Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STRAPDOWN INERTIAL NAVIGATION INTEGRATION ALGORITHM DESIGN. PART 2: VELOCITY AND POSITION ALGORITHMS

This series of two papers (Parts 1 and 2) provides a rigorous comprehensive approach to the design of the principal software algorithmsutilized in modern-day strapdown inertial navigation systems: integration of angular rate into attitude, acceleration transformation/integration into velocity, and integration of velocity into position. The algorithmsare structured utilizing the two-speed updatingapproachoriginallydeveloped for attitudeupdating;an analyticallyexact equation is used at moderate speed to update the integration parameter (attitude, velocity, or position)with input provided from a high-speed algorithmmeasuring recti ed dynamicmotionwithin the parameter update time interval [coning for attitude updating, sculling for velocity updating, and scrolling (writer’s terminology) for high-resolutionpositionupdating]. The algorithmdesign approachaccounts for angularrate/speci c force acceleration inputs from the strapdown system inertial sensors, as well as rotation of the navigation frame used for attitude referencing and velocity integration. The Part 1 paper (Savage, P. G., “Strapdown Inertial Navigation Integration Algorithm Design Part 1: Attitude Algorithms,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1998, pp. 19–28) de ned the overall design requirement for the strapdown inertial navigation integration function and developed the attitude updating algorithms. This paper, Part 2, deals with design of the acceleration transformation/velocity integration and position integration algorithms. Although Parts 1 and 2 often cover basic concepts, the material presented is intended for use by the practitioner who is already familiar with inertial navigation fundamentals.
Sequentially Cohen-Macaulay Modules Under Base Change

ABSTRACT Assume that ϕ:(R, ± 𝔪) → (S, ± 𝔫) is a local flat homomorphism between commutative Noetherian local rings R and S. Let M be a finitely generated R-module. We investigate the ascent and descent of sequentially Cohen-Macaulay properties between the R-module M and the S-module M ⊗ R S.
Exciton-light coupling in single and coupled semiconductor microcavities: Polariton dispersion and polarization splitting

A comprehensive theoretical and experimental study of linear exciton-light coupling in single and coupled semiconductor microcavities is presented: emphasis is given to angular dispersion and polarization effects in the strong-coupling regime. The phase delay in the dielectric mirrors carries a nontrivial angle and polarization dependence. The polarization splitting of cavity modes increases with internal angle as ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{eff}}. $ Comparison with experimental results on a GaAs-based cavity with ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.13}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.87}\mathrm{As}$ QW's shows that a quantitative understanding of polariton dispersion and polarization splitting has been achieved. Coupling of two identical cavities through a central dielectric mirror induces an optical splitting between symmetric and antisymmetric modes. When QW excitons are embedded in both cavities at antinode positions, the system behaves as four coupled oscillators, leading to a splitting of otherwise degenerate exciton states and to separate anticrossing of symmetric and antisymmetric modes. These features are confirmed by experimental results on coupled GaAs cavities with ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.06}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.94}\mathrm{As}$ QW's. Finally, the polarization splitting in a coupled cavity is analyzed in detail and is in good agreement with the experimental findings.
On the ability of a Darcy-scale model to capture wormhole formation during the dissolution of a porous medium

Dissolution of a porous medium creates, under certain conditions, some highly conductive channels called wormholes. The mechanism of propagation is an unstable phenomenon depending on the microscopic properties at the pore scale and is controlled by the injection rate. The aim of this work is to test the ability of a Darcy-scale model to describe the different dissolution regimes and to characterize the influence of the flow parameters on the wormhole development. The numerical approach is validated by model experiments reflecting dissolution processes occurring during acid injection in limestone. Flow and transport macroscopic equations are written under the assumption of local mass non-equilibrium. The coupled system of equations is solved numerically in two dimensions using a finite volume method. Results are discussed in terms of wormhole propagation rate and pore volume injected.
Low-frequency and microwave performances of laser-ablated epitaxial Na0.5K0.5NbO3 films on high-resistivity SiO2/Si substrates

The dielectric properties of laser-ablated 0.5-μm-thick c-axis epitaxialNa 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 (NKN) films on high-resistivity (>7.7 kΩ cm) siliconSiO 2 /Si substrates are studied experimentally in the temperature interval of 30–320 K and at frequencies of 1.0 MHz–40 GHz. The films are grown by laser ablation from a stoichiometric target. For the measurements, planar 0.5-μm-thick gold electrodes (interdigital and straight slot) are photolithography defined on the top surface of NKN films. The slot width between the electrodes is 2.0 or 4.0 μm. At low frequencies(f 1. At microwave frequencies(f>10 GHz), the voltage dependence of the capacitance is given by the NKN film. More than a 13% capacitance change at 40 V dc bias and a Q factor of more than 15 are observed at 40 GHz, which make the structure useful for applications in electrically tunable millimeter-wave devices
Influence of elastic and inelastic scattering on energy spectra of electrons emitted from solids

We have investigated theoretically the spectrum of electrons emitted from a solid in the case of a primary excitation function corresponding to a narrow line as in Auger and photoelectron spectroscopy. We concentrate on the influence of elastic and inelastic electron scattering on the shape and intensity of the spectrum in the vicinity of the primary peak. A near-peak as well as an off-peak region is identified; the critical energy loss separating the two regions is shown to depend on the relative significance of angular deflection and inelastic scattering. A rigorous formula has been derived that allows the extraction of the primary spectrum from a measured electron current if the normalized energy-loss function is available. The physical significance of the escape depth extracted from experiments with overlayers is analyzed. We find that it is not justified in general to identify the escape depth measured by means of overlayers with the inelastic mean free path.
QUANTUM PROTECTORATE AND MICROSCOPIC MODELS OF MAGNETISM

Some physical implications involved in a new concept, termed the "quantum protectorate" (QP), are developed and discussed. This is done by considering the idea of quantum protectorate in the context of quantum theory of magnetism. It is suggested that the difficulties in the formulation of quantum theory of magnetism at the microscopic level, that are related to the choice of relevant models, can be understood better in the light of the QP concept. We argue that the difficulties in the formulation of adequate microscopic models of electron and magnetic properties of materials are intimately related to dual, itinerant and localized behaviour of electrons. We formulate a criterion of what basic picture describes best this dual behaviour. The main suggestion is that quasi-particle excitation spectra might provide distinctive signatures and good criteria for the appropriate choice of the relevant model.
The Strong Limits of Random Matrix Spectra for Sample Matrices of Independent Elements

This paper proves almost-sure convergence of the empirical measure of the normalized singular values of increasing rectangular submatrices of an infinite random matrix of independent elements. The limit is the limit as both dimensions grow large in some ratio. The matrix elements are required to have uniformly bounded central 2+? th moments, and the same means and variances within a row. The first section (relaxing the restriction on variances) proves any limit-in-distribution to be a constant measure rather than a random measure, establishes the existence of subsequences convergent in probability, and gives a criterion for almost-sure convergence. The second section proves the almost-sure limit to exist whenever the distribution of the row variances converges. It identifies the limit as a nonrandom probability measure which may be evaluated as a function of the limiting distribution of row variances and the dimension ratio. These asymptotic formulae underlie recently developed methods of probability plotting for principal components and have applications to multiple discriminant ratios and other linear multivariate statistics.
Dark and visible matter in spiral galaxies

Rotation-curve profiles are used to determine the dark-to-luminous mass ratio within the disk size for 43 spiral galaxies. It is noted that faint galaxies are halo-dominated and that bright galaxies are disk-dominated in the disk regions. The luminosity sequence is shown to be a dark-to-luminous sequence. By removing the dark-matter contribution from the velocity at the disk edge, the dispersion affecting the luminosity-kinematics relation is found to decrease in comparison with the conventional Tully-Fisher correlation.
Improving on the positive part of the UMVUE of a noncentrality parameter of a noncentral chi-square distribution

The purpose of this paper is to give an explicit estimator dominating the positive part of the UMVUE of a noncentrality parameter of a noncentral [chi]2n([mu]/2). Let Y ~ [chi]2n([mu]/2) with degree of freedom n and unknown parameter [mu], LOSS = ([delta] - [mu])2. In his (1974) paper de Waal showed that Y + n is the generalized Bayes estimator of [mu] with respect to a noninformative prior distribution (Comm. Statist.3(1), 73-79). Y - n is the UMVUE of [mu] and dominates Y + n, but is dominated by (Y - n)+. Alam and Saxena (1982, Ann. Statist.10, 1012-1016) showed that (Y - n)+ dominates the MLE of [mu]. Chow (1987, Ann. Statist.15, 800-804) showed that (Y - n)+ is inadmissible. Explicit improvements, however, have not previously been found.
Infrared absorption in KTP isomorphs induced with blue picosecond pulses

Picosecond blue-light induced infrared absorption (BLIIRA) was investigated in periodically poled KTiOPO4, Rb:KTiOPO4, RbTiOPO4, KTiOAsO4 and RbTiOAsO4. The dependence of BLIIRA on blue light average power and intensity as well as on crystal temperature was studied. The results show the presence of at least two different types of color centers. A higher level of remnant absorption was observed in the phosphates compared to the arsenates. We attribute the largest portion of the induced absorption to photo-generated electrons and holes self-trapped in the proximity to Ti4+ and O2- ions, respectively, forming polaron color centers. Stabilization of these centers is aided by the presence of mobile alkali metal vacancies in the crystal. The lower level of remnant absorption in arsenates is related to higher population of thermal phonons related to TiO6 group vibrations in arsenates.
Formation of Schottky barriers at interfaces between metals and molecular semiconductors of p‐ and n‐type conductances

In order to clarify electronic structures of molecular semiconductor/metal interfaces, a Schottky–Mott rule is examined for vacuum‐sublimed films of two kinds of porphyrins, which have similar chemical structures, but opposite conductance types. The result shows that Schottky barrier heights are simply determined by the difference in work function between the porphyrin solids and metals irrespective of the conductance types of the porphyrin semiconductors, indicative of negligible influence of surface states on the Schottky barrier formation. Measurements of photocurrent generation efficiencies at these Schottky junctions indicate that a surface recombination process is not a major deactivation route for electron‐hole pairs generated in the molecular semiconductors by light.
Effects of traps on charge storage characteristics in metal-oxide-semiconductor memory structures based on silicon nanocrystals

Charge storage characteristics have been investigated in metal-oxide-semiconductor memory structures based on silicon nanocrystals, where various interface traps and defects were introduced by thermal annealing treatment. The observations demonstrate that traps have strong influence on the charge storage behavior, in which the traps and defects at the internal/surface of silicon nanocrystals and the interface states at the SiO2/Si substrate play different roles, respectively. It is suggested that the injected charges are mainly stored at the deep traps of nanocrystals instead of the conduction band in long-term retention mode. The long-term charge-loss process is dominantly determined by the direct tunneling of the trapped charges to the interface states in the present experiment. An optimum way to improve the retention time would be to introduce a certain number of deep trapping centers in nanocrystals and to decrease the interface states at SiO2/Si substrate.
A Variation on the Unique Product Property

A variation on the unique product property of groups is described which seems natural from a geometric point of view. It is stronger than the unique product property, and hence implies, for example, that the group rings have no zero divisors. Some of its closure properties are described. It is shown that most surface groups satisfy this condition, and various other examples are given. It is explained how these ideas can give a more geometric interpretation of Promislow's example of a non‐unique‐product group.
Fault tolerant control using virtual actuator for continuous‐time Lipschitz nonlinear systems

In this brief, we extend the existing results on fault tolerant control via virtual actuator approach to a class of systems with Lipschitz nonlinearities to maintain the closed‐loop stability after actuator faults. This generalization is established by relying on the input‐to‐state stability properties of cascaded systems. The virtual actuator block, placed between faulty plant and nominal controller, generates useful input signals for faulty plant by using output signals of the nominal controller to guarantee the closed‐loop stability in the presence of actuator faults. This design problem is reduced to a matrix inequality that can be turned to an LMI by fixing a variable to a constant value and solving the resulting LMI feasibility problem. The proposed fault tolerant control method is successfully evaluated using a nonlinear system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Modification of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Vacuum Ultraviolet Irradiation Dry Process

We developed a fast dry oxidation process for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) using short-wavelength UV [vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light (λmax=172 nm)] irradiation. We introduced carboxyl groups as many as 3% of carbon atoms within 1 min at room temperature using this process. MWNTs with the carboxyl groups were analyzed by attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The attachment of the carboxyl groups was further confirmed by reacting ferritin molecules with the MWNTs. The developed dry process with a high reaction rate is a powerful tool for the applications of carbon nanotubes in nanoelectronics.
Spherically Symmetric Dust Shell and the Time Problem in Canonical Relativity

The dynamics of a self-gravitating spherical dust shell is analyzed within the Hamiltonian formulation. Given any time variable on the shell, a complete reduction with respect to the momentum constraints is obtained and the true degrees of freedom of the composed ‘‘matter 1 gravity’’ system are found. The transition between two such formulations, corresponding to two different time parametrizations, is described as a canonical transformation in the reduced phase space. Explicit formulas for such a transformation are given. Implications for quantum gravity are discussed.
Theoretical and Numerical Studies of Noncontinuum Gas-Phase Heat Conduction in Micro/Nano Devices

This article presents a comprehensive study of various modeling techniques for noncontinuum gas-phase heat conduction encountered in micro/nano devices over a broad range of Knudsen number. A new slip model is proposed for slip flows and an analytical approach is developed for collisionless steady-state heat conduction inside a fully diffuse enclosure. Excellent agreements with direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) simulations have been achieved for both of them. For problems in the transition regime and/or with partially thermal accommodated walls, the DSMC method is employed. Some noncontinuum phenomena such as the steady gas flows induced by the nonuniform temperature field are observed.
Enjoyment of Euclidean planar triangles

This article adopts the following classification for a Euclidean planar , purely based on angles alone. A Euclidean planar triangle is said to be acute angled if all the three angles of the Euclidean planar are acute angles. It is said to be right angled at a specific vertex, say B, if the angle is a right angle with the two remaining angles as acute angles. It is said to be obtuse angled at the vertex B if is an obtuse angle, with the two remaining angles as acute angles. In spite of the availability of numerous text books that contain our human knowledge of Euclidean plane geometry, softwares can offer newer insights about the characterizations of planar geometrical objects. The author's characterizations of triangles involve points like the centroid G, the orthocentre H of the , the circumcentre S of the , the centre N of the nine-point circle of the . Also the radical centre rc of three involved diameter circles of the sides BC, AC and AB of the provides a reformulation of the orthocentre, resulting in an interesting theorem, dubbed by the author as ‘Three Circles Theorem’. This provides a special result for a right-angled , again dubbed by the author as ‘The Four Circles Theorem’. Apart from providing various inter connections between the geometrical points, the relationships between shapes of the triangle and the behaviour of the points are reasonably explored in this article. Most of these results will be useful to students that take courses in Euclidean Geometry at the college level and the high school level. This article will be useful to teachers in mathematics at the high school level and the college level.
Technologies for low-bandwidth high-latency unmanned ground vehicle control

Automation technology has evolved at a rapid pace in recent years; however, many real-world problems require contextual understanding, problem solving, and other forms of higher-order thinking that extends beyond the capabilities of robots for the foreseeable future. This limits the complexity of automation which can be supplied to modern unmanned ground robots (UGV) and necessitates human-in-the-loop monitoring and control for some portions of missions. In order for the human operator to make decisions and provide tasking during key portions of the mission, existing solutions first derive significant information from a potentially dense reconstruction of the scene utilizing LIDAR, video, and other onboard sensors. A dense reconstruction contains too much data for real-time transmission over a modern wireless data link, so the robot electronics must first condense the scene representation prior to transmission. The control station receives this condensed scene representations and provides visual information to the human operator; the human operator then provides tele-operation commands in real-time to the robot. This paper discusses approaches to dense scene reduction of the data required to transmit to a human-in-the loop as well as the challenges associated with them. In addition, the complex and unstructured nature of real-world environments increases the need for tele-operation. Furthermore, many environments reduce the bandwidth and increase the latency of the link. Ultimately, worsening conditions will cause the tele-operation control process to break down, rendering the robot ineffective. In a worst-case scenario, extreme conditions causing a complete loss-of-communications could result in mission failure and loss of the vehicle.
Absorption features from the accretion column in E1405-451

Phase-resolved circular spectropolarimetric observations of E1405-451 (V834 Cen) covering the wavelength region 3500-7800 A obtained using the Anglo-Australian Telescope are presented. The data show broad absorption features in a strongly polarized cyclotron-continuum present only near maximum light. Cyclotron harmonic and Zeeman line interpretations are investigated, and it is shown that the stronger features are consistent with a nonphotospheric Zeeman interpretation corresponding to a field range of 20-25 MG. The observations provide evidence of cool unshocked material surrounding accretion shocks in AM Herculis systems. 18 references.
Laser-induced surface modes at an air-porous medium interface

A description of the laser-induced wave excitation of surface modes at a fluid–porous medium interface using the Biot model is presented. For the case of a material much heavier than the fluid, the porous frame behaves like an elastic medium in vacuum with a small frequency-dependent structural damping due to the viscous losses. Predictions concerning the shape of the Rayleigh-like wave are given. Measurements show the effect of scattering for ceramics of different pore sizes on this wave.
WEAR MONITORING IN TURNING OPERATIONS USING VIBRATION AND STRAIN MEASUREMENTS

For the efficient and reliable operation of automated machining processes, the implementation of suitable tool condition monitoring (TCM) strategy is required. Various monitoring systems, utilising sophisticated signal processing techniques, have been widely researched for a number of different processes. Most monitoring systems developed up to date employ force, acoustic emission and vibration, or a combination of these and other techniques with a sensor integration strategy. With this work, the implementation of a monitoring system utilising simultaneous vibration and strain measurements on the tool tip, is investigated for the wear of synthetic diamond tools which are specifically used for the manufacturing of aluminium pistons. Contrary to many of the earlier investigations, this work was conducted in a manufacturing environment, with the associated constraints such as the impracticality of direct measurement of the wear. Data from the manufacturing process was recorded with two piezoelectric strain sensors and an accelerometer, each coupled to a DSPT Siglab analyser. A large number of features indicative of tool wear were automatically extracted from different parts of the original signals. These included features from the time and frequency domains, time-series model coefficients (as features) and features extracted from wavelet packet analysis. A correlation coefficient approach was used to automatically select the best features indicative of the progressive wear of the diamond tools. The self-organising map (SOM) was employed to identify the tool state. The SOM is a type of neural network based on unsupervised learning. A near 100% correct classification of the tool wear data was obtained by training the SOM with two independent data sets, and testing it with a third independent data set.