Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Version Machine-Checkable Correctness Proofs for Intra-procedural Dataflow Analyses ( Extended Version )

This paper describes our experience using the interactive theorem prover Athena for proving the correctness of abstract interpretation-based dataflow analyses. For each analysis, our methodology requires the analysis designer to formally specify the property lattice, the transfer functions, and the desired modeling relation between the concrete program states and the results computed by the analysis. The goal of the correctness proof is to prove that the desired modeling relation holds. The proof allows the analysis clients to rely on the modeling relation for their own correctness. To reduce the complexity of the proofs, we separate the proof of each dataflow analysis into two parts: a generic part, proven once, independent of any specific analysis; and several analysis-specific conditions proven in Athena.
Thermal stability and dielectric properties of nano-SiO2-doped cellulose

We report the thermal stability and dielectric properties of nano-SiO2-doped cellulose. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using an undoped cellulose model (C0), a nano-SiO2-doped cellulose model with untreated surface unsaturated bonds (C1), and a nano-SiO2-doped cellulose model for which surface unsaturated O atoms were treated with –H and surface unsaturated Si atoms were treated with –OH (C2). The simulation results showed that the mechanical properties of C1 and C2 were better than those of C0 and were optimal when the content of nano-SiO2 was 5%. The simulation results for C2 were more accurate than those for the other models, and thus, C2 provides theoretical support for the construction of a reasonable model of nano-SiO2 and cellulose in the future. The temperature at which the free volume fraction of C2 jumps was 50 K higher than that for C0, and the thermal stability of C2 was better than that of C0. Experimental results showed that the maximum tensile strength of the insulation paper was obtained when the content of nano-SiO2 was 5%. Moreover, at this content of nano-SiO2, the dielectric constant was lowest and closest to that of transformer insulation oil, which will improve the distribution of the electric field and thus the overall breakdown performance of oil–paper insulation systems.We report the thermal stability and dielectric properties of nano-SiO2-doped cellulose. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using an undoped cellulose model (C0), a nano-SiO2-doped cellulose model with untreated surface unsaturated bonds (C1), and a nano-SiO2-doped cellulose model for which surface unsaturated O atoms were treated with –H and surface unsaturated Si atoms were treated with –OH (C2). The simulation results showed that the mechanical properties of C1 and C2 were better than those of C0 and were optimal when the content of nano-SiO2 was 5%. The simulation results for C2 were more accurate than those for the other models, and thus, C2 provides theoretical support for the construction of a reasonable model of nano-SiO2 and cellulose in the future. The temperature at which the free volume fraction of C2 jumps was 50 K higher than that for C0, and the thermal stability of C2 was better than that of C0. Experimental results showed that the maximum tensile strength of the insulation paper.
NEARLY-OPTIMUM SELECTION OF STRENGTH t ORTHOGONAL ARRAYS: A STRENGTH AND EFFICIENCY APPRAISAL

The process of enumeration and construction of orthogonal arrays has been extensively studied and several methods to develop and implement them have been proposed. There is, however, a gap in the literature when deciding the most appropriate orthogonal array to be tailored to a specific situation. Romero and Murray [1] presented a combinatorial-based technique to list all the possible isomorphic arrays for a given design type and undertook the enumeration of almost all of them (up to 100 runs). The size of the orbits under consideration (the number of isomorphic arrays or possible arrangements for the same design type) was found very large. Certainly, the decision to select the most suitable array for a given situation becomes a non-trivial and computationally intensive task. Some attempts to overcome this problem have been proposed [2] [3], yet a context-based approach has not fully been taken into consideration. In this paper, an engineering-based approach is presented to select orthogonal arrays according to their isomorphism and experimental implementation. The arrays were simulated and tested using a protective relay and its associated circuits. Although still in the process of testing, preliminary results show important performance advantages over traditional techniques such as crossed arrays, combined arrays and response surface methods.
Absolute colimits in enriched categories

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How to Perform Jar Tests – a handbook

This is an Open Access book distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits copying and redistribution in the original format for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This does not affect the rights licensed or assigned from any third party in this book.
Pendulum energy converter excited by random loads

We present new solutions for the dynamics of a pendulum energy converter which is vertically excited at its suspension point. Thereby, we deal with a random excitation by a non‐white Gaussian stochastic process. We formulate the pendulum energy converter as a weakly perturbed Hamiltonian system. The random process across the energy levels of the Hamiltonian system is then approximated by a Markov process, which is obtained by stochastic averaging. This procedure leads to analytical results for the energy of the pendulum motion, which are used for analyzing the required probability of reaching higher energy states of the pendulum energy converter in order to maximize the harvested energy.
Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers

S uicide terrorism is rising around the world. From the onset of the Palestinian intifada in September 2000 through August 2005, 151 Palestinian suicide bombing attacks have been launched against Israeli targets, killing 515 people and injuring almost 3,500 more. From 1987 to 2001, the Tamil Tigers launched 76 suicide bombing attacks in Sri Lanka and India, killing a total of 901 people, including two prominent national leaders: India’s former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 and Sri Lanka’s President Ranasinghe Premadasa in 1993 (Pape, 2005). In Iraq, suicide bombers have killed thousands of people, mostly Iraqi civilians, since 2003. In this paper, we study the relation between human capital of suicide bombers and the outcomes of their suicide attacks. We will provide evidence that human capital is an important factor in the production of suicide terrorism, and that more able suicide bombers are more destructive when assigned to more important targets. Our paper is related to a growing body of literature on the relation between education, poverty, and terrorism. Previous studies have suggested that terrorism may in some cases offer greater benefits for those with more education (Krueger and Maleckova, 2003). We provide empirical evidence consistent with this prediction. The intuition behind our analysis is straightforward. On the demand side, suicide attacks are complex tasks that require a considerable level of task-specific and general human capital. Suicide bombers must reach their targets and often
The Purchasing Power Parity Debate

Originally propounded by the 16th-century scholars of the University of Salamanca, the concept of purchasing power parity (PPP) was revived in the interwar period in the context of the debate concerning the appropriate level at which to re-establish international exchange rate parities. Broadly accepted as a long-run equilibrium condition in the post-war period, it first was advocated as a short-run equilibrium by many international economists in the first few years following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s and then increasingly came under attack on both theoretical and empirical grounds from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s. Accordingly, over the last three decades, a large literature has built up that examines how much the data deviated from theory, and the fruits of this research have provided a deeper understanding of how well PPP applies in both the short run and the long run. Since the mid 1990s, larger datasets and nonlinear econometric methods, in particular, have improved estimation. As deviations narrowed between real exchange rates and PPP, so did the gap narrow between theory and data, and some degree of confidence in long-run PPP began to emerge again. In this respect, the idea of long-run PPP now enjoys perhaps its strongest support in more than 30 years, a distinct reversion in economic thought.
Threshold π– photoproduction and Compton scattering on the deuteron

Over the years various theoretical frameworks have been developed to gain insight into the strong force at the hadronic scale and several of them make predictions for the pion photoproduction cross-section at threshold. The cross-sections for positive and neutral pion photoproduction have been measured, but experimental data on the negative pion has so far been absent. The first measurement of the cross-section σ(E) for π− photoproduction on the deuteron near threshold is presented. The π− cross-section provides a test for the theoretical models that aim to describe Quantum Chromodynamics in the non-perturbative regime. Nucleon polarisabilities are long range nucleon structure observables and give insight into the internal degrees of freedom of the nucleon. The proton polarisabilities are determined significantly more accurately compared to the neutron polarisabilities. The latter can be extracted from the differential cross-section for Compton scattering on the deuteron. The first measurement of the differential cross-section dσ/dΩ(E, cos θ) for Compton scattering on the deuteron as a function of photon energy (E) and polar angle (θ) above the pion threshold is presented. The new experimental data contributes to the ongoing effort for accurate determination of the neutron polarisabilities. Due to recent theoretical advances the differential cross-section for Compton scattering on Helium-3 can now also be interpreted in a way that allows extraction of the neutron polarisabilities. In the appendix a proposed experiment to measure the differential cross-section for Compton scattering on Helium-3 with a Helium Gas Scintillator Active target is considered.
A study of fractionally integrated time series using descriptive methods

ABSTRACT We demonstrate the use of some descriptive methods for nonstationary time series to better understand the sample path behaviours of fractionally integrated processes for a range of different fractional orders of integration. We are particularly interested in better understanding the behaviours of series when . In fact, we will point out that there is considerable disagreement in the literature when it comes to describing such processes, and we show that descriptive methods can be useful tools for better understanding their sample path properties. We also present an empirical example to compare conclusions from some of the descriptive methods and inference from two state-of-the-art estimators for fractional orders of integration.
The Effect Of Bisphosphonate Risedronate Emulgel On The Inhibition Of Relaps Tooth Movement

Background: Orthodontic treatment is performed to correct the malocclusion, and after treatment is complete. The position of the teeth must be maintained because the teeth can move back to their original position, commonly known as relapse. Various attempts have been made, such as using retainers, and various studies have used pharmacological agents such as bisphosphonate risedronate to inhibit relapse, but these studies still used the injection method, which is inconvenient to apply and has a systemic effect. For this reason, changing the bisphosphonate preparation to an emulgel will facilitate its application and have a local effect, but it is necessary to test and determine its effectiveness in inhibiting the relapse. Method: An experimental laboratory study was conducted on 18 guinea pigs, which were divided into three groups: I (control), II (emulgel without risedronate), and III (emulgel with risedronate). The teeth were moved with open coil springs on both lower incisors for seven days, stabilized for seven days, and emulgel applied in groups II and III. The coil spring was removed, and the distance between the two incisors was measured on the third and seventh days. Result: Using One-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc LSD, the data analysis results showed significant differences between the control and the risedronate emulgel groups on the third and seventh days. The largest relapse occurred in the control group, while the smallest was in the emulgel group with risedronate. Conclusion: These results indicate that risedronate bisphosphonate in the form of emulgel influences inhibiting the movement of tooth relapse
Track layouts of graphs

Graph drawing problems originate from diverse application domains. In some, such as software engineering and cartography, graphs are required to be visualized or drawn in ways that are easy to read and understand. In others, such as VLSI design, graphs are required to be laid out while satisfying some physical constraint. For example, when a drawing is to be displayed on a page or a computer screen, or is to be used for VLSI design, it is important to keep its area/volume small to avoid wasting space. More often than not however, the idea of a good drawing, regardless of its purpose, coincides with having no edge crossings or having very few crossings. Unfortunately, whichever of the numerous drawing styles one considers, a problem requiring a crossing minimization of sorts will, almost certainly, be NP -hard. The theory of fixed parameter tractability (FPT) provides a new and promising approach for coping with intractable problems. In the first part of this thesis we apply algorithmic techniques developed in this theory to well-known graph drawing problems. In particular, we contribute efficient FPT algorithms for crossing minimization and planarization problems concerning the 2-layer drawing style. In the second part of this thesis we introduce and comprehensively study so-called track layouts of graphs and their subdivisions. A relationship between this combinatorial structure and several well-known types of graph layouts is established, leading to a number of new results. For example, our study of track layouts of bounded treewidth graphs settles an open problem due to Ganley and Heath (2001) regarding queue layouts of such graphs. Moreover, the study also establishes that graphs of bounded treewidth have three-dimensional straight-line grid drawings with linear volume. Through the study of track layouts of subdivisions, we determine that every graph with n vertices and m edges has a three-dimensional polyline grid drawing with the vertices on a rectangular prism, O (n + m log n) volume and O (log n) bends per edge.
Color image guided depth image super resolution using fusion filter

Depth cameras are currently playing an important role in many areas. However, most of them can only obtain lowresolution (LR) depth images. Color cameras can easily provide high-resolution (HR) color images. Using color image as a guide image is an efficient way to get a HR depth image. In this paper, we propose a depth image super resolution (SR) algorithm, which uses a HR color image as a guide image and a LR depth image as input. We use the fusion filter of guided filter and edge based joint bilateral filter to get HR depth image. Our experimental results on Middlebury 2005 datasets show that our method can provide better quality in HR depth images both numerically and visually.
Potential of Voronoi Diagram for the Conserved Remapping of Precipitation

This study considers a remapping algorithm between irregularly distributed observations and grid points based on Voronoi diagrams and examines its potential for verification of precipitation forecasts. We propose a new remapping method using Voronoi diagrams to apply conservative area-weighted remapping on grid data to station points, describing a representative area for each station point. Conservative remapping is applied to interpolate daily precipitation data between grid and station points over South Korea. The proposed method shows significant differences from bilinear interpolation, which has been widely used in modeling communities, for local maximum and mean in a given domain. It is also shown that different interpolation methods have an impact on verification results of precipitation forecast from a numerical weather prediction model against station observations. It is suggested that the proposed method has potential to be used for verifying precipitation forecasts at in situ observation points, with its conservativeness and capability to be applied in any remapping direction between grids and stations.
Expert Gate : Lifelong Learning with a Network of Experts ( Supplementary Materials ) 1 Comparison of different autoencoder design choices

For all the different alternatives, we use the adaptive gradient in the training of the autoencoder. Table 1 shows the classification accuracy for the task labeling problem achieved by each of the different choices and our Expert Gate autoencoder. It can be noticed that the linear gate (Linear Autoencoder) fails to recognize the examples from the Flowers dataset – the linearly learned subspace might not be different from the subspace learned for Birds (due to the visual similarity). There is a slight relative improvement between the gate with the standardization (ReLU activation function and Sigmoid activation function) and without (No standardization). A small improvement can also be seen when using ReLU over the sigmoid activation function. Lastly, our design choice along with finetuning after the autoencoder learned on ImageNet achieves the highest accuracy in recognizing the three different tasks.
Assessing Critical Thinking Skills: A Diagnosis of Elementary Students Evaluación de las destrezas del pensamiento crítico: Un diagnóstico de los estudiantes de primaria

Critical thinking (CT) is a central aim of the 21st century education, although its research lacks consensus, has been unequal and lacking in primary evaluation issues and primary education. These weaknesses justify the aim of this study: evaluating primary students’ mastery of CT skills. The quantitative methodology diagnoses six CT skills (prediction, logical reasoning, comparison, classification, deci - sion-making, and problem-solving) through a 48-item test, which 655 sixth-graders completed. The students display an average global mastery of the CT items and skills, and the test’s and skill scores’ standardization are also presented. The comparison of boys and girls shows that girls perform better than boys on most test items. The diagnoses suggest an intermediate mastery of CT skills in students, where girls widely outperform boys, and also propose some educational implications.
Subwavelength interference of light on structured surfaces

This paper presents a review of the subwavelength interference effects of light in structured surfaces. Starting from the anomalous interference in simple structures such as double nanoslits, thin films, and catenary apertures, the theories and applications of light–matter interaction in layered, periodic, and aperiodic subwavelength structures are discussed. Two basic platforms, i.e., Young’s double slits and the Fabry–Perot cavity, are used as prototypes for the investigation of the complex interference of surface waves. It is shown that these novel phenomena could dramatically reduce the characteristic lengths of functional devices and increase the resolution of optical imaging. By engineering the dispersion of surface waves, broadband responses beyond traditional limits in both temporal and spatial regimes have been demonstrated. As a final remark, the current challenges and future trends of subwavelength interference engineering are addressed.
Erim Report Series Research in Management the Effectiveness of Different Mechanisms for Integrating Marketing and R & D Bibliographic Data and Classifications

The integration of marketing and R&D is a major concern for companies that want to improve their new product performance (NPP). In order to integrate, companies are using mechanisms such as physical proximity, cross-functional teams, and job rotation. This study examines the relative effectiveness of these mechanisms by developing a model that distinguishes between indirect effects of mechanisms on NPP (i.e., through a higher level of integration) and direct effects. The model is tested with data collected from 148 pharmaceutical companies. By simultaneously studying a broad range of integrating mechanisms, we found that housing marketing and R&D closer to each other and using an influential cross-functional phase review board are highly effective mechanisms to increase integration. Using information and communication technology (ICT) more intensively, having equal remuneration and career opportunities for marketing and R&D and using more cross functional teams are also effective in producing more integration, although to a somewhat lesser extent. The effectiveness of personnel movement and informal social group events is rather low. Interestingly, ICT appears to be a very effective tool for enhancing NPP. ICT not only fosters integration, but in addition it has an independent direct positive effect on NPP, possibly through knowledge creation within marketing and R&D. We also found a direct effect on NPP of another mechanism: cross functional phase review boards. However, for this mechanism the direct effect is negative. So, notwithstanding its strong positive effect on integration, a price is paid in terms of NPP. This may be related to the amount of formalization and complexity accompanying this mechanism.
FIRST SEASON QUaD CMB TEMPERATURE AND POLARIZATION POWER SPECTRA

QUaD is a bolometric CMB polarimeter sited at the South Pole, operating at frequencies of 100 and 150 GHz. In this paper we report preliminary results from the first season of operation (austral winter 2005). All six CMB power spectra are presented derived as cross spectra between the 100 and 150 GHz maps using 67 days of observation in a low foreground region of approximately 60 deg. These data are a small fraction of the data acquired to date. The measured spectra are consistent with the CDM cosmological model. We perform jackknife tests that indicate that the observed signal has negligible contamination from instrumental systematics. In addition, by using a frequency jackknife we find no evidence for foreground contamination. Subject headinggs: polarization