Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On water waves produced by ground motions

A linear and irrotational model is constructed to represent the formation of water waves by ground motions of a sloping bed. A survey of the constant depth case, given first, helps in understanding the mechanism of formation, and, in this oversimplified case, wave propagation away from a source, which is usually very asymmetric. The importance of asymmetry, which may produce trapped waves, is illustrated by an estimate of the propagation in a three-dimensional case. The formation of waves by a ground motion on a slope is then studied in detail. The problem is reduced to linear integral equations of the first kind. Using an inversion technique one constructs a source–response pair in which the source is ‘δ-like’ and the response is close to that which would be found if the depth was constant around the source. A general approximate solution is then derived, in both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases. Results for the sloping-bottom case are given for small times. They give initial values of surface displacement. They also enable one to determine the important physical parameters in the ground motion and to evaluate the efficiency of wave production.
A shear-flow instability in a circular geometry

A circular shear zone is created in a thin layer of fluid. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability induces regular, steady patterns of m vortices. The experimental conditions are such that neither the centrifugal nor the Coriolis forces play a role in the motion. The state of the flow is defined by a Reynolds number, the value of which is controlled by the imposed velocities. The pattern of vortices can be characterized by its wavevector k or by m, the order of its symmetry. As k is quantized, its evolution, due to an increase or a decrease of the controlled stress, leads to transitions between patterns of different m. The transitory states between different symmetries are investigated. The experiments are performed with a soap film which provides a new type of visualization of an air flow.
An artificial muscle computer

We have built an artificial muscle computer based on Wolfram's “2, 3” Turing machine architecture, the simplest known universal Turing machine. Our computer uses artificial muscles for its instruction set, output buffers, and memory write and addressing mechanisms. The computer is very slow and large (0.15 Hz, ∼1 m3); however by using only 13 artificial muscle relays, it is capable of solving any computable problem given sufficient memory, time, and reliability. The development of this computer shows that artificial muscles can think—paving the way for soft robots with reflexes like those seen in nature.
Cultivating sustainable developments with makerspaces

In October 2015 , we convened a workshop for 80 researchers and practitioners involved in makerspaces in Europe. Our aim was to explore how makerspaces can help cultivate sustainable developments. This paper reports workshop discussion and ideas on the topic, and illustrates interest in the deliberative potential for this kind of ‘citizen lab’ . Interestingly, given the emphasis on tools and making practices in many makerspaces, discussion at our makerspace event focused much more on community development capabilities and skills for mobilising alliances for raising social awareness. Discussion problematized different kinds of sustainability, noting that social and economic ambitions can potentially align well with environmental goals at this level of activity, but are not always designed to do so. At heart, the workshop revealed the need for strategies that counter the incumbent social structures that influence ostensibly ‘open’ makerspaces, and thereby enable the tools and capacities available to work on more sustainable developments .
Adipose Tissue Transfer in Dynamic Definition Liposculpture PART III. The Arms: Biceps, Triceps, and Deltoids

Background: Arm contouring usually represents a challenge for the surgeon due to zones with high risk of irregularities/asymmetries, the variable degree of skin laxity, and the differences between patient/gender preferences. In men, the bigger and muscular the arms the better, while women tend to prefer a slim and soft silhouette. Methods: We performed arm cadaveric dissections and also searched our records for patients who underwent fat grafting of the arm in addition to HD2, from January 2016 to May 2022 at a single center in Bogotá, Colombia. Results: Two hundred eighty-nine consecutive patients (275 men and 14 women) underwent high-definition lipoplasty/HD2 plus fat grafting of the biceps (72 muscles), the triceps (46 muscles), the deltoids (426 muscles), or a combination of them. Mean age was 39 and 36 years for men and women, respectively. Range of the fat graft volume was 30–150 ml. No major complications were reported. Follow-up period ranged from 2 to 24 months. Most patients were satisfied with the results. Conclusions: Men usually seek an overall well-toned and muscular extremity, while women tend to prefer a slim but also athletic contour. Such outcomes can be achieved through intramuscular fat grafting of the biceps, triceps, and deltoids. The proper recognition of the pedicles and a precise surgical technique will ensure both its safety and the reproducibility of the results.
An agricultural investment map based on geographic information system and multi-criteria method.

The study aimed to produce an investment classification map, which shows the potential areas of investment in agriculture in Sinnar, Sudan. The spatial multi-criteria analysis was used to rank and display potential locations, while the analytical hierarchy process method was used to compute the priority weights of each criterion. The study attempted to explore the utilization of Geographic Information System (GIS) to map the potential investment areas, therefore, it did not cover a comprehensive analysis of all factors that influence investment in agriculture. In addition, the analysis was limited to criteria that had spatial reference. The investment criteria for spatial analysis were defined from the guidelines provided by the Ministry of Investment, Sudan. Even with the shortcomings of the data, it was found that the results obtained were very encouraging and provided clear indicative areas for agricultural investment in Sinnar. Government agencies can use GIS to access information regarding the potential areas of investment, and minimize investment risks. On the other hand, the economic development organizations will now have the ability to benefit from the Geographic Information System (GIS) solutions by leveraging on this technology to attract and retain business from worldwide sources. Thus, the model will serve as a decision support tool for investors and decision makers at various levels.
The phonology of ‘/ɔː/’ and ‘/ɑː/’ in RP English: Henry Sweet and after

This paper attempts to account for the synchronic representations and surface distributions of the long low vowels (particularly of [ɔː] and [ɔə]) in present-day RP and Cockney, as well as to map in detail the twentieth-century developments that have given rise to them. It is argued that the long low vowels must still be underlyingly centring diphthongs in modern RP (as they were at Henry Sweet's time), now synchronically monophthongized by a spread-and-delink rule, while the corresponding underliers in Cockney must since have been restructured into monophthongs. The theoretical framework for this analysis is a version of Lexical Phonology that assumes an English lexicon comprising two levels, where the first level is characterized by cyclic rule application and the presence of the Strict Cycle and Structure Preservation Conditions (Giegerich, 1988; Kiparsky, 1982), and the second level by noncyclic rule application as well as the presence of neither condition (Borowsky, 1989).
Estimating the Hurst parameter in financial time series via heuristic approaches

This research investigates long memory financial equity markets using three heuristic methodologies namely a proposed modified variance time-aggregated plot, modified rescaled-range plot and periodogram approaches. The intensity of the long memory process is quantified in terms of Hurst parameter (H). Five Malaysian equity market indices are selected in the empirical studies with the inclusion of pre- and post-drastic economic events. Our empirical results evidenced dissimilar long memory behaviours in the different regimes of significant economic events. It is also found that after the short-memory adjustment, all the equity markets exhibited substantial reductions in long memory estimations.
Properties of a-SiC:H films and solar cells

a-SiC:H samples and solar cells were made by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using a multichamber deposition system. The effect of light illumination on samples prepared with and without hydrogen dilution was studied. The phototransport properties of the samples prepared with high hydrogen dilution were more stable versus time of illumination than non diluted ones.The samples were inserted as an intrinsic layer in semitransparent solar cells. The performance of solar cells depends on the energy gap and thickness of the intrinsic layer. High hydrogen dilution may increase the energy gap and act to decrease the structure uniformity. The results show that open circuit voltage Voc decreases with light illumination and depends on the doped p+ layer quality and created defects in the intrinsic layer. PACS Nos.: 70, 72, 40
Data-Driven Tracking Control Insensitive to Noise

Abstract This paper presents a data-driven algorithm for tracking control of a linear discrete-time plant. No traditional mathematical model of the plant such as transfer function or state equation is employed. Instead, the plant dynamics is represented by an array whose elements are plant input-output data. Sensitivity of the array to input and output noise is introduced. Then, it is shown that, for an arbitrary reference signal, the tracking control input which minimizes the sensitivity can readily be computed by solving a linear matrix inequality which is composed of the array.
Radio detection of the Be star psi Persei.

The results of a VLA survey for radio emission from a sample of Be stars having strong excess emission in the IRAS bands are presented. Radio emission was detected from one star, Psi Persei. The radio flux density, together with nearly simultaneous ultraviolet and near-infrared observations, argue strongly against a spherically symmetric model for the circumstellar envelope, thus favoring equatorial disk models. In general, it is found that the spectral index of the excess emission increases between the radio and far-infrared, suggesting either increased acceleration of the outflow at large distances from the star, partial recombination of the outer regions of the disk, or divergence of the equatorial disk at large radii.
Light-Curve and Radial Velocity Study of the Contact Binary BD +42 2782

BD +42 2782 was recently discovered to be a variable star with a W UMa-type, eclipsing-binary light curve. We have obtained the first photoelectric light curves (RC, IC) and also the first radial velocity curves for this binary. These show the system to be a W UMa binary of the W type, with the less massive component eclipsed at primary minimum. The light and velocity curves have been analyzed in a consistent manner using the Wilson-Devinney synthetic light-curve code. The binary has an orbital inclination of 74°, a mass ratio of 0.48, a secondary component ∼150 K hotter than the primary, and an overcontact fill-out factor of 34%. Absolute parameters of the component stars are M1 = 1.38 M⊙, R1 = 1.29 R⊙, L1 = 1.75 L⊙, and M2 = 0.67 M⊙, R2 = 0.95 R⊙, L2 = 1.05 L⊙, and the calculated distance is 124 ± 15 pc. Even when corrected for energy transfer between the two components, the more massive component is found to be underluminous for its mass. Several means to explain this are explored, but no completely satisfactory explanation is found.
Revision of Terhardt's Psychoacoustical Model of the Root(s) of a Musical Chord

The predictions of Terhardt's octave-generalized model of the root of a musical chord occasionally disagree with music theory (notably, in the case of the minor triad). The model is improved by assigning appropriate weights to the intervals used in the model's "subharmonic matching" routine. These intervals, called "root-supports," include the P8 (unison), P5, M3, m7, M9 (M2), and m3. The new model calculates the salience of each pitch class (C, Ctt/Dk . . .B) as an absolute value. The most likely candidate for the root of a chord corresponds to the most salient pitch class in all cases where the root is unambiguously defined in music theory. The model also calculates a "root ambiguity" value for each chord, a measure of its dissonance. Effects of voicing (inversion, spacing, and doubling) and context on the root are considered.
Cognitive Geometry: An Analysis of Structure Underlying Representations of Similarity

This paper discusses the formal analysis of the underlying distance-based representations of consumer similarity judgments. Four models common in the marketing and psychological literature are examined—Euclidean and city-block spaces and ultrametric and additive trees. The analysis uses the distinction between “algebraic” and “geometric” structures as the basis for a unifying framework within which the four representations are compared and contrasted. The framework is then used to understand (1) the conditions under which model structure is theoretically revealing of the cognitive structure behind consumer behavior and (2) the degree to which similarity judgments and the resultant distance patterns are diagnostic of the appropriateness of a particular model. An important implication of the analysis is that there is a basic measurement indeterminacy associated with distance patterns, so that similarity data may not always reveal which is the “true” model in a given application. The consequences arising from this indeterminacy for the problem of model selection in marketing are illustrated with an empirical experiment designed to test the implications of the formal analysis in practical settings.
System for detecting acoustic emissions in multianvil experiments : Application to deep seismicity in the Earth

One of the major goals in the experimental study of deep earthquakes is to identify slip instabilities at high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) that might be responsible for the occurrence of earthquakes. Detecting acoustic emissions from a specimen during faulting provides unique constraints on the instability process. There are few experimental studies reporting acoustic emissions under HPHT conditions, due to technical challenges. And those studies have used only one or at most two acoustic sensors during the experiments. Such techniques preclude the accurate location of the acoustic emission source region and thus the ability to distinguish real signal from noise that may be coming from outside the sample. We have developed a system for detecting acoustic emissions at HPHT. Here we present a four-channel acoustic emission detecting system working in the HPHT octahedral multianvil apparatus. Each channel has high resolution (12 bits) and a sampling rate of 30 MHz. In experiments at the pressures up.
Visualization of the structural response of a hypersonic turbulent boundary layer to convex curvature

The effects of convex curvature on the outer structure of a Mach 4.9 turbulent boundary layer (Reθ = 4.7 × 104) are investigated using condensate Rayleigh scattering and analyzed using spatial correlations, intermittency, and fractal theory. It is found that the post-expansion boundary layer structure morphology appears subtle, but certain features exhibit a more obvious response. The large-scale flow structures survive the initial expansion, appearing to maintain the same physical size. However, due to the nature of the expansion fan, a differential acceleration effect takes place across the flow structures, causing them to be reoriented, leaning farther away from the wall. The onset of intermittency moves closer towards the boundary layer edge and the region of intermittent flow decreases. It is likely that this reflects the less frequent penetration of outer irrotational fluid into the boundary layer, consistent with a boundary layer that is losing its ability to entrain freestream fluid. The fractal d.
Characterization of grain boundary impedances in fine- and coarse-grained Ca Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 ceramics

The influence of electrode material, dc bias, and pellet thickness on the electrical properties of fine- and coarse-grained $\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ (CCTO) ceramics has been investigated using impedance spectroscopy. The low frequency arc observed in ${\mathrm{Z}}^{*}$ plots near room temperature is independent of the electron work function of the metal electrode. It shows significant variation with dc bias and pellet thickness for coarse-grained ceramics, but no such variations for fine-grained ceramics. The results demonstrate the importance of ceramic microstructure in controlling the electrical properties of CCTO ceramics and support the internal barrier layer capacitor (IBLC) model of Schottky barriers at the grain boundaries between semiconducting grains. The IBLC model explains the high permittivity and nonlinear current-voltage characteristics commonly reported for CCTO ceramics.
Nonlinear optical input–output characteristics of 1.55 μm injection-locked vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

The optical input–output characteristics of a 1.55 μm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with external light injection to its fundamental mode were investigated. Appropriate wavelength detuning of external light enables abrupt modal switching in an injection-locked VCSEL. We found that the obtained nonlinear transfer function is strongly dependent on the distance between a VCSEL and an input lensed fiber. As the distance was changed, different optical input–output characteristics were observed, demonstrating that such a VCSEL can be employed in various optical signal-processing schemes, for example as an optical regenerator or an optical inverter.
Efficient Raman amplification in silicon-on-insulator waveguides

We describe a silicon-on-insulator waveguide Raman amplifier which achieves a large fiber-to-fiber optical gain of 6.8dB using stimulated Raman scattering in a 1.7-cm-long silicon waveguide. By using picosecond pulse pumping at 1557.4nm wavelength, high net optical gain at the first-order Stokes wavelength of 1694.6nm was measured. The optical loss from two-photon absorption generated free carriers was reduced by using a low pulse duty cycle and picosecond pulse pumping.
Atomic and Electronic Structures of Deformed Graphite Sheets

We present total-energy electronic-structure calculations based on a transferable tight binding model performed for deformed graphite sheets. It is found that folding and indentation of graphite sheets induce peculiar atom-scale structural undulations or ripples on the sheets. The generic structural features of the folded or indented graphite are examined in terms of band energies and interatomic replulsive energies. It is also found that the local density of states of the deformed graphite shows an energy gap near the Fermi level at curved parts of the graphite sheets. This gap is a consequence from missing three-fold rotational symmetry and from mixing between σ and π states in the deformed graphite. We argue that the observed energy gap in scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements for Helium adsorbed graphite is due to tip-induced deformation of the graphite sheets.
On the Old Open Clusters M67 and NGC 188: Convective Core Overshooting, Color‐Temperature Relations, Distances, and Ages

The color‐magnitude diagram of M67 is used to constrain the value of the parameter Fover in its ≈1.3 M⊙ turnoff stars: Fover is effectively the fraction of the maximum possible extent of convective core overshooting predicted by the Roxburgh (1989, A&A, 211, 361) criterion. Isochrones that treat overshooting using the parameterized Roxburgh criterion are able to reproduce the morphology of the cluster turnoff, including the luminosity of the gap, if Fover ≈ 0.07 (assuming current best estimates for the reddening and metallicity). Previous studies have derived values of Fover near 0.5 in open clusters of similar metallicity but having turnoff masses ≥1.55 M⊙, indicating that the overshooting parameter is a strong function of mass in the lowest mass stars that retain convective cores throughout the main‐sequence phase. NGC 188 appears to be too old for core overshooting to play any role in the evolution of stars that are currently in the core H‐burning phase, but the availability of well‐calibrated BVRI photometry for this system, together with Landolt photometric standards, provides valuable tests of the color‐Teff relations that apply to [Fe/H] ≈ 0.0 stars. Our analysis of color‐color diagrams, in particular, suggests that the Castelli (, A&A, 346, 564) V−R and V−I transformations for lower gravity stars are more realistic than those published recently by VandenBerg & Clem (2003, AJ, 126, 778). The same color‐color diagrams also indicate that the differences in recent (V−I,V) diagrams for M67 appear to be due, at least in part, to the difficulty of defining the standard VRI photometric system. The ages of M67 and NGC 188 that have been derived in this study are 4.0 and 6.8 Gyr, respectively, which is consistent with other modern determinations.
Asymptotic analysis of the Boltzmann–BGK equation for oscillatory flows

Abstract Kinetic theory provides a rigorous foundation for calculating the dynamics of gas flow at arbitrary degrees of rarefaction, with solutions of the Boltzmann equation requiring numerical methods in many cases of practical interest. Importantly, the near-continuum regime can be examined analytically using asymptotic techniques. These asymptotic analyses often assume steady flow, for which analytical slip models have been derived. Recently, developments in nanoscale fabrication have stimulated research into the study of oscillatory non-equilibrium flows, drawing into question the applicability of the steady flow assumption. In this article, we present a formal asymptotic analysis of the unsteady linearized Boltzmann–BGK equation, generalizing existing theory to the oscillatory (time-varying) case. We consider the near-continuum limit where the mean free path and oscillation frequency are small. The complete set of hydrodynamic equations and associated boundary conditions are derived for arbitrary Stokes number and to second order in the Knudsen number. The first-order steady boundary conditions for the velocity and temperature are found to be unaffected by oscillatory flow. In contrast, the second-order boundary conditions are modified relative to the steady case, except for the velocity component tangential to the solid wall. Application of this general asymptotic theory is explored for the oscillatory thermal creep problem, for which unsteady effects manifest themselves at leading order.
FORECASTING LOCAL SHOWERS IN FLORIDA DURING THE SUMMER

Abstract July and August precipitation records for 5 years from 10 stations within 25 miles of Miami are analyzed to obtain an indication of the frequency of summer showers in that area. Several meteorological parameters for forecasting showers are examined. A quasi-objective method is developed which can be used to forecast the proportion of the Miami area which should expect showers during a 24-hour period 9 to 33 hours in advance. Several parameters are listed which were tested, but did not improve the forecasts. Verification results using independent data are included.