Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anonymity Analysis of Cryptocurrencies

Cash in the real world allows for parties to exchange currency without the need to go through some sort of central authority. One person, Alice, can simply hand cash over to another person, Bob. In this transaction the only two people that have knowledge of this exchange are Alice and Bob. Until recently there was no electronic equivalent to this exchange. In 1982 David Chaum proposed a system of anonymous electronic cash based on blind signatures, and in 1990 founded DigiCash as an electronic cash company. There were a few banks that implemented electronic cash systems, but these banks and DigiCash ultimately went bankrupt in 1997 and 1998 despite the enthusiasm surrounding anonymous electronic cash. Between 1998 and 2008 there were no successful implementations of electronic cash that offer a decentralized, anonymous, and untraceable system. In 2008 a paper was published by Satoshi Nakamoto on the cryptocurrency known as Bitcoin. A cryptocurrency is a form of electronic cash backed by mathematical and cryptographic constructs, unlike traditional currency which was historically backed by gold or silver. Cryptocurrencies have seen rising popularity in recent years due to their decentralized, distributed, peer-to-peer protocols. Part of this rising popularity is also attributable to the supposed anonymity of these protocols; however, due to the public transaction history required for these protocols and the fact that transactions are pseudonymous and not purely anonymous, this supposed anonymity does not exist. While the systems may achieve the goal of decentralized currency it does not achieve the goal of untraceability. In this thesis we analyze the technical implementations of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to determine the level of anonymity provided by these protocols. We also analyze proposed improvements for their feasibility.
New four-state space-time trellis codes for multi-pair two-way relaying in MIMO cooperative networks

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) cooperative networks have been intensively studied as an emerging research issue due to their abilities for increasing spatial diversity. Two-way communication in MIMO cooperative networks could significantly increase spectral efficiency, where each pair of source nodes (SNs) exchanges information through a relay node (RN). The two-way relay channel (TWRC) has been proposed in the previous work for multi-pair of SNs using amplify-and-forward (AF). However, it could provide only the diversity gain. On the other hand, the network performance can also be improved by coding advantage. Therefore, this paper proposes a new four-state space-time trellis codes (STTC) for multi-pair TWRC with a single multi-antenna RN using AF relaying strategy. The system model for applying the proposed STTC is introduced. Then, the performance of the proposed STTC is evaluated in terms of pairwise-error probability as a performance metric of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the Rayleigh fading channel. Moreover, the proposed code search is obtained using a systematic code approach. The result shows that the proposed STTC could improve the network performance compared to the previous codes in which a significant coding gain is provided by the proposed codes. Thus, the proposed STTC for the networks has the advantage of both diversity and coding gain.
The Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Sleep-Disordered Breathing in an Elderly Korean Population

Background: There are just a few epidemiological studies on sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in the elderly, and the results are inconsistent. Study Objectives: We sought to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for SDB in a representative elderly population with the use of attended nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG). Methods: Among 6,959 individuals aged ≥60 years living in Yongin City, Korea, 696 subjects were selected using random sampling. All the subjects were invited to visit a hospital for NPSG, and SDB was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index ≥15. Results: Of the 696 participants investigated, 348 participants completed the sleep study and clinical evaluation. SDB was observed in 127 of the 348 participants, and the prevalence of SDB was 36.5% (52.6% in males and 26.3% in females). A body mass index ≥25 was associated with SDB in both male and female subjects, particularly in males, whereas snoring was independently associated with SDB in female participants only. In male participants, SDB was a significant risk factor for hypertension (p = 0.025). Conclusions: SDB was found to be common among elderly Koreans, and it was more prevalent and severe in male than in female subjects. Health consequences of SDB in the elderly need to be further explored.
FEEDING AND OXYGEN UPTAKE OF THE TROPICAL SEA URCHIN EUCIDARIS TRIBULOIDES (LAMARCK).

1. In the laboratory Eucidaris tribuloides showed a food preference for rock infested with the boring sponge Cliona lampa over turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum), several algae, and fish strips. 2. In the laboratory, urchins consumed wet rock infested with Cliona lampa at rates ranging from less than one to over three gm. per day depending on the size of the urchin. 3. Oxygen consumption of urchins was measured in the laboratory with a modified Scholander volumetric respirometer. 4. Oxygen uptake decreased significantly during the first day of starvation, but then remained relatively stable during several successive days of starvation. 5. There was not a significant correlation between gonad index or sex of the urchin and relative oxygen uptake. 6. Relative oxygen consumption decreased with increasing size of the urchin. Values for "b" indicated an oxygen uptake which was almost proportional to surface area at 20° and 30 ° C. 7. Oxygen uptake fluctuated during the first hour when urchins were placed in water several degrees colder than their ambient water. At the end of this hour, however, the rate of oxygen uptake had become relatively stable. Well-fed urchins manifested greater changes in their stabilized rates of oxygen uptake (Q10) at different temperatures than did starved urchins. 8. Urchins manifested partial seasonal acclimation of oxygen uptake as indicated by the fact that winter oxygen consumption curves were well above summer curves at the corresponding temperatures. The acclimation was probably not complete since mean summer oxygen uptake was higher at the summer ambient than the mean winter oxygen uptake at the winter ambient.
V. INFLUENCE OF THE GA AND GT IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES ON THE SPECIFICITY OF CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES TO A TERPOLYMER OF L-GLUTAMIC

Histocompatibility-linked specific immune response (Jr) I genes, controlling the ability to develop cellular and humoral immune responses, have been identified in guinea pigs and mice (1). Two experimental approaches used to identify Ir genes and to investigate their function have been the study of immunogenicity of synthetic polypeptides of limited structural diversity, and the study of the immunogenicity of native protein antigens injected in limiting immunizing doses. In earlier reports we have identified four Ir genes in inbred and random-bred guinea pigs, the "PLL, . GA, . GT," and "L-BSA" genes controlling, respectively, immune responsiveness to hapten-poly-L-lysine conjugates, to random eopolymers of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA), and to L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT), and to limiting immunizing doses of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (2-4). Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs are homozygous for the PLL, GA, and L-BSA genes which were shown to be very closely linked to the major locus controlling strain 2 histocompatibility antigens (4-7). The GT gene is found in strain 13 guinea pigs and is similarly linked to a major strain 13 histocompatibility specificity (7). Furthermore, in most random-bred guinea pigs the GA and PLL genes remain linked and behave as alleles or pseudoalleles to the GT gene (8). The successful transfer of immune responsiveness controlled by the PLL gene to
Isolated tuberculous epididymitis: a review of forty cases.

BACKGROUND Tuberculous epididymitis is one of the causes of chronic epididymal lesions. It is difficult to diagnose in the absence of renal involvement. AIM To profile isolated tuberculous epididymitis and to assess our approach in the evaluation of this group of patients. SETTING AND DESIGN Retrospective study done at Christian Medical College, Vellore, South India. METHODS AND MATERIALS Between 1992 and 2002, 156 fine needle aspiration cytology specimens and 108 epididymal biopsies were carried out in 187 men for evaluation of chronic epididymal nodules. Isolated epididymal tuberculosis was defined as "tuberculous infection affecting the epididymis without evidence of renal involvement as documented by the absence of acid fast bacilli in the urine sample and on imaging". The age, laterality, mode of presentation and method of histological diagnosis were studied with the objective of profiling isolated tuberculous epididymitis. RESULTS Fifty-four of the 187 men (median age 32 years; interquartile range: 21-37 years) had tuberculous epididymitis. Fourteen were excluded from the analysis (10 had associated urinary tract tuberculosis and 4 were lost to follow-up). None of the 40 men with isolated tuberculous epididymitis had urinary symptoms. Bilateral involvement was seen in five (12.5%) cases. The salient presenting features included painful swelling (16 subjects, 40%), scrotal sinus (4, 20%) and acute epididymitis (2, 10%). Past history or concomitant presence of tuberculosis was noted in three subjects each. Anti TB treatment resulted in a complete response in 10 and partial response in 18. Five subjects underwent epididymectomy. Tuberculous epididymitis was found incidentally in 5 (10%) cases on high orchiectomy specimen done for suspected testicular tumour. CONCLUSIONS Tuberculous epididymitis can be the sole presentation of genitourinary tuberculosis.
Figures and tables with the experimental results related to the work “Label Construction for Multi-label Feature Selection”, published in the proceedings of the Brazilian Conference on Intelligent System (BRACIS 2014). CONTENTS

1 Average rankings of the FS methods based on Example-based F-measure . 12 2 Average rankings of the FS methods based on Hamming Loss . 12 3 Average rankings of the FS methods based on Accuracy . 13 4 Average rankings of the FS methods based on Micro-averaged F-measure . 13
Coalition-Resistant Peer Rating for Long-Term Confidentiality

The outsourced storage of sensitive data requires long-term confidentiality guarantees. Proactive secret sharing in a distributed storage system provides such guarantees. However, some storage service providers lack in reliability or performance for proactive secret sharing to be viable, which can threaten data confidentiality. Data owners need guidance to select the best-performing storage service providers. Aggregated peer ratings with a mediator can provide such guidance. Nevertheless, providers may rate each other inaccurately to undermine competitors. This rational behaviour must be taken into account to devise performance scoring mechanisms generating accurate aggregate scores. The natural formalism to analyse the strategies of rational agents is game theory. In this paper, we introduce a game-theoretic model of the peer rating strategies of providers. Within this model, we first show that an unincentivised performance scoring mechanism results in providers reporting inaccurate ratings. We then introduce an incentivised performance scoring mechanism, modelled as an infinitely repeated game, that discourages inaccurate ratings. We prove that this mechanism leads to accurate ratings and thus to accurate performance scores for each provider, within a margin depending on coalition sizes.
Secure Cyber Defense: An Analysis of Network Intrusion-Based Dataset CCD-IDSv1 with Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models

Anomaly detection and multi-attack classification are major concerns for cyber defense. Several publicly available datasets have been used extensively for the evaluation of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs). However, most of the publicly available datasets may not contain attack scenarios based on evolving threats. The development of a robust network intrusion dataset is vital for network threat analysis and mitigation. Proactive IDSs are required to tackle ever-growing threats in cyberspace. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models have been deployed recently to detect the various types of cyber-attacks. However, current IDSs struggle to attain both a high detection rate and a low false alarm rate. To address these issues, we first develop a Center for Cyber Defense (CCD)-IDSv1 labeled flow-based dataset in an OpenStack environment. Five different attacks with normal usage imitating real-life usage are implemented. The number of network features is increased to overcome the shortcomings of the previous network flow-based datasets such as CIDDS and CIC-IDS2017. Secondly, this paper presents a comparative analysis on the effectiveness of different ML and DL models on our CCD-IDSv1 dataset. In this study, we consider both cyber anomaly detection and multi-attack classification. To improve the performance, we developed two DL-based ensemble models: Ensemble-CNN-10 and Ensemble-CNN-LSTM. Ensemble-CNN-10 combines 10 CNN models developed from 10-fold cross-validation, whereas Ensemble-CNN-LSTM combines base CNN and LSTM models. This paper also presents feature importance for both anomaly detection and multi-attack classification. Overall, the proposed ensemble models performed well in both the 10-fold cross-validation and independent testing on our dataset. Together, these results suggest the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed IDSs based on ML and DL models on the CCD-IDSv1 intrusion detection dataset.
THE USE OF VOLT ERRA SERIES FOR SIMULATING THE NONLINEAR BEHAVIOUR OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

The measurement and emulation of audio systems (devices, environments and sound boxes) have been walked in these years. The most-used methods to obtain information about an audio system are those based on measuring its impulse response (IR). Once the IR has been caught it is possible to recreate, by the use of linear convolution, the output signal that the audio system will generate when it is physically driven by any input signal. This method gives great results if the system is linear and time-invariant (environments behaviour is much linear and therefore its reverberant effect can be faithfully recreated using IRs) but not satisfactory in other cases, such as the emulation of tube preamps (mainly nonlinear) and musical instruments. Since the musical instruments cannot be considered completely linear, their musical performance might be analysed properly considering also their nonlinear behaviour. By using Volterra series it is possible to represent the inputoutput relationship of nonlinear systems. This mathematical theory uses a set of impulse responses to describe the system and not only one as before. By an enhanced impulse response measurement method it is possible to obtain this set of impulses and then with Volterra series it would be possible to have the output of the audio system driven by any input. A special numerical tool has been developed to recreate the system behaviour by using this method. Satisfactory results have been obtained in comparison with the traditional linear convolution based approach.
Classical tessellations and three-manifolds

One. - S1-Bundles Over Surfaces. - 1.1 The spherical tangent bundle of the 2-sphere S2. - 1.2 The S1-bundles of oriented closed surfaces. - 1.3 The Euler number of ST(S2). - 1.4 The Euler number as a self-intersection number. - 1.5 The Hopf fibration. - 1.6 Description of non-orientable surfaces. - 1.7 S1-bundles over Nk. - 1.8 An illustrative example: IRP2 ? P2. - 1.9 The projective tangent S1-bundles. - Two. - Manifolds of Tessellations on the Euclidean Plane. - 2.1 The manifold of square-tilings. - 2.2 The isometries of the euclidean plane. - 2.3 Interpretation of the manifold of squaretilings. - 2.4 The subgroup ? - 2.5 The quotient ? \E(2). - 2.6 The tessellations of the euclidean plane. - 2.7 The manifolds of euclidean tessellations. - 2.8 Involutions in the manifolds of euclidean tessellations. - 2.9 The fundamental groups of the manifolds of euclidean tessellations. - 2.10 Presentations of the fundamental groups of the manifolds M(? ). - 2.11 The groups $$ \tilde \Gamma $$ as 3-dimensional crystallographic groups. - Appendix A. - Orbifolds. - A.1 Introduction. Table I. - A.2 Definition of orbifolds. - A.3 The 2-dimensional orbifolds, Table II. - A.4 The tangent bundle. Plates I and II. - Three. - Manifolds of Spherical Tessellations. - 3.1 The isometries of the 2-sphere. - 3.2 The fundamental group of SO(3). - 3.3 Review of quaternions. - 3.4 Right-helix turns. - 3.5 Left-helix turns. - 3.6 The universal cover of SO(4). - 3.7 The finite subgroups of SO(3). - 3.8 The finite subgroups of the quaternions. - 3.9 Description of the manifolds of tessellations. - 3.10 Prism manifolds. - 3.11 The octahedral space. - 3.12 The truncated-cube space. - 3.13 The dodecahedral space. - 3.14 Exercises on coverings. - 3.15 Involutions in the manifolds of spherical tessellations. - 3.16 The groups $$ \tilde \Gamma $$ as groups of tessellations of S3. - Four. - Seifert Manifolds. - 4.1 Definition. - 4.2 Invariants. - 4.3 Constructing the manifold from the invariants. - 4.4 Change of orientation and normalization. - 4.5 The manifolds of euclidean tessellations as Seifert manifolds. - 4.6 The manifolds of spherical tessellations as Seifert manifolds. - 4.7 Involutions on Seifert manifolds. - 4.8 Involutions on the manifolds of tessellations. - Five. - Manifolds of Hyperbolic Tessellations. - 5.1 The hyperbolic tessellations. - 5.2 The groups S? mn, 1/? + 1/m + 1/n < 1. - 5.3 The manifolds of hyperbolic tessellations. - 5.4 The S1-action. - 5.5 Computing b. - 5.6 Involutions. - Appendix B. - The Hyperbolic Plane. - B.5 Metric. - B.6 The complex projective line. - B.7 The stereographic projection. - B.8 Interpreting G*. - B.10 The parabolic group. - B.11 The elliptic group. - B.12 The hyperbolic group. - Source of the ornaments placed at the end of the chapters. - References. - Further reading. - Notes to Plate I. - Notes to Plate II.
Singular values and singular value inequalities

Roy Mathias University of Birmingham 17.1 Definitions and Characterizations . 17-1 17.2 Singular Values of Special Matrices. 17-3 17.3 Unitarily Invariant Norms . 17-5 17.4 Inequalities . 17-7 17.5 Matrix Approximation . 17-12 17.6 Characterization of the Eigenvalues of Sums of Hermitian Matrices and Singular Values of Sums and Products of General Matrices . 17-13 17.7 Miscellaneous Results and Generalizations . 17-14 References . 17-15
Practice Guidelines on the Management of Acute Limb Ischaemia

Abbreviations and acronyms . 175
Feature Selection using Stochastic Gates-Supplementary Material

6 Additional Experiments 6 6.1 Details of Evaluating stochastic regularization schemes . 6 6.2 Regression using synthetic and real datasets . 7 6.3 Noisy Binary XOR Classification . 8 6.4 Identifying strongly relevant features using the MADELON dataset . 10 6.5 Two Moons classification with nuisance features . 10 6.6 Convergence Comparison to Hard-Concrete distribution . 11 6.7 Sensitivity Comparison to Hard-Concrete distribution using MNIST . 11
Conceptual Framework: Additions and Changes?

Because education is one of the pillars of a society, a lot of political effort and expertise is put into the development and improvement of educational systems. With the support of donors such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, UNESCO, and national governments, many international cooperation projects have been initiated to support educational improvement in developing countries. To achieve these overarching, ambitious goals of educational change and improvement, multi-faceted, wide-ranging strategies are necessary (Plomp & Thijs, 2002; Thijs, De Feiter, & Van den Akker, 2002), in particular in the domain of curriculum development. In this study, curriculum is defined in its almost classic form as ‘a plan for learning’ (Taba, 1962) and curriculum development as (Van den Akker, 2003): ‘usually a long and cyclic process with many stakeholders and participants; in which motives and needs for changing the curriculum are formulated; ideas are specified in programs and materials; and efforts are made to realize the intended changes in practice’ (p. 2). In order to achieve effective curriculum reform that establishes changes in educational practices, methodical and context-sensitive curriculum development is essential. Throughout the years, many models have been introduced to depict the various curriculum development activities included in the curriculum development process. Most models are based on a generic approach to educational and curriculum development, in which development tasks are categorised under analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation activities (Wedman & Tessmer, 1993). Various external factors and trends affect the process of curriculum development, such as government policies, technological innovations, and stakeholder pressure (Fullan, 2007). Since curricula cannot stand on their
IAB Discussion Paper 13 / 2009

4 Zusammenfassung . 4
Application of surface-guided radiation therapy in prostate cancer: comparative analysis of differences with skin marking-guided patient setup

Purpose Surface-guided radiation therapy is an image-guided method using optical surface imaging that has recently been adopted for patient setup and motion monitoring during treatment. We aimed to determine whether the surface guide setup is accurate and efficient compared to the skin-marking guide in prostate cancer treatment. Materials and Methods The skin-marking setup was performed, and vertical, longitudinal, and lateral couch values (labeled as "M") were recorded. Subsequently, the surface-guided setup was conducted, and couch values (labeled as "S") were recorded. After performing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), the final couch values was recorded (labeled as "C"), and the shift value was calculated (labeled as "Gap (M-S)," "Gap (M-C)," "Gap (S-C)") and then compared. Additionally, the setup times for the skin marking and surface guides were also compared. Results One hundred and twenty-five patients were analyzed, totaling 2,735 treatment fractions. Gap (M-S) showed minimal differences in the vertical, longitudinal, and lateral averages (-0.03 cm, 0.07 cm, and 0.06 cm, respectively). Gap (M-C) and Gap (S-C) exhibited a mean difference of 0.04 cm (p = 0.03) in the vertical direction, a mean difference of 0.35 cm (p = 0.52) in the longitudinal direction, and a mean difference of 0.11 cm (p = 0.91) in the lateral direction. There was no correlation between shift values and patient characteristics. The average setup time of the skin-marking guide was 6.72 minutes, and 7.53 minutes for the surface guide. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference between the surface and skin-marking guides regarding final CBCT shift values and no correlation between translational shift values and patient characteristics. We also observed minimal difference in setup time between the two methods. Therefore, the surface guide can be considered an accurate and time-efficient alternative to skin-marking guides.