Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extreme-ultraviolet limb spectra of a prominence observed from Skylab.

Line profiles of extreme ultraviolet emission lines observed in a solar prominence at positions above the white-light limb with the NRL slit spectrograph on Skylab are discussed. Absolute line intensities and full widths at half-maximum are presented for lines formed over the temperature range approx.1 x 10/sup 4/ to 2.2 x 10/sup 5/ K. The volume emission measures calculated using resonance line intensities are greater than quiet-Sun emission measures at the same height above the limb and indicate a somewhat different distribution of material with temperature in the prominence compared to the quiet-Sun emission measure at +8''. Electron densities in the prominence determined using the calculated emission measures and the intensities of density-sensitive intersystem lines are between the quiet-Sun electron density and half the quiet-Sun electron density. Random mass-motion velocities calculated from the measured full widths at half-maximum show a range of velocities. For T/sub e/> or approx. =4 x 10/sup 4/ K, the nonthermal velocity decreases with increasing height in the prominence. For T/sub e/<4 x 10/sup 4/ K, the calculated mass motions are near zero. From the He II 1640 A line profile we derive an average temperature of 27,000 K for the region in which He IImore » is emitted. « less
Fundamentals of optical fibers

Preface.Introduction. Chapter 1. Selected Topics in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation.1. 1. Maxwell's Equations and the Fundamental Fields.1. 2. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Sourceless Media.1. 3. Power Transmission.1. 4. Group Velocity.1. 5. Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Plane Interfaces.1. 6. Material Resonances and Their Effects on Wave Propagation.Problems. References.Chapter 2. Symmetric Dielectric Slab Waveguides.2. 1. Ray Analysis of the Slab Waveguides.2. 2. Field Analysis of the Slab Waveguides.2. 3. Solutions of the Eigenvalue Equations.2. 4. Power Transmission and Confinement.2. 5. Leaky Waves.2. 6. Radiation Modes.2. 7. Wave Propagation in Curved Slab Waveguides.Problems. References.Chapter 3. Weakly-Guiding Fibers with Step Index Profiles.3. 1. Rays and Fields in the Step Index Fiber.3. 2. Field Analysis of the Weakly-Guiding Fiber.3. 3. Eigenvalue Equation for LP Modes.3. 4. LP Mode Characteristics.3. 5. Single Mode Fiber Parameters.3. 6. Derivation of the General Step Index Fiber Modes.Problems. References.Chapter 4. Loss Mechanisms in Silica Fiber.4. 1. Basic Loss Effects in Transmission.4. 2. Fabrication of Silica Fibers.4. 3. Intrinsic Loss.4. 4. Extrinsic Loss.4. 5. Bending Loss.4. 6. Source-to-Fiber Coupling.Problems. References.Chapter 5. Dispersion.5. 1. Pulse Propagation in Media Possessing Quadratic Dispersion.5. 2. Material Dispersion.5. 3. Dispersion in Optical Fiber.5. 4. Chromatic Dispersion Compensation.5. 5. Polarization Dispersion.5. 6. System Considerations and Dispersion Measurement.Problems. References.Chapter 6. Special Purpose Index Profiles.6. 1. Multimode Graded Index Fiber.6. 2. Special Index Profile Optimization.Problems. References.Chapter 7. Nonlinear Effects in Fibers I: Non-Resonant Processes.7. 1. Nonlinear Optics Fundamentals.7. 2. Nonlinear Phase Modulation on Pulses.7. 3. The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation.7. 4. Additional Non-Resonant Processes.Problems. References.Chapter 8. Nonlinear Effects in Fibers II: Resonant Processes and Amplification.8. 1. Raman Scattering.8. 2. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering.8. 3. Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Amplifiers.Problems. References.Appendix A: Properties of Bessel Functions.Appendix B: Notation.Index.
A comparison of low- versus standard-dose bridging alteplase in acute ischemic stroke mechanical thrombectomy using indirect methods

Background: Whether low-dose alteplase is similar to standard-dose bridging alteplase prior to endovascular mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains uncertain. Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety outcomes of low- versus standard-dose bridging alteplase therapy (BT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who are eligible for intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) within 4.5 h after onset. Methods: We conducted an indirect comparison of low- versus standard-dose bridging alteplase before mechanical thrombectomy in AIS of current available clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared direct mechanical thrombectomy treatment (dMT) to BT. Primary efficacy outcomes were functional independence and excellent recovery defined as a dichotomized modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–2 and 0–1 at 90 days. Safety outcomes included symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Results: We included six RCTs of 2334 AIS patients in this analysis, including one trial using low-dose bridging alteplase (n = 103) and five trials using standard-dose bridging alteplase (n = 1067) against a common comparator (dMT). Indirect comparisons of low- to standard-dose bridging alteplase yielded an odds ratio (OR) of 0.84 (95% CI 0.47–1.50) for 90-day mRS 0–2, 1.18 (95% CI 0.65–2.12) for 90-day mRS 0–1, 1.21 (95% CI 0.44–3.36) for mortality, and 1.11 (95% CI 0.39–3.14) for successful recanalization. There were no significant differences in the odds for sICH (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.32–3.41) or any ICH (OR 1.71, 95% CI 0.94–3.10) between low- and standard-dose bridging alteplase. Conclusion: Indirect evidence shows that the effects of low- and standard-dose bridging alteplase are similar for key efficacy and safety outcomes. Due to the wide confidence intervals, larger randomized trials comparing low- and standard-dose alteplase bridging therapy are required.
Nobel Lecture: Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas, the first 70 years and some recent experiments

Bose-Einstein condensation, or BEC, has a long and rich history dating from the early 1920s. In this article we will trace briefly over this history and some of the developments in physics that made possible our successful pursuit of BEC in a gas. We will then discuss what was involved in this quest. In this discussion we will go beyond the usual technical description to try and address certain questions that we now hear frequently, but are not covered in our past research papers. These are questions along the lines of: How did you get the idea and decide to pursue it? Did you know it was going to work? How long did it take you and why? We will review some our favorites from among the experiments we have carried out with BEC. There will then be a brief encore on why we are optimistic that BEC can be created with nearly any species of magnetically trappable atom. Throughout this article we will try to explain what makes BEC in a dilute gas so interesting, unique, and experimentally ${\mathrm{challenging}. }^{1}$
The Velocity–Size Relationship for Members of Asteroid Families and Implications for the Physics of Catastrophic Collisions

Abstract An extensive analysis of the size–ejection velocity relationship for members of several of the most important asteroid families identified in the Main Belt is presented. We have found a well defined behavior, with smaller fragments having on the average higher ejection velocities. The results provide useful constraints to current models of catastrophic breakup processes and lead also to a new estimate of the transition limit in largest remnant/parent body mass ratio, distinguishing cratering, and shattering regimes. Moreover, we have now available a practical method for estimating fragment ejection velocities in interasteroid collisional events. This can be easily implemented in numerical models of the collisional evolution of the asteroid belt. In particular, it should be possible to undertake a more quantitative assessment of the efficiency of collisional events in the Main Belt as the sources of near Earth asteroids of different sizes.
3D ultrasound coherence imaging based on 2D array design

During the last decade, various methods for 2D array design have been developed for real-time 3D ultrasonic imaging. Most of the methods concentrated on how to reduce the number of elements and channels to overcome the difficulties in array fabrication and mass data processing. Few works focused on the 2D array beamforming techniques to narrow the main lobe width and suppress the side and grating lobe levels, thus improve the 3D image quality. Coherence imaging (CI) has been verified to suppress the side and grating lobes of the 2D ultrasound images in an effective way. It was based on a statistical analysis of the received signal dispersion. In this paper, two kinds of CI, coherence factor (CF) and sign coherence factor (SCF) are modified for 2D arrays and combined with array designs to improve the 3D ultrasound image qualities. The simulation results of point spread functions show that the main lobe width is narrowed from 1.26mm to 1.01mm and the side lobe level is suppressed from -48.79dB to -79.31dB for dense arrays with CF. Similar simulation results can be obtained for other array designs. The combination of CI and 2D array design provides a potential approach to increase the 3D imaging resolution and contrast without increasing the system complexity.
Constrained ordination analysis in the presence of zero inflation

Constrained ordination analysis, with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) as its best known method, is a class of popular techniques for analyzing species abundance studies in ecology. These methods rely on distributional assumptions on the conditional abundance distributions. For abundance observations, the Poisson and the negative binomial distributions are the most frequently considered distributions. However, many large abundance studies result in many zero abundances. This may happen because of several reasons. To name one, in microbial community ecology the abundances of a very large number of species are nowadays often obtained by means of sequencing the pooled DNA sample. Due to the small sensitivity for rare species, too many observed zeroes are to be expected. Moreover, more zeroes are expected with increasing number of species. We propose a constrained ordination method based on zero-altered count distributions (e.g., zero-inflated Poisson, hurdle models). We show how the parameters and the environmental gradients can be estimated. In simulation studies we examine the behaviour of the estimators, and we apply the method to a real data set. We conclude that in the presence of zero inflation our methods give better results than the Poisson-based approaches.
Do High School Teachers Alter Classroom Practice Due to Evaluation? Evidence From North Carolina’s Career Status and Teacher Evaluation Policies

The purpose of this study is to determine if teachers perceive evaluation as providing the motivation and feedback to change classroom practices in a context where teacher evaluation carries varied stakes for tenured versus untenured teachers. This mixed methods case study of four high schools in a single district in North Carolina uses survey and interview data collected from teachers in the 2016–2017 school year to explore teacher perceptions and examine differences between career (tenured) and probationary (untenured) teachers. A conceptual framework is developed utilizing research on how teachers changed practice based on other accountability initiatives. The overall sample of teachers did not perceive the evaluation policy to be high stakes or impacting their practice; however, there were statistically significant differences between the perceptions of tenured teachers and untenured teachers on the survey. Interview statements supported the quantitative findings. The results highlight a need for a better understanding of how evaluation policies may influence teacher practice, particularly among those who have limited career protections, including beginning teachers who lack tenure.
Changes in Sources and Composition of Beach Waste in Coastal Cities around the Bohai Sea of China during the Tourist Peak and Off-Peak Seasons

Beach waste is an important pollutant in the Bohai Sea and coastal cities around the Bohai Sea and has raised many social and environmental concerns in China. The semi-closed characteristics of the Bohai Sea, the well-developed tourism, the special industrial structure and residents’ living habits endow the beach waste around Bohai sea with a unique character that should be explored. This study investigated changes in the sources and composition of beach waste in coastal cities around the Bohai Sea of China during the tourist peak and off-peak seasons. Beach waste from twenty beaches in thirteen coastal cities around the Bohai Sea was sampled and analyzed in March and August 2021, respectively. The results showed that beach waste around the Bohai Sea was characterized by large quantities and small weights and was greatly affected by human coastal activities. The sources and composition of beach waste from different coasts and different seasons varied, whereas the overall trend was consistent. In terms of composition, beach waste in both the tourist peak season and off-peak season was mainly composed of plastics, fabrics and paper, which accounted for more than 70% of the total in weight. Meanwhile, the proportion of plastics in the total quantity of beach waste was greatest (maximum of up to 71%) and exhibited seasonal fluctuations, trending higher in the tourist peak season than in the off-peak season. In contrast, trends in the proportion of paper and fabrics in the total quantity and total weight of beach waste were relatively stable in different seasons. In terms of sources, beach waste mainly derived from human coastal activities, the proportion of which in the total quantity of beach waste in the tourist peak season reached 70.55% and was 11% higher than that in the tourist off-peak season. Shipping/fishing activities were the second largest source of beach waste, and their proportion in the total quantity of beach waste in the tourist peak season was 5% lower than that in the tourist off-peak season, as the tourist peak season around the Bohai Sea coincides exactly with the fishing moratorium. The quantity of smoking-related waste only accounted for 9.35% and 7.73% of beach waste in the tourist peak and off-peak seasons, respectively. The special semi-enclosed structure of the Bohai gulf, surrounded by land on three sides, aggravated the accumulation of beach waste on the coast. Source reduction and classified recovery, collaborative management of marine waste and beach waste, and joint prevention and control mechanisms of three provinces (Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong) and one municipality (Tianjin) were suggested for comprehensive management of beach waste in coastal cities around the Bohai Sea of China. This study provided valuable information for beach waste management in coastal cities around the Bohai Sea of China.
Stopping-power ratios and their uncertainties for clinical electron beam dosimetry

The influence of energy and angular spread and electron and photon contamination on the water/air stopping-power ratios for 'realistic' electron beams of 10 MeV has been investigated using the Monte Carlo method. Differences smaller than 0.5% have been found in the sW,air value at the depth of maximum absorbed dose compared with sW,air(E0,z) determined according to most dosimetry protocols. The use of broad independent energy and angular distributions to sample the initial state of electrons for Monte Carlo simulations has been analysed. Uncertainties in sSAW,air values, evaluated with a Monte Carlo iterative technique, are approximately 0.5% at dmax. The combination of uncertainties in sSAW,air due to the calculation procedure and to the 'sW,air(E0,z) method' yields an estimated total uncertainty of approximately 1% for the sW,air at dmax in clinical electron beams with energies around 10 MeV, which is smaller than values quoted recently.
SiO2/Grooved Al Electrode/LiTaO3 and Edge-Reflection Surface Acoustic Wave Structures Having Large Reflection Coefficient, Large Coupling Factor, and Excellent Temperature Characteristic Even If Al Electrodes Are Used

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) substrate for a duplexer, such as a Personal Communication Service handy phone system in the U.S.A, is required to have a good temperature stability, an optimum electromechanical coupling factor, and a large reflection coefficient. The conventional method of depositing a SiO2 film on a thick Al electrode/LiTaO3 substrate to improve its temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) is not effective for SAW resonator-type devices, because good frequency characteristics are not obtained due to large convex portions on the surface of SiO2 film. However, resonators having a large reflection coefficient, an excellent TCF, and good frequency characteristics were realized using the following two new structures: (I) SiO2 film/grooved Al electrode/LiTaO3 structure and (II) reflection of a shear horizontal (SH) wave at free edges on a SiO2 film/thin Al electrode/LiTaO3 structure substrate.
Electron-magnon interactions in itinerant ferromagnetism. I. Formal theory

The requirements of spin conservation in the form of a Ward identity, are exploited to make a selfconsistent theory of itinerant ferromagnetism in terms of electron-magnon interactions. Earlier results are extended to weak ferromagnets and the structure of self energies and single particle spectral weight functions is discussed. The theory is also applied to the calculation of the spin wave stiffness constant.
Snakeskin-Inspired 3D Printable Soft Robot Composed of Multi-Modular Vacuum-Powered Actuators

A modular soft actuator with snakeskin-inspired scales that generates an anisotropic friction force is designed and evaluated in this study. The actuator makes it possible to fabricate soft robots that can move on various surfaces in the natural environment. For existing modulus soft robots, additional connectors and several independent pneumatic pumps are required. However, we designed precise connection and snake-scale structures integrated with a single pneumatic modular actuator unit. The precise structure was printed using a DLP 3D printer. The movement characteristics of the soft robot changed according to the angle of the scale structure, and the movement distance increased as the number of modular soft actuator units increased. Soft robots that can move in operating environments such as flat land, tubes, inclined paths, and water have been realized. Furthermore, soft robots with modularization strategies can easily add modular units. We demonstrate the ability to deliver objects 2.5 times heavier than the full weight of the soft robot by adding tong-like structure to the soft robot. The development of a soft robot inspired by snakeskin suggests an easy approach to soft robots that enables various tasks even in environments where existing robots have limited activity.
High-Capacity Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers of siRNA for Applications in Retinal Delivery

The main cause of subretinal neovascularisation in wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an abnormal expression in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Current approaches for the treatment of AMD present considerable issues that could be overcome by encapsulating anti-VEGF drugs in suitable nanocarriers, thus providing better penetration, higher retention times, and sustained release. In this work, the ability of large pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LP-MSNs) to transport and protect nucleic acid molecules is exploited to develop an innovative LP-MSN-based nanosystem for the topical administration of anti-VEGF siRNA molecules to RPE cells. siRNA is loaded into LP-MSN mesopores, while the external surface of the nanodevices is functionalised with polyethylenimine (PEI) chains that allow the controlled release of siRNA and promote endosomal escape to facilitate cytosolic delivery of the cargo. The successful results obtained for VEGF silencing in ARPE-19 RPE cells demonstrate that the designed nanodevice is suitable as an siRNA transporter.
Curriculum Innovations: Improving Residents' Knowledge and Interest in Outpatient Neurology Through an Interactive Patient-Centered Didactic Series

Neurology residency training is inpatient focused, underemphasizing outpatient disorders. We implemented a novel didactic series of facilitated discussions between a patient and their outpatient neurologist to expose residents to outpatient topics and management skills. (1) Improve residents' understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the neurologist in the outpatient setting; (2) share with residents the patient's perspective of living with chronic neurologic disease; and (3) improve residents' understanding of what effective shared decision making entails.Residents in an academic neurology program participated. Six bimonthly, 1-hour sessions were piloted in person in 2016; participants were surveyed after each session to refine the format. The formal program (6 sessions) was held virtually in 2020–2021. Each session focused on 1 disorder. The format was conversational and moderated by a course director. Discussion points were preplanned and focused on patients' experiences living with chronic neurologic disease and shared decision making. Residents, participating faculty, and patients were surveyed at the conclusion of the 2020–2021 series to evaluate its effectiveness.Fifty-five survey responses were completed by residents during the pilot. Only 12 residents (22%) indicated that they longitudinally followed more than 1 patient with the condition represented in the session. Qualitative comments from residents and faculty (n = 5) identified that hearing the patient perspective was the most valuable component of the series. Twenty-one of 54 residents evaluated the final program. A majority of residents, 100% of faculty (n = 6), and 100% of patients (n = 6) felt that the program's 3 learning objectives were met. Forty-eight percent of residents reported increased interest in outpatient careers. Faculty agreed that the session format was as effective as traditional lecture, without added preparation burden. Patients felt that sharing their experiences would help physicians better understand their illness and improve care for future patients; all would participate again.Our series effectively educated residents about underrepresented outpatient topics. Hearing patients' perspectives was instrumental in achieving our learning objectives. Key factors for successful implementation included a faculty moderator, preplanned questions, and teaching slides to emphasize key learning points. Future work should evaluate whether residents' increased knowledge and interest translates into sustained behavior change and more residents selecting outpatient careers.
Acoustic losses in a thick quartz plate at low temperatures

We have shown that thermoelastic losses give the significant contribution to the total mechanical damping in the low loss quartz even for the bulk samples if the thickness of the sample is smaller than other dimensions. We have developed a model that describes experimental data of mechanical losses in a round quartz plate with the diameter 7.48 cm and the thickness 1.2 cm at temperatures 5–25 K in the range of eigenfrequencies 11–300 kHz. The model takes into account both the contribution of thermoelastic losses and the contribution due to the interaction of the acoustic wave with thermal phonons (Akhieser damping). Thermoelastic processes determine losses below 120 kHz. At larger eigenfrequencies, the Akhieser damping dominates.