Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theory for Errors, Resolution, and Separation of Unknown Variables in Inverse Problems, with Application to the Mantle and the Crust in Southern Africa and Scandinavia

summary The geophysical inverse problem, the determination of the properties of the subsurface from a limited set of measurements, is basically non-unique. Separation of the unknown variables, the depth resolution, and the accuracy of the parameter estimates are three competing objectives which are reciprocally related. The investigation of a set of free oscillation measurements having errors based upon those given by Derr revealed that the addition of overtones with low radial order numbers to the set of fundamental mode observations does not greatly improve the shear velocity depth resolution but does facilitate the separation of shear velocity from density. Two sets of multi-mode surface wave dispersion measurements were inverted: the surface wave observations for Southern African reported by Bloch, Hales & Landisman, and a set of data for central Scandinavia as reported by Noponen, Porkka, Pirhonen and Luosto, and Crampin. Several models were obtained for each data set by varying the constraints used in the inversion process. The errors of the dispersion measurements were propagated into estimates of the accuracy of the inverted crustal models for the first time. Inclusion of shear and compressional velocity refraction measurements as a constraint on the inversion process leads to models for Scandinavia having some indication of velocity inversions at the base of the sialic portion of the crust at the base of the crust and in the first few tens of kilometres of the uppermost mantle. 1. Introdnetion This paper represents part of a continuing effort to improve current understanding of the physical properties of the crust and upper mantle using improved methods of data analysis and interpretation and a unified approach which considers diverse types of geophysical and geological information. The present study makes a number of contributions to the theory of the geophysical inverse problem especially those areas concerned with the errors of measurement. It treats the effects of such errors on the depth resolution attainable for each variable of interest and the possible degree of separation of this variable from the others which also can influence the observations. The geophysical inverse problem which is an attempt to determine the Earth’s physical properties from measurements of a set of gross earth data has occupied the attention of a number of workers in recent years. In studies of particular importance
Reduced‐complexity modeling of braided rivers: Assessing model performance by sensitivity analysis, calibration, and validation

This paper addresses an important question of modeling stream dynamics: How may numerical models of braided stream morphodynamics be rigorously and objectively evaluated against a real case study? Using simulations from the Cellular Automaton Evolutionary Slope and River (CAESAR) reduced‐complexity model (RCM) of a 33 km reach of a large gravel bed river (the Tagliamento River, Italy), this paper aims to (i) identify a sound strategy for calibration and validation of RCMs, (ii) investigate the effectiveness of multiperformance model assessments, (iii) assess the potential of using CAESAR at mesospatial and mesotemporal scales. The approach used has three main steps: first sensitivity analysis (using a screening method and a variance‐based method), then calibration, and finally validation. This approach allowed us to analyze 12 input factors initially and then to focus calibration only on the factors identified as most important. Sensitivity analysis and calibration were performed on a 7.5 km subreach, using a hydrological time series of 20 months, while validation on the whole 33 km study reach over a period of 8 years (2001–2009). CAESAR was able to reproduce the macromorphological changes of the study reach and gave good results as for annual bed load sediment estimates which turned out to be consistent with measurements in other large gravel bed rivers but showed a poorer performance in reproducing the characteristics of the braided channel (e.g., braiding intensity). The approach developed in this study can be effectively applied in other similar RCM contexts, allowing the use of RCMs not only in an explorative manner but also in obtaining quantitative results and scenarios.
Analysis of dynamic spatial-temporal changes of landscape patterns in Hulunber meadow steppes——Taking Hailaer and surrounding areas as an example

The dynamic spatial-temporal changes of landscape patterns in and around Halaer were analysed.First,the research area was divided into water,sand,farmland,city,and grassland based on remote sensing images of 1986,1991,1996 and 2001,and on field investigations.Second,the grasslands were classified into highest coverage grassland,high coverage grassland,medium coverage grassland and low coverage grassland using a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index.Finally,the dynamic spatial-temporal changes of the eight kinds of landscape patterns were analyzed using landscape ecology principles.Human activities intensified significantly from 1986 to 2001 in the research area and the area of grassland landscape was rapidly reduced and the extent of fragmentation intensified.The dominant landscape in the research area changed from highest-high coverage grassland to medium-low coverage grassland.Expansion of the sand landscape was obvious in the periphery of roads,city and farmland while the grassland vegetation seriously degenerated.Fragmentation of the city landscape was reduced as patches decrease and became centralized.The economic development pattern of the research area is at a stage that is transforming from an extensive pattern to an intensive urbanization pattern.
Chickpea protein: A comprehensive review on nutritional properties, processing, functionality, applications, and sustainable impact

Chickpea protein has emerged as a promising and versatile ingredient in the food industry, playing a pivotal role in formulating meat analogs and a wide range of plant-based products. As global concerns regarding the environmental and health impacts of animal-based protein consumption continue to rise, the demand for sustainable and nutritious plant-based alternatives has escalated. Chickpea protein, derived from the leguminous crop Cicer arietinum , offers a compelling solution to meet these evolving consumer preferences. This review paper provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of chickpea protein and its significance in human nutrition and the food industry. It delves into the nutritional properties of chickpea protein, highlighting its high protein content, complete amino acid profile, and rich source of essential nutrients. The protein content in chickpeas ranges from 19% to 25%, making them one of the highest-protein legumes available. The review explores traditional and modern methods of chickpea protein extraction, including milling and sieving, water extraction, acid extraction, alkaline extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, and ultrafiltration. Each extraction technique is evaluated in terms of efficiency and effectiveness, offering insights into the advancements and challenges in protein isolation. Chickpea protein's functional properties, such as its ability to form gels, provide texture, and emulsify fats and water, make it an excellent ingredient for creating meat analogs with meat-like texture and mouthfeel. Additionally, its emulsifying and binding capabilities allow for the formulation of cohesive and satisfying plant-based products. The protein's versatility enables its use in various forms, such as isolates, concentrates, and textured proteins, contributing to the development of a diverse array of plant-based foods, including dairy alternatives, snacks, frozen desserts, nutritional supplements, and gluten-free products. Furthermore, this paper highlights the nutritional and health benefits of chickpea protein, including its role as a complete protein, supporting muscle growth and repair. Chickpea protein's impact on heart health, blood sugar management, weight management, digestive health, antioxidant properties, and bone health are discussed, showcasing its potential role in promoting overall well-being.
Evaluation of the effects of in vitro antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative, food borne indicator bacterial species

Varied but multiple antibiotic resistance rates were exhibited by all the foodborne indicator bacterial species, Citrobacter , Escherichia coli , Enterobacter , Klebsiella , Morganella morganii , Salmonella , Shigella , Pseudomonas isolated from four most-popular Nigerian indigenous fermented plant food condiments ogiri , iru , okpehe and ugba . The generally most-resisted antibiotics (discs) were tetracycline (44.0 - 63.0%), cotrimoxazole (56.0 - 70.3%), nalidixic acid (28.0 - 74.1%), amoxicillin (28.0 - 88.9%) and augmentin (16.0 - 94.4%), while the least resisted antibiotics were ofloxacillin (0.0% - 1.85%) and gentamicin (4.0 - 16.7%). Antibacterial activities of crude extracts of local spices and essential oils of plant origin, as well as carvone, lactic and acetic acids on the multiple antibiotic resistant Gram-negative foodborne bacterial species were determined using modified agar well-diffusion assay. Crude extracts of Eugenia aromatica (92.0%) and Allium sativum (72.0%) were maximally inhibitory; lactic (44.4%) and acetic (46.3%) acids were moderately inhibitory but essential oils of Eugenia uniflora (24.0%), Ageratum conyzoides (16.7%) and Chrsophylum albidium juice (13.0%) were minimally inhibitory in vitro , indicating that crude extracts of E. aromatica and A. sativum can serve as easily prepared, non-chemical, plant-based, adjunct preservatives of fermented condiments both domestically and industrially, even by the traditional producers of the indigenous and similar condiments.
User perception of camera movement in VR video

The metaverse age is beginning. Virtual Reality (VR) content will become the language of new media communication. 360 video is used in many VR applications. As the viewer is now in the middle of the camera shot and there is no framing, the new film language grammar rules need to be defined. Camera movement is one of the techniques of classical film-making. It causes a change in frame or perspective through the movement of the camera and allows cin-ematographers and directors to shift the audience’s view without cutting. In this paper we are evaluating how the users perceive it in 360 video. Through the User eXperi-ence (UX) evaluation study we will check whether it adds to the immersion in the virtual environment or causes un-bearable motion sickness. The results of this evaluation will contribute to the VR film grammar development and offer directions for creation of future VR applications.
Scholarship Archive Scholarship Archive

: In January 2012, amendments to California’s corporate code permitted a new type of corporate form designed around for-profit entities also wishing to commit to serving a broader “social purpose” (or purposes). Although not the first state to embrace such reforms, California’s experiment is unique, in that it allowed companies to opt for one of two different social benefit entity forms: the “Benefit Corporation” (BC) and the “Flexible Purpose Corporation” (FPC). This essay summarizes the reforms and presents basic descriptive data about the rate at which business organizations have embraced them. Thus far, both forms have had relatively modest take-up rates; those social enterprises that have opted for one of the two forms have generally favored the BC over the FPC, though its market share narrowed consistently during 2012. Although it is premature to conclude whether social enterprise statutes will prove successful, I argue that now is an ideal time to put the infrastructure into place for collecting, organizing and analyzing data in this arena as it becomes available.
Coupled surface‐subsurface hydrologic measurements reveal infiltration, recharge, and discharge dynamics across the swash zone of a sandy beach

Swash‐groundwater interactions affect the biogeochemistry of beach aquifers and the transport of solutes and sediment across the beachface. Improved understanding of the complex, coupled dynamics of surface and subsurface flow processes in the swash zone is required to better estimate chemical fluxes to the sea and predict the morphological evolution of beaches. Simultaneous high‐frequency measurements of saturation, water table elevation, and the cross‐shore locations of runup and the boundary between the saturated and unsaturated beachface (surface saturation boundary) were collected on a sandy beach to link groundwater flow dynamics with swash zone forcing. Saturation and lysimeter measurements showed the dynamic response of subsurface saturation to swash events and permitted estimation of infiltration rates. Surface and subsurface observations revealed a decoupling of the surface saturation boundary and the intersection between the water table and the beachface. Surface measurements alone were insufficient to delineate the infiltration and discharge zones, which moved independently of the surface saturation boundary. Results show for the first time the motion and areal extent of infiltration and recharge zones, and constrain the maximum size of the subaerial discharge zone over swash and tidal time scales. The width of the infiltration zone was controlled by swash processes, and subaerial discharge was controlled primarily by tidal processes. These dynamics reveal the tightly coupled nature of surface and subsurface processes over multiple time scales, with implications for sediment transport and fluid and solute fluxes through the hydrologically and biogeochemically active intertidal zone of sandy beaches.
Psychometric properties of the new Patients’ Expectations Psychometric properties of the new Patients’ Expectations Questionnaire Questionnaire

The authors explore the development of the Patients’ Expectations Questionnaire (PEQ) and examination of psychometric characteristics it encompasses by reviewing s after their clinic visit. Three scales were developed for Pre Experiences (met expectations), based on literature review, semi refined. Patients completed the questionnaire about their ideal and realistic expectations before they saw the doctor, and were asked if their expectations had been met afterwards. reliability (Cronbach’s alphas exceeded α (general practice and hospital). Split-half reliability was also acceptable. Adjusted odds ratios experiences (met expectations), followed by feelings of control in life, and age, were the most powerful independent predictors of overall patient satisfaction ratings with the clinic visit, and independent self expectations had been met overall. This leads the authors to conclude that the PEQ a reliability and validity and covers the main types of patient expectations of ambulatory health care. It has policy potential for monitoring expectation management, and is thus of potential benefit to providers and purchasers of health services, and ultimately to patients.
Home Range and Movements of Greater Sage-grouse in its Southern-most Distribution

In Utah Greater sage-grouse (sage-grouse) habitat has been reduced to 50% of what is considered historical availability, due to habitat degradation and loss. We conducted a small study to determine the home range size, space use, and movement patterns of the southern-most sage-grouse population to facilitate future management actions to benefit sage-grouse. From 2005-2009 we collected VHF telemetry data on sage-grouse in Alton, Utah. Using Arc GIS we calculated home range size and movement patterns for 19 sage-grouse. Home-range size was similar to other non-migratory populations, suggesting sage-grouse in this region are capable of inhabiting sparse habitat conditions in southern Utah. Additional research is needed to determine if the current home range size and space use is adequate for maintaining this population.
Role of Biotechnology in Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation, the use of plants and their associated microbes to accumulate, detoxify and/or stabilise contaminants, is an environment-friendly and sustainable means of remediating contaminated soil and water. Phytoremediation has been an important aspect of constructed wetlands, which have been used successfully to detoxify large volumes of wastewater with dilute concentrations of contaminants, including petroleum, hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, pesticides, explosives, heavy metals and radio nucleids. The most important requirement for Phytoremediation is the use of fast growing high biomass plants that are capable of uptake and accumulation of large amounts of toxic metals in their aboveground harvestable parts. In recent years major scientific progress has been made in understanding the physiological mechanism of metal uptake and transport in these plants. Since most metal hyper accumulators are slow growing and have low biomass, bioengineering of non accumulators having high biomass is essential for effective phytoremediation. Plants adopted for phytoremediation are usually found to exhibit the specific property due to the presence of the special genes coding for it. These plants are usually seen in area where metal ores exist. The genes responsible for this resistance by such plants are isolated and expressed in wide variety of transgenic plants so that they can be made resistant as well. This increases the number of plant species that can be used for such purpose. It is also possible with the help of biotechnology to increase the gene expression for maximum resistance. Certain plants are seen to show increased resistance under the presence of certain microbes. Biotechnology makes it possible to isolate such microbes and enrich the soil so as to enhance the phytoremediation by respective plants. This paper reviews the biotechnological approaches to improve plants’ ability to tolerate different pollutants and phytoremediation efficiency and highlights future challenges
Alexithymia, Burnout, and Hopelessness in a Large Sample of Healthcare Workers during the Third Wave of COVID-19 in Italy

In the present study, we aimed to assess the frequency of and the relationships between alexithymia, burnout, and hopelessness in a large sample of healthcare workers (HCWs) during the third wave of COVID-19 in Italy. Alexithymia was evaluated by the Italian version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and its subscales Difficulty in Identifying Feelings (DIF), Difficulty in Describing Feelings (DDF), and Externally Oriented Thinking (EOT), burnout was measured with the scales emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA) of the Maslach Burnout Test (MBI), hopelessness was measured using the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and irritability (IRR), depression (DEP), and anxiety (ANX) were evaluated with the Italian version of the Irritability‚ Depression‚ Anxiety Scale (IDA). This cross-sectional study recruited a sample of 1445 HCWs from a large urban healthcare facility in Italy from 1 May to 31 June 2021. The comparison between individuals that were positive (n = 214, 14.8%) or not for alexithymia (n = 1231, 85.2%), controlling for age, gender, and working seniority, revealed that positive subjects showed higher scores on BHS, EE, DP IRR, DEP, ANX, DIF, DDF, and EOT and lower on PA than the not positive ones (p < 0.001). In the linear regression model, higher working seniority as well as higher EE, IRR, DEP, ANX, and DDF scores and lower PA were associated with higher hopelessness. In conclusion, increased hopelessness was associated with higher burnout and alexithymia. Comprehensive strategies should be implemented to support HCWs’ mental health and mitigate the negative consequences of alexithymia, burnout, and hopelessness.
Beyond Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein and Aquaporin-4 Antibodies: Alternative Causes of Optic Neuritis

Optic neuritis (ON) is the most common cause of vision loss in young adults. It manifests as acute or subacute vision loss, often accompanied by retrobulbar discomfort or pain during eye movements. Typical ON is associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and is generally mild and steroid-responsive. Atypical forms are characterized by unusual features, such as prominent optic disc edema, poor treatment response, and bilateral involvement, and they are often associated with autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4) or Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG). However, in some cases, AQP4 and MOG antibodies will return as negative, plunging the clinician into a diagnostic conundrum. AQP4- and MOG-seronegative ON warrants a broad differential diagnosis, including autoantibody-associated, granulomatous, and systemic disorders. These rare forms need to be identified promptly, as their management and prognosis are greatly different. The aim of this review is to describe the possible rarer etiologies of non-MS-related and AQP4- and MOG-IgG-seronegative inflammatory ON and discuss their diagnoses and treatments.
The Intraoral Findings of the Patient with Robinow Syndrome and the Related Dental Treatment Approaches: A Case Report

Initially defined by Robinow et al. in 1969, Robinow syndrome is an exceptionally uncommon (1:500,000) hereditary disorder showing five distinct phenotypes. Although skeletal system symptoms are intense in all phenotypes, maxillofacial indications and genital organ hypoplasia are also present. Maxillofacial appearances can be listed as follows: hypertelorism, midface hypoplasia, wide and flat nose, low nasal bridge, downturned oral commissures, low-set ears, and micrognathia. In oral manifestations, gingival hyperplasia, tongue, and dental abnormalities are frequently encountered. The detection of intraoral and extraoral findings by the dentist plays a significant role in the diagnosis of this disease. Additionally, every new case documented will help dentists plan treatment approaches. Therefore, in this case report we aimed to describe the manifestations of a patient with Robinow syndrome who was referred to us by a pediatric cardiologist for her dental treatments and also the treatment approach under general anesthesia.