Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving Lightweight AdderNet via Distillation From ℓ2 to ℓ1-norm

To achieve efficient inference with a hardware-friendly design, Adder Neural Networks (ANNs) are proposed to replace expensive multiplication operations in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with cheap additions through utilizing <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm for similarity measurement instead of cosine distance. However, we observe that there exists an increasing gap between CNNs and ANNs with reducing parameters, which cannot be eliminated by existing algorithms. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective Norm-Guided Distillation (NGD) method for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm ANNs to learn superior performance from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm ANNs. Although CNNs achieve similar accuracy with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm ANNs, the clustering performance based on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-distance can be easily learned by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm ANNs compared with cross correlation in CNNs. The features in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm ANNs are encouraged to achieve intra-class centralization and inter-class decentralization to amplify this advantage. Furthermore, the roughly estimated gradients in vanilla ANNs are modified to a progressive approximation from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm so that a more accurate optimization can be achieved. Extensive evaluations on several benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of NGD on lightweight networks. For example, our method improves ANN by 10.43% with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.25\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> GhostNet on CIFAR-100 and 3.1% with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.0\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> GhostNet on ImageNet.
Field swelling, shrinking, and water content change in a heavy clay soil

We measured the volumetric water content (using neutron moisture meters) and height changes (using rods fixed in the soil at different depths) of several soil layers during swelling or shrinking of a heavy clay soil in the Liverpool Plains of New South Wales under 3 treatments: (1) a sorghum–fallow–lucerne, (2) continuous lucerne, and (3) continuous fallow. Treatment 1 resulted in weak drying and shrinking (in the sorghum phase), followed by weak wetting and swelling (fallow), and then strong drying (lucerne) accompanied by shrinkage of up to about 140 mm in the top 3 m of the profile. Treatment 2 resulted in repeated wetting and drying, with repeated swelling and shrinking. The continuous fallow treatment (3) had an initially dry profile (following a lucerne crop) and we roughened (chisel ploughed) the surface to promote infiltration. This resulted in a strong wetting event with swelling of up to about 200 mm in the top 3 m of the profile. There were clear trends between water storage change and height change for the first and third treatments, but not for the continuous lucerne treatment. The relationship between water storage change and height change was consistent with a constant of proportionality (α) of 0.33, unchanging with depth. The data were also consistent with α increasing slightly in deeper soil layers. There was no evidence of α approaching 1 (which is sometimes reported in the literature for wet soil) or zero (which is often reported in drier soil and equated with residual shrinkage), nor of differences in behaviour on wetting and drying. The height change measurements permitted estimation of the true water storage changes with swelling or shrinkage taken into account. Failure to take volume change into account (i.e. of treating the neutron moisture readings as correct) led to errors in the estimated profile water storage of up to 80 mm. The apparent (uncorrected for volume change) profile moisture storages were readily corrected using a simple analysis based on the assumption of proportionality between water storage change and volume change. The analysis leads to a correction 1/(1 – αθ) (where θ is the volumetric water content). For our data the correction was about 15–20%.
Survival Rate and Prognostic Factors of Localised Prostate Cancer in Southeast Asian Countries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Prostate cancer (Pca) is one of the most prevalent health conditions affecting men, particularly older men, and cases have increased in recent years. Objective: This review examined the survival rate and prognostic factors of patients with Pca in Southeast Asia (SEA). Methods: We conducted a systematic search of three databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) and a manual search until April 1, 2022. The selected papers were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form for Cohort Studies. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022326521). Pooled prevalence rates were calculated using the programme R version 4.2. 1. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and p-value. A narrative approach was used to describe prognostic factors. Studies were selected and finalised based on the review question. The quality of the included studies was assessed. Results: A total of 11 studies were included in this review. The 1-, 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates of SEA Pca cases were 80.8%, 51.9%, 66.1% (range 32.1–100) and 78% (range 55.9–100), respectively. Prognostic factors for Pca were discussed in terms of sociodemographic, disease-related and treatment-related aspects. The predictors of significantly lower survival were age more than 75 years, cancer detected during transurethral resection of the prostate, Gleason score more or equal to eight, high-risk group, metastases and no adjuvant radiotherapy. A meta-analysis on the pooled HR of prostate cancer could not be performed due to the heterogeneity of prognostic factors. The pooled prevalence of localised and metastatic prostate cancer in SEA countries was 39% 95% CI [20-62] and 40% 95% CI [28-53], respectively. Conclusion: The survival rate in SEA countries can be determined by prognostic factors, which can be divided into sociodemographic, disease-related and treatment-related factors. Therefore, further studies are needed to improve the understanding and treatment of Pca in the region SEA.
Seasonally evolving dominant interannual variability modes of East Asian climate.

A season-reliant empirical orthogonal function (S-EOF) analysis is applied to seasonal mean precipitation over East Asia for the period of 1979-2004. The first two dominant modes account for 44% of the total interannual variance, corresponding to post-ENSO and ENSO turnabout years, respectively. The first mode indicates that in El Nino decaying summer, an anomalous anticyclone appears over the western North Pacific (WNP). This anticyclone is associated with strong positive precipitation anomalies from central China to southern Japan. In the following fall, enhanced convection appears over the WNP as a result of the un- derlying warm SST anomalies caused by the increase of the shortwave radiative flux in the preceding sum- mer. A dry condition appears over southeastern China. The anomalous precipitation pattern persists throughout the subsequent winter and spring. The second mode shows that during the El Nino developing summer the anomalous heating over the equatorial central Pacific forces a cyclonic vorticity over the WNP. This strengthens the WNP monsoon. Meanwhile, an anomalous anticyclone develops in the northern Indian Ocean and moves eastward to the South China Sea and the WNP in the subsequent fall and winter. This leads to the increase of precipitation over southeastern China. The anticyclone and precipitation anomalies are maintained in the following spring through local air-sea interactions. The diagnosis of upper-level velocity potential and midlevel vertical motion fields reveals a season- dependent Indian Ocean forcing scenario. The Indian Ocean basinwide warming during the El Nino mature winter and the subsequent spring does not have a significant impact on anomalous circulation in the WNP, because convection over the tropical Indian Ocean is suppressed by the remote forcing from the equatorial central-eastern Pacific. The basinwide warming plays an active role in impacting the WNP anomalous an- ticyclone during the ENSO decaying summer through atmospheric Kelvin waves or Hadley circulation.
Response of a Subtropical Stratocumulus-Capped Mixed Layer to Climate and Aerosol Changes

Abstract In this paper, an idealized framework based on a cloud-topped mixed layer model is developed for investigating feedbacks between subtropical stratocumulus (Sc) and global warming. The two principal control parameters are Sc-region sea surface temperature (SST) and intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) SST (which controls the temperature and mean subsidence profiles above the Sc). The direct effect of CO2 doubling (leaving all other parameters fixed) is tested and found to somewhat reduce liquid water path; discussion of this effect on the SST-change simulations is included. The presence of a cold boundary layer is found to significantly affect the temperature and subsidence rate just above cloud top by enhancing lower-tropospheric diabatic cooling in this region. A simple representation of this effect (easily generalizable to a more realistic boundary layer model) is developed. Steady-state solutions are analyzed as a function of local and ITCZ SST. Two climate change scenarios are considered. Th.
Opposing action of the FLR-2 glycoprotein hormone and DRL-1/FLR-4 MAP kinases balance p38-mediated growth and lipid homeostasis in C. elegans

Animals integrate developmental and nutritional signals before committing crucial resources to growth and reproduction; however, the pathways that perceive and respond to these inputs remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that DRL-1 and FLR-4, which share similarity with mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinases, maintain lipid homeostasis in the C. elegans intestine. DRL-1 and FLR-4 function in a protein complex at the plasma membrane to promote development, as mutations in drl-1 or flr-4 confer slow growth, small body size, and impaired lipid homeostasis. To identify factors that oppose DRL-1/FLR-4, we performed a forward genetic screen for suppressors of the drl-1 mutant phenotypes and identified mutations in flr-2 and fshr-1, which encode the orthologues of follicle stimulating hormone and its putative G protein–coupled receptor, respectively. In the absence of DRL-1/FLR-4, neuronal FLR-2 acts through intestinal FSHR-1 and protein kinase A signaling to restrict growth. Furthermore, we show that opposing signaling through DRL-1 and FLR-2 coordinates TIR-1 oligomerization, which modulates downstream p38/PMK-1 activity, lipid homeostasis, and development. Finally, we identify a surprising noncanonical role for the developmental transcription factor PHA-4/FOXA in the intestine where it restricts growth in response to impaired DRL-1 signaling. Our work uncovers a complex multi-tissue signaling network that converges on p38 signaling to maintain homeostasis during development.
The importance of spatial language for early numerical development in preschool: Going beyond verbal number skills

Recent evidence suggests that spatial language in preschool positively affects the development of verbal number skills, as indexed by aggregated performances on counting and number naming tasks. We firstly aimed to specify whether spatial language (the knowledge of locative prepositions) significantly relates to both of these measures. In addition, we assessed whether the predictive value of spatial language extends beyond verbal number skills to numerical subdomains without explicit verbal component, such as number writing, symbolic magnitude classifications, ordinal judgments and numerosity comparisons. To determine the unique contributions of spatial language to these numerical skills, we controlled in our regression analyses for intrinsic and extrinsic spatial abilities, phonological awareness as well as age, socioeconomic status and home language. With respect to verbal number skills, it appeared that spatial language uniquely predicted forward and backward counting but not number naming, which was significantly affected only by phonological awareness. Regarding numerical tasks that do not contain explicit verbal components, spatial language did not relate to number writing or numerosity comparisons. Conversely, it explained unique variance in symbolic magnitude classifications and was the only predictor of ordinal judgments. These findings thus highlight the importance of spatial language for early numerical development beyond verbal number skills and suggest that the knowledge of spatial terms is especially relevant for processing cardinal and ordinal relations between symbolic numbers. Promoting spatial language in preschool might thus be an interesting avenue for fostering the acquisition of these symbolic numerical skills prior to formal schooling.
Multi-omics analysis reveals the interaction of gut microbiome and host microRNAs in ulcerative colitis

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that co-occurs with gut microbiota dysbiosis; however, its etiology remains unclear. MicroRNA (miRNA)-microbiome interactions play an essential role in host health and disease. Methods To investigate the gut microbiome and host miRNA profiles in colitis, we used a Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) model. Metagenomic sequencing and metabolome profiling were performed to explore typical microbiota and metabolite signatures in colitis, whereas mRNA and miRNA sequencing were used to determine differentially expressed miRNAs and their target genes in the inflamed colon. Results A total of 986 miRNAs were identified between the two groups, with 41 upregulated and 21 downregulated miRNAs in colitis mice compared to the control group. Notably, the target genes of these significantly altered miRNAs were primarily enriched in the immune and inflammation-related pathways. Second, LEfSe analysis revealed bacterial biomarkers distinguishing the two groups, with significantly higher levels of commonly encountered pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri in the UC group, whereas beneficial species such as Bifidobacterium pseudolongum were more abundant in the control group. Microbiota metabolites histamine, N-acetylhistamine, and glycocholic acid were found to be downregulated in colitis mice. Spearman correlation further revealed the potential crosstalk between the microbiota profile and colonic miRNA, revealing the possibility of microbiome–miRNA interactions involved in IBD development. Conclusions Our data reveal the relationships between multi-omic features during UC and suggest that targeting specific miRNAs may provide new avenues for the development of effective miRNA-based therapeutics.
A three‐dimensional modeling investigation of the evolution processes of dust and sea‐salt particles in east Asia

The evolution of sea-salt and dust particles in East Asia is investigated using a three-dimensional transport and chemistry model. A kinetic approach under thermodynamic constraint is utilized to model the condensation/evaporation processes, and other important aerosol processes and influential components (e.g., dust/sea-salt generation, NH3 emissions, gravitational settling, nucleation) are taken into account in this analysis. The model is used to study the Pacific Exploratory Mission-West B period (March 1–6, 1994). It is found that (1) during strong continental outflow, in general, the fine aerosol mode ( 2 μm in aerodynamic diameter) attracts nitrate. However, in the dust plume, sulfate preferentially resides in the coarse mode due to larger coarse mode mass loading; (2) particulate nitrate coupled with particulate ammonium in the fine mode is predicted over regions where high gaseous NH3 mixing ratios are present (lower courses of the Huang river); (3) dust and sea-salt particles provide important reaction surfaces for sulfate production in the troposphere and increase sulfate production rates by 20–80%; and (4) soil dust and sea salt provide an important source of boundary layer and free troposhpere alkaline material, and these cations play an important role in controlling the partitioning of semivolatile HNO3 throughout large portions of the troposphere, increasing particulate nitrate levels 10–50%.
Shallow mantle temperatures under Europe from P and S wave tomography

Temperature is one of the key parameters controlling lithospheric and mantle dynamics and rheology. Using recent experimental data on elastic parameters and anelasticity, we obtain models of temperature at 50 to 200 km depth beneath Europe from the global P wave velocity model of Bijwaard et al. [1998] and the regional S wave velocity model of Marquering and Snieder [1996]. Forward modeling of seismic velocity allows us to assess the sensitivity of velocity to various parameters. In the depth range of interest, variations in temperature (when below the solidus) yield the largest effects. For a 100°C increase in temperature, a decrease of 0.5–2% in VP and 0.7–4.5% in VS is predicted, where the strongest decrease is due to the large effect of anelasticity at high temperature. The effect of composition is expected to give velocity anomalies 80 km the relative amplitudes of the European VP and VS anomalies are consistent with a thermal origin. At shallower depths, variations in crustal thickness and possibly the presence of partial melt appear to have an additional effect, mainly on S wave velocity. In regions where both P and S anomalies are well-resolved, VP- and VS-derived thermal models agree well with each other and with temperatures determined from surface heat flow observations. Furthermore, the thermal models are consistent with known tectonics. The inferred temperatures vary significantly, from around 400°C below an average mantle adiabat at 100 km depth under the Russian Platform and a 300°C increase from east to west across the Tornquist-Teisseyre zone to temperatures around the mantle adiabat in the depth range 50–200 km under areas with present surface volcanism. In spite of the uncertainties in the calculation of temperatures due to uncertainties in the experimental elastic parameters and anelasticity and uncertainties associated with tomographic imaging, we find that the tomographic models of the shallow mantle under Europe can yield useful estimates of the thermal structure.
Micromachining of High-Quality PMN–PT/Epoxy 1–3 Composite for High-Frequency (>30 MHz) Ultrasonic Transducer Applications

Fabricating PMN–PT composites, the core component of high-frequency (> 30 MHz) transducers, remains challenging due to their poor machinability and ultrasmall kerfs. This urgent problem is significantly impeding the development of PMN–PT ultrasonic transducers for use in clinical research, biomedical sciences, and nondestructive testing (NDT). In this study, high-quality PMN–0.3PT/epoxy 1–3 composites at 30 and 50 MHz were manufactured using a modified picosecond (1.5 ps) laser technique. Their performance was thoroughly analyzed, which was comparable to that with low-stress dry plasma etching. There were fewer microcracks around PMN–PT pillars. The minimum kerf was less than $4.5 ~\mu \text{m}$ , and the highest aspect ratio was larger than 7.5. The microdomain morphology and hysteresis loops of PMN–PT pillars further confirmed that composites still maintained excellent piezoelectric performance and suffered fewer damages during laser cutting. The characterization results exhibited a large electromechanical coupling (>0.77), a high dielectric constant (>1600), and a relatively low acoustic impedance (< 17 Mrayls). The ultrasonic transducers with center frequencies of 30 and 50 MHz were designed and prototyped to validate the performance of composites. The transducers showed broad bandwidth (>80%), high two-way insertion loss (IL) (>−23 dB), and imaging resolution superior to $40 ~\mu \text{m}$ . Finally, the C-scan experiments of IC chips were also used to further illustrate the applicability of transducers. These encouraging results further demonstrated that ultrafast laser technology will bring more accessible and affordable methods for fabricating high-frequency PMN–PT composite transducers with excellent performance.
Measurements of volatile organic compounds during the 2006 TexAQS/GoMACCS campaign: Industrial influences, regional characteristics, and diurnal dependencies of the OH reactivity

[1] An extensive set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other gas phase species were measured in situ aboard the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown as the ship sailed in the Gulf of Mexico and the Houston and Galveston Bay (HGB) area as part of the Texas Air Quality (TexAQS)/Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS) conducted from July–September 2006. The magnitudes of the reactivities of CH4, CO, VOCs, and NO2 with the hydroxyl radical, OH, were determined in order to quantify the contributions of these compounds to potential ozone formation. The average total OH reactivity (ROH,TOTAL) increased from 1.01 s−1 in the central gulf to 10.1 s−1 in the HGB area as a result of the substantial increase in the contribution from VOCs and NO2. The increase in the measured concentrations of reactive VOCs in the HGB area compared to the central gulf was explained by the impact of industrial emissions, the regional distribution of VOCs, and the effects of local meteorology. By compensating for the effects of boundary layer mixing, the diurnal profiles of the OH reactivity were used to characterize the source signatures and relative magnitudes of biogenic, anthropogenic (urban + industrial), and oxygenated VOCs as a function of the time of day. The source of reactive oxygenated VOCs (e.g., formaldehyde) was determined to be almost entirely from secondary production. The secondary formation of oxygenated VOCs, in addition to the continued emissions of reactive anthropogenic VOCs, served to sustain elevated levels of OH reactivity throughout the time of peak ozone production.
The Highland Border Complex, Scotland: a paradox resolved

A previously inexplicable difference between the Highland Border Complex, Scotland, and its correlative in Ireland, the Clew Bay Complex, is that rocks of Caradoc–Ashgill age occur only in the former. We reject evidence from supposed chitinozoa for this dichotomy: no sedimentary rocks of proven age younger than Arenig occur in the Highland Border Complex. Consequentially, the stratigraphy must be totally recast, and the ‘exotic terrane model’ replaced by one in which a largely autochthonous Highland Border Complex in stratigraphical continuity with the Dalradian (Grampian terrane), was overridden by the Highland Border ophiolite (Midland Valley terrane). Tectonic models for SE Laurentia are thereby considerably simplified.