Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral and Panchromatic Images Fusion Based on the Dual Conditional Diffusion Models

The fusion between the low-resolution hyperspectral image (LRHSI) and the panchromatic (PAN) image could obtain the high-resolution hyperspectral image (HRHSI). Recently, deep learning (DL)-based fusion methods have been explored widely due to their powerful feature learning ability. However, most DL-based methods that use the one-step fusion manner can suffer from the blurring effect. In addition, they have not fully utilized the spatial and spectral feature information of two input images, which hinders the improvement of the resulting image quality. Therefore, to fully mitigate the blurring effect and utilize two input images, we propose a dual conditional diffusion models-based fusion network (DCDMF) to obtain the fused HRHSI. The conditional diffusion model (CDM) can generate the high-quality image with realistic details in an iterative denoising manner (in the inference sampling stage) other than the one-step fusion manner, which could mitigate the blurring effect greatly. To improve the spatial and spectral fidelity of the fused HRHSI, we propose the dual spatial and spectral CDM (DCDM) (two noise prediction networks with different conditional input) to, respectively, extract the image feature from the LRHSI and PAN images with different image characteristics and reconstruct the corresponding HRHSI feature and fuse them. In addition, considering the high-dimensional property of the hyperspectral image (HSI), we pretrain an auto-encoder to encode the HSI into the low-dimensional latent space with more discriminate features to reduce the computational cost. Based on the auto-encoder, we also perform the image generation process in the residual latent space to focus on learning the residual latent spatial details. Extensive experimental results on three datasets show the superiority of our method over several state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. (The Ziyuan (ZY) dataset and codes could be available at https://github.com/rs-lsl/DCDMF)
LASSO-Based Detection and Identification of Actuator Integrity Attacks in Remote Control Systems

This note considers the actuator attack in a remote control system with process and measurement noises. Compared with the sensor attack that has been studied in most existing literature, the malicious attack over actuators can cause more disastrous results due to their direct influence on the system performance. We consider not only detecting the existence of actuator attacks but also identifying the actuators under attack, which is especially important for industrial systems due to the high troubleshooting cost. More specifically, we introduce the notion of prediction residues in Kalman filtering and design a $\chi ^{2}$ attack detector based on the change of residue’s probability distribution when the system is under attack. To identify the actuators under attack, we further propose a method based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) that characterizes the optimal estimates of sparse actuator attacks in the sense of maximum likelihood and develops an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) scheme for computation. We further design a real-time monitor with low computation and memory complexity and present the pseudo-code for implementation. Numerical simulations and experiments are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the results.
ChCDC25 Regulates Infection-Related Morphogenesis and Pathogenicity of the Crucifer Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum

The fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum higginsianum, causes a disease called anthracnose on various cruciferous plants. Here, we characterized a Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC25 ortholog in C. higginsianum, named ChCDC25 (CH063_04363). The ChCDC25 deletion mutants were defective in mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial germination, appressorial formation, and invasive hyphal growth on Arabidopsis leaves, resulting in loss of virulence. Furthermore, deletion of ChCDC25 led to increased sensitivity to cell wall stress and resulted in resistance to osmotic stress. Exogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and IBMX treatments were able to induce appressorial formation in the ChCDC25 mutants, but abnormal germ tubes were still formed. The results implied that ChCDC25 is involved in pathogenicity by regulation of cAMP signaling pathways in C. higginsianum. More importantly, we found that ChCDC25 may interact with Ras2 and affects Ras2 protein abundance in C. higginsianum. Taken together, ChCDC25 regulates infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity of C. higginsianum. This is the first report to reveal functions of a CDC25 ortholog in a hemibiotrophic phytopathogen.
New Approach to the Radiocarbon Dating of Rock Varnish, with Examples from Drylands

Abstract New electron microscope observations reveal that organic inclusions are often trapped in pockets under rock varnish. Accelerator radiocarbon dating of subvarnish organic detritus provides a new method of constraining when a rock was exposed by cultural or geomorphic processes. Applications are exemplified for human artifacts and landforms found in drylands. Three radiocarbon dates from 30,000 to 36,000 yr B.P. indicate rock engravings in South Australia are among the oldest art yet found in the world and show that humans migrated into what is now the “arid zone” of Australia at least 10,000 years earlier than previously thought. The first direct age control on Nazca geoglyphs and subterranean irrigation aqueducts in southern Peru indicate manufacture around 1400 to 2100 yr B.P. Geoglyphs along the Colorado River were made before 1100 yr B.P. Artifacts from a quarry site in the Mojave Desert, California, yield minimum 14C ages from 3700 to 26,000 yr B.P.
Sapping Features of the Colorado Plateau: a Comparative Planetary Geology Field Guide

This book is an attempt to determine geomorphic criteria to be used to distinguish between channels formed predominantly by sapping and seepage erosion and those formed principally by surface runoff processes. The geologic nature of the Colorado Plateau has resulted in geomorphic features that show similarities to some areas on Mars, especially certain valley networks within thick sandstone formations. Where spring sapping is an effective process, the valleys that develop are unique in terms of their morphology and network pattern.
Levoglucosan as a specific marker of fire events in Greenland snow

ABSTRACT We demonstrate the use of levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose) as a source-specific proxy of past fire activity in snow pits and ice cores. Levoglucosan is unambiguously a degradation product derived from cellulose burning at temperatures greater than 300 °C and is widely used as a biomass burning marker in aerosol analyses. We analyse samples collected from a 3 m snow pit at Summit, Greenland (72°20′N, 38°45′W; 3270 m a.s.l.), with a known depositional history where biomass burning aerosols were traced from their source in a Canadian smoke plume, through their eastward transport and deposition on the Greenland ice sheet, and their eventual burial by accumulating snow layers. The snow pit levoglucosan profile replicates oxalate concentrations from a known forest fire event, suggesting the applicability of levoglucosan as a marker of past fire activity in snow and by extension in ice cores. However, levoglucosan concentration peaks in the snow pit differ from those of ammonium and potassium, which are traditionally used as biomass burning proxies in snow and ice studies but which incorporate sources other than fire activity. The source specificity of levoglucosan can help determine the past relative contribution of biomass burning aerosols when used in conjunction with other proxies in snow and ice.
Heavy Metal and Radioactivity Concentrations in Soil and Moss Samples from Istanbul, Turkey

Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn in the moss ( Hypnum cupressiforme and Scleropodium purum) and topsoil (0-5 cm) samples collected from Istanbul were analysed to estimate heavy metal deposition. The activity concentrations of gamma emitting radionuclides ( 137 Cs, 40 K, 238 U, 232 Th), organic matter contents and pH values of the topsoil samples were also measured. The trace element and radionuclide levels were compared with those found in the samples from other locations of Turkey and different countries.
Results from the China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network (CHINET) in 2017 of the In Vitro Activities of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Ceftolozane-Tazobactam against Clinical Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The in vitro activities of ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA), ceftolozane-tazobactam (C-T), and comparators were determined for 1,774 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and 524 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected by 30 medical centers from the China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network (CHINET) in 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the CLSI broth microdilution method, and blaKPC and blaNDM were detected by PCR for all carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA), ceftolozane-tazobactam (C-T), and comparators were determined for 1,774 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and 524 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected by 30 medical centers from the China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network (CHINET) in 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the CLSI broth microdilution method, and blaKPC and blaNDM were detected by PCR for all carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Ceftazidime-avibactam demonstrated potent activity against almost all Enterobacteriaceae (94.6% susceptibility; MIC50, ≤0.25 mg/liter; MIC90, ≤0.25 to >32 mg/liter) and good activity against P. aeruginosa (86.5% susceptibility; MIC50/90, 2/16 mg/liter). Among the CRE, 50.8% (189/372 isolates) were positive for blaKPC-2, which mainly existed in ceftazidime-avibactam-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (92.1%, 174/189). Among the CRE, 17.7% (66/372 isolates) were positive for blaNDM, which mainly existed in strains resistant to ceftazidime-avibactam (71.7%, 66/92). Ceftolozane-tazobactam showed good in vitro activity against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis (MIC50/90, ≤0.5/2 mg/liter; 90.5 and 93.8% susceptibility, respectively), and the rates of susceptibility of K. pneumoniae (MIC50/90, 2/>64 mg/liter) and P. aeruginosa (MIC50/90, 1/8 mg/liter) were 52.7% and 88.5%, respectively. Among the CRE strains, 28.6% of E. coli isolates and 85% of K. pneumoniae isolates were still susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam, but only 7.1% and 1.9% of them, respectively, were susceptible to ceftolozane-tazobactam. The rates of susceptibility of the carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates to ceftazidime-avibactam (65.7%) and ceftolozane-tazobactam (68%) were similar. Overall, both ceftazidime-avibactam and ceftolozane-tazobactam were highly active against clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa recently collected across China, and ceftazidime-avibactam showed activity superior to that of ceftolozane-tazobactam against Enterobacteriaceae, whereas ceftolozane-tazobactam showed a better effect against P. aeruginosa.
Everest, the west ridge

This is the 2013 special anniversary edition to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first ascent of Mount Everest via the West Ridge which remains the least attempted and most deadly of recognised routes on Everest. In 1963, Jim Whittaker became the first American to summit Everest via the South Col route. Roughly two weeks after Whittaker's achievement, Tom Hornbein and Willi Unsoeld, fellow American mountaineers on the same expedition, became the first climbers ever to summit the world's highest peak via the dangerous and forbidding West Ridge - a route on which only a handful of climbers have since succeeded. This special 50th anniversary edition reintroduces the adventure in a larger format with full-colour photographs by members of the expedition, including leader Norman G. Dyhrenfurth and team doctor Jim Lester. In addition to a new foreword by Jon Krakauer, this volume also features a new preface by Hornbein along with a series of prefaces he wrote for earlier editions, including the original from 1965, and a map by Dee Molenaar.Updated bios of all the American Mount Everest Expedition team members, written by climber Broughton Coburn, are now accompanied by contemporary portraits from the expedition.
The influence of atmospheric moisture transport on the fresh water balance of the Atlantic drainage basin: General circulation model simulations and observations

An attempt has been made to evaluate the reliability of water vapor transport estimates from atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) by comparing the vapor export from the Atlantic basin obtained using the GISS 4° × 5° grid GCM with that obtained from observations of wind velocity and humidity [Oort, 1983]. We find substantial differences. The model gives an export of 0.13 Sverdrups (Sv) from the Atlantic basin compared to 0.32 Sv from the Oort data set. We note that the GCM produces far stronger easterly winds and correspondingly larger tropical vapor transports. Further, because of the model's low orography, steering of the winds and drying of air masses by mountain chains are not adequately represented. This leads to a dramatic overestimation of water vapor transport across mountain ranges. In an additional model experiment, we calculated the water vapor transports in a double-CO2 scenario. We find that atmospheric freshwater loss from the Atlantic basin is increased to 0.30 Sv compared to 0.13 Sv in the control run. Because of the deficiencies of the model mentioned above, however, we conclude that estimates of vapor transport for future greenhouse conditions and past glacial conditions made using GCMs have to be taken with great caution until models with more realistic flow patterns, especially around mountain ranges, are available.
Sulfur‐containing species (methanesulfonate and SO4) over the last climatic cycle in the Greenland Ice Core Project (central Greenland) ice core

A high-resolution profile covering the last two centuries and a discontinuous study spanning the complete last glacial-interglacial cycle of methanesulfonate (MSA) (CH3SO3−) and sulfate were obtained along Summit (central Greenland) ice cores. MSA concentrations were close to 4±1.4 ng g−1 from 1770 to 1870 A.D. and 3 ng g−1 in 1900, and exhibited a well-marked decreasing trend from 1945 to the present. These changes of Summit snow MSA concentrations between 1770 and 1945 are discussed in terms of possible modulation of dimethylsulfide (DMS) marine emissions influencing the Greenland Ice Sheet by past climatic fluctuations in these regions. The decrease of MSA levels in Summit snow layers deposited since 1945 suggests either a decline in marine biota at high northern latitudes or a changing yield of MSA from DMS oxidation driven by modification of the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere in response to increasing anthropogenic NOx, and hydrocarbon emissions. While interglacial ice concentrations of MSA and sulfate are close to 2.9±1.9 ng g−1 and 27±10 ng g−1, respectively, reduced MSA (1.2±0.7 ng g−1) and enhanced sulfate (55±19 ng g−1) levels characterized the early Holocene stage (9000 to 11,000 years B.P.). MSA concentrations in glacial ice remain similar to the ones observed during interglacial stages. In contrast, sulfate levels are strongly enhanced (243±84 ng g−1) during the last glacial maximum (14,400 to 15,700 B.P.) compared with the interglacial ones. These variations of sulfur-containing species in response to past climatic conditions are similar to those found in other Greenland cores. In contrast, they are different from those revealed in the Antarctic Vostok ice core, where colder climates were associated with an increase by a factor of 5 and 2 in MSA and sulfate concentrations, respectively. These glacial-interglacial changes are discussed in terms of present and past contributions of marine DMS emissions versus other sulfate sources such as volcanic emissions and continental dust to the Greenland precipitation.
Sustainability Through Extroversion: The Curious Case of Municipal and Public Libraries in Greece

Public and municipal libraries, besides being keepers of local community documents and books, are - or should be - modern hubs of knowledge and diffusers of information to the community that surrounds them. This article reveals the areas of extroversion that municipal and public libraries can undertake, focusing on the efforts they need to make in order to best interact with local communities, going beyond their traditional usage of addressing only their patrons. Furthermore, the results of a survey conducted in the frame of the 4th Panhellenic Public Libraries Conference are presented, showing how much extroverted librarians working in public and municipal libraries are considered, as well as what kind of extroversion programs they implement in their library. Keywords: public libraries, municipal libraries, extroversion, innovation, sustainability of libraries, lifelong learning, information literacy
Seasonal variability in hydrologic-system response to intense rain events, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.

Abstract Two rain events at Matanuska Glacier illustrate how subglacial drainage system development and snowpack conditions affect hydrologic response at the terminus. On 21 and 22 September 1995, over 56 mm of rain fell in the basin during a period usually characterized by much drier conditions. This event caused an 8-fold increase in discharge and a 47-fold increase in suspended-sediment concentration. Peak suspended-sediment concentration exceeded 20 kg m —3, suggesting rapid evacuation of stored sediment. While water discharge returned to its pre-storm level nine days after the rain ceased, suspended- sediment concentrations took about 20 days to return to pre-storm levels. These observations suggest that the storm influx late in the melt season probably forced subglacial water into a more distributed system. In addition, subglacially transported sediments were supplemented to an unknown degree by the influx of storm-eroded sediments off hillslopes and from tributary drainage basins. A storm on 6 and 7 June 1997, dropped 28 mm of rain on the basin demonstrating the effects of meltwater retention in the snowpack and englacial and subglacial storage early in the melt season. Streamflow before the storm event was increasing gradually owing to warming temperatures; however, discharge during the storm and the following week increased only slightly. Suspended-sediment concentrations increased only a small amount, suggesting the drainage system was not yet well developed, and much of the run off occurred across the relatively clean surface of the glacier or through englacial channels.
Recent progress in the application of satellite altimetry to observing the mesoscale variability and general circulation of the oceans

Recent progress in the application of satellite altimetry from Seasat and GEOS 3 to the observation of the oceanic mesoscale variability and general circulation is reviewed. The lack of accurate geoid models has been the major obstacle in the study of the general ocean circulation from altimetry. The use of geoid-independent methods that utilize the temporal differences in altimetric measurements taken at fixed locations, however, has made significant contributions to our knowledge of the mesoscale variability of the ocean. The mesoscale energies of the sea surface height and geostrophic current have been mapped on a global basis. Their distributions in wave number space have also been analyzed. Because of many of the deficiencies of existing altimeter data (short duration, inadequate orbit, poor accuracy, etc.) most of these results describe only a small portion of the frequency-wave number spectrum of the variability, but they have nonetheless demonstrated the great value of an optimally designed altimetric mission in advancing our knowledge of the global mesoscale variability. The current technology allows satellite altimetry to detect oceanic variability at periods from a few days to 3–5 years, and wavelengths from 50 to 10,000 km. Determining the time-averaged general ocean circulation from altimetry is more problematic because an accurate geoid is indispensable. The currently available global geoid models have useful accuracies only at wavelengths greater than about 7000 km. There have been several attempts at mapping the global ocean circulation at those scales using existing altimeter data and geoids. When these results are compared with hydrographic surveys, some qualitative agreement can be observed, but the quantitative differences are mostly inconclusive because of the geoid and orbit errors. It has been suggested, however, that an altimetric mission that is optimally designed with the current technology, when complemented by a state-of-the-art gravimetric mission to map the earth's gravity field, is able to determine the ocean circulation quantitatively at scales from the ocean basin to about 200 km.
Examining the relationship between peer support and foreign language emotions in online learning: the mediating effect of self-efficacy

Introduction With the proliferation of online learning, understanding students’ affective experiences in digital foreign language courses has become imperative. Methods This mixed-methods study investigates how peer support and self-efficacy shape the emotional experiences of 502 Chinese undergraduate students in online English courses. Quantitative analyses using surveys were conducted to examine the relationships between peer support, self-efficacy, enjoyment, and anxiety. Qualitative analyses of interviews provided additional insights. Results Quantitative analyses reveal that peer support positively predicts higher levels of foreign language enjoyment and anxiety. Self-efficacy was found to partially mediate this relationship, with peer support strengthening self-efficacy, which, in turn, positively influences enjoyment and anxiety. Qualitative analyses provide converging yet nuanced insights into how peer support enhances self-efficacy and emotions beyond the surveys. Discussion The findings provide insight into optimizing online language courses through peer support and self-efficacy development tailored to diverse student needs. Limitations around sample selection, self-reported measures, and scope of relationships examined present opportunities for future research.
Price and Volume Relationship under Housing Presale System

This paper investigates the causality relationship between sale price and trading volume under housing presale system by using the data of existing house price, presale house price, trading volume, and the number of new construction from 1993Q1 to 2010Q4 in four spatial housing submarkets, Taipei city, New Taipei City, Taichung city, and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan. The empirical results reveal several interesting findings. First, the direction of causality is from house price (especially for existing house price) to trading volume for most cities, which is quite different from the previoust studies. Second, house prices Granger cause the number of new construction in Taipei City and Taichung City. However, the number of new construction does not Granger cause house prices. Third, trading volume does not Granger cause the number of new construction, but the number of new construction weakly Granger cause trading volume in most cities, except in Taipei City. Fourth, existing house prices Granger cause presale house price in most cities, especially in Taipei City and New Taipei city. Furthermore, existing house prices of Taipei City Granger cause existing house prices of other cities. However, presale house price of Taipei City only weakly Granger cause presale house price of New Taipei City and Taichung City. We also find that the price-volume relationships will be a little different in upturn and downturn of real estate cycles across cities.