Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of trace element provenance, Rio Loa Basin, northern Chile

The Atacama Desert, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes in northern Chile and southern Peru, is one of the driest regions on the planet. In spite of the extreme aridity, the Atacama is traversed by the Rio Loa, a perennial river which owes its continuous flow to precipitation and runoff at high elevations (>4000 m) along the western Andes, and the emergence of groundwater from thick alluvial aquifers. Water within the Rio Loa is an extremely important resource, but its water and sediment are contaminated, exhibiting levels of trace metals and metalloids that exceed drinking water standards (e.g., for arsenic) and threshold effect guidelines for aquatic biota (e.g., for copper, cadmium, antimony, and zinc). Previous studies, combined with data collected in 2009, suggest that trace metals/metalloids are derived from multiple sources, including El Tatio (a large geyser basin) and three large copper mines. Determination of the relative contribution of contaminants to the river from the geyser basin and the mines has proven problematic using spatial patterns in arsenic concentrations. This study utilizes both total elemental concentrations (arsenic, antimony, copper, and lead) along with isotopes of antimony and lead to distinguish contaminant sources in the Rio Loa. Additionally, a sequential extraction procedure provided additional geochemical understanding of the elemental dispersal pathways via sediment binding. Isotopes of antimony and lead did not provide enough information to distinguish contaminant sources. Total concentrations of arsenic, antimony, and copper proved to be more informative, the largest source of copper contamination was determined to be the copper mining operations of El Abra, Radiomiro Tomic, and Chuquicamata. But mining did not input significant quantities of arsenic or antimony, both of which were found in very high concentrations within the Rio Loa. Results showed that El Tatio Geyser Basin input most of the arsenic and antimony contamination. For this reason, a ratio of antimony/copper proved to be a good contaminant tracer to distinguish and quantify contaminated sediment from El Tatio and mining operations. This ratio was applied to floodplain cores and older terrace deposits to determine how sediments have been distributed within the basin over time. The El Tatio Geyser Basin proved to be the largest contaminator within the Rio Loa basin, mostly due to older terrace deposits, which are high in contamination from El Tatio, continually being eroded and re-worked into the floodplains and channel bed deposits of the lower reaches of the Rio Loa. Contaminated sediment from copper mining operations was not as relevant of a concern because copper transport downstream is inhibited by its adsorption onto Fe-Mn oxide rich particles, which are quickly deposited and/or diluted within the Rio San Salvador (a tributary) before reaching the Rio Loa.
Expressive languages for querying the semantic web

The problem of querying RDF data is a central issue for the development of the Semantic Web. The query language SPARQL has become the standard language for querying RDF, since its standardization in 2008. However, the 2008 version of this language missed some important functionalities: reasoning capabilities to deal with RDFS and OWL vocabularies, navigational capabilities to exploit the graph structure of RDF data, and a general form of recursion much needed to express some natural queries. To overcome these limitations, a new version of SPARQL, called SPARQL 1.1, was recently released, which includes entailment regimes for RDFS and OWL vocabularies, and a mechanism to express navigation patterns through regular expressions. Unfortunately, there are still some useful navigation patterns that cannot be expressed in SPARQL 1.1, and the language lacks of a general mechanism to express recursive queries. To the best of our knowledge, there is no RDF query language that combines the above functionalities, and which can also be evaluated efficiently. It is the aim of this work to fill this gap. Towards this direction, we focus on the OWL 2 QL profile of OWL 2, and we show that every SPARQL query enriched with the above features can be naturally translated into a query expressed in a language which is based on an extension of Datalog which allows for value invention and stratified negation. However, the query evaluation problem for this language is highly intractable, which is not surprising since it is expressive enough to encode some inherently hard queries. We identify a natural fragment of it, and we show it to be tractable and powerful enough to define SPARQL queries enhanced with the desired functionalities.
Decision Making in Non-Stationary Environments with Policy-Augmented Search

Sequential decision-making under uncertainty is present in many important problems. Two popular approaches for tackling such problems are reinforcement learning and online search (e.g., Monte Carlo tree search). While the former learns a policy by interacting with the environment (typically done before execution), the latter uses a generative model of the environment to sample promising action trajectories at decision time. Decision-making is particularly challenging in non-stationary environments, where the environment in which an agent operates can change over time. Both approaches have shortcomings in such settings -- on the one hand, policies learned before execution become stale when the environment changes and relearning takes both time and computational effort. Online search, on the other hand, can return sub-optimal actions when there are limitations on allowed runtime. In this paper, we introduce \textit{Policy-Augmented Monte Carlo tree search} (PA-MCTS), which combines action-value estimates from an out-of-date policy with an online search using an up-to-date model of the environment. We prove theoretical results showing conditions under which PA-MCTS selects the one-step optimal action and also bound the error accrued while following PA-MCTS as a policy. We compare and contrast our approach with AlphaZero, another hybrid planning approach, and Deep Q Learning on several OpenAI Gym environments. Through extensive experiments, we show that under non-stationary settings with limited time constraints, PA-MCTS outperforms these baselines.
Robust time-domain full waveform inversion with normalized zero-lag cross-correlation objective function

s, 73th Annual Meeting, EAGE. Routh, P. et al., 2011b. Encoded simultaneous source full-wavefield inversion for spectrally shaped marine streamer data, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2011, 30, 2433–2438. Schuster, G. , 1991. Wave equation phase inversion in the frequency domain, in Proceedings of the 61st Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, pp. 909–912. Sheng, J., Leeds, A. , Buddensiek, M. & Schuster, G.T. , 2006. Early arrival waveform tomography on near-surface refraction data, Geophysics, 71, U47–U57. Shin, C. & Cha, Y. , 2008. Waveform inversion in the Laplace domain, Geophys. J. Int., 173, 922–931. Shin, C. & Ha, W. , 2008. A comparison between the behavior of objective functions for waveform inversion in the frequency and Laplace domains, Geophysics, 73, VE119–VE133. Shin, C. & Min, D.J., 2006. Waveform inversion using a logarithmic wavefield, Geophysics, 71, R31–R42. Shipp, R.M. & Singh, S.C. , 2002. Two-dimensional full wavefield inversion of wide-aperture marine seismic streamer data, Geophys. J. Int., 151, 325–344. Sirgue, L. & Pratt, R.G. , 2004. Efficient waveform inversion and imaging: a strategy for selecting temporal frequencies, Geophysics, 69, 231–248. Sun, Y. & Schuster, G.T. , 1993. Time domain phase inversion, in Proceedings of the 63rd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts,
Treatment of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Historical Perspective

Simple Summary The treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has improved dramatically over the past half-century thanks to the refinement of risk stratification and risk-adapted therapies. Conventional chemotherapeutic agents with optimized treatment intensity have cured a substantial proportion of children with ALL. The present review discusses the history of developmental therapeutics for pediatric ALL in various countries through an extensive literature review and proposes a model for a treatment backbone for pediatric ALL, which may serve both as a guide for the treatment of ALL in low- and middle-income countries and as a foundation for future, international clinical trials. Abstract Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common disease in pediatric oncology. The history of developmental therapeutics for ALL began in the 1960s with the repetition of “unreliable” medical interventions against this lethal disease. By the 1990s, the development of multi-agent chemotherapy and various types of supportive care rendered ALL treatable. Highly sophisticated, molecular, diagnostic techniques have enabled highly accurate prediction of the relapse risk, and the application of risk-adapted treatments has increased the survival rate in the standard-risk group to nearly 100% in most European nations and North America. Incorporation of state-of-the-art, molecularly targeted agents and novel treatments, including cell and immunotherapy, is further improving outcomes even in the high-risk group. On the other hand, the financial burden of treating children with ALL has increased, imperiling the availability of these diagnostic and treatment strategies to patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The fundamental treatment strategy, consisting of corticosteroid and classical cytotoxic therapy, has achieved fairly good outcomes and should be feasible in LMICs as well. The present review will discuss the history of developmental therapeutics for childhood ALL in various countries through an extensive literature review with the aim of proposing a model for a treatment backbone for pediatric ALL. The discussion will hopefully benefit LMICs and be useful as a base for future clinical trials of novel treatments.
Accelerometry to Estimate Energy Expenditure during Activity: Best Practice with Data Loggers

Measurement of acceleration can be a proxy for energy expenditure during movement. The variable overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), used in recent studies, combines the dynamic elements of acceleration recorded in all three dimensions to measure acceleration and hence energy expenditure due to body movement. However, the simplicity of ODBA affords it limitations. Furthermore, while accelerometry data loggers enable measures to be stored, recording at high frequencies represents a limit to deployment periods as a result of logger memory and/or battery exhaustion. Using bantam chickens walking at different speeds in a respirometer while wearing an accelerometer logger, we investigated the best proxies for rate of oxygen consumption (V̇o2) from a range of different models using acceleration. We also investigated the effects of sampling acceleration at different frequencies. The best predictor of V̇o2 was a multiple regression including individual measures of dynamic acceleration in each of the three dimensions. However, R2 was relatively high for ODBA as well and also for certain measures of dynamic acceleration in single dimensions. The aforementioned are single variables, therefore easily derived onboard a data logger and from which a simple calibration equation can be derived. For calibrations of V̇o2 against ODBA, R2 was consistent as sampling number decreased down to 600 samples of each acceleration channel per ODBA data point, beyond which R2 tended to be considerably lower. In conclusion, data storage can be maximized when using acceleration as a proxy for V̇o2 by consideration of reductions in (1) number of axes measured and (2) sampling frequency.
The effect of error in gridded digital elevation models on topographic analysis and on the distributed hydrological model TOPMODEL

Digital elevation models (dems) provide the basic information required to characterise the topographic attributes of terrain. The primary derived topographic parameters associated with DEMs are slope and aspect. Slope and aspect can be used to calculate other significant topographic parameters such as upslope area and topographic index. The topographic index, in turn, can be used by distributed hydrological models, such as Topmodel, to characterise the spatial distribution of terrain. Many algorithms have been developed to calculate slope, aspect and upslope area from dems specifically from gridded dems but little work has gone into determining the uncertainty in these parameters, or the effect of this uncertainty in further applications. The accuracy of these parameters is dependent both on the algorithm used to generate them, and on the errors associated with the dem itself. Since it is almost impossible to model all the errors associated with a given slope, aspect or upslope area algorithm, and since a dem is normally only provided with a single rms error, simple error propagation is not adequate to determine the error associated with the derived topographic parameters. A more rigorous method of determining the effect of dem errors on derived topographic parameters is with statistical analysis using Monte Carlo simulation and error realisations of the dem. In this research, a comparison of slope, aspect, upslope area, and topographic index algorithms are presented along with an examination of how errors in dems effect the reliability of the derived topographic parameters. The effect of errors in the derived topographic parameters on the Topmodel hydrological model is also examined.
A weighted trilateral filter for improving virtual view synthesis quality in MVD based 3D video system

A Depth map containing depth information of an image is used for acquiring virtual view synthesis in Multi-view Video plus Depth (MVD) based 3D video system. Since the depth map quality has huge impact on the virtual view synthesis, it is important to acquire the high quality depth map. However it is difficult to obtain high quality depth map directly from the camera. There have been lots of researches to obtain the high quality depth map using pre/post processing from the lower quality depth map. However, it is unsatisfactory to denoise the edge area which has huge impact on synthesis image quality. Also, they did not reflect properly human visual perception characteristic that is sensitive to moving object. Therefore, we tackle these issues by proposing a filtering method which takes into account the importance of the edge area in virtual view synthesis image and the human visual perception characteristic. Our proposed method applies different weights on the edge of moving objects which results in quality enhancement of the virtual view synthesis image. It is shown that the proposed method has less error and better visual quality compared to existing methods.
‘Hidden’ factors influencing quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis

Traditional outcome measures for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), whether in clinical trials or clinical practice, are currently in question. The combination of relapses, physical disability progression and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disease activity reflect only part of the impact that MS has on a patient's daily life. Quality of life (QoL) is considered by many to be the ideal outcome measure. Since it captures the patient's own perspective of well‐being, QoL should be the primary focus when evaluating a patient and the main objective of MS management. Nevertheless, whilst numerous instruments to measure QoL in MS patients are available or proposed, there is no current consensus regarding which is the best tool to use and under what circumstances. QoL in patients with MS is determined by several factors beyond the more obvious; these include coping with the MS diagnosis, understanding the disease and the disease process, dealing with so‐called ‘hidden’ symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive impairment and sexual disturbances, and managing the many associated personal challenges such as social isolation, family issues and working difficulties. Evidence is emerging that psychological interventions may be beneficial in MS patients although more research is required to confirm their utility. This article examines some factors that influence QoL in MS patients which may be overlooked in the general busyness of routine clinical practice.
Linear Programming Relaxations and Belief Propagation - An Empirical Study

The problem of finding the most probable (MAP) configuration in graphical models comes up in a wide range of applications. In a general graphical model this problem is NP hard, but various approximate algorithms have been developed. Linear programming (LP) relaxations are a standard method in computer science for approximating combinatorial problems and have been used for finding the most probable assignment in small graphical models. However, applying this powerful method to real-world problems is extremely challenging due to the large numbers of variables and constraints in the linear program. Tree-Reweighted Belief Propagation is a promising recent algorithm for solving LP relaxations, but little is known about its running time on large problems. In this paper we compare tree-reweighted belief propagation (TRBP) and powerful general-purpose LP solvers (CPLEX) on relaxations of real-world graphical models from the fields of computer vision and computational biology. We find that TRBP almost always finds the solution significantly faster than all the solvers in CPLEX and more importantly, TRBP can be applied to large scale problems for which the solvers in CPLEX cannot be applied. Using TRBP we can find the MAP configurations in a matter of minutes for a large range of real world problems.
Inherited prion disease.

paradoxical pain were opioid sensitive why not test that hypothesis directly? This can be done by giving, for example, the highly lipid soluble opioid fentanyl by incremental intrathecal injection.2 This will differentiate between opioid "resistant" pain-when tolerance or metabolic problems may intervene to inhibit the analgesic effect-and opioid "insensitive" pain. In a considerable number of pain syndromes no response will occur: these are opioid insensitive pains. Neither opioid resistant nor opioid sensitive pain is paradoxical. Neither is there a clear distinction between the concept of paradoxical pain and that of overmorphinisation and overwhelming pain syndrome. A hyperaesthetic overwhelming pain state can occur in patients with chronic pain and is just as likely to occur in patients receiving buprenorphine, when the morphine metabolic pathways are irrelevant. In these patients a reduction in opioid is associated with a reduction in hypersensitivity and in the pain. Again, this type of pain is not paradoxical since there is no indication that it should respond to opioid. A difficulty may occur in the interpretation of metabolite concentrations and pain response. The subjects in one of the trials referred to were patients in whom pain control was inadequate or who had appreciable side effects, which is why the cerebrospinal fluid was accessed. ' The metabolic concentrations cannot be taken to be representative of analgesic ratios. There are indeed some paradoxical pains-that is, pain that is aggravated by the use of analgesics or relieved by the use of antalgesics. One such is biliary colic induced or aggravated by morphine used to treat biliary colic. Another is pain after stroke that does not respond to narcotics but in some cases is reduced by the opioid antagonist naloxone. These are true paradoxes, and morphine metabolites are ofno importance.
Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells from Asthmatic Individuals Have CXCL8 Hypersecretion Due to Increased NF-κB p65, C/EBPβ, and RNA Polymerase II Binding to the CXCL8 Promoter1

CXCL8 is a neutrophil and mast cell chemoattractant that is involved in regulating inflammatory cell influx in asthma. Here, we investigated the transcriptional mechanism involved in CXCL8 induction by TNF-α in cultured human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells and compared these in cells from nonasthmatic and asthmatic individuals. Transfection studies with mutated CXCL8 promoter constructs identified NF-κB, activating protein-1, and CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)β as key transcription factors, and binding of these three transcription factors to the CXCL8 promoter after TNF-α stimulation was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Cells derived from asthmatic individuals produced significantly higher levels of CXCL8 than nonasthmatic cells both basally and following 24 h of stimulation with TNF-α (p < 0.001). Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies detected increased binding of NF-κB p65 and RNA polymerase II to the CXCL8 promoter of asthmatic HASM cells both in the presence and absence of TNF-α stimulation. This was not due to either an increased activation or phosphorylation of NF-κB per se or to an increase in its translocation to the nucleus. Increased binding of C/EBPβ to the CXCL8 promoter of unstimulated cells was also detected in the asthmatic HASM cells. Collectively these studies show that HASM cells from asthmatic individuals have increased CXCL8 production due to the presence of a transcription complex on the CXCL8 promoter, which contains NF-κB, C/EBPβ, and RNA polymerase II. This is the first description of an abnormality in transcription factor binding altering chemokine expression in airway structural cells in asthma.
Learning pronunciation dictionary from speech data

An algorithm and first results from investigations in automatically learning pronunciation variations from speech data are presented. Pronunciation dictionaries establish an important feature in state-of-the-art speech recognition systems. In most systems only simple dictionaries containing the canonical pronunciation forms are implemented. However, for a good recognition performance more sophisticated dictionaries including pronunciation variations are essential. The generation of such dictionaries by hand is an extremely time consuming task, and the introduction of errors and inconsistencies is probable. The authors show an approach for automatically generating suitable pronunciation dictionaries from the speech database itself, as they are desirable not only for speech recognition tasks but also for speech technology and phonologic research in general. The only knowledge sources besides the database are the (unlabeled) signals and their transliterations on word level. First experiments yielding promising results have been performed with the software system DataLab, which integrates the recognition system of the TU Dresden.