Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and attitude about sexually transmitted infections other than HIV among college students

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the infections which are mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse.Young individuals in the age group of 16 to 24 years are considered to be at more risk for STIs compared to older adults. Young individuals are more likely to practice unprotected sex and have multiple sexual partners. If the STIs are not treated adequately, it can lead to various complications.Most of the people may be aware about HIV/AIDs because of the awareness created by media and the government programs, however knowledge about STIs other than HIV/AIDS is low in the developing countries. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive cross sectional study to assess the knowledge, awareness and attitude of college students about STIs other than HIV. A total of 350 engineering students from various semesters were included in the study. They were asked to fill up an anonymous questionnaire. Results: Two hundred and fifty six (73%) males and 94 (27%) females participated in the study. 313 (90%) students had heard about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and 223 (64%) students had heard about STIs other than HIV. 99% of students knew about HIV where as less than 50% of students knew about other STIs. Teachers, internet and media were the source of information for most of the participants. Almost 75% of the students knew about the modes of transmission of STIs. Less than 50% of the participants knew about the symptoms of STIs and complications. Also attitude of the students towards sexual health and prevention of STIs was variable. Conclusion: The findings of our study shows that it is important to orient the students about sexual health and safe sexual practices as it will go a long way in prevention and control of STIs. Also the morbidities and complications associated with STIs can be prevented.
The Political Economy of Industrialization: A Comparison of Latin American and East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries

The paper analyses the industrial performance of two East Asian (South Korea and Taiwan) and three Latin American (Argentina, Brazil and Mexico) newly industrializing countries. It argues that the better performance in East Asia is not due simply to differences in trade orientation or the degree of state intervention, but rather to the effectiveness of intervention. This is explained in terms of the relative autonomy of the state and the structuring of the state apparatus in the two regions. The historically determined class structure and the international context led to much greater state autonomy in East Asia than in Latin America. The last part of the paper shows a number of ways in which this greater relative autonomy has contributed to rapid industrial growth in East Asia in comparison with Latin America.
Industrial Output and Stock Price Revisited: An Application of the Multivariate Indirect Causality Model

This paper presents an analysis of the empirical relationship between stock returns, industrial production, money supply, inflation and interest rates across five countries-Canada, France, Japan, Taiwan and the USA. Specifically, we estimate a five-variable vector autoregression model in order to answer the question: does industrial production predict stock returns directly or indirectly (i.e. does industrial production help predict a variable that itself predicts stock returns)? The key result is that there is no direct and significant statistical relationship in any of the five countries, but there is strong evidence of an indirect relation in Taiwan (via money supply) and another indirect relation in the USA (via interest rate). This indirect causality is verified by examining the relative predictability of stock returns both with and without the additional information. Predictability increases when the indirect relationship is exploited. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester, 2004.
Culture, Attitudes, and Media Patterns in China, Taiwan, and the U.S.: Balancing Standardization and Localization Decisions

ABSTRACT A study was undertaken to examine cultural orientations, attitudes toward advertising, and media use patterns across China, Taiwan, and the United States. China and Taiwan share similar cultural backgrounds, yet their economies and advertising industries have evolved quite differently due to different social and political settings. The United States was included to provide a point of comparison. Understanding media patterns, cultural orientations, and attitudes can help better ascertain the potential for using standardized strategies by international advertisers across different markets. Industry and consumer trends in evolving markets can also be monitored. Consumers in China and Taiwan were found to be more similar than different. For example, consumers in both markets were less individualistic and more collectivistic than their counterparts in the U.S. They also exhibited more favorable attitudes toward advertising than American consumers. Furthermore, Chinese and Taiwanese respondents spent significantly more time with print media than American respondents. Implications of the findings for balancing standardization and localization decisions are discussed.
Incidence and renal survival of ESRD in the young Taiwanese population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ESRD in the young represents a heavy burden to patients, families, and health care systems. This nationwide retrospective study characterized the incidence of ESRD and analyzed diagnoses associated with renal survival in the young population in Taiwan. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Through use of Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, the population of young patients (age<30 years, including children and young adults) with ESRD between January 1998 and December 2009 were enrolled. The medical claims were used to derive the date when the cause of ESRD was first determined. The medical data were reviewed and the renal survival time (time from first diagnosis of the cause to the start of ESRD) was calculated by experts, including clinical physicians and a large-database specialist. RESULTS The incidence rate of ESRD in the young population was high compared with the worldwide rate at 21.1 per million person-years, whereas the incidence in the pediatric group was still similar to that in other countries at 10.3 per million person-years. A total of 2304 patients with new-onset ESRD and identified renal diseases during the study period were enrolled. All preschool-age patients (100%) began receiving peritoneal dialysis as their initial treatment for ESRD. The leading causes, which varied by sex and onset age, were glomerulonephropathy followed by hypertension for the young adult group and glomerulonephropathy followed by congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) for the pediatric group. Renal survival was cause-dependent. The median overall renal survival duration was 0.8 year (interquartile range [IQR], 0.7-3.5 years). CAKUT-related ESRD had the longest progression time (median renal survival, 16.0 years; IQR, 10.7-23.5 years); glomerulonephropathy progressed more rapidly into ESRD and had the shortest median renal survival of 0.5 year (IQR, 0.1-2.7 years). CONCLUSIONS The incidence and causes of ESRD greatly differ between pediatric patients and young adults. Moreover, renal survival in the young population markedly varies depending on the cause of renal disease.
The Origins of Political Trust in East Asian Democracies: Psychological, Cultural, and Institutional Arguments

Abstract While the importance of social and political trust has been well documented, there is a lack of scholarly consensus over where trust originates. This article tests three theoretical arguments – social-psychological, social-cultural, and political institutional – on the origin of political trust against three East Asian democracies (Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan). The empirical analysis from the AsiaBarometer survey illustrates that political institutional theory best explains the origin of political trust in East Asian cases. Citizens of these East Asian democracies have a high level of political trust when they believe that their governments perform well in management of the national economy and political representation of elected officials. Meanwhile, social-psychological and social-cultural theories explain the origins of social trust, but not political trust. The evidence reveals that socially trusting people are not automatically politically trusting; social trust and political trust originate from different sources and do not transform from one to the other.
Professors as Intellectuals in China: Political Identities and Roles in a Provincial University

Abstract Under Xi Jinping's administration, ideological control in China has been tightened and political dissent has become increasingly difficult, especially in universities. What can professors do? Our research in one university in central China finds that professors have multifaceted identities and engage in synchronous political roles as establishment/organic, non-establishment/professional and contra-establishment/critical intellectuals, although most take on the first two roles. Our research is based on 36 interviews with professors, students and administrators from various departments of this provincial university and on an analysis of the faculty's teaching and research. This paper aims to contribute to the sociology of intellectuals and higher education by illuminating how professors, as intellectuals, engage in contemporary Chinese political discourse. 摘要 今天的中国已经进入了习近平时代, 意识形态的控制在进一步加强, 政治异议, 尤其是大学里的政治异议, 变得越来越艰难。 在这种情况下, 作为知识分子的教授们能够做什么呢? 本文探讨中国中部地区的一所大学的情况。 我们发现教授们有多重认同, 并同时扮演不同的政治角色, 包括体制“内”/有机角色、体制“外”/专业角色、“非”体制/批判角色 (具体定义请看内文)。 多数人、多数情况下在扮演着前两种角色。 我们的研究建立在对内地一所省属大学来自不同单位的 36 位教授、学生与行政领导的访谈以及对教授们的教学和研究的分析之上。 希望我们的研究能够帮助人们理解作为知识分子的教授们是否以及如何与当代中国的政治对话。 也希望本文能对知识分子社会学、高等教育社会学有所贡献。
Determinants of Low‐Risk and High‐Risk Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infections in Montreal University Students

Background: Previous studies have been inconsistent about the degree of sexual transmissibility of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The authors hypothesize that risk factors for HPV infection vary according to HPV type. Goal: To estimate the prevalence of HPV infection in asymptomatic women and to identify risk factors for overall HPV infection and HPV infection by oncogenic and nononcogenic type. Study Design: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted at the McGill University clinic in Montreal. Cervical specimens were collected from 489 female students presenting at the clinic for a routine Papanicolaou test. Data on potential risk factors was obtained by questionnaire. Human papillomavirus DNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction using consensus primers (MY09/11) followed by hybridization with generic and type‐specific probes using Southern blot and dot blot techniques. Results: The overall HPV prevalence was 21.8%. A low‐risk HPV infection was found in 6.2% of the women, 11.8% had a high‐risk HPV infection (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58), 7.1% had an unknown HPV type, and 2.7% had a multiple type infection. Two profiles emerged for sexual activity and risk of HPV infection according to oncogenic risk after multivariate analysis. Lifetime frequency of sexual intercourse and lifetime number of oral sex partners was associated with high‐oncogenic‐risk HPV infections; however, HPV infection with low‐oncogenic‐risk types was invariant with respect to markers of sexual activity. Conclusion: These results suggest that there are differences in epidemiologic correlates of transmission between low‐risk and high‐oncogenic‐risk HPV types based on oncogenicity. This finding has important implications for primary prevention of HPV infection and cervical cancer precursors.
Young adult sexual health: current and prior sexual behaviours among non-Hispanic white US college students.

BACKGROUND Less is known about the sexual health of young adults than about adolescents, despite 20 to 24-year-olds' greater risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmissible infections. This paper provides information on college students' prior and current sexual practices including oral sex, vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse and masturbation. METHODS We analysed data from a cross-sectional sexuality survey of students from two university campuses in the USA, one Mid-western and one South-western (n = 1504). The sample consisted of non-Hispanic white, never-married students who identified as heterosexual. RESULTS Of 16 possible combinations of four sexual activities (solitary masturbation, oral sex, vaginal intercourse and anal intercourse), only four contained more than 5% of respondents: masturbation, oral sex and vaginal intercourse (37%); oral sex and vaginal intercourse only (20%); all four (14%); and none (8%). Twenty percent had ever engaged in anal intercourse. Women were significantly less likely than men to have ever masturbated (48 v. 92%). Analyses exhibited several sexual health challenges, including lack of verbal sexual consent, alcohol use proximal to sex and lack of contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS Although few young adults are substituting it for vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse is increasingly common and safer sex efforts should encourage condom use during both sexual activities. Masturbation should be encouraged as an alternative to higher risk sexual practices and an essential aspect of sexual well being. Finally, practitioners should continue to address specific threats to college students' sexual health, including alcohol use and non-verbal consent.
Manoeuvring within a Fragmented Bureaucracy: Policy Entrepreneurship in China's Local Healthcare Reform

Abstract Policy entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in policy changes in both electoral democracies and authoritarian systems. By investigating the case of healthcare reform in Sanming City, this article illustrates how the fragmented bureaucracy in China enables and constrains local policy entrepreneurs, and how entrepreneurial manoeuvring succeeds in realigning the old institutional structures while attacking the vested interests. Both structural conditions and individual attributes are of critical importance to the success of policy entrepreneurship. Four factors and their dynamic interactions are central to local policy entrepreneurship: behavioural traits, political capital, network position and institutional framework. This study furthers theoretical discussion on policy entrepreneurship by elucidating the fluidity of interactional patterns between agent and structure in authoritarian China. The malleability of rigid institutions can be considerably increased by the active manoeuvring of entrepreneurial agents. 摘要 政策企业家在政策变革中发挥重要作用，不但在选举民主国家中如此，在威权政体下亦然。 本文透过分析三明医改——中国大陆医药卫生体制改革的 “明星”，揭示了中国条块分割的碎片化官僚体制如何影响地方的政策企业家推动改革。 文章尤其关注政策企业家如何创造性地重组既有的体制框架，并冲破既得利益。 研究发现，结构性约束和政策企业家的个人特质都对改革的成败起到关键作用，而且具有企业家精神的政策创新是一个动态的过程。 四个因素及其动态互动是地方政策企业家改革的关键: 个人行为特质、政治资本、网络地位、制度框架。 本研究进一步阐明了在中国的体制之下，公共政策改革中结构因素和关键行为者的互动模式，并深化了关于政策企业家的理论探讨。 尽管既有体制韧性强劲，但富有企业家精神的政策活动家仍有相当的空间通过各种策略来调整制度安排，推动改革。
Measurement of macular pigment: Raman spectroscopy versus heterochromatic flicker photometry.

PURPOSE There are several techniques for measuring macular pigment (MP) in vivo, of which Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a recently developed objective METHOD This study reports the reproducibility, test-retest variability, and validity of RS MP readings, by comparing them with heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP). METHODS MP was measured with HFP and RS in 120 healthy subjects, and the latter technique was also used on two separate occasions in a sample of 20 subjects to investigate the intersessional variability of readings. Intrasessional reproducibility of RS MP measurements was also calculated. In addition, serum concentrations of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) were measured and correlated with both RS and HFP MP readings. RESULTS Mean (+/-SD) MP in the right eye was 0.279 +/- 0.145 and 0.319 +/- 0.155 with RS and HFP, respectively. The differences between corresponding MP readings taken on RS and HFP lay within the Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement for the two instruments in 93.6% and 94.4% of cases in the right and left eyes, respectively. Intrasessional reproducibility of RS readings, expressed as the coefficient of variation, was 8.42% +/- 7.12%. Ninety-five percent of MP readings taken with RS on two separate occasions lay within the 95% limits of agreement for the two sessions. A positive, but insignificant, relationship was observed between RS and HFP MP readings and serum concentrations of L and Z (RS, P = 0.356; HFP, P = 0.540). CONCLUSIONS RS, an objective method of measuring MP levels in vivo, exhibits acceptable reproducibility and test-retest variability. The results demonstrated good correlation between RS and HFP measurements of MP, thus authenticating RS against a validated psychophysical technique of measuring MP. However, investigators should use only one of these instruments for the duration of any given study because of differences in the scientific rationale, and the factors that influence RS and HFP measurements of MP.
Infection with bacterial enteropathogens in Swedish travellers to South-East Asia–a prospective study

SUMMARY Infection with potential bacterial enteropathogens was studied prospectively in 94 Swedish travellers. Three faecal samples were collected, regardless of diarrhoeal symptoms, after each of three 1-week stays in Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. The specimens were analysed for salmonella, shigella, yersinia, campylobacter and different enterotoxin-producing bacteria. A potential enteropathogen was identified in 30% (28/94) of the participants, i.e. in 26% of the healthy and in 39% of the travellers with diarrhoea. The most common isolates were enterotoxigenic bacteria of different species (14%), salmonella (11%) and campylobacter (7%). By performing enterotoxin-tests on six different colonies from the primary culture of each specimen enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) as well as enterotoxin-producing Klebsiella sp. , Citrobacter sp. and Morganella morganii were identified. The latter strains were as prevalent as ETEC. In the 33 participants with diarrhoea enterotoxigenic bacteria (18%) and campylobacter (18%) were the most common isolates. Campylobacter-infected travellers developed symptomatic disease (6/7) significantly (P>0·02) more often than those infected with salmonella (3/10) or enterotoxigenic bacteria (6/13; 2 ETEC, 4 other species).
The effect of customer power on enterprise internal knowledge sharing: an empirical study

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how customer power of environmental factors affects customer support (CS) engineers’ personal motivations in a knowledge-sharing context. The authors examine extrinsic (i.e. organizational rewards, reputation, and reciprocity) and intrinsic motivations (i.e. knowledge self-efficacy) affecting knowledge-sharing intentions based on the social exchange theory (SET) and self-efficacy theory. Furthermore, the authors introduce the concept of the social power theory to investigate the moderating effect of customer power on the relationships between personal motivations and knowledge-sharing intentions. , – This study collects 349 questionnaires of CS engineers from 16 countries, including the USA, China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. After the data collection, the research model and hypotheses are tested using partial least squares. , – The empirical results show that reputation, reciprocity, and knowledge self-efficacy are significantly and positively related to knowledge-sharing intentions. Also, the results show that customer power can significantly moderate the relationships between personal motivations and knowledge-sharing intentions. , – The findings help multinational corporations employ the perception of customer power to motivate CS engineers to share knowledge. Especially, the results can help organizations increase customer added value through effective knowledge sharing. , – The research model integrates personal motivations derived from the SET and self-efficacy theory and customer power of environmental factors. Additionally, this study is the first to investigate the moderating effect of customer power on employees’ personal motivations and behavioral intentions.
World Trade Flows: 1962-2000

We document a set of bilateral trade data by commodity for 1962-2000, which is available from www.nber. org/data (International Trade Data, NBER-UN world trade data). Users must agree not to resell or distribute the data for 1984-2000. The data are organized by the 4-digit Standard International Trade Classification, revision 2, with country codes similar to the United Nations classification. This dataset updates the Statistics Canada World Trade Database as described in Feenstra, Lipsey, and Bowen (1997), which was available for years 1970-1992. In that database, Statistics Canada had revised the United Nations trade data, mostly derived from the export side, to fit the Canadian trade classification and in some cases to add data not available from the export reports. In contrast, in the new NBER-UN dataset we give primacy to the trade flows reported by the importing country, whenever they are available, assuming that these are more accurate than reports by the exporters. If the importer report is not available for a country-pair, however, then the corresponding exporter report is used instead. Corrections and additions are made to the United Nations data for trade flows to and from the United States, exports from Hong Kong and China, and imports into many other countries.
Role of children in the transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid scoping review

Background As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries have adopted measures of social distance, with the childhood population being one of the main focus of attention in these measures. Methods A rapid scoping review was carried out by searching PubMed to know if children are more contagious than adults, and the proportion of asymptomatic cases in children. Google Scholar and MedRxiv/bioRxiv were also searched. The time period was restricted from 1 December 2019 until 28 May 2020. Only studies published in English, Italian, French or Spanish were included. Results Fourteen out of 1099 identified articles were finally included. Studies included cases from China (n=9 to 2143), China and Taiwan (n=536), Korea (n=1), Vietnam (n=1), Australia (n=9), Geneva (n=40), the Netherlands (n=116), Ireland (n=3) and Spain (population-based study of IgG, n=8243). Although no complete data were available, between 15% and 55%–60% were asymptomatic, and 75%–100% of cases were from family transmission. Studies analysing school transmission showed children as not a driver of transmission. Prevalence of COVID-19 IgG antibody in children <15 years was lower than the general population in the Spanish study. Conclusions Children are not transmitters to a greater extent than adults. There is a need to improve the validity of epidemiological surveillance to solve current uncertainties, and to take into account social determinants and child health inequalities during and after the current pandemic.