Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of the surface conductivity and the IMF strength on the dynamics of planetary ions in Mercury's magnetosphere

To examine the effects of planetary surface conductivity and the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength on ion dynamics, systematic trajectory tracings of Na+ ions were performed in the electric and magnetic field configurations obtained from magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the solar wind‐Mercury interaction. Comparison with a previous study, which used an analytical model that rescaled the Earth's magnetosphere and assumed the existence of the distant neutral line (DNL) in Mercury's magnetotail, shows a drastic change in the Na+ precipitation pattern due to the formation of the near‐Mercury neutral line (NMNL) in MHD simulations. The Na+ precipitation band at approximately 30° of latitude (LAT), which was obtained in the previous study, disappeared in the equivalent low‐conductivity MHD case due to the NMNL formation, while the NMNL formation causes high‐energy Na+ precipitation in the equatorial region. The change in strength of the southward IMF (sBz) alters the location of the NMNL and the Na+ precipitation pattern. In the low‐conductivity sBz = 5 case, both the equatorial precipitation and the Na+ band at approximately LAT = 30 are formed. In the high‐conductivity sBz = 5 case, magnetospheric convection through the polar regions is suppressed, which results in a region of dense Na+ near the planet. These results suggest that the precipitation pattern of planetary ions onto Mercury's surface changes significantly with the activity level of Mercury's magnetosphere. It is also suggested that observations of the magnetospheric convection, the distribution of Na+ ions around the planet, or the precipitation pattern of Na+ ions onto the planetary surface can provide us information about the surface conductivity.
An assessment of deep steric height variability over the global ocean

An ocean state estimate constrained by most available data is explored to assess characteristics of variability in deep steric height—a mostly unobserved quantity, yet important for understanding the relation between sea level, heat content and other ocean climate parameters. Results are based on monthly‐averaged steric height anomalies, vertically integrated over the “unobserved” deep ocean (below ∼1700 m). Excluding linear trends, variability in deep steric height is typically 10–20% of that in the upper ocean, with larger values seen in extensive regions. Enhanced deep variability, at monthly to interannual time scales, occurs in areas of strong eddy energy. Deep signals are mostly thermosteric in nature, with halosteric contributions tightly correlated and generally compensating in the Atlantic and Indian oceans and adding in the Pacific. Potential inference of deep signals from knowledge of the upper ocean is hampered by poor correlations, and regressions based on upper ocean steric height fail to represent the estimated deep variability. Monthly sampling at ∼2° scales would allow for best determination of deep variability and long term trends.
Granite laccolith emplacement in the Iberian arc: AMS and gravity study of the La Tojiza pluton (NW Spain)

A laccolithic geometry is inferred from geological and geophysical data for the La Tojiza granitic body emplaced in an extensional regime. Nearly circular in outcrop, this 16 km diameter pluton, one of the so-called ‘post-tectonic granodioritic plutons’ of Galicia, is located in the northern Variscan arc of Iberia, within the Mondoñedo Nappe (Western Asturian–Leonese Zone). From anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements and extensive microstructural data, the magnetic fabric of this pluton has been inferred to correlate with the magmatic fabric. Magnetic foliations strike NE–SW and dip gently SE. Magnetic lineations trend NW–SE and plunge gently SE. Gravity data suggest that the pluton has the shape of a sheet with a maximum preserved thickness of 1 km and a root zone located at its eastern border. This pluton is reinterpreted as late kinematic and emplaced during an extensional tectonic regime related to the ductile Vivero normal fault. It is suggested that the emplacement of most post-tectonic plutons of this part of the Variscan orogenic belt may have been controlled by the late extensional collapse of the Iberian Massif.
Pulse: Database Support for Efficient Query Processing Of Temporal Polynomial Models

This thesis investigates the practicality and utility of mathematical models to represent continuous and occasionally unavailable data stream attributes, and processing relational-style queries in a stream processing engine directly on these models. We present Pulse, a framework for processing continuous queries over stream attributes modeled as piecewise polynomial functions. We use piecewise polynomials to provide a compact, approximate representation of the input dataset and provide query language extensions for users to specify precision bounds to control this approximation. Pulse represents queries as simultaneous equation systems for a variety of relational operators including filters, joins and standard aggregates. In the stream context, we continually solve these equation systems as new data arrives into the system. We have implemented Pulse on top of the Borealis stream processing engine and evaluated it on two real-world datasets from financial and moving object applications. Pulse is able to achieve significant performance improvements by processing queries directly on the mathematical representation of these polynomials, in comparison to standard tuple-based stream processing, thereby demonstrating the viability of our system in the face of having to meet precision requirements. In addition to our primary contribution of describing the core design and architecture of Pulse, this thesis presents a selectivity estimator and a multi-query optimizer to scale query processing capabilities. Our selectivity estimator uses histograms defined on a parameter space of polynomial coefficients for estimation, passing selectivities to our multi-query optimizer which may then determine how to construct a global query plan that shares work across individual queries. We evaluate these components on both a synthetic dataset and a financial dataset. Our experiments show that our optimization mechanisms provide significant reductions in processing overhead, and that our estimation algorithm provides an accurate and low overhead estimator for selective operators, that can be enhanced by sampling, while also being a general technique that can handle operators such as min and max aggregates, where sampling is known to be inaccurate.
ESTUDOS HIDRO-ESTRATIGRÁFICOS DA BACIA DO ARARIPE, CEARÁ, UTILIZANDO ELETRORRESISTIVIDADE

Este trabalho foi realizado na Bacia Sedimentar do Araripe, no Estado do Ceara, tendo os estudos sido desenvolvidos nos municipios de Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, Barbalha e Santana do Cariri . O objetivo deste trabalho foi a utilizacao da interpretacao de dados de eletrorresistividade na tentativa de estabelecer uma correlacao entre estes e as colunas hidro-estratigraficas dos diversos blocos do Graben Crato-Juazeiro. Foram analisadas e re-interpretadas SEVs (Sondagens Eletricas Verticais) executadas anteriormente em outros trabalhos e, como complemento destes, foram realizadas 21 sondagens Schlumberger com AB/2 de 1000 a 2000m. Na analise e interpretacao dos dados das SEVs aplicou-se, nesse trabalho, a tecnica de imageamento geoeletrico como ferramenta auxiliar dos processos de interpretacao/visualizacao dos estratos geoeletricos, tanto em colunas como em secoes 2-D, inclusive com a parametrizacao destas atraves de dados de pocos com perfilagem geofisica. Conclui-se que a metodologia aqui adotada foi bastante proveitosa na identificacao dos sistemas aquiferos da Bacia, como tambem na delimitacao do graben e seus sub-blocos, constituindo-se em uma excelente ferramenta no estudo da hidro-estratigrafia da Bacia do Araripe.
Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders, and psychopathy

This paper considers neurocognitive models of aggression and relates them to explanations of the antisocial personality disorders. Two forms of aggression are distinguished: reactive aggression elicited in response to frustration/threat and goal directed, instrumental aggression. It is argued that different forms of neurocognitive model are necessary to explain the emergence of these different forms of aggression. Impairments in executive emotional systems (the somatic marker system or the social response reversal system) are related to reactive aggression shown by patients with “acquired sociopathy” due to orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Impairment in the capacity to form associations between emotional unconditioned stimuli, particularly distress cues, and conditioned stimuli (the violence inhibition mechanism model) is related to the instrumental aggression shown by persons with developmental psychopathy.
Soil Degradation: A Threat to Developing-Country Food Security by 2020?

Global population in the year 2020 will be a third higher than in 1995, but demand for food and fiber will rise by an even higher proportion, as incomes grow, diets diversify, and urbanization accelerates. However this demand is met, population and farming pressure on land resources will intensify greatly. There is growing concern in some quarters that a decline in long-term soil productivity is already seriously limiting food production in the developing world, and that the problem is getting worse. Sarah Sherr first focuses on the magnitude and effects of soil degradation. She then addresses soil degradation in the future and ends her brief with policy and research priorities.
Projected changes in extreme precipitation characteristics for Central Eastern Germany (21st century, model‐based analysis)

Changes in frequency, duration and/or intensity of extreme precipitation events, such as heavy precipitation or drought, profoundly impact both society and the natural environment. Regional climate models are valuable tools to assess any future progress of such events, and to complement the development of regional and local adaptation and mitigation strategies – here for the model region Dresden within the REGKLAM project. Multi‐model approaches may alleviate some of the problems related to uncertainties of projected changes.
Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism

Impacts positive and negative: links between ecotourism and environment The cost of getting there: impacts of travel to ecotourism destinations Impacts of hiking and camping on soils and vegetation Environmental impacts of motorised off-highway vehicles Impacts of recreational power boating on freshwater ecosystems Impacts of ecotourism on terrestrial wildlife Environmentally sustainable trail management Managing impacts of camping
Where Art Thou? Regional Distribution of Culture Workers in Finland

This study seeks to shed light on the regional distribution of culture workers in Finland. What factors â€“ if any - make the location decisions of culture workers different from that of others? This study uses a rich micro level data for an application of multinomial logit model. The data is from the Finnish Longitudinal Census File and it contains information e.g. on individual's personal charactersitics, family characteristics and working life characteristics. The estimation results show that being a culture worker is an important factor in locational choice: the coefficient of living in a metropolitan area compared to rural areas is highly positive. According to the estimated marginal effects, the likelihood of living in a metropolitan region increases as much as 22 percentage points if the person is a culture worker. Another interesting notion is that the residential choices of cultural entrepreneurs seem to differ from that of other entrepreneurs.
ANALISIS SPASIAL INDEKS KEKERINGAN DAERAH PANTAI UTARA (PANTURA) JAWA BARAT

Spatial analysis for water deficit in Pantura was done for 16 rainfall stations average 13 year observations. Water balance computation was calculated with Thornthwaite-Matter method. Spatial analisys was done by Geographys Information System (GIS) with ArcInfo 3.5 and displayed by ArcView 3.3. Water balance analysis shown that water deficit was on June for most of all stations and reached maximum deficit on August. Water deficit was concentred around of Batujaya (bekasi District), Peundeuy (Karawang district), and around of Leuweungsemut (Indramayu district). These result of the analysis recommended to plan the optimum water management for maximize purpose of Jatiluhur Lake
Examining the Challenges of Cadastral Surveying Practice in Zambia

Based on interview data from registered land surveyors, academics in land surveying, government surveyors and relevant secondary data, this article presents a case for improvements in the cadastral surveying practice of Zambia. It argues that current cadastral practice in Zambia is outdated and requires improvements that will position it in line with current international practice and technological advancements. The paper examines the role of the Surveyor General in cadastral survey practice with respect to providing reference information, testing of survey equipment, lodging and examination of survey records, cadastral survey standards and regulations. In addition the paper also examines the challenges faced by surveyors in the existing cadastral management with regard to legislation, archiving of cadastral information, quality control, and delivery period of cadastral survey services, professionalism and continuous professional development. The paper offers a modest empirical basis for examining cadastral survey practice and how it can be improved.
Knowledge Bases

In this paper we present an overview of knowledge-based systems. We begin by discussing the basic characteristics of knowledge base rules and present an exam ple comparing a toy knowledge base to an equivalent procedural version of the same code. We then discuss the applications for which it makes sense to use knowledge-based technology and the advantages offered by reuse of a general-purpose p er ontology . Next we describe important research and applications in both knowledge representati on and knowledge-based systems. We then describe how work in philosophy and other research has had an impact on knowledge-based systems. We conclude with thoughts on where the field is heading.
THE DIFFICULT CHALLENGE OF ATTAINING EPA'S NEW OZONE STANDARD

On September 16, 1997, the new 8-hour ozone standard replaced the previous 1-hour primary ozone standard. EPA set the new standard at 0.08 parts per million (ppm) and defined it as a concentration-based form that averages the annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentrations over three years. For control purposes, it is important to understand whether high-level (greater than 0.09 ppm) or instead midlevel (0.06-0.09 ppm) ozone concentrations are mainly responsible for violations. Using information from EPA's air quality database, the authors found that, for 1993-95, more than 50% of the areas that would violate the new standard were influenced by midlevel hourly average concentrations. Their analysis shows that as control strategies are implemented, violating sites that experience high daily maximum 8-hour average concentrations will realize faster declines than violating sites that experience daily maximum 8-hour average concentrations above, but near, the 8-hour 0.08-ppm standard. For most sites that violate the new standard, attainment may be difficult, and in some cases, impractical, to achieve. (A)
The fate of atmospheric phosgene and the stratospheric chlorine loadings of its parent compounds: CCl4, C2Cl4, C2HCL3, CH3CCl3, and CHCl3

A study of the tropospheric and stratospheric cycles of phosgene is carried out to determine its fate and ultimate role in controlling the ozone depletion potentials of its parent compounds (CCl4, C2Cl4, CH3CCl3, CHCl3, and C2HCl3). Tropospheric phosgene is produced from the OH-initiated oxidation of C2Cl4, CH3CCl3, CHCl3, and C2HCl3. Simulations using a two-dimensional model indicate that these processes produce about 90 pptv/yr of tropospheric phosgene with an average concentration of about 18 pptv, in reasonable agreement with observations. We estimate a residence time of about 70 days for tropospheric phosgene, with the vast majority being removed by hydrolysis in cloudwater. Only about 0.4% of the phosgene produced in the troposphere avoids wet removal and is transported to the stratosphere, where its chlorine can be released to participate in the catalytic destruction of ozone. Stratospheric phosgene is produced from the photochemical degradation of CCl4, C2Cl4, CHCl3, and CH3CCl3 and is removed by photolysis and downward transport to the troposphere. Model calculations, in good agreement with observations, indicate that these processes produce a peak stratospheric concentration of about 25–30 pptv at an altitude of about 25 km. In contrast to tropospheric phosgene, stratospheric phosgene is found to have a lifetime against photochemical removal of the order of years. As a result, we find that a significant portion of the phosgene that is produced in the stratosphere is ultimately returned to the troposphere, where it is rapidly removed by clouds. This phenomenon effectively decreases the amount of reactive chlorine injected into the stratosphere and available for ozone depletion from phosgene's parent compounds; we estimate approximate decreases of 14, 3, 15, and 25% for the stratospheric chlorine loadings of CCl4, CH3CCl3, C2Cl4, and CHCl3, respectively. A similar phenomenon due to the downward transport of stratospheric COFCl produced from CFC-11 is estimated to cause a 7% decrease in the amount of reactive chlorine injected into the stratosphere from this compound. Our results are potentially sensitive to a variety of parameters, most notably the rate of reaction of phosgene with sulfate aerosols. However, on the basis of the observed vertical distribution of COCl2, we estimate that the reaction of COCl2 with sulfate aerosol most likely has a γ< 5×10−5 and, as a result, has a negligible impact on the stratospheric chlorine loadings of the phosgene parent compounds.
Flood frequency analysis: Evidence and implications of secular climate variability, New South Wales

One of the assumptions of flood frequency analysis is that annual maximum flood peaks are independently and identically distributed. Recent work has shown there exist persistent climate modes that modulate regional climates over multiyear timescales around the globe. Such persistence raises the question whether annual maximum floods are indeed independently and identically distributed. This study revisits this assumption. Noting that a significant shift in Pacific and Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures and other atmospheric variables occurred in the mid‐1940s, 41 flood records in New South Wales, Australia, were stratified into pre‐1945 and post‐1945 records. It was found that the two‐parameter lognormal distribution adequately fitted the stratified samples, and in many cases the stratified distributions were significantly different. In fact, the ratio of the post‐1945 to the pre‐1945 20‐year flood exceeded one for 37 of the 41 sites. The evidence that the flood probability model is climate dependent for the case study region is strong. This has implications for flood risk assessment requiring inter alia the need to distinguish between short‐ and long‐term flood risk. In the presence of long‐term climate persistence, traditional flood frequency analysis can at best only provide estimates of long‐term or unconditional flood risk. The estimation of short‐term flood risks will require improved mechanistic understanding of multidecadal climate variability and the development of stochastic models that explicitly recognize such secular variations.
Aspartate aminotransferase : alanine aminotransferase ratio in chronic hepatitis C infection: Is it a useful predictor of cirrhosis?

Background : The clinical usefulness of the ratio of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) has been explored in several liver disorders. It has been suggested that in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection an AST : ALT ≥ 1 has 100% specificity and positive predictive value in distinguishing cirrhotic from non‐cirrhotic patients. Such statistical certainty attached to a simple biochemical test merits further evaluation. The present study, therefore, assessed the AST : ALT in patients with chronic HCV infection to determine the validity of the ratio in predicting cirrhosis and to correlate the ratio with the histological grade of necroinflammatory activity and fibrosis.
Seasonal variations of atmospheric C2–C7 nonmethane hydrocarbons in Tokyo

[1] Eighteen C2–C7 NMHCs (nonmethane hydrocarbons) were measured hourly during the Integrated Measurement Program for Aerosol and Oxidant Chemistry in Tokyo (IMPACT) measurement campaigns conducted in central Tokyo during four different periods (summer/autumn of 2003 and winter/summer of 2004). The ambient atmospheric concentrations of NMHCs showed an inverse correlation with wind speed and mixing height and were significantly affected by mesoscale weather conditions. The mixing ratio of isoprene tightly correlated with solar flux and temperature in summer, as it was dominantly emitted by the local vegetation. All the observed NMHCs except isoprene showed high correlation with each other in winter (r2 > 0.5), suggesting concurrent accumulation under stagnant condition and common sources. Emission ratios were calculated on the basis of the correlation with carbon monoxide and ethyne. Compared to the typical winter NMHC composition, during summer there was a significant increase (up to 7 times higher than wintertime) of C4–C5 alkanes from fuel evaporation; of C2–C3 alkenes, n-hexane and benzene from chemical industry; and of toluene from local manufacturers, reflecting the temperature dependence of these evaporative emissions. In addition to the online measurements in Tokyo, canister sampling at a suburban site (Kisai) followed by multidimensional GC analyses was conducted during the summer campaign in 2004. The atmospheric concentrations of longer-lived compounds (≥ several days) at Kisai showed the buildup under sea breeze circulation. The average ambient concentration of toluene was 2 times higher than that in central Tokyo, likely because of substantial emissions from local industries as reported in the prefectural statistics.