Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unpacking tourism SMMEs in South Africa: structure, support needs and policy response

Small enterprise (SMME) support policy in post-apartheid South Africa has traditionally involved support initiatives in the form of ‘generic’ packages that overlook the specificities of particular sectors. In this article the specific issues concerning SMME development in tourism are investigated. Against a backcloth of a review of international scholarship on tourism small firms, the article presents findings from recent empirical investigations into the progress and problems of tourism SMME development in South Africa. Within the international scholarship and policy debates on tourism, it is argued that the South African experience is particularly distinctive in two respects: (1) the support of particular groups of tourism SMMEs linked to objectives of transformation and (2) the introduction of dedicated tourism-specific support programmes for SMME development. 1Professor of Human Geography, School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. An earlier version of this paper was prepared for Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies. Thanks are due to Mrs W Job of the Cartographic Unit, University of the Witwatersrand for preparation of the accompanying figure. Certain of the empirical material reported here was undertaken as part of research currently supported by the South Africa Netherlands Research Programme on Alternatives in Development.
A fast radiative transfer model for the assimilation of water vapor radiances from the Kalpana very high resolution radiometer

A fast radiative transfer model (RTM) to compute emitted infrared radiances for a very high resolution radiometer (VHRR), onboard the operational Indian geostationary satellite Kalpana has been developed and verified. This work is a step towards the assimilation of Kalpana water vapor (WV) radiances into numerical weather prediction models. The fast RTM uses a regression‐based approach to parameterize channel‐specific convolved level to space transmittances. A comparison between the fast RTM and the line‐by‐line RTM demonstrated that the fast RTM can simulate line‐by‐line radiances for the Kalpana WV channel to an accuracy better than the instrument noise, while offering more rapid radiance calculations. A comparison of clear sky radiances of the Kalpana WV channel with the ECMWF model first guess radiances is also presented, aiming to demonstrate the fast RTM performance with the real observations. In order to assimilate the radiances from Kalpana, a simple scheme for bias correction has been suggested.
Corrigendum: Taxonomic status of the Least Grebe

IN a recent publication (Ksepka et al. in press), the results of a phylogenetic analysis of extant and fossil Podicipediformes (grebes) were reported. Because the Least Grebe ‘Tachybaptus’ dominicus was recovered outside of the monophyletic group formed by other Tachybaptus species, Poliocephalus, and the fossil taxon Thiornis, it was proposed that the genus Limnodytes be resurrected for this species. However, it has come to our attention that this name is invalid due to being a junior homonym. Ksepka et al. (2013) incorrectly ascribed authorship of the genus name Limnodytes to Linnaeus. Linnaeus (1766) named the species dominicus, but assigned this species to Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758, a ‘wastebasket’ genus that has since been suppressed under the plenary powers of the ICZN (ICZN 1956, Opinion 401). The name Limnodytes was first applied to grebes by Oberholser (1974), and thus is a junior homonym of Limnodytes Dum eril and Bibron, 1841, a ranid frog (currently synonymized with Hylarana Tschudi, 1838; see Frost 2013). Given the history in the ornithological literature of creating tautonymous genera when separating species first named by Linnaeus, we propose Dominicus nom. nov. as a replacement name for Limnodytes Oberholser, 1974. Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus, 1766, is the type and only known species. Dominicus can be distinguished from Tachybaptus by the absence of an accessory hypotarsal canal for the tendon of m. flexor perforatus digiti II, absence of chestnut-coloured patches on the neck and absence of a yellow ‘grin patch’ at the rima oris. Dominicus can further be distinguished from Tachybaptus and the extinct Thiornis by the presence of a distal notch in the rim of the condylus medialis of the tibiotarsus and from Poliocephalus by its strong, bladelike apophysis furculae and the absence of white, elongate feathers on the side of the head (Ksepka et al. 2013).
A combined pollen and δ18O Sphagnum record of mid-Holocene climate variability from Dürres Maar (Eifel, Germany)

In this study we investigate pollen and oxygen isotopes of moss cellulose from the peat bog ‘Dürres Maar’ in the Eifel low mountain range, Germany (450 m a.s.l.) to quantitatively infer mid-Holocene climate change for the period between ~7000 and 3800 cal. BP. Pollen was analysed on the same samples from which Sphagnum leaves were isolated to extract cellulose for the determination of its oxygen isotope composition (δ18O Sphagnum ). To quantitatively estimate January and July temperature and annual precipitation from the pollen data, we applied a probabilistic indicator taxa method (‘pdf-method’). The pollen-based reconstructions indicate July temperatures ~1°C higher around 6000 cal. BP than after ~5500 cal. BP, which is consistent with a ~1‰ decrease in δ18O Sphagnum during the same period. While the pollen-based climate reconstructions indicate little variability in summer temperature after ~5500 cal. BP, winter temperature shows several pronounced cold excursions of ~2–4°C in this period, which was likely accompanied by changes in precipitation patterns. Test reconstructions leaving out specific taxa indicate that not only larger climate trends, but also relatively small-scale climate variability can robustly be reconstructed with the pdf-method. This is of particular importance for reliable reconstructions of climate variability not only during the Holocene, but also in former interglacials, for which archives are rare and pollen is often the only suitable proxy in terrestrial records. The stable isotope values agree with the reconstructions based on pollen for the time between ~4500 and 3500 cal. BP, but not for the period before 4500 cal. BP. We explain this difference by atmospheric circulation patterns being different in the mid and late Holocene, respectively.
The Allende meteorite reference sample

Jarosewich, Eugene, Roy S. Clarke, Jr., and Julie N. Barrows, editors. The Allende Meteorite Reference Sample. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, number 27, 49 pages, 32 tables, 1986. —A reference material for comparative analytical studies and standardization was prepared from fresh, clean specimen material from the Allende, Mexico, Type CV3 carbonaceous chondrite fall of 8 February 1969. Fragments weighing 4 kg were powdered, homogenized, and split into 1 g and 5 g subsamples. Analytical results for a total of 74 elements were provided by 24 analysts or groups of analysts. A variety of techniques were used, and many elements were determined by more than one technique. Reports from contributors of data outline their procedures and give their results in detail. Sample homogeneity has been evaluated in terms of this body of data, and "recommended values" are suggested for 43 elements. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Aerial view of Ulawun Volcano, New Britain. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Allende meteorite reference sample. (Smithsonian contributions to the earth sciences ; no. 27) Bibliography: p. Supt of Docs, no.: SI 1.26:27 1. Allende meteorite. 2. Chondrites (Meteorites)—Standards. 3. Radioactivation analysis. I. Jarosewich, Eugene. II. Clarke, Roy S. III. Barrows, Julie N. IV. Series. QE1.S227 no.27 [QB756.A44] 550 s 86-600209 [523.5'1]
17 Limits to soft power in the Economic Partnership Agreements

When I began researching the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) as a PhD student, I wanted to explore the drivers and impact of the EU’s attempts to export its model of economic and regulatory integration to other regions around the world. The EPAs were conceived as a series of preferential trade agreements between the EU and the group of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, designed to replace unilateral preferences provided under the longstanding Lomé Convention. More than this, the idea was that these negotiations would help to foster liberalisation of trade in goods and services and cooperation on a range of regulatory issues both between the EU and the ACP and within ACP regions themselves.
Toward Reconciling Magnitude Discrepancies Estimated from Paleoearthquake Data

We recognize a discrepancy in magnitudes estimated for several Basin and Range, U.S.A. faults. For example, magnitudes predicted for the Wasatch (Utah), Lost River (Idaho), and Lemhi (Idaho) faults from fault segment lengths (L{sub seg}) where lengths are defined between geometrical, structural, and/or behavioral discontinuities assumed to persistently arrest rupture, are consistently less than magnitudes calculated from displacements (D) along these same segments. For self-similarity, empirical relationships (e.g. Wells and Coppersmith, 1994) should predict consistent magnitudes (M) using diverse fault dimension values for a given fault (i.e. M {approx} L{sub seg}, should equal M {approx} D). Typically, the empirical relationships are derived from historical earthquake data and parameter values used as input into these relationships are determined from field investigations of paleoearthquakes. A commonly used assumption - grounded in the characteristic-earthquake model of Schwartz and Coppersmith (1984) - is equating L{sub seg} with surface rupture length (SRL). Many large historical events yielded secondary and/or sympathetic faulting (e.g. 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake) which are included in the measurement of SRL and used to derive empirical relationships. Therefore, calculating magnitude from the M {approx} SRL relationship using L{sub seg} as SRL leads to an underestimation of magnitude and the M {approx}more » L{sub seg} and M {approx} D discrepancy. Here, we propose an alternative approach to earthquake magnitude estimation involving a relationship between moment magnitude (Mw) and length, where length is L{sub seg} instead of SRL. We analyze seven historical, surface-rupturing, strike-slip and normal faulting earthquakes for which segmentation of the causative fault and displacement data are available and whose rupture included at least one entire fault segment, but not two or more. The preliminary Mw {approx} L{sub seg} results are strikingly consistent with Mw {approx} D calculations using paleoearthquake data for the Wasatch, Lost River, and Lemhi faults, demonstrating self-similarity and implying that the Mw {approx} L{sub seg} relationship should supplant M {approx} SRL relationships currently employed in seismic hazard analyses. The relationship will permit reliable use of L{sub seg} data from field investigations and proper use and weighting of multiple-segment-rupture scenarios in seismic hazard analyses, and eliminate the need to reconcile the Mw {approx} SRL and Mw {approx} D differences in a multiple-parameter relationship for segmented faults. « less
The AGROVOC Concept Server Workbench: A collaborative tool for managing multilingual knowledge

Ontology plays an important role in the enhancement performance of systems, addressing issues such as knowledge sharing, knowledge aggregation as well as information retrieval and question answering. This paper presents the AGROVOC Concept Server Workbench (ACSW) for multilingual ontological concept construction and maintenance. The ACSW is a web 2.0 based application consisting of two main functionalities that are user management and ontological knowledge management (i.e. concept, scheme, relationship, export, search, validate and consistency check) in order to maintain the knowledge acquisition life-cycle in food and agriculture domain. Knowledge is stored in the form of multilingual concept hierarchy and also kept in the OWL format in order to exchange between machines and to do reasoning. This workbench uses Protege API as an OWL framework. Moreover the Ontology Game conceptual framework is also presented in order to acquire ontology terms more pleasant.
Daytime Sleepiness and Driving Performance in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Comparison of the MSLT, the MWT, and a Simulated Driving Task

objective measurement of daytime alertness compared with the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) and with the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT), and to test the ability to drive safely, in comparison with on-road history, in the clinical setting of untreated severe obstructive sleep apnea. Design : N/A. setting : Sleep laboratory. Patients or Participants : Twenty-four patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea and reported daytime sleepiness varying in severity (as measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale). interventions : N/A. Measurements and results : Patients underwent MSLT and MWT coupled with 4 sessions of driving-simulation test on 2 different days randomly distributed 1 week apart. Simulated-driving performance (in terms of lane-position variability and crash occurrence) was correlated with sleep latency on the MSLT and more significantly on the MWT, showing a predictive validity toward the detection of sleepy versus alert patients with obstructive sleep apnea. In addition, patients reporting excessive daytime sleepiness or a history of car crashes showed poorer performances on the driving simulator. conclusions : A simulated driving test is a suitable tool for objective measurement of daytime alertness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Further studies are needed to clarify the association between simulated-driving performance and on-road crash risk of patients with sleep disordered breathing. Daytime sleepiness and driving performance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: comparison of the MSLT, the MWT, a simulated driving task.
Stochastic Models of Phylogeny and the Evolution of Diversity

Equilibrium models in population biology have demonstrated that accurate predictions of species diversity can be made without reference to particular taxa. We have extended the use of equilibrium models to examine patterns of phyletic diversification in the fossil record. We assume that (1) regions become saturated with respect to the number of taxa that can coexist; and (2) after that limit is reached, rates of speciation and extinction are very similar. Using these minimal constraints, and the standard precepts of evolutionary taxonomy (monophyly), we have generated evolutionary trees by stochastic simulation and classified their lineages into clades. Random processes with minimal constraints yield phyletic trees similar to those based upon the fossil record. Of particular interest are the patterns of clade origination and extinction and of intraclade diversity. For comparison with computer simulations, we present actual clades for the Reptilia. The similarities are striking, but some patterns of the fossil record are not simulated by random processes. For example, the late Cretaceous extinction may represent a fundamentally different type of evolutionary event. The simulation program and its comparison with the real world permits a clearer separation of stochastic and deterministic elements in the evolutionary record.
Impact of temperature on oxidant photochemistry in urban, polluted rural and remote environments

The impact of temperature on formation of O3 and odd nitrogen photochemistry is investigated using urban-, regional- and global-scale simulations. Urban and polluted rural environments are explored with a regional simulation derived from a specific episode in the midwestern United States. The simulations predict that O3 increases with temperature in both urban and polluted rural environments. The O3-temperature relation is driven largely by chemistry of peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) which represents an increased sink for both NOx and odd hydrogen at low temperatures. Isoprene emissions, H2O, and solar radiation also contribute to the O3-temperature relation. Possible correlations between temperature and anthropogenic emissions or stagnant meteorology were not included. Observations at urban and rural sites in the United States suggests that O3 increases with temperature at a faster rate than the models predict. Calculations with a one-dimensional global model suggest that increased temperature in the polluted boundary layer does not lead to increased O3 in the free troposphere, because increased export of O3 is balanced by decreased export of odd nitrogen species.
An Experimental Study of Homophily in the Adoption of Health Behavior

Greater similarity of paired obese participants in an online network increased access to and adoption of health behaviors. How does the composition of a population affect the adoption of health behaviors and innovations? Homophily—similarity of social contacts—can increase dyadic-level influence, but it can also force less healthy individuals to interact primarily with one another, thereby excluding them from interactions with healthier, more influential, early adopters. As a result, an important network-level effect of homophily is that the people who are most in need of a health innovation may be among the least likely to adopt it. Despite the importance of this thesis, confounding factors in observational data have made it difficult to test empirically. We report results from a controlled experimental study on the spread of a health innovation through fixed social networks in which the level of homophily was independently varied. We found that homophily significantly increased overall adoption of a new health behavior, especially among those most in need of it.
Observations on a bottom vein of dense water in the southern Adriatic and Ionian seas

We discuss the motion and spreading of a bottom vein of very dense marine water, which originates (σ ≥ 29.4) in winter through cooling and evaporation processes resulting from the violet Bora wind blowing over the shallow North Adriatic Sea into the deepest layers of the southern Adriatic and Ionian seas (eastern Mediterranean basin). Our analysis is focused on the peculiar physical processes that control this bottom flow. We first describe the vein motion in the southern Adriatic Sea in which this current follows approximately the isobaths (in partial accordance with the conservation of potential vorticity) and the main mixing process of dense water with Levantine Intermediate Water occurring in an offshore-oriented canyon near Bari. This canyon causes a deepening and flattening of the original vein of dense water, such that downstream the water can be observed only on the Otranto Sill (at depths of ≈ 800 m with σ ≈ 29.25). The subsequent flow in the Ionian Sea follows approximately the 900-m isobath in the Gulf of Taranto and along the Calabrian and east Sicilian coasts, in agreement with the results of Smith's and Killworth's theoretical models of steady motion of density driven currents over a regular slope, in a rotating system, for stratified fluids.
Assessing uncertainty in the integration of aeromagnetic data and structural observations in the Deering Hills region of the Musgrave Province

Integrated aeromagnetic and field-based structural analysis provides a method for establishing a constrained regional-scale tectonic model where insufficient outcrop, remoteness or restricted access precludes widespread structural mapping. In this method the different scales of observation lead to uncertainty in integrating the observations. An integrated analysis of the Deering Hills region of the Musgrave Province shows that this uncertainty is largely dependent on the magnetic data resolution, the scale of deformation, and mineralogy. In the Deering Hills, four deformation events are defined, each with different structural character. These differences in character result in different levels of uncertainty in integrating these observations with aeromagnetic data. D1 was only evident at small scales in outcrop, and therefore any correlation with aeromagnetic data is inherently uncertain. However, well-defined relative timing to D2, and the parallel nature of an S1 foliation and regional D1 structures identified in the aeromagnetic data permitted the derivation of a moderately reliable regional model indicating northwest to southeast directed shortening at a deep crustal level during the Musgravian Orogeny. This resulted in a pervasive gneissic foliation, and a regional array of northeast-trending reverse-shear zones and tight to isoclinal upright folds. A higher confidence regional model was derived for the second deformation event (D2), which was identified at the regional scale in outcrop and could be directly correlated with features in the aeromagnetic data. North–south-directed crustal shortening, either in the late Musgravian Orogeny or during deformation ca 1060 Ma resulting in east-southeast- and southeast-trending reverse- and dextral-reverse shear zones and southeast-trending recumbent isoclinal nappes. For the third and fourth deformation events, links could not be made between field observations and aeromagnetic data, and the regional models for these events are low in confidence. The regional setting of D3 is not defined, and D4 is interpreted to represent the development of shear zones during north–south compression in the Petermann Orogeny.
Coastal Planning Strategies for Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: A Case Study of Mokpo, Korea

Climate change and sea level rise necessitate adaptation strategies for coastal areas. This paper showcases five strategies for sea level rise adaptation: hard protection, soft protection, accommodation, retreat, and attack. This study proposes adaptation measures and a phased development strategy for coastal areas of Mokpo, an old port city on the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula that has been expanded by land reclamation. Mokpo presently experiences frequent flooding during high-water and storm events; due to their low elevation and land subsidence, most of the reclaimed areas are susceptible to future inundation via sea level rise. The fundamental adaptation strategies for the impact areas are: hard protection of important infrastructures via multi-tiered terraces; the retreat of coastal developments accompanied by green buffer zones such as wetlands and parks to accommodate temporary inundation; and up-leveling the ground for new development and phased relocation of existing development. Through the case study of Mokpo, the paper emphasizes the importance of resilient planning strategies for urban development, and highlights both the challenges and opportunities for sea level rise adaptation.