Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Community structure of Quaternary coral reefs compared with Recent life and death assemblages

Abstract This paper assesses the reliability with which fossil reefs record the diversity and community structure of adjacent Recent reefs. The diversity and taxonomic composition of Holocene raised fossil reefs was compared with those of modern reef coral life and death assemblages in adjacent moderate and low-energy shallow reef habitats of Madang Lagoon, Papua New Guinea. Species richness per sample area and Shannon-Wiener diversity (H′) were highest in the fossil reefs, intermediate in the life assemblages, and lowest in the death assemblages. The taxonomic composition of the fossil reefs was most similar to the combination of the life and death assemblages from the modern reefs adjacent to the two fossil reefs. Depth zonation was recorded accurately in the fossil reefs. The Madang fossil reefs represent time-averaged composites of the combined life and death assemblages as they existed at the time the reef was uplifted. Because fossil reefs include overlapping cohorts from the life and death assemblages, lagoonal facies of fossil reefs are dominated by the dominant sediment-producing taxa, which are not necessarily the most abundant in the life assemblage. Rare or slow-growing taxa accumulate more slowly than the encasing sediments and are underrepresented in fossil reef lagoons. Time-averaging dilutes the contribution of rare taxa, rather than concentrating their contribution. Consequently, fidelity indices developed for mollusks in sediments yield low values in coral reef death and fossil assemblages. Branching corals dominate lagoonal facies of fossil reefs because they are abundant, they grow and produce sediment rapidly, and most of the sediment they produce is not exported. Fossil reefs distinguished kilometer-scale variations in community structure more clearly than did the modern life assemblages. This difference implies that fossil reefs may provide a better long-term record of community structure than modern reefs. This difference also suggests that modern kilometer-scale variation in coral reef community structure may have been reduced by anthropogenic degradation, even in the relatively unimpacted reefs of Madang Lagoon. Holocene and Pleistocene fossil reefs provide a time-integrated historical record of community composition and may be used as long-term benchmarks for comparison with modern, degraded, nearshore reefs. Comparisons between fossil reefs and degraded modern reefs display gross changes in community structure more effectively than they demonstrate local extinction of rare taxa.
Potential role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in ischemic preconditioning and neuroprotection

Brain preconditioning, a sub-lethal insult that enables resistance to a subsequent lethal injury, has been widely studied as a neuroprotective therapy against several neurodegenerative diseases, various brain-associated injuries including cerebral ischemia, hemorrhage, neonatal hypoxic injury, and trauma. Clinical trials using ischemic preconditioning or remote ischemic preconditioning have investigated the beneficial effects of brain preconditioning in cerebrovascular-related injuries or diseases such as ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A wide spectrum of preconditioning stimuli, including transient global/focal cerebral ischemia, remote ischemia, hypoxia, hypothermia, and various pharmacological treatments, have been used to protect the brain in in vivo experimental animal studies, and in in vitro cell culture systems. The signaling molecules and pathways triggered by preconditioning stimuli, which are involved in cytoprotective mechanisms, have only been recently identified. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and is activated by various cellular stresses including ischemic injury. JNK signaling is well known as one of the key pathways for regulating neuronal death in many central nervous system injuries. However, JNK signaling has a dual role and is also involved in neuronal survival in brain preconditioning. In this mini review, we discuss the current clinical trials for ischemic preconditioning and experimental brain ischemic preconditioning, and examine the role of JNK in effective preconditioning against cerebral ischemic stroke.
Change in naming abilities between the ages of 50 and 90: The importance of analyzing naming latency

This study tests the controversial hypothesis that word naming difficulties may arise in individuals as young as their 50s. According to Feyereisen (1997), these difficulties begin at the age of 70, but Nicholas, Connor, Obler, and Albert (1998); Connor, Spiro, Obler, and Albert (2004) observed subtle signs of decreased naming performance in participants in their 50s. However, these studies focused on naming accuracy. To our knowledge, no study has analyzed naming latencies in participants in their 50s in comparison with younger participants. We assume that such analyses may highlight more subtle difficulties in naming. In our study, both naming latencies and naming accuracy were analyzed in a picture naming task presented to 4 age groups: 25-35, 50-59, 60-69 and above 70 years old. If people in their 50s experience subtle naming difficulties, these should be reflected in longer picture naming latencies compared to younger participants. In participants above 70 years of age, the decline should be more apparent and may be underlined not only by slower naming latencies but also by lower picture naming scores.
Coupled Clustering of Time-Series and Networks

Motivated by the problem of human-traﬃcking, where it is often observed that criminal organizations are linked and behave similarly over time, we introduce the problem of Coupled Clustering of Time-series and their underlying Network . The goal is to ﬁnd tightly connected subgroups of nodes that also have similar node-speciﬁc time series (temporal—not necessarily structural—behavior). We formulate the problem as a coupled matrix factorization for the time series, combined with regularization for network smoothness. We propose CCTN , and an incrementally-updated counterpart, CCTN-inc , which eﬃciently handles network updates. Extensive experiments show that CCTN is up to 4 × more accurate than baselines that consider graph structure or time series alone, and CCTN-inc is up to 55 × faster than CCTN . As an application, we explore an exclusive database with millions of online ads on human traﬃcking, and successfully deploy our technique to detect criminal organizations.
Phasic Alertness and Multisensory Integration Contribute to Visual Awareness of Weak Visual Targets in Audio-Visual Stimulation under Continuous Flash Suppression

Multisensory stimulation is associated with behavioural benefits, including faster processing speed, higher detection accuracy, and increased subjective awareness. These effects are most likely explained by multisensory integration, alertness, or a combination of the two. To examine changes in subjective awareness under multisensory stimulation, we conducted three experiments in which we used Continuous Flash Suppression to mask subthreshold visual targets for healthy observers. Using the Perceptual Awareness Scale, participants reported their level of awareness of the visual target on a trial-by-trial basis. The first experiment had an audio-visual Redundant Signal Effect paradigm, in which we found faster reaction times in the audio-visual condition compared to responses to auditory or visual signals alone. In two following experiments, we separated the auditory and visual signals, first spatially (experiment 2) and then temporally (experiment 3), to test whether the behavioural benefits in our multisensory stimulation paradigm could best be explained by multisensory integration or increased phasic alerting. Based on the findings, we conclude that the largest contributing factor to increased awareness of visual stimuli accompanied by auditory tones is a rise in phasic alertness and a reduction in temporal uncertainty with a small but significant contribution of multisensory integration.
High Multiplicity Searches at the LHC Using Jet Masses

This article introduces a new class of searches for physics beyond the Standard Model that improves the sensitivity to signals with high jet multiplicity. The proposed searches gain access to high multiplicity signals by reclustering events into large-radius, or 'fat', jets and by requiring that each event has multiple massive jets. This technique is applied to supersymmetric scenarios in which gluinos are pair-produced and then subsequently decay to final states with either moderate quantities of missing energy or final states without missing energy. In each of these scenarios, the use of jet mass improves the estimated reach in gluino mass by 20% to 50% over current LHC searches.
Quantum gravity and inventory accumulation

We begin by studying inventory accumulation at a LIFO (last-in-first-out) retailer with two products. In the simplest version, the following occur with equal probability at each time step: first product ordered, first product produced, second product ordered, second product produced. The inventory thus evolves as a simple random walk on Z^2. In more interesting versions, a p fraction of customers orders the "freshest available" product regardless of type. We show that the corresponding random walks scale to Brownian motions with diffusion matrices depending on p. We then turn our attention to the critical Fortuin-Kastelyn random planar map model, which gives, for each q>0, a probability measure on random (discretized) two-dimensional surfaces decorated by loops, related to the q-state Potts model. A longstanding open problem is to show that as the discretization gets finer, the surfaces converge in law to a limiting (loop-decorated) random surface. The limit is expected to be a Liouville quantum gravity surface decorated by a conformal loop ensemble, with parameters depending on q. Thanks to a bijection between decorated planar maps and inventory trajectories (closely related to bijections of Bernardi and Mullin), our results about the latter imply convergence of the former in a particular topology. A phase transition occurs at p = 1/2, q=4.
Attend and Attack : Attention Guided Adversarial Attacks on Visual Question Answering Models

In the present day world, there is large scale deployment of Deep Learning based models in a variety of AI critical applications but very little work has been done to test the robustness of such models to adversarial attacks. In this work we propose a way to generate adversarial samples for the task of Visual Question Answering(VQA) by guiding our adversarial sample generation using attention maps from the underlying VQA model. We examine attacks on the state of the art VQA model proposed by Kazemi and Elqursh [1] and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the VQA dataset [2]. Our attention guided adversarial attack model beats the prior state of the art attack model by a substantial margin and establishes a new state of the art for this task.
Security Threats and Techniques in Social Networking Sites: A Systematic Literature Review

—During the decade, interactions among people have gradually changed as a result of the popularity, availability and accessibility of social networking sites (SNSs). SNSs enhance our lives in terms of relaxation, knowledge, and communication. On the other hand, the information security and privacy of SNS users have been threatened with most users not aware of this fact. The rate of cyber-attack committed via SNS is dramatically high. Finding a solution to provide better security for social network users has become a major challenge. This review is conducted with the objective to collect and investigate all credible and effective researches that have studied security problems and solutions on SNSs. We aim to extract and discuss the prominent security features and techniques in the selected research articles to provide researchers and practitioners with a concise collection of the security solutions. In this review, we conduct a secondary study by accessing the previous studies devoted to security threats of SNSs and new security techniques to protect them from attacks. We apply the standard guidelines of systematic literature review by working thoroughly on 84 previous studies including journal papers and conference proceedings published in high impact journals. The results show that 2013 is the peak period in which security problems on SNSs obtained attentions from researchers and 23 significant security problems in SNSs were discovered. Facebook and Twitter are the two SNSs mostly referred to by researchers regarding security problems. We found that people (users) and SNSs themselves are the two main causes for today’s security and privacy issues on SNSs. In conclusion, the security and privacy issues on SNSs are still an unsolved problem and there is as yet no solid and complete solution for absolutely removing those issues on SNSs.
Emergence of social change from the activity of heterogeneous agents

Since workers are often well hidden inside of the capital-labor ratio by economic models, it is refreshing to see the emphasis of Akerlof and Kranton [2000, 2005] on “identity. ” Identity is a fairly new issue for economists, but it is a rather old one in sociology, social psychology and management, having grained great significance with the development of the assembly line and the feared consequence of such workplace innovations in the form of “alienation” and rejection of capitalism. It is not necessary, however, to consider identity as a problem to be overcome; it may also be considered to be a positive feature of social action; and the work of Akerlof-Kranton orients us in that direction.
Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms and Sense of Agency in the Chinese Quarantine Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Recent research has suggested that quarantine is associated with a change in lifestyle and an increase in mental health symptoms. This paper examines whether quarantine methods are related to a decrease in sense of agency and an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms. The participants are 1051 Chinese across all age groups and provinces in China. This paper hypothesis that mandatory quarantine is associated with a diminished sense of agency and an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results showed that the quarantine method is negatively correlated with the sense of positive agency (SoPA) and positively linked with the sense of negative agency (SoNA). The result also suggests that a long quarantine period is associated with an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms.
Analysis of Imaging Radar Algorithms for the Identifcation of Targets by Their Surface Shape

Ultra-wideband radar systems offer a wide range of applications due to the large bandwidth. One example is the possibility to realize ground penetrating [1] or surface penetrating radar systems [2], respectively. The ability to penetrate materials allows the detection of targets in or behind dielectric media such as a detection of water pipes in walls. The problems of conventional migration algorithms are demonstrated for a quite simple scenario: a cylindrical target behind a wooden wall. As it will be shown, in spite of the large bandwidth of UWB systems which yields a resolution in the sub-centimeter range, the identification of the target by its shape is not a trivial task. Therefore, an alternative approach is given: the Inverse-Boundary-Scattering Transform (IBST). The second important scope in imaging algorithms is the calculation time. One migration technique the Phase Shift Migration which operates in the frequency wave number domain [3]. For speeding up the image processing, an integral substitution is carried out which leads to the Stolt migration. However, the whole data set (a B-scan in the case of a 2D image) is used for the calculation. To avoid this drawback, the IBST extracts the wave fronts of the corresponding targets which implicates a great reduction of the calculation time.
THE VALUE RELEVANCE OF VOLUNTARY INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL DISCLOSURE: NEW ZEALAND EVIDENCE

The purpose of this study is to investigate the value relevance of voluntary intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) in New Zealand by examining the relationship between voluntary ICD and market value. The results suggest that the relationship between voluntary ICD and market value is not a simple, positive relationship across the board. That is, the benefits of different types of intellectual capital (IC)—namely human, relational and structural capital—may vary significantly, and there may even be some costs to disclosure. Positive relationships were found between human and relational capital as well as ICD overall. The results for structural capital disclosure, however, showed a significant and negative relationship. These results suggest that there may be a trade-off between the costs and benefits of disclosure. We also found that the relationship between voluntary ICD and market value is moderated by technologically intensive industries. This relationship is stronger for low-tech industries. This may be due to the fact that low-tech industries disclosed more IC information voluntarily, indicating that more disclosure strengthens the relationship between voluntary IC and market value.
The Pharmacognostic Standardization , Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacological Potential of Toona ciliata MAn Overview

DOI: 10.21276/sajp.2018. 7.6. 12 Abstract: Toona ciliata is a plant belongs to a family Meliaceae group of the traditionally important medicinal plant. It is also known as red cedar. The genus Toona (Meliaceae) family consists of the highland trees that are broadly distributed at the higher altitude of India, Nepal, China, Burma, Thailand, Australia. Toona ciliata has been accepted as a source of medicine to treat different disease and ailments including chronic dysentery, blood complaints ulcer, leprosy, fever, headache, cancer, diarrhea and ringworm. Extensive research works have been conducted out on the chemical constituent, biological and pharmacological activities of the Toona ciliata. The pharmacognosy study shows that those leaves are the compound type, 30-50 cm length, shape: lanceolate, apex: acute and having the entire margin. Stomata present in the leaf are the anomocytic type of stomata. These pharmacological activities mainly due to the presence of coumarin, flavanoids, phytosterol, phenol, tannins, triterpenes and anthraquinones.
A Review on Pharmacological Activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

The Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years. The impressive number of modern drugs has been isolated from the natural sources many based on their use in traditional medicine. In India plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is one of the most useful traditional medicinal plants. All parts of coral jasmine have some medicinal value. Throughout India it is distributed, in North-western India and in the Sub-Himalayan region. Now it is considered as a valuable source of several unique products for the medicines against various diseases. The present review includes the pharmacological activity of coral jasmine.
Probability Efficient Point Method to Solve Joint Chance-Constrained Unit Commitment for Multi-Area Power Systems With Renewable Energy

Joint chance constraint (JCC) is a significant way to guarantee the spinning reserve in multi-area power systems with renewable energy (MAS-RE). This paper presents a novel p-efficient point (PEP) method to deal with the JCCs of unit commitment (UC) problems to guarantee the spinning reserve at the given confidence level. In the p-efficient point method, the p-efficient points are used to obtain the minimum spinning reserve requirement to satisfy the given confidence level. Based on p-efficient points, the intractable JCCs can be converted into tractable deterministic constraints directly, which avoids the complicated calculations and approximation errors of JCCs. Furthermore, an optimal mathematical programming is formulated to directly obtain p-efficient points, without assumptions on the probability distribution function (PDF) of wind power. Besides, in this paper, the applicability of the p-efficient point method is extended from positive space to both positive and negative space. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach has better performances in scheduling spinning reserve than the popular Sample Average Approximation (SAA), Partial Sample Average Approximation (PSAA) and the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) combined with Boole's inequality.
D ec 2 01 0 The Status of BlackHole Binary Merger Simulations with Numerical Relativity

The advent of long-term stability in numerical relativity has yielded a windfall of answers to long-standing questions regarding the dynamics of space-time, matter, and electromagnetic fields in the strong-field regime of black-hole binary mergers. In this review, we will briefly summarize the methodology currently applied to these problems, emphasizing the most recent advancements. We will discuss recent results of astrophysical relevance, and present some novel interpretation. Though we primarily present a review, we also present a simple analytical model for the time-dependent Poynting flux from two orbiting black holes immersed in a magnetic field, which compares favorably with recent numerical results. Finally, we will discuss recent advancements in our theoretical understanding of merger dynamics and gravitational waveforms that have resulted from interpreting the ever-growing body of numerical relativity results.
Columnar joints in the Patino Formation sandstones, Eastern Paraguay: a dynamic interaction between dyke intrusion, quartz dissolution and cooling-induced fractures

The Patino Formation sandstones, which crop out in Aregua neighborhood in Eastern Paraguay and show columnar joints near the contact zone with a nephelinite dyke, have as their main characteristics the high proportion of syntaxial quartz overgrowth and a porosity originated from different processes, initially by dissolution and later by partial filling and fracturing. Features like the presence of floating grains in the syntaxial cement, the transitional interpenetrative contact between the silica-rich cement and grains as well as the intense fracture porosity are strong indications that the cement has been formed by dissolution and reprecipitation of quartz from the framework under the effect of thermal expansion followed by rapid contraction. The increase of the silica-rich cement towards the dyke in association with the orthogonal disposition of the columns relative to dyke walls are indicative that the igneous body may represent the main heat source for the interstitial aqueous solutions previously existing in the sediments. At macroscopic scale, the increasing of internal tensions in the sandstones is responsible for the nucleation of polygons, leading to the individualization of prisms, which are interconnected by a system of joints, formed firstly on isotherm surfaces of low temperature and later on successive adjacent planes towards the dyke heat source.