Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal variations in precipitation in the Upper Indus Basin, global teleconnections and hydrological implications

Abstract. Most of the flow in the River Indus from its upper mountain basin is derived from melting snow and glaciers. Climatic variability and change of both precipitation and energy inputs will, therefore, affect rural livelihoods at both a local and a regional scale through effects on summer runoff in the River Indus. Spatial variation in precipitation has been investigated by correlation and regression analysis of long-period records. There is a strong positive correlation between winter precipitation at stations over the entire region, so that, for practical forecasting of summer runoff in some basins, a single valley-floor precipitation station can be used In contrast, spatial relationships in seasonal precipitation are weaker in summer and sometimes significantly negative between stations north and south of the Himalayan divide. Although analysis of long datasets of precipitation from 1895 shows no significant trend, from 1961–1999 there are statistically significant increases in winter, in summer and in the annual precipitation at several stations. Preliminary analysis has identified a significant positive correlation between the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and winter precipitation in the Karakoram and a negative correlation between NAO and summer rainfall at some stations. Keywords: upper Indus basin, climate change, time series analysis, spatial correlation, teleconnections
Plasmaspheric material on high‐latitude open field lines

During periods of increased geomagnetic activity, cold and dense plasmaspheric material is observed to drain from the inner magnetosphere toward the dayside magnetopause. Geosynchronous observations have shown that plasmaspheric material may participate in the dayside reconnection. However, predictions of plasmaspheric material passing through the polar region on recently opened field lines have not yet been confirmed by observations. We present evidence for the existence of such plasmaspheric material on high-latitude open magnetic field lines based on our investigations of 20 months of Interball/Hyperboloid observations and 11 months of Polar/ Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment (TIDE) observations. In order to distinguish plasmaspheric material from the low-energy portion of entering magnetosheath plasma from the solar wind, observed phase-space densities are compared to modeled magnetosheath and plasmaspheric phase-space densities. The phase-space density distribution function of magnetosheath ions is estimated from upstream solar wind parameters using the gasdynamic theory. Twenty-one events were found in which Interball passed through open field lines on the dayside during periods of increased geomagnetic activity, two of which show evidence for the presence of plasmaspheric material. Additionally, six such events were identified from the Polar/TIDE database. Although the occurrence frequency is low, evidence of cold plasmaspheric material being transported on high-latitude open field lines does exist.
Global chemical erosion during the Last Glacial Maximum and the present: Sensitivity to changes in lithology and hydrology

Geographically based calculations for 18,000 years ago (18 ka) and today were made to examine the potential effects on terrestrial chemical erosion of changes in lithology and hydrology on glacial-interglacial timescales. Runoff fields were derived from general circulation model predictions of precipitation minus evaporation. Then global lithologic maps were prepared, so that empirical relationships for runoff versus bicarbonate flux for different rock types could be used to calculate global chemical erosion rates. Assuming that significant chemical erosion does not occur beneath ice sheets, we find that chemical erosion in ice-free areas at 18 ka was only slightly greater than today. This result arises because the amount of land covered by ice sheets is roughly compensated for by exposed shelf areas and because there is little difference in global runoff. The small (∼20%) increase in the global chemical erosion rate during glacial conditions is due to exposure on the shelves of a relatively high proportion of carbonates (which weather faster than average). Data on glacial/interglacial movements of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) are inconclusive but seem to indicate little change, whereas even a 20% increase in the riverine bicarbonate flux should cause an observable deepening. If the CCD did not indeed change, then our predicted increase in the bicarbonate flux from land during glaciations would have to be accommodated by other means, such as increased carbonate productivity. About half of the observed decrease in atmospheric pCO2 at 18 ka could be explained if increased silicate chemical erosion accompanied increased total chemical erosion in ice-free areas. Consideration of the maximum possible effect of meltwater at ice margins leads to an 80% increase in the global chemical erosion rate at 18 ka. Such an increase would lead to a larger and faster drop in atmospheric pCO2 but also to an excessive deepening of the global CCD; this scenario seems unrealistic. Our results are contrary to interpretations of a much higher silicate chemical erosion rate during glaciations based on recently published records of Quaternary marine Sr isotopic ratios. Therefore, if these records are indeed globally representative and entirely due to increased silicate chemical erosion (as opposed to changes in source areas or hydrothermal inputs), then other factors, such as a shift in the global weathering regime which we do not explicitly consider here, may be involved. Sensitivity tests show that considering spatial heterogeneities in lithology and runoff leads to lower predictions of global chemical erosion rates than what one would obtain by considering only global averages in a non-spatially-resolved calculation.
Return to work following brachial plexus injury: A cross-sectional study

Background Qualitative studies following Brachial Plexus Injury (BPI) suggest that return to employment has a major influence on life satisfaction and psychological well-being. However, few studies have focused on return to work following BPI. The physical strain and intensity of an occupation may influence the ability of an individual to return to employment. This study aimed to provide information about the impact of workload intensity on employment status following BPI. Methods This is an observational, retrospective study of 74 participants who responded to a postal questionnaire, sharing information regarding their employment status pre- and post-BPI. The reported occupations were assessed for workload intensity and assigned a Reichsausschuss für Arbeitszeitermittlung (REFA) classification by two assessors. Results Forty-one out of 74 participants (57%) had to change their employment following their BPI. Changes in occupation were more likely if the pre-injury REFA score was 3 or 4 (n = 22). In the Complete plexus injury group (n = 8), 100% changed occupation. In the Partial plexus injury group (n = 66) 50% changed occupation. Hand dominance had no significant influence on change of employment (p = 0.37). Conclusion This study is the first to focus on the impact of BPI on employment status and workload intensity. Just over half the participants did not maintain the same employment following their BPI and one in five became unemployed. Future research should review the factors that contribute to the inability to return to work. This may direct enhancements in rehabilitation provision and enable healthcare services to focus on facilitating individuals back to the workplace.
The impact of economic policy uncertainty on stock types while considering the economic cycle. A quantile regression approach

PurposeThis study aims to analyse the effects of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) on the return of growth/value and small/large-cap stocks during expansionary and recessionary periods across a conditional distribution.Design/methodology/approachThe authors selected a sample covering the period between 01/1995–05/2021. Quantile regressions were applied to the EPU and Russell indices. Business cycles were established following the NBER.FindingsThe results show that EPU has a negative effect on stocks with the intensity of the effect depending on the stock's profile. Small-cap and growth stocks were found to be most sensitive to EPU, especially during recessions. The negative effect is moderated by the economic cycle but is progressively diluted at the lower tail of the stock return distribution.Practical implicationsThe findings shed more light on investment strategies for growth/value investors that pursue opportunities arising from a changing economic cycle.Originality/valueThis study makes the following contributions: (1) explores the impact of EPU on the return of different stocks across a conditional distribution, and (2) provides evidence on how the economic cycle influences EPU impact on growth/value stocks and small/large stocks.
Hubungan Antara Perbandingan Sosial dan Citra Tubuh Remaja Laki-Laki Pada Pengguna Media Sosial di Kota Makassar

Adolescence begins to encourage individuals to shape their body image, including the male gender. However, the influence of social media in comparing themselves with other individuals greatly affects the concept of body image they have. The study was to determine the relationship between social comparison and body image of male adolescent social media users in Makassar City. The participants of this study were male adolescents aged 12-22 years and were social media users in Makassar City. This study uses a scale adapted from The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) Users' Manual-Third Revision by Cash (2000) and an Upward and Downward Psychological Appearance Comparison scale from O'Brien (2009) which was adapted and developed by Setiawati (2020). This research was tested using the Spearman Rho data analysis technique. The study found that there was a negative relationship between social comparison and body image in male adolescent social media users in the city of Makassar (p = 0.012, r = -0.209). This study illustrates that the higher the social comparison, the lower the body image of male adolescent social media users in the city of Makassar. This research can be a reference and information about the negative and positive relationship of social comparisons in terms of appearance on social media to the body image of adolescent males in Makassar City.
Probiotics and Their Role in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Short-Term Versus Long-Term Effect): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Diabetes is a major economic burden and an illness with a rising incidence worldwide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the most prevalent kind of diabetes, is characterized by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production. Recent research has implicated gut microbiota dysbiosis as a contributing factor to T2DM pathogenesis. The present study employed a methodology based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of T2DM. A thorough search was done in PubMed and Medline for articles written in English and published between 2017 and 2023. Studies were chosen based on predetermined inclusion criteria, and the search technique adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) principles. This study also employed a robust assessment instrument, widely recognized in the medical and health sciences, to evaluate the potential presence of bias within the selected research studies. Out of 96 identified articles, 22 RCTs met the eligibility criteria. Both short-term (8 weeks or less) and long-term (12 weeks or more) probiotic administrations were made. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) following the probiotic intervention (P=0.02) and considerably decreased glycated hemoglobin HbA1c levels (P=0.004) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels (P<0.0001) in T2DM patients compared to placebo. This research offers proof that probiotics are clinically effective in the treatment of T2DM. Probiotic supplementation demonstrated favorable effects on glycemic control markers. However, the findings from RCTs were heterogeneous, and some studies showed inconsistent results. To clarify the processes underlying the probiotics' therapeutic benefits and to determine the best probiotic strains, doses, and therapy durations, more research is required. Nevertheless, probiotics offer a promising therapeutic approach for T2DM management and warrant consideration as a potential adjunct therapy in clinical practice.
FORAMINIFERAL COLONIZATION ON ARTIFICIAL SEAGRASS LEAVES

Colonization of seagrass leaves was studied using artificial ribbon-like substrates. The study was carried out in a seagrass ( Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile) meadow off the Medes Islands (NW Mediterranean). Artificial leaves of different colors and textures were immersed at two depths (5 and 13 m), and retrieved after 3 and 6 months; epiphytic foraminifera were identified and counted, and the results were compared with those obtained from natural leaves. Although some differences were found in the colonization of the various types of artificial leaf (e.g., smooth, green leaves with float bladder had the highest number of individuals and species) ANOVA and cluster analyses revealed that the type of substrate did not significantly affect the colonization by foraminifera; the main sources of variability were mainly seasonality and, to a minor extent, water depth. Thus, the dominant species were the same in both natural and artificial leaves. The calcareous perforated shells and the trochospiral morphotype were the most abundant, and the dominant biological types were groups B and C, i.e., temporarily or permanently mobile species.
Applications and training sets of machine learning potentials

ABSTRACT Recently, machine learning potentials (MLPs) have been attracting interest as an alternative to the computationally expensive density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The data-driven approach in MLPs requires carefully curated training datasets, which define the valid domain of simulations. Therefore, acquiring training datasets that comprehensively span the domain of the desired simulations is important. In this review, we attempt to set guidelines for the systematic construction of training datasets according to target simulations. To this end, we extensively analyze the training sets in previous literature according to four application types: thermal properties, diffusion properties, structure prediction, and chemical reactions. In each application, we summarize characteristic reference structures and discuss specific parameters for DFT calculations such as MD conditions. We hope this review serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers and practitioners aiming to harness the capabilities of MLPs in material simulations. IMPACT STATEMENT This review reports on the selection of training sets for machine learning potentials tailored to their specific applications, which is currently not standardized in the rapidly evolving field.
Automated Prediction of Crack Propagation Using H2O AutoML

Crack propagation is a critical phenomenon in materials science and engineering, significantly impacting structural integrity, reliability, and safety across various applications. The accurate prediction of crack propagation behavior is paramount for ensuring the performance and durability of engineering components, as extensively explored in prior research. Nevertheless, there is a pressing demand for automated models capable of efficiently and precisely forecasting crack propagation. In this study, we address this need by developing a machine learning-based automated model using the powerful H2O library. This model aims to accurately predict crack propagation behavior in various materials by analyzing intricate crack patterns and delivering reliable predictions. To achieve this, we employed a comprehensive dataset derived from measured instances of crack propagation in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) specimens. Rigorous evaluation metrics, including Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and R-squared (R2) values, were applied to assess the model’s predictive accuracy. Cross-validation techniques were utilized to ensure its robustness and generalizability across diverse datasets. Our results underscore the automated model’s remarkable accuracy and reliability in predicting crack propagation. This study not only highlights the immense potential of the H2O library as a valuable tool for structural health monitoring but also advocates for the broader adoption of Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) solutions in engineering applications. In addition to presenting these findings, we define H2O as a powerful machine learning library and AutoML as Automated Machine Learning to ensure clarity and understanding for readers unfamiliar with these terms. This research not only demonstrates the significance of AutoML in future-proofing our approach to structural integrity and safety but also emphasizes the need for comprehensive reporting and understanding in scientific discourse.
Acumulación de carbono en suelo ácido diez años después del establecimiento de un sistema silvopastoral con "Pinus radiata"

Los sistemas agroforestales son reconocidos como un tipo de estrategia de secuestro de carbono en programas de reforestación tanto en tierras agrícolas como forestales. La implementación de prácticas agroforestales incrementa el contenido de carbono del suelo en comparación con sistemas exclusivamente agrícolas. El secuestro de carbono en el suelo puede ser modificado por el tipo de técnica de gestión (encalado, fertilización) aplicada para favorecer la productividad potencial del pasto y del arbolado. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar el efecto producido por la aplicación en cobertera de 2,5 Mg·ha de CaCO3 y de dos dosis de lodo de depuradora urbana: 50 y 100 kg N total·ha sobre la capacidad de secuestro de carbono de un sistema silvopastoral establecido en suelo ácido y repoblado con Pinus radiata. El resultado obtenido refleja un incremento del contenido de carbono en el suelo diez años después del establecimiento del sistema silvopastoral en función de la tasa de mineralización de la materia orgánica en cada tratamiento aplicado.
A study of internal and external mixing scenarios and its effect on aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing

[1] The optical properties and hence the radiative forcing of atmospheric aerosols are determined, in part, by the way in which the various constituents are externally or internally mixed. The mixing state must be known to compute the effective refractive index, water activity, and size distribution of the aerosols. In this study we found that the percentage difference in the optical properties, including extinction, single scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter, between an internal mixture and external mixture of black carbon and ammonium sulfate can be over 25% for the dry case and over 50% for the wet case for typical mass mixing ratios. The differences are a result of a complicated combination of nonlinear Mie theory on the refractive index, assumptions about the coagulated particle sizes for internal mixtures, and the role of water uptake and deliquescence as a function of relative humidity. The computed optical properties are used to estimate the globally average clear-sky direct radiative forcing for different mixing assumptions. The results are displayed as a function of relative humidity to conveniently see the mixing effects for dry aerosols at less than the crystallization point, for dry internal and wet external mixtures between the crystallization and deliquescence points, and for fully wet mixtures above the deliquescence point. For a 9:1 ammonium sulfate to black carbon mass ratio, nearly all the cooling effect predicted for an external mixture is lost for the internally mixed assumption, especially for relative humidities less than the deliquescence point.
RADARSAT exploratory survey on macrophyte biophysical parameters in tropical reservoirs

RESUMECette etude presente les resultats preliminaires d'une experience sur la comprehension de la relation entre la retrodiffusion relative des donnees radar en bande C de RADARSAT et plusieurs variables biophysiques des macrophytes. Dans cet article, l'effet de l'angle d'incidence sur la relation entre les variables biophysiques des macrophytes et la retrodiffusion radar est examine. Les resultats montrent que la sensibilite de la retrodiffusion radar aux variables des peuplements de macrophytes depend a la fois de l'angle d'incidence et du genre dominant de macrophyte. La retrodiffusion RADARSAT est sensible aux trois variables suivantes : le poids a l'etat frais, le poids volumetrique sec et le pourcentage d'humidite.
Lung Involvement in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Shared Pathways and Unwanted Connections

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, frequently associated with extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) that can severely affect IBD patients’ quality of life, sometimes even becoming life-threatening. Respiratory diseases have always been considered a rare and subsequently neglected extraintestinal manifestations of IBD. However, increasing evidence has demonstrated that respiratory involvement is frequent in IBD patients, even in the absence of respiratory symptoms. Airway inflammation is the most common milieu of IBD-related involvement, with bronchiectasis being the most common manifestation. Furthermore, significant differences in prevalence and types of involvement are present between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The same embryological origin of respiratory and gastrointestinal tissue, in addition to exposure to common antigens and cytokine networks, may all play a potential role in the respiratory involvement. Furthermore, other causes such as drug-related toxicity and infections must always be considered. This article aims at reviewing the current evidence on the association between IBD and respiratory diseases. The purpose is to raise awareness of respiratory manifestation among IBD specialists and emphasize the need for identifying respiratory diseases in early stages to promptly treat these conditions, avoid worsening morbidity, and prevent lung damage.