Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal Design of Klann-based walking Mechanism for Water-running Robots

Recently, many studies have been conducted to develop robots inspired by living creatures, but these robots have limitations when operating in various environments. In previous research, we developed an amphibious robot that could operate on a water surface and on the ground. The robot has good stability, but its running speed is not sufficient. In this study, we optimized the Klann leg mechanism of the robot to increase the running speed based on water surface operation. First, we modeled the interaction force between the water and the feet of the robot. We also numerically calculated the running speed when operating on water as the object function of the optimization process. We optimized the running speed using level average analysis. The result of optimization was used for ground locomotion, and the optimized running speeds were compared with the results of previous research. The optimized Klann mechanism will be used as the leg mechanism in an amphibious robot for running on water or on the ground.
Are Current Shariah Governance Systems Efficient?

This paper aims to examine the sufficiency of current Shariah governance systems with regards to both regulation and supervision. As compared to other factors, the importance of Shariah committee is a major part of the Shariah governance system and it requires a thorough assessment of its structure. The study finds that the main issues of the existing systems of Shariah governance are the absence of standardization and harmonization; lack of proper Shariah audit; the structure of the existing systems which rely solely on manpower; and the fact that a small number of Shariah scholars are controlling a vast number of Shariah committees.
Many Avenues to Cardiac Cell Death Platelet-derived growth factor receptor- (cid:2) is essential for cardiac ﬁbroblast survival

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor- (cid:2) is essential for cardiac ﬁbroblast survival. Am J Physiol Physiol 317: H330–H344, 2019. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (cid:2) (PDGFR (cid:2) ), a receptor tyrosine kinase required for cardiac ﬁbroblast development, is uniquely expressed by ﬁbroblasts in the adult heart. Despite the consensus that PDGFR (cid:2) is expressed in adult cardiac ﬁbroblasts, we know little about its function when these cells are at rest. Here, we demonstrate that loss of PDGFR (cid:2) in cardiac ﬁbroblasts resulted in a rapid reduction of resident ﬁbroblasts. Furthermore, we observe that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling was required for PDGFR (cid:2) dependent ﬁbroblast maintenance. Interestingly, this reduced number of ﬁbroblasts was maintained long-term, suggesting that there is no homeostatic mechanism to monitor ﬁbroblast numbers and restore hearts to wild-type levels. Although we did not observe any systolic functional changes in hearts with depleted ﬁbroblasts, the basement membrane and microvasculature of these hearts were perturbed. Through in vitro analyses, we showed that PDGFR (cid:2) signaling inhibition resulted in an increase in ﬁbroblast cell death, and PDGFR (cid:2) stimulation led to increased levels of the cell survival factor activating transcription factor 3. Our data reveal a unique role for PDGFR (cid:2) signaling in ﬁbroblast maintenance and illustrate that a 50% loss in cardiac ﬁbroblasts does not result in lethality. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (cid:2) (PDGFR (cid:2) ) is required in developing cardiac ﬁbroblasts, but a functional role in adult, quiescent ﬁbroblasts has not been identiﬁed. Here, we demonstrate that PDGFR (cid:2) signaling is essential for cardiac ﬁbroblast maintenance and that there are no homeostatic mechanisms to regulate ﬁbroblast numbers in the heart. PDGFR signaling is generally considered mitogenic in ﬁbroblasts, but these data suggest that this receptor may direct different cellular processes depending on the cell’s maturation and activation status.
Exploring CO2 Sources and Sinks Nexus through Integrated Approach: Insight from Pakistan

Land cover changes are used to indicate various anthropogenic activities that lead to greenhouse gas GHG emissions (mainly carbon dioxide, CO2). GHG mitigation policies are in place in mega cities of developing countries, such as the city of Faisalabad in Pakistan. The relationship between CO2 sources and sinks, however, is still largely unknown. In the present study, we estimate sectoral CO2 sources using actual data from the city's energy consumption as one of the critical parameters an anthropogenic activity, while sinks are extracted from land cover/land use change analysis of quad-temporal satellite images for the time period of 1975 to 2011. The integration of multiple tools/models makes this study unique for its kind. The results illustrate that the city area expanded by six times from 1975 to 2011 while CO2 sources increased eight-fold, and are expected to rise further if not addressed in timely fashion. CO2 sinks are being exhausted heavily in a large numbers. In particular, sparse and dense vegetation has shown a significant change over a mere decade. The forecast results, estimated by econometric model, likewise show an increasing trend in the future. It is also found that use of multiple tools and techniques deliver better results in carbon mitigation tracer research. This study could help in developing climate mitigation policies at a local level that will ultimately help in reshaping national policies.
STEREOPHONIC PERSONAL AUDIO REPRODUCTION USING PLANARITY CONTROL OPTIMIZATION

Sound field control to create multiple personal audio spaces (sound zones) in a shared listening environment is an active research topic. Typically, sound zones in the literature have aimed to reproduce monophonic audio programme material. The planarity control optimization approach can reproduce sound zones with high levels of acoustic contrast, while constraining the energy flux distribution in the target zone to impinge from a certain range of azimuths. Such a constraint has been shown to reduce problematic self-cancellation artefacts such as uneven sound pressure levels and complex phase patterns within the target zone. Furthermore, multichannel reproduction systems have the potential to reproduce spatial audio content at arbitrary listening positions (although most exclusively target a ‘sweet spot’). By designing the planarity control to constrain the impinging energy rather tightly, a sound field approximating a plane-wave can be reproduced for a listener in an arbitrarily-placed target zone. In this study, the application of planarity control for stereo reproduction in the context of a personal audio system was investigated. Four solutions, to provide virtual left and right channels for two audio programmes, were calculated and superposed to achieve the stereo effect in two separate sound zones. The performance was measured in an acoustically treated studio using a 60 channel circular array, and compared against a least-squares pressure matching solution whereby each channel was reproduced as a plane wave field. Results demonstrate that planarity control achieved 6 dB greater mean contrast than the least-squares case over the range 250-2000 Hz. Based on the principal directions of arrival across frequency, planarity control produced azimuthal RMSE of 4.2/4.5 degrees for the left/right channels respectively (leastsquares 2.8/3.6 degrees). Future work should investigate the perceived spatial quality of the implemented system with respect to a reference stereophonic setup.
Does EU and/or EMU Membership Affect Growth?

This paper addresses the question of whether increased economic integration leads to higher growth. To address this question, two regression models are estimated. Model 1 consists of EU 14 (EU 15 minus Luxembourg) for the time period 1971-2000 and estimates the effects of a country’s growth rate of entering the European Union. The results show that membership in the EU has not had any significant effect on the growth rate. Model 2 consists of EU 27 for the time period 1992-2007. In this model, an attempt is made to estimate if membership in the EU and membership in the EMU has significantly affected the growth rates of the participating countries. The main result is that membership in the EU has led to an annual increase in the growth rate of 0.021 % while the result for participating in the EMU cooperation is not significant.
Phosphorylation of 25-kDa Synaptosome-associated Protein POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT IN PROTEIN KINASE C-MEDIATED REGULATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE*

Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of a 25- kDa synaptosome-associated protein (SNAP-25) was examined in living PC12 cells. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment enhanced high potassium-induced [ 3 H]-norepinephrine release, and a 28-kDa protein recognized by an anti-SNAP-25 antibody was phosphoryl- ated on Ser residues. The molecular size of the phosphorylated band decreased slightly following treatment with Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin, whereas the band disappeared after treatment with botulinum type E neurotoxin, indicating that the 28-kDa protein was SNAP-25. A phosphorylation is likely to occur at Ser 187 , as this is the only Ser residue located between the cleavage sites of botulinum type A and E neurotox- ins. SNAP-25 of PC12 cells was phosphorylated by purified protein kinase C in vitro , and the amount of syn- taxin co-immunoprecipitated with SNAP-25 was decreased by phosphorylation. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of SNAP-25 may be involved in protein kinase C-mediated regulation of catecholamine release from PC12 cells. Synaptic of plasticity networks potentiation 0.2 m M EGTA, and 5.0 m M HEPES-Tris, 6.8) and incubated with 20 (cid:109) M digitonin in solution A (140 m M sodium gluta-mate, 5 m M glucose, 5 m M EGTA, 5 m M MgATP, and 20 m M 1,4- piperazinediethanesulfonic acid, pH 6.8) for 4 min at 37 °C. Prior to experiments, BoNTs (1 (cid:109) M ) were treated with 10 m M dithiothreitol for 30 min at 37 °C. The permeabilized cells were then incubated with or without 100 n M BoNT/A or BoNT/E in solution A supplemented with CaCl 2 (final concentration of free Ca 2 (cid:49) , 10 (cid:109) M ) for 70 min at 37 °C. The cellular proteins were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. Partial Amino Acid Sequencing of mAb BR05 Antigen— mAb BR05 antigen was partially purified from solubilized PC12 cells using mAb BR05-linked Sepharose CL-4B. The proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, transblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Immo- bilon, Millipore Co., Bedford, MA), and the 28-kDa protein band identified by Ponceau S (Sigma) staining, was excised and digested in situ with lysyl endopeptidase (Wako). The resulting peptides were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (Higashi 1992), and the sequences were determined with a pulse liquid phase sequena-tor (model 477A, Applied Biosystems). NE Release Assay— The assay NE release carried cells were
Evidence for Nerve-Mediated Abnormalities in Parasympathetic Reflexes in Borderline Hypertension

This study was designed to elucidate the abnormalities in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems in borderline hypertension. Utilizing the cold pressor test (CPT) for evaluation of the sympathetic nervous system and R-R interval variation for the assessment of the parasympathetic nervous system, fifteen male patients (37±4 y.o.) with borderline hypertension (mean arterial pressure = 111 + 2 mmHg) and age-matched normotensive controls participated in this study. The cold face test (CFT), which is able to evaluate the trigeminal-vagal-cardiac and trigeminal-sympathetic-peripheral vasculature pathways, was also employed to evaluate the balance between these two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The coefficient of variation (CV) of R-R interval variation in the borderline hypertensives was significantly smaller than that in the controls (3.9+0.3 vs. 6.3±0.4%, P<0.01). The CPT produced a significant elevation of blood pressure in both groups, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. The CFT induced bradycardia (P < 0.01) in the controls, while hypertensive subjects were characterized by an increase in systolic blood pressure (P<0.01) without significant changes in heart rate. Epinephrine was significantly decreased by the CFT only in the controls. There was a positive correlation between CV of R-R interval and decrease in heart rate by the CFT (r=0.60, P < 0.0005). These results suggest that even with a specifically vagal reflex, patients with borderline hypertension have decreased parasympathetic tone and that the CFT may be useful in the assessment of the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems over the regulation of the effector organs. (Hypertens Res 1993; 16: 185-190)
Interaction ( GH ) / IGF-I between Lept Axis in and Growth Hormone

In order to identify the mutual interaction between GH and leptin, we studied the effect of GH on fatty Zucker rats. GH administration at a high dose (5.0 IU/kg) reduced % body fat after 7 days. The leptin mRNA level in subcutaneous fat tissue was not changed but that in epididymal fat tissue was decreased by an even lower dose of GH (1.5 IU/kg). IGF-I treatment (200 μg/kg/day) did not change the % body fat or leptin mRNA level. These observations suggest that GH directly interacts with visceral fat and reduces fat mass and leptin expression. We also measured serum leptin levels in patients. The levels in patients with acromegaly were significantly lower than those in normal subjects with the same amount of body fat, but serum IGF-I and urinary C peptide excretion rates were higher in the acromegalic. These observations also suggests that GH directly interacts with adipose tissue and reduces leptin expression. Next we investigated the direct action of leptin on GH release from the pituitary. Leptin pretreatment of pituitary cells in culture or rats in a fasted or fed condition did not change GRH induced GH secretion. As indicated also by other recent studies, leptin may increase GRH or decrease somatostatin secretion by the hypothalamus. Thus GH interacts with fat tissues and leptin may be a good marker of the interaction.
Deﬁciency of LKB1 in heart prevents ischemia-mediated activation of AMPK (cid:1) 2 but not AMPK (cid:1) 1

Deﬁciency of LKB1 in heart prevents ischemia-mediated activation of AMPK (cid:1) 2 but not AMPK (cid:1) 1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E780–E788, 2006. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00443. 2005. —Recent studies indicate that the LKB1 is a key regulator of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which plays a crucial role in protecting cardiac muscle from damage during ischemia. We have employed mice that lack LKB1 in cardiac and skeletal muscle and studied how this affected the activity of cardiac AMPK (cid:1) 1/ (cid:1) 2 under normoxic, ischemic, and anoxic conditions. In the heart lacking cardiac muscle LKB1, the basal activity of AMPK (cid:1) 2 was vastly reduced and not increased by ischemia or anoxia. Phosphorylation of AMPK (cid:1) 2 at the site of LKB1 phosphorylation (Thr 172 ) or phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2, a downstream substrate of AMPK, was ablated in ischemic heart lacking cardiac LKB1. Ischemia was found to increase the ADP-to-ATP (ADP/ATP) and AMP-to-ATP ratios (AMP/ATP) to a greater extent in LKB1-deﬁcient cardiac muscle than in LKB1-expressing muscle. In contrast to AMPK (cid:1) 2, signiﬁcant basal activity of AMPK (cid:1) 1 was observed in the lysates from the hearts lacking cardiac muscle LKB1, as well as in cardiomyocytes that had been isolated from these hearts. In the heart lacking cardiac LKB1, ischemia or anoxia induced a marked activation and phosphorylation of AMPK (cid:1) 1, to a level that was only moderately lower than observed in LKB1-expressing heart. Echocardiographic and morphological analysis of the cardiac LKB1-deﬁcient hearts indicated that these hearts were not overtly dysfunctional, despite possessing a reduced weight and enlarged atria. These ﬁndings indicate that LKB1 plays a crucial role in regulating AMPK (cid:1) 2 activation and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 phosphorylation and also regulating cellular energy levels in response to ischemia. They also provide genetic evidence that an alternative upstream kinase can activate AMPK (cid:1) 1 in cardiac muscle.
FIELD EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF Gnidia glauca AND Lobelia nicotianaefalia LEAVES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH IN CABBAGE

Cold and hot water extracts of leaves of two plants, Gnidia glauca (Thymeleaceae) and Lobelia nicoiianaefalizr (Campanulaceae) were evaluated at 5% by wlv against diamondback moth (DBM), Plurella xylosrella (L.), in cabbage ecosystem. Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) at 4%, indoxacarb (Avaunt@) at 0.006 % a.i. and untreated control were used as the checks. The trials were conducted on a farmer's ﬁeld in an RCBD design and six sprays were given at approximately ten days interval starting from 12"‘ day after planting. Both the extracts, viz., simple aqueous and hot water extracts, of the leaves of both the plants performed poorly in respect of DBM counts and were on par with untreated control in insect counts, number of harvestable heads and in respect of yield. NSKE and indoxacarb treated plots on the other hand provided the best control of the pest. The study reinforced the superiority of NSKE and identified indoxacarb as a potential insecticide for managing DBM in cabbage. Further, NSKE treated plots were observed to have poor cabbage head growth relative to indoxacarb treated plots. Nevertheless, NSKE treated plots recorded the highest number of harvestable heads and the second best yield per plot. The previous suggestions of good insect control in paddy by the tested plant extracts and efficacy of G. glauca, against Helicoverpa armigera in laboratory trials could not be conﬁnned in the present study. It is possible that the poor performance of the two extracts in the present study is due to the lower concentrations used.
SYN-Flooding Attack detecting by using PSO algorithm based on FIPS algorithm

security issues in computer networking have always been of great important and network providers always intend to improve the security situation. Protocols, software, hard ware and applications can be prone point security intrusion. One of the main methods for preventing and reducing of intrusion and the destructive operation is detecting points of the vulnerability and provide mechanism to deal with them. One of the most important challenges in network environments is the attacks that cause preventing of suitable services to legitimate users. These types of attacks are known as denial of service attacks and between them, SYN-Flooding attack has the more damages. In fact using of the TCP protocol to establish a connection between source and destination will cause these attacks. In this paper we explain the mechanisms for detecting and dropping attack packets and illegal traffics by using of the PSO algorithm based on FIPS algorithm
Nonlinear modeling, time-domain analysis and simulation of non-Foster elements

In this paper, the structure of a common field-effect transistor (FET)-based negative impedance converter (NIC) that behaves as a negative capacitor is presented. The nonlinear modeling, analysis, and simulation of this non-Foster structure are presented in the time domain and the transient response of the circuit can be used to study the stability of the circuit. For the analysis of the circuit performance, the linear time-dependent modeling approach is used. This method is based on determination of the circuit parameters at each step according to parameters of the previous steps, bias voltages, and the input signal. Results of the proposed method for analysis of non-Foster circuit are compared with those of nonlinear analysis using commercial software, which shows a good agreement together and the proposed method is validated. Based on the analysis, the nonlinear capacitance of non-Foster circuit is extracted and based on the simple second order model of current source of FET, the analytic model of negative capacitor is extracted and improved by curve fitting. The proposed model results have a good agreement with simulation results of NIC's circuit.
SP013 Negatively Regulates the Progression of Mitotic and Meiotic Nuclear Division in Saccharomyces cereuisiae

The meiosis-specific yeast gene SP013 has been previously shown to be required to obtain two successive divisions in meiosis. We report here that vegetative expression of this gene causes a CDC28dependent cell-cycle arrest at mitosis. Overexpression of SP013 during meiosis causes a transient block to completion of the meiosis I division and suppresses the inability of cdc28" strains to execute meiosis 11. The spol3 defect can be partially suppressed by conditions that slow progression of the first meiotic division. Based on the results presented below, we propose that SP013 acts as a meiotic timing function by transiently blocking progression through the meiosis I division, thereby allowing (1) coordination of the first division with assembly of the redcctional segregation apparatus, and (2) subsequent entry into a second round of segregation to separate replicated sister chromatids without an intervening Sphase. stationary phase cultures rather than from exponentially growing cultures (as is usual) to avoid the possibility that HU ad- dition would affect any uncompleted mitotic replication. This difference in presporulation growth accounts for the low yields of asci relative to those usually observed in W303 diploids. Spore production was examined by phase contrast microscopy after 50 hours in SPII. Estimation of the significance of the difference in tetrad production between RM160 sporulated in the absence and presence of 5 mM HU was performed using a one-sided z-test of the hypothesis that percent tetrads (-HU) < percent tetrads (+HU), estimating cD from the pooled values (MOORE and MCCABE 1993).
Immunoglobulin IgG4 and autoimmune hepatitis Amarapurkar

Introduction: IgG4 disease has been characterised by lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, rich in IgG4 plasma cells, elevated serum IgG4 and clinical improvement with steroid therapy. There is limited information about IgG4 plasma cells in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Aim of this study was to determine IgG4 plasma cells in autoimmune hepatitis and its impact on clinical course and treatment outcome. Material Methods: Liver biopsies from 40 patients with AIH before therapy were subjected to IgG4 immunostaining. Clinical history, liver function tests and response to immunosuppressive therapy were recorded. Patients were monitored for 4 weeks. Liver biopsy from 23 non AIH patients served as control. Depending on the presence of IgG4 plasma cells on immunohistochemistry, patients of autoimmune hepatitis were grouped into IgG4 positive (group A) and IgG4 negative (group B). Both groups were compared before and after immunosuppressive therapy for clinicopathological features. Results: Tissue IgG4 plasma cells >5 per high power field (hpf) were seen in 10/40 (25%) and >10 per hpf in 4/40 (10%) cases of AIH. None of the cases from control group (non AIH) were positive for IgG4 plasma cells. Group A patients were significantly younger than group B. (p<0.05). There were no differences in histological severity but liver enzymes, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly higher in group A than group B. Post treatment biochemical improvement was similar in both groups. Conclusion: IgG4 positive AIH patients were younger with more abnormal liver enzymes. There was no difference in histology and response to treatment in both groups.