Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the reliability of oceanic heat flow averages

One of the major problems in the use of heat flow data in a quantitative manner has been the variability of closely spaced measurements. It is suggested that this variability is directly related to hydrothermal circulation in an ''effectively permeable'' oceanic crust. As a consequence, only where this crust is sealed from the seawater by an extensive and thick layer of impermeable sediment can reliable estimates be made of the flux at depth. Heat flow data from such areas are analyzed. It is shown that the scatter in the data is low and that in most areas the mean heat flow through a province of known age is close to that predicted by plate models which account for the increase in depth with increasing age of the ocean floor. From this analysis it is argued that these heat flow means are a reliable estimate of the flux at depth. In order to be able to use heat flow measurements to investigate the age of the crust, the thickness of the lithospheric plate, upper mantle convection, and local anomalies, it is necessary to substantiate this analysis and to find an adequate explanation of the low mean heat flow observed at themore » center of the sediment bulge in the equatorial Pacific. « less
Evaluation of RCA & RCA GUESS and estimation of vegetation-climate feedbacks over India for present climate

Popular summary Changes in climate modify the terrestrial vegetation distribution that in turn affects the climate system by altering the balance of radiation, water, momentum, CO2 and other important atmospheric gases. This entire process is termed as vegetation-climate feedbacks. These feedbacks are studied by regional earth system model. In this study, RCA-GUESS, a regional earth system model, is applied over India to capture the influence of these feedbacks on the present climate. I also used a regional climate model, RCA and compared its results with RCA GUESS. However, before applying these regional models to a large area such as India, it is important to validate these models. Therefore, the aim of this study is to first assess the performance of RCA GUESS and RCA, a regional climate model, against some observation datasets for the period 1989-2005. Later, this study examines the influence of vegetation feedbacks on present climate of India. At the end, the future climate predictions will be made using RCA. The study found that RCA was not accurately simulating average surface temperature and precipitation for summer as well as for winter months. On the other hand, the regional earth system model, RCA GUESS also showed similar pattern of deviations but the irregularities in this model are explained to a certain extent over some regions by including dynamic vegetation and in some cases, the deviations were even amplified. It is suggested that both models require significant improvement in their structural design for correctly representing the climate and vegetation pattern for tropical region. The study also discussed the reasons of significant deviations present over mountainous regions which was also noticed when these models were applied over different regions such as Europe and South America. Since both models showed considerable uncertainty in predicting the present climate variables, therefore, it is very hard to deduce the actual impact of climate on vegetation pattern and vice versa. The study also found that India would experience overall warming of 1oC for the period 2031 to 2050 and the warming will be more pronounced over northern, western and central regions. The temperature of these regions rise as much as 1.5 to 2oC. These results are comparable with the findings of other studies. But, the major shift in the precipitation pattern is not properly captured.
Long‐term hydrological changes of the Seine River flow (France) and their relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation over the period 1950–2008

The variability of Seine River flow (France) was investigated using daily time series over the period of 1950–2008. The study aimed at characterizing the dominant modes explaining the variability of flow and at investigating their possible link with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) as the dominant climate regime in the region. The Seine River flow was affected by a statistically significant increasing trend across the period. The hydrologic regime of the Seine River was found to be highly variable and seem to occur later in the year, approximately, since the end of the 1980s. Annual minimum, maximum and mean flow time series exhibited an obvious change around 1970. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of flow revealed energetic peaks highly localized in time, defining three time periods: before 1970, between 1970 and 1990 and after 1990. Two interannual modes (17 and 5–9 years) occur, respectively, around 1970 and in the early 1990s. The same observations on precipitation CWT ensure a climatic origin to these interannual modes. The annual oscillation was always strongly represented in flow and was affected by an increase in power from 1990 until the end of the time series. Comparison between NAO and annual flow anomalies revealed similar trend behaviour characterized by a change around 1970 towards more positive NAO indices and positive flow anomalies. In addition, CWT of NAO revealed similar modes of variability around 17 and 5–9 years as flow interannual modes. This highlighted a possible link between NAO and hydrometeorological processes in the region. The flow fluctuations (interannual modes and trend) expressing this potential link would explain approximately 23% of total variance of Seine River flow and would even reach 35% of the variance after removal of the annual cyclicity. These results would then emphasize the potential strong control of NAO on the variability of Seine River discharge. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The use and development of some groundwater tracing techniques for wellhead protection : studies from the Corallian Limestone of Yorkshire

The research was driven by questions pertaining to the vulnerability and protection of public water supply wells in fissured and karstic aquifers. The requirement of the industrial and research communities for highly detectable and non-toxic ground water tracers was addressed through the development of Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) for this purpose. This dissolved gas tracer exhibits similar physico-chemical properties to the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and these hydrologic tracers were examined together in their respective capacities as applied (i.e. injected) and environmental (already present) groundwater tracers. Public water supply wells in the Corallian limestone of Yorkshire, England, were used to test the application of SF6- A hydrogeological conceptualisation of the system prior to use of the experimental technique was built from the results of geophysical borehole logging, single-borehole dilution tests and forced and non-forced gradient (dye) tracer tests. The novel tracer SF6 was injected into a karst swallet draining the River Derwent and was tracked for 44 days to a dilution 2 x 10 times smaller than the injected concentration, and still 100 times above background. The SF6 results enabled specific elements of the conceptual model to be stated theoretically and compared directly with data for the purposes of discriminating between different processes potentially operative within the aquifer. These comparisons included an analysis of breakthrough curve (BTC) tailing as a function of a geohydrological dipole, hydrodynamic dispersion as a function of tracer transport along multiple pathways (fissures and karstic conduits), and the effects of double-porosity diffusion. Paradoxical observations between rates of tracer transport and apparent groundwater ages obtained by applying simple piston-flow models to measured CFC concentrations indicated additional processes within the aquifer. The Corallian CFC survey was supported by a detailed examination of the largest local source of CFC contamination in the area, an operational landfill site situated above the aquifer.
Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal

The remanent magnetization of siltstones and sandstones sampled at 476 levels/sites throughout a 3560 m thick molasse sequence belonging to the Siwalik Group (0–2015 m: Lower; 2015–3560 m: Middle) has been studied by stepwise thermal demagnetization. This section is exposed along the Karnali River in Nepal. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) usually consists of two components: a viscous or thermoviscous component of recent field origin, and an ancient characteristic component (ChRM). The former component is of normal polarity and resides either in goethite (unblocking temperature < 150 °C; resistant to AFD up to 150 mT) or in maghemite (unblocking temperature 150–400 °C). Goethite contributes up to 90 per cent of the total intensity in the finer variegated muddy samples belonging to the lower half of the section. Maghemite content is significant in the grey mud-free lithologies from the upper half of the section. The main component, unblocked in the high-temperature range (commonly 610–680 °C) and believed to reside in haematite, presumably of mostly detrital origin, represents a characteristic remanence (ChRM). The tilt-corrected ChRM directions at individual sites show antipodal clusters (ratio of normal- to reverse-polarity sites: 0.62), and yield mean inclinations recording significant inclination shallowing—a feature well recorded in the Siwaliks. This ChRM is interpreted to represent a largely primary detrital remanence. The ChRM data from 430 sites yield the Karnali River magnetic polarity sequence, whose correlation with the geomagnetic polarity timescale (Cande & Kent 1995) suggests a depositional age of 16 Ma (younger than chron C5Cn.1n) to 5.2 Ma (around the top of chron C3r) for the 3560 m section sampled. Hence, the Karnali River exposes the oldest part of the Siwalik Group in Nepal. Estimates of the sediment accumulation rate (SAR) average to 32.9 cm kyr−1 for the 10.8 Myr time span of deposition.
Shor's Algorithm Using Efficient Approximate Quantum Fourier Transform

Shor's algorithm solves the integer factoring and discrete logarithm problems in polynomial time. Therefore, the evaluation of Shor's algorithm is essential for evaluating the security of currently used public-key cryptosystems because the integer factoring and discrete logarithm problems are crucial for the security of these cryptosystems. In this article, a new approximate quantum Fourier transform is proposed, and it is applied to Rines and Chuang's implementation. The proposed implementation requires one-third the number of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$</tex-math></inline-formula> gates of the original. Moreover, it requires one-fourth of the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$</tex-math></inline-formula>-depth of the original. Finally, a <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$</tex-math></inline-formula>-scheduling method for running the circuit with the smallest KQ (where K is the number of logical qubits and Q is the circuit depth) is presented.
General theory of water flow at the base of a glacier or ice sheet

The theory of the flow of water at the base of a glacier is reviewed and extended. A detailed analysis is made of flow through Rothlisberger channels. (Rothlisberger channels are channels at the base of a glacier that are incised upward into the ice mass.) It is shown that, in general, a pressure gradient drives water melted from the bottom surface of a glacier away from Rothlisberger channels. Thus these channels are not good collectors of the water produced at the bottom surface of a glacier or ice sheet. If Nye channels exist (Nye channels are incised downward into the bedrock of a glacier bed), they should be important in the discharge of water at the base of a glacier. Nye tributary channels are expected to be spaced over several hundred meters apart. The analysis indicates that sheet flow is the main mechanism by which water melted from the bottom ice surface flows out of a glacier or ice sheet. The sheet flow described in this paper is a modification of that considered in our earlier papers. The thickness of the present sheets is not roughly uniform, but rather squeezes to negligible values at high-pressure zones, where ice moves over the upstream side of obstacles and irregularities in the bed. The pressure of the water in the sheets is lower than the ice overburden pressure. The difference between the pressure in the sheets and the ice overburden pressure is estimated with the aid of the recent major refinements to glacier sliding theory made by J. F. Nye and by B. Kamb. (L. Lliboutry made the original suggestion that the pressure of the water at the base of a glacier is smaller than the ice overburden pressure.) Analysis indicates that a single Rothlisberger channel runs down the center of a glacier over a major fraction of its length. Pressure gradients, produced by the concave shape of the transverse bed profile, exist that drive water in the sheet toward this channel. However, in the upper parts of a glacier, this channel may take the form of a thick water layer of finite breadth.
Article Status Summary Referee Responses

Exploring the membrane topology of prohormone convertase 1 in AtT20 Cells: analysis by immunofluorescence in situ microscopy [v1; ref status: indexed, Abstract Prohormone convertase 1 (PC1) was previously characterized as a partially transmembrane protein in purified chromaffin granules of bovine adrenal medulla1. This was challenged with experiments on transfected PC1 in COS1 cells, a non-endocrine cell line2. To address this issue, we undertook to analyze its extraction properties and its immunocytochemical in vitro localization in AtT20 cells, an endocrine cell line that expresses PC1. in situ Most of the 87 kDa form of PC1 was resistant to carbonate extraction suggesting that it had properties of a transmembrane protein. Under semi-permeabilized conditions whereby only the plasma membrane was permeabilized, the carboxy-terminus of PC1 was specifically immunostained whereas the amino-terminus was not. These results indicate that the amino-terminus of PC1 was within the lumen of the Golgi and granules, and some of the C-terminus was exposed to the cytosol. Thus, endogenous PC1 can assume a transmembrane orientation in AtT20 cells. in situ
DENSIDAD Y COMPOSICIÓN DE GRUPOS EN TRES POBLACIONES DE MONO AULLADOR ROJO (ALOUATTA SENICULUS) EN VALLE Y CAUCA, COLOMBIA

In the Valle del Cauca and Cauca departments in Colombia, three populations of red howler monkey were studied: two bamboo fragments (Nana Luisa Farm with 9.7 hectares, and the Montegrande municipal rural settlement with 60.3 hectares) and one area of continuous forests with forestry plantations and secondary forests (Cuenca del Nima). In 2004, population densities and group composition were evaluated using direct counts; additionally, information of the vegetation structure was collected. In the Nana Luisa Farm, a singlegroup of five individuals (51.5 indv/ km²) was found. The structure and composition of the group, the total isolation and small size of the forest, indicates a decreasing population. This population is considered in danger. In the Montegrande municipal rural settlement had a population of 154 individuals and a high density of howlers (254.9 indv/km²). In this fragment, some groups tended to be numerous, probably due to the impossibility of dispersion of the young individuals (effect of the isolation). The plant diversity of this forest and the number of trees for howlers was low, suggesting a limited offer of resources. This population is considered vulnerable. The continuous forest presented a density of 22.6 individuals/km², this value and the composition of the howler groups are similar to those usually reported for the species (in spite of the small sample size). This population is considered "healthy".
Mineralogy of Tagish Lake: An ungrouped type 2 carbonaceous chondrite

Abstract— In this paper we describe the recovery, handling and preliminary mineralogical investigation of the Tagish Lake meteorite. Tagish Lake is a type 2 carbonaceous chondrite which bears similarities to CI1 and CM chondrite groups, but is distinct from both. Abundant phyllosilicates as well as chondrules (however sparse) and common olivine grains in the matrix preclude any other classification. The bulk density of Tagish Lake (1.67 g/cc) is far lower than CI or CM chondrites (2.2‐2.3 and 2.6‐2.9 g/cc, respectively), or any other meteorite for that matter. We have identified two lithologies: a dominant carbonate‐poor lithology and a less‐abundant carbonate‐rich lithology. The meteorite is a breccia at all scales.
Kelvin Waves and the quasi-biennial oscillation : An observational analysis

A method is derived for estimating the Kelvin wave contribution to the vertical flux of westerly momentum in the equatorial stratosphere, which is based on temperature and geopotential perturbations. This method is used to estimate the momentum transfer due to Kelvin wave activity as derived from the cryogenic limb array etalon spectrophotometer (CLAES) temperature data set, for the onset of the westerly phase of the QBO during 1992 and the first few months of 1993, that is, during the first part of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) mission. The results are compared with the zonal winds as observed by the high-resolution Doppler imager (HRDI) also flown on board UARS, and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) data assimilation model product, a correlative data set to the UARS mission. The analysis shows that although the Kelvin wave momentum flux convergence is occasionally sufficient to account for the observed QBO westerly acceleration, the observed flux is sporadic in nature and virtually disappears during the second half of the sample, when the westerly vertical shear zone approaches the 100 hPa level. An estimate of the total westerly momentum flux necessary to produce the observed descent of the westerly phase of the QBO is made using the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) formalism. The results suggest that Kelvin waves are not sufficient to force the descent of the westerly phase of the QBO. There appears to be a need for enhanced westerly forcing throughout the descent of the westerly phase of the QBO. This enhanced forcing is most likely provided by gravity waves that are unresolved by the satellite observations. These results are in agreement with the results derived from general circulation models.
Research on impact of upwelling on SAR-derived wind speeds along the Zhejiang coast

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) plays an important role in sea surface wind field. Upwelling is a common oceanic phenomenon which influences the wind retrieving from SAR imagery. It smoothes the sea surface and its backscatter cross section in SAR images is low. The sea surface wind retrieved directly from SAR imagery in upwelling region will be underestimated. In this article, using sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll2-a derived from EOS MODIS, the low backscatter features in ENVISAT ASAR image are analyzed along the Zhejiang Coast in the East China Sea. And CMOD4 algorithm is adopted to retrieve sea surface wind speed, using wind directions from interpolated NCEP / NCAR reanalysis data. Results show that wind speed is negatively biased due to the low Normalized Radar Cross Section (NRCS) associated with the Zhejiang Coastal Upwelling. Based on statistical method, the quantitative relationship between SAR-derived wind speeds and high resolution numerical meteorological model results is established. Then using this quantitative relationship, the underestimated wind speeds in upwelling region are corrected and the impact of coastal upwelling on SAR wind retrieval is quantitatively evaluated.
From monitoring to precision phenotyping: towards a systemic use of precision livestock measures in dairy herds

There is an untapped potential to combine the measures from precision livestock farming to provide improved, biologically meaningful, phenotypes. At present, it is generally the case that precision livestock solutions are developed for the purposes of monitoring one particular condition, and very often using only one measure. It has been shown that combinations of precision livestock measures may provide a fuller, and more robust, description of the condition. These may be both combinations of full continuous signals (e.g., milk yield and electrical conductivity) or sequential combinations. Sequential combinations are those in which a cheap, easy-to-deploy but usually less precise signal is used to provide first-level monitoring but is set up to initiate a second-level, more precise, and usually more expensive, monitoring when the first indicator indicates change from the normal state. The usefulness of combined measures benefit from being developed with a systemic view of the underlying biology, leading to a subsequent improvement in the precision of the resulting phenotypes. The deployment of combined measures for phenotyping is becoming increasingly important, particularly in the context of addressing more complex traits such as robustness in genomic selection and when considering the animal’s role in herd level resilience.
Evolution of the Izu-Bonin intraoceanic forearc basin, western Pacific, from cores and FMS images

Abstract One of the objectives of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 126 was to investigate the origina nd evolution of the Izu-Bonin arc and forearc, both products of the subduction of Pacific lithosphere under the Philippine Sea Plate. Within the forearc basin, a full set of downhole measurements was recorded in two deep holes (792E and 793B). In addition, borehole electrical images were obtained (for the first time in the context of ODP) with the Formation MicroScanner (FMS*). The main result of the drilling is that the forearc basin formed between 31.0 and 24.0 Ma by separation of a formerly contiguous frontal and outer arc high. The cored material shows a characteristic pattern of volcanogenic input, from turbidites and debris flows produced by volcanism and erosion of surrounding highs. The short rifting period is characterized by high sedimentation rate (300 m/Ma). In this context, the high resolution of FMS images was used to analyze the sedimentary processes associated with the deposition of deep-water volcaniclastics. The images reveal fine details of turbidite sequences that dip at low angles due to recent tectonics. An FMS-based sedimentary log was calibrated from cores and prepared for each of the two holes, providing continuous bed-by-bed sections and permitting the investigation of trends in bed thicknesses. Palaeocurrent data were obtained from the analysis of ripple marks. During early basin history (30.2 to 29.5 Ma), the main sediment source was located to the east, in the vicinity of the modern outer arc high, with a secondary transport-mode oriented northward, along the basin axis. In the shallower section, emplaced at a lower rate from 28.9 to 27.3 Ma, axial transport from the north dominates a small component of flow from the western margin of the basin. Initiated by rifting of the arc during the Oligocene time, basin development was followed by periods characterized also by extensional tectonics. Postdepositional extensional deformations such as normal microfaults, conjugate high-angle fractures, and dewatering veinlets were identified in the core and on FMS images. The orientation of the stress field within the arc and forearc was obtained from the analysis of borehole ellipticity. The results confirm models of stress distribution in forearc-arc-back arc regions. In particular, a rotation of the maximum horizontal stress trajectory in the overlying plate was observed, in a direction orthogonal to the plate boundary. In spite of a 90° clockwise rotation of the Philippine Sea plate since Oligocene time, the orientation of the stress field seems to have remained stable with respect to the trench axis over this period.