Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determining olivine composition of basaltic dunes in Gale Crater, Mars, from orbit: Awaiting ground truth from Curiosity

The successful landing of the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover in Gale Crater, Mars, presents a rare opportunity for validation of a spectral index developed for determining olivine chemistry from orbital midinfrared remote‐sensing data. Here, a spectral index is developed using laboratory emissivity data of 13 synthetic Mg‐Fe olivines. Utilizing this spectral index, a prediction of olivine composition (~Fo55 ± 5) is made from orbital data for a NE‐SW trending dune field near the Curiosity rover. This dune field will be crossed during the mission as the rover travels toward a ~5 km‐high sediment stack (Mount Sharp) that contains orbitally detected clays and sulfates. Curiosity can use its instrument suite (ChemMin, Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer, ChemCam) when it reaches the dunes to verify or refute the olivine‐chemistry prediction presented here. The ability to validate the developed spectral index using the rover's ground‐truth instruments will strengthen olivine‐chemistry mapping across the Martian surface using this spectral index.
Additions to the Eocene Perissodactyla of the Margaret Formation, Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada

We describe early Eocene (Wasatchian) occurrences of the isectolophid Homogalax, tapiroids Heptodon posticus, Heptodon cf. H. posticus, and Heptodon sp. , as well as early middle Eocene (Bridgerian) fossils of the brontothere Palaeosyops from localities in the Margaret Formation of the Eureka Sound Group on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Arctic Canada. Their occurrence on Ellesmere Island considerably extends the geographic range of these taxa, previously known from mid-latitude localities in British Columbia (only Heptodon), the Western Interior of the United States, and Asia (Homogalax, Heptodon, and Palaeosyops). We also place the fossil localities near Bay Fiord on central Ellesmere Island into a refined lithostratigraphic framework based upon data from three measured stratigraphic sections. Our stratigraphic data confirm the presence of two, stratigraphically distinct fossil assemblages — a late Wasatchian-aged lower assemblage and a Bridgerian-aged upper assemblage that were previously hypothesized by ot.
Biogeographical affinities of Jurassic and Cretaceous continental vertebrate assemblages from SE Asia

Abstract Over the last 25 years, rich vertebrate assemblages have been discovered in three distinct formations of the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Thailand. This work aims to compare the taxonomic assemblages of SE Asia within their palaeogeographical context in Asia. Occurrences of 477 taxa in 94 Regional Faunal Assemblages (RFA) have provided the raw material for producing a dissimilarity matrix based on the Raup & Crick index. These distances have been investigated statistically to infer relationships between the diverse faunal assemblages in space and time. Our results show that the Thai formations are more similar to each other than to any other formations, suggesting a strong provincialism. The relationship of SE Asian RFAs with other Asian RFAs is more influenced by the presence of freshwater or near-shore taxa than by strictly terrestrial ones. Our analysis shows that the faunal interchange between RFAs was rather low from the Late Jurassic to the end of the Early Cretaceous. However, faunal dispersals dramatically decreased during the mid-Early Cretaceous in Asia. The faunas show an overall stronger provincialism during the mid-Early Cretaceous, indicating the role of possible geographical barriers. This event is characterized by the absence of ornithischian dinosaurs in the Sao Khua Formation although they are present in the under- and overlying formations. Taxonomic diversity and exchanges between faunal assemblages recovered rapidly as early as the Aptian in Asia, but the fauna of SE Asia still retained a strong biogeographical signature.
On Nonlinear Ekman Surface-Layer Pumping

Abstract Simple expressions are presented for the corrections to the classic Ekman pumping law We = ẑ·curl(τ0/f) due to nonlinear advection effects in the surface boundary layer. These involve products of the surface Reynolds stress, τ0 and the underlying ocean currants v0(x, y, t) and their derivatives, and products of τ0(x, y, t) and its own derivatives. The former interaction is independent of the turbulence closure, while the latter is obtained using solutions for a constant eddy viscosity. The corrections are usually small, as is assumed when the linear Ekman pumping relation is applied in ocean modeling. However, they can become significant in circumstances involving very high wind stresses (e.g., a hurricane), or in situations where a strong narrow oceanic current flows under a region of moderate but perhaps relatively uniform surface stress.
Person Re-Identification Using Local Relation-Aware Graph Convolutional Network

Local feature extractions have been verified to be effective for person re-identification (re-ID) in recent literature. However, existing methods usually rely on extracting local features from single part of a pedestrian while neglecting the relationship of local features among different pedestrian images. As a result, local features contain limited information from one pedestrian image, and cannot benefit from other pedestrian images. In this paper, we propose a novel approach named Local Relation-Aware Graph Convolutional Network (LRGCN) to learn the relationship of local features among different pedestrian images. In order to completely describe the relationship of local features among different pedestrian images, we propose overlap graph and similarity graph. The overlap graph formulates the edge weight as the overlap node number in the node’s neighborhoods so as to learn robust local features, and the similarity graph defines the edge weight as the similarity between the nodes to learn discriminative local features. To propagate the information for different kinds of nodes effectively, we propose the Structural Graph Convolution (SGConv) operation. Different from traditional graph convolution operations where all nodes share the same parameter matrix, SGConv learns different parameter matrices for the node itself and its neighbor nodes to improve the expressive power. We conduct comprehensive experiments to verify our method on four large-scale person re-ID databases, and the overall results show LRGCN exceeds the state-of-the-art methods.
Max-Win based Routing(MWR) Protocol for Maritime Communication Networks with Multiple Wireless Media

The current maritime data communications mainly depend on radio and satellite which have restrictions on data rate and cost. That leads to needs of novel relatively-high-speed data communication systems at sea just like on land. This paper proposes a routing protocol (MWR) for newly designed model of ship-to-ship communication networks at sea. The MWR protocol finds out an optimal route by selecting an optimal network for each specific application from overlapped networks of available wireless media at sea.
Amazonian Deforestation and Regional Climate Change

Abstract Large-scale conversion of tropical forests into pastures or annual crops could lead to changes in the climate. We have used a coupled numerical model of the global atmosphere and biosphere (Center for Ocean-Land- Atmosphere GCM) to assess the effects of Amazonian deforestation on the regional and global climate. We found that when the Amazonian tropical forests were replaced by degraded grass (pasture) in the model, there was a significant increase in the mean surface temperature (about 2.5°C) and a decrease in the annual evapo-transpiration (30% reduction), precipitation (25% reduction), and runoff (20% reduction) in the region. The differences between the two simulations were greatest during the dry season. The deforested case was associated with larger diurnal fluctuations of surface temperature and vapor pressure deficit; such effects have been observed in existing deforested arms in Amazonia. The calculated reduction in precipitation was larger than the calculated decrease in evapotranspirat.
Synthetic Pn and Sn phases and the frequency dependence of Q of oceanic lithosphere

The oceanic lithosphere is an extremely efficient waveguide for high-frequency seismic energy. In particular, the propagation of the regional to teleseismic oceanic Pn and Sn phases is largely controlled by properties of the oceanic plates. The shallow velocity gradient in the sub-Moho lithosphere results in a nearly linear travel time curve for these oceanic phases and an onset velocity near the material velocity of the uppermost mantle. The confinement of Pn/Sn to the lithosphere imposes a constraint on the maximum range that a normally refracted wave can be observed. The rapid disappearance of Sn and the discontinuous drop in Pn/Sn group velocity beyond a critical distance, dependent upon the local thickness of the lithosphere, are interpreted as a shadowing effect of the low Q asthenosphere. Wave number integration was used to compute complete synthetic seismograms for a model of oceanic lithosphere. The results were compared to data collected during the 1983 Ngendei Seismic Experiment in the southwest Pacific. The Pn/Sn coda is successfully modeled as a sum of leaky organ-pipe modes in the sediment layer and oceanic water column. While scattering is present to some degree, it is not required to explain the long duration and complicated nature of the Pn/Sn wave trains. The presence of extremely high frequencies in Pn/Sn phases and the greater efficiency of Sn than Pn propagation are interpreted in terms of an absorption band rheology. A shorter high-frequency relaxation time for P waves than for S waves results in a rheology with the property that Qα > Qβ at low frequency while Qβ > Qα at high frequency, consistent with the teleseismic Pn/Sn observations. The absorption band model is to viewed as only an approximation to the true frequency dependence of Q in the oceanic lithosphere for which analytic expressions for the material dispersion have been developed.
Multi-Criteria Optimization of Cost-Effective and Environmentally Friendly Reactive Powder Concrete Incorporating Waste Glass and Micro Calcium Carbonate

In pursuit of developing an eco-friendly and cost-effective reactive powder concrete (RPC), we utilized a multi-objective optimization technique. This approach pivoted on the incorporation of byproducts, with a spotlight on ground glass powder (GP) as a pivotal supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Our goal was twofold: engineering cost-efficient concrete while maintaining environmental integrity. The derived RPC showcased robust mechanical strength and impressive workability. Rigorous evaluations, containing attributes like compressive strength, resistance to chloride ion penetration, ultrasonic pulse speed, and drying shrinkage, highlighted its merits. Notably, the optimized RPC, despite an insignificant decrease in compressive strength at 90 days compared to its traditional counterpart, maintained steady strength augmentation over time. The refinement process culminated in a notable 29% reduction in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) usage and a significant 64% decrease in silica fume (SF), with the optimized mix composition being 590 for cement, 100 for SF, 335 for GP, and 257 kg/m3 for calcium carbonate. Additionally, the optimized RPC stood out due to the enhanced rheological behavior, influenced by the lubricative properties of calcium carbonate and the water conservation features of the glass powder. The reactive properties of SF, combined with GP, brought distinct performance variations, most evident at 28 days. Yet, both mixtures exhibited superior resistance to chloride, deeming them ideal for rigorous settings like coastal regions. Significantly, the RPC iteration, enriched with selective mineral admixtures, displayed a reduced tendency for drying-induced shrinkage, mitigating potential crack emergence.
FILNet: Fast Image-Based Indoor Localization Using an Anchor Control Network

This paper designs a fast image-based indoor localization method based on an anchor control network (FILNet) to improve localization accuracy and shorten the duration of feature matching. Particularly, two stages are developed for the proposed algorithm. The offline stage is to construct an anchor feature fingerprint database based on the concept of an anchor control network. This introduces detailed surveys to infer anchor features according to the information of control anchors using the visual–inertial odometry (VIO) based on Google ARcore. In addition, an affine invariance enhancement algorithm based on feature multi-angle screening and supplementation is developed to solve the image perspective transformation problem and complete the feature fingerprint database construction. In the online stage, a fast spatial indexing approach is adopted to improve the feature matching speed by searching for active anchors and matching only anchor features around the active anchors. Further, to improve the correct matching rate, a homography matrix filter model is used to verify the correctness of feature matching, and the correct matching points are selected. Extensive experiments in real-world scenarios are performed to evaluate the proposed FILNet. The experimental results show that in terms of affine invariance, compared with the initial local features, FILNet significantly improves the recall of feature matching from 26% to 57% when the angular deviation is less than 60 degrees. In the image feature matching stage, compared with the initial K-D tree algorithm, FILNet significantly improves the efficiency of feature matching, and the average time of the test image dataset is reduced from 30.3 ms to 12.7 ms. In terms of localization accuracy, compared with the benchmark method based on image localization, FILNet significantly improves the localization accuracy, and the percentage of images with a localization error of less than 0.1m increases from 31.61% to 55.89%.
Twentieth century floods recorded in the deep Mediterranean sediments

Flood-generated turbidity currents represent an important process of marine sedimentation. However, no deposit related to this process has yet been described at sea. Turbiditic sequences cored at 2000 m water depth in the Mediterranean show tractive structures and superposition of reverse and normal grading. They are related to floods triggered during the twentieth century. Deposits from flood-generated turbidity currents have a great impact on the interpretation of deep-ocean paleoclimate records obtained near continental margins by linking deep-marine sedimentary records to continental climatic changes through flood frequency and magnitude. Implications of this study should help redefine the reservoir character of oil fields in fine-grained turbidites.
Incoherent phase-compensated imaging based on a field scattered by rough surface

Compensation of turbulence in atmospheric imaging is usually hampered by the lack of a reference point source. We consider the possibility of phase compensation based on the reference wave scattered by the rough surface of an object under review. Analysis has been made on the basis of numerical simulation. The recently developed method for incoherent imaging through the atmosphere in anisoplanatic turbulent conditions allows simulating both long-exposure and short-exposure images. We analyze the influence of the size of object reflecting reference wave on the efficiency of phase compensation. Image quality enhancement is observed for the object size significantly exceeding the diffractivelimited size with respect to the receiving aperture. Also we consider the features of phase compensation with the reference wavelength different from visible light ones.
Spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield modeling in the upper Indus River basin

Spatially distributed erosion rates and sediment yields are predicted in the mountainous upper Indus River basin with coupled models of erosion and sediment delivery. Potential erosion rates are calculated with the Thornes model in combination with a surface runoff model. Sediment delivery ratios (SDRs) are hypothesized to be a function of travel time of surface runoff from catchment cells to the nearest downstream channel. Modeled monthly erosion rates for the upper Indus River basin indicate that 87% of the annual gross erosion takes place in the three summer months. The erosion risk map suggests that the areas with the greatest erosion potential are concentrated in subbasins with high relief and a substantial proportion of glacierized area. Lower erosion rates can be explained by the arid climate and low relief on the Tibetan Plateau and by the dense vegetation and lower relief in the lower monsoon subregion. High erosion rates (>1.0 mm a−1) occur over 66.4% of the basin area. The model predicts an average annual erosion rate of 3.2 mm a−1 or 868 Mt a−1, which is approximately 4.5 times the long‐term observed annual sediment yield of the basin. The predicted annual basin sediment yield is 244 Mt a−1, which compares reasonably well to the measured value of 195.1 Mt a−1. The overall sediment delivery ratio in the basin is calculated as 0.28. Model results indicate that higher delivery ratios (SDR > 0.6) are found in 18% of the basin area, mostly located in the high‐relief subbasins. The sediment delivery ratio is lower than 0.2 in 70% of the basin area. The Indus subbasins generally show an increase of sediment delivery ratio with basin area. Model evaluation based on accuracy statistics suggest “very good” to “satisfactory” performance ratings for predicted sediment yields. The presented modeling framework requires relatively few data, all of which can be derived from global data sets. It therefore can be used to predict erosion and sediment yield in other ungaged or poorly gaged drainage basins.
Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas

Preface Part I. Two Road Diverged: Ecology in the Eighteenth Century: 1. Science in Arcadia 2. The empire of reason Part II. The Subversive Science: Thoreau's Romantic Ecology: 3. A naturalist in concord 4. Nature looking into nature 5. Roots and branches Part III. The Dismal Science: Darwinian Ecology: 6. A fallen world 7. The education 8. Scrambling for place 9. The ascent of man Part IV. O Pioneers: Ecology on the Frontier: 10. Words on a map 11. Clements and the climax community 12. Dust follows the plow Part V. The Morals of a Science: Ethics, Economics, and Ecology: 13. The value of a varmint 14. Producers and consumers 15. Declarations of interdependence Part VI. The Age of Ecology: Science and the Fate of the Earth: 16. Healing the planet 17. Disturbing nature Notes Glossary of terms Selected Bibliography Index.
Population-Based Black-Box Optimization for Biological Sequence Design

SUMMARY The Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland is one of the most seismically active mining areas in the world. Seismic observations supported by the Central Mining Institute date back to the 1950s, and include an extensive mine tremors data bank, which has been in operation since that time. More than 55 900 mine tremors of energy E≥ 105 J (local magnitude ML≥ 1.5) occurred over the period 1974–2005. In the USCB, two types of tremors can be distinguished. These are the so-called ‘mining-tectonic’ seismicity and ‘mining’ seismicity. The ‘mining-tectonic’ seismicity results from the interaction between mining and tectonic factors. These seismic events appear to be located in tectonically disturbed zones and their sources are visibly more energetic. The mine tremor source mechanism can mostly be the normal dip-slip fault with a marked strike-slip component in the source region. The rupture plane azimuths and dips of these seismic events correlate well with the strike and dip of the pre-existing local faults, in the vicinity of which the mine tremor sources have been located. The generalized mine tremor source mechanism of the events under consideration contributed a less than 15 per cent implosion component, an about 15 per cent uniaxial compressional component, and an about 70 per cent shear component to the total seismic moment tensor solution. The second one—‘mining seismicity’—is strongly associated with the mining activity and seismic events that occur in the vicinity of active mining excavations. These events are energetically weak and their source mechanism can be of explosive type. The total seismic moment tensor is composed of: 20–50 per cent explosive component, practically the same amount of uniaxial compressional component and a very small amount of shear component (less than 10 per cent).
Bias and sensitivity analyses for linear front-door models

The front-door model allows unbiased estimation of a total effect in the presence of unobserved confounding. This guarantee of unbiasedness hinges on a set of assumptions that can be violated in practice. We derive formulas that quantify the amount of bias for specific violations, and contrast them with bias that would be realized from a naive estimator of the effect. Some violations result in simple, monotonic increases in bias, while others lead to more complex bias, consisting of confounding bias, collider bias, and bias amplification. In some instances, these sources of bias can (partially) cancel each other out. We present ways to conduct sensitivity analyses for all violations, and provide code that performs sensitivity analyses for the linear front-door model. We finish with an applied example of the effect of math self-efficacy on educational achievement.
Aronia in the Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Regimen

Aronia melanocarpa berries are rich in antioxidants and possess a high antioxidant capacity. Aronia berries have shown potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment, and previous studies indicate improvements in glycemia after supplementation. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of aronia berries is limited by the low bioavailability of aronia, which fermentation could potentially overcome. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of fermented or non-fermented aronia pulp with placebo in subjects with T2DM. This study was a triple-blinded, triple-crossover study with eight-week intervention periods with fermented aronia extract (FAE), non-fermented aronia extract (AE), and placebo. Extracts were incorporated in snack bars with 37% aronia (FAE or AE) or wheat bran (placebo) and 63% raisins and coconut oil. Pre- and post-treatment period, we did fasting blood samples, including hemoglobin A1c, fructosamine, insulin, glucose, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon, oral glucose tolerance tests, and anthropometric measurements. Of 36 randomized participants, 23 completed the trial. Aside from a higher increase in GIP after FAE supplementation compared to after placebo supplementation, aronia extracts had no effect. The increase in GIP levels after FAE supplementation may hold potential benefits, but the overall clinical impact remains unclear.
Exhumation Tectonics of the Sanbagawa High-Pressure Metamorphic Belt, Southwest Japan—Constraints from the Upper and Lower Boundary Faults

We have determined the exhumation process of the Sanbagawa Belt based on kinematic analyses of the upper and the lower boundary faults. The Sanbagawa Belt is tectonically intercalated as a thin subhorizontal sheet between overlying, weakly metamorphosed Jurassic and underlying Cretaceous accretionary complexes (e.g., Maruyama et al., 1996). On the lower boundary in Kii Peninsula, pumpellyite—actinolite facies metabasites have undergone semibrittle deformation, indicating a top-to-the south sense of thrusting. The upper boundary in central Shikoku is north-vergent, and indicates a top-to-the north sense of shear; this suggests that the original normal fault on the boundary was warped by later doming. These results support a model of selective exhumation of the Sanbagawa Belt from a depth of 30 km, and its juxtaposition against the over-and underlying accretionary complexes by orogen-orthogonal movements.