Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments

Part 1 Environments: introduction to the environments, S.R. Ellis physics at the edge of the Earth, J.P.Allen pictorial communication - pictures and the synthetic universe, S.R. Ellis. Part 2 Knowing: introduction to Knowing, M.K. Kaiser Perceiving Environmental Properties From Motion information - minimal conditions, D.R. Proffitt and M.K. Kaiser distortions in memory for visual displays, B.Tversky cartography and map displays, G.F. McCleary et al interactive displays in medical art, D.A. McConathy and M.Doyle efficiency of graphical perception, G.E. Legge et al volumetric visualization of 3D data, G.Russell and R.Miles the making of the mechanical universe, J.Blinn. Part 3 Acting: introduction to acting, A.C. Grunwald vehicular control - spatial designs as a means to increase pilot situational awareness, experience and results in tele- operation of land vehicles, a computer graphics system for visualizing spacecraft in orbit, design and evaluation of a visual display aid for orbital maneuvering manipulative control - telepresence, time delay and adaptation, muti-axis control in telemanipulation and vehicle guidance, visual enhancements in pick-and-place tasks - human operators controlling a simulated cylindrical manipulator visual/motor mapping and adaptation - target axis effects under transformed visual mappings, adapting to variable prismatic displacement, visuomotor modularity, ontogeny and training high-performance skills with spatial instruments, separate visual representations for perception and for visually guided behaviour, seeing by exploring orientation - spatial vision within egocentric and exocentric frames of reference, comments on "spatial vision within egocentric and exocentric frames of reference", sensory conflict in Motion Sickness - An Observer Theory Approach, Interaction Of Form And orientation, optical, gravitational and kinesthetic determinants of judged eye level, voluntary presetting of the vestibular ocular reflex permits gaze stabilization despite perturbation of fast head movements. Part 4 Seeing: introduction to seeing, S.R. Ellis pictorial space - the perception of geometrical structure from congruence, the perception of three-dimensionality across continuous surfaces, the effect of viewpoint on the virtual space of pictures, on the efficacy of cinema, or what the visual system did not evolve to do, visual slant underestimation, direction judgement error in computer generated displays and actual scenes, how to reinforce perception of depth in single two-dimensional pictures primary depth cues - spatial constraints of stereopsis in video displays, stereoscopic distance perception, paradoxical monocular stereopsis and perspective vergence, the eyes prefer real images.
On critical probabilities in percolation theory

Several versions of the concept of critical percolation probability are discussed in the bond percolation problem on the square lattice. Critical probabilities are also employed as technical devices in the proofs of two new results. First, there is a critical probability pT below which all moments of the cluster size are finite. Secondly, an infinite connected cluster of open bonds exists with positive probability if and only if any angular sector contains an infinite connected cluster of open bonds with positive probability. An expression is derived for the expected number of open clusters per bond in the percolation model, relating to the problem of rigorously justifying a critical probability result of Sykes and Essam.
Quantifying the Influence of Surface Texture and Shape on Structure from Motion 3D Reconstructions

In general, optical methods for geometrical measurements are influenced by the surface properties of the examined object. In Structure from Motion (SfM), local variations in surface color or topography are necessary for detecting feature points for point-cloud triangulation. Thus, the level of contrast or texture is important for an accurate reconstruction. However, quantitative studies of the influence of surface texture on geometrical reconstruction are largely missing. This study tries to remedy that by investigating the influence of object texture levels on reconstruction accuracy using a set of reference artifacts. The artifacts are designed with well-defined surface geometries, and quantitative metrics are introduced to evaluate the lateral resolution, vertical geometric variation, and spatial–frequency information of the reconstructions. The influence of texture level is compared to variations in capturing range. For the SfM measurements, the ContextCapture software solution and a 50 Mpx DSLR camera are used. The findings are compared to results using calibrated optical microscopes. The results show that the proposed pipeline can be used for investigating the influence of texture on SfM reconstructions. The introduced metrics allow for a quantitative comparison of the reconstructions at varying texture levels and ranges. Both range and texture level are seen to affect the reconstructed geometries although in different ways. While an increase in range at a fixed focal length reduces the spatial resolution, an insufficient texture level causes an increased noise level and may introduce errors in the reconstruction. The artifacts are designed to be easily replicable, and by providing a step-by-step procedure of our testing and comparison methodology, we hope that other researchers will make use of the proposed testing pipeline.
Transition of the scalar field at a refracting surface in the generalized Kirchhoff diffraction theory

We propose a new method for the analysis of light propagation through thick phase elements of homogeneous refractive index. The Laue equation is shown to be a generalization of Snell’s law of refraction, yielding correct amplitude and phase changes at a single refracting surface. The application to blazed phase gratings is outlined.
The theory of radio windows in planetary magnetospheres

The theory of radio windows given in two previous papers for a stratified cold plasma is extended to apply in a warm plasma. It is used to investigate one suggested mechanism for the production of non-thermal continuum radiation in magnetospheric cavities. The source is a plasma wave that enters a region where there is a gradient of electron concentration and there undergoes partial linear mode conversion to give ordinary and extraordinary electromagnetic waves and a reflected plasma wave. This theory is needed particularly for the plasmapause and magnetopause where the concentration gradients may be large. It is therefore necessary to use a full-wave integration of the governing differential equations. These are derived for a warm plasma. When they are integrated, the problem of numerical swamping is severe and is dealt with by a special method. Some typical results are presented and discussed.
Importancia del diseño de contenidos de realidad aumentada aplicada como apoyo en la educación

Utilizar otros medios como apoyo en la formación es muy importante al momento de innovar en la educación de hoy en día. El utilizar Realidad Aumentada (RA) nos coloca en una posición de investigar los efectos de su utilización en las instituciones educativas. Es importante decir que utilizar estas tecnologías ayuda a los aprendices al momento de desarrollar nuevas habilidades y conocimientos. Además de ser algo novedoso capta de primera mano su atención, y los motiva. Así aumentamos su rendimiento académico, y cambiamos las percepciones que tenían tras el uso de estas tecnologías. La investigación es cuasi-experimental llevó a utilizar herramientas que recogieron datos de forma cuantitativa y cualitativa. Para el desarrollo de este proyecto elaboramos contenidos de RA en formación y estos mismos fueron materia de prueba y reveló una mejora significativa en el proceso de aprendizaje y la adquisición de conocimientos. Se puede apreciar una mejora de sus resultados de aprendizaje y las evaluaciones de las mismas. La acogida por parte de los estudiantes y el cuerpo de facilitadores de esta tecnología es positiva y les parece incentivadora, motivadora además que es muy fácil el uso y su creación
Submicrosecond bistable electro‐optic switching in liquid crystals

Ferroelectric smectic C (FSC) liquid crystals are used in a simple new geometry that allows the spontaneous formation of either of two surface‐stabilized smectic C monodomains of opposite ferroelectric polarization. These domains are separated by well‐defined walls which may be manipulated with an applied electric field. The resulting electro‐optic effects exhibit a unique combination of properties: microsecond dynamics, threshold behavior, symmetric bistability, and a large electro‐optic response.
Double-Camera Fusion System for Animal-Position Awareness in Farming Pens

In livestock breeding, continuous and objective monitoring of animals is manually unfeasible due to the large scale of breeding and expensive labour. Computer vision technology can generate accurate and real-time individual animal or animal group information from video surveillance. However, the frequent occlusion between animals and changes in appearance features caused by varying lighting conditions makes single-camera systems less attractive. We propose a double-camera system and image registration algorithms to spatially fuse the information from different viewpoints to solve these issues. This paper presents a deformable learning-based registration framework, where the input image pairs are initially linearly pre-registered. Then, an unsupervised convolutional neural network is employed to fit the mapping from one view to another, using a large number of unlabelled samples for training. The learned parameters are then used in a semi-supervised network and fine-tuned with a small number of manually annotated landmarks. The actual pixel displacement error is introduced as a complement to an image similarity measure. The performance of the proposed fine-tuned method is evaluated on real farming datasets and demonstrates significant improvement in lowering the registration errors than commonly used feature-based and intensity-based methods. This approach also reduces the registration time of an unseen image pair to less than 0.5 s. The proposed method provides a high-quality reference processing step for improving subsequent tasks such as multi-object tracking and behaviour recognition of animals for further analysis.
Utility of SCORE2 risk algorithm for predicting life course accelerated frailty and physical function decline

Frailty is a dynamic process that increases with ageing, while it remains unclear whether cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk algorithm could predict life course dynamic frailty trajectories, for example, the longitudinal patterns of how frailty evolves with time. We intended to examine the predictive utility of the Systemic Coronary Risk Estimation 2 (SCORE2) algorithm for life course accelerated frailty and physical function decline, in comparison with the precedent SCORE algorithm.
Epidemiology of Second Non-breast Primary Cancers among Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Korean Population–Based Study by the SMARTSHIP Group

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and prognosis of second non-breast primary cancer (SNBPC) among Korean survivors of breast cancer. Materials and Methods Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service were searched to identify women who received curative surgery for initial breast cancer (IBC) between 2003 and 2008 (n=64,340). Among them, patients with the following characteristics were excluded: other cancer diagnosis before IBC (n=10,866), radiotherapy before IBC (n=349), absence of data on sex or age (n=371), or male (n=248). Accordingly, data of 52,506 women until December 2017 were analyzed. SNBPC was defined as a newly diagnosed SNBPC that occurred 5 years or more after IBC diagnosis. Results The median follow-up time of all patients was 12.13 years. SNBPC was developed in 3,084 (5.87%) women after a median of 7.61 years following IBC diagnosis. The 10-year incidence of SNBPC was 5.78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.56 to 6.00). Higher SNBPC incidence was found in survivors with the following factors: old age at IBC diagnosis, low household income, and receiving combined chemotherapy with endocrine therapy, whereas receiving radiotherapy was related to a lower incidence of SNBPC (hazard ratio, 0.89; p < 0.01). Among the patients with SNBPC, the 5-year survival rate was 62.28% (95% CI, 65.53 to 69.02). Conclusion Approximately 5% of breast cancer survivors developed SNBPC within 10 years after IBC diagnosis. The risk of SNBPC was associated with patient’s age at IBC diagnosis, income level, and a receipt of systemic treatments.
INFRARED PHOTOMETRY OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES. I. DISCOVERY OF ELLIPSOIDAL VARIATIONS IN TW VIRGINIS.

JHK photometric observations of the cataclysmic variable TW Vir, obtained with chop throw 30 arcsec and chopping frequency 13 Hz using the InSb photometer on the 3-m IR Telescope Facility at Mauna Kea on January 28, 1984, are reported. The results include H data obtained every 2.5 min over an entire orbital period and are presented in graphs and tables. The H magnitudes are fit with a sine curve of period 131.52 min and variation semiamplitude 0.063 + or - 0.017 mag, and the variation is attributed to ellipsoidal fluctuations of the tidally distorted secondary, which is found to be an M(3 + or - 1) main-sequence dwarf contributing 71 percent or more to the K flux of TW Vir. From comparison with U Gem it is inferred that the secondary Roche lobe is almost filled, and that TW Vir lies at a distance between 340 and 610 pc.
Ultrasonication Effects on Quality of Tea-Based Beverages

Tea is the most popular consumed drink after water. Teas and tea-based beverages have grown in popularity due to bioactive compounds. Tea-based beverages have started to take their place in the market. Extraction is a crucial step for the production of functional tea-based beverages. Compared to conventional methods, ultrasound is attractive due to its lower energy requirements, and shorter extraction time. This review aimed to discuss recent marketing aspects of tea-based beverages as well as the potential and challenges of a novel infusion technique. This review describes the health benefits and technological aspects of tea-based beverages in relation to how to best solve nutritional and microbial concerns. Current and future challenges and opportunities of the novel infusion technique and its scaling-up for the extraction of bioactive compounds are also covered in the present review.
Climate Performance, Environmental Toxins and Nutrient Density of the Underutilized Norwegian Orange-Footed Sea Cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa)

Low trophic species are often mentioned as additional food sources to achieve broader and more sustainable utilisation of the ocean. The aim of this study was to map the food potential of Norwegian orange-footed sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa). C. frondosa contained 7% protein, 1% lipids with a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a variety of micronutrients. The nutrient density scores (NDS) of C. frondosa were above average compared towards daily recommended intakes (DRI) for men and women (age 31–60) but below when capped at 100% of DRI. The concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and trace elements were in general low, except for inorganic arsenic (iAs) (0.73 mg per kg) which exceeded the limits deemed safe by food authorities. However, the small number of samples analysed for iAs lowers the ability to draw a firm conclusion. The carbon footprint from a value chain with a dredge fishery, processing in Norway and retail in Asia was assessed to 8 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq.) per kg C. frondosa, the fishery causing 90%. Although, C. frondosa has some nutritional benefits, the carbon footprint or possible content of iAs may restrict the consumption.
Effects of Phycosphere Bacteria on Their Algal Host Are Host Species-Specific and Not Phylogenetically Conserved

Phytoplankton is fundamental to life on Earth. Their productivity is influenced by the microbial communities residing in the phycosphere surrounding algal cells. Expanding our knowledge on how algal-bacterial interactions affect algal growth to more hosts and bacteria can help elucidate general principles of algal-host interactions. Here, we isolated 368 bacterial strains from phycosphere communities, right after phycosphere recruitment from pond water and after a month of lab cultivation and examined their impacts on growth of five green algal species. We isolated both abundant and rare phycosphere members, representing 18.4% of the source communities. Positive and neutral effects predominated over negative effects on host growth. The proportion of each effect type and whether the day of isolation mattered varied by host species. Bacteria affected algal carrying capacity more than growth rate, suggesting that nutrient remineralization and toxic byproduct metabolism may be a dominant mechanism. Across-host algal fitness assays indicated host-specific growth effects of our isolates. We observed no phylogenetic conservation of the effect on host growth among bacterial isolates. Even isolates with the same ASV had divergent effects on host growth. Our results emphasize highly specific host-bacterial interactions in the phycosphere and raise questions as to which mechanisms mediate these interactions.
Performance Enhancement Using Porous Slabs in a Jet Impingement Microchannel Heat Sink

Abstract Numerical study of a novel microjet impingement microchannel heat sink with porous media is proposed. Hydrothermal performance of the hybrid heat sink is investigated and compared with no porous media heat sink at Reynolds number 200 to 500 for several configurations of the porous slabs such as fully filled porous channel, bottom porous slab, side porous slab and slotted porous slabs in between two jets. Hybrid heat sink with fully filled porous media and slotted porous slab yielded lower wall temperatures; however, higher rise in pressure drop obtained. Furthermore, pressure drop is lowered remarkably with a reasonable rise in wall temperature in heat sink with slotted porous slabs. The changes in porous slab size affected abruptly the overall performance such as figure of merit. Thus, optimal size of the porous slabs as a function of Reynolds number is investigated for different configurations. The heat sink with 0.15 mm thick porous slabs at the base exhibited better overall performance at high Reynolds numbers, whereas at low Reynolds numbers, slotted porous slab of 0.5 mm length in the middle of impingements showed better overall performance. Generalized correlations of Nusselt numbers are developed for different cases helping optimize the heat sink design.
Cloud formation by combined instabilities in galactic gas layers : evidence for a Q threshold in the fragmentation of shearing wavelets

The growth of shearing wavelets in thick galactic gas disks is studied, including the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability perpendicular to the plane, various degrees of thermal instability, and the gravitational instability. Growth rates are calculated numerically for a wide range of parameter values, giving an effective dispersion relation and mass distribution function, and an approximate dispersion relation is derived analytically for the epoch of peak growth. An extensive coverage of parameter space illustrates the relative insensitivity of the gaseous shear instability to the axisymmetric stability parameter Q. The fragmentation of shearing wavelets by self-gravitational collapse parallel to the wave crest is also considered.
Event-Triggered Tracking Control for Adaptive Anti-Disturbance Problem in Systems with Multiple Constraints and Unknown Disturbances

Aimed at the objective of anti-disturbance and reducing data transmission, this article discusses a novel dynamic neural network (DNN) modeling-based anti-disturbance control for a system under the framework of an event trigger. In order to describe dynamical characteristics of irregular disturbances, exogenous DNN disturbance models with different excitation functions are firstly introduced. A novel disturbance observer-based adaptive regulation (DOBAR) method is then proposed, which can capture the dynamics of unknown disturbance. By integrating the augmented triggering condition and the convex optimization method, an effective anti-disturbance controller is then found to guarantee the system stability and the convergence of the output. Meanwhile, both the augmented state and the system output are constrained within given regions. Moreover, the Zeno phenomenon existing in event-triggered mechanisms is also successfully avoided. Simulation results for the A4D aircraft models are shown to verify the availability of the algorithm.
Advancement in the Cuffless and Noninvasive Measurement of Blood Pressure: A Review of the Literature and Open Challenges

Hypertension is a chronic condition that is one of the prominent reasons behind cardiovascular disease, brain stroke, and organ failure. Left unnoticed and untreated, the deterioration in a health condition could even result in mortality. If it can be detected early, with proper treatment, undesirable outcomes can be avoided. Until now, the gold standard is the invasive way of measuring blood pressure (BP) using a catheter. Additionally, the cuff-based and noninvasive methods are too cumbersome or inconvenient for frequent measurement of BP. With the advancement of sensor technology, signal processing techniques, and machine learning algorithms, researchers are trying to find the perfect relationships between biomedical signals and changes in BP. This paper is a literature review of the studies conducted on the cuffless noninvasive measurement of BP using biomedical signals. Relevant articles were selected using specific criteria, then traditional techniques for BP measurement were discussed along with a motivation for cuffless measurement use of biomedical signals and machine learning algorithms. The review focused on the progression of different noninvasive cuffless techniques rather than comparing performance among different studies. The literature survey concluded that the use of deep learning proved to be the most accurate among all the cuffless measurement techniques. On the other side, this accuracy has several disadvantages, such as lack of interpretability, computationally extensive, standard validation protocol, and lack of collaboration with health professionals. Additionally, the continuing work by researchers is progressing with a potential solution for these challenges. Finally, future research directions have been provided to encounter the challenges.