Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissociable laminar profiles of concurrent bottom-up and top-down modulation in the human visual cortex

Recent developments in human neuroimaging make it possible to non-invasively measure neural activity from different cortical layers. This can potentially reveal not only which brain areas are engaged by a task, but also how. Specifically, bottom-up and top-down responses are associated with distinct laminar profiles. Here, we measured lamina-resolved fMRI responses during a visual task designed to induce concurrent bottom-up and top-down modulations via orthogonal manipulations of stimulus contrast and feature-based attention. BOLD responses were modulated by both stimulus contrast (bottom-up) and by engaging feature-based attention (top-down). Crucially, these effects operated at different cortical depths: Bottom-up modulations were strongest in the middle cortical layer, while top-down modulations were strong at all depths, being significantly stronger in deep and superficial layers compared to bottom-up effects. As such, we demonstrate that laminar activity profiles can discriminate between concurrent top-down and bottom-up processing, and are diagnostic of how a brain region is activated.
From the Old Country: Stories and Sketches of China and Taiwan

Foreword by Zhong TiejunSources, Translations, and AcknowledgmentsTranslator's IntroductionPart 1: Formative Years1. My Grandma from the Mountains2. First Love3. From the Old CountryPart 2: Stories from the Old Country4. In the Willow Shade5. Oleander6. The Fourth DayPart 3: Homeland7. Zugteuzong8. Forest Fire9. Uncle A-Huang10. My "Out-Law" and the Hill SongsPart 4: Meinong Lyrics11. My Study12. The Grassy Bank13. The Plow and the Sky14. The Little RidgePart 5: Meinong Economics15. Swimming and Sinking16. Rain
Shoal Bypassing in Mixed Energy Inlets: Geomorphic Variables and Empirical Predictions for Nine South Carolina Inlets

In mixed energy settings, tidal inlets undergo an episodic process known as shoal bypassing, whereby discrete bars are released from the ebb-tidal delta and migrate onshore. Such events can transport large volumes of sand, in the form of landward-migrating shoals, to adjacent beaches. Nine tidal inlets in South Carolina were analyzed to determine if there are predictable relationships among the volume of sand in the ebb-tidal deltas and in the individual bypassing shoals, the time interval between bypassing events, and the tidal prism. Historical photographs spanning up to 58 years yielded 221 discrete shoals at various stages of bypassing for the analysis. Building on earlier work by KANA (1995), mean shoal-bypassing event time intervals and the mean bypassing shoal volumes were found to be related to tidal prism. Larger inlets underwent shoal-bypassing events less frequently than smaller inlets, but produced larger bypassing shoal volumes. The relationship between average event interval and tidal prism was based on the equation, I = 0.046Tp + 4.56, where I is the average shoal-bypassing event interval (years) and Tp is the tidal prism (10 6 m 3 ). The relationship between average shoal volume and tidal prism was based on the equation, S = 6.42Tp + 113.4, where S is the average bypassing shoal volume (10 3 m 3 ). Both relationships are statistically significant. Bypassing shoals represented, on average, small volumetric percentages (0.6% to 6.6%) of their respective ebb-tidal delta volumes, yet in mesotidal, moderate wave energy settings such as South Carolina, shoal bypassing can be the single most important process contributing to a locally accreting beach.
Saving the Seed: Genetic diversity and European agriculture

Tables, Graphs and Boxes List of Acronyms About this Book Foreword by Jaap Hardon, Director, CGN Netherlands Introduction 1. The Making of a Heritage Taming the Wild The Geography of Diversity The Heritage Makers 2. Diversity's Decline Breeding Uniformity Uniformity from the Lab Erosion on the Farm The Legal Frames at Work 3. Genebank or Bust Banking on Diversity From the Field to the Fridge The Euro 'Gene Scene' Of Numbers and Nonsense 4. Salvaging in Silence Conservation at the Grassroots Salvaging in Silence 5. Diversifying the Future Forging New Policies CAP: Conservation or Production? Investing in Diversity Finding the Support ANNEXES: 1. The Genes in the Bank 2. Addresses and Contacts 3. Selected Reading Notes Index
Selection of parameters in the design of beach coastal water quality monitoring programs

Water quality analyses form an important part of a beach monitoring program in order to ensure the water’s recreational adequacy, aesthetic value, and ecosystem health. While the inclusion of multiple water quality parameters in the program’s design allows for comprehensive analyses, limiting the number of parameters included may be beneficial to balance costs and permit sufficient spatio-temporal sampling. In order to inform decision-making with regards to the selection of parameters, this study presents an analysis of the relationships between 16 water quality parameters, based on data collected from 61 beaches of the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Colombia between 2001 and 2011. Correlation coefficients show moderate to very strong relationships among parameters related to water clarity (turbidity, transparency, total suspended solids) and among microbiological parameters, suggesting that the number of these parameters selected for monitoring could be reduced. In consideration of these results as well as other factors such as costs, technical complexity of analyses, and the identification of established reference values, it is recommended that a beach water quality monitoring program include as a minimum, the basic in situ arameters (temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen), one parameter related to water clarity (turbidity), and at least one microbiological parameter (Enterococos o Escherichia coli). Selection of the specific parameters to be included will depend largely on the technical capacity to measure each parameter, the reference values identified or comparison, available financial resources, as well as the specific priorities and local characteristics of each beach.
The relationship of the lunar regolith less than 10-microns fraction and agglutinates. II - Chemical composition of agglutinate glass as a test of the 'fusion of the finest fraction' /F3/ model

Agglutinate glasses from nine Apollo soils have been studied using an automated electron microprobe technique in order to test the fusion of the finest fraction model proposed by Papike (1981). The nine average agglutinate glass compositions are compared with the calculated fused-soil-free compositions, the bulk compositions and the 90-20 micron fraction compositions of the soils in which they are found. It is found that the agglutinate glass data are consistent with the composition of most of the fractions finer than 10 microns, allowing for the volatile loss of K2O and Na2O; some inconsistencies that do arise may result from the degree of soil maturity and the amount of material finer than 10 microns. It is concluded that the fusion of the finest fraction model is a good first approximation of mechanisms affecting the formation of agglutinate glass.
Blend Sign and Haemorrhage Location and Volume Predict Late Recurrence and Mortality in Intracerebral Haemorrhage Patients

Background: Studies on risk factors for primary intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) focus on short-term predictive values of distinct clinical parameters or computed tomography (CT) markers and disregard the others. We, therefore, studied independent predictive values of demographic, clinical, and CT markers regarding ICH expansion, late ICH recurrence, and late mortality. Methods: In a retrospective study of 288 patients with primary ICH, ICH localization (158 lobar, 81 deep, and 49 cerebellar), volume, blend sign, spot sign, finger-like projections, and subarachnoid haemorrhages were evaluated. ICH localization-specific differences for demographic (age, sex), clinical parameters (vascular risk factors, antiplatelet, and anticoagulation therapy), and CT markers were evaluated using logistic regression. We applied Cox proportional hazards modelling using these parameters to predict risk factors for ICH expansion, late ICH recurrence, and late mortality. Results: The blend sign in lobar ICH relates to increased risk of ICH expansion (HR2.3), late ICH recurrence (HR2.3), and mortality (HR1.6). Age, conditions requiring antiplatelet medication, deep ICH localization, volume, and blend sign represented the most important independent factors impacting overall mortality. Conclusions: Blend sign at baseline ICH is a manifestation of underlying detrimental vascular processes that signal increased ICH expansion risk, although is also indicative of long-term risks for late recurrent ICH and late mortality.
Evaluación de la ensilabilidad in vitro de granos de canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis) y vigna (Vigna unguiculata), solos o mezclados con granos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor)

Los granos de canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis), vigna (Vigna unguiculata) y sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) son una alternativa de alimentacion para cerdos en el tropico. Sin embargo, es una necesidad estudiar el ensilaje como metodo de conservacion. Se analizaron quimicamente los granos maduros de canavalia y vigna y la ensilabilidad se comprobo por la Prueba de Fermentacion Rostock (PFR). La capacidad tampon fue 8.9, 6.3 y 3.1 g de acido lactico/100 g MS para canavalia, vigna y sorgo, respectivamente. Para la PFR, se incubaron 50 g de granos molidos con 200 mL de agua desionizada (30 oC). Las variantes se realizaron por triplicado: control sin aditivo, miel (4 %), Lactobacillus plantarum (3x105 ufc/g), miel + Lactobacillus plantarum. Asimismo, el sorgo se mezclo con granos de leguminosas. El pH se midio a las 0, 14, 18, 22, 26 y 38 h, y se analizo el acido lactico, los AGV, el alcohol y el NH3 en los filtrados despues de 38 h. El menor pH (P < 0.05) a las 38 h se determino en canavalia + Lactobacillus plantarum + miel, canavalia + Lactobacillus plantarum + sorgo, vigna + Lactobacillus plantarum, vigna + Lactobacillus plantarum + miel, y vigna + Lactobacillus plantarum + sorgo. La mayor produccion de acido lactico (P < 0.05) y los menores niveles de acido acetico y acido butirico, asi como de NH3 (P < 0.05) se determinaron para vigna + Lactobacillus plantarum, y vigna + Lactobacillus plantarum + miel. La PFR revelo la necesidad de inocular Lactobacillus plantarum y adicionar miel para una suficiente acidificacion. Los ensilajes mixtos son una opcion al cosechar granos de sorgo con elevada humedad
An assessment of the cloud signals simulated by NICAM using ISCCP, CALIPSO, and CloudSat satellite simulators

[1] This study presents an assessment of three-dimensional structures of hydrometeors simulated by the NICAM, global nonhydrostatic atmospheric model without cumulus parameterization, using multiple satellite data sets. A satellite simulator package (COSP: the CFMIP Observation Simulator Package) is employed to consistently compare model output with ISCCP, CALIPSO, and CloudSat satellite observations. Special focus is placed on high thin clouds, which are not observable in the conventional ISCCP data set, but can be detected by the CALIPSO observations. For the control run, the NICAM simulation qualitatively captures the geographical distributions of the high, middle, and low clouds, even though the horizontal mesh spacing is as coarse as 14 km. The simulated low cloud is very close to that of the CALIPSO low cloud. Both the CloudSat observations and NICAM simulation show a boomerang-type pattern in the radar reflectivity-height histogram, suggesting that NICAM realistically simulates the deep cloud development process. A striking difference was found in the comparisons of high thin cirrus, showing overestimated cloud and higher cloud top in the model simulation. Several model sensitivity experiments are conducted with different cloud microphysical parameters to reduce the model-observation discrepancies in high thin cirrus. In addition, relationships among clouds, Hadley circulation, outgoing longwave radiation and precipitation are discussed through the sensitivity experiments.
Improving HIV surveillance systems: Country experiences and a proposal for evaluation framework

Background: Resources for second generation surveillance (SGS) have increased tremendously in the decade after the 2000 guidelines for SGS were first published by UNAIDS/WHO. As countries’ surveillance systems expand in both geographic coverage and the types of data collected and analyzed, systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of these systems is needed. Methods: This paper provides an update on developments in evaluation approaches used for strengthening HIV surveillance systems as presented in a session of the 2nd Global HIV/AIDS Surveillance Meeting in Bangkok (March 2009). Discussion: Many countries have undergone recent reviews of their HIV surveillance system, including three systems described in this report: China, India, and Central America. The evaluation conducted in China’s Guangdong Province used CDC guidelines to assess system attributes, finding that while the flexibility and timeliness of the system were high, data completeness was poor. India’s evaluation focused on themes related to strengthening of the surveillance system and resulted in a set of practical recommendations on activities ranging from HIV case reporting to STI surveillance based on assessment of current activities, existing data, and international best practices. In Central America, evaluations were tailored to each country in the region and used integrated epidemiologic profile methods to assess data from multiple sources, resulting in national strategic plans for STI/HIV/AIDS surveillance in seven countries. The CDC guidelines for evaluation of public health surveillance systems and the global efforts to assess the implementation of sentinel surveillance are presented as examples of adopting standardized quantitative criteria to grade performance. A guidance document presenting a framework for evaluation of SGS systems is under development as part of the series of surveillance guidance put out by UNAIDS/WHO. This framework builds on previous efforts of systematic evaluation and places greater emphasis on assessing the appropriateness of the design of SGS systems with respect to the epidemic context and how data produced by the SGS system are translated into information for planning and advocacy.
Evidence for under‐reported western European emissions of the potent greenhouse gas HFC‐23

Western European emission inventories of the potent greenhouse gas trifluoromethane (HFC‐23) are validated at a country level by combining 2‐hourly atmospheric in‐situ measurements at Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) and Mace Head (Ireland) with Lagrangian transport simulations. HFC‐23 has an atmospheric lifetime of ∼270 yr and a 100‐yr global warming potential (GWP) of 14,800 and is unintentionally produced during the manufacture of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC‐22). For the study region we derive emissions of 144–216 Mg/yr for July 2008–July 2010, which are 60–140% higher than the official emissions gathered from the national reports for the year 2009. The largest discrepancy is found for Italy, where our estimate of 26–56 Mg/yr exceeds the national inventory (2.6 Mg/yr) by more than an order of magnitude. These findings suggest that non‐reported emissions from Annex 1 countries partly explain the recently derived gap between global bottom‐up and top‐down HFC‐23 emission estimates. The results presented here provide independent information to relevant authorities on effective reporting of HFC‐23 emissions, and demonstrate the potential of atmospheric measurements for real‐world verification of greenhouse gas emissions.
Spatio‐temporal changes in bog pool bottom topography – temperature effect and its influence on pool development: an example from a raised bog in Estonia

Increases in pool water and peat temperature in summer accelerate peat decomposition and production of biogenic gases, which can be trapped in peat pores and cause oscillation of peatland surfaces and the rise of peat from the bottom of bog pools. Associated changes in peat water conductivity, holding capacity and transpiration also affect bog hydrology. Our multi‐year study is the first to show in detail the extent and dynamics of changes in bog pool depth and bottom topography associated with changes in temperature, peat type and other factors. The true seasonal rise of peat from the pool bottom begins once the water temperature at the pool bottom exceeds 13–14 °C, although the speed and extent of the rise depends on peat properties, making the rise more erratic than its subsequent descent. The more rapid descent occurs after the first large drop in the temperature of the pool's surface water at the end of summer, resulting from the combination of reduced methane production and increased gas solubility with less influence by peat properties. Much higher dissolved organic carbon concentrations (216 ± 26 mg l−1) in the pore water of peat risen from the bottom to the pool surface compared with that in the same type of peat at the pool bottom (62 ± 20 mg l−1) indicate an acceleration of peat decomposition at the warmer pool surface. We show the extent and character of changes in pool depth and bottom topography and how annual differences relate to temperature. Only a few degrees' increase in pool water temperature could induce the pool bottom to rise faster and more extensively for a longer period and enhance decomposition in the peat at the pool surface. This should be evaluated in greater detail to assess the effects of temperature increase on the carbon budget and hydrology of peatlands. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turkish language teachers’ creative drama competence and opinions

Teachers need to have a positive opinion and competence for the thought or knowledge they plan to convey in any acquisition. It is important to determine the opinions and competencies of the teachers about the creative drama method in order to successfully complete the creative drama processes, which is an effective practice in Turkish education, and for teachers to apply creative drama as a method in their professional lives. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to determine the competencies of Turkish teachers about creative drama method and their views on creative drama. The study group of the research consisted of 60 teachers who were active Turkish teachers in the province of Balikesir in the 2022-2023 academic year. A two-question structured interview form developed by the researcher was used as a data collection tool in the study, in which the basic interpretive qualitative research design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive analysis technique. According to the results obtained from the research, Turkish teachers do not see themselves in a good position in terms of proficiency in applying creative drama as a method. However, they expressed a positive opinion on their contribution to the Turkish lesson and students regarding the application of creative drama as a method. In addition, they said that they could benefit from creative drama practices in Turkish lessons such as expressing themselves in groups, developing communication skills, helping each other, developing positive relationships, cooperating, accepting each other as they are, and creating sincere environments. Keywords: creative drama, Turkish education, teacher competencies and opinions.
A near-field sea level record of East Antarctic Ice Sheet instability from 32 to 27 Myr

[1] Fossil, facies, and isotope analyses of an early high-paleolatitude (55°S) section suggests a highly unstable East Antarctic Ice Sheet from 32 to 27 Myr. The waxing and waning of this ice sheet from 140% to 40% of its present volume caused sea level changes of +25 m (ranging from -30 to +50 m) related to periodic glacial (100,000 to 200,000 years) and shorter interglacial events. The near-field Gippsland sea level (GSL) curve shares many similarities to the far-field New Jersey sea level (NJSL) estimates. However, there are possible resolution errors due to biochronology, taphonomy, and paleodepth estimates and the relative lack of lowstand deposits (in NJSL) that prevent detailed correlations with GSL. Nevertheless, the lateral variations in sea level between the GSL section and NJSL record that suggest ocean siphoning and antisiphoning may have propagated synchronous yet variable sea levels.
Experimental impacts into sandstone - observations on crater and ejecta formation

M. H. Poelchau (1), T. Hoerth (2), A. Ueno (3), M. Ebert (3), F. Schäfer (2), A. Deutsch (4), I. Domke (4), D. Moser (5), T. Kenkmann (1). (1) Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. E-mail: michael.poelchau@geologie.uni-freiburg.de. (2) Fraunhofer Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg. (3) Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, (4) Institut für Planetologie, Universität Münster, (5) Centrum für Baustoffe und Materialprüfung, TU München.
Exploring the Relationship Between Usability and Cognitive Load in Data Science Education

This study explores how an aspect of learning experience design (usability) correlated with the learning process as individuals engaged in block coding. Although there were no differences when scaffolded with blocks or no blocks coding condition, the study found weak to moderate correlations with usability and factors of cognitive load (intrinsic, germane, extraneous). Whereas learning experience design literature is often approached from an evaluation perspective, the empirical data suggests learning experience design may be correlated with in situ elements of learning.
Prevalence of Hip Flexor Tightness in Young Adults

This study investigates hip flexor tightness in young adults aged 18-25, focusing on its prevalence and potential contributing factors. A representative sample of 385 participants was involved, and 94.3% of them showed tightness. Sedentary behavior and decreased physical activity were identified as contributing factors. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing hip flexor tightness, as it can lead to discomfort, compromised movement patterns, and decreased quality of life. The study emphasizes the need for interventions promoting regular physical activity and ergonomic practices. Further research is recommended to explore the causal factors and long-term consequences of hip flexor tightness.
Exploring the Determinants of Travelers’ Intention to Use the Airport Biometric System: A Korean Case Study

After the pandemic, there has been an increasing emphasis on customer convenience, with biometrics emerging as a key solution. This study empirically investigates the intention of Korean travelers to use airport biometric systems. The technology acceptance model (TAM) was employed to explore users’ perceptions of the system’s functional aspects, while technology familiarity, social influence, and trust in information protection were integrated into the model to understand users’ psychological aspects. The results reveal that perceived usefulness and ease of use have a positive relationship with the intention to use the biometric system and that perceived ease of use positively influences perceived usefulness. The impact of social influence and technology familiarity was not statistically significant but trust emerged as the most influential factor determining the intention to use the system. Furthermore, the study identified that gender moderates the effect of trust on the intention to use. This study contributes by identifying key determinants for airport biometric system adoption and by investigating the moderating influence of gender. As a primary result, airport biometric systems must have effective functionality and a user-friendly passenger environment while ensuring confidence in system security. These findings have significant implications for the sustainable implementation of airport biometric systems.