Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conservation and indigenous peoples’ struggles for livelihoods: Suba Park (Ethiopia)

Summary Contested from the early period of Menelik territorial expansion into the hinterlands of Addis Ababa, areas in the vicinity of Suba Park continue to be a bone of political contention in the context of the struggle of Oromo people against the expansion of the central state. A flashpoint is the Oromo protests (2014–2018) against federal state territorial expansion into the Oromo ethnic territory through a new Addis Ababa Master Plan that led to the deposition of Haile Mariam Desalegn and the installation of Abiy Amhed. I investigate how the state environmental policy maintained for extraction and conservation in the Suba forest between the late 1890s and 2018 affected the Tulama modes of land use related to their worldviews and their use of material, social, spiritual and symbolic values of land in the struggle for land and resource rights. I used ethnographic methods that included in-depth and semi-structured interviews, participant observations and document analysis to investigate long-standing and complex land-based conflicts in and around Suba Park. I show how simplifying state narratives of environmental policy entrenched in centralized state administration and exclusionist resource management schemes have reinforced a wider concern about indigenous land and resource rights and decentralized environmental governance.
Both L1 and L2 proficiency impact ToM reasoning in children aged 4 to 6. Painting a more nuanced picture of the relation between bilingualism and ToM

Previous studies that contrasting bilinguals with monolinguals on Theory of Mind (ToM) have shown mixed results. We present a relatively large (N = 102) study comparing Polish–English sequential bilinguals living in the UK with Polish monolinguals living in Poland. Going beyond a simple group comparison, we explored the role of language proficiency and input in ToM abilities. A battery of eight tasks was used to measure ToM, and the groups were matched on age, gender, SES, IQ and L1 word comprehension. Although bilinguals did not differ from monolinguals in accuracy in ToM tasks, they demonstrated better reasoning abilities when providing justification for ToM responses. ToM accuracy scores were best predicted by L1 proficiency, but the justification scores were best predicted by both L1 and L2 proficiency. The findings suggest that the nuances of bilingual experience provide an important scaffolding context for ToM development.
The Elatsite porphyry copper deposit in the Panagyurishte ore district, Srednogorie zone, Bulgaria: U-Pb zircon geochronology and isotope-geochemical investigations of magmatism and ore genesis

Abstract Single zircons from several porphyry dykes bracketing the time of formation of the Elatsite porphyry Cu-Au deposit (Bulgaria) were dated by high-precision U-Pb isotope analysis, using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). On the basis of cross-cutting relationships, and the mineralogy and geochemistry of igneous and altered rocks, five dyke units are distinguished. The earliest porphyry dyke is associated with, and overprinted by, the main stage of ore-related veining and potassic alteration. U-Pb analyses of zircons yield a mean 206Pb/238U age of 92.1 ± 0.3 Ma, interpreted to reflect the time of intrusion. Zircons of the latest ore forming dyke, crosscutting the main stage veins but still associated with minor potassic alteration and veining, give an intrusion age of 91.84 ± 0.3 Ma. Thus, ore mineralization is confined by individually dated igneous events, indicating that the entire time span for the ore-forming magmatism and high temperature hydrothermal activity extended over a maximum duration of 1.1 Ma, but probably much less. Zircon analyses of a late ore dyke cutting all ore veins and hosting pyrite as the only sulphide mineral give a concordant 206Pb/238U age of 91.42 ± 0.15 Ma. Based on a spatial relationships of the magnetite-bornite-chalcopyrite assemblage with coarse-grained hydrothermal biotite and K-feldspar, a Rb-Sr age of 90.55 ± 0.8 Ma is calculated using the two K-rich minerals. This age is interpreted as a closing date for the Rb-Sr system at T ≈ 300 °C consistent with published K-Ar data. Therefore the entire lifespan of the magmatic-hydrothermal system is estimated to have lasted about 1.2 Ma. Soon after, the Cretaceous complex was exposed by erosion, as shown by palaeontologically dated (Turonian; 91–88.5 Ma) sandstones containing fragments of porphyry dykes. Geochemical discrimination ratios suggest a mixed mantle and crustal source of the Cretaceous magma. Isotope analyses of Sr, Nd and Hf confirm the conclusion that all porphyry rocks within and around the Elatsite deposit originate from an enriched mantle source at Cretaceous times, with crustal contamination indicated by moderately radiogenic Pb.
Un plesiosaurio de cuello corto (Plesiosauroidea, Polycotylidae) del Cretácico Superior del norte de Patagonia

Resumen. Se describen vertebras de un plesiosaurio halladas en la Formacion Allen (Campaniano tardio Maastrichtiano temprano; Cretacico Superior), en la localidad de Loma Puntuda, Salitral de Santa Rosa, Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina. Una serie de caracteristicas anatomicas, tales como los centros vertebrales anficelicos mas altos que largos, la presencia de un anillo rodeando la cara articular posterior de las vertebras cervicales, la existencia de una quilla ventral en las vertebras cervicales, las espinas neurales cervicales expandidas distalmente y posiblemente inclinadas hacia atras, asi como las caras laterales de los cuerpos dorsales fuertemente comprimidas, justifican la asignacion a los Polycotylidae, un grupo de plesiosauroideos de cuello corto relativamente comun en el Cretacico Superior de Norteamerica. Este es el primer hallazgo de restos postcraneanos de un policotilido en Sudamerica, en donde estos plesiosaurios eran conocidos hasta hoy a partir de fragmentos craneanos y mandibulares (asignados a Sulcusuchuserraini Gasparini y Spalletti), registrados en niveles estratigraficos equivalentes (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano), en las provincias de Chubut y Rio Negro. Abstract. A SHORT-NECKED PLESIOSAUR (PLESIOSAUROIDEA, POLYCOTYLIDAE) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF NORTH PATAGONIA. Several plesiosaur vertebrae found in the Allen Formation (late Campanian-early Maastrichtian; Upper Cretaceous), at Loma Puntuda locality, Salitral de Santa Rosa, Rio Negro Province, Argentina, are described. Some anatomical features, such as the amphicoelous vertebral centres higher rather than longer, a ring surrounding the posterior articular surface of the cervical vertebrae, a ventral keel in the cervical vertebrae, the cervical neural spines expanded distally and probably inclined posteriorly, and the lateral surfaces of the dorsal bodies strongly compressed, justify their assignation to the Polycotylidae, a short-necked plesiosauroid group relatively frequent in the Upper Cretaceous of North America. This is the first record of postcranial remains of a polycotylid in South America, where these plesiosaurs were known only by cranial and mandibular remains (assigned to Sulcusuchuserraini Gasparini and Spalletti) found in equivalent stratigraphic levels (Campanian-Maastrichtian), in the Chubut and Rio Negro Provinces.
Total reactive nitrogen, N2O, and ozone in the winter Arctic stratosphere

Total reactive nitrogen (NOy) and ozone were measured between 14 and 31 km during ascent on board a balloon launched from Kiruna, Sweden on January 31, 1992. Measurements of N2O were also made from the same gondola but during the fast parachute descent. Kiruna was located outside the polar vortex below 20 km and inside it above 23 km. The observed strong positive correlation between NOy and ozone as well as the negative correlation between NOy and N2O up to 22 km suggests the absence of denitrification at these altitudes. Very low N2O mixing ratios of about 13 ppbv were observed at altitudes between 23 and 27 km. In this region, the NOy mixing ratio was 13.6±0.5 ppbv, deviating from the above linear relationship by 6 ppbv. This deficit in NOy is interpreted in terms of downward transport of air from the upper stratosphere where photochemical NOy loss occurs.
Application of boat‐based laser scanning for river survey

The boat‐based, mobile mapping system (BoMMS) with a laser scanner allows the derivation of detailed riverine topographical data for fluvial applications. Combined with data acquisition from static terrestrial LiDAR (light detection and range) or mobile terrestrial LiDAR on the ground, boat‐based laser scanning enables a totally new field mapping approach for fluvial studies. The BoMMS approach is an extremely rapid methodology for surveying riverine topography, taking only 85 min to survey a reach approximately 6 km in length. The BoMMS approach also allowed an effective survey angle for deep river banks, which is difficult to achieve with aerial or static terrestrial LiDAR. Further, this paper demonstrates the three‐dimensional mapping of a point‐bar and its detailed morphology. Compared with the BoMMS surface, approximately, 80% and 96% of the terrestrial LiDAR points showed a height deviation of less than 2 cm and 5 cm, respectively, with an overall standard deviation of ± 2·7 cm. This level of accuracy and rapidity of data capture enables the mapping of post‐flood deposition directly after a flood event without an extensive time lag. Additionally, the improved object characterisation may allow for better 3D mapping of the point bar and other riverrine features. However, the shadow effect of the BoMMS survey in point bar mapping should be removed by additional LiDAR data to acquire entire riverine topography. The approach demonstrated allowed a large reach to be surveyed compared with static terrestrial LiDAR and increased the spatial limit of survey towards aerial LiDAR, but it maintains the same or even better temporal resolution as static terrestrial LiDAR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capitalizing on Early Literacy Standards in Play

Children’s play is a primary vehicle for learning in early childhood classrooms. In order for teachers to effectively support learning, they must become attuned to how children are demonstrating progress towards important educational goals, such as those described in states’ Early Learning and Development Standards (ELDS). In the research study which this article is based on, we investigated preschool teachers’ ability to identify evidence of early literacy developmental milestones in children’s play, connect these milestones to ELDS, and plan reasonable learning-rich extensions that built on children’s developmental readiness. We found that teachers were largely able to identify evidence of literacy development using vignettes and envision evidence-based pedagogical extensions that would support children’s learning. This was most evident in the areas of phonological awareness and alphabet knowledge and least evident in areas related to engagement and comprehension. Implications and recommendations for teachers and professional development are provided.
Interannual variability of the upper ocean carbon cycle at station ALOHA near Hawaii

We investigate interannual variability of the upper ocean carbon cycle in the subtropical North Pacific on the basis of a 14‐year time series (1988–2002) of carbon parameters from Station ALOHA, the site of the U.S. JGOFS Hawaii Ocean Time series program (HOT). The data reveal substantial interannual variability in near‐surface concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon normalized to constant salinity (sDIC, peak‐to‐peak amplitude of ±4 μmol kg−1), computed ocean surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2, ±6 ppm), and the 13C/12C ratio of DIC (±0.07‰). A strong anticorrelation (r = −0.50) between interannual anomalies in sea‐surface temperature (SST) and sDIC is found, which tends to suppress the correlation of either of these properties with pCO2. In contrast, no significant correlation (p < 0.05) is found between anomalies of the 13C/12C ratio of DIC and any other parameter. A diagnostic box model analysis reveals that interannual variability of near‐surface ocean sDIC is driven by air‐sea gas exchange, net community production, and lateral transport. In warmer than normal years the seasonal carbon cycle tends to be weakened, with a sDIC reduction in the mixed layer caused by diminished gas exchange and lateral transport outweighing the effect of less intense sDIC removal by net community production. This explains the observed anticorrelation between SST and sDIC. Interannual (peak‐to‐peak) variability of air‐sea gas exchange (±0.4 mol m−2 yr−1, i.e., 40% of the annual mean value) is primarily governed by strongly covarying changes in SST and wind speeds. Net community production varies interannually by up to ±0.9 mol m−2 yr−1 (39%) and tends to be associated with changes in horizontal transport. Less than 20% of the interannual variance in sDIC near Hawaii can be explained by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and an even smaller fraction (less than 5%) by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Because SST variations over a sizable fraction of the North Pacific subtropical gyre vary in concert with those at Station ALOHA, it is plausible that air‐sea fluxes in this region vary also synchronously, resulting in a variability of the atmospheric CO2 sink strength of the North Pacific subtropical gyre of up to ±0.2 PgC yr−1.
Estimation of lithium contents in trioctahedral micas using microprobe data; application to micas from granitic rocks

An empirical relationship between Li20 and Si02 contents in lithium-bearing trioctahedral micas is utilised as the basis of a procedure to estimate Li20 contents from electron microprobe-derived analyses of such micas. The relationship has been defined by fitting a least squares regression line to a dataset of over 250 quality-screened published analyses. As a result it is proposed that approximate lithium contents may be calculated for a wide range of lithium-bearing trioctahedral micas from the following relationship (expressed in wt. % oxide) : Li20 = (0.287 x Si02) 9. 552 Evaluation of the method with a dataset of over 500 microprobe analyses of micas from British granites indicates that it is generally applicable to many trioctahedral micas (e.g. siderophyllite , zinnwaldite, lepidolite). However, it is not applicable to those with high MgO (> 8.0 wt. % ; thus exciuding phlogopite and eastonite) , neither is it applicable to dioctahedral micas (e.g. muscovite). The microprobe technique, which is the most universal method used today to analyse minerals and which in other respects is ideal for analysis of micas , cannot detect lithium. Therefore the estimation of lithium contents is potentially of considerable value to igneous petrologists and mineralogists working on lithium micas as it allows a more realistic calculation of structural formulae for microprobe analyses. Key-words : lithium mica, trioctahedral mica, microprobe , granite , Britain.
A new Late Cretaceous (Turonian) basal euteleostean fish from Lac des Bois of the Northwest Territories of Canada

A new genus and species of Late Cretaceous euteleost, Avitosmerus canadensis, is described from an assemblage of fossil fishes found in a Late Cretaceous (Turonian) unnamed member (unit E) of the Great Bear Basin from Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada. It is a small fusiform fish characterized by a long slender supraorbital, the presence of a small suprapreopercle, branches of the preopercular sensory canal that reach the edge of the preopercle, and an anterior supraneural that is twice as large as those posterior to it. Additionally, elements of its caudal fin show a high degree of fusion. Avitosmerus is one of ten described Cretaceous basal euteleosts that are found worldwide (Avitosmerus, Barcarenichthys, Erichalcis, Gaudryella, Gharbouria, Humbertia, Kermichthys, Manchurichthys, Paravinciguerria, and Stompooria). Avitosmerus and Erichalcis are the only two basal euteleosts that have been described from the Cretaceous of North America. Placement of Avitosmerus into the Euteleostei is based on.
Steep bending of continental lithosphere without its stretching or plate collision: an indication for lithospheric failure and phase transitions

The Black Sea and Peri‐Caspian basin include steep slopes which are 4–10 km high and only 20–30 km wide. They formed without extension‐related normal faulting beneath the slopes and convergence in the adjacent regions. In the Peri‐Caspian basin a steep bending of the lithosphere was associated with rapid crustal subsidence which evolved over a few million years. The large intensity and high rate of the deformations indicate a temporary loss of high rigidity in the lithospheric layer which occurred independently of plate‐boundary‐related processes. The origin of this phenomenon presents a special problem. A tentative explanation is that a lithospheric failure in cool intraplate regions can result from infiltration of volatiles from the asthenosphere and rapid metamorphism in mafic rocks in the lower crust.
Regulatory T-cell deficiency leads to features of autoimmune liver disease overlap syndrome in scurfy mice

Introduction Scurfy mice have a complete deficiency of functional regulatory T cells (Treg) due to a frameshift mutation in the Foxp3 gene. The impaired immune homeostasis results in a lethal lymphoproliferative disorder affecting multiple organs, including the liver. The autoimmune pathology in scurfy mice is in part accompanied by autoantibodies such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA). ANA are serological hallmarks of several autoimmune disorders including autoimmune liver diseases (AILD). However, the underlying pathogenesis and the role of Treg in AILD remain to be elucidated. The present study therefore aimed to characterize the liver disease in scurfy mice. Methods Sera from scurfy mice were screened for ANA by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and tested for a wide range of AILD-associated autoantibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, line immunoassay, and addressable laser bead immunoassay. CD4+ T cells of scurfy mice were transferred into T cell-deficient B6/nude mice. Monoclonal autoantibodies from scurfy mice and recipient B6/nude mice were tested for ANA by IFA. Liver tissue of scurfy mice was analyzed by conventional histology. Collagen deposition in scurfy liver was quantified via hepatic hydroxyproline content. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to determine fibrosis-related hepatic gene expression. Hepatic immune cells were differentiated by flow cytometry. Results All scurfy mice produced ANA. AILD-associated autoantibodies, predominantly antimitochondrial antibodies, were detected at significantly higher levels in scurfy sera. CD4+ T cells from scurfy mice were sufficient to induce anti-dsDNA autoantibodies and ANA with an AILD-related nuclear envelope staining pattern. Liver histology revealed portal inflammation with bile duct damage and proliferation, as in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and interface hepatitis with portal-parenchymal necroinflammation, as found in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). In scurfy liver, TNFα and fibrosis-related transcripts including Col1a1, Timp1, Acta2, Mmp2, and Mmp9 were upregulated. The level of proinflammatory monocytic macrophages (Ly-6Chi) was increased, while M2-type macrophages (CD206+) were downregulated compared to wildtype controls. Despite severe hepatic inflammation, fibrosis did not develop within 25 days, which is close to the lifespan of scurfy mice. Discussion Our findings suggest that Treg-deficient scurfy mice spontaneously develop clinical, serological, and immunopathological characteristics of AILD with overlapping features of PBC and AIH.
Patterns of Physical Activity and Multiple Risk Behaviour in Adolescents from Visegrad Countries

The aim of this paper is to present the patterns of the health behaviour in adolescents from Visegrad countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia). The data concerning 5,588 15-year-old students were used, surveyed during the 2009/10 school year within HBSC study (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children). Five clusters with different behaviour patterns were found. The most positive model (high level of physical activity and a low level of risk behaviours) was found in 35.6% of adolescents from those countries. However, in 26.7%, relatively high physical activity co-exists with a high or very high level of risk behaviours. In all the countries, more negative models can be found in poor families and students with poor academic achievements. Adolescents categorised into more positive behaviour patterns are more satisfied with their lives. Members of different clusters should be approached with different prevention programmes, taken into account the specifics of each country.
Land degradation assessment in Southern Africa: integrating local and scientific knowledge bases

Recent attempts to address land degradation have seen calls for greater integration of scientific expertise with local knowledges. In this paper we investigate the potential for such combined understandings to enhance the accuracy, coverage and relevance of land degradation assessment. We followed a participatory approach, using methods from a variety of disciplines, to elicit potential land degradation indicators from communities in Botswana and Swaziland. These indicators were then assessed according to local and scientific understandings. We noted a significant overlap between scientific and local knowledges about land degradation in most instances. Where discrepancies occurred, the integrated participatory approach we used allows appropriate explanation to be reached, supporting the case that such an iterative process can lead to both accurate and relevant monitoring of land degradation. However, the incorporation of integrated knowledges into national policy has not been widespread in either country, suggesting that much greater efforts are required to institutionalise participatory land degradation assessment methodologies. Powerful, often neo‐Malthusian narratives of degradation continue to dominate policy discourse and limit the extent to which hybrid combined local and scientific knowledges can enhance land degradation assessment on a national and regional scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active and passive microwave signatures of Antarctic firn by means of field measurements and satellite data

The angular dependence and polarization behaviour of back-scattering and emission of polar firn at 5.2 GHz and 10.3 GHz were measured during an oversnow traverse in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The signatures emphasize the importance of snow stratification in the interpretation of microwave remote sensing measurements. Highest backscattering coefficients and little angular variations were observed for refrozen firn near the coast. In permanently dry snow, areas with high accumulation rates and homogeneous snow morphology showed low backscattering coefficients and high emissivities. Pronounced layering and related density variations in low accumulation zones resulted in increased polarization differences of brightness temperatures and increased like-polarized backscattering coefficients. This behaviour is confirmed by the analysis of C-band scatterometer measurements of the Active Microwave Instrument aboard the European Space Agency's ERS-1.