Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of metal nano layer thickness on tunneling oxide and memory performance of core-shell iridium-oxide nanocrystals

The impact of iridium-oxide (IrOx) nano layer thickness on the tunneling oxide and memory performance of IrOx metal nanocrystals in an n-Si/SiO2/Al2O3/IrOx/Al2O3/IrOx structure has been investigated. A thinner (1.5 nm) IrOx nano layer has shown better memory performance than that of a thicker one (2.5 nm). Core-shell IrOx nanocrystals with a small average diameter of 2.4 nm and a high density of ∼2 × 1012/cm2 have been observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The IrOx nanocrystals are confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A large memory window of 3.0 V at a sweeping gate voltage of ±5 V and 7.2 V at a sweeping gate voltage of ± 8 V has been observed for the 1.5 nm-thick IrOx nano layer memory capacitors with a small equivalent oxide thickness of 8 nm. The electrons and holes are trapped in the core and annular regions of the IrOx nanocrystals, respectively, which is explained by Gibbs free energy. High electron and hole-trapping densities are found to be 1.5 × 1013/cm2 and 2 × 1013/.
PLANE FOLIATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL NONINVERTIBLE MAPS

The plane foliation consists in associating a sheet with each determination of the inverse map. Such sheets join by pairs at curves called “critical curves”, locus of points having two coincident rank-one preimages. The knowledge of the foliation, i.e., the sheets organization, is of first importance for understanding the properties of noninvertible maps, in particular those of chaotic attractors, basins, and their bifurcations.
A shallow, short-lived meso-β cyclone over the Gulf of Antalya, eastern Mediterranean

The physical mechanisms of a shallow short-lived meso-b scale cyclone over the Gulf ofAntalya, eastern Mediterranean, are studied, with the PSU/NCAR MM4 and MM5 mesoscalemodels. Although the thin stratus clouds within this cyclone as observed from satellitesare not resolved even by the 3 km nesting, the dynamical evolution and the 3-D structureare well captured. The small cyclone or eddy develops before sunrise following convergenceof the strong katabatic winds from the nearby steep Anatolya mountains slopes with 2 kmpeaks. The eddy’s lifetime is of the order of 5–7 h and it quickly dissipates before noon.Based on the simulated vertical winds, vorticity, humidity as well as the IR top cloudtemperatures, the depth of the eddy is estimated to be 500–800 m. It is shown that thedivergence term in the vorticity equation is dominant during the eddy’s generation.Lagrangian analysis for the trajectories of several air-masses that were identified as crucialfor the eddy’s development, reveals a sharp increase both in the PV (by 7–8 units), and inthe specific humidity, 3.5 to 7 g/kg, as the air-parcels descend from about 840 to 980 hPa.This air-parcel analysis also shows that the diabatic contribution is quite important. Factorseparation experiments confirm that pure topography is the major factor and the synergisticeffect of sea-fluxes and topography contributes about 20% of the total vorticity. The Antalyacyclone is common during July to September morning hours and its frequency of occurrencewas estimated from satellite pictures to be about 20%. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1999. t01-2-00006.x
Arc structure of singularities

Introduction. This paper is motivated as much by some interesting possible truths which were encountered as by the things which could be established. Perhaps others will be able to complete the picture with the solutions of these implicit problems. For simplicity we confine ourselves to the complex numbers. We consider abstract (algebraic) varieties over the complex numbers. One could also extend the results to complex analytic varieties if one had the resolution of singularities in this case. Arcs are small portions of algebroid curves lying in the variety V. They are represented by convergent power series in a complex parameter giving the coordinates x(t) of a point of V. We consider the nonsingular arcs where x(t) is nonsingular on V for general t. Associated with any algebraic subset W of the variety, there are the arcs where x(0) is a point of W. From the existence of a resolution of the singularities of V, we find that the set of arcs associated with W decomposes into a finite number of families. The number of these is not more than the number of components of the image of W in a resolution. However, the families exist independently of any particular resolution. For surfaces it seems possible that there are exactly as many families of arcs associated with a point as there are components of the image of the point in the minimal resolution of the singularities of the surface. This is the first open question. In higher dimensions, the arc families associated with the singular set correspond to "essential components" which must appear in the image of the singular set in all resolutions. We do not know how complete is the representation of essential components by arc families. Exemplifying essential components is a large class characterized by a condition on their birational types. A hypersurface appearing in a resolution as a component of the image of the singular set which is not birationally equivalent to a ruled variety is essential. It must appear in any resolution. As illustrations, we present a few examples of singularities and their arc families and essential components.
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF COMB FILTER FOR AUDIBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF HEARING IMPAIRED

In this paper, FPGA implementation of comb filter required for hearing aids useful for hearing impaired people suffering from sensorineural hearing loss has been proposed. The difficulties in algorithm implementation on FPGA based hardware is the complexity involved during design and it implementation. Here, a new approach has been used to implement comb filter on FPGA platform. This work describes the hardware miniaturization of the hearing aid system.
A Directive Patch Antenna with Arbitrary Ring Aperture Lattice Metamaterial Structure

A new method to improve the gain of patch antenna with metamaterial composed of ring aperture lattice spaced periodically along two arbitrary vectors is presented. The properties of the metamaterial are discussed, and the effective index of refraction and effective permittivity can be retrieved at all frequencies. Then a patch antenna with metamaterial is fabricated and measured. The experimental results show that this method is effective and this structure can realize congregating the radiation energy, thus the gains of the patch antenna with metamaterial can be greatly increased compared with the conventional one.
The Laryngeal Ventricle Considered as an Acoustical Filter

The ventriculus laryngis is a pocket‐shaped slit which extends laterally between the false and true vocal folds. It is deepest in the middle, and from its anterior half there projects vertically upward a blind sack called the appendix. Its physiological function is supposedly that of a lubricant for the vocal cords. The presence of fibrous tissue in the ventricular fold would seem to indicate the possibility of muscular control of the volume of the ventricle and the area of the orifice into the larynx, thus suggesting the possible action of the laryngeal ventricle as an acoustical filter. The necessary conditions are thus established for the consideration of a resonator of variable volume, neck, and orifice. Unique frequency resonance is obviously not to be expected from such a resonator with its highly damping walls. The theory of Stewart's Acoustic Filters is applied in consideration of the effect on tone quality of the human voice. Some of the practices in vocal training are discussed, bearing such pos.
Comparing Computer Experiments for the Gaussian Process Model Using Integrated Prediction Variance

ABSTRACT Space-filling designs are a common choice of experimental design strategy for computer experiments. This article compares space-filling design types based on their theoretical prediction variance properties with respect to the Gaussian process model. An analytical solution for calculating the integrated prediction variance (IV) of the Gaussian process model is given. Using the analytical calculation of IV as a response variable, this article presents a study of the effects of dimension; sample size; value of parameter vector, θ; and experimental design type using a factorial design and regression analysis.
Low Distortion Oscillator Design

Verifying the quality of audio recording and playback devices typically involves harmonic distortion measurements. In such measurements the resolution is limited by the residual contribution of the used sinusoidal oscillator. Known oscillator designs cannot offer sufficiently low distortion contribution for the evaluation of contemporary high-performance audio devices; this applies in particular to fundamental frequencies of more than a decade below or above 1 kHz where the usually employed RC oscillator topologies show increased distortion. The results of this thesis are new methodologies for design and realisation of very low distortion RC oscillators. In particular electronic circuits for operational amplifiers, multipliers and level detectors with negligible distortion contribution at the −140 dBc level are presented. For each circuit the quality of the applied design procedures and theoretical models is supported by quantitative measurements across an appropriate range of frequencies and operating levels. Furthermore a measurement procedure for the evaluation of passive components is presented which exceeds the resolution of previous measurement methods by an order of magnitude. A full oscillator design using the new low distortion design methodologies is discussed; while the distortion residual of this new oscillator design is below the resolution of available distortion analyzers measurements of known distortion sources in isolation indicate that its overall distortion performance exceeds the −140 dBc level.
Optical properties of mice skin for optical therapy relevant wavelengths: influence of gender and pigmentation

Red and near-infrared light have been widely employed in optical therapies. Skin is the most common optical barrier in non-invasive techniques and in many cases it is the target tissue itself. Consequently, to optimize the outcomes brought by lightbased therapies, the optical properties of skin tissue must be very well elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the dorsal skin optical properties of albino (BALB/c) and pigmented (C57BL/6) mice using the Kubelka-Munk photon transport model. We evaluated samples from male and female young mice of both strains. Analysis was performed for wavelengths at 630, 660, 780, 810 and 905 nm due to their prevalent use in optical therapies, such as low-level light (or laser) and photodynamic therapies. Spectrophotometric measurements of diffuse transmittance and reflectance were performed using a single integrating sphere coupled to a proper spectrophotometer. Statistic analysis was made by two-way ANOVA, with Tukey as post-test and Levenne and Shapiro-Wilks as pre-tests. Statistical significance was considered when p<0.05. Our results show only a slight transmittance increment (<10 %) as wavelengths are increased from 630 to 905 nm, and no statistical significance was observed. Albino male mice present reduced transmittance levels for all wavelengths. The organization and abundance of skin composing tissues significantly influence its scattering optical properties although absorption remains constant. We conclude that factors such as subcutaneous adiposity and connective tissue structure can have statistically significant influence on mice skin optical properties and these factors have relevant variations among different gender and strains.
A Novel Approach to the Refraction Propagation Characteristics of UWB Signal Waveforms

Investigating the propagation properties of Ultra-wideband (UWB) is the essential topics in UWB channel theory. In this paper, the refraction coefficients of electromagnetism wave both the vertical incidence and the slanting incidence have been deduced. Furthermore, a novel approach to the refraction propagation characteristics of UWB signal waveforms is presented based on the band-divided method. The distortion of various UWB impulse waveforms with indoor refraction is studied. A good agreement is achieved between the band-divided results and the published results.
Higher-Derivative Photoemission Spectra and the Relativistic Band Structure of Gold

Following a prescription by Ehrenreich and Hodges, a relativistic band structure for Au has been constructed by the insertion of spin-orbit coupling into an originally nonrelativistic interpolation scheme. The bands are used to compute the energy distribution of the joint density of states $D(E, \ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega})$ and its second derivative with respect to energy ${D}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(E, \ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega})$. Peaks in $\ensuremath{-}{D}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(E, \ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega})$ are found to correlate quite well in energy location with structure in experimental higher-derivative photoelectron-energy spectra measured on cesiated Au. The comparison is made with previous data and with supplementary spectra presented here. Profile changes in the experimental spectra on varying the photon energy $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ are also reasonably well accounted for. The density of states computed from the same band structure shows $d$-band peaks at 2.65, 4.00, 4.50, 5.05, 6.35, 6.85, and 7.60 eV below the Fermi level. From the derivative spectra at the lower photon energies, the ${L}_{6}^{\ensuremath{-}}({L}_{{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{6}^{+}({L}_{1})$ band gap in Au is estimated to be 4.0 eV.
Multi-epoch spectroscopy, polarimetry and photometry of the polar UW Pic

We present photometric, polarimetric and spectroscopic observations of the ROSAT source RX J0531.5‐4624 (UW Pic), previously identified as a polar. Our observations, spanning a decade, show that UW Pic undergoes very pronounced changes in accretion geometry. This is particularly evident from the polarimetric observations. At times, UW Pic shows low levels of both positive and negative circular polarization, suggesting simultaneous accretion on to two magnetic poles. At other times, UW Pic shows high levels of negative circular polarization only over the whole orbit, suggesting accretion on to one dominant pole. Our more extensive collection of photometric measurements also shows morphological variations on monthly time-scales. The emission lines show variability typical of polars, with Doppler tomography revealing emission at the expected location of the secondary star and the accretion stream. The He II (λ4686) emission line varies in strength between epochs, being comparable to Hβ at one epoch and almost non-existent at others. Similarly, Ca II (λ3933) can either be weak or absent. We put forward a scenario that explains our observations in terms of changing accretion rates of UW Pic coupled with a particular orientation of the system to the observer. In addition, we have modelled the polarimetric observations according to this scenario. During epochs of lower rates, accretion occurs preferentially on to the magnetic pole that is most pointing towards the observer and the secondary star (the upper pole), resulting in negative circular polarization over the whole orbit and more Ca II (λ3933) emission. During epochs of higher rates, accretion occurs preferentially on to the opposite (lower) magnetic pole, though some accretion still occurs on to the upper pole. This results in both signs of polarization being observed. The higher accretion rate produces more He II (λ4686), a lower percentage of polarization and, due to geometrical considerations, a lower amount of Ca II (λ3933) emission. Alternatively, we note that these morphological variations are also suggestive of an asynchronous polar. Although we cannot rule out this scenario at present, no strong evidence of asynchronicity has been observed in our longest consecutive data sets, implying a beat period (if present) of the order of months.
Heat transport in thin dielectric films

Heat transport in 20–300 nm thick dielectric films is characterized in the temperature range of 78–400 K using the 3ω method. SiO2 and SiNx films are deposited on Si substrates at 300 °C using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). For films >100 nm thick, the thermal conductivity shows little dependence on film thickness: the thermal conductivity of PECVD SiO2 films is only ∼10% smaller than the conductivity of SiO2 grown by thermal oxidation. The thermal conductivity of PECVD SiNx films is approximately a factor of 2 smaller than SiNx deposited by atmospheric pressure CVD at 900 °C. For films <50 nm thick, the apparent thermal conductivity of both SiO2 and SiNx films decreases with film thickness. The thickness dependent thermal conductivity is interpreted in terms of a small interface thermal resistance RI. At room temperature, RI∼2×10−8 K m2 W−1 and is equivalent to the thermal resistance of a ∼20 nm thick layer of SiO2 .
Region Merging Based Segmentation with Cellular Automaton

Since fully automatic image segmentation on natural images is usually hard to provide guaranteed results, interactive scheme with a few simple user inputs becomes a good alternative. This paper presents a novel interactive method based on regional attacking and merging mechanism within a cellular automaton (CA) framework. With an attacking rule based on regions maximal similarity, the adjacent homogeneous regions that are initialized by pre-segmentation are automatically merged and labeled, the users only need to indicate the object and background regions with rough markers. The whole process neednt set any similarity threshold in advance and the desired contours are effectively extracted by labeling all the non-marker regions as either background or object. Extensive experiments are performed and the results show that the proposed scheme can reliably extract the object contours from the complex background.
A Giant Herbig-Haro Flow from Haro 6-10

We report the discovery of a parsec-scale Herbig-Haro flow emanating from the young binary system Haro 6-10 in Taurus. The flow extends for about 39′ (1.6 pc) at a position angle of about 222° and contains part of the previously known HH 184. The apparent ends of the flow are defined by the newly discovered HH 410 and HH 411, which are located 24′ southwest and 15′ northeast, respectively, from Haro 6-10. We suggest that the giant HH flow is most likely driven by the infrared companion to the T-Tauri primary in Haro 6-10; however, the T-Tauri component also appears to be driving a relatively weak and much smaller outflow with a north-south orientation. The two flows appear to undergo synchronized episodes of increased mass ejection, which may be due to enhanced gravitational interactions between the binary components during periastron. We also report the discovery of a new HH jet, HH 414, which is driven by IRAS 04264+2433. HH 414 points directly toward an associated bow shock, HH 413; the HH 413/414 flow crosses the axis of the HH 410/411 flow at a large angle.
Wavefront conjugated ray tracing aberrometry

In aberrometry, optical system of an eye plays a twofold role - as an object of measurement and as a part of aberrometer. It means that the aberrations to be measured are themselves the source of measurement errors. Simulation with ZEMAX demonstrated error dependencies for all Zernike components having an axial asymmetry. To compensate for the induced errors, the ray tracing procedure is proposed to be modified in a way to individually tilt the probing beam in each point where it enters the eye and to make it to cross the visual axis on the retina. One iteration makes the error less by about one order. Optical layout is proposed containing two sets of two-coordinate acousto-optic deflectors, the first one changing the height of the beam and the second one directing the laser beam into the same point that was designated in the initial measurement.
Near‐field direct‐write ultraviolet lithography and shear force microscopic studies of the lithographic process

Direct‐write lithography on a 100 nm scale has been carried out using the near‐field optical interaction between an uncoated tapered fiber tip and a layer of photoresist. This allows both lithography and shear force microscopic examination of the surface, which reveals morphological changes in the photoresist before development.
On the modulational stability of traveling and standing water waves

Asymptotically exact evolution equations are derived for trains of small amplitude counterpropagating water waves over finite depth. Surface tension is included. The resulting equations are nonlocal and generalize the equations derived by Davey and Stewartson for unidirectional wave trains. The stability properties of stationary standing and quasiperiodic waves are determined as a function of surface tension and fluid depth for both long wavelength longitudinal and transverse perturbations.
Stability and frequency tuning of thermally loaded continuous-wave AgGaS 2 optical parametric oscillators

We analyze and investigate experimentally the output stability and the frequency tuning characteristics of weakly triply resonant silver gallium sulfide (AgGaS2) optical parametric oscillators. These oscillators are subject to thermally induced bistability and passive self-frequency-locking phenomena. The robust self-frequency-locking on a single-mode pair (thermal lock) originates from the material’s ability to correct external cavity-length perturbations, which would normally cause a mode hop, by increasing or decreasing the optical path length of the cavity through the thermo-optic effect triggered by the intracavity signal–idler power fluctuations. The Fourier frequency bandwidth of this passive servo is limited to ∼1 kHz by the thermal diffusion time constant, which is proportional to the ratio of the specific heat to the thermal conductivity Cp/Kc. A thermal feedback servo gain as high as 180 is obtained, owing to the large thermal figure of merit η=(dn/dT)/Kc of AgGaS2, leading to routine passive mode-hop-free operation for more than 30 min, without the need for an external cavity-length servo. Analysis of the stability range of the thermally loaded standing-wave resonator shows that thermal lensing is less critical for shorter doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator cavities employing shorter-curvature mirrors, in agreement with experimental observations. When a doubly resonant oscillator operates near the boundary of the power stability range a self-pulsing behavior is observed on a number of axial mode pairs. This self-pulsing is found to originate from the destabilization of a self-locked cw state, and the transition from self-pulsing to the stable self-frequency-locked state is found to be controlled by the pump frequency detuning. The passive stability allows the single-parameter frequency tuning to be studied. Under pure thermal lock operation the oscillators show a tendency to resist the pump frequency and temperature tuning processes. When an external cavity-length servo is implemented continuous tuning over 850 MHz, by means of the pump frequency tuning (Δνs/Δνp≈0.66), and over 100 MHz, by means of the crystal temperature (Δνs/ΔT≈250 MHz/°C), is obtained. These tuning ranges are in good agreement with calculations based on a cold doubly resonant oscillator.
A Unified Approach to Generalized Stirling Numbers

It is shown that various well-known generalizations of Stirling numbers of the first and second kinds can be unified by starting with transformations between generalized factorials involving three arbitrary parameters. Previous extensions of Stirling numbers due to Riordan, Carlitz, Howard, Charalambides-Koutras, Gould-Hopper, Tsylova, and others are included as particular cases of our unified treatment. We have also investigated some basic properties related to our general pattern.