Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stalin's Forgotten Cure

TBILISI-- Bacteriophage therapy, pioneered in Stalin-era Russia, is attracting renewed attention in the West as a potential weapon against drug-resistant bugs and hard-to-treat infections. Phages--viruses that infect bacteria--could soon find a role as a treatment for burns, diabetic ulcers, and other open wounds, although experts concur that these viral breeds are unlikely to knock antibiotics off their pedestal for most infections.
Probabilistic Projections of the Total Fertility Rate for All Countries

We describe a Bayesian projection model to produce country-specific projections of the total fertility rate (TFR) for all countries. The model decomposes the evolution of TFR into three phases: pre-transition high fertility , the fertility transition, and post-transition low fertility. The model for the fertility decline builds on the United Nations Population Division's current Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article 816 L. Alkema et al. deterministic projection methodology, which assumes that fertility will eventually fall below replacement level. It models the decline in TFR as the sum of two logistic functions that depend on the current TFR level, and a random term. A Bayesian hierarchical model is used to project future TFR based on both the country's TFR history and the pattern of all countries. It is estimated from United Nations estimates of past TFR in all countries using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The post-transition low fertility phase is modeled using an autoregressive model, in which long-term TFR projections converge toward and oscillate around replacement level. The method is evaluated using out-of-sample projections for the period since 1980 and the period since 1995, and is found to be well calibrated.
Provenance analysis and tectonic setting of the Ordovician clastic deposits in the southern Puna Basin, NW Argentina

Provenance studies on Early to Middle Ordovician clastic formations of the southern Puna basin in north‐western Argentina indicate that the sedimentary detritus is generally composed of reworked crustal material. Tremadoc quartz‐rich turbidites (Tolar Chico Formation, mean composition Qt89 F7 L4) are followed by volcaniclastic rocks and greywackes (Tolillar Formation, mean Qt33 F42 L25). These are in turn overlain by volcaniclastic deposits (mean Qt24 F30 L46) of the Diablo Formation (late Arenig–early Llanvirn) that are intercalated by lava flows. All units were deformed in the Oclóyic Orogeny during the Middle and Late Ordovician. Sandstones of the Tolar Chico Formation are characterized by Th/Sc ratios > 1, La/Sc ratios ≈ 10, whereas associated fine‐grained wackes show slightly lower values for both ratios. LREE (light rare earth elements) enrichment of the arenites is ≈ 50× chondrite, Eu/Eu* values are between 0·72 and 0·92, and flat HREE (heavy rare earth elements) patterns indicate a derivation from mostly felsic rocks of typical upper crustal composition. The εNd(t = sed) values scatter around −11 to −9. The calculated Nd‐TDM residence ages vary between 1·8 and 2·0 Ga indicating contribution by a Palaeoproterozoic crustal component. The Th/Sc and La/Sc ratios of the Tolillar Formation are lower than those of the Tolar Chico Formation. Normalized REE (rare earth elements) patterns display a similar shape to PAAS (post‐Archaean average Australian shale) but with higher abundances of HREEs. Eu/Eu* values range between 0·44 and 1·17, where the higher values reflect the abundance of plagioclase and feldspar‐bearing volcanic lithoclasts. Average εNd(t = sed) values are less negative at −5·1, and Nd‐TDM are lower at 1·6 Ga. This is consistent with characteristics of regional rocks of upper continental crust composition, which most probably represent the sources of the studied detritus. The rocks of the Diablo Formation have the lowest Th/Sc and La/Sc ratios, lower LREE abundances than the average continental crust and are slightly enriched in HREEs. Eu/Eu* values are between 0·63 and 1·17. The Nd isotopes (εNd(t = sed) = −3 to −1; TDM = 1·2 Ga) indicate that one source component was less fractionated than both the underlying Early Ordovician and the overlying Middle Ordovician units. Synsedimentary vulcanites in the Diablo Formation show the same isotopic composition. Our data indicate that the sedimentary detritus is generally composed of reworked crustal material, but that the Diablo Formation appears to contain ≈ 80% of a less fractionated component, derived from a contemporaneous continental volcanic arc. There are no data indicating an exotic detrital source or the accretion of an exotic block at this part of the Gondwana margin during the Ordovician.
Infrasonic waves and volcanic tremor at Stromboli

The origin of the volcanic tremor is still under debate. Many theories have been proposed in the last years, but none has yet been completely accepted. In 1993, highly sensitive pressure sensors (2.175 Pa/Volt) used to monitor the explosive activity at Stromboli have revealed unexpected correlation between small spike-shaped pressure signals (1–2 Pa) and volcanic tremor. These pressure pulses repeat regularly in time with a recurrent period of ca. 1 s. Video camera images allowed us to correlate the pressure pulses with small gas bursts occurring at one of the active vents. The striking correlation (0.971) between infrasonic and seismic energy fluctuations is particularly meaningful in the frequency domain. Infrasonic and seismic signal share the same spectral content (3 Hz) for every station within a range of 700 m around the craters. Correlations in time and frequency domain remained unaltered during the 1994 field experiments. Moreover, during 1994, the increased degassing activity has been followed by an increase in pressure release (7–8 Pa) and by a shift towards higher frequencies (8 Hz) both in the infrasonic and seismic records. Infrasonic waves and volcanic tremor show similar energy fluctuations and frequency contents, appearing therefore to be produced by the same dynamical process. On this basis, we claim that volcanic tremor at Stromboli originates by continuous outbursting of small gas bubbles in the upper part of the magmatic column.
Climate sensitivity of the ice cap of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

A two-dimensional vertically integrated ice-flow model has been used to simulate the current state of the ice cap of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, as well as the sensitivity of this state to climate change. The model was forced by an energy-balance model that generates the specific mass balance from climatological input data of two research stations. It proved difficult to simulate-satisfactorily the entire geometry of the present-day ice cap. Nevertheless, it was possible to simulate a steady-state ice cap whose volume and areal extent approximate the (estimated) current situation. Several experiments have indicated that this state is highly sensitive to climate change. The model predicts that cooling by 1 K will increase the ice volume by 10% and warming by 1 K will decrease it by 36%. A 10% change in precipitation will alter the ice volume by less than 8%. Application of the IPCC-90 Business-as-Usual scenario leads to a 55% reduction in the ice volume by the year AD 2100, compared to the present-day situation. The response of the ice cap to warming is therefore totally different from the response of the main Antarctic ice sheet which is believed to gain mass by increasing temperatures.
Study on bi-color phase measurement deflectometry

Phase Measuring Deflectometry(PMD), which is aimed at testing specular free-form surfaces, has been developed in recent years. Normally, two sets of sinusoidal fringe patterns are needed, i.e. horizontal and vertical fringe patterns. So it will be time-consuming in PMD system while pursing high accuracy. Here we propose a Bi-color PMD system that will produce one frame fringe consisting of two interlaced RGB format base color fringe patterns, i.e. vertical pattern and horizontal pattern. The fringe patterns could be captured by color camera and the absolute phase will be got by phase-shift technique. It could lead to a faster measuring process and make PMD technique more useful.
Three-dimensional landscape process modelling : the effect of DEM resolution

Many landscape models have been developed over the past decades; however, relatively little is known about handling the effects of changing spatial and temporal resolutions. Therefore, resolution effects remain a factor of uncertainty in many hydrological and geomorphological modelling approaches. In this paper we present an experimental multi-scale study of landscape process modelling. Emphasis was laid on quantifying the effect of changing the spatial resolution upon modelling the processes of erosion and sedimentation. A simple single process model was constructed and equal boundary conditions were created. Using artificial digital elevation models (DEMs) eliminated effects of landscape representation. The only variable factors were DEM resolution and the method of flow routing, both steepest descent and multiple flow directions. Our experiments revealed an important dependency of modelled erosion and sedimentation rates on these main variables. The general trend is an increase of erosion predictions with coarser resolutions. An artificial mathematical overestimation of erosion and a realistic natural modelling effect of underestimating resedimentation cause this. Increasing the spatial extent eliminates the artificial effect while at the same time the realistic effect is enhanced. Both effects can be quantified and are expected to increase within natural landscapes. The modelling of landscape processes will benefit from integrating these types of results at different resolutions
Model-Based Visual Navigation System For A Mobile Robot

A model-based visual navigation system developed at the University of Oulu is described. The system consists of a hierarchy of processing levels where low level stages are data driven and the highest stage is model driven. With passive three-camera stereovision a sparse depth map of the scene is produced. Descriptions of important local scene structures are extracted using the properties of edge segments and relations between neighboring segments. The nature of the environment and world constraints are exploited to support extraction of the description. Prior knowledge of the world is used for global path finding, aiding scene analysis and providing feedback information to close the control loop between planned and actual movements.
Source of the baroclinic waves in the southeast Indian Ocean

The dynamics of the seasonal and interannual sea level variability in the southeast Indian Ocean are investigated using a simple model of low-frequency quasi-geostrophic thermocline variability in order to determine whether the observed variability responds primarily to local or remote forcing. This region is important for climate studies, in relation to the interannual variations of the tropical oceans and atmosphere. The eastern Indian Ocean is directly forced by the strong seasonal monsoons as well as by a remote ocean forcing from the tropical Indian Ocean and by the western Pacific via the Indonesian Throughflow. As a result, the dynamics of the southeast Indian Ocean are unique, with unusually large variability and bands of energetic Rossby waves. The annual wave signal around 10°S is clearly marked and a band of propagating mesoscale variability between 20° and 35°S extends across the entire Indian Ocean, with characteristic timescales between 100 and 200 days. There is also strong interannual variability. To investigate the origin of the observed long baroclinic waves, we use a simple reduced gravity model allowing the radiation of long waves due to Ekman pumping and the radiation of long waves from the eastern boundary. Eastern boundary conditions are given by expendable bathythermograph data. In the band 10°–15°S the thermocline depth oscillation corresponds mainly to waves radiating from wind forcing in the east. Their amplitude is strongly damped west of 90°E. In the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (STIO) the influence of free waves emanating from the eastern boundary is small but significant. In addition, a strong interannual signal appears to originate from Lombok Strait to the north and propagates southwestward into the STIO. In the band 20°–35°S the observed waves appear to be free waves generated by eastern boundary processes.
Mode shift in the Indian Ocean climate under global warming stress

A 115‐year coral record from Kenya has been found to preserve the history of rainfall anomalies in East Africa in relation to global warming‐induced Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) variability. The coral IOD index demonstrates a dominantly decadal periodicity in the early part of the 20th century. This low‐frequency IOD occurred more frequently before 1924 with mostly quasi‐biennial ranging from 18 months to 3 years events since 1960. The mode shift has also coincided with an intensified coupling with Indian summer monsoon rainfall. We suggest that a warming of the western Indian Ocean, which has attenuated and replaced the El Niño/Southern Oscillation effect over the Indian Ocean, has driven the observed shift.
The effect of anisotropy on the Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios of shales

Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are required for geomechanics applications such as hydraulic fracture design, analysis of wellbore stability and rock failure, determination of in situ stress and assessment of the response of reservoirs and surrounding rocks to changes in pore pressure and stress. Shales are usually anisotropic and models that neglect shale anisotropy may fail to describe geomechanical behaviour correctly. Anisotropy in shales results from a partial alignment of anisotropic clay particles, kerogen inclusions, microcracks, low‐aspect ratio pores and layering. For shales, the Young's modulus measured parallel to bedding E1 is usually greater than the Young's modulus measured perpendicular to bedding E3. However, the Poisson's ratio ν31 corresponding to stress applied perpendicular to bedding and strain measured parallel to bedding can be greater than, equal to, or less than the Poisson's ratio ν12 for stress applied parallel to bedding and strain measured parallel to bedding.
Hydrochemistry and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in Naini Industrial Area, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh

The chemical characteristics of groundwater in and around the industrial area of Naini district, Allahabad have been studied to evaluate the suitability of water for irrigation and domestic uses. Sixty five water samples representing the shallow and deep groundwater of the area were collected and analysed for pH, EC, TDS, HCO 3 , CO 3 , SO 4 , Cl, Ca, Mg, Na and K. It is observed that the quality of the groundwater is suitable for domestic use with some exception. The observed high quantity of heavy metals at some sites requires immediate attention and detailed study. The calculated values of SAR, RSC and sodium percentage indicate the good to permissible quality of water. However, the high sodium percentage and RSC values at certain sites restrict its suitability for agricultural purposes.
Earliest record of the fossil snake Palaeophis from the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in Denmark

The earliest record of Palaeophis ever found in Denmark is here based on vertebrae described from the Paleocene/Eocene Stolleklint Clay of the Isle of Mors (northern Denmark). Although much smaller, they appear quite similar to the Eocene vertebra described from the Fur Formation in the same area, and all belong to the "primitive" grade of Palaeophis species, although a more precise identification cannot be provided at the moment.
Hydro-Geochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Beneath the Gaza Strip

The main objective of the current research is to investigate the deterioration of groundwater quality due to the over-pumping in the coastal area of the Gaza Strip. One hundred and two (102) samples from 44 municipal water wells in the Gaza Strip were collected and analyzed for major cations like, Ca2+ and Mg2+ by Titration, Na+ and K+ by Flame photometer; anions like, Cl- and HCO3- by Titration, NO3- by spectrophotometer and SO42- by turbidity meter. The groundwater in the region mainly consists of NaCl, CaHCO3-and NaHCO3-. The saline load of groundwater is in first place controlled by chloride, sodium and calcium concentrations. The spatial changes of ionic ratios of rCa2+/(rHCO3- +? rSO42-) and the relationship between sodium and chloride in the coastal area indicate that the aquifer experienced sea-water intrusion.
Impact of East Asian winter monsoon on rainfall over southeastern China and its dynamical process

The present study investigates the impact of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) on winter (January, February, and March, or JFM in short) rainfall over southeastern China (including South China and central eastern China) and its dynamical process by using station observations for the period 1951–2003 and the ERA‐40 reanalysis for the period 1958–2002. It is found that there is a significant correlation between interannual variations of the EAWM and JFM rainfall over southeastern China. Analyses show that in weak EAWM years southwesterly anomalies at 700 hPa dominate over South China Sea, which transports more moisture into southeastern China, favouring rainfall increase. At the same time, the East Asian westerly jet weakens and displaces southward, contributing to the increase in ascending motion over southeastern China. The air temperature over southeastern China shows an obvious decrease at 300 hPa and increase near the surface. This enhances the convective instability and weakens the potential vorticity (PV), which explains the strengthening of ascending motion and the increase in JFM rainfall over southeastern China. In addition, the EAWM has impacts independent of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on JFM rainfall over southeastern China. Moreover, the rainfall anomalies over central eastern China are more closely related to the EAWM than that in South China. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The Impact of Different Absolute Solar Irradiance Values on Current Climate Model Simulations

AbstractSimulations of the preindustrial and doubled CO2 climates are made with the GISS Global Climate Middle Atmosphere Model 3 using two different estimates of the absolute solar irradiance value: a higher value measured by solar radiometers in the 1990s and a lower value measured recently by the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. Each of the model simulations is adjusted to achieve global energy balance; without this adjustment the difference in irradiance produces a global temperature change of 0.4°C, comparable to the cooling estimated for the Maunder Minimum. The results indicate that by altering cloud cover the model properly compensates for the different absolute solar irradiance values on a global level when simulating both preindustrial and doubled CO2 climates. On a regional level, the preindustrial climate simulations and the patterns of change with doubled CO2 concentrations are again remarkably similar, but there are some differences. Using a higher absolute solar irradiance value and .
GROWTH OF LOCAL RICE GENOTYPES PLANTED CENTER PADDY PRODUCTION IN WEST SUMATERA

Growth of genotype local rice is very important to develop in any environment especially in paddy production centers area. Growth performances especially biomass and yield of seven genotypes of rice were evaluated at four locations in west sumatera. The experiment was carried out in Solok, Bukittinggi, Pariaman and Pesisir Selatan district. The seven genotypes were planted in a randomized block design with four replications. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Result of experiment showed there are interactions between genotype and location on biomass and yield. Cantiak Manih and Mundam genotype planted in Pesisir Selatan had the highest biomass among the other genotype, while Ciredek, Bakwan and Sarai Serumpun had the highest biomass when planted in Bukittinggi. Cantiak Manih planted in Solok is the highest yield among the others genotypes. All of the genotype had higher yield when planted in highland.
Recognising the impact of climate on CCS of sugarcane across tropical and sub-tropical regions of the Australian sugar industry.

CCS decline in the wet tropics has been associated with the GCTB harvest system, extraneous matter, suckers, lodging and pest damage, yet there has been no integrated analysis of any underlying impact of climate on CCS. Such an analysis is presented in this paper through development of statistical models to estimate weekly CCS from climate variables and date of harvest for Condong, Moreton, Babinda and Mourilyan mills from 1987–1999. Three models were developed: a regional model for each of the geographic regions and a global model for the combined data. Average difference between actual weekly CCS and that estimated from relevant regional models was within 5% to 8% of weekly mill average CCS for 72% and 93% of years, respectively. Similarly, average CCS residuals for the global model were within the above categories for 65% and 91% of years, respectively. The models were most suited to estimation of CCS prior to calendar weeks 43–47 (late October to late November), after which CCS was overestimated in years where there was a rapid decline in actual CCS. The otherwise satisfactory performance of the global model demonstrates the underlying impact of climate on CCS across regions. Regional and global models were validated against weekly CCS for each mill in the 2000 season, where there was good agreement between actual and estimated CCS (r 2 = 0.86–0.94). The declining trend in radiation and diurnal temperature range during the 1990s and an increase in rainfall during the harvest had a negative impact on CCS.
The sensitivity of ozone to nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in regional ozone episodes

The authors examine the sensitivity of ozone concentrations in rural areas of the US to emissions of NO{sub x} and hydrocarbons using a regional photochemical model. Ozone production in rural areas appears to be limited by the availability of NO{sub x}. Rural ozone is strongly dependent on emission rates for NO{sub x} but is almost independent of hydrocarbons. This relationship is quite different from that in urban air, where ozone levels depend on both NO{sub x} and hydrocarbons. The predicted relationship between ozone and nitrogen oxides appears to be consistent with observations in rural air. For the low NO{sub x} regime (< 2 ppb) in rural areas, increases in NO{sub x} lead to increases in OH and to corresponding increases in the oxidation rate of hydrocarbons and in levels of ozone. Ozone concentrations in urban plumes appear to be related to regional scale production in addition to production within the plume.
Water in the mantle

Subducting slabs transport water stored in hydrous minerals into the transition zone and lower mantle. The water storage capacity of the upper and lower mantles is less than 0.2 wt%. The transition zone has a storage capacity of approximately 0.5-1 wt% due to a water solubility of about 1-3 wt% in wadsleyite and ringwoodite, which are the major constituents of the transition zone. Thus, the transition zone may be a major water reservoir in the Earth9s interior. Recent geophysical observations suggest the existence of the hydrated transition zone beneath subduction zones. Water or hydrogen may be transported as far as the bottom of the lower mantle by reacting with metallic iron in the lower mantle to form hydrous phases or iron hydride.