Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Streamflow generation in a forested watershed, New Zealand

A 0.3028-ha watershed has been instrumented to monitor streamflow and subsurface flow through the soil mantle at a variety of topographic locations. The watershed is forested, with steep (35°) slopes and shallow (average 55 cm) soils on impermeable Old Man gravels. Data for a number of storms indicate that subsurface flow via ‘macropores’ (root channels, pipes) and seepage zones in the soil is the predominant mechanism of channel stormflow generation in storms with quickflows greater than about 1 mm. Subsurface flow from all parts of the watershed appears to contribute to stormflow even in very small storms (quickflow of the order of 3% of net precipitation). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix is not a limiting factor on the ability of subsurface flow to generate channel stormflow, because dye tracer experiments demonstrate that water may move through macropores (particularly root channels) at rates 2 orders of magnitude greater. However, subsurface flow from lower slope areas contributes to delayed flow; cessation of subsurface flow and Streamflow after a drought period is roughly coincident in time. In the study area it appears that streamflow is at almost all times dominated by subsurface flow and that runoff from partial and variable source areas contributes significant quantities of streamflow only during the rising limb of small (less than 1 mm of quickflow) flood hydrographs.
Incorporation of L-methionine-methyl-14C into gentamicins.

When L-methionine-methyl-14C was added to a growing culture of Micromonospora purpurea, a high incorporation of radioactivity into gentamicins was observed. As expected, radioactivity incorporated into gentamicins was in an increasing order of C1a, C2, and C1.
The Characterization of Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation by Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) 1

Fifty trees, equally distributed to represent five tree developmental stages were sampled in central Mississippi on uplands and bottomlands having average site indices of 65 and 105, respectively. Trees were divided into seven components and the dry matter and total nitrogen contents of each determined. The total dry weight and the N accumulated in a 60-year old good site stand was ca. 227,000 and 232 lb/acre, respectively, Comparable weights for the poor site are 152,000 and 194 lb. Calculations indicate in pure even-aged, natural stands on both sites that the dry weight of the foliage, current branches and stembark becomes relatively constant between 20 and 30 years while subsequent increases are chiefly older branches and stemwood. The pattern of N accumulation closely follows canopy development on both sites although in later life a considerable portion is accumulated in the stemwood.
Journal Pre-proof Reduction in channel stimulus current under electroconvulsive therapy using multi-channel modes: A numerical simulation study

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Previsão para as Exportações Brasileiras de 2011 utilizando modelos estruturais

The research aim to forecast the value in dollars of the Brazilian Exports of 2011 using structural models. For both was researched the exports monthly series between 1975 and October 2011 and adjusted three models. The first have trend, seasonal and short period cycle. The second with trend and seasonal and the third was included interventions in the first. The results of the research were robust, because only the first model did not forecast the exports up in October 2011.
Synoptically forced hydroclimatology of major Arctic watersheds in general circulation models; Part 2: Eurasian watersheds

A synoptic climatology of daily sea level pressure patterns over Eurasia has been created and used to assess simulations of regional circulation and hydroclimatology from fourteen general circulation models (GCMs). The quality of simulated circulation varies considerably among both individual models and seasons, with summer and winter showing the best agreement with reanalysis data. Close examination of five select models reveals a tendency for GCMs to either over‐ or under‐emphasize the strength and persistence of the winter storm track over Eurasia, with an overemphasized track resulting in better agreement with reanalyses on annual time‐scales. Although pronounced, these biases have relatively little impact on the hydroclimatology of the Ob, Yenisey, and Lena watersheds. Instead, large‐scale precipitation biases appear to be primarily the result of systematic errors in simulated precipitation processes, perhaps related to relevant parameterization schemes. Finally, an effort was made to identify and characterize 20th century precipitation trends related to greenhouse gas induced climate change, by decomposing precipitation time series on the basis of variability in circulation and the mean intensity of precipitation events. Results suggest the influence of anthropogenic climate change over the past forty years is masked by natural variability. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Relating Biophysical Parameters of Coastal Marshes to Hyperspectral Reflectance Data in the Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina

ABSTRACT González Trilla, G. ; Pratolongo, P.; Beget, M.E. ; Kandus, P.; Marcovecchio, J., and Di Bella, C. , 2013. Relating biophysical parameters of coastal marshes to hyperspectral reflectance data in the Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina. Salt marshes occupying the tidal fringe of estuaries and protected coasts provide valuable ecosystem services, and remote sensing is a powerful tool for their large-scale monitoring. However, in order to apply remote sensing techniques to evaluate the ecological state of salt marshes, a deeper understanding is needed about the interactions between field biophysical parameters and the sensor's reflectance. The main objective of this work is to analyze and quantify the influence of different biophysical parameters characterizing stands of Spartina alterniflora marshes in the Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina, on their spectral response. Spectral reflectance at high resolution was measured in S. alterniflora canopies under natural conditions, manipulating standing biomass by means of successive harvestings. Reflectance data were acquired using a FieldSpec® spectroradiometer, which measures in the visible, near-infrared, and shortwave-infrared spectral bands. Based on these reflectance data, spectral indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were calculated for each biomass condition. Biomass, leaf area index (LAI), percent canopy cover (PCC), water content, and soil properties were also evaluated. LAI, PCC, and biomass were positively correlated between each other. As a general trend, as biomass decreased, absorption in red wavelengths decreased and reflectance in near-infrared increased. Several indices explained the variability in LAI, biomass, and PCC. For example, NDVIRouse had a positive regression with PCC (R2 = 0.80, N = 75) and LAI (R2 = 0.67, N = 75). Results indicate that LAI, biomass, and PCC of Spartina alterniflora could be accurately determined from spectral data.
Arctic Sea Ice Extent Plummets in 2007

Arctic sea ice declined rapidly to unprecedented low extents in the summer of 2007, raising concern that the Arctic may be on the verge of a fundamental transition toward a seasonal ice cover. Arctic sea ice extent typically attains a seasonal maximum in March and minimum in September. Over the course of the modern satellite record (1979 to present), sea ice extent has declined significantly in all months, with the decline being most pronounced in September. By mid-July 2007, it was clear that a new record low would be set during the summer of 2007.
Dissipation of fast strike-slip faulting within and beyond northeastern Tibet

Structural patterns, global positioning system (GPS) velocities, and Quaternary fault slip rates in northeastern Tibet indicate a transfer of left-lateral slip from the Kunlun fault northeast to the Haiyuan fault and minor crustal shortening and rotation within a 200-km-wide stepover zone. Related deformation also continues at least a few hundred kilometers north of the Haiyuan fault into a region of diffuse extensional(? ) shear or rotation underlain by average thickness crust. Fast, localized slip along the central Kunlun fault transforms into distributed deformation across a 500-km-wide zone where the lower crust is weak. The distribution of fault-parallel GPS velocities across this region suggests a decrease in fault slip toward eastern fault tips and progressive dissipation of slip to the north rather than east of the Tibetan Plateau as previously suggested.
Purification of a Multipotent Antideath Activity from Bovine Liver and Its Identification as Arginase: Nitric Oxide-independent Inhibition of Neuronal Apoptosis

Catalase is an antioxidant enzyme that has been shown to inhibit apoptotic or necrotic neuronal death induced by hydrogen peroxide. We report the purification of a contaminating antiapoptotic activity from a commercial bovine liver catalase preparation by following its ability to inhibit apoptosis when applied extracellularly in multiple death paradigms. The anti-apoptotic activity was identified by protein microsequencing as arginase, a urea cycle and nitric oxide synthase-regulating enzyme, and confirmed by demonstrating the presence of an-tiapoptotic activity in a Ͼ97% pure preparation of recombinant arginase. The pluripotency of recombinant arginase was demonstrated by its ability to inhibit apoptosis in multiple paradigms including rat cortical neurons induced to die by glutathione depletion and oxidative stress, by 100 nM staurosporine treatment , or by Sindbis virus infection. The protective effects of arginase in these apoptotic paradigms, in contrast to previous studies on excitotoxic neuronal necrosis, are independent of nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Rather, arginase-induced depletion of arginine leads to inhibition of protein synthesis, resulting in cell survival. Because inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis and of protein synthesis have been shown to decrease necrotic and apoptotic death, respectively, in animal models of stroke and spinal cord injury, arginine-depleting enzymes, capable of simultaneously inhibiting protein synthesis and nitric oxide generation, may be propitious therapeutic agents for acute neurological diseases. Furthermore, our results suggest caution in attributing the cytoprotective effects of some cata-lase preparations to catalase. Apoptosis is a morphologically distinct type of cell death characterized by nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation, clumping of nuclear chromatin, and membrane blebbing (Wyllie et al., 1980). The transduction of apoptosis in neurons often requires new protein synthesis (Martin et al. Interleukin 1-␤ converting enzyme-like cysteine proteases, known as caspases, seem to form part of a common final effector pathway leading to degradation of repair proteins (C asciola-Rosen et al. These observations correlate well with recent evidence demonstrating that apoptosis is a mechanism of neuronal loss in a variety of neurodegenerative states including stroke (Linnik et al. However, the precise signals that activate apoptosis in these pathological conditions remain unclear. Among the candidate second messenger molecules that may activate pathological neuronal apoptosis, reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide have been hypothesized to play an important role (Bredesen, 1995). Indeed, addition of peroxide to neurons can lead to apoptosis (Whittemore et al. peroxide has been implicated as a mediator of ␤-amyloid apopto-sis (Loo et al., 1993; Behl et al., 1994). …
Large-scale pollution of the atmosphere over the remote Atlantic Ocean: Evidence from Bermuda

Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas and controls much of the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. Photochemical production of ozone in urban areas (smog) is a serious environmental problem, but how far this process extends on regional or global scales remains a major unanswered question in atmospheric science. In summer, Bermuda basks in pristine marine air, but in spring, episodes of high ozone are common. From meteorological analyses and observation of ozone, carbon monoxide, and reactive nitrogen compounds, the authors conclude that half or more of the excess ozone in Bermuda originates from air pollution over eastern North America. 50 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Improved representation of sea‐ice processes in climate models

Abstract The apparent sensitivity of high latitudes to climate perturbations has spurred the development of global climate model components with improved parametrizations of sea‐ice related processes. We focus on two of these. The first involves the ocean component in which we generalize a recently developed parametrization of brine rejection during sea‐ice formation for use in a multi‐category sea‐ice model (i.e., one that resolves the thickness distribution function). The parametrization employs initial subsurface mixing of brine‐enriched surface waters resulting from sea‐ice growth. It is implemented in the University of Victoria coupled model, and numerical experiments are performed to highlight the physical processes and feedbacks involved. It is shown that a better representation of brine rejection improves the simulation of intermediate and deep ocean waters. Over the Arctic Ocean it also improves the simulation of the warm Atlantic Layer and sharpens the halocline. The second part of this paper focuses on the sea‐ice component. We perform a series of stand‐alone sea‐ice model experiments comparing a recently developed multi‐layer energy‐conserving thermodynamic scheme with the simplified scheme used in many existing climate models. Experiments are done with and without the inclusion of dynamic processes (ice motion and deformation). Of particular interest is the impact of changes in the representation of dynamic and thermodynamic processes on the response of sea ice to climate perturbations. This is accomplished by comparing results obtained with present‐day and future climate forcing, the latter obtained from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) coupled climate model. We find that the more sophisticated thermodynamic scheme increases the sensitivity of ice volume, but decreases the sensitivity of ice area. As in previous studies, the introduction of ice dynamics tends to reduce sensitivity relative to a thermodynamic‐only model.
Testing and evaluation of strength and deformation behaviour of jointed rocks

The objective of the paper is to derive the strength and modulus properties of rockmass as a function of intact rock strength and joint factor. The joint factor reflects the combined effect of joint frequency, joint inclination and joint strength. A study for the strength and deformation characteristics of jointed rock is done by conducting standard laboratory tests on cylindrical specimens of plaster of Paris after introducing artificial joints. The specimens having one to four joints at different inclinations which vary from 0° to 90° were tested at different confining conditions. The test results were examined to understand the effect of joint frequency and joint inclination on the strength and deformation behaviour of rock mass. Empirical correlations were developed for prediction of the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of jointed rocks. Results are compared with the earlier work on jointed specimens covering a wide variety of rocks. So, knowing the intact rock properties and the joint factor, the jointed rock properties can be estimated. These relations can be used for developing an equivalent continuum model for rock mass for handling boundary value problems. A failure criterion as proposed by Ramamurthy (1993) has been validated from these experimental results.
Greymouth Coalfield, New Zealand: vertical coal rank gradients, depths of burial and palaeotemperatures

Abstract Vertical rank gradients are inferred from lateral variations of Rank(Sr) in successive coal horizons in the Paparoa Group and Brunner Coal Measures in Greymouth Coalfield. The gradients are lowest, c. 3 Rank(Sr)/km, in the centre of the coalfield where the lateral rank pattern is simple. In the west, vertical gradients ranging from <4 to >8 Rank(Sr)/km result from contrasting Upper Rewanui and Brunner lateral rank patterns. There, it is inferred that warm fluids migrated from more deeply buried coal measures further east and have enhanced Upper Rewanui ranks. For calculating Brunner burial depths, the high western vertical gradients are rejected and a gradient of 4.0 Rank(Sr)/km is adopted, as it is also east of the Mt Davy Fault Zone where the gradient is unknown. Brunner burial depths increased from 1.8 km in the far west to 4.3 km in the Mt Davy area, and palaeotemperatures increased eastwards from 90–95°C to 150–155 °C.
Parapara Group: Permian‐Triassic rocks in the Western Province, New Zealand

Abstract The Parapara Group of northwest Nelson is a faulted sequence of folded and metamorphosed Permian‐Triassic sedimentary rocks. Stratigraphically, from bottom to top, the sequence consists of: massive black Draco Slate (new term), at least 200 m thick; Flowers Formation, which consists of the Pupu Conglomerate Member (20 m thick), Cross Member (new term; 35 m thick), Tarn Sandstone Member (new term; 35 m thick), and Pariwhakaoho Slate Member (30 m thick); and Walker Formation (>200 m thick). Fossils in the Cross Member indicate a Middle Permian (Ufimian‐Kazanian) age and have long been recognised as having affinities with similar faunas in Tasmania and eastern Australia. Dropstones within the Draco Slate and Flowers Formation indicate glacial influence. The geochemical composition of sandstones suggests a dominant continental arc source for the Parapara Group sediments. Thin (<5 m) porphyry sills (mainly trachyandesite) of the Parapara Peak Intrusives (new term) intrude the Draco Slate and Flowers F.
Mapping Precambrian structures in the Sahara Desert with SIR‐C/X‐SAR radar: The Neoproterozoic Keraf Suture, NE Sudan

A major N-trending Neoproterozoic suture between composite arc terranes of the Arabian-Nubian Shield in the east and older crust of the Nile Craton to the west is inferred to trend N-S close to the Nile in northern Sudan. We used shuttle imaging radar (SIR) C/X synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to find and map these structures in the poorly known Keraf Suture which are not apparent on visible or near IR imagery due to extensive sand cover. L band (23 cm wavelength) radar images best resolve geologic structure; the other frequencies of the SIR-C/X-SAR system (X and C bands) permit qualitative evaluation of the effects of surface versus subsurface backscattering. Interpretation of L band images supported by field work indicates that the Keraf Suture is ∼50 km wide and >550 km long, making it the longest basement structure recognized to date in NE Africa. The northern part of the Suture comprises ophiolitic rocks which were thrust westward over tightly folded sediments of the Nile Craton. The southern Keraf Suture is dominated by N- and NNW-trending, left-lateral strike-slip faults that affect previously deformed passive margin sediments. Associated with these faults are NE-trending transpressional folds and a possible transtensional basin. These structures are interpreted to be due to NW-SE oblique collision between the Arabian-Nubian Shield and the Nile Craton, as east and west Gondwana collided in the last 150 m.y. of Neoproterozoic time.
Coupled thermal oscillations in explosive activity at different craters of Stromboli volcano

Thermal infrared thermometers deployed ∼250 m from Stromboli's active craters can detect thermal emissions during strombolian explosions. Explosions appear as spikes in thermal time series, with variations in the mass erupted during each event revealed by pulses in the time series. During May 2001, Stromboli's NE and SW craters showed consistently different thermal signatures. SW crater events were characterized by long lasting (>10 s), higher amplitude thermal signals with significant fluctuations, whereas the NE crater was characterized by short (<5 s), impulsive, lower amplitude signatures. The two craters showed well‐correlated variations in thermal amplitude evolving over periods of several hours and providing strong evidence for linkage of the craters to a common feeding system affected by cyclic processes that drive steady variations in the style of emission.
Postsynaptic GluA3 subunits are required for the appropriate assembly of AMPA receptor GluA2 and GluA4 subunits on mammalian cochlear afferent synapses and for presynaptic ribbon modiolar-pillar morphological distinctions

The encoding of acoustic signals in the cochlea depends on α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs), but relatively little is known about their reliance on specific pore-forming subunits. With 5-week-old male GluA3KO mice, we determined cochlear function, synapse ultrastructure, and AMPAR subunit molecular anatomy at ribbon synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). GluA3KO and wild-type (GluA3WT) mice reared in ambient sound pressure level (SPL) of 55-75 dB had similar ABR thresholds, wave-1 amplitudes, and latencies. Ultrastructurally, the IHC modiolar-pillar differences in presynaptic ribbon size and shape, and synaptic vesicle size seen in GluA3WT were diminished or reversed in GluA3KO. The quantity of paired synapses (presynaptic ribbons juxtaposed with postsynaptic GluA2 and GluA4) was similar, however, GluA2-lacking synapses (ribbons paired with GluA4 but not GluA2) were observed only in GluA3KO. SGNs of GluA3KO mice had AMPAR arrays of smaller overall volume, containing less GluA2 and greater GluA4 immunofluorescence intensity relative to GluA3WT (3-fold difference in mean GluA4:GluA2 ratio). The expected modiolar-pillar gradient in ribbon volume was observed in IHCs of GluA3WT but not GluA3KO. Unexpected modiolar-pillar gradients in GluA2 and GluA4 volume were present in GluA3KO. GluA3 is essential to the morphology and molecular composition of IHC-ribbon synapses. We propose the hearing loss seen in older male GluA3KO mice results from progressive synaptopathy evident in 5-week-old mice as increased abundance of GluA2-lacking, GluA4 monomeric, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs.
Calcite Fabrics, Growth Mechanisms, and Environments of Formation in Speleothems from the Italian Alps and Southwestern Ireland

Five fabrics were identified in Alpine and Irish caves on the basis of morphological and microstructural characteristics, and re- lated to growth mechanisms and growth environment. Columnar and fibrous fabrics grow when speleothems are continuously wet, and from fluids at near-equilibrium conditions (low supersaturation; SIcc , 0.35), through the screw dislocation mechanism. The highly defective microcrystalline fabrics form at the same supersaturation range as co- lumnar fabric but under variable discharge and the presence of growth inhibitors. Dendritic fabrics, which have the highest density of crystal defects, develop in disequilibrium conditions (high supersaturation) un- der periodic very low-flow-regime periods that result in prolonged out- gassing. Cave calcareous tufa forms in disequilibrium conditions. Only the calcite crystals of fabrics formed at low supersaturation seem to precipitate near-isotopic-equilibrium conditions.