Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice Respond Differently to Awake Magnetic Resonance Imaging Habituation

Traditionally, preclinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been performed in anesthetized animals. However, anesthesia has been shown to perturb normal brain function and physiology. Such effects limit our ability to detect subtle physiological alterations in disease models and treatment studies, thus hampering discovery and compromising generality of findings. Therefore, methods for awake animal MRI are needed to study the rodent brain in its natural physiological state, free of anesthetics. Current setups for awake animal MRI rely on restraining systems to avoid animal movement during scanning. To reduce restraint stress, animals are habituated to the scanner environment prior to MRI data collection. To date, however, most awake MRI studies employ male rodents only. This is a fundamental limitation as results obtained may be pertinent only to half of the population. We characterized training and habituation responses of male and female mice to provide improved, sex-dependent training procedures for awake mouse MRI. We recorded heart rate, monitored behavioral responses (body weight and fecal boli weight) and fecal corticosterone levels (FCM) as indicators of wellbeing and stress during a 14-day progressive habituation protocol. In addition, we also assessed discomfort levels and anxiety using the mouse grimace scale (MGS) and light/dark test (LDT), respectively. All scores were compared between both groups. We found that heart rate was significantly decreased after 10 and 11 days of training for both males and females, respectively. However, the specific time course for this decrease was significantly different between males and females, and females exhibited higher anxiety levels during habituation and 14 days after habituation than males. Lastly, we also found that mean FCM levels for both groups were decreased after 11 days of MRI habituation. The present work shows that mice can be successfully trained for extended MRI sessions which is necessary for many (particularly non-fMRI) studies. Importantly, we find that males and females differ in their response to awake MRI habituation, which should be considered in future awake MRI studies that aim to include male and female mice.
Computational design of chemical nanosensors: Transition metal doped single-walled carbon nanotubes

We present a general approach to the computational design of nanostructured chemical sensors. The scheme is based on identification and calculation of microscopic descriptors (design parameters) which are used as input to a thermodynamic model to obtain the relevant macroscopic properties. In particular, we consider the functionalization of a (6,6) metallic armchair single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) by nine different 3d transition metal (TM) atoms occupying three types of vacancies. For six gas molecules (N_{2}, O_{2}, H_{2}O, CO, NH_{3}, H_{2}S) we calculate the binding energy and change in conductance due to adsorption on each of the 27 TM sites. For a given type of TM functionalization, this allows us to obtain the equilibrium coverage and change in conductance as a function of the partial pressure of the "target" molecule in a background of atmospheric air. Specifically, we show how Ni and Cu doped metallic (6,6) SWNTs may work as effective multifunctional sensors for both CO and NH_{3}. In this way, the scheme presented allows one to obtain macroscopic device characteristics and performance data for nanoscale (in this case SWNT) based devices.
Bounding entanglement spreading after a local quench

We consider the variation of von Neumann entropy of subsystem reduced states of general many- body lattice spin systems due to local quantum quenches. We obtain Lieb-Robinson-like bounds that are independent of the subsystem volume. The main assumptions are that the Hamiltonian satisfies a Lieb-Robinson bound and that the volume of spheres on the lattice grows at most exponentially with their radius. More specifically, the bound exponentially increases with time but exponentially decreases with the distance between the subsystem and the region where the quench takes place. The fact that the bound is independent of the subsystem volume leads to stronger constraints (than previously known) on the propagation of information throughout many-body systems. In particular, it shows that bipartite entanglement satisfies an effective "light cone", regardless of system size. Further implications to t density-matrix renormalization-group simulations of quantum spin chains and limitations to the propagation of information are discussed.
Knowledge Distillation in Vision Transformers: A Critical Review

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), Transformers have already revolutionized the field by utilizing an attention-based encoder-decoder model. Recently, some pioneering works have employed Transformer-like architectures in Computer Vision (CV) and they have reported outstanding performance of these architectures in tasks such as image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation. Vision Transformers (ViTs) have demonstrated impressive performance improvements over Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) due to their competitive modelling capabilities. However, these architectures demand massive computational resources which makes these models difficult to be deployed in the resource-constrained applications. Many solutions have been developed to combat this issue, such as compressive transformers and compression functions such as dilated convolution, min-max pooling, 1D convolution, etc. Model compression has recently attracted considerable research attention as a potential remedy. A number of model compression methods have been proposed in the literature such as weight quantization, weight multiplexing, pruning and Knowledge Distillation (KD). However, techniques like weight quantization, pruning and weight multiplexing typically involve complex pipelines for performing the compression. KD has been found to be a simple and much effective model compression technique that allows a relatively simple model to perform tasks almost as accurately as a complex model. This paper discusses various approaches based upon KD for effective compression of ViT models. The paper elucidates the role played by KD in reducing the computational and memory requirements of these models. The paper also presents the various challenges faced by ViTs that are yet to be resolved.
Organization, expression, and evolution of genes for mercury resistance.

INTRODUCTION. 607 Occurrena of Mercury in the Environment 607 Incidence of the Mercury Resistance Phenotype 608 THE GRAM-NEGATIVE SySTEMS 609 The Structural Genes of the mer Loci 609 Regulation . 618 Overview of Operon Function. 623 . Evolutionary Considerations . 624 THE GRAM-POSITIVE SySTEMS 626 Occurrence . " 626 Biochemistry. 627 Genetics . 627 CONCLUDING REMARKS 627
Competing spreading processes on multiplex networks: awareness and epidemics

Epidemiclike spreading processes on top of multilayered interconnected complex networks reveal a rich phase diagram of intertwined competition effects. A recent study by the authors [C. Granell et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 128701 (2013). ] presented an analysis of the interrelation between two processes accounting for the spreading of an epidemic, and the spreading of information awareness to prevent infection, on top of multiplex networks. The results in the case in which awareness implies total immunization to the disease revealed the existence of a metacritical point at which the critical onset of the epidemics starts, depending on completion of the awareness process. Here we present a full analysis of these critical properties in the more general scenario where the awareness spreading does not imply total immunization, and where infection does not imply immediate awareness of it. We find the critical relation between the two competing processes for a wide spectrum of parameters representing the interaction between them. We also analyze the consequences of a massive broadcast of awareness (mass media) on the final outcome of the epidemic incidence. Importantly enough, the mass media make the metacritical point disappear. The results reveal that the main finding, i.e., existence of a metacritical point, is rooted in the competition principle and holds for a large set of scenarios.
A survey on mining stack overflow: question and answering (Q&A) community

Software developers extensively use stack overflow (SO) for knowledge sharing on software development. Thus, software engineering researchers have started mining the structured/unstructured data present in certain software repositories including the QA approximately 70 percent of the papers used millions of posts data, applied basic machine learning methods, and conducted investigations semi-automatically and quantitative studies. Thus, future research should focus on the overcoming existing identified challenges and gaps. ,The work on SO is classified into two main categories; “SO design and usage” and “SO content applications. ” These categories not only give insights to Q&A forum providers about the shortcomings in design and usage of such forums but also provide ways to overcome them in future. It also enables software developers to exploit such forums for the identified under-utilized tasks of software development. ,The study is the first of its kind to explore the work on SO about software development and makes an original contribution by presenting a comprehensive review, design/usage shortcomings of Q&A sites, and future research challenges.
Bridging the defect gap in EUV photoresist

Continued momentum in the development of EUV photolithography toward high volume manufacturing has driven the evolution of increased photoresist purity requirements. Further scaling will intensify the challenge to improve inline yield and reliability performance. The composition of EUV photoresist materials requires careful compositional balance and stability to ensure expected lithographic performance. It is therefore critical to understand and assess interactions between photomaterials and the many touchpoints along the entire value chain to maintain the purity and integrity of these materials. Filtration technology is an important part of maintaining a material’s purity. When choosing a filter, there are many factors to consider, starting with the membrane material. For instance, nylon filters effectively remove polar polymers through an adsorption mechanism. Particulate contaminants are often removed by size-exclusion, mostly commonly observed with certain UPE (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene) membranes. As lithography materials change and the smallest defects become even more challenging to detect, filtration technology innovation, such as the development of OktolexTM, is needed to meet the most stringent defect targets. In this paper, a tailored filter is introduced to enhance filtration performance and address specific defect sources in EUV photoresists. Results and possible mechanisms of the defect reduction will be discussed.
Comparison between local anaesthesia with remifentanil and total intravenous anaesthesia for operative hysteroscopic procedures in day surgery.

BACKGROUND This study aimed at comparing total i.v. anaesthesia (TIVA) with monitored anaesthesia care (MAC) during day-surgery operative hysteroscopy regarding: operation time, time to mobilization and discharge, and patient satisfaction. METHODS Ninety-one healthy women were randomized to MAC with paracervical local anaesthesia and remifentanil or to TIVA with propofol and remifentanil. Time from arrival to leaving the operating theatre, time from arrival in the recovery room to mobilization and discharge readiness, and patient satisfaction with MAC and TIVA were observed. RESULTS Time from arrival to leaving the operating theatre showed no significant difference between groups (P=0.6). The time to mobilization {MAC: 53 min [inter-quartile range (IQR) 40-83], TIVA: 69 min (IQR 52-96) (P=0.017)} and the total time from arrival to discharge readiness [MAC: 118 min (IQR 95-139), TIVA: 138 (IQR 120-158) (P=0.0009)] were significantly reduced for patients in the MAC group. More patients in the MAC group 45 (91.8%) than in the TIVA group 24 (64.9%) responded positively to the question: would you like to receive the same kind of anaesthesia for a similar procedure in the future? (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Paracervical local anaesthesia combined with remifentanil is suitable for operative hysteroscopy in day surgery.
Research Commentary - NeuroIS: The Potential of Cognitive Neuroscience for Information Systems Research

This paper introduces the idea of drawing upon the cognitive neuroscience literature to inform IS research (herein termed “NeuroIS”). Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience are uncovering the neural bases of cognitive, emotional, and social processes, and they offer new insights into the complex interplay between IT and information processing, decision making, and behavior among people, organizations, and markets. The paper reviews the emerging cognitive neuroscience literature to propose a set of seven opportunities that IS researchers can use to inform IS phenomena, namely (1) localizing the neural correlates of IS constructs, (2) capturing hidden mental processes, (3) complementing existing sources of IS data with brain data, (4) identifying antecedents of IS constructs, (5) testing consequences of IS constructs, (6) inferring the temporal ordering among IS constructs, and (7) challenging assumptions and enhancing IS theories. The paper proposes a framework for exploring the potential of cognitive neuroscience for IS research and offers examples of potentially fertile intersections of cognitive neuroscience and IS research in the domains of design science and human-computer interaction. This is followed by an example NeuroIS study in the context of e-commerce adoption using fMRI, which spawns interesting new insights. The challenges of using functional neuroimaging tools are also discussed. The paper concludes that there is considerable potential for using cognitive neuroscience theories and functional brain imaging tools in IS research to enhance IS theories.
Delineating physiologic defensive reactivity in the domain of self-report: phenotypic and etiologic structure of dispositional fear

Background Individual differences in fear and fearlessness have been investigated at their extremes in relation to markedly different forms of psychopathology – anxiety disorders and psychopathy, respectively. A documented neural substrate of fear-related traits and disorders is defensive reactivity as reflected in aversive startle potentiation (ASP). Method The current study extended prior work by characterizing, in a sample of adult twins from the community (n=2511), the phenotypic and etiologic structure of self-report measures of fear and fearlessness known to be associated with ASP. Results Analyses revealed a hierarchical structure to the trait fear domain, with an overarching, bipolar fear/fearlessness dimension saturating each measure in this domain, and subfactors labeled ‘distress,’ ‘stimulation seeking’ and ‘sociability’ accounting for additional variance in particular measures. The structure of genetic and non-shared environmental associations among the measures closely mirrored the phenotypic structure of the domain. Conclusions The findings have implications for proposals to reconceptualize psychopathology in neurobiological terms.
Adolescents with tetralogy of Fallot: neuropsychological assessment and structural brain imaging

Abstract Background: Few data are available on the neuropsychological, behavioural, or structural brain imaging outcomes in adolescents who underwent corrective surgery in infancy for tetralogy of Fallot. Methods: In this single-centre cross-sectional study, we enrolled 91 adolescents (13–16 years old) with tetralogy of Fallot and 87 referent subjects. Assessments included tests of academic achievement, memory, executive functions, visual-spatial skills, attention, and social cognition, as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Genetic abnormalities or syndromes were present in 25% of tetralogy of Fallot patients, who had markedly greater neuropsychological morbidities than did patients without a syndrome. However, even patients without a syndrome performed significantly worse than the referent group or population norms in all of the neuropsychological domains assessed. In multivariable regression in those without a genetic/phenotypic syndrome, the strongest predictors of adverse late neurodevelopmental outcomes included a greater number of complications at the first operation, more total surgical complications across all operations, and occurrence of post-operative seizures. The presence of at least one abnormality on structural magnetic resonance imaging was more frequent in tetralogy of Fallot patients than the referent group (42% versus 8%). Conclusions: Adolescents with tetralogy of Fallot are at increased neurodevelopmental risk and would benefit from ongoing surveillance and educational supports even after childhood.
Thomas More and the New World

Despite the extensive critical attention that has been lavished upon Sir Thomas More's Utopia , the influence of the early historical narratives of the discovery and conquest of America on the shaping of his fictional commonwealth remains problematic. Proctor Fenn Sherwin, writing in 1917, declared that “it should go without saying” that “the yet novel discoveries of unknown and unguessed of peoples in America and the tales of Spanish explorers” were a “considerable inspiration” to More. But Sherwin admitted that, apart from a few references to Amerigo Vespucci's Four Voyages , he could find no echo of their writings in the text of Utopia . Subsequent research on the rich literary allusions in More's published works and unpublished correspondence has provided some fascinating insights into his remarkable erudition and complex character. It has also prompted extensive debate about the relative importance of various classical and medieval sources in inspiring More's celebrated but enigmatic fictional account of an imaginary commonwealth. But no new evidence demonstrating that More was in fact steeped in the early literature on the New World has been produced. Claims that he read Columbus and Peter Martyr as well as Vespucci remain unsubstantiated. Some commentators have been untroubled by that lack of evidence. H. L. Donner assumed that More was familiar with Peter Martyr's Decades of the New World and from that source learned that the Indians of the West Indies “had an intuitive knowledge of the most essential moral and philosophical truths. ” Donner concluded that More modelled Utopian “morality and religion” in large measure on Peter Martyr's description of the West Indians.
GLOBALISATION AND INTRA-FIRM TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL NOTE

Introduction . 146 1. Intra-firm trade and intra-industry trade. 147 II. Data sources on intra-firm trade . 148 111. Evidence from the United States and Japan. 149 IV. Concluding remarks . 155 Bibliography . 158
Effect of Methanolic Extract of Marrubium crassidensBoiss on Ischemia/Reperfusion Induced Arrhythmias and Infarct Sizein Isolated Rat Heart

Background: Methanolic extract of Marrubium crassidens Boiss has potent antioxidative effects and can have cardio-protective effects on Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injuries in heart. Methods: The extract was prepared by maceration. The isolated rat hearts were perfused by Krebs-Henseleit solution enriched with the extract (0, 10, 50, and 100µg/ml), using the langendorff method. After 15 minutes stabilization, the hearts subjected to 30 minutes regional ischemia and then 120 minutes reperfusion. During the experiments hemodynamic functions were recorded and cardiac arrhythmias were determined. At the end, the infarct size was measured. Results: The extract at 100µg/ml caused a significant reduction in the number of ischemia and reperfusion induced ventricular-ectopic-beats (P<0.05). The extract at 100µg/ml also remarkably (P<0.001) reduced the number of ischemic ventricular tachycardia (VT). The incidence of ischemic VT was reduced from 100% in the control group to 20% in the group treated with 100 µg/ml (P<0.01). The infarct size was 70.74±10.35% in the control group whereas, perfusion of ischemic hearts with the extract (10, 50µg/ml) reduced the size to 19.11±6.26 (P<0.001) and 25.27±3.89% (P<0.01), respectively. Conclusions: M. crassidens has protective effects against I/R injuries in isolated rat hearts and the protective effects could be related to antioxidative activities of the extract.
Trichobezoar and postpartum gastric perforation: A case report and brief review of literature

An 18-year-old multiparous Caucasian woman booked for antenatal care at 24 weeks’ gestation. Previously she had a normal vaginal delivery following which she developed postnatal depression; this was managed by her general practitioner with counselling and a 3 month course of antidepressants. There was no other relevant medical history. She consumed 6 units of alcohol/week and smoked 10 cigarettes/day. She denied using any recreational or illicit drugs. At the booking visit the haemoglobin was 10.2 g/dl and her body mass index (BMI) was 23. Routine antenatal blood tests and a 26-week gestation scan were normal. This woman received midwifery care. During the antenatal period, the woman presented to the obstetric assessment unit on three occasions with nausea and epigastric pain; on one occasion she was treated for urinary tract infection and in others she was prescribed antacids. No other investigations were performed. At 39 weeks and 6 days’ gestation, she presented in active labour and spontaneously delivered a 3.43 kg male infant. Both she and the newborn were discharged home after routine observation. Three days later the woman presented to the emergency department with a 12 h history of sudden onset upper abdominal pain and vomiting. Her vomitus did not contain blood. A striking feature was sparse scalp hair growth with broken hair of varying length. Her eyebrows and eyelashes appeared normal. Clinically, she was thought to have peritonitis and an erect chest radiogram revealed free air under both hemidiaphragms. Full blood count revealed Hb 11.9 g/dl, WCC 16.4610 per mm and platelet 437,000 per mm. Intravenous antibiotics were started and an emergency laparotomy was performed by the surgical team. Intraoperatively, the stomach was noted to be grossly enlarged by a firm, uniform swelling. A large gastric perforation was located, high on the lesser curvature with gross peritoneal contamination. A Roux-en-Y gastrectomy and feeding jejunostomy were performed. Macroscopically, the stomach was found to contain a 206 14 cm mass. This had a honeycomb appearance, drenched in a brownish green mucoid substance. Histology revealed a 20614 cm trichobezoar which had ulcerated through the stomach by pressure necrosis. There was no evidence of neoplasia in the resected specimen. Postoperatively, the patient recovered rapidly under the care of a multidisciplinary team, which included a dietician, physiotherapist and a liaison psychiatrist. On questioning by the psychiatrist, the patient admitted to a 6-year history of pulling out hair and on occasions, eating hair. A provisional diagnosis of trichotillomania was made. She was discharged home 10 days following surgery. At 12 months later she remains well on antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs). Despite the family physician initiating out-patient clinic referral to a psychiatrist, the patient has declined further assessment.
Stock splits announcements in Kenya: a test of stock market efficiency

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS . v LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF FIGURES . ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . x CHAPTER ONE . 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background of the Problem . 1 1.1.1 Stock Splits . 4 1.1.2 Nairobi Stock Exchange.5 1.2 Statement of the Problem . 6 1.3 Research Objective . 10 1.3. 1 Broad Objective . 10 1.3. 2 Specific Objectives . 10 1.4 Importance of the Study. 10 CHAPTER TWO . 13