Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
If you don’t let it in, you don’t have to get it out: Thought preemption as a method to control unwanted thoughts

To attain goals, people must proactively prevent interferences and react to interferences once they occur. Whereas most research focuses on how people deal with external interferences, here we investigate the use of proactive and reactive control in dealing with unwanted thoughts. To examine this question, we asked people to generate an association to each of several repeating cue words, while forbidding the repetition of associations. Reactively rejecting and replacing unwanted repeated associations after they occur entails slower response times. Conversely, proactive control entails constricting the search space and thus faster response times. To gain further insight into different potential proactive thought control mechanisms, we augmented the analysis of raw response times with a novel, hypothesis-based, tractable computational model describing how people serially sample associations. Our results indicate that people primarily react to unwanted thoughts after they occur. Yet, we found evidence for two latent proactive control mechanisms: one that allows people to mitigate the episodic strengthening of repeated thoughts, and another that helps avoid looping in a repetitive thought. Exploratory analysis showed a relationship between model parameters and self-reported individual differences in the control over unwanted thoughts in daily life. The findings indicate the novel task and model can advance our understanding of how people can and cannot control their thoughts and memories, and benefit future research on the mechanisms responsible for unwanted thought in different psychiatric conditions. Finally, we discuss implications concerning the involvement of associative thinking and various control processes in semantic fluency, decision-making and creativity.
Public Health Surveillance and Reporting for Human Toxoplasmosis — Six States, 2021

Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Although disease tends to be mild (e.g., self-limiting influenza-like symptoms) or asymptomatic in immunocompetent persons, toxoplasmosis is more severe in immunocompromised persons, who can develop potentially fatal encephalopathy (1). In addition, primary infections acquired during pregnancy might result in a range of adverse outcomes, including fetal ocular infection, cranial and neurologic deformities, stillbirth, and miscarriage (1,2). An estimated 11% of the U.S. population aged ≥6 years are seropositive for toxoplasmosis, based on analysis of sera collected through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2011-2014 (3). Toxoplasmosis is not a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, and currently no national public health surveillance data are available; however, it is reportable in eight states. To better understand how surveillance data are collected and used, reviews of state-level toxoplasmosis surveillance were conducted during June-July 2021 using semistructured interviews with health officials in six states (Arkansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin) where toxoplasmosis is currently reportable. Why or when toxoplasmosis became reportable could not be determined, and many of the states had limited capacity to respond to reported cases. Case definitions varied considerably in terms of clinical description, laboratory criteria, and case classification (i.e., confirmed, probable, or suspect), limiting disease estimates and comparisons among states. Implementation of a standardized case definition would help ensure that cases are counted consistently, enabling better use of surveillance data to characterize disease. Identifying newly acquired cases is challenging because most acute cases among immunocompetent persons (including pregnant women) are asymptomatic, disease among immunocompromised persons is likely reactivation of latent disease, and congenital infections might not manifest until later in life.
Detecting non-adjacent dependencies is the exception rather than the rule

Statistical learning refers to our sensitivity to the distributional properties of our environment. Humans have been shown to readily detect the dependency relationship of events that occur adjacently in a stream of stimuli but processing non-adjacent dependencies (NADs) appears more challenging. In the present study, we tested the ability of human participants to detect NADs in a new Hebb-naming task that has been proposed recently to study regularity detection in a noisy environment. In three experiments, we found that most participants did not manage to extract NADs. These results suggest that the ability to learn NADs in noise is the exception rather than the rule. They provide new information about the limits of statistical learning mechanisms.
Profiling resilience among construction management students: an international comparison

Elevated levels of psychological distress are becoming more prevalent for students in higher education. Given this concerning trend, there has been a call to action. Resilience is identified as a capability that can assist students to manage their stress and increase wellbeing. The Resilience at University scale was administered to construction management students in Australia, the United States, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Two hundred and twenty-nine students completed the survey. Principle components analysis identified five resilience factors: finding your calling/living authentically; managing stress; maintaining perspective, staying healthy; and building networks. Results indicated significant differences between countries on all resilience factors. Of the four countries, Singapore was the most resilient and Hong Kong had the lowest score for all resilience factors. Capacity to maintain perspective was low for all students, irrespective of country. First year students had a lower capacity for finding their calling / living authentically than for other year levels. Final year students had a higher capacity to manage stress than commencing students. The results suggest that demographic characteristics and situational determinants may have a bigger impact on resilience than discipline of study. Findings offer important implications for the development of resilience among university students.
Pathogenic autoantibodies to IFN-γ act through the impedance of receptor assembly and Fc-mediated response

The pathogenic anti–IFN-γ autoantibodies belong to three groups based on their epitopes, leading to two signal-related neutralization modes by preventing IFN-γ binding to the receptor or IFN-γ–induced receptor dimerization. Moreover, anti–IFN-γ autoantibodies selectively induce Fc-mediated responses, potentiating their pathogenic functions.
Does slow release oral morphine have impact on craving and impulsivity in heroin dependent individuals?

Craving and impulsivity are addiction components which explain why heroin-dependant individuals (HDI), continue using heroin despite not wanting to do so. Opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), such as slow-release oral morphine (SROM), is the most effective treatment for opioid dependence. However, the impact of SROM on craving and impulsivity remains unclear. In this observational study, 23 HDI receiving SROM, their usual OMT, took part in the experiment. Each of the participants filled in the perceived level of craving with a visual analog scale. Their impulsivity was assessed via three laboratory tasks, the stop-signal reaction time, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and delay discounting. Each evaluation was performed before and after SROM administration. Craving was significantly reduced after administration of SROM (difference 2.83; P = 0.0010), whereas there were no significant differences in performance in the three laboratory tasks. In the long term, we observed an improvement on delay discounting correlated with the duration and dosage of SROM. The acute impact of SROM appears to significantly reduce craving, without impacting impulsivity. Observation of the correlation between delay discounting and the duration and dosage of OMT is of great interest and should be studied further.
Geographic Structuring and Divergence Time Frame of Monkeypox Virus in the Endemic Region

Abstract Background Monkeypox is an emerging zoonosis endemic to Central and West Africa. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is genetically structured in 2 major clades (clades 1 and 2/3), but its evolution is poorly explored. Methods We retrieved MPXV genomes from public repositories and we analyzed geographic patterns using STRUCTURE. Molecular dating was performed using a using a Bayesian approach. Results We show that the population transmitted in West Africa (clades 2/3) experienced limited drift. Conversely, clade 1 (transmitted in the Congo Basin) possibly underwent a bottleneck or founder effect. Depending on the model used, we estimated that the 2 clades separated ∼560–860 (highest posterior density: 450–960) years ago, a period characterized by expansions and contractions of rainforest areas, possibly creating the ecological conditions for the MPXV reservoir(s) to migrate. In the Congo Basin, MPXV diversity is characterized by 4 subpopulations that show no geographic structuring. Conversely, clades 2/3 are spatially structured with 2 populations located West and East of the Dahomey Gap. Conclusions The distinct histories of the 2 clades may derive from differences in MPXV ecology in West and Central Africa.
Orthogonalizing Penalized Regression

Since the penalized likelihood function of the smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty is highly non-linear and has many local optima, finding a local solution to achieve the so-called oracle property is an open problem. We propose an iterative algorithm, called the OEM algorithm, to fill this gap. The development of the algorithm draws direct impetus from a missing-data problem arising in design of experiments with an orthogonal complete matrix. In each iteration, the algorithm imputes the missing data based on the current estimates of the parameters and updates a closed-form solution associated with the complete data. By introducing a procedure called active orthogonization, we make the algorithm broadly applicable to problems with arbitrary regression matrices. In addition to the SCAD penalty, the proposed algorithm works for other penalties like the MCP, lasso and nonnegative garrote. Convergence and convergence rate of the algorithm are examined. The algorithm has several unique theoretical properties. For the SCAD and MCP penalties, an OEM sequence can achieve the oracle property after sufficient iterations. For various penalties, an OEM sequence converges to a point having grouping coherence for fully aliased regression matrices. For computing the ordinary least squares estimator with a singular regression matrix, an OEM sequence converges to the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse-based least squares estimator.
Supporting chaplains on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-method practice-based pilot intervention study.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, chaplains have played a pivotal role in patient, family member, and staff care. However, little empirical attention has been given to (a) the potential toll of frontline spiritual care on chaplains' mental health and occupational functioning as well as (b) the development of interventions that can help ameliorate these risks and promote resilience. Using a mixed-method practice-based design, we conducted a pilot study (n = 77) to evaluate a novel spiritually integrated support group intervention for chaplains across multiple industries, which consisted of five Zoom-based sessions cofacilitated by psychotherapists. Participants completed pre- and postintervention measures of traumatic stress, burnout, spiritual/moral struggles, flourishing, resilience, and overall experience in the group. Qualitative findings elucidated the salience of peer support, therapeutic group processes, and key intervention components that warrant further study. Quantitative results indicated significant (a) decreases in burnout and spiritual/moral struggles from pre- to postintervention as well as (b) increases in sense of resilience and flourishing. Findings of this pilot study offer preliminary evidence for the use of a spiritually integrated group model to decrease isolation, address moral and spiritual distress, and promote resilience among chaplains. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
The History of Otology and What We Can Learn from It: Putting Historical Research in Context

Why study the history of scientific discovery in otology and neurotology? This is an especially important question in our surgical field, where standard mechanisms of medical science such as the randomized controlled trial are not feasible. Here, we discuss the benefits of engaging with the history of science including 1) gaining a fuller understanding of scientific methodology, 2) becoming critically aware of current knowledge and its gaps, 3) aiding diagnostic and therapeutic discovery, and 4) humanizing innovative thinking. Science is a human endeavor, and it is subject to the constraints inherent to humans. Knowledge of history provides a greater perspective of these limitations and can help extend the boundaries of our field.
Epidemiological evidence for early-onset of enzootic bovine leukosis by L233-Tax-carrying bovine leukemia virus in Japanese Black cattle

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), of which annual number has rapidly increased in Japan, and it can be divided into two categories based on the amino acid at position 233 in the Tax protein. Here, we conducted a nationwide surveillance of Japanese Black cattle between 2008 and 2021 in Japan. Among 237 tumor samples, 131 (55.3%) and 101 (42.6%) were harbored L233- and P233-Tax, respectively. Onset of EBL under the age of 3 years by L233-Tax-carrying BLV was frequently observed, especially in the animals born via embryo transfer. We also found that L233-Tax-carrying BLV was more prevalent in dairy areas than non-dairy areas. These findings give insight into prevention of EBL.
Presynaptic nigral GPR55 receptors stimulate [3H]‐GABA release through [3H]‐cAMP production and PKA activation and promote motor behavior

Striatal medium‐sized spiny neurons express mRNA and protein of GPR55 receptors that stimulate neurotransmitter release; thus, GPR55 could be sent to nigral striatal projections, where it might modulate GABA release and motor behavior. Here, we study the presence of GPR55 receptors at striato‐nigral terminals, their modulation of GABA release, their signaling pathway, and their effect on motor activity. By double immunohistochemistry, we found the colocation of GPR55 protein and substance P in the dorsal striatum. In slices of the rat substantia nigra, the GPR55 agonists LPI and O‐1602 stimulated [3H]‐GABA release induced by high K+ depolarization in a dose‐dependent manner. The antagonists CID16020046 and cannabidiol prevented agonist stimulation in a dose‐dependent way. The effect of GPR55 on nigral [3H]‐GABA release was prevented by lesion of the striatum with kainic acid, which was accompanied by a decrement of GPR55 protein in nigral synaptosomes, indicating the presynaptic location of receptors. The depletion of internal Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin did not prevent the effect of LPI on [3H]‐GABA release, but the remotion or chelation of external calcium did. Blockade of Gi, Gs, PLC, PKC, or dopamine D1 receptor signaling proteins did not prevent the effect of GPR55 on release. However, the activation of GPR55 stimulated [3H]‐cAMP accumulation and PKA activity. Intranigral unilateral injection of LPI induces contralateral turning. This turning was prevented by CID16020046, cannabidiol, and bicuculline but not by SCH 23390. Our data indicate that presynaptic GPR55 receptors stimulate [3H]‐GABA release at striato‐nigral terminals through [3H]‐cAMP production and stimulate motor behavior.
Birth weight reference for Japanese twins and risk factors for infant mortality: A population-based study

There is no standard birth weight curve for twins in Japan other than a prototype curve based on 1988–1991. Twins have a high perinatal mortality rate than singletons; therefore, we developed a new standard curve for twin birth weight using data from the 1995–2016 Vital Statistics and compared it with previous reports. We used 469,064 cases for analysis, excluding stillbirths and cases with missing values, and created a standard curve using LMS (statistical methods to vary the distribution by using skewness, median, and coefficient of variation) method. In comparison with previous reports, the mean birth weight decreased by 100–200 g. The groups with the lowest neonatal death rates (NDRs) and infant death rates (IDRs) were those with a birth weight of 1,500–2,499 g (NDR: 0.3%, IDR: 0.6%) and those born at 34–36 weeks (NDR: 0.2%, IDR: 0.4%). Compared to these, the IDR was significantly higher in the 2,500–3,999 g group and the 37–39 weeks group (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.1 in the 2,500–3,999 g group, IRR: 1.3 in the 37w0d–39w6d group). In particular, the risks of neonatal mortality and infant mortality were higher in infants born at a birth weight above 3,500 g. Infants born at a birth weight above 3,500 g may include recipients of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. The most common causes of infant mortality are accidental death and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We considered the possibility that infants treated as healthy newborns and whose mothers were discharged from the hospital without adequate twin care guidance may be more likely to experience unintentional accidents and SIDS at home. The present study suggested that creating a new twin birth weight standard curve and guidance on managing twins at home for full-term and normal birth weight infants may lead to a reduction in infant deaths.
The burden of T. solium cysticercosis and selected neuropsychiatric disorders in Mocuba district, Zambézia province, Mozambique

Background Taenia solium (neuro-)cysticercosis, a neglected tropical disease, can be associated with epileptic seizures and other neuropsychiatric (= neurological and psychiatric) disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the association of T. solium cysticercosis with selected neuropsychiatric disorders and/or symptoms (chronic headache, epileptic seizures/epilepsy and psychosis) in Mocuba district, Mozambique. Methodology Between March and May 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,086 participants aged 2 years or above in Mocuba district, Zambézia province, central Mozambique, to assess the seroprevalence of human cysticercosis and risk factors for infection, as well as to explore its relation to selected neuropsychiatric disorders. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected from each participant using a modified questionnaire designed by the Cysticercosis Working Group for Eastern and Southern Africa. Additionally, neuropsychiatric disorders, such as chronic headache, epileptic seizures/epilepsy and psychosis were assessed using four vignettes. T. solium antigen and cysticercosis IgG in serum were detected using both T. solium antigen B158/B60 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and LDBIO Cysticercosis Western Blot, respectively. Principal findings Overall, 112/1,086 participants (10.3%) were sero-positive for T. solium antigen or antibodies. Prevalence of antibodies (6.6%; n = 72) was higher than of antigens (4.9%; n = 54). In the questionnaires, 530 (49.5%) of participants reported chronic headache, 293 (27%) had generalized epileptic seizures, 188 (18%) focal seizures and 183 (18.3%) psychosis. We found a statistically significant association between seropositivity for T. solium and chronic headache (p = 0.013). Additionally, increasing age (p = 0.03) was associated with Ag-ELISA seropositivity. Conclusions Our study revealed that in Mocuba, T. solium cysticercosis is prevalent and associated with self-reported chronic headache. Additionally, in the study setting, the seroprevalence of cysticercosis increased with age. However, it is not associated with other neuropsychiatric disorders such epileptic seizures/epilepsy and psychosis. Future studies are needed to confirm the high burden of neuropsychiatric disorders and their possible etiology, including neurocysticercosis, using additional serological, molecular biological and radiological diagnostic tools, as well as in-depth clinical examinations.
The effect of central injection of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and the AT 1 -receptor antagonist on the induction by LPS of fever and brain interleukin-1ß response in rats

We recently reported an involvement of peripheral angiotensin II (ANG II) in the development of both the fever and the peripheral interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) production induced in rats by a systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The present study was performed to investigate whether brain ANG II contributes to the fever and IL-1ß production in the rat brain induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of LPS. LPS (0.2 and 2 µg, i.c.v.) induced dose-related fevers and increases in the brain (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum) concentrations of IL-1ß. These effects were significantly inhibited by i.c. v. administration of either an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin type 1 (AT 1 )-receptor antagonist. By contrast, the ACE inhibitor had no effect on the IL-1ß (i.c.v.)-induced fever, while the AT 1 -receptor antagonist enhanced (rather than reduced) it. The AT 1 -receptor antagonist had no effect on the brain levels of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) in rats given an i.c. v. injection of IL-1ß. These results suggest that in rats, brain ANG II and AT 1 receptors are involved in the LPS-induced production of brain IL-1ß, thus contributing to the fever induced by the presence of LPS within the brain.
The role of peer review in identity development for engineering education researchers

ABSTRACT Peer review has been the focus of an ongoing study at a series of recent annual conferences of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE). A further development of this study has been to explore the perspective/s of the authors of these conference papers and the impact that peer review can have on their development as researchers. This paper uses the identity-trajectory framework to illustrate relationships between peer review and academic identity construction for engineering education authors in the AAEE community. Participants’ responses illustrate how various aspects of responding to reviews and writing reviews for other authors, contribute to the development of the networking and intellectual strands of their academic identity as engineering education researchers. We suggest that members of the global engineering education community should be mindful of how they write their peer reviews of conference papers to ensure the opportunity to constructively contribute to their peers’ successful transition into this different research paradigm is not missed.