Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Collective behavior of earthquakes and faults: Continuum‐discrete transitions, progressive evolutionary changes, and different dynamic regimes

Crustal deformation patterns are affected by multiscale granulation and healing processes associated with phase transitions between continuum and discrete states of rocks. The ongoing continuum‐discrete transitions are accompanied by progressive evolution of disordered fault networks to dominant localized fault zones, development of bimaterial interfaces, and increasing dynamic weakening of fault surfaces. Results on individual fault zones point to three general dynamic regimes. The first is associated with broad range of heterogeneities, little dynamic weakening, power law frequency‐size statistics, temporal clustering of intermediate and large events, and accelerated seismic release before large earthquakes. The second is associated with relatively uniform localized structures, significant dynamic weakening, characteristic earthquake statistics, and quasi‐periodic temporal occurrence of large events without precursory accelerated release. For a range of conditions, the fault zone response can switch back and forth between the foregoing two dynamic regimes. Higher temperature, fluid content, and thickness of sedimentary cover reduce the seismic coupling in a region and change the properties of local earthquake sequences. Brittle regions with high seismic coupling have few foreshocks and long‐duration aftershock sequences with high event productivity, whereas more viscous regions with low seismic coupling have increased foreshocks activity and low‐productivity aftershock sequences or swarms. The results provide criteria for organizing data in classes associated with different evolutionary stages and different regional conditions. An ability to recognize the dynamic regime of a given fault zone or a region can increase the information content of the data and lead to improved strategies for seismic hazard assessment.
Ruimte voor alternatieven? Ruimte voor de rivier in de Noordwaard

Een onderdeel van de PKB Ruimte voor de Rivier betreft de Noordwaard (onderdeel van de Biesbosch); het gebied is een koploperproject: planvorming en uitvoering kunnen versneld plaatsvinden. Bij het ontpolderen van deze waard zijn door Alterra kanttekeningen geplaatst
The Arctic snow and air temperature budget over sea ice during winter

Arctic cooling through the fall-winter transition is calculated from a coupled atmosphere-sea ice thermal model and compared to temperature soundings and surface measurements made north of Svalbard during the Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX). A typical winter, clear-sky vertical temperature structure of the polar air mass is composed of a surface-based temperature inversion or an inversion above a very shallow (30–180 m) mechanically mixed boundary layer with temperatures −30° to −35°C, a broad temperature maximum layer of −20° to −25°C between 0.5 and 2 km, and a negative lapse rate aloft. Because the emissivity of the temperature maximum layer is less than that of the snow surface, radiative equilibrium maintains this low level temperature inversion structure. A 90-day simulation shows that heat flux through the ice is insufficient to maintain a local thermal equilibrium. Northward temperature advection by transient storms is required to balance outward longwave radiation to space. Leads and thin ice (<0.8 m) contribute 12% to the winter tropospheric heat balance in the central Arctic. CEAREX temperature soundings and longwave radiation data taken near 81°N show polar air mass characteristics by early November, but numerous storms interrupted this air mass during December. Snow temperature changes of 15°C occurred in response to changes in downward atmospheric longwave radiation of 90 W m−2 between cloud and clear sky. We propose that the strength of boundary layer stability, and thus the degree of air-ice momentum coupling, is driven by the magnitude of the radiation deficit (downward-outward longwave) at the surface and the potential temperature of the temperature maximum layer. This concept is of potential benefit in prescribing atmospheric forcing for sea ice models because a surface air temperature-snow temperature difference field is difficult to obtain and it may be possible to obtain a radiation deficit field via satellite sensors.
Hypsometry and volume of the Arctic Ocean and its constituent seas

This paper presents an analysis of the Arctic Ocean and its constituent seas for seafloor area distribution versus depth and ocean volume. The bathymetry from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) is used together with limits defining this ocean and its constituent seas from the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) as well as redefined limits constructed to confine the seas to the shallow shelves. IBCAO is a bathymetric grid model with a resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 km, which significantly improved the portrayal of the Arctic Ocean seafloor through incorporation of newly released bathymetric data including echo soundings from U.S. and British navies, scientific nuclear submarine cruises, and icebreaker cruises. This analysis of seafloor area and ocean volume is the first for the Arctic Ocean based on this new and improved portrayal of the seafloor as represented by IBCAO. The seafloor area and volume are calculated for different depths starting from the present sea level and progressing in increments of 10 m to a depth of 500 m and in increments of 50 m from 550 m down to the deepest depth within each of the analyzed seas. Hypsometric curves expressed as simple histograms of the frequencies in different depth bins and depth plotted against cumulative area for each of the analyzed seas are presented. The area and volume calculations show that the entire IHO‐defined Arctic Ocean makes up ∼4.3% of the total ocean area but only ∼1.4% of the volume. Furthermore, the IHO Arctic Ocean is the shallowest (mean depth 1201 m) of all the major oceans and their adjacent seas. The continental shelf area, from the coasts out to the shelf break, make up as much as ∼52.9% of the total area in the Arctic Ocean, defined in this work as consisting of the oceanic deep Arctic Ocean Basin; the broad continental shelves of the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas; the White Sea; and the narrow continental shelf off both the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and northern Greenland. This result indicates that the Arctic Ocean has significantly larger continental shelves compared with all the other oceans, where previous studies show that the proportion of shelves, from the coasts out to the foot of the continental slopes, only ranges between about 9.1 and 17.7%. Furthermore, the derived hypsometric curves show that most of the Arctic Ocean shelf seas besides the Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, and the shelf off northern Greenland have a similar shape, with the largest seafloor area between 0 and 50 m. The East Siberian and Laptev seas, in particular, show area distributions concentrated in this shallow depth range, and together with the Chukchi Sea they form a large flat shallow shelf province composing as much as 22% of the entire Arctic Ocean area but only 1% of the volume. This implies that the circulation in the Arctic Ocean might be very sensitive to eustatic sea level changes. One of the aims with this work is to make up‐to‐date high‐resolution area and volume calculations for the Arctic Ocean at various depths available for download.
Effects of Icosapent Ethyl on Total Ischemic Events From REDUCE-IT

BACKGROUND In time-to- ﬁ rst-event analyses, icosapent ethyl signi ﬁ cantly reduced the risk of ischemic events, including cardiovascular death, among patients with elevated triglycerides receiving statins. These patients are at risk for not only ﬁ rst but also subsequent ischemic events. OBJECTIVES Pre-speci ﬁ ed analyses determined the extent to which icosapent ethyl reduced total ischemic events. METHODS REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial) randomized 8,179 statin-treated patients with triglycerides $ 135 and < 500 mg/dl (median baseline of 216 mg/dl) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 40 and # 100 mg/dl (median baseline of 75 mg/dl), and a history of atherosclerosis (71% patients) or diabetes (29% patients) to icosapent ethyl 4 g/day or placebo. The main outcomes were total ( ﬁ rst and subsequent) primary composite endpoint events (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina) and total key secondary composite endpoint events (cardio-vascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke). As a pre-speci ﬁ ed statistical method, we determined differences in total events using negative binomial
Semi-analytical model for the determination of vertical settlement of crest of road embankments founded on sloping ground

Instabilities that follow the pattern of local translational sliding are rather common along old highway embankments founded on natural slopes, mainly in mountainous terrains. In this paper a semi-analytical model for the determination of the vertical settlement of crest of non-cohesive road embankments founded on sloping ground is presented. The model is based on the principal of conservation of energy, where the change of the potential energy of the sliding mass between its initial and final position is taken as equal to the energy dissipated in deformation, that is, in grain to grain friction inside the body of the embankment and along its base. According to the proposed methodology, the vertical settlement Δy of crest results proportionally to the deformation velocity of embankment mass. The mean value of the maximum velocities of embankment grains acquired during sliding is used. The last is obtained from a proposed empirical diagram, the magnitude of which depends on the embankment height, the gradient of natural base and the unit weight and particle size distribution of the embankment material.
Explore the Structural Changes of Nitrogen-fixing Microorganisms of Rhizosheath During the Growth of Stipagrostis Pennata in the Desert CURRENT STATUS: POSTED

Background: Rhizosheath is an adaptive feature of the survival of Stipagrostis pennata in desert systems. Although microorganisms play important ecological roles in promoting the nitrogen cycle of rhizosheath, the diversity and function of nitrogen-fixing microorganism communities have not been fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the nitrogen fixation ability of rhizosheaths and the changes of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms at different growth periods of Stipagrostis pennata . We sequenced the nifH gene through sequencing nifH gene to identify the structure and diversity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms of Stipagrostis pennata at different growth periods of rhizosheaths. Results: A total of 1256 OTUs were identified by nifH sequence and distributed in different growth periods. There were 5 OTUs distributed in each sample at the same time, and the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in fruit period were much higher than those in other periods. Mainly 4 phyla were involved, among which Proteobacteria was the most abundant in all groups. Conclusions: In general, this study investigated the abundance and characteristics of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms of rhizosheaths in different growth periods of Stipagrostis pennata . It also elucidated the regulatory changes of the structure of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms of rhizosheaths in different growth periods of Stipagrostis pennata .
Evolution of mixed Rossby gravity waves

A Green's function is derived, which can be used to study and predict the evolution of the velocity and pressure fields associated with the mixed Rossby gravity wave component of the totality of motions due to forcing on an equatorial β plane. Initial value problems can also be solved with the aid of the Green's function. Since energy associated with the Rossby gravity mode always travels east, the Green's function can be employed to predict what signal should arrive to the east of a given location if the time history of the fields are known at that position. Various simple analytical examples are discussed. A numerical ocean general circulation model is used to demonstrate the usefulness of the Green's function formalism.
A model-based study of the wind regime over the Corinthian Gulf

Abstract. The Corinthian Gulf is a narrow sea-level passage surrounded by a steep complex topography that consists of high mountains as well as elevated and sea-level gaps and straits. The complex terrain is expected to affect the wind flow in the area that often experiences high winds, with important consequences on the commercial and recreational activities over the gulf's maritime area. For that reason, a model-based study of the wind regime over the Corinthian Gulf has been created, as observational data over the area are recent and spatially sparse. Analysis of 5 yr of data from the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5) model reveals that the wind regime of the gulf is greatly influenced by the topography. Easterly winds occur more frequently and are stronger in the maritime area in the western edge of the gulf, with a frequency of occurrence on the order of 70%. Moreover, the most intense wind events at this area occur during the winter season (December, January, and February). Finally the paper also provides a discussion on the synoptic patterns, which lead to the strongest wind events in the studied area.
Mangroves as an agent of rapid coastal change in a tidal-dominated environment, Gulf St Vincent, South Australia: implications for coastal management

The northeastern shore of Gulf St Vincent, South Australia is a mesotidal, low-wave-energy coastline, characterised by tidal-dominated bioclastic carbonate sedimentation. Distinctive assemblages of subtidal, intertidal and supratidal marine plants and invertebrate animals have resulted in well defined, adjacent bio- and litho-facies that lie parallel to each other across broad areas of coastal sedimentation. At Port Gawler, the intertidal zone is bounded by a landward high-tide beach and a subtidal Posidonia australis seagrass meadow seaward. Thirty years ago, within the immediate study area, this intertidal zone comprised an inner sandflat and an outer muddy seagrass meadow dominated by Zostera muelleri, the two areas separated by a shallow tidal distributary. Avicennia marina is a species of mangrove that has colonised much of the protected, tidal-dominated coasts of South Australia. Propagules of this tree readily take root in intertidal mud, with a natural ecological succession of Z. muelleri followed by A. marina. Over the time of observation, juvenile mangroves have progressively colonised a narrow zone along the landward side of the muddy seagrass meadow; they appear unable to colonise a sandy substrate. Juveniles advanced rapidly southward from mature woodland in the north towards equally mature woodland in the south. From the initial tap root, juvenile plants send out radial roots from which project, snorkel-like, an array of vertical pneumatophores. Redistributed algal, seagrass and other organic flotsam collect around these vertically protruding pneumatophores, promoting accumulation of organic sediment. Within the newly forming mangrove woodland, there has been pronounced sediment aggradation of >0.5 m, greatly altering the dynamics of tidal flow. Tidal flow is now largely constrained to a channel between the mature southern woodland and that formed most recently. Higher velocity flows through this channel have exhumed populations of infaunal bivalves, and floodtide and ebbtide deltas of coarse bioclastic sediments are a consequence. The aggraded sediment of the new woodland shelters the area landward. Consequently, more muddy sediments are now covering what was formerly bare sandflat, thus providing new areas for mangrove colonisation. Migration of mangroves towards the high-tide beach is inevitable and will be limited only by their need for regular flushing of accumulated salt from their roots by seawater at high tide. Thus, A. marina drives rapid geomorphic change in the tidal-dominated coasts of the South Australian gulfs. In similar coastal areas of southeast Asia, where intertidal muddy sediments predominate, this species appears to be an ideal candidate for reforestation projects. Juvenile plants should grow successfully and rapidly, so preparing coastal environments for the establishment of more ecologically diverse mangrove communities.
Topographically Generated, Subinertial Flows within A Finite Length Canyon

Abstract The presence of a canyon cutting the continental shelf has been observed to enhance wind-driven upwelling. In particular, in the vicinity of Juan de Fuca Canyon at the mouth of the Juan de Fuca Strait an eddy containing deep water (from a depth of approximately 450 m) has been documented. Strong upcanyon flows have been observed within numerous canyons including Astoria Canyon, which cuts the shelf offshore of the mouth of the Columbia River. The author develop a linear theory for wind-driven flow over an infinitesimally thin but finite length canyon to illustrate the basic mechanism. Two regimes are considered, the initial growing velocity field and a later steady velocity field. The flow toward the shore is enhanced by O (10) by the presence of the canyon in a homogeneous fluid. The presence of stratification introduces smaller horizontal length scales, the baroclinic Rossby radius, and allows further enhancement of the upcanyon flow. Numerical simulations show that the linear theory is a reaso.
The Implementation and Evaluation of a Compiler-Directed Memory Interface

computer architecture, memory hierarchy, caches, DRAM, burst buffer, compiler, SUIF, performance, low cost This paper describes a novel memory interface architecture, called burst buffers. Although simple, it regularly attains more than a factor of two improvement in performance for media algorithms above a normal data cache using conventional DRAM technology. This paper shows that exposing the features of main memory permits architectural and compiler innovations. Performance gains are achieved by improving the use of available bandwidth from DRAM by utilising three techniques: long bursts, burst pipelining and buffer re-use. This paper demonstrates the benefits of the new memory interface architecture when included in an embedded system alongside the data cache. This interface adds little or no extra system cost.
The electrical structure of the Hokuriku winter thunderstorms

Lightning charges, locations, and currents have been determined for 12 flashes from four winter storms observed on the Hokuriku coast of Japan during December 1977 through January 1978. Additional data is available from a total of eight winter storms. The heights and magnitudes of the charges in strokes-to-ground were calculated from simultaneous measurements of electric field changes made at seven stations covering an area of about 150 km2. Discharges lowering positive charge to earth often exhibit large continuing currents (>104 A) for periods up to 10 ms. One positive discharge involved a peak current value of ≃105 A and a charge that exceeded 300°C after 4 ms. Negative continuing current strokes are generally an order of magnitude smaller, ≃4×103 A, involving charges of 100°C or less. The positive lightning charges are located higher than the negative charges of the same storm, constituting a ‘normal’ bipolar system similar to the charge configuration found in summer thunderstorms. For the eight storms observed during this study, 26 out of a total of 63 strokes-to-ground were positive. A strong correlation exists between the fraction of positive ground strokes and the vertical wind shear in the cloud layer. On the basis of this study we suggest that the occurrence of positive strokes-to-ground is a consequence of the wind shear. The shear provides a horizontal displacement between the charges that helps to ensure that an initiating positive streamer will continue down to ground rather than into the negatively charged region that would normally be located directly below it. The data suggest that positive strokes-to-ground should appear at a threshold shear value in the cloud layer of about 1.5 m/s/km.
Jurassic Cotton Valley and Smackover Reservoir Trends, East Texas, North Louisiana, and South Arkansas

The stratigraphic and structural framework of the Jurassic Cotton Valley and Smackover in the Ark-La-Tex area can be divided into distinct producing trends, each having predictable characteristics and geographic limits. The main Cotton Valley producing trends are: (1) a semicircular belt of lower Cotton Valley limestone along the west flank of the Sabine uplift in east Texas; (2) a north-trending belt of lower Cotton Valley limestone on the west flank of the East Texas basin; (3) an arcuate belt of "blanket" sandstones centering in Lincoln Parish, north Louisiana; and (4) a broad circular area of massive fine-grained sandstones covering the general area of the Sabine uplift. Minor Cotton Valley sandstone production is developing on the west flank of the East Texas basin from low-permeability Bossier sandstones. The Smackover producing areas are: (1) updip fault traps along the Mexia-Talco fault system; (2) salt anticlines along the flank of the salt basins; (3) basement structures updip from the salt anticlines and fault system; (4) stratigraphic traps near the Arkansas-Louisiana state line downdip from the salt anticlines; (5) complex graben-fault traps associated with more intense salt features deeper within the basin; and (6) a speculative new trend updip of the Mexia-Talco fault system combining small fault traps and regional updip porosity pinchouts recently discovered by McFarlane Oil in western Henderson County, Texas, in a well with oil flows of over 1,000 bbl per day.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces apoptosis via inducible nitric oxide synthase in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes.

OBJECTIVE It has been demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) induces apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. However, its mechanism of action is still not well understood. In the present study, we hypothesized that TNF alpha induces myocardial apoptosis by induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). METHODS Neonatal cardiac myocytes were isolated from iNOS (-/-) mutant and C57BL6 wild type mice. Cells were cultured for 3 days before treatment with an NO donor or TNF alpha. Following treatment with S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) or TNF-alpha, cells were tested for apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfer-mediated end labeling (TUNEL) staining and cell death detection ELISA. NO production was measured by nitrite concentration in the culture medium. Cardiomyocyte expression of iNOS and TNF type 1 receptor (TNFR1) mRNA was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS SNAP (0.01-100 microM) induced apoptosis of cardiac myocytes in a concentration-dependent manner in the wild type mice (n = 5, P < 0.01). TNFR1 mRNA was expressed in neonatal cardiomyocytes from both wild type and iNOS (-/-) mutant mice. TNF alpha induced a concentration-dependent increase in iNOS mRNA expression and nitrite production as well as significant apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in the wild type mice (n = 4, P < 0.01). However, without iNOS expression, the apoptotic effects of TNF-alpha were significantly attenuated in cardiomyocytes from iNOS (-/-) mutant mice (n = 4, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION TNF alpha induces apoptosis via iNOS expression and NO production in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes.