Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resonance in Hawaii waters from the 2006 Kuril Islands Tsunami

The 2006 Kuril Islands Tsunami, while not destructive to coastal properties, resulted in prolonged oscillations in Hawaii waters. This study examines the oscillation patterns and amplification through reconstruction of the tsunami using a nonlinear shallow‐water model. After validation with water‐level measurements, a Fast Fourier Transform of the computed surface elevation reveals profound oscillation modes at various periods around the Hawaiian Islands. The oscillation at the regional scale consists of standing waves across the island chain and resonance in interconnected channels, embayments, and shallow shelves. Resonance in embayments and standing edge waves dominate the oscillation in coastal waters. The results show strong correlation between bathymetric features and resonance oscillations and identify tsunami hazard areas for planning and emergency management.
Holocene warming marked by abrupt onset of longer summers and reduced storm frequency around Greenland

The abrupt climate shifts identified in Greenland ice cores transformed understanding of the climate system. Although primarily studied in the paleoclimate record, abrupt climate change induced by greenhouse gas rise poses a serious threat to modern humans and ecosystems. We present the first ultra‐high‐resolution view (hundreds of samples per year) of the abrupt onset (within 1 year) of the current interglacial (warm) climate retrieved from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) ice core archive. This abrupt onset is manifested by a marked reduction in storm event frequency and increase in the length of the summer season around Greenland. We apply this metric to the current rapid climatic amelioration in the Arctic as a precursor for future abrupt climate change events.
Impact of soil heterogeneity on the water budget of the unsaturated zone

The impact of soil heterogeneity on the spatially average water budget of the unsaturated zone is investigated using a framework of analytical solutions. This framework was previously shown to adequately represent the long‐term average water budget as well as its transient evolution. Nine combinations of three climate and three soil types are considered, covering a wide range of different conditions. In highly conductive soils, where evapotranspiration is limited by percolation through the lower boundary, heterogeneity increases the spatially average evapotranspiration relative to the uniform (scaled average) soil. In contrast, for less conductive soils the decreasing infiltration rates due to soil heterogeneity cause evapotranspiration to become smaller. Formally derived “equivalent” parameters, which are intended to capture the effect of soil heterogeneity by means of one set of soil hydraulic parameters, are shown to depend not only on the spatially heterogeneous parameters, but on climate as well. Moreover, the “equivalent” parameters derived for the long‐term average water budgets are not valid for transient behavior.
New statistical methods for analysis of historical data from wildlife populations

Population time series data from field studies are complex and statistical analysis requires models that describe nonlinear population dynamics and observational errors. State-space formulations of stochastic population growth models have been used to account for measurement error caused by the data collection process. Parameter estimation, inference, and prediction are all sensitive to measurement error. The observational process may also result in detection errors and if unaccounted for will result in biased parameter estimates. We developed an N-mixture state-space modeling framework to estimate and correct for errors in detection while estimating population model parameters. We tested our methods using simulated data sets and compared the results to those obtained with state-space models when detection is perfect and when detection is ignored. Our N-mixture state-space model yielded parameter estimates of similar quality to a state-space model when detection is perfect. Our results show that ignoring detection errors can lead to biased parameter estimates including an overestimated growth rate, underestimated equilibrium population size and estimated population state that is misleading. We recommend that researchers consider the possibility of detection errors when collecting and analyzing population time series data.
Comparison of moored wind measurements from a spar and toroidal buoy in the eastern equatorial Pacific during February–March 1981

Wind measurements at 3.8 m from a surface-following toroid and at 4.0 m from a vertically stable spar were compared to estimate the influence of mooring motion. Buoys were separated by 9 km. Data were obtained at 15-min intervals for 41 days in the equatorial Pacific, where the maximum 15-min averaged wind speed was 9.0 m s−1 and wind speeds averaged 4.5 m s−1. Toroid wind speeds were 3.5% greater than the spar data, and the correlation coefficient between 15-min toroid and spar data was 0.92. The frequency of the 50% noise level was 0.125 cph, and the correlation coefficient between 8-hour averaged toroid and spar data was 0.98. Toroid 8-hour averaged wind speeds referenced to 10-m height were 2% larger than corresponding spar data.
Mixed contaminant interactions in soil: Implications for bioavailability, risk assessment and remediation

Majority of contaminated sites in the world contain complex mixtures of heavy metals and organic contaminants from diverse natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Mixed interactions of heavy metals and organic contaminants may affect their bioavailability and accumulation in soil and biota through synergistic or antagonistic processes. Evaluation of contaminant bioavailability is a necessary component of the overall site assessment process for establishing either bioavailability-based or risk-based, site-specific remedial options. However, contemporary approaches aimed at the effective characterisation of contaminated soils for risk assessment, remedial and regulatory purposes are frequently challenged by knowledge gaps in contaminant bioavailability, mixed contaminant effects and emerging contaminants. Understanding mixed contaminant interactions at the elemental and molecular levels is, therefore, imperative not only to explain the underlying mechanisms controlling the fate and transport of these contaminants in soils, but also predict their bioavailability, ecotoxicological effects on natural communities under realistic exposure conditions and remediation endpoints. In this paper, scattered literature is harnessed to review specific soil-contaminant interactions, inter-contaminant (metal-metal, organic-organic, metal-organic) interactions and their implications for bioavailability, risk assessment and soil remediation. Key words: Heavy metals, organic contaminants, mixed contaminant interactions, co-contaminated soil, bioavailability, risk assessment, soil remediation.
Scattering and; Delay, Scale, and Sum Migration

How do we see? What is the mechanism? Consider standing in an open field on a clear sunny day. In the field are a yellow dog and a blue ball. From a wave-based remote sensing point of view the sun is a source of radiation. It is a broadband electromagnetic source which, for the purposes of this introduction, only the visible spectrum is considered (approximately 390 to 750 nanometers or 400 to 769 TeraHertz). The source emits an incident field into the known background environment which, for this example, is free space. The incident field propagates until it strikes an object or target, either the yellow dog or the blue ball. The interaction of the incident field with an object results in a scattered field. The scattered field arises from a mis-match between the background refractive index, considered to be unity, and the scattering object refractive index ('yellow' for the case of the dog, and 'blue' for the ball). This is also known as an impedance mis-match. The scattering objects are referred to as secondary sources of radiation, that radiation being the scattered field which propagates until it is measured by the two receivers known as 'eyes'. The eyes focusmore » the measured scattered field to form images which are processed by the 'wetware' of the brain for detection, identification, and localization. When time series representations of the measured scattered field are available, the image forming focusing process can be mathematically modeled by delayed, scaled, and summed migration. This concept of optical propagation, scattering, and focusing have one-to-one equivalents in the acoustic realm. This document is intended to present the basic concepts of scalar scattering and migration used in wide band wave-based remote sensing and imaging. The terms beamforming and (delayed, scaled, and summed) migration are used interchangeably but are to be distinguished from the narrow band (frequency domain) beamforming to determine the direction of arrival of a signal, and seismic migration in which wide band time series are shifted but not to form images per se. Section 3 presents a mostly graphically-based motivation and summary of delay, scale, and sum beamforming. The model for incident field propagation in free space is derived in Section 4 under specific assumptions. General object scattering is derived in Section 5 and simplified under the Born approximation in Section 6. The model of this section serves as the basis in the derivation of time-domain migration. The Foldy-Lax, full point scatterer scattering, method is derived in Section 7. With the previous forward models in hand, delay, scale, and sum beamforming is derived in Section 8. Finally, proof-of-principle experiments are present in Section 9. « less
Role of Ca 2 (cid:1) /Calmodulin–Stimulated Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 1 in Mediating Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy

Rationale: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) through the degradation of cGMP play critical roles in maintaining cardiomyocyte homeostasis. Ca 2 (cid:1) /calmodulin (CaM)–activated cGMP-hydrolyzing PDE1 family may play a pivotal role in balancing intracellular Ca 2 (cid:1) /CaM and cGMP signaling; however, its function in cardiomyocytes is unknown. Objective: Herein, we investigate the role of Ca 2 (cid:1) /CaM–stimulated PDE1 in regulating pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in neonatal and adult rat ventricular myocytes and in the heart in vivo. Methods and Results: Inhibition of PDE1 activity using a PDE1-selective inhibitor, IC86340, or downregulation of PDE1A using siRNA prevented phenylephrine induced pathological myocyte hypertrophy and hypertrophic marker expression in neonatal and adult rat ventricular myocytes. Importantly, administration of the PDE1 inhibitor IC86340 attenuated cardiac hypertrophy induced by chronic isoproterenol infusion in vivo. Both PDE1A and PDE1C mRNA and protein were detected in human hearts; however, PDE1A expression was conserved in rodent hearts. Moreover, PDE1A expression was significantly upregulated in vivo in the heart and myocytes from various pathological hypertrophy animal models and in vitro in isolated neonatal and adult rat ventricular myocytes treated with neurohumoral stimuli such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and isoproterenol. Furthermore, PDE1A plays a critical role in phenylephrine-induced reduction of intracellular cGMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activity and thereby cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Conclusions: These results elucidate a novel role for Ca 2 (cid:1) /CaM–stimulated PDE1, particularly PDE1A, in regulating pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via a cGMP/PKG–dependent mechanism, thereby demonstrating Ca 2 (cid:1) and cGMP signaling cross-talk during cardiac hypertrophy. ( Circ Res . 2009;105:956-964.) Blood plasma IC86340 bioassay . Blood plasma levels of IC86340 achieved in the in vivo experiments were determined upon collection of serial blood samples from IC86340 (or vehicle) i.p. injected mice. Blood samples ( ≥ 100 µ l) were collected from submandibular and/or lateral saphenous veins at various timepoints (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 hours) post injection. Plasma was separated by centrifugation and used in PDE assay against GST-purified recombinant PDE1A or PDE1C protein. An inhibitory curve of IC86340 was used to estimate the plasma concentration (approximately 12 µ mol/L) from the timepoint of maximum PDE1 inhibition. These results demonstrate that the plasma levels of IC86340 were within both an effective and selective range to achieve PDE1 inhibition.
La Crosse Virus in Aedes japonicus japonicus Mosquitoes in the Appalachian Region, United States

La Crosse virus (LACV), a leading cause of arboviral encephalitis in children in the United States, is emerging in Appalachia. For local arboviral surveillance, mosquitoes were tested. LACV RNA was detected and isolated from Aedes japonicus mosquitoes. These invasive mosquitoes may significantly affect LACV range expansion and dynamics.
Investment Company Institute ® Perspective

The 401(k) plan is only about 20 years old, which means that individuals retiring today could have participated in 401(k) plans for at most half of a typical full working career. As more American workers participate in 401(k) plans and become increasingly responsible for their own retirement security, the question of whether their 401(k) accumulations 2 will produce sufficient income in retirement is a significant policy concern. This issue of Perspective develops a model that projects the proportion of an individual's pre-retirement income that might be replaced by 401(k) plan accumulations at retirement, under several different projected scenarios. Because current retirees cannot accurately reflect the typical experience of individuals working an entire career with the availability of 401(k) plans, this study reports the results of a model built to project what participants might be able to expect from their 401(k) accumulations at retirement after a full working career with exposure to 401(k) plans. A standard methodology used in building such a model starts with typical individual behaviors observed today to forecast where individuals might end up if they continue their current paths. 3 The typical individual 401(k) participant behaviors observed today are derived
Whisking research into the classroom

The marriage between research and teaching has been loving. Information from the laboratory is translated to the classroom to increase the wisdom of future generations. Conversely, students' questions sharpen our research. Disappointingly, the information flow from research to class is meandering. In one pathway, research results are re-written in books and then included in lectures. This is characteristic of undergraduate training. In a second route, faculties create their own lectures directly from the original articles, as in graduate teaching. Both approaches have worked well, but they are now ill equipped to handle the speed and quantity …
Aftershocks and Triggered Events of the Great 1906 California Earthquake

The San Andreas fault is the longest fault in California and one of the longest strike-slip faults in the world, yet little is known about the aftershocks following the most recent great event on the San Andreas, the M_W 7.8 San Francisco earthquake on 18 April 1906. We conducted a study to locate and to estimate magnitudes for the largest aftershocks and triggered events of this earthquake. We examined existing catalogs and historical documents for the period April 1906 to December 1907, compiling data on the first 20 months of the aftershock sequence. We grouped felt reports temporally and assigned modified Mercalli intensities for the larger events based on the descriptions judged to be the most reliable. For onshore and near-shore events, a grid-search algorithm (derived from empirical analysis of modern earthquakes) was used to find the epicentral location and magnitude most consistent with the assigned intensities. For one event identified as far offshore, the event's intensity distribution was compared with those of modern events, in order to constrain the event's location and magnitude. The largest aftershock within the study period, an M ∼6.7 event, occurred ∼100 km west of Eureka on 23 April 1906. Although not within our study period, another M ∼6.7 aftershock occurred near Cape Mendocino on 28 October 1909. Other significant aftershocks included an M ∼5.6 event near San Juan Bautista on 17 May 1906 and an M ∼6.3 event near Shelter Cove on 11 August 1907. An M ∼4.9 aftershock occurred on the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault (southeast of the mainshock rupture) on 6 July 1906. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake also triggered events in southern California (including separate events in or near the Imperial Valley, the Pomona Valley, and Santa Monica Bay), in western Nevada, in southern central Oregon, and in western Arizona, all within 2 days of the mainshock. Of these triggered events, the largest were an M ∼6.1 earthquake near Brawley and an M ∼5.0 event under or near Santa Monica Bay, 11.3 and 31.3 hr after the San Francisco mainshock, respectively. The western Arizona event is inferred to have been triggered dynamically. In general, the largest aftershocks occurred at the ends of the 1906 rupture or away from the rupture entirely; very few significant aftershocks occurred along the mainshock rupture itself. The total number of large aftershocks was less than predicted by a generic model based on typical California mainshock–aftershock statistics, and the 1906 sequence appears to have decayed more slowly than average California sequences. Similarities can be drawn between the 1906 aftershock sequence and that of the 1857 (M_W 7.9) San Andreas fault earthquake.
Determination of electrical conductivity using time domain reflectometry: Soil and water experiments in coaxial lines

The simultaneous measurement of water content and electrical conductivity of soils and KCl solutions was achieved using time domain reflectometry (TDR). Coaxial transmission lines varying in length from 90 to 300 mm contained either KCl solutions or soil of varied water and salt content. The water content of soil or dielectric constant of the water solutions was determined from the travel time. The measured dielectric constant of KCl solutions was unchanged from that of pure water (81) at those concentrations where there was sufficient reflected signal for measurement. Two analyses were used for determination of electrical conductivity, one based on signal attenuation after one “round-trip” and the second based on a thin sample approximation for the signal reflection and attenuation. Reference measurements of conductivity were made on the same samples using low-frequency conductance bridge measurements. These analyses of the TDR traces showed that for water solution both the thin sample analysis and the analysis after a signal had traversed one round-trip yielded conductivity in agreement with bridge conductivity values. This indicated that the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant was negligible. For soils the thin sample analysis was in general agreement with the bridge measurements. From the analysis of signal after one round-trip in soils there was indication that the imaginary part of the dielectric constant should not be assumed negligible. Further investigation of the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant and attenuation will be required to identify the relative contributions of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant to measurement by TDR. The effect of impedance-matching transformers on conductivity measurements in the field has yet to be ascertained.
Evaluating the effects of historical land cover change on summertime weather and climate in New Jersey: Land cover and surface energy budget changes

[1] The 19th-century agrarian landscape of New Jersey (NJ) and the surrounding region has been extensively transformed to the present-day land cover by urbanization, reforestation, and localized areas of deforestation. This study used a mesoscale atmospheric numerical model to investigate the sensitivity of the warm season climate of NJ to these land cover changes. Reconstructed 1880s-era and present-day land cover data sets were used as surface boundary conditions for a set of simulations performed with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Three-member ensembles with historical and present-day land cover were compared to examine the sensitivity of surface air and dew point temperatures, rainfall, and the individual components of the surface energy budget to these land cover changes. Mean temperatures for the present-day landscape were 0.3–0.6°C warmer than for the historical landscape over a considerable portion of NJ and the surrounding region, with daily maximum temperatures at least 1.0°C warmer over some of the highly urbanized locations. Reforested regions, however, were slightly cooler. Dew point temperatures decreased by 0.3–0.6°C, suggesting drier, less humid near-surface air for the present-day landscape. Surface warming was generally associated with repartitioning of net radiation from latent to sensible heat flux, and conversely for cooling. While urbanization was accompanied by strong surface albedo decreases and increases in net shortwave radiation, reforestation and potential changes in forest composition have generally increased albedos and also enhanced landscape heterogeneity. The increased deciduousness of forests may have further reduced net downward longwave radiation.
Heat flow patterns of the North American continent: A discussion of the DNAG Geothermal Map of North America

The large and small-scale geothermal features of the North American continent and surrounding ocean areas illustrated on the new 1:5,000,000 DNAG Geothermal Map of North America are summarized. Sources for the data included on the map are given. The types of data included are heat flow sites coded by value, contours of heat flow with a color fill, areas of major groundwater effects on regional heat flow, the top-of-geopressure in the Gulf Coast region, temperature on the Dakota aquifer in the midcontinent, location of major hot springs and geothermal systems, and major center of Quaternary and Holocene volcanism. The large scale heat flow pattern that is well known for the conterminous United States and Canada of normal heat flow east of the Cordillera and generally high heat flow west of the front of the Cordillera dominates the continental portion of the map. However, details of the heat flow variations are also seen and are discussed briefly in this and the accompanying papers.
Gilgamesh, Humbaba and the Land of the Erin-Trees

The story of Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living is one of a small group of Sumerian epic tales in which human beings rather than gods dominate the narrative. It is now generally agreed, from the evidence of alternative textual sources, that Gilgamesh was a historical figure; the fifth king of the first dynasty of Uruk who lived between 2700 and 2650 B.C. Kramer, Lambert and other Sumerologists accept that some of the events recounted in these “human epics” may preserve a historical basis. It is recognized, however, that the processes of communication by oral tradition and the literary embellishments of the scribes who first recorded and then copied the tales resulted in the introduction of “unhistorical motifs such as exaggerated notions of the hero's powers, omniscient dreams and the presence of divine beings”. The present article will consider the question of a practical motivation for the visit of Gilgamesh to the Land of the Living. We shall also examine the evidence for the geographical location of this region and attempt to identify the species of tree called by the Sumerians ERIN, which grew there. A source for the monster Humbaba whom Gilgamesh confronts, will also be considered.