Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Understanding of Black Screen Abnormality in Android Multi-View

With the increase of requirements for multi-line operations of users, the multi-view mechanism is gradually developed and supported by recent Android versions. However, the underlying exceptions and bugs raised by such mechanisms tend to be neglected by both the developer and system maintainer. To bridge this gap, in this paper, we first conduct a systematical investigation to explore the defects that are possibly raised by the multi-view. We found the black screen problems are especially prevalent in the multi-view context. Based on this finding, we then analyzed the potential reason behind the problem and developed a detection framework to detect this type of defect in a dynamic way. In the experiments on real-world apps collected from the Android market, we find over 86% of apps can be detected to have the black screen risk in multi-view. The finding is not only detected by our automated framework but also verified manually.
REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE FOR STROKE FACILITIES XIII. Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism in Stroke

SUMMARY An understanding of the cerebral circulation is so fundamental to comprehension of the pathogenesis of stroke that cerebral blood flow and metabolism merit review in this series of reports. The authors recognize that the research described here is very technical in nature and may appear to have little practical application to clinical medicine. Nevertheless, these matters are basic to the development of precise methods for the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow in man which could be used to monitor the therapy of stroke with greater success than is possible at present.
Estructura de ingresos y rentabilidad de las empresas en el sector bancario español

In the last years, the increase in the level of competition, the reduction of margins, the phenomenon of banking disintermediation, etc. have affected the bank´s income structure, increasing the importance of non-interest income. This paper examines the impact of past and current developments in banking business on the income structure of Spanish banking firms, analysing the relationship between income structure and profitability. Using a sample of banks and savings banks over the period 1992-99, the results show that banks more orientated to activities generating non-interest income are more profitable. The increase in non-interest income in the last years can be explained by two facts: the growth of non-interest income leads to higher profits and offsets the decrease in net interest income in a context of lower interest rates and margins. En los ultimos anos el incremento de la competencia, la reduccion de margenes, el proceso de desintermediacion y la ampliacion de los servicios bancarios, han afectado a la estructura de ingresos de las empresas bancarias incrementandose la importancia de los ingresos distintos del cobro de intereses (ingresos no financieros). El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la incidencia de los cambios sobre la estructura de ingresos del sector bancario espanol y analizar la relacion existente entre la estructura de ingresos y los niveles de rentabilidad. Utilizando el panel de cajas y bancos para el periodo 1992-99, los resultados muestran que los bancos con una estructura de ingresos con un mayor peso de los conceptos distintos al cobro de intereses obtienen mayores niveles de rentabilidad. El crecimiento de este tipo de ingresos en los ultimos anos se explica tanto por la voluntad de las empresas de orientarse hacia actividades mas rentables, como por constituir dichas actividades una forma de compensar la caida de los ingresos netos por intereses en un contexto de reduccion tipos de interes y margenes.
Appendix to: "Political budget cycles in the European Union and the impact of political pressures"

] and is serially uncorrelated. Thus, its mean value is equal to 1 and its probability densityis equal to ϕ. Notice that ϕ represents the sensitivity of re-election probability to the level ofthe incumbent’s competence, which is assumed to be constant over time. We further assumethat policy decisions in each period t are made before knowing the realization of ϑ
Natural Gas Production From Tight Gas Formations: A Global Perspective

Tight gas formations are part of what is usually known as unconventional gas which also includes coal bed methane, shale gas and natural gas hydrates. Tight gas formations as used in this paper refer to sandstone and carbonate reservoirs with in-situ effective permeabilities to gas equal to or smaller than 0.1 md. In petroleum provinces in North America some tight gas reservoirs are found in basincentered or continuous gas accumulations. Others are found in low permeability reservoirs in conventional structural, stratigraphic or combination traps usually referred to as "sweet spots". A limited amount of information suggests that tight gas formations are generally found in older rocks in the same petroleum provinces where conventional gas is produced. This observation, supported by various examples and illustrated with a gas resource pyramid, permits using conventional gas formations as a proxy for the presence of tight gas in basins and petroleum provinces throughout the world. A variable shape distribution (VSD) model leads to the conclusion that there is a significant potential endowment in tight gas formations that rivals the endowment from conventional gas accumulations (15,100 tcf). Thus, tight gas formations have potential to provide a significant contribution to global energy demand estimated at approximately 722 quads by 2030. It is recommended to actively pursue research and development of this potential. The economic and technical challenges involved in commercialization of this vast untapped resource are many and overcoming them will depend on a multi-disciplinary approach involving geoscience, engineering and economics. In particular, resource characterization and production technologies will be discussed and areas for future research presented.
Digital Signal Transmission Through a Short-Reach Optical Link Using an FPGA Card

This paper describes the experimental digital signal transmission through a short-reach optical link of 100 m using an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) development card. The use of an FPGA development card allows to process in a friendly way the information to be transmitted, as well as, an easy reconfiguration. This characteristic constitutes the originality of this work. The transmission is carried out in baseband and the performance metric to evaluate this approach is carried out by determining the Mean Square Error (MSE) and the eye diagram. Potentially, this proposal can be used to connect short links in data centers.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of mouse connexin40, a second gap junction gene preferentially expressed in lung

From a mouse genomic library, a clone has been isolated that codes for a connexin-homologous sequence of 358 amino acids. Because of its theoretical molecular mass of 40.418 kD it is named connexin40 (Cx40). Based on both protein and nucleotide sequence, mouse Cx40 is more closely related to mouse Cx43 (alpha subgroup of connexins) than to mouse Cx32 (beta subgroup). The highest overall homology detected, however, was to chick Cx42 (67% amino acid and 86% nucleotide identity), raising the possibility that Cx40 may be the mouse analogue. The coding region of Cx40 is uninterrupted by introns and is detected as a single copy gene in the mouse genome. High stringency hybridization of Northern blots with the coding sequence of Cx40 identified a single transcript of 3.5 kb that is at least 16-fold more abundant in lung-similar to mouse Cx37-than in other adult tissues (kidney, heart, and skin). In embryonic kidney, skin, and liver the level of the Cx40 transcript is two- to fourfold higher than in the corresponding adult tissues. Microinjection of Cx40 cRNA into Xenopus oocytes induced functional cell-to-cell channels between pairs. These channels show a symmetrical and markedly cooperative closure in response to transjunctional voltage (Boltzmann parameters of Vo = +/- 35 mV; A = 0.32) which is also fast relative to other connexin channels recorded similarly (tau = 580 ms at Vj of +/- 50 mV). Although Cx40- expressing oocytes did not couple efficiently with oocytes expressing endogenous connexins, they did couple well to Cx37-expressing oocytes. The heterotypic channels which formed had voltage-gating properties modified from those of the original homotypic forms. Transfection of mouse Cx40 DNA, under control of the SV-40 early promoter, into coupling-deficient human HeLa or SK-Hep-1 cells resulted in expression of the expected transcript and restoration of fluorescent dye transfer in transfected clones.
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (cid:1) activity is sufﬁcient to stimulate myogenic differentiation

Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (cid:1) activity is sufﬁcient to stimulate myogenic differentiation. muscle atrophy is a prominent and disabling feature of chronic wasting diseases. Prevention or reversal of muscle atrophy by administration of skeletal muscle growth (hypertrophy)-stimulating agents such as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) could be an important therapeutic strategy in these diseases. To elucidate the IGF-I signal transduction responsible for muscle formation (myogenesis) during muscle growth and regeneration, we applied IGF-I to differentiating C 2 C 12 myoblasts and evaluated the effects on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 (cid:1) (GSK-3 (cid:1) ) signaling and myogenesis. IGF-I caused phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3 (cid:1) activity via signaling through the PI3K/Akt pathway. We assessed whether pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 (cid:1) with lithium chloride (LiCl) was sufﬁcient to stimulate myogenesis. Addition of IGF-I or LiCl stimulated myogenesis, evidenced by increased myotube formation, muscle creatine kinase (MCK) activity, and troponin I (TnI) promoter transactivation during differentiation. Moreover, mRNAs encoding MyoD, Myf-5, myogenin, TnI-slow, TnI-fast, MCK, and myoglobin were upregulated in myoblasts differentiated in the presence of IGF-I or LiCl. Importantly, blockade of GSK-3 (cid:1) inhibition abrogated IGF-I- but not LiCl-dependent stimulation of myogenic mRNA accumulation, suggesting that the promyogenic effects of IGF-I require GSK-3 (cid:1) inactivation and revealing an important negative regulatory role for GSK-3 (cid:1) in myogenesis. Therefore, this study identiﬁes GSK-3 (cid:1) as a potential target for pharmacological stimulation of muscle growth.
Assessing Digitized Self-Regulation Strategies In Workplace E-Learning

Self-regulated e-learning in organizations provides a potent strategy to empower trainees, promote autonomy, and enhance learning performance. Considering the popularity of e-learning for training and development in organizations, especially in a post-pandemic scenario, the authors aim to identify the several e-learning strategies deployed by employees for self-regulation of their e-learning progress. This study intends to assess the application of self-regulated learning in an organizational learning context. For this study, semi-structured interviews of employees who have upskilled themselves using e-learning systems have been conducted. An exploratory, qualitative approach has been adopted to study a sample of 53 employees working in the IT sector in Maharashtra, India. The outcomes of the present research were reviewed using content and thematic analysis techniques. Based on these findings, we propose a DER (Design, Execution, Review) framework highlighting the digital tools and strategies that organizational learners utilize for self-regulated e-learning practices throughout the learning process. organizations may develop innovative and engaging e-learning experiences by utilizing mind maps, vision boards, learning analytics tools, gamification, progress checkpoints, peer feedback and discussion boards. The use of self-regulation for e-learning helps to foster intellectual curiosity, analytical abilities and a commitment to perpetual learning. Self-regulated e-learning has the potential to revolutionize how learning is supported and experienced in organizations, empowering employees to thrive in an ever-changing technological landscape.
Visualizing horn evolution by morphing high-resolution X-ray CT images

Reconstructing the evolutionary history of diverse species is a basic goal of systematic biology and essential to comparative biology. Phylogenies representing this history are constructed from analyses of molecular or morphological data and used as tools for understanding the evolution of complex traits. Objectives of this research are to create visualization tools that dynamically reconstruct horn morphology in three-dimensions (3D) for horned lizards and show how changes occur along a phylogeny via metamorphosis (morphing). These objectives will be met by incorporating results from phylogenetic analyses with ancestral trait reconstructions applied to 3-D images generated from a highresolution x-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner. Ancestral reconstruction algorithms are incorporated with nonlinear morphing to accommodate different rates of change. Application of 3-D morphing to systematics and ancestral reconstruction is a novel approach in visualization methods and opens a new realm of collaborative learning and discovery.
MediK: Towards Safe Guideline-based Clinical Decision Support

Clinical Best Practice Guidelines (BPGs) are systematically developed, evidence-based statements published by medical institutions and associations that standardize diagnosis and treatment for various clinical scenarios. When expressed in an executable medium, BPGs can be utilized to build systems that assist healthcare professionals (HCPs) with situation-specific advice. Such systems, known as Guideline-based Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs), have been shown to improve patient outcomes.Several Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) have been proposed to facilitate expressing BPGs in a computer-interpretable format that is easily comprehensible to HCPs. Given the safety-critical nature of CDSSs, the need for such languages to have complete formal semantics and an ecosystem of formal analysis tools has been recognized. Moreover, since these languages evolve over time to accommodate complexities in modeling BPGs, tools for them must also be adaptable to changes. But, existing languages lack complete formal semantics, or analysis tools derived from them.This work introduces MediK: a new DSL for expressing BPGs with a complete executable formal semantics, and formal analysis tools, including a model checker, symbolic execution engine, and deductive verifier. As Medi$\mathbb{K}$’s tools are derived from its semantics, any update to the language is automatically reflected across all tools. To evaluate our approach, we collaborated with a major pediatric hospital to develop a MediK-based CDSS for the screening and management of Pediatric Sepsis and validated that it satisfies desired safety properties. Our CDSS is Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved and is slated to undergo clinical simulations.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation.

Work stealing is a widely-used scheduling technique for parallel processing on multicore. Each core owns a queue of tasks and avoids idling by stealing tasks from other queues. Prior work mostly focuses on balancing workload among cores, disregarding whether stealing may adversely impact the owner’s performance or hinder synchronization optimizations. Real-world industrial runtimes for parallel processing heavily rely on work-stealing queues for scalability, and such queues can become bottlenecks to their performance. We present Block-based Work Stealing ( BWoS ), a novel and pragmatic design that splits per-core queues into multiple blocks. Thieves and owners rarely operate on the same blocks, greatly removing interferences and enabling aggressive optimizations on the owner’s synchronization with thieves. Furthermore, BWoS enables a novel probabilistic stealing policy that guarantees thieves steal from longer queues with higher probability. In our evaluation, using BWoS improves performance by up to 1.25 x in the Renaissance macrobench-mark when applied to Java G1GC, provides an average 1.26 x speedup in JSON processing when applied to Go runtime, and improves maximum throughput of Hyper HTTP server by 1.12 x when applied to Rust Tokio runtime. In microbench-marks, it provides 8-11 x better performance than state-of-the-art designs. We have formally verified and optimized BWoS on weak memory models with a model-checking-based framework.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 32nd USENIX Security Symposium.

Data from Internet telescopes that monitor routed but unused IP address space has been the basis for myriad insights on malicious, unwanted, and unexpected behavior. However, service migration to cloud infrastructure and the increasing scarcity of IPv4 address space present serious challenges to traditional Internet telescopes. This paper describes DS COPE , a cloud-based Internet telescope designed to be scalable and interactive. We describe the design and implementation of DS COPE , which includes two major components. Collectors are deployed on cloud VMs, interact with incoming connection requests, and capture pcap traces. The data processing pipeline organizes, transforms, and archives the pcap s from deployed collectors for post-facto analysis. In comparing a sampling of DS COPE ’s collected traffic with that of a traditional telescope, we see a striking difference in both the quantity and phenomena of behavior targeting cloud systems, with up to 450 × as much cloud-targeting as expected under random scanning. We also show that DS COPE ’s adaptive approach achieves impressive price performance: optimal yield of scanners on a given IP address is achieved in under 8 minutes of observation. Our results demonstrate that cloud-based telescopes achieve a significantly broader and more comprehensive perspective than traditional techniques.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation

Resource-disaggregated architectures have risen in popularity for large datacenters. However, prior disaggregation systems are designed for native applications; in addition, all of them require applications to possess excellent locality to be efﬁ-ciently executed. In contrast, programs written in managed languages are subject to periodic garbage collection (GC), which is a typical graph workload with poor locality. Although most datacenter applications are written in managed languages, current systems are far from delivering acceptable performance for these applications. This paper presents Semeru , a distributed JVM that can dramatically improve the performance of managed cloud applications in a memory-disaggregated environment. Its design possesses three major innovations: (1) a universal Java heap, which provides a uniﬁed abstraction of virtual memory across CPU and memory servers and allows any legacy program to run without modiﬁcations ; (2) a distributed GC, which ofﬂoads object tracing to memory servers so that tracing is performed closer to data ; and (3) a swap system in the OS kernel that works with the runtime to swap page data efﬁ-ciently. An evaluation of Semeru on a set of widely-deployed systems shows very promising results.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 2023 USENIX Annual Technical Conference.

We present IPU Trusted Extensions (ITX), a set of hardware extensions that enables trusted execution environments in Graphcore’s AI accelerators. ITX enables the execution of AI workloads with strong confidentiality and integrity guarantees at low performance overheads. ITX isolates workloads from untrusted hosts, and ensures their data and models remain encrypted at all times except within the accelerator’s chip. ITX includes a hardware root-of-trust that provides at-testation capabilities and orchestrates trusted execution, and on-chip programmable cryptographic engines for authenticated encryption of code/data at PCIe bandwidth. We also present software for ITX in the form of compiler and runtime extensions that support multi-party training without requiring a CPU-based TEE. We included experimental support for ITX in Graphcore’s GC200 IPU taped out at TSMC’s 7nm node. Its evaluation on a development board using standard DNN training workloads suggests that ITX adds < 5% performance overhead and delivers up to 17x better performance compared to CPU-based confidential computing systems based on AMD SEV-SNP.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security

User-chosen passwords remain essential to online security, and yet users continue to choose weak, insecure passwords. In this work, we investigate whether prospect theory , a behavioral model of how people evaluate risk, can provide insights into how users choose passwords and whether it can motivate new designs for password selection mechanisms that will nudge users to select stronger passwords. We run a pair of online user studies, and we find that an intervention guided by prospect theory—which leverages the reference-dependence effect by framing a choice of a weak password as a loss relative to choosing a stronger password—causes approximately 25% of users to improve the strength of their password (significantly more than alternative interventions) and improves the strength of passwords users select. We also evaluate the relation between feedback provided and password decisions and between users’ mental models and password decisions. These results provide guidance for designing and implementing password selection interfaces that will significantly improve the strength of user-chosen passwords, thereby leveraging insights from prospect theory to improve the security of systems that use password-based authentication.
Physical activity and urban living : a mixed methods analysis of how urban form influences walking in Scotland

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS . v LIST OF TABLES . x LIST OF FIGURES . xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER TWO: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY . 4 2.1 Physical Activity and Health . 4 2.2 Metabolic Rates . 5 2.3 Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) . 7 2.4 Physical Activity in Public Health . 8 2.5 Physical Activity as Behaviour . 9 2.6 Recreational and Utilitarian Activities . 10 2.7 Walking . 12 2.8 The Demography of Physical Activity . 13 2.8. 1 Adult Men and Women . 13 2.8. 2 Children and Young People . 15 2.8. 3 Older People . 16 2.8. 4 Ethnicity. 17 2.8. 5 Socioeconomic Status . 17 2.8. 6 Summary of Physical Activity Patterns . 18 2.9 Understanding Physical Activity Behaviours . 19 2.9. 1 Individual Choice . 19 2.9. 2 Self-Efficacy . 20 2.9. 3 Cultural Explanations . 21 2.9. 4 Ecological Models . 23 2.10 Summary and Discussion. 25 CHAPTER THREE: URBAN FORM AND WALKABILITY . 27 3.1 Spatial Scales . 28 3.2 Areas of Effect . 28 3.3 Trips and Travel Modes . 30 3.4 Dimensions of Urban Form . 30