Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New metrics for finite automaton complexity and subregular language hierarchies

The degree of ambiguity of nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) has been studied significantly since at least the 1980s. Roughly speaking, the degree of ambiguity counts the number of accepting computations of an NFA. To get a more comprehensive understanding of the branching complexity of NFAs, we introduce and study the string path width and depth path width measures. The string path width on a string w counts the number of all accepting and non-accepting computations on w, and the depth path width on an integer ` counts the number of all accepting and non-accepting computations of a length `. We focus on cases where these measures are finite, that is, there is some input which has maximal string or depth path width. We give algorithms to decide the finiteness of the string and depth path width of an NFA. The latter algorithm relies on structural properties that characterize NFAs with finite depth path width, and the former is based on existing algorithms to compute the degree of ambiguity. We give upper bounds for the finite string and depth path width of an NFA or a DFA (deterministic finite automaton). It is well known that acyclic NFAs define exactly the class of finite languages. We consider less restrictive conditions that define the class of nearly acyclic NFAs. An NFA is nearly acyclic if it does not have two cycles where one can be reached from the other. It is shown that the nearly acyclic NFAs are exactly the NFAs with finite depth path width. We study and introduce variants of existing subregular language families. We establish (non)-inclusion relationships for these new classes, relative to each other and their existing counterparts. Additionally we show that an infinite hierarchy exists within the most powerful new family, generalized word-definite languages. We examine the structural limitations and give maximal examples of nearly acyclic NFAs. We also show that nearly acyclic NFAs recognize the class of generalized worddefinite languages. For nearly acyclic DFAs, we establish a stronger correspondence: they recognize all generalized word-definite languages, and any DFA recognizing a generalized word-definite language must be nearly acyclic.
Time Spent Outdoors and Associations with Sleep, Optimism, Happiness and Health before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Austria

Social restriction measures (SRM) implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a reduction in time spent outdoors (TSO). The aim of this study was to describe TSO and evaluate its association with sleep outcomes, optimism, happiness and health-status before and during SRM. Two online surveys were conducted in 2017 (N = 1004) and 2020, during SRM (N = 1010), in samples representative of the age, sex and region of the Austrian population. Information on the duration of TSO, sleep, optimism, happiness and health-status was collected. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to study the association of TSO with chronic insomnia, short sleep, late chronotype, optimism, happiness and self-rated health-status. The mean TSO was 3.6 h (SD: 2.18) in 2017 and 2.6 h (SD: 1.87) during times of SRM. Men and participants who were older, married or in a partnership and lived in a rural area reported longer TSO. Participants who spent less time outdoors were more likely to report short sleep or a late chronotype in both surveys and, in 2020, also chronic insomnia. Less TSO was associated with lower happiness and optimism levels and poor health-status. Our findings suggest that TSO may be a protective factor for sleep, mood and health, particularly during stressful and uncertain times.
An improved hybrid self-inertia weight adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm with local search

ABSTRACT As an evolutionary computing technique, particle swarm optimization (PSO) has good global search ability, but the swarm can easily lose its diversity, leading to premature convergence. To solve this problem, an improved self-inertia weight adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm with a gradient-based local search strategy (SIW-APSO-LS) is proposed. This new algorithm balances the exploration capabilities of the improved inertia weight adaptive particle swarm optimization and the exploitation of the gradient-based local search strategy. The self-inertia weight adaptive particle swarm optimization (SIW-APSO) is used to search the solution. The SIW-APSO is updated with an evolutionary process in such a way that each particle iteratively improves its velocities and positions. The gradient-based local search focuses on the exploitation ability because it performs an accurate search following SIW-APSO. Experimental results verified that the proposed algorithm performed well compared with other PSO variants on a suite of benchmark optimization functions.
Synchronous Machine Modelling Using Linear Regression Approaches

Synchronous motors (SMs) play an important role in various industrial applications due to their unique characteristics and advantages. One of the key advantages of a synchronous motor (SM) is its ability to operate at a constant speed, making them suitable for applications where precise speed control is required. SMs also have a high-power factor, which means they consume less reactive power. The excitation current of a SM is crucial for optimal motor performance and efficiency, as insufficient current can reduce speed and power output while excessive current can overheat the motor and reduce efficiency. Thus, it is essential to estimate the excitation current of a SM. Accurate estimation and control of the excitation current can be achieved through synchronous machine data modeling. The study showcases the estimation of the excitation current of a SM using regression-based approaches. In particular, the usage of Principal Component Analysis has generally improved the performance of the regression models. The best models belong to the family of Linear Regressors as highlighted in the results.
Newly Designed Poxviral Promoters to Improve Immunogenicity and Efficacy of MVA-NP Candidate Vaccines against Lethal Influenza Virus Infection in Mice

Influenza, a respiratory disease mainly caused by influenza A and B, viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae, is still a burden on our society’s health and economic system. Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate in mammalian and avian populations, causing seasonal outbreaks with high numbers of cases. Due to the high variability in seasonal IAV triggered by antigenic drift, annual vaccination is necessary, highlighting the need for a more broadly protective vaccine against IAV. The safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as a third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for the development of new candidate vaccines against different pathogens. Here, we generated and characterized recombinant MVA candidate vaccines that deliver the highly conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV under the transcriptional control of five newly designed chimeric poxviral promoters to further increase the immunogenic properties of the recombinant viruses (MVA-NP). Infections of avian cell cultures with the recombinant MVA-NPs demonstrated efficient synthesis of the IAV-NP which was expressed under the control of the five new promoters. Prime-boost or single shot immunizations in C57BL/6 mice readily induced circulating serum antibodies’ binding to recombinant IAV-NP and the robust activation of IAV-NP-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Moreover, the MVA-NP candidate vaccines protected C57BL/6 mice against lethal respiratory infection with mouse-adapted IAV (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934/H1N1). Thus, further studies are warranted to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of these recombinant MVA-NP vaccines in other IAV challenge models in more detail.
Profile of Bioactive Components of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) By-Products from Ecuador and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity

The aim of the study was to determine the profile of bioactive compounds in cocoa residues (mucilage and bean shells), and to evaluate their antioxidant activity in two cocoa varieties, Nacional X Trinitario type (Fine Aroma) and the variety CCN-51. The extraction of phytonutrients from the residues was carried out selectively. The characterization and quantification of the total polyphenol content (TPC), and the total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined by UV–VIS spectrophotometry. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the phenolic profile and methylxanthines. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of 2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation bleaching (ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The exudate mucilage samples from Nacional X Trinitario-type cocoa presented the highest content of TPC 105.08 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 mL, TFC 36.80 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/100 mL, catechin (CAT) 35.44 mg/g, procyanidins (PCB2: 35.10; PCB1: 25.68; PCC1: 16.83 mg/L), epicatechin (EPI) 13.71 mg/L, caffeine (CAF) 0.90% and theobromine (TBR) 2.65%. In the cocoa bean shell, the variety CCN-51 presented a higher content of TPC (42.17 mg GAE/100 g) and TFC (20.57 mg CE/100 g). However, CAT (16.16 mg/g), CAF (0.35%) and TBR (1.28%) were higher in the Nacional X Trinitario cocoa type. The EPI presented no significant differences between the two samples studied (0.83 and 0.84 mg/g). The antioxidant activity values (ABTS, FRAP and ORAC methods) were higher in the samples of CCN-51 than in the Nacional X Trinitario type. The bean shell samples presented antioxidant values of 171.32, 192.22 and 56.87 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively, and the bean shell samples presented antioxidant values of 167.06, 160.06 and 52.53 mg TE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and ORAC) of the residues was correlated with the bioactive compounds of the mucilage and bean shells, showing a strong positive correlation (<0.99) with the procyanidins (B1, B2 and C1), EPI and CAT and a positive/moderate correlation (0.94) with methylxanthines.
Precise Reasoning About Non-strict Functional Programs; How to Chase Bottoms, and How to Ignore Them

This thesis consists of two parts. Both concern reasoning about non-strict functional programming languages with partial and infinite values and lifted types, including lifted function spaces. The first part is a case study in program verification: We have written a simple parser and a corresponding pretty-printer in Haskell. A natural aim is to prove that the programs are, in some sense, each other's inverses. The presence of partial and infinite values makes this exercise interesting. We have tackled the problem in different ways, and report on the merits of those approaches. More specifically, first a method for testing properties of programs in the presence of partial and infinite values is described. By testing before proving we avoid wasting time trying to prove statements that are not valid. Then it is proved that the programs we have written are in fact (more or less) inverses using first fixpoint induction and then the approximation lemma. Using the proof methods described in the first part can be cumbersome. As an alternative, the second part justifies reasoning about non-total (partial) functional languages using methods seemingly only valid for total ones. Two languages are defined, one total and one partial, with identical syntax. A partial equivalence relation is then defined, the domain of which is the total subset of the partial language. It is proved that if two closed terms have the same semantics in the total language, then they have related semantics in the partial language.
Research Progress on Bioactive Components and Their Functions of Fruits and Vegetables

Globally, humans are at the risk of increasing incidence of metabolic diseases, the occurrence of which is closely linked to people's daily diet. Fruits and vegetables are one of the important daily food types of people. Varieties of plant secondary metabolites are contained in fruits and vegetables, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroidal saponins and polysaccharides. These metabolites usually have multiply bioactive functions, such as antioxidant, antitumor, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and disease prevention, which is of great importance in preventing the occurrence of human metabolic diseases. However, the composition and content, bioactive functions and mechanisms of action of these metabolites in different types of fruits and vegetables vary greatly. The research progress of the main bioactive components of fruits and vegetables and their multi-functions are reviewed in this paper to promote people's understanding and utilization of functional components of fruits and vegetables.
Long- and Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training on Lipid Profile and Cardiovascular Disorders in Obese Male Adolescents

This study investigated the effects of short-term and long-term periods (8 and 16 weeks) of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiovascular components, blood lipids, and 6-min walking test performance in obese young boys (age = 16.2 ± 0.7) with >34% body fat. The participants were split into two groups: severe obesity (SOG; n = 17) and moderate obesity (MOG; n = 16). All participants performed on a cycle ergometer for 16 weeks (3 times per week) of HIIT at 100% peak power output at the ventilatory threshold and recovered at 50% of peak power. Except for BMI, both groups improved all body composition measures after 16 weeks, with a higher percentage of change (Δ) in SOG. The 6-min walking test increased in both groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, cardiovascular variables, blood lactate concentration at rest and after 5-min post-exercise, blood lipids, and insulin concentrations improved significantly in both groups. After 16 weeks, MOG significantly improved in HRpeak, blood glucose concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), but the percentage of change (Δ) was higher in SOG for all the other variables. SOG showed a higher (Δ) waist-to-hip ratio, maximum heart rate, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, blood lactate at 5-min post-exercise, and triglyceride concentrations after 8 and 16 weeks of training. In conclusion, a long-term HIIT program appears to be an appropriate training approach for obese boys with extra body fat. However, considering the RPE values, short-duration training sessions should be planned.
Precision laser spectroscopy experiments on antiprotonic helium

At CERN‘s Antiproton Decelerator (AD) facility, the Atomic Spectroscopyand Collisions Using Slow Antiprotons (ASACUSA) collaboration is carrying out precise laser spectroscopy experiments on antiprotonic helium (p He+ ≡ p +He2+ +e − ) atoms. By employing buffer-gas cooling techniquesin a cryogenic gas target, samples of atoms were cooled to temperatureT = 1.5–1.7 K, thereby reducing the Doppler width in the single-photon resonance lines. By comparing the results with three-body quantum electrodynamics calculations, the antiproton-to-electron mass ratio was determined as M p /me = 1836.1526734(15). This agreed with the known proton-to-electron mass ratio with a precision of 8 . 1010. Further improvements in the experimental precision are currently being attempted. The high-quality antiproton beam provided by the future Extra Low Energy Antiproton Ring (ELENA) facility should further increase the experimental precision.
Hygroscopic behavior of Central European atmospheric background aerosol particles in summer

The hygroscopic properties of size selected regional background aerosol were studied in 8 size ranges, from 62.5 nm to 16 μm. The mass of the aerosol samples was measured gravimetrically under controlled relative humidity (RH). The data showed important variation of the mass growth (GM) as a function of the size. In the fine mode, the highest growth was found at 86% RH in the smallest particle size range (GM= 2.2), while the lowest was found in the 0.25-0.50 μm size interval (GM= 1.4). In the coarse mode, the highest growth was found in the 1-4 μm (GM = 2.1) range. Based on the inorganic ion content of the samples, the water uptake of model aerosol (determined by the Aerosol Inorganics Model (AIM)) was also calculated; and the measured and calculated mass growth rates were compared. We found that fine range particles absorb less water than the modeled aerosol. In the coarse mode, the measured mass growth rate was often higher than the value calculated. Our results showed that in the fine mode the water deficiency (difference between measured and calculated water concentrations) is the function of the total carbon concentration (TC) of the samples (e.g., at 86% RH, 1 μg m -3 TC surplus results in a 2.86 μg m -3 decrease of water concentration). On the basis of mass growth factors, particle diameter growth rates (G) were derived. At K-puszta, G varied between 1.10 and 1.50 at 86% RH. Finally, the power-law function was fitted to both the measured (γ m ) and calculated (γ c ) data. With the application of multi-linear regression, we found that the fine mode γ m can be estimated by the y, and the TC concentration, conversely to the coarse mode.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus: New Insights

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an important marker of future atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, especially in people with diabetes. This article summarizes the evidence on endothelial dysfunction in people with diabetes and adds different perspectives that can affect the presence and severity of ED and its consequences. We highlight that data on ED in type 1 diabetes are lacking and discuss the relationship between ED and arterial stiffness. Several interesting studies have been published showing that ED modulates microRNA, microvesicles, lipid levels, and the endoplasmatic reticulum. A better understanding of ED could provide important insights into the microvascular complications of diabetes, their treatment, and even their prevention.
HSV Color Space and First-order Gradient Based Shadow Suppression Algorithm

提出了一种新的基于HSV颜色信息和一阶梯度信息的阴影剪除算法,该算法运用双重准则检测阴影:准则一利用了HSV颜色空间与人观察彩色的方式十分接近的特性;准则二利用了空间上的一阶梯度信息. 引入一种阴影剪除算法的评估方法,并用之对论文算法的效率进行了量化分析. 实验结果表明该算法能有效剪除视频场景中运动目标的阴影.
A Wide-Band Antenna with Circular Polarization Utilizing a U-Shaped Radiator and Parasitic Strip for Wireless Communications

A circularly polarized (CP) and wide-band monopole antenna with a miniaturized size is suggested in this study. The suggested structure is composed of a U-shaped radiator on the front side, a partial ground plane with two rectangle slots, and a quadrilateral-shaped parasitic strip on the back side of the FR4 substrate. A wide-band operation with S11 ≤ −10 dB was achieved by regulating the radiator and the partial ground that was placed on the second side of the antenna substrate. The CP was achieved when excited two modes with the same amplitude and a 90° phase difference. This could be generated by regulating the slots’ dimensions in the ground plane. Moreover, a quadrilateral-shaped parasitic strip placed on the second side with the partial ground was utilized to extend the 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. The suggested structure is simulated, prototyped, and measured to confirm the desired requirements with a total size of 30 × 32 mm2 (0.4 × 0.42 λ0 at 4 GHz). The tested outcomes have a bandwidth of S11 ≤ −10 dB (81.25%) (5.2 GHz, 3.8–9 GHz) and a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth (30.7%) (1.63 GHz, 4.48–6.11 GHz). The antenna’s different parameters are discussed, which recommend the suggested antenna to be used in UWB, sub 6 GHz, and WLAN wireless applications.
L2 ‐disturbance attenuation for LPV systems under sampled‐data control

This paper focuses on the synthesis of sampled‐data linear parameter‐varying (LPV) control laws. In particular, the problem of L2 disturbance attenuation for continuous‐time LPV systems under aperiodic sampling is addressed. It is explicitly assumed that the LPV controller is updated only at the sampling instants while the plant parameter can evolve continuously between two sampling instants. The proposed approach is based on a polytopic model for the LPV system and the use of a parameter‐dependent looped‐functional to deal with the aperiodic sampling effects. From these ingredients, conditions in a quasi‐LMI form (ie, they are LMIs provided a scalar parameter is fixed) are derived to compute a stabilizing control law ensuring an upper bound on the closed‐loop system L2 ‐gain. These conditions are then incorporated to convex optimization problems aiming at either minimizing the L2 ‐gain upper bound or maximizing the allowable sampling interval for which stability is ensured. Numerical examples illustrate the proposed methodology.
Pengaruh Green Culture, Green Transformational Leadership , Green Human Resource Management Terhadap Green Organizational Citizenship Behavior

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of green culture, green transformational leadership, green human resource management on green organizational citizenship behavior among employees of PT. Rita Ritelindo in Cilacap. Data were collected from two hundred and fifty one employees of PT. Rita Ritelindo in Cilacap with the data collection technique used was purposive sampling. The hypothesis test used in this research is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. The results of testing the hypothesis in this study indicate that there is a positive effect of green culture, green transformational leadership, green human resource management on green organizational citizenship behavior. The managerial implication in this research is how managers should have more frequent conversations or discussions about environmental issues, because environmental factors cannot be predicted, managers must also be braver to be more responsible for encouraging employees to achieve the company's green goals and leaders as well must consider green innovation movements with employees to create a green environment within the company, and also management must have the courage to acknowledge green initiatives publicly so that employees are aware of the importance of being environmentally friendly, and managers are expected to be more courageous in making new practices to improve environmental performance organization in order to create an environment that is healthy, safe and can provide comfort to every employee.