Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation changes on tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system

Effect of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Changes on Tropical Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere System. (August 2009) Xiuquan Wan, B.S., Ocean University of China; M.S., Ocean University of China Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Ping Chang The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) changes on tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system via oceanic and atmospheric processes. A suite of numerical simulations have been conducted and the results show that both oceanic and atmospheric circulation changes induced by AMOC changes can have a profound impact on tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) conditions, but their dominance varies in different parts of the tropical oceans. The oceanic process has a dominant control on SST and SSS response to AMOC changes in the South Tropical Atlantic, while the atmospheric teleconnection is mainly responsible for SST and SSS changes over the North Tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans during the period of reduced AMOC. The finding has significant implication for the interpretation of the paleotemperature reconstructions over the southern Caribbean and the western Tropical Atlantic regions during the Younger Dryas. It suggests that the strong spatial inhomogeneity of the SST change revealed by the proxy records in these regions may be attributed to the competing oceanic and atmospheric processes that dominate the SST response. Similar mechanisms may also explain the reconstructed paleo-salinity change in the tropical Atlantic, which shows a basin-wide increase in SSS during the Younger Dryas, according to recent paleo climate studies. Finally, we show that atmospheric teleconnection induced by the surface cooling of the North Atlantic and the North Pacific in response to a weakened AMOC, is a leading physical mechanism that dictates the behavior of El Niño/Southern Oscillation ENSO
Long-Term Changes in the Water Quality of Lake Biwa

In Japan, the Shiga Prefecture Fisheries Experimental Station has continuously monitored the water quality and appearance of Lake Biwa since 1915, in order to gain an understanding of the environment of the lake’s fishing grounds. Five fixed stations, where monitoring activities are conducted once a month, were established along an east-west line crossing the widest part of the lake. The parameters that have been monitored include water temperature, transparency, water color, DO, pH, COD, nutrients, and plankton biomass and species composition. The following phenomena have been observed: 1) transparency began to fall in the 1930s and reached a minimum during the 1970s and 1980s; 2) plankton biomass increased in the 1950s but has been maintained at the same level since the 1960s; 3) both the surface and bottom water temperatures have risen about 1oC over the past 20 years; and 4) the concentration of phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) has been rising since the 1970s. During the 1970s and 1980s, several eutrophication-related phenomena were observed, such as excessive growth of Egeria densa, and outbreaks of freshwater red tides caused by blooms of Uroglena americana. Nowadays, eutrophication in Lake Biwa seems in some ways to have improved, because transparency has increased and the number of red tide days has decreased. Nonetheless, previously unnoticed Thioploca sp. and Metallogenium sp. have become abundant recently in the mud of the deep lake bottom, so Lake Biwa may be changing to an environment different from that hitherto known. Although the monitoring program was intended to benefit Lake Biwa’s fisheries, its results suggest that similar efforts will continue to be necessary in the long term, for timely appreciation of changing environmental conditions in the lake.
Exploiting domain architectures in software reuse

This paper provides motivation towards the use of domain specific repositories and DSSA's. It shows many of the positive side-effects this usage brings about. An extension to the faceted approach to components classification [Prieto-Diaz and Freeman 1987] is introduced. Our extension suggests a natural way of further benefiting from the use of domain specific repositories.
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE A Novel Method for the Homogenization of Daily Temperature Series and Its Relevance for Climate Change Analysis

Instrumental daily series of temperature are often affected by inhomogeneities. Several methods are available for their correction at monthly and annual scales, whereas few exist for daily data. Here, an improved version of the higher-order moments (HOM) method, the higher-order moments for autocorrelated data (HOMAD), is proposed. HOMAD addresses the main weaknesses of HOM, namely, data autocorrelation and the subjective choice of regression parameters. Simulated series are used for the comparison of both methodologies. The results highlight and reveal that HOMAD outperforms HOM for small samples. Additionally, three daily temperature time series from stations in the eastern Mediterranean are used to show the impact of homogenization procedures on trend estimation and the assessment of extremes. HOMAD provides an improved correction of daily temperature time series and further supports the use of corrected daily temperature time series prior to climate change assessment.
Long‐Period Ground‐Motion Prediction Equations for Moment Magnitude Estimation of Large Earthquakes in Japan

We developed long‐period (5–30 s) ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for peak ground velocities (PGVs) and peak ground displacements (PGDs) for crustal, interplate, and intraplate earthquakes. We used strong‐motion data from KiK‐net downhole stations located in layers with shear‐wave velocities equal to or greater than 2000 m/s. The data set consisted of 20 earthquakes of 6≤ M w≤9.1 that occurred in and around Japan, including the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Two‐stage regression analyses were performed to derive the long‐period GMPEs. We fitted the data with bilinear regression lines bending at M w 7.5, although additional factors such as focal depth and earthquake type were found to enhance the fitting with the observed data. The developed equations indicated that long‐period PGVs and PGDs are larger for crustal earthquakes than for interplate and intraplate earthquakes. The attenuation coefficients indicated that long‐period PGVs and PGDs increase with increasing depth. We estimated the moment magnitude by fitting the observed PGVs and PGDs in the 5–30 s period range with the long‐period GMPEs. We obtained estimates of the magnitudes of 23 earthquakes recorded by KiK‐net downhole accelerometers, and the results were consistent with the moment magnitudes obtained from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor project. The described method was proven useful for estimating the moment magnitude of great earthquakes, offering the potential for rapid estimation of moment magnitude if information from the source area is available.
Spatial distribution of HLB (Greening) on citrus using geostatistics 1

The objectives were to assess the spatial distribution and spread of HLB (greening) of citrus in plots of agricultural land in the municipality of Araraquara-SP, using geostatistics. To determine the number of trees with greening, periodic inspections were performed at intervals of three months, from March 2005 to July 2007, counting on each block, the number of plants with symptoms of the disease. We conducted a descriptive analysis of data and to verify the spatial distribution of greening, we used geostatistics by adjusting the semivariogram and kriging interpolation of the data. The spatial dependence of greening plants showed aggregation radius from 300 to 560 m, indicating an aggregated distribution of the disease. Through the kriging maps, it was observed that the initial focus of diseased plants occurred in the limits of the farm, with expansion of the greening of the area. The inspection interval of three months was not adequate to reduce the greening on the farm.
Propuesta de reducción de modelo para el problema de planeamiento de la expansión de la transmisión Proposal for the reduction of the model used in the transmission expansion planning problem.

the paper presents a proposal to obtain an approximate reduced model for the transmission system when a DC Model is used in the solution process of the transmission network expansion planning problem. The methodology proposes a reduced network in a system with transmission constraints where the substation had been removed from the system and the load shedding produced is closer between both the reduced and real system.
Effects of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle electromyography and dyspnea 1 during exercise in healthy men 2 3

1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul’s Hospital, 7 Vancouver, BC 8 2 Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC 9 3 School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC 10 4 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON 11 5 Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, 12 Uxbridge, U.K. 13 14
Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrological Parameters Using Statistical Downscaling

Water resources in India are already under tremendous strain due to population explosion and urbanization. But the problem is compounded by the climate change due to global warming. Proper evaluation of this climate change is a must for planning and mitigation of water resources. This work is aimed to assess the impact of climate change in the Indian subcontinent using statistical downscaling methods from GCMs which are derived from HADCM2 and HADCM3 ensembles using IPCC AR4 (SRES) and CANESM2 using IPCC AR5 (RCP). This study tries to investigate the relationships between the various atmospheric and surface variables. The 26 predictor variables of all the GCMS were considered for selected regions for the temperature and precipitation predictands.The temporal stability of the key predictor-predictand relationships was also checked for the GCMs using different decades and comparing them. Two regions were selected Rourkela and Mumbai. One is an urban area another the largest metro The CanESM2 was not found suitable for analysis of Rourkela region. Then the future trends in rainfall and temperature are discussed. The trend analysis was performed using Mann-Kendall test and Sen-slope estimator.
Project Report - SeisUK loan 828 Seismicity and deep structure of the Sumatra subduction zone

The first objective of this project was the installation of a dense, amphibious, temporary seismic along the central part of the Sumatran margin between April 2008 and February 2009 as part of the NERC funded consortium "Sumatra Segmentation". Here we summarise the station distribution and performance of the network. Furthermore, local seismicity results are presented. For hypocentre locations, the data from this network were combined with OBS from an ocean bottom network (SONNE cruise SO198, University of Southampton) and with landstations from temporary networks adjacent north ("GFZ") and south ("Aftershock study of the 2007 Sumatran earthquakes", University Lierpool, University Cambridge) of the working area. Additionally, data from 8 permanent stations (BMG, GEOFON) were incorporated. In total we located 1,783 local events in a 11 month period. For 1,220 events in the central part of the area under investigation we were able to calculate local magnitudes with magnitudes Ml between 0.8 and 5.6, of which 860 events occurred within the crust (depths <20 km) along the Great Sumatran Fault (GSF). The high number of events on the mainland reflects the denser station distribution along the GSF where the station spacing was ~15 km. In the working area the Investigator Fracture Zone (IFZ) is subducted below the Sumatra. This topography appears to influence seismicity at all depth intervals. A well-defined linear streak of seismicity extending from 80 to 200 km depth is lying along the prolongation of closely spaced IFZ sub-ridges. More intermediate depth seismicity is located to the southeast this string of seismicity and is presumably related to subducted rough oceanic seafloor. The plate interface beneath Siberut Island which ruptured last in 1797 is characterised by almost complete absence of seismicity. The configuration of the network was designed such that the data captured by the seismic array will allows a detailed mapping of the velocity, attenuation and anisotropy structure through recordings of both earthquakes and airgun shots. The data from this network are archived at SeisUK and the IRIS-DMC with network code ZB.
Small Vessels-Big Problems : Novel Insights into Microvascular Mechanisms of Diseases Effects of estrogen on cerebrovascular function : age-dependent shifts from beneficial to detrimental in small cerebral arteries of the rat

Deer RR, Stallone JN. Effects of estrogen on cerebrovascular function: age-dependent shifts from beneficial to detrimental in small cerebral arteries of the rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 310: H1285–H1294, 2016. First published March 18, 2016; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00645. 2015. —In the present study, interactions of age and estrogen in the modulation of cerebrovascular function were examined in small arteries 150 M. The hypothesis tested was that age enhances deleterious effects of exogenous estrogen by augmenting constrictor prostanoid (CP)-potentiated reactivity of the female (F) cerebrovasculature. F Sprague-Dawley rats approximating key stages of “hormonal aging” in humans were studied: perimenopausal (mature multi-gravid, MA, cyclic, 5–6 mo of age) and postmenopausal (reproductively senescent, RS, acyclic 10–12 mo of age). Rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy and were given estrogen replacement therapy (E) or placebo (O) for 14–21 days. Vasopressin reactivity (VP, 10 –10 7 M) was measured in pressurized middle cerebral artery segments, alone or in the presence of COX-1(SC560, 1 M) or COX-2(NS398, 10 M) selective inhibitors. VP-stimulated release of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TXA2) were assessed by radioimmunoassay of 6-keto-PGF1 and TXB2 (stable metabolites). VP-induced vasoconstriction was attenuated in ovariectomized estrogen-replaced, multigravid adult rats (5– 6 mo; MAE) but potentiated in older ovariectomized estrogen-replaced, reproductively senescent rats (12–14 mo; RSE). SC560 and NS398 reduced reactivity similarly in ovariectomized multigravid adult rats (5– 6 mo; MAO) and ovariectomized reproductively senescent rat (12–14 mo; RSO). In MAE, reactivity to VP was reduced to a greater extent by SC560 than by NS398; however, in RSE, this effect was reversed. VP-stimulated PGI2 was increased by estrogen, yet reduced by age. VP-stimulated TXA2 was increased by estrogen and age in RSE but did not differ in MAO and RSO. Taken together, these data reveal that the vascular effects of estrogen are distinctly age-dependent in F rats. In younger MA, beneficial and protective effects of estrogen are evident (decreased vasoconstriction, increased dilator prostanoid function). Conversely, in older RS, detrimental effects of estrogen begin to be manifested (enhanced vasoconstriction and CP function). These findings may lead to age-specific estrogen replacement therapies that maximize beneficial and minimize detrimental effects of this hormone on small cerebral arteries that regulate blood flow. Listen to this article’s corresponding podcast at http://ajpheart.podbean. com/e/effects-of-age-and-estrogen-on-cerebrovascular-function/. cyclooxygenase; middle cerebral artery; prostacyclin; thromboxane; vasoconstriction
Effects of water supply and vapor pressure deficit on leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthetic water use efficiency in alternative aridland crop species

From a plant physiology perspective, low soil water availability and high vapor pressure deficits (VPDs) are two major challenges in aridland agriculture. Agriculture in Nevada where most of the precipitation occurs as snowfall in the winter depends upon irrigation during the summer growing season. However, withdrawals of irrigation water from the Walker River have been one of the primary factors leading to the severely decreased size of the terminal Walker Lake and impaired water quality in the lake. High VPDs in desert environments could potentially reduce crop yields by closing stomata which could decrease stomatal conductance, diffusion of CO2 into the leaf for photosynthesis, and photosynthetic water use efficiency. A range of alternative crop species that might require less irrigation water and be able to tolerate high VPDs were studied to determine their suitability for aridland agriculture. Chapter 1 describes how soil properties affect low soil water availability and how weather affects VPD in arid environments. It also describes the effects of low soil water availability and high VPD on plant physiology such as stomatal closure, decreased stomatal conductance, and decreased plant growth. Chapter 2 presents the article containing the results of my research. When evaluating the potential for growing alternative crop species in arid environments, high VPDs that could potentially inhibit crop productivity by limiting stomatal conductance (gs) and CO2 uptake must be considered. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the effects of VPD and irrigation levels on leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthetic water use efficiency (PWUE) for a range of alternative crop species for
Quantification Of Environmental Flows InIntegrated Water Resources Management

An important challenge of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is balancing water allocation between different uses. ‘Environmental flows’ has emerged as a promising new approach to bringing Water-for-Nature to the water agenda on equal terms with other uses. This paper examines the potentials for quantifying environmental flows in an IWRM context and presents a conceptual model for incorporating environmental flows into the decision-making process. Such a model requires knowledge of the links between environmental flow, ecosystem goods and services and their economic value. A literature review is undertaken to identify the most appropriate methods for environmental flow assessment and economic valuation. While the holistic and interactive DRIFT methodology is found to be the most attractive for assessing environmental flows, it cannot be readily applied. A simplified, operationalised ‘desktopDRIFT’ is recommended. Market and non-market values of ecosystem goods and services are best assessed using a combination of cost-based valuation and dose-response methods. These methods are then linked to an existing river basin simulation model, MIKE Basin. By including all relevant water uses, various water allocation scenarios can be explored and the socio-economic and ecological implications evaluated. Ultimately, however, it is the responsibility of decisionmakers to select the water allocation scenario to be adopted, and thus to quantify environmental flows in IWRM. The tool described in this paper serves to inform such decision-making processes and place due value on Waterfor-Nature.
TEGEMEO INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT WPS 39 / 2010 PATHWAYS INTO AND OUT OF POVERTY : A STUDY OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD WEALTH DYNAMICS IN KENYA

Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development is a Policy Research Institute under Egerton University with a mandate to undertake empirical research and analysis on contemporary economic and agricultural policy issues in Kenya. The institute is widely recognized as a centre of excellence in policy analysis on the topical agricultural issues of the day, and in its wide dissemination of findings to government and other key stakeholders with a view to influencing policy direction and the decision making process. Tegemeo's empirically based analytical work, and its objective stance in reporting and disseminating findings has over the past decade won the acceptance of government, the private sector, civil society, academia, and others interested in the performance of Kenya's agricultural sector. The authors also acknowledge the long-term support that United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Kenya has provided to the Tegemeo Institute of Egerton University for the collection of panel survey data over the 10-year period on which this study draws. They also with to thank Mary Bundi and Christine Kiria for their assistance in the retrospective in-depth life history surveys data collection and Patricia Johannes for editorial and formatting assistance. v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The recent availability of longitudinal survey data provides a new means to analyze the dynamics of household wealth accumulation and deterioration. This paper identifies the factors associated with smallholder farm households having ascended out of poverty or descended into poverty between 1997 and 2007. Using a nationwide balanced panel of 1,275 farm households in 22 districts in Kenya interviewed in 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2007, we find that a relatively small fraction of the sample experienced either an appreciable improvement or decline in their relative asset wealth over the 10-year period. Over 70% of the sampled farm households are in roughly the same wealth position as they were 10 years earlier, although more households experienced an increase in asset wealth than a decline. Evidence also points to a decline in poverty rates, which is consistent with Government of Kenya findings of declining national poverty rates over the same general period. For the 25% of households that did experience an appreciable change in asset wealth between 1997 and 2007, we revisited 84 of these households in 2008 with more detailed retrospective life history surveys to capture a wider range of factors influencing current household livelihoods. Households successfully accumulating assets and rising out of poverty (i) were more likely …
ABSTRAKSI Teknologi nirkabel berkembang sangat pesat dimulai dari First Generation dengan teknologi AMPS hingga Third Generation yang menggunakan teknologi WCDMA dan CDMA 2000. Sementara itu, kemunculan WiMAX yang menerapkan sistem Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) dan Adaptive Modul

ABSTRAKSI Teknologi nirkabel berkembang sangat pesat dimulai dari First Generation dengan teknologi AMPS hingga Third Generation yang menggunakan teknologi WCDMA dan CDMA 2000. Sementara itu, kemunculan WiMAX yang menerapkan sistem Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) dan Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) menawarkan alternatif Broadband Wireless Access, dengan kecepatan transmisi data yang jauh lebih tinggi dari 3G. Dengan membandingkan antara teknologi 3G dan WiMAX, terdapat keunggulan dan batasan dimana teknologi 3G menjanjikan mobilitas user yang tinggi, sedangkan WiMAX lebih baik dalam hal transfer rate. Untuk melihat performa teknologi dalam hal mobilitas dilakukan analisis sifat fisik transmisi nirkabel yaitu multipath fading. Makalah ini menganalisis kemampuan WiMAX yang menggunakan sistem guard time insertion dalam menghadapi multipath fading, dibandingkan dengan teknologi 3G pada sistem WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access). Kedua teknologi disimulasikan dengan menggunakan bantuan computer-basedsimulation. Pada performa fluktuasi kuat sinyal dan nilai Bit Error, teknologi WiMAX lebih baik dari WCDMA dalam menghadapi multipath fading pada kanal transmisi yang direpresentasikan oleh gangguan AWGN dan multipath Rayleigh fading.