Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low Dislocation Density Homoepitaxy Ultraviolet-A Micro-LEDs Scale Down to 3 μm

Ultraviolet-A (UVA) micro-LEDs are increasingly garnering attention in fields such as additive manufacturing. However, the majority of these devices currently use heteroepitaxial substrates, where high stress from lattice mismatch leads to strong polarization and high dislocation densities, severely limiting the optoelectronic performance. This letter explores the characteristics of homoepitaxially grown UVA micro-LEDs with sizes down to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. At the material level, we report an in-plane compressive stress of 0.043 GPa and a dislocation density of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{{6}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm−2, which is two to three orders of magnitude lower than that of traditional hetero-epitaxial substrates. At the device level, we examine the size effects from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$100~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> down to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The ideality factor and series resistance can reach a minimum value of 1.43 and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.85~\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> respectively. Owing to the enhanced crystal quality, all devices exhibit stable emission wavelengths, minimal efficiency droop, and uniform emission across the entire surface.
Spatial trends in tourism within South Africa: The expected and the surprising

Several researchers have highlighted the spatial imbalances of the tourism sector in South Africa. It has been noted that this sector is highly concentrated spatially in terms of its distribution and in relation to its potential local impacts across the country. Although it is broadly understood that the tourism sector is geographically uneven, the lack of sector comparative data at municipal level may inhibit the wide spread use of geographically comparative analyses of the contribution of the various dimensions of tourism in the South African space economy. The aim of this paper is to provide an indication of the value of such comparative analyses of the spatial trends and impacts of the tourism sector in local economies in South Africa. The discussion of the tourism space economy is based on an analysis of a local tourism database which contains details of the tourism performance of all local authorities in the country focussing on the period from 2001 to 2011. Whilst the study confirms the important role of metropolitan areas, secondary and coastal cities and typical tourism destinations in the tourism space economy, it also highlights the significance of some local places/economies that are not traditionally associated with tourism, as well as illustrating the significance of tourism spend in the local economies of a range of municipalities that might not be part of the ‘top’ tourist destinations in South Africa.
Testing Biochar’s Ability to Moderate Extremely Acidic Soils in Tea-Growing Areas

Biochar as a by-product of the carbonization of biomass has an inherent potential to modify acidic soils due to its alkaline nature. To explore the mechanism and effectiveness of biochar, a case study was conducted on severely acidic soils from six fields under tea cultivation in a subtropical zone, comparing rice husk biochars, in three rates (B5, B10, B15 t ha−1), and CaCO3 as conventional liming practice. The results showed increases in pH of 71.5%, 52.7%, 30.6%, and 29.7% in B15, B10, B5, and CaCO3-treated soils compared to the control. On average, B15 and B10 treatments resulted in the highest organic matter with 12.3% and 9.7%, respectively. B15, B10, B5, and CaCO3 caused increases of 196.6%, 173.4%, 129.7%, and 100.9% in base saturation compared to the control, respectively. Also, after the application of B15, B10, and B5 treatments, the effective cation exchange capacity increased by 191.4%, 112.1%, and 39.5%; however, the application of CaCO3 resulted in a 20.1% decrease. Overall, applying biochar on acidic soils provides adequate negative charges due to its well-extended specific surface area and pore volume, which cause the absorption of additional Al+, resulting in ameliorating soil pH. The application of proper biochar could notably be more effective in improving acidic soils than conventional practices such as the overuse of CaCO3. In this regard, evaluating various biochars in terms of feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, and modification scenarios merits in-depth research in future studies.
Accumulation of N, P, and K in the tubers of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. andigena ) under contrasting soils of the Andean region of Colombia

The relationship between tuber growth and demand for NPK in andigena group of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. andigena) is poorly documented under conditions of the Andean region of Colombia. It is necessary to establish a specific nutrient management for high yields to changes in edaphic-environmental supply and improve the production of Capiro and Supreme cultivars. Twelve treatments were evaluated at different stages (75-100-125-150 days after planting) of tuber growth using a repeated measures design with three factors: two cultivars (Capiro, Suprema); three locations with contrasting soils (Subachoque, Facatativa, and Choconta) and two levels of fertilization, F0 (unfertilized) and F1 (fertilized) of incomplete nature by differential fertilization by soil type. A positive correlation between fresh weight, dry weight and extraction of N, P and K (kg ha -1 ) by the tubers, beside harvest extraction index (HEI) was determined. Under optimal conditions of fertilization significant differences (P<0.001) between factor interactions cultivar x phenology x location for accumulation of N and P were detected, where Suprema was less demanding in the HEI of N (1,92 kg t -1 harvest) and HEI of P (0.38 kg t -1 harvest) than Capiro and was better adapted to acid soils of low fertility, in contrast the HEI of K Between 5.28 and 5.34 kg t -1 harvest did not show differences between cultivars due to the genotypic characteristics in the accumulation of dry biomass and starch that make them suitable for industrial use, in addition it was verified that the nutritional extraction depends on the genetic potential determined by the interaction with the environmental and edaphic supply.
Comparison of upscaling cropland and non-cropland map using uncertainty weighted majority rule-based and the majority rule-based aggregation methods

Abstract Aggregation method is seriously impacted by the landscape characteristics, which has been emphasized due to proportional errors. This research proposed an uncertainty weighted majority rule-based aggregation method (UWMRB) to upscale the cropland/non-cropland map. The Cropland Data Layer for 2016 at 30m resolution, with its corresponding confidence level data, were collected to conduct the experiment using UWMRB and majority rule-based aggregation method. Proportional errors of crop/non-crop were used to assess the accuracy of the two methods. Ordinal logistic regression was used to obtain the probability of an error occurring to predict the uncertainty of both methods. The results show that UWMRB can achieve the lower proportional errors with lower uncertainty. Also, it can reduce the influence of complexity and fragmentation of landscape on aggregation performance. Additionally, the examination of UWMRB provides an important view of application of uncertainty information for upscaling land cover maps in an efficient way.
Sediment Dynamics and Channel Connectivity on Hillslopes

The pattern, magnitude, and frequency of hillslope erosion and deposition are spatially varied under the influence of micro-topography and channel geometry. This research investigates the interrelationships between erosion/deposition, micro-topography, and channel connectivity on a hillslope in Loudon, Tennessee using the centimeter (cm) level temporal Digital Elevation Models collected using laser scanning. This research addressed (1) the effect of spatial resolution on the erosion/deposition quantification, and rill delineation; (2) the influences of micro-topographic factors (e.g. slope, roughness, aspect) on erosion and deposition; (3) the relationship between the structural connectivity — depressions and confluence of rills — and the sedimentological connectivity. I conducted (1) visual and quantitative assessments for the erosion and deposition, and the revised automated proximity and conformity analysis for the rill network; (2) quantile regression for micro-topographic factors using segmented rill basins; and (3) cross-correlation analysis using erosion and deposition series along the channels. Overall, rills are sedimentologically more dynamic than the interrill areas. A larger grid size reduces the detectable changes in both areal and volumetric quantities, and also decreases the total length and number of rills. The offset between delineated rills and the reference increases with larger grid sizes. A larger rill basin has higher erosion and deposition with the magnitude of erosion greater than deposition. The slope has a positive influence on erosion and a negative one on deposition; roughness has a positive influence on deposition and a negative one on erosion. Areas that are more north-facing experience higher erosion and lower deposition. Rill length explains 46% of the variability for erosion and 24% for deposition. The depressions are associated with higher erosion in the downslope direction.
Efeito da mudança climática sobre problemas fitossanitários de plantas: metodologia de elaboração de mapas

A mudanca climatica provocada por acoes antropicas pode alterar o atual cenario fitossanitario da agricultura brasileira. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a metodologia de elaboracao de mapas de distribuicao espacial de problemas fitossanitarios de plantas, associados aos efeitos da mudanca climatica no Brasil. Para tanto, o estudo foi aplicado ao bicho-mineiro-do-cafeeiro (Leucoptera coffeella), considerado a principal praga da cultura, comparando sua distribuicao nas condicoes climaticas atuais e futuras. Como clima presente foi considerado a media do periodo entre 1961 a 1990. Para as condicoes climaticas futuras, o primeiro metodo utilizou incrementos na temperatura constantes para o pais e, o segundo, adotou aumentos, variando espacialmente, ambos centrados na decada de 2080 (simulacao do periodo entre 2071 a 2100), para o cenario A2. Na elaboracao dos mapas foi utilizado um Sistema de Informacoes Geograficas (SIG). O modelo da praga empregado, proposto por Parra (1985), estima o numero provavel de ciclos do bicho-mineiro-do-cafeeiro. Em ambos os metodos de elaboracao de mapas foram observados aumentos no numero provavel de ciclos do bicho-mineiro no futuro. No entanto, a utilizacao de incrementos constantes de temperatura media levou a subestimar o numero de ciclos no futuro, comparado a utilizacao de incremento de temperatura variando espacialmente. Alem da diferenca sazonal, foi observada diferenca regional de ocorrencia do numero de ciclos do bicho-mineiro. Palavras-chave: Leucoptera coffeella, Sistema de Informacoes Geograficas, Mapas. ABSTRACT The climate change caused by anthropic action can alter the current scenario of phytosanitary problems in Brazilian agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the methodology of producing maps of spatial distribution of phytosanitary problems of plants associated with climate change effects in Brazil. A case study was applied to coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella), considered the most important pest of this culture, comparing its distribution in current and in future climate conditions. As current climate, the average of 1960 to 1990 period was considered. For the future climate conditions, the first method used increments in the temperature fixed to the country and, the second one, adopted increases, varying spatially, both aiming 2080 decade (simulating the period between 2017 to 2100), to A2 scenario. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to produce the maps. The pest model, proposed by Parra (1985), estimates the probable number of coffee leaf miner cycles. In both methods of producing maps, increases of probable number of coffee leaf miner cycles were observed in the future. Although, using fixed increases in the average temperature caused a substimation of the number of cycles in the future, comparing to adopting increases of temperatures varying spatially. Besides the sazonal differences, regional differents were observed to the number of cycles of the leaf miner coffee. Key words: Leucoptera coffeella, Geographic Information System, Maps.
Implications of sudden oak death for wildland fire management

Human activities and climate change have altered historical disturbance regimes, introduced disturbances, and encouraged novel interactions between multiple disturbances. Ecosystems and the species that comprise them may be poorly equipped to withstand or recover from these altered disturbance regimes. In the fire-prone coastal forests of California and Oregon, sudden oak death (SOD), caused by the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, is an emerging, non-native plant disease that causes widespread tree mortality and associated implications for fire regimes. Disease-related tree mortality alters fuel loads, with patterns of fuel accumulation varying depending on stand composition, disease severity, and time since pathogen invasion. Simulations and observational studies suggest these altered fuel profiles can impact subsequent fire behavior, and the extent of this interaction may depend on the severity and timing of disease impacts. Initial tree death can elevate the risk of crown ignition, while latter stages can increase surface fuel loading and have been linked to increased fire severity in wildfires. Further, disease history can also influence fire severity with cascading effects leading to unexpected increases in mortality of non-susceptible tree species and changes in nutrient cycling. The longer-term impacts of SOD-fire interactions on system resilience and recovery remain to be seen, but increased fire severity, changed stand structure, and altered biogeochemical cycling may have important consequences for post-fire regeneration and future ecosystem function. Fuels management strategies that diminish crown fire hazards at early stages and mitigate surface fuel hazards at later stages offer some promise, but have yet to be tested in large landscapes. Given SOD-wildfire interactions, further integration of disease- and fire-related management plans will be essential to minimizing impacts of these compounded disturbances.
Designing Vibrant-Pop as A Medium for Teaching the Time Telling to the Seventh Grade Students

This research was conducted to design a Pop-up book; an additional medium tohelp English teaching-learning in seventh grade Putussibau, especially in time-telling material. The method of this research is developmental research. The research technique is divided into analysis, design, and development also known as ADD. The findings of the research showed that the seventh-grade students’ ability to recite the time-telling material fluently is below average and most students need an additional medium that is stimulate students’ learning enthusiasm in time-telling material. The goal of this study is to design an innovative pop-up book. The researcher designed Vibrant-pop to encourage the students. The designed product was completed regarding the needs. The Vibrant-pop is designed with function responsiveness, and ease of use. To sum up, Vibrant-pop was discovered to help support the teaching and learning of time-telling material to seventh-grade students. Keywords: Development Research, Vibrant-pop,Time Telling-Material.
Assessment of spatial distribution of lead in soils around an active military shooting range

In this study, the extent of Pb contamination around an active military shooting range is re-assessed to ascertain current contamination status comparatively to data’s reported 20 years ago. This is because lead bullet disintegration and mobility takes several years and extensively affects levels of soil-Pb contamination. A total of 120 topsoil samples were collected within the impact area (front) and non-impact area (back) for Pb determination. High concentrations of Pb were found at impact berm both front (28940±2996 μg/g) and back (775±128 μg/g). Spatial distribution of contamination reflects the distances from berm. Soil-Pb contamination around non-impact area was notable at back berm through to 100 m distance with significant difference in Pb, Cr, Ni and Zn levels. Concentration of Pb at berm was observed to have increase five-fold over a period of about twenty years from previous study with accumulation factor of about 1000. Principal component analysis PCA indicated 67 % of total metal load of range soil was majorly from impact areas of the berm. The correspondence analysis relay plot shows pollution order of Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr > Zn > Cu. This confirms soil contamination especially around the impact area, i.e. impact berm and firing lines and non-impact area at 0 m, 10 m, 50 m and 100 m. Environmental consequence of high soil-Pb levels within the range especially non-impact areas utilized for farming activities will leave much to desire. Hence, extensive and continuous monitoring is needed. However, remediation through appropriate soil washing technique could reduce Pb levels and improve soil condition regardless of age.
Geothermal and Mineralogic Analysis of Hot Springs in the Puracé-La Mina Sector in Cauca, Colombia

Thermal waters are natural resources of great value to geothermal sciences, the tourism industry, and health. In this work, geochemical classification of physicochemical results of 17 sources at the Puracé-La Mina (Cauca, Colombia) sector was implemented in order to strengthen and determine their potential applications and enhance the continental tourism in Colombia. The analyzed parameters were developed following the Standard Methods 22nd edition, at Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Manizales. According to the results obtained by means of a geochemical classification, it was found that most of the sources have a sulfated-acid nature which makes them heated vapor waters and volcanic waters. Likewise, it was observed that all the sources are immature waters and still do not reach chemical equilibrium. On the other hand, mineralogical and chemical characterization by means of XRD and XRF showed a high content of silica isomorphous minerals with a low concentration. In addition, the presence of Fe2O3 was observed, which is insoluble at pH > 5 and remains in the rock. Nevertheless, considering that mine sources possess pH ± 2 and temperatures of 40°C, leaching is possible for iron justifying its presence in the water. Instead, elements like Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ have high mobility at the conditions of mine sources (low pH) as a consequence of hydrolysis processes, which produce variations in water composition.
Palynological insights into global change impacts on Arctic vegetation, fire, and pollution recorded in Central Greenland ice

Arctic environments may respond very sensitively to ongoing global change, as observed during the past decades for Arctic vegetation. Only little is known about the broad-scale impacts of early and mid 20th-century industrialization and climate change on remote Arctic environments. Palynological analyses of Greenland ice cores may provide invaluable insights into the long-term vegetation, fire, and pollution dynamics in the Arctic region. We present the first palynological record from a Central Greenland ice core (Summit Eurocore ’89, 72°35’N, 37°38’W; the location of Greenland Ice Core Project GRIP) that provides novel high-resolution microfossil data on Arctic environments spanning AD 1730–1989. Our data suggest an expansion of birch woodlands after AD 1850 that was abruptly interrupted at the onset of the 20th century despite favorable climatic conditions. We therefore attribute this Betula woodland decline during the 20th century to anthropogenic activities such as sheep herding and wood collection in the sub-Arctic. First signs of coal burning activities around AD 1900 coincide with the onset of Arctic coal mining. The use of coal and fire activity increased steadily until AD 1989 resulting in microscopic-size pollution of the ice sheet. We conclude that human impact during the 20th century strongly affected (sub)-Arctic environments. Moreover, ecosystems have changed through the spread of adventive plant species (e.g. Ranunculus acris, Rumex) and the destruction of sparse native woodlands. We show for the first time that optical palynology allows paleoecological reconstructions in extremely remote sites >500 km from potential sources, if adequate methods are used.
Three Milliliters of Peripheral Blood Is Sufficient for Preparing Liquid Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF): An In Vitro Study

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has assumed an important role in supporting tissue regeneration in different fields. To date, the standard protocol for liquid PRF requires at least 10 mL of peripheral blood. The present study aimed to analyze the composition, growth factor release, and effects on the cell proliferation of PRF samples produced using 3 mL vs. 10 mL of peripheral blood in vitro. Peripheral venous blood from six healthy donors was used to prepare liquid PRF using either 3 mL or 10 mL tubes. Three different centrifugation protocols were used according to the low-speed centrifugation concept. The cellular distribution was evaluated using immunohistology and automated cell count. ELISA was used to determine the release of different growth factors (EGF, TGF-β1, and PDGF) and interleukin 8 at different time points. Primary human osteoblasts (pOBs) were cultivated for 7 days using PRF-conditioned media acquired from either 3 mL or 10 mL of peripheral blood. The results showed that 3 mL of peripheral blood is sufficient to produce a liquid PRF concentrate similar to that acquired when using 10 mL blood. The concentrations of platelets and leukocytes were comparable regardless of the initial blood volume (3 mL vs. 10 mL). Similarly, the release of growth factors (EGF, TGF-β1, and PDGF) and interleukin 8 was often comparable in both groups over 7 days. The cultivation of pOBs using PRF-conditioned media showed a similar proliferation rate regardless of the initial blood volume. This proliferation rate was also similar to that of pOBs treated with 20% FBS-conditioned media. These findings validated the use of 3 mL of peripheral blood to generate liquid PRF matrices according to the low-speed centrifugation concept, which may open new application fields for research purposes such as in vivo experiments and clinical applications such as pediatric surgery.