Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of Random Binomial Graphs for Testing Network Flow Problems Algorithms

Algorithms for network flow problems, such as maximum flow, minimum cost flow, and multi-commodity flow problems, are continuously developed and improved, and so, random network generators become indispensable to simulate the functionality and to test the correctness and the execution speed of these algorithms. For this purpose, in this paper, the well-known Erdős–Rényi model is adapted to generate random flow (transportation) networks. The developed algorithm is fast and based on the natural property of the flow that can be decomposed into directed elementary s-t paths and cycles. So, the proposed algorithm can be used to quickly build a vast number of networks as well as large-scale networks especially designed for s-t flows.
Health and economic development: evidence from non-OECD countries

ABSTRACT This paper studies the empirical relationship between population’s health and real GDP dynamics in low- and middle-income countries. We employ a semi-parametric technique, which combines mixed panel data models and cluster analysis to account for unobserved heterogeneity, an important source of estimation bias in growth regressions. We estimate a version of the Solow growth model augmented with human capital, in the form of both education and health. Our estimates show that population s health, here proxied by the life expectancy at birth, has a positive, sizable, and statistically significant effect on both the level and the growth rate of the real per capita GDP.
A collaborative GIS programming course using GitHub Classroom

Geospatial software developers often rely on Git to collaborate with each other and manage source code in an efficient way. Yet, most GIS programming courses do not prepare students for such a work environment. This article proposes a typology that a GIS programming course could follow consisting of three components: group organization, project and evaluation. Based on the typology, a GIS programming course was designed where randomly formed pairs develop a state‐of‐the‐art QGIS plugin. GitHub Classroom was used to facilitate collaboration among students, which also allowed the lecturer to monitor the progress of groups and provide timely feedback. Five out of the six groups were successful in completing the projects, and a substantial majority of the students were satisfied with the course. A strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats analysis reveals insights that other lecturers may find useful when designing their GIS programming courses.
Techniques for Ensuring Index Usage Predictability in Microsoft SQL Server

: The demand for carrying out high-performance operations with data is growing in parallel with the vast growth of data itself. The retrieval of data for analysis, the manipulation of data, as well as its insertion in data stores must all be performed very efficiently, using techniques that ensure speed, reliability and accuracy. This paper investigates the techniques and practices that improve the performance of data retrieving by the use of SQL and Microsoft SQL Server. Being that SQL is a declarative language that specifies what should be produced as a result, instead of how to achieve that result, this paper will look at the internals of SQL Server that affect the "how" of queries and data operations, in order to propose techniques that ensure performance gains. The paper will aim to shed light on the limitations and variance in index usage, and to answer the question why indexes are sometimes used, and other times not, for the same query. To overcome the index limitations the "index fusion" technique is proposed.
Future Precipitation Patterns in the Lake Victoria Basin Using CMIP6 Projections

In late/early 2019/2020, unprecedented high-water-levels were observed in Lake Victoria causing massive flooding in the low-lying lake-adjacent areas and disrupting human and natural systems in the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB). The high lake water-level coincided with unusually heavy and prolonged 2019 June to December precipitation in the LVB. The current study estimates future precipitation patterns over the LVB using HighResMIP and ScenarioMIP general circulation model (GCM) simulations from the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Results show that HighResMIP and ScenarioMIP simulations can adequately reproduce LVB’s precipitation patterns – albeit with location-specific biases. Generally, the GCM simulations tend to over-estimate precipitation patterns over Lake Victoria while under-estimating precipitation patterns over the lake-adjacent areas. Projections show significant future precipitation changes over the LVB relative to the 1970-1999 baseline, with more pronounced changes over the lake than in lake-adjacent areas. Overall, mean annual precipitation is projected to increase by about 18% and 31% by the end of the century, under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively. Additionally, mean daily precipitation intensity (SDII) is projected to increase by up-to 14% while the maximum 5-day precipitation values (RX5Day) increase by up-to 71% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. Heavy precipitation events, represented by the width of the right tail distribution of precipitation (99p-90p), are projected to increase by 50% and 94% under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, respectively. Given that direct precipitation accounts for about 80% of Lake Victoria’s water budget, the lake’s future water-level fluctuations are likely to be more rampant and unpredictable under the changing climate. Hence, enhanced production and use of climate services is recommended to minimize the risk posed by potentially high water-level fluctuations in Lake Victoria and, ultimately, enhance the socio-economic safety of communities in the LVB.
Evolutionary Genomic Comparisons of Chelonid Herpesvirus 5 (chhv5) From Fibropapillomatosis-Afflicted Green (Chelonia Mydas), Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Olivacea), And Kemp’s Ridley (Lepidochelys Kempii) Sea Turtles.

The spreading global sea turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP) epizootic is threatening some of Earth’s ancient reptiles, adding to the plethora of threats faced by these keystone species. Understanding this neoplastic disease, and its likely aetiological pathogen, chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5), is crucial to understand how the disease impacts sea turtle populations and species and the future trajectory of disease incidence. We generated 20 ChHV5 genomes, from three sea turtle species, to better understand the viral variant diversity and gene evolution of this oncogenic virus. We revealed previously underappreciated genetic diversity within this virus (with an average of 2,035 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs], 1.54% of the ChHV5 genome) and identified genes under the strongest evolutionary pressure. Furthermore, we investigated the phylogeny of ChHV5 at both genome and gene level, confirming the propensity of the virus to be interspecific with related variants able to infect multiple sea turtle species. Finally, we revealed unexpected intra-host diversity, with up to 0.15% of the viral genome varying between ChHV5 genomes isolated from different tumours concurrently arising within the same individual. These findings offer important insights into ChHV5 biology and provide genomic resources for this oncogenic virus.
Antibiotic usage at a private hospital in Central Java: results of implementing the Indonesian Regulation on the Prospective Antimicrobial System (Regulasi Antimikroba Sistem Prospektif Indonesia [RASPRO])

Methods: A pre–post-descriptive study was conducted in 2019 for 3 months at a private hospital in Central Java, Indonesia, to evaluate the implementation of the Regulation on Indonesian Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP), namely, the Prospective Antimicrobial System/Regulasi Antimikroba Sistem Prospektif Indonesia (RASPRO). Outcomes were measured before and after the implementation of the RASPRO in the ward including: 1) intravenous antibiotic defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 patient-days, 2) antibiotic expenditure, and 3) antibiotic expenditure per inpatient. Result: The total antibiotic consumption was expressed in DDD/100 patient-days. For the levofloxacin category, the number increased intensely from 2.38 to 15.29; carbapenem escalated from 0.51 to 2.31, ceftriaxone from 32.10 to 38.03, and ampicillin sulbactam from 1.14 to 1.18. In contrast, cefuroxime significantly reduced from 17.25 to 1.38, cefotaxime decreased from 10.33 to 6.83, gentamicin decreased from 3.18 to 1.91, and amikacin decreased from 2.27 to 2.13. The overall cephalosporin usage decreased from 19.89 to 15.41. The total antibiotic expenditure had a decline of 20.28%, followed by 14.44% reduction on the percentage of antibiotic expenditure per inpatient. Conclusion: Our study describes the 3-month analysis of antimicrobial usage before and after the implementation of the RASPRO by evaluating several parameters. The antibiotic consumption expressed in DDD/100 patient-days for each antibiotic category has demonstrated that there are different impacts that may be debatable and calls for further evaluation. A decrease in the total antibiotic expenditure has also been reported. However, since our study is a preliminary study, it should be continued by further studies that involve longer study duration to observe further impacts of the program.
Differential Second Primary Malignancy Occurrence After Breast Cancer According to HER2 Status: a SEER Population-Based Analysis

Background: The survival improvement in breast cancer (BC) renders the long-termsurvivorsan increasedprobability of second primary malignancy (SPM), and thus excess mortality. Although previous evidence has indicated various predictorsofSPM, little is known whether SPM incidencevaries by HER2 status of first BC. Methods: Based on BC patients registered between 2010-2018 in the NCI SEER database, we utilized standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and Poisson regression to quantify SPM occurrence compared with the general population. Then, adjusted for competing death risk, cumulative incidence function and Gray’s test were adopted to estimate the probability of SPM. Subsequent proportional subdistribution hazards regression was executedto identify the HER2 status impact on SPM risk. Finally, survival analysiswas performed.Results: A total of 409,796 first BC patients were includedand 18,283 were identified with at least one SPM. The SIR of SPM after HER2+ BC was significantly lower than HER2- BC (1.03 vs 1.13; RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88-0.96; p<0.001). But the predominantly declining SPM risk was only observed for second BC (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.96; p=0.003) and lung and bronchus cancer (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74-0.95; p=0.007). Further competing risk analysis verified the protective effect of HER2 positivity status on SPM occurrence.The 5-year cumulative incidence of SPM following HER2+ and HER2- BC were 5.16% and 4.09%, respectively (p<0.001). In addition, among patients suffering from SPM,HER2 positivity status contributed tobetter overall survival. Conclusion: After considering intrinsic incremental risk with age and adjusting for competing risk of death, our study demonstrated that HER2+ BC patients had lower SPM occurrence, remarkable for second BC and lung and bronchus cancer. The disparity implies the relation between SPM occurrence and therapeutic along with genetic factors underlying BC HER2 status.
Vibration Analysis of Delta-Connected PMSMs Using Lookup Table-Based Models—Influence of the 0-Sequence Component

In this article, a multiphysics simulation workflow based on the use of reduced-order models to decrease the computation time is presented. Using finite-element (FE) precomputed flux-linkage and lumped force lookup-tables in function of dq0 currents and rotor position, an electromagnetic model of a permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is developed. Coupled to a mechanical state-space representation, the complete workflow allows to predict the vibrations of the motor. Using our model, the influence of the 0-sequence current on the vibration spectrum is investigated. A detailed description on the parameter identification for homogenized stator core of the considered 12-slot 10-pole delta-connected fractional-slot concentrated-winding spoke-type PMSM is also given. The numerical results are validated with experimental data for the machine at hand. Because of the large amount of FE data required, the workflow is best suited for the optimization of motor control schemes (instead of the initial design optimization) with the purpose of reducing the noise, vibration, and harshness.
Climate change risks to human development in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of the literature

ABSTRACT Climate change could threaten sub-Saharan Africa's progress on human development, but impact studies often focus on intermediate effects instead. We conduct a systematic literature review of projected climate impacts on three important dimensions of human development: food insecurity, water stress, and disease. Despite a large impact literature, only 28 studies project quantitative outcomes for these dimensions of development, and even these studies sometimes focus on proxies for outcomes of interest. Studies forecast that climate change could reduce hunger by <1 million or increase it by up to 55 million people in 2050. In 2030, climate change could increase diarrheal disease cases by 88.4–134.2 million and malaria cases by 30.1–58.5 million, but decrease malaria cases in West Africa. Findings on water stress are less consistent. In the 2050s, climate change could expose up to 921 million additional people to water stress while at the same time reducing exposure by up to 459 million. Several factors, including projection and comparison years, make it difficult to compare findings. Greater focus on projecting climate change implications for well-being and a common approach to reporting results could refine ranges and improve comparability across the literature.
Leukoencephalopathy with Brainstem and Spinal Cord Involvement and Lactate Elevation: A Novel DARS2 Mutation and Intra‐Familial Heterogeneity

Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) is characterized by slowly progressive spastic gait, cerebellar symptoms, and posterior cord dysfunction. DARS2, which encodes mitochondrial aspartyl tRNA synthase, is associated with the rare disease.
Consolidated Bioprocessing of Ethanol from Corn Straw by Saccharomyces Diastaticus and Wikerhamomyces Chambardii

Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which integrates enzyme production, saccharification and fermentation into a one-step process, is a promising strategy for cost-effective ethanol production from starchy biomass. Two yeast strains namely; Saccharomyces diastaticus and Wickerhamomyces chambardii were selected for direct bioethanol production from corn straw medium for 72 h. These strains were able to utilize cellulose directly and highest bioethanol production was recorded at 48 hour of fermentation. Maximum ethanol production was achieved by S. diastaticus at 35°C, pH 5.0 in the medium containing 7.5% (w/v) during fermentation. The yeast isolates were able to tolerate wide ranges of temperature, pH and substrate concentration for higher ethanol production. This study presents the potential of S. diastaticus and W. chambardii in cellulose-based ethanol production by consolidated bioprocessing. This strategy will eliminate multistage process of ethanol production which will lead to reduction of the overall production cost.
Semisymmetric Zp-covers of the C20 graph

A graph X is said to be G-semisymmetric if it is regular and there exists a subgroup G of A:=Aut(X) acting transitively on its edge set but not on its vertex set. In the case of G=A, we call X a semisymmetric graph. Finding elementary abelian covering projections can be grasped combinatorially via a linear representation of automorphisms acting on the first homology group of the graph. The method essentially reduces to finding invariant subspaces of matrix groups over prime fields. In this study, by applying concept linear algebra, we classify the connected semisymmetric zp-covers of the C20 graph.
Analysis of Latent Classes and Factors Affecting them According to the Implementation of a Protection System Against Customer Bullying in Korea

Background: Instances of customers bullying employees at the workplace are increasing with the development of the service industry. Korea has established a worker protection system to prevent negative effects of customer bullying on workers’ health. This study identified the latent profile types of protection against customer bullying in workplaces, and determined their predictors.Methods: Data were collected over 28 days, from March 2 to 30, 2020. This study identified whether protection against customer bullying is implemented for workers in person-to-person services, the change effected by this protection, and worker monitoring scope. Data from 1,537 out of 1,550 participants were analyzed, excluding the missing values. Latent classes were identified using Mplus 8.5 for data analysis, and the multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to review the predictors.Results: The results are as follows. There were four types of latent classes: the lagging type, the medium type, the preventive type, and the excellent type. Variables predicting these types included age, gender, service period, position, occupational category, worker monitoring scope, decrease in the number of customers causing problems, decrease in disputes with customers, and worker satisfaction. Conclusions: First, a system to prevent customer bullying must be adopted in the service industry. Second, there must be a way to improve trust between customers and workers when protective measures are being adopted. Third, managers must establish a system that can both protect workers against bullying and provide customer satisfaction.
Black phosphorus junctions and their electrical and optoelectronic applications

Black phosphorus (BP), an emerging two-dimensional material, is considered a promising candidate for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices due to in-plane anisotropy, high mobility, and direct bandgap. However, BP devices face challenges due to their limited stability, photo-response speed, and detection range. To enhance BP with powerful electrical and optical performance, the BP heterostructures can be created. In this review, the state-of-the-art heterostructures and their electrical and optoelectronic applications based on black phosphorus are discussed. Five parts introduce the performance of BP-based devices, including black phosphorus sandwich structure by hBN with better stability and higher mobility, black phosphorus homojunction by dual-gate structure for optical applications, black phosphorus heterojunction with other 2D materials for faster photo-detection, black phosphorus heterojunction integration with 3D bulk material, and BP via As-doping tunable bandgap enabling photo-detection up to 8.2 μm. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects for BP electrical and optical devices and applications.
A Bender’s Algorithm of Decomposition Used for the Parallel Machine Problem of Robotic Cell

The present research addresses the single transportation robot used to alleviate problems of robotic cell scheduling of the machines. For the purpose of minimizing the make-span, a model of mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) has been suggested. Since the inefficiency exists in NP-hard, a decomposition algorithm posed by Bender was utilized to alleviate the problem in real life situations. The proposed algorithm can be regarded as an efficient attempt to apply optimality Bender’s cuts regarding the problem of parallel machine robotic cell scheduling in order to reach precise resolutions for medium and big sized examples. The numerical analyses have demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed solving approach.
A Comparison of Selected Assessment Results before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in One University in South Africa

The study examined the impact of coursework-only assessment, as made necessary at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, adopting a quantitative research approach with 1013 students. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 27.0 to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed significant differences between the 2019- and 2020 marks for the same courses. In two of the science courses (T2 and T3), the mean scores for 2019 were significantly higher than the mean scores for 2020. In the mathematics course, the 2020 marks were significantly higher than the marks for 2019. While a normal distribution was assumed for the science courses, the mathematic course showed marks that were skewed to the right. A higher number of distinctions in the F1 course and a significant decline in the mean scores for T1 and T2 implies that there is a need for professional development of lecturers teaching in the online space. It is, therefore, recommended that higher education lecturers need adequate professional development on setting and administering online assessments. The assessment should test adequate lower- and higher-order cognitive skills for sufficient testing of student knowledge during online assessments. Furthermore, a variety of assessment methods and a diversity of tasks may be used to ensure the reliability of the assessment outcomes.
The wonderful world of intrinsic and intricate immunity responses in plants against pathogens

Abstract Plants, unlike animals, lack specialized mobile immune cells, so they do not have an adaptive immune system. Instead, plants can launch specific, self-tolerant immune responses and establish immune memory. Plants possess defense mechanisms that efficiently detect and ward off potentially dangerous microorganisms. These defense mechanisms start with multiple signalling processes responsible for sensation, recognition, signal collection and conveying information between cells. Recognition occurs when microbial or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs) are detected, leading to MAMP- or PAMP-triggered immunity (MTI or PTI). Plant cells also recognize pathogens through effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which relies on the function of the pathogen’s avirulence (Avr) gene-coded effector proteins and host’s resistance (R) gene-coded R proteins, resulting in the activation of apoptosis-like cell death, known as the hypersensitive response. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as a double-edged sword; they are either toxic or versatile signalling molecules in plants. ROS generation is an integral part of hormone regulation and function in plant defense mechanisms. Plant hormones are also implicated in plant defense signalling pathways; salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene have been increasingly studied in plant responses to pathogens. These innate immune system components interact with each other and provide protection against invading pathogens. We review advances in understanding the molecular aspects of plant defense mechanisms and describe the role of ROS, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, and hormones in modulating defense responses. We also provide an overview of how these plant defense components interact for a balanced and appropriate defense response.