Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Longwave Cloud-Radiation Feedback in the Simulation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation

AbstractThe role of the cloud–radiation interaction in the simulation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is investigated. A special focus is on the enhancement of column-integrated diabatic heating due to the greenhouse effects of clouds and moisture in the region of anomalous convection. The degree of this enhancement, the greenhouse enhancement factor (GEF), is measured at different precipitation anomaly regimes as the negative ratio of anomalous outgoing longwave radiation to anomalous precipitation.Observations show that the GEF varies significantly with precipitation anomaly and with the MJO cycle. The greenhouse enhancement is greater in weak precipitation anomaly regimes and its effectiveness decreases monotonically with increasing precipitation anomaly. The GEF also amplifies locally when convection is strengthened in association with the MJO, especially in the weak precipitation anomaly regime (<5 mm day−1). A robust statistical relationship is found among CMIP5 climate model simulations betwe.
Development of an Equivalent Electronic Circuit Model for PEMFC Voltage Based on Different Input Electrical Currents

The technological development and exploration of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell have relied on several mathematical models. However, despite the wide variety of models, the equivalent electronic circuit model is the most suitable for describing electrical behavior, designing electronic interfaces, and analyzing control and reliability strategies. In addition to the fact that this type of model is scarce to model the fuel cell voltage, an equivalent electronic circuit model that depends only on the input current has not been reported (in general, the reported mathematical models take into account additional variables such as humidity, temperature, pressure, etc.). For this reason, this work focuses on developing an equivalent electronic circuit model for the fuel cell voltage that depends only on the input current. Besides, the configuration of the proposed circuit (one voltage source, two capacitors, and three resistors) is simpler than the circuits proposed in previous works. To validate the model and its parameters, current tests from $1.2~kW$ Nexa® fuel cell power module were used. The comparison between the experimental data and the developed model confirms the efficiency of the equivalent electronic circuit model to reproduce the fuel cell voltage as a function of the current.
Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification

This paper describes the methods used to classify the OECD countries’ industrial sectors and manufactures by level of technology, and presents the resulting classifications. In the proposed new classification by industrial sector, the concept of technology intensity has been expanded to take into account both the level of technology specific to the sector (measured by the ratio of R&D expenditure to value added) and the technology embodied in purchases of intermediate and capital goods. Four groups of industries have been identified on the basis of the degree of technology intensity.The classification by product consists solely of high-technology products (products which are the most technology-intensive). The classification was drawn up by the OECD Secretariat in collaboration with Eurostat, the object being to finalise the approach by sector and provide a more appropriate instrument for analysing international trade. Because no detailed data were available for services, the two . Revision des classifications des secteurs et des produits de haute technologie Ce document expose les methodes pour classer les secteurs industriels et les produits manufactures des pays de l’OCDE selon leur intensite technologique et presente les classifications qui en resultent. Dans la nouvelle classification proposee par secteur industriel, la notion d’intensite technologique a ete elargie pour tenir compte a la fois de l’effort technologique propre au secteur (mesure par le ratio des depenses de R-D sur la valeur ajoutee) et de la technologie incorporee dans les achats de biens intermediaires et d’equipement. Quatre groupes d’industries ont ete identifies en fonction du niveau de leur intensite technologique.La classification par produit se refere exclusivement aux produits de haute technologie (produits dont l’intensite technologique est la plus elevee). Cette classification a ete elaboree par le Secretariat de l’OCDE en cooperation avec Eurostat, afin de completer l’approche par secteur et fournir un instrument plus approprie pour l’analyse des .
PSYCHOPHYSICS IN MAP PERCEPTION

The choice of display parameters for digital maps (e.g., the scale used) depends on the impression the map will generate in the eyes of the viewer. One relevant property of the map is the information load it generates, expressed as the map's perceived density. The number of displayed objects does not solely determine the map density. In an experiment 54 participants evaluated the apparent density of maps showing different terrains at different scales. A model with four properties predicted the apparent density of a map well (R2=0.856). When applying log transforms on two of the variables (number of roads and number of junctions), predictions with these two variables alone were even better (R2=0.903). The study demonstrates the value of applying psychophysical modeling to evaluation of geographic displays and its use in the design of digital map systems.
Hydrological effects of dip‐slip fault rupture on a hydrothermal plume

Earthquakes cause a variety of hydrological effects, including changes in well levels, streamflow, hot‐spring temperatures, and geyser periodicity. These may be produced by changes in pore‐fluid pressure or by changes in permeability. We investigate near‐field effects of normal earthquakes on fault‐controlled hydrothermal plumes, e.g., at the Te Kopia geothermal system on the Paeroa Fault, New Zealand. A numerical model is detailed that addresses the effects of coseismic pore‐pressure and permeability perturbations on geothermal upflow along a dip‐slip fault. Fluid flow is modeled using the heat and mass transfer code Finite Element Heat and Mass transfer. The 2 m wide fault is impermeable and thus behaves as a partition between fluid flow in the adjacent fault blocks, as well as a structure for upflow to localize upon. A realistic distribution for the coseismic change in mean rock stress is obtained from a plane‐strain mechanical model for normal fault rupture in an elastic‐plastic‐viscous crust. These stress changes are imported into the fluid flow model as pore‐fluid pressure changes. In addition, we consider the effects of fault core fracture and damage by introducing an increase in permeability at the fault plane. Results show that short‐term effects are dominated by pore‐pressure changes, which cause increased heat and mass fluxes at the surface for a period of several weeks. Longer‐term, an elevated mass flux remains due to the increase in subsurface permeability. Upflow migrates from the footwall scarp into the hanging wall and away from the fault, because rising fluids are no longer deflected by the fault.
Stratospheric water vapor increases over the past half‐century

Ten data sets covering the period 1954–2000 are analyzed to show a 1%/yr increase in stratospheric water vapor. The trend has persisted for at least 45 years, hence is unlikely the result of a single event, but rather indicative of long‐term climate change. A long‐term change in the transport of water vapor into the stratosphere is the most probable cause.
Orientation and propagation of current sheet oscillations

Using the four‐spacecraft Cluster system, we analyze rapid neutral sheet crossings near the Cluster apogee at about −18RE. In case studies of multiple oscillations of the locally quiet plasma sheet as well as in a statistical study of oscillations in dawn and dusk near‐flank plasma sheet portions we typically obtain that locally these dynamical current sheets are very corrugated and that subsequent crossings basically show portions of large‐scale kink‐like waves propagating from the tail center toward flanks. Propagation velocities are in the range of several tens km/s for the locally quiet sheets, and up to 200 km/s during fast flows. These results suggest that the flapping motions are of internal origin and that kink‐like waves are emitted in the central part of the tail by some impulsive source and propagate toward the tail flanks. The wave properties do not match any local excitation mechanism previously discussed so far in the literature.
Technical Implications of the Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay to Elucidate Neuroblastoma Biology

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) can be used as a valuable research tool to examine tumors. The CAM can be used to investigate processes such as migration, invasion, and angiogenesis and to assess novel antitumor drugs. The CAM can be used to establish tumors in a straightforward, rapid, and cost-effective manner via xenotransplantation of cells or tumor tissues with reproducible results; furthermore, the use of the CAM adheres to the three “R” principle, i.e., replace, reduce, and refine. To achieve successful tumor establishment and survival, several technical aspects should be taken into consideration. The complexity and heterogeneity of diseases including neuroblastoma and cancers in general and their impact on human health highlight the importance of preclinical models that help us describe tumor-specific biological processes. These models will not only help in understanding tumor biology, but also allow clinicians to explore therapeutic alternatives that will improve current treatment strategies. In this review, we summarize the technical characteristics as well as the main findings regarding the use of this model to study neuroblastoma for angiogenesis, metastasis, drug sensitivity, and drug resistance.
RFE-LinkNet: LinkNet With Receptive Field Enhancement for Road Extraction From High Spatial Resolution Imagery

Extracting roads from high spatial resolution imagery (HSRI) has been a hot research topic in recent years. Particularly, the fully convolutional network (FCN)-based methods have shown promising performance in accurately extracting roads from HSRI. However, most existing FCN-based approaches suffer from such deficiencies of convolution in spatial detail loss, inadequate fusion of multi-scale features, and lack of consideration for long-range dependencies, making road extraction from HSRI remain a challenging task. To address the above challenges, based on LinkNet architecture, this paper provided a novel neural network named RFE-LinkNet, which employs a U-shaped framework and integrates several receptive field enhancement modules and dual attention modules. In the RFE-LinkNet, in order to enhance the spatial information perception and capture long-range dependencies, the multiple receptive field enhancement module is devised to expand the receptive field while preserving the spatial details of feature maps. And dual attention module is provided to capture accurate features for road extraction by refining multi-scale features from the different-level feature maps in the view of their relative importance. Experiments on Massachusetts road dataset and DeepGlobe road dataset are conducted to evaluate the performance of RFE-LinkNet, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves superior performance compared to previous road extraction, establishing its state-of-the-art effectiveness. The code of RFE-LinkNet is available at https://github.com/zhengxc97/RFE_LINKNET.
Multilayered regulation of iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development due to its role in crucial processes such as photosynthesis and modulation of the redox state as an electron donor. While Fe is one of the five most abundant metals in the Earth’s crust, it is poorly accessible to plants in alkaline soils due to the formation of insoluble complexes. To limit Fe deficiency symptoms, plant have developed a highly sophisticated regulation network including Fe sensing, transcriptional regulation of Fe-deficiency responsive genes, and post-translational modifications of Fe transporters. In this mini-review, we detail how plants perceive intracellular Fe status and how they regulate transporters involved in Fe uptake through a complex cascade of transcription factors. We also describe the current knowledge about intracellular trafficking, including secretion to the plasma membrane, endocytosis, recycling, and degradation of the two main Fe transporters, IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER 1 (IRT1) and NATURAL RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN 1 (NRAMP1). Regulation of these transporters by their non-Fe substrates is discussed in relation to their functional role to avoid accumulation of these toxic metals during Fe limitation.
Effect of host liquid crystal structure on nonlinear molecular reorientation of oligothiophene-doped liquid crystals

Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials whose optical properties change in accordance with incident light intensity are attracting much attention in various fields. Liquid crystals (LCs) exhibit the largest nonlinearity among functional materials due to their photoinduced molecular reorientation. In particular, doping dichroic oligothiophene dye into LCs increases the light sensitivity of materials based on the interaction between dyes and an optical-electric field. Furthermore, the absorbance of this LC system drastically increases through the dye molecules' reorientation, promising. for application to the optical limiter; however, practical applications require better light sensitivity. In this study, we investigated the effect of the host LC structure such as fluorinated LCs on optical limiting behavior derived from nonlinear molecular reorientation. Irradiation of dye-doped LCs with a laser beam brought about molecular reorientation, and the transmittance decreased with an incident light intensity. Furthermore, the threshold light intensity for optical limiting behavior depended on the host LCs structure. Trifluorinated LCs effectively increased the light sensitivity of the dye-doped LCs compared to LCs without fluorine substituents. This result contributes to the material design for the low threshold optical devices utilizing the NLO of dye-doped LCs.
Diurnal Variations in Lake-Effect Precipitation near the Western Great Lakes

Abstract Lake-effect snowstorms are important parts of the climate of the U.S. Upper Midwest, with significant economic and societal impacts on communities close to the Great Lakes. Some impacts, particularly those on air and ground transportation, depend critically on the time of day that lake-effect precipitation occurs. This study utilizes hourly precipitation data collected near Lakes Superior and Michigan to determine the diurnal behavior of lake-effect precipitation frequency. Precipitation data from approximately 200 lake-effect days during 1988–93, identified by a previous study based on visible satellite data, are examined. A distinct morning maximum and afternoon/evening minimum in lake-effect precipitation frequency was observed, with the largest variations at sites within the snowbelt regions. The relative importance of several factors known to influence lake-effect precipitation development was examined to gain insight into the physical mechanisms controlling the diurnal evolution of lake-eff.
Mapping plankton biomass in the deep-ocean: an ecological provinces approach

The distribution of epipelagic plankton biomass by size-fractions was studied during Malaspina-2010 expedition across the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The objective was to characterize plankton biomass structure at large spatial scales in poorly explored areas of the ocean. Samples from 95 stations, representative of 3 of major ocean biomes and 12 ecological provinces, were fractionated in 5 size-classes (40 to 5000 μm) and biomass determined as dry weight. Mean plankton biomass was similar for all oceans and major biomes but varied significantly between provinces, being particularly high in the N Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent and in the Caribbean provinces. The differences were mainly due to increases in medium-sized plankton, while for most provinces the biomass was uniformly distributed across logarithmic size-classes. Total and size-class plankton biomass was negatively and non-linearly correlated with the mixing layer depth and with the depth of the chlorophyll maximum across provinces. In contrast only the biomass of the smaller plankton was positively and linearly correlated with sea surface temperature, while the biomass of other size-classes was positively affected by the thermal stratification gradient in the upper layer. The obtained relationships will improve our ability to monitor and model the ocean response to global change.
La transizione economica in Cina: strategie di sviluppo e 'società aperta' (Economic Transition in China: Development Strategies and 'Open Society'

Gli sforzi compiuti in Cina in oltre trent’anni per passare da un’economia pianificata ad un’economia di mercato hanno favorito l’emersione di una molteplicita di imprese, che hanno prodotto straordinarie performance economiche. Diversi studi suggeriscono tuttavia che i relativi cambiamenti istituzionali siano ancora incompleti e connessi ad una serie di frizioni che potrebbero ostacolare l’attuale passo di espansione economica della Cina. Diventa quindi importante comprendere la transizione economica cinese in un modo che dia conto della sua origine e di cio che potrebbe considerarsi una sua conclusione di successo, cioe in una logica di trasformazioni da una fase iniziale in cui il mercato opera prevalentemente mediante transazioni personalizzate a fasi piu avanzate in cui il mercato e invece integrato da varie istituzioni, cosi che le relazioni di scambio siano prevalentemente impersonali. Questo articolo estende questa logica impiegando il concetto classico di “societa aperta” e confrontando le conseguenti implicazioni economiche con le attuali strategie di sviluppo adottate in Cina e con alcune delle principali alternative suggerite in un recente rapporto della World Bank (2012). The efforts made in China in more than thirty years to move from a planned to a market economy favored the emergence of a multiplicity of firms, which resulted in extraordinary economic performance. Several studies suggest however that the relative institutional changes are still incomplete and connected to a series of frictions, which could impede the current pace of China’s economic expansion. It is therefore important to understand the Chinese transition in a way that takes into account both its beginning and what might be considered a successful to conclusion to this transition, i.e. in a logic of transformations from an initial stage, where the market operates mainly through personalized transactions, towards more advanced stages where the market is instead integrated by several institutions, such that exchange relationships are mainly impersonal. This article extends this logic employing the classic concept of “open society” (Popper, 1996 [1945]), and contrasting the resulting economic implications against China’s current development strategies and some of the main alternatives recently suggested in a World Bank research (2012).
Perceived Influence of Entrepreneurship Education Methods on Economic Security in Cross River State

This study investigated the perception of how methods of entrepreneurial education predict the level of economic security in the Southern Senatorial District of Cross River State. It was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses, tested at a significant level of 0.05. The research design was a survey. The study had 350 participants. A 40-item "Entrepreneurship Education and Economic Security Questionnaire" (EEESQ) was validated by five experts from the University of Calabar and used in data collection. The EEESQ was pilot tested on 30 respondents who were not a part of the study sample. In order to evaluate the consistency of the EEESQ, Cronbach Alpha statistics were used, and they yielded reliability values of 0.84 and 0.80 for the independent and dependent variables, respectively. Three hundred and fifty respondents responded to the instrument, which was administered. In order to find the answers to the study questions and test the hypotheses, data were analyzed using linear regression analysis at the significant level of . 05. The study discovered that experiential and transdisciplinary teaching strongly predict economic security. It was recommended that educators at various stages should introduce students to real-world scenarios when teaching entrepreneurship education.
Effect of tidal fluctuations on contaminant transfer to the ocean

Variable-density groundwater flow was simulated to examine the effects that tide has on the coastward migration of a contaminant through a freshwater/saltwater interface and toward a coastal ocean boundary. Simulated ocean tides did not significantly affect the total contaminant mass input to the ocean; however, the difference in tidal and non-tidal simulated concentrations could be as much as 15%. It may be possible to numerically approximate the tidal-driven hydraulic transients in transport models that do not explicitly include tides by locally increasing dispersivity.
Manufacturing wearable electronics by direct copper electrodeposition

In the modern world, wearable electronics are potentially intensifying a transformation of the military, aerospace, medical, industrial, and commercial industries. However, manufacturing electronic circuits or devices directly on fabrics is a major challenge. In this study, we have addressed the issue by developing a two-step manufacturing process by coating a piece of polyester fabric with lignin. Initially, a conductive template was achieved on the fabric after laser-burning lignin. In the second step, using an in-house design printer, copper was electroplated over the conductive template to achieve a very low resistive circuit layout. The conductivity measurements were monitored before and after destructive tests such as bending, rolling, washing, and adhesion tests to prove remarkable stability and flexibility. The quality of the conductive patterns was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the copper deposition method was applied to solder a light-emitting diode (LED) to the applied circuit layout on the fabric. The proposed two-step manufacturing method has a promising potential to fabricate reliable and leading-edge wearable electronics for various applications.