Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On tests for multivariate normality and associated simulation studies

We study the empirical size and power of some recently proposed tests for multivariate normality (MVN) and compare them with the existing proposals that performed best in previously published studies. We show that the Royston's [Royston, J.P., 1983b, Some techniques for assessing multivariate normality based on the Shapiro-Wilk W. Applied Statistics, 32, 121–133. ] extension to the Shapiro and Wilk [Shapiro, S.S. , Wilk, M.B. , 1965, An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52, 591–611. ] test is unable to achieve the nominal significance level, and consider a subsequent extension proposed by Royston [Royston, J.P., 1992, Approximating the Shapiro–Wilk W-Test for non-normality. Statistics and Computing, 2, 117–119. ] to correct this problem, which earlier studies appear to have ignored. A consistent and invariant test proposed by Henze and Zirkler [Henze, N. , Zirkler, B. , 1990, A class of invariant consistent tests for multivariate normality. Communications in Statistics—Theory and Methods, 19, 3595–3617. ] is found to have good power properties, particularly for sample sizes of 75 or more, while an approach suggested by Royston [Royston, J.P., 1992, Approximating the Shapiro–Wilk W-Test for non-normality. Statistics and Computing, 2, 117–119. ] performs effectively at detecting departures from MVN for smaller sample sizes. We also compare our results to those of previous simulation studies, and discuss the challenges associated with generating multivariate data for such investigations.
Seeking Nonsense, Looking for Trouble: Efficient Promotional-Infection Detection through Semantic Inconsistency Search

Promotional infection is an attack in which the adversary exploits a website's weakness to inject illicit advertising content. Detection of such an infection is challenging due to its similarity to legitimate advertising activities. An interesting observation we make in our research is that such an attack almost always incurs a great semantic gap between the infected domain (e.g., a university site) and the content it promotes (e.g., selling cheap viagra). Exploiting this gap, we developed a semantic-based technique, called Semantic Inconsistency Search (SEISE), for efficient and accurate detection of the promotional injections on sponsored top-level domains (sTLD) with explicit semantic meanings. Our approach utilizes Natural Language Processing (NLP) to identify the bad terms (those related to illicit activities like fake drug selling, etc.) most irrelevant to an sTLD's semantics. These terms, which we call irrelevant bad terms (IBTs), are used to query search engines under the sTLD for suspicious domains. Through a semantic analysis on the results page returned by the search engines, SEISE is able to detect those truly infected sites and automatically collect new IBTs from the titles/URLs/snippets of their search result items for finding new infections. Running on 403 sTLDs with an initial 30 seed IBTs, SEISE analyzed 100K fully qualified domain names (FQDN), and along the way automatically gathered nearly 600 IBTs. In the end, our approach detected 11K infected FQDN with a false detection rate of 1.5% and over 90% coverage. Our study shows that by effective detection of infected sTLDs, the bar to promotion infections can be substantially raised, since other non-sTLD vulnerable domains typically have much lower Alexa ranks and are therefore much less attractive for underground advertising. Our findings further bring to light the stunning impacts of such promotional attacks, which compromise FQDNs under 3% of . edu, . gov domains and over one thousand gov.cn domains, including those of leading universities such as stanford.edu, mit.edu, princeton.edu, havard.edu and government institutes such as nsf.gov and nih.gov. We further demonstrate the potential to extend our current technique to protect generic domains such as . com and . org.
IMPORT BARRIERS: AN ANALYSIS OF TIME-SERIES CRQSS-SECTION DATA

Introduction . I . Import shares. distance and transportation costs . A . Previous studies of import shares . B . Distance and transportation costs . I I . Own-country resistance to trade . A . Total imports of goods and services . B . Country dummies . C . The composition of trade: manufactured and non-manufactured imports . Conclusions . Bibliography . 156 157
Minimum Semidefinite Rank of Outerplanar Graphs and the Tree Cover Number

Let G = (V, E) be a multigraph with no loops on the vertex set V = {1, 2, . , n}. Define S+(G) as the set of symmetric positive semidefinite matrices A = [aij ] with aij 6= 0, i 6= j, if ij ∈ E(G) is a single edge and aij = 0, i 6= j, if ij / ∈ E(G). Let M+(G) denote the maximum multiplicity of zero as an eigenvalue of A ∈ S+(G) and mr+(G) = |G|−M+(G) denote the minimum semidefinite rank of G. The tree cover number of a multigraph G, denoted T (G), is the minimum number of vertex disjoint simple trees occurring as induced subgraphs of G that cover all of the vertices of G. The authors present some results on this new graph parameter T (G). In particular, they show that for any outerplanar multigraph G, M+(G) = T (G).
The influence of R&D partnerships on innovation in manufacturing firms: The moderating role of institutional attachment

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate how a manufacturer's relationship with firms operating in different institutional logics can facilitate or hinder the outcomes of research partnerships.Design/methodology/approach – The paper tests the study hypotheses based on a survey of 345 Chinese manufacturers.Findings – Results reveal that a manufacturer's partnerships with private firms and government institutions are both directly related to the manufacturer's innovation performance. However, the effectiveness of the research partnerships depends on the different institutional logics within which these organizations operate.Research limitations/implications – This study used a binary variable to capture the existence or absence of the partnership types examined implying that this variable does not capture the quantity of R&D relationships the firm is engaged in or the time period of such engagements.Practical implications – It is important for management to take into account the joint effect of bot.
Perception of middle-aged women in Birjand about osteoarthritis and its preventive behaviors: Application of Health Belief Model (HBM)

Background: Overriding heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes in prevalence, arthritis stands as the most common disease among the elderly. Studies fail to show a coherent study regarding the knowledge, attitude towards, and preventive behaviors against arthritis among middle-aged women. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the perceptions of and preventive behaviors against arthritis among middle-aged women in Birjand city. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 325 randomly selected women aged 29-59 years who referred to the Birjand-based healthcare centers. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that covered demographics and items on knowledge, attitude, and performance. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. Data was analyzed in SPSS-19 using binomial test. Results: The mean age of the women was 39.1±8.4 years. Most of the participants (37%) had primary or secondary school degrees. The mean score of perception constructs were evaluated as follows: perceived susceptibility construct was desirable with a score of 19.5±2.9; perceived severity was desirable scored at 30.3±0.7; perceived benefits was desirable at 17.6±2.6, perceived barriers construct was at a moderate level scored at 25.4±6.3; self-efficacy at 29.7±7.5 was desirable; and performance was moderate at 7.7±2.8. Conclusions: According to the results, it is suggested that educational classes be held with the aim of improving the perceptions and behavior of middle-aged women concerning preventive behaviors against arthritis.
HEAVY METAL STATUS OF DIFFERENT LAND USES IN SOILS OF NORTH WESTERN HIMALAYAS, H.P-INDIA.

Ravinder Kumar 1 , S. S. Paliyal 2 and Sanjay Kumar Sharma 3 . 1. Ph.D Doctoral Scholar, Department of Soil Science H.P. Krishi Vishavavidyala, Palampur176062, India. 2. Principle Scientist, (Soil Science) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sirmour at Dhaulakuan (H.P.) 173031 3. Principle Scientist, (Soil Science) H.P. Krishi Vishavavidyala, Palampur176062, India. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
The correlation between the simple past tense achievement and writing achievement in recount text of the first-year students of senior high school

Grammar plays an important role in language skills, such as speaking, reading, listening and also writing. In speaking, grammar can help students to produce grammatical utterances. A second language speaker will not have a good performance in speech and will not be able to deliver his/her idea because of the lack of grammar knowledge especially in rules and tenses. The lack of grammar knowledge makes it difficult for students to express their ideas in writing appropriately. Thus, learning grammar is necessary for students to make their writing well understood. By learning grammar, students will be able to make a grammatically correct sentence in writing. However, in a real situation, the first-year students of senior high school who have learned the simple past tense still have difficulties in applying the tense to their writing composition that is recount text. It happens because they still do not understand and master the use of the verb form of simple past tense yet. As a result, they do not know how to change the infinitive form into the regular and irregular verb in positive, negative, and interrogative form. On the other hand, since the simple past tense is related with recount text, the students have to master the simple past tense itself; not only the rules but also the use of the simple past tense in writing context. If they make a mistake in using the simple past tense, it means that they are not capable in writing their recount composition. As a result, the readers may get confused while they read the composition and also they may have difficulties in understanding the content of the composition. Therefore, in order to master grammar which is the simple past tense and writing which is a recount text, the students need a lot of practice in their learning. In this study, the writer intended to see the correlation between one of writing components and the writing ability that is the students’ simple past tense achievement and their recount text writing achievement. This study is classified as correlation study since it describes the relationship between the grammar and writing scores. The subject of this study is the first-year students of YPPI I Senior High School Surabaya. The tests given were grammar test which was the simple past tense and writing test which was a recount text. The result of grammar and writing scores were computed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation formula. The statistical data analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the simple past tense achievement and writing achievement in recount text. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It happened because the total score of the grammar score was high enough and the total mean of each component in writing was also considered good.
Answer Set Programming and Other Computing Paradigms

Modular Systems and Solvers . 143 Y. Lierler (University of Nebraska at Omaha) and M. Truszczynski (University of Kentucky) Negation in the Head of CP-logic Rules . 159 J. Vennekens (University of Leuven) Author Index . 175
Winter territoriality in lesser sheathbills on breeding grounds at Marion Island

There is an expanding literature on the adaptiveness of social behavior outside the breeding season, particularly in shorebirds. Most studies have dealt with birds foraging solitarily or in flocks (e.g., Evans 1976, Silliman et al. 1977, Sutherland and Koene 1982) or in territories on wintering grounds (e.g., Myers et al. 1979a,b; 1981). There is less known about birds defending breeding territories outside the breeding season. Territoriality is generally viewed as an adaptation facilitating the use of certain limiting resources to improve the individual’ s fitness (Brown 1964, Brown and Orians 1970, Davies 1978). Since territorial behavior usually incurs some cost, there should be evidence that territoriality outside the breeding season enhances the survival of an individual or its close relatives and/ or enhances subsequent breeding opportunities. In this study, I have examined ways in which territoriality during the winter non-breeding season might benefit Lesser Sheathbills (Chionis minor) on sub-Antarctic Marion Island (46”54’ S, 37”45’ E) in the Indian Ocean. Sheathbills are opportunistic predators and scavengers found in parts of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic (Watson 1975). At Marion Island, the birds ate a wide range of food in several habitats, but were primarily dependent on food from penguin colonies during the breeding season (Burger 1981a, b). Breeding adults maintained territories centered on penguin colonies during the summer breeding season (November-midMarch), in which they foraged and nested (Burger 1979, 1980a; Burger and Millar 1980). Territories within colonies of Rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome) and Macaroni (E. chrysolophus) penguins were abandoned during the austral winter (April through October), when these penguins deserted the island. The sheathbills then foraged solitarily or in flocks on the shoreline or the vegetated coastal plain and some moved to colonies of King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) (Burger 198 1 a, 1982). King Penguins were present at the island throughout the year and the carcasses of chicks and adults provided food for sheathbills all winter (Williams et al. 1978). Sheathbills also kleptoparasitized those King Penguins which continued to feed chicks during the winter. About 48% of the 3500 sheathbills at Marion Island foraged in King Penguin colonies in winter (Burger 1981a). Sheathbill pairs which bred in these colonies in summer remained territorial all year. Territorial defense, involving both sexes, appeared to be equally vigorous in winter
COVID-19 optimal vaccination policies: A modeling study on efficacy, natural and vaccine-induced immunity responses

About a year into the pandemic, COVID-19 accumulates more than two million deaths worldwide. Despite non-pharmaceutical interventions as social distance, mask-wearing, and restrictive lockdown, the daily confirmed cases remain growing. Vaccine developments from Pfizer, Moderna, and Gamaleya Institute reach more than 90% efficacy and sustain the vaccination campaigns in multiple countries. However, natural and vaccine-induced immunity responses remain poorly understood. There are great expectations, but the new SARS-CoV-2 variants demand to inquire if the vaccines will be highly protective or induce permanent immunity. Further, in the first quarter of 2021, vaccine supply is scarce. Consequently, some countries that are applying the Pfizer vaccine will delay its second required dose. Likewise, logistic supply, economic and political implications impose a set of grand challenges to develop vaccination policies. Therefore, health decision-makers require tools to evaluate hypothetical scenarios and evaluate admissible responses. Following some of the WHO-SAGE recommendations, we formulate an optimal control problem with mixed constraints to describe vaccination schedules. Our solution identifies vaccination policies that minimize the burden of COVID-19 quantified by the number of disability-adjusted years of life lost. These optimal policies ensure the vaccination coverage of a prescribed population fraction in a given time horizon and preserve hospitalization occupancy below a risk level. We explore via simulation plausible scenarios regarding efficacy, coverage, vaccine-induced, and natural immunity. Our simulations suggest that response regarding vaccine-induced immunity and reinfection periods would play a dominant role in mitigating COVID-19.
LYSOGENY

CONTENTS I. Foreword. 270 II. General view of lysogeny . 271 III. Historical. 273 Discovery of lysogeny. 274 Development of the concepts of lysogeny. 276 Lysogeny and heredity. 276 The noninfectious phase . 276 The secretion hypothesis. 279 Lysogeny at the unitary scale. 279 Definition of lysogeny. 280 IV. Prophage. 280 V. Induction. 284 Genetic factors controlling inducibility. 284 Inducing agents . 285 Phage development after infection and after induction . 287 Mode of action of inducing agents. 288 Physiological factors controlling inducibility. 289 Aptitude. 289 Remarks on some effects of starvation . 292 Factors controlling the bacterial response after induction. 292 Physiological factors. 292 Photorestoration. 293 Quantitative effects of inducing agents. 294 UV radiations . 294 Chemical inducers . 294 Site of action of inducing agents. 295 Relation between spontaneous and induced development of prophage. 295 Development of temperate phage studied with UV light. 296 Concluding remarks. 297 VI. Induced abortive phage development . 298 VII. Bacteriocinogeny and lethal biosyntheses . 298 VIII. Effects of development of temperate phages on the bacterium. 300 Residual growth. 301 Desoxyribonucleic acid . 301 Nature of residual growth . 303 IX. Lysogenization . 304 History. 304 Bacterial responses to temperate phage. 305 Genetic control of lysogenic response . 306 Nongenetic factors. 307 Influence of multiplicity. 309 Conclusions . 311 X. Incompatibility. 311 XI. Loss of lysogeny. 312
Wall modes and the transition to bulk convection in rotating Rayleigh-B\'enard convection

We investigate states of rapidly rotating Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a cylindrical cell over a range of Rayleigh number $3\times10^5\leq Ra \leq 5\times10^{9}$ and Ekman number $10^{-6} \leq Ek \leq 10^{-4}$ for Prandtl number $Pr = 0.8$ and aspect ratios $1/5 \leq \Gamma \leq 5$ using direct numerical simulations. We characterize, for perfectly insulating sidewall boundary conditions, the first transition to convection via wall mode instability and the nonlinear growth and instability of the resulting wall mode states including a secondary transition to time dependence. We show how the radial structure of the vertical velocity $u_z$ and the temperature $T$ is captured well by the linear eigenfunctions of the wall mode instability where the radial width of $u_z$ is $\delta_{u_z} \sim Ek^{1/3} r/H$ whereas $\delta_T \sim e^{-k r}$ ($k$ is the wavenumber of an laterally infinite wall mode state). The disparity in spatial scales for $Ek = 10^{-6}$ means that the heat transport is dominated by the radial structure of $u_z$ since $T$ varies slowly over the radial scale $\delta_{u_z}$. We further describe how the transition to a state of bulk convection is influenced by the presence of the wall mode states. We use temporal and spatial scales as measures of the local state of convection and the Nusselt number $Nu$ as representative of global transport. Our results elucidate the evolution of the wall state of rotating convection and confirm that wall modes are strongly linked with the boundary zonal flow (BZF) being the robust remnant of nonlinear wall mode states. We also show how the heat transport ($Nu$) contributions of wall modes and bulk modes are related and discuss approaches to disentangling their relative contributions.
FPU Speedup Estimation for Task Placement Optimization on Asymmetric Multicore Designs

The number of cores is increasing in processor designs. By having the same duplicated core increases dark silicon and reduces the scalability of multicore/many-core designs. Asymmetric distribution of ISA specialized units (i.e. FPU and SIMD units) in multicore designs can bring new opportunities for performance gain, area and energy savings. Basically, the task placement is driven by the requirement of the specialized resources. To improve task-mapping flexibility, solutions such as code-versioning or binary translation allow the OS to place any task on any type of core. However, a specialized execution unit such as FPU is able to speedup some part up to 1000x compared to the same function emulated with Integer execution units. On one hand, mapping all tasks on the core with the FPU creates a bottleneck, and on the other hand, mapping a high FPU-usage application on a core without FPU drastically degrades the performance. To allow a smarter placement, the OS needs to know the potential advantage of using the FPU for each thread. In this paper, we demonstrate that only using the trivial percentage utilization is not enough to have an accurate estimation. We propose a finer grain solution to estimate the speedup of the FPU at runtime. The average of the absolute error is 14 %, which is 4.8 times better than the trivial coarse estimation. Then we characterize the different types of FPU-usage through a set of common benchmarks and show the variability of the utilization during the execution.
Unpacking the Impostor in Feminist Community Activism: A Memorial of a Detroit Snob

Abstract:Individuals possessing minority status(es) often struggle with the issue of authenticity, asking, Am I good enough? Am I an expert? Am I a fraud? Here, we explore how this process of minimizing one's contribution to social change is manifest in what we refer to as the feminist impostor phenomenon. This project began as a bio-ethnographic sketch of the authors' feminist mentor, stalwart feminist activist and self-proclaimed "Detroit Snob," seeking to detail the triumphs and pitfalls of frontline feminism in Detroit, Michigan in the 1960s and 1970s. We adopted a narrative-reflexive analytic framework and conducted a series of narrative interviews in July 2014. Our initial goal was to draw on these interviews in order to explore the complex social constructions of community, focusing specifically on the relationship between being both a Detroit activist and a feminist activist. However, in the process of analyzing the qualitatively coded data and member checking our findings, we identified two additional insights, thus expanding our original inquiry. In addition to interrogating the complexity of frontline feminism in Detroit, we explicate the concept of feminist impostor phenomenon and further problematize the issues embedded within the telling of narrative lives.
Selectivity estimation for joins using systematic sampling

Proposes a new approach to the estimation of join selectivity. The technique, which we have called "systematic sampling", is a novel variant of the sampling-based approach. Systematic sampling works as follows. Given a relation R of N tuples, with a join attribute that can be accessed in ascending/descending order via an index, if n is the number of tuples to be sampled from R, select a tuple at random from the first k=[N/n] tuples of R and every kth tuple thereafter. We first develop a theoretical foundation for systematic sampling which suggests that the method gives a more representative sample than the traditional simple random sampling. Subsequent experimental analysis on a range of synthetic relations confirms that the quality of sample relations (participating in a join) yielded by systematic sampling is higher than those produced by the traditional simple random sampling. To ensure that the sample relations produced by the systematic sampling indeed assist in computation for more accurate join selectivities, we compare the systematic sampling with the most efficient simple random sampling called t-cross, using a variety of star joins and a variety of relation configurations. The results demonstrate that, with the same amount of sampling, the systematic sampling can provide considerably more accurate join selectivities than the t-cross sampling.