of a state‐of‐the‐art model to replicate thermospheric tidal determinations. Toward this end, we conducted a year‐long thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME‐GCM) simulation for 2009, which is characterized by low solar and geomagnetic activity. In order to account for tropospheric waves and tides propagating upward into the ∼30–400 km model domain, we used 3‐hourly MERRA (Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application) reanalysis data. We focus on exospheric tidal temperatures, which are also compared with 72 day mean determinations from combined Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations to assess the model's capability to capture the observed tidal signatures and to quantify the uncertainties associated with the satellite exospheric temperature determination technique. We found strong day‐to‐day tidal variability in TIME‐GCM that is smoothed out when averaged over as few as ten days. TIME‐GCM notably overestimates the 72 day mean eastward propagating tides observed by CHAMP/GRACE, while capturing many of the salient features of other tidal components. However, the CHAMP/GRACE tidal determination technique only provides a gross climatological representation, underestimates the majority of the tidal components in the climatological spectrum, and moreover fails to characterize the extreme variability that drives the dynamics and electrodynamics of the ionosphere‐thermosphere system. A multisatellite mission that samples at least six local times simultaneously is needed to provide this quantification.
Improving land surface temperature modeling for dry land of China

[1] The parameterization of thermal roughness length z0h plays a key role in land surface modeling. Previous studies have found that the daytime land surface temperature (LST) on dry land (arid and semiarid regions) is commonly underestimated by land surface models (LSMs). This paper presents two improvements of Noah land surface modeling for China's dry-land areas. The first improvement is the replacement of the model's z0h scheme with a new one. A previous study has validated the revised Noah model at several dry-land stations, and this study tests the revised model's performance on a regional scale. Both the original Noah and the revised one are driven by the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) forcing data. The comparison between the simulations and the daytime Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer- (MODIS-) Aqua LST products indicates that the original LSM produces a mean bias in the early afternoon (around 1330, local solar time) of about −6 K, and this revision reduces the mean bias by 3 K. Second, the mean bias in early afternoon is further reduced by more than 2 K when a newly developed forcing data set for China (Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ITPCAS) forcing data) is used to drive the revised model. A similar reduction is also found when the original Noah model is driven by the new data set. Finally, the original Noah model, when driven by the new forcing data, performs satisfactorily in reproducing the LST for forest, shrubland and cropland. It may be sensible to select the z0h scheme according to the vegetation type present on the land surface for practical applications of the Noah LSM.
Crash testing hydrological models in contrasted climate conditions: An experiment on 216 Australian catchments

This paper investigates the actual extrapolation capacity of three hydrological models in differing climate conditions. We propose a general testing framework, in which we perform series of split‐sample tests, testing all possible combinations of calibration‐validation periods using a 10 year sliding window. This methodology, which we have called the generalized split‐sample test (GSST), provides insights into the model's transposability over time under various climatic conditions. The three conceptual rainfall‐runoff models yielded similar results over a set of 216 catchments in southeast Australia. First, we assessed the model's efficiency in validation using a criterion combining the root‐mean‐square error and bias. A relation was found between this efficiency and the changes in mean rainfall (P) but not with changes in mean potential evapotranspiration (PE) or air temperature (T). Second, we focused on average runoff volumes and found that simulation biases are greatly affected by changes in P. Calibration over a wetter (drier) climate than the validation climate leads to an overestimation (underestimation) of the mean simulated runoff. We observed different magnitudes of these models deficiencies depending on the catchment considered. Results indicate that the transfer of model parameters in time may introduce a significant level of errors in simulations, meaning increased uncertainty in the various practical applications of these models (flow simulation, forecasting, design, reservoir management, climate change impact assessments, etc.). Testing model robustness with respect to this issue should help better quantify these uncertainties.
'Targeting the gut-liver axis in liver disease' Clinical Trial Watch

effect not any antibacterial vitro, but changes in the microbiome of the duct ligated rats observed when in vivo . Although the significance of these changes clear, the data indicated that alterations to the micro-environment, induced by Yaq-001, change the gut microbial flora 112 . Preliminary studies in rodents with NAFLD show a marked reduction in steatosis and hepatic inflammation 112 . These early observations provide the first indications of the potential of this non-antibiotic, adsorptive strategy. Clinical trials of Yaq-001 are being implemented as a part of the European Commission Horizon 2020 programme (carbalive.eu). As Yaq-001 is regulated as a device in Europe, a safety and performance study is being performed, which should lead to a CE-mark (CARBALIVE-SAFETY) 113 . Two further efficacy studies are then planned. The first is in patients with cirrhosis, and acute decompensation (PREVENT-ACLF). The main endpoint of this study looks to determine whether the administration the recurrence of cirrhosis-related complications and the associated hospitalisation. The second efficacy study is planned in patients with NAFLD (TREAT-NAFLD). As Yaq-001 is a non-specific adsorbent, novel delivery methods are being developed to prevent potentially deleterious effects resulting from binding of essential nutrients and drugs.
Origin of extensional core complexes: Evidence from the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at Atlantis Fracture Zone

The contrast in geologic structure observed on opposing flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where it is offset by the Atlantis transform fault, illustrates how significant differences in crustal structure can result from tectonic processes that operate near the ends of slow spreading segments. New geophysical and geological data provide information on the nature of large massifs that punctuate the strips of crust fonned at the inside corner of ridge-transform intersections (RTI), as well as of the low-relief volcanic morphology that typifies the outside corners. The geological relations mapped at the inside corner of the eastern Atlantis RTI are strikingly similar to those seen in the Basin and Range where metamorphic core complexes are unroofed through asymmetric detachment faulting. The core of the eastern RTI massif exposes deep-seated rocks beneath a shallow-dipping, corrugated surface which is interpreted as a fault surface. On the median valley side of the massif, this seafloor detachment is overlain by upper crustal blocks bounded by steeper fault scarps. The western side of the 15-km-wide massif is characterized by en echelon faults which face away from the ridge axis. Similar features are mapped at two fossil massifs that are interpreted to have formed at the inside corners of each RTI and to have rafted off-axis as plate spreading proceeded. Analysis of new and preexisting shipboard gravity data indicates that high-density material is not continuously emplaced at the inside corner. Rather, peaks in the gravity anomaly map are patchily distributed along the transform valley walls. The gravity highs associated with the three massifs (oceanic core complexes) in this area are not centered with respect to their morphology but are located toward their spreading axis and transform sides. Gravity modeling suggests that the western boundary of a high-density wedge at the eastern RTI massif is steeply dipping, whereas the eastern boundary may dip about 15° toward the median valley. In contrast to the inside comers of the RTls in our study area, the outside corner seafloor is characterized by volcanic constructions similar to those found on either side of the spreading axis at the center of the segments and inferred to be typical basaltic upper crust. Kinematic analysis at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge-Atlantis Transform RTI suggests that the formation of seafloor detachments may occur when the rate of extension not accommodated by magmatic input exceeds about 4 mm/yr. Isolated volcanic ridges that extend into the fracture zone domain, curving as they approach the fault trace, mark times of abundant magma supply at the segment ends. The apparent interplay between magmatic and tectonic strain accommodation at a mid-ocean ridge, as well as the overall structure of oceanic core complexes, may provide important kinematic constraints on core complex formation and the development of shallow-dipping detachment faults.
EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines: Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease

In Korea, alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the second most common cause of chronic liver disease after viral liver disease, and the rate of alcohol-related deaths is high, at 9.6 deaths per 100,000 persons per year. Nevertheless, the Korean culture is lenient toward drinking and the inebriated state, which is due to alcohol being considered an important social lubricant for both business and private gatherings. ALD tends to be thought of as a personal problem, and as such its importance is underestimated. Furthermore, academic interest in ADL is dwindling since the advent of antiviral therapy. However, given the keen worldwide interest and research into ALD, there remains a need for clinical practice guidelines that are tailored to the Korean healthcare system for the management of this disease. This need prompted the Korean Association for the Study of the Liver (KASL) to develop the “KASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease”, based on a systematic approach to reflect evidence-based medicine and expert opinion in internal medicine and psychiatry, with the aim of setting clinical practice guidelines for the management of ALD and improving public health in Korea.
Species-abundance distribution patterns at different successional stages of conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest communities in Changbai Mountains, China

Aims Our objective was to explain processes that dominate species-abundance distribution pattern and mecha-nism of community assembly in temperate forests. Methods We used three 5.2-hm2 permanent plots established in secondary Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla forest, secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest and Tilia amurensis-Pinus koraiensis mixed forest in Changbai Mountains. Within each plot, we randomly selected 500 subplots within 260 m × 200 m at the scales of 10 m × 10 m, 30 m × 30 m, 60 m × 60 m and 90 m × 90 m. We calculated the mean value of species-abundance distributions taken from the 500 subplots as the observed species-abundance distribution. We estimated the fitted species-abundance distributions by neutral, log-normal, Zipf, broken stick and niche preemption models at differ-ent scales. Simulation effects were tested by Chi-square test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test and Akaike Infor-mation Criterion (AIC). For the neutral model, we first estimated two parameters θ and m and then simulated 600 species-abundance distributions. The average of these 600 species-abundance distributions was the best-fit result of the neutral model. We employed the 95% confidence envelopes that were approximated by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the abundances of species of rank i = 1 to S over the 600 simulations to test goodness-of-fit for the neutral model. All of the computations were conducted in R 2.14. 1 with UNTB and VAGEN packages. Important findings The neutral model fit species-abundance distribution at different successional stages of conifer and broad-leaved mixed temperate forest communities. All five models fit the observed value at the 10 m × 10 m sampling scale, and the goodness of fit of the log-normal, Zipf, broken stick and niche preemption models were better than that of the neutral model. That means at small sampling scale the species-abundance distribution is dominated by neutral process and niche process; however, the niche process is much more important. At other sampling scales (30 m × 30 m, 60 m × 60 m, 90 m × 90 m), the neutral model was the best-fit model. As the sam-pling scales increased, other models gradually dropped out. At the sampling scale of 90 m × 90 m, none of the models fit well, except for the neutral model. This suggests for north temperate forests in the Changbai Mountains that the random process represented by neutral model is the main ecological process that determines the species-abundance distribution pattern at middle and large sampling scales and that the species-abundance distri-butions at different sampling scales are likely dominated by different ecological processes.
Partial melt compositions of carbonated peridotite at 3 GPa and role of CO2 in alkali‐basalt magma generation

Partial melt compositions of natural carbonated peridotite (KLB‐1 + 2.5 wt% CO2) have been determined at 3 GPa using the diamond aggregate method. Melt obtained at 1350 °C is carbonatitic, and with increasing temperature melt composition becomes silicate‐rich. These melts are lower in SiO2 and Al2O3 and higher in MgO and CaO compared to dry partial melts of KLB‐1 generated at the same pressure. The 1400 and 1450 °C liquids have melilititic compositions, which are in good agreement with those of natural alkali‐basalts from continental regions. At higher temperatures, partial melts are richer in SiO2, and the compositions of liquids at 1475 and 1525 °C approximate nephelinite and basanite respectively. However, they deviate from natural alkaline rocks in that the CaO/(CaO+MgO) ratios are smaller, suggesting that the natural nephelinite and basanite magmas were formed at lower pressures. The compositional trend of natural alkaline rocks, melilitites‐nephelinites‐basanites, may reflect the effect of decreasing pressure.