Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of a midfoot cut in the outer sole of a shoe on intrinsic foot kinematics during walking

Modifications in shoe outer soles are frequently made with the intention of altering biomechanics of the foot inside the shoe. These modifications are however, generally based upon intuition with little or no scientific data for support. The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in intrinsic foot segmental kinematics between walking in a neutral shoe and a shoe modified with a clear cut forming a break underneath the midfoot, approximating the Lisfrancs joint. Five healthy male subjects participated in the study. Intracortical pins were inserted under sterile conditions and local anaesthetic in nine different bones of the foot and shank. The subjects performed 10 walking trials in both a neutral, standard, flatsoled, flexible walking shoe and in the same shoe with an approximately 1 cm deep cut aligned with the subjects’ Lisfrancs joint. Material tests showed that the cut reduced midfoot shoe bending stiffness by 23% to 38% and torsional stiffness by 23% to 28%. A helical axis approach was applied for calculating the 3D rotations about relevant joints. Kinematic trajectories in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes were normalised to the stance phase for seven selected joints to compare rotation patterns when wearing the two shoe conditions. Although one out of 21 ranges of motion (ROM) showed a significant difference, there is strong reason to regard this as the result of a type 1 error. Apart from this no differences in ROM occurred between the shoe conditions. The low subject number reduced the statistical power of the results. However, the study indicated that outer sole modifications that may be assumed to have clear effects upon foot kinematics, do not necessarily do so.
On the determination of driver reach and barriers

The design and packaging of vehicle interiors and cockpits has become a science in itself, particularly in recent years where safety is paramount. Significant experimental efforts have been made to study driver reach and barriers as they have a direct effect on performance and safety. This paper presents a rigorous formulation for addressing the reach envelope and barriers therein of a three-point restrained driver and makes a comparison with a lap-restrained driver. The formulation is based on a kinematic model of the driver, which has the upper body and arm characterised as a seven degree of freedom (DOF) for unrestrained and 4DOF for three-point restrained. Those kinematic equations are further developed to address crossability analysis. Visualisation of such barriers and their crossability results within the reach envelope provide significant insight into driver performance and reach zones.
Economic Growth and Air Pollution in Iran During Development Programs

Air pollution means combination of air with gases that lead to decrease in quality of the air. Pollutant elements are Carbon dioxide, Monoxide, Sulfur Dioxide and etc. Estimated annual losses of mortality due to urban air pollution are 640 million dollars i.e. 5100 billion Rials that is equivalent 0.57 percent of GDP. The disease caused of urban air pollution creates 260 milliondollar or 2100 billionRial cost (0.023 percent of GDP) for the economy of Iran. (World Bank, 2005). Grossman and Krueger (1991) has analyzed relationship between air pollution and economic growth in USA. GNP per each person, time and pollution index were input in that model. Results show that there is relationship like “U” between GNP per each person and SO2 emission. Lee (1996) has surveyed air pollution in Korea during 1985-92. The effects show that CO and income have relationship as “U” whereas Sulfur Dioxide, NO2 and Ozone did not have it. Khan (2002) has perused correlation between revenue in each family and CO, NO and Ozone in USA for the year of 1990. One of the important things is that in this research population, labor force, unemployment, literate people, workmen’s, housekeeper, rental house that have an effect on pollution, were Exogenous Variables. Consequences expressed that linkage in equation between income and pollution of gasses is inverse. Pazhoyan and etal (2007) have examined respect of economic growth and air pollution with Kuznets hypothesis in 67 countries with different income. The effect of economic growth, rural population, provision of environment, number of cars, the ratio of summation of export and import on GNP have been surveyed and results emphasized Kuznets curve for environment in those countries. This study surveys relationship between air pollution and economic growth and also, evaluation of Economical and Social Development Programs in the field of air pollution reduction. For this purpose, the study used data for 1979-2005 from the Balance Sheet Energy (2009), Iran Department of Environment (2009), Central Bank of Iran (2009) and World Development Reports (2008) has been collected. Calculation and estimates is done by Shazam and SPSS packages.
A comparison of four sustainable manufacturing strategies

Effective use of materials is one possible component of a sustainable manufacturing strategy. There are many such strategies proposed in the literature and used in practice, with confusion over what they are, what the differences among them may be and how they can be used by practitioners in design and manufacture to improve the sustainability of their product and processes. This paper reviews the literature on sustainable manufacturing strategies that deliver improved material performance. Four primary strategies were found: waste minimisation; material efficiency; resource efficiency; and eco‐efficiency. The literature was analysed to determine the key characteristics of these sustainable manufacturing strategies and 17 characteristics were found. The four strategies were then compared and contrasted against all the characteristics. While current literature often uses these strategy titles in a confusing, occasionally inter‐changeable manner, this study attempts to create clear separation between them. Definition, scope and practicality of measurement are shown to be key characteristics that impact upon the ability of manufacturing companies to make effective use of the proposed strategy. It is observed that the most actionable strategies may not include all of the dimensions of interest to a manufacturer wishing to become more sustainable, creating a dilemma between ease of implementation and breadth of impact.
A Continuous Current Model of Accumulation Mode (Junctionless) Cylindrical Surrounding-Gate Nanowire MOSFETs

A continuous current model of accumulation mode or so-called junctionless (JL) cylindrical surrounding-gate Si Nanowire metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistors (MOSFETs) is proposed. The model is based on an approximated solution of Poisson's equation considering both body doping and mobile charge concentrations. It is verified by comparing with three-dimensional simulation results using SILVACO Atlas TCAD which shows good agreement. Without any empirical fitting parameters, the proposed continuous current model of JL SRG MOSFETs is valid for all the operation regions.
Development of Methodology for Enhancing Visual Bridge Condition Assessment Using Image Processing Techniques

Many bridge authorities have implemented Bridge Information Systems (BISs) or Bridge Management Systems (BMSs) to effectively manage their routine inspection information. The success of a BMS is highly dependent on the quality of bridge inspection outcomes and accurate estimation of future bridge condition ratings. To ensure such successful outcomes, a BMS must (1) contain reliable, consistent and accurate condition data from routine bridge inspections; and (2) encompass reliable deterioration modelling that overcomes the shortcomings of a lack of historical bridge inspection records. However published literature demonstrates that several limitations exist particularly in terms of inconsistency of inspection outcomes due to subjective judgment. To minimise such limitations, this paper presents a feasibility study for the enhancement of the current visual bridge inspection method using optical image processing techniques. The development work consists of image processing and knowledge-based approaches. It is anticipated that the proposed method is capable of minimising the shortcomings of subjective judgment on condition rating assessment and providing cost effective solutions to bridge agencies. Ultimately, the proposed bridge inspection methodology can provide consistent and accurate evaluation on the condition states of bridge elements. This in turn will lead to more reliable predictions of long-term bridge performance.
Study on the Responsion of Biochemical Composition of S. acuminatus Biomass during the Spray Drying Process

Spray drying is a very popular method for microalgal biomass drying, however, systematic research on the responsion of biochemical composition during the process of spray drying has not been addressed so far. This study investigated the influence of the inlet temperature and initial solid content on the biochemical composition of spray dried Scenedesmus acuminatus biomass. The fatty acid composition and contents of CHNS, lipid, carbohydrate, protein, starch and pigments were analysed to characterize the quality and bioactivity of dried product. Results showed that the moisture content of dried microalgal powder decreased with the increase of inlet temperature and initial solid content, and the lowest moisture content of 2.37% with a higher drying yield of 84% was achieved at the optimized inlet temperature of 220°C and initial solid content of 16%. The biochemical compositions of CHNS total lipids, carbohydrates, protein, starch and fatty acid were similar with those dried by freeze drying, and were barely altered during the process of spray drying. However, the pigment would be partly degraded as the inlet temperature increased, which could be alleviated by increasing the initial solid content of the microalgal suspension due to the protection of cell aggregates. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) further confirmed that spray drying didn’t affect the quality of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, suggesting that spray-drying technique could be applied to S. acuminatus for the production of both biofuels and nutritional supplements. These results may serve as a reference for the selection of drying method, utilization of the nutritional components in S. acuminatus and selection of biochemical parameters for spray-drying performance evaluation.
Fuzzy Logic Based Impedance Control to Monitor on Torque under Impulsive Loading

This paper is devoted to design a control system for robot manipulator to optimize motor torque due to external impulsive loading exerted on the manipulator. Under impulsive loading, overloading may occur in the absence of any monitoring on the torque. To avoid the overloading, impedance control is proposed as a force control strategy. Here impedance control based on force feedback of which has hit the end-effector modifies the reference trajectory. In fact, instead of resisting against impulsive loading up to extreme power of the motor, the proposed design generates small movements in the direction of impact. Therefore, the motor produces less torque in comparison to the absence of impedance control. A supervisory system assisting fuzzy logic has been used to adapt impedance controller parameters with various impact conditions. The simulation result confirms the improvement of the manipulator behavior which yields sensible reduction in motor developed torque in comparison to single PID controller.
Multiband printed dipole antenna with log‐periodic toothed structure for WLAN/WiMAX applications

In this article, a novel printed dipole antenna using log‐periodic toothed structure is presented for simultaneously satisfying wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. The operating frequencies of the proposed antenna are 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz, which covers WLAN system and 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz for WiMAX system. The desired resonant frequencies are obtained by adjusting the number of log‐periodic teeth. Also by cutting two slots in the both sides of microstrip feedline on the ground plane, much wider impedance bandwidth can be produced. Prototypes of the proposed antenna have been constructed and studied experimentally. The measured results show good agreement with the numerical prediction and good multiband operation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:536–539, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25790
Particulate Matter and Asthma: A Quantitative Assessment of the Current Evidence

Abstract Numerous reports document significant worldwide increases in asthma morbidity and mortality from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Various social and environmental factors, including exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutants and allergens, have been postulated as partial explanations of increasing asthma trends. Although air pollution concentrations have not generally increased over this period, other factors, including increases in poverty and decreases in regular medical care, may render individuals more susceptible to effects from exposures. There is a substantial literature linking exposure to several gaseous air pollutants with respiratory effects in asthmatics. Since the chemical composition and size distribution of airborne particles vary markedly with time and location, the impact of these heterogeneous mixtures on asthmatics is difficult to study in controlled exposure studies. Epidemiologic studies, however, have repeatedly demonstrated associations of particulate matter (PM) with exac.
Heat exchanger: from micro‐ to multi‐scale design optimization

This paper presents a consideration of micro‐heat exchangers design optimization for the aim of process intensification. Two examples are discussed to illustrate different ways of heat transfer intensification in micro‐heat exchangers. To solve the key issue of the link between the micro‐scale and the macro‐scale, a multi‐scale design optimization method using fractal and constructal approaches is introduced. The concept of a novel constructal heat exchanger is also proposed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved treatment of mixed interpolation functions in eight-node assumed natural strain shell element for vibration analysis

In this article, we investigate the vibration analysis of plates and shells, using an eight-node shell element that allows for the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia. The natural frequencies of plates and shells are presented, and the forced vibration analysis of plates and shells subjected to arbitrary loading is carried out. In order to overcome membrane and shear locking phenomena, the assumed natural strain method is used. To improve the eight-node shell element for free and forced vibration analysis, a new combination of sampling points for assumed natural strain method was applied. The refined first-order shear deformation theory based on Reissner–Mindlin theory, which directly addresses the transverse shear deformation without a shear correction factor, is adopted for the development of a new eight-node assumed strain shell element with rotary inertia effect. In order to validate the finite element numerical solutions, the reference solutions of plates based on the first-order shear deformation theory are presented. Results of the present theory show good agreement with the reference solutions. In addition, the effect of damping is investigated on the forced vibration analysis of plates and shells.
The KSF of LED Business Development in Taiwan with E Company as Case Study

The world today actively engages in energy conservation and carbon reduction efforts to mitigate climate change ever since it has caused a major shift in the ecological system. This has thus led to the growth of LED industry. In anticipation of the market growth, worldwide LED manufacturers had their market expansion planned. Our study focused on how the LED industry in Taiwan remained competitive and its discovery of KSF in the global market.
Interface state generation under long-term positive-bias temperature stress for a p/sup +/ poly gate MOS structure

The long-term reliability for a p/sup +/ poly gate MOS structure under low electric field bias temperature (BT) stress is studied. A significant increase in interface-state density was observed for such a structure under positive bias conditions. This phenomenon was not observed in the n/sup +/ poly gate case. The mechanism for this interface-state increase was investigated in detail. Several possible causes, such as mobile ions, excess boron concentration in the gate oxide, electron injection from the substrate, impact ionization in the gate oxide, and hole injection from the gate electrode, were considered. All of the possible causes, except hole injection, were obviated by experiments. Although hole injection current was too small to be detected, hole injection from the p/sup +/ poly gate is a possible cause, which could explain the interface-state generation under positive-bias temperature test. For a p/sup +/ poly gate in CMOS structures, care should be taken when positive bias is applied to the gate electrode. >
Strain and Cracks of Tunnel Lining Surveyed by Fiber Bragg Grating Strain Sensors and Ultrasonic Tester

The cracks have emerged on the second lining of right tunnel for three months after tunneling in the Xin Chang Tunnel. The maximum crack depth is 264.0 mm which is explored by a RS-ST01C type ultrasonic tester. A fiber Bragg grating strain sensor is developed for measuring the surface strain of second lining. By converting the deflection of structure into the strain of displacement telescopic gauge, a fiber Bragg grating is mounted on two ends of gauge where suffers the strain, and as a result its Bragg wavelength will be shifted. The strain sensitivity and temperature sensitivity of the grating sensor are separately 0.677×10-6/ and 0.968×10-5 /°C. Grating sensors are installed on the corresponding linings according to the crack distribution. In an observation period of 51 days, the measurement results indicate that the lining cracks are derived from the tilted pressure of surrounding rock. After a backfill period of 29 days, the tunnel structures are gradually tending to be stability in the following operation period of 429 days.
Microwave voltage tuned microstrip ring resonator oscillator

A microwave oscillator incorporating a varactor-tuned microstrip ring resonator was developed using a single packaged varactor diode which together with other required components was mounted inside the ring structure. A tuning bandwidth of approximately 30% was achieved with forward and reverse biasing of the varactor diode. The measured phase noise of the new oscillator was found to be better than -90 dBc kHz from the carrier.
Improving schoolteachers' workplace learning

This paper is set in the context where there is a policy emphasis on teacher learning and development in a number of countries as a means towards school improvement. It reports on a longitudinal research project about the workplace learning of English secondary school teachers, carried out between 2000 and 2003. This was part of a Teaching and Learning Research Programme network of projects looking at learning in a variety of workplaces. The paper contrasts some key features in the teacher development and workplace learning literatures, which highlight different understandings of learning—as acquisition, participation and/or construction. We argue that insights from the literature and the research, including insights from other projects in the network, enhance our understanding of teacher learning. The paper describes some of the main ways in which experienced teachers learn, and then identifies three dimensions which interact in influencing the nature of that learning. The dimensions are: the dispositions of the individual teacher; the practices and cultures of the subject departments; and the management and regulatory frameworks, at school and national policy levels. Based upon the findings, we argue that current policy approaches to teacher development in the UK are over‐focused on the acquisition of measurable learning outcomes, short‐term gains, and priorities that are external to the teachers. They also assume and strive for impossible and counterproductive universality of approach. Instead, our findings suggest that teacher learning is best improved through a strategy that increases learning opportunities, and enhances the likelihood that teaches will want to take up those opportunities. This can be done through the construction of more expansive learning environments for teachers. We examine briefly some barriers to this approach, and give some suggestions of what could be done.
Design review of an in-situ bidirectional reflectometer

Recently, Surface Optics Corporation has designed and manufactured a field portable bidirectional reflectometer that measures the bidirectional reflectance of samples in place without the need to take samples into the laboratory. The instrument consists of a measurement head, power supply box, and a PC. The measurement head weighs approximately sixty pounds and it contains the source, detector, stepper motors for varying the incident and reflected angles, and a filter wheel. All of these components are software controlled for measuring the BRDF of samples from 400 nm to 1100 nm (VIS-NIR configuration) or 3.0 micrometer to 12.0 micrometer (IR configuration) at incident polar angles of 0 to 60 degrees. The detector can map the BRDF of a sample from 0 to 85 degrees polar angle and 0 to 180 degrees in azimuth. The instrument configuration is reviewed and measured data presented on a blue krylon paint sample.
FEM/wideband FMBEM coupling to model fluid-structure interaction

A coupling algorithm based on the finite element method and the wideband fast multipoleboundaryelementmethod(FEM/widebandFMBEM)isproposedforthe simulation of fluid-structure interaction and structural acoustic sensitivity analysis using the direct differentiation method. The iterative solver GMRES is applied to accelerate the solution of the linear system of equations. The FEM/Wideband FMBEM algorithm makes it possible to predict the effects of arbitrarily shaped vibrating structures on the sound field numerically.
Computerized device for critical flicker fusion frequency determination

The critical fusion flicker frequency of the human visual system is the threshold sensitivity for a sine wave-modulated patch of monochromatic flickering light measured as a function of its temporal frequency and average luminance level. The critical flicker fusion frequency changes in different ocular and non-ocular conditions, for example: high-myopia, AMR, glaucoma, schizophrenia, after alcohol intake, fatigue. A computerized test for critical flicker fusion frequency determination was developed. Visual stimuli are two monochromatic LED light sources that are connected to a microcircuit driven by a computer program. The control of the device is realized through the parallel port of the PC. During the test a patient has to choose which one of two light sources is flickering. The critical cliker fusion frequency is determined by a psychophysical procedure, where the stimulus frequency that showed detection probability 75% is considered as threshold.
Diminished Short Channel Effects in Nanoscale Double-Gate Silicon-on-Insulator Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors due to Induced Back-Gate Step Potential

In this letter we discuss how the short channel behavior in sub 100 nm channel range can be improved by inducing a step surface potential profile at the back gate of an asymmetrical double gate (DG) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET) in which the front gate consists of two materials with different work functions.