Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetically dead layers at sp-impurity-decorated grain boundaries and surfaces in nickel

With the help of ab initio electronic structure calculations, we study segregation of the sp elements (Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb, and Te) at the Sigma5(210) grain boundary (GB) and (210) free surface (FS) in fcc FM nickel. Whereas there is a slight enhancement of magnetization at the clean GB and FS with respect to bulk nickel (3–7% and 24%, respectively), most of these impurities nearly kill or substantially reduce the magnetic moments at the FS and, when segregating interstitially at the GB (i.e., Si, P, S, Ge, As, and Se), they produce magnetically dead layers at the boundary. We demonstrate that the existence of magnetically dead layers is a common phenomenon at the sp-impurity-decorated GB and FS in nickel. It is caused by a strong hybridization of sp states of the impurities with the d states of nickel and a redistribution of electron states in both majority and minority bands.
SU‐FF‐J‐113: Real Time Tracking of Respiratory Tumor Motion Based On External Respiratory Output

Purpose: Inability to effectively predict respiratory motion in real‐time is a major challenge to account for respiratory motion during radiotherapy. This work aims to develop a novel technique for real‐time predicting (tracking) 3D respiratory motion (tumor position and shape change) from external respiratory output (ERO). Method and Material: A non‐invasive technique, based on the framework known as optimal recursive estimation in signal processing, was developed. Given an optimal filtering algorithm, such as the Kalman filter or the particle filter, the solution of motion tracking is converted to developing proper state and observation models. The state model is a probability density characterizing tumor's motion dynamics. Two types of state model, a conventional motion model and a periodic motion model, were investigated. The observation model is a probability density characterizing the relationship between tumor motion and ERO which can be acquired using a pressuresensor (Anzai) or optical markers (RPM/Varian) place at abdomen. We used the ERO as observation and a conditional Gaussian density as the observation model. The 4DCT datasets of a motion phantom and patients were used to validate the technique. Results: The efficacy of our technique was investigated with the phantom and patient data. For each case, state and observation models were constructed by using the “training” 4DCT containing tumor position and shape and corresponding ERO. These models are then applied to “testing data” that contain only ERO to estimate tumor position and shape. Our experimental results showed that the estimated tumor position and shape were consistent with the true position and shape based on the 4DCT acquired with the testing ERO. Conclusion: The present technique is capable of effectively tracking 3D respiratory motion in real time. By changing the state and observation models, the technique can be used for a variety of internal motions and real‐time external outputs.
〈110〉{111} dislocation core properties in L12 Al3Sc and Al3Mg based on the Peierls–Nabarro model

The generalized stacking fault (GSF) energy curves along the 〈110〉 direction on {111} slip plane for L12 Al3Sc and Al3Mg are calculated within the framework of density functional theory (DFT), and anti‐phase boundary (APB) energies are obtained. Then the structures and properties of collinear dissociated 〈110〉{111} dislocations in Al3Sc and Al3Mg are studied using Peierls–Nabarro (PN) model combined with GSF energies, the obtained dislocation dissociation width of the 〈110〉{111} edge dislocation in Al3Sc is in agreement with the available experimental value. In comparison with Al3Mg, the dislocation dissociation widths of both screw and edge in Al3Sc are narrower and the Peierls energies and stresses are lower, while the core energies are much higher. Furthermore, for both Al3Sc and Al3Mg, the core energy of screw dislocation is smaller than that of edge dislocation, while the Peierls energy and stress of screw dislocation is slightly larger.
Silicide surface phases on gold

The crystalline silicide layers formed on (111) and (100) surfaces of Au films on various Si single‐crystal substrates are studied by LEED and AES in conjunction with sputter‐depth profiling as a function of annealing temperature. On the (111) surface, three basic silicide structures are obtained corresponding to layers of various thicknesses as obtained by different preparation conditions. The (100) surface shows only two different structures. None of the structures is compatible with the various bulk silicide structures deduced from x‐ray diffraction. Using LEED as a criterion for the presence or absence of silicide on the surface, smaller layer thicknesses are obtained than reported previously on the basis of AES studies.
Computers and the Theory of Statistics: Thinking the Unthinkable

This is a survey article concerning recent advances in certain areas of statistical theory, written for a mathematical audience with no background in statistics. The topics are chosen to illustrate a special point: how the advent of the high-speed computer has affected the development of statistical theory. The topics discussed include nonparametric methods, the jackknife, the bootstrap, cross-validation, error-rate estimation in discriminant analysis, robust estimation, the influence function, censored data, the EM algorithm, and Cox’s likelihood function. The exposition is mainly by example, with only a little offered in the way of theoretical development.
Analysis of the KK-distribution with medium grazing angle sea-clutter

Robust maritime surveillance with radar requires an accurate description of the backscatter from the sea. An estimated probability distribution of the backscatter is commonly used to determine the threshold for separating targets from clutter at a given false alarm rate. Data collected at medium to high grazing angles by the Defence Science Technology Organisation (DSTO) Ingara fully polarimetric X-band radar demonstrate that the commonly used K-distribution is not always adequate for modelling the probability distribution. This is especially the case for the horizontal polarisation and in regions of high backscatter where target detection can be a problem. An alternative proposed as a more accurate model in this region is known as the KK-distribution. The analysis presented in this study describes this model with the addition of multiple looks and a thermal noise component to produce greater accuracy in the mean and underlying shape. The threshold required to achieve a constant false alarm rate is then studied and compared with the K-distribution.
An experimental study of absolute instability of the rotating-disk boundary-layer flow

In this paper, the results of experiments on unsteady disturbances in the boundary-layer flow over a disk rotating in otherwise still air are presented. The flow was perturbed impulsively at a point corresponding to a Reynolds number R below the value at which transition from laminar to turbulent flow is observed. Among the frequencies excited are convectively unstable modes, which form a three-dimensional wave packet that initially convects away from the source. The wave packet consists of two families of travelling convectively unstable waves that propagate together as one packet. These two families are predicted by linear-stability theory: branch-2 modes dominate close to the source but, as the packet moves outwards into regions with higher Reynolds numbers, branch-1 modes grow preferentially and this behaviour was found in the experiment. However, the radial propagation of the trailing edge of the wave packet was observed to tend towards zero as it approaches the critical Reynolds number (about 510) for the onset of radial absolute instability. The wave packet remains convectively unstable in the circumferential direction up to this critical Reynolds number, but it is suggested that the accumulation of energy at a well-defined radius, due to the flow becoming radially absolutely unstable, causes the onset of laminar–turbulent transition. The onset of transition has been consistently observed by previous authors at an average value of 513, with only a small scatter around this value. Here, transition is also observed at about this average value, with and without artificial excitation of the boundary layer. This lack of sensitivity to the exact form of the disturbance environment is characteristic of an absolutely unstable flow, because absolute growth of disturbances can start from either noise or artificial sources to reach the same final state, which is determined by nonlinear effects.
State-Feedback Stabilization for Stochastic High-Order Nonlinear Systems with Time-Varying Delays

This paper investigates the problem of state-feedback stabilization for a class of stochastic high-order nonlinear systems with time-varying delays. Under the weaker conditions on the power order and the nonlinear growth, by using the method of adding a power integrator, a state-feedback controller is successfully designed, and the global asymptotic stability in the probability of the resulting closed-loop system is proven with the help of an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. A simulation example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design procedure.
Theorie der stationären Leewellenströmung in freier Atmosphäre

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Herleitung der auf der Leeseite von quer uberstromten Hohenzugen beobachteten stationaren Wellenstromung einer stabil geschichteten Atmosphare aus dem Grundgleichungen der Mechanik. Das Problem ast sich auf die erste Randwertaufgabe der Wellengleichung fur die Halbebene zuruckfuhren. Die eindeutige Bestimmung der durch die Natur realisierten Losung dieser an sich unbestimmten Randwertaufgabe bildet den Gegenstand der mathematischen Untersuchung des zweiten Teils, rvo drei verschiedenen Methoden zur Losung des Eindeutigkeitsproblems dargelegt werden. Die vollstandige Losung der Aufgabe wird im dritten Teil auf Profile spezieller Bodenformen angewandt und mit den bisher vorliegenden Beobachtungen verglichen.
Angle estimation for small sample size with fast eigenvector-free subspace method

Subspace or projection methods, such as MUSIC, have been shown to perform excellently when used for angle-of-arrival estimation, especially in the case of small sample size. The drawback of those methods is their heavy computational load when used for arrays with a large number of elements. The paper investigates the performance of a fast subspace-estimation method which has been recently proposed for the closely related problem of adaptive spatial jammer suppression. This new method, called matrix transformation projection (MTP), is based on a general transformation of the covariance matrix formed from snapshots of an array of sensors. To evaluate the statistical properties of the MTP when used for angle estimation, the expectation of the corresponding angle spectra has been analytically derived. As the paper is addressing the small sample size performance of subspace methods (instead of the asymptotic one), the conventional perturbation analysis needed to be extended to second order. The resulting bias of the DOA estimates has been calculated and shown along with corresponding simulations to confirm the accuracy of the theoretical results. A comparison of these results for MTP showed the closeness to those of MUSIC even for small sample sizes, but the necessary computational load of MTP is significantly lower.
Discrete visco‐elastic lattice methods for seismic wave propagation

2D and 3D discrete particle or lattice methods for the simulation of seismic waves are presented for different visco‐elastic media. It is demonstrated that a numerical implementation of the method is capable of modelling visco‐elastic seismic wave propagation. Lattice methods represent the medium under investigation as particles or nodes interacting through local force rules. Three schemes are developed, a Maxwell body, a Kelvin‐Voigt body and a Zener Body (or standard linear solid). The force acting between particles is chosen to represent each of these different rheologies. Each of these schemes was tested against analytical solutions for wave propagation in 2D and 3D unbounded visco‐elastic media. The seismograms generated for each different rheology fit well with the expected theoretical seismograms with the maximum misfit error energy being less than 3% for each different rheology. As such, lattice methods offer an alternative approach to seismic wave modelling in elastic and visco‐elastic media.
The Squall Line Thunderstorm: Numerical Experimentation

Abstract The structure and mechanism for maintenance of the Great Plains squall line thunderstorm are studied through formulation of a two-dimensional, time-dependent numerical model. The environmental conditions known to be favorable for squall line development and maintenance include a convectively unstable air mass whose motion is characterized by strong vertical shear of the horizontal wind. These conditions are used to specify an environment in an x-z plane upon which a disturbance is superimposed. The appropriate physical equations are integrated forward in time to study changes in the motion, thermal and moisture fields in and around the squall line thunderstorm. The vertical shear of the horizontal environmental wind is varied from one experiment to another with the result that broader and longer lasting cloud circulations occur in the stronger shear cases. Specific areas where three-dimensional effects must be important are discussed from an examination of variable fields during periods when the .
A Research Framework and Initial Study of Browser Security for the Visually Impaired

The growth of web-based malware and phishing attacks has catalyzed significant advances in the research and use of interstitial warning pages and modals by a browser prior to loading the content of a suspect site. These warnings commonly use visual cues to attract users’ attention, including specialized iconography, color, and the placement and size of buttons to communicate the importance of the scenario. While the efficacy of visual techniques has improved safety for sighted users, these techniques are unsuitable for blind and visually impaired users. We attribute this not to a lack of interest or technical capability by browser manufactures, where universal design is a core tenet of their engineering practices, but instead a reflection of the very real dearth of research literature to inform their choices, exacerbated by a deficit of clear methodologies for conducting studies with this population. Indeed, the challenges are manifold. In this paper, we analyze and address the methodological challenges of conducting security and privacy research with a visually impaired population, and contribute a new set of methodological best practices when conducting a study of this kind. Using our methodology, we conduct a preliminary study analyzing the experiences of the visually impaired with browser security warnings, perform a thematic analysis identifying common challenges visually impaired users experience, and present some initial solutions that could improve security for this population.
Competition of Precipitation Particles in a Model with Parameterized Cloud Microphysics

Abstract The nonlinear open system cloud is analyzed in this basic study in the context of the theory of self-organization. Emphasis is placed on the microphysical processes of riming, accretion, and sedimentation in a supercooled cloud containing several types of precipitation particles. These processes are mathematically described using a parameterization scheme of the Kessler type. This model of the competition of precipitation particle types for cloud water is analogous to the famous predator-prey model in population dynamics. The models differ, however, in the role of the exponents in the transformation rates, which can be interpreted as control parameters for the cloud physics model. The number as well as the type of attractors depend on a set of parameters including, for example, the attributes of the chosen type of precipitation particles and the prescribed external source rates. If only spherically shaped precipitation particles are considered, the system is characterized by a single point attrac.
Molecular Clusters in Interstellar Clouds

Cluster ions of the type H+3 ∙ (H2)p, H3O+ ∙ (H2O)q, and mixed clusters of the type H3O+ ∙ (H2O)q(H2)p may be formed by gas-phase chemistry or by cosmic-ray-induced desorption from dust grains in dense interstellar clouds. An analysis of formation mechanisms leads to the prediction of an equilibrium abundance of H+3 ∙ (H2)p clusters, where p = 3-4, of ~10-10 n. The initial stage in the gas-phase formation of these cluster ions would be via radiative association of H+3 and H2 at a rate ~10-16 cm3 s-1. Desorption from H2 monolayers by H+3 or He+ collisions with grains leads to a similar production rate for H+3 ∙ (H2)p clusters. Such cluster ions have been observed in laboratory experiments on charged particle impact with solid H2 layers. Cosmic-ray sputtering of adsorbed layers on dust can form cluster ions via the creation of energetic ions such H+3 and H3O+. An equilibrium abundance of H+3 ∙ (H2)p clusters, independent of cloud density, of ~10-8 cm-3 is predicted due to cosmic-ray sputtering of adsorbed H2 molecules. Sputtering of ice layers by cosmic rays should produce a range of large cluster ions H3O+ ∙ (H2O)q in interstellar clouds. Laboratory data on sputtering of H2O with keV He+ ions shows that clusters with q ≲ 50 are possible. The fragmentation of such clusters on electron-ion recombination is likely to lead to a range of neutral clusters. The abundance of such clusters, which may be considered to be a population of very small grains, is predicted to be comparable to that of dust grains. These clusters can accrete other atomic and molecular species and may constitute a gas-phase route toward grain formation in dense interstellar clouds.
Star formation rate and gas surface density in late-type galaxies

L'emission UV a 2000 A de 28 galaxies de type avance est utilisee comme traceur de la formation stellaire recente et comparee au contenu en hydrogene atomique et moleculaire. Le taux de formation stellaire moyen par unite d'aire montre une tres bonne correlation avec la densite de surface moyenne totale du gaz. Les correlations sont plus faibles quand on considere separement chaque phase gazeuse, en particulier la phase moleculaire. L'activite de formation stellaire dans ces galaxies depend, en consequence, du contenu total en gaz et non d'une phase gazeuse unique, atomique ou moleculaire
Abundances in the Crab Nebula

The bright visual-wavelength emission lines in spectra of filaments in the Crab Nebula cannot be used to derive unique values for the relative abundances of elements there, even under a simplifying assumption that heating is due entirely to photoionization by the Crab's nonthermal continuum. However, a range of possibilities may be estimated. By mass, helium is more abundant than hydrogen; but the mass fraction of heavier elements may be surprisingly small. Such conclusions are subject to modification if a noticeable fraction of the energy density involves fast particles around 1 MeV.
On the extended chromosphere of Alpha Orionis

A detailed examination of the extended chromosphere of Alpha Orionis was performed in an attempt to characterize the matter-emitting processes of red giants and supergiants. The problem was approached using an Alfven wave driven stellar wind model to compute the density, temperature, and velocity structure of the wind. It is shown that the mechanical energy fluxes necessary to maintain the observed chromospheric temperatures are commensurate with the momentum deposition necessary to extend the chromosphere. The chromospheric model constructed is, however, inconsistent with the kinematics of the observed symmetric profiles, which could correspond to a fountain-type model that described infalling, rather than escaping, ejected material such as He.
High frequency ultrasonic imaging using thermal mechanical noise recorded on capacitive micromachined transducer arrays

The cross-correlation of diffuse thermal-mechanical noise recorded by two sensors yields an estimate of the ultrasonic waves propagating between them. We used this approach at high frequencies (1-30 MHz) on a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) ring array (d = 725 μm), monolithically integrated with low noise complementary metal oxide semiconductor electronics. The thermal-mechanical noise cross-correlations between the CMUT array elements in immersion reveal both evanescent surface waves (below 10 MHz) and waves propagating primarily in the fluid (above 10 MHz). These propagating waves may allow passive imaging of scatterers closer to the array as compared to conventional pulse-echo systems, providing potentially higher resolution.
Comparative syntax and language acquisition

1. Introduction Part I: Principles and Parameters in the Pronominal Systems 2. Null objects in Italian and the theory of pro 3. Three issues in Romance dialectology 4. Some notes on Romance cliticization Part II: Locality 5. On chain formation 6. On the Anaphor-agreement effect 7. Argument-adjunct (a)symmetries 8. Direct perception, government and Thematic Sharing Part III: Cartography 9. Residual Verb Second and the Wh Criterion 10. The fine structure of the left periphery Part IV: Acquistion 11. Early null subjects and root null subjects 12. Remarks on linguistic theory and language development: The case of root infinitives
Two-phase magnetoelectric nanopowder/polyurethane composites

This study deals with the observation of magnetoelectric (ME) effect in nanocomposite films constituted of semicrystalline polyurethane matrix filled with magnetic Fe3O4 (hard) or Ni (soft) nanoparticles. The measurement of the magnetic field-induced ground current of the so-called particulate composites enabled the precise determination of true ME current after extraction of the part corresponding to the inductively coupled (loop) current. Experimental ME current could be successfully simulated considering coexistence of both true linear and quadratic ME effects and by taking into account the nonlinear variation of applied dc bias and ac field magnitude due to the magnetization saturation of the magnetic field generator. Although linear ME coefficients of particulate composites are lower than those of laminate composites, they are of the same order of magnitude than that of reference ME material Cr2O3 (up to 18 mV/cm Oe). Besides, nanocomposites are simple to prepare, flexible, easily integrable, and sen.
Extragalactic 1 millimeter sources: Simultaneous observations at centimeter, millimeter, and visual wavelengths

Observations simultaneously made at visual (B, V, and R) wavelengths, at 1, 1.4, and 3.4 mm and at 1.3, 2, 6, and 20 cm of 9 QSOs and BL Lac objects are reported. The range of the millimeter visual spectral index ɑ_(mv) was only 0.65-0.82, typical of optically thin synchrotron emission. This may indicate that the electrons radiating synchrotron emission in this portion of the spectrum are not subjected to large radiative losses, and therefore relativistic bulk motion with Doppler factors ~10 are required. The visual spectral index is much more broadly distributed and typically larger than ɑ_(mv). The spectral energy distributions have not changed much in the last 2-5 years except for 2251 + 15 and perhaps 0235 + 164. Only 1749 +09 shows a sharp spectral break shortward of 1 mm. Sixteen other sources were observed at 1 mm, of which seven were detected.