Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vagueness's puzzles, polysemy's vagaries

The distinclion between vagueness and polysemy (which is crucial traditional conceptions of lexical-semantic structure) is unstable: what appear to he distinct meanings from one point of view turn out to be instances of vagueness from another. The argumentation for this thesis is developed in ihree steps. First, three basic kinds of polysemy criteria are disünguished: a logical, a linguistic, and a definitional lest. Second, it is shown that these three kinds of tests may yield mutually contradictory results. Third, it is argued that such inconsistencies also occur within each criterion, in t he sense that there are contextual variations in the polysemy results that they yield. The consequences of this instability of the polysemy of an item are explored on three levels. First, on the pre-theoretical level, any reified conception oflexical meaning (äs embodied in the conduit metaphor) has to be abandoned in favor of a flexible, procedural conception. Second, on the theoretical level, the view that the distinclion between vagueness and polysemy may be used to distinguish between various kinds of prototypicality effects is undermined. And third, on the methodological level, the interpretative indeterminacy that accompanies the instability of polysemy raises the question of the objectivity oflexical semantics.
Cross-polarization Suppression in Monolayer Reflectarray Antennas

Abstract An extremely low cross-polarization reflectarray antenna is presented. The new reflectarray antenna is composed of one simple layer of variable sized T-crosses embedded in a homogeneous dielectric medium. A full wave code based on the Moment Method has been used to perform the analyses. The proposed antenna is an excellent candidate for many applications such as radar and long distance communication due to its extremely high polarization purity, lower than −38.5 dB in the diagonal plane within the main beam at the center frequency.
Molecular clouds on the threshold of star formation: the radial density profile of the cores of the RHO ophiuchi and R coronae australis clouds

In a cold, dense, dynamically evolved cloud core that lacks embedded massive stars, the density distribution should reflect a stage of cloud evolution at the threshold of star formation. The radial density distribution in three such dense massive cores, located within two nearby regions of recent star formation, has been determined from extensive maps of two H/sub 2/CO transitions. The appearance of the maps of emission and absorption of the 2 cm line confirms the predictions of models for the excitation of this transition. Detailed models of the H/sub 2/CO radiative transport demonstrate that a rapid radial decline of density, rho(R)proportionalR/sup -3//sup ///sup 2/ to R/sup -2/, from a density of 10/sup 6/ cm/sup -3/ in the core to 10/sup 4/ cm/sup -3/ in the envelope, occurs over radial distances from 0.06 to 0.60 pc. These models require a decline in H/sub 2/CO abundance with increasing density in these cold cores, perhaps a result of condensation of gas onto grains. For the observed values of core radius (0.06-0.09 pc) and core mass (19-110 M/sub sun/), the H/sub 2/CO line widths indicate that the velocity dispersion due to rotation or turbulence is too small to stabilize the cloud against gravitational collapse.more » The observed magnetic field strength also apears to be inadequate to prevent cloud contraction and eventual star formation. The unusual 2 cm H/sub 2/CO emission toward rho Oph B is found to be spatially extended (8' x 4'). The lack of far-infrared emission from this cold dense (>10/sup 6/ cm/sup -3/) region indicates a lack of stars of high luminosity embedded within or near the surface of the cloud. The combination of cold, very dense gas in a centrally condensed region together with a lack of internal support means that within rho Oph B the stage has been set for the possible formation of one or more massive protostars. « less
Curvature in Hilbert geometries.

DEFINITION 2. A point p is a projective center of C if there exists a projective transformation, π, of the plane so that πp is the affine center of πC. A projective center is characterized by the following. Let ξ be a line through p, and let fnC={w, v}, and let p\ be the harmonic conjugate of p with respect to u and v. Finally, let Lp be the locus of all p'ξ. Then p is a projective center if and only if Lp is a straight line. Conic sections are characterized by the fact that every point in their interior is a projective center [3]. We can now state our main result, which solves a problem of H. Busemann [1, Problem 34, p. 406].
Direct localization of poles of a meromorphic function from measurements on an incomplete boundary

This paper proposes an algebraic method to reconstruct the positions of multiple poles in a meromorphic function field from measurements on an arbitrary simple arc in it. A novel issue is the exactness of the algorithm depending on whether the arc is open or closed, and whether it encloses or does not enclose the poles. We first obtain a differential equation that can equivalently determine the meromorphic function field. From it, we derive linear equations that relate the elementary symmetric polynomials of the pole positions to weighted integrals of the field along the simple arc and end-point terms of the arc when it is an open one. Eliminating the end-point terms based on an appropriate choice of weighting functions and a combination of the linear equations, we obtain a simple system of linear equations for solving the elementary symmetric polynomials. We also show that our algorithm can be applied to a 2D electric impedance tomography problem. The effects of the proximity of the poles, the number of measurements and noise on the localization accuracy are numerically examined.
Explicit error bounds for a nonconforming finite element method

Let u be the solution of the following model: $$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \mbox{find $u \in H^1_0(\Omega)$ such that} \\ [3pt] -\Delta u = f\quad\mbox{in } \Omega, \end{array}\right. $$ where f is a given function in L2(\Omega)$ and $\Omega$ a bounded open set in $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ with a polygonal boundary. Let uh be a finite element approximation of u. The goal of this paper is to suggest an explicit bound of the error (u - uh). Furthermore, this bound is obtained without complex computations. The basic idea is to define locally an admissible vector field for the dual model.
Dynamic simulation of bounded suspensions of hydrodynamically interacting particles

A general method for computing the hydrodynamic interactions among an infinite suspension of particles immersed between two infinite plane boundaries, under the condition of vanishing particle Reynolds number, is presented. The method accounts for both near-field particle-particle and particle-boundary lubrication effects as well as dominant many-body effects, which include reflections with both particles and boundaries. Through relative motion of the boundaries, a bulk shear flow can be generated, and the resulting particle motions, as well as the forces exerted by the boundaries on the fluid, computed. Knowledge of the boundary forces allows for the calculation of the suspension viscosity. The simulation method is applied to several example problems; in one, the resuspension of a sediment layer of particles is illustrated. The general method can also be extended to dynamically simulate suspensions immersed in a pressure driven flow between two walls or through a tube.
TCP, UDP, and Sockets: rigorous and experimentally-validated behavioural specification : Volume 1: Overview

We have developed a mathematically rigorous and experimentally-validated post-hoc specification of the behaviour of TCP, UDP, and the Sockets API. It characterises the API and network-interface interactions of a host, using operational semantics in the higher-order logic of the HOL automated proof assistant. The specification is detailed, covering almost all the information of the real-world communications: it is in terms of individual TCP segments and UDP datagrams, though it abstracts from the internals of IP. It has broad coverage, dealing with arbitrary API call sequences and incoming messages, not just some well-behaved usage. It is also accurate, closely based on the de facto standard of (three of) the widelydeployed implementations. To ensure this we have adopted a novel experimental semantics approach, developing test generation tools and symbolic higher-order-logic model checking techniques that let us validate the specification directly against several thousand traces captured from the implementations. The resulting specification, which is annotated for the non-HOL-specialist reader, may be useful as an informal reference for TCP/IP stack implementors and Sockets API users, supplementing the existing informal standards and texts. It can also provide a basis for high-fidelity automated testing of future implementations, and a basis for design and formal proof of higher-level communication layers. More generally, the work demonstrates that it is feasible to carry out similar rigorous specification work at design-time for new protocols. We discuss how such a design-for-test approach should influence protocol development, leading to protocol specifications that are both unambiguous and clear, and to high-quality implementations that can be tested directly against those specifications. This document gives an overview of the project, discussing the goals and techniques and giving an introduction to the specification. The specification itself is given in the companion volume: TCP, UDP, and Sockets: rigorous and experimentally-validated behavioural specification. Volume 2: The Specification. Steven Bishop, Matthew Fairbairn, Michael Norrish, Peter Sewell, Michael Smith, and Keith Wansbrough. xxiv+359pp. [BFN05] which is automatically typeset from the (extensively annotated) HOL source. As far as possible we have tried to make the work accessible to four groups of intended readers: workers in networking (implementors of TCP/IP stacks, and designers of new protocols); in distributed systems (implementors of software above the Sockets API); in distributed algorithms (for whom this may make it possible to prove properties about executable implementations of those algorithms); and in semantics and automated reasoning.
XIV. The Bakerian Lecture.— On the transparency of the atmosphere and the law of extinction of the solar rays in passing through it

1. The experiments which will chiefly be analysed in this paper were made nearly ten years since. I have been deterred from drawing the conclusions from them which they warrant, partly by the great labour of the necessary reductions, and partly by peculiar and inherent difficulties which this intricate subject presents. For the computations I am much indebted to the perseverance and care of Mr. John Broun (now magnetical assistant to Sir Thomas Brisbane), who has made most of them under my eye, and also to Mr. James Stark. For much which yet remains obscure and uncertain in my conclusions, I anticipate the indulgence of those best acquainted with the uncertainties under which the subject of absorption, whether of light or heat, is still veiled, and with the little advance which has been made in the particular branch which we have to consider, namely the law of extinction of solar light and heat in the atmosphere.
Normal approximation for stratified samples

Assume we want to estimate the Gini difference ∑ i,j |xi−xj | of the finite population X = {x1, . , xN} and suppose that the information available is a stratified sample. The commonly used estimator has the form of a U−statistic. We evaluate the variance σ U of the estimator and study the normal approximation of its distribution. Furthermore, we study the bias and consistency of the jackknife estimator of variance S and the normal approximation in the case where estimator is standardized by S. The work is supported by Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation Grant T-04051.
Construction of orthogonal and nearly orthogonal Latin hypercubes

We propose a method for constructing orthogonal or nearly orthogonal Latin hypercubes. The method yields a large Latin hypercube by coupling an orthogonal array of index unity with a small Latin hypercube. It is shown that the large Latin hypercube inherits the exact or near orthogonality of the small Latin hypercube. Thus, effort for searching for large Latin hypercubes, that are exactly or nearly orthogonal, can be focussed on finding small Latin hypercubes with the same property. We obtain a useful collection of orthogonal or nearly orthogonal Latin hypercubes, which have a large factor-to-run ratio and the results are often much more economical than existing methods. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Large-area graphene on polymer film for flexible and transparent anode in field emission device

We present the fabrication and electrical characterization of large graphene structure on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flexible substrate. Graphene film was grown on Cu foil by thermal chemical vapor deposition and transferred to PET by using hot press lamination. The graphene/PET film shows high quality, flexible transparent conductive structure with unique electrical-mechanical properties; ∼88.80% light transmittance and ∼1.1742 kΩ/sq sheet resistance. We demonstrate application of graphene/PET film as flexible and transparent electrode for field emission displays. Our proposed techniques can be tailored for any flexible substrate and large scale production, which could open up exciting device applications in foldable electronics.
COMPRESSION ACCELERATION IN ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMAS AND THE PRODUCTION OF f(v) ∝ v−5 SPECTRA IN THE HELIOSPHERE

We present a new derivation of the acceleration of fast charged particles by random compressions and expansions based on a quasilinear approximation applied to the Parker transport equation, and explore its consequences. This process has been suggested in a recent series of papers by Fisk & Gloeckler (F&G) as the origin of the quiet-time suprathermal ion population observed throughout the inner heliosphere with an omnidirectional distribution function close to the form f(v) ∝ v−5. Our derivation does not agree with a recent equation derived by F&G. We show that, while our equation conserves particles, the F&G equation does not. Solutions of the correct quasilinear equation are presented, which show that the compressive acceleration process does not produce power-law velocity spectra with indices less than (i.e., softer than) −3. We show that the transport equations for two other types of stochastic acceleration, by a spectrum of Alfvén waves and by transit-time damping of oblique magnetosonic waves, yield comparable acceleration rates but also do not produce power-law spectra with indices less than −3. Conversely, the process of diffusive shock acceleration, responsible for energetic storm particle events, corotating ion events and probably most large solar energetic particle (SEP) events, readily produces power-law velocity spectra with indices in a range including −5. It is suggested that the quiet-time suprathermal ion population is composed predominantly of remnant ions from these events as well as a contribution from impulsive SEP events.
Gravitational damping of Alfven waves in stellar atmospheres and winds

We consider how gravity affects the propagation of Alfven waves in a stellar atmosphere. We show that when the ion gyrofrequency exceeds the collision rate, the waves are absorbed at a rate proportional to the gravitational acceleration g. Estimates show that this mechanism can readily account for the observed energy losses in the solar chromosphere. The mechanism predicts that the pressure at the top of the chromosphere P(sub Tc) should scale with g as P(sub Tc) proportional to g(exp delta), where delta approximately equals 2/3; this is close to empirical results which suggest delta approximately equals 0.6. Gravitational damping leads to deposition of energy at a rate proportional to the mass of the particles. Hence, heavier ion are heated more effectively than protons. This is consistent with the observed proportionality between ion temperature and mass in the solar wind. Gravitational damping causes the local g to be effectively decreased by an amount proportional to the wave energy. This feature affects the acceleration of the solar wind. Gravitational damping may also lead to self-regulation of the damping of Alfven waves in stellar winds: this is relevant in the context of slow massive winds in cool giants.
Antigravitational Instability of Cosmic Substrate in the Newtonian Cosmology

A new version of the forming Universe large-scale structures is proposed, based on the refuse of analyses of only the gravitational instability of the cosmological substrate. Vacuum, i.e. the dominant nonbaryonic matter in the Universe, creates the antigravitational instability of the baryonic cosmic substrate itself and causes the formation of galaxies.
Differential Modulation-Based Buffer-Aided Cooperative Relaying Network

In this article, we consider a multirelay cooperative network using a differential modulation technique. The given set-up consists of $K$ decode-and-forward (DF) relays, each equipped with a buffer of size $L$. All transceiver nodes in the considered cooperative network apply differential modulation for the transmission of data, hence, channel-state information is not required for decoding of the data at the receiving nodes. A priority-based max link selection approach is used for the selection of the best links for the transmission and reception of data. The Markov chain approach is used to derive the state-transition matrix of the system, which is then further used to model the evolution of buffer status. Analytical expressions of the outage probability and average bit error rate are obtained with the help of the state-transition matrix. The performance of the considered system is analyzed for different buffer sizes and a number of relays. The performance is then further compared with that of a coherent buffer-aided network and also with the nonbuffer-aided differential amplify-and-forward and DF systems. As compared to the coherent buffer-aided network, the considered buffer-aided differential system suffers a negligible signal-to-noise ratio penalty in the scenario when more than one buffer-aided relay is present in the network, which is a significant improvement when compared with the nonbuffer-aided differential cooperative systems, which suffer a performance penalty of approximately 3 dB as compared to their coherent counterpart.
Evidence for structure in the H I column density distribution of QSO absorbers

The H I column density distribution function of QSO absorption line systems is investigated using recent data with high spectral resolution, and extensive surveys of the Lyman limit systems and damped Ly-alpha systems. The hypothesis that the differential distribution function is fitted by a single power law is rejected at the 99 percent confidence level. A double power law, with a break at N(H I) = 10 exp 16/sq cm, also provides a poor fit over the range in which the sample is complete. While there are no discontinuities in the observed distribution, there is a clear flattening at N(H I) of about 10 exp 16/sq cm, compared to lower column densities. These observed features can be understood using models of photoionized clouds which are confined by an external pressure with density profiles governed by gravity. In particular, the flattening at N(H I) of about 10 exp 16/sq cm can be explained in terms of a transition between metal-poor and metal-rich systems.
Bilevel Optimization via Collaborations Among Lower-Level Optimization Tasks

Bilevel metaheuristics have been widely used for bilevel optimization. However, recent studies have indicated that most bilevel metaheuristics are inefficient since they perform the lower-level optimization task for each upper-level solution independently and neglect the relationship among lower-level optimization tasks. In this article, we develop a bilevel metaheuristic with the collaborations among lower-level optimization tasks. Specifically, a population is evolved to solve the lower-level optimization tasks for all upper-level solutions collaboratively at each generation. In the population, each solution is associated with a lower-level optimization task. In such a way, all lower-level optimization tasks can be solved in a single run. To capture the individual features of different lower-level optimization tasks, we construct a lower-level search distribution for each lower-level optimization task based on all solutions in the population. In addition, an information-sharing mechanism is proposed to share good solutions among lower-level optimization tasks. Experiments on two sets of test problems and three practical applications demonstrate that our proposed algorithm performs better than other bilevel metaheuristics in comparison.
A global numerical weather prediction model with variable resolution: Application to the shallow‐water equations

We follow the approach suggested by F. Schmidt to implement a spectral global shallow-water model with variable resolution. A conformal mapping is built between the earth and a computational sphere and the equations are discretized on the latter using the standard spectral technique associated with a collocation (Gaussian) grid. We prove that the only non-trivial conformal mapping which exists between the two spheres is based on the transformation introduced by Schmidt, but the pole of the collocation grid has no longer to coincide with the pole of dilatation. We implement the technique in an explicit model, where only minor modifications to a uniform resolution model are needed. The semi-implicit scheme and the nonlinear normal mode initialization are proved to work satisfactorily. 24-hour forecasts show that the method is successful in dealing with the shallow-water equations and allow us to discuss the potential of the approach.
Ab InitioStudy of DNA Double-Strand Breaks by Hydroxyl Radical

To investigate the detailed mechanism underlying double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks caused by electron or photon impact, a physical model is proposed and ab initio quantum chemical calculation is employed. In our model, we neglect the backbone of DNA and focus on the interaction between a hydroxyl radical and a single-base pair. By Becke's three-parameter hybrid Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) functionals method based on a density functional theory, we calculate the optimized structure of base pair-hydroxyl radical complex by the energy minimization. The results suggest that the hydroxyl radical can stably exist near the hydrogen bond between adenine and thymine, or between guanine and cytosine. Consequently, we have found that the hydroxyl radical weakens the hydrogen bonds and the corresponding bond length of the base pair in dsDNA increases.