Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RNTrajRec: Road Network Enhanced Trajectory Recovery with Spatial-Temporal Transformer

GPS trajectories are the essential foundations for many trajectory-based applications. Most applications require a large number of high sample rate trajectories to achieve a good performance. However, many real-life trajectories are collected with low sample rate due to energy concern or other constraints. We study the task of trajectory recovery in this paper as a means to increase the sample rate of low sample trajectories. Most existing works on trajectory recovery follow a sequence-to-sequence diagram, with an encoder to encode a trajectory and a decoder to recover real GPS points in the trajectory. However, these works ignore the topology of road network and only use grid information or raw GPS points as input. Therefore, the encoder model is not able to capture rich spatial information of the GPS points along the trajectory, making the prediction less accurate and less spatial consistent. In this paper, we propose a road network enhanced transformer-based framework, namely RNTrajRec, for trajectory recovery. RNTrajRec first uses a graph model, namely GridGNN, to learn the embedding features of each road segment. It next develops a spatial-temporal transformer model, namely GPSFormer, to learn rich spatial and temporal features along with a Sub-Graph Generation module to capture the spatial features for each GPS point in the trajectory. It finally forwards the outputs of encoder model to a multi-task decoder model to recover the missing GPS points. Extensive experiments based on three large-scale real-life trajectory datasets confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
ESIE-BERT: Enriching Sub-words Information Explicitly with BERT for Joint Intent Classification and SlotFilling

Natural language understanding (NLU) has two core tasks: intent classification and slot filling. The success of pre-training language models resulted in a significant breakthrough in the two tasks. One of the promising solutions called BERT can jointly optimize the two tasks. We note that BERT-based models convert each complex token into multiple sub-tokens by wordpiece algorithm, which generates a mismatch between the lengths of the tokens and the labels. This leads to BERT-based models do not do well in label prediction which limits model performance improvement. Many existing models can be compatible with this issue but some hidden semantic information is discarded in the fine-tuning process. We address the problem by introducing a novel joint method on top of BERT which explicitly models the multiple sub-tokens features after wordpiece tokenization, thereby contributing to the two tasks. Our method can well extract the contextual features from complex tokens by the proposed sub-words attention adapter (SAA), which preserves overall utterance information. Additionally, we propose an intent attention adapter (IAA) to obtain the full sentence features to aid users to predict intent. Experimental results confirm that our proposed model is significantly improved on two public benchmark datasets. In particular, the slot filling F1 score is improved from 96.1 to 98.2 (2.1% absolute) on the Airline Travel Information Systems (ATIS) dataset.
Rotifers as monitors of heavy metal pollution in water

Introduction Literature Review Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Summary Literature Cited Figures TABLE OF CONTEN.TS v 3 5 . 11 . 25 . 45 . 47 . 55 LIST OF TABLES 1. Chemical Composition and Characteristics of Dilution Water 2. The Toxicity of Heavy Metals, Salts, Ammonium Chloride and Phenol to the Rotifer Philodina acuticornis 3. Summary of Factors Affecting the Toxicity of Zinc Sulfate to the Rotifer Philodina acuticornis vi . 12 . 27 . 32 LIST OF FIGURES 1. The Toxicity of Cadmium (as Chloride) to Philodina in Soft Water . 57 2. The Toxicity of Cadmium (as Sulfate) to Philodina as a Function of Water Hardness . 58 3. The Toxicity of Cobalt (as Chloride) to Philodina in Soft Water . 59 4. The Toxicity of Copper (as Sulfate) to Philodina as a Function of Water Hardness 5. The Toxicity of Lead (as Chloride) to Philodina in Soft Water . 6. The Toxicity of Mercury (as Chloride) to Philodina as a Function of Water Hardness 7. The Toxicity of Nickel (as Chloride) to Philodina in Soft Water . 8. The Toxicity of Nickel (as Sulfate) to Philodina in Soft Water . 60 . 61 . 62 . •. 63 . 64 9. The Toxicity of Chromium (as Potassium Dichromate) to Philodina as a Function of Water Hardness . 65 10. The Toxicity of Silver (as Nitrate) to Philodina in Soft Water . 66 11. The Toxicity of Zinc (as Chloride) to Philodina in Soft Water . 67 12. The Toxicity of Zinc (as Sulfate) to Philodina as a Function of Water Hardness 13. The Toxicity of Ammonium Chloride to Philodina in Soft Water . 14. The Toxicity of Phenol to Philodina in Soft Water vii . 68 . 69 . 70 15. The Effect of Water Hardne.ss:Oll the Toxi;city of Zinc Sulfate to Philodina . 71 16. The Effect of Water Alkaiinity on the Toxicity of Zinc Sulfate to Philodina . 72 17. The Effect of Water Alkalinity Plus Hardness on the : Toxicity of Zinc Sulfate to Philodina . 18. The Effect of the Ratio of Calcium to Magnesium on the Toxicity of Zinc Sulfate to Philodina . I ~ '
Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis.

PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY . 224 UPTAKE OF LIPOPROTEIN-BOUND CHOLESTEROL BY MACROPHAGES . 226 Receptor for Acetyl-LDL . 227 Receptor for LDLIDextran Sulfate Complexes . 235 Receptor for f3-VLDL ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. ,,,,,,,,. ,,,,. ,,. ", . ,,,, . ,, . ,,. 237 Receptors for Cholesteryl Ester/Protein Complexes from Atherosclerotic Plaques . ,. 241 PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF LIPOPROTEIN-BOUND CHOLESTEROL BY MACROPHAGES . 243 Endocytosis and Lysosomal Hydrolysis . 243 Cytoplasmic Re-esterification and Hydrolysis of Lipoprotein-Derived Cholesteryl Esters . ". ". " . ". ". 244 The Cho{estery{ Ester Cycle " . " . " . " . " . ". 247 SECRETION OF CHOLESTEROL AND APOPROTEIN E BY MACROPHAGES . 249 Cholesterol Excretion Dependent on Cholesterol Acceptors . 249 Synthesis and Secretion of Apoprotein E in Response to Cholesterol Loading , . "", 252 IMPLICATIONS FOR FOAM CELL FORMATION IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS . 255 The Foam Cell in Familial Hypercholesterolemia . 257
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors As Drug Targets for Parkinson ’ s Disease

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Supporting Online Material

S1 Materials and methods 2 S1.1 Flavor network . 2 S1.1. 1 Ingredient-compounds bipartite network . 2 S1.1. 2 Incompleteness of data and the third edition . 3 S1.1. 3 Extracting the backbone . 5 S1.1. 4 Sociological bias . 6 S1.2 Recipes . 6 S1.2. 1 Size of recipes . 7 S1.2. 2 Frequency of recipes . 10 S1.3 Number of shared compounds . 10 S1.4 Shared compounds hypothesis . 11 S1.4. 1 Null models . 11 S1.4. 2 Ingredient contributions . 13
Mechanisms and functions of cell death.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 664 CELL DEATH IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS . 664 Programmed Cell Death . 665 Pathological Cell Deaths . 669 Summary . '" . 670 CELL DEATH IN OTHER ANIMALS . 670 Cell Death During the Metamorphosis of Moths. 671 Deaths of Vertebrate Neurons Deprived of Growth Factors . 673 Cell Death ol'lhymocytes . 675 Cell Death in the Regressing Rat Prostate . 678 FUNCTIONS OF CELL DEATH 679 Cells That Appear to Have No Function . 680 Cells That Are Generated in Excess . 683 Cells That Develop Improperly . 684 Cells That Have Completed Their Functions . 684 Cells That Are Harmful 685 MECHANISMS OF CELL DEATH 685 Cell Death Is an Active Process . 685 Control of the Cell Death Process . 686 Mechanisms That Kill Cells . 687 Engulfment of Dead Cells . 689 Degradation of Dead Cells. 690 Future Prospects 690
Reform and opportunity : the changing role and patterns of trade in South Africa and SADC

In this paper, we examine the changing role of trade in South Africa and SADC from different vantage points. We first review progress in liberalizing South Africa's trade regime, and conclude that, while signs of progress are clear, the levels and complexity of protection continue to pose barriers to the evolution of efficient trading patterns and a constraint to growth. We also find that trade liberalization has not led to "de-industrialization" of the South African economy: while import penetration has risen, exports have grown as well, so that the net impact from expanding trade is positive. But the net numbers remain small, and the limited employment creation is biased towards skilled workers, suggesting that the full potential from expanding trade has not been realized. We turn our focus next to the SADC region, and examine the fiscal implications of the proposed SADC FTA, highlighting both the administrative complexity of harmonizing tariff regimes among the diverse SADC economies, and the differential fiscal costs of the proposed arrangements for the participating economies. Finally, we look at the economic impact of alternative free trade areas (FTAs) for the region, using a multi-region simulation model. We find that these FTA initiatives are beneficial for the region, not only for participants, but even (in the case of the EU-South Africa FTA) for non-participants, since the rest of southern Africa benefits as well from the EU-South Africa agreement. But it is also clear that South Africa alone is not large enough to serve as the "growth pole" for the entire sub-region. Authors' Affiliation and Sponsorship Jeffrey D. Lewis, Lead Economist, AFTMI, The World Bank e-mail: jlewis4@worldbank.org THE WORKING PAPER SERIES The Africa Region Working Paper Series expedites dissemination of applied research and policy studies with potential for improving economic performance and social conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Series publishes papers at preliminary stages to stimulate timely discussion within the Region and among client countries, donors, and the policy research community. The editorial board for the Series consists of representatives from professional Families appointed by the Region's Sector Directors. Editor in charge of the series: Antoine Waldburger, AFTM3, Email: awaldburger@worldbank.org, who may be contacted for hard copies. For additional information visit the Web site http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/index.htm, where copies are available in pdf format. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s). They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, or the countries that they represent and should not be attributed to them. Reform and Opportunity: The Changing Role and Patterns of Trade in South Africa and SADC Jeffrey D. Lewis Lead Economist, AFTM1, The World Bank e-mail: jlewis4gworldbank.org
Extending the Expressive Capacity of the Semantic Component of the OPERA System

OPEPJ~ is a natural language question answering system al]. owing the interrogation of a data [mse consisting of an extensive listing of operas and their ass(x~]ated caracteristics (c(~ll[~sets~ time of ccm]pos/.tJon v cecor-. dings, etc . ). The ]. inguishic front. -. ~md o[ OPF, I~A i.s a c<~nprehensJve grat~nar of Fwench based essentially on the string gra~ar for~m]. ism (cf for exc~n[)le [SAGE[{~S1] o~: [SALKOFF~ 73]); the details of the syn-~ tax used in OPE|{A are descri[x:d in [SEIIYOGBO, 85 ]. [in ['his paper we shall descri[x~" Lhe scmmrrh:i.c c~u[mnent ol OPERA as it stands now. In addition we shall d:[scuss a nun~x~,r <)if prob]. c:~natic constructions which are not handled at present in the systc{~ and we outline a 17os-. sible solution for thon in the setting of this system°
Revenue Budgeting: Dade County Tries a Decremental Approach

lenges to the freeze. 8. Story related by Kay Eisenhower, interview, May 16, 1979. 9. Jack Stumpf and Paul Terrell, "Proposition 13 and California Human Services: First Year Impacts on Budgets, Personnel and Clients," mimeographed (Millbrae, Calif.: National Association of Social Workers, California Chapter, 1979), pp. 50-68. 10. The first data are from a survey of 1,528 adults interviewed statewide. See "Support for 13 Still Growing," Los Angeles Times, September 1, 1978, p. 1. The-second data cited are from a survey of 983 adults. See The Field Institute, "Taxes and Government Spending," in California Opinion Index (San Francisco, 1979). 11. For more complete catalogings of possible actions, see Charles H. Levine, "Organizational Decline and Cutback Management," Public Administration Review 38 (July/ August 1978), 316-25; and Peter J. May and Arnold J. Meltsner, Strengthening Local Governance in a Post-Proposition 13 World: A Report to the San Francisco Foundation (Berkeley, Calif.: Graduate School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, October 1979).
Factor VIII C1 Domain Spikes 2092–2093 and 2158–2159 Comprise Regions That Modulate Cofactor Function and Cellular Uptake

Background: Antibody KM33 blocks factor VIII (FVIII) endocytosis and phospholipid binding. Results: Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry reveals that KM33 binds C1 domain spikes 2092–2093 and 2158–2159. Glycosylated FVIII-R2159N shows reduced endocytosis and decreased binding to phospholipid membranes with low phosphatidylserine content. Conclusion: Spikes 2092–2093 and 2158–2159 modulate FVIII endocytosis and phospholipid binding. Significance: Novel insight is obtained about the role of the C1 domain for FVIII biology. The C1 domain of factor VIII (FVIII) has been implicated in binding to multiple constituents, including phospholipids, von Willebrand factor, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). We have previously described a human monoclonal antibody called KM33 that blocks these interactions as well as cellular uptake by LRP-expressing cells. To unambiguously identify the apparent “hot spot” on FVIII to which this antibody binds, we have employed hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. The results showed that KM33 protects FVIII regions 2091–2104 and 2157–2162 from hydrogen-deuterium exchange. These comprise the two C1 domain spikes 2092–2093 and 2158–2159. Spike 2092–2093 has been demonstrated recently to contribute to assembly with lipid membranes with low phosphatidylserine (PS) content. Therefore, spike 2158–2159 might serve a similar role. This was assessed by replacement of Arg-2159 for Asn, which introduces a motif for N-linked glycosylation. Binding studies revealed that the purified, glycosylated R2159N variant had lost its interaction with antibody KM33 but retained substantial binding to von Willebrand factor and LRP. Cellular uptake of the R2159N variant was reduced both by LRP-expressing U87-MG cells and by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. FVIII activity was virtually normal on membranes containing 15% PS but reduced at low PS content. These findings suggest that the C1 domain spikes 2092–2093 and 2158–2159 together modulate FVIII membrane assembly by a subtle, PS-dependent mechanism. These findings contribute evidence in favor of an increasingly important role of the C1 domain in FVIII biology.
Excessive Iodine Intake Does Not Increase the Recurrence Rate of Graves' Disease after Withdrawal of the Antithyroid Drug in an Iodine-Replete Area

Background and Objectives: The relationship between iodine intake and effects of antithyroid drugs (ATD) for Graves' disease, especially in iodine-deficient areas, has been demonstrated in many studies. However, it was not clear how chronic high iodine intake influenced the effectiveness of ATD in an iodine-replete area. This study aimed to clarify the effect of iodine intake on clinical outcomes of Graves' disease after discontinuation of ATD in Korea, an iodine-replete area. Methods: A total of 142 patients with Graves' disease who visited the outpatient clinic regularly and stopped their ATD between October 2011 and April 2013 were enrolled in our study. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured just before and after the discontinuation of ATD. Results: Median UIC was not significantly different between the remission and relapse groups, as well as among the four treatment groups (group 1, remission after initial treatment; group 2, remission after repeated treatment; group 3, early relapse within a year; group 4, late relapse after a year). Remission rates did not show a significant difference between the excessive iodine intake (UIC ≥300 μg/l) and average iodine intake groups (UIC <300 μg/l). Conclusions: The present study suggests that excessive iodine intake does not have an effect on the clinical outcomes of Graves' disease in an iodine-replete area, and therefore diet control with iodine restriction might not be necessary in the management of Graves' disease.
First Year Computer Science and IT Students' Experience of Participation in the Discipline

Previous research in STEM education demonstrates that students are engaged in a continuous process of identity development, trying to integrate their educational experiences with their perception of who they are, and who they wish to become. It appears increasingly apparent from this body of research that students are not well supported in this process by the education they currently receive. The goal of this paper is to analyse a specific aspect of the student experience, participation, in order to gain a better understanding of how computer science (CS) and information technology (IT) students engage with CS prior to and during their studies. Drawing on student interview data we describe and discuss students' qualitatively different ways of experiencing participation in CS and IT. The notion of participation applied here is inspired by Wenger's notion of participation in his social theory of learning. A phenomenographic analysis identifies a spectrum of qualitatively distinct ways in which the students experience participation in CS and IT, ranging from "using", to participation as "continuous development", and "creating new knowledge".
An algebraic-combinatorial proof technique for the GM-MDS conjecture

This paper considers the problem of designing maximum distance separable (MDS) codes over small fields with constraints on the support of their generator matrices. For any given m χ n binary matrix M, the GM-MDS conjecture, due to Dau et al., states that if M satisfies the so-called MDS condition, then for any field F of size q ≥ n + m − 1, there exists an [n, m]q MDS code whose generator matrix G, with entries in F, fits M (i.e., M is the support matrix of G). Despite all the attempts by the coding theory community, this conjecture remains still open in general. It was shown, independently by Yan et al. and Dau et al., that the GM-MDS conjecture holds if the following conjecture, referred to as the TM-MDS conjecture, holds: if M satisfies the MDS condition, then the determinant of a transformation matrix T, such that TV fits M, is not identically zero, where V is a Vandermonde matrix with distinct parameters. In this work, we generalize the TM-MDS conjecture, and present an algebraic-combinatorial approach based on polynomial-degree reduction for proving this conjecture. Our proof technique's strength is based primarily on reducing inherent combinatorics in the proof. We demonstrate the strength of our technique by proving the TM-MDS conjecture for the cases where the number of rows (m) of M is upper bounded by 5. For this class of special cases of M where the only additional constraint is on m, only cases with m < 4 were previously proven theoretically, and the previously used proof techniques are not applicable to cases with m > 4.
Albumin-to-bilirubin score for assessing the in-hospital death in cirrhosis.

Background To evaluate the ability of albumin-to-bilirubin (ALBI) score for assessing the in-hospital death in cirrhotic patients. Methods Overall, 1,067 cirrhotic patients admitted between January 2009 and December 2014 were retrospectively enrolled. We calculated the Child-Pugh, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), and ALBI scores. We performed receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses to assess the in-hospital death. We calculated the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results In the overall analysis, all of the three scores can significantly assess the in-hospital death (Child-Pugh score AUC =0.750, 95% CI: 0.713-0.784, P<0.0001; MELD score AUC =0.728, 95% CI: 0.689-0.765, P<0.0001; ALBI score AUC =0.698, 95% CI: 0.667-0.727, P<0.0001). In the subgroup analysis of hepatitis B virus, Child-Pugh and ALBI scores were suitable to assess in-hospital death (Child-Pugh score AUC =0.752, 95% CI: 0.679-0.816, P<0.0001; ALBI score AUC =0.803, 95% CI: 0.751-0.849, P=0.0002) and both were superior to the MELD score (AUC=0.564, 95% CI: 0.483-0.643, P=0.5357). In the subgroup analysis of alcohol abuse, Child-Pugh and MELD scores properly assessed in-hospital death (Child-Pugh score AUC =0.791, 95% CI: 0.727-0.846, P<0.0001; MELD score AUC =0.720, 95% CI: 0.647-0.786, P=0.0023), rather than ALBI score (AUC =0.646, 95% CI: 0.588-0.702, P=0.1360). Conclusions ALBI score might be an alternative index for assessing the in-hospital death in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Friction and bending in thermoplastic composites forming processes

With the demand for better fuel economy in the aerospace and automotive industries, lightweight polymer matrix composites became an attractive alternative for metal structures. Despite the inherently higher toughness and impact damage resistance of thermoplastics, thermoset matrix composites are used in the majority of applications. This is largely attributable to the higher material costs of thermoplastic coposites and the limited experience with these materials. The ability to re-melt thermplastics, however, allows automated processing methods with short cycle times, which lowers production costs to a competitive level, especially for larger series production. Thermoforming of flat laminates of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic laminates into 3-D parts is a complex process. Fundamental understanding of the deformation processes is needed to prevent process induced defects, such as wrinkling at critical locations, for the product or the process. The elementary deformation mechanisms need to be addressed one-by-one to develop this understanding and to translate this understanding to reliable Computer Aided Engineering tools for predictable product development processes. The major deformation mechanisms of continuous fiber reinforced composites are considered to be intra-ply shear, inter-ply slippage and ply bending. The latter two are investigated in this thesis. The objective of this thesis is to develop an understanding of the physics of the deformation mechanisms and to make it available in the form of describing constitutive equations.
Structure and biological role of vitronectin.

INTRODUCTION 275 DISTRIBUTION OF VITRONECTIN . 276 STRUCTURE OF THE VITRONECTIN MOLECULE 278 Physical Properties . 278 Domain Structure and Binding Sites . 280 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF VITRONECTIN . 287 Vitronectin Function in Cellular Adhesion. 287 Vitronectin Function in Immune Defense 293 Vitronectin Function in Hemostasis . 295 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTiVES 300