Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A history of inﬂuenza

From the history of in ̄uenza epidemics and pandemics, which can be traced back with some accuracy for the past three hundred years, and with less certainty before this time, it is apparent that outbreaks occur somewhere in the world in most years. Annual epidemics are due to antigenic drift; and pandemics, occurring at 10 to 50 years intervals, are due to new virus subtypes resulting from virus reassortment. Nothing has been introduced during the past 100 years to affect the recurrent pattern of epidemics and pandemics; and our future in the new century is clearly indicated by our past. This past experience is reviewed in the present paper.
Control Plane Routing Protocol for the Entity Title Architecture: Design and Speciﬁcation

—Current and future applications pose new requirements that Internet architecture is not able to satisfy. In this context, new network architectures, focusing on different aspects, are being designed and deployed. The Entity Title Architecture (ETArch) is a clean-slate Software Deﬁned Networking based approach which aims to satisfy different applications requirements such as multicast trafﬁc, mobility and Quality of Service. This work presents the design and speciﬁcation of the routing protocol used by ETArch, by describing the services, primitives and associated rules. This work contributes with ETArch in a central point of the architecture, the inter-networking. The multi-objective routing mechanism described in this work takes into account, applications requirements such as mobility and security. More-over, the protocol presented works at the control plane and uses ETArch workspace concept, representing a new class of routing mechanism that differs from classical approaches such as Distance Vector or Link-State.
THE KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT OF TB AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS OF KHYBER MEDICAL COLLEGE, PESHAWAR

: Objective: The aim f this study is to assess the knowledge of TB among medical students at Khyber Medical College, Peshawar. Study Design: Descriptive / cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted among the medical students of Khyber Medical College, Peshawar from August, 2017 to July, 2018. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 377 students of Khyber Medical Collge, Peshawar. Respondents were recruited using non-probability convenience sampling technique and informed consent sought from them. The survey was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire, and some changes were made in the previous questionnaire. Questionnaire includes 34 multiple choice questions divided by sections: knowledge of epidemiology and prevention (13 questions), diagnosis (9 questions) and treatment (12 questions). The collected information was analyzed using the SPSS 21 version. The continuous variables were summarized as mean and standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables were expressed as a percentage. Results: The average percentage of correct answers was 44.2% in the 34 multiple choice questions that assessed the knowledge of tuberculosis amongst students. For all 34 questions about tuberculosis knowledge, "the most common pathogen of TB in immunosuppressive patients” the correct response was 4.2% and 90.2% for the “transmission of tuberculosis”. Conclusion: In general, our data show that tuberculosis knowledge is inadequate in medical students as <50% of students correctly answered the questions asked. Therefore, when these members of health care system lack knowledge of tuberculosis, the outcome of the TB treatment and prevention program may have a risk of failure.
Edinburgh Explorer Inferring heterogeneous evolutionary processes through time

—Molecular phylogenetic and phylogeographic reconstructions generally assume time-homogeneous substitution processes. Motivated by computational convenience, this assumption sacriﬁces biological realism and offers little opportunity to uncover the temporal dynamics in evolutionary histories. Here, we propose an evolutionary approach that explicitly relaxes the time-homogeneity assumption by allowing the speciﬁcation of different inﬁnitesimal substitution rate matrices across different time intervals, called epochs, along the evolutionary history. We focus on an epoch model implementation in a Bayesian inference framework that offers great modeling ﬂexibility in drawing inference about any discrete data type characterized as a continuous-time Markov chain, including phylogeographic traits. To alleviate the computational burden that the additional temporal heterogeneity imposes, we adopt a massively parallel approach that
Population Genetic Analyses Inferred a Limited Genetic Diversity in the Pvama-1 of Plasmodium Vivax Isolates from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Regions of Pakistan

Background: Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen-1 (pvama-1) is an important vaccine candidate. Assessment of the genetic composition of pvama-1 is preliminary important to better plan the vaccine designing strategies based on the antigen.Methods: Blood samples of 84 vivax malaria patients from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan were collected. The pvama-1 domain 1 (DI) region was amplified and sequenced. The QC based sequences raw data filtration was done using DNASTAR package. The downstream population genetic analyses were performed using MEGA4, DnaSP, Arlequin v3.5 and network.5. Results: The data analyses unveiled total 57 haplotypes of pvama-1 DI among 84 KP P. vivax samples with majorly prevalent H-14 and H-5haplotypes. Limited to moderate pairwise genetic distinction was observed among the samples collected from different districts of KP. Likewise, no geography-specific genetic correlation was inferred among KP samples. In context of worldwide available data, the KP samples showed major genetic differentiation against Korean samples with Fst = 0.40915 (P-value =0.0001), while low distinction observed against India and Iranian samples. An excess of low frequency polymorphism and negative Tajima’s D indicate purifying selection signatures across the pvama-1 in KP P.vivax samples. Comparison of KP pvama-1 DI with the reference pvama-1 SalI (AF063138) unveiled total 09 KP samples-specific novel non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) including several trimorphic and tetramorphic substitutions. Few of these nsSNPs were mapped within the B-cell predicted epitopic motifs of the pvama-1 and, suggesting to modulate the immune response mechanisms. Conclusion: The genetic composition of the pvama-1 appeared uniform across the KP regions of Pakistan. However, the KP samples exhibited marked genetic distinction in context of worldwide samples. The information may worthy to understand genetic nature of Pakistani P. vivax and implicate in future in pvama-1 vaccine designing.
CD4/CD8 Double-Positive Thymocytes Regulation of Bim by TCR Signals in

Bim, a BH3-only Bcl-2 family member, is required for apoptosis of thymocytes in response to negative selection signals. Regulation of the apoptotic activity of Bim during negative selection is not understood. In this study we demonstrate that in murine thymocytes undergoing apoptosis in response to anti-CD3 (cid:1) injection, levels of Bim protein expression do not change. In immature thymocytes, Bim is associated with mitochondria before stimulation and is not regulated by a change in subcellular localization during apoptosis. We also show that Bim EL is rapidly phosphorylated in thymocytes in response to CD3 (cid:1) cross-linking both in vivo and in vitro, and that phosphorylation is sustained for at least 24 h. Analysis of MHC-deﬁcient mice shows that phosphorylation of Bim occurs in CD4/CD8 double-positive thymocytes and does not depend on activation of mature T cells. We also ﬁnd that TCR cross-linking on thymocytes induces an increase in the proportion of Bcl-x L bound to Bim at late time points. Our results favor a model in which strong TCR signals regulate the apoptotic activity of Bim by phosphorylation and subsequent changes in binding to Bcl-x L in immature thymocytes. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 175: 1532–1539. Bim is rapidly phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro in response to CD3 (cid:3) cross-linking
Full PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS AT KALMADU TANK IN VAVUNIYA DISTRICT OF SRI LANKA

This research on Kalmadu tank aims to analyze the horizontal and vertical profiles of selected water quality parameters. Twenty randomly selected sampling points on surface and corresponding vertical depths of 30 cm and 60 cm were measured for temperature, pH, TDS, EC and ORP using intended electronic probes. The measured values were statistically analyzed with t-test, paired t-test and Pearson correlation. Kriging interpolation technique was used to visualize the spatial distribution. Results revealed non-compliance of TDS and EC with existing permissible limits for irrigable water. Except the temperature with pH, all the other measured parameters resulted positive correlation and TDS trend resembled the spatial pattern of EC. The mean values of pH at 30 cm & 60 cm depth significantly differed with surface, similarly surface ORP varied from 30 cm depth. There are no significant vertical wise changes observed in the other tested parameters. Significant spatial variations were observed in the selected parameters from the kriging map. Reflection and shading of existing plants, microbial organic degradation, anthropogenic water usage, and small water current movements may be some of the influencing factors for this variation. This study suggests to policy makers and relevant management authority, to pay more attention to irrigation tanks in terms of maintaining irrigable water. In-depth investigation is imperative to identify the reason behind the changes in the tank water quality and would also yield further information to initiate appropriate strategies for the management of this tank.
Methodology for the Fault Analysis and Evaluation of True Random Number Generators

True Random Number Generators have many uses, in particular they play a key role in security applications and cryptographic algorithms. Our interest lies in the quality of their generated random numbers. More speciﬁcally, for such utilizations, a slight deviation of the numbers from a “per-fect” behavior can have disastrous consequences. It is then necessary to devise schemes for the testing of these generators in order to detect non-random properties of their numbers. Moreover, one should consider them from an attacker point of view and use any means to try to perturbate their good functionnality. In this article we describe such experiments and several standard statistical tools for the generators testing. We also present experimental results obtained through the study of a generator embedded in a processor in order to illustrate our methodology. We show that its pertu-bation leads to the apparition of dangerous deviations in its numbers distribution.
Construcción de Mapas de Cobertura para Comunicaciones Inalámbricas Coverage Map Building for Wireless Communications

Knowing certain characteristics about signal propagation in specific environments is crucial in order to make effective utilization of a wireless network. In some cases, one or several propagation models may be used, which can provide good approximations to signal behavior. To develop these models (either empirically or in a deterministic way) and evaluate its reliability, experimental measurements are required. In other cases, due to environment complexity, a specific model isn’t available and practical measurements must be done. In any case, representing these measurements as a function of position, we obtain what is usually called a communication map or coverage map. In this context, this work aims the development of tools for building communication maps. Based on a modular solution, various modules were developed for meta-operating system ROS, and were implemented over a real all-terrain vehicle, and a Pioneer P3AT robot. Tests were made on a special scenario of interest for University of Zaragoza research group RoPeRT (Robotics, Perception and Real Time): the Somport railway tunnel, which connects Spain with France. At first, a large scale coverage map of a zone of interest was obtained (about 2.5 Km long with a change in slope). Then, a smaller and more detailed map within this zone was built, where important fadings and phenomena appeared. Results were compared to a straight tunnel Ray Tracing model developed by Valenzuela (1993). We found important similarities, like the existence of a notable fading, but at the same time important differences, such as the exact location of this fading and other fadings that don’t appear in simulations. Repeatability of these phenomena was proved by performing different experiments, even on different days. This has not been significantly addressed in the revised literature. We also found that because of transversal variations, applying large scale diversity for antennas, good quality signal can be achieved in almost the entire studied area. Results obtained in this work can be use from optimal deployment of a wireless network, up to the development of multi-robot navigation strategies under communication constrains.
Reproducibility study: Top-k Influential Nodes in social networks: A Game Perspective

In this paper we are going to examine a simulation study published by [3] with respect to reproducibility. We will aim to obtain identical results by using an experiment design setup that resembles the original as closely as possible using the provided source code for their implementation. In addition we recreated the naive algorithms mentioned in the paper. Furthermore, we will look into the way the original authors analyzed their findings and we will run additional statistical tests. We conclude that we were able to reproduce several settings very accurately. For some other settings though, this task proved difficult due to missing documentation regarding calculation of the influence in the code for the original paper.
Avaliação de políticas públicas de saneamento: o caso do programa Minas Trata Esgoto

No ano de 2006, quando aproximadamente 97% dos 853 municipios do Estado de Minas Gerais lancavam os esgotos brutos nos corpos d’agua, foi publicada a Deliberacao Normativa COPAM no 96/2006, sobre a implantacao de sistema de tratamento de esgotos sanitarios em todos os municipios. Com isso, no mesmo ano, implantou-se o Programa Minas Trata Esgoto com o objetivo de realizar a gestao estrategica da implantacao desses sistemas, monitorando o aumento do percentual de esgoto tratado no Estado por meio do processo de licenciamento ambiental das ETE. Tal monitoramento possui muitas fragilidades e para tentar minimiza-las o Programa realiza campanhas de vistoria, por bacia hidrografica, para avaliacao da situacao real do esgotamento sanitario dos municipios. O presente trabalho consiste em uma avaliacao ex-post do inicio do Programa ate o ano de 2012, tendo em vista o ciclo de politicas publicas. A implementacao ocorreu da forma top-down , sem a consideracao de alguns condicionantes sistemicos importantes para o alcance dos objetivos, ainda assim, nesse periodo Minas Gerais avancou no enorme desafio da universalizacao do esgotamento sanitario.
Storage QoS Aspects in Distributed Virtualized Environments

—Storage performance of a single virtual machine in a cloud computing environment may be affected by other machines using the same physical storage. At the same time, user requirements concerning quality of service continue to increase, which brings new challenges for virtualized environments. In this paper we present the results of our research concerning data storage QoS. We discuss the quality aspects of storage services and propose a method for ensuring storage QoS by using monitoring and performance prediction based on heuristics. We also propose several heuristic policies, which can be implemented in a data transfer scheduler. Finally, we discuss test results obtained in a virtualized environment.
Model Driven Testing-Functional Test Case Generation with Redundancy Check and Model Paradigm Approach

: Software testing is that the primary activity to provide reliable software system. Irresponsibleness of a software system is incredibly abundant passionate about the means of testing performed. Software system testing, which is sometimes last activity of the software system development cycle is performed below the pressure. Quality and irresponsibleness of software system area unit abundant passionate about take a look at ways that area unit dead by take a look at cases. Generation of optimized take a look at ways may be a difficult a part of the software system testing method. During this paper, a very important effort is formed to propose a brand new technique to get the optimized take a look at ways from UML sequence diagram. Results indicated that optimized ways from sequence diagram haven't any redundancy and made the higher results. The proposed work focuses on reducing test cases by detecting the lazy class code smells based on the cohesion and dependency of the code and applying the inline class refactoring practices before test case generation thereby significantly avoiding redundant test cases from being generated. Objective: Test cases tend to be large in number as redundant test cases are generated due to the presence of code smells, hence the need to reduce these smells. Refactoring is the process of altering an application’s source code without changing its external behaviour. The purpose of code refactoring is to improve some of the non-functional properties of the code, such as readability, complexity, maintainability and extensibility. Applications/Improvements: From the results, refactoring is an effective technique that can reduce redundant test cases. While the focus is on test case reduction, it also improves the quality of generated test cases in terms of its branch coverage.
Development a Monitoring System for Detecting Marine Microorganisms in Ballast Water

The problems of marine invasive species carried by ballast water are greatly severe due to the growing trade using shipping, especially last two decades. Ballast water treatment systems to tackle the problems have been developed. However we need a monitoring system to evaluate the performance of the treatment systems. In this study, a monitoring system using micro fluidic devices has been developed to detect living marine species in ballast water. The monitoring system consists of two sub-systems; one is for 10-50 μm species and the other for >50 μm ones, which was designed to be used in situ on ships. The results of this study showed that the developed system to assess the working performance of the ballast water treatment system will be useful in the international commercial ships.
Multilevel Monte Carlo algorithm for quantum mechanics on a lattice

Monte Carlo simulations of quantum field theories on a lattice become increasingly expensive as the continuum limit is approached since the cost per independent sample grows with a high power of the inverse lattice spacing. Simulations on fine lattices suffer from critical slowdown, the rapid growth of autocorrelations in the Markov chain with decreasing lattice spacing a . This causes a strong increase in the number of lattice configurations that have to be generated to obtain statistically significant results. In this paper, hierarchical sampling methods to tame this growth in autocorrelations are discussed. Combined with multilevel variance reduction techniques, this significantly reduces the computational cost of simulations for given tolerances ϵ disc on the discretization error and ϵ stat on the statistical error. For an observable with lattice errors of order α and an integrated autocorrelation time that grows like τ int ∝ a
Do You See the Magic? An Autonomous Robot Magician Can Read Your Mind

For most people magicians seem to surpass human abilities, combining skills and deception to perform mesmerizing tricks. Robots performing magic tricks could similarly fascinate and engage the audience, potentially establishing a novel rapport with human partners. However, magician robots are usually done by Wizard of Oz. This study presents an autonomous framework to perform a magic trick in a quick and game-like human-robot interaction. The iCub humanoid robot plays the role of a magician in a card game, autonomously inferring which card the human partner is lying about. We exploited cognitive load assessment via pupil reading to infer the mental state of the player. The validation results show an accuracy of 90.9% and the possibility to simplify the game to improve its portability. This suggests the feasibility of our approach and paves the way toward a real-world application of the game.
The Role of Interleukin-10 in Suppression of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Induced T Helper Type 1Immune Response and Anti-Bladder Cancer Immunity

Bladder cancer is a common urologic cancer and intravesical Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the mainstay in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. However, the current BCG therapy is not optimal with respect to its efficacy and side effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that proper induction of T helper type (Th) 1 immunity is required for effective immunotherapy of bladder cancer with BCG. Interleukin (IL)-10, a Th2 cytokine, down-regulates the Th1 immune response and is associated with BCG therapy failure. Therefore, blocking IL-10 activity could be beneficial for bladder cancer patients undergoing BCG therapy. We evaluated BCG in combination with IL- 10 neutralizing or receptor 1 (IL-10R1) blocking monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and found that the combination therapies induced enhanced Th1 immune responses and anti-bladder cancer immunity in preclinical animal models. The mechanistic studies revealed that BCG in combination with anti-IL-10R1 mAb induced specific antitumor immune responses. Our observations suggest that BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer can be enhanced by addition of IL-10 blocking agents. This paper reviews our recent progress in animal studies on bladder cancer treatment by BCG and IL-10 blocking agent combination therapies. resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the primary treatment for Ta and T1 lesions. Intravesical therapy is used as adjuvant treatment to prevent recurrence and progression of the disease after TURBT and is also the treatment of choice for CIS . Intravesical instillation of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is widely used as the standard therapy for NMIBC. Bladder cancer is dominated by a T helper type (Th) 2 polarized immune pathologic response. BCG therapy can shift the Th2 environment toward a Th1 milieu, leading to effective anti-bladder cancer immunity in the majority of patients. BCG therapy typically results in 50-60% effectiveness against small residual tumors and a 70-75% complete response rate for CIS. However, BCG therapy is associated with 40-50% disease recurrence
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering

— When there is no infrastructure in the network, then mobile ad hoc network is the best choice which is also less costly and easily deployable as in comparison. In such networks, in order to make them reliable and secure one need to analyze the routing mechanisms which are called as the MANET routing protocols. In the research work, we have to do the investigation of mobile ad hoc network protocols like ad hoc on demand routing protocol (AODV), destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) protocol using the different TCP types like TCP Reno, TCP Vegas and TCP NJ-plus. our Analysis of the variants of TCP is based on three performance metrics: TCP Throughput ,Average End-to -End delay and Packet Delivery Fraction . This analysis will be useful in determining the better variant among TCP Protocols to ensure better data transfer, speed, and reliability and congestion control.