Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations of a distinctive infra‐red spectral feature in the atmospheric spectra of polar stratospheric clouds measured by the CRISTA instrument

Polar stratospheric cloud particles (PSCs) are known to strongly influence the infra‐red emission spectrum of the lower stratosphere in cold polar winters. The characteristics of these infra‐red features have been examined using limb sounding spectra recorded by the CRISTA experiment in August 1997 when many Antarctic PSCs were observed. A distinctive spectral feature centered at 820 cm−1 has been identified in many of these spectra, the first time that a particular band has been observed in the spectra of PSCs in the atmosphere. The feature can be attributed to the ν2 band of the NO3− ion and strongly suggests a condensed nitric acid component to the particles in the form of solid nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) or liquid ternary solution (STS). The spectral signatures belong to a definite sub‐set of the PSC observations recorded by CRISTA. The particles are observed at temperatures well above 192 K, allowing for temperature errors, and it is suggested that NAT particles are the most likely source of the spectral signature. In addition, it is shown that PSC events in which no spectral signature is present are only observed below 192 K and display a very similar HNO3‐temperature relationship to STS particles.
Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein ( CETP ) Inhibition Beyond Raising High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Pathways by Which Modulation of CETP Activity May Alter Atherogenesis

Raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a promising strategy in the struggle to prevent cardiovascular disease, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors have been developed to accomplish this. The first results are encouraging, and, in fact, in rabbits, inhibition of CETP reduces atherosclerosis. Because human data regarding the reduction of atheroma burden require more time, the biochemical mechanisms underlying the putative atheroprotection of CETP inhibitors are currently dissected, and several pathways have emerged. First, CETP inhibition increases HDL-C and reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels consistent with CETP lipid transfer activity and its role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). This coincides with putative beneficial increases in both HDL and LDL size. However, many aspects regarding the impact of CETP inhibition on the RCT pathway remain elusive, in particular whether the first step concerning cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissues to HDL is influenced. Moreover, the relevance of scavenger receptor BI and consequently the central role of HDL in human RCT is still unclear. Second, CETP inhibition was shown recently to increase antioxidant enzymes associated with HDL, in turn associated with decreased oxidation of LDL. Atheroprotection in man is currently anticipated based on the improvement of these biochemical parameters known to influence atherosclerosis, but final confirmation regarding the impact of CETP inhibition on cardiovascular outcome will have to come from trials evaluating clinical end points. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:706-715.)
Hydraulics and erosion in eroding rills

Rills often act as sediment sources and the dominant sediment and water transport mechanism for hillslopes. Six experiments were conducted on two soils and a uniform sand using three experimental methodologies. The results of this study challenge the assumption often used in hydrologic and erosion models that relationships derived for sheet flow or larger channel flow are applicable to actively eroding rills. Velocity did not vary with slope, and Reynolds number was not a consistent predictor of hydraulic friction. This result was due to interactions of slope gradient, flow rate, erosion, and the formation of rill roughness, bed structures, and head cuts. A relationship for rill flow velocities was proposed. Stream power was found to be a consistent and appropriate predictor for unit sediment load for the entire data set, while other hydraulic variables were not. The data for stream power and sediment load fit the form of a logistic curve (r2 = 0.93), which is promising relative to recently proposed erosion models which are based on probabilistic particle threshold theory.
Regional modeling of surface‐atmosphere interactions and their impact on Great Lakes hydroclimate

Land and water surfaces play a critical role in hydroclimate by supplying moisture to the atmosphere, yet the ability of climate models to capture their feedbacks with the atmosphere relative to large‐scale transport is uncertain. To assess these land‐lake‐atmosphere feedbacks, we compare the controls on atmospheric moisture simulated by a regional climate model (RegCM) with observations and reanalysis products for the Great Lakes region. Three 23 year simulations, driven by one reanalysis product and two general circulation models, are performed. RegCM simulates wetter winters and drier summers than observed by up to 31 and 21%, respectively. Moisture advection exhibits similar biases, suggesting the contribution of external sources. Land surface fluxes account for nearly one third of summer precipitation according to two reanalysis products. RegCM underestimates reanalysis evapotranspiration by nearly 50%; however, the reanalyses overestimate measurements at three FLUXNET sites by up to a factor of 2, which may explain the model‐reanalysis differences. Neither RegCM nor the reanalyses capture the spatial variability in land evapotranspiration observed across the three FLUXNET sites, indicating a source of model uncertainty. In addition, RegCM underestimates the observed evapotranspiration response to its atmospheric drivers such as vapor pressure deficit and temperature. Over the lakes, one model member overestimates convective precipitation caused by enhanced evaporation under warm lake surface temperatures, highlighting the need for accurate representation of lake temperature in the surface boundary condition. We conclude that climate models, including those driving reanalyses, underestimate the observed surface‐atmosphere feedbacks and their influence on regional hydroclimate.
Ulva prolifera monitoring by GF-1 wide field-of-view sensor data

Ulva prolifera, a kind of green macroalgae, is nontoxic itself, however, its bloom has bad effects on the marine environment, coastal scene, water sports and seashore tourism. Monitoring of the Ulva prolifera by remote sensing technology has the advantages of wide coverage, rapidness, low cost and dynamic monitoring over a long period of time. The GF-1 satellite was launched in April 2013, which provides a new suitable remote sensing data source for monitoring the Ulva prolifera. At present, segmenting image with a threshold is the most widely used method in Ulva prolifera extraction by remote sensing data, because it is simple and easy to operate. However, the threshold value is obtained through visual analysis or using a fixed statistical value, and could not be got automatically. Facing this problem, we proposed a new method, which can obtain the segmentation threshold automatically based on the local maximum gradient value. This method adopted the average NDVI value of local maximum gradient points as the threshold, and could get an appropriate segmentation threshold automatically for each image. The preliminary results showed that this method works well in monitoring Ulva prolifera by GF-1 WFV data.
Equatorial currents and transports in the upper central Indian Ocean: Annual cycle and interannual variability

The zonal circulation south of Sri Lanka is an important link for the exchange of water between the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Results from a first array of three moorings along 80 degrees 30'E north of 4 degrees 10'N from January . 1991 to March 1992 were used to investigate the Monsoon Current regime [Schott et al., 1994]. Measurements from a second array of six current meter moorings are presented here. This array was deployed along 80 degrees 30'E between 45'S and 5 degrees N from July 1993 to September 1994 to investigate the annual cycle and interannual variability of the equatorial currents at this longitude. Both sets of moorings contribute to the Indian Ocean current meter array ICM8 of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment. The semiannual equatorial jet (EJ) was showing a large seasonal asymmetry, reaching a monthly mean eastward transport of 35 Sv (1 Sv = 1 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) in November 1993, but just 5 Sv in May 1994. The Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) had a maximum transport of 17 Sv in March to April 1994. Unexpectedly, compared to previous observations and model studies, the EUC was reappearing again in August 1994 at more than 10 Sv transport and was still flowing when the moorings were recovered. In addition, monthly mean ship drifts near the equator are evaluated to support the interpretation of the moored observations. Interannual variability of the EJ in our measurements and ship drift data appears to be related to the variability of the zonal winds and Southern Oscillation Index. The output of a global numerical model (Parallel Ocean Climate Model) driven by the winds for 1993/1994 is used to connect our observations to the larger scale. The model reproduces the EJ asymmetry and shows the existence of the EUC and its reappearance during summer 1994.
High‐velocity lid of East Antarctica: Evidence of a depleted continental lithosphere

[1] In broadband seismograms from shallow earthquakes occurring south of New Zealand recorded at the South Pole, we found significant arrivals 40–70 s after the first SH arrivals at distances of 29°–35° and 20–50 s after the first P arrivals at distances of 28°–35°. These waves traversing beneath East Antarctica can be modeled by slightly modifying one-dimensional P and S wave velocity structures of the Canadian shield. In the obtained velocity models, a velocity reduction below the lithosphere forms a deep low-velocity zone. S waves turning below the low-velocity zone explain the SH waveforms observed at 29°–55°. The observed P waveforms, however, suggest that a corresponding reduction in P velocity is smaller. These P and S wave velocity variations are likely to be a manifestation of a depleted continental lithosphere (high concentrations of olivine and magnesium number (Mg # = 100Mg/(Mg + Fe)). For a lithospheric composition more depleted than that of the underlying mantle, the temperature profile estimated from our velocity models is smooth from the lithosphere to the underlying mantle. Lithospheric depletion can also explain that the velocity anomaly in the lithosphere is larger for S than for P waves. Were the composition to be assumed uniform throughout the upper mantle, a large temperature gradient would be required at the bottom of the lithosphere, implying a heat sink which is unlikely to be sustainable. Thus a difference in composition between the lithosphere and underlying mantle leads to a reasonable estimate of temperature profile that is consistent with the observed seismic waveforms.
MODELLING THE IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGE ON WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS

Export coefficient modelling was used to model the impact of agriculture on nitrogen and phosphorus loading on the surface waters of two contrasting agricultural catchments. The model was originally developed for the Windrush catchment where the highly reactive Jurassic limestone aquifer underlying the catchment is well connected to the surface drainage network, allowing the system to be modelled using uniform export coefficients for each nutrient source in the catchment, regardless of proximity to the surface drainage network. In the Slapton catchment, the hydrological pathways are dominated by surface and lateral shallow subsurface flow, requiring modification of the export coefficient model to incorporate a distance–decay component in the export coefficients. The modified model was calibrated against observed total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads delivered to Slapton Ley from inflowing streams in its catchment. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to isolate the key controls on nutrient export in the modified model. The model was validated against long-term records of water quality, and was found to be accurate in its predictions and sensitive to both temporal and spatial changes in agricultural practice in the catchment. The model was then used to forecast the potential reduction in nutrient loading on Slapton Ley associated with a range of catchment management strategies. The best practicable environmental option (BPEO) was found to be spatial redistribution of high nutrient export risk sources to areas of the catchment with the greatest intrinsic nutrient retention capacity.
Integration of radiative transfer into satellite models of ocean primary production

[1] A major goal of ocean color observations from space is the determination of phytoplankton primary productivity (PP) and hence oceanic carbon uptake. Results of a PP model implemented to use satellite-derived fields of chlorophyll, photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) and sea-surface temperature (SST) are presented. The model gave a global estimate of PP of around 57 Gt C yr−1 and gives a low RMS (0.16) when compared with in situ data. However, as the model's in-water light field parameterization only considers attenuation by pure water and chlorophyll, PP is overestimated in case II waters where other optically important constituents such as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) are also present. This paper develops a novel technique to determine PP by coupling a radiative transfer code, which allows the inclusion of CDOM and SPM, to the original photosynthesis model. For the global calculations, a look-up table has been generated using chlorophyll, CDOM, SST, PAR and day length as inputs. The resultant 364,500 element look-up table has been applied to data from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). PP retrievals are improved in case II waters and global estimates are reduced to between 52 and 55 Gt C yr−1.
Scattering loss in electro-optic particulate composite materials

The effective permittivity dyadic of a composite material containing particulate constituent materials with one constituent having the ability to display the Pockels effect is computed, using an extended version of the strong-permittivity-fluctuation theory which takes account of both the distributional statistics of the constituent particles and their sizes. Scattering loss, thereby incorporated in the effective electromagnetic response of the homogenized composite material, is significantly affected by the application of a low-frequency (dc) electric field.
Metabolic-Cost Comparison of Submaximal Land and Aquatic Treadmill Exercise

Purpose: To evaluate the metabolic cost of varying aquatic treadmill (ATM) exercise speed and water-jet resistance and compare with land treadmill (TM) conditions at similar running speeds. Methods: Fifteen participants (7 men, 8 women, age 22 ± 4 years, height 173 ± 8 cm, weight 66.9 ± 9 kg) submerged to the xiphoid process completed nine 5-min submaximal ATM trials at 174-, 201-, and 228-m/min treadmill speeds with water-jet resistances set at 0%, 50%, and 75% of capacity. Oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), expired ventilation (V E[BTPS] ), tidal volume (V T ), breath frequency (f), heart rate (HR), oxygen (O 2 ) pulse, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during each trial. The corresponding TM speeds that yielded VO 2 costs similar to ATM conditions were determined. Repeated-measures ANOVA and paired t tests were employed to determine significance (p .05) metabolic costs (VO 2 ) were observed when TM speeds were similar to ATM speeds without jet resistance. The addition of jet resistance increased (p < .01) the land TM required to elicit a similar metabolic cost by 27.8 and 54.6 m/min, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that ATM yields similar metabolic costs to land TM in running speeds of 174–228 m/min.
Identifikasi Campuran Nada Pada Suara Piano Menggunakan Codebook

Pada paper ini disajikan teknik pengenalan nada, baik sebagai nada tunggal maupun nada campuran dengan menggunakan mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) sebagai ekstraksi ciri dan pemodelan codebook untuk pengenal pola. Suara yang dpergunakan adalah suara piano dan dikenali 12 nada tunggal dan 66 nada campuran yang disample dengan 11 kHz pada durasi 1 detik. Pembuatan codebook dilakukan secara bertahap, yaitu codebook jumlah campuran dan codebook nada (tunggal dan campuran) yang dikembangkan dengan menggunakan teknik pengklasteran. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah codeword yang optimum adalah 20 dengan lebar frame 256 data, dengan akurasi 98.2%. Namun demikian, ada beberapa nada yang sulit dikenali, yaitu CC#, CD, CF, dan A#B yang memiliki akurasi masing-masing di bawah 50%. Untuk nada CC# lebih sering dikenali nada C, untuk nada CD lebih sering lebih sering dikenali dengan nada C#, untuk nada CF lebih sering dikenali dengan nada C# dan CF#, sedangkan untuk nada A#B lebih sering dikenali dengan nada A#. Kesalahan dalam pengenalan ini dikarenakan nada-nada tersebut berada dalam klaster yangsama sehingga jarak nada-nada tersebut saling berdekatan.
Globalization & Environmental Degradation: Bangladeshi Thinking as A Developing Nation by 2015

This paper analyzes the scenario pollution implication of globalization process such as trade liberalization in the Bangladeshi economy toward a developing nation by 2015. In this paper globalization (trade liberalization) related air emissions such as CO2, SO2, and NOx have been estimated for the year 2000 and 2015. In the first part, the quantitative assessment of this paper reveals that the selected emissions are quite high in 2015 compared to 2000, which indicate an alarming rate to unseating for sustainable economy by 2015. And, in the second part this paper thrashes out Bangladeshi motivation of the environmental implication as a developing nation. In this globalization era however one important factor which can not be ignored off is trade liberalization for economic development and the use of energy for power generation. So, this paper suggests that to achieve sustainability emphasis must be given utilization of clean technology with environmental rules and regulations and environmental taxation policy so that negative impact on the environment could be reduced.
Identification of Exxon Valdez Oil in Sediments and Tissues from Prince William Sound and the Northwestern Gulf of Alaska Based on a PAH Weathering Model

We used a first-order loss-rate kinetic model of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) weathering to evaluate 7767 environmental samples collected for the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) for the presence of spilled oil. The model was developed from experiments with gravel coated with crude oil and washed for 6 months. The modeled PAH included the 14 most persistent compounds of 31 analyzed by GC/MS. Parameters include loss-rate constants related to the energy required for PAH to escape from petroleum and a quantitative index of weathering. The model accounts for 91% of the temporal variability of modeled PAH concentra tions. We compared the discrepancies between measured and model-predicted PAH concentrations of EVOS samples with a probability distribution of these dis crepancies derived from the experimental weathering results. Only 1541 field samples contained sufficient PAH for valid application of the model; three-fourths fit the model at α ≥ 0.01 type I error, 9% fit an alternate model characterized b.
Realistic Initialization of Land Surface States: Impacts on Subseasonal Forecast Skill

Forcing a land surface model (LSM) offline with realistic global fields of precipitation, radiation, and nearsurface meteorology produces realistic fields (within the context of the LSM) of soil moisture, temperature, and other land surface states. These fields can be used as initial conditions for precipitation and temperature forecasts with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Their usefulness is tested in this regard by performing retrospective 1-month forecasts (for May through September, 1979‐93) with the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) seasonal prediction system. The 75 separate forecasts provide an adequate statistical basis for quantifying improvements in forecast skill associated with land initialization. Evaluation of skill is focused on the Great Plains of North America, a region with both a reliable land initialization and an ability of soil moisture conditions to overwhelm atmospheric chaos in the evolution of the meteorological fields. The land initialization does cause a small but statistically significant improvement in precipitation and air temperature forecasts in this region. For precipitation, the increases in forecast skill appear strongest in May through July, whereas for air temperature, they are largest in August and September. The joint initialization of land and atmospheric variables is considered in a supplemental series of ensemble monthly forecasts. Potential predictability from atmospheric initialization dominates over that from land initialization during the first 2 weeks of the forecast, whereas during the final 2 weeks, the relative contributions from the two sources are of the same order. Both land and atmospheric initialization contribute independently to the actual skill of the monthly temperature forecast, with the greatest skill derived from the initialization of both. Land initialization appears to contribute the most to monthly precipitation forecast skill.
Sediment quality and aquatic life assessment

The protection of aquatic resources has assumed national and global prominence. Oil spills, medical wastes, and plastic debris presence on beaches, ocean incineration, ocean disposal of garbage and dredged materials, pesticide and fertilizer runoff, contaminated harbors, and diminishing fisheries have focused public attention on the need to adequately protect marine and freshwater resources-including sediments. Sediments are repositories for physical debris and [open quotes]sinks[close quotes] for a wide variety of chemicals. The concern associated with the chemicals sorbed to sediments is that many commercial species and food chain organisms spend a major portion of their life-cycle living in or on aquatic sediments. This provides a pathway for these chemicals to be consumed by higher aquatic life and wildlife, including avian species as well as humans. Direct transfer of chemicals from sediments to organisms is now considered to be a major route of exposure for many species. Concern has increased over the number of incidences of tumors being observed in many species of fish, especially those that have direct contact with sediments. These issues are focusing attention on sediment contamination and highlight the fact that sediments are an important resource. The purposes of this article are to provide background information on themore » status of sediment assessment in the United States, a review of the existing methods available for assessing sediment quality, an analysis of the complexity and uncertainty of the sediment assessment methodologies, and a proposed approach that utilizes the unique attributes of many of these methods in a tiered sediment assessment strategy. The authors hope that this sediment assessment strategy will help provide a mechanism for achieving cleaner sediments and wate rin the nation's aquatic ecosystems. « less