Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Pesticide Resistance on Toxicity and Tolerance of Hostplant Phytochemicals in Amyelois Transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

For some polyphagous insects, adaptation to phytochemically novel plants can enhance resistance to certain pesticides, but whether pesticide resistance expands tolerance to phytochemicals has not been examined. Amyelois transitella Walker (navel orangeworm) is an important polyphagous pest of nut and fruit tree crops in California. Bifenthrin resistance, partially attributable to enhanced cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated detoxification, has been reported in an almond-infesting population exposed to intense pesticide selection. We compared the toxicity of bifenthrin and three phytochemicals–chlorogenic acid, and the furanocoumarins xanthotoxin and bergapten–to three strains of A. transitella: pyrethroid-resistant R347 (maintained in the laboratory for ∼10 generations), fig-derived FIG (in the laboratory for ∼25 generations), and CPQ–a laboratory strain derived from almonds ∼40 years ago). Whereas both Ficus carica (fig) and Prunus dulcis (almond) contain chlorogenic acid, furanocoumarins occur only in figs. Both R347 and FIG exhibited 2-fold greater resistance to the three phytochemicals compared with CPQ; surprisingly, bifenthrin resistance was highest in FIG. Piperonyl butoxide, a P450 synergist, increased toxicity of all three phytochemicals only in CPQ, implicating alternate tolerance mechanisms in R347 and FIG. To test the ability of the strains to utilize novel hostplants directly, we compared survival on diets containing seeds of Wisteria sinensis and Prosopis pallida, two non-host Fabaceae species; survival of FIG was highest and survival of R347 was lowest. Our results suggest that, while P450-mediated pesticide resistance enhances tolerance of certain phytochemicals in this species, it is only one of multiple biochemical adaptations associated with acquiring novel hostplants.
On the Role of Total Variation in Compressed Sensing

This paper considers the problem of recovering a one- or two-dimensional discrete signal which is approximately sparse in its gradient from an incomplete subset of its Fourier coefficients which have been corrupted with noise. We prove that in order to obtain a reconstruction which is robust to noise and stable to inexact gradient sparsity of order $s$ with high probability, it suffices to draw ${\cal O}$ $\! {(s {\rm log} N)}$ of the available Fourier coefficients uniformly at random. However, we also show that if one draws ${\cal O}$ ${\! (s {\rm log} N)}$ samples in accordance with a particular distribution which concentrates on the low Fourier frequencies, then the stability bounds which can be guaranteed are optimal up to log factors. Finally, we prove that in the one-dimensional case where the underlying signal is gradient sparse and its sparsity pattern satisfies a minimum separation condition, to guarantee exact recovery with high probability, for some $M
Active case finding strategy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with handheld spirometry

AbstractThe early detection and diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is critical to providing appropriate and timely treatment. We explored a new active case-finding strategy for COPD using handheld spirometry.We recruited subjects over 40 years of age with a smoking history of more than 10 pack-years who visited a primary clinic complaining of respiratory symptoms. A total of 190 of subjects were enrolled. Medical information was obtained from historical records and physical examination by general practitioners. All subjects had their pulmonary function evaluated using handheld spirometry with a COPD-6 device. Because forced expiratory volume in 6 seconds (FEV6) has been suggested as an alternative to FVC, we measured forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/FEV6 for diagnosis of airflow limitation. All subjects were then referred to tertiary referral hospitals to complete a “Could it be COPD? ” questionnaire, handheld spiromtery, and conventional spirometry. The results of each instrument were compared to evaluate the efficacy of both handheld spirometry and the questionnaire.COPD was newly diagnosed in 45 (23.7%) patients. According to our receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, sensitivity and specificity were maximal when the FEV1/FEV6 ratio was less than 77%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.759. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 72.7%, 77.1%, 50%, and 90%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve of respiratory symptoms listed on the questionnaire ranged from 0.5 to 0.65, which indicates that there is almost no difference compared with the results of handheld spirometry.The present study demonstrated the efficacy of handheld spirometry as an active case-finding tool for COPD in a primary clinical setting. This study suggested that physicians should recommend handheld spirometry for people over the age of 40, who have a smoking history of more than 10 pack-years, regardless of respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, people who have abnormal results, determined using the FEV1/FEV6 ⩽0.77 cut-off, should be referred for further conventional spirometry to confirm the diagnosis of COPD. However, further studies within the general population are necessary to establish efficacy in the public.
Transportation Economics: Theory and Practice : A Case Study Approach

Preface. 1. An overview of Transportation Acitivites. 2. Statistical Analysis of Economic Relations. 3. Transportation Demand - Divisible Goods Case. 4. Transportation Demand - Discrete Good Case. 5. Firm Production and Cost in Transportation - The Long Run. 6. Firm Produciton and Cost in Transportation - The Short Run. 7. Competition, Concentration and Market Power in Transportation. 8. Regulation, Deregulation, and Efficiency in Transportation. 9. Transportation Investment. 10. Welfare Effects of Public Sector Pricing and Investment. 11. Congestion Pricing. 12. Transportation and Land Use in Urban Areas. 13. Transportation Safety.
Auditor Association with Quarterly Financial Information: An Empirical Test

Recently, recommendations have been made that the traditional role of CPAs be expanded to include association with additional types of information and to include association short of full audits for financial information of interim periods (e.g., American Accounting Association's Committee on Basic Auditing Concepts [1972], Carmichael [1974], and American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' (AICPA) Commission on Auditors' Responsibilities [1978]). The public accounting profession has responded with new forms of auditor association with quarterly financial information (AICPA [1975; 1976; 1979]) and with financial forecasts (AICPA [1980]). These new forms of auditor association call for procedures which are more limited than those performed for traditional audits. For this reason we might expect reports issued with these varying forms of auditor association to provide less assurance than do regular audit reports. While auditors are well aware of the limits of less than full audit procedures, it is not known whether users of financial information discern such limits. Carmichael [1974, p. 69] suggests that: "Doubts about the ability of users to distinguish among different forms of assurance have slowed acceptance by auditors of the concept of levels of assurance. Many fear that users might not recognize the distinctions and would assume that the auditor was accepting the same degree of responsibility as he does for audited annual financial statements. " The SEC [1975, p. 357] noted, but rejected, the notion that investors would be unable to distinguish appropriately between different types of reports.
Does identity affect intermarriage decision ? Evidence from NLSY

The marriage gap between black and white Americans has widened since 1950s. Black women are less than half as likely to marry than white women, across all education and income levels. In 2012, nearly 50% of black women in the age group 25-50 have never been married whereas only 20% of white women in that same age group have never married. It has been hypothesized in the literature that sex-ratio imbalance of African American is the major culprit of the phenomenon due to high incarceration rate of black males, however, this explanation is only partial. We pay particular attention to the fact that black female is also the least likely group to form interracial marriage, which has not been paid much attention in the literature. In 2010, only 9% of black females married someone outside of own race, whereas the number is 36% and 26% for Asian and Hispanic women, respectively. Building on the framework of Akerlof and Kranton (2000)’s identity model, we empirically test the role of identity, a sense of self, in black females’ decision to intermarry. Two identification strategies are used to test the hypothesis of identity effects: i) fathers’ region of origin, which was categorized according to the timeline of each states decision to repeal anti-miscegenation laws, was used as a proxy for identity. ii) third-generation migrants were used as a proxy for identity under the assumption that a lag exists between assimilation to the host culture and one’s identity. The results of the empirical analysis using NLSY data indicate significant effect of identity on black female’s inter-marriage decision, which take a partial role in the current diverging marriage gap in U.S. JEL Classification: J11, J12
Public Private Partnerships: The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance

Foreword 1. The Nature of Partnerships 2. The Revolution in Infrastructure 3. The Origins of Partnerships 4. Partnerships and Conventional Procurement of Infrastructure 5. The Structure of Partnership Agreements 6. Issues in Public Private Partnerships 7. Risk Management 8. The Governance of Partnerships 9. PPPs in Emerging Markets 10. An Assessment References Index.
Pleural empyema due to group a beta-hemolytic streptococci in an adult.

palmoplantar pigmentation. Postgrad Med J 2001;77:268 & 277. 3. Cherian S. Palmoplantar pigmentation: A clue to Alkaptonuric ochronosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994:30:284-5. 4. Suwannarat P, Phornphutkul C, Bernardini I, Turner M, Gahl WA. Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation masquerading as alkaptonuria in individuals with joint pain. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:3698-701. 5. Bruce S, Tschen JA, Chow D. Exogenous ochronosis resulting from quinine njections. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:357-61. PaCO2 27.6 mmHg and PaO2 87.2 mmHg. A chest radiograph showed a small left pleural effusion. Thoracocentesis was performed and thick, foul smelling, cloudy yellowish pus aspirated and sent for bacterial culture along with a blood sample. The patient was administered parenteral antibiotics (ceftriaxone, amikacin and vancomycin) and was also started on parenteral insulin for control of the blood sugar level. However, the chest pain and breathlessness worsened over the next 12 hours. A computed tomograph (CT) scan revealed a well-defined sharply marginated collection in the left hemithorax with thickened smooth walls and loculated effusion (155×139× 84 mm).
A Novel Multifocus Image Fusion Algorithm Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform

A novel multifocus image fusion algorithm based on NSCT is proposed in this paper. In order to not only attain the image focusing properties and more visual information in the fused image, but also sensitive to the human visual perception, a local multidirection variance (LEOV) fusion rule is proposed for lowpass subband coefficient. In order to introduce more visual saliency, a modified local contrast is defined. In addition, according to the feature of distribution of highpass subband coefficients, a direction vector is proposed to constrain the modified local contrast and construct the new fusion rule for highpass subband coefficients selection The NSCT is a flexible multiscale, multidirection, and shift-invariant tool for image decomposition, which can be implemented via the atrous algorithm. The proposed fusion algorithm based on NSCT not only can prevent artifacts and erroneous from introducing into the fused image, but also can eliminate "block effect" and "frequency aliasing" phenomenon. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieved better fusion results than wavelet-based and CT-based fusion method in contrast and clarity.
Cross-display attention switching in mobile interaction with large displays

Mobile devices equipped with features (e.g., camera, network connectivity and media player) are increasingly being used for different tasks such as web browsing, document reading and photography. While the portability of mobile devices makes them desirable for pervasive access to information, their small screen real-estate often imposes restrictions on the amount of information that can be displayed and manipulated on them. On the other hand, large displays have become commonplace in many outdoor as well as indoor environments. While they provide an efficient way of presenting and disseminating information, they provide little support for digital interactivity or physical accessibility. Researchers argue that mobile phones provide an efficient and portable way of interacting with large displays, and the latter can overcome the limitations of the small screens of mobile devices by providing a larger presentation and interaction space. However, distributing user interface (UI) elements across a mobile device and a large display can cause switching of visual attention and that may affect task performance. This thesis specifically explores how the switching of visual attention across a handheld mobile device and a vertical large display can affect a single user’s task performance during mobile interaction with large displays. It introduces a taxonomy based on the factors associated with the visual arrangement of Multi Display User Interfaces (MDUIs) that can influence visual attention switching during interaction with MDUIs. It presents an empirical analysis of the effects of different distributions of input and output across mobile and large displays on the user’s task performance, subjective workload and preference in the multiple-widget selection task, and in visual search tasks with maps, texts and photos. Experimental results show that the selection of multiple widgets replicated on the mobile device as well as on the large display, versus those shown only on the large display, is faster despite the cost of initial attention switching in the former. On the other hand, a hybrid UI configuration where the visual output is distributed across the mobile and large displays is the worst, or equivalent to the worst, configuration in all the visual search tasks. A mobile device-controlled large display configuration performs best in the map search task and equal to best (i.e., tied with a mobile-only configuration) in textand photo-search tasks.
Reversible Methotrexate‐Induced Dementia: A Case Report

drome based on Japanese nationwide epidemiological survey. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013;13:475–481. 3. Mori S, Morisaki N, Murano S et al. Fatty liver as a complication of patients with Werner’s syndrome. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1988;25:626–631. 4. Hashizume H, Sato K, Takagi H et al. Werner syndrome as a possible cause of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Pathol 2009;62:1043–1045. 5. Mori S, Murano S, Yokote K et al. Enhanced intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation in patients with Werner’s syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:292–295. 6. Yokote K, Honjo S, Kobayashi K et al. Metabolic improvement and abdominal fat redistribution in Werner syndrome by pioglitazone. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1582–1583. 7. Goto M, Iwaki-Egawa S, Watanabe Y. Ageing in Werner syndrome. Biosci Trends 2012;6:33–37. 8. Bhuvaneswari S, Yogalakshmi B, Sreeja S et al. Astaxanthin reduces hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated inflammation in high fructose and high fat diet-fed mice. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014;19:183–191. 9. Onishi S, Takemoto M, Ishikawa T et al. Japanese diabetic patients with Werner syndrome exhibit high incidence of cancer. Acta Diabetol 2012;49 (Suppl 1):S259–S260. 10. Okano H, Isono Y, Tanaka H et al. Primary liver tumor associated with Werner syndrome (adult progeria). Hepatol Res 2011;41:1260–1265.
What happens when children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder grow up?

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder1 and the associated hyperkinetic disorder,2 hereafter both referred to as ADHD, are the most prevalent and best researched of all the childhood mental illnesses. Although not diagnostically identical, the combined type ADHD and ICD-10 hyperkinetic disorder have sufficient in common for research into the two to be considered in parallel. They are, as we shall see, common, disabling and probably neurobiologically based. The received wisdom over the years has been that ADHD is a disorder of childhood whose symptoms lessen over time;3,4 consequently little attention was paid to the possibility that it might continue into adulthood. But is this old consensus correct? What does happen to the children who have ADHD? The diagnosis and treatment of ADHD is a perplexing area for the child and adolescent psychiatrist, and in the opinion of some clinicians and researchers the check-lists of the DSM-IV and ICD-10 do little justice to the psychosocial and behavioural aspects of hyperkinetic activities.5 Moreover, review of the published work is hampered by the numerous changes in diagnostic criteria over the years.6 The notion that ADHD phenomena reflect other disorders, rather than being core components of a nosologically separate identity, persisted (particularly in the UK) long after the discovery by Bradley in 1937 that stimulant medication has a calming effect on hyperactive children.7 However, as the diagnostic tools have become more robust and the evidence to support pharmacological treatment has become stronger, the doubters are now in a minority. The attention dyscontrol–impulsivity–hyperactivity triad is widely accepted not only as a formal mental disorder but also as one whose diagnosis and management, both pharmacological and psychosocial, can offer profound benefit for the child and family. Because ADHD was diagnosed and managed principally by child and adolescent psychiatrists, the long-term fate of the patients suffered relative neglect. The likelihood of remission seemed to be supported by a steady reduction in symptoms over time.8 However, the dearth of information has been substantially remedied over the past two decades and the possibility of ADHD as an adult diagnosis is gaining ground—opening treatment options for those affected. This paper explores existing knowledge and potential areas for further research.
Typeful Continuations

Continuation-passing style translations, or CPS, are used notably in compilers. They make a functional program more explicit by sequentializing its computations and reifying its control. They have been used as an intermediate language in many compilers. Yet, we cannot directly use Plotkin’s original CPS translation to design compilers, for several reasons: i) the resulting terms it produces are verbose (they contain “administrative redexes”, a well-studied problem) and ineﬃcient (they perform nested beta-reductions sequentially); and ii) their loose syntax can hide possible further optimizations, in particular tail call elimination. These issues have been solved in isolation and on paper, but never combined together and formalized, which i) is necessary to scale to safe, full-featured optimizing compilers and ii) is not a mere juxtaposition of the techniques but requires insight on the design of CPS translations themselves. We propose to design and implement in OCaml a compacting, optimizing CPS translation, while using OCaml’s type system to verify that it maps well-typed terms to well-typed terms in a tightly restricted syntactical form (the “typeful” approach to formalization). The resulting artifact can be used directly to design optimizing compilers, and the path towards it oﬀers a tutorial on optimizing CPS translations, and yet another use case for OCaml’s advanced type system.
Standardizing the Term “Strategy” in Retail and Business Curriculum

Strategy is a key concept in retail and business education. Yet, this important term has evolved to include many definitions, which can create confusion in the classroom environment. This paper proposes a standardized use of the term “strategy” in retail and business classrooms. It suggests a focused definition of strategy as “the principle that guides and inspires an organization to achieve optimum and long-term business performance by obtaining and sustaining competitive advantages. ” It also outlines the development and definitions of strategy and discusses issues and concerns regarding the various definitions of strategy in academia. The study supports the need for clarification and efforts to incorporate standardized language into retail and business classroom settings. Keywords: Business, Competitive advantage, Curriculum, Education, Pedagogy, Retail, Strategy, Tactics.
Durham E-Theses Self-re ection as dialectic: How we can follow the Delphian calling to self-knowledge whilst avoiding Narcissus' fate

Self-reflection refers to our ability to think about ourselves and our lives and to ask and answer questions ranging from “Who am I? ” to “Why did I do this? ”. It is thus considered a valuable means to gain self-knowledge. Structurally, reflection involves two elements, a reflecting and a reflected-on, in other words a subject and an object. In the case of selfreflection, subject and object are the same, the reflecting is the reflected-on. As subject and object are traditionally conceived of as radically opposed i.e. mutually exclusive, this situation has led to considering self-reflection problematic: If self-reflection is always reflection on an object, it is thought that self-reflection cannot yield insight into oneself qua subject and might even represent a danger to one’s subjectivity which is characteristic of lived life. Refuting the mutual exclusiveness of subject and object, self-reflection can be regained as a valuable means to gain self-knowledge. It is thereby going to be demonstrated that self-reflection has a dialectical structure. The nature of the self-knowledge yielded by self-reflection conceived of as dialectic is going to be explored. A final part shows how a dialectical account of selfreflection proves useful in clarifying the role which self-reflection plays in schizophrenia. I declare that this essay is 14410 words long Anke Maatz Supervisor: Dr B. Smith References in Harvard Style