Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Counterfactuals and the underlying processing mechanism

: Counterfactuals are contrary-to-fact statements which are widely used in daily life to convey thoughts about what might have been. Previous studies have revealed that, different from fact-based processing, counterfactual processing triggers a dual mental representation/space (suppositional event vs. presupposed fact) and therefore engages more cognitive resources. This paper makes a detailed discussion on the processing mechanism underlying counterfactuals from the perspective of syntactic and contextual constraints. On the one hand, it is revealed that contextual relevance would influence the online construction and resolution of dual representation. The validity of real-world interference stands or falls with the provision of a sufficiently constraining context. Syntactically, on the other hand, the lack of dedicated counterfactual markers in Chinese makes its native speakers more inclined to rely on contextual cues and pragmatic implications to express and understand counterfactuality. Yet it remains unsolved whether the processing mechanism underlying Chinese counterfactuals would differentiate from that which underlies Indo-European counterfactuals due to the difference in syntactic structures. To achieve a comprehensive understanding about the cognitive neural mechanism of counterfactuals, a wider variety of languages should be explored, and the individual difference in counterfactual processing deserves more attention. Further attempts should also be made to investigate how the dual representation of counterfactuals unfolds in time and influences successive information processing.
Using HIE-FDTD method to simulate graphene’s interband conductivity

Abstract A hybrid implicit–explicit-finite-difference time-domain (HIE-FDTD) method is modified to simulate the graphene. In this method, both the intraband and interband conductivity of grahene are considered. A simple Pade fit method is used to represent the interband conductivity which has complex relation with the angular frequency, and is incorporated into the HIE-FDTD method directly through an auxiliary difference equation. An infinite graphene sheet is simulated using presented technique and the result is compared with that of the conventional FDTD scheme and theoretical value. The results show that the HIE-FDTD method has excellent computational accuracy and considerably higher computational efficiency than FDTD scheme. Besides, the numerical example presents that the interband conductivity of the graphene has important effect on the numerical result at high frequency range, especially when the chemical potential is small.
Analysis of terahertz scattering from electrically large scatterer with NURBS modeling

Abstract A novel expression based on conventional Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines surfaces is proposed to model a scatterer, which can be used to overcome the deficiencies of conventional modeling method and can also be combined perfectly with the stationary phase method (SPM). Furthermore, we propose a fast and accurate algorithm to locate inner critical points and boundary critical points of physical optics (PO) integrals, as well as to locate stationary points of edge-diffracted integrals. The terahertz (THz) scattering field from an electrically large scatterer is evaluated by the physical theory of diffraction and SPM (PTD-SPM), which consists of four parts, including the PO scattering field from inner critical points, boundary critical points, corner points of PO integrals, and edge-diffracted field from the stationary points of edge-diffracted integral. Moreover, the order of magnitude of each part contribution is derived. Numerical results demonstrate that PTD-SPM is a valid and efficient algorithm for analyzing THz scattering from an electrically large scatterer.
Birth of the Biscane

This paper describes the unprecedented storm Stephanie, which exhibited tropical characteristics over the Bay of Biscay on 15 September 2016. Remote sensing observations reveal a cloud‐free area surrounded by a circular precipitation pattern and an axisymmetric wind field, while buoy observations show an abrupt drop in wind speed during the passage of the storm centre. Model analysis further corroborates an ongoing tropical transition from a frontal cold‐core to a symmetric warm‐core system. By analogy with ‘Medicanes’ (Mediterranean hurricanes), we name this storm a ‘Biscane’ (Biscay hurricane). Weather systems of this kind may become more frequent in a warmer climate.
Theory of elasticity

This book is designed for use by students and teachers in the field of applied mechanics and mathematics, and for practitioners in civil and mechanical engineering. Since tensor calculus is an indispensable prerequisite when dealing with the theory of elasticity in a modern way, the first part of the book consists in an introduction into this subject. In the second part, the physical foundations of the theory of elasticity are given, including nonlinearities. The excursion into the field of geometric and physical nonlinearities is done in order to prepare the reader for further advances into the most recent developments of the theory. The book itself, in the remainder, is restricted to linear problems only. The third part of the book deals with the mathematical theory of linear elasticity in full extent. Curvilinear problems, two- and three-dimensional problems are included. Stress has been put on working out a systematic approach to the solutions of all kinds of stress states, not neglecting triaxial problems. Also, energy methods have been dealt with, taking into account the generalization and extension of these methods by Rudiger and Reiss ner. The fourth and last part of the book consists in an application of the general methods, as outlined in part 3, to special structures like plates and shells, thus giving hopefully something of interest to the practising engineer. "
Reduction in NIR absorption of spinel through annealing

Transparent magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) has been developed as an optical ceramic for a variety of applications, including as windows. As a broadband, ultraviolet (UV) thru midwave infrared (MIR) material, it has been developed for windows and has many desirable properties compared with alternative infrared glasses and other transparent ceramics. Current efforts to advance high strength spinel manufacturing processes have demonstrated progress toward large format windows. Although low-absorption spinel, specifically in the near-infrared (NIR) has been demonstrated previously, additional processing is required for new, large-scale spinel manufacturing processes to decrease the effects of impurities near one-micron wavelengths. In this work we present recent results that show measured absorption near 1 μm is reduced by annealing, which reduces effects of trace impurities. Experimental results from photo-thermal common-path interferometer measurements are reported.
Time-lagged and cumulative effects of drought and anthropogenic activities on China's vegetation greening from 1990 to 2018

ABSTRACT Previous studies have confirmed the time-lagged and cumulative effects of drought and anthropogenic activities on vegetation growth, but these studies focus on the time-lagged effect of drought and are poorly known how vegetation productivity responds to anthropogenic activities. Here, based on the reconstructed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index and land use degree comprehensive index, we diagnosed the spatiotemporal pattern of vegetation and drought, investigated time-lagged and cumulative effects of drought and anthropogenic activities over China through the month where the maximum correlation coefficient occurred. It revealed that the browning trend of 32.21% of vegetated lands was covered by overall greening, especially in northwestern China. Drought intensified with a rate of 0.0014/year. 66.41% and 54.57% of the vegetated lands had time-lagged and cumulative response to drought, with a shorter timescales of 1–4 months, indicating the higher sensitivity of vegetation growth to drought. There was a U-shaped relationship between moisture conditions and vegetation response time. 49.9% of China's vegetation showed time-lagged effects to anthropogenic activities, with a longer timescales of 6–10 years, demonstrating that anthropogenic activities triggered ecological changes but vegetation ecosystems cannot keep pace. The accumulated and time-lagged years declined with increased land use intensity.
Design Aesthetics Methods: Chinese Graduate Students Using Laundry Bags in the UK as an Example

: Proficiency in the application of design research methods is a basic competency that student researchers need to master. During the learning phase, experienced researchers demonstrate various design research methods for student designers to understand and practice. At present, there are a large number of literatures and books that introduce the definition of different design research methods and give relevant practical examples. Moreover, student researchers still have confusion about the process of the research method in the early design
Budaya Akuntansi Indonesia: Praktik Akuntansi Level Keluarga, Masyarakat, dan Bisnis

This study describes the accounting culture with the existence of financial cycles among Indonesian people. This research fosters the role of the philosophy of science to see accounting culture in community activities in general from its multi-paradigm perspective. There are various accounting cultures that are spread giving birth to a variety of accounting treatments that are applied in each culture. We make a qualitative systematic review as the basis for the method in this study. The results of the study show that the variety of accounting culture in Indonesia can be classified into three levels, namely the accounting culture at the family level, community level, and business level. The accounting culture that grows in Indonesia is more accountable in nature so it is not a formal object related to the recognition, measurement, and presentation of accounting information. The material object of Indonesian accounting culture is the customary practice of a society that has a social order. Systematics that are consistent and carried out continuously and passed down from generation to generation make the system a culture.
Tri-band miniaturized wide-angle and polarization-insensitive metasurface for ambient energy harvesting

In this paper, a tri-band miniaturized wide-angle and polarization-insensitive metasurface is proposed as an ambient energy collector. The metasurface is composed of a subwavelength butterfly-type closed-ring (BCR) array attached to a low-loss substrate with a metallic ground. Each unit cell of the energy harvesting metasurface has only one harvesting port. Its energy harvesting efficiency for different polarization and incident angles was analyzed, and the results show that the maximum harvesting efficiency is 90%, 83%, and 81% at the three frequency bands of 0.9 GHz, 2.6 GHz, and 5.7 GHz, respectively. Moreover, a prototype of the 7 × 7 BCR metasurface harvesting array was fabricated and measured. The experimental results validate that the proposed metasurface performs well under transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarization and is suitable for wide-angle incident energy harvesting in the three frequency bands.
Operative Management of Burns: Traditional Care

Surgical treatment of burn wounds has had a tremendous impact on burn patients. The survival of patients with massive burns is now very common. Expeditious coverage of the wound has been a major contributor to improved survival, but survival is not enough. There is a need to improve the ultimate functional and cosmetic outcomes of the wound in order to facilitate a patient’s return to society. This paper reviews strategies, using fairly basic techniques, to optimize the outcomes of burn patients. While there are many new skin products available, the strategies presented here can apply to any surgeon treating burns throughout the entire world.
Exploring the developing preterm brain with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging

The majority of preterm-born infants now survive beyond the perinatal period. However, this has been accompanied by increases in neurodevelopmental impairment not explained by the presence of focal lesions on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a quantitative MRI technique with the potential to assess micro-structural brain abnormalities. This project examines the developing preterm brain using computational analysis of DTI data. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) is a method for registering diffusion-derived fractional anisotropy (FA) data to allow objective investigation of cerebral white matter tracts. FA maps from term-born control infants and preterm infants at term age with no evidence of focal white matter abnormality on conventional MRI were used to assess the feasibility of using TBSS with neonatal DTI data, and then to investigate the effects of preterm birth on white matter microstructure at term. FA was found to be reduced in the preterm group in numerous white matter regions, with the most immature-born infants displaying more extensive regions of FA reduction. The effects of various clinical variables on FA data processed using TBSS were assessed in another cohort of preterm infants imaged at term. This demonstrated for the first time that acute and chronic lung disease are independently associated with localised cerebral white matter abnormalities in the genu of the corpus callosum and the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus respectively. Whilst using TBSS, only major white matter tracts can be studied. To enable analysis of whole brain DTI data, optimisation of a nonlinear registration algorithm based on basissplines for retrospective unwarping of echo planar DTI data is presented.
Connectedness Properties of Self-Similar Graphs

This thesis is broadly concerned with two problems: obtaining the mathematical model of the specific infinite self-similar graph, and investigating the connectedness of the tree-like graph in order to show its relation to the associated hyperbolic space. Our main result concerning the former problem is that, in a variety of situations, the self-similar infinite structure obtained by using our method as the graph product of a disconnected finite graph and regular rooted tree can be connected (i.e. have the hyperbolic metric space associated to it). This addresses a question about the existence of the optimal depth for the breadth-first search algorithm and also has possible applications to the recent research topics in Psychological and Brain Sciences. We approach the connectedness problem by showing the similarity of obtained geometric structures to well known algebraic structures such as groupoid and pseudogroup. One of our main results is that, under the assumption that the emerged geometric self-similar structure is connected, it is naturally associated to the hyperbolic metric space. Thus, the variety of well known methods can be applied in further study. We also show that the connectedness of our structure can be reached in the finite number of steps or can not be reached at all. This gives the grounds for the optimal application of the breadth-first search algorithm.
Research on the Influence Mechanism of ESG Performance on Institutional Investors' Shareholding: Empirical evidence from China

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the labor force and supply chain have been greatly impacted, the global economy has been in a downturn, and the changes in environmental and social risks have made companies that lack a solid market position or financial foundation suffer great losses. In the new era, institutional investors are in urgent need of judgment criteria other than traditional financial data (such as ESG performance) to ensure that they can select investment projects with high potential and strong anti-risk ability. This paper takes Chinese listed companies from 2010 to 2021 as samples to empirically test the influence mechanism of ESG performance on institutional investors' shareholding. The results show that: (1) ESG performance can significantly promote the shareholding of institutional investors; (2) There is a significant relationship between ESG performance and enterprise internal indicators. Good ESG performance is inversely proportional to business risk and proportional to enterprise value, which reflects the internal economic indicators valued by institutional investors to a certain extent. (3) A good ESG is manifested externally, which significantly promotes the attention of corporate media and analysts, enhances corporate reputation, has a dominant position in public opinion, and increases the shareholding of institutional investors.
Directional dependence of binaural loudness

Even though there is a vast body of literature on spatial hearing, little is known on how the location of a sound source affects its loudness. The pertinent research on head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) primarily deals with issues of localization and spatial discriminability. The literature on binaural loudness summation, on the other hand, focuses on a highly artificial paradigm according to which unnatural combinations of sound pressure levels (such as monotic-diotic comparisons) are presented to listeners via headphones.
Phenomenological Aspects of Supersymmetry with Heavier Scalars

xv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 An overview of the Standard Model . 2 1.2 Introduction to Supersymmetry . 7 1.3 Motivation for studying Supersymmetry with heavier scalars . 16 1.4 Outline of this dissertation . 17 Chapter 2: Superpartners at LHC and Future Colliders Predictions from Constrained Compactified M-Theory 21 2.
Indium Zinc Oxide Nanosheet Transistor With 2 nm Channel Thickness for Monolithic Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit

We have successfully fabricated an amorphous indium zinc oxide (a-IZO) thin film transistor (TFT) with a 2 nm-thick nanosheet channel, which demonstrated an impressive mobility of 84 cm2/V-s. By shrinking the channel length and width, the a-IZO TFT exhibited a high drain current density of 1.6 mA/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V} _{D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 1 V, a sharper subthreshold swing of 72 mV/dec, and better drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 94 mV/V. By integrating p-type low-temperature poly-Si (LTPS) TFT and n-type a-IZO TFT, we have designed a heterogeneous complementary inverter that can achieve a high voltage gain of 99 V/V, while consuming only a few picowatts of power at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V} _{\text {DD}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 1.5 V. All thermal budgets used in this study are compatible with the back-end-of-line (BEOL) process, making it a suitable approach for fabricating monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuits (M3D-ICs).
X-ray Analysis of Fully Depleted Thick CCDs with Small Pixel Size

55 Fe X-rays frames offer a lot of information about CCD characteristics. They ore traditionally being used for CCD gain and charge transfer efficiency (CTE) measurements. The pixel size af modern sclentiflC CCDs is getting smaller. The charge diffusion causes the chorge_spread among neighboring pixels especially in thick fully depleted sensors. This enables measurement of the charge diffusion using 55 Fe X-rays. On the other hand, the usual CTE characterization method based on single pixel X-ray events becomes statistically deficient. A new way of measuring CTE using shape and amplitude analysis of X-ray clusters is presented and discussed. This method requires high statistical samples. Advances in test automation and express analysis technique allows for acquiring such statistical samples in o short period of time. The details of our measurement procedure are presented. This analysis con reveal CTE problems. The lateral diffusion measured using e2v CCD250 is presented and implications for X-ray cluster size and expected cluster shape are discussed.
Multidecadal convection permitting climate simulations over Belgium: sensitivity of future precipitation extremes

We performed five high resolution (2.8 km) decadal convection permitting scale (CPS) climate simulations over Belgium using the COSMO‐CLM regional climate model and examined the future changes in daily precipitation extremes compared to coarser resolution simulations. The CPS model underestimates the higher percentiles during both seasons, however, some improvements in the higher percentile values are noticed during the summer season. Analysis of three future climate simulations indicates that the CPS model modifies the future signals of daily precipitation extremes compared to their forcing non‐CPS simulations during summer. During this season, the increase (decrease) in the daily precipitation extremes is stronger in the CPS compared to the non‐CPS simulations. During winter, no significant changes between CPS and non‐CPS were found.
Hilbert Class Fields of Imaginary Quadratic Fields and Reflex Fields of Certain Sextic CM Fields

In this thesis we look at particular details of class field theory for complex multiplication fields. We begin by giving some background on fields, abelian varieties, and complex multiplication. We then turn to the first task of this thesis and give an implementation in Sage of a classical algorithm to compute the Hilbert class field of a quadratic complex multiplication field using the j-invariant of elliptic curves with complex multiplication by the ring of integers of the field, and we include three explicit examples to illustrate the algorithm. The second part of this thesis contains new results: Let K be a sextic complex multiplication field with Galois closure L such that the Galois group of L over Q is isomorphic to D12, the dihedral group with twelve elements. For each complex multiplication type Φ of K, we compute the reflex field and reflex type of the pair (K,Φ) explicitly. We then illustrate our results with the case of K = Q[x]/(x6 − 2x5 + 2x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 − 4x+ 2).
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Received Nov 15, 2022 Revised Jan 28, 2023 Accepted Feb 23, 2023 In the internet of things (IoT), there are resource-constrained and immense heterogeneous electronic gadgets worldwide. Till now, no single IoT application layer messaging protocol is the best, nor axiomatic for every requirement. This paper exhaustively summarizes information on the messaging protocols from the available previous research sources online. Our goal is to encapsulate a simple guideline so that users can choose an optimal messaging protocol quickly according to development requirements and specifications. For this purpose, we have reviewed the literature on six enabling and evolving application layer messaging protocols used for IoT systems namely, message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), advanced message queuing protocol (AMQP), the constrained application protocol (CoAP), extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), data distribution service (DDS), and simple text-oriented messaging protocol (STOMP) in terms of some interrelated metrics. Additionally, we represented a critical analysis of the application layer messaging protocols. This study will be helpful to readers with valuable insights and guide research scholars and developers in choosing optimal application layer messaging protocols based on development specifications and requirements.