Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatially‐focussed melt formation in aluminous metapelites from Broken Hill, Australia

Large garnet poikiloblasts hosted by leucosome in metapelitic gneiss from Broken Hill reflect complex mineral–melt relationships. The spatial relationship between the leucosomes and the garnet poikiloblasts implies that the growth of garnet was strongly linked to the production of melt. The apparent difficulty of garnet to nucleate a large number of grains during the prograde breakdown of coexisting biotite and sillimanite led to the spatial focussing of melting reactions around the few garnet nuclei that formed. Continued reaction of biotite and sillimanite required diffusion of elements from where minerals were reacting to sites of garnet growth. This diffusion was driven by chemical potential gradients between garnet‐bearing and garnet‐absent parts of the rock. As a consequence, melt and peritectic K‐feldspar also preferentially formed around the garnet. The diffusion of elements led to the chemical partitioning of the rock within an overall context in which equilibrium may have been approached. Thus, the garnet‐bearing leucosomes record in situ melt formation around garnet porphyroblasts rather than centimetre‐scale physical melt migration and segregation. The near complete preservation of the high‐grade assemblages in the mesosome and leucosome is consistent with substantial melt loss. Interconnected networks between garnet‐rich leucosomes provide the most likely pathway for melt migration. Decimetre‐scale, coarse‐grained, garnet‐poor leucosomes may represent areas of melt flux through a large‐scale melt transfer network.
What shapes perceptions of climate change?

Climate change, as a slow and gradual modification of average climate conditions, is a difficult phenomenon to detect and track accurately based on personal experience. Insufficient concern and trust also complicate the transfer of scientific descriptions of climate change and climate variability from scientists to the public, politicians, and policy makers, which is not a simple transmission of facts. Instead, worldview and political ideology, two elements of the cultural context of decisions, guide attention toward events that threaten the desired or existing social order, and shape expectations of change, which in turn guide the detection and interpretation of climate events. Action that follows from climate change perceptions can be informed by different processes. Affect‐based decisions about climate change are unlikely to motivate significant action, as politicians and the general public are not particularly worried about climate risks, and because attempts to scare people into greater action may have unintended negative consequences. Analysis‐based decisions are also unlikely to result in significant action, because of large discounting of uncertain future costs of climate risks compared to the certain and immediate costs of climate change mitigation. Rule‐based decisions that determine behavior based on moral or social responsibility may hold out the best prospects for sustainable action. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary Pulmonary Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Two Case Reports

Hodgkin’s lymphoma presenting as a primary pulmonary lesion is rare with an incidence of 3.6% in extranodal lymphomas. It needs to be distinguished from nodal Hodgkin’s lymphoma and malignancies secondarily involving the lung. It disseminates in the later stages and involves other lymph nodes and organs early and prompt diagnosis is important. We here present two such cases diagnosed as primary pulmonary Hodgkin’s lymphoma in young adult females who presented with nonspecific complaints.
Efecto de las normas relacionales sobre el resultado exportador de la empresa

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we analyze the antecedents of the relational exchanges in the export field. Thus, we'll study the influence of exporter's dependence regarding his foreign agents, firm characteris- tics and exporter's international competencies on relational exchanges. Second, we examine the influence of some relational norms (cooperation, exchange of information and flexibility) on export performance. The results of the em- piric study performed with a sample 150 Galician exporter firms confirm that firm characteristics and international competencies have influence over the relationship between exporters and their foreign distributors. Moreover, rela- tional norms are shown as essential determinants of export performance.
Discrimination properties of polarimetric SAR data over the Baltic Sea ice

The analysis performed in this paper is based on only two fully polarimetric airborne C- and L-band SAR images acquired over the Baltic Sea. The polarimetric discriminants computed from these two scenes are compared shortly with the corresponding results obtained in the Arctic conditions. Then the properties of the polarimetric discriminants as sea ice type classifiers are investigated. The backscatter coefficients with one polarization act as reference discriminants. The comparison between these two classifier sets is carried out with coarse resolution data.
Holocene climate variability in the Labrador Sea

Formation of Labrador Sea Water proper commenced about 7000 years ago during the Holocene interglacial. To test whether fresher surface water conditions may have inhibited Labrador Sea Water convection during the early Holocene we measured planktonic foraminiferal (Globigerina bulloides) oxygen isotopes (δ18O) and Mg/Ca ratios at Orphan Knoll (cores HU91-045-093 and MD95-2024, 3488 m) in the Labrador Sea to reconstruct shallow subsurface summer conditions (temperature and seawater δ18O). Lighter foraminiferal δ18O values are recorded during the early Holocene between 11000 and 7000 years ago. Part of these lighter foraminiferal δ18O values can be explained by increased calcification temperatures. Reconstructed seawater δ18O values were, however, still on average 0.5‰ lighter compared with those of recent times, confirming that fresher surface waters in the Labrador Sea were probably a limiting factor in Labrador Sea Water formation during the early Holocene.
Sensitivity of global sulphate aerosol production to changes in oxidant concentrations and climate

[1] The oxidation of SO2 to sulphate aerosol is an important process to include in climate models, and uncertainties caused by ignoring feedback mechanisms affecting the oxidants concerned need to be investigated. Here we present the results of an investigation into the sensitivity of sulphate concentrations to oxidant changes (from changes in climate and in emissions of oxidant precursors) and to changes in climate, in a version of HadGAM1 (the atmosphere-only version of HadGEM1) with an improved sulphur cycle scheme. We find that, when oxidants alone are changed, the global total sulphate burden decreases by approximately 3%, due mainly to a reduction in the OH burden. When climate alone is changed, our results show that the global total sulphate burden increases by approximately 9%; we conclude that this is probably attributable to reduced precipitation in regions of high sulphate abundance. When both oxidants and climate are changed simultaneously, we find that the effects of the two changes combine approximately linearly.
Sq effect on the electromagnetic response functions in the period range between 104 and 105 s

SUMMARY Geomagnetic induction responses such as geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS), magnetotelluric (MT), and horizontal geomagnetic transfer function (HTF) at long periods are used to estimate the electrical conductivity in the deep mantle. The responses in the period range that are shorter than 10 5 s (about 1 day) are in many cases considered to be local or regional induction problems in which the source field is approximated by plane waves and therefore the sphericity of Earth is not taken into account. In the period range between 10 4 and 10 5 s, the most dominant signature of the magnetic field variation is the solar quiet daily (Sq) variation and its higher harmonics. Therefore, when we obtain the responses due to the quasi-white background spectrum composed of plane waves, we regard the Sq field variations as noises in estimating the responses, and line spectra of the variations are removed from the observed time-series before the responses are calculated. However, with this approach, the calculated responses tend to possess a discontinuity at a period of about 10 4 s, and the response functions show common features at longer periods irrespective of the location of the observation site. It is particularly well known that the imaginary part of the induction vector tends to have a significant westward component for periods ranging between 10 4 and 10 5 s. Such features cannot be easily explained by the effect of the electrical conductivity structure alone. Examination of the phase of the HTF implies that the responses in the same period range are affected by the signature of sources of finite wavelength moving westward. Thus, it is suggested that the response functions in this period range were under the effect of the Sq field variations, even though the line spectra of them were removed and the responses were estimated at periods separate from the harmonic periods of Sq field variation. We examined how the influences of the Sq field appear on the responses numerically by a forward modelling. Results show most of the characteristic features in observed response functions can be ascribed to Sq source effects.
A REVIEW OF PHOSPHORUS AND SEDIMENT RELEASE FROM IRISH TILLAGE SOILS, THE METHODS USED TO QUANTIFY LOSSES AND THE CURRENT STATE OF MITIGATION PRACTICE

Abstract:Throughout the European Union (EU), agricultural soils with high phosphorus (P) status due to surplus fertiliser input have been identified as a landscape pressure impacting on water quality. In Republic of Ireland, approximately 80% of agricultural land is devoted to grass, 11% to rough grazing, and 9% to arable cereal and crop production. Consequently, the majority of erosion research has focused on quantifying nutrient and sediment losses from grassland. Tillage soils are, however, more susceptible to erosion than grassland soils and, in general, have higher levels of soil P. This paper reviews the current state of research and the regulatory regime relating to diffuse P and sediment loss for tillage soils. It identifies the key threats to soil quality associated with cultivated soils, and proposes the targeting and remediation of critical source areas for effective mitigation of P losses from tillage soils. A multiscaled approach is recommended, in which catchment and field-scale monitoring is complemented with controlled laboratory and small plot-scale rainfall simulation experiments to identify areas where P loss and soil erosion are at critical levels and may pose a threat to water quality. Catchment scale research will help to link critical source areas of sediment and P loss with hydrological pathways to surface waters in the catchment area. These areas can then be targeted for remediation in the river basin management plans.
A Bird's-Eye View: Core Knowledge in Wild North Island Robins of New Zealand

A prominent psychological theory on early cognitive development is Spelke’s Core Knowledge (CK) hypothesis (Spelke, Breinlinger, Macomber, & Jacobson, 1992), which posits that human infants, and possibly other species, are guided by innate understandings of how object movements, classification and quantification are governed by physical laws and, further, how agents are capable of perceptions and purposive action. CK is a set of cognitive building blocks, which serve as the foundation for more complex cognition such as acquisition and use of symbol systems pertaining to language and mathematics (Spelke, 2000). Evidence points to four core systems of knowledge: representation of number, object, space (or geometry) and agency. Investigation of spontaneous CK in nonhuman species in the wild is fundamental to understanding the ecological validity and evolutionary context for a set of systems that is proposed to be universally embedded. The bold, inquisitive manner, naïve fearlessness and unique insect caching behaviour of wild North Island robins (Petroica longipes) presents a unique opportunity to identify and characterise CK in a new model system. Six studies were conducted with the aim of investigating core developmental cognition in robins. The first three studies focused on perception of numerical quantity. Study 1 investigated the ability to discriminate between both large and small quantities, finding that robins successfully discriminate between unusually large quantities independent of ratio. Study 2 explored quantity discrimination in which summation of items is spatially distributed across an array, and found that while robins perform successfully with small numbers, the task presented substantially more cognitive demand. Study 3 measured robins’ reactions to computation by presenting simple addition and subtraction problems in a Violation of Expectancy (VoE) paradigm, finding that robins search longer when presented with a mathematically incongruent scenario. The last three studies focused on perception of agency. Study 4 investigated robins’ response to gaze direction in humans in a competitive paradigm, and found that they were sensitive to human gaze direction in all conditions but one. Study 5 explored perception of physical capability in humans, and results indicated that limb visibility significantly influences pilfering choice. Study 6 examined robins’ perception of animacy in prey, finding that in a VoE paradigm, robins’ expectation of hidden prey continuity varies depending on mobility and animacy. Taken together, the results of these six studies suggest that while supportive of fundamental characteristics defining basic Core Knowledge in many ways, some unique results in the cognitive abilities of this biologically naïve species shed new light on our growing understanding of the shared basis of cognition. A deeper look at avian performance in core developmental tasks, especially in a naïve wild population, can offer new insights into sweeping evolutionary theories that underpin basic cognitive mechanisms.
Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Generation, Propagation and Runup

A numerical model is applied to calculate cleanup and inundation along the east coast of New Zealand arising from tsunami generated locally along the New Zealand coastal margin. In general, tsunami can be generated by a suddenly movement of the ocean bed or by objects such as subaerial landslides and bolides falling into the ocean; however, this study is restricted to fault ruptures and submarine landslides. The model is based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Strokes (RANS) equation and uses a finite element spatial approximation, implicit time integration, a semi-Largrangian advection approximation, and several different methods for treating pressure variations. These methods include the hydrostatic approximation, a simplified pressure interpolation scheme, and a full solution with pressure Poisson equation. The different methods of approximation are being evaluated against test problems for wave runup and submarine avalanches. Although these results are preliminary, the results with a simplified pressure model are encouraging in that they provide a realistic approximation to non-hydrostatic effects while remaining competitive with the efficiency of depth-averaged models.
An assessment of ozone photochemistry in the central/eastern North Pacific as determined from multiyear airborne field studies

[1] In this study, the photochemistry of ozone is examined for the central/eastern North Pacific (CENP), a region bounded by 180°–120°W and 0°–45°N. Measurements of ozone precursors have been made in this region during 10 previous airborne studies covering the last two decades. The two seasons for which the most extensive analysis has been possible are spring (March–May) and fall (September–November). Box model results have been displayed in the form of latitudinal/altitudinal plots for ozone formation, destruction, and net tendency. They indicate that for both seasons of the year, significant net destruction is found for altitudes in the 0–4 km range; whereas, at higher altitudes, the ozone tendency calculations lead to small values of net production. For both seasons, however, the total column integrated ozone trend is one of net destruction. The largest difference between seasons was in the value for ozone destruction. During springtime, this value was significantly larger than for fall. This trend coincides with higher average springtime ozone levels. The trends in CENP ozone were also compared to those for the western Pacific using measurements recorded during PEM-West A (fall 1991) and PEM-West B (spring 1994). While the PEM-West A results revealed a neutral ozone column tendency, those from PEM-West B showed net production at all altitudes. Both results are in sharp contrast to those reported here for the CENP region showing net destruction. This suggests that while lightning and surface emissions of NOx from the northwestern Pacific Rim have a strong influence on the ozone tendency in the surrounding region, due to the combined effects of dispersion and chemical loss most of this NOx does not reach the CENP region. Hence, ozone in the central Pacific is typically destroyed by photochemistry.
ACOUSTIC STUDIES ON SHARKS, RANGIROA ATOLL, JULY, 1969.

Abstract : Attractions to both artifically produced and naturally recorded low-frequency, pulsed sounds were observed in the blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus; the gray reef shark, C. menisorrah; and the reef whitetip, Triaenodon obesus, in the lagoon at Rangiroa Atoll, French Polynesia. Responses were observed to the following sounds: 50-200 Hz, hand pulsed (4-7 pulses/sec) - hand trained; 25-50 Hz, electronically pulsed (15/sec.) - hand trained; 50-100 Hz, elect. pulsed - hand trained; 50-100 Hz, elect. pulsed - untrained; recorded speared-fish sound; and recorded fish stampede sound. For whitetip sharks, habituation was observed to both natural and artificial sounds. The speared and stampeded fish sounds were recorded from a group of bonefish, Albula sp. , in a fish trap (pen) in the lagoon. Analysis indicates peak acoustic pressure at 50-150 Hz (speared) and at 80 Hz (stampeded). The primary pulse rate for the speared-fish sound appeared to be 5-10/sec. , while the stampede sound was more irregularly pulsed at about 7-30/sec. (Author)
Accuracy of automatic tree extraction using airborne laser scanner data

The objective of the EuroSDR/ISPRS Tree Extraction project was to evaluate the quality, accuracy, and feasibility of automatic or semi-automatic tree extraction methods mainly based on high-density laser scanner data. This paper summarizes the major general finding based on laser scanning approaches. Results showed that the tree extraction method is the main factor on the achieved accuracy. When the laser point density increases from two points to eight points per m 2 , the improvement in crown delineation accuracy was marginal, but in the case of feasible methods the accuracy of the tree location and especially the tree height determination improves, but also deterioration of the accuracy was reported. Individual tree based inventory requires also individual tree based reference collected in the field; this calibration is needed to reduce underestimation of tree height, calibration of the basal area and stem volume and possibly to verify experimentally the quality of the product.
IMPORTANCIA DE LOS PECARIES {TAYASSU SPP.) EN LA ALIMENTACION DEL JAGUAR {PANTHERA ONCA)

Se presentan resultados del análisis de 37 excretas de jaguar colectadas en la Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul, en el estado de Campeche, México, durante visitas realizadas en 1989, 1990, 1991 y 1993. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la alimentación del jaguar está constituida principalmente por mamíferos (86%) y en menor grado por aves (10%) y reptiles (4%). Entre los mamíferos, las especies más importantes fueron el pécari de collar (42%), coatí (18%) y armadillo (12%). El análisis de la alimentación se hizo en función de la disponibilidad de presas, encontrándose que existe una preferencia por el pécari de collar ya que esta especie fue consumida en mayor grado al esperado por su disponibilidad. Analizando la información generada en otras partes de su distribución se encontró una situación similar. Por otra parte, la distribución general del jaguar se traslapa casi totalmente con la de los pecaríes. Considerando los dos últimos hechos, puede decirse que los pecaríes constituyen presas importantes para el jaguar prácticamente en toda su área de distribución. En el presente trabajo se propone que la complexión robusta del jaguar puede ser particularmente importante para un depredador que da caza consistentemente a los pecaríes.
Magnitude and origin of the anthropogenic CO2 increase and 13C Suess effect in the Nordic seas since 1981

This study evaluates the anthropogenic changes of CO2 (ΔCant) and δ13C (Δδ13Cant) in the Nordic seas, the northern limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, that took place between 1981 and 2002/2003. The changes have been determined by comparing data obtained during the Transient Tracers in the Ocean, North Atlantic Study (TTO‐NAS) with data obtained during the Nordic seas surveys of R/V Knorr in 2002 and R/V G.O. Sars in 2003 using an extended multilinear regression approach. The estimated Δδ13Cant and ΔCant and their relationship to each other and to water mass distribution suggest that the Polar Water entering the Nordic seas from the north is undersaturated with respect to the present atmospheric anthropogenic CO2 levels and promotes a local uptake of Cant within the Nordic seas. In contrast, the Atlantic Water entering from the south appears equilibrated. It carries with it anthropogenic carbon which will be sequestered at depth as the water overturns. This preequilibration leaves no room for further uptake of Cant in the parts of the Nordic seas dominated by Atlantic Water. The upper ocean pCO2 in these regions appears to have increased at a greater rate than the atmospheric pCO2 over the last 2 decades; this is reconcilable with a large lateral advective supply of Cant.