Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strain-balanced Si/SiGe type-II superlattices for near-infrared photodetection

Strain balanced silicon-silicon germanium type-II superlattice p-i-n photodetectors grown on a silicon germanium relaxed buffer layer are shown to exhibit an absorption band that extends beyond 0.7 eV (λ = 1.77 μm) with dark current densities of 27 μA cm−2. Simulations of the absorption edge, which are based on x-ray diffraction characterization, low observed dark current densities, and low dislocation densities, are consistent with fully strained heterostructures. Potential applications for devices made from this heterostructure design could include integrated silicon detectors, or low-noise absorption regions for infrared-extended silicon based avalanche photodiodes.
Metal-Insulator Transition in the Hubbard Model on a Triangular Lattice

We discuss the results of an extensive mean-field investigation of the half-filled Hubbard model on a triangular lattice at zero temperature. At intermediate U we find a first-order metal-insulator transition from an incommensurate spiral magnetic metal to a semiconducting state with a commensurate linear spin density wave ordering stabilized by the competition between the kinetic energy and the frustrated nature of the magnetic interaction. At large U the ground state is that of a classical triangular antiferromagnet within our approximation. In the incommensurate spiral metallic phase the Fermi surface has parts in which the wave function renormalization Z is extremely small. The evolution of the Fermi surface and the broadening of the quasi-particle band along with the variation of the plasma frequency and a charge stiffness constant with U/t are discussed.
Affine reconstruction from a plane and two parallel lines

Affine reconstruction is the most difficult and crucial step in 3D reconstruction from image space to the Euclidean space. Recent research indicates that it is impossible to realize the affine reconstruction from a perspective image pairs captured by a translating camera with varying intrinsic parameters if no geometric information of the scene is available. Therefore, it is indispensable to provide some additional information for affine reconstruction from a pair of images. In this paper, we propose that if one plane and a pair of parallel lines are presented in the scene, the affine reconstruction can be done linearly from two images taken by a translating camera. We also point out that if a pair of parallel planes is presented in the scene, the affine reconstruction can also be done linearly from an image pair taken by a translating camera, and if a pair of parallel planes and a pair of parallel lines are presented in the scene, the affine reconstruction can be done linearly from two general views. Extensive simulations and experiments with real images validate our algorithm. The result ofthis paper seems ofboth academic and practical significance in 3D computer vision.
Improved implicit integrators for transient impact problems—geometric admissibility within the conserving framework

The value of energy and momentum conserving algorithms has been well established for the analysis of highly non‐linear systems, including those characterized by the nonsmooth non‐linearities of an impact event. This work proposes an improved integration scheme for frictionless dynamic contact, seeking to preserve the stability properties of exact energy and momentum conservation without the heretofore unavoidable compromise of violating geometric admissibility as established by the contact constraints. The physically motivated introduction of a discrete contact velocity provides an algorithmic framework that ensures exact conservation locally while remaining independent of the choice of constraint treatment, thus making full conservation equally possible in conjunction with a penalty regularization as with an exact Lagrange multiplier enforcement. The discrete velocity effects are incorporated as a post‐convergence update to the system velocities, and thus have no direct effect on the non‐linear solution of the displacement equilibrium equation. The result is a robust implicit algorithmic treatment of dynamic frictionless impact, appropriate for large deformations and fully conservative for a range of geometric constraints. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social deprivation and SARS-CoV-2 testing: a population-based analysis in a highly contrasted southern France region

Background Testing was the cornerstone of the COVID-19 epidemic response in most countries until vaccination became available for the general population. Social inequalities generally affect access to healthcare and health behaviors, and COVID-19 was rapidly shown to impact deprived population more drastically. In support of the regional health agency in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (PACA) in South-Eastern France, we analyzed the relationship between testing rate and socio-demographic characteristics of the population, to identify gaps in testing coverage and improve targeting of response strategies. Methods We conducted an ecological analysis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 testing rate in the PACA region, based on data aggregated at the finest spatial resolution available in France (IRIS) and by periods defined by public health implemented measures and major epidemiological changes. Using general census data, population density, and specific deprivation indices, we used principal component analysis followed by hierarchical clustering to define profiles describing local socio-demographic characteristics. We analyzed the association between these profiles and testing rates in a generalized additive multilevel model, adjusting for access to healthcare, presence of a retirement home, and the age profile of the population. Results We identified 6 socio-demographic profiles across the 2,306 analyzed IRIS spatial units: privileged, remote, intermediate, downtown, deprived, and very deprived (ordered by increasing social deprivation index). Profiles also ranged from rural (remote) to high density urban areas (downtown, very deprived). From July 2020 to December 2021, we analyzed SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 testing rate over 10 periods. Testing rates fluctuated strongly but were highest in privileged and downtown areas, and lowest in very deprived ones. The lowest adjusted testing rate ratios (aTRR) between privileged (reference) and other profiles occurred after implementation of a mandatory healthpass for many leisure activities in July 2021. Periods of contextual testing near Christmas displayed the largest aTRR, especially during the last periods of 2021 after the end of free convenience testing for unvaccinated individuals. Conclusion We characterized in-depth local heterogeneity and temporal trends in testing rates and identified areas and circumstances associated with low testing rates, which the regional health agency targeted specifically for the deployment of health mediation activities.
Convergence of vortex methods for Euler’s equations

A numerical method for approximating the flow of a two dimensional incompressible, inviscid fluid is examined. It is proved that for a short time interval Chorin's vortex method converges superlinearly toward the solution of Euler's equations, which govern the flow. The length of the time interval depends upon the smoothness of the flow and of the particular cutoff. The theory is supported by numerical experiments. These suggest that the vortex method may even be a second order method.
The Annual Cycle and Interannual Variability in the Tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean Regions

Abstract The annual cycle of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), clouds, precipitation and sea level pressure is studied from satellite and station data in the tropical Indian and Pacific sectors. A region of heavy convection, termed the tropical convective maximum, moves from north to south and west to cast in the Indian and Pacific sectors as the mean annual cycle proceeds from northern summer to northern winter. During its return excursion northwestward from northern winter to northern summer in the Indian sector, it is not as strong as in the preceding half of the annual cycle. To study interannual fluctuations of the annual cycle in these regions, Indian monsoon rainfall is chosen as an indicator of precipitation and convection in the summer monsoon region. Relatively strong and weak years of monsoon rainfall are selected and used as a starting point to follow the evolution of the annual cycle in the two sets of years. More than two-thirds of the monsoon seasons since 1900 are classified as either rel.
Classical non-adiabatic angles

If a family of tori in phase space is driven by a time-dependent Hamiltonian flow in such a way as to return after some time to the original family, there generally results a shift in the angle variables. One realisation of this process is in the cyclic adiabatic change of a classical Hamiltonian and the angle change has previously been shown to separate naturally into a dynamical part and a geometrical part. Here the same geometrical angle change is extracted when the return is achieved non-adiabatically, and the 'dynamical' remainder calculated. Two examples are given: the precession of a spin and the rotation of phase-space ellipses.
(Non)linear instability of periodic traveling waves: Klein–Gordon and KdV type equations

Abstract. We prove the existence and nonlinear instability of periodic traveling wave solutions for the critical one-dimensional Klein–Gordon equation. We also establish a linear instability criterium for a KdV type system. An application of this approach is made to obtain the linear/nonlinear instability of vector cnoidal wave profiles. Finally, via a theoretical and numerical approach we show the linear stability or instability of periodic positive and sign changing waves, respectively, for the critical Korteweg–de Vries equation.
Electromagnetically induced transparency and controlled group velocity in a multilevel system

We analyze the interaction of N laser fields with a $(N+1)$-level quantum system. A general analytic expression for the steady-state linear susceptibility for a probe-laser field is obtained and we show that the system can exhibit multiple electromagnetically induced transparency, with at most $N\ensuremath{-}1$ transparency windows occurring in the system. The group velocity of the probe-laser pulse can also be controlled.
Motion of a screw dislocation in a two-dimensional Peierls potential

Motion of a screw dislocation in a crystal lattice occurs by kink pair formation in a two-dimensional Peierls potential. Employing the line-tension model of a dislocation, the saddle-point configuration of a nonplanar kink pair in three-dimensional space and the associated activation energy are calculated. The method is applied to a 〈111〉 screw dislocation in a bcc lattice assuming a threefold periodic sinusoidal Peierls potential in the (111) plane. In this potential the dislocation can nucleate a kink pair from one stable straight configuration towards any of the three adjacent ones. Depending on the direction of the applied stress the relative frequencies of the three activation processes determine the temperature dependence of the critical flow stress and the direction of total slip. The calculations reproduce well the plastic anisotropy of bcc transition metals.
Behandlungsstrategie beim radiojodrefraktären differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinom

Zusammenfassung Traditionell besteht das multimodale Therapiekonzept bei den differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinomen in der Thyreoidektomie mit Neck-Dissection (bei cN+-Halsstatus) und adjuvanten Radiojodablation mit abschließender risikoadaptierter TSH-Suppression. Das Ausmaß der Radiojodaufnahme beim metastasierten Schilddrüsenkarzinom spielt eine signifikante Rolle bei der Einschätzung der Prognose. Das fehlende Jodspeicherungsvermögen einer Läsion in Zusammenschau mit dem fehlenden Abfall des Tumormarkers Thyreoglobulin sowie radiologische Zeichen einer Tumorprogression charakterisieren den Radiojod-refraktären Patienten. Aufgrund des meistens über einen langen Zeitraum indolenten Verlaufs erscheint in den meisten Fällen ein abwartendes Verhalten in Kombination mit lokaler Metastasenbehandlung sowie Symptomlinderung primär sinnvoll zu sein. Der Nachweis einer Veränderung der Tumordynamik ist der Zeitpunkt, um eine Systemtherapie zu evaluieren. Diese beruht auf Multi-Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren (Sorafenib, Lenvatinib). Diese Substanzen sind größtenteils mit einem ungünstigen Nebenwirkungsprofil assoziiert (Diarrhö, Hautauschläge, arterielle Hypertonie mit hypertensiver Entgleisung, lokale Wundheilungsstörungen), welches zu einer nicht vernachlässigbaren Rate einer therapieassoziierten Morbidität sowie einer hohen Anzahl an Therapieunterbrechungen führt. Daher sind im Jahr 2020 2 selektive RET-Inhibitoren (Selpercatinib, Pralsetinib) für die differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinome von der FDA zugelassen worden. Eine neue Perspektive für die Zukunft wären die unterschiedlichen Redifferenzierungsstrategien, welche auf die Steigerung der Sensitivität der Tumorzellen auf Radiojod abzielen.
A novel nano-scaled force sensor based on silicon photonic crystal

With advantages of ultra-compact size, high resolution, and easy integration, nano-scaled force sensors based on photonic crystal are widely used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). The performances of these nano-scaled force sensors are mainly determined by the shape nanocavity. The principle of the sensor is that the output wavelength of the force sensor using photonic crystal varies as a function of force and pressure. In this work, a novel three dimensional nano-scaled force sensor based on silicon photonic crystal, in which a nanocavity is embedded in an S-shaped elastic body, is provided and studied numerically. The advantage of this force sensor is that it can be used in the NEMS to measure the component force in the X direction, Y direction and Z direction, simultaneously. The relationship between the force and the output wavelength is determined using finite element method (FEM) and finite difference time-domain method (FDTD).
ZINC‐OXIDE FILM MICROWAVE ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS

Thin‐film zinc‐oxide microwave acoustic transducers have been formed successfully by vacuum deposition techniques upon a cooled substrate (−50°C) by evaporation of zinc with an oxygen beam. The films are hexagonal preferentially oriented with c axis normal to the substrate. A device consisting of a ZnO film (1.9 μ) deposited on a metallic film on a sapphire delay line had a one‐way conversion loss of 6 dB at 1.6 GHz with a large bandwidth indicating that zinc‐oxide thin films deposited by this method make good ultrasonic transducers at frequencies above 1 GHz.
Omega-3-Fettsäuren bei Herzinsuffizienz

Zusammenfassung Herzinsuffizienz ist der häufigste Grund für Krankenhausaufnahmen in Deutschland. Die beiden Omega-3-Fettsäuren Eicosapentaensäure (EPA) und Docosahexaensäure (DHA) aus Meeresfisch und ähnlichen Quellen, nicht aber die pflanzliche Alpha-Linolensäure, werden in den Leitlinien bei Herzinsuffizienz mit eingeschränkter linksventrikulärer Funktion empfohlen. Die Empfehlungen basieren auf Epidemiologie, Wirkmechanismen und einer großen Interventionsstudie mit klinischen Endpunkten. Die Aufnahme von EPA und DHA ist von Person zu Person sehr variabel, und die klinischen Wirkungen korrelieren nicht mit der Dosis, sondern mit ihren Spiegeln in Erythrozyten. Daher empfiehlt sich eine zielgerichtete Therapie auf Basis einer standardisierten Fettsäureanalytik der Erythrozyten, die auch bei Herzinsuffizienz die umfangreichste wissenschaftliche Datenbasis hat: der HS-Omega-3 Index® mit einem Zielbereich von 8–11 %.
The carrier nature of speech

Speech synthesizing is here discussed in the terminology of carrier circuits. The speaker is pictured as a sort of radio broadcast transmitter with the message to be sent out originating in the studio of the talker's brain and manifesting itself in muscular wave motions in the vocal tract. Although these motions contain the message, they are inaudible because they occur at syllabic rates. An audible sound is needed to pass the message into the listener's ear. This is provided by the carrier in the form of a group of higher frequency waves in the audible range set up by oscillatory action at the vocal cords or elsewhere in the vocal tract. These carrier waves either in their generation or their transmission are modulated by the message waves to form the speech waves. As the speech waves contain the message information on an audible carrier they are adapted to broadcast reception by receiving sets in the form of listeners' ears. The message is then recovered by the listeners' minds.
Exciton energy transfer between nanoparticles and nanowires

In this paper, we study the processes of exciton transfer in coupled nanoparticles and nanowires, and obtain convenient equations and numerical results for energy-transfer rates. For large distances, the energy-transfer rates are proportional to $1/{d}^{5}$, where $d$ is the nanoparticle-nanowire distance. Our models incorporate both semiconductor and metal material systems. In this paper, we show that excitonic energy generated optically in nanoparticles can be efficiently extracted and channeled to nanowires/nanotubes by utilizing the F\"orster energy-transfer mechanism. In particular, we propose a complex composed of an indirect-band semiconductor nanowire (silicon) and direct-band nanoparticles (CdTe). The efficiency of light harvesting in the CdTe-Si complex becomes strongly enhanced due to a strongly increased absorption cross section and a reduced absorption anisotropy. The system has potential for optoelectronic applications. Hybrid metal-semiconductor complexes have more efficient energy transfer and may be used for sensors. This paper describes available experimental data and suggests further experimental realizations.
Performance of 4D‐Var NWP‐based nowcasting of precipitation at the Met Office for summer 2012

The Met Office has developed and demonstrated an hourly cycling 1.5 km resolution NWP‐based nowcast system (0–6 h forecasts) using four‐dimensional variational data assimilation (4D‐Var). This was known as the Nowcasting Demonstration Project (NDP), and was principally for prediction of convective storms for flood forecasting. The NDP was run in real time from March 2012 to April 2013 to cover the period of the London Olympics 2012. The system was run on a domain covering southern England and Wales nested in the UK variable resolution model (UKV). The UKV used a UK‐wide 1.5 km domain with 3 hourly cycling three‐dimensional variational data assimilation (3D‐Var) and produced 36 h forecasts every 6 h. The NDP 4D‐Var included standard observations, Doppler radar radial winds, humidity derived from a 3D cloud cover analysis and geostationary satellite upper‐tropospheric water vapour radiances not contaminated by cloud. This was used in combination with latent heat nudging of radar‐derived precipitation rates. Example case‐studies compare the NDP precipitation forecasts to both the operational extrapolation/merged nowcast system and the UKV forecasts. Objective comparison of fraction skill score for the period June to August 2012 shows that the NDP skill was greater than the latest UKV forecasts, available to forecasters at the same time as the NDP, for the whole 6 h forecast period. The skill of the NDP was greater than the operational extrapolation/merged nowcast beyond T + 2 h.
Ultrasensitive mass balance based on a bulk acoustic mode single-crystal silicon resonator

A single-crystal silicon resonant bulk acoustic mass sensor with a measured resolution of 125pg∕cm2 is presented. The mass sensor comprises a micromachined silicon plate that is excited in the square-extensional bulk acoustic resonant mode at a frequency of 2.182MHz, with a quality factor exceeding 106. The mass sensor has a measured mass to frequency shift sensitivity of 132Hzcm2∕μg. The resonator element is embedded in a feedback loop of an electronic amplifier to implement an oscillator with a short term frequency stability of better than 7ppb at an operating pressure of 3.8mTorr.
Voyager observations of solar wind proton temperature: 1‐10AU

SOlar wind proton temperatures are measured simultaneously by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft, far from Earth, and the IMP 8 spacecraft in Earth orbit. This technique allows the separation of radial and temporal variations of solar wind parameters. The average value of the proton temperature from 1 to 9 AU is observed to decrease as r/sup -0.7plus-or-minus0.2/ which is slower than would be expected for adiabatic expansion. A detailed look at the solar wind stream structure shows that considerable heating occurs at the interface between high and low speed streams.
The properties of molecular clouds across the Magellanic System

Abstract Most stars form in Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) and regulate the evolution of galaxies in various respects. The formed stars affect the surrounding materials strongly via their UV photons, stellar winds, and supernova explosions, which lead to trigger the formation of next-generations of stars in the GMCs. It is therefore crucial to reveal the distribution and properties of GMCs in a galaxy. The Magellanic System is a unique target to make such detailed comprehensive study of GMCs. This is because it is nearby and the LMC is nearly face-on, making it feasible to unambiguously identify associated young objects within GMCs. Recent millimeter and sub-millimeter observations in the Magellanic System have started to reveal the distribution and properties of the individual GMCs in detail and their relation to star formation activities. From the NANTEN CO surveys, three types of GMCs can be classified in terms of star formation activities; Type I is starless, Type II is with H ii regions only, and Type III is associated with active star formation indicated by huge H ii regions and young star clusters. The further observations to obtain detailed structure of the GMCs by Mopra and SEST and to search for the dense cores by ASTE and NANTEN2 in higher tansition lines of CO have been carried out with an angular resolution of about 5 to 10 pc. These observations revealed that the differences of the physical properties represent an evolutionary sequence of GMCs in terms of density increase leading to star formation. Type I and II GMCs are at the early phase of star formation where density does not yet become high enough to show active star formation, and Type III GMCs represent the later phase where the average density is increased and the GMCs are forming massive stars.
HYPERBOLIC MODELS FOR CHEMOSENSITIVE MOVEMENT

Chemosensitive movement describes the active orientation of individuals on chemical signals. In cases of cellular slime molds or flagellated bacteria, chemosensitive movement leads to aggregation and pattern formation. The classical mathematical model to describe chemosensitive movement is the diffusion based Patlak–Keller–Segel model. It suffers from the drawback of infinite propagation speeds. The relevant model parameters (motility and chemosensitivity) are related to population statistics. Hyperbolic models respect finite propagation speeds and the relevant model parameters (turning rate, distribution of new chosen velocities) are based on the individual movement patterns of the species at hand. In this paper hyperbolic models (in 1-D) and a transport model (in n-D) for chemosensitive movement are discussed and compared to the classical model. For the hyperbolic and transport models the following topics are reviewed: parabolic limit (which in some cases leads to the Patlak–Keller–Segel model), local and global existence, asymptotic behavior and moment closure. The moment closure approach leads to models based on Cattaneo's law of heat conduction (telegraph equation).