Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Handwritten Text Recognition using Deep Learning Algorithms

Since a pen is more convenient than a keyboard, most scripts are now produced by hand; this often leads to mistakes due to the illegibility of human handwriting. To combat this issue, handwriting recognition has rapidly emerged as a top research priority. Computer vision algorithms involving optical character recognition were previously employed in traditional handwriting recognition systems. It is a challenging undertaking to train an optical character recognition (OCR) system with these constraints in mind. The OCR method has many problems. In this study, we employ Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Long Short-Term Memories (LSTMs) built on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture, and Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) to recognise handwritten text (CTC). To train and evaluate the network, we use the Information Acquisition MNIST dataset, which includes an English language handwriting test. Here, image processing is handled by OpenCV, while word recognition and training are handled by TensorFlow. Python is used throughout the development of this system, with the console serving as the final destination for the output.
Wireless Position Control of an Electric Power Steering System for Energy Optimization

This paper proposed an energy optimization strategy with an optimal control method approach based on wireless position control of electric power steering (EPS). The optimal control method consists of a discrete linear quadratic regulator (DLQR) as case-1 and a predictive control model (MPC) as case-2. Both are applied to see the potential of the optimal energy based on the comparison of control performance, resulting in a control design that eliminates unwanted vibrations and ensures system stability, and energy efficiency. In addition, both of these control designs can be implemented in a wireless system for position control of EPS using a mobile phone.
Electromagnetism calculation of single-sided linear induction motor with transverse asymmetry using finite-element method

Electromagnetic variations of the single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM) are calculated by three-dimensional (3D) finite-element method (FEM) when the primary is displaced sideways from a symmetrical position. For geometrical and electrical asymmetry, a full 3D model, which considering the longitudinal and transverse end effects, overhangs of the primary windings and secondary, as well as lateral displacement, is developed. Apart from the thrust and vertical force, lateral force is produced when the transverse asymmetry occurred. Hence, the calculation equation of thrust, vertical and lateral forces in each element of the 3D FEM model and boundary conditions are presented. Air-gap flux densities along the longitudinal and transverse directions with different lateral displacements are obtained, as well as the distortion coefficients of the air-gap flux density is proposed. Corresponding induced currents in the secondary are predicted. Finally, the variations of the thrust, vertical and lateral forces are experimentally validated by measurements on reciprocal power-fed test rig. It shows that the flux in between overhangs of the primary winding and secondary has great effect on the lateral force, the thrust and vertical force decrease with the increase of the lateral displacement.
A new goniophotometer for the calibration of small luminous flux standard lamps

A description is given of a goniophotometer built at the NPRL, Pretoria for calibrating luminous flux standard lamps. The lamps are mounted at one end of a 4.2 m main beam, which can rotate around its centre. The lampholder rotates about the main beam in such a way that the lamp orientation (top and bottom) relative to a fixed external frame of reference remains constant. A photometer is mounted on the other end of the main beam to sample the illuminance produced by the lamp on a spherical surface 3.6 m from the centre of the lamp.
Experiments on the stability of hydromagnetic Couette flow

The viscometer investigations of Donnelly & Ozima (1962) on the stability of flow between rotating cylinders in the presence of a magnetic field have been extended by making careful torque measurements in the subcritical range using improved mercury. The results show that a small difference in stability can be observed with conducting cylinders as compared with insulating cylinders. The results also suggest that a heretofore unnoticed instability begins well before the instability studied earlier. This relatively weak instability accounts for some of the anomalous effective viscosity observed by Donnelly & Ozima.
The detection of fast oxygen ions in neutral beam-heated plasmas of the TJ-II stellarator using spectroscopy methods

During heating, by neutral beam injection, of magnetically confined plasmas in the TJ-II stellarator broad spectral structures, that straddle intense emission lines from multiply ionized oxygen ions, are observed by a normal-incidence spectrometer viewing a plasma region well separated from the neutral beam/plasma interaction volume. These features are seen to appear and to disappear shortly after neutral beam switch-on and switch-off, respectively. After excluding other possible origins it is demonstrated that their source is fast oxygen ions that originate as accelerated H2O and H3O ions in the ion sources of the neutral beam injectors. Next, discussions on how fast multiply ionized ions can perform multiple toroidal transits about this device, thereby giving rise to the spectral structures observed, are presented. Finally, implications of these emissions for spectral analysis and interpretation of spectra in hot magnetically confined plasmas are addressed.
A review of probiotics in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: Perspectives from the gut–brain axis

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a class of neurodevelopmental conditions with a large societal impact. Despite existing evidence suggesting a link between ASD pathogenesis and gut–brain axis dysregulation, there is no systematic review of the treatment of probiotics on ASD and its associated gastrointestinal abnormalities based on the gut–brain axis. Therefore, we performed an analysis for ASD based on preclinical and clinical research to give a comprehensive synthesis of published evidence of a potential mechanism for ASD. On the one hand, this review aims to elucidate the link between gastrointestinal abnormalities and ASD. Accordingly, we discuss gut microbiota dysbiosis regarding gut–brain axis dysfunction. On the other hand, this review suggests that probiotic administration to regulate the gut–brain axis might improve gastrointestinal symptoms, restore ASD-related behavioral symptoms, restore gut microbiota composition, reduce inflammation, and restore intestinal barrier function in human and animal models. This review suggests that targeting the microbiota through agents such as probiotics may represent an approach for treating subsets of individuals with ASD.
ON THE RATIO OF AN EMPIRICAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION TO THE THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

This paper contains various distributional results about the ratio F_n(x) :F(x), where F(x) is a distribution function, and F_n(x) is the corresponding empirical distribution function formed of a sample of size n. The main results are:(A) Concerning stability. It is proved that, as n→∞, where a_n is any sequence of positive numbers tending to infinity. (B) Concerning exact distributions. We have derived exact formulae for the following distribution functions: where 0a≤1 is a constant, under the assumption that either (i) a=1 and F(x) is continuous, or (ii) a1, F(x)=a has solution, and F(x) is continuous on the set{F(x) ≤a}. (C) Concerning limiting distributions. Let F(x) possess the following property: there exists a value p,0p1, such that F(x)=p has solution and F(x)is continuous on the set {F(x)≤p}. Under this assumption we have obtained explicit expressions for the following limits: where c is a positive constant and a_n is a sequence of positive numbers approaching infinity. It is an inteesting fact that the above limits depend neither on the value p in our assumption nor, in case of the last two, on the sequence a_n.
Brackett line spectroscopy of bursts of star formation in the nuclei of galaxies

Br-alpha and Br-gamma lines with 7.2 arcsec spatial and 350 km/s spectral resolution have been observed in seven infrared-bright galaxies, and the measurements are used to derive the Lyman continuum flux and the luminosity resulting from young stars. By analyzing the possible range of uncertainties in various parameters of the derivations, it is shown that several of the galaxies appear to have quite extreme conditions, with OB populations that are probably more massive and, in some cases, much younger than seen locally. 65 refs.
Speckle flow structured illumination microscopy for dynamic super-resolution imaging

We propose a new method, Speckle Flow SIM, to super-resolve every frame of a dynamic scene from a sequence of diffraction-limited images at different acquisition timepoints. Speckle Flow SIM uses a fixed speckle-structured illumination to encode the super-resolved information into measurements and a neural space-time model to exploit the temporal redundancy for the dynamic scene reconstruction. We built a simple, inexpensive setup for Speckle Flow SIM and experimentally demonstrated 1.88× super-resolution for a dynamic scene.
Mu Torere: An Analysis of a Maori Game

Mu torere is a game played by the Maori, the indigenous people of the region now called New Zealand. The game predates the late eighteenth-century arrival of Europeans. Mu torere is usually translated as draughts (the British name for the game Americans call checkers) with the qualification that the two games are considerably different [1], [3], [4], [5], [8], [9], [10], [11]. The game attracts our interest from several points of view. As with any game, we can simply play it for enjoyment. To be enjoyable, it must have sufficient, but not too much, complexity. Some games, such as tic-tac-toe, soon lose enjoyment because a winning or tying strategy is easily learned. Other games, such as chess, require too much skill and concentration to be broadly appreciated. What is involved in the game and its level of complexity can be seen more clearly by analysis. Analysis also raises combinatorial questions that are interesting for themselves. When examining a game that has been a long time favorite, we surmise that there is something in it that has captured and held attention. Anthropologists can state the context of the game, the rules and the observed attitudes of the players; using mathematics we can show the implications of the rules and so gain understanding of what the players find engaging. Our additional insights will be of anthropological interest because games of strategy are a rarity among Oceanic peoples. Further, our analysis resolves an inconsistency in the literature regarding the starting rules. Mu torere is played on an 8-pointed star design. There are two players and each has four markers. The etymology of the name of the game remains obscure and its play is unceremonious. The star design is easily and readily drawn on sand, wood, or bark with anything that comes to hand such as a piece of charcoal or the point of a nail. The markers can be pebbles or, since post-contact times, bits of broken china or even pieces of potato as long as they are distinguishable by the players [3], [4], [8], [9]. The center of the design (see FIGUR 1) is generally referred to
Partial replacement of high-fat diet with n-3 PUFAs enhanced beef tallow attenuates dyslipidemia and endoplasmic reticulum stress in tunicamycin-injected rats

Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is considered as a complex, intertwined multiple risk factors that directly increase the risk of various metabolic diseases, especially cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. While lifestyle changes, including dietary intervention are effective in mitigating or preventing MetS, there are no specific therapies against MetS. Typical western diets comprise of high saturated fatty acid, cholesterol, and simple sugar; consequently their consumption may increase the potential pathological developmental risk of MetS. Partial replacement of dietary fatty acids with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is widely recommended measure to manage MetS-related disorders. Methods In the present study, we used rat model to investigate the role of n-3 PUFA enriched beef tallows (BT) on MetS and tunicamycin (TM)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, by partially replacing dietary fat (lard) with equal amounts of two different BTs; regular BT or n-3 PUFA-enriched BT. The experimental rats were randomly assigned to three different dietary groups (n = 16 per group): (1) high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFCD); (2) HFCD partially replaced with regular BT (HFCD + BT1); (3) HFCD partially replaced with n-3 enhanced BT (w/w) (HFCD + BT2). After 10 weeks of dietary intervention, each experimental rodent was intraperitoneally injected with either phosphate-buffered saline or 1 mg/kg body weight of TM. Results HFCD + BT2 showed improved dyslipidemia before TM injection, and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels after TM injection. BT replacement groups had significantly reduced hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels, and decreased total cholesterol (TC) and TG levels in epididymal adipose tissue (EAT). Furthermore, BT replacement remarkably attenuated TM-induced unfolded protein responses (UPRs) in liver, showing reduced ER stress, with BT2 being more effective in the EAT. Discussion Therefore, our findings suggest that partially replacing dietary fats with n-3 PUFA to lower the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs is beneficial in preventing pathological features of MetS by alleviating HFCD- and/or TM-induced dyslipidemia and ER stress.
MACC1 as a Potential Target for the Treatment and Prevention of Breast Cancer

Simple Summary Despite significant advances in treatment, breast cancer continues to be prevalent around the world. Metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) has been shown to be involved in the progression of more than 20 different types of cancer, including breast cancer, and performs specific functions in different cancers. MACC1’s biological role, molecular mechanism, and pathway are important for understanding cancer progression. MACC1 is highly expressed in breast cancer and has been linked to metastasis, staging, and a poor prognosis. This review article attempts to elucidate the prognostic value of MACC1 expression in breast cancer, its role in immune and anti-radiation therapy, and the network regulatory mechanisms involved, and discusses the application of MACC1 in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. It is hoped that the use of MACC1 as a biomarker in breast cancer surveillance and clinical guidance can be promoted. Abstract Metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) is an oncogene first identified in colon cancer. MACC1 has been identified in more than 20 different types of solid cancers. It is a key prognostic biomarker in clinical practice and is involved in recurrence, metastasis, and survival in many types of human cancers. MACC1 is significantly associated with the primary tumor, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis classification, and clinical staging in patients with breast cancer (BC), and MACC1 overexpression is associated with reduced recurrence-free survival (RFS) and worse overall survival (OS) in patients. In addition, MACC1 is involved in BC progression in multiple ways. MACC1 promotes the immune escape of BC cells by affecting the infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Since the FGD5AS1/miR-497/MACC1 axis inhibits the apoptotic pathway in radiation-resistant BC tissues and cell lines, the MACC1 gene may play an important role in BC resistance to radiation. Since MACC1 is involved in numerous biological processes inside and outside BC cells, it is a key player in the tumor microenvironment. Focusing on MACC1, this article briefly discusses its biological effects, emphasizes its molecular mechanisms and pathways of action, and describes its use in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
Pro-Apoptotic Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Seaweeds: Promising Sources for Developing Novel Anticancer Drugs

The process by which cancer cells evade or inhibit apoptosis is considered one of the characteristics of cancer. The ability of cancer cells to escape apoptosis contributes to tumor proliferation and promotes metastasis. The discovery of new antitumor agents is essential for cancer treatment due to the lack of selectivity of drugs and cellular resistance to anticancer agents. Several studies showed that macroalgae produce various metabolites with different biological activities among marine organisms. This review discusses multiple metabolites extracted from macroalgae and their pro-apoptotic effects through regulating apoptosis signaling pathway target molecules and the structure-activity relationship. Twenty-four promising bioactive compounds have been reported, where eight of these compounds exhibited values of maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of less than 7 μg/mL. Fucoxanthin was the only carotenoid reported that induced apoptosis in HeLa cells with an IC50 below 1 µg/mL. Se-PPC (a complex of proteins and selenylated polysaccharides) is the magistral compound because it is the only one with an IC50 of 2.5 µg/mL which regulates the primary proteins and critical genes of both apoptosis pathways. Therefore, this review will help provide the basis for further studies and the development of new anticancer drugs, both as single agents and adjuvants, decreasing the aggressiveness of first-line drugs and offering patients better survival and quality of life.
Local Convergence Rate of Mean Squared Error in Density Estimation

The local convergence rate of a multivariate density estimators based on the certain delta-sequence is studied. In contrast to known results, the conditions on the density are formulated in terms of the modulus of continuity. The main contribution of this study is relaxing the corresponding smoothing conditions in terms of arbitrary modulus of continuity type majorant. In particular, when the density f ∈ L p (R d ) satisfies Lipschitz condition of order γ = 1 at x, the rate of convergency contains terms with logarithm, which is the best possible convergency rate.
Intra- and Inter-Class Induced Discriminative Deep Dictionary Learning for Visual Recognition

Deep dictionary learning (DDL) aims to learn dictionaries at different levels and the deepest level representations. However, existing DDL algorithms impose a $l_{1}$-norm constraint on the deepest level representations, ignoring the constraints on different level representations. Meanwhile, they fail to discover effectively the essential discrimination information. Therefore, the obtained representations are less discriminative, which degrades model performance. To tackle those issues, we propose an intra- and inter-class induced discriminative deep dictionary learning (DDDL). Specifically, both intra-class compactness and inter-class separability of layer-wise data representations are newly devised as two discriminative constraints on deep dictionary learning. In a hierarchical structure, we obtain a more informative dictionary and the class-specific representations are thus more discriminative at each layer. Due to the $l_{2}$-norm intra- and inter-class constraints of layer-wise data representation, we devise a layer-wise optimization strategy to efficiently learn the closed-form solution of the deepest representation for classification. Comprehensive experiments and analyses on several visual recognition tasks show that our DDDL model surpasses recent shallow and deep representation learning approaches.
Colliding Winds from Early-Type Stars in Binary Systems

The dynamics of the wind and shock structure formed by the wind collision in early-type binary systems is examined by means of a 2D hydrodynamics code, which self-consistently accounts for radiative cooling, and represents a significant improvement over previous attempts to model these systems. The X-ray luminosity and spectra of the shock-heated region, accounting for wind attenuation and the influence of different abundances on the resultant level and spectra of X-ray emission are calculated. A variety of dynamical instabilities that are found to dominate the intershock region is examined. These instabilities are found to be particularly important when postshock material is able to cool. These instabilities disrupt the postshock flow and add a time variability of order 10 percent to the X-ray luminosity. The X-ray spectrum of these systems is found to vary with the nuclear abundances of winds. These theoretical models are used to study several massive binary systems, in particular V444 Cyg and HD 193793.
Seasonal Variations of Tropospheric Wind over Indonesia: Comparison between Collected Operational Rawinsonde Data and NCEP Reanalysis for 1992-99

Seasonal variations of wind in the troposphere are analyzed based on operational rawinsondes at 11 stations over Indonesia for 1992-1999 and the results are compared with NCEP reanalysis. For meridional wind, an annual oscillation caused by north-south shift of a meridional (Hadley-type) circulation is clearly found. Winter-poleward flow of the upper-tropospheric meridional circulation is stronger than summer-poleward flow. The winter (southern) hemispheric cell in northern summer has a larger invasion across the equator (as suggested in the zonal-mean Hadley cell), and weaker meridional flows than the winter (northern) hemispheric cell in northern winter. Along the boundary of twin meridional circulation cells, a zonal (Walker-type) circulation seems to exist, and has easterly (westerly) wind in the upper (lower) troposphere in the Indonesian region. The zonal circulation is also shifted from the equator associated with the meridional circulation cell boundary. However, a semiannual oscillation, which has easterly maxima in January-February and July-August is more clearly observed in the upper-tropospheric zonal wind, which is consistent with a consideration on conservation of absolute angular momentum for the upper-tropospheric winter-poleward (equatorward) air mass transport associated with the winter-hemispheric meridional circulation cell, invading the summer hemisphere across the equator. In comparison with the seasonal-vertical variations based on the operational rawinsonde data, the NCEP reanalysis seems to overestimate the upper-tropospheric northerly and easterly maxima during northern summer. In other words, the NCEP reanalysis produces a winter hemispheric side meridional circulation cell with similar intensities between both solsticial seasons, in spite that in the operational rawinsonde data the winter hemispheric side meridional circulation cell in northern summer is weaker than that in northern winter. The overestimation of easterly may also be related with an insufficient reproduction of the winter-hemispheric meridional circulation cell-such as too large northward invasion.