Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Temporal Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide under Snow in a High Elevation Rocky Mountain Subalpine Forest and Meadow

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration under snow was examined through two winter seasons at a 3100 m elevation subalpine site in the Snowy Range of Wyoming. CO2 was monitored every half hour at the soil/snow interface, and at about −25 cm soil depth the second year, in a meadow and in an adjacent forest. CO2 under snow in the meadow was significantly higher than that in the forest. CO2 at −25 cm depth in the soil was significantly higher than soil surface CO2. The CO2 under snow increased rapidly as snow melted and snowmelt began in the spring. CO2 concentration under snow depended primarily on amount occurring during the previous 24 or 48 h. However, CO2 concentration was related to snow depth and soil temperature, and indirectly to several seasonal environmental factors, especially solar radiation. Solar radiation, snow depth, and CO2 under snow all increase concurrently as the winter season progresses. CO2 flux was consistently higher in the meadow than in the forest and increased in late winter for both sites. Snow covered subalpine meadows and forests contribute considerable amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere in the winter.
Research progress on pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of Enterovirus A71

In recent years, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has become a major global public health problem, especially for infants and young children. The results of epidemiological research show that EV-A71 infection can cause acute hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and complications of the nervous system in severe cases, including aseptic pediatric meningoencephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. Many studies have demonstrated that EV-A71 infection may trigger a variety of intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways, which are interconnected to form a network that leads to the innate immune response, immune escape, inflammation, and apoptosis in the host. This article aims to provide an overview of the possible mechanisms underlying infection, signaling pathway activation, the immune response, immune evasion, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response caused by EV-A71 infection and an overview of potential therapeutic strategies against EV-A71 infection to better understand the pathogenesis of EV-A71 and to aid in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
Spanish language maintenance and shift among the Chilean community in Auckland

IX CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background to the study 1 1.2. Aims and significance of the study 2 1.3. Structure of the thesis 4 CHAPTER TWO: LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT 6 2.1. Chapter outline 6 2.2. The New Zealand context 6 2.3. Defining language maintenance and shift 8 2.4. Factors affecting language maintenance and shift 10 2.4. 1. Domains 10 2.4. 2. Demographic factors 11 2.4. 3. Economic and social factors 11 2.4. 4. Language attitudes 12 2.4. 5. Institutional support 14 2.4. 6. Identity 14 2.5. Overseas research on Spanish language maintenance and shift 15 2.5. 1. North America 16 2.5. 2. United Kingdom 18 2.5. 3. Australia 20 2.6. New Zealand language maintenance research 21
Probabilistic and Ensemble Representations of the Uncertainty in an IR/Microwave Satellite Precipitation Product

Abstract While current satellite techniques are theoretically capable of producing precipitation estimates to image pixel resolutions, significant uncertainty is present in such high-resolution products. This uncertainty is frequently difficult to characterize using scalar measures of additive error. This paper describes the development of a methodology to more fully represent the uncertainty in satellite precipitation retrievals. The methodology derives conditional probability distribution functions of rainfall on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This array of distribution functions is then combined with a simple model of the spatiotemporal covariance structure of the uncertainty in the precipitation field to stochastically generate an ensemble precipitation product. Each element of the ensemble represents an equiprobable realization of the precipitation field that is consistent with the original satellite data while containing a random element commensurate with the uncertainty in that field. The technique has be.
Natural variations in isotopic abundances of silicon

Measurements of natural variations in isotopic abundance ratios of silicon are reported. A maximum natural range of 5.3 per mil in Si/sup 30/ is obsenved to date. Coexisting biotite, quartz, and feldspars from some specimens of igneous rock from the Yosemite region differ by as much as 3 per mil; in other grossly similar igneous rocks from the same region the same minerals differ by less than 0.3 per mil. In those rocks with large differences between the minerals, the ratio of STASi/sup 30/! / STASi/sup 28/ + Si/sup 29/! increases in the order biotite, quartz, feldspar. All granitic rocks studied are enriched in Si/sup 30/ with respect to meteorites and basic rocks. Measurements on some sediments and biologic samples covered a range of approximately 4 per mil. A group of tektites covered a range of less than 0.7 per mil, with isotopic abundances centrally distributed within the observed normal terrestrial range. The results are interpreted, and applications of such studies to problems of geothermometry and formation of igneous rocks are discussed. (auth)
Vurdering av elementer som kan inngå i et nasjonalt kvalitetssystem for primærhelsetjenesten

Helseog omsorgsdepartementet via Helsedirektoratet a vurdere og anbefale elementer som kunne innga i et nasjonalt kvalitetssystem for primaerhelsetjenesten. Hovedanbefalinger: • Malet med et nasjonalt kvalitetssystem bor vaere dokumentasjon og synliggjoring av kvalitet, laering og kvalitetsforbedring pa en koordinert mate, i de fi re defi nerte nivaer i kommunehelsetjenesten: Bruker/ utover-nivaet, enhetsnivaet, det kommunale/fylkeskommunale nivaet og det nasjonale nivaet. • For at et nasjonalt kvalitetssystem i storst mulig grad skal kunne bidra til kvalitetsforbedring, bor en velge partnerskapsmodellen, med involvering av brukere og sentrale aktorer, som grunnprinsippet for utvikling og implementering. • Pasientene ma fa tilgjengelig og forstaelig informasjon om kvalitet, de ma i storre grad enn i dag gis mulighet til a ettersporre kvalitet og sikkerhet og bidra til kvalitetsutvikling av tjenestene. • Kvalitet pa tjenestene ma males og synliggjores pa en mate som er nyttig for brukerne og for utovernes egen kvalitetsforbedring. • Utvikling av nasjonale kvalitetsVurdering av elementer som kan innga i et nasjonalt kvalitetssystem for primaerhelsetjenesten
Multispectral image fusion for visual display

This paper describes a contrast-based monochromatic fusion process. The fusion process is aimed for on board real time the information content in the combined image, while retaining visual clues that are essential for navigation/piloting tasks. The method is a multi scale fusion process that provides a combination of pixel selection from a single image and a weighing of the two/multiple images. The spectral region is divided into spatial sub bands of different scales and orientations, and within each scale a combination rule for the corresponding pixels taken from the two components is applied. Even when the combination rule is a binary selection the combined fused image may have a combination of pixel values taken from the two components at various scales since it is taken at each scale. The visual band input is given preference in low scale, large features fusion. This fusion process provides a fused image better tuned to the natural and intuitive human perception. This is necessary for pilotage and navigation under stressful conditions, while maintaining or enhancing the targeting detection and recognition performance of proven display fusion methodologies. The fusion concept was demonstrated against imagery from image intensifiers and forward looking IR sensors currently used by the US Navy for navigation and targeting. The approach is easily extendible to more than two bands.
Comparing vegetative effects of domestic stock and feral goats as ungulate herbivores in Waingaro: Year 1 results

Fencing remnant native vegetation has become a widespread activity throughout New Zealand to increase native biodiversity. However, there have not been many studies to show if this is an effective approach when feral goats (Capra hircus) are present. The present study investigated the short-term effects on dominant trees and shrubs of fencing on a private property in Waingaro, New Zealand. Two permanent plots were analyzed, one in a fenced covenanted area with feral goats present and one in an unfenced area with cows, sheep, and feral goats present. Both plots were dominated by a canopy of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides), a midstory of silver tree fern (Cyathea dealbata) and an understory of divaricating coprosma's (Coprosma rhamnoides and Coprosma spathulata).
King’s Research Portal

Crystal structures can identify ligand-receptor interactions and assist the development of novel thera- peutics, but experimental challenges sometimes necessitate the use of homologous proteins. Tropisetron is an orthosteric ligand at both 5-HT 3 and a 7 nACh receptors and its binding orientation has been determined in the structural homologue AChBP (pdbid: 2WNC). Co-crystallisation with a structurally-related ligand, granisetron, reveals an almost identical orientation (pdbid; 2YME). However, there is a > 1000-fold difference in the af ﬁ nity of tropisetron at 5-HT 3 versus a 7 nACh receptors, and a 7 nACh receptors do not bind granisetron. These striking pharmacological differences prompt questions about which receptor the crystal structures most closely represent and whether the ligand orientations are correct. Here we probe the binding orientation of tropisetron and granisetron at 5-HT 3 receptors by in silico modelling and docking, radioligand binding on cysteine-substituted 5-HT 3 receptor mutants transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells, and synthetic modi ﬁ cation of the ligands. For 15 of the 23 cysteine substitutions, the effects on tropisetron and granisetron were different. Structure-activity relationships on synthesised derivatives of both ligands were also consistent with different orientations, revealing that contrary to the crystallographic evidence from AChBP, the two ligands adopt different orientations in the 5-HT 3 receptor binding site. Our results show that even quite structurally similar molecules can adopt different orientations in the same binding site, and that caution may be needed when using homologous proteins to predict ligand binding.
of diagnosis of in situ compared with

: Cancer is the cells that grow out of control. Cancer cells can also invade other tissues. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Involved in more than 100 diseases, the cancer can cause serious illness and death. Normally, the cells become cancer cells because of DNA damage. This material is a literature collection of the researches on the cancer and the. [Smith MH. Melanoma
The Effect of Family-Centered Intervention via SMS on Life Expectancy and Self-Efficacy in Medication Regimen Compliance in Patients With Acute MI: A Randomized Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening condition affecting an individual's physical and social circumstances. Life expectancy and self-efficacy are required to determine the risk of cardiac complications associated with this disease. This study examined the effect of family-centered intervention via short message service (SMS) on patients with acute MI's life expectancy and self-efficacy in medication regimens. METHODS: This study was a randomized, single-blind clinical trial. In 2018, 80 patients hospitalized with acute MI at educational centers affiliated with Shahrekord University were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. Routine intervention was performed in the control group. The experimental group was sent four educational text messages weekly for three months. Both groups' life expectancy and belief in their ability to adhere to their prescribed medication regimen were evaluated before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t, paired t, and chi-square tests via SPSS software. RESULTS: The results showed that the mean difference score of total life expectancy change was significantly different between the experimental (12.23± 10.48) and the control group (0.06±7.16) (p < 0.001). The mean difference score of self-efficacy in the experimental group (21.94±12.76) was significantly higher than that in the control group (4.66±9.49) (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute MI, using a text message intervention improved life expectancy and self-efficacy regarding medication regimens. Therefore, this intervention can be used as a low-cost and readily accessible tool to improve these patients' self-efficacy and life expectancy.
Microboring Versus Recrystallization: Further Insight into the Micritization Process

SEM observations of lightly etched thin sections of Bahamian sediments reveal an unusual process of micritization that involves carbonate precipitation in microborings concurrent with endolithic activity. A coccoid cyanobacterium, tentatively identified as Solentia sp. , bores tunnels, which initially penetrate just beneath grain surfaces and eventually extend throughout the entire grain. These tunnels are filled by radial fibrous aragonite, which is precipitated as the microorganism advances. Extensive multicyclic repetitions of this process result in obliteration of original grain textures with almost complete preservation of grain margins and rare empty bore holes. The rapidly filled tunnels cannot be detected by resin cast embedding techniques that are commonly used to study microboring. This type of multicyclic boring and concurrent filling of bore holes forms micritized grains that can be difficult or impossible to distinguish from micritized grains formed by recrystallization.
Incontinence-associated dermatitis: moving prevention forward

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) represents a significant health challenge worldwide and is a well-recognised risk factor for pressure ulcer development. Recent consensus work has identified gaps in our current understanding and practice. The ability of clinicians to deliver evidence-based practice is hampered by lack of standardised definitions and terminology, high-quality studies, and international or national guidelines. In September 2014, a group of international experts met in London to review knowledge deficits in IAD and to advance best practice principles to address these gaps. Key topics included: risk assessment for IAD; the role of IAD in pressure ulcer development; assessment and categorisation of IAD; and development of a severity-based approach to treatment. Following the meeting, an initial draft was developed and underwent extensive review by the expert working group. The document was then sent to a wider group of experts for further review. For the clinician providing hands-on patient care, the information presented in this document details practical guidance on how to assess, prevent and manage IAD based on available evidence and expert opinion. For clinical leaders, a step-by-step guide for advancing IAD prevention within their care setting is provided in addition to information on developing a structured prevention programme. It is the expert panel’s intention that this document will help promote effective skin care strategies for the prevention of IAD, improving patient quality of life and clinical outcomes worldwide. It is also hoped that this document will raise awareness of the need for accurate, standardised data collection for IAD, and the development of high-quality studies to advance our evidence base
Ozone and Aitken nuclei over equatorial Africa: Airborne observations during DECAFE 88

We determined the distribution of ozone (O3) and Aitken condensation nuclei (CN) over the rain forest in equatorial Africa during February 12–25, 1988. A pronounced O3 maximum with levels up to 70 ppbv was present in a layer between 1 and 3 km altitude throughout the period. It coincided with a CO maximum and with high levels of CO2 and gaseous organic acids. In general, the vertical distribution of CN was similar to that of O3, with number densities ranging up to approximately 3000 cm−3. Dense haze was visible within this layer. O3 and CN decreased sharply above the haze layer to values typical of the remote troposphere. Survey flights showed little change in levels of O3 and CN or in their vertical distribution over distances of hundreds of kilometers. Meteorological observations suggest that this ozone and particulate enriched layer is formed from air masses which originate in northern Africa and subsequently advect over dry tropical regions where biomass burning emits large amounts of aerosols, CO, NO, and hydrocarbons. These air masses then become trapped in the equatorial region between the near-surface monsoon flow from the southeast and the permanent easterly flow above 3–4 km. Differences in the vertical distribution of O3 and CN result from the removal of O3 by surface uptake and reactions with NO and hydrocarbons, leading to surface O3 concentrations near zero and a steep O3 gradient through the subcloud layer at night. During the day this gradient is reduced by convective mixing. CN concentrations showed no pronounced gradients in the subcloud layer, consistent with the absence of a strong sink for CN at the ground. CN gradients near the surface suggest emission of particles from the forest vegetation or from biomass burning.
Combined contextual classification method for large scale land covering based on multi-resolution satellite data

For multi-resolution land covering classification, many researches have focused on selecting and integrating appropriate feature information from different spatial resolution data of the same area. However, when extending to large scale problems, it is no surprise that low resolution data has worse performance, and high resolution data with wide coverage area has more limitations. To solve this problem, a novel framework is presented which compounds multiple spatial resolution data at arithmetic level without the limitation of full-scale multi-resolution data. The framework allows integrating conditional random fields (CRFs) with "real" likelihood distribution. Discrete feature-likelihood mapping is proposed to represent multi-to-single spatial correspondence. By considering spatial contextual information between pixels, CRFs based classifier offers a robust and accurate framework. Our experiments show that the proposed method can greatly improve the accuracy for large scale land covering classification applications.
Face Recognition Vendor Test 2002 Supplemental Report NISTIR 7083

Highlights 1. Fusion of four scores from five images per person cuts verification error rates by about half, [Section 6.3]. 2. Fusion of two leading FRVT systems also reduces verification errors by about 50%, [Section 6.4]. 3. In combination, fusion of scores from additional images and from three systems gives 99.7% true match rate at 1% false match rate, a tenfold reduction in false non-match rate over the comparable single score result from the best system. [Section 6.7]. 4. The Chinese sub-population of the FRVT corpus is markedly easier to recognize, [Section 3.1]. 5. Performance varies little for eye-to-eye distances on the range 40 to 100 pixels, but does degrade with discrepancy between enrolled and test images, [Section 4.1]. 6. Although performance varies little with JPEG file size, (from 6k to 11k, image size 300 x 252 pixels), there is considerable degradation with compression-ratio computed on the face, [Section 4.2]. 7. The median inter-pupil FRVT image distance, 73 pixels, exceeds the minimum resolution of the token image in the draft face recognition interchange format. In addition the on-face compression ratio is 18 which is lower than the allowed maximum of 20, [Section 4.2]. 8. Performance is insensitive to in-plane head rotation up to ±12 degrees, but degrades mildly with discrepancy, [Section 4.3]. 9. Normalization is a legitimate means of boosting verification and open-set identification performance , by using background images. It's action is equivalent to setting user-specific thresholds , 11. z-Normalization is a simple, effective normalizer proven in speech, fingerprint and gait tests. For face, its performance approaches that of the vendors' normalizers, [Section 5.2]. 12. The perfect impostor is defined and used to model worst case security performance, [Section 3.4]. 13. Generalized rocs are defined and used as the canonical means of displaying open-set 1:N identification performance, for N ≥ 1, [Section 2.2]. 14. In closed-set 1:N identification, the rate at which a user's match is found in the top p % of the enrolled population is largely independent of N , [Section 2.3]. Note: The identification of any commercial product or trade name does not imply endorsement or recommendation by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or any other FRVT 2002 sponsor or supporter.
Precipitation and Soil Impacts on Partitioning of Subsurface Moisture in Avena barbata

The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of two grassland soils and precipitation regimes on soil‐moisture dynamics. We set up an experiment in a greenhouse and monitored the soil moisture dynamics in mesocosms planted with Avena barbata, an annual species found in California grasslands. By repeating the precipitation input at regular intervals, we were able to observe plant manipulation of soil moisture during well‐defined periods during the growing season. We found that the amount of water partitioned to evapotranspiration, seepage, and soil storage varied among different growth stages. Furthermore, both soil type and precipitation regime had a significant impact on redistributing soil moisture. Whereas in the low‐precipitation treatments most water was released to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration, major losses from the high‐precipitation treatment occurred as gravity drainage. Observations from this study emphasize the importance of understanding intraseasonal relationships between vegetation, soil, and water.
Tafoflora paleógena da formação entre-córregos (Bacia de Aiuruoca): arquitetura foliar e paleoclima

The present study aims to analyze the leaf architecture of the Entre-Corregos Formation plant fossils, from the municipality of Aiuruoca, State of Minas Gerais. Based on these foliar architectural features and their meanings as climatic adaptation, the work shows that during the Middle Paleogene (Late Eocene-Early Oligocene), this region had high temperatures and wet weather, and was included into a tropical everwet biome going on to a subtropical summerwet.