Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Erosionsschutzschichten für Flugtriebwerke

Unter bestimmten Betriebsbedingungen gelangen verstärkt mineralische Partikel, z.B. Sand, in die Luftströmung von Flugtriebwerken. Aufgrund der hohen Gasgeschwindigkeit und der großen Schaufelgeschwindigkeit im Verdichter können diese Partikel einen intensiven Materialabtrag an den Schaufelblättern bewirken (Erosion) und damit deren Funktionalität ernsthaft beeinträchtigen. Eine Beschichtung der Schaufeln mit speziellen Schutzschichten ermöglicht eine beträchtliche Verlängerung der Einsatzdauer der Schaufeln.
Compositions of Glasses from St. Paul's Peridotite Partially Melted at 20 Kilobars

St. Paul's peridotite with 5.7% H₂O (considered to be derived from the upper mantle) was partially-melted at 20 kb in $$Ag_{75}Pd_{25}$$ and Pt capsules with run durations up to 17 hours. Run products were analyzed for Fe, Mg, Ca, and Al using an electron microprobe. FeO loss from sample to capsule wall increased with temperature and run duration and was as much as 90% in Pt capsules at 1,250°C and 4 hours, and 73% at 1,150°C and 17 hours in $$Ag_{75}Pd_{25}$$ capsules. Iron loss was lower in larger Pt capsules with a higher sample/platinum ratio. The amount of liquid produced in runs increased as a function of run duration, confirming the nonequilibrium condition. It was difficult to measure the composition of glass in narrow seams and wedges between mineral boundaries, and the problem was compounded by the presence of numerous minute olivine grains from the mylonite starting material and of quench amphibole in the glass. Glass compositions were estimated from analyses of glassy areas and quench amphiboles, and the compositional trend between 1,100°C and 1,250°C was plotted on variation diagrams. Expressed in terms of Al₂O₃ and CaO only, the glass analyses are similar to andesite and tholeiite. Our estimated glass compositions are compared with published data for measured glasses from partially melted peridotites of similar composition. In terms of the four elements that we analyzed the compositions of glasses vary considerably from one set of experimental conditions to another. We conclude that this is due in part to the experimental problems outlined above. The best results that can be achieved represent a compromise between runs long enough to ensure reaction and short enough to minimize the changing composition of the reacting system through iron loss.
Solar cycle variations in the storm‐substorm relationship

The regression coefficients of the time-weighted AL index (ALW) to the Dst index are calculated for each year from 1966 to 1994. It is found that the slope of the linear regression equation varies over a period of 11 years: The coefficient a1 in a regression equation, Dst = a0 + a1 ALW, is maximized near the sunspot maximum and is minimized near the sunspot minimum. The long-term variations in the relationship between these indices and solar wind parameters are also examined. The dependence of Dst on the solar wind electric flux, BzV2, is nearly constant, while the values of AL for fixed values of BzV2 are greater at the solar minimum than at the solar maximum, where Bz and V denote the Z component of the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind speed, respectively. Possible causes that can account for these characteristics are discussed.
Estimating the effects of set-aside on water quality: scaling-up of lysimeter studies

Since 1990, agriculture in the five new federal states of Germany has experienced a fundamental structural change. As much as 10 per cent of the 6·2 million ha of previously intensively farmed agricultural land were set-aside abruptly. In the spring of 1991, a lysimeter trial (filled with soils common in the catchment area of the Elbe River), was set up to investigate the impact of set-aside on the water and solute balance. The studies proved that restricting agricultural use in areas previously farmed intensively by converting them into permanent or rotation fallow will result in measurable changes in deep percolation (ground-water recharge) and water quality in less than one year. The results of the lysimeter studies were extrapolated to calculate the effects of set-aside in a catchment area (about 2 500 ha) with similar meteorological and soil conditions. The calculations showed that increasing the area under rotation fallow from 8 to 15 per cent increases the nitrogen load of the stream draining the catchment by about 5 per cent. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Une introduction élémentaire à l'analyse mathématique des inégalités

The concept of inequality (in distributions of wealth, incomes, etc) is one of the most familiar to contemporaneous minds, in their discourses or writtings. Yet, this concept is less easy to grasp than other psycho-linguistic categories such as classification or ordering. Here is proposed an elementary introduction to pertinent mathematical tools for inequalitie's study : it may suggest some paths for genetic psychology research.
Amplitude of the Earth's free oscillations and long‐period characteristics of the earthquake source

Amplitude spectra of the spheroidal modes _0S_l(l = 2–40) excited by the 1960 Chilean earthquake and observed at Pasadena, Los Angeles, and Isabella show distinct holes at 0_S_(10) (T = 580 s) and _0S_(21) (T = 336 s). These holes can be explained as an interference pattern caused by a composite source consisting of a finite propagating source (main shock) and a slow precursory source, 15 min before the main shock. A total seismic moment of 4–5 × 10^(30) dyn cm is required to explain the observed amplitude.
Surface target edge detection based on local energy model in sea clutter background

Most of edge detection algorithms are based on the gradient method. When texture is complex, especially in scale light background, the image may be cluttered. Thus, it is hard to find useful information in the edge map. In this article, a local energy model, which is relative to Human Vision System (HVS), is proposed to detect robust and useful edges. We give non-classic receptive field (Non-CRF) methods to detect interested edges. The experimental results show that the method we proposed in this paper is much better than gradient methods in detecting edges interested.
THE BRITISH JOURNAL

THE nomenclature in relation to diseases of the choroid has always appeared to me most unsatisfactory, and judging from the literature both in well-known text books and in published papers, as well as from verbal descriptions, there appears to be no settled opinion as to the aetiology and course of the various pathological processes which attack the choroid. The classification and description of the different conditions are still based on the picture displayed to ophthalmoscopic examination -surely a relic of the past-a fact which casts a distinct slur on all the admirable pathological work which everyone acknowledges as one of the most brilliant advances in--the science of ophthalmology during the last twenty or thirty years. I think the time has come when fundus diseases ought to be classified according to the structure in which they occur, either retina or choroid, and, as both these structures are present in all parts of the fundus, there is no justification for describing diseases of the fundus in terms of position, e.g., macular diseases, choroiditis juxta-papillaris, etc. The results of classification by position alone are that the terms
Reservoir quality and its relationship to facies and provenance in Middle to Upper Jurassic sequences, northeastern North Sea

Abstract Close relationships are demonstrated between reservoir quality, lithofacies, provenance and burial history in the Jurassic Brent and Viking Groups in the Norwegian North Sea. Porosity and permeability are strongly and systematically related to the initial texture and composition of the sandstones. Porosity variations are related to the amount of compaction, which is more severe in matrix-rich than in clean facies, and quartz cementation, which is most important in clean facies. Permeability variations are related to porosity and facies-controlled variations in grain size, and abundance and texture of intergranular fines. Illitization of early diagenetic kaolins require K, which is derived mainly from dissolution of K-feldspar. Sediments were sourced from K-feldspar-poor provenances during the maximum progradation of the Brent Group, and sandstones deposited at this time are less exposed to illitization and have better permeability at deep burial than reservoir sandstones that initially contained more K-feldspar.
Enforcement of Contribution Norms in Public Good Games with Heterogeneous

Economic and social interaction takes place between individuals with heterogeneous characteristics. We experimentally investigate the emergence and informal enforcement of contribution norms to a public good in groups that are heterogeneous with regard to endowments and marginal benefits from the public good. Without punishment, all groups converge towards free-riding. With punishment, contributions strongly differ across groups and individuals with different induced characteristics. We show that these differences are the result of different contribution norms enforced through punishment. Moreover, individuals with different characteristics tacitly agree on the norm to be enforced. The resulting contribution norms are related to the fairness notion of equity regarding contributions but not regarding earnings.
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF LEAD POLLUTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF SHANGHAI CITY BY ANALYZING SINGLE AEROSOL PARTICLES (SAP)

A new method combining the pattern recognition (PR) technique with micro-PIXE spectrum was used for direct assessment of lead pollution in the atmosphere of Shanghai City. Single aerosol particles (SAP) of PM10 (<10 mu m) were analyzed using the nuclear microprobe. Every particle is characterized with its micro-PIXE spectrum, which can be considered its fingerprint. The PR technique was applied to trace a lead contaminated aerosol particle back to its source. The discrimination of different pollutant sources was enhanced with investigating the individual aerosol particles. The results showed that the lead contamination from automobile exhaust should not be neglected. The lead concentration with low level was detected in most unleaded gasoline particles; however, the highest lead level of 1500 ppm was found in one of them. Furthermore, four other main pollutant sources contributing to the lead contamination in the Shanghai atmosphere were clearly identified by this method. They are the cement industry, the coal combustion, the oil combustion, and the metallurgic industry. Some other unidentified particles suggested that some more lead emitters might also exist in Shanghai.
Endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: occurrence of thromboembolic events.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and causes of thromboembolic events associated with endovascular embolization of asymptomatic aneurysms. Correlations between radiological findings (aneurysm size, localization, embolization time, number of coils used, as well as patient age) were evaluated with the occurrence of thromboembolic events and clinical findings. METHODS Sixty-eight patients treated for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (mean age, 49 yr) were evaluated. Hyperintense lesions on diffusion weighted imaging were analyzed in 50 patients. Aneurysm size was 3 to 15 mm. RESULTS Complete occlusion of the aneurysms was achieved in 55 of 68 (82%). One patient had a transient paresis. There was one infarction and one aneurysm rupture during the procedure with no consecutive neurological symptoms. We found new hyperintense lesions in 21 of 50 (42%) diffusion weighted imaging studies. In 43% of these, there was only one lesion smaller than 2 mm. In 33%, there was more than one lesion less than 2 mm; in 19%, we found a lesion of 2 to 10 mm in size. In one case, a lesion greater than 10 mm occurred. There was no correlation between aneurysm location and the occurrence of lesions or among the number of coils used, the size of the aneurysm, patient age, or embolization time. Mortality rate was 0%, morbidity 4.0%. If the 18 aneurysms where no diffusion weighted imaging was obtained are included, morbidity is 2.9%. CONCLUSION The high rate of thromboembolic events suggests that heparin is not sufficient to prevent ischemic lesions. An antiplatelet therapy, started before or during intervention, might diminish thrombus formation.
Force Analysis of Minimal Self-adaptive Fingers Using Variations of Four-Bar Linkages Auteur:

Grippers are one of the most critical and important elements in the field of robotics because they are the means by which the robot interacts with its surroundings. The typical use of one actuator for each degreeof-freedom (DOF) of the gripper generally leads to very complex designs and advanced algorithms for the control of the motors and the sensors involved. However, self-adaptive or also commonly called underactuated grippers generally have a much simpler design and control because of their ability to adapt to the shape of the object to be seized. Therefore, self-adaptive grippers are the focus of a growing number of research because of their low cost and simple manufacturing and control. Compared to previous research, this work does not aim at making self-adaptive fingers more capable but simpler. One common trend in research is to focus on improving existing solutions by adding new parts, sensors, or actuators, often complexifying designs. Another, just like the approach proposed here, is to focus on making the design as simple as possible and to analyse the resulting trade-off between complexity and performance. To this aim, four versions of self-adaptive fingers based on the simplest one DOF linkage, the four-bar linkage, are presented in this work. However, four variations of four-bar linkages are discussed including some with a prismatic joint. These fingers are designed with the aim of being attached to and used with the same standard translational grippers as one finds in the manufacturing and packaging industries since they are as simple to control as the standard monolithic jaws, but also offer shape adaptability to the objects. The ultimate purpose of this work is to evaluate whether simplest linkages for adaptive fingers can produce the same level of performance in terms of grasp forces as more complex designs. To this aim, previous research is presented first in order to gain more knowledge on the topic. A force analysis and optimization on the four designs using a kinetostatic analysis and three optimization criteria are then presented and results are shown and discussed. Finally, three potentially more efficient designs with prismatic joints are presented. In the light of this study, it is shown that simpler designs do not necessarily mean weaker performance, as the results can be considered at least comparable with other fully actuated designs.
Comparative quality and fidelity of deep-sea and land-based nannofossil records

Variation in sampling intensity of the geological record has long been suspected to distort our view of the history of life. When the taxonomic diversity of the same widespread group of marine nannoplankton (coccolithophorids) is estimated conventionally and separately from published land and deep-sea fossil records, the two curves are very different: they track sampling intensities from their respective rock records more closely than they do each other. However, when sampling intensity is corrected for, using two recently developed independent techniques, a common underlying signal emerges from the two records. This shows diversity rising steadily throughout the Mesozoic with a marked drop after the Cretaceous (64–58 Ma), and a long-term decline beginning in the Late Eocene and extending to the Early Miocene. We conclude that the observable fossil record is strongly shaped by sampling bias, and that this is a significant confounding factor for biodiversity analysis. Furthermore, based on currently available sources, we find that the raw deep-sea record is a worse estimator of diversity than the land-based record.
An improved rhythmicity analysis method using Gaussian Processes detects cell-density dependent circadian oscillations in stem cells

Abstract Motivation Detecting oscillations in time series remains a challenging problem even after decades of research. In chronobiology, rhythms (for instance in gene expression, eclosion, egg-laying, and feeding) tend to be low amplitude, display large variations amongst replicates, and often exhibit varying peak-to-peak distances (non-stationarity). Most currently available rhythm detection methods are not specifically designed to handle such datasets, and are also limited by their use of P-values in detecting oscillations. Results We introduce a new method, ODeGP (Oscillation Detection using Gaussian Processes), which combines Gaussian Process regression and Bayesian inference to incorporate measurement errors, non-uniformly sampled data, and a recently developed non-stationary kernel to improve detection of oscillations. By using Bayes factors, ODeGP models both the null (non-rhythmic) and the alternative (rhythmic) hypotheses, thus providing an advantage over P-values. Using synthetic datasets, we first demonstrate that ODeGP almost always outperforms eight commonly used methods in detecting stationary as well as non-stationary symmetric oscillations. Next, by analyzing existing qPCR datasets, we demonstrate that our method is more sensitive compared to the existing methods at detecting weak and noisy oscillations. Finally, we generate new qPCR data on mouse embryonic stem cells. Surprisingly, we discover using ODeGP that increasing cell-density results in rapid generation of oscillations in the Bmal1 gene, thus highlighting our method’s ability to discover unexpected and new patterns. In its current implementation, ODeGP is meant only for analyzing single or a few time-trajectories, not genome-wide datasets. Availability and implementation ODeGP is available at https://github.com/Shaonlab/ODeGP.
PhyloMatcher: a tool for resolving conflicts in taxonomic nomenclature

Abstract Summary Large-scale comparative studies rely on the application of both phylogenetic trees and phenotypic data, both of which come from a variety of sources, but due to the changing nature of phylogenetic classification over time, many taxon names in comparative datasets do not match the nomenclature in phylogenetic trees. Manual curation of taxonomic synonyms in large comparative datasets can be daunting. To address this issue, we introduce PhyloMatcher, a tool which allows for programmatic querying of the National Center for Biotechnology Information Taxonomy and Global Biodiversity Information Facility databases to find associated synonyms with given target species names. Availability and implementation PhyloMatcher is easily installed as a Python package with pip, or as a standalone GUI application. PhyloMatcher source code and documentation are freely available at https://github.com/Lswhiteh/PhyloMatcher, the GUI application can be downloaded from the Releases page.
Free carbon & electrical conductivity in the Earth's mantle

Laboratory measurements indicate that solid carbon, either amorphous or as graphite, enhances the electrical conductivity of rocks. Carbon in quantities of only a few ppm, providing it forms an interconnected phase, could give rise to electrical conductivities of the order seen in the high conductivity layers in the earth's mantle. This possibility is consistent with carbon petrology in mantle rocks and puts the formation and migration of abiogenic carbon compounds into a broader context.
2nd World Summit on Physical Education: Magglingen 2005 värnade idrottsämnets roll som hälso- och kulturbärare

Ar 1999 anordnades en konferens i Berlin, First World Summit, med syfte att oka insikten om de positiva effekterna av idrottsundervisning. Konferensen syftade aven till att oka kunskapen hos politi .
Multiple timescales for neutralization of fossil fuel CO2

The long term abiological sinks for anthropogenic CO2 will be dissolution in the oceans and chemical neutralization by reaction with carbonates and basic igneous rocks. We use a detailed ocean/sediment carbon cycle model to simulate the response of the carbonate cycle in the ocean to a range of anthropogenic CO2 release scenarios. CaCO3 will play only a secondary role in buffering the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere because CaCO3 reaction uptake capacity and kinetics are limited by the dynamics of the ocean carbon cycle. Dissolution into ocean water sequesters 70–80% of the CO2 release on a time scale of several hundred years. Chemical neutralization of CO2 by reaction with CaCO3 on the sea floor accounts for another 9–15% decrease in the atmospheric concentration on a time scale of 5.5–6.8 kyr. Reaction with CaCO3 on land accounts for another 3–8%, with a time scale of 8.2 kyr. The final equilibrium with CaCO3 leaves 7.5–8% of the CO2 release remaining in the atmosphere. The carbonate chemistry of the oceans in contact with CaCO3 will act to buffer atmospheric CO2 at this higher concentration until the entire fossil fuel CO2 release is consumed by weathering of basic igneous rocks on a time scale of 200 kyr.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF TSUNAMI GENERATION DUE TO SEABED DEFORMATION

地変に伴う津波の発生過程の数値解析を行なった．静水圧近似や長波近似を行なわない計算手法を適用し，非圧縮性流体の運動を解析した．空隙率とVOF関数を併用することにより，計算格子を固定したままで，底面や水面の変動を考慮できる．時間とともに進行する海底の隆起や沈降が生成する，津波の水面形や，流体内の速度，加速度及び圧力を算出した．鉛直2次元解析では，津波の初期波形が初期水深に依存し，底面の永久変位と必ずしも一致しないこと，また，地変速度の変化に応じて，流体内に動圧が発生することを確認した．そして，津波の発生から遡上までの一連の過程を対象とした計算を行なった．3次元解析では，津波生成過程における，波源域近傍の複雑な流体運動の計算を行ない，生成した津波が斜面上を伝播する様子をシミュレートした．
Serotonergic and noradrenergic contributions to human motor cortical and spinal motoneuronal excitability

Animal models indicate that motor behaviour is shaped by monoamine neurotransmitters released diffusely throughout the brain and spinal cord. We present strong evidence that human motor pathways are equally affected by neuromodulation through noradrenergic and serotonergic projections arising from the brainstem. To do so, we have identified and collated human experiments examining the off-label effects of well-characterised serotonergic and noradrenergic drugs on lab-based electrophysiology measures of corticospinal-motoneuronal excitability. Specifically, we focus on the effects that serotonin and noradrenaline associated drugs have on muscle responses to magnetic or electrical stimulation of the motor cortex and peripheral nerves, and other closely related tests of motoneuron excitability, to best segment drug effects to a supraspinal or spinal locus. We find that serotonin enhancing drugs tend to reduce the excitability of the human motor cortex, but that augmented noradrenergic transmission increases motor cortical excitability by enhancing measures of intracortical facilitation and reducing inhibition. Both monoamines tend to enhance the excitability of human motoneurons. Overall, this work details the importance of neuromodulators for the output of human motor pathways and suggests that commonly prescribed monoaminergic drugs have off-label motor control uses outside of their typical psychiatric/neurological indications.