Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of resolution and physics on precipitation in the NCAR Community Climate Model

Simulations of precipitation at different horizontal resolutions from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (NCAR CCM2) version 2, are compared to four observed global climatologies. Simulations were available at the following resolutions: R15, T21, T31, T42, T63, T106, and T170 and range from 2 years in length (for the highest resolution T170) to 10 years in length. These runs all had prescribed, climatological sea surface temperatures and soil moisture which varied by month. An additional simulation of CCM2 at T42 coupled to a soil-vegetation atmospheric transfer (SVAT) package was also used. We also show the climatology of the latest version of the NCAR CCM (CCM3) and compare this to the T42 simulations of CCM2 as well as to the observations. The main results include the following: (1) The models fall within the uncertainty of the observations. (2) Little systematic difference is seen in the simulation of precipitation as one goes from T42 to T170 resolution. (3) The SVAT interactive land surface package simulation does as well as a specified surface hydrology. (4) The simulation by CCM3 shows a marked improvement over all CCM2 simulations at the global scale and particularly within the tropics.
67.4: Use of a Spatial Multiresolution Visual Model with Display Characterization and Ambient Information to Adaptively Shape the Tonescales of Mobile Displays

An image‐dependent, display‐dependent, and ambient illumination‐dependent tone‐mapping operator is developed that is driven by a human vision system model. It aims to maximize visible contrast information for the full range of display devices, from e‐paper to HDR displays. The operator weights contrast distortions according to their visibility predicted by the model of the human visual system. The distortions are minimized given a display model that incorporates ambient information to enforce constraints on the solution. A scene cut algorithm is used for video content to allow rapid tonescale changes across scenes while a temporal LPF is used to avoid visible temporal fluctuations within scenes. We discuss the differences between our method and previous approaches to the tone‐mapping problem, as well as newer tone mapping approaches that do not seek to preserve image information. This paper will especially highlight the issues important for current display technology for mobile devices.
The transient response of the North Atlantic: Some model studies

Four numerical experiments have been designed to clarify the role of stratification and topography on the transient response of the ocean to a change in wind forcing. The geometry and topography appropriate to the North Atlantic between the equator and 50°N are used to make the study more appropriate to a real ocean. In all four experiments, zonally symmetric wind stresses are ‘switched on’ at the upper surface of a resting model ocean. Two short experiments, 1 and 2, with a duration of 100 days, are first discussed. These are for a homogeneous ocean with and without topography. The response in the flat-bottomed case can be described either in terms of planetary waves or basin modes, but when topography is present, no obvious wave propagation was identified. Higher-frequency basin modes are detectable, but their amplitude is much lower than that in the flat-bottomed case. They are damped out on a time scale of ∼50 days. Two longer experiments, 3 and 4, are then analyzed. These are the analogs of 1 and 2, but stratification was included. The introduction of stratification for the ocean with topography leads to a new, longer time scale, not just for the baroclinic modes, but also for the barotropic. Despite the presence of topography, modal analysis was found useful in analyzing the results. Propagation effects are analyzed, both on the moderately fast time scale of internal Kelvin waves and on the slow time scale of internal planetary waves. Kelvin waves are apparent along the equator, the northern boundary, and on the eastern coast in the Gulf of Guinea from the equator to 20°N. They are not clearly visible anywhere on the west coast. Planetary waves can be detected in the interior both in the presence and absence of topography. When topography is present without stratification, the transport of the Gulf Stream is reduced from 30 to 14 million tons per second. This is a well-known result. With stratification there is no significant difference in transport between the case with or without topography.
Mechanical properties of iron meteorites and the structure of their parent planets

The strength and ductility of metal from the meteorite Gibeon have been determined over a range of temperatures and strain rates. The room temperature yield strength is 3.2 kb and the elongation at fracture, 19%; these quantities are much less sensitive to temperature and strain rate in the Gibeon metal than in pure iron. There is no evidence of embrittlement of the metal in Gibeon by nonmetallic inclusions. Fragmentation of a mass of this metal would occur by ductile rather than by brittle fracture. The absence of structural evidence of ductile fracturing strongly suggests that the Gibeon irons are not fragments of some larger metal mass, such as a planetary core, but existed as separate metal pieces surrounded by stony material in the parent planet. The available evidence indicates that a similar conclusion probably can be drawn for most iron meteorites.
Pairing Leadership and Andragogical Framework for Maximized Knowledge and Skill Acquisition

Is andragogy the elixir for organizational instability? Organizational survival in the post-pandemic world means navigating through the great resignation and ensuing labor market shortage to find the most efficient manners in which to conduct business. Perhaps in a nod to the evolution of the virus, only those organizations that have evolved will survive the onslaught of stressors. Many organizational leaders are looking to their existing workforces for solutions. Organizations with a strategic approach towards training and development appreciate the return on investment such programs may provide if the training is effective in expanding the employee skillsets. The leadership of this mindset is guardedly optimistic. To ensure training and development program success, leadership must understand adult learners acquire information differently than children. This article examines differences in knowledge acquisition between children and adults. It delves into the constructs associated with andragogy including theories associated with self-directed learning and enhanced self-concepts.
A Prison Environment's Effect on Health Care Service Demands

This study looks at the impact of a corrections environment upon prisoners through a process of monitoring inmate attendance at sick call clinic. Contrasting cell block designs and characteristics are compared on the basis of significant differential demands for health care services emanating from specific areas. Known psychological and physiological responses to situations perceived to be threatening provide the theory that health behavior may be used as one indirect measure of environmentally induced stress. Findings suggest there are architectural design features of the prison environment that provide basis of perceived threats to inmate safety and survival. Loss of privacy on several dimensions appears to be a critical environmental characteristic. Research has established that abnormally high utilization of health care services occurs in total institutions. This raises several questions. Do people who find themselves in total institutions have characteristics which are predominantly unique to their population but at variance from the general population? If so, would such variation influence the differences in utilization of health care? Are there common characteristics of total institution environments that would cause the high rates of health care utilization? Studies of Navy ship crews by Doll et al., 1969 [1] ; Gunderson et al., 1970 [2] ; and a prison study by Andrew Twaddle, 1976 [3], revealed health care utilization patterns which were similar to each other. Here two different total institutions with different subject profiles produced similar patterns. This suggests the possibility that characteristics of total institutions are causal rather than characteristics of the subjects.
A New H∞ Weighted Sensitive Function-Based Robust Multi-Loop PID Controller for a Multi-Variable System

This brief presents design and development of a robust decentralized PID controller based on a weighted <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H_{\infty }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sensitivity function through a robust region tuning method for a multivariable system. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H_{\infty }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> criterion is adopted to find out the controller parameters of this robust decentralized PI controller to stabilize a closed-loop multi-variable system. To verify the efficacy of the proposed controller, its performance is compared with that of other decentralized PI controllers. Stability analysis of the proposed controller is also pursued by employing Kharitonov-Hurwitz theorem with a parametric perturbation of ±10%. The obtained results confirmed that the proposed controller exhibits superior control performance in the face of disturbance and parametric perturbation compared to other decentralized PI controllers.
Habitat suitability and ecological niche profiling of the West Nile Virus vector, Culex pipiens, in Forsyth County, NC

Thought to have originated in Uganda in the late 1930's, West Nile Virus (WNV) was introduced in to North America in 1999 in New York City (Nash et. al, 2001). From its first occurrence within the United States, the virus spread across the contiguous forty-eight states and southern Canada in five years resulting in 18,000 human cases and over 700 fatalities (West Nile Virus, 2013). An important vector for the transmission of the WNV, Culex pipiens is widely distributed throughout the world with the exception of Australia and Antarctica (Farajollahi et al., 2011). This study seeks to utilize Remote Sensing, GIS, and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) Modeling in developing a presence-only habitat probability model of the known WNV bridge vector, Cx. Pipiens in Forsyth County, North Carolina by defining ecogeographical parameters that promote the mosquito species' larval development. Mosquito sampling was conducted in sixty-nine localities across the study area over a twenty-eight week period during the 2013 breeding season (April to October). Final habitat suitability maps produced as a result of this research will serve to guide future trap placement toward areas of high Cx. pipiens presence throughout the study area in an effort to optimize vector control measures and reduce the risk of WNV transmission. MaxEnt modeling results for the predicted probability of Cx. pipiens geographical distribution in Forsyth County highlighted the largest concentrations of Cx. Pipiens habitats within and along the periphery of the Winston-Salem municipality. Secondary areas of higher probability were located in the north central portion of the county, an area marked by irrigated cropland and deciduous forest.
Distribution of gymnosomatous pteropods in western Antarctic Peninsula shelf waters: influences of Southern Ocean water masses

ABSTRACT Distributions of gymnosomatous pteropods, Spongiobranchaea australis and Clione antarctica, were determined at six sites along a latitudinal gradient in western Antarctica Peninsula shelf waters using vertically stratified trawls. Hydrographic data were collected at the same sites with conductivity-temperature-depth casts, and correlations of explanatory variables to gymnosome distributions were determined using statistical analyses performed in Matlab, a high level programming software to conduct numerical computation and visualisation. Explanatory variables included sampling site, latitude, longitude and depth, seawater temperature, salinity and density, Southern Ocean Antarctic Surface Water, Winter Water, Upper Circumpolar Deep Water and warm transitional waters, as well as oceanographic remote sensing data for coloured dissolved organic matter, chlorophyll a concentration, normalised fluorescence line height, nighttime sea surface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, particulate inorganic carbon, particulate organic carbon, daytime sea surface temperature and daily sea ice concentration. Hydrographic data revealed that warmer water masses were prevalent along the western Antarctic Peninsula, and the distributions of both gymnosome species were primarily influenced by water masses, temperature, sampling site and latitude. As a consequence, distributional shifts of gymnosomes are predicted in response to the current warming trends.
Quantifying Environmental Drivers of Future Tropical Forest Extent

Abstract Future changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, and their associated influences on climate, will affect the future sustainability of tropical forests. While dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) represent the processes by which climate and vegetation interact, there is limited quantitative understanding of how specific environmental drivers each affect the simulated patterns of vegetation behavior and the resultant tropical forest fraction. Here, an attempt is made to improve on the qualitative understanding of how changes in dry season length, temperature, and CO2 combine to drive forest changes. Investigation of these topics is undertaken by integrating the Hadley Centre Climate Model version 3, run at lower spatial resolution with a coupled climate–carbon cycle (HadCM3LC), to steady state. This represents the situation where vegetation has adjusted fully to the prevailing climate and vice versa, permitting direct analysis of how climate and vegetation interact. These links are .
Overview of atmospheric conditions during the Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation-Brazil (SCAR-B) field experiment

The Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation-Brazil (SCAR-B) field experiment was conducted in central Brazil and southern Amazonia during the period August 15 to September 20, 1995. This paper presents an overview of atmospheric conditions during the SCAR-B period. A meteorological office was established in Brasilia to support the mission flights and field activities. All the meteorological data collected during the SCAR-B have been archived and are available to the scientific community. The meteorological conditions throughout the SCAR-B period of August and September 1995 were near climatological conditions. Few synoptic-scale waves traveling from southeastern Pacific reached Brazil, therefore the SCAR-B period was characterized by long periods of low humidity, dryness, little cloudiness, or rain, and haze events. The stable situation was interrupted due to the penetration of a frontal system on September 20, 1995, and a second and more rain-producing one on September 28, 1995. Those two frontal systems in a period of 10 days brought an end to the dry season. Air particle trajectories show that most of the smoke below 4 km from Amazonia was transported to the south and then to the east exiting the continent at 25°S–30°S. Radiative transfer calculations carried out for the clear sky gaseous and aerosol atmosphere show the decrease of the solar radiation absorption in the atmosphere-surface system due to smoke aerosol loading at the value from 5 to 50 W m−2 depending on the aerosol optical thickness, single-scattering albedo, and solar zenith angle.
Evapotranspiration Partitioning in a Semiarid Woodland: Ecohydrologic Heterogeneity and Connectivity of Vegetation Patches

Partitioning evapotranspiration into its evaporation and transpiration components is critical for understanding ecohydrologic processes in drylands. Existing partitioning estimates, however, have not adequately accounted for the heterogeneity associated with woody plant canopy patches and intercanopy patches so characteristic of dryland ecosystems. We measured water contents, stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), Cl−, and NO3− from core samples collected during an intense drought in canopy and intercanopy patches in a semiarid, piñon–juniper [Pinus edulis Engelm. – Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. ] woodland in northern New Mexico to assess patch‐scale heterogeneity and evapotranspiration partitioning. Soil zone residence times based on Cl− ranged from 6 to 37 yr, highlighting the long time scale of percolation in these woodlands. The average NO3− concentration was nearly seven times lower in canopy patches, indicating substantial biogeochemical heterogeneity. Average δ2H values from shallow soil (<0.1 m) were 11 to 17‰ lower in canopy patches, suggesting lower soil evaporation losses compared with intercanopy patches; however, significantly larger Cl− inventories in canopy patches indicate up to four to six times more total evapotranspiration. Taken together, lower evaporation and greater evapotranspiration suggest that canopy patches have substantially larger transpiration rates and lower evaporation/transpiration ratios than intercanopy patches. Our results support a basic but untested conceptual model of patch connectivity where woody plants utilize substantial amounts of intercanopy water that has been redistributed from intercanopy to canopy patches via hydraulic gradients created by root uptake—a finding not generally modeled but potentially relevant to globally extensive patchy‐structured drylands.
Combining High-Pressure Processing and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Inactivation of Listeria innocua

The effect of high-pressure treatment with supercritical CO2 on the inactivation of Listeria innocua in a fish soup was investigated. The soup was inoculated with L. innocua, packaged in modified atmosphere with 50:50 or 95:5 CO2:N2, high-pressure processed (300, 350, 400 and 600 MPa, 2 min) under subcritical (T < 304 K) or supercritical conditions (T > 304 K) and stored at 4 °C for up to 53 days. Treatment at 400 and 600 MPa had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on L. innocua under both supercritical and subcritical conditions. In contrast, pressurization at 350 MPa and supercritical conditions were needed to significantly (p < 0.05) inactive L. innocua. Increased levels of CO2 in the headspace significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the bacterial load during processing, and supercritical conditions had a significant (p < 0.01) interaction with both CO2 levels and pressure. Increased storage time gave significantly increased levels of L. innocua at 400 and 600 MPa. In addition, high levels of CO2 significantly decreased (p < 0.001) growth. However, 350 MPa under supercritical conditions seemed to set the L. innocua in a permanent lag phase, with slow and steadily decreasing numbers of bacteria during storage. All the design variables resulted in significant inactivation of L. innocua, and supercritical conditions combined with high levels of CO2 inhibited the recovery of L. innocua to a large degree.
Analgesic Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine as Adjuvant to Levo-Bupivacine in Ultrasound Guided Erector Spinae Plan Block for Modified Radical Mastectomy

Background& aim: There are several advantages to properly managing post-masctetomy pain. With single shot interfascial plane blocks, local anesthetic adjuvants enhance analgesia duration. They improve the analgesic impact of local anesthetics. Dexamethasone, magnesium sulphate and dexmedetomidine, are examples of adjuvants with diverse modes of action. This research examined the analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine in women who had undergone a modified radical mastectomy (MRM). Methods and Patients: The research included forty women with histopathologically confirmed breast cancer. They were all scheduled for MRM and were randomly assigned to one of two groups: those who got levobupivacaine alone (group C) or those who received dexmedetomidine plus levobupivacaine (group D) during ultrasound (US)-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB). The two groups were compared in terms of their hemodynamics, demographics, time until the first request for analgesia, numeric rating scale (NRS) scores, Richmond Agitation & Sedation scale (RASS) scores and total opioid use. Results: There were no statistically significant differences observed between the two groups in terms of baseline data. The set of participants referred to as group D had a statistically significant reduction in heart rate on many instances. Furthermore, it was discovered that group D had a substantial reduction in postoperative NRS ratings and a heightened degree of recovery from sedation, as shown by the RASS. Furthermore, it was noted that group D had a significantly reduced overall analgesic dose (9.12±0.46 vs. 6.24±1.37 mg; p= 0.02) and a prolonged duration until first analgesia (6.21±1.28 vs. 7.13±1.79 hours; p< 0.001). Conclusion: The use of dexmedetomidine in combination with levobupivacaine ESPB has been shown to enhance postoperative analgesia compared to the use of levobupivacaine alone. This improvement in postoperative analgesia leads to enhanced comfort levels for patients. Further research is necessary to corroborate these results via future studies conducted in several places.
Model simulations of the northern extravortex ozone column: Influence of past changes in chemical composition

[1] A high-resolution three-dimensional chemistry transport model is used to evaluate the contributions of different mechanisms (in situ chemistry, import of chemically activated or ozone-depleted polar air) to the extravortex chemical ozone loss during the winter-spring period and to show how their efficiencies might have changed in the last 2 decades. Two extreme, but somewhat typical, present-day winters are considered: the 1999–2000 winter (cold with a stable and persistent vortex) and the 2001–2002 winter (warm with an weak and distorted vortex). An ozone budget analysis is performed for the partial ozone column between 350 and 600 K using a combination of geographical and chemical ozone tracers. The results suggest that the interannual variability in the seasonal ozone loss at midlatitudes is mainly driven by the import of ozone-depleted polar air. The contribution from the import of chemically activated polar air is not found to be significant. The magnitudes of the polar contributions (entirely driven by the halogen cycles) differ by about a factor 4 between the simulations. The polar contribution is found to be responsible for 60% of the total extravortex ozone loss for the exceptional 1999–2000 Arctic winter. In contrast, the magnitude of the in situ destruction (dominated by HOx and NOx cycles) varies little from one winter to the other one. The evolution of the atmospheric chemical composition since 1980 may account for an additional midlatitude ozone loss of 3 to 10 Dobson units depending on the winter considered (representing up to about 40% of the observed midlatitude ozone trends). The polar contribution is found to increase by a factor 2 to 3 in the last 2 decades, whereas the in situ destruction increases by about 20% only.
Occupational Risk Factors for Stroke: A Comprehensive Review

For primary prevention, it is important for public health and clinical medicine to identify and characterize modifiable risk factors of stroke. In existing literature, the impact of occupational variables on ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke has been extensively studied. This review summarizes the available data on the significance of occupational variables in stroke. The results of this review suggest that there is sufficient evidence for the relationship between increased risk of stroke and job stress, working in extreme temperatures, long working hours, and/or shift work. The association between long working hours and occupational exposure to noise and chemicals remains inconclusive although several studies have reported this finding. This review will act as a step toward future research and provide information that may serve as a baseline for developing targeted interventions to prevent stroke in the working population.