Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DISK AND ENVELOPE STRUCTURE IN CLASS 0 PROTOSTARS. I. THE RESOLVED MASSIVE DISK IN SERPENS FIRS 1

We present the first results of a program to characterize the disk and envelope structure of typical Class 0 protostars in nearby low-mass star-forming regions. We use Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) mid-infrared spectra, high-resolution Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) 230 GHz continuum imaging, and two-dimensional radiative transfer models to constrain the envelope structure, as well as the size and mass of the circumprotostellar disk in Serpens FIRS 1. The primary envelope parameters (centrifugal radius, outer radius, outflow opening angle, and inclination) are well constrained by the spectral energy distribution (SED), including Spitzer IRAC and MIPS photometry, IRS spectra, and 1.1 mm Bolocam photometry. These together with the excellent uv-coverage (4.5–500 kλ) of multiple antenna configurations with CARMA allow for a robust separation of the envelope and a resolved disk. The SED of Serpens FIRS 1 is best fit by an envelope with the density profile of a rotating, collapsing spheroid with an inner (centrifugal) radius of approximately 600 AU, and the millimeter data by a large resolved disk with Mdisk ∼ 1.0 M☉ and Rdisk ∼ 300 AU. These results suggest that large, massive disks can be present early in the main accretion phase. Results for the larger, unbiased sample of Class 0 sources in the Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus molecular clouds are needed to determine if relatively massive disks are typical in the Class 0 stage.
Effective metric Lagrangians from an underlying theory with two propagating degrees of freedom

We describe an infinite-parametric class of effective metric Lagrangians that arise from an underlying theory with two propagating degrees of freedom. The Lagrangians start with the Einstein-Hilbert term, continue with the standard R{sup 2}, (Ricci){sup 2} terms, and in the next order contain (Riemann){sup 3} as well as on-shell vanishing terms. This is exactly the structure of the effective metric Lagrangian that renormalizes quantum gravity divergences at two loops. This shows that the theory underlying the effective field theory of gravity may have no more degrees of freedom than is already contained in general relativity. We show that the reason why an effective metric theory may describe just two propagating degrees of freedom is that there exists a (nonlocal) field redefinition that maps an infinitely complicated effective metric Lagrangian to the usual Einstein-Hilbert one. We describe this map for our class of theories and, in particular, exhibit it explicitly for the (Riemann){sup 3} term.
Infinity: New Research Frontiers

Introduction Rudy Rucker Part I. Perspectives on Infinity from History: 1. Infinity as a transformative concept in science and theology Wolfgang Achtner Part II. Perspectives on Infinity from Mathematics: 2. The mathematical infinity Enrico Bombieri 3. Warning signs of a possible collapse of contemporary mathematics Edward Nelson Part III. Technical Perspectives on Infinity from Advanced Mathematics: 4. The realm of the infinite W. Hugh Woodin 5. A potential subtlety concerning the distinction between determinism and nondeterminism W. Hugh Woodin 6. Concept calculus: much better than Harvey M. Friedman Part IV. Perspectives on Infinity from Physics and Cosmology: 7. Some considerations on infinity in physics Carlo Rovelli 8. Cosmological intimations of infinity Anthony Aguirre 9. Infinity and the nostalgia of the stars Marco Bersanelli 10. Infinities in cosmology Michael Heller Part V. Perspectives on Infinity from Philosophy and Theology: 11. God and infinity: directions for future research Graham Oppy 12. Notes on the concept of the infinite in the history of Western metaphysics David Bentley Hart 13. God and infinity: theological insights from Cantor's mathematics Robert J. Russell 14. A partially skeptical response to Hart and Russell Denys A. Turner.
Single-Soliton Solution of KdV Equation via Hirota’s Direct Method under the Time Scale Framework

Hirota’s direct method is one significant way to obtain solutions of soliton equations, but it is rarely studied under the time scale framework. In this paper, the generalized KdV equation on time-space scale is deduced from one newly constructed Lax equation and zero curvature equation by using the AKNS method, which can be reduced to the classical and discrete KdV equation by considering different time scales. What is more, it is the first time that the single-soliton solution of the KdV equation under the time scale framework is obtained by using the idea of Hirota’s direct method.
Non-divergent Fermi velocity for interacting graphene at the Dirac point

Recent experiments reveal a significant increase in the graphene Fermi velocity close to charge neutrality. This has widely been interpreted as a confirmation of the logarithmic divergence of the graphene Fermi velocity predicted by a perturbative approach. In this work, we reconsider this problem using functional bosonization techniques calculating the effects of electron interactions on the density of states non-perturbatively. We find that the renormalized velocity is {\it finite} and independent of the high energy cut-off, and we argue that the experimental observations are better understood in terms of an anomalous dimension. Our results also represent a bosonized solution for interacting Weyl fermions in (2+1) dimensions at half-filing.
Sensor Placement for Leak Localization in Water Distribution Networks Based on Graph Convolutional Network

Nowadays, the research on optimal sensor placement (OSP) is very active in the field of leak detection and localization in the water distribution network (WDN). Considering that most of the WDNs are irregular networks, this article proposes a new method for OSP applied to irregular network system conditions. From the initial set of a limited number of sensors placed by node data features, the proposed method makes a completely new change to the limited number of sensor layouts. The solution is based on a graph convolutional network (GCN) algorithm, which combines node features and graph structure features. In order to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, the nodes selected by the algorithm in this article are used to locate the leakage of the pipeline network. By simulating real leakage scenarios, the method is applied to a small WDN (Anytown) and a large WDN (Net3). The results show that the method proposed in this article outperforms other comparison algorithms to a certain extent.
A Sample Reuse Method for Accurate Parametric Empirical Bayes Confidence Intervals

Abstract : Parametric empirical Bayes methods of point estimation for a vector of unknown parameters date to the landmark paper of James and Stein (1961). The usual approach is to use the mean of the estimated posterior distribution of each parameter, where the estimation of the prior parameters (hyperparameters) is accomplished through the marginal distribution of the data. While point estimates computed this way usually perform well, interval estimates based on the estimated posterior (called naive EB intervals) are not. They fail to account for the variability in the estimation of the hyperparameters, generally resulting in sub-nominal coverage probability in the EB sense defined in Morris (1983a). In this paper we extend the work of Carlin and Gelfand (1989), who proposed a conditional bias correction method for developing EB intervals which corrects the deficiencies in the naive intervals. We show how bias correction can be implemented in general via a Type III parametric bootstrap procedure, a sample reuse method first employed by Laird and Louis (1987).
In the beginning: The origin of dust

Cosmic dust particles play an important role for the thermal, dynamical and chemical conditions in many astrophysical environments, especially for the star and planet formation process and the late stages of stellar evolution. Dust particles determine the spectral appearance of proto‐stars as well as evolved stars with circumstellar envelopes, and they also dominate the extinction curves of galaxies.The most efficient site of dust formation in the present universe is the cool extended atmospheres of carbon‐rich and oxygen‐rich AGB stars. Dust production also seems likely to occur in supernova remnants, especially in the early universe, however, the true nature of such supernova dust is not as well described as for AGB stars either observationally or theoretically.Once the dust is formed it will enter the interstellar medium and be an important ingredient for further star‐ and planet‐formation. During star‐formation, dust seems to be an important coolant which can lower the temperature in the centre of the.
The role of institutional investors in stock split: regression analysis based on STATA software

This study focuses on the role of institutional investors in stock split using a unique dataset from Chinese A-share market. The empirical results of multiple regression analysis based on STATA software suggest that there is a positive announcement effect in Chinese stock market. We further find a significantly negative relation between the announcement effect of stock split and the shareholding ratio of institutional Investors, indicating that institutional investors may supervise and impact firms’ stock split decisions and market effect. Particularly, we find the attention of institutional investors have stronger impact on the abnormal return of stock split in volatile markets than in bull and bear markets.
A study on the control strategies of COVID-19 based on household model

COVID-19 disease, a new infectious disease that has emerged in recent years, poses a serious threat to humans. In this paper, a household epidemiological model was used to study the spread of COVID-19 in the community, using the viral load-based household model of infectious diseases proposed by Becker, combined with the chain binomial model, to derive the household reproduction number. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that isolation and antiviral treatment were effective in controlling the spread of the disease; hospital isolation was more effective than home isolation in controlling the spread of the COVID-19 disease in the community; and the earlier the isolation, the more effective the prevention, suggesting that when faced with a serious outbreak of infectious disease, The rapid response of the government to ensure adequate health resources can effectively reduce the number of infections in households and effectively contained the rapid spread of the epidemic. The analysis of antiviral drugs shows that timely treatment of infected individuals with antiviral drugs is an effective way to control outbreaks, and that delayed use of antiviral drugs can lead to a reduction in the effectiveness of isolation measures. Therefore, researchers should accelerate their research to develop targeted antiviral drugs as soon as possible.
Analysis and Study of L-Shaped Dielectric Pocket and Its Effect on the Performance of MOSFET in Nano Scale Regime

This paper presents an exhaustive analysis of MOSFET with L shaped dielectric pocket in its channel region. 2D device simulation using Silvaco ATLAS has been used for the comprehensive analysis of MOSFET with L shaped dielectric pocket at the source-channel and channel-drain interface. This has been done to investigate its suitability for nano scale applications. Results obtained through device simulations reveal that the MOS with L-shaped dielectric pocket has significant enhancement over MOS without pocket for threshold voltage enhancement, leakage reduction and sub-threshold swing. Further, gate to drain capacitance (Cgd) and gate to bulk capacitance (Cgb) see significant reduction. The simulation results for device parameters such as sub threshold swing (SS) and ON to OFF current ratio (Ion/Ioff) shows that MOSFET's with dielectric pocket have higher immunity against Short Channel Effects (SCEs) in comparison to MOSFET's without pocket.
HALTING MIGRATION: NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS OF COROTATION TORQUES IN THE WEAKLY NONLINEAR REGIME

Planets in their formative years can migrate due to the influence of gravitational torques in the protoplanetary disk they inhabit. For low-mass planets in an isothermal disk, it is known that there is a strong negative torque on the planet due to its linear perturbation to the disk, causing fast inward migration. The current investigation demonstrates that in these same isothermal disks, for intermediate-mass planets, there is a strong positive nonlinear corotation torque due to the effects of gas being pulled through a gap on horseshoe orbits. For intermediate-mass planets, this positive torque can partially or completely cancel the linear (Type I) torque, leading to slower or outward migration, even in an isothermal disk. The effect is most significant for super-Earth and sub-Jovian planets, during the transition from a low-mass linear perturber to a nonlinear gap-opening planet, when the planet has opened a so-called “partial gap,” though the precise values of these transition masses depend sensitively on the disk model (density profile, viscosity, and disk aspect ratio). In this study, numerical calculations of planet–disk interactions calculate these torques explicitly, and scalings are empirically constructed for migration rates in this weakly nonlinear regime. These results find outward migration is possible for planets with masses in the range 20–100 M ⨁ ? > , though this range depends on the disk model considered. In the disk models where torque reversal occurs, the critical planet-to-star mass ratio for torque reversal was found to have the robust scaling q crit ∝ &agr; ( h / r ) 3 ? > , where α is the dimensionless viscosity parameter and h / r ? > is the disk aspect ratio.
Visual detection of motion

Part 1 Introduction: motion detection - an overview. Part 2 Principles of local motion detection: computational and neural constraints for the measurement of local visual motion motion processing in the primate cerebral cortex the psychophysics of motion perception. Part 3 Inputs to local motion detectors: motion detector models - psychophysical evidence the detection of second-order motion physiological studies of motion inputs. Part 4 Integration of motion signals: models of two-dimensional motion perception visual motion integration - a neurophysiological and psychophysical perspective spatial integration of local motion signals. Part 5 High-order interpretation of motion: optic and retinal flow motion-in-depth structure from motion. Part 5 motion and detection and eye movements: visual motion caused by movements of the eye, head, and body the visual drive for smooth eye movements.
Formation and evolution of primordial protostellar systems

We investigate the formation of the first stars at the end of the cosmic dark ages with a suite of three-dimensional, moving-mesh simulations that directly resolve the collapse of the gas beyond the formation of the first protostar at the centre of a dark matter minihalo. The simulations cover more than 25 orders of magnitude in density and have a maximum spatial resolution of 0.05 R⊙, which extends well below the radius of individual protostars and captures their interaction with the surrounding gas. In analogy to previous studies that employed sink particles, we find that the Keplerian disc around the primary protostar fragments into a number of secondary protostars, which is facilitated by H2 collisional dissociation cooling and collision-induced emission. The further evolution of the protostellar system is characterized by strong gravitational torques that transfer angular momentum between the secondary protostars formed in the disc and the surrounding gas. This leads to the migration of about half of the secondary protostars to the centre of the cloud in a free-fall time, where they merge with the primary protostar and enhance its growth to about five times the mass of the second most massive protostar. By the same token, a fraction of the protostars obtain angular momentum from other protostars via N-body interactions and migrate to higher orbits. On average, only every third protostar survives until the end of the simulation. However, the number of protostars present at any given time increases monotonically, suggesting that the system will continue to grow beyond the limited period of time simulated here.
Focus and relativization: head-final relatives in Thompson Salish

This paper presents previously unreported data on relatively rare head-final relatives in Thompson River Salish. I show that head-final relatives are used in discourse contexts where narrow focus falls on the relative clause itself, excluding the final head noun. As a result, this is the first report of narrow focus marking within a nominal domain in Salishan; previous accounts of focus marking in Salish have observed that the focus is always associated with the matrix predicate. While focus marking in both the nominal and predicate domain can be characterized as following a linear focus >> background order, focus sensitive expressions ( only ) cannot associate with in situ nominals. This suggests that there are two focus marking strategies at work in the language: a syntactic strategy (focus=predicate), and a prosodic one (left alignment). Only the former is relevant for truth-conditional uses of focus (e.g. association with only ).
Angular momentum transfer between oscillations and rotation in subdwarf B hybrid pulsators

Context. Subdwarf B pulsators exhibit pressure (p )a nd/or gravity (g) modes. Their frequency spectra range from very simple, with few frequencies, to very rich, with more than fifty peaks in some cases. Balloon09 is a hybrid pulsating subdwarf B, showing a great number of p -a ndg-modes including triplet and quintuplet-like structures, which are interpreted as p-mode frequency splittings caused by stellar rotation. Photometric observations undertaken in two subsequent years revealed a change in these rotational splittings of 0.24−0.58 μHz/yr. Aims. We analyse the possibility of angular momentum interchange between stellar rotation and internal gravity waves as a mechanism for the observed rotational splitting variations. Methods. The expected change in the rotational splitting of eigenmodes resulting from this mechanism are computed in the nonadiabatic linear approximation for a stellar structure model that is representative of the target star. Balloon09 is a particularly suitable candidate for our study because the change in the rotational splittings are proportional to the amplitude squared of the g-modes which, in this case, can be estimated from the observations. Results. We find that this mechanism is able to predict changes in the splittings that can be of the same order of magnitude as the observed variations.
Pharmacists’ perceptions of pharmaceutical services in asthma inhaled medication in Surabaya: A mixed-method study

Understanding pharmacists’ perceptions is important because pharmacists play an important role in asthma management. Asthma treatment is divided into controller and reliever, and most asthma treatments are administered via the inhalation route. This study aimed to determine pharmacists’ perceptions of pharmaceutical services in asthma inhaled medication in pharmacies in Surabaya. This research is a mixed-method research with an explanatory sequential research design in pharmacies in the city of Surabaya, East Java, from September to November 2017. Sample collection used purposive sampling and was analyzed descriptively. The research sample was 53 pharmacists. Most of the respondents had a high level (41.5%) based on the total questionnaire on the role of pharmacists in pharmaceutical services in treatment with asthma relievers and controller inhalers, while only a few respondents had a very high level (5%). Pharmacists also feel their role in aspects of community pharmacy, such as their role in increasing asthma patient compliance and their role in improving asthma patient control. This can be seen in pharmacists who motivate patients to keep taking the medication so that this can improve asthma patient compliance in using asthma drugs.
THE ACCELERATION OF ELECTRONS AT COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS MOVING THROUGH A TURBULENT MAGNETIC FIELD

We perform a numerical-simulation study of the acceleration of electrons at shocks that propagate through a prespecified, kinematically defined turbulent magnetic field. The turbulence consists of broadband magnetic fluctuations that are embedded in the plasma and cover a range of wavelengths, the smallest of which is larger than the gyroradii of electrons that are initially injected into the system. We find that when the variance of the turbulent component of the upstream magnetic field is sufficiently large— &sgr; 2 ? > ∼ 10 B 0 2 ? > , where B0 is the strength of the background magnetic field—electrons can be efficiently accelerated at a collisionless shock regardless of the orientation of the mean upstream magnetic field relative to the shock-normal direction. Since the local angle between the incident magnetic-field vector and the shock-normal vector can be quite large, electrons can be accelerated through shock-drift acceleration at the shock front. In the upstream region, electrons are mirrored back to the shock front leading to multiple shock encounters. Eventually the accelerated electrons are energetic enough that their gyroradii are of the same order as the wavelength of waves that are included in our description of the turbulent magnetic field. Our results are consistent with recent in situ observations at Saturn’s bow shock. This study may help us to understand the acceleration of electrons at shocks in space and astrophysical systems.
Worldvolume Dynamics of Branes

In this PhD thesis the low energy effective actions for D-branes and the M5-brane are used to analyze the dynamics of brane probes moving in the geometry created by diverse supergravity backgrounds. It begins with an introduction to string theory. Brane effective actions with local kappa symmetry are also reviewed. We then study the embedding of D(8-p)-branes in the background geometry of parallel Dp-branes. A BPS condition is found and the analytical solutions describe embeddings which represent branes joined by tubes, which are bundles of fundamental strings. We continue with the analysis of branes partially wrapped on spheres in the near-horizon geometry of branes and bound states. There is a finite number of static configurations as a consequence of a quantization rule for the worldvolume gauge field. These configurations can be interpretated as bound states and this is checked directly in a particular case by using the Myers polarization mechanism. Finally we find configurations of brane probes which behave as massless particles in the geometry of non-threshold bound states. They can be interpreted as gravitons blown up into a fuzzy sphere and sharing some directions with the background.