Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES NO REVENGE FOR NERDS? EVALUATING THE CAREERS OF IVY LEAGUE ATHLETES

This paper compares the careers of Ivy League athletes to those of their non-athlete classmates. Combining team-level information on all Ivy League athletes from 1970 to 2021 with resume data for all Ivy League graduates, we examine both post-graduate education and career choices as well as career outcomes. In terms of industry choice, athletes are far more likely to go into business and Finance related jobs than their non-athlete classmates. In terms of advanced degrees, Ivy League athletes are more likely to get an MBA and to receive it from an elite program, although they are less likely to pursue an M.D., a Ph.D., or an advanced STEM degree. In terms of career outcomes, we find that Ivy League athletes outperform their non-athlete counterparts in the labor market. Athletes attain higher terminal wages and earn cumulatively more than non-athletes over the course of their careers controlling for school, graduation year, major, and first job. In addition, they attain more senior positions in the organizations they join. We also find that athletes from more socioeconomically diverse sports teams and from teams that have lower academic admissions thresholds have higher career outcomes than non-athletes. Collectively, our results suggest that non-academic human capital developed through athletic participation is valued in the labor market and may support the role that prior athletic achievement plays in admissions at elite colleges. Natee Amornsiripanitch Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia 10 N Independence Mall W Philadelphia, PA 19106 natee.amornsiripanitch@phil.frb. org Paul Gompers Harvard Business School Baker Library 263 Soldiers Field Boston, MA 02163 and NBER pgompers@hbs.edu George Hu Department of Economics Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 george_hu@g.harvard. edu Will Levinson Duke University Fuqua School of Business will.levinson@duke.edu Vladimir Mukharlyamov McDonough School of Business Georgetown University 3700 O St NW Washington, DC 20057 vladimir.mukharlyamov@georgetown.edu
Locus of Control and Early Childhood Skill Formation 1 LOCUS OF CONTROL AND ITS INTERGENERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD SKILL FORMATION*

This paper builds upon Cunha’s (2015) subjective rationality model in which parents have a subjective belief about the impact of their investment on their children’s early skill formation. We propose that this subjective belief is determined partly by locus of control (LOC), i.e., the extent to which individuals believe that their actions can influence future outcomes. Consistent with the theory, we show that maternal LOC measured at the 12 week of gestation strongly predicts maternal attitudes towards parenting style and actual time investments. We also utilize maternal LOC to improve the specification typically used to estimate skill production function parameters.
‘Cut from the same cloth’: Shared microsatellite variants among cancers link to ectodermal tissues-neural tube and crest cells

The pluripotent cells of the embryonic ectodermal tissues are known to be a precursor for multiple tumor types. The adaptability of these cells is a trait exploited by cancer. We previously described cancer-associated microsatellite loci (CAML) shared between glioblastoma (GBM) and lower-grade gliomas. Therefore, we hypothesized that these variants, identified from germline DNA, are shared by cancers from tissues originating from ectodermal tissues: neural tube cells (NTC) and crest cells (NCC). Using exome sequencing data from four cancers with origins to NTC and NCC, a ‘signature’ of loci significant to each cancer (p-value ≤ 0.01) was created and compared with previously identified CAML from breast cancer. The results of this analysis show that variant loci among the cancers with tissue origins from NTC/NCC were closely linked. Signaling pathways linked to genes with non-coding CAML genotypes revealed enriched connections to hereditary, neurological, and developmental disease or disorders. Thus, variants in genes from tissues initiating from NTC/NCC, if recurrently detected, may indicate a common etiology. Additionally, CAML genotypes from non-tumor DNA may predict cancer phenotypes and are common to shared embryonic tissues of origin.
Inflation and Uncertainty at Short and Long Horizons

ALTHOUGH MOST ECONOMISTS agree that inflation is costly, there is no consensus about why. Many traditionally cited costs, such as deadweight loss from the inflation "tax," seem too small to justify concern about moderate inflation. One approach is to argue that inflation of 10 percent or 15 percent would not be particularly costly if it were constant and fully anticipated, but that a rise in the level of inflation raises uncertainty about future inflation. In the absence of perfect indexation, such uncertainty has significant costs, including arbitrary redistributions, relative price variation, and fewer long-term contracts, such as loans to finance investment. I This view implies that understanding the costs of inflation requires that we understand the connection between the level of inflation and uncertainty. The idea that high inflation leads to greater uncertainty is suggested in Arthur Okun's "The Mirage of Steady Inflation" and in Milton Friedman's Nobel lecture, and many economists treat it as a stylized fact.2 But empirical studies of the inflation-uncertainty relation report conflicting results, and the issue appears unsettled.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEMAMPUAN AUDITOR DALAM MENDETEKSI KECURANGAN (FRAUD)

The study aims to analyze the effects of skepticism professional, independency, and competency on ability to detect fraud. Research is conducted on auditors working in the audit board of the Republic of Indonesia in Central Jakarta. The population in this research is an auditor who works at audit board of the Republic of Indonesia in Central Jakarta, the research method used is simple random sampling. Based on the method, which is willing to be a respondent as many as 106 auditors. The data in this research is the primary data obtained through questionnaires. The data analysis method used is statistical analysis in the form of multiple regression tests. Data processed using SPSS v26. The results of this study show that the skepticism professional positively affects the ability to detect fraud. Similarly, the independent has no effect on ability to detect fraud. Meanwhile, competence positively affects the ability to detect fraud.
Text-to-Speech Systems: Learner Perceptions of its Use as a Tool in the Language Classroom

Text-to-Speech Systems: Learner Perceptions of its Use as a Tool in the Language Classroom Joseph Chi Man Mak Department of Linguistics, BYU Master of Arts Text-to-speech (TTS) systems are ubiquitous. From Siri to Alexa to customer service phone call options, listening in a real-world context requires language learners to interact with TTS. Traditionally, language learners report difficulty when listening due to various reasons including genre, text, task, speaker characteristics, and environmental factors. This naturally leads to the question: how do learners perceive TTS in instructional contexts? Since TTS allows controls on speaker characteristics (e.g. gender, regional variety, speed, etc.) the variety of materials that could be created—especially in contexts in which native speakers are difficult or expensive to find—makes this an attractive option. However, the effectiveness of TTS, namely, intelligibility, expressiveness, and naturalness, might be questioned for those instances in which the listening is more empathic than informational. In this study, we examined participants’ comprehension of the factual details and speaker emotion as well as collected their opinions towards TTS systems for language learning. This study took place in an intensive English Program (IEP) with an academic focus at a large university in the United States. The participants had ACTFL proficiency levels ranging from Novice High to Advance Low. The participants were divided into two groups and through a counterbalanced design, were given a listening assessment in which half of the listening passages were recorded by voice actors, and other half were generated by the TTS system. After the assessment, the participants were given a survey that inquired their opinion towards TTS systems as learning tools. We did not find significant relationships between the voice delivery and participants’ comprehension of details and speakers’ emotions. Furthermore, more than half of the participants held positive views to using TTS systems as learning tools; thus, this study suggested the use of TTS systems when applicable.
Review and Assessment of Turbulence Transition Models

Turbulent boundary layer transition can greatly affect flow characteristics such as skin friction, heat transfer, pressure loads, and boundary layer separation point. Accurate computation of such effect is vital to the design of components and vehicles subjected to turbulent transition flows. In this paper we report our review of the existing boundary layer transition models, selection of the boundary layer transition models most appropriate for the existing Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes flow solvers, and implementation and evaluation of the selected transition models with some benchmark test cases, ranging from subsonic to hypersonic flows. The objective of this assessment study is not intended to pick the best transition model (in fact, there is no transition model accurately predict the boundary layer transition for all cases tested here). Rather it is to demonstrate that (1) the flow physics of turbulence transition is very complicated and not yet well understood, (2) the applicability of empirical transition models is limited and their use should be cautious due to different transition characteristics for different flow regimes/environments, and (3) further research on prediction of turbulence transition is warranted to improve the accuracy, efficiency and range of applicability.
Flow swirl and flow profile measurement in multiphase flow

Accurate multiphase flow measurement hinges on the ability to measure flow parameters such as component phase fractions and velocities with high accuracy. Since, the fractions and velocities are not always uniformly distributed in the measurement cross section, any measurement system’s inability to account for spatial variations can result in a high degree of uncertainty in the estimated flow rate. This paper describes a method using an impedance based measurement system using which the profiles of phase fraction and velocity for a vertical pipe downstream of a blind tee can be measured and characterized. Using the same measurement, a modified cross correlation technique provides the vertical and horizontal components of the velocity in a swirling flow. This velocity information along with the phase fraction profile characterizes the flow profile completely. In addition to this analysis, the potential effect of swirl on differential pressure measurements is addressed briefly. Nomenclature τ i j max Time shift corresponding to maximum cross correlation for pixel i j, page 6 P Pressure, page 13 R j,kl xy Cross correlation of series x at pixel i j with y at pixel kl, page 10 R j xy Cross correlation of series x and y at pixel i j, page 6 Vi j Velocity measured at pixel i j, page 6 ρ Density, page 12 1 τ Time shift for cross correlation, page 6 dP Differential pressure, page 12 d j rad Radial distance traveled by pixel i j, page 10 dax Axial distance between cross correlation planes, page 10 r,θ ,z Cylindrical coordinates, page 12 t Time instant, page 6 t Time instant, page 12 ur Radial component of velocity, page 12 uθ Angular component of velocity, page 12 uz Vertical/Axial component of velocity, page 12 xi j,yi j Time series at two planes of measurement at pixel i j, page 6 GVF Gas volume fraction, page 4 WLR Water in liquid ratio, page 4
Conceptual study of a low power electric propulsion system for LEO and VLEO microsatellite missions

The new space market trends and their influence in the whole space mission analysis, especially for small satellite (<200kg) applications, increase the research interest in several fields. In this frame, the primary goal of this study is to support this interest and pinpoint the advantages of lowering the altitude to LEO and VLEO regimes, identify the related mission challenges and focus on the importance of the satellite propulsion system to achieve the specific mission objectives. The advantageous utilization of electric propulsion systems in (V)LEO applications and the related growing perspectives are addressed and a conceptual study of a low power (<200W) electric propulsion system for LEO and VLEO microsatellite missions is provided. A representative system (satellite platform) is specified and determined along with the related system application (earth observation SAR). Based on those criteria all mission parameters are extracted to drive the design of the related electric propulsion system. The related orbits are selected (one VLEO (400km) and two LEO (500km and 600km)), the use of the propulsion system (orbit maintenance, orbit correction after release, Endof-Life de-orbiting, collision avoidance) is defined, the atmospheric characteristics are evaluated, the related ΔV calculations are performed and mass, power and thrust requirements are set. A thorough trade-off analysis is carried out to select the electric propulsion system that maximizes the payload mass and power fraction for the three selected orbits. Based on the trade-off for the defined application, the electric propulsion system selected is conceptually described, meaning the system architecture is defined including all required subsystems. The subsystems are analysed, containing the integrated thruster unit and its components, the propellant calculations and the related tank dimensioning and the specification of the power and control unit features. In this way, the conceptual study approach fully specifies one optimized electric propulsion system that can efficiently cover the needs of three different orbit scenarios of a quite representative mission application that fits most of the current space market needs. This approach offers a useful tool to any satellite user to adopt this system and easily adjust it to any (V)LEO mission. It constitutes a possible plug and play option for applications in this specified operating envelope, easy to integrate and configure, leading to a faster, cheaper, efficient and more reliable electric propulsion system integration to any small satellite. This becomes the most important and novel characteristic of this study, with this concept-like focus on the electric propulsion system being the core of the whole analysis. SUBJECT AREA: Low power electric propulsion for microsatellites
The Hpsg Paradigm and the Issue of Locality

– from a linguistic perspective – from a formal perspective • Locality of grammatical relations in HPSG 3 HPSG grammars from a linguistic perspective From a linguistic perspective, an HPSG grammar consists of • a lexicon licensing basic words • lexical rules licensing derived words • immediate dominance (id) schemata licensing constituent structure • linear precedence (lp) statements constraining word order • a set of implicational grammatical principles expressing generalizations about linguistic objects 4 Introduction to the seminar Locality of Grammatical Relations
Perspectives on relevance – the relevance test in the constructive research approach

Interventionist research (IVR), such as the constructive research approach (CRA), has been suggested as a method to improve the relevance of management accounting (MA) research. Although literature identifies several perspectives on relevance, the current assessment of CRA focuses on practical relevance. Moreover, an overreliance on pragmatism in assessing CRA research in the form of CRA market tests has been criticized. This article analyzes the challenges inherent in conducting and assessing CRA research, both conceptually and with a CRA case example. In order to overcome these possible CRA challenges, we suggest analyzing CRA relevance from multiple perspectives. The perspectives in question are those of practical value relevance, legitimative decision relevance, academic value relevance, and instrumental decision relevance. Further, we suggest that indications of relevance in CRA studies can be analyzed during the research project. In particular, we introduce the relevance test as an explicit part of the CRA research process. We suggest a new tool, the Relevance Diamond would facilitate conducting the relevance test and aid the analysis of CRA relevance from multiple perspectives. Furthermore, we suggest new interpretations of what should constitute a pass in the CRA market tests under special circumstances, thereby contributing to CRA methodology, and especially to the analysis of relevance and ‘battlefields’ of different interests in CRA/IVR projects.
Functions that Preserve Privacy but Permit Analysis of Text

Cryptographically strong functions can be used to preserve privacy of text content. For example, one way functions have been construed as random functions on their inputs. Given this, it is reasonable to ask if a one way function can still preserve some “property” of its inputs. Speciﬁ-cally, is it possible to perform some measurement on the image on a one way function that is correlated with the same measurement on the pre-image of the function? In this paper we show that this is indeed possible. If the measurement function “throws away” enough entropy it will still be possible to perform the correlated measurement. Thus it is possible to analyze properties of text while still providing security and privacy for its content.
A Data Warehouse for Multidimensional Gene Expression Analysis

[Binder 2003] Binder, H. , Hofacker, I. , Kirsten, T. , Loffler, M. , Richter, P., Stadler, P.: Sequence specific sensitivity of oligonucleotide probes. EUNITE Workshop: Intelligent Technologies for Gene Expression Based Individualized Medicine , Jena, May 2003 [Do 2003a] Do, H.H. , Kirsten, T. , Rahm, E. : Comparative Evaluation of Microarray based Gene Expression Databases. Proc. 10th Conf. Database Systems for Business, Technology and Web (BTW), 2003 [Do 2003b] Do, H.H. Rahm, E. : Flexible Integration of Molecular biological Annotation Data: The GenMapper Approach. Technical Report, University of Leipzig, July 2003 [Do 2001] Do, H.H. , Rahm, E. , Krohn, K. , Paschke, R. : DBMS based EST Clustering and Profiling for Gene Expression Analysis. First Workshop Computational Biology in Saxony: Problems and Perspectives. Dresden, November 2001 [Mutzel 2003] Mutzel, B. , H.H. Do, P. Khaitovich, G. Weis, E. Rahm, S. Paabo: Functional Profiling of Genes Differently Expressed in the Brains of Humans and Chimpanzees. Abstract, Proc. 2nd Biotechnology Day, Leipzig, May 2003 Dimensions Facts Multidimensional data model allowing:
Firm Characteristics, Relative Efficiency and Equity Returns We Thank Managing Editor Stephen Brown and an Anonymous Referee for Helpful Comments and Suggestions. Also, We Are Grateful to Firm Characteristics, Relative Efficiency and Equity Returns

This study uses a stochastic frontier approach to evaluate firm efficiency. The resulting efficiency score, based on firm characteristics, is the input for performance evaluation. The portfolio composed of highly efficient firms significantly underperforms the portfolio composed of inefficient firms even after adjustment for firm characteristics and risk factors, suggesting a required premium for the inefficient firms. The difference in performance between the two portfolios remains for at least 5-years after the portfolio formation year. In addition, firm efficiency exhibits significant explanatory power for average equity returns in cross-sectional analysis. Abstract This study uses a stochastic frontier approach to evaluate firm efficiency. The resulting efficiency score, based on firm characteristics, is the input for performance evaluation. The portfolio composed of highly efficient firms significantly underperforms the portfolio composed of inefficient firms even after adjustment for firm characteristics and risk factors, suggesting a required premium for the inefficient firms. The difference in performance between the two portfolios remains for at least 5-years after the portfolio formation year. In addition, firm efficiency exhibits significant explanatory power for average equity returns in cross-sectional analysis.
Protecting Global and Static Variables from Buffer Overflow Attacks

Many countermeasures exist to protect the stack and heap from code injection attacks, however very few countermeasures exist that will specifically protect global and static variables from attack. In this paper we suggest a way of protecting global and static variables from these type of attacks, with negligible performance and memory overheads. Our approach is based on the idea of separating data in de data segment based on its type. These separated areas are then protected from each other by a guard page. This prevents a buffer overflow from overwriting data or code pointers, in turn preventing attackers from being able to perform a code injection attack.
iCanCope with Pain TM : User-centred design of a web-and mobile-based self-management program for youth with chronic pain based on identified health care needs

Departments of 1Anesthesia and Pain Medicine; 2Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children; 3Lawrence S Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto; 4Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University; 5School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton; 6Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto; 7Wasser Pain Management Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; 8Department of Anesthesia, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine; 9Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Correspondence: Dr Jennifer N Stinson, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8. Telephone 416-813-7654 ext 304514, fax 416-813-8501, e-mail jennifer.stinson@sickkids.ca Chronic pain, commonly defined as any prolonged pain that lasts longer than the expected healing time or any recurrent pain that occurs at least three times over a period of three months, is common among adolescents (1). A recent systematic review of population-based studies reported prevalence rates ranging from 8% to 38% (2). It is estimated that 5% to 8% of these young individuals will develop severe pain-related disability (3), and a significant proportion will continue to experience chronic pain into adulthood (4,5). original article