Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Suppressing unwanted internal reflections in prestack reverse-time migration

Prestack reverse-time migration, a wave-equation technique using two-way propagation, correctly handles multiarrivals and enables imaging of overturned reflections. However, image artifacts occur when backscattered waves cross-correlate. These artifacts are particularly strong where high-velocity contrasts occur. A method for removing unwanted internal reflections during propagation of both the source and receiver wavefields is presented. This method applies a directional damping term to the wave equation in areas of the velocity model where unwanted reflections occur. Tests on synthetic data show good suppression of image artifacts.
Multimission empirical ocean tide modeling for shallow waters and polar seas

[1] A new global ocean tide model named DTU10 (developed at Technical University of Denmark) representing all major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents is proposed based on an empirical correction to the global tide model FES2004 (Finite Element Solutions), with residual tides determined using the response method. The improvements are achieved by introducing 4 years of TOPEX–Jason 1 interleaved mission into existing 18 years (1993–2010) of primary joint TOPEX, Jason 1, and Jason 2 mission time series. Hereby the spatial distribution of observations are doubled and satellite altimetry should be able to recover twice the spatial variations of the tidal signal which is particularly important in shallow waters where the spatial scale of the tidal signal is scaled down. Outside the ±66° parallel combined Envisat, GEOSAT Follow-On, and ERS-2, data sets have been included to solve for the tides up to the ±82° parallel. A new approach to removing the annual sea level variations prior to estimating the residual tides significantly improved tidal determination of diurnal constituents from the Sun-synchronous satellites (e.g., ERS-2 and Envisat) in the polar seas. Extensive evaluations with six tide gauge sets show that the new tide model fits the tide gauge measurements favorably to other state of the art global ocean tide models in both the deep and shallow waters, especially in the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean. One example is a comparison with 207 tide gauge data in the East Asian marginal seas where the root-mean-square agreement improved by 35.12%, 22.61%, 27.07%, and 22.65% (M2, S2, K1, and O1) for the DTU10 tide model compared with the FES2004 tide model. A similar comparison in the Arctic Ocean with 151 gauge data improved by 9.93%, 0.34%, 7.46%, and 9.52% for the M2, S2, K1, and O1 constituents, respectively.
IMPACTS OF SILVICULTURE ON FLATWOODS RUNOFF, WATER QUALITY, AND NUTRIENT BUDGETS1

: Three forest watersheds were isolated by roads in poorly drained flatwoods of Florida. After 12 months of baseline calibration the forest in one watershed was harvested and regenerated with minimum disturbance, in the second watershed with maximum disturbance from common practices, and in the third watershed left intact as a control. Water yields from the maximum treatments increased a significant 250 percent while that from the minimum treatments increased 117 percent as compared to the control. Weed vegetation remaining after the minimum treatment continued significant water use. The water yield increases lasted only for one year. Water quality was reduced by both treatments with the most effect immediately after the maximum disturbance. Absolute levels of suspended sediments, potassium, and calcium remained relatively low. The maximum treatment caused significant changes in net cation balances only for one year. The information shows relative little effect of silvicultural practices in flatwoods on water quality as compared to data from upland forests. Water yield increases may be manipulated by the degree of harvest and weed control practices.
Constrained Clustering With Imperfect Oracles

While clustering is usually an unsupervised operation, there are circumstances where we have access to prior belief that pairs of samples should (or should not) be assigned with the same cluster. Constrained clustering aims to exploit this prior belief as constraint (or weak supervision) to influence the cluster formation so as to obtain a data structure more closely resembling human perception. Two important issues remain open: 1) how to exploit sparse constraints effectively and 2) how to handle ill-conditioned/noisy constraints generated by imperfect oracles. In this paper, we present a novel pairwise similarity measure framework to address the above issues. Specifically, in contrast to existing constrained clustering approaches that blindly rely on all features for constraint propagation, our approach searches for neighborhoods driven by discriminative feature selection for more effective constraint diffusion. Crucially, we formulate a novel approach to handling the noisy constraint problem, which has been unrealistically ignored in the constrained clustering literature. Extensive comparative results show that our method is superior to the state-of-the-art constrained clustering approaches and can generally benefit existing pairwise similarity-based data clustering algorithms, such as spectral clustering and affinity propagation.
Estimation of flood forecasting : Errors and flow-duration joint probabilities of exceedance

The conceptual analogy between the impulse response function and the unit hydrograph is applied for the identification of a transfer function model for real-time flood forecasting. The real-time corrections of flood forecasts are obtained from probability distributions of observed and forecasted (without real-time corrections) flows approximated by exponential distributions. The method adds considerable smoothing to error terms. The flood event is defined as the amount of total flow in excess of an alarm level of the flood over its duration. The correlation between the flood flow and its duration is considered to estimate the joint probabilities of exceedance (JPE) of designed flood flow over specified duration using the joint distribution of the flow and duration, given by the Gumbel's bivariate exponential distribution (second type). It is discussed that the univariate analysis (i.e., flow alone) underestimates the exceedance probability of flood flow. The study shows that the JPE increases with the increase of correlation between the flood flow and its duration. The radar-derived rainfall data in the Irwell basin, U.K., are applied in a case study. The method of JPE can be extended to link flood forecasting and flow-duration profile for effective management of flood risk areas.
Characterizing the shared signals of face familiarity: long-term acquaintance, voluntary control, and concealed knowledge

Using cross-experiment multivariate classification of EEG patterns, in a recent study we found evidence for a shared familiarity signal for faces, patterns of neural activity that successfully separate trials for familiar and unfamiliar faces across participants and modes of familiarization. Here, our aim was to expand upon this research to further characterize the spatio-temporal properties of this signal. By utilizing the information content present for incidental exposure to personally familiar and unfamiliar faces, we tested how the information content in the neural signal unfolds over time under different task demands – giving truthful or deceptive responses to photographs of genuinely familiar and unfamiliar individuals. For this goal, we re-analyzed data from two previously published experiments using within-experiment leave-one-subject-out and cross-experiment classification of face familiarity. We observed that the general face familiarity signal, consistent with its previously described spatio-temporal properties, is present for long-term personally familiar faces under passive viewing, as well as for acknowledged and concealed familiarity responses. Also, central-posterior regions contain information related to deception. We propose that signals in the 200-400 ms window are modulated by top-down task-related anticipation, while the patterns in the 400-600 ms window are influenced by conscious effort to deceive. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the representational dynamics of concealed knowledge for faces. Highlights Previous studies found a robust EEG effect for face-familiarity in the 200-600 ms post-stimulus range. This neural pattern was found to be shared across participants and modes of familiarization. We used incidental exposure as a template to probe information content for acknowledged and concealed familiarity The shared familiarity signal is modulated differentially in early (200-400 ms) and late (post-400 ms) windows Cross-experiment classification is a promising tool to investigate how cognitive processes unfold under different conditions
TITLE: PHENOTYPING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA USING POLYGRAPHY / POLYSOMNOGRAPHY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

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Rhodanine-3-Acetamide Derivatives as Aldose and Aldehyde Reductase Inhibitors to Treat Diabetic Complications; Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies

In diabetes, increased accumulation of sorbitol has been associated with diabetic complications through polyol pathway. Aldose reductase (AR) is one of the key factors involved in reduction of glucose to sorbitol, thereby its inhibition is considered to be important for the management of diabetic complications. In the present study, a series of seven 4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl acetamide derivatives 3(a-g) were synthesized by the reaction of 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl acetic acid (2a) and 5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl acetic acid (2b) with different amines. The synthesized compounds 3(a-g) were investigated for their in vitro aldehyde reductase (ALR1) and aldose reductase (ALR2) enzyme inhibitory potential. Compound 3c, 3d, 3e, and 3f showed ALR1 inhibition at lower micromolar concentration whereas all the compounds were more active than the standard inhibitor valproic acid. Most of the compounds were active against ALR2 but compound 3a and 3f showed higher inhibition than the standard drug sulindac. Overall the most potent compound against aldose reductase was 3f with an inhibitory concentration of 0.12 ± 0.01 µM. In vitro results showed that vanillin derivatives exhibited better activity against both aldehyde reductase and aldose reductase. The molecular docking studies were carried out to investigate the binding a�nities of synthesized derivatives with both ALR1 and ALR2. The binding site analysis of potent compounds revealed similar interactions as were found by cognate ligands within the active sites of enzymes.
Eureka Peak fault afterslip following the 28 June 1992 Landers earthquake

Abstract Although surface ruptures of the principal Landers faults apparently slipped co-seismically, surface slip on the 10-km-long Eureka Peak fault has continued at a decreasing rate during the year following the mainshock. Three creepmeters installed on the fault as early as 4 days after the mainshock have recorded afterslip amplitudes of more than 8 cm on the northern half of the mapped fault. The maximum observed slip 1 yr after the earthquake is 23 ± 2 cm, and an additional 1 to 3 cm of afterslip may occur on the fault in the next decade if the current rate of slip decrease remains steady. Should this occur, it will bring surface slip amplitudes close to the ∼25 cm of slip inferred from geodetic data to have occurred at depth on the northern 4 km of the fault. Creepmeters on the fault record both episodic creep events and slow background slip, but, although changes in creep rate occur, they do not correlate well with seismic moment release in volumes near the fault zone. As is the case with many afterslip processes and other creeping faults in California, the Eureka Peak fault cuts through sediments. It is possible that such sedimentary layers, and corresponding depths to which afterslip is occurring, are relatively shallow or that the fault lacks a well-developed gouge zone near sites where episodic creep is absent.
Impact of various observing systems on weather analysis and forecast over the Indian region

To investigate the potential impact of various types of data on weather forecast over the Indian region, a set of data‐denial experiments spanning the entire month of July 2012 is executed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and its three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system. The experiments are designed to allow the assessment of mass versus wind observations and terrestrial versus space‐based instruments, to evaluate the relative importance of the classes of conventional instrument such as radiosonde, and finally to investigate the role of individual spaceborne instruments. The moist total energy norm is used for validation and forecast skill assessment. The results show that the contribution of wind observations toward error reduction is larger than mass observations in the short range (48 h) forecast. Terrestrial‐based observations generally contribute more than space‐based observations except for the moisture fields, where the role of the space‐based instruments becomes more prevalent. Only about 50% of individual instruments are found to be beneficial in this experiment configuration, with the most important role played by radiosondes. Thereafter, Meteosat Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMVs) (only for short range forecast) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) are second and third, followed by surface observations, Sounder for Probing Vertical Profiles of Humidity (SAPHIR) radiances and pilot observations. Results of the additional experiments of comparative performance of SSM/I total precipitable water (TPW), Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS), and SAPHIR radiances indicate that SSM/I is the most important instrument followed by SAPHIR and MHS for improving the quality of the forecast over the Indian region. Further, the impact of single SAPHIR instrument (onboard Megha‐Tropiques) is significantly larger compared to three MHS instruments (onboard NOAA‐18/19 and MetOp‐A).
Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in a coastal environment

[1] An optical closure study was carried out on the basis of measurements taken during five research flights in October 2003 over the waters surrounding Nova Scotia. Measurements of aerosol size spectra were made using a variety of instruments, and the size-segregated chemical signature was determined with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. The aerosol scattering and backscattering coefficients were determined with an integrating nephelometer at three visible wavelengths. At a wavelength of 550 nm and at altitudes less than 1000 m, the mean total scattering coefficient of the dry in-cabin aerosol is 26 Mm−1, with a standard deviation of 10 Mm−1, while the mean backscattering coefficient is 1.7 Mm−1 with a standard deviation of 0.8 Mm−1. On the basis of data from instruments within the cabin, closure between the directly measured and calculated total scattering coefficients is attained for more than 70% of cases, but is not attained for the backscattering coefficients. Coarse particles are found to account for roughly half of the total scattering and 70% of the backscattering for altitudes up to ∼1000 m. The scattering contribution from coarse particles is found to account for approximately 65% of the total scattering and 88% of the backscattering when calculated on the basis of measurements taken outside of the aircraft, which are not subject to inlet losses for larger particles.
Targeted disruption of the orphan receptor Gpr151 does not alter pain-related behaviour despite a strong induction in dorsal root ganglion expression in a model of neuropathic pain. Molecular and Cellular

Background: Gpr151 is an orphan GPCR whose function is unknown. The restricted pattern of neuronal expres- sioninthehabenula,dorsalhornofthespinalcordanddorsalrootganglionplushomologywiththegalaninfam-ily of receptors imply a role in nociception. Results: Real-time quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated a 49.9 ± 2.9 fold highly signi ﬁ cant ( P b 0.001) increase in Gpr151 mRNA expression in the dorsal root ganglion 7 days after the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. Measures of acute, in ﬂ ammatory and neuropathic pain behaviours were not signi ﬁ cantly different using separate groups of Gpr151 loss-of-function mutant mice and wild-type controls. Galanin at concentrations be- tween 100 nM and 10 μ M did not induce calcium signalling responses in ND7/23 cells transfected with Gpr151. Conclusions: Our resultsindicatethatdespitetheverylargeupregulationintheDRGafteranerveinjurymodelof neuropathic pain, the Gpr151 orphan receptor does not appear to be involved in the modulation of pain-related behaviours. Further, galanin is unlikely to be an endogenous ligand for Gpr151. © 2016 The Authors.
NOVEL STATISTICAL METHODS Tree-Based Analysis A Practical Approach to Create Clinical Decision-Making Tools

: Tree-based methods have become one of the most flexible, intuitive, and powerful data analytic tools for exploring complex data structures. Tree-based methods provide a natural framework for creating patient subgroups for risk classification. In this article, we review methodological and practical aspects of tree-based methods, with a focus on diagnostic classification (binary outcome) and prognostication (censored survival outcome). Creating an ensemble of trees improves prediction accuracy and addresses instability in a single tree. Ensemble methods are described that rely on resampling from the original data. Finally, we present methods to identify a representative tree from the ensemble that can be used for clinical decision-making. The methods are illustrated using data on ischemic heart disease classification, and data from the SPRINT trial (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) on adverse events in patients with high blood pressure.
Use of botulinum toxin A in children with cerebral palsy

E-mail: anelro@siv.no The Habilitation Centre Vestfold Hospital Trust and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology She shares the first authorship with Arani Mahendran and has re-analysed all data from Mahendran’s first draft after the birth cohort was extended to 2010, interpreted the data, planned and implemented the survey of treatment routines in Norwegian habilitation centres and revised Mahendran’s first draft of the article. Anne Elisabeth Ross Raftemo, specialist in paediatrics, senior consultant and PhD fellow. The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.
Nonlinear process control of wave-equation inversion and its application in the detection of gas

The wave equation describes how seismic waves propagate in the subsurface. Inversion methods based on the wave equation naturally take into account the complex behavior of propagating waves and can be used to make accurate estimates of model parameters. However, computational cost and poor convergence have not been overcome, and thus restrict the broad application of this technique. Preconditioned conjugate gradient inversion using back-propagation techniques is a simple, robust implementation of wave-equation inversion in which the step length for correcting the model for each iteration is a crucial factor affecting convergence and hence computational cost. The step length can be calculated by an adaptive controller based on the theory of model reference nonlinear control that ensures that the error energy of the complex system vanishes rapidly. Although the computational cost for each iteration remains the same, the inversion is robust and converges more rapidly than other methods. We tested our method on synthetic data generated from a three-layer fractured model. The inversion converges to the true model after five iterations, and different initial models give similar inversion results. The application to 2D real data from a gas field in western China illustrates that even two iterations yield unambiguous interpretable inversion sections.
Dietary Phenotype and Advanced Glycation End- Products Predict WTC-Obstructive Airways Disease: a Longitudinal Observational Study

Rachel Lam New York University School of Medicine Sophia Kwon New York University School of Medicine Jessica Riggs New York University School of Medicine Maria Sunseri New York University School of Medicine George Crowley New York University School of Medicine Theresa Schwartz Fire Department of New York; Bureau of Health Services Rachel Zeig-Owens Fire Department of New York; Bureau of Health Services Hilary Colbeth Fire Department of New York; Bureau of Health Services Allison Halpren Fire Department of New York; Bureau of Health Services Mengling Liu New York University School of Medicine David J Prezant Fire Department of New York, Bureau of Health Services; Monte ore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Pulmonary Medicine Division Anna Nolan (  anna.nolan@med.nyu.edu ) New York University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-1171
Sleep promoting neurons remodel their response properties to calibrate sleep drive with environmental demands

Falling asleep at the wrong time can place an individual at risk of immediate physical harm. However, not sleeping degrades cognition and adaptive behavior. To understand how animals match sleep need with environmental demands, we used live-brain imaging to examine the physiological response properties of the Drosophila sleep homeostat (dFB) following interventions that modify sleep (sleep deprivation, starvation, time-restricted feeding, memory consolidation). We report that dFB neurons can distinguish between different types of waking and can change their physiological response-properties accordingly. That is, dFB neurons are not simply passive components of a hard-wired circuit. Rather, the dFB neurons themselves can determine their response to the activity from upstream circuits. Finally, we show that the dFB appears to contain a memory trace of prior exposure to metabolic challenges induced by starvation or time-restricted feeding. Together these data highlight that the sleep homeostat is plastic and suggests an underlying mechanism.