Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations in the vicinity of substorm onset: Implications for the substorm process

Multi-instrument data sets from the ground and satellites at both low and high altitude have provided new results concerning substorm onset and its source region in the magnetosphere. Twenty-six out of 37 substorm onset events showed evidence of azimuthally spaced auroral forms (AAFs) prior to the explosive poleward motion associated with optical substorm onset. The azimuthal wavelengths associated with these onsets were found to range between 132 and 583 km with a mean value of 307±115 km. The occurrence rate increased with decreasing wavelength down to a cutoff wavelength near 130 km. AAFs can span 8 hours of local time prior to onset and generally propagate eastward in the morning sector. Onset itself is, however, more localized spanning only about 1 hour local time. The average location of the peak intensity for 80 onsets was 65.9±3.5 CGMlat, 22.9±1.2 Mlt, whereas the average location of the AAF onsets was at 63.8±3.3 CGMlat, 22.9±1.1 Mlt. AAF onsets occur during time periods when the solar wind pressure is relatively high. These low-latitude wavelike onsets appear as precursors in the form of long-period magnetic pulsations (Pc 5 band) and frequently occur on the equatorward portion of the double oval distribution. AAFs brighten in conjunction with substorm onset leading to the conclusion that they are a growth phase activity causally related to substorm onset. Precursor activity associated with these AAFs is also seen near geosynchronous orbit altitude and examples show the relationship between the various instrumental definitions of substorm onset. The implied mode number (30 to 135) derived from this work is inconsistent with cavity mode resonances but is consistent with a modified flute/ballooning instability which requires azimuthal pressure gradients. It is suggested that this instability exists in growth phase but that an additional factor exists in the premidnight sector which results in an explosive onset. The extended source region and the distance to the open-closed field line region constrain reconnection theory and local mechanisms for substorm onset. It is demonstrated that multiple onset substorms can exist for which localized dipolarizations and the Pi 2 occur simultaneously with tail stretching existing elsewhere. Further, the tail can be less stretched at geosynchronous orbit during the optical auroral onset than during the precursor pseudobreakups. These pseudobreakups can be initiated by auroral streamers which originate at the most poleward set of arc systems and drift to the more equatorward main UV oval. Observations are presented of these AAFs in conjunction with low- and high-altitude particle and magnetic field data. These place the activations at the interface between dipolar and taillike field lines probably near the peak in the cross-tail current. These onsets are put in the context of a new scenario for substorm morphology which employs individual modules which operate independently or couple together. This allows particular substorm events to be more accurately described and investigated.
Carbonate Dissolution on the Muir Seamount (Western North Atlantic): Interglacial/Glacial Changes

ABSTRACT Although the history of carbonate dissolution has been studied for many years, few records of dissolution through an entire glacial cycle are available for the western North Atlantic (North American Basin). Using 14 cores from the Muir and Siboney Seamounts, located about 240 km northeast of Bermuda, changes in carbonate dissolution were examined over the last 125,000 years. The core depth range spans more than 3000 m, 1780 m-4980 m, insuring that major changes in dissolution will be recorded. Weight percent carbonate was plotted as a function of water depth for five stratigraphically defined levels to determine temporal changes in the sedimentary lysocline and calcite compensation depth (CCD). During the Holocene, the lysocline is located between 4050 m and 4350 m; the CCD is not pre ent even in the deepest sample (4980 m). The late glacial ( 18,000 years B.P.) lysocline may have shoaled to about 2500 m, whereas during early glacial time ( 72,000 years B.P) it deepened to about 3400 m. The mid-glacial carbonate maximum ( 60,000 years B.P; interstadial? ) is marked by a deepening of the lysocline to about 3800 m. During the entire glacial episode, the CCD aappears to have remained fixed at 4650 m. The last interglacial ( 125,000 years B.P) was a time favorable to carbonate preservation; the lysocline was deeper than 4650 m, the deepest core containing sediments of this age Increased glacial dissolution appears to result from changes in deep circulation. The establishment of the CCD during glacial time is interpreted as indicating increased Antarctic Bottom Water flow. The lysocline, on the other hand, may reflect the degree of stagnation of North Atlantic Deep Water.
Sensitivity Analysis of Best Management Practices Under Climate Change Scenarios 1

Woznicki, Sean A. and A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, 2011. Sensitivity Analysis of Best Management Practices Under Climate Change Scenarios. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 90‐112. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011. 00598.x
Prevention and early intervention for borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder that is associated with substantial psychosocial impairment and morbidity, disproportionate use of health resources, a high suicide rate, and a reputation for being “untreatable”. A diagnosis of BPD in young people has similar reliability, validity and prevalence to BPD in adults, and almost certainly has serious and pervasive negative repercussions over subsequent decades. Current data are inadequate to inform specific universal or selective prevention programs for BPD. However, they do support including BPD prevention as an outcome when evaluating universal and/or selective interventions for a variety of mental health problems and adverse psychosocial outcomes. The strongest data support early intervention for the emerging BPD phenotype. Early intervention programs will need to be realistic in their aims, require change in clinician attitudes and service systems, and must be mindful of the risk of iatrogenic harm.
Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Observations with Eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development

Variability in the emission rates of isoprene and monoterpenes from individual leaves of Eucalyptus globulus was investigated with a laboratory gas exchange system and an environmental control leaf cuvette. For individual leaves, with constant environmental conditions, short-term (1 hour) fluctuations in isoprene emission rates were less than 3% while day-to-day fluctuations averaged 14%. Leaf-to-leaf variations were much larger (62%). Fluctuations with time and leaf-to-leaf variability in CO2 assimilation rates were of the same order as isoprene, while monoterpene variations were higher. Leaf age was identified as one of the factors contributing to leaf-to-leaf variability in CO2 assimilation and isoprene and monoterpene emission rates. Monoterpene emission rates were not influenced by light intensity or CO2 mixing ratio. The observed temperature dependence was the same for α-pinene and 1,8-cineole (an oxygenated monoterpene) and is similar to the temperature dependence of monoterpene emission rates reported by other investigators. Isoprene emissions were slightly dependent on humidity (1–3% increase in emission per 10% increase in relative humidity) and responded only to very low ( 600 ppm) CO2 mixing ratios. Isoprene emission was associated with the abaxial leaf side, which contains stomatal pores, while monoterpenes were emitted primarily from the adaxial side, which lacks stomatal pores. The temperature and light dependence of isoprene emission closely resembles relationships observed for electron transport in plant chloroplasts. For this reason, we have used a mechanistic electron transport model as the basis for an empirical isoprene emission rate model. The emission rate variation predicted by this model was within 10% of observed values for 62% of the 255 observations at light-saturated conditions and temperatures between 23° and 33°C. The entire data base includes over 600 observations at leaf temperatures ranging between 12° and 50°C and light intensities between 0 and 2000 μmol m−2 s−1. Nearly two thirds of the emission rates predicted for the entire data base were within a factor of 1.25, and 89% were within a factor of 2. The algorithms developed in this study provide a solid physiological basis for future efforts to model the biogenic flux of isoprene and monoterpenes into the atmosphere.
Estimation of horizontal stress magnitudes using sonic data from vertical and deviated wellbores in a depleted reservoir

Abstract Changes in the reservoir rock stresses caused by large variations in the pore pressure play an important role in maintaining reservoir mechanical stability and therefore are important input to drilling and completion decisions. Producer wells are often designed with complex trajectories that include both nearly vertical and deviated sections to maximize hydrocarbon productivity. A new inversion algorithm estimates the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses in the formation using radial profiles of the three shear moduli in the two axial and cross-sectional planes of a vertical or deviated borehole. This algorithm inverts differences in the far-field shear moduli with the two difference equations obtained from radial profiles of the dipole shear moduli in the two axial planes between near and far radial positions from the borehole surface. Borehole stresses are related to the far-field principal stresses in terms of borehole azimuth and deviation. Difference equations for the shear moduli and corresponding stresses use radial positions away from the borehole surface that do not exhibit any plastic deformation. Borehole sonic data acquired from a vertical and deviated wellbores have been inverted to obtain formation stress magnitudes for a given change in the reservoir pressure in a depleted, highly faulted, high-pressure and high-temperature North Sea field. Estimates of the minimum horizontal stress magnitudes from this inversion algorithm are consistent with an independent estimate obtained from a standard minifrac test.
Geochronology of mercury, tin, and fluorite mineralization in northern Mexico

This study was undertaken to obtain reconnaissance isotopic ages on tin, mercury, fluorine, and antimony mineralization in northern Mexico and to determine their temporal relation to the metallogenic evolution of the continental volcanic arc in this region. Deposits were dated using conventional K-Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analyses of whole rocks and phenocryst separates for altered and unaltered pre- and postore samples. Ore-related rhyolites in three tin deposits (Sombrerete, La Ochoa, and Cerro de los Remedios) formed at 30 to 31 m.y. ago and mineralization probably took place at the same time. The Guadalcazar stock, which hosts disseminated cassiterite, formed at about 28 m.y. ago. Mineralization in the Canoas mercury district formed at 26 to 27 m.y. , although mineralization in the other two districts studied (Sain Alto and El Cuarenta) could be limited only to post-37 m.y. and post-40 m.y. , respectively. Fluorite deposits hosted by limestone in the Zaragoza and Rio Verde districts formed at 30 to 31 m.y. , and smaller, volcanic-hosted deposits in the Inde district could have formed as early as 38 m.y. The only radiometric age related to an antimony district obtained in this study was 36 m.y. for the granodiorite stock at Santa Maria de la Paz, north of the Wadley district. These ages demonstrate that the Sn-Hg-F-Sb mineralization was essentially contemporaneous with the latest phases of base and precious metal mineralization in northern Mexico and suggest that formation of deposits containing these metals is a special stage in the metallogenic evolution of volcanic arcs, which requires a relatively thick crust that is conducive to extensive magmatic differentiation and silicic volcanism.
Facile fabrication of silver nanoparticle embedded CaCO3 microspheres via microalgae-templated CO2 biomineralization: application in antimicrobial paint development

We describe an efficient and environment-friendly approach to synthesizing porous calcium carbonate (CaCO3) microspheres via carbon dioxide (CO2) mineralization using naturally occurring microalgae as a bio-template. The CaCO3 microspheres showed a surface area of 39.1 m2 g−1 with pore diameters ranging between 12 and 30 nm. Exploiting its highly porous trait, this bio-mimetically manufactured particle was used as an inert support for silver nanoparticles (nAg). The characteristics of the composite Ag-embedded CaCO3 microspheres were examined by FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, BET surface area analysis, XPS and TG-DTA, confirming that the nAg particles were compatible with and uniformly distributed on the CaCO3 microspheres. This novel composite, when added in some commercial paints, showed a rather expected yet potent antimicrobial activity against model bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Psychrobacter alimenterius and Staphylococcus euroum. The minimum bactericidal concentration to kill 99% of bacteria was found to be 0.1 mg mL−1. Moreover, this potency was not accompanied by any quality degradation of the paint color. In view of all this, it is believed that the proposed “green” way of making CaCO3 microspheres has great potential for commercialization.
The magmatic to hydrothermal evolution of the intrusive Mont Saint-Hilaire Complex: Insights into the late-stage evolution of peralkaline rocks

The Cretaceous Mont Saint-Hilaire complex (Quebec, Canada) comprises three major rock units that were emplaced in the following sequence: (I) gabbros; (II) diorites; (III) diverse partly agpaitic foid syenites. The major element compositions of the rock-forming minerals, age-corrected Nd and oxygen isotope data for mineral separates and trace element data of Fe-Mg silicates from the various lithologies imply a common source for all units. The distribution of the rare earth elements in clinopyroxene from the gabbros indicates an ocean island basalt type composition for the parental magma. Gabbros record temperatures of 1200 to 800 degrees C, variable silica activities between 0 center dot 7 and 0 center dot 3, and f(O2) values between -0 center dot 5 and +0 center dot 7 (log delta FMQ, where FMQ is fayalite-magnetite-quartz). The diorites crystallized under uniform a(SiO2) (a(SiO2) = 0 center dot 4-0 center dot 5) and more reduced f(O2) conditions (log delta FMQ similar to-1) between similar to 1100 and similar to 800 degrees C. Phase equilibria in various foid syenites indicate that silica activities decrease from 0 center dot 6-0 center dot 3 at similar to 1000 degrees C to < 0 center dot 3 at similar to 550 degrees C. Release of an aqueous fluid during the transition to the hydrothermal stage caused a(SiO2) to drop to very low values, which results from reduced SiO(2) solubilities in aqueous fluids compared with silicate melts. During the hydrothermal stage, high water activities stabilized zeolite-group minerals. Fluid inclusions record a complex post-magmatic history, which includes trapping of an aqueous fluid that unmixed from the restitic foid syenitic magma. Cogenetic aqueous and carbonic fluid inclusions reflect heterogeneous trapping of coexisting immiscible external fluids in the latest evolutionary stage. The O and C isotope characteristics of fluid-inclusion hosted CO(2) and late-stage carbonates imply that the surrounding limestones were the source of the external fluids. The mineral-rich syenitic rocks at Mont Saint-Hilaire evolved as follows: first, alkalis, high field strength and large ion lithophile elements were pre-enriched in the (late) magmatic and subsequent hydrothermal stages; second, percolation of external fluids in equilibrium with the carbonate host-rocks and mixing processes with internal fluids as well as fluid-rock interaction governed dissolution of pre-existing minerals, element transport and precipitation of mineral assemblages determined by locally variable parameters. It is this hydrothermal interplay between internal and external fluids that is responsible for the mineral wealth found at Mont Saint-Hilaire.
Sedimentology of the Greenland Group in the Paparoa Range, West Coast, South Island

Abstract The Greenland Group of the Paparoa Range consists of alternating beds of indurated sandstone and mudstone interpreted to be a turbidite succession. Sandstones show sedimentary features such as graded bedding, sharp basal contacts, directional sole marks, load casts, flame structures, and a vertical sequence of internal laminations indicative of a progressively declining flow regime during deposition. Limited evidence from sole marks suggests that the turbidite sandstones were derived from the east or south-east. They were probably deposited on a submarine fan complex. Mudstones, and the upper portion of sandstone beds, commonly contain cross-laminated horizons considered to have been formed by traction currents. A bimodal traction current pattern at right angles to the dominant turbidity current trend is attributed to tidal currents acting parallel to a paleoslope striking north-east, south-west. The sandstones are quartz-rich (up to 90 percent of sand-sized particles consist of quartz) and have .
Potential of large-scale algal culture for biomass and lipid production in arid lands

The applicability of large-scale algal culture was examined to alleviate food-protein shortages, fossil fuel price increases, pollution of waters, soils, and the atmosphere by direct and indirect human activities. The main effort was to examine the potential use of microalgae as a source of lipids. It was concluded that: (1) algal mass culture may be economically competitive with other land uses in hot arid lands; (2) algae can be grown on human and animal wastes as nutrient sources, or on mixtures of such wastes with seawater; (3) the integration of algal mass cultures with municipal and agricultural treatment installations and with industrial plants favorably affects the economics, energetics, and environmental impact of such systems; (4) algal culture systems can be designed to flexibly adapt to maximize biomass, lipid, or effluent production, in response to changing needs; (5) present market values favor the use of algae for animal feed supplement, after being first extracted for their lipids and (6) in arid lands, the effluent obtained from sewage, after algal separation, may prove as valuable as the algae themselves. 1 figure, 10 tables.
Microalgae lipid research, past, present: A critical review for biodiesel production, in the future

Biodiesel has received much attention in recent years. The motivation for renewable fuel is not just energy independence but also mitigation of global climate disruption, which has been called â€œthe deficiency challenge of our eraâ€ Energy, is essential and vital for development, and the global economy literally runs on energy. Although numerous reports are available on the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils of terrestrial oil-plants, such as soybean, sunflower and palm oils the use of fossil fuels as energy now widely accepted as unsustainable due to depleting resources Â and also due to the accumulation of green house gases in the environment. Biodiesel demand is constantly increasing as the reservoir of fossil fuel are depleting. Unfortunately biodiesel production from oil crop, waste cooking oil and animal fats are not able to replace fossil fuel. The viability of the first generation biofuel production is however questionable because of the conflict with food supply. The manuscript is an attempt to review the potential of microalgae in lipid production and provides a brief summary of genes which enhances the lipid synthesis and biomass productivity of different species of micro algae.
Intégration des plongements de mots dans les méthodes, supervisées et non supervisées, d'extraction automatique de mots clés

Le plongement de mots a ete utilise avec succes dans diverses applications dans les domaines de traitement de langue et de recherche d’information. Ce papier vise a analyser l’impact de l’integration des plongements de mots dans les methodes supervisees et non supervisees d’extraction automatique de mots cles. Les methodes a base de graphe pour les methodes non supervisees et les methodes a base d’ensemble d’arbres de decision pour les methodes supervisees sont tres utilisees et etudiees compte tenu de leurs performances;nous nous concentrons donc sur celles-ci.Nous avons considere Word2Vec [24],une methode de plongement de mots et nous avons evalue l’impact de l’integration du plongement de mots sur deux jeux de donnees qui sont des references dans la litterature.Nous avons montre qu’il n’y a pas de difference significative dans les resultats quand nous integrons le plongement de mots dans les methodes non supervisees a base de graphe. Pour les methodes supervisees a base d’ensemble d’arbres de decision,l’integration du plongement de mots ameliore significativement les resultats pour trois des quatre methodes que nous avons testees. Cet article est une extension des articles [25, 26] qui ne s’interessaient qu’aux methodes non supervisees.
Saline Agriculture for Irrigated Land in Pakistan: A Handbook

Saline agriculture is a rich collection of possible systems for the use of saline land, involving combinations of salt-tolerant trees, shrubs and crops. This handbook is written for farmers and agricultural extension officers in government and non-government organisations. The aim is to provide a simple accessible account of saline agricultural practices for irrigated land in Pakistan.
CO2 degassing and energy release at Solfatara Volcano

In the present period of quiescence, the Solfatara volcano, 1 km far from Pozzuoli, releases 1500 t d−1 of hydrothermal CO2 through soil diffuse degassing from a relatively small area (0.5 km2). This amount of gas is comparable to that released by crater plume emissions of many active volcanoes. On the basis of the CO2/H2O ratio measured in high-temperature fumaroles inside the degassing area, we computed a total thermal energy flux of 1.19×1013 J d−1 (138 MW). Most of this energy is lost by shallow steam condensation and transferred to the atmosphere through the hot soil of the degassing area. The thermal energy released by diffuse degassing at Solfatara is by far the main way of energy release from the whole Campi Flegrei caldera. It is 1 order of magnitude higher than the conductive heat flux through the entire caldera, and, during the last 20 years, it was several times higher than the energy associated with seismic crises and ground deformation events. It is possible that changes in the energy flux from a magma body seated underneath Solfatara and/or argillification processes at relatively shallow depths determine pressurization events in the hydrothermal system and consequently ground deformation and shallow seismic swarms, as recorded during the recent episodes of volcanic unrest centered at Pozzuoli.