Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A directional Lipschitz extension lemma, with applications to uniqueness and Lagrangianity for the continuity equation

Abstract We prove a Lipschitz extension lemma in which the extension procedure simultaneously preserves the Lipschitz continuity for two nonequivalent distances. The two distances under consideration are the Euclidean distance and, roughly speaking, the geodesic distance along integral curves of a (possibly multi-valued) flow of a continuous vector field. The Lipschitz constant for the geodesic distance of the extension can be estimated in terms of the Lipschitz constant for the geodesic distance of the original function. This Lipschitz extension lemma allows us to remove the high integrability assumption on the solution needed for the uniqueness within the DiPerna-Lions theory of continuity equations in the case of vector fields in the Sobolev space where p is larger than the space dimension, under the assumption that the so-called “forward-backward integral curves” associated to the vector field are trivial for almost every starting point. More precisely, for such vector fields we prove uniqueness and Lagrangianity for weak solutions of the continuity equation that are just locally integrable. Additionally, for such vector fields it is possible to prove almost everywhere uniqueness of (standard) integral curves, which also implies uniqueness of positive measure solutions to the continuity equation with absolutely continuous initial datum.
Layout Dependence of Total Ionizing Dose Effects on 12-nm Bulk FinFET Core Digital Structures

An apparent layout dependence for total ionizing dose (TID) susceptibility in a commercial 12-nm fin-based field-effect transistor (FinFET) technology is identified. While drain current scales with the width-to-length ratio prior to irradiation, after exposure, layout location becomes the dominant factor in TID response. To examine this effect, devices across multiple chip locations were biased and irradiated. All structures exhibited the same layout dependence regardless of the position on the test chip. In addition, TID responses were examined using both X-rays and $\gamma $ -ray sources, and it was found that this effect did not depend on the type of radiation source. As a method of examining possible reasons of this effect, TCAD simulations were performed to evaluate the impact of sub-fin doping on the TID response of these structures. It was determined that small deviations of the sub-fin doping concentration could result in large changes in the drain current after the TID exposure. Hence, the overall TID response of these structures may be heavily dependent on the doping level in the sub-fin region.
Radiation forces on Au nanoparticles considering infrared beams

The radiation pressure forces for Au nanoparticles in the Rayleigh regime under the influence of a coherent source of infrared light from 0.7-1.5 μm of a Gaussian beam with fundamental mode corresponding to the TEM00 mode are studied. An intensity distribution of the source in terms of the spot size and power are considered to analyze the gradient, scattering and absorption forces on a sphere located arbitrarily on a Gaussian beam. The results have shown, through an analysis stability, the optical manipulation is better suited for longer wavelengths, small particles, and a beam waist significantly reduced.
Implicit function theorem in topological spaces

We prove here a Filippov type implicit function theorem for Carath$eacute;odory mappings in general topological space. We also prove a Banach space version which is applicable to optimal control problems. For this purpose, we introduce the basic concepts of separation in topological spaces. Connections between separation properties of spaces and measurability of graphs of multifunctions are established. AMS (MOS): 57C65
A Ginzburg-Landau-Type Problem for Highly Anisotropic Nematic Liquid Crystals

We carry out an asymptotic analysis of a thin nematic liquid crystal in which one elastic constant dominates over the others, namely \begin{align} \label{energyab} \inf E_\varepsilon(u)\quad\mbox{where}\quad E_\varepsilon(u) := \frac{1}{2}\int_\Omega \left\{\varepsilon\,|\nabla u|^2 + \frac{1}{\varepsilon} \,(|u|^2 - 1)^2 + L \,(\mathrm{div}\,u)^2\right\} \,dx. \end{align} Here $u: \Omega \to \mathbb R^2$ is a vector field, $0 0$ is a fixed constant, independent of $\varepsilon$. We derive the $\Gamma$-limit $E_0$, which is a sum of a bulk term penalizing divergence and an Aviles-Giga type wall energy involving the cube of the jump in the tangential component of the $\mathbb{S}^1$-valued order parameter. We then derive criticality conditions for $E_0$ and analyze minimization of $E_0$ both rigorously and numerically for various domains $\Omega$ and a variety of Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Exact Peakon, Compacton, Solitary Wave, and Periodic Wave Solutions for a Generalized KdV Equation

We employ the approaches of both dynamical system and numerical simulation to investigate a generalized KdV equation, which is presented by Yin (2012). Some peakon, compacton, solitary wave, smooth periodic wave, and periodic cusp wave solutions are obtained, and the planar graphs of the compactons and the periodic cusp waves are simulated.
Analysis and optimization approach for the doped amorphous layers of silicon heterojunction solar cells

Comparison of the open-circuit voltage (external voltage Voc,ext) determined by Suns-Voc measurements with the implied voltage Voc,impl determined by transient photoconductance decay lifetime measurements can yield a quick and easy analysis of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, especially in regard to finding the optimum doping concentration of the emitter layer [or back surface field (BSF)]. A sufficiently high doping concentration of the emitter and BSF is mandatory to extract the internal Fermi-level splitting and thus the internal voltage, at the solar cell contacts. However increasing the concentration of doping gases during the deposition of doped amorphous silicon layers results in a reduction of the interface passivation quality and Voc,impl. The best trade off is realized when the ratio of Voc,ext to Voc,impl (external/internal Voc-ratio ζ) reaches a saturation value near 1 upon increasing the doping concentration. AFORS-HET (Automat FOR Simulation of HETerostructures) simulations resulted.
Three-dimensional effects in "atom diodes": atom-optical devices for one-way motion

The ``atom diode'' is a laser device that lets the ground state atom pass in one direction but not in the opposite direction. We examine three-dimensional effects of that device for arbitrary atomic incidence angles on flat laser sheets and set breakdown limiting angles and velocities. It is found that a correct diodic behavior independent of the incident angle can be obtained with blue detuned lasers.
The Creation of Superrich Lithium Giants

A time-dependent «convective diffusion» algorithm has been coupled for the first time with a self-consistent full evolutionary computation in order to investigate theoretically the creation of superrich lithium stars on the asymptotic giant branch. Stars of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 M ⊙ stars are considered, for Z = 0.02 and Z = 0.001. Superrich lithium stars were produced when convective envelope base temperatures exceeded 50 × 10 6 K. Abundances of log e( 7 Li) ∼4.5 were obtained for stars of mass 4-6 M ⊙ , lying in the luminosity range M bol ∼ -6 to -7, in excellent agreement with observations
Positive Aspects of Welfare in Sheep: Current Debates and Future Opportunities

Simple Summary Positive welfare represents an expansion of the traditional animal welfare understanding that animal welfare is defined by minimizing negative experiences such as stress, pain, suffering, and disease. Positive welfare as a concept shifts the narrative from just reducing negative experiences to intentionally providing animals with increased opportunities to have positive experiences and feelings. The concept, although around for several decades, is in its infancy in terms of developing ways of assessing positive welfare on farms. Therefore, the adoption of practices that promote opportunities for positive welfare and experiences faces challenges, especially in monitoring continuous improvement at the farm level. The most apparent challenge is the lack of validated indicators to characterize a full spectrum of positive welfare experiences and feelings for farm animals. Assessing positive welfare in extensively reared animals such as sheep may pose additional practical challenges too. Using an iterative approach, this critical review aims to explore the extent to which positive welfare interventions and indicators are positioned and have been developed within the literature on sheep welfare. This paper critiques existing literature in terms of potential indicators for current and future research and characterizes the practicality and suitability of these indicators for on-farm welfare assessments. Finally, potential aspects of positive welfare for sheep are highlighted so that they may guide future research and practical implementation on farms. Abstract The concept of positive welfare is an expansion of the traditional understanding that animal welfare is defined by minimizing stress, pain, suffering, and disease. Positive welfare shifts the animal welfare narrative from a focus on reducing negative experiences to proactively providing animals with opportunities to have positive experiences and feelings. The concept, although around for several decades, is in its infancy in terms of developing ways of assessing positive welfare on farms, especially in extensive systems, and there are challenges in the adoption of positive welfare practices and the monitoring of continuous improvement at the farm level. Using an iterative approach, this critical review aims to explore the extent to which positive welfare interventions and indicators are positioned and have been developed within the animal welfare literature for sheep. This paper critiques existing positive welfare indicators, such as choices in food and the physical environment, conspecific social synchronization, maternal bonds, intergenerational knowledge transfer, positive human–animal relationships, etc., as currently assessed by the ‘good life framework’. It also reviews the characteristics of scientific measures for (positive) affective states in the current sheep literature and their potential contribution to understanding positive welfare states in sheep. In conclusion, this paper provides recommendations for future research regarding sheep welfare.
Deceived bilateral filter for improving the classification of football players from TV broadcast

This paper presents a novel image abstraction tech- nique, the deceived bilateral filter (DBF). The DBF combines border sharpening with simplification of homogeneous regions to achieve moderate de-blurring and colour emphasis. The aim of the DBF is to remove noise of colour and shape descriptors (histograms and contours) of the blobs corresponding to football players. The experiment implemented for this paper consists in an unsupervised histogram based classification of the blobs based on the team of the football players aiming to evaluate histogram de-noising. The results show an average classification success rate improvement of 11%.
A Sublimation-initiated Mesoscale Downdraft and Its Relation to the Wind Field below a Precipitating Anvil Cloud

Abstract A simple, one-dimensional model is developed to examine the potential for a sublimation-initiated mesoscale downdraft to influence the dynamics of the subanvil region by advecting horizontal momentum from a high-level precipitating anvil cloud downward into the middle or lower troposphere. Model results suggest that this vertical advection can occur on a time scale of several hours or less, although it is found to be highly dependent upon the snow mixing ratio within the overlying anvil cloud and lapse rates in the environment below. The study is motivated by an examination of data from a 50-MHz radar wind profiler on 24 June 1985 that suggests downward momentum advection from anvil base may have produced unbalanced flow in midlevels, owing to strong flow within the anvil and weak midlevel geostrophic winds. For this situation, we hypothesize that as the anvil cloud both dissipated and was advected horizontally away from the profiler site by the strong, upper-level winds, the downdraft weakened a.
Annihilating probability measures under constraints

Let P be a probability measure and H ⊆ L ∞(P) be a linear subspace and 0 < c ≤ 1 ≤ C real constants. Then we give a relatively computable criterion whether or not there exists a H-annihilating probability measure Q ∼ P equivalent to P with density c ≤ dQ/dP ≤ C. In fact we also prove a version where L ∞(P) is replaced by C(K) for a compact Hausdorff space K.
Ground truth confirmation and theoretical limits of an experimental VLF arrival time difference lightning flash locating system

During trials of a VLF Arrival Time Difference (ATD) technique for long range lightning flash location, an apparently well organized and isolated flash sequence was located. Internal ATD evidence suggests flashes were located at a thousand-kilometre range to within 5 km. ‘Ground truth’ based on synoptic/mesoscale considerations, observer reports, and lightning damage claims confirms locations to 10–15 km. In addition, elimination of systematic effects from internal ATD evidence demonstrates relative flash location errors of 0.9-1.8 km, and a ‘tight cluster’ of ATD fixes features scatter in location which is not inconsistent with these values. The nature of VLF lightning flash observation is examined, and shown to be consistent with errors even smaller than this.
Dual-Band and Triple-Band Filtering Power Dividers Using Coupled Lines

In this brief, new dual-band and triple-band filtering power dividers (FPDs) with sharp frequency selectivity are proposed. Firstly, the dual-band FPD is developed and mainly composed of a quarter-wavelength three-line parallel coupled line structure, five transmission lines, and a pair of short-ended parallel coupled lines. Based on this specific structure, with two extra transmission lines imported, a triple-band FPD is further attained. Multiple transmission zeros are generated successfully in the above two designs, thus leading to a sharp skirt selectivity. For the above FPD designs, only a single isolated resistor is arranged between the two side lines of three-line parallel coupled line for nice port-to-port isolation within wide passbands. For demonstration, a prototype dual-band FPD operating at 2.38 and 3.80 GHz with a size of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.67{\lambda }\text{g}\,\,{\times }\,\,0.68{\lambda }\text{g}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and a triple-band FPD operating at 2.38 GHz, 3.42 GHz, and 3.91 GHz with a size of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.66{\lambda }\text{g}\,\,{\times }\,\,0.68{\lambda }\text{g}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are designed, fabricated, and tested, respectively.
The concept of a time‐of‐sojourn operator and spreading of wave packets

The concept of sojourn time and a sojourn time operator, aimed at describing the length of time spent by a quantum mechanical system in a given subspace of states, is investigated. A general rigorous definition to the sojourn time operator is given and some of its properties are studied. In particular, it is shown that the usual Born’s probability interpretation of the associated spectral measure yields strange, if not paradoxical, results, resembling the well‐known quantum mechanical Zeno paradox. Also a specific example of a free nonrelativistic particle is considered. Here it is proven that the probability Pt(Ω) of the particle being present in a volume Ω at time t cannot vanish on a set of t having nonzero measure. This implies that the sojourn time in Ω never vanishes, and that zero is never an eigenvalue of the sojourn time operator. It is also shown that for a very general class of sets Ω, including all bounded sets, the sojourn time turns out to be bounded with a bound independent of the initial s.
Small Heights in Large Non-Abelian Extensions

Let E be an elliptic curve over the rationals. Let L be an infinite Galois extension of the rationals with uniformly bounded local degrees at almost all primes. We will consider the infinite extension L(E_tor) of the rationals where we adjoin all coordinates of torsion points of E. In this paper we will prove an effective lower bound for the height of non-zero elements in L(E_tor) that are not a root of unity.
Industrial heritage reuse ideas on the move: comparative case studies in Shanghai and Chongqing, China

ABSTRACT Following the transnational flow of industrial heritage conservation, urban China has adopted a cultural strategy – adaptive reuse of industrial heritage – for the transformation of the inner-city industrial landscape. However, a wide gap exists between the concepts and outcomes of conservation practices in most urban regeneration projects. Taking Shanghai and Chongqing as cases, this study traces the origin, process, and outcomes of industrial heritage reuse ideas. The analysis unravels the rationale for the making of discourse on heritage in local urban policies or projects. The territorialization of an idea of adaptively reusing heritage for urban regeneration merely commenced on a poetic imagination but closed on a real estate dimension, which responds to local institutional contextual constraints. This study relates the relationality – territoriality approach to heritage studies, reveals industrial heritage reuse ideas on the move in China, and argues that the reshaping of industrial heritage reuse ideas entails territoriality and relationality.
THE BEHAVIOR OF MICROSCALED BROWNIAN PARTICLES IN A CYLINDER UNDER NATURAL-AND MAGNETIC-CONVECTION FLOW FIELD OF AIR

ABSTRACT The behavior of carbon particles (mostly 1μm in diameter) in a natural-convection flow field of air and a magnetic field was studied numerically. One thousand particles were released randomly in a vertical cylinder whose height is equal to its radius. The bottom of the enclosure was heated and the side wall was cooled. A coil with electric current was set coaxially with the cylindrical enclosure. For the nano- and micro- order particles, Brownian motion was taken into consideration and the Langevin equation was solved for the particles. The results show that the behavior of 1-μm-sized particles depends mainly on the flow field. The magnetic field changes the flow mode of natural convection of air due to the paramagnetic susceptibility of oxygen and affects the behavior of the particles indirectly. The coil level, the aspect ratio of the cylinder, and the geometric arrangement of the hot and cold plates produce different flow fields, which makes the behavior of the particles different. The particles larger than 1μm circulate along the streak lines or cluster, but those smaller than 1μm are strongly driven by the Brownian motion.
IMPLANTAÇÃO DA AGRICULTURA COMERCIAL NO MUNICÍPIO DE BURITIZEIRO, CERRADO MINEIRO: O USO CAPITALISTA DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS - Implantation of commercial agriculture in the Buritizeiro city, savanna of the Minas Gerais: the capitalist use of the natural resources

This article analyzes the capitalist use of the natural resources in the municipal district of Buritizeiro, Minas Gerais northwest, and the social transformations occurred from two distinct processes: the firs was the territory was going deforested for charcoal work`s practice, supplying energy for the industrial parks of the big centers. His native vegetation was almost totally deforested an become green again for homogenous forest. The effects of this concentrator and excluding political carried to the rural exodus; the most recent second, was the commercial agriculture implantation and from the decade of ninety, that arose as a job generation option, income and development for the regions. This work has as objective discuss the social economic contradictions generated for this ones activities, the possibilities for the extremely poor and needy population of the district and possible environmental impacts, mostly about water collection, generated by the commercial agriculture implantation. Key words: commercial agriculture, irrigation, cerrado, footpath, contradictions socioeconomic.
REGULARITY OF BOUND STATES

We study regularity of bound states pertaining to embedded eigenvalues of a self-adjoint operator H, with respect to an auxiliary operator A that is conjugate to H in the sense of Mourre. We work within the framework of singular Mourre theory which enables us to deal with confined massless Pauli–Fierz models, our primary example, and many-body AC-Stark Hamiltonians. In the simpler context of regular Mourre theory, our results boil down to an improvement of results obtained recently in [8, 9].
Passivity Analysis for Switched Generalized Delayed Neural Networks

This brief concerns the passivity issue for a class of continuous-time switched generalized neural networks (CSGNNs) with time-varying delay. Note that the existing related results about switched delayed neural networks are based on the time-dependent or the state-dependent switching strategies, where the time-dependent versions require the stability of each subnetwork, while the state-dependent versions can not avoid the frequent switching, chattering and Zeno problems. For handling this situation, the combined switching strategy is introduced on the basis of the constructed time-dependent multiple Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional approach. A new passivity criterion with less conservativeness is formulated, under which the addressed neural networks are passive with a guaranteed switching frequency. Also, each individual subnetwork can be non-passive. Finally, the employed simulation example substantiates the accuracy and superiority of the derived results.
Corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry at reduced pressures

Ion mobility spectrometers (IMSs) normally operate at ambient pressure. In this work an IMS cell has been designed and constructed to allow the pressure to be reduced inside the IMS cell. In this cell, corona discharge was employed as the ionization source. Reducing pressure affected both the discharge and the performance of the IMS. The discharge current was observed to increase with reducing pressure while the ignition potential decreased. The ion current received at the collector plate was also increased about 50 times when the pressure was reduced from ambient pressure to 15 Torr. The higher ion current can lead to an extended dynamic range. IMS spectra were recorded at various pressures and the results show that the drift times shift perfectly linear with pressure. This suggests that unlike temperature, pressure correction for ion mobility spectra is as simple as multiplying the drift times by a factor of 760/P.
Axial dependence of the electron energy distribution function in microwave discharges sustained by propagating surface waves

The dependence of the electron energy distribution function on the axial position is measured in a microwave surface wave sustained plasma. On the basis of these electron energy distribution functions the axial variations of the average electron energy and the frequencies of different processes initiated by electron impact are calculated. The results are coupled to the local electron energy balance in order to obtain the axial variations of the maintenance electric field intensity towards the end of the plasma column. Radial orientation of the measuring probe, compensation technique and an advantageous positioning of the large electrode probe are used.