Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FOCUS: An Enhanced Learning to Crawl Web Forums

In this paper, we present Forum Crawler under Supervision (FoCUS), a supervised web-scale forum crawler. The goal of FoCUS is to crawl relevant forum content from the web with minimal overhead. Forum threads contain information content that is the target of forum crawlers. Although forums have different layouts or styles and are powered by different forum software packages, they always have similar implicit navigation paths connected by specific URL types to lead users from entry pages to thread pages. Based on this observation, we reduce the web forum crawling problem to a URL-type recognition problem. And we show how to learn accurate and effective regular expression patterns of implicit navigation paths from automatically created training sets using aggregated results from weak page type classifiers. Robust page type classifiers can be trained from as few as five annotated forums and applied to a large set of unseen forums. Our test results show that FoCUS achieved over 98 percent effectiveness and 97 percent coverage on a large set of test forums powered by over 150 different forum software packages. In addition, the results of applying FoCUS on more than 100 community Question and Answer sites and Blog sites demonstrated that the concept of implicit navigation path could apply to other social media sites.
Antigen-specific memory NK cell responses against HIV and influenza use the NKG2/HLA-E axis

Multiple studies have broadened the roles of natural killer (NK) cells functioning as purely innate lymphocytes by demonstrating that they are capable of putative antigen-specific immunological memory against multiple infectious agents including HIV-1 and influenza. However, the mechanisms underlying antigen specificity remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that antigen-specific human NK cell memory develops upon exposure to both HIV and influenza, unified by a conserved and epitope-specific targetable mechanism largely dependent on the activating CD94/NKG2C receptor and its ligand HLA-E. We validated the permanent acquisition of antigen specificity by individual memory NK cells by single-cell cloning. We identified elevated expression of KLRG1, α4β7, and NKG2C as biomarkers of antigen-specific NK cell memory through complex immunophenotyping. Last, we uncovered individual HLA-E–restricted peptides that may constitute the dominant NK cell response in HIV-1– and influenza-infected persons in vivo. Our findings clarify the mechanisms contributing to antigen-specific memory NK cell responses and suggest that they could be potentially targeted therapeutically for vaccines or other therapeutic interventions. Antigen-specific memory natural killer cell responses develop against HIV-1 and influenza virus and partly rely on the NKG2/HLA-E axis. Editor’s Summary: Natural killer (NK) cells are well known for their innate immune functions, but several studies have alluded to their ability to develop antigen-specific memory responses. Here, Jost et al. characterize antigen-specific NK cell memory responses in humans exposed to HIV-1 or influenza virus. They determined that epitope specificity was mediated by activating CD94/NKG2C receptors engaging with peptides presented by HLA-E. Antigen-specific memory NK cells also showed up-regulation of KLRG1 and α4β7, further defining attributes of this subset. These findings provide critical insights into mechanisms associated with antigen-specific memory NK cell responses that can potentially contribute to the development of vaccines and targeted therapies. —Christiana Fogg
Adjudicative Competence in the Context of a Defendant's Absence from Trial after a Suicide Attempt

Defendants who are facing criminal charges in the United States have a constitutional right to be present at trial. This right can be voluntarily waived; for such a waiver to be valid, the defendant must be competent to waive the right to be present at trial. There have been several cases where a defendant is absent from trial because of a suicide attempt, and in these cases the courts must determine whether it is necessary to pause the criminal trial to allow for a competence hearing to take place. The U.S. Supreme Court offered guidance on this matter in its ruling in Drope v. Missouri; however, the Court did not clearly define the threshold for requiring a competence hearing when defendants attempt suicide during trial. Subsequent judicial rulings have provided insights into how courts might proceed when a criminal defendant is absent from trial following a suicide attempt. This topic has relevance to forensic psychiatry, as forensic psychiatrists may be called upon to participate in evaluations of adjudicative competence in these scenarios.
A Potential Reason for a More CP El Nino‐Like SSTA Performance in CMIP6 Simulations

A systematic bias of the extremely westward zonal current (EWZC) was revealed over the equatorial Pacific in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) models. It tends to weaken the modeled interannual variability of equatorial zonal current anomaly (ZCA) with its maximum variability concentrated in the western Pacific. A mixed‐layer heat budget analysis demonstrates that the simulation of mean circulation effect is slightly affected by the zonal current bias. However, the zonal advective feedback is closely linked to the biased equatorial ZCA variability and is overestimated (underestimated) in the Niño‐4 (Niño‐3) region. The magnitude of zonal advective feedback is even greater than that of thermocline feedback and becomes the most dominant process contributing to the growth of mixed‐layer temperature anomaly tendency in the Niño‐4 region. Such a bias is essential for a more central‐Pacific El Niño‐like performance in CMIP6 models.
Lightweight private 5G network empowers industrial internet: solution framework and use case

5G is an essential platform for realizing industrial upgrading. Various industries including manufacturing have established a wide range of 5G-enabled use cases. Many of the networks used in these use cases are private network or networks created specifically for use by business customers. Thus, the private 5G network is expected to carry significant future business traffic. This paper introduces China Telecom's private 5G network technology networking mode and provides architecture proposals for an end-to-end customized solution. Afterward, this paper considers critical aspects, particularly the key performance indicator in URLLC capabilities, and experimental performance results can reach the requirement.
Decentralized Compromise-Tolerant Public Key Management Ecosystem with Threshold Validation

—This paper examines the vulnerabilities inherent in prevailing Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) systems reliant on centralized Certificate Authorities (CAs), wherein a compromise of the CA introduces risks to the integrity of public key management. We present PKChain, a decentralized and compromise-tolerant public key management system built on blockchain technology, offering transparent, tamper-resistant, and verifiable services for key operations such as registration, update, query, validation, and revocation. Our innovative approach involves a novel threshold block validation scheme that combines a novel threshold cryptographic scheme with blockchain consensus. This scheme allows each validator to validate each public key record partially and proactively secures it before inclusion in a block. Additionally, to further validate and verify each block and to facilitate public verification of the public key records, we introduce an aggregate commitment signature scheme. Our contribution extends to the development of a new, efficient, and practical Byzantine Compromise-Tolerant and Verifiable (pBCTV) consensus model, integrating the proposed validation and signature schemes with practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT). Through a comprehensive examination encompassing security analysis, performance evaluation, and a prototype implementation, we substantiate that PKChain is a secure, efficient, and robust solution for public key management.
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV

A revised and updated classification for the families of the flowering plants is provided. Newly adopted orders include Austrobaileyales, Canellales, Gunnerales, Crossosomatales and Celastrales. Pertinent literature published since the first APG classification is included, such that many additional families are now placed in the phylogenetic scheme. Among these are Hydnoraceae (Piperales), Nartheciaceae (Dioscoreales), Corsiaceae (Liliales), Triuridaceae (Pandanales), Hanguanaceae (Commelinales), Bromeliacae, Mayacaceae and Rapateaceae (all Poales), Barbeuiaceae and Gisekiaceae (both Caryophyllales), Geissolomataceae, Strasburgeriaceae and Vitaceae (unplaced to order, but included in the rosids), Zygophyllaceae (unplaced to order, but included in eurosids I), Bonnetiaceae, Ctenolophonaceae, Elatinaceae, Ixonanthaceae, Lophopyxidaceae, Podostemaceae (Malpighiales), Paracryphiaceae (unplaced in euasterid II), Sladeniaceae, Pentaphylacaceae (Ericales) and Cardiopteridaceae (Aquifoliales). Several major families are recircumscribed. Salicaceae are expanded to include a large part of Flacourtiaceae, including the type genus of that family; another portion of former Flacourtiaceae is assigned to an expanded circumscription of Achariaceae. Euphorbiaceae are restricted to the uniovulate subfamilies; Phyllanthoideae are recognized as Phyllanthaceae and Oldfieldioideae as Picrodendraceae. Scrophulariaceae are recircumscribed to include Buddlejaceae and Myoporaceae and exclude several former members; these are assigned to Calceolariaceae, Orobanchaceae and Plantaginaceae. We expand the use of bracketing families that could be included optionally in broader circumscriptions with other related families; these include Agapanthaceae and Amaryllidaceae in Alliaceae s.l. , Agavaceae, Hyacinthaceae and Ruscaceae (among many other Asparagales) in Asparagaceae s.l. , Dichapetalaceae in Chrysobalanaceae, Turneraceae in Passifloraceae, Erythroxylaceae in Rhizophoraceae, and Diervillaceae, Dipsacaceae, Linnaeaceae, Morinaceae and Valerianaceae in Caprifoliaceae s.l. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 141 , 399‐436.
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants : APG IV THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP 1 *

Recommended citation: APG IV (2016). This paper was compiled by James W. Byng, Mark W. Chase, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Michael F. Fay, Walter S. Judd, David J. Mabberley, Alexander N. Sennikov, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis and Peter F. Stevens, who were equally responsible and listed here in alphabetical order only, with contributions from Barbara Briggs, Samuel Brockington, Alain Chautems, John C. Clark, John Conran, Elspeth Haston, Michael M€ oller, Michael Moore, Richard Olmstead, Mathieu Perret, Laurence Skog, James Smith, David Tank, Maria Vorontsova and Anton Weber. Addresses: M. W. Chase, M. J. M. Christenhusz, M. F. Fay, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK; J. W. Byng, M. J. M. Christenhusz, Plant Gateway, 5 Talbot Street, Hertford, Hertfordshire SG13 7BX, UK; J. W. Byng, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK; M. W. Chase, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; W. S. Judd, D. E. Soltis, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA; D. J. Mabberley, Wadham College, University of Oxford, UK; Universiteit Leiden and Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Macquarie University and National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; A. N. Sennikov, Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 7, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland and Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov 2, RU-197376, St. Petersburg, Russia; D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA; P. F. Stevens, Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis and Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA.
Translation in Bacillus subtilis is spatially and temporally coordinated during sporulation

Translational control during the intricate process of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis as a response to nutrient limitation is still underexplored. Here, we employed a comprehensive approach including RNA-seq, ribosome profiling and fluorescence microscopy to dissect the translational landscape of B. subtilis during sporulation. We identified two events of translation silencing and described the spatiotemporal changes in the subcellular location of translational machinery during sporulation. Using a triple knock-out strain (3KO) of zinc-independents paralogs of three zinc-dependent ribosomal proteins L31, L33 and S14, we investigated the potential regulatory role of ribosome during sporulation. The 3KO strain exhibited delayed sporulation, reduced germination efficiency, and dysregulated translation including expression of key metabolic and sporulation-related genes as well as disruptions in translation silencing, particularly in late sporulation.
Disturbances can facilitate prior invasions more than subsequent invasions in microbial communities

Invasions by microorganisms are commonly found to benefit from disturbance events. However, the importance of the relative timing and order of the invasion and disturbance for invader success remains uncertain. Here, by invading a stably coexisting community of five bacterial species at four different propagule pressures on eight separate occasions – four pre-disturbance and four post-disturbance – we experimentally tested the importance of timing and order for the invader’s success. Furthermore, we quantified the impact of the invader on the composition of the resident community. Across a range of invader densities, both pre- and post-disturbance invader success was greatest the closer in time to the disturbance. While the greatest invasion success occurred when the invasion immediately followed the disturbance, invasion resistance rapidly recovered, such that the three subsequent invasions had negligible success. As a consequence, overall invader success was greatest pre-than post-disturbance. We found that invasion day as well as success significantly affected resident diversity, such that it was lowest in communities invaded immediately after the disturbance, but was overall lower in communities invaded pre-disturbance. Overall, these results demonstrate that invading immediately after a disturbance is highly beneficial for invader success and results in the biggest change to community composition. Importantly however, they also show that this window of opportunity is very brief, and that, on average, an invader will have a greater success and effect on community composition if it invades before a disturbance.
Beyond Accuracy: Measuring Representation Capacity of Embeddings to Preserve Structural and Contextual Information

Effective representation of data is crucial in various machine learning tasks, as it captures the underlying structure and context of the data. Embeddings have emerged as a powerful technique for data representation, but evaluating their quality and capacity to preserve structural and contextual information remains a challenge. In this paper, we address this need by proposing a method to measure the \textit{representation capacity} of embeddings. The motivation behind this work stems from the importance of understanding the strengths and limitations of embeddings, enabling researchers and practitioners to make informed decisions in selecting appropriate embedding models for their specific applications. By combining extrinsic evaluation methods, such as classification and clustering, with t-SNE-based neighborhood analysis, such as neighborhood agreement and trustworthiness, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the representation capacity. Additionally, the use of optimization techniques (bayesian optimization) for weight optimization (for classification, clustering, neighborhood agreement, and trustworthiness) ensures an objective and data-driven approach in selecting the optimal combination of metrics. The proposed method not only contributes to advancing the field of embedding evaluation but also empowers researchers and practitioners with a quantitative measure to assess the effectiveness of embeddings in capturing structural and contextual information. For the evaluation, we use $3$ real-world biological sequence (proteins and nucleotide) datasets and performed representation capacity analysis of $4$ embedding methods from the literature, namely Spike2Vec, Spaced $k$-mers, PWM2Vec, and AutoEncoder.
Working Papers / Documents de travail

This survey paper reviews the recent Bayesian literature on poverty measurement. After introducing Bayesian statistics, we show how Bayesian model criticism could help to revise the international poverty line. Using mixtures of lognormals to model income, we derive the posterior distribution for the FGT, Watts and Sen poverty indices, then for TIP curves (with an illustration on child poverty in Germany) and finally for Growth Incidence Curves. The relation of restricted stochastic dominance with TIP and GIC dominance is detailed with an example on UK data. Using panel data, we show how to decompose poverty into total, chronic and transient poverty, comparing child and adult poverty in East Germany when redistribution is introduced. When a panel is not available, a Gibbs sampler is used to build a pseudo panel. We illustrate poverty dynamics by examining the consequences of the Wall on poverty entry and poverty persistence in occupied West Bank.
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of how deaf children process three Mandarin tones

Objective: This study aims to investigate the brain activity patterns of both deaf and hearing children during the processing of three different tones (first tone, second tone, and third tone) utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Furthermore, the study seeks to identify disparities in brain activation regions between deaf and hearing children while engaged in the tone processing task. Methods: The study enlisted a cohort of five deaf children and two hearing children as participants. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were conducted on these subjects utilizing an fMRI scanner. The acquired fMRI data underwent preprocessing and subsequent analysis to scrutinize the patterns of brain activity. Results: During tone recognition tasks, it becomes evident that deaf children and hearing children exhibit variations in brain activation regions. These discrepancies manifest across multiple areas, including the pre-central gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, supplementary motor area, superior parietal lobe, and interior frontal gyrus, among others. A comparative analysis suggests the possibility that the brains of deaf children demonstrate heightened plasticity and compensatory mechanisms. These findings significantly contribute to the comprehension of the neural underpinnings of tone processing, potentially enhancing intervention strategies. Moreover, they furnish a theoretical foundation for the language development and rehabilitation of deaf children.
Key technologies of WSN remote monitoring system for Xinjiang coalfield fire

For the real-time, on-site, direct monitoring of coalfield fire area temperature, we developed a permanent WSN monitoring system with the functions of continuous collection, high temperature detection, remote control, etc. By designing the software and hardware of SPI interface between the JN5139 chip and the MAX31855 with K type thermocouple, we developed a new type of high temperature sensor node, which temperature range extended to  40°C ~ 1300°C from standard WSN node temperature range. This node can be placed directly on the underground burned area roadway for on-site monitoring. The solar power supply device with protective circuit and low power consumption peripheral circuit provide the data acquisition network with a sustainable energy for all-weather and real-time monitoring. In the uplink data transmission through mobile communication network and Internet to the monitoring center, the heartbeat packets mechanism without manual intervention was used to automatic reconnection, which keeps the link unobstructed to realize the remote control monitoring. The monitoring system that deployed in 12 fire areas of Xinjiang has worked for 45 mouths, and that means technical measures used can guarantee the long-term stability operation of the monitoring system without maintenance. Urumqi monitoring center has received more than 110 ten thousand field information that can be preserved permanently and queried freely after authorized. This information provides basic data for the management of large area of coal spontaneous combustion fire area in Xinjiang and for governance results defend. Keywords—WSN;real-time; high temperature; bidirectional communication; remote control; heartbeat package
Short term forecasting of large scale wind-driven wildfires using thermal imaging and inverse modelling techniques

A key factor in decision-making process during a wildfire incident is counting on the forecast of how the fire is likely to behave in different fuels, weather conditions and terrain. Wildfire models and simulators attempt to assist fire responders in gaining understanding of the fire behaviour. The main hurdle to overcome when applying such technologies at operational level is the lack of a complete model that describes wildfire governing physics and the trade-off between accuracy and computing time. A forecasting prediction must be delivered within a positive lead time and current physical models are far beyond this requirement. Inverse modelling and data assimilation techniques offer a great potential of operational applicability in wildfires, coupling fire monitoring and fire behaviour forecast at real time. With this approach, a better description of the processes simulated by the fire behaviour models can be achieved when adding real-state information of the system, since discrepancies between simulated fire behaviour variables and observed variables are minimized. The use of this approach accelerates fire simulations without loss of forecast accuracy. In this paper we explore the adaptation to real fire scenarios of a synthetic-data-based inverse modelling structure for fire behaviour forecast. Improvements are investigated to extrapolate the already existing algorithm to real data assimilation from IR aerial monitoring. The technique explores elliptical Huygens expansion coupled with simple -yet effective- semi-empirical wildfire models. The algorithm assimilates fire fronts positions extracted from airborne thermal imaging and additional available data as wind speed and direction or fuel characteristics. The invariants -set of governing parameters that are mutually independent and constant for a significant amount of time- are resolved by means of forward model and linear tangent minimization. The technique has been adapted to be employed in large-scale mallee-heath shrubland fires experiments conducted in South Australia in 2008. Fires were filmed with a helicopter transported TIR camera. The IR images were processed to obtain the position of the fire perimeter at a maximum frequency of one isochrone every 10 seconds. The algorithm shows great capability to simulate fire fronts observations and opens the door to keep developing a fully automatic data assimilation algorithm with forecasting capacity.