Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of lightning outliers in the EUCLID network

Lightning data as observed by the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection network EUCLID are used in combination with radar data to retrieve the temporal and spatial behaviour of lightning outliers, i.e. discharges located on a wrong place, over a 5-year period from 2011 to 2016. Cloud-to-ground stroke and intracloud pulse data are superimposed on corresponding 5-min radar precipitation fields in two topographically different areas, being Belgium and Austria, in order to extract lightning outliers based on the distance between each lightning event and the nearest precipitation. It is shown that the percentage of outliers is sensitive to changes in the network and to the location algorithm itself. The total percentage of outliers for both regions varies over the years between 0.8 % and 1.7 % for a distance to the nearest precipitation of 2 km, with an average of approximately 1.2 % in Belgium and Austria. Outside the European summer thunderstorm season the percentage of outliers tends to increase somewhat and could result from the fact that more sensor upgrades occur during winter or that precipitation of winter thunderstorms is underestimated compared to the vertically extended summer storms. The majority of all the outliers are low peak current events with absolute values falling between 0 to 10 kA. More specifically, positive cloud-to-ground strokes are more likely to be classified as outliers compared to all other type of discharges. Furthermore, it turns out that the number of sensors participating in locating a lightning discharge is different for outliers versus correctly located events, with outliers having the least amount of sensors participating. In addition, it is shown that in most cases the semi-major axis assigned to a lightning discharge as a confidence indicator in the location accuracy is smaller for correctly located events compared to the semi-major axis of outliers.
Research on the Impact of Relationship Networks on Farmers’ Formal Credit Constraints: The Case of China

Based on the survey data of Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, this paper uses the Heckman two-stage model to construct a credit constraint function without selection bias, and explores the relationship between the scale and quality of the relationship network and the credit constraints of rural households. Research shows that the scale of the relationship network is affected adversely by urbanization and networking, having a weaker impact on the formal credit constraints of rural households. The quality of the relationship networks can improve farmers’ awareness of formal credit, reduce transaction exposure, regulate farmers’ behavior and act as a “guarantee”, thereby effectively alleviating farmers’ formal credit constraints. At the same time, the relationship network of farmers is gradually becoming more structured, where farmers' social interests are becoming more purposeful. Additionally, formal financial institutions have set a threshold for farmers’ credit, which requires a certain amount of securities for money.
The Neurological and Neurosurgical Presentations of SARSCoV2 Affected Patients: A Systematic Review.

Presentation with neurological complaint is not very uncommon. Few patients report with intracerebral hemorrhage which are considered as cases of neurosurgical intervention, on the other hand respiratory depression and encephalitis patients need care in Neurosurgical intensive care unit (Neurosurgical ICU) for treating or measuring intracranial pressure (ICP). This systematic review includes 2683 COVID- 19 patients of 17 articles who had neurological manifestations. Out of these 17 studies 8 articles were retrospective case series, 3 were prospective case series, 3 were case reports, 2 were cross-sectional and 1 cohort study. Headache was commonest neurological feature presented in 7 studies. Cerebro-vascular problem, loss of smell and impaired conscious level was present in four studies each. Seizure was presenting feature in 3 studies. There were series where patients reported with loss of taste. Other presenting features were dizziness and ataxia. Previous studies supported that Corona virus can cause encephalitis, multiple sclerosis or cerebral hemorrhage. Respiratory failure due to damage of cardiorespiratory center of brainstem by COVID- 19 virus has not been ruled out. Bang. J Neurosurgery 2021; 10(2): 169-174
Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for COVID-19 infection in children

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a major public health problem in all age groups. Through its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects it is shown to have a protective effect in COVID affected children. The objective of the study was to evaluate vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for developing COVID-19 infection in children and to study the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the clinical findings in COVID-19 positive children. Methods: A retrospective study of all COVID positive children aged 1 month to 15 years admitted to COVID Paediatric ward of Rajarajeshwari Medical hospital from July 2020-November 2020. All COVID positive children confirmed with RTPCR of age group 1 month to 15 years will be included in the study the age at admission, clinical and laboratory data, and 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25‐OHD) levels will be recorded. Patients diagnosed with COVID 19 are divided into 2 groups those with deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels were determined as group 1 and patients with normal vitamin D levels as Group 2. Those with vitamin D Levels below 20ng/ml were determined as group 1 and those with >20 ng/ml as group 2. The various clinical outcomes and laboratory parameters were compared between the two groups. Results: Patients with COVID 19 had significantly lower vitamin D levels 22.39±6.27 (p≤0.0001). Patients in group A that is vitamin D deficient and insufficient group had higher levels of ferritin (p≤0.0001). No significant difference was found between other clinical and laboratory parameters between group 1 and group 2. Conclusions: This is one of the first to evaluate vitamin D levels and its relationship with clinical findings in paediatric patients with covid-19. Although vitamin D does not play a role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 we do believe its putative role in preventing and treating the disease The results suggest that vitamin D levels may be associated with the occurrence and management of the COVID-19 disease by modulating the immunological mechanism to the virus in paediatric population.
Alignment Between Objective and Subjective Assessments of Health System Performance: Findings From a Mixed-Methods Study

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The article examines whether subjective performance assessments from health system executives match objective performance assessments and qualitatively explores ways to achieve high performance. We interviewed 138 C-suite executives of 24 health systems in California, Minnesota, Washington, and Wisconsin between 2017 and 2019. We used maximum variation sampling to select health systems to achieve diversity in performance on objective measures of clinical performance. Our interviews focused on executives’ perceptions of their own health system’s performance and factors they thought generally contributed to high performance. In our analysis, we grouped health systems based on objective performance levels (high, medium, and low) used in sampling, compared objective performance ratings with executives’ subjective performance assessments, and used thematic analysis to identify reasons for subjective assessment of health system performance and levers of high performance in general. There was poor agreement between objective and subjective performance assessments (kappa = 0.082). Subjective assessments were higher than objective assessments and captured more factors than are typically considered in performance accountability and value-based payment initiatives. Executives whose views were inconsistent with objective performance assessments did not cite clinical care quality per se as the basis for their assessment, focusing instead on market competition, financial performance, and high customer satisfaction and loyalty. Executives who cited clinical quality metrics as the basis of their assessment offered subjective ratings consistent with objective ratings. Executives identified organizational culture, organizational governance, and staff engagement as levers for achieving high performance. Future research should explore the benefits and drawbacks of considering subjective performance assessments in value-based payment initiatives.
WATER TURBIDITY ESTIMATION FROM LIDAR BATHYMETRY DATA BY FULL-WAVEFORM ANALYSIS – COMPARISON OF TWO APPROACHES

Airborne LiDAR bathymetry is an efficient technique for surveying the bottom of shallow waters. In addition, the measurement data contain valuable information about the local turbidity conditions in the water body. The extraction of this information requires appropriate evaluation methods examining the decay of the recorded waveform signal. Existing approaches are based on several assumptions concerning the influence of the ALB system on the waveform signal, the extraction of the volume backscatter, and the directional independence of turbidity. The paper presents a novel approach that overcomes the existing limitations using two alternative turbidity estimation methods as well as different variants of further processed full-waveform data. For validation purposes, the approach was applied to a data set of a shallow inland water. The results of the quantitative evaluation show, which method and which data basis is best suited for the derivation of area wide water turbidity information.
Use of bufferized dental anesthetics in dental surgery

Introduction and objective: The addition of epinephrine to the anesthetic solution reduces the pH of the solution to a range between 2.9 and 4.4. The acidity of the anesthetic may delay onset and contribute to injection pain. Objective: to determine the intensity of pain during a mandibular third molar surgery after using buffered 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 in the inferior alveolar nerve block with buccal infiltration. Materials and methods: an observational and descriptive clinical study was performed. The buffered solution was alkalinized with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate with a ratio of 9:1, using a hand-mixing methodology, the sample were patients who required a mandibular third molar surgery. After standardizing the anesthetic technique, it was used the inferior alveolar nerve block followed by buccal infiltration. Results: 32 patients (20 female 62.5% and 12 male 37.5%), with an average age of 21.12 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 21.12 ± 3.61) were admitted to the study. When assessing the pain puncture and during the injection, 94% of patients classified it as mild pain according to VAS. When evaluating the latency period, the average time was less than two minutes and the perioral soft tissue anesthesia was 62%. Only a small percentage of patients required complementary anesthesia. Conclusion: buffered 4% of articaine with epinephrine in the inferior alveolar nerve block with buccal infiltration significantly decreased onset time, injection pain and need for complementary anesthesia in third molar surgery.
Hungarian version of the Family Relationship Questionnaire (FRQ)

The purpose of this paper is to examine the validity of the Family Relationship Questionnaire (FRQ) in Hungary. The FRQ was filled out together with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) by 1017 healthy Hungarian people. The original factor structure of the FRQ did not fit well in the Hungarian sample, but with some modifications – based on modification indices – adequate fit indices could arise. The FRQ scales showed significant relations (moderate to high) with the PBI which confirmed the convergent validity of the scales. Four of the FRQ scale turned to be cross-culturally valid scales. The reliability and validity of Dominance scale in Western cultures should further be examined.
Synthesis of phosphorus doped carbon nanotubes using chemical vapor deposition

ABSTRACT Phosphorous-doped carbon nanotubes (PCNTs) was prepared via two-step methodology employing chemical vapor deposition, by using available starting materials and catalyst. First, CNTs was produced from acetylene gas at 750 ºC and then, PCNTs have been prepared with total yield of 44% by recooking of the prepared CNT with Ph3P at 600 ºC. The product was characterized with FESEM, TEM and EDS analyses, which confirmed its nanotube shape and the presence of phosphorous atom. The high thermal stability of the product was obtained from TGA analysis, showing only 16.5% weight loss up to 890 ºC. The Raman spectrum of the product showed the ID/IG ration equal to 0.84. Moreover, the catalytic potency of the product has been examined in ORR electrochemical reaction using CV and LSV diagrams. The results confirmed appropriate catalytic activity and high stability of the product for this process.
Prevalence of Needle Stick Injury among Surgeons

Aim: To find out the prevalence of needle stick injury, its reporting system and the reasons behind it. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional Place and duration of study: Study was conducted at Jinnah post-graduate medical center (JPMC) Karachi during the period of March to September 2019 Methodology: A self-designed, self-explanatory questionnaire was used, consisting of two parts, the first part was about demographic information while second part is for information related to needle stick injury like probable cause, frequency, response after injury, post-exposure prophylaxis and about reporting of the incident. Questionnaire was validated by calculating the Cronbach’s alpha which was 0.78. data was analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results: Majority of the study participants were female (67.2%) and about 50% were postgraduate Original Research Article Iqbal et al.; JPRI, 33(32B): 89-94, 2021; Article no.JPRI. 69625 90 students. Out of total 134 doctors about 64.2% of the doctors had needle stick injury during their career. Finding out the most probable cause of needle stick injury during the survey it was found out that increased work load and prolonged working hours were the main reasons. Majority of the cases occurred in emergency department (41.9%). About 95.5% of the doctors didn’t get any postexposure prophylaxis. Majority of the participants (96.3%) did not report to any authority because of the lack of knowledge about the reporting policy, it was noted that about 38.8% were confused either the reporting system exist or not. Most of the injuries occur during the procedure of suturing followed by recapping syringes. Conclusion: It has been concluded that majority of the doctors had faced needle stick injury during their career and a very negligible number of them got any post-exposure prophylaxis. Majority of them did not report to any authority. So there is a need of implication of safety measures and reporting policies for early detection and treatment of infections after needle stick injury.
Correlation of levator ani muscle strength measurement between Modified Oxford Grading Scale and perineometer on pelvic organ prolapse patient

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a debilitating condition affecting about half of all women aged of more than 60 years globally. Reduced levator ani muscle strength in POP is associated with worse symptoms and prognosis. Measurement of levator ani muscle strength can be done with several tools such as perineometer and digital palpation. However, there is currently no study regarding conformity between tests. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between tests in POP patients. An analytic observational study using cross sectional design was done to determine conformity between perineometer and digital examination using Modified Oxford Grading Scale (MOS) in Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Indonesia during the period of July, 2018 to June, 2020. Correlation between tests was determined using Spearman test. Cut-off of perineometer reading for each MOS score was also determined. A total of 110 subjects examined with both perineometer and digital palpation were recruited to the study. Positive correlation was observed between perineometer reading and Modified Oxford Grading Scale (r = 0.790, p < 0.001). According to the result, values between 0.01 – 9.64 cmH2O correspond to very weak pressure (MOS 1); 9.65 – 22.49 cmH2O represent weak pressure (MOS 2); 22.5 – 35.24 cmH2O represent moderate pressure (MOS 3); ≥ 35.25 cmH2O represent good pressure (MOS 4). There was a strong correlation between MOS and perineometer result for measuring levator ani strength in POP patients.
Risk Factors and Outcome of Acute Poisoning in Childrens

Objective: To determine the risk factors and outcome of acute poisoning in children at a tertiary care hospital of Karachi. Study design: Cross sectional study Place and duration of study: Department of Emergency Medicine, Dr Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. From January 2019 to January 2021 Methodology: The patients (n=136) were selected of either gender with the precise age group of twelve years. All the patients selected were meeting the inclusion criteria and enrolled with a history of poisoning exposure within 24 hours of arriving at the hospital's emergency department. The name of the toxin, the time since ingestion of the toxic substance, factors prompting coincidental harming like age, ill-advised capacity of hurtful specialists, for example, lamp oil and blanch in soda bottles, simple access of kids to meds utilized by different individuals from the family, mother's schooling, working moms, financial status were completely assembled from the guardians or Original Research Article Qureshi et al.; AJMAH, 19(6): 36-44, 2021; Article no.AJMAH. 70207 37 orderlies as referenced in the Performa. In general, people were poisoned primarily from within their own homes. Non-accidental poisoning cases were omitted. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data. Results: Out of 136 patient enrolled in this study mean age was 5.2+2.9 years, 77(56.6%) were male and 59(43.4%) were female and mean time of presentation was 2.3+1.7 hours. Most common risk factor was unsafe storage of chemicals (n=98) (72.1%), followed by education level of mother (n=)65 (47.8%), inadequate supervision of child (n=60) (44.1%), non authorative parenting (n=51) (37.5%), working mothers (n=41) (30.1%), lack of family support (n=30) (22.1%), developmental delay (n=11) (8.1%) and poisonous plant in home garden (n=6) (4.4%). Outcome mainly depends upon type of poisoning and time interval between poisoning and presentation to the hospital, 26 (19.11%) were discharged safely from ER, while 45 (33.08%) admit in wards and 48 (35.29%) were admitted in Intensive Care and 17 (12.5%) were expired in ER. Conclusion: In this study we have concluded that number of accidental poisoning are often occur in toddler and school going children. The major risk factor of acute poisoning found was unsafe storage or easy accessibility of house hold chemicals, second one was low level of education of parents, than non-authorative parenting, and working mothers and lack of family support. The outcome mainly depend upon time interval from ingestion of poison to presentation at hospital and type poisonous agent taken, that can lead to the need of specialized care, prolong hospital stay and sometimes results in death of a child.
Assessment of Band Ratios and Feature-oriented principal component selection (FPCS) Techniques for Iron Oxides Mapping with relation to radioactivity using Landsat 8 at Bahariya Oasis, Egypt

Iron is an important element in mineral exploration using remote sensing techniques in part because of its overall abundance in the crust, about 8%, and its abundance and occurrence in rock and minerals of economic importance. The Bahariya Oasis area of the western desert of Egypt is well known by iron mining activity from long time in certain locations. Number of remote sensing techniques have been accomplished and tested using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery data covering the Bahariya Oasis for elucidating iron oxides exposures, such as image composite, band ratios, principal component analysis (PCA) methods. Principal component analysis techniques; known as Feature-oriented Principal Component Selection (FPCS), used for discriminations of iron oxides, including selective and developed selective principal component methods respectively. The assessment of iron oxides new proposed band ratios (7/5+3/4) and (b4/ (b1+b2)), and the separability of the PCA techniques, support the findings and proposed some new exposed localities. The results showed that Landsat 8 OLI can effectively discriminate iron oxides groups due to the presence of five bands in VNIR and two SWIR bands with a high radiometrically resolution, in addition to its better availability and spatial coverage makes Landsat 8 sensor more suitable for large area lithologic mapping. [El Zalaky M.A, Essam M. Esmail and El Arefy R.A. Assessment of Band Ratios and Feature-oriented principal component selection (FPCS) Techniques for Iron Oxides Mapping with relation to radioactivity using Landsat 8 at Bahariya Oasis, Egypt. Researcher 2018;10(4):1-10]. ISSN 1553-9865 (print); ISSN 2163-8950 (online). http://www.sciencepub. net/researcher. 1. doi:10.7537/marsrsj100418.01.
The effect of Euribor on banking profitability: evidence from the Spanish banking system

This paper studies the relationship between the Euribor rate and the return on average assets (ROAA) of the Spanish banking sector. We use quarterly time series data for the period 1995-2016. Our analysis also controls for bank factors, market concentration, the macroeconomic environment and time effects. The main purpose is to examine how the sector's ROAA varies with the slope of the yield curve. We find evidence of an inverse relationship between the Euribor rate and profitability. We also show that banking profitability is pro-cyclical and is positively related to the stock of performing loans and the national 10-year bond yield.
The Polymorphisms of Epidermal Growth Factor-driven Signaling and Cancer Pathogenesis

Background: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a stimulating protein for cell proliferation and differentiation. An amplification of its signaling pathway has been frequently reported in numerous malignant tumors. Specific polymorphisms of the genes encoding proteins involved in this cellular pathway may constitute risk factors for carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify the most relevant polymorphisms of EGF and their signaling pathways and their relation to carcinogenesis. Methods: The study included 40 full-text articles published between January 2010 and May 2020, extracted from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases in May 2020, using the following keywords: EGF OR epidermal growth factor AND polymorphism AND cancer OR neoplasia OR tumor. Results:We identified relevant polymorphisms of the EGF signaling pathway that were involved in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma, lung cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and head and neck cancer. Rs4444903 variants have been widely studied and the association with numerous tumors has been confirmed by multiple studies. Other frequently investigated polymorphisms are –191C/A and –216G>T. Conclusion: The polymorphisms of EGF signaling pathway have been widely studied in connection to various malignancies. Some predisposing variants are common in different forms of cancer. These polymorphisms might be general risk factors for carcinogenesis.