Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A polynomial solution for the 3-SAT problem

In this paper, an algorithm is presented, solving the 3-SAT problem in a polynomial runtime of O ( n 3 ) , which implies P = NP . This would solve the P/NP problem. The 3-SAT problem is about determining, whether or not a logical expression, consisting of clauses with up to 3 literals connected by OR-expressions, that are interconnected by AND-expressions, is satisﬁable. For the solution a new data structure, the 3-SAT graph, is introduced. It groups the clauses from a 3-SAT expression into coalitions, that contain all clauses with literals consisting of the same variables. The nodes of the graph represent the variables connecting the corresponding coalitions. An algorithm R will be introduced, that identiﬁes relations between clauses by transmitting markers, called upgrades , through the graph, making use of implications. The algorithm will start sequentially for every variable and create start upgrades, one for the variables negated and one for its non-negated literals. It will be shown, that the start upgrades have to be within a speciﬁc clause pattern, called edge pattern , to mark a beginning or ending of an unsatisﬁable sequence. The algorithm will eventually identify other kinds of pattern within the upgraded clauses. Depending on the pattern, the algorithm either sends the upgrades on through the graph, creates new following upgrades to extend the upgrade path , a subgraph storing all previous upgrades, or if all connector literals of a pattern have received upgrades of the same path or two corresponding following upgrades circle, marks the upgrade as circling . If an upgrade circles , then it is unsatisﬁable on its path. It will be proven, that if after several execution steps of algorithm R , two corresponding start upgrades circle, then the expression is unsatisﬁable and if no upgrade steps are possible anymore and the algorithm did not return unsatisﬁable, the expression is satisﬁable. The algorithm R is similar to already existing solutions solving 2-SAT polynomial, also making use of implications using a graph.
DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PIEDMONT RESIDUAL SOILS

Site investigations conducted at the North Carolina State University Research Farm and adjacent construction sites provided the database to study the soil profile and deformation characteristics of Piedmont residual soil. The database includes both laboratory and in-situ test results. The laboratory testing program was composed of oedometer, stress path, triaxial multistage compression, resonant column, and torsional shear tests. In-situ testing included standard penetration tests, dilatometer tests, and pressuremeter tests with Menard and push-in types. A typical soil profile is defined based on Martin’s classification system. Test results from triaxial multi-stage compression, resonant column and torsional shear tests show that residual soil’s decay pattern of normalized shear modulus with shear strain is similar to and lies between those of sands and San Francisco Bay Mud. The study of soil’s compressive stiffness shows that pressuremeter modulus, \iE\i\dp\i\dm, and dilatometer modulus, \iE\i\dD, are generally consistent while \iE\i\dN as correlated from a relationship suggested by Martin between \iE\i\dp\i\dm and standard penetration test \iN-value usually lie on the lower bound. Values of reference deformation modulus, \iE\i\dl, as derived from oedometer tests appeared to be a function of the person who conducted the tests. One tester’s results are in good agreement with \iE\i\dp\i\dm and \iE\i\dD, while the others are generally much smaller. Due to the difficulty of trimming Piedmont residual soil specimens, one might suggest that the differences in test results are related to sample disturbance on small specimens such as those used in standard oedometer tests.
Motion tracking and analysis of spray water droplets studied by high-speed photography using an iPhone X

Smartphones are not only becoming an inseparable part of our daily lives, but also a low-cost, powerful optical imaging tool for more and more scientific research applications. In this work, we hypothesized that some smartphones could be used as a low-cost, high-speed, photographic alternative to expensive equipment, such as those typically found in scientific research labs, to accurately perform motion tracking and analysis of fast-moving objects. This demonstrative experiment was done at home at very low cost by using a low-power green laser (<0.1 W) purchased from Amazon, an iPhone X, and a water spray bottle. The sprayed water droplets were illuminated by a divergent green laser beam and recorded with a smartphone using the Slow-Motion Video function (240 frames per second), which allows us to record high-speed events. The Slow-Motion Video was converted to a series of consecutive images taken every 1/240 second (or 4.16 ms), enabling tracking and motion analysis of the sprayed water droplets. By analyzing these consecutive images, the speed and flight trajectory of water droplets in the air were obtained, thereby enabling us to estimate the area of the water droplets landing on the ground.
EVIDENCE FOR PRESERVED PHONETIC SENSITIVITY TO LEXICAL TONES IN CHINESE INTERNATIONAL ADOPTEES

During infancy, children gain perceptual sensitivity to phonetic contrasts in their native language while losing sensitivity to foreign contrasts. It remains unclear whether traces of language exposure in infancy remain after sudden and permanent interruption of heritage language acquisition, as in international adoption. We examined sensitivity to lexical tones in adults (age 18-23 years) with a history of international adoption (age 3-18 months) whose heritage language was Chinese. We assessed phonetic, phonological, and lexical sensitivity to Chinese tones using tone contour identification and discrimination, auditory Stroop, and Chinese sentence identification tasks, and the auditory brainstem frequency-follow-ing response (FFR). International adoptees had native-like FFR, and their tone discrimination and identification were intermediate between English and Mandarin control groups. However, higher-level processing of Chinese did not differ between adoptees and the English control group. Exposure to heritage languages in infancy may create traces of early phonetic environments that persist into adulthood.
Net water uptake within the ischemic penumbra predicts the presence of the midline shift in patients with acute ischemic stroke

Objective The study aimed to explore the association between midline shift (MLS) and net water uptake (NWU) within the ischemic penumbra in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study that examined patients with anterior circulation stroke. Net water uptake within the acute ischemic core and penumbra was calculated using data from admission multimodal CT scans. The primary outcome was severe cerebral edema measured by the presence of MLS on 24 to 48 h follow-up CT scans. The presence of a significant MLS was defined by a deviation of the septum pellucidum from the midline on follow-up CT scans of at least 3 mm or greater due to the mass effect of ischemic edema. The net water uptake was compared between patients with and without MLS, followed by logistic regression analyses and receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) to assess the predictive power of net water uptake in MLS. Results A total of 133 patients were analyzed: 50 patients (37.6%) with MLS and 83 patients (62.4%) without. Compared to patients without MLS, patients with MLS had higher net water uptake within the core [6.8 (3.2–10.4) vs. 4.9 (2.2–8.1), P = 0.048] and higher net water uptake within the ischemic penumbra [2.9 (1.8–4.3) vs. 0.2 (−2.5–2.7), P < 0.001]. Penumbral net water uptake had higher predictive performance than net water uptake of the core in MLS [area under the curve: 0.708 vs. 0.603, p < 0.001]. Moreover, the penumbral net water uptake predicted MLS in the multivariate regression model, adjusting for age, sex, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, ischemic core volume, and poor collateral vessel status (OR = 1.165; 95% CI = 1.002–1.356; P = 0.047). No significant prediction was found for the net water uptake of the core in the multivariate regression model. Conclusion Net water uptake measured acutely within the ischemic penumbra could predict severe cerebral edema at 24–48 h.
New Estimates of Magnitude‐Frequency Distribution and b‐Value Using Relative Magnitudes for the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma Earthquake Sequence

The magnitude‐frequency distribution (MFD) describes the relative proportion of earthquake magnitudes and provides vital information for seismic hazard assessment. The b‐value, derived from the MFD, is commonly used to estimate the probability that a future earthquake will exceed a specified magnitude threshold. Improved MFD and b‐value estimates are of great importance in the central and eastern United States where high volumes of fluid injection have contributed to a significant rise in seismicity over the last decade. In this study, we recalculate the magnitudes of 8,775 events for the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma sequence using a relative magnitude approach that depends only on waveform data to calculate magnitudes. We also compare the distribution of successive magnitude differences to the MFD and show that a combination of the magnitude difference distribution (MDFD) and relative magnitudes yields a reliable estimate of b‐value. Using the MDFD and relative magnitudes, we examine the temporal and spatial variations in the b‐value and show that b‐value ranges between ∼0.6 and 0.85 during the aftershock sequence for at least 5 months after the M 5.7 mainshock, though areas surrounding the northeast part of the sequence experience higher b‐values (0.7–0.85) than the southwestern part of the Meeker‐Prague fault where b‐value is the lowest (0.6–0.7). We also identify a cluster of off‐fault events with the highest b‐values in the catalog (0.85). These new estimates of MFD and b‐value will contribute to understanding of the relations between induced and tectonic earthquake sequences and promote discussion regarding the use of b‐value in induced seismic hazard estimation.
A Study of Long Wave Attenuation over Composite Undulating Breakwaters

ABSTRACT Shih, R. -S. and Weng, W. -K. , 2016. A study of long wave attenuation over composite undulating breakwaters. In this study, the wave attenuation of multiple impermeable sinusoidal profile breakwaters is investigated by a physical experiment conducted in a 21-m wave flume with a combination of breakwaters collocated with various widths (w) and heights (D). The breakwaters were arranged in different permutations and combinations (from one to three sets) on the bottom of various undulating slopes. The attenuation effect when waves propagated through the periodic-gradational undulating terrain was explored, and the optimization of various sinusoidal breakwaters was analyzed. This article discusses the properties of wave reflectance (Kr), transmittance (Kt), the energy loss coefficient (KL), and the attenuation of composite terrain, including the optimal combinations of obstacles. The values of Kr, Kt, and KL were diverse because of various breakwater combinations and various wave conditions. The results indicated that the attenuation of long waves was effective and was affected by nonlinearity and dispersion. Wave decomposition occurred when a wave passed through the breakwaters; a high-frequency fluctuation appeared and dissipated the energy of long waves. The transmittance indicated that a composite of rapidly varying combinations was more favorable than a gradually varying section. Increasing the quantity of composite breakwaters also improved the attenuation effect on both the rapidly varying cases and the segmented gradually varying cases. The optimal combination required to eliminate the energy of long waves was also examined and confirmed using a solitary wave test.
ENSO may have contributed to sea level changes in the Gulf of Thailand during the Late-Holocene

The Gulf of Thailand is ideal for studying eustatic sea level fluctuations in Southeast Asia due to its shallow basin and tectonic stability. However, our understanding of how this region’s relative sea level (RSL) has fluctuated over the Holocene epoch is far from complete. In this study, we used lithostratigraphy, loss on ignition, grain size, and pollen analyses to reconstruct the environmental changes in the Sam Roi Yot wetland, which was significantly influenced by seawater intrusion, driven by fluctuations in RSL in the Gulf of Thailand. Therefore, the analyzed pollen records of the sediment core from the wetland reflected variabilities in the RSL in the Gulf of Thailand. Subsequently, we found that after a sea level highstand prior to 4000 cal y BP, the RSL gradually fell with two significant regressions at c. 2950 and 1850–1450 cal y BP before rising at 1450–1050 cal y BP and declining after that. The inconsistency between RSL reconstruction based on our results and the global sea level changes simulated by the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) model further suggests that long–term El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) variabilities may have played a significant role in sea level changes in the Gulf of Thailand over the Late-Holocene period. Thus, during extended El Niño or La Niña conditions, the sea level would have been consistently lower or higher than expected from eustatic and isostatic processes alone. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering regional factors such as ENSO to understand sea level changes in Southeast Asia.
Aqueous alteration of the Nakhla meteorite

Interior samples of three different Nakhla specimens contain an iron-rich silicate 'rust' (which includes a tentatively identified smectite), Ca-carbonate (probably calcite), Ca-sulfate (possibly gypsum or bassanite), Mg-sulfate (possibly epsomite or kieserite), and NaCl (halite); the total abundance of these phases is estimated as less than 0.01 weight percent of the bulk meteorite. Rust veins are truncated and decrepitated by fusion crust and are preserved as faulted segments in partially healed olivine crystals, indicating that the rust is preterrestrial in origin. Because Ca-carbonate and Ca-sulfate are intergrown with the rust, they are also indicated to be of preterrestrial origin. Similar textural evidence regarding origins of the NaCl and Mg-sulfate is lacking. Impure and poorly crystallized sulfates and halides on the fusion crust of the meteorite suggest leaching of interior (preterrestrial) salts from the interior after Makhla arrived on earth, but coincidental addition of these same salts by terrestrial contamination cannot be exluded. At least the clay-like silicate 'rust', Ca-carbonate, and Ca-sulfate were formed by precipitation from water-based solutions on the Nakhla parent planet, although temperature and pressure conditions of aqueous precipitation are unconstrained by currently available data. It is possible that aqueous alteration on the parent body was responsible for themore » previously observed disturbance of the Rb-Sr geochronometer in Nakhla at or near 1.3 Ga. 21 refs.« less
Ribosomal Protein Cluster Organization in Asgard Archaea

It has been proposed that the superphylum of Asgard Archaea may represent a historical link between the Archaea and Eukarya. Following the discovery of the Archaea, it was soon appreciated that archaeal ribosomes were more similar to those of Eukarya rather than Bacteria. Coupled with other eukaryotic-like features, it has been suggested that the Asgard Archaea may be directly linked to eukaryotes. However, the genomes of Bacteria and non-Asgard Archaea generally organize ribosome-related genes into clusters that likely function as operons. In contrast, eukaryotes typically do not employ an operon strategy. To gain further insight into conservation of the r-protein genes, the genome order of conserved ribosomal protein (r-protein) coding genes was identified in 17 Asgard genomes (thirteen complete genomes and four genomes with less than 20 contigs) and compared with those found previously in non-Asgard archaeal and bacterial genomes. A universal core of two clusters of 14 and 4 cooccurring r-proteins, respectively, was identified in both the Asgard and non-Asgard Archaea. The equivalent genes in the E. coli version of the cluster are found in the S10 and spc operons. The large cluster of 14 r-protein genes (uS19-uL22-uS3-uL29-uS17 from the S10 operon and uL14-uL24-uL5-uS14-uS8-uL6-uL18-uS5-uL30-uL15 from the spc operon) occurs as a complete set in the genomes of thirteen Asgard genomes (five Lokiarchaeotes, three Heimdallarchaeotes, one Odinarchaeote, and four Thorarchaeotes). Four less conserved clusters with partial bacterial equivalents were found in the Asgard. These were the L30e (str operon in Bacteria) cluster, the L18e (alpha operon in Bacteria) cluster, the S24e-S27ae-rpoE1 cluster, and the L31e, L12.L1 cluster. Finally, a new cluster referred to as L7ae was identified. In many cases, r-protein gene clusters/operons are less conserved in their organization in the Asgard group than in other Archaea. If this is generally true for nonribosomal gene clusters, the results may have implications for the history of genome organization. In particular, there may have been an early transition to or from the operon approach to genome organization. Other nonribosomal cellular features may support different relationships. For this reason, it may be important to consider ribosome features separately.
Variability of unsaturated Bromide fluxes as measured through a layered volcanic vadose zone in New Zealand

The measured drainage fluxes through a layered volcanic vadose zone exhibited high spatial variability as a consequence of heterogeneous flow conditions. The drainage flux variability was quantified using automated equilibrium tension lysimeters, installed in close‐proximity and resulted in high variability in the Br masses recovered from a conservative tracer experiment. The primary cause of the heterogeneous flow was attributed to textural changes occurring at the interface between volcanic layers, resulting in development of funnel‐flow patterns, and further enhanced by the existence of hydrophobic conditions. The Br recoveries in individual automated equilibrium tension lysimeters were used to determine the corresponding variable sizes of the surface areas contributing drainage to the lysimeters. The tracer experiment confirmed the existence of unsaturated lateral transport occurring at the sloping interface of the coarse Taupo Ignimbrite material with the silty Palaeosol layer at approximately 4.2 m depth. This study demonstrates that measurements of both flux and solute concentrations at multiple locations are essential when heterogeneous flow is suspected to be present, to be able to determine reliable estimates of contaminant leaching through the vadose zone at the plot scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acupuncture in the treatment of stroke: A bibliometric analysis based on Citespace

Background & Objectives: Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, high mortality and high disability rate. Acupuncture has been widely used in the treatment of stroke. However, bibliometrics on acupuncture for stroke are still lacking. This study aims to analyze the global research trend of acupuncture treatment for stroke in the past 20 years. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Web of Science about acupuncture in the treatment of stroke. The databases were searched from inception to August 2022. Citespace is a service that researches the underlying knowledge in the scientific literature. We used it to analyze the relationship between publication year and country, institution, journal, author, bibliography, and keywords about acupuncture for stroke. Results: A total of 897 articles were included for analysis. Over the past 20 years, the results showed a steady increase in the number of articles about acupuncture treatment for stroke. The country with the largest number of publications is the People’s Republic of China (670), and the institution with the largest number of publications is Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (66). Keyword analysis showed that acupuncture in the treatment of post-stroke conscious cognitive impairment is the research development trend and focus on this field. Conclusion: This study provides a visual analysis method for the trends and frontiers of acupuncture treatment for stroke. Acupuncture is the research development trend for the treatment of post-stroke conscious cognitive impairment. Although most studies conclude that acupuncture has a positive effect on stroke, a large sample, randomized controlled trials are still needed to analyze the efficacy and physiological mechanisms of acupuncture in the treatment of stroke.
Simulations of Cheetah Roaming Demonstrate the Effect of Safety Corridors on Genetic Diversity and Human-Cheetah Conflict

Human-cheetah conflict is driving cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) into extinction. It is estimated that there are fewer than 7,100 cheetahs remaining globally, and encroachment from human populations has reduced their habitat to less than 9% of their historic range. Further pressure on cheetah survival comes from their poor genetic diversity, which leaves them susceptible to disease and genetic abnormalities. To reduce human- cheetah conflict and to increase the interaction between cheetah groups of diverse genetic backgrounds, we have proposed the development of “cheetah safety corridors,” which connect different populations of cheetahs inside a protected strip of land. Computer simulations were developed to model cheetah roaming within a rural environment containing human populations of varying densities. Cheetah safety corridors were included in the simulations with a varying width of up to 90 km. Modeling of these safety corridors revealed a significant positive impact on cheetah lifetime, roaming range, and cheetah-cheetah interactions, which could lead to improved genetic diversity. Targeted investment in local communities inside the safety corridor had the biggest impact, with a 4-fold improvement in cheetah lifespan and a 20-fold increase in positive cheetah-cheetah interactions, compared to investment spread more uniformly across the entire simulated area. Engagement of the local population would be vital to the success of safety corridors so that communities regard cheetahs as an asset to the region rather than a threat.
Linear and nonlinear Dirichlet–Neumann methods in multiple subdomains for the Cahn–Hilliard equation

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose and present a non-overlapping substructuring-type iterative algorithm for the Cahn–Hilliard (CH) equation, which is a prototype for phase-field models. It is of great importance to develop efficient numerical methods for the CH equation, given the range of applicability of CH equation has. Here we present a formulation for the linear and non-linear Dirichlet–Neumann (DN) methods applied to the CH equation and study the convergence behaviour in one and two spatial dimensions in multiple subdomains. We show numerical experiments to illustrate our theoretical findings and effectiveness of the method.