Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study of Liver disease in Renal Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND : Infections and liver disease are still major problems in renal transplant recipients. Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections are presumably related to impaired host resistance from immunosuppressive therapy. Liver disease is reported in up to 60% of transplant recipients and carries a high mortality. Several types of liver disease can occur. The most common are acute and chronic hepatitis. The variety of acute hepatitis includes hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus hepatitis, herpes simplex hepatitis and drug induced hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis is a serious problem because the disease seems to be progressive despite prednisone therapy. Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a frequent complication after renal transplantation, representing the fourth cause of death in most series. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are the most important causes of CLD in renal transplant patients. Both HBV and HCV infections have a deleterious effect on long-term graft and patient survival in the long run. Also, liver disease is the leading cause of death in these infected patients. AIMS : 1. To analyze the clinical profile, etiology and outcome of renal transplant recipients presenting with clinical and/or biochemical evidence of hepatic dysfunction. 2. To assess the impact of HBV and HCV infection on patient and graft survival in a group of kidney transplanted patients. 3. To compare the survival rate of infected patients with noninfected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS : This study is a prospective study conducted in the department of nephrology during the time period from august 2007 to December 2009. Renal transplant recipients with clinical or biochemical evidence of acute hepatic dysfunction were included in the study. A detailed diagnostic workup done was performed to establish the etiology of hepatic dysfunction. Patients were analyzed for pretransplant liver status (which included Liver Function Tests, viral serology, vaccination status, risk factors for liver disease). All the diagnostic work up done for liver dysfunction in the post transplant period were noted for detailed analysis (which included LFT, ultrasonogram of Abdomen, viral serology, UGI scopy,Renal biopsy, liver biopsy etc.). Outcome was assessed in terms of resolution of liver dysfunction, allograft function and mortality at defined time periods (at the time of presentation, 3 and 6 months after presentation). CONCLUSIONS : Viral infections were found to be the commonest cause of hepatic dysfunction followed by immunosuppressive medications. Pre transplant blood transfusion contributed significantly to post transplant hepatotropic viral infection. Occurrence of post renal transplant hepatic dysfunction was earlier in patients with Pre transplant hepatitis virus infection. Hepatitis C was the most common viral infection observed. Cholestatic jaundice was the predominant clinical presentation. Hepatitis B and C virus infections did not have any impact on patient and graft survival. Commonest cause of mortality observed was sepsis.
Literature Review on Digital Citizenship in Turkey

With as of the start of the 2000s, technology and internet have become almost indispensable in the lives of individuals. Rapid development of technology has increased the interest and dependence of people on the internet and made it compulsory to use the internet. Increased use of the internet has led to the development invention of mobile devices, cloud technologies, and information and communication technologies. Besides facilitating and accelerating their lives, this situation has caused individuals to encounter some risks. Individuals can exchange information in an online environment, share their feelings and thoughts in a comfortable way, easily benefit from public services and be aware of the events that take place in various parts of the world. In addition, they have started to perform some transactions in electronic media such as e-shopping, e-government, e-book, e-library, e-pulse, e-banking. This brought about the concept of digital life. Digital life has changed a large part of our habits as the Internet began to enter our lives. Most of these changes are in the fields of communication and life perception. This phenomenon led researchers to work more intensively on the concept of digital citizenship. While researching the effects of digital citizenship on the one hand, studies were carried out to determine what to do at school and at teachers’ level. The aim of this study is to address the trends and gaps observed in the research studies about on digital citizenship and to focus on which their subject areas in Turkey. As a result of literature review: (1) Most of the researches studies that are conducted as a result of literature review are focused on students and teachers, (2) In these studies many different scales have been developed to determine the levels of digital citizenship according to the focal point and different factors.
EVALUATION OF THE APICAL SEALING ASSOCIATED WITH MAXILLARY FIRST MOLARS RADICULAR MORPHOLOGY USING CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Objective s : To evaluate the grade of apical sealing associated with the root morphology of‬ maxillary ‬first ‬molars with ‬conventional endo-treatments ‬using cone bean computed tomography (‬CBCT). ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬‬ Materials and Methods: The sample included 47 CBCTs . Evaluations were performed independently by one previously trained and ‬‬‬‬‬ calibrated examiner . The ‬ grade of apical ‬sealing ‬ ‬‬‬was evaluated ‬(total sealing, less than 2 mm of sealing, greater than 2 mm unsealed, unsealed and oversealed). Molar angulation according to the palatal plane and the longitudinal axis (vertical, vestibular‬ ‬and‬ ‬palatal),‬ ‬the‬ ‬number‬ ‬of‬ ‬canals‬,‬ ‬the‬ ‬presence‬ ‬or‬ ‬absence‬ ‬of‬ ‬a‬ ‬second mesiobuccal canal (MB2) and root shape (straight, curved, bayonet, angled, merged, bifurcated) were also assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ Chi-square test. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬ Results: There were no differences in apical sealing ‬according ‬to root morphology, ‬ shape and‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ molar root inclination (p>0.05). ‬‬ ‬‬A ‬significant‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ association was reported between ‬ the presence of MB2 and a buccal inclination of the maxillary first molar (p = 0.048). ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ Conclusions: ‬Root ‬ ‬morphology ‬ ‬and ‬ ‬molar ‬ ‬angulation did not affect the apical sealing of maxillary first molars. However, the presence of the MB2 was associated with a buccal inclination of the maxillary first molar. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
Rat BAT xenotransplantation recovers the fertility and metabolic health of PCOS mice.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a major severe ovary disorder affecting 5-10% of reproductive women around the world. PCOS can be considered a metabolic disease because it is often accompanied by obesity and diabetes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains abundant mitochondria and adipokines and has been proven to be effective for treating various metabolic diseases. Recently, allotransplanted BAT successfully recovered the ovarian function of PCOS rat. However, BAT allotransplantation could not be applied to human PCOS; the most potent BAT is from infants, so voluntary donors are almost inaccessible. We recently reported that single BAT xenotransplantation significantly prolonged the fertility of aging mice and did not cause obvious immunorejection. However, PCOS individuals have distinct physiologies from aging mice; thus, it remains essential to study whether xenotransplanted rat BAT can be used for treating PCOS mice. In this study, rat-to-mouse BAT xenotransplantation fortunately did not cause severe rejection reaction, and significantly recovered ovarian functions, indicated by the recovery of fertility, oocyte quality, and the levels of multiple essential genes and kinases. Besides, the blood biochemical index, glucose resistance, and insulin resistance were improved. Moreover, transcriptome analysis showed that the recovered PCOS F0 mother following BAT xenotransplantation could also benefit the F1 generation. Finally, BAT xenotransplantation corrected characteristic gene expression abnormalities found in the ovaries of human PCOS patients. These findings suggest that BAT xenotransplantation could be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating PCOS patients.
Acquisition of the Labio-Dental Fricative /v/ in English L2 and Jamaican Creole: A Comparative Study

This research attempts to investigate to what extent the claim that the strategies resorted to by second/foreign language learners are, more or less, the same as those used by speakers of pidgin/creole languages. To this end, the speech of two speakers of the well-known Broad Jamaican Creole is compared with the performance of Saudi learners of English, with respect to the pronunciation of the voiced labio-dental fricative /v/. It is found that the above claim is valid, in that before the fricative in question is acquired the speakers make use of another fricative as a transitory step. This behaviour is found to corroborate that of the child, which is recorded as external evidence that adds to existent literature of the logical problem of language learning. Furthermore, this strategy goes hand in hand with the norms of historical change, in that the substitute sounds are not marked. That is, although the pronunciation of [b] instead of /v/ is characteristic of the Broad Jamaican Creole, our Jamaican speakers prefer to use the bilabial fricative [? ], which is exactly used by the child. Likewise, our Arab learners make use of voiceless [f] for the voiced /v/ which is more marked.
TNF-α Regulates Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by Suppressing IFN-α Production and Enhancing T Cell Activation

Key Points TNF downregulates IFN-α and TNF production by human pDCs. TNF downregulates IRF7 and NF-κB pathways and upregulates Ag processing in pDCs. TNF enhances Ag presentation and T cell activation properties in pDCs. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a vital role in modulating immune responses. They can produce massive amounts of type I IFNs in response to nucleic acids via TLRs, but they are also known to possess weak Ag-presenting properties inducing CD4+ T cell activation. Previous studies showed a cross-regulation between TNF-α and IFN-α, but many questions remain about the effect of TNF-α in regulating human pDCs. In this study, we showed that TNF-α significantly inhibited the secretion of IFN-α and TNF-α of TLR-stimulated pDCs. Instead, exogenous TNF-α promoted pDC maturation by upregulating costimulatory molecules and chemokine receptors such as CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, and CCR7. Additionally, RNA sequencing analysis showed that TNF-α inhibited IFN-α and TNF-α production by downregulating IRF7 and NF-κB pathways, while it promoted Ag processing and presentation pathways as well as T cell activation and differentiation. Indeed, TNF-α–treated pDCs induced in vitro higher CD4+ T cell proliferation and activation, enhancing the production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines. In conclusion, TNF-α favors pDC maturation by switching their main role as IFN-α–producing cells to a more conventional dendritic cell phenotype. The functional status of pDCs might therefore be strongly influenced by their overall inflammatory environment, and TNF-α might regulate IFN-α–mediated aspects of a range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
What are the factors that may influence the implementation of self-managed computer therapy for people with long term aphasia following stroke? A qualitative study of speech and language therapists’ experiences in the Big CACTUS trial

Abstract Purpose To explore speech and language therapists’ (SLT) experiences of delivering therapy using a computerised self-management approach within a pragmatic trial, in order to identify and understand key factors that may influence the implementation of computerised approaches to rehabilitation for aphasia in routine practice. Methods Qualitative semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with eleven SLTs delivering computer therapy in the multisite Big CACTUS trial. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis in NVivo11. Results Five themes with implications for implementation emerged: 1) characteristics of the intervention: complexity and adaptability 2) knowledge and beliefs about the intervention: familiarity with computers and the benefits of training; 3) patient needs and the service resource dilemma: “is there anything I can be doing on my computer at home? ”; 4) networks and communications; 5) reflecting and evaluating: adaptations for sustainability. Conclusions Personalisation, feedback and volunteer/assistant support were viewed as benefits of this complex intervention. However, the same benefits required resources including therapist time in learning to use software, procuring it, personalising it, working with volunteers/assistants, and building relationships with IT departments which formed barriers to implementation. The discussion highlights the need to consider integration of computer and face-to-face therapy to support implementation and potentially optimise patient outcomes. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Benefits of the self-managed computer approach to word finding therapy evaluated in the Big CACTUS trial included the ability to personalise content, to provide feedback, and provide support with volunteers or assistants depending on availability in different clinical contexts to enable repetitive self-managed practice of word finding. Whilst use of computer therapy approaches can facilitate self-management of practice and increased therapy hours in an efficient manner, services need to consider the resources required to implement and support the approach: costs of software and hardware SLT time required to learn to use the software, tailor and personalise it and manage volunteers/assistants. Readiness for successful adoption of computer approaches requires building of relationships and mutual understanding of requirements between SLT and IT departments within an organisation. For time efficiency, it is recommended that SLTs providing self-managed computer therapy approaches pilot the approach with each individual to check patient ability and engagement before fully investing SLT time in personalisation and tailoring of software.
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3. 4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.
Development of an Activated Carbon from Anaerobic Digestion By-product to Remove Hydrogen Sulfide from Biogas

The production of biogas through the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure and its subsequent use in the generation of electricity on large Ontario farms is currently economically attractive. While larger farms have advantages of scale, there are substantially more small farms for which individually designed and engineered biogas systems are prohibitively expensive. Although biogas has numerous benefits, it contains hydrogen sulfide, an odourous, poisonous and corrosive gas, which emits sulfur oxides upon combustion. Larger systems can afford to use specialized biogas engines which tolerate some levels of hydrogen sulfide. For smaller scale systems to be financially attractive the hydrogen sulfide needs to be removed inexpensively, allowing for more flexibility in engine choice for electricity generation. In this work, the solid by-products from the anaerobic digestion process were used to create activated carbon, which has a high capacity for hydrogen sulfide. Not only does the carbon adsorb hydrogen sulfide, it allows for the surface oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur and sulfate. Since the sulfur is in a beneficial form for fertilizer use, and there are no chemicals added to create the carbon, the spent sulfur-containing carbon can be land applied, eliminating any spent carbon
How organisational behaviour and attitudes can impact building energy use in the UK retail environment: a theoretical framework

We investigate attitudes to energy-management tasks within a retail organisation, and reflect on links between organisational structure, staff behaviours and energy-efficient design strategy. Research was conducted amongst operational UK shop-floor staff in a large global supermarket chain, using a focus group methodology. We consider the interplay of individual, organisational and technical considerations for energy management and present a preliminary theoretical framework to identify key drivers of environmental behaviours in the workplace. The model is derived from three sources; existing behavioural theory in the domestic arena; Value, Belief, Norms Theory [Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424. ], goal-setting theory [Cheng, M. M. , Luckett, P. F. , & Mahama, H. (2007). Effect of perceived conflict among multiple performance goals and goal difficulty on task performance. Accounting and Finance, 47, 221–242. Locke, E. P., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717. ] and our original qualitative data. Our research suggests two key insights. First, the wider organisational and structural context is likely to be more relevant to behavioural outcomes than personal environmental attitudes. Second, energy management is prone to multiple-goal conflicts, with a related negative impact on task performance. Better aligned user-centred approaches to successful energy-efficiency building design, operation and management are identified as key to manage energy effectively in stores. This is an area currently underplayed in the literature, and the theoretical framework has potential application across different energy-management contexts in a range of organisational environments.
Investigation on anti-stall ring aerodynamic performance in an axial flow fan

Railway tunnel and metropolitan metro system ventilation fans are subjected to positive and negative pressure pulses. As a train travels along a tunnel it drives air down the tunnel. This creates a ‘piston effect’ that results in positive and negative pressure pulses on the ventilation fans. A pressure pulse effect transiently drives a ventilation fan to a higher pressure operating point. If the operating point is beyond the fan’s pressure developing capability, there is a risk it may stall. Tunnel ventilation fan designers classically utilise a stabilisation ring to stabilise the fan’s characteristic and thus mitigate the mechanical consequences of driving a fan into stall.A stabilisation ring consists of an annular chamber that is incorporated into the fan casing over the fan blade’s leading edge. As a tip-limited axial fan approaches stall, boundary layer fluid centrifuges up the blade. The fan stalls at the point when flow inside the annulus reverses direction in the blade tip region. The stabilisation ring provides an annular chamber into which this fluid may flow. It incorporates a set of vanes that redirect the reverse flow into an axial direction, and then reintroduce it into the main-stream flow up-stream of the fan blade leading edge. Although effective in stabilising the fan’s characteristic, stabilisation rings typically reduce fan efficiency by three per cent, and consequently are becoming progressively less acceptable as required minimum fan efficiencies increase.The reported research combines experimental measurements of overall fan performance with and without a fitted stabilisation ring and a numerical analysis of the flow-field within the stabilisation ring. Visualisation of the flow-field within the stabilisation ring provides an insight into the physical flow mechanisms that enable the stabilisation ring to stabilise the fan’s characteristic. A conclusion of the research is that at the fan’s peak efficiency operating point, flow through the stabilisation ring separated from the stabilisation ring vanes. Therefore, redesigning the vanes within the stabilisation ring to avoid separated flow offers the potential to eliminate this aerodynamic loss mechanism, thus reducing the efficiency loss classically associated with applying a stabilisation ring.Copyright © 2014 by ASME