Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE UNIQUENESS OF NORM PROBLEM IN BANACH ALGEBRAS

A Banach algebra, or simply B-algebra, is a normed ring in the sense of I. Gelfand [5]. In other words, it is a linear algebra (not necessarily commutative) in which the underlying linear vector space is a B-space. The norm is also assumed to satisfy the multiplicative condition, 11 xy 11 _ 11 x 11 11 y II. The existence of an identity element is not assumed and, unless stated otherwise, the B-algebras considered are real (i.e., the field of scalars is the real numbers). Note that the complex case is included in the real. A B-algebra is said to possess a unique norm in case any two norms x and x II,, under which it is a B-algebra, are necessarily equivalent; that is, 1n 11 o if, and only if, I x, II, -0. It was shown by Gelfand [5, Satz 17] that the norm in a semi-simple [9] complex commutative B-algebra with identity is unique. It has also been shown by Eidelheit [4, Theorem 1] that the B-algebra of all bounded operators on a (real) B-space has a unique norm. The B-algebra is semi-simple in this case as well. The question naturally arises as to whether or not every semi-simple B-algebra has a unique norm. To the best of our knowledge, this is still an open question. The object of this paper is to present a few results relating to this problem. In ? 1 some preliminary definitions and results for general B-algebras are given. In ? 2, we consider first a linear space X which is a B-space under each of two norms II x I and II x II,. An element s is said to separate the norms provided there exists {xe such that s Xn I> 0 and ILx ,, In -I 0. The set S of all separating elements is a linear subspace of X closed with respect to both norms. The condition S = (0) is necessary and sufficient for equivalence of the norms. Let Z be a linear subspace of X closed with respect to both norms and define be = X, [x] = x + Z, 11 [x] 11 = glbt,6x || x + t ||, || [x] 1l, = glbtfl -| X + t 1ii. Then a necessary condition for the equivalence of the norms 11 [x] ||, || [x] II, in ? is that S a Z and a sufficient condition is that S = Z. In specializing to the case of an algebra A, which is a B-algebra under two norms, the set S of separating elements becomes a 2-sided ideal in 93, closed with respect to both norms and each of whose elements is a topological divisor of zero. This implies that a simple B-algebra with identity element has a unique norm. More generally, any B-algebra which is strongly semi-simple, in the sense defined by I. E. Segal [21, p. 74], also has a unique norm. It is also shown here that the uniqueness of norm problem for semi-simple B-algebras can be reduced to the primitive [10, 11] case. In ? 3 a complex, irreducible B-algebra of linear operators on a complex linear
A Semi-implicit Send-Lagrangian Fully Compressible Regional Forecast Model

Abstract The semi-implicit algorithm, originally developed by Robert for an economical integration of the primitive equations in large-scale models of the atmospheric, is here generalized in order to integrate the fully compressible, nonhydrostatic equations. We show that there is little computational overhead associated with the integration of the full, and hence presumably more correct, set of equations that do not invoke the hydrostatic assumption to exclude the high frequency, vertically propagating acoustic modes.
Application of QSAR Approach to Assess the Effects of Organic Pollutants on Bacterial Virulence Factors

The release of a wide variety of persistent chemical contaminants into wastewater has become a growing concern due to their potential health and environmental risks. While the toxic effects of these pollutants on aquatic organisms have been extensively studied, their impact on microbial pathogens and their virulence mechanisms remains largely unexplored. This research paper focuses on the identification and prioritization of chemical pollutants that increase bacterial pathogenicity, which is a public health concern. In order to predict how chemical compounds, such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals, would affect the virulence mechanisms of three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli K12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa H103, and Salmonella enterica serovar. Typhimurium), this study has developed quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models. The use of analysis of variance (ANOVA) functions assists in developing QSAR models based on the chemical structure of the compounds, to predict their effect on the growth and swarming behavior of the bacterial strains. The results showed an uncertainty in the created model, and that increases in virulence factors, including growth and motility of bacteria, after exposure to the studied compounds are possible to be predicted. These results could be more accurate if the interactions between groups of functions are included. For that, to make an accurate and universal model, it is essential to incorporate a larger number of compounds of similar and different structures.
Atomiklusterin tasapainomuodon Monte Carlo -simulointi

Author Jarmo Lahdevaara Topic Equilibrium structure Monte Carlo simulations of atom clusters Year 2007 Language Finnish Page count 67 + 5 appendices Supervisors Professor Hannu Hakkinen Researcher Karoliina Honkala The properties of a newly developed Monte Carlo realization based on surface atom trial moves were examined. This study was aimed to probe the functionality of the realization by actual simulations. The theoretical framework is introduced only as much as is needed. After appropriate amount of testing, the ‘surface atom realization’ of the standard Metropolis based Monte Carlo method was applied to find the most probable equilibrium structures of aluminium clusters in free space and on top of a supporting surface structure. The simulated clusters consisted of approximately 1000 atoms. An ab initio –fitted nearest neighbour Embedded Atom Model was used to depict the atomic interactions and an additional adhesion parameter was included for simulations on top of a support. To cover a wide range of temperatures, simulated annealing was imitated by means of a jump-walking method. Although the optimal structures of the examined clusters in low temperatures were found, the results for averaged energy values showed some mismatch between simulations with different trial move weighting. Therefore, despite the indication of premelting-related structural transition in energy averages, the statistical data obtained from this Monte Carlo realization is not valid for further analysis of true physical phenomena.
Adenosine A2A receptor blockade attenuates excitotoxicity in rat striatal medium spiny neurons during an ischemic-like insult

During brain ischemia, excitotoxicity and peri-infarct depolarization injuries occur and cause cerebral tissue damage. Indeed, anoxic depolarization, consisting of massive neuronal depolarization due to the loss of membrane ion gradients, occurs in vivo or in vitro during an energy failure. The neuromodulator adenosine is released in huge amounts during cerebral ischemia and exerts its effects by activating specific metabotropic receptors, namely: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. The A2A receptor subtype is highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons, which are particularly susceptible to ischemic damage. Evidence indicates that the A2A receptors are upregulated in the rat striatum after stroke and the selective antagonist SCH58261 protects from exaggerated glutamate release within the first 4 hours from the insult and alleviates neurological impairment and histological injury in the following 24 hours. We recently added new knowledge to the mechanisms by which the adenosine A2A receptor subtype participates in ischemia-induced neuronal death by performing patch-clamp recordings from medium spiny neurons in rat striatal brain slices exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation. We demonstrated that the selective block of A2A receptors by SCH58261 significantly reduced ionic imbalance and delayed the anoxic depolarization in medium spiny neurons during oxygen and glucose deprivation and that the mechanism involves voltage-gated K+ channel modulation and a presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release by the A2A receptor antagonist. The present review summarizes the latest findings in the literature about the possibility of developing selective ligands of A2A receptors as advantageous therapeutic tools that may contribute to counteracting neurodegeneration after brain ischemia.
Theory of Interstellar Shocks

The interstellar medium is intermittently disturbed by violent events­ supernova explosions being but one example-which cause large increases in the local pressure. As the result of the pressure increase, the disturbed region will expand. If the pressure increase exceeds a minimum value, a "shock front" will develop at the leading edge of this expanding disturb­ ance, and the flow in the neighborhood of this front is referred to as a "shock" or "shock wave. " Besides supernova explosions, interstellar shock waves may be driven by the pressure of photoionized gas, stellar winds, and collisions between fast-moving clumps of interstellar gas. A shock wave is an irreversible, pressure-driven fluid-dynamical dis­ turbance. The irreversible character is due to entropy generation as ordered kinetic energy is dissipated into heat. In neutral gas, the dissipation is due to molecular viscosity in the shock transition (where large velocity gradients and viscous stresses are present). In low-density plasmas, the dissipation may be collisionless, and due to collective motions of the charged particles and the resulting electromagnetic fields. In partially­ ionized gases, the dissipation may sometimes be primarily due to "friction"
Evaluation of NAG, NGAL, and KIM-1 as Prognostic Markers of the Initial Evolution of Kidney Transplantation

Kidney transplantation is the best option for end-stage chronic kidney disease. Transplant viability is conditioned by drugs’ nephrotoxicity, ischemia–reperfusion damage, or acute rejection. An approach to improve graft survival is the identification of post-transplant renal function prognostic biomarkers. Our objective was to study three early kidney damage biomarkers (N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase, NAG; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, NGAL; and kidney injury molecule-1, KIM-1) in the initial period after transplantation and to identify possible correlations with main complications. We analysed those biomarkers in urine samples from 70 kidney transplant patients. Samples were taken on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after intervention, as well as on the day that renal function stabilised (based on serum creatinine). During the first week after transplant, renal function improved based on serum creatinine evolution. However, increasing levels of biomarkers at different times during that first week could indicate tubular damage or other renal pathology. A relationship was found between NGAL values in the first week after transplantation and delayed graft function. In addition, higher NAG and NGAL, and lower KIM-1 values predicted a longer renal function stabilisation time. Therefore, urinary NAG, NGAL, and KIM-1 could constitute a predictive tool for kidney transplant complications, contributing to improve graft survival rates.
Ensemble kernel method: SVM classification based on game theory

With the development of the support vector machine (SVM), the kernel function has become one of the cores of the research on SVM. To a large extent, the kernel function determines the generalization ability of the classifier, but there is still no general theory to guide the choice and structure of the kernel function. An ensemble kernel function model based on the game theory is proposed, which is used for the SVM classification algorithm. The model can effectively integrate the advantages of the local kernel and the global kernel to get a better classification result, and can provide a feasible way for structuring the kernel function. By making experiments on some standard datasets, it is verified that the new method can significantly improve the accuracy of classification.
Evolution of the streamwise vortices in a coaxial jet controlled with micro flap actuators

A coaxial jet was actively controlled by a MEMS-fabricated micro flap actuator nozzle. The effect of different control modes on secondary azimuthal instabilities and the evolution of streamwise vortices were investigated by applying stereoscopic PIV to the cross-stream plane of the jet. Forcing with non-symmetric modes, in particular the least-stable helical mode, accelerates the evolution of the streamwise vortices through the enhancement of azimuthal instabilities. Although forcing is applied to the outer shear layer of the outer jet, the control effect is most pronounced in the inner shear layer of the inner jet. Unlike in the natural jet, streamwise vortices appear in the inner shear layer of the controlled jet. For forcing with the fundamental axisymmetric mode, a Strouhal number of the order of unity maximise the azimuthal instabilities and hence the counts of the streamwise vortices. The present result is in accordance with our previous experimental findings in the longitudinal plane, where the evolution of the primary vortices and mixing between the inner and the outer jets were examined through 2D-PIV and PLIF (Kurimoto et al., 2004, Active control of coaxial jet mixing with arrayed micro actuators. Transactions of the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers, pp. 31–38.) This emphasises the connection between primary and streamwise vortices and their significance in the mixing enhancement process. It is also found that the azimuthal wavelength under the present control scheme is almost the same as that of the natural jet and independent of the streamwise position.
Optically sensitive devices based on Pt nano particles fabricated by atomic layer deposition and embedded in a dielectric stack

We report a series of metal insulator semiconductor devices with embedded Pt nano particles (NPs) fabricated using a low temperature atomic layer deposition process. Optically sensitive nonvolatile memory cells as well as optical sensors: (i) varactors, whose capacitance-voltage characteristics, nonlinearity, and peak capacitance are strongly dependent on illumination intensity; (ii) highly linear photo detectors whose responsivity is enhanced due to the Pt NPs. Both single devices and back to back pairs of diodes were used. The different configurations enable a variety of functionalities with many potential applications in biomedical sensing, environmental surveying, simple imagers for consumer electronics and military uses. The simplicity and planar configuration of the proposed devices makes them suitable for standard CMOS fabrication technology.
Benchmarking Experiment of Substrate Quality including SmartSiCTM Wafers by Epitaxy in a Batch Reactor

The feasibility of thin 4H-SiC layers bonded on an alternative carrier substrate for the application as substrate in SiC epitaxy is investigated. Epitaxial layers grown on such substrates are compared to those on state-of-the-art conventional substrates from different sources. The performance of the substrates is judged by the occurrence of killer defects in the epitaxial layer as analyzed using a PL scanning tool. Additional investigations on the material properties were carried out using X-ray topography and Atomic Force Microscopy, yielding information on the crystallinity, the lattice curvature, and the surface properties of the epitaxial layers.
Calculus An Introduction To Applied Mathematics

Thank you very much for reading calculus an introduction to applied mathematics. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their chosen readings like this calculus an introduction to applied mathematics, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some harmful virus inside their desktop computer.
A Quantitative Analysis of Stochastic Isothermal Molecular Dynamics Methods

The point of using any of these thermostats is to get from an arbitrary initial state or probability distribution which may have the wrong energy for the prescribed temperature to a state or probability distribution with the right energy. In this section we estimate the length of time this takes, by estimating how long the energy takes to get from an arbitrary initial value to its equilibrium value at the thermostat temperature T. The Convergence Rate for Langevin Dynamics We consider the evolution of the expectation of the energy, E t (H). By the Ito-Doeblin formula, we get dH = X i @H @p i p i dt + p 2kT dW i (t) + nkT dt. Taking the expectation, dividing by dt and using K = P n=1 p 2 2m i we obtain d
Estimating Wolf Population Size and Dynamics by Field Monitoring and Demographic Models: Implications for Management and Conservation

Simple Summary Wildlife conservation effectiveness relies on the accuracy of population data used to build management plans. Estimating population size and dynamics of large vertebrates living on wide areas is a challenging task and results can vary depending on the methods adopted. In the present study, the size of a wolf population was estimated both by field monitoring and statistical modeling on demographic data. Results showed discrepancies with respect to previous bibliographic estimates which resulted significantly lower. Moreover, statistical techniques on demographic data allowed a deeper knowledge of population’s trend, pointing out the importance of mortality rates in driving population growth. We suggest combining statistical modeling and field monitoring to achieve a satisfactory knowledge of population size and dynamics useful to foster reliable management and conservation plans. Abstract We estimated the current size and dynamics of the wolf population in Tuscany and investigated the trends and demographic drivers of population changes. Estimates were obtained by two different approaches: (i) mixed-technique field monitoring (from 2014 to 2016) that found the minimum observed pack number and estimated population size, and (ii) an individual-based model (run by Vortex software v. 10.3.8.0) with demographic inputs derived from a local intensive study area and historic data on population size. Field monitoring showed a minimum population size of 558 wolves (SE = 12.005) in 2016, with a density of 2.74 individuals/100 km2. The population model described an increasing trend with an average annual rate of increase λ = 1.075 (SE = 0.014), an estimated population size of about 882 individuals (SE = 9.397) in 2016, and a density of 4.29 wolves/100 km2. Previously published estimates of wolf population were as low as 56.2% compared to our field monitoring estimation and 34.6% in comparison to our model estimation. We conducted sensitivity tests to analyze the key parameters driving population changes based on juvenile and adult mortality rates, female breeding success, and litter size. Mortality rates played a major role in determining intrinsic growth rate changes, with adult mortality accounting for 62.5% of the total variance explained by the four parameters. Juvenile mortality was responsible for 35.8% of the variance, while female breeding success and litter size had weak or negligible effects. We concluded that reliable estimates of population abundance and a deeper understanding of the role of different demographic parameters in determining population dynamics are crucial to define and carry out appropriate conservation and management strategies to address human–wildlife conflicts.
From NFT 1.0 to NFT 2.0: A Review of the Evolution of Non-Fungible Tokens

Non-fungible tokens (NFT) represent one of the most important technologies in the space of Web3. Thanks to NFTs, digital or physical assets can be tokenised to represent their ownership through the usage of smart contracts and blockchains. The first generation of this technology, called NFT 1.0, considers static tokens described by a set of metadata that cannot be changed after token creation. The static nature prevents their wide spread as they do not support any meaningful user interaction. For this reason, its evolution, called NFT 2.0, has been proposed to make tokens interactive and dynamic and enhance user experience, opening the possibility to use NFTs in more ways and scenarios. The purpose of this article is to review the transition from NFT 1.0 to NFT 2.0, focusing on the newly introduced properties and features and the rising challenges. In particular, we discuss the technical aspects of blockchain technology and its impact on NFTs. We provide a detailed description of NFT properties and standards on various blockchains and discuss the support of the most important blockchains for NFTs. Then, we discuss the properties and features introduced by NFT 2.0 and detail the technical challenges related to metadata and dynamism. Lastly, we conclude by highlighting the new application scenarios opened by NFT 2.0. This review paper serves as a solid base for future research on the topic as it highlights the current technological challenges that must be addressed to help a wide adoption of NFTs 2.0.
Application of Cold Storage and Short In Vitro Germination for Somatic Embryos of Pinus radiata and P. sylvestris

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an advanced vegetative propagation technology that, when used in combination with breeding and cryopreservation, offers the forest industry a powerful tool for the deployment of elite genotypes. Germination and acclimatization are critical and cost-intensive phases in the production of somatic plants. The efficient conversion of somatic embryos into robust plants is a necessity if a propagation protocol is to be successfully adopted by the industry. In this work, these late phases of the SE protocol of two pine species were investigated. A shortened germination protocol and more controlled acclimatization were investigated for Pinus radiata, testing embryos from 18 embryogenic cell lines. A more simplified protocol, including a cold storage phase, was also compared among 10 of these cell lines. A shortened germination period and more controlled protocols significantly improved the acclimatization of somatic embryos directly from the lab to the glasshouse. When results for all cell lines were pooled, there were significant improvements in all growth characteristics (shoot height, root length, root collar diameter, and root quadrant score). When the more simplified protocol involving cold storage was tested, improvements were seen in the root architecture. For Pinus sylvestris, the late phases of somatic embryogenesis were investigated on seven cell lines in a set of two trials (four to seven cell lines per trial). During the germination phase, a shortened and simplified in vitro period, a cold storage option and basal media were explored. Viable plants were obtained from all treatments. However, there is still the need to improve germination and related protocols together with growing regimes for Pinus sylvestris. The improvements to protocols presented here, particularly for Pinus radiata, result in greater survival and quality of somatic emblings, leading to reduced costs and increased confidence in the technology. Simplified protocols using a cold storage option show great promise and, with some further research, could lead to reductions in the cost of the technology.