Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Development of Beginning Teachers' Pedagogical Thinking: A Longitudinal Analysis of Four Case Studies.

The research on certain aspects of teachers' thinking, such as teachers' planning, teachers' interactive thoughts and decisions while teaching, and teach ers' prior beliefs and theories, has been thoroughly reviewed by Clark and Peterson (1986), who concluded that ". the time seems right for a more comprehensive study of the full variety of teachers' thought processes in relationship to teachers' actions. " (p. 292). Clark and Peterson also note ■■■■■■■■■■I that the research literature has provided little in the Barbara B. Levin is a way of insights into how teachers' theories and graduate student beliefs develop over time, and therefore call for instructor and Paul longitudinal studies of the development of teachers' Ammon is a professor thought processes as one answer to this need. Few and program director, studies of teachers ' thinking have followed teachers both with the past theirpreservice education and into their inservice Developmental Teacher years beyond the induction year. Furthermore, find Education Program, ings from some short-term follow-up studies (Lortie, Graduate School of 1965; Zeichner& Tabachnik, 1981) suggest that the Education, University of effects of preservice programs may be "washed California, Berkeley. out" by the reality of school experience as teachers
Accurate Assessment of Link Loss Rate in Wireless Mesh Networks

A number of routing metrics have been proposed to select a path with better performance in wireless mesh networks. Most of them partially rely on link loss rates when evaluating the paths’ performance. Thus it is essential to accurately measure the link loss rate. Currently, a broadcast based probe mechanism is commonly used by routing metrics to estimate the link loss rates. However, this mechanism often yields inaccurate link loss rates. Based on our extensive simulations, we find out that the limitations of this mechanism are due to: 1) the use of basic (lowest) data rates to probe the loss rate while the link might be used with a higher data rate; 2) the assumption that links are symmetric, which is not true in real case; 3) the low number of packet probes used to measure the link loss rate. This work proposes appropriate solutions to the above weaknesses. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed modifications are able to measure the link loss rate with more accuracy.
Rescue of Recent Virulent and Avirulent Field Strains of Bluetongue Virus by Reverse Genetics

Since 1998, Bluetongue virus (BTV)-serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, and 16 have invaded European countries around the Mediterranean Basin. In 2006, a huge BT-outbreak started after incursion of BTV-serotype 8 (BTV8) in North-Western Europe. More recently, BTV6 and BTV11 were reported in North-Western Europe in 2008. These latter strains are closely related to live-attenuated vaccine, whereas BTV8 is virulent and can induce severe disease in ruminants, including cattle. In addition, Toggenburg orbivirus (TOV) was detected in 2008 in Swiss goats, which was recognized as a new serotype of BTV (BTV25). The (re-)emergency of known and unknown BTV-serotypes needs a rapid response to supply effective vaccines, and research to study this phenomenon. Recently, orbivirus research achieved an important breakthrough by the establishment of reverse genetics for BTV1. Here, reverse genetics for two recent BTV strains representing virulent BTV8 and avirulent BTV6 was developed. For this purpose, extensive sequencing of full-genomes was performed, resulting in the consensus sequences of BTV8/net07 and BTV6/net08. The recovery of ‘synthetic BTV’, respectively rgBTV8 and rgBTV6, completely from T7-derived RNA transcripts was confirmed by silent mutations by which these ‘synthetic BTVs’ could be genetically distinguished from wild type BTV, respectively wtBTV6 and wtBTV8. The in vitro and in vivo properties of rgBTV6 or rgBTV8 were comparable to the properties of their parent strains. The asymptomatic or avirulent properties of rgBTV6 and the virulence of rgBTV8 were confirmed by experimental infection of sheep. Reverse genetics of the vaccine-related BTV6 provides a perfect start to develop new generations of BT-vaccines. Reverse genetics of the virulent BTV8 will accelerate research on the special features of BTV8, like transmission by species of Culicoides in a moderate climate, transplacental transmission, and pathogenesis in cattle.
Conceptual maps using multivariate statistics: Building bridges between typological linguistics and psychology

What sorts of entities do people distinguish in the world? How do we conceptualize ‘‘objects’’ and ‘‘events’’, ‘‘time’’ and ‘‘causation’’? How do we think about people interacting with each other in social worlds? Typological linguists answer these questions by uncovering universals and variation in language structure, the assumption being that universals inform us of common conceptual repertoires while variation enlightens us about the potential of human mental faculties. These are the same properties that psychologists struggle to understand. Yet, most work by typologists goes unnoticed by psychologists. Why should this be so, when both groups are interested in the same underlying questions? Part of the problem is the divergence of methodologies. Psychologists espouse the scientific method. Phenomena are operationalized so that they can be measured, and data are collected through a standard procedure. This ensures that any finding can be replicated by other researchers. Typologists have relied more (though not exclusively) on extracting patterns from grammatical descriptions, with little concern for how the language data are collected or whether another typologist might replicate any conclusions they reach. This has been true of work on classical semantic maps. A semantic map is a plot of related grammatical functions, where functions that are expressed by a single construction are plotted adjacent to each other (usually with a connecting line). Functions not encoded by a single construction are not adjacent (or connected). The functions themselves, as well as the extensions of specific language constructions, are typically derived by the analyst from secondary sources, such as grammars. Language is idealized away from observable, measurable,
Synchronous GISTs associated with multiple sporadic tumors: a case report

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare neoplasms, but they also represent the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract originating from the cell of Cajal. GIST incidence ranges around 1% of all gastrointestinal malignancies. Approximately 5% of all GISTs have a hereditary etiology. The remaining 95% of GISTs are considered sporadic events, with up to 75% of cases driven by a constitutional activation of the c-KIT proto-oncogene. GISTs are generally solitary lesions. Nonetheless, multiple sporadic GISTs can occur and present as synchronous or metachronous tumors, usually associated with familial GIST. Here, we report a case of primary prostate and lung tumors associated with gastric and small bowel GISTs, unrelated to any known hereditary syndrome. Also, in the case we describe, the prostatic tumor came before the GISTs, while the lung tumor occurred later in time and led to pulmonary lobectomy plus lymphoadenectomy, with a diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer. With the exception of a slight difference in lymphoid infiltration, the abdominal and gastric GIST nodules shared the same proliferative MIB1 index and mitotic count. However, the genetic analysis revealed that the gastric GIST and abdominal tumors were characterized by two different c-KIT mutations. This molecular heterogeneity supported the hypothesis of two different synchronous GISTs arising from stomach and ileum. At present, the patient is disease free and has already completed the third year of adjuvant therapy with imatinib. This case supports the importance of the analysis of c-KIT mutational status to distinguish metastases from synchronous multicentric GISTs, with relevant implications in therapeutic decisions, as well as the importance of a dedicated multidisciplinary team and of a radiological follow-up after the diagnosis of a primary GIST, to discover a relapse of the GIST or, possibly, additional malignancies.
Machine Learning Forecasts of Risk to Inform Sentencing Decisions

When threats to public safety are a factor in sentencingdecisions, forecasts of ‘‘future dangerousness’’ are neces-sarily being made. Sometimes the forecasts are effectivelymandatory. Federal judges, for example, are required toassess risk in every case. Under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C),‘‘[t]he court, in determining the particular sentence to beimposed, shall consider. (2) the need for the sentenceimposed. (C) to protect the public from further crimes ofthe defendant. ’’ A judge must look into the future,determine the likelihood and seriousness of criminalbehavior, and within certain bounds, sentence to minimizethe harm that could result.Ideally, the forecasts should be highly accurate. Theyalso should be derived from procedures that are practical,transparent, and sensitive to the consequences of forecast-ing errors. However, there is usually no compelling guid-ance on precisely how these goals can best be achieved.Subjective judgment, sometimes called ‘‘clinical judg-ment,’’ is an approach that relies on intuition guided byexperience. As discussed below, the resulting risk assess-ments are often wildly inaccurate and their rationale opa-que. ‘‘Actuarial’’ methods depend on data that allow one tolink ‘‘risk factors’’ to various outcomes of interest. Theassociations found can then be used to forecast those out-comes when they are not known. Over the past severaldecades, regression statistical procedures have dominatedthe actuarial determination of empirically based risk fac-tors. By and large, this enterprise has been a success. Butthe increasing availability of very large datasets coupledwith new data analysis tools promise dramatically bettersuccess in the future. Machine learning will be a dominantstatistical driver.There is now a substantial and compelling literature instatistics and computer science showing that machinelearning statistical procedures will forecast at least asaccurately, and typically more accurately, than olderapproaches commonly derived from various forms ofregression analysis.
A Measure of Adherence to Conventional Morality

The authors describe the construction and validation of an empirical measure of individual differences in the degree of adherence to standards of “conventional morality. ” The items for this measure, which is administered to subjects as a Lifestyle Preference Questionnaire, were based on traditional codes of Western ethical conduct (such as the Ten Commandments and the “seven deadly sins”). The refined, 60-item measure of adherence to these codes was found to be reliable in terms of both its internal consistency (.91) and its stability over time (.94). The pattern of correlations with real-ideal self-image measures and other self-report measures relevant to either conventional moral behavior or conventional moral ideology provided considerable support for the discriminant-convergent validity of the Conventional Morality Scale (CMS). In addition, the validity of the CMS as a predictor of morally relevant behavior was supported by data concerning the relative “no-show” rates of high- versus low-CM subjects w.
Blocking behaviors of crosstalk-free optical Banyan networks on vertical stacking

Banyan networks are attractive for constructing directional coupler (DC)-based optical switching networks for their small depth and self-routing capability. Crosstalk between optical signals passing through the same DC is an intrinsic drawback in DC-based optical networks. Vertical stacking of multiple copies of an optical banyan network is a novel scheme for building nonblocking (crosstalk-free) optical switching networks. The resulting network, namely vertically stacked optical banyan (VSOB) network, preserves all the properties of the banyan network, but increases the hardware cost significantly. Though much work has been done for determining the minimum number of stacked copies (planes) required for a nonblocking VSOB network, little is known on analyzing the blocking probabilities of VSOB networks that do not meet the nonblocking condition (i.e., with fewer stacked copies than required by the nonblocking condition). In this paper, we analyze the blocking probabilities of VSOB networks and develop their upper and lower bounds with respect to the number of planes in the networks. These bounds depict accurately the overall blocking behaviors of VSOB networks and agree with the conditions of strictly nonblocking and rearrangeably nonblocking VSOB networks respectively. Extensive simulation on a network simulator with both random routing and packing strategy has shown that the blocking probabilities of both strategies fall nicely within our bounds, and the blocking probability of packing strategy actually matches the lower bound. The proposed bounds are significant because they reveal the inherent relationships between blocking probability and network hardware cost in terms of the number of planes, and provide network developers a quantitative guidance to trade blocking probability for hardware cost. In particular, our bounds provide network designers an effective tool to estimate the minimum and maximum blocking probabilities of VSOB networks in which different routing strategies may be applied. An interesting conclusion drawn from our work that has practical applications is that the hardware cost of a VSOB network can be reduced dramatically if a predictable and almost negligible nonzero blocking probability is allowed.
An Extended Helical Conformation in Domain 3a of Munc18-1 Provides a Template for SNARE (Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor) Complex Assembly*

Background: Munc18-1 is required for membrane fusion, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Results: Distinct point mutations in domain 3a of Munc18-1 differentially affect the conformation of helix 12, VAMP2 binding, and membrane fusion. Conclusion: A conformational switch in helix 12 promotes SNAREpin assembly via the VAMP2 interaction. Significance: The Munc18-1-VAMP2 interaction may represent a general molecular mechanism of how SM proteins accelerate membrane fusion. Munc18-1, a SEC1/Munc18 protein and key regulatory protein in synaptic transmission, can either promote or inhibit SNARE complex assembly. Although the binary inhibitory interaction between Munc18-1 and closed syntaxin 1 is well described, the mechanism of how Munc18-1 stimulates membrane fusion remains elusive. Using a reconstituted assay that resolves vesicle docking, priming, clamping, and fusion during synaptic exocytosis, we show that helix 12 in domain 3a of Munc18-1 stimulates SNAREpin assembly and membrane fusion. A single point mutation (L348R) within helix 12 selectively abolishes VAMP2 binding and the stimulatory function of Munc18-1 in membrane fusion. In contrast, targeting a natural switch site (P335A) at the start of helix 12, which can result in an extended α-helical conformation, further accelerates lipid-mixing. Together with structural modeling, the data suggest that helix 12 provides a folding template for VAMP2, accelerating SNAREpin assembly and membrane fusion. Analogous SEC1/Munc18-SNARE interactions at other transport steps may provide a general mechanism to drive lipid bilayer merger. At the neuronal synapse, Munc18-1 may convert docked synaptic vesicles into a readily releasable pool.
Maternal depression and children's adjustment problems : the role of mothers' affective reactivity

Mothers with depressive symptoms often express more negative emotions than other mothers, react more punitively, and express more frustration (e.g., Belsky, 1984). Paradoxically, mothers with depressive symptoms are also often found to be less, not more, reactive and to express flat rather than negative affect. These mothers are often described as emotionally "flat", unresponsive, and withdrawn (Kochanska, Kuczynski, Radke-Yarrow, & Welsh, 1987). Mothers' depressive symptoms are also associated with problematic parenting, interfering with children's social development (e.g., Goodman et al., 2011). This study investigated the possibility that mothers with depressive symptoms regulate their affect as a coping strategy to minimize distress when facing aversive child behaviors. Using observational and reported longitudinal data from 319 mother-child dyads, we examined how mothers' affective reactivity changes as a function of (a) in mothers' depressive symptoms, and (b) changes in children’s aversiveness during the course of the mother-child interaction.
Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of miRNA Regulome andmiRNA Interaction Networks

miRNAs are vital regulators of post transcriptional gene expression. Deregulation of miRNAs lead to susceptibility towards many diseases, especially cancers. Their complicated molecular mechanisms comprising of upstream transcriptions factors, downstream targets, functional and biological processes, and disease regulations are not fully comprehended yet. Hence, understanding the miRNA regulatory network comprehensively is pivotal to modulate its functions and develop miRNA therapeutics. At present, several independent databases and tools containing specific information about parts of a miRNA regulome exist in silo which prevents a holistic understanding of miRNA's molecular mechanism. Hence, integration of all scattered datasets in a cohesive manner in order to get an overarching understanding of the contributory influence and the effluence from the machinery of a miRNA regulome is critical. In this article, we present a case-report on miRegulome, a first comprehensive integrated knowledge base of miRNA regulome and miRNA interaction network analytic tools. miRegulome integrates the essential molecular modules of a miRNA regulome into a cohesive platform. We also discuss miRNA-disease interactions from miRegulome and devise graph theoretical strategies to analyze them. We also present a next-level design for an enhanced database repository for comprehensive data analysis collating diverse datasets related to miRNA biology; and present the need and challenges for the development of novel algorithms to predict new interactions between miRNAs, genes, transcription factors and diseases.
Negotiating Globally: How to Negotiate Deals, Resolve Disputes, and Make Decisions Across Cultural Boundaries

CD-ROM Contents. Preface. Acknowledgments. The Author. 1. Negotiation Basics. 2. Culture and Negotiation. 3. Culture and Integrative Deals. 4. Executing Negotiation Strategy. 5. Resolving Disputes. 6. Third Parties and Dispute Resolution. 7. Negotiating Decisions and Managing Conflict in Multicultural Teams. 8. Social Dilemmas. 9. Government at and Around the Table. 10. Will the World Adjust, or Must You? Notes. Glossary. Index. How to Use the CD-ROM.
A growth dichotomy for o-minimal expansions of ordered groups

Let R be an o-minimal expansion of a divisible ordered abelian group (R, <, +, 0, 1) with a distinguished positive element 1. Then the following dichotomy holds: Either there is a 0-definable binary operation · such that (R, <, +, ·, 0, 1) is an ordered real closed field; or, for every definable function f : R → R there exists a 0-definable λ ∈ {0} ∪ Aut(R, +) with limx→+∞[f(x) − λ(x)] ∈ R. This has some interesting consequences regarding groups definable in o-minimal structures. In particular, for an o-minimal structure M := (M, <, . . . ) there are, up to definable isomorphism, at most two continuous (with respect to the product topology induced by the order) M-definable groups with underlying set M . R. Poston showed in [8] that given an o-minimal expansion R of (R, <, +), if multiplication is not definable in R, then for every definable function f : R → R there exist r, c ∈ R such that limx→+∞[f(x) − rx] = c. In this paper, this fact is generalized appropriately for o-minimal expansions of arbitrary ordered groups. We say that an expansion (G, <, ∗, . . . ) of an ordered group (G, <, ∗) is linearly bounded (with respect to ∗) if for each definable function f : G → G there exists a definable λ ∈ End(G, ∗) such that ultimately |f(x)| ≤ λ(x). (Here and throughout, ultimately abbreviates “for all sufficiently large positive arguments”.) We now list the main results of this paper. Let R := (R, <, . . . ) be o-minimal. Theorem A (Growth Dichotomy). Suppose that R is an expansion of an ordered group (R, <, +). Then exactly one of the following holds: (a) R is linearly bounded; (b) R defines a binary operation · such that (R, <, +, ·) is an ordered real closed field. If R is linearly bounded, then for every definable f : R → R there exist c ∈ R and a definable λ ∈ {0} ∪ Aut(R, +) with limx→+∞[f(x)− λ(x)] = c. Theorem B. Suppose that R is a linearly bounded expansion of an ordered group (R, <, +, 0, 1) with 1 > 0. Then every definable endomorphism of (R, +) is 0-definable. If R′ (with underlying set R′) is elementarily equivalent to R, then the ordered division ring of all R′-definable endomorphisms of (R′, +) is canonically isomorphic to the ordered division ring of all R-definable endomorphisms of (R, +). The growth dichotomy imposes some surprising constraints on continuous definable groups with underlying set R. (Here and throughout, all topological notions are taken with respect to the product topologies induced by the order topology.) Received by the editors June 5, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 03C99; Secondary 06F20, 12J15, 12L12. The first author was supported by NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship No. DMS-9407549. c ©1998 American Mathematical Society