Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A NOTE ON SIGNAL DISTORTION DUE TO DYNAMIC (NMO) CORRECTIONS

By applying dynamic corrections a seismic trace recorded at a distance x from the energy source should be varied in such a way as to obtain a trace which would be recorded at zero-distance, i.e. at the source itself. Only such a zero-offset-trace contains the correct sequence of reflection coefficients (reflectivity function), whilst all other traces contain a distorted reflectivity function. In the simplest case, the reflectivity function is compressed over a shorter time whereas in more complicated cases a partial inversion of the reflectivity function results. This happens when some of the reflection hyperbolae intersect one another. The reconstruction of the true zero-offset reflectivity function by the application of dynamic corrections can only be an approximative process. In the first case mentioned we must expect a decrease in accuracy of the corrected trace in comparison with a zero-offset-trace. In the second case, where intersections of the hyperbolae occur, accurate reconstruction is clearly impossible. The problems are discussed with the help of theoretical and practical examples.
Synthesis of large high‐quality forsterite single crystals to 200 mm length and its significance

Comprehensive and conclusive understanding of the anisotropic upper mantle relies on the physical property measurements on high‐quality homogeneous specimens of various crystallographic directions. Such specimens are ultimately prepared from one large single crystal. Large forsterite single crystals were synthesized for use in property measurements and laboratory experiments including anisotropic studies. We are capable of producing large homogeneous single crystals over 50 mm diameter and 200 mm length.
Treatment of oil-field produced water by combined process of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)-Biological Aerated Filter (BAF): a pilot study

The combined process of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) and Biological Aerated Filter (BAF) was used to treat the oil-field produced water. The experimental results showed that for ABR the removal efficiency of oil and COD was 84.5%, 40.8%, respectively, and the ratio of BOD5/COD of the effluent increased 24.8% when the flow rate was 0.3 m³/h. For the BAF, when the hydraulic loading rate was 0.6m/h and the influent COD was 203.5 mg/L, the effluent COD was 85.7 mg/L, the removal efficiency was 57.9%. The removal efficiency of Suspended Solids (SS) was 82.7%. The total removal efficiency of oil, COD, BOD and SS was 96.1-96.7, 58.2-75.1, 80.0-93.1 and 80.7-87.1%, respectively. The GC/MS analysis showed that the different components of oil could be removed by this combined process. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation indicated that the biofilm was dense and compact and the microbial composition was abundant and diversiform.
The South Tibetan Detachment System, Himalayan Orogen: Extension Contemporaneous With and Parallel to Shortening in a Collisional Mountain Belt

Lastname, F.M. , year, Title of abstract: Name of Conference. City, State, Abstracts, v. #, p. ###. Fitzgerald, P.G. , 1989, Uplift and formation of Transantarctic Mountains: Applications of apatite fission track analysis to tectonic problems: International Geological Congress, 28th, Washington, D.C., Abstracts, v. 1, p. 491. LeMasurier, W.E. , and Landis, C.A. , 1991, Plume related uplift measured by fault displacement of the West Antarctic erosion surface, Marie Byrd Land [abs. ]: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 72, p. 501. [Previous format for AGU abstracts. See Reusch et al., 2013, for new format. ] McKinnon, W.B. , and Schenk, P.M. , 2000, Chaos on Io: A model for formation of mountain blocks by crustal heating, melting, and tilting: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI, CD-ROM, abstract 2079. Reusch, D.B. , Karmosky, C.C. , Lampkin, D.J., and Schneider, D.P., 2013, Will a warmer west Antarctic also bring a wetter ice sheet? : Abstract C21E-07 presented at 2013 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 9–13 December. Sears, J.W. , 2012, Making Nuna and breaking Rodinia: Implications of Siberia-Laurentia connections for supercontinent cycles: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 44, no. 7, p. 378. [Note— Beginning with volume 21 (1989), Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs started numbering the pages of each Section Meeting book and the Annual Meeting book separately (not sequentially). Therefore, issue numbers should be included starting with volume 21 but can be skipped for years before that. ]
A Pleistocene and still-active detachment fault and the origin of the Corinth-Patras rift, Greece

Earthquake seismology requires an active, shallow, low-angle (∼20°) north-dipping normal fault beneath the western Corinth-Patras rift. However, extensional faults that crop out south of the gulf, in northern Peloponnesus, are steeper (40°–50°), and this difference of dip has remained unexplained. In this area, the geometry of successive synrift deposits that were controlled by the steeper faults indicates a chronology showing that these faults and the related depocenter of the gulf have shifted to the north with time. The southernmost and earliest fault is different: it is a low-angle detachment fault, more than 70 km long, that cuts obliquely to the north through the nappe pile of the Hellenides. This major detachment fault was active in the early rifting stage. Then, steeper faults formed successively northward, as southern parts of the detachment became inactive and stranded the shallow parts of its hanging wall. This may have resulted from uplift and backtilting of the southern part of the detachment. This northern Peloponnesus detachment probably connects north to the one that is still active under the gulf. It explains the successive steep faults that branch from it, and the northward migration of the gulf and of its depocenter.
A model for the separation of cloud and aerosol in SAGE II occultation data

The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II satellite experiment measures the extinction due to aerosols and thin cloud, at wavelengths of 0.525 and 1.02 μm, down to an altitude of 6 km. The wavelength dependence of the extinction due to aerosols differs from that of the extinction due to cloud and is used as the basis of a model for separating these two components. The model is presented and its validation using airborne lidar data, obtained coincident with SAGE II observations, is described. This comparison shows that smaller SAGE II cloud extinction values correspond to the presence of subvisible cirrus cloud in the lidar record. Examples of aerosol and cloud data products obtained using this model to interpret SAGE II upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric data are also shown.
Enhanced Dynamic Simulation Through Continuous Fracture Modelling of Carbonate Reservoir, Oman

The studied block is the largest and most faulted within the carbonate field which is currently under water-flood FDP. The study kicked off with extensive borehole image interpretation review of existing and new fracture picks. In parallel, several high resolution seismic inversions and spectral imaging attributes were generated as drivers to geological and fracture modelling. High resolution seismic was used to highlight subtle faults. Facies changes were also visible from seismic as seen in cored wells. Sequential geological modelling of GR, density, porosity and SW was constrained by seismic attributes. The derived fracture frequency logs were compared against geological, structural and seismic drivers in a process called driver ranking. The results confirmed the role of faults as well as facies being primary causes of fracturing. Subsequently, the screened and cross-correlated potential drivers were carried forward to constrain the fracture models. Multiple stochastic realizations were derived through NNT training and testing and an average model was kept. Final models were validated against hidden BHI data. New BHI was used to confirm model prediction. Different types of dynamic data in non-BHI wells were also used to validate the fracture models as specific production/injection related issues could be directly linked to presence of fractures. These data include PLT, PTA and tracer tests from which injectivity issues and short circuiting were explained by higher fracture densities and corridors. Through dynamic calibration, the fracture model was converted to fracture permeability. The fracture permeability is the product of fracture density and a scaling factor derived from history matching. Subsequently, the addition of matrix permeability and fracture permeability will determine the effective permeability. This Keffective was directly used in Daleel’s simulator without upscaling since it was part of the same grid hosting the fracture models. The results were encouraging as the simulation was smooth and error-free.
Reduced false alarm automatic detection of clouds and shadows on SPOT images using simultaneous estimation

In this study, we propose an automatic approach for detecting clouds, cloud shadows and mist present on optical remote sensing images such as SPOT/HRVIR ones. This detection is necessary to not take their signal into account for land studies from remote sensing data, such as land cover / land use classification, vegetation and soil moisture monitoring. The adopted approach is based on Markov Random Field (MRF) modeling at two levels: pixel and object. The algorithm is parameterized by six parameters that are rather robust since their value was kept identical for the processing of 39 SPOT/HRVIR images that corresponds to various acquisition conditions, seasons, and landscapes. Our method makes use of three main cloud/shadow features: - Clouds (or shadows) can be viewed as connex objects; - Each cloud generates a shadow with similar shape and area; - The direction of the relative position of a cloud and its shadow in the image is determined by acquisition conditions. The first feature is modeled using a MRF on the pixel graph, and we show that the proposed model leads to the use of hysteresis threshold techniques or growing region as far as local optimization is concerned. The two last features are modeled using a MRF on the graph of cloud and shadow objects (detected from the previous step at pixel level), and we show that the proposed model corresponds the mutual validation of cloud and shadow detections.
A Method for Measuring Vertical Accretion, Elevation, and Compaction of Soft, Shallow-Water Sediments: RESEARCH METHODS PAPERS

ABSTRACT High-resolution measures of vertical accretion, elevation, and compaction of shallow-water sediments are fundamental to understanding the processes that control elevation change and the mechanisms of progradation (e.g., development of mudflats and intertidal wetlands) in coastal systems. Yet, measurements of elevation by traditional survey methods often are of low accuracy because of the compressible nature of the substrates. Nor do they provide measures of vertical accretion or sediment compaction. This paper evaluates the use in shallow-water systems of an approach designed to measure these variables in vegetated wetlands. The approach employs simultaneous measures of elevation from temporary benchmarks using a sedimentation-erosion table (SET) and vertical accretion from marker horizons with sediment cores collected with a cryogenic coring apparatus. The measures are made with a level of resolution sufficient to distinguish between the influence of surface and subsurface processes on elevation, thus providing quantitative estimates of shallow subsidence. The SET-marker horizon approach was evaluated on a developing splay created by an artificial crevasse of a distributary in the Mississippi River delta. The approach provided high-resolution measures of vertical accretion (48.3 ± 2.0 cm) and elevation (36.7 ± 1.6 cm) over a 4-year period, with the difference between the two indicating the amount of shallow subsidence. In addition, by laying new marker horizons in later years, the approach provided rates not only of shallow subsidence (3.9 ± 0.5 cm y-1) but also compaction of newly deposited sediments (2.1 ± 0.6 cm y-1) and compaction of underlying sediments (1.8 ± 0.20 cm y-1) over a two-year period. Hence, the SET-marker horizon approach has widespread applicability in both emergent wetland and shallow water environments for providing high resolution measures of the processes controlling elevation change.
The Structure of the Tutte-Grothendieck Ring of Ribbon Graphs

W. H. Tutte’s 1947 paper on a ring generated by graphs satisfying a contraction-deletion relation is extended to ribbon graphs. This ring of ribbon graphs is a polynomial ring on an infinite set of one-vertex ribbon graphs. Acknowledgements: The LSU Research Experience for Undergraduates Program is supported by a National Science Foundation grant, DMS-0648064. Page 16 RHIT Undergrad. Math. J., Vol. 13, No. 2
A study of PCA image fusion techniques on remote sensing

We propose a PCA algorithm for image fusion between the infrared image and the visible image of the same night vision. The infrared image and the visible image are preprocessed with image Gaussian low-pass filter respectively, to smooth the images. The mathematical formulation of image fusion techniques is worked out in this paper. Included are block-based method, wavelet transform, wavelet packet and PCA. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Hydroclimatic trends and possible climatic warming in the Canadian Prairies

Results from applying Kendall's test to temperature and precipitation data from 37 weather stations, along with 50 sets of natural streamflow data and 13 sets of evapotranspiration, data show that the Canadian Prairies have become warmer and somewhat drier in the last 4–5 decades. Warming trends are detected in more weather stations than are drying trends. Temperature data are more highly correlated across sites than precipitation. No link was found between precipitation and maximum temperature. Kendall's test on the drought duration, severity, and magnitude for two Saskatchewan sites did not detect any significant trend.
Aesthetic scoring of digital portraits for consumer applications

Computational Aesthetics applied on digital photography is becoming an interesting issue in different frameworks (e.g., photo album summarization, imaging acquisition devices). Although it is widely believed and can often be experimentally demonstrated that aesthetics is mainly subjective, we aim to find some formal or mathematical explanations of aesthetics in photographs. We propose a scoring function to give an aesthetic evaluation of digital portraits and group pictures, taking into account faces aspect ratio, their perceptual goodness in terms of lighting of the skin and their position. Also well-known composition rules (e.g., rule of thirds) are considered especially for single portrait. Both subjective and quantitatively experiments have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Les aspects parasitologiques de l'épidémiologie du paludisme dans le Sahara Malien

Dans le cadre de l'evaluation epidemiologique de la Transsaharienne, une enquete transversale paludometrique a ete realisee d'Aout 1988 a Septembre 1988 le long du troncon Malien. Neuf localites ont ete visitees: Douentza, Gossi, Bourem, Almoustarat, Anefis, Aguel-Hoc, Tarlit, Tessalit, Kidal, Bouressa. 2185 unites ont ete prelevees pour les etudes cliniques, parasitologiques et immunologiques. L'indice plasmodique global est de 5,3% avec une grande variation du Sud (44,6%) au Nord (0%)
Occurrence of frost heaving in the Selenge River Basin, Mongolia

This paper describes frost heaving in the Selenge River Basin in central Mongolia. Spatial information has been compiled according to predominant composition of the ground, soil moisture content and water level, permafrost distribution and temperature, and the depth of seasonal freezing/thawing of the ground. This allows the creation of a permafrost-engineering geology map to predict the occurrence and intensity of frost heave. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Le present article decrit le soulevement par le gel dans le bassin de la riviere Silenge en Mongolie centrale. Une cartographie a ete realisee qui rassemble: 1) la composition principale du sol, 2) le contenu en eau et le niveau de l'eau dans le sol, 3) la distribution du pergelisol et la temperature, 4) la profondeur du gel saisonnier dans le sol. Cette carte presente un interet applique pour l'ingenieur en ce qu'elle predit la distribution et l'importance du soulevement par le gel. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vehicle-to-vehicle channel modeling and measurements: recent advances and future challenges

Vehicle-to-vehicle communications have recently received much attention due to some new applications, such as wireless mobile ad hoc networks, relay-based cellular networks, and intelligent transportation systems for dedicated short range communications. The underlying V2V channels, as a foundation for the understanding and design of V2V communication systems, have not yet been sufficiently investigated. This article aims to review the state-of-the-art in V2V channel measurements and modeling. Some important V2V channel measurement campaigns and models are briefly described and classified. Finally, some challenges of V2V channel measurements and modeling are addressed for future studies.
Demographic types of small cities in Poland

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the demographic types of all small cities in Poland in 2013 and to identify the standards of their spatial diversity. The following questions were posed: Which demographic types are dominant among the small cities of Poland? Is there a relation between a specific demographic type and the size of the city? Does the structure of small cities according to their demographic types relate to their distance from main roads and urban agglomerations? The study applied the Webb’s typology, the K. Doi leading element method, the departure from average indicator, and the nonparametric Chi squared test. The spatial regularities were identified based on the created maps. The results of the study show that small cities of Poland in 2013 were represented by all demographic types, but most of them were regressive. They were established in 80% of small cities. The main element determining the population trends of small cities was the negative migration balance, which was observed in 80% of the surveyed areas. It was also established that the population of small cities has a slight impact on population trends. The most important aspect of their development is the distance from agglomerations and main roads.
Associate Editor.

Purpose: The study examines the level of transformational leadership and its elements among university librarians as perceived by the library staff. Design/methodology/approach: The study follows survey method employing structured questionnaire. Moreover, a multitude of sources like books, journals, databases, and website of university of Kashmir and university of Jammu were consulted to get additional insights. Findings: There is an above average level of transformational leadership style perceived for the university librarians with most positive perception for the University of Kashmir. Among the five dimensions of transformational leadership, university librarians are perceived to possess higher level of individual consideration followed by inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, idealized behaviour and idealized attributes respectively. Research Implications/Value: The study shows the transformation leadership style demonstrated by the university librarians and will be helpful in framing the leadership programs for the university libraries.
On Stackelberg Equilibria with Differentiated Products: the Critical Role of the Strategy Space

Nous Considerons Dans Cet Article un Modele de Duopole Avec Produits Differencies; Nous Montrons Que le Caractere Substituts Vs Complements de Ces Produits Est un Facteur Important Dans la Determination du Mode de Concurrence Strategique (Cournot-Bertrand, Nash Mixte, Stackelberg; En Prix Ou Quantites) Que L'on Est Susceptible D'observer. Si les Produits Sont Substituts (Complements), la Concurrence Sera du Type Cournot (Bertrand) Plutot Que du Type Nash Mixte a Moins Qu'une Firme Puisse Affirmer Son Leadership et Forcer une Concurrence a la Stackelberg Mais Quel Soit le Role Tenu Par une Firme, Il Sera Preferable Pour Elle Que la Concurrence S'exprime En Quantite (Prix). Par Ailleurs, la Concurrence a la Bertrand Est Toujours la Meilleure du Point de Vue des Consommateurs et du Point de Vue de L'efficacite Sociale, et Ce, Que les Produits Soient Susbtituts Ou Complements.
Steady state deformation of the Coso Range, east central California, inferred from satellite radar interferometry

Observations of deformation from 1992 to 1997 in the southern Coso Range using satellite radar interferometry show deformation rates of up to 35 mm yr . 1 in an area ∼10 km by 15 km. The deformation is most likely the result of subsidence in an area around the Coso geothermal field. The deformation signal has a short-wavelength component, related to production in the field, and a long-wavelength component, deforming at a constant rate, that may represent a source of deformation deeper than the geothermal reservoir. We have modeled the long-wavelength component of deformation and inferred a deformation source at ∼4 km depth. The source depth is near the brittle-ductile transition depth (inferred from seismicity) and ∼1.5 km above the top of the rhyolite magma body that was a source for the most recent volcanic eruption in the Coso volcanic field [Manley and Bacon, 2000]. From this evidence and results of other studies in the Coso Range, we interpret the source to be a leaking deep reservoir of magmatic fluids derived from a crystallizing rhyolite magma body.
Economics of Global Warming, The

This award-winning study examines the costs and benefits of an aggressive program of global action to limit greenhouse warming. An initial chapter summarizes the scientific issues from the standpoint of an economist. The analysis places heavy emphasis on effects over a long run of 200 to 300 years, with much greater warming damages than those associated with the conventional benchmark. * Estimates are presented for economic damages, ranging from agricultural losses and sea level rise to loss of forests, water scarcity, electricity requirements for air conditioning, and several other major effects. The study concludes with a cost- benefit estimate for international action and a discussion of policy measures to mobilize the global response. * Selected by Choice for its 1993 "Outstanding Academic Books" list and winner of the Harold and Margaret Sprout prize for the best book on international environmental affairs, awarded by the International Studies Association.