Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review on the Comparative Analysis of Synthetic Insect Repellents and Essential Oil Based Sustained-release Insect Repellent Formulations

The necessity of developing insect repellents with highly effective sustained release properties has attracted more attention due to the vast spread of arthropod-borne diseases such as dengue and malaria, which must be controlled with proper measures, and also due to the devastating damage caused by severe infestation of insect pests on crops and stored food. Natural and synthetic insect repellents are used against insect vectors and insect pests. Topical insect repellent formulations should be less toxic, less irritant, and less skin permeable. Irrespective of the type and form of the repellent, the mechanism of action depends on the formation of a vapour barrier/ odour barrier, that would deviate the insect from reaching the host. Synthetic insect repellents are highly efficient but due to their high toxicity, degradation resistance, and bio accumulation, they raise environmental and ecological issues. Due to the adverse effects caused by synthetic insect repellents, more attention is given to insect repellents consisting of natural products.Essential oils are among the widely used natural insect repellents available due to their biocompatibility and non-toxicity. High volatility of essential oils is the major problem that hampers the application of essential oils as insect repellent agents. The high volatility that reduces the length of application, and its activity can be successfully addressed by the formulation of slow-release insect repellent composites by incorporating essential oils into adsorbing or encapsulating matrices. Zeolites, montmorillonite, β-cyclodextrin, polymeric materials, and electrospun nanomaterials are commonly used to develop slow-release formulations with essential oils. Among these, polymeric microcapsules are the most extensively studied and developed slow-release insect repellent systems that are based on natural and synthetic active compounds. Key words: Formulation, Insects, Microcapsules, Repellents, Zeolite
Efficient similarity queries via lossy compression

The generation of new databases and the amount of data on existing ones is growing exponentially. As a result, executing queries on large databases is becoming a timely and challenging task. With this in mind, we study the problem of compressing sequences in a database so that similarity queries can be performed efficiently on the compressed database. The fundamental limits of this problem characterize the tradeoff between compression rate and the reliability of the queries performed on the compressed data. While those asymptotic limits have been studied and characterized in past work, how to approach these limits in practice has remained largely unexplored. In this paper, we propose an approach to this task, based in part on existing lossy compression algorithms. Specifically, we consider queries of the form: “which sequences in the database are similar to a given sequence y? ”. For the case where similarity between sequences is measured via Hamming distortion, we construct schemes whose performance is close to the fundamental limits. Furthermore, we test our scheme on a sample database of real DNA sequences, and show significant compression while still allowing highly reliable query answers.
The Elusive Search for Stable Risk Preferences

In the early morning hours of June 20, 2011 Ryan Dunn was driving his Porsche 911 GTE up to 140 miles per hour through the Pennsylvania countryside. The car careened over a guardrail and into a wooded area, killing Dunn and a passenger in a fiery crash. A toxicology report later determined that Dunn's blood alcohol level was more than twice the legal limit. Many observers found the accident somewhat unsurprising because Dunn was best known for performing dangerous stunts in the popular Jackass television and movie series. As one blogger put it: “This is the type of person he was. He was a risk-taker”. 1 Indeed, the headline in the Philadelphia Daily News later read: “Dunn deal: Death of a risk-taker. ” The public's response to the Ryan Dunn tragedy illustrates a prevalent belief that there are consistent individual differences in not only people's risk-taking behavior but also in their underlying appetite for risk. Several industries depend on this assumption. For instance, in financial services the “suitability doctrine” legally requires financial advisors to assess their clients’ risk preference before dispensing advice (Mundheim, 1965). Likewise, most social–science disciplines traditionally assume stable and measurable individual differences in risk preference. However, based on our reading of the empirical literature, the common intuition that risk preference is a stable disposition may reflect more of an attribution error than empirical fact.
Deconstructing Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer Disease

There is mounting evidence showing that mitochondrial damage plays an important role in Alzheimer disease. Increased oxygen species generation and deficient mitochondrial dynamic balance have been suggested to be the reason as well as the consequence of Alzheimer-related pathology. Mitochondrial damage has been related to amyloid-beta or tau pathology or to the presence of specific presenilin-1 mutations. The contribution of these factors to mitochondrial dysfunction is reviewed in this paper. Due to the relevance of mitochondrial alterations in Alzheimer disease, recent works have suggested the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant. On the other hand, autophagy has been demonstrated to play a fundamental role in Alzheimer-related protein stress, and increasing data shows that this pathway is altered in the disease. Moreover, mitochondrial alterations have been related to an insufficient clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy. Consequently, different approaches for the removal of damaged mitochondria or to decrease the related oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease have been described. To understand the role of mitochondrial function in Alzheimer disease it is necessary to generate human cellular models which involve living neurons. We have summarized the novel protocols for the generation of neurons by reprogramming or direct transdifferentiation, which offer useful tools to achieve this result.
Parenting: What Really Counts?

Introduction. Part I. Family Type. Number of Parents: One versus Two? Fathers: Present or Not? Genetic Ties: Related or Not? Parents' Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual or Homosexual? Part II. Family Relationships. Quality of Relationships between Parents and Children. Quality of Marriage and Parents' Psychological State. Children's Individual Characteristics and their Wider Social World. Parenting: What Really Counts? References.
ON THE STUDY OF RELIGIOUS COMMITMENT

1 This paper elaborates on certain ideas which were first presented in the author's paper, “The Religious Revival in America? ”, Jane Zahn, ed., Religion and the Face of America. Berkeley: University Extension, University of California, 1959 Reprinted in French under the titles “Y A‐t‐il Un Reveil Religieux Aux Etats‐Unis? ” in Archives de Sociologie des Religions, No. 12, 1961. The author is deeply grateful to his colleague, Gertrude Jaeger Selznick, for editorial assistance and advice
Race and Planning: The UK Experience

List of Illustrations. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Some Key Ideas in Understanding Race, Ethnicity and Planning. 3. Race, Public Policy and Planning in Postwar Britain. 4. Planning in a Racialised Society: Britain in the 1990s. 5. Gypsies, Travellers and the Planning System. 6. Concluding Comments. Bibliography. Index.
Locking Intracellular Helices 2 and 3 Together Inactivates Human P-glycoprotein*

Background: P-glycoprotein is an ATP-dependent drug pump. Results: Mutations or cross-linking of intracellular loops (ICL) 2 and 3 inhibit folding and/or activity. Conclusion: Hydrophobic residues in ICL2 and ICL3 and the second nucleotide-binding domain form a hydrophobic transmission network for folding and activity. Significance: We identify a dual-purpose transmission interface required for folding and activity. The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug pump (ABCB1) has two transmembrane domains and two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). Coupling of the drug-binding sites in the transmembrane domains to the NBDs occurs through interaction of the intracellular helices (IHs) with residues in the NBDs (IH1/IH4/NBD1 and IH2/IH3/NBD2). We showed previously that cross-linking of cysteines in IH3 and IH1 with a short cross-linker mimicked drug binding as it activated P-gp ATPase activity. Here we show that residue A259C(IH2) could be directly cross-linked to W803C(IH3). Cross-linking was inhibited by the presence of ATP and adenosine 5′-(β,γ-imino)triphosphate but not by ADP. Cross-linking of mutant A259C/W803C inhibited its verapamil-stimulated ATPase activity mutant, but activity was restored after addition of dithiothreitol. Because these residues are close to the ball-and-socket joint A266C(IH2)/Phe1086(NBD2), we mutated the adjacent Tyr1087(NBD2) close to IH3. Mutants Y1087A and Y1087L, but not Y1087F, were misprocessed, and all inhibited ATPase activity. Mutation of hydrophobic residues (F793A, L797A, L814A, and L818A) flanking IH3 also inhibited maturation. The results suggest that these residues, together with Trp803 and Phe804, form a large hydrophobic pocket. The results show that there is an important hydrophobic network at the IH2/IH3/NBD2 transmission interface that is critical for folding and activity of P-gp.
Communication apprehension and maths anxiety as barriers to communication and numeracy skills development in accounting and business education

Purpose – To establish the existence of barriers to communication and numeracy skills development and to establish the levels of these exhibited by accounting and business students at the commencement of their courses in higher education.Design/methodology/approach – Uses questionnaires to establish the levels of communication apprehension (CA) and maths anxiety (MA) in students at the commencement of their accounting and business courses in higher education. Establishes the underlying factors that are influential in determining the levels of apprehension and anxiety in individual students. An analysis of the underlying demographic variables such as age, previous educational background, etc. is also undertaken.Findings – Identifies the existence of high levels of CA in accounting students and MA in business studies students at the beginning of their courses.Practical implications – Where high levels of CA in accounting students and MA in business studies students are shown to exist consideration must be g.
Globalization in one country? The peculiarities of the British

What is the position of the UK economy in the international system? In this article we draw attention to the peculiarities of the UK case as compared to the other G7 economies. We argue that the UK represents an 'over-internationalized economy in an under-globalized world'. Far from the UK lagging behind a rapidly integrating world economy, it is way ahead of the game. The historical nature of the UK's heavy engagement with the international system is highlighted and the contemporary significance of its integration is analysed. This is done in respect to both the real and the financial sides of the economy. Finally, we ask whether it is possible to re-domesticize the UK economy - to stimulate indigenous economic activity at the expense of excessive overseas production and investment. This article draws attention to the special case of the UK in a preliminary manner without pursuing all its theoretical, empirical, or policy implications. At this stage we are concerned to highlight a series of potential issues and problems rather than fully to explore their determinants and consequences.
MAF2 Is Regulated by Temperature-Dependent Splicing and Represses Flowering at Low Temperatures in Parallel with FLM

Plants enter their reproductive phase when the environmental conditions are favourable for the successful production of progeny. The transition from vegetative to reproductive phase is influenced by several environmental factors including ambient temperature. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) is critical for this pathway; svp mutants cannot modify their flowering time in response to ambient temperature. SVP encodes a MADS-box transcription factor that directly represses genes that promote flowering. SVP binds DNA in complexes with other MADS-box transcription factors, including FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM), which acts with SVP to repress the floral transition at low temperatures. Small temperature changes post-transcriptionally regulate FLM through temperature-dependent alternative splicing (TD-AS). As ambient temperature increases, the predominant FLM splice isoform shifts to encode a protein incapable of exerting a repressive effect on flowering. Here we characterize a closely related MADS-box transcription factor, MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING2 (MAF2), which has independently evolved TD-AS. At low temperatures the most abundant MAF2 splice variant encodes a protein that interacts with SVP to repress flowering. At increased temperature the relative abundance of splice isoforms shifts in favour of an intron-retaining variant that introduces a premature termination codon. We show that this isoform encodes a protein that cannot interact with SVP or repress flowering. At lower temperatures MAF2 and SVP repress flowering in parallel with FLM and SVP, providing an additional input to sense ambient temperature for the control of flowering.
#Earthquake: Twitter as a Distributed Sensor System

Social media feeds are rapidly emerging as a novel avenue for the contribution and dissemination of information that is often geographic. Their content often includes references to events occurring at, or affecting specific locations. Within this article we analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of the twitter feed activity responding to a 5.8 magnitude earthquake which occurred on the East Coast of the United States (US) on August 23, 2011. We argue that these feeds represent a hybrid form of a sensor system that allows for the identification and localization of the impact area of the event. By contrasting this with comparable content collected through the dedicated crowdsourcing ‘Did You Feel It? ’ (DYFI) website of the U.S. Geological Survey we assess the potential of the use of harvested social media content for event monitoring. The experiments support the notion that people act as sensors to give us comparable results in a timely manner, and can complement other sources of data to enhance our situational awareness and improve our understanding and response to such events.
Characterization of a Mutated IgA2 Antibody of the m(1) Allotype against the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor for the Recruitment of Monocytes and Macrophages*

Background: IgA constitutes a promising antibody isotype, which requires optimization before immunotherapeutic application. Results: P221R-mutated and wild type IgA2m(1) antibodies were similarly effective in killing tumor cells and in recruiting myeloid effector cells. Conclusion: Improved IgA antibodies constitute promising next generation antibodies for tumor therapy. Significance: These studies support the clinical development of therapeutic IgA antibodies. IgA antibodies constitute an important part of the mucosal immune system, but their immunotherapeutic potential remains rather unexplored, in part due to biotechnological issues. For example, the IgA2m(1) allotype carries an unusual heavy and light chain pairing, which may confer production and stability concerns. Here, we report the generation and the biochemical and functional characterization of a P221R-mutated IgA2m(1) antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Compared with wild type, the mutated antibody demonstrated heavy chains covalently linked to light chains in monomeric as well as in joining (J)-chain containing dimeric IgA. Functional studies with wild type and mutated IgA2m(1) revealed similar binding to EGFR and direct effector functions such as EGFR down-modulation and growth inhibition. Furthermore, both IgA molecules triggered similar levels of indirect tumor cell killing such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by isolated monocytes, activated polymorphonuclear cells, and human whole blood. Interestingly, the dimeric IgA antibodies demonstrated higher efficiency in direct as well as in indirect effector mechanisms compared with their respective monomeric forms. Both wild type and mutated antibody triggered effective FcαRI-mediated tumor cell killing by macrophages already at low effector to target cell ratios. Interestingly, also polarized macrophages mediated significant IgA2-mediated ADCC. M2 macrophages, which have been described as promoting tumor growth and progression, may convert to ADCC-mediating effector cells in the presence of EGFR-directed antibodies. In conclusion, these results provide further insight into the immunotherapeutic potential of recombinant IgA antibodies for tumor immunotherapy and suggest macrophages as an additional effector cell population.
The skewed few: people and papers of quality in management studies

Publication in the top journals of management studies is highly skewed. Very few authors publish in these top journals. They are said to be the best few, on the assumption that skew indicates quality. Yet, skew is natural in any distribution and would occur in the absence of all quality. Peer review is supposed to ensure that this cannot happen, but pressure to publish in top journals puts demands on the peer review system it was never intended to bear. One result is that the skewed few tend to be the same few. We look at how this is arranged. We investigate the citation of the skewed few. We find much self citation, mutual citation and group citation. This behaviour is encouraged by the paramount importance of the journal impact factor. The article looks at how this indicator has been contrived for commercial rather than academic reasons, and considers some of the consequences.
Another Look at the Economics of Minimum Wage Legislation

type="main" xml:lang="en"> Economists have long been involved in public policy-making, both as policy advisors and policy advocates. This article revisits the two questions that future Nobel Prize winner, George Stigler, posed to the economics profession in his seminal 1946 American Economic Review article urging us to speak out in the debate over the efficacy of increases in the minimum wage: (i) ‘Does such legislation diminish poverty? ’; and (ii) ‘Are there efficient alternatives? ’. I review this literature in the United States in the context of the Congressional Budget Office's answers in 2014 to these questions and what Australian policy-makers can learn from them.
Ocean-driven thinning enhances iceberg calving and retreat of Antarctic ice shelves

Significance The floating parts of the Antarctic ice sheet (“ice shelves”) help to hold back the flow of the grounded parts, determining the contribution to global sea level rise. Using satellite images, we measured, for the first time, all icebergs larger than 1 km2 calving from the entire Antarctic coastline, and the state of health of all the ice shelves. Some large ice shelves are growing while many smaller ice shelves are shrinking. We find high rates of iceberg calving from Antarctic ice shelves that are undergoing basal melt-induced thinning, which suggests the fate of ice shelves may be more sensitive to ocean forcing than previously thought. Iceberg calving from all Antarctic ice shelves has never been directly measured, despite playing a crucial role in ice sheet mass balance. Rapid changes to iceberg calving naturally arise from the sporadic detachment of large tabular bergs but can also be triggered by climate forcing. Here we provide a direct empirical estimate of mass loss due to iceberg calving and melting from Antarctic ice shelves. We find that between 2005 and 2011, the total mass loss due to iceberg calving of 755 ± 24 gigatonnes per year (Gt/y) is only half the total loss due to basal melt of 1516 ± 106 Gt/y. However, we observe widespread retreat of ice shelves that are currently thinning. Net mass loss due to iceberg calving for these ice shelves (302 ± 27 Gt/y) is comparable in magnitude to net mass loss due to basal melt (312 ± 14 Gt/y). Moreover, we find that iceberg calving from these decaying ice shelves is dominated by frequent calving events, which are distinct from the less frequent detachment of isolated tabular icebergs associated with ice shelves in neutral or positive mass balance regimes. Our results suggest that thinning associated with ocean-driven increased basal melt can trigger increased iceberg calving, implying that iceberg calving may play an overlooked role in the demise of shrinking ice shelves, and is more sensitive to ocean forcing than expected from steady state calving estimates.
Combining expert knowledge with automatic feature extraction for reliable web attack detection

In the detection of web attacks, it is necessary that Web Application Firewalls WAFs are effective, at the same time than efficient. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for web attack detection that enhances these two aspects of WAFs. It involves both feature construction and feature selection. For the feature construction phase, many professionals rely on their expert knowledge to define a set of important features, what normally leads to high and reliable attack detection rates. Nevertheless, it is a manual process and not quickly adaptive to the changing network environments. Alternatively, automatic feature construction methods such as n-grams overcome this drawback, but they provide unreliable results. Therefore, in this paper, we propose to combine expert knowledge with n-gram feature construction method for reliable and efficient web attack detection. However, the number of n-grams grows exponentially with n, which usually leads to high dimensionality problems. Hence, we propose to apply feature selection to reduce the number of redundant and irrelevant features. In particular, we study the recently proposed Generic Feature Selection GeFS measure, which has been successfully tested in intrusion detection systems. Additionally, we use several decision tree algorithms as classifiers of WAFs. The experiments are conducted on the publicly available ECML/PKDD 2007 dataset. The results show that the combination of expert knowledge and n-grams outperforms each separate technique and that the GeFS measure can greatly reduce the number of features, thus enhancing both the effectiveness and efficiency of WAFs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.