Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genome analysis

Motivation: A large choice of tools exists for many standard tasks in the analysis of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data. However, once a project deviates from standard workflows, custom scripts are needed. Results: We present HTSeq, a Python library to facilitate the rapid development of such scripts. HTSeq offers parsers for many common data formats in HTS projects, as well as classes to represent data, such as genomic coordinates, sequences, sequencing reads, alignments, gene model information and variant calls, and provides data structures that allow for querying via genomic coordinates. We also present htseq-count, a tool developed with HTSeq that preprocesses RNA-Seq data for differential expression analysis by counting the overlap of reads with genes. Availability and implementation: HTSeq is released as an open-source software under the GNU General Public Licence and available from http://www-huber.embl. de/HTSeq or from the Python Package Index at https://pypi.python. org/pypi/HTSeq.
Low Voltage SRAMs with Adequate Stability in Nanoscaled CMOS

Increased leakage current and device variability are the ma jor challenges with CMOS technology scaling. Since Static Random Accessed Memory (SRAM) is ofte n th largest component in the embedded digital systems or System-on-Chip (SoC), it is more vuln erable to those challenges. To effectively reduce SRAM leakage and/or active power, supply voltage ( VDD) is often scaled down during standby and/or active operation. For ultra-low-energy applicatio ns, SRAM is even required to operate with VDD near/below the threshold voltage. However, SRAM stability are weakened under lower voltages. Furthermore, variation, especially mismatch, enormously degrade s SRAM stability and yield. Our overall goal is to help designing low voltage SRAM for power/energy reduc tion while maintaining enough stability and yield in the presence of variations. We first investigate SRAM standby operation with VDD scaling, and propose a statistical method to fast and accurately predict the worst data retention volt age (DRV), i.e. the minimumVDD that an SRAM can preserve all the data during standby in the presence of variations. Then we propose an adaptive approach to achieve aggressive standby VDD scaling under process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. Our approach uses canary replica bitcell s with online failure detectors and the feedback controller to an external DC-DC converter so that VDD can be adjusted with PVT changes tracked by canary replicas. Data reliability in aggressive VDD scaling is ensured by a critical failure threshold, which can be programmed for trading off leakage power savings with yield. Silicon results from both 90nm and 45nm test chips will be evaluated. We also propose several te chniques to enhance the adaptiveness and automation of the canary system, and thoroughly analyze its effectiveness with considering of overhead sources as well as the technology scaling effect. After that , we will further investigate SRAM yield under lower voltages. With technology scaling, SRAM yield loss du e to degraded stability limits the lowering of the minimumVDD in dynamic voltage-and-frequency scaling (DVFS) systems o r ultra-low-energy systems. Accurate yield analysis becomes indispensable. T h refore, we propose to estimate yield with accurate and fast analysis of the failure probability under variations for lower supply voltages.
Medición del nivel socioeconómico familiar en el alumnado de Educación Primaria Measuring primary school students' family socioeconomic status

The aim of the present study is the construction of an index to measure the socioeconomic status of the families of the students of Primary Education. We have worked with data concerning 65,144 students of 2,069 schools who participated in the diagnostic evaluation carried out in Andalusia in 2008-2009. For these subjects, we used the results of the tests which measured their basic competences (mathematical, in linguistic communication and scientific) and the answers given by their parents in questionnaires about the characteristics of their home environment. To construct the index, we have used variables such as the father and mother’s educational and occupational levels, the number of books at home and home resources: appropriate place of study, study desk, PC, Internet connection, digital, cable or satellite TV and reference and school support materials. Throughout the analysis of the main components, the variables have been reduced to an index of the socioeconomic status of the student (ISE), which allows for the calculation of the average index for the school. To assess the appropriateness of this measure, we have compared the ISE values of each school with the data collected in the diagnostic evaluation carried out the previous year in the same schools, finding a high correlation. The predictive validity and concurrent validity of the measure have also been analysed. In this way, the students with a low ISE level have lower marks in basic competences than the students with a high ISE Level. Furthermore, the schools participating in compensatory plans promoted by the Administration have been identified by the ISE as schools of a low socioeconomic status.
Telangiectases of the Distal Lower Extremities Associated With Paresthesia and Raynaud Phenomenon

Histopathologic examination of the biopsy showed a dermis full of pigment-laden macrophages and multinucleated giant cells with haphazard arrangement of nuclei. Subjacent to the dermis were hypertrophic PCs. The 2 onionlike corpuscles seen in Figure 3 have approximately 33 and 20 concentric lamellae. The dermal changes represent a foreign body reaction to paint. The enlarged PCs are the likely source of progressive pain and represent a rare condition called PC hyperplasia, sometimes called Pacinian neuroma. The pain improved after the biopsy, and the patient declined further surgical intervention. He was reassured that this did not represent a malignant condition.
Preliminary and Incomplete, Comments Welcome

In many markets consumers only have imprecise information about the alternatives available. Before deciding which alternative to purchase, if any, consumers search to find their preferred products. This paper develops a discrete-choice model with optimal consumer search. Consumer choice sets are endogenous and therefore imperfect substitutability across brands does not only arise from variation in product characteristics but also from variation in the costs of searching alternative brands. We apply the model to the automobile industry using aggregate data on prices, market shares, as well as data on dealership locations and consumer demographics. Our estimate of search cost is highly significant and indicates that consumers conduct a limited amount of search. The paper shows that accounting for search cost and its effect on generating heterogeneity in choice sets is important in explaining variability in purchase patterns.
Characteristics of mid-latitude Rossby wave propagation from multiple satellite datasets

This paper presents a study of the characteristics of extra-tropical oceanic Rossby waves from datasets of Sea Surface Height (SSH), Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and ocean colour. The main focus is on the propagation speed of the waves and a comparison is made between the observational results and the speeds predicted by the classical theory and by the most recent extended theory of Rossby waves. There is also discussion, with an example, of the additional information that can be derived by a comparison of the wave signatures in the different datasets.
Intermittent freezing mode to reduce frost heave in freezing soils — experiments and mechanism analysis

Two types of freezing tests have been conducted on Xuzhou silty clay. The intermittent freezing test results show that the frost heave increases step by step after the initial freezing stage, and its total amount is only 48.8% that resulting from the continuous freezing test. A model describing the growth process of the active ice lens in saturated, rigid soils has been established, and the importance of the frozen fringe is investigated in the model. The growth processes of the final ice lenses in the two freezing tests have been used for laboratory validation of the model, and the calculated results are in general agreement with the experimental data. The mechanism of using an intermittent freezing mode to reduce frost heave has been revealed by analyzing the growth process of the final ice lens. We indicate that, during the noncooling stage, the backward movement of the freezing front, which causes the disappearance of the frozen fringe, stops the growth of the final ice lens. This effect results in a .
Isoprene enhances leaf cytokinin metabolism and induces early senescence

Summary Isoprene, a major biogenic volatile hydrocarbon of climate‐relevance, indisputably mitigates abiotic stresses in emitting plants. However functional relevance of constitutive isoprene emission in unstressed plants remains contested. Isoprene and cytokinins (CKs) are synthesized from a common substrate and pathway in chloroplasts. It was postulated that isoprene emission may affect CK‐metabolism. Using transgenic isoprene‐emitting (IE) Arabidopsis and isoprene nonemitting (NE) RNA‐interference grey poplars (paired with respective NE and IE genotypes), the life of individual IE and NE leaves from emergence to abscission was followed under stress‐free conditions. We monitored plant growth rate, aboveground developmental phenotype, modelled leaf photosynthetic energy status, quantified the abundance of leaf CKs, analysed Arabidopsis and poplar leaf transcriptomes by RNA‐sequencing in presence and absence of isoprene during leaf senescence. Isoprene emission by unstressed leaves enhanced the abundance of CKs (isopentenyl adenine and its precursor) by > 200%, significantly upregulated genes coding for CK‐synthesis, CK‐signalling and CK‐degradation, hastened plant development, increased chloroplast metabolic rate, altered photosynthetic energy status, induced early leaf senescence in both Arabidopsis and poplar. IE leaves senesced sooner even in decapitated poplars where source–sink relationships and hormone homeostasis were perturbed. Constitutive isoprene emission significantly accelerates CK‐led leaf and organismal development and induces early senescence independent of growth constraints. Isoprene emission provides an early‐riser evolutionary advantage and shortens lifecycle duration to assist rapid diversification in unstressed emitters.
Spatial distribution of canopy gaps in a tropical forest landscape and its influence on the tree community

Tropical forests are highly dynamic and diverse ecosystems, but our understanding of the processes that shape the local abundance and spatial distribution of the tree species within them is still rather limited. In particular, the role of disturbance in determining compositional variation in forests remains poorly understood (Molino and Sabatier, 2001). This gap in understanding in large part reflects the lack of appropriate tools that allow measurement of disturbance patterns at fine spatial scale (Chambers et al. 2009). In old growth tropical forests, the creation of canopy gaps by one or multiple tree falls is one of the main causes of disturbance and thus potentially one of the main drivers of forest dynamics (Swaine and Whitmore 1988). My thesis focuses on characterizing patterns of gap disturbance across a forest landscape at Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, and its impact on species distribution. First, I addressed the spatial component of canopy gap disturbances, by exploring the patterns of canopy height across the forest landscape. I considered three main factors: the threshold canopy height used to define gaps, the spatial resolution of canopy height measurements and the extent of the study area. In contrast to prior plot-based studies of gap disturbances, I used canopy height estimates generated from high-resolution LiDAR (light detecting and ranging) for the entire landscape of BCI (1500 ha). I found that the two main metrics that define gap disturbances, namely the gap size-frequency distribution, and fraction of area under gaps, were highly variable at the 1-10 ha plot scale leading to potentially unreliable estimates of disturbance regimes. In addition, when I compared gap disturbance parameters generated with LiDAR with simulated field data, I found that simulated field data underestimated the frequency of large gaps, and therefore potentially, the importance of large disturbances that
Book Review: Ethnography and Virtual Worlds: A Handbook of Method

This book review describes 'Ethnography and Virtual Worlds' as a very practical handbook aimed at researchers, students and academics interested in using ethnographic methods to understand social interactions within the contexts of the Internet, computer games and virtual worlds. The majority of the book is organised according to the stages of a research project but also defines and give a brief history of ethnographic methods, and so may serve as a useful source of information on the application of ethnography in any context and not simply as a research approach for the virtual world.
What Are the Impact of FDI to Economic Growth

FDI has been perceived as important factor for economic growth in the African countries. FDI seems to contribute in the economic growth through the following channels. (a) Firms spills over effect (b) introducing new technology (c) enhancing R& D services (d) increasing employment opportunities (e) enhancing trade development. However, the empirical literatures has not clear consensus in believing that FDI has positive contribution to the economic growth. Furthermore, the causal relation between FDI and economic growth has still remained as country specific results. Unfortunately, most of these researches have been conducted in developed and middle income countries especially East Asian countries.
Designing Complex Systems in Industrial Reality : A Study of the DUTCH Approach –

Publisher UPGRADE is published on behalf of CEPIS (Council of European Professional Informatics Societies, <http://www.cepis.org/>) by NOVÁTICA <http://www.ati. es/novatica/>, journal of the Spanish CEPIS society ATI (Asociación de Técnicos de Informática <http://www.ati.es/>). UPGRADE is also published in Spanish (full issue printed, some articles online) by NOVÁTICA, and in Italian (abstracts and some articles online) by the Italian CEPIS society ALSI <http://www.alsi. it> and the Italian IT portal Tecnoteca <http://www.tecnoteca. it/>. UPGRADE was created in October 2000 by CEPIS and was first published by NOVÁTICA and INFORMATIK/INFORMATIQUE, bimonthly journal of SVI/FSI (Swiss Federation of Professional Informatics Societies, <http://www.svifsi.ch/>).
OCEAN SURFACE DRIFT BY WAVELET TRACKING USING ERS-2 AND ENVISAT SAR IMAGES

Historically, ocean surface feature tracking analyses have been based on data from a single orbital sensor collected over its revisit interval of a lone, low-Earth orbital satellite. Today, ocean surface currents are being derived by performing feature tracking using data from the same type of sensors on different satellites. With allweather, day/night imaging capability, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) penetrates clouds, smoke, haze, and darkness to acquire high quality images of the Earth’s surface. The ability of a SAR to provide valuable information on the type, condition, and motion of the sea-ice, ships and surface signatures of swells, wind fronts, oil slicks, and eddies has been amply demonstrated [Liu and Wu, 2001]. This makes SAR the frequent sensor of choice for cloudy coastal regions.
44. HEAT-FLOW STUDIES IN THE PERU TRENCH SUBDUCTION ZONE 1

New heat-flow values were obtained in the central Peru Trench area during site surveys and drilling of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 112 by measuring temperatures with ordinary surface heat-flow probes and in the drill holes and by estimating from bottom-simulating reflectors resulting from gas hydrates. The values determined by these methods are consistent with each other within the limits of error. When combined with existing data, heat-flow distribution from the trench to the coast was delineated. Heat flow is lower than 40 mW/m2 at the bottom of the trench and 40 to 50 mW/m2 on the landward slope. The low heat flow at the trench bottom can be explained partly by a high sedimentation rate. Heat flow is variable about where the Mendana Fracture Zone meets the trench. This low heat flow might result from hydrothermal circulation in the fracture zone, which some scientists believe is a new propagating rift. On the landward slope, no significant difference in heat flow is recognized between the northern side and the southern side of the fracture zone, in spite of differences in the age of the subducting plate and the tectonic history. Heat flow on the landward slope may be slightly higher than that in most other subduction zones.
La orientación emprendedora en las iniciativas empresariales de mujeres: influencia de las relaciones externas

espanolEl mayor peso de la mujer en el mercado laboral y su creciente incorporacion a las actividades economicas de la mano de iniciativas emprendedoras, reclama a la literatura sobre entrepreneurship un mayor interes en los aspectos especificos de este colectivo. La investigacion realizada persigue avanzar en el estudio de las empresas puestas en marcha por mujeres atendiendo a la necesidad de buscar un mayor conocimiento de los factores que contribuyen a su consolidacion. Con una muestra de 111 empresas propiedad de mujeres, este trabajo analiza la relacion de la orientacion emprendedora (OE) con su desempeno y como influye la adquisicion de conocimiento procedente de las relaciones con clientes y colaboradores en la misma. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran, en primer lugar, una relacion positiva de la OE con varios tipos de desempeno alcanzados por estas empresas, excepto los relacionados con el crecimiento de las ventas y los beneficios. En segundo lugar, se demuestra que la adquisicion de conocimiento de clientes, y no la procedente de otros colaboradores, influye de manera positiva en la OE. Tambien tienen influencia significativa la estructura de las relaciones, la orientacion al crecimiento y la adopcion de nuevas tecnologias por parte de estas empresas. EnglishDespite the significant development of the entrepreneurship literature, women entrepreneurship remains an insufficiently studied field. The increasing weight of women in labour market and greater participation in economic activities via entrepreneurial initiatives demand more attention in specific issues of this group. The purpose of our work is to advance in the analysis of businesses initiated by women, with a focus in the research of factors that contribute to business consolidation. Based on a sample of 111 surveys to women entrepreneurs, the present study analyzes the entrepreneurship orientation (EO) of womenowned business, its relationship with the performance and the role of knowledge acquisition from relationships with customers and collaborators. The results obtained, first, show that the EO is positively related to different types of operational but not financial performance. Second, knowledge acquisition from customers positively influences the EO, although this relationship doesn´t occur with knowledge acquisition from collaborators. We find that relations structure, growth orientation and new technologies adoption present also significant relationships.
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK

We study percolation and Ising models defined on generalizations of quad-trees used in multiresolution image analysis. These can be viewed as trees for which each mother vertex has 2 daughter vertices, and for which daughter vertices are linked together in d-dimensional Euclidean configurations. Retention probabilities / interaction strengths differ according to whether the relevant bond is between mother and daughter, or between neighbours. Bounds are established which locate phase transitions and show the existence of a coexistence phase for the percolation model. Results are extended to the corresponding Ising model using the Fortuin-Kasteleyn random-cluster representation.
European monetary Union and Regional Policy Barcelona 2000 Infrastructure and growth in the European regions

Since 1988, public capital investment has been a major instrument of regional policy in the EU, and will continue as such during the current programming / program period. Over the last decade a great number of studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between infrastructure and development and growth. But, owing to lack of data, few of these deal with the regions of the community. In this paper we analyse the impact of public capital on the development and growth of the EU regions, using the different statistical resources for the period 1970-1994. We introduce infrastructure indexes, along with other variables that may condition the level of regional development, into a convergence equation. This approach allows us to compare our results with those obtained by other authors who have studied the convergence process among European regions.
Adapting agriculture to climate change: a role for public policies.

Farmers will undertake many adaptation actions to meet changing climate conditions and will often do so without any government intervention. However, when such actions provide both private and public benefits, the public sector may play a role in how these are developed. This report aims to establish a framework to help identify specific actions that governments could take in this respect and that could avoid sending signals leading to non-adaptation or maladaptation. This report begins with a review of national adaptation strategies for the agricultural sector in OECD countries and highlights different approaches undertaken by governments. It then identifies the main criteria under which governments may take action to increase the resilience of the agricultural sector and its adaptive capacity to climate change. Finally, it discusses strategies to monitor and evaluate adaptation policies.