Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multitype Integer Monoid Optimization and Applications

Configuration integer programs (IP) have been key in the design of algorithms for NP-hard high-multiplicity problems since the pioneering work of Gilmore and Gomory [Oper. Res., 1961]. Configuration IPs have a variable for each possible configuration, which describes a placement of items into a location, and whose value corresponds to the number of locations with that placement. In high multiplicity problems items come in types, and are represented succinctly by a vector of multiplicities; solving the configuration IP then amounts to deciding whether the input vector of multiplicities of items of each type can be decomposed into a given number of configurations. We make this implicit notion explicit by observing that the set of all input vectors decomposable into configurations forms a monoid, and solving the configuration IP is the Monoid Decomposition problem. Motivated by applications, we enrich this problem in two ways. First, sometimes each configuration additionally has an objective value, yielding an optimization problem of finding a "best" decomposition under the given objective. Second, there are often different types of configurations for different types of locations. The resulting problem is to optimize over decompositions of the input multiplicity vector into configurations of several types, and we call it Multitype Integer Monoid Optimization, or MIMO. We develop fast exact algorithms for various MIMO with few or many location types and with various objectives. Our algorithms build on a novel proximity theorem connecting the solutions of a certain configuration IP to those of its continuous relaxation. We then cast several fundamental scheduling and bin packing problems as MIMOs, and thereby obtain new or substantially faster algorithms for them. We complement our positive algorithmic results by hardness results.
The influence of visual feedback in phantom limb pain and perception – Application of a novel augmented reality platform in basic research and treatment

The phantom limb pain condition has been puzzling researchers for decades. Despite that it is a well-studied and common ailment for amputees, its origin and treatment is still unclear. In the previous two decades, the dominant hypothesis in the field has been that maladaptive reorganizations happen in the cortex, as a result of deafferentation and ultimately results in phantom pain. While it remains a question whether these reorganizations are causal, many new strategies to treat phantom limb pain are based on this hypothesis. This line of treatments were pioneered by the mirror box illusion, wherein amputees could see a recreated visualization of their lost limb. The aim of using this illusion has been to recreate sensory feedback to stimulate the dormant cortical representation of the lost limb, and thereby reverse the maladaptive cortical changes. In a recent study, the efficacy of the mirror illusion was investigated. The authors found that pain relief had a significant correlation to how much the patients could relate to the visualization of their lost limb. Furthermore, the study showed that phantom limb pain patients with a telescoped phantom, i.e. the feeling that the phantom has retracted towards the stump, did not have an effect of the treatment. This research points to a possible connection between body perception, cortical reorganizations, and pain. Inline with these results, this PhD thesis concerns a series of three studies investigating how cortical plastic changes and pain processing are affected by changing the body perception through the manipulation of visual feedback. Through this PhD work, a novel platform based on augmented reality was developed to study the above factors. The initial study concerned the development of the augmented reality system for the remaining studies. The system was tested on a sample of healthy participants and was found adequate for use in experimentation. The second study investigated how perceptions of the body changed when participants experienced a loss of visual input that resemble a limb amputation. This was achieved through the use of the augmented reality system developed through the initial study. Healthy volunteers participated in the study, and psychophysical, behavioral and electroencephalographic measurements were included. The results of
The X-ray and radio activity of typical and luminous Ly α emitters from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 6: evidence for a diverse, evolving population

Despite recent progress in understanding Ly α emitters (LAEs), relatively little is known regarding their typical black hole activity across cosmic time. Here, we study the X-ray and radio properties of ∼4000 LAEs at 2.2 < $z$ < 6 from the SC4K survey in the COSMOS field. We detect 254 ($6.8{\rm{ per\ cent}} \pm 0.4{\rm{ per\ cent}}$) LAEs individually in the X-rays (S/N > 3) with an average luminosity of $\rm 10^{44.31\pm 0.01}\, erg\, s^{-1}$ and average black hole accretion rate (BHAR) of $\rm 0.72 \pm 0.01$ M⊙ yr−1, consistent with moderate to high accreting active galactic neuclei (AGNs). We detect 120 sources in deep radio data (radio AGN fraction of $3.2{\rm{ per\ cent}} \pm 0.3{\rm{ per\ cent}}$). The global AGN fraction ($\rm 8.6{\rm{ per\ cent}} \pm 0.4{\rm{ per\ cent}}$) rises with Ly α luminosity and declines with increasing redshift. For X-ray-detected LAEs, Ly α luminosities correlate with the BHARs, suggesting that Ly α luminosity becomes a BHAR indicator. Most LAEs ($93.1{\rm{ per\ cent}} \pm 0.6{\rm{ per\ cent}}$) at 2 < $z$ < 6 have no detectable X-ray emission (BHARs < 0.017 M⊙ yr−1). The median star formation rate (SFR) of star-forming LAEs from Ly α and radio luminosities is $7.6^{+6.6}_{-2.8}$ M⊙ yr−1. The black hole to galaxy growth ratio (BHAR/SFR) for LAEs is <0.0022, consistent with typical star-forming galaxies and the local BHAR/SFR relation. We conclude that LAEs at 2 < $z$ < 6 include two different populations: an AGN population, where Ly α luminosity traces BHAR, and another with low SFRs which remain undetected in even the deepest X-ray stacks but is detected in the radio stacks.
Power Laws in the Information Production Process: Lotkaian Informetrics

Introduction. Chapter I. Lotkaian Informetrics: An Introduction. Informetrics. What is Lotkaian informetrics? Why Lotkaian informetrics? Practical Examples of Lotkaian Informetrics. Chapetr II. Basic Theory of Lotkaian Informetrics. General Informetrics Theory. Theory of Lotkaian Informetrics. Extension of the General Informetrics Theory: The Dual Size-Frequency Function H. The Place of the Law of Zipf in Lotkaian Informetrics. Chapter III. Three-dimensional Lotkaian Informetrics. Linear Three-Dimensional Lotkaian Informetrics. Chapter IV. Lotkaian Concentration Theory. Introduction. Discrete Concentration Theory. Continuous Concentration Theory. Concentration Theory of Linear Three-Dimensional Informetrics. Chapter V. Lotkaian Fractal Complexity Theory. Introduction. Elements of Fractal Theory. Interpretation of Lotkaian IPPs as Self-Similar Fractals. Chapter VI. Lotkaian Informetrics of Systems in which Items can have Multiple Sources. Introduction. Crediting Systems and Counting Procedures for Sources and "Super Sources" in IPPs Where Items Can Have Multiple Sources. Construction of Fractional Size-Frequency Functions Based on Two Dual Lotka laws. Chapter VII. Further Applications in Lotkaian Informetrics. Introduction. Explaining "Regularities". Probabilistic Explanation of the Relationship Between Citation Age and Journal Productivity. Chapter VII. General and Lotkaian Theory of the Distribution of Author Ranks in Multi-Authored Papers. The First-Citation Distribution in Lotkaian Informetrics. Zipfian Theory of N-grams and of N-word Phrases: the Cartesian Product of IPPs. Appendix. Appendix I. Appendix II. Appendix III Statistical Determination of the Parameters in the Law of Lotka. Bibliography. Subject Index.
Sullivan constructions for transitive Lie algebroids - smooth case

Let $M$ be a smooth manifold, smoothly triangulated by a simplicial complex $K$, and $\cA$ a transitive Lie algebroid on $M$. The Lie algebroid restriction of $\cA$ to a simplex $\Delta$ of $K$ is denoted by $\cA^{! }_{\Delta}$. A piecewise smooth form of degree $p$ on $\cA$ is a family $\omega=(\omega_{\Delta})_{\Delta\in K}$ such that $\omega_{\Delta}\in \Omega^{p}(\cA^{! }_{\Delta};\Delta)$ for each $\Delta\in K$, satisfying the compatibility condition concerning the restrictions of $\omega_{\Delta}$ to the faces of $\Delta$, that is, if $\Delta'$ is a face of $\Delta$, the restriction of the form $\omega_{\Delta}$ to the simplex $\Delta'$ coincides with the form $\omega_{\Delta'}$. The set $\Omega^{\ast}(\cA;K)$ of all piecewise smooth forms on $\cA$ is a cochain algebra. One has a natural morphism $$\Omega^{\ast}(\cA;M)\rightarrow \Omega^{\ast}(\cA;K)$$ of cochain algebras given by restriction of a smooth form defined on $\cA$ to a smooth form defined on $\cA^{! }_{\Delta}$, for all simplices $\Delta$ of $K$. In this paper, we prove that, for triangulated compact manifolds, the cohomology of this construction is isomorphic to the Lie algebroid cohomology of $\cA$, in which the isomorphism is induced by the restriction map.
Perception and representation of Mandarin fricatives

This study investigates the psychological reality of the complementary distributed palatal fricatives [? , ? , ? ] and dental fricatives [ts, ts? , s] in Mandarin Chinese. An initial experiment following up on research showing a priming effect between allophonic variants but not between contrastive sounds, was conducted to see the extent to which the dental fricative [s] primes a palatal fricative [? ], or vice versa. The results from semantic priming and lexical decision tasks suggest possible representations of the palatal fricative [? ] and the dental fricative [s].
Recent genetic changes in enhanced populations of sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta) in the southern Baltic rivers revealed with SNP analysis

The genetic structure of a fish population is usually thought to be stable over time. In the southern Baltic, Salmo trutta m. trutta (sea trout) populations have been characterized by low degree of genetic differentiation. All studied populations had been heavily stocked with mixed material for many years prior to the sampling period, including releases of Pomeranian sea trout to the Vistula River in Poland, Southern Baltic. However, the strategy of stocking became river based a few years before the sampling began. Juveniles from artificial reproduction are released only to their parental river, which reduces the mixing of the gene pool of fish from different populations. Changes in sea trout populations in the southern Baltic over time were studied using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genetic composition of populations of sea trout in the Vistula and Drwȩca river system were found to increasingly resemble the non-admixed hatchery population from Aquamar (Miastko, Poland), whereas the Pomeranian populations were stable. The implementation of a new stocking strategy for the restoration and protection of Vistula sea trout was noted as possible explanation. With the increase of natural breeding, artificial enhancement of sea trout populations should be reduced.
Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency: Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation

s of potentially relevant articles identified through MEDLINE, Cochrane*, and other sources (n = 3,652) Excluded abstracts and background articles (n = 2,253) Full-text articles reviewed for relevance to key questions (n = 1,399) Final included studies§: 27 Articles excluded (n = 1,364) Excluded because it doesn’t address a key question or meet inclusion criteria, but pulled to provide background information = 109 Excluded because it doesn’t address a key question or meet inclusion criteria, but pulled for a contextual question = 180 Wrong population = 249 Wrong intervention = 96 Wrong outcome = 170 Wrong study design = 190 Wrong publication type = 138 Foreign language = 1 Inadequate duration = 7 Included in an included systematic review, no original data = 1 Wrong comparison = 21 Systematic review not meeting requirements = 67 Baseline 25(OH)D level not reported = 66 Baseline 25(OH)D levels not deficient = 69 Key question 1: 0 Key question 2: 0 Key question 3: 17 Key question 4: 24 * Cochrane databases include the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. † Identified from reference lists, hand searching, and suggestions by experts. ‡ Studies that provided data and contributed to the body of evidence were considered “included. ” § Studies may have provided data for more than one key question. ¶ Studies may have more than one published article; there were 27 unique studies but a total of 35 articles included. Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency 90 Pacific Northwest EPC Appendix B4. List of Excluded Studies Key to Exclusion Codes 2 Doesn’t address a key question or meet inclusion criteria, but pulled to provide background information 3 Doesn’t address a key question or meet inclusion criteria, but pulled for contextual question(s)
Multifractality Meets Entanglement: Relation for Nonergodic Extended States.

In this work, we establish a relation between entanglement entropy and fractal dimension D of generic many-body wave functions, by generalizing the result of Page [Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1291 (1993)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.71. 1291] to the case of sparse random pure states (SRPS). These SRPS living in a Hilbert space of size N are defined as normalized vectors with only N^{D} (0≤D≤1) random nonzero elements. For D=1, these states used by Page represent ergodic states at an infinite temperature. However, for 0<D<1, the SRPS are nonergodic and fractal, as they are confined in a vanishing ratio N^{D}/N of the full Hilbert space. Both analytically and numerically, we show that the mean entanglement entropy S_{1}(A) of a subsystem A, with Hilbert space dimension N_{A}, scales as S_{1}[over ¯](A)∼DlnN for small fractal dimensions D, N^{D}<N_{A}. Remarkably, S_{1}[over ¯](A) saturates at its thermal (Page) value at an infinite temperature, S_{1}[over ¯](A)∼lnN_{A} at larger D. Consequently, we provide an example when the entanglement entropy takes an ergodic value even though the wave function is highly nonergodic. Finally, we generalize our results to Renyi entropies S_{q}(A) with q>1 and to genuine multifractal states and also show that their fluctuations have ergodic behavior in a narrower vicinity of the ergodic state D=1.
The recent demonstration of the presence of cell-free fetal DNA in the plasma and serum of pregnant women opens up new possibilities for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis

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Impact of China’s decision-making processes on international cooperation: cases of peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance/disaster relief

ABSTRACT International cooperation on peacekeeping operations, and on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations, is important in tackling global non-traditional security threats. It also helps China address its ‘trust deficit’ problem. While both operations seem ‘low hanging fruit’ for international cooperation, the ways in which China undertakes peacekeeping and HADR cooperation differ – the former encompasses not only cooperation for technical and capacity development but also cooperation for policy harmonisation, while China’s HADR cooperation is limited to technical and capacity development. This paper asks, ‘why the difference? ’, despite the fact that they both address similar policy problems. It argues that the difference corresponds to the level of holisticity/fragmentation of China’s decision-making process. The more holistic China’s decision-making process, the deeper the international cooperation. The nature of China’s decision-making processes has international policy implications, because the fragmented nature of those processes maintains cooperation at a functional level only, and hinders the deeper development of cooperation into policy harmonisation.
Give it up! – a new mobile app and campaign supporting women to quit smoking in Poland – project rationale and app description

Smoking during pregnancy is one of the most dangerous health behaviours. Historically, smoking during pregnancy in European countries was common. At the end of 20th century in many European countries, including Poland, around 20-40% of children were born after 9 month exposure to toxic factors of tobacco smoke. In the last decades prevalence of smoking among women has declined substantially. In 2015, the overall smoking prevalence among women in the WHO European region was 19.1%, while among pregnant women it was 5.9%. Female smoking rates in Asia contrast sharply with Europe. In the WHO Western Pacific region only 1.1% of women, and only 0.9% of pregnant women, are smokers. In 2017 in Poland around 23 thousand children were born to mothers smoking during pregnancy. Therefore, the Health Promotion Foundation, in collaboration with MSD Foundation for Women’s Health, undertook the initiative to help Polish women quit smoking using new technologies. A mobile app called “Give it up! ” has been created. This Polish-language app is designed for young women, especially those who are expecting a baby or thinking about motherhood. This publication presents the programme rationale and app description.
Investigating patterns of parallel genetic change in repeated adaptation

The phenomenon of repeated evolution runs counter to expectations about the role of contingency in adaptation. However, many examples of independently acquired similar traits show that evolution sometimes does follow the same path. Factors influencing the probability of such an event include selection, trait complexity and relatedness. Previous investigations of repeated adaptation have primarily focused on low-complexity traits subject to strong selection. Studies of systems with varying levels of trait complexity, selection, and relatedness are needed to evaluate the relative contributions of these factors. The series of studies reported here 1) establishes a system for inquiry into the role of parallel adaptation among hosts and parasites and 2) provides an assessment of the role of parallel genetic change in the evolution of a complex trait. In Chapter 2, I show that all-female broods in a line of Drosophila borealis are caused by infection with a male-killing strain of Wolbachia that is very closely-related to another male-killing strain infecting a geographically and evolutionarily distant species of Drosophila. This host-parasite system, together with two other known male-killing Wolbachia strains infecting Drosophila provides a framework for investigating the role of parallel evolution in the independent acquisition of the male-killing trait among Wolbachia, as well as in the adaptation of divergent hosts to similar male-killing parasites. In Chapters 3-5, I investigate the role of parallel genetic change in a complex trait in two species of Drosophila by searching for evidence of adaptation in the Drosophila americana homologs of genes thought to underlie adaptation to climate in Drosophila melanogaster. In Chapter 3, I investigate the D. americana homolog of Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh). In contrast with D. melanogaster, which segregates functionally distinct variants in Adh that represent local adaptation to climate, D. americana segregates little variation. This is surprising, especially because Adh of D. americana is
Leaves Diseases Detection of Tomato Using Image Processing

Today's era is an era of Scientific Development. Where, technologies and new ways of solving real-life problems are being invented every day. With the increasing population of the world, basic need of food is increasing parallelly. That's why agriculture plays an important role all over the world. Throughout the year different crops, vegetables, fruits, fishes, animals are cultivated to fulfill the need of people as well as to gain profit for the people involving in those cultivation. But due to lack of proper cultivating knowledge, experience and sense of disease prediction, sometimes those cultivating crops and grains get damaged partially or even completely. Of course, that ends up with a huge loss for the farmers as well as for the economic growth of the country. So, this research paper tends to merge or combine a part of agricultural sector with science and technology to reduce the loss caused by insect's attack and diseases of plant leaves. More specifically, this research happens to combine agricultural sector with computer science. Since, agriculture is a vast sector to work on, to simplify the work, we are detecting vegetable plant diseases using Artificial Intelligence and computer science. To implement this idea, we have chosen “Tomato” as the core vegetable which's leaf diseases are to be predicted by using the algorithms of Artificial Intelligence, CNN and computer science. Tomato is a very popular vegetable in our country as well as in the world, the main motive is to solve the diseases detection problems that the “Tomato” growers are facing nowadays in their cultivable land especially in Bangladesh. And that is why we have chosen tomatoes leaf diseases prediction which is very important. This research tried to eradicate the harmful side effects of chemicals and pesticides with the help of Image Processing system. In this research 6 classification of tomato leaves disease have been detected including one healthy class. The farmers can input the symptoms in the form of images of affected tomato leaves and it will predict the diseases. The system showed up an accuracy over 96.55% at the end. It is counted as a user-friendly system that will help the vegetable farmers specially the “Tomato” growers to reduce insect suppression by detecting its leaf diseases and increase the yield by creating more opportunities for various vegetable diseases research and professional market place.