Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Balanced-chromatic number and Hadwiger-like conjectures

Motivated by different characterizations of planar graphs and the 4-Color Theorem, several structural results concerning graphs of high chromatic number have been obtained. Toward strengthening some of these results, we consider the \emph{balanced chromatic number}, $\chi_b(\hat{G})$, of a signed graph $\hat{G}$. This is the minimum number of parts into which the vertices of a signed graph can be partitioned so that none of the parts induces a negative cycle. This extends the notion of the chromatic number of a graph since $\chi(G)=\chi_b(\tilde{G})$, where $\tilde{G}$ denotes the signed graph obtained from~$G$ by replacing each edge with a pair of (parallel) positive and negative edges. We introduce a signed version of Hadwiger's conjecture as follows. Conjecture: If a signed graph $\hat{G}$ has no negative loop and no $\tilde{K_t}$-minor, then its balanced chromatic number is at most $t-1$. We prove that this conjecture is, in fact, equivalent to Hadwiger's conjecture and show its relation to the Odd Hadwiger Conjecture. Motivated by these results, we also consider the relation between subdivisions and balanced chromatic number. We prove that if $(G, \sigma)$ has no negative loop and no $\tilde{K_t}$-subdivision, then it admits a balanced $\frac{79}{2}t^2$-coloring. This qualitatively generalizes a result of Kawarabayashi (2013) on totally odd subdivisions.
DePA: Improving Non-autoregressive Translation with Dependency-Aware Decoder

Non-autoregressive machine translation (NAT) models have lower translation quality than autoregressive translation (AT) models because NAT decoders do not depend on previous target tokens in the decoder input. We propose a novel and general Dependency-Aware Decoder (DePA) to enhance target dependency modeling in the decoder of fully NAT models from two perspectives: decoder self-attention and decoder input. First, we propose an autoregressive forward-backward pre-training phase before NAT training, which enables the NAT decoder to gradually learn bidirectional target dependencies for the final NAT training. Second, we transform the decoder input from the source language representation space to the target language representation space through a novel attentive transformation process, which enables the decoder to better capture target dependencies. DePA can be applied to any fully NAT models. Extensive experiments show that DePA consistently improves highly competitive and state-of-the-art fully NAT models on widely used WMT and IWSLT benchmarks by up to 1.88 BLEU gain, while maintaining the inference latency comparable to other fully NAT models.
A novel similarity measure approach for time series based on PLA and DTW

Dynamic time warping (DTW) is the most popular method for time series similarity measure. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to deal with two problems of DTW: “singularity” and high time complexity. Firstly, to solve the “singularity” problem, we propose the summation dynamic time series warping (SDTW) by considering both point values and derivatives without extra parameters. Secondly, we integrate piecewise linear approximation (PLA) and SDTW as PLA-SDTW to reduce the time consumption of SDTW. We empirically compare our new approach to other techniques and demonstrate its superiority in time complexity and similarity measure.
Thrombolytic therapy in ischemic limbs: Is it a worthwhile therapeutic option?

Theoretically thrombolysis provides an attractive option in the therapy of the acutely ischemic limb. This is particularly so since thrombosis on the background of arteriosclerotic disease has become the common presenting cause, whereas previously the main cause was embolic disease. This consideration also applies to the acutely occluded peripheral vascular graft. Eighty-four patients who were treated with urokinase during a 24-month period were studied retrospectively. Thrombosis was the cause of occlusion in 68 patients (80.9%), and embolus was the cause in 16 (19.0%). In 17 patients (20.2%) there was occlusion of a bypass graft, and in 67 patients (79.7%) there was occlusion of the native artery. We also studied the effect of thrombolysis with acute occlusion in 25 patients who were diabetic. The time from onset of symptoms to beginning of treatment was also considered. We believe that thrombolysis should have a place in the treatment of the acutely occluded limb, but the physician should be aware of the potential complications of thrombolytics, particularly hemorrhage. Furthermore, an adequate infrastructure should be in place consisting of properly trained nursing staff and an angiography facility providing service on a 24-hour basis.
Antitetanus toxoid antibodies in mothers and neonates: a single-centre study from Uganda

Background Neonatal mortality due to tetanus persists in Uganda despite the mandatory vaccination of pregnant mothers. Maternal antibodies wane within a year. Uganda’s maternal vaccination guidelines do not specify the timing or frequency of tetanus shots, contributing to suboptimal transfer of tetanus antibodies to neonates. We aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with protective tetanus antibodies among newborns at Kawempe National Referral Hospital. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among 293 mother-newborn pairs. At delivery, neonatal cord and maternal venous blood were collected and titred for antitetanus antibodies using a quantitative ELISA kit. The primary outcome of the study was the proportion of newborn babies with tetanus antibodies ≥0.1 IU/mL. Associated factors were determined using generalised linear models for the Poisson family with a log link and robust variance estimation. Results A total of 258/293 (88.1%) newborns had protective antibody titres. Factors associated with adequate protective antibodies in the newborn included: high (≥0.1 IU/mL) maternal antibody titres, first antenatal visit ≥12 weeks of gestation and receiving a tetanus toxoid (TT) shot ≥28 weeks of gestation. However, number of doses received before current pregnancy was not associated with adequate protective antibody titres. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of adequate protective levels of antibodies among TT-vaccinated mothers. Maternal titres and a third trimester TT dose correlate with adequate levels of protective anti-TT antibodies among newborns. A third trimester TT dose is recommended.
Assembly Line Balancing Based on Beam Ant Colony Optimisation

We use a hybrid approach which executes ant colony algorithm in combination with beam search (ACO-BS) to solve the Simple Assembly Line Balancing Problem (SALBP). The objective is to minimise the number of workstations for a given fixed cycle time, in order to improve the solution quality and speed up the searching process. The results of 269 benchmark instances show that 95.54% of the problems can reach their optimal solutions within 360 CPU time seconds. In addition, we choose order strength and time variability as indicators to measure the complexity of the SALBP instances and then generate 27 instances with a total of 400 tasks (the problem size being much larger than that of the largest benchmark instance) randomly, with the order strength at 0.2, 0.6 and 0.9 three levels and the time variability at 5-15, 65-75, and 135-145 levels. However, the processing times are generated following a unimodal or a bimodal distribution. The comparison results with solutions obtained by priority rule show that ACO-BS makes significant improvements on the quality of the best solutions.
Light propagation in a neutron detector based on 6Li glass scintillator particles in an organic matrix

Composite materials consisting of 6Li scintillator particles in an organic matrix can enable thermal neutron detectors with excellent rejection of gamma-ray backgrounds. The efficiency of transporting scintillation light through such a composite is critical to the detector performance. This optical raytracing study of a composite thermal neutron detector quantifies the various sources of scintillation light loss and identifies favorable photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout schemes. The composite material consisted of scintillator cubes within an organic matrix shaped as a right cylinder. The cylinder surface was surrounded by an optical reflector, and the light was detected by PMTs attached to the cylinder end faces. A reflector in direct contact with the composite caused 53% loss of scintillation light. This loss was reduced 8-fold by creating an air gap between the composite and the reflector to allow a fraction of the scintillation light to propagate by total internal reflection. Replacing a liquid mineral oil matrix with a solid acrylic matrix decreased the light transport efficiency by only ∼10% for the benefit of creating an all-solid-state device. The light propagation loss was found to scale exponentially with the distance between the scintillation event and the PMT along the cylinder main axis. This enabled a PMT readout scheme that corrects for light propagation loss on an event-by-event basis and achieved a 4.0% energy resolution that approached Poisson-limited performance. These results demonstrate that composite materials can enable practical thermal neutron detectors for a wide range of nuclear non-proliferation and safeguard applications.Composite materials consisting of 6Li scintillator particles in an organic matrix can enable thermal neutron detectors with excellent rejection of gamma-ray backgrounds. The efficiency of transporting scintillation light through such a composite is critical to the detector performance. This optical raytracing study of a composite thermal neutron detector quantifies the various sources of scintillation light loss and identifies favorable photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout schemes. The composite material consisted of scintillator cubes within an organic matrix shaped as a right cylinder. The cylinder surface was surrounded by an optical reflector, and the light was detected by PMTs attached to the cylinder end faces. A reflector in direct contact with the composite caused 53% loss of scintillation light. This loss was reduced 8-fold by creating an air gap between the composite and the reflector to allow a fraction of the scintillation light to propagate by total internal reflection. Replacing a liquid miner.
High‐Fidelity Hybrid Quantum Gates between a Flying Photon and Diamond Nitrogen‐Vacancy Centers Assisted by Low‐Q Single‐Sided Cavities

High‐fidelity universal quantum gates are crucial in quantum computing. Three high‐fidelity universal quantum gates, namely the hybrid controlled NOT gate, the hybrid Toffoli gate, and the hybrid Fredkin gate, on a flying photon qubit and diamond nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers, assisted by low‐Q single‐sided cavities, are presented. Errors due to the imperfection of the practical input–output process are detected to improve the fidelity of these quantum gates, which therefore relaxes the requirement on their implementation, since strong coupling is no longer mandatory. In addition, quantum gates have the advantage that they can work faithfully even when the resonant condition among the NV center, the photon, and the cavity is not strictly satisfied, or the NV centers are not identical. The performance and success probability of these quantum gates are analyzed, finding that these schemes are feasible with current technology.
The Human Side of Fuzzing: Challenges Faced by Developers During Fuzzing Activities

Fuzz testing, also known as fuzzing, is a software testing technique aimed at identifying software vulnerabilities. In recent decades, fuzzing has gained increasing popularity in the research community. However, existing studies led by fuzzing experts mainly focus on improving the coverage and performance of fuzzing techniques. That is, there is still a gap in empirical knowledge regarding fuzzing, especially about the challenges developers face when they adopt fuzzing. Understanding these challenges can provide valuable insights to both practitioners and researchers on how to further improve fuzzing processes and techniques. We conducted a study to understand the challenges encountered by developers during fuzzing. More specifically, we first manually analyzed 829 randomly sampled fuzzing-related GitHub issues and constructed a taxonomy consisting of 39 types of challenges (22 related to the fuzzing process itself, 17 related to using external fuzzing providers). We then surveyed 106 fuzzing practitioners to verify the validity of our taxonomy and collected feedback on how the fuzzing process can be improved. Our taxonomy, accompanied with representative examples and highlighted implications, can serve as a reference point on how to better adopt fuzzing techniques for practitioners, and indicates potential directions researchers can work on toward better fuzzing approaches and practices.
Surface Light Fields for 3D Photography

A surface light field is a function that assigns a color to each ray originating on a surface. Surface light fields are well suited to constructing virtual images of shiny objects under complex lighting conditions. This paper presents a framework for construction, compression, interactive rendering, and rudimentary editing of surface light fields of real objects. Generalizations of vector quantization and principal component analysis are used to construct a compressed representation of an object's surface light field from photographs and range scans. A new rendering algorithm achieves interactive rendering of images from the compressed representation, incorporating view-dependent geometric level-of-detail control. The surface light field representation can also be directly edited to yield plausible surface light fields for small changes in surface geometry and reflectance properties.
Spacetime Constraints

Spacetime constraints are a new method for creating character animation. The animator specifies what the character has to do, for instance, ''jump from here to there, clearing a hurdle in between;" how the motion should be performed, for instance "don't waste energy,'' or "come down hard enough to splatter whatever you land on;" the character's physical structure---the geometry, mass, connectivity, etc. of the parts; and the physical resources' available to the character to accomplish the motion, for instance the character's muscles, a floor to push off from, etc. The requirements contained in this description, together with Newton's laws, comprise a problem of constrained optimization. The solution to this problem is a physically valid motion satisfying the "what" constraints and optimizing the "how" criteria. We present as examples a Luxo lamp performing a variety of coordinated motions. These realistic motions conform to such principles of traditional animation as anticipation, squash-and-stretch, follow-through, and timing.
A Ray Tracing Solution for Diffuse Interreflection

An efficient ray tracing method is presented for calculating interreflections between surfaces with both diffuse and specular components. A Monte Carlo technique computes the indirect contributions to illuminance at locations chosen by the rendering process. The indirect illuminance values are averaged over surfaces and used in place of a constant "ambient" term. Illuminance calculations are made only for those areas participating in the selected view, and the results are stored so that subsequent views can reuse common values. The density of the calculation is adjusted to maintain a constant accuracy, permitting less populated portions of the scene to be computed quickly. Successive reflections use proportionally fewer samples, which speeds the process and provides a natural limit to recursion. The technique can also model diffuse transmission and illumination from large area sources, such as the sky
Numerical Simulations of Galaxy Formation During the Epoch of Reionization

This thesis considers various topics and open questions in galaxy formation during the epoch of reionization and presents multiple new computational techniques developed specifically to study this era. This work naturally divides into two main sections: 1) The formation of the first massive black holes and 2) Interpreting ALMA observations of galaxy formation during the epoch of reionization. The first topic addresses the existence of super massive black holes (SMBHs) with MBH > 10M⊙ at z > 6. It is well established that stellar mass black holes are very unlikely to be able to accrete matter efficiently enough to grow to this mass at this redshift. For this reason, many alternative channels have been proposed for black hole formation that produce objects with significantly larger initial masses. In this thesis, I consider a mechanism whereby runaway stellar collisions in dense primordial star clusters form a very massive star that is likely to collapse to an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH) with MBH > 10M⊙. In order to test this scenario, I added 12 species non-equilibrium chemistry to the massively parallel adaptive mesh refinement code RAMSES, and simulated, at sub-pc resolution, the collapse of the first metal-enriched halo which is likely to host a Population II star cluster. The properties of the central gas cloud in the collapsing halo were then extracted from the simulation and used to create initial conditions for the direct N-body integrator, NBODY6. These star clusters were simulated for 3.5Myr (until the first supernova is expected to occur) and it was determined that the properties of the gas clouds that form in cosmological simulations were indeed suitable to form a very massive star by collisional runaway. This suggests that this mechanism is a promising channel for forming the seeds of SMBHs at high redshift.
A Big Data-Driven Deep Transfer Learning Approach for Path Loss Prediction in Mobile Communications

Radio base stations are quite crucial to the quality of mobile communication services. The path loss of the mobile signal is mainly affected by the physical parameters of the base station itself and the geographical structure within the service area. Efficiently optimizing the number and assignment of radio base stations by predicting the path loss of radio signals within the service range is of great significance for improving signal quality and saving costs. The traditional modeling method based on the physical parameters of the base station and wireless signal propagation mechanism cannot consider geographical structure information, and the prediction accuracy is low. Another method based on simulation software can improve prediction accuracy, but it requires professional knowledge to guide the experiment, and the cost is very high. In this work, based on the massive geographical data and the path loss data within the service range of the base station including real data and simulation data, our approach uses the deep transfer learning method to construct a data-driven model for predicting the signal path loss of the base station. Moreover, the polar coordinate transformation is used to enhance the capacity of extracting the features of radio propagation, and a two-stream model is constructed to decouple geographic information and physical parameters of the base station for improving prediction accuracy. Using the prediction accuracy obtained between the measured and the model outputs as a measure of performance, the experimental results show that compared with the baseline model, our method significantly improves the accuracy of predicting signal path loss on testing data, which verifies the effectiveness of our method.
Discontinuous conjunction of nominal modifiers

The former view is that of X-bar grammar and its various predecessors and descendants, and has been around at least since Chomsky (1957), and also forms an important part of the account of conjunction in such frameworks as Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (Gazdar 1981, Gazdar, Klein, Pullum and Sag 1985) and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (Pollard and Sag 1994). In particular, what makes two phrases identical in category is the category of the head. The latter view is enshrined in the categorial grammar tradition (cf. e.g. Steedman 1985, 1990, 2000, Zwarts 1986, Dowty 1988, 1997). Here what matters is not internal structure, but combinatorics: X and Y are identical if they combine with the same elements to form categories with identical combinatory possibilities. A typical categorial approach to conjunction is illustrated in (1) below, a typical X-bar, or Phrase Structure treatment is to be found in (2). The category of and in (1) is a schematic category, in which the variable X may be replaced by any category symbol. The abbreviation appl stands for application, or function application. In some approaches to categorial grammar, application is a primitive operation, in others, such as the Lambek calculus (Lambek 1958), it is derivable.
Defect Detection of Key Components of EMU Based on Improved YOLOv5

Aiming at the problem that the defect detection efficiency of the key components of the Electric Multiple Units (EMUs) is low and the detection model is difficult to deploy on the mobile terminal with limited resources, a defect detection method based on improved YOLOv5 is proposed. Firstly, the YOLOv5m backbone extraction network is changed to the MobileNetv3-large network structure, and the Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) layer is added after removing the redundant layer of the backbone network to solve the multi-scale problem of foreign body defects. Then, the neck 3×3 convolution layer is changed to depthwise separable convolution, and an attention module is added to ensure detection accuracy. Finally, the Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) algorithm is optimized to increase the accuracy of the prediction box location. The experimental results show that, compared with YOLOv5m, the MNtSPP-YOLOv5Tiny network structure proposed in this paper can achieve mAP of 0.792 with 77.3% reduction in parameters and 81.1% reduction in computation, which improves the real-time performance of EMU defect detection.
Implicit Fairing of Irregular Meshes using Diffusion and Curvature Flow

In this paper, we develop methods to rapidly remove rough features from irregularly triangulated data intended to portray a smooth surface. The main task is to remove undesirable noise and uneven edges while retaining desirable geometric features. The problem arises mainly when creating high-fidelity computer graphics objects using imperfectly-measured data from the real world. Our approach contains three novel features: an implicit integration method to achieve efficiency, stability, and large time-steps; a scale-dependent Laplacian operator to improve the diffusion process; and finally, a robust curvature flow operator that achieves a smoothing of the shape itself, distinct from any parameterization. Additional features of the algorithm include automatic exact volume preservation, and hard and soft constraints on the positions of the points in the mesh. We compare our method to previous operators and related algorithms, and prove that our curvature and Laplacian operators have several mathematically-desirable qualities that improve the appearance of the resulting surface. In consequence, the user can easily select the appropriate operator according to the desired type of fairing. Finally, we provide a series of examples to graphically and numerically demonstrate the quality of our results.
Idéaux de fonctions analytiques de $n$ variables complexes

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