Environmental Risks from Pollution and Climate Change: An Updated Review

Climate change expected for the next century could occur in an ecosystem already stressed by UV-B amplification, air pollution, and rising nutrient fluxes. We investigated the relationships among these many environmental challenges by focusing on specific habitats, temperate zone forests, freshwater lakes, and estuaries. The increase in oxidant levels across the lower atmosphere and hydrosphere is a significant chemical consequence of atmospheric change. These changes may result in net nutrient transfer from land to coastal ocean, resulting in forest degradation and coastal eutrophication. Local adjustments may already be occurring, but the synergistic nature of the pressures threatens to speed up the process over the next few decades. Aside from any direct effects of climate change, the worsening of current environmental problems is a significant indirect effect. *Correspondence to: Megha Gandhi, Assistant Professor, Shree H.N Shukla Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Rajkot, Gujarat, India, Tel: 9587453198; Email: meghagandhpali@gmail.com Received: July 12, 2021; Accepted: July 25, 2021; Published: August 01, 2021 Citation: Gandhi M (2021). Environmental Risks from Pollution and Climate Change: An Updated Review. J Pollut Eff Cont 9:297. doi: 10.35248/2375-4397.21. 9.297. Copyright: © 2021 Gandhi M. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION Climate change and other environmental changes will interact at a number of locations in the tightly connected biogeochemical system that includes the atmosphere and the earth's surface. Aside from whatever difficulty humans or natural resources may face in adapting to the direct effects of climate change, the amplification of certain current pollution problems is a significant indirect effect of a warmer environment. Atmospheric chlorine will decrease stratospheric ozone, a process that could be accelerated by the global warming effect. Increased UV flux reaching the surface is possible due to ozone depletion. Increases in ultraviolet radiation, as well as climatic change, boost oxidant and acidity levels at ground level. Forest and watershed damage is caused by acid deposition and oxidants. Forest damage due to climate change, increased UV radiation, and air pollution may be a problem. Increased eutrophication of fresh and coastal waterways, as well as direct eutrophication climate change's impact on these seas [1]. Climate Change and Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere The amounts of trace gases in the atmosphere are rapidly changing. Since the pre-industrial era, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by around 25% [2]. Methane and nitrous oxide concentrations have recently been growing at rates of roughly 1% yr -1 [3] and 0.3 percent yr -1 [4], respectively. Although ozone depletion in the stratosphere is largely distinct from greenhouse gas accumulation in the lower atmosphere, there are significant connections between the two processes [5,6]. Several greenhouse gases, particularly chlorofluorocarbons, also degrade the environment. Ozone is a greenhouse gas in and of itself. As a result, ozone depletion has resulted in Since the 1970s, the stratosphere has been cooling. Lower-level ozone depletion. Some of the favorable radiative force may have been neutralized by the stratosphere occurred in the last several decades [7]. Climate Change and Tropospheric Oxidants The increase in upper tropospheric ozone, which was observed at Although the positive radiative forcing (warming) in solar and longwave radiation is caused by Hohenpeissenberg and Payerne, The FT and FD treatments have distinct magnitudes. According to the FT approach, the minor decadal rise in tropospheric ozone at Payerne of 5% (summer) promotes only a small positive radiative forcing (warming) and even a negative forcing (cooling) while using the FD technique [8]. Temperate Forests and Climate Change Many of these delicate species can be harmed by changes in temperature and water availability. Trees are vulnerable to frost damage and death during periods of abnormally mild temperatures followed by extreme freezing episodes [9]. Acidification, Climate Change, and Freshwater Systems Because I many species within these fragmented habitats have limited abilities to disperse as the environment changes; (ii) water temperature and availability are climate-dependent; and (iii) many systems are already exposed to numerous anthropogenic stressors, fresh waters are particularly vulnerable to climate