Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristic Interface Conditions for Multiblock High-Order Computation on Singular Structured Grid

A structured grid with a body usually has a certain point where an abrupt change in the slope of grid line exists. The grid metrics are discontinuous at the point because of the discrepancy between the left- and the right-hand limits of the gradients, which leads to grid singularity. It may cause serious numerical oscillations especially when high-order finite difference schemes are applied to solving conservation-form governing equations in generalized coordinates. In this paper, it is handled by decomposing a computational domain into blocks along the singular lines and imposing interface conditions at the block interfaces for communication between the blocks. A set of high-order finite difference schemes is used in each block: central differences on the interior nodes and one-sided differences on the near-interface nodes. The differencing stencils do not cross the block interfaces and each block is isolated without the singularity, which results in no oscillations. For the communication between the isolated blocks, the interface conditions are newly derived from the characteristic relations of the compressible Euler or Navier-Stokes equations. The exactness and the feasibility of the interface conditions are investigated for the high-order multi-block computation on structured grid containing singular points.
Raasch Challenge for Shell Elements

The Raasch challenge problem of a curved strip with a tip in-plane shear load is examined in an attempt to better understand bow certain shell element features affect its solution. Various shell element formulations are used in the assessment in an attempt to define any inherent pathological problems of the shell finite elements or the problem itself. Six different flat shell elements and two solid brick elements are assessed by this problem, and the findings are very surprising. Selected aspects of shell finite-element development that are relevant to this problem are briefly described. These aspects are the inclusion of transverse shear flexibility in the element formulation, the addition of drilling degrees of freedom, and the realignment of shell surface normals. Shell elements without transverse shear flexibility appear to converge to an appropriate value (i.e., 5% stiffer than the three-dimensional solution). Shell elements with transverse shear flexibility do not appear to converge.
Synthetic CT in Carbon Ion Radiotherapy of the Abdominal Site

The generation of synthetic CT for carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) applications is challenging, since high accuracy is required in treatment planning and delivery, especially in an anatomical site as complex as the abdomen. Thirty-nine abdominal MRI-CT volume pairs were collected and a three-channel cGAN (accounting for air, bones, soft tissues) was used to generate sCTs. The network was tested on five held-out MRI volumes for two scenarios: (i) a CT-based segmentation of the MRI channels, to assess the quality of sCTs and (ii) an MRI manual segmentation, to simulate an MRI-only treatment scenario. The sCTs were evaluated by means of similarity metrics (e.g., mean absolute error, MAE) and geometrical criteria (e.g., dice coefficient). Recalculated CIRT plans were evaluated through dose volume histogram, gamma analysis and range shift analysis. The CT-based test set presented optimal MAE on bones (86.03 ± 10.76 HU), soft tissues (55.39 ± 3.41 HU) and air (54.42 ± 11.48 HU). Higher values were obtained from the MRI-only test set (MAEBONE = 154.87 ± 22.90 HU). The global gamma pass rate reached 94.88 ± 4.9% with 3%/3 mm, while the range shift reached a median (IQR) of 0.98 (3.64) mm. The three-channel cGAN can generate acceptable abdominal sCTs and allow for CIRT dose recalculations comparable to the clinical plans.
Algorithmic complexity of points in dynamical systems

Abstract This work is based on the author's dissertation. We examine the algorithmic complexity (in the sense of Kolmogorov and Chaitin) of the orbits of points in dynamical systems. Extending a theorem of A. A. Brudno, we note that for any ergodic invariant probability measure on a compact dynamical system, almost every trajectory has a limiting complexity equal to the entropy of the system. We use these results to show that for minimal dynamical systems, and for systems with the tracking property (a weaker version of specification), the set of points whose trajectories have upper complexity equal to the topological entropy is residual. We give an example of a topologically transitive system with positive entropy for which an uncountable open set of points has upper complexity equal to zero. We use techniques from universal data compression to prove a recurrence theorem: if a compact dynamical system has a unique measure of maximal entropy, then any point whose lower complexity is equal to the topological entropy is generic for that unique measure. Finally, we discuss algorithmic versions of the theorem of Kamae on preservation of the class of normal sequences under selection by sequences of zero Kamae-entropy.
Quantum confined Stark effect and corresponding lifetime reduction in a single InxGa1−xN quantum disk

Time-integrated and time-resolved microphotoluminescence studies were carried out on InxGa1−xN quantum disks embedded in GaN nanocolumns grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Emission at ∼3.33 eV from confined states was detected and observed to blueshift with excitation power; a result of charge screening and the quantum confined Stark effect. Due to the reduced band bending and resulting increased overlap of the confined electron and hole wave functions, the lifetime of the emission was measured to decrease with increasing excitation power. The saturation of the blueshift and lifetime reduction follows that of the peak intensity, indicating a Stark screening process.
Chromosome Segmentation and Investigations using Generalized Gradient Vector Flow Active Contours

We investigated Generalized Gradient Vector Flow Active Contours as a suitable boundary mapping technique for Chromosome spread images which have variability in shape and size, expecting to yield a robust segmentation scheme that can be used for segmentation of similar class of images based on optimal set of parameter values. It is found experimentally that a unique set of parameter values is required for boundary mapping each chromosome image. Characterization studies have established that each parameter has an optimal range of values within which good boundary mapping results can be obtained in similar class of images. Statistical testing validates the experimental results.
Stability of Dengue 2 Nonstructural Glycoprotein 1 (NS1) Is Affected by the Nature of Basic Residue at Position NS1-324

Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease. It is caused by the infection of any of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes DENV-1 to DENV-4. The DENV non-structural glycoprotein 1 (NS1) plays an important role in virus replication and the immunopathogenesis of virus infection. The NS1 protein has been identified as both a cell-associated homodimer and a soluble secreted lipoprotein nanoparticle. The nature of the residues at positions NS1-272 and NS1-324 in the β-ladder domain may have an effect on the biological behaviors of DENV-2 NS1 protein in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. The stability of the NS1 protein from the Reunion 2018 DENV-2 strain was affected by the presence of lysine residues at positions 272 and 324. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of mutations into lysine at positions 272 and 324 on recombinant NS1 protein from the DES-14 DENV-2 strain bearing arginine residue on these two positions. The DES-14 NS1 protein mutant bearing a lysine at position 324 was deficient in protein stability and secretion compared to wild-type protein. The defect in the DES-14 NS1 protein mutant was associated to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine activation in Huh7 cells. The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway might play a key role in the stability of DENV-2 protein bearing a lysine residue at position 324.
Galaxy counts and the galaxy two-point angular correlation function to I=23

We present new results on the two-point angular correlation function of galaxies. The results have been determined from two large-format CCD surveys, covering 13 deg2 in total. At all magnitudes the two-point correlation function is well described by a power law with an index, J, equal to - 0.8. The amplitude of the correlation function decreases with increasing magnitude; however, the precise behaviour is not reproduced in models that include reasonable amounts of clustering evolution. We also present new data on the I-band galaxy number counts. A model that fits the count data well is a model that has a cosmological constant and a local galaxy number density equal to 1.76 x 1O-2(Ho/100)3 Mpc-3 •
Cluster Analysis of Surface Winds in Houston, Texas, and the Impact of Wind Patterns on Ozone

Abstract The city of Houston, Texas, is near a complex coastline and numerous petrochemical plants, the combination of which plays a large role in Houston’s air pollution events. It has long been known that the thermally driven afternoon onshore flow (sea breeze or gulf breeze) transports ozone-rich air inland. As a way of quantifying the role of the gulf breeze in Houston’s high-ozone events, cluster analysis of hourly averaged surface winds from a regional network of meteorological sensors was performed for 27 summer days of 2000, with the dates coinciding with the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 (TexAQS 2000). Hourly averaged winds were partitioned into 16 independent clusters, or wind patterns, while simultaneously keeping track of the maximum ozone in the network for each hour. Clusters emerged that represented various wind patterns, including thermally driven flows, stagnant winds, and a thunderstorm outflow. All clusters were used to assess which wind patterns were most likely to be coincident with th.
Finite time scaling of energy in simulated annealing

The energy of a local minimum obtained by the simulated annealing generally depends on a time tau in which a complex system has been immersed in a heat bath. How the resultant energy E( tau ) scales with a time tau is an interesting question. The diffusion process of a point in a wiggly parabola is analysed to discuss the scaling. The model is exactly solvable and the energy is found to scale as E( tau )= in +c(ln tau )-1. This scaling is considered rather common to general complex systems. However, the limit in obtained from practical data is not necessarily the ground state energy of a system.
A Study of Complex Property Counterexample Generation Method for Markov Model

With the wide application of probabilistic systems, the research of counterexample generation for probabilistic system with model checking has attracted wide attention. For counterexample of complex parametric system, proposes a counterexample generation algorithm for multiple until constraint formulae of probabilistic computation tree logic act on continuous time probabilistic model and gives another counterexample computation method based on automaton theory. At last, the example analysis is given. The theoretical analysis and example result show that the feasibility and validity of the method.
The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN)

Abstract Surface soil moisture plays an important role in the dynamics of land–atmosphere interactions and many current and upcoming models and satellite sensors. In situ data will be required to provide calibration and validation datasets. Therefore, there is a need for sensor networks at a variety of scales that provide near-real-time soil moisture and temperature data combined with other climate information for use in natural resource planning, drought assessment, water resource management, and resource inventory. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)–National Water and Climate Center has established a continental-scale network to address this need, called the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN). This ever-growing network has more than 116 stations located in 39 states, most of which have been installed since 1999. The stations are remotely located and collect hourly atmospheric, soil moisture, and soil temperature data that are available to the public.
Denotational design with type class morphisms

Type classes provide a mechanism for varied implementations of standard interfaces. Many of these interfaces are founded in mathematical tradition and so have regularity not only of types but also of properties (laws) that must hold. Types and properties give strong guidance to the library implementor, while leaving freedom as well. Some of this remaining freedom is in how the implementation works, and some is in what it accomplishes. To give additional guidance to the what, without impinging on the how, this paper proposes a principle of type class morphisms (TCMs), which further refines the compositional style of denotational semantics. The TCM idea is simply that the instance’s meaning follows the meaning’s instance. This principle determines the meaning of each type class instance, and hence defines correctness of implementation. It also serves to transfer laws about a type’s semantic model, such as the class laws, to hold for the type itself. In some cases, it provides a systematic guide to implementation, and in some cases, valuable design feedback. The paper is illustrated with several examples of types, meanings, and morphisms.
A novel intravital multi-harmonic generation microscope for early diagnosis of oral cancer

Oral cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed human cancers and leading causes of cancer death all over the world, but the prognosis and overall survival rate are still poor because of delay in diagnosis and lack of early intervention. The failure of early diagnosis is due to insufficiency of proper diagnostic and screening tools and most patients are reluctant to undergo biopsy. Optical virtual biopsy techniques, for imaging cells and tissues at microscopic details capable of differentiating benign from malignant lesions non-invasively, are thus highly desirable. A novel multi-harmonic generation microscope, excited by a 1260 nm Cr:forsterite laser, with second and third harmonic signals demonstrating collagen fiber distribution and cell morphology in a sub-micron resolution, was developed for clinical use. To achieve invivo observation inside the human oral cavity, a small objective probe with a suction capability was carefully designed for patients’ comfort and stability. By remotely changing its focus point, the same objective can image the mucosa surface with a low magnification, illuminated by side light-emitting diodes, with a charge-coupled device (CCD) for site location selection before the harmonic generation biopsy was applied. Furthermore, the slow galvanometer mirror and the fast resonant mirror provide a 30 fps frame rate for high-speed real-time observation and the z-motor of this system is triggered at the same rate to provide fast 3D scanning, again ensuring patients’ comfort. Focusing on the special cytological and morphological changes of the oral epithelial cells, our preliminary result disclosed excellent consistency with traditional histopathology studies.
An Essay on Terminology, Myths, - and Known Facts: Solar Transient - Flare - CME - Driver Gas - Piston - BDE - Magnetic Cloud - Shock Wave - Geomagnetic Storm

In the field of solar-terrestrial relations a clear and unique terminology is needed in order to abolish and avoid unnecessary confusion between the scientists from several involved disciplines. For example, the widely used abbreviationCME (for coronal mass ejection) has turned out to be somewhat misleading. Early on it had been known that other than coronal material is often involved in such events. The discoverers observed transient events of mass ejections from the sun, which could be observed in the corona owing to the newly available coronagraphs. This article is meant to clarify the terminology, with emphasis on giving credit to the original discoverers and the terms they introduced. With this aim in mind I suggest some minor modifications of the terminology.
High-power resonant measurements of piezoelectric materials: Importance of elastic nonlinearities

A resonance method for measuring the complex elastic and electromechanical properties of piezoelectric materials under high-power operational conditions has been developed. In this method, rectangular specimens are piezoelectrically driven into mechanical resonance. The displacement of the transverse resonance mode is measured as a function of frequency (f ) using an optical vibrometer method in conjunction with a frequency response analyzer. Due to the wide amplitude sensitivity range of the detection system, asymmetries in nonlinear resonance curves with mechanical damping can be accurately measured. The method has been applied to the study of Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3. Under resonant high-power drive, it has been found that electromechanical nonlinearities are due to elastic ones, as the elastic and electromechanical properties were both found to scale with the square of the strain amplitude. The temperature (T) and ac electric field (Eac) dependence of the mechanical quality factor Qm were also determined. Iso-Q.
MIXING PROPERTIES OF A GENERAL CLASS OF GARCH(1,1) MODELS WITHOUT MOMENT ASSUMPTIONS ON THE OBSERVED PROCESS

We consider general, and possibly nonparametric, GARCH(1,1) processes. First we give conditions for the existence and the uniqueness of stationary ergodic solutions. Then we identify additional conditions for geometric ergodicity. These conditions consist of mild restrictions on the distribution of the latent independent process. No moment assumption is made on the generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic (GARCH) process. Applications to the asymptotic behavior of sample autocorrelations and to unit-root tests are proposed.This work was supported by INTAS (research project 03-51-3714). The authors gratefully acknowledge the quick and careful reading of the manuscript by Bruce Hansen and three referees. Their detailed comments led to a greatly improved presentation.
Military Vehicle Classification Via Acoustic And Seismic Signals Using Statistical Learning Methods

It is a difficult and important task to classify the types of military vehicles using the acoustic and seismic signals generated by military vehicles. For improving the classification accuracy and reducing the computing time and memory size, we investigated different pre-processing technology, feature extraction and selection methods. Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) was employed for feature extraction. Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used for feature selection and extraction further. A new feature vector construction method was proposed by uniting PCA and another feature selection method. K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier (KNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) were used for classification. The experimental results showed the accuracies of KNN and SVM were affected obviously by the window size which was used to frame the time series of the acoustic and seismic signals. The classification results indicated the performance of SVM was superior to that of KNN. The comparison of the four feature selection and extraction methods showed the proposed method is a simple, none time-consuming, and reliable technique for feature selection and helps the classifier SVM to achieve more better results than solely using PCA, GA, or combination.
On restraining convective subgrid‐scale production in Burgers' equation

Since most turbulent flows cannot be computed directly from the (incompressible) Navier–Stokes equations, a dynamically less complex mathematical formulation is sought. In the quest for such a formulation, we consider nonlinear approximations of the convective term that preserve the symmetry and conservation properties. The underlying idea is to restrain the convective production of small scales in an unconditionally stable manner, meaning that the approximate solution cannot blow up in the energy norm. In this paper, the method is worked out and tested successfully for Burgers' equation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability criteria based on integral quadratic constraints

Stability criteria based on Lyapunov functions, dissipativity and absolute stability have been developed over several decades. However, a new perspective on the theory has recently emerged with the development of new numerical methods. For linear time-invariant systems with uncertainty, Doyle and others developed efficient computational tools based on the notion structured singular value. For nonlinear and time-varying systems, the search for a quadratic Lyapunov function can be written as a convex optimization problem with linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints. Such problems can be solved with great efficiency using interior point methods. A large variety of results of this kind were previously unified and generalized using the notion integral quadratic constraint. The general computational problem to find multipliers that prove stability was stated as an LMI optimization problem. Furthermore, it was shown that previous technical problems associated with anti-causal multipliers can be avoided using a homotopy argument. This article further extends the theory in two respects. The improvements are instrumental for treatment of several important phenomena, such as time delays, ideal relays and hysteresis. In particular, the framework of exponential stability eliminates the need for external signals in the feedback loop, so that attention can be restricted to the type of signals that appear naturally.
A simple dual-band corrugated horn with low cross polarization

A simplified design for dual-band corrugated conical horns with low cross-polarization characteristics is discussed. Measured results of the breadboard horn show that cross-polar levels of better than -34 dB and return loss of better than 28 dB have been realized over the designed frequency bands. It is shown that the performance of the single-depth corrugated horn can be optimized to give low cross-polarization fields over a 40% frequency bandwidth. Cross-polar levels on the order of -34 dB and return loss of better than 28 dB have been realized for the breadboard horn. The designed horn has potential application in direct-broadcast satellite antennas operating in the 12 and 17.5 GHz frequencies. >
Piston‐driven, unsteady separation at a sudden expansion in a tube: Flow visualization and LDA measurements

Flow visualization studies and laser‐Doppler anemometry (LDA) measurements have been performed on the flow field generated at a sudden expansion in a cylindrical pipe during the intake stroke of a piston. The range of piston Reynolds numbers investigated, based on piston diameter and velocity, was 18–125 and covered a laminar and a transition‐to‐turbulence regime. A detailed study of the parameters influencing the structure of the flow, i.e., the clearance volume and the piston velocity, was carried out and is presented, and the mechanism for the creation of flow instabilities at low Reynolds numbers is outlined. One of the striking features of the flow relates to the formation of vortex structures during the intake flow. It is found that under some circumstances these structures become unstable, despite the relatively low Reynolds number of the flow.
Neutron star magnetic field decay: Hall drift and Ohmic diffusion

Etude de deux phenomenes jouant un role important dans le transport de flux magnetique dans la croute solide des etoiles a neutrons: la diffusion du champ magnetique par effet ohmique pour les densites inferieures au seuil d'ecoulement des neutrons et le transport magnetique du a l'effet Hall associe a la poussee magnetique dans la croute solide de neutrons