Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
9 bullYinG in sCHools

In this Chapter, we provide a comprehensive presentation of what is known about bullying in schools. We begin with highlighting the epidemiology and nature of bullying, and we proceed with the research findings of hypothesised antecedents and consequences of bullying. Then, we present the anti-bullying intervention programmes, along with a commentary of their effectiveness, and our recommendations for further preventative measures. Throughout the Chapter, we adopt a critical stance towards the international and South African bullying literature, pointing out strengths and deficits of the theories, research methods, and practical applications employed. We concur that investigators must carefully synthesise existing theoretical and empirical information and use it as a basis for developing anti-bullying programmes. To be efficacious, preventative efforts need to be theory-driven, data-driven, and subjected to rigorous evaluation. keywords: bullying at schools, risk-factors, prevention strategies INTRODUCTION Bullying is a noxious intentional action aimed at causing physical and/or psychological harm to one or more students, who are weaker and find it difficult to defend themselves (Olweus, 1993; Rigby, 1996; Smith & Sharp, 1994). In this Chapter, we present: a. What is known about the nature of bullying. b. The roles adopted in bullying relationships. c. The behavioural correlates of bullying, as well as factors that sustain it. d. The anti-bullying programmes that appear in the international published literature. e. Core intervention recommendations, based on the international and South African research outputs. OVERVIEw OF BULLYINg Bullying is seen as a subset of aggressive behaviour (Olweus, 1999), that is expressed in an open, direct way (e.g., physically hitting, kicking, punching someone; verbally threatening, insulting, teasing, taking belongings), and/or in a relational, indirect way (e.g., spreading rumours, gossiping, excluding and isolating someone from a group). More recently, the Internet has provided an arena for additional types of bullying (cyber-bullying), including behaviours such as name-calling using MSN (Microsoft’s messaging service, which provides text messaging and voice calling), sending threatening emails and viruses, hacking and posting one’s picture or video on the Internet without permission (Dehue, Bolman & Völlink, 2008). Although researchers have not reached consensus as to how bullying is best conceptualised (Griffin & Gross, 2004), most agree that bullying encompasses personality elements, group dynamics, repetition, intentionality, and power imbalances amongst those involved (Greene, 2000; Olweus, 1994). Studies have revealed bullying in schools as a common, worldwide, phenomenon:
A comparative microscopic study of human and non-human long bone histology.

Identification of human or nonhuman skeletal remains is important in assisting the police and law enforcement officers for the investigation of forensic cases. Identification of bone can be difficult, especially in fragmented remains. It has been reported that 25 to 30% of medicolegal cases, which involved nonhuman skeletal remains have been mistaken for human. In such cases, histomorphometric method was used to identify human and nonhuman skeletal remains. However, literature has shown that histomorphometric data for human and nonhuman bone were insufficient. Additionally, age estimation in bone may help in the identification of human individual, which can be done by using a histomorphometric method. Age estimation is based on bone remodeling process, where microstructural parameters have strong correlations with age. Literature showed that age estimation has been done on the American and European populations. However, little work has been done in the Asian population. The aims of this project were thus, to identify human and nonhuman bone, and to estimate age in human bones by using histomorphometric analysis. In this project, 64 human bones and 65 animal bones were collected from the mortuary of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre and the Zoos in Malaysia, respectively. A standard bone preparation was used to prepare human and nonhuman bone thin sections for histomorphometric assessment. Assessments were made on the microstructural parameters such as cortical thickness, medullary cavity diameter, osteon count, osteon diameter, osteon area, osteon perimeter, Haversian canal diameter, Haversian canal area, Haversian canal perimeter, and Haversian lamella count per osteon by using image analysis, and viewed under a transmitted light microscope. The microstructural measurements showed significant differences between human and nonhuman samples. The discriminant functions showed correct classification rates for 81.4% of cases, and the accuracy of identification was 96.9% for human and 66.2% for animal. Human age estimation showed a standard error of estimate of 10.41 years, comparable with those in the literature. This study project offers distinct advantages over currently available histomorphometric methods for human and nonhuman identification and human age estimation. This will have significant implications in the assessment of fragmentary skeletal and forensic population samples for identification purposes.
The Pluralization of Haber in Venezuelan Spanish: A Sociolinguistic Change in Real Time

Traditional Spanish prescriptive grammar has described existential haber (there is/are) as an invariant verb as far as number is concerned. Many studies (Bello 1972, Bentivoglio & Sedano 1987, De Mello 1991, Kany 1945, among others) have documented the pluralization of haber in several varieties of Spanish. Bentivoglio & Sedano (1987) found that linguistic factors such as the nature of the referent codified by the noun phrase [? human], and the presence of a modifier that reinforces the idea of plurality are relevant when analyzing pluralization of existential haber in Venezuelan Spanish. The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the pluralization of existential haber as produced at two points in time, 1977 and 1987, and to examine the evolution of this linguistic phenomenon within Venezuelan Spanish. In (1a) the canonical use of existential haber is illustrated, whereas in (1b) an example of pluralization is illustrated: (1a) pero habia unas estadisticas en. but there were statistics in.  (1b) habian nueve jugadores nada mas there were only nine players Production of haber is observed in two corpora: one recorded in 1977 (Universidad Central de Venezuela 1979), and the other recorded in 1987 (Corpus para el Estudio Sociolinguistico del Habla de Caracas 1987). Previous research on this topic using the corpus recorded in 1977 has been conducted by Bentivoglio & Sedano (1989). In the present work, an analysis of the 1987 corpus is compared to previous results presented by Bentivoglio & Sedano (1989) for the 1977 corpus. Ninety-six speakers were selected from the corpus Estudio Sociolinguistico del Habla de Caracas (1987) with equal representation of: socioeconomic level (upper class, middle class, and working class), age (14-29, 30-45, 46-60, and 61 and older), and sex (male and female). All clauses with existential haber and a plural noun phrase were analyzed from the speech samples of each speaker. Three linguistic factors have been included in the analysis: the nature of the referent codified by the noun phrase [? human], the presence of a modifier that reinforces the idea of plurality (determiner, adjective, etc.), and the conjugation of the verb (preterit, imperfect, etc.). Statistical analysis was applied to the data obtained from the twenty-four speakers by means of Goldvarb 2.0 (Rand and Sankoff 1990). In this first comparative study of existential haber across time, the findings reveal that pluralization is an extended phenomenon in Venezuelan Spanish. Pluralization of existential haber is stigmatized in certain verb conjugations (the preterit, for example), while in other conjugations the phenomenon is stable and socially unmarked. Previous research regarding pluralization of haber shows the younger generation leading this change. The fact that the levels of pluralization are similar across the different age groups studied in this research as well as for male speakers and female speakers indicates that this phenomenon is firmly established in Venezuelan Spanish, at least in the imperfect and present perfect paradigms.
CHARTING THE INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD CAUSING THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXPLORER (IBEX) RIBBON OF ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOMS

The interstellar magnetic field (ISMF) near the heliosphere is a fundamental component of the solar galactic environment that can only be studied using polarized starlight. The results of an ongoing survey of the linear polarizations of local stars are analyzed with the goal of linking the ISMF that shapes the heliosphere to the nearby field in interstellar space. We present new results on the direction of the magnetic field within 40 pc obtained from analyzing polarization data using a merit function that determines the field direction that provides the best fit to the polarization data. Multiple magnetic components are identified, including a dominant interstellar field, B POL ? > , that is aligned with the direction ℓ, b = 36. °2, 49. °0 (±16.°0). Stars tracing B POL ? > have the same mean distance as stars that do not trace B POL ? > , but show weaker average polarizations consistent with a smaller column density of polarizing material. B POL ? > is aligned with the ISMF traced by the IBEX Ribbon to within 7.6 − 7.6 + 14.9 ? > degrees. The variations in the polarization position angle directions derived from the data that best match B POL ? > indicate a low level of magnetic turbulence, ∼9° ± 1°. The direction of B POL ? > is obtained after excluding polarization data tracing a separate magnetic structure that appears to be associated with interstellar dust deflected around the heliosphere. The velocities of local interstellar clouds relative to the Local Standard of Rest (LSR) increase with the angles between the LSR velocities and B POL ? > , indicating that the kinematics of local interstellar material is ordered by the ISMF. The Loop I superbubble that extends close to the Sun contains dust that reddens starlight and whose distance is determined by the color excess E(B − V) of starlight. Polarizations caused by grains aligned with respect to B POL ? > are consistent with the location of the Sun in the rim of the Loop I superbubble. An angle of 76.8 − 27.6 + 23.5 ? > between B POL ? > and the bulk LSR velocity the local interstellar material indicates a geometry that is consistent with an expanding superbubble. The efficiency of grain alignment in the local interstellar medium has been assessed using stars where both polarization data and hydrogen column density data are available. Nearby stars appear to have larger polarizations than expected based on reddened sightlines, which is consistent with previous results, but uncertainties are large. Optical polarization and color excess E(B − V) data indicate the presence of nearby interstellar dust in the BICEP2 field. Color excess E(B − V) indicates an optical extinction of AV > 0.6 in the BICEP2 field, while the polarization data indicate that AV > 0.09 mag. The IBEX Ribbon ISMF extends to the boundaries of the BICEP2 region.
Term Limits for the Supreme Court: Life Tenure Reconsidered

In June 2005, at the end of its October 2004 Term, the U.S. Supreme Court's nine members had served together for almost eleven years, longer than any other group of nine Justices in the nation's history. Although the average tenure of a Supreme Court Justice from 1789 through 1970 was 14.9 years, for those Justices who have retired since 1970, the average tenure has jumped to 26.1 years. Because of the long tenure of recent members of the Court, there were no vacancies on the high Court from 1994 to the middle of 2005. We believe the American constitutional rule granting life tenure to Supreme Court Justices is fundamentally flawed, resulting now in Justices remaining on the Court for longer periods and to a later age than ever before in American history. This trend has led to significantly less frequent vacancies on the Court, which reduces the efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court's membership. The increase in the longevity of Justices' tenure means that life tenure now guarantees a much longer tenure on the Court than was the case in 1789 or over most of our constitutional history. Moreover, the combination of less frequent vacancies and longer tenures of office means that when vacancies do arise, there is so much at stake that confirmation battles have become much more intense. Finally, as was detailed in a recent article by Professor David Garrow, the advanced age of some Supreme Court Justices has at times led to a problem of "mental decrepitude" on the Court, whereby some Justices have become physically or mentally unable to fulfill their duties during the final stages of their careers. In this Article, we call for a change to the life tenure rule for Supreme Court Justices. To resolve the problems of life tenure, we propose that lawmakers pass a constitutional amendment pursuant to Article V of the Constitution instituting a system of staggered, eighteen-year term limits for Supreme Court Justices. The Court's membership would be constitutionally fixed at nine Justices, whose terms would be staggered such that a vacancy would occur on the Court every two years at the end of the term in every odd-numbered calendar year. Every one-term President would thus get to appoint two Justices and every two-term President would get to appoint four. Our proposal would not apply to any of the nine sitting Justices or to any nominee of the President in office when the constitutional amendment is ratified. Moving to a system of eighteen-year terms for Supreme Court Justices would restore the norms in this country that prevailed on the Court between 1789 and 1970, when vacancies occurred about once every two years, and Justices served an average of 14.9 years on the Court. We recommend that the country recommit itself to the tenure practices that held for Supreme Court Justices for most of our history.
Convergence Rate for the Approximation of the Limit Law of Weakly Interacting Particles 2: Application to the Burgers Equation

In this paper, we construct a stochastic particles method for the Burgers equation with a monotonic initial condition; we prove that the convergence rate is $\displaystyleO\left(\frac1\sqrtN +\sqrt\D\right)$ for the $L^1(I\! \! R \times \Omega)$-norm of the error. To obtain that result, we link the PDE and the algorithm to a system of weakly interacting stochastic particles; the difficulty of the analysis comes from the discontinuity of the interaction kernel, equal to the Heaviside function. In~\citebossy_talay-93, we show how the algorithm and the result extend to the case of non monotonic initial conditions for the Burgers equation; we also treat the case of nonlinear PDE's related to particles systems with Lipschitz interaction kernels. Our next objective is to adapt our methodology to the (more difficult) case of the 2-D inviscid Navier-Stokes equation.
Valuing Real Options without a Perfect Spanning Asset

The real options approach to corporate investment decision making recognizes a firm can delay an investment decision and wait for more information concerning project cash-flows. The well known models of McDonald and Siegel (1986) and Dixit and Pindyck (1994) value the investment decision as a perpetual American call option on the project value. The former specifies the equilibrium return via CAPM, whilst the latter, along with much of the literature, uses a replicating portfolio argument. This involves identifying a perfect spanning asset for the project value, often called a " twin security ". In this paper, we instead assume only a partial spanning asset can be found which is imperfectly correlated with project value. This is more realistic, as most real projects can only be partially hedged by traded securities and private risks are common. We find the value of the option to invest and the trigger level are both lowered (compared to the complete model) when the spanning asset is less than perfect, although the option to invest still has value even when there is no spanning asset at all. This implies the firm should wait to invest, but invest earlier than the complete real options model suggests. Investment should also take place earlier under our partial spanning model than under the model of McDonald and Siegel (1986). Both the McDonald and Siegel (1986) and complete models are special cases of our model, obtained when risk aversion tends to zero and when correlation approaches one, respectively. Despite this, we conclude that approximating via these classic models when correlation is high (or risk aversion is low), may lead to an incorrect investment decision. Thus, by taking private risks into account, the partial spanning model gives a much richer model of corporate investment decisions.
THE NATIONAL POLICY ENVIRONMENT OF SMALL , MICRO AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH AFRICA – AN EMPRICAL STUDY

With unemployment levels in South Africa standing at 42%, the government’s priority is to focus on economic transformation and SMME development. The government hopes to fast track the development of micro and small business, allow greater access to finance for people operating in the second economy and to reduce the cost of setting up new business all in a bid to stimulate jobs. In fact, South Africa is lagging behind the rest of the world on several entrepreneurship indicators. Of the 31 countries surveyed last year, total entrepreneurship activity was 8.8%, while for developing countries it was 18.4%. South Africa’s total entrepreneurship activity was 4.3% and the country was ranked 22. More alarming is that the rate is dropping significantly year-on-year. In 2001 the rate was 9.4%, while in 2002 it was 6.5%. Focusing on the experience of the clothing industry, this paper reveals that the picture in this sector is not particularly better either. A response rate of 52.29% was obtained using the mail survey for the empirical investigation. A key finding was the lack of government support for the continued growth of SMMEs. Similarly, it was noted that recent shedding of jobs in the textile, clothing and mining sector is likely to be a cause of instability on the labour front. All told, clear government policies and goals are imperative in order to negate barriers for sustainable SMME development and growth.
"DEVELOPMENT BOX" AND SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT FOR FOOD SECURITY OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: POTENTIALS, LIMITATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

At the Ministerial Conference in Doha, WTO member countries acknowledged the need to further correct the prevailing restrictions and distortions in agricultural world markets. The Ministerial Declaration of Doha reaffirms the commitment of creating a fair agricultural trading system that will recognize the special needs of developing countries and foster their full integration and participation in agricultural world trade. It has been widely discussed who the winners and losers of further trade liberalization may be, considering particular country groups such as the Cairns Group or the group of Net Food Importing Developing Countries. Although many developing countries may gain from both increased access to OECD markets and the elimination of own trade barriers, the most vulnerable economies within the international trading system are likely to be left behind. Therefore, it has been argued that the current WTO negotiations have to be held under the motto of a "development round" and multiple proposals have been made towards the creation of a Development Box. In this context, our paper emphasizes the heterogeneity of developing countries as a group and the regional diversity within particular economies and puts a special focus on people rather than countries. We suggest a conceptual design of a potential Development and Food Security Box within the WTO Agreement on Agriculture that would address the most pressing issues of hunger and poverty in food-insecure, low-income countries/regions. We also suggest conceptual measures to further integrate the poorest of the poor into the existing trading system and to stimulate their economic development. Finally, we make a first attempt to identify possible actors as well as financing and implementation mechanisms for a viable Development Box that would reach beyond conventional Green Box and Special and Differential Treatment measures. We conclude that direct action for food security remains necessary. The complementary potentials of trade, finance, and political reform, and the multiplicity of instruments needed for sustainable development, including food security, are to be utilized. A rule-based Development Box that is complementary to trade liberalization in the long run is called for.
Reforming higher education in Vietnam : challenges and priorities

List of Contributors. 1. Higher Education in Vietnam: Reform, Challenges and Priorities Grant Harman, Martin Hayden et al. 2. Vietnam's Higher Education System Martin Hayden, Lam Quang Thiep. 3. Higher Education in Vietnam 1986-1998: Education in transition to a new era? Elizabeth St. George. 4. The Higher Education Reform Agenda: A Vision For 2020 Pham Thanh Nghi, Jonathan D. London. 5. Reforming Teaching and Learning in Vietnam's Higher Education System Kay Harman, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Bich. 6. The Research Role of Vietnam's Universities Grant Harman, Le Thi Bich Ngoc. 7. Research-Industry Cooperation Supporting Development in Vietnam: The Challenge of Translating Policy into Practice Marea Fatseas. 8. Intellectual Property and Vietnam's Higher Education System Robert Spoo, Dao Anh Tuan. 9. Reforming the Governance of Higher Education in Vietnam Khanh Van Dao, Martin Hayden.10. Processes for Strategic Planning in Vietnam's Higher Education System Larry Smith, Nguyen Quang Dong. 11. Processes of Modernisation in Two Public Universities in Vietnam: University Managers' Perspectives Ta Thai Anh, Richard Winter.12. Optimising the Impact of Vietnam's Higher Education Sector on Socio-economic Development Kiri Evans, Adam Rorris. 13. Accreditation in Vietnam's Higher Education System Don F. Westerheijden, Leon Cremonini et al. 14. Internationalisation of Vietnamese Higher Education: Retrospect and Prospect Anthony R. Welch. 15. Private Higher Education in Vietnam Martin Hayden, Khanh Van Dao.
Risk of colorectal polyps in patients with sporadic gastric polyps: A case-control study.

AIM To assess the risk of colonic polyps, adenomas and advanced neoplastic lesions (ANL) in patients with sporadic gastric polyps, especially those with fundic gland polyps (FGP). METHODS Clinical records of patients who had performed an upper and a lower digestive endoscopy between September 2007 and August 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. A case-control study was carried out, calling patients with gastric polyps as "cases" and patients without gastric polyps as "controls". The risk of colonic polyps, adenomas and ANL (villous component ≥ 25%, size ≥ 10 mm, or high grade dysplasia) was assessed [odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95%CI]. RESULTS Two hundred and forty seven patients were analyzed: 78 with gastric polyps (cases) and 169 without gastric polyps (controls). Among the cases, the majority of gastric polyps were FGP (80%, CI: 69-88) and hyperplastic (20%, CI: 12-31); 25% had colonic polyps (25% hyperplastic and 68% adenomas, from which 45% were ANL). Among the controls, 20% had colonic polyps (31% hyperplastic and 63% adenomas, from which 41% were ANL). The patients with sporadic FGP had an OR of 1.56 (CI: 0.80-3.04) for colonic polyps, an OR of 1.78 (CI: 0.82-3.84) for colonic adenomas, and an OR of 0.80 (CI: 0.21-2.98) for ANL. Similar results were found in patients with gastric polyps in general. CONCLUSION The results of this study did not show more risk of colorectal adenomas or ANL neither in patients with sporadic gastric polyps nor in those with FGP.