Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Light Scattering

to determine the radius of small beads in Brownian motion in a solution. This technique is one of the most popular methods used to determine the size of particles. Shining a monochromatic light beam, such as a laser, onto a solution with spherical particles in Brownian motion causes a Doppler Shift when the light hits the moving particle, changing the wavelength of the incoming light. This change is related to the size of the particle. It is possible to compute the sphere size distribution and give a description of the particle's motion in the medium, measuring the diffusion coefficient of the particle and using the autocorrelation function. This method has several advantages: first of all the experiment duration is short and it is almost all automatized so that for routine measurements an extensive experience is not required. Moreover, this method has modest development costs. Commercial "particle sizing" systems mostly operate at only one angle (90°) and use red light (675 nm). Usually in these systems the dependence on concentration is neglected. Using more sophisticated experimental equipment (projector, short-wavelength light source), the methods can be not only considerably extended, but also more complicated and expensive. Although dynamic scattering is, in principle, capable of distinguishing whether a protein is a monomer or dimer, it is much less accurate for distinguishing small oligomers than is classical light scattering or sedimentation velocity. The advantage of using dynamic scattering is the possibility to analyze samples containing broad distributions of species of widely differing molecular masses (e.g. a native protein and various sizes of aggregates), and to detect very small amounts of the higher mass species (<0.01% in many cases). Furthermore, one does not have to worry that protein aggregates are being lost within a D-3-chromatographic column (a common problem in using SEC to characterize aggregates), because there is no chromatographic separation involved. Moreover, with this technique it is also possible to obtain absolute measurements of several parameters of interest, like molecular weight, radius of gyration, Translational diffusion constant and so on. However, the analysis might be difficult for non-rigid macromolecules. Another limit is that above the zero degree Kelvin molecules fluctuate (i.e. molecules deviate from their average position). ccording to the semi-classical light scattering theory [Berne and Pecora, "Dynamic Light scattering" John Wiley, 1975], when light impinges on matter, the electric field of the light induces an oscillating polarization of electrons in the molecules. Hence …
A balanced 2D structural model of the Hammerhead Delta–Deepwater Fold-Thrust Belt, Bight Basin, Australia

The Hammerhead Delta–Deepwater Fold-Thrust Belt is located in the Ceduna Sub-Basin of the Bight Basin, offshore southern Australia. It is synonymous with the Hammerhead Supersequence and consists of three, Campanian to Maastrichtian, deltaic sediment packages. The Hammerhead Delta–Deepwater Fold-Thrust Belt is a short-lived gravity-gliding system that exhibits a distinctive spoon-shape in cross-section. The system detaches on a master horizon at the top of the Tiger Formation. Finite Element Method based two-dimensional restorations show that the Hammerhead Delta–Deepwater Fold-Thrust Belt is a near-balanced system with near equal amounts of up-dip extension and down-dip compression. Overall, there is only 2.4% additional extension in the Hammerhead Delta–Deepwater Fold-Thrust Belt. This near-balanced system is unusual in comparison with other passive margin Delta–Deepwater fold-thrust belts, which generally demonstrate large amounts of extension compared with shortening, due to the regional-scale progradational nature of the systems. The results suggest that sediment input to the Hammerhead Delta–Deepwater Fold-Thrust Belt was not sufficient to result in the regional-scale progradation of fault activity and that the sediment supply shutdown before the system could develop in an extensive passive margin Delta–Deepwater fold-thrust belt, hence demonstrating that it is sediment supply that drives ongoing gravitational deformation in Delta–Deepwater fold-thrust belts and not slope gradient.
Semicontinuum model of saturation overshoot and gravity‐driven fingering in porous media

Gravity‐driven multiphase flow in porous media is observed to be unstable under certain conditions. This Saffman‐Taylor instability is driven by an inversion of the water saturation profile known as saturation overshoot that standard continuum models forbid. We hypothesize that the overshoot and the large‐scale instability are created by different pore‐filling mechanisms and patterns at the discrete pore scale. We present a new model that bridges continuum‐scale and pore level physics which predicts the observed dependence of overshoot on grain size and fluid properties of the invading liquid.
Characterization of potassium channels in respiratory cells. I. General properties.

Potassium channels present in the basolateral membrane of respiratory epithelial cells play an important role in the process of chloride secretion. Utilizing the patch clamp technique, we examined human cultured respiratory epithelial cells derived from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and normals individual (N) for the existence of and for the properties of K+ channels. We obtained qualitatively and quantitatively identical results for both preparations (CF and N). K+ channels were spontaneously present in cell attached patches. The channels showed burst appearance with rapid flickering within the bursts. When the pipette was filled with 145 mmol/l KCl, a mean conductance of 131 +/- 25 pS (n = 15) was read from the I/V-curve at a clamp voltage (Vc) of 0 mV. After excision, the conductance read from the I/V-curve at Vc = 0 mV was 212 +/- 11 pS (Pipette: 145 mmol/l KCl, bath: 145 mmol/l NaCl) (n = 61). With NaCl in the pipette and KCl in the bath, a similar conductance was obtained (g = 210 pS; n = 2). When both, pipette and bath contained KCl, the conductance was increased to 302 +/- 19 (n = 7). The channel was highly selective for potassium over sodium: PK + /PNa + greater than 40. The channel open probability was only slightly voltage dependent i.e. the open probability increased slightly with depolarisation. For most of the channels one open time constant (to = 6.3 +/- 1.6 ms; n = 22) and one closed time constant (tc = 1.8 +/- 0.3 ms; n = 21) was obtained. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sulfate emissions from vehicles on the road

Experiments have been conducted to measure vehicle sulfate emissions, by vehicle type, at two tunnels on the Pennsylvania Turnpike. A satisfactory balance between estimated fuel sulfur consumption and observed emissions of sulfur compounds corrected for ambient-air contributions was obtained. This work started in 1974 before the introduction of catalyst-equipped automobiles and continued into 1976. The sulfate contributed by vehicles even in the tunnels was found to be generally modest relative to rural ambient sulfate levels. Average sulfate emission rates were found to be approximately 30 mg/km (50 mg/mi) from heavy-duty Diesel trucks, . SO/sub 4//sup -2/ conversion of the vehicle emissions was 2%.
Child psychology : a handbook of contemporary issues

Part 1: Infancy. "W.S. Grolnick, J.M. McMenamy, C.O. Kurowski," Emotional Self Regulation in Infancy and Toddlerhood. "T. Wachs," The What, Why, and How of Temperament: A Piece of the Action. "J. Belsky," Infant-Parent Attachment. "C.S. Tamis-LeMonda, T. Cristofaro, E.T. Rodriquez, M.H. Bornstein," Early Language Development: Social Influences in the First Years of Life. "P. Quinn," On the Emergence of Perceptual Organization and Categorization in Young Infants: Roles for Perceptual Process and Knowledge Access. Part 2: Preschool Years. "C. Howes, Linda Lee," Peer Relations in Young Children . "R. Kavanaugh," Pretend Play and Theory of Mind. "D.H. Uttal, L.L. Liu, J.S. DeLoache," Concreteness and Symbolic Development. "J.A. Hudson, E.G. Sheffield, J. Agayoff Deocampo," Effects of Representational Reminders on Young Children's Recall: Implications for Long-term Memory Development. "P. Uccelli, L. Hemphill, B. Alexander Pan, C. Snow," Telling Two Kinds of Stories: Sources of Narrative Skill. Part 3: Childhood. "M.K. Underwood, L.Mayeux, M. Galperin," Peer Relationships During Middle Childhood: Gender, Emotions, and Aggression. "C.F. Miller, H.M. Trautner, D. Ruble," The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Children's Preferences and Behavior. "L. Liben," Appreciating the Meaning and Aesthetics of Spatial Graphic Representations during Childhood. "J. Eccles, R. Roeser, A. Wigfield," Motivational and Emotional Pathways through Middle Childhood. "N. Eisenberg, R.A. Fabes," Emotion, Emotion-related Regulation, and Quality of Socioemotional Functioning. Part 4: Adolescence. "L. DeRose, J. Brooks-Gunn," Transition into Adolescence: The Role of Pubertal Processes. "N. Way, B.E. Becker, M.L. Greene," Friendships among Black, Latino, and Asian-American Adolescents: Contextual Predictors, Characteristics, and Quality. "R.M. Lerner," Towards a New Vision and Vocabulary about Adolescence: Theoretical and Empirical Bases of a Positive Youth Developmental Perspective. "J.J. Arnett," What Does It Mean to Be An Adult? Young People's Conceptions of Adulthood. Part 5: Ecological Influences. "R.H. Bradley, R.F. Corwyn," Parenting. "M.N. Ripke, A.C. Huston," How Poverty Affects Children. "L.O. Linares, N.Anne Morin, "The Impact of Community Violence on Preschool Development. "M. Leichtman," Cultural and Maturational Influences on Long-term Event Memory. "D. Hughes," Tuned In or Tuned Out: Parent's and Children's Interpretation of Parental Racial Socialization Practices. "E.T. Gershoff, J.L. Aber," Neighborhoods and Schools: Contexts and Consequences for the Mental Health and Risk Behaviors of Children and Youth.
Benthic foraminiferal δ13C and accumulation rates of organic carbon: Uvigerina Peregrina group and Cibicidoides Wuellerstorfi

The glacial to interglacial δ13C records of the benthic foraminifera Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and the Uvigerina peregrina group from deep-sea cores cannot be adjusted by a generally valid constant. The δ13C values of the U. peregrina group largely correlate with the accumulation rates of organic carbon, suggesting a local "habitat effect"; those of C. wuellerstorfi vary independently with respect to the carbon flux and record fluctuations in the δ13C of the ambient bottom water isotopic composition.
Composición nutritiva de la carne de ganado tropical venezolano

Currently, there is growing interest about the health of the consumer, so, meat producers and researchers are giving more importance to the nutritional quality of this food. Thus, in their interest to eradicate false beliefs about the nutritional content of beef, derived of the use of foreign data from animals of other breeds or feedlot grain-fed with high lipid content, for this reason it has conducted studies about the nutritional composition in Venezuelan beef considering factors, such as, the species (stablishing comparisons between beef, buffalo, pork and chicken), and sexual condition, using samples of longissimus dorsi thoracis without fat coverage. The results showed a low marbling level of meat bovids, a low of cholesterol and lipid concentration. In addition, it provides a good amount of protein with high biological quality and a certain amount of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Is an excellent source of minerals such as P, Fe and Zn, and a good balance of PUFA / SFA, n6/n3 favorable to the individual. Presents indices H/h, IA and IT (hypercholesterolemic / hypocholesterolemic fatty acid ratio, atherogenic and thrombogenic index, respectively), comparable to or lower than those reported in the international literature. Castration promotes lipid accumulation. When compared to U.S. meat with similar Venezuelan cut, it presents lower lipid tenor. When choosing a food, the fat-free meat of bovids has nothing to envy to the meat of other species such as chicken and pork, so it seems to become a good nutritional option. Is conclude, that meat of young bovids fed to grazing appears to be a good option for healthy dietary regimens. An Venez Nutr 2014; 27(1):167-176.
Accuracy assessment of minimum control points for UAV photography and georeferencing

In recent years, Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (AUAV) became popular among researchers across disciplines because they combine many advantages. One major application is monitoring and mapping. Their ability to fly beyond eye sight autonomously, collecting data over large areas whenever, wherever, makes them excellent platform for monitoring hazardous areas or disasters. In both cases rapid mapping is needed while human access isn’t always a given. Indeed, current automatic processing of aerial photos using photogrammetry and computer vision algorithms allows for rapid orthophomap production and Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation, as tools for monitoring and damage assessment. In such cases, control point measurement using GPS is either impossible, or time consuming or costly. This work investigates accuracies that can be attained using few or none control points over areas of one square kilometer, in two test sites; a typical block and a corridor survey. On board GPS data logged during AUAV’s flight are being used for direct georeferencing, while ground check points are being used for evaluation. In addition various control point layouts are being tested using bundle adjustment for accuracy evaluation. Results indicate that it is possible to use on board single frequency GPS for direct georeferencing in cases of disaster management or areas without easy access, or even over featureless areas. Due to large numbers of tie points in the bundle adjustment, horizontal accuracy can be fulfilled with a rather small number of control points, but vertical accuracy may not.
Implementación de la metaheurística FEPSO GIST mediante procesamiento paralelo: Aplicación al problema de balance de fases en sistemas de distribución en baja tensión

RESUMEN El presente trabajo describe el diseno e implementacion de la Metaheuristica FEPSO GIST (Fuzzy Particle Swarm Optimization with Global-Individual Star Topology) bajo un paradigma de computacion paralela, empleando la plataforma MPI (Message Passing Interface), y aplicada a la solucion del problema de Balance de Cargas en Sistemas de Distribucion de Energia Electrica en Baja Tension (PBC SDEE BT). En primer lugar, se plantea el Problema PBC SDEE BT multiobjetivo, carente de solucion por metodos de optimizacion clasica. En segundo lugar, se presenta el marco de trabajo sobre el cual las heuristicas poseen un amplio grado de aplicacion, y donde la computacion paralela se yergue como una aliada invaluable al intentar, al igual que los metodos heuristicos, acelerar la respuesta de algoritmos que requieren de un poder computacional superior al paradigma secuencial. Seguidamente, se describe el diseno del algoritmo FEPSO GIST, la alternativa elegida para su implementacion en MPI, y los detalles a tener en cuenta para una mejor ejecucion. Por ultimo, Se presenta su aplicacion en un PBC SDEE BT real. Palabras clave: Metaheuristicas, enjambre de particulas, optimizacion multiobjetivo, computacion paralela, balance de cargas, sistemas de distribucion. ABSTRACT This paper describes the design and implementation of the FEPSO GIST (Fuzzy Particle Swarm Optimization with Global-Individual Star Topology) Metaheuristic, under a paradigm of parallel computing platform using the MPI (Message Passing Interface). The model is applied to the solution of Multiobjective Unbalanced Load Problem in Low Voltage Electric Distribution Systems (ULP LV EDS). First, the ULP LV EDS is presented, which has no solution by classical optimization methods. Then, the framework over the heuristics methods has a wide range of application and the parallel computation is the main approach to accelerate the results of algorithms that require a more powerful computing process respect of sequential paradigm, is described. Finally, the FEPSO GIST Metaheuristic design, in this framework, is presented, and its implementation MIP is applied on a real ULP LV EDS. Keywords: Metaheuristics, particle swarm, multiobjective optimization, parallel computation, unbalance load problem, distribution systems.
Milankovitch band forcing of sub‐Milankovitch climate variability during the Pleistocene

Climate variability at periods from 10 kyr to 12 kyr that originates from Milankovitch band forcing is quantified at three locations for the late Pleistocene (eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean Drilling Program site 846, eastern equatorial Atlantic ODP site 663, and northeastern Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project site 609). Variability at these periods is not present in the primary Milankovitch forcing, so no linear linkage to Milankovitch band variations is possible. However, these periods are equal to harmonics of precession band oscillations. The magnitude of interactions between processes that occur at different timescales can only be resolved in time series data through application of higher-order statistics. Through such an application, we demonstrate that up to 75% of the variance in the 10- to 12-kyr band in the sediment records is nonlinearly transferred from precession band (19–23 kyr) variations. Within the millennial to sub-Milankovitch band, defined as the band of variance ranging from ∼15 to ∼2 kyr, approximately 1/3 of the variability in the records studied is consistent with a low-frequency, Milankovitch band origin. This variability may derive from high sensitivity of the tropics to summertime insolation in both hemispheres relative to wintertime insolation. A mechanism having equatorial origin and related to low-latitude precession variations appears consistent with the observations. Because the phase coupling between 10- to 12-kyr oscillations and precession is resolved, this result has implications for development of models which seek to explain global climate variations on this timescale.
Pivotal Molecular Determinants of Peptidic and Collagen Triple Helicase Activities Reside in the S3′ Subsite of Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8)

The mechanism of triple helical collagen unwinding and cleavage by collagenases in the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family is complex and remains enigmatic. Recent reports show that triple helicase activity is initiated by the hemopexin C domain of membrane type 1-MMP, whereas catalytically inactive full-length interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) exhibits full triple helicase functionality pointing to active site determinants that are needed to complete the triple helicase mechanism. In MMP-8, the neutrophil collagenase, a conserved Gly at the S3′ substrate specificity subsite is replaced by Asn188 that forms a highly unusual cis bond with Tyr189, a conserved active site residue in the collagenases. Only in MMP-1 is the S3′ Gly also replaced, and there too a cis configured Glu-Tyr occurs. Thus, this high energy peptide bond coupled to the canonical Tyr may be important in the collagenolytic process. In a systematic mutagenesis investigation of the MMP-8 S3′ subsite we found that introducing an S3′ Gly188 into MMP-8 reduced collagenolytic efficiency by ∼30% with a corresponding reduction in cleavage of a synthetic peptide fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrate analogue of the α2(I) collagen chain cleavage site. The substitution of Asn188 to Leu, a hydrophobic residue of similar size to the highly polar Asn and designed to retain the cis bond, revealed the importance of hydrogen bonding to bound substrate with both collagenolytic and peptidic activities reduced ∼3-fold. In contrast, the specificity for type I collagen of the mutant Y189F dropped 3-fold without any significant alteration in general peptidase activity. Therefore, S3′ and in particular the hydrogen bonding potential of Tyr189 is a specific molecular determinant for MMP-8 triple helicase activity. The cis bond connection to Asn188 juxtaposes these two side chains for closely spaced hydrogen bonding with substrate that improves collagenolytic and general catalytic efficiency that could be exploited for new collagenase-specific inhibitor drugs.
Ca2+ Regulation of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Receptors: Can Ca2+ Function without Calmodulin?

All Ca2+ channels are regulated by Ca2+, a feature that allows them to respond to their own activity and to the activities of neighboring Ca2+ channels. Inhibition by Ca2+ protects cells from potentially hazardous increases in cytosolic [Ca2+], and stimulation can mediate facilitation and regenerative propagation of Ca2+ signals. Calmodulin is emerging as a key player in regulation of Ca2+ channels by Ca2+, but its role is more complex and more beautiful than might have been imagined.
Estimation of soil-water characteristics using liquid limit state

In unsaturated soils, the matrix suction creates an additional interparticle force in the soil, increasing soil strength. The variation in matric suction in a soil is expressed in terms of water content. The relationship is known as the soil-water characteristic. Empirical equations for soil-water characteristic curves are presented. Experiments were conducted in granite-weathered residual soils from Korea to determine the grain size distribution and soil properties and to examine the effect of volume change on the soil-water characteristic curve. Modified pressure cell extractor tests were conducted on the soil at various void ratios, which were compressed from the liquid limit state. The volume change of the deformable soils could be measured directly. The soils showed significant volume change due to matric suction. The curves corrected for volume change had higher air-entry values, flatter slopes and better correlation compared with uncorrected curves. The normalised curves had a linear relationship with the normalised void ratio.
Ethylene Biosynthesis-Inducing Xylanase' II. Purification and Physical Characterization of the Enzyme Produced by Trichoderma viride

The ethylene biosynthesis-inducing endoxylanase (EIX) from xylan-induced cultures of the fungus, Trichoderma viride, was purified to near homogeneity and compared with the EIX isolated from Cellulysin. Both enzymes migrate as 9.2 kilodalton proteins during gel filtration chromatography under nondenaturing conditions, but the mature polypeptide migrates as a 22 kilodalton band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the 22 kilodalton polypeptide is enriched by Gly, Ser, Thr, Trp, and Tyr, but depleted in Ala, Glx, Leu, and Lys. Both proteins lack sulfur-containing amino acids. The protein is glycosylated, and inhibition of EIX synthesis by tunicamycin suggests that at least some of the sugar moieties are linked to asparagine residues. EIX appears to be synthesized initially as a 25 kilodalton precursor protein that is processed to 22 kilodalton during secretion.
Chemical equilibrium between ferropericlase and molten iron to 134 GPa and implications for iron content at the bottom of the mantle

We have examined the solubility of oxygen in molten iron coexisting with ferropericlase up to 134 GPa and 3200 K by using laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell (LHDAC) and analytical transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results demonstrate that the oxygen solubility in liquid iron decreases with pressure to 38 GPa, whereas the pressure effect is small at higher pressures. If the molten outer core is in chemical equilibrium with the bottom thin layer of the mantle, ferropericlase could be significantly depleted in FeO at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB). The liquid core containing 8 wt% oxygen, which is high enough to account for the core density deficit, coexists with ferropericlase with Mg#96 when the temperature is 4000 K. The very bottom of the mantle becomes depleted in iron by the consequences of chemical reaction with the core.