Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pharyngeal Gonorrhoea: The Willingness of Australian Men Who Have Sex with Men to Change Current Sexual Practices to Reduce Their Risk of Transmission—A Qualitative Study

Background The pharynx is a common site of gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men (MSM) and may serve as a reservoir for infection, with saliva implicated in transmission possibly through oral sex, kissing, and rimming. Reducing sexual activities involving saliva may reduce pharyngeal gonorrhoea. This study aimed to explore MSM’s views and knowledge of pharyngeal gonorrhoea and their willingness to change saliva transmitting sexual practices. MSM were also asked their views on using alcohol-containing mouthwash to potentially reduce transmission. Methods Using a qualitative descriptive approach, 30 MSM who were part of a larger study (GONE) conducted at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre agreed to take part in semi-structured interviews between 14th May and 8th September 2015. The 10 interviews conducted face to face and 20 by telephone, lasted between 20–45 minutes. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results Most men considered pharyngeal gonorrhoea to be a non-serious sexually transmitted infection and attributed transmission primarily to oral sex. Almost all men reported they would not stop kissing, oral sex, or consider using condoms for oral sex to reduce their risk of pharyngeal gonorrhoea. Kissing and oral sex were commonly practised and considered enjoyable low risk sexual activities. Men were more likely to consider stopping sexual activities they did not enjoy or practice often, in particular insertive rimming. If proven effective, the majority of men reported they would use alcohol-containing mouthwash to reduce or prevent their risk of pharyngeal gonorrhoea. Conclusion Findings from this study suggest MSM are unlikely to stop saliva transmitting sexual practices they enjoy and consider low risk. Men would, however, consider using alcohol-containing mouthwash if found to be effective, highlighting the importance of exploring innovative strategies to reduce pharyngeal gonorrhoea.
The four Asian tigers : economic development and the global political economy

The Regional and Global Contexts for Economic Development: K.Y. Shin, The Political Economy of Economic Growth in East Asia: South Korea and Taiwan. V.D. Cha, Defining Security in East Asia: History, Hotspots, and Horizon-Gazing. I. Numazaki, The Export-Oriented Industrialization of Pacific Rim Nations and Their Presence in the Global Market. The Actors and Institutions of Economic Development: G. Gereffi, Commodity Chains and Regional Divisions of Labor in East Asia. H. -Y. Cho and E.M. Kim, State Autonomy and Its Social Conditions for Economic Development in South Korea and Taiwan. K. Fields, Is Small Beautiful? The Political Economy of Taiwan's Small-Scale Industry. F.C. Deyo, Industrial Flexibility, Economic Restructuring, and East Asian Labor. S. -H. Lee, Crisis in Korea and the IMF Control. Index.
The Reluctant Dragon: Crisis Cycles in Chinese Foreign Economic Policy

Chinese foreign economic policy before 1978 has been considered isolationist and centered on Maoist self-reliance. In this revisionist analysis, Lawrence Reardon argues that China was not out of touch with the global marketplace during the 1949-78 period and that Deng Xiaoping's heralded liberalizations in fact were revisions and expansions of policies from the Maoist period. The dramatic economic reforms initiated by China's leaders in 1978 boosted GDP by between 9 and 13 percent each year during the 1980s and 1990s, while the nation's foreign trade figures rose from a trivial US$1.94 billion in 1952 to US$325 billion in 1997. By opening to the outside world and liberalizing the domestic economic infrastructure, China has become the third largest and one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.The story of China's on-again, off-again trade efforts provides an important window on the cyclical struggle for power between Mao Zedong's ideologically driven allies and more pragmatic leaders such as Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping, whose approach eventually prevailed. Reardon relies on primary sources, including Chinese Communist Party histories and other restricted-circulation materials that have recently come to light, to show that China's apparently sudden turn outward in 1978 was actually an extension of previous experiments hobbled by bureaucratic infighting and conflict among rival elites. He describes in unprecedented detail the seemingly contradictory strategies used by Mao and other leaders to assert China's absolute self-sufficiency while also striving to modernize the economy and achieve maximum prosperity as rapidly as possible. Lawrence C. Reardon is associate professor of political science at the University of New Hampshire.
Why Do Cities Grow? Insights from Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics at the Urban and Global Scales

This forum article explores thermodynamic understanding of the growth of cities, including theoretical foundations, observations, and analysis. The general theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics is reviewed, recognizing differences in interpretation between Prigogine and Schneider and Kay as well as discussing the hypothesis of maximum entropy production. Calculations of exergy gradients in a few cities and settlements, along with measures of anthropogenic heat loss in further cities, support the notion that cities are dissipative structures. The observation that primary energy use per capita increases in Singapore and Hong Kong as they grow is further evidence to support the thermodynamic understanding of the growth of cities, indicative of an increasing rate of entropy production. At the global scale, the strong linear relationship between global urban population and total global energy use, and the distribution of city sizes according to Zipf's law, can be understood as emergent results based on thermodynamics. Parallel results might be derived from models that represent underlying microscale processes, several of which are reviewed. Issues for future research include: development of nonequilibrium thermodynamic models specific to city growth; further study of exergy flows of cities with consistent methodology, including attention to solar energy exchanges in cities; and further exploration of links between thermodynamic and economic models of urban growth.
The Employment Footprints of Nations

In this study, we present an analysis of the average wages paid for producing direct and indirect imports of nations using employment and income footprints. An employment footprint includes a country's domestic employment and that occurring along the supply chains of, and hence embodied in, its imported goods and services. Our results allow us to group the world's nations into “masters” that enjoy a lifestyle supported by workers in other countries and “servants” that support the lifestyle of master countries. We show that, in 2010, employment footprints of countries differed substantially from their own workforce footprints. Hong Kong, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, and Switzerland occupy the top‐ranking positions of master countries, whereas many African and Asian countries are servants. Our findings show that the commodities that are “servant intensive,” such as electronics, agricultural products, and chemicals, tend to have complex supply chains often originating in third‐world countries. The quantification of these master‐servant relationships and the exposing of implicated supply chains could be of benefit to those concerned with their corporate social responsibility and committed to fairer trading or those developing policy around fair globalization.
A panel data approach to the income convergence among Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macao

This paper provides empirical evidence in support of income convergence among Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macao in the postreform era of Mainland China. Adopting the multieconomy income convergence model and employing the panel unit root testing techniques, this paper finds that relative incomes of Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macao have no tendency to deviate from one another in the long run. The occurrence of income convergence among these Chinese economies can be attributed to rapid growth on the Mainland China and Macao sides but relatively sluggish performance of Hong Kong in recent years. Macao can be regarded as playing a catalytic role in this long-run income convergence process. The finding of convergence indicates promising prospects for deepening economic cooperation and integration among the Chinese economies for their long-run sustainable economic growth.
A study of REITs in the Asia-Pacific area: volatility characters and their long-term relationship with stock indices

This study examines some important characters of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in six Asia-Pacific areas including Australia, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Korea and Hong Kong. The results show that volatility behaviours of REITs have Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) effects; in addition, REITs and stocks have a long term relationship in all markets.
International Dimensions of the Audit Fee Determinants Literature

A review of the literature in the area of audit fee determinants includes fifty-six studies drawn from seventeen countries over the period 1980 to 2000. The review starts with work initially based in the US market and then shows that attention spread almost immediately to a number of other markets, some of which were similar in structure to that of the US including the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and Ireland. A second extension of this work has seen studies based on data drawn from markets including Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, South Africa, The Netherlands and Norway. The comparative, analytical review highlights the use of a core audit fee determinants model that is used and adapted in a limited way, to reflect market specific circumstances and to address market specific issues. The review indicates some consistency across markets in respect of generic variables identified as core determinants of the level of audit fees. There is little evidence in the literature to indicate historical, cultural, institutional or other market-specific factors being addressed in a systematic way, particularly in respect of developing countries.
A new comparison of the East and West: National identity and attitudes toward immigration

This study attempted to reexamine the traditional East/ethnic–West/civic framework of national identity by extending the analysis to selected Asian countries. The previous literature has been Western oriented because the comparison and analysis focused on Western Europe and the United States of America (USA) as depicting West/civic societies and Eastern Europe as East/ethnic societies. There is a need to expand the analysis by including Asian countries. Utilizing the 2005–2007 rounds of the World Values Survey, the results of the data analysis support the ethnic–civic dichotomy. On average, respondents from Asian countries (China, Taiwan and South Korea) accorded more weight to the ethnic dimension of national identity and less to the civic, while those from Western countries (USA, Norway and Sweden) attached more importance to the civic dimension than the ethnic. Furthermore, both ethnic and civic identities were largely irrelevant in explaining attitudes toward immigrants in Asian countries but were strongly associated with immigration attitudes in Western countries.
Sex Differences in Risk Factors and Natural History of Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection.

UNLABELLED Oral human papillomavirus genotype 16 (HPV16) infection causes oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and the prevalence of oropharyngeal SCC is higher among men than women in the United States. In a cohort study of oral HPV infection among 409 individuals aged 18-25 years, the risk among men but not among women significantly increased as the number of recent (ie, within the prior 3 months) oral sex partners increased (Pinteraction = .05). In contrast, the risk among women but not among men significantly decreased as the lifetime number of vaginal sex partners increased (Pinteraction = .037). Men were also significantly less likely than women to clear oral HPV infection. Our data contribute to understanding sex differences in risk for HPV-positive oropharyngeal SCC. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00994019.
A repeated survey of sexual behavior among female university students in Sweden

Objective. To investigate sexual behavior and use of contraceptives among female university students in 2009, and compare the results with surveys from 1999 and 2004. Design. Comparative, repeated cross‐sectional surveys. Setting. A Student Health Center in Sweden. Population. Female university students (n=350). Methods. Multiple‐choice waiting‐room questionnaire. Main outcome measures. Number of sexual partners, sexually transmitted diseases, contraceptive methods. Results. Mean age was 23.5 years and 57% (n=198) had a stable relationship. Almost all of the women, 99% (n=345), had had intercourse; 97% (n=328) had received and 94% (n=328) had given oral sex. The mean number of sexual partners had increased to 11.0, compared with 7.4 in 2004 and 5.4 in 1999. Sixty‐five percent had had ‘first‐date’ intercourse without using a condom, compared to 45% in 2004 and 37% in 1999. More than one‐third (39%) had experience of anal intercourse compared with 32% in 2004 and 27% in 1999. Experience of sexually transmitted infections had increased (29% in 2009, 21% in 2004, and 14% in 1999). Condoms were often used at very first intercourse (76%) and oral contraceptives were used at latest intercourse (54%). The use of emergency contraceptive pills had increased to 67%, compared with 52% in 2004 and 22% in 1999. Conclusions. The sexual lifestyle of female university students has become riskier and this might have serious consequences for their sexual and reproductive health in the future.
China's great famine: 40 years later

Forty years ago China was in the middle of the world's largest famine: between the spring of 1959 and the end of 1961 some 30 million Chinese starved to death and about the same number of births were lost or postponed. The famine had overwhelmingly ideological causes, rating alongside the two world wars as a prime example of what Richard Rhodes labelled public manmade death, perhaps the most overlooked cause of 20th century mortality.1 Two generations later China, which has been rapidly modernising since the early 1980s, is economically successful and producing adequate amounts of food. Yet it has still not undertaken an open, critical examination of this unprecedented tragedy. #### Summary points The largest famine in human history took place in China during 1959-61 Although drought was a contributory factor, this was largely a manmade catastrophe for which Mao Zedong bears the greatest responsibility We will never know the precise number of casualties, but the best demographic reconstructions indicate about 30 million dead Two generations later China is yet to openly examine the causes and consequences of the famine The origins of the famine can be traced to Mao Zedong's decision, supported by the leadership of China's communist party, to launch the Great Leap Forward. This mass mobilisation of the country's huge population was to achieve in just a few years economic advances that took other nations many decades to accomplish.2 Mao, beholden to Stalinist ideology that stressed the key role of heavy industry, made steel production the centrepiece of this deluded effort. Instead of working in the fields, tens of millions of peasants were ordered to mine local deposits of iron ore and limestone, to cut trees for charcoal, to build simple clay furnaces, and to smelt metal. This frenzied enterprise did not produce steel but mostly lumps of …
Demographic and clinical characteristics of users of psychiatric emergency services on an off-shore island in Taiwan

Abstract Objective. This study assessed the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric emergency service (PES) patients treated in a hospital on an off-shore island of Taiwan. Method. Data were gathered on 472 identified psychiatric patients presenting to PES over a 4-year period. Results. The majority of patients were male and were in the 50–59 age group with no previous psychiatric treatment or family history of mental illness. Hospitalization rates were low for both genders, but males spent a longer time in the emergency department. Males were more often seen for violence and homicidal behaviours, while females showed more evidence of suicidal behaviour. Males were more likely to receive medication by injection with or without physical restraint as opposed to oral medication and emotional support. Conclusions. The clinical characteristics of male and female PES patients in this remote island showed differences in length of stay, psychiatric diagnoses, behaviour characteristics, and final disposition. These findings differ from those in studies of PES patients on the main island of Taiwan, the United States and Europe. Future studies of other remote areas may confirm these findings and highlight the need to provide more and particular mental health services to these underserved areas.
New early prophylaxis regimen that avoids immunological danger signals can reduce FVIII inhibitor development

Summary. The most problematic complication of haemophilia A treatment is the development of inhibitors to FVIII. The highest risk of developing inhibitors is during the first 20 exposure days (EDs). If the patient can be brought through this high risk period without inhibitor development, the subsequent risk is low. Therefore, as a pilot project, we developed a prophylaxis regimen for the first 20–50 EDs specifically designed to induce tolerance to the administered FVIII and to minimize inhibitor development by avoiding immunological danger signals. Twenty‐six consecutive previously untreated patients (PUPs) with severe haemophilia A were treated with the new prophylaxis regimen and the incidence of inhibitor development in this group was compared with that in a historical control group of 30 consecutive PUPs treated with a standard joint protection prophylaxis regimen (40–50 IU kg−1, three times a week). There were no significant differences between the study and control groups in patient‐related inhibitor risk factors such as ethnicity (all Caucasian), severity of haemophilia (all <1% FVIII), severity of FVIII gene mutation (P < 0.0006) nor in some treatment‐related factors such as product type, age at first exposure, vaccination regimen or the need for surgery. 14 of 30 subjects given standard prophylaxis but only one of the 26 subjects given the new regimen developed an inhibitor (P = 0.0003, odds ratio 0.048, 95% CI: 0.001–0.372). Our results indicate that minimizing danger signals during the first 20 EDs with FVIII may reduce the risk of inhibitor formation. These results should be confirmed in a larger prospective clinical study.
HLA‐B * 15 subtypes distribution in Han population in Beijing, China, as compared with those of other populations

To identify HLA‐B*15 subtypes distribution in Han population in Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 826 unrelated healthy individuals were typed using the polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐based typing method. Within the 246 HLA‐B*15 positive individuals, 29 HLA‐B*15 alleles were identified, the most predominant of which is B*1501 (40.07%), followed by B*1502 (12.87%), B*1511 (12.87%), B*1518 (9.19%) and B*1532 (3.31%). The distribution of HLA‐B*15 subtype frequencies was compared between the Beijing Han, eight other Chinese ethnic minorities and six Chinese populations covering the mainland of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. A neighbor‐joining phylogenetic tree was constructed and revealed that the Beijing Han population clustered into the northern populations group and had a closer relationship with northern Han and Hui than with southern Han or other ethnic minorities. These results thus provide useful information that can be used in anthropology, selection for bone marrow transplantation as well as in disease‐association study, such as in carbamazepine (CBZ)‐induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
The Determinants of Organizational Innovation and Performance: An Examination of Taiwanese Electronics Industry

According to the World Economic Forum, Taiwan ranked fourth and fifth in global growth competitiveness in 2004 and 2005, respectively. These achievements have attracted worldwide attention, and even Time magazine has recognized Taiwan as a strong innovator. Taiwanese Electronics industry has invested a lot of resources in innovation and has become one of the biggest electronic design and production centers in the world. Taiwan is the only country in East Asia that has closed the gap in innovative activities with the leading G7 countries (Breznitz, 2005). For example, from 2003 to 2006, Taiwan ranked second in the rate of international patents per capita, which is one of the most reliable proxies for industrial innovation. Through an increase in patents issued both in the United States and internationally, Taiwan is now a sophisticated player in innovation consortia. It is important to examine the determinants of organizational innovation. There are many differences in ownership structure and foreign capital between Taiwan and Western countries. Due to Taiwan's unique situation, the two important determinants in Taiwan are ownership structure and foreign capital. For example, most public firms in Taiwan are owned by families. In recent years, the government has put much effort into attracting foreign capital to Taiwan. In Taiwan's unique situation, it is relevant to understand whether ownership structure and foreign capital influence organizational innovation and by extension, performance. We focus on a sample from Taiwanese Electronics industry between 2002 and 2004. The empirical results show that family ownership structure has a negative impact on organizational innovation. By contrast, foreign capital has a positive impact on a firm's innovation. These two most important components of innovation need to be analyzed together. We find that domestic ownership structure is more important than foreign capital to explain the effect of innovation on organizational performance.
Projective techniques in Taiwan and Asia‐Pacific market research

Purpose – This paper seeks to investigate the use of projective techniques in Asia‐Pacific markets with particular reference to Taiwan and to compare this with the literature on cultural differences in conducting research to see if any correspondence exists.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a literature review and a small qualitative study of indigenous and expatriate market researchers who work or had recently worked in South Korea, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and Indonesia.Findings – The paper concludes that the use of projective techniques in Asia‐Pacific can be usefully guided by an understanding of the different cultures there compared with the cultures in the UK and other western markets. It illustrates that projective techniques are as used and are as useful in market research in Asia‐Pacific as they are in the UK.Originality/value – The research fills a gap in the literature and extends knowledge of how projective techniques are used in Asia‐Pacific markets.