Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Happened to the Knowledge Economy ? ICT , Intangible Investment and Britain ’ s Productivity Record Revisited *

A major puzzle is that despite the apparent importance of innovation around the “knowledge economy”, UK macro performance appears unaffected: investment rates are flat, and productivity has slowed down. We investigate whether measurement issues might account for the puzzle. The standard National Accounts treatment of most spending on “knowledge” or “intangible” assets is as intermediate consumption. Thus they do not count as either GDP or investment. We ask how treating such spending as investment affects some key macro variables, namely, market sector gross value added (MGVA), business investment, capital and labour shares, growth in labour and total factor productivity, and capital deepening. We find (a) MGVA was understated by about 6% in 1970 and 13% in 2004 (b) instead of the nominal business investment/MGVA ratio falling since 1970 it is has been rising (c) instead of the labour compensation/MGVA ratio being flat since 1970 it has been falling (d) growth in labour productivity and capital deepening has been understated and growth in total factor productivity overstated (e) total factor productivity growth has not slowed since 1990 but has been accelerating. *Contact: Jonathan Haskel, Queen Mary, University of London, Economics Dept, London E1 4NS, j.e. haskel@qmul.ac. uk. Financial support for this research comes from HM Treasury and the ESRC/EPSRC Advanced Institute of Management Research, grant number RES-331-25-0030. This is the second paper (see also Giorgio Marrano and Haskel (2006), ‘How Much Does the UK Invest in Intangible Assets? ’, CEPR Discussion Paper No. 6287) from a research project on intangible investment led by the Macroeconomic Analysis Team at HM Treasury. This work, designed to stimulate discussion and critical comment, was carried out at CeRiBA, the Centre for Research into Business Activity at the ONS (www.ceriba.org.uk) and contains statistical data from ONS, which is Crown copyright and reproduced with the permission of the controller of HMSO and Queen's Printer for Scotland. The use of the ONS statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS or HM Treasury in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the statistical data. This work uses research datasets that may not exactly reproduce National Statistics aggregates. We are very grateful for comments and input from Angus Armstrong, Tony Clayton, Carol Corrado, Jennifer Greenslade, Charles Hulten, Chris Kelly, Nick Oulton, Dave Ramsden, Dan Sichel, Sally Srinivasan and Ken Warwick. We are also grateful to Graeme Chamberlain, Sumit Dey-Chowdhury, Peter Goodridge and Joe Robjohns for help with data. All opinions and errors in this paper are those of the authors alone and not their affiliated institutions.
of oral

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva), induce dramatic responses in certain patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As such, the drugs provide an unexpected tool to dissect clinically relevant molecular subsets of NSCLC. For example, using mutational profiling of tumor DNA from patients with known clinical outcomes to these drugs, we have demonstrated that somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR are associated with sensitivity to gefitinib and erlotinib (1), while mutations in KRAS, which encodes a GTPase downstream of EGFR, are associated with primary resistance (2). EGFR mutations are more commonly found in tumors from patients who never smoked cigarettes (1), while KRAS mutations are more frequent in those with significant tobacco exposure (2). Moreover, in our analysis of 300 patients with tumors resected at MSKCC and never treated with kinase inhibitors, EGFR and KRAS mutations have prognostic value, as patients whose tumors with EGFR mutations have a longer overall survival than those whose tumors have KRAS mutations. Thus, these two mutations define distinct populations of NSCLC patients with different natural histories and responses to targeted therapy. We have also demonstrated that second site mutations in the EGFR kinase domain are found in about half of patients with acquired resistance to these drugs (3, 4). The most common (>90%) second-site mutation involves a CàT change at nucleotide 2369 in exon 20,
A Study on the Connotation of Higher Vocational Teachers' Competence in the Context of Dual-Higher Education

: Currently, research on the competence of "dual high" teachers is mostly focused on interpreting policy texts and analyzing the current situation, lacking systematic theoretical support and logical coherence. This article provided the basic principles for establishing the competence of vocational college teachers, including following strategic guidelines, grasping the laws of dynamic development, and the principle of effectiveness. In the study of the elements of the competency model for full-time vocational teachers, in-depth research on competency and teacher competency theories in some countries was conducted using methods such as behavioral event interviews and Delphi. By conducting interviews and compiling data on the importance of the competency characteristics of vocational full-time teachers, the general competency characteristics of vocational full-time teachers were summarized and extracted, and they were divided into six dimensions of competency quality: teaching ability quality, technological ability quality, practical ability quality, work attitude quality, professional quality, and self-management quality. In the student evaluation survey, the evaluation indicators for teaching ability were very satisfied with 20%, satisfied with 50%, and generally 30%. This article has certain reference significance for the establishment of a competence appraisal and evaluation system for vocational college teachers under the background of dual high education.
Reaction Infiltration Instabilities in Mantle Rocks: an Experimental Investigation

Melt extraction from partially molten regions of the mantle occurs along high-permeability pathways. Melt–rock reactions can lead to the formation of high-permeability channels due to a positive feedback between melt ﬂow and reaction. To study this process, we performed a series of Darcy-type experiments in which a cylinder of partially molten rock sandwiched between a melt source and a porous sink was annealed at high pressures ( P ¼ 300MPa) and high temperatures ( T ¼ 1200 (cid:2) or 1250 (cid:2) C) under a controlled pressure gradient ( o P / o x ¼ 0–100MPa mm –1 ) for up to 5h. The partially molten rock was formed from 50:50 mixtures of olivine (Ol) and clinopyroxene (Cpx) plus 4, 10 or 20 vol. % of alkali basalt. The melt source was a disk of alkali basalt undersaturated in silica with respect to the partially molten rock, and the sink was a disk of porous alumina. During an experiment, melt from the source dissolved Cpx in the partially molten rock and precipitated Ol, thereby forming a Cpx-free reaction layer at the interface between the melt source and the partially molten rock. The melt fraction as well as the grain size in the reaction layer increased signiﬁcantly compared with that present in the starting material, conﬁrming that the reaction increased the local permeability of the partially molten rock, one of the prerequisites for the reaction inﬁltration instability process to operate. In experiments carried out under a small pressure gradient (and hence slow melt ﬂow velocity), the reaction layer remained roughly planar and no channels developed. However, if the melt ﬂow velocity by porous ﬂow exceeded (cid:3) 0 (cid:4) 1 m m s –1 , the reaction layer locally protruded into the partially molten rock forming ﬁnger-like, melt-rich channels. The morphology and spacing of the channels depended on the initial melt fraction. In a partially molten rock with 20vol. % melt, multiple, voluminous channels with an elliptical core of pure melt developed. At lower melt contents, fewer and thinner channels formed. Our experiments demonstrate that melt–rock reactions can lead to melt channelization in mantle lithologies, consistent with general predictions of the reaction inﬁltration instability theory.
Investigating the Distribution and Source(s) of Lunar Volatiles

Following the renewed interest in the volatile inventory of the Moon witnessed in the last decade, from both sample studies and data from orbital missions, it is timely to reassess the distribution and likely source(s) of light element volatiles (C, N, He, Ne, and Ar) in a diverse suite of lunar mare basalts and soils, providing new insights about volatiles indigenous to the lunar interior, volatiles produced in situ at the lunar surface, and volatiles delivered to and implanted into the lunar surface. Simultaneous static-mode mass spectrometric measurements of these key volatiles, extracted from the same aliquot of sample by high-resolution stepped combustion, enable a more detailed identification of the different volatile components present by comparing their varying release patterns across a range of temperature steps. Taken in context with other studies of different volatile elements, this new data contributes towards a greater understanding of the Earth-Moon system, with additional implications for future in situ resource utilisation at the lunar surface. With an average δ 15 N value of +0.93 ± 9.39 ‰, the indigenous N component measured in mare basalts is most compatible with a CO carbonaceous chondrite source for nitrogen in the lunar interior, although some caveats exist. Variations in abundance and isotopic composition of indigenous nitrogen imply a heterogeneous lunar mantle. Assuming up to ~50 % loss of solar wind 36 Ar from lunar soils, nitrogen trapped in soils can be reconciled with up to 87 % being contributed from a non-solar source with an isotopic composition of between +87 ‰ and +160 ‰. Noble gases in soils are dominated by solar wind components, with only minor amounts of cosmogenic neon being released at the highest temperature steps. In mare basalts, noble gases are a mixture of trapped, radiogenic, and cosmogenic components (from which cosmogenic production rates can be calculated and exposure ages for previously undated samples suggested
Order of Legendre-LMI conditions to assess stability of time-delay systems

: This paper investigates the stability analysis of time-delay systems through Lyapunov arguments. Using the existence of a complete Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and relying on the polynomial approximation theory, our main goal is to approximate the complete Lyapunov functional and to take profit of the supergeometric convergence rate of the truncated error part. Necessary and sufficient conditions in the linear matrix inequality (LMI) framework for sufficiently large approximated orders are consequently proposed. Moreover, an estimation of the necessary order is provided analytically with respect to system parameters.
Interactions of common species of family Hippoboscidae in Slovakia with their avian and mammalian hosts: their diversity and potential for disease transmission

The hippoboscids play important roles in ecosystem functioning and can serve as indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem health. These bloodsucking ectoparasites are important from a public health perspective, as they can serve as vectors of various endoparasitic pathogens in animals and humans, although our understanding is still limited in this case. The current study provides information on the host species and distribution, which can contribute to the understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of these important arthropods with a potential impact on both animal and human health. We present an ecological parasite-host interaction network of louse flies and deer keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) collected from various sites in Slovakia from this time. A total of 123 new samples of eight hippoboscid fly species were captured on 17 species, including 15 birds and two mammals. New host-parasite interactions were recorded for the first time.
Confidence Interval Approach to Weather Forecasting with Horizon-Based Genetic Programming

Being able to forecast events has always been important for humans. Humans performed forecasting by observing the movements of material and non-material objects in ancient times. However, with technological developments and the increasing availability of data in recent years, forecasting has been done by computers, especially by machine learning methods. One of the areas where these methods are used frequently is numerical weather forecasting. In this type of forecast, short term, medium term and long term numerical weather forecasts are made using historical information. However, predictions are inherently error-prone, and should be indicated within which error ranges the predictions fall. In this study, numerical weather forecasting was done by combining Genetic Programming and the Inductive Conformal Prediction method. The effects of 10 and 20 days of historical data on short (1 day), medium (3 days) and long term (5 days) weather forecasts were examined. The results suggested that Genetic Programming has a good potential to be used in this area. However, when Genetic Programming was combined with the Inductive Conformal Prediction method, it was shown that forecasts gave meaningful results only in the short term; forecasts that were made for the medium and the long term did not produce meaningful results.
Jul 09, 2020 The Ion and Charged Aerosol Growth Enhancement (ION-CAGE) code: a numerical model for the growth of charged

Svensmark, H. (2020). The Ion and Charged Aerosol Growth Enhancement (ION-CAGE) code: a numerical model for the growth of charged Abstract The presence of small ions inﬂuences the growth dynamics of a size distribution of aerosols. Speciﬁcally the often neglected mass of small ions inﬂuences the aerosol growth rate, which may be important for terrestrial cloud formation. To this end, we develop a numerical model to calculate the growth of a species of aerosols in the presence of charge, which explicitly includes terms for ion-condensation. It is shown that a positive contribution to aerosol growth rate is obtained by increasing the ion-pair concentration through this eﬀect, consistent with recent experimental ﬁndings. The ion-condensation eﬀect is then compared to aerosol growth from charged aerosol coagulation, which is seen to be independent of ion-pair concentration. The model source code is made available through a public repository.
In situ study at high pressure and temperature of the environment of water in hydrous Na and Ca aluminosilicate melts and coexisting aqueous fluids

The bonding and speciation of water dissolved in Na silicate and Na and Ca aluminosilicate melts were inferred from in situ Raman spectroscopy of the samples, in hydrothermal diamond anvil cells, while at crustal temperature and pressure conditions. Raman data were also acquired on Na silicate and Na and Ca aluminosilicate glasses, quenched from hydrous melts equilibrated at high temperature and pressure in a piston cylinder apparatus. In the hydrous melts, temperature strongly influences O‐H stretching ν(O‐H) signals, reflecting its control on the bonding of protons between different molecular complexes. Pressure and melt composition effects are much smaller and difficult to discriminate with the present data. However, the chemical composition of the melt + fluid system influences the differences between the ν(O‐H) signals from the melts and the fluids and, hence, between their hydrogen partition functions. Quenching modifies the O‐H stretching signals: strong hydrogen bonds form in the glasses below the glass transition temperature Tg, and this phenomenon depends on glass composition. Therefore, glasses do not necessarily record the O‐H stretching signal shape in melts near Tg. The melt hydrogen partition function thus cannot be assessed with certainty using O‐H stretching vibration data from glasses. From the present results, the ratio of the hydrogen partition functions of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids mostly depends on temperature and the bulk melt + fluid system chemical composition. This implies that the fractionation of hydrogen isotopes between magmas and aqueous fluids in water‐saturated magmatic systems with differences in temperature and bulk chemical composition will be different.
Polynomial Tree Substitution Grammars: Characterization and New Examples

A BSTRACT . Polynomial Tree Substitution Grammars , a subclass of STSGs for which ﬁnding the most probable parse is no longer NP-hard but polynomial, are deﬁned and characterized in terms of general properties on the elementary trees of the grammar. Necessary and sufﬁcient conditions for effective polynomiality are ﬁrst given. Then, various sufﬁcient properties which are easier to compute are analyzed. The min-max selection principle is shown to be one such sufﬁcient property. Another instance of sufﬁcient properties, based on lexical heads, is also presented. The performances of both models are evaluated on several corpora.
Chapter 1 Polynomial Tree Substitution Grammars : Characterization and New Examples

Polynomial Tree Substitution Grammars , a subclass of STSGs for which finding the most probable parse is no longer NP-hard but polynomial, are defined and characterized in terms of general properties on the elementary trees of the gr ammar. Necessary and sufficient conditions for effective polynomiality are first given. The n, various sufficient properties which are easier to compute are analyzed. The min-max selection pr nciple is shown to be one such sufficient property. Another instance of sufficient propert ies, based on lexical heads, is also presented. The performances of both models are evaluated on several corpora.
A beginner's guide to crossing the road: towards an epistemology of successful action in complex systems

Crossing the road within the traffic system is an example of an action human agents perform successfully day-to-day in complex systems. How do they perform such successful actions given that the behaviour of complex systems is often difficult to predict? The contemporary literature contains two contrasting approaches to the epistemology of complex systems: an analytic and a post-modern approach. We argue that neither adequately accounts for how successful action is possible in complex systems. Agents regularly perform successful actions without obeying (explicit or implicit) algorithmic rules (as the analytic approach suggests) and without an existential leap to action (as the post-modern approach suggests). We offer an alternative: A common-sense pragmatist epistemology, one that focuses on the kind of actions making up most agents’ successful moment-to-moment actions in complex systems. Successful actions obtain when agents apply ceteris paribus rules-of-thumb during predictive and decisional practices while achieving some desired goal.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT AND TREAT MALNUTRITION IN OLDER ADULTS

Background World Health Organization reports that there are no exact statistics of how many older adults worldwide suffer from malnutrition, but available data suggest that about 15–60 percent of older adults cared for in hospitals, nursing homes and home-care programmes are suffering from malnutrition. It is important that the registered nurse is aware of different interventions and how they can be implemented in order to improve the nutritional status of the older adult. Aim The aim of this study was to examine nursing interventions used to treat and prevent malnutrition in older adults at hospitals and nursing homes. Method The study design was a literature review with 15 scientific articles included. The data collection was done in the databases PubMed and CINAHL. The result articles were a mix of both qualitative-and quantitative studies. Intergraded data analysis was used to compile the 15 articles.
Question N. 5: What can synthetic biology offer to the study of cognition? ON THE ROLE OF SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY IN THE INVESTIGATION OF MINIMAL COGNITION: AN ARGUMENT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF REGULATION

In this paper we argue in favor of a crucial role to be assumed by Synthetic Biology for Artificial Life in relation to the study of the origins and instances of minimal cognition. We do so by proposing a theoretical model of the emergence of specificity in the organism-environment interaction grounded in the molecular domain and originating from the minimal mechanisms of biological regulation. We distinguish between two forms of regulation - dynamical stability and active regulation - and we show how the second implies a more complex form of meaningful interaction between organism and environment and is not realizable outside the molecular domain. As consequence we argue that synthetic biology is a privileged approach to the study and modeling of these mechanisms and of the behavior of their basic instances, with substantial advantages with respect to the more traditional hardware and software methodologies.
Evaluation of Carbon Stock across Different Forest Physiognomy in a Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem at Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria

This study investigated carbon stock in above-ground biomass across different physiognomies in Obafemi Awolowo University tropical rainforest ecosystem. This was with a view of increasing the understanding of carbon cycle in tropical rainforest in Nigeria. Two 20 m x 20 m plots were marked out in the secondary forest, Tectona grandis and Riparian vegetations. Total enumeration was carried out for the living tree, the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) of trees ≥10 cm were measured at 1.3 m above the ground and height was also determined using a ranging pole and Haga altimeter. Aboveground carbon stocks in standing trees ranged from 218.24 to 318.92 C t ha-1 with the highest value in Tectona grandis plantation. Trees with DBH size class 11-20 cm contributed more to Carbon stock in secondary forest and Tectona grandis plantation, while size class ≥60 cm contributed more in the riparian vegetation. Tectona grandis plantation proved to be better in mitigating carbon in our environment and this result will enhance better estimates of local and regional carbon stock which is crucial to addressing the problems of climate change.
NeuralGAP: Deep Learning Evaluation of Networked Avionic Architectures

—Evaluation of system requirements in the early concept design stage of networked architectures is important since many future choices are restricted after this stage. Evaluating whether a candidate topology meets dependability and timeliness requirements has complex sub-problems, such as routing data exchanges in the network, finding shortest paths, and clustering network elements according to their attributes. In this paper, we build on an earlier work that tackles the generation of network topologies and propose a hybrid approach based on genetic algorithms and graph convolutional networks to address the topology evaluation problem. We apply the proposed evaluation method to a realistic industrial use case and show that it is up to 5 times faster than the previous method.
Statistica Sinica Preprint

Various estimators have been proposed to estimate conditional expectiles, including those from the multiple linear expectile regression, local polynomial expectile regression, boosted expectile regression, and so on. It is common practice that several plausible candidate estimators are fitted and a final estimator is selected from the candidate list. In this article, we advocate the use of an exponential weighting scheme to adaptively aggregate the candidate estimators into a final estimator. We show oracle inequalities for the aggregated estimator. Simulations and real data examples demonstrate that the aggregated estimator could have substantial gain in accuracy under both the squared and asymmetric squared errors.