Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative studies of copper, molybdenum and sulphur metabolism in the ruminant and the rat

Mitchell, R. L. , Reith, J. W. S. & Johnston, I. M. (1957). J. Sci. Fd Agric. 8, S ~ I . Nockolds, S. R. & Mitchell, R. L. (1948). Trans. roy. SOC. Edinb. 61, 533. Swaine, D. J. & Mitchell, R. L. (1960). J. Soil Sci. (In the Press.) Vinogradov, A. P. (1959). The Geockemistry of Rare and Dispersed Chemical Elements in Soils. New York: Consultants Bureau. Wager, L. H. & Mitchell, R. L. (1951). Geochim. et cosmoch. Acta, I, 129 Bear, editor. ] New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp.
TSUNAMI SOURCE REGION PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION AND TSUNAMI FORECASTING

Although the tsunami early warning system in the Pacific/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center has successfully forecasted several recent tsunami events, many fundamental characteristics of the forecasting methodology are still not well understood. For example, what are the effects of the size of the sub-fault elements used in the approach on the accuracy of the forecasting results? What is the role of shape of seafloor displacement prescribed on each sub-fault element? In this paper, we have performed several numerical experiments to seek for answers. Two major points are concluded: (1) The size of sub-fault element must satisfy the long-wave assumption. In other words, if the width of the sub-fault element is denoted as Ls and h the water depth in ocean basin, Ls must be greater than 20h. If the sub-fault element width is smaller than the above condition, the frequency dispersion becomes increasingly important and the forecasting procedure becomes less satisfactory. (2) If the geophysical properties of the subduction zone, such as the dip, strike, rake and the depth of the epicentre, can be reasonably estimated, Okada's theory is recommended to calculate the shape of seafloor deformation on each sub-fault element. However, when this information is lacking, the forecasting procedure can still provide useful forecasting with the Gaussian shape.
Some observations on burrows of thalassinidean Crustacea in chalk hardgrounds

Upper Cretaceous Chalk hardgrounds (horizons of early-diagenetic cementation beneath intraformational erosion surfaces) characteristically contain extensive, branching systems of burrows. The morphology of these burrows is described and compared with that of the ichnogenus Thalassinoides Ehrenberg. They were constructed before the sea-floor was cemented, and are attributed to sediment-feeding crustaceans similar to the living Callianassa. The burrows remained occupied after the sea-floor sediment was cemented. This may be explained either by a change in feeding-habits of the burrower, or by the occupation of the burrow by another crustacean which fed by plankton-straining or predation. The existence of burrows comparable to those in hard-grounds, throughout much of the White Chalk, is evinced by (i) the appearance of burrows at sedimentary junctions where a change of colour takes place; (2) the common occurrence of burrow-shaped flint nodules; and (3) the development of ‘nodular chalk’.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PPAR-a (rs4253778) on serum lipids in elite cross-country skiers. This study included 34 cross-country skiers (23 males and 11 females who participated in the Turkish skiing national team camp). Genotyping for the PPAR-a gene rs4253778 G/C polymorphism was performed by PCR on Tercyk multicanal amplificator and restriction enzyme digestion. Statistical analysis was done by using the SPSS 22.0 package program. Genotypic frequency of the PPAR-a polymorphism was detected in cross-country skiers. PPAR-a GG, GC and CC genotypes were detected as 67.64%, 23.52% and 8.82%, respectively in 34 cross-country skiers while PPAR-a GG, GC and CC genotypes were detected as 47.05%, 16.64%, and 2.94%, respectively in elite males. PPAR-a GG, GC and CC genotypes were detected as 20.58 %, 5.88%, and 5.88%, respectively in females. PPAR-a G and C allele were detected as 49 and 19, respectively in 34 elite endurance athletes. In the present study, the GG genotypes were detected at higher frequencies in elite athletes (67.64% respectively) than GC and CC (23.52% and 8.82%, respectively). The difference between the PPAR-a G/C gene polymorphism of Turkish elite cross-country skiers and serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TG levels was not statistically significant. Although there was not any statistically significant difference between the PPAR-a G/C gene polymorphism and lipid profiles of Turkish elite cross-country skiers, it is foreseen that PPAR-α genes have an important effect on endurance performance in sports requiring endurance such as cross-country skiing.
Stratigraphic relations of Santorini’s intracaldera fill and implications for the rate of post-caldera volcanism

We propose a new volcanological interpretation of Santorini’s intracaldera fill deposits as revealed by seismic reflection profiles. This interpretation, along with supplementary gravity and geophysical studies, reveals three distinct volcaniclastic units (1–3). From top to bottom these units are attributed to (1) modern infilling sediment, (2) shallow marine phreatomagmatic volcanism associated with the relatively recent formation of the Kameni Islands, and (3) downfaulted ‘Minoan’ pyroclastic deposits, which formed during caldera collapse towards the end of the Bronze Age eruption. Estimates of the volumes of the seismic units and Kameni Islands yield a dense rock equivalent magma volume of 4.85 ± 0.7 km3. The average rate of volcanism over the past c. 3641 years is estimated at 1.3 ×10−3 km3 a−1, and is similar to the rate since the AD 1707 eruption of 1.2 ×10−3 km3 a−1 based on historical lava volume estimates.
Use of global navigation satellite systems for the atmospheric calibration of radar altimeters

We have analyzed international GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS) data and GPS/MET occultation data with the GIPSY-OASIS II package and our tomographic software to study the ionospheric electronic content. During the period of February 20, 21 and 23, 1997, when AS was off, IGS permanent network data as well as GPS/MET used to extract sub- TOPEX/POSEIDON Total Electron Content (TEC) fields. The resulting global maps of the ionosphere were compared against TOPEX/POSEIDON ionospheric correction data showing good agreement. We emphasize that delays produced in the GPS signal above TOPEX/POSEIDON's orbit can be a source of bias in TEC estimates, and that techniques which are able to discriminate vertically the ionospheric electron content, such as the one described here, are required. We show that tomography improves TEC estimation below the radar altimeter on board TOPEX/POSEIDON by accounting correctly for the protonospheric contribution of the GPS delays. Other approaches which exist for estimating TEC are discussed and compared. Our results suggest the feasibility of absolute ionospheric calibration of Radar Altimeters using the tomographic technique described here.
Why You Are (Probably) Anthropomorphizing AI

: In this paper I argue that, given the way that AI models work and the way that ordinary human rationality works, it is very likely that people are anthropomorphizing AI, with potentially serious consequences. I start with the core idea, recently defended by Thomas Kelly (2022) among others, that bias involves a systematic departure from a genuine standard or norm. I briefly discuss how bias can take on different explicit, implicit, and “truly implicit” (Johnson 2021) forms such as bias by proxy. I then discuss biased anthropomorphism of technology, focusing on the case of Large Language Models (LLMs) like chatGPT. As with other kinds of bias, there are importantly different kinds of anthropomorphism, some of which can persist without others, and some of which can encourage others. Anthropomorphism can take rather subtle, implicit forms, that can be difficult to detect, resist, and dislodge. Attention to these kinds of anthropomorphism can help us avoid confusing importantly different kinds of evaluation, better assess the risks, and inform strategies for bias prevention and mitigation.
Climate Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Microbial Communities in Wetlands

대기 중 이산화탄소 농도 및 온도 증가와 강수 패턴 변화에 따른 가뭄 정도 및 횟수의 변화는 습지에서 발생하는 온실가스의 양에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 습지에 존재하는 다양한 미생물 군집(탈질세균 및 메탄생성세균) 이 온실가스 생성에 있어 중요한 역할을 감당한다. 본 논문은 지금까지 전지구적 기후변화가 습지에서의 온실가스 발생과 관련 미생물 군집에 미치는 영향에 관한 다양한 연구를 정리하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 대기 중 이산화탄소 농도와 기온 증가는 일반적으로 온실가스 생성을 증가시켰다. 반면, 가뭄의 영향은 기체 종류와 가뭄 정도에 따라 다양한 결과가 보고되었다. 기후변화에 따른 미생물 군집의 변화는 습지시스템에서 보고된 연구의 부족으로 인해 특정한 결론을 도출할 수 없었다. 본 총설은 습지에서 미생물을 매개로 한 반응을 연구함에 있어 관련 미생물 군집구조의 특성을 파악하고, 다양한 환경인자에 대한 그들의 반응을 알아내는 것과 미생물 반응과 군집구조간의 상관 관계를 도출하는 것의 중요성을 제안한다. 이는 향후 전지구적 기후 변화가 습지의 생태학적 기능에 미칠 영향을 더 잘 이해하고 예측하는데 있어 매우 중요할 것이라 사료된다. 【Global climate changes including elevated $CO_2$ , drought, and global warming may influence greenhouse gas emissions in wetlands. A variety of microbial communities including denitrifiers and methanogens play a key role in determining such processes. In this paper we summarize current knowledge on the effects of climate changes on $CO_2,\;CH_4$ , and $N_2O$ production and microbial communities mediating those processes in wetlands. Elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ and warming generally increase gas emissions, but effects of droughts differ with gas type and drying level. The responses of microbial community to climate changes in terms of composition, diversity and abundance are still in question due to lack of studies in wetlands. Based on the present review, it is suggested that future studies on microbial processes should consider microbial community and relationships between microbial function and structure with diverse environmental factors including climate changes. Such knowledge would be crucial to better understand and predict accurately any shifts in ecological functions of wetlands. 】
A Survey on CDN Vulnerability to DoS Attacks

Content Delivery Networks (CDN), or ”content distribution networks” have been introduced to improve performance, scalability, and security of data distributed through the web. To reduce the response time of a web page when certain content is requested, the CDN redirects requests from users’ browsers to geographically distributed surrogate nodes, thus having a positive impact on the response time and network load. As a side effect, the surrogate servers manage possible attacks, especially denial of service attacks, by distributing the considerable amount of traffic generated by malicious activities among different data centers. Some CDNs provide additional services to normalize traffic and filter intrusion attacks, thus further mitigating the effects of possible unpleasant scenarios. Despite the presence of these native protective mechanisms, a malicious user can undermine the stability of a CDN by generating a disproportionate amount of traffic within a CDN thanks to endless cycles of requests circulating between nodes of the same network or between several distinct networks. We refer in particular to Forwarding Loops Attacks, a collection of techniques that can alter the regular forwarding process inside CDNs. In this paper, we analyze the vulnerability of some commercial CDNs to this type of attacks and then propose some possible useful defensive strategies.
Influences of physical processes on the ecosystem in Jiaozhou Bay: A coupled physical and biological model experiment

In this paper we have used a three-dimensional coupled physical and biological model to examine the marine ecosystem of Jiaozhou Bay. Physical processes included (1) the M2 tide, (2) river discharges, and (3) winds. The biological model described a simple, phosphorous-based, lower trophic food web system. The model results showed that tidal mixing had a direct impact on temporal and spatial distributions of nutrients and phytoplankton as well as on shellfish aquaculture. Nutrients and phytoplankton were well mixed vertically by tidal motion. Their concentrations were highest around northwestern and northern regions of the bay near river sources and decreased with water depth from the inner bay to the outer bay. A phytoplankton bloom can occur around the northwestern coast due to the “accumulation” of nutrients under southeasterly wind conditions. The flux analysis suggests that in summer the nutrients in Jiaozhou Bay was directly supplied and maintained by physical processes, but the temporal variation of phytoplankton was controlled dominantly by biological processes associated with nutrient uptake, grazing by zooplankton, and consumption by shellfish. Shellfish aquaculture can modify the bay-scale balance of the ecosystem in Jiaozhou Bay. The loss of phytoplankton in shellfish aquaculture sites tended to be compensated by advection and diffusion from the surrounding waters. A large consumption of phytoplankton by shellfish can cause a net flux of phytoplankton from the Yellow Sea to Jiaozhou Bay, although there was a net nutrient flux flowing out of the bay. The physical mechanism for the water exchange between Jiaozhou Bay and the Yellow Sea was controlled mainly by a chaotic process associated with nonlinear interactions between oscillating tidal currents and double residual eddies.
Combined effects of dissolution kinetics, secondary mineral precipitation, and preferential flow on copper leaching from mining waste rock

A probabilistic Lagrangian approach to reactive subsurface transport is used to investigate possible processes that may explain reported discrepancies between modelled and observed copper concentrations at the Aitik waste rock heaps in northern Sweden and to quantify the implications of these processes for the long‐term dynamics of copper leaching. The presented Lagrangian transport system couples two different types of primary dissolution kinetics with flow heterogeneity and pH‐dependent equilibrium precipitation/dissolution of secondary copper‐bearing minerals. Of the investigated processes, which we chose to study based on previous geochemical studies of the site, only flow heterogeneity in the form of preferential flow paths can provide a possible explanation for the low drainage water concentrations of copper currently measured in the field. The investigated pH‐dependent precipitation‐dissolution of secondary copper bearing minerals provides an explanation for even lower copper concentrations observed in laboratory column experiments in fresh waste rock; these experiments correspond to the initial part of the weathering phase in the field. If both preferential flow and secondary copper precipitation/dissolution occur at the Aitik site, the assumed prevailing type of primary dissolution kinetics does not influence the modelled expected long‐term copper leaching nearly as much as it does under homogeneous flow conditions without formation of secondary minerals. The present sensitivity analysis does not provide a comprehensive prediction model for the Aitik site, since not all possible hydrological and chemical processes have been included in the investigation. This study rather exemplifies the application of the probabilistic Lagrangian approach as an investigation methodology for field‐scale geochemical problems by using and extending results of detailed geochemical modelling.
PLIKS: A Pseudo-Linear Inverse Kinematic Solver for 3D Human Body Estimation

COCO: COCO [12] is a large-scale in-the-wild 2D keypoint dataset. We use this for training. We make use of pseudo-ground truth SMPL annotations provided by EFT [5]. MPI-INF-3DHP: MPI-INF-3DHP is an indoor multi-view and outdoor scene dataset for 3D human pose estimation. We make use of SMPL multi-view fits by SPIN [10]. We use this for training and evaluation. Human3.6M: Human3.6M [3] is an indoor, multi-view 3D human pose estimation dataset. We follow the standard practice [6, 10] where subjects S1, S5, S6, S7, and S8 are used for training while S9 and S11 are the test subjects. We follow Protocol 2 using only the front-facing cameras. 3DPW: 3DPW [20] is a challenging outdoor benchmark for 3D pose and shape estimation. To get a fair comparison with previous state-of-the-art [8,11], we use 3DPW training data for 3DPW experiments. We make use of a subset of this dataset PW3D-OCC following [8] for the occlusion benchmark. AGORA: AGORA [17] is a synthetic dataset with accurate SMPL models fitted to 3D scans. The test set is not publicly available, here the evaluation is performed on the official platform. For both training and testing, we use the images of resolution 1280× 720. 3DOH: 3DOH [21] is an object-occluded dataset. We use this to train and evaluate only for occlusion benchmark. MuPoTs-3D: MuPoTs-3D [14] is a mixed indoor and outdoor multi-person dataset consisting of 20 sequences showing people performing various actions and interactions. We use this for evaluating the absolute root error. 100
Title: A Timer for analyzing temporally dynamic changes in transcription during differentiation in vivo Authors:

Understanding the mechanisms of cellular differentiation is challenging because differentiation is initiated by signaling pathways that drive temporally dynamic processes, which are difficult to analyse in vivo. We establish a new Tool, Timer-of-cell-kinetics-and-activity (Tocky [toki], time in Japanese). Tocky uses the Fluorescent Timer protein, which spontaneously shifts its emission spectrum from blue-to-red, in combination with computer algorithms to reveal the dynamics of differentiation in vivo. Using a transcriptional target of T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling, we establish Nr4a3-Tocky to follow downstream effects of TCR signaling. Nr4a3-Tocky reveals the temporal sequence of events during regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation and shows that persistent TCR signals occur during Treg generation. Remarkably, antigen-specific T cells at the site of autoimmune inflammation also show persistent TCR signaling. In addition, by generating Foxp3-Tocky, we reveal the in vivo dynamics of demethylation of the Foxp3 gene. Thus, Tocky is a Tool for cell biologists to address previously inaccessible questions by directly revealing dynamic processes in vivo.
Does the APOE ε4 Allele Moderate a CA1 Atrophy and Psychotic Symptomatology Relationship in Alzheimer’s Disease?

There are an estimated 6.1 million Americans currently diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with this number expected to rapidly grow over the next 30 years. Delusions are reported in roughly one-third of individuals with AD (Ropacki & Jeste, 2005). Delusions in AD are related to worse outcomes; greater caregiver burden, functional decline, and overall, worse general health (Murray et al., 2014). Current treatment options are limited given the health risks related to antipsychotics in the elderly (Creese et al., 2018). In the current study, we examined the relationship between APOE ε4 allele status, CA1 subfield volumes, and the presence of delusions in a combined Alzheimer’s disease dataset (OASIS and ADNI) in a two-prong fashion. First, we examined the moderating effect of APOE ε4 allele on the relationship of the CA1 volumes and delusions and MMSE scores, separately. Second, we examined the specificity of that effect by comparing CA1 volumes to other hippocampal subfields in a repeated measure model. Individuals with delusions had smaller right CA1 volumes than individuals without delusions but this was unrelated to APOE ε4 alleles. There was no significant moderation of the APOE ε4 alleles on the relationship between the CA1 subfields and the presence of delusions. There was a significant relationship between left CA1 volumes, APOE ε4 allele presence, and MMSE scores. These findings do not completely dissuade a subcortical relationship with delusions as no other notable differences between individuals with delusions and individuals without delusions were found in demographic information, genetic information, or cognitive measures. Future research is needed to examine the relationship between the hippocampus and delusions in other imaging capacities (e.g., longitudinal studies, functional connectivity) and along more detailed presentations of delusions. INDEX WORDS: Alzheimer’s disease, APOE, Hippocampus, CA1, Delusions, Psychosis Copyright by Kelly Rootes-Murdy 2022 Does the APOE ε4 Allele Moderate a CA1 Atrophy and Psychotic Symptomatology Relationship in Alzheimer’s Disease?
A DIGITAL ELEVATION DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM

Most stereoplotter systems currently in use were designed primarily for producing contouring and profiling outputs on a coordinatograph. Recently, however, there has been an increasing need for topographic information in the form of digital grid-point elevation data. Whereas some existing systems can be used to extract this type of data, they cannot do it rapidly or efficiently. The AS-11B-X system is an experimental model of a new type of system intended explicitly for the collection of digital elevation data. The system was developed for Rome Air Development Center by Bendix Research Laboratories. The system achieves an increase in data collection rates of from 10-50 times that presently being obtained with conventional system at no decrease in accuracy. The AS-11B-X system obtains its high data-collection in parallel using digital processing. A combination of special techniques is used to simplify the digital processing and to reduce the amount of data storage required.
Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid‐ocean ridge

Grabens have been mapped immediately adjacent to recently erupted submarine lava flows on the Cleft and CoAxial segments of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR). The grabens are 10–100 m wide and 5–15 m deep and are located uprift and/or downrift of the eruptive vents that fed the flows. We interpret that these structures formed (or were reactivated) directly over the dike that fed the eruptions as it was intruding toward the surface. These graben structures are primary conduits for diffuse hydrothermal venting on the seafloor during the cooling of newly intruded dikes. The axial summit “graben” or “caldera” on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) in some locations has similar dimensions to the grabens observed on the JdFR, and we interpret that it too may be a dike-induced graben structure (although often buried by subsequent eruptions where it is narrowest). These grabens on the JdFR and the EPR are distinctly narrower and deeper than grabens that formed during well-documented dike intrusions on slow spreading rifts on land (Iceland and Afar). Mechanical modeling suggests that narrow grabens would form when a dike is at shallow depth where it imposes a high stress perturbation on the ambient stress state to cause faulting. Therefore the narrow grabens on the JdFR and EPR imply that a relatively high level of horizontal compressive stress typically exists perpendicular to the ridges, and this must be overcome by high dike-induced perturbations to cause faulting. This is probably because gradual plate spreading rarely gets enough time to lower the compressive stress significantly due to the high frequency of dike intrusion events relative to the plate spreading rate. The dikes that do intrude in this environment must have relatively high internal magma pressure. Therefore the size and character of dike-induced grabens that form at the surface on intermediate to fast spreading ridges reflect the fact that volcanism dominates over tectonism in regulating the local stress state where a robust magma supply is available.