Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling vague places with knowledge from the Web

Place names are often used to describe and to enquire about geographical information. It is common for users to employ vernacular names that have vague spatial extent and which do not correspond to the official and administrative place name terminology recorded within typical gazetteers. There is a need therefore to enrich gazetteers with knowledge of such vague places and hence improve the quality of place name‐based information retrieval. Here we describe a method for modelling vague places using knowledge harvested from Web pages. It is found that vague place names are frequently accompanied in text by the names of more precise co‐located places that lie within the extent of the target vague place. Density surface modelling of the frequency of co‐occurrence of such names provides an effective method of representing the inherent uncertainty of the extent of the vague place while also enabling approximate crisp boundaries to be derived from contours if required. The method is evaluated using both precise and vague places. The use of the resulting approximate boundaries is demonstrated using an experimental geographical search engine.
Pristine rocks (8th Foray): “Plagiophile” Element ratios, crustal genesis, and the bulk composition of the Moon

Compositional diversity among pristine nonmare rocks is probably too great for both the Mg-rich and ferroan anorthosite groups to be generated by a single magma, based on ratios of “plagiophile” elements (which have plagioclase/liquid distribution coefficients close to unity, but much smaller crystal/liquid distribution coefficients for olivine and low-Ca pyroxene, e.g., Al, Sr, Eu, Ga, and to lesser degrees K and Ba). Because plagiophile elements are virtually confined to a single mineral, bulk-rock ratios of plagiophile elements are nearly immune to sampling errors. On a plot of Eu/Al versus mg, ferroan anorthosites are separated from all other pristine nonmare rocks by a considerable gap. Stochastic processes (e.g., differential entrapment of interstitial liquid, or differential crystallization of minor phases) might conceivably explain the general diversity of plagiophile ratios, but a nonrandom process must be invoked to account for a gap in the spectrum of ratios. A single magma probably cannot account for even the Mg-rich pristine rocks subset, based on diversity of plagiophile ratios among samples with similar mg ratios. Plagiophile ratios also constrain the bulk composition of the moon. Previous work suggests that ferroan anorthosites formed by relatively uncomplicated processes, i.e., flotation of plagioclase cumulates over a primordial “magmasphere. ” This model implies that ferroan anorthosite plagiophile ratios are straightforwardly related to those of the bulk silicate fraction of the moon. For refractory elements, plagiophile ratios among ferroan anorthosites exactly match those expected under such a model, assuming the bulk moon ratios are approximately chondritic. Plagioclase ratios indicate that K, which is volatile, and Ga, which is volatile and siderophile, are depleted relative to chondrites. Ratios among nonvolatile elements confirm that the moon formed out of materials akin to chondritic meteorites.
Community detection in edge-labeled graphs

Finding dense communities in networks is a widely-used tool for analysis in graph mining. A popular choice for ﬁnding such communities is to ﬁnd subgraphs with a high average degree. While useful, interpreting such subgraphs may be diﬃcult. On the other hand, many real-world networks have additional information, and we are speciﬁcally interested in networks that have labels on edges. In this paper, we study ﬁnding dense subgraphs that can be explained with the labels on edges. More speciﬁcally, we are looking for a set of labels so that the induced subgraph has a high average degree. There are many ways to induce a subgraph from a set of labels, and we study two cases: First, we study conjunctive-induced dense subgraphs, where the subgraph edges need to have all labels. Secondly, we study disjunctive-induced dense subgraphs, where the subgraph edges need to have at least one label. We show that both problems are NP -hard. Because of the hardness, we resort to greedy heuristics. We show that we can implement the greedy search eﬃ-ciently: the respective running times for ﬁnding conjunctive-induced and disjunctive-induced dense subgraphs are in O ( p log k ) and O (cid:0) p log 2 k (cid:1) , where p is the number of edge-label pairs and k is the number of labels. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that we can ﬁnd the ground truth in synthetic graphs and that we can ﬁnd interpretable subgraphs from real-world networks.
Testing Soil Encasing Materials for Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity of a Sandy-Loam Soil by the Cube Methods

The Cube Method (CM) and the Modified Cube Method (MCM) were developed for measuring vertical (K v ) and horizontal (K h ) saturated hydraulic conductivity of a single soil sample. By these methods, a cube of soil is carved out in situ and a suitable material is applied to enclose the cube in a tightly fitting casing before moving the sample to the laboratory. Problems may be associated with the use of gypsum, originally used to encase soil. The suitability of molten wax and expandable polyurethane foam to encase a soil cube was tested for a sandy-loam soil. Wax-treated samples yielded lower conductivity results than untreated samples by a maximum factor of 3.7. The observed discrepancies were attributed, at least in part, to soil pore obstruction phenomena caused by wax. Using foam to fill a gap 60% full and partially preventing leakage of expanded foam from the gap was found to be appropriate to reach the following objectives: (i) filling completely the gap after foam expansion, (ii) preventing flow at the boundary between the foam cast and a smooth surface, (iii) minimizing both dry and wet soil compaction phenomena during foam expansion, (iv) minimizing foam intrusion into exposed pores of 1.0 X 10 -3 to 3.0 x 10 -3 m (intrusion depth ≤ 2.0 x 10 -3 m), and (v) allowing removal of any intrusion by the detachment of the set foam from the treated surface. Applying foam to collect undisturbed soil samples yielded K v results (7.41 × 10 -5 - 1.67 x 10 -4 m s -1 ) falling in the range of a larger number of previously measured conductivities (2.06 x 10 -5 -2.03 × 10 -4 m s -1 ), and it showed that K v was 2.3 times larger than K h . In conclusion, using wax is not recommended to obtain fully representative soil samples. Foam was a promising encasing material for the investigated soil.
Improving Optimization in Models With Continuous Symmetry Breaking

Many loss functions in representation learning are invariant under a continuous symmetry transformation. As an example, consider word embeddings (Mikolov et al., 2013), where the loss remains unchanged if we simultaneously rotate all word and context embedding vectors. We show that representation learning models with a continuous symmetry and a quadratic Markovian time series prior possess so-called Goldstone modes. These are low cost deviations from the optimum which slow down convergence of gradient descent. We use tools from gauge theory in physics to design an optimization algorithm that solves the slow convergence problem. Our algorithm leads to a fast decay of Goldstone modes, to orders of magnitude faster convergence, and to more interpretable representations, as we show for dynamic extensions of matrix factorization and word embedding models. We present an example application, translating modern words into historic language using a shared representation space.
Migration of fluid phases and genesis of basalt magmas in subduction zones

Dehydration and hydration reactions in both the downgoing lithosphere and the overlying mantle wedge have been examined in order to understand the role of H2O in the production of magmas at convergent plate boundaries. The subduction of oceanic lithosphere, occurring with increasing pressures and rising temperatures, causes liberation of H2O from the slab. Amphibole, which can be stable to the highest PT conditions among hydrous phases in the slab, decomposes at around 90 km depth. It follows that the subducted lithosphere is essentially anhydrous beneath volcanic arcs lying more than 110 km above the slab and that the supply of slab-derived H2O is not a direct trigger for the production of arc magmas. Instead, the H2O released from downgoing lithosphere reacts with the forearc mantle wedge to crystallize hydrous minerals (serpentine, talc, amphibole, chlorite, and phlogopite). This hydrated peridotite is dragged downward on the slab toward higher PT regions and releases H2O to shallower potential magma source regions in the mantle wedge. Combining experimental data on the stability of serpentine and talc with the thermal structure in the mantle wedge, it is concluded that those minerals decompose beneath the forearc region. On the other hand, high PT experimental and thermodynamic data suggest that dehydration of amphibole and chlorite in the downdragged hydrated peridotite can take place just beneath a volcanic front. Phlogopite in the peridotite decomposes to release H2O at a deeper level (about 200 km). H2O liberated from the hydrated peridotite causes partial melting of overlying mantle wedge peridotites. Along with the migration of H2O through the above processes, subduction components, especially large ion lithophile elements, can be overprinted on the magma source region, which governs the geochemical characteristics of arc magmas.
Changes in extreme high waters at Liverpool since 1768

Changes in values of annual maximum high water (AMxHW), annual maximum surge‐at‐high‐water (AMxSHW) and surge at annual maximum high water (SAMxHW) have been investigated using tide gauge data from Liverpool for the period 1768–1999. AMxHW and SAMxHW (measured with respect to mean high water) were found to vary considerably from year to year, but to exhibit no long‐term change over the 232 years. On the other hand, values of AMxSHW were found to be larger in the late‐18th, late‐19th and late‐20th centuries than for most of the 20th century, qualitatively consistent with knowledge of temporal variations in storminess in the region based on meteorological data and anecdotal information. The generalized extreme value method was used to present the available data on AMxHW and other annual extreme parameters in the ‘return period’ form most often employed by coastal engineers, with conclusions on the differences between each set of parameters in each epoch consistent with those obtained from the original time series. Finally, changes in the statistical distribution of surge‐at‐high‐water (SHW), demonstrated by investigation of variations of percentile levels of SHW values, provided additional information on the temporal variations in extreme surges to that provided by AMxSHW values, pointing in particular to increased storminess during the late‐18th and late‐20th centuries, with a suggested secular trend in distribution shape from the late‐18th century until recent decades. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Inferring Implicit Relations with Language Models

A prominent challenge for modern language understanding systems is the ability to answer implicit reasoning questions, where the required reasoning steps for answering the question are not mentioned in the text explicitly. In this work, we investigate why current models struggle with implicit reasoning question answering (QA) tasks, by decoupling inference of reasoning steps from their execution. We deﬁne a new task of implicit relation inference and construct a benchmark, I MPLICIT R E - LATIONS , where given a question, a model should output a list of concept-relation pairs, where the relations describe the implicit reasoning steps required for answering the question. Using I MPLICIT R ELATIONS , we evaluate models from the GPT-3 family and ﬁnd that, while these models struggle on the implicit reasoning QA task, they often succeed at inferring implicit relations. This suggests that the bottleneck for answering implicit reasoning questions is in the ability of language models to retrieve and reason over information rather than to plan an accurate reasoning strategy.
Half-steps toward LMNL

Overlap in markup occurs where some markup structures do not nest, such as where the sentence and phrase boundaries of a poem and the metrical line structure describe different hierarchies. LMNL (Layered Markup and Annotation Language) is a model for representing textual data, designed to recognize and account for layer separation and markup overlap. LMNL is specified as a data model, not as a syntax — but without a syntax and an API it’s very difficult to experiment with the model. I demonstrate a subset of LMNL using an XML syntax and some severe restrictions on LMNL (thus “half-LMNL”). Using an attribute structure for milestone marking and correspondence allows the input to be processed as XML and parsed into a tree. If this tree is flattened to reduce all XML markup to empty XML elements demarcating fragments of text, it can be transformed again to produce a modified “reified LMNL” model including overlapping ranges. This XML representation of a LMNL model takes the form, in effect, of standoff markup, although the technique preserves tag ordering (as full LMNL would not). Half-steps toward LMNL
Diabatic Heating Profiles in Recent Global Reanalyses

AbstractDiabatic heating profiles are extremely important to the atmospheric circulation in the tropics and therefore to the earth’s energy and hydrological cycles. However, their global structures are poorly known because of limited information from in situ observations. Some modern global reanalyses provide the temperature tendency from the physical processes. Their proper applications require an assessment of their accuracy and uncertainties. In this study, diabatic heating profiles from three recent global reanalyses [ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA)] are compared to those derived from currently available sounding observations in the tropics and to each other in the absence of the observations. Diabatic heating profiles produced by the reanalyses match well with those based on sounding observations only at some locations. The three reanalyses agree with each other better in th.
Process Management: Creating Value along the Supply Chain; Text & Cases

Now you can offer your students the coverage of three books in one as PROCESS MANAGEMENT: CREATING VALUE ALONG THE SUPPLY CHAIN balances coverage of Process Management, Operations Management (OM), and Supply Chain Management (SCM). The book presents a unique focus on the eight key supply chain processes, with chapters devoted to each of these well-known concepts to form the strong foundation and solid understanding your students need today. The book combines coverage of both strategic and operational issues with an emphasis on the tools and techniques most important to your students for process design and management. Contemporary topical coverage addresses supply chain and e-business applications with appropriate coverage of both manufacturing and service theory and applications. A balanced, thorough coverage of essential topics highlights inventory, JIT, quality, customer and information flow management, and service operations while a unique focus on a value-adding approach throughout the supply chain links the processes of suppliers, the focal company, and its customers. Also included are 21 teaching cases appearing in the textbook's five sections, appropriate for both undergraduate and graduate classes. This mix of process and service applications and management theory offers you much more than any other text of its kind for a process-oriented approach that truly meets the needs of future or practicing professionals. The student CD is bound into the book and contains all of the cases and chapter 16.
Towards Joint Learning of Optimal Signaling and Wireless Channel Access

Communication protocols are the languages used by network nodes to accomplish their tasks. Before a User Equipment (UE) can exchange a data bit with the Base Station (BS), it must first negotiate the conditions and parameters for that transmission, which is supported by signaling messages at all layers of the protocol stack. Each year, the mobile communications industry invests large sums of money to define and standardize these messages, which are designed by humans during lengthy technical (and often political) debates. But is this the only way to develop a protocol? Could machines emerge their own signaling protocols automatically and without human intervention? We address the question of whether radios can learn a pre-given target language (i.e., a signaling) as an intermediate step towards evolving their own. Furthermore, we train cellular radios to emerge a channel access policy that performs optimally under the constraints of the target signaling. We show that Multiagent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) and learning-to-communicate techniques achieve this goal with gains over expert systems. Finally, we provide insight into the transferability of these results to scenarios never seen during training.
Assessment Strategies for Pair Programming

Assessing only the outcomes of a pair programming assignment and awarding each member of the pair the same score may not be a reliable reflection of individual programming abilities; it may result in a discrepancy between students’ individual and pair programming marks. The aim of our study was to answer the following question: Do combined self, peer, and facilitator assessment strategies for pair programming contribute towards a more reliable assessment of individual programming abilities? In our study, all three types of assessments were conducted after the completion of every pair programming assignment. In each case, we used rubrics containing specific assessment criteria. These rubrics were provided to students at the beginning of every pair programming assignment. The facilitator gave formative feedback to students after completion of a pair programming assignment and thereafter when an individual test was written.
Tracking and Control of Gauss–Markov Processes over Packet-Drop Channels with Acknowledgments

We consider the problem of tracking the state of Gauss–Markov processes over rate-limited erasure-prone links. We concentrate first on the scenario in which several independent processes are seen by a single observer. The observer maps the processes into finite-rate packets that are sent over the erasure-prone links to a state estimator, and are acknowledged upon packet arrivals. The aim of the state estimator is to track the processes with zero delay and with minimum mean square error (MMSE). We show that, in the limit of many processes, greedy quantization with respect to the squared error distortion is optimal. That is, there is no tension between optimizing the MMSE of the process in the current time instant and that of future times. For the case of packet erasures with delayed acknowledgments, we connect the problem to that of compression with side information that is known at the observer and may be known at the state estimator—where the most recent packets serve as side information that may have been erased, and demonstrate that the loss due to a delay by one time unit is rather small. For the scenario where only one process is tracked by the observer–state estimator system, we further show that variable-length coding techniques are within a small gap of the many-process outer bound. We demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach for the simple setting of discrete-time scalar linear quadratic Gaussian control with a limited data-rate feedback that is susceptible to packet erasures.
Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment

A pot trial was carried out to investigate the effect of biochar produced from greenwaste by pyrolysis on the yield of radish (Raphanus sativus var. Long Scarlet) and the soil quality of an Alfisol. Three rates of biochar (10, 50 and 100 t/ha) with and without additional nitrogen application (100 kg N/ha) were investigated. The soil used in the pot trial was a hardsetting Alfisol (Chromosol) (0–0.1 m) with a long history of cropping. In the absence of N fertiliser, application of biochar to the soil did not increase radish yield even at the highest rate of 100 t/ha. However, a significant biochar × nitrogen fertiliser interaction was observed, in that higher yield increases were observed with increasing rates of biochar application in the presence of N fertiliser, highlighting the role of biochar in improving N fertiliser use efficiency of the plant. For example, additional increase in DM of radish in the presence of N fertiliser varied from 95% in the nil biochar control to 266% in the 100 t/ha biochar-amended soils. A slight but significant reduction in dry matter production of radish was observed when biochar was applied at 10 t/ha but the cause is unclear and requires further investigation. Significant changes in soil quality including increases in pH, organic carbon, and exchangeable cations as well as reduction in tensile strength were observed at higher rates of biochar application (>50 t/ha). Particularly interesting are the improvements in soil physical properties of this hardsetting soil in terms of reduction in tensile strength and increases in field capacity.
A Riemannian Framework for Functional Clustering of Whole Brain White Matter Fibers

White matter consists of fibers that transmit signals between different brain regions, and there has been evidence that neural activity is encoded in the white matter BOLD signals. Functional clustering of fibers using white matter BOLD signals provides a novel perspective to explore the evolution of functional architecture in axonal fibers and the relationship between structure and function in the human brain. We develop a comprehensive Riemannian framework to integrate the physical characteristics of the fiber with the white matter BOLD signal along the fiber for whole brain fiber clustering. Specifically, we derive not only a novel metric that provides a cost function for registration and a geodesic distance for comparison but also a flexible weight to study the interrelationship of structure and function. The evaluation results demonstrate that our framework achieves functionally meaningful and consistent clustering results.