Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple fractal-shaped slots-based UWB antenna with triple-band notch functionality

A planar elliptical shape band-notched UWB antenna with multiple fractal-shaped slots and a Sierpinski fractal curve-shaped ring resonator at the back of the substrate is introduced in this paper. The proposed antenna exhibits a triple-band notch characteristic. Koch fractal slot etched from the radiator is responsible for creating notched band centred at 5.5 GHz for wireless local area network rejection. The Minkowski fractal slots in the ground planes create rejection characteristics at 8.1 GHz to avoid interference with X-band uplink satellite communication systems. The RFID rejection band centred at 6.8 GHz is achieved by using a Sierpinski fractal curve-shaped ring resonator at the back of the substrate. Sierpinski fractal slot of third iteration on the radiator contributes to an impedance bandwidth of 2.8–12 GHz with VSWR < 2 by improving matching at lower frequencies except at three notched bands. The antenna gain varies from 1.5 to 4 dBi over the band. Stable radiation patterns are obtained throughout its operating frequency. The antenna has a compact size of 41 mm × 45 mm.
Gel-like granular materials with high durability and high deformability

Building materials such as concretes and mortar are formed by solidifying granular slabs. Such materials are often fractured by giant forces such as during earthquakes, leading to the collapse of structures and potentially casualties. One avenue of enquiry to prevent cracking would be to realize a material that can maintain a stable shape without being solidified. Here, we focus on sand grains coated with silicone oil, experimentally investigating the Young's modulus of a granular slab where ordinary grains and the coated grains are mixed in a mixing ratio $\alpha$. It is found that the Young's modulus increases rapidly at $\alpha \ge 0.6$. We use numerical simulation to show that this sudden increase in the Young's modulus is caused by a rigidity percolation transition. Furthermore, we are able to show that granular slabs containing coated sand have outstanding deformability without collapsing under large external stress. We believe this may lead to the development of granular materials that are rigid under usual pressures but deformable under more extreme conditions, such as during seismic activity.
Restricted analytic valued fields with partial exponentiation

Non-archimedean fields with restricted analytic functions may not support a full exponential function, but they always have partial exponentials defined in convex subrings. On face of this, we study the first order theory of the class of non-archimedean ordered valued fields augmented by all restricted analytic functions and an exponential function defined in the valuation ring, which extends the restricted analytic exponential. We obtain model completeness and other desirable properties for this theory. In particular, any model embeds in a model where the partial exponential extends to a full one.
An Investigation of Composite Dropsonde Profiles for Developing and Nondeveloping Tropical Waves during the 2010 PREDICT Field Campaign

AbstractComposite dropsonde profiles are analyzed for developing and nondeveloping tropical waves in an attempt to improve the understanding of tropical cyclogenesis. These tropical waves were sampled by 25 reconnaissance missions during the 2010 Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) field campaign. Comparisons are made between mean profiles of temperature, mixing ratio, relative humidity, radial and tangential winds, relative vorticity, and virtual convective available potential energy (CAPE) for genesis and nongenesis cases. Genesis soundings are further analyzed in temporal progression to investigate whether significant changes in the thermodynamic or wind fields occur during the transition from tropical wave to tropical cyclone.Significant results include the development of positive temperature anomalies from 500 to 200 hPa 2 days prior to genesis in developing waves. This is not observed in the nongenesis mean. Progressive mesoscale moistening of the column is observe.
Mimetic Muscle Rehabilitation Analysis Using Clustering of Low Dimensional 3D Kinect Data

Facial nerve paresis is a severe complication that arises post-head and neck surgery; This results in articulation problems, facial asymmetry, and severe problems in non-verbal communication. To overcome the side effects of post-surgery facial paralysis, rehabilitation requires which last for several weeks. This paper discusses an unsupervised approach to rehabilitating patients who have temporary facial paralysis due to damage in mimetic muscles. The work aims to make the rehabilitation process objective compared to the current subjective approach, such as House-Brackmann (HB) scale. Also, the approach will assist clinicians by reducing their workload in assessing the improvement during rehabilitation. This paper focuses on the clustering approach to monitor the rehabilitation process. We compare the results obtained from different clustering algorithms on various forms of the same data set, namely dynamic form, data expressed as functional data using B-spline basis expansion, and by finding the functional principal components of the functional data. The study contains data set of 85 distinct patients with 120 measurements obtained using a Kinect stereo-vision camera. The method distinguish effectively between patients with the least and greatest degree of facial paralysis, however patients with adjacent degrees of paralysis provide some challenges. In addition, we compared the cluster results to the HB scale outputs.
Low Energy Neutrino and Mass Dark Matter Detection Using Freely Falling Atoms

We propose a new method to detect low-energy neutrinos and low-mass dark matter at or below the MeV scale, through their coherent scatterings from freely falling heavy atoms and the resulting kinematic shifts. We start with a simple calculation for illustration: for $10^7$ heavy atoms of a mass number around 100 with a small recoil energy of 1 meV, the corresponding velocities can reach $0.01, {\rm m/s}$ and produce significant kinematic shifts that can be detected. We then show that the proposed device should be able to probe vast low-energy regions of neutrinos from meV to MeV and can surpass previous limits on sub-MeV dark matter by several orders of magnitude. Such a proposal can be useful to (1) detect sub-MeV-scale dark matter: with $10^2$ atom guns shooting downwards, for example, CsI or lead clusters consisting of $10^{7}$ atoms with a frequency around $10^3$ Hz, it can already be sensitive to scattering cross-sections at the level of $10^{-33 (-34)}\rm{cm}^{2}$ for 1 (0.1) MeV dark matter and surpass current limits. Technological challenges include high-quality atom cluster production and injections. (2) Measure coherent neutrino-nuclei scatterings at the 0.1-1 MeV region for the first time: with $10^4$ atom guns shooting downwards CsI clusters consisting of $10^{11}$ atoms and a frequency of $10^{6}$ Hz. One can expect 10 events from MeV solar neutrinos to be observed per year. Furthermore, (3) this method can be extended to probe very low-energy neutrinos down to the eV-KeV region and may be able to detect the cosmic neutrino background, although it remains challenging.
Graphical Dirichlet Process

We consider the problem of clustering grouped data with possibly non-exchangeable groups whose dependencies can be characterized by a directed acyclic graph. To allow the sharing of clusters among the non-exchangeable groups, we propose a Bayesian nonparametric approach, termed graphical Dirichlet process, that jointly models the dependent group-speciﬁc random measures by assuming each random measure to be distributed as a Dirichlet process whose concentration parameter and based probability measure depend on those of its parent groups. The resulting joint stochastic process respects the Markov property of the directed acyclic graph that links the groups. We characterize the graphical Dirichlet process using a novel hypergraph representation as well as the stick-breaking representation, the restaurant-type representation, and the representation as a limit of a ﬁnite mixture model. We develop an eﬃcient posterior inference algorithm and illustrate our model with simulations and a real grouped single-cell data.
THE PROPAGATION OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ALONG AN INFINITE CORRUGATED SURFACE

Propagation of an electromagnetic wave along an infinite corrugated surface whose slot walls are vanishingly thin is investigated using a method based on the calculus of residues. The method yields expressions for the amplitudes and phase velocities which are highly accurate near cutoff when the number of slots per wavelength is greater than about five.
Inferring the Structure of the Pre-Protostellar Core L1498

We present a study of the pre-protostellar core (PPC) L1498. A series of self-consistent, three-dimensional continuum radiative transfer models are constructed. The outputs of these models are convolved with appropriate telescope beam responses, including the effect of beam chopping to simulate SCUBA observations. The simulated observations are compared with existing observational data. An automated search is conducted in the multi-dimensional parameter space to identify the best-fit model. Grids of models are constructed in the vicinity of the best fit in order to understand the sensitivity/uncertainty of the results. We find that the source is well fit by a prolate spheroid of cutoff (and thus approximately outer) radius rcut = 0.073 ± 0.005 pc, axis ratio q = 2.0 ± 0.2, a central luminosity L* -3 Lsun, and an optical depth in the visible of τv = 20 ± 5. We find that the PPC is illuminated by two external radiation fields: a uniform ISRF of strength sISRF= 0.5 ± 0.25 and a local plane-parallel radiation field sPPRF = 1.0 ± 0.5. Both of these radiation fields are locally attenuated, with τISRF = 1.0 ± 0.25, and τPPRF = 1.25 ± 0.75, consistent with the fact that L1498 is embedded in a larger cloud. Most interestingly, the density fall-off at the outer edge is extremely steep, having a power law of m > 10. This is effectively a “sharp edge” to the PPC, and together with the constant density interior, is interpreted as potential signs of a pressure-confined core.
Saturation induced by picosecond pulses in semiconductor optical amplifiers

We study the amplification of picosecond pulses in a semiconductor optical amplifier, including the effect of carrier heating and spectral-hole burning. Under simplifying approximations we obtain an analytical expression for the amplifier output to a given picosecond pulse input. The effect of the intraband dynamics becomes important for pulses below a critical pulse width that is related to the K factor that characterizes the modulation properties of semiconductor lasers. The critical pulse width ranges from a few picoseconds to 20 ps in most cases.
Beyond Distribution Shift: Spurious Features Through the Lens of Training Dynamics

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are prone to learning spurious features that correlate with the label during training but are irrelevant to the learning problem. This hurts model generalization and poses problems when deploying them in safety-critical applications. This paper aims to better understand the effects of spurious features through the lens of the learning dynamics of the internal neurons during the training process. We make the following observations: (1) While previous works highlight the harmful effects of spurious features on the generalization ability of DNNs, we emphasize that not all spurious features are harmful. Spurious features can be"benign"or"harmful"depending on whether they are"harder"or"easier"to learn than the core features for a given model. This definition is model and dataset-dependent. (2) We build upon this premise and use instance difficulty methods (like Prediction Depth (Baldock et al., 2021)) to quantify"easiness"for a given model and to identify this behavior during the training phase. (3) We empirically show that the harmful spurious features can be detected by observing the learning dynamics of the DNN's early layers. In other words, easy features learned by the initial layers of a DNN early during the training can (potentially) hurt model generalization. We verify our claims on medical and vision datasets, both simulated and real, and justify the empirical success of our hypothesis by showing the theoretical connections between Prediction Depth and information-theoretic concepts like V-usable information (Ethayarajh et al., 2021). Lastly, our experiments show that monitoring only accuracy during training (as is common in machine learning pipelines) is insufficient to detect spurious features. We, therefore, highlight the need for monitoring early training dynamics using suitable instance difficulty metrics.
Quantum correlations and their signiﬁcance in quantum teleportation under PT -symmetric operation

In this article, we exploit the diﬀerent notions of quantumness measure to understand the properties of the Heisenberg XY model with and without PT -symmetric operation. In the absence of PT - symmetry, we study the signiﬁcance of diﬀerent measures, namely entanglement and measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN), in the detection of the quantumness of the Heisenberg XY model. It is observed that the quantum correlations and teleportation ﬁdelity monotonically decreases with respect to temperature. Furthermore, the intervention of PT -symmetric operation enhances the strengths of quantum correlation. In addition, we highlight the role of the system’s parameters and PT -symmetric operation on the teleportation of a quantum state. Our results also emphasize that after the addition of PT -symmetric operation, the considered physical model remains a versatile resource to achieve successful teleportation of the quantum state.
Dust emission of mineral/ice mixtures: residue structure and dynamical parameters

In a series of experiments the particle emission from ice/dust mixtures under insolation at space conditions was investigated using an array of particle collectors and Piezo impact detectors. The dust data provide an estimate of the ratio of ice containing to ice free particles for different size ranges, indicating a decrease in the frequency of ice free particles with increasing particle size. The measurement of the main dynamical parameters of the particle emission reveals a significant interrelation of particle size, starting angle and velocity of the emission process. The near surface particle stream exhibits an internal structure of a low-speed central core of large grains superimposed by a high-speed background of small grains. Possible implications for the dynamics of a dust jet emanating from a comet nucleus are discussed.
Signature of long‐term class evolution in GRS 1915+105 at a high accretion rate

We find long-term evolution of the ω class from the study of X-ray timing and spectral analysis of the Galactic microquasar GRS 1915+105 during two outburst activities, observed by the proportional counter array (PCA) and the High Energy X-ray Timing Experiment on-board Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer. The class is characterized by unusual periodic-like variation in intensity. With the passage of time, the variability gradually disappears and the class stabilizes at higher intensity. Low-frequency (0.1–10 Hz) power density spectral evolution and energy spectral evolution show that the class initially occurs as an unstable and oscillatory stage between the high-soft state and the low-soft/hard-intermediate state and finally settles in the high-soft state. This modulation process gives a clear signature of the adjustment of the accretion disc during an increasing accretion rate. Spectral analysis of this class at different stages shows a distinct feature of a single thermal Comptonization component along with a strong hard X-ray tail. We try to fit different observational characteristics found during the timing and spectral evolution with different disc accretion models and we find that the presence of an extended, optically thin corona coupled with an accretion disc can explain our results adequately. The thermal electron cloud covers a large fraction of the inner disc region, and it is powered by the accretion energy of the accretion disc. The change in the coronal temperature and optical depth between dip and non-dip regions of the light curve shows the change in the underneath disc emissivity at nearly constant disc temperature. When a high state is achieved, the corona becomes cool and optically thick and emission is dominated by a disc blackbody component. The strong support for the presence of an accretion-powered Comptonizing medium is the detection of delay in arriving time between soft and hard photons during this class. Both All-Sky Monitor and PCA flaring intensity and the nature of evolution are found to be the same for both X-ray outbursts at different time. This indicates that this process has fundamental contribution to the overall disc accretion mechanism during the outburst and is hence important in understanding the possible ways for utilizing the total accretion energy budget.
N=2 SUSY on an SU(2) × U(1) Isometric Squashed S 4

We study N = 2 supersymmetric theory on a large family of squashed 4-spheres preserving SU(2) × U(1) isometry and determine the conditions under which this background is supersymmetric. We then compute the partition function of this theory using localization technique. The results indicate that for N = 2 SUSY including both vector-multiplets and hypermultiplets, the partition function is independent of the arbitrary squashing functions as well as of the other supergravity background fields.
A MODIFIED ADAPTIVE GRID METHOD FOR RECIRCULATING FLOWS

In this study a method of equidistribution of a weight function for grid adaption is modified to produce a smoother grid which yields a more accurate solution. In the original scheme the weight function was estimated on each grid independently and a large variation in the values of the, weight function could generate a highly skewed and non-uniform grid which produced large errors. In this study the weight function is smoothed by coupling neighbouring weight functions. Abrupt changes in the weight function are alleviated and a smoother grid distribution is obtained. With relatively minor modifications of the original weight function it is demonstrated in this study that the solution can be improved. The test cases presented are the one-dimensional convection-diffusion equation, a laminar polar cavity flow, a laminar backwardfacing step flow and a turbulent reacting sudden expansion pipe flow. Numerical efficiencies ranging from factors of five to 10 are achieved over uniform grid methods.
Sibling Relationships in Adolescence and Young Adulthood in Multiple Contexts: A Critical Review

In many contexts worldwide, most people grow up with one or more siblings. The current paper reviews research on sibling relationship quality (closeness, communication, and conflict) in adolescence and young adulthood in four different contexts: primarily White North American and European samples (132 articles reviewed); ethnic minority families (26 articles reviewed); China (6 articles reviewed); and when one sibling has a disability (21 articles reviewed). Where the literature was available, within each context we addressed five questions: how does sibling relationship quality change from adolescence through young adulthood, how are demographic and structural characteristics linked to sibling relationship quality, how is sibling relationship quality linked to adjustment and behavior, how are familial relationships and processes linked to sibling relationship quality, and how is sibling relationship quality linked to non-familial relationships. Included articles were published between 2001 and 2021 and included aspects of sibling closeness, communication, or conflict in adolescence or young adulthood. Across all contexts, individual (e.g., gender) and dyadic characteristics (e.g., gender composition, birth order) play a role in siblings’ relationship qualities. In several contexts, the current literature suggests that sibling closeness and communication are linked to positive development, well-being, and healthy relationships with other social partners. In multiple contexts, sibling conflict is linked to poorer well-being and negative relationships with other social partners. These broad patterns, however, are qualified by each context and often multiple moderators.
What Is the Role of Norepinephrine in Cerebellar Modulation and Stress-Induced Episodic Ataxia?

The cerebellum receives noradrenergic input from the locus ceruleus (LC). 1-3 The LC input to the cerebellar cortex is diffuse and targets mainly the molecular layer but also the Purkinje and granule cell layers.4,5 Norepinephrine (NE), acting through different adrenoceptor subtypes localized presynaptically and postsynaptically in the various components of the cerebellar circuit, has a complex modulatory effect on the tonic firing of Purkinje cells, which control the output of the cerebellum through the cerebellar nuclei (Figure). Purkinje cell activity is determined both by their intrinsic ion conductances and by synaptic influences from excitatory inputs from the mossy-parallel fiber and climbing fiber systems and inhibitory inputs from molecular layer interneurons.6,7 The components of the cerebellar cortex circuit express different α1-adrenergic, α2-adrenergic, and β-adrenergic receptor (adrenoceptors [ARs]) subtypes, with a distinct distribution.8,9 Given the multiple modulatory effects of NE in the cerebellar circuit, activation of LC and NE release in the cerebellum, for example, in response to stress, may directly or indirectly affect Purkinje cell activity and thus cerebellar output. Stress is an important trigger of episodic movement disorders due to channelopathies, including episodic ataxias (EAs). 10 A common feature in several ataxic disorders is impaired tonic pacemaking firing of Purkinje cells.11-14 A recent study in the tottering mouse model of EA2 provides a mechanism by which stress, through the activation of LC-NE input to the cerebellum, can trigger episodic ataxia.15 This study supports the role of NE signaling and downstream effects on tonic firing of Purkinje cells and provides potential therapeutic approaches to treat this disorder. Furthermore, these results also provide a potential link between stress and other episodic movement disorders.
Update: Immunsuppression bei Organtransplantationen

Zusammenfassung Die Immunsuppression ist eine wesentliche Grundvoraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Transplantation. Zur Reduktion der teils beträchtlichen Nebenwirkungen werden Kombinationstherapien mit unterschiedlichen Wirkstoffen durchgeführt. Dieser Beitrag soll einen aktuellen Überblick zur Immunsuppression nach Leber- und Nierentransplantation geben.
Remove unwanted variation retrieves unknown experimental designs

Remove unwanted variation (RUV) is an estimation and normalization system in which the underlying correlation structure of a multivariate dataset is estimated from negative control measurements, typically gene expression values, which are assumed to stay constant across experimental conditions. In this paper we derive the weight matrix which is estimated and incorporated into the generalized least squares estimates of RUV‐inverse, and show that this weight matrix estimates the average covariance matrix across negative control measurements. RUV‐inverse can thus be viewed as an estimation method adjusting for an unknown experimental design. We show that for a balanced incomplete block design (BIBD), RUV‐inverse recovers intra‐ and interblock estimates of the relevant parameters and combines them as a weighted sum just like the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE), except that the weights are globally estimated from the negative control measurements instead of being individually optimized to each measurement as in the classical, single measurement BIBD BLUE.