Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE TRANSPORT OF DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS THROUGHOUT THE HELIOSPHERE

The solar wind is recognized as a turbulent magnetofluid, for which the properties of the turbulent velocity and magnetic field fluctuations are often described by the equations of incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). However, low-frequency density turbulence is also ubiquitous. On the basis of a nearly incompressible formulation of MHD in the expanding inhomogeneous solar wind, we derive the transport equation for the variance of the density fluctuations 〈ρ2〉. The transport equation shows that density fluctuations behave as a passive scalar in the supersonic solar wind. In the absence of sources of density turbulence, such as within 1 AU, the variance 〈ρ2〉 ∼ r−4. In the outer heliosphere beyond 1 AU, the shear between fast and slow streams, the propagation of shocks, and the creation of interstellar pickup ions all act as sources of density turbulence. The model density fluctuation variance evolves with heliocentric distance within ∼30 AU as 〈ρ2〉 ∼ r−3.3 after which it flattens and then slowly increases. This is precisely the radial profile for the density fluctuation variance observed by Voyager 2. Using a different analysis technique, we confirm the radial profile for 〈ρ2〉 of Bellamy, Cairns, & Smith using Voyager 2 data. We conclude that a passive scalar description for density fluctuations in the supersonic solar wind can explain the density fluctuation variance observed in both the inner and the outer heliosphere.
Deciding between GARCH and Stochastic Volatility Via Strong Decision Rules

The GARCH and stochastic volatility (SV) models are two competing, well-known and often used models to explain the volatility of financial series. In this paper, we consider a closed form estimator for a stochastic volatility model and derive its asymptotic properties. We confirm our theoretical results by a simulation study. In addition, we propose a set of simple, strongly consistent decision rules to compare the ability of the GARCH and the SV model to fit the characteristic features observed in high frequency financial data such as high kurtosis and slowly decaying autocorrelation function of the squared observations. These rules are based on a number of moment conditions that is allowed to increase with sample size. We show that our selection procedure leads to choosing the best and simple model with probability one as the sample size increases. The finite sample size behaviour of our procedure is analyzed via simulations. Finally, we provide an application to stocks in the Dow Jones industrial average index.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN OBAT NYAMUK, KARAKTERISTIK BALITA DAN PERILAKU KELUARGA TERHADAP KEJADIAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAPASAN AKUT (ISPA) PADA BALITA

Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut adalah penyakit infeksi yang menyerang salah satu bagian atau lebih dari saluran pernapasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari faktor-faktor dan faktor yang dominan mempengaruhi kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut pada balita di Puskesmas Nulle, Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu jumlah balita penderita Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut, jenis kelamin balita, berat badan lahir, ASI eksklusif, status imunisasai, status gizi, umur ibu, pendidikan ibu, pendapatan keluarga, keluarga merokok, penggunaan obat nyamuk dan bahan bakar memasak. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan metode Analisis Faktor untuk menganalisis dalam hal ini mereduksi dua belas (12) variabel penelitian sehingga diperoleh tiga (3) faktor baru yang disebut faktor penggunaan obat nyamuk dan polusi udara, faktor karakteristik balita serta faktor keluarga merokok dengan variansnya berturut-turut adalah: 30,681%, 19,805% dan 13,510% dengan nilai eigennya 2,454, 1,584 dan 1,081. Sehingga diperoleh faktor yang dominan mempengaruhi kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut pada balita adalah faktor penggunaan obat nyamuk dan polusi udara yaitu dengan varians sebesar 30,681% dan nilai eigen sebesar 2,454.
Winding tachyons on a Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli spacetime

Analyzing closed string tachyon condensation will improve our understanding of spacetime in string theory. We study the string spectrum on a Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli black hole spacetime supported by Neveu-Schwarz-Neveu-Schwarz flux, which provides a calculable example where we would expect to find a quasilocalized tachyon. We find that there is a winding tachyon when the black hole horizon is smaller than the string scale, as expected. However, due to effects of the Neveu-Schwarz-Neveu-Schwarz B field, this tachyon is not localized in the region where the spatial circle is string scale. We also discuss the relation to the Milne orbifold in the limit near the singularity.
Case-control Investigation of Previously Undiagnosed Diabetes in the Critically Ill

Abstract Context The outcome of patients requiring intensive care can be influenced by the presence of previously undiagnosed diabetes (undiagDM). Objective This work aimed to define the clinical characteristics, glucose control metrics, and outcomes of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with undiagDM, and compare these to patients with known DM (DM). Methods This case-control investigation compared undiagDM (glycated hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] ≥ 6.5%, no history of diabetes) to patients with DM. Glycemic ratio (GR) was calculated as the quotient of mean ICU blood glucose (BG) and estimated preadmission glycemia, based on HbA1c ([28.7 × HbA1c] – 46.7 mg/dL). GR was analyzed by bands: less than 0.7, 0.7 to less than or equal to 0.9, 0.9 to less than 1.1, and greater than or equal to 1.1. Risk-adjusted mortality was represented by the Observed:Expected mortality ratio (OEMR), calculated as the quotient of observed mortality and mortality predicted by the severity of illness (APACHE IV prediction of mortality). Results Of 5567 patients 294 (5.3%) were undiagDM. UndiagDM had lower ICU mean BG (P < .0001) and coefficient of variation (P < .0001) but similar rates of hypoglycemia (P = .08). Mortality and risk-adjusted mortality were similar in patients with GR less than 1.1 comparing undiagDM and DM. However, for patients with GR greater than or equal to 1.1, mortality (38.5% vs 10.3% [P = .0072]) and risk-adjusted mortality (OEMR 1.18 vs 0.52 [P < .0001]) were higher in undiagDM than in DM. Conclusion These data suggest that DM patients may develop tolerance to hyperglycemia that occurs during critical illness, a protective mechanism not observed in undiagDM, for whom hyperglycemia remains strongly associated with higher risk of mortality. These results may shed light on the natural history of diabetes.
Evaluation of Strain and Insertion Torque of Mini-implants at 90° and 45° Angulations on a Bone Model using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Background: Temporary anchorage devices or mini-implants have gained great attraction due to its capability to provide absolute anchorage, low cost, versatility, and can be loaded immediately after placement. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to use FEA analysis to assess the strain and insertion torque of mini-implants on a bone model at two distinct angulations of 45° and 90°. Materials and Methods: A computer-aided three-dimensional (3-D) model representing alveolar bone and mini-implants were developed using ANSYS software. Computed tomography scan images of the implant and the alveolar bone were taken and exported in DICOM format for 3-D image processing. The thickness of the bone model is 1 mm. Ti6Al4V orthodontic single and double threaded mini-implants (L = 7 mm, D = 1.5 mm) were inclined at 45° and 90° on to the bone surface to measure the insertion torque and strain produced. Results: Maximum insertion torque (MIT) for single-threaded mini implant at 45° and 90° angulations are 20.001 Nmm and 19.977 Nmm, respectively. MIT for double-threaded mini-implants obtained is 19.977 Nmm at 90° and 19.991 Nmm at 45° angulation. The strain of the bone at 90° angulation for single-threaded mini-implant is 0.00893 mm and for single-threaded mini implant at 45° angulation is 0.01257 mm. The strain in double-threaded mini-implant at 90° angulation is 0.0125 mm and that of 45° angulation is 0.01773 mm. Conclusion: For maximum stability single-threaded mini-implant with perpendicular insertion, angle is preferred.
Prevalence of dental caries among primary school children in Poonamallee, Chennai

Background : The two most prevalent oral diseases are dental caries and periodontal disease. Humans of all ages suffer from dental caries, but schoolchildren represent the highest priority risk group. The aim of the current study was to utilize the dft/DMFT (DMFT : Decayed missing filled teeth, dft : decayed filled teeth) index to assess the prevalence of dental caries among primary school-aged children in Poonamallee, Chennai. Methodology : Before the study, examiners underwent a series of clinical training to calibrate them. After gathering demographic data which included name, gender, age and socioeconomic class, a clinical examination for dental caries was conducted and the results were documented on a pro forma. Results : The study's findings suggest that caries prevalence was more in females than males and also primary dentition had higher prevalence of caries. Conclusion : The research shows that dental caries is still a major public health problem even in urbanized areas such as Poonamallee, Chennai.
Needling the early universe

The possibility that the whole microwave background can be produced by a bright population of pregalactic stars at a redshift of a few hundred is explored. The radiation is thermalized by a combination of amorphous silicate, amorphous carbon, graphite, and needle-shaped conducting grains which give rise to the opacity needed at wavelengths greater than 3 cm. The occurrence of distortion in a primordial microwave background spectrum due to its interaction with Population III stars and dust is investigated. The possibility of producing deviations small enough to be consistent with the best available observations, but still detectable by COBE, is considered. 65 references.
Prospects for Integrating Augmentative and Conservation Biological Control of Leaffolders and Stemborers in Rice

Possibilities to combine augmentative biological control using Trichogramma spp. egg parasitoids and conservation biological control through habitat manipulation, for the management of rice leaffolder and rice stemborer pests have received only cursory mention in the literature. We reviewed information on the use of Trichogramma releases and on habitat manipulation to manage leaffolders and stemborers in rice. Stemborers have become a priority for biological control since the 1990s with research focusing mainly on Chilo suppressalis in China and Iran, Scirpophaga incertulas in South and Southeast Asia, and Chilo agamemnon in Egypt. In most cases, 100 K wasps (T. japonicum or T. chilonis) released over 30–100 release points ha−1 at least once during early crop stages, resulted in good control (>50% reduction in damage). Despite positive results accumulated over decades, larger scale releases in rice have only been conducted very recently. Research on conservation biological control of stemborers has focused on manipulating rice field habitat, particularly along rice bunds (levees). Several studies reported higher Trichogramma densities or greater egg parasitism in rice fields with flowering plants on bunds compared to control fields (without bund vegetation and usually with insecticides). These trends have mainly been attributed to nectar as a supplementary food for the adult wasps, although evidence for this mechanism is weak. Trap plants, such as vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) attract ovipositing stemborers, but suppress larval development. Repellent and banker plants have not yet been identified for rice stemborers or leaffolders. We outline the opportunities and challenges for combining augmentative and conservation biological control of leaffolders and stemborers in rice.
The effects of particle size and surface recombination rate on the brightness of low-voltage phosphor

A theoretical expression for the brightness of powder phosphor is derived in order to investigate the effects of phosphor’s properties on low-energy cathodoluminescence. It contains the particle size, surface recombination rate, lifetime of holes, carrier diffusion coefficients, and anode voltage. As such, it can be applied to systematically optimize the design parameters of phosphors for maximum efficiency at low-voltage excitation. Use of the given expression is illustrated and a typical case is analyzed in this study.
Evidence for strong Fermi-level pinning due to metal-induced gap states at metal/germanium interface

The purpose of this paper is to understand metal/germanium (Ge) junction characteristics. Electrode metals with a wide work function range were deposited on Ge. All metal/p-Ge and metal/n-Ge junctions have shown Ohmic and Schottky characteristics, respectively, with the strong Fermi-level pinning. The charge neutrality level (CNL) at metal/Ge interface is close to the branch point calculated for the bulk Ge. Moreover, the pinning level is hardly modulated by annealing in forming gas, forming metal-germanide/Ge interfaces or changing the substrate orientation. These results suggest that Fermi level at metal/Ge interface is intrinsically pinned at the CNL characterized by the metal-induced gap states model.
Hierarchy of mathematical models for production processes of technical textiles

In this work we present a hierarchy of mathematical models for the numerical simulation of the production process of technical textiles. The models range from highly complex three‐dimensional fluid‐solid interactions to one‐dimensional fiber dynamics with stochastic aerodynamic drag and further to efficiently manageable stochastic surrogate models for fiber lay‐down. They are theoretically and numerically analyzed and coupled via asymptotic analysis, similarity estimates, and parameter identification. The model hierarchy is applicable to a wide range of industrially relevant production processes and enables the optimization, control, and design of technical textiles.
Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS and WFPC2 Images of the HH 1 Jet: A Comparative Study

We present new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) NICMOS images of the source region of the HH 1/2 flow. The HH 1 jet is traced in the [Fe II] 1.64 μm and the H2 2.12 μm lines to about 2. ″5 of the deeply embedded VLA source. In general, the structure of the jet is similar in H2 and [Fe II], with all the features having comparable brightness in both species. However, there is a gradient in the H2/[Fe II] ratio which increases with distance from the source. We also compare our infrared images with almost contemporary HST WFPC2 images in Hα and [S II]. The ratio of [Fe II] to [S II], both low-excitation tracers of weak shocks, is almost constant along the visible part of the jet but then increases by an order of magnitude where the optical jet disappears. If this is due to reddening, then the extinction, AV, increases by at least 4 mag in a space of 0. ″9, corresponding to 420 AU. Beyond this obscuring ridge, we detect five more infrared knots. Less than 2'' now separate the infrared jet and the tip of the compact 3.6 cm radio continuum jet centered on the VLA source. The heavy extinction which obscures the base of the IR jet is probably due to the compact cloud core recently detected in HCO+. The jet is observed to steadily increase in width, and we argue that this is either due to sideways ejection of shocked material from internal working surfaces or a sonic expansion of the hot jet beam. Surprisingly, the width of the jet is the same to within measurement errors in H2 and [Fe II], contrary to the expectations of some models. Two small, previously detected off-axis knots appear to form an independent HH flow, which we call HH 501. An infrared cometary nebula (dubbed the X nebula) is found next to the HH 1 jet, along a line through the HH 501 knots, possibly supporting earlier speculations that yet one more source exists in the region. However, new proper motions of the HH 501 flow suggest an origin of these knots near VLA 1, and it is therefore possible that the VLA 1 source itself may be a close binary, thus forming a triple system with the more distant VLA 2.
Phenethyl isothiocyanate inhibits CD133+/CD90+ liver cancer stem cells by modulation of microRNA‐214‐β‐catenin epigenome axis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most prevalent and lethal type of malignancies around the globe. Despite the advancement in medical research and therapeutics development, HCC still remains a taunting challenge in clinical settings. Recent studies indicate that the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be the underlying factor for treatment failure, distant metastasis, and disease recurrence. Elevated stemness gene expression has been correlated to disease stage and poorer prognosis in HCC patients. Initially, we established that β‐catenin is highly expressed in HCC clinical samples. We subsequently re‐validated the idea that CD133+/CD90+ subpopulation cells exhibited CSCs properties including elevated stemness expression (β‐catenin, Nanog, c‐Myc, and Twist1), increased self‐renewal capacity and metastatic potential. Using this cell model, we tested the potential anti‐CSCs effects of phenethyl isothiocynanate (PEITC), a phytochemical isolated from cruciferous vegetables. Treatment of PEITC led to a decreased percentage of CD133+/CD90+ cells in both Huh7 and Sk‐Hep1 cell lines. In addition, PEITC suppressed stemness gene expression, self‐renewal ability, and metastatic potential in HCC CSCs. Mechanistically, PEITC conveyed its anti‐CSCs effects via upregulating microRNA‐214, a negative regulator of β‐catenin. In conclusion, we provided evidence that PEITC could suppress HCC CSCs generation/maintenance. With further clinical testing, PEITC could be used either alone or in combination with currently available chemotherapeutic agents to achieve improved efficacy.
A Highly Accurate Mathematical Model for Analyzing Modular Multilevel Converters in Transformer-Less Applications

Transformer-less connection schemes can provide a feasible solution for lowering the economic cost, occupied space, and device weight of modular multilevel converter (MMC) systems. However, due to the reduction in the converter transformer, the current flow loop is changed; as a result, the existing MMC model is not suitable. In this paper, the ac- and dc-side equivalent circuit models of the MMC system using a transformer-less connection scheme are established in both a–b–c stationary and d–q rotating coordinate systems. Then, a highly accurate mathematical analysis model is proposed, in which the interactions among the electrical quantities can be fully seen. The mathematical model is established in the time domain, and hence the amplitude and phase angle of every harmonic component in each quantity can be directly obtained. The proposed model is verified under various typical situations by comparing the calculated values with the actual waveforms. The comparison results prove that the calculation error is small enough to be negligible. The mathematical model in this paper can provide a powerful tool in terms of the performance analysis and the main circuit parameter design for MMCs in transformer-less applications.
ESTIMASI PARAMETER DISTRIBUSI BINOMIAL NEGATIF MENGGUNAKAN METODE INFERENSI BAYESIAN

Estimasi parameter merupakan salah satu bentuk dari statistik inferensial. Estimasi parameter terdiri atas estimasi parameter titik dan estimasi parameter interval. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan estimasi parameter titik dan interval dari distribusi Binomial Negatif dengan metode Bayes. Metode Bayes dalam penelitian ini memanfaatkan distribusi Beta selaku prior konjugat, distribusi Uniform selaku prior non-konjugat, dan metode Jeffrey selaku prior non-informatif. Untuk mengevaluasi penduga terbaik, metode yang digunkan ialah dengan melihat nilai yang terkecil dari varian posterior dan lebar credible interval bayes. Dalam studi simulasi menggunakan pemrograman R, diperoleh penduga terbaik ialah prior konjugat Beta, sebab memiliki nilai varian posterior yang terkecil dan lebar credible interval Bayes yang terkecil dibandingkan dengan prior non-konjugat Uniform dan prior non-informatif Jeffrey.
Strongly coupled plasmas: high-density classical plasmas and degenerate electron liquids

Classical and degenerate, strongly coupled plasmas are approached by computer simulations, analytic theories, and variational methods. Thermodynamic properties predicted in those various approaches are compared and examined; possibilities of Wigner crystallization and other instabilities are investigated. Salient features in the static and dynamic correlations are reviewed. Screening effects are analyzed and applied to calculations of the enhancement factor of the thermonuclear reaction rate and the electric resistivity in dense plasmas. Theoretical predictions on the dynamic properties are compared with the x ray and electron scattering data for the metallic electrons.
Damping of Internal Gravity Waves by Small-Scale Turbulence

Abstract The interaction between turbulence and internal waves in a stratified fluid with a shear flow is considered on the basis of perturbation theory permitting a description of internal wave damping by turbulence. The results show that the behavior of the damping rate for internal waves is rather anomalous for the long-wave range: it remains finite for such waves but may decrease to very small quantities in a restricted range of wavenumbers, depending on the mode structure. Detailed computations are made for the first three modes of the internal waves. The effects of anisotropy of the turbulent fluxes are also considered. For the case of constant buoyancy frequency an exact solution is obtained of the linearized semiempirical equations valid even for a strong wave damping. Estimates show that the damping by the upper turbulent layer may be an effective energy sink for long internal waves in the ocean.
Strip Intercrop of Barley, Wheat, Triticale, Oat, Pea and Yellow Lupine—A Meta-Analysis

The simultaneous sowing of two or more species in the same field without a fixed location in relation to each other—mixed intercropping—is associated with the problem of optimizing agrotechnics for plants with different requirements and instability of the composition of the crop. An alternative which eliminates these problems can be strip intercropping. Based on the published results of seven long-term field experiments aimed at understanding the proximity effect of various species in strip intercropping, a mathematical simulation of strip intercropping production effects was performed: oat/lupine, barley/pea, wheat/pea, triticale/pea, wheat/barley, wheat/triticale, and triticale/barley. The simulation takes into account different widths of the strips and the possibility of their separation by a path. The yield of strip intercropping consisting of cereals and legumes was similar to the average yield of both components grown in single-species crops. Separating the cereal from the legume plant by a path did not have a major effect on the total yield; however, it increased the share of the legume plant in the yield. The width of the strips was also important in terms of yield and the share of individual species in the yield, especially when strips were separated by a path. Taking into account the level of yield and the technical possibilities of optimizing agrotechnics for each of the components separately, as well as the possibility of separate harvesting, then strip intercropping and strip intercropping separated by paths, with 3 m wide strips, are justified. The analysis of the results showed that the formation of strip intercropping or strip intercropping separated by paths consisting of only two species of cereals does not bring production benefits when compared to monoculture of the individual components.