Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetotelluric delineation of the Trillabelle massive sulfide body in Sudbury, Ontario

A magnetotelluric (MT) survey was carried out on the western flank of the Sudbury Structure (Ontario, Canada) over a recently discovered ore body to test the potential of the method as a reconnaissance tool for deep mineral exploration. The observed responses exhibit a large phase anomaly (exceeding 75° in some places) centered over the ore body, which is interpreted as arising from a combination of 3-D induction and current channeling. Impedance decomposition methods were used to define frequency ranges in which the response is quasi 2-D with geologically plausible strike values. Two‐dimensional rapid relaxation inversions of the data, where appropriate, generated quantitative models in good agreement with known parameters of the ore body. Two‐dimensional inversions, however, cannot replicate either the size or the peculiar nature of the observed phase anomaly. Therefore 3-D modeling trials were undertaken, which best explain the MT responses in terms of 3-D induction within the Trillabelle body coupled .
Flipping Bits Like a Pro: Precise Rowhammering on Embedded Devices

In this article, we introduce Flip-On-Chip, the first end-to-end tool that thoroughly examines the vulnerability of embedded DRAM against rowhammer bit flips. Our tool, Flip-On-Chip, utilizes DRAM address mapping information to efficiently and deterministically perform a double-sided RowHammer test. We evaluated Flip-On-Chip on two DRAM modules: 1) LPDDR2 and 2) LPDDR4. It is found that our proposed tool increases the number of bit flips by 7.34 % on LPDDR2 and by 99.97 % on LPDDR4, as compared to state-of-the-art approaches provided in the literature. Additionally, Flip-On-Chip takes into account a number of system-level parameters to evaluate their influence on triggering Rowhammer bit flips.
Experiential and authentic learning in a Living Lab: the role of a campus-based Living Lab as a teaching and learning environment

Living Labs provide stakeholders with authentic and spontaneous environments in which innovations and technologies can be developed. This paper highlights the use of Living Labs as an educational teaching and learning environment. We give four current examples of practice and present a conceptual framework for pedagogic design and development of experiential learning activities and assessment in a Living Lab environment. Examples are based around current higher education undergraduate and postgraduate taught assessments and activities. We highlight how Living Labs, particularly campus-based examples, are an excellent opportunity for education providers to provide realistic experiences for students that promote empowerment, inclusivity and sustainability where activities and results can be spontaneous. Learning in a Living Lab environment provides the opportunities for students to develop applied skills, work in a transdisciplinary manner and co-create and collaborate on data sets. These activities are associated with potential increases in student attainment and receive positive student feedback. Living Labs introduce opportunities for interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity and cross-cultural working and provide an excellent base for education for sustainability.
Electronic Money Free Banking and Some Implications for Central Banking

This paper discusses electronic money, its relation to free banking and some implications for central banking. It begins by introducing its conceptual framework for modern central banking, in terms of which it then rehearses the free banking argument. It then reviews the development of e-money in terms of both electronic payment methods and electronic issue, with special attention paid to the latter. The discussion includes both mainstream developments, such as Mondex, and 'alternative' schemes such as LETS. From here the paper proceeds by way of a consideration of the synergy between electronic issue of money and free banking precepts, to a consideration of some implications for the future of central banking generally. It offers an 'contestable' model of central banking, which endeavours to show the effects that e-money may be expected to have (and, indeed, may already be having) as regards monetary policy, financial supervision and seignorage. It concludes that even in its current stage of development, the emergence of e-money not only reflects and supports key free banking concepts, but may be nudging modern central banking towards free banking practice.
Active Deformation Processes in Alaska, Based on 15 Years of GPS Measurements

We present a comprehensive average velocity field for Alaska, based on repeated GPS surveys covering the period 1992―2007, and review the major results of previously published papers that used subsets of this data. The spatially and temporally complex pattern of crustal deformation in Alaska results from the superposition of several processes, including postseismic deformation after the 1964 earthquake, spatial variations in plate coupling/slip deficit, translation and rotation of large crustal blocks or plates, and a large slow-slip event in Cook Inlet. Postseismic deformation from the 1964 earthquake continues today, mainly caused by viscoelastic relaxation, and causes trenchward motion. The behavior of the shallow seismogenic zone along the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust is characterized by dramatic along-strike variability. The width of the inferred seismogenic zone varies over along-strike distances that are short compared to the width. The along-strike distribution of locked and creeping regions along the megathrust is consistent with the persistent asperity hypothesis. A large slow-slip event occurred in upper Cook Inlet in 1998―2001, and a smaller event in the same area in 2005―2006. No sign of slow-slip events has been found in segments that are dominated by creep, which suggests that creep there occurs quasi-statically. The overriding plate in Alaska is subject to considerable internal deformation, and can be described in terms of the independent motions of at least four blocks: the Bering plate, the Southern Alaska block, the Yakutat block, and the Fairweather block.
MCRe: A Unified Framework for Handling Malicious Traffic With Noise Labels Based on Multidimensional Constraint Representation

Due to the limitations of the existing annotation methods, the prevalence of label noise can be caused in realistic malicious traffic datasets, which has a significant impact on the training and evaluation of deep learning-based intrusion detection models. Recently, various methods have been proposed to deal with noise-containing labeled datasets, and they can be roughly divided into two categories: data cleaning and robust training. However, the different processing ideas lead these two types of methods to ignore the information in different components of the dataset, resulting in a cliff-like drop in performance under high noise conditions. To this end, this study proposes a unified framework for handling noise malicious traffic based on the multidimensional constrained representations named MCRe, which unifies data cleaning and robust training into an ideal representation function approximation. According to the properties of the ideal representation function, information integrity constraints, cluster separability constraints and core proximity constraints are defined to drive MCRe to approximate the ideal representation during iteration. These constraints led MCRe to learn the individual, intra-class, and global levels of distributed knowledge, thus avoiding irrational domain knowledge extraction and ensuring strong label noise robustness of the representation network. We validated MCRe on a dataset that includes 22 types of realistic malicious traffic. Experimental results show that MCRe can outperform the state-of-the-art methods in both data cleaning and robust training downstream tasks, achieving 85% pure sample rate and 82% classification accuracy even under the condition of up to 90% noise labels. In addition, the generalizability of MCRe was verified on several public datasets. Finally, MCRe was also well-extended to enhance other data cleaning and robust training approaches.
Upscaling European surface temperatures to North Atlantic circulation‐pattern statistics

This paper examines reversal of the common downscaling path from large‐scale circulation patterns to local surface weather: Can changes of near‐surface temperature be used to predict changes in circulation‐pattern statistics? A re‐sampling (RS) scheme is applied, which generates ensembles of future series by assembling segments from past (or training) time series. The RS scheme is only constrained by known linear regression parameters of future annual mean temperatures. As circulation patterns, represented by the generalized patterns obtained by a cluster analysis, are part of the past series, the RS scheme also provides future time series of these patterns, conditioned only on the prescribed temperature evolution. In order to test whether changing statistics of temperature and circulation patterns are related to one another, a cross‐validation experiment using global circulation model (GCM) data is conducted: Two independent 30‐year periods are extracted from an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)‐simulation (ECHAM5), the first of which serves as a training sample (2001–2030) for the RS scheme to simulate the temperature regime of the second (2071–2100). The estimates by the RS scheme and the GCM simulation for the second period are analysed with respect to circulation‐pattern statistics. It is found that much of the changes from the first to the second period can be attributed to the temperature evolution. Future applications are discussed in the conclusions. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Slip history of the 1944 Bolu-Gerede earthquake rupture along the North Anatolian fault system: Implications for recurrence behavior of multisegment earthquakes

[1] Recent research shows that active fault systems produce multisegment earthquakes; however, we have yet to understand the faulting behavior of various spatial patterns of segments. We conducted a three-dimensional trenching survey to reconstruct the detailed slip history of a fault segment that ruptured as one of the multisegment ruptures along the North Anatolian fault system. The trench site, on the Gerede segment, recorded a maximum right-lateral slip of up to 6 m that was associated with the 1944 Bolu-Gerede earthquake (M 7.4). Fault exposures show evidence of four paleoearthquakes. Radiocarbon dates, a refined probability density distribution, and correlation with historical earthquakes place the mean repeat time at ∼330 years. Four discrete paleoslips yield a slip per event of 5.0 ± 0.8 m with a coefficient of variation of 0.2. Our research suggests that multisegment earthquakes exhibit various spatial patterns, regardless of recurrence with quasiperiodicity and characteristic slip. Coincidentally, the fault geometry exhibits extremely linear traces, suggesting simple stress accumulation and release through earthquake cycles. Furthermore, the 1944 event did not occur in a single segment, and the Gerede segment probably ruptured within a slip-pulse-like rupture during a multisegment earthquake. A comparable geological slip rate of ∼17 mm a−1 based on a GPS-based strain rate supports the persistence of macroscopic asperity through recent geological time. Therefore we conclude that a segment with simple fault geometry along a strike-slip fault system plays an important role in forecasting the timing of future multisegment earthquakes, but the spatial extent of such earthquakes needs to be explored further.
Identification and interpretation of nonnormality in atmospheric time series

Nonnormal characteristics of geophysical time series are important determinants of extreme events and may provide insight into the underlying dynamics of a system. The structure of nonnormality in winter temperature is examined through the use of linear filtering of radiosonde temperature time series. Filtering either low or high frequencies generally suppresses what is otherwise statistically significant nonnormal variability in temperature. The structure of nonnormality is partly attributable to geometric relations between filtering and the appearance of skewness, kurtosis, and higher order moments in time series data, and partly attributable to the presence of nonnormal temperature variations at the highest resolved frequencies in the presence of atmospheric memory. A nonnormal autoregressive model and a multiplicative noise model are both consistent with the observed frequency structure of nonnormality. These results suggest that the generating mechanism for nonnormal variations does not necessarily act at the frequencies at which greatest nonnormality is observed.
Computer Arithmetic Algorithms And Hardware Implementations

Thank you for reading computer arithmetic algorithms and hardware implementations. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their chosen readings like this computer arithmetic algorithms and hardware implementations, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their computer.
Autocorrelation characteristics of surface ocean pCO2and air‐sea CO2 fluxes

Understanding the variability and coherence of surface ocean pCO2 on a global scale can provide insights into its physical and biogeochemical drivers and inform future samplings strategies and data assimilation methods. We present temporal and spatial autocorrelation analyses of surface ocean pCO2on a 5° × 5° grid using the Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory database. The seasonal cycle is robust with an interannual autocorrelation of ∼0.4 across multiple years. The global median spatial autocorrelation (e‐folding) length is 400 ± 250 km, with large variability across different regions. Autocorrelation lengths of up to 3,000 km are found along major currents and basin gyres while autocorrelation lengths as low as 50 km are found in coastal regions and other areas of physical turbulence. Zonal (east–west) autocorrelation lengths are typically longer than their meridional counterparts, reflecting the zonal nature of many major ocean features. Uncertainties in spatial autocorrelation in different ocean basins are between 42% and 73% of the calculated decorrelation length. The spatial autocorrelation length in air‐sea fluxes is much shorter than forpCO2 (200 ± 150 km) due to the high variability of the gas transfer velocity.
Remote sensing of salinity from satellite-derived CDOM in the Changjiang River dominated East China Sea

[1] Defining highly variable freshwater plume area from space is important for characterizing the dynamics of biogeochemical properties and understanding the effects of climate change and human activities on plume-related processes. The absorption coefficient of colored dissolved organic matter (aCDOM) from satellite ocean color data can be used to estimate the salinity and thus the plume area in coastal oceans if a robust conservative salinity and aCDOM relationship and an accurate satellite aCDOM algorithm can be established. In this paper, tight relationships between surface water salinity and in situ aCDOM were found during several cruises covering all seasons and the full salinity range in the East China Sea. Thus, a salinity inversion model from aCDOM was developed and validated with an independent data set, in which 73.6% of the data were within the absolute salinity error of ±1 and 87.1% were within ±1.5. Factors influencing the conservative behavior of colored dissolved organic matter are analyzed, with a particular focus on the effect of the phytoplankton-induced autochthonous colored dissolved organic matter. In addition, several satellite aCDOM algorithms were compared and validated with our in situ data. Monthly satellite-derived salinity images were mapped in August from 2008 to 2010 and showed the significant interannual variability in the plume coverage. This study demonstrated that the salinity derived from satellite-derived aCDOM can provide a reliable and good synoptic view of the plume area, and help with biogeochemical studies, in particular, those properties related to the interannual variability of plume coverage, although the development of a localized satellite algorithm of aCDOM is still desirable.
Contrasting effects of soil development on hydrological properties and flow paths

Runoff pathways strongly influence hydrologic and biogeochemical losses and landscape evolution. On an evolving landscape, soil development may alter hydrologic properties and thereby change through time the relative importance of various pathways. Here we report in situ soil water retention, unsaturated and saturated hydraulic conductivity, and flow path characteristics of a 300 year old Andisol and a 4.1 million year old Oxisol, located at the extreme ends of a soil substrate age gradient across the Hawaiian Islands. The two soils contrasted in depth and texture; the young soil was shallow and coarse textured, while the old soil was deep and highly weathered with a near‐surface plinthite horizon overlying numerous clay‐rich subsurface horizons. The young soil drained freely under modest suction, whereas subsurface clay horizons at the old site required significantly more suction to start to drain than the upper horizons. Similarly, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) was high throughout the soil profile at the young site, whereas Ks was two to three orders of magnitude lower through the subsurface clay horizons than the upper ones at the old site. Irrigation experiments with deuterium tracer demonstrated that water was downward advecting at the young site, while water at the old site moved both laterally along the subsurface clay horizon contact and slowly downward through it. Rainfall frequency distributions indicated a high probability of rainfall events exceeding subsurface Ks values in old soil. In Hawaii the addition of dust influences the time evolution of soil, but the tendency for subsoil clay accumulation in older soils leading to alteration in hydrologic flow paths has been proposed in other environments. Our findings together suggest that as soils develop with time, subsurface horizon Ks values decline, impeding rates of vertical water flow but also increasing the importance of shallow subsurface lateral flow.
Visual Tracking With Motion Distortion Removal for Nanomanipulation Inside SEM

The article investigates the problem of visual tracking of moving objects in nanomanipulation inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Image noise is a primary concern when dealing with the problem, which includes the inherent statistical noise and that induced by the motion distortion. A visual tracking method with SEM image denoising algorithm is proposed. The denoising algorithm is well incorporated with robot motion by innovatively leveraging the image Jacobian matrix technique. The denoising algorithm removes image noise and provides a more realistic image. On this basis, template matching is utilized to achieve visual tracking on the image plane. Experimental results show that the visual tracking performance on the image plane was well improved by 31.4% for the point feature, 60.6% for the line feature, and 52.1% for the area feature in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) compared to that without motion distortion removal. Comparison experiments validate the state-of-the-art performance achieved by the proposed method and thus the superiority.
Effects of CT Number Derived Matrix Density on Preferential Flow and Transport in a Macroporous Agricultural Soil

Preferential flow and transport in structured soils can be intimately linked to numerous environmental problems. Surface‐applied chemicals are susceptible to rapid transport to deeper depths in structural soil pores, thereby potentially contaminating valuable environmental resources and posing risks to public health. This study focused on establishing links between the structural pore space and preferential transport using a combination of standard physical measurement methods for air and water permeabilities, breakthrough experiments, and X‐ray computed tomography (CT) on large soil columns. Substantial structural heterogeneity that resulted in significant variations in flow and tracer transport was observed, despite the textural similarity of the investigated samples. Quantification of macropore characteristics with X‐ray CT was useful but not sufficient to explain the variability in air permeability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and solute transport. This was due to the limited CT scan resolution and large structural variability below this resolution. However, CTmatrix, a new parameter derived from the CT number of the matrix excluding stones and large mostly air‐filled macropores, was found to be useful for determining the magnitude of preferential flow under boundary conditions of constant, near‐saturated flow.
Hybridization effects on wave packet dynamics in topological insulator thin films

Theoretical study of electron wave packet dynamics in topological insulator (TI) thin films is presented. We have investigated real space trajectories and spin dynamics of electron wave packets in TI thin films. Our focus is on the role of hybridization between the electronic states of the two surfaces. This allows us to access the crossover regime of a thick film with no hybridization to a thin film with finite hybridization. We show that the electron wave packet undergoes side-jump motion in addition to zitterbewegung. The oscillation frequency of zitterbewegung can be tuned by the strength of hybridization, which in turn can be tuned by the thickness of the film. We find that the spin expectations also exhibit zitterbewegung tunable by hybridization. We also show that it is possible to obtain persistent zitterbewegung, oscillations which do not decay, in both the real space trajectories as well as spin dynamics. The zitterbewegung oscillation frequency in TI thin films falls in a parameter regime where it might be possible to observe these effects using present day experimental techniques.
Resilience to Trauma throughout the Lifespan: Overcoming Child Sexual Abuse

This qualitative dissertation project explored how young-old adults have healed from the traumatic experience of being sexually abused in childhood. This project utilized an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to analyze themes across the young-old adults’ responses. Data collection consisted of interviewing six participants (age 51-58) who have had a history of child sexual abuse (CSA) from a loved one or other trusted individual and have felt that they have healed and demonstrated resiliency from the experience. Ten general themes emerged: (a) Getting older has helped me develop a better understanding and helped me to become less emotionally reactive; (b) After the abuse, I went through a period in which I felt unworthy and that I was at fault; (c) After the abuse, I went through a period where I was sexually active to fill a void; (d) It is difficult to make meaning out of something so terrible. (e) As a child, I didn’t have anyone who was supportive after the abuse event; (f) As an adult, at least one primary relationship was essential in my healing; (g) Talking about my experience was important in my healing; (h) Finding out “I wasn’t alone” was essential in my healing; (i) Helping others has been essential in my healing process; (j) I’ve experienced typical physical changes as a result of the aging process. Although all participants reported having no one to turn to for support as a child, each participant indicated that at least one primary relationship in adulthood was imperative in their healing. Additionally, each participant indicated that getting older had led them to greater understanding and helped them to become less reactive.