Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep galaxy counts in the K band with the Keck telescope

We present deep galaxy counts in the K (⋋ 2.2 micrometer) band, obtained at the W. M. Keck 10 m telescope. The data reach limiting magnitudes K approximately 24 mag, about 5 times deeper than the deepest published K-band images to date. The counts are performed in three small (approximately 1 min), widely separated high-latitude fields. Extensive Monte Carlo tests were used to derive the completeness corrections and minimize photometric biases. The counts continue to rise, with no sign of a turnover, down to the limits of our data, with the logarithmic slope of d log N/dm = 0.315 +/- 0.02 between K = 20 and 24 mag. This implies a cumulative surface density of approximately 5 x 10^5 galaxies/sq deg, or approximately 2 x 10^10 over the entire sky, down to K = 24 mag. Our counts are in good agreement with, although slightly lower than, those from the Hawaii Deep Survey by Cowie and collaborators; the discrepancies may be due to the small differences in the aperture corrections. We compare our counts with some of the available theoretical predictions. The data do not require models with a high value of Omega_0, but can be well fitted by models with no (or little) evolution, and cosmologies with a low value of Omega_0. Given the uncertainties in the models, it may be premature to put useful constrains on the value of Omega_0 from the counts alone. Optical-to-IR colors are computed, using CCD data obtaind previously at Palomar. We find a few red galaxies with (r-K) approximately greater than 5 mag, or (i-K) approximately greater than 5 mag; these may be ellipticals at z approximately 1. While the redshift distribution of galaxies in our counts is still unknown, the flux limits reached would allow us to detect unobscured L_* galaxies out to substantial redshifts (z greater than 3? )
Mobility enhancements in AlGaN/GaN/SiC with stair-step and graded heterostructures

In this letter, we report the observation of the enhanced electron mobility in three different Al0.08Ga0. 92N/GaN heterostructures. These structures were deposited on (0001) 6H-SiC substrates by using the low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method. The structure was composed of 500 A AlGaN compositional stair-step layer deposited onto 1.3 μm GaN epitaxial layer. There is a 100 A GaN Cap layer on top of the AlGaN layer to prevent the oxidation of the AlGaN layer. By using the van der Pauw method of Hall measurement, the sheet carrier density and mobility for Al0.08Ga0. 92N/GaN heterostructure are 6.6×1012 cm-2 and 5413 cm2/Vs at 77 K, respectively. This high value of mobility is, to the best of our knowledge, the first observed two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the AlGaN/GaN stair-step type of heterostructure. Other interface structures such as graded composition and bulk composition structures were also prepared and 2DEG properties were observed.
Quantum-dot micropillars for parametric THz emission

We report on the design, fabrication and optical investigation of AlGaAs microcavities for THz Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) between Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs), where the pump and DFG wavelengths (λ ≈ 1.3 μm and λ ≈ 75-150 μm, respectively) lie on opposite sides of the Restrahlen band. For the pump modes, we demonstrate CW lasing of quantum-dot layers under electrical injection at room temperature. We control the number of lasing WGMs via vertical notches on the pillars sidewalls, providing a selection mechanism for funneling the power only to the modes contributing to DFG. In parallel with the optimization of the pump lasers and in order to validate design and material parameters before the DFG experiments, we have performed linear measurements on two sets of passive samples. For the telecom range, the micropillars have been integrated with waveguides for distributed coupling and characterized via transmission measurements. In the THz range we have measured reflectivity spectra on 2D arrays of identical cylinders. In both cases, we demonstrate a good agreement between experimental results and simulations. On a more speculative note, we numerically show that etching a hole along the pillar axis can facilitate phase matching, while single-lobe farfield pattern can be obtained for the THz mode by micro-structuring the metallic ground plane around the microcavity. Finally, we suggest a real-time fine-tuning mechanism for the forthcoming active devices.
Knowledge-Engineered Multi-Cloud Resource Brokering for Application Workflow Optimization

Data-intensive application workflows benefit by leveraging cloud services to decrease execution times and increase data sharing. Cloud service providers (CSPs) have distinct capabilities and policies, and performance/cost of the cloud services are amongst the prime factors for CSP selection. However, workflow users who need brokering of cloud resources often lack expert guidance to handle the problem of overwhelming choice in CSP selection, and optimization to compensate for service dynamics. In this paper, we address the optimal resource selection problem using a multi-cloud resource broker viz., OnTimeURB that uses knowledge-engineering of user requirements and service capabilities across multiple CSPs. OnTimeURB is powered by integer linear programming and a Naive Bayes classifier to recommend optimal cloud template solutions by weighting performance, agility, cost, and security (PACS) factors. We evaluate the OnTimeURB recommendations with a catalog of bioinformatics application workflows using four CSP resources featuring more than 300 different instance configurations. Our evaluation results show the efficacy of OnTimeURB in creating consistently cost-effective and agile solutions compared to a state-of-the-art k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) approach. We also show that OnTimeURB has 91% success rate improvement in workflow execution times via cloud template recommendations over approaches that do not use knowledge-engineered multi-CSP resource brokering.
Growth of single‐crystal sapphire‐clad ruby fibers

Single‐crystal Cr‐doped Al2O3 fibers can be grown by a floating‐zone technique from small source rods locally melted at the end by a CO2 laser. By using the same laser to melt and regrow only the surface of the fiber, the Cr concentration in this surface layer can be reduced by a factor of 100 or more by selective evaporation.
Newtonian gravity on the null cone

For a general relativistic ideal fluid, we analyze the Newtonian limit of the initial value problem set on a family of null cones. The underlying Newtonian structure is described using Cartan’s elegant space–time version of Newtonian theory and a limiting process rigorously based upon the velocity of light approaching infinity. We find that the existence of a Newtonian limit imposes a strikingly simple relationship between the gravitational null data (i.e., the shear of the null cones) and the Newtonian gravitational potential. This result has immediate application to numerical evolution programs for calculating gravitational radiation and might serve as the basis for a post‐Newtonian approximation scheme.
Nonsingular acyclic matrices with full number of P-vertices

We classify the trees for which there is a nonsingular matrix where each vertex is a P-vertex. In particular, we show that such trees have an even number of vertices. Both results provide answers to questions proposed by Kim and Shader. In the end, related classifications on nonsingular trees with the size of a P-set bounded are addressed.
Optical and electrical properties of Zn1-xCdxO films grown on Si substrates by reactive radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

Zn1−xCdxO films (0⩽x⩽0.179) were grown on Si (001) substrates at 750°C with a radio-frequency reactive magnetron sputtering method. Difference between the photoluminescence (PL) spectra taken at room temperature (RT) and at 12K is reported and is deduced to be the result of PL emission from the ZnCdO phases with wurtzite and zinc blende structures. It is also found that the RT PL intensity is in inverse proportion to the carrier concentration in the films. Cd incorporation results in the transform of conductivity from p type to n type and a decrease of carrier mobility.
Iron Reduction Controls Carbon Mineralization in Aquaculture Shrimp Pond Sediments in Subtropical Estuaries

Expanding worldwide aquaculture has greatly increased greenhouse gas emissions; however, the underlying microbial mechanisms are poorly understood. In particular, the role of ferric iron [Fe(III)] (hydro)oxides in carbon mineralization in aquaculture pond sediments remains unclear. Here, we studied the rates of microbial Fe(III) reduction, sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, and carbon mineralization in aquaculture shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) ponds of various salinities before, during, and after shrimp farming in subtropical estuaries in southeast China. Sediment samples (0–10 cm) were collected to investigate the content of iron species, characteristics of organic matter, and abundance of Geobacter, a proxy of iron reducers. Overall, Fe(III) reduction (46.1% ± 19.1%) dominated carbon mineralization, followed by sulfate reduction (39.6% ± 16.8%) and methanogenesis (1.5% ± 1.1%). Microbial Fe(III) reduction contributed more to carbon mineralization during farming than before and after farming. This enhancement in Fe(III) reduction is attributed to a significant increase in Fe(III) content during farming. Additionally, the contributions of microbial Fe(III) reduction to carbon mineralization were lower in the high‐salinity ponds than in the low‐salinity ponds due to the suppression of sulfate reduction, abiotic Fe(III) reduction by sulfides, and lower oxidation‐reduction potential. Our findings demonstrate that microbial Fe(III) reduction plays a significant role in carbon mineralization in aquaculture pond sediments. Future carbon flux prediction models of aquaculture pond systems should fully integrate microbial Fe(III) reduction.
Impacts of Telomeric Length, Chronic Hypoxia, Senescence, and Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype on the Development of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is an age-related and life-threatening vascular disease. Telomere shortening is a predictor of age-related diseases, and its progression is associated with premature vascular disease. The aim of the present work was to investigate the impacts of chronic hypoxia and telomeric DNA damage on cellular homeostasis and vascular degeneration of TAA. We analyzed healthy and aortic aneurysm specimens (215 samples) for telomere length (TL), chronic DNA damage, and resulting changes in cellular homeostasis, focusing on senescence and apoptosis. Compared with healthy thoracic aorta (HTA), patients with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) showed telomere shortening with increasing TAA size, in contrast to genetically predisposed bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). In addition, TL was associated with chronic hypoxia and telomeric DNA damage and with the induction of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). TAA-TAV specimens showed a significant difference in SASP-marker expression of IL-6, NF-κB, mTOR, and cell-cycle regulators (γH2AX, Rb, p53, p21), compared to HTA and TAA-BAV. Furthermore, we observed an increase in CD163+ macrophages and a correlation between hypoxic DNA damage and the number of aortic telocytes. We conclude that chronic hypoxia is associated with telomeric DNA damage and the induction of SASP in a diseased aortic wall, promising a new therapeutic target.
Deep learning-based data assimilation in the latent space for real-time forecasting of geologic carbon storage.

This work presents a novel framework for deep learning (DL)-based CO 2 flow modeling of saturation and pressure distribution over time and data assimilation approach for real-time forecasting. In this work we develop and apply deep learning-based forward and inverse modeling framework to accelerate real-time forecasting. First, a combination of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long-short term memory (LSTM), and deep neural networks (DNNs) is employed to construct DL-based surrogate modeling of multiphase CO 2 flow and pressure propagation over time in heterogeneous subsurface fields. Second, a variational autoencoder (VAE) in the data assimilation (DA) framework is developed for a real-time history matching of CO 2 and pressure plume development. The encoder in VAE works as a nonlinear dimension reduction method that determines a low-dimensional latent space “z” with encoded/compressed information, possibly performing better than traditional linear dimension reduction methods. For data assimilation, the latent space z, much smaller than the dimension of actual physical parameter space, is updated, which is conditioned on the observed data for effective sampling with better convergence on the low dimensional subspace. The decoder in VAE using the updated latent data is used to generate distribution of input parameters (e.g., permeability and porosity), which are used as input to CNN-LSTM-DNN forward model for fast prediction of CO 2 saturation and pressure plume development. With computationally efficient DL-based forward models the fast data assimilation can be completed in a timely fashion. Additionally, posterior covariance analysis gives us an ensemble generation of input parameters (e.g., permeability and porosity distribution) for computationally efficient uncertainty quantification with DL-based forward models. For demonstration purposes, two-dimensional (2D) example cases with various heterogeneous permeability fields are used to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed framework. The newly developed data assimilation framework demonstrates promising results of permeability estimation with uncertainty quantification and pressure prediction with the demonstration case. With full 3D reservoir scale problems, training time may take longer, but based on our experience with other 3D problems, the CNN-LSTM-DNN model can be trained very efficiently, the execution time of single ML forward model over transient solutions is very short (<< 1 second), and the latent dimension is typically small (e.g, 16-32). As a result, the computational efficiency of data assimilation framework will be similarly archived for a 3D reservoir model. Hence, the proposed data assimilation framework approach can be easily used to demonstrate in a realistic 3D problem for real-time forecasting.
An adaptive finite element method for transient compressible flows

An adaptive finite element method for the solution of time dependent strongly compressible flows in two dimensions is described. The computational domain is represented by an unstructured assembly of linear triangular elements and the mesh adaptation is achieved by local regeneration of the grid, using an error estimation procedure coupled to an automatic triangular mesh generator. Problems involving shock propagation are solved to illustrate the numerical performance of the proposed approach.
Theory of itinerant antiferromagnetism: Zero-temperature properties

The method of Gutzwiller is extended to include antiferromagnetism in a $s$-band Hubbard model. A first-order paramagnetic (PM) to antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition is obtained with increasing $\frac{U}{W}$ ratio. The AFM ground state in the phase diagram is restricted between the electron density ${n}_{1}l1$ and ${n}_{2}=2\ensuremath{-}{n}_{1}$. It is also bounded from below by a critical value of $\frac{U}{W}$. The complete AFM ordering appears only for $n=1$. As $n$ approaches ${n}_{1}$ or ${n}_{2}$ along the phase boundary, the AFM ordering gradually disappears. The AFM ordering is essentially due to virtual electron hopping, and the values of ${n}_{1}$, ${n}_{2}$, and critical $\frac{U}{W}$ depend on the bare density of states and the coordination number. The probability of having antiparallel-spin nearest-neighbor pair is computed. The result is consistent with the phase diagram. We also found a region in the phase diagram where the PM and the AFM states coexist. The AFM ground state at $n=1$ is insulating. Depending on the value of $\frac{U}{W}$, the present theory predicts either an AFM insulating \ensuremath{\rightarrow} PM metallic or an AFM insulating \ensuremath{\rightarrow} PM insulating \ensuremath{\rightarrow} PM metallic transition as the temperature is raised. Therefore, the ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-type phase diagram follows from the present theory.
Fast and Versatile Feature-Based LiDAR Odometry via Efficient Local Quadratic Surface Approximation

We present a fast and versatile feature-based LiDAR odometry method using local quadratic surface approximation and point-to-surface alignment. Unlike most feature-based methods, our approach approximates the local geometry of the LiDAR scan as a quadratic surface to mitigate performance degradation caused by the inconsistency between the feature class and the map's local geometry. For computational efficiency, we leverage a symmetric objective function to align features on the local surface of the map without requiring time-consuming surface parameter evaluation. Evaluation on the KITTI and Newer College dataset demonstrates that the proposed method performs better than other feature-based methods. In particular, our approach exhibits robust performance in environments where the ambiguity of feature classifications is considerable. In addition, to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method when LiDAR scans are relatively sparse, we evaluated the proposed method on datasets collected using LiDAR with a relatively small number of scan channels.
Theobromine content in chocolate products: a review

Chocolate is one of the foods that exist in Indonesia and one of the foods that are loved by people of all ages because of its sweet taste and it easily melts in the mouth. Theobromine is the main ingredient in chocolate products. This compound belongs to the canteen group which has a stimulant effect, relaxes the bronchial muscles, prevents coughs, reduces asthma symptoms and others. But consumed in excess of Theobromine has a side effect of burning the heart. To ensure that the main content is the main content in chocolate products, it is necessary to analyze the content of theobromine as an identity compound in chocolate. The purpose of this review article is to determine the presence of theobromine content in chocolate products, the amount of theobromine content contained in it and to find out the methods that can be used to determine theobromine content in chocolate. Literature searches were conducted on google scholar, pubmed, science direct, proquest, and springer using the keywords "analysis" OR "measurement" AND "theobromine" AND "chocolate" OR "cocoa". The inclusion used were articles with a period of 2010-2020, full text articles using Indonesian and English, the samples tested were chocolate products. Based on the search results for articles with keywords and screening according to the inclusion criteria, 6 articles were obtained. Theobromine contained in chocolate products has varying levels. The spectrophotometric methods UV-VIS, HPLC and UHPLC-HRMS can be used in determining the level of theobromine.
Investigation and Characterization of Factors Affecting Rheological Properties of Poloxamer-Based Thermo-Sensitive Hydrogel

Poloxamers are negatively temperature-sensitive hydrogels and their hydrophilic groups interact with water molecules at lower temperatures (liquid phase) while their hydrophobic groups interact more strongly with increases in temperature causing gelation. To investigate the factors affecting the rheological properties of poloxamers, various parameters including different poloxamer P407 concentrations, poloxamers P407/P188 blending ratios and additives were examined. The results presented a clear trend of decreasing gelling temperature/time when P407 was at higher concentrations. Moreover, the addition of P188 enhanced the gelling temperature regardless of poloxamer concentration. Polysaccharides and their derivatives have been widely used as components of hydrogel and we found that alginic acid (AA) or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) reduced the gelling temperature of poloxamers. In addition, AA-containing poloxamer promoted cell proliferation and both AA -and CMC-containing poloxamer hydrogels reduced cell migration. This study investigated the intriguing characteristics of poloxamer-based hydrogel, providing useful information to compounding an ideal and desired thermo-sensitive hydrogel for further potential clinical applications such as development of sprayable anti-adhesive barrier, wound-healing dressings or injectable drug-delivery system for cartilage repair.
Surrogate functionals and thresholding for inverse interface problems

We propose a new algorithm for computing regularized solutions to inverse problems where the unknown functions is a characteristic function and where the forward operator is linear. Our approach can be seen as an alternative to the level-set method and is based on an efficient computation of minimizers for a Tikhonov functional. One main ingredient is to use surrogate functionals to define an iteration which has a subsequence converging to a limit that can be interpreted as a critical point. For the minimization of the surrogate functionals we propose the method of exact relaxation, which allows us to compute exact minimizer for the corresponding binary optimization problem.
Influence of deep-sea benthic processes on atmospheric CO2

Understanding ocean—atmosphere carbon-cycle interactions requires attention to the potential importance of marine benthic processes, particularly deep-sea carbonate dissolution. However, because of the wide array of processes that control marine carbonate dissolution rates, it is difficult to identify which processes dominate rates of response to global carbon-cycle perturbations. This paper describes a model that simulates atmospheric CO2, ocean chemistry and sediment carbonate content in a time-dependent fashion. Response times are assessed through an analysis of a series of perturbation experiments in which a pulse of CO2 is added to the model atmosphere. The results of these experiments suggest that the relatively rapid buffering of atmospheric CO2 by seawater is controlled by the rate of ocean mixing and accounts for about 60 % of the total buffering by the ocean-sediment system. The more gradual buffering of atmospheric CO2 and seawater by carbonate sediments is controlled by the rate of sedimentation of carbonate particles, but the rate of this buffering is slower than previously thought because the dissolution or precipitation of carbonates does not produce dissolved carbonate ions on a mole-for-mole basis.
Diagnostic yield of radial probe endobronchial ultrasonography‐guided transbronchial biopsy without fluoroscopy in peripheral pulmonary lesions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Although radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (R‐EBUS) has been used to investigate peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs), its diagnostic performance without fluoroscopy remains unclear. We sought to determine the diagnostic yield of R‐EBUS‐guided transbronchial biopsy (TBB) without fluoroscopy.