Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interaction between bimodal volcanism, fluvial sedimentation and basin development in the Permo-Carboniferous Saar-Nahe Basin (south-west Germany)

Widespread bimodal-calcalkaline magmatism and contemporaneously active faulting reflectthe combined effects of late-orogenic collapse and strike-slip faulting during syn-rift development of the late-Variscan Saar-Nahe Basin. The intrabasinal drainage systems experienced major but differing influences from three prominent styles of volcanic extrusives: extensive basic lava flows; localized acidic domes; and widespread pyroclastic units. Sedimentary sections including basic to intermediate lavas show the transformation of pre-eruptive meandering fluvial systems into lacustrine systems following lava eruptions. These relationships are interpreted in terms of damming of the drainage systems by the topographic barriers represented by the basic lavas themselves. Siliciclastic sediments re-entered and ultimately filled the lakes through prograding, small-scale crevasse channel / mouth bar complexes. Uplift associated with the intrusive / extrusive emplacement of acidic domes affected both the accommodation space and the internal topography of the basin. Following an extrusive pulse, each dome collapse caused the progradation of voluminous volcaniclastic aprons onto the surrounding alluvial plain. Locally, the overload by large volumes of unconsolidated detritus converted the regional meandering drainage system into a braided one. The overall duration of acidic dome activity could have been longer than lo6 years, but was interrupted by repose periods varying probably between a few hundred years to several thousand years.Pyroclastic activity accompanied dome emplacement and registers their episodic activity inthe stratigraphic record. Fine-grained ashes of phreatoplinian eruptions were spread widely within the basin and overloaded streams in the area of fallout. Rapid reworking of huge amounts of unconsolidated material supplied an abundance of volcanic detritus, which tended to fill topographic lows that were usually fault-controlled. The relationships between basin evolution, intrabasinal volcanism and contemporaneously active faulting, identified in the Saar-Nahe Basin, are important. They emphasize and further the understanding of how similar volcanic products in sedimentary basins worldwide impacted on the depositional system. the stratigraphic record. Fine-grained ashes of phreatoplinian eruptions were spread widely within the basin and overloaded streams in the area of fallout. Rapid reworking of huge amounts of unconsolidated material supplied an abundance of volcanic detritus, which tended to fill topographic lows that were usually fault-controlled. The relationships between basin evolution, intrabasinal volcanism and contemporaneously active faulting, identified in the Saar-Nahe Basin, are important. They emphasize and further the understanding of how similar volcanic products in sedimentary basins worldwide impacted on the depositional system.
Coastal upwelling in the modern ocean

Abstract During the past decade several major physical oceanographical experiments were performed over the continental margins along the ocean’s eastern boundaries. The studies extended farther seaward than the continental shelf and extended over the seasons. As a result, our understanding of the processes and phenomena associated with coastal upwelling and affecting the ocean farther seaward has increased. The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment investigated the dynamics controlling the currents over a continental shelf exposed to strong upwelling favourable winds; the experiment was more intensive and completely instrumented than any previous shelf experiment. The Coastal Transition Zone experiment investigated the cool ‘filaments’ conspicuous in satellite images of SST off northern California during the coastal upwelling seasons. Associated with the cool filaments are jets along the boundary between the cooler recently upwelled water and the warmer adjacent ocean water; as the jets meander equatorward and offshore (several hundred km), the upwelled water extends over greater distances offshore than previously thought likely. One experiment (SuperCODE) looked at the large alongshore scale, from 35°N to 50°N off the west coast of north America, defined the seasonal cycle, and found that the tendency for subsurface poleward flow over the continental shelf and slope increased at lower latitudes in spite of the increased equatorward mean wind. The ubiquitous poleward currents, usually subsurface over the inner slope and outer shelf, have been observed in all the experiments off the west coasts of the Americas, in spite of equatorward winds. Unlike the jets of the coastal transition zone, the poleward undercurrents are trapped to the continental slope and shelf. The Leeuwin Current Interdisciplinary Experiment took place off Western Australia, the only major eastern boundary without coastal upwelling in spite of strong equatorward winds. The alongshore pressure gradient along the west coast of Australia is large, perhaps because of the free connection to the western Pacific, and dominates the opposing equatorward wind stress, suppressing upwelling and causing poleward flow (the Leeuwin Current) at the surface over the slope and outer shelf.
Network concepts to describe channel importance and change in multichannel systems: test results for the Jamuna River, Bangladesh

Most of the largest rivers on Earth have multiple active channels connected at bifurcations and confluences. At present a method to describe a channel network pattern and changes in the network beyond the simplistic braiding index is unavailable. Our objectives are to test a network approach to understand the character, stability and evolution of a multi‐channel river pattern under natural discharge conditions. We developed a semi‐automatic method to derive a chain‐like directional network from images that represent the multi‐channel river and to connect individual network elements through time. The Jamuna River was taken as an example with a series of Landsat TM and ETM+ images taken at irregular intervals between 1999 and 2004.
Rapid and accurate 3-D fault interpretation using opacity and optical stacking to reveal geologic discontinuities

Traditionally, 3-D visualization is promoted as a premier strategy for interpreting stratigraphic plays. Many papers outline techniques such as amplitude detection and enhancement of stratigraphic features using opacity and color. However, 3-D visualization tools are equally effective in structural provinces. It is possible to combine elements of visualization with elements of traditional interpretation in a hybrid approach, so that each method enhances the other. This paper concentrates on 3-D visualization methods that can speed up and enhance accuracy of structural interpretation. A data set from Indonesia, dominated by dramatic trans-tensional faulting, is presented as an example. Extensional faulting also occurs to the north and south of this main fault zone. The trend of the faults is easy to determine from a quick reconnaissance of the area (Figure 1). A more difficult challenge is to avoid time-consuming line-by-line fault plane interpretation. Figure 1. (a) Quick reconnaissance reveals complex extensional faulting in the northern section of the volume. (b) Scrolling through the volume in a thickened time slice reveals north-south trending faults in the northern section of the volume and an arcuate, east-west trending chaotic zone in the middle of the volume. Obviously, a complex structural area. A reference surface is first created. This isolates part of the volume containing the faults to be investigated. A high-amplitude reflector at the upper limit of the faulted section is chosen. This event is seeded with multiple points, and each is assigned an amplitude range that limits the detection by not allowing it to spill into other events. The detection is checked for accuracy by a combination display showing detected and undetected volumes simultaneously (Figure 2). Scrolling through the volume quickly reveals any parts of the event that were not originally detected. Points can be added to the detection sequence to include these areas. When the event …
Systematic and Evolutionary Insights Derived from mtDNA COI Barcode Diversity in the Decapoda (Crustacea: Malacostraca)

Background Decapods are the most recognizable of all crustaceans and comprise a dominant group of benthic invertebrates of the continental shelf and slope, including many species of economic importance. Of the 17635 morphologically described Decapoda species, only 5.4% are represented by COI barcode region sequences. It therefore remains a challenge to compile regional databases that identify and analyse the extent and patterns of decapod diversity throughout the world. Methodology/Principal Findings We contributed 101 decapod species from the North East Atlantic, the Gulf of Cadiz and the Mediterranean Sea, of which 81 species represent novel COI records. Within the newly-generated dataset, 3.6% of the species barcodes conflicted with the assigned morphological taxonomic identification, highlighting both the apparent taxonomic ambiguity among certain groups, and the need for an accelerated and independent taxonomic approach. Using the combined COI barcode projects from the Barcode of Life Database, we provide the most comprehensive COI data set so far examined for the Order (1572 sequences of 528 species, 213 genera, and 67 families). Patterns within families show a general predicted molecular hierarchy, but the scale of divergence at each taxonomic level appears to vary extensively between families. The range values of mean K2P distance observed were: within species 0.285% to 1.375%, within genus 6.376% to 20.924% and within family 11.392% to 25.617%. Nucleotide composition varied greatly across decapods, ranging from 30.8 % to 49.4 % GC content. Conclusions/Significance Decapod biological diversity was quantified by identifying putative cryptic species allowing a rapid assessment of taxon diversity in groups that have until now received limited morphological and systematic examination. We highlight taxonomic groups or species with unusual nucleotide composition or evolutionary rates. Such data are relevant to strategies for conservation of existing decapod biodiversity, as well as elucidating the mechanisms and constraints shaping the patterns observed.
Coherent ozone‐dynamical changes during the southern hemisphere spring, 1979–1986

National Meteorological Center (NMC) data is used in conjunction with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data to study seasonal and interannual variability during the southern hemisphere springs of 1979 through 1986. Virtually perfect spatial correlation is found between October average lower stratospheric temperatures and total ozone for each year. The constant of proportionality between total ozone and lower stratospheric temperature varies significantly (but not systematically) over the years 1979 through 1986 and is in approximate agreement with that calculated for adiabatic air parcel motion. Spatial patterns of change in total ozone over 1979–1986 show remarkable agreement with lower stratospheric temperature changes; in addition to pronounced decreases in the Antarctic region, a slight increase of both is also observed at 50°S to the west of South America. In addition to ozone variability correlated with observed temperature changes, there is a substantial decline not linearly related to the observed temperature change. Spatial and temporal characteristics of interannual changes in NMC temperatures are analyzed in some detail. Extensive comparisons are made between radiosondes and NMC analyses, showing good agreement of monthly means. Trend analyses of zonal mean temperatures over the period 1979–1986 show strongest coolings (−0.7°K/yr) during October in the 10- to 100-mbar region. Cooling patterns are zonally asymmetric, so that seasonal or zonal mean temperature changes underestimate local October changes. Between October 1979 and October 1985 (two extreme years), maximum local temperature changes of 18° and 22°K are observed at 70 and 30 mbar, respectively (coincident with a local 160 Dobson unit total ozone decrease). Interannual variations and trends of stationary wave 1 heat flux in the spring lower stratosphere are found to be coherent with the observed temperature and ozone fluctuations (stationary wave 1 dominates the southern hemisphere spring stratospheric eddy fluxes). In the 1000- to 100-mbar regions, where transient wave fluxes are dominant, large differences between NMC and European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts analyses preclude trend analyses.
Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high‐ and low‐temperature processing

Abstract— At least 15% of the low‐FeO chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0) have mesostases that are concentrically zoned in Na, with enrichments near the outer margins. We have studied zoned chondrules using electron microprobe methods (x‐ray mapping plus quantitative analysis), ion microprobe analysis for trace elements and hydrogen isotopes, cathodoluminescence imaging, and transmission electron microscopy in order to determine what these objects can tell us about the environment in which chondrules formed and evolved.
Efficient Decomposition-Based Methods for Optimal VNF Placement and Chaining

The concepts of network function virtualization (NFV) and software-defined networks (SDNs) are emerging as core technologies to satisfy the growing number of user demands in 5G wireless networks and beyond. NFV and SDNs offer network providers the ability to deliver scalable, lower-cost services free from the constraints of hardware components.The virtual network function placement and chaining (VNF-PC) problem is considered in this paper. VNF-PC involves placing virtual network functions (VNFs) optimally in a distributed NFV infrastructure (NFV-I), efficiently allocating network resources to these VNFs to satisfy users demands and directing the network flow through the VNFs. Current solutions to this problem are time-consuming, cannot handle real-time queries, or use heuristic methods to find approximate solutions.To this end, we propose an efficient exact solution method for the VNF-PC problem through decomposition. We show how decomposing the problem can allow us to assess the viability of incumbent solutions and use this information to provide effective cuts. We further augment this exact solution approach by using a greedy branching heuristic to explore more fruitful areas of the search space. Experimental results show the potential of this combined approach.
Subsurface drip irrigation in raised bed tomato production. I. Nitrogen and phosphate losses under current commercial practice

The leaching of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate was studied at field sites that utilised subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) for commercial production of processing tomatoes. Irrigation expended for the establishment of crops, at emergence, accounted for 34% of the seasonal total in a Rochester clay (site 1) and 25% in a Binabbin clay (site 2). In the period after emergence and up to crop harvests, irrigation and rainfall amounted to 88% and 105% of calculated crop evapotranspiration for site 1 and site 2, respectively. Drainage between the commencement of irrigation and crop harvests amounted to 66 mm below 2 m at site 1 and 60 mm below 0.9 m at site 2. Total irrigation caused a 2- and 5-fold depletion of soil chloride at site 1 (within 2 m) and site 2 (within 0.9 m), respectively. The drainage and chloride depletion showed that irrigation regimes at these sites were conducive to the leaching of fertiliser inputs. It was calculated that ~32 kg NO–3-N + NH+4-N/ha and 7 kg HPO2–4-P/ha was leached below 2 m during irrigation at site 1. At site 2, ~75 kg NO–3-N + NH+4-N/ha was leached below 0.9 m during irrigation. Post harvest amounts of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate at site 1 and site 2 indicated that fertiliser applications exceeded total crop uptake of both compounds. Post harvest quantities of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate at several other commercial locations (sites 3, 4, 5, 6) showed that excessive fertiliser use was not restricted to site 1 and site 2. At site 1, between an early autumn harvest and early spring, when vegetable beds were fallow, the leaching losses of post harvest amounts of both compounds below 2 m were 137 kg NO–3-N + NH+4-N/ha and 11 kg HPO2–4-P/ha. The irrigation and fertiliser management practices at all sites were similar to those reported for studies of SDI production of other vegetable and grain crops. Altogether, these results indicated that the effects of SDI combined with excessive fertiliser inputs in current commercial practice may cause the leaching of significant amounts of nitrogen and phosphate to groundwater depths.
Magnetic fabric evidence for conduit‐fed emplacement of a tabular intrusion: Dinkey Creek Pluton, central Sierra Nevada batholith, California

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements in the Cretaceous Dinkey Creek Pluton (DCP), central Sierra Nevada batholith, reveal a well-defined structural pattern and zonation in bulk susceptibility (K). Outward decrease in K within the pluton is due to a decrease in ferrimagnetic contribution, corresponding to a compositional zoning from tonalite to granite. Magnetic fabrics in the pluton formed during supersolidus flow of a crystal-rich magma, except in the eastern domain where subvertical magnetic lineations and NW striking magnetic foliations are attributed to deformation associated with a regional shear zone. Magnetic foliations in the central domain of the DCP define a NNW trending synformal structure, passing structurally upward into a dome beneath a small roof pendant, interpreted to represent different structural levels in a zone of magma upwelling. Arcuate foliation trajectories in the pluton's SW lobe resemble deformed passive markers in two-dimensional, NW to SW, horizontal, channel flow of non-Newtonian magma. Analysis of the fabric pattern in cross-section estimates the preerosion thickness of the lobe to between 915 and 3660 m. The DCP was emplaced as a tabular body with vertical sides and a gently inclined roof. Magma with increasingly more mafic compositions entered the chamber continuously or episodically via a NNW trending conduit. Space for the pluton was created by vertical inflation, probably accommodated by depression of its floor. These results suggest that the mid crust to upper crust of magmatic arcs may be constructed by vertical stacking of tabular granitic plutons with high width/thickness ratios like the DCP.
Etude des mécanismes d'endommagement des outils carbure WC-Co par la caractérisation de l'interface outil copeau : application à l'usinage à sec de l'alliage d'aluminium aéronautique AA2024 T351

L'etude proposee traite de la comprehension des mecanismes d'endommagement des outils carbure dans le cas de l'usinage a sec d'un alliage d'aluminium aeronautique (AA2024 T351). Elle a pour but de determiner les differents parametres tribologiques de l'interface outil-copeau (frottement, temperature, pression) et de les confronter aux differents modes d'usure. Une modelisation du contact entre le copeau et l'outil basee sur les proprietes viscoplastiques de l'ecoulement du materiau est d'abord proposee. Elle permet d'etablir les relations qui existent entre la geometrie du copeau (angle de cisaillement), les contraintes appliquees sur l'outil, le coefficient de frottement et la vitesse de glissement du copeau au voisinage de la pointe de l'outil. Le modele analytique est alors employe pour determiner la nature du contact (collant, glissant) et calculer la vitesse de glissement. Pour determiner la temperature et la pression de contact, un dispositif d'etude base sur l'observation experimentale de la formation du copeau (camera video rapide, mesure des efforts, calcul de flux thermique) et la simulation numerique par la methode des elements finis est ensuite mis en place. La caracterisation physico-chimique realisee a l'aide de techniques complementaires d'analyse de surface (MEB, EDS, AES, profilometrie optique) a permis d'identifier clairement les differents types d'endommagement. Ils se traduisent par la formation d'aretes rapportees et de couches adherentes (couches de transfert formees par extrusion de precipites) ainsi que par la fragilisation de l'outil provoque par la diffusion de certaines especes chimiques de copeau vers l'outil.
Synoptic estimates of air sea fluxes

Abstract : Synoptic and climatological dynamic studies generally rely on bulk aerodynamic flux formulae to describe air sea heat and momentum exchange on synoptic and climatological scales. Barometric pressure maps (which involve an intrinsic temporal averaging of the wind) and wind roses provide two sources of spatial and temporal wind information for flux calculations. Several investigators have shown that, due to the non-linear dependence of the bulk aerodynamic formulae on the winds, time-averaged estimates of the fluxes based on vector averaged winds systematically underestimate the actual time-averaged fluxes. Using 10 to 21 years of three-hourly sampled sea surface meteorological observations from 9 weatherstations in the North Atlantic Ocean and 2 weatherstations in the North Pacific Ocean, the three-hourly stresses, latent heat fluxes and sensible heat fluxes were calculated. The sampled data and the calculated fluxes were then averaged over periods varying up to 28 days. The estimates of the averaged fluxes based on the vector averaged winds were then compared to the directly averaged values.
Ozone profiles from clear sky thermal infrared measurements of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer: A retrieval approach accounting for thin cirrus

[1] In this work we discuss the retrieval of ozone profiles from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) thermal infrared measurements in the presence of thin cirrus. An algorithm is presented which accounts for optically thin cirrus, described by an absorption layer at fixed altitude, where an effective cirrus optical depth is determined from IASI measurements at the 15 μm CO2 absorption band. Subsequently, the cirrus characteristics are used for the ozone profile retrievals at the 9.6 μm O3 absorption band. To retrieve ozone we employ a Tikhonov regularization scheme in combination with the L curve approach. A sensitivity study shows that neglecting thin cirrus in the ozone profile retrieval leads to errors of >20% in the troposphere for an infrared optical depth of <0.1 (τ550nm < 0.05), while errors are around 5% when accounting for thin cirrus in the proposed manner. Uncertainties on cirrus height are mostly compensated by the retrieval of the effective cloud parameter. The findings are confirmed when we apply the retrieval scheme to IASI measurements which are filtered according to water clouds and optically thick cirrus. The ozone profiles are validated with 193 collocated ozonesonde profiles from nine stations and show good improvement at all altitudes. For the different stations the differences in the mean profiles between IASI ozone profiles and sonde profiles at 5 km altitude improve from (−10)%–(+80)% when cirrus is not accounted for in the retrieval to (−10)%–(+35)% when employing the new retrieval scheme. At the same time the root-mean-square differences between IASI ozone profiles and sonde profiles improve from 30%–100% to 20%–50%.