Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the validity of downgradient eddy closures in ocean models

Results are presented from an eddy-resolving primitive equation ocean model to test the hypothesis that geostrophic eddies can be parameterized through a variety of downgradient closures. Time-mean eddy fluxes of temperature, isopycnic thickness, and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity are diagnosed on level surfaces from 5 years of model data and are spatially correlated with the corresponding time-mean gradients. We find no discernible correlation between the absolute eddy fluxes and mean gradients. However, after decomposing the eddy fluxes into “rotational” and “divergent” components we find a positive correlation between the divergent eddy fluxes and the mean gradients, although the overall correlation coefficients remain small, typically O(0.2). The correlation between the eddy temperature fluxes and mean temperature gradients is positive only over the upper 2 km and is negative at depth, suggesting that the abyssal temperature fluxes are upgradient. In contrast, the correlations between eddy fluxes and mean gradients of isopycnic thickness and potential vorticity are positive over the most of the fluid column. The overall correlations are similar for both thickness and potential vorticity closures. We further decompose the divergent component of the eddy fluxes into components directed perpendicular and parallel to mean contours. We find that both the perpendicular and the parallel components are similar in magnitude.
STREAM GRADIENTS AND MONTEREY SEA VALLEY

The long profile of a mature stream approximates a smooth curve with ever decreasing gradient downstream. This profile curve may be called concave upward, or simply concave. Accurate surveys, mostly of streams in central or northwestern Europe or in the United States, show numerous major or minor deviations from simple smooth profile curves. Most major deviations can be correlated with obvious immaturity. Minor deviations can almost all be correlated with ascertained or probable differences in rock resistance, debris size, or other specific geologic or geomorphic circumstances. In a single region, gradients of mature streams are roughly inversely proportional to a function of discharge. One or more logarithmic curves can be drawn that will more or less closely approximate any given mature profile. General lowering of base level is found to produce a distal profile convexity. Probably such a convexity flattens and loses its initial prominence as it gradually extends upstream, unless localized on resistant rock as a distinct nickpoint. The Monterey sea valley off California appears on a map to be the approximate seaward continuation of Salinas land valley, but its head is cut into alluvium deposited by Salinas River and adjacent streams, its irregular upper profile is nearer to an exceptionally steep straight line than to a logarithmic curve, and the compound Salinas-Monterey long profile shows an extremely pronounced break or nick on weak sediments at the shore line. Therefore it is considered improbable that the Monterey submarine canyon is the product of subaerial rejuvenation of the Salinas or any other land river. Most other sea valleys with steep gradients appear to be essentially similar to the Monterey; the Congo canyon is ambiguous and may be exceptional.
Mechanical Behavior of Ice Along the 2040 m Vostok Core, Antarctica

Uniaxial and biaxial compression tests were carried out on ice samples from the 2040 m Vostok ice core. It is shown that the ice viscosity does not significantly change with depth. As a result the high impurity content in glacial ice does not seem to influence the mechanical behavior of the Vostok ice core. The measured enhancement factor, smaller than 1, is caused by the particular orientation of c-axes in this polar ice. It is deduced that the viscosity of Vostok ice for horizontal shear is high compared with that of other ice cores.
Payments for environmental services

Despite their value, environmental services are often lost as land users typically receive no compensation for the services their land generates for others and therefore have no economic reason to take these services into account in making decisions about land use. The payment for environmental services (PES) approach is an example of efforts to develop systems in which land users are paid for the environmental services they generate. The central principles of PES are that those who provide environmental services should be compensated for doing so and that those who receive the services should pay for their provision. Aspects concerning PES include: identifying environmental services; financing compensation for environmental services; developing effective compensation systems; and establishing the institutional framework.
Towards sustainable development of the environmentally degraded River Heihe basin, China

Abstract Changes in development and use of water resources over the last 30 years have led to significant environmental and hydrological degradation of the River Heihe basin in the People's Republic of China. Water discharge of the lower reaches has been seriously compromised and more than 30 tributaries and terminal lakes have dried up. The water output of springs has dropped significantly. Also water quality problems have been observed, in both surface waters and groundwater. Hydrological changes have resulted in a marked degradation of aquatic habitats, and have caused substantial, and expanding, land salinization and desertification. Solving these problems, which have been largely caused by human activities, requires massive and long-lasting concerted efforts.
Spatial and temporal variability in isotope composition of recent snow in the vicinity of Vostok station, Antarctica: implications for ice-core record interpretation

Abstract Continuous, detailed isotope (δD and δ18O) profiles were obtained from eight snow pits dug in the vicinity of Vostok station, Antarctica, during the period 1984– 2000. In addition, snow samples taken along the 1km long accumulation-stake profile were measured to determine spatial variability in isotope composition of recent snow. the stacked δD time series spanning the last 55 years shows only weak correlation with the mean annual air temperature recorded at Vostok station. Significant oscillations of both snow accumulation and snow isotope composition with the periods 2.5, 5, 20 and, possibly, ~102 years observed at single points are interpreted in terms of drift of snow-accumulation waves of various scales on the surface of the ice sheet.
Assessing the recent (1834 – 2002) morphological evolution of a rapidly prograding delta within a GIS framework: Macquarie Rivulet delta, Lake Illawarra, New South Wales

The recent morphological evolution of Macquarie Rivulet delta, Lake Illawarra, New South Wales, has been assessed from historical parish maps from 1834, 1892, 1916 and 1927 along with aerial photographs from 1938 to 2002. These images were digitised, georeferenced and analysed in a GIS framework. The 1834 sketch map could not be georeferenced and it was excluded from the calculation of delta progradation areas. Between 1892 and 1927 morphological changes were minimal, probably because the areas were not resurveyed between these map editions. A significant change in morphology between 1927 and 1938 reflects a change in source material from maps to aerial photographs. The research highlights that great care must be taken when utilising historical data. Major morphological changes observed between 1938 and 2002 included the development of a large crevasse splay in the 1960s to 1970s and the abandonment and infilling of the delta's previously active distributary channels. The research shows that the morphological changes observed on the delta can be related to both natural processes and anthropogenic modifications to the catchment and thus could be used in the development of catchment management plans.
Enhanced vertical diffusion coefficient at upper layer of suspended sediment concentration profile

Assume fluid eddy viscosity in the vertical direction is parabolic. Sediment particles diffuse with the given fluid eddy viscosity. However, when the vertical diffusion coefficient profile is computed from the suspended sediment concentration profile, the coefficient shows lager values than the fluid mixing coefficient values. This trend was explained by using two sizes of sediment particles. When fine sediment particles like wash load are added in water column the sediment mixing coefficient looks much larger than the fluid mixing coefficient.
El Nino and interannual variation of the sea surface temperature in the tropical Indian Ocean

By using observational data, we studied the relationship of the interannual variation of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) between tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses of SSTA showed that the dominant modes in tropical Indian Ocean are the unipole mode with same SSTA sign in basin-scale and the dipole mode with a reversal in sign across the basin, respectively. The dominant mode in tropical Pacific Ocean is the El Nino mode. All unipole, dipole and El Nino modes display noticeable interannual variations. The wavelet squared coherency analyses showed that in the interannual time-scale, the SSTA in NINO3 region (150°W- 90°W, 5°S-5°N) in tropical eastern Pacific is closely related with the unipole and dipole modes in the tropical Indian Ocean. It is found that the El Nino lags the dipole mode and precedes the unipole mode. The El Nino from its developing phase to the decaying phase corresponds to SSTA in the tropical Indian Ocean varying from the dipole mode to the unipole mode. The physical connection of El Nino with dipole and unipole modes is also discussed. It is found that variations of the zonal wind anomalies over both tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans are affected greatly by the convection over the area in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and western tropical Pacific. The variation of the convection accompanied with the evolution of El Nino alters the zonal winds and hence associated oceanic processes, which are responsible for SSTA in tropical Indian Ocean changing from the dipole to unipole mode.
Determining the diagnostic value of endogenous carbon monoxide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether endogenous carbon monoxide levels in exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients were higher compared to healthy individuals and to investigate alteration of carbon monoxide levels across the three different severity stages of Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria related to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease exacerbations. METHODS The prospective study was conducted from January to March 2011 at two medical institutions in Ankara, Turkey, and comprised patients of acute Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease exacerbations. The severity of the exacerbations was based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria. Patients with active tobacco smoking, suspicious carbon monoxide poisoning and uncertain diagnosis were excluded. healthy control subjects who did not have any comorbid diseases and smoking habitus were also enrolled to compare the differences between carboxyhaemoglobin levels A two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction was done following a Kruskal-Wallis test for statistical purposes. RESULTS There were 90 patients and 81 controls in the study. Carboxyhaemoglobin levels were higher in the patients than the controls (p < 0.001). As for the three severity stages, Group 1 had a median carboxyhaemoglobin of 1.6 (0.95- 2.00). The corresponding levels in Group 2 (1.8 [1.38-2.20]) and Group 3 (1.9 [1.5-3.0]) were higher than the controls (p < 0.001 and p < 0.005 respectively). No statistically significant difference between Group 1 and the controls (1.30 [1.10-1.55]) was observed (p < 0.434). CONCLUSION Carboxyhaemoglobin levels were significantly higher in exacerbations compared with the normal population. Also, in more serious exacerbations, carboxyhaemoglobin levels were significantly increased compared with healthy individuals and mild exacerbations.
Impacts of climate warming on range shifts with emphasis on tropical mountains

Climate warming induced range shifts are evident globally for a wide range of taxonomic groups. However, whether such responses have taken place in tropical insect species is unclear. I provided the first such evidence that tropical insects have moved uphill over four decades of climate warming. I repeated a historical moth transect on Mount Kinabalu in Borneo in 2007, 42-years after the original survey in 1965. I duplicated the 1965 sampling strategy in 2007, and excluded sites where habitat changes were evident. I estimated that the average elevation of 102 montane moth species, in the family Geometridae, increased by a mean of 67 m. A sub-group of species retreated their upper boundaries, which may be associated with cloud cover changes and the presence of geological / vegetation transitions. Without these constraints, most species expanded their upper boundaries upwards (by an average of 152 m) more than they retreated at their lower boundaries (77 m), indicating that different ecological mechanisms may predominate in leading and trailing edge populations. Declines of local endemic species, ecological barriers constraining uphill movements, disappearing climate types and a decreasing area of land at higher elevations are the major concerns for conservation. Research of biodiversity risk under warming is urgently required in Southeast Asia. I conducted a meta-analysis of range shifts representing ~1700 species worldwide. The average rate of elevational range shift was 12.2 m/decade uphill, and latitudinal shifts averaged 17.6 km/decade poleward. These rates are faster than previously reported. Latitudinal range shifts responded to the rates of regional warming, but these were not the cases for elevational range shifts. Poikilotherms shifted their distributions faster than homeotherms. The original data and meta-analysis presented in this thesis indicate that climate change is having a pervasive impact on the distributions of species, including in the tropics.
Bacterioplankton Abundance and Production in Indian Ocean Regions

Microbes mediating biological and many geochemical processes are the key components in marine ecosystems. In this chapter, we provide information on spatiotemporal variations in heterotrophic bacterial (Hbac) abundance and production in three ecologically disparate regions: Arabian Sea (AS), Bay of Bengal (BoB), and equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO). In the AS, Hbac abundances were the largest during fall intermonsoon (FIM) (0.35―1.51 × 10 9 L ―1 ), moderate during southwest monsoon (SWM) (0.20―0.45 x 10 9 cells L ―1 ), and least during northeast monsoon (NEM) (0.05―0.35 × 10 9 L ―1 ). Bacterial production (BP), ranging from 2.86 to 22.93 mg C m ―3 d ―1 , was the highest during spring intermonsoon (SIM) when autotrophic production was the least. In the BoB, Hbac abundance was more during FIM (0.07―1.85 x 10 9 L ―1 in the 0- to 120-m column) and lower during SIM (0.02-0.36 × 10 9 L ―1 ). Spatial and temporal variations were clearly seen in BP too, which was higher during SWM (0.18―6.75 mg C m ―3 d ―1 ) and NEM (0.35―18.56 mg C m ―3 d ―1 ), moderate during FIM (0.01―4.19 mg C m ―3 d ―1 ), and least during SIM (0.001―2.49 mg C m ―3 d ―1 ). Annual BP accounted for up to 56% of primary production (PP) in the BoB. Despite the lowest Hbac abundance and production, BP:PP ratios were high in the oligotrophic EIO. As evidenced from sizable Hbac carbon biomass and from the often high BP:PP ratios (≥1.0), Hbac-biogeochemical and trophodynamic processes are very important in some regions/seasons of low autotrophic production.
Faulting mechanism of anomalous earthquakes near Bárdarbunga Volcano, Iceland

The source characteristics of 10 shallow earthquakes of moderate size (M>5) beneath Bardarbunga Volcano in Iceland are investigated using long-period and broadband teleseismic data. The highly non-double-couple nature of the focal mechanisms for several of the events previously reported in the Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) catalog is confirmed by analysis of an expanded long-period body wave data set, as well as by an independent inversion of intermediate period surface wave data. Modeling of broadband P waveforms constrains the depths of the events to lie between 3 km and 8 km beneath the volcano. Significant complexity in the P waves observed for some events is best explained by a sequence of subevents of varying geometry, rather than by wave propagation effects caused by shallow structure near the earthquake. Inversion of P wave data for two of the earthquakes using a parameterization with subsources results in sequences of events with primarily thrust motion on planes of varying strike. The seismological results are interpreted as faulting on an outward dipping cone-shaped ring fault beneath the Bardarbunga caldera. The association in time and space between the September 29, 1996, earthquake and the September 30 eruption near Bardarbunga and Grimsvotn Volcanos suggests that inflation of a shallow magma chamber, and the associated stress loading of the deeper ring fault, may be the tectonic process which generates the earthquakes.
CONTAMINAÇÃO DAS ÁGUAS SUBTERRÂNEAS POR NITROGÊNIO DEVIDO À IRRIGAÇÃO COM EFLUENTE DO TRATAMENTO DE ESGOTO

1 RESUMO A agricultura e uma atividade em que ha a possibilidade de utilizacao de aguas de qualidade inferior e o reuso surge como uma alternativa na irrigacao. Porem, faz-se necessario conhecer os efeitos negativos da sua reutilizacao sobre o ambiente. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a presenca nas aguas subterrâneas de nitrogenio devido a irrigacao por gotejamento com efluente do tratamento de esgoto domestico. Foram conduzidos tres ciclos da cultura da alface americana cv. Raider, o primeiro ocorreu no periodo de outubro e novembro de 2009, o segundo em abril e maio de 2010 e o terceiro em junho e julho de 2010. O uso do efluente foi comparado com agua potavel com lâminas de irrigacao acumuladas de 98,8 mm para o 1° ciclo, 98,4 mm para o 2° ciclo e 119 mm para o 3° ciclo. Analisou-se o percolado pelo solo a 0,25 m e a 0,50 m de profundidade, quanto as concentracoes de nitrato, nitrito e amonia, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Concentracoes de nitrito e amonia no percolado pelo solo irrigado com efluente nao apresentaram risco de contaminacao para as aguas subterrâneas. O nitrato apresentou preocupacao, porem com concentracoes proximas tanto para o efluente como para a agua potavel. Palavras-chave: nitrato, percolado, reuso de agua. PINTO, M. C. K. ; CRUZ, R. L. ; FRIGO, E. P.; FRIGO, M. S. ; HERMES, E. NITROGEN GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION CONSEQUENTIAL OF IRRIGATION WITH EFFLUENT FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT 2 ABSTRACT Agriculture is an activity in which there is the possibility of using lower quality water and reuse appears as an alternative for irrigation. However, the negative environmental effects of reuse must be understood. The objective of the present work was to verify the potential of groundwater contamination by nitrogen duo to drip irrigation with effluent from domestic wastewater treatment. Three crop cycles of lettuce cv. Raider were conducted, the first between October and November 2009, the second in April and May 2010 and the third one in June and July 2010. The use of effluents was compared with potable water at accumulated water depths of 98.8 mm for the first, 98.4 mm for the second and 119 mm for the third cycle. Soil percolate concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia were studied at 0.25 m and 0.50 m depths in a completely randomized design. Percolate concentrations of nitrite and ammonia in soil irrigated with effluents showed no groundwater contamination risk. Nitrate however, caused concern, albeit with similar concentrations for both effluent and potable water. Keywords: nitrate, leachate, water reuse.
Prasugrel

Clinical trials have demonstrated the superior clinical efficacy of dual antiplatelet therapy with a thienopyridine (a P2Y12 receptor blocker) and aspirin (COX-1 inhibitor) in patients undergoing stenting as well as patients with acute coronary syndromes. However, clopidogrel treatment is associated with a wide response variability and non-responsiveness in selected patients. The latter phenomenon is linked to the occurrence of recurrent ischaemic events including stent thrombosis in the recent studies. Prasugrel is a new thienopyridine derivative that produces more potent platelet inhibition and a rapid onset of action that is associated with irreversible P2Y12 receptor blockade. The latter properties of prasugrel may provide a superior alternative to clopidogrel, with less response variability and a decreased prevalence of non-responsiveness.
Pleistocene littoral uplift of northern Chile: 21Ne age of the upper marine terrace of Caldera-Bahía Inglesa area

En este trabajo se presenta la edad de la terraza costera emergida mas alta del area de Caldera-Bahia Inglesa, localizada a una altura de 224±6 m s.n. m. La metodologia empleada consiste en el uso de edades de exposicion de clastos de cuarzo mediante 21Ne de origen cosmogenico. La edad obtenida fue de 0,86 ± 0,11 Ma. Dentro de este rango de edad, se desarrollan tres interestadiales fuertes correspondientes a los estadios isotopicos MIS 19 (780 ka), MIS 21 (860 ka) y MIS 25 (950 ka) en los cuales se pudo formar esta terraza costera. La tasa de alzamiento promedio considerando estos tres casos es de 0,28±0,02 mm/a, cuyo valor es menor que el determinado por autores previos para los ultimos 400 ka. Entre 750 y 400 ka no se desarrollaron terrazas costeras en el area de estudio. Esto seria un indicador de tasas de alzamiento bajas e interestadiales debiles durante ese periodo, y la fortaleza del interestadial desarrollado durante el estadio MIS 11 (400 ka) que provoco una importante erosion de la topografia litoral incluyendo las terrazas costeras que pudieron haberse formado entre 750 y 400 ka. El alzamiento litoral en el area de estudio es de caracter regional y estaria relacionado con procesos generados como consecuencia de la convergencia de las placas de Nazca y Sudamericana; e.g., los terremotos de subduccion.
Far‐field simulation of tsunami propagation in the Pacific Ocean: Impact on the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia)

The islands in the Marquesas archipelago are most exposed to far-field tsunamis in French Polynesia. Four recent earthquakes located at the Pacific rim (Kurile 1994, Chile 1995, Mexico 1995 and Peru 1996 earthquakes) generated trans-Pacific tsunamis and caused contrasting inundations in several inhabited Marquesian bays. The aim of this study is to better understand the amplification phenomena observed in the Marquesas Islands and to improve the risk assessment. We present here numerical simulations of these four tsunamis by means of a finite difference model solving the equations of tsunami propagation at different scales. The water heights computed in the bays are in excellent agreement with the available observations and thus validate our numerical method. These numerical results allow us to determine (1) which propagation azimuths are dangerous for the whole Marquesas archipelago and (2) the behavior of each studied bay (amplitude, frequency) in response to tsunami waves. We observe that the seismogenic subduction zone along South America is likely to define one of the most dangerous tsunami generation areas for the Marquesas archipelago, owing to the source geometries and to the trapping of the tsunami energy by bathymetric features in the southern Pacific Ocean (fracture zones, seamount chains).