Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Major Ion Chemistry of Groundwater in Delhi Area: Chemical Weathering Processes and Groundwater Flow Regime

Groundwater is moderately to highly saline in all parts of Delhi area. No definite explanation has emerged so far about the source of salinity. Study of major ion chemistry of groundwater has been conducted to identify the source of major ions in terms of chemical weathering processes. The chemistry of groundwater is dominated by carbonate weathering. The excess of sodium ion over chloride ion can be attributed to silicate weathering to a certain extent. The groundwater in northern and western parts of the area is primarily alkaline and secondarily saline and in the southern and southwestern parts it is primarily saline and secondarily alkaline. Highly correlated positive linear trend between sodium and chloride indicates mixing of two groundwater bodies with different end member composition (i.e. fresh and saline). Multicomponent mixing may also be taking place within the local flow regimes. The large lateral variation of chloride concentration indicate recharge and discharge zones of local flow regime. Local recharge to the unconfined aquifer is more dominant than recharge from lateral flow. The very high Cl and SO 4 contents in some groundwaters seem to be related to long evaporative and to sulphur oxidising conditions in topographically low area.
Increasing the resolution of the adult neurogenesis picture

The birth of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain—once thought impossible—is now a well-accepted phenomenon that takes place in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the hippocampus. This review focuses on the recent work that has sharpened our views of how hippocampal newborn neurons are regulated and function. Areas of study include (a) how neurogenesis contributes to behavioral pattern separation, (b) how pattern separation may be influenced by the properties and circuitry of newborn neurons, (c) differences along the dorsal-ventral axis of how neurogenesis is regulated and functions, and (d) adult neurogenesis in primates, including new human data. These current avenues of research reveal new details of adult neurogenesis and foreshadow what we may learn about this exciting phenomenon in the near future.
Evidence for a rapid sea-level rise 7600 yr ago

Dating the transgression and subsequent regression in marginal basins of the southeastern Swedish Baltic Sea provides a new perspective of global ice-volume changes and the isostatic adjustment of the mantle after the retreat of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet from this area. Superimposed upon a smooth pattern of local sea-level rise, acceleration occurred ca. 7600 calibrated (cal) yr B.P., evidenced as a nearly synchronous flooding in six elevated basins ranging from 3.0 to 7.2 m above present sea level. We ascribe this rapid local sea-level rise of similar to 4.5 m to a sudden increase in ocean mass, most likely caused by the final decay of the Labrador sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The subsequent monotonic fall of local sea level from ca. 6500 cal yr B.P. to the present is mainly an expression of the slow isostatic adjustment of the mantle. (Less)
Structural mechanics of skeletal muscle contractions: mechanistic findings using a finite element model

This thesis examines relations between skeletal muscle structure, function and mechanical output. Specifically, this thesis considers the effect of regionalization of muscle activity, changes in connective tissue properties and the inclusion of intramuscular fat on the mechanical output from the muscle. These phenomena are typically hard to measure experimentally, and so in order to study these effects a modelling framework was developed to allow manipulations of the structural and functional parameters of the in silica muscles and observe the predicted outcome of the simulations. The tissues within the muscle-tendon unit were modelled as transversely isotropic and nearly incompressible biomaterials. The material properties of the tissues were based on those of previously measured for the human gastrocnemius muscle. The model was tested mathematically and physiologically. Muscle fibre curvatures, along – and cross-fibre strains and muscle belly force-length predictions were validated against published experimental values. The validated model of human gastrocnemius was used to predict muscle forces for different muscle properties, architectures and contraction conditions. A change in the activity levels between different regions of the muscle resulted in substantial differences in the magnitude and direction of the force vector from the muscle. The stiffness of the aponeuroses highly influenced the magnitude of the force transferred to the tendon at the muscle-tendon junction. The higher the stiffness, the greater the force. This indicates the importance of understanding the differences in the structure and material properties between aponeurosis and tendon with regard to their functions. The increase in adipose tissue (fat) in the skeletal muscles (characteristic of elderly and obese muscle) was simulated by describing the fat distribution in six different ways. The results showed that fatty muscles generate lower force and stress, and the distribution of the fat also impacts the muscle force.
Modeling of Sewage Circulating Reactor: An Approach to Recirculating Wastewater in Sewers

One way to exploit the self-purifying capacity of flowing wastewater is to recirculate it so that a portion of the conveyance conduit works as a circulat­ ing biological reactor (referred to as a Sewage Circulating Reactor, SCR). This study deals with the formulation of a mathematical model for this system based on suspended-growth and biofilm kinetics. The model simulated the performance of the system satisfactorily and showed that all three biological reactions, carbon oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification, occurred simul­ taneously in the system. The model simulation also indicated that both suspended and film biomasses were significant at low loadings in terms of organic carbon removal. At higher loadings, suspended biomass was more significant than biofilm biomass for COD removal. The maximum substrate utilization rates (Km values) for carbon oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification were obtained by fitting simulated profiles with the experi­ mental ones. The km values for carbon oxidation and nitrification were higher for experimental runs with higher DO levels or lower loadings. However, the Km value for denitrification was higher for the case of higher loadings. INTRODUCTION All biological treatment systems in general use contain suspended and attachedgrowth biomass for biological treatment of wastewater. The same kind of processes (referred as self-purification) are active in sewers. This is true for open channels as well as closed conduits. 241 © 1996, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc. doi: 10.2190/RK6Y-L3GB-847W-U1JW http://baywood.com 242 / MANANDHAR AND SCHRODER A 37 km. looped-shaped sewerage system in Tel Aviv, Israel employing an aerobic step-fed plug flow reactor [1], pressure pipe wastewater treatment [2], and the use of pipelines as aerobic biological reactors [3], indicates the potential of sewer systems to be used as treatment reactors. One way to exploit the self-purifying capacity of sewer systems is to recycle the wastewater back to its starting point, so using a portion of conveyance channel or conduit as a biological reactor, hereafter termed a Sewage Circulating Reactor [4]. This approach is applicable in small communities, industrial estates, and rural areas with looped sewerage systems. In our research, a mathematical model is formulated based on suspended and attached growth kinetics to simulate the overall performance of this system. Pilot-scale experimental results obtained with synthetic wastewater described elsewhere [4] are used to confirm the mathematical model. Then the model is used to investigate the active mechanisms at work in the system. The experimental conditions are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Operating Conditions for Experimental Runs Description Influent Flow (m/h) Recirculation Ratio
DISCUSSION OF ORE-FORMING TECTONIC DYNAMICS OF GOLD DEPOSITS IN NORTHWEST SICHUAN PROVINCE

Dozens of gold deposits(occurrence) have been found in the Northwest Sichuan Province,a major distribution area of fine disserminated gold deposit,where gold formation is closely related to tectonic evolution.This paper has discussed ore-forming tectonic dynamics. The results show that gold ore-forming structure systems are open systems,which connects different continental layers and rocks,represented by ore-forming fluid,sources of the mineral material and tectonic zoning.The ordered structure of ore-forming tectonite represented by shear deformation, thermodynamic metamorphose, tectonite zoning and hydrothermal alteration of gold-bearing shear belts. The ore-forming function structure is composed of subsystems including mineral transfer,mineral deposition and ore-forming tectonic fluid.
Global mesoscale variability from collinear tracks of SEASAT altimeter data

In 1978, during the last 25 days of the SEASAT mission, the satellite ground tracks repeated within 2.5 km every 3 days. This yielded eight to nine sets of global collinear altimeter data with a cross-track grid spacing of approximately 900 km at the equator and 600 km at mid-latitude. Because the geoid is time-invariant, such observations can reveal sea surface height variability due to dynamic ocean phenomena. We have solved for variations due to deep-ocean mesoscale features by eliminating the longer wavelength deviations. Modeled tidal heights were first subtracted from the altimeter data, and linear trends were then removed from collinear segments approximately 2000 km in length. This second step eliminates relative orbit error together with any residual tide model errors. The resulting sea height profiles have a precision of a few centimeters, and the global variability map constructed from these data reveals a strikingly realistic view of mesoscale energetics. Maximum values of 20–40 cm rms variability are generated by meanders and eddies of five major current systems: Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, Agulhas, Antarctic Circumpolar, and Falkland/Brazil confluence. Perhaps a more significant discovery was the dominance of exceedingly small variability over vast regions of the oceans; approximately 70% of all global values were less than 5 cm. This category included the eastern North Pacific, eastern South Pacific, and almost the entire South Atlantic where values as small as 1–2 cm were common. With such a low level of background noise, even some currents with relatively small sea height signatures could be detected. In both the Atlantic and the Pacific, for example, the North Equatorial Current systems were clearly expressed as zonal bands of higher variability.
Evaluation of Integrated Planning Systems in Southern California Community Colleges

This study contained a survey of current methods used for planning, budgeting, resource allocation, and program evaluation in the California community colleges, and it included an in-depth analysis of planning practices in the San Diego and Imperial Valley region. Statewide results indicate a significant difference between current practice and perceived importance of the application of college planning processes, utilization of institutional priorities, methods of financial resource allocation, budgeting, and integration of planning and budgeting with program review. Integration and simplification of planning processes has unfortunately only happened in California in response to mandates and urgency created by external accrediting agencies. Recent funding shortfalls have emphasized the need to implement more efficient planning and budgeting methods. Colleges indicate that zero-base and performance funding may play a role in future budget models. The majority of San Diego and Imperial Counties community colleges are still developing and implementing integrated planning processes that utilize outcome assessment, too recently to have demonstrated increased institutional effectiveness. Results also show that colleges have integrated planning, budgeting, and program review processes in response to their accreditation cycles. The reluctance of shared governance groups to embrace outcome measurement has slowed the implementation of integrated planning and continuous quality improvement measures within California community colleges. Useful integrated planning models exist within California, with institutions adopting best practices that meet specific needs, based upon college and district size. California community colleges in the twenty-first century serve an increasing
Humour as a threat-coding mechanism

The integration of humour’s classical theories such as relief, superiority, and incongruity suggest that the differences and patterns in what we find funny are largely dependent on attaching an “explicably safe” meaning to novel entities. It is argued that humour is a substantial organising influence in human socialisation and personal threat perception. Built on such work as Caleb Warren and A. Peter McGraw’s notion of humour in explicated ambiguity, Tom Veatch’s paradox of humour as a “normal” violation, and V.S. Ramachandran’s False Alarm Theory of humour, an integrational theory is developed and tested against a variety of hypotheses associated with the core findings of classical humour research.
SWEEP STRATEGIES FOR A SENSORY-DRIVEN, BEHAVIOR-BASED VACUUM CLEANING AGENT by

In the Machine Intelligence Laboratory, University of Florida. we have built a small autonomous robot and programmed it to exhibit various reactive behaviors. The robot. named Gator. performs area coverage in an interior room by combining distinct behaviors. Gator has 26 sensors of which only 7 are used in the coverage algorithms examined here. Gator's behaviors allow it to avoid obstacles. follow walls. seek open areas and break out of confined areas. In the limited number of experiments performed here it appears that the best coverage algorithm among those tried consisted of a random walk with a probability of 0.05 for following a wall after each encounter with an obstacle. After 20 minutes about 85% of the floor space was covered with an efficiency close to 85%.
Impact of Mergers & Acquisitions on Firms' Long Term Performance: A Pre & Post Analysis of the Indian Telecom Industry

Mergers and Acquisitions are key forms of corporate restructuring. India in the recent years has showed incredible growth in the Mergers and Acquisitions (MA M&A is a vehicle or mode of entry. The M&A activity is the means by which a firm can achieve its growth strategy. This research paper aims to study the impact of mergers and acquisitions on the performance of Indian Telecom industry, by examining some pre and post-merger financial and operating variables. For the purpose of the study, companies which have been merged or acquired during the period 2001-02 to 2007-08 have been selected. From the literature review, it is found that there is no decisive evidence about the impact of M&A on the firm's performance. The present study is thus, an attempt to find out the impact of M&A on the post-merger performance compared with pre-merger performance.
Mobile phone use amongst students in a university in Malaysia: its correlates and relationship to psychological health

The study explored the extent of mobile phone use amongst students of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Additionally, the study determined personal and family factors related to the mobile phone use and, the relationship between problem mobile phone use and psychological health of the students. The multi-stage cluster sampling was employed to identify the students (N=386) who completed a self-administered questionnaire. The students were found to spend on average 6 hours daily and USD18.70 monthly on their mobiles. Text message was the most used feature and peers were the most frequently contacted person. Older students used more voice calls while females text message more frequently. Male and younger students were more interested with other features (MMS and GPRS) of the mobiles. Students from higher income families spent more time and money on their mobile phone. Additional analyses showed that students with lower self-esteem and spent more time on the phone were more likely to be problem phone users. Adolescents who spend more time on their mobile phone were also more vulnerable to psychological disturbances. There is a need to further uncover underlying factors that influence students' mobile phone behavior, and the consequences of intense mobile phone use on their psychological well-being.
AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE SCARABAEOIDEA OFTEXAS (COLEOPTERA)

A list of 544 species/subspecies of Scarabaeoidea reoorded from Texas is presented. Each species on the list is annotated with within-state distributional data by reoording its pr"r*. in each of seven regions ofTexas, or by providing the source for less precise Texas iecords. Twelve species on the list are represented by dubious Texas records and are recommended for rernoval fiom future tabulations of Texas Coleoptera. Forty'eight species are documented from Texas for the first Ertre. Aphodius giuliani Gordon, Diplotaxis simplet Blanchard and Phanaeus adonis Harold are recorded from America north of Mexico for the first time. Phyttophaga opacita F. :eirfi:f.rd is placed in synonymy :]ufJdet Phyllophaga arcta (Hom) NEW SVNOWnvtV. Sixty-five species are recognized as being reoorded only from i"*ur. Thirty-fo* ofthese are not likely to occur outside the state and are identified as Texas endernics. The south Texas plains region is home to more Texas endemics than any other region ofthe state. Ofthe genera represented by Texas endernics, the ge,lrus Phyllophaga is especially well represented with 13 species endanic to Texas.
X-band weather radar monitoring of precipitation fields in Naples urban areas: data quality, comparison and analysis

Rain gauges are considered a traditional method for measuring rainfall. They are simpler than weather radar in terms of management, but they can only provide point measurements and offer limited information on spatial rainfall variability (e.g., Borga and Tonelli, 2002; Steiner et al., 2009). To capture the spatial variability of storms over relatively large areas, weather radars are needed (Battan, 1973; Doviak and Zrnic, 1993). Usually, the costs of installation and maintenance these systems are one of the main limitations for their diffusion. Recently, the increased use of X band frequencies for weather radar applications, for instance to cover small catchments and urban areas, has pushed the activity to develop, improve and study such systems (e.g., Delrieu et al., 1999b; Maki et al., 2005; Marzano et al., 2010; Picciotti et al., 2013). In this respect, since November 2011, a single polarization X-band weather radar, called WR-10X, has been installed in Naples’ urban area at the top of Castel Sant’Elmo (280 m a.s.l.). The radar belongs to the Campania Center for Marine and Atmospheric Modelling and Monitoring (CCMMMA) of the University of Naples “Parthenope” and provides high resolution rainfall data which are necessary for monitoring urban flash flood and for runoff simulation in urban drainage. The objective of this work is to calibrate WR-10X rain-rate estimation with the available rain-gauge network using time-space correlation approach in according to rainfall nature (stratiform, convective and mixed). To mitigate ground and sea clutter returns, path attenuation and other impairments, a processing chain has been applied to radar data before rain-rate estimation. To pursue this aim, a large set of data covering a two years period and consisting of radar scans and gauge measurements, have been collected and carefully processed. The structure of the article will follow the list of the topics just mentioned.
Overlapping Community Detection using Label Sharing Approach

Community detection is a crucial task in social network analysis. Social interactions exist at intervals some social context and communities are a basic kind of social contexts. Communities are intuitively characterized as unusually densely connected subsets of a social network. This notation becomes a lot of problematic if the social interactions modification over time. Community mining is one of the major directions in social network analysis. Most of the existing methods on community mining assume that there is only one kind of relation in the network, and moreover, the mining results are independent of the users' needs or preferences. The interplay between social interacts and social contexts are crucial to know the evolution of networks. Thus, it's necessary to each notice communities and tracks their changes. According to the past work related to community detection there were so many algorithms or methods which were successful in detection of communities. In this paper, we develop a new method (label sharing method) with the help of which we will detect communities. In this method, we made a separate table which has the list of communities present in the network and the number of members belonged to these communities.
Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Prevention, Diagnosis, Repair

Reinforced concrete has been developed and applied extensively in the 20th century. It combines the good compressive strength of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel and has proven to be successful in terms of structural performance and durability. However, there are instances of premature failure of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete components due to corrosion of the reinforcing steel with very high economic implications of such damage. This book focuses on the chloride and carbonation induced corrosion of steel in concrete, presenting transport mechanisms and electrochemical concepts. Other types of corrosion of steel and degradation of concrete are also treated. The main emphasis lies on design and execution aspects related to durability of new and existing structures. New methods and materials for preventative measures, condition assessment and repair techniques are discussed. This makes this book an invaluable reference for any engineer and materials scientist involved in research and practice of corrosion protection, rehabilitation and maintenance of reinforced concrete structures and components. Owners, designers and contractors will profit by this updated state of the art. © 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Corrosion of steel in concrete

The research work that is presented in this thesis aims at mapping out the various mechanisms which control the process of steel corrosion in concrete. The process of corrosion is illustrated with a schematic model where the service life is divided into a period of initiation and a period of propagation. The time up to the initiation of the corrosion process is determined by the flow of penetrating substances into the concrete cover and by the threshold concentration for corrosion to start. Theoretical models have been produced to approximate the time of initiation. The rate of corrosion in the propagation period can be described by the relative humidity in the concrete and the mean temperature of the structure. Different relations between these factors and the rate of corrosion have been put up for different initiation mechanisms. The final state, cracked concrete covers, reduced cross-section area of the steel etc. is discussed in the model. Other important factors, which have not been deal t with in the model, are also discussed. A method for predicting service life of concrete structures is presented. The report also includes applications in various forms of the method. The report is concluded with a documentation of laboratory investigations carried out by the author. (Less)