Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extended-range digital holographic imaging

We report the results of experiments demonstrating large-format coherent imaging at a range of 1.5 km. For this work, we use digital holographic detection to record coherent data and are thus able to measure the complex-valued optical field from a flood-illuminated scene over an extended aperture. Images are formed using digital Fourier processing. The return light is interfered with a coherent reference beam, and the intensity of the interference pattern is recorded using a conventional large-format detector array. Experimental results obtained using a coherent, pulsed laser source operating at 1.6 microns are presented. We also demonstrate the utility of this technique for advanced imaging functions such as 3D imaging.
Moore-Penrose Inverse of a Matrix Product

As a result, under Ho, W*(t) Xm/min, (x^ /^ ) and JT*(M) ^ x « / maxyCx^/^/) where ^ = Aiy kj. Here Xm? X 1̂? • • •, x\h are independent from one another. The asymptotic distribution of W follows reasonably quickly from these bounds. This is because as all the gj to to infinity both minj(xq./Qj) and maxjixq/gj) converge to unity so implying W -» \mUse a nonsimulation technique to find bounds on the critical values of W at the 0.05 and 0.01 size level for the h = 2 case. This should be done for m = 1, 2S 3S 49 and 5 and all combinations of gx and q2 equal to 10, 12, 16, 20, 30, 50, 100, and 400.
Species Sensitivity Distributions Revisited: A Critical Appraisal

We revisit the assumptions associated with the derivation and application of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). Our questions are (1) Do SSDs clarify or obscure the setting of ecological effects thresholds for risk assessment? and (2) Do SSDs reduce or introduce uncertainty into risk assessment? Our conclusions are that if we could determine a community sensitivity distribution, this would provide a better estimate of an ecologically relevant effects threshold and therefore be an improvement for risk assessment. However, the distributions generated are typically based on haphazard collections of species and endpoints and by adjusting these to reflect more realistic trophic structures we show that effects thresholds can be shifted but in a direction and to an extent that is not predictable. Despite claims that the SSD approach uses all available data to assess effects, we demonstrate that in certain frequently used applications only a small fraction of the species going into the SSD determine the effects threshold. If the SSD approach is to lead to better risk assessments, improvements are needed in how the theory is put into practice. This requires careful definition of the risk assessment targets and of the species and endpoints selected for use in generating SSDs.
The Evolution of an Oklahoma Dryline. Part I: A Meso- and Subsynoptic-Scale Analysis.

Abstract A study is made of the 8 June 1974 Oklahoma dryline and tornado outbreak case, using data synthesis 1) to fit existing concepts on dryline structure and behavior to this case, and 2) to identify processes contributing to moisture convergence along the dryline. The dryline undergoes a major transformation in structure (from sloped to slopeless) during the day, as implied from mesoscale (10–100 km) and subsynoptic scale (100–1000 km) analysis of virtual potential temperature fields. Mesoscale examination of dryline movement reveals the presence of wavelike perturbations which propagate along the dryline, irregardless of its slope, and contribute more to its eastward progression than does the downward slope of the terrain. All but one of 22 tornadoes reported in Oklahoma on this date were associated with thunderstorms that formed within a subsynoptic moisture convergence region at the dryline in central Oklahoma. Results indicate a downward transport of southwesterly momentum through a well-develope.
Advances in AFM for the electrical characterization of semiconductors

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a key tool for nanotechnology research and finds its principal application in the determination of surface topography. However, the use of the AFM tip as a probe of electrical properties allows enormous insights into material functionality at the nanoscale. Hence, a burgeoning suite of techniques has been developed to allow the determination of properties such as resistivity, surface potential and capacitance simultaneously with topographic information. This has required the development of new instrumentation, of novel probes and of advanced sample preparation techniques. In order to understand and quantify the results of AFM-based electrical measurements, it has proved important to consider the interplay of topographic and electrical information, and the role of surface states in determining a material's electrical response at the nanoscale. Despite these challenges, AFM-based techniques provide unique insights into the electrical characteristics of ever-shrinking semiconductor devices and also allow us to probe the electrical properties of defects and self-assembled nanostructures.
The Theory of Ground-Water Motion

The existing analytical treatments of ground-water flow have mostly been founded upon the erroneous conception, borrowed from the theory of the flow of the ideal frictionless fluids of classical hydrodynamics, that ground-water motion is derivable from a velocity potential. This conception is in conformity with the principle of the conservation of matter but not with that of the conservation of energy. In the present paper it is shown that a more exceptionless analytical theory results if a potential whose value at a given point is defined to be equal to the work required to transform a unit mass of fluid from an arbitrary standard state to the state at the point in question is employed. Denoting this function by $$\Phi$$, it is shown that the differential equation of fluid flow in an isotropic medium is given by $$q = - \sigma$$ grad $$\Phi$$, where q is the flow vector whose magnitude is equal to the volume of fluid crossing a unit of area normal to the flow direction in unit time, and $$\sigma$$ a specific conductivity parameter depending upon both the properties of the fluid and the medium. This is an expression of Darcy's law and is physically, as well as mathematically, analogous to Ohm's law in electricity and leads to the same deductions in analogous situations. It is shown that $$\sigma = \kappa\rho/\eta$$, where $$\kappa$$ is the permeability parameter depending upon the geometrical properties of the medium only and $$\rho$$ and $$\eta$$ are the density and viscosity, respectively, of the fluid. The remainder of the paper is devoted to deducing the consequences of Darcy's law as just expressed, with particular regard for the practical problems of ground-water hydrology.
VLBI observations of galactic nuclei at 18 centimeters - NGC 1052, NGC 4278, M82, and M104

Compact radio sources about a light year in size have been detected in the nuclei of the galaxies NGC 1052, NGC 3034 (M82), NGC 4278, and NGC 4594 (M104) at a wavelength of 18 cm. The compact nucleus detected in M81 at 6 cm was not seen at 18 cm. The compact source in M82 is unique among extragalactic sources in its size-spectrum relationship. It is either broadened by scattering within M82 or it lies behind, and is absorbed by, an H II region. In these galaxies, the size of the nuclear radio source at 18 cm is larger than it is at higher frequencies. The nucleus of the giant radio galaxy DA 240 was not detected.
Performance improvement in XGM wavelength conversion exploiting SLAOLM

In this paper, a simple wavelength conversion scheme based on SLAOLM is proposed out for the first time, and its extinction ratio performance and noise characteristics can be improved simultaneously. Theoretical study shows that the conversion mechanism is still based on gain saturation effect, but the phase modulation effect existing in SLAOLM is helpful for extinction ratio improvement. Furthermore, the weak signal will be compressed and the strong signal will be amplified in the SLAOLM, then the Signal-Noise Ration (SNR) can be also improved. Experiment results shows that, after exploiting this scheme, the output extinction ration has been improved to be 10dB from 6dB, and the SNR has also been improved to be 13dB from 5dB.
Lattice Green's Functions for the Cubic Lattices in Terms of the Complete Elliptic Integral

The real and imaginary parts of the lattice Green's functions for the simple cubic (actually the tetragonal), body‐centered cubic, and face‐centered cubic lattices, at the variable from −∞ to +∞, are expressed as a sum of simple integrals of the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. The results of the numerical calculations obtained with the aid of the formulas are shown by graphs.
Phonon spectrum and related thermodynamic properties of microcrack in bcc-Fe

The phonon spectrum and the related thermodynamic properties of microcracks in bcc-Fe are studied with the recursion method by using the Finnis–Sinclair (F–S) N-body potential. The initial configuration of the microcracks is established from an anisotropic linear elastic solution and relaxed to an equilibrium by molecular dynamics method. It is shown that the local vibrational density of states of the atoms near a crack tip is considerably different from the bulk phonon spectrum, which is closely associated with the local stress field around the crack tip; meanwhile, the local vibrational energies of atoms near the crack tip are higher than those of atoms in a perfect crystal. These results imply that the crack tip zone is in a complex stress state and closely related to the structure evolution of cracks. It is also found that the phonon excitation is a kind of local effect induced by microcracks. In addition, the microcrack system has a higher vibrational entropy, which reflects the character of phonon spectrum related to the stress field induced by cracks.
Effects of main-sequence brightening on the luminosity evolution of elliptical galaxies

The brightening of stars with main-sequence lifetimes longer than the age of the galaxy has significant effects on the evolution of the integrated luminosity of model elliptical galaxies. Analytical and numerical models that treat dwarfs as unevolving may lead to misleading results, possibly even underestimating the rate at which the integrated magnitude becomes fainter.
Direct imaging of singlet oxygen luminescence generated in blood vessels during photodynamic therapy

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is commonly recognized to be a major phototoxic component for inducing the biological damage during photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, a novel configuration of a thermoelectrically-cooled near-infrared sensitive InGaAs camera was developed for imaging of photodynamically-generated 1O2 luminescence. The validation of 1O2 luminescence images for solution samples was performed with the model photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB). Images of 1O2 luminescence generated in blood vessels in vivo in a well-controlled dorsal skinfold window chamber model were also recorded during PDT. This study demonstrated the capacity of the newly-developed imaging system for imaging of 1O2 luminescence, and the first reported images of 1O2 luminescence in blood vessels in vivo. This system has potential for elucidating the mechanisms of vascular targeted PDT.
Measurement of the acoustic impedance of an orifice under a turbulent boundary layer

The acoustic impedance of an orifice under a turbulent boundary layer was measured. A single orifice, 0.508 cm in diameter and 0.32 cm thick, was tested in a wind tunnel where the velocity was varied from 16 to 30 m/sec. An impedance tube mounted behind the orifice was operated at frequencies from 250 to 2200 Hz with sound pressure levels from 85 to 140 dB. It was found that the resistance and reactance end correction could be nondimensionalized as R/ρ (νω)1/2 and δ/δeo, respectively, and correlated as functions of l/d, ωd2/ν, u*d/ν, and V/u*. The symbols are R resistance, ρ density, ν kinematic viscosity, ω frequency, δ end correction, δeo linear end correction without flow, l orifice thickness, d diameter, u* boundary layer friction velocity, and V acoustic velocity amplitude. Nonlinear behavior occurred when V/u* was greater than three. Amplitudes greater than three were only obtained in the 250‐Hz tests, however, at this frequency the V/u*≳3 criteria was independent of u*d/ν. In the linear range R/ρ (.
Spark-eroded particles: Influence of processing parameters

Ni particles were prepared by spark erosion in a fixed-gap apparatus, and in the usual “shaker-pot” assembly, in an investigation of the influence of various processing parameters on the particles’ properties. The sizes of the particles were studied as functions of spark energies ranging from 10 μJ to 1 J, and a scaling relation derived from a simple model was verified. Several different static and rotating electrode configurations were compared with respect to their suitability for producing significant yields of small particles. The advantages of stirring the dielectric with the fixed-gap apparatus and of rotating the electrodes were demonstrated. Water, kerosene, and liquid argon and nitrogen were used as dielectric liquids. When compounds were formed, the reaction with the dielectric proceeded inversely with particle size. Spark erosion in kerosene at low spark energies, followed by annealing, proved to be an effective method to produce fine nickel particles.
A Bayesian Vector Multidimensional Scaling Procedure for the Analysis of Ordered Preference Data

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) comprises a family of geometric models for the multidimensional representation of data and a corresponding set of methods for fitting such models to actual data. In this paper, we develop a new Bayesian vector MDS model to analyze ordered successive categories preference/dominance data commonly collected in many social science and business studies. A joint spatial representation of the row and column elements of the input data matrix is provided in a reduced dimensionality such that the geometric relationship of the row and column elements renders insight into the utility structure underlying the data. Unlike classical deterministic MDS procedures, the Bayesian method includes a probability based criterion to determine the number of dimensions of the derived joint space map and provides posterior interval as well as point estimates for parameters of interest. Also, our procedure models the raw integer successive categories data which ameliorates the need of any data preprocessing as required for many metric MDS procedures. Furthermore, the proposed Bayesian procedure allows external information in the form of an intractable posterior distribution derived from a related dataset to be incorporated as a prior in deriving the spatial representation of the preference data. An actual commercial application dealing with consumers’ intentions to buy new luxury sport utility vehicles are presented to illustrate the proposed methodology. Favorable comparisons are made with more traditional MDS approaches.
Martingale convergence in the branching random walk

A result like the Kesten-Stigum theorem is obtained for certain martingales associated with the branching random walk. A special case, when a ‘Malthusian parameter’ exists, is considered in greater detail and a link with some known results about the Crump-Mode model for a population is established.
Thermal evaporation of spherical clouds - Effects of viscous stresses

The thermal evaporation of a cold spherical cloud embedded in hot gas is analyzed, including the effects of viscous stresses as well as 'saturation' of the conductive heat flux, for the case of equal electron and ion temperatures. The relevant transport properties for an H-He plasma are discussed, including the modification of these transport coefficients when temperature or velocity gradients become large. The fluid-dynamical equations for steady spherical evaporation are given and cast into dimensinless form. Numerical integration of these equations and the results are discussed, emphasizing the novel features of the viscous solutions, astrophysical implications, and uncertainties in the physics.
Modelling the gravitational sag of the cornea and the subsequent quality of the refracted image

This paper presents model asymmetries in the topography of the human cornea arising from linear gravitational distributions of the intraocular pressure. Equations for the corneal radius of curvature were used to provide an indication of the gravitational sag of the cornea when the head is in an upright position. In such case, corneal astigmatism is found along the optic axis of the eye. Ray paths inclined at a particular angle to the optic axis produce images (spot diagrams) which show a significant reduction in corneal astigmatism.
MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF OXYGEN-VACANCY DEFECTS IN FERROELECTRIC PEROVSKITES

We investigate the nature of atomic relaxations around oxygen-vacancy defects in the ferroelectric perovskite ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ through first-principles pseudopotential total energy calculations. A tail-to-tail polarization is one of the patterns that emerges from atomic relaxations around oxygen vacancies and its stability is found to be enhanced by charge trapping. Oxygen vacancies in Ti-O-Ti chains along the polarization axis are more favorable than those in Ti-O-Ti planes normal to the axis. The possible role of oxygen vacancies in fatigue and aging is discussed.
Refroidissement par évaporation d'un jet atomique guidé magnétiquement

Ce memoire de these a pour sujet la realisation experimentale d'un jet atomique ultrafroid guide magnetiquement, dans le regime collisionnel. Apres une description detaillee du dispositif experimental developpe a cette fin, une methode de thermometrie par spectroscopie radio-frequence est proposee et demontree experimentalement. Les variations de temperature, densite dans l'espace des phases et taux de collisions elastiques du jet au cours d'un cycle evaporation-rethermalisation sont calculees. Des experiences d'evaporation radio-frequence a deux antennes sont ensuite presentees, qui permettent de prouver l'existence de collisions au sein du jet. Deux methodes permettant d'augmenter le taux de collisions sont ensuite etudiees theoriquement, puis mises en oeuvre. Le gain en taux de collisions ainsi obtenu est mis a profit pour refroidir le jet a l'aide d'une dizaine de zones d'evaporation, permettant d'en accroitre la densite dans l'espace des phases par un ordre de grandeur.
Modeling Partly Conditional Means with Longitudinal Data

Abstract We propose a general modeling approach to longitudinal data that is a hybrid of the marginal regression models of Zeger and Liang and of the classical transition models such as used in time series analyses. Rather than conditioning at time t only on covariate values, as is typical with the marginal approach, or on the entire history of the process up to t, as is typical with the transition model approach, we suggest models that condition on a subset of the process history. Estimation proceeds using generalized estimating equation methodology but with the restriction that the working covariance matrix is diagonal. The proposed regression models share common features with Cox regression models for failure time data in that they are composed of a nuisance baseline function of time and a simple parametric function of the covariates. Two illustrative examples are presented.
Interpulse emission from pulsars at 25 MHz

Six pulsars were detected at 25 MHz with the Arecibo 1000 foot (304 m) radio telescope. Three of these had been previously reported by other observers to exhibit sporadic, intense interpulse emission (IPE) at decameter wavelengths. In the present high signal-to-noise ratio profiles, there was no evidence for interpulse emission. The integrated profiles of the two strongest low-frequency pulsars, PSR 0950+08 and PSR 1133+16, set the strongest limits on IPE. For those two, there was no interpulse emission exceeding 5 percent of the main pulse height for PSR 0950+08 and 3 percent for PSR 1133+16. It is asserted that previous reports of the controversial IPE were largely an artifact of poor signal-to-noise ratios in low-frequency profiles. 17 refs.
Optical control of urinary bladder contraction using femtosecond-pulsed laser

Even though catheterization or electric stimulation are used for treatment of neurogenic bladder, invasiveness and inconvenience of these approaches prompt us to develop a new possible therapeutic method to control urination by using optical stimulation. The optical method using femtosecond pulsed laser (FSPL) has advantages of focused and subsurface stimulation. Irradiation of FSPL induced a rapid increase of intracellular calcium level followed by contraction of primary cultured human bladder smooth muscle cells. Short exposure of bladder detrusor ex-vivo to FSPL also induced a controlled contraction of detrusor. Collectively, we propose that FSPL can be considered as a potential therapeutic approach for intractable neurogenic bladder.
Instabilities of an m -Vector Spin-Glass in a Field

It is demonstrated that for a vector spin-glass in a magnetic field, replica-symmetry breaking, the theoretical indicator for magnetic irreversibility, occurs simultaneously with transverse spin-glass ordering as the temperature is reduced. It is argued that the irreversibility onset will be strong in the transverse direction, but only weak longitudinally, with a crossover to strong longitudinal irreversibility at a lower temperature.
Criteria and algorithms for blind source separation based on cumulants

We have studied the problem of blind source separation, which is to recover unknown sources from observations without knowing the characteristics of the transmission medium, by using third- and fourth-order cumulants. A class of criteria is presented, which states that for independent sources, it is sufficient for separation that there is no more than one gaussian source. Algorithms are also developed based on these criteria, whose efficiency is verified by experiments.
Ionic Jump Distance and Glass Transition of Polyvinyl Chloride

The electrical conduction of polyvinyl chloride was measured from low electric field to high field near breakdown below, in, and above a glass transition region. Ionic conduction was found to hold up to the field near breakdown. The estimated jump distance of a charge carrier changes considerably in the glass transition region, while it remains constant (12 A) at a temperature fairly below the glass transition Tg(=87°C) and seems to reach a saturation value (30 A) above Tg. The elongation of substantial jump distance may be explained by the change in the shape and height of potential barriers against ionic migration due to the liberation of micro‐Brownian motion of main chains in the glass transition region.
High temperature thermal diffusivity measurement by the periodic cylindrical method: The problem of contact thermocouple thermometry

The conditions required for the accurate measurement of the thermal diffusivity of solids at high temperature (800–1800 K) by the Angstrom method with cylindrical geometry are studied. It is shown that the main error in the measurement arises from the difficulty in measuring the temperature accurately with contact thermocouples. On the basis of new experimental results on Cecorite and polycrystalline alumina, the effect of the finite size of the sensors and the consequence of the imperfect thermal contact between the sample and the sensors are investigated. Two models which allow a greater insight into the simultaneous influences of both effects are developed.