Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MOMENTUM TRANSFER AND FRICTION IN THE DEBRIS OF ROCK AVALANCHES

When a mass of loose, dry, purely frictional material slides down an incline after release at a given velocity, the runout (the distance the centre of gravity of the displaced mass moves from its initial position) depends on momentum transfer within the mass. This can be estimated from the profile of the debris accumulation, which also allows more accurate calculation of apparent angles of sliding friction in rockfall avalanches. The apparent extreme mobility of the Elm and Frank slides, typical rockfall avalanches, is explained by momentum transfer in a loose, dry, purely frictional material with an angle of friction of 30°. Key words: mass wasting, momentum transfer, landslide, accumulation, rock avalanche, runout distance.
HERRAMIENTAS INFORMÁTICAS DE GESTIÓN DE TERRENOS AGRARIOS: POTENCIALIDADES DEL MODELO AnnAGNPS EN NAVARRA

The Agricultural activity is largely affected by the fluctuating socio- economic conditions of the region. Thus, an appropriate management of any agricultural land should anticipate potential changes in the land use and their consequences. For this, hydrological models are valuable aids. In Navarre, AnnAGNPS (Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model) has been extensively evaluated, specifically in dry lands devoted to cereals. In sums, satisfactory results were obtained. In this paper the rudiment of the possible application of this model in the management of the agricultural activity in Navarre is given.
Comparison of the Hurst exponents of historical and GCM rainfall time series

The existence of long-term persistence in precipitation and streamflow is a well known, yet incompletely understood, phenomenon that has direct consequences for the management of water resources (Rodriguez-Iturbe & Bras, 1993, Chapter 5). In the 1940's, Hurst (1951) discovered that hydrological time series show longer periods of droughts and floods than were to be expected if the processes had both finite memory and finite variance. A good measure to quantify this phenomenon is the Hurst exponent, H: H n n R ∝ σ / ) ( ( 1) in which R(n) is the range of a sample of size n, and σ the standard deviation of the sample. The range is the maximum deviation of cumulative actual behavior from average behavior within a sample. If processes produce uncorrelated Gaussian (white) noise, the cumulative behavior is that of a random walk (Brownian noise) with H=0.5. Hydrological series usually have H>0.5, and often H≈0.7. The Hurst exponent has become a standard characterization tool for non-linear systems and H 0.5 should be understood as consequence of the underlying non-linear dynamics. After an overview of tests of different algorithms to calculate H, results are given for historical rainfall series, and rainfall series derived from the ECHAM4 General Circulation Model (GCM). GCM's are not known for their accuracy when it comes to rainfall. Most rain calculated within the large cells of a GCM is calculated on the basis of untested empirical schemes for convective rain. Still, GCM's are used to predict the availability and scarcity of water resources in decades to come, usually after a correction on the basis of historical time series (Vorosmarty et al., 2000). As H is a measure of extended droughts and floods, one should test if a GCM gives the correct H value in order to make proper predictions. If a GCM truly represents the atmospheric dynamics, its Hurst exponent should be close to that of the historical time series. Two cases are presented for the period 1901-1995: Venezuela and Ghana. Historical data are derived from the CRU dataset (Hulme et al., 1999) and the GCM data are based on an 1860-2099 run of ECHAM4 with scenario IS92a by the Max Planck Institute in Hamburg (Roeckner et al., 1996). A surprisingly good fit for H was found: Country Grid point H-historical H-GCM Venezuela 6°59'N/64°41'W 0.638 0.641 Ghana 9°46'N/0°00'E 0.586 0.598 Clearly, one can not decide on the general validity of GCM-produced Hurst exponents on the basis of just these two cases, but these first results are promising.
Comparisons and analyses of aircraft and satellite observations for wintertime mixed‐phase clouds

[1] This work presents a study of midlevel, mixed-phase clouds using satellite (remote sensing) and aircraft (in situ) observations. In this study, we analyze coincident multisatellite and in situ aircraft measurements of three mixed-phase cloud cases during an intensive field experiment (C3VP/CLEX-10) to better understand the microphysics and radiative properties and provide a foundation for the improvement of the satellite retrieval algorithms for these clouds. For the selected cases, various aspects observed from different instruments are presented and compared for these clouds. It is found that many areas in the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud phase product classified as “unknown” are more appropriately classified as “mixed phase” based on CloudSat and CALIPSO data as well as C3VP/CLEX-10 aircraft measurements. The aircraft measurements show that a significant amount of supercooled liquid water exists at or near cloud top at very low temperatures for these midlevel, mixed-phase clouds, contrary to the assumptions used in the CloudSat retrieval algorithms. The spatial distribution of liquid water content and ice water content and other cloud properties are examined for both the satellite remote sensing and in situ probe measurements. CloudSat and airborne radar reflectivity data are also compared through a structure function analysis. Radiative transfer simulations based on the aircraft and satellite observations indicate the importance of proper assignment of cloud phase within retrieval algorithms and numerical models, which use similar assumptions.
Six millennia of atmospheric dust deposition in southern South America (Isla Navarino, Chile)

To characterize dust deposition in southern South America for the Holocene, a 542 cm long core from a peat bog in southern Chile (Oreste bog, Isla Navarino) was studied. Peat formation started ~11 160 14C yr before present (BP). The titanium (Ti) concentration in bulk peat, combined with dry bulk density, and peat accumulation rate, were used to calculate the mineral accumulation rate (MAR) in the Oreste bog. The distribution of calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and titanium (Ti) showed that mineral accumulation for the last c. 6000 yr was predominantly atmospheric with a record of effectively constant deposition (0.43 ± 0.12 g/m2 per yr). Similarly, Ti and zirconium (Zr) concentrations in the acid insoluble ash (AIA) were also effectively constant and agreed well with the MAR for the last six millennia, except at c. 4200 cal. yr BP, where Zr was enriched relative to Ti. Here, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that the AIA was dominated by volcanic particles (>20—40 μm), with the Mt Burney eruption identified as the most likely source. In contrast with this anomalous zone, SEM studies showed that the mineral particles found in the majority of the sample were predominantly fine grained (<20 μm) and rounded. Derived from surficial sediment and supplied by long-range atmospheric transport, they reflect the climate stability for the past 6000 yr.
Estimating the characteristics of vegetation canopies with airborne radar measurements

Abstract Possible use of synthetic aperture radars (SAR) for monitoring agricultural canopies is investigated in this paper. Data have been acquired on the Orgcval watershed during the AGRISCATT'88 campaign. Four radar experiments were carried out with the airborne scattcrometer ERASME (C and X bands, HH and VV polarizations, multi-incidence angles). Simultaneous ground measurements (soil moisture, leaf area index, water content of the canopy) were conducted on 11 wheat fields. Backscattering coefficients of the canopies arc interpreted in the framework of semi-empirical ‘water-cloud’ models. A simple paramctrization of the angular effect of soil roughness is introduced, allowing the simultaneous use of multi-incidence angle radar data. With a unique set of parameters for each radar configuration ‘ frequency and polarization’ the water-cloud model appears to describe adequately the backscattering of all the fields, over the range of incidence angles. It is shown that in this case, attenuation is the domin.
Psoriasis and comorbid diseases Implications for management

As summarized in the ﬁrst article in this continuing medical education series, the currently available epidemiologic data suggest that psoriasis may be a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Emerging data also suggest associations between psoriasis and other comorbidities beyond psoriatic arthritis, including chronic kidney disease, inﬂammatory bowel disease, hepatic disease, certain malignancies, infections, and mood disorders. Recognizing the comorbid disease burden of psoriasis is essential for ensuring comprehensive care of patients with psoriasis. The clinical implications of the comorbid diseases that are associated with psoriasis and recommendations for clinical management are reviewed in this article. ( J Am Acad Dermatol 2017;76:393-403.)
Spectral UV Measurements at Sodankylä during 1990–2001

[1] A Brewer spectrophotometer MK II has measured UV irradiances since 1990 at Sodankyla (67°N,27°E), Finland. In this paper, the observed spectral features of the time series 1990–2001 are studied. In order to exclude the seasonal variation of irradiances due to the variation of solar zenith angle (SZA), only the narrow SZA interval from 63° to 65° was chosen. The data have been temperature, cosine, noise spike and wavelength-shift corrected. In order to study long-term changes in spectral UV irradiance, a linear regression line was fitted to the monthly mean irradiances from April to August. No statistically significant changes were observed for any months for the 12-year period 1990–2001. One reason is that the period is rather short in comparison to the high natural inter-annual variability of UV. The indistinct trend over this particular period could be also expected from the corresponding ozone changes: A decrease in the early 1990's with an increase toward more normal values in recent years, the smallest value occurring in the middle of the period. This makes the calculated UV changes highly dependent on the time period chosen. The biggest effect was seen in April, where the relative change at 305 nm varied from −5.0% to 12.1% per year for the periods 1993–2001 and 1990–1997, respectively. The analysis further shows that, although many other parameters, such as changes in cloudiness, aerosols, and albedo, contribute to UV changes, ozone has been a prominent factor at Sodankyla at the short wavelength end of the spectrum.
Beyond Demographic Parity: Redefining Equal Treatment

Liberalism-oriented political philosophy reasons that all individuals should be treated equally independently of their protected characteristics. Related work in machine learning has translated the concept of \emph{equal treatment} into terms of \emph{equal outcome} and measured it as \emph{demographic parity} (also called \emph{statistical parity}). Our analysis reveals that the two concepts of equal outcome and equal treatment diverge; therefore, demographic parity does not faithfully represent the notion of \emph{equal treatment}. We propose a new formalization for equal treatment by (i) considering the influence of feature values on predictions, such as computed by Shapley values decomposing predictions across its features, (ii) defining distributions of explanations, and (iii) comparing explanation distributions between populations with different protected characteristics. We show the theoretical properties of our notion of equal treatment and devise a classifier two-sample test based on the AUC of an equal treatment inspector. We study our formalization of equal treatment on synthetic and natural data. We release \texttt{explanationspace}, an open-source Python package with methods and tutorials.
Trade wind fetch‐related variations in equatorial undercurrent depth, speed, and transport

A dynamical model is developed to examine the dependence of Equatorial Undercurrent depth, speed, and volume transport on trade wind fetch. The model ocean is linear, continuously stratified, vertically diffusive, and formulated on the equatorial beta plane. Analytical solutions are derived in closed form. For realistic choices of model parameters, results indicate that the undercurrent would be significantly shallower and weaker in the Atlantic than in the Pacific because of the shorter Atlantic trade wind fetch.
Volcanic clays in the Cretaceous of southern England and Northern Ireland

Abstract The mineralogy, petrology and trace element geochemistry of volcanogenic glauconites and smectite-rich clays are described and related to clay assemblages in Lower and Upper Cretaceous sediments of southern England and Northern Ireland. Volcanogenic glauconite grains represent argillized lava particles of predominantly mafic composition and may have been derived from submarine basaltic magmatism; they occur in all the sediments examined (Aptian-Senonian), and are particularly abundant in the Cenomanian-Campanian Hibernian Greensand of Antrim. The smectite-rich clays in southern England have developed by the argillization of predominantly acid or alkaline ash during early diagenesis. Three types of volcanogenic deposit are recognized. Primary bentonites are thin ash-falls deposited in quiet, brackish and marine waters (Speeton Clay, Ryazanian; Weald Clay, Barremian). Secondary bentonites are local accumulations of ash transported into the Cretaceous seas by rivers draining ash-blanketed, local land areas (London Platform, Portsdown Axis). These deposits are well-developed in the Sandgate Beds, Folkestone Beds and their contiguous deposits, and the lower part of the Gault (Upper Aptian-Middle Albian). The ash originated from penecontemporaneous, subaerial vulcanism located in the southern part of the North Sea. The most conspicuous phase of activity occurred during late Aptian times and has been dated by 40Ar/39Ar isotope analysis at 112 m.y. Bentonitic clays and marls are widespread accumulations of argillized ash that occur as a fine-grained fringing facies to glauconitic quartz sand facies. They make up the upper part of the Atherfleld Clay (Aptian) and the upper part of the Gault (Upper Albian), and they are associated respectively with the Hythe Beds (Aptian) and the Upper Greensand (Upper Albian). They may also occur in the lower part of the Lower Chalk (Cenomanian). The distribution pattern of these smectite-rich clays in southern England is related to the changing palaeogeography of the area in Cretaceous times, and the general coincidence of extensive glaueonite deposits and smectite-rich clays in the Middle and Upper Cretaceous of western Europe and along the eastern seaboard of North America is briefly discussed.
Human brain networks: an investigation on cortical thickness resting-state fMRI and structural connectivity as assessed by tractography

The human brain is an intricate system capable of producing and integrating information from various sources. Brain connectivity studies have been opening new experimental and theoretical fields in the area of neuroscience. Quantitative methods of network science can be helpful in characterizing certain brain properties, such as: architectural (shaping brain anatomy), physiological response by understanding network interactions and sensory features by analyzing cortex integration. Spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging have been proven to be important for the identification of functional networks within the brain. Functional connectivity measures obtained using this technique are generally interpreted as an indirect measure of neuronal activity. The main goal of this project was to investigate how spontaneous neuronal activities in the human brain derived from resting-state BOLD signals relate with cortical thickness. In order to complement the study, the same relation was investigated for DTI data (number of tracks per region, in particular) and intrinsic properties of small-world networks (node degree, clustering coefficient and mean minimum path length) estimated using graph analysis on resting-state fMRI data. The active parts of the brain are detected by fMRI witch measures fluctuations in the BOLD signal. The resting-state contribution for this signal is known to be of low frequency (∼ 0.01 0.1 Hz). Functional connectivity, defined as the temporal correlation (or statistic association) of the signal between structurally distinct brain areas were assessed for a certain number of ROIs. A seed based method was used for this type of analysis. The cortical thickness measurements as well as the region of interest masks (total of 68) were obtained from the structural scans, using the vii semi-automated procedures of the FreeSurfer software. Because stronger correlations are more reliable, as weak links may stand for spurious connections, an absolute and arbitrary threshold was applied to the functional connectivity matrices, for a parallel study, regarding only stronger correlations. The correlation coefficient calculated between cortical thickness and the measures of functional connectivity, structural connectivity and small-world properties of the brain and the t-test applied to them, suggests the non existence of a relation between them. The exception was the minimum path length that resulted in a correlation coefficient of r = −0.304 that presented significance for a 95% confidence interval.
Charged nanoparticles produced by splashing of raindrops

The mobility distribution of ions generated by splashing of raindrops is investigated. Our observations show four maxima in the mobility distribution in the small, intermediate, light large, and heavy large ion size ranges. Ion concentration of all categories increases as the rain intensity increases to ~ 50–60 mm h−1 and then tends to level off for higher rain intensities. Negative ion concentration is always more than that of positive ions. However, positive small ions of mobility ≥ 2–3 cm2 V−1 s−1 which are also generated during splashing are more numerous than negative ions. Our observations show that the mechanism responsible for the generation of intermediate ions is more efficient than that for the generation of heavy large ions during periods of high rain intensity. Relative roles of Lenard and Blanchard effects are suggested in generating excess of negative intermediate ions in the initial stages and excess of positive cluster ions, in the later stages of a rain shower, respectively.
A “tropical pipe” model of stratospheric transport

A conceptual model of global stratospheric transport is described, based on the assumption of rapid isentropic mixing within midlatitude “surf zones” but weak mixing into the tropics. Thus the tropical region is isolated from middle latitudes, and trace species budgets there are balances between mean upwelling and local chemical sources and sinks. In middle latitudes, where long-lived species are assumed to be in “slope equilibrium,” the budgets are more complex, being influenced by isentropic mixing, mean downwelling, entrainment from the tropics, and local chemistry. The one-dimensional vertical flux-gradient relation obtained in previous studies in which mixing was assumed to be global is lost in this model. Tracer correlations are compact separately in each region, with substantial differences between tropical and midlatitude relationships. The result discussed by Plumb and Ko linking the slope of the correlation diagram to net global fluxes (and thus to lifetimes) is valid in this model only at the midlatitude tropopause.
Reply to: ‘‘Favorable association between genetic polymorphisms near the IL28B gene and hepatic steatosis: Direct or indirect?’’

and the single nucleotide polymorphisms: a milestone to tailor-made therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol Res 2010;40:449–460. Hidenori Toyoda⇑ Takashi Kumada Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, 4-86 Minaminokawa, Ogaki, Gifu 503-8502, Japan ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel. : +81 584 81 3341; fax: +81 584 75 5715. E-mail address: hmtoyoda@spice.ocn. ne.jp (H. Toyoda). JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY
In Situ Ground Water Remediation Using the Trench and Gate System

The trench and gate remediation system is a funnel and gate design modified for installation in tills and other low permeability sediments. Modifications include the addition of high hydraulic conductivity trenches along the upgradient side of the funnel walls and a discharge reinfiltration gallery downgradient from the treatment gate. Preferential ground water flow through the high permeability trenches and reinfiltration gallery prevents mounding, which otherwise forces flow beneath and around funnel walls. The resultant capture zone is larger, both horizontally and vertically, than the cross‐sectional funnel area and is significantly larger than the capture zone of a similar funnel and gate system. The system constitutes an economical, in situ, long‐term contaminant plume capture and treatment method. In effectiveness and cost, the trench and gate system compares favorably with, or outper‐forms, other remediation systems in near‐surface, low permeability dissolved contaminant scenarios. A prototype trench and gate system was installed at the East Garrington Gas Plant, Alberta, Canada, in 1995. The installation demonstrated the effectiveness of the concept, and the system has successfully prevented off‐site migration of dissolved hydrocarbon contaminants.
On topography and geoid from 2‐D stagnant lid convection calculations

Temperature‐dependent convection in the stagnant lid regime with a Frank‐Kamenetskii and Arrhenius viscosity formulation are compared. When properly scaled, the Nusselt number and root‐mean‐square velocity of the fluid for the two viscosity formulations are similar but the surface stresses and hence predicted dynamic topography and geoid differ significantly. The Arrhenius viscosity formulation results are insensitive to a viscosity cutoff at the high viscosity limit as long as the cutoff is 104 times the basal viscosity. The condition number for stagnant lid convection matrices using a penalty formulation is smaller than the penalty number times viscosity contrast value (a reasonable estimate of the condition number), explaining why large viscosity contrast convection problems with the penalty method agree with other formulations and analytic solutions. The difference in magnitude between the maximum and minimum dynamic topography could be used to constrain the magnitude of the viscosity contrast across the stagnant lid in planetary bodies.
The economic value of reducing environmental health risks: Contingent valuation estimates of the value of information

Abstract Obtaining economically consistent values for changes in low probability health risks continues to be a challenge for contingent valuation (CV) as well as for other valuation methods. One often cited condition for economic consistency is that estimated values be sensitive to the scope (differences in quantity or quality) of a good described in a CV application. The alleged limitations of CV pose a particular problem for environmental managers who must often make decisions that affect human health risks. This paper demonstrates that a well-designed CV application can elicit scope sensitive values even for programs that provide conceptually complex goods such as risk reduction. Specifically, it finds that the amount sport anglers are willing to pay for information about chemical residues in fish varies systematically with informativeness—a relationship suggested by the theory of information value.