Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical uvby-beta indices

On presente les indices photometriques theoriques dans des systemes de Stromgren et β pour les grilles de Kurucz publiees ou non. Ces indices ont ete places dans des systemes standards en utilisant des distributions d'energie UV et visuelles des standards pgotometriques secondaires
Quantum size effects on exciton states in indirect-gap quantum dots

We investigate exciton ground states in Si and 3C-SiC quantum dots by using the effective mass theory, taking account of the conduction- and valence-band mass anisotropy as well as the small spin-orbit splitting energy. The degenerate hole and exciton states are partly split by the mass anisotropy. The anisotropy splitting energies in quantum dots are different dramatically from their bulk value due to quantum size effects. The assumed changeable spin-orbit splitting energy may change the ordering of the anisotropy-split energy levels. Taking account of the exchange interaction, the degeneracy of the exciton states is further lifted. Due to the anisotropy and exchange splitting, the 48-fold exciton ground state will be split into two 18-fold triplets and two 6-fold singlets. The lowest three states are optically forbidden for Si quantum dots, which leads to a Stokes shift of luminescence. The theroretical shift agrees well with the experimental data Furthermore, the exciton band gap and binding energy as a function of dot radius are presented both for Si and for 3C-SiC quantum dots. The band gap of Si quantum dots agrees well with the recent photoluminescence results of size-separated quantum dots by Ledoux et al. and absorption data of Furukawa et al.
Relativistic Fireballs and Their Impact on External Matter: Models for Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts

We discuss the production of cosmological gamma-ray bursts intense enough to be detected at cosmological distances. Events such as the coalescence of compact binaries can create sufficient energy on time scales much less than 1 s. A short 'primary' burst is expected when the resultant fireball becomes optically thin, but this may be weak because the bulk of the radiative energy has been converted into kinetic energy while still trapped within the fireball. But when this expanding material impacts on an external medium, its bulk kinetic energy can be rerandomized. The requirements on the composition of the fireball itself are less stringent than for other interpretations of cosmological gamma-ray bursts. Moreover, our model suggests that the spectra and time structure of the bursts may depend in interesting ways on the environment in which the energy-generating event occurs.
RULES OF BEHAVIOR FOR GALACTIC WARPS

An analysis conducted for 12 galaxies with extended, warped H I disks in a variety of reference frames has led to the formulation of clear empirical criteria for galactic warp behavior. In view of these criteria, it emerges that while the H I layer is typically planar within R(25), warping becomes detectable within R(26.5); this is consistent with a straight line of the nodes (LON) measured in the plane defined by the innermost regions of the galaxies. At radii larger than R(26.5), the LON measured in the plane of the inner galaxy advances in the direction of galaxy rotation for successively larger radii. The nodes will accordingly lie along leading spirals in this frame of reference. 32 refs.
Trees with Cantor Eigenvalue Distribution

We study a family of trees with degree k at all interior nodes and degree 1 at boundary nodes. The eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix have high multiplicities. As the trees grow, the graphs of those eigenvalues approach a piecewise‐constant “Cantor function. ” For each value of , we will find the fraction of the eigenvalues that are given by .
Optical heterodyne test of perturbation expansions for the Taylor instability

The velocity field for the Taylor instability in a rotating fluid has been studied in order to test detailed theoretical predictions based on perturbation expansions about the critical point. Optical heterodyne methods were used to measure the spatial variation (along the axis of symmetry z) and time evolution of the local radial velocity component Vr(e,z,t), where e= (f−fc)/fc is a measure of the difference between the rotation rate f and the critical value fc. Measurements of the steady state spatial Fourier coefficients Ap(e) of Vr are presented as a function of e in order to determine both the asymptotic power laws and the correction terms which are necessary for large e. Measurements of the time dependence of A1 after a sudden change in rotation rate are consistent with a heuristically useful analogy between hydrodynamic instabilities and certain second‐order phase transitions.
The properties and behaviour of mantle minerals: a computer-simulation approach

The direct study of the majority of the physical properties of mantle-forming phases is currently beyond the limits of technology, because of the high pressures and temperatures (greater than 25 GPa and 1800 K) required to simulate lower-mantle conditions. As an alternative to direct study therefore, theoretical and computerbased techniques of lattice simulation and molecular dynamics have been employed to obtain an understanding of the behaviour of high-density silicates. The properties of perfect high-density silicate crystals, including their elastic and spectroscopic characteristics, have been investigated, but to date computer simulations of perfect lattice properties are insufficiently accurate to be used to solve geophysical problems. In contrast, the simulation of phase relations and defects properties are very successful. Small, negative Clapeyron slopes for perovskite-forming transformations are predicted, suggesting that the 670 km discontinuity may not be a rigid barrier to mantle convection. In addition, the activation energies for diffusion in forsterite and perovskite have been calculated, and the suggested high-temperature superionic conductivity of magnesium silicate perovskite has been confirmed.
Extrasmall-Area Three-Dimensional Solenoid-Shaped Inductor Integrated into High-Speed Signal Processing Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Ultralarge-Scale Integrated Circuits

Using fine-pitched ultralarge-scale integrated (ULSI) circuit local interconnects, an extrasmall-area, three-dimensional (3-D) solenoid-shaped inductor is developed for scaled-down high-speed logic LSIs. The 3-D solenoid inductor has a four-layered solenoid structure with fine-pitched local low-k/Cu interconnects, achieving an area reduction from 1/6 to 1/10 of the area of a conventional monolayer-spiral inductor using wide-pitched global interconnects. The small area also suppresses the crosstalk due to the compaction of the magnetic field around the inductor. The 3-D solenoid structure has a higher self-resonant frequency than a stacked-spiral inductor of the same area or the same inductance due to a small effective parasitic capacitance. A 20 Gb/s D-type flip-flop (D-F/F) using the 3-D solenoid inductor for peeking demonstrated a smaller degree of jitter than that using a monolayer-spiral inductor under a 1 V power supply. The 3-D solenoid inductor is a key component for scaled-down high-speed logic LSIs with a low power supply voltage.
Boundedness of global solutions for a supercritical semilinear heat equation and its application

We consider a Cauchy problem and a Cauchy-Dirichlet problem in a ball in R N for a semilinear heat equation u t = Δu + u p with radially symmetric nonnegative initial data. Let p > N - 2N - 1 N - 4 - 2 N - 1 and N ≥ 11. It is proved that if u is a global solution of the Cauchy problem with initial data satisfying a condition near infinity, then there exists a positive constant C such that |u(t)|∞ < C for all t ≥ 0. The uniform boundedness of solutions for the Cauchy-Dirichlet problem in a ball is also given. The result is used to show the existence of a solution for the Cauchy-Dirichlet problem in a ball which exhibits the type II blowup.
Auditory Masking of Multiple Tones by Random Noise

One, two, four, and eight simple tones were presented to listeners against a background of thermal noise. The masked thresholds for the single tones and the various combinations were determined, for different spacings of the tones. In the case of two tones, the improvement in threshold with respect to a single tone was slight or negligible unless the tones were within one critical band, when the improvement increased as the spacing decreased. In the case of four or eight tones all separated by more than a critical band, the improvement was slight (less than 3 db) or negligible, apparently depending on the combination of frequencies.
Chemical composition of essential oil of common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) branches from Estonia

For the treatment of the urinary system and kidney diseases, common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) fruits are widely used. This raw material is included in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) and is one of the most popular kinds of official medicinal plant material with diuretic and uroantiseptic activity. However, the main biomass of bushes consists of green branches, which also contain a significant amount of essential oil that can be used in pharmaceutical practice. The branches become waste during bush cutting. So, it is advisable to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil isolated from common juniper branches from different regions of Estonia to prove the possibility of using this essential oil and branches in pharmaceutical practice. Aim. Therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the chemical composition of essential oil from common juniper (J. communis L.) branches from Estonia. Materials and Methods. The branches of juniper shrubs were collected in the summer months from 27 different habitats in Estonia. The essential oil was isolated from fresh juniper branches by the modified distillation method described in the European Pharmacopoeia monograph of Juniperi pseudo-fructus. GC/MS analysis was carried out using an Agilent 5975 Series MSDMSD, Agilent7890A GC (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) with two detectors (MSMS and FID) on a fused silica capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm) with a bonded stationary phase: poly(5 %-diphenyl-95 %-dimethyl)siloxane (DB-5). The carrier gas was helium with a split ratio of 1:30, and the flow rate of 1.3 mL/min was applied. The temperature program was from 50°–240˚C at 2˚C/min and the injector temperature was 300˚C. The MS detector was operated in the EIEI mode of 70 eV and at a scan rate of 2 scans/s with a mass acquisition range of 20–400 u. Research results. The average amount of juniper essential oil in branches extracted during distillation using the Ph. Eur. method was 0.23±0.04 ml. 103 substances were identified in 27 different samples of juniper branches and quantified by the GC/MS method. The dominant components of Estonian common juniper essential oil are α-pinene (37.5-69.3 %), pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene and β-phellandrene. The juniper essential oils from Estonian raw materials were compared with Serbian, Iran, Portuguese, French and Greek ones. It was established that the common juniper growing in Estonia belongs to the α-pinene chemotype. Conclusions. Common juniper growing in Estonia belongs to the α-pinene chemotype. 103 substances were identified, and their assay was established in 27 different samples of juniper branches. The dominant components of Estonian common juniper essential oil are α-pinene (37.5-69.3 %), so it could be used as a source of a-pinene for the pharmaceutical industry. As the essential oils of common juniper branches didn’t meet all the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for juniper berries oil, so separate regulatory documentation must be developed for the essential oil from the branches
Current-voltage characteristics and deep levels in chromium-doped semi-insulating GaAs

It is deduced from the correlation among current‐voltage characteristics, photoconductivity spectra, and Fermi‐level energy that the current‐voltage characteristics of chromium‐doped semi‐insulating GaAs are dominated by the concentration ratio of the deep level related with chromium to the deep level related with oxygen. This correlation is explained by a space‐charge‐limited current model.
Fabrication of 80 Å metal wires

Some years ago Possin reported the fabrication of wires as small as 400 A in diameter with a method involving electroplating into etched particle tracks in mica. We have refined this technique, and can now use it to routinely produce wires as small as 80 A. These refinements are described, and the possibility of making even smaller wires with this method is discussed.
Multivariate-based causality tests of twin deficits in the US

This paper provides an alternative methodology for testing the causality direction between twin deficits in the US. Rao's multivariate F-test combined with the bootstrap simulation technique has appealing properties, especially when the data-generating process is characterized by unit roots. In addition the results show that the effect of structural breaks are of paramount importance when the causality tests are conducted. In much contemporary applied econometrics there is all-too-little attention given to the possibility of changes in the economic process.
Exact Analytical Solution for the Normal SABR Model

The Stochastic Alpha Beta Rho (SABR) model by Hagan et al.(2002) is currently one of the most popular models in the interestrate derivative markets. In this paper, based on Henry-Labordere's (2008) previous work, we derive a new exact analytical solution for the normal SABR model and verify its correctness by numerical examples.
Currents and Coil Forces as Contour Integrals in Two‐Dimensional Magnetic Fields

A general method is given for evaluating currents and coil forces in two‐dimensional magnetic fields. When the field components HX and HY are known along a closed contour C in the field plane Z=X+iY and we define H≡HY+iHX, the total current within C is ∮ C HdZ/4πi and the total field force per unit length, F≡FY+iFX, acting on all the currents within C is − ∮ C H2dZ/8π. As an example, the current and coil force are worked out for the uniform field magnet formed by intersecting parallel cylindrical conductors and compared with prior results.
Summary of methods in Wide-Area Motion Imagery (WAMI)

In the last decade, there have been numerous developments in wide-area motion imagery (WAMI) from the sensor design to data exploitation. In this paper, we summarize the published literature on WAMI results in an effort to organize the techniques, discuss the developments, and determine the state-of-the-art. Using the organization of developments, we see the variations in approaches and relations to the data sets available. The literature summary provides and anthology of many of the developers in the last decade and their associated techniques. In our use case, we showcase current methods and products that enable future WAMI exploitation developments.
Multicusp negative ion source

The characteristics of a steady state, surface conversion, multiline‐cusp negative ion source have been investigated for the production of high‐energy neutral beams. With the presence of cesium, this source has been operated at a neutral pressure of 1×10−3 Torr to generate a H− ion current greater than 400 mA. The percentage of impurities in the self‐extracted negative ion beam has been analyzed by a mass spectrometer. A technique for reducing the background electron density at the source exit is also presented.
Analysis of sea ice surface properties using ASH and Hong approximations in satellite remote sensing

The Hong approximation, an approximation between the vertically and horizontally polarized reflectivities of specular surfaces has been useful for estimating the changes and characteristics produced in sea ice surfaces by climate change. Recently, the direct relationship (Azzam relationship) and the analytical (Azzam–Sohn–Hong (ASH)) approximation were derived and validated between two polarized reflectivities. In this study, the small-scale roughness and refractive index over sea ice are estimated using the ASH and Hong approximations with observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). The ASH approximation is useful to monitor the properties of ice or snow, because those materials have a small value of the imaginary part of the refractive index ( ). Meanwhile, the Hong approximation is effective for estimating the melting of sea ice, because the melting of ice or snow indicates the increase in the imaginary part of the refractive index. Consequently, this study suggests that combining ASH and Hong approximations provides an effective procedure for analysing and understanding the melting sea ice surfaces in terms of the small-scale roughness and refractive index.
Precise side writing measurements using a single recording head

A method is presented by which the write width of a recording head may be determined using a single head alone. Analysis of data from a thin film and a ferrite head on a 3380-like particulate disk indicates the thin film head tends to write a narrower track due to the finite pole thickness and lack of a taper angle.
Dynamics of laser induced micro bubble clusters on tissue phantoms

Selective retina treatment (SRT) is a laser based method to treat retinal diseases associated with disorders of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) while preserving photoreceptors and choroid. Applying microsecond laser pulses to the 100- 200 strongly absorbing melanin granules inside the RPE cells induces transient micro bubbles which disrupt the cells. Aim of this work is to understand bubble dynamics in clusters with respect to the influence of the adjacent retina. Bubble dynamics were investigated in vitro on porcine RPE. An about 200 μm thick layer of agarose gel was applied to the RPE layer in order to simulate the mechanical properties of retina. Different laser pulse durations from 1 ns (532 nm, Nd:YAG) to 1.7 μs (527 nm, Nd:YLF) were used. The bubbles were investigated interferometrically (fiber interferometer @ 830 nm) and with fast flash photography (25 ns flash duration). Bubble lifetimes were measured. The results show that with retina phantoms the bubble formation threshold was reached at 2.5 times higher irradiation than without retina phantom for 1.7 μs laser pulses. The microbubbles generated with 1 ns laser pulses were almost not influenced by the agarose layer. Irradiation twofold over bubble formation threshold resulted in 3.5 times longer bubble lifetimes for μs and 2 times longer for ns pulse durations, respectively.
A Preference Free Partial Differential Equation for the Term Stucture of Interest Rates

The objectives of this paper are twofold: the first is the reconciliation of the differences between the Vasicek and the Heath-Jarrow-Morton approaches to the modelling of term structure of interest rates. We demonstrate that under certain (not empirically unreasonable) assumptions prices of interest-rate sensitive claims within the Heath-Jarrow-Morton framework can be expressed as a partial differential equation which both is preference-free and matches the currently observed yield curve. This partial differential equation is shown to be equivalent to the extended Vasicek model of Hull and White. The second is the pricing of interest rate claims in this framework. The preference free partial differential equation that we obtain has the added advantage that it allows us to bring to bear on the problem of evaluating American style contingent claims in a stochastic interest rate environment the various numerical techniques for solving free boundary value problems which have been developed in recent years such as the method of lines.
Measurement of angular power profile at an array receiver in a shallow underwater acoustic channel

In the design of broadband underwater acoustic communication system, proper analysis of underwater acoustic channel characteristics is required to determine communication system parameters. Especially for high channel capacity transmissions such as multiinput multioutput (MIMO) systems, the spatial correlation characteristics among multiple sensors determine communication performance and they are affected by the angular power distribution of the incoming acoustic waves. In this study, we suggest a model‐based array signal processing technique for measuring the angular power profile and apply it to experimental data gathered from very shallow water of 20 to 30 m water depth near the southern coast of South Korea. At first we show the variation of the angular power profile over different transmitter/receiver ranges and then its impact on the spatial correlation characteristics between two different array elements. Finally we discuss the expected spatial diversity effects from the viewpoint of underwater aco.
Spatial switching, instabilities, and chaos in a three-waveguide nonlinear directional coupler

In recent years it has been recognized that the existence of amplitude or power instabilities has possible utility in the area of all-optical switching.1 Jensen’s proposal2 for spatial switching in a two-waveguide directional coupler represents the seminal contribution in the field. As pointed out by Christodoulides et al.3 however, Jensen’s two-waveguide coupler may be considered only a special case of more general class of n-oscillator systems. We consider in this paper the obvious extension from two to three elements. In the linear regime the behavior of the three-guide coupler is similar to that of the conventional two-guide coupler, except for an intermediate transfer of power in to the center wave guide. For devices that are one coupling length and one beat length long the transmission characteristics of the three-waveguide coupler are markedly sharper than in the two-waveguide case and approach the characteristics of an ideal switch. At long range the field trajectories of the three-guide coupler become chaotic in the vicinity of two critical power levels.
Comments on pitch angle diffusion in the radiation belts

Modifications of properties that result irom consideration of the dipole geometry of the geomagnetic field are discussed. Also, particle pitch angle distributions and lifetimes are calculated for various rates of pitch angle diffusion, and effects resulting from variations of the diffusion rates with pitch angle are evaluated. A formalism is presented for determining the effect of particle sources on the lifetimes of radiation belt particles. (WDM
A BBXRT observation of the high-luminosity quasar H1821+643

We present the results of an observation of the high-luminosity quasar H 1821+643 with the Broad-Band X-Ray Telescope (BBXRT) performed in 1990 December. The 2-10 keV flux and power-law spectral index are found to be consistent with previous values obtained by EXOSAT and Ginga which indicates that the medium-energy continuum has remained steady for at least ∼6.5 yr. Contrasting with this is the result that the Fe Kα line present in Ginga observations of this source (observed equivalent width 210±80 eV) is not detected by BBXRT. We estimate that a narrow iron line, if it had been present during the BBXRT observation at the same strength as it was in the Ginga observations, should have been detected with a probability of 88%