Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some Features of Surface Pressure Fluctuations in Turbulent Boundary Layers With Zero and Favorable Pressure Gradients

Measurements of surface pressure fluctuation spectra, coherence and convective wave speeds from zero and favorable pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers are reported for momentum Reynolds numbers from 3000 to 18,800. The acceleration parameter K is near 2 x 10 to the -7 power for the favorable pressure gradient flow. The outer variables, U sub e, tau sub w and delta sub 1 non-dimensionalize and collapse the spectra for the low to middle range of frequencies for most test cases. The grouping using the inner variable, U sub tau and gamma, collapse the spectra for the middle to high range of frequencies for all test cases. The value of p'/tau sub w was near 3.8 and 2.8 for the smallest values of d+ in the zero and favorable pressure gradient flows, respectively. The coherence exhibits a decay that is not exponential in some cases, but the Corcos similarity parameters omega Delta x/U sub c and omega Delta z/U sub c collapse the data for all test cases. The ratio of U sub c/U sub e increases with omega delta sub 1/U sub e up to omega delta sub 1/U sub e on the order of unity, where U sub c/U sub e becomes nearly constant. This was observed in the present results for both streamwise pressure gradient flows. The experimental results presented show good agreement with previous research.
Evolution of generalized two‐dimensional magnetotail equilibria in ideal and resistive MHD

We present results of two‐dimensional (2‐D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the terrestrial magnetotail. A regional adaptation of the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry global MHD model is used. As initial conditions, we employ a class of asymptotic magnetotail equilibria with and without an accumulation of magnetic flux at the tailward end (a Bz hump). The former have been recently shown by full particle simulations to be unstable to a kinetic mode with formal properties of ion tearing. Thus, our goal here is to investigate the evolution of the same equilibria in the MHD approximation and assist in the physical interpretation of the kinetic simulations. This is additionally motivated by the energy principle considerations which suggest that if the system is unstable kinetically, it may also be unstable ideally. To seek dynamical MHD regimes similar to those observed in kinetic simulations, we implement two sets of boundary conditions (velocity balanced, VB, and momentum balanced, MB), one allowing plasma flows through the boundaries and the other inhibiting such flows. The use of more reflecting MB boundary conditions results in suppression of any significant dynamics, and we see no substantial changes beyond initial equilibrium relaxation. On the other hand, VB boundary conditions allow a more efficient relaxation of initial equilibrium and absorb subsequently generated plasma flows. With these boundary conditions we find the equilibrium without a flux accumulation (i.e., with constant magnetic field component normal to the current sheet) to develop an apparently resistive mode accompanied by tailward plasma flows. At the same time, the equilibria with a Bz hump of sufficiently large amplitude develop a different, ideal, mode characterized by spontaneous generation of earthward plasma flows and an exponential growth of the corresponding electric field. This growth is qualitatively similar to the corresponding fully kinetic simulations although no explosive growth of the earthward moving Bz peak is evident in the MHD calculations, just an earthward shift of a part of the initial flux accumulation. We discuss implications of our results for the possibility of existence and impact of such equilibria in the Earth's magnetotail and in global MHD simulations.
Moderately three-dimensional separated and reattaching turbulent flow

A fully three-dimensional turbulent separated flow was set up such that it had a systematic link to two-dimensional flow, as a way of investigating the more complicated nature of this flow type. The central region of the flow was fully three-dimensional, but was bounded on its sides by regions of ‘spanwise invariance’ in which the flow was invariant in the lateral direction, or very nearly so. A special case of spanwise invariance, which is statistically two-dimensional, is one in which the streamlines are also coplanar, or at least nominally so in numerous experimental studies. Another aspect of the present arrangement is that the side regions should ideally provide well-defined boundary conditions. The separation was formed downstream of a doubly swept normal flat plate, forming a ‘v’-shaped separation line, mounted on the front of a splitter plate, mounted in the centre of the wind tunnel working section. The predominantly inward flow to the central region implies a negative lateral strain rate (∂W/∂z), but all nine strain rates are non-zero. Measurements were made using pulsed-wire anemometry techniques for mean velocities, Reynolds stresses and wall shear stress. Even though the sweep angle is mild at ±10°, the effect is to increase the bubble height by over 50% in its centre to create a ‘bulge’, symmetrical about the centreline. The degree of three-dimensionality is described as moderate in that the peak inflow velocity from the side regions is less than 0.2 of the free-stream velocity, but comparable with the peak in the reverse-flow velocity. A larger sweep angle would give a larger inflow velocity. A separate study (Cao & Hancock, Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids, vol. 23, 2004, p. 519) has shown that the bulge persists very far downstream, so that accurate physical modelling of the separated region is likely to be important in modelling the flow well downstream. An intermediate region exists between the invariant side region and the bulge, where all the stress levels are reduced, as would be expected from the effects of streamline convergence. Although overall there is a flow inward to the centre (streamline convergence), part of the overlying shear layer is subjected to diverging flow and an intensification of Reynolds stresses near the centre of the bulge.
Catalog of 558 pulsars

We present an up-to-date compilation of the principal observed parameters of 558 pulsars, including positions, timing parameters, pulse widths, flux densities, proper motions, distances, and dispersion, rotation, and scattering measures. We also list the orbital elements of binary pulsars and some commonly used parameters derived from the basic measurements. Uncertainties are quoted for most quantities, and references to the original literature are given. Figures are used to illustrate the sample distributions of some of the more important parameters. Machine-readable versions of the tabulated information are available, together with software designed to make the data base useful to others working in the field
An intelligent system for faulty-bearing detection based on vibration spectra

In this paper, a new detection and classification system of faulty bearings is presented. This system is based on artificial intelligent techniques and vibration signals in the frequency domain produced by the faulty bearings. The system consists of several neuro-fuzzy systems in cascade, along with measurement equipment for the vibration spectral data. These neuro-fuzzy systems have been used as bi-classifiers. That is, each neuro-fuzzy system is specialized in the classification between two different types of rolling bearing status. A careful selection process for rules has been included in the learning algorithm. Moreover, the demodulated vibration signal has been used as input to the neuro-fuzzy systems based on the Sugeno approach. Several trials were carried out, taking into account the vibration spectral data collected by the measurement equipment for each bearing. Different results with three types of faulty bearings using the proposed approach are shown, where satisfactory results have been achieved.
Extended Lyman-alpha emission in 3C 326. 1 - A 100 kiloparsec cloud of ionized gas at a redshift of 1. 82

The discovery of a large cloud of ionized gas associated with the high-redshift radio source 3C 326.1 is reported; this cloud is the best candidate for a protogalaxy yet observed. The radio source is a small double without a detectable core which is encompassed by a cloud of ionized gas of approximately 100 kpc diameter and a redshift of 1.825. Two faint blue objects are located on the periphery of the cloud along with some very faint, extremely diffuse blue objects roughly coincident with the brightest regions of the cloud. The Ly-alpha emission from the cloud appears to have a large intrinsic width. Weak extended emission from semiforbidden C II and semiforbidden C III is seen, but C IV emission is not detected. The large equivalent width of Ly-alpha and the relative strengths of the carbon lines are consistent with H II region-type photoionization. 33 references.
Joint target tracking and classification using radar and ESM sensors

Bayesian target classification methods using radar and electronic support measure (ESM) data are considered. A joint treatment of target tracking and target classification problems is introduced. First, a method for target classification using radar data and class-dependent kinematic models is presented. Second, a target classification method using ESM data is presented. Then, a Bayesian radar and ESM data fusion algorithm, referred to as direct identity fusion (DIF), for target classification is presented. This algorithm exploits the dependence of target state on target class via the use of class dependent kinematic models but fails to exploit the dependence of target class on target state. We then introduce a method, referred to as joint tracking and classification (JTC), for treating target tracking and classification problems jointly, by exploiting the dependence of target class on target state via flight-envelope-dependent classes and the dependence of target state on target class via class dependent kinematic models. A two-dimensional example demonstrates the relative merits of these methods. It is shown that, while the incorporation of the two-way dependence between target state and class (i.e., JTC) promises some benefits over the method that incorporates only a one-way dependence (i.e., DIF), there are severe filter implementation difficulties for the former. The results also demonstrate that the fusion of information from radar and ESM sensors via the DIF approach results in improvements over classification methods based on either of the individual sensors.
Investigations of clusters of galaxies near the North Galactic Pole

The number-density distribution of several clusters of galaxies was derived by counting galaxies on B and R plates of the 2-m Schmidt telescope of the Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatory Tautenburg. Die Anzahl-Dichte-Verteilung wurde fur mehrere Galaxienhaufen durch Galaxienzahlungen auf B- und R-Platten des 2-m-Schmidt-Teleskops des Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatoriums Tautenburg ermittelt.
High sensitivity and quantitative magnetic field measurements at 600°C

High sensitivity micro-Hall sensors were fabricated using AlGaN∕GaN two-dimensional electron gas heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy for high temperature operation. The room temperature electron mobility and sheet carrier concentration of the heterostructures were 850cm2∕Vs and 7.7×1012cm−2, respectively. The Hall voltage increased linearly with applied magnetic field up to 0.5T for all temperatures in the range of temperature from 20to600°C. A 100μm×100μm Hall device with a magnetic sensitivity of 0.35G∕(Hz)1∕2 at 600°C was used to measure the Curie temperature of NdFeB. The AlGaN∕GaN micro-Hall sensors will find a wide range of applications including high temperature scanning Hall microscopy, monitoring rotating parts in the engines of automobiles as well as space vehicles which are exposed to extreme changes in temperature and radiation.
Why is the gamma function so as it is

This is a historical note on the gamma function . The questio n is, why is ( n) for naturals n equal to (n 1)! and not equal to n! (the factorial function n! = 1·2 ··· n) ? Was A. M. Legendre responsible for this transformation, or was it L. Euler? And, who was the first who gave a representation of the so called Euler gamma function?
Multiple Objective Linear Fractional Programming

This paper presents a simplex-based solution procedure for the multiple objective linear fractional programming problem. By 1 departing slightly from the traditional notion of efficiency and 2 augmenting the feasible region as in goal programming, the solution procedure solves for all weakly efficient vertices of the augmented feasible region. The article discusses the difficulties that must be addressed in multiple objective linear fractional programming and motivates the solution algorithm that is developed.
On the complex form of the Poincaré lemma

dimension n, any differential form can be decomposed into a sum of forms of degree r, 0 < r < n, and the operator d of exterior differentiation (d2 = 0) is an operator of degree + 1. A differential form q satisfying do =0 is called closed, and a form q such that q =dfl is called exact. The Poincare Lemma states that a closed differential form of positive degree is locally exact; that is, if q is defined and satisfies dqb = 0 in an open UCM, and mo is any point of U, then there exists an open neighborhood V of mo, with VC U, and a form 41 defined in V such that ck = d,6 in V. This result is most conveniently proved by choosing a V differentiably contractible to the point mo, for which there can be constructed an operator k of degree -1 satisfying
Simulated annealing : an introduction

Simulated annealing is a general approach for approximately solving large combinatorial optimization problems. The algorithm is based on an intriguing combination of ideas from at first sight completely unrelated fields of science, viz. combinatorial optimization and statistical physics. On the one hand the algorithm can be viewed as an analogue of an algorithm used in statistical physics for computer simulation of the annealing of a solid to its minimum–energy state, on the other hand it can be considered as a generalization of the well–known iterative improvement approach to combinatorial optimization problems. In this introductory paper we give a mathematical description of the simulated annealing algorithm and discuss its behaviour from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. The latter is illustrated by applying the algorithm to the travelling salesman problem. This paper was written to familiarize the readers of Statistica Neerlandica with simulated annealing. It is a summary of papers written earlier by the authors and does not contain any new material.
On the Minimal Polynomials and the Inverses of Multilevel Scaled Factor Circulant Matrices

Circulant matrices have important applications in solving various differential equations. The level-k scaled factor circulant matrix over any field is introduced. Algorithms for finding the minimal polynomial of this kind of matrices over any field are presented by means of the algorithm for the Grobner basis of the ideal in the polynomial ring. And two algorithms for finding the inverses of such matrices are also presented. Finally, an algorithm for computing the inverse of partitioned matrix with level-k scaled factor circulant matrix blocks over any field is given by using the Schur complement, which can be realized by CoCoA 4.0, an algebraic system, over the field of rational numbers or the field of residue classes of modulo prime number.
Object recognition based on spatial active basis template

This article presents a method for the object classification that combines a generative template and a discriminative classifier. The method is a variant of the support vector machine (SVM), which uses Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL). The features are extracted from a generative template so called Active Basis template. Before using them for object classification, we construct a visual vocabulary by clustering a set of training features according to their orientations. To keep the spatial information, a "spatial pyramid" is used. The strength of this approach is that it combines the rich information encoded in the generative template, the Active Basis, with the discriminative power of the SVM algorithm. We show promising results of experiments for images from the LHI dataset.
Datum correction by wave-equation extrapolation

Seismic sections are usually datum corrected by static shifting. For small differences in elevation and slow velocity variations between the input datum and the output datum, static shifting is a sufficiently accurate datum correction procedure. However, for significant differences in elevations and a more complicated velocity model, the accuracy of the static solution may prove to be insufficient; and a more exact method should be used. In this paper, we study the limitations of the static method of datum correction and develop simple and effective extrapolation schemes based on the wave equation, schemes which lead to more accurate datum correction. The distortions of seismic events caused by static correction are illustrated by a number of simple examples. To reduce the distortions, we propose a number of extrapolation schemes based on the asymptories of the Kirchhoff integral solution of the 2-D scalar wave equation. Application of the extrapolation algorithms to synthetic data shows that they provide.
FORMAL MODELS FOR A CENTRAL PREDICTION SYSTEM1

Three quantitative models are considered for merging secondary school grades from various schools to composite predictor variables for estimating expected performances of students at various colleges. Previous formulations of possible solutions for developing a universal grading scale have been limited to univariate models. The models discussed are not so limited and may involve several composite scores. These multiple solutions could have considerable importance both in college admission procedures and in counseling of students. In the first model, a total variance and covariance canonical correlation model, composite variables are developed for both school grades and for college grades so as to maximize the correlation between the school and college variables. A major defect found in this model is the influence of existing differences in school grades between groups of students attending various colleges. The second canonical correlation model utilized within college deviation scores for the variances and covariances used in the canonical correlations. This model provided some improvement over the preceding model but still had some defects generated from differential sizes of groups from particular secondary schools attending particular colleges. Both canonical models are formulated to obtain pairs of variates, one from the secondary school grades and one from the college grades, which correlate maximally. Prediction of student performances on specific criteria, such as grades at particular colleges, would be a secondary step and might not be accomplished effectively. The third model, a predictive model, is formulated to develop composite scores which provide predictions of grades at the various colleges. This model appears to provide the soundest basis for practical actions, both in student guidance and in college admissions.
PID controller tuning by frequency loop-shaping

A frequency loop-shaping technique is presented for tuning proportional-integral-derivative controllers. In this approach, the controller parameters are tuned so as to minimize the difference between the actual and a target loop transfer function, in the sense of the /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// norm. The simple structure of these controllers allows the formulation of the loop-shaping objective as a convex optimization problem that can be solved numerically in a reliable way. Several examples are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed tuning technique and compare it with existing ones.
The FU Orionis Phenomenon

▪ Abstract We summarize the properties of FU Orionis variables, and show how accretion disk models simply explain many peculiarities of these objects. FU Ori systems demonstrate that disk accretion in early stellar evolution is highly episodic, varying from ∼ 10−7 yr−1 in the low (T Tauri) state to 10−4 yr−1 in the high (FU Ori) state. This variability in mass accretion is matched by a corresponding variability in mass ejection, with mass loss rates reaching ∼ 10−1 of the mass accretion rates in outburst. It appears that the FU Ori phenomenon is restricted to early phases of stellar evolution, probably with infall still occuring to the disk, which may help drive repetitive outbursts. Thermal instabilities are a promising way to produce FU Ori disk outbursts, although many uncertainties remain in the theory; triggering by interactions with companion stars on eccentric orbits may also play a role.
In-pipe bristled micromachine

This paper deals with in-pipe micromachine, which moves in pipes with inner diameter under 25 mm. The micromachine locomotion principle is based directional friction force between bristle tip and pipe wall. At first we have theoretically analysed the locomotion principle. The next part consist of analysis of bristle tip connection with inner pipe wall. Finally, the analysis is supported with experiments.
ENDPOINT ESTIMATES FOR MAXIMAL COMMUTATORS IN NON-HOMOGENEOUS SPACES

Certain weak type endpoint estimates are established for maximal commutators generated by Calderon-Zygmund operators and OscexpLr (μ) functions for r ≥ 1 under the condition that the underlying measure only satisfies some growth condition, where the kernels of Calderon-Zgymund operators only satisfy the standard size condition and some Hormander type regularity condition, and Oscexp Lr (μ) are the spaces of Orlicz type satisfying that Oscexp Lr (μ) = RBMO(μ) if r = 1 and Oscexp Lr (μ) ⊂ RBMO(μ) if r > 1.
The exact length of the Euclidean algorithm in [ X ]

A study is made of the length L ( h, k ) of the Euclidean algorithm for determining the g.c. d. of two polynomials h , k in [ X ], a finite field. We obtain exact formulae for the number of pairs with a fixed length N which lie in a given range, as well as the average length and variance of the Euclidean algorithm for such pairs.
Analysis of paternity testing results by Identifiler system in Thailand

One of the applications of Identifiler ™ system is to use for paternity testing. This study aims to analyze the paternity testing results of trio and duo cases. A total of 500 paternity cases were divided into 120 trio and 380 duo cases. Combined paternity index (CPI) and power of exclusion (PE) were calculated for inclusion and exclusion results. Based on statistical analysis, the lowest CPI value obtained from trio cases was 1,340.89 with a probability of paternity more than 99.92%. In duo cases, the lowest value of CPI was 32.18 with a probability of paternity higher than 96.98%. Moreover, we noticed that approximately 50% of the CPI values in trio and duo cases were in a range of 10 6 –10 8 and 10 4 –10 6 , respectively. For exclusion results, D2S1338 had the highest PE value in trio cases (81.20%). In duo cases, D8S1179 showed the highest PE value (75.80%). TPOX had the lowest PE value in both trio and duo cases (29.10% and 24.60%). The minimal numbers of excluding loci were 7 and 3 in trio and duo cases, respectively. In addition, this study showed that a threshold value for CPI should be greater than or equal to 1,000.
The Essential Spectrum of a Non‐Elliptic Boundary Value Problem

In this note a matrix partial differential operator is considered. It is shown that under certain conditions it defines a closed operator with nonempty resolvent set, and its essential spectrum is determined. In the symmetric case G.D. Raikov obtained earlier corresponding results (under slightly different assumptions) for the Friedrichs extension of the operator.