Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sinhala Dependency Treebank (STB)

This paper reports the development of the first dependency treebank for the Sinhala language (STB). Sinhala, which is morphologically rich, is a low-resource language with few linguistic and computational resources available publicly. This treebank consists of 100 sentences taken from a large contemporary written text corpus. These sentences were annotated manually according to the Universal Dependencies framework. In this paper, apart from elaborating on the approach that has been followed to create the treebank, we have also discussed some interesting syntactic constructions found in the corpus and how we have handled them using the current Universal Dependencies specification.
Structure of large-scale vortices and unsteady reverse flow in the reattaching zone of a turbulent separation bubble

This paper describes experiments concerning the structure of large-scale vortices and the unsteady reverse-flow properties in the reattaching zone of a nominally two-dimensional separation bubble formed at the leading edge of a blunt flat plate with right-angled corners. The experiment was performed in a wind tunnel with a constant Reynolds number 2.6 × 104 (based on the main-flow velocity and the thickness of the plate). Split-film probes, being sensitive to instantaneous reversals of flow direction, were extensively employed. An important feature of this study is a judicious use of surface-pressure fluctuations as a conditioning signal to educe the structure of the large-scale vortices. Distributions of fluctuating-velocity vectors and contour lines of high-frequency turbulent energy in a few space–time domains are presented and discussed. The most economical interpretation of these space-time distributions is that the large-scale vortices in the reattaching zone are hairpin vortices whose configuration is sketched in the text. The unsteady flow in the reattaching zone is mainly governed by two agents; the motion of the large-scale vortices and the low-frequency unsteadiness. The unsteady flow is clarified in terms of the motion (in a space–time domain) of zeros of the longitudinal velocity close to the surface of the plate; the effects of the two agents on this motion are presented separately. On the basis of these results, a mathematical model of the unsteady flow in the reattaching zone is suggested and found to yield good comparison with measured reverse-flow intermittency and frequency of local-flow reversals. It appears that the separation bubble experiences shrinkage and enlargement in connection with the low-frequency unsteadiness and that the speed of shrinkage is much greater than that of enlargement. The strength of the large-scale vortices in the reattaching zone seems to be dependent on the phase of the low-frequency unsteadiness.
Probability measures and Hamiltonian models on Bethe lattices. II. The solution of thermal and configurational problems

In a previous paper we introduced a method for the construction of rotationally and translationally invariant probability measures generated by one‐step Markov Hamiltonian models on q‐state‐site Bethe lattices. Here, the corresponding thermal problems are solved by finding the relative free energy, which gives complete information on the properties of the models under study. Configurational problems also can be solved with the present tools. As an example, the solution of polychromatic correlated‐site/random‐bond percolation models is found.
Laboratory observations of wave evolution, modulation and blocking due to spatially varying opposing currents

The nonlinear evolution of waves propagating on a spatially varying opposing current has been observed in a wave–current flume. Regular waves with different initial periods and different initial steepness, s (0.05 < s < 0.19), were generated and observed. Frequency downshift, even with very small initial steepness, was identified. As expected, it was found that opposing currents can have significant interactions with wavetrains. The ultimate frequency downshift increases with the increase in initial steepness. The evolution of frequency modulation was observed via the instantaneous frequency extracted by the Morlet-wavelet transform. The instantaneous frequency showed that often the process of frequency downshift can be local in time and gradual, but abrupt changes of local frequency were also detected. The presence of an opposing current can gradually block the primary wave energy and destroy the conservation of the wave action at downwave locations, thus increasing the asymmetric modulation and accelerating the effective frequency downshift.
Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To estimate prevalence of HIV infection in Nigeria and to examine variations by geopolitical zones and study characteristics to inform policy, practice and research. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of bibliographic databases including PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Global Health, Academic Search Elite and Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) and grey sources for studies published between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2019. Studies reporting prevalence estimates of HIV among pregnant women in Nigeria using a diagnostic test were included. Primary outcome was proportion (%) of pregnant women living with HIV infection. A review protocol was developed and registered (PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019107037). Results Twenty-three studies involving 72 728 pregnant women were included. Ten studies were of high quality and the remaining were of moderate quality. Twenty-one studies used two or more diagnostic tests to identify women living with HIV. Overall pooled prevalence of HIV among pregnant women was 7.22% (95% CI 5.64 to 9.21). Studies showed high degree of heterogeneity (I2=97.2%) and evidence of publication bias (p=0.728). Pooled prevalence for most individual geopolitical zones showed substantial variations compared with overall prevalence. North-Central (6.84%, 95% CI 4.73 to 9.79) and South-West zones (6.27%, 95% CI 4.75 to 8.24) had lower prevalence whereas South-East zone (17.04%, 95% CI 9.01 to 29.86) had higher prevalence. Conclusions While robust national prevalence studies are sparse in Nigeria, our findings suggest 7 in every 100 pregnant women are likely to have HIV infection. These figures are consistent with reported prevalence rates in sub-Saharan African region. WHO has indicated much higher prevalence in Nigeria compared with our findings. This discrepancy could potentially be attributed to varied methodological approaches and regional focus of studies included in our review. The magnitude of the issue highlights the need for targeted efforts from local, national and international stakeholders for prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment.
Effect of Risk Message Framing on Tourists’ Travel Intention: Roles of Resilience and Impulsivity

The effect of risk message framing on travel intention requires more empirical investigations in long-term high-risk situations like the current COVID-19 pandemic. Based on frame theory, this study employed an experimental design to examine how two contrasting approaches of COVID-19 risk message framing (amplifying vs. attenuating) affected post-pandemic travel intention via the mediation of perceived safety and travel fear, and how resilience and impulsivity as tourist traits moderate these relationships. Survey results based on 481 responses revealed that: (1) risk messages significantly predicted tourists’ perceived safety, travel fear, and travel intention; (2) tourists’ perceived safety and travel fear mediated the effects of risk messages on travel intention; (3) while resilience moderated the effects of message framing on perceived safety and travel intention, impulsivity only moderated the effect of message framing on travel fear. The study provides a theoretical basis and practical implications for destination risk communications.
The regulation of host cytoskeleton during SARS-CoV-2 infection in the nervous system

The global economy and public health are currently under enormous pressure since the outbreak of COVID-19. Apart from respiratory discomfort, a subpopulation of COVID-19 patients exhibits neurological symptoms such as headache, myalgia, and loss of smell. Some have even shown encephalitis and necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy. The cytoskeleton of nerve cells changes drastically in these pathologies, indicating that the cytoskeleton and its related proteins are closely related to the pathogenesis of nervous system diseases. In this review, we present the up-to-date association between host cytoskeleton and coronavirus infection in the context of the nervous system. We systematically summarize cytoskeleton-related pathogen-host interactions in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, hoping to contribute to the development of clinical treatment in COVID-19 patients.
Conformational Transitions in Factor VIIa: Can We Stabilize the Inactive Form of the Enzyme?

The catalytic sites of the trypsin family of serine proteases (SPs) are highly homologous (1). However, some members of this family, such as trypsin and chimotrypsin, show a poor selectivity, whereas many other SPs are characterized by a high degree of specificity (2). The interaction of the SP members with their substrates essentially involves their active site cleft, where the S 1–4 and S 1’–4’ catalytic subsites of the enzyme interact with the corresponding P and P’ sites of the substrate (1-2). However, for macromolecular substrates these interactions involve a more extended interaction area, as the substrates may have a molecular mass even 10-fold greater than that of the protease, as in the case of thrombin-fibrinogen interaction (3). The specificity of such interactions is thus regulated also by insertion loops referred to as exosites, such as the 60s (residues 60a-62, chymotrypsinogen numbering system), the 70s (residues 67-81), and the 140s loop (residues 142 to 153), located away from the His57-Ser195-Asp194 catalytic triad (4). These insertion loops are absent in the archetypal SP members, such as trypsin, but contribute to improve the catalytic machinery and to optimize contacts with substrates and regulatory ligands of more specialized SPs, such as thrombin, FX, and FVII. Interestingly, although the overall architecture of some of these exosites is similar among different SPs, the chemical features and the function of these domains may be very different in the various proteases. The 70s loop, for instance, is strongly cationic in thrombin and is involved in molecular recognition of fibrinogen and PAR-1 (4-6), while it is acidic
Keystone taxa responsible for the microbial community stability and performance of activated sludges

Background The functions and stability of a community depend on its species, which form complex interaction networks. The keystone taxa identified by network analysis are generally considered to play a vital role in the structure and function of microbial communities, but there is no uniformly accepted operational definition of such taxa. Further, what species and how they affect the community’s stability and function are still poorly understood. Methods To solve this problem, we performed a large-scale network analysis of the microbial communities residing in 1186 activated sludge (AS) samples. Results We found that the AS co-occurrence network is a typical scale-free network. While most taxa in the AS co-occurrence network have little association, there are still a small number of taxa that are strongly interconnected. We defined a group of keystone taxa that have an important impact on network stability. Further analysis results indicate that the communities harboring the keystone taxa maintain higher stability, but these communities possess lower pollutant removal rates. In addition, we found that keystone taxa were more likely to appear in samples with lower sludge load. Conclusions Our work identified the keystone taxa that maintain the stability of microbial communities in the AS systems but at the cost of reducing their function. This finding shed light on the relationship between composition, stability, and function within microbial communities. It also provides novel insights into manipulating the function of microbial communities by modifying their composition.
Chronobiologie

Rhythmisch verlaufende Prozesse in lebenden Organismen werden in dem wissenschaftlichen Gebiet der Chronobiologie untersucht. Beim Menschen sind vor allem die 24-Stunden-Rhythmen von großer Bedeutung. Die wichtigste Erkenntnis chronobiologischer Forschung ist, dass durch „innere Uhren“ endogene autonome Rhythmen erzeugt werden.
Dopamine dysregulation in Parkinson’s disease flattens the pleasurable urge to move to musical rhythms

The pleasurable urge to move to music (PLUMM) elicits activity in motor and reward areas of the brain and is thought to be driven by predictive processes. Dopamine within motor and limbic cortico-striatal networks is implicated in the predictive processes underlying beat-based timing and music-induced pleasure, respectively. This suggests a central role of cortico-striatal dopamine in PLUMM. This study tested this hypothesis by comparing PLUMM in Parkinson’s disease patients, healthy age-matched, and young controls. Participants listened to musical sequences with varying rhythmic and harmonic complexity (low, medium, high), and rated their experienced pleasure and urge to move to the rhythm. In line with previous results, healthy younger participants showed an inverted U-shaped relation between rhythmic complexity and ratings, with a preference for medium complexity rhythms, while age-matched controls showed a similar, but weaker, inverted U-shaped response. Conversely, PD patients showed a significantly flattened response for both the urge to move and pleasure. Crucially, this flattened response could not be attributed to differences in rhythm discrimination and did not reflect an overall decrease in ratings. Together, these results support the role of dopamine within cortico-striatal networks in the predictive processes that form the link between the perceptual processing of rhythmic patterns, and the affective and motor responses to rhythmic music.
Self-consistent two-component models of elliptical galaxies

Spherical self-consistent elliptical galaxy models, embedded in a dark matter halo, are constructed. Two different stellar distributions are considered : the King law, and another one reproducing the R 1/4 luminosity law; the stellar mass-to-light ratio is constant. The concentration and the amount of the stellar and dark matter distributions are determined by five parameters; two characteristic radii determine the radial trend of the anisotropy for the stellar and dark halo velocity dispersion tensors. The multicomponent decomposition of dynamical models of galaxies and a theorem concerning their consistency are introduced; then, the region of the parameter space where the models are self-consistently generated are determined
Anisotropic Strain and Memory Effect in Electrochemomechanical Strain of Polypyrrole Films under High Tensile Stresses

Electrochemomechanical strain (ECMS) under tensile stress up to 5 MPa in polypyrrole films doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonate (PPy/DBS) has been studied in aqueous LiCl electrolytes. The ECMS of about 2% showed cation-driven behavior and decreased with increasing tensile stress. At higher tensile stresses than 2 MPa, a nonlinear deformation against the injected charges was observed, as well as creeping associated with conformation change, slipping and/or breaking of polymer chains. Upon removal of high tensile stresses, the creeping recovered in some extent. The results are discussed in terms of the relaxation of anisotropic strain and memory effect introduced during the creeping. The conversion efficiency from electrical to mechanical energies was 0.04%, being the maximum at approximately 3 MPa.
MsPBRsP: Multi-scale Protein Binding Residues Prediction Using Language Model

Accurate prediction of protein binding residues (PBRs) from sequence is important for the understanding of cellular activity and helpful for the design of novel drug. However, experimental methods are time-consuming and expensive. In recent years, a lot of computational predictors based on machine learning and deep learning models are proposed to reduce such consumption. But those methods often use MSA tools such as PSI-BLAST or NetSurfP to generate some statistical features and enter them into predictive models as necessary supplementary input. The input generation process normally takes long time, and there is no standard to specify which and how many statistic results should be provided to a prediction model. In addition, prediction of PBRs relies on residue local context, but the most appropriate scale is undetermined. Most works pre-selected certain residue features as input and a scale size based on expertise for certain type of PBRs. In this study, we propose a general tool-free end-to-end framework that can be applied to all types of PBRs, Multi-scale Protein Binding Residues Prediction using language model (MsPBRsP). We adopt a pre-trained language model ProtTrans to save the large consumption caused by MSA tools, and use protein sequence alone as input to our model. To ease scale size uncertainty, we construct multi-size windows in attention layer and multi-size kernels in convolutional layer. We test our framework on various benchmark datasets including PBRs from protein-protein, protein-nucleotide, protein-small ligand, heterodimer, homodimer and antibody-antigen interactions. Compared with existing state-of-the-art methods, MsPBRsP achieves superior performance with less running time and higher prediction rates on every PBRs prediction task. Specifically, we boost F1 score by 27.1% and AUPRC score by 7.6% on NSP448 dataset and decrease running time from over 10 minutes to under 0.1s on average. The source code and datasets are available at https://github.com/biolushuai/MsPBRsP-for-multiple-PBRs-prediction.
Modulation phenomena in Si nanowire field-effect transistors characterized using noise spectroscopy and gamma radiation technique

High-quality silicon nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors (FETs) were designed and fabricated. Features of transport and modulation phenomena of the structures were studied using a number of techniques, including noise spectroscopy. Using the 1/f noise component level, the values of the volume trap densities in gate dielectric are estimated to be around 1 × 1017 cm−3 eV−1. This result proves high quality of the investigated structures. Analysis of Lorentzian noise components of NW samples is used to characterize single trap and its parameters. A strong modulation of carrier concentration in the conducting channel under influence of even single carrier capture event has been revealed. Possibility of fine tuning of the transport properties of the sample with low-dose gamma irradiation has been shown. The gamma radiation treatment of the NW samples was applied as an effective technique to confirm the strong influence of trap charges on conductivity behavior in the channel of NW FETs. The results demonstrat.
Local microtubule and F-actin distributions fully determine the spatial geometry of Drosophila sensory dendritic arbors

Dendritic morphology underlies the source and processing of neuronal signal inputs. Morphology can be broadly described by two types of geometric characteristics. The first is dendrogram topology, defined by the length and frequency of the arbor branches; the second is spatial embedding, mainly determined by branch angles and tortuosity. We have previously demonstrated that microtubules and actin filaments are associated with arbor elongation and branching, fully constraining dendrogram topology. Here we relate the local distribution of these two primary cytoskeletal components with dendritic spatial embedding. We first reconstruct and analyze 167 sensory neurons from the Drosophila larva encompassing multiple cell classes and genotypes. We observe that branches with higher microtubule concentration are overall straighter and tend to deviate less from the direction of their parent branch. F-actin displays a similar effect on the angular deviation from the parent branch direction, but its influence on branch tortuosity varies by class and genotype. We then create a computational model of dendritic morphology purely constrained by the cytoskeletal composition imaged from real neurons. The model quantitatively captures both spatial embedding and dendrogram topology across all tested neuron groups. These results suggest a common developmental mechanism regulating diverse morphologies, where the local cytoskeletal distribution can fully specify the overall emergent geometry of dendritic arbors.
Topological derivative applied to cavity identification from elastodynamic surface measurements

This article is concerned with the use of topological derivative as a tool for preliminary elastic-wave probing of bounded or unbounded solids for buried objects. A formulation for computing the topological derivative field, based on an adjoint solution, is presented. A set of numerical results is included to illustrate the utility of topological derivative for outlining the cavity location and size prior to doing an actual inversion of measurements. The results presented here were obtained from a BIE solution, but the proposed methodology is applicable to other computational platforms such as the finite element method.
Alternativen zum klassischen Histogramm

Als Alternativen — insbesondere innerhalb von Computerprogrammen — zum klassischen Histogramm werden verschiedene Methoden der nichtparametrischen Dichteschätzungen vorgeschlagen; besonders geeignet erscheint eine Modifikation der Kern-Methoden: die Verwendung variabler Kerne. Für jede der Methoden wird auf die Einflüsse einer Diskretisierung der Daten eingegangen.
Schlafapnoe & Schlaganfall

Die Obstruktive Schlafapnoe (OSA) ist ein klinisch hoch relevanter Risikofaktor für den ischämischen Schlaganfall. Patienten mit OSA haben ein signifikant erhöhtes Risiko, eine arterielle Hypertonie, Vorhofflimmern, eine koronare Herzerkrankung und eine Herzinsuffizienz zu entwickeln, die allesamt zum ischämischen Schlaganfall prädisponieren. Unabhängig von bekannten kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren erhöht das Vorliegen einer OSA das relative Risiko für den ischämischen Insult erheblich. In der Akutphase nach einem ischämischen Schlaganfall oder einer intrakraniellen Blutung treten schlafbezogene Atmungsstörungen mit hoher Prävalenz auf.
Data bearing peak reduction carriers for OFDM systems

The use of peak reduction carriers (PRCs) for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction has previously been shown to be effective. However the use of PRCs reduces transmission efficiency since a number of the subchannels are used specifically for peak reduction purposes. This paper proposes a technique to allow the PRCs to bear data symbols giving rise to an increase in transmission efficiency. The technique involves the use of a higher order modulation scheme to represent a lower order modulation symbol. By doing so, the allowable amplitude and phase of the PRCs will be constrained to lie within the constellation region representing the data symbol to be transmitted. An optimised modulation scheme is proposed for the PRCs with the aim of maintaining the overall BER of the system while increasing transmission efficiency.
Albträume

Albträume sind ein relativ weit verbreitetes Phänomen im Kindesund Jugendalter, kommen aber auch bei Erwachsenen vor. Sie können eine psychische Störung darstellen. Ihre Ursachen sind multifaktoriell und umfassen neben Traumata und akuter Stressbelastung auch Persönlichkeitsfaktoren. Es gibt effektive Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für Albträume, allen voran die Imagery-Rehearsal-Therapie.
Jetlag

Jetlag ist eine zirkadiane Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmusstörung, die nach Flügen in eine andere Zeitzone auftritt. Zu den Jetlagsymptomen zählen v.a. Schlafstörungen, Tagesschläfrigkeit, beeinträchtigte Leistungsfähigkeit und Stimmung sowie gastrointestinale Beschwerden.