Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introducing and evaluating the Climate Hazards center IMErg with Stations (CHIMES) - Timely station-enhanced Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement

As human exposure to hydro-climatic extremes and the number of in situ precipitation observations declines, precipitation estimates, such as the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG), provide a critical source of information. Here, we present a new gauge-enhanced data set (CHIMES) designed to support global crop and hydrologic modeling and monitoring. CHIMES enhances the IMERG Late Run product using an updated Climate Hazards Center’s (CHC) high-resolution climatology (CHPclim) and low-latency rain-gauge observations. CHPclim differs from other products because it incorporates long-term averages of satellite precipitation, which increases CHPclim’s fidelity in data-sparse areas with complex terrain. This fidelity translates into performance increases in unbiased IMERGlate data, which we refer to as CHIME. This is augmented with gauge observations to produce CHIMES.The CHC’s curated rain-gauge archive contains valuable contributions from many countries. There are two versions of CHIMES: preliminary and final. The final product has more copious and better-curated station data. Every pentad and month, bias-adjusted IMERG late fields are combined with gauge observations to create pentadal and monthly CHIMESprelim and CHIMESfinal. Comparisons with pentadal, high-quality gridded station data show that IMERG late performs well (r=0.75), but has some systematic biases which can be reduced. Monthly cross-validation results indicate that unbiasing increases the variance explained from 50 to 63 percent and decreases the mean absolute error from 48 to 39 mm month−1. Gauge enhancement then increases the variance explained to 75 percent, reducing the mean absolute error to 27 mm month−1.
A Quantitative Model of Human Jejunal Smooth Muscle Cell Electrophysiology

The Poh et al. (2012) paper describes the first biophysically based computational model of human jejunal smooth muscle cell (hJSMC) electrophysiology. The ionic currents are described by either a traditional Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) formalism or a deterministic multi-state Markov (MM) formalism. We create a modularized CellML implementation of the model, which is able to reproduce clamping behaviours of individual currents and whole cell action potential traces. In addition, some inconsistencies have been uncovered and discussed in this paper. EDITOR'S NOTE (v2): A typographical correction in the reproducibility report was made. (v3): This Abstract was appended with a note on changes made to versions.
Encrypted and tunable graphene‐based metasurface refractive index sensor

Encryption is a very essential part to secure data communication in today's world where there is a threat of stealing data. We have proposed a graphene‐based metasurface biosensor for sensing and encryption applications. The biosensor is designed to sense the hemoglobin (HT) biomolecules with high sensitivity. The results are analyzed in the form of transmittance and electric field of the proposed graphene‐based metasurface biosensor. The graphene layer's chemical potential is varied to achieve the coding of ‘0’ and ‘1’. This creates one‐digit coding. The array of this proposed structure with this coding can be used for encryption applications. The biosensor design is analyzed for four HT concentrations and their sensitivity is compared. Different geometrical parameters are analyzed and their effect is observed for tunability. The response from the design can be useful in future biomedical and data encryption applications.
Detecting Ankle Fractures in Plain Radiographs Using Deep Learning with Accurately Labeled Datasets Aided by Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Observational Study

Ankle fractures are common and, compared to other injuries, tend to be overlooked in the emergency department. We aim to develop a deep learning algorithm that can detect not only definite fractures but also obscure fractures. We collected the data of 1226 patients with suspected ankle fractures and performed both X-rays and CT scans. With anteroposterior (AP) and lateral ankle X-rays of 1040 patients with fractures and 186 normal patients, we developed a deep learning model. The training, validation, and test datasets were split in a 3/1/1 ratio. Data augmentation and under-sampling techniques were administered as part of the preprocessing. The Inception V3 model was utilized for the image classification. Performance of the model was validated using a confusion matrix and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). For the AP and lateral trials, the best accuracy and AUC values were 83%/0.91 in AP and 90%/0.95 in lateral. Additionally, the mean accuracy and AUC values were 83%/0.89 for the AP trials and 83%/0.9 for the lateral trials. The reliable dataset resulted in the CNN model providing higher accuracy than in past studies.
Miocene anatexis, cooling and exhumation in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal

ABSTRACT The Khumbu region of Nepal is host to numerous large leucogranite bodies that comprise some of the most iconic peaks in the Himalaya. These leucogranites occur throughout the high-metamorphic grade rocks exposed there in the immediate footwall of the orogen-scale South Tibetan detachment system. Previous work on leucogranites in the area has been limited spatially but has yielded U-Th/Pb ages between ~23 and 16 Ma. The current study expands upon that work with 522 new individual zircon, monazite and xenotime U-Th/Pb analyses across 10 leucogranite specimens collected from across the Khumbu. The dates returned outline the episodic crystallization of leucogranites at ~19 and 17 Ma, both of which contain significant inherited age components presumably from their source rocks. 40Ar/39Ar dating of muscovite from the same leucogranite bodies indicate rapid cooling through Ar closure (~510 °C) on the scale of ~500 kyr. The weighted mean of all 40Ar/39Ar dates, 16.48 ± 0.05 Ma, coincides with the timing of motion along the normal-sense Qomolangma detachment indicating a potential genetic relationship between the leucogranite cooling and extension. Finally, U(-Th)/He dating of apatite and zircon show that cooling slowed significantly post argon closure and that the rapid cooling may have been ephemeral.
Rapid Atmospheric Leaching of Chalcopyrite Using a Novel Reagent of Trichloroisocyanuric Acid

With the decrease in high-grade chalcopyrite resources, the copper extraction from low-grade chalcopyrite has attracted more and more attention. However, the kinetic rates of chalcopyrite leaching with traditional oxidants are usually very slow due to the formation of the passivation layer. In this study, a novel reagent of chlorinated oxidant, trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), was used to leach chalcopyrite for the first time. The experimental results showed that when the initial oxidant concentration for TCCA was 0.054 mol·L−1, the leaching temperature was kept at 55 °C, and the pH of the pulp was controlled at 1, the oxidation efficiency of Cu can reach above 90% in less than 30 min. Various analyses of chalcopyrite mineral ore and its oxidized residues, such as chemical composition analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were conducted, respectively. No obvious passivation layer was found on the chalcopyrite surface, though the sulfur product can also be generated during the leaching. Reaction kinetic analysis results showed that the different influence of surface reaction and diffusion process on the dissolution of chalcopyrite is little due to the fast leaching speed. After calculation, the activation energy of the whole leaching reaction is 9.06 kJ·mol−1, much lower than that in other reports. The mechanism was also proposed that TCCA was hydrolyzed in the solution to form hypochlorous acid, which is the strong oxidant, and cyanuric acid, which prevents the formation of a passivation layer. The processing in this study is expected to be applied as a novel method for atmospheric leaching of chalcopyrite.
A Cost-Sensitive Deep Learning-Based Approach for Network Traffic Classification

Network traffic classification (NTC) plays an important role in cyber security and network performance, for example in intrusion detection and facilitating a higher quality of service. However, due to the unbalanced nature of traffic datasets, NTC can be extremely challenging and poor management can degrade classification performance. While existing NTC methods seek to re-balance data distribution through resampling strategies, such approaches are known to suffer from information loss, overfitting, and increased model complexity. To address these challenges, we propose a new cost-sensitive deep learning approach to increase the robustness of deep learning classifiers against the imbalanced class problem in NTC. First, the dataset is divided into different partitions, and a cost matrix is created for each partition by considering the data distribution. Then, the costs are applied to the cost function layer to penalize classification errors. In our approach, costs are diverse in each type of misclassification because the cost matrix is specifically generated for each partition. To determine its utility, we implement the proposed cost-sensitive learning method in two deep learning classifiers, namely: stacked autoencoder and convolution neural networks. Our experiments on the ISCX VPN-nonVPN dataset show that the proposed approach can obtain higher classification performance on low-frequency classes, in comparison to three other NTC methods.
Promoting Cooperation of Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance of IUU Fishing in the Asia-Pacific

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is becoming a growing threat to sustainable fisheries and the economy worldwide. To solve this issue, various efforts on monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) have been made at the national, regional, and international levels. However, there is still the lack of measures against IUU fishing vessels at the multilateral level. Here, we assessed the situations of fisheries, and the current systems and challenges of MCS in eight Asia-Pacific countries with a focus on MCS of IUU fishing vessels at sea. Through a literature review and interviews, we confirmed that IUU fishing was linked with the status of fisheries in each country, and that each country implements various MCS measures with different emphases. However, there was a trend of enhancing or newly establishing four areas of MCS: vessel tracking, patrol, onboard observers, and port State measures, with amended or newly adopted laws. We also identified challenges of MCS such as insufficient MCS in coastal areas and fragmented cooperation among the countries. Based on our findings, we advance several recommendations including the enhancement of cooperation among stakeholders, especially fishers, for co-monitoring in coastal areas and the establishment of a communication platform for Asia-Pacific countries.
LncRNA-ZFAS1 Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Pancreatic Cancer Cells During Nutrient Deprivation by Promoting AMPK-Mediated Phosphorylation and Stabilization Of ZEB1 Protein

Background: Nutrient deprivation is a distinct feature of the tumor microenvironment that plays a crucial role in various cancers. However, the contribution and regulatory mechanism of nutrient deprivation on metastasis of pancreatic cancer (PC) have not been identified. Methods: PC cells were treated with normal medium, glucose-depletion or glutamine-depletion medium to observe the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RT-qPCR and western blot assay were applied to evaluate the alteration of mRNA and protein of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), a crucial EMT regulator factor. Co-IP assay was utilized for evaluating the interaction between AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and ZEB1. LncRNA microarray was adopted to detect the potential lncRNA, which facilitates the association between AMPK and ZEB1. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were performed to evaluate the roles of ZNFX1 antisense RNA 1 (ZFAS1) in EMT and metastasis of PC. Results: The present study reveals that nutrient deprivation including glucose and glutamine deprivation significantly induces EMT of PC cells, which is dependent on stabilization of ZEB1. We further discover that nutrient deprivation induces upregulation of lncRNA ZFAS1, which promotes the association between AMPK and ZEB1 to phosphorylate and stabilize ZEB1 protein. Notably, ZEB1 reciprocally promotes the transcription of ZFAS1 by binding to the promoter of ZFAS1, forming feedback with ZFAS1. Consistently, depletion of ZFAS1 obviously inhibits nutrient deprivation-induced EMT of PC cells and lung metastasis of PC in nude mice. Meanwhile, clinical data displays that ZFAS1 is overexpressed in PC tissues and correlated with high expression of ZEB1 and Vimentin (VIM), low expression of E-cadherin (E-cad), as well as poor prognosis in PC patients. Conclusions: Our study implicates that glucose and glutamine deprivation promotes EMT and metastasis of PC through lncRNA-mediated stabilization of ZEB1.
Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) using response surface methodology

ABSTRACT Bitter melon is rich in phenolic compounds and has significant potential for commercial use as a functional food material. This study aims to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions for extracting phenolic compounds from bitter melons using a response surface methodology. A central composite design was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables (ethanol concentration, ultrasonic power, and extraction time) on the responses, extraction yield, total polyphenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity. The optimal UAE conditions were determined to be 59% and 277 W for 14 min, and the corresponding predicted response values for yield, TPC, and antioxidant activity were 33.42%, 18.73 mg GAE/g, and 66.93%, respectively. UAE showed higher extraction yield, TPC, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity than conventional ethanol extraction. These results suggest that bitter melon phenolic compounds obtained by the UAE could be used as natural antioxidant agent or functional ingredient enhancers in suitable food products.
Effect of excess use of fertilizers on insect/pest infestation in Oryza sativa: A review

Fertilizer is the most important component for every crop. Specially nitrogen fertilizer plays a vital role for crop production. With maximum use of fertilizers farmers get good result even in same crop varieties and soil. According to the study farmers are believing that if we apply more fertilizer then there will be maximum production. Due to more fertilizer doses the plant tissues are more succulent and can be easily digested by insects. So, most of the insect pests are attracted towards rice crop. There is major three fertilizers which are helping plants for completing their life cycle. These are Nitrogen, which comes from urea application, Phosphorus received from DAP, SSP, TSP and Potassium from Muriate of potash. Nitrogen provides green leafy parts due to carbon element and increase leaf area index which helps in better Photosynthetic rate. Phosphorus is helping in better root growth and establishment and in flower setting or emergence, potassium provides strength to plant for making resistance against of insect/pests’ infestation. The doses of NPK are always recommended but according to different studies it has been reported that excess number of fertilizers are majorly responsible for causing disturbance in the balance ratio of plant’s metabolism. It was also reported that by increasing nitrogen dose the yield is increased but insect/pest attack is also increased. In this case application of potassium and ZnSO4 is also required to control them in different crops. Anhydrous ammonia also contains nitrogen up to 82%, which is reported as highest, but it is not that much recommended for all crops due to its toxicity level. Due to its highest ammonia, it is recommended that it should be applied at once in the soil by injection or below from the root zone depth of any crop. It was reported that plant hight was good but plant colour, no. of tillers, no. of effective tillers all is less from normal urea fertilizers.
Validação do Instrumento de Avaliação de Materiais Educativos Impressos com foco no Letramento em Saúde para o Brasil (AMEELS-BR)

Objetivo: Validar o conteúdo do Instrumento de Avaliação de Materiais Educativos Impressos com foco no Letramento em Saúde para o Brasil (AMEELS-BR). Metodologia: Estudo metodológico descritivo, do tipo validação de conteúdo com a metodologia de Pasquali, realizado com 14 docentes da área da saúde e da pedagogia, que avaliaram os itens do instrumento por meio de classificação item a item pela escala Likert. A concordância entre os juízes foi verificada de forma quantitativa por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC). Resultados: Dos 53 itens que compõem o instrumento, 39 itens obtiveram concordância dentro do nível estabelecido (IVC >0,78), enquanto 14 não obtiveram o nível de concordância necessário, com valores de IVC entre 0,54 e 0,77. Dessa forma, optou-se por reformular os itens que não atingiram o IVC necessário. O instrumento final ficou com 55 itens, pois 02 itens foram subdivididos, acatando recomendação dos juízes. Quanto à avaliação geral do instrumento, resultou em IVC=0,81, quando realizado por meio da soma de todos os IVC calculados separadamente dividido pelo número de itens considerado na avaliação. Portanto, o instrumento apresentou a concordância mínima para a verificação da validade de um novo instrumento, que não deve ser inferior a 0,8. Conclusão: O AMEELS-BR, de forma geral, foi considerado válido quanto ao seu conteúdo pelo painel de especialistas, apresentando índice de validade dentro dos parâmetros aceitáveis e podendo assim ser utilizado por gestores e profissionais de saúde para a avaliação e elaboração dos MEI.
Routing Protocols for Mobile Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey on Challenges and Solutions

The Internet of Things (IoT) is aimed to provide efficient and seamless connectivity to a large number of low-power and low-cost embedded devices, consequently, the routing protocols play a fundamental role in achieving these goals. The IETF has recently standardized the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) for LLNs (i.e., Low-power and Lossy Networks) and is well-accepted among the Internet community. However, RPL was proposed for static IoT devices and suffers from many issues when IoT devices are mobile. In this paper, we first present various issues that are faced by the RPL when IoT devices are mobile. We then carry out a detailed survey of various solutions that are proposed in the current literature to mitigate the issues faced by RPL. We classify various solutions into five categories i.e., ‘Trickle-timer based solutions’, ‘ETX based solutions’, ‘RSSI based solutions’, ‘Position-based solutions’, and ‘Miscellaneous solutions’. For each category of these solutions, we illustrate their working principles, issues addressed and make a thorough assessment of their strengths and weaknesses. In addition, we found several flaws in the performance analysis done by the authors of each of the solutions, e.g., nodes mobility, time intervals, etc., and suggest further investigations for the performance evaluations of these solutions in order to assess their applicability in real-world environments. Moreover, we provide future research directions for RPL supporting various real-time applications, mobility support, energy-aware, and privacy-aware routing.
Applications of Cement-Based Smart Composites to Civil Structural Health Monitoring: A Review

In recent years, cement-based smart composites (CSCs) doped with conductive filler have attracted increasing research interest because of their high potentiality as self-sensing materials for civil Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) applications. Nevertheless, several issues are still open and need further studies. This paper presents an extensive state-of-the-art in which investigations on CSCs are summarized and critically revised, with the primary aim of outlining the main limits and development points. The literature review first addresses in detail several specific issues related to fabrication and operation as sensing elements of CSC samples. State-of-the-art applications of CSCs to SHM of reduced-, medium- and full-scale structural prototypes are extensively reviewed afterwards, resulting in a database useful to critically revise the main trends and open issues of the research in this field.
Disclosure of Community Development Cost and Its Impact on Turnover of Listed Manufacturing

The disclosure policies regarding environmental accounting information on the annual financial report of firms became a significant and influence element to preserve the environment globally. Environmental accounting disclosure contributes in increasing the environment consciousness for organizations, and also helps in reducing harmful impacts of organization processes especially on environment and on society in general.This paper examines the impact of disclosure on community development cost on turnover of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria.To produce valid empirical results, preliminary tests such as normality, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity were conducted on research data. In addition, the Analysis of variance ANOVA was done to examine the importance of the predictors and finally regression analysis was conducted. The OLS and GLS regression analysis was conducted to show the effects of the predictor on financial performance as represented by sales revenue.The results strongly showed that environmental accounting information disclosure has a significant impact on the financial performance of quoted manufacturing firms as represented by sales revenue. In view of the findings, the researcher concludes that effective disclosure and reporting of environmental information in the annual report positively influences financial performance. The researcher recommends that, firms should continue to disclose more information on environmental related issues due to the inherent advantage derivable there from, while firms that are not disclosing their environmental activities should be encouraged to do so in view of the fact that they may be losing the patronage of ethical stakeholders who may be tempted to regard them as not environmentally friendly firms.
Relation in color of three regions of human maxillary incisors and canines

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate relations between color distributions in the cervical, middle, and incisal segments of the teeth in the anterior region. Material and Method: Thirty-one individuals aged between 18-24 participated in the study. Color measurements were performed using VITA Easyshade V (VITA Zahnfabrik, Germany) from the cervical, middle and incisal regions of the left upper central, lateral, and canine teeth of participants. L*, a*, b* values were determined using a spectrophotometer. ΔE values were calculated to determine the color difference, and L*, a*, b * values were statistically analyzed. Results: Statistically significant results were obtained between L*, a*, b* values of different teeth segments using Spearman's correlation analysis. ΔE was calculated higher than 3.7 among all teeth segments. Conclusions: Using the L* and b* values of the middle segment color of the upper lateral tooth, it is possible to calculate the L* and b* cervical and canines.