Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation-statistical methods of distinguishing complicated and noisy spectra

Methods of enhancing the distinguishing/resolving ability for the analysis of multi-component, moderately complicated spectra in noise which do not contain clearly resolved fragments, are proposed in this work using modern approaches of statistical solution theory and phase portrait statistics as applied to the pattern recognition problem. A method of synthesizing the likeness standards based on the nonlinear spectrum correlation is developed, where the special criterion of resolution maximization is used, as well as the maximal plausibility criterion. Likeness standards based on connectivity matrices describing an inexplicit connection between spectral components are used in the second method proposed. The resolution-criterion likeness-standard method results in a gain of 1.5–2 in the signal-to-noise ratio at the same interference value compared with the maximal plausibility criterion. The connectivity-matrix-based method requires more calculations but its gain can be as high as (N– 1)∖2 in comparison with the first method using N spectral modes. The software and hardware developed as the basis of this work can significantly extend the possibilities of modern spectral devices.
Global simulation of the time-dependent magnetosphere

We present preliminary results from time dependent 2-dimensional numerical modelling of the magnetohydrodynamic interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere. A southward solar wind field produces a magnetospheric topology consistent with Dungey's model. The interaction appears to be fundamentally unsteady; the shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause are highly turbulent. We model a ''substorm'' as the passage of a rotational discontinuity over the magnetosphere; we observe the the onset of enhanced reconnection in the magnetospheric tail produces a closed magnetic island which convects downstream.
On the genetic adaptation of stochastic learning automata

Both stochastic learning automata and genetic algorithms have previously been shown to have valuable global optimisation properties. Learning automata have however been criticised for their perceived slow rate of convergence. In this paper these two techniques are combined to provide an increase in the rate of convergence for the learning automata and also to improve the escape from local minima. The technique separates the genotype and phenotype properties of the genetic algorithm and has the advantage that the degree of convergence can be quickly ascertained. It also provides the genetic algorithm with a stopping rule and enables bounds to be given on the parameter values obtained.
Fast migration/inversion with multivalued ray fields: Part 1—Method, validation test, and application in 2D to Marmousi

We address the problem of building an efficient algorithm for ray-based migration/inversion in complex media characterized by multivalued traveltime. Since the multivalued ray maps can be computed by wavefront construction, the key point lies in the interpolation of these multivalued coarse maps. For this goal we propose two new strategies. The first one is based on an interpolation of the rayfield after identifying the ray branches on the elementary cells of the coarse grid; the second is based on an extrapolation of the arrivals from the coarse grid points. Both strategies are evaluated in two dimensions with the Marmousi data set, demonstrating the CPU efficiency and accuracy of both approaches. Since they both consider multiarrivals locally, the associated overhead cost with respect to a single-arrival implementation is quite low (twice the computing time of the Marmousi test case). The application also reveals that the new interpolation strategy is more efficient in terms of CPU time compared to the extrapolation strategy but at the expense of a more complex numerical implementation and less accurate results.
Publication Trend on Nanotechnology among G15 Countries: A Bibliometric Study

Abstract Nanotechnology, a convergent and enabling horizontal technology, cut across all types of vertical industrial sector such as aerospace, biotech, energy, physics, chemistry etc. These industrial sectors depend on materials and devices made up of atoms and molecules, by default can all be improved by application of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. During the past two decades implication of this technology can be seen widely. In this study attempt has been made to identify the publication trend on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology among G-15 countries using Scopus database. There are 7,55,656 bibliographic records in nanotechnology on Scopus database over the period of 18 years (i.e.) 1992–2009. The publication progress on Nanotechnology is measured using sciento- metric tools such as Relative Growth Rate, Doubling Time, Activity Index, and Growth Rate. Further this study examines the Indian Institutional performance by ranking.
The notion of dimension in the theory of algebraic differential equations

with coefficients in a differential field ^ (ordinary or partial) ; here 2 is any subset of the differential polynomial algebra & = ${yi, • • • , yn} over 5\ Denote the set of all solutions of this system by 3 (2 ) . We seek a measure of the size of 3 (2 ) . The analogous question for systems of algebraic equations (i.e. for affine algebraic geometry) has a satisfactory answer in the notion of dimension. In the classical literature, where ^ consists of meromorphic functions on some region of complex w-space, the solution is said to depend on a certain number d of arbitrary functions of m variables; if d = 0 then the solution is said to depend on a certain number of arbitrary functions of w 1 variables; and so on. Of course, except in certain special cases, what this means (how these numbers are defined) is not made precise, and general results are therefore wanting. The Ritt theory (see [l]) contains the beginning of a general answer to the question (when SF is of characteristic 0). First 2 is replaced by the perfect differential ideal a generated by 23; this is harmless since 3 (2 ) =30*). Then a is expressed as the intersection of its components, a = piH • • • Hp r ; since 30*)=3( l> i )^ * ' * ^S($r), the question is reduced to the case in which S is a prime differential ideal p of Ö-. Finally, one takes a generic zero rj = (rji, • • • , rjn) of p, and computes the differential transcendence degree d(p) of the differential field extension (̂77) of SF; d(fi) is called the differential dimension of p, or of 3(p)> a n d is the "correct" definition for what is classically called the number of arbitrary functions of m variables in the solution of the system P = 0 ( P £ p ) . Moreover, if p' is another prime differential ideal of d subject to the inclusion pCp ' (or, equivalently, to the inclusion 3(p) D3(p ' ) ) then d(p) È^d(p') ; however, when the inclusions are strict the inequality need not be so. This shows that d(p) is not a sufficiently fine measure of the size of 3(t0In what follows we present another measure, which is sufficiently fine, and describe its relation to d(fi) and some of its other properties; it is vaguely reminiscent of Hubert 's "characteristic function" for
Photogeneration of superparaelectric large polarons in dielectrics with soft anharmonic T 1 u phonons

In connection with the recent experiments on photoenhancements of the electronic conductivity and the quasistatic electric susceptibility of SrTiO 3 , we theoretically study global versus local parity violation of a photogenerated electron in this dielectric. The photogenerated electron, being quite itinerant in the 3d band of Ti, is assumed to couple weakly but quadratically with soft-anharmonic T 1 u phonons in this dielectric. The electron is also assumed to couple strongly but linearly to the breathing (A 1 g ) type high energy phonons. We will show that these two types of electron-phonon (e-p) couplings result in two types of polarons, a "superparaelectric large polaron" with a quasiglobal parity violation, and an "off-center type self-trapped polaron" with only a local parity violation. These two states are shown to be separated by an adiabatic potential barrier, if these e-p couplings are short in their force ranges. Without the T 1 u phonon, these two states reduce to the well-known large polaron and the self-trapped one, both of which have even parities. We will also show that this superparaelectric large polaron enhances both the electronic conductivity and the quasistatic electric susceptibility, in qualitative agreements with the experiments.
Sensitivity of scanning electron microscope width measurements to model assumptions

The most accurate width measurements in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) require raw images to be corrected for instrumental artifacts. Corrections are based on a physical model that describes the sample-instrument interaction. Models differ in their approaches or approximations in the treatment of scattering cross sections, secondary electron generation, material properties, scattering at the surface potential barrier, etc. Corrections that use different models produce different width estimates. We have implemented eight models in the Java Monte Carlo simulator for secondary electrons (JMONSEL) SEM simulator. Two are phenomenological models based on fitting measured yield versus energy curves. Two are based on a binary scattering model. Four are variants of a dielectric function approach. These models are compared to each other in pairwise simulations in which the output of one model is fit to the other by using adjustable parameters similar to those used to fit measured data. The differences in their edge position parameters is then a measure of how much these models differ with respect to a width measurement. With electron landing energy, beam width, and other parameters typical of those used in industrial critical dimension measurements, the models agreed to within ±2.0 nm on silicon and ±2.6 nm on copper in 95% of comparisons.
Electrically tunable, high performance quantum cascade laser

A quantum cascade laser design for wide voltage-tuning, emitting at ∼8.5 μm, is presented based on a diagonal bound-to-continuum design. The relatively short period length and the diagonal nature of the laser transition guarantees a wide tuning of the emission due to the linear Stark shift effect. Tuning of both the spontaneous and stimulated emission is presented over almost 100 cm−1. In spite of the large tuning, laser performance are comparable with the best results present in literature in this spectral range. In particular, continuous wave operation up to 450 mW and pulsed wall plug efficiencies up to 11.5% were measured at 300 K. A transport model, based on the density matrix formalism, was used to simulate spontaneous and stimulated emission as function of the applied field. Same model was also used to predict light-current-voltage characteristics of the lasers.
BEST ESTIMATION OF A BINARY OUTCOME IN THE SENSE OF KS AND AROC

ABSTRACT Let (Z,Y) be a real random vector with Y binary. It is shown that the conditional probability maximizes uniform Kolmogorov–Smirnov separation of false from true negative rates over all σ(Z)-measurable functions. An inequality is derived which provides conditions under which f* also maximizes the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AROC).
Hamiltonian guiding center equations in toroidal magnetic configurations

Guiding center equations for particle motion in a toroidal magnetic configuration are derived using general magnetic coordinates. For the case of axisymmetry, the explicit transformation to exact Hamiltonian canonical variables is presented for the first time. Approximate canonical coordinates are introduced also for three-dimensional configurations with strong toroidal magnetic field. Previous derivations made use of so-called Boozer equilibrium coordinates, which are highly nonuniform and are canonical only in the exceptional case of low beta, up–down symmetric configurations. The present formalism is valid for arbitrary, spatially well distributed magnetic coordinates, greatly increasing the accuracy of calculations. Magnetostatic equilibrium is not assumed in the present formalism, the analysis holds for any configuration with nested flux surfaces.
Stochastic analysis of groundwater flow in a two‐dimensional generalized fractal field

Abstract Stochastic analysis of groundwater flow in a generalized fractal field is performed in this study. The random field is described by fractional Levy motion (fLm), which is a generalized version of traditional fractional Brownian motion (fBm) and is superior to describe a field with a high degree of variability. A truncated power variogram of the fLm is derived using the weighted superposition of mutually uncorrelated exponential variograms. When the Levy index of fLm α equals 2, the fBm is recovered. When the upper and lower cutoffs of the truncated power variogram are close, the stationary exponential model can be well approximated. First‐order perturbation analyses of flow in a two‐dimensional fLm field are performed and results are compared to those in the stationary exponential and fractal fBm fields. Since the proposed general fractal model has broader applications than the stationary and fBm models, it is versatile enough to simulate flow in different scenarios and provide more accurate modeling results.
Smoke and Dust Particles of Meteoric Origin in the Mesosphere and Stratosphere

Abstract A height profile of ablated mass from meteors is calculated, assuming an incoming mass of 10−16 g cm−2 s−1 (44 metric tons per day) and the velocity distribution of Southworth and Sekanina, which has a mean of 14.5 km s−1. The profile peaks at 84 km. The fluxes of micrometeorites and residual meteoroids are also calculated. The coagulation of the evaporated silicates into “smoke” particles is then followed by means of a model adapted from a previous study of the stratospheric sulfate layer. Numerous sensitivity tests are made. Features of the results are a sharp cutoff of the particle distribution above 90 km, and a surface area close to 10−9 cm2 cm−3 all the way from 30 to 85 km. Some confirmation is obtained from balloon studies of condensation nuclei, although the various measurements differ greatly. The optical scattering and extinction am shown to be undetectable. Several potential applications are suggested: nucleation of sulfate particles and noctilucent clouds, scavenging of metallic ions.
A study of the unidentified dust emission features near 10 μm

A partir de l'examen des spectres 8-13 μm publies des sources galactiques qui presentent les raies d'emission non identifiees a 8,65 et a 11,25 μm, et qui ne sont pas fortement obscurcis, on a etabli des relations entre les largeurs equivalentes des raies et la profondeur du minimum a 10 μm. On en deduit une procedure pour evaluer l'extinction en direction des objets dont les spectres a 10 μm sont compliques par la presence des raies et la methode est appliquee a un echantillon de 12 noyaux de galaxies a raies d'emission
Investigation of a Bent Wire Chiral: Electromagnetic Scattering

Abstract : The bistatic scattering from a bent wire chiral has been analyzed and a computer modeling capability has been developed. A simple model was also developed to aid in interpreting the chiral body's scattering. Behavior of the scattered fields was investigated as the chiral's geometry was varied. Data was presented that would be useful in the design of chiral media. Keywords: Scattering, Wire scatterer, Chiral, and Moment method.
Information structure, Stackelberg games, and incentive controllability

Recently there has been considerable activity in the area of deterministic closed-loop Stackelberg games. It turns out that these results are closely related to various incentive problems and pricing problems in economics. We propose in this paper a unified treatment of these problems from the viewpoint of the information structure of a general two-person nonzero-sum game. This treatment lays bare the underlying ideas and permits easy extensions to stochastic cases. Single stage, linear-quadratic-Gaussian Stackelberg problems are then examined in detail. Examples from electricity pricing and organizational design are also discussed as illustrations of this general approach.
Close binary stars and old stellar populations – II. Old disc clusters

Resultats d'une recherche de l'emission Ca II H et K chromospherique pour un echantillon de 195 sous geantes et etoiles de la branche geante inferieure dans les vieux amas du disque NGC 2204, 2243, 2420, 2506 et Melotte 66
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the SmC Phase

The smectic C phase of a family of calamitic rod-like chiral mesogens was investigated using all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. The studied molecules differ from each other by the orientation of an ester moiety inside the rigid core, the nature of an outboard dipole and the length of the external alkyl chains. Non-bonded potential energy are correlated to experimental mesomorphisms and binary phase diagrams. It is shown that the molecules with the most negative long-range Coulomb potential energy are those that exhibit the greatest ability to experimentally stabilize the smectic C phase.
Discretization error and signal/error correlation in atmospheric data assimilation : (I). All scales resolved

Both the numerical models used in atmospheric data assimilation and the forward interpolation from the analysis mesh to the observations are subject to discretization errors. To examine the effect of these errors, a generalized Kalman filter, in which both model and observation errors are functions of the signal, is formulated. Far from the red model error spectrum assumed in many studies, the formulation yields a model error spectrum which increases with wavenumber to reach a maximum at the truncation limit. The resulting second-moment equations are studied in the context of the one-dimensional linear advection equation and, even for this simple equation, found to be quite complex. For example, it is found that signal/error correlations, not normally considered in standard Kalman filter theory, can play an important role. Two types of (semi-Lagrangian) model discretization and two types of forward interpolation are examined in this paper. The first type uses Fourier interpolation (and has no error), while the second type uses cubic spline interpolation (and has amplitude and phase errors). To facilitate understanding of the general case, various simpler cases are considered first, e.g., the case of a uniform observation network with the same number of observations as analysis meshpoints reveals important analogies between the forward interpolation error and the model discretization error. It is found that the perfect-model assumption can result in degeneracy for any observation network when the signal/error correlation is properly accounted for. The case of a single observation (coinciding with an analysis gridpoint) strikingly illustrates the importance of the signal/error correlations and suggests that simple model error parametrization based purely on the model discretization error, and neglecting these correlations, would seriously underestimate the forecast and analysis errors. In this paper, it is assumed that the analysis mesh can resolve all scales in the signal. The effect of unresolved scales is considered in a companion paper. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1997. 00003.x
On the relation between disjunctive decomposition and ROBDD variable ordering

The relation between disjunctive decomposition of functions and a variable ordering minimizing the size of a ROBDD (Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagram) is considered. We show that a best ordering for a function with a disjunctive decomposition cannot always be directly determined from the best orderings for the component functions. We also demonstrate that keeping the variables from a bound set of the function adjacent does not always guarantee obtaining the ROBDD for the function with a minimal number of nodes.
Generalized Vandermonde determinants and roots of unity of prime order

Easy proofs are given for two theorems of 0. H. Mitchell about a type of generalized Vandermonde determinant. One of these results is then used to prove that if IF(e): FI = n where F is a field of characteristic zero and e is a root of unity of prime order, then every set of n powers of e forms an F-basis for F(e).
Aerosols at Mauna Loa: Optical Properties

Abstract The spectral attenuation of sunlight passing through the atmosphere was determined with the Langley method for 110 clear days and at 11 wavelengths to an accuracy of δτ=±0.002 (τ is the optical thickness) at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Suspended aerosols above the observatory attenuated light by an average of 1.9% (in the vertical direction) at a wavelength of 5000 A, and the average attenuation varied with wavelength as λ−1.6. Air masses from northerly directions were most turbid, τ¯=0.021±0.015, white those from southwesterly direction were least turbid, τ¯=0.017±0.005. The lowest values of optical extinction varied as λ−1.6 while those from directions of nearest continents varied as λ−2.5; the larger values of wavelength exponent for the continental aerosol is what would be expected for an aerosol cloud that had been carried by the winds from distant continents. It is deduced that aerosol from North America and Asia occasionally reaches the Hawaiian Islands. The explosive eruptions of A.
Sigma discovery of variable e(+)-e(-) annihilation radiation from the near Galactic center variable compact source 1E 1740.7 - 2942

A series of observations of the Galactic center have been performed by the hard X-ray and low-energy gamma-ray coded imaging telescope SIGMA, aboard the GRANAT space observatory, in 1990 march, April, September, and October, in the energy range 35 keV-1.3 MeV. The emission of the close nucleus center region above 35 keV was found to be dominated up to 300 keV by the previously observed X-ray source 1E 1740.7-2942, situated ≃48' away from the radio source Sgr A *
The use of transinformation in the design of data sampling schemes for inverse problems

The author analyses the average useful information content of data samples by using the transinformation entropy (rate of transmission) of Shannon's information theory. The author derives a simple expression for the transinformation in linear experiments with Gaussian a priori distributions. The author uses this expression to examine various schemes for sampling the image spaces of a translation invariant (sinc) and a conformally invariant (Laplace) mapping. The optimum sampling scheme is found to be considerably better than the naive sampling scheme (e.g. Nyquist) when the number of samples is small and the a priori knowledge is non-trivial.
Influence of Ni doping on the electrical and structural properties of FeSb2

The influence of increasing Ni doping on the structural and magneto‐transport properties of FeSb2 have been investigated by synthesizing Fe1−xNixSb2 samples with x = 0–0.4 using solid‐state reaction method. The samples are single phase from x = 0–0.1 with the marcasite (FeS2)‐type structure. Beyond x > 0.2 the skutterudite (CoAs3)‐type phase starts progressively separating out apart from the required marcasite phase. The temperature‐dependent electrical resistivity studies in the range 4.2–300 K reveal activation behavior in the high‐temperature (HT) regime (T > 70 K) with a narrow gap. The gap value increases with Ni content x. In contrast, a variable‐range hopping (VRH) type transport is seen in the low‐temperature (LT) regime. The VRH parameter T0 progressively diminishes with increasing x. A detailed analysis of magnetoresistance using the Shklovskii–Efros model in the VRH regime indicates the increase of localization length with increasing Ni content. An insulator to metal transition is observed in the LT regime for x = 0.1. This is ascribed to arise on account of delocalization of localized states within the gap.