Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A simple method for mapping bathymetry over turbid coastal waters from MODIS data: possibilities and limitations

Timely mapping of underwater topography over turbid coastal waters is very important to navigation. Such a task is ideally accomplished through moderate- resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data that have a temporal resolution measured in hours. In this article we propose a simple regression method for retrieving bathymetry from MODIS bands. It only requires concurrently collected total suspended solids and water depth samples at limited spots, without considering the downward attenuation coefficient, surface reflectance or bottom reflectance. Regression analysis of the observed spot depth (D) against individual bands and their transformation enables an empirical model to be established. The model in which band 3 (M 3) is the exploratory variable is the most accurate, with an r value (correlation coefficient) of only 0.654. Correction of this model by the concentration level of suspended solids using bands 2 (M 2) and 5 (M 5) improves the prediction accuracy from 3.26 to 1.52 m, or from 39% to 24%. The best model takes the form of D = –7.833 + 0.0326M 3 / (M 2 M 5) (r = 0.815, n = 3318). Application of this model to the MODIS imagery led to the generation of a bathymetric map over the 15 000 km2 study area. Assessed against four profiles, the retrieved bathymetry has a mean absolute accuracy of around 2 m or a relative inaccuracy of 10% to 18%. The remotely sensed bathymetry contains many minor relief features absent from its in situ-surveyed counterpart. It is concluded that this proposed simple method can produce reasonably accurate results without the need to consider atmospheric effects or bottom reflectance over the range of 5–20 m. However, it may not work so well in clear oceanic Case I waters.
Postural balance, isometric trunk muscle strength and low back symptoms among young adults

Low back pain (LBP) is a significant health problem in all developed countries. The high prevalence of LBP in youth is a cause of concern because a link has been reported between LBP in adolescence and chronic LBP (CLBP) in adulthood. In order to prevent CLBP in adulthood potential protective factors in youth should be identified. The association between trunk muscle strength and LBP has been widely studied but the results are conflicting. The current knowledge on the role of postural balance in relation to LPB is even more controversial. The aims of the thesis were to evaluate 1) the reproducibility of the inclinometric postural balance and maximal isometric trunk muscle strength measurements, 2) the association of low back symptoms with postural balance, trunk muscle strength, and cross-sectional area and fat content of extensor muscles, and 3) muscular fitness in relation to physical activity and television viewing. The study population belongs to the 1986 Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC 1986), originally consisting of 9,479 children with an expected date of birth between July 1, 1985 and June 30, 1986. A total of 874 subjects completed the physical examination at a mean age of 19 years. Of those who participated in the physical examination 554 subjects took part in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine, including extensor muscles, at a mean age of 21 years. Reproducibility of isometric trunk muscle testing was found to be comparable to other methods that are used to measure trunk muscle function. Low back symptoms were not associated with postural balance or trunk muscle strength. Neither was there an association between LBP and the cross-sectional area or fat content of the lumbar muscles. Trunk muscles were significantly stronger in those who participated in regular physical activity and weaker in those who watched TV more than two hours daily. In conclusion, physical activity has an association with muscular fitness whereas association with TV viewing is negative independently of the level of physical activity. Single measurement of trunk muscle strength, and cross-sectional area or fat content of lumbar extensor muscles has little significance in the evaluation of the severity of low back symptoms in young adults.
Radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation of renal tumours

With widespread utilization of noninvasive cross-sectional abdominal imaging, small solid renal masses are being found with increasing frequency 1. These small tumours are often discovered incidentally by abdominal ultrasound or computer tomography (ct). These incidentally discovered renal tumours are generally slower growing, are detected at an earlier stage, and are localized to the kidney 2,3. The triad of pain, hematuria, and palpable mass is now more the exception than the rule. Many patients now treated for renal cell carcinoma (rcc) are asymptomatic at presentation. The radical nephrectomy has been the “gold standard” for the treatment of clinically localized rccs, but a shift has occurred toward treating small, incidentally found renal neoplasms in a nephron-sparing manner. Nephron-sparing techniques have been shown to offer oncologic and functional outcomes that are equivalent to those with radical nephrectomy for patients with renal tumours 4 cm or smaller in size 4–6. Since the mid 1990s, the movement toward minimally invasive alternatives has meant the replacement of open surgery (radical or partial nephrectomy) with laparoscopic techniques and now with in situ ablative technologies 7,8. Ablative techniques offer advantages over extirpative techniques by reducing perioperative morbidity, shortening the hospital stay, promoting faster recovery, and importantly, potentially treating patients who are poor surgical candidates while preserving renal parenchyma 9,10. Several ablative technologies have been investigated, among them, cryoablation (ca), radiofrequency ablation (rfa), microwave 11, high-intensity focused ultrasound 12,13, laser interstitial thermotherapy 14, microwave thermotherapy, and radiosurgery. The current outcomes with rfa and ca are promising, but long-term studies are ongoing to validate their oncologic efficacy and durability. This overview briefly outlines advances in energy-ablative techniques for rcc and provides a synopsis of recent clinical studies of rfa and ca.
Detection and prediction of errors in EPC business process models

Business process modeling plays an important role in the management of business processes. As valuable design artifacts, business process models are subject to quality considerations. In this context, the absence of formal errors, such as deadlocks, is of paramount importance for the subsequent implementation of the process. This talk presents the results of my doctoral thesis that provides a fourfold contribution to the understanding of such errors in business process models with a particular focus on Event-driven Process Chains (EPCs), a business process modeling language that is frequently used in practice. Firstly, I formalize the operational semantics of EPCs in a novel way so that matching OR-splits and OR-joins never deadlock. Secondly, and based on these semantics, we introduce a soundness criterion for EPCs that offers a precise identification of those models which have errors. For the verification of this soundness notion in practice, I present two analysis tools, a ProM plug-in for a verification based on the reachability graph, and a batch program called xoEPC for a verification based on reduction rules. Thirdly, I define a set of business process model metrics that are supposed to serve as predictors for error probability of an individual EPC. Fourthly, I use statistical methods and a sample of about 2000 EPCs from practice to derive a regression function for the prediction of error probability. This function is validated against a holdout set of 113 EPCs from textbooks showing that 90% of the EPCs could be classified correctly as having errors or not. These results emphasize the importance of quality issues in business process modeling, and provides the foundations for innovations in tool support.
Potential impact of iodine on tropospheric levels of ozone and other critical oxidants

A new analysis of tropospheric iodine chemistry suggests that under certain conditions this chemistry could have a significant impact on the rate of destruction of tropospheric ozone. In addition, it suggests that modest shifts could result in the critical radical ratio HO2/OH. This analysis is based on the first ever observations of CH3I in the middle and upper free troposphere as recorded during the NASA Pacific Exploratory Mission in the western Pacific. Improved evaluations of several critical gas kinetic and photochemical rate coefficients have also been used. Three iodine source scenarios were explored in arriving at the above conclusions. These include: (1) the assumption that the release of CH3I from the marine environment was the only iodine source with boundary layer levels reflecting a low-productivity source region, (2) same as scenario 1 but with an additional marine iodine source in the form of higher molecular weight iodocarbons, and (3) source scenario 2 but with the release of all iodocarbons occurring in a region of high biological productivity. Based on one-dimensional model simulations, these three source scenarios resulted in estimated Ix (Ix = I + IO + HI + HOI + 2I2O2 + INOx) yields for the upper troposphere of 0.5, 1.5, and 7 parts per trillion by volume (pptv), respectively. Of these, only at the 1.5 and 7 pptv level were meaningful enhancements in O3 destruction estimated. Total column O3 destruction for these cases averaged 6 and 30%, respectively. At present we believe the 1.5 pptv Ix source scenario to be more typical of the tropical marine environment; however, for specific regions of the Pacific (i.e., marine upwelling regions) and for specific seasons of the year, much higher levels might be experienced. Even so, significant uncertainties still remain in the proposed iodine chemistry. In particular, much uncertainty remains in the magnitude of the marine iodine source. In addition, several rate coefficients for gas phase processes need further investigating, as does the efficiency for removal of iodine due to aerosol scavenging processes.
Paleoanthropology of the Malawi Rift: an early hominid mandible from the Chiwondo Beds, northern Malawi

Abstract The Hominid Corridor Research Project has recovered a mandibular corpus, UR 501, containing third and fourth premolars and first and second molars in variable states of preservation, from Late Pliocene paleolake Malawi sediments at Uraha in northern Malawi. A qualitative description is accompanied by quantitative measures of the corpus, tooth crowds and roots, and enamel microanatomical features. Many absolute and relative measures respecting molar and premolar crown shape indices, some relative cusp areas, and enamel microanatomical features, as well as fissure patterns and crown morphology, are within the sample range of early Homo , though some are within the limits of variation represented by Australopithecus ( A. africanus and A. afarensis ). However, UR 501 has absolutely large molar crown areas, P 3 relative expansion of the talonid, plate-like P 3 and P 4 roots, and some enamel microanatomical features that correspond more closely to the Paranthropus condition. Taken altogether, UR 501 corresponds closely to the subset of Late Pliocene fossils from east of Lake Turkana, Kenya, that have relatively large brains and robust jaws and teeth and that have been referred to Homo rudolfensis Alexeev, 1986, by Wood (1992 b ), and to which we also refer UR 501. Faunas that are both associated with UR 501 and provide some biochronological control indicate a date between 2·5 and 2·3 Ma. The palaeobiogeographic significance of UR 501 lay in its association with an assemblage dominated by eastern African endemic taxa. We provide the palaeobiogeographic implications of the Chiwondo Beds faunal assemblages (cf. Bromage et al. , 1995) to suggest that Homo rudolfensis arose in eastern Africa during, and partly as a result of, the ca. 2·5 Ma climatic cooling event. It remained endemic there while southern African taxa were dispersing toward the equator. The pattern to emerge from our paleobiogeographic perspectives on other hominid taxa is that early hominids arose successively in the eastern African tropical ecological domain. During favorable periods, some early hominids dispersed southward beyond the Zambesian Ecozone, evolved there, perhaps due to relative isolation and/or due to factors associated with its temperate ecology, and became endemic there.
Calculation of dike trajectories from volcanic centers

[1] Patterns of dike swarms around volcanic centers or above mantle plumes are interpreted by a mechanical analysis of regional and dike-induced stresses, in which dike emplacement is controlled and guided by the stress state. Comparisons of dike patterns with patterns of principal-stress trajectories caused by a source and a regional stress system are commonly used to infer paleostresses. However, dike trajectories are determined by a complex interaction between dike-induced stresses and the source/regional stress system. We present numerical calculations based on a novel boundary-integral formulation, which examines the simultaneous effects of regional stresses, magma pressure, and dike injection on the local stress state around a continuously curving dike. Dike paths are calculated from the condition that dikes propagate by mode I failure. Our results suggest that the magnitude of the regional stresses would be 2–5 times higher than previous estimates based on principal-stress trajectory analysis.
Dynamics of Output Growth , Consumption and Physical Capital in Two-Sector Models of Endogenous Growth

This paper explores the properties of a new nonparametric goodness of fit test, based on the likelihood ratio test of Portnoy (1988). It is applied via the consistent series density estimator of Crain (1974) and Barron and Sheu (1991). The asymptotic properties are established as trivial corollaries to the results of those papers as well as from similar results in Marsh (2000) and Claeskens and Hjort (2004). The paper focuses on the computational and numerical properties. Specifically it is found that the choice of approximating basis is not crucial and that the choice of model dimension, through consistent selection criteria, yields a feasible procedure. Extensive numerical experiments show that the usage of asymptotic critical values is feasible in moderate sample seizes. More importantly the new tests are shown to have significantly more power than established tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramér-von Mises or Anderson-Darling. Indeed, for certain interesting alternatives the power of the proposed tests may be several times that of the established ones.
Study of highly integrated payload architectures for future planetary missions

Future planetary missions will require advanced, smart, low resource payloads and satellites to enable the exploration of our solar system in a more frequent, timely and multi-mission manner. A viable route towards low resource science instrumentation is the concept of Highly Integrated Payload Suites (HIPS), which was introduced during the re-assessment of the payload of the BepiColombo (BC) Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO). Considerable mass and power savings were demonstrated throughout the instrumentation by improved definition of the instrument design, a higher level of integration, and identification of resource drivers. The higher integration and associated synergy effects permitted optimisation of the payload performance at minimum investment while still meeting the demanding science requirements. For the specific example of the BepiColombo MPO, the mass reduction by designing the instruments towards a Highly Integrated Payload Suite was found to be about 60%. This has endorsed the acceptance of a number of additional instruments as core payload of the BC MPO thereby enhancing the scientific return. This promising strategic approach and concept is now applied to a set of planetary mission studies for future exploration of the solar system. Innovative technologies, miniaturised electronics and advanced remote sensing technologies are the baseline for a generic approach to payload integration, which is here investigated also in the context of largely differing mission requirements. A review of the approach and the implications to the generic concept as found from the applications to the mission studies are presented.
Mantle upwellings, melt migration and the rifting of Africa: insights from seismic anisotropy

Abstract The rifting of continents and eventual formation of ocean basins is a fundamental component of plate tectonics, yet the mechanism for break-up is poorly understood. The East African Rift System (EARS) is an ideal place to study this process as it captures the initiation of a rift in the south through to incipient oceanic spreading in north-eastern Ethiopia. Measurements of seismic anisotropy can be used to test models of rifting. Here we summarize observations of anisotropy beneath the EARS from local and teleseismic body-waves and azimuthal variations in surface-wave velocities. Special attention is given to the Ethiopian part of the rift where the recent EAGLE project has provided a detailed image of anisotropy in the portion of the Ethiopian Rift that spans the transition from continental rifting to incipient oceanic spreading. Analyses of regional surface-waves show sub-lithospheric fast shear-waves coherently oriented in a north-eastward direction from southern Kenya to the Red Sea. This parallels the trend of the deeper African superplume, which originates at the core-mantle boundary beneath southern Africa and rises towards the base of the lithosphere beneath Afar. The pattern of shear-wave anisotropy is more variable above depths of 150 km. Analyses of splitting in teleseismic phases (SKS) and local shear-waves within the rift valley consistently show rift-parallel orientations. The magnitude of the splitting correlates with the degree of magmatism and the polarizations of the shear-waves align with magmatic segmentation along the rift valley. Analysis of surface-wave propagation across the rift valley confirms that anisotropy in the uppermost 75 km is primarily due to melt alignment. Away from the rift valley, the anisotropy agrees reasonably well within the pre-existing Pan-African lithospheric fabric. An exception is the region beneath the Ethiopian plateau, where the anisotropy is variable and may correspond to pre-existing fabric and ongoing melt-migration processes. These observations support models of magma-assisted rifting, rather than those of simple mechanical stretching. Upwellings, which most probably originate from the larger superplume, thermally erode the lithosphere along sites of pre-existing weaknesses or topographic highs. Decompression leads to magmatism and dyke injection that weakens the lithosphere enough for rifting and the strain appears to be localized to plate boundaries, rather than wider zones of deformation.
Guilá Naquitz

Give us 5 minutes and we will show you the best book to read today. This is it, the guila naquitz archaic foraging and early agriculture in oaxaca mexico that will be your best choice for better reading book. Your five times will not spend wasted by reading this website. You can take the book as a source to make better concept. Referring the books that can be situated with your needs is sometime difficult. But here, this is so easy. You can find the best thing of book that you can read.
Contribution to the Discrimination of Field-specific Seismic Amplitude Attenuation Causes

The quantitative use of the seismic amplitude information during the interpretation is a key point for many prospect evaluations and almost all reservoir characterization studies. The local amplitude information of interest is always affected by a series of signal attenuators along the propagation of the incident and reflected wavefield which are highly dependent upon the geological context, structural shape, lithologies and fluids. These many causes of attenuation are often pragmatically treated by a combination of a few well-known tools: spherical divergence compensation, surface-consistent or volumic time & frequency-dependent compensations. Cases where severe amplitude attenuation effects cannot be treated using usual approaches are a serious issue, in particular for seismic characterization of reservoirs. In this paper, a methodology adapted to the study of the impact and relevance of specific attenuation processes is presented; Alternative mechanisms and tools for a quantitative assessment of these processes are proposed. This methodology is illustrated through a field case study, using vertical incidence VSP and 3D surface data. The seismic amplitude attenuation analysis uses the VSP data to validate the modeling of measurable effects and to propose possible causes for the remaining strong attenuation, such as diffuse gas.
Slowness-backazimuth weighted migration: A new array approach to a high-resolution image

SUMMARY We have developed a new array method combining conventional migration with a slownessbackazimuth deviation weighting scheme. All seismic traces are shifted based on the theoretical traveltime of the scattered wave from specific gridpoints in a 3-D volume. Observed slowness and backazimuth are calculated for each raypath and compared with theoretical values in order to estimate slowness and backazimuth deviations. Subsequently, stacked energy calculated by a conventional migration method is weighted by the slowness and backazimuth deviations to suppress any arrival energy whose slowness and backazimuth are inconsistent with the expected theoretical values. This new method was applied to two P-wave data sets which comprise (1) underside reflections at the 410 and 660 km mantle discontinuities and (2) D �� reflections as well as their corresponding synthetic data sets. The results show that the weighting scheme dramatically increases the resolution of the migrated images and enables us to obtain wellconstrained, focused images, making upper-mantle discontinuities and D �� reflections more
Rainfall/runoff processes in a small peri‐urban catchment in the Andes mountains. The Rumihurcu Quebrada, Quito (Ecuador)

Situated at the foot of the Pichincha volcano, the city of Quito is frequently subjected to hydroclimatic hazards. In 1995 an 11·2 km2 watershed, located in the vicinity of the city, was equipped with eight rain gauges and two flow gauges to better understand the local rainfall/runoff transformation processes. Rainfall simulation experiments were carried out on more than 40 one‐square‐metre plots to measure infiltration point‐processes. The high density of measurement devices allowed us to identify the origin and nature of the various contributions to runoff for the different physiographic units of the watershed: urban area from an altitude of 2800 to 3200 m; farmland, pasture and forested land, and finally páramo above 3900 m. Runoff occurs mainly in the lower part of the basin and is caused by urbanization; however, the natural soils of this area can also produce Hortonian runoff, which is predominant in a few events. This contribution can be studied through rainfall simulation experiments. In the upper natural zone, the younger and more permeable soils generate less runoff on the slopes. However, almost permanently saturated contributing areas, which are located in the bottom of the quebradas, may generate flood events, the size of which depends on the extent of the area concerned. Variations in the runoff coefficients are related first to the baseflow and second to the amount of rainfall in the previous 24 h. This analysis, which underlines the complexity of a small, peri‐urban, volcanic catchment, is a necessary preliminary to runoff modelling in an area where very few experiments have been carried out on small catchments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.