Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-Newtonian stress, collisional dissipation and heat flux in the shear flow of inelastic disks: a reduction via Grad’s moment method

Abstract The non-Newtonian stress tensor, collisional dissipation rate and heat flux in the plane shear flow of smooth inelastic disks are analysed from the Grad-level moment equations using the anisotropic Gaussian as a reference. For steady uniform shear flow, the balance equation for the second moment of velocity fluctuations is solved semi-analytically, yielding closed-form expressions for the shear viscosity $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\mu $ , pressure $p$ , first normal stress difference ${\mathcal{N}}_1$ and dissipation rate ${\mathcal{D}}$ as functions of (i) density or area fraction $\nu $ , (ii) restitution coefficient $e$ , (iii) dimensionless shear rate $R$ , (iv) temperature anisotropy $\eta $ (the difference between the principal eigenvalues of the second-moment tensor) and (v) angle $\phi $ between the principal directions of the shear tensor and the second-moment tensor. The last two parameters are zero at the Navier–Stokes order, recovering the known exact transport coefficients from the present analysis in the limit $\eta ,\phi \to 0$ , and are therefore measures of the non-Newtonian rheology of the medium. An exact analytical solution for leading-order moment equations is given, which helped to determine the scaling relations of $R$ , $\eta $ and $\phi $ with inelasticity. We show that the terms at super-Burnett order must be retained for a quantitative prediction of transport coefficients, especially at moderate to large densities for small values of the restitution coefficient ( $e \ll 1$ ). Particle simulation data for a sheared inelastic hard-disk system are compared with theoretical results, with good agreement for $p$ , $\mu $ and ${\mathcal{N}}_1$ over a range of densities spanning from the dilute to close to the freezing point. In contrast, the predictions from a constitutive model at Navier–Stokes order are found to deviate significantly from both the simulation and the moment theory even at moderate values of the restitution coefficient ( $e\sim 0.9$ ). Lastly, a generalized Fourier law for the granular heat flux, which vanishes identically in the uniform shear state, is derived for a dilute granular gas by analysing the non-uniform shear flow via an expansion around the anisotropic Gaussian state. We show that the gradient of the deviatoric part of the kinetic stress drives a heat current and the thermal conductivity is characterized by an anisotropic second-rank tensor, for which explicit analytical expressions are given.
Out of Box Thinking to Tangible Science: A Benchmark History of 3D Bio-Printing in Regenerative Medicine and Tissues Engineering

Advancements and developments in the 3D bioprinting have been promising and have met the needs of organ transplantation. Current improvements in tissue engineering constructs have enhanced their applications in regenerative medicines and other medical fields. The synergistic effects of 3D bioprinting have brought technologies such as tissue engineering, microfluidics, integrated tissue organ printing, in vivo bioprinted tissue implants, artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches together. These have greatly impacted interventions in medical fields, such as medical implants, multi-organ-on-chip models, prosthetics, drug testing tissue constructs and much more. This technological leap has offered promising personalized solutions for patients with chronic diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, and who have been in severe accidents. This review discussed the various standing printing methods, such as inkjet, extrusion, laser-assisted, digital light processing, and stereolithographic 3D bioprinter models, adopted for tissue constructs. Additionally, the properties of natural, synthetic, cell-laden, dECM-based, short peptides, nanocomposite and bioactive bioinks are briefly discussed. Sequels of several tissue-laden constructs such as skin, bone and cartilage, liver, kidney, smooth muscles, cardiac and neural tissues are briefly analyzed. Challenges, future perspectives and the impact of microfluidics in resolving the limitations in the field, along with 3D bioprinting, are discussed. Certainly, a technology gap still exists in the scaling up, industrialization and commercialization of this technology for the benefit of stakeholders.
Neutral magnesium as a probe of high column density QSO absorbers.

NEUTRAL MAGNESIUM AS A PROBE OF HIGH COLUMN DENSITY QSO ABSORBERS Joseph N. Burchett April 14, 2011 QSOs, providing distant, luminous sources of radiation, provide a means to detect gas by absorption in the interstellar and intergalactic medium. Of particular interest to astronomers studying metal line systems in lines of sight to QSOs are the classes characterized by their neutral hydrogen column density known as Damped Lyman-a systems (DLAs) and Sub-damped Lyman-a systems (Sub-DLAs). DLAs and Sub-DLAs provide a means to probe the detailed abundance and dust content of the Universe at high redshift, revealing the evolving presence of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. Here, we present a correlation between ionization and metallicity as indicated by the abundance ratios [Si II / Mg I] and [Zn II / HI], respectively, in such systems at redshift z~0.5-2.7. The abundances used were drawn from the literature where reported. However, where elemfntal abundances were omitted in the literature, we profile fit those spectra to obtain them. We believe that this correlation, if proven valid, could provide another tracer of evolution of elements throughout the history of the Universe. v
Morphology of the Pelvic Limb Bones of the Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons, Owen, 1845)

The wombat is a nocturnal marsupial that digs burrows and be active at night. One hind limb skeleton of a hairy-nosed wombat is used for the morphometry and morphological description of this study. The pelvic bone is 17 cm long and 14 cm wide. The wings of the ilium are parallel to the median plane. The gluteal surface is divided by a ridge into dorsal and lateral parts. The iliac crest is straight. The caput femoris is lower than the trochanter major. The fovea capitis is very shallow and the third tro-chanter is feeble. The tibia and fibula were two individual bones separated by an interosseous space. There were six ossi tarsi and the pedis was complete with five digits, the hallux (first digit) of which is reduced. The rest four digits each with three phalanges. The distal phalanges were protected with long arched claws. The results were discussed with its relevant in other domestic and wild animals and were supported by six figures. This study provides a basic research data that will be useful for comparative anatomical studies.
Saliva - A Promising Diagnostic Tool: Dental Curricula Require Update

DOI: 10.46998/IJCMCR.2023. 27.000659 Blood, since long has been utilized to assist clinicians in the confirmation of their clinical or provisional diagnosis of various diseases. Though it is considered as tried and tested tool for diagnostic purpose in most of the diseases, but it is stressful and painful for the patients. In the pediatric patients and the patients with nervousness and apprehension, sample collection becomes troublesome for the phlebotomists. Moreover, needle prick during blood draw from the vein has the risk of developing problems like infection at the injection site, bruising, excessive bleeding, hematoma formation and fainting or dizziness.
Space–Time Asymmetry in Earthquake Pairs along the Central San Andreas Fault: Evidence for Small Earthquake Links at Long Distances

We identify 51 near-contemporaneous earthquake pairs along a 100 km segment of California’s San Andreas fault south of San Juan Bautista between 1981 and 2021 that are separated by 5–50 s in time and 5–50 km in space. The event pairs are found throughout the time period and generally involve events smaller than magnitude 2. For 42 of these pairs (82%), the later earthquake is northwest of the earlier event—an asymmetry that is hard to explain with standard earthquake triggering models and suggests an underlying physical connection between the events. We explore possible origins for these observations but are unable to identify a definitive explanation.
An Orthodontic Approach for the Correction of Transposition along with Multiple Impacted Teeth

Impaction of teeth affects patients' esthetics, speech, and masticatory efficiency. In addition, the transposition of teeth makes a case difficult to manage. This case report describes a case of a 14-year-old boy with the impaction of the maxillary right central incisor and canine along with the transposition of the right canine and lateral incisor. The impacted teeth were surgically exposed and guided into the arch using orthodontic traction. Likewise, the transposition was corrected orthodontically by moving the teeth to their desired position without any detrimental effect on the adjacent teeth. The patient's esthetics and occlusion improved substantially after the orthodontic intervention.
Electrical Storm Has Worse Prognosis Compared to Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia after VT Ablation

Background: Electrical storm (ES) represents a serious heart rhythm disorder. This study investigates the impact of ES on acute ablation success and long-term outcomes after VT ablation compared to non-ES patients. Methods: In this large single-centre study, patients presenting with ES and undergoing VT ablation from June 2018 to April 2021 were compared to patients undergoing VT ablation due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias but without ES. The primary prognostic outcome was VT recurrence, and secondary endpoints were rehospitalization rates and cardiovascular mortality, all after a median follow-up of 22 months. Results: A total of 311 patients underwent a first VT ablation due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias and were included (63 ± 14 years; 86% male). Of these, 108 presented with ES. In the ES cohort, dilated cardiomyopathy as underlying heart disease was significantly higher (p = 0.008). Major complications were equal across both groups (all p > 0.05). Ablation of the clinical VT was achieved in 94% of all patients (p > 0.05). Noninducibility of any VT was achieved in 91% without ES and in 76% with ES (p = 0.001). Patients with ES revealed increased VT recurrence rates during follow-up (65% vs. 40%; log rank p = 0.001; HR 1.841, 95% CI 1.289–2.628; p = 0.001). Furthermore, ES patients suffered from increased rehospitalization rates (73% vs. 48%; log rank p = 0.001; HR 1.948, 95% CI 1.415–2.682; p = 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (18% vs. 9%; log rank p = 0.045; HR 1.948, 95% CI 1.004–3.780; p = 0.049). After multivariable adjustment, ES was a strong independent predictor of VT recurrence and rehospitalization rates, but not for mortality. In a propensity score-matched cohort, patients with ES still had a higher risk of VT recurrences and rehospitalizations compared to non-ES patients. Conclusions: VT ablation in patients with ES is challenging and these patients reveal the highest risk for recurrent VTs, rehospitalization and cardiovascular mortality. These patients need close follow-ups and optimal guideline-directed therapy.
The Association between a Minimum Amount of Physical Activity and Subsequent Muscle Strength and Balance in Older Adults: A Prospective Study

This study aimed to investigate the association between 15 min of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and subsequent muscle strength and balance in older adults. Data concerning community-dwelling older Taiwanese adults (mean age, 69.5 years) were collected during the baseline period (2018) and at a 12-month follow-up survey (2019). Time spent performing MVPA was objectively assessed using a triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph wGT3x-BT) at baseline. Upper and lower limb muscle strength were measured using handgrip strength and a five-times sit-to-stand test, respectively. Balance was assessed using a one-leg standing test. The 12-month variations in muscle strength and balance were calculated through subtracting follow-up data from baseline data. A forced entry-adjusted logistic regression analysis was conducted. In total, 65.2% of participants engaged in at least 15 min of daily MVPA in the baseline survey. After adjusting for confounders, older adults who achieved 15 min of daily MVPA during the baseline period were more likely to maintain or improve balance performance (odds ratio, 8.12). Performing 15 min of daily MVPA was found to benefit older adults’ subsequent balance performance but not muscle strength.
Interleukin-18 Is a Potential Biomarker Linking Dietary Fatty Acid Quality and Insulin Resistance: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Italy

Dietary lipids are pivotal in modulating metabolic inflammation. Among the inflammatory mediators characterizing metabolic inflammation, interleukin 18 (IL-18) has been consistently associated with obesity and insulin resistance. This study aims to evaluate whether the quality of lipid intake impacts upon IL-18 plasma levels and the implications on insulin resistance computed by the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Using a cross-sectional design, this study confirmed that IL-18 correlated positively with insulin resistance and individuals with a HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5 displayed higher circulating IL-18 levels compared with their insulin-sensitive counterparts. In terms of the effect of the quality of dietary lipids on IL-18 circulating levels, the ratio between monounsaturated, omega-3, polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids as well as the intake of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids correlated negatively with IL-18. Despite this, IL-18 circulating levels, but not dietary fatty acid quality, predicted insulin resistance. Nevertheless, the ratio between omega 3 and saturated fatty acids was a predictor of IL-18 plasma levels. Thus, the downregulation of IL-18 may underpin, at least partially, the beneficial metabolic effects of substituting omega 3 for saturated fatty acids with this cytokine potentially representing a biomarker linking dietary lipids and metabolic outcomes.
Nitrate chemistry in the northeast US – Part 2: Oxygen isotopes reveal differences in particulate and gas-phase formation

Abstract. The northeastern US represents a mostly urban corridor impacted by high population and fossil fuel combustion emission density. This has led to historically degraded air quality and acid rain that has been a focus of regulatory-driven emissions reductions. Detailing the chemistry of atmospheric nitrate formation is critical for improving the model representation of atmospheric chemistry and air quality. The oxygen isotopic compositions of atmospheric nitrate are useful indicators in tracking nitrate formation pathways. Here, we measured oxygen isotope deltas (Δ(17O) and δ(18O)) for nitric acid (HNO3) and particulate nitrate (pNO3) from three US EPA Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) sites in the northeastern US from December 2016 to 2018. The Δ(17O, HNO3) and δ(18O, HNO3) values ranged from 12.9 ‰ to 30.9 ‰ and from 46.9 ‰ to 82.1 ‰, and the Δ(17O, pNO3) and δ(18O, pNO3) ranged from 16.6 ‰ to 33.7 ‰ and from 43.6 ‰ to 85.3 ‰, respectively. There was distinct seasonality of δ(18O) and Δ(17O), with higher values observed during winter compared to during summer, suggesting a shift in O3 to HOx radical chemistry, as expected. Unexpectedly, there was a statistical difference in Δ(17O) between HNO3 and pNO3, with higher values observed for pNO3 (27.1 ± 3.8) ‰ relative to HNO3 (22.7 ± 3.6) ‰, and significant differences in the relationship between δ(18O) and Δ(17O). This difference suggests atmospheric nitrate phase-dependent oxidation chemistry that is not predicted in models. Based on the output from GEOS-Chem and both the δ(18O) and Δ(17O) observations, we quantify the production pathways of atmospheric nitrate. The model significantly overestimated the heterogeneous N2O5 hydrolysis production for both HNO3 and pNO3, a finding consistent with observed seasonal changes in δ(18O) and Δ(17O) of HNO3 and pNO3, though large uncertainties remain in the quantitative transfer of δ(18O) from major atmospheric oxidants. This comparison provides important insight into the role of oxidation chemistry in reconciling a commonly observed positive bias for modeled atmospheric nitrate concentrations in the northeastern US.
Adaptive Distributed Attitude Consensus of a Heterogeneous Multiagent Quadrotor System: Singular Perturbation Approach

Singular perturbations easily cause the problem of high gain control (HGC) of a multiagent quadrotor system (MAQS), that easily excite hazardous high-frequency oscillations in the system states. Without HGC, this work studies the distributed fixed-time attitude consensus control problem of multiple heterogeneous quadrotors in presence of unknown Lipschitz input disturbances and directed topology. First, the second order sliding mode, composed of consensus errors of “slow” Euler angles and “fast” angular velocities, is designed to be two-time-scale. Then, an adaptive super twisting controller is designed to produce an integrated slow–fast control structure, and adjust controller gains in different time scales with respect to the disturbance gradients. On this basis, an $\epsilon$-dependent Lyapunov framework is built for the MAQS on multiple time scales, which provide a rigorous theoretical basis for the fast and robust attitude consensus, and estimate the reaching time subject to singular perturbations. Simulation results on a heterogeneous MAQS consisting of four agents are provided to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed controller.
Handheld Force-Controlled Ultrasound Probe

An hand-held force controlled ultrasound probe has been developed. The controller maintains a prescribed contact force between the probe and a patient's body. The device will enhance the diagnostic capability of free-hand elastography, swept-force compound imaging, and make it easier for a technician to acquire repeatable (i.e. directly comparable) images over time. The mechanical system consists of an ultrasound probe, ballscrew-driven linear actuator, and a force/torque sensor. The feedback controller commands the motor to rotate the ballscrew to translate the ultrasound probe in order to maintain a desired contact force. In preliminary user studies it was found that the control system maintained a constant contact force with 1.7 times less variation than human subjects who watched a force gauge. Users without a visual force display maintained a constant force with 20 times worse variation. The system was also used to determine the viscoelastic properties of soft tissue. In three mock ultrasound examinations one hour apart in which the goal was two obtain two consistent images at the same force, an unassisted operator obtained the second image at a 20% lower force, while the operator assisted by the controller obtained the same force to within <2%. The device enables users to gather more force-consistent images over time. Thesis Supervisor: Brian W. Anthony Title: Research Scientist, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Deep regression model with ordinal and triplet loss for the prediction of prostate cancer aggressiveness in multi-parametric MR images

Assessment of prostate cancer aggressiveness is important because the effectiveness of treatment vary depending on the aggressiveness. The use of multi-parametric MR imaging prior to biopsy is recommended for accurate prostate cancer aggressiveness assessment but suffers from similar visual appearance of tumors between adjacent grades. To improve the predictive performance of prostate cancer aggressiveness, this study proposes a deep regression model involving size-normalized patch generation and multiple losses. First, we generate two types of input patches such as tumor-centered patch and size-normalized patch to effectively learn the characteristics of small tumors. Second, we propose a multiple loss functions consisting of triplet loss, mean squared error, and cross-entropy ordinal loss to increase the ability to discriminate between tumors with similar visual appearance and different aggressiveness. As a result, the proposed model trained with the size-normalized ADC map showed the highest performance with an accuracy of 78.85%, specificity of 89.66%, and AUC of 0.77. The ensemble model of tumor-centered T2w image and size-normalized ADC map improved sensitivity by 8.69% and showed the best performance with accuracy of 78.85%.
Comparing Urban Anthropogenic NMVOC Measurements With Representation in Emission Inventories—A Global Perspective

Emission inventories are a critical basis for air quality and climate modeling, as well as policy decisions. Non‐methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are key precursor compounds in ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. Accurately representing NMVOCs in emission inventories is crucial for understanding atmospheric chemistry, the impact of policy measures, and climate projections. Improving NMVOC representation in emission inventories is fraught with challenges, ranging from the lack of (long‐term) NMVOC measurements, limited efforts in updating emission factors, to the diversity of NMVOC species reactivity. Here we take an initial step to evaluate the representation of urban NMVOC speciation in an emission inventory (EDGARv4.3.2 and EDGARv6.1) at the global level. To compare the urban measurements of NMVOCs to the emission inventory estimates, ratios of individual NMVOCs to acetylene are used. Owing to limitations in measurement data and grouping of NMVOCs in emission inventories, the comparison includes only a limited number of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. Results show little to no agreement between the ratios in the observations and those in the global emission inventory for the species compared (r2 0.01–0.20). This could be related to incorrect speciation profiles and/or spatial allocation of NMVOCs to urban areas. Regional emission inventories show better agreement among the ratios (r2 0.43–0.70). The inclusion of oxygenated species in NMVOC measurements, as well as greater global coverage of measurements could improve representation of NMVOC species in emission inventories, and a mosaic of regional inventories may be a better approach.
Development of an Indium mN-FEEP Thruster

Future scientific satellites require precision pointing capabilities with thrust levels from sub-µN to the mN-range and very low thrust noise. Since 2004, a dedicated mN FEEP thruster based on the space-proven ARC Indium Liquid-Metal-Ion-Sources is under development. This paper gives an overview of the development program and its achievements. A mN FEEP thruster with a specific impulse close to 8000 s could be demonstrated with excellent efficiencies and a size comparable to present µN FEEP thrusters. Nomenclature e = electron charge f = beam divergence loss factor g = Earth’s gravitational acceleration ISp = specific impulse η = mass efficiency Droplet m & = ion mass flow