Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Advocates Become Adjudicators: Tracing the Effects of Prosecutorial and Public Defense Experience on Judicial Decision Making

We assess the influence professional background – specifically, having been a prosecutor or a public defender – exerts on decision making by federal district court judges. Focusing on search and seizure cases, we analyze nearly 1500 motions to suppress evidence from 2000 to 2022. In addition to controlling for judicial ideology and a judge’s prior experience as a prosecutor or public defender, we utilize matching to address endogeneity concerns related to one’s ability to self-select into one of these positions—which may itself be influenced by that individual’s ideological predispositions. We find that having been a former prosecutor, as well as the length of time that service spans, makes a judge significantly more likely to rule against a motion to suppress. Former public defenders are significantly more likely to grant that suppression motion, though their propensity to do so is not affected by the length of time served in that capacity.
A Hybrid Deep CNN-SVM Approach for Brain Tumor Classification

Background: Feature extraction process is noteworthy in order to categorize brain tumors. Handcrafted feature extraction process consists of profound limitations. Similarly, without appropriate classifier, the promising improved results can’t be obtained. Objective: This paper proposes a hybrid model for classifying brain tumors more accurately and rapidly is a preferable choice for aggravating tasks. The main objective of this research is to classify brain tumors through Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)-based hybrid model. Methods: The MRI images are firstly preprocessed to improve the feature extraction process through the following steps: resize, effective noise reduction, and contrast enhancement. Noise reduction is done by anisotropic diffusion filter, and contrast enhancement is done by adaptive histogram equalization. Secondly, the implementation of augmentation enhances the data number and data variety. Thirdly, custom deep CNN is constructed for meaningful deep feature extraction. Finally, the superior machine learning classifier SVM is integrated for classification tasks. After that, this proposed hybrid model is compared with transfer learning models: AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and VGG16. Results: The proposed method uses the ‘Figshare’ dataset and obtains 96.0% accuracy, 98.0% specificity, and 95.71% sensitivity, higher than other transfer learning models. Also, the proposed model takes less time than others. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the proposed deep CNN-SVM model divulges by the performance, which manifests that it extracts features automatically without overfitting problems and improves the classification performance for hybrid structure, and is less time-consuming. Keywords: Adaptive histogram equalization, Anisotropic diffusion filter, Deep CNN, E-health, Machine learning, SVM, Transfer learning.
Dual-band wearable antenna using split ring resonator

Abstract This paper presents dual-band wearable antenna using split-ring resonator (SRR). The SRR is placed near patch and feed line. SRR makes a major contribution to the first operating band (2.32 GHz), but it has a minor effect on the second operating band (3.5 GHz). The wearable antenna at 3.5 GHz (without using SRR) is also presented for comparison sake. The simulation results are analyzed and compared with the measured results, which shows that there is a good agreement between them.
Analyse par PIV de l'interaction d'une paire de jets synthétiques avec le sillage d'un corps profilé en vue de réduire la traînée

The interactions of the wake of a flat plate and the periodic flow emanating from a pair of synthetic jets placed symmetrically at the trailing edge, spanning the width of the plate, were experimentally studied considering the flow physics that led to wake drag reduction. The experiments were carried out in a low turbulence wind tunnel at a Reynolds number of 7200. The synthetic jet actuators, providing a momentum addition of Cμ=24%, were positioned symmetrically at the model base at a distance of ± 0.27 h from the base centerline to introduce perturbations at early stages of the shear layers’ development. Two-component velocity measurements were acquired using Particle Image Velocimetry, for natural wake and controlled wake using symmetric synchronous actuation and out-of-phase actuation. Phase-averaged velocity fields through the vorticity contours were determined to provide insights into the actuation mechanisms, namely, the role of the blowing and the suction phases of the actuation cycle on the flow dynamics. Mots clefs: controle, sillage, PIV, tourbillon, trainee, moyenne de phase.
Accounting for spectral variability in hyperspectral unmixing using Beta endmember distributions

Two approaches based on the Beta Compositional Model are presented in this thesis for hyperspectral spatial-spectral unmixing (i.e., finding the proportions of each endmember in a hyperspectral image). The two approaches considered are using either Quadratic Programming (QP) optimization or a Metropolis-Hastings (MH) sampler in order to incorporate endmember spectral variability during unmixing. The QP approach determines the proportion values by minimizing the difference between the mean of Beta approximation to the convex combination of Beta endmember distributions, while the MH sampling method takes both the mean and variance into consideration.
Estudos de revisão em Educação: Estado da Arte e Revisão Sistemática

De acordo com as necessidades atuais da pesquisa em educação, os estudos de revisão são vistos como objetos de suma importância para contribuir no desenvolvimento científico e na produção de novas investigações na área da educação. Existem diferentes tipos de estudos de revisão e cada um deles apresenta uma metodologia específica. Este artigo irá concentra-se em dois tipos de estudos de revisão, a Revisão Sistemática e o Estado da Arte. Apresenta uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa do tipo bibliográfica realizada em livros, artigos, teses e dissertações que teve o objetivo de descrever e sugerir indicações para a realização de estudos de revisão, com ênfase na Revisão Sistemática e no Estado da Arte. Com base na pesquisa realizada foi possível identificar que esses dois tipos de estudos de revisão são necessários para melhor compreender e analisar as pesquisas da área da educação, de modo que a realização destes estudos contribuem significativamente na formação do pesquisador e desenvolvimento de novos estudos por óticas diferenciadas.
Markov decision chains with unbounded costs and applications to the control of queues

A discrete-time Markov decision model with a denumerable set of states and unbounded costs is considered. It is shown that the optimality equation of dynamic programming along with some additional, easily checked, conditions may be used to establish the optimality or ∊ -optimality of policies with respect to the average expected cost criterion. The results are used to derive optimal policies in two queueing examples.
The interplay between non-coding RNAs and alternative splicing: from regulatory mechanism to therapeutic implications in cancer

Alternative splicing (AS) is a common and conserved process in eukaryotic gene regulation. It occurs in approximately 95% of multi-exon genes, greatly enriching the complexity and diversity of mRNAs and proteins. Recent studies have found that in addition to coding RNAs, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are also inextricably linked with AS. Multiple different types of ncRNAs are generated by AS of precursor long non-coding (pre-lncRNAs) or precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Furthermore, ncRNAs, as a novel class of regulators, can participate in AS regulation by interacting with the cis-acting elements or trans-acting factors. Several studies have implicated abnormal expression of ncRNAs and ncRNA-related AS events in the initiation, progression, and therapy resistance in various types of cancers. Therefore, owing to their roles in mediating drug resistance, ncRNAs, AS-related factors and AS-related novel antigens may serve as promising therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the interaction between ncRNAs and AS processes, emphasizing their great influences on cancer, especially on chemoresistance, and highlighting their potential values in clinical treatment.
Investigation of reconfigurable hardware platforms for 5G protocol stack functions acceleration

Open RAN and 5G are two key technologies designed to qualitatively improve network infrastructure and provide greater flexibility and efficiency to mobile operators and users. 5G creates new capabilities for high-speed Internet, Internet of Things, telemedicine and many other applications, while Open RAN enables open and standardized network architectures, which reduces cost and risk for operators and promotes innovations. Given the growing number of users and data volumes, the purely software implementation of certain functions of the 5G protocol, and especially computationally complex ones, requires significant computer resources and energy. These, for example, are low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding, FFT and iFFT algorithms on physical (PHY) layer, and NEA and NIA security algorithms on Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer. Therefore, one of the activity areas in the development of means for 5G systems is the hardware acceleration of such functions execution, which provides the possibility of processing large volumes of data in real time and with high efficiency. The high-performance hardware basis for implementing these functions today is field-programmable gate array (FPGA) integrated circuits. Along with this, the efficiency of the 5G protocol stack functions hardware acceleration depends significantly on the size of the data packets transmitted to the hardware accelerator. As experience shows, for certain types of architecture of computer systems with accelerators, the acceleration value can take even a negative value. This necessitates the search for alternative architectural solutions for the implementation of such systems. In this article the approaches for hardware acceleration using reconfigurable FPGA-based computing components are explored, their comparative analysis is performed, and architectural alternatives are evaluated for the implementation of a computing platform to perform the functions of the 5G protocol stack with hardware acceleration of PHY and medium access control (MAC) layers functions.
Seismological versus geodetic reference frames for seismic dislocation: consistency under momentum conservations

We raise attention to the issue of consistency between the reference frame with respect to which the seismological model calculations of displacement are made on one hand, and that to which the geodetic measurements of crustal deformation refer (e.g. the ITRF) on the other. This issue is critical in principle if the seismologically calculated displacement (or gravity change) is to be compared or used in joint inversion with geodetic measurements. A necessary set of conditions to be satisﬁed by inertial frames is the conservations of linear and angular momentums: no net change in them can be induced by a seismic source indigenous to the Earth. We show that the momentums are embodied in the degree-1 terms of the vector spherical-harmonic expansion of the displacement ﬁeld. Using three largest recent earthquakes as case examples we ﬁnd that the algorithms of seismological dislocation modelling in the literature do not conserve the momentums. However, quantitatively this inconsistency amounts to two orders of magnitude smaller than the current precision in the deﬁnition of the ITRF, hence insigniﬁcant in practice. Some caveats are raised.
Evaluation of printed interdigital electrodes array for chemo-resistive gas sensor application

In this article, we present the design and preparation of a platform for a gas sensor application based on the ink print of silver nanoparticles on flexible substrates. The Inkjet printing allows localized deposition of ink at low temperatures on a large area and can be used for the deposition of both conductive and dielectric materials. The printed platform consists of four interdigital electrodes (IDE), and connector pads printed with silver ink and sintered with an intense pulse light (IPL). The dielectric ink printed around the IDE structures protects the connection pathways and defines the sensing area. The multilayer structure was printed on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyimide (PI) substrates. Before printing, the plasma treatment of the surface of the polyimide is necessary. Three combinations of electrodes with various widths were designed and the structures were printed with three various resolutions to verify the printability on the used combination of substrate and ink. Bending tests, that show the flexibility of printed structures, were performed as well.
Messy Genetic Algorithm for Optimum Solution Search of HTN Planning

Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning algorithm focuses on searching valid solution using knowledge learning or heuristic mechanism. However, there is little work on the planning optimization, especially on handling the problem in the situation that there is little heuristic knowledge to guide the optimum solution search while many non-optimum solutions exist, or there are significance interactions between the abstract intermediate goals which are not independent. This paper put forward a Messy Genetic Algorithm (MGA) to solve the optimum solution searching of HTN planning in the above situations. Length-variant chromosome is introduced to represent the possible planning solution in form of decomposition tree with dynamic node number. It’s proved that new offspring decomposition trees can be returned through exchanging the equivalence subtrees of two parental decomposition trees. Based on this proposition, the crossover operation of MGA can be successfully performed. Simulation results indicate that the MGA can locate the optimum solution among the huge search space with about 3 × 2 14 possible solutions within 6 seconds.
Fast Hyperspectral Image Denoising and Destriping Method Based on Graph Laplacian Regularization

Hyperspectral images (HSIs) contain rich spatial and spectral information about the earth, and are widely used in the remote sensing field. However, an HSI is frequently corrupted by various types of noise, such as Gaussian noise, sparse noise, stripe noise, and so on, which severely limits the subsequent application of the HSI. In this article, we propose a graph Laplacian regularizer (GLR) to exploit the low-rank information across the bands of the HSI. Compared with the traditional low-rank regularization, our graph Laplacian regularization can achieve equivalent or better performance with less time consumption. Besides, a sparse constraint and a low-rank constraint are employed to remove the sparse and stripe noise. In addition, the augmented Lagrangian multiplier is used to solve each component to restore a clean image. Finally, we have carried out experiments on the simulated and real noisy HSI data. The results show the superiority of the proposed method over state-of-the-art methods, in terms of PSNR and SSIM, time cost, and visual effect. The MATLAB code is available through: https://github.com/zzhang-99/FGLR.
On Excess CO2 within a Hermetically Sealed 14-Pin Butterfly Package: Solubility of CO2 within Fluorocarbon Liquids

In this paper, we examine the presence of excess CO2 found within a hermetically sealed 14-pin butterfly package. Excess CO2 within a hermetically sealed package can suggest that the internal structures of the package have degraded significantly over the lifetime of the package. The level of CO2 discovered within the butterfly package was inconsistent with the controlled sealing gas environmental composition, and the gas composition of concurrently sealed packages. A literature review of industry technical papers and academic studies show that fluorocarbon liquids preferentially absorb CO2 at levels 4-5 times greater than other gasses such as oxygen and nitrogen. Previous experimental and computational methods found that fluorocarbon liquids can absorb CO2 at levels of 1.5-1.6 mol%, which is greater than the calculated maximum amount of absorbed CO2 (0.91 mol%) found within the butterfly package. The Internal Gas Analysis (IGA) of the butterfly package confirmed that it is highly likely that when butterfly package ingested the fluorocarbon liquid, the CO2 was absorbed in solution and thus ingested into the device. Given that the butterfly package was initially filled with 12% ppmv of helium and it retained the helium at a significant level, the phenomenon of a one-way leaker preserved the evidence of CO2 absorbed in the fluorocarbon liquid.
Diedergruppe und Reziprozitätsgesetz.

Sei R = Rf die Ordnung zum Führer /e/W in 9 Nf der Ringklassenkörper modulo / über . Aus der Theorie der komplexen Multiplikation ist es wohlbekannt [7], S. 25, daß die Erweiterung Nf/Q galoissch ist, die Erweiterung Nf/ abelsch. Wählt man nun als den Automorphismus von Nf9 der den Übergang zum komplexen Konjugierten vollzieht, so stellt sich G = G(Nf/Q) als eine verallgemeinerte Diedergruppe heraus [7], S. 36.
Degradation of azo dye by Sono-Fenton method based on Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbons

Azo compounds are difficult to remove from wastewater by conventional wastewater treatment methods. In this study, an Fe-based amorphous alloy was used as a catalyst for the degradation of azo dyes by Sono-Fenton method. The effects of pH, oxidant dosage and temperature on the reaction process of Sono-Fenton and its mechanism of action were investigated. The fastest degradation rate was observed at pH=2, an experimental temperature of 35°C and a H2O2 dosage of 100 μL, with a degradation time of 25 min.
Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Ginseng: A Pharmacological Update

Ginseng, a medicinal plant of the genus Panax, boasts a rich historical record of usage that dates back to the Paleolithic period. This botanical is extensively acknowledged and consumed in Eastern countries for its therapeutic properties, and, in Western countries, it is becoming increasingly popular as a remedy for fatigue and asthenia. This review provides an update on current research pertaining to ginseng and its isolated compounds, namely, ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The primary focus is on three crucial pharmacological activities, namely, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The review encompasses studies on both isolated compounds and various ginseng extracts obtained from the root, leaves, and berries.
Method to identify random characteristic of chaotic attractors

In chaos scientific domain,there has been no common criterion about the strength of random characteristic of chaotic attractors up to now.In this paper,a principle and an algorithm about that are proposed,and the method doesn't need phase space construction.Then the method is applied to simulate the periodic motion,the strong and weak chaos,two kinds of discrete map and white Gaussian noise.The result shows that the method is valid to identify the strength of random characteristic of different chaotic motions.
Evaluation of Entrepreneurship Education at Universities

In order to raise the potential of founders among students and to support academically educated start-up entrepreneurs, in the last years there was a strong focus on implementing entrepreneurship education (EE) on university level. Due to high expenses for these awareness campaigns and support measures proofs of the effectiviness and efficiency of these programs are rapidly gaining importance. The boom in EE and the increasing criticism of missing data about the impact of these measures are the starting points of this paper. Results of a research of EE evaluation studies at university level and evaluation concepts are discussed and form the basis for proposals for designing evaluation studies.
Variable Gate Resistance Drive Circuit Based on di/dt Feedback for IGBT

To overcome the rigid control of the classical drive method which used fixed resistance to drive IGBT, a variable gate resistance drive method was proposed. This method detected the change rate of collector current through the parasitic inductor of the IGBT module, and the closed-loop feedback was used to control this rate of change. All the expressions between voltage overshoot , overcurrent and di/dt were derived. Based on these expressions, the di/dt feedback control was designed. The feedback circuit selected gate resistances with different resistance values to drive IGBT in various stages of the turn-on and off process. According to the simulation analysis, both switching time and loss were reduced ultimately. The current peak and overvoltage were controlled effectively, and the switching performance was improved.
Analysis of unusual changes in Typhoon Aere(2004) and Meari(2004)

Typhoon Aere(2004) and Meari(2004) that formed in the western North Pacific in 2004 and tracked northwestward in a similar manner to each other until their tracks underwent changes over the East China Sea,where Aere(2004) moved southwestward and Meari(2004) took a sudden northeastward recurving track.This analysis shows that the interaction between low-frequency circulation and typhoons are mainly responsible for the track changes.As Aere(2004) was located to the south of the subtropical high,it interacted with the subtropical high through the advection of the low-frequency vorticity by synoptic-scale flows,enhancing negative vorticity on the northwestern side of the storm and thus the northeastward steering flow therein.Meanwhile,the Rossby wave energy dispersion strengthened the southwestward steering flows on the southeastern side of Aere.As a result,the synoptic-scale steering became weak,and Aere moved southwestward due mainly to the steering of the low-frequency circulation.On the other hand,Typhoon Meari gradually approached the western side of the subtropical high,and the synoptic-scale winds on the southeastern side of the typhoon was strengthened,which made Meari took a sudden northeastward track with no enhanced northeastward steering flows like the Aere case.
The Relationship between Tropical Cyclone Motion and Environmental Geostrophic Flows

Abstract Based on 920 cases, the relationship between Atlantic tropical cyclone motion and environmental geostrophic flows at ten levels (from 1000 to 100 mb) has been calculated and analyzed. For the average situation, it is shown that the steering relationship is considerably different between higher and lower tropospheric levels, and between easterlies and westerlies. Also, there are some differences in an optimal statistical steering function between different storm developmental states. The results of a further correlation and regression analysis of these same data show that the height of the optimum single steering level for hurricanes is higher than that for tropical storms.
Control of dynamical systems with discrete and uncertain observations

In this paper we provide a design methodology to compute control strategies for a primary dynamical system which is operating in a domain where other dynamical systems are present and the interactions between these systems and the primary one are of interest or are being pursued in some sense. The information from the other systems is available to the primary dynamical system only at discrete time instances and is assumed to be corrupted by noise. Having available only this limited and somewhat corrupted information which depends on the noise, the primary system has to make a decision based on the estimated behavior of other systems which may range from cooperative to noncooperative. This decision is reflected in a design of the most appropriate action, that is, control strategy of the primary system. The design is illustrated by considering some particular collision avoidance problem scenarios.