Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probing subparsec structure in the Lyman α forest with gravitational microlensing

We present the results of microlens ray-tracing simulations showing the effect of absorbing material between a source quasar and a lensing galaxy in a gravitational lens system. We find that, in addition to brightness fluctuations due to microlensing, the strength of the absorption line relative to the continuum varies with time, with the properties of the variations depending on the structure of the absorbing material. We conclude that such variations will be measurable via ultraviolet spectroscopy of image A of the gravitationally lensed quasar Q2237+0305 if the Lyman α clouds between the quasar and the lensing galaxy possess structure on scales smaller than ∼0.1 pc. The time-scale for the variations is on the order of years to decades, although very short-term variability can occur. While the Lyman α lines may not be accessible at all wavelengths, this approach is applicable to any absorption system, including metal lines.
Few-Shot Preference Learning for Human-in-the-Loop RL

While reinforcement learning (RL) has become a more popular approach for robotics, designing sufficiently informative reward functions for complex tasks has proven to be extremely difficult due their inability to capture human intent and policy exploitation. Preference based RL algorithms seek to overcome these challenges by directly learning reward functions from human feedback. Unfortunately, prior work either requires an unreasonable number of queries implausible for any human to answer or overly restricts the class of reward functions to guarantee the elicitation of the most informative queries, resulting in models that are insufficiently expressive for realistic robotics tasks. Contrary to most works that focus on query selection to \emph{minimize} the amount of data required for learning reward functions, we take an opposite approach: \emph{expanding} the pool of available data by viewing human-in-the-loop RL through the more flexible lens of multi-task learning. Motivated by the success of meta-learning, we pre-train preference models on prior task data and quickly adapt them for new tasks using only a handful of queries. Empirically, we reduce the amount of online feedback needed to train manipulation policies in Meta-World by 20$\times$, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a real Franka Panda Robot. Moreover, this reduction in query-complexity allows us to train robot policies from actual human users. Videos of our results and code can be found at https://sites.google. com/view/few-shot-preference-rl/home.
Assessment Of Some Amino Acids, Metal And Biomarkers In Diabetic Patients With Type2 DM In Thi-Qar Governorate, South Of Iraq

The study was designed to investigate the levels of l-arginine, l-carnitine, zinc, magnesium and chromium in patients with type2 diabetes. 100 samples of peoples with type 2 diabetes aged )17-65( years were used, divided into (50 males and 50 females), and the data was compared with 100 healthy subjects (50 males and 50 females) as a control group. Also, biochemical parameters of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, serum c-peptide and cumulative hemoglobin HbA1c% were measured for both patients and control groups. The results indicate that diabetic patients have lowered levels of l-arginine and l-carnitine (88.03± 4.45 b , 38.79± 4.18 b ) sequentially, and zinc, magnesium and chromium (0.54± 0.08 b , 1.58± 0.10 b , 0.12± 0.02 b ) sequentially in blood compared with the healthy subjects of control group where the levels of l-arginine, l-carnitine, zinc, magnesium and chromium (107.59± 9.75 a , 56.48± 4.08 a , 0.90± 0.12 a , 1.99± 0.20 a , 0.22 ± 0.04 a ) sequentially, Also there was elevated of levels of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, serum c-peptide and HbA1c% in diabetic patients (206.85± 33.34 a , 27.48± 3.83 sequentially.
Fatalistic and Religiosity Beliefs among Mexican-American Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Attending a Chronic Care Management Program

Objective : To determine the relationship between diabetes fatalistic beliefs and lifetime religiosity with type 2 diabetes management as measured by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood glucose monitoring behavior. Methods : Study sample was comprised of adult Mexican Americans (n = 475) enrolled in a chronic care management program, “Salud y Vida,” for individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. At baseline, participants were administered the Diabetes Fatalism Scale and a subscale of the National Comorbidity Study Replication (NCS-R) relating to lifetime religiosity. The Diabetes Fatalism Scale is comprised of three sub- scales measuring emotional distress, religious and spiritual coping, and perceived self-efficacy. At baseline, HbA1c and blood glucose monitoring behavior were also measured. Unadjusted and adjusted linear and logistic regression models were computed, controlling for gender, age, education, blood pressure, and body mass index. Results : Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression results showed that overall diabetes fatalism and emo- tional distress were significantly associated with HbA1c. Logistic regression models did not find a significant association between diabetes fatalism, religiosity, and blood glucose monitoring behaviors. Conclusions : Findings suggested that higher levels of both diabetes fatalism and emotional distress were significantly associated with poorer management of blood glucose among newly enrolled Mexican-American participants of a chronic care management program. Further research is needed to examine these relationships longitudinally to observe the effect of such a program on these belief systems and subsequent health outcomes. is a multifaceted construct measured and defined in different ways by various disciplines. In the field of psychology, measurement focuses on devotion or piousness,
Smart Healthcare Applications using Contiki and Cooja

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most trending technology to influence the internet and communication technologies. Among several applications IoT, healthcare application plays a major role. Several emerging technologies related to IoT such as body sensor networks, advanced healthcare systems, cloud-based platforms for wireless transfer of data, storage and display of clinical data, etc. have contributed to the wide utilization of the technology in the field of medicines. A body sensor network scenario will be created with various body sensor nodes using 6LoWPAN and Rime protocol. Rime is a data collection protocol implemented using Contiki operating system.Contiki OS, a free open-source simulation tool, helps in analyzing the performance parameters of Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN). The Cooja simulator in Contiki OS simulates the network scenario and provides the means and tools to observe network behavior across many platforms and contexts. This paper presents work done on the analysis of the Rime protocol stack of the Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN). Various performance parameters of sensor nodes like light, temperature and blood glucose levels of body are measured using sensor nodes and also the position of neighboring nodes is measured and analyzed which helps to set up a more efficient Wireless Sensor Network. The proposed work focuses on the study of protocol standards in wireless mesh networks and the Performance are measured in case of mobility as well. Then by using Dijkstra’s algorithm, the shortest path to reach the record maintainer is measured. The proposed work focuses on the analysis of protocol standards used to monitor patient information in the healthcare management system.
An economic repercussion to the impact of climate change on the most important Egyptian food security crops

We examine how the Climate Change affected on the Agricultural Production , and how the impact of climatic changes on the productivity of the most important grain crops in Egypt, with the aim of determining the extent to which productivity has changed due to climate change in Egypt, using the Autoregressive Distributed lagged methodology (ARDL), where it was found that there is an inverse relationship between climate changes and the productivity of the most important cereal crops, a relationship that is consistent with the economic logic. The results indicate that a similar negative impact of the maximum temperature change on the productivity of the most important cereal crops in the long term, which is consistent with an economic theory.
$L^p$ mapping properties for nonlocal Schrödinger operators with certain potential

In this paper, we consider nonlocal Schr\"odinger equations with certain potentials $V$ given by an integro-differential operator $L_K$ as follows; \begin{equation*}L_K u+V u=f\,\,\text{ in $\BR^n$ }\end{equation*} where $V\in\rh^q$ for $q>\f{n}{2s}$ and $0<s<1$. We denote the solution of the above equation by $\cS_V f:=u$, which is called {\it the inverse of the nonlocal Schr\"odinger operator $L_K+V$ with potential $V$}; that is, $\cS_V=(L_K+V)^{-1}$. Then we obtain a weak Harnack inequality of weak subsolutions of the nonlocal equation \begin{equation}\begin{cases}L_K u+V u=0\,\,&\text{ in $\Om$,} \quad u=g\,\,&\text{ in $\BR^n\s\Om$,} \end{cases}\end{equation} where $g\in H^s(\BR^n)$ and $\Om$ is a bounded open domain in $\BR^n$ with Lipschitz boundary, and also get an improved decay of a fundamental solution $\fe_V$ for $L_K+V$. Moreover, we obtain $L^p$ and $L^p-L^q$ mapping properties of the inverse $\cS_V$ of the nonlocal Schr\"odinger operator $L_K+V$.
Two-weighted estimates for generalized fractional maximal operators on non-homogeneous spaces

Let μ be a nonnegative Borel measure on Rd satisfying that μ(Q) ⩽ l(Q)n for every cube Q ⊂ Rn, where l(Q) is the side length of the cube Q and 0 < n ⩽ d. We study the class of pairs of weights related to the boundedness of radial maximal operators of fractional type associated to a Young function B in the context of non-homogeneous spaces related to the measure μ. Our results include two-weighted norm and weak type inequalities and pointwise estimates. Particularly, we give an improvement of a two-weighted result for certain fractional maximal operator proved in W.Wang, C. Tan, Z. Lou (2012).
Trans-Planckian problem of inflationary cosmology

In most current models of inflation based on a weakly self-coupled scalar matter field minimally coupled to gravity, the period of inflation lasts so long that, at the beginning of the inflationary period, the physical wavelengths of comoving scales which correspond to the present large-scale structure of the Universe were smaller than the Planck length. Thus, the usual computations of the spectrum of fluctuations in these models involve extrapolating low-energy physics (both in the matter and gravitational sector) into regions where this physics is not applicable. In this article we study the dependence of the usual predictions of inflation for the spectrum of cosmological fluctuations on the hidden assumptions about super-Planck scale physics. We introduce a class of modified dispersion relations to mimic possible effects of super-Planck scale physics, and find that, given an initial state determined by minimizing the energy density, for dispersions relations introduced by Unruh the spectrum is unchanged, whereas for a class of dispersion relations similar to those used by Corley and Jacobson (which involve a more radical departure from the usual linear relation) important deviations from the usual predictions of inflation can be obtained. Some implications of this result for the unification of fundamental physicsmore » and early Universe cosmology are discussed. « less
General Branching Functions of Affine Lie Algebras

Explicit expressions are presented for general branching functions for cosets of affine Lie algebras ĝ with respect to subalgebras ĝ′ for the cases where the corresponding finite-dimensional algebras g and g′ are such that g is simple and g′ is either simple or sums of u(1) terms. A special case of the latter yields the string functions. Our derivation is purely algebraical and has its origin in the results on the BRST cohomology presented by us earlier. We will here give an independent and simple proof of the validity of our results. The method presented here generalizes in a straightforward way to more complicated g and g′ such as sums of simple and u(1) terms.
Bounds on complex polarizabilities and a new perspective on scattering by a lossy inclusion

Here we obtain explicit formulae for bounds on the complex electrical polarizability at a given frequency of an inclusion with known volume that follow directly from the quasistatic bounds of Bergman and Milton on the effective complex dielectric constant of a two-phase medium. We also describe how analogous bounds on the orientationally averaged bulk and shear polarizabilities at a given frequency can be obtained from bounds on the effective complex bulk and shear moduli of a two-phase medium obtained by Milton, Gibiansky and Berryman, using the quasistatic variational principles of Cherkaev and Gibiansky. We also show how the polarizability problem and the acoustic scattering problem can both be reformulated in an abstract setting as "Y -problems". In the acoustic scattering context, to avoid explicit introduction of the Sommerfeld radiation condition, we introduce auxilliary fields at infinity and an appropriate "constitutive law" there, which forces the Sommerfeld radiation condition to hold. As a consequence we obtain minimization variational principles for acoustic scattering that can be used to obtain bounds on the complex backwards scattering amplitude. Some explicit elementary bounds are given.
Spin glass properties of an Ising antiferromagnet on the Archimedean (3,12^2) lattice

We investigate magnetic properties of a two-dimensional periodic structure with Ising spins and antiferromagnetic nearest neighbor interaction. The structure is topologically equivalent to the Archimedean (3 , 12 2 ) lattice. The ground state energy is degenerate. In some ground states, the spin structure is translationally invariant, with the same conﬁguration in each unit cell. Numerical results are reported on speciﬁc heat and static magnetic susceptibility against temperature. Both quantities show maxima at temperature T > 0. They reveal some sensitivity on the initial state in temperatures where the Edwards–Anderson order parameter is positive. For zero temperature and low frequency of the applied ﬁeld, the magnetic losses are negligible. However, the magnetization curve displays some erratic behavior due to the metastable states.
Stochastic integration with respect to the cylindrical Wiener process via regularization

Following the ideas of F. Russo and P. Vallois we use the notion of forward integral to introduce a new stochastic integral respect to the cylindrical Winer process. This integral is an extension of the classical integral. As an application, we prove existence of solution of a parabolic stochastic differential partial equation with anticipating stochastic initial date.
The Riesz transform for homogeneous Schrödinger operators on metric cones

We consider Schroedinger operators on metric cones whose cross section is a closed Riemannian manifold $(Y, h)$ of dimension $d-1 \geq 2$. Thus the metric on the cone $M = (0, \infty)_r \times Y$ is $dr^2 + r^2 h$. Let $\Delta$ be the Friedrichs Laplacian on $M$ and $V_0$ be a smooth function on $Y$, such that $\Delta_Y + V_0 + (d-2)^2/4$ is a strictly positive operator on $L^2(Y)$, with lowest eigenvalue $\mu^2_0 $ and second lowest eigenvalue $\mu^2_1$, with $\mu_0, \mu_1 > 0$. The operator we consider is $H = \Delta + V_0/r^2$, a Schr\"odinger operator with inverse square potential on $M$; notice that $H$ is homogeneous of degree -2. We study the Riesz transform $T = \nabla H^{-1/2}$ and determine the precise range of $p$ for which $T$ is bounded on $L^p(M)$. This is achieved by making a precise analysis of the operator $(H + 1)^{-1}$ and determining the complete asymptotics of its integral kernel. We prove that if $V$ is not identically zero, then the range of $p$ for $L^p$ boundedness is $$ d/ \Big(min(1+d/2+\mu_0, d \Big) < p < d / \Big(max(d/2-\mu_0, 0) \Big),$$ while if $V$ is identically zero, then the range is $$ 1 < p < d / \Big(max(d/2-\mu_1, 0 \Big). $$ The result in the case $V$ identically zero was first obtained in a paper by H. -Q. Li.
Gradient Method With Inexact Oracle for Composite Non-Convex Optimization

In this paper, we develop new first-order method for composite non-convex minimization problems with simple constraints and inexact oracle. The objective function is given as a sum of "`hard"', possibly non-convex part, and "`simple"' convex part. Informally speaking, oracle inexactness means that, for the "`hard"' part, at any point we can approximately calculate the value of the function and construct a quadratic function, which approximately bounds this function from above. We give several examples of such inexactness: smooth non-convex functions with inexact Holder-continuous gradient, functions given by auxiliary uniformly concave maximization problem, which can be solved only approximately. For the introduced class of problems, we propose a gradient-type method, which allows to use different proximal setup to adapt to geometry of the feasible set, adaptively chooses controlled oracle error, allows for inexact proximal mapping. We provide convergence rate for our method in terms of the norm of generalized gradient mapping and show that, in the case of inexact Holder-continuous gradient, our method is universal with respect to Holder parameters of the problem. Finally, in a particular case, we show that small value of the norm of generalized gradient mapping at a point means that a necessary condition of local minimum approximately holds at that point.
Entanglement entropy in critical phenomena and analog models of quantum gravity

A general geometrical structure of the entanglement entropy for spatial partition of a relativistic QFT system is established by using methods of the effective gravity action and the spectral geometry. A special attention is payed to the subleading terms in the entropy in different dimensions and to behavior in different states. It is conjectured, on the base of relation between the entropy and the action, that in a fundamental theory the ground state entanglement entropy per unit area equals $1/(4{G}_{N})$, where ${G}_{N}$ is the Newton constant in the low-energy gravity sector of the theory. The conjecture opens a new avenue in analogue gravity models. For instance, in higher-dimensional condensed matter systems, which near a critical point are described by relativistic QFT's, the entanglement entropy density defines an effective gravitational coupling. By studying the properties of this constant one can get new insights in quantum gravity phenomena, such as the universality of the low-energy physics, the renormalization group behavior of ${G}_{N}$, the statistical meaning of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.
A Hamiltonian mean field system for the Navier–Stokes equation

We use a Hamiltonian interacting particle system to derive a stochastic mean field system whose McKean–Vlasov equation yields the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation. Since the system is Hamiltonian, the particle relabeling symmetry implies a Kelvin Circulation Theorem along stochastic Lagrangian paths. Moreover, issues of energy dissipation are discussed and the model is connected to other approaches in the literature.
Debye Sources, Beltrami Fields, and a Complex Structure on Maxwell Fields

The Debye source representation for solutions to the time‐harmonic Maxwell equations is extended to bounded domains with finitely many smooth boundary components. A strong uniqueness result is proved for this representation. Natural complex structures are identified on the vector spaces of time‐harmonic Maxwell fields. It is shown that these complex structures are uniformized by the Debye source representation, that is, represented by a fixed linear map on a fixed vector space, independent of the frequency. This complex structure relates time‐harmonic Maxwell fields to constant‐k Beltrami fields, i.e., solutions of the equation ∇×E=k E. A family of self‐adjoint boundary conditions are defined for the Beltrami operator. This leads to a proof of the existence of zero‐flux, constant‐k, force‐free Beltrami fields for any bounded region in ℝ3, as well as a constructive method to find them. The family of self‐adjoint boundary value problems defines a new spectral invariant for bounded domains in ℝ3. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimal qubit tomography

We present, and analyze thoroughly, a highly symmetric and efficient scheme for the determination of a single-qubit state, such as the polarization properties of photons emitted by a single-photon source. In our scheme there are only four measured probabilities, just enough for the determination of the three parameters that specify the qubit state, whereas the standard procedure would measure six probabilities.
Reduced-order model for electrical impedance tomography based on proper orthogonal decomposition

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging modality in which the conductivity distribution inside a target is reconstructed based on voltage measurements from the surface of the target. Reconstructing the conductivity distribution is known to be an ill-posed inverse problem, the solutions of which are highly intolerant to modelling errors. In order to achieve sufficient accuracy, very dense meshes are usually needed in a finite element approximation of the EIT forward model. This leads to very high-dimensional problems and often unacceptably tedious computations for real-time applications. In this paper, the model reduction in EIT is considered within the Bayesian inversion framework. We construct the reduced-order model by proper orthogonal decompositions (POD) of the electrical conductivity and the potential distributions. The associated POD modes are computed based on a priori information on the conductivity. The feasibility of the reduced-order model is tested both numerically and with experimental data. In the selected test cases, the proposed model reduction approach speeds up the computation by more than two orders of magnitude in comparison with the conventional EIT reconstruction, without decreasing the quality of the reconstructed images significantly.
Solution of Heliospheric Propagation: Unveiling the Local Interstellar Spectra of Cosmic-ray Species

Local interstellar spectra (LIS) for protons, helium, and antiprotons are built using the most recent experimental results combined with state-of-the-art models for propagation in the Galaxy and heliosphere. Two propagation packages, GALPROP and HelMod, are combined to provide a single framework that is run to reproduce direct measurements of cosmic-ray (CR) species at different modulation levels and at both polarities of the solar magnetic field. To do so in a self-consistent way, an iterative procedure was developed, where the GALPROP LIS output is fed into HelMod, providing modulated spectra for specific time periods of selected experiments to compare with the data; the HelMod parameter optimization is performed at this stage and looped back to adjust the LIS using the new GALPROP run. The parameters were tuned with the maximum likelihood procedure using an extensive data set of proton spectra from 1997 to 2015. The proposed LIS accommodate both the low-energy interstellar CR spectra measured by Voyager 1 and the high-energy observations by BESS, Pamela, AMS-01, and AMS-02 made from the balloons and near-Earth payloads; it also accounts for Ulysses counting rate features measured out of the ecliptic plane. The found solution is in a good agreement with proton, helium, and antiproton data by AMS-02, BESS, and PAMELA in the whole energy range.