Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shape-dependent absorption characteristics of three-layered metamaterial absorbers at near-infrared

We experimentally demonstrate the absorption properties of designed metamaterial absorbers in the near-infrared wavelength regime. For the rectangular-shaped case, we demonstrate its polarization dependent absorbance at various incident angles. For each polarization, the absorbance is insensitive to the incident angle (up to 60°) and a maximum absorbance of 0.95 is obtained. Of particular interest we experimentally observe an absorption peak corresponding to a high-order resonance at 60° with an absorbance of 0.68 excited by the TM polarization. For the square-shaped case, we show its polarization-independent absorption property. A maximum absorbance around 0.65 is achieved at normal incidence and it remains high for incidence angles up to 50°.
Barotropic Influences on the Growth and Decay of Nonlinear Baroclinic Waves

Abstract nonlinear behavior of baroclinic waves is studied by means of numerical integrations of the primitive equations for initial zonal-mean states with almost identical temperature fields but differing barotropic flow components. The amplitude of the wave motion, and to a lesser extent that of the eddy transfers of heat and momentum, differ substantially from case to case. Some of this sensitivity is traced to distinctly barotropic effects which arise during the nonlinear evolution of the waves.
Effect of hydromagnetic waves on the lifetime of Van Allen radiation protons

The effect of hydromagnetic waves upon the motion of charged particles trapped in the geomagnetic field is studied. Application is made to the proton component of the Van Allen radiation belt. It is shown, in agreement with the suggestion of Welch and Whitaker, that hydromagnetic waves of low frequency and amplitude are able to account for the rapid decrease in proton flux that delimits the outer edge of the inner zone of the Van Allen radiation belt. Both the location of the boundary of the inner zone and the ratio between the proton fluxes in the inner and outer zones are obtained. It is found that, near 2 earth radii from the earth's center, the maximum energy of the trapped protons decreases with geocentric distance as r−11.
Diffuse backscattering Mueller matrix analysis for tissue diagnostics with polarized light

We have developed a Monte Carlo algorithm that calculates all sixteen, 2D elements of the diffusing back scattering Mueller Matrix for highly scattering media. Using the Stokes-Mueller formalism and scattering amplitudes calculated with Mie theory, we are able to consider polarization dependent photon propagation in highly scattering media. The numerically computed matrix elements are compared to experimental data obtained from particle suspensions with different particle sizes and fibroblast cell suspensions. The numerical results show good agreement in both azimuthal and radial direction with the experimental data, and suggest that in the fibroblast suspensions subcellular structures with a typical size of 200 to 300 nm dominate the back scattering behavior.
Dominance of chemotaxis in a chemotaxis–haptotaxis model

This paper deals with the Neumann problem for the coupled chemotaxis–haptotaxis model of cancer invasion given by for x ∈ Ω and t > 0 with, respectively, given nonnegative initial data u0 and w0, where χ, ξ and μ are positive parameters, Ω is a bounded domain in , and n ⩾ 1, with smooth boundary. The goal of this work is to identify two parallels between the solution behaviour in (⋆) and that in the corresponding two-component chemotaxis system obtained when w ≡ 0: • For the latter, it has been known that for any choice of , solutions are global and remain bounded under the condition \frac{(n-2)_+}{n}\chi. \tqs \tqs\tqs\tqs\tqs\tqs (\star\star)$ ? > The first result of this paper says that the above statement remains true for arbitrarily large haptotactic ingredients: If (⋆⋆) holds, then for any ξ > 0 and all reasonably smooth w0, (⋆) possesses a globally defined solution which is bounded in each of its components. • With regard to the qualitative solution behaviour, this work identifies an explicit smallness condition on w0 which under the assumption (⋆⋆) asserts exponential decay of w in the large time limit, whereas both u and v persist in a certain sense.
Discovery of a normal galaxy at z=1.018

The discovery is reported of an apparently normal galaxy at z = 1.018, designated G0333 + 3208, found during a long-slit search for faint emission-line objects. One strong emission line has been detected in the wavelength range 3800-8500 A, which is attributed to 0 II forbidden 3727 A. The object is an about 24 mag galaxy with a relatively flat optical spectrum. There are no morphological or spectroscopic signs of an active nucleus in the object, or in its vicinity, and no radio flux from the object down to 200 micro-Jy rms at lambda = 20 cm. From the emission-line flux, assuming photoionization by young stars and a normal IMF, a star formation rate of about 3.5/sq h solar mass/yr (for omega0 = 1). This object would thus be among the most distant of normal galaxies now known. It may be representative of the faint blue or flat-spectrum population, which dominates deep galaxy counts. 22 refs.
A General Formulation of Normal Modes for Limited-Area Models: Application to Initialization

Abstract A formulation of normal modes for a limited-area model is proposed. The case of shallow water equations on a conformal projection is considered. This formulation is a generalization of Briere's proposal. It can handle the full variation of the Coriolis parameter and of the map scale factor; it is written in physical-space variables and does not need a rectangular domain to be applied as in Briere's scheme. It gives rise to stationary Rossby modes and gravity modes fully identified and easily separated on the basis of their frequency. By applying Machenhauer's initialization scheme, we rigorously deduce the vertical mode initialization proposed and demonstrated by Bourke and McGregor for a limited-area model.
A Reexamination of the Derivation of the Equilibrium Supersaturation Curve for Soluble Particles

Abstract Following the methods known from the heteromolecular homogeneous nucleation theory, a reexamination of the Kohler equation is presented. In contrast to the original Kohler's approach and the later reexamination of Young and Warren, activity coefficients dependent on the droplet composition and the Gibbs-Duhem relation are taken into account. The results conform with the heteromolecular homogeneous nucleation theory and show that the additional terms derived by Young and Warren completely compensate each other. The nonideal corrections for the classical Kohler equation are investigated for an H2SO4-H2O system. An increase of critical supersaturation by up to about 25% must be expected if nonideality is taken into account.
The Influence of Customer’s Verbal Abuse on Turnover Intention and Job Burnout of Sales Service Staff—The Moderating Effect of Organizational Atmosphere and Psychological Capital

This study with subjects of 345 sales service personnel, examines the organization atmosphere and psychological capital in the customer’s verbal abuse and sales staff turnover intention and job burnout of the influence of the adjustment. It was found that: 1) verbal violation of the customer had a significant positive correlation with the tendency to resign and job burnout; 2) psychological capital has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between verbal abuse and turnover intention of sales staff; 3) organization atmosphere has negative moderating effect on the relationship between customer’s verbal violation and sales staff’s turnover intention and job burnout.
SHORTEST-PATH DISTANCES: AN AXIOMATIC APPROACH

An axiomatic approach to distance is developed which focuses on those concepts of distance related to movement in space. The most fundamental types of such distances generally involve some notion of shortest paths between points, where the relevant concept of path length can be any additive attribute of paths (such as physical miles, hours spent in traveling, or gallons of fuel consumed). In particular, the shortest-path distance between any two points in space is here taken to be the greatest lower bound on all path lengths between these points. This notion of shortest-path distance is shown to be formally equivalent to a quasimetric, i.e., a distance which satisfies only the classical triangularity axiom for metrics. The main analysis of the paper focuses on the question of whether or not such shortest-path distances can actually be realized, i.e., on whether there exist shortest paths in space. The central result is to establish a general set of conditions under which such shortest paths always exist. In addition, a condition for the uniqueness of these paths is also established.
The Strong-Property-Fluctuation Theory for Cubically Nonlinear, Isotropic Chiral Composite Mediums

The strong-property-fluctuation theory (SPFT) has gained prominence in the homogenization of linear composite mediums. Through accommodating the distributional statistics of the component phases, the SPFT takes account of coherent scattering interactions at subwavelength length scales and thereby represents a significant improvement over conventional homogenization approaches. We formulate the SPFT here for cubically nonlinear, isotropic chiral composite mediums. The bilocally and trilocally approximated SPFT (i.e., the second- and third-order SPFT, respectively) are developed from the corresponding linear theories, using Maclaurin expansions to accommodate nonlinear behavior. By means of a numerical example, convergence is established at the level of the bilocally approximated SPFT, with respect to both linear and nonlinear properties. The phenomenon of nonlinearity enhancement is explored.
Freeform beam shaping for high-power multimode lasers

Widening of using high power multimode lasers in industrial laser material processing is accompanied by special requirements to irradiance profiles in such technologies like metal or plastics welding, cladding, hardening, brazing, annealing, laser pumping and amplification in MOPA lasers. Typical irradiance distribution of high power multimode lasers: free space solid state, fiber-coupled solid state and diodes lasers, fiber lasers, is similar to Gaussian. Laser technologies can be essentially improved when irradiance distribution on a workpiece is uniform (flattop) or inverse-Gauss; when building high-power pulsed lasers it is possible to enhance efficiency of pumping and amplification by applying super-Gauss irradiance distribution with controlled convexity. Therefore, “freeform” beam shaping of multimode laser beams is an important task. A proved solution is refractive field mapping beam shaper like Shaper capable to control resulting irradiance profile – with the same unit it is possible to get various beam profiles and choose optimum one for a particular application. Operational principle of these devices implies transformation of laser irradiance distribution by conserving beam consistency, high transmittance, providing collimated low divergent output beam. Using additional optics makes it possible to create resulting laser spots of necessary size and round, elliptical or linear shape. Operation out of focal plane and, hence, in field of lower wavefront curvature, allows extending depth of field. The refractive beam shapers are implemented as telescopes and collimating systems, which can be connected directly to fiber-coupled lasers or fiber lasers, thus combining functions of beam collimation and irradiance transformation.
The role of morphometric parameters in Digital Terrain Models interpolation accuracy: a case study

Abstract In the present study different algorithms, usually available in GIS environment, are analyzed in order to spot an optimal interpolation methodology and to define, by classification techniques, which morphological variable affects the interpolation quality. The investigated dataset is a helicopter-borne laser scanner survey carried out on a mountain slope. It has been interpolated at various resolutions, and a percentage of the entire set has been employed to evaluate the interpolation accuracy. The analysis has highlighted, among the tested interpolators, the Natural Neighbour as the best one. The classification has drawn the attention to the total curvature and slope as the main factors affecting interpolation accuracy. The next goal is the mapping of such classification results.
NMR signal reception: virtual photons and coherent spontaneous emission

In portions of the magnetic resonance community, there is a misunderstanding of the process of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal generation and reception, and even in accepted texts, it is frequently described in terms of absorption and emission of radio waves, or radiation, by a two-level quantum system. While this explanation can be refuted, for those who do understand that the NMR free induction decay signal is easily explained by Faraday's law of induction, reconciling the presence of an induced electromotive force with an apparent absence of transitions between nuclear energy levels causes conceptual problems. This difficulty is examined, and an explanation of the signal given whereby Faraday's law is explained simply in terms of an exchange of virtual photons. The article thus attempts to reconcile the standard engineering approach to signal reception with a quantum mechanical description of the NMR phenomenon. Radiation damping and its relations to detection of the induced signal and to signal-to-noise ratio are then scrutinized, and the misleading nature of the appellation noted. In the process, it is shown that while damping is inherently necessary for signal detection and the transfer of energy that it entails, the degree of such damping depends on the efficiency of the detector—in other words, of the preamplifier in the NMR receiver—and can therefore be minimized. Mathematics in the article is kept to a minimum; proofs of the Principle of Reciprocity description of Faraday's law for reception of both signal and noise from a conducting sample are given in an appendix. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 9: 277–297, 1997
New stability criteria for Cohen-Grossberg neural networks with time delays

The asymptotic stability is investigated for a class of time-delay Cohen-Grossberg neural networks, either with or without parameter uncertainties. By introducing a novel Lyapunov functional with the ideal of delay fractioning, a new criterion of asymptotic stability is derived in terms of a linear matrix inequality (LMI), which can be efficiently solved via standard numerical software. The criterion proves to be less conservative and the conservatism could be notably reduced by thinning the delay fractioning. Two examples are provided to demonstrate the less conservatism and effectiveness of the proposed stability conditions.
Lifetime Measurements in Mn I and Mn II

Radiative lifetimes in neutral and singly-ionized manganese have been measured from beam-foil spectra in the region 2 000-5 000 A, using 249 keV Mn+++ions from an electromagnetic isotope separator. Several of the transitions have been used in the determination of the Mn abundance in the solar photosphere. Our measured lifetimes for Mn I levels are 2-6 times longer than those inferred by the gf-values of Corliss and Bozman. A markedly better agreement exists between beam-foil data and Warner's results for Mn II terms, but even here the beam-foil lifetimes appear to be significantly longer. Our results are consistent with a recently suggested upward revision of the photospheric Mn abundance from log NMn = 4.8-4.9 to 5.4.
The Assessment of Multispectral Radiation Thermometry Using Linear and Log-Linear Emissivity Models for Steel

Experiments were performed to measure the spectral intensity values of a variety of steel samples at 700, 800, and 900 K. The experimental work is coupled with two commonly used emissivity models, linear emissivity models (LEMs) and log-linear emissivity models (LLEs), to examine multispectral radiation thermometry (MRT) on inferring surface temperature. Overall, the first-order LEM and the first-order LLE show the best compensation for different alloys, number of wavelengths, temperatures, and heating time. The results reveal that the better the emissivity model suitably represents real surface emissivity behavior, the more accurate is the inferred temperature by MRT.
Phase transformation studies of ceramic BaTiO3 using thermo-Raman and dielectric constant measurements

Ferroelectric phase transformation characteristics of ceramic BaTiO3 have been studied by combined thermo-Raman and dielectric measurements. The temperature dependence of Raman bands at 311 and 721 cm−1 shows that tetragonal to cubic (T–C) phase transformation occurs over a range of temperature. The increase in the bandwidths of these bands indicates that this transformation is an order-disorder transformation. The differential thermo-Raman intensity thermograms show a dip at a temperature corresponding to the maximum rate of phase transformation and this temperature can be defined as phase transformation temperature Tp. The ferroelectric transformation temperature Tm corresponding to the peak in the e(T) obtained from the temperature dependence of dielectric constant is found to coincide with Tp. This indicates that maximum in dielectric constant occurs at the maximum rate of T–C phase transformation. Both Tp and Tm exhibit thermal hysteresis. The Curie temperature TC obtained from the intersection of ta.
The role of charge density waves in structural transformations of 1T TaS2

Abstract Electron and X-ray diffraction studies have identified three metastable phases in 1T TaS2. Extra reflexions are interpreted as arising from charge density waves coupled to periodic distortions modulating a trigonal lattice. These waves are incommensurate with the matrix in 1T1 and 1T2, but form a commensurate super-lattice in 1T3. Within 1T2, the temperature dependence of the wave vector is correlated with a change in the cross-section of the Fermi surface, while the diffuse scattering which accompanies the discrete reflexions in 1T1 is discussed as an image of this surface in the phonon spectrum. Changes in the stacking of distortions and in their amplitude are also reported.
Comparison of four Monte Carlo methods for photon migration in biological tissues

We consider four different Monte Carlo methods, widely used in tissue optics, based on four different ways to build photons’ trajectories. By means of numerical results we compare the temporal point spread functions calculated by the four methods for a wide range of the optical properties in the slab and semi-infinite medium geometry. Therefore, we show the statistical equivalence of the four methods and some of their convergence characteristics.
Three Dimensional Fluctuating Flow and Heat Transfer through a Porous Medium with Variable Permeability

This communication investigates the effect of permeability variation on the heat transfer and the flow through a highly porous medium bounded by an infinite flat porous plate with constant suction. The permeability of the porous medium varies in space and tune both. The problem becomes three dimensional due to the periodic variation of permeability in the transverse direction. The governing equations are solved by adopting complex variable notations and the expressions for the velocity and temperature fields are obtained. The wall shear stress and rate of heat transfer are finally discussed. It is found that the amplitudes |L|, |M|, |H|, respectively, of the skin friction components in the main and transverse directions and the rate of heat transfer, all decrease with the increase of the permeability of the porous medium, K 0 , or the frequency of the permeability fluctuations, ω.
Robustness results for the coalescent

A variety of convergence results for genealogical and line-of-descendent processes are known for exchangeable neutral population genetics models. A general convergence-to-the-coalescent theorem is presented, which works not only for a larger class of exchangeable models but also for a large class of non-exchangeable population models. The coalescence probability, i.e. the probability that two genes, chosen randomly without replacement, have a common ancestor one generation backwards in time, is the central quantity to analyse the ancestral structure.
Internal reflection spectroscopy

Reflection of light is a surface phenomenon—it is strongly dependent on the nature of the surface and can therefore be used to study surfaces. If the surface is flat and smooth, the nature of the reflection is called specular, i.e., mirrorlike, and obeys the simple law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Observations of Diurnal Variation in a Cloud-capped Marine Boundary Layer

Abstract Observations are presented of the turbulent structure of a cloud-capped boundary layer during the 1987 FIRE marine stratocumulus project. The measurements were made from San Nicolas Island, off the coast of California, using instruments attached to the cable of a tethered balloon. A marked diurnal variation is demonstrated through a direct comparison of observations made around local noon and approximately 12 hours later. Emphasis is given to the decoupling of the boundary layer during the morning into a separate cloudy layer and surface mixed layer.
Dynamics of cD clusters of galaxies. II: Analysis of seven Abell clusters

We have investigated the dynamics of the seven Abell clusters A193, A399, A401, A1795, A1809, A2063, and A2124, based on redshift data reported previously by us (Hill & Oegerle, (1993)). These papers present the initial results of a survey of cD cluster kinematics, with an emphasis on studying the nature of peculiar velocity cD galaxies and their parent clusters. In the current sample, we find no evidence for significant peculiar cD velocities, with respect to the global velocity distribution. However, the cD in A2063 has a significant (3 sigma) peculiar velocity with respect to galaxies in the inner 1.5 Mpc/h, which is likely due to the merger of a subcluster with A2063. We also find significant evidence for subclustering in A1795, and a marginally peculiar cD velocity with respect to galaxies within approximately 200 kpc/h of the cD. The available x-ray, optical, and galaxy redshift data strongly suggest that a subcluster has merged with A1795. We propose that the subclusters which merged with A1795 and A2063 were relatively small, with shallow potential wells, so that the cooling flows in these clusters were not disrupted. Two-body gravitational models of the A399/401 and A2063/MKW3S systems indicate that A399/401 is a bound pair with a total virial mass of approximately 4 x 10(exp 15) solar mass/h, while A2063 and MKW3S are very unlikely to be bound.
Imaging of magnetic nanodots on self-organized semiconductor substrates

Arrays of magnetic nanodots have been prepared by evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum onto self-organized templates consisting of nanometric pyramids of SiGe alloy previously grown on Si(001). Co was deposited by molecular beam epitaxy at grazing incidence, so that preferential deposition occurs on the island facets facing the Co flux. The films' structural and magnetic morphology has been characterized by means of mirror electron microscopy and x-ray photoemission electron microscopy with magnetic circular dichroism. The morphology of the Co deposit is dictated by the surface template. The Co dots are elongated along the direction perpendicular to deposition due to geometrical factors of the surface at grazing incidence and via steering by the surface steps, and this promotes an uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in this direction. The dots are ferromagnetic and single domain at room temperature. Macroscopic magnetic domains composed of several dots are observed. This indicates that the dipolar interaction between them is stronger than the coercivity and the exchange interaction is minimized.