Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rapid Depletion of Free Vancomycin in Medium in the Presence of (cid:2) -Lactam Antibiotics and Growth Restoration in Staphylococcus aureus Strains with (cid:2) -Lactam-Induced Vancomycin Resistance (cid:1)

A class of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains shows vancomycin resistance in the presence of (cid:1) -lactam antibiotics ( (cid:1) -lactam-induced VAN-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus [BIVR]). Two possible explanations may be offered: (i) vancomycin in culture medium is depleted, and (ii) the D -Ala– D -Ala terminal of the peptidoglycan network is replaced with D -Ala– D -lactate. We tested these hypotheses by quantifying free vancomycin in the medium through the course of cell growth and by PCR ampliﬁcation of the van genes. Growth of the BIVR cells to an absorption level of (cid:3) 0.3 at 578 nm required about 24 h in the presence of vancomycin alone at the MIC (4.0 (cid:2) g/ml). However, growth was achieved in only about 10 h when 1/1,000 to 1/2,000 the MIC of (cid:1) -lactam antibiotic was added 2 h prior to the addition of vancomycin, suggesting that the (cid:1) -lactams shortened the time to recovery from vancomycin-mediated growth inhibition. Free vancomycin in the culture medium decreased to 2.3 (cid:2) g/ml in the ﬁrs t 8 h in theculture containing vancomycin alone, yet cell growth was undetectable. When the vancomycin concentration dropped below (cid:3) 1.5 (cid:2) g/ml at 24 h, the cells began to grow. In the culture supplemented with the (cid:1) -lactam 2 h prior to the addition of vancomycin, the drug concentration continuously dropped from 4 to 0.5 (cid:2) g/ml in the ﬁrst 8 h, and the cells began to grow at a vancomycin concentration of (cid:3) 1.7 (cid:2) g/ml or a t 4 h ofincubation. The gene encoding the enzyme involved in D -Ala– D -lactate synthesis was undetectable. Based on these results, we concluded that BIVR is attributable mainly to a rapid depletion of vancomycin in the medium triggered or promoted by (cid:1) -lactam antibiotics.
MINIREVIEW Nitrogen Control in Cyanobacteria

Nitrogen is a quantitatively important bioelement which is incorporated into the biosphere through assimilatory processes carried out by microorganisms and plants. Numerous nitrogen-containing compounds can be used by different organisms as sources of nitrogen. These include, for instance, inorganic ions like nitrate or ammonium and simple organic compounds like urea, amino acids, and some nitrogen-containing bases. Additionally, many bacteria are capable of ﬁxing N 2 . Nitrogen control is a phenomenon that occurs widely among microorganisms and consists of repression of the pathways of assimilation of some nitrogen sources when some other, more easily assim-ilated source of nitrogen is available to the cells. Ammonium is the preferred nitrogen source for most bacteria, but glutamine is also a very good source of nitrogen for many microorganisms. Two thoroughly investigated nitrogen control systems are the NtrB-NtrC two-component regulatory system found in en-terics and some other proteobacteria (80) and the GATA family global nitrogen control transcription factors of yeast and some fungi (75). Novel nitrogen control systems have, how-ever, been identiﬁed in bacteria other than the proteobacteria, like Bacillus subtilis (26), Corynebacterium glutamicum (52), and the cyanobacteria. The cyanobacterial system is the subject of this review. The cyanobacteria are prokaryotes that belong to the Bacteria domain and are characterized
Nucleotides regulate NaCl transport in mIMCD-K2 cells via P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors

M. Nucleotides regulate NaCl transport in mIMCD-K2 cells via P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 277 ( Renal Physiol. 46): F552–F559, 1999. —Extracellular nucleotides regulate NaCl transport in some epithelia. However, the effects of nucleotide agonists on NaCl transport in the renal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) are not known. The objective of this study was to determine whether ATP and related nucleotides regulate NaCl transport across mouse IMCD cell line (mIMCD-K2) epithelial monolayers and, if so, via what purinergic receptor subtypes. ATP and UTP inhibited Na 1 absorption [measured via Na 1 short-circuit current ( I scNa )] and stimulated Cl 2 secretion [measured via Cl 2 short-circuit current ( I scCl )]. Using selective P2 agonists, we report that P2X and P2Y purinoceptors regulate I scNa and I scCl . By RT-PCR, two P2X receptor channels (P2X 3 , P2X 4 ) and two P2Y G protein-coupled receptors (P2Y 1 , P2Y 2 ) were identiﬁed. Functional localization of P2 purinoceptors suggest that I scCl is stimulated by apical membrane-resident P2Y purinoceptors and P2X receptor channels, whereas I scNa is inhibited by apical membrane-resident P2Y purinoceptors and P2X receptor channels. Together, we conclude that nucleotide agonists inhibit I scNa across mIMCD-K2 monolayers through interactions with P2X and P2Y purinoceptors expressed on the apical plasma membrane, whereas extracellular nucleotides stimulate I scCl through interactions with P2X and P2Y purinoceptors expressed on the apical plasma membrane. µl DEPC-H 2 2 µl DNase RNase-free DNase incubated Two microliters Ca 2 2 stop the reaction, DNase-treated inactivate DNase I cDNA. Each reaction 2 MMLV-RT (Life primer cDNA. then thermocycler
Determining Effective Sample Size to Calibrate a Transit Assignment Model: A Bayesian Perspective

A transit assignment model is used to predict passenger loads in order to evaluate existing and future transit network scenarios. One fundamental issue affecting the calibration of a transit assignment model is the amount of data required. The present study is designed to determine the effect of different sample sizes on the accuracy level of the estimated passenger flow. A Bayesian model is adapted for transit assignment, and the sample size for three types of priors, namely: uninformative, informative, and overly informative, are examined. In order to assess the value of prior information on passenger flow, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between each posterior estimate and the actual observation is computed. The posterior estimate that minimizes the %RMSE defines the effective sample size (ESS). This paper uses one day’s automatic fare collection data from the South East Queensland (Australia) transit network to evaluate the effect of sample size and prior information on the posterior passenger flow estimates. The results show that it is not possible to determine the ESS for the Bayesian model with an uninformative prior. With an informative prior, the ESS is 50% of the population and, for the model with an overly informative prior, the ESS is 10% of the population. This means that the lack of prior information cannot simply be compensated by increasing the sample size in this Bayesian model. However, good prior information reduces the necessary sample size substantially.
Long-Term Efﬁcacy of Dapagliﬂozin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving High Doses of Insulin A Randomized Trial

Background: Dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2, may improve glycemic control with a lower dose of insulin and attenuate the associated weight gain in patients with inadequate control despite high doses of insulin. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding dapagliflozin therapy in patients whose type 2 diabetes mellitus is inadequately controlled with insulin with or without oral antidiabetic drugs. Design: A 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial followed by a 24-week extension period. An additional 56-week extension period is ongoing. registration Patients: 808 patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving at least 30 U of insulin daily, with or without up to 2 oral antidiabetic drugs. Intervention: assigned in a ratio and allocated with a computer-generated scheme to receive placebo or 2.5, 5, or 10 mg of dapagliflozin, once daily, for 48 weeks. Measurements: The primary outcome was change in hemoglobin A 1c from baseline to 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in body weight, insulin dose, and fasting plasma glucose level at 24 weeks and during the 24-week extension period. Adverse events were evaluated throughout both 24-week periods. Results: 800 patients were analyzed. After 24 weeks, mean hemoglobin A 1c decreased by 0.79% to 0.96% with dapagliflozin compared with 0.39% with placebo (mean difference, (cid:1) glycemic dosing, and without major hypoglycemic episodes in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus.
We made a cross calibration analysis between the POLDER and OCTS sensors on board ADEOS

We made a cross calibration analysis between the POLDER and OCTS sensors on board ADEOS satellite in terms of the space reflectance. Space reflectances in the samesea target area were computed from the POLDER and OCTS data, acquired simultaneously on April 26, 1997. We found that they are in good agreement with relativedifferences of less than 10 % in all bands, when the latest in-flight calibration gain factors for each sensor were used. Then, the aerosol optical parameter retrieval was made using ADEOS/POLDER's directional reflectance and polar ization data in 760 and 865[nm] bands. Retrieved results for aerosol's optical parameters were presented in the form of distribution map in the case of aerosol refractive index of m=l . 40-i0.0. INTRODUCTION ADEOS/POLDER (POLarization and Directionality ofEarth Reflectances) sensor, developed by Centre National d'EtudesSpatiales (CNES), France, had collected eight months global data during the ADEOS satellite's operational period (launched in August, 1996 ended in June, 1997). The POLDER consists of wide-field-of-view telecentric optics, a rotating wheel with spectral and polarizingfilters and a two dimensional CCD detector array. In addition to the re flectance measurements of the Earth's reflectance image in 8 bands, centered at 443, 490, 565, 670, 763, 765, 865, and 910 [nm], it had a new capability of measuring the polarization in 3 bands, centered at 443, 670, and 865 [nm]. The POLDER's unique sensor design makes mea surements of both reflectance and polarization possible from up to 14 different viewing direc tions in a single satellite pass. The directional measurements of a single scene image by the POLDER coverup to 51 degrees in the cross-track direction and up to 43 degrees in the alongtrackdirection (a singlesceneimage consists of 274x 242pixels) and the corresponding ground size is about 2447 [km] x 1809 [km] with a pixel resolution at nadir is about 7 [km] x 6 [km]. Since POLDER and OCTS are on the same ADEOS satellite and they have 6 nearly identical spectral bands, i.e., 443,490,565, 670,765, and 865 [nm], it is possible to make a cross calibra tion between two sensors. In the cross calibration analysis the latest information on in-flight calibration gain factors for POLDER [1] and OCTS [2] were used. SPACE REFLECTANCE AND POLARIZATION Space reflectance SR is the reflectance at TOA(Top Of Atmosphere), defined by Eq. (1).
Determining the Role of HRP2 in Oncogenic Senescence

Cellular senescence is a tumor-suppressor mechanism that prevents the proliferation of cancerous cells by inducing a state of permanent cell cycle arrest. Common characteristics of senescent cells include abnormal cell morphology and increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16. Elevated p16 expression is facilitated by the presence of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), which are formed in part by the HP1 epigenetic pathway. We have previously identified hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 (HRP2) as a novel protein of the HP1 pathway; however, little is known about its function as an epigenetic regulator. To better understand the role of HRP2 within the HP1 pathway, we investigated whether HRP2 contributes to the pathway’s senescence-promoting behavior. We found that exogenous expression of HRP2 promotes a senescent-like phenotype in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, as well as the prostate cancer cell line PC3. Wound-healing analysis demonstrated that HRP2 infection inhibits motility of MDA-MB-231 cells, but not PC3 cells. Using CRISPR-dCas9 technology to modulate endogenous HRP2 expression levels, we observed that endogenous HRP2 expression is positively correlated with p16 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that in certain cell lines, HRP2 acts within the HP1 pathway to form SAHF, promoting p16 expression and driving cells into premature senescence. A better understanding of the mechanistic function of HRP2 as a chromatin modulator may clarify the processes of this cellular stress-response pathway and lead to the development of novel therapeutics to treat diseases associated with its dysregulation, such as cancer. impaired cell motility of the triple-negative the same cell cell assay did p16 our western blot of relationship HRP2 and
Exploring challenges in implementation of Learner-centered Approach in Pakistani EFL Classrooms

This research focuses on the challenges that teachers confront in EFL classrooms at private secondary schools in Hyderabad, Pakistan. The study employs a qualitative research design conducted at five private secondary schools in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Classroom observations and semi-structured interviews are used to obtain data. Five EFL teachers were observed while teaching English in the classroom, and three of them were interviewed. Purposive sampling was used in this investigation. Thematic analysis is used to examine the data. It was discovered that teachers encounter challenges as a result of huge classrooms, a lack of resources, and approaches that have previously been provided to them.
The Role of Flexible Bronchoscopy in Pediatric Pulmonary Tuberculosis

girls. Ind Pediatr 1992;29:969–73. 5. Das DK, Biswas R. Nutritional status of adolescent girls in a rural area of North 24 Paraganas district, West Bengal. Ind J Pub Health 2005;49:18–21. 6. Das P, Ray SK, Joardar GK, et al. Nutritional profiles of adolescents in rural community of Hooghly district in West Bengal. Ind J Pub Health 2007;51:20–1. 7. Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Chicago: Human Kinetics Books, 1988. 8. World Health Organization. Measuring change in nutritional status. Geneva:WorldHealth Organization, 1985.
The anthelmintic drug praziquantel activates a schistosome transient receptor potential channel

The anthelmintic drug praziquantel (PZQ) is used to treat schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects over 200 million people worldwide. PZQ causes Ca 2+ influx and spastic paralysis of adult worms and rapid vacuolization of the worm surface. However, the mechanism of action of PZQ remains unknown even after 40 years of clinical use. Here, we demonstrate that PZQ activates a schistosome transient receptor potential (TRP) channel, Sm . TRPM , present in parasitic schistosomes and other PZQ-sensitive parasites. Several properties of Sm . TRPM PZQ were consistent with known effects of PZQ on schistosomes, including (i) nanomolar sensitivity to PZQ; (ii) stereoselectivity toward ( R )-PZQ; (iii) mediation of sustained Ca 2+ signals in response to PZQ; and (iv) a pharmacological profile that mirrors the well-known effects of PZQ on muscle contraction and tegumental disruption. We anticipate
Role of tumor molecular and pathology features to estimate colorectal cancer risk for first-degree relatives

Objective—To estimate risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) for first-degree relatives of CRC cases based on CRC molecular subtypes and tumor pathology features. Design—We studied a cohort of 33,496 first-degree relatives of 4,853 incident invasive CRC cases (probands) who were recruited to the Colon Cancer Family Registry through population cancer registries in the US, Canada, and Australia. We categorized the first-degree relatives into four groups: 28,156 of 4,095 mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient probands, 2,302 of 301 MMRdeficient non-Lynch syndrome probands, 1,799 of 271 suspected Lynch syndrome probands, and 1,239 of 186 Lynch syndrome probands. We compared CRC risk for first-degree relatives stratified by the absence or presence of specific tumor molecular pathology features in probands across each of these four groups and for all groups combined. Results—Compared with first-degree relatives of MMR-proficient CRC cases, a higher risk of CRC was estimated for first-degree relatives of CRC cases with suspected Lynch syndrome (hazard ratio [HR] 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-2.67), and with Lynch syndrome (HR 5.37, 95% CI 4.16-6.94), but not with MMR-deficient non-Lynch syndrome (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.82-1.31). A greater risk of CRC was estimated for first-degree relatives if CRC cases were diagnosed before age 50 years, had proximal colon cancer or if their tumors had any of the following: expanding tumor margin, peritumoral lymphocytes, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, or synchronous CRC. Conclusion—Molecular pathology features are potentially useful to refine screening recommendations for first-degree relatives of CRC cases, and to identify which cases are more likely to be caused by genetic or other familial factors.
Software Support for Irregular and Loosely Synchronous Software Support for Irregular and Loosely Synchronous Problems Problems

A large class of scienti(cid:12)c and engineering applications may be classi(cid:12)ed as irregular and loosely synchronous from the perspective of parallel processing. We present a partial classi(cid:12)cation of such problems. This classi(cid:12)cation has motivated us to enhance Fortran D to provide language support for irregular, loosely synchronous problems. We present techniques for parallelization of such problems in the context of Fortran D.
AN ARRANGEMENT TO REFINE UNDESIRABLE INFORMATION FROM OSN USER WALLS

— Users should have control on the content displayed in the Online Social Network (OSN) to avoid unwanted data seen from other users. Now a day’s OSNs administers insufficient support to this requirement. To fill the gap, in this paper, we propose a system allowing OSN users to have a direct control on the messages posted on their user accounts. This is conclude through a adjustable rule-based system, that allows users to customize the filtering criteria to be applied to their walls, and Machine Learning based soft classifier automatically labeling messages in support of content-based filtering.
Arterial baroreceptor reﬂex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity following chronic myocardial infarction in male, female, and ovariectomized female rats

Arterial baroreceptor reﬂex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity following chronic myocardial infarction in male, female, and ovariectomized female rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 309: R169–R178, 2015. is controversy regarding whether the arterial baroreﬂex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in heart failure is altered. We investigated the impact of sex and ovarian hormones on changes in the arterial baroreﬂex control of renal SNA following a chronic myocardial infarction (MI). Renal SNA and arterial pressure were recorded in chloralose-urethane anesthetized male, female, and ovariectomized female (OVX) Wistar rats 6–7 wk postsham or MI surgery. Animals were grouped according to MI size (sham, small and large MI). Ovary-intact females had a lower mortality rate post-MI (24%) compared with both males (38%) and OVX (50%) ( P (cid:2) 0.05). Males and OVX with large MI, but not small MI, displayed an impaired ability of the arterial baroreﬂex to inhibit renal SNA. As a result, the male large MI group (49 (cid:3) 6 vs. 84 (cid:3) 5% in male sham group) and OVX large MI group (37 (cid:3) 3 vs. 75 (cid:3) 5% in OVX sham group) displayed signiﬁcantly reduced arterial baroreﬂex range of control of normalized renal SNA ( P (cid:2) 0.05). In ovary-intact females, arterial baroreﬂex control of normalized renal SNA was unchanged regardless of MI size. In males and OVX there was a signiﬁcant, positive correlation between left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction and arterial baroreﬂex range of control of normalized renal SNA, but not absolute renal SNA, that was not evident in ovary-intact females. The current ﬁndings demonstrate that the arterial baroreﬂex control of renal SNA post-MI is preserved in ovary-intact females, and the state of left ventricular dysfunction signiﬁcantly impacts on the changes in the arterial baroreﬂex post-MI.
Adrenodemedullation activates the Ca 2 (cid:2) -dependent proteolysis in soleus muscles from rats exposed to cold

IC. Adrenodemedullation activates the Ca 2 (cid:2) -dependent proteolysis in soleus muscles from rats exposed to cold. J Appl Physiol 122: 317–326, 2017. studies have shown that catecholamines in vivo and in vitro inhibit the activity of Ca 2 (cid:2) -dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscles under basal conditions. In the present study we sought to investigate the role of catecholamines in regulating the Ca 2 (cid:2) -dependent proteolysis in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from rats acutely exposed to cold. Overall proteolysis, the activity of proteolytic systems, protein levels and gene expression of different components of the calpain system were investigated in rats submitted to adrenodemedullation (ADMX) and exposed to cold for 24 h. ADMX drastically reduced plasma epinephrine and promoted an additional increase in the overall proteolysis, which was already increased by cold exposure. The rise in the rate of protein degradation in soleus muscles from adrenodemedullated cold-exposed rats was caused by the high activity of the Ca 2 (cid:2) -dependent proteolysis, which was associated with the generation of a 145-kDa cleaved (cid:3) -fodrin fragment, a typical calpain substrate, and lower protein levels and mRNA expression of calpastatin, the endogenous calpain inhibitor. Unlike that observed for soleus muscles, the cold-induced muscle proteolysis in EDL was not affected by ADMX. In isolated soleus muscle, clenbuterol, a selective (cid:4) 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, reduced the basal Ca 2 (cid:2) -dependent proteolysis and completely abolished the activation of this pathway by the cholinergic agonist carbachol. These data suggest that catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla inhibit cold-induced protein breakdown in soleus, and this antiproteolytic effect on the Ca 2 (cid:2) -dependent proteolytic system is apparently mediated through expression of calpastatin, which leads to suppression of calpain activation. during
Incorporating Flow Theory to Technology Acceptance Model for Online Community Formation

- Online communities in social networking sites exist and thrive in the environment provided by them. The study of online communities becomes important for marketers, academicians and business practitioners because of the huge rise in the user base of these social networking sites in recent years. In this study, we adopt the approach to focus on the user’s perceptions about online communities and establish various relationships among them leading to predict the intention to use such online communities. Technology Acceptance Model and flow theory are used to identify the user beliefs affecting the intention to use online communities. We also study the effect of online trust in form of system trust and interpersonal trust on the intention to use online community. We further incorporate the knowledge of user beliefs to establish the benefits in form of online social capital resulting from use of such online communities.