Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LEADERSHIP IN THE ASIAN CENTURY: LESSONS FROM GLOBE

In this paper, based on the results of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) 61-nation study of culture and leadership, we present findings related to three ‘clusters’ of countries. These clusters are: (1) the ‘Anglo culture’ cluster (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, white South Africa, UK, and USA), the ‘Southern Asia’ cluster (Iran, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines), and the ‘Confucian Asia’ cluster (China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan). Data from the GLOBE study, reporting middle managers’ perceptions of societal practices and values, and of the factors that facilitate and inhibit effective leadership will be compared across the three clusters. Results demonstrate that, despite differences in cultures, especially cultural values, perceptions of effective leadership vary substantially only in respect of the extent that participation is seen to facilitate leadership. In the Anglo cluster, participative leadership is seen as much more facilitative of leadership, than in either of the Asian clusters. Results are discussed in terms of effective leadership styles suitable for management in the twenty-first century, where Asian economies are likely to play a more dominant role than they have in recent history.
Non-occupational postexposure prophylaxis for HIV: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES To review the evidence on the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of non-occupational postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV. DATA SOURCES Eleven electronic databases were searched from inception to December 2007. REVIEW METHODS Selected studies were assessed, subjected to data extraction using a standard template and quality assessment using published criteria. Studies were synthesised using a narrative approach with full tabulation of results from all included studies. RESULTS One clinical effectiveness study meeting the inclusion criteria was identified, a cohort study of PEP in a high-risk HIV-negative homosexual male cohort in Brazil. The quality of the study was generally weak. Seroincidence in the cohort as a whole (2.9 per 100 person-years) was very similar to that expected in this population (3.1 per 100 person-years, p > 0.97), despite the seroconversion to HIV being 1/68 in the PEP group and 10/132 in the group not receiving PEP. High-risk sexual activities declined over time for both PEP and non-PEP users. Four economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria of the review. The methodological quality of the studies was mixed. The studies are constrained by a lack of published data on the clinical effectiveness of PEP after non-occupational exposure, with effectiveness data derived from one study of occupational PEP. Their generalisability to the UK is not clear. Results suggest that PEP following non-occupational exposure to HIV was cost saving for men who have unprotected receptive anal intercourse with men, whether the source partner is known to be HIV positive or not; heterosexuals after unprotected receptive anal intercourse; and intravenous drug users sharing needles with a known HIV-positive person. PEP following non-occupational exposure to HIV was cost-effective for all male-male intercourse (unprotected receptive and insertive anal intercourse, unprotected receptive oral sex, and 'other') and was possibly cost-effective for intravenous drug users and high-risk women. Four additional studies were identified giving further information about adverse events associated with PEP after non-occupational exposure to HIV. The majority of participants experienced adverse events with the most common being nausea and fatigue. Rates were generally higher in participants receiving triple therapy than in participants receiving dual therapy. Completion of PEP therapy was variable, ranging from 24% to 78% of participants depending on type of therapy. Toxicity was the main reason for discontinuation of treatment. CONCLUSIONS It is not possible to draw conclusions on the clinical effectiveness of non-occupational PEP for HIV because of the limited evidence available. The review of cost-effectiveness suggests that non-occupational PEP may be cost-effective, especially in certain population subgroups; however, the assumptions made and data sources used in the cost-effectiveness studies mean that their results should be used with caution.
The Teacher as Virtuoso: A Chinese Model for Teaching

Fourteen years ago I began to study Chinese brush painting. We started with rocks. We spent weeks working on painting a rock. Then we moved to bamboo and later poinsettias and orchids. Every evening that we had class we would first watch the teacher (an active artist herself) paint a rock, a branch of bamboo, or whatever. Then we would paint after her, copying her work stroke for stroke as best we could. We would spend the entire evening working at a table, each of us copying over and over the painting she had done for us that night. The teacher would walk around and comment on our work. She focused her attention on students who seemed quickest to learn. I, one of the slower ones and one of the two non-Chinese students in the class, felt frustrated at the pace, the lack of interaction, the apparent lack of structure or direction, and the absence of chances for creativity. Only after months of this did I come to understand the teacher’s rationale. Her philosophy was that only after mastering the form could we begin to express our creativity; the underlying approach of the class was that through structure we would be able to achieve freedom. Nine years later, this time in the People’s Republic of China rather than Taiwan, I spent two years conducting fieldwork in Chinese classrooms. I ob-
Learning Vietnamese as a heritage language in Taiwan

In 2011, the Taiwanese Government began a campaign to encourage new immigrants to teach their native languages (heritage languages) to their children. However, these heritage languages are seldom used in cross-national families and the effectiveness of formal heritage language courses in Taiwan has yet to be explored. The present study examines the influence of school and family support on children's attitudes towards heritage language learning. A structured questionnaire was developed and sent to 234 primary school pupils whose mothers are Vietnamese and fathers are Taiwanese. Results revealed that: (1) the immigrant mothers who speak Vietnamese at home with their children increased their children's motivation to learn Vietnamese as a heritage language; (2) the pupils reported that they received limited school support in their Vietnamese courses; and (3) the children who live with their immigrant parents are more motivated to learn Vietnamese than those who do not. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The collateral damage of internet censorship by DNS injection

Some ISPs and governments (most notably the Great Firewall of China) use DNS injection to block access to “unwanted” websites. The censorship tools inspect DNS queries near the ISP’s boundary routers for sensitive domain keywords and injecting forged DNS responses, blocking the users from accessing censored sites, such as twitter.com and facebook. com. Unfortunately this causes large scale collateral damage, affecting communication beyond the censored networks when outside DNS traffic traverses censored links. In this paper, we analyze the causes of the collateral damages comprehensively and measure the Internet to identify the injecting activities and their effect. We find 39 ASes in China injecting forged replies even for transit DNS traffic, and 26% of 43,000 measured open resolvers outside China, distributed in 109 countries, may suffer some collateral damage. Different from previous work, we find that most collateral damage arises from resolvers querying TLD name servers who’s transit passes through China rather than effects due to root servers (F, I, J) located in China.
Quality Assurance of Automatic Annotation of Very Large Corpora: a Study based on heterogeneous Tagging System

We propose a set of heuristics for improving annotation quality of very large corpora efficiently. The Xinhua News portion of the Chinese Gigaword Corpus was tagged independently with both the Peking University ICL tagset and the Academia Sinica CKIP tagset. The corpus-based POS tags mapping will serve as the basis of the possible contrast in grammatical systems between PRC and Taiwan. And it can serve as the basic model for mapping between the CKIP and ICL tagging systems for any data.
Employee Attitudes toward Organizational Socialization in the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Singapore

Attitudes of Chinese employees toward organizational socialization were compared in the People's Republic of China (PRC) (n = 300), Hong Kong (n = 197), and Singapore (n = 363). Employees evaluated four facets of their own socialization: (a) training received, (b) understanding of their jobs and company policies, (c) coworker support, and (d) future prospects with the organization. Scores on each factor were submitted to a multivariate analysis of variance. Results revealed that Hong Kong and Singapore employees evaluated training more highly than did PRC employees, and Hong Kong employees reported greater understanding of their jobs and company goals than did either Singapore or PRC employees. There were no significant differences among the nations on perceptions of coworker support, but all three differed on perceptions of future career prospects. Results are discussed in terms of an interaction of Western business culture and Confucian values. Implications for management are considered.
Sexual Risk Behaviors and HIV Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Who Use the Internet in Beijing and Urumqi, China

Objectives:To assess HIV and syphilis infections among men who have sex with men who use the internet (MSMUI) and their risk behaviors. Methods:In 2007, 429 MSMUI were recruited via the internet in Beijing and Urumqi, China. A questionnaire was administered, and a blood specimen was collected and tested for HIV and syphilis. Results:Median age of participants was 25 years. Median number of lifetime sexual partners was 10. 90.7% ever had sex with a cyber friend. Rates of condom use in the last oral, insertive, and receptive anal sex were 9.1%, 66.3%, and 60.4%, respectively. Infection rates of HIV, syphilis, and HIV/syphilis coinfection were 4.8%, 11.4%, and 1.7%, respectively. Factors associated with HIV infection were being ≤24 years [odds ratio (OR) = 2.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05 to 7.75], syphilis positive (OR = 4.78, 95% CI: 1.68 to 13.58), used non-water-based liquid as lubricant (OR = 8.03, 95% CI: 1.03 to 62.52), and having bleeding gums or oral ulcers during condom-free oral sex (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.13 to 8.88). Conclusions:MSMUI engage in high-risk sexual behaviors and have a high prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections. The internet is the predominant venue for the majority of MSMUI to find sexual partners. It is urgent to implement effective intervention programs targeting this group.
Real Wages and Relative Factor Prices in the Third World 1820-1940: Asia

By 1914, there were very big economic gaps between the European industrial core and countries around Asia, from Japan to what we now call Pakistan When did the gaps appear? Can they be explained by lags in the diffusion of the industrial revolution after 1780, or did the gaps appear much earlier? What about the first great globalization boom after about 1870? Which countries in Asia started catching up, which fell further behind, and which held their own? What role did globalization and demographic forces play? Conventional quantitative evidence, like Agnus Maddison's GDP data, is often too incomplete to confront these central questions. In an effort to suggest a new research agenda for the region, this essay uses a new data base on real wages and wage/rental ratios for thirteen major Asian regions -- Burma, China, India (North, South, East and West), Indonesia (Java and Outer Settlements), Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand. These thirteen regions, often documented from as early as 1820, form the data base for the paper, and they are well balanced among the three major areas consisting of South Asia (four), Southeast Asia (five) and East Asia (four) so that we can say something about "north-south gaps" within the region, as well as between it and the European core.
From a paternalistic model towards what? HRM trends in Korea and Taiwan

Purpose – Human resource management (HRM) practices have been re‐evaluated under the pressures and constraints of factors such as globalization, inward and outward investment patterns, multinational companies (MNCs), indigenous cultures and institutions. This paper aims to compare changes and continuities in key aspects of HRM in South Korea and Taiwan. It examines the impacts on HRM policies ‐ particularly employment security, extensive training, performance based pay and employee influence ‐ and the role of a core‐periphery model. Time effects, country effects and the interaction between them are explored.Design/methodology/approach – The research was undertaken across a decade at three time periods between 1996 and 2005 and in both locally‐owned firms and MNC subsidiaries using questionnaires.Findings – The authors find, first, recognizable general patterns over time; second, significant interaction effects of country and time; third, some HRM practices more culturally bounded than others.Practical imp.
The lunar moon festival and the dark side of the moon

We propose and adduce evidence for a new seasonal anomaly associated with the Lunar Moon Festival (LMF) in East Asian economies. While the LMF effect bears some resemblance to the festivity and vacation anomalies, it is mainly driven by nostalgia, historically negative associations, the full moon and uncertainty about future harvest prospects. This negative sentiment and associated increase in risk and loss aversion are responsible for reducing share turnover, return volatility and stock returns over a 2-week period. The LMF effect is the strongest for China, Taiwan and South Korea where it is not only celebrated as a public or cultural holiday but it also impacts on neighbouring stock markets where overseas Chinese investors possess significant resources. Robustness checks demonstrate that it has a distinctive and more pronounced impact than competing seasonal effects associated with lunar phases and the summer vacations.
Accessing google scholar under extreme internet censorship: a legal avenue

Internet censorship is pervasive across the world. However, in some countries like China, even legal, nonpolitical services (e.g., Google Scholar) are incidentally blocked by extreme censorship machinery. Therefore, properly accessing legal Internet services under extreme censorship becomes a critical problem. In this paper, we conduct a case study on how scholars from a major university of China access Google Scholar through a variety of middleware. We characterize the common solutions (including VPN, Tor, and Shadowsocks) by measuring and analyzing their performance, overhead, and robustness to censorship. Guided by the study, we deploy a novel solution (called ScholarCloud) to help Chinese scholars access Google Scholar with high performance, ease of use, and low overhead. This work provides an insider's view of China's Internet censorship and offers a legal avenue for coexistence with censorship.
High anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide levels and an algorithm of four variables predict radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a 10-year longitudinal study

Objectives: New effective therapies with particularly good effect on joint destruction have highlighted the need for reliable predictors of radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our objective was to assess the combined predictive role of a set of laboratory markers with regard to 10-year radiographic progression, and to examine the effect of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) level. Methods: A cohort of 238 patients with RA was followed longitudinally for 10 years with the collection of clinical data and serum samples. 125 patients with radiographs of the hands available at both baseline and after 10 years were included in this study. Radiographs were scored according to the van der Heijde modified Sharp score. Baseline sera were analysed for C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), anti-CCP, IgA rheumatoid factor (RF) and IgM RF. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of radiographic progression and to examine the effect of anti-CCP level. Results: Anti-CCP (OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.6 to 10.0) was the strongest independent predictor of radiographic progression. Female gender (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.3 to 7.6), high ESR (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 7.6) and a positive IgM RF (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.2 to 7.9) were also independent predictors. Compared with the anti-CCP-negative patients, patients with low to moderate levels of anti-CCP (OR 2.6; 95% CI 0.9 to 7.2) and patients with high levels of anti-CCP (OR 9.9; 95% CI 2.7 to 36.7) were more likely to develop radiographic progression. Conclusions: Anti-CCP, IgM RF, ESR and female gender were independent predictors of radiographic progression and could be combined into an algorithm for better prediction. Patients with high levels of anti-CCP were especially prone to radiographic progression, indicating that the anti-CCP level may add prognostic information.
Fertility Decline, Family Structure, and Support for Older Persons in Latin America and Asia

Objectives: To compare family structures and support for older persons in two Asian countries (Taiwan and the Philippines) and six urban areas in Latin America (Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Havana, Santiago, Mexico City, and Montevideo). Methods: Using the 1999 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, the 2000 Philippine Survey of the Near Elderly and Elderly, and the 2001 Pan American Health Organisation surveys on Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento en América Latina y el Caribe, descriptive tables show variations across countries in family structure, proximity, and transfers of support by the timing of the fertility transition in each location. Results: Older people in settings with earlier transitions had fewer children and more childlessness, higher levels of solitary living, and lower levels of coresidence with children. In earlier transition settings, receipt of family support was lower and provision higher. Discussion: The timing of the demographic transition has significant implications for kin availability and support.
The Hukou System and Rural-Urban Migration in China: Processes and Changes

Until recently, few people in mainland China would dispute the significance of the hukou (household registration) system in affecting their lives – indeed, in determining their fates. At the macro level, the centrality of this system has led some to argue that the industrialization strategy and the hukou system were the crucial organic parts of the Maoist model: the strategy could not have been implemented without the system. A number of China scholars in the West, notably Christiansen, Chan, Cheng and Seiden, Solinger, and Mallee, have begun in recent years to study this important subject in relation to population mobility and its social and economic ramifications. Unlike population registration systems in many other countries, the Chinese system was designed not merely to provide population statistics and identify personal status, but also directly to regulate population distribution and serve many other important objectives desired by the state. In fact, the hukou system is one of the major tools of social control employed by the state. Its functions go far beyond simply controlling population mobility.
Nanotopography In fl uences Adhesion , Spreading , and Self-Renewal of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Weiqiang Chen, Luis G. Villa-Diaz, Yubing Sun, ShinuoWeng, Jin Koo Kim, Raymond H.W. Lam, Lin Han, ) Rong Fan, ) Paul H. Krebsbach, and Jianping Fu* Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States, Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
To Notify or Not To Notify: STD Patients' Perspectives of Partner Notification in Seattle

Background and Objectives: To obtain patients' perspectives on why only some partners are notified in partner‐notification programs, the cornerstone of sexually transmitted disease (STD) control, although low proportions of partners are located and evaluated. Goals: To describe patterns of partner notification reported by persons with STD infection. Study Design: In‐depth interviews conducted in Seattle with 60 heterosexual men and women with gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, or nongonoccocal urethritis, and 19 men with gonorrhea reporting sex with men (MSM) were tape recorded, transcribed verbatim, and content analyzed. Results: The typical notification pattern was to notify a main partner but not others. Least likely to be notified were partners perceived as transmitters, contacts preceding the onset of symptoms, the oral sex and anonymous contacts of MSM, one‐time partners of men, and incarcerated and former partners of women. Fears among young heterosexual participants included gossip and violence (women). Fears among MSM included rejection. Conclusions: Partner‐notification programs should develop innovative approaches for partners perceived as transmitters, oral‐sex only contacts of MSM, and contacts preceding symptom onset.
The Implementing Strategy of Jeju Free International City as a Business Hub in Northeast Asia

Globalization has been accompanied by regional economic cooperation and integration. In the 1990s Northeast Asia, a region characterized by rapid economic growth, emerged as one of the three main economic zones in the world. At the same time, countries within the region entered a fierce competition among themselves to become one of the logistic, business, and tourism hubs of the Northeast Asian region. As globalization has progressed, links with the emerging markets in China have become increasingly important. The number of Chinese nationals traveling overseas has grown by more than 20% since 1990. Business contacts with the China have grown rapidly as well. These changes in economic and tourist environments represent a great opportunity for Jeju Island because of its geopolitical location and natural environment. Recognizing this opportunity, the Korean government adopted a strategy to make Jeju Island an international free city such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Shanghai.