Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microscopic fluorescent imaging of surface temperature profiles with 0.01 °C resolution

We have exploited the temperature‐dependent fluorescence quantum efficiency in europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTTA) to make high‐resolution, noncontact temperature measurements on the surface of an integrated circuit chip. The EuTTA is spun onto the chip in a polymer film. The chip is illuminated with long‐wave UV light, and the orange fluorescence is imaged onto a charge‐coupled‐device (CCD) camera. Digital image processing completely removes the optical features in the image, leaving a purely thermal map of the surface temperature profile with a measured temperature resolution of better than 0.01 °C and a spatial resolution of 15 μm. With a different camera and optics, 1‐μm resolution should be possible, allowing thermal imaging of the smallest high‐speed integrated circuits.
High-frequency scattering by multiple spheres

Use is made of simple geometrical optics to obtain back-scattering cross sections of arrays of identical spheres, both for broadside and end illumination. Experimental data are given for two- and three-sphere arrays for all angles of illumination and for various spacings of spheres. It is shown that a reasonable knowledge of the general behavior of the cross sections may be obtained even from simple geometrical considerations.
Relative stability and extremal metrics

In this paper, by clarifying the concept of relative K-stability in [ 28 ], we shall solve the stability part of an extremal K¨ahler version of Donaldson-Tian-Yau’s Conjecture. This extends the results in [ 15 ] and [ 27 ]. We then propose a program to solve the existence part of the conjecture.
Quine, Synonymy and Logical Truth

W. V. O. Quine's well-known attack upon the analytic-synthetic distinction is held to affect only one of the two species of analytic statements he distinguishes. In particular it is not directed at and does not affect the so-called logical truths. In this paper the scope of Quine's attack is extended so as to embrace the logical truths as well. It is shown that the unclarifiability of the notion of 'synonymy' deprives us not only of "analytic statements that are obtainable from logical truths by the replacement of synonyms with synonyms" but of "logical truths" themselves.
On the conservation of primary and secondary properties in the simulation of multiphase flows

The formulation of multiphase flows emanates from basic conservation laws: mass, momentum and energy. While these are embedded in the celebrated Navier-Stokes equations, none of these properties do necessarily hold when constructing a computational model, unless special care is taken in discretizing the different terms of the governing equations. The conservation of both primary (mass, momentum) and secondary (energy) quantities is not only relevant to mimic the dynamics of the system, but also computationally beneficial. Conservation of such quantities produce an enhanced physical reliability, removing most of the need for stabiliza-tion artifacts. In addition, discrete conservation implies numerical stability as well, producing inherently stable problems. Focusing on the capillary force, which is one of the most distinguishable features of multiphase flows, we present here our most recent developments in the quest for conservation. Departing from an inherently mass conservative method, in this work we sketch our previous developments to obtain an energy conservation and next we present our attempt at momentum. By carefully assessing the continuum formulation, we delve into the mathematical properties responsible for the conservation of linear momentum, which we then mimic in the regularized and discrete formulations.
Theory of the spherically symmetric photoelectron sheath: A thick sheath approximation and comparison with the ATS 6 observation of a potential barrier

Photoelectrons and secondary electrons have recently been observed to have been reflected back to the ATS 6 spacecraft from a potential barrier in the spacecraft vicinity. Guernsey and Fu (1970) and others have predicted the presence of a potential barrier in a photoelectron sheath. In order to determine whether or not the observed barrier is due to the emitted electrons, a theory for a spherically symmetric sheath has been developed which includes the effects of both the emitted electrons and the ambient plasma electrons and ions. A thick sheath approximation based on an analysis of particle trajectories in phase space is obtained which is valid for large particle Debye lengths. A comparison with the ATS 6 data shows that the observed barrier potentials are too large to be explained in this way.
Testing Whether New is Better Than Used

Abstract : A U-statistic J sub N is proposed for testing the hypothesis H sub O that a new item has stochastically the same life length as a used item of any age (i.e., the life distribution F is exponential), against the alternative hypothesis H sub 1 that a new item has stochastically greater life length (F(x) F(y) > or = F(x+y), for all x > or = 0, y > or = 0, where F = 1-F). J sub n is unbiased; in fact, under a partial ordering of H sub 1 distributions, J sub n is ordered stochastically in the same way. Consistency against H sub 1 alternatives is shown, and asymptotic relative efficiencies are computed. Small sample null tail probabilities are derived, and critical values are tabulated to permit application of the test. (Author)
Texture discrimination through fractal geometry

A method is presented for modeling and identifying textured images. The method is based on the use of iterated function systems, which are utilized for representing the image, and also for getting characteristic measures for different textures. A set of this kind of functions is chosen such that each one of them keeps the relationship between a small region and a larger one, and the regions are selected so that the smaller is inside the larger, for taking the measures about self-similarity properties in that part of the image. These measures are then translated to a feature map, like in the self-organizing map methods, to analyze them.
Hydrostatic Experiments up to Ultrahigh Pressures

The development of the diamond-anvil-cell technology has enabled us to conduct in situ experiments at ultrahigh pressures. The current pressure limit reaches well beyond 200 GPa. The stress environment in such experiments is in general highly nonhydrostatic, and one has to be careful in evaluating the obtained data. Nonhydrostaticity affects the phase stability, transition pressures, equation of state, and various lattice properties. For detailed discussion of the change in physical properties with pressure, we have to realize hydrostatic or quasihydrostatic conditions. I describe our present understanding of the stress state of a sample compressed in a diamond-anvil cell, together with recent efforts for extending the pressure limit of hydrostatic experiments.
Elementary reactions of the phenyl radical, C6H5, with C3H4 isomers, and of benzene, C6H6, with atomic carbon in extraterrestrial environments

Binary collisions of ground state carbon atoms, C( 3 Pj), with benzene, C6H6(X 1 A1g), and of phenyl radicals, C6H5(X 2 A1), with methylacetylene, CH3CCH(X 1 A1), were investigated in crossed beam experiments, ab initio calculations, and via RRKM theory to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of elementary reactions relevant to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in extraterrestrial environments. The reactions of phenyl radicals with allene, H2CCCH2, and with cyclopropene, cyc-C3H4, as well as the reaction of benzyl radicals, C6H5CH2, with acetylene, HCCH, were also inves- tigated theoretically. The C( 3 Pj) atom reacts with benzene via complex formation to a cyclic, seven membered C7H5 doublet radical plus atomic hydrogen. Since this pathway has neither an entrance nor an exit barrier and is exoergic, the benzene molecule can be destroyed by carbon atoms even in the coldest molecular clouds. On the other hand, the reaction of phenyl radicals with methylacetylene has an entrance barrier; at high collision energies, the dynamics are at the boundary between an osculating complex and a direct pathway. Statistical calculations on the phenyl plus methylacetylene reaction demonstrate dramatic energy/temperature dependencies: at lower temperatures, the bicyclic indene isomer is the sole reaction product. But as the temperature increases to 2000 K, formation of indene diminishes in favor of substituted acetylenes and allenes, such as PhCCH, PhCCCH3, PhCHCCH2, and PhCH2CCH. Also, direct H-abstraction channels become accessible, forming benzene and C3H3 radicals, including propargyl. Similar conclusions were reached for the reactions of phenyl radicals with the other C3H4 isomers, as well as for the benzyl + acetylene reaction. The strong temperature dependence emphasizes that distinct product isomers must be included in reaction networks modeling PAH formation in extraterrestrial environments.
Fabrication of frequency-selective surfaces using microlens projection photolithography

This letter describes the use of microlens projection photolithography (μLPL) for the fabrication of repetitive metallic micropatterns, and the application of these patterns as frequency-selective surfaces. Microlens projection photolithography uses an array of microlenses (diameter d=1–1000 micrometers) to project an array of images of an illuminated mask into photoresist. We converted these arrays into patterns in metals by electron beam evaporation and lift off. This technique can produce arrays over areas >10 cm2 with submicrometer feature sizes in a single exposure. We fabricated arrays of metallic micropatterns on substrates transparent to infrared radiation, and demonstrated that appropriate patterns acted as frequency-selective filters.
Breast tumor hypoxia mapping using ultrasound guided diffuse optical tomography

Tumor hypoxia is an important indicator of tumor metabolism and tumor response to various forms of therapy. Currently, no imaging modality exists that can directly map tumor hypoxia non-invasively. We present an ultrasound guided diffuse optical imaging technique for precisely measuring the tumor oxygenation. The approach employs ultrasound structural information as a-prior knowledge for diffuse optical imaging. Hypoxia mapping is achieved using endogenous chromophores such as oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin in the tissue. Because oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin respond differently at different wavelengths, four different laser diodes of wavelengths 740 nm, 780 nm, 808 nm and 830 nm were used for mapping tumor hypoxia by diffuse optical imaging. Hypoxia model experiments were performed using phantoms at different oxygenation conditions (Hemoglobin oxygen saturation: 14%-92%) representing the hemoglobin oxygenation range in tissue. Targets of different sizes mimicking different development stages of breast tumors, 1.0 cm to 2.5 cm diameter in 0.5 cm steps, were tested to validate the oxygen saturation measurement accuracy with target size. The absolute deviations between the estimated hemoglobin oxygen saturations from absorption maps and oxygen measurements obtained using a pO2 electrode were less than 8% over the measured range of oxygen saturations (14% - 92%). An inhomogeneous cocentric blood phantom of deoxygenated center core and oxygenated outer shell was imaged and deoxy- and oxy- hemoglobin maps revealed corresponding distributions which correlate with inhomogeneous deoxy- and oxy- distributions frequently seen in advanced breast cancers located in the depth range of 1-3 cm.
Further refinements of a continuous radon monitor for surface ocean water measurements

Radon is an excellent natural tracer for studying various geophysical processes. In the past centuries, radon isotopes measurement approaches for marine research have been fully developed but still suffer limitations. Here we present the setup and validation of an improved continuous online measurement system (PIC-ORn) to measure dissolved radon in the surface ocean and other water bodies. We demonstrated that the PIC measurement efficiency is ~2 times higher than a RAD7 and is less affected by relative humidity and produces reliable results. Laboratorial measurements indicated that the new PIC-ORn system responded timely to the change of radon activities in water. The new system was successfully deployed during a cruise to the northwest Pacific Ocean in June 2021. Despite low radon-in-water activities, the results obtained by the new PIC-ORn system matched the traditional measurement systems within the estimated uncertainties. The PIC-ORn detector takes advantage of higher efficiency, lower cost, and power consumption, and is less affected by air moisture. The new system does not rely on drying units, further reducing on-site supervision, which would benefit the researches in submarine groundwater advection and diffusion and ocean-atmosphere gas exchange.
Impurity trapping effects in the localisation of muons in solids

Muon spin rotation ( mu SR) experiments are now regularly used to study solids and solid-state processes. The interpretation of mu SR data is usually based on a 'standard' picture in which the muons localise randomly in the solid, and then diffuse, possibly encountering impurities. There remain some important cases where no satisfactory interpretation results. For some of these anomalous systems the authors propose an alternative picture in which the two different factors are the importance of metastable (free muon) excited states, and the role of impurities in causing localisation. They show this allows a possible explanation of results for Al:Mn and demonstrate that elastic strain fields of defects may be a major factor in influencing localisation. They also propose a new mechanism for delayed self-trapping.
The influence of growth temperature and annealing on the magnetization depth profiles across ferromagnetic/semiconductor interfaces

The magnetization depth profiles of three FeCo/GaAs samples grown at different temperatures and measured before and after annealing were obtained using polarized neutron reflectometry. Prior to annealing, the sample grown at 95 °C had the thickest magnetically degraded interfacial region between the FeCo film and the GaAs substrate. For the sample grown at −15 °C, the magnetic interface was sharp. For all samples, annealing promoted thicker interfacial regions with suppressed magnetization and distinct boundaries with the adjoining (FeCo or GaAs) material. Thus, the magnetic structure of the FeCo/GaAs interfacial region was very sensitive to the conditions of growth and annealing.
Betelgeuse: Giant Convection Cells

Spectroscopic observations of the M supergiant star Betelgeuse were taken at the Elginfield Observatory over 17 months in the 1999–2000 observing seasons in order to search for giant convection cells. Although the photospheric spectral lines show some temporal variations, mainly in their depths (consistent with a previously study), the Doppler shift distribution inferred from them is remarkably stable. The spectral lines show characteristic macroturbulence dispersion ∼15 km s−1 and cover a full span of ±50–60 km s−1. The widths of the lines show occasional as well as longer term changes of a few percent but no evidence for giant convection cells. These spectroscopic observations are more consistent with a classical picture of nonthermal photospheric velocities in which large numbers of convection cells appear on the stellar disk at all times.
Optimal leveling of flow over one-dimensional topography by Marangoni stresses

A thin viscous film flowing over a step down in topography exhibits a capillary ridge preceding the step. In applications, a planar liquid surface is often desired and hence there is a need to level the ridge. This paper investigates optimal leveling of the ridge by means of a Marangoni stress such as might be produced by a localized heater creating temperature variations at the film surface. The differential equation for the free surface based on lubrication theory and incorporating the effects of topography and temperature gradients is solved numerically for steps down in topography with different temperature profiles. Both rectangular “top-hat” and parabolic profiles, chosen to model physically realizable heaters, were found to be effective in reducing the height of the capillary ridge. Leveling the ridge is formulated as an optimization problem to minimize the maximum free-surface height by varying the heater strength, position, and width. With the optimized heaters, the variation in surface height is.
The quality of guidelines for treatment of carotid artery disease: a critical appraisal using the AGREE II instrument

Abstract Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) are structured recommendations based on systematic reviews of the available evidence and are useful tools to support clinical decision-making. However, studies have raised concerns about the methodological and scientific quality of several CPG, which can affect their application in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic appraisal of the methodological quality of carotid atherosclerotic disease clinical guidelines, published from 2000 to 2019, using the AGREE II instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation Instrument II). The appraisers independently assessed the quality of the CPG included in the study for each of the 6 domains of the AGREE II tool. The CPG were rated as high, moderate, or low quality using a points scale. A total of 9 CPGs were selected for appraisal. Except for domain 2 (kappa=0.715), excellent agreement was observed between the appraisers (kappa>0.75). Five of the CPGs were rated as high overall methodological quality rating, 5 were rated as moderate overall methodological quality, and 2 were rated low overall methodological quality. The authors conclude that: (1) appraisal of carotid atherosclerotic disease clinical guidelines using the AGREE II instrument is feasible, with a high degree of agreement among appraisers; and (2) that most CPGs on the management of atherosclerotic carotid disease have high methodological quality.
New results on networked control systems with non-stationary packet dropouts

In this study, an improved observer-based stabilising controller has been designed for networked systems involving both random measurement and actuation delays and subject to non-stationary packet dropouts. The developed control algorithm is suitable for networked systems with any type of delays. By the simultaneous presence of binary random delays and making full use of the delay information in the measurement model and controller design, new and less conservative stabilisation conditions for networked control systems are derived. The criterion is formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Detailed simulation studies on representative systems are provided to show the applicability of the developed design technique.
Two-Armed Bandit Strategies that Discount Past and Future

Abstract We explore the small-sample performance of m-step look ahead strategies that only use the k most recent observations, for the Bernoulli two-armed bandit problem. The larger k is not always the better. Strategies with small k and m perform almost as well as the optimal strategies, and they dominate the optimal one over a non-negligible part of the parameter space. Given that they adapt better to unplanned non-stationarities and outperform the optimal one under small prior misspecifications, they will be hard to beat in applications.
A High-Resolution Radio Study of the W50-SS 433 System and the Surrounding Medium

We present VLA images at 327.5 and 1465 MHz of the nebula W50 surrounding the stellar source of relativistic jets SS 433. At 1.4 GHz, we have produced an image of W50 with an angular resolution of 55″ that contains all the spatial structures. The technique consists of a complex combination of 58 separate VLA pointings plus the addition of single-dish data into a single mosaic. For the first time, this high-quality radio image has revealed the puzzling structure of W50, which resembles a seashell. The present data confirm the connection between the subarcsecond relativistic jets from SS 433 and the extended nebula W50 over ∼5 orders of magnitude in scale. The central component can be very accurately described by a circle 58′ in diameter. The eastern wing exhibits a clear helical pattern that mirrors at larger scales the precession of the jets from SS 433. The western wing, smaller and brighter than its eastern counterpart, has a bright bowed arch at the edge, in the region where the structure appears to interact with a higher density medium. The spectral index of the radio continuum emission exhibits striking asymmetries: the central spherical component has a quite normal spectrum for shell-type supernova remnants, α ∼ 0.5 (S ∝ ν-α), while it steepens toward the eastern wing (α ∼ 0.8) and flattens toward the western one (α ∼ 0.4). A "chimney," apparently radiating away from W50, is observed in the eastern wing. The atomic hydrogen emission was surveyed in an area of 4° × 4° around W50 using the NRAO Green Bank 140 foot (43 m) telescope. Based on these observations, unmistakable evidence of an interaction of W50 with the surrounding H I gas at the systemic radial velocity v = 42 km s-1 is found. Clear traces of the interaction of the jets of SS 433 with the surrounding gas are shown. Based on these observations a kinematic distance of 3 kpc is determined for the W50–SS 433 system. An elliptical shell of ∼30,000 M⊙, expanding at about 76 km s-1, can be associated with the radio nebula. The kinetic energy transferred into the ambient medium is estimated (∼2 × 1051 ergs), thus confirming that the relativistic jets from SS 433 represent an important contribution to the overall energy budget of W50.
Bilateral Sensorimotor Cortical Communication Modulated by Multiple Hand Training in Stroke Participants: A Single Training Session Pilot Study

Bi-manual therapy (BT), mirror therapy (MT), and robot-assisted rehabilitation have been conducted in hand training in a wide range of stages in stroke patients; however, the mechanisms of action during training remain unclear. In the present study, participants performed hand tasks under different intervention conditions to study bilateral sensorimotor cortical communication, and EEG was recorded. A multifactorial design of the experiment was used with the factors of manipulating objects (O), robot-assisted bimanual training (RT), and MT. The sum of spectral coherence was applied to analyze the C3 and C4 signals to measure the level of bilateral corticocortical communication. We included stroke patients with onset <6 months (n = 6), between 6 months and 1 year (n = 14), and onset >1 year (n = 20), and their Brunnstrom recovery stage ranged from 2 to 4. The results showed that stroke duration might influence the effects of hand rehabilitation in bilateral cortical corticocortical communication with significant main effects under different conditions in the alpha and beta bands. Therefore, stroke duration may influence the effects of hand rehabilitation on interhemispheric coherence.