Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A manual categorization of new quality issues on automatically-generated tests

Diverse studies have analyzed the quality of automatically generated test cases by using test smells as the main quality attribute. But recent work reported that generated tests might suffer from a number of quality issues not considered previously, thus suggesting that not all test smells have been identified yet. Little is known about these issues and their frequency within generated tests. In this paper, we report on a manual analysis of an external dataset consisting of 2,340 automatically generated tests. This analysis aimed at detecting new quality issues, not covered by past recognized test smells. We use thematic analysis to group and categorize the new quality issues found. As a result, we propose a taxonomy of 13 new quality issues grouped in four categories. We also report on the frequency of these new quality issues within the dataset and present eight recommendations that test generators may consider to improve the quality and usefulness of the automatically generated tests. As an additional contribution, our results suggest that (i) test quality should be evaluated not only on the tests themselves, but considering also the tested code; and (ii) automatically generated tests present flaws that are unlikely to be found in manually created tests and thus require specific quality checking tools.
Effect of Surface Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) on Mechanical Properties of Ultra-Low Weight Percent SWCNT Reinforced PDMS Composite Thin Films

This study investigates the effect of single-walled carbon nanotube’s (SWCNT) surface functionalization on the dispersion and reinforcing effect in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films. At ultra-low weight percentage loadings (0.05 wt%, 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt%), carboxylic acid functionalized SWCNT (COOH-SWCNT) and silylated SWCNT (Sily-SWCNT) are compared as fillers on PDMS matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis is used for chemical characterization of the samples. The optical transparency of the samples is measured using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to quantify the improvement, which is an outcome of the better dispersion of functionalized SWCNT in PDMS. Delamination analysis (DL) is used to quantify the mechanical bond strength and time taken for delamination in composite thin films. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is used to estimate the stress-strain relationship in the samples under a tensile force ramp. Nanoindentation analysis (NI) is used to estimate the hardness (H) and elastic modulus (E) of the samples for a perpendicular indentation force. From the combined chemical, optical, and mechanical characterizations, the effect of the chemical bond strengths in the sample due to the surface functionalization of SWCNT is correlated with the mechanical bond strengths imparted to the composite films.
Innovative Characterization of Alternans Onset and Development in Dual Voltage-Calcium Whole-Heart Optical Mapping Signals at Multiple Thermal States

Cardiac electrical dynamics show complex space-time instabilities, like period-doubling bifurcation and beat-to-beat alternans, known to occur as pro-arrhythmic phenomena and linked to membrane voltage and intracellular calcium kinetics. Besides, cellular ionic dynamics are critically affected by temperature oscillations, further enhancing the complexity of such arrhythmias precursors that lead to irregular cardiac contraction. In this complex scenario, fluorescence dual optical mapping techniques allow the unveiling of nonlinear and multi-scale couplings. In this contribution, we propose a novel methodological analysis of synchronous dual voltage-calcium traces obtained from whole rabbit hearts for (i) detecting alternans onset and evolution, (ii) characterizing novel restitution curves, and (iii) defining spatio-temporal alternans patterns at four thermal states. We validate our approach against well-accepted analyses considering complete pacing-down restitution protocols. The proposed methodology computes integral features, e.g., area under the curve, suggesting that a novel, easy-to-use indicator, may advance predictability on alternans onset and evolution, further providing insights into spatio-temporal cardiac analyses.Clinical Relevance— This work introduces new methods for the early detection of cardiac alternans onset and development as precursors of arrhythmias and fibrillation at different temperatures.
Efficiency study of MPPT algorithms in HDL for full integration of solar-powered voltage converter

This paper presents a workplace for practical implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms and means for comparison of their efficiency that is critical for efficient and reliable power conversion by solar cells as well as for the whole voltage conversion (VC) system. This is available by providing an option for implementation of various MPPT algorithms to Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board that are designed in Hardware Description Languages (HDL). MPPT algorithms are created for utilizing the Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) control loop of a fully integrated DC-DC voltage converter based on high frequency switching of on-chip inductor with Photovoltaic (PV) cell as a power source for Energy Harvesting (EH) system. The whole VC system was created in standard 65 nm CMOS technology. In addition, two MPPT algorithms were created based on Perturb and Observe (P&O) method and implemented on the chip.
Robustness of Optimal Circadian Rhythm Entrainment under Model Perturbation

The optimal circadian rhythm entrainment problem has been studied based on mathematical models, e.g. the Kronauer model. In this paper, we study the robustness of light-based circadian rhythm entrainment under model parameter perturbations as well as propose a feedback control law to improve the robustness of the entrainment strategy. Our study finds the model parameter whose perturbations affect the entrainment the most. We also find that feedback control reduces the sensivitity of the entrainment process to model parameter perturbations.Clinical relevance— Circadian misalignment has negative impacts on health, such as higher risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer. We present a numerical study of how well optimized circadian rhythm entrainment plans that are derived from a generic mathematical model work on personalized cases.
Aerobic Exercise Changes Low-Frequency Functional and Effective Connectivity in Cognitive Load Task*

As is well known, cognitive performances are highly influenced by cognitive load, so it is meaningful to find some ways to effectively reduce the cognitive load. In particular, aerobic exercise is a promising way. However, the neural evidence is still lacking in understanding how aerobic exercise minimizes cognitive load. To solve the problem, this study adopted the N-back task in both the before (BE) and after (AE) aerobic exercise periods, behavioral and EEG data were recorded from 21 participants. Functional connectivity was constructed by the weighted phase lag index (WPLI), and effective connectivity was constructed by the partially directed coherent (PDC). Consequently, by comparing the connection strength and pattern of BE and AE, it is found that in low-frequency (0~8 Hz), aerobic exercise could enhance the connection strength of WPLI networks under high cognitive load, and increase the importance of the forehead region in the communication of PDC networks under low cognitive load. These results could advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of how aerobic exercise modulates cognitive load.
Perturbation-Based Adaptive Beamforming for MU-mMIMO

A perturbation-based adaptive beamforming scheme employing particle swarm optimization is proposed to mitigate multi-user interference by creating deep nulls in the potential interference directions. The paper uses an 8x8 circularly-polarized antenna array prototype as an example and examines the variation in antenna element radiation patterns at different positions on the large array, as well as their impact on the adaptive beamforming performance. The proposed scheme considers the measured element patterns and uses weights generated by the Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance method as a starting point to search for new optimal steering weights, which create deep nulls with a slight tradeoff in the directivity. The illustrative results show the proposed algorithm can achieve normalized nulls lower than -48.1dB with an accurate nulling location control. Compared to the linear constraint adaptive beamforming scheme, the proposed approach demonstrates improved results, achieving on average 22.9dB deeper arbitrary nulls with a tradeoff of 0.7 dB drop in the beam directivity.
DORMADL - Dataset of Human-Operated Robot Arm Motion in Activities of Daily Living

This work presents a dataset of human-operated robot motion to be used within the context of assistive robotics and assorted fields, such as learning from demonstrations, machine-learning based robot control, and activity recognition. The data consists of individual sequences of intentional robot motion performing a task in an environment of daily living. There are 2973 sequences generated in a high-resolution simulation and 986 sequences performed in reality, totaling to 1.16 M datapoints. The data includes labels for the robot's pose, motion and activity. This paper also provides data augmentation methods and a detailed dataset analysis as well as simple models trained on the dataset as a baseline for future research. The dataset can be downloaded free-of-charge at https://www.kaggle. com/f371xx/dormadl.
40Hz Auditory Entrainment Promotes Synchronization Between Frontal and Parietal Regions of the Brain

Gamma oscillations are known to play a critical role in memory and cognition tasks. The quality of neural activity in this oscillatory band is impaired due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. Recently, promoting gamma oscillations through sensory stimulation has shown promising therapeutic results in reducing structural and cognitive symptoms of AD. Further analysis on the effects of sensory entrainment on the brain's oscillatory activity could help better understand the mechanisms underlying the observed improvements and optimize the stimulation protocols for achieving better outcome. In this study, we investigate the effects of 40Hz auditory brain stimulation on synchronizing frontoparietal neural activity based on electroencephalogram data recorded from a cohort of elderly participants with memory complaints. We observed that the entrained gamma band activity encompasses the entire scalp with most responsive regions in the frontal and parietal lobes. In addition, the neural activity of frontoparietal regions are synchronized due to entrainment and the quality of synchronization is correlated with the strength of entrainment. In other word, participants with highly responsive entrained sites in the frontal and parietal cortices present the most synchronized activity between these two regions. Long distance synchronization across the brain can help improve functional connectivity and improve the disrupted network-level coordination of sensory and frontal regions responsible for high-level cognitive operations.
Slicing Shared-Memory Concurrent Programs The Threaded System Dependence Graph Revisited

Program slicing is a program analysis technique to identify the parts of a program that can influence the values computed at a given program point. Its application to concurrent programs with shared memory revealed a new program dependence between threads called interference and uncovered some problems associated with concurrent executions such as time travel. To solve these problems, a new program representation for slicing concurrent programs was proposed: the threaded System Dependence Graph (tSDG), which aimed at solving the time travel problem and to provide context-sensitive slices for concurrent programs. In this paper, we show that the problem remains unsolved because the tSDG is not context-sensitive in some situations. We give a counterexample for the tSDG and identify situations where the tSDG is imprecise, generating context-insensitive slices for concurrent programs. To solve these imprecisions, we redesign the tSDG to become context-sensitive in those situations, solving the inaccuracy problem and preserving the solution to time travel. The new program representation is always as precise as the previous tSDG, and sometimes it is more precise. That is, the slices computed with the new graph are always smaller or equal than those computed with the previous tSDG.
Applying the Circular Economy Concept in Sales Management Dashboard at MSMEs Using ERP Systems

This research paper examines the application of the circular economy concept and the development of an integrated sales management system in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) within the leather processing industry in the Sukaregang area, Garut, Indonesia. MSMEs are crucial in supporting the national economy, contributing to production, trade value, and job creation. However, environmental pollution issues associated with MSMEs' leather processing industry, such as turbid water, foaming, and odors in nearby rivers, have posed challenges to sustainable development. The circular economy concept, which aims to extend the life cycle of products and resources, offers a solution to optimize environmental and economic aspects. The circular economy can reduce waste and increase company revenue by adopting circular strategies such as reusing, repairing, and recycling. Furthermore, implementing an integrated sales management system, specifically Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), can effectively support adopting the circular economy and create an efficient sales process in the leather processing industry. It is necessary to identify the appropriate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that apply the circular economy concept and visualize it in the dashboard to monitor all sales business processes and see the performance of sales management. This research contributes to addressing environmental concerns, enhancing sustainability, and improving the sales management performance of MSMEs in the leather processing industry.
A Bio-Inspired Robotic Finger: Mechanics and Control

A robotic finger is successfully designed, fabricated, analyzed, and examined. The finger consists of bones, joint ligaments, and an extensor hood. Driven by two tendons, it is two degrees on the freedom finger. Although the behavior of this design is not uniform, it provides useful dexterity, sensitivity, and versatility. The artificial bone is lightweight and compact. The actuation is backdrivable in good visibility. Tendon muscles effectively actuate the finger in a grasp direction. This exceptional behavior has the potential to be suitable for a flexible task and may lead to a next-generation gripper and prosthetic hand.
Specification-based Test Case Generation for C++ Engineering Software

The evolution and re-engineering of software is strongly supported by comprehensive test suites for checking the correctness and robustness of software systems. However, this requires comprehensive test suites to be in place or developed prior to re-engineering of systems. Many techniques and strategies have been proposed to automate the creation of test suites. Specification-based testing aims to use all available behavioral specifications of software to drive black-box testing of software. In this paper, we present an approach, which applies specification-based testing to component software in the engineering domain, supporting an ongoing re-engineering process aiming to transform monolithic C++ engineering software into reusable fine-grained computational services. The developed test generator (TxTea) uses source code annotations added to component interface definitions and drives test data generation by a randomized testing approach, which integrates a satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solver to check satisfiability and generate test data for comprehensive preconditions. As we show, TxTea can be successfully applied to a given component technology, and as we discuss in this paper, the customized specification language and generic implementation make reuse in more general use cases feasible.
Stabilized Platform Control System Design Based on Time-Scale Separation Method

Currently, stabilized platforms are widely used for placement of precision on-board information and control systems of mobile objects, radar systems and communication complexes and other special equipment. Compensation of the influence of oscillations of the moving base of the platform by stabilizing its angular position in space allows to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of this equipment. The paper considers the problem of a control system design to provide a given angular position of a platform that is placed on the deck of a ship. The discussed structure of the platform contains an electric hydraulic drive as an actuating mechanism. By means of moving the hydraulic cylinder rod, the horizontal position of the platform is ensured in the conditions of the moving platform base. The efficiency of solving the problem of stabilizing the angular position of the platform is achieved by increasing the accuracy of regulation in the control system, which usually leads to the need to increase the gain coefficients in the control algorithm. At the same time, the presence of small inertia in the control loop can lead to loss of stability of the control system. The paper proposes a methodology for designing a simplified controller structure for a stabilized platform with an electrohydraulic actuator, which makes it possible to take into account the influence of small inertia of high dynamic order on the stability property of the control system. The novelty of the discussed technique consists in the application of the time-scale separation method to solve the problem of analysis and synthesis of the stabilized platform position control system. The numerical simulation results of the discussed control system are included.
Investigations into Customizing Bilateral Ankle Exoskeletons to Increase Vertical Jumping Performance

Exoskeletons have shown great potential to enhance locomotion by augmenting the lower limb. While most research has focused on steady-state ambulatory activities, the ability to assist transient, ballistic tasks is also important for understanding the potential of exoskeletons in mobility enhancement. In this preliminary study (N = 5), we developed an individually-customized control strategy to assist vertical jumping. The control strategy was deployed on bilateral ankle exoskeletons (ExoBoot, Dephy Inc.). We structured the control strategy as a work loop that parameterized the assistance provided during the jump. We show that configuring the controller based on individual biomechanics and user preferences facilitates increased vertical jump height when using exoskeleton assistance. In addition, we demonstrate that a user's squat depth can have a significant (p < 0.05) impact on height achieved, but that this depth does not need to be optimized; rather, the exoskeleton provides the maximum performance assistance from both preferred- and deep-squat conditions. Jump height increased by 7.2% with the exoskeleton at its maximum assistance setting, which is comparable to or greater than previous systems.
Improved 10-Bit 30-Ms/s SAR ADC using Switchback Switching Method

This brief presents an Improved 10-bit 30MS/s Successive approximation register analog to digital converter (ADC) that uses a power efficient switchback switching method. Compared with the monotonic switching method and Vcm Based methods, the common mode voltage variation (Vcm) reduces which improves the dynamic offset and the parasitic capacitances variation of the comparator. The comparator consists of pre-amplifier and a dynamic latched comparator. The pre-amplifier is adopted to block kickback noise and enhance the comparison speed. The proposed ADC uses an asynchronous circuit to internally generate the signals. The switchback switching procedure does not consume any power at the first digital to analog converter switching conversion, which can reduce the power consumption. This method does not require fast settling reference buffer to charge MSB capacitor in the conversion phase as it provides longer settling time. The proposed switching procedure consumes only 127.5CVref. The prototype is fabricated in a 90nm CMOS technology. At 1V supply and 30MS/s, the proposed ADC consumes 0.98mW. Keywords— Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), energy efficient switching method, low input capacitance, successive-approximation-register (SAR) ADC
Physical Artificial Arterial Pulse System for Development and Testing of PPG-Based Sensors*

A physical system to generate a PPG-mimicking signal was designed and validated using everyday low-cost components to aid in medical sensor design. The pulse waveform was created by driving a working fluid into a silicone tube and changing the pressure within it. The corresponding waveform mimics a PPG signal through an artery, is adaptable, and repeatable. The working fluid is interchangeable allowing for change of blood analyte concentrations for development and testing of PPG-based sensors. The system was validated by black ink water compared to water and air compared to water testing to confirm optical transparency of the tube. The produced PPG signal, pulse rate and pressure change were compared to that seen in subjects. Optical transparency for 660 nm – 1550 nm wavelengths of light was validated with the signal, pulse rate and total compliance matching subject data. Thus, the system can mimic arterial pulses, creating a valid PPG signal that can be detected by PPG-based sensors.Clinical Relevance— Provides a low-cost, adaptable, physical PPG signal generator for research and development of optical medical sensor technologies.
Investigation of Fundamental Algorithms for Cooperative Exploration of Mobile Agents in Search and Rescue Scenarios

In this project, we present the framework and methodology for developing a control algorithm for small mobile robots with limited range of communication in the context of rescuing victims trapped in debris after an earthquake. Our approach focuses on autonomous control and cooperative behavior among robots, with an emphasis on exploration techniques rather than complex maneuvering mechanics. To accomplish this objective, we establish a systematic methodology that involves analyzing primitive exploration algorithms in simulated scenarios, evaluating their effectiveness, and designing a priority function that enables adaptive switching based on sensor information and data from other mobile agents.