Assessment of the ecological effects of UV-filters in Portuguese freshwaters

Organic UV-filters are chemicals present in several personal care products and on other materials (plastics, paints, etc) to protect against ultraviolet radiation. The use of these compounds has been increasing throughout the years and, consequently, they are now considered global emergent contaminants of the aquatic environment. In fact, UV-filters have been frequently found in river and lake waters but to date, only scarce information exists about their effects and it is mostly based in acute or chronic toxicity data for a limited number of species. Due to their physico-chemical properties, UVfilters accumulate in biota and sediments and are expected to co-occur together with other persistent contaminants. Moreover, and despite uncertainties about their specific mode of action, research has shown endocrine disruption caused by exposure to organic UV-filters in several species. Investigation on the ecological effects of organic UV-filters is urgent for a correct environmental risk assessment. For that, studies should be focused on ecotoxicological data from benthic organisms considering relevant endpoints and exposure scenarios including binary mixtures. This will allow to address potential long-term as well as community and ecosystem level effects of organic UV-filters. Thus, the purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of UV-filters using an integrated approach combining sub-organismal, organismal, population and community level responses, aiming to produce comprehensive and sound ecotoxicological data for freshwaters. With that purpose four specific objectives were proposed: i) assess the effects of selected UV-filters (Benzophenone-3 (BP3); 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor (4-MBC) and Octocrylene (OC)) on two aquatic species, the dipteran Chironomus riparius (a model organism widely used in ecotoxicological assays) and the trichopteran Sericostoma vittatum (an endemic species of Iberian peninsula), both aquatic detritivores with an important role in the streams and rivers; ii) assess the effects of binary mixtures of different UV-filters and UVfilters combined with an insect repellent, DEET (N,N-diethyl-3methylbenzamide) in C. riparius reproductive traits ; iii) assess the long-term effects of BP3 exposure over two consecutive C. riparius generations and iv) assess the effects of 4-MBC in the structure of macroinvertebrates community and functioning of ecosystem using a mesocosms approach. Obtained results showed that selected UV-filters indeed caused deleterious effects on both insect species at environmental relevant concentrations with reductions in the growth, feeding and development rates. abstract (cont.) At the sub-organismal level, C. riparius and S. vittatum showed different patterns of response to UV-filters exposure and, despite evidences of metabolic costs related with detoxification, no evidences of oxidative stress or neurotoxicity were found. Additionally, results obtained in mixture exposures showed synergistic interactions for some C. riparius reproduction related traits for binary mixture of BP3 and 4-MBC as well as for mixture containing BP3 and DEET. These suggest that individual chemical testing can underestimate toxicity of organic UV-filters under natural conditions. Concerning C. riparius long-term multigenerational exposure to BP3, our results showed that C. riparius fertility is strongly reduced by BP3 exposure being the filial (F1) generation more sensitive than the parental (P) generation. Moreover, the F1 generation exposed under control conditions but whose parents were exposed to BP3 showed to be affected. All these results indicate carry-over effects, pointing out to possible epigenetic/transgenerational effects. Finally, community ecotoxicological experiments using artificial streams (mesocosms) showed no effects of 4-MBC on the structure of macroinvertebrate community nor on leaf litter decomposition. However, primary production was strongly reduced due to 4-MBC exposure. These results, although not in agreement with the previous laboratory assays performed with detritivore species, suggest potential bottom up indirect effects caused by the presence of organic UV-filters in sediments. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work suggest that UV-filters present risk to freshwater benthic invertebrate communities and reinforce the need of using complex and higher tier ecotoxicity studies to a better environmental risk assessment of these emergent contaminants.cont. ) At the sub-organismal level, C. riparius and S. vittatum showed different patterns of response to UV-filters exposure and, despite evidences of metabolic costs related with detoxification, no evidences of oxidative stress or neurotoxicity were found. Additionally, results obtained in mixture exposures showed synergistic interactions for some C. riparius reproduction related traits for binary mixture of BP3 and 4-MBC as well as for mixture containing BP3 and DEET. These suggest that individual chemical testing can underestimate toxicity of organic UV-filters under natural conditions. Concerning C. riparius long-term multigenerational exposure to BP3, our results showed that C. riparius fertility is strongly reduced by BP3 exposure being the filial (F1) generation more sensitive than the parental (P) generation. Moreover, the F1 generation exposed under control conditions but whose parents were exposed to BP3 showed to be affected. All these results indicate carry-over effects, pointing out to possible epigenetic/transgenerational effects. Finally, community ecotoxicological experiments using artificial streams (mesocosms) showed no effects of 4-MBC on the structure of macroinvertebrate community nor on leaf litter decomposition. However, primary production was strongly reduced due to 4-MBC exposure. These results, although not in agreement with the previous laboratory assays performed with detritivore species, suggest potential bottom up indirect effects caused by the presence of organic UV-filters in sediments. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work suggest that UV-filters present risk to freshwater benthic invertebrate communities and reinforce the need of using complex and higher tier ecotoxicity studies to a better environmental risk assessment of these emergent contaminants.