Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rationalizing the Principal Principle for Non-Humean Chance

The major divide in the metaphysics of chance is between Humean accounts, for which the objective chances reduce to patterns in the history of occurrent events, such as frequencies, and non-Humean accounts, for which chances are irreducibly modal features of the world, such as brute propensities, chancemaking relations between universals, or constituents of fundamentally stochastic dynamical laws. 1 But whatever chances turn out to be – and whatever the direction of metaphysical explanation between chances and occurrent events – they play an important role in explaining statistical regularities and licensing scientific explanations. At the same time, it is widely believed that chances should somehow constrain our credences: on pain of irrationality, agents ought to match their credences in certain propositions to what they believe to be the chances of those propositions. This idea is captured by David Lewis’ Principal Principle (PP): 2
F AST N ODE V ECTOR D ISTANCE C OMPUTATION WITH L APLACIAN S OLVERS

Complex networks are a useful tool to investigate various phenomena in social science, economics, and logistics. Node Vector Distance (NVD) is an emerging set of techniques allowing us to estimate the distance and correlation between variables defined on the nodes of a network. One drawback of NVD is its high computational complexity. Here we show that a subset of NVD techniques, the ones calculating the Generalized Euclidean measure on networks, can be efficiently tackled with Laplacian solvers. In experiments, we show that this provides a significant runtime speedup with negligible approximation errors, which opens the possibility to scale the techniques to large networks
Salivary cortisol and alpha amylase enzyme levels in different phases of minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Objectives: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal lesions and stress is one of the major factors implicated in its causation. The aim of the present work is to measure the stress biomarkers, salivary cortisol (SC) and salivary alpha amylase (SAA), in the different phases of RAS. Patients and Methods: The study included 69 subjects of whom 38 patients served as the study group who suffered from minor RAS and one to three active minor oral ulcers of <48 h duration. The remaining 31 healthy subjects served as controls. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected twice from the study group; during the ulcerative phase of RAS and after complete healing has occurred, and only once from the controls. Concentrations of SC, and SAA enzyme were assessed by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: There was a significant increase of SC and SAA in both the ulcerative and the post-healing phases in comparison to the control group. The ulcerative phase had higher but insignificant levels of both biomarkers when compared to the post-healing phase. There was a significant correlation between both biomarkers in the post-healing but not in the ulcerative phase. Conclusion: RAS patients have significantly higher levels of both stress biomarkers (SC and SAA) in the ulcerative and in the post-healing phases when compared to controls.
Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation

Critical slowing down arises close to bifurcations and involves long transients. Despite slowing down phenomena have been widely studied in local bifurcations i.e., bifurcations of equilibrium points, less is known about transient delay phenomena close to global bifurcations. In this paper, we identify a novel mechanism of slowing down arising in the vicinity of a global bifurcation i.e., zip bifurcation, identified in a mathematical model of the dynamics of an autocatalytic replicator with an obligate parasite. Three different dynamical scenarios are first described, depending on the replication rate of cooperators, ( L ), and of parasites, ( K ). If K < L the system is bistable and the dynamics can be either the out-competition of the parasite or the two-species extinction. When K > L the system is monostable and both species become extinct. In the case K = L coexistence of both species takes place in a Curve of Quasi-Neutral Equilibria (CQNE). The novel slowing down mechanism identified is due to an underlying ghost CQNE for the cases K ≲ L and K ≳ L . We show, both analytically and numerically, that the delays caused by the ghost CQNE follow scaling laws of the form τ ∼ | K − L | − 1 for both K ≲ L and K ≳ L . We propose the ghost CQNE as a novel transient-generator mechanism in ecological systems.
Mobile Adhoc Network Risk Profiles - An Overview of Existing Network Traffic Datasets to DetermineIdeal Axiom Criteria

A Mobile Adhoc networks also known as MANET or Wireless Adhoc Network is a network that usually has aroutable networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc network. It consist of a set of mobile nodes connected wirelessly in a self-configured, self-healing network without having a fixed infrastructure. Recent studies and fieldwork have pointed in the direction of making MANETS a publicly viable option in the event of another world event/crisis such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic. As opposed to their traditional military and emergency uses, this has become a focal point due to the evident strain that was observed on mainstream Internet Service Providers as substantial adjustments had to be made to facilitate a new ’working-from-home’ public. A primary aspect that must be considered before public adoption is addressing the issue of MANET risk and Security which leads into identifying and classifying risks associated with MANETS.
Technology for Ocean Acidification Research: Needs and Availability

Diverse instruments, both custom built and commercially available, have been used to measure the properties of the aqueous CO2 system in seawater at differing levels of autonomy (automated benchtop, continuous underway, autonomous in situ). In this review, we compare the capabilities of commercially available instruments with the needs of oceanographers in order to highlight major shortfalls in the state-of-the art instrumentation broadly available to the ocean acidification (OA) scientific community. In addition, we describe community surveys that identify needs for continued development and refinement of sensor and instrument technologies, expansion of programs that provide Certified Reference Materials, development of best practices documentation for autonomous sensors, and continued and expanded sensor intercomparison experiments. By Todd R. Martz, Kendra L. Daly, Robert H. Byrne, Jonathon H. Stillman, and Daniela Turk
Future Generation Computer Systems

to obtain item ranking. The performance and the cost of using the proposed system have been evaluated on the Ropsten Ethereum test network. For instance, our experiments have shown that the median time required to store a batch of 35 ratings is about 47 s, while the average time required to obtain the score of an item having 6000 ratings is less than 2.5 s.
Greedy Approximability Beyond Submodular Maximization

We consider classes of objective functions of cardinality-constrained maximization problems for which the greedy algorithm guarantees a constant approximation. We propose the new class of γ - α - augmentable functions and prove that it encompasses several important subclasses, such as functions of bounded submodularity ratio, α - augmentable functions, and weighted rank functions of an independence system of bounded rank quotient – as well as additional objective functions for which the greedy algorithm yields an approximation. For this general class of functions, we show a tight bound of αγ · e α e α − 1 on the approximation ratio of the greedy algorithm that tightly interpolates between bounds from the literature for functions of bounded submodularity ratio and for α -augmentable functions. In particular, as a by-product, we close a gap in [Math.Prog. , 2020] by obtaining a tight lower bound for α -augmentable functions for all α ≥ 1 . For weighted rank functions of independence systems, our tight bound becomes αγ , which recovers the known bound of 1 /q for independence systems of rank quotient at least q .
Sedimentary records of palaeofloods in the bedrock gorges of the Tapi and Narmada rivers, central India

High-magnitude floods are an integral part of the hydrologic systems of the Tapi and Narmada rivers of central India. To establish whether the largest flood in 1970 on Narmada and in 1968 on Tapi had precedence in the geological records, geomorphic studies were undertaken. The main type of palaeoflood evidence is slackwater deposits in bedrock gorges. We have been able to assemble a 2000-year chronology of large floods on Narmada and a < 500-year chronology of floods on Tapi. Evidences of a large late Pleistocene flood on Narmada and early Holocene floods on Tapi have also been identified. Palaeoflood analysis indicates noteworthy clustering of flood events and a discernable link between palaeofloods and Holocene climatic changes.
DigitalCommons@UNO DigitalCommons@UNO

The global workforce crisis significantly impacts how evidence-based treatment is provided to youth with developmental disabilities and co-occurring mental health conditions. Addressing the workforce crisis requires re-examining the long-standing methods of selecting individuals for employment based on academic degrees. This project offers an innovative workforce development option that provides specialized training to staff with advanced education degrees and staff with less education. The participants in this study were employed in a rural area of the USA within the mental health, child welfare, and correctional industries. All participants worked with youth experiencing intellectual disabilities and mental illness. Results indicated that participants improved their knowledge of the population, demonstrated a better understanding of EBPs, and were willing to employ evidence-based approaches regardless of their education or age. Although overall attitudes toward EBPs decreased, diverging attitudes increased, suggesting a need to accommodate treatment strategies when EBP models are unavailable for special populations. Initial knowledge gaps demonstrated by those with a master's degree and those with less education disappeared after the training. This finding supports the application of innovative task-shifting options in mental health, such as diverting more sophisticated care tasks to nonprofessionally trained persons, which can reduce workforce pressure and unmet demand for care. This study demonstrates cost-effective and time-efficient methods of training staff regardless of education by relying less on specific EBP models and more on adaptation.
Efficient Incremental Computation for Halide

Interactive programs that display or manipulate graphics often need to update those graphics quickly in response to external input. Upon external input, such programs would ideally incrementally update only the parts of the output graphics that actually changed. However, in practice, programmers must write and maintain complex, hand-written procedures to support incremental updates for graphics programs. We propose a technique to create graphics pipelines that are easy to write and maintain, but have incremental performance comparable to efficient hand-written implementations. We target graphics pipelines written in Halide, a domain-specific language and compiler for building image and array processing code. From a Halide pipeline, we synthesize an incremental pipeline that efficiently updates the result of the original computation. We plan to evaluate the performance of our synthesized pipeline against both hand-written incremental pipelines and existing techniques for incremental computation on an image compositor benchmark.
Discovery of UFO Proteins: Human-Virus Chimeric Proteins Generated During Influenza Virus Infection

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a threat to mankind because it generates yearly epidemics and poorly predictable sporadic pandemics with catastrophic potential. IAV has a small RNA genome composed of 8 mini-chromosomes (segments) that constitute a 5’UTR followed by a coding region and a 3’UTR. Transcription of IAV RNA into mRNA depends on host mRNA, as the viral polymerase cleaves 5’m7G-capped nascent transcripts to use as primers to initiate viral mRNA synthesis. We hypothesized that captured host transcripts bearing AUG could drive the expression of upstream ORFs in the viral segments, a phenomenon that would depend on the translatability of the viral 5’UTRs. Here we report the existence of this mechanism, which generates host-virus chimeric proteins. We label these proteins as Upstream Flu ORFs (UFO). Depending on the frame, two types of host-virus UFO proteins are made: canonical viral proteins with human-derived N term extensions or novel uncharacterized proteins. Here we show that both types are made during IAV infection. Sequences that enable chimeric protein synthesis are conserved across IAV strains, indicating that selection allowed the expansion of the proteome diversity of IAV in infected cells to include multiple human-virus proteins.
ResearchOnline@ND ResearchOnline@ND

Background The Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire (FreBAQ) claims to assess disrupted self-perception of the back. The aim of this study was to develop a German version of the Fre-BAQ (FreBAQ-G) and assess its test-retest reliability, its known-groups validity and its convergent validity with another purported measure of back perception.
Arabitol, mannitol, and glucose as tracers of primary biogenic organic aerosol: the influence of environmental factors on ambient air concentrations and spatial distribution over France

Abstract. The primary sugar compounds (SCs, defined as glucose, arabitol, and mannitol) are widely recognized as suitable molecular markers to characterize and apportion primary biogenic organic aerosol emission sources. This work improves our understanding of the spatial behavior and distribution of these chemical species and evidences their major effective environmental drivers. We conducted a large study focusing on the daily (24 h) PM10 SC concentrations for 16 increasing space scale sites (local to nationwide), over at least 1 complete year. These sites are distributed in several French geographic areas of different environmental conditions. Our analyses, mainly based on the examination of the short-term evolutions of SC concentrations, clearly show distance-dependent correlations. SC concentration evolutions are highly synchronous at an urban city scale and remain well correlated throughout the same geographic regions, even if the sites are situated in different cities. However, sampling sites located in two distinct geographic areas are poorly correlated. Such a pattern indicates that the processes responsible for the evolution of the atmospheric SC concentrations present a spatial homogeneity over typical areas of at least tens of kilometers. Local phenomena, such as the resuspension of topsoil and associated microbiota, do no account for the major emissions processes of SC in urban areas not directly influenced by agricultural activities. The concentrations of SC and cellulose display remarkably synchronous temporal evolution cycles at an urban site in Grenoble, indicating a common source ascribed to vegetation. Additionally, higher concentrations of SC at another site located in a crop field region occur during each harvest periods, indicating resuspension processes of plant materials (crop detritus, leaf debris) and associated microbiota for agricultural and nearby urbanized areas. Finally, ambient air temperature, relative humidity, and vegetation density constitute the main effective drivers of SC atmospheric concentrations.
Clinical Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Tooth-Coating Materials on Initial Active Root Caries: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and Objectives: Caredyne ZIF-C is a novel, capsule-mixed zinc-containing prototype glass ionomer cement (GIC). Zinc ions are reported to inhibit root dentin demineralization, dentin collagen degradation, bacterial growth, acid production, and in vitro bacterial biofilm formation. However, the effectiveness of GICs against initial root caries lesions is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of GICs, especially the new zinc-containing Caredyne ZIF-C GIC, as tooth-coating materials in patients with initial active root caries. Materials and Methods: A total of 58 lesions in 47 older adults (age > 65 years) were randomly allocated to one of the following three groups: Caredyne ZIF-C, Fuji VII (a conventional GIC), and sodium fluoride (NaF). All the lesions were treated with the assigned materials without removing the infected dentin, and the rates of dental plaque attachment and coating material fall-out were evaluated after 3, 6, and 12 months. The failure rate was defined as the number of teeth that needed restoration due to caries progression. Results: The plaque attachment rates tended to be lower in the material-coated root surfaces than in the healthy exposed root surfaces after 3, 6, and 12 months, although the differences among the three groups were not significant. Moreover, the coating material fall-out rate tended to be lower in the Caredyne ZIF-C group than in the Fuji VII group. There was no significant difference in the failure rate among the three groups at the 12 months mark. Conclusions: Though this pilot study offers a new direction for suppressing the progression of initial active root caries by controlling plaque attachment using GICs including Caredyne ZIF-C, clinical studies with a larger sample size are needed.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Metabolic Hyperferritinemia in a Population-Based Central-European Cohort

Background: Hyperferritinemia (HF) is a common finding and can be considered as metabolic HF (MHF) in combination with metabolic diseases. The definition of MHF was heterogenous until a consensus statement was published recently. Our aim was to apply the definition of MHF to provide data on the prevalence and characteristics of MHF in a Central-European cohort. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of the Paracelsus 10,000 study, a population-based cohort study from the region of Salzburg, Austria. We included 8408 participants, aged 40–77. Participants with HF were divided into three categories according to their level of HF and evaluated for metabolic co-morbidities defined by the proposed criteria for MHF. Results: HF was present in 13% (n = 1111) with a clear male preponderance (n = 771, 69% of HF). Within the HF group, 81% (n = 901) of subjects fulfilled the metabolic criteria and were defined as MHF, of which 75% (n = 674) were characterized by a major criterion. In the remaining HF cohort, 52% (n = 227 of 437) of subjects were classified as MHF after application of the minor criteria. Conclusion: HF is a common finding in the general middle-aged population and the majority of cases are classified as MHF. The new classification provides useful criteria for defining MHF.
An application of discrete time survival models to analyze student dropouts at a private university in Peru

Discrete-time survival models are discussed and applied to the study of which factors are associated with student dropouts at a private university in Lima, Per_u. We studied the characteristics of 26; 790 incoming students enrolled between 2004 and 2012 in all the under-graduate programs at the University. The analysis include the estimation of the survival and hazard functions using the Kaplan-Meier method and the _tting of parametric models using the Cox proportional hazards regression and the Logistic regression for survival analysis, this last one, in order to include time varying variables as predictors. During the period of analysis, the cumulative probability of remain at the University after _ve years was 73.7% [95% CI: 73.1% - 74.4%]. In any period the hazard is greater than 4.4% and this highest value is reached in the 3rd semester. In a multivariate analysis, we found that academic factors (area of study, type of admission, standardized academic performance index, and the percentage of passed credits); economic factors (type of residence, and payment scale); and sociodemographic factors (mother education level, indicators of whether or not parents are alive, and the age of the student) were associated with the risk of dropout.
Intrusion emplacement and thrust faulting Pioneer Mountains Beaverhead County Montana

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S i i i LIST OF F I G U R E S vii LIST OF P L A T E S vii i CHAPTER 1; INTRODUCTION 1 REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING 3 THE MCCARTNEY MOUNTAIN SALIENT 7 LOCATION OF THE STUDY A R E A 9 PREVIOUS W O R K lO GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY 12 Proterozoic Section 12 Cambrian Sec t i o n 14 Devonian Section 15 Mississippian Madison Group 15 M i ss i ss i pp ian — Pennsylvanian Amsden Forma­ tion 16 Pennsylvanian Quadrant Quartz i t e 16 Permian Phosphor ia F o r m a t i o n 16 Triassic Dinwoody Formation . 17 Cretaceous Kootenai Formation 17 Cretaceous Colorado Group 1® Tertiary Section 1® Quaternary Section . 1®
Detecting shadows in multi-temporal aerial imagery to support near-real-time change detection

Multi-temporal aerial imagery captured via an approach called repeat station imaging (RSI) facilitates post-hazard assessment of damage to infrastructure. Spectral-radiometric (SR) variations caused by differences in shadowing may inhibit successful change detection based on image differencing. This study evaluates a novel approach to shadow classification based on bi-temporal imagery, which exploits SR change signatures associated with transient shadows. Changes in intensity (brightness from red–green–blue images) and intensity-normalized blue waveband values provide a basis for classifying transient shadows across a range of material types with unique reflectance properties, using thresholds that proved versatile for very different scenes. We derive classification thresholds for persistent shadows based on hue to intensity ratio (H/I) images, by exploiting statistics obtained from transient shadow areas. We assess shadow classification accuracy based on this procedure, and compare it to the more conventional approach of thresholding individual H/I images based on frequency distributions. Our efficient and semi-automated shadow classification procedure shows improved mean accuracy (93.3%) and versatility with different image sets over the conventional approach (84.7%). For proof-of-concept, we demonstrate that overlaying bi-temporal imagery also facilitates normalization of intensity values in transient shadow areas, as part of an integrated procedure to support near-real-time change detection.