Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cattle Body Detection Based on YOLOv5-EMA for Precision Livestock Farming

Simple Summary Through cattle body detection technology, breeders can promptly identify health abnormalities in cattle. Key body parts of the cattle reflect diseases to varying degrees. For example, lameness can be determined by observing the legs, and certain viral infections can be identified through an observation of the head. The early detection of these issues allows for timely intervention measures and improves treatment efficiency. It is evident that the precise detection of cattle body parts is essential. In this study, we use a computer-vision-based deep learning technique to detect individual cattle and key body parts, including the legs and head. Our proposed method enhances the accuracy of cattle body detection. Abstract Accurate cattle body detection is crucial for precision livestock farming. However, traditional cattle body detection methods rely on manual observation, which is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, computer-vision-based methods suffer prolonged training times and training difficulties. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel YOLOv5-EMA model for accurate cattle body detection. By incorporating the Efficient Multi-Scale Attention (EMA) module into the backbone of YOLO series detection models, the performance of detecting smaller targets, such as heads and legs, has been significantly improved. The Efficient Multi-Scale Attention (EMA) module utilizes the large receptive fields of parallel sub-networks to gather multi-scale spatial information and establishes mutual dependencies between different spatial positions, enabling cross-spatial learning. This enhancement empowers the model to gather and integrate more comprehensive feature information, thereby improving the effectiveness of cattle body detection. The experimental results confirm the good performance of the YOLOv5-EMA model, showcasing promising results across all quantitative evaluation metrics, qualitative detection findings, and visualized Grad-CAM heatmaps. To be specific, the YOLOv5-EMA model achieves an average precision (mAP@0.5) of 95.1% in cattle body detection, 94.8% in individual cattle detection, 94.8% in leg detection, and 95.5% in head detection. Moreover, this model facilitates the efficient and precise detection of individual cattle and essential body parts in complex scenarios, especially when dealing with small targets and occlusions, significantly advancing the field of precision livestock farming.
Detection of Novel COVID-19 Variants with Zero-Shot Learning

The COVID-19 (COrona VIrus Disease) pandemic has lead to several genes being sequenced, which are then assigned variant names based on their lineages. Several new variants have evolved with time where machine learning algorithms can be used to rapidly assign variants to existing lineages as well as identify new variants. The genetic sequences are in the form of contiguous combinations of characters of the genetic alphabet (A,C,G,T) and the labels of the variants are in the form of Pango lineages. Pango lineages are assigned to each genetic sequence and medical authorities designate specific lineages as Variants of Concern (VoC). Conventional deep learning models that classify COVID-19 variants typically need to learn from several instances of each class to recognize their features. The occurrence of new variants with time necessitates re-training the models with the new data in addition to the previous datasets. Furthermore, it is challenging to name the new variants according to the Pango lineage nomenclature. We propose a zero-shot learning approach where we train on existing COVID-19 variants using a Siamese Neural Network (SNN) and use the information from the learned embeddings in the detection of new COVID-19 variants. We obtained a validation accuracy of 96.42% using our proposed SNN models. We believe that the application of SNNs to the detection of new COVID-19 variants could benefit the existing state-of-the-art deep learning models.
An internally controlled system to study microtubule network diversification links tubulin evolution to the use of distinct microtubule regulators

Diverse eukaryotic cells assemble microtubule networks that vary in structure and composition. While we understand how cells build microtubule networks with specialized functions, we do not know how microtubule networks diversify across deep evolutionary timescales. This problem has remained unresolved because most organisms use shared pools of tubulins for multiple networks, making it impossible to trace the evolution of any single network. In contrast, the amoeboflagellate Naegleria uses distinct tubulin genes to build distinct microtubule networks: while Naegleria builds flagella from conserved tubulins during differentiation, it uses divergent tubulins to build its mitotic spindle. This genetic separation makes for an internally controlled system to study independent microtubule networks in a single organismal and genomic context. To explore the evolution of these microtubule networks, we identified conserved microtubule binding proteins and used transcriptional profiling of mitosis and differentiation to determine which are upregulated during the assembly of each network. Surprisingly, most microtubule binding proteins are upregulated during only one process, suggesting that Naegleria uses distinct component pools to specialize its microtubule networks. Furthermore, the divergent residues of mitotic tubulins tend to fall within the binding sites of differentiation-specific microtubule regulators, suggesting that interactions between microtubules and their binding proteins constrain tubulin sequence diversification. We therefore propose a model for cytoskeletal evolution in which pools of microtubule network components constrain and guide the diversification of the entire network, so that the evolution of tubulin is inextricably linked to that of its binding partners.
Hype and Dump Manipulation

This paper introduces signaling in a standard market microstructure model so as to explore the economic circumstances under which hype and dump manipulation can be an equilibrium outcome. We consider a discrete time, multi-period model with stages of signaling and asset trading. A single informed trader contemplates whether or not to spread a (possibly dishonest) rumor on the asset payoff among uninformed traders. Dishonest rumor-mongering is costly due to regulatory enforcement, and the uninformed traders who access the rumor can be sophisticated or naive. The sophisticated traders correctly anticipate the relationship between the rumor and the asset payoff, whereas the naive ones take the rumor at its face value as if it truthfully reveals the asset payoff. The presence of sophisticated traders puts the informed trader off from rumor-mongering, because sophisticates fully infer the asset payoff from the rumor, reducing the informational rents enjoyed by the informed trader. Nevertheless we show that it can be optimal for an informed trader to create false hype among uninformed traders provided that there is at least one naive trader in the market and the cost of dishonest rumor-mongering is not too low. The false hype allows the informed trader to sell at an inflated price or buy at a deflated one. Intense regulatory enforcement, which makes dishonest rumor-mongering very costly, may not necessarily curb hype and dump schemes. Market depth and trading volume rise with â€œhype and dumpâ€ while market efficiency decreases.
Dynamic external hashing: the limit of buffering

Hash tables are one of the most fundamental data structures in computer science, in both theory and practice. They are especially useful in external memory, where their query performance approaches the ideal cost of just one disk access. Knuth [16] gave an elegant analysis showing that with some simple collision resolution strategies such as linear probing or chaining, the expected average number of disk I/Os of a lookup is merely 1+1/2Ω(b), where each I/O can read and/or write a disk block containing b items. Inserting a new item into the hash table also costs 1+1/2Ω(b) I/Os, which is again almost the best one can do if the hash table is entirely stored on disk. However, this requirement is unrealistic since any algorithm operating on an external hash table must have some internal memory (at least Ω(1) blocks) to work with. The availability of a small internal memory buffer can dramatically reduce the amortized insertion cost to o(1) I/Os for many external memory data structures. In this paper we study the inherent query-insertion tradeoff of external hash tables in the presence of a memory buffer. In particular, we show that for any constant c>1, if the expected average successful query cost is targeted at 1+O(1/bc) I/Os, then it is not possible to support insertions in less than 1-O(1/bc-1/6) I/Os amortized, which means that the memory buffer is essentially useless. While if the query cost is relaxed to 1+O(1/bc) I/Os for any constant c<1, there is a simple dynamic hash table with o(1) insertion cost.
Rapid eye movement sleep behavioral events: a new marker for neurodegeneration in early Parkinson disease?

OBJECTIVE To analyze potential markers in sleep for early recognition of neurodegenerative disease in newly diagnosed, unmedicated patients with Parkinson disease (PD) compared to controls. METHODS Videopolysomnography (vPSG) was available in 158 newly diagnosed, unmedicated patients with PD and 110 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HC). Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was analyzed for REM without atonia (RWA) and studied by review of time-synchronized video. Motor behaviors and/or vocalizations in REM sleep with a purposeful component other than comfort moves were identified as REM sleep behavioral events (RBE). Two or more events had to be present to be classified as "RBE positive. " RBE subjects included rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and non-RBD subjects based on the presence or absence of RWA > 18.2%. RESULTS RBE were detected in 81 of 158 patients with de novo PD (51%) and 17 of 110 HC (15%) (P < 0.001). RBD was identified in 40/81 RBE-positive patients with PD (25% of all PD patients) and 2 of 17 RBE-positive HC (2% of all controls). RBE-positive patients showed no specific motor or neuropsychological features compared to RBE-negative patients. Patients with PD and HC with RBE had more REM sleep (P = 0.002) and a higher periodic leg movements in sleep index (P = 0.022) compared to subjects without RBE. CONCLUSION This first description of REM sleep behavioral events (RBE) shows it occurs more frequently in patients with de novo Parkinson disease (PD) than in healthy controls and may be an early sign of neurodegeneration and precede rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). There is no specific phenotype of PD associated with newly defined RBE or RBD at this early stage.
Diversity and Motivation: Culturally Responsive Teaching in College

Preface. Acknowledgments. The Authors. 1. Understanding Relationships Between Culture and Motivation to Learn. 2. Establishing Inclusion. 3. Developing Attitude. 4. Enhancing Meaning. 5. Engendering Competence. 6. Implementing a Culturally Responsive Pedagogy. Resources. Resource A: Charting Insights from Lesson Study. Resource B: Working with a Faculty Team to Introduce the Motivational Framework. Resource C: The Motivational Framework. Resource D: The Motivational Framework Lesson Plan. Resource E: Facilitating Equitable Discussions Within a Multicultural Classroom. Resource F: Effective Lecturing Within a Multicultural Classroom. Resource G: Providing Written Feedback to Students in a Multicultural Classroom. Resource H: Cooperative Lesson Worksheet. Resource I: Inclusion, Attitude, Meaning, and Competence Rubrics. Resource J: Peer Coaching Rubrics. Resource K: Evaluating the Motivational Conditions of a Class. References. Name Index. Subject Index.
Sex-related differences in foot shape

The purpose of the study was to investigate sex-related differences in foot morphology. In total, 847 subjects were scanned using a 3-D-footscanner. Three different analysis methods were used: (1) comparisons were made for absolute foot measures within 250–270 mm foot length (FL); (2) and for averaged measures (% FL) across all sizes; (3) the feet were then classified using a cluster analysis. Within 250–270 mm FL, male feet were wider and higher (mean differences (MD) 1.3–5.9 mm). No relevant sex-related differences could be found in the comparison of averaged measures (MD 0.3–0.6% FL). Foot types were categorised into voluminous, flat-pointed and slender. Shorter feet were more often voluminous, longer feet were more likely to be narrow and flat. However, the definition of ‘short’ and ‘long’ was sex-related; thus, allometry of foot measures was different. For shoe design, measures should be derived for each size and sex separately. Different foot types should be considered to account for the variety in foot shape. Improper footwear can cause foot pain and deformity. Therefore, knowledge of sex-related differences in foot measures is important to assist proper shoe fit in both men and women. The present study supplements the field of knowledge within this context with recommendations for the manufacturing of shoes.
Index selection for OLAP

On-line analytical processing (OLAP) is a recent and important application of database systems. Typically, OLAP data is presented as a multidimensional "data cube. " OLAP queries are complex and can take many hours or even days to run, if executed directly on the raw data. The most common method of reducing execution time is to precompute some of the queries into summary tables (subcubes of the data cube) and then to build indexes on these summary tables. In most commercial OLAP systems today, the summary tables that are to be precomputed are picked first, followed by the selection of the appropriate indexes on them. A trial-and-error approach is used to divide the space available between the summary tables and the indexes. This two-step process can perform very poorly. Since both summary tables and indexes consume the same resource-space-their selection should be done together for the most efficient use of space. The authors give algorithms that automate the selection of summary tables and indexes. In particular, they present a family of algorithms of increasing time complexities, and prove strong performance bounds for them. The algorithms with higher complexities have better performance bounds. However, the increase in the performance bound is diminishing, and they show that an algorithm of moderate complexity can perform fairly close to the optimal.
On the Converse of Talagrand's Influence Inequality

In 1994, Talagrand showed a generalization of the celebrated KKL theorem. In this work, we prove that the converse of this generalization also holds. Namely, for any sequence of numbers $0 0$, it is possible to find a roughly balanced Boolean function $f$ such that $\textrm{Inf}_j[f] < a_j$ for every $1 \le j \le n$.
Semienzymatic Cyclization of Disulfide-rich Peptides Using Sortase A*

Background: Sortase A (SrtA) is a transpeptidase capable of catalyzing the formation of amide bonds. Results: SrtA was used to backbone-cyclize disulfide-rich peptides, including kalata B1, α-conotoxin Vc1.1, and SFTI-1. Conclusion: SrtA-mediated cyclization is applicable to small disulfide-rich peptides. Significance: SrtA-mediated cyclization is an alternative to native chemical ligation for the cyclization of small peptides of therapeutic interest. Disulfide-rich cyclic peptides have generated great interest in the development of peptide-based therapeutics due to their exceptional stability toward chemical, enzymatic, or thermal attack. In particular, they have been used as scaffolds onto which bioactive epitopes can be grafted to take advantage of the favorable biophysical properties of disulfide-rich cyclic peptides. To date, the most commonly used method for the head-to-tail cyclization of peptides has been native chemical ligation. In recent years, however, enzyme-mediated cyclization has become a promising new technology due to its efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Sortase A (SrtA) is a bacterial enzyme with transpeptidase activity. It recognizes a C-terminal penta-amino acid motif, LPXTG, and cleaves the amide bond between Thr and Gly to form a thioacyl-linked intermediate. This intermediate undergoes nucleophilic attack by an N-terminal poly-Gly sequence to form an amide bond between the Thr and N-terminal Gly. Here, we demonstrate that sortase A can successfully be used to cyclize a variety of small disulfide-rich peptides, including the cyclotide kalata B1, α-conotoxin Vc1.1, and sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1. These peptides range in size from 14 to 29 amino acids and contain three, two, or one disulfide bond, respectively, within their head-to-tail cyclic backbones. Our findings provide proof of concept for the potential broad applicability of enzymatic cyclization of disulfide-rich peptides with therapeutic potential.
The Presentation of Blacks in Television Network Newscasts

b I n recent years the mass media have made considerable change in the manner in which minority groups, especially blacks, are presented. Calle points out that "While the real world has made but faltering progress toward integrating the Negro into the mainstream of American life, the fantasy world-that exhibited primarily by the mass media-is portraying him as a full-fledged member of society. "l A somewhat similar position is taken by Kassarjian who, having synthesized a number of studies on black visibility in the mass media, states that "an awakening by the mass media to the existence of the black segment in the American population has taken place. "* Television has been particularly noticeable in altering the manner in which blacks are portrayed in entertainment programs and commercials. During a one-week period, Roberts found that blacks were presented in approximately half the commercial network entertainment programs, most often in professional roles and in roles that sometimes reflected "super human" traits. ' Blacks also appeared in about 10% of the commercial advertisements during that period. In both the entertainment programs and the advertisements, blacks were found in generally "glamorous" settings.
The Couple's Grid: A Tool for Assessing Interpersonal Construction in Couples

In the study of human relationships, interest in interpersonal construction is increasing because of its implications for the quality of the couple's relationship. The processes involved in construing self and others may play a key role. However, a precise methodology to study those processes has not yet been developed. The aim of this article is to present a dyadic assessment tool, the couple's grid (CG), which is inspired from constructivist and systemic perspectives. Derived from Procter's (1985) family grid, the CG is similarly based on the repertory grid technique. The CG assesses perception of self and partner, and their ideals, and also the metaperception of the partner's view (e.g., “What does your partner think about you? ”). These two levels of analysis provide measures of perceived similarity, commonality, and sociality. This article describes the development of CG as an assessment tool with a case illustration.
Mobile phones as a challenge for m-learning: examples for mobile interactive learning objects (MILOs)

The widespread use of mobile phones (in Europe often called "handles") enables a long awaited dream: learning at any place, at any time. This "not being tied to particular locations" is for example especially interesting in the area of medicine i.e. for vocational training of medical staff and students. As the amount of medical information continues to grow, timely access to information is critical to medical personnel. However, such applications can not be the 1:1 transformation of standard computerized learning material; special design issues must be considered. In this paper we present a practical approach to m-learning and call it "mobile interactive learning objects" (MILOs) which are used within a mobile learning engine (MLE) that runs on mobile phones. MILOs can offer manifold possibilities for new kinds of communication and explorative learning.
Building Responsive Relationships with Late‐talking Children

The participation of parents in intervention programmes for children with such problems as language delay and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is well known and often reported in the research literature and in general book releases. Intuitively it would seem evident that families who spend considerable time with their children in the home context would be in the optimal position to facilitate their children’s language skill development. Unfortunately, the evidence-base for this model of therapy-delivery is not strong, as reported in two recent Cochrane Collaboration reviews. Law, Garrett, and Nye (2004) noted no statistical difference between the use of trained clinicians and parents in speech and language programmes. Furthermore, Diggle, McConachie, and Randle (2002) concluded that the dearth of suitable research studies available at the time of their review could not allow conclusions to be drawn on best practice for parents working with young children with ASD. They found only two studies of sufficient quality to be included in the review and, although there was some indication that parent training could be successful, they stated that “good quality evidence”
Using Sensemaking as a Diagnostic Tool in the Analysis of Qualitative Data

Analysis of qualitative data is a process which novice researchers must learn as they progress, and which experienced researchers must negotiate and adapt to suit the study they are undertaking and the data they are collected. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how researchers can use sensemaking to diagnose and explain phenomena in ordinary situations, and how it can be added as an analysis and interpretation tool in their toolkit. This paper describes the use of sensemaking employed as a tool for diagnosis of the processes which take place when a manager encounters perceived declining performance in an older volunteer. It outlines how the “What is going on here? ” reaction to surprise or interruption of her analysis stimulated researcher sensemaking, as patterns detected among anomalous data led to deeper data interpretation, and an important finding relating to the phenomenon under investigation. Evidence is presented which demonstrates the value of employing sensemaking as a diagnostic tool in qualitative analysis and interpretation.
Leisure in the Identity Formation of Lesbian/Gay Youth: Personal, but Not Social

The purpose of this qualitative, retrospective study was to examine leisure as a context for identity formation among young people (aged 18? 22) who self-identified as lesbian/gay while in high school. Phenomenology was the theoretical framework that guided the conceptualization, interviews, and data analysis for this study. Ten participants from the southeastern United States were asked to reflect on their experiences of leisure and the ways in which leisure contexts helped them to negotiate their understanding of themselves and their relationships with others. Although the purpose of the study was not to develop a global, explanatory model about lesbian/gay youth, leisure, and identity, we did, nevertheless, develop overarching themes that describe and grounded theory that explains the role of leisure in the process of identity formation in the lives of these participants. The four themes? reading myself, seeing myself: media consumption; playing myself: sports; and expressing myself: music? led to the con.