Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scale Problems in Hydrology: Runoff Generation and Basin Response Held in Princeton, New Jersey on 31 October-3 November 1984.

Abstract : Partial contents: Relative role of hillslope and network geometry in hydrologic response; Nonlinearity and time-variance of the hydrologic response of a small mountain creek; Runoff simulation model based on hillslope topography; Geomorphologic approach to synthesis of direct runoff hydrograph from the Upper Tiber River Basin, Italy; Spatial heterogeneity and scale in the infiltration response of catchments; Runoff production and flood frequency in catchments of order n: an alternative approach; Study of scale effects in flood frequency response; Scales, gravity and network structure in basin runoff; Averaging properties of channel networks using methods in stochastic branching theory; Incorporation of channel losses in the geomorphologic IUH. (Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph). Keywords: Watersheds; Runoff measurement.
Price impact on urban residential water demand: A dynamic panel data approach

In this paper, we formulate and estimate a model of residential water demand with the aim of evaluating the potential of pricing policies as a mechanism for managing residential water. The proposed econometric model offers a new perspective on urban water demand analysis by combining microlevel data with a dynamic panel data estimation procedure. The empirical application suggests that residential users are more responsive to a lagged average price specification. Another result of the estimated model is that price is a moderately effective tool in reducing residential water demand within the present range of prices, with the estimated values for income elasticity and “elasticity of consumption with respect to family size” reinforcing this conclusion.
A Profit Maximization Scheme with Guaranteed Quality of Service in Cloud Computing

As an effective and efficient way to provide computing resources and services to customers on demand, cloud computing has become more and more popular. From cloud service providers' perspective, profit is one of the most important considerations, and it is mainly determined by the configuration of a cloud service platform under given market demand. However, a single long-term renting scheme is usually adopted to configure a cloud platform, which cannot guarantee the service quality but leads to serious resource waste. In this paper, a double resource renting scheme is designed firstly in which short-term renting and long-term renting are combined aiming at the existing issues. This double renting scheme can effectively guarantee the quality of service of all requests and reduce the resource waste greatly. Secondly, a service system is considered as an M/M/m+D queuing model and the performance indicators that affect the profit of our double renting scheme are analyzed, e.g., the average charge, the ratio of requests that need temporary servers, and so forth. Thirdly, a profit maximization problem is formulated for the double renting scheme and the optimized configuration of a cloud platform is obtained by solving the profit maximization problem. Finally, a series of calculations are conducted to compare the profit of our proposed scheme with that of the single renting scheme. The results show that our scheme can not only guarantee the service quality of all requests, but also obtain more profit than the latter.
A PERSPECTIVE ON

I discuss econometric issues of high relevance to economists in central banks whose job is to interpret the permanency of shocks and provide policy advice to policymakers. Trend, unit root, and persistence are difficult to interpret. There are numerous econometric tests, which vary in their power and usefulness. I provide a set of strategies on dealing with macro time series. JEL Classifications: C13, C22, E1, F4
Stochastic and Full-Wavefield Finite-Fault Ground-Motion Simulations of the M7.1, Messina 1908 Earthquake (Southern Italy)

Here we use the Messina 1908 earthquake to establish a methodology to map ground-motion in Italy from the Italian Seismogenic Sources Database, DISS (http://www.ingv.it/DISS/, (Basili et al. 2008)), combining low and high frequency (LF and HF) motion to generate broadband waveforms (Mai and Beroza, 2003). The hybrid broadband seismograms comprise the reflect the short-scale variability of the earthquake rupture process as well as the scattering properties of heterogeneous Earth crust.
5481 - DOES ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY APPLY TO SEISMIC FAULTS?

We examine the evolution of and the exchange between two forms of elastic energies stored in the quasi-dynamic fault model of Ziv and Cochard [1]. The first, , is due to the integrated slip deficit accumulated between the plate boundaries and the fault surface, and the second, , is the elastic energy stored as a result of differential slip along the fault surface. Time series of these energies show that large earthquakes occur during the descending portions of the -curve, and close to the maxima of the -curve. Interestingly, these results are not in agreement with the classical view of the elastic rebound theory (Reid, [2]). While the elastic rebound theory predicts that large earthquakes occur at the maxima of the -curve, in our model they occur at the maxima of the -curve. The latter, arising from the slip heterogeneity along the fault, is not at all accounted for in the elastic rebound theory, on which present earthquake prediction models rely.
Escherichia coli in the swash zone at four Ohio bathing beaches

The zone of the shoreline that is constantly washed by waves or tides, called the swash zone, is an attractive recreational area, especially for children who play in the sand. The swash zone, however, has been suggested as a possible habitat for waterborne disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens). The spaces between the sand grains, or interstices, offer habitats that may support the survival of certain bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999). To investigate this possibility, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) determined the distribution of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in subsurface sediments and interstitial waters collected from near the swash zone at three Lake Erie urban beaches and one inland lake during the recreational seasons of 2000 and 2001. Water and lake-bottom sediment samples were also collected within the bathing areas and were analyzed for E. coli; these bathing-water data were compared to swashzone data to determine whether swash-zone materials were enriched with E. coli.
Decadal prediction of observed and simulated sea surface temperatures

[1] A multivariate regression model derived from climate model simulations is shown to produce skillful predictions of unforced, annual mean sea surface temperature variations on multiyear time scales in observations and climate model simulations. Patterns that can be predicted with skill are identified explicitly and shown to arise from a combination of persistence and coupled interactions in the Pacific Ocean. Adding the regression model predictions to an estimate of the response to anthropogenic and natural forcing yields a prediction with higher skill than either alone, demonstrating the contribution of initial condition information to skill on multiyear time scales.
TRMM LIS Climatology of Thunderstorm Occurrence and Conditional Lightning Flash Rates

AbstractThe Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite has previously been used to build climatologies of mean lightning flash rate across the global tropics and subtropics. This new work explores climatologies of thunderstorm occurrence as seen by LIS and the conditional mean flash rates when thunderstorms do occur. The region where thunderstorms are seen most often by LIS extends slightly farther east in central Africa than the corresponding region with the highest total mean annual flash rates. Presumably this reflects a difference between more frequent thunderstorm initiation in the east and upscale growth as storms move westward. There are some differences between locations with the greatest total lightning flash counts and those where thunderstorms occur most often. The greatest conditional mean flash rates—considering only those TRMM orbits that do have lightning in a given grid box—are found in subtropical regions. The highest values are in Argentina.
Organic nitrogen and carbon transformations in a stream network of Chesapeake Bay watershed

Increased export of anthropogenically-derived nitrogen in streams has contributed to increased water quality problems. I investigated in-stream transformations of nitrogen and carbon at the benthic habitat and reach network scale. Both indicated large transformations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) along the Gwynns Falls urban stream network. In-stream transformation of DON and DOC declined from headwaters to outflow, with a mean 23% removal of DOC and 57% removal of DON. Transformation rates ranged from in-stream internal loading of 28 g/m 2 /day to in-stream removal of 740 g/m 2 /day for DOC (mean: uptake 64 g/m 2 /day) and in-stream internal loading of 4.8 g/m 2 /day to in-stream removal of 74 g/m 2 /day for DON (mean: uptake 3.5 g/m 2 /day). Urban iii stream networks may act as both " transporters " and " transformers " of nitrogen and knowledge regarding in-stream N transformations is critical in predicting the sources and removal of nitrogen en route to adjacent tidal waters.
BEVHeight++: Toward Robust Visual Centric 3D Object Detection

While most recent autonomous driving system focuses on developing perception methods on ego-vehicle sensors, people tend to overlook an alternative approach to leverage intelligent roadside cameras to extend the perception ability beyond the visual range. We discover that the state-of-the-art vision-centric bird's eye view detection methods have inferior performances on roadside cameras. This is because these methods mainly focus on recovering the depth regarding the camera center, where the depth difference between the car and the ground quickly shrinks while the distance increases. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective approach, dubbed BEVHeight++, to address this issue. In essence, we regress the height to the ground to achieve a distance-agnostic formulation to ease the optimization process of camera-only perception methods. By incorporating both height and depth encoding techniques, we achieve a more accurate and robust projection from 2D to BEV spaces. On popular 3D detection benchmarks of roadside cameras, our method surpasses all previous vision-centric methods by a significant margin. In terms of the ego-vehicle scenario, our BEVHeight++ possesses superior over depth-only methods. Specifically, it yields a notable improvement of +1.9% NDS and +1.1% mAP over BEVDepth when evaluated on the nuScenes validation set. Moreover, on the nuScenes test set, our method achieves substantial advancements, with an increase of +2.8% NDS and +1.7% mAP, respectively.
A method for estimating spatially variable seepage and hydraulic conductivity in channels with very mild slopes

Infiltration along ephemeral channels plays an important role in groundwater recharge in arid regions. A model is presented for estimating spatial variability of seepage due to streambed heterogeneity along channels based on measurements of streamflow‐front velocities in initially dry channels. The diffusion‐wave approximation to the Saint‐Venant equations, coupled with Philip's equation for infiltration, is connected to the groundwater model MODFLOW and is calibrated by adjusting the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the channel bed. The model is applied to portions of two large water delivery canals, which serve as proxies for natural ephemeral streams. Estimated seepage rates compare well with previously published values. Possible sources of error stem from uncertainty in Manning's roughness coefficients, soil hydraulic properties and channel geometry. Model performance would be most improved through more frequent longitudinal estimates of channel geometry and thalweg elevation, and with measurements of stream stage over time to constrain wave timing and shape. This model is a potentially valuable tool for estimating spatial variability in longitudinal seepage along intermittent and ephemeral channels over a wide range of bed slopes and the influence of seepage rates on groundwater levels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourism and Change in Polar Regions: Climate, Environments and Experiences

Part 1: The Context 1. Tourism and Change in the Polar Regions: Introduction - Definitions, Locations, Places and Dimensions (C. Michael Hall & Jarkko Saarinen) 2. Tourism and Environmental Change in Polar Regions: Impacts, Climate Change and Biological Invasion (Hall) Part 2: Tourism and Change in the Northern Polar Regions 3. Cruise Tourism in Arctic Canada: Navigating a Warming Climate (E.J. Stewart, S.E.L. Howell, D. Draper, J. Yackel & A. Tivy) 4. Climate Change and Polar Bear Viewing: A Case Study of Visitor Demand, Carbon Emissions and Mitigation in Churchill, Canada (Jackie Dawson, Emma Stewart & Daniel Scott) 5. Climate Disruption and the Changing Dynamics of Polar Bear - Human Interactions in Northern Ontario: A Case Study of Polar Bear Management in Polar Bear Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada (Raynard Harvey Lemelin, Norman McIntyre, Rhonda Koster & Margaret Johnston) 6. Cruise Tourist Experiences and Management Implications for Auyuittuq, Sirmilik and Quttinirpaaq National Parks, Nunavut, Canada (Patrick T. Maher) 7. A Holiday on Ice on Hold? Nature-based Tourism and Climate Change in the Nordic North (Linda Lundmark) 8. Sustainability and Emerging Awareness of a Changing Climate: The Tourism Industry's Knowledge and Perceptions of the Future of Nature-based Winter Tourism in Finland (Kaarina Tervo & Saarinen) 9. Constraints and Opportunities in the Development of Diamond Tourism in Yellowknife, NWT (Jamie Noakes & Margaret Johnston) Part 3: Tourism and Change in the Southern Polar Regions 10. Cultural heritage tourism in Antarctica and Svalbard: Patterns, Impacts, and Policies (Ricardo Roura) 11. Narratives of history, environment and global change: expeditioner-tourists in Antarctica (Mark Nuttall) 12. "Awesome size.magnitude of the place.the incredible beauty. ": Visitors' onsite experiences in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica (Maher) 13. Images of Antarctica and Ushuaia (Argentina) as a Gateway Port: Antarctic Visitors and Their Expectations (Marisol) 14. Business as (Un)Usual: Integrated Scenario Analysis for Tourism in Antarctica (Machiel Lamers, Bas Amelung & Jan H. Stel) 15. Tourism, Conservation and Visitor Management in the Sub-Antarctic Islands (Hall and Sandra Wilson) Part 4: Conclusions and Future Issues 16. Contested Place and the Legitimization of Sovereignty through Tourism in Polar Regions (Dallen J. Timothy) 17. Last Chance to See? Future Issues for Polar Tourism and Change (Hall & Saarinen)
Exploration of Data Fusion between Polarimetric Radar and Multispectral Image Data

Abstract : Typically, analysis of remote sensing data is limited to one sensor at a time which usually contains data from the same general portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. SAR and visible near infrared data of Monterey, CA, were analyzed and fused with the goal of achieving improved land classification results. A common SAR decomposition, the Pauli decomposition was performed and inspected. The SAR Pauli decomposition and the multispectral reflectance data were fused at the pixel level, then analyzed using multispectral classification techniques. The results were compared to the multispectral classifications using the SAR decomposition results for a basis of interpreting the changes. The combined dataset resulted in little to no quantitative improvement in land cover classification capability, however inspection of the classification maps indicated an improved classification ability with the combined data. The most noticeable increases in classification accuracy occurred in spatial regions where the land features were parallel to the SAR flight line. This dependence on orientation makes this fusion process more ideal for datasets with more consistent features throughout the scene.
Diverse functional polyethylenes by catalytic amination

Functional polyethylenes possess valuable bulk and surface properties, but the limits of current synthetic methods narrow the range of accessible materials and prevent many envisioned applications. Instead, these materials are often used in composite films that are challenging to recycle. We report a Cu-catalyzed amination of polyethylenes to form mono- and bifunctional materials containing a series of polar groups and substituents. Designed catalysts with hydrophobic moieties enable the amination of linear and branched polyethylenes without chain scission or cross-linking, leading to polyethylenes with otherwise inaccessible combinations of functional groups and architectures. The resulting materials possess tunable bulk and surface properties, including toughness, adhesion to metal, paintability, and water solubility, which could unlock applications for functional polyethylenes and reduce the need for complex composites. Description Editor’s summary Different plastics are often used in combination with each other and multiple additives to achieve desired performance properties, and this approach can complicate efforts to recycle or reprocess constituents of the mixture. Ciccia et al. report that a simple chemical modification to the backbone of polyethylene, the most common plastic, can also tune a wide variety of characteristics. Copper catalysis oxidatively replaces about 1 to 2% of the carbon–hydrogen bonds with nitrogen substituents, which in turn confer varying toughness, adhesion, and solubility properties. A hydrophobic ligand avoids competing chain scission pathways that plagued prior analogous approaches. —Jake S. Yeston Copper-catalyzed amination of polyethylene confers tunably versatile bulk and surface properties of the common plastic.
The Embedded Systems Design Challenge ?

We summarize some current trends in embedded systems design and point out some of their characteristics, such as the chasm between analytical and computational models, and the gap between safetycritical and best-effort engineering practices. We call for a coherent scientific foundation for embedded systems design, and we discuss a few key demands on such a foundation: the need for encompassing several manifestations of heterogeneity, and the need for constructivity in design. We believe that the development of a satisfactory Embedded Systems Design Science provides a timely challenge and opportunity for reinvigorating
INTENSIVE USE OF FACTORIAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS FOR TEXT MINING: APPLICATION WITH STATISTICAL EDUCATION PUBLICATIONS

Textual data are found in any survey or study and can be easily transform in frequency tables. Any method working on contingency tables can be used to process them. Besides, with the important amount of available textual data, we need to find convenient ways to process the data and to get invaluable information. It appears that the use of factorial correspondence analysis(CA) allows to get most of the information included in the data. CA produces a visual representation of the relationships between the row categories and the column categories in the same space. But there are several problems: the first one is the interpretation of the results. And even after the data processing, we still have a big amount of material and we need visualization tools to display it. In this paper, we present some methods to process the data and to get invaluable information. We also show how to use correspondence analysis in a sensible way and we give results of studies of publications dealing with statistical education.
Geochemical Constraints on the Origin of the Ni–Cu Sulfide Ores in the Tejadillas Prospect (Cortegana Igneous Complex, SW Spain)

After the discovery of the Aguablanca ore deposit (the unique Ni–Cu mine operating in SW Europe), a number of mafic‐ultramafic intrusions bearing Ni–Cu magmatic sulfides have been found in the Ossa–Morena Zone of the Iberian Massif (SW Iberian Peninsula). The Tejadillas prospect is one of these intrusions, situated close to the border between the Ossa–Morena Zone and the South Portuguese Zone of the Iberian Massif. This prospect contains an average grade of 0.16 wt % Ni and 0.08 wt % Cu with peaks of 1.2 wt % Ni and 0.2 wt % Cu. It forms part of the Cortegana Igneous Complex, a group of small mafic‐ultramafic igneous bodies located 65 km west of the Aguablanca deposit. In spite of good initial results, exploration work has revealed that sulfide mineralization is much less abundant than in Aguablanca. A comparative study using whole‐rock geochemical data between Aguablanca and Tejadillas shows that the Tejadillas igneous rocks present a lower degree of crustal contamination than those of Aguablanca. The low crustal contamination of the Tejadillas magmas inhibited the assimilation of significant amounts of crustal sulfur to the silicate magmas, resulting in the sparse formation of sulfides. In addition, Tejadillas sulfides are strongly depleted in PGE, with total PGE contents ranging from 14 to 81 ppb, the sum of Pd and Pt, since Os, Ir, Ru and Rh are usually below or close to the detection limit (2 ppb). High Cu/Pd ratios (9700–146,000) and depleted mantle‐normalized PGE patterns suggest that the Tejadillas sulfides formed from PGE‐depleted silicate magmas. Modeling has led us to establish that these sulfides segregated under R‐factors between 1000 and 10,000 from a silicate melt that previously experienced 0.015% of sulfide extraction. All these results highlight the importance of contamination processes with S‐rich crustal rocks and multiple episodes of sulfide segregations in the genesis of high‐tenor Ni–Cu–PGE ore deposits in mafic‐ultramafic intrusions of the region.
Stream‐groundwater exchange and hydrologic turnover at the network scale

The exchange of water between streams and groundwater can influence stream water quality, hydrologic mass balances, and attenuate solute export from watersheds. We used conservative tracer injections (chloride, Cl−) across 10 stream reaches to investigate stream water gains and losses from and to groundwater at larger spatial and temporal scales than typically associated with hyporheic exchanges. We found strong relationships between reach discharge, median tracer velocity, and gross hydrologic loss across a range of stream morphologies and sizes in the 11.4 km2 Bull Trout Watershed of central ID. We implemented these empirical relationships in a numerical network model and simulated stream water gains and losses and subsequent fractional hydrologic turnover across the stream network. We found that stream gains and losses from and to groundwater can influence source water contributions and stream water compositions across stream networks. Quantifying proportional influences of source water contributions from runoff generation locations across the network on stream water composition can provide insight into the internal mechanisms that partially control the hydrologic and biogeochemical signatures observed along networks and at watershed outlets.