Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Informal Reasoning and Burden of Proof

Informal arguments occur in casual discourse and typically feature participants trying to convince each other (or a third party) of their positions. As an argument progresses, one participant can accrue more burden of proof--will have to do more to prove he or she is correct. Some past studies have shown that evidence presented first is more effective than later evidence (primacy), while others have found that evidence presented last is more effective (recency). These studies largely focused on lists of evidence, however, and not on structured, persuasive dialogues. In the current experiments, subjects read dialogues between two speakers having a dispute. They then chose the participant with the greater burden of proof. The results demonstrated that burden of proof increases for the participant who offers the first claim in an argument (anti-primacy) and sometimes decreases for the participant who offers a final challenge (e.g., What's your evidence? ). These results suggest strategies that can help participants gain advantages in disputes and that may assist judges in avoiding bias while evaluating arguments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Necessary But Not Sufficient: Standardized Mechanisms for Privacy Notice and Choice

I. NOTICE AND CHOICE 277 II. PLATFORM FOR PRIVACY PREFERENCES 279 III. A PRIVACY TAXONOMY 282 IV. PRIVACY NUTRITION LABELS AND PRIVACY ICONS 286 V. ADOPTION AND ENFORCEMENT 295 VI. OPTING OUT OF ONLINE BEHAVIORAL ADVERTISING 299 VII. CONCLUSIONS 304
RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION

This article seeks to rethink how scholars have traditionally studied women's substantive representation. It outlines a framework that aims to replace questions like ‘Do women represent women? ’ with ones like ‘Who claims to act for women? ’ and ‘Where, how, and why does the substantive representation of women occur? ’ Arguing that representation occurs both inside and outside legislative arenas, the article calls attention to the wide range of actors, sites, goal, and means that inform processes of substantive representation.
Ways of Seeing Africa: Colonial Recasting of African Society and Landscape in Serengeti National Park

1B ny analysis of colonialism in Africa which focuses solely on the material aspects of military subjugation, resource extraction, and so on is intellectually limited. Such a focus neglects the less visible yet fundamental and pervasive ideologies which underlie and are reflected in material processes. In Culture and imperialism, Edward Said recently wrote, ’Neither imperialism nor colonialism is a simple act of accumulation and acquisition. Both are supported and perhaps even impelled by impressive ideological formations’. ’ These ideological formations, which include a complex of concepts such as racial superiority and national destiny, constituted a ’European’ consciousness which shaped and was simultaneously shaped by the colonial project in Africa. As ethnographers John and Jean Comaroff cogently explain, the European colonizers imposed a new set of values, ideals and beliefs upon the conquered peoples, thereby colonizing ’their consciousness with the . axioms and aesthetics, of an alien culture’. 2 Europeans, in short, sought to impose on Africans ’a particular way of seeing and being’. s 3
Structural Characterization of Fucose-Containing Oligosaccharides by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Eight pyridylamino (PA) derivatives of fucosecontaining oligosaccharides, which occur as free oligosaccharides in human milk and also are derived from glycosphingolipids, have been analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on normalphase and reversedphase columns, and by matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization timeofflight MALDITOF) mass spectrometry. Six out of eight PAoligosaccharides were clearly separated by both normal and reversedphase HPLC at a column temperature of 40 C, but two PAoligosaccharides, lactoNfucopentaose II [Gal? 1-3(Fuc? 1-4)GlcNAc? 1- 3Gal? 1-4GlcPA] and lactoNfucopentaose III Gal? 1-4(Fuc? 1-3)GlcNAc? 1-3Gal? 1-4GlcPA], were not separated. The two unresolved PAoligosaccharides were finally separated by reversedphase HPLC at a column temperature of 11 C. MALDITOF mass spectra of PAoligosaccharides demonstrated pseudomolecular ions as the predominant signals, therefore information about the molecular mass of each PAoligosaccharide was easily obtained. Postsource decay (PSD) MALDITOF mass spectra of PAoligosaccharides gave information about the carbohydrate sequences and carbohydrate species of each PAoligosaccharide by detecting the ions responsible for the cleavage of the glycosidic bonds. The detection limits of the PAoligosaccharides by HPLC, MALDITOF mass spectrometry, and PSD MALDITOF mass spectrometry were 20 fmol, 20 fmol, and 2 pmol, respectively. These results suggest that a system including HPLC and MALDITOF mass spectrometry or HPLC and PSD MALDITOF mass spectrometry is quite useful for the structural characterization of subpmol or pmol levels of fucosecontaining oligosaccharides, and that these methods could be used for the analysis of various types of oligosaccharides derived from glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids.
Smooth interpretation

We present smooth interpretation, a method to systematically approximate numerical imperative programs by smooth mathematical functions. This approximation facilitates the use of numerical search techniques like gradient descent for program analysis and synthesis. The method extends to programs the notion of Gaussian smoothing, a popular signal-processing technique that filters out noise and discontinuities from a signal by taking its convolution with a Gaussian function. In our setting, Gaussian smoothing executes a program according to a probabilistic semantics; the execution of program P on an input x after Gaussian smoothing can be summarized as follows: (1) Apply a Gaussian perturbation to x -- the perturbed input is a random variable following a normal distribution with mean x. (2) Compute and return the expected output of P on this perturbed input. Computing the expectation explicitly would require the execution of P on all possible inputs, but smooth interpretation bypasses this requirement by using a form of symbolic execution to approximate the effect of Gaussian smoothing on P. The result is an efficient but approximate implementation of Gaussian smoothing of programs. Smooth interpretation has the effect of attenuating features of a program that impede numerical searches of its input space -- for example, discontinuities resulting from conditional branches are replaced by continuous transitions. We apply smooth interpretation to the problem of synthesizing values of numerical control parameters in embedded control applications. This problem is naturally formulated as one of numerical optimization: the goal is to find parameter values that minimize the error between the resulting program and a programmer-provided behavioral specification. Solving this problem by directly applying numerical optimization techniques is often impractical due to the discontinuities in the error function. By eliminating these discontinuities, smooth interpretation makes it possible to search the parameter space efficiently by means of simple gradient descent. Our experiments demonstrate the value of this strategy in synthesizing parameters for several challenging programs, including models of an automated gear shift and a PID controller.
Extended Decision Tree with or Relationship for HMM-Based Speech Synthesis

This paper proposes a variant of decision tree (DT) for HMM-based speech synthesis. We call it Extended Decision Tree with OR Relationship (EDTOR). A leaf node in conventional DT is uniquely reached by answering a series of yes/no questions starting from its root node until the leaf node. Thus the decision condition for deciding whether the acoustic parameters of a context label belong to a certain leaf node is subject to AND logical expressions. However, some linguistic knowledge cannot be represented by AND logical expressions compactly and efficiently. We introduce OR relationship to DT at leaf node level to loosen the restriction on DT. Preliminary experimental results show that EDTOR can, 1) greatly reduce the leaf node number of DT (i.e., model size) without affecting speech synthesis performance, which is appealing to embedded applications, or, 2) slightly improve the performance if DT has the same leaf node number as that of EDTOR.
Does Perisaccadic Compression Require Foveal Vision?

People make systematic errors when localizing a stimulus that is presented briefly near the time of a saccade. These errors have been interpreted as compression towards the position that is fixated after the saccade. Normally, fixating a position means that its image falls on the fovea. Macular degeneration (MD) damages the central retina, obliterating foveal vision. Many people with MD adopt a new retinal locus for fixation, called the preferred retinal locus (PRL). If the compression of space during the saccade is a special characteristic of the fovea, possibly due to the high density of cones that is found in the fovea, one might expect people lacking central vision to show no compression of space around the time of a saccade. If the compression of space during the saccade is related to the position that is fixated after the saccade, one would expect compression towards the PRL, despite the lack of a high density of cones in this area. We found that a person with MD showed a clear compression towards her PRL. We conclude that perisaccadic compression is related to the position that is fixated after the saccade rather than to the high density of receptors in the fovea.
Effects of the acoustic properties of infant-directed speech on infant word recognition.

A number of studies have examined the acoustic differences between infant-directed speech (IDS) and adult-directed speech, suggesting that the exaggerated acoustic properties of IDS might facilitate infants' language development. However, there has been little empirical investigation of the acoustic properties that infants use for word learning. The goal of this study was thus to examine how 19-month-olds' word recognition is affected by three acoustic properties of IDS: slow speaking rate, vowel hyper-articulation, and wide pitch range. Using the intermodal preferential looking procedure, infants were exposed to half of the test stimuli (e.g., Where's the book? ) in typical IDS style. The other half of the stimuli were digitally altered to remove one of the three properties under investigation. After the target word (e.g., book) was spoken, infants' gaze toward target and distractor referents was measured frame by frame to examine the time course of word recognition. The results showed that slow speaking rate and vowel hyper-articulation significantly improved infants' ability to recognize words, whereas wide pitch range did not. These findings suggest that 19-month-olds' word recognition may be affected only by the linguistically relevant acoustic properties in IDS.
AVLeak: Fingerprinting Antivirus Emulators through Black-Box Testing

To fight the ever-increasing proliferation of novel malware, antivirus (AV) vendors have turned to emulation-based automated dynamic malware analysis. Malware authors have responded by creating malware that attempts to evade detection by behaving benignly while being running in an emulator. Malware may detect emulation by looking for emulator "fingerprints" such as unique environmental values, timing inconsistencies, or bugs in CPU emulation. Due to their immense complexity and the expert knowledge required to effectively analyze them, reverse-engineering AV emulators to discover fingerprints is an extremely challenging task. As an alternative, researchers have demonstrated fingerprinting attacks using simple black-box testing, but these techniques are slow, inefficient, and generally awkward to use. We propose a novel black-box technique to efficiently extract emulator fingerprints without reverse-engineering. To demonstrate our technique, we implemented an easy-to-use tool and API called AVLeak. We present an evaluation of AVLeak against several current consumer AVs and show emulator fingerprints derived from our experimentation. We also propose a classification of fingerprints as they apply to consumer AV emulators. Finally, we discuss the defensive implications of our work, and future directions of research in emulator evasion and exploitation.
Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense sp . nov . , an extremely thermophilic , facultatively heterotrophic , sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from Yellowstone National Park , and emended descriptions of the genus Sulfurihydrogenibium , S . subterraneum

A novel thermophilic, sulfur-oxidizing Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain SS-5, was isolated from the Calcite Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park, USA. The cells were motile rods (1? 2–2? 8 mm long and 0? 6–0? 8 mm wide). The new isolate was a facultative heterotroph capable of using elemental sulfur or thiosulfate as an electron donor and O2 (1–18 %; optimum 6 %, v/v) as an electron acceptor. Hydrogen did not support growth. The isolate grew autotrophically with CO2. In addition, strain SS-5 T utilized various organic carbon sources such as yeast extract, tryptone, sugars, amino acids and organic acids. Growth was observed between 55 and 78 6C (optimum 70 6C; 3? 5 h doubling time), pH 6? 0 and 8? 0 (optimum pH 7? 5), and 0 and 0? 6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 32 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the isolate was a member of the genus Sulfurihydrogenibium. On the basis of the physiological and molecular characteristics of the new isolate, we propose the name Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense sp. nov. with SS-5 (=JCM 12773=OCM 840) as the type strain. In addition, emended descriptions of the genus Sulfurihydrogenibium, Sulfurihydrogenibium subterraneum and Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense are proposed.
The onset of three-dimensional standing and modulated travelling waves in a periodically driven cavity flow

Three-dimensional instabilities of the two-dimensional flow in a rectangular cavity driven by the simple harmonic oscillation of one wall are investigated. The cavity has an aspect ratio of 2:1 in cross-section and is infinite in the spanwise direction. The two-dimensional base flow has no component in the spanwise direction and is periodic in time. In addition, it has the same space–time symmetry as a two-dimensional periodically shedding bluff-body wake: invariance to a mid-plane reflection composed with a half-period evolution in time. As for the wake, there are two kinds of possible synchronous three-dimensional instability; one kind preserves this space–time symmetry and the other breaks it, replacing it with another space–time symmetry. One of these symmetry breaking modes has been observed experimentally. The present study is numerical, using both linear Floquet analysis techniques and fully nonlinear computations. A new synchronous mode is found, in addition to the experimentally observed mode. These two modes have very different spanwise wavelengths. In analogy to the three-dimensional instabilities of bluff-body wakes, the long-wavelength synchronous instability is named mode A, while that for the short wavelength is named mode B. However, their space–time symmetries are interchanged compared to those of the synchronous bluff-body wake modes. Another new, but non-synchronous, mode is found: this has complex-conjugate pair Floquet multipliers, and arises through a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation of the base flow. This mode, QP, has a spanwise wavelength intermediate between modes A and B, and manifests itself in the nonlinear regime as either quasi–periodic standing waves or modulated travelling waves.
Managing Uncertainty in Dialogue Information State for Real Time Understanding of Multi-Human Meeting Dialogue

Human speech processing is riddled with ambiguity and uncertainty on a number of levels: e.g. uncertainty of speech-processing; lexical and structural ambiguity in parsing; dialogue–act classification; intention recognition and interpretation. Information-state approaches to dialogue management typically only maintain a single current state and utilize strategies for resolving ambiguities and uncertainty immediately they arise.1 We are concerned with tracking and understanding dialogue between multiple human participants—specifically, in meetings—in such a way that the dialogue system does not intervene. In this scenario, the system is not able to provide feedback on whether or not it has understood, and is unable to ask for clarification or ambiguity resolution. Our ultimate aim is to model humanhuman dialogue (to the extent that it is feasible) in real-time, providing useful services (e.g. relevant document retrieval) and answering queries about the dialogue state and history (e.g. “what action items do we have so far? ”). Our approach has been to extend our existing dialogue system, based on the information-state update approach— which supports a rich semantic interpretation of multi-utterance constructions—to cope with the added uncertainty inherent in two-person meetings in which the participants speak, point, and draw on a whiteboard.
Proportional Income Taxation and Risk-Taking

I. Summary and conclusions, 388. — Loss offset provisions, 391. — II. The rationale of investment behavior: yield and risk defined, 393; yield and risk of an asset combination, 398; investor's indifference map and investment equilibrium, 402. — III. Taxation without loss offset: effects of the tax on yield and risk, tax sensitiveness, 403; adjustment of asset combination held, 405. popular versions of the argument, 408. — IV. Taxation with full loss offset: effects on yield and risk, 409; total risk and private risk distinguished, 410; adjustment of asset combination held, 411; total risk increased as result of tax, 412. — V. The general case, taxation with variable loss offset: effects of varying tax rate and varying loss offset, 415; adjustment of asset combination to changes in tax rate, with given loss offset, 418; adjustment to changes in loss offset, with given tax rate, 419. — VI. Qualifications, 421.
Efficient Resource Allocation in a Multinucleated City with Intermediate Goods

I. The resource allocation problem, 341. — II. Commodity flow equilibrium, 344. — III. Transportation sector and land constraints, 345. — IV. The dual problem and producer and consumer equilibrium, 346. — V. A numerical example, 347. — VI. Concluding remarks, 350. — Appendix, 351.
Rationalization of Investment Preference Criteria

The majority of risk adjusted performance measures (RAPM) currently in use – e.g., Treynor ratio, (? /? )) ratio, Omega index, RoVaR, ‘coherent’ preference criteria, etc. – are incompat- ible with any sensible utility function and would be best avoided. We argue instead for the assessment of a maximum certainty equivalent excess return (CER*) criterion, or equivalent criteria, adapted to investment circumstances: alternative investments, return forecasts, and risk attitude. We explain the assessment of CER*s and give three applications: performance comparisons among traditional and alternative funds, optimal design of structured products, and explanation of the credit risk premium puzzle.
Hybrid Attribute Based Encryption

Now a day, cloud computing has become a significant technology trend. The cloud computing technology benefits include cost savings, high availability of resources, and easy scalability. The cloud computing provides many services to the users. These are Software as a Service, Platform as a Service and Infrastructure as a Service. For any enterprise, data plays a significant role in its growth. Cloud computing also provides the facility to the enterprises to store their valuable data remotely at cloud. One of the main hurdles that disallow the use of cloud computing is the security of data in the cloud as the users have no physical contact with the data. The only way to secure the data in the cloud is encrypting the data before storing it. The threat to the data stored in the cloud is not only from the intruders outside of the organization but also from the malicious users inside the cloud service provider who have inherently access to the databases. The only possible solution to protect our private and confidential data on the cloud is to encrypt it before storage. There are many schemes are proposed and used in the past ranging from Identity Based Encryption (IDE), Fuzzy Attribute Based Encryption (Fuzzy ABE), Key-Policy Attribute Based Encryption (KP-ABE) to Cipher-Policy Attribute Based Encryption (CP-ABE). One problem with KP-ABE and CP-ABE is that both use single trusted authority. Data owner is only trusted authority. It can be bottlenecked. In our approach, we used the hybrid Attribute Based Encryption (HbABE) where we combine scheme KPABE and CP-ABE and use the concept of access structure that defines which users can decrypt the data. In our scheme, we used two tree structures, one used as access structure and the other is used as a private key. HbABE is specifically designed for the company to be used internally purpose not for the public use. It provides the security at three levels, first, using symmetric data encryption, second KP-ABE & CP-ABE and third using the biometric identity. Its purpose is to fully secure the company’s file both from outside as well as inside intruders.
Collagen in acquired connective tissue diseases: an active or passive role?

Acquired diseases involving the connective tissue of muscle, tendon and cartilage are primarily a response to an inflammatory stimulus, resulting either in the over-production or excessive degradation of collagen, both fibrosis and degradation leading to malfunctions of the tissue. The questions collagen researchers are currently asking are: What controls the change in the metabolism of the collagen; can the rate of collagen synthesis be specifically modified by external agents; is there a change in the chemical and mechanical properties of the collagen, and how can we go about measuring these changes both in the metabolism and nature of the collagen? An important finding in this respect is the identification of a number of polymorphic forms of collagen each with a potential for considerable posttranslational modification. The relationship of these molecular modifications to the ultimate properties of the fibre and its interaction with other components of the connective tissue have yet to be elucidated but considerable progress is being made. The role of collagen in many fibrotic diseases has always been considered a passive one, that is, solely as an inert structural material. However, recent biochemical studies have suggested that collagen may be directly involved, at a more subtle level than previously imagined. This more direct involvement of collagen is particularly well illustrated by the initial event in wound healing. The primary step in clot formation involves the adhesion of circulating blood platelets to collagen, which induces the release of ADP, Ca+ + and serotonin from the platelets, causing further aggregation and finally a haemostatic plug at the site of injury. Recent studies have suggested that the connective tissue protein fibronectin is involved in this interaction [4]. The collagen-platelet interaction is clearly an important event in wound healing and also in regard to atherogenesis and considerable effort is now being directed to the elucidation of the reaction mechanism. Early studies revealed differences in the ability of the polyrnorphic types of collagen to stimulate platelets, with Type 111 being the most active and the basement membrane collagens, Types IV and V, being completely inactive. However, these differences are now attributed to the ability of the collagen type to form fibres; with reconstituted fibrils of all types of collagen showing similar