Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The annual cycle of hydrogen peroxide: is it an indicator of chemical instability?

A box model has been used to study the annual cycle in hydrogen peroxide concentrations with the objective of determining whether the observed difference in summer and winter values reflects instability in the underlying pho- tochemistry. The model is run in both steady-state and time- dependent modes. The steady-state calculations show that, for some range of NOx background levels, two stable solu- tions to the continuity equations exist for a period of days in spring and fall. The corresponding time-dependent model indicates that, for sufficiently high background NO x concen- trations, the spring and fall changes in H 2O2 concentration may be interpreted as a forced transition between the two un- derlying stable regimes. The spring transition is more rapid than that in fall, an asymmetry that becomes more marked as background NOx increases. This asymmetry is related to the different time scales involved in chemical production and loss of H2O2. Observations of the spring increase in H2O2 concentration may therefore provide a better measure of the change in the underlying chemical regime than does the fall decrease. The model results developed in this paper will be compared with two sets of observations that cover annual variations of peroxide concentrations under different back- ground pollution conditions. properties exhibited by steady-state models correspond to observable phenomena in the time-dependent world. This paper addresses the question of observable consequences. Steady-state and time-dependent calculations over an an- nual cycle are carried out showing that bifurcations in the steady-state solutions have an analogue in the time- depen- dent case. Above a certain background NOx level rapid changes in oxidant concentrations occur in time-dependent calculations. These correspond to bifurcations in the steady- state case. The rapidity of the transition increases with in- creasing background NOx.
Seeking for the rational basis of the median model : the optimal combination of multi-model ensemble results

Seeking for the rational basis of the median model: the optimal combination of multi-model ensemble results A. Riccio, G. Giunta, and S. Galmarini Dept. of Applied Science, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Napoli, Italy European Commission DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy Received: 23 March 2007 – Accepted: 16 April 2007 – Published: 27 April 2007 Correspondence to: A. Riccio (angelo.riccio@uniparthenope.it)
Assessing river health in south-western Australia: comparison of macroinvertebrates at family level with Chironomidae at species level

In response to growing community concern about declining water quality in the Nation's rivers and streams, the Australian Government established the National River Health Program (NRHP) in 1992. The first objective of the NRHP, to assess and monitor the ecological condition of Australian rivers, was met by the development of the Australian River Assessment Scheme (AUSRIVAS); a set of predictive models which use changes in assemblages of aquatic macroinvertebrates to rapidly bio-assess the ecological condition of the Nation's rivers. AUSRIVAS is based on the British RIVPACS model, which uses aquatic macroinvertebrates as indicators of river health (WRIGHT et al. 1984, WRIGHT 1995) and has been successful in assessing river condition on a national scale (ARMITAGE et al. 1987). Cost-effective rapid bioassessment (RBA) is a priority of the NRHP. For this reason AUSRIVAS uses macroinvertebrates identified to family level, which is considered adequate for discrimination in RBA, and is less time-consuming than other approaches (MARCHANT et al. 1995, WRIGHT 1995, WRIGHT et al. 1995, BoWMAN & BAILEY 1997). Although based on RIVPACS, AUSRIVAS differs in that specific riverine habitats are sampled and processed separately. The change to specific habitat sampling was based o n HUMPHRIES e t al. ( 1996) an d PARSONS & NORRIS (1996). Habitat and bioregion-specific models were constructed following a series of standardised protocols. Firstly, Reference sites were classified into groups of sites with similar community composition, stepwise discriminant function analysis was then used to identifY environmental variables that best predicted the si tes to the correct group. The number of farnilies expected (E) to occur at a site was then calculated by multiplying the probability of a si te belonging to a classification group by the probability of a si te occurring in that group then summing the products. Only taxa with a probability of~50% of occurring at a si te were considered when calculating E values (SIMPSON & NüRRIS 2000).
Multivariate Analysis

Multivariate analysis is the qualitative and quantitative study of populations that depend on many variables. Given that most natural phenomena depend on more than one variable, the development of such techniques is an ongoing process that touches many fields. Multivariate analysis is specifically concerned with mathematical approaches to studying data sets consisting of a set of observations on a set of variables. Before looking at several multivariate analysis techniques below, the organization of the data set and a few introductory statistical concepts are described. 2.1 Introduction to multivariate covariance and correlation Throughout this chapter I shall denote the i th variable observed on the j th item or trial as x ij. For example, the variables in a study might be height, weight, and age and the items or trials might be the different individuals in the study. So, x 13 would be the height of the third person in the study. Organize a set of n trials measuring p variables in the (p × n) matrix, X. Since one is most likely interested in statistics for the variables over the set of individuals (say average height), the data is thought of as a set of p n-dimensional vectors. That is, x t i = [x i1 ,. , x in ] and so X t = [x 1 ,. , x p ], where t denotes the transpose and x j is a vector containing values of one of the variables for all n trials.
Pre-service Primary Teachers' Ideas about Lunar Phases

The purpose of this study was to explore pre-service primary teachers’ ideas about how lunar phases occur. 154 third year primary student teachers were asked to explain “why the moon is seen in different shapes when we look at the sky at different times”. They have given enough time to explain their answers in writing. Then, their responses were examined and categorized as scientific explanations and misconceptions. Results of the study showed that while the 54 % of the student teachers’ ideas about the lunar phases are scientific, the remaining 46 % of them could be categorized as misconceptions. Some of the misconceptions detected from the student teachers’ explanations of the causes of the moon phases are: earth’s shadow on the moon, earth’s rotation or varying distance between the earth and the moon. The study revealed similar results with the previous studies conducted in other cultures.
Ideas and perspectives: The fluctuating nature of oxygen shapes the ecology of aquatic habitats and their biogeochemical cycles – the aquatic oxyscape

Abstract. Oxygen availability is a pivotal factor for ecosystem functioning and the resistance of organisms to the effect of climate change in aquatic habitats. Although extensive work has been done to assess the effect of oxygen on marine and freshwater biota, many studies have not captured the ecological importance of oxygen variations. Overlooking the fluctuating nature of oxygen may cause potential biases in the design and implementation of management policies for aquatic habitats. Conceptual perspectives on the dynamic nature of oxygen fluctuations have been raised in the scientific community in order to enhance the understanding of the effect of oxygen on the physiology and the ecology of aquatic species as well as the biogeochemical functioning of their ecosystems. A growing number of empirical work has been outlining a novel conceptual framework that considers the magnitude of oxygen fluctuation as a key variable that explains adaptation to stress conditions. Oxygen in productive aquatic habitats shows large fluctuations at the diel scale, exposing aquatic species to conditions ranging from extreme supersaturation to anoxia. Recent research has indicated that such a fluctuation tunes the physiological plasticity of the animal in response to thermal stresses. In this paper, we provide compelling evidence based on current research that the fluctuating oxygen landscape, here defined as “oxyscape”, has an important role in aquatic animal physiology and adaptation as well as the ecosystem biogeochemistry. We propose that the oxyscape should be considered in the modelling and managing policies of aquatic ecosystems.
Water, Climate Change, Food and Population Growth

This paper provides a global look at the water resources at the World scale, with a perspective for the middle of the 21{st} century. The likely consequences of climate change are first considered, for both average and extreme events. Situations of water scarcity and droughts, as well as water resources increase are considered. The global water needs for food production are discussed, given the predicted demographic growth and the potential competition between food production and bio-energy production. The potential for major food shortages in case of severe global droughts (e.g. during very strong El Nino events) is discussed. The consequences of climate change and food requirements for ecosystems and biodiversity conservation are discussed. Potential solutions are listed.
Chronic Health Effects of Inhalation of Dust or Sludge

During the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, different kinds of rubble, waste, ocean floor sludge, and other materials containing chemical substances were piled up by the tsunami in addition to the collapse of buildings. It is anticipated that large quantities of dust will be generated from these collapsed buildings and rubble during post-disaster reconstruction. It has long been known that dust from work environments and air pollution can be carcinogenic and affect the respiratory system. There is a high possibility of inhalation of organic dust, bacteria, dust containing chemical substances, asbestos dust, and other materials during the post-disaster reconstruction. Inhalation of dust containing mold or Legionella bacteria causes hypersensitivity pneumonitis and Legionnaires disease. Inhalation of asbestos dust can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma ten-odd years later. To prevent inhalation of these kinds of dusts, it is important to control dust generation such as by sprinkling water, to rigidly enforce the wearing of dust masks, and for the elderly and children especially to avoid very dusty places.
Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network Fault Diagnosis Based on Attention Mechanism

With the development of artificial intelligence, the method of intelligent fault diagnosis is of great significance for industrial production. Aiming at the adaptability of rolling bearings under different working conditions under different fault diameters, an intelligent fault diagnosis method based on the combination of multi-scale convolutional neural network and attention mechanism is proposed. The structure of multi-scale convolution is used to extract features of different dimensions and significantly improved feature extraction capabilities. Besides, the attention mechanism is used to give different weights to data features and pay attention to its important characteristic information. In order to verify the performance of the Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Network-Convolutional Block Attention Module (MSCNN-CBAM) model, the bearing bench dataset of Case Western Reserve University was used for verification. The results show that the approach is efficient in diagnosis and experimental results show that compared with other models, the MSCNN-CBAM model can capture high-quality features more effectively and show strong robustness under different working conditions. The model has a good fault diagnosis capabilities and achieved a classification rate of more than 99%.
Spatial characteristics and evolutional trends of annual precipitation in the Yangtze River basin

To get its spatial and temporal characteristics,the spatial zoning and evolutional trends of the annual precipitation in the Yangtze River basin were analyzed.Based on the precipitation data of 146 meteorological stations in the Yangtze River basin from 1960 to 2005,the spatial characteristics were calculated by use of the empirical orthogonal function and the rotated empirical orthogonal function,the linear evolutional trends of the annual precipitation from 1960 to 2005 were analyzed,and the abrupt changes were detected by means of the singular spectrum analysis.The results show that,the annual precipitation in the Yangtze River basin has 3 main spatial distribution patterns and 8 sensitive areas.Among the 8 sensitive areas,the annual precipitation in 3 areas(Hanjiang River basin,Minjiang River-Jialing River source area,south of Wujiang River basin) have decreased,especially that in the Minjiang River-Jialing River source area has a decrease of 27.1 mm per 10 years;the annual precipitation in 5 areas(Dongting Lake-Poyang Lake area,south of Poyang Lake basin,Taihu Lake basin,center of Jinsha River basin,Yunnan area) have increased,especially that in the center of Jinsha River basin has an increase of 17.7 mm per 10 years.There are 5 areas with abrupt changes.Among them,the Taihu Lake basin in the lower reaches of Yangtze River had the earliest abrupt changes in 1977,while the Yunnan area in the upper reaches of Yangtze River had the latest ones in 1998.The annual precipitation in the Yangtze River basin has obvious spatial regional characteristics,and its temporal evolutional trends in various areas are different.
Laboratory and Field Scale Bioremediation of Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Contaminated Groundwater

Bioremediation studies were conducted at a tetrachloroethene contaminated site located in Manhattan Kansas. A former dry cleaning facility was in operation for 30 years. Shallow and deep aquifers down gradient from contaminated site were found to be contaminated with PCE and it's degradation products all above their Maximum Contamination Limits (MCL's). PCE concentration in groundwater at the pilot study area was about 15 mg/L (ppm) in the deep zone and 1 mg/L in the shallow zone. Lab scale microcosms were prepared with different nutrients like soy oil methyl esters (SOME), yeast extract (YE), glucose, lactate, methanol and cheese whey for biostimulation experiments, and commercially available KB-1 bacterial culture was used to bioaugment PCE degradation. Biostimulation of the natural ground water and soil microflora did not completely degrade PCE as cis-DCE (c-DCE) accumulated in the sample. Bioaugmented microcosms containing YE and SOME created reducing conditions for KB-1 culture, resulting in ~ 90% dechlorination of PCE. Cheese whey microcosms with concentrations of (0.01% to 0.025%) reduced PCE, while 0.05% cheese whey and higher inhibited the KB-1 culture. This inhibition was due to a drop of pH that inhibited the bacterial culture activity. At pilot study area, tracer studies were conducted to monitor the direction and velocity of groundwater before during and after remediation experiments. Several nutrient feeding events took place during biostimulation and bioaugmentation. Results indicate that complete degradation of PCE occurred when KB-1 culture containing Dehalococcoides bacteria was introduced under anaerobic conditions. The total chlorinated ethenes (CEs) decreased by about 80% in the pilot study area due to bioremediation. Biodegradation of CEs continued for a long term (several months) after the addition of nutrients.
Focus Issue: Water Governance in Mountains

The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development recognized that ‘‘mountain ecosystems play a crucial role in providing water resources to a large portion of the world’s population’’ in its Rio+20 outcome document, The Future We Want (UNGA 2012). While the role of mountains as a water resource base is well recognized, their role in sustainable use and management of water—for food and agriculture, for livelihoods and poverty alleviation, for drinking water and sanitation, for energy, cities, and industries, and in combating desertification, land degradation, and drought—is significant but underappreciated. The role of water governance in mountains, and how mountains relate to the plains, is a ‘‘blind spot’’ in the literature, especially when compared to water governance in the plains, where there is a large body of work on integrated water resource management.
Edinburgh Explorer 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, brain atrophy and cognitive decline

Excess cortisol levels are linked with brain atrophy and cognitive decline in older people. 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß-HSD1) potently amplifies intracellular glucocorticoid action by converting inert cortisone to active cortisol, but any causal importance in brain ageing is unexplored. We tested the hypotheses that higher systemic 11ß-HSD1 activity predicts brain atrophy and cognitive decline in older men. In a longitudinal study of 41 men (65-70y at baseline) we measured baseline systemic 11ß-HSD1 activity, the urinary 5alpha- and 5beta-tetrahydrocortisol to tetrahydrocortisone ratio (THFs/THE), and assessed change in brain atrophy, white matter lesions and cognitive function over six years. Baseline THFs/THE correlated negatively with baseline hippocampal volumes (left: r=-0.37; right: r=-0.34; p<0.05) and positively with ventricular volumes (r=0.43, p=0.006) and periventricular white matter lesions (rho=0.31, p=0.047). Importantly, baseline THFs/THE but not cortisol predicted increase in ventricular volumes (r=0.33, p=0.037) and decline in processing speed (r=-0.55, p=0.0002) over six years. The predictive link between systemic 11 β -HSD1 activity and progressive brain atrophy and cognitive decline suggests 11 β -HSD1 inhibition as a plausible therapy for brain ageing.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in the Community

Michael A. Weber, MD; Ernesto L. Schiffrin, MD; William B. White, MD; Samuel Mann, MD; Lars H. Lindholm, MD; John G. Kenerson, MD; John M. Flack, MD; Barry L. Carter, Pharm D; Barry J. Materson, MD; C. Venkata S. Ram, MD; Debbie L. Cohen, MD; Jean-Claude Cadet, MD; Roger R. Jean-Charles, MD; Sandra Taler, MD; David Kountz, MD; Raymond R. Townsend, MD; John Chalmers, MD; Agustin J. Ramirez, MD; George L. Bakris, MD; Jiguang Wang, MD; Aletta E. Schutte, MD; John D. Bisognano, MD; Rhian M. Touyz, MD; Dominic Sica, MD; Stephen B. Harrap, MD
Structural and Functional Characteristics of Informational and Communicative Education Environment

: Current situation in higher professional education apart from traditional education system demands new educational technologies and creation of informational and communicative education environment. Informational and communicative education environment while keeping the principles of education, educational technologies, methods and forms and means of traditional education must engage broad range of Internet-education, informational and communicative technologies. In the same time, the process of training of future specialists in informational and communicative environment has some specific structural and functional features. This article is an attempt to discover structural integrity of informational and communicative education environment, to define its components and functional-pedagogical potentialities which can be implemented in specialists training at an university.
Instrumental activities of daily living and mild cognitive impairment

ABSTRACT Background Functional impairments are a necessary requirement for the diagnosis of a dementia along with observed cognitive impairment. Comparatively, functional abilities are often relatively intact in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective The current research examined the associations between memory clinic participants classified as cognitively intact, amnestic MCI, and mixed/dysexecutive MCI, using Jak-Bondi criteria, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living - Compensation Scale (IADL-C) abilities, an informant-based questionnaire that quantifies functional abilities. The associations between functional abilities as assessed with the IADL-C and performance on neuropsychological tests were also investigated. Methods IADLC scores were obtained along with a comprehensive neuropsychological protocol on memory clinic participants (n = 100) classified as cognitively normal (CN), amnestic MCI (aMCI), or a combined mixed/dysexecutive (mixed/dys) MCI. Regression analyses were employed to determine how the IADLC related to neuropsychological test performance. Results On the IADLC, greater functional impairment was commonly observed in the mixed/dys MCI group compared to CN participants. Furthermore, the mixed/dys MCI group had lower scores on activities such as Money and Self-Management, Travel and Event Memory subscales compared to the CN group. Linear regression analyses found greater functional impairment in relation to lower scores on executive and episodic memory tests. Conclusions Greater functional impairment as assessed with the IADL-C appears to be disproportionately associated with dysexecutive difficulty, and to a lesser degree, episodic memory.
Vegetation dynamics and soil water balance in a water-limited Mediterranean ecosystem on Sardinia , Italy

Papers published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions are under open-access review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Abstract Mediterranean ecosystems are commonly heterogeneous savanna-like ecosystems, with contrasting plant functional types (PFTs, e.g., grass and woody vegetation) competing for the water use. Mediterranean ecosystems are also commonly characterized by strong inter-annual rainfall variability, which influences the distributions of PFTs 5 that vary spatially and temporally. With the objective to investigate interactions between vegetation dynamics, soil water budget and land-surface fluxes in a water-limited ecosystem, an extensive field campaign in a Mediterranean setting was performed. Also a vegetation dynamic model (VDM) is coupled to a 3-component (bare soil, grass and woody vegetation) Land surface model (LSM). The case study is in Orroli, situated 10 in the mid-west of Sardegna within the Flumendosa river basin. The landscape is a mixture of Mediterranean patchy vegetation types: trees, including wild olives and cork oaks, different shrubs and herbaceous species. Land surface fluxes, soil moisture and vegetation growth were monitored during the May 2003–June 2006 period. Interestingly , hydrometeorological conditions of the monitored years strongly differ, with dry 15 and wet years in turn, such that a wide range of hydrometeorological conditions can be analyzed. The coupled VDM-LSM model is successfully tested for the case study, demonstrating high model performance for the wide range of eco-hydrologic conditions. The use of the VDM in the LSM is demonstrated to be essential when studying the climate-soil-vegetation interactions of these water-limited ecosystems. Results 20 demonstrate also that vegetation dynamics are strongly influenced by the inter-annual variability of atmospheric forcing, with grass leaf area index changing significantly each spring season according to seasonal rainfall amount.