Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of high‐magnitude/low‐frequency fluvial events generated by intense snowmelt or heavy rainfall in arctic periglacial environments in northern swedish lapland and northern siberia

Abstract In the Latnjavagge drainage basin (68°21′N, 18°29′E), an arctic‐oceanic periglacial environment in northernmost Swedish Lapland, the fluvial sediment transport and the characteristics and importance of high‐magnitude/low‐frequency fluvial events generated by intense snowmelt or heavy rainfall have been investigated and compared with snowmelt‐ and rainfall‐induced discharge peaks in the Levinson‐Lessing Lake basin (Krasnaya river system) on the Taimyr Peninsula, an arctic periglacial environment in northern Siberia (74°32′N, 98°35′E). In Latnjavagge (9 km2) the intensity of fluvial sediment transport is very low. Most of the total annual sediment load is transported in a few days during snowmelt generated runoff peaks. Due to the continuous and very stable vegetation covering most areas below 1300 m a.s. l. in the Latnjavagge catchment, larger rainfall events are of limited importance for sediment transport in this environment. Compared to that, in the c. 40 times larger Krasnaya riversystem rainfall‐generated runoff peaks cause significant sediment transport. The main sediment sources in the Latnjavagge drainage basin are permanent ice patches, channel debris pavements mobilized during peak discharges and exposing fines, and material mobilized by slush‐flows. In the Krasnaya river system river bank erosion is the main sediment source. In both periglacial environments more than 90% of the annual sediment yield is transported during runoff peaks. The results from both arctic periglacial environments underline the high importance of high‐magnitude/low‐frequency fluvial events for the total fluvial sediment budgets of periglacial fluvial systems. Restricted sediment availability is in both arctic environments the major controlling factor for this behaviour.
Permeability structure and co-seismic thermal pressurization on fault branches: insights from the Usukidani fault, Japan

Abstract Detailed mapping of complex fault zones shows that secondary faults often branch off the principal slip zone. However, the effect of secondary branch faults on the hydrodynamic behaviour of fault zones has not yet been examined, largely because of a lack of hydraulic data and because numerical or analogue modelling of splay faulting is a complex issue. This contribution investigates the thermal pressurization process in cases of slip along a principal slip zone and along splay faults branching off the principal displacement zone. The study is based on porosity and permeability data presented in this paper from the principal and secondary slip zones of an active, clay-rich gouge-bearing strike–slip fault, the Usukidani fault of SW Japan. Modelling constrained by these data suggests that thermal pressurization is a viable process only as long as the rupture remains located in the central gouge zones or in mature splay fault gouge zones. Splaying of the rupture into surrounding microbreccias or into immature or newly generated splay faults of higher permeability will release fluid pressure or inhibit the generation of coseismic excess fluid pressures by thermal pressurization. The modelling results suggest that secondary fault branches can play a key role in controlling fluid pressurization during faulting. Hence, complete investigation of active fault zones needs to include secondary faults and their corresponding hydraulic behaviour, in order to establish the influence of such structures on earthquake mechanics.
Heat flow in the Witwatersrand Basin and environs and its significance for the South African Shield Geotherm and lithosphere thickness

The late Archaean-early Proterozoic Witwatersrand basin is situated in the center of the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa. Two new heat flow determinations and 71 new heat flow estimates permit excellent definition of the heat flow pattern. Nonvertical heat conduction explains much of the observed local heat flow variability. Regionally, the heat flow in the basin is uniform, and the overall mean (51±6 mW m−2) is higher than the mean heat flow for Archaean cratons. Published data indicate that heat generated in the basin's strata (∼7.5 mW m−2) is largely responsible for the excess heat flow; the subsediment heat flux is ∼43.5 mW m−2. Seven new heat flow and heat production determinations in Archaean granite domes northwest of the basin average 33±2 mW m−2 and 2.3±0.8 μW m−3, respectively. Contrasted with the heat flux across the floor of the basin, the lower heat flow in the domes probably reflects a smaller radiogenic contribution from the crystalline crust below the domes. Published heat production data from upturned granitic basement exposed in the Vredefort dome in the center of the basin indicate that the radioactive contribution from the crust below the basin is ∼26.5 m W m−2. Subtracting this value and the contribution from the strata (∼7.5 mW m−2) from the basin's surface heat flow (51 mW m−2) indicates that the heat flux through the Moho is approximately 17 mW m−2. Calculated lithospheric temperatures agree closely with pressure-temperature regimes inferred from studies of mantle inclusions in kimberlites in the Kaapvaal craton. Both data sets indicate that the cratonic Lithosphere is considerably cooler and thicker than that below an equilibrium ocean. Implications of the cold, thick cratonic Lithosphere for understanding the distribution of southern African diamondiferous kimberlites, and the density and buoyancy of the Lithosphere, are discussed.
Impact of latent heat release on polar climate

In this study we use model output from a range of coupled climate models, as well as, focused AGCM experiments to support the hypothesis that in a warmer climate increased moisture availability will cause a warming of the Polar Regions through increased dynamical heat transports. Projections of climate change due to increased greenhouse gases predict significant warming of the Polar Regions. This change in polar temperatures has been primarily attributed to ice‐albedo feedbacks. However, in this study we show that in our AGCM experiments the temporal and spatial coherence between developing extratropical cyclones and latent heat release causes a greater than 2°C warming of the poles.
Patrones geográficos de diferenciación craneofacial entre poblaciones de la región central del país y otras de Argentina: aportes desde la genética del paisaje

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan los patrones de variacion espacial de los grupos humanos que habitaron la region central del pais (actualmente, parte de los territorios de las provincias de Cordoba y San Luis) conocida en la arqueologia como «Sierras Centrales», y otras regiones ecologicas de la Argentina, buscando identificar barreras de diferenciacion morfologica craneofacial en un amplio espacio geografico. El estudio se basa en el analisis de 10 variables morfometricas lineales en 14 muestras representativas de poblaciones que habitaron diversas regiones del pais, y se aplica analisis de componentes principales –PCA- para el estudio de las relaciones biologicas entre poblaciones, y el algoritmo de maxima diferenciacion de Monmonier –AM- para la identificacion de barreras geneticas. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de PCA y AM son coincidentes, y permiten senalar que las poblaciones asentadas en la region central del pais presentan mayores similitudes morfologicas con poblaciones de la Patagonia y del Noreste de la region pampeana, mas que con grupos asentados en el Noroeste, Noreste y Centro-Oeste del pais. Estos resultados apoyan nuestra hipotesis acerca de un poblamiento de esta region procedente del Noreste del pais, que luego habria continuado hacia Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego. Abstract In this study we analyze the patterns of spatial variation of a population sample from the pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the central territory of Argentina (Cordoba and San Luis provinces) archaeologically known as «Sierras Centrales», and 13 other samples from different ecological and geographical regions from Argentina. Additionally, we searched for the existence of genetic barriers in the geographic landscape. The study is based on 10 craniometric measurements. Results from principal component analysis reveal that the pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the Central Mountains of Argentina were biologically more related to the Patagonian groups than to the northeast, central western and northwestern populations. Monmonier`s algorithm reveals that the pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the Central Mountains of Argentina were biologically more related to the Patagonian groups than to the central and northern populations. These results support our hypothesis that the peopling of the central region of Argentina most likely took place as a migratory wave proceeding from the northeast, and continued southward to Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
The British Invasion of Tibet, 1903–04

In 1903–04, British forces under the command of the Indian Political Officer, Colonel Francis Younghusband, invaded Tibet. After failed negotiations and a series of battles in which Younghusband's modern weaponry vanquished Tibetan forces, the British entered Lhasa and imposed a treaty on the Tibetans. While a fear of Russian influence in Lhasa was the main reason given for the invasion, Tibet's policy of isolating itself from British India was probably a more significant cause. The subsequent withdrawal of the British from Lhasa created a power vacuum which enabled the Chinese to re-establish their authority at Lhasa. This article gives an overview of the main issues, events and personalities involved in the invasion.
Comparing the rates of speciation and extinction between phylogenetic trees

Abstract Over the past decade or so it has become increasingly popular to use reconstructed evolutionary trees to investigate questions about the rates of speciation and extinction. Although the methodology of this field has grown substantially in its sophistication in recent years, here I will take a step back to present a very simple model that is designed to investigate the relatively straightforward question of whether the tempo of diversification (speciation and extinction) differs between two or more phylogenetic trees, without attempting to attribute a causal basis to this difference. It is a likelihood method, and I demonstrate that it generally shows type I error that is close to the nominal level. I also demonstrate that parameter estimates obtained with this approach are largely unbiased. As this method can be used to compare trees of unknown relationship, it will be particularly well‐suited to problems in which a difference in diversification rate between clades is suspected, but in which these clades are not particularly closely related. As diversification methods can easily take into account an incomplete sampling fraction, but missing lineages are assumed to be missing at random, this method is also appropriate for cases in which we have hypothesized a difference in the process of diversification between two or more focal clades, but in which many unsampled groups separate the few of interest. The method of this study is by no means an attempt to replace more sophisticated models in which, for instance, diversification depends on the state of an observed or unobserved discrete or continuous trait. Rather, my intention is to provide a complementary approach for circumstances in which a simpler hypothesis is warranted and of biological interest.
Retention of Ag‐specific memory CD4+ T cells in the draining lymph node indicates lymphoid tissue resident memory populations

Several different memory T‐cell populations have now been described based upon surface receptor expression and migratory capabilities. Here we have assessed murine endogenous memory CD4+ T cells generated within a draining lymph node and their subsequent migration to other secondary lymphoid tissues. Having established a model response targeting a specific peripheral lymph node, we temporally labelled all the cells within draining lymph node using photoconversion. Tracking of photoconverted and non‐photoconverted Ag‐specific CD4+ T cells revealed the rapid establishment of a circulating memory population in all lymph nodes within days of immunisation. Strikingly, a resident memory CD4+ T cell population became established in the draining lymph node and persisted for several months in the absence of detectable migration to other lymphoid tissue. These cells most closely resembled effector memory T cells, usually associated with circulation through non‐lymphoid tissue, but here, these cells were retained in the draining lymph node. These data indicate that lymphoid tissue resident memory CD4+ T‐cell populations are generated in peripheral lymph nodes following immunisation.
INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ANNOTATION OF PDF FILES

Note: Please do NOT make direct edits to the PDF using the editing tools as doing so could lead us to overlook your desired changes. Rather, please request corrections by using the tools in the Comment pane to annotate the PDF and call out the changes you are requesting. If you opt to annotate the file with software other than Adobe Reader then please also highlight the appropriate place in the PDF file.
Costs and benefits of provocation in bacterial warfare

Significance Bacteria live in dense environments where competition for space and resources is fierce. For this reason, they often use diffusible toxins to eliminate closely related strains. Some toxins trigger systematic retaliation, raising the question of the role of provocation in bacterial warfare. We combine mathematical modeling and experiments to study the costs and benefits of provocation. In one-to-one encounters, provocation is costly as it leads to strong counterattacks. However, with three or more strains present, provocation can provide benefits via a “divide-and-conquer” effect, whereby a strain forces its opponents to wipe each other out. This effect could be harnessed as a targeted antibacterial approach; adding low levels of certain antibiotics to communities can promote warfare and cross-elimination between strains. Competition in animals involves a wide variety of aggressive behaviors. One of the most sophisticated strategies for a focal actor is to provoke a competitor into uncontrolled aggression toward other competitors. Like animals, bacteria rely on a broad spectrum of molecular weapons, some of which provoke potential rivals by triggering retaliation. While bacterial provocation is well documented, its potential adaptive value has received little attention. Here, we examine the costs and benefits of provocation using mathematical modeling and experiments with Escherichia coli strains encoding colicin toxins. We show that provocation is typically costly in one-to-one encounters because a provoking strain receives a strong reciprocal attack compared with nonprovoking strains. By contrast, provocation can be strongly beneficial in communities including more than two toxin-producing strains, especially when the provoker is shielded from, or resistant to, its opponents’ toxins. In these scenarios, we demonstrate that the benefit of provocation derives from a “divide-and-conquer” effect by which aggression-provoking toxin producers force their competitors into increased reciprocal aggression, leading to their cross-elimination. Furthermore, we show that this effect can be mimicked by using antibiotics that promote warfare among strains in a bacterial community, highlighting the potential of provocation as an antimicrobial approach.
Risk of latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers in Italy: a retrospective study with Quantiferon Test

Summary Objective The latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a state of persistent immune response to stimulation by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis antigens without clinical manifestation: the healthcare workers (HCWs) have a higher exposure risk so prevention is an important challenge for occupational medicine. The aim of our study is to evaluate the prevalence of LTBI among HCWs of the Foundation Policlinic “Tor Vergata”. Methods This is a retrospective study conducted by analyzing the clinical records of 825 HCWs of the PTV, from January 1st to December 31th 2016. To evaluate the TB infection we used the Quantiferon TB Gold interferon-gamma release assay. Results Our study underlines the low prevalence of LTBI in the Italian healthcare workers. Conclusion Although the LTBI status is not contagious, the diagnosis and the safety strategies require specific clinical and preventive considerations.
Trends in Elderly Hospitalizations, 1997–2004

The elderly population in the U.S. is projected to more than double from approximately 35 million in 2000 (12 percent of the U.S. population) to an estimated 71 million in 2030 (20 percent of the U.S. population). As the American population continues to age, the demand for hospital care will increase rapidly since elderly individuals are at high risk for costly, age-associated chronic diseases and other health conditions.
New evidence for the age of the Mount Eden fauna, Southern California

ABSTRACT The Mount Eden fauna, first described by Childs Frick in 1921, is an important late Hemphillian mammalian fauna from the San Timoteo Badlands of southern California. Identification of Repomys maxumi May, an early hypsodont cricetid rodent, and the results of geomagnetic-polarity determinations indicate that this fauna correlates with the lower reversed part of the Gilbert Magnetic Polarity Chron and must be older than the C2 (Thvera) normal-polarity event of this Chron. The fauna is between 5.0 and 5.4 m.y. old according to the temporal calibration of the geomagnetic stratigraphy here followed. This age approximately dates the change from Peninsular Ranges source to a Transverse Ranges source for sediment in the San Timoteo Badlands.
Flexible PET/ITO/Ag SERS Platform for Label-Free Detection of Pesticides

We show a new type of elastic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform made of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) covered with a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). This composite is subjected to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) that develops the active surface of the PET/ITO foil. To enhance the Raman signal, a modified composite was covered with a thin layer of silver using the physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. The SERS platform was used for measurements of para-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA) and popular pesticides, i.e., Thiram and Carbaryl. The detection and identification of pesticides on the surface of fruits and vegetables is a crucial issue due to extensive use of those chemical substances for plant fungicide and insecticide protection. Therefore, the developed PET/ITO/Ag SERS platform was dedicated to quantitative analysis of selected pesticides, i.e., Thiram and Carbaryl from fruits. The presented SERS platform exhibits excellent enhancement and reproducibility of the Raman signal, which enables the trace analysis of these pesticides in the range up to their maximum residues limit. Based on the constructed calibration curves, the pesticide concentrations from the skin of apples was estimated as 2.5 µg/mL and 0.012 µg/mL for Thiram and Carbaryl, respectively. Additionally, the PET/ITO/Ag SERS platform satisfies other spectroscopic properties required for trace pesticide analysis e.g., ease, cost-effective method of preparation, and specially designed physical properties, especially flexibility and transparency, that broaden the sampling versatility to irregular surfaces.
The Effect of Multi mineral-Vitamin D Supplementation on Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk for Pre-eclampsia

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the favorable effects of multi mineral-Vitamin D supplementation on pregnancy outcomes among women at risk for pre-eclampsia. Methods: This randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted among 46 women at risk for pre-eclampsia at 27 weeks’ gestation with positive roll-over test. Pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive either the multi mineral-Vitamin D supplements (n = 23) or the placebo (n = 23) for 9-week. Multi mineral-Vitamin D supplements were containing 800 mg calcium, 200 mg magnesium, 8 mg zinc, and 400 IU Vitamin D3. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 9-week intervention to measure related factors. Newborn's outcomes were determined. Results: Although no significant difference was seen in newborn's weight and head circumference between the two groups, mean newborns’ length (51.3 ± 1.7 vs. 50.3 ± 1.2 cm, P = 0.03) was significantly higher in multi mineral-Vitamin D group than that in the placebo group. Compared to the placebo, consumption of multi mineral-Vitamin D supplements resulted in increased levels of serum calcium (+0.19 vs. −0.08 mg/dL, P = 0.03), magnesium (+0.15 vs. −0.08 mg/dL, P = 0.03), zinc (+8.25 vs. −21.38 mg/dL, P = 0.001) and Vitamin D (+3.79 vs. −1.37 ng/ml, P = 0.01). In addition, taking multi mineral-Vitamin D supplements favorably influenced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (−1.08 vs. 6.08 mmHg, P = 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (−0.44 vs. 3.05 mmHg, P = 0.02). Conclusions: Multi mineral-Vitamin D supplementation for 9-week in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia resulted in increased newborn's length, increased circulating levels of maternal serum calcium, magnesium, zinc and Vitamin D, and led to decreased maternal SBP and DBP.
Association of skirt size and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in older women: a cohort study within the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS)

Objectives Several studies suggest that overall and central-obesity are associated with increased breast cancer (BC) risk in postmenopausal-women. However, there are no studies investigating changes of central obesity and BC. We report on the association of BC risk with self-reported skirt size (SS; waist-circumference proxy) changes between 20s and postmenopausal-age. Design Prospective cohort-study. Setting UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS) involving the nine trial centres in England. Participants Postmenopausal-women aged >50 with no known history of BC prior to or on the day of completion of the study-entry questionnaire. Interventions At recruitment and at study entry, women were asked to complete a questionnaire. Women were followed-up via ‘flagging’ at the NHS Information Centre in England and the Hospital Episode Statistics. Main outcome-measure Time to initial BC diagnosis. Results Between 2 January 2005 and 1 July 2010, 92 834 UKCTOCS participants (median age 64.0) completed the study-entry questionnaire. During median follow-up of 3.19 years (25th–75th centile: 2.46–3.78), 1090 women developed BC. Model adjusted analysis for potential confounders showed body mass index (BMI) at recruitment to UKCTOCS (HR for a 5 unit change=1.076, 95% CI 1.012 to 1.136), current SS at study entry (HR=1.051; 95% CI 1.014 to 1.089) and change in SS per 10 years (CSS) (HR=1.330; 95% CI 1.121 to 1.579) were associated with increased BC risk but not SS at 25 (HR=1.006; 95% CI 0.958 to 1.056). CSS was the most predictive singe adiposity measure and further analysis including both CSS and BMI in the model revealed CSS remained significant (HR=1.266; 95% CI 1.041 to 1.538) but not BMI (HR=1.037; 95% CI 0.970 to 1.109). Conclusions CSS is associated with BC risk independent of BMI. A unit increase in UK SS (eg, 12–14) every 10-years between 25 and postmenopausal-age is associated with postmenopausal BC risk by 33%. Validation of these results could provide women with a simple and easy to understand message. Trial registration number ISRCTN22488978.