Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Small - scale clumps in the galactic halo and dark matter annihilation

Production of small-scale DM clumps is studied in the standard cosmological scenario with an inflation-produced primeval fluctuation spectrum. Special attention is given to three following problems: (i) The mass spectrum of small-scale clumps with $M \lesssim 10^3 M_{\odot}$ is calculated with tidal destruction of the clumps taken into account within the hierarchical model of clump structure. Only 0.1 - 0.5% of small clumps survive the stage of tidal destruction in each logarithmic mass interval $\Delta\ln M\sim1$. (ii) The mass distribution of clumps has a cutoff at $M_{\rm min}$ due to diffusion of DM particles out of a fluctuation and free streaming at later stage. $M_{\rm min}$ is a model dependent quantity. In the case the neutralino, considered as a pure bino, is a DM particle, $M_{\rm min} \sim 10^{-8} M_{\odot}$. (iii) The evolution of density profile in a DM clump does not result in the singularity because of formation of the core under influence of tidal interaction. The radius of the core is $R_c \sim 0.1 R$, where $R$ is radius of the clump. The applications for annihilation of DM particles in the Galactic halo are studied. The number density of clumps as a function of their mass, radius and distance to the Galactic center is presented. The enhancement of annihilation signal due to clumpiness, valid for arbitrary DM particles, is calculated. In spite of small survival probability, the annihilation signal in most cases is dominated by clumps. For observationally preferable value of index or primeval fluctuation spectrum $n_p \approx 1$, the enhancement of annihilation signal is described by factor 2 - 5 for different density profiles in a clump.
The shape of the Galactic halo withGaiaDR2 RR Lyrae. Anatomy of an ancient major merger

We use the $Gaia$ DR2 RR Lyrae sample to gain an uninterrupted view of the Galactic stellar halo. We dissect the available volume in slices parallel to the Milky Way's disc to show that within $\sim30$ kpc from the Galactic centre the halo is triaxial, with the longest axis misaligned by $\sim70^{\circ}$ with respect to the Galactic $x$-axis. This anatomical procedure exposes two large diffuse over-densities aligned with the semi-major axis of the halo: the Hercules-Aquila Cloud and the Virgo Over-density. We reveal the kinematics of the entire inner halo by mapping out the amplitudes and directions of the RR Lyrae proper motions. These are then compared to simple models with different anisotropies to demonstrate that the inner halo is dominated by stars on highly eccentric orbits. We interpret the shape of the density and the kinematics of the $Gaia$ DR2 RR Lyrae as evidence in favour of a scenario in which the bulk of the halo was deposited in a single massive merger event.
Commodity Correlation Risk

It is widely observed that primary commodity prices comove. A parallel literature asserts that correlation risk matters for financial returns. Our novel study connects these topics and presents evidence that commodity correlation risk is both non-constant and important for returns. We reconsider therefore the relationship between primary commodities, risk and macro fundamentals, utilising methods that account for parameter uncertainty and stochastic volatility. We show that correlation risk is positively related to commodity returns and the strongest impact of risk upon return is more recent. We also demonstrate that commodity correlation risk is strongly counter-cyclical, correlation risk predicts returns, our risk measure is unrelated to other risk/uncertainty measures, and that correlation risk is linked to commodity financialization.
A low cost collision avoidance system based on a ToF camera for SLAM approaches

Indoor positioning is a problem that has not yet been solved efficiently and accurately. In outdoors the most effective solution is the Global Position System (GPS), but it cannot be used indoors due to the weakening of the signal, so other solutions have been studied. These approaches could be applied to define a map for the guidance of blind people, tourism or navigation for autonomous robots. In this paper, the study, design, implementation and evaluation of a robust obstacle detection and mapping system is proposed. Thus, it can be used to alert of near objects presence and avoid possible collisions in an indoor navigation. The system is based on a Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera and a Single Board Computer (SBC) like Raspberry PI or NVIDIA Jetson Nano. In order to evaluate the system several real experiments were carried out. This kind of system can be integrated on a wheelchair and help the handicapped person to move indoors or take data from an indoor environment and recreate it in a 2D or 3D images.
Nonlinear Quantum Neuro-Psycho-Dynamics with Topological Phase Transitions

We have proposed a novel model of general quantum, stochastic and chaotic psychodynamics. The model is based on the previously developed Life-Space Foam (LSF) framework to motivational and cognitive dynamics. The present model extends the LSF-approach by incorporating chaotic and topological nonequilibrium phase transitions. Such extended LSF-model is applied for rigorous description of multi-agent joint action.
Advances in the Application of High-order Techniques in Simulation of Multi-disciplinary Phenomena

This paper describes the development of a comprehensive high-fidelity algorithmic framework to simulate the three-dimensional fields associated with multi-disciplinary physics. A wide range of phenomena is considered, from aero-acoustics and turbulence to electromagnetics, non-linear fluid-structure interactions, and magnetogasdynamics. The scheme depends primarily on "spectral-like," up to sixth-order accurate compact-differencing and up to tenth-order filtering techniques. The tightly coupled procedure suppresses numerical instabilities commonly encountered with high-order methods on non-uniform meshes, near computational boundaries or in the simulation of nonlinear dynamics. Particular emphasis is placed on developing the proper metric evaluation procedures for three-dimensional moving and curvilinear meshes so that the advantages of higher-order schemes are retained in practical calculations. A domain-decomposition strategy based on finite-sized overlap regions and interface boundary treatments enables the development of highly scalable solvers. The utility of the method to simulate problems governed by widely disparate governing equations is demonstrated with several examples encompassing vortex dynamics, wave scattering, electro-fluid plasma interactions, and panel flutter.
Towards an initial mass function for giant planets

The distribution of exoplanet masses is not primordial. After the initial stage of planet formation, gravitational interactions between planets can lead to the physical collision of two planets, or the ejection of one or more planets from the system. When this occurs, the remaining planets are typically left in more eccentric orbits. In this report we demonstrate how the present-day eccentricities of the observed exoplanet population can be used to reconstruct the initial mass function of exoplanets before the onset of dynamical instability. We developed a Bayesian framework that combines data from N-body simulations with present-day observations to compute a probability distribution for the mass of the planets that were ejected or collided in the past. Integrating across the exoplanet population, one can estimate the initial mass function of exoplanets. We find that the ejected planets are primarily sub-Saturn-type planets. While the present-day distribution appears to be bimodal, with peaks around ~1MJ and ~20M? , this bimodality does not seem to be primordial. Instead, planets around ~60M⊕ appear to be preferentially removed by dynamical instabilities. Attempts to reproduce exoplanet populations using population synthesis codes should be mindful of the fact that the present population may have been depleted of sub-Saturn-mass planets. Future observations may reveal that young giant planets have a more continuous size distribution with lower eccentricities and more sub-Saturn-type planets. Lastly, there is a need for additional data and for more research on how the system architecture and multiplicity might alter our results. (Less)
Interferometric Observations of Powerful CO Emission from the three Submillimeter Galaxies at z=2.30, 2.51 and 3.35

We report IRAM millimeter interferometry of three z ∼ 2.4 to 3.4, SCUBA deep ﬁeld galaxies. Our CO line observations conﬁrm the rest-frame UV/optical redshifts, thus more than doubling the number of conﬁrmed, published redshifts of the faint submm-population and proving their high- z nature. In all three sources our measurements of the intrinsic gas and dynamical mass are large (10 10 to 10 11 M ⊙ ). In at least two cases the data show that the submm sources are part of an interacting system. Together with recent information gathered in the X-ray, optical and radio bands our observations support the interpretation that the submm-population, at least the radio detected ones, consists of gas rich (gas to dynamical mass ratio ∼ 0.5) and massive, interacting starburst/AGN systems.
Variational Principles and Cosmological Models in Higher-Order Gravity

This dissertation investigates three main topics, all of which dealing with alternative, higher-order gravity theories in four dimensions. Firstly, we study the variational and conformal structure of those theories. Next, we analyse their Hamiltonian formulation and in particular its relationship with the famous ADM canonical version of general relativity. Finally, we study higher-order spatially homogeneous cosmologies and exemplify how Hamiltonian methods can be utilised to simplify the analysis of the associated field equations.
Multiple-access Bosonic communications

The maximum rates for reliably transmitting classical information over Bosonic multiple-access channels (MACs) are derived when the transmitters are restricted to coherent-state encodings. Inner and outer bounds for the ultimate capacity region of the Bosonic MAC are also presented. It is shown that the sum-rate upper bound is achievable with a coherent-state encoding and that the entire region is asymptotically achievable in the limit of large mean input photon numbers.
Detecting Preknowledge Cheating via Innovative Measures: A Mixture Hierarchical Model for Jointly Modeling Item Responses, Response Times, and Visual Fixation Counts

Preknowledge cheating jeopardizes the validity of inferences based on test results. Many methods have been developed to detect preknowledge cheating by jointly analyzing item responses and response times. Gaze fixations, an essential eye-tracker measure, can be utilized to help detect aberrant testing behavior with improved accuracy beyond using product and process data types in isolation. As such, this study proposes a mixture hierarchical model that integrates item responses, response times, and visual fixation counts collected from an eye-tracker (a) to detect aberrant test takers who have different levels of preknowledge and (b) to account for nuances in behavioral patterns between normally-behaved and aberrant examinees. A Bayesian approach to estimating model parameters is carried out via an MCMC algorithm. Finally, the proposed model is applied to experimental data to illustrate how the model can be used to identify test takers having preknowledge on the test items.
Science Objectives and Early Results of the DEEP2 Redshift Survey

The DEIMOS spectrograph has now been installed on the Keck-II telescope and commissioning is nearly complete. The DEEP2 Redshift Survey, which will take approximately 120 nights at the Keck Observatory over a three year period and has been designed to utilize the power of DEIMOS, began in the summer of 2002. The multiplexing power and high efficiency of DEIMOS enables us to target 1000 faint galaxies per clear night. Our goal is to gather high-quality spectra of ≈ 60,000 galaxies with z>0.75 in order to study the properties and large scale clustering of galaxies at z ≈ 1. The survey will be executed at high spectral resolution, R=λ/Δλ ≈ 5000, allowing us to work between the bright OH sky emission lines and to infer linewidths for many of the target galaxies (for several thousand objects, we will obtain rotation curves as well). The linewidth data will facilitate the execution of the classical redshift-volume cosmological test, which can provide a precision measurement of the equation of state of the Universe. This talk reviews the project, summarizes our science goals and presents some early DEIMOS data.
A Physical-Based Framework for Estimating the Hourly All-Weather Land Surface Temperature by Synchronizing Geostationary Satellite Observations and Land Surface Model Simulations

The high-frequency all-weather land surface temperature (LST) product generated from the thermal-infrared (TIR) observations of the geostationary meteorological satellite is of great significance to study the diurnal variations in the LST and the land surface energy balance. However, the TIR sensor cannot penetrate the clouds and obtain the desired LST under cloudy conditions. In this study, we developed a physical-based framework for generating high-frequency (hourly) all-weather LST data by synchronizing geostationary satellite TIR observations and simulations of the land surface model (LSM). There are three parts to the developed framework. First, the clear-sky LST was retrieved from the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard the geostationary satellite Himawari-8 using our newly developed temperature and emissivity separation algorithm. Second, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) observations were assimilated into the Noah land surface model with multiple parameterization (Noah-MP) options’ model to generate the all-weather LST. Finally, the retrieved clear-sky AHI LST and Noah-MP assimilated LST were fused using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithm. In situ measurements from three networks were collected to evaluate the Noah-MP assimilated LST and EnKF fused LST. The bias/RMSE of the Noah-MP assimilated LST and EnKF fused LST were–0.16/3.01 K and 0.15/2.68 K, respectively, under all-weather conditions. Compared to the Noah-MP free-run LST, the absolute values of the bias were reduced by 0.64 K and 0.68 K for the Noah-MP assimilated LST and EnKF fused LST, while the RMSEs were reduced by 0.33 K and 0.65 K, respectively. In addition, the spatial distribution of EnKF fused LST was in good agreement with the retrieved clear-sky AHI LST. The proposed framework in this study was demonstrated to be capable of obtaining accurate high-frequency (hourly) all-weather LST data.
Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorems and Entropy Production in Relaxational Systems

We show that for stochastic dynamical systems out of equilibrium the violation of the fluctuation-dissipation equality is bounded by a function of the entropy production. The result applies to a much wider situation than ``near equilibrium,'' comprising diffusion as well as glasses and other macroscopic systems far from equilibrium. For aging systems this bounds the age-frequency regimes in which the susceptibilities satisfy the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in terms of the rate of decay of the $H$ function, a question intimately related to the reading of a thermometer placed in contact with the system.
Arsenic Pollution and Anaerobic Arsenic Metabolizing Bacteria in Lake Van, the World’s Largest Soda Lake

Arsenic is responsible for water pollution in many places around the world and presents a serious health risk for people. Lake Van is the world’s largest soda lake, and there are no studies on seasonal arsenic pollution and arsenic-resistant bacteria. We aimed to determine the amount of arsenic in the lake water and sediment, to isolate arsenic-metabolizing anaerobic bacteria and their identification, and determination of arsenic metabolism. Sampling was done from 7.5 m to represent the four seasons. Metal contents were determined by using ICP-MS. Pure cultures were obtained using the Hungate technique. Growth characteristics of the strains were determined at different conditions as well as at arsenate and arsenite concentrations. Molecular studies were also carried out for various resistance genes. Our results showed that Lake Van’s total arsenic amount changes seasonally. As a result of 16S rRNA sequencing, it was determined that the isolates were members of 8 genera with arsC resistance genes. In conclusion, to sustain water resources, it is necessary to prevent chemical and microorganism-based pollution. It is thought that the arsenic-resistant bacteria obtained as a result of this study will contribute to the solution of environmental arsenic pollution problems, as they are the first data and provide the necessary basic data for the bioremediation studies of arsenic from contaminated environmental habitats. At the same time, the first data that will contribute to the creation of the seasonal arsenic map of Lake Van are obtained.
Emerging Nutrition Approaches to Support the Mind and Muscle for Healthy Aging

This narrative review highlights recent advances and ongoing trials using nutrition approaches for healthy aging. Focus will be placed on nutrition therapies that target cognition (“the mind”) and mobility (“the muscle”), both critical components to maintaining a high quality of life for older adults. For “the mind,” two seemingly incongruent therapies are being investigated to improve cognition–the MIND diet (high in carbohydrates and anti-oxidant fruits and vegetables) and the ketogenic diet (low in carbohydrates, high in fats). For “the muscle,” a focus on protein and energy intake has dominated the literature, yet a recent clinical trial supports the use of whole-grains as a tool to improve whole-body protein turnover–a primary regulator of lean body mass and muscle. Finally, emerging data and clinical trials on caloric restriction have solidified this strategy as the only nutritional approach to slow intrinsic factors of whole-body aging, which may positively impact both “the mind” and “the muscle. ”
Efficient high-resolution electric and magnetic field simulations inside the human body in the vicinity of wireless power transfer systems with varying models

Purpose Magneto-quasi-static fields emanated by inductive charging systems can be potentially harmful to the human body. Recent projects, such as TALAKO and MILAS, use the technique of wireless power transfer (WPT) to charge batteries of electrically powered vehicles. To ensure the safety of passengers, the exposing magnetic flux density needs to be measured in situ and compared to reference limit values. However, in the design phase of these systems, numerical simulations of the emanated magnetic flux density are inevitable. This study aims to present a tool along with a workflow, based on the Scaled-Frequency Finite Difference Time-Domain and Co-Simulation Scalar Potential Finite Difference schemes, to determine body-internal magnetic flux densities, electric field strengths and induced voltages into cardiac pacemakers. The simulations should be time efficient, with lower computational costs and minimal human workload. Design/methodology/approach The numerical assessment of the human exposure to magneto-quasi-static fields is computationally expensive, especially when considering high-resolution discretization models of vehicles and WPT systems. Incorporating human body models into the simulation further enhances the number of mesh cells by multiple millions. Hence, the number of simulations including all components and human models needs to be limited while efficient numerical schemes need to be applied. Findings This work presents and compares four exposure scenarios using the presented numerical methods. By efficiently combining numerical methods, the simulation time can be reduced by a factor of 3.5 and the required storage space by almost a factor of 4. Originality/value This work presents and discusses an efficient way to determine the exposure of human beings in the vicinity of wireless power transfer systems that saves computer simulation resources and human workload.
Critical strange metal from fluctuating gauge fields in a solvable random model

Building upon techniques employed in the construction of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model, which is a solvable $0+1$ dimensional model of a non-Fermi liquid, we develop a solvable, infinite-ranged random-hopping model of fermions coupled to fluctuating U(1) gauge fields. In a specific large-$N$ limit, our model realizes a gapless non-Fermi liquid phase, which combines the effects of hopping and interaction terms. We derive the thermodynamic properties of the non-Fermi liquid phase realized by this model, and the charge transport properties of an infinite-dimensional version with spatial structure.
AI in health tourism: developing a measurement scale

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic created a strong urgency for the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the tourism and hospitality industry. This paper was set to develop a scale of AI needs in health tourism. A total of 556 valid data were collected, and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were employed to analyze the data. Six constructs containing 18 items were identified, and the reliability and validity were examined to reach satisfactory levels. The measurement scale developed may serve as a foundation for future research, and shed light on tourism managers, marketers, AI designers and policymakers.
Natural experiments in landscape evolution

A natural experiment in landscape evolution is a case study of landform development in which only one element varies significantly, and for which the driving forces, initial conditions, and/or boundary conditions are well constrained. Natural experiments provide a means of testing landscape evolution theory on the large space and time scales to which that theory applies. Natural experiments can involve either steady or transient conditions. Cases with steady conditions allow one to test predictions about the relationships among topography, erosion rates, and various attributes related to climate and material properties. Transient cases are valuable for distinguishing between models whose predictions might be similar, and therefore indistinguishable, under steady conditions. Essential ingredients of a natural experiment include minimal variation in all but one factor, good constraints on timing and/or rates, well‐characterized processes, and high quality topographic data. Other useful ingredients include information about intermediate topographic states (such as a former valley profile revealed by strath terraces), and knowledge of the time history of erosion rates. In order to deepen our understanding of the physics and chemistry of long‐term landscape evolution, there is a pressing need to identify natural experiments and develop the necessary databases to take advantage of them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.