Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Space-borne pseudo-range reconstruction and its performance analysis in dynamic orbit determination

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is nowadays widely used for navigation of spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO). Both real-time positioning information (navigation solutions) and raw GPS measurements (pseudo-range, carrier-phase, Doppler shift and signal-to-noise ratio) are usually transmitted to ground control centres for post-processing. However, for certain LEO missions, only navigation solutions are available due to the limited capability of space-borne GPS receivers. In this case, navigation solutions are commonly used as pseudo-observations in dynamic orbit determination (referred to as dynamic filtering) to obtain a smooth and continuous orbit; however, the achievable orbit accuracy is limited since broadcast ephemeris data from the GPS navigation messages are used and the more accurate GPS orbit and clock information are only available in post-processing. In this study, a method of reconstructing space-borne pseudo-range measurements from real-time positioning information is developed, thus, the more accurate GPS orbit and clock products from the International GNSS Service (IGS) are able to be used in dynamic orbit determination. Real GPS data from the TerraSAR-X mission are used to validate this approach and its performance in dynamic orbit determination is assessed as well. Results show that the orbit accuracy of navigation solutions can be significantly improved from 15 m to 5 m after a dynamic filtering process is performed. A remarkably better orbit accuracy of about 0.5 m is achieved in dynamic orbit determination using the reconstructed pseudo-range measurements and IGS rapid orbit and clock products; both the requirements of 24-h timeframe and an orbit accuracy of 2 m for generating proper SAR images are well satisfied.
Numerical modeling of subglacial sediment deformation: Implications for the behavior of the Lake Michigan Lobe, Laurentide Ice Sheet

We apply a numerical model of the late Wisconsin (circa 20,000 years B.P.) Lake Michigan Lobe (LML), Laurentide Ice Sheet, to investigate how fine-grained subglacial sediment might influence lobe behavior, particularly rapid millennial-scale marginal oscillations observed in the geologic record. Over the Canadian Shield, we assume a rigid bed (“hard bedded”) basal boundary condition. In areas overlain by fine-grained sediment (“soft bedded”), the base of the ice is coupled to a deformable sediment layer, using a rate-dependent stress-strain law. Geotechnical tests of clay-rich till deposited by the LML provide control for sediment rheologic parameters. Simulated cross-sectional profiles are consistent with reconstructions from geologic evidence. Time-dependent simulations suggest that a soft-bedded lobe could have reached steady state in about 20,000 years or less, in contrast to 50,000 to 60,000 years for an otherwise identical hard-bedded lobe. A soft-bedded lobe with sediment viscosity at the experimentally determined value is about twice as responsive to millennial-scale shifts in accumulation or ablation as a nonsliding hard-bedded lobe, but in both cases the response is slower than that indicated by the geologic record. Results suggest that while strong millennial-scale changes in accumulation and ablation can produce responses in hard-bedded or soft-bedded ice that are consistent with the geologic record, changes in subglacial sediment viscosity, even relatively modest changes (whether independent or in conjunction with climate change), might more readily account for millennial- and submillennial-scale fluctuations of the lobe margin. These observations do not exclude a role for sliding, but they do provide some perspective from which to evaluate relative contributions of the various processes that influence lobe behavior.
Assessment of millet yields and production in northern Burkina Faso using integrated NDVI from the AVHRR.

Abstract It is possible to assess crop yields at the end of the growing season in a semi-arid environment using data from meteorological satellites. This is the result of a work carried out in northern Burkina Faso. The technique used is based on linear correlation between millet yield and the time integral of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (iNDVI) derived from NOAA AVHRR data. In contrast to earlier related studies, the correlation has been established using satellite data extracted exclusively within the agricultural domain. The integration period for the iNDVI correponds to the reproductive phase only of the growing period of millet. Furthermore, iNDVI can also be used to estimate the acreage or the agricultural domain, by the application of a suitable threshold to classify areas into agricultural and non-agricultural domains. It is therefore possible to assess the yield and the acreage of the agricultural domain and to derive an estimate of the millet production of the area by the end of t.
DENSITY VARIATION IN SPECIMENS SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC AND MONOTONIC LOADS

The undrained cyclic triaxial test is widely used to evaluate the seismically induced liquefaction potential of saturated cohesionless soil. Concern that internal-void-ratio changes (redistributuion) due to testing characteristics may render the test inappropriate for dynamic analysis is prompting research to investigate such changes. This research requires specimens with a higher degree of density uniformity than previously demonstrated. Control specimens are tested in the triaxial chamber, frozen under back pressure and confining pressure with the top drainage line open, and then dissected into 96 elements in a cold room. The density of each segment and, consequently, the density distribution of the specimen are determined from the ice content. Homogeneity, i.e., relative density uniformity, is quantified in terms of the standard deviation of all elements about the average relative density determined for the 96 elements. Relative density dispersion with an increase in strain level is shown at three densities, approximately 40, 60, and 70% relative density. Density redistribution as a result of cyclic and monotonic loading is demonstrated and quantified in test specimens of Banding sand, which is a specific gradation of Ottawa sand. It is shown that density redistribution begins at pore-pressure responses less than 100%, but does not become significant until nearly 100% pore-pressure response and/or peak-to-peak strain levels greater than 5% are reached.
A three-stage approach to large-target acquisition in spectral images

Over the last few years, we have developed an algorithm which detects anomalous targets in hyperspectral or multispectral images. The algorithm takes a data (image) cube with a completely unknown background, segments the cube, assigns the largest clusters as background, and determines which pixels are anomalous to the background. In the work to be presented here, we will add two additional modules. First, since our present mission is to detect military targets in a fairly barren rural background, we use the SAVI (or NDVI) metric to detect items which appear to contain chlorophyll. In this way, we can eliminate objects which in retrospect were the right sizes and shapes but were in reality plants. Second, we have developed CFAR methods to achieve a Constant False Alarm Rate while giving us the maximum probability of detecting the targets. Actual data will be analyzed by the algorithm; the ability to both determine if a target is present and where its location is will be shown.
Effect of Milling on Dielectric Properties of PZT

In this study, we investigated the impact of high-energy milling on the structural and dielectric properties of Pb[Zr(1-x)Tix ]O3 [PZT] ceramics synthesized using the solid-state reaction process. The sample was milled for 2, 4 & 6 hours using a high-energy ball milling machine. The unit cell structure for all of the samples was observed to be monoclinic, according to x-ray diffraction measurements (space group: C1m1). A significant reduction in crystallite size was observed, from 132 nm to 46 nm after 6 hours of milling. The dielectric study indicated a classical ferroelectric type behaviour for the un-milled sample and diffused phase transition for all milled samples. However dielectric constant dropped from 940 to 487 after 6 hours of milling.
Evidence for the evolution of the Kalahari dunes from the Auob River, southeastern Namibia

The 45-m deep Auob River valley occurs within an end-Kalahari erg consisting of unconsolidated aeolian sheet sands overlain by southeast-orientated linear dunes. The depth of the valley decreases to 15 m downstream. Younger gravel terraces occur within the valley at 5 m and 2 m above the present river level. Fluvial, pre-dune, calcrete-cemented Kalahari sediments form exposed lateral terraces on either side of the valley. These terminate in vertical cliffs up to 25 m high along the top of the valley margins. Numerous embayments give the cliffs jagged outlines. Valley incision post-dates the linear dunes. Upstream there are no accumulations of aeolian sand within the jagged terrace edges but downstream dunes and aeolian sheet sands cover the calcrete cliffs of the windward margin of the river valley, indicating a progressive increase in the intensity of aeolian reworking towards the southeast subsequent to incision of the Auob River valley. Regional geological, palaeontological, marine and lacustrine evidence and palaeo-climatological proxies suggest that the Kalahari dune system formed during periods of extreme aridity in the Plio-Pleistocene. Acheulean and Middle Stone Age implements record occupation of the Auob valley after 40 m of post-dune incision by the river. Luminescence ages of 186 ka and younger for the dunes largely represent aeolian reworking. This reworking becomes more obvious downstream towards the South African border.
Multiyear Volume, Liquid Freshwater, and Sea Ice Transports through Davis Strait, 2004–10*

AbstractDavis Strait is a primary gateway for freshwater exchange between the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans including freshwater contributions from west Greenland and Canadian Arctic Archipelago glacial melt. Data from six years (2004–10) of continuous measurements collected by a full-strait moored array and concurrent high-resolution Seaglider surveys are used to estimate volume and liquid freshwater transports through Davis Strait, with respective annual averages of −1.6 ± 0.5 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) and −93 ± 6 mSv (negative sign indicates southward transport). Sea ice export contributes an additional −10 ± 1 mSv of freshwater transport, estimated using satellite ice area transport and moored upward-looking sonar ice thickness measurements. Interannual and annual variability of the net transports are large, with average annual volume and liquid freshwater transport standard deviations of 0.7 Sv and 17 mSv and with interannual standard deviations of 0.3 Sv and 15 mSv. Moreover, there are no.
Effect of No‐Till and Extended Rotation on Nutrient Losses in Surface Runoff

No-till crop production can reduce soil erosion compared to conventional tillage, but there is concern that lack of fertilizer incorporation will increase loss of dissolved nutrients in surface runoff. Therefore, we compared nutrient and sediment loss from two no-till and two chisel-till small (0.45–0.79 ha) watersheds managed in a 2-yr corn (Zea mays L.)/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]–rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop rotation for 16 crop years. We also investigated the effect of replacing some of the mineral N with manure and red clover by monitoring runoff from three watersheds in a 3-yr corn/soybean/wheat–red clover (Triticum aestivum L.–Trifolium pratense L.) extended rotation.The reduced-input watersheds were disked in corn and soybean years. For all tillage treatments, NO₃–N losses were greatest with corn and averaged from 3.7 (no-till) to 5.5 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (chisel) for all crop years. Average dissolved P losses were 0.21 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (chisel), 0.32 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (no-till), and 0.84 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (reduced-input). Total P losses were least from no-till (0.79 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), intermediate for chisel (0.84 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and greatest for reduced-input watersheds (1.68 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Soil loss was least from no-till (807 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), intermediate from chisel (1073 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and greatest from reduced-input watersheds (1177 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Thus, no-till had only slightly greater dissolved P losses compared to chisel, but had smaller soil, NO₃–N, and total P losses. The greater dissolved and total P losses, as well as greater soil loss, compared to chisel and no-till watersheds, indicated that there was no surface water quality benefit to the reduced-input extended rotation.
Seasonality in sea surface temperatures from δ18O in Cladocora caespitosa: modern Adriatic to late Pleistocene, Gulf of Corinth

High‐resolution stable isotope analysis of coral skeletons is an established method to help reconstruct seawater growth temperatures for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Here we investigated the temperate, colonial, Mediterranean scleractinian coral Cladocora caespitosa. We first studied modern Adriatic corals from Mljet (Croatia) where growth temperatures were known. A clear sinusoidal cyclicity is present in the δ18O of the modern coral skeletons with average cycle minima ∼−3.3‰ and average maxima ∼−1.6‰. Cyclicity approximately matches the number of seasonal growth band pairs in each sample, implying a genetic link between δ18O cyclicity and factors that determine seasonal growth band development, here mainly water temperature. A derived and calibrated species‐specific δ18O–temperature relationship was then used to reconstruct growth temperatures from fossil C. caespitosa. This was applied to well‐preserved material collected from late Pleistocene deposits (MIS 1, 5 and 7) around the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. Clear seasonal δ18O signals are seen in all the fossil samples. MIS 5e was the warmest period studied with a lower than modern seasonal temperature range. The Early to mid‐Holocene probably experienced the lowest temperatures while conditions in MIS 7a/c were probably the wettest with most freshwater input into the Gulf.
Hydrothermal alteration and earth surface rock weathering: A basalt example

Geomorphologists have not devoted sufficient attention to the formation of clay minerals by hydrothermal activity. This paper describes the breakdown of freshly-quarried basalt by cyclic wetting and drying. Breakdown is attributed to the swelling of hydrothermally-derived smectite, and it is argued that the effects of endogenic processes can exert a significant control upon weathering behaviour under earth surface conditions.
Regional analysis of the inverted barometer effect over the global ocean using TOPEX/POSEIDON data and model results

Crossover sea level differences from almost 5 years of TOPEX/POSEIDON data are regressed against corresponding differences in atmospheric pressure (−Δpa), and the regression coefficient (α) is examined for deviations from the value of ∼1 cm/mbar expected under a pure inverted barometer (IB) signal. Only crossovers within each 10-day repeat cycle are used. We focus on variability at the shortest periods where non-IB response is more likely. Results indicate a marked tendency to have α < 1 cm/mbar, with values in the general range of 0.8–1 cm/mbar in middle and high latitudes and 0.4–0.8 cm/mbar in the tropics. Effects of errors in Δpa and altimeter data seem small to explain all of the observed IB deviations, which imply then positive correlations between Δpa and dynamic sea level Δη′ (sea level adjusted for an IB signal). A simple constant-density ocean model is used to help interpret the regression results. Only effects of winds and pa on Δη′ are considered. Model-based α estimates agree qualitatively with the data estimates. On the basis of the model results, wind-driven Δη′ signals contribute importantly to the spatial variability of α observed at middle and high latitudes. This is particularly evident in the Southern Ocean, where strongest wind-driven effects on α coincide with regions of anomalous ambient potential vorticity gradients and different vorticity dynamics. In contrast, the observed decrease in α toward low latitudes is due to a true dynamic response to pa, mostly at periods shorter than 10 days. The stronger non-IB signals suggest a response closer to resonance and may be due to the richer resonance spectrum in the tropics. The non-IB signals are largely remotely driven and therefore weakly correlated with local pa. Thus regression results tend to underestimate the importance of the nonisostatic response in the tropics but also at higher latitudes.
EXTERNAL EFFECTS OF MENTAL HEALTH FACILITIES

ABSTRACT Analysis of a 1,090-household survey in metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, shows that community mental health facilities generate externality fields that include such effects as fears of the negative impact on property values, traffic volumes, and residential satisfaction. There are also strongly neutral respondents who do not anticipate any impact on their neighborhoods. The spatial extent of the externality effect of mental health facilities appears to be highly confined, perhaps to an area within six blocks of the facility. Behavioral adjustments by a population as a consequence of mental health facility location are small, although as proximity to facility increases, so does the propensity to participate in group-based opposition tactics. Although mental health facilities are regarded as noxious by proximate residents, they also appear to be endowed with some aura of social worth or merit. It may be that opposition to such facilities is limited to a vociferous minority whose views are not necessa.
Quantification of OATP1B1 endogenous metabolites coproporphyrin I and III in human urine

Coproporphyrin (CP)-I and CP-III are the markers of organic anion-transporting polypeptides’ (OATPs) activities, and they are porphyrin metabolites that originate from heme synthesis. Furthermore, CP-I and CP-III, which are OATP1B endogenous metabolites, have gradually attracted the attention of scientists and researchers in recent years. Previous studies have also observed CP-I and CP-III levels as clinical biomarkers for predicting OATP1B inhibition in drug–drug interaction studies. To establish an accurate ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of CP-I and CP-III, we reviewed previous methodological publications and applied them to a clinical pharmacology study using a human urine matrix. We used 13.25 M formic acid as a working solution for internal standards (CP-I 15N4 and CP-III d8) to avoid isobaric interference. The calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 1–100 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient (R2) higher than 0.996 in each validation batch. Both the between-run and within-run assays achieved good precision and accuracy, and we found that both CP-I and CP-III were stable in the pre-study validation. The method exhibited suitable dilution integrity, allowing for the re-analysis of samples with concentrations exceeding the upper limit of quantification through dilution. Overall, the application of the described method in a clinical study revealed that it can be utilized effectively to monitor drug–drug interactions mediated by OATP1B.
New and Improved Data Logging and Collection System for Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility, Tropical Western Pacific, and North Slope of Alaska Sky Radiation, Ground Radiation, and MET Systems

Aging systems and technological advances mandated changes to the data collection systems at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) and North Slope of Alaska (NSA) ARM Climate Research Facility (ACRF) sites. Key reasons for the upgrade include the following: achieve consistency across all ACRF sites for easy data use and operational maintenance; minimize the need for a single mentor requiring specialized knowledge and training; provide local access to real-time data for operational support, intensive operational period (IOP) support, and public relations; eliminate problems with physical packaging (condensation, connectors, etc.); and increase flexibility in programming and control of the data logger.
Seismological signature of chemical differentiation of Earth's upper mantle

[1] Chemical differentiation from pyrolite to harzburgite due to partial melting and melt extraction process causes the chemical heterogeneity in Earth's upper mantle that can be detected by seismological observations. The variation in major element chemistry in natural samples reflects complicated processes that include not only partial melting but also other various magmatic processes. On the basis of a comparison of chemical and mineralogical compositions of natural peridotites with those from melting experiment, density and seismic velocities of various peridotites are calculated for the range of pressure and temperature in the upper mantle using the latest data on mineral thermoelasticity. We conclude that the seismic velocities of shallow oceanic peridotites is characterized by a single parameter such as Mg # (molar ratio Mg/(Mg + Fe)), whereas the characterization of the deep continental peridotites requires two parameters, Mg # and Opx # (volume fraction of orthopyroxene). In agreement with previous studies, we find that in spinel stability field, the seismic velocities have positive correlation with Mg # from pyrolite to residual harzburgite, while in garnet stability field, seismic velocities of residual harzburgite are indistinguishable from those of pyrolite. The seismic velocities of the deep continental peridotites are lower than those of pyrolite and residual harzburgite because of the high concentration of orthopyroxene with low seismic velocities and have large pressure dependence. A jump of seismic velocity will occur at 300 km in orthopyroxene-rich continental harzburgite due to the orthorhombic to high-pressure monoclinic phase transition in (Mg, Fe)SiO3 pyroxene. This phase transition may correspond to the X discontinuity.
Deploying Roadside Unit Efficiently in VANETs: A Multi-Objective Delay-Based Optimization Strategy Using Lagrangian Relaxation

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) in intelligent transportation systems have been regarded as an effective means to alleviate traffic congestion, reduce traffic accidents and save fuel. A proper roadside unit (RSU) deployment strategy is essential to improve the efficiency and stability of VANETs’ communication. However, the RSU deployment strategy that combines coverage and quality of service is still limited. To provide city planners with decision-making support, a multi-objective optimization model is built to optimize the deployment of RSUs under a limited budget. Two objective functions are proposed to maximize the number of communication tasks served and minimize the total task-weighted delay. Through a simple transformation of the delay matrix, we transform the proposed multi-objective model into a p-median problem. Then, we design a Lagrangian relaxation algorithm in a multi-objective framework to solve the model. Moreover, simulation examples are presented to demonstrate and validate the proposed model and solution algorithm. We analyze the gap between the algorithm result and the optimal solution, and characterize the Pareto front. The simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm.