Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geological evidence against large-scale pre-Holocene offsets along the Karakoram Fault: Implications for the limited extrusion of the Tibetan plateau

Two end-member models proposed to accommodate the convergence between India and Asia north of the Himalaya are (1) homogeneous crustal thickening of the Tibetan plateau and (2) continental escape, or extrusion, of Tibet and southeast Asia, away from the indenting Indian plate. Foremost among the arguments supporting the latter would be large-scale (∼1000-km) offsets and high present-day slip rates along the major strike-slip faults bounding the postulated extruding crust, notably the Altyn Tagh Fault along the northern margin of Tibet and the Karakoram Fault along the SW margin. Satellite photographic interpretation and field mapping in the Karakoram mountains in Pakistan, the Nubra-Siachen area of north Ladakh, and the Pamirs in Xinjiang show that although the Karakoram Fault is extremely active today, geological offsets along the right-lateral fault are probably less than 120 km. The 21±0.5 Ma Baltoro monzogranite-leucogranite batholith has been rotated clockwise about a vertical axis 35°–40° into NW-SE alignment, parallel with the Karakoram Fault, east of the Siachen glacier, with a maximum offset of 90 km across the fault. The Bangong-Shyok suture zone similarly has a dextral offset of 85 km. The course of the Indus River, which was antecedent to the rise of the Ladakh, Karakoram, and Himalayan ranges, has been offset dextrally by 120 km south of Pangong Lake. If present-day slip rates (approximately 32 mm/yr) (Avouac and Tapponnier, 1993) are correct, only 4 Ma are required to obtain a 120-km offset. There is no geological evidence for any larger-scale pre-Holocene offsets, and it is suggested that the Karakoram Fault cannot have accommodated major eastward lateral motion of Tibetan crust. The fault has also exerted little or no influence on surface topographic uplift, cutting obliquely across the highest peaks of the Karakoram. Dextral motion along the central part of the Karakoram Fault has been transferred in the north to the Rangkul, Murghab, and Karasu transpressional faults in the central Pamir. North of Tashkurgan, the Karakoram Fault shows mainly normal motion around the Kongur and Mustagh Ata gneiss domes (metamorphic core complexes) and the extensional Muji graben. Minor dextral displacement has occurred along the Shiquanhe Fault, but this motion cannot be linked to the Jiale Fault of east Tibet. The southern end of the Karakoram Fault merges with the Indus (Yarlung) suture zone near Mount Kailas and does not cut across the Himalaya. The lack of large-scale geological offsets along the Karakoram Fault, together with its very recent initiation (? 5 or 4 Ma), suggests that it is related to the Pliocene-Quaternary northward indentation of the Pamir, and not to any long-term extrusion of Tibetan crust following the Indian collision.
Evidences for Bioprecipitation of Pedogenic Calcite by Calcifying Bacteria from Three Different Soils of L'Aquila Basin (Abruzzi, Central Italy)

To provide further evidences on the role of bacterial soil species in the development of calcium carbonate deposits in soil, we isolated 36 heterotrophic bacterial strains from three soils of L'Aquila basin characterized by different CaCO3 content and tested their ability to precipitate CaCO3 when cultured on a Ca-rich medium. We found that the majority (63.89%) of these isolates could precipitate CaCO3 minerals at 27°C. The aptitude to calcification (time and crystal amount) of each calcifying strains, morphology (SEM) and mineralogy of the formed bioliths were also investigated. X-ray diffraction confirmed the production of calcite. Crystal formation was not observed in the controls. Organic matter, total N and assimilable P, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, pH, total and active calcium carbonate content, electric conductivity, skeleton, sand, silt and clay fractions of each soil sample were determined and related with its microbiological parameters. We found that the CaCO3 content of soil was significatively related, in particular, to the percentage of calcifying bacterial strains (r = 0.95) and to the heterotrophic bacterial density (r = 0.98), which was found significatively related also with Ca2+ content of soil (r = −0.97) and its CEC (r = −0.97).
Coupled textural and compositional characterization of basaltic scoria: Insights into the transition from Strombolian to fire fountain activity at Mount Etna, Italy

Strombolian and fire fountain activities represent a common expression of explosive basaltic eruptions. However, the transition between these two eruptive styles and their source mechanisms are still debated. We use textural and compositional studies to characterize pyroclastic material from both the Strombolian and Hawaiian-style fire fountain phases of the January–June 2000 Etna activity. We find that basaltic scoria presents distinctive textural and compositional features that reflect different modes of magma vesiculation and crystallization in the two eruptive regimes. Overall, magma that forms Strombolian scoria is far more crystallized, less vesicular, and more evolved, indicating strong volatile depletion and longer residence time before being erupted. Fire fountain scoria indicates a fast-rising magma with evidence of moderate syneruptive volatile exsolution. The new textural and compositional data set is integrated with previous volcanological and geophysical investigations to provide further insights into the dynamics of fire fountains, and to frame the transition from Strombolian explosions to fire fountain activity into a model that may apply to future eruptions at Mount Etna as well as other active basaltic volcanoes.
The Elephant's Trunk: Spectroscopic diagnostics applied to SOHO/CDS observations of the August 1996 equatorial coronal hole

A large equatorial coronal hole, named the Elephant's Trunk, was observed by the coronal diagnostic spectrometer (CDS) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) during the last week of August 1996. Spatially averaged spectra within the hole and in neighboring quiet sun regions are analyzed and calibrated in intensity. Spectroscopic diagnostic techniques that make use of the CHIANTI atomic database are applied in an attempt to characterize such large-scale features. Line intensity ratios are used to obtain information on the electron density, temperature, and element abundances inside and outside the coronal hole. The transequatorial coronal hole showed, on average, coronal electron densities N e ≃ 2 - 3×10 8 cm -3 , a factor of 2 higher than the quiet sun areas near the hole. A differential emission measure analysis shows that emission measures in the coronal hole were much lower at temperatures above a million degrees than in the quiet sun regions. In the Elephant's Trunk, the temperature of peak emission is found to be ≃ 8×10 5 K, compared to about 9.7×10 5 K in the quiet sun. Indications of a first ionization potential (FIP) effect differentiating between cell centers and the network are found, both in coronal hole and quiet sun regions. A small plume was detected inside the Elephant's Trunk coronal hole at low latitude, on the disc.
Methane emission from rice fields as influenced by solar radiation, temperature, and straw incorporation

Since rice fields emit methane, an important contributor to the increasing greenhouse effect, one of our goals is to characterize factors that influence this emission. To create a range in plant and soil temperature, solar radiation, and microbial substrate, rice fields were planted on April 13, May 18 and June 18 of 1990 on silty clay soils near Beaumont, Texas. Immediately prior to planting, one half of each field was supplemented with 6000 kg ha−1 of disc-incorporated grass straw (Paspalum spp.). Methane emission rates were measured throughout the cultivation period. Methane emission rates varied markedly with planting date and straw addition. The highest emission rate originated from the earliest planted straw-supplemented field. In general, methane emission decreased with the later plantings that received less solar radiation. Annual emission rates of methane and rice grain yield from individual fields were positively correlated with accumulated solar radiation for both straw-incorporated and control plots. Straw incorporation resulted in decreased grain yield and increased methane emission in all three fields. Diel variation of methane emission strongly correlated with temperature. The activation energies for methane production, obtained from laboratory soil incubations, and methane emission, obtained from diel field measurements, were approximately the same: 88–98 kJ mol−1 for production and 87 kJ mol−1 for emission.
Wintertime aerosol properties during foggy and nonfoggy days over urban center Delhi and their implications for shortwave radiative forcing

[1] We present results from complimentary measurements of physical and optical properties of aerosols carried out at Delhi, as part of the Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Programme's Land Campaign II in December 2004. For the first time we unravel ground truth values of several radiatively important aerosol parameters such as their wavelength dependency in absorption, scattering behavior, single-scattering albedo, number size distribution, and vertical distribution in the atmosphere from this polluted megacity in south Asia. Interesting features are observed in the behavior of aerosol parameters under intermittent foggy, hazy, and clear-sky conditions prevalent during the campaign. All aerosol parameters exhibited a large distribution in their values, with variabilities being particularly higher on hazy and foggy days. The average clear-sky aerosol optical depth (AOD) value is 0.91 ± 0.48, which is higher than the AOD value reported for most other cities in India during this season of the year. Increases in AOD on hazy and foggy days are found to be spectrally nonuniform. The percentage increase in AOD at shorter wavelengths was higher on hazy days compared to clear days. Diurnally averaged BC mass concentration varied from a low of 15 μg/m3 during clear days to a high of about 65 μg/m3 on hazy days. The wavelength dependency of aerosol absorption shows signatures of the presence of a significant amount of absorbing aerosols produced from biofuel/biomass burning. Single-scattering albedo at 525 nm is found to vary between 0.6 and 0.8 with an average value of 0.68 for the entire period. Lidar observations reveal that during a fog event there is a subsidence of aerosols to an extremely dense and shallow atmospheric layer of less than 200 m height from the surface. The presence of an aerosol layer at elevated altitudes is also detected. All the results are combined and used for estimating aerosol radiative forcing using a discrete ordinate radiative transfer model. We find a large negative forcing at the surface level in the range of −40 to −86 W/m2, while forcing at the top of the atmosphere varied between −2 and +3 W/m2.
Early deglacial (∼19–17 ka) strengthening of the northeast monsoon

Earlier studies that mostly relied on bulk 14C dating indicated a weaker Southwest monsoon (SWM) and a stronger than present Northeast monsoon (NEM) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼18000 14C years or ∼21000 calendar years ago). We have analyzed a sediment core from the equatorial Indian Ocean, where planktonic foraminifera were dated by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS 14C). δ18O analysis of three species of foraminifera viz. Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinoides sacculifer, and Globorotalia menardii reveals that the NEM strengthened during the early deglacial period (∼15000 14C years ago or ∼18000 calendar years ago) relative to the present and not during the LGM as surmised earlier.
Online Boosted Gaussian Learners for In-Situ Detection and Characterization of Protein Folding States in Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are a crucial tool for understanding how proteins fold. In its easiest form, MD simulations can be scaled through data parallelism, this means that multiple folding trajectories can be spawned and executed in parallel, facilitating a more efficient exploration of the protein folding space. However, due to data dependencies, the analysis of MD simulations remains largely as a centralized process. In this work, we propose a data parallel, lightweight technique to learn the characteristics of protein folding states in MD simulations. Contrary to other methods, ours can differentiate relevant states in a single protein folding trajectory without requiring centralized global knowledge of the protein dynamics. As its processing and memory overheads are negligible (in the order of milliseconds per window of frames, and kilo bytes respectively) this technique can be coupled with the simulation for in-situ analysis.
SMWT: A Universal and Lightweight SDN-Based Meter Table Watermarking Traceback Scheme

The use of anonymous network has increased dramatically due to the development of network technology and people focus on the network security and privacy. However, anonymous networks are often used for illegal purposes, which has caused a significant increase in illegal transactions in the network. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate methods that can trace illegal transactions in anonymous networks. In this paper, we propose a universal and lightweight Software Defined Network (SDN)-based Meter table Watermarking Traceback scheme (SMWT), which is an active watermarking technology. SMWT uses the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) code as the encoding method and the flow rate as the carrier for the watermark to effectively trace flows of different communication protocols in various anonymous network environments. It utilises the SDN controller to install flow table entries and meter entries to the SDN switch, which can efficiently change the flow rate and embed the watermark in the flow in a stealthily manner. After the flow passes through the anonymous network, the SDN switch can extract the watermark using the flow rate and identify the two communicating parties. We have conducted experiments to evaluate SMWT in a real anonymous network Tor. Compared with other relevant existing schemes, SMWT demonstrated a higher detection rate of 96.7% and a lower false positive rate of 0.3%, as well as high flexibility and stealthiness, low deployment difficulty and controller load.
Evolution of the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, through tectonic growth and geomorphic decay

I describe a strategy for modeling a specific large scale topographic feature that recognizes the discrepancy between tectonic and geomorphic scales and allows for important feedbacks between these processes. In the geomorphic model, the largest channel in each 4×4 km cell is explicitly treated, the channel incision being driven by a stream power rule. Hillslopes internal to each cell respond rapidly to incision of the local channel, prompting their treatment in the model as steady state forms. I present analytic expressions for the local relief, which is controlled by the local channel incision rate, and rate constants associated with the dominant hillslope process, either diffusive or landsliding. Initial conditions include any preexisting topography, and a lightly etched a channel network. The model is illustrated using the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. I show that an earlier hypothesis (that the Santa Cruz Mountains are due to advection of topography past an uplift source related to a restraining bend in the San Andreas Fault) remains viable when more specific geomorphic processes are considered. The local tectonics are represented by crustal thickening necessitated by conservation of mass in the bend, right-lateral translation of crust with respect to the bend, and flexural response to the distributed load. The model produces reasonable geographic and statistical distributions of topography using rates of tectonic and geomorphic processes that are within the range of those measured locally. This argues that this restraining bend is a long-lived feature of the San Andreas Fault. The slightly higher crest and shorter length of the southern Santa Cruz Mountains may potentially be explained by slightly faster slip of the crust west of the fault with respect to the bend than of that to the east. Deflection is minimal beneath these relatively small mountains, disallowing the interesting feedback of erosionally driven uplift. The predicted pattern of exhumation could be used to guide the search for fission track sites that could aid in the testing of the model.
On the need for bias correction of regional climate change projections of temperature and precipitation

Within the framework of the European project ENSEMBLES (ensembles‐based predictions of climate changes and their impacts) we explore the systematic bias in simulated monthly mean temperature and precipitation for an ensemble of thirteen regional climate models (RCMs). The models have been forced with the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting Reanalysis (ERA40) and are compared to a new high resolution gridded observational data set. We find that each model has a distinct systematic bias relating both temperature and precipitation bias to the observed mean. By excluding the twenty‐five percent warmest and wettest months, respectively, we find that a derived second‐order fit from the remaining months can be used to estimate the values of the excluded months. We demonstrate that the common assumption of bias cancellation (invariance) in climate change projections can have significant limitations when temperatures in the warmest months exceed 4–6 °C above present day conditions.
Wave‐4 pattern of the equatorial mass density anomaly: A thermospheric signature of tropical deep convection

The equatorial mass density anomaly (EMA) is an anomalous latitudinal distribution of the atmospheric mass density, with its equinox configuration consisting of a density trough near the Earth's dip equator flanked by density crests around ±25° dip latitude. As a novel feature, this study reveals a pronounced 4‐peak longitudinal pattern of the EMA, which is in reminiscence of the wave‐4 like structure in the neutral wind and the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). It is found that the wave‐4 modulation in the EMA trough region is in phase with that in the EMA crest region, in contrast to the 180° phase reversal for the case of EIA. This difference strongly suggest that although the latitudinal structure of the EMA is principally caused by the EIA via ion drag, its wave‐4 pattern likely arises from different sources. The direct penetration of the non‐migrating diurnal tides DE3 to the F‐region height or thermal budget modulation by the composition NO at lower thermosphere are discussed as plausible candidates. Our results reveal a 4‐hour phase lag between the wave‐4 patterns in neutral density and wind, and a 2% peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the neutral density wave‐4 pattern. These results find good agreements with theoretical predictions based on direct penetration of the DE3 to F‐regions heights, hence strongly support this mechanism. Our observations thus add further evidences for the influence of tropical deep convection on the thermospheric dynamics.
Learn Dynamic Hosting Capacity Based on Voltage Sensitivity Analysis

The extensive use of distributed energy sources (DERs) presents the substantial design, planning, and operational issues for distribution systems, thus prompting the broad adaption of methodologies for photovoltaics (PV) hosting capacity analysis (HCA). Traditional HCA methods require running power flow analysis iteratively, typically in the time-series scenario, to consider the dynamic pattern. However, the time-consuming HCA techniques fail to offer online prediction in large distribution networks because of the computational burden. To tackle the computation challenge, we first provide a deep learning-based problem formulation for HCA, which performs offline training and calculates hosting capacity in real time. The applicable learning model, long short-term memory (LSTM), uses historical time-series data to identify the underlying periodic patterns in distribution systems. However, the accuracy of HC estimation is low in the LSTM without considering system spatial information correlated with HC. To capture such spatial correlation from system measurements, we design dual forget gates in the LSTM and propose a novel Spatial-Temporal LSTM. Moreover, as voltage violations are observed to be one of the most critical constraints of HCA, we construct a voltage sensitivity gate to increase the weight on voltage variation and reduce the mismatch in HC determination. The simulation results on different feeders, such as IEEE 123-bus and utility feeders, validate our designs.
An inverse problem for the wave equation with one measurement and the pseudorandom noise

We consider the wave equation $(\p_t^2-\Delta_g)u(t,x)=f(t,x)$, in $\R^n$, $u|_{\R_-\times \R^n}=0$, where the metric $g=(g_{jk}(x))_{j,k=1}^n$ is known outside an open and bounded set $M\subset \R^n$ with smooth boundary $\p M$. We define a deterministic source $f(t,x)$ called the pseudorandom noise as a sum of point sources, $f(t,x)=\sum_{j=1}^\infty a_j\delta_{x_j}(x)\delta(t)$, where the points $x_j,\ j\in\Z_+$, form a dense set on $\p M$. We show that when the weights $a_j$ are chosen appropriately, $u|_{\R\times \p M}$ determines the scattering relation on $\p M$, that is, it determines for all geodesics which pass through $M$ the travel times together with the entering and exit points and directions. The wave $u(t,x)$ contains the singularities produced by all point sources, but when $a_j=\lambda^{-\lambda^{j}}$ for some $\lambda>1$, we can trace back the point source that produced a given singularity in the data. This gives us the distance in $(\R^n, g)$ between a source point $x_j$ and an arbitrary point $y \in \p M$. In particular, if $(\bar M,g)$ is a simple Riemannian manifold and $g$ is conformally Euclidian in $\bar M$, these distances are known to determine the metric $g$ in $M$. In the case when $(\bar M,g)$ is non-simple we present a more detailed analysis of the wave fronts yielding the scattering relation on $\p M$.
Soil and rhizosphere microorganisms in amended coal mine spoils

Topsoil is usually respread over strip-mined land during reclamation. In some instances, spoil could be used as a medium for revegetation. The objectives of this study were to compare microbial parameters in spoil and soil and determine the effect of spoil amendment on these microbial parameters.Representataive samples from a topsoil stockpile, a nonvegetated spoil, a reclaimed area, and an adjacent undisturbed surface soil were collected from the San Juan coal mine near Farmington, N. Mex. Additional samples of spoil and stockpiled topsoil were used in a greenhouse pot experiment to determine the influence of spoil amendment on microbial parameters. The treatments include spoil, spoil plus topsoil inoculant, spoil plus alfalfa hay and fertilizer (both with and without topsoil inoculant), and spoil plus gamma-irradiated sewage sludge (both with and without topsoil inoculant). The pots were planted to Bouteloua gracilis and microbial determinations of the spoil made after 5 months. Later the same pots were replanted to Atriplex canescens and microbial determinations made of the rhizosphere 7 months after planting. Microbial parameters measured included numbers of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, Streptomyces, fungi, ammonium oxidizers, and aerobic asymbiotic nitrogen fixers, dehydrogenase activity, and fungal genera distribution.