Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetic control of large room-temperature polarization

Numerous authors have referred to room-temperature magnetic switching of large electric polarizations as The Holy Grail of magnetoelectricity.We report this long-sought effect using a new physical process of coupling between magnetic and ferroelectric relaxor nano-regions. Here we report magnetic switching between the normal ferroelectric state and the ferroelectric relaxor state. This gives both a new room-temperature, single-phase, multiferroic magnetoelectric, PbZr0.46Ti0. 34Fe0.13W0.07O3, with polarization, loss ( 100 ? s, and it couples strongly the polarization relaxation and spin relaxations. The diverging polarization relaxation time accurately fits a modified Vogel-Fulcher Equation in which the freezing temperature Tf is replaced by a critical freezing field Hf that is 0.92 positive/negative 0.07 Tesla. This field dependence and the critical field Hc are derived analytically from the spherical random bond random field (SRBRF) model with no adjustable parameters and an E2H2 coupling. This device permits 3-state logic (+Pr,0,negative Pr) and a condenser with >5000% magnetic field change in its capacitance.
An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications.

BACKGROUND Measurement of fractional nitric oxide (NO) concentration in exhaled breath (Fe(NO)) is a quantitative, noninvasive, simple, and safe method of measuring airway inflammation that provides a complementary tool to other ways of assessing airways disease, including asthma. While Fe(NO) measurement has been standardized, there is currently no reference guideline for practicing health care providers to guide them in the appropriate use and interpretation of Fe(NO) in clinical practice. PURPOSE To develop evidence-based guidelines for the interpretation of Fe(NO) measurements that incorporate evidence that has accumulated over the past decade. METHODS We created a multidisciplinary committee with expertise in the clinical care, clinical science, or basic science of airway disease and/or NO. The committee identified important clinical questions, synthesized the evidence, and formulated recommendations. Recommendations were developed using pragmatic systematic reviews of the literature and the GRADE approach. RESULTS The evidence related to the use of Fe(NO) measurements is reviewed and clinical practice recommendations are provided. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of chronic inflammatory airway disease including asthma, conventional tests such as FEV(1) reversibility or provocation tests are only indirectly associated with airway inflammation. Fe(NO) offers added advantages for patient care including, but not limited to (1) detecting of eosinophilic airway inflammation, (2) determining the likelihood of corticosteroid responsiveness, (3) monitoring of airway inflammation to determine the potential need for corticosteroid, and (4) unmasking of otherwise unsuspected nonadherence to corticosteroid therapy.
Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in Minnesota, 1992-1998. Investigation Team.

BACKGROUND Increasing resistance to quinolones among campylobacter isolates from humans has been reported in Europe and Asia, but not in the United States. We evaluated resistance to quinolones among campylobacter isolates from Minnesota residents during the period from 1992 through 1998. METHODS All 4953 campylobacter isolates from humans received by the Minnesota Department of Health were tested for resistance to nalidixic acid. Resistant isolates and selected sensitive isolates were tested for resistance to ciprofloxacin. We conducted a case-comparison study of patients with ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni isolated during 1996 and 1997. Domestic chicken was evaluated as a potential source of quinolone-resistant campylobacter. RESULTS The proportion of quinolone-resistant C. jejuni isolates from humans increased from 1.3 percent in 1992 to 10.2 percent in 1998 (P<0.001). During 1996 and 1997, infection with quinolone-resistant C. jejuni was associated with foreign travel and with the use of a quinolone before the collection of stool specimens. However, quinolone use could account for no more than 15 percent of the cases from 1996 through 1998. The number of quinolone-resistant infections that were acquired domestically also increased during the period from 1996 through 1998. Ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni was isolated from 14 percent of 91 domestic chicken products obtained from retail markets in 1997. Molecular subtyping showed an association between resistant C. jejuni strains from chicken products and domestically acquired infections in Minnesota residents. CONCLUSIONS The increase in quinolone-resistant C. jejuni infections in Minnesota is largely due to infections acquired during foreign travel. However, the number of quinolone-resistant infections acquired domestically has also increased, largely because of the acquisition of resistant strains from poultry. The use of fluoroquinolones in poultry, which began in the United States in 1995, has created a reservoir of resistant C. jejuni.
Use of swelling clays to reduce permeability and its potential application to nuclear waste repository sealing

The injection of swelling-clay slurries into joints or faults at a deep-burial nuclear waste disposal site may result in significant permeability reductions for the effective containment of radioactive wastes. In an experiment conducted to illustrate the permeability change accompanying clay swelling, a coarse stone with interconnected pore spaces was injected with a clay-electrolyte slurry, modelling the pressure-grouting of a fractured repository rock. Subsequently, solutions with lower electrolyte concentrations were driven through the clay-filled stone, corresponding to migration of lower salinity ground-waters through the clay-grouted fracture. The initial injection procedure reduced the permeability of the stone from 1-10 darcies to 700 nanodarcies; the changes in solution composition decreased permeability by more than 2 additional orders of magnitude to 3 nanodarcies. For application at a nuclear waste repository, the electrolyte concentration of the injected clay slurry should be made higher than that of the ground-water in the host rock. Subsequent interaction of the ground-water with the clays would initiate swelling and create the additional, post-injection permeability reductions that may be important in preventing the escape of buried radioactive wastes. The measured permeability of the clay filling is considerably lower than that of cement tested for borehole plugging. Clays also have the advantage over cement and chemical grouts in that they are geologically stable at relatively low temperatures and have a high capacity for radionuclide adsorption.
SIMULAÇÕES DA VARIABILIDADE DO CLIMA PRESENTE SOBRE A AMÉRICA DO SUL UTILIZANDO UM MODELO CLIMÁTICO REGIONAL

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of The Hadley Centre Regional Climate Model (HadRM3P) in describing the seasonal variability of the main climatological features over South America and adjacent (surrounding) oceans by using long-term simulations (30 years, 1961-1990). The analysis was performed using seasonal averages from observed and simulated precipitation, temperature, sea level pressure and wind (850 and 200 hPa). The impact of lateral boundary conditions and two different sea surface temperature (SST) conditions (1983 El Niño and 1985 La Niña) on the simulated climate and on the accuracy in simulating both interannual and seasonal variability was studied subjectively and objectively (skill scores). Precipitation and temperature patterns in space and time as well as the main general circulation features, including details captured by the model at finer scales than those resolved by global model were simulated by the model. However, regionally, there are still systematic errors which might be related to the physics of the model (convective schemes, topography and land surface processes) and the lateral boundary conditions inherited from the global model.
Hyperspectral remote sensing classification based on SVM with end-member extraction

In order to enhance the accuracy of hyperspectral remote sensing classification, a classification method based on SVM with end-member extraction is presented. Firstly, the end-members are extracted using pure pixel index approach, and then the ground target is identified based on the spectral feature fitting , followed by the spectral classification of the hyperspectral remote sensing images with the Support Vector Machines. The experiment results indicated that the validity and efficiency of our method are more accurately than the traditional SVM solutions which simply use the regions of interest selected from image as the training samples.
Ghost-free reconstruction of multi-layer scenes using light-field method

To avoid the ghosting effect of the light field rendering caused by the insufficient sampling rate, we extend the application of the criterion of ghost-free reconstruction from one constant-depth scenes to more complex scenes which contain multiple depth layers. It is shown that the optimal constant depth and the maximum camera interval can be determined by the scene geometry and the camera resolution. The relationship between them is formulated in this paper. Also, we use an experiment to verify the criterion presented here. The mean square difference (MSD) between the reconstructed views and the standard views are calculated to show the reconstruction quality at different camera intervals. The quantitative data are basically in accord with the subjective observation in this experiment and the results sufficiently support the theoretical analysis.
TCP1 (cid:2) Subunit Is Indispensable for Growth and Infectivity of Leishmania donovani

T-complex protein-1 (TCP1) is a ubiquitous group II chaperonin and is known to fold various proteins, such as actin and tubulin. In Leishmania donovani , the (cid:2) subunit of TCP1 (LdTCP1 (cid:2) ) has been cloned and characterized. It forms a high-molecular-weight homo-oligomeric complex that performs ATP-dependent protein folding. In the present study, we evaluated the essentiality of the LdTCP1 (cid:2) gene. Gene replacement studies indicated that LdTCP1 (cid:2) is essential for parasite survival. The LdTCP1 (cid:2) single-allele-replacement mutants exhibited slowed growth and decreased infectivity in mouse macrophages compared to the growth and infectivity of the wild-type parasites. Modulation of LdTCP1 (cid:2) expression in promastigotes also modulated cell cycle progression. Suramin, an antitrypanosomal drug, not only inhibited the luciferase refolding activity of the recombinant LdTCP1 (cid:2) (rLdTCP1 (cid:2) ) homo-oligomeric complex but also exhibited potential antileishmanial efﬁcacy both in vitro and in vivo . The interaction of suramin and LdTCP1 (cid:2) was further validated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The study suggests LdTCP1 (cid:2) as a potential drug target and also provides a framework for the development of a new class of drugs. free
Chemistry Single-Molecule FRET of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are now widely recognized as play-ing critical roles in a broad range of cellular functions as well as being implicated in diverse diseases. Their lack of stable secondary structure and tertiary interactions, coupled with their sensitivity to measurement conditions, stymies many traditional structural biology approaches. Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is now widely used to characterize the physicochemical properties of these proteins in isolation and is being increasingly applied to more complex assemblies and experimental environments. This review provides an overview of confocal diffusion-based smFRET as an experimental tool,including descriptions of instrumentation, data analysis,and protein labeling.Recent papers are discussed that illustrate the unique capability of smFRET to provide insight into aggregation-prone IDPs,protein–protein interactions involving IDPs,and IDPs in complex experimental milieus. but are thought to involve interactions with synaptic membranes. As such, many early smFRET studies of α synuclein focused on interactions between the protein and detergents (such as SDS) or lipid vesicles as membrane surrogates (69, 71, 99, 105–107). These studies helped demonstrate that the membrane-bound conformation of α -synuclein is sensitive to the curvature of the model system: a bent horseshoe-shaped conformation with two helical segments is seen on highly curved SDS micelles and an elongated single helix is dominant on more planar lipid bilayers.More recently,the Deniz lab (108) used trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), an osmolyte, to force α -synuclein folding, contrasting this folding in solution with the detergent-induced folding studied previously. By smFRET, they observed a cooperative conformational change with increasing TMAO. Moreover, in contrast to folding induced by SDS, only a single nonzero peak was observed in the smFRET histograms, reflecting rapid (faster than the measurement bin time of 1 ms) conversion between folded and unfolded states at all concentrations of TMAO. Coordinated circular dichroism measurements were used to assess the degree of helicity associated with folding. The combination of these measurements demonstrated that the TMAO-folded states were highly helical and compact but distinct from the SDS-folded states of α -synuclein ). The authors suggest that α synuclein belongs to the class of IDPs that undergo ligand-induced folding,a feature that underlies the ability of some IDPs to interact with multiple, different partners.
Airborne repeat-pass INSAR system

Repeat-pass interferometric SAR (INSAR) is considered an excellent tool to detect very slight Earth crustal movement caused by an earthquake, a volcano activity, and so on. The authors developed an airborne repeat-pass INSAR system which can make very precise repeat-pass flights for interferometry. A method has been devised for getting the highly precise antenna motion using the phases from corner reflectors. In this paper, an outline of their airborne repeat-pass INSAR system, the method of measuring the precise antenna motion data and the first results in a test flight to verify the possibility of airborne repeat-pass INSAR are described.
Spatial Distribution of Fishes in Hydropeaking Tributaries of Lake Superior

Deviation from a river's natural flow regime is considered to be one of the most serious and continuing threats to lotic ecosystems. Peaking hydroelectric facilities, which are designed to adjust the level of power generation in accordance with hourly energy demand, can dramatically alter flows and temperatures and ultimately lead to changes in the quantity and quality of habitat available to fish. In this study, we examine the spatial distribution of river fishes, benthic invertebrates and organic matter along lateral and longitudinal gradients in two hydropeaking and eight natural Lake Superior tributaries in Ontario, Canada. This study demonstrates that (i) hourly variation in flow, caused by hydropeaking, results in a varial zone that supports significantly fewer fish than the adjacent permanently wetted channel and (ii) strong longitudinal gradients in fish biomass, particularly for sedentary species such as slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), exist in regulated rivers, and fish biomass is up to four times greater at sites directly below the peaking dams than at sites further downstream or in nearby natural rivers. Gradients in the spatial distribution of fishes closely follow changes in food resources such as benthic organic matter and invertebrates, suggesting that these gradients are driven by spatial shifts in food availability and are ultimately caused by gradients in abiotic habitat variables. Monitoring and assessment efforts should take into account that lateral and longitudinal gradients exist in regulated rivers, and this understanding must be incorporated into sampling programmes. Failing to do so could alter the interpretation of river productivity, integrity and health. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of osmotic stress on the activity of MAPKs and PDGFR- (cid:1) -mediated signal transduction in NIH-3T3 ﬁbroblasts

stress on the activity of MAPKs and PDGFR- (cid:1) -mediated signal transduction in NIH-3T3 ﬁbroblasts. Am J Physiol Physiol C1046–C1055, in cell proliferation, cell migration, and apoptosis is highly affected by osmotic stress and changes in cell volume, although the mechanisms underlying the signiﬁcance of cell volume as a signal in cell growth and death are poorly understood. In this study, we used NIH-3T3 ﬁbroblasts in a serum- and nutrient-free inorganic medium (300 mosM) to analyze the effects of osmotic stress on MAPK activity and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)- (cid:1) -mediated signal transduction. We found that hypoosmolarity (cell swelling at 211 mosM) induced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of ERK1/2, most likely via a pathway independent of PDGFR- (cid:1) and MEK1/2. Conversely, hyperosmolarity (cell shrinkage at 582 mosM) moved nuclear and phosphorylated ERK1/2 to the cytoplasm and induced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p38 and phosphorylation of JNK1/2. In a series of parallel experiments, hypoosmolarity did not affect PDGF-BB-induced activation of PDGFR- (cid:1) , whereas hyperosmolarity strongly inhibited ligand-dependent PDGFR- (cid:1) activation as well as downstream mitogenic signal components of the receptor, including Akt and the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. Based on these results, we conclude that ligand-dependent activation of PDGFR- (cid:1) and its downstream effectors Akt, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 is strongly modulated (inhibited) by hyperosmotic cell shrinkage, whereas cell swelling does not seem to affect the activation of the receptor but rather to activate ERK1/2 via a different mechanism. It is thus likely that cell swelling via activation of ERK1/2 and cell shrinkage via activation of the p38 and JNK pathway and inhibition of the PDGFR signaling pathway may act as key players in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. Statistical analysis. Signiﬁcance was evaluated using a double-sided Student’s t -test, with P (cid:5) 0.05 taken to indicate a statistically signiﬁcant difference. All experiments were conducted between three and six times.
Imagining the American West through Film and Tourism

1. Go West 2 . Monument Valley 3. Tragic and Vulnerable Heroes: Chuck and the Duke 4. Route 66 5. Tombstone 6. Fort Sumner 7. The Good Outlaw 8. Lone Pine 9. Yellowstone 10. Grand Canyon 11. Ghost Ranch 12. Little Bighorn 13. Stetsons and Daisy Dukes 14. Travelling the Jurassic West 15. Las Cruces Spaceport 16. Once Upon a Time
Biological CO2 fixation in up-flow reactors via exogenous H2 addition

25 Gas fermentation for the production of building block molecules and biofuels is 26 lately gaining attention as a means to eliminate the greenhouse gases emissions. 27 Especially CO 2 capture and recycling are in focus. Thus, the biological coupling of CO 2 28 and H 2 is of high interest. Therefore, the focus of the present work was to evaluate the 29 performances of two up-flow reactors for CO 2 and H 2 assimilation. Process monitoring 30 showed that the gas-liquid H 2 transfer was highly affected by reactor design. A reactor 31 filled with Raschig rings could lift up gases utilization leading to a CH 4 content of 81% 32 at 6 h gas retention time and 8.8 L/L R . h gas recirculation rate. In contrast, limited 33 biomethanation was achieved in the absence of Raschig rings highlighting the positive 34 role of packing material to the performance of up-flow-reactors. Additionally, high- 35 throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the microbial community was 36 ultimately resided by Methanothermobacter methanogens. 37
Effects of Seagrass Patch Structure on the Mobile Epifaunal Community in a Subtidal Seagrass Meadow in Thailand

We studied the community structure of mobile epifauna on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides at a subtidal seagrass bed in Thailand to examine whether the abundance and community structure of the epifauna are affected by(1)the position within the seagrass patches,and(2)the seagrass patch sizes.We collected mobile epiphytic animals on E.acoroides at the center and the periphery of large(>3.6m2in area)patches,and from small(<1.1m2)patches.The most dominant animal was a grass shrimp, Latreutes sp. ,followed by several species of gammarid amphipods,a polychaete and gastropods.Species richness,the total number of individuals and the number of the eight major species did not differ signifi cantly between the center and periphery of the large patches.The density of Latreutes sp.was significantly smaller in the large patches than the small patches.Turbellaria spp.were also less common in the large pathces.In contrast,the density of a chaetognath(Spadellidae sp.)tended to be higher in the large patches.Species richness,total animal density,and the densities of other dominant animals did not differ significantly between large and small patches.These findings demonstrate that the position within E. acoroides patches has only a minor effect on the abundance and diversity of the epifaunal community, whereas the size of patches has a larger effect on the epifauna.It was also suggested that the response of mobile epiphytic animals to seagrass patch structure is scale-and species-specific.
Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site

[1] Two years of continuous aerosol particle size distribution measurements provided the basis for this cloud droplet activation study. The cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles was studied in Pallas, a clean background site in northern Finland. A slightly different approach compared with traditional methods is presented by measuring simultaneously the cloud interstitial particle size spectrum and a nearby out-of-cloud particle size spectrum. The main advantage of this approach is that one can determine the activated fraction of different-size particles over the whole submicron-size range and that a large number of cloud activation events can be analyzed. The number of cloud droplet activation days peaked in late autumn and was lowest in summer. The annual variation of “cloud droplet activation” events followed the annual pattern of low clouds (those below 1000 m). A relation was found between the total particle number concentration outside the cloud and the number of activated particles. A larger particle concentration led to a higher number of activated particles, a lower activation percent, and a larger activation diameter (D50). D50 was on average 80 nm and varied from 50 to 128 nm. The average fraction of activated particles during the cloud events was 47% and varied from 9 to 86%. The cleaner and colder air masses from the northern Atlantic or the Arctic Ocean had, on average, 15 nm lower D50 than the more polluted air masses from south and east containing more particles. The annual variation of the number of the activated particles and other variables were also closely related to the annual variation of particle concentration (high in summer and low in winter). On average 87 and 30% of accumulation and Aitken mode particles, respectively, were activated. Aitken mode particles were observed to cover up to 55% of the total number of activated particles (i.e., number of formed droplets), which demonstrates that they have a significant effect on cloud droplet activation and must be taken into account when estimating the aerosol indirect climate effects.