Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross-shelf circulation and momentum and heat balances over the inner continental shelf near Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts

Abstract : The water circulation and evolution of water temperature over the inner continental shelf are investigated using observations of water velocity, temperature, density, and bottom pressure; surface gravity waves; wind stress; and heat flux between the ocean and atmosphere during 2001-2007. When waves are small, cross-shelf wind stress is the dominant mechanism driving cross-shelf circulation. The along-shelf wind stress does not drive a substantial cross- shelf circulation. The response to a given wind stress is stronger in summer than winter. The cross-shelf transport in the surface layer during winter agrees with a two-dimensional, unstratified model. During large waves and onshore winds the cross-shelf velocity is nearly vertically uniform, because the wind- and wave-driven shears cancel. During large waves and offshore winds the velocity is strongly vertically sheared because the wind- and wave-driven shears have the same sign. The subtidal, depth-average cross-shelf momentum balance is a combination of geostrophic balance and a coastal set-up and set-down balance driven by the cross-shelf wind stress. The estimated wave radiation stress gradient is also large. The dominant along-shelf momentum balance is between the wind stress and pressure gradient, but the bottom stress, acceleration, Coriolis, Hasselmann wave stress, and nonlinear advection are not negligible. The fluctuating along-shelf pressure gradient is a local sea level response to wind forcing, not a remotely generated pressure gradient. In summer, the water is persistently cooled due to a mean upwelling circulation. The cross-shelf heat flux nearly balances the strong surface heating throughout mid-summer, so the water temperature is almost constant. The along-shelf heat flux divergence is apparently small. In winter, the change in water temperature is closer to that expected due to the surface cooling. Heat transport due to surface gravity waves is substantial.
Adaptively hybrid fractal image coding

An adaptively hybrid method was proposed to improve the performance of fractal coding methods. First, it is found that the range blocks with large variances (RBLVs) play a crucial role in degrading decoded images, and the effect of the remaining range blocks with small variances (RBSVs) can be ignored. Then, an adaptive method was proposed to divide the range blocks into the above two categories: RBLVs and RBSVs. Second, RBLVs were designed to be encoded in an extended domain block pool (EDBP). Then, better block‐matching effect can be obtained, which will result in better decoded image quality. Further, the no‐search fractal encoding method is adopted for RBSVs to achieve faster encoding speed and fewer bits per pixel (bpp). Finally, four fractal coding methods were adopted to assess the performance of the proposed method. Experimental results show that compared with the previous methods, the PSNR quality of decoded images in the proposed method can be improved by about 0.15–0.4 dB, about 20%–35% of the total computations in encoding process can be saved, and about 0.2 bpp can be saved. Moreover, under the same decoding time, the proposed method can achieve comparable or smaller deviations regarding the decoded image.
and Language

This final contribution to this special Journal of Language and Social Psychology issue on “using the science of language to improve translation of the language of science” places the articles in the context and nature of the broader literature on science communication, particularly as it relates to the media. This framework is crafted with a view to identifying the complex factors and processes that create translation problems, highlighting models and approaches that can improve science communication. Throughout, we propose a parsimonious set of research agenda items. Scholars wishing to move between different models of science communication should take into consideration the processes of formative evaluation, intergroup accommodation, and message design logics.
VU Research Portal Are representations to be provided or generated in primary mathematics education? Effects on transfer

With regard to transfer, is it better to provide pupils with ready-made representations or is it more eﬀective to scaﬀold pupils’ thinking in the process of generating their own representations with the help of peers and under the guidance of a teacher in a process of guided co-construction? The sample comprises 10 classes and 239 Grade 5 primary school students, age 10–11 years. A pretest-posttest control group research design was used. In the experimental condition, pupils were taught to construct representations collaboratively as a tool in the learning of percentages and graphs. Children in the experimental condition outperformed control children on the posttest and transfer test. Both high-and low-achieving pupils proﬁted from the intervention. This study shows that children who learn to design are in a better position to understand pictures, graphs, and models. They are more successful in solving new, complex mathematical problems.
Ice algae in the Barents Sea: types of assemblages, origin, fate and role in the ice-edge phytoplankton bloom

Ice algal accumulations were recognised by their vertical distribution in the ice, as surface, interior and bottom assemblages. The latter were quantitatively the most important in the Barents Sea and in particular the sub-ice assemblage floating towards, or attached to, the undcr-surface of the sea ice. Colonisation of the ice takes place by a “sieving” of the water between closely spaced platelets on the ice under-surface. Once associated with the ice, the assemblage undergoes a succession terminated by the dominance of ice specialists. In a horizontal S-N section through the ice, three distinct zones may be recognised: at the ice edge the recently colonised ice has a layer of algae up to a few millimeters in thickness consisting primarily of planktonic species. Further into older first year ice the algal layer becomes thicker and is typically dominated by the pennate diatom Nilzschia frigida Grunow. Below multi-year ice in the central polar basin decimetre-thick mats of algae are found, consisting almost exclusively of the centric diatom Melosira arclica (Ehrenberg) Dickie and a few associated, mostly epiphytic, species. The predominantly planktonic sub-ice assemblages at the ice edge can grow under stable conditions as soon as the light becomes adequate in the spring, and they are able to multiply actively for one to two months before planktonic growth is possible. The sub-ice plankton assemblage thus forms an inoculum released to the stabilising water when the ice starts melting. This may explain how a phytoplankton bloom can develop explosively at the ice edge as soon as the ice melting commences, at a time when the number of algal cells in the water column is still very low.
THE CRANIAL MUSCULATURE AND TAXONOMY OF CHARACOID FISHES OF THE

The cranial and some other musculature of characoid fishes of the tribes Cynodontini and Characini is described and compared. The tribes are redefined on the basis of myological and associated osteological characters. It is shown that some of these characters are shared specializations which unite the tribes in the subfamily Characinae. An attempt is also made at a functional description of the jaw mechanism of Rhaphiodon. A remarkable example of parallelism is noted between a cynodontid (Rhaphiodon) and a cyprinid fish (Macrochirichthys). The cranial musculature of the latter is described.
Shelf-life of Biodiesel by Isothermal Oxidation Induction Period at Variable Temperatures

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters [FAME]) is a renewable biomass-based diesel (BBD) fuel made from plant oils, animal fats and waste greases. Its production continues to increase globally, especially with more countries moving to increase the use of renewable fuels. One of the main disadvantages of biodiesel is its relatively poor oxidative stability. During longer periods of storage at fuel terminals or in vehicle tanks and fuel systems, biodiesel can react with oxygen in ambient air, leading to degradation that can adversely aﬀect its viscosity and ignition quality. The shelf-life of biodiesel is an important property that can determine the conditions such as how long it can be stored at low temperatures. The objective of this work is to develop mathematical equations to estimating the shelf-life of biodiesel at T = 25 ° C. This was done by measuring the induction period by Rancimat instrument (IP R ) at diﬀerent temperatures and extrapolating the results using two types of linear models. Model equations were developed from regression analysis performed on results for canola, palm and soybean oil-FAME (CaME, PME and SME), methyl oleate (MeC18:1) and methyl linoleate (MeC18:2). The best results from conﬁrmation analysis were obtained for Model B type equations. This model type correlated ln(IP R ) with inverse T (T -1 ) data and provided the most realistic estimates of the shelf-life (SL B ) of the ﬁve FAME studied in this work.
Out of the Ordinary: Spectrally Adapting Regression for Covariate Shift

Designing deep neural network classifiers that perform robustly on distributions differing from the available training data is an active area of machine learning research. However, out-of-distribution generalization for regression-the analogous problem for modeling continuous targets-remains relatively unexplored. To tackle this problem, we return to first principles and analyze how the closed-form solution for Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression is sensitive to covariate shift. We characterize the out-of-distribution risk of the OLS model in terms of the eigenspectrum decomposition of the source and target data. We then use this insight to propose a method for adapting the weights of the last layer of a pre-trained neural regression model to perform better on input data originating from a different distribution. We demonstrate how this lightweight spectral adaptation procedure can improve out-of-distribution performance for synthetic and real-world datasets.
Dendrochemistry: Seeing the forest through the trees

Dendrochemistry is a term used to describe the compositional analysis of tree-rings and its application to biomonitoring of the tree’s environment. The central hypothesis of this study is that the concentrations of silver and gold in tree-rings in the Mediterranean region record the history of African dust storms. Although there have been previous studies of tree-ring composition using both NAA and other analytical techniques, to the author’s knowledge, this is the first dendrochemical study to consider the effects of dust storms on tree-ring chemistry. However, the results, as with many other dendrochemical studies, are promising at best. The tree-ring concentrations in a single tree in west-central Turkey were highly correlated with the local aerosol index obtained from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). This suggests that silver and gold concentrations in carefully selected trees may serve as a proxy indicator of dust storm activity and indirectly, the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Three other trees from the same forest did not have any silver or gold concentration peaks and possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. The correlation with dust storms is still uncertain because it was impossible to gather appropriate information about soil characteristics or additional trees for sampling to prove or disprove the hypothesis. However, the chemistries of silver and gold are discussed to elucidate why they may be uniquely good at recording environmental signals in tree-rings. Some previous dendrochemical studies indicated that tree-ring chemistries record volcanic eruptions. Although some data were obtained in this study that support this view, the four long (300+ year) tree chronologies that were analyzed were not correlated with each other or with
APORTE DE LOS SISTEMAS DE GESTIÓN DE CALIDAD A LA SEGURIDAD DEL PACIENTE: PANORAMA INTERNACIONAL

Management systems are a set of interrelated elements organized for generating, maintaining and continu- ously improving the quality of service delivery. In recent decades it has found an increased prevalence of adverse events and incidents generated in care proceedings, forcing developing strategies for intervention is problematic. Therefore, exploratory raised a systematic review aimed at identifying the contributions of quality management systems for patient safety, which gave a total of 774 articles, of which thirty-nine complied with the inclusion criteria. It was concluded that all quality principles were reflected in the articles analyzed and that kind of systems contribute elements to ensure patient safety.
Information-Theoretic Bounds and Phase Transitions in Clustering, Sparse PCA, and Submatrix Localization

We study the problem of detecting a structured, low-rank signal matrix corrupted with additive Gaussian noise. This includes clustering in a Gaussian mixture model, sparse PCA, and submatrix localization. Each of these problems is conjectured to exhibit a sharp information-theoretic threshold, below which the signal is too weak for any algorithm to detect. We derive upper and lower bounds on these thresholds by applying the first and second moment methods to the likelihood ratio between these “planted models” and null models where the signal matrix is zero. For sparse PCA and submatrix localization, we determine this threshold exactly in the limit where the number of blocks is large or the signal matrix is very sparse; for the clustering problem, our bounds differ by a factor of $\sqrt {2}$ when the number of clusters is large. Moreover, our upper bounds show that for each of these problems there is a significant regime where reliable detection is information-theoretically possible but where known algorithms such as PCA fail completely, since the spectrum of the observed matrix is uninformative. This regime is analogous to the conjectured “hard but detectable” regime for community detection in sparse graphs.
Preparation and Characterization of Sawdust (Cellulose) as an Adsorbent for Oil Pollution Remediation

Oil pollution is peculiar to oil producing nations of the world. Various researches have been carried out to cub its menace. However, most of the materials are non-biodegradable and require expensive treatment to become an adsorbent. In this study, adsorptive capacities of cost effective raw hard and softwood sawdust were investigated and compared. Soft wood sawdust was found to have better adsorptive capacities. The adsorptive capacities are related to the mesh size of the sawdust, the concentration of the oil, the quantity of the sawdust and the time of contact of the oil and the sawdust. Maximum uptake of the oil by both adsorbents occurred at 120 and 150 minutes for all the results. This study recommends that further research be done on the use of modified softwood sawdust so as to increase its potential as a low cost adsorbent in oil remediation.
Seismic velocity changes in the epicentral region of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake measured from three‐component ambient noise correlation techniques

We investigate temporal changes of seismic velocity in the epicentral region of the 12 May 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake using three‐component continuous waveforms recorded by a seven‐station small‐aperture array. We use an ambient noise cross‐correlation technique to compute the empirical Green's function between station pairs from August 2004 to September 2011. Our results show no obvious precursory change immediately before the main shock, clear coseismic reduction of seismic velocity of up to 0.2%, and initial postseismic recovery followed by a long‐lived velocity reduction. The coseismic and postseismic velocity changes are most prominent in the period band of 2–4 s (approximate depth of 1–4 km), and the velocity changes are smaller in other period bands. The seismic velocity in the period band of 1–2 s (i.e., top 2 km) correlates well with the water level change of the Zipingpu Reservoir. The observed temporal changes likely reflect damage and healing processes with possible permanent deformation in the upper crust associated with the Wenchuan main shock.
Sliding Mode Observers for a Class of LPV Systems

In this paper, a new framework for the synthesis of a class of sliding mode observers for afﬁne linear parameter varying (LPV) systems is proposed. The sliding mode observer is synthesized by selecting the design freedom via LMIs. Posing the problem from a small gain perspective allows existing numerical techniques from the literature to be used for the purpose of synthesizing the observer gains. In particular, the framework allows afﬁne parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions to be considered for analyzing the stability of the state estimation error dynamics, to help reduce design conservatism. Initially a variable structure observer formulation is proposed, but by imposing further constraints on the LMIs, a stable sliding mode is introduced, which can force and maintain the output estimation error to be zero in ﬁnite time. The efﬁcacy of the scheme is demonstrated using an LPV model of the short period dynamics of an aircraft and demonstrates simultaneous asymptotic estimation of the states and disturbances.
Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present

Moated sites appeared very early in the Middle River Yangtze, and their numbers continued to grow throughout Neolithic times, indicating the increasing investment in hydraulic engineering undertaken by prehistoric societies. These hydraulic features formed a robust water-manage-ment system that sustained continuous socio-economic growth in the region. We present evidence from our regional geoarchaeological surveys of prehistoric sites in the Middle River Yangtze, focusing particularly on the moats at these sites. We demonstrate how the construction and maintenance of these moated sites were related to and constrained by the changing environmental and socio-economic conditions. Moats became increasingly important in water management, especially flood prevention, and particularly when the settlements occupied large areas of local landscapes, often encroaching upon low-lying areas, because of population growth and migration. By the Qujialing-Shijiahe period (3000–2100 bc), regional competition had become one of the main driving forces that stimulated large-scale infrastructure construction and production of various consumables among large to medium-sized set-tlements. This not only changed patterns of economic development in the region, a region that was driven and accelerated by ritual activities and associated social gatherings, but also profoundly transformed the local landscape into one that was densely occupied by moats, ditches and other water-management infrastructures. It is this unique entanglement
Brain regions with positive and negative task-evoked responses engage in cooperative rather than competitive interactions

Brain regions displaying task-induced decreases in activity, sometimes referred to as “Task-Negative”, have been proposed to reflect cortico-cortical competition from regions showing task-induced increases in activity, sometimes referred to as “Task-Positive”. If these functional networks are competitive, trial-level fMRI BOLD responses across voxels exhibiting Positive and Negative responses should be anti-correlated. Additionally, the correlation between the BOLD response and behavior in Positive and Negative regions should have opposite sign. Here, we test these predictions using trial-to-trial variability in an object naming task. In contrast to the negative coupling proposed by a competition model, we find positive coupling between Positive and Negative regions and show that this coupling aligns with trial-level behavioral correlations. We provide evidence that these cooperative interactions are not due to a non-specific global factor and discuss alternative proposals, such as thalamo-cortical gating. Highlights Tested competitive interactions among positive and negative task-evoked regions Positive and negative regions exhibited positive coupling at trial and run levels Smaller competitive effects seen in BOLD-behavior correlations Strong cooperative effects not due to a non-specific common global factor eTOC Csumitta et al. show that positive and negative BOLD responses do not exhibit cortical competition among corresponding brain regions. Rather, these networks display positive coupling. The spatial distribution of positive coupling aligned with behavioral correlations, suggesting normal, cooperative network interactions.
Depression in the Primary Care Setting

&NA; A 45‐year‐old woman with hypothyroidism that has been treated with a stable dose of levothyroxine presents to her primary care provider with depressed mood, negative feelings about herself, poor sleep, low appetite, poor concentration, and lack of energy. These symptoms began several months ago during a conflict with her partner. Although she has been able to continue with work and life responsibilities, she feels sadness most days and occasionally thinks that she would be better off dead. How would you evaluate and treat this patient?
Surface Inorganic Iodine Speciation in the Indian and Southern Oceans from 12o N to 70o S

Marine iodine speciation has emerged as a potential tracer of primary productivity, sedimentary inputs, and ocean oxygenation. The reaction of iodide with ozone at the sea surface has also been identiﬁed as the largest deposition sink for tropospheric ozone and is also thought to be the dominant source of iodine to the atmosphere. Accurate incorporation of these processes into atmospheric models requires improved understanding of iodide concentrations at the air-sea interface. Observations of sea surface iodide are relatively sparse and are particularly lacking in the Indian Ocean basin. We present 127 new sea surface ([? ]10 m depth) iodide and iodate observations made during three cruises in the Indian Ocean and the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. The observations span latitudes from ˜12oN to ˜70oS, and include three distinct hydrographic regimes: the South Indian subtropical gyre, the Southern Ocean and the northern Indian Ocean including the Southern Bay of Bengal. Concentrations were broadly comparable to those observed at similar latitudes in other ocean basins. The spatial distribution of sea surface iodide follows the same general trends as in other ocean basins, with iodide concentrations tending to decrease with increasing latitude (and decreasing sea surface temperature). However, the gradient of this relationship was steeper in subtropical waters of the Indian Ocean than in the Atlantic or Paciﬁc, suggesting that it might not be accurately represented by widely used parameterisations based on sea surface temperature. Iodide concentrations in the tropical northern Indian Ocean were higher and more variable than elsewhere. Two extremely high iodide concentrations (1241 and 949 nM) were encountered in the Bay of Bengal and are thought to be associated with sedimentary inputs under low oxygen conditions. Excluding these outliers, sea surface iodide concentrations ranged from 20 to 250 nM, with a median of 61 nM. Controls on sea surface iodide