Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Image restoration of hybrid time delay and integration camera system with residual motion

In this paper, we present a hybrid system for time delay and integration (TDI) image restoration. Images are degraded by residual motion, which distorts and blurs the TDI images during exposures and excludes the along-track scanning motion. The motion trajectory is estimated from the image sequence captured by an auxiliary high-speed camera. In order to make the estimated results less sensitive to the imaging conditions and noise, a new method based on cross-correlation is introduced for motion estimation. Then geometric distortion of the TDI image is removed by choosing the correct blurred block according to the central of the corresponding motion trajectory and the final image is restored row by row with the Richardson-Lucy algorithm. Simulated and experimental results are given to prove the effectiveness of our system.
Weak maps of combinatorial geometries

Weak maps of combinatorial geometries are studied, with particular emphasis on rank preserving weak bijections. Equivalent conditions for maps to be reversed under duality are given. It is shown that each simple image (on the same rank) of a binary geometry G is of the form GIF © F for some subgeometry F of G. The behavior of invariants under mappings is studied. The Tutte polynomial, Whitney numbers of both kinds, and the Möbius function are shown to behave systematically under rank preserving weak maps. A weak map lattice is presented and, through it, the lattices of elementary images and preimages of a fixed geometry are studied.
H &infin filtering over networks for a class of discrete-time stochastic system with randomly occurred sensor nonlinearity

The H∞ filtering problem for a class of discrete-time stochastic system with randomly occurred nonlinearity (RON) suffering from network packet loss is considered. Based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional method, the asymptotical mean-square stability condition of the filtering system with a prescribed H∞ level is derived. Besides, the filter parameters can be obtained simultaneously by solving the matrix inequalities we achieve. It is worth noting that no slack variable is introduced in the proposed conditions. The effectiveness of the theory developed is verified through a numerical example.
Method for detection of jump-like change points in optical data using approximations with distribution functions

A method for detection and estimation of the parameters of jump-like changes of the expectation of optical data for ocean/sea investigations, based on changes approximations by cumulative distribution functions, is proposed. Algorithms and programs for the change-points detection and estimation of the expectation of a stochastic process, based on approximations of the changes by cumulative distribution functions, are constructed and tested.
Multifractal processing of speech signals

This paper describes a novel framework in processing speech signals using multifractality concepts, and shows that multifractality could be a new fundamental tool for speech processing. New approaches using the self-similarity model of complexity have been developed to simplify processing of complicated speech signals. The approaches associate signals with fractal sets and then characterize the sets using real numbers called fractal dimensions. This paper extends the approaches by associating speech signals with measures and then characterizing the measures with multifractal curves such as Mandelbrot dimensions (denoted as f(/spl alpha/)) or Renyi dimensions D/sub q/. Such curves (also known as singularity curves) are the characterization of speech signals. This paper shows that multifractal (or singularity) processing of speech is capable of providing important processing aspects: decomposition, representation, and spectrum characterization-a capability that makes Fourier processing of signals is fundamental. The multifractal approach can decompose speech into various segments based on variations of the segment's Holder exponents. The results can be used for new speech segmentation schemes. The multifractal approach is also used in characterizing speech through singularity spectrum. This can be used to develop better accuracy speech recognition schemes. Finally, the paper describes a process to reconstruct speech signals from their singularity representation, by the means of the so-called wavelet maxima.
Optimality and duality for V-invex non-smooth multiobjective programming problems

We consider non-smooth multiobjective programming problems with inequality and equality constraints involving locally Lipschitz functions. Several optimality conditions under various (generalized) V-invexity assumptions and certain regularity conditions are presented. Further, we introduce a Mond–Weir type dual and establish duality relations under the aforesaid assumptions.
An approximately omnidirectional defect mode of the TE wave from one-dimensional photonic crystals doped by negative-index materials

An approximately omnidirectional defect mode for the TE wave coming from the Bragg gap is presented in one-dimensional photonic crystals. The photonic crystals are constituted by positive-index materials with one defect layer composed of negative-index materials. Through solving the eigenfrequency equation for the defect mode of such one-dimensional photonic crystals, we find that the frequency of the defect mode is independent of the incident angle for the TE wave for a special condition. The results are demonstrated by the calculation of transmittance.
Effects of surface passivation on breakdown of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors

The effect of Si3N4 surface passivation on breakdown of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors was studied in detail by investigating dependences of the off-state breakdown voltage on temperature and gate reverse current, and by measuring electroluminescence distribution. Impact ionization in the channel which was triggered by the gate reverse current was responsible for the off-state breakdown. Surface passivation by Si3N4 film was effective to improve the off-state breakdown voltage. This has been explained by a change in the potential distribution due to suppression of electron trapping at the surface states, based on results of electroluminescence measurements.
Mosquito control and pollutant removal in constructed wetlands : a mesocosm study using dairy wastewater

Both subsurface flow (SSF) and free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland (CW) systems have been used for partial treatment of wastewater from animal production facilities. SSF systems are considerably more expensive, especially with regard to capital costs. However, the less expensive FWS systems have tremendous mosquito production potential; a factor which cannot be ignored by design engineers, especially given increasing public concern about emerging and reemerging vector borne diseases. One promising method of reducing mosquito production in FWS CW systems is periodic drying. By disrupting the development of larval mosquitoes, this strategy may prevent the emergence of adult mosquito species associated with FWS CW systems. To test the efficacy of this method, experiments were conducted on 12 CW mesocosms (0.7m surface area each), divided into three groups. Each group received dairy wastewater, pretreated by a high-rate anaerobic filter (AF), and all mesocosms were populated by cattail (Typha latifolia) . Group 1 consisted ofFWS cells filled with plants that had been established for three years, Group 2 consisted of newly established FWS cells, and Group 3 consisted of newly established SSF cells. The SSF cells were loaded continuously with wastewater, while the FWS cells received wastewater periodically: 7-d on, 7-d off While receiving flow, each mesocosm was operated at a 7-d hydraulic retention time (HRT); two mesocosms in series thus had a net HRT of 14 d. Emergence of adult mosquitoes from FWS cells was monitored during the drying phase. The removal rates of organic matter (measured as chemical oxygen demand) (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorous (TP) IV were monitored in all cells, to compare pollutant removal between groups. Periodic drying ofFWS CW systems successfully killed mosquito larvae and pupae, thereby preventing adult mosquito emergence, as long as there was no significant rainfall within the first two days of the drying phase. Water quality data indicated that FWS CW cells with established plants do not achieve significantly greater or less pollutant removal rates than newly established FWS cells for COD, TP, NH3-N, or TP at a 7-d HRT.
Poisson functionals of Markov processes and queueing networks

We present conditions under which a point process of certain jump times of a Markov process is a Poisson process. The central idea is that if the Markov process is stationary and the compensator of the point process in reverse time has a constant intensity a, then the point process is Poisson with rate a. A known example is that the output flow from an M/M/1 queueing system is Poisson. We present similar Poisson characterizations of more general marked point process functionals of a Markov process. These results yield easy-to-use criteria for a collection of such processes to be multivariate Poisson, compound Poisson, or marked Poisson with a specified dependence or independence. We discuss several applications for queueing systems with batch arrivals and services and for networks of queues. We also indicate how our results extend to functionals of non-Markovian processes.
Thermal forces in the fluid interiors of neutron stars

Collisions between the fermions in the fluid interiors of neutron stars produce not only the usual frictional forces proportional to velocity differences but also thermal forces proportional to the temperature gradient. These thermal forces may be important in the very slow scale evolution of the fluid interior. We present a rigorous calculation of these forces based on the Boltzmann equations for the fermions. There is a strong analogy between these effects and thermoelectric effects in metals, particularly with regard to the importance of nonconstant densities of states near the Fermi surface.
Fluorescent proteins as singlet oxygen photosensitizers: mechanistic studies in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) combines a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly singlet oxygen (1O2), to photo-oxidize important biomolecules and induce cell death. aPDT is a promising alternative to standard antimicrobial strategies, but its mechanisms of action are not well understood. One of the reasons for that is the lack of control of the photosensitizing drugs location. Here we report the use of geneticallyencoded fluorescent proteins that are also 1O2 photosensitizers to address the latter issue. First, we have chosen the red fluorescent protein TagRFP as a photosensitizer, which unlike other fluorescent proteins such as KillerRed, is able to produce 1O2 but not other ROS. TagRFP photosensitizes 1O2 with a small, but not negligible, quantum yield. In addition, we have used miniSOG, a more efficient 1O2 photosensitizing fluorescent flavoprotein that has been recently engineered from phototropin 2. We have genetically incorporated these two photosensitizers into the cytosol of E. coli and demonstrated that intracellular 1O2 is sufficient to kill bacteria. Additional assays have provided further insight into the mechanism of cell death. Photodamage seems to occur primarily in the inner membrane, and extends to the outer membrane if the photosensitizer’s efficiency is high enough. These observations are markedly different to those reported for external photosensitizers, suggesting that the site where 1O2 is primarily generated proves crucial for inflicting different types of cell damage.
Relaxation Methods in Fluid Mechanics

The present work considers the iterative solution of a coupled set of difference equations and examines methods that carry successive approximates to a state that is invariant with further iteration and independent of the initial guess. Methods are studied with regard to their efficiency and economy of computer resources. The basic principles of classical relaxation are set forth, with attention confined to linear elliptic equations. This discussion involves the evaluation of the spectral radius that is the magnitude of the eigenvalue with largest modulus. The subject of relaxation is then related to the study of ordinary differential equations and hyperbolic partial differential equations. Problems that occur when linearly dependent eigenvectors appear in the relaxation matrix are discussed, leading to multiply connected eigenvalues in the Jordan canonical form. Finally, a brief survey of relaxation methods used in aerodynamics is given.
Spectroscopy of Six Red Giants in the Draco Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

Keck Observatory LRIS‐B (Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) spectra are reported for six red giant stars in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy and several comparison giants in the globular cluster M13. Indexes that quantify the strengths of the Ca ii H and K lines, the λ3883 and λ4215 CN bands, and the λ4300 G band have been measured. These data confirm evidence of metallicity inhomogeneity within Draco obtained by previous authors. The four brightest giants in the sample have absolute magnitudes in the range − 2.6<MV < - 2.3. They have a range in B - V color, metallicities less than that of M13, and exhibit a dispersion in both calcium and CH indices. Our data indicate that a spread in [C/H] likely exists among the Draco tip giants and that some giants have higher [C/Fe] ratios than is typical of giants in the globular clusters M13 and M92. Several suggestions are made as to why some Draco stars may have higher [C/Fe] ratios than globular cluster red giants: deep mixing might be inhibited in these Draco stars, they may formerly have been mass‐transfer binaries that acquired carbon from a more massive companion, or the Draco dwarf galaxy may have experienced relatively slow chemical evolution over a period of several billion years, allowing carbon‐enhanced ejecta from intermediate‐mass asymptotic giant branch stars to enrich the interstellar medium while star formation was still occurring.
Sunshine-Cloudiness Relationships in the United States

Abstract The statistical treatment of areal and seasonal groupings of mean annual and mean monthly percentage sunshine and percentage cloudiness data for United States stations based on relative amounts of stratiform cloudiness yields interesting and useful results. These results are readily apparent in charts which have been developed to depict the regression lines, errors of estimate, and coefficients of correlation, and which are included in this article. For example, the charts reveal that the regression line for the relatively low percentage sunshine months for the areas of the country with high amounts of stratiform cloudiness is well displaced from that for the relatively low percentage sunshine months for areas with comparatively low amounts of stratiform cloudiness.
The Mean Shape of the Human Cornea

The anterior surface of the cornea is the major refracting element of the human eye. Knowledge of its shape and the variation of this shape throughout the population are important in calculations of the corneal contribution to ocular aberrations. Since the cornea is the surface on which a contact lens rests, the corneal shape is also of importance in contact lens design. This paper presents results of the fitting of a conicoid equation to corneal shape data derived from a precision photokeratoscope. Both rotationally symmetric and non-rotationally symmetric forms of the conicoid equation were developed. The results show that if the cornea is regarded as a rotationally symmetric conicoid, the conicoid is ellipsoidal but with insufficient asphericity to eliminate spherical aberration for distance vision. More importantly, the results show that the cornea is significantly asymmetric in both radius of curvature and asphericity.
Magnetic Fe3O4‐Au core‐shell nanostructures for surface enhanced Raman scattering

The synthesis, structural and optical characterization, and application of superparamagnetic and water‐dispersed Fe3O4‐Au core‐shell nanoparticles for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is reported. The structure of the nanoparticles was determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). STEM images of the Fe3O4‐Au core‐shell nanoparticles reveal an average diameter of 120 nm and a high degree of surface roughness. The nanoparticles, which display superparamagnetic properties due to the core Fe3O4 material, exhibit a visible surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaked at 580 nm due to the outer gold shell. The nanoparticles are used as a substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a Raman reporter molecule. The SERS enhancement factor is estimated to be on the order of 106, which is ∼ 2 times larger than that of conventional gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) under similar conditions. Significantly, magnetically‐induced aggregation of the Fe3O4‐Au core‐shell nanoparticles substantially enhanced SERS activity compared to non‐magnetically‐aggregated Fe3O4‐Au nanoparticles. This is attributed to both increased scattering from the aggregates as well as “hot spots” due to more junction sites in the magnetically‐induced aggregates. The magnetic properties of the Fe3O4 core, coupled with the optical properties of the Au shell, make the Fe3O4‐Au nanoparticles unique for various potential applications including biological sensing and therapy.
Dataglove-based interface for impedance control of manipulators in cooperative human–robot environments

A dataglove-based interface is presented for tracking the forces applied by the hand during contact tasks with a 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) manipulator. The interface uses 11 force sensors carefully placed on the palm-side fabric of a 16 DOF dataglove. The force sensors use piezoresistive technology to measure the individual force components from the hand. Based on the dataglove measurements, these components are transformed and summed to assemble the resultant force vector. Finally, this force vector is translated into the manipulator frame using orientation measurements from an inertial measurement unit placed on the dorsal side of the dataglove. Static tests show that the dataglove-based interface can effectively measure the applied hand force, but there are inaccuracies in orientation and magnitude when compared to the load cell measurements used as the reference for error calculation. Promising results were achieved when controlling the 6 DOF manipulator based on the force readings acquired from the dataglove interface; the decoupled dynamics of the dataglove interface with respect to the robot structure yielded smooth force readings of the human intention that could be effectively used in the impedance control of the manipulator.
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER OF A FINNED OVAL TUBE PART B: HEAT TRANSFER BEHAVIORS

Conjugate heat transfer in a high-performance finned oval tube heat exchanger element has been calculated for a thermally and hydrodynamically developing three-dimensional laminar flow. The influence of Reynolds number in the range 100--500 and of a fin parameter Fi, the product of the dimensionless fin thickness and its thermal conductivity, on the heat transfer behavior have been studied. In part 1, the computed velocity field was presented. Here the authors present the heat transfer behavior, including heat flux on the tube, fin temperatures, fin Nusselt numbers and heat flux distributions, fin efficiencies, Colburn j factor, and apparent friction factor f{sup app}. For the investigated configuration, the ratio of heat transfer on the tube to that on the fin remains under 10%. The fin temperature and fin efficiency depend weakly on Fi. Finned tube heat exchangers are used in air conditioners and the chemical industry.
Multiferroic properties of modified BiFeO3-PbTiO3-based ceramics: Random-field induced release of latent magnetization and polarization

It has been found that aliovalent-substituted $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-based polycrystalline materials have significantly enhanced multiferroic properties. Relative to unmodified $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, our results for modified $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-based ceramics reveal: (i) a dramatic increase in the electric-field-induced polarization; and (ii) the establishment of a remanent magnetization. The results evidence the destruction of a space-modulated spin structure in bulk materials, via substituent effects, releasing a latent magnetization locked within the cycloid.
Covariance bounds for augmented state Kalman filter application

Novel insights into the covariance bounds of an augmented state Kalman filtering (ASKF) application are provided. These are obtained through empirical investigations based on a scenario where a dynamic vehicle senses a static feature for the purpose of mapping that feature and simultaneously localising the vehicle. Numerical results indicate a relationship between the Riccati matrices of the vehicle and feature. Generalisations to multiple features, multiple vehicles and decentralised networks are considered. The relationships derived are applied to a simple system design example.
Vacuum-UV absorption spectrum of a laser-produced chromium plasma: 3p-subshell photoabsorption by Cr2+ ions

The dual laser plasma photoabsorption technique has been used to measure the time-resolved vacuum-UV photoabsorption spectrum of a chromium plasma. Resonant photoabsorption cross sections, constructed with the aid of Hartree-Fock calculations, and weighted in accordance with the plasma temperature, have been used to produce the synthetic Cr2+ spectra. The relevant plasma temperature and ionization balance are obtained from simple analytical models for various times during the expansion phase of the plasma plume. The experimental spectra taken at delays of 32, 62 and 90 ns compare well with Cr2+ spectra computed for corresponding predicted temperatures. It is found that in order to produce synthetic spectra that match experiment well, it is necessary to take into account absorption from many states belonging to the Cr2+ ground state configuration 3p63d4, while states from the nearest metastable configuration 3p63p34s make a negligible contribution.