Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Control of Magnetic Flux Signal in a Maglev System

A linear model of the magnetic‐levitation (maglev) system, including magnetic flux signal, has been established based on feedback linearization. This paper emphasizes measurements of magnetic flux signal and velocity signal, which are realized easily by electromagnetic induction law. The magnetic flux signal's range obtained by this method is wide. The degree of sensitivity can be regulated by changing the vertical area of the induction coils. Furthermore, this paper has designed a PIDB (proportion, integration, differentiation, flux density B) controller based on flux feedback, and some experiments have been performed on a CMS04 magnetic suspension vehicle in the national mid‐low speed maglev experiment field of Tangshan city, China. The experimental results denote that the PIDB control method designed in this paper has more advantages than the traditional control method with position and current double cascades, and the robustness and stability of the maglev control system by this method have been verified effectively.
The Propagation of Gravity-Inertia Waves and Lee Waves.

Abstract As is well known, the linear dynamic equations for gravity-inertia waves are characterized by three singular levels, one being the critical level at which flow speed and wave speed are equal, and the other two at which the flow speed is equal to ±f/k, where f is the Coriolis parameter and k the wave number, herein called Rossby singularities. This article discusses the propagation of two-dimensional gravity-inertial disturbances, both monochromatic and with continuous spectrum (i.e., lee waves), in a direction toward all of these singular levels. The study is conducted by analysis, which provides closed-form solutions to the linear equations, and by numerical simulation, which confirms the analysis and also exhibits nonlinearities where these are significant. It is found that the Rossby singularity produces nonlinear reflection of a monochromatic wave, and comparisons are made with the case of the pure gravity wave (f = 0) reflected by a critical level. Unlike that situation, in the present probl.
THE OPTICAL, ULTRAVIOLET, AND X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE QUASAR HE 0435−1223

Microlensing has proved an effective probe of the structure of the innermost regions of quasars and an important test of accretion disk models. We present light curves of the lensed quasar HE 0435−1223 in the R band and in the ultraviolet (UV), and consider them together with X-ray light curves in two energy bands that are presented in a companion paper. Using a Bayesian Monte Carlo method, we constrain the size of the accretion disk in the rest-frame near- and far-UV, and constrain for the first time the size of the X-ray emission regions in two X-ray energy bands. The R-band scale size of the accretion disk is about 1015.23 cm (∼23rg), slightly smaller than previous estimates, but larger than would be predicted from the quasar flux. In the UV, the source size is weakly constrained, with a strong prior dependence. The UV to R-band size ratio is consistent with the thin disk model prediction, with large error bars. In soft and hard X-rays, the source size is smaller than ∼1014.8 cm (∼10rg) at 95% confidence. We do not find evidence of structure in the X-ray emission region, as the most likely value for the ratio of the hard X-ray size to the soft X-ray size is unity. Finally, we find that the most likely value for the mean mass of stars in the lens galaxy is ∼0.3 M☉, consistent with other studies.
State detection using coherent Raman repumping and two-color Raman transfers

We demonstrate state detection based on coherent Raman repumping and a two-color Raman state transfer. The Raman coupling during detection selectively eliminates unwanted dark states in the fluorescence cycle without compromising the immunity of the desired dark state to off-resonant scattering. We demonstrate this technique using {sup 137}Ba{sup +} where a combination of Raman coupling and optical pumping leaves the metastable state, D{sub 3/2} |F''=3,m{sub F}{sup ''}=3>, optically dark and immune to off-resonant scattering. All other states are strongly coupled to the upper P{sub 1/2} levels. We achieve a single-shot state-detection efficiency of 89.6(3)% in a 1-ms integration time, limited almost entirely by technical imperfections. Shelving to |F{sup ''}=3,m{sub F}{sup ''}=3> before detection is performed via a two-color Raman transfer with a fidelity of 1.00(3).
Effect of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on Japanese Water Systems: Review with Focus on Reproductive Toxicity

Neonicotinoid pesticides (NPs) are neurotoxic substances. They are highly effective as insecticides owing to their water solubility, permeability, and long-lasting activity. These molecules are structurally similar to nicotine and act as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists. The administration of NPs to experimental animals reportedly causes neuromuscular and reproductive disorders. Moreover, recently reported problems caused by NPs include damage to land-dwelling creatures (such as mammals and birds), hydrobiology, and ecosystems. This review summarizes the recent reports on NP concentrations detected in river systems in several Japanese regions. These values were lower than the environmental standard values; however, seasonal variations were observed. Furthermore, reports on NP-induced testicular and ovarian toxicity were examined, revealing that the mechanism of injury is mainly driven by oxidative stress. The use of NPs is declining worldwide, except in Japan; therefore, continuous monitoring remains necessary.
Oscillator strengths and branching ratios of transitions between low-lying levels in the barium II spectrum

The branching ratios of transitions between the 6s 2 S 1/2 , 7s 2 S 1/2 , 6p 2 P 1/2,3/2 , 5d 2 D 3/2,5/2 levels in the spectrum of Ba II have been measured. The accuracy of oscillator strengths have been improved in respect to literature values
Angular momentum properties of haloes and their baryon content in the Illustris simulation

The angular momentum properties of virialised dark matter haloes have been measured with good statistics in collisionless N-body simulations, but an equally accurate analysis of the baryonic spin is still missing. We employ the Illustris simulation suite, one of the first simulations of galaxy formation with full hydrodynamics that produces a realistic galaxy population in a sizeable volume, to quantify the baryonic spin properties for more than $\sim$ 320,000 haloes. We first compare the systematic differences between different spin parameter and halo definitions, and the impact of sample selection criteria on the derived properties. We confirm that dark matter only haloes exhibit a close to self-similar spin distribution in mass and redshift of lognormal form. However, the physics of galaxy formation radically changes the baryonic spin distribution. While the dark matter component remains largely unaffected, strong trends with mass and redshift appear for the spin of diffuse gas and the formed stellar component. With time the baryons staying bound to the halo develop a misalignment of their spin vector with respect to dark matter, and increase their specific angular momentum by a factor of $\sim$ 1.3 in the non-radiative case and $\sim$ 1.8 in the full physics setup at z = 0. We show that this enhancement in baryonic spin can be explained by the combined effect of specific angular momentum transfer from dark matter onto gas during mergers and from feedback expelling low specific angular momentum gas from the halo. Our results challenge certain models for spin evolution and underline the significant changes induced by baryonic physics in the structure of haloes.
Detection and Tracking Dynamic Vehicles for Autonomous Driving Based on 2-D Point Scans

Processing dynamic vehicle detection and tracking tasks based on three-dimensional (3-D) point clouds is computationally overconsuming, which hinders its practical realization on embedded devices. To release the processing burden, we attempt to transform 3-D LiDAR data to 360 FOCUS points (FS points) before this task. Then, a novel detecting and tracking dynamic vehicle approach is designed based on the obtained 2-D scan. The approach classifies the FS points into static points and unstatic points by generating a Dempster–Shafer (D–S) evidence theory-based static obstacle map (SOM). At first, the SOM is predicted and updated by interacting with the model-free dynamic vehicle clustering and tracking module (MFCTM). Then, the unstatic points determined in SOM are clustered in the MFCTM, and each obtained cluster is initialized as a new track or assigned to the existing tracks. Finally, the dynamic states are calculated. The computational burden performance of the proposed method is compared with that of the other state-of-the-art methods. Meanwhile, it is also applied to three simulation scenarios and three field tests, and its validity is demonstrated through comparison with the results of the L-shape-based tracking method.
X-ray spectroscopy of the Compton-thick Seyfert 2 ESO 138 − G1

We report on our analysis of XMM-Newton observations of the Seyfert 2 galaxy ESO 138−G1(z = 0.0091). These data reveal a complex spectrum in both its soft and hard portions. The 0.5−2 keV band is characterized by a strong “soft-excess” component with several emission lines, as commonly observed in other narrow-line AGN. Above 3 keV, a power-law fit yields a very flat slope (Γ ∼ 0.35), along with the presence of a prominent line-like emission feature around ∼6.4 keV. This indicates heavy obscuration along the line of sight to the nucleus. We find an excellent fit to the 3−10 keV continuum with a pure reflection model, which provides strong evidence of a Compton-thick screen, preventing direct detection of the intrinsic nuclear X-ray emission. Although a model consisting of a power law transmitted through an absorber with NH ∼ 2.5 × 10 23 cm −2 also provides a reasonable fit to the hard X-ray data, the equivalent width (EW) value of ∼800 eV measured for the Fe Kα emission line is inconsistent with a primary continuum obscured by a Compton-thin column density. Furthermore, the ratio of 2−10 keV to de-reddened [OIII] fluxes for ESO 138−G1 agrees with the typical values reported for well-studied Compton-thick Seyfert galaxies. Finally, we also note that the upper limits to the 15−150 keV flux provided by Swift/BAT and INTEGRAL/IBIS seem to rule out the presence of a transmitted component of the nuclear continuum even in this very hard X-ray band, hence imply that the column density of the absorber could be as high as 10 25 cm −2 . This makes ESO 138−G1 a very interesting, heavy Compton-thick AGN candidate for the next X-ray missions with spectroscopic and imaging capabilities above 10 keV.
On Certain Spectral Invariants of Dirac Operators on Noncommutative Tori

The spectral eta function for certain families of Dirac operators on noncommutative $3$-torus is considered and the regularity at zero is proved. By using variational techniques, we show that $\eta_{D}(0)$ is a conformal invariant. By studying the Laurent expansion at zero of $\text{TR} (|D|^{-z})$, the conformal invariance of $\zeta'_{|D|}(0)$ for noncommutative $3$-torus is proved. Finally, for the coupled Dirac operator, a local formula for the variation $\partial_A\eta_{D+A}(0)$ is derived which is the analogue of the so called induced Chern-Simons term in quantum field theory literature.
Assessing the seam strength of ultrasonically welded polyester and polypropylene spunbond nonwovens

The durability of the products such as personal protective clothes and facemasks are crucial for human health as these products prevent the spread of disease. This study aims to investigate the seam strength of ultrasonically welded spunbond nonwovens used for personal protective clothes, facemasks, diapers and determine the best welding parameters for optimum seams. For these purposes, polyester and polypropylene spunbond nonwoven fabrics with different areal weights were ultrasonically welded by changing process parameters such as vibration frequency (%-kHz) and welding pressure (bar). The welded samples were evaluated according to the standard test method for seam strength and experimental data obtained from tests were statistically assessed by generating models and regression equations. The best seam strength for polyester nonwovens with different areal weights was achieved with 80% vibration amplitude and 1 bar or 1.5 bar welding pressures. In contrast, ultrasonic welding applied with 0.5 bar welding pressure and 63% or 70% vibration amplitudes resulted in the highest seam strengths for polypropylene nonwovens.
RE-ACCELERATION OF NON-THERMAL PARTICLES AT WEAK COSMOLOGICAL SHOCK WAVES

We examine diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) of the pre-existing as well as freshly injected populations of non-thermal, cosmic-ray (CR) particles at weak cosmological shocks. Assuming simple models for thermal leakage injection and Alfvénic drift, we derive analytic, time-dependent solutions for the two populations of CRs accelerated in the test-particle regime. We then compare them with the results from kinetic DSA simulations for shock waves that are expected to form in intracluster media and cluster outskirts in the course of large-scale structure formation. We show that the test-particle solutions provide a good approximation for the pressure and spectrum of CRs accelerated at these weak shocks. Since the injection is extremely inefficient at weak shocks, the pre-existing CR population dominates over the injected population. If the pressure due to pre-existing CR protons is about 5% of the gas thermal pressure in the upstream flow, the downstream CR pressure can absorb typically a few to 10% of the shock ram pressure at shocks with a Mach number M ≲ 3, yet the re-acceleration of CR electrons can result in a substantial synchrotron emission behind the shock. The enhancement in synchrotron radiation across the shock is estimated to be about a few to several for M ∼ 1.5 and 102–103 for M ∼ 3, depending on the detail model parameters. The implication of our findings for observed bright radio relics is discussed.
THE ROLE OF THE KOZAI–LIDOV MECHANISM IN BLACK HOLE BINARY MERGERS IN GALACTIC CENTERS

In order to understand the rate of merger of stellar mass black hole binaries (BHBs) by gravitational wave (GW) emission it is important to determine the major pathways to merger. We use numerical simulations to explore the evolution of BHBs inside the radius of influence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galactic centers. In this region, the evolution of binaries is dominated by perturbations from the central SMBH. In particular, as first pointed out by Antonini and Perets, the Kozai–Lidov mechanism trades relative inclination of the BHB to the SMBH for eccentricity of the BHB, and for some orientations can bring the BHB to an eccentricity near unity. At very high eccentricities, GW emission from the BHB can become efficient, causing the members of the BHB to coalesce. We use a novel combination of two N-body codes to follow this evolution. We are required to simulate small systems to follow the behavior accurately. We have completed 400 simulations that range from ∼300 stars around a 103 black hole to ∼4500 stars around a 104 black hole. These simulations are the first to follow the internal orbit of a binary near an SMBH while also following the changes to its external orbit self-consistently. We find that this mechanism could produce mergers at a maximum rate per volume of ∼100 Gpc−3 yr−1 or considerably less if the inclination oscillations of the binary remain constant as the BHB inclination to the SMBH changes, or if the binary black hole fraction is small.
Made-to-measure models of self-similar triaxial haloes with steep inner density gradients

We use the Made-to-Measure method to construct N-body realizations of self-similar, triaxial ellipsoidal halos having cosmologically realistic density profiles. Our implementation parallels previous work with a few numerical refinements, but we show that orbital averaging is an intrinsic feature of the force of change equation and argue that additional averaging or smoothing schemes are redundant. We present models having the Einasto radial mass profile that range from prolate to strongly triaxial. We use a least-squares polynomial fit to the expansion coefficients to obtain an analytical representation of the particle density from which we derive density contours and eccentricity profiles more efficiently than by the usual particle smoothing techniques. We show that our N-body realizations both retain their shape in unconstrained evolution and recover it after large amplitude perturbations.
The moderating effect of Panax ginseng roots on the male reproductive system and heat shock protein 70 in heat-stressed Japanese quails

This research aims to investigate if ginseng may aid in the reduction of the harmful influence of heat stress on the male reproductive system and the level of heat shock protein70. Eighty mature quails were randomly distributed to four equal groups: the control one reared under normal temperature, the heat-stressed group reared under the temperature of 39±1°C for 4 hrs/day, the heat-stressed group treated with ginseng 500 mg/kg diet, and a group reared under normal temperature and treated with ginseng 500 mg/kg diet. The results showed a significant decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total antioxidant capacity, body weight, testis weight, the total number of sperm, and percentage of living sperm, accompanied by a significant increase in MCV, MCHC, heterophil, H/L ratio, heat shock protein70, percentage of dead and malformed sperm in quails exposed to heat stress compared with control. Dietary supplementation of ginseng to birds exposed to heat stress significantly increased the studied parameters in comparison to the group under stress. While, the addition of the nutritional supplement ginseng alone led to a significant increase in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, TAC, low percentage of monocytes, H/L ratio, and heat shock protein70, compared to the control. We conclude that the administration of ginseng as a diet additive can ameliorate the effects caused by heat stress in quail, which is attributed to the antioxidant effect of Panax ginseng and its ability for scavenging free radicals.
Application of machine learning to explore the genomic prediction accuracy of fall dormancy in autotetraploid alfalfa

Abstract Fall dormancy (FD) is an essential trait to overcome winter damage and for alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cultivar selection. The plant regrowth height after autumn clipping is an indirect way to evaluate FD. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and quantitative trait locus mapping have revealed crucial genes correlated with FD; however, these genes cannot predict alfalfa FD very well. Here, we conducted genomic prediction of FD using whole-genome SNP markers based on machine learning-related methods, including support vector machine (SVM) regression, and regularization-related methods, such as Lasso and ridge regression. The results showed that using SVM regression with linear kernel and the top 3000 genome-wide association study (GWAS)-associated markers achieved the highest prediction accuracy for FD of 64.1%. For plant regrowth height, the prediction accuracy was 59.0% using the 3000 GWAS-associated markers and the SVM linear model. This was better than the results using whole-genome markers (25.0%). Therefore, the method we explored for alfalfa FD prediction outperformed the other models, such as Lasso and ElasticNet. The study suggests the feasibility of using machine learning to predict FD with GWAS-associated markers, and the GWAS-associated markers combined with machine learning would benefit FD-related traits as well. Application of the methodology may provide potential targets for FD selection, which would accelerate genetic research and molecular breeding of alfalfa with optimized FD.
Does Gibrat’s law hold for knowledge size of high-tech firms?

ABSTRACT In this paper, we extend the literature on Gibrat’s law of firm growth by testing Gibrat’s law for knowledge size of high-tech firms. Two measures of a firm’s knowledge size which represent its knowledge stock and diversity are developed from its portfolio of patents. Using non-parametric regressions, specifically local polynominal estimators, we find that Gibrat’s law applies to knowledge size of high tech firms, specifically when their knowledge surpasses a certain threshold in size.
Holographic lessons for quark dynamics

We give a brief overview of recent results obtained through the gauge/gravity correspondence, concerning the propagation of a heavy quark in strongly-coupled conformal field theories (such as N = 4 super-Yang-Mills), both at zero and finite temperature. In the vacuum, we discuss energy loss, radiation damping, signal propagation and radiation-induced fluctuations. In the presence of a thermal plasma, our emphasis is on early-time energy loss, screening and quark-antiquark evolution after pair creation. Throughout, quark dynamics is seen to be efficiently encapsulated in the usual string worldsheet dynamics.
MOBILIDADE PENDULAR NO PARÁ: CARACTERÍSTICAS E DETERMINANTES

O movimento pendular no Brasil cresceu nas últimas décadas, um dos motivos do crescimento seria o desenvolvimento do sistema de transportes, permitindo que os cidadãos se desloquem entre cidades, estados e países. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar os determinantes da mobilidade pendular no estado do Pará. Para se alcançar este objetivo, a metodologia é o modelo econométrico Logit com utilização dos microdados do Censo Demográfico 2010, divulgado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os principais resultados da pesquisa revelam que o indivíduo com maior chance de ser migrante pendular é homem, branco, da população economicamente ativa, com renda mensal domiciliar alta e com 1 ano a mais de idade.
Exact pressure integrations on submerged bodies in waves using a quadtree adaptive mesh algorithm

The development of an adaptive free surface, mesh cutting, methodology, in order to analytically integrate pressures on varying wet parts of partially submerged surfaces in the presence of waves, is presented. Given a function of free‐surface elevation, the algorithm checks for the intersection of the body with the free surface and, based on user‐defined parameters, modifies the initial mesh, by subdividing the elements where necessary and eliminating others, via a quadtree approach. Redundant sub‐divisions, generated in the quad‐division process, are partially eliminated, but the quadrilateral nature of the elements is always kept. The free‐surface function must be single‐valued and its definition domain simply connected. Hydrostatic and Froude–Krylov forces are computed exactly on each panel by means of analytical formulations, which are derived and presented, based on the theory of linear gravity waves and from applying Green's theorem. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.