Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Method for Estimating the Optimal Coefficient of L1C/B1C Signal Correlator Joint Receiving

The design of a modern Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been exceptionally valued by the military and civilians of various countries. The inclusion of the pilot channel in addition to the navigation data channel is considered one of the major changes in GNSS modernization. Schemes of an equal weight combination (1:1 combination) and power ratio combination for data and pilot are primarily adopted by traditional receivers. With the emergence of the new data and pilot modulation signals with unequal power, such as L1C at Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 frequency and B1C at BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) B1 frequency, the traditional combination coefficient cannot achieve optimal reception performance. Considering the influence of the combination coefficient on the reception performance, the optimal coefficient of the correlator joint is estimated in this paper. The entire architecture of the data/pilot correlator joint tracking and positioning with unequal power is given. Based on the equivalence principle of the correlator joint and the discriminator joint, the optimal coefficient of the carrier loop is determined. A mathematical model of joint code tracking accuracy is established, and the optimal coefficient of the code loop is determined. The real-life satellite signal and simulation results show that the amplitude–ratio combined scheme is the best for receiving of correlator joints, followed by the power–ratio combination scheme and, finally, the 1:1 combination scheme. It is worth mentioning that the positioning accuracy of the amplitude–ratio combination is improved by 2% compared to the 1:1 combination, and by 1.3% compared to the power–ratio combination for B1C signal. The positioning accuracy of the amplitude–ratio combination is improved by 2.37% compared to the 1:1 combination, and by 1.6% compared to the power–ratio combination for L1C signal. The conclusions of this paper are validated for the traditional data/pilot with an equal power allocation. The techniques and test results provide technical support for GNSS high-precision-user receivers.
A Critical Review of State-of-the-Art Optimal PMU Placement Techniques

Phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology is a need of the power system due to its better resolution than conventional estimation devices used for wide-area monitoring. PMUs can provide synchronized phasor and magnitude of voltage and current measurements for state estimation of the power system to prevent blackouts. The drawbacks of a PMU are the high cost of the device and its installation. The main aspect of using PMUs in electrical networks is the property to observe the adjacent buses, thereby making it possible to observe the system with fewer PMUs than the number of buses through their optimal placement. In the last two decades, exhaustive research has been done on this issue. Considering the importance of this field, a comprehensive review of the progress achieved until now is carried out and the limitations of existing reviews in the literature are highlighted. This paper can be seen as a major attempt to provide an up-to-date review of the research work carried out in this all-important field of PMU placement and indicates that some perspectives of optimal PMU placement still need attention. Eventually, the work will open a new standpoint for the research community to fill the research gap.
Influence of organic aerosol composition determined by offline filter inlet for gases and aerosols and chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO–CIMS) analyses on particle absorptive properties in Beijing in autumnCE1

Organic aerosol (OA) is a major component of fine particulate matter (PM), affecting air quality, human health, and the climate. The absorptive and reflective behavior of OA components contributes to determining particle optical properties and thus their effects on the radiative budget of the troposphere. There is limited knowledge on the influence of the molecular composition of OA on particle optical properties in the polluted urban environment. In this study, we characterized the molecular composition of oxygenated OA collected on filter samples in the autumn of 2018 in Beijing, China, with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO–CIMS). Three haze episodes occurred during our sampling period with daily maximum concentrations of OA of 50, 30, and 55 μg m−3. We found that the signal intensities of dicarboxylic acids and sulfur-containing compounds increased during the two more intense haze episodes, while the relative contributions of wood-burning markers and other aromatic compounds were enhanced during the cleaner periods. We further assessed the optical properties of oxygenated OA components by combining detailed chemical composition measurements with collocated particle light absorption measurements. We show that light absorption enhancement (Eabs) of black carbon (BC) was mostly related to Pl ea se no te th e re m ar ks at th e en d of th e m an us cr ip t. Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2 J. Cai et al.: Organic aerosol composition and their absorptive properties by offline FIGAERO–CIMS more oxygenated OA (e.g., dicarboxylic acids), likely formed in aqueous-phase reactions during the intense haze periods with higher relative humidity, and speculate that they might contribute to lensing effects. Aromatics and nitro-aromatics (e.g., nitrocatechol and its derivatives) were mostly related to a high light absorption coefficient (babs) consistent with light-absorbing (brown) carbon (BrC). Our results provide information on oxygenated OA components at the molecular level associated with BrC and BC particle light absorption and can serve as a basis for further studies on the effects of anthropogenic OA on radiative forcing in the urban environment.
Compressibility factor calculation from gross calorific value and relative density for natural gas energy measurement

Nowadays, the gas chromatography (GC) method is vastly used in natural gas energy measurement but suffers from slow analysis, high capital investment, and high maintenance costs. With the advent of commercial calorimeters using new principles, the calorimeter measurement (CM) method has the ability to overcome the shortcomings of the GC method and is hoping to be an alternative method for energy measurement. To realize accurate energy metering of natural gas by the CM method, the standard GERG‐88 viral equation (denote hereafter as the SGERG‐88 algorithm) is needed to calculate the compressibility factors (Z‐factors). However, unlike the detailed characterization equation in American gas association report No.8 (denote hereafter as the AGA8‐92 DC algorithm) used in the GC method, the SGERG‐88 algorithm is seldom used since it was published in 1991, thus its applicability and accuracy is not so clear in the natural gas industry. In addition, the original SGERG‐88 algorithm coupled hydrogen and carbon monoxide together with a fixed relation, which is not applicable to natural gas blended with hydrogen (NatualHy) that will be widely used anymore. This paper firstly improves the original SGERG‐88 algorithm to make it applicable to NatualHy. Then, taking the Z‐factor calculated by the AGA8‐92 DC as references, the applicability of the improved SGERG‐88 algorithm to different gases is assessed for natural gas and NatualHy measurement. Results and related conclusions or further study suggestions are drawn to prompt the accurate energy measurement of natural gas by the CM method.
Transmission Lines Overload Alleviation by Generation Rescheduling and Load Shedding

AbstractIn this paper, transmission lines overload alleviation for the Sudan National Grid has been performed. Resizing the transmission system components is not suitable during the operation. On the contrary, in that case, alleviation of the overloads by generation rescheduling is suitable and effective. Decreasing the generation station output relieves transmission line overload, but to maintain the power equilibrium, the output of other generation stations must be increased, making sure no additional transmission lines are being overloaded. A simple, efficient, fast, and accurate technique for the alleviation of line overloads by corrective generation rescheduling and load shedding is applied to alleviate the overloads. The method ensures that alleviation of the existing violations does not create any new violations. The load shedding is used as a last choice in cases when generation rescheduling has not completely alleviated the overloads. An overload that cannot be relieved by only rescheduling the g.
Poisson modified weibull distribution with inferences on stress‐strength reliability model

This paper is devoted to study a new four‐parameter model called a Poisson Modified Weibull Distribution (PMW). The motivation for the new distribution is to obtain the hazard rate function with multiple shapes, the most important of which is the bathtub shape which is very useful in the reliability analysis. Some of its statistical properties are discussed. Maximum likelihood, method of moments and Bayesian techniques are used for estimating the parameters and the Fisher's information matrix is presented. In specific, we focus on the study of Stress‐ Strength reliability parameter, R=P(Y
Pleistocene Periglacial Processes and Landforms, Mid-Atlantic Region, Eastern United States

Just as glaciers worldwide left a record of past advances and retreats that shifted latitudinally in response to oscillating Quaternary climate changes, so too have cold-climate conditions and permafrost left topographic and sedimentary signatures in former periglacial environments. This review documents widespread occurrence of past permafrost and intense frost action that led to rock fracturing, regolith production, and regolith-mantled slopes in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States during late Pleistocene cold-climate conditions. Strong signatures of thermal contraction cracking and brecciation from frost cracking exist where rocks and sediments are most frost susceptible, as with fissile shales. On sandstone hillslopes, frost weathering produced boulder-rich sediment that episodically flowed slowly downslope during permafrost thaw, resulting in solifluction lobes and terraces in which colluvium moved cumulatively at least a kilometer. Radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence age control, and cosmogenic isotope studies constrain some periglacial features to the Last Glacial Maximum but also indicate longer residence times of regolith. ▪ Former permafrost and areas of intensive frost cracking extended over much of the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States during late Pleistocene cold glacial periods. ▪ Cold-climate conditions and permafrost left long-lasting topographic and sedimentary records with limited post-depositional erosion in the formerly periglacial mid-Atlantic region. ▪ Prominent relict periglacial landforms include polygon networks and frost wedges that are the result of thermal contraction cracking and brecciated rock formed by segregated ice and frost cracking. ▪ Widespread solifluction landforms are a topographic signature of freezing, thawing, and mass movement of mobile regolith produced by frost cracking, and some were active during the Last Glacial Maximum. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 50 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Seed Transmission of Three Viruses in Two Pear Rootstock Species Pyrus betulifolia and P. calleryana

Viral seed transmission causes the spread of many plant viral diseases. Pyrus betulifolia and P. calleryana are important rootstock germplasms for pear production in China. This study revealed the widespread infection of apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), and apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) in maternal trees of P. betulifolia and P. calleryana by nested multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (nmRT-PCR) assays. Seeds from eight P. betulifolia and two P. calleryana trees had positive rates of 15.9–73.9%, 0–21.2%, and 40.4% for ASGV, ASPV, and ACLSV, respectively. At the cotyledon and 6–8 true leaf stages, seedlings grown from seeds of infected trees gave positive rates of 5.4% and 9.3% for ASGV, 6.7% and 15.6% for ACLSV, and 0% and 2.7% for ASPV, respectively. Incidence in nursery P. betulifolia seedlings of 10.1%, 5.3%, and 3.5% were determined for ASGV, ACLSV, and ASPV, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of coat protein (CP) and movement protein coding genes of both ASGV and ASPV, and CP gene of ACLSV from maternal trees, seeds, and seedlings were analyzed. Sequence identities and phylogenetic comparison with corresponding sequences from GenBank demonstrated that molecular variation occurred within ASGV, ACLSV, and ASPV isolates, with most sequences determined here had close relationships with reported isolates infecting pear or formed independent clades. This is the first report on the seed transmission and the molecular characteristics of these viruses infecting two rootstock species. These findings provided important evidence in management effort for pear viral diseases.
Chapter 3:Maize

Corn has been, and likely will be in the near term, the leading feedstock for biofuels production in the U.S.-both for grain ethanol production and cellulosic ethanol. However, the U.S. Renewable Fuels Standard presents challenges, because historic trends in corn yield are not sufficient to meet government-mandated goals for future biofuels production. Most yield gains in the past during the hybrid corn era have resulted from increased competitiveness for densely planted corn. The ratio of crop yield per unit of applied N fertilizer has also shown an upward trend in the U.S. in the past 30 year due to several factors including increases in yield. Much has been learned recently about the molecular basis for cornstarch biosynthesis presenting opportunities to alter starch structure for more efficient conversion to ethanol. In addition, transgenic technologies have been employed for packaging starch hydrolytic enzymes in corn kernels to improve the starch-to-ethanol conversion process. Corn stover, consisting of cobs, ear husks, stalks and leaves, represents a substantial source of biomass for lignocellulosic biofuel production. Few studies have been conducted on the breeding of corn for biomass production relating to biofuels, but, in general, corn biomass correlates with grain production. The utilization of corn stover for biofuels must be carefully weighed against the benefits of carbon sequestration by leaving crop residues in the field. The sequencing of the maize genome presents many new opportunities to improve corn either through the discovery of natural gene diversity or by altering the genetic content of corn.
Orchestrating Treatment Modalities in Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors—Need for a Conductor

Simple Summary Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) are a heterogeneous and challenging entity, and today’s guidelines offer a variety of treatment modalities, while surgery has a clear role for patients with resectable tumors and early stages, advanced, or metastatic pNET may benefit from treatments that were evaluated in randomized controlled studies during the last year. With this review, we aim to provide an updated view on treatment options for metastatic pNET. Abstract Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are a vast growing disease. Over 50% of these tumors are recognized at advanced stages with lymph node, liver, or distant metastasis. An ongoing controversy is the role of surgery in the metastatic setting as dedicated systemic treatments have emerged recently and shown benefits in randomized trials. Today, liver surgery is an option for advanced pNETs if the tumor has a favorable prognosis, reflected by a low to moderate proliferation index (G1 and G2). Surgery in this well-selected population may prolong progression-free and overall survival. Optimal selection of a treatment plan for an individual patient should be considered in a multidisciplinary tumor board. However, while current guidelines offer a variety of modalities, there is so far only a limited focus on the right timing. Available data is based on small case series or retrospective analyses. The focus of this review is to highlight the right time-point for surgery in the setting of the multimodal treatment of an advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.
Partisan Blocking: Biased Responses to Shared Misinformation Contribute to Network Polarization on Social Media

Researchers know little about how people respond to misinformation shared by their social media “friends. ” Do responses scale up to distort the structure of online networks? We focus on an important yet under-researched response to misinformation—blocking or unfollowing a friend who shares it—and assess whether this is influenced by political similarity between friends. Using a representative sample of social media users (n = 968), we conducted two 2 × 2 between-subjects experiments focusing on two political issues and individuals’ political ideology as a quasi-factor. The first factor manipulated who shared the misinformation (politically similar vs. dissimilar friend); the second manipulated the misinformation’s plausibility (implausible vs. moderately plausible). Our findings, which replicated across political issues and levels of plausibility, reveal that social media users, particularly left-wing users, are more likely to block and unfollow politically dissimilar than similar friends who share misinformation. Partisan blocking contributes to network polarization on social media.
A Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of Commonly Used Fluoridated Toothpaste, Herbal Toothpaste, Toothpaste with Zinc Hydroxyapatite, and Toothpaste with Calcium Sucrose Phosphate in Children: A Scanning Electronic Microscopic Study

Abstract Aim The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the remineralizing potential of commonly used fluoridated toothpaste, toothpaste with calcium sucrose phosphate, toothpaste with zinc hydroxyapatite, herbal toothpaste, and to compare them. Background The process of demineralization and remineralization is balanced and occurs concurrently in the oral cavity, but even a mild disruption in this mechanism could lead to dental caries. Dental caries is a threat in the Third World countries and more common entity in childhood. The caries prevalence is reported to be 41% for children within the age of 2-11 years. Materials and method According to previous studies and standard sample size calculating formula the sample size of 48 was calculated, the teeth were subjected to demineralization - remineralization process and were observed under scanning electron microscope. Results The outcomes of this study suggest that the remineralizing potential of toothpaste with zinc hydroxyapatite (p = 0.0001*) was highest as compared to toothpaste with fluoride (p = 0.0087*), herbal toothpaste (p = 0.9034), and toothpaste with calcium sucrose phosphate (p = 0.0002*). Conclusion All the four toothpastes showed an adequate amount of remineralization but the highest amount of remineralization potential was seen with toothpaste containing zinc hydroxyapatite. Clinical significance The clinical significance of our study is to give clear and evidence-based idea to the dentist and the parents about the remineralizing toothpaste available in the market for children. Treating demineralization at an initial stage would help to remineralize the tooth structure and thereby limit further destruction of the tooth structure which will preserve the beautiful smile of the child. How to cite this article Soneta SP, Hugar SM, Hallikerimath S, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of Commonly Used Fluoridated Toothpaste, Herbal Toothpaste, Toothpaste with Zinc Hydroxyapatite, and Toothpaste with Calcium Sucrose Phosphate in Children: A Scanning Electronic Microscopic Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S158-S163.
Patient Active Approaches in Osteopathic Practice: A Scoping Review

Background: In the field of manual therapies there is a growing interest in moving from passive hands-on approaches to patient active approaches. In the osteopathic field there are both active and passive methods described as integrated in the process of care. However, this prospective linkage has not been formally explored and is not well shared in the community of practice. The present review aims to appraise the relevant literature on the functioning and principles of Patient active osteopathic approaches (PAOAs) and explore a prospective model for selecting the different types of PAOA, highlighting their integration into patient management strategies. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to analyze the relevant literature on the functioning and the different principles of PAOA and to obtain a comprehensive perspective on the phenomenon. Results: The eligible articles provide insights into the mechanisms of functioning and principles of application of active approaches to be integrated with hands-on approaches. These results provide new insights into the relevance of PAOA to clinical practice. Conclusions: The proposal, emerging from the review, may promote discussions in the community of practice and provide a road map for research towards achieving an evidence-based structure for PAOA.
Positional Differences in Physique, Physical Strength, and Lower Extremity Stability in Korean Male Elite High School Basketball Athletes

No studies have measured the physical strength and lower extremity stability of elite male high school basketball players. This study aimed to measure the physique, physical strength, and lower extremity stability of such athletes in Korea and analyze the differences according to their play positions. Overall, 204 male elite basketball players participated and were classified as guard (n = 97), forward (n = 69), and center (n = 38) according to their main playing position. All sub-variables of physique were significantly higher in the forward and center groups than in the guard group, and were significantly higher in the center group than in the forward group. Strength was significantly higher in the forward and center groups than in the guard group. Agility and speed were significantly faster in the guard group than in the forward and center groups. Y-balance analysis showed that the composite score of both feet tended to be higher in the order of center, forward, and guard, and it was significantly higher in the guard group than in the center group. These results could be used as basic data for selecting players, determining positions, and setting specific training goals for players of each position to improve physical strength and prevent injuries.