Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Speakers Fill Lexical Semantic Gaps with Context

Lexical ambiguity is widespread in language, allowing for the reuse of economical word forms and therefore making language more efficient. If ambiguous words cannot be disambiguated from context, however, this gain in efficiency might make language less clear -- resulting in frequent miscommunication. For a language to be clear and efficiently encoded, we posit that the lexical ambiguity of a word type should correlate with how much information context provides about it, on average. To investigate whether this is the case, we operationalise the lexical ambiguity of a word as the entropy of meanings it can take, and provide two ways to estimate this -- one which requires human annotation (using WordNet), and one which does not (using BERT), making it readily applicable to a large number of languages. We validate these measures by showing that, on six high-resource languages, there are significant Pearson correlations between our BERT-based estimate of ambiguity and the number of synonyms a word has in WordNet (e.g. $\rho = 0.40$ in English). We then test our main hypothesis -- that a word's lexical ambiguity should negatively correlate with its contextual uncertainty -- and find significant correlations on all 18 typologically diverse languages we analyse. This suggests that, in the presence of ambiguity, speakers compensate by making contexts more informative.
Electrode modification and electrocatalysis for redox flow battery (RFB) applications

The electrode is one of the main components in redox flow batteries(RFBs), as it provides the reactions sites for redox couples and can influence the cell performance through its effect on cell voltage losses associated with activation overpotential, concentration overpotential and ohmic losses. Extensive research has thus been carried out on material selection, structural design and modification of electrodes as well as electrocatalysis for redox reactions. This review provides an historical overview of the screening and modification of electrode materials together with recent progress in novel electrode architectures, electrode modification and electrocatalysis methods. RFB systems such as iron/chromium, polysulfide/bromine and all vanadium batteries are discussed in detail.
J un 2 02 1 Generators and Relations for the Group O n ( Z [ 1 2 ] )

We give a finite presentation by generators and relations for the group On(Z[1/2]) of ndimensional orthogonal matrices with entries in Z[1/2]. We then obtain a similar presentation for the group of n-dimensional orthogonal matrices of the formM/ √ 2, where k is a nonnegative integer and M is an integer matrix. Both groups arise in the study of quantum circuits. In particular, when the dimension is a power of 2, the elements of the latter group are precisely the unitary matrices that can be represented by a quantum circuit over the universal gate set consisting of the Toffoli gate, the Hadamard gate, and the computational ancilla.
A nonverbal signal of trustworthiness: An evolutionarily relevant model

ABSTRACT This study introduces and provides evidence of an Evolutionarily Stable Signalling (ESS) System in the buyer-seller context through three experiments. An ESS system is one where a signaller (in this study, the seller) conveys positive intent to the receiver (customers) in a reliable manner that leads to the buyer’s benefits. This study uses the ‘felt’ or genuine smile of salespeople as a reliable signal. The non-consciously generated genuine smile of a salesperson leads to positive, trustworthy assessments by buyers. Buyers reach their conclusions about the trustworthiness of the salesperson rapidly and often without conscious evaluations. These studies simultaneously capture the response time and the cognitive assessments of the subjects. Their decision on the trustworthiness of the salesperson likely provides the foundation for subsequent cooperative exchanges. Using both response time and cognitive assessments allows these series of experiments to develop evidence of this ESS system in the present day.
Anomalous pressure dependence of thermal conductivities of large mass ratio compounds

The lattice thermal conductivities ( ) of binary compound materials are examined as a function of hydrostatic pressure, P, using a first-principles approach. Compound materials with relatively small mass ratios, such as MgO, show an increase in with P, consistent with measurements. Conversely, compounds with large mass ratios (e.g., BSb, BAs, BeTe, BeSe) exhibit decreasing with increasing P, a behavior that cannot be understood using simple theories of . This anomalous P dependence of arises from the fundamentally different nature of the intrinsic scattering processes for heat-carrying acoustic phonons in large mass ratio compounds compared to those with small mass ratios. This work demonstrates the power of first principles methods for thermal properties and advances the understanding of thermal transport in non-metals.
Undergraduate hospitality students’ perceptions of careers in the industry: The Ghanaian context

ABSTRACT The study examined undergraduate students’ perceptions about careers in the hospitality industry in Ghana. Students were sampled from traditional and technical public universities through a stratified random sampling technique. With a sample size of 1 341, exploratory factor analysis, t-test and one-way analysis of variance were employed to analyse the data. The findings show that career attractiveness, prestige and mobility and the nature of hospitality careers were the main constructs of students’ perceptions about careers in the hospitality industry. Also, undergraduate students were generally indifferent about careers in the industry. Specifically, students perceived careers in the industry to offer opportunities to meet new people, but this was also stressful. Implications for educators and industry practitioners are presented.
Local food consumption and practice theory: A case study on guests’ motivations and understanding

ABSTRACT This study explores the relationship between guests’ perceptions of local food and the motivations leading to its consumption at restaurants. Applying practice theory to consumption studies, the research draws on the “practical turn” in social theories and the renewed interest in “everyday life” and “lifeworld”. In doing so, the study uses Schatzki’s and Reckwitz’s reformulation of practice as a routinised set of behaviours interconnected with one another and rooted in a background knowledge made up of understanding, know-how, state of emotion and motivational knowledge. The research is organised as a case study collecting data from 162 potential guests of local restaurants in the municipality of Ooststellingwerf, in the northern Netherlands, via a survey questionnaire. The dataset was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science [SPSS] software, focusing on customers’ understanding of “local food” and the factors motivating them to order a local dish at restaurants. The exploratory findings contribute to the understanding of the conceptualisation of “local food” from the consumers’ perspective and shed light on the use of practice theory in tourism studies with regard to consumers’ pro-sustainability behaviour.
Analyzing the impact of relative push and pull factors on inbound medical tourism in South Korea: focused on BCG matrix applied segment group characteristics

ABSTRACT This study is designed to investigate the effect of the relative difference of the push and pull factors between South Korea and medical tourists’ home country using negative binomial regression based on the panel data from 2006 to 2016. ANOVA has tested to explore the characteristics of submarket, classified by the BCG matrix using the market share and the market growth rate during a period. The results show that medical tourism demand is affected by the relative differences in medical quality, cost, and institutional quality, and the factors affecting inbound medical tourism demand of South Korea are different for each market.
First exposure to the pandemic H1N1 virus induced broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting hemagglutinin head epitopes

Structural and experimental determination reveals broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting conserved epitopes on the HA head of H1N1 viruses. Broad neutralization of influenza virus Protection against different strains of influenza is mediated by broadly neutralizing antibodies, which target conserved regions of the virus. Here, Guthmiller et al. demonstrated that antibodies produced by B cells responding to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus were broadly neutralizing and were specific to one of two conserved regions of the hemagglutinin head, the lateral patch or the receptor binding site. Mice receiving passive transfer of these antibodies were protected from lethal influenza infection. Thus, vaccine strategies targeting the lateral patch and receptor binding site may provide broad protection against multiple strains of influenza. Broadly neutralizing antibodies are critical for protection against both drifted and shifted influenza viruses. Here, we reveal that first exposure to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus recalls memory B cells that are specific to the conserved receptor-binding site (RBS) or lateral patch epitopes of the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against these epitopes are broadly neutralizing against H1N1 viruses spanning 40 years of viral evolution and provide potent protection in vivo. Lateral patch-targeting antibodies demonstrated near universal binding to H1 viruses, and RBS-binding antibodies commonly cross-reacted with H3N2 viruses and influenza B viruses. Lateral patch-targeting mAbs were restricted to expressing the variable heavy-chain gene VH3-23 with or without the variable kappa-chain gene VK1-33 and often had a Y-x-R motif within the heavy-chain complementarity determining region 3 to make key contacts with HA. Moreover, lateral patch antibodies that used both VH3-23 and VK1-33 maintained neutralizing capability with recent pH1N1 strains that acquired mutations near the lateral patch. RBS-binding mAbs used a diverse repertoire but targeted the RBS epitope similarly and made extensive contacts with the major antigenic site Sb. Together, our data indicate that RBS- and lateral patch-targeting clones are abundant within the human memory B cell pool, and universal vaccine strategies should aim to drive antibodies against both conserved head and stalk epitopes.
Book review: Amita Baviskar. 2020. Uncivil City: Ecology, Equity and the Commons in Delhi

Amita Baviskar. 2020. Uncivil City: Ecology, Equity and the Commons in Delhi. New Delhi: SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd. (with YODA Press, New Delhi). 300 p. Bibliography, figures, glossary, illustrations, index. ₹1,195 (hardback).
THE PENETRATION OF ENGINEERING BY ECONOMICS: McFADDEN AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF ROAD DEMAND ESTIMATION

The golden age of road demand modeling began in the 1950s and flourished in the 1960s in the face of major road construction needs. These macro models, as well as the econometrics and the data to be processed, were provided mainly by engineers. A division of tasks can be observed between the engineers in charge of estimating the flows within the network and the transport economists in charge of managing these flows once they are on the road network. Yet the inability to explain their decision-making processes and individual drives gave some room to economists to introduce economic analysis, so as to better understand individual or collective decisions between transport alternatives. Economists, in particular Daniel McFadden, began to offer methods to improve the measure of utility linked to transport and to inform the engineering approach. This paper explores the challenges to the boundaries between economics and engineering in road demand analysis.
Efficacy and safety of modified fluorouracil/leucovorin plus irinotecan and oxaliplatin (mFOLFIRINOX) compared with S‐1 as second‐line chemotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer

The optimal standard second‐line chemotherapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC) remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of modified fluorouracil/leucovorin plus irinotecan and oxaliplatin (mFOLFIRINOX) compared with oral fluoropyrimidine S‐1 as a second‐line chemotherapy in patients with MPC.
Deep Learning Models for Poorly Differentiated Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Classification in Whole Slide Images Using Transfer Learning

Colorectal poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (ADC) is known to have a poor prognosis as compared with well to moderately differentiated ADC. The frequency of poorly differentiated ADC is relatively low (usually less than 5% among colorectal carcinomas). Histopathological diagnosis based on endoscopic biopsy specimens is currently the most cost effective method to perform as part of colonoscopic screening in average risk patients, and it is an area that could benefit from AI-based tools to aid pathologists in their clinical workflows. In this study, we trained deep learning models to classify poorly differentiated colorectal ADC from Whole Slide Images (WSIs) using a simply transfer learning method. We evaluated the models on a combination of test sets obtained from five distinct sources, achieving receiver operator curve (ROC) area under the curves (AUCs) in the range of 0.94-0.98.
A Modular Mathematical Model of Exercise-Induced Changes in Metabolism, Signaling, and Gene Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle is the principal contributor to exercise-induced changes in human metabolism. Strikingly, although it has been demonstrated that a lot of metabolites accumulating in blood and human skeletal muscle during an exercise activate different signaling pathways and induce expression of many genes in working muscle fibres, the system understanding of signaling-metabolic pathways interrelations with downstream genetic regulation in the skeletal muscle is still elusive. Herein, a physiologically based computational model of skeletal muscle comprising energy metabolism, Ca2+ and AMPK signalling pathways, and expression regulation of genes with early and delayed responses has been developed based on a modular modeling approach. The integrated modular model validated on diverse including original experimental data and different exercise modes provides a comprehensive in silico platform in order to decipher and track cause-effect relationships between metabolic, signaling and gene expression levels in the skeletal muscle.
Epilepsy in Onchocerca volvulus Sero-Positive Patients From Northern Uganda—Clinical, EEG and Brain Imaging Features

Globally, epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder. The incidence in sub-Saharan Africa is 2-3 times higher than that in high income countries. Infection by Onchocerca volvulus may be an underlying risk factor for the high burden and based upon epidemiological associations, has been proposed to cause a group of disorders—Onchocerca associated epilepsies (OAE) like nodding syndrome (NS). To improve our understanding of the disease spectrum, we described the clinical, electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of children with epilepsy and sero-positive for Onchocerca volvulus (possible OAEs other than nodding syndrome). Twenty-nine children and adolescents with non-nodding syndrome OAE in northern Uganda were enrolled. A diagnosis of OAE was made in patients with epilepsy and seizure onset after age 3 years, no reported exposure to perinatal severe febrile illness or traumatic brain injury, no syndromic epilepsy diagnosis and a positive Ov-16 ELISA test. Detailed clinical evaluation including psychiatric, diagnostic EEG, a diagnostic brain MRI (in 10 patients) and laboratory testing were performed. Twenty participants (69%) were male. The mean age was 15.9 (standard deviation [SD] 1.9) years while the mean age at seizure onset was 9.8 (SD 2.9) years. All reported normal early childhood development. The most common clinical presentation was a tonic-clonic seizure. The median number of seizures was 2 (IQR 1–4) in the previous month. No specific musculoskeletal changes, or cranial nerve palsies were reported, neither were any vision, hearing and speech difficulties observed. The interictal EEG was abnormal in the majority with slow wave background activity in 52% (15/29) while 41% (12/29) had focal epileptiform activity. The brain MRI showed mild to moderate cerebellar atrophy and varying degrees of atrophy of the frontal, parietal and occipital lobes. The clinical spectrum of epilepsies associated with Onchocerca may be broader than previously described. In addition, focal onset tonic-clonic seizures, cortical and cerebellar atrophy may be important brain imaging and clinical features.
Prospect of in vitro Bile Fluids Collection in Improving Cell-Based Assay of Liver Function

The liver plays a pivotal role in the clearance of drugs. Reliable assays for liver function are crucial for various metabolism investigation, including toxicity, disease, and pre-clinical testing for drug development. Bile is an aqueous secretion of a functioning liver. Analyses of bile are used to explain drug clearance and related effects and are thus important for toxicology and pharmacokinetic research. Bile fluids collection is extensively performed in vivo, whereas this process is rarely reproduced as in the in vitro studies. The key to success is the technology involved, which needs to satisfy multiple criteria. To ensure the accuracy of subsequent chemical analyses, certain amounts of bile are needed. Additionally, non-invasive and continuous collections are preferable in view of cell culture. In this review, we summarize recent progress and limitations in the field. We highlight attempts to develop advanced liver cultures for bile fluids collection, including methods to stimulate the secretion of bile in vitro. With these strategies, researchers have used a variety of cell sources, extracellular matrix proteins, and growth factors to investigate different cell-culture environments, including three-dimensional spheroids, cocultures, and microfluidic devices. Effective combinations of expertise and technology have the potential to overcome these obstacles to achieve reliable in vitro bile assay systems.
Resolvin E1 and Cytokines Environment in Skeletally Immature and Adult ACL Tears

The intra-articular synovial fluid environment in skeletally immature patients following an ACL tear is complex and remains undefined. Levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines change significantly in response to trauma and collectively define the inflammatory environment. Of these factors the resolvins, with their inherent anti-inflammatory, reparative, and analgesic properties, have become prominent. This study examined the levels of resolvins and other cytokines after ACL tears in skeletally immature and adult patients in order to determine if skeletal maturity affects the inflammatory pattern. Skeletally immature and adult patients with an anterior cruciate ligament injury and meniscal tears were prospectively enrolled over a 5-month period. Synovial fluid samples were obtained before surgery quantifying Resolvin E1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 by ELISA. Comparisons between skeletally immature patients and adults, the influence of meniscal tear, growth plate maturity and time from trauma were analyzed. Skeletally immature patients had significantly greater levels of Resolvin E1 and IL-10 compared with adults with an isolated anterior cruciate ligament lesion. Among the injured skeletally immature patients Resolvin E1 levels were greater in the open growth plate group compared with those with closing growth plates. Moreover, levels of Resolvin E1 and IL-10 appeared to decrease with time. Our results suggest that skeletally immature patients have a stronger activation of the Resolvin pattern compared to adult patients and that synovial fluid Resolvins could play an antinflammatory role in the knee after anterior cruciate ligament lesion and that its activity may be synergistic with that of IL-10.
Upregulation of LIMK1 Is Correlated With Poor Prognosis and Immune Infiltrates in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Background Protein-coding gene LIM Domain Kinase 1 (LIMK1) is upregulated in various tumors and reported to promote tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the prognostic values of LIMK1 and correlation with immune infiltrates in lung adenocarcinoma are still not understood. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic role of LIMK1 and its correlation with immune infiltrates in lung adenocarcinoma. Methods Transcriptional expression profiles of LIMK1 between lung adenocarcinoma tissues and normal tissues were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The LIMK1 protein expression was assessed by the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) and the Human Protein Atlas. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to differentiate lung adenocarcinoma from adjacent normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier method was conducted to assess the effect of LIMK1 on survival. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by the STRING. Functional enrichment analyses were performed using the “ClusterProfiler” package. The relationship between LIMK1 mRNA expression and immune infiltrates was determined by tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER) and tumor-immune system interaction database (TISIDB). Results The expression of LIMK1 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly upregulated than those in adjacent normal tissues. Increased LIMK1 mRNA expression was associated with lymph node metastases and high TNM stage. The ROC curve analysis showed that with a cutoff level of 4.908, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for LIMK1 differentiate lung adenocarcinoma from adjacent controls were 69.5, 93.2, and 71.9%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed lung adenocarcinoma patients with high- LIMK1 had a worse prognosis than those with low- LIMK1 (43.1 vs. 55.1 months, P = 0.028). Correlation analysis indicated LIMK1 mRNA expression was correlated with tumor purity and immune infiltrates. Conclusion Upregulated LIMK1 is significantly correlated with poor survival and immune infiltrates in lung adenocarcinoma. Our study suggests that LIMK1 can be used as a biomarker of poor prognosis and potential immune therapy target in lung adenocarcinoma.
Synthesis of Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes by Photoemulsion Polymerization with Different Photoinitiators

Nanosized spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPBs) with tunable size and grafting density were synthesized successfully by photoemulsion polymerization using three photoinitiators. Due to their difference in structure, UV absorption, and mechanism of photoinitiation, the kinetics of photoemulsion polymerization using these respective photoinitiators are different. The grafting densities of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes varied from 0.012 to 0.081 nm−2 by using different photoinitiators, as determined by cutting off the PAA chains from the core particles. All of the spherical PAA brushes prepared by these three photoinitiators are pH and ionic strength sensitive as demonstrated by DLS measurements. Well-defined spherical morphology with narrow size distribution for all of the brushes prepared has been observed by FESEM. This work opens a new way to control the synthesis of SPBs with tunable structure for potential applications in catalysis, wastewater treatment, disease diagnosis, and protein immobilization.