Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamic Noise Calculations of Ground Effect Based on Tailored Green’s Function

An aeroacoustic integral computational method based on a tailored Green’s function is presented to study aerodynamic noise produced by complex-shaped configurations in half-space, with the help of the half-space wave equation for point source and Lighthill’s acoustic analogy. The emphasis is on calculating the scattered noise with a tailored Green’s function and on discussing the impact of the scattering effect. The aerodynamic noises from a circular cylinder and a NACA 0012 airfoil in half-space are studied and compared with that in free space, and the influence of the scattering effect on the noise field is investigated. Numerical results illustrate similar characteristics in compressible fluid calculation and acoustic calculation, and thus the aeroacoustic integral method in half-space can accurately predict the scattered noise induced by complex-shaped configurations. This method simplifies the calculation of scattering sources and improves the computational efficiency of aerodynamic noise in physical.
Fast reconnection in high temperature plasmas

Pressure forces acting on electrons are shown to dramatically alter magnetic field line reconnection in high temperature plasmas. The electron pressure introduces a new physical scale length ρs, the ion gyroradius based on the electron temperature, into the resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The single dissipation layer of resistive MHD is split into two distinct layers by this effect: a very small inner current layer and a larger flow layer. Unlike resistive MHD, the current layer is microscopic in the outflow, as well as the inflow, direction. As a consequence, the current layer is not unstable to the formation of secondary magnetic islands at low values of resistivity and patchy reconnection does not occur. The absence of a strong current sheet in the outflow region enables the magnetic nozzle controlling the outflow to open up. The magnetic reconnection rate therefore remains large as the resistivity η and ρs become small.
Scrutinizing Urbanization in Kathmandu Using Google Earth Engine Together with Proximity-Based Scenario Modelling

‘Urbanization’ refers to the expansion of built-up areas caused by several factors. This study focuses on the urbanization process in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Supervised classification was conducted in Google Earth Engine by using Landsat data for years 2001, 2011 and 2021. The random forest classifier with 250 trees was used for classification to generate land-cover map. A land-cover map of 2021 was used as base map in the InVEST tool for scenario modelling. An accuracy assessment with 20% of sample points was conducted with different metrics, such as overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer accuracy, and consumer accuracy. The results show an increment of built-up areas by around 67 km2 over 20 years in a centrifugal pattern from the core district, converting agricultural and forest land. ‘Forest’ is still dominant land-use class, with an area of 177.97 km2. Agricultural land was highly converted to urban area. The overall accuracy of this classification process ranged 0.96–1.00 for different years. The scenario modelling further elaborated an amiability of drastic shift in land-use classes to ‘built-up’, especially forest and agriculture, by around 33 km2 and 66 km2, respectively. This study recommends the consideration of ecological approaches during the planning process.
A Fuzzy Thresholding Segmentation for Plant Root CT Images Based on Genetic Algorithm

The precise segmentation of roots CT images is the basis to implement the 3D reconstruction and quantitative analysis of plant root system in situ. The problem existing in the CT images segmentation for plant roots in situ were discussed. In order to segment plant root CT images with the inherent indistinction, a fuzzy thresholding algorithm was implemented with the criterion of maximum fuzzy entropy and genetic algorithm. The initial thresholds were obtained with histogram analysis. The CT images were divided into several different regions fuzzily through designing a simple fuzzy membership function. And according to the criterion of maximum fuzzy entropy, a genetic algorithm was used to determine the best thresholds of CT images segmentation. The programming test result showed that the algorithm was effective to improve the precision and efficiency of root CT images segmentation.
Design of Optimized Patches to Reinforce Damaged Wings

This paper describes the optimization process of composite patches designed to reinforce damaged wings. The main objective is to reduce the stress level in a damaged area located near the anchorage of the wing to the fuselage. Genetic algorithms are used for optimizing the ply orientations of the stacking sequence as well as the location and shape of the patch. The stress field in the structure is computed with the ANSYS finite element package. Several examples illustrate the fact that the stress flow within the wing is deviated, thus leading to a decrease of the stress level in the damaged area to be relieved.
Conductive Textiles for Signal Sensing and Technical Applications

Conductive textiles have found notable applications as electrodes and sensors capable of detecting biosignals like the electrocardiogram (ECG), electrogastrogram (EGG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and electromyogram (EMG), etc; other applications include electromagnetic shielding, supercapacitors, and soft robotics. There are several classes of materials that impart conductivity, including polymers, metals, and non-metals. The most significant materials are Polypyrrole (PPy), Polyaniline (PANI), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), carbon, and metallic nanoparticles. The processes of making conductive textiles include various deposition methods, polymerization, coating, and printing. The parameters, such as conductivity and electromagnetic shielding, are prerequisites that set the benchmark for the performance of conductive textile materials. This review paper focuses on the raw materials that are used for conductive textiles, various approaches that impart conductivity, the fabrication of conductive materials, testing methods of electrical parameters, and key technical applications, challenges, and future potential.
High-pressure structure, decomposition, and superconductivity ofMoS2

The high pressure structural and electronic evolution of bulk MoS$_2$, an important transition metal layered dichalchogenide, is currently under active investigation. Recent theoretical and experimental work predicted and verified a 2H$_c \to$ 2H$_a$ layer sliding structural transition at 20 GPa and a band overlap semiconductor-semimetal transition in the same pressure range. The 2H$_a$ structure is known to persist up to pressure of 81 GPa but properties at higher pressures remain experimentally unknown. Here we predict, with a reliable first-principles evolutionary search, that major structural transformations should take place in equilibrium at higher pressures near 130-140 GPa. The main motif is a decomposition into MoS + S, also heralded in a small bimolecular cell by the appearance of a metastable non-layered metallic MoS$_2$ structure with space group \textit{P4/mmm}. Unlike semimetallic 2H$_a$-MoS$_2$, both this phase and sulphur in the fully phase separated system are fully metallic and superconducting with higher critical temperatures than alkali-intercalated MoS$_2$.
Photosensitizer nanocarriers modeling for photodynamic therapy applied to dermatological diseases

Photodynamic Therapy involves the therapeutic use of photosensitizers in combination with visible light. The subsequent photochemical reactions generate reactive oxygen species which are considered the principal cytotoxic agents to induce cell death. This technique has become widely used in medicine to treat tumors and other nonmalignant diseases. However, there are several factors related to illumination or the photosensitizer that limit an optimal treatment outcome. The use of nanoparticles (NP) for PDT has been proposed as a solution to current shortcomings. In this way, there are NPs that act as carriers for photosensitizers, NPs that absorb the light and transfer the energy to the photosensitizer and NPs that are themselves photodynamically active. In dermatology, the use of topical photosensitizers produces a time dependent inhomogeneous distribution within the tumor, where the stratum corneum is the main barrier to the diffusion of the photosensitizer to the deeper layers of skin. This produces an insufficient photosensitizer accumulation in tumor tissues and therefore, a low therapeutic efficiency in the case of deep lesions. This work focuses in the use of NPs as photosensitizer carriers to improve the actual topical drug distribution in malignant skin tissues. We present a mathematical model of PS distribution in tumor tissue using NPs that takes into account parameters related to nanoparticles binding. Once the concentration profile of NPs into tissue is obtained, we use a photochemical model which allows us to calculate the temporal evolution of reactive oxygen species according to PS distribution calculated previously from NPs profile.
Blockchain-based model for tracking compliance with security requirements

The increasing threat landscape in Industrial Control Systems (ICS) brings different risk profiles with comprehensive impacts on society and safety. The complexity of cybersecurity risk assessment increases with a variety of third-party software components that comprise a modern ICS supply chain. A central issue in software supply chain security is the evaluation whether the secure development lifecycle process (SDL) is being methodologically and continuously practiced by all vendors. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using a decentralized, tamper-proof system that will provide trustworthy visibility of the SDL metrics over a certain period, to any authorized auditing party. Results of the research provide a model for creating a blockchain-based approach that allows inclusion of auditors through a consortium decision while responding to SDL use cases defined by this paper. The resulting blockchain architecture successfully responded to requirements mandated by the security management practice as defined by IEC 62443-4-1 standard.
Research on Key Technologies of 3D Rendering Algorithm in Urban Architecture Design

With the rapid development of 3D rendering technology, the country attaches great importance to the strategic significance of the "digital city", and the emergence of high-performance mobile devices has given the mobile terminal 3D city visualization technology a broad development prospect and strong technical support. Based on the Android mobile platform, this paper studies the key technologies of 3D city visualization. Focus on the establishment of 3D city models, 3D data organization, and the use of their respective advantages in 2D and 3D to realize the linkage display of 2D and 3D city scenes, and realize the multi-resolution display of 3D cities through the streamlining of building models and the study of model selection strategies. The final design realizes the mobile terminal 3D city visualization interactive system.
Distributed H∞ Control for Leader-Following Coordination with Switching Topology

In this paper, we consider multi-agent H∞ consensus control problems with external disturbance under the undirected switching topologies. The agent dynamics is expressed in the form of a second-order model and the control laws are neighbor-based feedback laws. By using the model transformation, the multi-agent H∞ consensus control problem is converted into H∞ control problem for a switching linear system with special structure. A sufficient condition is established under which all agents can reach consensus with the desired H∞ performance in switching topology case by constructing a parameter-dependent common Lyapunov function. Moreover, we give an explicit estimation expression to estimate H∞ performance index. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.
Model exchange‐spring nanocomposite magnetic grains

The magnetization reversal in nanocomposite two‐phase grains embedded in a soft magnetic matrix is calculated using Brown's equation. The grains are spherical, consisting of a soft core surrounded by a hard shell. The calculation yields nonlinear algebraic expressions whose solutions describe the nucleation field as a function of the geometrical and magnetic parameters of the grains. The magnetization reversal depends not only on the total grain size but also on the shell thickness. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positivity of quadratic functionals on time scales: necessity

In this work we establish that disconjugacy of a linear Hamiltonian system on time scales is a necessary condition for the positivity of the corresponding quadratic functional. We employ a certain minimal normality (controllability) assumption. Hence, the open problems stated by the author in [15], [16] are solved with the result that positivity of the quadratic functional is equivalent with disconjugacy of the Hamiltonian system on the interval under consideration. The general approach on time scales T involves, as special cases, the well known continuous case for T=R and recently developed discrete one for T=Z, so that they are unified. As applications, Sturmian type separation and comparison theorems on time scales are also provided.
True atomic resolution in liquid by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy

The increasing attention directed towards nanobiological science requires high-resolution imaging tools for the liquid environment. We have been successful in recording molecular-resolution images of polydiacetylene in water with the frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM). With the oscillation amplitude of a force-sensing cantilever reduced to 0.20 nm, we were able to overcome the large frequency noise due to the low Q-factor of cantilever resonance in water. We have obtained vertical and lateral resolutions of 10 pm and 250 pm, respectively. This method enables nondestructive imaging of soft biological samples with a load force on the order of 1 pN.
Instantaneous Angular Speed Extraction Based on Nonuniform Local Polynomial Differentiator for the Stiffness Identification of the Robot Joint

In the identification of industrial robot joint system, in order to obtain the ideal frequency response of the system, additional excitation needs to be applied. The addition of excitation signals, such as chirp signals and pseudorandom binary signals, will make the instantaneous angular speed (IAS) obtained by the motor encoder present nonstationary characteristics. In order to solve this problem, this article proposes a method for system identification by IAS extraction under nonstationary conditions. Interferences, such as electrical perturbation, quantization error, and background noise, generally reduce the accuracy of extracted IAS. First, the influence of electrical perturbation on the accuracy of angle calculation is eliminated by utilizing the characteristics of the two-phase encoder signals. Second, considering the time-varying characteristics of the rotational speed in the identification process, a nonuniform local polynomial differentiator (NULPD) is proposed to optimize the estimation of IAS and reduce the influence of background noise and sampling error based on local polynomial differentiator (LPD). The IAS estimation under the condition of variable speed is simulated to verify the performance of NULPD. According to the transmission characteristics of the robot joint system, a two-mass dynamic model is established, and the transfer function between the torque and motor speed is obtained. The torque is calculated from the three-phase current signals, and the rotational speed is obtained by the encoder signal. The frequency sweep experiment is carried out on the single-degree-of-freedom articulated arm test bench, where the stiffness and inertia of the system are identified within a certain error range by the proposed method.
The competition-cooperation interplay for knowledge development: a headquarters-subsidiary perspective

PurposeIn this paper, the authors contribute with insights on competition and cooperation in multinational enterprises with a focus on challenges related to these governance mechanisms in a knowledge development context. The mechanisms have been widely recognized as important for developing knowledge, but their contradicting nature implies considerable complexity when it comes to governance. The complexity is further increased as a result of the headquarters-subsidiary relationships. The aim of this paper is to contribute with theoretical and empirical insights on these aspects by focusing on the research question: How and why does competition and cooperation in an MNE emerge over time? Design/methodology/approachA manufacturing MNE with headquarters (HQ) in Sweden is analyzed on both HQ and subsidiary levels. Interviews with 24 managers in Sweden and India have been performed.FindingsThe study illustrates that competition and cooperation are integral aspects in HQ-subsidiary relationships. The results show that both competition and cooperation depend on environmental, organizational and object-related conditions and that these conditions influence the dynamics of the interplay. The importance of including a subsidiary perspective and the interdependencies in an MNE setting are emphasized.Originality/valueThe authors add to the discussion on the interplay between competition and cooperation as they play an important role for knowledge development in MNEs. The results indicate that they do not take place simultaneously, and therefore, the authors suggest that the dynamic can be better understood by focusing on the interplay and analyze the concepts separately.
Warrior Ethos versus Well-Being: Correcting a Cultural Dichotomy

The Army’s warrior mindset, while crucial for being successful in battle, can also lead to chronic suppression of emotions, and hamper help-seeking behavior. Messages to prioritize well-being are often presented in a confusing juxtaposition to the warrior mindset. In spite of the Army’s emphasis on a “People First Strategy,” accompanied by calls to reduce the stigma associated with help-seeking behaviors, the culture of toughness created by the Warrior Ethos continues to be an imposing obstacle for those in need of help. We integrate the Healthy Minds framework with the Army ethos, to focus on the development of foundational skills: mindfulness, connection, insight, and purpose. Our hope is this framework will contribute to a culture that views the Warrior Ethos and well-being as complementary, rather than conflicting, ideas.
Beyond the Smart or Resilient City: In Search of Sustainability in the Sojan Thirdspace †

This paper seeks to explore some of the issues to be welcomed but also warned against in general and’ also specified from an illustrative sample of ‘smart’ projects that caused outcomes that were neither ‘smart’ nor ‘resilient’. These give pointers to a ‘thirdspace’ as a descriptor of ‘assemblage’, the most advanced application of sustainability thinking regarding relational spatial development planning. This contribution examines difficulties in delivering both ‘smart’ and ‘resilient’ responses of interest or value to citizens confronted with recurring crises that derive directly or with implications for sustainability issues. Identified are constraints and issues acting as obstacles to governance, management ‘layering’ and ‘learning’ causing failures of many weak or never-delivered projects. Critiques of static, or worse ‘magical’ thinking are increasingly invoked in consequence. In the analysis of ‘live cases’ all these problems showed up ‘in real life’. The author was pleased that his mentor, the late UCLA planning theorist Ed Soja’s application of the idea of ‘Thirdspace’ received prescient vindication from the results of this adjudication.
Status of Oxidative Stress during Low-Risk Labour: Preliminary Data

Pregnancy and childbirth are associated with the forming of reactive oxygen species that generate oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a factor that may adversely affect the development of the fetus and the course of labour. Monitoring the parameters of oxidative stress can be used to assess the risk of health issues in the course of pregnancy and the condition of the newborn. Therefore, the analysis of oxidative stress in the physiological course of labour is the basis for understanding the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of miscarriages and neonatal health circumstances. The study aimed to assess oxidative stress of mother-child pairs in the venous blood and umbilical cord blood at the time of physiological labour. One hundred and sixty-eight mother-child pairs were recruited to donate the mother’s venous blood in the first stage of labour and the venous umbilical cord blood after the newborn’s birth. Total antioxidant status (TAS), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) with cofactors (Zn, Cu, Mn) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were analysed in venous blood plasma and umbilical cord blood. TAS value (p = 0.034), GPx activity (p < 0.001) and Zn concentration (p = 0.007) were significantly lower in maternal blood plasma as compared to neonatal umbilical cord blood. However, the activity of SOD (p = 0.013) and the concentration of Cu (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the blood of mothers than of new-borns. The concentration of Mn in the plasma of the mother’s blood and the umbilical cord blood of the newborns was similar. Our research indicates higher levels of antioxidant enzyme (GPx) and total antioxidant potential (TAS) in umbilical cord blood compared to maternal blood, which may suggest depletion of redox reserves in women’s blood during labour.
Biophysical neurons, energy, and synapse controllability: a review

目的 阐明功能性神经元设计的物理机理, 揭示能量调控神经元放电模态和突触活性的物理机理, 并论证神经元自适 应性选频的路径和神经元网络内异质性和缺陷的形成。 创新点 1. 建立了包含表达电磁感应、热效应和温度感知、光敏、压电感知和磁场感知的系列神经元模型; 2. 定义了 神经元中哈密顿能量并解释其来源和计算方法; 3. 指出哈密顿能量对神经元突触调控的物理机理和方法; 4. 解 释了听觉神经元和视觉神经元在外界刺激下的选频响应机理; 5. 解释了神经元网络内异质性和缺陷形成的能 量机理。 方法 把忆阻器、热敏电阻、光电管、压电陶瓷、约瑟夫森结等嵌入简单的电感-电容和电阻耦合的神经元电路, 实 现对外界物理信号的捕获和感知。 从神经元电路场能量方程和赫姆霍兹定理分别得出功能神经元模型的能量函 数, 确认其表达式的唯一性和一致性。 以神经元能量函数为控制开关, 对神经元突触进行自适应控制来实现能 量平衡。 结论 1. 特定物理器件嵌入神经元电路可以增强其物理感知能力; 2. 能量驱动和调控可以有效控制神经元和神经元 网络放电模态和时空斑图; 3. 生物神经元的多重自适应性源于能量流的平衡分配。 Diffusive intracellular and extracellular ions induce a gradient electromagnetic field that regulates membrane potential, and energy injection from external stimuli breaks the energy balance between the magnetic and electric fields in a cell. Indeed, any activation of biophysical function and self-adaption of biological neurons may be dependent on energy flow, and synapse connection is controlled to reach energy balance between neurons. When more neurons are clustered and gathered closely, field energy is exchanged and shape formation is induced to achieve local energy balance. As a result, the coexistence of multiple firing modes in neural activities is fostered to prevent the occurrence of bursting synchronization and seizure. In this review, a variety of biophysical neuron models are presented and explained in terms of their physical aspects, and the controllability of functional synapses, formation of heterogeneity, and defects are clarified for knowing the synchronization stability and cooperation between functional regions. These models and findings are summarized to provide new insights into nonlinear physics and computational neuroscience.