Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Current Trends in Automated Test Case Generation

The testing is an integral part of the software development. At the same time, the manual creation of individu-al test cases is a lengthy and error-prone process. Hence, an intensive research on automated test generation methods is ongoing for more than twenty years. There are many vastly dif-ferent approaches, which can be considered automated test case generation. However, a common feature is the generation of the data for the test cases. Ultimately, the test data decide the prog-ram branching and can be used on any testing level, starting with the unit tests and ending with the tests focused on the behavior of the entire application. The test data are also mostly independent on any specific technology, such as programming language or paradigm. This paper is a survey of existing literature of the last two decades that deals with test data generation or with tests based on it. This survey is not a systematic literature review and it does not try to answer specific scientific questions formulated in advance. Its purpose is to map and categorize the existing methods and to summarize their common features. Such a survey can be helpful for any teams developing their methods for test data generation as it can be a starting point for the exploration of related work.
Home range characteristics of the Australian brushtail possum in New Zealand: Is density a driver?

of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Home Range Characteristics of the Australian Brushtail Possum in New Zealand: Is Density a Driver? by Belinda Isobel Whyte There is conflicting research regarding whether density is a driver of the home range characteristics of the Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). This species transmits bovine tuberculosis (bTB) to livestock in New Zealand. Therefore, variations in movement patterns between populations of different densities, or changes in movement patterns due to density reduction (i.e., pest control), may result in variations or changes in bTB transmission risk. The first objective of this study was to investigate whether the home range characteristics of possums varied between two low-density populations within pine (Pinus radiata) habitat, and one high-density population within oak (Quercus robur) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) habitat, using GPS and VHF-tracking. Possum home range characteristics did not vary between the two low-density populations. However, these possums displayed considerably larger home range sizes and home range overlap with conspecifics than those in the high-density population. In addition, the low-density populations used more dens and changed these more often. Across all sites, there were generally no intersexual differences in home range characteristics. The second objective of this study was to test whether possums change their home range characteristics (i.e., exhibit spatial perturbation) in response to density reduction. Experimental density reductions were undertaken at the high-density site and one of the low-density sites. Comparisons of the home range characteristics of the same possums before and after reduction were then compared, using GPS and VHF-tracking. Density reduction was not carried out at the second low-density site, but movement patterns were still monitored. Possums displayed spatial perturbation at the high-density manipulated site by increasing their home range size and overlap following density reduction. Females at this site also increased the number of dens they used and changed their dens more often. There were no other intersexual differences in the occurrence or magnitude of perturbation at this site. In contrast, possums at the two lowdensity sites did not change their home range characteristics, as density at these sites remained constant between the pre-and-post monitoring periods, even though a number of individuals
Investigating the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Early Response to Inflammation and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells

Helicobacter pylori is a leading cause of chronic gastric inflammation, generally associated with gastritis and adenocarcinoma. Activation of the NF-κB pathway mainly contributes to the inflammatory phenotype observed in H. pylori infection in humans and experimental models. Since the gastric epithelium undergoes rapid turnover, inflammation and pathogenicity of H. pylori result from early phase and chronically activated pathways. In the present study we investigated the early host response to H. pylori in non-tumoral human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). To dissect the pathogen-specific mechanisms we also examined the response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a prototypical cytokine. By analyzing the activation state of NF-κB signaling, cytokine expression and secretion, and the transcriptome, we found that the inflammatory response of GES-1 cells to H. pylori and TNF results from activation of multiple pathways and transcription factors, e.g., NF-κB and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (CEBPs). By comparing the transcriptomic profiles, we found that H. pylori infection induces a less potent inflammatory response than TNF but affects gene transcription to a greater extent by specifically inducing transcription factors such as CEBPβ and numerous zinc finger proteins. Our study provides insights on the cellular pathways modulated by H. pylori in non-tumoral human gastric cells unveiling new potential targets.
Two-Dimensional Following Lane-Changing (2DF-LC): A Framework for Dynamic Decision-Making and Rapid Behavior Planning

Lane changes require dynamic decision-making and rapid behavior planning, which are challenging for traffic modeling. We propose a two-dimensional following lane-changing framework (2DF-LC) that exploits the benefits of car-following (CF) models for computational efficiency, collision avoidance, and human-like behavior. This framework uses a sigmoid-based intelligent driver model (SIDM) with both longitudinal and lateral following. To avoid excessive acceleration at start-up, we develop an SIDM that ensures a smooth start-up. In the longitudinal plane, we introduce a transition function to create a double-target car-following model (DT-SIDM) that can handle sudden acceleration changes due to target switching, thereby guaranteeing stable longitudinal motion and dynamic collision avoidance. In the lateral plane, we develop a lateral movement car-following model (LM-SIDM) inspired by a social force model. The LM-SIDM defines both lane and gap forces, resulting in effective lateral motion and collision avoidance during lane changes. Simulations and tests in three typical scenarios show that 2DF-LC has high computational efficiency: it completes calculations within milliseconds. Compared with the widely used hierarchical motion planning system (HMPS) and integrated model and learning combined algorithm (IMLC) methods, 2DF-LC based on real trajectories reduces the errors by 49.5% and 16.1%, respectively, and achieves a 28.63% lower time-integrated anticipated collision time (TI-ACT) than the original trajectories, indicating improved safety. Moreover, 2DF-LC produces a smooth acceleration curve, with an average jerk value of 0.358 m/s3. The lane-change trajectory generated by 2DF-LC can also be followed and executed effectively in CarSim tests.
The role of tectonism in sequence development and facies distribution of Upper Oligocene cool‐water carbonates: Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand

The Torehina Formation is part of a cool‐water carbonate succession of Oligocene age in New Zealand that crops out on the Coromandel Peninsula, North Island. It contains two major transgressive sequences that record successive onlap of a once emergent landmass. The first sequence records marine flooding of non‐marine to marginal marine fan delta/estuarine facies, followed by deepening upward and formation of a low‐energy, deep (100+ m) muddy carbonate ramp. The capping sequence boundary is characterized by differential uplift and varies considerably in its character over a small (9 km2) area, varying from a burrowed glauconitic firmground to an erosional hardground to an undulatory marine contact to a palaeokarst with < 25 m relief. Sequence 2 sediments, which overlie the palaeokarst with minor (< 10°) angular unconformity, are clayey, marine (offshore) siltstones, whereas open‐marine limestones of equivalent age overlie the other boundary types with no apparent angular discordance. The siliciclastics could either represent lowstand channel deposits or may define interbank deposits contemporary with adjacent carbonates. Palaeogeographic restriction of palaeokarst and sequence 2 siliciclastics identifies a structural corridor oriented strike‐parallel to the adjacent Harauki Graben, which began to develop by this time. Palaeogeographical differences in the character of the basal limestone facies of sequence 2 also occur. These differences identify variation in accommodation during initial stages of deposition imposed by previous differential movement of fault blocks. As a result, relatively warm‐water (20 °C) Amphistegina‐bearing limestones in one area contrast with co‐existing deeper water, silty foraminiferal (benthic > planktic), echinoderm and bivalve limestones in another. This variation disappears upsection, which suggests that initial bathymetric differences were eliminated with renewed rise in sea level, yielding deeper water inner‐shelf sediment facies followed by the accumulation of still deeper, but higher energy, outer‐shelf bivalve and bryozoan facies. The sequence architecture of the Torehina Formation is controlled by tectonism, both long‐term subsidence and short‐term differential uplift. This arose as a result of increasing tectonic activity throughout proto‐New Zealand during the Late Oligocene. In such a system, local and regional variation in tectonism among adjacent basins can impose subtle to marked differences in the timing of sequence boundaries and the character of basin‐fill patterns.
HI-MViT: A lightweight model for explainable skin disease classification based on modified MobileViT

Objective To develop an explainable lightweight skin disease high-precision classification model that can be deployed to the mobile terminal. Methods In this study, we present HI-MViT, a lightweight network for explainable skin disease classification based on Modified MobileViT. HI-MViT is mainly composed of ordinary convolution, Improved-MV2, MobileViT block, global pooling, and fully connected layers. Improved-MV2 uses the combination of shortcut and depth classifiable convolution to substantially decrease the amount of computation while ensuring the efficient implementation of information interaction and memory. The MobileViT block can efficiently encode local and global information. In addition, semantic feature dimensionality reduction visualization and class activation mapping visualization methods are used for HI-MViT to further understand the attention area of the model when learning skin lesion images. Results The International Skin Imaging Collaboration has assembled and made available the ISIC series dataset. Experiments using the HI-MViT model on the ISIC-2018 dataset achieved scores of 0.931, 0.932, 0.961, and 0.977 on F1-Score, Accuracy, Average Precision (AP), and area under the curve (AUC). Compared with the top five algorithms of ISIC-2018 Task 3, Marco's average F1-Score, AP, and AUC have increased by 6.9%, 6.8%, and 0.8% compared with the suboptimal performance model. Compared with ConvNeXt, the most competitive convolutional neural network architecture, our model is 5.0%, 3.4%, 2.3%, and 2.2% higher in F1-Score, Accuracy, AP, and AUC, respectively. The experiments on the ISIC-2017 dataset also achieved excellent results, and all indicators were better than the top five algorithms of ISIC-2017 Task 3. Using the trained model to test on the PH2 dataset, an excellent performance score is obtained, which shows that it has good generalization performance. Conclusions The skin disease classification model HI-MViT proposed in this article shows excellent classification performance and generalization performance in experiments. It demonstrates how the classification outcomes can be applied to dermatologists’ computer-assisted diagnostics, enabling medical professionals to classify various dermoscopic images more rapidly and reliably.
Sustainable mobility in Europe: Problems in defining and implementing an operational measure

Transport policy in Europe, both at the European Union level and the national level, has been dominated by the concept of sustainable mobility. This concept is rarely adequately defined, and even more rarely is an operational measure of the concept identified. We know that sustainable mobility is an attempt to relate both the environmental damage and other negative externalities associated with transport, on the one hand, and the positive benefits linked to the role played by an efficient transport system in sustaining and enhancing a given level of activity and its growth in the economy as a whole, on the other hand, to the mobility of both individuals and goods. Sustainability in any system implies that the system is capable of maintaining itself in the long term so that current levels of activity do not damage future prospects. These concepts are well known and broadly accepted, what has proved more difficult is the definition of operational measures in the context of a fully worked through model linking transport, the economy and the environment. This paper attempts to provide such a framework. It argues that sustainability can only be understood in a model which is explicitly spatial, since the distribution of economic activity and of the externalities associated with transport are a key element in the definition of sustainability. The paper provides a framework which synthesises recent work in the new economic geography, in the economics of transport infrastructure and the environmental effects of transport as the basis for a definition of a set of indicators which can be used as tests of the sustainability of transport policy measures.
The Mentawai fault zone and deformation of the Sumatran Forearc in the Nias area

Abstract The Sumatran Forearc is the site of oblique plate convergence between the Indo-Australian and SE Asian-Eurasian Plates. It is generally accepted that the forearc sliver is not behaving as a rigid plate and that the rate of slip increases along the right-lateral Sumatran Fault System from southeast to northwest. Two contrasting hypotheses have been invoked to explain this pattern of decoupling: by using slip vectors to suggest arc-parallel stretching; and a second major right-lateral strike slip zone, parallel to the Sumatran Fault System, to accommodate the oblique subduction. This zone, termed the Mentawai fault zone, lies just to the east of the outer-arc ridge and is indicated as intersecting with other faults on Nias Island. In this paper data are presented from Nias where a thick forearc succession is excellently exposed in three subbasins with half-graben geometries and broadly comparable Palaeogene-Recent histories. Mud diapirism has generated melanges which cut the Oligocene to Recent strata. Outcrop data, LANDSAT, Synthetic Aperture Radar and aerial photographs were used to determine fault offset patterns, and marked extension of the island along north-striking right lateral faults and ESE striking left-lateral faults is revealed. Extension was further accommodated along a set of ENE striking normal faults. In the region where the proposed Mentawai fault zone comes onto Nias there is an important, long-lived, basin-bounding fault. This structure had in excess of 5 km normal throw during the Oligocene-Miocene whilst minor contractional reactivation of the fault occurred during the Pliocene phase of uplift and deformation which affected all of Nias. Data from onshore and offshore the Nias region suggest that all the features visible from seismic sections collected over the Mentawai fault zone to the south of Nias can be explained in terms of inversion of originally extensional structures and mud diapirism. It is suggested that strike-slip motion is of limited importance along the 600 km long Mentawai fault zone. Rather this highly structured zone represents a deformation front whose origin can be explained by Pliocene to Recent subduction-driven inversion at the outer margin of the forearc.
Medios ciudadanos y big data: La emergencia del activismo de datos

Los big data representan nuevos retos y nuevas oportunidades para la ciudadania. Las practicas del “activismo de datos” surgen de la interseccion de las dimensiones social y tecnologica de la accion humana, por la cual la ciudadania adopta una postura critica hacia los big data, que se apropia y manipula para hacer campana y promover el cambio social. Este articulo teorico explora el surgimiento del activismo de datos como una realidad empirica y una herramienta heuristica para estudiar como la gente se relaciona politicamente con los big data. Ponemos en contexto este concepto a traves de una revision de literatura academica y ofrecemos una definicion del activismo de datos, asi como una agenda tentativa para su estudio. Argumentamos que el activismo de datos representa una nueva forma de medio ciudadano que coloca en su mismo centro una aproximacion critica hacia los big data.
Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) carbon isotope stratigraphy of terrestrial organic matter for the Yezo Group, Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract Carbon isotope fluctuations of sedimentary organic matter along the two geological traverses in the Yezo Group, Hokkaido, northern Japan, elucidate a detailed chemostratigraphy for the Cenomanian Stage on the northwestern Pacific margin. Visual characterization of the kerogen from mudstone samples shows that the major constituents of sedimentary organic matter originated as terrestrial higher plants. The atomic hydrogen/carbon ratios of the kerogen suggest that the original δ13C values of terrestrial organic matter (TOM) have not been affected significantly by thermal diagenesis. The patterns in two δ13CTOM curves are similar and independent of changes in lithology and total organic carbon contents, which suggests that TOM was mixed sufficiently before the deposition in the Yezo forearc basin for the δ13C composition having been homogenized. In addition, this implies that the Hokkaido δ13CTOM profiles represent the averaged temporal δ13C variations of terrestrial higher‐plant vegetation in the hinterlands of northeast Asia during Cenomanian time. Three shorter‐term (ca. 0.1 my duration) positive‐and‐negative δ13CTOM fluctuations of ∼1‰ are present in the Lower to Middle Cenomanian interval in the Yezo Group. On the basis of the age‐diagnostic taxa (ammonoids, inoceramids and planktic foraminifers), these discrete δ13CTOM events are interpreted to be correlated with those in the δ13C curves of pelagic carbonates from European basins. The correlation of δ13C events between the European and Yezo Group sections suggests that the shorter‐term δ13C fluctuations in Cenomanian ocean‐atmosphere carbon reservoirs are useful for global chemostratigraphic correlation of marine strata. In particular, the correlation of δ13C fluctuations of the so‐called ‘Mid‐Cenomanian event’ (MCE) implies: (i) the δ13C variations of global carbon reservoir during the MCE are precisely recorded in the δ13CTOM records; and (ii) the MCE δ13CTOM event is an efficient chronostratigraphic index for the Lower/Middle Cenomanian boundary of the Mid‐Cretaceous sequences.
Sulfur isotope fractionations in biological systems: insight into the Proterozoic biosphere

Title of Document: SULFUR ISOTOPE FRACTIONATIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: INSIGHT INTO THE PROTEROZOIC BIOSPHERE David T. Johnston, Ph.D. 2007 Directed By: Professor J. Farquhar, Department of Geology and ESSIC This study focuses on developing a framework for interpreting isotopic fractionations in the four stable sulfur isotopes, with a special focus on microbial effects. Calculations of low temperature equilibrium fractionations between various sulfur species were performed and suggest a tightly constrained fractionation relationship between the isotopes. This work was followed by conducting a series of batch culture experiments with two prominent sulfur metabolisms: sulfate reduction and sulfur disproportionation. The results of these experiments illustrate that measurable deviations from the equilibrium predictions exist, and further serve to highlight the ability of these measurements to differentiate between fractionations produced by these two metabolisms. This is a distinction not possible from traditional isotope measurements alone (S/S). In addition, models constructed to describe these observations provide insight into the intra-workings of these metabolic pathways, with the most recent experiments suggesting that the traditionally accepted model for isotope fractionation produced by sulfate reducers be re-evaluated. The microbial fractionations were also used to calibrate global sulfur cycle box models. These models have been coupled with the measurement of natural samples to illustrate the onset of microbial disproportionation ~800 million years earlier in Earth history than previously thought and to describe the sulfur cycle of three Proterozoic marine basins. SULFUR ISOTOPE FRACTIONATIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: INSIGHT INTO THE PROTEROZOIC BIOSPHERE
A Next-generation down conversion mixer design using Schottky diode to improve performance for WSN

: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are expected to evolve significantly in the future.Wireless sensor networks typically operate at low radio frequencies and include 2.4 GHz, 868 MHz, and 433 MHz. In the future, networks are likely to use larges radio frequencies in mili meter wave because they o ff er more bandwidth and speed. The high bandwidth and low latency of future generation networks will enable WSNs to transmit large amounts of data quickly and reliably. Mixer applications can help to improve the e ffi ciency and reliability of data transmission in WSNs, especially in situations where there are many nodes transmitting data simultaneously. When the frequency is high, a WSN mixer may have trouble with integration and linearity, and it will need more power.In this research, a down-conversion Gilbert cell mixer that uses a Schottky diode and a BALUN is suggested as a way to enhance the e ffi ciency of mixer in WSN. The input frequency of the mixer is 122.5GHz, and the LO signal frequency is 120.1GHz. This mixer simulation was done with ADS 130 nm RF-CMOS. This mixer changes RF signals from 122.5 GHz to 2.4 GHz using Schottky diodes and baluns to improve RF-LO isolation (70dB), noise figure (11.0dB), and conversion gain (7.9dB). The purposed CMOS mixer possesses a 1-dB compression point in the RF bandwidth of -6.0 dBm and an IF output power of -4.9 dBm.
El yacimiento de vertebrados del Pleistoceno inferior de Crespia (Girona, NE de la Península Ibérica)

Se describe el yacimiento de vertebrados de los depositos lacustres que afectan a la formacion Incarcal, en las cercanias de Crespia. Se da una lista faunistica provisional y se describen y discuten los materiales de pachycrocuta brevirostris (Aymard) hallados en esta localidad. Este yacimiento de vertebrados constituye un eslabon importante en el conocimiento del Pleistoceno Inferior ya que juntamente con la informacion aportada por los estudios de Villalta y Vicente (1972) y Roiron (1983) sobre la macroflora infrayancente constituye una de las secuencias mas completas del NE peninsular.