Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of the first disability index for inflammatory bowel disease based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health

Objective The impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on disability remains poorly understood. The World Health Organization's integrative model of human functioning and disability in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) makes disability assessment possible. The ICF is a hierarchical coding system with four levels of details that includes over 1400 categories. The aim of this study was to develop the first disability index for IBD by selecting most relevant ICF categories that are affected by IBD. Methods Relevant ICF categories were identified through four preparatory studies (systematic literature review, qualitative study, expert survey and cross-sectional study), which were presented at a consensus conference. Based on the identified ICF categories, a questionnaire to be filled in by clinicians, called the ‘IBD disability index’, was developed. Results The four preparatory studies identified 138 second-level categories: 75 for systematic literature review (153 studies), 38 for qualitative studies (six focus groups; 27 patients), 108 for expert survey (125 experts; 37 countries; seven occupations) and 98 for cross-sectional study (192 patients; three centres). The consensus conference (20 experts; 17 countries) led to the selection of 19 ICF core set categories that were used to develop the IBD disability index: seven on body functions, two on body structures, five on activities and participation and five on environmental factors. Conclusions The IBD disability index is now available. It will be used in studies to evaluate the long-term effect of IBD on patient functional status and will serve as a new endpoint in disease-modification trials.
Treating glabellar lines with botulinum toxin type A-hemagglutinin complex : A review of the science , the clinical data , and patient satisfaction

Correspondence: Koenraad De Boulle Aalst Dermatology Clinic, 43 Leopoldlaan, Aalst, Belgium 9300 Tel 32 53 781899 Fax 32 53 771915 Email koendeboulle@telenet.be Abstract: Botulinum toxin type A treatment is the foundation of minimally invasive aesthetic facial procedures. Clinicians and their patients recognize the important role, both negative and positive, that facial expression, particularly the glabellar frown lines, plays in self-perception, emotional well-being, and perception by others. This article provides up-to-date information on fundamental properties and mechanisms of action of the major approved formulations of botulinum toxin type A, summarizes recent changes in naming conventions (nonproprietary names) mandated by the United States Food and Drug Administration, and describes the reasons for these changes. The request for these changes provides recognition that formulations of botulinum toxins (eg, onabotulinumtoxinA and abobotulinumtoxinA) are not interchangeable and that dosing recommendations cannot be based on any one single conversion ratio. The extensive safety, tolerability, and efficacy data are summarized in detail, including the patient-reported outcomes that contribute to overall patient satisfaction and probability treatment continuation. Based on this in-depth review, the authors conclude that botulinum toxin type A treatment remains a cornerstone of facial aesthetic treatments, and clinicians must realize that techniques and dosing from one formulation cannot be applied to others, that each patient should undergo a full aesthetic evaluation, and that products and procedures must be selected in the context of individual needs and goals.
The variations of body mass index and body fat in adult Thai people across the age spectrum measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis

Kaweesak Chittawatanarat1,2 Sakda Pruenglampoo3 Siriphan Kongsawasdi4 Busaba Chuatrakoon4 Vibul Trakulhoon5 Winai Ungpinitpong6 Jayanton Patumanond2 1Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, 2Clinical Epidemiology Unit, 3Research Institute for Health Sciences, 4Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 5Department of Surgery, Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital, Bangkok, 6Surgical Unit, Surin Hospital, Surin, Thailand
Transposed stator winding bar with extended field compensation

AC motor winding bar of a large number electrically insulated from each according to the principle of the twisted sub-conductors Lebel configuration. In order to achieve near perfect field compensation coil end, the sub-conductor (1) at both ends of the clip segments twist angle is 90 °. In the active part section (6) Lebel twisted or not fully, i.e., the active portion in the twisted section (6) is uniform, less than 360 °.
Enhancing the transition to university physics

This research paper was reviewed using a double blind peer review process that meets DEEWR requirements. Two reviewers were appointed on the basis of their independence, expertise and experience and received the full paper devoid of the authors’ names and institutions in order to ensure objectivity and anonymity. Where substantial differences existed between the two reviewers, a third reviewer was appointed. Papers were evaluated on the basis of originality, quality of academic merit, relevance to the conference theme and the standard of writing/presentation. Following review, this full paper was presented at the international conference.
A Foundation for Markoiv Equilibria in Infinite Horizon Perfect Information Games

We study perfect information games with an infinite horizon played by an arbitrary number of players. This class of games includes infinitely repeated perfect information games, repeated games with asynchronous moves, games with long and short run players, games with overlapping generations of players, and canonical non-cooperative models of bargaining. We consider two restrictions on equilibria. An equilibrium is purifiable if close by behavior is consistent with equilibrium when agents' payoffs at each node are perturbed additively and independently. An equilibrium has bounded recall if there exists K such that at most one player's strategy depends on what happened more than K periods earlier. We show that only Markov equilibria have bounded memory and are purifiable. Thus if a game has at most one long-run player, all purifiable equilibria are Markov.
Topical 1% 5-fluorouracil in ocular surface squamous neoplasia: a long-term safety study

Background/aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term corneal toxicity of topical chemotherapy with 1% 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a sole or adjuvant treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). Methods Forty-one consecutive cases of OSSN were included in this prospective study. Patients underwent topical chemotherapy with 1% 5-FU four times/day for 4 weeks (one course). Adjunctive courses were repeated until clinical and cytological tumour regression. Clinical confocal microscopy was used to check for 5-FU long-term corneal toxicity. Results Mean follow-up was 89.7±14.4 months (range 63–122 months). Twenty-two patients (53.7%) underwent topical 5-FU as a sole treatment, and 19 patients (46.3%) as adjuvant and/or debulking therapy. The mean number of 5-FU cycles was 1.9 (range 1–5 cycles). Three tumours (7.3%) treated with 5-FU alone recurred during follow-up. Recurrences were successfully treated with additional 5-FU courses. Clinical confocal microscopy showed no long-term difference between the treated eye and fellow (control) eye in: endothelial cells count, pleomorphism and polymegatism, anterior stromal keratocyte density, sub-basal nerve plexus fibre number, density, and beadings and central cornea epithelium thickness (p=NS). Conclusion Topical 5-FU, as a sole or combined therapy, must be considered a long-term safe and effective treatment for patients affected by OSSN.
Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) versus ranibizumab (Lucentis) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration: a safety review

Aim To conduct a systematic review in order to compare adverse effects (AE) and the reporting of harm in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs evaluating intravitreal ranibizumab and bevacizumab in age-related macular degeneration. Methods Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched with no limitations of language and year of publication. Studies which compared bevacizumab or ranibizumab as monotherapy with any other control group were included. Case series were included if they met predefined quality standards. Results The 2 year results of phase III trials evaluating ranibizumab show that the rates of serious ocular AE were low (≤2.1%) but indicate major safety concerns (RR 3.13, 95% CI 1.10 to 8.92). A possible signal with regard to thromboembolic events (RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.66 to 2.77) and a significant increase in non-ocular haemorrhage (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.55) were also noted. In contrast to ranibizumab trials, the RCTs evaluating bevacizumab are of limited value. The main shortcomings are small sample sizes and an apparent lack of rigorous monitoring for AE. A critical assessment of the large number of published case series evaluating bevacizumab also shows that no reliable conclusions on safety can be drawn using this study design. Therefore, any perception that intravitreal bevacizumab injections are not associated with major ocular or systemic AE are not supported by reliable data. Conclusion The bevacizumab studies show too many methodological limitations to rule out any major safety concerns. Higher evidence from ranibizumab trials suggests signals for an increased ocular and systemic vascular and haemorrhagic risk which warrants further investigation.
Extended report

Yeo L, Toellner K-M, Salmon M, et al. Ann Rheum Dis (2011). doi:10.1136/ard.2011. 153312 1 of 7 Accepted 13 June 2011 ABSTRACT Objectives In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a complex cytokine network drives chronic infl ammation and joint destruction. So far, few attempts have been made to identify the cellular sources of individual cytokines systematically. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was systematically to assess the cytokine messenger RNA expression profi les in the fi ve largest cell populations in the synovial fl uid and peripheral blood of RA patients. To refl ect the in vivo situation as closely as possible, the cells were neither cultured nor stimulated ex vivo. Methods Infl ammatory cells from 12 RA patients were sorted into CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, macrophages and neutrophils. mRNA expression for 41 cytokines was determined by real-time PCR using microfl uidic cards. Receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) (TNFSF11) expression by B cells was further confi rmed by fl ow cytometry and by immunofl uorescence staining of frozen sections of synovial tissue from patients with RA. Results The detection of cytokines characteristic for T cells and myeloid cells in the expected populations validated this methodology. Beyond the expected cytokine patterns, novel observations were made. Striking among these was the high expression of mRNA for RANKL in B cells from synovial fl uid. This observation was validated at the protein level in synovial tissue and fl uid. Conclusions RANKL, the key cytokine driving bone destruction by osteoclast activation, is produced by synovial B cells in RA. This observation is of importance for our understanding of the role of B cells in RA and their therapeutic targeting.
Scaling for hard-sphere colloidal glasses near jamming

Hard-sphere colloids are model systems in which to study the glass transition and universal properties of amorphous solids. Using covariance matrix analysis to determine the vibrational modes, we experimentally measure here the scaling behavior of the density of states, shear modulus, and mean-squared displacement (MSD) in a hard-sphere colloidal glass. Scaling the frequency with the boson-peak frequency, we find that the density of states at different volume fractions all collapse on a single master curve, which obeys a power law in terms of the scaled frequency. Below the boson peak, the exponent is consistent with theoretical results obtained by real-space and phase-space approaches to understanding amorphous solids. We find that the shear modulus and the MSD are nearly inversely proportional, and show a singular power-law dependence on the distance from random close packing. Our results are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Utilizing Network Properties to Detect Erroneous Inputs

Neural networks are vulnerable to a wide range of erroneous inputs such as adversarial, corrupted, out-of-distribution, and misclassified examples. In this work, we train a linear SVM classifier to detect these four types of erroneous data using hidden and softmax feature vectors of pre-trained neural networks. Our results indicate that these faulty data types generally exhibit linearly separable activation properties from correct examples, giving us the ability to reject bad inputs with no extra training or overhead. We experimentally validate our findings across a diverse range of datasets, domains, pre-trained models, and adversarial attacks.
Job Reallocation and Productivity Growth in the Ukrainian Transition

Job Reallocation and Productivity Growth in the Ukrainian Transition We analyze the pace and patterns of job reallocation in Ukraine using 1992-2000 panel data on nearly the surviving universe of manufacturing firms inherited from the Soviet Union. Employment growth displays substantial increase in heterogeneity during this transition period, with a corresponding rise in excess job reallocation. Unlike data for Soviet Russia in the 1980s, Ukrainian job reallocation in the 1990s was clearly productivity-enhancing, both within and across industries. The paper also estimates the effects of firm and market characteristics on the magnitude of reallocation and on the extent to which it has contributed to aggregate productivity growth. JEL Classification: E24, J63, O47, P23
Lazy Student Integrals

We have been able to show that the radii of convergence r of the Maclaurin series of all loss functions obey 1/4 ≤ r < 1. The case (x, y) = (1, 1) is an exceptional case, since in this case, we do not get an infinite sequence since the game then ends in one flip. For n > 1, the pairs (x, y) = (n, 1) and (x, y) = (n − 1, 2) yield the same loss function. Also, for any particular loss function, there can be only finitely many pairs (x, y) that have this same loss function. The loss sequence for (x, y) = (1, 4) yields the odd indexed Fibonacci numbers (plug Fibonacci numbers or Fibonacci polynomials into an internet search).
Fat Metabolism During Exercise: A Review. Part III: Effects of Nutritional Interventions

By changes in nutrition it is possible to manipulate fat oxidation. It is often theorized that increasing fat oxidation may reduce glycogen breakdown and thus enhance performance. Therefore, the effects of acute, short-term and long-term fat feeding have been subjects of investigation for many years. Ingestion of long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) during exercise may reduce the gastric emptying rate and LCT will appear in the plasma only slowly. Medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) do not have these disadvantages and they are rapidly oxidized. However, the contribution of MCT to energy expenditure is only small because they can only be ingested in small amounts without causing gastrointestinal distress. So at present, fat supplementation in the hours preceding to or during exercise (either long chain or medium chain triacylglycerols) cannot be recommended. High-fat diets and fasting have been suggested to increase fatty acid availability and spare muscle glycogen resulting in improved performance. Both fasting and short term high-fat diets will decrease muscle glycogen content and reduce fatigue resistance. Chronic high-fat diets may provoke adaptive responses preventing the decremental effects on exercise performance. However, at present, there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. Also from a health perspective, caution should be exercised when recommending high-fat diets to athletes.
A Fresh Look at Z-numbers – Relationships with Belief Functions and p-boxes

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a new approach to the notion of Z-number, i.e., a pair of fuzzy sets modelling a probability-qualified fuzzy statement. Originally, a Z-number is viewed as the fuzzy set of probability functions stemming from the flexible restriction of the probability of a fuzzy event by a fuzzy probability. This representation leads to complex calculations and does not reduce to the original fuzzy event when the attached probability is 1. Simpler representations are proposed, that avoid these pitfalls. We note that when both fuzzy sets forming the Z-number are crisp, the generated set of probabilities is representable by a special kind of belief function that corresponds to a probability box (p-box). Two proposals are made to generalise this approach when the two sets are fuzzy. One approach considers a Z-number as a weighted family of crisp Z-numbers, obtained by independent cuts of the two fuzzy sets. In the alternative approach, a Z-number can be turned into a pair of possibility distributions forming a generalized p-box. In that case, the probability of each cut of the fuzzy event is upper and lower bounded by two probability values. Then computation with Z-numbers come down to uncertainty propagation with random intervals.
Dual Faceted Linearization of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Based on Physical Modeling Theory

A new approach to modeling and linearization of nonlinear lumped-parameter systems based on physical modeling theory and a data-driven statistical method is presented. A nonlinear dynamical system is represented with two sets of differential equations in an augmented space consisting of independent state variables and auxiliary variables that are nonlinearly related to the state variables. It is shown that the state equation of a nonlinear dynamical system having a bond graph model of integral causality is linear, if the space is augmented by using the output variables of all the nonlinear elements as auxiliary variables. The dynamic transition of the auxiliary variables is investigated as the second set of differential equations, which is linearized by using statistical linearization. It is shown that the linear differential equations of the auxiliary variables inform behaviors of the original nonlinear system that the first set of state equations alone cannot represent. The linearization based on the two sets of linear state equations, termed dual faceted linearization (DFL), can capture diverse facets of the nonlinear dynamics and, thereby, provide a richer representation of the nonlinear system. The two state equations are also integrated into a single latent model consisting of all significant modes with no collinearity. Finally, numerical examples verify and demonstrate the effectiveness of the new methodology.
Bäcklund transformation and the Painlevé property

When a differential equation possesses the Painleve property it is possible (for specific equations) to define a Backlund transformation (by truncating an expansion about the ‘‘singular’’ manifold at the constant level term). From the Backlund transformation, it is then possible to derive the Lax pair, modified equations and Miura transformations associated with the ‘‘completely integrable’’ system under consideration. In this paper completely integrable systems are considered for which Backlund transformations (as defined above) may not be directly defined. These systems are of two classes. The first class consists of equations of Toda lattice type (e.g., sine–Gordon, Bullough–Dodd equations). We find that these equations can be realized as the ‘‘minus‐one’’ equation of sequences of integrable systems. Although the ‘‘Backlund transformation’’ may or may not exist for the ‘‘minus‐one’’ equation, it is shown, for specific sequences, that the Backlund transformation does exist for the ‘‘positive’’ equations.
Pricing Continuously Monitored Barrier Options Under the Sabr Model: A Closed-Form Approximation

The stochastic alpha beta rho (SABR) model introduced by Hagan et al. (2002) is widely used in both fixed income and the foreign exchange (FX) markets. Continuously monitored barrier option contracts are among the most popular derivative contracts in the FX markets. In this paper, we develop closed-form formulas to approximate various types of barrier option prices (down-and-out/in, up-and-out/in) under the SABR model. We first derive an approximate formula for the survival density. The barrier option price is the one-dimensional integral of its payoff function and the survival density, which can be easily implemented and quickly evaluated. The approximation error of the survival density is also analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that analytical (approximate) formulas for the survival density and the barrier option prices for the SABR model are derived. Numerical experiments demonstrate the validity and efficiency of these formulas.
EXAMPLES OF SINGULARITY MODELS FOR Z/2 HARMONIC 1-FORMS AND SPINORS IN DIMENSION THREE

We use the symmetries of the tetrahedron and icosahedron to construct local models for a Z/2 harmonic 1-form or spinor in 3-dimensions near a singular point in its zero locus. The local models are Z/2 harmonic 1-forms or spinors on R that are homogeneous with respect to rescaling of R with their zero loci consisting of 4 or more rays from the origin. The rays point from the origin to the vertices of a centered tetrahedron in one example; and they point from the origin to the vertices in a centered icosahedron in another. (A few more examples are given.)
Exploring ways beyond the simple supervised learning approach for biological event extraction

Our paper presents the comparison of a machine-learnt and a manually constructed expert-rule-based biological event extraction system and some preliminary experiments to apply a negation and speculation detection system to further classify the extracted events. We report results on the BioNLP'09 Shared Task on Event Extraction evaluation datasets, and also on an external dataset for negation and speculation detection.
A Parameterization Scheme for Air–Sea Surface Interface Fluxes: Design and Stand-Alone Experiments

AbstractObservations show that SST (Sea Surface Temperature) can vary up to several degrees in a day and sea surface energy fluxes up to a few hundreds of Watts per square meter. For synoptic and sub-synoptic scale atmospheric modeling there remains a need for the parameterization of air-sea surface interaction using simple schemes. In this paper, such a simple scheme AOSIS (Atmosphere-Ocean Surface Interaction Scheme) is presented so that the short-time variations in SST and energy fluxes can be estimated using a small number of atmospheric and oceanic bulk quantities. The scheme consists of three components: a two-layer ocean temperature model, a wind-wave model and a surface flux model. Numerical experiments show that the scheme performs well in simulating SST and the air-sea exchanges. Relative to other schemes, AOSIS shows the following improvements: 1. Simulates SST, the cool-skin and warm-layer effect of ocean mixed layer without the input of ocean bulk temperature of the mixed layer as a prior con.