Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Context-Sensitive and Directional Concurrency Fuzzing for Data-Race Detection

—Fuzzing is popular for bug detection and vulner- ability discovery nowadays. To adopt fuzzing for concurrency problems like data races, several recent concurrency fuzzing ap- proaches consider concurrency information of program execution, and explore thread interleavings by affecting thread scheduling at runtime. However, these approaches are still limited in data-race detection. On the one hand, they fail to consider the execution contexts of thread interleavings, which can miss real data races in speciﬁc runtime contexts. On the other hand, they perform random thread-interleaving exploration, which frequently repeats already covered thread interleavings and misses many infrequent thread interleavings. In this paper, we develop a novel concurrency fuzzing frame- work named C ONZZER , to effectively explore thread interleavings and detect hard-to-ﬁnd data races. The core of C ONZZER is a context-sensitive and directional concurrency fuzzing approach for thread-interleaving exploration, with two new techniques. First, to ensure context sensitivity, we propose a new concurrency-coverage metric, concurrent call pair , to describe thread inter- leavings with runtime calling contexts. Second, to directionally explore thread interleavings, we propose an adjacency-directed mutation to generate new possible thread interleavings with already covered thread interleavings and then use a breakpoint- control method to attempt to actually cover them at runtime. With these two techniques, this concurrency fuzzing approach can effectively cover infrequent thread interleavings with concrete context information, to help discover hard-to-ﬁnd data races. We have evaluated C ONZZER on 8 user-level applications and 4 kernel-level ﬁlesystems, and found 95 real data races. We identify 75 of these data races to be harmful and send them to related developers, and 44 have been conﬁrmed. We also compare C ONZZER to existing fuzzing tools, and C ONZZER continuously explores more thread interleavings and ﬁnds many
Physics-Informed Data-Driven Prediction of 2D Normal Strain Field in Concrete Structures

Concrete exhibits time-dependent long-term behavior driven by creep and shrinkage. These rheological effects are difficult to predict due to their stochastic nature and dependence on loading history. Existing empirical models used to predict rheological effects are fitted to databases composed largely of laboratory tests of limited time span and that do not capture differential rheological effects. A numerical model is typically required for application of empirical constitutive models to real structures. Notwithstanding this, the optimal parameters for the laboratory databases are not necessarily ideal for a specific structure. Data-driven approaches using structural health monitoring data have shown promise towards accurate prediction of long-term time-dependent behavior in concrete structures, but current approaches require different model parameters for each sensor and do not leverage geometry and loading. In this work, a physics-informed data-driven approach for long-term prediction of 2D normal strain field in prestressed concrete structures is introduced. The method employs a simplified analytical model of the structure, a data-driven model for prediction of the temperature field, and embedding of neural networks into rheological time-functions. In contrast to previous approaches, the model is trained on multiple sensors at once and enables the estimation of the strain evolution at any point of interest in the longitudinal section of the structure, capturing differential rheological effects.
A Biomedical Knowledge Graph for Biomarker Discovery in Cancer

Structured and unstructured data and facts about drugs, genes, protein, viruses, and their mechanism are spread across a huge number of scientific articles. These articles are a large-scale knowledge source and can have a huge impact on disseminating knowledge about the mechanisms of certain biological processes. A domain-specific knowledge graph~(KG) is an explicit conceptualization of a specific subject-matter domain represented w.r. t semantically interrelated entities and relations. A KG can be constructed by integrating such facts and data and be used for data integration, exploration, and federated queries. However, exploration and querying large-scale KGs is tedious for certain groups of users due to a lack of knowledge about underlying data assets or semantic technologies. Such a KG will not only allow deducing new knowledge and question answering(QA) but also allows domain experts to explore. Since cross-disciplinary explanations are important for accurate diagnosis, it is important to query the KG to provide interactive explanations about learned biomarkers. Inspired by these, we construct a domain-specific KG, particularly for cancer-specific biomarker discovery. The KG is constructed by integrating cancer-related knowledge and facts from multiple sources. First, we construct a domain-specific ontology, which we call OncoNet Ontology (ONO). The ONO ontology is developed to enable semantic reasoning for verification of the predictions for relations between diseases and genes. The KG is then developed and enriched by harmonizing the ONO, additional metadata schemas, ontologies, controlled vocabularies, and additional concepts from external sources using a BERT-based information extraction method. BioBERT and SciBERT are finetuned with the selected articles crawled from PubMed. We listed down some queries and some examples of QA and deducing knowledge based on the KG.
Reduction in Genetic Variability for Quantitative Trait Prescutellar Bristle Number of Melon Fly [ Bactrocera ( Zeugodacus ) cucurbitae ( Coquillett ) ]

Cheng, E. Y. , Z. H. Wang, Y. B. Huang, M. Y. Chiang, H. Y. Lu, D. H. Wu, C. M. Yang, and C. C. Nien. 2018. Reduction in genetic variability for quantitative trait prescutellar bristle number of melon fly [Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett)]. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 67(4):337–346. The number of prescutellar bristles (prsc) in melon fly, Bactrocera (Zeugocacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett), is quantitative genetic controlled. The polygenic characters are usually expressed in the continuous traits, but the prsc polymorphism in melon flies are limited to only two phenotypes, 2 prsc phenotype (2PHT) and 4 prsc phenotype (4PHT) at 95% and 5% of the field population, respectively. How a single phenotype dominated a complete prsc trait in genetics and this phenotype happen to have the fewest prsc number among all phenotypes, and how the prsc variability is reduced may be the first question to be studied. A multiple prsc (MB) strain with 6 to 19 prsc bristles and operated only on additive quantitative genetics has been chosen to compare the prsc variability of 2PHT. Both 2PHT and 12PHT were separately single paired with 6, 8, 10, and 12 prsc phenotypes in two serial crosses and the prsc phenotypes of their progeny were analyzed for possible clues. In 2PHT serial crosses, the prsc mean (PM) varied from 3.6 to 4.7 in a 4–8 prsc midparent (MP) window, the biological buffering effect replaced the additive variation of quantitative genetics, as the variation of PM is buffered within 1.1 prsc. In MB series, within a MP window of 9–12 prsc, the PM varied additively from 8.5 to 12.0 prsc without prsc number reduction. The buffering and additive effect of prsc with respected to 2PHT and 12PHT serial crosses were illustrated in the PM–MP map (modified from the genotype-phenotype map or G-P map). The comparative study confirmed that 2PHT is the genetic source of prsc variability reduction. By the backcross tests of 2PHT progeny, the heritability and the cumulative effect of prsc reduction were observed. A simulation of random mating between 2PHT and MB strain was conducted, 2PHT and MB strains mated freely and the reproductive advantage was estimated at 3/2 for 2PHT, another possible factor in reducing the prsc number and variability. Once MB strain mated with 2PHT, the prsc variability reduction could be functional in stabilizing selection for generations, as the observation of four generations of sibling mating, the PM lowered from 4.9 to 3.2, the variance lowered from 15.0 to 2.7, and prsc phenotype trait shortened from 19 to 11 bristles.
Fast data broadcasting and receiving scheme for popular video service

Using multiple channels to broadcast a popular video can reduce the viewer's waiting time to approach video-on-demand service. For a given bandwidth allocation, pyramid broadcasting schemes can provide users with shorter waiting time as compared with conventional broadcasting schemes. However, for a 120-minute movie, the waiting time is only reduced to 20 minutes as we allocate 4 video channels for the movie. The harmonic broadcasting scheme can reduce the waiting time to 4 minutes but it can not support the live telecast. This paper presents a new broadcasting scheme, which can support live videos and reduce the waiting time to 8 minutes for the above case. With the same waiting requirement for a hot video, the new scheme can greatly reduce the bandwidth requirements and provide heterogeneous users' services.
Comment les techniques endoscopiques innovantes modifient-elles la prise en charge de l’œsophage de Barrett (endobrachyœsophage) ?

hpg.2012. 0675 Auteur(s) : Frederic Prat frederic.prat@cch.aphp. fr Hopital Cochin, Universite Paris-Descartes, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Antoine, Paris, Tires a part : F. Prat La muqueuse œsophagienne de Barrett (OB) ou endobrachyœsophage, caracterisee par une metaplasie glandulaire de l’epithelium œsophagien favorisee par le reflux acide chronique, est une lesion preneoplasique dont le lien avec l’adenocarcinome de l’œsophage est reconnu. Bien que l’OB soit frequent (1 [. ]
On the Thermodynamical Character of Black Holes in Classical General Relativity I : Surface Gravity and Temperature

5 Taking Surface Gravity Seriously as a Physical Temperature 7 5.1 Irreducible Mass, Rotational Energy and “Heat” of Black Holes . 7 5.2 What Is “Thermal Contact” for a Black Hole? 8 5.3 “Heat Flow” between Orbiting Kerr Black Holes—the Clausius Postulate . 8 5.4 “Angular Momentum” as Measure of Capacity for a Kerr Black Hole to Do Work—the Kelvin Postulate . 8 5.5 Carnot Cycles for Kerr Black Holes and an Absolute Temperature Scale . 8 5.6 Coupling of Kerr Black Holes to Ordinary Thermal Systems . 9
Machine Learning Based File Entropy Analysis for Ransomware Detection in Backup Systems

With the advent of big data and cloud services, user data has become an important issue. Although a variety of detection and prevention technologies are used to protect user data, ransomware that demands money in exchange for one’s data has emerged. In order to detect and prevent ransomware, file- and behavior-based detection methods have been investigated. Nevertheless, we are still facing from ransomware threats, as it is difficult to detect and prevent ransomware containing unknown malicious codes. In particular, these methods are limited in that they cannot detect ransomware for backup systems such as cloud services. For instance, if files infected with ransomware are synchronized with the backup systems, the infected files will not be able to be restored through the backed-up files. In this paper, we utilize an entropy technique to measure a characteristic of the encrypted file (i.e., uniformity). Machine learning is applied for classifying infected files based file entropy analysis. The proposed method can recover the original file from the backup system by detecting ransomware infected files that have been synchronized to the backup system, even if the user system is infected by ransomware. Conducted analysis results confirm that the proposed method provides a high detection rate with low false positive and false negative rates compared with the existing detection methods.
A Review on Novel Technique to Filter Unwanted Messages from OSN

— Internet has a big influence in the life of the people in positive way. The usage of internet has increased enormously. In current years Online Social Networks also developed and plays an equivalent role. Online social networks are ideal for exchanging ideas, views and public opinion. Hence Online Social Networks should be highly secure and should protect the individual’s privacy. The Online Social Network provides the security measures but they were limited. During Socialization the user can access the profile of other members involved in social sites and even share data such as text, images etc. One crucial issue in user wall is to give users the ability to control the messages posted on their own confidential space in order to avoid unwanted content to be displayed. In this paper, we review filtering methods by using machine learning technique to filter the unwanted messages on the user walls.
The role of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture and the selection of fungi for inoculation

Vesicular arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas are roots infected with particular soil fungi which form symbiotic associations. It is often assumed that VA mycorrhizal fungi could be used to increase the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers in agriculture. Our principal concern is the question: 'Can the symbiosis be exploited on a large scale? '. VA mycorrhizas increase nutrient uptake, and hence plant growth, by shortening the distance that nutrients must diffuse through soil to the root. Mycorrhizal roots do not appear to have a lower threshold concentration of nutrients for absorption from solution than do non-mycorrhizal roots. Most soils contain VA mycorrhizas. Hence, for plant growth to respond to inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi, agricultural soils must have either a low incidence of indigenous VA mycorrhizal fungi or alternatively, species which are less effective than the inoculant fungi in their ability to stimulate nutrient uptake by plants. The distribution of species of VA mycorrhizal fungi varies with climatic and edaphic environment, as well as with land use. However, the factors which control their distribution are poorly understood. Differences among VA mycorrhizal fungi in their ability to increase nutrient uptake appear to be due to differences in their ability to form mycorrhizas rapidly and extensively. The importance of other differences among the fungi, such as in the absorption of nutrients from solution or in the distribution and amount of external mycelium, has yet to be clearly demonstrated. Inoculant VA mycorrhizal fungi must be capable of persisting in soils at a high inoculum potential, as well as being able to increase nutrient uptake. Until now, little attention has been paid to characteristics which enable the fungi to persist after inoculation. We are critical of many of the methods employed in experiments aimed at selecting 'efficient' VA mycorrhizal fungi. For practical purposes, selection can only be achieved by means of comparisons performed in untreated field soils, with phosphorus supply limiting plant growth. Because the form of inoculum can affect the relative abilities of VA mycorrhizal fungi to infect and improve plant growth, appropriate inocula are needed for each agricultural situation. The survival of many species of fungi in various types of inocula requires further study so that procedures can be developed for introducing particular fungi into agricultural soils. This review emphasizes many gaps in our knowledge. For example, we need more information on how and to what extent species or strains of VA mycorrhizal fungi differ in their ability to increase plant growth. We know even less about their beneficial effects in years following that of field inoculation. The ecology of indigenous VA mycorrhizal fungi in field soils has also been largely neglected. These and other deficiencies preclude any immediate recommendations for large-scale inoculation with selected VA mycorrhizal fungi.
Control of Nodulin Genes in Root-Nodule Development and Metabolism

INTRODUCTION . 508 MOLECULAR SIGNALING AND RECOGNITION . 508 Plant Symbiotic Signaling . 508 Rhizobial Signals. 508 Rhizobium Elicitors, Calcium, and Plant Cytoskeleton . 510 INFECTION AND NODULE ORGANOGENESIS . 511 Infection and Root Hair (RH) Proteins. 511 Nodulins Involved in Nodule Organogenesis . 512 Early Nodulin Genes Induced in Nodule Infection . 513 EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF LATE NODULINS 514 Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation . 514 Enzymes of Carbon Metabolism . 515 Synthesis of Nitrogen Transporters in Nodules . 516 Peribacteroid Membrane (PBM) Nodulins . 516 Enhanced Nodule Proteins. 517 NODULIN HOMOLOGIES AND GENE FAMILIES . 518 Structural Nodulins . 518 Nodulin Gene Families in Determinate Nodules. 518 Function and Evolution of Plant Hemoglobins . 519 REGULATORY ELEMENTS FOR NODULIN EXPRESSION . 519 PLANT GENETICS AND NODULIN GENES . 520 Legume Mutants in the Nodulation Process . 520 CONCLUDING REMARKS 521
Epidemiology of children with head injury: a national overview

Background The National Confidential Enquiry describes the epidemiology of children admitted to hospital with head injury. Method Children (<15 years old) who died or were admitted for >4 h with head injury were identified from 216 UK hospitals (1 September 2009 to 28 February 2010). Data were collected using standard proformas and entered on to a database. A descriptive analysis of the causal mechanisms, child demographics, neurological impairment, CT findings, and outcome at 72 h are provided. Results Details of 5700 children, median age 4 years (range 0–14.9 years), were analysed; 1093 (19.2%) were <1 year old, 3500 (61.4%) were boys. There was a significant association of head injury with social deprivation 39.7/100 000 (95% CI 37.0 to 42.6) in the least deprived first quintile vs. 55.1 (95% CI 52.1 to 58.2) in the most deprived fifth quintile (p<0.01). Twenty-four children died (0.4%). Most children were admitted for one night or less; 4522 (79%) had a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 or were Alert (on AVPU (Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive)). The most common causes of head injury were falls (3537 (62.1%); children <5 years), sports-related incidents (783 (13.7%); median age 12.4 years), or motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) (401 (7.1%); primary-school-aged children). CT scans were performed in 1734 (30.4%) children; 536 (30.9%) were abnormal (skull fracture and/or intracranial injury or abnormality): 269 (7.6%) were falls, 82 (10.5%) sports related and 100 (25%). A total of 357 (6.2%) children were referred to social care because of child protection concerns (median age 9 months (range 0–14.9 years)). Conclusions The data described highlight priorities for targeted age-specific head injury prevention and have the potential to provide a baseline to evaluate the effects of regional trauma networks (2012) and National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) head injury guidelines (2014), which were revised after the study was completed.
Prokaryotic signal transduction mediated by sensor and regulator protein pairs.

INTRODUCTION . HOMOLOGY BETWEEN SIGNAL TRANSDUCING REGULATORY PAIRS . Th e S enso rs . The Regu la tors . Identification of Ne w Signa l Tra nsdu cing Regu latory Pairs . CONSERVED INTERACTION BETWEEN SENSOR AND REGULATOR . Th e NtrBINtrC System . The CheA IChe Y + Che B S ystem . The E nvZIOmpR System . Th e PhoR IPhoB S ystem . C ross-Ta lk . FUNCTION OF THE SENSOR . Signa l De te c tion . Domain Structure of th e S enso rs . FUNCTION OF THE REGULATOR . NtrC Sub cla ss . OmpR Subcla ss . CheB Subcla ss . Che Y Subcla ss . GENETIC ANALYSIS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN REGULATORY PAIRS . SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS .
Molecular aspects of sugar:ion cotransport.

INTRODUCTION . COTRANSPORTERS . COTRANSPORT IN THEORy . COTRANSPORT IN PRACTICE . DETECTION, PURIFICATION, AND RECONSTITUTION . STRUCTURE . INTRICACIES AND GENERALIZATIONS .
Assignment in Crowdsourcing Markets : Theory and Practice ( Extended Abstract )

We consider the following budgeted online assignment (BOA) problem motivated by crowdsourcing. We are given a set of offline tasks that need to be assigned to workers who come online from the pool of types {1, 2, . , n}. For a given time horizon {1, 2, . , T}, at each instant of time t, a worker j arrives from the pool in accordance with a known probability distribution [pjt] such that ∑ j pjt ≤ 1; j has a known subset N(j) of the tasks that it can complete, and an assignment of one task i to j (if we choose to do so) should be done before task i’s deadline. The assignment e = (i, j) (of task i ∈ N(j) to worker j) yields a profit we to the crowdsourcing provider and requires different quantities of K distinct resources, as specified by a cost vector ae ∈ [0, 1] ; these resources could be client-centric (such as their budget) or worker-centric (e.g., a driver’s limitation on the total distance traveled or number of hours worked in a period). The goal is to design an online-assignment policy such that the total expected profit is maximized subject to the budget and deadline constraints. We propose and analyze two simple linear programming (LP)-based algorithms and achieve a competitive ratio of nearly 1/(`+ 1), where ` is an upper bound on the number of non-zero elements in any ae. This is nearly optimal among all LP-based approaches.
Applying Intelligence to the Reflexes: Embodied Skills and Habits between Dreyfus and Descartes

I. Introduction: Habits and Skills in Phenomenology and Embodied Cognition " There is no place in the phenomenology of fully absorbed coping " , writes Hubert Dreyfus, " for mindfulness. In flow, as Sartre sees, there are only attractive and repulsive forces drawing appropriate activity out of an active body ". 1 Among the many ways in which history animates dynamical systems at a range of distinctive timescales, the phenomena of embodied human habit, skilful movement, and absorbed coping are among the most pervasive and mundane, and the most philosophically puzzling. In this essay we examine both habitual and skilled movement, sketching the outlines of a multi-dimensional framework within which the many differences across distinctive cases and domains might be fruitfully understood. Both the range of movement phenomena which can plausibly be seen as instances of habit or skill, and the space of possible theories of such phenomena are richer and more disparate than philosophy easily encompasses. We seek to bring phenomenology into contact with relevant movements in psychological theories of skilful action, in the belief that phenomenological philosophy and cognitive science can be allies rather than antagonists. We aim to identify some tensions within recent phenomenological approaches. In rejecting " mindfulness " and arguing that " mindedness is the enemy of embodied coping " , 2 we suggest that Dreyfus is representative of many theorists and practitioners who privilege one aspect or feature of the phenomenology of flow as if it captured the entire phenomenon. Though we do not theorise flow explicitly here, the constructive view we sketch in the final section of the paper is closer to Csikszentmihalyi's idea that sustained flow experience requires ongoing challenge, the sense of having one's skills constantly stretched: as he puts it, " although the flow experience appears to be effortless, it is far from being so " , and often involves " highly disciplined mental activity " in the form of " complex mental operations…completed in a few seconds, perhaps in a fraction of a second ". 3 The kind of mental operations in question are not reflective or considered deliberations, not intellectual instructions to the body, and yet they are in the realm of the psychological, both complex and mindful. Explaining just what 'mindful' operations might be in play here for different practitioners on different occasions – what mixes of rich attention, kinesthetic awareness, inter-animated forms of memory, and