Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Make Up Your Mind! Adversarial Generation of Inconsistent Natural Language Explanations

To increase trust in artificial intelligence systems, a promising research direction consists of designing neural models capable of generating natural language explanations for their predictions. In this work, we show that such models are nonetheless prone to generating mutually inconsistent explanations, such as ”Because there is a dog in the image. ” and ”Because there is no dog in the [same] image. ”, exposing flaws in either the decision-making process of the model or in the generation of the explanations. We introduce a simple yet effective adversarial framework for sanity checking models against the generation of inconsistent natural language explanations. Moreover, as part of the framework, we address the problem of adversarial attacks with full target sequences, a scenario that was not previously addressed in sequence-to-sequence attacks. Finally, we apply our framework on a state-of-the-art neural natural language inference model that provides natural language explanations for its predictions. Our framework shows that this model is capable of generating a significant number of inconsistent explanations.
Ultrafast Codes for Multiple Adjacent Error Correction and Double Error Detection

Reliable computer systems employ error control codes (ECCs) to protect information from errors. For example, memories are frequently protected using single error correction-double error detection (SEC-DED) codes. ECCs are traditionally designed to minimize the number of redundant bits, as they are added to each word in the whole memory. Nevertheless, using an ECC introduces encoding and decoding latencies, silicon area usage and power consumption. In other computer units, these parameters should be optimized, and redundancy would be less important. For example, protecting registers against errors remains a major concern for deep sub-micron systems due to technology scaling. In this case, an important requirement for register protection is to keep encoding and decoding latencies as short as possible. Ultrafast error control codes achieve very low delays, independently of the word length, increasing the redundancy. This paper summarizes previous works on Ultrafast codes (SEC and SEC-DED), and proposes new codes combining double error detection and adjacent error correction. We have implemented, synthesized and compared different Ultrafast codes with other state-of-the-art fast codes. The results show the validity of the approach, achieving low latencies and a good balance with silicon area and power consumption.
PM1 in Ambient and Indoor Air—Urban and Rural Areas in the Upper Silesian Region, Poland

(1) Background: The work presents results of concentration measurements of PM1, collected in the indoor air of four preschool buildings in Gliwice and its environs (Silesia Province) and in ambient air in the vicinity of four working hard coal power plants and four coking plants located in southern Poland. (2) Methods: The samples of <1 µm, 1–2.5 µm, 2.5–10 µm, and >10 µm fractions were collected with the use of Dekati® PM10 cascade impactor, and concentrations of seven trace elements (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Se) were determined. (3) Results: The concentrations of PM1 changed in the range of 3.1 μg/m3–65.3 μg/m3. Among trace elements, the highest concentrations in indoor air were evidenced for Cr (129–219 ng/m3), while in outdoor air for Pb (12.6–21.2 ng/m3). Principal Component Analysis PCA analysis extracted three factors of rural dusts, city dusts, and natural soils. (4) Conclusions: The paper points to accumulation of carcinogenic Cd, Cr, and Ni in indoor air, and significant contribution of trace elements in PM1, which, owing to long-lasting exposure and elevated sensitivity of developing organisms, may evoke effects on health of children.
Caractérisation et détection dans le sol des Agrobacterium du pommier

Le crown gall est une maladie des vegetaux particulierement genante en pepinieres. Une bonne prophylaxie peut etre obtenue par plantation de plants sains. Afin d'eviter la plantation en sol contamine, il est necessaire de s'assurer de l'absence d'agrobacterium pathogenes dans les sols. Dans le cas du pommier, les tumeurs de crown gall sont induites par des souches bien particulieres. Les agrobacterium isoles de crown gall de pommier sont bien pathogenes. Mais ils ont de nombreuses particularites par rapport aux souches d'agrobacterium pathogenes generalement decrites: 1) ils sont tres proches genetiquement l'un de l'autre; 2) ils ont une gamme d'hotes tres etroite; 3) ils induisent la synthese de traces de nopaline, mais ils sont incapables de cataboliser la nopaline; 4) les genes de pathogenie qui ont ete detectes dans ces souches presentent peu d'homologie avec ceux de souches a large gamme d'hotes. Cependant, les agrobacterium de pommier semblent se rapprocher des agrobacterium a nopaline: ils sont capables d'induire la synthese de nopaline, et ils renferment des sequences nucleotidiques homologues au gene nos. De plus, des sequences nucleotidiques du gene tmr et de l'intergene virb-virg sont totalement homologues a celles decrites chez les agrobacterium a nopaline. La methode de detection dans les sols des agrobacterium pathogenes est basee sur l'amplification enzymatique (pcr) avec les amorces specifiques situees dans l'intergene virb-virg. Chaque etape du protocole a ete developpee pour permettre de detecter le plus petit nombre possible de sequences cibles. Experimentalement le protocole permet de detecter une seule sequence cible. Ceci permet de detecter de 10#3 a 10#8 cellules par gramme de sol. Lors de son application en conditions agronomiques, la methode a permis d'estimer a 410#4 la population d'agrobacterium pathogenes d'un sol de pepiniere de pommier naturellement contamine
L'utilisation de modèles de détérioration pour l'élaboration de stratégies de gestion patrimoniale des réseaux d'assainissement

Les infrastructures de collecte et de traitement des eaux usees representent un investissement considerable pour les municipalites. La plupart des collectivites sont aujourd’hui confrontees au probleme de la gestion durable de leur patrimoine vieillissant avec des besoins urgents de rehabilitation des infrastructures. Elles se doivent donc d’elaborer des strategies de gestion patrimoniale efficace pour maintenir le niveau de service rendu et limiter l’augmentation des redevances. L’inspection televisee (ITV) est la methode standard utilisee depuis des decennies pour l'evaluation de la condition structurelle des reseaux d’assainissement. Du a l’absence de reglementation et aux couts eleves d’inspection, la plupart des collectivites n’ont qu’une connaissance partielle de la condition de leur reseau et manquent d’information pour planifier efficacement les actions de maintenance et renouvellement. Pour pallier a cette situation, des modeles numeriques de deterioration ont ete developpes pour simuler la condition des conduites non-inspectees et prevoir l´evolution future de la condition des reseaux. Un des obstacles majeurs a l’appropriation de ces outils par les collectivites est le manque de preuves a grande echelle de leur bonne performance. D’autre part, l'influence de la quantite de donnees disponibles pour etalonner les modeles sur la fiabilite des predictions est mal connue. Les taux d’inspection etant relativement faibles, les collectivites sont rarement assurees d’avoir les donnees necessaires pour developper des modeles fiables. Enfin, de nombreuses collectivites reconnaissent les incertitudes liees aux donnees d’inspection mais aucune etude n’a pu mettre en evidence l’influence de ces incertitudes sur les resultats de modelisation. Ce travail de these vise a evaluer la performance des modeles de deterioration ainsi qu’a evaluer l’influence de la quantite de donnees disponibles sur la qualite de prediction. Enfin, cette these a pour objectif de quantifier la fiabilite des donnees d’inspection et d’analyser l’influence de leur incertitude sur la performance des modeles de deterioration.
CAGED: a tool to investigate the relationship between gene expression and genome organizations in Arabidopsis thaliana

The distribution of genes in eukaryotic genomes is not random. Whole genome array experiments have shown that genes which are similarly expressed may cluster to form domains. These domains are identified by correlating gene expression across multiple experimental conditions. This analysis requires skill and knowledge of microarray highthroughput processing which would be time consuming for a researcher with minimum bioinformatics skills. Hence, various software and tools have been created to assist but even these can prove to be difficult to use. CAGED is an online tool which allows the researcher to visualize co-expressed Arabidopsis genes that are located close to one another in the genome. In this way it highlights genomic domains consisting of co-regulated genes The simplicity of its use is demonstrated in examples which highlight CAGED's ability to identify new genomic regions of interest as well as to investigate previously established gene clusters and re-examine them in a genomic context. In addition to the construction of a tool to visualize gene co-expression in the genomic context, the data underlying the CAGED tool was used to investigate the relationship between physical location of gene pairs and the extent of coexpression. Gene co-expression is thought to be influenced by a number of factors, such as, gene distance, promoter sharing, gene pair orientation and gene function. A small percentage of gene pairs were shown to be highly coexpressed. These were found to occur predominantly in the parallel orientation and were located in very close proximity. We also investigated the co-expression of plastid-derived (mitochondrial and chloroplast) adjacent gene pairs and found that few of these gene pairs were highly co-expressed and lie much closer together than all non-duplicate adjacent gene pairs. Un iv rsi ty of Ca pe To wn
A quantum interpretation of the physical basis of mass–energy equivalence

We know energy and mass of a particle can be connected by [Formula: see text]. What is the physical basis of this relation? Historically, it was thought to be based on the principle of relativity (PR). A careful examination of the literature, however, indicated that this understanding is not true. Einstein did not derive this relation from PR. Instead, his argument was mainly based on thought experiments, which focused on the similarity between radiation and matter. Following this hint, we suspect that the mass–energy equivalence could be based on the quantum property of wave–particle duality. We know photon and electron can behave as a particle as well as a wave. Such a wave property could make the particle behave differently from Newtonian mechanics. Indeed, using a wave model which treats particles as excitations of the vacuum, we show that the mass–energy equivalence relation can be directly derived based on the quantum relations of Planck and de Broglie. This wave hypothesis has several advantages; not only can it explain naturally why particles can be created in the vacuum; it also predicts that a particle cannot travel faster than the speed of light. This hypothesis can also be tested in experiment.
Proteome-wide Analysis Reveals Substrates of E3 Ligase RNF146 Targeted for Degradation

To systematically identify the substrates of RNF146 that are targeted for degradation, quantitative proteome and transcriptome analyses were performed in RNF146 KO and TNKS1/2 DKO cells. We identified 160 potential substrates of RNF146, which include many known substrates of RNF146 and TNKS1/2 as well as 122 potential TNKS-independent substrates of RNF146. Graphical Abstract Highlights Proteome analyses reveal RNF146 and TNKS1/2 substrates targeted for degradation. RNF146 KO and TNKS1/2 DKO cells display significantly different proteomes. RNF146 has both TNKS-dependent and -independent substrates. Specific E3 ligases target tumor suppressors for degradation. Inhibition of such E3 ligases may be an important approach to cancer treatment. RNF146 is a RING domain and PARylation-dependent E3 ligase that functions as an activator of the β-catenin/Wnt and YAP/Hippo pathways by targeting the degradation of several tumor suppressors. Tankyrases 1 and 2 (TNKS1/2) are the only known poly-ADP-ribosyltransferases that require RNF146 to degrade their substrates. However, systematic identification of RNF146 substrates have not yet been performed. To uncover substrates of RNF146 that are targeted for degradation, we generated RNF146 knockout cells and TNKS1/2-double knockout cells and performed proteome profiling with label-free quantification as well as transcriptome analysis. We identified 160 potential substrates of RNF146, which included many known substrates of RNF146 and TNKS1/2 and 122 potential TNKS-independent substrates of RNF146. In addition, we validated OTU domain-containing protein 5 and Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP10 as TNKS1/2-independent substrates of RNF146 and SARDH as a novel substrate of TNKS1/2 and RNF146. Our study is the first proteome-wide analysis of potential RNF146 substrates. Together, these findings not only demonstrate that proteome profiling can be a useful general approach for the systemic identification of substrates of E3 ligases but also reveal new substrates of RNF146, which provides a resource for further functional studies.
The Measurement of Biological Shape and Shape Change.

One. Introduction: On the Absence of Geometry from Morphometrics. - First Part. The Measurement of Biological Shape. - Two. Shapes and Measures of Shape. - A. Properties of the Euclidean Plane and Euclidean Space. - B. Outlines and Homologous Landmarks. - C. Definitions of Shape, Shape Change, Shape Measurement. - D. Shapes as Data. - Three. Critique of an Applied Field: Conventional Cephalometrics. - A. Landmarks, Curvature, and Growth. - B. Registration. - Four. New Statistical Methods for Shape. - A. Analysis of the Tangent Angle Function. - 1. History. - 2. Sampling from the tangent angle function. - 3. Conic replacement curves and their estimation Fit of a conic to a point - Geometric interpretation - Estimator for a circle - Estimation for the general conic - Computation of the extremum -Linear constraints. - 4. Conic splining Joint conic fitting under constraint -An example - Application - Analysis of parameters. - B. Extension to Three Dimensions: A Sketch. - C. Skeletons Definition - A multivariate statistical method - Bibliographic note. - Second Part. The Measurement of Shape Change Using Biorthogonal Grids. - Five. The Study of Shape Transformation after D'Arcy Thompson. - A. The Original Method. - 1. Thompson's own work. - 2. Later examples. - 3. Difficulties. - B. Analysis of Growth Gradients. - C. Simulations. - D. Other Morphometric Schemes Vector displacements - Multivariate morphometrics. - Six. The Method of Biorthogonal Grids. - A. Representation of Affine Transformations. - B. General Lines of Growth and Biorthogonal Grids. - C. Summarizing the Grids. - Technical Note 1. Existence and Form of Biorthogonal Grids. - Technical Note 2. Interpolation from Landmark Locations and Arcs The measure of roughness - The vector space and its associated functions - Interpolation from boundary values - Interpolation from boundary values and interior points - Note on computation. - Technical Note 3. Construction of Integral Curves. - Technical Note 4. On Homologous Points. - Seven. Examples of Biorthogonal Analysis. - A. Comparison of Square and Biorthogonal Grids: Thompson's Diodon Figure. - B. Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Primate Crania. - 1. Functional craniology and craniometrics. - 2. Data for this exercise. - 3. Two types of transformations. - 4. Comparative ontogeny of the apes and man. - Eight. Future Directions for Transformation Analysis. - A. Statistical Methods The symmetric tensor field - Concordance -Linear methods. - B. Computation Other kinds of information about homology -Three dimensions. - C. Likely Applications Computed tomography - Orthodontics - Developmental biology. - Nine. Envoi. - Literature Cited.
MORPHOMETRICAL AND ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS IN BROILER CHICKENS

The bursa of Fabricius is an immunological organ that plays a primordial role in the poultry immunity (Toivanen et al 1987). It is according to its physiological state that will especially depend on the immune status of poultries at the beginning of broiler chickens weight development. The different aggressions of the environment (stress, bad hygiene, vaccination, pathologies.) undergone by birds, influential on the anatomical and physiological development of the bursa of Fabricius. It can, therefore, lead to an immunodepression at certain birds. The use of vaccines called virulent "warm" can sometimes compromise immunity at poultries while causing some lesions of this organ (OIE 2001, van Denberger et al 2000). The consecutive immunodepression to lesions of this vital organ provokes very often negative vaccinal reactions and some complications in poultry flocks: bad absorption, secondary infection, weak gain of weight and finally diverse diseases. In this survey, we valued morphometrical and histological evolution of the broiler cloacal bursa in the natural conditions.
The Everyday Use of pretend in Child Language and Child-Directed Speech: A Corpus Study

This dissertation investigates the everyday use of the lexical item ‘pretend’ in child language and child-directed speech. More specifically, it analyses corpus data on the use of ‘pretend’ from the perspective of usage-based approaches, Cognitive Linguistics, and developmental psychology. Pretend play is of central importance in children’s daily lives. It has also been shown to be an important factor in children’s social and cognitive development as well as in their language development. (e.g. Bergen 2002; Quinn et al. 2018). In turn, language acquisition also has an important relationship with the complexity of pretend play (e.g., Quinn et al. 2018). Pretend play has also been shown to be an important context in which children learn how to share perspectives using language. It is therefore not surprising that, as Lillard (2007: 136) notes, “[l]inguistic cues to pretending are the most researched topic in the area of how pretend differs from real. ” There have been numerous experimental and diary studies of children’s use of pretend language (e.g. Bunce & Harris 2008). The pretend lexicon of children is therefore of immense research interest. However, little is actually known about how children use these words in their everyday life (Bunce & Harris 2008: 446). In particular, we lack corpus studies investigating how the lexical item ‘pretend’ is actually used by children and caregivers in their everyday interactions. This dissertation represents such a study, using two CHILDES corpora: The Thomas-Corpus (Lieven et al. 2009) and the Manchester Corpus (Theakston et al. 2001), focusing on the use of the lexical item ‘pretend’. The study examines the distribution and use of the lexical item ‘pretend’. It also investigates the conceptual domains evoked by and associated with ‘pretend’ utterances using methodological tools from Cognitive Linguistics. The data show that pretend play utterances become more complex over the course of language acquisition, both in terms of the complexity of children’s utterances and in terms of the types of pretend play they engage in. In addition, as they grow older, children become more active negotiators and initiators of pretend play. Children thus express and negotiate increasingly complex perspectives on pretend play scenarios in interactions with their caregivers.
Optimum Management of COVID-19 in the Geriatric Population: The Need for a Comprehensive Assessment

COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic and global emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Mortality rates have varied considerably among countries. According to the current data of WHO, the mortality rate in Turkey appears to be lower compared to Italy (2·4% vs. 13·5%). One of the reasons may be a lower rate of the geriatric population compared to Italy (9·1% vs. 22·8%) and the second reason may be the earlier timing of lockdown for people over 65 years in Turkey. Data indicate that COVID-19 is a certain risk for older adults. In general, the geriatric population is a group individulas are with multiple diseases. Therefore, clinicians are faced with a more complicated picture of not only COVID-19 but also accompanying situations in older adults. Accordingly, it is essential to carry out a comprehensive assessment and manage accompanying problems in an ideal way besides COVID-19. Geriatric syndromes are the most important accompanying conditions, such as malnutrition, delirium, dementia, falls, and frailty, which are highly prevalent, multifactorial, and associated with substantial morbidity and poor outcomes in all clinical settings. Although COVID-19 is known to be presented with fever and symptoms of the respiratory tract, it can only be presented with a new-onset geriatric syndrome as recent studies reported. [1–3] It is called `atypical presentation,` which is very often in older adults in general practice. Common presentations include altered mental state (delirium), failure to eat and drink (malnutrition), failure to develop fever, functional decline, and falls in general aspects. Thus increased attention and comprehensive assessment are required to find out underlying disease, including COVID-19. In critical patients, especially prolonged disease, malnutrition, excessive muscle protein loss, and muscle atrophy may occur in the catabolic process. Atrophy of the diaphragmatic muscle may lead to difficulty in weaning in patients with mechanical ventilator. [4] Not only critical conditions but also `aging` itself is a strong predictor for malnutrition. Accordingly, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism reported an expert statement and practical guidance for nutritional management for individuals with COVID-19 in March 2020. [5] This report states the negative impacts of malnutrition on patient survival. Please cite this article as ”Ilhan B, Altuntas Y. Optimum Management of COVID-19 in the Geriatric Population: The Need for a Comprehensive Assessment. Med Bull Sisli Etfal Hosp 2020;54(3):388–389”. Birkan Ilhan,1 Yuksel Altuntas2