Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement Report: Water diffusion in single suspended phase-separated aerosols

Water diffusion is a typical thermodynamic process in ambient aerosols which plays pivotal roles in their physico-chemical properties, atmospheric lifetime, and inﬂuences on the climate and human health. A fair amount of aerosols become phase-separated after experiencing atmospheric aging processes such as efﬂorescence, amorphization, and liquid-liquid phase separation. However, detecting the hygroscopicity of heterogeneous aerosols is quite intractable. Here, for the ﬁrst time, we directly characterize the water diffusion in single suspended phase-separated aerosols via a self-constructed laser tweezers 5 Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) system. The H 2 O / D 2 O isotope exchange is harnessed to trace the water diffusion in single laser-levitated homogenous/heterogeneous microdroplets. The time-resolved cavity-enhanced Raman spectra of the microdroplets is used to detect the diffusion process in real time. Two archetypes of phase-separated aerosols, i.e., partially engulfed and core-shell, are studied. Moreover, we quantify the dynamic water diffusion process by experimentally measuring the diffusion coefﬁcients. The results show that compared with the homogenous aerosols, water diffusion limitations exist in the phase-10 separated aerosols. The incomplete diffusion may stem from both the hydrophobicity of the organics and the formation of certain molecule clusters. This work provides possible implications on the evolutions, especially the gas-particle partition, of the actual phase-separated atmospheric aerosols.
3D resolution enhancement of integral imaging using resolution priority integral imaging and depth priority integral imaging

In this paper, we propose a new passive image sensing and visualization of 3D objects using concept of both resolution priority integral imaging (RPII) and depth priority integral imaging (DPII) to improve lateral and depth resolutions of 3D images simultaneously. We suppose that elemental images are the most important information for 3D performance of integral imaging, since they include both lateral and depth resolutions of 3D objects. Therefore, all resolutions of the reconstructed 3D images are determined by these elemental images in pickup stage. In this paper, we analyze the lateral and depth resolutions that depend on the basic parameters of camera or lens for pickup. Then, we describe our proposed method. To support our proposed method, we carry out the computer simulation. In addition, we analyze how the surface light of 3D objects placed in arbitrary position can be expressed within the permitted range according to the setting of camera parameters. Finally, to evaluate the performance of our method, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) is calculated.
What controls ozone sensitivity in the upper tropical troposphere?

Abstract. Ozone is an important contributor to the radiative energy budget of the upper troposphere (UT). Therefore, observing and understanding the processes contributing to ozone production are important for monitoring the progression of climate change. Nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are two main tropospheric precursors to ozone formation. Depending on their abundances, ozone production can be sensitive to changes in either of these two precursors. Here, we focus on processes contributing to ozone chemistry in the upper tropical troposphere between 30∘ S and 30∘ N latitude, where changes in ozone have a relatively large impact on anthropogenic radiative forcing. Based on modeled trace gas mixing ratios and meteorological parameters simulated by the ECHAM5/MESSy2 Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) general circulation model, we analyze a variety of commonly applied metrics including ozone production rates (P(O3)), the formaldehyde (HCHO) to NO2 ratio and the share of methyl peroxy radicals (CH3O2) forming HCHO (α(CH3O2)) for their ability to describe the chemical regime. We show that the distribution of trace gases in the tropical UT is strongly influenced by the varying locations of deep convection throughout the year, and we observe peak values for NOx and P(O3) over the continental areas of South America and Africa where lightning is frequent. We find that P(O3) and its response to NO is unsuitable for determining the dominant regime in the upper troposphere. Instead, α(CH3O2) and the HCHO/NO2 ratio in combination with ambient NO levels perform well as metrics to indicate whether NOx or VOC sensitivity is prevalent. We show that effectively only the knowledge of the availability of NO and HO2 is required to adequately represent O3 precursors and its sensitivity towards them. A sensitivity study with halving, doubling and excluding lightning NOx demonstrates that lightning and its distribution in the tropics are the major determinants of the chemical regimes and ozone formation in the upper tropical troposphere.
CPA-DF: A Tool for Configurable Interval Analysis to Boost Program Verification

Software verification is challenging, and auxiliary program invariants are used to improve the effectiveness of verification approaches. For instance, the k-induction implementation in CPACHECKER, an award-winning framework for program analysis, uses invariants produced by a configurable data-flow analysis to strengthen induction hypotheses. This invariant generator, CPA-DF, uses arithmetic expressions over intervals as its abstract domain and is able to prove some safe verification tasks alone. After extensively evaluating CPA-DF on SV-Benchmarks, the largest publicly available suite of C safety-verification tasks, we discover that its potential as a stand-alone analysis or a sub-analysis in a parallel portfolio for combined verification approaches has been significantly underestimated: (1) As a stand-alone analysis, CPA-DF finds almost as many proofs as the plain k-induction implementation without auxiliary invariants. (2) As a sub-analysis running in parallel to the plain k-induction implementation, CPA-DF boosts the portfolio verifier to solve a comparable amount of tasks as the heavily-optimized k-induction implementation with invariant injection. Our detailed analysis reveals that dynamic precision adjustment is crucial to the efficiency and effectiveness of CPA-DF. To generalize our results beyond CPACHECKER, we use CoVeriteam,a platform for cooperative verification, to compose three portfolio verifiers that execute CPA-DF and three other software verifiers in parallel, respectively. Surprisingly, running CPA-DF merely in parallel to these state-of-the-art tools further boosts the number of correct results up to more than 20 %. Demonstration video: https://youtu.be/l7UG-vhTL_4
Sustaining the European Language Grid: Towards the ELG Legal Entity

When preparing the European Language Grid EU project proposal and designing the overall concept of the platform, the need for drawing up a long-term sustainability plan was abundantly evident. Already in the phase of developing the proposal, the centrepiece of the sustainability plan was what we called the “ELG legal entity”, i. e. , an independent organisation that would be able to take over operations, maintenace, extension and governance of the European Language Grid platform as well as managing and helping to coordinate its community. This chapter describes our current state of planning with regard to this legal entity. It explains the different options discussed and it presents the different products specified, which can be offered by the legal entity in the medium to long run. We also describe which legal form the organisation will take and how it will ensure the sustainability of ELG.
ACTIVE VERTEX MODEL OF EPITHELIAL MONOLAYER MECHANICS

An Active Vertex Model (AVM) for cell-resolution studies of the mechanics of confluent epithelial tissues consisting of tens of thousands of cells, with a level of detail inaccessible to similar methods is presented. The AVM combines the Vertex Model for confluent epithelial tissues with active matter dynamics. Cell contacts are generated dynamically from positions of cell centres which leads to a natural description of the T1 transition events responsible for local tissue rearrangements. The AVM also includes cell alignment, cell-specific mechanical properties, cell growth, division and apoptosis. The AVM introduces a flexible, dynamically changing boundary of the epithelial sheet allowing for studies of phenomena such as the fingering instability or wound healing. We illustrate these capabilities with a number of case studies. An expression for mechanical stress in the model is then derived from the Hardy stress for atomistic simulations. Calculation of stress is important for understanding how cell-level events coordinate to drive morphogenic processes.
Carbonate pump feedbacks on alkalinity and the carbon cycle in the 21 st century and beyond

Ocean acidification is likely to impact all stages of the ocean carbonate pump, i.e. the production, export, dissolution and burial of biogenic CaCO 3 . However, the associated feedbacks on anthropogenic carbon uptake and ocean acidification have received little attention. It has previously been shown that Earth system model (ESM) carbonate pump parameterizations can affect and drive biases in the representation of ocean alkalinity, which is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and provides buffering capacity towards associated acidification. In the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP6), we show divergent responses of CaCO 3 export at 100 m this century, with anomalies by 2100 ranging from -74 % to +23 % under a high-emissions scenario. The greatest export declines are projected by ESMs that consider pelagic CaCO 3 production to depend on the local calcite/aragonite saturation state. Despite the potential effects of other processes on alkalinity, there is a robust negative correlation between anomalies in CaCO 3 export and salinity-normalized surface alkalinity across the CMIP6 ensemble. Motivated by this relationship and the uncertainty in CaCO 3 export projections across ESMs, we perform 10 idealized simulations with an ocean biogeochemical model and confirm a limited impact of carbonate pump anomalies on twenty-first century ocean carbon uptake and acidification. However between 2100 and 2300, we highlight a potentially abrupt shift in the dissolution of CaCO 3 from deep to subsurface waters when the global scale mean calcite saturation state reaches about 1.23 at 500 m (likely when atmospheric CO 2 reaches 900 to 1100 ppm
Evaluation of total ozone measurements from Geostationary Environmental Monitoring Satellite (GEMS)

The continued interest in air pollution and stratospheric ozone variability has motivated the development of a geostationary environmental monitoring satellite (GEMS) for hourly ozone monitoring. This paper provides the atmospheric science community with the world's first assessment of GEMS total column ozone (TCO) retrieval performance and diurnal ozone variation. The algorithm used for GEMS is a more advanced version of its predecessor, the TOMS-V8, that incorporates several improvements, including a new look-up table, a simple Lambert equivalent reflectivity model, and a spectral 15 dependence correction. The GEMS algorithm also uses the optimal estimation method (OEM) to make error analysis more accessible and robust. The estimated retrieval errors range from 1.5 to 2 DU in September and 2 DU in December, with a constant Degree of freedom of the signal (DFS) of 1 in September and a variable DFS of 1.25 to 1.4 in December throughout the day, depending on SZA. To assess the performance of the GEMS algorithm, the hourly GEMS total ozone was compared with ground-based measurements from Pandora instruments and other satellite platforms from TROPOMI and OMPS. GEMS 20 has a high correlation of 0.97 and small RMSE values compared to Pandora TCO at Busan and Seoul. It is notable that despite exhibiting seasonal dependence in the mean bias of GEMS with Pandora, GEMS is capable of observing daily variations in ozone that are highly consistent with Pandora measurements, with a bias of approximately 1%. The comparison of GEMS TCO data with TROPOMI and OMPS TCO data shows a
Resilience of Timed Systems

This paper addresses reliability of timed systems in the setting of resilience , that considers the behaviors of a system when unspecified timing errors such as missed deadlines occur. Given a fault model that allows transitions to fire later than allowed by their guard, a system is universally resilient (or self-resilient) if after a fault, it always returns to a timed behavior of the non-faulty system. It is existentially resilient if after a fault, there exists a way to return to a timed behavior of the non-faulty system, that is, if there exists a controller which can guide the system back to a normal behavior. We show that universal resilience of timed automata is undecidable, while existential resilience is decidable, in EXPSPACE. To obtain better complexity bounds and decidability of universal resilience, we consider untimed resilience, as well as subclasses of timed automata.
Plume detection and estimate emissions for biomass burning plumes from TROPOMI Carbon monoxide observations using APE v1.0

The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S-5P) satellite, launched in 2017, measures the total column concentration of the trace gas Carbon Monoxide (CO) daily on a global scale and at a high spatial resolution of 7 × 7 km 2 , improved to 5 . 5 × 7 km 2 in August 2019. The TROPOMI observations show plumes of CO due to localized CO emissions from industrial sources and biomass burning. In this paper, we quantify these CO emissions for biomass burning by an automated algorithm, APE, to detect plumes and quantify the CO emission rate using cross-sectional 5 ﬂux method. Furthermore, the inﬂuence of a constant and a varying plume height in downwind direction on emissions is investigated and algorithm uncertainties are quantiﬁed. The VIIRS active ﬁre data in conjunction with the TROPOMI CO datasets is used to identify ﬁres and the ﬁre locations. Then, an automated plume detection algorithm using traditional image processing algorithms is developed and utilized to identify plumes. For these plumes, the emission rate is estimated by the cross-section ﬂux method at three different plume heights. The ﬁrst two are constant plume heights at a 100 m and an IS4FIRES 10 injection height from Global Fire Assimilation System. And the last one is a varying plume height in downwind direction. A 3D Lagrangian model is used to simulate tracer particles where the source locations for the simulation are based on the VIIRS ﬁre counts and IS4FIRES injection height. 3D velocities at 137 model levels (ERA5) are utilized to simulate tracer particles. We demonstrate the quality and validity of our automated approach by investigating biomass burning events and their emissions for Australia on Oct 2019 and the US on Sept 2020. A total of 110 and 31 individual ﬁre
Epigenetic Regulation of Nitrogen Signaling and Adaptation in Plants

Nitrogen (N) is a crucial nutrient that plays a significant role in enhancing crop yield. Its availability, including both supply and deficiency, serves as a crucial signal for plant development. However, excessive N use in agriculture leads to environmental and economic issues. Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is, therefore, essential to minimize negative impacts. Prior studies have investigated the genetic factors involved in N responses and the process of low-nitrogen (LN) adaptation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding how epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and small RNA, participate in the regulation of N response and LN adaptation. We highlight the importance of decoding the epigenome at various levels to accelerate the functional study of how plants respond to N availability. Understanding the epigenetic control of N signaling and adaptation can lead to new strategies to improve NUE and enhance crop productivity sustainably.
FINE-GRAINED OBJECT DETECTION

Object detection plays a vital role in many real-world computer vision applications such as selfdriving cars, human-less stores and general purpose robotic systems. Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) based Deep Learning has evolved to become the backbone of most computer vision algorithms, including object detection. Most of the research has focused on detecting objects that differ significantly e.g. a car, a person, and a bird. Achieving fine-grained object detection to detect different types within one class of objects from general object detection can be the next step. Fine-grained object detection is crucial to tasks like automated retail checkout. This research has developed deep learning models to detect 200 types of birds of similar size and shape. The models were trained and tested on CUB-200-2011 dataset. To the best of our knowledge, by attaining a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 71.5% we achieved an improvement of 5 percentage points over the previous best mAP of 66.2%.
Polarised Drell-Yan measurements at COMPASS-II

The spin structure of the nucleon including the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) is an important subject studied by the COMPASS experiment at CERN (SPS). The transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMD PDFs) of the proton and deuteron from SemiInclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) have been studied so far. The Drell-Yan (DY) process is a complementary way to access the TMD PDFs, using a transversely polarised target. Studying the angular distributions of dimuons from the DY events produced in the scattering of a 190 GeV/c momentum negative pion beam off a transversely polarised proton target (NH3) we are able to extract the azimuthal spin asymmetries, each containing a convolution of two PDFs, one from the target quark and one from the beam anti-quark. Disentangling the contributions from these two PDFs we can access four of the eight TMD PDFs needed to describe the nucleon structure at leading order QCD, like the Sivers and the Boer-Mulders functions. The opportunity to study, in the same experiment, the TMD PDFs from both SIDIS and DY processes is unique at COMPASS. An important QCD prediction the expected sign change in Sivers and Boer-Mulders functions when accessed by DY and SIDIS – will be checked [1, 2]. The COMPASS II Proposal [3] was approved by CERN for the first period of three years including one year for polarised DY; the beginning of the DY data taking with the proton target is scheduled for 2014 and it can be resumed for one more year after 2017. The feasibility of the measurement was proven by several beam tests done so far. One of the major goals of the COMPASS-II experiment is to perform the first ever polarised DY experiment.
Nonlinear Dynamic Identification of Beams Resting on Nonlinear Viscoelastic Foundations Based on the Time-Delayed Transfer Entropy and Improved Surrogate Data Algorithm

In this work, the transfer entropy and surrogate data algorithm were introduced to identify the nonlinearity level of the system by using a numerical solution of nonlinear response of beams. A homogeneous Euler-Bernoulli beam was subjected to a time-varying concentrated load and resting on a nonlinear foundation. The Galerkin method was applied to discretize the dimensionless differential governing equation of the forced vibration, and then the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method was used to obtain the time-history response of the lateral displacement. In order to simulate different nonlinearity levels, different ratios between nonlinear parameters and linear parameters of foundation, as well as different Young’s moduli, were used. A nonlinearity index was proposed. In the case of different nonlinearity levels, the nonlinearity index was used to analyze the difference between the transfer entropy calculated from the original data and the transfer entropy calculated from the surrogate data. By comparing and analyzing the nonlinearity index values under different ratios, it was found that the nonlinearity index values generally increased with the increase of the ratio and the sum of nonlinearity index values had a positive correlation with the ratio. By comparing the nonlinearity index values of the transfer entropy results of beams with different Young's moduli, it was found that the sum of the nonlinearity index values generally decreased with the increase of Young's modulus. The numerical results demonstrate that the present approach could effectively quantify the nonlinearity in the response of a beam resting on a nonlinear foundation.
Experimental Study of Seismic Wave Velocity Tomography

As a branch of seismic exploration methods, the seismic wave velocity tomography has importance in the geologic body velocity distribution inversion and the abnormal geologic body identification. In the beginning of this paper, the observation system, the coefficient matrix, projection and back projection transformations of the seismic wave velocity tomography ， and specific applications of the iterative method are introduced through a simple numerical model. Comparing of slowness inversion results before and after the iteration shows: The iterative method improves the accuracy of tomography. Then, the observation system layout, coefficient settings of the data collecting system, the data processing method and explanations of inversion results are described combining with two cases of ground exploration in practice. The result shows: Specific locations of explored objectives can be determined through direct ray continual iterative inversion of seismic wave velocity tomography technology.
Lie Symmetries of Klein-Gordon and Schrödinger Equations

In this paper, we investigate the Lie point symmetries of Klein-Gordon equation and Schr? dinger equation by applying the geometric concept of Noether point symmetries for the below defined Lagrangian. Moreover, we organize a strong relationship among the Lie symmetries related to Klein-Gordon as well as Schr? dinger equations. Finally, we utilize the consequences of Lie point symmetries of Poisson and heat equations within Riemannian space to conclude the Lie point symmetries of Klein-Gordon equation and Schr? dinger equation within universal Riemannian space.
Random cluster dynamics for the Ising model is rapidly mixing

We show that the mixing time of Glauber (single edge update) dynamics for the random cluster model at $q=2$ is bounded by a polynomial in the size of the underlying graph. As a consequence, the Swendsen-Wang algorithm for the ferromagnetic Ising model at any temperature has the same polynomial mixing time bound.
L'ajustement des expressions référentielles lors d'une interaction verbale

V Table des matières . VII Liste des tableaux . XI Liste des figures . XIII Liste des abréviations . XV Remerciements . XVII Avant-propos . XIX Chapitre 1 : Introduction . 1 1.1. Les choix expressifs . 1 1.1.1 Le paradigme de communication référentielle . 3 1.1.2 Les théories psycholinguistiques des choix référentiels . 6 1.1.2.1. Le savoir partagé . 7 1.1.2.2. Les théories du courant collaboratif ou social . 9 1.1.2.3. Les modèles en deux étapes . 14 1.1.2.3. Intégration des deux modèles de productions verbales . 21 1.1.2.3.1. Adaptation à l’interlocuteur selon des inférences probabilistes . 26 Chapitre 2 : Questions à clarifier et contributions possibles . 29 2.1. L’adaptation spécifique à l’interlocuteur . 29 2.2. Moment de l’adaptation pendant l’interaction . 31 2.3. Objectifs et hypothèses . 33 Chapitre 3 : Do speaker make adjustments to generic or specific addressees in their choices of referential expressions? 37 3.1. Résumé . 38 3.2. Abstract . 40 3.3. Introduction . 41 3.4. Experiment 1 . 44 3.4. 1. Method . 46 3.4. 1.1. Participants . 46 3.4. 1.2. Manipulation of the type of stimuli . 47 3.4. 1.3. Manipulation of type of displayed knowledge . 48 3.4. 1.4. Experimental procedure . 49 3.4. 1.5. Coding and data processing . 52 3.4. 1.6. Analysis . 54