Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breach flow slides

The stability of subaqueous slopes is often studied to determine the probability of failure of hydraulic structures. Slope failures have been widely studied to increase the understanding of this complex failure mechanism. However, after a failure it is often hard to figure out the type of failure mechanism: static liquefaction or breach flow. Densely packed soil show dilatant behavior when its subjected to shear, and therefore its stability is temporarily guaranteed. The slope gradual loses grains, which may initiate turbidity currents. This current can be accelerated over the entire slope, until far downstream the flow decelerates (decreased gravitational force and the bed friction) and settles eventually. 1D-equations are derived from conservation of mass and momentum along slopes, which results in an adaptation with respect to the equations of Mastbergen (2013) in the model HMBreach, namely the system is extended to non-stationary conditions. The 1D equations are the framework of the numerical model: BreachFlow. A first order upwind scheme is applied and the transition equations from Eke, Viparelli, & Parker (2011) form the boundary at the breach. This boundary provides initial conditions of thickness, velocity and density and are based on breach height, like in HMBreach and therefore change when the breach retrogrades in time. Due to the chosen numerical scheme hydraulic jumps cause errors when super critical flows decelerate and become sub-critical. Therefore, sedimentation cannot be modelled and the final slope is not found. However, several time steps at the toe of the breach can be modelled and provide information about the development of the breach height, which is important for the initial condition at the first grid point. In conclusion, with BreachFlow is not yet possible to model the entire final slope, when the breach height reduces to zero. However, it is compared to HMBreach/HMTurb and Retrobreach a promising model, which is easy to adapt to different parameters (including profile) and more accurate regarding the calculation of three variables instead of one (transport of sand). Future work should be based on the implementation of a higher order explicit scheme or even an implicit scheme, in order to model the sedimentation. Then the model can be compared to several case studies including tidal flat of Walsoorden (Van den Ham et al, 2015) in order gain insight what type of mechanism occurred and what parameters correspond to the final slope and retrogressive length.
[Arg6, D-Trp7,9, NmePhe8]-substance P (6–11) (antagonist G) inducesP-1 transcription and sensitizes cells to chemotherapy

[Arg6, D-Trp7,9, NmePhe8]-substance P (6–11) (antagonist G) inhibits small cell lung cancer (SCLC) growth and is entering Phase II clinical investigation for the treatment of SCLC. As well as acting as a neuropeptide receptor antagonist, antagonist G stimulates c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity and apoptosis in SCLC cells. We extend these findings and show that the stimulation of JNK and apoptosis by antagonist G is dependent upon the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) being inhibited either by anoxia or the presence of N-acetyl cysteine (n-AC). Antagonist G is not intrinsically a free radical oxygen donor but stimulates free radical generation specifically within SCLC cells (6.2-fold) and increases the activity of the redox-sensitive transcription factor AP-1 by 61%. In keeping with this, antagonist G reduces cellular glutathione (GSH) levels (38% reduction) and stimulates ceramide production and lipid peroxidation (112% increase). At plasma concentrations achieved clinically in the phase I studies, antagonist G augments, more than additively, growth inhibition induced by etoposide. Our results suggest that antagonist G may be particularly effective as an additional treatment with standard chemotherapy in SCLC. These novel findings will be important for the clinical application of this new and exciting compound and for the future drug development of new agents to treat this aggressive cancer. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
Cool City Design: Integrating Real-Time Urban Canyon Assessment into the Design Process for Chinese and Australian Cities

Many cities are undergoing rapid urbanisation and intensification with the unintended consequence of creating dense urban fabric with deep ‘urban canyons’. Urban densification can trap longwave radiation impacting on local atmospheric conditions, contributing to the phenomena known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI). As global temperatures are predicted to increase, there is a critical need to better understand urban form and heat retention in cities and integrate analysis tools into the design decision making process to design cooler cities. This paper describes the application and validation of a novel three-dimensional urban canyon modelling approach calculating Sky View Factor (SVF), one important indicator used in the prediction of UHI. Our modified daylighting system based approach within a design modelling environment allows iterative design decision making informed by SVF on an urban design scale. This approach is tested on urban fabric samples from cities in both Australia and China. The new approach extends the applicability in the design process of existing methods by providing ‘real-time’ SVF feedback for complex three-dimensional urban scenarios. The modelling approach enables city designers to mix intuitive compositional design modelling with dynamic canyon feedback. The approach allows a greater understanding of existing and proposed urban forms and identifying potential canyon problem areas, improved decision making and design advocacy, and can potentially have an impact on cities’ temperature.
High-Performance Conductometric Acetone Gas Sensor Based on Co3O4/ZnO Nanorods With Abundant Oxygen Vacancies

Acetone exhibits flammability, explosiveness, and toxicity, rendering it a multifaceted hazard. Moreover, acetone serves as a vital biomarker for diabetes. Consequently, the demand for low-concentration acetone gas detection sensors is increasingly pressing in numerous sectors, including industrial processes and medical applications. In this study, we report a novel sensor based on Co3O4/ZnO nanorods and investigate the influence of Co doping-induced oxygen vacancies and the presence of Co3O4 on the sensing properties. The sensor was prepared through a simple one-step hydrothermal method and named Co/ZnONRs. The morphology, composition, and oxygen vacancy defects of the Co/ZnONRs were characterized using various techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Characterization and gas sensing test results have demonstrated that the 1-Co/ZnONRs sensor outperformed previously reported designs, exhibiting high response values, short response times, good selectivity, and low detection limits toward acetone. Specifically, at 250 °C, the sensor demonstrated a response value of 833.33 toward 100-ppm acetone, which is an increase of ten times compared to the response value of ZnONRs, while the optimal operating temperature decreased by 50 °C, and the detection limit was as low as 100 ppb. The improved sensor performance is attributed to several factors such as changes in resistance caused by active sites generated by Co doping ZnO to form oxygen vacancies, the Co3O4/ZnO heterojunction, the high specific surface area of Co/ZnONRs, and the unique catalytic activity of Co3O4. These findings demonstrate the potential of our innovative design to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of gas sensors used in industrial processes and medical diagnoses.
Hydrology in a Mediterranean mountain environment - the Vallcebre research basins (northeastern Spain). I. 20 years of investigation of hydrological dynamics

Investigations started 20 years ago in the Vallcebre research basins with the objective of better understanding the hydrological functioning of Mediterranean mountain basins. The Vallcebre basins are located in a Mediterranean mountain area of the Pyrenean ranges (northeastern Spain). Average annual precipitation is 862 ± 206 mm and potential evapotranspiration is 823 ± 26 mm. Climate is highly seasonal, leading to periods with water deficit in summer and, on occasion, in winter. Hydrological research in the basins is related to rainfall interception, evapotranspiration, soil moisture spatio-temporal dynamics, runoff response and runoff processes, suspended sediment dynamics and model application at both the plot and basin scales. Findings obtained over the last two decades have shown that, due to their intermediate position between drier and wetter climatic areas, the Vallcebre basins have a particular hydrological dynamic, which is specific to Mediterranean mountain areas.
Nighttime Vehicle Detection Algorithm Based on Improved Faster-RCNN

Vehicle detection is important for the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which has made great strides in recent years. However, at night, vehicle detection faces many difficulties such as low illumination, street lights, and the appearances vehicle headlights, etc. In order to solve these problems, we propose an improved nighttime vehicle detection algorithm based on Faster R-CNN. Firstly, we combine the Deformable Convolutional Network with Faster R-CNN to improve the detection accuracy features of night vehicles of different sizes and shapes. Secondly, to improve the prediction accuracy of bounding box position information, we adopt Side-Aware Boundary Localization to replace the traditional bounding box prediction. It can further obtain more accurate position information. At the same time, aiming at the imbalance of samples in the training process, we use Oline Hard Example Mining(OHEM) to train samples with a high probability of error to improve the learning effect of a few classes; and to improve the accuracy of night vehicle detection. In addition, we use Soft Non-Maximum Suppression(Soft-NMS) to reduce the number of missed vehicles. The improved algorithm efficiently improves the night vehicle detection accuracy and reduces the model complexity. Furthermore, we verify the effectiveness of each innovation module through ablation experiments and comparison experiments. Finally, the advantages of the improved model in terms of nighttime vehicle detection accuracy are verified by experimenting on the open-source intelligent traffic dataset UA-DETRAC and the open-source diverse automated driving dataset BDD100K.
Effectiveness of Novel Sympathetic Nerve Entrapment Point Injections for Chronic Migraine: A Pilot Study

No studies to date have investigated the ability of sympathetic nerve entrapment point saline (SNEP) injections to achieve long-term pain relief in patients with migraine. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the safety and long-term efficacy of repeat splenius capitis (SC) SNEP injections in patients with migraine (with/without tension-type headache). This retrospective, single-arm study included 12 patients with migraine. Isotonic saline was injected into their SC approximately six times for 3 months. Headache frequency, duration (hour/week), intensity (using the visual analog scale), and quality of life (using the Headache Impact Test-6) were assessed during the follow-up visits for up to 24 months after the first injection. Changes before and after treatment were assessed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Significant reductions in headache frequency, duration, and intensity were observed at all assessment points after SNEP injections when compared with the baseline values (p < 0.05), while the patients’ headache-related quality of life also improved. Treatment was continued for up to 3 months to maintain these improvements, and no worsening of status or adverse effects were observed in any of the patients over the following 24 months. Our results show that SNEP injections may offer persistent, substantial, and clinically relevant benefits in patients with migraine.
Pretreatment Non-Invasive Biomarkers as Predictors to Estimate Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis (PVTT) Risk and Long-Term Survival in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Without PVTT

Background PVTT is a hallmark of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aim to explore the influence of non-invasive biomarkers on the occurrence of PVTT and develop and validate models for predicting prognosis in HBV-related HCC patients without PVTT. Methods A total of 1026 HBV-related HCC patients without PVTT were enrolled, with 515 in the training cohort, 216 in the internal validation cohort, and 295 in the external validation cohort. We conducted Cox regression analyses to discern the independent risk factors associated with PVTT events, PFS, and OS, then constructed and validated predictive models. The predictive and discriminatory capabilities of models were assessed using the calibration, time-dependent ROC, and DCA curves. Results In our study, 136 patients (13.3%) experienced PVTT events during the follow-up period. The Cox regression analysis unveiled that male gender, AAPR ≤0.49, APRI >0.48, extrahepatic metastasis, and multiple tumors were independent risk factors for PVTT. In the training cohort, non-invasive biomarkers (AAR and APRI), AFP, ascites, and tumor-related characteristics (extrahepatic metastasis, tumor diameter, tumor number, and PVTT event) were independent risk factors for both OS and PFS, whereas age and ALBI grade independently correlated with OS. The C-indexes of OS and PFS nomogram models were 0.795 and 0.733 in the training cohort, 0.765 and 0.716 in the internal validation cohort, and 0.780 and 0.722 in the external validation cohort, respectively. Our models demonstrated strong predictive and discriminative abilities in all cohorts and yielded a greater net benefit compared to three traditional staging systems. Conclusion Non-invasive biomarkers are expected to be reliable predictors for assessing PVTT risk and predicting prognosis among HBV-related HCC patients without PVTT.
Sensitivity of OGGM´s calving parameterization to variations in calving front width

The Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) may be the first computer model able to simulate glacier dynamics on a global scale, making it a potentially invaluable tool for environmental managers and scientists. In its current stage of development, all glaciers fed through the model are automatically treated as land-terminating, meaning that OGGM ignores all mass loss due to the calving of water-terminating glaciers. Initial attempts to implement a calving mechanism have yielded unrealistically high calving flux and glacier volume output. This study examines the potential of refined calving front measurements to lower this output. 80 calving fronts were manually delineated using ArcticDEM, a database of high-resolution Arctic and Subarctic elevation data, and their widths were used to test the sensitivity of OGGM’s calving flux and glacier volume output to variations in width input. Findings indicated that OGGM’s calving mechanism returns calving flux and volume output which vary negatively with width input in a predictable and uniform way. Because manuallydelineated calving fronts were found to be longer, on average, than the default values used by OGGM, output resulting from manual data tended to be smaller, as hoped. However, because of the high rate at which output increases with decreasing calving front width, the relatively few glaciers for which manual width values are smaller than the default values (for example, in glaciers whose termini only partially calve) may still result in an overall increase in calving flux and glacier volume.
Solar-cycle modulations of ENSO: a possible source of climatic change

An association between long-term changes in the solar cycle and the frequency of El Nino events has been identified in historical records of El Nino and sunspot number. Although no known mechanism can explain the apparent relationship, the association is strong. A possible coupling between the sun and the ocean's mixed layer, involving ENSO, is worthy of further study.
Decentralized Cooperative Caching and Offloading for Virtual Reality Task Based on GAN-Powered Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

As a critical and prevalent service in future mobile networks, virtual reality (VR) is latency-sensitive and power-hungry, bringing out the optimization problem of trade-off among power saving, delay, and resource utilization. Content caching and render offloading are deemed as promising solutions to meet the stringent requirements of VR on data transmission speed and end-to-end latency. In this article, we propose a novel distributed computing framework based on multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (MADDPG) for joint optimizing terminal-cooperative caching and offloading for VR tasks. Since the individual VR user can hardly reach the optimal actions based on its limited local observed states and samples, MADDPG with centralized training and distributed execution is exploited to solve the above challenge. In addition, the generative adversarial network (GAN) is introduced to obtain experience-enhanced agents in the offline training phase and to achieve an optimal allocation to minimize energy consumption in the online inferring phase. The Nash equilibrium is proven in the case that the distribution of finite real VR data samples is well imitated and complemented by GAN. Numerical results demonstrate that our algorithm has significant superiorities in terms of convergence performance and energy consumption over other benchmarks.
Characterization and assessment of economic systems in the interior Columbia basin: fisheries.

Fluharty, David L. 2000. Characterization and assessment of economic systems in the interior Columbia basin: fisheries. G en. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-451. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 114 p. (Quigle y, Thomas M., ed.; I nterior Columbia B asin Ecosystem M anagement P roject: scientific assessment). Economic v alue of commer cial, r ecreational, and tribal fishing is one measur e of the impor tance of fisheries in the interior Columbia Riv er basin (the basin) but only par t of the values associated with fish of that region. The basin historically has provided substantial intrar egional anadr omous stock fisheries and contributes to interr egional fisheries along the entire west coast of the U nited S tates and C anada. H arvest management, constr uction of dams and irrigation facilities, changes in habitat, and other factors hav e led to significant declines in some stocks of fish, ther eby diminishing their economic impor tance to the region. R esident fish like tr out, sturgeon, sucker , lampr ey, whitefish, and other species ar e harvested in tribal and r ecreational fisheries. With the ex ception of sturgeon, these species do not suppor t significant commer cial fisheries. I ntroduced species of many war m water recreational fish, like the walle ye, have brought additional changes to the ecosystem of the basin and affect economic v alues of fishing. Future economic and societal v alues of fisheries can be expected to incr ease because of major ongoing effor ts to r ecover stocks of anadr omous salmon; ho wever, the magnitude and timing of recovery are uncertain. Increasing human populations in the basin along with steady or incr eased demand for r ecreational fishing will continue to raise the v alue of both native and intr oduced species. This will make food and r ecreational fisheries enhancement through ar tificial pr opagation mor e likely , but at the same time, raise the demand for protection of wild stocks and conser vation-oriented management to pr oduce lo w envir onmental impact and high-quality fisheries. S hifts in social pr eferences may bring demands for commercial and recreational allocation adjustments, which can greatly impact economic valuation of fisheries. G lobal climate change, inter mittent dr ought, and inter decadal shifts in ocean conditions pr ovide additional complexity and uncer tainty that affect fish v alues.
An Atlas of Promoter Chromatin Modifications and HiChIP Regulatory Interactions in Human Subcutaneous Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

The genome of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from abdominal and gluteofemoral adipose tissue depots are maintained in depot-specific stable epigenetic conformations that influence cell-autonomous gene expression patterns and drive unique depot-specific functions. The traditional approach to explore tissue-specific transcriptional regulation has been to correlate differential gene expression to the nearest-neighbor linear-distance regulatory region defined by associated chromatin features including open chromatin status, histone modifications, and DNA methylation. This has provided important information; nonetheless, the approach is limited because of the known organization of eukaryotic chromatin into a topologically constrained three-dimensional network. This network positions distal regulatory elements in spatial proximity with gene promoters which are not predictable based on linear genomic distance. In this work, we capture long-range chromatin interactions using HiChIP to identify remote genomic regions that influence the differential regulation of depot-specific genes in ADSCs isolated from different adipose depots. By integrating these data with RNA-seq results and histone modifications identified by ChIP-seq, we uncovered distal regulatory elements that influence depot-specific gene expression in ADSCs. Interestingly, a subset of the HiChIP-defined chromatin loops also provide previously unknown connections between waist-to-hip ratio GWAS variants with genes that are known to significantly influence ADSC differentiation and adipocyte function.
Dry deposition of particles to canopies—A look back and the road forward

The so‐called accumulation‐size range of airborne particles is the center of a continuing disagreement about the formulation of dry deposition. Some contemporary meteorological and air quality models use theoretical developments based on early wind tunnel and other controlled experiments, while other models consider the bulk properties of the underlying surface and the ability of atmospheric turbulence to deliver particles to it. This dichotomy arose when the first micrometeorological measurements of particle deposition velocities became available, yielding numbers exceeding the highest expectations of the then‐current models based on assumptions about inertial impaction and interception. The model predictions had previously been shown to be in accord with theoretical treatments of filtration. A common reaction was to distrust the field experimental results, but the experimental findings were supported by subsequent studies. The difference between model predictions and field measurements appears greatest for densely vegetated canopies. Ongoing research is investigating factors that could give rise to the discrepancy, e.g., turbulence intermittency, leaf orientation, leaf morphology, leaf flutter, electrical charges, and a number of phoretic effects. In the meantime, many investigators are faced with a decision as to whether to make use of parameterized field results or theoretical descriptions of behaviors that are not yet well examined. Here the history of the ongoing disagreement is reviewed, and some possible resolutions are presented.