Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infrared image enhancement algorithm based on multiscale retinex with adaptive surround space constant

Retinex is an image enhancement algorithm based on color consistency theory which is originally used for color image enhancement with a trade-off between dynamic range compression and tonal rendition, and these two effects are combined with a weighted sum of several Single Scale Retinex (SSR) outputs, namely Multi Scale Retinex (MSR) algorithm. For infrared image, it is known that the resulting effects of dynamic range compression and detail enhancement are governed by the Gaussian surround space constant. Traditional MSR algorithm using fixed surround space constants and can not automatically adjust each surround space constant for different images. This means, MSR algorithm can not improve the image details and overall visual effects at the same time using local information of infrared images. To overcome this problem, an MSR based image enhancement algorithm with adaptive surround space constant is proposed. Firstly the image standard deviation is calculated to scale overall dynamic range, then the image is divided into several sub-images, standard deviation and mean value of gradient for each sub-image are calculated to measure the local complexity. The surround space constant in MSR algorithm is determined by both overall dynamic range and local complexity that is acquired above to achieve an optimal enhancement output. Then intensity stretching is used to produce a graceful visual effect. Experiment proved that the algorithm proposed in this paper improves the quality of infrared images effectively, and has better adaptability than traditional MSR algorithm.
Fault Management Techniques to Enhance the Reliability of Power Electronic Converters: An Overview

The reliability of power electronic converters is a major concern in industrial applications because of using prone-to-failure elements such as high-power semiconductor devices and electronic capacitors. Hence, designing fault-tolerant inverters has been of great interest among researchers in both academia and industry over the last decade. Among the three stages of fault management, compensating the fault is the most important and challenging part. The techniques for fault compensation can be classified into three groups: hardware redundancy methods which use extra switches, legs, or modules to replace the faulty parts directly or indirectly, switching states redundancy methods which are about omitting and replacing the impossible switching states, and unbalance compensation including the techniques to compensate for the unbalances in the system caused by a fault. In this paper, an overview of fault-tolerant inverters is presented. A classification of fault-tolerant inverters is demonstrated and major cases in each of its categories are explained.
The Cygnus X-3 Radio Jets at Arcsecond Scales

A deep Very Large Array map of the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3 is presented. The compact and highly variable core of the system has been carefully removed through a special subtraction process. This procedure allows us to reveal weak extended structures very close to it that otherwise would be masked by variability artifacts. In this way, we have been able to detect a symmetric pair of plasma condensations at arcsecond distances from the core. These features are very likely to be the remnants of a strong radio flare that occurred three months before our observing run. Accepting this association, the ejection velocity derived for both condensations is highly relativistic and amounts to 0.6c[D/10 kpc]. On the other hand, we also tentatively suggest that the Cygnus X-3 radio jets may be related to other larger scale symmetric radio lobes.
Species-Specific Response of Corals to Imbalanced Ratios of Inorganic Nutrients

Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) is a limiting nutrient in the physiology of scleractinian corals. Anthropogenic addition of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to coastal reefs increases the seawater DIN:DIP ratio and further increases P limitation, which is detrimental to coral health. The effects of imbalanced DIN:DIP ratios on coral physiology require further investigation in coral species other than the most studied branching corals. Here we investigated the nutrient uptake rates, elemental tissue composition and physiology of a foliose stony coral, Turbinaria reniformis, and a soft coral, Sarcophyton glaucum, exposed to four different DIN: DIP ratios (0.5:0.2, 0.5:1, 3:0.2, 3:1). The results show that T. reniformis had high uptake rates of DIN and DIP, proportional to the seawater nutrient concentrations. DIN enrichment alone led to an increase in tissue N content, shifting the tissue N:P ratio towards P limitation. However, S. glaucum had 5 times lower uptake rates and only took up DIN when the seawater was simultaneously enriched with DIP. This double uptake of N and P did not alter tissue stoichiometry. This study allows us to better understand the susceptibility of corals to changes in the DIN:DIP ratio and predict how coral species will respond under eutrophic conditions in the reef.
Dust Scattering of Emission Lines in H II Regions. I. Plane-parallel Models and Application to the Orion Nebula (M42)

I present a comprehensive plane-parallel radiative transfer model for the scattering by dust of emission lines in a blister H II region on the surface of a molecular cloud. The effects of dust in the molecular cloud, within the H II region, and in a layer of overlying neutral material are all included. The spectral intensity and polarization profiles of the scattered lines are calculated, as well as the effective albedo of the scattering. Analytical, semianalytical and Monte Carlo numerical techniques are used, as appropriate. The model is applied in detail to observations of the [O III] λ5007 Å line in the inner Orion Nebula. It is shown that the observations are consistent with a backscattering origin for the broad redshifted component that is seen in this line, as well as in lines of other ionized species. High-resolution spectropolarimetry of the emission line would provide a conclusive test of the scattering model. Model fits suggest that the optical depth of dust between the ionization front and the [O III] emitting region is in the range 0.5-1.0 in the visible. Foreground scattering in the neutral lid that overlies the nebula is shown to have little effect on the line profile, although it could account for some of the unexplained broadening seen in all optical lines.
Study of hole-type gas multiplication structures for portal imaging and other high counting rate applications

We performed studies of operation of various hole-type gas multiplication structures (GEM, capillary plates and others) at very high fluxes of X-rays (<60 keV - brehmstrahlung) and pulsed gamma radiation (< 50 MeV bremsstrahlung). In the case of X-rays the counting rate was 10/sup 5/-10/sup 6/ Hz/mm/sup 2/ and in the case of gamma it reached up to 10/sup 9/ Hz/mm/sup 2/ during the pulses. In most of the measurements all detector-area was exposed to these extremely high fluxes. Results obtained so far indicate that the GEM and the hydrogen treated capillary plates could be successfully used in medical imaging applications.
GaP heteroepitaxy on Si(001): Correlation of Si-surface structure, GaP growth conditions, and Si-III/V interface structure

GaP-layers on Si(001) can serve as pseudo-substrates for a variety of novel optoelectronic devices. The quality of the GaP nucleation layer is a crucial parameter for the performance of such devices. Especially, anti-phase domains (APDs) evolving at mono-atomic steps on the Si-surface can affect the quality of a layer adversely. The size, shape, and possible charge of the APDs and their boundaries depend on the polarity of the surrounding crystal. The observed polarity of the GaP is caused by the A-type double step configuration of the Si-surface reconstruction prior to GaP growth and the prevalent binding of Ga to Si under optimized growth conditions. The polarity of the GaP-layer and hence the atomic configuration at the Si-III/V interface can be changed by altering the growth conditions. With this knowledge, defect-free GaP/Si(001) templates for III/V device integration on Si-substrates can be grown.
Molecular MRI-Based Monitoring of Cancer Immunotherapy Treatment Response

Immunotherapy constitutes a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. Its FDA approval for several indications has yielded improved prognosis for cases where traditional therapy has shown limited efficiency. However, many patients still fail to benefit from this treatment modality, and the exact mechanisms responsible for tumor response are unknown. Noninvasive treatment monitoring is crucial for longitudinal tumor characterization and the early detection of non-responders. While various medical imaging techniques can provide a morphological picture of the lesion and its surrounding tissue, a molecular-oriented imaging approach holds the key to unraveling biological effects that occur much earlier in the immunotherapy timeline. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly versatile imaging modality, where the image contrast can be tailored to emphasize a particular biophysical property of interest using advanced engineering of the imaging pipeline. In this review, recent advances in molecular-MRI based cancer immunotherapy monitoring are described. Next, the presentation of the underlying physics, computational, and biological features are complemented by a critical analysis of the results obtained in preclinical and clinical studies. Finally, emerging artificial intelligence (AI)-based strategies to further distill, quantify, and interpret the image-based molecular MRI information are discussed in terms of perspectives for the future.
Record RF Power Performance at 94 GHz From Millimeter-Wave N-Polar GaN-on-Sapphire Deep-Recess HEMTs

In this article, N-polar GaN-on-sapphire deep-recess metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS)-high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with a breakthrough performance at ${W}$ -band are presented. Compared with prior N-polar GaN MIS-HEMTs, a thin GaN cap layer and atomic layer deposition (ALD) ruthenium (Ru) gate metallization were used along with high-quality GaN-on-sapphire epitaxy from Transphorm Inc. Before SiN passivation, 94 GHz large signal load–pull shows that the transistor obtains a record-high 9.65 dB linear transducer gain and demonstrated 42% power-added efficiency (PAE) with associated 4.4 W/mm of output power density at 12 V drain bias. By biasing the drain at 8 V, the device shows an even higher PAE of 44% with an associated 2.6 W/mm of output power density. After SiN passivation, the fabricated N-polar GaN-on-sapphire HEMTs show a high PAE of 40.2% with an associated 4.85 W/mm of output power density. Furthermore, a very high output power density of 5.83 W/mm with 38.5% PAE is demonstrated at a 14 V drain bias. This power performance shows significant efficiency improvement over previous N-polar GaN-on-SiC and demonstrates a combined efficiency and power density beyond what has been reported for Ga-polar devices, in spite of the low-thermal-conductivity sapphire substrate. This shows that N-polar GaN-on-sapphire technology is an attractive candidate for millimeter-wave power amplifier applications with simultaneous high efficiency and power density.
Masses of rich clusters of galaxies as a test of the biased cold dark matter theory

A survey is presented of the suite of constraints needed to test the ability of the biased cold dark matter (CDM) theory to account for the mass concentrations observed in rich clusters of galaxies. An attempt is made to place limits on the uncertainties in the galaxy clustering length r(0) and the bias parameter b. The limits are favorable but not overly generous for the CDM theory. It is found that no values for r(0) and b are concordant with all available constraints. 72 refs.
Evolution of bright star-forming galaxies in the first billion years

In this thesis, I present the results of a new search for, and study of, luminous galaxies in the first billion years of cosmic time. This work is primarily based on a new selection of bright (L L∗) Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at z ' 6 and z ' 7 in the UltraVISTA first and second data releases (DR1, DR2) and the UKIDSS (UKIRT Infrared Deep Survey) UDS DR10 (Ultra Deep Survey). The UltraVISTA survey provides deep Y, J,H andKs near-imaging over 1.5 deg2 of the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field and the UKIDSS UDS provides J,H and K band data overlapping with the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS), with both fields also containing deep optical and mid-infrared imaging essential for the clean detection of z > 5 galaxies. The fields combined provide an unprecedented 1.65 deg2 of deep multiwavelength data with which to securely select LBGs using a photometric redshift fitting technique, which can additionally remove probable low-redshift galaxy interlopers and galactic dwarf stars that can contaminate ground-based samples. At z ' 7, the DR1 of the UltraVISTA survey was used to select a sample of ten highredshift galaxy candidates, which extended to a 5σ limiting magnitude of Y + J ∼ 25 (AB magnitude, 2-arcsec diameter circular aperture) over 1 deg2. A stack of the four most robust objects from the sample indicated that they were massive (M∗ ' 5 × 109 M ), had blue rest-frame UV slopes (β ' −2.0±0.2) and were highly star-forming (SFR ' 25–50 M yr−1) when compared to previous, fainter, samples of galaxies at z = 7. The number counts of z ' 7 galaxies selected within the UltraVISTA DR1 survey was higher than that expected from extrapolations of the rest-frame UltraViolet (UV) luminosity function (LF) from fainter data, a result that was strongly confirmed with an improved search for z ' 7 galaxies using the UltraVISTA DR2 imaging and the UDS field. A total of 34 galaxies at 6.5 < z < 7.5 were found in the combined fields, which included the previously identified robust galaxies from the DR1 imaging. This expanded sample allowed the first determination of the rest-frame UV LF in the range −23.0 < MUV < −21.5 at z ' 7, and the results reveal a power-law decline
HOW SMOOTH IS A DEVIL'S STAIRCASE?

Let the self-similar set C in R be defined by $C=\bigcup_{j=0}^rh_j(C)$ with a disjoint union, where the hj's are similitude mappings with ratios 0 < aj < 1. Let μ on C be the self-similar probability measure corresponding to the probability vector $(a_0^\xi,\,a_1^\xi,\ldots,\,a_r^\xi)$, where ξ = dimHC is the Hausdorff dimension of C. Let S be the set of points at which the probability distribution function F of μ has no derivative, finite or infinite. We prove that dimH S = (dimHC)2 and dimP S = dimB S = dimHC.
Molecular Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) produced diverse molecular variants during its recent expansion in humans that caused different transmissibility and severity of the associated disease as well as resistance to monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal sera, among other treatments. In order to understand the causes and consequences of the observed SARS-CoV-2 molecular diversity, a variety of recent studies investigated the molecular evolution of this virus during its expansion in humans. In general, this virus evolves with a moderate rate of evolution, in the order of 10−3–10−4 substitutions per site and per year, which presents continuous fluctuations over time. Despite its origin being frequently associated with recombination events between related coronaviruses, little evidence of recombination was detected, and it was mostly located in the spike coding region. Molecular adaptation is heterogeneous among SARS-CoV-2 genes. Although most of the genes evolved under purifying selection, several genes showed genetic signatures of diversifying selection, including a number of positively selected sites that affect proteins relevant for the virus replication. Here, we review current knowledge about the molecular evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in humans, including the emergence and establishment of variants of concern. We also clarify relationships between the nomenclatures of SARS-CoV-2 lineages. We conclude that the molecular evolution of this virus should be monitored over time for predicting relevant phenotypic consequences and designing future efficient treatments.
Social complexity can drive vocal complexity: Group size and information in chickadee calls in Carolina chickadees

There is considerable variation in systems of vocal communication in animals. One hypothesis to explain this variation is that the complexity of the social group influences the groups vocal complexity. This social complexity hypothesis for communication is also central to recent arguments for human language origins, but experimental tests of the hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated whether group size, a fundamental component of social complexity, influenced the complexity of the chickadee call, a call system functioning in social organization of Carolina chickadees, Poecile carolinensis. This call system has been studied in chickadees and related species, and is structurally and functionally rich in its note composition. Complexity of calls was measured using uncertainty (diversity) related to note composition, based on Shannon’s mathematical theory of communication. In unmanipulated field settings, calls of individuals in larger groups had greater complexity (more information) than calls of in.
Hospital Readmission Risk and Risk Factors of People with a Primary or Secondary Discharge Diagnosis of Diabetes

Hospital readmission among people with diabetes is common and costly. A better understanding of the differences between people requiring hospitalization primarily for diabetes (primary discharge diagnosis, 1°DCDx) or another condition (secondary discharge diagnosis, 2°DCDx) may translate into more effective ways to prevent readmissions. This retrospective cohort study compared readmission risk and risk factors between 8054 hospitalized adults with a 1°DCDx or 2°DCDx. The primary outcome was all-cause hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge. The readmission rate was higher in patients with a 1°DCDx than in patients with a 2°DCDx (22.2% vs. 16.2%, p < 0.01). Several independent risk factors for readmission were common to both groups including outpatient follow up, length of stay, employment status, anemia, and lack of insurance. C-statistics for the multivariable models of readmission were not significantly different (0.837 vs. 0.822, p = 0.15). Readmission risk of people with a 1°DCDx was higher than that of people with a 2°DCDx of diabetes. Some risk factors were shared between the two groups, while others were unique. Inpatient diabetes consultation may be more effective at lowering readmission risk among people with a 1°DCDx. These models may perform well to predict readmission risk.
Ultra{endash}steep-spectrum radio sources. II. Radio, infrared, optical, and {ital HST} imaging of high-redshift 4C objects

We present radio, infrared, optical, and {ital HST} imaging data on eight high-redshift ({ital z}{gt}2) ultra{endash}steep-spectrum 4C radio sources. The radio polarization morphologies are highly asymmetric, indicating large rotation measures across the objects. The optical morphologies are all aligned with the radio axis. The multicolor images show strong asymmetric gradients in the color of the continuum along the radio axes. No optical emission is detected from the radio lobes. Narrowband images of the redshifted Ly{alpha} emission show that the emission-line morphology is generally aligned with the radio source but does not necessarily correspond to the apparent morphology of the rest-frame ultraviolet continuum. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Astronomical Society. }
Measuring Sediment Transport Capacity of Concentrated Flow with Erosion Feeding Method

Sediment transport capacity in rills is an important parameter for erosion modeling on hillslopes. It is difficult to measure, especially at gentle slopes with limited rill length. In this study, a special flume with variable slope gradients in upper and lower sections was implemented to measure the sediment transport capacity. The upper flume section with a higher slope gradient generates faster water flow that could scout more sediment to feed the water flow in the rill. The rest of the flume is set at the designated slopes to measure the transport capacity in different slope and runoff conditions. A series of flume experiments were conducted with silt-loam soil to verify the method. The sediment transport capacity was measured under slope gradients of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25° and a flow rate of 2, 4, 8, and 16 L min−1. The measured sediment transport capacity values were compared with reference measurements from other rill erosion experiments with similar materials and setups. At high slope gradients of 15°, 20°, and 25°, the newly suggested method produced almost the same transport capacity values. Under the low slope gradients of 5° and 10°, the maximum sediment concentrations from the 8 m long flume with the uniform gradients in the previous experiments, rill erosion with an 8 m long flume produced were about 36% lower than the values measured with the new method, which is insufficient to make the flow reach sediment transport capacity. The sediment transport capacities at lower slopes measured with the new method followed the same trend as those at higher slopes. The new method can supply enough sediments to ensure the flow approach transport capacity measurement and, therefore, provides a feasible approach for estimating sediment transport capacity for conditions with relatively gentle slopes.
A Novel Framework for Melanoma Lesion Segmentation Using Multiparallel Depthwise Separable and Dilated Convolutions with Swish Activations

Skin cancer remains one of the deadliest kinds of cancer, with a survival rate of about 18–20%. Early diagnosis and segmentation of the most lethal kind of cancer, melanoma, is a challenging and critical task. To diagnose medicinal conditions of melanoma lesions, different researchers proposed automatic and traditional approaches to accurately segment the lesions. However, visual similarity among lesions and intraclass differences are very high, which leads to low-performance accuracy. Furthermore, traditional segmentation algorithms often require human inputs and cannot be utilized in automated systems. To address all of these issues, we provide an improved segmentation model based on depthwise separable convolutions that act on each spatial dimension of the image to segment the lesions. The fundamental idea behind these convolutions is to divide the feature learning steps into two simpler parts that are spatial learning of features and a step for channel combination. Besides this, we employ parallel multidilated filters to encode multiple parallel features and broaden the view of filters with dilations. Moreover, for performance evaluation, the proposed approach is evaluated on three different datasets including DermIS, DermQuest, and ISIC2016. The finding indicates that the suggested segmentation model has achieved the Dice score of 97% for DermIS and DermQuest and 94.7% for the ISBI2016 dataset, respectively.