Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ingredient apparent digestibility coefficients for the Australian short-finned eel ( Anguilla australis australis, Richardson)

Fish-meal is the most widely used protein source in commercial eel feeds and research evaluating alternative protein sources is lacking especially for species under current aquaculture development. This investigation was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients of available plant and animal meals for the juvenile Australian short-finned eel (Anguilla australis australis Richardson). The suitability of a modified Guelph-type settlement faecal collector in eel digestibility studies was assessed. Animal by-product (meat; blood; poultry) and plant protein (soybean; canola; corn gluten; lupin; field pea) meals were mixed with a reference diet and marker (0.3:0.69:0.01) and the resultant test diets fed to the juvenile eels (3.15 plus or minus 0.42 g) at 5% BW/d. The reference diet and all the test diets were accepted and consumed at the fed ration. Apparent digestibility coefficients for crude protein (ADCCP) for all test ingredients were between 0.85 and 0.97. However, apparent digestibilities for dry matter (ADCDM) and energy (ADCkJ) were significantly (P<0.0001) higher for animal by-products than for plant proteins except for corn gluten meal. This was explained by the higher content of nitrogen free extractives in the former plant proteins. There were significant (P<0.01) positive correlations between ADCDM and ADCkJ (r = +0.98), ADCDM and ADCCP (r = +0.62) and between ADCCP and ADCkJ (r = + 0.55). Similar results obtained for warm water species using similar faecal collection techniques and limited digestibility data from eels supported the suitability of the modification of the Guelph-type settlement collector system.
The Effect of Afforestation of Indigenous Scrub Forest with Eucalyptus on Streamflow from a Small Catchment in the Transvaal, South Africa

SYNOPSIS A small catchment under indigenous scrub forest on the Westfalia Estate near Tzaneen in the northern Transvaal was treated by first cutting the riverine (riparian) vegetation and subsequently clearing the remainder of the catchment and establishing a Eucalyptus plantation. The effects of these treatments on streamflow response were investigated by means of a catchment experiment. Clearing the indigenous rpiarian vegetation (10% of the area) had a negligible effect on mean monthly streamflow. This lack of influence is ascribed to the rapid recovery of riparian vegetation under the subtropical climatic conditions at Westfalia. Subsequent clearing of the indigenous scrub forest on 83% of the remaining area resulted in a small increase in streamflow of about 20 mm per year. Establishment of a plantation of exotic Eucalyptus grandis on the total available area caused a decrease in streamflow of 200 mm per year (48% of mean annual streamflow before treatment) within three years after planting. The larg.
Rock Mass Loss on a Nunatak in Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

ABSTRACT This paper presents the first rock mass loss data for uncut clasts from continental Antarctica. A rock mass loss experiment using doleritic rock samples was conducted over a seven-year period, between 2008 and 2014, at the Vesleskarvet nunataks, Western Dronning Maud Land. The data show that approximately 10% of clasts suffered a mass loss that is an order of magnitude greater than the remaining 90% of clasts. Thus, the observed rock mass loss is suggested to occur in a series of events that are impossible to predict in terms of frequency and/or magnitude. However, extrapolating from the data obtained during the seven-year period indicates that rates of mass loss are slow and of the order of 1% per 100 years. Direct erosion by wind (including abrasion) as well as mechanical and chemical weathering are suggested to be responsible for rock mass loss. Rock properties, the weathering environment, and a lack of available moisture may be contributing factors to the slow rate of rock decay. This paper suggests that in this area of Antarctica, the slow rate of rock mass loss increases the longevity of existing periglacial landforms such as patterned ground and blockfields, but inhibits development of new patterned ground through the slow production of fines.
Spatial-temporal variation of seasonal and annual air temperature in Xinjiang during 1961-2010

Global warming has become an indisputable fact,under this background,study on fine spatial-temporal variation of air temperature has important practical significance in Xinjiang.However,the meteorological stations are in sparse and uneven spatial distribution in Xinjiang,it is difficult to get the fine spatial-temporal variation information of air temperature using the traditional technology methods.In recent years,with the expansion of GIS technology applications,the method of regression model by geographic factors(longitude,latitude,altitude,etc.)combining with spatial interpolation was used in grid-based regional climate factors and get good results.In this paper,based on the monthly mean temperature data during 1961-2010 from 93 meteorological stations in Xinjiang,by using the methods of linear regression and Mann-Kendall test,the change trend and mutation characteristics were analysis.With ArcGIS as a platform for direct space interpolation,by longitude,latitude,altitude as independent variables,the multiple regression analysis methods were used to build the macro spatial distribution simulation model of mean seasonal(spring,summer,autumn and winter)and yearly temperature in 1961-2010,before and after their discontinuity ascension in recent 50 years.And the residual terms of 93 meteorological stations about the regression model space interpolation simulation were completed.Using inverse distance weighing(IDW),the residual terms were interpolation simulation.Superimposing the two parts of macro spatial distribution and residual terms,the fine spatial distribution can be gotten of mean seasonal and yearly temperature in recent 50years,before and after their mutations by the grid cells of 200 m×200 m.Then the change range before and after mean temperature mutations can be gotten according to the former and latter differences.The main results are as follows:(1)Various temperature elements are very obviously different in different regions in Xinjiang,generally,seasonal and annual mean temperature in the southern,plain and basin areas are higher than that in northern and mountainous areas of Xinjiang. (2)In the background of global warming,spring,summer,autumn,winter and annual mean temperature shows a significant increasing trend by the rate of 0.24 ℃/10 a、0.21 ℃/10 a、0.39 ℃/10 a、0.49 ℃/10 a and 0.33 ℃/10 a respectively,and their significantly mutations occurred in 2004、1997、1995、1985 and 1994 in recent 50 years,the rising ranges before and after mutations are 1.5 ℃、0.8 ℃、1.2 ℃、1.6 ℃ and 1.0 ℃ respectively.But the rising ranges are very obviously different in different regions,generally,they are higher in northern areas than in southern areas of Xinjiang.
Regulating water pollution in China and the European Union in terms of agricultural pollution

Regulatory instruments, are the most commonly used policy instruments in both China and the EU. This article explores how China and the EU establish their water quality objectives by regulation and how they design implementation strategies, with a particular focus of agricultural water pollution control. It aims to discuss the similarities and differences between China and the EU, and to observe what experiences the EU can provide for China.
The response of two Tethyan carbonate platforms to the early Toarcian (Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event: environmental change and differential subsidence

Chemostratigraphic analyses (87Sr/86Sr, δ13Ccarb) of limestones from two Jurassic platform‐carbonate sequences in Italy (Trento and Campania–Lucania Platforms) illustrate previously established trends found in pelagic sediments and skeletal carbonates from biostratigraphically well‐calibrated sections elsewhere in Europe. Chemostratigraphic correlations between the platform‐carbonate successions and appropriate intervals from well‐dated reference sections allow the application of high‐resolution stratigraphy to these shallow‐water peritidal carbonates and, furthermore, elucidate the facies response to the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE). Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) levels of the western Trento Platform (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) contain spiculitic cherts that appear where rising carbon‐isotope values characterize the onset of the OAE: a palaeoceanographic phenomenon interpreted as driven by increased nutrient levels in near‐surface waters. There is a facies change to more clay‐rich facies at the level of the abrupt negative carbon‐isotope excursion, also characteristic of the OAE, higher in the section. The Campania–Lucania Platform (Southern Apennines, Southern Italy) records a change to more clay‐rich facies where carbon‐isotope values begin to rise at the beginning of the OAE but the negative excursion, higher in the section, occurs within oolitic facies. Although, in both examples, the Early Toarcian OAE can be recognized by a change to more clay‐rich lithologies, this facies development is diachronous and in neither case did the platform drown. Although the Trento Platform, in the south‐west sector studied here, was adversely affected by the OAE, it did not drown definitively until Late Aalenian time; the Campania–Lucania Platform persisted throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Differential subsidence rates, which can be calculated using comparative chemostratigraphy, are identified as a crucial factor in the divergent behaviour of these two carbonate platforms: relatively fast in the case of the Trento Platform; relatively slow in the case of the Campania–Lucania Platform. It is proposed that where water depths remained as shallow as a few metres during the OAE (Campania–Lucania Platform), dissolved oxygen levels remained high, nutrient levels relatively low and conditions for carbonate secretion and precipitation remained relatively favourable, whereas more poorly ventilated and/or more nutrient‐rich waters (Trento Platform) adversely influenced platform growth where depths were in the tens of metres range. The stage was thus set for drowning on the more rapidly subsiding western margin of the Trento Plateau and a pulse of oolite deposition post‐dating the OAE was insufficient to revitalize the carbonate factory.
Feline Asthma : A Pathophysiologic Basis of Therapy

INTRODUCTION Asthma in humans was defined over 40 years ago by the American Thoracic Society as, “. a disease characterized by an increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli, resulting in airway obstruction that is reversible, either spontaneously or as a result of treatment. ” It is clinically characterized by episodic or persistent cough and wheeze, expiratory dysfunction, and a generalized increase in the work of breathing. Feline asthma has been recognized in the veterinary literature for over 90 years. It is a syndrome resulting in clinical signs similar to those in human asthma. The clinical signs of cough, wheeze, and exercise intolerance are the result of decreased airflow due to mucus accumulation, airway wall thickening, and bronchoconstriction. In the early stages of disease, these signs are readily reversible with appropriate therapy. Left unmanaged, the progressive condition can lead to worsening clinical signs, permanent respiratory impairment, and a decrease in life expectancy. This session will describe the pathophysiology of the clinical abnormalities observed in the asthmatic cat, and use this as the basis for a rational, patient-based approach to therapy.
Nationality, citizenship and ethno-cultural membership : preferential admission policies of EU countries

In this thesis, I analyse justifications for preferential admission to citizenship based upon ethno-cultural grounds. My point of departure is the puzzling observation that, in matters of membership, states not only differentiate between citizens and foreigners, but also between different categories of foreigners, as well as between different categories of citizens. In the first part of this work, I explore possible justifications for boundaries of membership. I look into arguments of justice, nationalism, liberalism and democracy in order to identify principles for demarcating boundaries and for assessing various claims of inclusion/exclusion. In the second part, I address more specific questions related to the regulation of admission to citizenship. For this purpose, I examine a set of concrete rules of citizenship presently enforced by 27 EU countries. My proposal is to overcome the boundary problem by shifting the focus from the constitution of the boundary towards policies of boundary making. I affirm the principle of general openness of membership that is intended to provide normative corrections to the actual structure of boundaries. Against the common view that perceives citizenship as a fruit that is soft on the inside and hard on the outside, I argue that citizenship should be seen as soft on the inside and even softer on the outside. In order to respond to different claims of admission, I suggest breaking up the unitary concept of citizenship and distinguishing between legal, political, and identity memberships. This proposal is not meant to weaken or devaluate citizenship, but to reaffirm its essentially political value. By rejecting ideas of automatic and inherited citizenship and by insisting upon democratic recognition and commitment to political membership, I aim at recasting admission to citizenship as a transformative process through which individuals not merely receive membership but become members in a political community. Jury: Rainer Bauböck (EUI) (Supervisor), Ruth Rubio Marín (EUI), Joseph Carens (University of Toronto) (via videolink), David Owen (University of Southampton) (via videolink)
C E N T E R F O R R E S E a R C H I N L a N G U a G E Editor's Note

and Philosophy, all of whom share an interest in language. We are eager to hear from friends and colleagues from other institutions and accept short papers (1-10 pages, preferably sent over email) from time to time. Correspondence may be forwarded to the following address. A Workshop in Cognitive Semantics was held at UCSD on May 22-24 under the auspices of the CRL and the Department of Linguistics. Faculty and graduate students from UCSD, UC Berkeley, and several other institutions were invited as participants. The workshop afforded a good appreciation of the diversity of current research in this new and vital area of investigation.
FOREST DEGRADATION AND ALTERATION OF RAINFALL REGIME IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazon has reached 15% in the last century and its influence on the regional climate is a matter of concern. In the Brazilian Amazon, rainforest was heavily cleared specially in the Arch of Deforestation over the last thirty years, due to the colonization projects of the Brazilian Government. The Brazilian Amazon has an average annual rainfall ranging between 2000 mm and 3000 mm, however, the microclimate of that region has turned to be drier, recently. In the present paper, time variations of observed rainfall of the Brazilian Amazon Basin was analyzed during the period between 1970 to 2001. The ANA (Agencia Nacional de Aguas) data had gaps in some observation years (months and days) however, alteration in rainfall trends could be noted during the last thirty years. As a result, effects of the Amazonian deforestation showed a big reduction of the annual rainfall in many critical areas. The NDVI imagery of deforestation was compatible with the decreasing trend of rainfall within heavily converted areas. These facts suggest that deforestation may have a significant impact on the short time rainfall regime in that region.
Adaptive ensemble of metamodels for the solution of modelling and global optimization problems

The metamodeling approach is increasingly popular and has been shown to be useful in the analysis and optimization of computationally expensive simulation-based models in, for example, the aerospace, automotive and oil industries. Nevertheless, the problem of finding a metamodel that approximates a function (the original numeric model) from a sample of points (data), is inverse and nonlinear so that there are frequently multiple models that offer a reasonable fit to the data. This work proposes a method of modeling and global optimization with restrictions using an adaptive ensemble of metamodels (i.e., Radial Basis Functions, Kriging and Polynomial Regression), and its effectiveness is assessed comparing its performance (on 6 recognized test functions and an industrial application) with the individual use of the members of the ensemble. The performance of the proposed ensemble was robust: i) the average R2 per sample size is one of the two highest with one of the two smallest variances (modeling) and ii) in most case studies the metamodel exhibited one of the two best results (modeling and optimization).
Piping/Sapping Erosion. II: Identification‐Diagnosis

Although erosion of streambanks and other shorelines by emergent seepage is widespread, this erosion mechanism (termed piping or sapping) has not been recognized as important to the overall erosion process. The mechanism is complex, and interactions with other bank and shore processes tend to mask the effects of piping/sapping. Direct evidence (water emerging from a soil face and carrying away soil particles) is rarely encountered. Several types of indirect evidence are presented and illustrated in this paper, including cavities formed by piping, deposits of dislocated particles below piping zones, blind gullies, staining produced by persistent seepage outflow, and particular types of localized failures (slab toppling, block shearing, and tensile falls caused by undercutting due to piping/sapping). The interactions of this erosion mechanism with other erosion‐deposition processes are described. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate identification and evaluation of piping/sapping erosion, particularly.
Stochastic particle based models for suspended particle movement in surface flows

Modeling of suspended sediment particle movement in surface water can be achieved by stochastic particle tracking model approaches.In this paper,different mathematical forms of particle tracking models are introduced to describe particle movement under various flow conditions,i.e.,the stochastic diffusion process,stochastic jump process,and stochastic jump diffusion process.While the stochastic diffusion process can be used to represent the stochastic movement of suspended particles in turbulent flows,the stochastic jump and the stochastic jump diffusion processes can be used to describe suspended particle movement in the occurrences of a sequence of extreme flows.An extreme flow herein is defined as a hydrologic flow event or a hydrodynamic flow phenomenon with a low probability of occurrence and a high impact on its ambient flow environment.In this paper,the suspended sediment particle is assumed to immediately follow the extreme flows in the jump process(i.e.the time lag between the flow particle and the sediment particle in extreme flows is considered negligible). In the proposed particle tracking models,a random term mainly caused by fluid eddy motions is modeled as a Wiener process,while the random occurrences of a sequence of extreme flows can be modeled as a Poisson process.The frequency of occurrence of the extreme flows in the proposed particle tracking model can be explicitly accounted for by the Poisson process when evaluating particle movement.The ensemble mean and variance of particle trajectory can be obtained from the proposed stochastic models via simulations.The ensemble mean and variance of particle velocity are verified with available data.Applicability of the proposed stochastic particle tracking models for sediment transport modeling is also discussed.
Image Texture Descriptors to Quantify Bilateral Filter on Low Dose Computerized Tomography

Reducing the Radiation Dose in Multi Slice Computerized Tomography MSCT/CT is a significant concern. The Non-Linear Bilateral Filter BF was proved to have the property of de-noising digital images without jeopardizing the fine structures. This paper tests the BF performance on low dose CT by using Image Texture Metrics which have not been reported in literature. Set of CT images of dedicated CT phantom were acquired at four different radiation doses by means of minimizing the X-Ray Tube Current. As radiation dose is lowered, the noise will unavoidably increase degrading the diagnostic value of the CT image. The BF was applied to achieve image space noise removal. The value of each BF parameter was changed set of times. The quantitative assessment of the amount of noise reduction was done using eight metrics based on image texture descriptors that have not been tried before. Particularly, we used three histogram moments (Variance, Skewness, Kurtosis) and five cooccurrence matrix descriptors (Correlation, Contrast, Uniformity, Homogeneity, Entropy). The results showed that these descriptors are reliable metrics to assess BF performance. Each image descriptor value -after applying BF on low dose CT images- is enhanced toward the full dose CT image. Therefore, these metrics have provided additional proofs about the capability of BF toward enhancing the diagnostic value of the low dose MSCT. We concluded that: 1-) Texture descriptors are reliable measures similar to other metrics that are commonly used in literature, and 2-) BF can contribute to reduce X-Ray dose in routine CT. Also, the results have leaded to propose the effective procedure to employ BF on CT.
Industrial and biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes of the basidiomycota: A review

Ligninolytic enzymes of the basidiomycetes play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. The demand for application of ligninolytic enzymes complexes of white-rot fungi in industry and biotechnology is ever increasing due to their use in a variety of processes. Ligninolytic enzymes have potential applications in a large number of fields, including the chemical, fuel, food, agricultural, paper, textile, cosmetic industrial sectors and more. This ligninolytic system of white-rot fungi is also directly involved in the degradation of various xenobiotic compounds and dyes. Their capacities to remove xenobiotic substances and produce polymeric products make them a useful tool for bioremediation purposes. This paper reviews the applications of ligninolytic enzymes of basidiomycetes within different industrial and biotechnological area.