Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arrays of microlenses of complex shapes prepared by reaction-diffusion in thin films of ionically doped gels

This letter describes a wet-stamping technique for the fabrication of highly regular arrays of microlenses through reaction-diffusion-swelling processes occurring in a thin film of ionically doped gelatin. Geometrical parameters of the lenses depend on and can be controlled by the geometries of the stamped features and the concentrations of chemicals diffusing and reacting in the gelatin matrix. Surface topographies of the lenses are studied experimentally, and are reproduced by a lattice gas reaction-diffusion model.
Nuclear fusion in dense plasmas

The review begins by grouping the fundamental nuclear reactions into two classifications, namely, the usual binary processes and few-particle processes. In the few-particle processes, the possibility of electron-screened cold fusion is remarked. The special features of dense plasmas rest in the enhancement of reaction rates over these fundamental processes due to [ital internuclear] [ital many]-[ital particle] [ital processes]. The many-particle processes arise from a modification of the short-range correlations between reacting nuclei and are the effects related closely to differences between Coulombic chemical potentials before and after the nuclear reactions. Quantum statistical-mechanical formulation of the enhancement factors is presented. Thermodynamic functions for various realizations of dense plasmas, pertinent directly to the reaction-rate theories through the screening properties and free energies, are summarized. Those analyses are then applied to the estimation of nuclear reaction rates in specific examples of dense astrophysical plasmas, namely, the Sun, brown dwarfs, giant planets, white-dwarf progenitors of supernovae, and helium burning on the degenerate stars, as well as in those dense laboratory plasmas that are found in the inertial confinement fusion experiments, in metal hydrides such as PdD and TiD[sub 2], in cluster-impact fusion experiments, and in ultrahigh-pressure liquid metals. The essential similarity between the nuclearmore » fusion reactions in supernovae and those projected in the ultrahigh-pressure liquid metals is particularly emphasized. « less
Risk-sensitive portfolio optimization on infinite time horizon

We consider a continuous time portfolio optimization problems on an infinite time horizon for a factor model, recently treated by Bielecki and Pliska ["Risk-sensitive dynamic asset management", Appl. Math. Optim. , 39 (1990) 337-360], where the mean returns of individual securities or asset categories are explicitly affected by economic factors. The factors are assumed to be Gaussian processes. We see new features in constructing optimal strategies for risk-sensitive criteria of the portfolio optimization on an infinite time horizon, which are obtained from the solutions of matrix Riccati equations.
Automatic generation of transitional meshes

Advances in commercial computer‐aided design software have made finite element analysis with three‐dimensional solid finite elements routinely available. Since these analyses usually confine themselves to those geometrical objects for which particular CAD systems can produce finite element meshes, expanding the capability of analyses becomes an issue of expanding the capability of generating meshes. This paper presents a method for stitching together two three‐dimensional meshes with diverse elements that can include tetrahedral, pentahedral and hexahedral solid finite elements. The stitching produces a mesh that coincides with the edges which already exist on the portion of boundaries that will be joined. Moreover, the transitional mesh does not introduce new edges on these boundaries. Since the boundaries of the regions to be stitched together can have a mixture of triangles and quadrilaterals, tetrahedral and pyramidal elements provide the transitional elements required to honor these constraints. On these boundaries a pyramidal element shares its base face with the quadrilateral faces of hexahedra and pentahedra. Tetrahedral elements share a face with the triangles on the boundary. Tetrahedra populate the remaining interior of the transitional region. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gust Energy Extraction for Mini and Micro Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles

This paper discusses energy extraction from atmospheric turbulence by small- and micro- uninhabited aerial vehicles. A nonlinear longitudinal dynamic model of a glider with elevators as the sole control input is used for the aircraft and feedback control laws for energy extraction are discussed. Using current measurements of wind speed and gradient the state which maximizes the gain in total energy is computed. A state feedback controller uses elevator input to regulate states to the optimal values. The state feedback control law is computed using LQR synthesis, and the state and input weight matrices which maximize energy gain are found using a search method. Simulation results of flights through sinusoidal gust fields and a thermal field show the performance of the proposed approach.
Splitting methods for Hamilton‐Jacobi equations

We explain how the exploitation of several kinds of operator splitting methods, both local and global in time, lead to simple numerical schemes approximating the solution of nonlinear Hamilton‐Jacobi equations. We review the existing local methods which have been used since the early 80's and we introduce a new method which is global in time. We show some numerical experiments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
The applications of the enhanced CCHE2D model to study the alluvial channel migration processes

This paper is to report a newly developed numerical-empirical model, the Enhanced CCHE2D (EnCCHE2D), and its application to simulating the alluvial channel migration phenomena. EnCCHE2D model is capable of predicting quasi-three-dimensional (3D) flow field and shear stress distribution on the bed, because a set of empirical functions of 3D flow characteristics formulated by results of a 3D model, CCHE3D, was integrated with CCHE2D, a depth-averaged hydrodynamic model, the predecessor of EnCCHE2D. The processes of sediment transport and meander migration were predicted based on these quasi-3D flow solutions. The advance or retreat of bank is calculated by considering not only the hydraulic erosion of bank surface and toe, but also the mass balance of sediment flux in the near-bank zone. As a result, the simulation of bank erosion, bar/pool formation and shifting, bank advance and retreat, channel widening and migration and meander evolution phenomena agree well with the available measurements of physical experiments.
Movement amplitude and tempo change in piano performance

Music performance places stringent temporal and cognitive demands on individuals that should yield large speed/accuracy tradeoffs. Skilled piano performance, however, shows consistently high accuracy across a wide variety of rates. Movement amplitude may affect the speed/accuracy tradeoff, so that high accuracy can be obtained even at very fast tempi. The contribution of movement amplitude changes in rate (tempo) is investigated with motion capture. Cameras recorded pianists with passive markers on hands and fingers, who performed on an electronic (MIDI) keyboard. Pianists performed short melodies at faster and faster tempi until they made errors (altering the speed/accuracy function). Variability of finger movements in the three motion planes indicated most change in the plane perpendicular to the keyboard across tempi. Surprisingly, peak amplitudes of motion before striking the keys increased as tempo increased. Increased movement amplitudes at faster rates may reduce or compensate for speed/accuracy tradeoffs. [Work supported by Canada Research Chairs program, HIMH R01 45764. ]
An Iterated Local Search Algorithm for Fuel Consumption Optimization of Vehicle Routing Problems

The iterated local search algorithm has been widely used in combinatorial optimization problems. A new fuel consumption objective for the vehicle routing problems was presented in this paper. A fuel consumption modal of the vehicle load is introduced and an improved iterated local search algorithm is used for the problem. An initial solution is generated by the Solomon I1 algorithm, and then the iterated local search algorithm is proposed for the fuel consumption optimization.
High-temperature photoluminescence in sol-gel silica containing SiC/C nanostructures

Silicon carbide and carbon nanostructures were produced by pyrolysis of organosilane or aromatic compounds in nanoporous sol-gel silica glasses. Intense photoluminescence was observed in the visible and the near infrared regions, depending on material processing. Emission bands at 2.97, 2.67, 2.53, 2.41, 2.24, 2.09, 1.93, 1.13, 1.00, and 0.85 eV were observed in samples prepared at temperatures between 870 and 1220 K. Phosphorescence emission showed two lifetime components at 300 K: a 0.03 s component and a very long component of 0.5–4 s that depends on the precursors and sample processing. These lifetimes approximately doubled at 77 K. The visible emission increased significantly as the temperature was elevated from 77 to 950 K, suggesting thermally assisted light emission from sites in the silica glasses containing SiC/C nanostructures. Surface SiC vacancy defects modeled using integrated ab initio quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations suggest phosphorescence may originate from C vacancy (S.
Application of the Composite Method to the Spatial Forecast Verification Methods Intercomparison Dataset

Abstract The composite method is applied to verify a series of idealized and real precipitation forecasts as part of the Spatial Forecast Verification Methods Intercomparison Project. The test cases range from simple geometric shapes to high-resolution (∼4 km) numerical model precipitation output. The performance of the composite method is described as it is applied to each set of forecasts. In general, the method performed well because it was able to relay information concerning spatial displacement and areal coverage errors. Summary scores derived from the composite means and the individual events displayed relevant information in a condensed form. The composite method also showed an ability to discern performance attributes from high-resolution precipitation forecasts from several competing model configurations, though the results were somewhat limited by the lack of data. Overall, the composite method proved to be most sensitive in revealing systematic displacement errors, while it was less sensitive .
Determination of temperature differences between asphalt concrete, soil and grass surfaces of the City of Erzurum, Turkey

t is known that cities are warmer and drier that the surrounding, vegetated areas. In addition to their aesthetic aspects, plants play important roles in urban ecosystems function by providing various favourable effects. The City or Erzurum has extreme continental climatic features and is very hot in summer time, i.e., the period between June and September. There are few tree species capable of growing in the city; it is thought that in such cities, grass may have superior effects to the trees. The present study was carried out to determine temperature differences between asphalt concrete (AC), soil and grass surfaces on and 2m above them and to show the advantages of the use of grass surfaces in this kind of new developing cities. After the study, it was seen a mean temperature difference of 6.5 oC between AC and soil, 5.3 oC between soil and grass, and 11.79 oC between AC and grass surfaces respectively, while temperature differences 2m above the surfaces were 5.22 oC between AC and soil, 2.32 oC between soil and grass, and 7.54 oC between AC and grass surfaces. It was suggested at the end of the study that in the new developing cities having the same features as Erzurum, open spaces between the structures and areas along the roads must be covered with grass surfaces and recreational and aesthetical spaces must be left.
Link Element with Varying Conductance for Thermo-electric Analysis

The aim of this paper is the presentation of a link finite element that is suitable for electro-thermal analysis of the uni-axially graded materials or composites. A continuous polynomial variation of the cross-sectional area and material properties (electric and thermal conductivity) along the longitudinal bar axis has been considered. The electric and thermal conductivity matrix contains the transfer constants that depend on the above-mentioned variations. The expressions for transformation of generated Joule's heat to the element nodes have been derived as well. The sequence solution method of the weak-coupled electro-thermal problem has been assumed. The theoretical part of this contribution is completed by numerical validation, which documents high accuracy and effectiveness of our multiphysical link finite element.
Synthesis of Mode Converters in Waveguides and Gratings Based On Spectral Theory

The paper demonstrates, relying on spectral theory, how the problem of converter synthesis may be reduced to the search of real eigen-frequencies located in the higher sheets of Riemann's surface for the corresponding eigen boundary value problems (spectral problems). Numerically this problem is solved efficiently by incorporating algorithms, which have been developed for the solution of spectral problems, into the synthesis problem.
THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE FORWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF 1N4007 SILICON DIODE

The temperature dependence of the forward voltage of 1N4007 Si diode is reported in the temperature range 10–300 K. The forward voltage for a current of 200 μA was found to vary linearly at a rate of −2.4 mV/K for temperatures above 60 K. This temperature dependence of the forward voltage was found to change to −3.6 mV/K when the current was changed to 10 nA. It is observed that the forward voltage for a current of 200 μA, first increased rapidly below a temperature (T*) of about 21 K and then gradually with further reduction in temperature. T* was found to reduce linearly with ln(I).
Structural relaxation in amorphous oxide semiconductor, a-In-Ga-Zn-O

Amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) is expected as a backplane transistor material to drive next-generation flat-panel and flexible displays. It has been elucidated that thermal annealing even at low temperatures <200 °C reduces deep subgap defects and those at ≥300 °C further improve device characteristics, stability, and uniformity. These temperatures are much lower than the reported crystallization temperature (TX ∼ 600 °C). In this work, we investigate effects of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of a-IGZO thin films. We performed classical molecular dynamics simulation (CMD) and optical interference analyses including spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). CMD reproduced the x-ray diffraction pattern of a-IGZO and exhibited a glass transition. Experimentally, it was found that TX depends largely on deposition methods and conditions, probably due to different chemical compositions. Sputter-deposited a-IGZO films exhibited onset TX ∼ 600 °C and crystalline volume fraction XC increased line.
A Generalized Chain Binomial Model with Aggregated Data

In large cohort studies it can be impractical to report individual data that only summary or aggregated data are available. Using aggregated data from Bernoulli trials is expected to result in overdispersion so that a quasi-binomial approach would seem feasible. We show that when applied to aggregated data arising from cohorts of individuals according to a chain binomial model, the quasi-binomial model results in biased estimates. We propose an alternate calibration estimator and demonstrate its improved performance by simulations. The calibration method is then applied to model the probability of leaving a personal emergency link service in Hong Kong.
Hypoelliptic vector fields and continued fractions

We consider global analytic hypoellipticity of constant coefficient differential operators on the 2-torus, and prove that it is equivalent to a growth condition on the symbol. An example of a constant coefficient vector field which is globally analytic hypoelliptic but not globally hypoelliptic is constructed. Similar results are true on compact homogeneous spaces. 1. We discuss global analytic hypoellipticity for invariant differential operators on T2, and contrast it with global hypoellipticity (the topic of [G]). In particular, we construct a "constant coefficient" vector field on T2 which is globally analytic hypoelliptic but not globally hypoelliptic. 2. Let T2 = {(exp i01, exp iO2); Oj E R}. If L E D'(T2) (a distribution on T2) define L(n, m) = L(exp (-in01 im02)). Suppose P is an invariant differential operator: P = IN1=0 a7. Dk D , where ak E C and D' = ((1/i)a/a03)k. Define P(n, m) = ENI=k aklnlml, for n, m integers. We say P is globally hypoelliptic when: (GH) If g E C'(T2), and Pf = g, f ED 9'(T2), thenf E C'(T2). Let A(T2) denote the real analytic functions on T2. We say P is globally analytic hypoelliptic when: (GAH) If g E A(T2), and Pf = g, f E9'(T2), thenf E A(T2). The following theorem was proved in [G]. THEOREM 2.1. P is (GH) if and only if there are positive real numbers L and M so that: (LM) IP(n, m)l > L/(n2 + m2)M, for lnl, Iml sufficiently large. An analogous characterization of (GAH) is given below. THEOREM 2.2. P is (GAH) if and only iffor any positive real number K there is a positive integer NK so that: (KN) Jfi(n, m)l > exp (-K(n2 + m2)1/2),for lnl, Iml larger than NK. Received by the editors March 10, 1971. AMS 1970 subject classifications. Primary 35H05, 42A92, 43A75.
Identifying Key Statistical Papers From 1985 to 2002 Using Citation Data for Applied Biostatisticians

Dissemination of ideas from theory to practice is a significant challenge in statistics. Quick identification of articles useful to practitioners would greatly assist in this dissemination, thereby improving science. This article uses the citation count history of articles to identify key papers from 1985 to 2002 from 12 statistics journals for applied biostatisticians. One feature requiring attention in order to appropriately rank an article’s impact is assessment of the citation accrual patterns over time. Citation counts in statistics differ dramatically from fields such as medicine. In statistics, most articles receive few citations, with 15-year-old articles from five key journals receiving a median of 13 citations compared to 66 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology. However, statistics articles in the top 2%–3% continue to gain citations at a high rate past 15 years, exceeding those in JCO, whose counts slow dramatically around 8 years past publication. Articles with the highest expected applied uses 20 years post publication were identified using joinpoint regression. In this evaluation, the fraction of citations that represent applied use was defined and estimated. The false discovery rate, quantification of heterogeneity in meta-analysis, and generalized estimating equations rank as the ideas with the greatest estimated applied impact.
MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN EMISSION FROM COLD CONDENSATIONS IN NGC-2440

We report observations of the v = 1-0 S(l) line of molecular hydrogen in the high excitation Planetary Nebula NGC 2440. The emission is particularly strong at the positions of the two bright condensations which lie well within the R II region and close to the position of the very hot T = 350,000 K central star. The emission is consistent with an excited molecular hydrogen mass of 2-4x10-5 M⊙ in the condensations, and we estimate the total mass of excited molecular hydrogen associated with the H II region to be 6xl0-3 M⊙. We show that the radiation pressure from the central star is insufficient to excite the S(l) line emission. We also show that a stellar wind driven shock would imply a mass loss rate of 3xl0-7 M⊙ yr-1 if we adopt a wind velocity of 2000 km s-1.
Modelling of elastic continua using a grillage of structural elements based on discrete element concepts

A framework is described for modelling an elastic continuum using a grillage of beam‐like structural elements derived from discrete element concepts. The beam element properties are derived in detail and implemented in a structural analysis code for validation against classical two‐dimensional plane elasticity solutions. The framework offers the possibility of modelling the onset and propagation of fracture in materials that are initially continuous, without the need for specialized elements or remeshing in the context of traditional finite elements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A carbon nanotube based ammonia sensor on cotton textile

A single-wall carbon nanotube (CNT) based ammonia (NH3) sensor was implemented on a cotton yarn. Two types of sensors were fabricated: Au/sensing CNT/Au and conducting/sensing/conducting all CNT structures. Two perpendicular Au wires were designed to contact CNT-cotton yarn for metal-CNT sensor, whereas nanotubes were used for the electrode as well as sensing material for the all CNT sensor. The resistance shift of the CNT network upon NH3 was monitored in a chemiresistor approach. The CNT-cotton yarn sensors exhibited uniformity and repeatability. Furthermore, the sensors displayed good mechanical robustness against bending. The present approach can be utilized for low-cost smart textile applications.
Camera color gamut: Spray‐painting the invisible definition

Inspired by the recent article by Martinez-Verdu et al., this note urges the explicit adoption of a definition for the camera color gamut. A viable definition seems to be the det of CIE XYZ triplets such that, for any such XYZ, there exists a spectral power distribution in a predefined set whose camera values map through a predefined algorithm to that XYZ. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 236–237, 2007
Empirical Bayes estimation of parameters in Markov transition probability matrix with computational methods

Empirical Bayes estimator for the transition probability matrix is worked out in the cases where we have belief regarding the parameters, For example, where the states seem to be equal or not. In both cases, priors are in accordance with our beliefs. Using EM algorithm, computational methods for different hyperparameters of the empirical Bayes are described. Also, robustness of empirical Bayes procedure is investigated.
Existence of positive solutions for boundary value problems of second-order functional-differential equations.

We use a xed point index theorem in cones to study the existence of positive solutions for boundary value problems of second-order functional dieren tial equations of the form 8 y 00 (x) + r(x)f(y(w(x))) = 0; 0 < x < 1; y(x) y 0 (x) = (x); a x 0; y(x) + y 0 (x) = (x); 1 x b; where w(x) is a continuous function dened on [0; 1] and r(x) is allowed to have singularities on [0; 1]. The result here is the generalization of a corresponding result for ordinary dieren tial equations.
Analysis of microcavity VCSEL lasing modes using a full-vector weighted index method

Presents a semi-analytic full-vector method for calculating the spatial profile, optical confinement factor resonant frequency, absorption loss, and mirror loss of lasing modes in cylindrically symmetric microcavity vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL's). It can be shown that this method gives the best separable approximation for the electric and magnetic vector potentials. Our technique can model the entire VCSEL structure and can treat complex media. We apply the method to etched-post and oxide-apertured VCSEL's designed for 980-nm emission and find a blueshift in cavity resonance as the cavity radius shrinks. We also find a minimum optical cavity radius below which radially bound lasing modes cannot be supported. This radius depends on the device geometry and lies between 0.5 and 1 /spl mu/m for the devices studied. Once this model is augmented to include diffraction losses-the dominant loss mechanism for conventional small aperture lasers-it will provide a complete picture of lasing eigenmodes in microcavity VCSEL's.