Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Perspective of the Importance of Artificial Habitat on the Management of Red Snapper in the Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery has been declared as overfished, and overfishing is occurring. More stringent regulations, including reduced catch quotas and restrictions on the shrimp fishery to reduce bycatch of juvenile snappers, are anticipated. However, with projected rebuilding, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is estimated to be between 11 and 25 million pounds. This exceeds previously recorded annual yields from U.S. Gulf waters. The fishery began during the mid 19th century off the northeastern Gulf coast, with harvests of only about 2 million pounds. Even at this rate, the stocks were depleted rapidly, and the fleets moved further south and east to find new sources. Numerous exploratory cruises to the western Gulf in the late 19th century found minimal snapper populations, but high concentrations discovered off Vera Cruz, Mexico, attracted fishers, and this area was the major source of snappers for more than a century. The deployment of petroleum structures in the mid 20th century in the western Gulf and thousands of artificial reefs in the north-central Gulf have markedly increased red snapper habitat in those areas. Currently, snapper populations around artificial reefs in the north-central and northwestern Gulf support the majority of the U.S. harvest. If habitat is limiting, the designations of “overfishing” and “overfished” may be misleading, and “unrealized harvest potential” may be a more accurate descriptor of the current status of the stock given the increased presence of additional habitat for red snapper. Decreases in these artificial structures (owing to natural degradation or removal) may decrease future harvest potential.
Follow-up Studies of Five Cataclysmic Variable Candidates Discovered by LAMOST

We report follow-up observations of five cataclysmic variable candidates from the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) published by Hou et al. LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9 is the most unusual of the five; an early-M type secondary star contributes strongly to its spectrum, and its spectral and photometric behavior are strikingly reminiscent of the hitherto-unique propeller system AE Aqr. We confirm that a 7.34 hr period discovered in the Catalina survey data is orbital. Another object, LAMOST J204305.95+341340.6, appears to be a near twin of the novalike variable V795 Her, with an orbital period in the so-called 2–3 hr “gap. ” LAMOST J035913.61+405035.0 is evidently an eclipsing, weakly outbursting dwarf nova with a 5.48 hr period. Our spectrum of LAMOST J090150.09+375444.3 is dominated by a late-type secondary and shows weak, narrow Balmer emission moving in phase with the absorption lines, but at lower amplitude; we do not see the He ii λ4686 emission evident in the published discovery spectrum. We again confirm that a period from the Catalina data, in this case 6.80 hr, is orbital. LAMOST J033940.98+414805.7 yields a radial-velocity period of 3.54 hr, and its spectrum appears to be typical of novalike variables in this period range. The spectroscopically selected sample from LAMOST evidently includes some interesting cataclysmic variables that have been unrecognized until now, apparently because of the relatively modest range of their photometric variations.
Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Evidence From Mauritius

The idea that international trade is an engine of economic growth dates from long back, and even now an overwhelming body of literature affirms a strong and positive link between trade liberalization and economic development. However, most of these studies focused on developed countries. Indeed, while literature from developing countries are scant, those from Small Islands Developing States (SIDS), like Mauritius are almost nonexistent. The long-held belief of an underlying positive association between trade liberalization and growth has prompted trade liberalization to be a prominent component of policy advice in many developing countries. Nevertheless, despite the shift towards greater openness in developing countries, recent evidence suggest that the benefits of trade reforms have either not been as high as expected, or response across countries have been varied with some benefiting, and others losing from the trade reform. Taking into account the diverging response of trade liberalization in different countries, and the absence of such a scrutiny in a SIDS like Mauritius, the need to rigorously analyze the link between openness and economic development has become unavoidably crucial in the island. This paper endeavors to innovatively scrutinize the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth in Mauritius, using bi-annual data for the period 1989-2009, through a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The stationary properties and order of integration of the data are tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test on all the time series data. The variables are stationary at first differences, and so Johansen co-integration tests are then employed to determine whether the variables are co-integrated. In order to examine both the long run and short run relationships between trade liberalization and economic growth, the VECM is then constructed. Finally, the direction of causality between openness and economic growth is determined by applying Granger-Causality tests. ICITI 2011 ISSN: 16941225
Der Einfluss des Porenwasserdrucks auf das mechanische Verhalten kakiritisierter Gesteine

Kakirite sind tektonisch stark beanspruchte Gesteine, welche eine geringe Festigkeit und eine hohe Verformbarkeit aufweisen. Werden solche Gesteine beim Tunnelbau angetroffen, so koennen sehr grosse und langanhaltende Verformungen auftreten. Versucht man diese Verformungen durch einen steifen Ausbau zu hemmen, so entsteht ein hoher ("echter") Gebirgsdruck, welcher den Ausbau zerstoeren kann. Die Entwicklung von Gebirgsverformung beziehungsweise Gebirgsdruck wird erfahrungsgemaess durch das Vorhandensein von hohem Porenwasserdruck beguenstigt. Bei den herkoemmlichen felsmechanischen Triaxialversuchen, die zur Erkundung der Gesteinseigenschaften durchgefuehrt werden, wird jedoch der Porenwasserdruck nicht erfasst, womit die Festigkeitsgrenze in Abhaengigkeit vom Wassergehalt vor Versuchsbeginn fallweise ueberschaetzt oder unterschaetzt wird. In der Arbeit wurde anhand von speziell konzipierten Laborversuchen das Festigkeits- und Verformungsverhalten der Kakirite unter Beachtung des Porenwasserdrucks untersucht und durch geeignete Stoffgleichungen mathematisch erfasst. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass die versuchstechnisch aeusserst aufwendige Beruecksichtigung des Porenwasserdrucks fuer das Gewinnen reproduzierbarer Ergebnisse und die konsistente Interpretation des beobachteten Verhaltens unabdingbar ist. (A)
Caracterização e qualidade de frutos de umbu-cajá (Spondias tuberosa X S. mombin) provenientes do Recôncavo Sul da Bahia

The Southern Reconcavo in Bahia has a significant wealth of native plants with high nutritional potential. Besides ethnological indicative of their uses as food, little is known about them, especially on their chemical composition. As examples of these plants, it can be found fruits of (Spondias tuberosa X S. mombin) that are widely consumed fresh or as processed products all over Brazil. Due to the increasing pro acceptance of its products and the continuing search for new flavors, agro-industries have attracted the interest for both the domestic market and exportation. However, despite the strong commercial interest, few studies have been conducted in search for answers about its composition. Thus, this work aimed to make the physical, physical-chemical and mineralogical composition of unripe fruits of umbu-caja grown in the climatic conditions of the southern Reconcavo in Bahia. Analysis were performed of fruit and bark weight; size and diameter; percentage of bark, seeds and pulp; pH; soluble solids; acidity; soluble solid relationship acidity (ratio); the technology index; sugars (reducing and non reducing and total); vitamin C; protein; moisture; lipids; crude fiber; starch; and minerals (phosphorus, iron, calcium, sodium and potassium). The fruits have large size (23,18g), with considerable pulp yield (69,70 %), reasonable values of sugars (7,49 %), total acidity (1,32 %), fiber (1,36 %), vitamin C (8 mg /100g) and minerals ( Na-40 mg /100g; K-44mg /100g; P-17,76mg /100g; Fe-0,59mg /100g; and Ca-12,25mg /100g), proving to be an alternative to the market of fresh fruits and for agribusiness in the region.
SIZE-SCALE EFFECTS OF AN A-TYPE PIANO KEY WEIR

Piano Key Weirs (PKW) are non-linear weir structures with the benefit of an increased discharge capacity, compared to regular, linear weirs. While the structure’s footprint is very small, PKWs can be placed on top of dams for flood release purposes. But also, in-channel approaches are possible. Compared to regular weirs with movable elements, PKWs are more complex hydraulic structures, but with less maintenance necessity. PKW research is very young and nowadays frequently discussed within the hydraulic structure community. When analyzing experimental model data, scale effects are of major interest, because small scaled models might be affected by viscosity and surfaced tension influences. For other non-linear weir types, e.g. labyrinth weirs, size-scale effects have been analyzed comprehensively during the last years. For PKWs, only a few investigations are available in the literature. The present paper pics up this research topic and presents a study on size-scale effects of an A-type PKW. Therefore, experimental models with various scale sizes were conducted in the TH Luebeck’s hydraulic laboratory to identify the influence of scale effects on resulting nape behaviors and consequently, on resulting discharge coefficients. A surface tension correction function is presented.
Recovery of Non-Ferrous Metals from PCBs Scrap by Liquation from Lead

This article presents the results of research on the recycling of non-ferrous metals from PCB scrap using melting in metallic lead. The idea of this process is to dissolve (transfer) metals from PCB scrap in lead, and then liquation them by cooling the lead-metals alloy. PCB scrap was crushed and then melted into liquid lead. The lead after process was then poured into the casting mold and its chemical composition was examined. Among the various metals in the PCB scrap, copper and tin in particular are dissolved in lead. The more scrap dissolved in lead, the higher the concentration of copper and tin in the alloy. The highest obtained concentration of copper in lead were about 2.2 wt. %, and for tin about 0.8 wt. %.
SUN2 Modulates the Propagation of HSV-1

The large size of herpesviruses prevents them from travelling across the nuclear pores, and they instead egress across the two nuclear membranes, generating short-lived enveloped perinuclear virions. This poses a challenge as the perinuclear space is smaller than the virions. ABSTRACT Herpesviruses assemble new viral particles in the nucleus. These nucleocapsids bud through the inner nuclear membrane to produce enveloped viral particles in the perinuclear space before fusing with the outer nuclear membrane to reach the cytoplasm. This unusual route is necessary since viral capsids are too large to pass through nuclear pores. However, the transient perinuclear nucleocapsids (250 nm in diameter) are also larger than the width of the perinuclear space (30 to 50 nm). Interestingly, linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) components SUN and KASH connect the inner and outer nuclear membranes and regulate their spacing. Previous work by others on the related pseudorabies virus and human cytomegalovirus showed that they functionally interact with SUN proteins. To clarify the role of SUN proteins, we explored their impact on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), another herpesvirus. Using dominant negative SUN mutants and RNA interference, we show that HSV-1 propagation is dependent on the LINC complex. In contrast to pseudorabies virus, SUN2 disruption by either approach led to increased HSV-1 extracellular viral yields. This SUN2 dependency may be linked to its greater impact on perinuclear spacing in infected cells compared to SUN1. Finally, the virus itself seems to modulate perinuclear spacing. IMPORTANCE The large size of herpesviruses prevents them from travelling across the nuclear pores, and they instead egress across the two nuclear membranes, generating short-lived enveloped perinuclear virions. This poses a challenge as the perinuclear space is smaller than the virions. This implies the separation (unzipping) of the two nuclear membranes to accommodate the viral particles. The LINC complex bridges the two nuclear membranes and is an important regulator of perinuclear spacing. Work by others hint at its functional implication during pseudorabies virus and cytomegalovirus propagation. The present study probes the importance for HSV-1 of the SUN proteins, the LINC components found in the inner nuclear membrane. Using dominant negative constructs and RNA interference (RNAi), the data reveal that SUN2 exhibits antiviral propriety toward HSV-1, as disrupting the protein leads to increased viral yields. This is in contrast with that reported for pseudorabies and suggests that differences among herpesviruses may, once again, prevail.
A Characterisation of Manhart's Relative Normal Vector Fields

In this article a relation between curvature functionals for surfaces in the Euclidean space and area functionals in relative differential geometry will be given. Relative differential geometry can be described as the geometry of surfaces in the affine space, endowed with a distinguished "relative normal vector field" which generalises the notion of unit normal vector field N from Euclidean differential geometry. A concise review of relative differential geometry will be presented. The main result, to which the title of this article refers, will be given in the third section. Here we consider, for a function $f$ of two variables, relative normal vector fields of the form $f(H,K)\,N-\grad_{\II}(f(H,K))$ for non-degenerate surfaces in the Euclidean three-dimensional space. A comparison of the variation of the curvature functional $\int f(H,K)\,\dd\Omega$ with the relative area functional obtained from the above relative normal vector field, results in a distinguishing property for the one-parameter family of relative normal vector fields which was introduced by F. \ Manhart, and which is obtained by choosing $f(H,K)=|K|^{\alpha}$ (where we will assume that $\alpha\neq 1$). More precisely, the following will be shown in theorem~6: ``{The curvature functionals $(\ast)$ for which the critical points coincide with the relative-minimal surfaces with respect to the relative normal vector field $(\dagger)$, are essentially those obtained from Manhart's family}. " In the fourth section, we give a characterisation of the sphere by means of relations between the support function and the curvatures. In the last section, we combine the previously described results and arrive at a variational characterisation of the sphere.
Automatic autism spectrum disorder detection using artificial intelligence methods with MRI neuroimaging: A review

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain condition characterized by diverse signs and symptoms that appear in early childhood. ASD is also associated with communication deficits and repetitive behavior in affected individuals. Various ASD detection methods have been developed, including neuroimaging modalities and psychological tests. Among these methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging modalities are of paramount importance to physicians. Clinicians rely on MRI modalities to diagnose ASD accurately. The MRI modalities are non-invasive methods that include functional (fMRI) and structural (sMRI) neuroimaging methods. However, diagnosing ASD with fMRI and sMRI for specialists is often laborious and time-consuming; therefore, several computer-aided design systems (CADS) based on artificial intelligence (AI) have been developed to assist specialist physicians. Conventional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are the most popular schemes of AI used for diagnosing ASD. This study aims to review the automated detection of ASD using AI. We review several CADS that have been developed using ML techniques for the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI modalities. There has been very limited work on the use of DL techniques to develop automated diagnostic models for ASD. A summary of the studies developed using DL is provided in the Supplementary Appendix. Then, the challenges encountered during the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI and AI techniques are described in detail. Additionally, a graphical comparison of studies using ML and DL to diagnose ASD automatically is discussed. We suggest future approaches to detecting ASDs using AI techniques and MRI neuroimaging.
An Assessment of Hallux Valgus

The foot is an essential component for human gait and begins the propagation of forces in the lower extremity of the body. One of the most common conditions that produce forefoot pain is hallux valgus (HV). HV alters or restricts normal body kinematics, influences physical mobility and increases the risk of falling. The root cause of HV has not been fully determined. While the principal kinematics are known and understood, the etiology still remains unclear. Clinically standard planar radiographs are employed but cannot accurately capture first metatarsal pronation, which is known to occur in the onset of hallux valgus. Previous research has also shown changes occur in bone density near the midfoot of cadavers with hallux valgus. Plantar pressure models have shown patients with hallux valgus have increased loading at the big toe and metatarsal head. In this study, we analyzed the forefoot of normal and HV patients groups to measure in vivo density and bone orientation. We also developed patient specific three-dimensional finite element models of the first and second rays of the foot to develop predictions of stress on the metatarsal in the progression of the HV. We found changes in the density profile in patients with hallux valgus. We quantified pronation in the first metatarsal and found differences in the patients with hallux valgus. The pronation reported here is the first true three-dimensional measurement of metatarsal rotation due to the hallux valgus deformity. We found differences in contact forces at the metatarsal head and metatarsal base due to hallux valgus. This study is the first to report an estimate of pressure at the metatarsal sesamoid interface. We found increased pressure due to the altered kinematics as a result of HV, which can lead to pain and erosion at the metatarsal head.
A Theoretical Framework for Inference and Learning in Predictive Coding Networks

Predictive coding (PC) is an influential theory in computational neuroscience, which argues that the cortex forms unsupervised world models by implementing a hierarchical process of prediction error minimization. PC networks (PCNs) are trained in two phases. First, neural activities are updated to optimize the network's response to external stimuli. Second, synaptic weights are updated to consolidate this change in activity -- an algorithm called \emph{prospective configuration}. While previous work has shown how in various limits, PCNs can be found to approximate backpropagation (BP), recent work has demonstrated that PCNs operating in this standard regime, which does not approximate BP, nevertheless obtain competitive training and generalization performance to BP-trained networks while outperforming them on tasks such as online, few-shot, and continual learning, where brains are known to excel. Despite this promising empirical performance, little is understood theoretically about the properties and dynamics of PCNs in this regime. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the properties of PCNs trained with prospective configuration. We first derive analytical results concerning the inference equilibrium for PCNs and a previously unknown close connection relationship to target propagation (TP). Secondly, we provide a theoretical analysis of learning in PCNs as a variant of generalized expectation-maximization and use that to prove the convergence of PCNs to critical points of the BP loss function, thus showing that deep PCNs can, in theory, achieve the same generalization performance as BP, while maintaining their unique advantages.
Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease in Clinical Practice: The Role of CSF Biomarkers during the Evolution of Diagnostic Criteria

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive condition and the most common cause of dementia worldwide. The neuropathological changes characteristic of the disorder can be successfully detected before the development of full-blown AD. Early diagnosis of the disease constitutes a formidable challenge for clinicians. CSF biomarkers are the in vivo evidence of neuropathological changes developing in the brain of dementia patients. Therefore, measurement of their concentrations allows for improved accuracy of clinical diagnosis. Moreover, AD biomarkers may provide an indication of disease stage. Importantly, the CSF biomarkers of AD play a pivotal role in the new diagnostic criteria for the disease, and in the recent biological definition of AD by the National Institute on Aging, NIH and Alzheimer’s Association. Due to the necessity of collecting CSF by lumbar puncture, the procedure seems to be an important issue not only from a medical, but also a legal, viewpoint. Furthermore, recent technological advances may contribute to the automation of AD biomarkers measurement and may result in the establishment of unified cut-off values and reference limits. Moreover, a group of international experts in the field of AD biomarkers have developed a consensus and guidelines on the interpretation of CSF biomarkers in the context of AD diagnosis. Thus, technological advancement and expert recommendations may contribute to a more widespread use of these diagnostic tests in clinical practice to support a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia due to AD. This review article presents up-to-date data regarding the usefulness of CSF biomarkers in routine clinical practice and in biomarkers research.
NUMERICAL STUDIES OF DYNAMO ACTION IN A TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW. I.

We perform numerical experiments to study the shear dynamo problem where we look for the growth of a large-scale magnetic field due to non-helical stirring at small scales in a background linear shear flow in previously unexplored parameter regimes. We demonstrate the large-scale dynamo action in the limit where the fluid Reynolds number ( Re ? > ) is below unity while the magnetic Reynolds number ( Rm ? > ) is above unity; the exponential growth rate scales linearly with shear, which is consistent with earlier numerical works. The limit of low Re ? > is particularly interesting, as seeing the dynamo action in this limit would provide enough motivation for further theoretical investigations, which may focus attention on this analytically more tractable limit of Re < 1 ? > compared to the more formidable limit of Re > 1 ? > . We also perform simulations in the regimes where (i) both ( Re ? > , Rm ? > ) < 1, and (ii) Re > 1 ? > and Rm < 1 ? > , and compute all of the components of the turbulent transport coefficients ( &agr; ij ? > and &eegr; ij ? > ) using the test-field method. A reasonably good agreement is observed between our results and the results of earlier analytical works in similar parameter regimes.