Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Another Spin on Graphene

Graphene, the one-atom-thick face of carbon ( 1 ), startled the condensed matter community from the get-go. It exhibits a large number of new and exotic optical and electronic effects that have not been observed in other materials ( 2 , 3 ). Most of these effects arise because of two important properties of graphene—the strength of the bonds that keep the carbon atoms together and the peculiar electronic structure of the honeycomb lattice. The electronic excitations in graphene are said to behave like Dirac particles, that is, their energy is proportional to their momentum ( 4 ). Furthermore, graphene is opening doors for an entirely new technology based on two-dimensional (2D) crystals. On page 328 of this issue Abanin et al. ( 5 ) report another completely unexpected effect that involves nonlocality and quantum mechanics at ambient conditions.
Adaptive control of plants with unknown hystereses

The authors present a parametrized hysteresis model and develop a hysteresis inverse. They then design adaptive controllers with an adaptive hysteresis inverse for plants with unknown hystereses. A novel adaptive controller structure is introduced which is capable of achieving a linear parametrization and a linear error model in the presence of a hysteresis nonlinearity. A robust adaptive law updates the controller parameters and ensures the global boundedness of the closed-loop signals. Extensive simulations show that the use of the adaptive hysteresis inverse leads to major improvements in system performance. <<ETX>>
An I-band calibration of surface brightness fluctuation measurements at blue colours

Context. The surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) method is a powerful tool for deriving distances to galaxies for which single stars cannot be resolved. Up to now, the method has been calibrated mainly at red colours due to the intrinsic faintness of blue early-type galaxies. Aims. In this paper we address the I-band calibration of the SBF method at blue colours, the regime of dwarf elliptical galaxies (dEs). Methods. We present deep and wide-field VIphotometry of the central Fornax cluster obtained at Las Campanas Observatory. With these data we perform an SBF analysis of 25 dEs in the range −16.5 < MV < −11. 2m ag, 0.8 < (V − I)0 < 1.10 mag. Our colour calibration is accurate to better than 2%. For the calibration analysis we exclude eight dEs whose SBF measurement was affected by poor seeing (FWHM � 1 �� ). Results. Our SBF data are inconsistent at the 3σ level with a colour independent absolute SBF magnitude MI, presenting a problem for SBF models that predict such a “flat” relation. There is a weak indication in our data (1.8σ) to favour a two-branch calibration over a one-branch calibration with broad scatter in the MI − (V − I) plane. We obtain the following one-branch empirical SBF calibration: MI = −2.13(±0.17) + 2.44(±1.94) × [(V − I)0 − 1.00] mag. We deduce a 0.34 ± 0.14 mag cosmic scatter of MI, which is significantly larger than found at redder colours. This agrees with those theoretical SBF models that predict MI is more sensitive to age-metallicity variations in the blue than in the red. We find evidence that the fainter galaxies in our samples contain younger and more metal-rich stellar populations than the brighter ones. The application of our empirical calibration to published SBF measurements of Hydra and Centaurus cluster dEs leaves the distances to both clusters unchanged.
Volumes of non-Euclidean polyhedra

CONTENTS §1. Natural coordinate systems1.1. Coordinates in the plane1.2. Cylindrical coordinates in space §2. Calculation of some auxiliary areas and volumes2.1. Areas of sectors2.2. Volume of a wedge §3. General properties of the volume of a tetrahedron3.1. The volume of a tetrahedron as an analytic function of dihedral angles3.2. Differential of volume §4. The Lobachevskii formula4.1. The Lobachevskii function4.2. Birectangular tetrahedra4.3. Volume of a birectangular tetrahedron in Lobachevskii space4.4. Volume of a spherical birectangular tetrahedron4.5. Volumes of truncated birectangular tetrahedra and the Lambert cube §5. Volumes of polyhedra with vertices at infinity5.1. Volume of an ideal tetrahedron5.2. Volume of a tetrahedron with three vertices at infinity5.3. Volume of a pyramid with vertex at infinityReferences
Design of Dual-Stopband Rectangular Waveguide Slot Array Antennas

A dual-stopband rectangular waveguide slot array antenna is presented in this article. First, a rectangular filtering waveguide with dual stopbands is realized by periodically loading a row of T-type resonators and a row of $\Pi $ -type resonators on the bottom broad wall of the rectangular waveguide, and its dual-stopband characteristic is verified by analyzing the equivalent circuit and dispersion curve. Second, a dual-stopband rectangular waveguide slot array antenna is obtained by etching radiation slots on the top broad wall of the filtering waveguide. To verify the proposed concept, a dual-stopband rectangular waveguide four-slot array antenna is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulation ones. The results show that, compared with the conventional waveguide slot antenna, the proposed waveguide slot antenna has almost the same radiation performance in the −10-dB impedance bandwidth of 5.51–5.95 GHz and achieves additional suppressions of greater than 24.5 dB in 6.6–7.1 GHz and 34.6 dB in 8.4–9.3 GHz, respectively, without occupying extra space.
Three‐dimensional finite element implementation of the nonuniform transformation field analysis

In this paper aspects of the nonuniform transformation field analysis (NTFA) introduced by Michel and Suquet (Int. J. Solids Struct. 2003; 40:6937–6955) are investigated for materials with three‐dimensional microtopology. A novel implementation of the NTFA into the finite element method (FEM) is described in detail, whereas the NTFA was originally used in combination with the fast Fourier transformation (FFT). In particular, the discrete equivalents of the averaging operators required for the preprocessing steps and an algorithm for the implicit time integration and linearization of the constitutive equations of the homogenized material are provided. To the authors knowledge this is the first implementation of the method for three‐dimensional problems. Further, an alternative mode identification strategy is proposed with the aim of small computational cost in combination with good efficiency. The new identification strategy is applied to three‐dimensional metal matrix composites in order to investigate its effective non‐linear behaviour. The homogenized material model is implemented into ABAQUS/STANDARD. Numerical examples at integration point level and in terms of structural problems highlight the efficiency of the method for three‐dimensional problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Hot- and Cold-Water Treatment on Broccoli Bioactive Compounds, Oxidative Stress Parameters and Biological Effects of Their Extracts

The goal of this work was to define resistant and susceptible variables of young broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch. ) plants treated with cold and hot water. Additionally, we wanted to single out variables that could potentially be used as biomarkers of cold/hot-water stress in broccoli. Hot water changed more variables (72%) of young broccoli than cold water (24%) treatment. Hot water increased the concentration of vitamin C for 33%, hydrogen peroxide for 10%, malondialdehyde for 28%, and proline for 147%. Extracts of broccoli stressed with hot water were significantly more efficient in the inhibition of α-glucosidase (65.85 ± 4.85% compared to 52.00 ± 5.16% of control plants), while those of cold-water-stressed broccoli were more efficient in the inhibition of α-amylase (19.85 ± 2.70% compared to 13.26 ± 2.36% of control plants). Total glucosinolates and soluble sugars were affected by hot and cold water in an opposite way, which is why they could be used as biomarkers of hot/cold-water stress in broccoli. The possibility of using temperature stress to grow broccoli enriched with compounds of interest to human health should be further investigated.
The Efficacy and Safety of Afatinib in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Brain Metastasis: A Meta-Analysis

Aim The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of afatinib in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastasis based on meta-analysis. Methods Related literatures were searched in the following databases: EMbase, PubMed, China Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang, Weipu, Google Scholar, the China Biomedical Literature Service System, and other databases. Clinical trials and observational studies that met the requirements were selected for meta-analysis using Revman 5.3. The hazard ratio (HR) was used as an indicator of the impact of afatinib. Results A total of 142 related literatures were acquired, but after screening, five literatures were selected for data extraction. The following indices were compared: the progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and common adverse reactions (ARs) of grade 3 and above. A total of 448 patients with brain metastases were included and were divided into two groups: the control group (no afatinib treatment, with chemotherapy alone and the first-generation EGFR-TKIs) and the afatinib group. The results showed that afatinib could improve PFS (HR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.39–0.85, P < 0.05) and ORR (OR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.45–2.57, P < 0.05), but had no benefit on OS (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.15–8.75, P > 0.05) and DCR (OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 0.97–8.48, P > 0.05). For the safety of afatinib, the incidence of grade-3-and-above ARs was low (HR: 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00–0.02, P < 0.05). Conclusion Afatinib improves the survival of NSCLC patients with brain metastases and shows satisfactory safety.
2.5D forward and inverse modeling for interpreting low-frequency electromagnetic measurements

We present 2.5D fast and rigorous forward and inversion algorithms for deep electromagnetic (EM) applications that include crosswell and controlled-source EM measurements. The forward algorithm is based on a finite-difference approach in which a multifrontal LU decomposition algorithm simulates multisource experiments at nearly the cost of simulating one single-source experiment for each frequency of operation. When the size of the linear system of equations is large, the use of this noniterative solver is impractical. Hence, we use the optimal grid technique to limit the number of unknowns in the forward problem. The inversion algorithm employs a regularized Gauss-Newton minimization approach with a multiplicative cost function. By using this multiplicative cost function, we do not need a priori data to determine the so-called regularization parameter in the optimization process, making the algorithm fully automated. The algorithm is equipped with two regularization cost functions that allow us to reconstruct either a smooth or a sharp conductivity image. To increase the robustness of the algorithm, we also constrain the minimization and use a line-search approach to guarantee the reduction of the cost function after each iteration. To demonstrate the pros and cons of the algorithm, we present synthetic and field data inversion results for crosswell and controlled-source EM measurements.
1/f noise modeling in long channel amorphous silicon thin film transistors

1/f noise investigations in thin film transistors with long channel and thin thickness of amorphous silicon film are presented. It is found that the noise behavior follows the mobility fluctuation model in ohmic and saturation regimes, whereas in the subthreshold conduction, a quadratic law versus the drain current is observed. The noise modeling is proposed taking into account the equations usually utilized for crystalline silicon metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors according to Hooge’s theory. Moreover, the Berkeley Short-Channel Insulated Gate Field-Effect Transistor Model is adapted to predict the noise levels. Two noise parameters have been extracted: The first is used in the subthreshold region, whereas we show that the second, directly related to Hooge’s parameter, is adequate to describe alone the noise in normal conduction up to the saturation.
Monotonic Estimators for the Survival Function of Quality Adjusted Lifetime

ABSTRACT The simple weighted estimator of the survival function of quality adjusted lifetime is a consistent estimator and a proper survival function. It is considerably less efficient than many estimators that are not monotonic and therefore are not proper survival functions. The non monotonic estimators can be modified to be monotonic, but additional work is required to determine the effect of the modification on their consistency and efficiency. As a prelude to the main results, we introduce a new non monotonic estimator and study the positive and negative mass jump points of three estimators. This article proposes several classes of monotonic estimators for the survival function of quality adjusted life. All proposed estimators are shown to be consistent. Two proposed estimators are nearly as efficient as their non monotonic counterparts, when the sample size is large.
A 33.5–37.5-GHz Four-Element Phased-Array Transceiver Front-End With Hybrid Architecture Phase Shifters and Gain Controllers

To satisfy the requirements for a high output power of the transmitter (TX) and high-quality beamforming with a wide range, fine resolution, high accuracy, and good orthogonality, in this work, we present a 33.5–37.5-GHz four-element phased-array transceiver front-end with two-way power combining power amplifiers (PAs), high-linearity low-loss stacked T/R switches, hybrid architecture phase shifters, and hybrid architecture gain controllers in a 65 nm CMOS process. The hybrid architecture phase shifter combines a reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS) with a 0°/180° phase switch. The RTPS provides a 180° phase shift (PS) range, and the 0°/180° phase switch expands the 0°–180° PS states into a full 360°. The hybrid architecture gain controller combines a 4-bit digital-step single-pole-double-throw (SPDT)-only attenuator with a two-stage 3-bit cascode variable gain amplifier (VGA). The attenuator generates large attenuation states for coarse-tuning, and the VGA generates small gain states for fine-tuning. The proposed phased-array transceiver front-end achieves a $P_{\mathrm {sat}}$ of 19.8 dBm and an OP $_{\mathrm {1\,dB}}$ of 17.2 dBm per element, a 6-bit full 360° PS range with an rms phase error lower than 2° and a gain variation lower than ±2 dB, and a 6-bit 0–31.5 dB gain control range with an rms gain error lower than 0.16 dB and a phase variation lower than ±3°.
Mid‐Tropospheric Layer Temperature Record Derived From Satellite Microwave Sounder Observations With Backward Merging Approach

We present a new version (v5.0) of the NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) mid‐tropospheric temperature (TMT) time series. This data set uses a backward‐merging approach to intercalibrate 16 satellite‐based microwave sounding records. The instrument observations included those from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) during 1979–2004, Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A (AMSU‐A) during 1998–2017, and Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) from 2011 to present. A TMT time series during 2002–present based on satellite microwave observations in stable sun‐synchronous orbits was used as a reference in the backward merging process in which earlier satellites were adjusted and merged to the reference. Observations from earlier satellites were recalibrated to remove their calibration drifting errors relative to the reference using sequential overlapping observations. This included removal of spurious warming drifts in the MSU observations onboard NOAA‐11, NOAA‐12, and NOAA‐14 and a spurious cooling drift in the NOAA‐15 AMSU‐A observations. Temperature changes resulting from diurnal sampling drifts were corrected using an observation‐based semi‐physical model developed in this study. Other adjustments included channel frequency differences between MSU and AMSU‐A companion channels and instrument blackbody warm target effect on observed radiances. These adjustments resulted in inter‐consistent TMT records spanning MSU, AMSU‐A, and ATMS. The merged time series produced a global mean TMT trend of 0.092 ± 0.043 K/decade during 1979–2021 and a total tropospheric trend of 0.142 ± 0.045 K/decade after removal of a stratospheric cooling effect in TMT. Remarkably, the total tropospheric trends during the latest half period were nearly doubled the earlier half period over the global ocean.
Differential Modulation of Dorsal Raphe Serotonergic Activity in Rat Brain by the Infralimbic and Prelimbic Cortices

The reciprocal connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) is involved in mood control and resilience to stress. The infralimbic subdivision (IL) of the mPFC is the rodent equivalent of the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, which is intimately related to the pathophysiology/treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Boosting excitatory neurotransmission in the IL—but not in the prelimbic cortex, PrL—evokes depressive-like or antidepressant-like behaviors in rodents, which are associated with changes in serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission. We therefore examined the control of 5-HT activity by both of the mPFC subdivisions in anesthetized rats. The electrical stimulation of IL and PrL at 0.9 Hz comparably inhibited 5-HT neurons (53% vs. 48%, respectively). However, stimulation at higher frequencies (10–20 Hz) revealed a greater proportion of 5-HT neurons sensitive to IL than to PrL stimulation (86% vs. 59%, at 20 Hz, respectively), together with a differential involvement of GABAA (but not 5-HT1A) receptors. Likewise, electrical and optogenetic stimulation of IL and PrL enhanced 5-HT release in DR in a frequency-dependent manner, with greater elevations after IL stimulation at 20 Hz. Hence, IL and PrL differentially control serotonergic activity, with an apparent superior role of IL, an observation that may help to clarify the brain circuits involved in MDD.
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy of carbon monoxide around 2.35 μm

Novel GaInSbAs/GaSb multiple-quantum-well lasers operating near room temperature have been successfully used for tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy in the vicinity of 2.35 μm. Continuous current tuning over a more than 150-GHz frequency range has been realized. Direct absorption measurements have been carried out on the R9, R10, R11, and R12 lines of carbon monoxide. Traces of carbon monoxide at the level of 0.3 part in 106 in volume at 100 Torr could be detected by the low-frequency wavelength-modulation technique and an astigmatic multipass cell. These results show a potential use of these diode lasers in portable low-cost trace-pollutant sensors.
Multiple light scattering calculations for aerosol retrieval

In this work we focus on aerosol retrieval in the heavy events such as dust storm and biomass burning plume. It is natural to consider that incident solar light multiply interacts with the atmospheric aerosols due to dense radiation field in the aerosol event, that is to say the optical thickness of Earth atmosphere increases too much to do sun/sky photometry from surface-level. However the space-based observations are available for monitoring the atmospheric aerosols even in the heavy aerosol events. Here retrieval algorithms from space for such aerosol events are proposed. In practice, appropriate index for detection of dust storm or biomass burning plume, diagnostic method of core part of the aerosol event, and simulation code of radiative transfer for semi-infinite atmosphere model are newly developed. In this work, the space- or surface-based measurements, multiple scattering calculations and model simulations are synthesized together for aerosol retrieval.
Realizing the value in “non-standard” parts of the qPCR standard curve by integrating fundamentals of quantitative microbiology

The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), commonly known as quantitative PCR (qPCR), is increasingly common in environmental microbiology applications. During the COVID-19 pandemic, qPCR combined with reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) has been used to detect and quantify SARS-CoV-2 in clinical diagnoses and wastewater monitoring of local trends. Estimation of concentrations using qPCR often features a log-linear standard curve model calibrating quantification cycle (Cq) values obtained from underlying fluorescence measurements to standard concentrations. This process works well at high concentrations within a linear dynamic range but has diminishing reliability at low concentrations because it cannot explain “non-standard” data such as Cq values reflecting increasing variability at low concentrations or non-detects that do not yield Cq values at all. Here, fundamental probabilistic modeling concepts from classical quantitative microbiology were integrated into standard curve modeling approaches by reflecting well-understood mechanisms for random error in microbial data. This work showed that data diverging from the log-linear regression model at low concentrations as well as non-detects can be seamlessly integrated into enhanced standard curve analysis. The newly developed model provides improved representation of standard curve data at low concentrations while converging asymptotically upon conventional log-linear regression at high concentrations and adding no fitting parameters. Such modeling facilitates exploration of the effects of various random error mechanisms in experiments generating standard curve data, enables quantification of uncertainty in standard curve parameters, and is an important step toward quantifying uncertainty in qPCR-based concentration estimates. Improving understanding of the random error in qPCR data and standard curve modeling is especially important when low concentrations are of particular interest and inappropriate analysis can unduly affect interpretation, conclusions regarding lab performance, reported concentration estimates, and associated decision-making.
Far-infrared sources in Cygnus X - An extended emission complex at DR 21 and unresolved sources at S106 and ON 2

A new map of 90 micron emission with 15 arcmin resolution is presented of a complex of sources approximately centered on DR 21. The emission is primarily from diffuse sources. Comparison of the 90 micron map with maps at 20 microns and 2.7 GHz leads to a model for diffuse sources in which there are at least two components of interstellar dust, one at 40 K and one at 165 K, responsible for the 90 micron and 20 micron emission respectively. Both components and the ionized gas must be mixed together; dust in an outer neutral shell is relatively unimportant for these sources. The diffuse sources have small infrared excesses and weak temperature gradients. Unresolved, probably compact, sources were observed at S106 and ON 2 and are briefly discussed.