Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Approaching the human in the loop – legal perspectives on hybrid human/algorithmic decision-making in three contexts

ABSTRACT Public and private organizations are increasingly implementing various algorithmic decision-making systems. Through legal and practical incentives, humans will often need to be kept in the loop of such decision-making to maintain human agency and accountability, provide legal safeguards, or perform quality control. Introducing such human oversight results in various forms of semi-automated, or hybrid decision-making – where algorithmic and human agents interact. Building on previous research we illustrate the legal dependencies forming an impetus for hybrid decision-making in the policing, social welfare, and online moderation contexts. We highlight the further need to situate hybrid decision-making in a wider legal environment of data protection, constitutional and administrative legal principles, as well as the need for contextual analysis of such principles. Finally, we outline a research agenda to capture contextual legal dependencies of hybrid decision-making, pointing to the need to go beyond legal doctrinal studies by adopting socio-technical perspectives and empirical studies.
The biomechanical behavior of single crown implant-supported prosthesis with different types of connections and occlusal loads: Photoelastic and strain gauge analysis

The aim of the study was to evaluate the biomechanical behavior, through photoelastic (PA) and strain gauge analysis (SA), of single crown implant-supported prosthesis with different implant connections (external hexagon (EH), Morse taper (MT), internal Morse hexagon (IMH), Morse taper hexagon (MTH), and frictional Morse taper (FMT)) and different occlusal loads (axial and oblique (45°)). The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0,05). By photoelasticity, regarding axial load, EH produced more high-intensity fringes (2.784 kPa) than the other connections. For the oblique load, all connections generated the same high-intensity fringes (3.480 kPa), except by MT group, that produced the same amount as axial load (2.088 kPa). For the strain gauge analysis, for the axial load, EH showed the highest microstrains value (158,76) and lowets for MT (59,88). For all other groups, oblique load produced higher microstrains values than axial load. For the oblique load, MT showed the lowest microstrains value (88.79), followed by FMT (391,43), EH (468,47) and IMH (507,65). MTH presented the highest value (621,25) compared to all groups (P <0.05). When comparing both loads of the same connection system, only MT showed similar values (P <0.05). It was possible to conclude that the different connection systems tested directly influenced the stress distribution at both loads. The implants with internal connection present less stress distribution when submitted to axial load than the EH group. However, when the oblique load was applied, all connections presented higher values of stress distribution, except for the MT group.
Why the initiative of free childcare failed to be an effective policy implementation of universal childcare in South Korea

ABSTRACT The paper is aimed at exploring how the meaning of universal free childcare was communicated during the first policy initiation process in 2012. In order to do so, interpretative policy analysis was utilised as a methodological approach, whilst relevant policy documents and in-depth interviews were used for data collection. I argue that failings occurred because the policy implementation was placed on the agenda with a lack of commitment to increasing the number of public childcare centres, as well as disengagement from understanding the gender relations necessary for delivering universal childcare effectively.
Language and Categorization

This chapter is focussed on linguistic bias in intergroup relations. It is based on the linguistic intergroup bias model, according to which people use different words for describing people and their behaviour on the basis of group membership. In particular, they attribute positive behaviours of ingroup members and negative behaviours of outgroup members to stable enduring characteristics, while attributing negative behaviours of ingroup members and positive behaviours of outgroup members to transitory characteristics dependent on situation or context. This kind of linguistic bias may occur not only in informal communication but also in the mass media, where it can reinforce positive or negative social stereotypes without viewers or readers necessarily being aware how this process is taking place. The chapter concludes that recognizing and limiting the use of such biased language is an important component in producing quality journalism.
Controls of methane oxidation in sediments

AbstractBacterial oxidation substantially limits methane (CH4) emissions to the atmosphere. On a global basis, aerobic oxidation likely equals or exceeds abiological losses due to oxidation by hydroxyl radical. Consequently, understanding the biological sink(s) for CH4 is as important for analyzing CH4 dynamics as understanding CH4 production and reactions in the atmosphere. Data from a variety of aquatic systems indicate that as much as 90% of the CH4 produced in sediments is oxidized as it traverses the oxic zone at the sediment-water or water-air interface. However, reports of considerably lower values suggest that the process of CH4 oxidation varies in response to a number of factors, many of which have not yet been thoroughly examined. Controls of CH4 oxidation include, among others, the distribution of molecular oxygen (O2), the kinetics of O2 and CH4 uptake, competition for substrate between methanotrophs and other bacteria and physiological responses to intermittent anoxia. These controls, in turn.
The Administration of Probiotics against Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review

Hypercholesterolemia is a key factor in the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is a significant public health concern with a high death rate. Some of the main factors linked to CVD include genetics and lifestyle. Dyslipidemia has been one of the factors related to the onset of several CVD-related diseases. Several clinicopathological studies have shown a correlation between high cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and CVD development. Probiotics have received a lot of attention for various beneficial effects, especially their ability to reduce blood cholesterol in humans. Probiotics were shown in several investigations to affect hypercholesterolemia by influencing cholesterol biosynthesis. The current review focuses on the human dietary interventions with probiotics and their effects on CVD risk factors and hypercholesterolemia. The outcomes are debatable and consider various parameters such as probiotic strain, dosing frequency, therapeutic response, dietary changes, and so forth. As a result, probiotics have the propensity to become dietary supplements in moderate/severe hypercholesterolemic patients, which significantly reduces the CVD risk.
Corrosion behavior of a silicon enriched austenitic stainless steel in hot and concentrated nitric acid media

This work aims at understanding the corrosion behavior of the Uranus S1N stainless steel (SS) in hot and concentratred nitric acid. The Uranus S1N SS is a 304L type SS (18Cr-15Ni) added by 4 wt. % of Si. In pure nitric acid, the 304L SS dissolves slower. In other words, Si enhances the corrosion rate of the SS. But when oxidizing species are added, the 304L dissolves at a much higher rate than the Uranus S1N. Mecanisms involving Si that bring to this phenomenon are not clearly established. The purpose of this thesis project is to elucidate the role of Si in the spontaneous corrosion of the SS in pure nitric acid and in presence of oxidizing species. Reduction and oxydation phenomena are compared, through I-V curves measurements, between both steels, for different conditions : pure nitric acid, presence of pentavalent vanadium, hexavalent chromium. It was shown that Si diminishes the reduction kinetics and prevents the Uranus S1N SS to be shifted to its transpassive domain even when conditions are largely oxidizing. Then the oxide layer was investigated through three sets of experiments. Firstly, thermodynamics of the oxides where characterized by measuring the activation potential of the SS. Secondly, their chemical composition, thickness and structure were investigated coupling congruent in-situ and ex-situ measurements. Eventually, high potential passivity breakdown was investigated to understand why Si inhibits the intergranular attack at the surface. These three investigations rely on coupling original in-situ techniques as the atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry (electrochemical measurements coupled to elemental on line analysis) and ex-situ surface analysis as X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy or Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy on cross-section thin blades.
Fluoxetine Affects Glycolytic Pathway of C6 Rat Glioma Cells

Antidepressants (ADs) such as fluoxetine is known to target and inhibit the electron transport chain of mitochondrial, effects on rat C6 glioma cell function are expected. Also, it has been shown that fluoxetine can inhibit mitochondrial respiration in pancreatic beta cells; however whether this drug can also directly affect glycolytic metabolism is unknown. To address this idea, I have investigated effect of fluoxetine on the bioenergetics of C6 glioma. MTS assay was conducted as an indicator of the metabolic activity of C6 cell lines. Oxidative respiration was measured via oxygen consumption rate (OCR), anaerobic glycolysis was determined with lactate electrodes, where mitochondrial redox state was monitored via NAD (P) H autofluorescence. The metabolic assays showed glucose stimulated MTS reduction cells in a time and concentration dependent manner whereas, the other three mitochondrial fuels did not stimulated it in C6 glioma cells. Methylpyruvate substrate stimulated OCR, neither both glucose and α-ketoisocaproate. Glucose inhibited OCR and increased lactate production compared to the control. Glucose failed to affect NADPH levels. Fluoxetine inhibited OCR at 10 mM glucose. However, it did not affect OCR at 10 mM α-ketoisocaproate. The above results showed that C6 glioma cells are mainly depending on the glycolytic pathway and that was inhibited by Fluoxetine. In conclusion, since fluoxetine was inactive in the presence of α-ketoisocaproate our data suggest that the point of major action for these ADs in C6 glioma cells is glycolysis.
Sharing dark sides on game service platforms: Disruptive behaviors and toxicity in DOTA2 through a platform lens

Toxicity continues to have a strong presence in online environments. This is particularly true for digital entertainment like online games. Toxicity is an important topic as it impacts game development, consumption, popularity, public perception, and player health and well-being. Most of the existing literature on toxicity in gaming is descriptive and exploratory; it often sets out to map milestones and inherent drivers of toxicity. In this article, an alternative perspective is advanced, drawing from a foundation in media and culture studies. Data (streaming online chat, user-generated content, and forum discussions) were collected daily for 4 weeks from Twitch.tv and Steam channels about the popular online game DOTA 2. Results were processed with a content analysis relying on the driving concepts of toxicity and social affordance. The case study and related platforms were selected for their relevance and pertinence with the theme addressed. Findings point to peculiar interactive patterns in framing, supporting, and overturning toxicity and resulting harassment in these extended settings. Implications are noteworthy for scholars and practitioners who intend to shed light on how diffused audiences negotiate toxicity in digital gaming and beyond.
Steepening Plasma Density Spectra in the Ionosphere: The Crucial Role Played by a Strong E‐Region

Based on the Swarm 16 Hz Advanced Plasma Density data set, and using the Swarm A satellite, we apply automatic detection of spectral breaks in seven million sampled plasma density power spectra in the high‐latitude F‐region ionosphere. This way, we survey the presence of plasma irregularity dissipation due to an enhanced E‐region conductance, caused both by solar photoionization and particle precipitation. We introduce a new quantity named the steepening slope index (SSI) which we use to estimate the occurrence rate of break‐points in sampled plasma densities. We provide an interpretation of SSI in the context of solar photoionization‐induced conductance enhancements of the E‐region. We present a comprehensive climatology of the SSI occurrence rate, along with statistics documenting characteristic high‐latitude plasma density spectra. In the absence of steepening, the typical spectral index is 2.1. When density spectra steepen, the index is typically 1.6 at large scales, and 2.7 at small scales. We discuss the impact of high‐energy deeply penetrating electron precipitation in the diffuse aurora, and precipitating electrons in the aurora at large. Here, a key finding is that near the cusp, where the F‐region conductance is enhanced, spectra tend not to steepen. We find that both the diffuse and discrete aurora are modulating F‐region plasma irregularity dissipation through an enhancement of E‐region conductance, highlighting the role played by factors other than solar zenith angle in high‐latitude plasma dynamics. The influence of E‐region conductance on spectral shapes indicates the need for a new discussion of how particle precipitation can structure the local winter high‐latitude F‐region ionosphere.
Enhanced adsorption of small gas molecules in metal (Cu2+, Pd2+, Pt2+) complexes induced by ligand fluorination

Fully fluorinated coordination complexes, [M(L)2] (M = Cu2+, Pd2+, Pt2+ and L = bis(pentafluorobenzoyl)methanido), show two types of guest recognition events: 1 : 1 selective recognition of CO2 and metal ion-selective adsorption of small gas molecules such as N2, O2, H2, NO, and CH4, while the corresponding non-fluorinated complexes show no guest encapsulation.
Tumor Interstitial Fluid Pressure Distribution – Analytical and Numerical Study

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world and although huge research efforts have been applied to improve survival rates, there are still great challenges in treatment of the disease. Many factors contribute in the process of drug delivery and its absorption in tumor cells. Inside the tumor, the high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) is one of the main barriers for drug penetration. In this work, interstitial fluid pressure is analytically investigated for homogeneous (without necrotic core) and heterogeneous (with necrotic core) tumor by considering the periphery region as a region between necrotic core and tumor edge. This is performed by adjusting a constant value of interstitial hydraulic conductivity for tumor and a lower constant value of interstitial hydraulic conductivity for normal tissue. Then, we focus on a heterogeneous tumor surrounded by normal tissue with the categorization of the necrotic core, periphery and intermediary regions and analytically investigate the tumor interstitial fluid pressure distribution for periphery and intermediary regions in some limiting cases. As the interstitial fluid pressure deeply correlates with the interstitial hydraulic conductivity, for further investigation, it is assumed that the interstitial hydraulic conductivity adopts a constant value in the central region and normal tissue; while it is changing radially continuously throughout the periphery and intermediary regions. In order to study such problems, more generally it is necessary to apply numerical methods. The numerical approach used in this work helps to investigate the tumor interstitial fluid pressure distribution for all regions. The effect of the necrotic core size on the maximum interstitial pressure is investigated. Moreover, the influence of the sizes of periphery and intermediary regions is inquired. From our numerical simulations, it is found that the abundance of blood vessels inside the periphery region influences the distribution of the interstitial fluid pressure; in such a manner that, increasing numbers of well-functional blood vessels causes a higher maximum value of the interstitial fluid pressure. A better understanding of interstitial fluid pressure distribution within a tumor, and methods to describe this in numerical terms, can be used in combination with imaging tools in order to gain insights in cancer cells aggressiveness and treatment planing. We also consider a more real model of a tumor where an asymmetric distribution of blood vessels is considered by including areas with variable arterial hydraulic conductivity in the periphery region. In this situation, the maximum interstitial fluid pressure is not observed in the center of the tumor, unlike the symmetric cases.
The Driving Factors of Subtropical Mature Forest Productivity: Stand Structure Matters

Forest productivity (increment of above-ground biomass) is determined by biodiversity but also by stand structure attributes. However, the relative strengths of these drivers in determining productivity remain controversial in subtropical forests. In this study, we analyzed a tree growth data from 500 plots with in a 20 ha mature subtropical forest in eastern China. We used spatial simultaneous autoregressive error models to examine the effects of diversity variables (species richness, evenness, and composition), stand structural attributes (stand density, tree size range and diversity), environmental factors (topography and soil), and initial above-ground biomass (AGB) on productivity. We also applied structural equation models to quantify the relative importance of diversity, stand structure, environmental factors, and initial AGB in determining forest productivity. Our results showed that stand structure together with diversity and initial AGB governed forest productivity. Tree size diversity (DBH Shannon’s diversity index) had the largest positive effect on forest productivity. These results provide new evidence that structural explanatory variables have greater contributions to productivity for mature subtropical forests, strongly supporting the niche complementarity hypothesis. Our work highlights the importance of tree size diversity in promoting high forest productivity, and suggests that regulating and conserving complexity of forest stand structure should be among the most important goals in subtropical forest management.
Particle motion and erosion morphology of the spool orifice in an electro-hydraulic servo valve under a small opening

To explore the spool orifice’s particle motion and erosion morphology in an electro-hydraulic servo valve under a small opening, a modeled particle motion visualization test and CFD calculation were conducted to study typical particle trajectory. The influence of pressure differential, particle shape, and particle diameter on the erosion rate along the working edges was discussed. The erosion characteristic morphology and working edges’ fillet diameter distribution were measured and analyzed. There are four typical particle motions: translation and spin on the wall faced the flow, translation and turn on the backflow wall, carried motion by the mainstream and particle rotation in a vortex. A model of the erosive particle motion of the spool orifice was built based on the visualization test and CFD. During these motions, the microscopic scraping and collision of particles with the working edges are the main causes of erosion wear. The erosion wear rate of the working edge is proportional to the pressure differential and the non-roundness of the particles. The fillet of a working edge periodically increases or decreases with the circumferential angle, which occurs due to the morphology and is consistent with the erosion wear rate distribution along the working edge.
From Cultural Landscape to Aspiring Geopark: 15 Years of Community-Based Landscape Tourism in Fengnan Village, Hualien County, Taiwan (2006–2021)

Geoconservation plays a key role in valuing and conserving abiotic nature, while geotourism can be an effective means of achieving this objective. Connectivity between biophysical and socio-economic components and a community-based perspective on appreciation and interpretation of landscape resources are important yet not well understood. This study is a retrospective analysis of 15 years (2006–2021) of integrated landscape management in Fengnan Village, Hualien County, Taiwan, with a focus on the evolution of multi-stakeholder perception of local geodiversity and emergence of geotourism as part of community-based landscape tourism in the area. A qualitative multiple-method approach to data collection and analysis was based on the “know–cherish–show” interpretation model and the theory of collaborative planning. The results demonstrate that (a) geoconservation and geotourism have evolved to become an integral part of the Fengnan living landscape, while connectivity between nature–culture attributes has strengthened over the years; (b) multi-stakeholder collaboration and knowledge-bridging are characteristic features of the institutional arrangement; and (c) facilitating the role of the bridging stakeholder (the authors) was central to the timely introduction of various landscape concepts for long-term geoconservation in the area.
Analysis of the Flow Pattern and Flow Rectification Measures of the Side-Intake Forebay in a Multi-Unit Pumping Station

To improve the problem of turbulence in the forebay of the lateral inlet pumping station, a typical lateral inlet pumping station project in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China was taken as the research object. The forebay of the pumping station is a building connecting the river channel and the pumping station into the water tank. Based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) law and the k-ε turbulence model, the computational fluid dynamics method (CFD) technology compares and analyzes the numerical simulation with or without rectification measures for the forebay of the lateral intake pumping station when multiple units are operating. The three-dimensional model was created by SolidWorks modeling software and the numerical simulation simulated by CFX-ANSYS. To alter the flow pattern in the forebay of the pumping station, various rectification measures were chosen. Internal rectification flow patterns in the forebay under multiple plans, uniformity of flow velocity distribution in the measuring section, and vortex area reduction rates are investigated and compared. Based on the analysis and comparison of numerical simulation results, when the parabolic wall and some rectification piers are set significantly it improves the flow pattern of the forebay of the lateral inlet pumping station. It also makes the flow pattern of the inlet pool better and increases the uniformity of the flow velocity distribution by 8%. Further, it reduced the vortex area by 70%, effectively improving the operating efficiency of the pump. The research results of this paper provide a technical reference for the improvement of the flow pattern in the forebay of the lateral inlet pumping station.