Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ameliorating Systematic Errors in Full-Field AMCW Lidar

This thesis presents an analysis of systematic error in full-field amplitude modulated continuous wave range-imaging systems. The primary focus is on the mixed pixel/multipath interference problem, with digressions into defocus restoration, irregular phase sampling and the systematic phase perturbations introduced by random noise. As an integral part of the thesis, a detailed model of signal formation is developed, that models noise statistics not included in previously reported models. Prior work on the mixed pixel/multipath interference problem has been limited to detection and removal of perturbed measurements or partial amelioration using spatial information, such as knowledge of the spatially variant scattering point spread function, or raytracing using an assumption of Lambertian reflection. Furthermore, prior art has only used AMCW range measurements at a single modulation frequency. In contrast, in this thesis, by taking multiple measurements at different modulation frequencies with known ratio-of-integers frequency relationships, a range of new closed-form and lookup table based inversion and bounding methods are explored. These methods include: sparse spike train deconvolution based multiple return separation, a closed-form inverse using attenuation ratios and a normalisation based lookup table method that uses a new property we term the characteristic measurement. Other approaches include a Cauchy distribution based model for backscattering sources which are range-diffuse, like fog or hair. Novel bounding methods are developed using the characteristic measurement and attenuation ratios on relative intensity, relative phase and phase perturbutation. A detailed noise and performance analysis is performed of the characteristic measurement lookup table method and the bounding methods using simulated data. Experiments are performed using the University of Waikato Heterodyne range-imager, the Canesta XZ-422 and the Mesa Imaging Swissranger 4000 in order to demonstrate the performance of the lookup table method. The lookup table method is found to provide an order of magnitude improvement in ranging accuracy, albeit at the expense of ranging precision.
The Jnk Pathway Regulates the in Vivo Deletion of Immature Cd4 Ϩ Cd8 Ϩ Thymocytes

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), the c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAP kinase pathways are triggered upon ligation of the antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR). During the development of T cells in the thymus, the ERK pathway is required for differentiation of CD4 Ϫ CD8 Ϫ into CD4 ϩ CD8 ϩ double positive (DP) thymocytes, positive selection of DP cells, and their maturation into CD4 ϩ cells. However, the ERK pathway is not required for negative selection. Here, we show that JNK is activated in DP thymocytes in vivo in response to signals that initiate negative selection. The activation of JNK in these cells appears to be mediated by the MAP kinase kinase MKK7 since high levels of MKK7 and low levels of Sek-1/MKK4 gene expression were detected in thymocytes. Using dominant negative JNK transgenic mice, we show that inhibition of the JNK pathway reduces the in vivo deletion of DP thymocytes. In addition, the increased resistance of DP thymocytes to cell death in these mice produces an accelerated reconstitution of normal thymic populations upon in vivo DP elimination. Together, these data indicate that the JNK pathway contributes to the deletion of DP thymocytes by apoptosis in response to TCR-derived and other thymic environment– mediated signals. T he development of T cells occurs in the thymus where bone marrow precursor cells differentiate through multiple developmental stages involving maturation, proliferation , selection, and death. Early precursor cells that are initially CD4 Ϫ CD8 Ϫ double negative (DN) 1 differentiate into CD4 ϩ CD8 ϩ double positive (DP) cells. This process is controlled by a series of phenotypic changes, with the expression of the pre-TCR (at the DN stage) and the TCR (at the DP stage) being the most critical. DP thymocytes differentiate into mature single positive (SP) CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ thymocytes that are ready to leave the thymus and migrate to the periphery. However, before completing their maturation, DP and immature CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ thymo-cytes undergo positive and negative selection. Recognition of peptides by thymocytes in the context of the self-MHC leads to their rescue from apoptosis and their migration to the periphery (positive selection), while recognition of self-peptides induces death of the autoreactive T cells in the thymus by apoptosis (negative selection) (1–3). It remains unclear whether the signals mediated by the TCR during the selection of thymocytes and the activation of peripheral T …
Pharmacological and environmental factors in the development of contingent tolerance to cocaine in pigeons

3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisor, Marc Branch, for his guidance, support, and encouragement, and for always being available for discussion. I also thank him for great help in developing my writing, teaching me to think critically, and teaching me how to design experiments properly. I thank Jesse Dallery for providing helpful comments throughout my graduate career, enduring aid in statistical and graphical analyses, and always being a source of positive reinforcement. I thank Tim Hackenberg for teaching me what it means to be a radical behaviorist. I thank my graduate student colleagues Matt Weaver, and Jin Yoon for their help in running sessions, technical support, and always being available for conceptual discussions. I thank my other committee members H. Jane Brockmann, Brian Iwata, and Alan Spector for their many contributions to this project and help in shaping me into a better scientist. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends, especially Phil, Bethany, Erin and Rachelle for their care and support throughout this process.
Suborbital timescale variability of North Atlantic Deep Water during the past 200

A capacitor winding method includes forming a capacitor from a pair of dielectric bands and a pair of foil bands on a machine having a rotatable turret on which are slidably and rotatably mounted two pair of semi-mandrels on which capacitors are wound. Foil bands are automatically fed in interleaved relation with dielectric bands to form the capacitors. Terminals are automatically formed from wire and are welded to the foil.
The nucleation rate constants and freezing mechanism of nitric acid trihydrate aerosol under stratospheric conditions

The nucleation rates for submicron-diameter nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) aerosol particles were measured under stratospheric conditions using a temperature-programed flow tube and Fourier transform infrared extinction spectroscopy to detect the phase change from liquid to solid. The temperature range from 175 to 155 K was examined. The measured nucleation rate constants (in units of cm−3 s−1) are between 3.8±1.8 × 1010 and 9.7±6.3 × 1012 for the temperature range between 167.2 and 163.5 K. The experiments show directly that critical nuclei form rapidly in NAT droplets at these temperatures, but subsequent crystallization is very slow, so the nucleated droplets can persist as liquids for long times unless their temperature is raised to increase the crystal growth rate. In these experiments, complete crystallization of the nucleated droplets was achieved in the observation time (about 10 s) by raising their temperature to near 180 K. Although demonstrable in the laboratory, the freezing of NAT by homogeneous nucleation at low temperature and subsequent warming are unlikely to be important for type 1 polar stratospheric cloud formation because the temperatures required for nucleation are lower than those commonly found in the lower stratosphere.
Up-regulation of Flotillin-2 Is Associated with Melanoma Progression and Modulates Expression of the Thrombin Receptor Protease Activated Receptor 1 Cytic Lesions. Flot-2 Transfection Transformed Sb2 Melanoma Cells from Nontumorigenic, Nonmetastatic to Highly Tumorigenic and Metastatic in a Nude Mou

Flotillin 2 (flot-2) is a highly conserved protein isolated from caveolae/ lipid raft domains that tether growth factor receptors linked to signal transduction pathways. Flot-2 protein and mRNA were increased in tu-morigenic and metastatic melanoma cell lines in vitro, and the immuno-staining intensity increased substantially across a tissue array of melano
Interannual variability of tropospheric trace gases and aerosols: The role of biomass burning emissions

Fires are responsible for a range of gaseous and aerosol emissions. However, their influence on the interannual variability of atmospheric trace gases and aerosols has not been systematically investigated from a global perspective. We examine biomass burning emissions as a driver of interannual variability of large‐scale abundances of short‐lived constituents such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydroxyl radicals (OH), ozone, and aerosols using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE composition‐climate model and a range of observations, with an emphasis on satellite information. Our model captures the observed variability of the constituents examined in most cases, but with substantial underestimates in boreal regions. The strongest interannual variability on a global scale is found for carbon monoxide (~10% for its global annual burden), while the lowest is found for tropospheric ozone (~1% for its global annual burden). Regionally, aerosol optical depth shows the largest variability which exceeds 50%. Areas of strong variability of both aerosols and CO include the tropical land regions (especially Equatorial Asia and South America) and northern high latitudes, while even regions in the northern midlatitudes experience substantial interannual variability of aerosols. Ozone variability peaks over equatorial Asia in boreal autumn, partly due to varying biomass burning emissions, and over the western and central Pacific in the rest of the year, mainly due to meteorological fluctuations. We find that biomass burning emissions are almost entirely responsible for global CO interannual variability, and similarly important for OH variability. The same is true for global and regional aerosol variability, especially when not taking into account dust and sea‐salt particles. We show that important implications can arise from such interannual influences for regional climate and air quality.
Turks and Caicos Islands Climate and Its Impacts

AbstractThe Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) climate is described using mesoscale ocean and atmosphere datasets with a focus on thermodynamic versus kinematic controls, the influence of the nearby island of Hispaniola, and factors affecting early colonization and fluctuations of marine resources. The key findings include the following: trade winds accelerate to 7 m s−1 north of Hispaniola and enhance anticyclonic subsidence; there is a dry-south/wet-north pattern of rainfall that opposes surface temperature and salinity fields; ocean currents near TCI are northwestward but there is a counterclockwise gyre near Haiti that guided colonization; conch catch increases when trade winds strengthen and SST declines; TCI's dry climate limits groundwater resources, food production, and population density; and Caicos Island sheds a wind wake that boosts SST and local convection, as evident in Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) observations and operational model products. Further studies of small island climates will benef.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF T H E ADOPTIVE IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY I N MICE

When an animal is reexposed to an antigen a given time after the first contact, it produces a secondary response. The final number of antibody-forming cells engaged in the secondary response is 100-1S0 times higher than in the primary (1). This difference cannot be explained on the basis of two types of cells involved, higher amount of antibody produced per cell, or higher cell division rate (2, 3). I t follows that the number of cells which the antigen can trigger to initiate the characteristic divisiondifferentiation-synthesis process increases drastically after primary immunization.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL BASES FOR METABOLICALLY LINKED MECHANICAL ACTIVITY IN MITOCHONDRIA

By means of a new "quick-sampling" method, micropellets of mouse liver mitochondria were rapidly prepared for electron microscopy during the recording of steady state metabolism. Reversible ultrastructural changes were found to accompany change in metabolic steady states. The most dramatic reversible ultrastructural change occurs when ADP is added to systems in which only phosphate acceptor is deficient, i.e., during the State IV to State III transition as defined by Chance and Williams. After 15 min in State IV, mitochondria display an "orthodox" ultrastructural appearance as is usually observed after fixation within intact tissue. On transition to State III, a dramatic change in the manner of folding of the inner membrane takes place. In addition, the electron opacity of the matrix increases as the volume of the matrix decreases, but total mitochondrial volume does not appear to change during this transition. This conformation is called "condensed. " Isolated mitochondria were found to oscillate between the orthodox and condensed conformations during reversible transitions between State III and State IV. Various significant ultrastructural changes in mitochondria also occur during transitions in other functional states, e.g., when substrate or substrate and acceptor is made limiting. Internal structural flexibility is discussed with respect to structural and functional integrity of isolated mitochondria. Reversible changes in the manner of folding of the inner membrane and in the manner of packing of small granules in the matrix as respiration is activated by ADP represent an ultrastructural basis for metabolically linked mechanical activity in tightly coupled mitochondria.
New ichnites from the Middle Triassic of the Iberian Ranges (Spain): paleoenvironmental and paleogeographical implications

The Iberian Basin or its present-day expression, the Iberian Ranges, was refilled with red bed sediments of alluvial origin during the late Olenekian–Anisian period represented by the Cañizar (Olenekian–Anisian) and Eslida (Anisian) Formations, both commonly known as Buntsandstein facies. In the late part of the Anisian, the Tethys Sea reached the eastern side of the Iberian microplate, represented by the shallow marine facies of the Landete and Cañete Formations, also called Muschelkalk facies. The ichnites studied in this paper belong to the Anisian continental-marine transition in the SE Iberian Ranges. The Cañizar Formation shows the oldest Triassic footprints found in the Iberian Peninsula, consisting in swimming, uncomplete lacertoid three digit Rhynchosauroides traces with possibly resting (cubichnia) and furrowing (pascichnia) Cruziana/Rusophycus due to large triopsids. Specimens from Lacertoïd and Crocodiloïd groups have been collected in the Eslida Formation. Rhynchosauroides sp. is the most representative ichnospecies of the first group, while in the Crocodiloïd group, the presence of Chirotherium barthii Kaup 1835 and Isochirotherium cf coureli (Demathieu 1970) are distinctive. In the Landete Formation specimens are found from Crocodiloïd and Dinosauroïd groups. Brachychirotherium gallicum Willruth 1917, Brachychirotherium sp. and Chirotherium sp. are characteristic of the first one, and ‘Coelurosaurichnus’ perriauxi and cf Paratrisauropus latus as the most representative of the second group. Some of the specimens described here present ancestors in the Early Triassic and have been described in the Triassic of North America, Italy and France. Possible paleogeographical connections with faunas of SE France can be inferred. Based on different sedimentary structures and plant remains, the footprints are related to fluvial systems within huge flood plains, playa and shallow marine environments, with alternating dry and wet periods. The vertical ichnites distribution during the Anisian shows that the fauna modification was weak at a high clade level. In the Triassic of the Iberian microplate, there are no findings of traces prior to the Anisian, and the footprint content for the Middle Triassic is less diversified than in other neighbouring regions. By comparison with other western Pangea areas, there was a later appearance of the forms after the end-Permian mass extinction event in the studied area.
Earthquake deformation cycle on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, California

Six moderate earthquakes are thought to have ruptured the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas fault since 1857. The similar characteristics of the three seismically recorded events, together with the quasi-regular 22-year recurrence interval, have led to the forecast of a similar event in 1988 ± 5 years. In this study the potential for the hypothesized earthquake is assessed by estimating the time required for interseismic straining to recover the strain energy released by the most recent, June 1966, Parkfield earthquake. For a simple model of the earthquake cycle this interval is proportional to the ratio of the 1966 seismic moment to the interseismic moment deficit rate. Baseline lengths measured before and after the 1966 earthquake are inverted to estimate the magnitude and distribution of the combined coseismic and transient postseismic slip. Although the geodetic data determine only broad spatial averages of the fault slip, they do require that slip at depth exceeded the surface offsets measured in 1966. Inversions with extreme prior models are calculated to assess the range of seismic moment and moment deficit rates consistent with the available geodetic data. Inversions assuming only that the slip distributions are to some degree smooth yield strain energy recovery intervals of 14–25 years. Extreme values range from as little as 6 years to as much as 29 years. In comparison, historic recurrence intervals of Parkfield earthquakes range from 12 to 32 years. These results are consistent with the expectation of a magnitude 5½–6 earthquake near Parkfield by 1993.
Northern Hemispheric cryosphere response to volcanic eruptions in the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project 3 last millennium simulations

We analyzed last millennium simulations (circa 850–1850 Common Era) from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project 3 (PMIP3) project to determine whether current state‐of‐the‐art models produce sudden changes and persistence of cold conditions after large volcanic eruptions as inferred from geological records and previous climate modeling. Snow cover over Baffin Island in the eastern Canadian Arctic shows large‐scale expansion (as seen in proxy records) in two of the five models with snow cover information available, although it is not sustained beyond a decade. Sea ice expansion in the North Atlantic is seen in some PMIP3 models after large eruptions, although none of these models produce significant centennial‐scale effects. Warm Baffin Island summer climates stunt snow expansion in some models completely, and model topography tends to miss the critical plateau elevations that could sustain snow on the island. Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent is lower in six of the eight models than in reconstructions over the past millennium. Annual average Northern Hemisphere mean climates have a range of 3 K across models, while Arctic summer land‐only climates span more than 6 K. This has critical consequences on ice and snow formation and persistence in regions such as the Arctic where temperatures are near the freezing point and small temperature changes affect ice and snow feedback that could induce further climate changes. Thus, it is critical that models accurately represent absolute temperature.
Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity Has Narrowed the Spectrum of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

Several studies have shown that a large number of patients who are fulfilling the criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are sensitive to gluten. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a gluten-free diet on gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS. In this double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 148 IBS patients fulfilling the Rome III criteria were enrolled between 2011 and 2013. However, only 72 out of the 148 commenced on a gluten-free diet for up to six weeks and completed the study; clinical symptoms were recorded biweekly using a standard visual analogue scale (VAS). In the second stage after six weeks, patients whose symptoms improved to an acceptable level were randomly divided into two groups; patients either received packages containing powdered gluten (35 cases) or patients received placebo (gluten free powder) (37 cases). Overall, the symptomatic improvement was statistically different in the gluten-containing group compared with placebo group in 9 (25.7%), and 31 (83.8%) patients respectively (p < 0.001). A large number of patients labelled as irritable bowel syndrome are sensitive to gluten. Using the term of IBS can therefore be misleading and may deviate and postpone the application of an effective and well-targeted treatment strategy in gluten sensitive patients.
CELL SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN XX. Antibody Responsiveness of Subpopulations of B Lymphocytes

The major surface immunoglobulins (Igs) on human and murine B lymphocytes are IgM and IgD (1-6). Small populations of B cells also bear IgG (7, 8) or IgA (9). A large proportion of B cells express more than one isotype on their surface (3, 4, 6, 10, 11-13). In this regard, we have recently demonstrated that neonatal murine B cells bear only IgM (14, 15); that cells later acquire IgD and that they subsequently greatly reduce or completely lose their surface IgM (15). The present studies were aimed at establishing the role of B cells bearing different receptor isotypes in generating an immune response. In these experiments, the ability of B cells, depleted of subpopulations bearing different Ig isotypes, to transfer a primary response to the hapten, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP), 1 and a secondary response to the carrier, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), was evaluated.
RECONSTRUCTION OF PALAEO-ICE SHEETS: THE USE OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL DATA

The article discusses the nature of the glacial inversion problem, which is defined as the extraction of time-slice ice-sheet flow patterns from the patchy and partly overprinted landform record present in former ice-sheet areas. A coherent inversion model for derivation of flow patterns and interior ice-sheet configuration from geomorphological data is presented. Glacial landscapes are classified according to the three criteria of internal age gradients, presence or absence of meltwater traces aligned to flow traces, and basal condition (frozen bed/thawed bed) inferred from morphology. The inversion model uses landscapes classified accordingly, spatially delineated into fans, as input data. Relative chronologies at fan intersections are used to sort fans in a relative-age stack that can be linked to stratigraphic (dating) information.
Holocene Paleoceanography in the SW Part of the Sea of Okhotsk: A Diatom Record

約7,300年前以降をカバーするピストンコア試料を用いて,完新世におけるオホーツク海南西部の古海洋環境復元を目的とした珪藻分析を行った. そして,産出する珪藻群集は全層準を通じて,高生産指標種および海氷指標種が優占し,前者が現世に向かって増加すること,宗谷暖流を指標する温暖種Fragilariopsis doliolusが低頻度ながらパルス状に産出することを明らかにした. 完新世には南西オホーツク海で温暖水がパルス的に流入し,同時に生産性も向上してきたことが示唆される. そして,温暖種のパルス状産出は,日本海で見出された対馬暖流の脈動だけではなく,北海道東部オホーツク沿岸地域の海水準変動曲線や,遺跡中に出土する温暖性二枚貝遺骸の時間分布とも調和する.