Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrate Accumulation in Soil Profile of Dry Land Farming in Northwest China

A long-term fertilizer experiment on dry land of the Loess Plateau, northwest China, has been conducted since 1984 to study the distribution and accumulation of NO3-N down to a depth of 400 cm in the profile of a coarse-textured dark loessial soil after continuous winter wheat cropping. Thirteen fertilizer treatments consisted of four levels of N and P applied alone or in combination. Annual N and P (P2O5) rates were 0,45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1. After 15 successive cropping cycles, the soil samples were taken from each treatment for analysis of NO3-N concentration. The results showed that NO3-N distribution in the soil profile was quite different among the treatments. The application of fertilizer N alone resulted in higher NO3-N concentration in the soil profile than the combined application of N and P, showing that application of P could greatly reduce the NO3-N accumulation. With an annual application of 180 kg N ha-1 alone, a peak in NO3-N accumulation occurred at 140 cm soil depth, and the maximum NO3-N concentration in the soils was 67.92 mg kg-1. The amount of NO3-N accumulated in the soil profile decreased as the cumulative N uptake by the winter wheat increased. Application of a large amount of N resulted in lower N recoveries in winter wheat and greater NO3-N accumulation in soil profile. NO3-N did not enter underground water in the study region; therefore, there is no danger of underground water pollution. Amount of NO3-N accumulation can be predicted by an equation according to annual N and P rates based on the results of this experiment.
Sea Ice Change Detection in SAR Images Based on Convolutional-Wavelet Neural Networks

Sea ice change detection from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images can be regarded as a classification procedure, in which pixels are classified into changed and unchanged classes. However, existing methods usually suffer from the intrinsic speckle noise of multitemporal SAR images. To solve the problem, this letter presents a change detection method based on convolutional-wavelet neural networks (CWNNs). In CWNN, dual-tree complex wavelet transform is introduced into convolutional neural networks for changed and unchanged pixels’ classification, and then, the effect of speckle noise is effectively reduced. In addition, a virtual sample generation scheme is employed to create samples for CWNN training, and the problem of limited samples is alleviated. Experimental results on two real SAR image data sets demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Toward Procedural Decorative Ornamentation in Games

Castles, palaces, temples and cathedrals in the real world are densely decorated with ornamentation. Computer games, in contrast, usually have much less and appear Spartan in comparison. Game worlds, whether hand-made or procedural, require greater decorative ornamentation to increase their realism and beauty. Currently artists create this ornament by hand; this doesn’t scale. In order to have more decorative artwork in games, procedural algorithms must be developed to generate it, for only this approach will create sufficient quantities, quickly, and at low cost. This paper justifies the importance of decorative ornamentation in computer games and provides an overview of existing research on algorithmic generation of patterns and ornamentation. A series of open research issues demonstrates the breadth of potential research that can be performed in this area. Together, these make the case that procedural decorative ornamentation is a new and interesting research subdomain within the area of procedural content generation for computer games.
Association of sublingual microcirculation parameters and capillary re�ll time in the early phase of ICU admission

Background: Recent studies demonstrate the advantage of peripheral perfusion-targeted resuscitation protocols based on capillary re�ll time (CRT) assessment in critically ill patients. Additionally, sidestream dark �eld (SDF) imaging could direct visualize sublingual microcirculation of critically ill patients. This study aimed to determine the association between the sublingual microcirculation and CRT in critically ill patients in the early phase of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Methods: This prospective, observational, pilot study included 282 patients in the ICU of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University between October 2021 and January 2022. All patients underwent simultaneous measurements by CRT and SDF imaging within 24 hours of ICU admission. Additionally, other clinical data such as demographic variables, hemodynamics, laboratory values, treatment, and physiological parameters were also included. The primary outcome was the association between CRT and simultaneous sublingual microcirculation parameters in critically ill patients. Results: Of the 282 included patients, 106 (37.6%) were female, the median (IQR) age was 63 (53-74) years, and the median (IQR) SOFA score was 5 (2-7). Microcirculatory measurements (CRT and SDF imaging) were performed at 10.2 ± 5.7 hours after ICU admission. Signi�cant relationships were observed between the CRT and MFI (r = -0.4430, p < 0.001), PPV (r = -0.3708, p < 0.001), PVD (r = -0.1835, p = 0.0020), and HI (r = 0.4378, p < 0.001). Neither TVD (p = 0.9641) nor De Backer score (p = 0.5202) were related to the CRT. Compare to CRT< 3s group, MFI (2.60 vs. 2.88, p < 0.001), PPV (91.35% vs. 99.10%, p < 0.001), PVD (13.36 mm/mm 2 vs. 14.55 mm/mm 2 , p = 0.002), and HI (0.46 vs. 0.15, p < 0.001) were signi�cantly worse in the CRT ≥ 3s group. The similar results were also found in the sepsis subgroup and the hyperlactatemia subgroup. Prolonged CRT was an independent predictor of 28-days mortality (OR = 1.296; (95%CI, 1.078-1.558); p = 0.006).
The relationship between the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Blockings Frequency

The Relationship between variability in the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and north Atlantic blocking frequency is studied using the 64-year (1950-2013) daily 500 geopotential height data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR), and the Arctic oscillation data from National Weather Service (NWS). The study area is from 0 to 90◦N and 40◦W to 70◦E. First, Blocking events were detected using an automated method for block identification. Then their frequency and variability in study period was derived. After this, the AO variability in study period was studied and relationship between AO variability with north Atlantic blocking variability in study area was analyzed. There were also 4181 days with blocking conditions that were detected over the study region; As a consequence, about 65.3 days in any given year were blocked on average over the region of study area. The results show that based on time series chart there are six regimes of the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic blocking frequency in study area. There is a direct relationship between these regimes, so that there is a correlation between the ascending and descending phases of the Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic blocking frequency experiences increasing and decreasing in study area.
Trends In The Prevalence Of COPD In Elderly Individuals In An Air-polluted City In Japan: A Cross-sectional Study

COPD is significant reason of morbidity and mortality in both high and low economic nations. While impact of cigarette smoking is the most significant risk factor throughout the world which is to be eradicate. These open and indoor air pollutants can cause or exacerbate COPD In high economics countries, notable air contamination occasions give clear proof that introduction to elevated levels of open air toxins is related with expanded mortality and bleakness due to COPD.
Who should teach computer ethics and computers & society?

I am going to argue that it is best for philosophers trained in ethics and social scientists to teach, respectively, courses in computer ethics and courses in computers and society. However, before I make the case, I want to affirm the principle that it is always better that such courses be taught than that they not be taught; so, even if I show that it is best to have ethicists and social scientists teach such courses, it is still better to have someone else (e.g., a computer scientist, engineer) teach them than that they not be taught at all. I This question about who should teach courses on computer ethics and computers and society raises the most fundamental question about what the goals of such courses should be. As I see it, such courses should have the following goals: (1) to make students (especially future computer professionals) aware of the ethical issues surrounding computers; (2) to heighten their sensitivity to ethical issues in the use of computers and in the practice of computing professions, so that they are more likely to see issues and respond appropriately; (3) to give them more than a superficial understanding of the ways in which computers (do and don't) change society and the social environments in which they are used; (4) to provide conceptual tools and develop analytical skills for sorting out what to do when in situations calling for ethical decision making or for sorting out what the likely impacts computer technology will have in this or that context. Given these goals, who is best prepared to achieve such courses? The obvious point is that nothing in the training of computer scientists and engineers prepares them for any of these types of activities. Of course, any teacher can-with the right set of readings and/or textbook-do a good job of achieving the first goal, making students aware of the ethical issues surrounding computing. It is the latter three goals that are more likely to be achieved when the teacher has some training in philosophy and social science-the more the better and preferably beyond the undergraduate level. Philosophers are specifically trained to analyze issues, to uncover the assumptions or implications of arguments and claims, and to develop arguments. Philosophers trained in ethical theory have a repertoire of concepts and frameworks that are useful for examining situations, identifying the moral core, and evaluating and justifying courses …
Skin as Mechanical and Chemical Barrier against Microbial Infection

Skin is an organ with a dynamic ecosystem that harbors pathogenic and commensal microbes, which constantly communicate amongst each other and with the host immune system. The skin acts as a physical barrier to prevent the invasion of foreign pathogens while providing a home to the commensal microbiota. The harsh physical landscape of skin, particularly the desiccated, nutrient-poor, acidic environment, also contributes to the adversity that pathogens face when colonizing human skin. The paper review how skin contributes to barrier immunity. The review also discusses specialized immune cells that are resident in steady-state skin including mononuclear phagocytes, such as Langerhans cells, dermal macrophages and dermal dendritic cells in addition to the resident memory T cells
Longitudinal Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in a Hospital Setting , Serbia Appendix 1

One isolate per patient was included in the study. The isolates were stored in glycerol stocks at 70°C, and re-cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) media for 4–6 weeks at 37°C before further testing. Identification of the isolates was verified by the GenoType MTBC assay (Hain Lifescience, https://www.hain-lifescience.de/en/). DST for first(except pyrazinamide (PZA)) and second-line drugs was performed with the indirect proportion method on LJ slants using World Health Organization (WHO) recommended critical concentrations during 2008–2011, and as described previously (1). PZA was tested in MGIT960 according to the manufacturer instructions and at WHO recommended critical concentrations. From 2012 onward, all drugs, except cycloserine (CS) and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), were tested in MGIT960. Both CS and PAS were still tested on LJ slants at 30 mg/L, and 1 mg/L with the indirect proportion method as recommended that time.
Culture-independent analysis of hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in environmental samples

About 0.08% to 0.4% of the crude oil produced and used on our planet is spilled as pollutants in the marine ecosystem (National Research Council, 1989). Today, those estimates undoubtedly must have increased dramatically. Terrestrial and atmospheric ecosystems are also suffering from hydrocarbon pollution. This problem is particularly acute in oilproducing countries such as those in the Arabian/Persian Gulf region. Based on their relatively slow biodegradability, oilpollutants persist long in the environment (Andreoni & Gianfreda, 2007). Aromatic constituents are hazardous to living beings including humans (Gu, Kralovec, Christensen, & Van Camp, Received: 15 January 2018 | Revised: 14 February 2018 | Accepted: 28 February 2018 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.630
Bibliographic Data on the Semantic Web using BibBase

We present BibBase, a system for publishing and managing bibliographic data available in BiBTeX files. BibBase uses a powerful yet light-weight approach to transform BiBTeX files into rich Linked Data as well as custom HTML code and RSS feed that can readily be integrated within a user’s website while the data can instantly be queried online on the system’s SPARQL endpoint. In this paper, we present an overview of several features of our system. We outline several challenges involved in on-the-fly transformation of highly heterogeneous BiBTeX files into high-quality Linked Data, and present our solution to these challenges.
An introduction to population

Preface. PART I: A DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE. 1. Introduction to Demography. 2. Global Population Trends. 3. Demographic Perspectives. 4. Demographic Data. PART II: POPULATION PROCESSES. 5. The Health and Mortality Transition. 6. The Fertility Transition. 7. The Migration Transition. PART III: POPULATION STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS. 8. The Age Transition. 9. The Urban Transition. 10. The Family and Household Transition. PART IV: USING THE DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE. 11. Population and the Environment. 12. Coping with Demographic Change. Appendix: Population Data for the World, Keyed to Figured 2.1. Glossary. Bibliography. Geographic Index. Subject Index.
Recent seasonal hypoxia on the Western Black Sea shelf recorded in adjacent slope sediments

Bottom water hypoxia is a major environmental problem afflicting estuarine and marine environments across the globe (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008). Hypoxia is often attributed to human-induced increased nutrient discharge from rivers and related eutrophication. The Western Black Sea shelf is a typical example of a system where such anthropogenic impacts are thought to have contributed to the development of seasonal hypoxia in the late 20th century. However, due to the lack of spatially and temporally consistent monitoring in the region, questions remain about the evolution, causes and consequences of the seasonal hypoxia on the Western Black Sea shelf and whether or not the ecological state has recently improved (Capet et al., 2013). In this study a resin-embedded sediment core from a location below the chemocline on the Western Black Sea slope (water depth 377 m) was analyzed for its elemental composition by means of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), recovering a continuous geochemical record at a sub-annual resolution for the last 100 years. Relative enrichments in organic carbon, Pb, Fe, S, and Mo were observed in the depth interval corresponding to the 1970s until the 1990s, suggesting an increased carbon flux to the sediments as well as an anthropogenic pollution signal. We propose that the expansion of eutrophication on the Western Black Sea shelf was responsible for the enhanced carbon flux to our study site, while the associated hypoxia enhanced the shuttling of redox-sensitive elements to locations below the chemocline. The subsequent decrease in organic carbon and metal enrichments at the core top suggests a recent rise in oxygen concentrations and improvement of the ecological state of the Western Black Sea shelf.
Istituto Di Analisi Dei Sistemi Ed Informatica " Antonio Ruberti " Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche a Folding Rule for Eliminating Existential Variables from Constraint Logic Programs

The existential variables of a clause in a constraint logic program are the variables which occur in the body of the clause and not in its head. The elimination of these variables is a transformation technique which is often used for improving program efficiency and verifying program properties. We consider a folding transformation rule which ensures the elimination of existential variables and we propose an algorithm for applying this rule in the case where the constraints are linear inequations over rational or real numbers. The algorithm combines techniques for matching terms modulo equational theories and techniques for solving systems of linear inequations. Through some examples we show that an implementation of our folding algorithm has a good performance in practice.
I STITUTO DI A NALISI DEI S ISTEMI ED I NFORMATICA

We present a method for the automated veriﬁcation of temporal properties of inﬁnite state systems. Our veriﬁcation method is based on the specialization of constraint logic programs (CLP) and works in two phases: (1) in the ﬁrst phase, a CLP speciﬁcation of an inﬁnite state system is specialized with respect to the initial state of the system and the temporal property to be veriﬁed, and (2) in the second phase, the specialized program is evaluated by using a bottom-up strategy. The eﬀectiveness of the method strongly depends on the generalization strategy which is applied during the program specialization phase. We consider several generalization strategies obtained by combining techniques already known in the ﬁeld of program analysis and program transformation, and we also introduce some new strategies. Then, through many veriﬁcation experiments, we evaluate the eﬀectiveness of the generalization strategies we have considered. Finally, we compare the implementation of our specialization-based veriﬁcation method to other constraint-based model checking tools. The experimental results show that our method is competitive with the methods used by those other tools.
Repeated derivatives of composite functions and generalizations of the Leibniz rule

We use the properties of Hermite and Kamp\'e de F\'eriet polynomials to get closed forms for the repeated derivatives of functions whose argument is a quadratic or higher-order polynomial. The results we obtain are extended to product of functions of the above argument, thus giving rise to expressions which can formally be interpreted as generalizations of the familiar Leibniz rule. Finally, examples of practical interest are discussed.
Development of the teenage brain

Development of the teenage brain This article reviews recent research on adolescent brain development. Cumulatively, studies show that 'the human brain may be adaptive to the behaviorally demanding social environment during adolescence' (Choudhury, Charman & Blakemore, 2008, p. 142). The focus on adolescents for research is of increasing importance because of the higher rates of psychiatric disorders which can surface in this period. 'Although adolescence presents a period of maturation in terms of cognitive control, reaction speed, reasoning, and decision-making skills, compared with childhood, it also marks a period of increased rates of depression, substance abuse, suicide, eating disorders, and other risky behaviors' (Choudhury, Charman & Blakemore, 2008, p. 142). Neurological studies on the adolescent brain have found that: • The brain areas that undergo pronounced development during adolescence, in particular the medial pre-fronatal cortex and the parietotemporal cortex, form parts of the " social brain " , that is, the network of brain regions involved in understanding other people. • There is a steady linear increase in white matter in certain brain regions during childhood and adolescence. This change has been highlighted both in frontal and in temporoparietal regions. • Behavioral and functional imaging studies consistently demonstrate maturation in executive functions during adolescence. These studies show improvements with age in reaction speeds, accuracy, and changes in functional activation, in associated frontal regions of the brain, in tasks that involve attentional control, cognitive flexibility, and problem solving. • There is some indication that for face processing tasks, activity in the frontal cortex increases between childhood and adolescence and then decreases between adolescence and adulthood. • There is a peak in activity within the prefrontal cortex during early adolescence. The researchers concluded that overall 'there are two main changes with puberty. First, there is an increase in axonal myelination, which increases transmission speed. Second, there is a gradual decrease in synaptic density, indicating significant pruning of connections. These neural changes make it likely that cognitive abilities relying on the frontal cortex, such as executive functions and social-cognitive abilities, also change during adolescence'
Relevant Word Order Vectorization for Improved Natural Language Processing in Electronic Healthcare Records

Objective: Electronic health records (EHR) represent a rich resource for conducting observational studies, supporting clinical trials, and more. However, much of the relevant information is stored in an unstructured format that makes it difficult to use. Natural language processing approaches that attempt to automatically classify the data depend on vectorization algorithms that impose structure on the text, but these algorithms were not designed for the unique characteristics of EHR. Here, we propose a new algorithm for structuring so-called free-text that may help researchers make better use of EHR. We call this method Relevant Word Order Vectorization (RWOV). Materials and Methods: As a proof-of-concept, we attempted to classify the hormone receptor status of breast cancer patients treated at the University of Kansas Medical Center during a recent year, from the unstructured text of pathology reports. Our approach attempts to account for the semi-structured way that healthcare providers often enter information. We compared this approach to the ngrams and word2vec methods. Results: Our approach resulted in the most consistently high accuracy, as measured by F1 score and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Discussion: Our results suggest that methods of structuring free text that take into account its context may show better performance, and that our approach is promising. Conclusion: By using a method that accounts for the fact that healthcare providers tend to use certain key words repetitively and that the order of these key words is important, we showed improved performance over methods that do not.
COMBATING NUCLEAR MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION Tools, Approaches and the Role of NGOs and International Organizations

The risk of unintentional misinformation or deliberate disinformation undermining or even compromising the analysis of open source information, including scientific literature that could relate to nuclear non-proliferation, requires both an advanced technical understanding of the risk and the development and deployment of tools and approaches to counter it. Given these challenges, this paper will seek to provide an assessment of the problem, and then indicate some potential mitigating steps, including some systematic approaches that governments and organizations have taken, and also tools and platforms that can be used by analysts and others to evaluate the credibility and veracity of open source data