Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seismic anisotropy inside the Earth from a model space search approach

For theoretical and computational convenience, the Earth has long been modelled as an isotropic medium for wave propagation. There is, however, considerable evidence of seismic anisotropy at different depths and different scales throughout the Earth, which can provide insight into Earth's dynamic processes. Since computational power has greatly increased during the last decades, it has now become possible to account for seismic anisotropy in tomographic modelling. Current methods to map seismic anisotropy inside the Earth are often based on the inversion of seismological data but these inversions can be highly non-unique, yielding discrepancies among the models produced in different studies. Since detection of seismic anisotropy is of great importance for the understanding of mantle mineralogy and deformation processes that take place inside the Earth, it is necessary to better understand tomographic models and the origin of the differences among them. In this thesis, we aimed to study seismic anisotropy in a more robust and systematic way than in previous studies, using a novel technique that describes better the model space and the complete ensemble of solutions, with reliable uncertainty estimates. The method employed in this thesis offers a way to characterize the model space better, and to give a complete description of resolution, trade-offs and uncertainties on the model parameters. We used the Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA), a direct search approach developed by Sambridge from which robust information on Earth's properties can be obtained without having to introduce unnecessary a priori information on the model space. The Gaussian hypothesis imposed in traditional inverse techniques can give rise to solutions that depend strongly on the starting model in highly underdetermined inverse problems, where the distribution of likely models can be strongly non-Gaussian. With the NA we can deal with ill-posed problems without assuming a priori Gaussian statistics for the model space. Another advantage of the NA is that it gives an overview of all the models compatible with the data, rather than choosing one with some subjective regularisation. In addition, likelihoods and trade-offs are obtained for the various model parameters, which gives a powerful tool to estimate true resolution and uncertainties. The NA was applied to surface wave phase velocity maps and normal mode data to establish the necessity to introduce seismic anisotropy in reference Earth models, and to study lateral variations in radial anisotropy in the upper mantle, transition zone and top of the lower mantle. A study of inner core anisotropy was also performed using recent measurements of anomalously split normal modes. It produced models of inner core anisotropy that remove a longstanding controversy arisen from the use of two different kinds of data, i.e. normal modes and travel-times.
Fire and Rainfall Energy Effects on Soil Erosion and Runoff Generation in Semi-Arid Forested Lands

A study on the effects of fire and torrential rainfall on the soil erosion and hydrology of Pinus halepensis L. forest of the semi-arid Central Ebro Valley (NE-Spain) were carried out. A portable sprinkler-based rainfall simulator was used with two levels of rainfall energy (12,6 J m−2 mm−1 and 24,7 J m−2 mm−1) and similar intensity (85 ± 8 mm h−1). Rainfall simulations were conduced immediately after artificial burn of litter cover on nine different micro-plots and compared with paired unburned areas (2-soil status × 2 rainfall energies × 9 plots or replicates). In each rainfall simulation, the soil loss, soil infiltration (calculated by Horton model), wetting front, runoff coefficient, and runoff quality (EC and pH) were measured. Fire increased significantly the sediment loss: 18.5 times with fine rainfall and 33.6 with coarse rainfall. Sediment losses were as solutes dissolved in overland flow, mainly in unburned plots, and as particles in suspension, mainly in burned plots. Fire increased runoff quantity (about 1.6 times) and decreased quality (by increasing significantly both EC and pH). These results indicate that when litter cover was burned, first rainfalls duplicate runoff and increase 20–30 times soil erosion in relation to unburned plots, especially with high rainfall energy. Soil infiltration decreased significantly in burned plots, with the highest rainfall energy. Because there is a high post-fire degradation risk, a restoration strategy for a short-term response should be designed on steep slopes with erodible soils, especially in arid Mediterranean areas where torrential rainfall and wildfire are highly probable and their occurrence will increase with climate change.
Summer nitrogenous nutrient transport and its fate in the Taiwan Strait: A coupled physical-biological modeling approach

973 Program from the National Basic Research Program of China [2009CB421200]; 973 Program from the National Major Scientific Research Program of China [2013CB955700]; Natural Science Foundation of China [41076001]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2010121029]; Science Foundation of Fujian Province [2010Y0064]
Camera traps in animal ecology : methods and analyses

1. Introduction: Allan F. O'Connell, James D. Nichols, and K. Ullas Karanth. - 2. A History of Camera Trapping: Thomas E. Kucera and Reginald H. Barrett. - 3. Evaluating Types and Features of Camera Traps in Ecological Studies: A Guide for Researchers: Don E. Swann, Kae Kawanishi, and Jonathan Palmer. - 4. Science, Conservation, and Camera Traps: James D. Nichols, K. Ullas Karanth, and Allan F. O'Connell. - 5. Behavior and Activity Patterns: Andrew S. Bridges and Andrew J. Noss. - 6. Abundance, Density and Relative Abundance: A Conceptual Framework: Timothy G. O'Brien. - 7. Estimating Tiger Abundance from Camera Trap Data: Field Surveys and Analytical Issues: K. Ullas Karanth, James D. Nichols, and N. Samba Kumar. - 8. Abundance/Density Case Study: Jaguars in the Americas: Leonardo Maffei, Andrew J. Noss, Scott C. Silver, and Marcella J. Kelly. - 9. Estimation of Demographic Parameters in a Tiger Population from Long-term Camera Trap Data: K. Ullas Karanth, James D. Nichols, N. Samba Kumar, and Devcharan Jathanna. - 10. Hierarchical Spatial Capture-Recapture Models for Estimating Density from Trapping Arrays: J. Andrew Royle and Beth Gardner. - 11. Inference for Occupancy and Occupancy Dynamics: Allan F. O'Connell Jr and Larissa L. Bailey. - 12. Species Richness and Community Dynamics: A Conceptual Framework: Marc Kery. - 13. Estimation of Species Richness of Large Vertebrates Using Camera Traps: An Example from an Indonesian Rainforest: Timothy G. O'Brien, Margaret F. Kinnaird, and Hariyo T. Wibisono. - 14. Camera Traps in Animal Ecology and Conservation: What's Next? : James D. Nichols, Allan F. O'Connell, and K. Ullas Karanth. - Index.
Ground effects in intensity scales

The use of ground effects for the evaluation of earthquake intensity is described and discussed. The importance of such effects, and the problems that arise when they are not properly considered, are analysed in particular. The opinions of many experts in the field, regarding the uselessness of such data because of their great variability, are refuted.
A First-order Method to Identify Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes in a Region of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Abstract Though glacial lake outburst floods have become an urgent issue on the Tibetan Plateau, no standardized methods have been proposed so far to identify and prioritize potentially dangerous glacial lakes (PDGLs). Here, we developed a first-order approach to identify PDGLs in the Boshula Mountain Range, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Five variables—mother glacier area, distance between lake and glacier terminus, slope between lake and glacier, mean slope of moraine dam, and mother glacier snout steepness—were selected to identify PDGLs on the basis of four criteria we suggested. A fuzzy consistent matrix method was then applied to determine the weight of variables, and characteristic statistical values were used as thresholds to classify each variable. Out of 78 moraine-dammed lakes studied, we identified 8 glacial lakes as potentially very highly dangerous. We also validated our approach with 6 drained glacial lakes inside and outside our study area. Successfully identifying them as potentially very highly and/or highly dangerous lakes demonstrates the validity of the method.
The Dog Child site (FbNp-24) : a 5500 year-old multicomponent site on the northern plains

The Dog Child site (FbNp-24) is located within the con nes of the Wanuskewin Heritage Park, approximately 3 km north of the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It is a multicomponent site containing six occupation levels. The site was excavated throughout the 2004, 2005, and 2006 eld seasons with the assistance of the University of Saskatchewan archaeological eld school and the Saskatchewan Archaeological Society eld school. Projectile point, pottery, and other technologies deemed speci c to a cultural period, in addition to radiocarbon age assessment, have revealed six occupations related to ve di¤erent series or complexes. These include the Plains Side-Notched complex, Prairie Side-Notched complex, Duncan/Hanna complex, Oxbow complex, and Mummy Cave series. Two levels have been ascribed to the latter series. The Mummy Cave series occupation is an area of focus as it contributes to our knowledge surrounding Northern Plains occupation during the Mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum. The archaeological artifacts and features in addition to the geoarchaeological setting have been documented in order to create a comparative survey expressing the context and extent of these cultural periods.
Stem Cell Therapies

D. Amat1, J. Becerra2,3, M.A. Medina4, A.R. Quesada4 and M. Mari-Beffa2,3 1Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, 2Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, 3Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, 4Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
Eye Tracking and Online Search : Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead

and the third study is described for the first time in this article. These studies reveal how users view the ranked results on a search engine results page (SERP), the relationship between the search result abstracts viewed and those clicked on, and whether gender, search task, or search engine influence these behaviors. In addition, we discuss a key challenge that arose in all three studies that applies to the use of eye tracking in studying online behaviors which is due to the limited support for analyzing scanpaths, or sequences of eye fixations. To meet this challenge, we present a preliminary approach that involves a graphical visualization to compare a path with a group of paths. We conclude by summarizing our findings and discussing future work in further understanding online search behavior with the help of eye tracking.
Anticancer and apoptotic activities of oleanolic acid are mediated through cell cycle arrest and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive form of cancer, with high rates of morbidity and mortality, a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the anticancer activity of oleanolic acid in HepG2 human HCC cells. Cell viability was evaluated using an MTT assay, following administration of various doses of oleanolic acid. The effect of oleanolic acid on cell cycle phase distribution and mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated using flow cytometry with propidium iodide and rhodamine-123 DNA-binding cationic fluorescent dyes. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to detect morphological changes in HepG2 cells following oleanolic acid treatment. The results revealed that oleanolic acid induced a dose-dependent, as well as time-dependent inhibition in the growth of HepG2 cancer cells. Following acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining, treatment with various doses (0, 5, 25 and 50 µM) of oleanolic acid induced typical morphological changes associated with apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation and apoptotic body formation. Cell cycle analysis revealed that oleanolic acid induced cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells at the sub-G1 (apoptotic) phase of the cell cycle, in a dose-dependent manner. Staining with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide revealed that apoptosis occurred early in these cells. Oleanolic acid treatment also resulted in fragmentation of nuclear DNA in a dose-dependent manner, producing the typical features of DNA laddering on an agarose gel. The results also demonstrated that oleanolic acid treatment resulted in a potent loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which also occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, oleanolic acid may be used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of human HCC.
Caracterización del ordeño manual e identificación de puntos críticos de control para la calidad higiénica de la leche en una finca del norte de Antioquia

Introduction. This work characterized manual milking in a farm located in the North of Antioquia, aiming to implement, via a risk analysis, best practices to manage cattle and obtain milk with hygienic quality. Materials and Methods. A survey was applied and an observation was made in 10 visits to the farm, in order to make a flow chart. The critical contamination points in which samples to establish the Colony Forming Units (CFU) were defined, and so were the temperature and the time lapse between the beginning and the end of the milking. The samples were analyzed with Bactoscan®. The statistic analysis was made by the use of SPSS 15.0, through comparing means. A regression analysis was made in order to examine the correlation between temperature and time with CFUs. Results. There was a difference between two points of the milking (p<0,05). Those points were the canteen in the milking site and the canteen in the tank at the end of the milking. There was a positive association between the time CFUs and the time necessary for the milk to reach the cold chain (p<0,05). Temperature in the milking stayed within the optimal range for mesophiles. The CFU account in the tank was below the limit stipulated by the national regulations for the milk bonus in the raw milk system to pay producers. There was no correlation between CFUs and the presence-absence of rain (p<0,05). Conclusion. This is a clean milk production system with best hygienic practices. The principal risky point that must be controlled is the time between the beginning of the milking and the moment in which milk is refrigerated in the tank.
Los escarabajos coprófagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) en el parque nacional de Cabañeros: influencia del hábitat y el paisaje

Protected areas play an essential role in biodiversity conservation reflecting in some manner the environmental conditions that allow both the existence of communities with high species richness and the maintenance of ecological processes. We presented the main findings of a study of landscape structure and its influence on the biodiversity patterns of dung beetles in the Cabaneros National Park. Using pitfall traps in three habitat types immersed in three different landscape matrices (forest, scrubland and grassland) we recorded 75000 individuals of 52 species of dung beetles. Differences found in species richness and composition at habitat and landscape scales support the idea that the conservation of biodiversity in Mediterranean ecosystems implies the maintenance of the natural levels of spatial and temporal heterogeneity at all scales.
Disponibilidad de cinc, cobre, hierro y manganeso extraíble con DTPA en suelos de córdoba (Argentina) y variables edáficas que la condicionan

Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn DTPA extractable content and it relationship with organic matter, pH, salinity and lime were studied in 48 soils (Mollisol, Entisol and Alfisol) from some geomorphic regions of the Chaco-Pampean plain of Cordoba (Argentina). Soils ranged from silty loam to loamy sandy texture, weak acidity to strong alcalinity, and low to medium salinity, they were sampled from 0 to 60 cm depth. Copper were at its critical range (0,1-1 mg.kg -1 ) only in sandy soils, with the highest contents (1.5 -2.5 mg kg -1 ) in Argiudolls. Zinc was below 1 mg kg -1 in most regions. Manganese (2385 mg kg -1 ) and Fe (21-68 mg kg -1 ) were above their respective critical content in all regions, with highest contents in Argiudolls for both micronutrients. Zn, Cu and Mn distribution in depth profile, was associated with organic matter content. Soil variables lime and pH for Cu, and OM and salinity for Zn, were positively correlated with DTPA content.
CRIZA DATORIILOR SUVERANE ȘI CONTAGIUNEA PE PIEȚELE FINANCIARE: CAZUL CRIZEI FINANCIARE DIN ISLANDA

Tema acestei lucrări o reprezintă criza financiară internaționala, incepută in 2007, ce a cuprins rapid atât țările din zona Euro, cât și intreaga Europa. Deși in anul 2010 se părea că ne aflăm pe drumul cel bun, pe calea spre ieșirea din criză, in a doua jumătate a aceluiași an, dar in special de-a lungul anului 2011, criza și-a facut din nou simțită prezența și pare a fi alături de noi și in prezent. Dar de data asta, criza financiară nu se mai manifestă la nivelul băncilor si al celorlalte companii financiare, ci la nivelul statelor, luând forma crizei datoriilor suverane. Obiectivul cercetării noastre l-a constituit o mai bună intelegere a magnitudinii crizei, așa că am decis să studiem mai indeaproape un exemplu concret de țară care a intâmpinat criza datoriilor suverane. Rezultatele la care am ajuns ne-au aratat că atât criza din Islanda, cât și cea generală au fost cauzate de manipularea băncilor centrale și a organizațiilor interguvernamentale. De aceea, in ultimă instanță, acțiunile guvernului au fost cele care au creat cadrul propice prăbușirii financiare a Islandei. Cazul Islandei conține un element special care a creat un eveniment extrem de rar pentru o țară dezvoltată, și anume, falimentul suveran. Deși o țară cu doar 313.000 locuitori, efectele crizei din Islanda nu au trecut neobservate in Europa, iar pe plan local au avut loc foarte multe schimbări.
Unemployment Durations in West-Germany Before and After the Reform of the Unemployment Compensation System during the 1980 s

Standard job search theory implies that longer entitlement periods for unemployment benefits increase the expected duration of unemployment spells until individuals accept a new job. This paper empirically analyzes the distribution of unemployment durations in West-Germany before and after the reforms of unemployment benefits during the mid 1980s. These reforms extended the maximum entitlement periods for unemployment benefits up to 32 months for elderly unemployed. The paper uses the comprehensive IAB employment subsample. Since unemployment is not directly observed in the data, we introduce two proxies: nonemployment (NE) and unemployment between jobs (UBJ). The analysis develops a theoretical framework in order to interpret differences between nonemployment and unemployment between jobs. The empirical analysis shows that the effect of the reforms depend heavily on the definition of unemployment. In particular, we find that the risk of entering NE increased for the elderly after the reform whereas the risk of entering UBJ remained basically constant. Also the average NE duration for those individuals who were older than 53 years increased by 50% after the reform, whereas the average NE duration decreased by 25% for those individuals who were younger than 42 years. Interestingly, the ratio of the average UBJ durations between these groups remained constant. Surprisingly, we observe that the estimated survival functions (the survival function as a function of duration T provides the share of those who are still unemployed after time T among those who started out as unemployed) for remaining in UBJ did not change in response to the reform. We only observe an increase for the mid 1990s recession which is also the case for the younger unemployed. At the same time, the survival functions for remaining in NE increased dramatically, in particular for the elderly. We provide a theoretical framework that explains our findings and we conduct a simulation study of the model which matches our empirical findings. We conclude that the NE duration for the elderly increased due to an increase in early retirement, whereas the duration did not increase among those who were still looking for a new job. Our empirical results suggest that the common result of job search theory and the related empirical literature, longer entitlement periods for unemployment benefits increase the time until the unemployed accepts a new job, is not supported. Moreover, we do not observe that with longer entitlement periods for unemployment benefits individuals, who find a job, actually end …
Osteocyte viability with glucocorticoid treatment : relation to histomorphometry

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Kapitał ludzki i kapitał społeczny a rozwój województwa podkarpackiego

Badania podjete w ramach pracy byly finansowane ze środkow na nauke w latach 2009–2010 jako projekt badawczy promotorski nr N N116 206836 pt. „Kapital ludzki i kapital spoleczny a rozwoj wojewodztwa podkarpackiego” (Umowa nr 2068/B/H03/2009/36).
Direct bed shear stress measurements in laboratory swash

Knowledge of the boundary shear stress in the swash zone is essential for the accurate prediction of sediment transport rates and beach morphology. The variation of bed shear stress over the swash cycle has been investigated directly using a novel shear plate instrument. Laboratory measurements of bed shear stress, flow depth, and fluid velocity were obtained for dam break waves and bore generated swash. For dam break and swash uprush, a large positive (landward) spike in bed shear stress has been measured at the fluid tip followed by a rapid decay throughout the flow interior. The maximum measured negative (seaward) bed shear stress occurring in the swash backwash flow interior is several times smaller than the measured peak uprush bed shear stress. Surface elevation measurements indicate a virtually zero gradient at the uprush tip, a predominately adverse gradient throughout the decelerating uprush interior, and a weakening favourable gradient throughout the entire accelerating backwash. Measured pressure gradients indicate negative (seaward) total acceleration for the majority of the swash cycle. Considering that fluid velocity and total acceleration favours seaward sediment transport for a single swash event, the positive peak in bed shear stress at the uprush tip may in fact be a significant contributor towards the observed uprush sediment transport efficiency.
Nitrification in acid coniferous forests: Some soils do, some soils don't

Nitrification is a key process in the global nitrogen cycle. Ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) were long thought to be the sole microorganisms capable of autotrophic ammonia oxidation, the rate-limited step in nitrification. This thesis elucidates the relation between the presence of AOB, environmental factors and nitrification rates in the soil layer of acid coniferous forests. Especially, the question why some acid forests show nitrification while others do not, is addressed in this thesis.