Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling the continua in the outcomes of biotic interactions.

The outcome of many ecological interactions lies somewhere along a continuum between pure positive and pure negative effects. Although the popularity of this idea has notoriously risen in the last decades, with the occurrence of continua in interaction outcomes invoked for a wide variety of interactions, the absence of a precise theoretical treatment has led to considerable inaccuracy and ambiguity in its treatment. We develop here a consumer-resource model to explore the occurrence of continua. This model is based on the assumption that the distribution of individual interaction events includes both negative and positive immediate outcomes, with variable frequencies, for at least one of the interacting species. Our study shows that continua in interaction outcomes happen just by varying the sign and impact of individual events. The exact shape of the continua depends on the proportion of positive versus negative events and the relative magnitude of per-capita interaction strengths. Our model shows that continua in interaction outcomes are a key property of most pairwise interactions and are originated from the variable roles played by the interacting partners. It constitutes a step forward in the paradigm change from discrete categorization of ecological interactions to a new perspective over a continuous space. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Thermodynamic theory for the jamming transition in traffic flow

A thermodynamic theory is formulated for describing the phase transition and critical phenomenon occurring in traffic flow. We derive the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau ~TDGL! equation from the car-following model. We find the thermodynamic potential for traffic flow where the headway and the inverse of the delay time correspond respectively to order parameter and temperature. It is shown that the coexisting curve and spinodal line are given respectively by the first and second derivatives of the potential with order parameter ~the headway ! We prove that the jamming transition is the first-order transition below the critical point and the metastable region exists between the coexisting curve and spinodal line. We show the connection between TDGL equation and the modified Korteweg–de Vries equation describing the traffic jam. We also compare the nonlinear analysis result with the simulation. It is shown that the coexisting curve is consistent with the simulation result. @S1063-651X~98! 04710-2#
Overview of the synergistic use of radiotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment: current challenges and scopes of improvement

ABSTRACT Introduction Oncological treatments are changing rapidly due to the advent of several targeted anticancer drugs and regimens. The primary new area of research in oncological medicine is the implementation of a combination of novel therapies and standard care. In this scenario, radioimmunotherapy is one of the most promising fields, as proven by the exponential growth of publications in this context during the last decade. Areas covered This review provides an overview of the synergistic use of radiotherapy and immunotherapy and addresses questions like the importance of this subject, aspects clinicians look for in patients to administer this combined therapy, individuals who would benefit the most from this treatment, how to achieve abscopal effect and when does radio-immunotherapy become standard clinical practice. Expert opinion Answers to these queries generate further issues that need to be addressed and solved. The abscopal and bystander effects are not utopia, rather physiological phenomena that occur in our bodies. Nevertheless, substantial evidence regarding the combination of radioimmunotherapy is lacking. In conclusion, joining forces and finding answers to all these open questions is of paramount importance.
Large effective population size masks population genetic structure in Hirondellea amphipods within the deepest marine ecosystem, the Mariana Trench

The examination of genetic structure in the deep‐ocean hadal zone has focused on divergence between tectonic trenches to understand how environment and geography may drive species divergence and promote endemism. There has been little attempt to examine localized genetic structure within trenches, partly because of logistical challenges associated with sampling at an appropriate scale, and the large effective population sizes of species that can be sampled adequately may mask underlying genetic structure. Here we examine genetic structure in the superabundant amphipod Hirondellea gigas in the Mariana Trench at depths of 8126–10,545 m. RAD sequencing was used to identify 3182 loci containing 43,408 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across individuals after stringent pruning of loci to prevent paralogous multicopy genomic regions being erroneously merged. Principal components analysis of SNP genotypes resolved no genetic structure between sampling locations, consistent with a signature of panmixia. However, discriminant analysis of principal components identified divergence between all sites driven by 301 outlier SNPs in 169 loci and significantly associated with latitude and depth. Functional annotation of loci identified differences between singleton loci used in analysis and paralogous loci pruned from the data set and also between outlier and nonoutlier loci, all consistent with hypotheses explaining the role of transposable elements driving genome dynamics. This study challenges the traditional perspective that highly abundant amphipods within a trench form a single panmictic population. We discuss the findings in relation to eco‐evolutionary and ontogenetic processes operating in the deep sea, and highlight key challenges associated with population genetic analysis in nonmodel systems with inherent large effective population sizes and genomes.
Analytical studies of low-level motion estimators in space-time images using a unified filter concept

Low-level motion estimators based on differential, tensor and phase methods are reformulated in a unified way as filter methods in the continuous space-time domain. This approach allows inherent conceptual deficits to be distinguished from those related to the implementation in discrete space. A detailed analytical error analysis is performed. All techniques yield unbiased motion estimates for areas of constant velocity with any type of gray value structure in continuous space. Errors are only introduced by an inadequate discrete implementation. Further investigated are the influence of zero-mean normal distributed noise, spatially and temporally (accelerated) varying motion, motion discontinuities, and illumination changes. The main results of the paper are also illustrated with real-world image sequences. <<ETX>>
On a priori error estimates of some identification methods

This paper examines in detail the estimation errors of two algorithms proposed by Koopmans [1] and Levin [2] for identifying linear systems described by an n th-order scalar difference equation. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the strong consistency of the estimates that these algorithms generate. A priori error bounds on estimation error are obtained to provide a quantitative basis for comparing these algorithms in relation to the maximum likelihood estimates. Computational results are also presented to supplement the theoretical discussions.
Nonlinear mixed integer programming problems using genetic algorithm and penalty function

We propose a method for solving nonlinear mixed integer programming (NMIP) problems using genetic algorithms (GAs) and a penalty function method. The penalty function method was used to construct a fitness function to evaluate chromosomes generated from genetic reproduction. Therefore, the mean of satisfactory degrees of systems constraints were introduced. Also, we apply the method for solving optimization problems which belong to nonlinear programming or NMIP problems, using the proposed method. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through numerical experiments to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
Assessment of Person Fit for Mixed-Format Tests

Person-fit assessment may help the researcher to obtain additional information regarding the answering behavior of persons. Although several researchers examined person fit, there is a lack of research on person-fit assessment for mixed-format tests. In this article, the lz statistic and the ζ2 statistic, both of which have been used for tests with only dichotomous items or with only polytomous items, were modified for use with mixed-format tests. In a detailed simulation, the lz and ζ2 statistics are found to be conservative under a (frequentist) asymptotic normal approximation. However, the use of the statistics along with the (Bayesian) posterior predictive model checking method leads to a larger power. The suggested approaches are applied to an operational data set. The approaches appear to be satisfactory tools for assessing person fit for mixed-format tests.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF AXISYMMETRIC FLOWS AND METHODS FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ARISING IN BLOOD FLOW SIMULATION

In this thesis we propose and analyze the numerical methods for the approximation of axisymmetric flows as well as algorithms suitable for the solution of fluid-structure interaction problems. Our investigation is aimed at, but are not restricted to, the simulation of the blood flow dynamics. The first part of this work deals with an axisymmetric fluid model based on three-dimensional incompressible Stokes or Navier–Stokes equations which are solved on a two-dimensional half-section of the domain under consideration. In particular we show optimal a priori error estimates for P1isoP2/P1 axisymmetric finite elements for the steady Stokes equations under the assumption that the domain and the data are axisymmetric and that the data have no angular component. Our analysis is carried out in the framework of weighted Sobolev spaces and takes advantage of a suitably defined Cl´ement type projection operator. We then introduce an axisymmetric formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations in moving domains and, starting from existing results in three-dimensions, we set up an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation and prove some stability results. In the second part, we deal with algorithms for the solution of fluid-structure interaction problems. We introduce the problem in a generic form where the fluid is described by means of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations and the structure by a viscoelastic model. We account for large deformations of the structure and we show how existing algorithms may be improved to reduce the computational time. In particular we show how to use transpiration boundary conditions to approximate the fluid-structure problem in a fixed point strategy. Moreover, in a quasi-Newton strategy we reduce the cost by replacing the Jacobian with inexact Jacobians stemming from reduced physical models for the problem at hand. To speed up the convergence of the Newton algorithm, we also define a dynamic preconditioner and an acceleration scheme which have been successfully tested in haemodynamics simulations in two and three dimensions.
Iterative learning control design based on composite energy function with input saturation

In this work, iterative learning control (ILC) scheme is designed for a class of nonlinear system with the lumped uncertainty in the presence of input saturation. The analysis of convergence in iteration domain is on the basis of composite energy function (CEF), which incorporates the energy in time domain as well as the iteration domain. At the same time, input saturation is taken into consideration in the design of ILC scheme with the investigation on the properties of the saturation function. Through rigorous analysis, the convergence of the tracking error in iteration domain can be guaranteed under the input saturation provided the desired trajectory is realizable within the saturation bound.
Advanced photonic vortex flowmeter with interferometer sensor for measurement of wide dynamic range of medium velocity at high temperature and high pressure

The paper presents a new solution of flowmeter to measure the flowing medium velocity using fiber sensing methods. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is implemented for the detection of vortices [1] [2]. The measurement of flow is based on the vortex frequency detection of a vibrating diaphragm placed in an optimized measuring chamber. The stress of the vibrating diaphragm is measured with use of a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) fiber interferometer whose fiber arms are fixed with the diaphragm. This solution allows for measuring flow of liquids, gases and vapors in the temperature range of -200°C to +550°C and pressures up to 300 bar.
A synoptic climatology of satellite observed cloud vortices over the Southern Hemisphere

A classification scheme for satellite observed cloud vortices is used to assess some general features of the behaviour of Southern Hemisphere depressions. From coincident conventional observations the mean variation of surface pressure and upper level geopotential anomaly near the centre of, and in west-east cross-section through an extratropical vortex is determined in relation to its age. Data are obtained on the geographical variation of occurrence of vortex type, duration, and frequency of change between development stages. The percentage of vortices developing without a pre-existing cloud band is found to be greater at higher latitudes but, in general, over 50 per cent of developments occur in this way. Persistent maxima of early vortex development are found in the western South Atlantic and in the central South Pacific, both regions extending into lower latitudes than elsewhere in the hemisphere. Two less prominent maxima are located in the central Indian Ocean, and south of Australia. Generalized vortex track and speed data are obtained, and several areas of high frequency of termination of depression track are observed at high latitudes near the Antarctic coast. In total, the observations tend to point to a circulation pattern having a high frequency of major long wave troughs east of the Andes, and in the central Pacific, with a further frequent trough more variable in space and time being located between the central Indian Ocean and the longitude of the Great Australian Bight.
Association of Left Atrial Deformation Analysis by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography With Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus in Patients With Primary Valvular Heart Disease

Background: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the functional parameters of the left atrium (LA) derived from deformation imaging, two-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) strain and strain rate (SR) and the function of the left atrial appendage (LAA) as measured by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with primary valvular heart disease. Methods: This cross-sectional research included 200 primary valvular heart disease cases, categorized into Group I (n = 74) with thrombus and Group II (n = 126) without thrombus. All patients were subjected to standard 12 lead electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), strain and SR imaging of the LA by TDI and 2D speckle tracking, and TEE. Results: At a cut-off value of <10.50%, peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) is a predictor of thrombus with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.975 (95% CI: 0.957-0.993), sensitivity of 94.6%, specificity of 93.7%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 89.7%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 96.7%, and accuracy of 94%. At a cut-off value of <0.295 m/s, LAA emptying velocity is a predictor of thrombus with an AUC of 0.967 (95% CI: 0.944-0.989), sensitivity of 94.6%, specificity of 90.5%, PPV of 85.4%, NPV of 96.6%, and accuracy of 92%. The PALS (<10.50%) and LAA velocity (<0.295 m/s) are significant predictors of thrombus (P = 0.001, β = 2.745, SE = 0.804, OR = 15.56, and 95% CI: 3.219-75.245; and P = 0.002, β = 2.499, SE = 0.799, OR = 12.17, and 95% CI: 2.543-58.201, respectively). Peak systolic strain < 12.55% and SR < 1.065/s are insignificant predictors of thrombus (β = 1.167, SE = 0.996, OR = 3.21, and 95% CI: 0.456-22.631; and β = 1.443, SE = 0.929, OR = 4.23, and 95% CI: 0.685-26.141, respectively). Conclusions: Among LA deformation parameters derived from TTE, PALS is the best predictor of reduced LAA emptying velocity and LAA thrombus in primary valvular heart disease, regardless of the rhythm.
Vertical Integration Strategies and Environmental Uncertainty: China’s Film Industry

This study analyses the effectiveness of vertical integration for motion pictures’ box office revenues and the moderating effects of environmental uncertainty on China’s film industry, where a market economy was introduced in 2002. We analyzed a sample of 1,824 films released between 2005 and 2016 using a PROCESS model. We found strong evidence that vertical integration positively influenced box office revenues, which were higher under greater environmental uncertainty post reforms than under relative stability. We also found films that (1) had major producers or distributors, (2) were based on intellectual property, (3) belonged to the action or fantasy genre, or (4) featured superstars performed better. This study demonstrates the current operating level of the market economy in China’s film industry and offers a unique, fresh dataset comprising almost all films released in Mainland China and produced by enterprises in Greater China.
The space radiation environment for electronics

The Earth's space radiation environment is described in terms of charged particles as relevant to effects on spacecraft electronics. The nature and magnitude of the trapped and transiting environments are described in terms of spatial distribution and temporal variation. The internal radiation environment of the spacecraft is described in terms of shielding the high-energy particles of the free-field environment. Exposure levels are presented in terms of ionizing radiation dose and particle fluence for comparison to electronic component susceptibility. >
Sleep and memory: The impact of sleep deprivation on transcription, translational control, and protein synthesis in the brain

In countries around the world, sleep deprivation represents a widespread problem affecting school‐age children, teenagers, and adults. Acute sleep deprivation and more chronic sleep restriction adversely affect individual health, impairing memory and cognitive performance as well as increasing the risk and progression of numerous diseases. In mammals, the hippocampus and hippocampus‐dependent memory are vulnerable to the effects of acute sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation induces changes in molecular signaling, gene expression and may cause changes in dendritic structure in neurons. Genome wide studies have shown that acute sleep deprivation alters gene transcription, although the pool of genes affected varies between brain regions. More recently, advances in research have drawn attention to differences in gene regulation between the level of the transcriptome compared with the pool of mRNA associated with ribosomes for protein translation following sleep deprivation. Thus, in addition to transcriptional changes, sleep deprivation also affects downstream processes to alter protein translation. In this review, we focus on the multiple levels through which acute sleep deprivation impacts gene regulation, highlighting potential post‐transcriptional and translational processes that may be affected by sleep deprivation. Understanding the multiple levels of gene regulation impacted by sleep deprivation is essential for future development of therapeutics that may mitigate the effects of sleep loss.
On Finite Factorization Rings

Let R be a commutative ring with identity. R is a finite factorization ring (FFR) if every nonzero nonunit of R has only a finite number of factorizations up to order and associates. In this article, we give a characterization of R for R[X] and R[[X]] to be an FFR.
Discourse relators and the beginnings of sentences in English and German

Felicitous translations between English and German show that discourse relators like adversative connectors interact with the basic strategies of discourse linking superimposed upon the grammatical rules of word order. For initial position they compete with elements from the propositional meaning of a sentence, which they precede if the propositional elements are given information; if the elements are new (or resumed) information, discourse relators tend to follow them. Attitudinal expressions like probably and possibly precede or follow propositional elements in the same way, but tend towards a greater degree of explicitness in initial positions of English sentences.
Evidence for the presence of quasi‐two‐dimensional nearly incompressible fluctuations in the solar wind

Solar wind fluctuations are commonly regarded as a superposition of MHD waves primarily in the Alven mode. These MHD fluctuations are frequently assumed to possess slab or isotropic symmetry, particularly in the development of models of the propagation of cosmic rays throughout the heliosphere. There are, however, several long-standing problems with either of these choices. One problem is that the mean free path for pitch angle scattering of cosmic rays in the heliosphere is apparently longer than can be accounted for by using either assumption about the statistical symmetry of the fluctuations. Another problem is the prediction of WKB theory that the direction of minimum variance should tend to lie along the radial direction rather than along the mean magnetic field as is observed. Motivated by laboratory plasma experiments, a series of two-dimensional MHD simulations, recent theoretical work, and extensive analyses of solar wind data, the authors suggest that there is a third possible viewpoint with potentially important implications for solar wind studies. From this perspective they suggest that solar wind fluctuations contain a subpopulation that have wave vectors nearly transverse to both the mean magnetic field and the fluctuations about the mean. For this quasi-two-dimensional component the direction ofmore » minimum variance lies along the mean magnetic field, density fluctuations are small and anticorrelated with {vert bar}B{vert bar}, the total pressure at small scales is nearly constant, and pitch angle scattering by resonant wave-particle interactions is suppressed. « less
The model of internal column of hollow cathode vacuum discharge

Analyzes the characteristics of rarefied, nonequilibrium-state plasmas in the internal column of a hollow cathode discharge (HCD). The analysis is based on the theory of plasma disintegration in a strong electric field (Dreicer 1959, 1960). It is demonstrated that this process has a crucial influence upon the forming of directed flux of electrons with energy values 20-30 eV at the exit of the hollow cathode. The obtained values significantly exceed the energy of thermal motion of electrons in the plasma disintegration zone. A new method is suggested of calculating electron density and electric field intensity in respect to the axis of the internal column in the channel model of the discharge. In addition, a method is presented of calculating the length of the internal column and the energy of the directed electron flux at the exit of the hollow cathode on the basis of HCD fundamental parameters.