Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human adaptation to isolated and confined environments: Preliminary findings of a seven month Antarctic winter-over human factors study

This field study was conducted during the last decade of an austral winter-over at Palmer Station in the Antarctic. The purpose of the study was to understand temporal patterns in physiological arousal and psychological mood over the course of the mission. The investigators were principally interested in how people adapted over time to chronic and acute stressors, and how people use and modify their built environment. Physiological and psychological data were collected several times a week, and information on behavior and the use of physical facilities was collected monthly. Physiological and psychological data were compared with social changes in the setting toward the development of a sequential model of human-environment transactional relationships. Based on the study results, guidelines for design of future isolated and confined environments (ICEs) included: plan space for items which make people feel at home, provide materials to allow people to personalize their environment, allow for flexible environments, provide areas for visual and auditory privacy, equip areas for socializing and remove them from private areas, and provide facilities for exercise and for projects involving physical activity. The study offers guidelines about patterns of adaption that could be expected in an ICE, discusses how these settings can be programmed to facilitate successful adjustment, and provides information about how to design future ICE habitats to maximize a healthy living environment.
Constructed wetland design-the first generation

A recent inventory, sponsored by the U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, OH documented the presence of over 150 constructed wetlands systems in the U.S., for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. The total flow received by these systems is about 400,000 cu m/d (100 mgd). This paper summarizes some of the results from the inventory, including: location, type, vegetation, design flow, loading rates, and costs for wetland systems where this information was available. The paper also discusses some 'lessons learned' from site visits to several of the systems.
Weed control in maize in New Zealand.

Weeds play a big part in maize production. The importance of controlling weeds to prevent yield losses in maize is universally recognised by agricultural researchers and maize producers alike. It has been reported that losses in yield of maize reach up to 450Jo in Germany, 300Jo in Russia, 500Jo in India and 400Jo in Indonesia if weeds are not controlled (Nieto, 1970). Very little data are available on this subject in New Zealand but, based on an average of eight trials, Matthews (1974b) estimated that the best weed control treatments gave rise to maize yields up to two and a half times that of unweeded plots. Yield increases of 700Jo were reported by Patterson (1960), and Cumberland et al. (1970b) concluded from a review of trial work that weed control not only increases the grain yield but also the number of plants surviving to harvest, and the number of cobs produced by each plant. The yield losses discussed above arise from the competition of weeds with the maize crop. Competitive factors, in order of importance in maize-weed competition, are water, nutrients and light. Like many other crops, maize suffers the worst weed competition in the early stages of growth the critical period is usually the first 30 to 40 days after emergence (Cumberland et al., 1971; Remison, 1979). This is mainly because the young plant grows very slowly during the first 6 to 8 weeks. However, weeds can cause losses throughout the life of the crop, particularly under dry conditions. The common warm-zone grasses, eg. summer grass, paspalum and witchgrasses, are extremely efficient utilisers of water and can become serious competitors within the maize crop. Trial work in New Zealand has shown that broadleaf weeds usually depress maize production more than grass weeds (Cumberland et al., 1971; Patterson, 1960). In general, the cost of controlling weeds in maize is substantial and economic maize production without weed control is a virtual impossibility.
2 Brown-York Quasilocal Energy for Spherically Symmetric Static Metrics

We revisit the relationship of inequality between the gravitational field energy and the Komar charge, both quantities evaluated at the event horizon, for static and spherically symmetric regular black hole solutions obtained with nonlinear electrodynamics. We found a way to characterize these regular black hole solutions by the energy conditions that they satisfy. In particular, we show the relation between the direction of the inequality and the energy condition that satisfy the regular black hole solutions.
Nutrient-phytoplankton interrelationships in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: Near surface nutrient distributions in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, using data from the EASTROPAC Expedition of 1967-68 and pre~EASTROPAC data, are described. Nutrient concentrations were maximal along the equator, in the Peru Current and its offshore extension, and in the Costa Rica Dome and westward tensions of this feature. Nutrient-poor water was found north of the equator well offshore. In this water nitrate was often undetectable (<0.1 µg-at/liter) at the surface, but phosphate and silicic acid concentrations were moderate. Enrichment experiments showed that nitrogen was the primary limiting nutrient in poor water even though large amounts of organic N were found. Half saturation constants (K s ) were determined for ammonium-supported phytoplankton growth. These data were used to calculate near-surface primary productivity values which compared favorably with 14C values. Assimilation ratio measurements indicated that algae were not extremely nitrogen-deficient. Laboratory-determined K, values for phosphate and silicic acid indicated that these nutrients were rarely limiting. In rich water, chlorophyll levels were less than expected from nutrient levels, and this anomaly may be related to limitation by nutrients other than nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or silicon (Si), or to grazing. SPANISH: Se describe la distribucion subsuperficial de los nutrientes en el Oceano Pacifico oriental tropical, empleando los datos de la Expedicion EASTROPAC de 1967~68 y datos anteriores a estos. La concentracion de nutrientes fue maxima a lo largo del ecuador, en la Corriente del Peru, en su prolongacion mar afuera, en el Domo de Costa Rica y en las prolongaciones occidentales de esta caracteristica. Se encontraron aguas pobres en nutrientes al norte del ecuador y bastante mar adentro. En estas aguas el nitrato era casi imperceptible (<0.1 µg-at/litro) en la superficie, pero las concentraciones de fosfato y acido silicico fueron moderadas. Los experimentos de enriquecimiento indicaron que el nitrogeno era el principal nutriente limitante en aguas pobres, aun cuando se encontraron grandes cantidades de nitrogeno organico. Se determinaron las constantes de saturacion media (K s ) para el desarrollo del fitoplancton sostenido por el amonio. Estos datos se emplearon para calcular los valores de la productividad primaria cerca a la superficie que pueden compararse favorablemente con los valores del 14C. Las medidas de la proporcion de asimilacion indican que las algas no tenian una deficiencia extremada de nitrogeno. Los valores determinados en el laboratorio de K, para el fosfato y acido silicico indicaron que estos nutrientes limitaron rara vez la produccion. En aguas ricas, los niveles de clorofila fueron inferiores a lo esperado segun los niveles nutritivos y esta anomalia puede relacionarse a la alimentacion o a la escasez de otros nutrientes distintos al nitrogeno (N), fosforo (P) o silicio (Si).
Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)

The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a transport protocol that provides bidirectional unicast connections of congestion-controlled unreliable datagrams. DCCP is suitable for applications that transfer fairly large amounts of data and that can benefit from control over the tradeoff between timeliness and reliability. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Evaluation Measure Selection for Performance Estimation of Classifiers in Real Time Image Processing Applications

Deciding the criterion for the performance evaluation of a classifier plays a vital role in the selection procedure of a classifier for a certain problem. These criteria empower the researchers to do the selection of a classifiers for effective classifications of unseen data from a range of classifying algorithms. A great number of different measures are currently available for the classification problems based on binary, flat or undistributed data such as in case of images. However in case of hierarchical classifications, where the number of classes to be identified are more than two, the evaluation of a classifier becomes more and more intricate as the classes to be differentiated, are hierarchically attached. The topic of focus of this paper is to provide a knowledge flow which a researcher can use while dealing with such real time based problems where the accuracy and efficiency of a classifier are the major concerns. The problem of interest while discussing the different aspects of various evaluation measures, was the color prediction of paddy crop plant leaf for its health characterization.
PUTTING DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS IN PERSPECTIVE: NATURAL FLUCTUATIONS AND HUMAN IMPACTS

Human impacts obviously have reduced or eliminated many populations of am- phibians and other organisms. Recent reports, however, have suggested that declines and disap- pearances of amphibian populations over the last two decades represent a distinct phenomenon that goes beyond this general biodiversity crisis. We review the literature on natural temporal and spatial variation in population sizes and examine techniques for analyzing trends in abundance. Whether the recent declines and extinctions of isolated, protected amphibian populations exceed expected natural fluctuations remains equivocal. The suggestion that amphibians are particularly sensitive bioindicators of anthropogenic stresses has not received adequate study, and to our knowl- edge, no evidence has been presented to substantiate it. Although concern about the status of amphibian populations is clearly warranted, formulation of appropriate null hypotheses and further study are needed.
Síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño y corazón

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares son las mas comunes en la sociedad industrial. Los objetivos principales de este trabajo son revisar las consecuencias fisiologicas de la apnea del sueno en el sistema circulatorio y revisar los efectos del tratamiento de esta alteracion sobre las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Las apneas durante el sueno producen de forma aguda una serie de consecuencias hemodinamicas que incluyen: hipertension pulmonar y sistemica, incremento de la poscarga ventricular y disminucion del gasto cardiaco, fenomenos todos ellos resultado de la estimulacion simpatica, del arousal, de las alteraciones en la presion intratoracica y de la hipoxia e hipercapnia. De forma cronica, el sindrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueno (SAHS) se ha relacionado con hipertension arterial sistemica diurna, cardiopatia isquemica, insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva y respiracion de Cheyne-Stokes en el fracaso cardiaco congestivo. Se ha observado que el tratamiento con presion positiva continua (CPAP) nasal nocturna sobre la via aerea superior disminuye el numero de apneas centrales y tambien reduce los valores de presion arterial en pacientes con SAHS e hipertension arterial.
Magnetotelluric studies of the crust and upper mantle in a zone of active continental breakup, Afar, Ethiopia

The Afar region of Ethiopia is slowly being torn apart by the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Main Ethiopian rifts which all meet at this remote, barren corner of Africa. Prior to rifting, volcanism probably started here some 30 million years ago, marked by the arrival of the Afar mantle plume and subsequent eruption of kilometres thick flood basalts. To the north and east the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden rifts have already progressed to become sea-floor spreading centres where new oceanic crust is produced. Active spreading on the Red Sea rift takes a landward step west into Eritrean Afar at approximately 15N, after which divergence between the Nubian and Arabian tectonic plates is localised into 60 km long, 20 km wide magmatic segments that undergo periodic rifting cycles. This part of Afar is a unique natural laboratory where the process of transition from continental rifting to sea floor spreading can be studied. In September 2005 a dramatic rifting episode began on one such segment of the Red Sea rift in Afar (the Dabbahu magmatic segment), whereby a 60 km long dyke containing an estimated 2.5 km magma was intruded in just two weeks, allowing opening of up to 8 m. Since then a further 13 smaller dykes have been intruded, some with fissural eruptions of basaltic lava. Subsidence observed via geodetic observations can only account for a small fraction of the magma supply required to inflate the dykes, suggesting a deep crustal or upper mantle source must exist. The magnetotelluric (MT) method is a passive geophysical technique, used to
Publisher Accessed Terms of Use Detailed Terms Treasury Market

Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Abstract In this paper, we identify jumps in U.S. Treasury-bond (T-bond) prices and investigate what causes such unexpected large price changes. In particular, we examine the relative importance of macroeconomic news announcements versus variation in market liquidity in explaining the observed jumps in the U.S. Treasury market. We show that while jumps occur mostly at prescheduled macroeconomic announcement times, announcement surprises have limited power in explaining bond price jumps. Our analysis further shows that pre-announcement liquidity shocks, such as changes in the bid-ask spread and market depth, have significant predictive power for jumps. The predictive power is significant even after controlling for information shocks. Finally, we present evidence that post-jump order flow is less informative relative to the case where there is no jump at announcement.
The study of population: elements patterns processes.

This textbook provides an introduction to the study of population and is intended primarily for intermediate-level college students in population geography. Topics covered include the description and analysis of the spatial distribution of population; the history and theory of population growth; examples of population growth; fertility; mortality; internal migration; population composition; the interrelationships among population resources and the environment; and population policies and programs. The geographic focus is on the United States although some consideration is also given to other countries major world regions and the world as a whole.
Magnetic particle spectroscopy-based bioassays: methods, applications, advances, and future opportunities

Since the first system was established and reported in 2005, magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has emerged as a non-invasive tomographic technique that has proven useful in diagnostic imaging. Magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), alternatively called magnetization response spectroscopy, is a novel measurement method that closely relates to MPI. An MPS system can be interpreted as a 0D MPI scanner consisting of excitation field coils and pickup coils. In MPS, a sinusoidal magnetic field with sufficiently large amplitude is applied to superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which periodically drives their magnetization into and out of saturation. Their magnetic responses, which contain unique harmonics, are recorded and separated into their spectral components. While prototypes of MPI systems are still in their testing stages, MPS has been actively explored as a portable, highly-sensitive, cheap, in vitro, and easy-to-use bioassay testing kit. In this review, we briefly discuss the superparamagnetism and magnetic relaxation mechanisms associated with MPS measurements. We summarize the recent progress in the various MPS detection modes and, also, MPS-based bioassays. Finally, this review concludes with an insight of the state of art and future trends of MPS-based bioassays.
Making faces

We have created a system for capturing both the three-dimensional geometry and color and shading information for human facial expressions. We use this data to reconstruct photorealistic, 3D animations of the captured expressions. The system uses a large set of sampling points on the face to accurately track the three dimensional deformations of the face. Simultaneously with the tracking of the geometric data, we capture multiple high resolution, registered video images of the face. These images are used to create a texture map sequence for a three dimensional polygonal face model which can then be rendered on standard 3D graphics hardware. The resulting facial animation is surprisingly life-like and looks very much like the original live performance. Separating the capture of the geometry from the texture images eliminates much of the variance in the image data due to motion, which increases compression ratios. Although the primary emphasis of our work is not compression we have investigated the use of a novel method to compress the geometric data based on principal components analysis. The texture sequence is compressed using an MPEG4 video codec. An-imations reconstructed from 512x512 pixel textures look good at data rates as low as 240 Kbits per second.
Tropical Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Current Knowledge and Sustainable Management

Authors of Case Studies. List of Text Boxes. Foreword. Section 1: Introduction and Presentation. Section 2: Tropical Freshwater Wetlands: Definitions and Typology. Section 3: Functions and Values of Wetlands. Section 4: Interventions. Section 5: Detrimental Impacts of Interventions. Section 6: Sustainable Management: Guiding Principles and Practical Approaches. Appendix A: Case Studies. Appendix B: Information Sheets. Appendix C: Alternatives, and Prevention, Mitigation and Compensation Measures. Appendix D: Additional Texts and Tables. Appendix E: References and Bibliographical Sources. Appendix F: Index of Bibliographical Sources. Appendix G: Information and Expertise Sources. Appendix H: Index of Information and Expertise Sources. Appendix I: Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols. Appendix J: Copyrighted Texts and Illustrations. General Index.
Stochastic spatial models of plant diseases

I present three models of plant--pathogen interactions. The models are stochastic and spatially explicit at the scale of individual plants. For each model, I use a version of pair approximation or moment closure along with a separation of timescales argument to determine the effects of spatial clustering on threshold structure. By computing the spatial structure early in an invasion, I find explicit corrections to mean field theory. In the first chapter, I present a lattice model of a disease that is not directly lethal to its host, but affects its ability to compete with neighbors. I use a type of pair approximation to determine conditions for invasions and coexistence. In the second chapter, I study a basic SIR epidemic point process in continuous space. I implement a multiplicative moment closure scheme to compute the threshold transmission rate as a function of spatial parameters. In the final chapter, I model the evolution of pathogen resistance when two plant species share a pathogen. Evolution may lead to non--resistance by a host that finds the disease to be a useful weapon. I use a lattice model with the ordinary pair approximation assumption to study phenotypic evolution via repeated invasions by novel strains.
A New Statistical Framework for Estimating Carbon Monoxide Impacts at Intersections

The computer program CAL3QHCR has been recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for modeling carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations at intersections. EPA's guidelines for modeling CO concentration ([CO]) levels at roadway intersections outline a procedure to identify intersections that should undergo a more detailed CO analysis by running CAL3QHCR, and this procedure uses intersection level-of-service (LOS) as one of its major defining factors. However, it is possible that intersections can exhibit the same intersection LOS but different levels of [CO], depending on factors such as intersection orientation, intersection geometry, total traffic volume, local meteorological condition (e.g. wind speed and wind direction), and emission factors. A new statistical framework for determining whether an intersection should be modeled for CO emission impact using CAL3QHCR and for estimating [CO] levels is presented for use at the intersection design level. The proposed statistical framework is based on not only the intersection LOS (as EPA's current criterion) but also on other major modeling factors, such as intersection orientation, intersection geometry, traffic volume, wind speed, wind direction, and vehicle emission factors, to predict [CO] levels. The proposed statistical model is much simpler than CAL3QHCR so that it can be used by traffic engineers at the intersection design level to approximate the [CO] level. Ideally then any potential exceedance could be mitigated at the design level. In addition, the new statistical model better represents the potential of CO exceedance than EPA's current LOS D criterion. The dependent variable, modeled [CO] level, used in this study is the output of the computer program CAL3QHCR rather than actual measured field [CO]. Thus, we are assuming that CAL3QHCR is a "perfect" model for estimating [CO] at intersections. In addition, a hypothetical typical urban traffic pattern rather than real traffic data was used in developing the statistical models. Therefore, the proposed models might not be applicable to areas that have a different traffic pattern from the one used in this study.
Effect of ESR 1 and ESR 2 gene polymorphisms on rheumatoid arthritis treatment with methotrexate

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease with clinical prevalence in women. Moreover, women have poorer response to treatment than men. Possible reasons for gender differences in response to treatment could be explained on the basis of sex hormones and their receptors. The optimal strategy in treatment of RA is to use effective disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate (MTX). The aim of the present study was to examine the association between polymorphisms in the ESR1 and ESR2 genes and the response to treatment of RA patients with methotrexate. The study was carried out on 156 women diagnosed with active rheumatoid arthritis, treated with MTX. Good responders were defined as patients who were receiving MTX and had a DAS28 of £ 2.4 after 6 months of therapy (patients with remission of disease symptoms). Poor-responders were defined as patients who were receiving MTX and had a DAS28 of > 2.4. There were no statistically significant associations of ESR1 and ESR2 gene polymorphisms with response to treatment. The results of the present study suggest that the polymorphisms rs9340799:A>G and rs2234693:T>C in ESR1 gene and rs4986938:G>A and 1256049:G>A in ESR2 gene are not associated with response to RA treatment with MTX.