Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Precise radial velocity measurements of G and K giants. Multiple systems and variability trend along the Red Giant Branch

We present the results of our radial velocity (RV) measurements of G and K giants, concentrating on the presence of multiple systems in our sample. Eighty-three giants have been observed for 2.5 years with the fiber-fed echelle spectrograph FEROS at the 1.52 m ESO telescope in La Silla, Chile. Seventy-seven stars (93%) of the targets have been analyzed for RV variability using simultaneous Th-Ar calibration and a cross-correlation technique. We estimate the long-term precision of our measurement as better than 25 m s −1 . Projected rotational velocities have been measured for most stars of the sample. Within our time-base only 21 stars (or 27%) show variability below 2σ, while the others show RV variability with amplitudes up to several km s −1 . The large amplitude (several km s −1 ) and shape (high eccentricity) of the RV variations for 11 of the program stars are consistent with stellar companions, and possibly brown dwarf companions for two of the program stars. In those systems for which a full orbit could be derived, the companions have minimum masses from ∼0.6 Mdown to 0.1 M� . T o these multiple systems we add the two candidates of giant planets already discovered in the sample. This analysis shows that multiple systems contribute substantially to the long-term RV variability of giant stars, with about 20% of the sample being composed of multiple systems despite screening our sample for known binary stars. After removing binaries, the range of RV variability in the whole sample clearly decreases, but the remaining stars retain a statistical trend of RV variability with luminosity: luminous cool giants with B − V ≥ 1.2 show RV variations with σRV > 60 m s −1 , while giants with B − V < 1.2 including those in the clump region exhibit less variability or they are constant within our accuracy. The same trend is observed with respect to absolute visual magnitudes: brighter stars show a larger degree of variability and, when plotted in the RV variability vs. magnitude diagram a trend of increasing RV scatter with luminosity is seen. The amplitude of RV variability does not increase dramatically, as predicted, for instance, by simple scaling laws. At least two luminous and cooler stars of the sample show a correlation between RV and chromospheric activity and bisector asymmetry, indicating that in these two objects RV variability is likely induced by the presence of (chromospheric) surface structures.
A few lessons from typology

Abstract Typology has a low profile in much of American linguistics, especially outside of phonology (Nichols 2007, Hyman 2007, Van Valin 2007). Yet, as I will suggest, the study of the results and methods of modern typology has important lessons for us as the field of linguistics undergoes a paradigm shift. Typologists study a wide range of language types, but I will show that even when one does theoretical work on a single, well-studied standardized national language like English, one can (and should) benefit from an awareness of typological findings.
Time- and Space-Efficient Algorithms for Least Median of Squares Regression

Abstract The least median of squared residuals regression line (or LMS line) is that line y = ax + b for which the median of the residuals |yi - axi - b |2 is minimized over all choices of a and b. If we rephrase the traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) problem as finding the a and b that minimize the mean of | yi - axi - b |2, one can see that in a formal sense LMS just replaces a “mean” by a “median. ” This way of describing LMS regression does not do justice to the remarkable properties of LMS. In fact, LMS regression behaves in ways that distinguish it greatly from OLS as well as from many other methods for robustifying OLS (see, e.g., Rousseeuw 1984). As illustrations given here show, the LMS regression line should provide a valuable tool for studying those data sets in which the usual linear model assumptions are violated by the presence of some (not too small) groups of data values that behave distinctly from the bulk of the data. This feature of LMS regression is illustrated by the fit given in.
Tunable trans-illumination interferometer and tuned-state identification based on recurrence analysis

We introduce the concept of tuning in the low-coherence trans-illumination interferometer to enhance its overall applicability (i.e., to enable selective diagnosis from different tissue regions). Modulation artifacts of the tuned interferometer are restricted to the reference arm. Displacements in this system, for pass-through photon-based modality, must be inverted. Tuning of specific radiation depends on modulation parameters and coherence-time gate. We propose to use Recurrence Plots and Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) as a robust platform to identify different tuning states in the trans-illumination experiment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that recurrence analyses are employed in trans-illumination studies. We suggest the quantitative metric of Determinism as a reference to assess the degree of tuning of the instrument. Theoretical results confirm that RQA may be useful for discriminating between different tuning states, including photon isolation for pass-through photon-based biomedical trans-illumination.
Frequent Pattern Mining Based on Pattern Space Division in Map/Reduce Cluster

By means of pattern space division and based on Map/Reduce, the problem of processing the many-to-many corresponding relationship between the data set and the patterns set is converted to the problem of processing the many-to-many corresponding relationship between the data subsets and the pattern subspaces associated with the frequent 1-itemsets. Thus, the scale of the intermediate key/value pairs set is reduced so dramatically that the problem of single Map node bottleneck which results from combinatorial explosion of candidate patterns space is avoided. Over three rounds of Map/Reduce tasks, the pattern space is constructed and divided, the filtering rules is established and employed, father more, the mining of frequent patterns is realized in each pattern subspace independently. By making the best of both the universal trait of the entire pattern space and the individuality of each pattern subspace, the optimized non-recursive algorithm is designed and implemented to improve the efficiency of mining phase.
A Nonparametric Regression Spectrum : Estimation, Asymptotic Properties and Data Analysis

Classical spectral analysis in statistics considers decomposition of stationary time series into sinusoidal components. The autocovariance and the spectrum are fundamental elements for analyzing a given time series both in time and frequency domain. However, in practice one frequently observes nonstationary time series. In order to apply spectral analysis to these processes, an extension of the classical spectral theory to more general situations is required. This thesis investigates dependence structures in multivariate time series that are characterized by deterministic trends. Here, we extend the theory of stationary processes to deterministic nonparametric trend functions. In a nonparametric regression setting these functions are usually unknown and have to be estimated. Estimation of the trend function will be performed by applying wavelet thresholding, a simple but yet efficient way to recover a signal of unknown regularity from some noisy data. Chapter 2 presents a review about wavelets and their use in statistics. This involves construction of compactly supported wavelet bases, wavelet transformation of a square integrable function and the application in linear and nonlinear function estimation. An extensive review of the literature on wavelet thresholding is presented and some asymptotic results are derived. In chapter 3, we consider dependence structures in multivariate time series that are due to similarities in underlying deterministic trends. Results from spectral analysis for stationary processes are extended to deterministic trend
On the Boundedness of Free Energy Functionals

The free energy principle is a fundamental concept of phenomenological thermodynamics and tells us that isothermal state changes do not increase the free energy of systems and that systems occupy stationary states of minimal free energy [1]. Recently, there is an increasing interest to exploit the free energy principle in order to describe many-body systems by means of free energy functionals of the form F [P ] = U [P ]−β−1S[P ]. Here, U [P ] denotes an internal energy functional or a measure of effort (e.g., in the case of neural network free energies). β−1 > 0 describes the strength of fluctuations and can often be identified with the temperature T of a system or the noise amplitude Q of a stochastic process. S describes a general entropy functional or an information measures. In both cases S measures the amount of disorder of a system and therefore will be called in what follows a disorder measure. The functionals F , U , and S are assumed to depend on a density function P that might correspond to a probability density or a particle number density. P depends on the M -dimensional state variable x ∈ Ω of a many-body system, where Ω corresponds to the phase space of a single subsystem or particle of the system. That is, we deal with μ-space descriptions of manybody systems [1, 2, 3]. The free energy approach to many-body systems involving μ-space density functions has successfully been applied to real gases [4, 5], amorphous material [6, 7], mean field coupled many-body systems [8, 9, 10], and Fermi and Bose systems [11, 12, 13]. If free energy functionals are bounded from below then they describe systems that are globally stable. That is, they eventually converge to macroscopic stationary states with dF/dt = 0. The reason for this is that, on the one hand, state changes with β−1 = const yield dF ≤ 0 but, on the other hand, we have F ≥ C > −∞ which implies limt→∞ dF/dt = 0. In particular, using nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations one can explicitly show that systems converge to stationary states if they are described by free energy measures that are bounded from below [8, 11, 12, 13]. Consequently, the boundedness of free energy functionals is a crucial property. Despite of the wide applicability of free energy functionals, a thorough discussion about this key property has not been carried out so far. In the following section we will address several generic cases for which the boundedness of free energy functionals can be proven.
Black-Scholes Partial Differential Equation In The Mellin Transform Domain

This paper presents Black-Scholes partial differential equation in the Mellin transform domain. The Mellin transform method is one of the most popular methods for solving diffusion equations in many areas of science and technology. This method is a powerful tool used in the valuation of options. We extend the Mellin transform method proposed by Panini and Srivastav (7) to derive the price of European power put options with dividend yield. We also derive the fundamental valuation formula known as the Black-Scholes model using the convolution property of the Mellin transform method. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 44A15, 60H30, 91G99 another asset; hence it is called a "derivative". In other words an option on an underlying asset is an asymmetric contract that is negotiated today with the following conditions in the future. The holder has either the right, but not the obligation to buy, as it is the case with the European call option, or the possibility to sell, as in the case of the European put option, an asset for a certain price at a prescribed date in the future. The American type of option can be exercised at any time up to and including the date of expiry. The distinctive features of American option are its early exercise privilege. The pricing of American options has been the subject of extensive research in the last decades. There is no known closed form solution and many numerical and analytic approximations have been proposed. Black and Scholes (1) published their seminal work on option pricing in which they described a mathematical frame work for finding the fair price of a European option. They used a no-arbitrage argument to describe a partial differential equation which governs the evolution of the option price with respect to the maturity time and the price of the underlying asset. The Black- Scholes model for pricing options has been applied to many different commodities and payoff structures. In spite of the market crash of 1987, in practice simple Black-Scholes models are widely used because they are very easy to use (4). We present an overview of the Mellin transform method for the valuation of options in the context of Black and Scholes (1). The Mellin transform is an integral transform named after the Finnish mathematician Hjalmar Mellin (1854-1933). The Mellin transforms in option theory were introduced by Panini and Srivastav (6). They derived the expression for the free boundary and price of an American perpetual put as the limit of a finite-lived option. For mathematical backgrounds, the Mellin transform method in derivatives pricing and some numerical methods for options valuation see (3), (5), (8), (9), (10) just to mention a few.
METHODOLOGIES IN SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE DIMENSIONAL RANDOM MATRICES, A REVIEW

In this paper, we give a brief review of the theory of spectral analysis of large dimensional random matrices. Most of the existing work in the literature has been stated for real matrices but the corresponding results for the complex case are also of interest, especially for researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Thus, we convert almost all results to the complex case, whenever possible. Only the latest results, including some new ones, are stated as theorems here. The main purpose of the paper is to show how important methodologies, or mathematical tools, have helped to develop the theory. Some unsolved problems are also stated.
The inducibility of complete bipartite graphs

For any s ≥ 1 and t ≥ (S2), we prove that among all graphs with n vertices the graph that contains the maximal number of induced copies of Kt, t+s for any fixed s ≥ 1 and t ≥ (s2) is K(n/2)+α(n/2)-α for some function α = o(n). We show that this is not valid for t < (s2). Analogous results for complete multipartite graphs are also obtained.
Systems of Schrödinger equations: Positivity and negativity

We consider here Schrodinger operator Δ+ q(x)• defined in the entire space R N , with a potential q tending to +∞ at infinity with a sufficiently fast growth. The ground state positivity and negativity for a Schrodinger equation with spectral parameter says that, if the spectral parameter is lower than the principal eigenvalue, the solutions satisfy ground state positivity (greater than a positive constant times the ground state) and if the spectral parameter is slightly greater than the principal eigenvalue, then the solutions satisfy ground state negativity (lower than minus a positive constant times the ground state). We extend this ground state positivity and negativity to cooperative and noncooperative systems of two Schrodinger equations.
Performance of a 16.7 m air rod-plane gap under a negative switching impulse

Experimental results of the development of a negative discharge in a 16.7 m rod-plane air gap are presented. Similarities with the cloud-to-earth discharge are found and some characteristic parameters are compared. Use of an image converter linked to two still cameras allows quite accurate analysis of the discharge propagation. Information relative to the space leader inception is provided. The current pulse shapes are related to the mechanisms of propagation and the thermal channel diameter of the discharge in the vicinity of the rod, which is measured with the help of schlieren records.
A New Drag Relation for Aerodynamically Rough Flow over the Ocean

From almost 7000 near-surface eddy-covariance flux measurements over the sea, the authors deduce a new air‐sea drag relation for aerodynamically rough flow: u * 5 0:0583U N10 2 0:243: Here u * is the measured friction velocity, and UN10 is the neutral-stability wind speed at a reference height of 10 m. This relation isfitted toUN10valuesbetween 9 and24 m s 21 . A drag relationformulatedasu * versus UN10 has several advantages over one formulated in terms of C DN10 5(u * /U N10 ) 2 . First, the multiplicative coefficient on UN10 has smaller experimental uncertainty than do determinations of CDN10. Second, scatterplots of u * versus UN10 are not ill posed when UN10 is small, as plots of CDN10 are; u * ‐UN10 plots presented here suggest aerodynamically smooth scaling for small UN10. Third, this relation depends only weakly on Monin‐Obukhovsimilaritytheoryand,consequently,reducestheconfoundingeffectsofartificialcorrelation. Finally, with its negative intercept, the linear relation produces a CDN10 function that naturally rolls off at high wind speed and asymptotically approaches a constant value of 3.40 3 10 23 . Hurricane modelers and theair‐sea interactioncommunityhave been tryingtorationalize such behavior in thedragcoefficient for at least 15 years. This paper suggests that this rolloff in CDN10 results simply from known processes that influence wind‐wave coupling.
Generation of Pi2 pulsations by intermittent earthward propagating dipolarization fronts: An MHD case study

Using a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the magnetosphere during a disturbed interval on 14 September 2004, we have investigated fluctuations in plasma properties of the magnetotail in the Pi2 range and their relationship to dipolarization fronts (DFs). Results from the MHD simulation indicate that this event is a very active interval with variable convection and disorder in the tail on a range of scales as small as ∼1 RE. DFs are observed in the simulation at the leading edge of fast earthward flows that originate from reconnection regions that form between ∼−15 and −30 RE in the tail. Pi2 period fluctuations are identified in pressure, magnetic field, and velocity components inside −13 REfollowing each burst of DFs in the midnight sector. The fluctuations observed in the pressure appear to be generated by the successive DFs as they approach the interface between stretched tail field lines and dipolar field lines. Fluctuations in the velocity may be the result of interactions between successive DFs and are amplified directly following the passage of the DFs as they propagate earthward. Although the limited azimuthal extent of the pulsations near the plasma sheet, just inside of the braking region, makes it difficult to draw a direct comparison between the ground‐based measurements and the pulsations at −6 RE, the temporal evolution of the simulated DFs and Pi2 pulsations approximately reproduces the timing of the variations observed by satellites and ground‐based instruments. Therefore, we have been able to use the global simulation to track the bursty flows, dipolarization fronts, and associated Pi2 period fluctuations throughout the entire magnetosphere in order to understand the sources of the changes measured in the near‐Earth region.
Large vibrational excitation of by low-energy electrons

Electron impact excitation of the nitrogen molecule in the 0 - 5 eV energy region has been investigated. The energy dependence of the resonant excitation of the first ten vibrational levels, v = 1 to v = 10, has been measured by use of a double-trochoidal electron spectrometer. The relative differential cross sections so obtained are normalized to absolute values from the literature and compared to previous measurements and theoretical predictions. A new substructure, which is predicted by most recent theoretical calculations but not clearly seen in previous experiments, has been observed for the first time in the excitation functions for some of the vibrational levels.
Canonical Correlation in Multivariate Time Series Analysis with an Application to One-Year-Ahead and Multiyear-Ahead Macroeconomic Forecasting

A simple one-period-ahead and multiperiod-ahead prediction procedure for multivariate time series is suggested, based on the canonical correlation technique. The prediction procedure is direct in the sense that no lag orders and parameters have to be estimated first, as in the usual ARMAX or VAR parameterizations of multivariate stationary stochastic processes. A best (in the mean squared error sense) predictor can be obtained directly using singular-value decompositions of covariance matrices. The procedure is used to forecast one-year-ahead and multiyear-ahead national growth rates of 14 countries for the years 1974–1984.
Building a Case-Based Curriculum to Enhance the Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Teachers

Little attention has been given to research on cases in specific disciplines or on the development of an integrated case-based curriculum. In this article, I discuss how the cognitive flexibility and knowledge transfer theory proposed by Rand Spiro and his colleagues frames the design of a case-based curriculum for use in mathematics teacher education. The paper includes a sample mathematics teaching case and presents an analysis of four discussions based on that case. In the analysis, the dominant themes of those case discussions are identified and a framework for selecting and sequencing cases for an integrated curriculum is discussed. The analysis also shows the potential of subject-specific cases for enhancing mathematics teachers' pedagogical thinking and reasoning.
True and False: An Exchange

Classically, truth and falsehood are opposite, and so are logical truth and logical falsehood. In this paper we imagine a situation in which the opposition is so pervasive in the language we use as to threaten the very possibility of telling truth from falsehood. The example exploits a suggestion of Ramsey's to the effect that negation can be expressed simply by writing the negated sentence upside down. The difference between ‘p' and ‘~~p' disappears, the principle of double negation becomes trivial, and the truth/falsehood opposition is up for grabs. Our moral is that this indeterminacy undermines the idea of inferential role semantics.
Exponential scale mixture of matrix variate Cauchy distribution

In this paper, we introduce a new subclass of matrix variate elliptically contoured distributions that are obtained as a scale mixture of matrix variate Cauchy distribution and exponential distribution. We investigate its properties, such as stochastic representation and characteristic function. Unlike Cauchy distribution, it is shown that the generating variate of the new distribution possesses finite moments. The distributions of the unbiased estimators of μ and E are derived. Furthermore, an identity involving a special function with a matrix argument is also obtained.
Upscale Error Growth in a High-Resolution Simulation of a Summertime Weather Event over Europe*

AbstractThe growth of small-amplitude, spatially uncorrelated perturbations has been studied in a weather forecast of a 4-day period in the summer of 2007, using a large domain covering Europe and the eastern Atlantic and with explicitly resolved deep convection. The error growth follows the three-stage conceptual model of Zhang et al., with rapid initial growth (e-folding time about 0.5 h) on all scales, relaxing over about 20 h to a slow growth of the large-scale perturbations (e-folding time 12 h). The initial growth was confined to precipitating regions, with a faster growth rate where conditional instability was large. Growth in these regions saturated within 3–10 h, continuing for the longest where the precipitation rate was large. While the initial growth was mainly in the divergent part of the flow, the eventual slow growth on large scales was more in the rotational component.Spectral decomposition of the disturbance energy showed that the rapid growth in precipitating regions projected onto all F.