Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep subsurface microbial processes

Information on the microbiology of the deep subsurface is necessary in order to understand the factors controlling the rate and extent of the microbially catalyzed redox reactions that influence the geophysical properties of these environments. Furthermore, there is an increasing threat that deep aquifers, an important drinking water resource, may be contaminated by man's activities, and there is a need to predict the extent to which microbial activity may remediate such contamination. Metabolically active microorganisms can be recovered from a diversity of deep subsurface environments. The available evidence suggests that these microorganisms are responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of organic matter coupled to a variety of electron acceptors just as microorganisms do in surface sediments, but at much slower rates. The technical difficulties in aseptically sampling deep subsurface sediments and the fact that microbial processes in laboratory incubations of deep subsurface material often do not mimic in situ processes frequently necessitate that microbial activity in the deep subsurface be inferred through nonmicrobiological analyses of ground water. These approaches include measurements of dissolved H2, which can predict the predominant microbially catalyzed redox reactions in aquifers, as well as geochemical and groundwater flow modeling, which can be used to estimate the rates of microbial processes. Microorganisms recovered from the deep subsurface have the potential to affect the fate of toxic organics and inorganic contaminants in groundwater. Microbial activity also greatly influences the chemistry of many pristine groundwaters and contributes to such phenomena as porosity development in carbonate aquifers, accumulation of undesirably high concentrations of dissolved iron, and production of methane and hydrogen sulfide. Although the last decade has seen a dramatic increase in interest in deep subsurface microbiology, in comparison with the study of other habitats, the study of deep subsurface microbiology is still in its infancy.
Pleistocene precession forcing of the upper ocean structure variations of the southern South China Sea

Abstract The precession plays a dominant role in driving the tropical monsoon variations. Our high resolution, millennial scale marine isotope records from ODP Site 1143 in the southern South China Sea (SCS) present the detailed history of the upper ocean structure variations over the past 1.56 Ma on glacial/interglacial timescale. The cross spectral analyses between the Earth's orbital variations and the isotopic differences reveal a high coherency between the East-Asian-monsoon-related thermocline and nutricline variations of the SCS and the precession. The variations of monsoon-related isotopic difference between species also demonstrate periodicities of 11-, 12- and 14- thousand years near semi-precession which originates in the tropics, highlighting the importance of the precession in driving the east Asian monsoon changes.
Biodiversity of indigenous tussock grassland sites in Otago, Canterbury and the central North Island of New Zealand IV. Vegetation and the effect of disturbance by agricultural development and fire

Abstract The effect of disturbance by agricultural development on plant biodiversity was assessed on a broad development gradient in three major New Zealand tussock grassland types. We compared undeveloped, semi‐developed, and pastorally developed snow tussock (Chionochloa rigida) grasslands in Otago; fescue tussock (Festuca no‐vae‐zelandiae) grasslands in Canterbury; and red tussock (C. rubra) grasslands in the central North Island volcanic plateau. Plant diversity and structure were measured using height‐frequency transects. The effect of disturbance by spring and summer burning was similarly assessed in coastal and inland Otago snow tussock grasslands. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination showed agricultural development had the greatest effect on plant communities, reducing indigenous plant species diversity and dominance, and increasing adventive plant species dominance. Spring and summer burning significantly reduced indigenous plant species diversity in the montane coastal Otago snow tussock grassland, but spring burning did not significantly decrease total or indigenous plant diversity in the inland alpine grassland. For biodiversity conservation in tussock grasslands it is critical that representative lower altitude areas are retained, and that tall tussock grasslands should only be burnt when retaining sufficient moisture to minimise fire impact. The quantitative determination of the effects of these disturbance factors will assist further investigation of vegetation‐fauna interactions, and tussock grassland ecosystem studies.
Pastoral resource access and utilization: Quantifying the spatial and temporal relationships between livestock mobility, density and biomass availability in southern Kenya

The relationships between pastoralists, livestock, and the environment in dryland Africa are complex. Over the last half‐century dominant narratives have portrayed pastoralists and their livestock as being responsible for ‘over grazing’ and ‘degradation’ without attention to how resource availability and cattle mobility are spatially distributed and temporally variable. The objective of this study is to test hypotheses on the nature, magnitude, and extent of the spatially and temporally explicit interactions between the density and distribution of pastoral cattle and resource availability. The study relies on coupling remotely sensed vegetation indices with cattle Global Positioning Systems (GPS) collar data for a pastoral community in southern Kenya. Data are temporally stratified in order to account for seasonal effects. Across seasons, there is a positive relationship between cattle mobility and resource availability with the trend more pronounced during drier periods, reflecting a strategy of increased resource access. The relationship between cattle density and vegetation reveals a strategy of increased resource utilization during wetter periods. The spatiality of high‐density areas differs by season, revealing that cattle intensively utilize different parts of the landscape at different times. Areas closest to the household are consistently impacted by cattle across all seasons. These findings have implications on how the savanna vegetation may be impacted as trends towards sedentarization and reduced pastoral mobility continue. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Música en el cine: Una propuesta de trabajo cooperativo en base a una red social educativa en un curso de 4º de la E.S.O

El proyecto que se describira a continuacion se llevo a cabo con alumnos de cuarto de la E.S. O. del Colegio Artica del PAU de Carabanchel, sito en la C.C. A.A de Madrid en el ano 2010. En este articulo se expondra el trabajo realizado sobre un tema en concreto del curriculum oficial de 4o de la ESO en el aula de musica que fue trabajado en grupos cooperativos utilizando una red social. Asi mismo, se puntualizaran los objetivos que guiaron la accion, se hara una breve descripcion de las herramientas utilizadas, se comentaran las ventajas y desventajas observadas y finalmente se ofreceran las conclusiones pertinentes.
Observational Evidence for Oceanic Forcing of Atmospheric Variability in the Nordic Seas Area

AbstractSubstantial predictability of the wintertime atmospheric variability in the Nordic (Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian and Barents) seas region is reported based on oceanic observations and atmospheric reanalysis data. In particular, about 60% of the variance of the winter (December–March) regional average surface air temperature (SAT) and early-winter (November–February) zonal geostrophic winds over the western Barents Sea Opening (BSO) area in the period 1982–2006 is explained by the previous summer (June–September) Atlantic water temperature (AWT) anomalies in this area. The atmospheric response to oceanic heat anomalies mainly occurs in the marginal ice zone (MIZ), where the sea ice and corresponding surface heat flux (SHF) anomalies should be triggered by entrainment of subsurface heat anomalies into the deepening mixed layer and sustained through winter by anomalous oceanic heat transport. The latter should be caused by geostrophic current anomalies forced by anomalous ocean Ekman suction and/or on.
Sedimentary records of relative paleointensity of the geomagnetic field: Theory and practice

Sediments have proved irresistible targets for attempts at determining the relative variations in the Earth's magnetic field because of the possibility of long and continuous sequences that are well dated and have a reasonable global distribution. The assumption underlying paleointensity studies using sedimentary sequences is that sediments retain a record reflecting the strength of the magnetic field when they were deposited. Early theoretical work suggested that because the time required for an assemblage of magnetic particles in water to come into equilibrium with the ambient magnetic field was quite short, no dependence on magnetic field was expected. Nonetheless, a number of experiments showed that sedimentary magnetizations varied in accordance with the field, albeit not always in a simple, linear fashion. Experiments in which the sediments were stirred in the presence of a field (to simulate bioturbation) showed a reasonably linear relationship with the applied field, and these results spurred the hope that variations in the Earth's magnetic field might indeed be recoverable from appropriate sedimentary sequences. Examination of existing paleointensity data sets allows a few general conclusions to be drawn. It appears that sedimentary sequences can and do provide a great deal of information about the variations in relative paleointensity of the Earth's magnetic field. The dynamic range of sedimentary data sets is comparable to those acquired from thermal remanences. Moreover, when compared directly with such independent measures of magnetic field variations as beryllium isotopic ratios and thermally blocked remanences, there is considerable agreement among the various records. When viewed over timescales of hundreds to thousands of years, relative paleointensity data sets from more than a few thousand kilometers apart bear little resemblance to one another, suggesting that they are dominated by nondipole field behavior. When viewed over timescales of a few tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, however, the records show coherence over large distances (at least thousands of kilometers) and may reflect changes in the dipole field. On the basis of a sequence spanning the Brunhes and Matuyama chrons, the magnetic field has oscillated with a period of about 40 ka for the last few hundred thousand years, but these oscillations are not clear in the record prior to about 300 ka; thus they are probably not an inherent feature in the geomagnetic field, and the correspondence of the period of oscillation to that of obliquity is probably coincidence.
Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia — a young collision zone

Summary We use the tectonics of Eastern Anatolia to exemplify many of the different aspects of collision tectonics, namely the formation of plateaux, thrust belts, foreland flexures, widespread foreland/hinterland deformation zones and orogenic collapse/distension zones. Eastern Anatolia is a 2 km high plateau bounded to the S by the southward-verging Bitlis Thrust Zone and to the N by the Pontide/Minor Caucasus Zone. It has developed as the surface expression of a zone of progressively thickening crust beginning about 12 Ma in the medial Miocene and has resulted from the squeezing and shortening of Eastern Anatolia between the Arabian and European Plates following the Serravallian demise of the last oceanic or quasioceanic tract between Arabia and Eurasia. Thickening of the crust to about 52 km has been accompanied by major strike-slip faulting on the right-lateral N Anatolian Transform Fault (NATF) and the left-lateral E Anatolian Transform Fault (EATF) which approximately bound an Anatolian Wedge that is being driven westwards to override the oceanic lithosphere of the Mediterranean along subduction zones from Cephalonia to Crete, and Rhodes to Cyprus. This neotectonic regime began about 12 Ma in Late Serravallian times with uplift from wide-spread littoral/neritic marine conditions to open seasonal wooded savanna with colluvial, fluvial and limnic environments, and the deposition of the thick Tortonian Kythrean Flysch in the Eastern Mediterranean. Earthquake hypocentres are scattered throughout the region but large earthquakes are concentrated mainly on the major faults and are mostly shallow, supporting the idea of a brittle elastic lid with hypocentres concentrated towards its base with more ductile deformation in the middle and lower crust. Neotectonic magmatic suites are nepheline-hypersthene normative alkali basalts of mantle origin, and silicic/intermediate/mafic calcalkaline suites, both suites occurring in pull-apart basins in strike-slip regimes and along N-S extensional fissures, and both suites showing a strong change to central activity in the Pliocene. Upper-crustal strains appear to be discontinuous in space and time, with zones of strong shortening representing shoaling of crustal detachment zones flattening between 5 and 10 km. Approximately NW- (dextral) and NE- (sinistral) trending lineaments bound less deformed wedges (low relief seismically ‘dead’ areas) and vary from simple strike-slip faults to complicated braided transform-flake boundaries with pull-apart and compressional segments (N and E Anatolian Transform Faults). Volcanoes lie in grabens on N-S ‘cracks’ that extend into the Arabian Foreland and in transcurrent pull-aparts. Major extensional basins lie at plate (Adana) and flake (Karliova) triple junctions and result from compatibility problems.
Nitrogen detection with hyperspectral normalized ratio indices across multiple plant species

The main focus of recent studies relating vegetation leaf chemistry with remotely sensed data is the prediction of chlorophyll and nitrogen content using indices based on a combination of bands from the red and infrared wavelengths. The use of high spectral resolution data offers the opportunity to select the optimal wavebands for predicting plant chemical properties. In order to test the optimal band combinations for predicting nitrogen content, normalized ratio indices were calculated for all wavebands between 350 and 2200 nm for five different species. The correlation between these indices and the nitrogen content of the samples was calculated and compared between species. The results show a strong correlation between individual normalized ratio indices and the nitrogen content for different species. The spectral regions that are most effective for predicting nitrogen content are, for each individual species, different from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) spectral region. By combining the areas of maximum correlation it was possible to determine the optimal spectral regions for predicting leaf nitrogen content across species. In a cross‐species situation, normalized ratio indices using the combination of reflectance at 1770 nm and at 693 nm may give the best relation to nitrogen content for individual species.
Systematic Comparison of ENSO Teleconnection Patterns between Models and Observations

AbstractThis paper applies a new field significance test to establish the existence and consistency of ENSO teleconnection patterns across models and observations. An ENSO teleconnection pattern is defined as a field of regression coefficients between an index of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature and a field of variables such as surface air temperature or precipitation. The test is applied to boreal winter and summer in six continents using observations and hindcasts from the Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction (DEMETER) and the ENSEMBLE-based predictions of climate changes and their impacts (ENSEMBLES) projects. This comparison represents one of the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessments of the extent to which ENSO teleconnection patterns exist and can be reproduced by coupled models.Statistically significant ENSO teleconnection patterns are detected in both observations and models and in all continents and in both winter and summe.
Evidence for a mid‐Pleistocene shift of ice‐drift pattern in the Nordic seas

Sediment proxy records from a continuous, 1.5 million year long deep‐sea sediment core from a site in the western Norwegian Sea were used to obtain new insights into the nature of palaeoceanographic change in the northern North Atlantic (Nordic seas) during the climatic shift of the Mid‐Pleistocene Revolution (MPR). Red‐green sediment colour and magnetic susceptibility records both reveal significant differences in their mean values when comparing the intervals older than 700 000 yr (700 ka) with those from the past 500 kyr. The timing and duration of these changes indicates that the MPR in the Nordic seas is characterised by a gradual transition lasting about 200 kyr. Together with further sedimentological evidence this suggests that the mid‐Pleistocene climate shift was accompanied by a general change in ice‐drift pattern. It is further proposed that prior to the onset of the major late Pleistocene glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere a significant proportion of the ice in the eastern Nordic seas originated from a southern provenance, whereas later it dominantly came from the surrounding landmasses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyporheic hydrology: interactions at the groundwater‐surface water interface

This special issue comprises papers on hyporheic hydrology given in an oral and poster session (HS7Ð4) titled ‘Hydroecology of riparian zones: hyporheic controls at the groundwater-surface water interface’ at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly held in Vienna, 14–18 April 2008, as well as a selection of invited articles on recent advances in hyporheic zone (HZ) research. The HZ is an interface that derives its physical, chemical and biological characteristics from active mixing of groundwater and surface water. Several investigations have shown that HZ properties may differ significantly from its surrounding groundwater and surface water environments (Bencala, 1984; Triska et al., 1989a,b; Findlay, 1995). For example, the HZ is frequently characterised by sharp chemical gradients in redox potential and dissolved oxygen (Boulton et al., 1998; Chafiq et al., 1999). This groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interface may be very active biogeochemically, with hyporheic passage often resulting in conversion of nutrients and attenuation of pollutants (Grimm and Fisher, 1984; Triska et al., 1989a,b, 1993; Hill, 1996; Boulton et al., 1998; Hill and Lymburner, 1998). Furthermore, the HZ creates a unique environment, which hosts some highly specialised organisms that provide specific ecosystem functions and services (Stanford and Ward, 1988; Findlay, 1995; Brunke and Gonser, 1997). The HZ has been identified as an important habitat and refugium for a range of species (Brunke and Gonser, 1997; Dole-Olivier et al., 1997; Malcolm et al., 2004) and a ‘hotspot’ for biogeochemical cycling (Worman et al., 2002; Storey et al., 2004; Kasahara and Hill, 2006; Krause et al., 2009). Given this context, the EGU session solicited papers with a focus on:
of Neurotherapy : Investigations in Neuromodulation , Neurofeedback and Applied Neuroscience Placebo and the Two Faces of Neurotherapy

THIS OPEN-ACCESS CONTENT MADE POSSIBLE BY THESE GENEROUS SPONSORS To cite this article: David L. Trudeau MD (2004) Summaries and Abstracts of Student Scholarship Presentations, Poster Presentations and General Conference Presentations Presented at the 2003 International Society for Neuronal Regulation (ISNR) 11th Annual Conference, Houston, Texas, Journal of Neurotherapy: Investigations in Neuromodulation, Neurofeedback and Applied Neuroscience, 8:2, 105-106, DOI: 10.1300/J184v08n02_10
A model study of regional air‐sea interaction in the austral summer precipitation over southern Africa

The importance of air‐sea interactions in the simulation of southern Africa precipitation is brought out using a fully coupled regional model and by forcing the atmospheric component of the coupled model with the coupled model‐simulated sea surface temperature (SST). The coupled model has the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model as the atmospheric component and the Regional Ocean Modeling System as the oceanic component. The spatial and temporal distribution of the coupled model‐simulated SST shows good agreement with observations. The coupled model shows a bias of about 0.25°C near the east coast of southern Africa. Comparison of the precipitation between the coupled and uncoupled model shows that the air‐sea interactions play an important role in the simulation of the precipitation during the peak precipitation season January to March, when the precipitation is mostly due to tropical processes. It is found that the two‐way specification of SST to the atmospheric model results in significant larger (smaller) precipitation depending on the spatial distribution of SST, due to the increase (decrease) of moisture from the surrounding oceans into the landmass. The results also show that the air‐sea interactions are not so important during the initial phases of the precipitation from October to December.
A Method for the Routine Analysis of Pitch-and-Roll Buoy Wave Data

Abstract A simple, computationally efficient method is proposed as a standard procedure for the routine analysis of pitch-and-roll buoy wave data. The method yields four directional model-free parameters per frequency: the mean direction, the directional width, the skewness, and the kurtosis of the directional energy distribution. For most applications these parameters provide sufficient directional information. The estimation procedure and error characteristics of the parameter estimates are discussed and illustrated with computer simulated data. An optional interpretation of the combination of skewness and kurtosis as an indicator of uni-modality of the directional energy distribution is suggested and illustrated with field observations.
Target decomposition analysis of SIR-C data to infer surface conditions

SIR-C images taken over the Sarobetsu test site are analyzed using the target decomposition method to characterize the scattering mechanisms and relate them with the surface conditions. The scattering mechanisms assumed are double bounce scattering, Bragg scattering, odd bounce scattering, and cross scattering. The SIR-C data analyzed was taken on 10 April 1994 at the incident angle of 23.8 degrees. Two target areas (forest and pastureland) are extracted from the images, where in the former double bounce and cross scatterings must exceed the others, while in the latter odd bounce and/or Bragg scattering is expected to dominate, by referring to aerial photographs. The analysis results agree well with the expectations with one exception, i.e. the most significant mechanism in the forest is the odd bounce scattering. Analysis is made on two additional areas extracted from the mountain and the wildland, and it is confirmed that the former result is similar to that of the forest and the latter result agrees with that of the pastureland. It suggests the potential of the target decomposition method to infer sruface conditions.