Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards more precise automatic analysis: a comprehensive survey of deep learning-based multi-organ segmentation

Accurate segmentation of multiple organs of the head, neck, chest, and abdomen from medical images is an essential step in computer-aided diagnosis, surgical navigation, and radiation therapy. In the past few years, with a data-driven feature extraction approach and end-to-end training, automatic deep learning-based multi-organ segmentation method has far outperformed traditional methods and become a new research topic. This review systematically summarizes the latest research in this field. For the first time, from the perspective of full and imperfect annotation, we comprehensively compile 161 studies on deep learning-based multi-organ segmentation in multiple regions such as the head and neck, chest, and abdomen, containing a total of 214 related references. The method based on full annotation summarizes the existing methods from four aspects: network architecture, network dimension, network dedicated modules, and network loss function. The method based on imperfect annotation summarizes the existing methods from two aspects: weak annotation-based methods and semi annotation-based methods. We also summarize frequently used datasets for multi-organ segmentation and discuss new challenges and new research trends in this field.
Brownian Dynamics simulation of hard-sphere colloidal dispersions

The rheology of hard-sphere suspensions in the absence of hydrodynamic interactions is examined by Brownian Dynamics. Simulations are performed over a wide range of volume fraction φ and Peclet number Pe=γa2/D, where γ is the shear rate and D=kT/6πηa is the Stokes-Einstein diffusivity of an isolated spherical particle of radius a and thermal energy kT in a fluid of viscosity η. At low Pe, the viscosity decreases as Pe increases—the suspension shear thins. The first normal stress difference is positive, while the second normal stress difference is negative. Each normal stress difference vanishes at very low Pe and increases in magnitude to an extremum at Pe≈3. The suspension pressure is proportional to kT and is found to grow as Pe2 from its equilibrium value. Long-time self-diffusivities scale as D and grow as Pe is increased in this regime. At Pe≈100, the suspension undergoes a disorder–order transition to a microstructure of hexagonally packed strings aligned in the flow direction, which is accompanie.
Association of Interparental Violence and Maternal Depression With Depression Among Adolescents at the Population and Individual Level

Key Points Question Is exposure to parental intimate partner violence (IPV) and/or maternal depression during childhood associated with depression at age 18 years at the population and individual level? Findings In this cohort study of 5029 children born in 1991 to 1992 in the Avon region of southwest England, exposure to IPV or maternal depression in childhood was associated with 24% to 68% higher risk of having severe depressive symptoms at age 18 years. The estimation of an individual developing depression in adolescence based solely on information about parental IPV or maternal depression is poor. Meaning Prevention of IPV and maternal depression can improve children’s mental health at the population level; however, screening children for maternal depression and IPV to target interventions to prevent adolescent depression will not identify many children who might benefit and may unnecessarily target many others who will not develop depression.
Application of rotation vector algorithm for SINS attitude updating

The primary task of strap down inertial navigation system (SINS) algorithms is updating attitude timely and precisely. This paper presents an ARM based quad copter, using low-cost MEMS inertial sensors. In this paper we propose to use three methods, namely linear interpolation, gradient descent and complementary filter for attitude-updating. Meanwhile, an idea that the quaternion attitude could be updated by constructing micro-rotation quaternion from rotation vector in the sampling interval is proposed. The idea is based on geometric interpretation of space rotation transformation, while the general method is the differential equations of quaternion about rotation vector. Therefore the new method is an approximation method within enough short update intervals. Experiments on different methods show the effectiveness and accuracy of three improved algorithms with the rotation vector algorithm.
Sleep restriction during opioid abstinence affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in male and female rats

Abstract Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dynamics are disrupted by opioids and may be involved in substance abuse; this persists during withdrawal and abstinence and is associated with co-morbid sleep disruption leading to vulnerability to relapse. We hypothesized that chronic sleep restriction (SR) alters the HPA axis diurnal rhythm and the sexually dimorphic response to acute stressor during opioid abstinence. We developed a rat model to evaluate the effect of persistent sleep loss during opioid abstinence on HPA axis dynamics in male and female rats. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone were measured diurnally and in response to acute restraint stress in rats Before (control) compared to During subsequent opioid abstinence without or with SR. Abstinence, regardless of sleep state, led to an increase in plasma ACTH and corticosterone in the morning in males. There was a tendency for higher PM plasma ACTH during abstinence in SR males (p = 0.076). ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint were reduced in male SR rats whereas there was a failure to achieve the post-restraint nadir in female SR rats. There was no effect of the treatments or interventions on adrenal weight normalized to body weight. SR resulted in a dramatic increase in hypothalamic PVN AVP mRNA and plasma copeptin in male but not female rats. This corresponded to the attenuation of the HPA axis stress response in SR males during opioid abstinence. We have identified a potentially unique, sexually dimorphic role for magnocellular vasopressin in the control of the HPA axis during opioid abstinence and sleep restriction.
Evaluation of the household solid waste mandatory sorting policy in Shanghai: A 1-year public opinion survey

Sustainable management of household solid waste (HSW) is an essential step in realizing the development of a circular economy (CE). However, for many developing countries, HSW sorting is evolving incrementally, and focusing on the intervention role of policy and the sorting behaviour of residents can help achieve sustainable waste management. This study aims to investigate the main determinants of residents’ HSW sorting behaviour and how policy particularly contributes to it. Drawing upon the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and incorporating experiences, a conceptual framework is tested on a sample of Chinese residents in Shanghai (n = 560, from November to December 2020) using structural equation modelling analysis. The empirical results show that experience and behavioural intention greatly influence HSW sorting behaviour. Moreover, the positive attitude of residents promotes the success of HSW sorting. Subjective norms and perceived behaviour control indirectly affect behavioural intention and behaviour via attitude. The findings of this study provide policymakers with critical factors for the successful implementation of HSW sorting. We also propose policy implications to maintain and improve sorting efficiency from the perspective of residents (education, communication and publicity), neighbourhood committees (degree and efficiency of supervision) and property management companies (good infrastructure, services and processes).
HST FOS spectroscopy of M87: Evidence for a disk of ionized gas around a massive black hole

Using the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to observe the central region of M87, we have obtained spectra covering approximately 4600-6800 A at a spectral dispersion approximately 4.4 A per resolution element through the . 26 sec diameter entrance aperture. One spectrum was obtained centered on the nucleus of M87 and two centered 0.25 sec off the nucleus at position angles of 21 deg and 201 deg, thus sampling the anticipated major axis of the disklike structure (described in a companion Letter) expected to lie approximately perpendicular to the axis of the M87 jet. Pointing errors for these observations are estimated to be less than 0.02 sec. Radial velocities of the ionized gas in the two positions 0.25 sec on either side of the nucleus are measured to be approx. equals +/- 500 km/s relative to the M87 systemic velocity. These observations plus emission-line spectra obtained at two additional locations near the nucleus show the ionized gas to be in Keplerian rotation about a mass M = (2.4 +/- 0.7) x 10(exp 9) solar mass within the inner 0.25 sec of M87. Our results provide strong evidence for the presence of a supermassive nuclear black hole in M87.
CONTINUOUS EVOLUTIONARY PROGRAMMING: ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTS

Evolutionary programming is a method for simulating evolution that emphasizes the behavioral rather than the genetic relationship of parents and their offspring. In a typical evolutionary program, every parent simultaneously generates a number of offspring, which are all subsequently placed in competition. Evolution can be abstracted as a more continuous process by generating only a single offspring from one parent and then immediately placing it in competition with all existing solutions. Some theoretical observations are made with respect to this new model. The results of empirical trials on a test landscape with multiple local minima indicate that the standard method of reproduction and selection may be more appropriate for practical optimization problems.
Nanoparticles and their tailoring with laser light

Monodisperse noble metal nanoparticles are of tremendous interest for numerous applications, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, catalysis or biosensing. However, preparation of monodisperse metal nanoparticles is still a challenging task, because typical preparation methods yield nanoparticle ensembles with broad shape and/or size distributions. To overcome this drawback, tailoring of metal nanoparticles with laser light has been developed, which is based on the pronounced shape- and size-dependent optical properties of metal nanoparticles. I will demonstrate that nanoparticle tailoring with ns-pulsed laser light is a suitable method to prepare nanoparticle ensembles with a narrow shape and/or size distribution. While irradiation with ns-pulsed laser light during nanoparticle growth permits a precise shape tailoring, post-grown irradiation allows a size tailoring. For example, the initial broad Gaussian size distribution of silver nanoparticles on quartz substrates with a standard deviation of σ= 30% is significantly reduced to as little as σ= 10% after tailoring. This paper addresses teachers of undergraduate and advanced school level as well as students. It assumes some fundamental knowledge in solid-state physics, thermodynamics and resonance vibration.
Assessment of wound healing efficacy and tolerability using Cicatryl™ cream based on a suction blister model in healthy subjects

Cicatryl™ cream, a topical medical device, is indicated for the treatment of superficial wounds and small skin injuries. To assess the efficacy and tolerability of Cicatryl™ cream by measuring the recovery of the skin barrier after inducing wounds. A suction blister of about 6-mm diameter was induced on the inner side of each forearm of 44 healthy subjects. Using a process of randomisation, Cicatryl™ cream was then applied to one wound for a maximum duration of 14 days, while the other wound was left untreated. The primary objective was to evaluate the effect of the test product on wound healing at Day 6, by comparing treated versus untreated wound areas measured by macrophotography. Secondary objectives were to evaluate healing, cutaneous barrier restoration and subjective efficacy of the cream as well as tolerability. The mean wound area (± SD) at Day 6 was significantly smaller for treated wounds compared with untreated wounds (1.76 ± 4.71 vs 15.76 ± 7.61 mm2; p < 0.0001). For treated wounds, wound healing between Days 1 and 6 was 1.6-fold faster compared with untreated wounds (−7.90 vs−4.79 mm2/day; p < 0.0001), and the wounds healed in approximately half the time (6.8 vs 12.2 days for untreated wounds). Cutaneous barrier restoration occurred earlier for treated wounds (Day 6 vs Day 8 for untreated wounds). The cream was well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were observed. Cicatryl™ cream improves wound healing, especially within the first six days, if applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Pseudomonas Bacteremia in Children: Clinical and Microbiologic Features and Risk Factors of Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: Pseudomonas bacteremia is most commonly acquired in hospital. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features and antibiotic susceptibility, mortality rate and risk factors of mortality in children with Pseudomonas bacteremia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study that included children 18 years of age or younger admitted to a tertiary hospital with Pseudomonas bacteremia between 2005 and 2020. Results: A total of 196 patients with Pseudomonas bacteremia were identified. The proportional rate of Pseudomonas bacteremia was 33.9/100,000 hospital days. Underlying disease was documented in 81.1% of patients, 61% had hemato-oncological disease. Pseudomonas bacteremia was healthcare related in 180 (91.8%) episodes. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas accounted for 16 (8.2%) and difficult-to-treat organism to 3 (1.5%) of all isolates. Thirty-day mortality was reported in 27 (13.8%) patients, all had Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In multivariate regression analysis, the first model showed that younger age [P = 0.038, odds ratio (OR) = 1.095, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.005–1.192] and inappropriate empiric antibiotic treatment (P = 0.004, OR = 3.584, 95% CI: 1.490–8.621) were significantly associated with higher mortality. The second model also showed higher morality in younger age (P = 0.021, OR = 1.114, 95% CI: 1.016–1.221) and MDR isolates (P = 0.001, OR = 9.725, 95% CI: 2.486–38.039). Conclusions: Significant morbidity and mortality due to Pseudomonas bacteremia, but relatively lower mortality than previously published. Although young age, MDR isolates and inappropriate antibiotic treatment have been associated with increased mortality, these factors, especially with low prevalence of MDR isolates, may reflect the baseline mortality rate in vulnerable hosts with continuous contact with healthcare facilities facing such severe infection, and more efforts should be made to emphasize infection control practices to prevent such severe infection.
Efficacy and safety of low‐dose oral isotretinoin monotherapy versus combined therapy with picosecond laser for the treatment of acne scars in Asian population

Acne scars are common in patients with moderate to severe acne. Isotretinoin is the first‐line treatment for those patients, but whether oral isotretinoin can improve acne scar is not clear. Picosecond lasers (FxPico) has been reported to improve acne scars. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical efficacy of low‐dose isotretinoin with or without FxPico treatment for acne scars.
Validity and sensitivity of field tests’ heart-rate recovery assessment in recreational football players

We aimed at examining the criterion validity and sensitivity of heart-rate recovery (HRRec) in profiling cardiorespiratory fitness in male recreational football players in the untrained and trained status, using endurance field-tests. Thirty-two male untrained subjects (age 40 ± 6 years, VO2max 41.7 ± 5.7 ml·kg-1·min-1, body mass 82.7 ± 9.8 kg, stature 173.3 ± 7.4 cm) participated in a 12-week (2‒3 sessions per week) recreational football intervention and were tested pre- and post-intervention (i.e. untrained and trained status). The participants performed three intermittent field tests for aerobic performance assessment, namely Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 (YYIE1) and level 2 (YYIE2) tests, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1) test. VO2max was assessed by performing a progressive maximal treadmill test (TT) and maximal HR (HRmax) determined as the maximal value across the testing conditions (i.e., Yo-Yo intermittent tests or TT). HRRec was calculated as the difference between Yo-Yo tests’ HRpeak or HRmax and HR at 30 s (HR30), 60 s (HR60) and 120 s (HR120) and considered as beats·min-1 (absolute) and as % of tests’ HRpeak or HRmax values. Significant post-intervention improvements (p<0.0001) were shown in VO2max (8.6%) and Yo-Yo tests performance (23–35%). Trivial to small (p>0.05) associations were found between VO2max and HRRec (r = -0.05−0.27, p>0.05) across the Yo-Yo tests, and training status either expressed as percentage of HRpeak or HRmax. The results of this study do not support the use of field-test derived HRRec to track cardiorespiratory fitness and training status in adult male recreational football players.
On the behavior of the angular velocity in the lower part of the solar convection zone

On developpe en polynome de Legendre la vitesse angulaire solaire sous la forme Ω=Ω 0 [ω 0 (r)+ω 2 (r)P 2 (cosθ)]. Les mouvements meridiens sont restreints a une (ψ 2 ) ou deux 4 (ψ 4 ) cellules par hemisphere, ψ 2 et ψ 4 etant les fonctions courant. Integration d'une approximation a l'epuration azimutale du mouvement (E φ ) par rapport a r, avec la condition limite r=R c , limite inferieure de la zone de convection solaire (SCZ). Evaluation des contraintes de Reynolds dans E φ pour cette zone, determination d'expressions approchees pour des coefficients de viscosite turbulente
Vertebral Body Sliding Osteotomy as a Surgical Strategy for the Treatment of Cervical Myelopathy: Outcomes at Minimum Five years Follow-up

Study Design. A retrospective cohort study. Objective. To evaluate the outcomes of vertebral body sliding osteotomy (VBSO) with a minimum follow-up of five years and compare the results with those of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF). Summary of Background Data. VBSO reportedly results in fewer complications, better lordosis restoration, and faster bone union than corpectomy. Although previous studies demonstrate the outcomes of VBSO with follow-up of two years or longer, results in longer term surveillance remain unknown. Methods. This study included 128 patients who underwent VBSO (n=38), ACDF (n=62), or ACCF (n=28) as a treatment for cervical myelopathy and was followed up for five years or more. Fusion, subsidence, C0-2 lordosis, C2-7 lordosis, segmental lordosis, C2-7 sagittal vertical axis, surgical complications, and neck pain visual analog scale, Neck Disability Index, and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores were assessed. Comparisons between continuous variables in each group were made using independent sample t tests. For nominal variables, the Fisher exact test or the χ2 test was used. Paired t test was used to analyze the changes in postoperative values compared with preoperative values. Results. The reoperation rate (0.0%) after VBSO was significantly lower than that after ACCF (14.3%; P=0.028). VBSO had a higher fusion rate at six-month and one-year follow-up, but the fusion rate at five years (97.4%) was not significantly different from that of ACDF (85.5%; P=0.054) and ACCF (85.7%; P=0.077). Segmental lordosis at the five-year follow-up was significantly higher in the VBSO group (16.1°) than in the ACDF (11.9°; P=0.002) and ACCF (6.5°; P<0.001) groups. C2-7 lordosis at five-year follow-up was significantly higher in the VBSO group than in the ACCF group (P=0.017). Neck pain visual analog scale, Neck Disability Index, and JOA scores and the JOA recovery rate did not show significant intergroup differences during the five-year study period. Conclusions. VBSO showed promising long-term results in terms of low revision rate, fast solid union, and effective segmental lordosis restoration when compared with other anterior reconstruction techniques.
Effect of Roux‐En‐Y Gastric Bypass in the Pharmacokinetics of (R)‐Carvedilol and (S)‐Carvedilol

Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass is one of the most common surgical treatments for obesity due to the effective long‐term weight loss and remission of associated comorbidities. Carvedilol, a third‐generation β‐blocker, is prescribed to treat cardiovascular diseases. This drug is a weak base with low and pH‐dependent solubility and dissolution and high permeability. As the changes in the gastrointestinal tract anatomy and physiology after roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass can potentially affect drug pharmacokinetics, this study aimed to assess the effect of roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass on the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol enantiomers. Nonobese (n = 15, body mass index < 25 kg/m2), obese (n = 19, body mass index ≥ 30), and post‐roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass subjects submitted to surgery for at least 6 months (n = 19) were investigated. All subjects were administered a single oral dose of 25‐mg racemic carvedilol, and blood was sampled for up to 24 hours. Plasma concentrations of (R)‐ and (S)‐carvedilol were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) of (R)‐carvedilol were 2‐ to 3‐fold higher than (S)‐carvedilol in all groups. Obese subjects have shown reduced Cmax of (R)‐ and (S)‐carvedilol without changing the AUC. Post‐roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass subjects presented a 3.5‐fold reduction in the Cmax of the active (S)‐carvedilol and a 1.9 reduction in the AUC from time 0 to infinity compared to nonobese subjects. The time to reach Cmax of (S)‐carvedilol increased 2.5‐fold in post‐roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass subjects compared to obese or nonobese. Although the β‐blockade response was not assessed, the reduced exposure to carvedilol in subjects post‐roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass may be clinically relevant and require dose adjustment.
Psychometric properties of quantitative sensory testing in healthy and patients with shoulder pain: A systematic review

Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) is a psychophysical battery of various tests developed to quantify the subjects’ self-reported sensory experience. Although the use of QST is valuable for the clinical assessment of pain, standard evaluation protocols have not yet been established. This systematic review aimed to investigate the level of evidence for the psychometric properties of QST in healthy and patients with shoulder pain. Eight databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies published until August 2021. The methodological quality of studies was evaluated using the COSMIN checklist. Twelve studies were included for qualitative synthesis, which included three different tests (Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT), Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) and Temporal Summation (TS)). As the body of evidence consisted of studies of low methodological quality, the psychometric properties of PPT, CPM, and TS in healthy and patients with shoulder pain were classified as unknown. Although there is a risk that the conclusions may be ‘superficial’ in nature, the reliability seems to be nearly excellent for the PPT, however, the protocols’ variation and the low methodological quality of the studies do not allow for clear conclusions. Further studies are required for the CPM and TS in patients with shoulder pain.