Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and Implementation of Vertically Integrated Deformable Hermetic Chambers for the Sensitivity Enhancement of CMOS-MEMS Capacitive Pressure Sensor

This study presents the design and implementation of a capacitive type pressure sensor with vertically integrated deformable hermetic chambers based on the standard commercial processes (the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ 1P6M complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process) and the in-house post CMOS processes. The proposed pressure sensor features the realization of two vertically integrated hermetic chambers consisting of two deformable diaphragms with embedded sensing electrodes and one diaphragm with reference electrodes. Thus, the sensitivity of the pressure sensor can be improved for near twofold within the same footprint. Moreover, the stepped structure is designed to reduce the stiffness of the deformable diaphragms to further enhance the sensitivity of the proposed sensor. The feasibility of the proposed design has been evaluated through both finite element method (FEM) simulations and experiments. Measurement results indicate, as compared with the reference design with only one deformable hermetic chamber, the proposed pressure sensor with vertically integrated deformable hermetic chambers has a near twofold enhancement in sensitivity within the pressure range of 20–120 kPa. Additionally, the proposed design with the deformable stepped-diaphragm can enhance the sensitivity by about 5.1-fold within the same pressure range.
Absorption cross-section spectroscopy of a single strong-coupling system between plasmon and molecular exciton resonance using a single silver nanoparticle dimer generating surface-enhanced resonant Raman scattering

This study investigated spectral changes in the absorption cross-sections of single strong coupling systems composed of single silver nanoparticle dimers and a few dye molecules during the quenching of surface-enhanced resonant Raman scattering (SERRS). The absorption cross-section was obtained by subtracting the scattering cross-section from an extinction cross-section. The spectral changes in these cross-sections were evaluated using a classical hybridization model composed of a plasmon and a molecular exciton including a molecular multi-level property. The changes in the scattering and extinction cross-sections exhibit blue-shifts in their peak energy and increased peak intensities, respectively, during SERRS quenching. These properties are effectively reproduced in the model by decreasing the coupling energy. In particular, the peaks in the scattering and extinction cross-sections appear as peaks or dips in the absorption cross-sections depending on the degree of scattering loss, which reflects the dimer sizes. These results are useful for optimizing photophysical and photochemical effects mediated by the electronic excited states of strong coupling systems.
Toward Low-Latency and Accurate State Synchronization for Programmable Networks

Programmable switches empower stateful packet processing, in which incoming packets continuously update states in the data plane, while applications in the control plane read and write states. However, since the data plane and control plane are separated, a consistent view of states in both planes is required for stateful packet processing. Existing approaches suffer from either high latency or low accuracy. In this paper, we propose ApproSync, a framework that offers approximate state synchronization with low latency and high accuracy. To achieve low latency, ApproSync directly transfers states between switch ASICs and the control plane by bypassing switch operating systems. To achieve high accuracy, ApproSync utilizes the resources in the switch ASIC to realize rate control in state synchronization, such that it avoids potential state loss. It also bounds the divergence between the states in the data plane and that in the control plane under limited link capacity. We prototype ApproSync on Barefoot Tofino switches. The experimental results indicate that compared to existing approaches, ApproSync achieves order-of-magnitude latency reduction while maintaining high accuracy of state synchronization. Also, our experiments demonstrate that ApproSync provides significant latency benefits to existing network management applications and well preserves high application-level accuracy.
Where are the Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs)? Using correlation measurements and lensing to relate LRGs to dark matter haloes

Nonlinear redshift-space distortions, the Finger-of-God (FoG) effect, can complicate the interpretation of the galaxy power spectrum. Here, we demonstrate the method proposed by Hikage et al. (2012) to use complimentary observations to directly constrain this effect on the data. We use catalogs of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) and photometric galaxies from the SDSS DR7 to measure the redshift-space power spectrum of LRGs, the cross-correlation of LRGs with the shapes of background photometric galaxies (galaxy-galaxy weak lensing), and the projected cross-correlation of LRGs with photometric galaxies having similar photometric redshifts to the LRG spectroscopic redshift. All of these measurements use a reconstructed halo field. While we use the position of each LRG for single LRG systems, we compare the measurements using different halo-center proxies for multiple-LRG systems (4.5 per cent of all the halos): the brightest LRG position (BLRG), the faintest LRG position (FLRG) and their arithmetical mean position (Mean), respectively, in each system. We find significant differences in the measured correlations of different centers, showing consistent off-centering effects in the three observables. By comparing the measurements with a halo model that treats the satellite photometric galaxies as being distributed according to a generalized NFW profile, we find that about 40 (70) per cent of BLRGs (FLRGs) are off-centered satellite galaxies in the multiple-LRG systems. The satellite LRGs have typical off-centering radius of about 400 kpc/h, and velocity dispersion of about 500 km/s in host halos with a mean mass of 1.6x10^14 Ms/h. We show that, if LRGs in the single LRG systems have similar offsets, the residual FoG contamination in the LRG power spectrum can be significant at k>0.1 h/Mpc, which may cause a bias in cosmological parameters such as the neutrino mass.
Room-Temperature Quantum Memory for Polarization States

An optical quantum memory is a stationary device that is capable of storing and recreating photonic qubits with a higher fidelity than any classical device. Thus far, these two requirements have been fulfilled in systems based on cold atoms and cryogenically cooled crystals. Here, we report a room-temperature quantum memory capable of storing arbitrary polarization qubits with a signal-to-background ratio higher than 1 and an average fidelity clearly surpassing the classical limit for weak laser pulses containing 1.6 photons on average. Our results prove that a common vapor cell can reach the low background noise levels necessary for quantum memory operation, and propels atomic-vapor systems to a level of quantum functionality akin to other quantum information processing architectures.
Cycle-Level Products in Equivariant Cohomology of Toric Varieties

In this paper, we define an action of the group of equivariant Cartier divisors on a toric variety X on the equivariant cycle groups of X, arising naturally from a choice of complement map on the underlying lattice. If X is nonsingular, this gives a lifting of the multiplication in equivariant cohomology to the level of equivariant cycles. As a consequence, one naturally obtains an equivariant cycle representative of the equivariant Todd class of any toric variety. These results extend to equivariant cohomology the results of Thomas and Pommersheim. In the case of a complement map arising from an inner product, we show that the equivariant cycle Todd class obtained from our construction is identical to the result of the inductive, combinatorial construction of Berline-Vergne. In the case of arbitrary complement maps, we show that our Todd class formula yields the local Euler-Maclarurin formula introduced in Garoufalidis-Pommersheim.
Add-drop system for Kerr bistable memory in silicon nitride microrings

We numerically studied the required conditions for achieving a memory operation based on Kerr bistability in the presence of the thermo-optic effect in silicon nitride microring cavity systems. By comparing a side-coupled system and an add-drop system, we found that the latter is needed to realize obtain Kerr bistable operation. In addition, we show the coupling coefficient range in which the memory operation does not suffer from the thermo-optic effect.
Causation does not explain contextuality

Realist interpretations of quantum mechanics presuppose the existence of elements of reality that are independent of the actions used to reveal them. Such a view is challenged by several no-go theorems that show quantum correlations cannot be explained by non-contextual ontological models, where physical properties are assumed to exist prior to and independently of the act of measurement. However, all such contextuality proofs assume a traditional notion of causal structure, where causal influence flows from past to future according to ordinary dynamical laws. This leaves open the question of whether the apparent contextuality of quantum mechanics is simply the signature of some exotic causal structure, where the future might affect the past or distant systems might get correlated due to non-local constraints. Here we show that quantum predictions require a deeper form of contextuality: even allowing for arbitrary causal structure, no model can explain quantum correlations from non-contextual ontological properties of the world, be they initial states, dynamical laws, or global constraints.
DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION IN SOLAR-LIKE STARS FROM GLOBAL SIMULATIONS

To explore the physics of large-scale flows in solar-like stars, we perform three-dimensional anelastic simulations of rotating convection for global models with stratification resembling the solar interior. The numerical method is based on an implicit large-eddy simulation approach designed to capture effects from non-resolved small scales. We obtain two regimes of differential rotation, with equatorial zonal flows accelerated either in the direction of rotation (solar-like) or in the opposite direction (anti-solar). While the models with the solar-like differential rotation tend to produce multiple cells of meridional circulation, the models with anti-solar differential rotation result in only one or two meridional cells. Our simulations indicate that the rotation and large-scale flow patterns critically depend on the ratio between buoyancy and Coriolis forces. By including a sub-adiabatic layer at the bottom of the domain, corresponding to the stratification of a radiative zone, we reproduce a layer of strong radial shear similar to the solar tachocline. Similarly, enhanced super-adiabaticity at the top results in a near-surface shear layer located mainly at lower latitudes. The models reveal a latitudinal entropy gradient localized at the base of the convection zone and in the stable region, which, however, does not propagate across the convection zone. In consequence, baroclinicity effects remain small, and the rotation isocontours align in cylinders along the rotation axis. Our results confirm the alignment of large convective cells along the rotation axis in the deep convection zone and suggest that such “banana-cell” pattern can be hidden beneath the supergranulation layer.
Theoretical prediction of perfect spin filtering at interfaces between close-packed surfaces of Ni or Co and graphite or graphene

The in-plane lattice constants of close-packed planes of fcc and hcp Ni and Co match that of graphite almost perfectly so that they share a common two-dimensional reciprocal space. Their electronic structures are such that they overlap in this reciprocal space for one spin direction only allowing us to predict perfect spin filtering for interfaces between graphite and (111) fcc or (0001) hcp Ni or Co. First-principles calculations of the scattering matrix show that the spin filtering is quite insensitive to amounts of interface roughness and disorder which drastically influence the spin-filtering properties of conventional magnetic tunnel junctions or interfaces between transition metals and semiconductors. When a single graphene sheet is adsorbed on these open d-shell transition-metal surfaces, its characteristic electronic structure, with topological singularities at the K points in the two-dimensional Brillouin zone, is destroyed by the chemical bonding. Because graphene bonds only weakly to Cu which has no states at the Fermi energy at the K point for either spin, the electronic structure of graphene can be restored by dusting Ni or Co with one or a few monolayers of Cu while still preserving the ideal spin-injection property.
A Survey on the Integration of Machine Learning with Sampling-based Motion Planning

Sampling-based methods are widely adopted solutions for robot motion planning. The methods are straightforward to implement, effective in practice for many robotic systems. It is often possible to prove that they have desirable prop-erties, such as probabilistic completeness and asymptotic optimality. Nevertheless, they still face challenges as the complexity of the underlying planning problem increases, especially under tight computation time constraints, which impact the quality of returned solutions or given inaccurate models. This has motivated machine learning to improve the computational efficiency and applicability of Sampling-Based Motion Planners ( SBMPs ). This survey reviews such integrative efforts and aims to provide a classification of the alternative directions that have been explored in the literature. It first discusses how learning has been used to enhance key components of SBMPs , such as node sampling, collision detection, distance or nearest neighbor computation, local
DISCOVERY OF METHYL ACETATE AND GAUCHE ETHYL FORMATE IN ORION

We report on the discovery of methyl acetate, CH3COOCH3, through the detection of a large number of rotational lines from each one of the spin states of the molecule: AA species (A1 or A2), EA species (E1), AE species (E2), and EE species (E3 or E4). We also report, for the first time in space, the detection of the gauche conformer of ethyl formate, CH3CH2OCOH, in the same source. The trans conformer is also detected for the first time outside the Galactic center source SgrB2. From the derived velocity of the emission of methyl acetate, we conclude that it arises mainly from the compact ridge region with a total column density of (4.2 ± 0.5) × 1015 cm−2. The derived rotational temperature is 150 K. The column density for each conformer of ethyl formate, trans and gauche, is (4.5 ± 1.0) × 1014 cm−2. Their abundance ratio indicates a kinetic temperature of 135 K for the emitting gas and suggests that gas-phase reactions could participate efficiently in the formation of both conformers in addition to cold ice mantle reactions on the surface of dust grains.
The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Survey of O VI Absorption in the Disk of the Milky Way

To probe the distribution and physical characteristics of interstellar gas at temperatures T ≈ 3 × 105 K in the disk of the Milky Way, we have used the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) to observe absorption lines of O VI λ1032 toward 148 early-type stars situated at distances >1 kpc. After subtracting off a mild excess of O VI arising from the Local Bubble, combining our new results with earlier surveys of O VI, and eliminating stars that show conspicuous localized X-ray emission, we find an average O VI midplane density n0 = 1.3 × 10−8 cm−3. The density decreases away from the plane of the Galaxy in a way that is consistent with an exponential scale height of 3.2 kpc at negative latitudes or 4.6 kpc at positive latitudes. Average volume densities of O VI along different sight lines exhibit a dispersion of about 0.26 dex, irrespective of the distances to the target stars. This indicates that O VI does not arise in randomly situated clouds of a fixed size and density, but instead is distributed in regions that have a very broad range of column densities, with the more strongly absorbing clouds having a lower space density. Line widths and centroid velocities are much larger than those expected from differential Galactic rotation, but they are nevertheless correlated with distance and N(O VI), which reinforces our picture of a diverse population of hot plasma regions that are ubiquitous over the entire Galactic disk. The velocity extremes of the O VI profiles show a loose correlation with those of very strong lines of less ionized species, supporting a picture of a turbulent, multiphase medium churned by shock-heated gas from multiple supernova explosions.
Electromagnetic Geometry

We show that Maxwell’s electromagnetism can be mapped into the Born-Infeld theory in a curved space-time, which depends only on the electromagnetic field in a specific way. This map is valid for any value of the two lorentz invariants F and G confirming that we have included all possible solutions of Maxwell’s equations. Our result seems to show that specifying the dynamics and the space-time structure of a given theory can be viewed merely as a choice of representation to describe the physical system.
Multidimensional Pain Modulation by Acupuncture Analgesia: The Reward Effect of Acupuncture on Pain Relief

Pain is an intrinsically unpleasant experience with features that protect an organism by promoting motivation and learning. Pain relief, a negative reinforcement of pain, is considered a reward and activates the brain's reward system. The reward circuit in the brain involves reward and pain. Acupuncture has a multidimensional and comprehensive regulating effect on chronic pain. However, the reward effect of acupuncture in relieving chronic pain and the mechanism of the brain reward circuit involved in acupuncture analgesia are not thoroughly studied. In this article, we have reviewed the definition of pain abnormalities and negative emotions in patients with chronic pain, the conceptual characteristics of analgesic reward, and the new progress in studying brain reward circuits and functions. Moreover, we have expounded on the critical clinical and scientific significance of studying the reward effect of acupuncture analgesia and related brain reward circuits, the pain mechanism obtained from human neuroimaging studies, and the survey results on the effects of acupuncture on reward/motivation circuits. Some viewpoints and suggestions on the reward effect of acupuncture analgesia and related reward circuits have been put forward to clarify the multidimensional characteristics and benign regulation of acupuncture analgesia. Studies on the reward effect of acupuncture in relieving chronic pain and the regulating effect of the brain reward loop on acupuncture analgesia help to deepen the clinical understanding of acupuncture analgesia, innovate the research concept of acupuncture analgesia, and provide help for further studies on the central mechanism of acupuncture in improving chronic pain in the future.
Health effects of liquid and gaseous fuels for household energy use: systematic evidence mapping

Exposure to household air pollution results in a substantial global health burden. The World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion stipulate emission rates for household energy devices should meet air quality guidelines and protect health. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biogas, natural gas (NG), and alcohol fuels are considered clean for health due to their low emissions at the point of use. In light of the ongoing energy transition and increasing emphasis on these fuels, it is imperative to provide an updated synthesis of the impacts of these fuels on health. A systematic review was completed on the health effects of liquid and gaseous fuels for household energy use for cooking, heating, and lighting across high-, middle- and low-income countries. Comprehensive searches were undertaken in 12 international databases and selected studies were compiled into a new publicly available WHO Health Effects of Household Liquid & Gaseous Fuels Database, containing key study characteristics including pollutants and/or health outcomes measured. This database was then mapped to understand the breadth of evidence and potential gaps. From 48 130 search results, 587 studies were extracted for inclusion in the database on completion of the full-text review. Studies represented low-, middle- and high-income countries (HICs) over several decades - there has been a substantial increase in evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) published in the last decade, particularly in Asia. Most evidence focused on LPG for cooking in LMICs or NG used in HICs for cooking and heating. Women were the most studied demographic, with self-reported health outcomes and symptoms being the most common assessment method. Particulate matter and nitrogen oxides were the most monitored pollutants. A wide array of health symptoms and disease and injury outcomes were assessed, and most concerned respiratory health. This is the first time that evidence on the health effects of liquid and gaseous fuels for household energy use has been systematically catalogued and mapped. Most evidence concerned cooking and heating, with a paucity of information on the health effects from lighting. Limited evidence was available on the health effects of liquid fuels (such as alcohol fuels), with most studies concerning gaseous fuels. The WHO Health Effects of Household Liquid & Gaseous Fuels Database represents a valuable resource to enable the examination of the positive and negative health effects from these fuels.
Cold and ultracold molecules: science, technology and applications

This paper presents a review of the current state of the art in the research field of cold and ultracold molecules. It serves as an introduction to the focus issue of New Journal of Physics on Cold and Ultracold Molecules and describes new prospects for fundamental research and technological development. Cold and ultracold molecules may revolutionize physical chemistry and few-body physics, provide techniques for probing new states of quantum matter, allow for precision measurements of both fundamental and applied interest, and enable quantum simulations of condensed-matter phenomena. Ultracold molecules offer promising applications such as new platforms for quantum computing, precise control of molecular dynamics, nanolithography and Bose-enhanced chemistry. The discussion is based on recent experimental and theoretical work and concludes with a summary of anticipated future directions and open questions in this rapidly expanding research field.