Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrical Instability of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Transistors for Active-Matrix Liquid-Crystal Displays

We investigated the threshold voltage shifts (ΔVT) of inverted-staggered hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs) induced by steady-state (dc) and pulsed (ac) gate bias-temperature-stress (BTS) conditions. Our study showed that, for an equivalent effective-stress-time, ΔVT has an apparent pulse-width dependence under negative BTS conditions–the narrower the pulse width, the smaller the ΔVT. This gate-bias pulse-width dependence is explained by an effective-carrier-concentration model, which relates ΔVT for negative pulsed gate-bias stress to the concentration of mobile carriers accumulated in the conduction channel along the a-Si:H/gate insulator interface. In addition, our investigation of the methodology of a-Si:H TFT electrical reliability evaluation indicates that, instead of steady-state BTS, pulsed BTS should be used to build the database needed to extrapolate ΔVT induced by a long-term display operation. Using these experimental results, we have shown that a-Si:H TFTs have a satisfactory electrical reliability for a long-term active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AMLCD) operation.
Precision tests of the electroweak theory

In this review we give a discussion of the structure of the standard model and its quantum corrections for testing the electroweak theory at present and future colliders. After a short summary of the tree level structure of the standard model we outline the calculation of physical quantities at the quantum level. Concrete applications are given to the vector boson mass interdependence and the Z resonance. Finally we show a comparision of the standard model prediction for the electroweak precision observables with the most recent experimental data.
On the metric complexity of casual linear systems: ε -Entropy and ε -Dimension for continuous time

Estimates of e-entropy and e-dimension in the Kolmogorov sense are obtained for a class of causal, linear, time-invariant, continuous-time systems under the assumptions that impulse responses, satisfy an exponential order condition |f(t)| \leq Ce ^{-at} , and frequency responses satisfy an attenuation condition |F(j\omega)|\leg K\omega^{-1} . The dependence of e-entropy and e-dimension on the accuracy e is characterized by order, type, and power indexes. Similar results for the discrete-time case are reviewed and compared.
Asymptotic Behaviour of the Variance of Renewal Processes and Random Walks

For a sequence of independent identically distributed random variables $\{X_n\}, n = 1, 2, \cdots,$ yielding the sums $S_n = X_1 + \cdots + X_n$ let $N(x) = \sharp\{n \geqq 1: S_n \leqq x\}$. Results of Stone and the general renewal equation as treated by Feller are used to prove that under certain conditions on the common distribution function of the $X_n$'s, the variance of $N(x)$ is asymptotically like $Ax + B + o(1)$ as $x\rightarrow\infty$ for specified constants $A$ and $B$.
Resonance in the Perception of Musical Pulse

A number of phenomena related to the perception of isochronous tone sequences peak at a certain rate (or tempo) and taper off at both slower and faster rates. In the present paper we start from the hypothesis that the peaking finds its origin in the presence of a damped resonating oscillator in the perceptual-motor system. We assume that for pulse perception only the ‘effective’ resonance curve matters, i.e., the enhancement of the amplitude of the oscillator beyond the critical damping. On the basis of the effective resonance curve, analyses have been made of data of Vos (1973) on subjective rhythmization and of data on tapping along isochronous tone sequences (Parncutt, 1994) and polyrhythmic sequences (Handel & Oshinsky, 1981). The results show that these data can be very well approximated with the proposed model. The best results are obtained with a resonance period of 500-550 ms and a width at half height of about 400-800 ms. A comparison is made with a number of other tempo related phenomena. In the.
Contribuição à metalogênese do estanho em meio supérgeno - a jazida de Serra da Onça B em Rondônia

Na jazida de estanho de Serra da Onca B, no Estado de Rondonia, as concentracoes de cassiterita situam-se em perfis de alteracao intemperica portadores de um horizonte com stone Line lateritica. Esses perfis encontram-se sobre o Granito Santa Barbara e os gnaisses greisenizados encaixantes, fontes primarias de mineralizacao. Baseado principalmente em argumentos geoquimicos e micromofologicos, este trabalho sustenta a hipotese de uma origem autoctone para os perfis de Serra da Onca B. Eles seriam derivados de uma couraca ferruginosa enriquecida em cassiterita que teria se formado sob condicoes climaticas mais secas, prevalecentes na regiao ate o Eoceno. Com o deslocamento do continente sul-americano em direcao ao norte durante o Terciario, o clima em Rondonia foi se tornando cada vez mais umido, o que resultou na degradacao m situ da couraca, que deixou como residuo o horizonte a stone Line lateritica. Esta hipotese contraria a interpretacao geralmente admitida para esses perfis, que os considera produtos do coluvionamento ocorrido por ocasiao das flutuacoes climaticas quaternarias.
Storing information through complex dynamics in recurrent neural networks

The neural net computer simulations which will be presented here are based on the acceptance of a set of assumptions that for the last twenty years have been expressed in the fields of information processing, neurophysiology and cognitive sciences. First of all, neural networks and their dynamical behaviors in terms of attractors is the natural way adopted by the brain to encode information. Any information item to be stored in the neural net should be coded in some way or another in one of the dynamical attractors of the brain and retrieved by stimulating the net so as to trap its dynamics in the desired item's basin of attraction. The second view shared by neural net researchers is to base the learning of the synaptic matrix on a local Hebbian mechanism. The last assumption is the presence of chaos and the benefit gained by its presence. Chaos, although very simply produced, inherently possesses an infinite amount of cyclic regimes that can be exploited for coding information. Moreover, the network randomly wanders around these unstable regimes in a spontaneous way, thus rapidly proposing alternative responses to external stimuli and being able to easily switch from one of these potential attractors to another in response to any coming stimulus.In this thesis, it is shown experimentally that the more information is to be stored in robust cyclic attractors, the more chaos appears as a regime in the back, erratically itinerating among brief appearances of these attractors. Chaos does not appear to be the cause but the consequence of the learning. However, it appears as an helpful consequence that widens the net's encoding capacity. To learn the information to be stored, an unsupervised Hebbian learning algorithm is introduced. By leaving the semantics of the attractors to be associated with the feeding data unprescribed, promising results have been obtained in term of storing capacity.
An ion-molecule scheme for the synthesis of hydrocarbon-chain and organonitrogen molecules in dense interstellar clouds.

A general scheme is proposed for the synthesis of large molecules in dense interstellar clouds based on rates of ion-molecule reactions measured in our laboratory and elsewhere. C--C bond formation is dominated by reactions involving the must abundant ions C/sup +/, CH/sub 3//sup +/, C/sub 2/H/sub 2//sup +/, and C/sub 2/H/sub 3//sup +/ and the most abundant neutrals C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ and CH/sub x/, where 1
A NiO/TiO2 junction electrode constructed using self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays for highly efficient photoelectrocatalytic visible light activations

One dimensional (1D), self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays are known to have excellent charge transport properties and a NiO/TiO2 junction is efficient in separating electron–hole pairs. This paper describes the synthesis of a NiO/TiO2 junction electrode constructed using self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays combining the above two properties. The self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays used in this study were prepared by anodizing titanium films, which resulted in closely packed n-type TiO2 tubes with an inner pore diameter of 60–90 nm, a wall thickness of approximately 15 nm and a length of 600 nm. The NiO/TiO2 junction was synthesized by electroless plating and annealing which resulted in TiO2 nanotube arrays coated with a layer (about 200 nm in thickness) of NiO particles (20–40 nm). The resulting NiO/TiO2 junction electrode enabled us to obtain an enhanced photocurrent (3.05 mA cm−2) as compared with a TiO2 electrode based on TiO2 nanotube arrays (0.92 mA cm−2) under AM 1.5 G (100 mw cm−2) at a bias of 0.65 V.
Observations and parabolic wave modeling of underwater pile driving impact noise.

Pile driving in water produces extremely high sound levels in both surrounding air and underwater environments. In a companion work [Reinhall and Dahl] it is shown using finite element simulation that for underwater case the primary sound signal originates from a compression wave traveling down the pile at a speed in excess of Mach 3. In this work, we present measurements pile driving impact noise made from a marine construction site in Puget Sound using a vertical line array (VLA) positioned at ranges 8–15 m from full‐scale impact pile driving. The measurements are modeled using the parabolic wave equation approach for which synthetic time series are generated (bandwidth 50–2050 Hz). The simulation is achieved by way of a phased array of point sources, representing one source traveling down the pile at supersonic speed. Pile end reflections are included and the process is repeated with both an up‐ and down‐traveling time‐delayed sources. With the field computed in this manner, excellent agreement is achi.
Nebular dust and extinction in ionized nebulae i. the Balmer decrement

Many astronomical objects contain plasma with internal or surrounding dust. The extinction of H II regions can be determined from the H.beta. /H.cap alpha. flux ratio, and also from the H.beta. /radio fluxes. The two determinations almost always disagree by large factors (typically, approx.3), with the (H.beta./H.cap alpha.) extinction being smaller. This is shown to be a consequence of the albedo of dust at H.cap alpha. being smaller than that of H.beta. , so that the destruction of H.cap alpha. by dust is larger than for constant albedo. If the difference in albedo is ignored, one interprets the lower H.cap alpha. flux as being caused by a small optical depth in dust. Simple models for the geometry of the dust and emitting gas are discussed: spherical models with dust mixed with the ionized gas, and also a slab of absorbing dust overlying the nebula. The two geometries give similar results for the Balmer decrements, so geometry does not strongly enter the final results. The conclusion that albedo (H.cap alpha.)8000 A). Recommendations for dereddening emission-line objects are presented and should be applicable to planetary nebulae, active galactic nuclei, or quasi-stellar objects as well as to H II regions.
Number needed to treat: properties and problems

The inverse of a difference in probabilities, called the ‘number needed to treat’, has been promoted in the medical literature as a good way to present the results of modelling binary outcomes. The usual context is randomized controlled trials and meta‐analyses. In this paper we discuss the claims that have been made about this statistic, and the problems associated with it. Methods which have been proposed for confidence intervals are evaluated and shown to be erroneous. We suggest that the difference in probabilities, the ‘absolute risk reduction’, is preferable to the number needed to treat, for both theoretical and practical reasons.
Critical Values for the Cusumsq Statistic in Medium and Large Sized Samples

Data series containing more than 200 observations are common in financial economics. The usefulness of the cusumsq test in such medium-sized samples has been hampered by the lack of tabulated confidence bounds and by the inaccuracy of asymptotic approximations. In this paper, the authors extend Durbin's table to encompass all practical sample sizes. They have empirically calculated asymptotic limits, which prove to be extremely accurate for sample sizes greater than sixty. A convenient algorithm for calculating P-values, which is useful even in small samples, is also referred to. Copyright 1994 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Some optimal control results for differential-difference systems

A brief development of necessary conditions for an extremal path in the case where the system equations and the performance index contain a time delay in both the state and the control variables is given. An analytic solution is also presented for a linear system with a quadratic performance index in the case where the control variable appears in the system equations evaluated both at the present time and at a previous time. Unspecified constants in the solution are obtained by the inversion of a specified matrix. Results for some examples are illustrated.
Intermixing-promoted scaling of Ge/Si(100) island sizes

The shape evolution and the effect of deposition temperature on size and composition of chemical vapor deposition grown Ge/Si(100) islands have been investigated in the deposition temperature range 450–850 °C. It is found that the increase of the growth temperature above 600 °C entails a strong island enlargement due to an increased Si/Ge intermixing. The crystallographic structure of the islands was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The analysis of the resulting Moire pattern reveals that the island lattice deformation decreases with increasing island size and that the effective mismatch e between the silicon substrate and the epilayer decreases with increasing deposition temperature. The island nucleation size, the mean size of coherent islands and the critical size for the insertion of misfit dislocations have been found to scale as e−2, e−2, and e−1, respectively. The agreement of our experimental scaling results with the predictions of theoretical calculation performed for homogeneous.
INSTABILITIES IN FLUIDIZED BEDS

▪ Abstract This paper reviews recent advances in our understanding of the origin and hierarchy of organized flow structures in fluidized beds, distinction between bubbling and nonbubbling systems, and stages of bubble evolution. Experimental data and theory suggest that, at high particle concentrations, the particle-phase pressure arising from flow-induced velocity fluctuations decreases with increasing concentration of particles. This, in turn, implies that nonhydrodynamic stresses must be present to impart stability to a uniformly fluidized bed at very high particle concentrations. There is ample evidence to support an argument that, in commonly encountered gas-fluidized beds, yield stresses associated with enduring particle networks are present in the window of stable bed expansion, where the particles are essentially immobile until bubbling commences. However, some recent data on gas-fluidized beds of agglomerates of cohesive particles suggest that there exists a window of bed expansion where the bed .
Within-session stability of acoustic features of conversational and clear speech

In several planned studies, talkers will perform a set of speech tasks several times in each recording session. For example, one study will have talkers perform a set of tasks four times: in quiet, in two levels of noise, and in reverberation. It is unknown, however, whether or how much the acoustic details of speech are affected by simple repetition of the speech task. Over the course of a recording session, talkers' speech might become less careful due to fatigue, boredom, familiarity with the speech materials, or some combination of these factors. Such repetition effects could offset the effects of speaking style instructions given at the beginning of a session. The present study assessed speech acoustic changes over four repetitions of a speech production task set performed under conversational or clear speech instructions. Sixteen talkers performed three speech production tasks (a passage, a list of sentences, and a picture description) four times in each condition. The two speaking styles were recor.
Variance reduced multilevel path simulation: going beyond the complexity $\varepsilon^{-2}$

In this paper a novel modification of the multilevel Monte Carlo approach, allowing for further significant complexity reduction, is proposed. The idea of the modification is to use the method of control variates to reduce variance at level zero. We show that, under a proper choice of control variates, one can reduce the complexity order of the modified MLMC algorithm down to $\varepsilon^{-2+\delta}$ for any $\delta\in [0,1)$ with $\varepsilon$ being the precision to be achieved. These theoretical results are illustrated by several numerical examples.
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Observations of the Symbiotic Star AG Draconis

Spectra of the bright symbiotic star AG Draconis (BD +67°922) in the wavelength range 905-1187 Å obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) are presented. The spectra show a number of narrow, nebular emission lines, together with a uniform continuum from the hot component of the system, and numerous interstellar absorption lines. We infer the existence of Ne VIII in the AG Dra nebula through the identification of the Ne VII λ973. 3 recombination line. The emission-line spectrum is dominated by intense lines of O VI but also shows weaker lines from highly ionized ions including Ne V, Ne VI, S IV, and S VI. Members of the He II Balmer series can be identified up to n = 20. Lines of Fe II and Fe III fluoresced by O VI λ1032 are identified at wavelengths 1141.172 and 1142.429 Å, respectively. The emission lines are shown to be produced in a plasma with an electron temperature of 20,000-30,000 K, photoionized by the white dwarf. The Ne VI λ997/λ999 ratio shows that this ion and all others except perhaps Ne VII are formed at least 300 white dwarf radii from the white dwarf. Revised wavelengths for the Ne V 2s22p2 3P0,1-2s2p3 5S2 and Ne VI 2s22p 2P-2s2p2 4P transitions are published.
Chorussing in delphinids

The evolution of communication is strongly influenced by the social structure of animals. Here, we report how a group of offshore bottlenose dolphins in the Gulf of Mexico used chorusing of the same whistle type, while no such behavior was observed in inshore populations of the same species. We recorded 166 whistles from a group of 6 bottlenose dolphins in the Gulf of Mexico, 19 nm from the Florida coast. In an examination of the timing of whistle production, we found nine sequences in which there was considerable overlap (i.e., >50%) between whistles and another eight sequences with almost perfect overlap of the same whistle type produced by two to six animals simultaneously. Such synchrony was not expected by chance. To investigate how unique this behavior was, we also analyzed 300 h of recordings of inshore bottlenose dolphins in Florida and Scotland. In these data we found three non-significant cases of two animals showing >50% overlap. Thus, chorusing appears to be absent in inshore animals. Our data.
Thermal conductivity and sound velocities of hydrogen-silsesquioxane low-k dielectrics

Thermal conductivities of hydrogen-silsesquioxane thin films-Dow Corning "flowable oxide" and nanoporous "extra-low-k" spin-on dielectrics-are measured in the temperature range 80-400 K using the 3ω method. Film thicknessand atomic densities are characterized by the combination of Rutherford-backscattering spectrometry and variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Measurements of the longitudinal speeds of sound by picosecond ultrasonics and interferometry enable comparisons with the model of the minimum thermal conductivity of homogeneous materials. This model fails to capture the strong temperature dependence of the conductivity. Data for nanoporous silsesquioxane and SiO 2 are compared to the predictions of effective medium theories of heterogeneous materials. Differential-effective-medium theory predicts a scaling of thermal conductivity A with atomic density n. A∞n 3 / 2 in good agreement with experiment. The comparisons with effective-medium theories suggest that a greater control of pore microstructure may enable significant improvements in the thermal and mechanical properties of porous dielectrics.
Mechanism of Cu transport along clean Si surfaces

Cu diffusion along clean Si(111), (110) and (100) surfaces are investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction. The effective diffusion coefficients of copper are measured in the temperature range from 500 to 650°C. It is shown that the Cu transport along silicon surface occurs by the diffusion of Cu atoms through Si bulk and the segregation of Cu atoms to the surface during the diffusion process. It is found that the segregation coefficients of Cu to silicon surface during the diffusion process depend on surface orientation.
Impact of the chemical concentration on the solid-phase epitaxial regrowth of phosphorus implanted preamorphized germanium

The impact of the phosphorus concentration [P] on the solid-phase epitaxial regrowth rate of preamorphized p-type germanium has been studied by a combination of Rutherford backscattering, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. It will be shown that for P concentrations in the 1018–5×1019 cm−3 range, the regrowth rate is significantly enhanced compared with undoped germanium, while the opposite holds for [P] above about 4–5×1020 cm−3. This regrowth retardation is shown associated with segregation across the crystalline/amorphous boundary and snow plow of P in excess of the metastable solid solubility in the recrystallized material.
An Idea on Infinite Horizon Decision Support for Rule-based Process Models

—In recent years, process models tend to turn away from common procedural models to more ﬂexible, rule-based models. The models are characterized by the fact that in each execution step users usually have to decide between several rule-consistent tasks to perform next. Precise execution paths are not given, which is why adequate execution support needs to be provided. Simulation is one means to facilitate the users’ decisions. In this context, we suggest an execution simulation tool with an inﬁnite horizon, i.e., in each (simulated) step, users are informed about the tasks that in any case still need to be done to properly ﬁnish one process instance, and about tasks that may no longer be executed. The forecasts consider an actual or a simulated history of the process instance and the rules given by the model.
Abundances of Red Giants in the Old Open Cluster Collinder 261

We present an analysis of high-dispersion echelle spectra of four giant stars in the 8 Gyr open cluster Cr 261 obtained with the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory's 4 m telescope. Abundances were determined relative to the bright, slightly metal-poor disk giant Arcturus. Cr 261 is found to have a mean [Fe/H] = -0.22 ± 0.05 (mean error). Oxygen abundances, determined from the forbidden [O I] lines, show roughly solar or slightly depleted abundance ratios. The α-elements Mg, Ca, and Ti also show scaled solar abundance ratios, with suggestions that the Si abundance is slightly enhanced. The odd-Z elements Na and Al are significantly enhanced relative to scaled solar abundances. The abundance results for Cr 261 are compared with those from high-dispersion studies of other old open clusters in the literature, which, overall, show similar behavior in all these elements. None of the abundance ratios show significant trends with overall cluster [Fe/H] or with cluster age.