Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reply

The data presented by Korn-Lubetzki and colleagues [2] are interesting. There are, however, some inconsistencies. One hundred ninety-nine fully completed pregnancies associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) were recorded. It is stated that 36 cases began during pregnancy; thus, only 163 pregnancies could have been at risk of a relapse (i.e., a recurrence of signs and symptoms). In Table 1 the denominator should then be 163 instead of 199; or, preferably, the 36 first bouts should be included and analyzed in the same way as the 20 relapses that occurred during pregnancy. Adding the 36 first bouts to the 20 relapses would yield a total of 56 “events” occurring during pregnancy. When these 56 events are compared with the 65 relapses that took place during the postpartum period, the difference between events occurring during pregnancy and those occurring post partum is insignificant, assuming that no first bout occurred during the puerperium. No information about the latter is given in the paper, although the onset bout is an important indicator of disease activity and should be analyzed with the same care as relapses. We are also interested in the methodology of the study. Korn-Lubetzki and colleagues cite a study by Leibowitz and Alter [3}, which describes a careful case-finding procedure. However, Leibowitz and Alter do not mention which items were regularly recorded during the course of each patient’s disease. In our experience it is difficult to reconstruct the exact beginning of a bout from medical records. Korn-Lubetzki and colleagues give a definition of a relapse which would require that patients be examined each time a bout occurs and that the findings be recorded in a standardized form. Even assuming that the National Neurological Disease Registry in Israel provides an exact record of bouts, the problem remains that relapses are only one aspect of disease activity in MS. Less important for the final prognosis than the frequency of bouts is any defect remaining after a bout or the progression of the disease after, in between, or even in the absence of any bout [ l f . Between 10 and 20% of patients with MS do not have any bouts, yet this group develops the greatest permanent disability. The progression of the disease was found to be similar for women who became pregnant after disease onset and for those who did not 141. More deteriorations occurred during puerperium than during pregnancy but the final prognosis was not influenced by these events.
Cell membrane lytic action of metoclopramide and its relation to tardive dyskinesia

The long‐term use of many antipsychotic medications carries a risk of tardive dyskinesia in a small proportion of patients. Although metoclopramide is an antipsychotic at high doses, this drug is more commonly used at low daily doses to accelerate stomach movement of food. Because prolonged use of metoclopramide has also been associated with tardive dyskinesia, this drug is convenient to study to examine the possible basis of tardive dyskinesia. Previous work proposed that antipsychotics accumulated in the melanin granules of the human substantia nigra, ultimately building up to high concentrations that could disrupt cell membranes of nigral neurons. While previous work demonstrated the accumulation of metoclopramide in postmortem human nigral tissue, it remained to be tested whether high concentrations of metoclopramide would actually disrupt cell membranes. Therefore, the present work examined whether metoclopramide could disrupt cell membranes, using human erythrocytes directly exposed to various concentrations of metoclopramide in vitro. It was found that metoclopramide caused disruption of the red cells starting at a threshold of 1 mM, which would result in ∼280 μmoles of metoclopramide per kilogram of dry red cell membranes. However, the nonspecific adsorption of metoclopramide to human substantia nigra is ∼23 μmol/kg of dry solids (measured at the clinical spinal fluid concentration of metoclopramide). Therefore, the membrane‐lytic concentration of metoclopramide is only about 12 times higher than that after a single exposure of the drug to the nigral tissue. Hence, metoclopramide accumulation in the substantia nigra over a matter of months may lead to nigral neuron damage. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ownership, Investment and Governance: The Costs and Benefits of Dual Class Shares

In this paper we show that dual-class shares can be an answer to agency conflicts rather than a result of agency conflicts. When a firm issues voting shares to raise funds, an incumbent manager’s control rights are diluted. This increases the risk that an incumbent could lose control of the firm and therefore, could lose the associated benefits of control. Thus, the incumbent may forgo positive NPV investments in an effort to maximize his expected wealth. Non-voting shares allow a firm to raise funds without diluting manager’s control rights; hence, it can alleviate the underinvestment problem. But non-voting shares facilitate entrenchment and therefore, reduces value-enhancing takeover activities. Also, non-voting shares dilute dividends per share. We obtain conditions under which the benefit of using non-voting shares, that is, higher firm value due to higher investment outweighs the entrenchment and dividend dilution costs. Others have shown that deviations from “one share-one vote” can be optimal, but our study is the first to integrate the dualclass decision into the rich body of research on capital structure and underinvestment.
Cell Phone Usage and Advertising Acceptance Among College Students: A Four-Year Analysis

The mobile phone is rapidly becoming one of the most influential mediums for marketing since the advent of the Internet. As Gerry Purdy, a leading mobile industry analyst, points out: “probably the most important medium for advertising in the 21st century is going to be the cell phone, not print media, not billboards. ” (SMS Marketing, 2006). By leveraging the mobile phone, the mobile phone network and the cast of players within the mobile marketing ecosystem, brands, businesses and marketing agencies can intimately engage and interact with their target audience in a fashion that has previously been unavailable to them. Young people, as early adopters of new technology, have shown the highest incidence rates of cell phone usage and mobile content adoption, according to M:Metrics (2005). Students with jobs consume more mobile content than any other group, and are 42% more likely to use mobile email than the average subscriber, and 23% more likely than typical full-time workers. Working students also download mobile games and personalize content on their phones twice as often as other users (M:Metrics, 2005). ComScore Networks, who has labeled 18-24 year olds as the “Cellular Generation,” says students see their cell phones as more than a means of voice communication; they can provide entertainment, convey social status and help express one’s individuality (ComScore, 2006).
The internationalization Process of Online Service Providers – Geographical Perspectives on the Emerging Online Economy

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . 4 CONTENTS . 6 LIST OF ARTICLES . 8 ADDITIONAL RELATED PUBLICATIONS . 11 DEFINITIONS OF KEY CONCEPTS . 12 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 15 1.1 PROBLEM, AIM, AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS . 15 1.2 GENERAL STRUCTURE . 16 1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE ARTICLES . 17 1.4 DELIMITATIONS AND LIMITATIONS.19 CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO ONLINE SERVICE PROVIDERS . 21 2.1 THE ROLE OF SERVICES IN THE ECONOMY AND THE RISE OF THE INTERNET . 21 2.2 THE EMERGENCE OF AN ONLINE SERVICE GEOGRAPHY . 22 2.3 THE EMERGENCE OF THE SPECIES OSP . 24 2.4 DEFINITION OF ONLINE SERVICES, OSPS, AND ONLINENESS . 25 2.5 ACTION-ORIENTED DICHOTOMY: PRODUCTION AND USAGE . 27 2.6. TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED DICHOTOMY: ONLINE AND OFFLINE . 28 2.7 GEOGRAPHY-ORIENTED DICHOTOMY: GLOBAL SOUTH AND GLOBAL NORTH . 30 2.8 SUMMARY . 30 CHAPTER 3: PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF ONLINE SERVICES . 33 3.1 THE GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGINS OF THE LARGEST OSPS . 33 3.2 FROM LOCAL PRODUCTION TO GLOBAL DIFFUSION: INTERNATIONALIZATION THEORY . 35 3.3. AN OSP INTERNATIONALIZATION MODEL . 36 3.3.1 Macro context . 37 3.3.2 Online and offline resources . 38 3.3.3 Mode of entry: Controlled modes dominate the online space . 38 3.3.4 Speed: the online – offline interval . 39 3.3. 5 Geography: regionally bound versus ‘online spatial overreach’ . 41 3.4 SUMMARY . 43 CHAPTER 4: THE ONLINE SERVICES GAPS . 45 4.1 A MODEL FOR ONLINE SERVICE GAPS . 45 4.2 THE CORE – PERIPHERY . 46 4.3 THE DIGITAL DIVIDE . 48 4.3.1 Brief historical survey . 48 4.3.2. Theoretical interpretations of the digital divide . 50 4.4. THE ONLINE USAGE GAP . 51 4.4.1 Example of online usage gap: Twitter.51 4.4.2 Example of online usage gap: Facebook . 52 4.5. 1 The online entrepreneurship gap . 53 4.5. 1 Examples of OSPs from the Global South . 56 4.6 THE ONLINE INTERNATIONALIZATION GAP . 57 4.7 SUMMARY . 59
A Young Man with Anemia and Recurrent Tachyarrhythmic Episodes

28 mm/h, normal total bilirubin, serum creatinine 0.65 mg/dl, total protein 7.1 g/dl, normal IgA, IgM and IgG concentrations and serum albumin of 3.4 g/dl. Anti-gliadin antibody tests were negative, but the IgA endomysium assay and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody tests were not performed. Urinalysis was negative. A chest Xray showed neither pleural-parenchymal alterations nor cardiomegaly. An electrocardiogram revealed sinus tachycardia. Search for fecal occult blood (in 3 stool samples) was negative. Abdominal echography revealed no alterations or free abdominal effusion. Colonoscopy was unremarkable. In esophagogastroduodenoscopy, there were no stomach lesions but duodenal bleeding due to hemorrhagic telangiectasia; duodenal biopsy evidenced a nonspecific chronic duodenitis pattern without any other structural alterations. 99m Tc-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy did not show any pathological accumulation suggestive of intestinal hemorrhage. The patient was given intravenous iron and received 4 units of red blood cell concentrates. At discharge, he had a stable Hb value of 8.4 g/dl. During the following years, the patient was in good clinical condition and only suffered from exercise-induced dyspnea [MMRCDS (Modified Medical Research Case Report
Strategies for Basic-Facts Instruction.

dren explained with these typical replies how they solved the number fact 8 + 7: “I know 7 + 7 is 14, and 1 more is 15”; “8 + 2 makes 10. But 7 has 5 more, so the answer is 15”; and “I just knew the answer was 15. ” Teaching basic number facts like 8 + 7 has been a goal of elementary mathematics instruction for more than 100 years and continues to be important today. Although most teachers agree that students’ fact mastery is important, many are unclear about how to seek it in ways that are consistent with the NCTM’s Standards (1989, 1991, 1995). They even disagree about what knowing the basic facts means and when, or even if, students should achieve mastery. Is it appropriate to expect first graders to memorize addition facts, or will this task interfere with their mathematical thinking? What classroom practices can build both understanding and quick recall? Can fact mastery be achieved through problem-solving activities, or is practice necessary? If current reforms in mathematics education are to succeed, questions about the basic facts need answers.
Comparative Studies on the Life History of the Grapsid Crabs (Crustacea, Brachyura) Inhabiting Intertidal Cobble and Boulder Shores

Growth, survivorship and reproduction of seven species of grapsid crabs inhabiting ntertidal cobble and boulder shores were investigated in Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. In general, growth rate decreased with age, was similar between the sexes for the immature crabs, and was lower in mature females than in mature males within a species. Growth rate showed considerable variations among species, which seemed to be mainly due to the interspecific differences in intermolt period. Survival rate was similar between the sexes, and tended to be lower in mature crabs than in immature crabs within a species. Survival rate varied considerably among species, and an apparent trade-off relationship to an index of reproductive activity existed. This brood index was calculated by multiplying the ratio of brood weight per body weight by the number of broods per year. Egg size and the ratio of brood weight per body weight were constant within a species regardless of body size of parent female crabs, whereas the number of eggs per brood was nearly proportional to the third power of their carapace width. Among species, mean number of eggs per brood and size at maturity were correlated with mean adult body size of the species, whereas egg size, the number of broods per year, brood index and age at maturity were not. A model which shows the relationships between the expected value of the number of eggs laid per life per female and some life history traits was made on the basis of the general rules followed by the present grapsid crabs in the intraspecific and interspecific variations in life history traits. Using this model, the factors influencing the evolution of age at maturity and brood index were analyzed. Delayed maturity and smaller brood index were predicted to be favored as survival rate in immature period increases and/or relative growth rate to maximum body size decreases. Recently the information on the life history traits of brachyuran crabs has been accumulated using laboratory and field studies. Since brachyuran crabs grow through molts, some studies have analyzed their growth rate from molt increment and intermolt period (Hartnoll, 1982). Molting makes it almost impossible to mark an individual crab for a long time in order to follow its growth under natural conditions. Probably for the same reason, there are few studies on survival rate of individual branchyuran crabs. Likewise, the number of broods per year and age at maturity are relatively difficult to estimate, thereby being studied for a few species (Pillay & Ono, 1978; Seiple, 1979; McDonald, 1982). In contrast, some reproductive traits, e.g., egg size, the number of eggs per brood and reproductive cycle, have been studied for many species (e.g., Knudsen, 1964; Pillay & Nair, 1971; Hines, Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. , 33(4/6), 121-162, 1988. (Article 6)
Using Point Cloud to Inspect the Construction Quality of Wall Finish

In the building construction process, using plasticlike material to finish a wall is very common, like plaster or masonry. The major reason is that these materials are not limited by construction material size and finish area. They are easy to smooth into the wall. Due to their characteristics of plasticity and coherence, they can hide the wall’s seams. Therefore, brick, concrete or other partition wall are usually use plastic like material (Lion 1980). In general, mortar finish is frequently applied to brick walls, dry wall, or other for smoothing. Wall finish workers use control lines and control points to regulate smoothness, and hope that they can finish the process in accordance with control point locations during the plaster operation. This provides good quality from a control point of view. Quality means adherence to standards established by the owner, designer, and user (Bannister 1991). But, how can one inspect this correctly? We have had many cases in which the smooth walls were not really smooth upon closer examination, the wall would look smooth to the human eye. But, in follow-up decoration construction, the workers found problems immediately. This is not serious if the goal was only be pleasing to the eye, but it is serious if it negatively influences interior decoration construction, since the problems increase work time and costs. So one must attach importance to this problem, which has usually been ignored in the past. The 3D scanner can record three-dimensional information from the wall and use point cloud to display the wall three-dimensionally to judge the actual smoothness of the wall. This can be a requirement for concrete conveying methods to constructor to ensure construction quality. In the past, there were few methods to measure the smoothness of walls; the 3D scanner can record the three-dimensional information of a scanned body, so it can use this method to record wall surface finish quality and Using Point Cloud to Inspect the Construction Quality of Wall Finish
Global Very Weak Solutions to a Chemotaxis-Fluid System with Nonlinear Diffusion

We consider the chemotaxis-fluid system given by $n_{t}+u\cdot\! \nabla n=\Delta n^m-\nabla\! \cdot(n\nabla c)$, $c_{t}+u\cdot\! \nabla c=\Delta c-c+n$, $u_{t}+(u\cdot\nabla)u=\Delta u+\nabla P+n\nabla\phi$, and $\nabla\cdot u=0$, for $x\in\Omega$ and $t>0$, where $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^3$ is a bounded domain with smooth boundary and $m>1$. Assuming $m>\frac{4}{3}$ and sufficiently regular nonnegative initial data, we ensure the existence of global solutions to the no-flux-Dirichlet boundary value problem for this system under a suitable notion of very weak solvability, which in different variations has been utilized in the literature before. Comparing this with known results for the fluid-free setting of the system above the condition appears to be optimal with respect to global existence. In the case of the stronger assumption $m>\frac{5}{3}$ we moreover establish the existence of at least one global weak solution in the standard sense. In our analysis we investigate a functional of the form $\int_{\Omeg.
Aggregate Land Rents, Expenditure on Public Goods, and Optimal City Size

I. An example, 473. —II. The generality of the Henry George Theorem, 477. —III. On using land rents as a measure of the benefits from public goods, 490. —IV. Competitive attainability of a Pareto optimal distribution of economic activity, 496. —V. Concluding comments, 498.
Observation of the 1154.9 nm transition of antiprotonic helium

The resonance transition (n, l) = (40, 36) → (41, 35) of the antiprotonic helium (p‾4? >He+) isotope at a wavelength of 1154.9 nm was detected by laser spectroscopy. The population of p‾4? >He+ occupying the resonance parent state (40, 36) was found to decay at a rate of 0.45 ± 0.04 μs−1, which agreed with the theoretical radiative rate of this state. This implied that very few long-lived p‾4? >He+ are formed in the higher-lying states with principal quantum number n ⩾ 41, in agreement with the results of previous experiments.
Role of Growth Factors and Extracellular Matrix Regulators in Airway Remodeling in COPD

textabstractChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs, becoming a global health problem with increasing morbidity and mortality. Recent observations indicate that COPD is the fourth cause of mortality in the USA and it is projected to be the fifth burden of morbidity world-wide in the year 2020 according to a consensus report published by the World Health Organisation. COPD is characterized by a slow progression of airflow limitation, which is nearly irreversible. Recently, the Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has formulated an official definition; “A disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles and gases”. One of the major determining factors is tobacco smoking, but it remains to be investigated to what extent other factors such as environmental and occupational exposures and genetic factors can contribute to the disease. Surprisingly, only 10-20 percent of all smokers develop COPD.
Vascular flora of calcareous outcrops in North-Western Sardinia (Italy)

Summary Calcareous outcrops in North-Western Sardinia cover a large area (about 380 Km) known as “Sassarese”. in this study the vascular flora of this area is investigated. The actual flora is checked and, when possible, older references, synonyms and critical notes are given. The floristic list includes 840 entities. Among them, 18 have been cultivated (cultae), 11 are considered erroneously reported and so they are excluded from this area (excludendae) and 81 are in various ways considered not confirmed and to enquiry (inquirendae). The current floristic contingent is therefore reduced to 730 entities, divided into 98 families and 385 genera, many of them here documented for the first time in this area. Among them the more relevant are the Sardinian-Corsican endemic Silene nodulosa Viv. and the Sardinian endemic Hieracium gallurense Arrigoni, previously reported only for granite substrata in North-Eastern Sardinia. The biological spectrum shows a clear dominance of therophytes (41%). The chorological spectrum highlights the dominance of the Tethydic element, in which the dominance of more strictly Mediterranean element emerges. Four entities have in this area their locus classicus: Centaurea corensis Valsecchi et Filigheddu, Limonium racemosum (Lojac.) Diana and Scrophularia morisii Valsecchi, exclusive of the region object of this study, and Ophrys sphegodes Mill. subsp. praecox Corrias. Some entities, though not endemic, have a limited or fragmentary distribution in Sardinia, e.g. Capparis spinosa L. subsp. rupestris (Sm.) Nyman, Coridothymus capi- tatus (L.) Reichenb. f. and Erica multiflora L. , whereas Viola arborescens L. Borago pygmaea (DC.) Chater et Greuter and Carex panormitana Guss. are included in the Red Book of Italian Plants. Although the area is strongly urbanised and subjected since long time ago to agricultural and pastoral uses, its flora is still rather diversified. The presence of species depending on the existence of hedges, dry-stone walls and other smaller structures belonging to traditional agricultural activities still present, is also substantial, even though their dilapidated state is often high. Finally the presence of floristic elements of great interest together with small residuals of spontaneous vegetation are of very high value. indeed, several natural elements from traditionally agricultural activities are present within an area of intense anthropic impact. The indiscriminate building development of the valleys, the reckless exploitation of the water sources and the diffusion of dumps, threaten increasingly some habitats of the region. The improvement of the natural resources could be done through an adequate ecological net starting from a basic knowledge of the floristic biodiversity, that is the main aim of this work.