Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neuronal cGMP kinase I is essential for stimulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion by luminal acid

Brief contact of the duodenal mucosa with luminal acid elicits a long‐lasting bicarbonate (HCO3‐) secretory response, which is believed to be the primary protective mechanism against mucosal damage. Here, we show that cGMP‐dependent protein kinase type I‐knock‐out (cGKI‐/‐) mice are unable to respond to a physiological H+ stimulus with a HCO3‐ secretory response and spontaneously develop duodenal ulcerations. Smooth muscle‐selective cGKI knock‐in rescued the motility disturbance but not the defective HCO3‐ secretion. Proton‐induced HCO3‐ secretion was not attenuated by selective inactivation of the cGKI gene in interstitial cells of Cajal or in enterocytes, but was abolished by inactivation of cGKI in neurons (ncGKI‐/‐). cGKI was expressed in the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius that connects the afferent with the efferent N. vagus. Accordingly, truncation of the subdiaphragmal N. vagus significantly diminished proton‐induced HCO3‐ secretion in wild‐type mice, whereas stimulation of the subdiaphragmal N. vagus elicited a similar HCO3‐ secretory response in cGKI‐/‐, ncGKI‐/‐ and wild‐type mice. These findings show that protection of the duodenum from acid injury requires neuronal cGKI. —Singh, A. K. , Spieβberger, B. , Zheng, W. , Xiao, F. , Lukowski, R. , Wegener, J. W. , Weinmeister, P., Saur, D. , Klein, S. , Schemann, M. , Krueger, D. , Seidler, U. , Hofmann, F. Neuronal cGMP kinase I is essential for stimulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion by luminal acid. FASEB J. 26, 1745‐1754 (2012). www.fasebj. org
The Masses of Nuclear Black Holes in Luminous Elliptical Galaxies and Implications for the Space Density of the Most Massive Black Holes

Black hole (BH) masses predicted from the M•-σ relationship conflict with predictions from the M•-L relationship for high-luminosity galaxies, such as brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). The M•-L relationship predicts that some BCGs may harbor BHs with M• approaching 1010 M☉, while the M•-σ relationship always predicts M• < 3 × 109 M☉. We argue that the M•-L relationship is a plausible description for galaxies of high luminosity. If the cores in central stellar density are formed by binary BHs, the inner core cusp radius, rγ, may be an independent witness of M•. Using central structural parameters derived from a large sample of early-type galaxies observed by HST, we argue that L is superior to σ as an indicator of rγ. Further, the rγ-M• relationship for 11 core galaxies with measured M• appears to be consistent with the M•-L relationship for BCGs. BCGs have large cores appropriate for their large luminosities that may be difficult to generate with the more modest BH masses inferred from the M•-σ relationship. M• ~ M would be expected for BCGs, if they were formed in dissipationless mergers, which should preserve the ratio of BH to stellar mass, M. This scenario appears to be consistent with the slow increase in σ with L and the more rapid increase in effective radii with L seen in BCGs as compared to less luminous galaxies. If BCGs have large BHs commensurate with their luminosities, then the local BH mass function for M• > 3 × 109 M☉ would be nearly an order of magnitude richer than that inferred from the M•-σ relationship. The volume density of the most luminous QSOs may favor the M•-L relationship.
The Mother as Source of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Background: To further elucidate the intrafamilial transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection, we investigated the occurrence of infection by parental infection status in a large community-based birth cohort of children from Germany. Methods: Parental infection (at birth) and children's infection (at age 3 years) were determined by 13C-urea breath test and by monoclonal antigen stool test. Results: Twenty of 834 children (2.4%) were found to be infected. The odds ratio for H. pylori infection of the child was 12.9 (95% confidence interval = 3.2–52.5) if the mother was infected and 1.4 (0.4–4.6) if the father was infected, after adjustment for infection status of the other parent and for nationality. The number of older siblings was not a risk factor for H. pylori infection of the child. Conclusions: This longitudinal study suggests that infected mothers are the main source of H. pylori infection of their children.
Effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin on lactation.

INTRODUCTION . 437 BACKGROUND . 438 PRODUCTION RESPONSES . 439 Milk and Milk Components . 439 Bioenergetics, Nutrition, and Animal Well-Being . 441 MECHANISMS OF ACTION 442 Whole Body Metabolism . 443 Adipose Tissue . 445 Hepatocytes . 449 Mammary Gland 449 INTEGRATION . 452 CONCLUSIONS . 454
[Subjective and objective assessment of voice quality after surgical treatment of overgrowth changes in vocal folds].

OBJECTIVES Complex estimation of results of treatment micro surgically of ill larynx with overgrowth changes of vocal folds and comparison of usefulness different methods of research phonation function of larynx, and also estimation of influence disturbances of voice on functional state, emotional and physical ill applying to Clinics. MATERIAL AND METHOD With researches embraced group 40 ill with hoarseness, of which reason one was organic changes of vocal folds under form of polyps, of vocal nodes, of cyst and of swellings Reincke, attended operational (microsurgery with method Kleinsasser). Voice priced twice before intervention surgical and 3 months after operation. In researches used with scale GRBAS, with estimation laryngostroboscopy of function of vocal folds, analysis acoustic created of voice and Polish version of Voice Handicap Index (VHI). RESULTS Values p = 0.001 for "G" and p = 0.002 for "B" testify about special usefulness these two values of scale GRBAS in estimation of efficiency used treatments. Value p = 0.0004 obtained in research VHI proves distinct statistical symptomatic between estimation one's own voice and his of influence on life ill before and after operation and about good result of treatment. Statistical analysis examined of acoustic parameters showed on indeed statistical symptomatic difference only in chance of variable RAP (p = 0.03). Greatly usefulness for estimations used treatments showed stroboscope research, where especially character close of glottis (p = 0.003) and changes of mucosal wave (p = 0.008) show distinct dependence statistical difference before and after operation. CONCLUSIONS In complex estimation of voice ill after operation overgrowth changes of vocal folds greatest usefulness showed research of laryngostroboscopy, Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and qualification of grade-G and breathiness-B in scale GRBAS. Thanks used to method VHI ill oneself priced efficiency effect treatments, and doctor knowing answers of patient on each questions canned properly to steer further treatment.
Trends in Explanations: Understanding and Debugging Data-driven Systems

Humans reason about the world around them by seeking to understand why and how something occurs. The same principle extends to the technology that so many of human activities increasingly rely on. Issues of trust, transparency, and understandability are critical in promoting adoption and proper use of systems. However, with increasing complexity of the systems and technologies we use, it is hard or even impossible to comprehend their function and behavior, and justify surprising observations through manual investigation alone. Explanation support can ease humans’ interactions with technology: explanations can help users understand a system’s function, justify system results, and increase their trust in automated decisions. Our goal in this article is to provide an overview of existing work in explanation support for data-driven processes, through a lens that identifies commonalities across varied problem settings and solutions. We suggest a classification of explainability requirements across three dimensions: the target of the explanation (“What”), the audience of the Boris Glavic, Alexandra Meliou and Sudeepa Roy (2021), “Trends in Explanations: Understanding and Debugging Data-driven Systems”, Foundations and Trends® in Databases: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp 226–318. DOI: 10.1561/1900000074. The version of record is available at: http://dx.doi. org/10.1561/1900000074
Whole-Brain Dynamic Resting-State Functional Network Analysis in Benign Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes

Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS), the most common type of epilepsy among children, is considered a network disorder. Both fMRI and EEG source imaging (ESI) studies have indicated that BECTS is associated with static resting-state functional network (SFN) alterations (e.g., decreased global efficiency) in source space. However, we find that the abovementioned alterations are not significant when the SFN calculations are performed in the scalp space using only clinical routine low-density (e.g., 19 channels) EEG recordings (shown in our results). In the context of EEG microstates, it is clear that networks in the scalp space with resting-state EEG recordings dynamically reconfigure in a well-organized way based on different functional states. We are therefore inspired to propose a whole-brain dynamic resting-state functional network (DFN) computation method based on resting-state low-density EEG recordings with four classical microstates in scalp space. Notably, on the one hand, this approach is suitable for clinical conditions, and, on the other hand, the dynamic alternations calculated with a DFN may promote our understanding of how the networks change in BECTS. We analysed the changes in a DFN in six frequency bands (δ, θ, αlow, αhigh, β, and γ) in patients with BECTS compared to those for healthy controls. Superior to traditional SFNs, the proposed DFN can reveal significant differences between individuals with BECTS and healthy controls (e.g., lower global efficiency), thus matching traditional fMRI and ESI methods in the source space. Our method directly performs DFN computations from low-density EEG recordings and avoids complex ESI computations, making it promising for clinical applications, especially in the outpatient diagnosis stage.
Post-Activation Potentiation Underlying Physiology and Implications for Motor Performance

The response of muscle to volitional or electrically induced stimuli is affected Abstract by its contractile history. Fatigue is the most obvious effect of contractile history reflected by the inability of a muscle to generate an expected level of force. However, fatigue can coexist with post-activation potentiation (PAP), which serves to improve muscular performance, especially in endurance exercise and activities involving speed and power. The measured response of muscular performance following some form of contractile activity is the net balance between processes that cause fatigue and the simultaneous processes that result in potentiation. Optimal performance occurs when fatigue has subsided but the potentiated effect still exists. PAP has been demonstrated using electrically induced twitch contractions and attributed to phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains, which makes actin and myosin more sensitive to
Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Approach for Detection and Segmentation of Brain Tumor

A brain tumor is one of the more aggressive diseases that affect both children and adults. The survival rate for patients with brain cancer or CNS tumors is approximately 34% for men and 36% for women. If not detected promptly and accurately, brain tumors can result in death. To extend the patient's life expectancy, appropriate treatment, planning, and precise diagnostics are required. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the best method for finding brain tumors. However, MRI calls for a skilled neurosurgeon to conduct an in-depth analysis. In the field of Computer Vision (CV), the emergence of DL offers cutting-edge solutions to image processing issues. This study used the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) algorithm and five Deep Learning (DL) models to use Transfer Learning (TL) to classify brain tumors. The accuracy of the ResNet50 and DenseNet121 models was 93.23%. However, the VGG16 model performed the best, with an accuracy of 97.08%, followed by MobileNetV2’s accuracy of 97.02, and DenseNet121 had the lowest accuracy, with 92.86%.
Experiences of depression, the role of social support and its impact on health outcomes

Abstract Background: Little research has been conducted into the value of support from the perspective of the person experiencing depression, or the types of support that are valued. Aim: In this article we aim to identify the beneficial sources of social support, what form these took, and when and how these sources of support helped. Methods: Narrative interviews with a maximum variation sample of 42 Australians who had experienced depression. Interviews were audio and/or video recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a coding framework and thematic analysis. Results: Themes included “early warning system,” “staying the course” and “striving for ‘normality. ’” Practical support made a difference to participants’ health outcomes such as hospitalisation and access to therapy. Seemingly invisible sources of support were recognised and acknowledged by participants particularly when they were seeking to maintain wellness. Conclusions: Support varied according to the trajectory of the depression experience. Some forms of support can make a real difference to health outcomes. We propose an alternative interpretation to current understandings about the role of social support.
NEUROPROTECTION OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L. AGAINST DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

Objective: The present study was designed to determine the neuroprotective effect of Abelmoschus esculentus L. on alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (130 mg/kg b.w). The ethanol extract of A. esculentus L. at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight was administered at single dose per day to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 21 days. The fasting blood glucose was screened in the intermittent on day 0, day 14, and day 21. Behavioral tests such as thermal hyperalgesia test and rotarod performance test were performed to assess the thermal sensitivity and muscle grip strength. At the end of the study period, experimental animals were sacrificed and sciatic nerve tissues were obtained for histopathological investigation.Results: Animals treated with A. esculentus L. extarct at a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight significantly reduced (p<0.05) in hyperglycemia and thermal hyperalgesia and significantly increased (p<0.05) in rotarod performance. The sciatic nerve fiber of diabetic rats receiving 200 mg/kg of body weight of A. esculentus L. extract also shows no swelling of nerve fibers, and lesser demyelination was observed.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that A. esculentus L. exhibits significant antidiabetic and neuroprotective effect against alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats.
RNA interference- a novel approach for plant disease management

RNA interference (RNAi) is an incredible revolution in the field of functional genomics, a breakthrough in plant molecular genetics. This technology will generate enormous potential for engineering control of gene expres-sion. The success of managing biotic stress using RNAi technology will prove to be biologically and environmentally safe. It is therapeutic in approach as the resistance induced by RNAi is triggered by ds RNA that results in silencing of specific genes before being translated in a homology dependent manner. Over the time, RNAi is significantly proving it as one of the most promiscent management strategy which eliminates certain risks associated with the development of transgenic plants. This review gives an insight into the probability of management of plant diseases caused by various biotic agents viz. fungi, bacteria and viruses using RNA interference technique and host-pathogen related targeted sites.
Comp 322: Fundamentals of Parallel Programming Module 2: Concurrency 5 Mutual Exclusion Listing 1: Example of Two Tasks Performing Conflicting Accesses Figure 1: Sortlist Insert Operation with Global Isolation Figure 2: Sortlist Insert Operation with Partial Mutual Exclusion

5 Mutual Exclusion 2 5.1 Critical Sections and the “isolated” statement . 2 5.2 Object-based Isolation . 4 5.3 Parallel Spanning Tree Example . 7 5.4 Atomic Variables . 10 5.5 Read-Write Modes in Object-based Isolation . 13 5.6 Serialized Computation Graph for Isolated Statements . 13
Phytochrome: a light-activated molecular switch that regulates plant gene expression.

INTRODUCTION . THE PHYTOCHROME MOLECULE Structure and Evolution . Biogenesis and LocaLization . , ,"' " . Functional Dissection of Phytochrome Domains . TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY COMPONENTS " . " . Mutants Aberrant in Light Responsiveness , . Suicide Selection for Defective Pathway Components . REGULATED EXPRESSION OF RESPONSIVE GENES , . Inducible Genes . RepressibLe Genes . PROSPECTS .
Subsurface microbiology and biogeochemistry

Preface. Contributors. Introduction. Biogeochemical and Geological Significance of Subsurface Microbiology (J. Fredrickson & T. Onstott). Transport of Microorganisms in the Subsurface: The Role of Attachment and Colonization of Particle Surfaces (M. Fletcher & E. Murphy). ENVIRONMENTS AND MICROORGANISMS. Constraints on the Distribution of Microorganisms in Subsurface Environments (F. Colwell). Diversity and Activity of Microorganisms in Deep Igneous Rock Aquifers of the Fennoscandian Shield (K. Pedersen). Vadose Zone Microbiology (T. Kieft & F. Brockman). BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES. The Use of Geochemistry and the Importance of Sample Scale in Investigations of Lithologically Heterogeneous Microbial Ecosystems (J. McKinley). Reduction of Iron and Humics in Subsurface Environments (D. Lovley). Microbial Sulfur Cycling in Terrestrial Subsurface (E. Crossman & S. Desrocher). Intrinsic Bioremediation of Organic Subsurface Contaminants (E. Madsen). FUTURE TRENDS. Nucleic Acid Analysis of Subsurface Microbial Communities: Pitfalls, Possibilities, and Biogeochemical Implications (D. Chandler & F. Brockman). The Deep Biosphere: Lessons for Planetary Exploration (C. McKay). Index.
Developing treatments for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: The challenge of translation

Schizophrenia is a life-long debilitating mental disorder affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. The serendipitous discovery of antipsychotics focused pharmaceutical research on developing a better antipsychotic. Our understanding of the disorder has advanced however, with the knowledge that cognitive enhancers are required for patients in order to improve their everyday lives. While antipsychotics treat psychosis, they do not enhance cognition and hence are not antischizophrenics. Developing pro-cognitive therapeutics has been extremely difficult, however, especially when no approved treatment exists. In lieu of stumbling on an efficacious treatment, developing targeted compounds can be facilitated by understanding the neural mechanisms underlying altered cognitive functioning in patients. Equally importantly, these cognitive domains will need to be measured similarly in animals and humans so that novel targets can be tested prior to conducting expensive clinical trials. To date, the limited similarity of testing across species has resulted in a translational bottleneck. In this review, we emphasize that schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by abnormal cognitive behavior. Quantifying these abnormalities using tasks having cross-species validity would enable the quantification of comparable processes in rodents. This approach would increase the likelihood that the neural substrates underlying relevant behaviors will be conserved across species. Hence, we detail cross-species tasks which can be used to test the effects of manipulations relevant to schizophrenia and putative therapeutics. Such tasks offer the hope of providing a bridge between non-clinical and clinical testing that will eventually lead to treatments developed specifically for patients with deficient cognition.
Tracing the Evolution of Competence in Haemophilus influenzae

Natural competence is the genetically encoded ability of some bacteria to take up DNA from the environment. Although most of the incoming DNA is degraded, occasionally intact homologous fragments can recombine with the chromosome, displacing one resident strand. This potential to use DNA as a source of both nutrients and genetic novelty has important implications for the ecology and evolution of competent bacteria. However, it is not known how frequently competence changes during evolution, or whether non-competent strains can persist for long periods of time. We have previously studied competence in H. influenzae and found that both the amount of DNA taken up and the amount recombined varies extensively between different strains. In addition, several strains are unable to become competent, suggesting that competence has been lost at least once. To investigate how many times competence has increased or decreased during the divergence of these strains, we inferred the evolutionary relationships of strains using the largest datasets currently available. However, despite the use of three datasets and multiple inference methods, few nodes were resolved with high support, perhaps due to extensive mixing by recombination. Tracing the evolution of competence in those clades that were well supported identified changes in DNA uptake and/or transformation in most strains. The recency of these events suggests that competence has changed frequently during evolution but the poor support of basal relationships precludes the determination of whether non-competent strains can persist for long periods of time. In some strains, changes in transformation have occurred that cannot be due to changes in DNA uptake, suggesting that selection can act on transformation independent of DNA uptake.
SIM: Scalable Island Multicast for Peer-to-Peer Media Streaming

Despite the fact that global multicast is still not possible in today's Internet, many local networks are already multicast-capable (the so-called multicast "islands"). However, most application-layer multicast (ALM) protocols for streaming has not taken advantage of the underlying IP multicast capability. As IP multicast is more efficient, it would be beneficial if ALM can take advantage of such capability in building overlay trees. In this paper, we propose a fully distributed protocol called Scalable Island Multicast (SIM), which effectively integrates IP multicast and ALM. Hosts in SIM first form an overlay tree using a scalable protocol. They then detect IP multicast islands and employ IP multicast whenever possible. Through simulations on Internet-like topologies, we show that SIM achieves much lower end-to-end delay and link stress as compared with traditional ALM protocols