Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Conjunctive Representations in 8 Prioritizing and Selecting Planned Actions

For flexible goal-directed behavior, prioritizing and selecting a specific action among 41 multiple candidates is often important. Working memory has long been assumed to play a role 42 in prioritization and planning, while bridging cross-temporal contingencies during action 43 selection. However, studies of working memory have mostly focused on memory for single 44 components of an action plan, such as a rule or a stimulus, rather than management of all of 45 these elements during planning. Therefore, it is not known how post-encoding prioritization and 46 selection operate on the entire profile of representations for prospective actions. Here, we 47 assessed how such control processes unfold over action representations, highlighting the role of 48 conjunctive representations that nonlinearly integrate task-relevant features during maintenance 49 and prioritization of action plans. For each trial, participants prepared two independent rule- 50 based actions simultaneously, then they were retro-cued to select one as their response. Prior 51 to the start of the trial, one rule-based action was randomly assigned to be high priority by 52 cueing that it was more likely to be tested. We found that both full action plans were maintained 53 as conjunctive representations during action preparation, regardless of priority. However, during 54 output selection, the conjunctive representation of the high priority action plan was more 55 enhanced and readily selected as an output. Further, the strength of the high priority conjunctive 56 representation was associated with behavioral interference when the low priority action was 57 tested. Thus, multiple alternate upcoming actions were maintained as integrated 58 representations and served as the target of post-encoding attentional selection mechanisms to 59 prioritize and select an action from within working memory. Decoded representations of two actions using frequency-specific scalp-topography
Cerebral cortex and Hippocampus of the African Striped Ground Squirrel (Xerus erythropus) - Cytoar- chitectural Studies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the special neuroanatomical features of the cerebral halves of the African striped ground squirrel (ASGS). The study was conducted by direct observation of ten (10) adult ASGS. They were anaesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine Hcl (50mg/kg body weight), Histological sections were prepared after fixation and routine tissue processing
Heat flow, arc volcanism, and subduction in northern Oregon

A total of 75 heat flow measurements are presented for the part of the Oregon Cascade Range and surrounding provinces, including the Willamette Valley, the High Lava Plains, the Deschutes-Umatilla Plateau, and the Blue Mountains, between 43°30′ and 45°05′N. The data document a major change in regional heat flow from values of 40±2 mW m−2. in the Western Cascade Range and Willamette Valley provinces to 100±5 mW m−2 along the boundary between the High Cascade Range and Western Cascade Range provinces. This variation has a half width of approximately 10 km and appears to be exactly the same along the whole study area (a strike length of over 150 km). This heat flow change coincides with a line of hot springs and occurs approximately 20–30 km west of the axis of the High Cascade Range where the major andesite stratovolcanoes of Mount Jefferson and the Three Sisters occur. The heat flow boundary corresponds to a steep gravity gradient with about the same half width and an amplitude of approximately −25 mGal. Both sets of data can be explained by a hot, low-density region about 60 km wide in the crust below 7–10 km. This heat source region is probably a zone of temporary residence of magmas melting off the subduction zone. Such crustal staging chambers may be commonly involved in the complex petrologic evolution of andesites and granitic rocks in volcanic arcs. The ratio of apparent intrusive to extrusive rocks ranges from 1:1 counting the total volcanism to 10:1 or 50:1 if only andesitic or rhyolitic volcanics are included. The overall heat flow pattern is consistent with active subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate under the Pacific Northwest. The absorption of heat from the continental outer arc by the sinking plate and the occurrence of the high heat flow associated with the volcanic arc are documented. The lack of earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest is probably related to the proximity to the ridge and the fact that several kilometers of sediment overlie the basaltic basement where it begins to be subducted, so that it is already at a minimum temperature of 100°–200°C. During the Oligocene and Miocene the edge of the volcanic arc was in the Western Cascade Range at least 40–60 km west of its present position. During the last 6–10 m.y. the heat flow has decreased from high volcanic arc values to subnormal outer arc values. The effectiveness of subduction as a heat sink is thus clearly demonstrated. The eastward migration of the volcanic arc axis might be associated with the proposed rotation of the Western Cascade Range due to Basin and Range spreading.
A Review on Improving Performance of Multi-Users Smart Homes Applications Based IoT

--The Internet of Things (IoT) connect various devices together and to the Internet to send many streams of data. That framework is giving benefits to human life through the smart home environment by utilizing every activity. All these services are in different applications which are performed in the IoT environment. Applications with modern technologies in the IoT environment are increasing. A smart home is considered has highest important applications of IoT that manages all entire system by monitoring and controlling remotely home appliances. IoT smart homes technologies and architectural improvements are growing rapidly with many problems. Many challenges and limitations exist in smart homes. Overview for different IoT architectures, applications and challenges is introduced, and then overviews of the technologies for smart home. The paper focuses on smart home performance challenges. Recommender systems are used frequently in smart homes, so the paper introduces the data collection manners, techniques, characteristics, and context-aware recommender system. Current related works with analysis and limitations were introduced. Finally most important current problems and challenges that help to overcome some problems were discussed.
Climate change and freshwater fisheries

Climate change is among the most serious environmental challenge facing humanity and the ecosystems that provide the goods and services on which it relies. Climate change has had a major historical influence on global biodiversity and will continue to impact the structure and function of natural ecosystems, including the provision of natural services such as fisheries. Freshwater fishery professionals (e.g. fishery managers, fish biologists, fishery scientists and fishers) need to be informed regarding the likely impacts of climate change. Written for such an audience, this chapter reviews the drivers of climatic change and the means by which its impacts are predicted. It details observed and future predicted effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems across Arctic, temperate and tropical climatic zones and highlights those areas where data are currently limiting our understanding of how and if climate change is affecting freshwater fisheries. Observed and predicted consequences of climatic change on the ecology of freshwater fishes are examined at different levels of biological organization, including individual, population, community and ecosystem levels, and future scenarios are discussed. The chapter examines the likely impacts of such changes on the exploitation and management of freshwater fishes across recreational, artisanal and commercial fishery sectors, including observations on the vulnerability of fishers themselves to climate change.
AN INTEGRATED ONE‐DIMENSIONAL AND TWO‐DIMENSIONAL URBAN STORMWATER FLOOD SIMULATION MODEL 1

ABSTRACT: Flash flooding is the rapid flooding of low lying areas caused by the stormwater of intense rainfall associated with thunderstorms. Flash flooding occurs in many urban areas with relatively flat terrain and can result in severe property damage as well as the loss of lives. In this paper, an integrated one‐dimensional (1‐D) and two‐dimensional (2‐D) hydraulic simulation model has been established to simulate stormwater flooding processes in urban areas. With rainfall input, the model simulates 2‐D overland flow and 1‐D flow in underground stormwater pipes and drainage channels. Drainage channels are treated as special flow paths and arranged along one or more sides of a 2‐D computational grid. By using irregular computation grids, the model simulates unsteady flooding and drying processes over urban areas with complex drainage systems. The model results can provide spatial flood risk information (e.g., water depth, inundation time and flow velocity during flooding). The model was applied to the City of Beaumont, Texas, and validated with the recorded rainfall and runoff data from Tropical Storm Allison with good agreement.
Size-dependent oscillator strength and quantum efficiency of CdSe quantum dots controlled via the local density of states

We study experimentally time-resolved emission of colloidal CdSe quantum dots in an environment with a controlled local density of states (LDOS). The decay rate is measured versus frequency and as a function of distance to a mirror. We observe a linear relation between the decay rate and the LDOS, allowing us to determine the size-dependent quantum efficiency and oscillator strength. We find that the quantum efficiency decreases with increasing emission energy mostly due to an increase in nonradiative decay. We manage to obtain the oscillator strength of the important class of CdSe quantum dots. The oscillator strength varies weakly with frequency in agreement with behavior of quantum dots in the strong confinement limit. Surprisingly, previously calculated tight-binding results differ by a factor of 5 with the measured absolute values. Results from pseudopotential calculations agree well with the measured radiative rates. Our results are relevant for applications of CdSe quantum dots in spontaneous emission control and cavity quantum electrodynamics
Recent Advances on Extracellular Vesicles in Central Nervous System Diseases

: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released by multiple cells, encapsu-lated by lipid bilayers and containing a variety of biological materials, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites. With the advancement of separation and characterization methods, EV subtypes and their complex and diverse functions have been recognized. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, such as regulation of neuronal firing, synaptic plasticity, formation and maintenance of myelin sheath, propagation of neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and spread and removal of toxic protein aggregates. Activity-dependent alteration of constituents enables EVs to reflect the change of cell and tissue states, and the wide distribution of EVs in biological fluids endows them with potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain disease, and brain tumor. Favorable biocompatibility, ability of crossing the blood–brain barrier and protecting contents from degradation, give promising therapeutic effects of EVs, either collected from mesenchymal stem cells culture conditioned media, or designed as drug delivery vehicles loaded with specific agents. In this review, we summarized EVs’ basic biological properties, and mainly focused on their applications in CNS diseases. ↑ ”, improve; “ ↓ ”, exacerbate; IV, intravenous injection; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; Exo, exosomes; DA, dopamine; EVs, extracellular vesicles; α -syn, alpha-synuclein; siRNA, small interfering RNA; RVG, rabies virus glycoprotein peptide; shRNA, short hairpin RNA.
Seasonal Predictability of European Discharge: NAO and Hydrological Response Time

Abstract In this paper the skill of seasonal prediction of river discharge and how this skill varies between the branches of European rivers across Europe is assessed. A prediction system of seasonal (winter and summer) discharge is evaluated using 1) predictions of the average North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index for the coming winter based on May SST anomalies of the North Atlantic; 2) a global-scale hydrological model; and 3) 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. The skill of seasonal discharge predictions is investigated with a numerical experiment. Also Europe-wide patterns of predictive skill are related to the use of NAO-based seasonal weather prediction, the hydrological properties of the river basin, and a correct assessment of initial hydrological states. These patterns, which are also corroborated by observations, show that in many parts of Europe the skill of predicting winter discharge can, in theory, be quite large. However, this achieved skill.
On the North Atlantic Circulation

A summary for North Atlantic circulation is proposed to replace the circulation scheme hypothesized by Worthington in 1976. Divergences from the previous model are in thermohaline circulation, cross-equatorical transport and Florida Current sources, flow in the eastern Atlantic, circulation in the Newfoundland Basin, slope water currents, and flow pattern near the Bahamas. The circulation patterns presented here are consistent with the majority of of published accounts of flow components. 77 refs., 14 figs., 3 tabs.
CD40-Specific Costimulation Blockade Enhances Neonatal Porcine Islet Survival in Nonhuman Primates

The widespread clinical implementation of alloislet transplantation as therapy for type 1 diabetes has been hindered by the lack of suitable islet donors. Pig-to-human islet xenotransplantation is one strategy with potential to alleviate this shortage. Long-term survival of porcine islets has been achieved using antibodies targeting CD154; however, this approach lacks translational potential secondary to associated thromboembolic sequelae. As an alternative strategy targeting the CD40/ CD154 T cell activation pathway, we evaluate the ability of a chimeric anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (Chi220) to protect islet xenografts. Neonatal porcine islets (~50,000 IEQ/kg) were transplanted intraportally into surgically-induced diabetic macaques. Immunosuppression consisted of induction therapy with Chi220 and anti-IL-2 receptor (basiliximab), and maintenance therapy with sirolimus and belatacept (a high-affinity CTLA-4Ig variant). Chi220 effectively promoted xenoislet engraftment and survival; five of six treated recipients achieved insulinindependent normoglycemia (mean length of graft survival 90.8 days, maximum survival of 203 days). No thromboembolic phenomena were noted. CD40 represents a promising alternative to CD154 as a therapeutic target in xenoislet transplantation; other potentially translatable anti-CD40 antibodies warrant further investigation in non-human primate models.
eScholarship International

In contrast to the standard procedure, the reference-dose procedure revealed that the conditioned rewarding effect of 1.2 mg/kg of cocaine was greater than that of 0.45 mg/kg. This increase in sensitivity to conditioned reward with the reference-dose procedure will likely increase the utility of the place conditioning method as a preclinical model, as well as a procedure for studying processes mediating associatively-motivated choice behavior.
Least Squares Inverse Q-Learning

Recent methods for imitation learning directly learn a Q -function using an implicit reward formulation rather than an explicit reward function. However, these meth-ods generally require implicit reward regularization to improve stability and often mistreat absorbing states. Previous works show that a squared norm regularization on the implicit reward function is effective, but do not provide a theoretical analysis of the resulting properties of the algorithms. In this work, we show that using this regularizer under a mixture distribution of the policy and the expert provides a particularly illuminating perspective: the original objective can be understood as squared Bellman error minimization, and the corresponding optimization problem minimizes a bounded χ 2 -Divergence between the expert and the mixture distribution. This perspective allows us to address instabilities and properly treat absorbing states. We show that our method, Least Squares Inverse Q-Learning (LS-IQ), outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms, particularly in environments with absorbing states. Finally, we propose to use an inverse dynamics model to learn from observations only. Using this approach, we retain performance in settings where no expert actions are available.
The interplay between spontaneous and controlled processing in creative cognition

Neural studies of creativity have yielded relatively little consistent results. For example, in functional neuroanatomical studies, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has often been implicated as a critical neural substrate. However, results in electrophysiological (EEG) studies have been inconsistent as to the role of the PFC. EEG results have more often implicated widespread alpha synchronization, particularly in posterior regions, in creative cognition. Recent fMRI evidence has indicated that the PFC may be activated as a part of and together with other components of a deliberate control brain network. Controlled processing is neurologically dissociated from, but may co-occur with, spontaneous cognition mediated by a subset of the default-mode network (e.g., the angular gyrus [BA 39] in the posterior parietal cortex, which has been increasingly implicated in creative cognition). When the demand for controlled processing is substantially increased, default-mode processing may be suppressed. There is now preliminary evidence to suggest an association between alpha synchronization and default-mode processing. Creative cognition likely emerges from an optimal balance between spontaneous processing and controlled processing.
A Modified Adaptive Droop Control for Improved Load Sharing in Microgrids Considering DG Boundary Limits

- The focus of the paper is on addressing a crucial aspect of microgrid operation, namely the need for efficient load sharing. In microgrids that employ high angle droop control, achieving optimal load sharing can be challenging and can potentially lead to instability. To overcome this issue, the paper proposes a modified adaptive droop control technique that stabilizes the system while ensuring appropriate load sharing. The technique involves controlling each distributed generator converter separately using high angle droop gains and a droop approach that predicts grid characteristics such as voltage, frequency, and impedance angle and magnitude. Active and reactive power can be injected into the grid separately, and a suitable dynamic can be introduced independent of the grid impedance's magnitude and phase. This ensures that the system remains stable and performs optimally, even under varying load conditions. Furthermore, during the load sharing process, the DG units have the potential to reach their maximum limits, which can lead to the collapse of the microgrid. To address this issue, a control strategy is introduced in this paper to alleviate the overloading experienced by the microgrid's units. The proposed modified adaptive droop control loop was tested on a microgrid test system, and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique in achieving optimal load sharing while maintaining system stability. Overall, the paper provides valuable insights into the design and implementation of control strategies for microgrids, which can enhance their performance and reliability.
Columnar Radio Refractivity Of The Troposphere At Ashodi And Kano

Spatial-temporal, distributions of columnar radio refractive index in the troposphere of two tropical stations – Kano and Oshodi are considered. Monthly means of radio refractivity have been shown for the atmospheric columns, 0 – 3km (the lower atmosphere), 0- 10km (the first 10km column), and 3-10km (the upper atmospheric column). Correlation coefficient between monthly means of surface radio refractivity N s and refractivity at each of the atmospheric columns N L , N T and N u (refractivity values for 0-3km, 0-10km, 3-10km respectively) is higher than 0.9 at Kano and 0.7 at Oshodi in most of the cases. Equations of regression have also been obtained by means of which measurements of N s can be used to estimate the refractivity gradient δN of the first one kilometer over each of the two stations and other places in the same climate zone. KEY WORDS: Columnar radio refractivity, correlation coefficient, refractivity gradient, troposphere, torpical Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol.11(2) 2005: 305-307
Attenuation tomography in the western central Andes: A detailed insight into the structure of a magmatic arc

High-quality data from 1498 local earthquakes recorded by the PISCO ’94 (Proyecto de Investigation Sismologica de la Cordillera Occidental, 1994) and ANCORP ’96 (Andean Continental Research Project, 1996) temporary seismological networks allowed the detailed determination of the three-dimensional (3-D) attenuation structure (Qp−1) beneath the recent magmatic arc in the western central Andes (20° to 24°S). Assuming a frequency-independent Qp−1 in a frequency band between 1 and 30 Hz, whole path attenuation (t*) was estimated from the amplitude spectra of the P waves using spectral ratios and a spectral inversion technique. The damped least squares inversion (tomography) of the data reveals a complex attenuation structure. Crust and mantle of the forearc and subducting slab are generally characterized by low attenuation (Qp > 1000). Crust and mantle beneath the magmatic arc show elevated attenuation. The strongest anomaly of extremely low Qp is found in the crust between 22° and 23°S beneath the recent volcanic arc (Qp < 100). N-S variations can be observed: The western flank of the crustal attenuation anomaly follows the curved course of the volcanic front. North of 21°S the attenuation is less developed. In the northern part of the study area the low-Qp zone penetrates in the forearc mantle down to the subducting slab. In the south a deeper zone of high attenuation is resolved between 23° and 24°S directly above the subducting slab. Low Qp in the mantle correlates with earthquake clusters. The strong crustal attenuation is confined to the distribution of young ignimbrites and silicic volcanism and is interpreted as a thermally weakened zone with partial melts. The attenuation pattern in the upper mantle might reflect the variable extent of the asthenosphere and maps variations of subduction-related hydration processes in the mantle wedge from slab-derived fluids.