Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anti-aliasing on the web

It is increasingly common for users to interact with the web using a number of different aliases. This trend is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it is a fundamental building block in approaches to online privacy. On the other hand, there are economic and social consequences to allowing each user an arbitrary number of free aliases. Thus, there is great interest in understanding the fundamental issues in obscuring the identities behind aliases.However, most work in the area has focused on linking aliases through analysis of lower-level properties of interactions such as network routes. We show that aliases that actively post text on the web can be linked together through analysis of that text. We study a large number of users posting on bulletin boards, and develop algorithms to anti-alias those users: we can with a high degree of success identify when two aliases belong to the same individual.Our results show that such techniques are surprisingly effective, leading us to conclude that guaranteeing privacy among aliases that post actively requires mechanisms that do not yet exist.
Reservoir Characterization on Thin Sands in South West Ampa 21 Area (BLK11) Using Seismic Inversion

Summary The Miocene shallow marine stacked reservoir located in the South West Ampa (SWA) 21 area (northwestern Brunei), is an anticlinal trap trending in the northeastsouthwest direction and plunging towards the northeast. Conventional seismic data could not resolve the oil water contact (OWC) at the target AY1 reservoir, and inversion modeling was therefore conducted to achieve this objective and to determine reservoir properties. Constrained Sparse Spike Inversion (CSSI) methods were used in this project. The CSSI method revealed a better resolution, imaging sand of down to 3 meters in thickness in the AY1 reservoir. The high resolution of the inversion result revealed obvious error in the seismic interpretation of the AY1 horizon, and imaged the reservoir as two separate sands, which were indistinct in their conventional seismic response. Two horizons representing the tops of these thin sands were remapped on the extracted impedance volume and attribute extraction was performed on them. The visual interpretation of the impedance volume, attribute (amplitude) and net pay extraction, revealed the existence of oil at the two sands. The attribute and net pay extraction from the two sands also provided a new, possible OWC and possible shaling out location for the bottom AY1 sand. The conclusions derived from the above study proved consistent with the findings made in the area’s recent SWA-225 well drilling.
Groundwater Denitrification Capacity of Riparian Zones in Suburban and Agricultural Watersheds 1

Watson, Tara K. , Dorothy Q. Kellogg, Kelly Addy, Arthur J. Gold, Mark H. Stolt, Sean W. Donohue, and Peter M. Groffman, 2010. Groundwater Denitrification Capacity of Riparian Zones in Suburban and Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):237‐245. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010. 00418.x
Archaeological obsidian studies : method and theory

Current Issues and Future Directions in Archaeological Volcanic Glass Studies: An Introduction M.S. Shackley. A Systematic Approach to Obsidian Source Characterization M.D. Glascock, et al. Mediterranean Islands and Multiple Flows: The Sources and Exploitation of Sardinian Obsidian R.H. Tykot. Intrasource Chemical Variability and Secondary Depositional Processes: Lessons from the American Southwest M.S. Shackley. Characterization of Archaeological Volcanic Glass from Oceania: The Utility of Three Techniques M.I. Weisler, D.A. Clague. Application of PIXE-PIGME to Archaeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea G.R. Summerhayes, et al. Factors Affecting the Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Analysis of Archaeological Obsidian M.K. Davis, et al. Laboratory Obsidian Hydration Rates: Theory, Method, and Application C.M. Stevenson, et al. Obsidian Hydration Dating at a Recent Age Obsidian Mining Site in Papua, New Guinea W.R. Ambrose. Perspective in the 1990s on Method and Theory in Archaeological Volcanic Glass Studies R.C. Green. Index.
Diffuse emission of carbon dioxide from Cerro Negro Volcano, Nicaragua, Central America

We report the first detailed soil CO2 efflux survey carried out at Cerro Negro volcano, Nicaragua, Central America. Soil CO2 efflux values ranged from 0.5 to 35,000 g m−2 d−1. Spatial distribution of CO2 efflux shows that volcanic gas is mainly released from the summit crater and the fissures opened during the August 1999 eruption. The total CO2 output of Cerro Negro is conservatively estimated to be 2,800 t d−1, based on a study area of 0.58 Km². Contour maps of soil CO2 efflux, ground temperature, and δ13C(CO2) distributions support an important magmatic contribution for the total output of CO2 at Cerro Negro volcano.
THE TORTONIAN FLORA OF SWOSZOWICE AND THE PLIOCENE FLORAS OF TRANSCARPATHIA

The Tortonian (Miocene) flora of Swoszowice in the Cracow region is analyzed taxonomically and floristically. This flora, which was first described by Unger and Stur in the last century, is con-- siderably revised; of the 31 specific entities recognized, several are of wide occurrence in the Eurasian Neogene. About one-third of the flora is composed of the Poltavan element, i.e., exotic broad-leafed evergreens related to extant tropical to subtropical species. The remainder of the flora is composed of conifers and deciduous angiosperms related to extant warm-temperate to subtropical species (Turgayan element). Comparison of the Swoszowice flora with the Pliocene floras of Transcarpathia indicates that the latter are composed predominately of Turgayan species that were present in the Swoszowice flora. The warm Poltavan element, however, was eliminated in the interval — estimated to be between 8 and 11 million years — between the Swoszowic and Transcarpathian Pliocene floras, thus indicating a deterioration.
Transport of smoke from the Central American fires of 1998

During the spring of 1998, smoke produced by biomass burning in Central America was transported northward, where it eventually affected the continental United States. To quantify this event, this study analyzes the presence of aerosols using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aerosol index. Unusually large amounts of UV-absorbing aerosols were present over parts of Central America during 1998 compared to a climatology created from the 13-year Nimbus 7 TOMS data set (1979–1992). The role of transport is studied by computing trajectories for air parcels initialized in the area with the most widespread fires. Comparison of the TOMS aerosol index maps and the parcel trajectories indicates that the trajectories adequately represent the smoke transport. Analysis of the TOMS data, the meteorological observations, and the trajectories indicates that the source region of the smoke is influenced by two prevailing transport regimes: one northward and one westward. The transport alternates between the two flow patterns. Statistical analysis of the transport shows that May 1998 and the climatology contain similar patterns of northward and westward flow regimes. The northward flow regime in 1998, however, is among the strongest of the 20-year period analyzed. The combination of unusually large smoke production and stronger than normal northward transport led to significant smoke concentrations over large areas of the central and southern United States.
Graphlet eigencentralities capture novel central roles of genes in pathways

Motivation Graphlet adjacency extends regular node adjacency in a network by considering a pair of nodes being adjacent if they participate in a given graphlet (small, connected, induced subgraph). Graphlet adjacencies captured by different graphlets were shown to contain complementary biological functions and cancer mechanisms. To further investigate the relationships between the topological features of genes participating in molecular networks, as captured by graphlet adjacencies, and their biological functions, we build more descriptive pathway-based approaches. Contribution We introduce a new graphlet-based definition of eigencentrality of genes in a pathway, graphlet eigencentrality, to identify pathways and cancer mechanisms described by a given graphlet adjacency. We compute the centrality of genes in a pathway either from the local perspective of the pathway or from the global perspective of the entire network. Results We show that in molecular networks of human and yeast, different local graphlet adjacencies describe different pathways (i.e., all the genes that are functionally important in a pathway are also considered topologically important by their local graphlet eigencentrality). Pathways described by the same graphlet adjacency are functionally similar, suggesting that each graphlet adjacency captures different pathway topology and function relationships. Additionally, we show that different graphlet eigencentralities describe different cancer driver genes that play central roles in pathways, or in the crosstalk between them (i.e. we can predict cancer driver genes participating in a pathway by their local or global graphlet eigencentrality). This result suggests that by considering different graphlet eigencentralities, we can capture different functional roles of genes in and between pathways.
Fractal dimension and b value on creeping and locked patches of the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California

We tested the hypotheses (1) that the fractal dimension, D , of hypocenters are different in a locked and a creeping segment of the San Andreas fault and (2) that the relationship D ≈ 2 b holds approximately, where b is the slope of the frequency-magnitude relationship. The test area was the 30- to 50-km fault segment north of Parkfield for which two earthquake catalogs exist: the borehole High Resolution Seismic Network data, and the U.S. Geological Survey data, which have a minimum magnitude of completeness of M C 0.4 and M C 1.0-1.2, respectively. The relative location errors in the two catalogs are estimated as 0.25 km and less than 1 km, respectively. The periods of high-quality data available extend from 1987 to 1998.5 and 1981 to 2000.2, respectively, furnishing 2609 and 3775 events for analysis, in the two catalogs. In the locked part, 0.5 b D b D b , as well as the fractal dimension ( D ), are different in the locked and creeping segments near Parkfield; (2) that the spatial distribution in the creeping segment is not well approximated by a fractal distribution; and (3) that the relationship D ≈ 2 b holds in the locked segment, where both parameters can be measured accurately. Thus, we propose that the heterogeneity of seismogenic volumes lead to differences in D and b and that these differences, where established by high-quality data, may furnish clues concerning properties of fault zones.
Decadal variability of temperature at a depth of 400 meters in the North Pacific Ocean

The gyre‐scale structure and evolution of decadal ocean thermocline variability in the North Pacific is described by analyzing historical temperature data at a depth of 400 meters. Decadal thermocline anomalies are characterized by a distinct see‐saw pattern in the midlatitudes and subtropics that appears to circulate coherently in the North Pacific basin, with a period on the order of 20 years. There are coherent spatial and temporal relationships between temperature anomalies around the subtropical gyre, with phase differences at depth and at the sea surface, suggesting that thermocline variability evolves independently of local SST anomalies. In the subtropics, subsurface anomalies can be seen to propagate all the way across the basin and thereby lead SST anomalies, providing a possible phase transition mechanism for SST. The basinwide anomaly pathways suggest a clockwise advection of subsurface temperature anomalies around the subtropical gyre, an active role played by the mean geostrophic flow in decadal variability.
The relationship between the size of caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte of the canine femoral neck and the radiographic view

Caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte (CCO), an osteophyte at the site of joint capsule attachment on the caudal aspect of the femoral neck, has been advocated as a radiographic criterion for coxofemoral subluxation. The correlation between the presence of CCO on radiographs (radiographic-CCO), the size of the CCO (CCO index) on three-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) images, and hip evaluation using transverse CT images was assessed in 22 Border Collies. CCOs were detected on the radiographs and CT images of 32% and 100% femurs, respectively. The CCO index correlated significantly with radiographic-CCO, but a large CCO index did not necessarily imply that the CCO was visible on radiographs. Hence, radiographic-CCO findings should be used cautiously in hip evaluation of Border Collies.
A numerical study of wave‐current interaction through surface and bottom stresses: Wind‐driven circulation in the South Atlantic Bight under uniform winds

The influences of surface waves on ocean currents in the coastal waters of the South Atlantic Bight are investigated by using a coupled wave-current modeling system. The ocean circulation model employed is the three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model (POM), and the wave model invoked is an improved third-generation wave model (WAM). The coupling procedure between the POM and the WAM and the simulated coastal ocean circulation driven by uniform surface winds are presented. The simulated results show that wind waves can significantly affect coastal ocean currents not only through an enhancement of wind stress but also through a modification of bottom stress. Wave-induced wind stress increases the magnitude of currents both at the surface and near the seabed. On the other hand, wave-induced bottom stress weakens the currents both at the sea surface and near the seabed. Therefore the net effect of surface wind waves on currents depends on the relative importance of current modulations by wave-induced wind stress and bottom stress. The results further indicate that at a fixed location, the relative importance of wave-induced surface and bottom shear stresses in coastal ocean circulation depends on the surface wind field. For the constant wind cases considered in this study, the effect of wave-induced bottom stress is more significant in along-shore wind conditions than in cross-shore wind conditions.
A Pacific Decadal Oscillation record since 1470 AD reconstructed from proxy data of summer rainfall over eastern China

Recent studies indicated that the spatial pattern and temporal variability of summer rainfall over eastern China are well correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Here we used a data set of the drought/flood index (a proxy of summer rainfall) since 1470 AD to reconstruct the annual PDO index. The reconstruction indicates that the PDO is a robust feature of North Pacific climate variability throughout the study period, however, the major modes of oscillation providing the basic PDO regime timescale have not been persistent over the last 530 years. The quasi‐centennial (75–115‐yr) and pentadecadal (50–70‐yr) oscillations dominated the periods before and after 1850, respectively. Our analysis suggest that solar forcing fluctuation on quasi‐centennial time scale (Gleissberg cycle) could be the pace‐maker of the PDO before 1850, and the PDO behavior after 1850 could be due, in part, to the global warming.
Possible connection between Pacific Oceanic interdecadal pathway and east Asian winter monsoon

This paper highlights the SST interdecadal variability over the Eastern North Pacific and its connection with East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) on decadal timescales. Aside from PDO pattern, the SST interdecadal variation is the most significant over IP region, where there is the intense air‐sea interaction involved with EAWM, including both wind stress and latent heat flux. A possible explanation for the phase change of PDO is related to the localized atmospheric forcing and the “upstream” winter monsoon. SSTA interdecadal variation over the IP regions is the ‘bridge’ linking the coupled ocean‐atmosphere interaction between midlatitude Pacific and the tropical Pacific.
Structure and Function of Peatland-Forest Ecotones in Southeastern Alaska

High-latitude warming could cause northern peatlands to become C sources. Where peatlands border boreal forests, strong differences in ecosystem C balances reflect drainage differences. Because local drainage conditions could be influenced by alterations in temperature and precipitation regimes, peatland-forest ecotones represent useful locations for monitoring potential impacts of global warming. We characterized the soils, hydrology, and forest structure along transects bracketing a peatland-forest ecotone in southeastern Alaska. We expected to find soil properties and processes at the peatland-forest edge that were intermediate between those from peatland and forest. Instead, we found that above- and belowground features of the ecotone did not coincide. Conifers grew on mineral soils, but also grew on Cryofibrists and Cryohemists, soils with high soil organic C (SOC) contents to 100 cm (57 kg m -2 ) that are significantly greater than the SOC contents of adjacent forested, non-Histosol pedons. Soil respiration rates (SRR) at peatland-forest edges (0.08 g CO 2 -C m -2 h -1 ), by contrast, were threefold lower than forest rates and did not differ significantly from peatland rates. Respiration rates were strongly influenced by water table height. Peatland and edge water tables were both significantly shallower than forest water tables. Our conceptual model suggests that if additional forest expansion and warmer summers enhance drainage of these edge soils and stimulate SRR to forest-like levels, 23 kg C m -2 could ultimately be mineralized from these extensive peatland-forest boundaries. Afforestation of peatland margins under this scenario could represent a transient positive feedback to rising atmospheric CO 2 levels.
The Region Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Fields and the Deep Structure in Yinshan Mountains of Inner Mongolia

We have analyzed the distribution feature of Bouguer gravity anomalies in the Yinshan Mountains and its neighboring areas of Inner Mongolia. We find that this feature is in “synchronous” agreement with the elevation in the Yinshan Mountain, Daqing Mountain, and the Hu-Bao basin areas. On the aeromagnetic anomaly map, the Yinshan area is of large-scale negative anomalies and the Hu-Bao basin is of large-amplitude positive anomalies. Through analysis of earthquake, magnetotelluric, and gravity data, we establish a model of the crustal structure for the Yinshan Mountains and the Hu-Bao basin. The result shows that the lower boundary of the crust (Moho interface) below this region has no evident downward concave or upward convex shape. And the northern margin of the basin is presumably a contact zone between two large tectonic blocks. These structural characters can explain the causes of the special variations of gravity and magnetic anomalies in the Yinshan Mountains and the Hu-Bao basin.
Does the Endowment Effect Justify Legal Intervention? The Debiasing Effect of Institutions

We claim that the endowment effect rarely justifies legal intervention in private ordering. We present the first theory, to our knowledge, to explain how institutions inhibit the endowment effect without altering people’s rights to their entitlements. The endowment effect is substantially caused by anticipated regret. We show that people experience regret only when they feel responsible for the decision and can mute regret by trading through institutions that let them share responsibility with others. As entitlement holders typically transact through institutions, we expect most people to make unbiased trading decisions in real markets. We test two common institutions—agency relationships and voting—that divide responsibility between multiple actors. Each caused most subjects to debias and trade in our study. We also show that people intentionally debias by employing institutions in order to share responsibility. Thus, when people can freely transact, private ordering generally overcomes the endowment effect.
Volcanics and structure of the famous Narrowgate Rift: evidence for cyclic evolution: AMAR 1

A near-bottom photographic survey on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from the FAMOUS region south to Transform B reveals structural and volcanologic evidence for an alternating widening and narrowing rift valley. Extension wedges appear to be propagating south from Transform A and north from Transform B. These merge at Mt. Mars, where the rift valley is narrowest and shallowest (Narrowgate), giving the valley a symmetrical hourglass shape. Three major volcanic en echelon lineaments trend N10°E, 10° oblique to the strike of the inner walls. Faulting and fissuring are antisymmetrical across the rift valley in contrast to the major extension. This contrasting antisymmetry reflects the surficial distribution of stress across crust of varying strengths, whereas the large-scale wedge phenomenon determines the periodicity of transition from a narrow valley to a wide valley. Using vector analysis, the extension wedges are propagating at about 9 cm/yr toward each other. At this rate a narrow rift valley will be fully transformed into a wide rift in 0.64 m.y.
Energy budget evaluation of the transpiration‐pF relationship in a young pine forest

By using the Bowen ratio method, hourly and daily evapotranspiration totals were determined during a drying period for a 9-year-old pine forest (Pinus sylvestris) situated in the upper Rhine area of Germany. A relationship between the soil water suction, expressed by pF, and the ratio Q of the latent heat of evapotranspiration to the available energy was obtained. For 2 3, Q decreases exponentially when pF increases. For pF ≈ 4.2, Q = 0.11. These and other empirical and theoretical results discussed in the paper suggest that the Q−pF relationship can be useful for calculating evapotranspiration from complex terrain situations where the micrometeorological approach is inapplicable.
ENSO-related impacts on Antarctic sea ice: a synthesis of phenomenon and mechanisms

Many remote and local climate variabilities influence Antarctic sea ice at different time scales. The strongest sea ice teleconnection at the interannual time scale was found between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and a high latitude climate mode named the Antarctic Dipole. The Antarctic Dipole is characterized by an out-of-phase relationship between sea ice and surface temperature anomalies in the South Pacific and South Atlantic, manifesting itself and persisting 3–4 seasons after being triggered by the ENSO forcing. This study examines the life cycles of ENSO warm and cold events in the tropics and associated evolution of the ADP in high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. In evaluating the mechanisms that form the ADP, the study suggests a synthesized scheme that links these high latitude processes with ENSO teleconnection in both the Pacific and Atlantic basins. The synthesized scheme suggests that the two main mechanisms responsible for the formation/maintenance of the Antarctic Dipole are the heat flux due to the mean meridional circulation of the regional Ferrel Cell and regional anomalous circulation generated by stationary eddies. The changes in the Hadley Cell, the jet stream in the subtropics, and the Rossby Wave train associated with ENSO link the tropical forcing to these high latitude processes. Moreover, these two mechanisms operate in phase and are comparable in magnitude. The positive feedback between the jet stream and stationary eddies in the atmosphere, the positive feedback within the air-sea-ice system, and the seasonality all reinforce the anomalies, resulting in persistent Antarctic Dipole anomalies.