Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan

* Preface * Introduction * How this book came to be written * Subject of this study * A note on the written sources * 1. General Information on Kurdistan * Geography * Geopolitical situation * Population * Other economic activities: crafts/industries and trades * Language * Religion * The Kurdish national movement, 1960-85 * Iranian Kurdistan and the Islamic Revolution * The Iran-Iraq war and the Kurds * Saddam Hussein's solution to the Kurdish question * Recent changes in Turkey's attitude * 2. Tribes, Chieftains and Non-tribal Groups * The tribe and its subdivisions * Kurdish terms * Blood feud and other conflicts * Higher than the tribe? * Leadership and conflicts * Leadership: titles and functions * The guest-house * Economic aspects: tribute to the agha * Leadership situation among a number of different tribes * Power as a process: the colonization of the northern Jazira * Subject 'non-tribal' peasantry and their relations with tribal Kurds * The guran and the Guran * Nomads and peasants: one or two peoples? * Conclusion * 3. Tribes and the State * Introduction * The incorporation of Kurdistan into the Ottoman Empire * The political history of some Kurdish emirates * Administrative organization of Ottoman Kurdistan in the sixteenth * century * Internal organization of the Kurdish emirates * Political changes in the nineteenth century * The rise of Bedr Khan Beg and the fall of the emirate of Botan * The new land code and its effects * The establishment of Kurdish tribal militias: the Hamidiye * Mustafa Pasha of the Miran * Ibrahim Pasha of the Milan * Changes in the early twentieth century * Conclusions * 4. Shaikhs: mystics, saints and politicians * Introductory remarks * God incarnate * Dervish and sufi orders * Sufi and dervish orders: organized popular mysticism * The history of the Qadiri order as an example * Qadiri shaikhs in Kurdistan * The Naqshbandi tariqa and the Naqshbandi order * Why did the Naqshbandi order spread so rapidly? * Rituals of the Qadiri order * The Naqshbandi ritual * Shaikh and khalifa: relations with other shaikhs * The shaikh and his followers * Millenarianism * Decline of the shaikhs' influence * Islamic revival: the Nurcu movement * 5. Shaikh Said's Revolt * Introduction * History of Kurdish national consciousness * The end of the Ottoman Empire and the birth of the Republic of Turkey * The first Kurdish political organizations * Shaikh Said's revolt * External and internal support for the revolt * The Naqshbandi order and the revolt * The religious versus the nationalist character of the revolt
Regional Anesthesia in Times of COVID-19

The globalized coronavirus pandemic 2019 has kept us on our toes. Although confusion is widespread and there is a trend toward normalization of almost all human activities, outbreaks remain frequent. The majority of patients with COVID-19 have a trivial to moderate clinical course; a small group develops severe pneumonia and other life-threatening complications. Vaccination against this virus has contributed to better control of the pandemic, but there are no antiviral drugs that have demonstrated efficacy; therefore, the management of surgical patients confirmed or suspected of this disease is a challenge for health care workers, including the anesthesiologists, as well as the non-COVID-19 patients who at a given moment could become carriers or sick. General anesthesia produces aerosols and risks medical and technical personnel being infected, especially those who manage the airway. On the other hand, regional anesthesia has advantages over general anesthesia because the airway is not handled; however, its limited duration is the most important concern. It is reasonable that regional anesthesia occupies a preponderant place in the safe management of all patients, as long as the type of surgery allows it, the anesthesiologist has sufficient skills and patients accept the proposed technique. At this time of globalized crisis due to COVID-19, the intrapandemic anesthetic management of patients undergoing surgery continues to be a changing task, a challenge that has been solved as new data based on solid scientific evidence arise, besides the development of drugs, safer vaccines, equipment, and health prophylactic methods. There is a clear tendency to use regional anesthesia whenever this is possible.
Pinball Loss Minimization for One-bit Compressive Sensing

The one-bit quantization can be implemented by one single comparator, which operates at low power and a high rate. Hence one-bit compressive sensing (\emph{1bit-CS}) becomes very attractive in signal processing. When the measurements are corrupted by noise during signal acquisition and transmission, 1bit-CS is usually modeled as minimizing a loss function with a sparsity constraint. The existing loss functions include the hinge loss and the linear loss. Though 1bit-CS can be regarded as a binary classification problem because a one-bit measurement only provides the sign information, the choice of the hinge loss over the linear loss in binary classification is not true for 1bit-CS. Many experiments show that the linear loss performs better than the hinge loss for 1bit-CS. Motivated by this observation, we consider the pinball loss, which provides a bridge between the hinge loss and the linear loss. Using this bridge, two 1bit-CS models and two corresponding algorithms are proposed. Pinball loss iterative hard thresholding improves the performance of the binary iterative hard theresholding proposed in [6] and is suitable for the case when the sparsity of the true signal is given. Elastic-net pinball support vector machine generalizes the passive model proposed in [11] and is suitable for the case when the sparsity of the true signal is not given. A fast dual coordinate ascent algorithm is proposed to solve the elastic-net pinball support vector machine problem, and its convergence is proved. The numerical experiments demonstrate that the pinball loss, as a trade-off between the hinge loss and the linear loss, improves the existing 1bit-CS models with better performances.
Dielectric properties of colossal permittivity materials: An update

During the last ten years, a lot of interest has been devoted to the so-called colossal dielectric constant (CDC) material. The first materials exhibiting this behavior were the perovskyte-based ceramics based on the CaCu3Ti4O12 composition (CCTO). Relative dielectric permittivity can attain values up to (or even larger than) 105. Nevertheless, their losses are still high, the lower values ranging 10%, in a narrow frequency range, thus limiting their applications. Most work on this type of materials aims to reduce these losses and widen their useful frequency range. On the other hand, the underlying physical mechanisms responsible of the CDC are still under study. While the analysis of broadband impedance spectroscopy measurements leads most of the authors to propose an interfacial polarization mechanisms (at the electrodes or at internal barriers), there is a limited number of complementary electrical characterization techniques, for the moment, they comfort the proposed interfacial polarization mechanisms. In the present work, several characterization techniques like I-V, Sawyer-Tower (ST) measurements, and time-domain polarization are used to characterize these materials. One of our main results is the observation of a non-symmetrical response of these materials related to the direction of the polarization. These results are observed for both macroscopic level on bulk polycrystalline material and within individual grains of the same samples. These results do not fit current accepted models for polarization for CDC materials.
Using All Our Senses : the need for a Unified Theoretical Approach to Multi-sensory Information Visualization

There is an opportunity to consider the theory of visualization for each of our senses together. We should have a united theory of visualization that covers all senses and allows users to integrate modalities. We believe there are several important facets to the theory that need to be addressed at all stages of the multi-sensory visualization process. (1) Data enhancement for multi-sensory visualization; (2) perceptual variables for each sense; (3) Transference of the visualization methods and designs from one domain to another. (4) Cross-modal device integration. How multi-sensory devices are built and are used together; (5) Sensory integration and cross-modal interference: how different sensations interfere or reinforce each other. We need a body of research that will help researchers tackle questions such as ‘what are the perceptual variables that are available? ’, ‘what are their limitations? ’, ‘Do ideas and concepts that work in one modality transfer to another? ’ and ‘what are the best design strategies for depicting information in another modality? ’.
IMAGE ANALYSIS OF FUSED SAR AND OPTICAL IMAGES DEPLOYING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE LIBRARY OTB

Within recent years, a variety of new high resolution airborne and spaceborne sensors have been put into place. These sensors are either active (SAR) or passive (optical). Further systems will be launched in near future (TerraSARX, Pléiades, CosmoSkyMed) to even extend today’s potential of submetric imagery. Hence new possibilities for the combined analysis of multi modality images of very high resolution arise. The combination of both radar and optical imagery enables the use of complementary information of the same scene and various application scenarios may be thought of. For example, one major field calling for enhanced remotely gathered information is rapid change detection in case of natural hazards. However, time critical applications call for easy to operate automated image processing and information extraction. Therefore one focus of CNES’ and IPI’s current research is on the automated fusion of optical and radar images as well as on information extraction of such fused data. In order to facilitate international cooperation and knowledge sharing, all algorithms that have been developed are integrated into the open source software library ORFEO Toolbox (OTB), introduced and maintained by CNES. This paper will deal with the current state of research and outline future perspectives. In order to successfully fuse optical and radar imagery, the first step is to achieve an accurate registration of both data sets. The following paragraphs will give an insight into the comprehensive modelling that has to be conducted.
Is the Information Systems Community Wrong to Ignore Formal Specification Methods?

There appears to be a general consensus within the Information Systems literature that formal speci cation of software systems is an inappropriate response to the perceived general failure of information systems to meet user requirements. Such views would seem to be based primarily on the di culty of constructing formal speci cations { and on the di culty of understanding such speci cations once constructed. Research into the applicability of formal methods has therefore tended to concentrate on the needs and the context of software developers specialising in critical and extremely complex software such as operating systems, transaction processing monitors, or nuclear reactor protection. More recently, however, formal methods have been applied successfully in more conventional and commercial areas, such as the development of a CASE tool, indicating that many of the perceived disadvantages of formal methods may be myths, or outdated. This paper discusses the di ering research directions of the Information Systems and Software Engineering disciplines and suggests that signi cant bene ts may result from a synthesis of the two approaches. We further suggest that there is a serious danger that approaches which have been shown to have value in one of the two domains are often ignored automatically in the other as being \irrelevant". While each of the two areas ignores the contribution of the other, software systems will continue to be sub-optimal (in terms of relevance, as well as quality). Published in R.Clarke and J. Cameron (Eds.) Managing Information Technology's Organisational Impact North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1992
Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertension

Summary: The endothelium can greatly influence vascular tone and structure. The main endothelium‐derived factor is nitric oxide (NO), which is not only a potent vasodilator but also inhibits platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, monocyte adhesion and adhesion molecule expression, thus protecting the vessel wall against the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. In human hypertension, endothelial dysfunction has been documented in peripheral and coronary macro‐ and microcirculation and in renal circulation. The mechanism responsible for endothelial alteration in essential hypertensive patients appears to be the activation of an alternative pathway involving cyclooxygenase, which reduces NO availability through production of oxidative stress. In the presence of impaired NO availability a hyperpolarizing factor seems to act as a compensatory pathway to sustain endothelium‐dependent relaxation. This compensatory pathway can be further depressed by the simultaneous presence of essential hypertension and hyperhomocysteinaemia, another cardiovascular risk factor causing endothelial dysfunction. Finally, reduced NO availability can increase the biological activity of endothelin‐1 because, while in healthy conditions the vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin‐1 is partially blunted by endothelial ETB‐receptor mediated NO production, in essential hypertensive patients this protective mechanism is lacking on account of impaired NO availability. This alteration in the NO pathway could be the main mechanism through which a dysfunctional endothelium could be a promoter of atherosclerosis and thrombosis and therefore lead to cardiovascular events in essential hypertensive patients.
Impact of using different ozone cross sections on ozone profile retrievals from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) ultraviolet measurements

We investigate the effect of using three different cross section data sets on ozone profile retrievals from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) ultraviolet measurements (289? 307 nm, 326? 337 nm). These include Bass-Paur, Brion, and GOME flight model cross sections (references below). Using different cross sections can significantly affect the retrievals, by up to 12 Dobson Units (DU, 1 DU=2.69×10 16 molecules cm ? 2 ) in total column ozone, up to 10 DU in tropospheric column ozone, and up to 100% in retrieved ozone values for individual atmospheric layers. Compared to using the Bass-Paur and GOME flight model cross sections, using the Brion cross sections not only reduces fitting residuals by 15? 60% in the Huggins bands, but also improves retrievals, especially in the troposphere, as seen from validation against ozonesonde measurements. Therefore, we recommend using the Brion cross section for ozone profile retrievals from ultraviolet measurements. The total column ozone retrieved using the GOME flight model cross sections is systematically lower, by 7? 10 DU, than that retrieved using the Brion and Bass-Paur cross sections and is also systematically lower than Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) observations. This study demonstrates the need for improved ozone cross section measurements in the ultraviolet to improve profile retrievals of this key atmospheric constituent.
Rethinking the reflective praxis of the name Social Science: Pedagogical ‘mischief’ in the Grade 4 to 9 Social Science curriculum

The article depicts the global history of the Social Science (SS) curriculum to illustrate that already by the 19th century Geography and History had been divided. The influence of non-integration of the SS was mainly by Geographical determinism which promulgated that the natural environment prescribes how people live, suggesting that all people living in a specific natural environment would respond in the same way when engaging with their environment. Such thinking inferred that human agency and culture had no role in such interaction. As a result some historians have neglected the environment in the study of History, which in turn served to further set boundaries for integration in SS. South Africa also subscribed to such a division as policy makers stipulated categorically in the Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) of Grade 4 to 9 that, SS is integrative in nature but has to be taught and administered as distinct Geography and History components. Integration occurs administratively when exam marks have to be combined as one to comprise SS – which is mischievous as it does not depict the reflective praxis of the subject pedagogically. The teaching and learning in terms of the content is divided into Geography and History but the summative is the only indicator of an integrated subject. From literature surveyed no investigation on the set topic has been undertaken in SA. The article thus proposes that non-integration of SS pedagogically speaking is ‘mischievous’ in the teaching and learning of SS in schools because the name negates what occurs practically in the teaching of the subject. The article through qualitative research drawing from interviews of trainee teachers enrolled in the Post Graduate Certificate Education doing SS at the University of KwaZuluNatal enlightens the ‘mischiefs’ embedded in the SS curriculum. Drawing from some of the trainee teachers’ views the conclusions and recommendations of the article are that, SS has to be integrated because as is it is pedagogically misleading and compromises the quality of teaching in the learning area. This implies that, SS is an integrated subject and has to be taught as such because Geography cannot be taught without History or vice versa, because the one without the other equates with an incomplete learning area.
Medical treatment of uterine fibroids.

Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are the most common gynecologic tumors in women. These are benign, solid tumors of the female genital tract arising from the smooth muscle layer of the uterus, the myometrium. According to clinical studies in women, during their reproductive years, the prevalence of leiomyomas is 20–25%, and this number could now be higher with the use of new imaging techniques. The prevalence is three to nine-times higher in black women than in white women. In addition, in autopsy studies, the incidence reaches as high as 77%. Uterine fibroids are a common cause of morbidity in women of reproductive age. Although these tumors can be asymptomatic, approximately 20–40% are symptomatic, leading patients to seek therapy. When the patient experiences substantial bleeding and pelvic pain, surgical intervention constitutes the most common method of treatment. In fact, fibroids are one of the most frequent causes of hysterectomy in women of reproductive age. The majority of the symptoms experienced by women with leiomyomas are related to either the size of the mass or uterine bleeding, termed menorrhagia or hypermenorrhea. Twenty to 50% of women with fibroids have symptoms caused by increased uterine size and 30% have menorrhagia or hypermenorrhea. The mechanism of menorrhagia is unknown but may be caused by dysregulation of angiogenic factors. Bleeding is not characteristic of myomas when it occurs at a time other than menstruation; therefore, intermenstrual bleeding should raise the suspicion of endometrial pathology. Myomas can also cause reproductive problems including infertility, miscarriage, and pregnancy complications. Uterine leiomyomas can be managed expectantly if they are asymptomatic. When symptomatic, the assessment of the appropriate treatment usually depends on a number of factors, such as the size and location(s) of the myomas, the intensity of the symptoms, and the age and reproductive desires of the patient. Medical therapy is intended to reduce or eliminate the symptoms related to leiomyoma by decreasing the size of myoma or the amount of bleeding. Medical therapy may also be used as an adjunct to surgical therapy, as a preoperative measure to control Correspondence: Elizabeth A. Stewart, MD, Clinical Director, Center for Uterine Fibroids, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: eastewart@partners.org. Supported by National Institutes of Health Grant HD115301. CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Volume 44, Number 2, pp 372–384 © 2001, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Board level drop test simulation using explicit and implicit solvers

Drop test is transient and dynamic in nature. Therefore, explicit solvers such as ANSYS/LS-DYNA and ABQUAS Explicit are employed extensively for the free fall analysis [1-3]. To avoid complexity in modeling contact event, a simplified Input-G method was suggested [4-5]. However, the explicit algorithm suffers from poor numerical stability unless a very fine time increment is used, which means that it is very costly. Implicit solver, on the other hand, is an affordable alternative. Nevertheless, it is not compatible with the direct application of acceleration profile without additional treatment of the boundary conditions [6]. To overcome these numerical obstacles, a dynamic-static modeling approach was introduced where a dynamic analysis is performed to calculate the maximum bending moment of the printed circuit board (PCB), which is used as boundary conditions of the consecutive static analysis of the stress in a detailed local model [7]. This paper investigates the simulation methodologies of board level drop test using both explicit and implicit solvers. It demonstrates that explicit solver could be replaced by implicit solver to model the current industrial specified drop test, which is a moderate transient process, as both solvers gave similar results in terms of peeling stress of solder joints. Moreover, it is possible to model complicate material behavior as well as geometric details, which are extremely difficult for dynamic modeling using explicit solver unless sub-modeling or mass scaling techniques are applied. The results of the numerical analysis are compared and discussed in details.
Diagrammatic Reasoning

Danielle Macbeth In Part III of his 1879 logic1 Frege proves a theorem in the theory of sequences on the basis of four definitions. He claims in Grundlagen that this proof, despite being strictly deductive, constitutes a real extension of our knowledge, that it is ampliative rather than merely explicative: “From this proof it can be seen that propositions that extend our knowledge can have analytic judgments for their content”. 2 Frege furthermore connects this idea of ampliative deductive proof to what he thinks of as a fruitful definition, one that “[draws] boundary lines that were not previously given at all”: “What we shall be able to infer from it [a fruitful definition], cannot be inspected in advance . the conclusions we draw from it extend our knowledge, and ought therefore, on Kant’s view, to be regarded as synthetic; and yet they can be proved by purely logical means, and are thus analytic”. 3 I will suggest that we can make good sense of these claims if we read Frege’s notation diagrammatically.4