Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology

A hydrological forecasting model is presented that attempts to combine the important distributed effects of channel network topology and dynamic contributing areas with the advantages of simple lumped parameter basin models. Quick response flow is predicted from a storage/contributing area relationship derived analytically from the topographic structure of a unit within a basin. Average soil water response is represented by a constant leakage infiltration store and an exponential subsurface water store. A simple non-linear routing procedure related to the link frequency distribution of the channel network completes the model and allows distinct basin sub-units, such as headwater and sideslope areas to be modelled separately. The model parameters are physically based in the sense that they may be determined directly by measurement and the model may be used at ungauged sites. Procedures for applying the model and tests with data from the Crimple Beck basin are described. Using only measured and estimated parameter values, without optimization, the model makes satisfactory predictions of basin response. The modular form of the model structure should allow application over a range of small and medium sized basins while retaining the possibility of including more complex model components when suitable data are available.
Biogenic and lithogenic particle fluxes in the western region of the Sea of Okhotsk: Implications for lateral material transport and biological productivity

[1] Sinking particles collected at two depths at two sites off Sakhalin Island in the western region of the Sea of Okhotsk were analyzed to determine their major chemical components (lithogenic material, biogenic opal, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and total organic carbon (TOC)). The lithogenic and opal fluxes increased downward, indicating the lateral input of resuspended sedimentary particles into the lower traps, while the CaCO3 or TOC fluxes did not change greatly between the upper and lower traps. The lithogenic particle flux in the lower traps showed intermittent increase events frequently during periods when cold water masses penetrated into the intermediate layer at the mooring sites. This coincidence between the flux increase and the cooling of the intermediate layer clearly indicates that the cold and turbid Dense Shelf Water (DSW) is discharged from the bottom of the northwestern continental shelf to the pelagic intermediate layer, supplying large amounts of particulate matter onto the bottom of the slope and deep basin. After removing the effect of the lateral input, the time series of the opal export from the surface water at the mooring sites were reconstructed using the upper trap data. There were two predominant characteristics in the seasonal variations of the opal export, which is nearly equal to the diatom production, in the area off Sakhalin. One is the relatively large opal flux in autumn, and the other is the southward propagation of the spring diatom bloom, although the sea ice retreats northward every spring. Both of these characteristics suggest that the river water discharged from the Amur, together with the seasonal sea ice cover, regulates primary production in this area.
Structural complexity resulting from pervasive ductile deformation in the Karakoram Shear Zone, Ladakh, NW India

The NW‐SE trending, ∼800 km long, dextral Karakoram Shear Zone bounds southwest Tibet. We investigate an area immediately NW of the Pangong Lake where midcrustal rocks sections of the shear zone are exposed. Here, the dominant shear zone is characterized by dextral mylonitic rocks sheared at amphibolite facies and partly retrogressed to greenschist facies. These rocks define a kilometric, SE plunging inclined‐to‐recumbent fold in the footwall of a north directed, oblique dextral thrust that exhumed anatectic rocks of the Pangong Range. Argon cooling ages reveal that the Pangong Range cooled from ∼700°C to 300°C between ∼18–15 and ∼10 Ma, contemporaneously with overthrusting. Toward the SE, closer to the Pangong Lake, this kilometric fold is rotated from its NW–SE trend to an E–W trend, and the sense of shear changes to sinistral, with a broadly north directed thrusting component. The documented structures contradict predictions of normal movement in this area derived from considerations of rigid block behavior of the crust and support the interpretation that the system records dextral transpression. Thrusting and exhumation of the deeper and hot rocks exposed in the Pangong Range, folding of the thrust footwall, and the development of a sinistral E–W trending shear zone are all compatible with transpression caused by a northward push by a rigid indenter such as the Ladakh Batholith.
Seasonal Changes in a Vertical Thermal Structure Producing Stable Lower-Troposphere Layers over the

AbstractThe authors performed a thermal budget analysis to understand the nature of seasonal changes in stable lower-troposphere layers over the inland region of the Indochina Peninsula, using atmospheric reanalysis data. The analysis focuses on subseasonal stable layers. Stability increase in the generation of stable layers is classified into three dominant thermal factors: vertical differences in horizontal potential temperature advection, vertical potential temperature advection, and their residual component Q1. The largest contributor to the stability increase is defined as the dominant thermal factor. Climatological typical heights where stable layers most frequently appear are the 850–700-, 700–600-, and 600–500-hPa levels in November–January, February–March, and April, respectively, according to a previous study. From November to January, most of the stable layers in the typical height are generated by vertical differences in horizontal potential temperature advection. Their generation (dissipation.
Biospheric Effects of the Chicxulub Impact and Their Role in the Cretaceous/Tertiary Mass Extinction

A comprehensive analysis of volatiles in the Chicxulub impact strongly supports the hypothesis that impact-generated sulfate aerosols caused over a decade of global cooling, acid rain, and disruption of ocean circulation, which contributed to the mass extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary. The crater size, meteoritic content of the K/T boundary clay, and impact models indicate that the Chicxulub crater was formed by a short period comet or an asteroid impact that released 0.7-3.4 x 10(exp 31) ergs of energy. Impact models and experiments combined with estimates of volatiles in the projectile and target rocks predict that over 200 gigatons (Gt) each of SO2 and water vapor, and over 500 Gt of CO2, were globally distributed in the stratosphere by the impact.
Effect on Auxins (IAA, IBA and NAA) on Rooting Behaviour of Grewia optiva Burrett Stem Cuttings under Intermittent Mist

Grewia optiva Burretta fodder cum fuel species can be propagated successfully by stem cuttlngs under Intermittent mist. Soaking the cutting base for 20 hours In 100 mg/l IAA has given a maximum rooling of 77.5 per cent in June. The technique can be used for mass multiplication of superior clones foroperational rooting of the species for plantation and seed orchard establishment.
Business Models for Electronic Markets

Electronic commerce over the Internet may be either complementary to traditional business or represent a whole new line of the new features of the Internet, critical questions to be answered include: ♦ what are the emerging business models; and related to this ♦ which strategic marketing approaches are applied, or emerging. This article addresses the first question above by providing a framework for the classification of Internet electronic commerce business models. This framework has been developed on the basis of current commercial Internet business and experimental work in European R&D programmes.
Cognition in freshwater fish: effects of the environment

For animals that live in a reasonably variable environment the capacity for learning and memory allow them to adapt to the changes they experience. Ecological factors that vary between habitats can affect a range of learning behaviours. Less attention has been directed at how this variation may affect memory processes, or how different ecological variables might interact when shaping cognition and behaviour. Therefore one aim of this thesis was to investigate how different ecological variables shape memory abilities and to test whether those same variables affect other related behaviours such as learning. In order to test this, I selected natural populations of a temperate freshwater fish, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from pond and river habitats that were proposed to differ in predation pressure, and assayed their learning, memory and other behavioural traits. Pond and river populations differed in their memory and orientation behaviour. An interaction between pond/river habitat and predation pressure affected learning rate, and a similar interaction affected temperament behaviours. Two further studies were conducted to address how captive rearing environments and typical handling procedures affect behaviour in different species. Rearing environment affected memory, but not learning or temperament behaviours in threespined sticklebacks. Handling caused stress responses in three-spined sticklebacks, Panamanian bishops (Brachyraphis episcopi) and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), but handling with a water filled scoop compared to a traditional dip-net decreased these responses in three-spined sticklebacks and Panamanian bishops, and also affected behaviour in Panamanian bishops. The results presented in this thesis suggest that ecological variables play a substantial role in shaping learning, memory and other behavioural traits in fish, and highlight the utility of behavioural assays in answering welfare-based questions. 1 1 1 2 5 7 9 11 12 13 15 17 18 21 i ii 21 22 22 23 24 25 27 27 28 30 34 36 36 38 42 42 44 48 48 49
Escherichia coli O157:H7 risk assessmentfor blade-tenderized beef steaks

The potential translocation of E. coli O157:H7 from the surface to the interior of whole muscle by blade tenderization was evaluated. Beef top sirloin subprimals were inoculated with 10 or 10 cfu/cm and passed once through a Ross blade tenderization unit. Core samples showed a translocation of 3 to 4% of surface inoculum to the geometric center of the subprimal. A second study evaluated thermal destruction of E. coli O157:H7 in blade tenderized (BT) steaks compared to nontenderized (NT) steaks of three thicknesses when ovenbroiled. Subprimal surfaces were inoculated to a level of 10 cfu/cm and blade tenderized. Steaks cut from these subprimals were ovenbroiled to internal temperatures from 120 to 170°F, then analyzed for surviving E. coli O157:H7. At internal steak temperatures of 140°F and higher, all E. coli O157:H7 were killed in both BT and NT steaks of all thicknesses. At 130°F, about 5 log reductions were noted for both BT and NT. With oven broiling to even moderate internal temperatures, BT steaks pose no greater risk of E. coli O157:H7 infection than NT steaks.
Postorogenic rigid behavior of the eastern Songpan‐Ganze terrane: Insights from low‐temperature thermochronology and implications for intracontinental deformation in central Asia

The Songpan‐Ganze terrane (SGT), formed by Early Mesozoic closure of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean, occupies a large area of the central‐eastern Tibetan Plateau. Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic strike‐slip deformation has been identified in the surrounding terranes and faults (e.g., western Qinling, Altyn Tagh, and Kunlun faults); however, the coeval evolution of the SGT has not been well explored. We report apatite fission track and apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He data from a >7 km deep borehole and outcrop samples covering an area of >150 × 150 km in the eastern SGT. Thermal history modeling suggests a distinct phase of Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous (∼150–100 Ma) cooling, followed by a prolonged stage of slow cooling, for all samples despite of their differences in depositional age (Mid‐Late Triassic time) and locality within a large area. The ubiquitous Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous cooling implies little differential deformation in the eastern SGT and is best explained by regional rock uplift resulting from the transpressional strain field created by the contemporaneous Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision to the south. Projecting the contemporaneous deformation surrounding the SGT onto an Early Cretaceous paleogeographic terrane reconstruction results in a new tectonic model. The model relates the Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision to tens to hundreds of kilometers of shearing along the Altyn Tagh and Kunlun faults, which transferred strain into central Asia (e.g., Qinling‐Dabie orogen). Results of this study suggest a rigid behavior for the eastern SGT and highlight the important role of crustal strength discontinuities in accommodating and transferring crustal deformation.
Seasonal and diurnal variations in net carbon dioxide flux throughout the year from soil in paddy field

In contrast to upland croplands, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from soils has rarely been investigated previously in fields with paddy rice cultivation. In this study, we hypothesized that CO2 emission from paddy soils is suppressed to be a low level due the soil submergence for months for paddy rice cultivation and conducted a continuous measurement of net CO2 flux from the soil/water surface of a paddy field throughout the year, including both the submerged and drained periods. The net CO2 flux was generally near zero during the submerged period with paddy rice cultivation and showed a slight CO2 influx in the daytime and efflux at nighttime, indicating dominance of photosynthetic CO2 uptake and respiratory CO2 release by aquatic weeds and algae in paddy water. The diurnal variations in net CO2 flux and dissolved CO2 concentration had negative correlations with the pH of paddy water. A remarkably high CO2 efflux was observed during the period with intermittent drainage in summer. Unexpectedly, the cumulative CO2 emissions throughout the year were not considerably lower than those reported in upland croplands ranging from 1309 to 2160 g CO2 m−2 yr−1, of which 41–48% was emitted from the first drainage in summer to the rice harvest in autumn. In summary, in this study, we revealed that CO2 emission from soil in paddy fields is strictly suppressed during the submerged period, but considerably enhanced by the succeeding drainage, which may negate the suppressed CO2 emission during the submerged period.
History and status of commercial live fish fisheries in California and the United States West Coast

The coastal waters of the state of California, on the west coast of the United States, support a diverse range of substrates and depths, including deep submarine canyons, offshore islands and an extended shallow water shelf. Below 34°N the coastline takes on a more east‐west orientation, creating a recognized biogeographical break in the coastline at Point Conception (Fig. 1). It is at Point Conception that the colder California Current from the north and the warmer California Countercurrent from the south meet. Although there are some cosmopolitan bottom-associated species, such as some rockfish and cabezon, for the most part, the composition of commercially targeted fish species differs greatly north and south of Point Conception. The part of the state north of Point Conception is referred to here as “northern California”, and the part to the south, “southern California”. Since its emergence in the late 1980s, California’s live fish commercial fishery continues to make up a small but significant portion of the state’s total commercial finfish catch. Live landed commercial fishing evolved from the demand for specialty foods in Asian restaurants and markets in southern California (McKee 1993). What started out as an alternative fishery quickly expanded into a multimillion dollar industry by the early 1990s (Table 1). Part of the reason for this boom was the willingness of consumers to pay a much higher price for live fish than dead fish of certain species, particularly plate-sized fish. That premium was passed on to fishermen in the form of higher ex-vessel prices (price per unit of weight paid to fishermen upon landing of catch) for live fish. Many establishments offered consumers the opportunity to pick out a fish of their choice from tanks right in the restaurant. In general, a mar
User Presence in Mobile Environments

Three forms of mobile-supported user presence are discussed, in the context of an international project, MOBIlearn. These are: (1) ‘anticipatory’ user presence, meaning the kind of presence needed to prepare for a meeting or a visit; (2) ‘super-real’ presence, meaning ways of increasing one’s sense of participation or one’s apparent level of participation (as perceived by others) during a meeting or a visit, for example, the use of a combination of real and computer-generated images; (3) ‘retrospective’ presence, meaning being able to change the apparent nature of one’s presence, and perhaps even the level and nature of one’s participation, after the event.
Fore arc tectonothermal evolution of the El Oro metamorphic province (Ecuador) during the Mesozoic

The El Oro metamorphic province of SW Ecuador is a composite massif made of juxtaposed terranes of both continental and oceanic affinity that has been located in a fore‐arc position since Late Paleozoic times. Various geochemical, geochronological, and metamorphic studies have been undertaken on the El Oro metamorphic province, providing an understanding of the origin and age of the distinct units. However, the internal structures and geodynamic evolution of this area remain poorly understood. Our structural analysis and thermal modeling in the El Oro metamorphic province show that this fore‐arc zone underwent four main geological events. (1) During Triassic times (230–225 Ma), the emplacement of the Piedras gabbroic unit at crustal‐root level (~9 kbar) triggered partial melting of the metasedimentary sequence under an E‐W extensional regime at pressure‐temperature conditions ranging from 4.5 to 8.5 kbar and from 650 to 900°C for the migmatitic unit. (2) At 226 Ma, the tectonic underplating of the Arenillas‐Panupalí oceanic unit (9 kbar and 300°C) thermally sealed the fore‐arc region. (3) Around the Jurassic‐Cretaceous boundary, the shift from trench‐normal to trench‐parallel subduction triggered the exhumation and underplating of the high‐pressure, oceanic Raspas Ophiolitic Complex (18 kbar and 600°C) beneath the El Oro Group (130–120 Ma). This was followed by the opening of a NE‐SW pull‐apart basin, which tilted the massif along an E‐W subhorizontal axis (110 Ma). (4) In Late Cretaceous times, an N‐S compressional event generated heterogeneous deformation due to the presence of the Cretaceous Celica volcanic arc, which acted as a buttress and predominantly affected the central and eastern part of the massif.
Radiation dose analysis of computed tomography coronary angiography in Children with Kawasaki disease

BACKGROUND There is evolving role of computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) in non-invasive evaluation of coronary artery abnormalities in children with Kawasaki disease (KD). Despite this, there is lack of data on radiation dose in this group of children undergoing CTCA. AIM To audit the radiation dose of CTCA in children with KD. METHODS Study (December 2013-February 2018) was performed on dual source CT scanner using adaptive prospective electrocardiography-triggering. The dose length product (DLP in milligray-centimeters-mGy.cm) was recorded. Effective radiation dose (millisieverts-mSv) was calculated by applying appropriate age adjusted conversion factors as per recommendations of International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiation dose was compared across the groups (0-1, 1-5, 5-10, and > 10 years). RESULTS Eighty-five children (71 boys, 14 girls) with KD underwent CTCA. The median age was 5 years (range, 2 mo-11 years). Median DLP and effective dose was 21 mGy.cm, interquartile ranges (IQR) = 15 (13, 28) and 0.83 mSv, IQR = 0.33 (0.68, 1.01) respectively. Mean DLP increased significantly across the age groups. Mean effective dose in infants (0.63 mSv) was significantly lower than the other age groups (1-5 years 0.85 mSv, 5-10 years 1.04 mSv, and > 10 years 1.38 mSv) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the effective dose between the other groups of children. All the CTCA studies were of diagnostic quality. No child required a repeat examination. CONCLUSION CTCA is feasible with submillisievert radiation dose in most children with KD. Thus, CTCA has the potential to be an important adjunctive imaging modality in children with KD.
Visitor Management: Case Studies from World Heritage Sites

Introduction: World cultural heritage sites (Myra Shackley, Nottingham Trent University) Bukhara: Uzbekistan (David Airey, University of Surrey & Myra Shackley) The fortified church of Biertan: Transylvania (Alexandra Muresan, Nottingham Trent University) Cracow: Poland (David Airey) The cultural landscape of Rapa Nui: Easter Island, Chile (Myra Shackley) Giza: Egypt (Katie Evans, University of Derby & Lindsay Fielding, Nottingham Trent University) Hadrian's wall: UK (Sophie Turley, Nottingham Trent University) Kakadu National Park: Australia (Chris Ryan, Northern Territory University, Darwin) Lalibela: Ethiopia (Sheena Carlisle, Nottingham Trent University) Thebes: Luxor, Egypt (Jenny Rivers, Nottingham Trent University) Ninstints: Canada (Myra Shackley) Conclusions (Myra Shackley).
OCORRÊNCIA DE NIDIFICAÇÃO ADAPTATIVA DE GAVIÃO-RELÓGIO (Micrastur semitorquatus, Vieillot, 1817) EM HABITAT ANTRÓPICO NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL.

It was recorded the presence of a Collared Forest-Falcon nesting inside a fireplace to make barbecue in the city of Presidente Lucena, RS. The falcon was incubating two eggs which resulted in two chicks. The fact was recorded on pictures and reported to the authors. Probably it is adaptive behavior in search of nesting places due to habitat loss.
NUEVAS LOCALIDADES EN LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE MURCIÉLAGOS FILOSTÓMINOS (CHIROPTERA: PHYLLOSTOMIDAE) EN CHIAPAS, MÉXICO

ABSTRACT: We captured bats in natural protected areas in Chiapas, Mexico, including five individuals of the species Macrophyllum macrophyllum , Micronycteris schmidtorum , and Vampyrum spectrum . We report new localities on the distribution of this three species, extending their distribution ranges. KEY WORDS: Chiapas, distribution, Macrophyllum macrophyllum , Micronycteris schmidtorum , Vampyrum spectrum . PALABRAS CLAVE: Chiapas, distribucion, Macrophyllum macrophyllum , Micronycteris schmidtorum , Vampyrum spectrum
Teaching of Stratigraphy, geological heritage and Geoethics. State of the art

Stratigraphy is one of the most remarkable geoscientific disciplines. Many activities related to stratigraphy have extremely significant implications in geoeducation and geological heritage, and also require a geoethical approach. This contribution provides a short and general review regarding these three subjects their relation with Stratigraphy. If geoscience education is a key factor in the academic, scientific and professional progress of any modern society, geoethics is gaining a great importance with the emergence of topics such as the Anthropocene, marking the evidence and extent of human activities and their possible significant global impact. Likewise, geological heritage are geological features with global, national, or local importance and geological sites that represent processes (magmatic segregation, metamorphism, dissolution, weathering, etc.) or a testimony of the of Earth’s history (palaeontology, global tectonics, sea level, stratigraphy). Geoeducation, geological hertitage and geoethics are three pillars which are of crucial importance, and which must be jointly considered. Keywords: Geoscience education, geological heritage, geoethics, state-of-the-art