Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generated Carrier Dynamics in V-Pit-Enhanced InGaN/GaN Light-Emitting Diode

We investigate the effects of V-pits on the optical properties of a state-of-the-art, highly efficient, blue InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well (MQW) light-emitting diode (LED) with a high internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of >80%. The LED is structurally enhanced by incorporating a pre-MQW InGaN strain-relief layer with low InN content and a patterned sapphire substrate. For comparison, a conventional (unenhanced) InGaN/GaN MQW LED (with an IQE of 46%) grown under similar conditions was subjected to the same measurements. Scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals the absence of V-pits in the unenhanced LED, whereas in the enhanced LED, V-pits with {10-11} facets, emerging from threading dislocations (TDs), were prominent. Cathodoluminescence mapping reveals the luminescence properties near the V-pits, showing that the formation of V-pit defects can encourage the growth of defect-neutralizing barriers around TD defect states. The diminished contribution of TDs in the MQWs allows indium-rich localization.
LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM IN LIVER DISEASE

The liver plays a central role in lipid metabolism, serving as the center for lipoprotein uptake, formation, and export to the circulation. Alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism can contribute to the development of chronic liver disease, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and add to the progression of other chronic liver disease, as occurs in hepatitis C. Moreover, chronic liver disease can impact hepatic lipid metabolism leading to alterations in circulating lipid levels contributing to dyslipidemia. This chapter discusses the interplay between lipid metabolism and chronic liver diseases focusing on NAFLD, alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, cholestatic liver disease, and cirrhosis
A Scientific Approach to Innovation Management: Theory and Evidence from Four Field Experiments

This paper studies the implications of an approach in which managers and entrepreneurs make decisions under uncertainty by formulating and testing theories such as scientists do. By combining the results of four Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) involving 754 start-ups and smallmedium enterprises and 10,730 data points over time, we find that managers and entrepreneurs who adopt this approach terminate more projects, do not experiment with many new ideas, and perform better. We develop a model that explains these results. JEL Classification: L21, L26, M13, M21
Finite‐time tracking control of uncertain nonholonomic systems by state and output feedback

This paper studies the finite‐time tracking control of nonholonomic systems in chained form with parameter uncertainties, unknown output gains, and mismatched uncertainties. To achieve the finite‐time tracking control of uncertain nonholonomic systems, we propose 2 types of controllers by state and output feedback, respectively. Both of the proposed 2 types of controllers can achieve the finite‐time output tracking control of the nonholonomic systems even in the presence of mismatched uncertainties and/or unknown gains. The effectiveness of our proposed controllers are illustrated with simulation examples.
Minimum Time Bilateral Observer Design for 2x2 Systems of Linear Hyperbolic PDEs - With Application to Oil Well Drilling State Estimation for Improved Kick Handling

We consider state estimation of 1D systems of 2 × 2 linear first-order coupled hyperbolic PDEs, consisting of two distributed states propagating information in opposite directions but interacting across the spatial domain. These types of systems can be used to model various technical and physical phenomena. In most practical situations only measurements from boundary points are available, and the interior states must from these be deduced. We derive a bilateral boundary observer, utilizing sensing at both boundaries of the spatial domain, to provide state estimates of the 2 × 2 system which are correct within a finite and theoretically minimal amount of time. This optimal convergence time is smaller than the corresponding lowest possible convergence time for unilateral boundary observers, being observers only using measurements from a single boundary point. As a first step in the derivation of the 2 × 2 bilateral observer, we derive for a 1D system of 2 + 2 linear first-order coupled hyperbolic PDEs, consisting of four distributed states coupled point-wise across the domain, of which two transmit information leftwards and the other two information rightwards, a boundary observer which relies on measurements from a single boundary that is collocated with actuation. The design is achieved by using infinite dimensional backstepping through applying a Volterra integral transformation composed with a Fredholm integral transformation. We show that this observer converges within the theoretical lower bound for convergence time of unilateral boundary observers for 2 + 2 systems. Next, we split the spatial domain of the 2 × 2 system at an interior point, and transform it to a 2 + 2 system by re-scaling of the sub-domains and redefining boundary conditions. A bilateral observer for the 2 × 2 system is subsequently derived from the previously derived minimum time unilateral observer for the 2 + 2 system. How the splitting point should be chosen to achieve minimum time convergence for the bilateral 2 × 2 observer is shown. To demonstrate the efficiency of the 2 × 2 bilateral observer, we implement 2 × 2 systems and their corresponding minimum time bilateral observers in simulations. These are bench-marked against 2 × 2 unilateral boundary observers only sensing a single boundary point, and it is found that the bilateral observers have superior performance to the unilateral observers. As an application of the theory derived, it is next shown how the 2 × 2 system can be used to model the pressure and flow dynamics of drilling fluid during oil well drilling. A scenario where the observers are used for state estimation during kick handling is considered. The scenario is simulated and it is shown that an observer using both topside and downhole measurements during drilling has a more efficient response with respect to correctly estimating the states of the drilling fluid than an observer only utilizing topside measurements, something that can contribute to safer kick handling.
Change in Working Length at Different Stages of Instrumentation as a Function of Canal Curvature

iv Introduction . 1 Materials and Methods . 6 Results . 9 Discussion . 21 Conclusion . 24 References . 25 Appendices . 30 Appendix 1: Root Curvature . 30 Appendix 2: Measurements (mm) . 31 Vita . 1
Dynamically orthogonal equations for stochastic underwater sound propagation

Grand challenges in ocean acoustic propagation and inference are to accurately capture the dynamic environmental uncertainties and to predict the evolving probability density distribution of stochastic acoustic waves, all efficiently and rigorously, using the governing partial differential equations (PDEs). To start addressing these needs, the stochastic dynamically orthogonal (DO) PDEs for the parabolic wave equation are derived and numerical schemes for their integration are obtained. Within the parabolic approximation, these equations are the optimal reduced-order representation of stochastic acoustic waves within the uncertain sound speed environment. The DO equations govern the propagation of the mean field, the DO modes, and their stochastic coefficients. Examples are provided for a set of idealized test cases as well as for more realistic ocean environments, and predictions are contrasted with those of other uncertainty quantification schemes. The utilization of DO equations for end-to-end uncertai.
Adaptive Fractional Order PI Controller Design for a Flexible Swing arm System Via Enhanced Virtual Reference Feedback Tuning

Flexible swing arm system (FSAS) is one of the most important components in the LED packaging industry. The trajectory tracking performance of the FSAS will directly affect the efficiency and accuracy of the LED packaging equipment. In order to meet the high precision and high speed requirements, this paper proposes an adaptive fractional order proportional integral (AFOPI) control method based on enhanced virtual reference feedback tuning (EVRFT). In this method, the AFOPI controller is applied to handle the fractional order characteristics of the FSAS. EVRFT is used to tune the AFOPI controller in a real‐time way to accommodate the time‐varying operating conditions. The proposed method is facilitated with two advantages: 1) only input/output measured data are fully utilized during the recursive tuning process without using model information of the controlled FSAS; 2) an improved adaptive law is incorporated in EVRFT to reduce the computation burden and provide an unbiased estimate for the ideal controller simultaneously. Thus, the conventional VRFT is enhanced both in efficiency and accuracy. The stability of the proposed method is guaranteed by rigorous theoretical analysis. Finally, experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the EVRFT‐based AFOPI controller.
Quasi-Likelihood Estimation for Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Diffusion Observed at Random Time Points

In this paper, we study the quasi-likelihood estimator of the drift parameter θ in the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck diffusion process, when the process is observed at random time points, which are assumed to be unobservable. These time points are arrival times of a Poisson process with known rate. The asymptotic properties of the quasi-likelihood estimator (QLE) of θ, as well as those of its approximations are also elucidated. An extensive simulation study of these estimators is also performed. As a corollary to this work, we obtain the quasi-likelihood estimator iteratively in the deterministic framework with non-equidistant time points.
Application of a multiple scattering model to estimate optical depth, lidar ratio and ice crystal effective radius of cirrus clouds observed with lidar.

Lidar measurements of cirrus clouds are highly influenced by multiple scattering (MS). We therefore developed an iterative approach to correct elastic backscatter lidar signals for multiple scattering to obtain best estimates of single-scattering cloud optical depth and lidar ratio as well as of the ice crystal effective radius. The approach is based on the exploration of the effect of MS on the molecular backscatter signal returned from above cloud top.
On some high‐dimensional two‐sample tests based on averages of inter‐point distances

Over the last two decades, several two‐sample tests based on averages of inter‐point distances have been proposed in the literature. Most of these tests are based on the Euclidean distance, and they can be used even when the dimension of the data is much larger than the sample size. But these tests can produce poor results in high‐dimensional set‐ups even when the two distributions differ widely in their scatters and shapes. To overcome these limitations, we modify some tests by replacing the Euclidean distance with a new class of distance functions. The high‐dimensional consistency of these modified tests is established under appropriate regularity conditions. Numerical studies are also carried out to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brittle fracture simulation with boundary elements for computer graphics

This thesis describes a brittle fracture simulation method for visual effects applications. Building upon a symmetric Galerkin boundary element method, we first compute stress intensity factors following the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics. We then use these stress intensities to simulate the motion of a propagating crack front at a significantly higher resolution than the overall deformation of the breaking object. Allowing for spatial variations of the material's toughness during crack propagation produces visually realistic, highly-detailed fracture surfaces. Furthermore, we introduce approximations for stress intensities and crack opening displacements, resulting in both practical speed-up and theoretically superior runtime complexity compared to previous methods. While we choose a quasi-static approach to fracture mechanics, ignoring dynamic deformations, we also couple our fracture simulation framework to a standard rigid-body dynamics solver, enabling visual effects artists to simulate both large scale motion, as well as fracturing due to collision forces in a combined system. As fractures inside of an object grow, their geometry must be represented both in the coarse boundary element mesh, as well as at the desired fine output resolution. Using a boundary element method, we avoid complicated volumetric meshing operations. Instead we describe a simple set of surface meshing operations that allow us to progressively add cracks to the mesh of an object and still re-use all previously computed entries of the linear boundary element system matrix. On the high resolution level, we opt for an implicit surface representation. We then describe how to capture fracture surfaces during crack propagation, as well as separate the individual fragments resulting from the fracture process, based on this implicit representation. We show results obtained with our method, either solving the full boundary element system in every time step, or alternatively using our fast approximations. These results demonstrate that both of these methods perform well in basic test cases and produce realistic fracture surfaces. Furthermore we show that our fast approximations substantially out-perform the standard approach in more demanding scenarios. Finally, these two methods naturally combine, using the full solution while the problem size is manageably small and switching to the fast approximations later on. The resulting hybrid method gives the user a direct way to choose between speed and accuracy of the simulation.
Saccharomyces Boulardii and Bacillus Cereus Var. Toyoi Influence the Morphology and the Mucins of the Intestine of Pigs

Saccharomyces boulardii Bacillus cereus var. toyoi Saccharomyces boulardii Bacillus cereus var. toyoi Saccharomyces boulardii Bacillus cereus var. toyoi Saccharomyces boulardii Bacillus cereus var. toyoi
Pinning Cluster Synchronization of Coupled Nonidentical Harmonic Oscillators Under Directed Topology

This paper addresses cluster synchronization of coupled harmonic oscillators over directed fixed and switching topologies, where uncoupled harmonic oscillators in the same cluster have the identical node dynamics, while any pair of nodes in different clusters are essentially distinguishing according to their local dynamics. A pinning control protocol is proposed for such coupled harmonic oscillators system, and then some graphic topology conditions easy to verify are established for cluster synchronization. The main contributions of the present investigation include: (i) cluster synchronization problem of coupled nonidentical harmonic oscillators is addressed over directed topology; (ii) desynchronizing motion of harmonic oscillators from different clusters doesn't depend on negative coupling weights but leader of every cluster; (iii) this paper deals with what kind of harmonic oscillators ought to be pinned in order to reach cluster synchronization. Finally, numerical examples and simulations demonstrate the obtained theoretical results.
Improved adaptive convex combination of LMS algorithm based on conjugate gradient method

The convergence speed of a single least mean square (LMS) filter contradicts its stable state error incompatibly. Such a situation significantly restrains the performance of the recognition system. The convex combination of least mean square (CLMS) algorithm is employed in this paper to ensure that had good output. However, the rule for modifying mixing parameter is based on the steepest descent method, when the algorithm converges, it will take a lot of detours and do a lot of hard. In order to settle this problem, a new rule based on the conjugate gradient method is proposed in this paper. Meanwhile, modified hyperbolic tangent function is used to reduce computational complexity. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that under different simulation environment, the proposed algorithm performs good property of mean square and tracking.
Representation and extraction of image feature associated with maneuvering affordance

A detection scheme is presented for maneuvering affordance in noisy imagery. Under the assumption that image features to be observed are generated as fractal attractors induced by mental maneuvering process, environment features are represented in directional Fourier images. For extracting not-yet-identified self-similar pattern, noise level is estimated based on probabilistic complexity analysis. The detectability of affordance patterns has been verified through experimental studies.
Gastroösophageale Refluxkrankheit - Ergebnisse einer evidenzbasierten Konsensuskonferenz der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten

Die gastro sophageale Refluxkrankheit ist eine h ufige Erkrankung in den Industriel ndern der westlichen Welt. Die Pr valenz liegt bei 10% der Bev lkerung, wenn mehrmals w chentliche oder t gliche Refluxsymptome zugrunde gelegt werden. Die Erkrankung wird nicht nur zunehmend h ufiger diagnostiziert (weil die betroffenen Patienten h ufiger den Arzt aufsuchen), sondern es scheint, dass die Inzidenz ebenfalls zunimmt. Dar ber hinaus hat sich das Spektrum der Refluxkrankheit in den letzten Jahren erweitert, so durch Beziehungen zu Symptomen des Respirationstraktes (so genannte extra sophageale Manifestationen). Parallel zur Zunahme der Refluxkrankheit wird auch eine m gliche, wenn auch seltene Folgekrankheit, n mlich das Adenokarzinom des distalen sophagus im Gefolge der Ausbildung eines Barrettsophagus, in rasch wachsender Zahl beobachtet.
Observability of ionospheric space‐time structure with ISR: A simulation study

The sources of error from electronically steerable array (ESA) incoherent scatter radar (ISR) systems are investigated both theoretically and with use of an open‐source ISR simulator, developed by the authors, called Simulator for ISR (SimISR). The main sources of error incorporated in the simulator include statistical uncertainty, which arises due to nature of the measurement mechanism and the inherent space‐time ambiguity from the sensor. SimISR can take a field of plasma parameters, parameterized by time and space, and create simulated ISR data at the scattered electric field (i.e., complex receiver voltage) level, subsequently processing these data to show possible reconstructions of the original parameter field. To demonstrate general utility, we show a number of simulation examples, with two cases using data from a self‐consistent multifluid transport model. Results highlight the significant influence of the forward model of the ISR process and the resulting statistical uncertainty on plasma parameter measurements and the core experiment design trade‐offs that must be made when planning observations. These conclusions further underscore the utility of this class of measurement simulator as a design tool for more optimal experiment design efforts using flexible ESA class ISR systems.
Forecasting Hail Using a One-Dimensional Hail Growth Model within WRF

AbstractThe HAILCAST hail growth model has been integrated into the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model to predict hail size at the ground. Significant updates to the physics of the hail growth model are added, including variable hail density for both wet and dry growth regimes, an updraft multiplier that parameterizes advection of the hail embryo across an updraft, temperature-dependent ice collection efficiency, mass growth by vapor deposition or condensation, and an improved liquid water shedding threshold. Sample hail trajectories from three different updrafts are presented showing the effects of these physical updates. The updraft multiplier in particular improves the representation of the hail growth by not requiring a hail embryo to be locked in the center of an updraft until it grows large enough to fall. Five weeks of hail diameter forecasts are verified using a maximum expected size of hail (MESH) product. At points where WRF successfully forecasts c.
Latest Results and Future Prospects from T2K

T2K is an experiment designed to observe neutrino oscillations with a baseline of 295 km across Japan from Tokai to Kamioka. Its main goal is to measure oscillation parameters ($\theta_{23}$, $\Delta m^{2}_{32}$ and $\theta_{13}$) through $\nu_\mu$ ($\overline{\nu}_{\mu}$) disappearance and $\nu_e$ ($\overline{\nu}_e$) appearance. T2K reported the first measurement of a non-zero $\theta_{13}$ mixing angle and the most precise measurement of $\theta_{23}$. T2K also published recently its first result in the search for CP violation in neutrino oscillations combining appearance and disappearance channels for $\nu/\overline{\nu}$ beam. With reactor measurements, the CP conservation hypothesis is excluded at 90 \% C.L. For precision measurements of neutrino oscillation, it is crucial to understand neutrino-nucleus interaction at few-GeV including nuclear effects. To achieve this, T2K published neutrino-nucleus cross-section measurements of various interaction channels at T2K off-axis (ND280) and on-axis (INGRID) near detectors. T2K has made measurements of the $\nu_\mu$ charged-current interaction without pions in the final state (CC0$\pi$) and with a single pion (CC1$\pi^+$) on carbon and oxygen. A new measurement of protons out of CC0$\pi$ interactions (CC0$\pi$Np), is expected to provide complementary precision for better understanding of nuclear effects. In this paper, the latest oscillation and cross-section results using $14.7\times10^{20}$ of $\nu$-mode and $7.56\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target (POT) of $\overline{\nu}$-mode data accumulated before June 2016 are reported.
On the need of projections in input‐error model reference adaptive control

The main objective of this note is to contribute, if modestly, toward the understanding of the input‐error model reference adaptive control scheme revealing an instability mechanism that arises if the projection of the plant high‐frequency gain coefficient estimate is omitted. In addition, a self‐contained proof of global convergence of the scheme with the projections for a simple first‐order plant is given.
Technique as an Algorithm for Computing Periodic Orbits

The Lindstedt-Poincard technique in perturbation theory is used to calculate periodic or- bits of perturbed differential equations. It uses a nearby periodic orbit of the unperturbed differential equation as the first approximation. We derive a numerical algorithm based upon this technique for computing periodic orbits of dynamical systems. The algorithm, unlike the Lindstedt-Poincard technique, does not require the dynamical system to be a small perturbation of a solvable differential equation. This makes it more broadly applica- ble. The algorithm is quadratically convergent. It works with equal facility, as examples show, irrespective of whether the periodic orbit is attracting, or repelling, or a saddle. One of the examples presents what is possibly the most accurate computation of Hill's orbit of lunation since its justly celebrated discovery in 1878.