Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Religion or Knowledge Diffusion: A Protestant Economic History of China, 1840-1920

We provide an account of how Protestantism promoted economic prosperity in China—a country Weber ruled out for the development of Protestantism and capitalism. Using prefectural-level data from 1840-1920, a period when China was forced to open up to the West and experienced an early phase of capitalist development, we exploit the outcome of the Boxer Uprising to identify the causal effect of the subsequent diffusion of Protestantism on economic outcome. The seeming relationship between Protestantism and greater economic prosperity disappears once we control for the two channels through which knowledge was transmitted to the Protestant prefectures. The first pertains to the introduction of a Western primary education, whereas the second concerns practices of Western medicine. In contrast, the religious endeavors, most notably the erection of Bible schools, had no distinctly identifiable effect on economic prosperity.
Genotype Profile for Fifteen Tetranucleotide Repeat Loci in Two Tibeto‐Burman Speaking Tribal Populations of Arunachal Pradesh, India

POPULATION: Two Tibeto‐Burman‐speaking Adi tribal populations of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Adi Pasi (n=121) from Upper Siang district, and Adi Minyong (n=33) from East Siang district were analyzed for polymorphisms at 15 microsatellite loci. The populations belong to Mongoloid ethnicity and are of special significance in genetic studies due to their small population size, relative isolation in remote hilly areas, and traditional subsistence patterns.
Soil N-mineralization dynamics under four major land use patterns in Eastern Himalaya

N-mineralization, nitrification and ammonification rates were studied in the major land use patterns viz., Jhum , agroforestry, vegetable and millet agro-ecosystems (AES) in East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Study was conducted for an annual cycle from June 2011 to May 2012 following standard methodology. N-mineralization showed significant variations between the sites and seasons. Greater amount of N-mineralization was recorded during the rainy season for agroforestry, and winter season for Jhum , vegetable and millet AES. Lowest mineralization rates were found during the spring for Jhum AES and during the rainy season for millet and vegetable AES. Ammonification rate was positively correlated with soil pH, soil organic carbon, NH4 +-N and NO3-N whereas, nitrification rate was negatively correlated with ammonium and nitrate concentrations which suggest that available nitrogen concentration was not saturated in these systems .
MATERIALS 2 , 074201 ( 2018 ) Topological band crossings in hexagonal materials

J. Zhang,1,2,3 Y. -H. Chan,4 C. -K. Chiu,5 M. G. Vergniory,6,7,8 L. M. Schoop,9 and A. P. Schnyder1 1Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany 2Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 3Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada V6T 1Z1 4Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China 5Condensed Matter Theory Center and Joint Quantum Institute and Maryland Q Station, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA 6Donostia International Physics Center, P. Manuel de Lardizabal 4, San Sebastian, 20018 Basque Country, Spain 7Department of Applied Physics II, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain 8IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain 9Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
A literature review on the impact and effectiveness of government support for R&D and innovation

This paper examines the empirical evidence on the impact and effectiveness of government support for R&D and innovation. It covers findings for EU and OECD countries, China and Taiwan. The period covered is 1960 till 2017. The review of the literature shows a great variety of empirical evaluations that focus on effects of either direct government support in the form of grants, subsidies and loans or indirect support in the form of tax incentives, on input additionality, output additionality, behavioural additionality and welfare. The review is structured according to this set of outcomes and effects. The report notes a great heterogeneity of empirical studies, a wide range of empirical estimation approaches, and variety of definitions of studied outcomes. Further, there is a relative abundance of studies evaluating the effect of government support on R&D expenditure compared to the number of studies evaluating output additionality on a firm and macroeconomic levels, behavioural additionality or evaluating impact on welfare. The report concludes with the overview of main findings indicating that government support for R&D and innovation, either in the form of grants, subsidies and loans, or in the form of tax incentives on input, output and behavioural additionality as well as on welfare may have a positive impact but not always. The overall conclusion leans towards complementarily of public and private R&D expenditures and a positive but modest impact on innovation at the firm level. However, the magnitude of the effect varies with firm size, generosity of support, size of the project supported, sectors, the type of tax system, etc. The government support seems to be the most effective when targeting an innovation input –R&D expenditure. We suggest that to gain better understanding of the impact of government support for R&D and innovation to firms and to come to a more conclusive view of the nature and the magnitude of its impact and effectiveness, more studies evaluating the impact of government direct and indirect support on innovation output at the firm and macroeconomic levels as well as on welfare are needed and that due to a host of methodological issues, the pure econometric estimations of the impact and effectiveness of government support needs to be complemented by long-term ex-post evaluation studies and qualitative in-depth case studies.
Between ‘Retreat’ and ‘Recentralisation’: China’s SOE Reform Conundrum

State-owned enterprises (SOEs), a key constituent of China’s economy, are an important reference for analysing China’s evolving state-market relations. Market-oriented reforms introduced in the SOE sector over the past four decades have seen the Communist Party of China (CPC) loosen its control over SOEs, shedding a large number of loss-making enterprises, and significant restructuring of remaining enterprises, including by public listing. But these achievements still fall short of making Chinese SOEs ‘modern enterprises’, and they continue to be extensions of the Chinese Party-state. Using Party documents, speeches and policy announcements, this article explores key changes and continuities in China’s state-owned sector in the post-liberalisation era. It contends that the neoliberal turn in China’s economic transition cannot be understood in the radical separation of state and market configurations but that reform and restructuring of SOEs have to be situated in a political-institutional landscape where multiple interests compete over the formulation of economic policy.
Health and Social Constraints for Elderly Chinese Women Who Lose Their Only Child and Spouse: A Perspective of Resilience

ABSTRACT Aging Chinese people who lose their only child are a newly developed vulnerable group as the result of the one child policy in China. As an integral part of this group, women who have lost their only child and their spouse are more vulnerable and have their own particularity. This study uses qualitative methods to explore the resilience of women who have lost their only child and their spouse based on the interaction of risk factors and protective factors at individual and environment levels. From the perspective of resilience, this article examines the psychological suffering and the health and social constraints experienced by elderly women who lose their only child and their spouse and who lack appropriate support from the government and society. It analyses how the internal protective factors of the resilience of such women include being hard-working and able to bear hardships, and showing forbearance and a good ability to seek social support, while the external protective factors include care from relatives and the support from multiple social relationships. Women who have lost their only child and their spouse demonstrate many forms of resilience, including traditional positive resilience and recessive resilience, such as complaining and somatization, indicating profound health and social implications that require the development of appropriate policies in China.
Invasion of Ukraine Discourse on TikTok Dataset

We present a dataset of videos and comments from the social media platform TikTok, centred around the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, an event that launched TikTok into the geopolitical arena. The discourse around the invasion exposed myriad political behaviours and dynamics that are unexplored on this platform. To this end we provide a mass scale language and interaction dataset for further research into these processes. An initial investigation of language and social interaction dynamics are explored in this paper. The dataset and the library used to collect it are open sourced to the public.
Upping the ante without taking up arms: Why mass movements escalate demands

One of the unresolved puzzles in the civil resistance and contentious politics literatures is why some movements that begin seeking limited redress in a certain policy space escalate their claims to demand the ousting of a national leader or the entire regime, a process the article terms ‘demand escalation’. For instance, in the summer of 2019, thousands took to the streets of Hong Kong to protest about a proposed extradition bill that would allow criminal suspects to be sent to mainland China to face trial in courts controlled by the Communist Party. However, even after Hong Kong’s leader, Carrie Lam, announced the formal withdrawal of the controversial bill, protests continued with some calling for greater democracy and others demanding Lam’s resignation. Whereas most of the literature on civil resistance treats demands as fixed and focuses on different methods of struggle to pursue predefined ends, this article shows that demands can change as a result of the state–dissent interaction. The article argues that movements are more likely to escalate their demands when the state responds to the initial nonviolent action with a disproportionate use of force, because such an action intensifies the grievances the protesters have against the state and betrays the remaining trust that people might have had in the government. The analysis of a new quantitative dataset that catalogues both reformist and maximalist opposition campaigns globally supports this claim. By incorporating non-maximalist campaigns into the analysis and not treating demands as fixed, this article adds to our understanding of mass campaigns and highlights an overlooked means by which nonviolent campaigns can up their ante without resorting to violence.
Exploring The Influence of Online Reviews on Sales

This study examined customer satisfaction in 20 lady-managed Indonesian restaurants located in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, utilizing 1,316 online reviews. The overall average rating was 4.3 out of 5, reflecting high customer satisfaction. By using KH-coder software word frequency and co-occurrence network analysis identified key themes within reviews, encompassing food variety, pricing, restaurant ownership, and overall dining experience. The term "lady" was frequently associated with 5-star ratings, indicating a potential link between female management and high customer satisfaction. Conversely, terms like "expensive" and "small" were associated with lower ratings, highlighting the importance of perceived value for money and portion size. The study contributes to the underexplored area of female management in the restaurant industry. It demonstrates that women-led establishments can excel in competitive markets. It also underlines the importance of various aspects influencing customer satisfaction beyond just food, such as pricing and portion size. Furthermore, the findings validate the role of women as facilitators of cross-cultural culinary exchange and pave the way for future research on female leadership in the hospitality industry.
Federal Justice in California: The Court of Ogden Hoffman, 1851-1891.@@@Practicing Law in Frontier California.

For forty years Ogden Hoffman presided over the federal district court for the Northern District of California, disposing of more than nineteen thousand cases brought before him. Federal Justice in California: The Court of Ogden Hoffman, 1851-1891 considers a career remarkable for longevity and productivity and at the same time examines the operation of a federal trial court in nineteenth-century America - the cases adjudicated, their significance, and the court's impact upon the community. Solidly researched, Christian G. Fritz's book is unique in attending to the law on the level at which it was most often encountered by participants in legal actions. During his four decades on the bench, from the time of the California gold rush to the anti-Chinese movement of the 1880s, Hoffman dealt one-on-one with a cross-section of humanity: through his court came sea captains, seamen seeking their wages, wealthy steamship owners and distraught and injured passengers, and Chinese immigrants. Fritz shows him adjudicating land grant conflicts and bankruptcy cases and presiding over the admiralty, criminal, and common law and equity dockets. The author has examined thousands of Hoffman's cases to gain insight into how nineteenth-century federal trial courts were used, by whom, and with what effect. The successful use that a broad range of plaintiffs made of Hoffman's court requires a re-examination of theories suggesting that law of the period primarily developed and courts largely operated in ways that promoted commercial and entrepreneurial interest. Just as important, Fritz's sensitive analysis of an institution never loses sight of the proud life-long bachelor, native New Yorker, and scion of a distinguished family who always identified himself with his court. Christian G. Fritz is a professor of law at the University of New Mexico.
Unique connections. Uses of the transnational social capital of Czech pastors in the Cold War 1940s–1960s

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to analyse the genesis of the transnational professional network of Czech pastors from the second half of the nineteenth century with the main emphasis on its functioning and instrumentalisations on diﬀerent levels in the context of the Czechoslovak Communist dictatorship caught in the dynamics of the global Cold War. It is close to the attempts to reintegrate reﬂection on religion in the history of globalisation. Furthermore, it adopts a perspective related to the ‘new Cold War historiography’ emphasising considerable interaction and exchange irrespective of seemingly insurmountable political divisions and conﬂicts.
Stumbling Toward Capitalism: The State, Global Production Networks, and the Unexpected Emergence of China's Independent Auto Industry

The auto industry has long been of interest to political scientists because of the crucial role the state has played in brokering investment into local firms and coordinating relationships between suppliers and assemblers. In Japan and Korea, a centralized and institutionalized policymaking apparatus is often credited with establishing a globally competitive domestic auto industry without the need for foreign direct investment (FDI). Yet in China, where the policymaking apparatus is fragmented and decentralized, FDI was the primary policy tool used to infuse capital, technology, and management expertise into the backwards state-owned auto sector. Despite the central government's staunch support of state-owned firms, the most globally competitive domestic automakers in China today are not the traditional state-owned firms, but a group of new domestic firms with no ties to the central government or foreign automakers.Contrary to those scholars that credit the Chinese party-state with the modernization of China's auto industry, this dissertation argues that one of the sector's most significant developments - the emergence of independent Chinese automakers - was not the outcome of well-executed industrial policies, as was the case in Japan and Korea. Rather, the ability of China's independent automakers to overcome financial, technological, and regulatory barriers to entry was largely shaped by China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the economic initiative of local governments, and China's integration into an increasingly fragmented global automotive production networks. This dissertation also explores the consequences of China's new appetite for cars, such as growing oil imports and greenhouse gas emissions, and assesses the prospect of vehicle electrification as a way to solve the country's dire energy and environmental problems.This research examines from a sectoral perspective the inherent limitations to China's fragmented and decentralized approach to policymaking. Though this approach has been one of the primary drivers of economic growth up to now, it will hinder not only necessary consolidation in the Chinese auto industry, but the next stage of China's economic transition.
Tumors' do-it-yourself blood vessels.

More than a decade ago, a team led by Mary Hendrix, then of the University of Iowa, Iowa City, reported an unusual, seemingly new way through which tumor cells can tap into the blood supply and obtain nutrients. Researchers knew at the time that tumors can induce normal endothelial cells to form new blood vessels, a process called angiogenesis. But Hendrix and her colleagues contended that tumor cells themselves sometimes create their own blood-delivering tubes, a mechanism they dubbed vasculogenic mimicry (also known as vascular mimicry). The idea was immediately controversial but Hendrix and others have since pieced together a picture of how tumors build their own blood vessels and how they can affect prognosis and treatment. Now, the idea faces another big test. The first clinical trial of a drug to block vasculogenic mimicry—and thus potentially limit tumor growth—has begun in the United States and Taiwan. If the drug succeeds, it wouldn't just bolster what Hendrix and other researchers have been saying about these do-it-yourself blood vessels for the last 16 years. It might also explain why some of the most-hyped drugs in cancer therapy—angiogenesis inhibitors—have underperformed.
The Chinese Presence in Burkina Faso: A Sino-African Cooperation from Below

Burkina Faso currently has no diplomatic relationship whatsoever with the People’s Republic of China. Engaged in cooperation with Taiwan since 1994, it is one of only three African countries not a part of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation. This unusual situation has produced a unique manifestation of the Chinese presence in Burkina Faso, where the estimated 600 Chinese migrants are primarily private entrepreneurs. This phenomenon of “globalization from below” – or, this migration of entrepreneurs that transcends the absence of diplomatic relations – creates new intimate social relations between the Burkinabe and Chinese people who come into contact with each other. Far from simply turning Chinese and Burkinabe into economic competitors, these relations have also led to the emergence of many forms of interpersonal and business cooperation. In this paper, I therefore demonstrate how Sino-African cooperation from below has developed in Burkina Faso, which stands in radical contrast to the latter’s cooperation with Taiwan, which takes place almost exclusively on a broader state-to-state level. The empirical evidence of this study is drawn from field survey interviews and observations of both Chinese and Burkinabe entrepreneurs in Burkina Faso between 2010 and 2011.
DOES AUDIT FIRM SIZE CONTRIBUTE TO AUDIT QUALITY? EVIDENCE FROM TWO EMERGING MARKETS

This study investigated whether the Big N audit firms in emerging markets can provide audits of high quality and mitigate information risk, by comparing the audit quality of Big N audit firms in Taiwan with those in China. The two countries share a similar cultural background and engage in frequent economic exchange; however, they have different legal systems and institutional environments. This study followed previous research in the use of bid-ask spread and discretionary accruals as proxy variables for information asymmetry and audit quality. Our results indicate that politico-economic differences between Taiwan and China influence the effectiveness of independent auditors when it comes to the mitigation of information asymmetry. Big N audit firms in Taiwan helped to mitigate information asymmetry and provided audit services of higher quality, whereas Big N firms in China were better able to constrain earnings management. Our results indicate that market concentration and market share have a stronger influence on reputation incentive and audit quality than does the size of an audit firm. ****
Gekong-Galong–Traditional weaving technology of Adi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh

The women living in remote areas and dependent on traditional resources have developed appreciating knowledge and skill in weaving and making crafts for their subsistence livelihood in mountain ecosystems. In modernization and rapid acculturation process, this culturally important heritage of women is at risk and eroding. Varieties of culturally and traditionally important dresses are weaved by Adi women. Women are competent in selecting diverse plant biodiversity used in making entire set of gekong-galong (handloom), which requires years of experience. The culture, belief and spiritual aspects are intrinsically attached with weaving technology. Various sources are utilized in making and using thread for weaving like silkworm, indigenous cotton varieties and mechanically made thread available in market. In remote social system, women use local bioresources in preparing the dye and colours. Weaving is one of the major traditional sources of income and livelihood, but younger generation does not show considerable interest in learning and continuing such culturally important practices. A mission mode integrated effort would be required to conserve women wisdom of weaving and making this profession economically viable through value addition, entrepreneurship development, chaining market and economic empowerment. In the paper, traditional weaving and related knowledge systems of purposively selected villages of Padam, Pasi and Minyong subtribes of Adi community Arunachal Pradesh are discussed.
Mao's Legacy: Access to Land and Hunger in Modern China

Mao came to power on the back of radical land reforms. Using household data from a rich and poor province we show that access to land within rural localities remains universal and egalitarian in 1990. Land owned by village governments is allocated to households on the basis of thier demographic composition which is a proxy for nutritional need. This feature distinguishes China from other low income countries. Non-market allocation enables us to study the channels through which access to land in‡uences hunger. Land both generates income and, if food markets are incomplete, serves as a source of cheaper calories relative to the market. We show that this latter own-price effect is empirically important but diminishes with market development. These results indicate that Mao’s legacy of universal and egalitarian access to land represents a key means of avoiding hunger. This helps us to understand how China has managed to escape the high levels of hunger which typify low income countries.