Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
z Test for the significance of the mean of a stable probability distribution with 1

The analysis of data using a stable probability distribution with tail parameter α<2 (sometimes called a Pareto–Levy distribution) seems to have been avoided in the past in part because of the lack of a significance test for the mean, even though it appears to be the correct distribution to use for describing returns in the financial markets. A z test for the significance of the mean of a stable distribution with tail parameter 1<α≤2 is defined. Tables are calculated and displayed for the 5% and 1% significance levels for a range of tail and skew parameters α and β. Through the use of maximum likelihood estimates, the test becomes a practical tool even when α and β are not that accurately determined. As an example, the z test is applied to the daily closing prices for the Dow Jones Industrial average from 2 January 1940 to 19 March 2010.
Multiple finger propagation modes in Hele-Shaw channels of variable depth

Abstract We consider the propagation of an air finger into a wide fluid-filled channel with a spatially varying depth profile. Our aim is to understand the origin of the multiple coexisting families of both steady and oscillatory propagating fingers previously observed in experiments in axially uniform channels each containing a centred step-like occlusion. We find that a depth-averaged model can reproduce all the finger propagation modes observed experimentally. In addition, the model reveals new modes for symmetric finger propagation. The inclusion of a spatially variable channel depth in the depth-averaged equations leads to: (i) a variable mobility coefficient within the fluid domain due to variations in viscous resistance of the channel; and (ii) a variable transverse curvature term in the dynamic boundary condition that modifies the pressure jump over the air–liquid interface. We use our model to examine the roles of these two distinct effects and find that both contribute to the steady bifurcation structure, while the transverse curvature term is responsible for the distinctive oscillatory propagation modes.
Bistability, limiting, and self-pulsing in backward second-harmonic generation: a time-domain approach

We investigate backward second-harmonic generation in short-period quasi-phase-matched gratings by means of a finite-difference time-domain method adapted to modelling dispersive nonlinear propagation in the one-dimensional quasi-scalar approximation. Particular emphasis is placed on instability phenomena, encompassing bistability, limiting (frustrated bistability), and self-pulsing. We check the behaviour of the frequency conversion process against the prediction of the coupled-mode theory.
Macroscopic analyses of communicability structures in complex networks

We study the dynamical property of macroscopic community structures in two scientific societies. The type of data is extracted from author networks in both the Korean Meteorological Society and the Korean Physical Society. We discuss some notable methods for giving evolutionary information as the community structure is investigated using the model of oscillator networks. We simulate and analyze macroscopic community metrics such as the entropy, the natural connectivity, the free energy, the total energy, and the bipartivity in the community structures of the two scientific societies. We particularly compare and analyze the statistical values between the two scientific societies.
Systematic study of the rf-induced evaporation of 87Rb atoms in a spherical magnetic quadrupole trap

We trap 87Rb atoms in a spherical magnetic quadrupole potential consisting of a pair of anti-Helmholtz coils. The number of trapped atoms is 2.16(7)×108, and the lifetime is 26 seconds. The number, the temperature and the size of the atoms in a magnetic trap are controlled by the forced rfevaporative cooling technique. We obtain a sub-Doppler temperature of 33.7(5) μK in these atoms at an evaporation frequency of 4.2 MHz in the magnetic quadrupole trap. We discuss the properties of the atoms in the spherical magnetic quadrupole trap and the results of the rf-evaporation process.
Distribution of sunspot umbral areas - 1917-1982

Over 24,000 measurements of individual sunspot umbral areas taken from the Mount Wilson white-light plate collection covering the period 1917-1982 are used to determine the relative size distribution of sunspot umbras. In the range 1.5-141 millionths of a solar hemisphere, the sunspot umbral areas are found to be distributed lognormally. Moreover, the same distribution is obtained for all phases of the solar cycle (maximum, minimum, ascending, descending), as well as for various individual cycles, between 1917 and 1982. Both the mean and the geometric logarithmic standard deviation of this distribution appear to be intrinsically constant over the entire data set; only the number of spots exhibits the familiar solar cycle variations. If the observed lognormal umbral size distribution is not a particular attribute of the sunspot umbras but is instead of a more fundamental property of emerging magnetic flux, then the data would predict a maximum in the size spectrum of photospheric magnetic structures for flux tubes with radii in the range 500-800 km. The absence of solar cycle variations in the relative distribution of umbral areas and especially the lognormal character of this distribution may both argue for the fragmentation of magnetic elements in the solar envelope. 22 references.
Manipulation of luminescence from CdSe nanoparticles by three-dimensional photonic crystal

We have demonstrated that the luminescence properties of CdSe nanoparticles can be manipulated by self-assembled silica photonic crystal. When the emitting wavelength of nanoparticles matches the stop band of the photonic crystal, the photoluminescence of the CdSe nanoparticles can be greatly enhanced by up to five times. By changing the collection angle of photoluminescence measurements, the photoluminescence intensity of CdSe embedded in photonic crystal can also be controlled.
Sonic surfaces for adiabatic flow in a stationary axisymmetric spacetime

Les equations gouvernant l'ecoulement stationnaire d'un fluide adiabatique en rotation dans un espace-temps stationnaire axisymetrique sont etablies sous la forme d'une equation differentielle partielle au second ordre. Si les lignes du courant sont supposees orthogonales a la surface sonique, alors le flux de masse total a travers la surface est localement extremal et la surface elle-meme peut etre construite en resolvant une equation differentielle ordinaire du quatrieme ordre. Ceci est realise analytiquement dans les metriques de Kerr et de Schwarzschild
On the material time derivative of volume, surface, and line integrals

Traditional derivation of the material time derivative of volume, surface, and line integrals relies upon the notion of a referential configuration of continuum. Such a notion, however, is artificial and, probably, somewhat misleading in cases of liquids, gases, plastic flow of solids etc. It is, consequently, desirable to separate the formal calculation of the material time derivative of time-dependent integrals from any physics that can be related with them. Such a separation is targeted in the present letter where no referential continuum configuration or other physical notion is involved. The material time derivative of volume, surface, and line integrals is presented as a purely mathematical manipulation.
Phase properties of a surface-plasmon resonance from the viewpoint of sensor applications

The physical picture of the behaviour of the phase of a light wave, reflected from a metal film under surface-plasmon resonance conditions, was determined theoretically and experimentally for various values of a whole series of parameters. It was found in particular that for a p-polarised wave the dependence of the phase on the angle of incidence and on the radiation wavelength, and also on the refractive index of a medium or on the thickness of a (bio)chemical receptor layer on the metal surface, had a section with an abrupt jump-like change. The steepness of this section, i.e. the sensitivity of the phase to a change in the relevant parameter, can exceed by several orders of magnitude the steepness of the intensity resonance profile and in theory it can tend to infinity as the intensity at the reflection minimum approaches zero. This is the basis of a discussion of promising (bio)chemical sensor methods ensuring a significantly higher sensitivity and yet the same wide dynamic range as the traditional detection of an intensity minimum.
F and O radicals and ion energy distribution in etching of silicon via hole in a weakly-magnetized, inductively-coupled SF6/O2 plasma

In this article, the effects of the magnetic field on the through-silicon-via (TSV) etching characteristics in an inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) were investigated and the results were compared with those in an unmagnetized ICP. The densities of the radicals in the SF6/O2 plasma were measured by using actinometry, and the ion energy distribution and flux of the Ar plasma were determined by using an ion energy analyzer in order to understand the differences in etching behaviors. The silicon etching rate in the M-ICP was three times faster than that in the unmagnetized ICP under the same RF power and gas conditions. However, the etch anisotropy in the M-ICP was rather poor compared to that in the ICP. In order to observe differences in the etching characteristics, we varied the SF6/O2 gas mixing ratio and the pressure. Lowering pressure at the optimal ratio for the SF6/O2 gas mixture influenced the ratio of F radicals to O radicals and the mean free path of ions. Consequently, a high etching rate with good anisotropy in TSV etching could be achieved in a M-ICP.
Electric properties of soft PZT ceramics under combined electric and mechanic fields

The effect of uniaxial pressure (0–1000 bars) applied parallel or perpendicular to the ac electric field on electric properties of soft PZT ceramics has been investigated. It was found that uniaxial pressure significantly influences these properties. With increasing pressure the peak intensity in the e(T) curve decreases, becomes diffuse and shifts to a higher temperature, dielectric hysteresis is reduced, and dielectric dispersion decreases. It was shown that the application of pressure perpendicular to the electric poling direction improves the ferroelectric properties. It was concluded, that applied uniaxial pressure or increasing Ti-ion concentration in PZT system induces similar effects. The results were discussed in term of Cochran soft-mode model and domain switching under influence of pressure.
Polarization properties of honeycomb-structured photonic bandgap fibres

New polarization properties of photonic bandgap optical fibres are analysed. Exemplified by an analysis of honeycomb-structured photonic bandgap fibres, strong birefringence is found for modest non-uniformities (deviations from the 60° symmetry) in and around the core region. This suggests the application of photonic bandgap fibres as polarization-maintaining optical components.
Baseline restoration and pile-up correction based on bipolar cusp-like shaping for high-resolution radiation spectroscopy

The baseline may shift in many radiation measurement systems. The shift is time variant and depends on the events. Also, with high count rates, pulses may overlap in random time intervals. These phenomena can affect the peak values of the pulses. Piled-up events are traditionally rejected, but this reduces the detection efficiency considerably. In other approaches, the corrupted events are reconstructed, and information about the single pulses is extracted. The peaks carry much of the basic information, so many shaping methods have been proposed so far. For pile-up mitigation, a narrow unipolar shaping is enough, but a baseline shift is eliminated by using bipolar shaping. However, the latter decreases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is critical for high-resolution spectroscopy. In this paper, we propose bipolar cusp-like shaping as a tradeoff between mitigating the baseline shift and pulse pile-up. A novel recursive algorithm, implementable on digital pulse processors (DPPs), is introduced and is then evaluated. Finally, the superior noise-reduction capability is studied by using Monte Carlo simulations, a real piled-up pulse stream shaped by using the algorithm, and the results show its advantages.
Timescale for radiation belt electron acceleration by whistler mode chorus waves

[1] Electron acceleration inside the Earth's magnetosphere is required to explain increases in the ∼MeV radiation belt electron flux during magnetically disturbed periods. Recent studies show that electron acceleration by whistler mode chorus waves becomes most efficient just outside the plasmapause, near L = 4.5, where peaks in the electron phase space density are observed. We present CRRES data on the spatial distribution of chorus emissions during active conditions. The wave data are used to calculate the pitch angle and energy diffusion rates in three magnetic local time (MLT) sectors and to obtain a timescale for acceleration. We show that chorus emissions in the prenoon sector accelerate electrons most efficiently at latitudes above 15° for equatorial pitch angles between 20° and 60°. As electrons drift around the Earth, they are scattered to large pitch angles and further accelerated by chorus on the nightside in the equatorial region. The timescale to accelerate electrons by whistler mode chorus and increase the flux at 1 MeV by an order of magnitude is approximately 1 day, in agreement with satellite observations during the recovery phase of storms. During wave acceleration the electrons undergo many drift orbits and the resulting pitch angle distributions are energy-dependent. Chorus scattering should produce pitch angle distributions that are either flat-topped or butterfly-shaped. The results provide strong support for the wave acceleration theory.
Effect of Thermal Noise on Conserved Lattice Gas

We present a modified conserved lattice gas (CLG) model in two dimensions with a thermal noise parameter, P = exp(−1/T), where T is the effective temperature. In particular, we focus on the interplay of thermal noise P and the total density of particles ρ in the CLG model. The universality class of the case of 0 <P < 1 can be compared with P = 0 and P =1 cases. We discuss the critical behavior of absorbing phase transitions in the generalized CLG (GCLG) model by two well-defined order parameters: one is the density of active particles (a pair of consecutive particles) and the other is the density of energy-loss particles. While the former is useful at P = 1 (T = ∞)asthe typical one in nonequilibrium absorbing phase transitions, the latter is suggested as the best at P = 0 (T = 0) due to the oscillatory behavior in the localized active phase. Based on extensive numerical tests, we find that the density of energy-loss particles can also be a good indicator even for finite P values. Finally, we propose a schematic phase diagram of the GCLG as P varies.
Autocorrelation-based estimate of particle image density for diffraction limited particle images

In particle image velocimetry (PIV), the number of particle images per interrogation region, or particle image density, impacts the strength of the correlation and, as a result, the number of valid vectors and the measurement uncertainty. For some uncertainty methods, an a priori estimate of the uncertainty of PIV requires knowledge of the particle image density. An autocorrelation-based method for estimating the local, instantaneous, particle image density is presented. The method assumes that the particle images are diffraction limited and thus Gaussian in shape. Synthetic images are used to develop an empirical relationship between the autocorrelation peak magnitude and the particle image density, particle image diameter, particle image intensity, and interrogation region size. This relationship is tested using experimental images. The experimental results are compared to particle image densities obtained through implementing a local maximum method and are found to be more robust. The effect of varying particle image intensities was also investigated and is found to affect the measurement of the particle image density. Knowledge of the particle image density in PIV facilitates uncertainty estimation, and can alert the user that particle image density is too low or too high, even if these conditions are intermittent. This information can be used as a new vector validation criterion for PIV processing. In addition, use of this method is not limited to PIV, but it can be used to determine the density of any image with diffraction limited particle images.
A projection scheme for incompressible multiphase flow using adaptive Eulerian grid: 3D validation

A three‐dimensional finite element method for incompressible multiphase flows with capillary interfaces is developed based on a (formally) second‐order projection scheme. The discretization is on a fixed (Eulerian) reference grid with an edge‐based local h‐refinement in the neighbourhood of the interfaces. The fluid phases are identified and advected using the level‐set function. The reference grid is then temporarily reconnected around the interface to maintain optimal interpolations accounting for the singularities of the primary variables. Using a time splitting procedure, the convection substep is integrated with an explicit scheme. The remaining generalized Stokes problem is solved by means of a pressure‐stabilized projection. This method is simple and efficient, as demonstrated by a wide range of difficult free‐surface validation problems, considered in the paper. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of CH4 gas and substrate temperature on hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films fabricated using DC facing target sputtering

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates by using a DC facing target sputtering system. The effects of the CH4 gas and the substrate temperature on the deposition rate and the properties of the film were investigated. We found that the deposition rate of the film grown under an Ar-CH4 plasma was about three times larger than that of the film grown under an Ar plasma. The CH4 gas played a role as an additional carbon precursor to increase the deposition rate, which could be seen as a CH* peak at 431 nm in the optical emission spectra of the Ar-CH4 plasma. The sp3 fraction in the film increased gradually from 32 to 37% as the substrate temperature was increased from 100 °C to 400 °C. The optical band-gap energy of the a-C:H films varied from 3.9 to 3.98 eV, and this variation was closely related to changes in the sp3 fraction. Overall, these results indicate that the addition of CH4 gas to a-C:H film deposition enhanced the deposition rate by changing the deposition mechanism from physical to reactive.
FINITE MIXTURE OF CERTAIN DISTRIBUTIONS

ABSTRACT A two parameter extended form of standard gamma function is suggested which provide extra flexibility to the density function over positive range. A finite mixture of beta distribution is defined by using the suggested extended form. The shape of density function of extended gamma distribution and also that of finite mixture of beta distribution for various values of the parameters are shown. Inverted distribution of extended gamma and that of finite mixture of beta distribution are given.
Cortical hemodynamic response patterns to normal and whispered speech

Whispered speech is often used in direct person-to-person communication as a means to confidentiality. Compared with normally-vocalized speech, whispered speech is predominantly unvoiced, i.e., produced without vocal fold vibration, and has no clear fundamental frequency. By using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), we assessed cortical hemodynamic response patterns to normally-vocalized and whispered speech in adult listeners (n=13). Stimuli consisted of 20-s strings of Japanese word associations spoken by a female voice. Average oxygenated hemoglobin values (oxy-Hb) were obtained over two regions of interest (ROIs). Oxy-Hb values during the perception of normally-vocalized speech were highest over the left temporal ROI, but not significantly different from values measured over other ROIs. Oxy-Hb values during whispered speech were highest over the right temporal ROI and significantly higher (p<0.05) than those obtained over the left temporal ROI. No significant differences, however, were found in oxy-Hb .
Variation of nonclassical states of light

We consider a beam splitter as an optical device to generate a class of nonclassical states out of a nonclassical input state. On sending a nonclassical light toward one input port and the vacuum to the other, one can generally obtain the two output lights which are less nonclassical than the input state. We also consider the limit, in which the input intensity grows indefinitely and the trasmission coefficient vanishes such that their product becomes finite, to find various states of light lying between nonclassical and classical states.
Fluorescence and Raman Enhancement Effect Caused by a Chemical Mechanism in Metal-Tetraphenylporphyrin on 2D Layered Materials

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials exhibiting a flat surface have been strong candidates for studies investigating both the fundamental Raman enhancement in these materials and their practical applications. Here, we explore the Raman and the fluorescence enhancement effects of metal-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) molecules on graphene and MoSe2. We attribute the enhancement behaviors to the charge transfer interaction between the 2D materials and the adsorbates. The enhancement factors for the two flat substrates are dissimilar due to the charge transfer ability resulting from the electronic structures. The charge transfer interaction can be explained by the adsorption probability based on Langmuir’s model.
Operator Estimates for Fredholm Modules

Abstract We study estimates of the type 1 $${{\left\| \phi (D)\,-\,\phi ({{D}_{0}}) \right\|}_{E(\mathcal{M},\,\tau )}}\,\le \,C\,\cdot \,{{\left\| D\,-\,{{D}_{0}} \right\|}^{\alpha }},\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\alpha \,=\,\frac{1}{2},\,1$$ where $\phi (t)\,=\,t{{(1\,+\,{{t}^{2}})}^{-1/2}},\,{{D}_{0}}\,=\,D_{0}^{*}$ is an unbounded linear operator affiliated with a semifinite von Neumann algebra $M,D-{{D}_{0}}$ is a bounded self-adjoint linear operator from $\mathcal{M}$ and ${{(1+D_{0}^{2})}^{-1/2}}\in E(M,\tau )$ , where $E(\mathcal{M},\tau )$ is a symmetric operator space associated with $\mathcal{M}$ . In particular, we prove that $\phi \left( D \right)-\phi \left( {{D}_{0}} \right)$ belongs to the non-commutative ${{L}_{p}}$ -space for some $p\in (1,\infty )$ , provided ${{(1+D_{0}^{2})}^{-1/2}}$ belongs to the noncommutative weak ${{L}_{r}}$ -space for some $r\in [1,p)$ . In the case $\mathcal{M}\,=\,\mathcal{B}\left( \mathcal{H} \right)$ and $1\,\le \,p\,\le \,2$ , we show that this result continues to hold under the weaker assumption ${{(1+D_{0}^{2})}^{-1/2}}\in {{C}_{p}}$ . This may be regarded as an odd counterpart of A. Connes’ result for the case of even Fredholm modules.
Thermal Response of a Neutron Star to a Glitch

In a glitch, some energy must be liberated in the neutron star interior. We examine the thermal response of a neutron star to a sudden energy release in the interior. A part of the released energy diffuses outward and is emitted promptly as thermal afterglow from the surface of the star. The appearance of the thermal afterglow exhibits significant variations depending on the magnitude and depth of the energy release and on the equation of state for dense matter. We especially show how the thermal response varies according to whether the released energies are a small or large fraction of the heat content of the star. We also discuss how observations of thermal afterglow can be used to set constraints on the transient energy release and on the equation of state.