Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitous mRNA decay fragments in E. coli redefine the functional transcriptome

Bacterial mRNAs have short life cycles, in which transcription is rapidly followed by translation and degradation within seconds to minutes. The resulting diversity of mRNA molecules across different life-cycle stages impacts their functionality but has remained unresolved. Here we quantitatively map the 3′ status of cellular RNAs in Escherichia coli during steady-state growth and report a large fraction of molecules (median>60%) that are fragments of canonical full-length mRNAs. The majority of RNA fragments are decay intermediates, whereas nascent RNAs contribute to a smaller fraction. Despite the prevalence of decay intermediates in total cellular RNA, these intermediates are underrepresented in the pool of ribosome-associated transcripts and can thus distort quantifications for the abundance of full-length, functional mRNAs. The large heterogeneity within mRNA molecules in vivo highlights the importance in discerning functional transcripts and provides a lens for studying the dynamic life cycle of mRNAs.
IMPACT OF PESTICIDE (FENITROTHION) ON AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS: A REVIEW

Pesticide contamination has become a significant public health problem globally because of their widespread use in the agriculture sector to increase crop yield and quality. The organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are extensively used for insect handling in agriculture due to their effectiveness against the insects and the restricted staying power in the environment. OPs can prevail prolong in the natural environment, causes pollution issues and produce a major problem to humans, animals and nature. The extensive application of OPs in public health and agricultural programs causes critical environmental pollution, which accounts for serious health issues due to acute or chronic poisoning in the living creatures. The Fenitrothion (FNT), from the organophosphate family, is the contact insecticide and the selective acaricide. This review article focuses on the adverse effects of pesticides on targeted and non-targeted organisms, including terrestrial and aquatic life. It includes organophosphates and their toxicity on humans and animals. The main focus is on Fenitrothion, its mechanism and its adverse toxic effect on animals and humans. Adverse effects of Fenitrothion (FNT) on blood cells, immunity, kidney, liver, reproductive system, genetic material, and other aspects are also studied. Oxidative stress has also been included as it is the main factor in pesticides. The objective of this review article is to precisely cover pesticides, mainly FNT. Keywords: Pollution, public health pests, agriculture, pesticides, organochlorine, Fenitrothion, systemic toxicity.
300-GHz-bandwidth network analysis using time-domain electro-optic sampling

The authors have demonstrated S-parameter measurements on simple passive circuit elements with 300-GHz bandwidth using an external-electrooptic, time-domain sampling technique. Clean, wideband input pulses were generated and transmitted to the device under test in a test fixture which integrated the optoelectronic signal source, the coplanar transmission lines, and the element to be measured on a monolithic low-permittivity substrate. A marked increase in the fidelity of short-electrical-pulse transmission, as evidenced by a 75% improvement of 3-dB bandwidth after 2 mm of propagation, was observed on a coplanar stripline supported by a quartz substrate when compared with a circuit fabricated on a GaAs substrate having permittivity approximately three times greater. The availability of this enhanced bandwidth has led to the demonstrated network analysis in the submillimeter-wave range using guided signals. <<ETX>>
Prospects for LED lighting

Solid-state lighting using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has the potential to reduce energy consumption for lighting by 50% while revolutionizing the way we illuminate our homes, work places, and public spaces. Nevertheless, substantial technical challenges remain in order for solid-state lighting to significantly displace the well-developed conventional lighting technologies. We review the potential of LED solid-state lighting to meet the long-term cost goals.
Improved robustness and capacity in modulated retro-reflective (MRR) optical communication links

Recent field trials have shown that modulated retro-reflective (MRR) optical communications is a potentially feasible technique for applications demanding high data rates. Data rates over 10 Mbit/s has been demonstrated with Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) modulators in experimental MRR systems. An MQW-based MRR has a variable reflectance and information can thus be transmitted to the receiver by modulating the intensity of the reflected signal. However, current experimental systems normally use binary modulation (e.g. on-off keying) and the data rate is then strictly limited by the modulation speed of the retro-reflector. Instead, by employing a multiple-level modulation scheme the data rate can be increased substantially. Herein, we discuss if the use of different signal processing techniques, commonly used in radio communication systems, may improve the robustness and capacity of MRR free-space optical communication links. Techniques of interest are mainly error-correcting codes, link adaptation and high-level modulation schemes. Furthermore, we apply some of these techniques on measured channel data that has been collected in recent field trials. Through simulations we demonstrate the potential gains that can be achieved through the use of link adaptation and multiple-level modulation. Finally, a brief comparison with competing radio techniques is given.
A practical materials development guide for EFL pre-service, novice, and in-service teachers

This book is a practical guide for pre-service, novice, and in-service teachers who wish to improve both their students’ successful learning and their teaching practice through materials development. It is the authors’ intention to encourage you to go on this journey by reading the content and doing all the suggested activities in each subsection prior to starting developing your materials. This way you will be able to gradually learn the knots and bolts of materials development and savour the rewards in terms of successful learning and teacher development. The book has been divided into four chapters. The first one focuses on the importance of materials development and deals with the concept of materials development, the role of innovation in materials development, and materials development for teacher development. The second chapter discusses the role of motivation, affection and teachers’ beliefs in materials development. The third one provides the reader with a theoretical framework for materials development, particularly some practical hints to either create or adapt didactic material. The fourth chapter offers a set of sample units / workshops that the authors have designed for the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom. The last section of the book deals with the conclusions.
Miniaturized and harmonics‐rejected slow‐wave branch‐line coupler based on microstrip electromagnetic bandgap element

This article presents a planar branch‐line hybrid coupler with an effective technique for harmonic suppression and size reduction. The proposed technique served by a microstrip electromagnetic bandgap element entitled MEBE (compact microstrip resonant cell) is used to suppress the harmonics and reduce the length of a quarter wavelength line when compared with the conventional branch‐line coupler. The planar structure enables an easy circuit implementation in printed circuit boards without any additional process and lumped elements. From the measured results, better than 30 dB suppression for the second harmonic and 18 dB suppression for the third harmonic are obtained while maintaining the characteristics of conventional branch‐line hybrid coupler. It is able to achieve two insertion losses of less than 3.5 dB, the return loss of 18 dB, and isolation of 19 dB at operating frequency. With our improved beeline compact microstrip resonant cell, compact branch‐line coupler occupying areas of 35.86% relative to conventional designs has been realized. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1080–1084, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24241
Wind Farm Modeling For Reliability Assessment from the Viewpoint of Interconnected Systems

Abstract Improvement in power system reliability is considered today to be one of the main system planning needs. Meanwhile, there is a growing tendency toward reliability studies considering renewable energies. In this article, for reliability assessment of a power system including wind power, an analytical method based on the frequency and duration approach is utilized to model a wind farm as a multi-state conventional unit. A suitable time-series model—the auto-regressive moving average—is employed in this study to predict wind speeds. The equivalent unit approach is modeled, representing the benefits of interconnection between the two systems in terms of an equivalent multi-state unit. This model includes the constraints and parameters of the tie-lines interconnecting the two systems. Results confirm that the adequacy of the generating capacity in a power system is normally improved by interconnecting the system to another power system. To do so, the wind farm is considered as an assisting system for a test system, and reliability indices of the total system are then calculated.
CHALLENGES AND SUCCESSES IN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC APPROACHES TO LIDAR-DERIVED PRODUCTS

Airborne LiDAR is a technology that has proven its utility to supplement and sometimes substitute conventional photogrammetry. The decision to use LiDAR data is sometimes driven by its unique character and at other times by the client’s motivations to have a cost-effective, quick-turnaround alternative to conventional photogrammetric mapping. It is not straightforward to characterize the nature of a LiDAR dataset; there are many variables involved, some of which cannot be sufficiently quantified, such as the effects of localized terrain undulations and ground cover on vertical accuracy and bare-earth classification. The steps of acquiring and processing LiDAR data, performing redundant checks to increase confidence in processing, and optimal ground classification, all have existing procedures that cater appropriately to the characteristics of data and sensors. Bridging the gap between these tasks/considerations and client’s expectations is challenging, because the demands of the market often follow a legacy of product specifications and expectations that are built around conventional photogrammetry, which can be much more predictable and controlled upfront, by design. Additionally, LiDAR is sometimes marketed as the simple, quick alternative to producing accurate terrain data, but end-users must be prepared to make accommodations for data volumes and specialized software, as well as personnel training. HJW GeoSpatial, Inc. provides LiDAR-based processing and production, from calibration through to LiDAR-derived end products. Recent experiences underscore the unique role that LiDAR plays in our ever-changing industry.
Systematic design and realization of the optical feedforward transmitter based on microwave circuit modeling

We have systematically designed and realized the optical feedforward transmitter using microwave circuit model of distributed‐feedback laser diode (DFB LD) based on rate equations. Through the system‐level simulation for the optical feedforward method, the nonlinearity of DFB‐LD is analyzed, and the optimized characteristics of the RF components in the system are confirmed by using a microwave simulator. The experimental and simulated results show the reduced distortion products and enhanced spurious‐free dynamic ranges are in good agreement at 2.4 GHz. These results are analyzed as the evaluation parameters for the miniaturization and optimization of the feedforward compensation method in radio‐over‐fiber systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 192–195, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24007
Double side lenslet array for illumination optics of laser projector

Laser is an ideal illumination light source for liquid crystal projection displays in terms of source Etendue and polarization. In order to make a conversion from a circular Gaussian laser beam profile to a rectangular uniform distribution on the microdisplay, a double side microlens array has been proposed as a homogenizer, and a cylindrical lens is exploited for shaping the aspect ratio of illumination pattern. The design and simulation based on scalar diffraction theory have shown that two identical lenslet arrays on each side of a thin plastic substrate with a lateral shift of half diagonal pitch can convert laser beam into a uniform square illumination at a specified near field. The pitch and curvature of the lenslet are major parameters for modifying the illumination distance, area and uniformity. The proposed lenslet array will provide an economical solution for the illumination optics of laser based light valve projector due to its regular and circular lenslet profile.
Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of Reinforcing Steel Including Effect of Buckling

It is expected that during strong earthquakes, longitudinal reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete structural elements may undergo large tension and compression strain reversals. Because of insufficient tie spacing, this repeated loading into the inelastic range may lead to buckling of steel reinforcing bars. Even though this problem has been studied by several researchers, most of these studies have been based on monotonic behavior. In this research, steel coupons were machined from steel reinforcing bars conforming to most of the ASTM A 706 specifications. These specimens were tested under axial-strain-controlled monotonic and reversed cyclic axial loading. The tests were performed until the specimens failed, in all cases under compressive loading. To study the effects of the ratio of spacing of lateral supports (Sh) to bar diameter (D) on reinforcement stability, tests were performed for Sh/D ratios of 2.5, 4, 6, and 8. Based on observed buckling behavior in reinforcing bars under cyclic (reversed) l.
A Miniaturized Branch Line Coupler with Harmonic Suppression

Abstract In this paper, a miniaturized branch-line coupler with harmonic suppression is presented. Approximately 80% size reduction in comparison with the conventional branch-line coupler is achieved using the step impedance bent transmission line, loaded by in-line beeline structure. Experimental result shows more than 24 dB suppression for primary odd harmonics (3rd, 5th, and 7th). The measured relative low insertion loss (3.2 dB) and desired coupling (3.1 dB) as well as 89.7° phase difference between through and coupled ports for the center frequency are verified.
A Machine Learning Based Downscaling Approach to Produce High Spatio-Temporal Resolution Land Surface Temperature of the Antarctic Dry Valleys from MODIS Data

To monitor environmental and biological processes, Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a central variable, which is highly variable in space and time. This particularly applies to the Antarctic Dry Valleys, which host an ecosystem highly adapted to the extreme conditions in this cold desert. To predict possible climate induced changes on the Dry Valley ecosystem, high spatial and temporal resolution environmental variables are needed. Thus we enhanced the spatial resolution of the MODIS satellite LST product that is sensed sub-daily at a 1 km spatial resolution to a 30 m spatial resolution. We employed machine learning models that are trained using Landsat 8 thermal infrared data from 2013 to 2019 as a reference to predict LST at 30 m resolution. For the downscaling procedure, terrain derived variables and information on the soil type as well as the solar insolation were used as potential predictors in addition to MODIS LST. The trained model can be applied to all available MODIS scenes from 1999 onward to develop a 30 m resolution LST product of the Antarctic Dry Valleys. A spatio-temporal validation revealed an R2 of 0.78 and a RMSE of 3.32 ∘C. The downscaled LST will provide a valuable surface climate data set for various research applications, such as species distribution modeling, climate model evaluation, and the basis for the development of further relevant environmental information such as the surface moisture distribution.
Diameter-modulated nanowires as candidates for high thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency

High optimal thermoelectric efficiencies are theoretically demonstrated in ballistic nanowires with diameter modulation. The physics underlying the good thermoelectric performance of diameter-modulated nanowires is the strong energy dependence of their transmission coefficients. It is shown that the thermoelectric efficiency is directly related to the geometry of the diameter modulation. It becomes evident that geometry optimization can lead to efficient thermoelectric devices based on modulated nanowires.
WIND GUSTS COMPENSATION ACTING ON AN AUTONOMOUS HELICOPTER USING VARIABLE STRUCTURE DIFFERENTIATION SCHEME

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of disturbance reconstruction acting on an autonomous helicopter. The disturbance consists in wind gusts, the objective, which is original in this context, being to estimate it by using differentiation of the measurements, in order to compensate these disturbances and to improve the performances of the control. Two differentiation variable structure based strategies are used and compared in term of control performances.
Development of Efficient Operational Mode for Wind-Diesel Hybrid System

Hybrid wind Diesel stand-along systems are considered economically viable and effective to create balance between production and load demand in remote areas where the wind speed is considerable for electric generation, and also, electric energy is not easily available from the grid. In Wind diesel hybrid system, the wind energy system is the main constitute and diesel system forms the back up. This type of hybrid power system saves fuel cost, improves power capacity to meet the increasing demand and maintains the continuity of supply in the system. Problem we face in this system is that even after producing enough power through wind turbine system, considerable portion of this power needs to be dumped due to short term oversupply of power and to maintain the frequency within close tolerances. As a result remaining portion of total energy supplied comes from the diesel generator to overcome the temporal energy shortage. This scenario decreases the overall efficiency of hybrid power system. In this study, efficient Simulink modeling for wind-diesel hybrid system is proposed and some simulations study is carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme.
Passive Capillary Sampler for Measuring Soil Water Drainage and Flux in the Vadose Zone: Design, Performance, and Enhancement

Various soil water samplers are used to monitor, measure, and estimate drainage water, fluxes, and solute transport in the vadose zone. Passive capillary samplers (PCAPs) have shown potential to provide better measurements and estimates of soil water drainage and fluxes than other lysimeters designs and field sampling methods. Twelve automated PCAPs with sampling surface dimensions of 31 cm width × 91 cm long and 87 cm in height were designed, constructed, and tops of the samplers were placed 90 cm below the soil surface in a Lihen sandy loam (sandy, mixed, frigid Entic Haplustoll). The PCAPs were installed to continually quantify the amount of drainage water and fluxes occurring under sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) and malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops treated with 30 mm (low replacement) and 15 mm (high replacement) irrigation frequencies. Drainage water was extracted, collected, and measured periodically (weekly from May to mid-August, biweekly until late September, and monthly thereafter until mid-November). This design incorporated Bluetooth wireless technology to enable an automated datalogger to transmit drainage water and flux data simultaneously every 15 min to a remote host. Real-time seamless monitoring and measuring of drainage water and fluxes was thus possible without the need for costly time-consuming supportive operations. The mean difference (Md) values between manually extracted and logged drainage water for high frequency (Md = 0.80 mm) and low frequency (Md = 0.26 mm) irrigations were small and not significantly different from zero. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 2.46 and 7.83 mm for high frequency and low frequency irrigations, respectively, were also small. Despite small variations in drainage water results, our novel PCAP design provided an accurate and convenient way to measure water drainage and flux in the vadose zone. Moreover, it offered a significantly larger coverage area (2700 cm2) than similarly designed vadose zone fluxmeters or PCAPs. In the course of one year's field testing, we incorporated several additional enhancements such as PCAP container, tipping bucket and datalogger unit, all of which we recommend for optimal performance.
Study of the characteristics of a portable hand-held phone antenna by MoM

In this paper, the characteristics of one kind of portable hand-held phone antenna are analyzed by the Method of Moments (MoM). Based on the Pocklington equation and Galerkin method, the current distribution and input impedance of the hand-held phone are calculated. In addition, the characteristics of the monopoles mounted on different dimensions of conducting chassis box are analysed. The results indicate that the dimension of the conducting chassis box affects the performance of the hand-held phone antenna significantly, and it can act as a factor to adjust the performance of hand-held phone antenna.
Learning from incidents: from normal accidents to high reliability

Many disasters have occurred because organizations have ignored the warning signs of precursor incidents or have failed to learn from the lessons of the past. Normal accident theory suggests that disasters are the unwanted, but inevitable output of complex socio-technical systems, while high-reliability theory sees disasters as preventable by certain characteristics or response systems of the organization. We develop an organizational response system called incident learning in which normal precursor incidents are used in a learning process to combat complacency and avoid disasters. We build a model of a safety and incident learning system and explore its dynamics. We use the model to motivate managers to implement incident learning systems as a way of moving safety performance from normal accidents to high reliability. The simulation model behavior provides useful insights for managers concerned with the design and operation of incident learning systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure Transients in an Axial Piston Hydraulic Pump

A method is given for calculating pressure transients in an axial piston hydraulic pump. Some theoretical predictions are given of the effect of port timing and the effect of introducing restricting grooves at the ends of the kidney ports in the valve plate and suggestions are made of the effects of these parameters on noise emission; comparative measurements of noise are then quoted that support the general arguments. A parallel shot is recommended as the best compromise for the restrictor groove geometry to give good results over the widest range of operating conditions, including reverse rotation. Finally, mention is made of the use of a relief valve in the port plate for noise reduction.