Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Estimating Parameters in a Simple Linear Errors-in-Variables Model

The ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator of the regression parameter in the simple errors-in-variables model with known variance of the observational error is compared with a well-known consistent estimator—the corrected least squares (CLS) estimator—using the minimum asymptotic mean squared error criterion. Conditions for one estimator to dominate the other are derived and illustrated graphically. For many empirical situations, the consequence of an erroneous choice in favor of OLS appears to be more serious than that of an erroneous choice of CLS. Therefore, CLS estimation should be recommended in general. Next, we reexamine this conclusion, assuming that an incorrect value for the variance of the measurement error is used to compute the CLS estimate. Our conclusion is then also that CLS estimation should be preferred, except when the error variance is highly overestimated.
AdapTV: A Model-Based Test Adaptation Approach for End-to-End User Interface Testing of Smart TVs

We introduce a model-based feedback-driven test adaptation approach for end-to-end user interface testing of smart TVs. From the perspective of the TV software, the proposed approach is a non-intrusive and completely black-box approach, which operates by interpreting the screen images. Given a test suite, which is known to work in an older version of the TV, and a new version of the TV, to which the test suite should be adapted, the proposed approach first automatically discovers user interface models for both the older and the new version of TV by opportunistically crawling the TVs. Then, each test case in the test suite is executed on the old version, and the path traversed by the test case in the respective UI model is found. Finally, a semantically equivalent path in the UI model discovered for the new version of the TV is determined and dynamically executed on the new version in a feedback-driven manner. We empirically evaluate the proposed approach in a setup that closely mimics the industrial setup used by a large consumer electronics company. While the proposed approach successfully adapted all the test cases, the alternative approaches used in the experiments could not adapt any of them.
Impact of finite laser bandwidth on the critical dimension of L/S structures

We investigate the effect of finite laser bandwidth on line- space L/S imaging, both through simulations and experiment. We will show that the primary effect of laser bandwidth is a change of the optical- proximity behavior of the scanner, i.e., a modification of the critical di- mensional pitch CDPitch characteristic, and that depth of focus typi- cally remains unaffected. The simulation part of this study resulted in a simple estimator, expressing bandwidth-induced CD changes in terms of the "quadratic focus-sensitivity" 1/2 d 2 CD/dF 2 of the L/S structure, a parameter which we call the "second moment" of the laser spectrum, M2, and the longitudinal chromatic-aberration of the scanner dF/d only. The experimental part of this study, in which we measured CDpitch curves at different laser-bandwidth settings of the ASML XT:1700i NA =1.20 immersion scanner at Interuniversitary Micro-Electronic Centre IMEC, confirms the results of the theoretical part, while relating the bandwidth dependency of the CD effects also to the experimentally avail- able E95 metric. We conclude that even though the laser bandwidth of modern scanners is quite low, bandwidth effects do contribute to their proximity behavior and impact proximity stability as well as scanner-to- scanner proximity differences. We present a critical evaluation of current laser-bandwidth metrics and comment on the trade-off between the av- erage laser bandwidth and laser bandwidth stability in order to achieve a required level of proximity control e.g., between scanners. © 2008 Society
Optimal Resource Allocation for Random Multiple Access Oriented SCMA-V2X Networks

In this paper, an optimal resource allocation scheme is proposed for random multiple access (RMA) oriented sparse code multiple access (SCMA) based vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks. We consider an uplink RMA oriented SCMA, where vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) users and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) users are considered to randomly choose codebooks for transmission from a shared codebook pool. To avoid mutual interference between V2I users and V2V users, the total bandwidth is decomposed into two parts for transmission of V2I users and V2V users. A joint user-codebook selection and bandwidth allocation optimization problem is formulated to maximize the sum rate of V2I users while guaranteeing the reliability requirement of V2V users. This problem is a mixed-integer programming (MIP) problem with probabilistic constraint, thus it is impractical to directly solve. To solve the problem, the probabilistic constraint is converted into a non-probabilistic one by approximation. Subsequently, efficient but suboptimal staged algorithms are proposed to solve the joint optimization problem. Firstly, a new decoupled Q-learning based user-codebook selection algorithm (DQL-UCSA) is proposed to find the optimal user-codebook selection relationships, which completely address codebook collision problem. Under the optimal user-codebook selection relationships determined, the joint optimization problem is transformed into a single objective bandwidth allocation problem. Then, we solve the single objective problem using a convex optimization method, which maximizes the sum rate of V2I users. Simulation results show the DQL-UCSA can converge quickly and enable a significant performance improvement by addressing codebook collisions. Besides, the proposed RMA-SCMA with optimal bandwidth allocation (OBA) is significantly superior to conventional schemes in terms of sum rate.
An optimal algorithm for an online facility assignment problem with constraint capacities and costs

Given a set of facilities, or servers S = { s1, s2, . , sm} and a set of requests R = { r1, r2, . , rn} with each server si having the serving capacity of ci and the assignment cost dij occurred if the request rj has been assigned to server si , the online facility problem under our consideration is to find an assignment for a new coming request rj to a server before the next one arrived, such that in the end each si serves exactly ci requests and such that the total occurring cost ∑ n j=1 {dij|rj is assigned to si} is minimized. This paper considers a constrained version of online facility problem (COFP, for short) in which ci = 2 for all i = {1, 2, . , m} and dij = 2 |j-i| for all i , j. First, we obtain the optimal assignment for the offline version of COFP by exploiting a nice property of powers of two and the so-called the natural order assignment. Second, we design an online algorithm for COFP is based on the optimal assignment for the offline version of COFP. We show that our online algorithm runs in linear time and always achieves the optimal assignment for the COFP.
Microwave Double Resonance Study of Collision Induced Population Transfer Between Levels of Interstellar Methanol Lines

Collision induced transitions between rotational levels of methanol have been investigated by steady state microwave double resonance, in order to study collisional excitation mechanisms for methanol in the interstellar medium. Experiments are described on pure CH3OH and on dilute mixtures of CH3OH with excess He and H2, for various four level systems of astrophysical interest. For pure CH3OH, the results are qualitatively consistent with dipolar selection rules, ΔJ = 0, ± 1 and Δk = 0, ± 1, but certain aspects of the quantitative analysis are unexplained. For collisions of CH3OH with either He or H2, the collisional transition rates decrease relatively slowly with ΔJ. In the collisions with He, parallel Δk = 0 collisional transitions occur about four times more frequently than perpendicular Δk = ± 1 transitions, whereas in collisions with normal H2, Δk = 0 transitions are approximately twice as frequent as Δk = + 1 transitions.
(Pro)Renin Receptor Decoy Peptide PRO20 Protects against Oxidative Renal Damage Induced by Advanced Oxidation Protein Products

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs). A recent study has shown that AOPP-induced renal tubular injury is mediated by the (pro)renin receptor (PRR). However, it is unclear whether the PRR decoy inhibitor PRO20 can protect against renal damage related to AOPPs in vivo. In this study, we examined the role of the PRR in rats with AOPP-induced renal oxidative damage. Male SD rats were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy, and after a four-day recuperation period, they were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6/group) for four weeks: control (CTR), unmodified rat serum albumin (RSA, 50 mg/kg/day via tail-vein injection), AOPPs-RSA (50 mg/kg/day via tail-vein injection), and AOPPs-RSA + PRO20 (50 mg/kg/day via tail-vein injection + 500 μg/kg/day via subcutaneous injection) groups. PRO20 was administered 3 days before AOPPs-RSA injection. Renal histopathology evaluation was performed by periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining, and biochemical parameters related to renal injury and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. The expression of related indicators was quantified by RT-qPCR and immunoblotting analysis. In the results, rats in the AOPPs-RSA group exhibited higher levels of albuminuria, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tubular dilation, along with upregulation of oxidative stress, profibrotic and proinflammatory factors, and elevation of AOPP levels. Meanwhile, in the PRO20 group, these were significantly reduced. Moreover, the levels of almost all components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and Nox4-dependent H2O2 production in urine and the kidneys were elevated by AOPPs-RSA, while they were suppressed by PRO20. Furthermore, AOPPs-RSA rats showed elevated kidney expression of the PRR and soluble PRR (sPRR) and increased renal excretion of sPRR. In summary, these findings suggest that PRR inhibition may serve as a protective mechanism against AOPP-induced nephropathy by inhibiting the intrarenal RAS and Nox4-derived H2O2 mechanisms.
Generalised repetitive control: relaxing the period-delay-based structure

Most current repetitive controllers apply the internal model principle by embedding one or multiple period delays into the control scheme. While being simple and often effective, this structure involves a number of disadvantages: (i) in many applications, large memory buffers are needed; (ii) information about the spectrum of the periodic input cannot be fully exploited; and (iii) accounting for period-time uncertainty results in controllers that are overly robust for lower harmonic frequencies. In order to overcome these disadvantages, the present study proposes a novel repetitive controller structure that sacrifices the simplicity of the period-delay-based structure for the benefit of more design freedom. The resulting generalised repetitive controller encompasses the period-delay-based structure as a special case and is designed based on semi-definite programming. Numerical results reveal that a generalised repetitive controller yields significantly better performance with the same amount of memory or, conversely, requires substantially less memory to achieve equivalent performance.
Adaptive containment control of nonlinear multi‐agent systems about privacy preservation with multiple attacks

This paper focuses on the problem of adaptive containment control about privacy preservation in nonlinear multi‐agent systems, where followers suffer from multiple cyber‐attacks and leaders have non‐zero control inputs. A multiple attacks mold consisting of denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks and false data‐injection attacks is constructed for nonlinear systems. The containment control protocol is updated by applying an event‐triggered scheme. This scheme is proposed to dispatch the updating information in the presence of multiple attacks. Meanwhile, to deal with the information insecurity that may exist in the control process, the protocol for privacy preservation about initial information is developed by introducing time‐varying functions as masks. Tracking errors of agents are described by taking the inputs of leaders as the external disturbances. This method does not depend on the widths of boundary layers and reduce the computational complexity. The stability of multi‐agent systems is analyzed by applying the Cauchy inequality, the Young's inequality and the Lyapunov function theory. Finally, two simulation examples are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Transmission Line Modeling and Numerical Simulasion for the Analysis and Optimum Design of Metamaterial Multilayer Structures

The transmission line transfer matrix method (TLTMM) is proposed for the analysis of planar multilayer metamaterial (MTM) structures, where a transmission line model is developed by the transfer matrix method. This novel method may consider any oblique incident plane wave at any angle of incidence, any linear polarization (TE or TM with respect to the incidence plane), circular and elliptical polarizations, any frequency range (microwave or optical frequencies), any number of layers, any combination of common materials (DPS) and MTMs (such as DNG, ENG, MNG), any layer thickness, consideration of any dispersion relations for e and μ, etc. A unified formulation is presented for both TE and TM polarizations, which lead to the evaluation of the fields and powers inside the layers and half spaces. The objective of the paper is to analyze and design several diverse problems of multilayered structures by TLTMM and a matrix method. The results of computations by TLTMM are agreed with the literature where possible and with the matrix method.
The Development of Outcome-Based Curriculum in Medical Schools Outside Korea

In medicine, rapid changes in information, technology, socio-economic interests, and globalization affect the medical education focused on the competencies of doctors, and the number of medical schools that are adopting an outcome-based curriculum (OBC) is increasing worldwide. This paper introduces the OBC model of 5 trailblazing medical schools from the UK, US, and Australia, comparing their unique features, followed by brief comment about Canada and the EU as well. On developing an OBC, the process of establishing the top outcomes for graduates is similar and the outcomes comprise knowledge, skills, and attitudes about science, patients, colleagues, society, and themselves. Implementing the outcomes down into the sub-levels of the curriculum is much more complicated and time-consuming. Assessing the achievement of every outcome is essential and requires the use of many tools in addition to the traditional written examination. From the perspective of adult learning theory, self-directed learning, team-learning, and individual and flexible achievement are tested and executed in an OBC. The gradual expansion and further innovation of an OBC is expected so that tomorrow’s doctors will be able to meet the challenges of the future.
Axial tensile stress–strain characterization of ITER model coil type Nb3Sn strands in TARSIS

For a few years there has been an increasing effort to study the impact of (bending) strain on the transport properties of superconducting wires. As the stress distribution, originated by differences in the thermal expansion and electromagnetic load, is the driving factor for the final strains, the axial and transverse stiffness of the strand play a crucial role in the final performance. Since the strain state of the Nb3Sn filaments in strands determines the transport properties, basic experimental stress–strain data are required at the strand level for accurate modelling and analysis and eventually for optimizing cable and magnet design. We performed axial tensile stress–strain measurements on several types of Nb3Sn strands used for the manufacture of the International Experimental Thermonuclear Reactor (ITER) central solenoid and toroidal field model coils and a powder-in-tube processed wire. In total 48 wire samples were tested at boiling helium, boiling nitrogen and at room temperature. We present the computation of the stress–strain characteristic with a straightforward 1D model using an independent materials database, obtaining a good agreement with the experimental results. The details from the take-off origin of the measured stress–strain curves are discussed and the data are evaluated with respect to some commonly used functions for fitting stress–strain curves. The measurements are performed in the new setup TARSIS (test arrangement for strain influence on strands). A double extensometer connected to the sample enables us to determine the strain level whereas a load cell is used to monitor the stress level. For higher levels of applied stress (100 MPa), we found typically a higher strain for bronze route wires compared to a powder-in-tube and internal tin type of strand. Stress–strain results are essential to assess more accurately the impact of thermal and electromagnetic induced stress on the strain state of the Nb3Sn filaments for wires from various manufacturing processes.
Copper losses of flyback transformer: search for analytical expressions

Because analytical expressions are required to run optimization software, this subject is very topical. This work uses equivalent permeability to homogenize the winding structure and approximations for the window field. A progressive approach leads to the needed expressions for a transformer built around a gapped ferrite core. At every step, analytical expressions are compared to Flux3D simulation.
Image Completion Based on Partial Region

The traditional image completion algorithms based on patches, are to iteratively search the most similar patches in the known region of the whole image to fill the target region. Generally, it is difficult to use these algorithms in practice, due to the big computation. To overcome this problem, in this paper we propose a novel image completion algorithm based on partial regions. Firstly we adapt a randomized correspondence algorithm to search the pixels in the known region that are similar with the pixels in the border of the target region. Then the regions that include the main structures and Texture can be determined by these pixels, and thus we can limit the search space. Secondly we optimize the method of computing filling priorities that is based confidence factor and edge information. Consequently, the correctness of the order of the repairing patches and the success of structures propagation have been enhanced. Finally we improve the method of calculating the most similar patches. A variety of experiments show that, in general, our method yields better results and is 5-10 times faster than the state-of-the-art methods.
CaREM1.4 interacts with CaRIN4 to regulate Ralstonia solanacearum tolerance by triggering cell death in pepper

Abstract Remorins, plant-specific proteins, have a significant role in conferring on plants the ability to adapt to adverse environments. However, the precise function of remorins in resistance to biological stress remains largely unknown. Eighteen CaREM genes were identified in pepper genome sequences based on the C-terminal conserved domain that is specific to remorin proteins in this research. Phylogenetic relations, chromosomal localization, motif, gene structures, and promoter regions of these remorins were analyzed and a remorin gene, CaREM1.4, was cloned for further study. The transcription of CaREM1.4 in pepper was induced by infection with Ralstonia solanacearum. Knocking down CaREM1.4 in pepper using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technologies reduced the resistance of pepper plants to R. solanacearum and downregulated the expression of immunity-associated genes. Conversely, transient overexpression of CaREM1.4 in pepper and Nicotiana benthamiana plants triggered hypersensitive response-mediated cell death and upregulated expression of defense-related genes. In addition, CaRIN4-12, which interacted with CaREM1.4 at the plasma membrane and cell nucleus, was knocked down with VIGS, decreasing the susceptibility of Capsicum annuum to R. solanacearum. Furthermore, CaREM1.4 reduced ROS production by interacting with CaRIN4-12 upon co-injection in pepper. Taken together, our findings suggest that CaREM1.4 may function as a positive regulator of the hypersensitive response, and it interacts with CaRIN4-12, which negatively regulates plant immune responses of pepper to R. solanacearum. Our study provides new evidence for comprehending the molecular regulatory network of plant cell death.
Spin-Up/Spin-Down Models

Abstract Angular momentum transport plays an important role in mass transfer systems, and can significantly spin up an accreting star. When the accretor is a white dwarf (WD) on its way to becoming a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), the spin up of the WD can have significant consequences for the appearance of the progenitor, the characteristics of the explosion and its aftermath, the geometry of the supernova remnant, and for single-degenerate models, the appearance of the donor star post-explosion. These consequences can be “game changers”, altering results that have long been taken for granted. We discuss key features of our spin-up/spin-down models and their implications. We relate our models to work still needed to address the difficult physical issues related to angular momentum transport and its effects on the properties and appearance of Type Ia supernova progenitors.
Examination of an analogy toward the understanding of thermal lens oscillations

The overstability for surface tension and coupled buoyancy-driven instability in a horizontal liquid layer, with very general conditions, is studied. A linear formulation to compute the critical quantities is established. Numerical results are given and compared with experiments in which a free surface is heated by a controlled hot-wire located near and below it. When correctly presented in terms of well-chosen reduced quantities, theoretical and experimental results agree very well, showing that there is an analogy between the theoretical problem (horizontal liquid layer, basic conductive state) and the experimental situation (hot-wire heating, basic convective state). Disagreements are pointed out to stress the limitations of the analogy. The original motivation of the work is the understanding of thermal lens oscillations produced when heating below the free surface is carried out using a laser beam.
LQR‐based optimal topology of leader‐following consensus

In this paper, we consider the optimal topology for leader‐following consensus problem of continuous‐time and discrete‐time multi‐agent systems based on linear quadratic regulator theory. For the first‐order multi‐agent systems, we propose a quadratic cost function, which is independent of the interaction graph, and find that the optimal topology is a star topology. For the second‐order multi‐agent systems, a quadratic cost function is also constructed, whereas the optimal topology for second‐order leader‐following consensus problem is an unevenly weighted star topology. The universality of these findings means that if each follower is connected with the leader, the information exchange between followers is unnecessary and insufficient. Simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.