Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Opinion: Tropical cirrus – from micro-scale processes to climate-scale impacts

Abstract. Tropical cirrus clouds, i.e., any type of ice cloud with tops above 400 hPa, play a critical role in the climate system and are a major source of uncertainty in our understanding of global warming. Tropical cirrus clouds involve processes spanning a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from ice microphysics on cloud scales to mesoscale convective organization and planetary wave dynamics. This complexity makes tropical cirrus clouds notoriously difficult to model and has left many important questions stubbornly unanswered. At the same time, their multi-scale nature makes them well-positioned to benefit from the rise of global, high-resolution simulations of Earth's atmosphere and a growing abundance of remotely sensed and in situ observations. Rapid progress on our understanding of tropical cirrus requires coordinated efforts to take advantage of these modern computational and observational abilities. In this opinion paper, we review recent progress in cirrus studies, highlight important unanswered questions, and discuss promising paths forward. Significant progress has been made in understanding the life cycle of convectively generated “anvil” cirrus and the response of their macrophysical properties to large-scale controls. On the other hand, much work remains to be done to fully understand how small-scale anvil processes and the climatological anvil radiative effect will respond to global warming. Thin, in situ formed cirrus clouds are now known to be closely tied to the thermal structure and humidity of the tropical tropopause layer, but microphysical uncertainties prevent a full understanding of this link, as well as the precise amount of water vapor entering the stratosphere. Model representation of ice-nucleating particles, water vapor supersaturation, and ice depositional growth continue to pose great challenges to cirrus modeling. We believe that major advances in the understanding of tropical cirrus can be made through a combination of cross-tool synthesis and cross-scale studies conducted by cross-disciplinary research teams.
Advances in Causal Representation Learning: Discovery of the Hidden World

Can we find the causal direction between two random variables without temporal precedence information? How can we figure out where latent causal variables should be and how they are related? In our daily life and science, people often attempt to answer such causal questions for the purpose of understanding, proper manipulation of systems, and robust prediction under interventions. Accordingly, finding causality and making use of it is an essential problem in scientific discovery and engineering. Traditional causal discovery approaches [1], such as the PC algorithm and GES, mainly focus on finding causal relations among measured variables, even in the presence of latent confounders (see, e.g., the FCI algorithm). However, in a wide range of real problems, we even do not know what the causal variables are or they are not measurable. That is, measured variables (e.g., image pixels values, insurance claims, and survey responses) are often reflections of the underlying causal variables involved in the generating process, but not the causal variables themselves. For instance, in psychometric studies, the answer scores to questionnaire questions are not directly causally related, but generated by the underlying mental conditions, which might be causally related to each other. Causal representation learning aims to reveal the underlying high-level hidden causal variables, their causal relations, and how they are causally related to the measured variables [2]. It can be seen as a special case of causal discovery. To achieve reliable causal discovery and causal representation learning, two issues are to be addressed. One is to formulate what footprint or constraints causality leaves in observational data; the other is how to guarantee that the estimated result is consistent with the underlying causal process. Interestingly, the modularity property of a causal system implies properties of minimal changes and independent changes in causal modules, and we show that instantiations of such properties make it possible to recover the underlying causal representations from observational data with identifiability guarantees: under appropriate assumptions, the learned representations are consistent with the underlying causal process up to certain types of indeterminacies.
A generalised ecohydrological landscape classification for 1 assessing ecosystem risk in Australia due to an altering water 2 regime 3

10 Describing and classifying a landscape for environmental impact and risk assessment purposes is a non-trivial 11 challenge, as standard landscape classifications that cater for region specific impacts do not exist. Assessing 12 impacts on ecosystems from extraction of water resources across large regions requires linking of landscape 13 features to their water requirements. We present the rationale and implementation of an ecohydrological 14 classification for regions where coal mine and coal seam gas developments may impact on water. Our 15 classification provides the essential framework for modelling the potential impact of hydrological changes from 16 future coal resource developments at the landscape level. 17 We develop an attribute-based system that provides representations of the ecohydrological entities and their 18 connection to landscape features and make use of existing broad-level, classification schemes into an attribute- 19 based system. We incorporate a rule-set with prioritisation, which underpin risk modelling and make the scheme 20 resource efficient, where spatial landscape or ecosystem classification schemes, developed for other purposes, 21 already exist. 22 A consistent rule-set and conceptualised landscape processes and functions allow combining diverse data with 23 existing classification schemes. This makes the classification transparent, repeatable, and adjustable, should new 24 data become available. We apply the approach in three geographically different regions, with widely disparate 25 information sources for the classification and provide a detailed example of its application. We propose that it is 26 widely applicable around the world for linking ecohydrology to environmental impacts.
An asymptotic preserving scheme for a bifluid Euler-Lorentz system.

The present work is devoted to the simulation of a strongly ma g- netized plasma considered as a mixture of an ion fluid and an el ectron fluid. For the sake of simplicity, we assume that the model is isothe rmal and de- scribed by Euler equations coupled with a term representing the Lorentz force. Moreover we assume that both Euler systems are coupled throu gh a quasi- neutrality constraint of the form n i = n e . The numerical method which is described in the present document is based on an Asymptotic- Preserving semi- discretization in time of a variant of this two-fluid Euler-L orentz model with a small perturbation of the quasi-neutrality constraint. F irstly, we present the two-fluid model and the motivations for introducing a small p erturbation into the quasi-neutrality equation, then we describe the time se mi-discretization of the perturbed model and a fully-discrete finite volume sch eme based on it. Finally, we present some numerical results which have been o btained with this method.
WEAK AND QUADRATIC HYPONORMALITY OF 2-VARIABLE WEIGHTED SHIFTS AND THEIR EXAMPLES

Abstract. Recently, Curto, Lee and Yoon considered the properties (such as, hyponormality, subnormality, and flatness, etc.) for 2-variable weighted shifts and constructed several families of commuting pairs of subnormal operators such that each family can be used to answer a conjecture of Curto, Muhly and Xia negatively. In this paper, we consider the weak and quadratic hyponormality of 2-variable weighted shifts (W1,W2). In addition, we detect the weak and quadratic hyponormality with some interesting 2-variable weighted shifts.
Marine reservoir ages for coastal West Africa

Abstract. We measured the 14C age of pre-bomb suspension-feeding bivalves of known age from coastal West Africa across a latitudinal transect extending from 33∘ N to 15∘ S. The specimens are from collections belonging to the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France). They were carefully chosen to ensure that the specimens were collected alive or that they died not long before collection. From the 14C dating of the known-age bivalves, we calculated the marine reservoir age (as ΔR and R values) for each specimen. ΔR values were calculated relative to the Marine20 calibration curve, and the R values were calculated relative to Intcal20 or SHcal20 calibration curves. Except for five outliers, the ΔR and R values were generally homogenous with weighted mean values of −72 ± 42 14C years (1 SD, n=24) and 406 ± 56 14C years (1 SD, n=24) respectively. These values are typical of low-latitude marine reservoir age values. Five suspension-feeding species living in five different ecological habitats were studied. For localities where several species were available, the results yielded similar results whatever the species considered, suggesting that, in these locations, the habitat has only a limited impact on marine reservoir age reconstruction. We show that our measured marine reservoir ages follow the declining trend of the global marine reservoir age starting ca. 1900 CE, suggesting that the marine reservoir age of coastal West Africa is driven, at least to the first order, by the atmospheric CO2 14C ageing due to fossil fuel burning rather than by local effects. Each outlier was discussed. Local upwelling conditions or sub-fossil specimens may explain the older 14C age and thus the larger marine reservoir ages for these samples. Bucardium ringens might not be the best choice for marine reservoir age reconstructions.
A Cryptographic Layer for the Interoperability of CBDC and Cryptocurrency Ledgers

—Cryptocurrencies are used in several, distinct use cases, thereby sustaining the existence of many ledgers that are heterogeneous in terms of design and purpose. In addition, the interest of central banks in deploying Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) has spurred a blooming number of conceptually different proposals from central banks and academia. As a result of the diversity of cryptocurrency and CBDC ledgers, interoperability, i.e., the seamless transfer of value between users that operate on different ledgers, has become an interesting research problem. In fact, interoperability has been explored both in CBDC and cryptocurrencies, and numerous proposals exist. However, these proposals are tailored to the characteristics of the ledgers for which they are designed. For instance, some rely on trusted hardware, others rely on the scripting capabilities of the underlying ledger or on specific cryptographic assumptions of the transaction authorization mechanism (e.g., adaptor signatures), while others rely on a trusted entity. This fragmentation results in the repetitive development of interoperablity protocols that address the same applications across the various ledgers. In this work, we propose an alternative approach: decouple the transaction authorization details of each ledger from the definition of cross-ledger applications. To do so, we define a middle layer that abstracts the core functionality for autho-rizing transactions in any ledger and the security notions of interest. This middle layer serves two purposes: (i) it becomes the main cryptographic building block to (re)define cross-ledger applications in a ledger agnostic manner; (ii) for any ledger that exists (and the new to come), it suffices to prove that it is a secure instance of the middle layer to be compatible with cross-ledger protocols. We define two new primitives for our middle layer, the basic payment ledger (BL) and the conditional payment ledger (CL). We prove that the two most common transaction authorization mechanism (digital signatures and zero knowledge proofs) are secure constructions for BL. We also prove that common smart contracts (e
Iterative Algorithms for Solving Finite Sequential Zero-Sum

Non-cooperative game theory belongs to theoretic foundations of multi-agent systems describing the optimal behavior of rational agents in competitive scenarios (termed games). Problem of finding optimal strategies and solving games is one of the classical problems of computer science and there is a continuous effort to push the scalability by designing new efficient algorithms able to solve large games. We focus on finite, strictly competitive sequential scenarios where agents sequentially perform their actions and observe some changes in the environment. We introduce a collection of novel exact algorithms that improve scalability in three different classes of sequential games compared to existing state-of-the-art exact algorithms. First, we study games where agents act simultaneously in each state of the game, while they are able to perfectly observe this state. Second, we move to a more general class of games where agents cannot perfectly observe the current state and study extensive-form games with imperfect information. In these games we assume that agents can perfectly remember the history of their own actions and all information gained during the course of the game. Third, we relax this restriction and allow an agent to forget certain information, while assuming limited observability of the actions of the opponent. We experimentally evaluate the performance of each of the novel algorithms on a collection of games from the corresponding class and compare against the state-of-the-art algorithms. The results confirm significant improvement in memory and typically also computation time, often in orders of magnitude, demonstrating that our novel algorithms are able to solve much larger games.
Visual impact beam plots: Analyzing research profiles and bibliometric metrics using the following-leading clustering algorithm (FLCA)

Background: A new approach to showcasing author publications on a website involves using a visual representation instead of the conventional paper list. The creation of an impact beam plot (IBP) as a research profile for individuals is crucial, especially when incorporating collection edges that include self-cited articles through a rare cluster analysis technique not commonly found in the literature. This study presents the application of a unique method called the following-leading clustering algorithm (FLCA) to generate IBPs for 3 highly productive authors. Methods: For the 3 highly productive authors, Sung-Ho Jang from South Korea, Chia-Hung Kao from Taiwan, and Chin-Hsiao Tseng from Taiwan, all their published articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection were downloaded. Sung-Ho Jang published 593 articles, Chia-Hung Kao published 732 articles, and Chin-Hsiao Tseng published 160 articles. To analyze and showcase their publications, the FLCA was utilized. This algorithm helped cluster their articles and identify representative publications for each author. To assess the effectiveness and validity of the FLCA algorithm, both network charts and heatmaps with dendrograms were employed. IBPs were then created and compared for each of the 3 authors, taking into consideration their h-index, x-index, and self-citation rate. This allowed for a comprehensive visual representation of their research impact and citation patterns. Results: The results show that these authors’ h-index, x-index, and self-citation rates were (37, 44.01, 1.66%), (42, 61.47, 0.23%), and (37, 40.3, 6.62%), respectively. A higher value in these metrics indicates a more remarkable research achievement. A higher self-citation rate with a lower cluster number indicates that manuscripts are more likely to have been self-drafted. Using the FLCA algorithm, IBPs were successfully generated for each author. Conclusion: The FLCA algorithm allows for the easy generation of visual IBPs based on authors’ publication profiles. These IBPs incorporate 3 important bibliometric metrics: h-index, x-index, and self-citations. These metrics are highly recommended for use by researchers globally, particularly with the self-citation rate, as they offer valuable insights into the scholarly impact and citation patterns of individual researchers.
Caquinte Referring Expressions: At-issueness and Information Structure

One of the more interesting facts about human language is that we can use different forms to refer to the same thing, and the same form can be used to refer to many different things. Yet people somehow manage to understand one another.The question then is: what do speakers/writers know that enables them to choose an appropriate form to refer to a particular object and what do hearers/readers know that enables them to identify correctly the intended referent of a particular form?
Mutual coupling reduction in planar antenna by graphene metasurface for THz application

Abstract This paper presents an effective approach to mitigate mutual coupling between two densely packed planar antenna operating at the lower THz frequency band by incorporating a graphene-based metasurface. The graphene metasurface has been designed using Electric inductive capacitive (ELC) resonator on the both sides of a silicon substrate. The metasurface is designed to provide band stop functionality in the operating bandwidth of the antenna. Here, surface impedance model of the graphene is used for analysing the metasurface layer. Throughout the operating band of the antenna, coupling suppression of 8–12 dB is obtained with element separation of less than . Thus, this proposed approach can be utilized to mitigate mutual coupling between antennas in THz application.
Facetness of Partition Inequalities of the p−vertex Spanning Subtree Polytope of a Graph

: Given an undirected graph G = (V,E) , with |V| = n , we consider an integer linear description of the polytope P T (G) of p − vertex spanning subtrees. A p − vertex spanning subtree is a subtree that spans p < n vertices of G . The linear description of the polytope P T (G) is mainly based on well known partition inequalities. The purpose of this paper is to study the facetness of partition inequalities of the polytope P T (G). In a different approach as what is usually done, we first address constructive algorithms generating p − vertex spanning subtrees that incidence vectors are affinely independent. After, we apply such algorithms to show the facetness of these partition inequalities of P T (G) .
Endometrial Aspiration Cytology: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study of Its Efficacy and Sensitivity in Diagnosing Gynecological Disorders

Introduction Endometrial aspiration cytology (EAC) is a noninvasive, rapid, and cost-effective procedure for diagnosing gynecological disorders. This study aimed to validate endometrial aspiration as a routine, safe, and efficient outpatient diagnostic procedure, correlating its findings with histopathology evaluations to facilitate early surgical planning for patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study involved patients of reproductive, menopausal, and postmenopausal age groups who presented with diverse gynecological concerns that required dilatation and curettage. Endometrial aspiration was performed using a Karman cannula (Angiplast Pvt. Ltd., Vatva, India), and the obtained material was prepared into smears and stained for evaluation. Sampling adequacy, the nature of glandular and stromal cells, phasing of the endometrium, and other abnormalities were assessed and correlated with histology to examine the diagnostic utility of endometrial cytology. Results EAC showed 90.66% sampling adequacy with the Karman cannula. The sensitivity of EAC for diagnosing benign and malignant conditions was 88.7% and 100%, respectively. Conditions including secretory endometrium, proliferative phase, tuberculous endometritis, and glandular hyperplasia were diagnosed using EAC and confirmed by histopathology. Six malignancies were successfully diagnosed on cytology smears, while challenges in differentiation and sampling errors were recognized as limitations of the technique. Conclusions This study established EAC as a highly sensitive, minimally invasive preliminary diagnostic tool for gynecological disorders, particularly effective in diagnosing malignancy. Despite certain limitations, the procedure’s ease, cost-effectiveness, and safety underscore its potential for routine use by surgeons.
Impact of Research Methodology Training on Research Skill Development of Faculties

The study aims to analyze the perception of faculties on their research skill development through research methodology training conducted by Bagiswori College, a renowned community college in Bhaktapur district affiliated to Tribhuvan University. The training schedule, teaching pedagogy and learning environment are taken as independent variables and research skill development is taken as dependent variable. Data are collected through closed ended questionnaire. Five point Likert scale using strongly disagree, disagree, agree to some extent, agree, strongly agree was made to know the perception of participated faculties on research skill development through research methodology training. The study has used regression, mean score, t-test and F-test for the analysis of data. The study has found that the teaching pedagogy and the learning environment of research methodology training have significant impact on perceived faculties’ research skill development and training schedule of research methodology training has not significant impact on perceived faculties’ research skill development.
KK Theory and K Theory for Type II Strings Formalism

Type-II emphasizing Type-II(B) in Ramond–Ramond Sector has been analysed and computed from the Atiyah–Hirzebruch spectral sequence taking sheets for the concerned values of and for for ; several varieties of K–Theories where a transitive approach has been shown from the KK–Theory to K–Theory to String Theory concerning Fredholm modules of Atiyah–Singer Index Theorem and the Baum–Connes conjecture with respect to the Hilbert–A, Hilbert–B module and c*-algebras also in the reduced form taking Morita equivalence and the Kasparov composition product where extended relations has been provided between the equivalence of noncommutative geometry and noncommutative topology channelized through Poincaré Duality, Thom Isomorphism and Todd class.