Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure under Mount Rainier, Washington, inferred from teleseismic body waves

Teleseismic long-period P waves recorded at the World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network station LON (Longmire, Washington) are shown to exhibit strong anomalous particle motion not attributable to instrument miscalibration or malfunction. In particular, a large and azimuthally smoothly varying tangential component is observed after vector rotation of horizontal P waves into the ray direction and after application of a deconvolution technique which equalizes effective source time functions and removes the instrument response. These tangential waves attain amplitudes comparable to the radial component and demonstrate wave form antisymmetry about a NNE azimuth. A model which contains a single high-contrast interface dipping toward the NNE at a depth of 15–20 km can explain most of the characteristics of the long-period P wave data, provided dips are greater than about 10° and only the interference of P and Ps generated at the interface is considered. The model breaks down for later arrivals which are presumably multiples or scattered waves. Examination of long-period S waves from several deep teleseisms shows a prominent Sp arrival 18 s before S. The timing of this phase conversion suggests an interface at about 145-km depth, and its sense of polarity suggests that the velocity contrast is from higher to lower velocities as depth decreases. This interface may correspond to the bottom of the upper mantle low-velocity zone in the area.
Seismic measurements on the ocean floor: 1. Bermuda area

A seismograph system was placed on the ocean floor 65 km south of Bermuda in May 1964, at a depth of 4.3 km. Instrumentation consisted of three long-period seismometers (natural period = 15 sec) and one short-period vertical-component seismometer (natural period = 1 sec). Data were telemetered acoustically to a shipborne receiver for 8½ days. This experiment represents the first successful atttempt to operate long-period seismographs on the ocean floor. Predominant periods, time variations in average level, and associated energy flux of observed microseisms are approximately the same at Bermuda and on the ocean floor. It is concluded that (1) the energy of the microseisms is coupled into the layered medium by water-wave interaction, (2) the observed microseisms were generated near Bermuda and not directly beneath storms at sea, and (3) these microseisms propagate primarily as Rayleigh waves of the fundamental mode. Phases from nine earthquakes were identified on the records from the ocean-bottom instruments. The general character of the observed phases does not differ substantially from those recorded at the Bermuda standard station except for the presence of greater high-frequency amplitudes on the ocean bottom from a series of Dominican Republic shocks. The signal-to-noise ratio is larger at Bermuda for periods longer than about 1 sec, but is larger at the ocean-bottom site for shorter periods. Energy associated with a short-period Rayleigh wave propagating through the ocean bottom in the fundamental mode is concentrated near the water-sediment interface. In the island structure, the energy is distributed more uniformly with depth. This difference explains the relatively large microseismic amplitudes measured on the ocean floor. On the basis of the model used to represent the structure at the ocean-bottom site, for a given energy flux, removal of the unconsolidated sediment layer reduces the theoretical particle-motion amplitude of the water-solid interface by factors of 8 and 94 for the vertical and horizontal components, respectively. Such a reduction in background level would make the ocean-bottom site an order of magnitude quieter than the station on Bermuda. This result indicates the possible advantages of locating instruments at sediment-free sites on the ocean bottom.
Spatiotemporal variability in peatland subsurface methane dynamics

[1] Peatlands are large natural sources of atmospheric methane (CH4). While many studies have measured CH4 emissions to the atmosphere, less is known about the stock and residence time of subsurface CH4. In this study we examined dissolved CH4 concentration in near-surface peatland pore waters of a poor fen near Quebec City, Canada, in order to (1) investigate the variability in and potential controls on these concentrations and (2) combine measured dissolved CH4 concentration with estimated bubble CH4 stock and measured CH4 fluxes to estimate the mean residence time of subsurface CH4. Concentrations ranged from 1 to 450 μM during both study seasons. Depth profiles were generally consistent at one location within the peatland throughout the sampling period but varied between locations. Patterns with depth were not well correlated to pore water pH or EC; however, changes in CH4 concentration through time in the upper 30 cm were related to temperature and water table at some locations. Depth profiles taken at 2- to 5-cm intervals revealed discrete concentration “spikes” which were often maintained throughout the season and are likely related to bubble CH4 dynamics. Estimated subsurface CH4 stocks indicate that even when relatively low bubble volume (5% of peat volume) is assumed, bubble CH4 accounted for greater than half of total stocks. Calculated mean residence times were 28–120 days. This implies that CH4 flux may lag changes in water table and temperature which happen on shorter timescales (hours or days). To improve our description of subsurface CH4 stocks, links between dissolved and bubble CH4 stocks and peatland CH4 residence time, coincident measurement of pore water CH4 concentrations, entrapped gas content and composition, diffusive CH4 flux, and ebullition are required.
Reasons to Be Skeptical about Sentience and Pain in Fishes and Aquatic Invertebrates

Abstract The welfare of fishes and aquatic invertebrates is important, and several jurisdictions have included these taxa under welfare regulation in recent years. Regulation of welfare requires use of scientifically validated welfare criteria. This is why applying Mertonian skepticism toward claims for sentience and pain in fishes and aquatic invertebrates is scientifically sound and prudent, particularly when those claims are used to justify legislation regulating the welfare of these taxa. Enacting welfare legislation for these taxa without strong scientific evidence is a societal and political choice that risks creating scientific and interpretational problems as well as major policy challenges, including the potential to generate significant unintended consequences. In contrast, a more rigorous science-based approach to the welfare of aquatic organisms that is based on verified, validated and measurable endpoints is more likely to result in “win-win” scenarios that minimize the risk of unintended negative impacts for all stakeholders, including fish and aquatic invertebrates. The authors identify as supporters of animal welfare, and emphasize that this issue is not about choosing between welfare and no welfare for fish and aquatic invertebrates, but rather to ensure that important decisions about their welfare are based on scientifically robust evidence. These ten reasons are delivered in the spirit of organized skepticism to orient legislators, decision makers and the scientific community, and alert them to the need to maintain a high scientific evidential bar for any operational welfare indicators used for aquatic animals, particularly those mandated by legislation. Moving forward, maintaining the highest scientific standards is vitally important, in order to protect not only aquatic animal welfare, but also global food security and the welfare of humans.
A direct distribution model for regional aquatic acidification

A model is developed to predict the regional distribution of lake acidification and its effect on fish survival. The model predicts the effect of changes in acid deposition rates on the mean and variance of the regional distribution of lake alkalinity using empirical weathering models with variable weathering factors. The regional distribution of lake alkalinity is represented by a three-parameter lognorrnal distribution. The regional pH distribution is derived using an explicit pH-alkalinity relationship. The predicted pH distribution is combined with a fish presence-absence relationship to predict the fraction of lakes in a region able to support fish. The model is illustrated with a set of 1014 lakes in the Adirondack Park region of New York State. Significant needs for future research for regional aggregation of aquatic acidification models are identified.
Environmental change and peatland forest dynamics in the Lake Sentarum area, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Four short pollen and charcoal records from sites within and around Lake Pemerak on the margins of the Danau (Lake) Sentarum National Park in inland West Kalimantan, supported by modern surface samples from the Reserve, provide a partial picture of lowland equatorial vegetation and environments over at least the last 40 000 years. They demonstrate general stability in the distribution of wetland and ombrotrophic (or raised) peatlands through the recorded period with dominance throughout of peatland and swamp forest. However, there was marked variation in sediment accumulation rates and in the floristic composition of the vegetation. The period prior to the last glacial maximum appears to have been the time of most active peatland growth and contrasts with the perception, from previous studies on largely coastal and subcoastal peatlands in Indonesia, that the Holocene was the time of major tropical peat accumulation. A general increase in charcoal, just prior to about 30 000 years ago, suggests that burning became more frequent, and is attributed to initial human impact rather than climate change. The subsequent latest Pleistocene period, embracing the Last Glacial Maximum, is marked by a peak in montane–submontane rainforest taxa, strongly indicating a substantial lowering of temperature. It appears that much of the Holocene is not recorded but recommencement of peat accumulation is evident within the last few thousand years. At the time of fieldwork access to the central part of the Lake Sentarum system was inhibited by strong El Niño drought conditions, but this area has the potential to provide a longer and more continuous history of environmental change for the region. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response to Comment on “Climate Sensitivity Estimated from Temperature Reconstructions of the Last Glacial Maximum”

The removal of data by Fyke and Eby is mostly unjustified, and their statistics are oversimplified, but the suggestion that structural model uncertainty— in particular, the atmospheric heat flux formulation— may have led to underestimation of equilibrium climate sensitivity for a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in our 2011 paper may have merit and should be quantified in future studies.
Development of Parametric Filter Banks for Sound Feature Extraction

A kind of learnable parametric filter banks is proposed in this paper. Parametric filter banks refer to selecting learnable parameters from the original filter banks and learning a parameter filter banks that adapts to the current dataset through the learning ability of a neural network. We use three types of filter banks, including the popular Mel filter banks, the Gammatone filter banks that mimics the response of the human auditory filter in the cochlea, and our own Gaussian filter banks. The performance evaluation of parametric filter banks is conducted on a speech recognition dataset called Audio-MNIST which contains the spoken digit pronunciation and a self-created news speech dataset called Ten Languages which include ten different language countries. Comparative experiments are conducted on both Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Full-Connected Neural Network (FCNN) for classification. The experimental results show that the parametric filter banks outperforms the original filter banks in the comparative experiment, and the parametric Gammatone filter banks achieves the highest accuracy of 98.77% and 92.14% on the Audio MNIST dataset and test data in ten languages. In order to further confirm the performance of the model, the number of class data in the dataset is different. We also use weighted average F1-score as the evaluation metric, with a maximum of 0.99 and 0.92.
Gallium‐Based Liquid Metals: Optical Properties, Applications, and Challenges

Originating from the intrinsic metallic and liquid natures, gallium‐based liquid metals (Ga‐based LMs) have been greatly developed in the research of soft electronics, chemical synthesis, and other fields due to their fascinating characteristics. Meanwhile, the development and application of metal optics can help modern medicine and industry reach rapid developmental stages, such as disease imaging, photothermal treatment, and sensor detection. However, Ga‐based LMs have been much less explored in terms of their optical properties, particularly liquid alloys, and few reviews have contributed to their photonic applications. Ga‐based LMs can achieve wideband‐tunable plasmonic resonance and exhibit characteristic optical responses owing to their unique polymorphisms, undercooling, and superior mobility. Ga‐based LMs have broad applications in optical switches and memory, optical sensors, light sources, light‐driven micro or nano‐robots, photoacoustic imaging, and controllable metamaterials. In this study, recent progress in the optical properties of Ga‐based LMs and their potential applications are summarized. Current challenges in optical applications and future perspectives in this research field are summarized and discussed.
Climatology of surface chlorophyll a, autumn-winter and spring blooms in the southwest Pacific Ocean

[1] Ocean color data from the 13 year Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor mission are used to examine the distribution of surface chlorophyll a in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The mean surface chlorophyll field is similar to that found by previous workers, with elevated levels in the Subtropical Front and around the subantarctic islands that have an associated shelf. The annual cycle in surface chlorophyll shows a ubiquitous summer bloom in subantarctic water, with autumn, winter, and spring blooms variously in subtropical water and across the Subtropical Front. The autumn blooms progress equatorward with time at the same rate as wind stress. This supports the idea that the autumn bloom develops in response to increased wind stress, with a likely mechanism for the bloom being mixing to the surface of the deep chlorophyll maximum, and/or increased production due to entrainment of nutrients. The spring bloom progresses poleward with time. It starts after the mixed layer reaches its deepest, and its timing appears to be linked to the reduction in wind stress in spring. Under the assumption that all tracers are well mixed to the seasonal thermocline in autumn and winter, we conclude that vertically integrated chlorophyll increases at all latitudes in subtropical water during autumn and winter. Unfortunately, carbon-to-chlorophyll ratios are not known well enough to determine whether the same is true for vertically integrated carbon biomass. Individual spring blooms show significant spatial structure and are different from year to year. This leads to low spatial coherence for the temporal variability in surface chlorophyll.
Absolute infrared intensities for F‐113 and F‐114 and an assessment of their greenhouse warming potential relative to other chlorofluorocarbons

The literature concerning the “greenhouse” warming potentials of Chlorofluorocarbons F-11, F-12, F-22, F-113, F-114, F-134a, and F-142b is reviewed. Additionally, infrared intensities are reported for each of the fundamental absorption bands of F-113 (CF2ClCFCl2) and F-114 (CF2ClCF2Cl) in the region between 8 and 20 μm. The measurements were made with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer operated at 0.04 cm−1 apodized resolution. The total intensities measured for this region were 4905 cm−2 atm−1 for F-113 and 6064 cm−2 atm−1 for F-114, compared to a total intensity of 3404 cm−2 atm−1 for F-12 (CF2Cl2) in the same region. On the basis of these infrared intensities and the atmospheric lifetimes of F-113 and of F-114 relative to F-12, and on a per unit mass basis, F-113 and F-114 are about 0.8 and 1.9 times as effective, respectively, as F-12 in the “greenhouse” warming of the Earth.
Forschung in der Personzentrierten und Experienziellen Psychotherapie 2008–2019

File, Hutterer, Keil, Korunka und Macke-Bruck beschäftigten sich in einem 2008 veröffentlichten Artikel vorrangig mit publizierten Wirksamkeitsstudien über Klienten-/Personzentrierte und Experienzielle Psychotherapien aus den Jahren 1991 bis 2008. Aktuell wurde systematisch der Frage nachgegangen, welche Entwicklungen es in den elf Folgejahren gegeben hat. 343 in facheinschlägigen Zeitschriften publizierte Forschungsarbeiten wurden ausgewertet. Der erste narrative Review setzte sich mit der Forschung von am personzentrierten Ansatz orientierten Psychotherapien breiter auseinander. Dieser zweite Teil befasst sich mit der Ausbildungsforschung, den Störungsbildern in der personzentrierten Forschung und mit dem Bereich der Kinder-, Spiel- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie.
Wizualizacja pola elektrycznego anteny tubowej z użyciem rozszerzonej rzeczywistości

The paper presents a mobile application using augmented reality AR to visualize electromagnetic phenomena EM in the example of a horn antenna. The input to the application was obtained by numerical simulation. CST Studio environment was used for simulation to solve electromagnetic issues in a wide frequency range. The mobile application is didactic in nature and is an interesting addition to the laboratory as part of the antenna and wave propagation subject at the Department of Marine Electronics of the Maritime University of Gdynia ( Visualization of the electric field of a horn antenna using Augmented Reality). Słowa kluczowe : AR
Evaluación de diferentes estrategias para la generación de sistemas de predicción por conjuntos regionales de escala convectiva en un caso de precipitación intensa

El pronóstico por conjuntos constituye una metodología consolidada para incorporar la incertidumbre asociada a los pronósticos en diversas escalas espaciales y temporales. En particular, en la mesoescala, no es claro aún cuáles son las técnicas más efectivas para representar la incertidumbre asociada a las condiciones iniciales y a los errores de modelo. En este trabajo se evalúan tres alternativas diferentes para la generación de pronósticos por conjuntos en alta resolución, y se realiza una comparación con un sistema de predicción por conjuntos global de baja resolución. Cada conjunto se construyó con 20 miembros utilizando el modelo WRF-ARW y 4 km de resolución horizontal sobre un dominio que abarca el centro noreste de Argentina. Se explora el desempeño de los conjuntos para un caso de estudio de precipitación intensa entre el 22 y 24 de diciembre de 2015. Los resultados se centran en el análisis del desempeño del pronóstico de precipitación y muestran que los conjuntos en alta resolución tienen mejor desempeño que el sistema global de menor resolución tanto en términos de la precisión del pronóstico como en términos de la cuantificación de su incertidumbre. En este trabajo, los conjuntos donde solo se perturban las condiciones iniciales y de borde tienden a mostrar una menor dispersión que aquellos en donde se combinan diferentes parametrizaciones de los procesos de escala sub-reticular para la representación de los errores de modelo. Estos ´últimos presentan además un menor sesgo para umbrales mayores a 10 mm. Asimismo, aumentar la resolución de las condiciones iniciales y de borde de la media del ensamble aumenta levemente la dispersión y mejora la representación espacial de los patrones de precipitación para todos los umbrales considerados.
Influence of Sex on Meat and Fat Quality from Heavy Alentejano Pigs Finished Outdoors on Commercial and High Fiber Diets

Simple Summary A growing consumer focus on animal welfare, high-quality meat, and product traceability has led to an increased demand for meat from ancient local breeds reared outdoors. Traditionally, these systems involve the slaughter of heavy and fat pigs, which are castrated to mitigate boar taint, an off odor and flavor rejected by consumers when detected. A more welfare-friendly approach involves rearing and slaughtering young intact pigs, leaner and with limited boar taint content in meat and fat. This goal can potentially be achieved through diet manipulation, a strategy that has proven effective in lean industrial breeds but remains unexplored in fatty local breeds like the Portuguese Alentejano pig. In this trial, we studied the influence of gender on meat and fat quality in Alentejano pigs reared outdoors that were fed both commercial and experimental diets during fattening. The results revealed that outdoor finished intact Alentejano pigs produced meat and fat with higher leanness and lower levels of saturation than castrated ones. The LL muscle of intact pigs presented a lower antioxidant activity compared to castrated ones, but this did not affect the lipid oxidative stability of cooked meat between the experimental groups. The experimental diet, with no negative effects on growth, did not influence boar taint compounds, which remained below the threshold values for consumer detection on all Alentejano pigs. Abstract This work aimed to examine the effects of sex on meat and fat quality traits from thirty Portuguese Alentejano (AL) pigs reared in outdoor conditions. These pigs were divided into three groups and fed ad libitum. From ~40 to 130 kg LW, castrated (C group) and intact animals (I and IExp) consumed commercial diets. Until slaughter (~160 kg), C and I pigs remained on commercial diets, and IExp changed to a more sustainable experimental diet with locally produced pulses and byproducts. Samples were collected from the Longissimus lumborum (LL), Psoas major (PM), and dorsal subcutaneous fat (DSF). At ~160 kg, the PM muscle of intact pigs presented lower intramuscular fat content than that of C pigs, while total collagen was higher. Additionally, PM myoglobin was lower and lightness (L*) was higher in intact pigs. Regarding DSF, moisture and total protein contents were higher and total lipids were lower in intact than in castrated pigs, while color parameters were not significantly different. Finally, antioxidant capacity measured in the LL muscle showed an overall lower value in intact pigs. However, lipid oxidation values were not significantly different between the experimental groups and only increased with storage time. Outdoor-reared intact AL pigs produced leaner and less saturated pork and fat compared to castrated ones. Despite the lower antioxidant activity observed in the LL muscles of intact pigs, the lipid oxidative stability of cooked meat was not different among the experimental groups.