Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trichoderma versus Fusarium—Inhibition of Pathogen Growth and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis

This study evaluated the ability of selected strains of Trichoderma viride, T. viridescens, and T. atroviride to inhibit mycelium growth and the biosynthesis of mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEN), α-(α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) by selected strains of Fusarium culmorum and F. cerealis. For this purpose, an in vitro experiment was carried out on solid substrates (PDA and rice). After 5 days of co-culture, it was found that all Trichoderma strains used in the experiment significantly inhibited the growth of Fusarium mycelium. Qualitative assessment of pathogen–antagonist interactions showed that Trichoderma colonized 75% to 100% of the medium surface (depending on the species and strain of the antagonist and the pathogen) and was also able to grow over the mycelium of the pathogen and sporulate. The rate of inhibition of Fusarium mycelium growth by Trichoderma ranged from approximately 24% to 66%. When Fusarium and Trichoderma were co-cultured on rice, Trichoderma strains were found to inhibit DON biosynthesis by about 73% to 98%, NIV by about 87% to 100%, and ZEN by about 12% to 100%, depending on the pathogen and antagonist strain. A glycosylated form of DON was detected in the co-culture of F. culmorum and Trichoderma, whereas it was absent in cultures of the pathogen alone, thus suggesting that Trichoderma is able to glycosylate DON. The results also suggest that a strain of T. viride is able to convert ZEN into its hydroxylated derivative, β-ZOL.
Numerical prediction of droplet dynamics in turbulent flow, using the level set method

In the present article, the droplet dynamics in turbulent flow is numerically predicted. The modelling is based on an interfacial marker-level set (IMLS) method, coupled with the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations to predict the dynamics of turbulent two-phase flow. The governing equations for time-dependent, two-dimensional and incompressible two-phase flow are described in both phases and solved separately using a control volume approach on structured cell-centred collocated grids. The topological changes of the interface are predicted by applying the level set approach. The kinematic and dynamic conditions on the interface separating the two phases are satisfied. The numerical method proposed is validated against a well-known computational fluid dynamics problem. Further, the deformation and breakup of a single droplet either suddenly moved in air or exposed to turbulent stream are numerically investigated. In general, the developed numerical method demonstrates remarkable capability in predicting the characteristics of complex turbulent two-phase flows.
Optical and Microphysical Properties of Upper Clouds Measured with the Raman Lidar and Hydrometeor Videosonde: A Case Study on 29 March 2004 over Tsukuba, Japan

Abstract Optical and microphysical properties of the upper clouds at an altitude range of 5–11 km were measured over Tsukuba, Japan, on 29–30 March 2004 using a ground-based Raman lidar and a balloon-borne hydrometeor videosonde (HYVIS). The Raman lidar measured the vertical distributions of the particle extinction coefficient, backscattering coefficients, depolarization ratio, and extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) at 532 nm; further, it measured the water vapor mixing ratio. The HYVIS measured the vertical distributions of the particle size, shape, cross-sectional area, and number concentration of the cloud particles by taking microscopic images. The HYVIS measurement showed that the cloud particles were ice crystals whose shapes were columnar, bulletlike, platelike, and irregular, and 7–400 μm in size. The Raman lidar measurement showed that the depolarization ratio ranged from 0% to 35% and the lidar ranged from 0.3 to 30 sr for the clouds in ice-saturated air. The comparison between the me.
Uncertainty principle for discrete Schrödinger evolution on graphs

We consider the Schrödinger evolution on graphs, i.e., solutions to the equation $\partial _t u(t,\alpha ) = i\sum _{\beta \in \mathcal {A}}L(\alpha ,\beta )u(t,\beta )$, where $\mathcal {A}$ is the set of vertices of the graph and the matrix $(L(\alpha ,\beta ))_{\alpha ,\beta \in \mathcal {A}}$ describes interaction between the vertices, in particular two vertices α and β are connected if $L(\alpha ,\beta )\neq 0$. We assume that the graph has a “web-like” structure, i.e., it consists of an inner part, formed by a finite number of vertices, and some threads attach to it.We prove that such a solution $u(t,\alpha )$ cannot decay too fast along one thread at two different times, unless it vanishes at this thread.We also give a characterization of the dimension of the vector space formed by all the solutions of $\partial _t u(t,\alpha ) = i\sum _{\beta \in \mathcal {A}}L(\alpha ,\beta )u(t,\beta )$, when $\mathcal {A}$ is a finite set, in terms of the number of the different eigenvalues of the matrix $L(\,\cdot \,,\,\cdot \,)$.
Quadratic algebra contractions and second-order superintegrable systems

Quadratic algebras are generalizations of Lie algebras; they include the symmetry algebras of second-order superintegrable systems in two dimensions as special cases. The superintegrable systems are exactly solvable physical systems in classical and quantum mechanics. For constant curvature spaces, we show that the free quadratic algebras generated by the first- and second-order elements in the enveloping algebras of their Euclidean and orthogonal symmetry algebras correspond one-to-one with the possible superintegrable systems with potential defined on these spaces. We describe a contraction theory for quadratic algebras and show that for constant curvature superintegrable systems, ordinary Lie algebra contractions induce contractions of the quadratic algebras of the superintegrable systems that correspond to geometrical pointwise limits of the physical systems. One consequence is that by contracting function space realizations of representations of the generic superintegrable quantum system on the 2-sphere (which give the structure equations for Racah/Wilson polynomials) to the other superintegrable systems one obtains the full Askey scheme of orthogonal hypergeometric polynomials.
Convergence on surreals

Using the sign expansion of the surreal numbers, we give a possible notion of convergence for surreal sequences. 1. The surreal numbers We introduce the surreal numbers via their sign expansion. A surreal number X is a function on an ordinal number with range {+,−}. The class of surreals is commonly denoted by No. For example, X : ω → {+,−}, X(i) = + (i = 0, 1, . . . ) denotes ”the” infinite number ω = +, while X(0) = +, X(i) = − (i = 1, 2, . . . ) denotes the infinitesimal number ε = +−ω. The natural numbers have surreal representations as + and the dyadic rationals can be represented on the obvious way. Some other specific surreals are ω + 1 = ++, 2ω = ++, ω 2 = +−, and so on. It is not obvious at all, how should we interpret limits of surreal sequences. For example, the surreal sequence Xn = n should be tend to ω, but, there are many numbers between the integers and ω. We cite J. H. Conway, the ,,inventor” of the surreals [1]: ”For instance, the limit of the sequence 0, 1 2 , 2 3 , 3 4 , . (ω terms) is not 1, at least in the ordinary sense, because there are plenty of numbers in between. A simpler, but sometimes less convincing, example of the same phenomenon is given by the sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, . of all finite ordinals, which one would expect tend to ω, but which obviously can’t since there is a whole Host of numbers greater than every finite integer but less than ω. For the author’s amusement, we recall some of the simplest of them: ω − 1, ω/2, √ ω, ω, . ” That these numbers are indeed between the sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, . and ω can be seen by their sign expansions: ω − 1 = +−, ω 2 = +−, √ ω = + − − · · · − } {{ } ω times! To put the meaning of ”between” in a more precise form, we need the notion of ordering of surreals.
Percolation without FKG

We prove a Russo-Seymour-Welsh theorem for large and natural perturbative families of discrete percolation models that do not necessarily satisfy the Fortuin-Kasteleyn-Ginibre condition of positive association. In particular, we prove the box-crossing property for the antiferromagnetic Ising model with small parameter, and for certain discrete Gaussian fields with oscillating correlation function.
Kaluza-Klein Braneworld Cosmology with Static Internal Dimensions

We investigate the Kaluza-Klein braneworld cosmology from the point of view of observers on the brane. We first generalize the Shiromizu-Maeda-Sasaki (SMS) equations to higher dimensions. As an application, we study a (4 + n)-dimensional brane with n dimensions compactified on the brane, in a (5 + n)-dimensional bulk. By assuming that the size of the internal space is static, that the bulk energy-momentum tensor can be ignored, we determine the effect of the bulk geometry on the Kaluza-Klein braneworld. Then we derive the effective Friedmann equation on the brane. It turns out that the Friedmann equation explicitly depends on the equation of state, in contrast to the braneworld in a 5-dimensional bulk spacetime. In particular, in a radiation-dominated era, the effective Newton constant depends logarithmically on the scale factor. If we include a pressureless matter on the brane, this dependence disappears after the radiation-matter equality. This may be interpreted as stabilization of the Newton constant by the matter on the brane. Our findings imply that the Kaluza-Klein braneworld cosmology is quite different from the conventional Kaluza-Klein cosmology even at low energy.
Promoting Conceptual Coherence within Context-Based Biology Education.

In secondary science education, the learning and teaching of coherent conceptual understanding are often problematic. Context-based education has been proposed as a partial solution to this problem. This study aims to gain insight into the development of conceptual coherence and how context-embedded learning-teaching activities (LT) can promote this. We describe a case study in which a context-based lesson sequence about protein-rich food production was designed and conducted in a 10th-grade biology class. The conceptual framework consisted of transformations of forms of energy and matter in photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and biosynthesis. All relevant concepts and their interconnections (propositions) were captured in a reference concept map. A research scenario was used to evaluate whether the lesson sequence was conducted as intended. Learning outcomes were determined by analyzing written products on the occurrence of propositions from the reference concept map. Additional interviews provided insight into the development of conceptual coherence in relation to three context-embedded LT activities: using graphic visualizations, writing, and concept mapping. The results indicated that students improved in mentioning propositions from the reference concept map. Propositions relating metabolic processes and including forms of energy were still difficult. Finally, successful elements of the three LT activities are considered.
School Leadership, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of Principals in China, Germany, and the USA

We live in times of multiple crises. Climate change, degradation of soils, loss of biodiversity, COVID-19, and the war in Ukraine, to name but a few. School leaders are challenged in many ways to tackle the consequences of these crises, to prepare students for a future that will foreseeably be full of crises too, and to just do their “normal” daily work: to make sure that the school is running successfully in order to help students learn how to read, write, calculate, etc. Education for sustainable development (ESD) is a concept that aims at empowering learners with the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes to address the interconnected global challenges we are facing. This article reports on a study that seeks to investigate what principals in Germany, China, and the United States do to integrate sustainability and ESD in their schools. It specifically addresses the issue of COVID-19 and its impact on the establishment of ESD.
Doppler Imaging of Two Zero-Age Main-Sequence Stars in the Pleiades: HII 686 and HII 3163

Maximum entropy image reconstruction (Doppler imaging) is applied to HII 686 (K4 V, v sin i = 64 km s-1) and HII 3163 (K0 V, v sin i = 70 km s-1), two zero-age main-sequence stars of the Pleiades cluster. Their surface temperature distributions are determined in order to study the nature of magnetic activity in ultrafast rotators of known evolutionary status. Specific intensity line profiles used in the Doppler imaging (DI) algorithm are synthesized. The sensitivity of the reconstructions to the choice of input stellar and atomic data is investigated. The quality of the fit to the average disk-integrated line profile is found to be more important to DI analysis than the exact parameters used to generate the fit when the shape of the disk-integrated line profile is dominated by rotational broadening. Fifteen absorption lines are used to generate 15 individual reconstructions of each Pleiades target. Averaging reduces noise in the reconstructions. However, simulations reveal that spurious features tend to cluster systematically at subobserver longitudes and can therefore persist in the images even after averaging several reconstruction together. Such "phase-ghosting" becomes more severe as the signal-to-noise ratio decreases and does not appear to depend on the spot morphology. HII 686 shows one predominant feature at 77° latitude, which is 860 K cooler than the surrounding photosphere. HII 3163 shows a predominant feature centered at approximately 70° latitude, which has two temperature minima (780 K cooler than the photosphere) separated by approximately 130° in longitude. However, photometric observations suggest that this double-lobed morphology is a consequence of poor phase sampling. One temperature minimum located midway in longitude better reproduces the observed light curve. We are unable to make any reliable detections of low-latitude features on the surface of either star. The results are discussed in light of recent theoretical observations and existing image reconstructions of similar objects. No correlations are found among reconstructions that could be attributed to line characteristics: equivalent width, excitation potential, or depth of formation. This is also true for the Li I and K I resonance lines. Despite their temperature sensitivity, they yield results that are consistent with those determined from lines that are not temperature sensitive. For each object, the chromospheric residual emission (Hα, Ca II 8498 Å) is measured as a function of rotational phase. Maximum emission does not consistently occur at the phase of spot transit.
Obstacles for splitting multidimensional necklaces

The well-known "necklace splitting theorem" of Alon (1987) asserts that every k-colored necklace can be fairly split into q parts using at most t cuts, provided k(q - 1) t + 2 is a sufficient condition (while k > t is necessary). We generalize this result to Euclidean spaces of arbitrary dimension d, and to arbitrary number of parts q. We prove that if k(q - 1) > t + d + q - 1, then there is a measurable k-coloring of R-d such that no axis-aligned cube has a fair q-splitting using at most t axis-aligned hyperplane cuts. Our bound is of the same order as a necessary condition k(q - 1) > t implied by Alon's 1987 work. Moreover, for d = 1, q = 2 we get exactly the result of the 2009 work. Additionally, we prove that if a stronger inequality k(q - 1) > dt + d + q - 1 is satisfied, then there is a measurable k-coloring of R-d with no axis-aligned cube having a fair q-splitting using at most t arbitrary hyperplane cuts. The proofs are based on the topological Baire category theorem and use algebraic independence over suitably chosen fields.
Quartz tuning forks as sensors for attractive-mode force microscopy under ambient conditions

We present investigations of the frequency versus distance behavior of a quartz tuning-fork-based atomic force microscope. We show that if the amplitude of the motion A of the tip is large, then the apparent shape of the tip–surface interaction curve depends on A. For smaller amplitudes of oscillation (A≲3 nm), we find that the shape of the interaction curve becomes independent of A. In this low amplitude limit, a simple relation between the observed frequency shift and the underlying interaction allows quantitative determination of tip–sample forces. Tuning fork sensors open a window for dynamic-mode force microscopy in a regime where conventional microfabricated sensors are overwhelmed by long range capillary forces.
Graded-irreducible modules are irreducible

ABSTRACT We show that if a graded submodule of a Noetherian module cannot be written as a proper intersection of graded submodules, then it cannot be written as a proper intersection of submodules at all. More generally, we show that a natural extension of the index of reducibility to the graded setting coincides with the ordinary index of reducibility. We also investigate the question of uniqueness of the components in a graded-irreducible decomposition, as well as the relation between the index of reducibility of a non-graded ideal and that of its largest graded subideal.
Investigation of methods to set up the normal vector field for the differential method

In Fourier modal methods like the RCWA and the Differential Method the Li-rules for products in truncated Fourier space have to be obeyed in order to achieve good convergence of the results with respect to the mode number. The Lirules have to be applied differently for parts of the field that are tangential and orthogonal to material boundaries. This is achieved in the Differential Method by including a field of vectors in the calculation that are normal to the material boundaries. The same can be done laterally in each layer of an RCWA calculation of a 2-D periodic structure. It turns out that discontinuities in the normal vector field can disturb the computation especially when metallic materials are dominant in the structure which would make the usefulness of the normal vector method questionable. So it is of great importance to investigate how normal vector fields can be established with as few discontinuities as possible. We present various methods for the 2-D RCWA and the 1-D and 2-D Differential Method and compare the respective convergence behaviors. Especially we emphasize methods that are automatic and require as few user input as possible.
$2^\infty$-Selmer groups, $2^\infty$-class groups, and Goldfeld's conjecture

We prove that the $2^\infty$-class groups of the imaginary quadratic fields have the distribution predicted by the Cohen-Lenstra heuristic. Given an elliptic curve E/Q with full rational 2-torsion and no rational cyclic subgroup of order four, we analogously prove that the $2^\infty$-Selmer groups of the quadratic twists of E have distribution as predicted by Delaunay's heuristic. In particular, among the twists E^d with |d| < N, the number of curves with rank at least two is $o(N)$.
A novel imperialist competitive algorithm for bi-criteria scheduling of the assembly flowshop problem

This paper deals with the two-stage assembly flowshop scheduling problem with minimisation of weighted sum of makespan and mean completion time as the objective. The problem is NP-hard, hence we proposed a meta-heuristic named imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) to solve it. Since appropriate design of the parameters has a significant impact on the algorithm efficiency, we calibrate the parameters of this algorithm using the Taguchi method. In comparison with the best algorithm proposed previously, the ICA indicates an improvement. The results have been confirmed statistically.
The Effect of Paracetamol and Codeine Analgesic Combination on Serum Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase Levels in Male Wistar Rats

BACKGROUND: Paracetamol and codeine are classified as different analgesic categories with different mechanism. The combination of both paracetamol and codeine as an analgesic works synergistically and may give better outcome in pain management in moderate-to-severe degree. However, the combination of those analgesics might bring side effects in liver. AIM: This study was to determine the effect of analgesic combination of paracetamol and codeine on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of Wistar rats. METHODS: This study was an experimental study with a pre- and post-test control group design. The study objects were 20 male Wistar rats with certain criteria, which were randomly divided into four groups, that is, control group (C), group with paracetamol therapy alone (32 mg/kgBW), group with codeine therapy alone (1.9 mg/kgBW), and group with combination therapy of paracetamol (32 mg/kgBW) and codeine (1.9 mg/kgBW). Analgesic drugs were administered orally 4 times a day for 28 days with gastric sonde. On the 29th day, blood samples were collected through retro-orbital blood vessels for measuring ALT and AST levels. Statistical tests used were one-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis test. RESULTS: They showed that there were no differences in ALT levels between C, P1, P2, and P3 in both at baseline and post-treatment. However, there were significant increases in ALT levels after treatment in comparison to baseline in the control group (C) (87.2 ± 18.43 vs. 40.6 ± 5.02; p < 0.05), P1 (78.9 ± 8.52 vs. 44.4 ± 1.14; p < 0.05), and P3 (86.4 ± 17.22 vs. 44.0 ± 1.00; p < 0.05). There were no differences in AST levels between C, P1, P2, and P3 at baseline, but there were significantly higher AST levels in P1, P2, and P3 in comparison to control at post-treatment (p < 0.05). There were no differences in AST levels between P1, P2, and P3 at post-treatment (p > 0.05). There were also significant increases in AST levels after treatment in comparison to baseline in the control group (C) (93.9 ± 1.10 vs. 37.7 ± 1.69; p < 0.05), P1 (97.6 ± 1.85 vs. 36.3 ± 1.22; p < 0.05), P2 (97.6 ± 1.70 vs. 37.7 ± 1.73; p < 0.05), and P3 (98.6 ± 0.79 vs. 36.4 ± 1.20; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination therapy of paracetamol and codeine might not bring difference in serum ALT and AST levels compared to paracetamol therapy alone or codeine therapy alone.
Effect of crossing geometry on the plasmonic behavior of dielectric core/metal sheath nanowires

We have shown that dielectric/metal composite nanowires exhibit very strong surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) signals when arranged in a random three-dimensional geometry. Since the intersections of the nanowires are critical in generating the high electric fields necessary for this enhancement, we are investigating this effect under more controlled conditions. We examined nanowire arrays formed by e-beam lithography and we have examined the plasmonic effects, both longitudinal and transverse, due to changes in crossing geometry by specific placements of dielectric/metal nanowires on these arrays. Results indicate significant angular effects on the SERS enhancement supported by electric field calculations.