Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Algebraic Functions, Computer Programming, and the Challenge of Transfer

V! CHAPTER.1:. INTRODUCTION.1! CHAPTER.2:. LITERATURE.REVIEW. 5! TRANSFER. 5! THE.ALGEBRAIC. DOMAIN. 21! RICH.TASKS. FOR.ALGEBRA. 26! THE.PROMISE. OF.TECHNOLOGY. 32! CHAPTER.3:. THE.BOOTSTRAP. CURRICULUM.55! THE.SHOULDERS. OF.GIANTS. 56! INTRODUCING.BOOTSTRAP. 59! CHAPTER.4:. CONCEPTUAL.FRAMEWORK. 80! PROCEDURAL.KNOWLEDGE. 81! CONCEPTUAL.KNOWLEDGE. 81! ATTITUDINAL.FACTORS. 84! RESEARCH.QUESTIONS. 85! CHAPTER.5:. RESEARCH.METHODS. 86! DESIGN. 86! DATA.SET. 86! MEASURES. 88! ANALYSIS. 91! CHAPTER.6:. RESULTS.94! FIDELITY. 94! TEACHER.INTERVIEWS. 97! PREE.AND. POSTETESTS. 134! CHAPTER.7:. DISCUSSION.143! RESEARCH.QUESTIONS. 144! LIMITATIONS. 156! IMPLICATIONS. 157! CONCLUSION. 166! APPENDICES.168! APPENDIX.A:. OBSERVATION.PROTOCOL. 168! APPENDIX.B:. EXAMPLES.OF. FORMATIVE.PROGRAMMING. ASSESSMENTS. 169! APPENDIX.C:. TRANSFER.OUTCOMES. (PRETEST). 170! APPENDIX.D:. INTERVIEW.PROTOCOL. 175! REFERENCES.178! VITA.190!
Incus Kemikciğine Mems Yerleştirilerek Ses Sinyali Analizinin Uygunluğunun Geliştirilen Matematiksel Model İle Testi/Testing With The Mathematical Model Developed in Accordance With Voice Signal Analysis By Attaching Mems Onto Incus Ossicle

Ozet Koklear Implant (KI) isitme cihazlari; ileri veya cok ileri derecede isitme kaybi olanlara yardimci olmak icin tasarlanmis elektronik bir cihazdir. Koklear Implant sistemi sesleri elektriksel uyarimlara donusturur ve sinyalleri dogrudan Koklea’ya iletir. Uyarilan isitme sinirleri sayesinde beyin sinyalleri ses olarak algilar. Koklear Implant isitme cihazlarinin, diger isitme cihazlarindan farkli olarak maliyeti oldukca yuksektir. Dunyada Koklear Implant ureticisi olarak Med-El, Cochlear, Advanced Bionics ve Oticon firmalari bulunmaktadir. Mevcut tasarimlarda mikrofon ve ses islemcisi kulak disinda kalmakta (dis unite) ve bu tasarim estetik kaygi, yasam konforu acisindan sikinti olusturmaktadir. Kullanicilar bazi sosyal faaliyetlerde cihazlarini cikarmak zorunda kalmakta ve kazanilan duyma yetisi kaybolmaktadir. Bu makaledeki amac, bu gibi sosyal yasami zorlastiran olumsuz faktorleri ortadan kaldirarak, MEMS’in orta kulaktaki incus kemigi uzerine implante edilebilmesinin uygulanabilirligini test eden matematiksel model gelistirmektir. Ayrica MEMS’in mekanik yukleme etkisinin kulak modeline olan etkisi gelistirilen matematiksel yontem ile hesaplanmistir.
Passive method-based islanding detection of Renewable-based Distributed Generation: The issues

In response to the Clean Energy Act, the penetration of Renewable-based Distributed Generators (RDGs) into the electric power grid is expected to continue to increase, resulting in reduced system losses, reduced transmission congestion and improved system efficiency; however, the intermittent nature of RDGs introduces significant variability that complicates the development of islanding detection schemes compared to conventional or non-renewable-based distributed generators (DGs). This manifests in the form of degraded reliability and power quality. Active methods where disturbances are injected into the grid for detecting islanding operations are not suitable for RDGs because they lead to power quality degradation. On the other hand, passive methods using local measurements do not introduce disturbances into the grid and are inexpensive; however, their performance may be compromised when operating in distorted environments. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of passive-based islanding protection schemes that have been proposed in the literature. The paper investigates the performance of the islanding detection schemes in the context of degraded power quality that will occur with the increased penetration of RDGs into the electric grid.
Evaluating the Characteristics of Code Reviewers and the Code Reviewed by Them in Open Source Projects

Open Source Software (OSS) solutions play an important role in software industry. People all around the world use open source applications in their daily life. Development practices in OSS usually don’t follow established industry standards, teams are often distributed, and experience among team members varies greatly. Nevertheless, OSS has to fulfill the same quality standards as conventional software. Within OSS, gatekeeping is the process of controlling quality in a way that contribution goes through a formal review. OSS use high experienced people (during code reviews) to review and control the commits of less experienced people. But it is not evident, if committers with more experience actually produce higher quality code. In this study we investigate how experience influences the quality of code contributions. This shall enable us to get a better understanding how quality assurance processes in OSS work. This study is carried out to evaluate the characteristics of code reviewers and their contribution efficiency. The study is comprised of six different Apache projects and exploring the facts by using source code characteristics. The results of this study present interesting information about characteristics of code reviewers and contributions made by them. We investigate the relationship between contributor’s experience and contribution efficiency. According to our study results, there is no correlation between contributor’s experience and contribution efficiency. A developer with less experience can also provide efficient contributions. Results of this study can be useful for software professionals, managers and IT researchers.
White Matter Integrity in Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Associations With Executive Function and Loss of Consciousness

Objective:We investigated using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and the association between white matter integrity and executive function (EF) performance in postacute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In addition, we examined whether injury severity, as measured by loss of consciousness (LOC) versus alterations in consciousness (AOC), is related to white matter microstructural alterations and neuropsychological outcome. Participants:Thirty Iraq and Afghanistan War era veterans with a history of mTBI and 15 healthy veteran control participants. Results:There were no significant overall group differences between control and mTBI participants on DTI measures. However, a subgroup of mTBI participants with EF decrements (n = 13) demonstrated significantly decreased fractional anisotropy of prefrontal white matter, corpus callosum, and cingulum bundle structures compared with mTBI participants without EF decrements (n = 17) and control participants. Participants having mTBI with LOC were more likely to evidence reduced EF performances and disrupted ventral prefrontal white matter integrity when compared with either mTBI participants without LOC or control participants. Conclusions:Findings suggest that altered white matter integrity contributes to reduced EF in subgroups of veterans with a history of mTBI and that LOC may be a risk factor for reduced EF as well as associated changes to ventral prefrontal white matter.
Social Factors in Epidemiology

The coupling of social and biological contagion in human populations can have positive or negative outcomes. [Also see Perspective by Kahan] Despite the invention of control measures like vaccines, infectious diseases remain part of human existence. Ideas, sentiments, or information can also be contagious (1, 2). Such social contagion is akin to biological contagion: Both spread through a replication process that is blind to the consequences for the individual or population, and if each person transmits to more than one person, the explosive power of exponential growth creates an epidemic. Social contagions may cause irrational “fever. ” Isaac Newton, having lost £20,000 in the speculative South Sea Bubble, commented that he could “calculate the movement of the stars, but not the madness of men” (3). Systems in which both contagion types are coupled to one another—an infectious disease spreading by biological contagion and a social contagion concerning the disease—offer unique scientific challenges and are increasingly important for public health (4–15).
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF APOPTOSIS IN GRANULOCYTES

Defining the circumstances whereby some inflammatory lesions have the capacity to resolve completely is likely to shed new light on the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, which are usually characterised by persistent inflammation of the tissues. However, by contrast with the processes leading to initiation of inflammation little is known of the normal resolution processes. Oearance of extravasated inflammatory cells from inflamed tissues is an important pre-requisite for resolution to occur, but until recently there has been little interest in these events. Granulocytes have a wide range of histotoxic contents and have been implicated specifically in the pathogenesis of most inflammatory diseases. While it is generally agreed that the neutrophils granulocyte meets its fate in situ it has been widely assumed that neutrophils inevitably become necrotic and disintegrate before their fragments are removed by phagocytes, thus exposing healthy tissues to the effects of neutrophil enzymic contents which have the capacity not only to injure tissues directly but also to amplify the inflammatory response by generating chemotaxins locally. However, we have identified an alternative fate by which aging neutrophils, derived from peripheral blood or inflamed sites undergo apoptosis (1), a controlled process which leads to loss of the neutrophil's secretory responses to local stimuli (2) and removal of the intact senescent cell by inflammatory macrophages utilising a novel phagocytic recognilion mechanism (3) v. 'hich fails to trigger macrophage release of pro-inflammatory mediators (4). This recognition process employs the integrin avP3 (the vitronectin receptor) and CD36 (a thrombospondin receptor) on the macrophage surface (5,6) and thrombospondin may serve as a bridging molecule to the surface of the apoptotic neutrophil, although the moiety on the neutrophil surface responsible for its recognition remains obscure at present. The rate of neutrophil apoptosis is modulated by inflammatory mediators such as LPS, C5a and GMCSF which prolong the functional life of the neutrophil by inhibiting the rate of apoptosis (7). Similar mechanisms occur in the eosinophil, although the inherent rate of apoptosis is slower than in the neutrophil and it is modulated by different inflammatory mediators (8).
A multi-user multi-operator computing pricing method for Internet of things based on bi-level optimization

The Internet of mobile things is a promising paradigm that generates, stores, and processes amount of real-time data to render rich services for mobile users. Along with the increase of mobile devices in the field of Internet of things, more and more intelligent applications, such as face recognition and virtual reality, have emerged. These applications typically consume large amounts of computing and energy resources. However, due to the physical size limitations of Internet of things terminals, their computing capacity and power are limited, where users’ needs for application processing delay and power consumption cannot be met. Therefore, the concept of edge cloud computing has been proposed, which enhances the computing capacity of Internet of things terminals by offloading user tasks to edge servers for computation. When there are multiple operators, it is important to understand how users choose an operator to perform computation and how operators can reasonably price the computing capacity to meet their own interests. Therefore, we study the computation pricing and user decision-making problems of Internet of things under multi-user and multi-operator scenarios. The problem is divided into three phases and modeled as a two-level optimization problem. While an operator’s goal is to minimize the loss of his interests, the user’s goal is to minimize the computation cost (energy consumption and price). First, since the lower-level user decision-making problem is an integer linear programming problem, we transform it into an equivalent continuous linear programming problem by relaxation. Second, we transform the bi-level optimization problem into an equivalent single-level optimization problem by substituting the lower problem’s Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions into an upper problem. Finally, we use a spatial branch and bound algorithm to solve the problem. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively maintain the benefits of both operators and users in the field of Internet of things.
Enhanced Leaf Cooling Is a Pathway to Heat Tolerance in Common Bean

Common bean is the most consumed legume in the world and an important source of protein in Latin America, Eastern, and Southern Africa. It is grown in a variety of environments with mean air temperatures of between 14°C and 35°C and is more sensitive to high temperatures than other legumes. As global heating continues, breeding for heat tolerance in common bean is an urgent priority. Transpirational cooling has been shown to be an important mechanism for heat avoidance in many crops, and leaf cooling traits have been used to breed for both drought and heat tolerance. As yet, little is known about the magnitude of leaf cooling in common bean, nor whether this trait is functionally linked to heat tolerance. Accordingly, we explore the extent and genotypic variation of transpirational cooling in common bean. Our results show that leaf cooling is an important heat avoidance mechanism in common bean. On average, leaf temperatures are 5°C cooler than air temperatures, and can range from between 13°C cooler and 2°C warmer. We show that the magnitude of leaf cooling keeps leaf temperatures within a photosynthetically functional range. Heat tolerant genotypes cool more than heat sensitive genotypes and the magnitude of this difference increases at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, we find that differences in leaf cooling are largest at the top of the canopy where determinate bush beans are most sensitive to the impact of high temperatures during the flowering period. Our results suggest that heat tolerant genotypes cool more than heat sensitive genotypes as a result of higher stomatal conductance and enhanced transpirational cooling. We demonstrate that it is possible to accurately simulate the temperature of the leaf by genotype using only air temperature and relative humidity. Our work suggests that greater leaf cooling is a pathway to heat tolerance. Bean breeders can use the difference between air and leaf temperature to screen for genotypes with enhanced capacity for heat avoidance. Once evaluated for a particular target population of environments, breeders can use our model for modeling leaf temperatures by genotype to assess the value of selecting for cooler beans.
Editorial

Considerable attention is being given to ‘what works’ in education. The Campbell Collaboration (http://campbellcollaboration.org) and the What Works Clearinghouse (http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/) are intended to produce an evidence base of ‘what works’ to inform decision making, with data that derive in large part from randomised controlled trials. However, if we really want to know ‘what works’ then we have to ask more questions, e.g.: ‘For whom? ’; ‘Under what conditions? ’; ‘How and why? ’; ‘Based on what criteria? ’; ‘At what costs? ’; and ‘Why do some interventions not work? ’. Research on ‘what works’ concerns, in part, discovering the effects of causes. In this enterprise randomised controlled trials have gained a high profile (e.g. Schneider et al., 2007). But there are problems of really attributing causality in identifying ‘what works,’ which, for experimental approaches, involves isolating and controlling variables, and which, in turn, is difficult to the point of impossibility in the real world of students, teaching and classrooms. How can one cope with this? One way is by attention to sampling and randomisation, as Davies in the paper in this issue writes, ‘to eliminate the confounding effect of selection bias that occurs in the experimental treatment and control groups’ (the ceteris paribus condition). It strives to address Holland’s (1986) ‘fundamental problem of causal inference’, which is that the same person may not be in both a control group and an experimental group simultaneously. Randomisation is used to overcome the confounding effect of exogenous and endogenous variables, but this is problematic as it assumes that their distribution is more or less even and/or perhaps of little significance, and Davies’s paper in this issue takes to task different approaches to randomization. Another way of coping with the multitude of variables operating in a situation is by including several of these variables, but this, in turn, can make research (particularly experimental approaches) very difficult to manage. But this does not mean that we should exclude significant factors, e.g. student motivation and classroom variables, simply because they are difficult to handle, and the paper by Iqbal and Pell in this issue attests to the importance of motivation in education. Research has to demonstrate reliability and validity, and this suggests the importance not only of sampling, not only of inclusion and control of important variables, but also of reliable instrumentation, and the paper by Koopman in this issue attests to the importance of choosing the most suitable instrument(s) in educational research. We fool ourselves if we really believe that we can discover the effects of causes through simplistic research, and the three articles here are useful in underlining different concerns on this point. Establishing causality and being
Large wood and fluvial processes

SUMMARY 1. Large wood forms an important component of woodland river ecosystems. The relationship between large wood and the physical characteristics of river systems varies greatly with changes in the tree species of the marginal woodland, the climatic and hydrological regime, the fluvial geomorphological setting and the river and woodland management context. 2. Research on large wood and fluvial processes over the last 25 years has focussed on three main themes: the effects of wood on flow hydraulics; on the transfer of mineral and organic sediment; and on the geomorphology of river channels. 3. Analogies between wood and mineral sediment transfer processes (supply, mobility and river characteristics that affect retention) are found useful as a framework for synthesising current knowledge on large wood in rivers. 4. An important property of wood is its size when scaled to the size of the river channel. ¢Small¢ channels are defined as those whose width is less than the majority of wood pieces (e.g. width < median wood piece length). ‘Medium’ channels have widths greater than the size of most wood pieces (e.g. width < upper quartile wood piece length), and ‘Large’ channels are wider than the length of all of the wood pieces delivered to them. 5. A conceptual framework defined here for evaluating the storage and dynamics of wood in rivers ranks the relative importance of hydrological characteristics (flow regime, sediment transport regime), wood characteristics (piece size, buoyancy, morphological complexity) and geomorphological characteristics (channel width, geomorphological style) in ‘Small’, ‘Medium’ and ‘Large’ rivers. 6. Wood pieces are large in comparison with river size in ‘small’ rivers, therefore they tend to remain close to where they are delivered to the river and provide important structures in the stream, controlling rather than responding to the hydrological and sediment transfer characteristics of the river. 7. For ‘Medium’ rivers, the combination of wood length and form becomes critical to the stability of wood within the channel. Wood accumulations form as a result of smaller or more mobile wood pieces accumulating behind key pieces. Wood transport is governed mainly by the flow regime and the buoyancy of the wood. Even quite large wood pieces may require partial burial to give them stability, so enhancing the importance of the sediment transport regime. 8. Wood dynamics in ‘Large’ rivers vary with the geometry of the channel (slope and channel pattern), which controls the delivery, mobility and breakage of wood, and also the
NON-VERBAL INTELLIGENCE NONVERBAL AND MOTOR FITNESS LEVEL IN CHILDREN AGED 7-14 YEARS

Introduction. The issue related the importance of mental processes (including non-verbal intelligence) in the determination of physical fitness and its structure is not new. It has been solved in different ways, but most often, the basis for interpretation of results was the issue of statistical significance of linear correlation between indicators of intelligence and motor components of physical fitness. In our own study, we also applied the statistical to solve the undertaken research problem. In developing the concept of research, we based it on the S-O-R teleological neobehaviourism model by E.S. Tolman and dynamic psychology introduced by R.S. Woodworth. In such an approach, we assessed the indirect affect of non-verbal intelligence (O) on physical fitness and its components (R) being the reverse side of a certain level of physical activity (S), shaped under the influence of mental processes, which in our study included non-verbal intelligence. Hipotheses: 1. The high level of statistically significant coefficients of linear correlation between physical fitness and nonverbal intelligence can be confirmed by the phenomenon of people having higher intelligence, greater motivation to stay healthy, the dimension of which can be motor components recognized under the American concept of health (H-R-F). 2. Biological factors of the organism [O], included in the eclectic model of dynamic psychology by S.R. Woodworth: S-O-R, such as age, sex and status of residence (a large or small city, a village) should not affect the differentiation of the pace of mental and motor development in children, nor the strength of correlations between the level of non-verbal intelligence and physical fitness. Basic procedures. Observations included children of both sexes aged 7-14 from three Malopolska cities: Krakow (big city), Slawkow (small town), Barcice (village). Basic somatic features (body height and mass) were measured by methods used in somatometry. To measure speed and strength abilities, we used the Denisiuk test. Non-verbal intelligence was evaluated using the J. C. Raven test. The collected material was elaborated using two methods: descriptive statistics (calculated mean and standard deviations that were needed to characterize the kinetics and dynamics of development of somatic, motor and mental indicators) and mathematical statistics (determined the strength of the relationship between intelligence and non-verbal indicators of somatic and motor development). Results. Comparative analysis of the kinetics and dynamics of physical, motor and mental development helped to confirm the hypothesis assuming that social gradients become equalized in the development of children from different residence backgrounds: Antropomotoryka. Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences JKES 74 (26): 13-37, 2016 SECTION – FUNDAMETAL AND APPLIED KINESIOLOGY DOI: 10.5604/01.3001. 0009.5610 ICID: 5610 (1.1) Authors’ contribution: A. Study design/planning B. Data collection/entry C. Data analysis/statistics D. Data interpretation E. Preparation of manuscript F. Literature analysis/search