Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Community Atmosphere Model With Superparameterized Clouds

In 1999, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) scientists Wojciech Grabowski and Piotr Smolarkiewicz created a "multiscale" atmospheric model in which the physical processes associated with clouds were represented by running a simple high-resolution model within each grid column of a lowresolution global model. In idealized experiments, they found that the multiscale model produced promising simulations of organized tropical convection, which other models had struggled to produce. Inspired by their results, Colorado State University (CSU) scientists Marat Khairoutdinov and David Randall created a multiscale version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). They removed the cloud parameterizations of the CAM, and replaced them with Khairoutdinov's high-resolution cloud model. They dubbed the embedded cloud model a "super-parameterization," and the modified CAM is now called the "SP-CAM. " Over the next several years, many scientists, from many institutions, have explored the ability of the SP-CAM to simulate tropical weather systems, the day-night changes of precipitation, the Asian and African monsoons, and a number of other climate processes. Cristiana Stan of the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Interactions found that the SP-CAM gives improved results when coupled to an ocean model, and follow-on studies have explored the SP-CAM's utility when used as the atmospheric component of themore » Community Earth System Model. Much of this research has been performed under the auspices of the Center for Multiscale Modeling of Atmospheric Processes, a National Science Foundation (NSF) Science and Technology Center for which the lead institution is CSU. « less
Reliability measurement of joint seismic inversion based on seismic-to-well correlation

Applications of seismic inversions strongly depend on inversion methods, data quality, and reservoir complexity. An advanced inversion scheme to integrate seismic data, well data, and geological knowledge is employed by combining statistical Caianiello convolutional networks with a hierarchical seismic convolutional model for impedance estimation and with nonlinear petrophysical models for porosity and clay-content inversions. The method used to measure the reliability of seismic inversions for different geological complexities is important for reservoir characterisation. The widely used cross-validation may not be the best for the evaluation of the reliability of seismic inversions because of different geological conditions away from wells. As a supplementary means and also to understand failed cross-validations, we propose a systematic methodology to measure the reliability of seismic inversions through prior seismic-to-well correlation analyses for the fidelity of seismic data. The resulting correlation coefficients at the main frequencies of seismic data may express what degree the seismic data reflect the subsurface reliably in both amplitude and phase. First, the low-cut filtered borehole impedance logs are correlated with the seismic relative impedance traces computed by trace integration of seismic traces at wells. The resulting correlation coefficients within the seismic frequency band could be an index with which to evaluate the reliability of seismic inversions for impedance estimation. Second, the correlation between borehole impedance and porosity/clay-content is analysed by measuring the overall trend across the cloud of data points in the logging-databased cross-plot. The resulting correlation coefficients could be used to evaluate the reliability of mapping seismic impedance to porosity/clay content. Case studies from several oilfields across China show that the prior seismic-to-well correlation analyses are an excellent way to test the reliability of seismic inversions before the implementation of inversions.
Yellow River Sediment as a Soil Amendment for Amelioration of Saline Land in the Yellow River Delta

Soil salinization and sedimentation in the Yellow River Delta pose significant environmental concerns in China. This study demonstrated for the first time that the Yellow River sediment can be used as a soil amendment to remediate the salt‐affected soil. Four treatments including the control (CK), Yellow River sediment application at 70 Mg ha−1 (S70) and 140 Mg ha−1 (S140), and crop residue application at 3 Mg ha−1 (P3) were replicated in two blocks in the field. Cotton, one of the most common crops in the Yellow River Delta, was planted. Soil physical properties and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. The results indicated that mixing the Yellow River sediment, a poorly graded sand, with the clayed saline soil improved soil texture, macroporosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Mean EC of treated soils was significantly lower than for the control. Improved cotton emergence and stand establishment were observed along with a significant treatment effect on cotton yield. The effects of S140 and P3 on soil macroporosity, hydraulic conductivity, soil EC, and cotton growth were comparable. This study concluded that applying Yellow River sediment in the saline land is a technically feasible and environmentally sustainable approach for saline soil remediation in the Yellow River Delta. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of the post‐Messinian paleoenvironmental history of the western Mediterranean

A review of the Pliocene-Pleistocene paleoenvironmental history of the western Mediterranean is presented based on micropaleontological and geochemical studies of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) leg 107 material and marine outcrops in southern Italy. The calcareous plankton biochronology proposed for the Mediterranean by Rio et al. (1990 and 1991a) provides the necessary age control for determining the timing of major climatic and oceanographic changes in the region. The early Pliocene period in the Mediterranean was not a time of warm, stable climate; rather, it was marked by relatively high-amplitude climatic oscillations. In marginal areas, these climatic oscillations resulted in the rhythmic deposition of limestone-marl couplets which have an average duration of approximately 19,000 years. It is proposed that these sedimentary couplets are the result of precessionally induced changes in monsoon intensity which in turn cause variability in coastal divergence and upwelling. The δ18O and the calcareous plankton (foraminifera and coccoliths) records for Tyrrhenian Sea ODP site 653 reveal a cooling of surface waters at ∼3.1 Ma. Coincident with this cooling is an increase in the frequency of diatomite formation in southern Italy (Bianco section). The global cooling at ∼2.4 Ma and the associated expansion of northern hemisphere glaciation resulted in a shift to more arid conditions in the Mediterranean region. This climate change may have altered the Mediterranean water balance, resulting in the establishment of antiestuarine water exchange with the Atlantic at this time. The δ18O record for site 653 is also marked by a sharp cooling across the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. In the boundary stratotype section at Vrica, this cooling is manifested as an increase in the abundance of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma.
Measuring Coverage in MNCH: Challenges in Monitoring the Proportion of Young Children with Pneumonia Who Receive Antibiotic Treatment

Pneumonia remains a major cause of child death globally, and improving antibiotic treatment rates is a key control strategy. Progress in improving the global coverage of antibiotic treatment is monitored through large household surveys such as the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), which estimate antibiotic treatment rates of pneumonia based on two-week recall of pneumonia by caregivers. However, these survey tools identify children with reported symptoms of pneumonia, and because the prevalence of pneumonia over a two-week period in community settings is low, the majority of these children do not have true pneumonia and so do not provide an accurate denominator of pneumonia cases for monitoring antibiotic treatment rates. In this review, we show that the performance of survey tools could be improved by increasing the survey recall period or by improving either overall discriminative power or specificity. However, even at a test specificity of 95% (and a test sensitivity of 80%), the proportion of children with reported symptoms of pneumonia who truly have pneumonia is only 22% (the positive predictive value of the survey tool). Thus, although DHS and MICS survey data on rates of care seeking for children with reported symptoms of pneumonia and other childhood illnesses remain valid and important, DHS and MICS data are not able to give valid estimates of antibiotic treatment rates in children with pneumonia.
PHANEROZOIC BIODIVERSITY MASS EXTINCTIONS

Recent analyses of Sepkoski’s genus-level compendium show that only three events form a statistically separate class of high extinction intensities when only post-Early Ordovician intervals are considered, but geologists have called numerous events mass extinctions. Is this a conflict? A review of different methods of tabulating data from the Sepkoski database reveals 18 intervals during the Phanerozoic have peaks of both magnitude and rate of extinction that appear in each tabulating scheme. These intervals all fit Sepkoski’s definition of mass extinction. However, they vary widely in timing and effect of extinction, demonstrating that mass extinctions are not a homogeneous group of events. No consensus has been reached on the kill mechanism for any marine mass extinction. In fact, adequate data on timing in ecologic, rather than geologic, time and on geographic and environmental distribution of extinction have not yet been systematically compiled for any extinction event.
Response to Comment on “Erosion of Lizard Diversity by Climate Change and Altered Thermal Niches”

We derived physiological models that accurately predicted extinctions of Mexican and other lizards. Clusella-Trullas and Chown argue that global forecasts are unreliable without incorporating variance in microenvironmental temperatures, Te. Here, we show that Te variance is small relative to Te increases from climate warming. Thus, extinction forecasts are reliable (R¯2=0.72) even without Te variance data.
Progress toward integrating care for seniors in Canada

Introduction Integrating care is a developing feature of provincial health delivery in Canada for those with chronic conditions. The purposes of this project were to review the conceptual understandings underlying integrated care, examine the features of models of cost-effective care for the elderly, and then ascertain to what extent Canadian provinces were implementing these features. Method These goals were accomplished through a review of the integrated care literature followed by a survey of the Canadian provinces. A pretested questionnaire was sent to each of the 10 provincial Ministries of Health in 2008. The questionnaire collected basic background information and then asked a series of open- and close-ended questions about each of the best practice features of integrated care as found in the literature review. Results System improvements in integrating care for the elderly are being implemented in Canadian provincial health care systems. There has been substantial improvement in the delivery of case management services but the supply of some community services could be improved. As well, the linkages amongst primary, acute and community care remain weak. Discussion and conclusion Providing an adequate supply of services is an ongoing issue in many provinces and could be the result of either inadequate funding and/or poor targeting of scarce resources. While it is promising that so many provinces are starting to break down the silos amongst types of health care service providers, much remains to be accomplished. These issues are at the core of integrating care and are among the challenges being faced by other countries.
New project to support scientific collaboration electronically

A new multidisciplinary effort is linking research in the upper atmospheric and space, computer, and behavioral sciences to develop a prototype electronic environment for conducting team science worldwide. A real-world electronic collaboration testbed has been established to support scientific work centered around the experimental operations being conducted with instruments from the Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland. Such group computing environments will become an important component of the National Information Infrastructure initiative, which is envisioned as the high-performance communications infrastructure to support national scientific research.
A diagnostic study of the wind- and buoyancy-driven North Atlantic circulation

A two-moving-layer diagnostic model with a variable depth mixed layer on top is applied to the annual mean climatology of the North Atlantic. Estimates of the annual mean mass flux from the mixed layer into the upper thermocline (called mixed layer pumping) and subsurface heating rates are obtained on the basin scale from hydrographic data alone. No independent measures of wind stress or other surface forcings are required. In addition, it is shown that the nonlinear terms in the vorticity equation are critical to balance the subsurface heat flux in the Gulf Stream and over most of the subtropical gyre. Evidence is presented for the existence of interior, southeastern, northeastern, and recirculation regimes in the North Atlantic. These regimes are distinguished by the behavior of the characteristic trajectories of the system and by whether the flow is a direct cell (interfacial flux and vertical velocity have the same sign) or indirect cell (interfacial flux and vertical velocity have the opposite sign). It is demonstrated here that one can make use of analytic approaches in the analysis of historical data sets to yield relatively simple solutions that give a direct link between theory and observations.
Examining the interaction between multi-year landfast sea ice and the Mertz Glacier Tongue, East Antarctica: Another factor in ice sheet stability?

The Mertz Glacier tongue (MGT), East Antarctica, has a large area of multi-year fast sea ice (MYFI) attached to its eastern edge. We use various satellite data sets to study the extent, age, and thickness of the MYFI and how it interacts with the MGT. We estimate its age to be at least 25 years and its thickness to be 10-55 m; this is an order of magnitude thicker than the average regional sea-ice thickness and too thick to be formed through sea-ice growth alone. We speculate that the most plausible process for its growth after initial formation is marine (frazil) ice accretion. The satellite data provide two types of evidence for strong mechanical coupling between the two types of ice: The MYFI moves with the MGT, and persistent rifts that originate in the MGT continue to propagate for large distances into the MYFI. The area of MYFI decreased by 50% following the departure of two large tabular icebergs that acted as pinning points and protective barriers. Future MYFI extent will be affected by subsequent icebergs from the Ninnis Glacier and the imminent calving of the MGT. Fast ice is vulnerable to changing atmospheric and oceanic conditions, and its disappearance may have an influence on ice tongue/ice shelf stability. Understanding the influence of thick MYFI on floating ice tongues/ice shelves may be significant to understanding the processes that control their evolution and how these respond to climate change, and thus to predicting the future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Underwater endoscopic submucosal dissection in saline solution with rubber-band countertraction for a cecal polyp extending into a diverticulum

A 50-year-old female patient was referred for resection of a 4-cm serrated polyp of the cecum (Paris IIa) with partial extension into a diverticulum (Fig. 1). After submucosal injection, the part of the lesion that extended into the diverticulum was lifted and partially dissected (PCF 190L, DualKnifeJ, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) (Fig. 2). A clip with a rubber band (3/16”, RMO Inc, Denver, USA) was then applied at the intradiverticular edge of the lesion and the circumferential incision was completed. The rubber band was grasped with a second clip and was tethered to the opposite colonic wall. In this fashion, constant traction was applied and the submucosal space was readily exposed. In addition, the lumen was filled with normal saline to improve the lifting of the lesion as well as the endoscopic view. At the end of the procedure, the specimen was detached from the rubber with a loop cutter (Olympus) and the mucosal defect, including the diverticular orifice, was closed with clips. The patient had an uneventful recovery. Histology showed R0 resection of a serrated adenoma with low-grade dysplasia. Three previous reports of colon endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the setting of diverticular involvement described the clip and line technique [1], the pocket creation method [2,3], and the inversion of the diverticulum with a cap [2]. However, these techniques are either complex or not always feasible. Based on our experience, the combination of rubberband traction with underwater ESD could be an alternative option for safer dissection of polyps with intradiverticular extension.
Excavation of the Subsurface by Hypervelocity Impacts: Insight from Experiments and Lessons from Missions

Impact-induced excavation is one of the few methods available that allows remote measurement of planetary subsurfaces. During a hypervelocity impact event on a planetary body, strong shockwaves and subsequent rarefaction waves set material in motion, excavating and ejecting a portion of the target up and out of the crater to expose fresh material from below. While fresh ejecta patterns and steep slopes of craters from natural impacts have long been used to infer properties of the subsurface, recent planned artificial impacts, such as the Deep Impact and LCROSS missions, have demonstrated the utility in observing and measuring the ejecta during the impact event. Measurements from instruments capturing the in-flight ejecta dynamics, such as cameras, spectrometers, and thermal radiometers, can expose volatiles hidden in the subsurface, characterize material properties, and constrain the provenance of the excavated material. In order to interpret the measurements, the mass-velocity distribution of ejected material must be understood. In this study, we present new experimental measurements of the ejecta distribution and crater growth from early- to main-stage flow for hypervelocity impacts at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range. These new data are used to estimate and compare the ejecta yield from LCROSS and a hypothetical cubesat impact mission, and demonstrate the ability to characterize the subsurface by analysis of the ejected material.
Multiband and spectral eigenfaces for face recognition in hyperspectral images

Spectral reflectance properties of local facial regions have been shown to be useful discriminants for face recognition. To evaluate the performance of spectral signature methods versus purely spatial methods, face recognition tests are conducted using the eigenface method for single-band images extracted from the hyperspectral images. This is the first such comparison based on the same dataset. Selected sets of bands as well as PCA transformed bands are also used for face recognition evaluation with individual band processed separately. A new spectral eigenface method which preserves both spatial and spectral features is proposed. All algorithms based on spectral and/or spatial features are evaluated under the same framework and are compared in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency.
Assessment of surface air temperature over the Arctic Ocean in reanalysis and IPCC AR4 model simulations with IABP/POLES observations

[1] The surface air temperature (SAT) over the Arctic Ocean in reanalyses and global climate model simulations was assessed using the International Arctic Buoy Programme/Polar Exchange at the Sea Surface (IABP/POLES) observations for the period 1979–1999. The reanalyses, including the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis II (NCEP2) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast 40-year Reanalysis (ERA40), show encouraging agreement with the IABP/POLES observations, although some spatiotemporal discrepancies are noteworthy. The reanalyses have warm annual mean biases and underestimate the observed interannual SAT variability in summer. Additionally, NCEP2 shows an excessive warming trend. Most model simulations (coordinated by the International Panel on Climate Change for its Fourth Assessment Report) reproduce the annual mean, seasonal cycle, and trend of the observed SAT reasonably well, particularly the multi-model ensemble mean. However, large discrepancies are found. Some models have the annual mean SAT biases far exceeding the standard deviation of the observed interannul SAT variability and the across-model standard deviation. Spatially, the largest inter-model variance of the annual mean SAT is found over the North Pole, Greenland Sea, Barents Sea and Baffin Bay. Seasonally, a large spread of the simulated SAT among the models is found in winter. The models show interannual variability and decadal trend of various amplitudes, and can not capture the observed dominant SAT mode variability and cooling trend in winter. Further discussions of the possible attributions to the identified SAT errors for some models suggest that the model's performance in the sea ice simulation is an important factor.
A Comparison of Five Numerical Weather Prediction Analysis Climatologies in Southern High Latitudes

Abstract In this paper, numerical weather prediction analyses from four major centers are compared—the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (ABM), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR), and The Met. Office (UKMO). Two of the series—ECMWF reanalysis (ERA) and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NNR)—are “reanalyses”; that is, the data have recently been processed through a consistent, modern analysis system. The other three—ABM, ECMWF operational (EOP), and UKMO—are archived from operational analyses. The primary focus in this paper is on the period of 1979–93, the period used for the reanalyses, and on climatology. However, ABM and NNR are also compared for the period before 1979, for which the evidence tends to favor NNR. The authors are concerned with basic variables—mean sea level pressure, height of the 500-hPa surface, and near-surface temperature—that are available from the basic analy.
Direct Evidence of an Oceanic Inverse Kinetic Energy Cascade from Satellite Altimetry

Abstract Sea surface height measurements from satellites reveal the turbulent properties of the South Pacific Ocean surface geostrophic circulation, both supporting and challenging different aspects of geostrophic turbulence theory. A near-universal shape of the spectral kinetic energy flux is found and provides direct evidence of a source of kinetic energy near to or smaller than the deformation radius, consistent with linear instability theory. The spectral kinetic energy flux also reveals a net inverse cascade (i.e., a cascade to larger spatial scale), consistent with two-dimensional turbulence phenomenology. However, stratified geostrophic turbulence theory predicts an inverse cascade for the barotropic mode only; energy in the large-scale baroclinic modes undergoes a direct cascade toward the first-mode deformation scale. Thus if the surface geostrophic flow is predominately the first baroclinic mode, as expected for oceanic stratification profiles, then the observed inverse cascade contradicts geost.