Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partitioning Evapotranspiration Using an Eddy Covariance‐Based Technique: Improved Assessment of Soil Moisture and Land–Atmosphere Exchange Dynamics

The capability to partition evapotranspiration (ET) measurements into two components, namely direct evaporation (E) from soil, leaf, and litter surfaces and transpiration (T) via plants is critical toward better defining hydrological processes along the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum. Such information has practical applications ranging from water resource management to climate modeling. A recently developed partitioning technique was employed using high frequency measurements of water vapor and carbon dioxide collected by an eddy covariance flux system, which was deployed over a corn (Zea mays L.) field near Beltsville, MD for a full growing season. The partitioning technique is based on flux‐variance similarity theory and has the benefit of relying on routinely collected eddy covariance measurements, with no additional instrumentation required. Results showed an increase in the T/ET ratio from ∼5% during the early portion of the growing season to ∼70–80% by the time the corn crop reached maturity. This was consistent with observed dynamics of the soil moisture profile, which indicated that water was removed from deeper soil layers as the growing season progressed. The partitioned estimates of T are shown to be useful for the appropriate calculation of canopy conductance, a key variable in land surface models. Finally, the transient impact of rainfall events were examined, in which the suppression of T and enhancement of E were observed for up to several days following rainfall. Insight gained through the partitioning of ET fluxes has the potential to significantly improve the structure and parameterization of land surface hydrological models.
Assessment of Atrial Fibrillation – Speci ﬁ c Symptoms Before and 2 Years After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Do Patients Physicians of Symptom Relief?

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate patient-reported and physician-assessed atrial ﬁ brillation (AF) – related symptoms after AF ablation. BACKGROUND Success of AF ablation is usually de ﬁ ned as freedom from AF, although symptom relief is often patients ’ desire. METHODS Symptom relief was assessed as perceived by patients using the short, validated, AF-speci ﬁ c symptom questionnaire AF6 and as classi ﬁ ed by physicians using the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) classi ﬁ cation at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after AF ablation. Recurrence of arrhythmia was documented by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. RESULTS In total, 54 patients completed the 24-month follow-up. All 6 items on the AF6, AF6 sum score, and EHRA class improved signi ﬁ cantly over time. The greatest improvement was seen during the ﬁ rst 6 months after ablation, but AF6 scores showed continued improvement up to 12 months, in contrast to EHRA class. There was a low correlation between AF6 score and EHRA class, but the predictive ability was low. Both AF6 scores and EHRA class were signi ﬁ cantly correlated with AF burden at all times after ablation. A change of > 9 points in AF6 sum score corresponded to a meaningful reduction in symptom severity. CONCLUSION Patient-reported and physician-assessed outcomes were both useful in assessing symptom relief after AF ablation, although patient-reported outcomes were more sensitive tools. There was also a discrepancy between patient-reported and physician-assessed outcomes after ablation. Freedom from AF and a low AF burden most often resulted in a reduction of symptoms, but symptom relief also occurred despite little effect on the
Appropriateness of Referrals From Primary Care for Lumbar MRI

Susanne Brogaard Krogh (  susannebrogaard@gmail.com ) Silkeborg Regional Hospital: Regionshospitalet Silkeborg https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-8548 Tue Secher Jensen University of Southern Denmark Nanna Rolving DEFACTUM, Central Denmark Region Malene Laursen Centre of Elective Surgery, Regional Hospital of Silkeborg Janus Nikolaj Laust Thomsen Aalborg University Casper Brink Hansen University of Southern Denmark Christoffer Høj Werenberg University of Southern Denmark Erik Rasmussen University of Southern Denmark Rune Carlson University of Southern Denmark Rikke Krüger Jensen University of Southern Denmark
Genotoxic and ecotoxic effects of groundwaters and their relation to routinely measured chemical parameters

The primary aim of the present investigation was to study possible adverse effects of groundwater from an aquifer south of Austria's capital, Vienna, and to relate these toxicological effects to routinely measured physical/chemical parameters. Fourty-three water samples were tested for genotoxic and ecotoxic effects. For genotoxicity testing the Salmonella/microsome assay, the micronucleus test with primary rat hepatocytes and micronucleus tests with plants( Tradescantia, Vicia faba) were used. In ecotoxicity tests, algae (Selenastrum capricornutum), water cress (Lepidium sativum), and water flea (Dapnia magna) were studied as target organisms. In genotoxicity assays, 10 samples (23%) gave a weak positive response with a single end point, but only one sample (2%) was genotoxic in three different test systems. Thirty-six samples (86%) caused adverse effects in ecotoxicity assays. Plants(algae and water cress) were more sensitive than daphnie. No correlations between toxic effects and physical/chemical parameters were detected. The genotoxicity experiments indicate presently a low risk from genotoxic compounds. The ecotoxic (especially phytotoxic) properties of many water samples raise concern about their suitability for irrigation purposes. The lacking correlation between results from toxicity tests and physical/chemical data indicates that it is presently impossible to predict toxic properties from routine physical/chemical measurements with a sufficient level of safety. It is therefore important to include biological toxicity assays in groundwater monitoring programs.
The southernmost margin of the Tethys realm during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic: Initial geometry and timing of the inversion processes

Along the northern border of Africa, Pangea breakup has been diachronic. During the Jurassic, the Alpine Tethys propagated northeastward from the Atlantic to the Alps. During the Permian, the Neo‐Tethys propagated westward from Oman to northwestern Arabia. Then a secondary and late branch of Neo‐Tethys gave birth to the East Mediterranean basin. Finally the two oceans connected at end of Jurassic times, achieving the development of Africa northern plate boundary. By the Late Cretaceous, convergence between Africa and Eurasia led to the progressive closure of the Tethys realm. The continental collision is not completely achieved, and the different segments of the confrontation zone (Maghreb, central and East Mediterranean, Zagros, and Oman) expose different stages of the process. However, we emphasize the existence of synchronous geodynamic events from one end of the system to the other, although they do not have the same meaning. Two of them are particularly important. The Campanian‐Santonian (C‐S) event corresponds to (1) obduction and exhumation of high‐pressure–low‐temperature metamorphic rocks around the Arabian promontory, (2) inversion along the margins of the East Mediterranean basins, and (3) lithosphere buckling in the Atlas system (Maghreb) and adjacent Sahara platform. The middle‐late Eocene (MLE) event corresponds to (1) the onset of collision at the northern corner of Arabia, (2) the onset of slab retreat in the Mediterranean, and (3) inversion along the margin of the East Mediterranean as well as in the Atlas. The C‐S event coincides with a change in plate kinematics resulting in an abrupt increase of convergence velocity. The MLE event coincides with a period of strong coupling between the Africa and Eurasia plates and an abrupt decrease of convergence velocity. In the middle of the system, the central Mediterranean seems to escape to the effects of convergence and is the site of quite permanent extensional movements since the Triassic.
Mechanisms of Forced Tropical Meridional Energy Flux Change

AbstractAnthropogenically forced changes to the mean and spatial pattern of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) alter tropical atmospheric meridional energy transport throughout the seasonal cycle—in total, its partitioning between the Hadley cells and eddies and, for the Hadley cells, the relative roles of the mass flux and the gross moist stability (GMS). The authors investigate this behavior using an atmospheric general circulation model forced with SST anomalies caused by either historical greenhouse gas or aerosol forcing, dividing the SST anomalies into two components: the tropical mean SST anomaly applied uniformly and the full SST anomalies minus the tropical mean.For greenhouse gases, the polar-amplified SST spatial pattern partially negates enhanced eddy poleward energy transport driven by mean warming. Both SST components weaken winter Hadley cell circulation and alter GMS. The Northern Hemisphere–focused aerosol cooling induces northward energy flux anomalies in the deep tropics, which manifest pa.
Mechanical constraints imposed by 3D cellular geometry and arrangement modulate growth patterns in the Arabidopsis embryo.

Morphogenesis occurs in 3D space over time and is guided by coordinated gene expression programs. Here we use postembryonic development in Arabidopsis plants to investigate the genetic control of growth. We demonstrate that gene expression driving the production of the growth-stimulating hormone gibberellic acid and downstream growth factors is first induced within the radicle tip of the embryo. The center of cell expansion is, however, spatially displaced from the center of gene expression. Because the rapidly growing cells have very different geometry from that of those at the tip, we hypothesized that mechanical factors may contribute to this growth displacement. To this end we developed 3D finite-element method models of growing custom-designed digital em- bryos at cellular resolution. We used this framework to conceptualize how cell size, shape, and topology influence tissue growth and to explore the interplay of geometrical and genetic inputs into growth distribution. Our simulations showed that mechanical constraints are sufficient to explain the disconnect between the experimentally observed spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression and early post- embryonic growth. The center of cell expansion is the position where genetic and mechanical facilitators of growth converge. We have thus uncovered a mechanism whereby 3D cellular geometry helps direct where genetically specified growth takes place.
Bone Healing in the Surgical Treatment of Dentigerous Cysts in Critically Ill Patients

1. Eftekharian HR, Zarei K, Arabion HR, et al. Remifentanil, ketamine, and propofol in awake nasotracheal fiberopticintubation in temporomandibular joint ankylosis surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2015;26:206–209 2. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 1993;78:597–602 3. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway: Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 2003;98:1269–1277 4. Behringer EC, Kristensen MS. Evidence for benefit vs novelty in new intubation equipment. Anaesthesia 2011;66(Suppl 2):57–64 5. Simmons ST, Schleich AR. Airway regional anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002;27:180–192 6. Ramsay MA, Savege TM, Simpson BR, et al. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. BMJ 1974;2:656–659
Cytosolic and Plastoglobule-targeted Carotenoid Dioxygenases from Crocus sativus Are Both Involved in

Saffron, the processed stigma of Crocus sativus, is characterized by the presence of several apocarotenoids that contribute to the color, flavor, and aroma of the spice. However, little is known about the synthesis of aroma compounds during the development of the C. sativus stigma. The developing stigma is nearly odorless, but before and at anthesis, the aromatic compound -ionone becomes the principal norisoprenoid volatile in the stigma. In this study, four carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) genes, CsCCD1a, CsCCD1b, CsCCD4a, and CsCCD4b, were isolated from C. sativus. Expression analysis showed that CsCCD1a was constitutively expressed, CsCCD1b was unique to the stigma tissue, but only CsCCD4a and -b had expression patterns consistent with the highest levels of -carotene and emission of -ionone derived during the stigma development. The CsCCD4 enzymes were localized in plastids and more specifically were present in the plastoglobules. The enzymatic activities of CsCCD1a, CsCCD1b, and CsCCD4 enzymes were determined by Escherichia coli expression, and subsequent analysis of the volatile products was generated by GC/MS. The four CCDs fell in two phylogenetically divergent dioxygenase classes, but all could cleave -carotene at the 9,10(9,10) positions to yield-ionone. The data obtained suggest that all four C. sativus CCD enzymes may contribute in different ways to the production of -ionone. In addition, the location and precise timing of -ionone synthesis, together with its known activity as a fragrance and insect attractant, suggest that this volatile may have a role in Crocus pollination. Crocus sativus is a triploid sterile plant characterized by its long red stigmas. These stigmas, when desiccated, constitute the spice known as saffron. Saffron is considered a complex mixture of volatile and non-volatile compounds that contribute to its overall aroma and flavor. The main components of saffron responsible for coloring strength are the derived carotenoids cis- and trans-crocins, picrocrocin, and its degradation product, the odor-active safranal that composes up to 70% of total volatiles (1). In addition to safranal, 150 volatile compounds are estimated to be present in the spice, and60 constituents have been identified (2). The structures of several of these reveal an isoprenoid-based origin like safranal, and are assumed to be the
Cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase in Stigeoclonium tenue (Chaetophorales, Chlorophyceae)

Nonspecific acid phosphatases are a group of enzymes whose activity increases the availability of exogenous and endogenous orthophosphate either through extra- or intracellular hydrolysis of phosphate compounds. Our study demonstrates the activity of acid phosphatases in the filamentous freshwater alga Stigeoclonium tenue. These enzymes were detected following a cerium-based method in which cerium was used as an orthophosphate-capture reagent. In thalli from S. tenue from the natural environment, acid phosphatases were found in the longitudinal cell wall, plasmalemma, and vacuole. In thalli from Bold's Basal Medium culture, these enzymes were found mainly in the plasmalemma; they were scarce in the cell wall. In the thalli grown in phosphate-enriched culture medium, enzymes were found only in the plasmalemma. The low availability of orthophosphate in the medium seems to induce the transport of these enzymes to the cell wall. Its abundance, on the contrary, seems to attenuate this response without affecting the localization of acid phosphatases in the plasmalemma.
Nature of the Charge Carriers and Conduction Mechanism in Anatase TiO2

Keywords: Anatase TiO2 ; large polarons ; transport properties These Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne EPFL, n° 5563 (2012)Programme doctoral PhysiqueFaculte des sciences de baseInstitut de physique de la matiere condenseeLaboratoire de physique de la matiere complexeJury: O. Schneider (president), Ph. Aebi, C. Ballif, R. Zikic, Public defense: 2012-11-30 Reference doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-5563Print copy in library catalog Record created on 2012-12-05, modified on 2016-08-09
Effects of the Alqueva Dam Reservoir on the Distribution of Steppe Birds

The effects of the Alqueva Dam reservoir on the distribution of steppe birds (before and after flooding) was quantified using point-pattern analysis. Sampling points from the dam biological monitoring program, which included data from winter and breeding seasons, were used. To quantitatively assess spatial patterns, the point-pattern was tested using a sequence of statistical methods. Autocorrelation was measured using Ripley's L-function and O-ring, and was validated by a complete spatial randomness null model in the birds' suitable habitat. A gradient surface of probabilistic abundance was developed with a Kernel Density Estimator and compared with the Kappa Index of Agreement. The results indicate a decline in the absolute abundance of steppe birds in both seasons, but it is more evident in the breeding season. The results also show an increase in the mean distance between the point surveys, some evidence of a global trend toward the northeast, a decrease of patch values, and a disaggregation of continuous patches.
Overriding plate controls on subduction evolution

Geologic and geophysical observations indicate that the thickness, density, and strength of the lithosphere vary on the Earth. However, the role of the overriding plate lithosphere properties on the evolution and morphology of subduction is not well understood. This paper presents time‐dependent numerical models of subduction that vary the overriding plate thickness, strength, and density and allow for a plate interface that evolves with time via an anisotropic brittle failure rheology. We examine the effect of these parameters on subduction evolution, in particular, the emergence of (a) asymmetric versus symmetric subduction, (b) trench retreat versus advance, (c) subduction zone geometry, (d) slab stagnation versus penetration into the lower mantle, and (e) flat slab subduction. Almost all of the models presented result in sustained asymmetric subduction from initiation. Trench advance occurs in models with a thick and or strong overriding plate. Slab dip, measured at a depth below the plate boundary interface, has a negative correlation with an increase in overriding plate thickness. Overriding plate thickness exerts a first‐order control over slab penetration into the lower mantle, with penetration most commonly occurring in models with a thick overriding plate. Periods of flat slab subduction occur with thick, strong overriding plates producing strong plate boundary interface coupling. The results provide insight into how the overriding plate plays a role in establishing advancing and retreating subduction as well as providing an explanation for the variation of slab geometry across subduction zones on Earth, where similar patterns of evolution are observed.
Ozone and aerosol distributions in the summertime troposphere over Canada

Measurements of ozone (O3) and aerosol distributions were made with an airborne lidar system in the lowland and boreal forest regions of eastern Canada during July–August 1990 as part of the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment/Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE) 3B. Aerosol and O3 profiles were measured simultaneously above and below the Electra aircraft from near the surface to above the tropopause on long-range flights over these important ecosystems. A broad range of atmospheric conditions were encountered during repeated flights over intensive study sites in the Hudson Bay lowlands near Moosonee, Ontario, and over the boreal forest near Schefferville, Quebec. The tropospheric composition in this high-latitude region was found to be strongly influenced by stratospheric intrusions. Regions of low aerosol scattering and enhanced O3 mixing ratios were correlated with descending air from the lower stratosphere. Over 33% of the troposphere (0–12 km) along our flight track at latitudes from about 45° to 55°N had significantly enhanced O3 due to stratospheric intrusions, and in the middle to upper troposphere the extent of the enhanced O3 generally exceeded 40%. Ozone mixing ratios of 80 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) near 6 km were common in strong intrusions. In the boundary layer over the lowlands, O3 was in the 20–30 ppbv range with a vertical O3 gradient of 6.7 ppbv km−1 to about 45 ppbv at 3 km. Above 6 km the background tropospheric O3 profile was nearly constant with an average value of 53 ppbv. Due to forest fires in Canada and Alaska, plumes from biomass-burning sources were observed on many flights. Biomass-burning plumes influenced about 25% of the free troposphere below 4 km, and in some of the plumes, O3 was enhanced by 10–20 ppbv over ambient levels of 30–45 ppbv. Several air masses transported from the tropical Pacific were observed over Canada in the middle to upper troposphere with O3 levels 10–20 ppbv below background values of 50–55 ppbv.
Increasing Weather Risk: Fact or Fiction?

It is an undisputed fact that weather risk increases over time due to climate change. However, qualification of this statement with regard to the type of weather risk and geographical location is needed. We investigate the application of novel statistical tools for assessing changes in weather risk over time. We apply local t-test, change point tests and Mann-Kendall test as well as quantile regression to weather risk indicators that are relevant from the viewpoint of agricultural production. Our results show that weather risk follows different pattern depending on the type of risk and the location.
Heat balance characteristics during fine periods on the lower parts of the Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand

Heat balance observations were carried out during fine conditions at a site on the lower Franz Josef Glacier in June 1988 and February 1990 and compared with results obtained in August, October, and December 1981. Surface ice melt occurred during all seasons, with the mean melt rate in summer about eight times larger than in winter. The seasonal variation of the various contributions to ice melt was also identified. Sensible heat flux was the dominant heat source, contributing 80 per cent and 55 per cent of the total energy gain in winter and summer, respectively. Latent heat transfer contributed similar amounts in winter (20 per cent) and summer (25 per cent). Net radiation was a heat sink in winter (—13 per cent) and was similar to latent heat transfer in summer at 21 per cent. A newly developed simple method for estimating ice melt using only air temperature is presented and helps to explain the seasonal variations of ice melt.