Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral parameters and signal-to-noise ratio requirement for TANSAT hyper spectral remote sensor of atmospheric CO2

With the stable increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, space based measurements of CO2 concentration in lower atmosphere by reflected sunlight in near infrared band has become a hot research topic at present. Recently, the instruments sensitive to total CO2 column data in near-surface have become available through the SCIAMACHY instrument on ENVISAT and TANSO-FTS on GOSAT. The developing hyper spectral CO2 detector in China carried by TANSAT will be launched in late 2015. Hyper spectral CO2 detector is designed to provide global measurements of CO2 in lower troposphere. It employs high resolution spectra of reflected sunlight taken simultaneously in near-infrared CO2 (1.61μm and 2.06μm) and O2 (0.76μm) bands. Associating climate change with the observation requirements of carbon sources and sinks, the feasibility of making CO2 column concentration measurements with high-resolution and high-precision is studied by high resolution atmosphere radiation transfer model. The effects of key specifications of the hyper spectral CO2 detector such as spectral resolution, sampling ratio and sign-to-noise ratio (SNR) on CO2 detection are analyzed combining the scientific requirements of CO2 measurements of China. The typical characteristics of hyper spectral CO2 detector on TANSAT are grating spectrometer and array-based detector. To achieve the column averaged atmospheric CO2 dry air mole fraction (XCO2) precision requirements of 1×10-6-4×10-6, hyper spectral CO2 detector should provide high resolution at first to resolve CO2 absorption lines from continuous spectra of reflected sunlight. Compared to a variety of simulated spectral resolutions, the spectral resolution of hyper spectral CO2 detector on TANSAT can resolve CO2 spectral features and maintain the moderate radiance sensitivity. Since small size array detector-based instruments may suffer from undersampling of the spectra, the influences of spectral undersampling to CO2 absorption spectra are studied, the results indicate that sampling ratio should exceed 2 pixels/FWHM to ensure the accuracy of CO2 spectrum. Signal-to-noise ratio is one of the most important parameters of hyper spectral CO2 detectors to ensure the reliability of CO2 signal. SNR requirements of CO2 detector to different detection precisions are explored based on the radiance sensitivity factors. The results show that it is difficult to achieve the SNR to detect 1×10-6-4×10-6 CO2 concentration change in the boundary layer by solar shortwave infrared passive remote sensing, limited by the instrument development at present. However, the instrument SNR to detect 1% change in the CO2 column concentration is attainable. The results of this study are not only conductive to universal applications and guides on developing grating spectrometer, but also helpful to have a better understanding of the complexity of CO2 retrieval.
Characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation treated with direct oral anticoagulants and new insights into inappropriate dosing: results from the French National Prospective Registry: PAFF

Abstract Aims Since the introduction of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) for atrial fibrillation (AF) therapy, inappropriate and/or underdosing of these drugs has been a major clinical challenge. We evaluated the characteristics of patients with AF treated with inappropriate and low-dose DOACs. Methods and results Patients with AF treated with inappropriate and low-dose DOACs from October 2021 to December 2021 were evaluated from the French National Prospective Registry (PAFF). We evaluated 1890 patients with AF receiving DOACs (apixaban 55%, dabigatran 7%, and rivaroxaban 38%). Inappropriate dosing was noted in 18% of the population. Patients with appropriate dosing had less comorbidities: younger age (75 ± 10 vs. 82 ± 8 years old, P < 0.0001), reduced chronic renal failure (26 vs. 61%, P < 0.0001), and lower CHA2DS2VASc and HASBLED scores (3 ± 2 vs. 4 ± 3, P < 0.0001; 2 ±1 vs. 2 ± 2, P < 0.0001), respectively. In multivariate analysis, older age (P < 0.0001) and a higher CHA2DS2VASc score (P = 0.0056) were independently associated with inappropriate DOAC dosing. Among 472 patients (27%) treated with low-dose rivaroxaban or apixaban, 46% were inappropriately underdosed. Patients inappropriately underdosed were younger (82.3 ± 8.4 vs. 85.9 ± 5.9 years, P < 0.0001) with less chronic renal disease (47 vs. 98%, P < 0.0001). However, these patients had higher rates of prior haemorrhagic events (18 vs. 10%, P = 0.01), clopidogrel use (11 vs. 3%, P = 0.0002), and apixaban prescription (74 vs. 50%, P < 0.0001). Conclusion Within this large registry, DOACs were associated with inappropriate dosing in 18% of cases. Independent predictors of inappropriate dosing were high CHA2DS2VASc scores and older age. Moreover, 46% of patients treated with low-dose DOACs were inappropriately underdosed and more frequently in patients treated with apixaban.
W-Band Compact Balun-Embedded SPDT Switch With Leakage-Canceled Overlapped Transformers

A $W$ -band single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch based on magnetically coupled overlapped transformers with a single-ended input and two differential outputs is presented. It achieves low loss and high isolation among CMOS switches by means of leakage-canceling cross-coupled capacitors. The overlapped transformer structure comprising edge-coupled and broadside-coupled transformers integrated in the same area enables realization of a compact balun-embedded SPDT switch. The insertion losses are measured to be 2.67–3.47 dB at frequencies of 75–100 GHz, and the isolation is 14.3–17 dB from 75–100 GHz. The switch has a small chip area of 0.013 mm2 without pads.
Incidental combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma in liver transplant patients: Does it have a worse prognosis?

Background and Aim Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) requires attention clinically and pathologically after liver transplantation (LT) because of its unique biology, difficulties in diagnosis, and being rare. We aimed to present our single-center experience for this incidental combined tumor. It is aimed to present our single-center experience for this incidental combined tumor. Materials and Methods Seventeen patients with CHC were included in the study. There were 260 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients determined as the control group. Patients were evaluated for demographic, etiological, pathological features, and survival. Results Macrovascular and microvascular invasion levels were significantly higher in the CHC group (p<0.05). P53, CK19, and CK7 levels were significantly higher in the CHC group (p<0.05). Hepatocyte-specific antigen level was significantly higher in the HCC group. The mean overall survival was significantly higher in the HCC group (p<0.05). Conclusion Even though CHC is a rare liver tumor, it has features that need to be clarified regarding both survival and tumor biology. İnvestigating prognostic factors, especially in terms of survival and recurrence, will be very beneficial to identify candidates who will benefit from LT and be included in the indications for LT for CHC. This study evaluated the outcomes of patients showing combined HCC-intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in explant pathology.
Avaliação Experimental de Detectores de Erros em Conjuntos de Dados Relacionais

A limpeza de dados é crucial para evitar inconsistências nos dados. Um dos seus passos fundamentais é a detecção de erros. Existem muitos métodos e sistemas para detectar erros. No entanto, as comparações entre essas opções são limitadas e geralmente usam conjuntos de dados heterogêneos. Este estudo avalia diferentes ferramentas disponíveis publicamente, considerando cenários variados, em um ambiente controlado e homogêneo. Os resultados mostram que ferramentas baseadas em aprendizado de máquina têm melhor desempenho na detecção de erros em comparação com métodos mais antigos. No entanto, essa vantagem é significativa apenas quando a taxa de erros é relativamente alta.
Modern freshwater microbialites from Kelly Lake, British Columbia, Canada

Small stromatolites and thrombolites occur in Kelly Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Thrombolites appear as welllithified, irregular calcite crusts on hard submerged surfaces, whereas poorly mineralized stromatolites exist on the thrombolite crusts as small laminated hemispherical domes 1.0 to 2.0 cm in diameter and height. Microscopic examination of the thrombolitic crusts reveal the presence of many coccoid and fewer small filamentous cyanobacteria. In contrast, large filamentous cyanobacteria are predominant in the stromatolitic domes. The inorganic carbon and elemental content of the two different microbialites are similar; however, the stromatolites contain more organic carbon (0.5% dry wt) than the thrombolites (0.2% dry wt). This implies that the production rate of organic matter in the stromatolites is higher, relative to the calcification rate, than in the thrombolites. Stable carbon isotope analyses show that the calcite precipitated within the microbialites is enriched in 13C compared to the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) source. The enrichments are the result of photosynthetic 12C fractionation by the respective microbial communities. Calcite precipitated within the stromatolites is even more enriched in 13C than that within the thrombolites, corresponding to an enhanced productivity level for the filamentous cyanobacteria in the stromatolites. These data indicate that the degree of mineralization, isotopic fractionation, and morphogenesis of modern microbialites are controlled to a large extent by relative rates of microbial growth and calcification.
Ecological interaction and sediment transport on an intertidal mudflat I. Evidence for a biologically mediated sediment-water interface

Abstract Using biological, chemical and physical data, evidence of biologically mediated cohesive sediment dynamics is presented for an intertidal mudflat in the Humber Estuary, UK. The data suggest that in excess of 98% of sediment fluxes to the sediment bed on the mudflat are subject to resuspension, forming a bedload that is important in generating the shear stress required to erode the sediment bed. Benthic micro-algae photosynthesize and are grazed by macro-heterotrophs within this 300–3000 μm deep dynamic surface layer. The data suggest that the algal growth within this layer is limited by nitrogen fluxes, resulting in ‘excess’ carbon fixation by photosynthesis. A significant positive relationship is apparent between ‘excess’ carbon fixation rates and the sediment critical erosion stress. This indicates that nitrogen limitation and sediment stability were directly proportional to each other on the mudflat. Grazing of the algae by Macoma balthica (a burrowing bivalve) profoundly affects the carbon and nitrogen cycles in the dynamic surface layer, and hence also ‘excess’ carbon fixation. We propose that a highly interdependent community of benthic algae, bacteria and macro-heterotrophs, acts to regulate sediment dynamics via small-scale nitrogen cycling and the algal exudation of ‘excess’ carbon as sediment-binding polymers.
In vivo Evaluation of Extracted and Fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves against Testosterone-Induced PCOS Model in Rattus Norvegicus

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder. Parameters characteristic of the disorder include weight gain, insulin resistance and malondialdehyde (MDA). The traditional medicine used is Moringa oleifera. Objectives: The aim was to determine the effect of weight loss and blood glucose levels, MDA levels and histopathological features of the ovarian follicles in the rat model PCOS-insulin resistance induced by testosterone. Methods: Extraction process, followed by fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, identification of compound content using TLC, and rats were grouped into 7 groups (n=5), namely normal group, negative group, positive group, extract, fraction water, ethyl acetate fraction and n-hexane fraction by looking at the characteristic parameters and ovarian histopathology. Data analysis using ANOVA and Kruskal-wallis. Results: The yield of the extract was 30.4%, the water fraction was 85.59%, the ethyl acetate fraction was 6.64% and the n-hexane fraction was 4.05%. Positive for flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids in the ethyl acetate fraction, the water and extract fractions were positive for tannins, the n-hexane fraction was positive for steroids. The modeling sample group obtained extract body weight 195.40 g, water fraction 195.80 g, ethyl acetate fraction 194.00 g, n-hexane fraction 196.00 g, blood glucose level extract 83.00 mg/dL, water fraction 84.27 mg/dL, ethyl acetate fraction 80.00 mg/dL, n-hexane fraction 122.85 mg/dL, MDA extract content 2.704 nmol/mL, water fraction 3.547 nmol/mL, 1.685 nmol/mL, 5.308 nmol /mL and can improve ovarian histopathology. Conclusion: The most effective value is the ethyl acetate fraction because it has the highest decrease in PCOS characteristics.
Permo-Pennsylvanian Formations Between Laramie Mountains, Wyoming, and Black Hills, South Dakota

In the Laramie Mountains-Black Hills area of Wyoming and South Dakota the strata that lie above the Mississippian Madison-Guernsey-Pahasapa limestone and below the Middle Permian Opeche shale belong to the Fairbank, Casper, Hartville, and Minnelusa formations. The Fairbank, of regional extent northeast of the Laramie Mountains, underlies the other formations and represents chiefly reworked residual mantle derived from Mississippian limestone. The most complete stratigraphic record of the post-Fairbank formations is found in the subsurface Minnelusa formation, which accumulated in a trough here termed the Lusk embayment. In the subsurface the Minnelusa averages about 1,050 feet thick, and consists, in ascending order, of limestone and red shale averaging 225 feet thick, dolomite and sandstone, 375 feet, and anhydrite, sandstone, and dolomite, 450 feet. The surface Minnelusa of the Black Hills is considerably thinner, because most of the lower limestone-shale part of the section is absent through overlap, and because anhydrite in the upper part of the section has been removed by solution. The Hartville is the lateral equivalent of the subsurface Minnelusa, except that it contains breccias instead of evaporites in the upper p rt. The Casper, a shelf section of sandstone and dolomite, merges into the middle and upper parts of the Hartville formation. The absence of the lower part of the post-Fairbank section in the Laramie Mountains and its thinness in the Black Hills, and the precipitation and penecontemporaneous removal of anhydrite from the upper part of the section in the Black Hills and the Hartville uplift suggest that subsidence during Pennsylvanian and Early Permian time was somewhat uneven and spasmodic.
Managing population and drought risks using many‐objective water portfolio planning under uncertainty

This study contributes a many‐objective analysis of the tradeoffs associated with using the portfolio planning approach for managing the urban water supply risks posed by growing population demands and droughts. The analysis focuses on four supply portfolio strategies: (1) portfolios with permanent rights to reservoir inflows, (2) adaptive options contracts added to the permanent rights, (3) rights, options, and leases, and (4) rights, options, and leases subject to a critical reliability constraint used to represent a maximally risk averse case. The portfolio planning strategies were evaluated using a 10 year Monte Carlo simulation of a city in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) within Texas. Our solution sets provide the tradeoff surfaces between portfolios' expected values for cost, cost variability, reliability, surplus water, frequency of using leases, and dropped (or unused) transfers of water. Using an additional severe drought scenario, this work shows that leases and options can reduce the potential for critical supply failures when urban supply systems must contend with unexpected and severe extremes in both demand and water scarcity. In summary, this paper contributes a framework that couples interactive visualization and many‐objective optimization to innovate urban water portfolio planning under uncertainty. The many‐objective analysis of the LRGV case study shows that effective water portfolio planning can simultaneously improve the costs, efficiency, and reliability of urban water supply while ensuring adaptability and resiliency to future changes.
Lightning flashes conducive to the production and escape of gamma radiation to space

[1] Gamma radiation observed in space has been associated with lightning flashes in thunderstorms. These special flashes do not appear to be the large and energetic positive ground flashes that also produce sprites. Considerations of gamma ray attenuation in air indicate that such flashes may not produce gamma radiation at sufficient altitude to enable their escape to space. High-altitude intracloud lightning, most prevalent in the tropics where the tropopause is also high, may be a necessary source.
Local perceptions and regional climate trends on the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso

Due to devastating droughts in the 1970s and 1980s, climatic and environmental change in the West African Sahel has attracted a great deal of scientific research. While many of these studies documented a long‐term trend of declining rainfall, analyses conducted in the last few years suggest that a ‘recovery’ is underway. Drawing on ethnographic interviews, focus groups, and participant observation in two Provinces of the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso, we elicited local perspectives on these rainfall trends from the people who are most directly affected, namely local farmers. Fieldwork revealed that farmers in the research sites perceive that both overall seasonal rainfall and the number of ‘big rains’ during the rainy season have decreased over the last 30 years. We then tested these perceptions against rainfall records from nearby meteorological stations and found them to be corroborated. This paper illustrates how farmers of the Central Plateau now view drought as ‘normal’, having incorporated drought‐mitigation adaptations into their agricultural systems. Our case study highlights the need for ground truthing scientific analyses and assessing livelihood implications at the local level. It also advocates for sustained institutional support for rural communities, to increase their ability to adapt to climate change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tsallis Entropy and Mutability to Characterize Seismic Sequences: The Case of 2007–2014 Northern Chile Earthquakes

Seismic data have improved in quality and quantity over the past few decades, enabling better statistical analysis. Statistical physics has proposed new ways to deal with these data to focus the attention on specific matters. The present paper combines these two progressions to find indicators that can help in the definition of areas where seismic risk is developing. Our data comes from the IPOC catalog for 2007 to 2014. It covers the intense seismic activity near Iquique in Northern Chile during March/April 2014. Centered in these hypocenters we concentrate on the rectangle Lat−22−18 and Lon−68−72 and deepness between 5 and 70 km, where the major earthquakes originate. The analysis was performed using two complementary techniques: Tsallis entropy and mutability (dynamical entropy). Two possible forecasting indicators emerge: (1) Tsallis entropy (mutability) increases (decreases) broadly about two years before the main MW8.1 earthquake. (2) Tsallis entropy (mutability) sharply decreases (increases) a few weeks before the MW8.1 earthquake. The first one is about energy accumulation, and the second one is because of energy relaxation in the parallelepiped of interest. We discuss the implications of these behaviors and project them for possible future studies.
Texton Tri-alley Separable Feature Merging (TTSFM) Capsule Network for Brain Tumor Detection

—Brain tumors represent one of the most perilous and lethal forms of tumors in both children and adults. Early detection and treatment of such malignant disease types may reduce the mortality rate. However, manual procedures can be used to diagnose such disorders, and this process necessitates a careful, in-depth analysis which is prone to errors, tedious for health professionals, and time-consuming. Therefore, this research aims to design a Texton Tri-alley Separable Feature Merging (TSFM) Capsule Network based on dynamic routing, suitable for the automatic detection of brain tumors. The TSFM Capsule Network’s Texton layer helps to extract important features from the input image, and the separable convolutions coupled with the use of fewer filters and kernel sizes help to reduce the time for training, the size of the model on disk, and the number of trainable parameters generated by the model. The model’s evaluation results on the brain tumor dataset consisting of four classes show better performance than the traditional capsule network, and are comparable to the state-of-the-art models, with an overall accuracy of 97.64%, specificity of 99.24%, precision of 97.43%, sensitivity of 97.45%, f1-score of 97.44%, ROC rate of 99.50%, PR rate of 99.00%. The components and properties of the proposed model make the model deployable on devices with low memory like mobile devices. This model with better performance can assist physicians in the diagnosis of brain tumors.
Groundwater exploration and wellfield development in the Pampa Lagunillas and Pampa Lirima areas, Provincia de Iquique, Chile

ABSTRACT. A successful groundwater exploration and development program was conducted in the Pampa Lagunillas and Pampa Lirima groundwater basins, in the Prealtiplano of northern Chile. The objective of the program was to develop a wellfield capable of providing 120 liters per second of good quality groundwater for industrial use at the Cerro Colorado copper mining complex for an estimated mine life of 30 years. Wellfield development of the Pampa Lagunillas basin consisted of the construction and testing of four large-diameter high-yield production water wells. Results of the exploration and development programs indicated that large quantities of recoverable groundwater are stored in the aquifer systems in each basin. The most favorable conditions for development of a large and reliable groundwater supply occur in the Pampa Lagunillas basin, where groundwater storage in the saturated alluvial sediments in the Pampa Lagunillas basin is in the magnitude of 450 million cubic meters. RESUMEN. Exploracion de aguas subterraneas y desarrollo de un campo de pozos en las areas de Pampa Lagunillas y de Pampa Lirima, Provincia de Iquique, Chile. Se llevo a cabo un exitoso programa de exploracion y desarrollo de agua subterranea en las cuencas de Pampa de Lagunillas y Pampa Lirima, en el prealtiplano del norte de Chile. El objetivo del programa fue desarrollar un campo de pozos de extraccion capaz de producir 120 litros por segundo de agua subterranea de buena calidad para uso industrial en el complejo minero de Cerro Colorado por una duracion estimada de 30 anos. En Pampa Lagunillas, el desarrollo consistio en la construccion y prueba de cuatro pozos de alta productividad. Los resultados del programa de exploracion y desarrollo revelaron la presencia de grandes cantidades de agua subterranea recuperable, almacenada en los acuiferos de cada cuenca. Las condiciones mas favorables para el desarrollo de un sistema de abastecimiento confiable ocurren en Pampa de Lagunillas, donde la acumulacion de agua subterranea en sedimentos aluviales saturados es del orden de 450 millones de metros cubicos.