Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Impact of Primary Frequency Support from IBRs in Low Inertia Isolated Power Systems

The anticipated massive penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) will significantly impact the operation of electric power systems. The effect will be more prominent on low-inertia, isolated, power systems. Modern grid code requirements can be used to ensure that RES will remain connected to the system during abnormal or transient operating conditions and provide support. In this paper, the Cyprus transmission system is used to evaluate the impact of primary frequency support (PFS) from Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), both during low- and high-loading conditions. A sensitivity analysis of the major parameters of PFS has been performed to evaluate their impact on the frequency response in low inertia conditions. It is demonstrated that PFS provided by IBRs during low loading conditions positively affects the power system frequency stability without any additional curtailments. During high-loading conditions, PFS from RES also improves the system performance, however, significant RES curtailments from the IBGs participating in PFS are required which may raise fairness concerns.
A long‐term record of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in two hemispheres from firn air measurements

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) was measured in polar firn air from one Arctic and two Antarctic locations. The air samples represent atmospheric composition from the early to mid‐20th century up to the present day. This provides the longest record to date of atmospheric COS. Southern Hemispheric (SH) concentrations appear to have been almost constant at 482±13 ppt over this period, apart from a slight rise in the earliest part of the record. Northern Hemispheric (NH) concentrations also showed relatively little variation with a mean of 525±17 ppt. Over the last ten years, however, NH concentrations appear to have declined by about 8±5%. Such a decline might be due to decreased carbon disulfide (CS2) emissions by the viscose‐rayon industry. The absence of any large trend in COS concentrations over the last fifty or more years argues against COS being the origin of reported increases in stratospheric sulfate aerosol.
Low pressure-high temperature metamorphism in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa: Anticlockwise pressure-temperature path followed by rapid decompression

Pelitic metasediments of the Witwatersrand Supergroup in the Vredefort Dome contain textural evidence for a two-stage metamorphic history. The pressure-temperature (P-T) path derived for the rocks indicates that they were subjected to a high geothermal gradient (≈40°C km-1), mid-amphibolite facies, Mla metamorphic event concomitant with thickening of the overlying upper crust. Peak temperatures of 570–600°C were reached during Mla at depths of 14–16 km. After initial isobaric cooling following Mla, the rocks experienced rapid exhumation during a high strain rate deformation event associated with the formation of the dome. This event led to the development of abundant pseudotachylite and a brittle cleavage in these rocks. These features are overgrown. together with the Mla assemblages, by a low P M1b paragenesis comprising microporphyroblastic cordierite+biotite. Estimated P-T conditions during Mlb were < 3.5 kbar, ≈500–;530°C. The two-stage P-T path is incompatible with existing contact metamorphic and diapiric models that have attempted to link the mid-amphibolite facies metamorphism with the formation of the Vredefort Dome. Instead, it indicates that the doming event occurred some time after the peak of a regional low P-high T metamorphic event, during cooling of the terrain. Given an age of 2.02 Ga for the doming event, the Mla event is attributed to a widespread magmatic-thermal event on the Kaapvaal Craton that accompanied the formation of the Bushveld Complex at 2.05–2.06 Ga. The Mlb event developed in response to the localized exhumation of deep parts of this terrain while the crustal geotherm was still elevated (≈30°C km-1). The association, elsewhere in the dome, of pseudotachylite with shock metamorphic features generated at pressures in excess of 20–120 kbar indicates that exhumation was accomplished by the impact of a large meteorite into the terrain.
Tidal dunes and sand waves in deep outer-shelf environments, Bajocian, SE Jura, France

ABSTRACT In most studies, tidal deposits are associated with shallow-water coastal areas. In contrast, this paper illustrates an ancient deep-water tidal environment located on the outer part of the Jura shelf. The Bajocian (mid-Jurassic) sediments are composed of fine-grained marly limestones that include several crinoidal limestone bars. These bioclastic bars are formed by stacked dunes and sand waves showing sedimentary structures typical of tidal environments. In order to interpret the sedimentology of the crinoidal limestones, the hydrodynamic behavior of crinoidal particles was investigated. Derived from a sedimentological, petrographical, and paleontological approach of the area, the results indicate that dunes and sand waves formed on the outer shelf at a depth of about 100-150 m under the occasional influence of tidal currents. Interpretation of seismic reflection data indicates a shelf-edge position located about 15 km to the SE.
A New Hybrid Fuzzy-Stochastic Model for Day-ahead Scheduling of Isolated Microgrids

Scenario-based stochastic programming (SBSP) methods have been used broadly to cope with power system operation and planning uncertainties. For SBSP, probability density functions (PDFs) of uncertain parameters must be known and many scenarios are typically generated to precisely approximate the PDFs causing computational burden. On the other hand, uncertainties via fuzzy programming methods can be handled without knowing the related PDFs by considering fuzzy numbers. However, the respective solutions depend on the value of $\alpha$-cut. As a result, to mitigate the aforementioned drawbacks and to exploit the benefits of both fuzzy optimization and SBSP, a novel hybrid fuzzy-stochastic programming model is proposed to model uncertainty in the day-ahead scheduling of isolated microgrids. A modified IEEE 33-bus test system is deployed as a case study to analyze the applicability of the proposed model, which was implemented in AMPL and solved using CPLEX solver. The comparison of results for the deterministic, the fuzzy programming, and the proposed method demonstrates that the proposed hybrid method enhanced the fuzzy programming model and guaranteed the robustness of the solutions by slightly increasing the total cost of the microgrid by 2.3%.
Phase relations in the transition zone

Phase relations in the systems MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 and CaO-MgO-SiO2 have been investigated experimentally at 166–226 kbar pressures and 1350°–2500°C temperatures with a split sphere anvil apparatus (USSA 2000). MgSiO3 ilmenite is stable to lower pressures (175 kbar) than found previously. CaSiO3 perovskite forms at P(bar)=15T(°C)+151,000. Three new high-pressure phases are reported: a phase with the diopsidic composition (the CM phase), a high-pressure polymorph of Al2O3, and superphase B with the tentative composition Mg10Si3O14 (OH, F)4. The invariant point for coexisting majorite (Mg4Si4O12), perovskite (MgSiO3), beta phase (Mg2SiO4), and liquid has been located at 224 kbar, 2430°C, with the eutectic melt composition on the enstatite-forsterite join at 40–44 wt% of forsterite. The melting temperature of MgSiO3 perovskite at 225 kbar is predicted to be 2600°C. The new data made possible the calculation of a temperature-pressure phase diagram for the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS) in the pressure range 0–280 kbar. The mineralogy of the Earth's mantle and the possible mechanisms for producing large seismic velocity gradients in the transition zone are discussed on the basis of the derived phase relations.
Methods for modernizing the elements and structure of the Hungarian Soil Classification System

The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was elaborated during the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. It was developed before sufficient data and modern data processing tools were available and served different purposes than current users need or apply it for.The central unit is the soil type, grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil-forming factors and processes. The major soil type is the highest category that groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil-forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties. STEFANOVITS (1963) defined the 23 soil-forming processes that have a dominant impact on the differentiation of the 39 soil types of the system.Based on accumulated data and experience, as well as on numerical tools for defining taxonomic relationships a modernization process was carried out. The process included: linking .
Assessing growth and yield of wheat using remotely-sensed canopy temperature and spectral indices

Abstract Prediction models were developed for wheat to assess crop growth in terms of leaf area index, dry matter production and grain yield from remotely-sensed temperature and spectral indices. The cumulative stress degree days (SDD) for the period of flowering to grain formation stage showed significantly higher correlation with dry matter (r= — 0940) and grain yield (r= —0-939) whereas that, for the period grain formation to harvest stage, showed significantly higher correlation lpar;r= —0-967) for crop water use. Significant and positive correlations between dry matter, leaf area and grain yield with infrared/red, normalised difference (ND), transformed vegetation index and greenness index were attained with the latter providing the highest degree of predictability. Spectral indices measured between flowering to milking stages gave the best prediction indicating the suitability of this period for crop growth assessment by this technique. Inter-stage sensitivity analysis by using multiple regression a.
Broadband seismology and noise under the ocean

Most of our understanding of the Earth's interior has been derived from measurements from global seismic networks, although no network has ever been truly “global” because some 71% of the Earth's surface is underwater. The resulting gaps in coverage produce a biased and incomplete image of the Earth. Work has begun toward establishing permanent observatories on the deep seafloor, although the technical difficulties remain severe. Will these stations be useful, and where and how shall they be established? Data from seafloor observatories will be of poorer quality than continental site data because the sea surface is an important and local source of broadband noise. This noise is derived from wind and waves through direct forcing at long periods and by nonlinear coupling to elastic waves at short periods. Our understanding of the generation and propagation of seismic noise and of wind and wave climatology can be used to predict the temporal and geographical variability of the noise spectrum and to assess likely sites for permanent seafloor observatories. High noise levels near 1 Hz may raise detection limits for short‐period, teleseismic arrivals above mb = 7.5, limiting the usefulness of many seafloor sites. Noise levels in deep boreholes will be 10 dB quieter than those at the seafloor, but sensors buried short distances below the seafloor may also provide comparable noise levels and fidelity. The retrieval of data from permanent seafloor observatories remains an unsolved problem, but long‐term temporary arrays of ocean bottom seismometers are now being used in regional scale experiments using earthquakes as sources. Such experiments are likely to be less successful in the Pacific basin than in either the Indian Ocean or North Atlantic Ocean because of higher noise levels.
Pile groups under deep expansion: a case history

A viaduct in a high-speed railway line experienced severe heave of its central pillars as a result of deep expansion of an anhydrite rock. Bridge pillars were founded on pile groups that experienced vertical heave displacements as well as lateral displacements and rotations. A semi-analytical solution for the response of a pile group under loading and arbitrary located soil expansion was developed, integrating fundamental solutions for the elastic half-space. The procedure was first validated and then applied to explain the recorded behaviour of the pile groups. The deep expansion was identified from independent surface heave and continuous extensometer readings. Group rotations were well predicted. Observed tensile fissures at the cap–pile contact were explained by the calculated forces and moments on the piles.
Causes of spatial compositional variations in Mariana arc lavas: Trace element evidence

New inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) trace element data are presented on a suite of arc lavas from the northern Mariana and southern Bonin island arcs. The samples were dredged from seamounts in the Central Island Province (CIP), the Northern Seamount Province (NSP) and the Volcano Arc (VA), and they range in composition from low‐K tholeiites to shoshonites. Previous studies on these samples concluded that the primary compositional control was two‐component mixing between a fluid‐metasomatized mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) source and an enriched, ocean island basalt (OIB)‐like, mantle component, with subducted sediment material playing a secondary role. However, the new trace element data suggest that the compositional variations along the Mariana arc can be better explained by the addition of spatially varying subduction components to a spatially varying mantle source. The data suggest that the subduction component in the CIP and VA is dominated by aqueous fluids derived from altered oceanic crust and a pelagic sediment component, while the subduction component in the NSP is dominated by more silicic fluids derived from volcanogenic sediments as well as from pelagic sediment and altered oceanic crust. The mantle wedge in the CIP and VA is depleted relative to a normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt source by loss of a small melt fraction, while the mantle wedge in the NSP is enriched either by possible gain of a small melt fraction or addition of a sediment‐derived melt. Because the subduction of seamounts controls the arc and back‐arc geometries, so the concomitant variation between subducted material and mantle composition may be no coincidence. The high field strength element (HFSE) data indicate a high degree of melting (∼ 25–30%) throughout the arc, ∼ 10% of which may be attributed to decompression and ∼ 20% to fluid addition.
Synthetic aperture ladar concept for infrastructure monitoring

Long range surveillance of infrastructure is a critical need in numerous security applications, both civilian and military. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) continues to provide high resolution radar images in all weather conditions from remote distances. As well, Interferometric SAR (InSAR) and Differential Interferometric SAR (D-InSAR) have become powerful tools adding high resolution elevation and change detection measurements. State of the art SAR systems based on dual-use satellites are capable of providing ground resolutions of one meter; while their airborne counterparts obtain resolutions of 10 cm. D-InSAR products based on these systems could produce cm-scale vertical resolution image products. Deformation monitoring of railways, roads, buildings, cellular antennas, power structures (i.e., power lines, wind turbines, dams, or nuclear plants) would benefit from improved resolution, both in the ground plane and vertical direction. The ultimate limitation to the achievable resolution of any imaging system is its wavelength. State-of-the art SAR systems are approaching this limit. The natural extension to improve resolution is to thus decrease the wavelength, i.e. design a synthetic aperture system in a different wavelength regime. One such system offering the potential for vastly improved resolution is Synthetic Aperture Ladar (SAL). This system operates at infrared wavelengths, ten thousand times smaller than radar wavelengths. This paper presents a laboratory demonstration of a scaled-down infrastructure deformation monitoring with an Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Ladar (IFSAL) system operating at 1.5 μm. Results show sub-millimeter precision on the deformation applied to the target.
3D Velocity Reconstruction In Shale Derived From Limited Number of Measurements

A technique allowing the determination of 3D distribution of both compressional and shear wave velocities in shales from limited number of experimental data has been developed. The technique involves an EMT (effective medium theory)-based inversion of shale’s microstructure (clay platelet orientation, crack shape and their connectivity). The knowledge of the microstructure and shale’s mineral composition makes it possible to find the shale’s stiffness tensor with the help of EMT methods. The stiffness tensor and density are necessary data to obtain the 3D distribution of velocities in shale. We demonstrate that this technique is applicable if only Vp is measured in some directions in the normal-to-bedding plane of shale, or Vp and Vs measurements are available only in the directions parallel and normal to bedding.
Trends in stratospheric and free tropospheric ozone

Current understanding of the long-term ozone trends is described. Of particular concern is an assessment of the quality of the available measurements, both ground and satellite based. Trends in total ozone have been calculated for the ground-based network and the combined data set from the solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV) instruments on Nimbus 7 and NOAA 11. At midlatitudes in the northern hemisphere the trends from 1979 to 1994 are significantly negative in all seasons and are larger in winter/spring (up to 7%/decade) than in summer/fall (about 3%/decade). Trends in the southern midlatitudes are also significantly negative in all seasons (3 to 6%/decade), but there is a smaller seasonal variation. In the tropics, trends are slightly negative and at the edge of being significant at the 95% confidence level: these tropical trends are sensitive to the low ozone amounts observed near the end of the record and allowance must also be made for the suspected drift in the satellite calibration. The bulk of the midlatitude loss in the ozone column has taken place at altitudes between 15 and 25 km. There is disagreement on the magnitude of the reduction, with the SAGE I/II record showing trends as large as -20 ± 8%/decade at 16-17 km and the ozonesondes indicating an average trend of -7 ± 3%/decade in the northern hemisphere. (All uncertainties given in this paper are two standard errors or 95% confidence limits unless stated otherwise). Recent ozone measurements are described for both Antarctica and the rest of the globe. The sulphate aerosol resulting from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 and dynamic phenomena seem to have affected ozone levels, particularly at northern midlatitudes and in the Antarctic vortex. However, the record low values observed were partly caused by the long-term trends and the effect on the calculated trends was less than 1.5%/decade.
Effective Compression Technique for Secure Transmission and Storage of GIS Digital Map

Generally, GIS digital map has been represented and transmitted by ASCII and Binary data forms. Among these forms, Binary form has been widely used in many GIS application fields for the transmission of mass map data. In this paper, we present a hierarchical compression technique of polyline and polygon components for effective storage and transmission of vector map with various degree of decision. These components are core geometric components that represent main layers in vector map. The proposed technique performs firstly the energy compaction of all polyline and polygon components in spatial domain for the lossless compression of detailed vector map and compress independently integer parts and fraction parts of 64bit floating points. From experimental results, we confirmed that the proposed technique has superior compressive performance to the conventional data compression of 7z, zip, rar and gz.
Earthquake triggering by migrating slow slip initiated by M8 earthquake along Kuril Trench, Japan

Evidence of a slow slip temporally ahead of the M7 earthquake doublet that occurred in November/December 2004 offshore of eastern Hokkaido, Japan, was registered in continuous GPS measurements. The GPS data suggest that a slow slip around a forthcoming rupture zone on the plate boundary triggered these earthquakes. This slow slip episode was itself triggered by the M8 Tokachi earthquake of September 2003. This is a demonstration of the geodetic visualization of the mechanism of a triggering of a subsequent earthquake caused by a preceding large earthquake. The geodetic data will improve the reliability of the warning of an occurrence of a subsequent earthquake after a large one that is currently dependent on only co‐seismic static stress increase.
Investigating the climatic impact of urban planning strategies through the use of regional climate modelling: a case study for Melbourne, Australia

Urban planning is a useful method for improving local climate and human health in cities through purposefully modifying urban land surface characteristics. This can reduce the potential risks of elevated city temperatures due to the urban heat island (UHI). Unfortunately, simple tools are not readily available for urban planners to assess the climatological impacts of various urban development scenarios. Urban modelling could be developed into such a tool to achieve this. This study attempts to design and evaluate a suitable tool for application in Melbourne, Australia. The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) was chosen to assess the impact of a long‐term urban planning strategy on local climate and the above canopy UHI in Melbourne. Improvements were made to TAPM by increasing the number of urban land‐use classes in the model and creating a higher resolution land cover database focused on housing density. This modified version of TAPM showed a good performance in replicating the surface energy balance compared with an observational flux tower site in suburban Melbourne during summer. TAPM simulated a mean maximum UHI intensity of 3–4 °C at 2 a.m. in January. A future UHI scenario was then examined (year 2030) using an urban land cover database derived from plans in the Melbourne 2030 urban planning strategy. Results highlighted specific areas where planning intervention would be particularly useful to improve local climates, namely activity centres and growth areas. The appropriateness of the use of TAPM and climate models as a tool in urban planning is also discussed. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
A documentary study of the felt effects of the great California earthquake of 1857

We have collected over 60 hitherto unpublished accounts of the California earthquake of January 9, 1857. We have used them, together with those already known, to estimate felt intensities and prepare an isoseismal map which roughly indicates the level of short-period ground motion experienced during this earthquake. Modified Mercalli intensities of VI to VII occurred in the modern metropolitan areas of southern California, and VI to VIII in the southern San Joaquin Valley. The intensity along the fault was IX or more. Instances of seiching, fissuring, sandblows, and hydrologic changes were reported from Sacramento to the Colorado River delta. Most reports say that shaking lasted between one and three minutes. At least two large aftershocks occurred within a week of the main event.