Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vernonia Amygdalina Chlorophyll Content Prediction by Feature Texture Analysis of Leaf Color

Vernonia amygdalina has been scientifically proven to have activity against various diseases because it contains high antioxidants. The antioxidant content can be related to the chlorophyll content in leaves. Chlorophyll levels increase when the leaves are fully developed which is accompanied by an increase in antioxidants. So, chlorophyll detection by non-invasive sensing can be used to estimate the antioxidant content. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model RGB color as input and leaf chlorophyll content as output. Performance comparisons in each ANN model were carried out to find the best model in predicting leaf chlorophyll content, indicated by the smallest prediction error value. This study aims to model the chlorophyll content of Vernonia amygdalina with ANN analysis. The results showed that the chlorophyll content could be identified using 9 selected color texture features through the filter method feature selection with the best attribute of correlation. The selected ANN structure produces R training of 0.98522, R validation of 0.93417, MSE training of 0.0067, and MSE of validation of 0.0322. The results showed that digital image processing and ANN models have the potential as sensors in detecting the percentage of chlorophyll content of Vernonia amygdalina.
The influence of micro-environment on the depositing rate and morphology of microbially induced carbonate precipitation

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) mainly uses urease-producing bacteria to hydrolyze urea to produce carbonate ions and contact the introduced calcium ions. The gelatinous calcium carbonate is deposited on the surface of loose particles and binding unconsolidated materials together. It has a great potential to complete many applications as a technologies of construction. In this work, the rate and ratio of depositing CaCO3 in the process of MICP at various micro-environments was evaluated. Furthermore, more suitable conditions to promote the process of depositing was presented
On the Concept of an Informational Community in a Social Network

This paper introduces a constructive definition of an informational community, which agrees with formal models of opinion dynamics for bounded rational agents in social networks. As is shown below, uncertainty can be taken into account when detecting informational communities. An example of a stable informational community is given. A control problem for informational communities is stated, and its solution is presented within the DeGroot model.
Intelligent recognition of surface defects of parts by Resnet

Nowadays, Automatic metal surface defect recognition is an important research direction in the field of surface defect recognition, and more convolution neural network algorithms are applied in this field. However, with the deepening of network layers, network degradation will occur. We propose a ResNet method for classifying metal surface defects. After experimental testing, we use ResNet34 to build an identification network. After training 300 epoch of the network using the NEU surface defect data set, the convergence of the network is very good. The accuracy of test set verification is 93.67% and higher than that of other surface defect recognition algorithms. Also, we can deepen the number of layers ResNet the network without worrying about network degradation.
Hurdles with self–cured Geopolymer Composites in Indian scenario

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production is boosting global warming very speedily. Therefore, geopolymer concrete is receiving huge attention as an alternative to traditional concrete because it develops without the use of OPC. Majority of the previous publications suggest that high-temperature curing required to gain higher mechanical strength and better durability properties, which is not feasible for cast-in-situ work. This obstacle has been overcome by adding calcium oxide and reducing silicon dioxide in the geopolymer. In addition, geopolymers also confront many other problems such as cost of construction, efflorescence and utilization of harmful chemical etc. that can’t be easily overcome. This literature makes an effort to identify some hurdles with the geopolymer composite in the Indian scenario. It concludes geopolymer composites will take some more time to completely replace conventional composites and requires some more improvement.
A new approach in production system of local layer in Iraqi Kurdistan Region

The study was conducted to investigate the effect organic system on performance of local layer as a first attempt to apply organic system in the area. A total 360 one-day-old local mixed colored hatched at Evan hatchery- Erbil from eggs brought agricultural research Baghdad chicks were reared in 18 pen s indoor 2×2 m for the first 18 weeks of bird’s age and each box represented a replicate contains of 20 chicks At beginning of birds assigned to the same condition and fed the weekly requirement according to Isa Brown guide (2018) on two types of fees as commercial and organic . Birds were randomly divided into six (6) treatment groups and three (3) replicates per treatment- first treatment (T1): as control their full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) fed commercial feed reared indoor house, second treatment (T2): birds fed organic feed full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) reared indoor house, third treatment (T3): birds fed 75% of full requirements commercial feed + pasture indoor and outdoor, fourth treatment (T4): birds fed 75% full requirement organic feed + pasture indoor and outdoor, fifth treatment (T5): birds fed full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) commercial feed + pasture indoor and outdoor housed, while sixth treatment (T6): birds fed full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) organic feed + pasture indoor and outdoor housed. At the beginning of week 19 all birds had free access to pasture through a hole from indoor to the outdoor except control T1 and T2 birds housed indoor. The outdoor area measured 2 × 10 m (1 m2/bird) for each box and separated by fence. The outdoor area designed to provide bird a natural behavior and covered with alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The results of this study indicates that haugh unit was (67.14). Total UFA and n-3 in T2 of local egg were higher (P<0.01) than other treatments. T3 had higher content of n-6 (21.13). Birds in T6 of local strain had higher (P<0.01) percentage of amino acids among treatments. The significant difference found between treatments of local strains profit for both eggs and hen with eggs. Significant differences found among treatments for sensory evaluation of local egg. T6 had higher (P<0.01) score of overall acceptances. in this study results showed that local strain able to perform under organic and commercial condition. The egg properties and fatty, amino and sensory evaluation of local eggs under different production system were differed. Profits from eggs and eggs with hens were different depending on the production systems.
Characteristic of Nano-Calcium Bone from a Different Species of Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus, Clarias batrachus, Hemibagrus nemurus and Paraplotosus albilabris)

Fishbone contains mineral components that can potentially be exploited to improve the nutrition of food products. This research was aimed to determine the quality characteristics of nano-calcium bone from a different species of catfish. This research used an experimental method by producing nano-calcium from other types of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus, Clarias batrachus, Hemibagrus nemurus, and Paraplotosus albilabris) using 1M NaOH. The production of nano-calcium from the bone of different species of catfish produce a white fishbone nano-calcium color, with the whiteness degree of 90.7% (P.hypophthalmus); 88.9% (C.batrachus), 89.1% (H.nemurus), and 88.4% (P.albilabris). The moisture content in catfish bone nano-calcium in P.hypophthalmus. C.batrachus. H.nemurus, and P.albilabris was relatively similar, Ranging from 5.71%-6.12%. Calcium content of catfish bone nano-calcium very high in P.hypophthalmus, C.batrachus, H.nemurus, and P.albilabris were 87.4%; 89.6%; 89.1%, and 86.1% respectively. While the phosphorus level in P.hypopthalmus fishbone was 11.2%. C.batrachus fishbone was 9.4%, H.nemurus fishbone was 9.8%, and P.albilabris fishbone was 12.7%. The particle size of nano-calcium in P. hypophthalmus fishbone was 248-672 nm, in H.nemurus fishbone 206-594 nm, and nano-calcium in C.batrachus fishbone was 135-573 nm.
Low-cadmium rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar can simultaneously reduce arsenic and cadmium concentrations in rice grains

ABSTRACT In previous research, we produced a japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar (‘Koshihikari Kan No. 1’) with nearly undetectable levels of cadmium (Cd) in the grains. In this study, we hypothesized that growing this cultivar aerobically would simultaneously reduce arsenic (As) and Cd concentrations in the grains. We grew this cultivar and ‘Koshihikari’, its parent, in paddy fields with different soil properties under three water regimes: flooded conditions (FLD), alternate wetting and drying conditions (AWD) and water-saving conditions (WAS). FLD for several weeks before and after heading significantly increased the grain As concentration in both cultivars. AWD, with the soil re-flooded just after disappearance of the ponded water, reduced grain As concentrations by an average of 27% relative to FLD for both cultivars. WAS, with irrigation after drying of the soil surface, decreased grain As concentrations by an average of 43.1% for ‘Koshihikari Kan No. 1’ and 48.2% for ‘Koshihikari’ compared to FLD. Although AWD and WAS remarkably increased grain Cd concentrations in ‘Koshihikari’, ‘Koshihikari Kan No. 1’ had nearly undetectable levels of grain Cd in all treatments. Compared with ‘Koshihikari’ in FLD, grain yield of ‘Koshihikari Kan No. 1’ and ‘Koshihikari’ decreased by averages of 2% for AWD and 4 to 6% for WAS. In addition, WAS tended to decrease grain quality slightly for both cultivars. Although aerobic conditions such as WAS have somewhat adverse effects on grain yield and quality, growing the low-Cd cultivar aerobically is the most practical way to simultaneously reduce Cd and As contents in the rice grains.
Structural Characteristics and Properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Cellulose Triacetate (CTA) Fibers for Heat-Not-Burn (HNB) Cigarettes

In this work, two commonly used filter fibers for heat-not-burn (HNB) cigarettes, polylactic acid (PLA) and cellulose triacetate (CTA) fibers, have been extensively investigated by characterizing their morphologies, thermal and wetting properties. It is found that plenty of small pores can be observed in PLA fibers, which can provide more effective surface areas for the adsorption of mainstream smoke than CTA fibers with smooth surface. At the same time, thermal properties results including differential scanning calorimetry data, thermogravimetry data, and thermal conductivities of PLA and CTA fibers indicate that CTA fibers have an amorphous phase, while PLA fibers present a mixture of amorphous phase and crystalline phase with better thermal properties. Additionally, wetting properties demonstrate that PLA fibers have better adsorption properties than CTA fibers.
Hybrid treatment of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as a sustainable and efficient protein source in poultry diets

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of BSFL meal protein hydrolysate as a sustainable alternative source of protein in poultry diets. Protein hydrolysis of BSFL meal was carried out by using sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and Thermostable Alkaline Protease enzyme (TAPzyme) under mild conditions: moderate temperature of 50 °C and pH 9. A total of 8 treatments: 10% NaCl (T1); 10% KCl (T2); 10% TAPzyme (T3); 20% TAPzyme (T4); 10% NaCl and 10% TAPzyme (T5); 10% NaCl and 20% TAPzyme (T6); 10% KCl and 10% TAPzyme (T7); and, 10% KCl and 20% TAPzyme (T8) were performed to determine protein hydrolysate concentration (μg/mL), and percentage of protein concentration decreased (%) at the end of this research. The hybrid treatment, i.e., Treatment 6 (10% NaCl and 20% TAPzyme), had the lowest protein concentration and highest protein concentration decreased at 280.782 µg/mL and 49.20%, respectively. This result shows that salt and protease’s synergistic effect managed to hydrolysed BSFL protein into smaller peptides efficiently than salt and protease alone.
The synthesis of Ag3PO4 under graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite aqueous dispersion for enhanced photocatalytic activity

The development of Ag3PO4 photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation is very challenging due to excellent activity under visible light exposure. The research aims to synthesize Ag3PO4 under graphene oxide (GO) and hydroxyapatite (HA) as a phosphate ion source for Rhodamin B degradation. The Ag3PO4/GO was prepared using the precipitation method with the starting material of graphene oxide aqueous dispersion, AgNO3, and hydroxyapatite suspension. The structure, absorption, morphology, and element composition of photocatalysts were studied using XRD, DRS, SEM, and EDX. Photocatalytic abilities of the samples were tested using RhB oxidation under blue light exposure. The results exhibited that GO improves the crystallinity andvisibleabsorption spectrum of Ag3PO4. Incorporating GO on Ag3PO4 decreases the ratio of O/Ag and O/P leading to a defect formation. The reaction mechanism on the surface of the photocatalyst was mainly run by holes and superoxide radical ions. The modification of Ag3PO4 using hydroxyapatite and GO improved photocatalytic activity.
Correlation of Pressure Drop in the Sintered Fibrous Porous Tube with Permeability and Friction Coefficient

In order to enhance the heat transfer performance of heat tubes, porous media are often sintered into them. This increases the heat transfer area due to the surface area being increased by the porous media. Our The test apparatus consisted of a double tube structure, and the length was 150 mm. Previous experiments have shown its usefulness and revealed that a breakthrough in the heat exchanger has occurred. For example, air heated to 200 °C and water cooled to 1 °C flowed inside and outside the heat tube, respectively. In tests with conventional heat tubes, air was discharged at 150 °C through the test section. However, in tubes filled with 50 mm of porous medium, air was discharged at 5 °C. In other words, a conventional tube would need to be 100 times as long. We have already proposed a correlation that can accurately predict the heat transfer coefficient regardless of the pipe diameter and filling length. On this study is about understanding the mechanism of pressure drop and constructing an equation, and We have established a method for predicting the pressure drop of a porous body within approximately ±10%.
Salbei (Salvia officinalis)

Zusammenfassung Der Salbei ist das Paradebeispiel einer traditionsreichen Heilpflanze. Seit Jahrtausenden wird er für weitgehend dieselben Indikationen genutzt. Die phytopharmakologische Forschung bestätigt ihn heute als beachtenswertes Multitalent. Im Fokus stehen seine große antioxidative Kraft und sein breites antimikrobielles Spektrum. Diese Eigenschaften können den Salbei auch heutzutage zu einem wichtigen Therapeutikum werden lassen.
Automatic Car License Plate Detection System: A Review

Automatic license detection system is an essential system in today’s busy traffic system. It helps in automatic monitoring of traffic rules and other law enforcement activities. In India there are many cases of rash driving where in cars violating many traffic rules. It becomes very difficult for traffic policeman to capture the details of the vehicle. Thus, automatic license detection system have been proposed and implemented over the years to help easy and fast monitoring of traffic rules by the vehicles. This paper provides a concise review of various approaches used for automatic license detection system. These approaches can be broadly categorized into two categories: Techniques for automatic car number plate recognition and Techniques for character recognition. This paper also provides advantages and disadvantages of various approaches coming under these categories. Finally, the paper concludes with the comparative result analysis of all approaches reviewed under both the categories.
Learning BiLSTM-based Embeddings for Relation Prediction in Temporal Knowledge Graph

At present, as the knowledge graph continues to increase, problems such as incomplete information in the graph also emerge, mainly reflected in the lack of links between entities [1], and the current commonly solution is to learn their representations that can represent more semantic information for the entities and relations in the graph. This article focuses on the temporal knowledge graph (TKG), consistent with the goal in the static knowledge graph, this paper tries to propose a better representation learning method to solve the link prediction problem. According to the time information in the temporal knowledge graph, the paper constructs a bag of words about time, uses the bag of words model to decompose the time in the temporal knowledge graph into sequences, and learns its semantic information together with relations and entities. The embeddings obtained in this way can learn more semantic information. In addition, proving the effectiveness of the model through experiments on the currently commonly used temporal knowledge graphs.
Handwriting features definition methods and algorithms

The research relevance is conditioned upon the lack of assistance tooling for forensics experts and graphologists that allow to justify examination and analysis results. It is a non-trivial task to develop such toolset. The goal of the research is to formalize handwriting features extraction process in order to validate an authorship of a given Russian handwritten text. Existing approaches analysis and a mathematical model of handwriting features extraction from handwritten documents are provided along with the choice of implementation approach. Software toolset that allows the model’s practical application is developed.
Some Remarks on Even-Hole-Free Graphs

A vertex of a graph is bisimplicial if the set of its neighbors is the union of two cliques; a graph is quasi-line if every vertex is bisimplicial. A recent result of Chudnovsky and Seymour asserts that every non-empty even-hole-free graph has a bisimplicial vertex. Both Hadwiger's conjecture and the Erdős-Lovász Tihany conjecture have been shown to be true for quasi-line graphs, but are open for even-hole-free graphs. In this note, we prove that every even-hole-free graph $G$ with $\omega(G)<\chi(G)=s+t-1$ satisfies the Erdős-Lovász Tihany conjecture provided that $ t\geq s > \chi(G)/3$; every $9$-chromatic graph $G$ with $\omega(G)\leq 8$ has a $K_4\cup K_6$ minor; for all $k\geq 7$, every even-hole-free graph with no $K_k$ minor is $(2k-5)$-colorable. Our proofs rely heavily on the structural result of Chudnovsky and Seymour on even-hole-free graphs.
On-Line Policy Iteration for Infinite Horizon Dynamic Programming

In this paper we propose an on-line policy iteration (PI) algorithm for finite-state infinite horizon discounted dynamic programming, whereby the policy improvement operation is done on-line, only for the states that are encountered during operation of the system. This allows the continuous updating/improvement of the current policy, thus resulting in a form of on-line PI that incorporates the improved controls into the current policy as new states and controls are generated. The algorithm converges in a finite number of stages to a type of locally optimal policy, and suggests the possibility of variants of PI and multiagent PI where the policy improvement is simplified. Moreover, the algorithm can be used with on-line replanning, and is also well-suited for on-line PI algorithms with value and policy approximations.
Phoenix: A Formally Verified Regenerating Vault

An attacker that gains access to a cryptocurrency user's private keys can perform any operation in her stead. Due to the decentralized nature of most cryptocurrencies, no entity can revert those operations. This is a central challenge for decentralized systems, illustrated by numerous high-profile heists. Vault contracts reduce this risk by introducing artificial delay on operations, allowing abortion by the contract owner during the delay. However, the theft of a key still renders the vault unusable and puts funds at risk. We introduce Phoenix, a novel contract architecture that allows the user to restore its security properties after key loss. Phoenix takes advantage of users' ability to store keys in easily-available but less secure storage (tier-two) as well as more secure storage that is harder to access (tier-one). Unlike previous solutions, the user can restore Phoenix security after the theft of tier-two keys and does not lose funds despite losing keys in either tier. Phoenix also introduces a mechanism to reduce the damage an attacker can cause in case of a tier-one compromise. We formally specify Phoenix's required behavior and provide a prototype implementation of Phoenix as an Ethereum contract. Since such an implementation is highly sensitive and vulnerable to subtle bugs, we apply a formal verification tool to prove specific code properties and identify faults. We highlight a bug identified by the tool that could be exploited by an attacker to compromise Phoenix. After fixing the bug, the tool proved the low-level executable code's correctness.
Towards Robustness of Text-to-SQL Models against Synonym Substitution

Recently, there has been significant progress in studying neural networks to translate text descriptions into SQL queries. Despite achieving good performance on some public benchmarks, existing text-to-SQL models typically rely on the lexical matching between words in natural language (NL) questions and tokens in table schemas, which may render the models vulnerable to attacks that break the schema linking mechanism. In this work, we investigate the robustness of text-to-SQL models to synonym substitution. In particular, we introduce Spider-Syn, a human-curated dataset based on the Spider benchmark for text-to-SQL translation. NL questions in Spider-Syn are modified from Spider, by replacing their schema-related words with manually selected synonyms that reflect real-world question paraphrases. We observe that the accuracy dramatically drops by eliminating such explicit correspondence between NL questions and table schemas, even if the synonyms are not adversarially selected to conduct worst-case attacks. Finally, we present two categories of approaches to improve the model robustness. The first category of approaches utilizes additional synonym annotations for table schemas by modifying the model input, while the second category is based on adversarial training. We demonstrate that both categories of approaches significantly outperform their counterparts without the defense, and the first category of approaches are more effective.