Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple hypothesis tracking for the cyber domain

This paper discusses how methods used for conventional multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) can be extended to domain-agnostic tracking of entities from non-kinematic constraints such as those imposed by cyber attacks in a potentially dense false alarm background. MHT is widely recognized as the premier method to avoid corrupting tracks with spurious data in the kinematic domain but it has not been extensively applied to other problem domains. The traditional approach is to tightly couple track maintenance (prediction, gating, filtering, probabilistic pruning, and target confirmation) with hypothesis management (clustering, incompatibility maintenance, hypothesis formation, and Nassociation pruning). However, by separating the domain specific track maintenance portion from the domain agnostic hypothesis management piece, we can begin to apply the wealth of knowledge gained from ground and air tracking solutions to the cyber (and other) domains. These realizations led to the creation of Raytheon's Multiple Hypothesis Extensible Tracking Architecture (MHETA). In this paper, we showcase MHETA for the cyber domain, plugging in a well established method, CUBRC's INFormation Engine for Real-time Decision making, (INFERD), for the association portion of the MHT. The result is a CyberMHT. We demonstrate the power of MHETA-INFERD using simulated data. Using metrics from both the tracking and cyber domains, we show that while no tracker is perfect, by applying MHETA-INFERD, advanced nonkinematic tracks can be captured in an automated way, perform better than non-MHT approaches, and decrease analyst response time to cyber threats.
Geometrical Optics and Models of Computer Memory Fragmentation

We analyze a two‐dimensional difference equation that arose in a stochastic model of memory fragmentation in computers. We use the ray method of geometrical optics, and other singular perturbation methods, to solve this equation asymptotically. The asymptotic limit corresponds to one of heavy system usages. We interpret the results from the ray method probabilistically.
Robust estimation in structured linear regression

A structured linear regression model is one in which there are permanent dependencies among some p row vectors of the n X p design matrix. To study structured linear regression, we introduce a new class of robust estimators, called D-estimators, which can be regarded as a generalization of the least median of squares and least trimmed squares estimators. They minimize a dispersion function of the ordered absolute residuals up to the rank h. We investigate their breakdown point and exact fit point as a function of h in structured linear regression. It is found that the D- and S-estimators can achieve the highest possible breakdown point for h appropriately chosen. It is shown that both the maximum breakdown point and the corresponding optimal value of h, h OP , are sample dependent. They hinge on the design but not on the response. The relationship between the breakdown point and the design vanishes when h is strictly larger than h OP . However, when h is smaller than h OP , the breakdown point depends in a complicated way on the design as well as on the response.
Upper limits on the abundance of the sulfur dimer in molecular clouds

Magnetic-dipole transitions among spin-split rotational levels in /sup 32/S/sub 2/ were sought. The absence of such emission shows that less than a few percent of the presumably available sulfur nuclei resides in this species. Several other lines observed during the search are briefly discussed. 3 figures, 2 tables.
Cosmogony of Galaxies as Based on the Spatial Distribution of Matter

A morphological box for the space distribution of galaxies and dark matter as the consequence of various types of cosmogonical hypotheses is presented. A short review of concepts of clustering of galaxies is given. One has to distinguish between the phenomena of “clusters of galaxies” and of “clustering of galaxies”. The second notion is more general. The investigations of KIANG, FLIN, and PEEBLES speak in favour of general clustering rather than overal existence of individual clusters. Individuals such as our Supergalaxy, Coma cluster etc. seem rather to be exceptional features. Ein morphologisches Schema der raumlichen Verteilung von Galaxien und dunkler Materie wird als Konsequenz der verschiedenen Typen kosmogonischer Hypothesen vorgeschlagen. Weiterhin wird ein kurzer Uberblick uber die Vorstellungen der Galaxienhaufungen gegeben. Danach hat man zwischen dem Phanomen der ”Galaxienhaufen„ und dem der „Anhaufungen von Galaxien” zu unterscheiden, wobei die zweite Vorstellung allgemeiner ist. Die Untersuchungen von KIANG, FLIN und PEEBLES sprechen eher fur eine allgemeine Haufungserscheinung als fur eine allgemeine Existenz von individuellen Haufen. Objekte wie unsere Supergalaxis, der Coma-Haufen usw. als Beispiele individueller Haufen scheinen Ausnahmen zu sein.
Scanning Hall probe microscopy

We describe the implementation of a scanning Hall probe microscope of outstanding magnetic field sensitivity (∼0.1 G) and unprecedented spatial resolution (∼0.35 μm) to detect surface magnetic fields at close proximity to a sample. Our microscope combines the advantages of a submicron Hall probe fabricated on a GaAs/Al0.3Ga0. 7As heterostructure chip and the scanning tunneling microscopy technique for precise positioning. We demonstrate its usefulness by imaging individual vortices in high Tc La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 films and superconducting networks, and magnetic bubble domains.
A new method for an objective, χ2-based spectroscopic analysis of early-type stars - First results from its application to single and binary B- and late O-type stars

A precise quantitative spectral analysis - encompassing atmospheric parameter and chemical elemental abundance determination - is time consuming due to its iterative nature and the multi-parameter space to be explored, especially when done"by eye". A robust automated fitting technique that is as trustworthy as traditional methods would allow for large samples of stars to be analyzed in a consistent manner in reasonable time. We present a semi-automated quantitative spectral analysis technique for early-type stars based on the concept of $\chi^2$ minimization. The method's main features are: far less subjective than typical"by eye"methods, correction for inaccurate continuum normalization, consideration of the whole useful spectral range, simultaneous sampling of the entire multi-parameter space (effective temperature, surface gravity, microturbulence, macroturbulence, projected rotational velocity, radial velocity, elemental abundances) to find the global best solution, applicable also to composite spectra. The method is fast, robust and reliable as seen from formal tests and from a comparison with previous analyses. Consistent quantitative spectral analyses of large samples of early-type stars can be performed quickly with very high accuracy.
Another proof of the averaging principle for fully coupled dynamical systems with hyperbolic fast motions

In the study of systems which combine slow and fast motions which depend on each other (fully coupled setup) whenever the averaging principle can be justified this usually can be done only in the sense of $L^1$-convergence on the space of initial conditions. When fast motions are hyperbolic (Axiom A) flows or diffeomorphisms (as well as expanding endomorphisms) for each freezed slow variable this form of the averaging principle was derived in [19] and [20] relying on some large deviations arguments which can be applied only in the Axiom A or uniformly expanding case. Here we give another proof which seems to work in a more general framework, in particular, when fast motions are some partially hyperbolic or some nonuniformly hyperbolic dynamical systems or nonuniformly expanding endomorphisms.
New approach to optimal 3D object surface matching

This paper describes a method of optimal 3-D object surface representation used for feature- based parametric matching. First, the spatial and frequency domain methods are presented for the determination of an optimal grid spacing for 3-D object surface representation. The spatial domain approach is based on the measurement of the total variations of the object surface function, f(x,y), in the constant x and constant y planes. The frequency domain approach utilizes the Nyquist criterion and an ideal 2-D rectangular low-pass filter in an iterative operation. Two error criteria are defined based on the magnitude and shape features of f(x,y) as the measure of effectiveness of the optimal grid spacing for 3-D object surface representation. Second, a parametric matching is devised as a second order mapping function which maps the boundary features of f(x,y) in the cross section planes of the object and model surfaces.
Modulation instability of light beam propagation near the supercollimation frequency in nonlinear photonic crystals

The modulation instability (MI) of light beam propagation near the supercollimation frequency in nonlinear photonic crystals was investigated. The role of the nonlinear diffraction effect, merged as a result of nonlinear tuning of the equal-frequency contour curvature, in MI is particularly identified. It is found that the nonlinear diffraction effect tends to stimulate or suppress MI depending on the sign of the product of nonlinear diffraction and Kerr effects. Further analysis reveals that the MI and soliton phenomenon may be steered by the tunable supercollimation frequency in nonlinear photonic crystals.
Clickers as Data Gathering Tools and Students' Attitudes, Motivations, and Beliefs on Their Use in This Application

Members of the Center for Astronomy Education (CAE) and the Conceptual Astronomy and Physics Education Research (CAPER) Team at the University of Arizona have conducted a systematic investigation into the use of wireless, electronic personal response systems (PRS), more commonly known as “clickers,” to gather research data in the large enrollment introductory astronomy course for nonscience majors (Astro 101). We describe a study and data, which support the assertion that clickers can be used as a data gathering tool for conducting “real-time” research on student learning in the classroom setting. We also present data suggesting that students believe the use of clickers (1) is beneficial to their understanding of course concepts; (2) contributes to improving their exam grades; and (3) increases their interest in course topics even when the clickers are being used solely as research data gathering tools rather than the more traditional application in which clickers are used as an instructional device to gather student votes as part of Think-Pair-Share (TPS) or Peer Instruction (PI). Additionally, we offer a description of our classroom observations, which suggests that the use of color-coded A, B, C, D, E voting cards for gathering student answers in class may hold greater pedagogical value and provide a greater potential to gather accurate research results than do the use of clickers or Scantron™ forms.
Imaging observations of gas and dust in NGC 4696 and implications for cooling flow models

Continuum and emission-line direct CCD observations of the gas and dust in NGC 4696 are analyzed. The wavelength-dependence of extinction is normal. Line luminosities are derived and evidence that the gas and dust are well-mixed is presented. A total power output of the dust lane of roughly 2 x 10 to the 43rd ergs/s is deduced. Constraints on the physical conditions and geometry in the emission-line gas are inferred. An external origin for the dust-lane material is favored from the observations; infall from a gas-rich companion with a normal interstellar medium may have recently taken place. The energy input to the dust and gas of the dust lane by saturated heat conduction from the hot X-ray gas is sufficient to power the optical and infrared emission. If conduction operates, the cool gas and dust act as a heat sink for the hot X-ray atmosphere and this may mimic some of the peripheral properties of a cooling flow. 57 refs.
Near optimal decentralized H/sub /spl infin// control: bounded vs. unbounded controller orders

It is shown that for a class of decentralized control problems there does not exist a sequence of controllers of bounded order which obtains near optimal control. Neither does there exist an infinite dimensional optimal controller. Using the insight of the line of proof of these results, a heuristic design algorithm is proposed for designing near optimal controllers of increasing orders.
Domain wall diodes in ferromagnetic planar nanowires

We demonstrate a lithographically defined magnetic structure through which domain walls from planar magnetic nanowires propagate in one direction only, under an appropriate magnetic field. This domain wall diode is of the form of an isosceles triangle, with one nanowire emanating from its apex and one from its base. A domain wall arriving at the triangle apex, under an applied magnetic field, is able to overcome minor pinning through the diode and continue through the opposite nanowire. However, a domain wall arriving at the triangle base is unable to overcome the significant pinning energy presented by the sudden change in track width. Domain wall diodes are of potential use in controlling domain wall propagation for fundamental investigations and technological applications.
Localized stimulation of neural tissues in the brain by means of a paired configuration of time-varying magnetic fields

A method of localized stimulation of the human brain is proposed. The basic idea is to concentrate induced eddy currents locally in the vicinity of a target in the cortex by a pair of coils which are positioned outside the head so that time‐varying magnetic fields pass through the head in the opposite directions around a target. The eddy currents induced at the target are expected to flow together, which results in an increased current flow at the target. Spatial distributions of induced eddy currents are calculated in cubical and spherical volume conductor models by a finite element method. The results show that the current vectors make themselves two vortexes which flow together at the target. The current density at the target makes a peak which is higher by 2–3 times than current densities at nontarget regions. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by experiments using frog nerve‐muscle preparations.
Model for unstable global modes in the rotating-disk boundary layer

Recent simulations and experiments appear to show that the rotating-disk boundary layer is linearly globally stable despite the existence of local absolute instability. However, we argue that linear global instability can be created by local absolute instability at the edge of the disk. This argument is based on investigations of the linearized complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with weakly spatially varying coefficients to model the propagation of a wavepacket through a weakly inhomogeneous unstable medium. Therefore, this mechanism could operate in a variety of locally absolutely unstable flows. The corresponding nonlinear global mode has a front at the radius of onset of absolute instability when the disk edge is far from the front. This front moves radially outwards when the Reynolds number at the disk edge is reduced. It is shown that the laminar–turbulent transition front also behaves in this manner, possibly explaining the scatter in observed transitional Reynolds numbers.
Flow noise calculations for extended hydrophones in fluid‐ and solid‐filled towed arrays

Towed arrays of hydrophones are used as large aperture sonars by the seismic industry and by many navies. Flow noise originating in the turbulent boundary layer often limits the performance of these sonars. The flow noise can be reduced by filtering certain wave numbers using an elastic tube, groups of hydrophones, or extended hydrophones. The amount of noise reduction is investigated in cylindrical geometry for different extended hydrophones, and for solid‐ and fluid‐filled tubes.
On the Global Convergence of Identification of Output Error Models

Abstract The Output Error Method is related to an optimization problem based on a multimodal criterion. Iterative algorithms like the steepest descent are usually used to look for the global minimum of the criterion. These algorithms can get stuck at a local minimum. This paper presents sufficient conditions about the convergence of the steepest descent algorithm to the global minimum of the cost function. Moreover, it presents constraints to the input spectrum which ensure that the convergence conditions are satisfied. These constraints are convex and can easily be included in an experiment design approach to ensure the convergence of the iterative algorithms to the global minimum of the criterion.
Measurement of contrast of phantom and in vivo subsurface blood vessels using two near-infrared imaging systems

A quantitative comparison has been performed between two commercial near-infrared (NIR) vein-viewing systems which are designed to supplement the clinician’s traditional skills in locating veins by means of visualization and palpation. The AccuVein AV300 and Novarix IV-eye real-time imaging systems employ very different imaging geometries; the former generates an image from reflected NIR light produced by a beam scanned across the surface, while the latter illuminates the viewed region at four points on the periphery and records the resulting distribution of diffusely transmitted light. The comparison involved measuring the contrast produced by absorbing rods (simulated blood vessels) in a cylindrical phantom with tissue-like optical properties, and the contrast of superficial blood vessels in the arms of healthy volunteers. The locations and sizes of the blood vessels were independently verified using a clinical ultrasound imaging system. The phantom measurements suggested that the AV300 displays the most superficial vessels with greater contrast, but the IV-eye is able to detect vessels when they are at a depth up to 2 mm greater than the limit observed for the AV300. The results for thirty healthy volunteers also indicated that the AV300 typically displays vessels with higher overall contrast, but the effectiveness of the IV-eye at visualizing deeper vessels was even more pronounced, with a maximum depth several millimeters greater than that achieved by the AV300, and more than ten times as many vessels observed at depths below 4 mm.
The diffuse ionized interstellar medium : structures resulting from ionization by O stars

We have explored the possibility that the diffuse ionized gas of the Galaxy is kept ionized by O stars, and that such gas consists of the dilute portions of O star H II regions in a multiple component interstellar medium. To make this exploration, we calculated the H II region structures for the known Galactic O stars and compared the integral properties of the ensemble (dispersion and emission measures) with the observational data. Our model assumes a smooth intercloud (or more precisely extracloud) medium whose density depends only on z, and a statistical distribution of small, opaque clouds
Nonlinear predictive control applied to spacecraft attitude control

A class of iterative methods have recently been proposed for the path planning for a variety of fully and under-actuated mechanical systems, including robots and spacecrafts. These methods all involve the basic idea of warping an initial path iteratively to an acceptable final path by using a Newton-type algorithm. Once a path is found off-line, a feedback controller can then be used to follow the path. A modification of the off-line methods transforms them directly into a nonlinear predictive feedback controller, with guaranteed closed-loop asymptotic stability when the system model is known, and certain robustness when the model information is imperfect. This method represents a special class of model predictive control (MPC), since the control action at each time instance is determined based on the future predicted trajectory. Preliminary results are presented illustrating the application of this nonlinear controller to three-axis attitude control of fully-actuated and underactuated spacecraft.
Speckle Interferometry at the US Naval Observatory. XI.

The results of 1683 speckle interferometric observations of double stars, made with the 26 inch (66 cm) refractor of the US Naval Observatory, are presented. Each speckle interferometric observation of a system represents a combination of over 2000 short-exposure images. These observations are averaged into 805 mean relative positions and range in separation from 0. ″23 to 43. ″34, with a median separation of 4. ″33. This is the 11th in a series of papers presenting measurements obtained with this system and covers the period 2004 January 4-December 30. Included in these data are two older measurements whose positions were previously deemed possibly aberrant but are no longer classified this way following a confirming observation. Two of these systems have new orbital elements, which are also presented here.
The Risk Premium and the Esscher Transform in Power Markets

In power markets one frequently encounters a risk premium being positive in the short end of the forward curve and negative in the long end. Economically it has been argued that the positive premium is reflecting retailers aversion for spike risk, wheras in the long end of the forward curve, the hedging pressure kicks in as in other commodity markets. Mathematically, forward prices are expressed as risk-neutral expectations of the spot at delivery. We apply the Esscher transform on power spot models based on mean-reverting processes driven by independent increment (time-inhomogeneous Lévy) processes. It is shown that the Esscher transform is yielding a change of mean-reversion level. Moreover, we show that an Esscher transform together with jumps occuring seasonally may explain the occurence of a positive risk premium in the short end. This is demonstrated both mathematically and by a numerical example for a two-factor spot model being relevant for electricity markets.
Higher-Order Terms in the Homogenized Stress-Strain Relation of Periodic Elastic Media

Applying the method of two-scale asymptotic expansions to the displacement field in periodic elastic structures the completed macroscopic stress-strain relation of such media is derived. This relation contains beside the usually considered local part also weakly nonlocal contributions in the form of strain gradients up to infinite order. Formulae for the determination of the pertaining homogenized material tensors are derived. Unter Benntzung der Methods der asymptotischen Entwicklung fur die Verschiebungsfelder in periodischen elastischen Strukturen wird die vollstandige makroskopische Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehung solcher Medien abgeleitet. Diese Beziehung enthalt neben dem ublieherweise berucksichtigten lokalen Anteil auch schwach nichtlokale Beitrage in Form von Spannungsgradienten bis zur unendlichen Ordnung. Formeln fur die Bestimmung der zugehorig homogenisierten Materialtensoren werden abgeleitet.
The micro-jansky radio source population at 5 GHz

A field of area 1.5 × 10 −5 sr was imaged with unprecendented sensitivity using the VLA at 5 GHz. The total integration time of 126 hr was spread over the D, C, and B configurations in order to obtain images of faint radio sources with angular scales between 1″ and 100″ with an rms noise of 2.5 μJy. Subsequent observations at 1.5 GHz provided spectral information about the sources. The inner part of this field, centered at α = 14 h 16 m and δ = 52.7° (1950.0) has also been imaged with the Palomar 200 in. 4-shooter CCD array. A complete (>95%) catalog of 62 sources with a peak flux density at 5 GHz greater than 16 μJy at 8″ resolution and a typical positional accuracy of 0. ″2 is compiled