Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Re-reading Carl Menger’s Grundsätze – another book that “cries out to be surpassed”*

Abstract The paper re-assesses (the non-monetary part of) Carl Menger’s Grundsätze (1871). It begins by pointing out that representatives of the so-called “German Use Value School” elaborated the theory of marginal utility prior to Menger. The paper then turns to Menger’s criticism of the theories of value and distribution of the classical economists and draws the attention to some important misunderstandings by him. After a summary account of Menger’s alternative construction, the paper informs about the criticisms put forward against it especially by his two main students, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk and Friedrich von Wieser. It is then argued that contrary to Menger’s view, relative prices reflect inter alia the substances that “transmigrate” into commodities in the course of production. Despite the numerous objections levelled at it, the Grundsätze are nevertheless a “great” work, because it invites to correct what is problematic in it and develop what is sound.
Contrainte de forme invariante aux transformations affines pour les contours actifs orientés région

We present a new way of constraining the evolution of a region-based active contour with respect to a reference shape. Minimizing a shape prior, defined as a distance between descriptors based on the Legendre moments of the shape, leads to a geometric flow that can be used with benefits in a two-class segmentation application. The proposed model handles arbitrary shape topologies and is intrinsically invariant w.r. t. affine transformations, which saves from performing explicit pose estimation and allows accounting for geometrical aspect variabilities.
Potential Coping Strategies to the Impact of COVID-19 on Global Supply Chain——With the Case of Bangladesh Garment Industry

COVID-19 has caused lots damage to human’s health and world economy. To come up with potential coping strategies to the impact COVID-19 causes on global supply chains, this research report uses the case of Bangladesh garment industry and analyses 235 answers to the questionnaire. By analysing the relationship between CSR and consumers’ purchase behaviour, gender and identity difference in CSR perception and legal restriction to CSR, the potential coping strategies can be concluded as: each section in global supply chain should pay attention to CSR and consumers’ purchase behaviour form various perspectives like genders and occupations; governments should step in and make laws to set legal restrictions on the application of CSR.
Quasi-decadal Oscillations Generated by the QBO

Abstract. Quasi-decadal oscillations (QDO) have been observed in the stratosphere andhave been linked to the equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and to the 11-year solaractivity cycle. With the use of a 2D version of our Numerical Spectral Model (NSM) thatincorporates Hines' Doppler Spread Parameterization (DSP) for gravity waves (GW), wedemonstrate that beat periods between 9 and 11 years can be generated by the QBO as itinteracts through GW filtering with the Annual Oscillation (AO) and Semi-annual Oscillation(SAO). Results are discussed from computations covering up to 50 years, and our analysesleads to the following conclusions. The QDO as a stand-alone signature is largely confined tothe upper mesosphere. Its largest signature appears in the form of amplitude modulations ofthe QBO, AO and SAO, and these extend into the lower stratosphere. The downward controlthat characterizes the QBO apparently comes into play, and the longer time constants fordiffusion and radiative loss at lower altitudes facilitate the QDO response. Although excitedby the QBO, which is confined to low latitudes, the QDO is shown to extend to high latitudes.The effect is particularly large for the QBO with period around 33.5 month (near the upperlimit of observations), which interacts with the SAO to producea hemispherically symmetricQDO. Our analysis indicates that the QDO is transferred to high latitudes by the meridionalcirculation, which prominently exhibits this periodicity particularly in the amplitudemodulation of the AO.1. IntroductionFollowing a study by Holton and Tan (1980) that revealed an influence of the phase of:the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) on the dynamics of the stratosphere, Labitzke (1982,1987) and Labitzke and van Loon (1988, 1992) discovered that the temperatures atnorthern polar latitudes in winter are positively and negatively correlated with the solarcycle activity when the QBO was in its negative and positive phase respectively. Andopposite correlations they observed at mid latitudes. These findings have been essentiallyconfirmed by Naito and Hirota (1997). In the northern stratosphere and for the periodbetween 1964 and 1994, Dunkerton and Baldwin (1992) and Baldwin and Dunkerton
Comparison of the Clinical Characteristics of Histiocytic Sarcoma in Bernese Mountain Dogs and Flat-Coated Retrievers

Simple Summary Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a malignant hematopoietic tumor. It can affect any organ in the body and, therefore, can have a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. So far, no complete overview exists of the array of clinical aspects of HS in specific dog breeds in large groups. Therefore, we investigated the clinical characteristics of HS in a population of Bernese Mountain Dogs (BMD; n = 365) and Flat-Coated Retrievers (FCR; n = 289), which are two of the most affected dog breeds. The dogs were selected from veterinary pathology services, and each dog’s clinical and diagnostic characteristics were retrospectively collected. Localized HS was reported significantly more frequently in the FCR (60.6%) than in the BMD (39.2%), and disseminated HS was recorded significantly more frequently in the BMD (60.8%) than in the FCR (39.4%). Lameness as a clinical symptom was observed more frequently in the FCR, predominant in the front legs. With blood examination, the BMD had significantly more often leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia, while no difference in the occurrence of anemia was observed. Strikingly hypercalcemia was only observed in 15 BMD and in none of the FCR in which blood examination was performed. The new information provided in this study can aid the diagnostic process and allow for prompt treatment recommendations. Abstract Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive malignant tumor of histiocytes, which can affect almost any organ in the body and is characterized by a broad array of tumor locations and clinical presentations. So far, no complete overview exists of the array of clinical aspects of HS in specific dog breeds in large groups. Therefore, we investigated the clinical characteristics of HS in a population of Bernese Mountain Dogs (BMD; n = 365) and Flat-Coated Retrievers (FCR; n = 289), which are two of the most affected dog breeds. Cases were selected from databases from different pathology services, and clinical information was retrospectively collected for each case. Localized HS was reported significantly more frequently in the FCR (60.6%) than in the BMD (39.2%), and disseminated HS was recorded significantly more frequently in the BMD (60.8%) than in the FCR (39.4%). Lameness was seen more often in FCR than in BMD, and the vast majority (78.1%) of LHS leading to lameness was located in the front legs in the FCR, while in the BMD, there was a more even distribution. BMD had significantly more often leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia, even corrected for the type of HS, than FCR. No significant difference in the frequency of anemia was recorded between BMD and FCR. In those dogs in which blood examination was performed, hypercalcemia was diagnosed in 15 BMD, while none of the FCR had hypercalcemia. The new information provided in this study can aid the diagnostic process and allow for prompt treatment recommendations.
The Lateral Confinement of Microwave Surface Waves

Surface waves and their applications have been extensively studied by the photonics and radio engineering communities throughout the whole of the twentieth century. This thesis details briefly the history of both approaches and highlights their significance with regard to the subject of this thesis; laterally confining a surface wave in the microwave regime. Detailed within are the experimental, analytical and numerical methods used to ascertain what, if any, effect a change in the dimension of a guiding structure has on the dispersion of a mode supported by a metamaterial. The method of experimentally determining the dispersion of a microwave surface wave is discussed. The insensitivity of a mode supported on a one-dimensional corrugated array to the lateral width of the supporting array, even when the width is much less than the wavelength of radiation incident upon it, is investigated. Spatial dependent reduction of group velocity associated with a microwave surface wave is also detailed. Local electric-field and phase measurements are used to probe this condition. In particular, the measurement of phase associated with the supported microwave surface wave is shown to indicate the trapping location of a surface wave more accurately when compared to local electric-field measurement. The channelling of surface waves via the addition of dielectric overlayers to a metamaterial surface is investigated. By progressively narrowing the width of the channel, the interaction of the electric fields associated with the mode supported in the channel with the bordering dielectric overlayer increases. This investigation leads to a discussion of the electric field overlap between two regions of differing surface impedance.
Dark soliton and Josephson vortex in a quasi-1D long Bose Josephson junction

Dark soliton (DS) and Josephson vortex (JV) in quasi-1D long Bose Josephson junction (BJJ) can be interconverted by tuning Josephson coupling. Rates of the interconversion as well as of the thermally activated phase-slip effect, resulting in the JV switching its vorticity, have been evaluated. The role of quantum phase-slip in creating superposition of JVs with opposite vorticities as a qubit is discussed as well. Utilization of the JV for controlled and coherent transfer of atomic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is suggested.
Pathwise nonuniqueness for the SPDEs of some super-Brownian motions with immigration

We prove pathwise nonuniqueness in the stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) for some one-dimensional super-Brownian motions with immigration. In contrast to a closely related case investigated by Mueller, Mytnik and Perkins [Ann. Probab. 42 (2014) 2032–2112], the solutions of the present SPDEs are assumed to be nonnegative and have very different properties including uniqueness in law. In proving possible separation of solutions, we derive delicate properties of certain correlated approximating solutions, which is based on a novel coupling method called continuous decomposition. In general, this method may be of independent interest in furnishing solutions of SPDEs with intrinsic adapted structure.
Defining Different Modes of Learning: Resolving Confusion and Contention Through Consensus

There has been longstanding contention about how terms related to online and hybrid learning should be defined. In this study, we report survey findings on how administrators and faculty apply the following terms in practice: online learning, hybrid learning, hyflex learning, in-person learning, synchronous learning, and asynchronous learning. Drawing upon the literature, the research team developed survey definitions for each of these terms. The survey then asked participants to rate the extent to which they agreed with the survey definitions. A total of 987 faculty and 1,051 administrators participated in the study. Participants represented the full range of higher education institutions in the United States. The key finding from the study is that there was widespread agreement with the survey definitions, which is contrary to much of the literature that indicates confusion and contention about how online and hybrid learning terms should be defined. In light of the findings, we provide a framework for categorizing common learning modes and the variations that exist within these modes. This study provides a foundation for establishing common language and shared understandings as online and hybrid course offerings (and learning technologies, in general) continue to evolve.
The origin and evolution of planetary atmospheres

Based on the author’s own work and results obtained by international teams he coordinated, this SpringerBrief offers a concise discussion of the origin and early evolution of atmospheres of terrestrial planets during the active phase of their host stars, as well as of the environmental conditions which are necessary in order for planets like the Earth to obtain N_2-rich atmospheres. Possible thermal and non-thermal atmospheric escape processes are discussed in a comparative way between the planets in the Solar System and exoplanets. Lastly, a hypothesis for how to test and study the discussed atmosphere evolution theories using future UV transit observations of terrestrial exoplanets within the orbits of dwarf stars is presented.
X‐ray galaxy cluster studies for astro‐physics and cosmology

The field of research on galaxy clusters has received an enormous increase in attention in the last years, since galaxy clusters have been more and more recognized as very important laboratories for astro-physical studies and observational probes for testing cosmological models. X-ray observations of these largest clearly defined objects in our Universe have been by far the most fruitful approach that has provided us with rich astro-physical and cosmological insights. ESA's XMM-Newton and NASA's Chandra observatories have been the powerhorses of this research. In this article we therefore like to summarize the major advances made in the field of galaxy cluster research primarily by these two instruments. We will touch the progress in understanding the structure of galaxy clusters and its statistics, the AGN feedback processes in the center of clusters, cosmic evolution of clusters, cluster mass measurements, the thermodynamic structure of the intracluster medium and its chemistry, X-ray surveys of clusters, and the use of galaxy clusters for cosmological tests. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low Temperature Plasma Suppresses Lung Cancer Cells Growth via VEGF/VEGFR2/RAS/ERK Axis

Low temperature plasma (LTP) is a promising cancer therapy in clinical practice. In this study, dielectric barrier discharge plasma with helium gas was used to generate LTP. Significant increases in extracellular and intracellular reactive species were found in lung cancer cells (CALU-1 and SPC-A1) after LTP treatments. Cells viability and apoptosis assays demonstrated that LTP inhibited cells viability and induced cells death, respectively. Moreover, Western blotting revealed that the growth of CALU-1 cells was suppressed by LTP via the VEGF/VEGFR2/RAS/ERK axis for the first time. The results showed that LTP-induced ROS and RNS could inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells via VEGF/VEGFR2/RAS/ERK axis. These findings advance our understanding of the inhibitory mechanism of LTP on lung cancer and will facilitate its clinical application.
A sense of direction: spatial boundaries in a cognitive, cultural, and deep time perspective

ABSTRACT This brief note points toward new potentials that lie at the interface between research on landscape archaeology and cognitive science. Recent advances in the cognitive and neural sciences have sharpened our understanding of spatial cognition, by providing new explanations for how the brain reduces the dimensionality of complex topography and geography for effective navigation. This research suggests that space is represented in grid-like structures in the brain, and that grid-like forms are a basic ingredient of spatial processing. At the same time, recent archaeological research shows that the organization of larger-scale space into linear forms, and in particular grid-like landscapes, is a relatively recent social invention, which suggests that these forms are historically and culturally contingent. Taken together, this research raises the question of how the dimensionality-reducing function of grid-like processing in the brain is related to higher-level conceptual and imaginative processing of space needed to plan and negotiate large-scale landscape structures. This brief note motivates this question and argues for further exploration of the relationships between biological, cognitive, and cultural processes related to space and its conceptualization between these fields of research.
Recursive estimation of shape and nonrigid motion

The authors paper presents an approach for recursively estimating 3D object shape and general nonrigid motion, which makes use of physically based dynamic models. The models provide global deformation parameters which represent the salient shape features of natural parts, and local deformation parameters which capture shape details. The equations of motion governing the models, augmented by point-to-point constraints, make them responsive to externally applied forces. The authors extend this system of differential equations to formulate a shape and nonrigid motion estimator, a nonlinear Kalman filter, that recursively transforms the discrepancy between the data and the estimated model state into generalized forces while formally accounting for uncertainty in the observations. A Riccati update process maintains a covariance matrix that adjusts the forces in accordance with the system dynamics and the current and prior observations. The estimator applies the transformed forces to adjust the translational, rotational, and deformational degrees of freedom such that the model evolves as consistently as possible with the noisy data. The authors present model fitting and motion tracking experiments of articulated flexible objects from real and synthetic noise-corrupted 3D data. <<ETX>>
IoT botnet detection with feature reconstruction and interval optimization

The existing botnet detection methods have the problems of uneven sampling, poor feature selection, and weak generalization ability, resulting in low detection and classification results and poor adaptability to the internet of things (IoT) environment with limited computing and storage resources. This paper proposes an IoT botnet detection method using feature reconstruction and interval optimization to solve the above problems. Through the designed address triple and time window‐based IP aggregation and feature reconstruction method (ATTW‐IP‐FR), the network traffic samples obtained from the IoT gateway are integrated, and the flow features are reconstructed to attain the reconstructed sample set. The proposed self‐corrected hybrid weighted sampling algorithm balances the normal and botnet flow samples in the reconstructed sample set to get the resampling sample set. The introduced multiattribute decision‐making and adjacency relation chain‐based sequential forward selection algorithm is applied to eliminate the redundant features in the resampling sample set, and the optimal feature subset is obtained. The resampling sample set filtered by the optimal feature subset is detected and classified through the designed two‐stage hybrid heterogeneous model optimized by the intermittent chaos and bald eagle search algorithm‐based interval optimization algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed method effectively detects the botnet in two real IoT scenarios. The detection accuracy is 99.17 % $ \% $ , the Matthews correlation coefficient is 98.35 % $ \% $ , the false positive rate is 0.25 % $ \% $ , and the false negative rate is 1.27 % $ \% $ , which are better than the existing methods. This method can effectively reduce sampling and feature selection time and space overhead and better adapt to the resource‐constrained IoT environment.
Service Industry Opening Up and Service Industry Structural Upgrading

: Based on the pilot program for innovative development of trade in services implemented in 2016 as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper takes prefecture-level cities and above cities in China from 2006 to 2019 as samples and uses a double-difference model to evaluate the impact of the opening-up of the service industry on the service industry structural upgrading. The empirical results show that the opening-up has a significant positive impact on the structure-upgrading of the service industry, which improved by 5.5%. The conclusion of this paper is of great significance for further expanding the opening of the service industry and optimizing the structure of China's service industry.
In Depth Viral Diversity Analysis in Atypical Neurological and Neonatal Chikungunya Infections in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The human infection usually manifests as a febrile and incapacitating arthritogenic illness, self-limiting and non-lethal. However, since 2013, CHIKV spreading through the tropics and to the Americas was accompanied by an increasing number of cases of atypical disease presentation, namely severe neuropathies and neonatal infection due to intrapartum vertical transmission. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions have not been fully elucidated. However, arbovirus intrahost genetic diversity is thought to be linked to viral pathogenesis. To determine whether particular viral variants could be somehow associated, we analyzed the intrahost genetic diversity of CHIKV in three infected patients with neurological manifestations and three mothers infected during the intrapartum period, as well as their babies following vertical transmission. No statistically supported differences were observed for the genetic variability (nucleotide substitutions/gene length) along the genome between the groups. However, the newborn and cerebrospinal fluid samples (corresponding to virus passed through the placenta and/or the blood–brain barrier (BBB)) presented a different composition of their intrahost mutant ensembles compared to maternal or patient serum samples, even when concurrent. This finding could be consistent with the unidirectional virus transmission through these barriers, and the effect of selective bottlenecks during the transmission event. In addition, a higher proportion of defective variants (insertions/deletions and stop codons) was detected in the CSF and maternal samples and those were mainly distributed within the viral non-structural genes. Since defective viral genomes in RNA viruses are known to contribute to the outcome of acute viral infections and influence disease severity, their role in these atypical cases should be further investigated. Finally, with the in silico approach adopted, we detected no relevant non-conservative mutational pattern that could provide any hint of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these atypical cases. The present analysis represents a unique contribution to our understanding of the transmission events in these cases and generates hypotheses regarding underlying mechanisms, that can be explored further.