Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Androgen 5 (cid:1) -Dihydrotestosterone and Its Metabolite 5 (cid:1) -Androstan-3 (cid:2) ,17 (cid:2) -Diol Inhibit the Hypothalamo– Pituitary–Adrenal Response to Stress by Acting through Estrogen Receptor (cid:2) -Expressing Neurons in the Hypothalamus

Estrogen receptor (cid:2) (ER (cid:2) ) and androgen receptor (AR) are found in high levels within populations of neurons in the hypothalamus. To determine whether AR or ER (cid:2) plays a role in regulating hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function by direct action on these neurons, we examined the effects of central implants of 17 (cid:2) -estradiol (E2), 5 (cid:1) -dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the DHT metabolite 5 (cid:1) - androstan-3 (cid:2) ,17 (cid:2) -diol (3 (cid:2) -diol), and several ER subtype-selective agonists on the corticosterone and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) response to immobilization stress. In addition, activation of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was monitored by examining c-fos mRNA expression. Pellets containing these compounds were stereotaxically implanted near the PVN of gonadectomized male rats. Sevendayslater,animalswerekilleddirectlyfromtheirhomecage(nonstressed)orwererestrainedfor30min(stressed)beforetheywere killed.Comparedwithcontrols,E2andtheER (cid:1) -selective agonists moxestrol and propyl-pyrazole-triol significantly increased the stress induced release of corticosterone and ACTH. In contrast, central administration of DHT, 3 (cid:2) -diol, and the ER (cid:2) -selective compound diarylpropionitrilesignificantlydecreasedthecorticosteroneandACTHresponsetoimmobilization.CotreatmentwiththeERantagonist tamoxifencompletelyblockedtheeffectsof3 (cid:2) -diol and partially blocked the effect of DHT, whereas the AR antagonist flutamide had no effect. Moreover, DHT, 3 (cid:2) -diol, and diarylpropionitrile treatment significantly decreased restraint-induced c-fos mRNA expression in thePVN.Together,thesestudiesindicatethattheinhibitoryeffectsofDHTonHPAaxisactivitymaybeinpartmediatedviaitsconversion to3 (cid:2) -diol and subsequent binding to ER (cid:2) .
Was Decay Important in Origin of Coal

ABSTRACT Microbiotic conditions that existed in ancient peat deposits prior to their coalification were probably highly varied. Some of the probable variations are discussed with reference to common plant products and different agencies of decay. Differences in sulfur content may reflect greater anaerobic decay in Paleozoic than in younger coals, and the prevalent remains of saprophytic fungi in post-Jurassic coals suggests that, in these, aerobic decay was of proportionately greater importance. Plant material contributing to Paleozoic coal was, in general, less subject to mechanical degradation than is apparent in the younger coals in which the peat was affected by saprophytic fungi.
Spreading the positive effects of major events to peripheral areas

Although major events can have ‘spillover’ effects on surrounding areas, their benefits are normally spatially concentrated. This automatically privileges certain neighbourhoods. Such outcomes may be difficult to justify politically, as resources to stage events are usually obtained from different public and private agencies that may be reluctant to favour a confined geographical area. This paper analyses opportunities for more diffuse spatial dissemination. Recognition of ‘intangible’ benefits means that event initiatives can be pursued even where there is no permanent physical legacy from an event, or where that legacy is concentrated elsewhere. In this paper, existing literature is reviewed and framed within a conceptual structure that highlights the three main ways peripheral areas can benefit from events for which they are not the principal host. These are: through ‘incidental’ effects, via the ‘partial dislocation’ of an event and by deploying various forms of ‘leverage’. The paper then discusses three UK cases to illustrate this framework: the 2012 Olympic Games, the 2007 Tour de France and the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The paper concludes that the potential for considerable benefits for both core hosts and peripheral areas means stakeholders at both scales should be encouraged to make policy interventions to disperse event effects.
Airborne measurements of carbonaceous aerosols on the East Coast of the United States

In this paper we report results of aircraft measurements of mass concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols, total aerosol mass, and simultaneously determined light scattering and absorption coefficients onshore and offshore of the eastern coast of the United States. We describe the sampling and analytical methodology used to derive spatially resolved aerosol carbon concentrations and discuss these in the context of other concurrently collected data. The carbon mass was, on average, 50% of the total dry aerosol mass. The carbon mass fraction tended to increase with altitude, suggesting that ground-based measurements can significantly underestimate the importance of carbon species in the column aerosol mass budget. The aerosol carbon mass was significantly correlated with aerosol light absorption, suggesting that the black and organic carbon components have, at least in part, common combustion sources. A regression of the light absorption coefficient onto carbon mass suggests that ∼10% of the carbon mass is in the form of black (light-absorbing) carbon.
Microbiotic soil crusts: a review of their roles in soil and ecological processes in the rangelands of Australia

Microbiotic crusts are assemblages of non-vascular plants (mosses, liverworts, algae, lichens, fungi, bacteria and cyanobacteria) which form intimate associations with surface soils. They play a major role in infiltration processes through changes to soil physico-chemical properties, and through their influence on soil surface roughness. Whilst some research suggests that they may restrict infiltration, Australian experience is that they are generally associated with enhanced infiltration. Unlike physical soil crusts, microbiotic crusts stabilize the soil against water and wind erosion, increasing landscape stability, particularly in areas of low vascular plant cover. Microbiotic crusts are thus useful indicators of soil surface condition, and cyanobacteria in the crusts fix nitrogen which may be utilized by developing vascular plant seedlings. Little is known, however, about how they interact with vascular plants and soil invertebrates. Their role in rangeland ecosystems has received renewed attention over the past few years with an increasing interest in ecologically sustainable development of arid and semi-arid grazing systems. In this review we discuss the characteristics and distribution of microbiotic crusts in the rangelands of Australia, their roles in soil and ecological processes and the impacts of fire and grazing. Finally we propose a new system for classifying crusts into functional groups and identify areas requiring further investigation.
Selected current‐use and historic‐use pesticides in air and seawater of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China

Consumption of pesticides in China has increased rapidly in recent years; however, occurrence and fate of current‐use pesticides (CUPs) in China coastal waters are poorly understood. Globally banned pesticides, so‐called historic‐use pesticides (HUPs), are still commonly observed in the environment. In this work, air and surface seawater samples taken from the Bohai and Yellow Seas in May 2012 were analyzed for CUPs including trifluralin, quintozene, chlorothalonil, dicofol, chlorpyrifos, and dacthal, as well as HUPs (hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and endosulfan). CUP profile in both air and seawater samples generally reflected their consumption patterns in China. HUPs in the air and seawater samples were in comparable levels as those of CUPs with high concentrations. α‐Endosulfan, dicofol, and chlorothalonil showed strong net deposition likely resulting from their intensive use in recent years, while CUPs with low consumption amount (quintozene and dacthal) were close to equilibrium at most samplings sites. Another CUP with high usage amout (i.e., chlorpyrifos) underwent volatilization possibly due to its longer half‐life in seawater than that in air. α‐HCH and γ‐HCH were close to equilibrium in the Bohai Sea, but mainly underwent net deposition in the Yellow Sea. The net deposition of α‐HCH could be attributed to polluted air pulses from the East China identified by air mass back trajectories. β‐HCH showed net volatilization in the Bohai Sea, which was driven by its relative enrichment in seawater. HCB either slightly favored net volatilization or was close to equilibrium in the Bohai and Yellow Seas.
Water and processes of degradation in the Martian landscape

Some large channels on Mars show features, notably bars and braiding, that indicate an origin by the action of running water. Smaller channels on steep slopes may have been produced by runoff of precipitation. Dendritic canyon systems suggest ground water sapping, which may have been an effective agent in cliff retreat generally. Extensive plains developed as cliffs retreated and, although modified by later wind action, may be regarded as relict landforms from a fluvial stage of Martian history.
Improved Horizontal Well Stimulations in the Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, Montana

Horizontal drilling and completions have rejuvenated the Bakken formation in the Williston basin of Montana. During the last several years, drilling and completion methodology has evolved, resulting in significant improvements in well productivity. Although the horizontal wells will produce at economic rates without stimulation, hydraulic fracturing increases well productivity significantly. The wells are drilled for longitudinal fracture orientation. The original wellbores had cemented liners and used a limited-entry technique to distribute the fracture treatment. The program now uses noncement-ed liners and a modified fracture treatment with diverter stages.
Impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on phytoplankton productivity in the South China Sea

The impacts of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition on the marine N cycle are only now being revealed, but the magnitudes of those impacts are largely unknown in time and space. The South China Sea (SCS) is particularly subject to high anthropogenic N deposition, because the adjacent countries are highly populated and have rapidly growing economies. Analysis of data sets for atmospheric N deposition, satellite chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a), and air mass back trajectories reveals that the transport of N originating from the populated east coasts of China and Indonesia, and its deposition to the ocean, has been responsible for the enhancements of Chl‐a in the SCS. We found that atmospheric N deposition contributed approximately 20% of the annual biological new production in the SCS. The airborne contribution of N to new production in the SCS is expected to grow considerably in the coming decades.
Velocity Estimation By Beam Stack: Field-data Results

Imaging seismic data requires detailed knowledge of the propagation velocity of compressional waves in the subsurface. Interval velocity can be estimated from the prestack data transformed using beam stacks when conventional method fail; that is, in presence of structure in the geology and lateral velocity variations. In a previous SEG abstract (Biondi, 1988) I presented a tomographic method for estimating interval velocity from beam-stacked data. In this abstract I show the results of applying the proposed algorithm to the estimation of a low-velocity anomaly. Depth migration of the data with the estimated velocity removes the time pull-down caused by the anomaly. The velocity anomaly is estimated with an automatic procedure that does not require a preliminary picking of the data data because it directly maximizes the beam stacks’ energy at the traveltimes and surface locations predicted by ray tracing.
XXII.—Studies on the Scottish Marine Fauna. Additional Observations on the Fauna of the Sandy and Muddy Areas of the Tidal Zone

In a previous paper (4) the quantitative distribution of the molluscs and polychætes in certain intertidal muds and sands on the Scottish Coast was discussed, but there still remained several other types of shore such as (a) a river mud-flat, (b) grounds at the heads of sea lochs on the West Coast, and (c) the more exposed shores of the Western Islands, where conditions might possibly differ greatly from those already considered, with corresponding changes in the fauna. Since the publication of the first paper quantitative samples have been collected in each of these areas. Taking the survey as a whole, collections have now been made on such widely different parts of the coast that the peculiarities of the distribution of the above two groups can be stated with a fair degree of accuracy. The present paper is divided into two sections, the first dealing with the additional observations, the second with the survey as a whole.
WORKING PAPER SERIES Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy

What obstacles prevent the most productive technologies from spreading to less developed economies from the world’s technological frontier? In this paper, we seek to shed light on this question by quantifying the geographic and human barriers to the transmission of technologies. We argue that the intergenerational transmission of human traits, particularly culturally transmitted traits, has led to divergence between populations over the course of history. In turn, this divergence has introduced barriers to the diffusion of technologies across societies. We provide measures of historical and genealogical distances between populations, and document how such distances, relative to the world’s technological frontier, act as barriers to the diffusion of development and of specific innovations. We provide an interpretation of these results in the context of an emerging literature seeking to understand variation in economic development as the result of factors rooted deep in history. JEL codes: O11, O33, O40, O57.
Errors associated with estimating vegetation water content from radar for use in passive microwave brightness temperature algorithms

The Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation Experiment 2012 was conducted as a pre-launch validation campaign for the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission over 6 weeks in June and July 2012. During this campaign, the Passive Active L-Band System (PALS) was flown at a low altitude, providing radar and radiometer measurements that were contained within a single agricultural field. The campaign domain consisted of 55 agricultural fields, where soil moisture was measured coincident to the PALS flight times and measurements of vegetation volumetric water content (VWC) and leaf area index (LAI) were measured weekly. The low-altitude flights allowed for the comparison between measured VWC and LAI for 11 fields to radar parameters derived from the radar backscatter. Only the correlation between the HV backscatter and the soybean VWC was considered strong (|r| > 0.7). All other correlations between the radar parameters and the VWC (or LAI) were moderate (0.3 < |r| < 0.7) or weak (|r|< 0.3). The established relationships between radar parameters and VWC were used in a forward radiation transfer model to estimate H-pol brightness temperature. It was found that the RMSE between the brightness temperatures estimated using the measured VWC was lowest when using the relationship between VWC and LAI (3.9 K for soybeans, 6.8 K for spring wheat, and 9.3 K when all crop data are combined). Despite a lower correlation, the RMSE associated with using the radar vegetation index relationship with VWC was less than when HV was used (7.9 K) for soybeans, which would result in an error in soil moisture estimation of just over 4%. The RMSEs for all other VWC and radar parameter relationships were greater than 10 K.
Seasonal and ENSO variations of sea surface salinity and temperature in the South Pacific Convergence Zone during 1976–2000

[1] Sea surface salinity (SSS) and temperature (SST) data collected from voluntary observing ships over 25 years (1976–2000) are analyzed in the Southwestern Tropical Pacific (10°S–24°S/160°E–140°W). This region lies under the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), at the southern edge of the western Pacific warm pool between Tahiti and Darwin, the two places whose atmospheric sea level pressure difference is used to define the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Complementary data such as precipitation are used to assist in the analysis. The mean and seasonal variations of these parameters are described. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of low-pass filtered time series is then performed to extract the interannual variability. All parameters show an interannual signal which correlates well with the SOI. The Southwestern Tropical Pacific Ocean is saltier and colder during El Nino than during La Nina events. In the southwestern part, there is a shortage (excess) in precipitation during El Nino (La Nina) events. The greatest anomalies appeared during the last La Nina, in 1996 and 1999 as regards SST and in 1999 and 2000 as regards SSS. SST and precipitation El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related anomalies are an order of magnitude smaller than seasonal anomalies, while the SSS ENSO-related signal is twice as strong as the seasonal signal. These facts reflect the northeastward (southwestward) shift of the SPCZ during El Nino (La Nina) events. While consistent with precipitation changes, the ENSO-related variability in SSS can also be partly explained by the displacement of the salinity front that separates fresh, warm pool waters from salty subtropical waters. Computation of surface geostrophic current anomalies from Geosat (1987–1988) and TOPEX/Poseidon (1993–2000) indicates that westward current anomalies developed during the 1987/88 and 1997/98 El Nino and are linked to the displacement of the salinity front. The Southwestern Tropical Pacific salinity front moves westward (eastward) in contrast to the equatorial salinity front which moves eastward (westward) during an El Nino (La Nina) event.
Functional morphology of the Hippuritidae

The hippuritid shell consists of a small operculiform left valve capping a larger cylindrico-conical valve. There are three shell layers: (1) An outer calcitic fibrillar prismatic layer. (2) A crossed-lamellar aragonitic middle layer. (3) A complex crossed-lamellar aragonitic innet layer. There are also traces of myostracal prismatic aragonite which mark former adductor positions, the attachment site of the body mass, which hung largely from within the left valve, and the pallial curtain of the right valve alone. It =ms that water was drawn through the pores on the outer surface of the left valve, into the radial canals which lie within its outer layer. It then flowed outwards from the canal apertures, passing over the broad and radially crenulated right mantle margin, whereon food particles were trapped. The particles were sorted and passed inwards anterieventrally onto the ctenidia and/or palps, which carried them to the mouth. Faeces were ejected via the dorsalmost of two oscules in the left valve, and pseudofaeces via the ventralmost oscule. The form of the adductor muscles and their orientations upon myophores projecting from the left valve suggest immovable valves only separated by a minute gape. These modifications complemented the atrophy of the normal bivalve internal feeding and respiratory current system. La coquille des Hippuritidae comprend we valve gauche operculiforme et une valve droite cylindro-conique. Le test est forme de trois couches: 1. Une couche externe constituee de fibres prismatiques de calcite; 2. Une couche moyenne aragonitique a structure lamellaire entrecroisee; 3. Une couche interne aragonitique a structure lamellaire entrecroisee com-plexe. Les zones d'insertion des muscles adducteurs, de la masse viscerale et des muscles palleaux, montrent en outre des traces de primes myostracaux d'aragonite. Les courants d'eau inhalants peneraient par les pores de la valve gauche et cheminaient dans les canaux radiaux qui parcourent la couche externe, pour deboucher a la cornissure des deux valves; ou les particules alimentaires etaient retenues. Les particules etaient triees et acheminees vers la region antero-ventrale de la cavite generale en direction des branchieslou des palpes et de h bouche. Les feces etaient rejetes par l'oscule dorsal de la valve gauche, les pseudo-faxs par l'oscule ventral. La forme courte des muscles adducteurs et leur orientation sur les apophyses myophores de la valve gauche suggere que les valves etaient immobiles et ne laissaient entre elles qu'un faible intervalle. Ces modifications vont de pair avec I'atrophie du systeme digestif et respiratoire.
Prehispanic Agriculture and Its Effects in the Valley of Guatemala

II n recent years increasing public attention has focused on the possibly deleterious effects of such economic pursuits as modern mechanized agriculture on the landscape. The debate comes down to priorities: should mechanical and chemical alteration of the land be kept to an absolute minimum, or should we permit "tolerable soil loss"' to maximize productivity and feed the world's increasing population? Informed discussion of such options has been hampered by the lack of a long-term perspective on the interactions of even primitive agricultural systems with the natural environment. Such a perspective can be provided by modern archaeologists who study the cultural ecology of ancient civilizations and analyze prehistoric economic adaptations. A case in point, one that has exercised archaeologists and other theorists for generations, is that of the Maya of southeastern Mexico and Central America. The ancient Mayan civilization is equally well known for its noteworthy achievements in the arts and sciences and its seemingly sudden
Using the Individual Development Plan as a Vehicle for Coaching and Communication

This capstone explores the underutilization of the Individual Development Plan (IDP) as a vehicle for communication and coaching at all organizational levels throughout the United States Coast Guard (USCG). The capstone will gather data through informal interviews using basic line questioning; exploring the IDP in the USCG, when and why it was developed, how it was designed to be used and how it is currently used. While many interviewees feel the IDP is in fact a useful tool, many Guardians (Coast Guard personnel) feel the IDP is not used appropriately and that supervisors and subordinates are neither adequately trained on how to use the tool properly, nor on how to effectively use the IDP as a coaching tool. The capstone looks critically at the IDP and recommends how training in the use and application of the IDP through the development of communication and coaching skills enhances the value and application of the IDP for all ranks within the USCG. Comments Submitted to the Program of Organizational Dynamics in the Graduate Division of the School of Arts and Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Organizational Dynamics at the University of Pennsylvania Advisor: Charline S. Russo This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn. edu/od_theses_msod/40 USING THE INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN AS A VEHICLE FOR COACHING AND COMMUNICATION