Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraints on the absorption band model of Q

First order models for the combined depth and frequency dependence of Q are derived and tested using several independent constraints. (1) Using a microphysics approach, the adoption of an absorption band as a first-order model for the frequency dependence of Q is justified, and the expected depth behavior of relaxation times in the earth is derived. The significant new parameter in this model of Q is tau/sub 2/, the period at the half-amplitude point of the high frequency end of the absorption band. (2) Using observed body-wave spectra, the existence of a frequency dependence in Q is proved, and the average location of that frequency dependence (i.e., tau/sub 2/) is estimated to be in the range 1 to 2.5 Hz. (3) Under the constraints of Q model ratios, the dept dependence of tau/sub 2/ is estimated by assuming that a free-oscillation and a body-wave Q model both measure Q from the same absorption band. The resulting tau/sub 2/ is about 0.04 s in the upper 200 km and then increases exponentially with depth in the mantle to about 1.9 at the core mantle boundary. The Q model ratios are better satisfied if a second absorption band is hypothesized to operatemore » in the depth range of the asthenosphere. In that case, tau/sub 2/ for the mantle absorption band varies from about 0.09 s in the first 200 km to 4.0 s at 2886 km, and tau/sub 2/ for the asthenosphere absorption band is about 0.005 s in the depth range 35-220 km. (4) Both classes of Q models are tested in the time domain using synthetic seismograms of Russian and American nuclear explosions. Although trade-offs between source and mantle transfer functions preclude further refinement of the models at this time, a compatibility is demonstrated between the double absorption band model and time domain constraints, including arrival time and pulse shape. « less
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRONIC WORD-OF-MOUTH ( eWOM ) ON CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION AMONG GENERATION-Y

Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) is an action that review from someone towards products and services that purchased can as reference to potential consumers for make purchase decision. Those reference can be helpful for consumers due to it showed the effectiveness of social media in information sharing. Therefore, this main aim of this research is to develop conceptual framework about effectiveness of eWOM between consumers’ purchase intention in Generation Y. A quantitative research been carried and 370 target respondents among Generation Y been asking opinion by questionnaire. 4 independents variables which are eWOM quality, eWOM quantity, eWOM credibility and sender expertise been tested and analysis by SPSS software. The research find out that 4 independent variables are positive related to consumers’ purchase intention among Generation Y.
National Centre of Competence in Research Financial Valuation and Risk Management Working Paper No . 675 Mean-Variance Hedging via Stochastic Control and BSDEs for General Semimartingales

We solve the problem of mean-variance hedging for general semimartingale models via stochastic control methods. After proving that the value process of the associated stochastic control problem has a quadratic structure, we characterise its three coefficient processes as solutions of semimartingale backward stochastic differential equations and show how they can be used to describe the optimal trading strategy for each conditional mean-variance hedging problem. For comparison with the existing literature, we provide alternative equivalent versions of the BSDEs and present a number of simple examples.
Estimating the False Discovery Rate Using Sas R and Jmp

This paper gives an exposition of some recently developed methods of estimating the false discovery rate (FDR) in the setting of multiple comparisons and discusses their implementation with SAS and JMP. The FDR provides an interpretable quantification of error and an alternative to the familywise error rate that may be suitable in situations such as high throughput genomics experiments. SAS code using the SAS/MACRO, SAS/STAT, and SAS/IML facilities is presented to compute a popular estimate of FDR associated with any chosen critical region. Q-values, which are the FDR analog of p-values, are obtained and used to reproduce plots generated by the R package " qvalue " that inform the choice of this critical region. A key parameter is estimated either by fitting a smoothing spline (PROC TPSPLINE) or a two-component mixture to the p-value histogram via maximum likelihood (PROC NLMIXED). A microarray example is presented along with guidelines for implementation in JMP. INTRODUCTION The false discovery rate (FDR) has received much attention as an alternative way of quantifying type I errors in multiple comparisons problems. One reason for this attention is the development of high through-put technology in the field of genomics that allow for experiments to test many hypotheses simultaneously. Microarray technology, for example, has facilitated the measurement of expression intensity for thousands of genes at once across different conditions in a single experiment. As an illustration, consider the histogram of p-values in the top left of Figure 2, taken from F-tests in a microarray experiment (Li et al., 2006) to investigate gene expression during gestation of H. parviporum, a fungal pathogen causing root rot in Norway Spruce. The experiment measured mRNA abundance from tissue harvested at timepoints 0, 18, 36, 72 and 120 hours post-germination in a completely randomized design with three biologically independent samples per timepoint. Single channel expression measurements on 384 cDNA clones (" genes ") are made for each replicate. The histogram gives the distribution of p-values from 384 separate F-tests for a treatment effect, each based on four and twelve numerator and denominator degrees of freedom, respectively. The preponderance of small p-values provides evidence that gene expression is not constant across all five timepoints, but there are so many significance tests being conducted that care must still be taken to avoid type I errors due to multiplicity. Traditional approaches include strong and weak control of familywise error rates, using techniques such as the Bonferroni …
Seismic Evidence for Widespread Possible Gas Hydrate Horizons on Continental Slopes and Rises

Anomalous reflections in marine seismic reflection data from continental slopes are often correlated with the base of gas hydrated sedimentary rocks. Examination of University of Texas Marine Science Institute reflection data reveals the possible presence of such gas hydrates along the east coast of the United States, the western Gulf of Mexico, the coasts of northern Colombia and northern Panama, and along the Pacific side of Central America in areas extending from Panama to near Acapulco, Mexico. Suspected hydrates are present in water depths of 700 to 4,400 m and extend from 100 to 1,100 m subbottom. Geometric relations, reflection coefficients, reflection polarity, and pressure-temperature relations all support the identification of the anomalous reflections as the base of gas hydrated sediments. In most places, gas hydrate association is related to structural anomalies (anticlines, dipping strata), which may allow gas to concentrate and migrate updip into pressure and temperature conditions suitable for hydrate formation. The gas hydrate boundary can be used to estimate thermal gradients. In general, thermal gradients estimated from the gas hydrate phase boundary are higher than reported thermal gradients measured by conventional means.
Evaluating Accessibility for Transportation Planning

This paper discusses the concept of accessibility and how it can be incorporated in transport planning. Accessibility refers to people’s ability to reach goods, services and activities, which is the ultimate goal of most transport activity. Many factors affect accessibility, including mobility (physical movement), the quality and affordability of transport options, transport system connectivity, mobility substitutes, and land use patterns. Accessibility can be evaluated from various perspectives, including a particular group, mode, location or activity. Conventional planning tends to overlook and undervalue some of these factors and perspectives. More comprehensive analysis of accessibility in planning expands the scope of potential solutions to transport problems. A shorter version of this paper was presented at the 87 th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting (www.trb.org), January 2008. Evaluating Accessibility for Transportation Planning Victoria Transport Policy Institute
of the Thirty Ninth Spring Conference of the Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians Albena , April 6 – 10 , 2010 MODELING OF CYLINDRICAL COUETTE FLOW OF RAREFIED GAS BETWEEN ROTATING CYLINDERS

The cylindrical Couette flow of a rarefied gas is studied in the case of two cylinders rotating with different velocities. Velocity, density and temperature profiles are investigated by a Direct Monte Carlo Simulation method and a numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible flow is found. The results obtained by both methods are in an excellent agreement at a small Knudsen number Kn = 0.02. The calculations show that the gas lags or outstrips in comparison with the walls or it has the elastic rigid body behavior at the variety velocity boundary conditions. These results are important for applications in non-planar microfluidic problems.
UNEP Concerned by Impacts of Global Climate Change in Mountain Areas

Abstract This article is reprinted from Teen Planet No 5, September/October 2002, the UNEP outreach magazine for young people and those interested in youth development. It illustrates UNEP's concern with global climate change and its impact on mountains, and the urgent need to monitor them. Ed.
Transpiration Characteristics of Robinia Pseudoacacia L. with Different Densities During the Peak Season

Daily changes of leaf water content,transpiration rate,leaf water potential,and root water potential of Robinia Pseudoacacia from different stand densities and soil water within 60 cm of soil surface in the proving ground were studied on typical clear days during the peak season.Results are listed as following:(1) Daily average leaf water content of different stand densities was lower in August than July and was in the sequence of ρ2200ρ2000ρ1400ρ1600ρ1800 in the two months. (2) Diurnal variation of transpiration rate was similar in both months,meaning that the curves changed from "double peak" style to "single peak" with increased stand density and all the peak values appeared between 13:00 and 14:00.Daily average transpiration rate was ρ1800ρ1600ρ1400ρ2000ρ2200 in July and August. (3) Daily average leaf water potential of different stand densities was in the following order in both months:ρ1800ρ1600 ρ1400ρ2000ρ2200 and was apparently lower in August than in July,with more obvious daily variation in August than in July. (4) Root water potential was higher than leaf water potential,with daily variation obviously less than leaf water potential,and daily average root water potential of five stands with different densities was in the order of ρ1800ρ1600 ρ1400ρ2000ρ2200 and was lower in August than in July,with more obvious daily variation in August than in July. (5) Difference between leaf and root water potential ( S—L) was negatively related with transpiration rate (Tr) and such a relationship can be fitted by logarithmic curve. (6) Leaf water potential of R.Pseudoacacia increases with leaf water content,the relationship between them can be described by logarithmic curve. (7) With the increased soil depth,soil water variation was lower in July than in August and the average soil water in 0—60 cm layer declined with increased stand density.From the respective of effective water utilization and the best growth vigor,1800 strains/hm2 is the reasonable stand density.
Determining the rate of forest conversion in Mato Grosso, Brazil, using Landsat MSS and AVHRR data

Abstract AVHRR-LAC thermal data and Landsat MSS and TM spectral data were used to estimate the rate of forest clearing in Mato Grosso, Brazil, between 1981 and 1984. The Brazilian state was stratified into forest and non-forest. A list sampling procedure was used in the forest stratum to select Landsat MSS scenes for processing based on estimates of fire activity in the scenes. Fire activity in 1984 was estimated using AVHRR-LAC thermal data. Slate-wide estimates of forest conversion indicate that between 1981 and 1984, 353966 ha ±77 000 ha (0·4 percent of the state area) were converted per year. No evidence of reforestation was found in this digital sample. The relationship between forest clearing rate (based on MSS-TM analysis)and fire activity (estimated using AVHRR data)was noisy (R2= 0·41). The results suggest that AVHRR data may be put to better use as a stratification tool rather than as a subsidiary variable in list sampling.
COMPARISON OF SOME PERFORMANCE VARIABLES ACCORDING TO AGE GROUP OF 10-13 YEAR OLD CHILDREN SELECTED WITH TALENT SEARCHING METHOD IN ATHLETICS

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine and to compare some performance variables of 10-13 year old children who were selected with talent searching method in athletics according to age group. Methods. Top 10% of children were selected to the athletics at their age group according to the normative study in Ankara (Pekel H. A., 2007). 147 children (30 girls & 18 boys at 10-year-old, 14 girls & 24 boys at 11-year-old, 11 girls & 22 boys at 12-year-old, 12 girls & 16 boys at 13-year-old) were volunteered to participate in this study. Each subject performed flexibility, 30 m run test, standing long jump, and Illinois agility run test. Results. As the age increases, the body height and body weight increase with it. In boys, there was significant difference in 30 m sprint performance between age group. Although there were not significant differences in jump and agility performance, the improvement was found with age increasing in boys children. On the other hand 11-year-old girls group have better performance values than 12-year-old girls group in all performance tests. Conclusions. Body height, body weight, jump, sprint and agility performance improvement was observed in parallel with age increasing. For further study, children’s maturation status should also investigate whether this improvement would effect from maturation.
Mapping class groups and outer automorphism groups of free groups are C-simple

We prove that the reduced C -algebras of centerless mapping class groups and outer automorphism groups of free groups are simple, as are the irreducible pure subgroups of mapping class groups and the analogous subgroups of outer automorphism groups of free groups. r 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. MSC: 20F28; 20F65; 46L55; 57N05
Progress in Physical Geography

Landscape ecology focuses on the analysis of spatial pattern and its relationship to ecological processes. As a scientifi c discipline, landscape ecology has grown rapidly in recent years, supported by developments in GIS and spatial analysis techniques. Although remote sensing data are widely employed in landscape ecology research, their current and potential roles have not been evaluated critically. To provide an overview of current practice, 438 research papers published in the journal Landscape Ecology for the years 2004–2008 were examined for information about use of remote sensing. Results indicated that only 36% of studies explicitly mentioned remote sensing. Of those that did so, aerial photographs and Landsat satellite sensor images were most commonly used, accounting for 46% and 42% of studies, respectively. The predominant application of remote sensing data across these studies was for thematic mapping purposes. This suggests that landscape ecologists have been relatively slow to recognize the potential value of recent developments in remote sensing technologies and methods. The review also provided evidence of a frequent lack of key detail in studies recently published in Landscape Ecology, with 75% failing to provide any assessment of uncertainty or error relating to image classifi cation and mapping. It is suggested that the role of remote sensing in landscape ecology might be strengthened by closer collaboration © The Author(s), 2009. Reprints and permissions: http://www.sagepub. co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav *Author for correspondence. Email: anewton@bournemouth.ac. uk at Bournemouth University on October 7, 2009 http://ppg.sagepub. com Downloaded from Adrian C. Newton et al.: Remote sensing and the future of landscape ecology 529 between researchers in the two disciplines, by greater integration of diverse remote sensing data with ecological data, and by increased recognition of the value of remote sensing beyond land-cover mapping and pattern description. This is illustrated by case studies drawn from Latin America (focusing on forest loss and fragmentation) and the UK (focusing on habitat quality for woodland birds). Such approaches might improve the analytical and theoretical rigour of landscape ecology, and be applied usefully to issues of outstanding societal interest, such as the impacts of environmental change on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms ( Question No EFSA-Q-2007-150 , EFSA-Q-2007-153 , EFSA-Q-2007-164 ) Adopted on 15 June 2009

Applications (EFSA-GMO-RX-MON810) for renewal of authorisation for the continued marketing of (1) existing food and food ingredients produced from genetically modified insect resistant maize MON810; (2) feed consisting of and/or containing maize MON810, including the use of seed for cultivation; and of (3) food and feed additives, and feed materials produced from maize MON810, all under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto 1
Surface faulting of the 1954 Fairview Peak (MS 7.2) and Dixie Valley (MS 6.8) earthquakes, central Nevada

The 1954 Fairview Peak earthquake was followed 4 min and 20 sec later by the Dixie Valley earthquake. Surface ruptures were distributed among six different faults that define a complex north-trending zone 100-km long and over 15-km wide. The rupture sequence progressed from south to north. The initial event produced a 32 km rupture of right-oblique slip along the east-dipping Fairview fault where the components of right-lateral offset and vertical separation reached 2.9 and 3.8 m, respectively. The northernmost ruptures occurred during the subsequent event along a 46-km portion of the east-dipping Dixie Valley fault where the sense of slip was normal and reached a maximum vertical separation of 2.8 m. Average surface offset for both events is about 1.2 m. The west-dipping West Gate, Louderback Mountains, and Gold King faults also ruptured during the earthquake sequence. These faults form a complex structural linkage within a 15-km left-step that separates the surface traces of the Fairview and Dixie Valley faults. The west-dipping faults likely played an important role in the redistribution of static stress from the Fairview Peak earthquake and subsequent triggering of the Dixie Valley earthquake. Right-lateral offsets of more than a meter occurred along both the West Gate and Louder-back Mountains faults. Slip was limited to normal motion of 1 m or less along the Gold King fault. The change from right-oblique motion along the Fairview fault to pure normal motion on the Dixie Valley fault may reflect the transition from principally northwest extension in the south to more westerly extension in the north. Alternatively, slip at the latitude of the Dixie Valley fault may be partitioned between pure normal slip along the Dixie Valley fault and strike-slip motion on faults immediately to the west. Observations of fault dip provide insight to the complex three-dimensional geometry of the rupture sequence. Of particular note, a significant section of the Dixie Valley fault appears to be characterized by dip angles as low as 25° at the surface. Slip variation or earthquake endpoints do not generally appear to have been influenced by changes in bedrock type. We do not observe systematic relations between slip variation and aspects of fault-trace geometry, such as salients and reentrants. Yet, the relative competence of footwall bedrock appears to have influenced the long-term development of large salients and reentrants along both the Dixie Valley and the Fairview faults, as well as the style of rupture along the southern portion of the Dixie Valley fault.
Review of the Application of Chlorpyrifos in the Control of Rice Pest Insects

Chlorpyrifos was one kind of higher-effect, medium-toxicity, broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticides and it had been widely applied for the control of rice pest insects and the other agricultural pests. We summarized the chemical and physical characters of chlorpyrifos. The action character and control efficiency of chlorpyrifos on rice pest insects were special introduced in this paper. In the same times, the degradation and residue of chlorpyrifos in rice field, the questions on the application research and the ecosystem evaluation were discussed.
Entropy Rate of Stochastic Processes

The entropy rate of independent and identically distributed events can on average be encoded by H(X) bits per source symbol. However, in reality, series of events (or processes) are often randomly distributed and there can be arbitrary dependence between each event. Such processes with arbitrary dependence between variables are called stochastic processes. This report shows how to calculate the entropy rate for such processes, accompanied with some de nitions, proofs and brief examples.
Present situation and countermeasures of nitrogen oxides emissions in Chinese cement industry

Nitrogen oxides(NO x) emission in cement industry has been listed as a object of"twelfth fiveyear"national atmospheric pollutants total load control.Introducing the present situation of NO x emissions in Chinese cement industry,summarizes the current NO x emission reduction policies to cement industry,and analyzes the problems of NO x emission control existing in domestic cement industry,finally,suggestions are made on carrying out the pollution control to the domestic cement industry.
Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I.

Background As part of an interdisciplinary study of medical injury and malpractice litigation, we estimated the incidence of adverse events, defined as injuries caused by medical management, and of the subgroup of such injuries that resulted from negligent or substandard care. Methods We reviewed 30,121 randomly selected records from 51 randomly selected acute care, nonpsychiatric hospitals in New York State in 1984. We then developed population estimates of injuries and computed rates according to the age and sex of the patients as well as the specialties of the physicians. Results Adverse events occurred in 3.7 percent of the hospitalizations (95 percent confidence interval, 3.2 to 4.2), and 27.6 percent of the adverse events were due to negligence (95 percent confidence interval, 22.5 to 32.6). Although 70.5 percent of the adverse events gave rise to disability lasting less than six months, 2.6 percent caused permanently disabling injuries and 13.6 percent led to death. The percentage of adverse events.