Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A search for supersymmetry with the CMS detector in the single-lepton final state using the sum of masses of large-radius jets

Author(s): Heller, Ryan Edward | Advisor(s): Stuart, David | Abstract: The discovery of the Higgs boson casts new urgency to an old question: the Higgs mass hierarchy problem. Supersymmetry can provide an elegant and natural solution to the hierarchy problem, and would result in many new particles accessible at the TeV scale probed by the LHC.This dissertation describes a search for a classic natural supersymmetry signature, gluino mediated top squark production. The search is performed in the single-lepton final state, relying on the large missing energy and high jet and b-flavor jet multiplicities to separate the gluino signal from the Standard Model backgrounds. The background measurement is centered around the variable MJ, the sum of masses of large radius jets. The search uses a sample of proton-proton collisions at center of mass energy 13 TeV recorded by the CMS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 /fb. The observed yields in the signal regions are consistent with the expected Standard Model backgrounds, and the results are interpreted in the context of simplified models of gluino pair production. Scenarios with gluino masses up to approximately 1.9 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for neutralino masses less than 1 TeV. This negative result joins a substantial body of evidence disfavoring supersymmetry realized near the electroweak scale.
Aspects of quotative constructions in Iberian Spanish

The apparent optionality of the complementizer masks an important semantic difference between the (a) and (b) cases. Consider (1): as a typical declarative sentence, (4a) constitutes an assertion, whose propositional content is that a given soccer team (Barcelona) has won the Champions League. When compared with (1a), (1b) contributes the additional meaning that someone else (who is not the speaker) said (1a), such that the (speaker’s) utterance of (1b) constitutes a report of what has been said. (1b) is thus reported speech (Coulmas 1986), unlike (1a), which is an ordinary assertion. The two sentences would be produced in quite different settings: (1a) could be uttered for instance by a person who has been to the finals match, with the purpose of spreading the news. In such a setting, (1b) would be definitely odd. (1b), on the other hand, would be appropriate if I were listening to the radio and
July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: pollen-based climate reconstructions

July mean temperature and annual precipipation during the last 9900 cal. yr BP were recon structed from pollen assemblages preserved in a sediment core from northern Finland. Quantitative recon structions were performed using a modern pollen-climate calibration model based on weighted-averaging partial least squares regression. The predictive ability of the model was evaluated against modern meteoro logical data using leave-one-out cross-validation. The prediction error for July mean temperature is c.1. 0°C and for annual precipitation 340 mm. The July mean temperatures during the earliest Holocene were low, c.11. 0°C, and annual precipitation was high, c. 600–800 mm. Between 8200 and 6700 cal. yr BP July mean temperatures reached their maxima, 12.5–13.0°C, which are c. 1.4–1.7°C higher than at present. At the same time precipitation decreased. During the late Holocene, July mean temperatures declined and the last 2000 years have been the coolest since the early Holocene. Precipitation has slightly increased. The spatial coherence between our results and of several other climate reconstructions from northern Europe indicates that the Holocene climate was strongly influenced by North Atlantic oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns. We propose that the distinctly oceanic climate of the early Holocene was due to enhanced westerly (latitudinal) airflow which was replaced at c. 8200 cal. yr BP by a more meridional flow pattern and by the development of predominantly anticyclonic summer conditions.
THE PHYSICAL AND METALLURGICAL ASPECTS OF HYDROGEN IN METALS

To attempt to optimize the anomalous phenomena that today go under the label "cold fusion" the experimentalist should be aware of the many aspects of the behavior of hydrogen in metals and of its entry into and egress from metals. This paper discusses the equilibrium characteristics of the isotopes of hydrogen in metals. The first section discusses the thermodynamics of the terminal solutions of metal-hydrogen systems including the enthalpies of solutions, H-H interactions, effect of third elements, distribution of isotopes between the phases, site occupation, and the molar volume of hydrogen in metallic solutions. The mobility of hydrogen in a metal lattice is a very large subject. This discussion is restricted to the kinetics of hydrogen diffusion, at and above room temperature, with respect to the variation with temperature, hydrogen concentration, isotopic mass and concentration of third elements. A distinction is made between the effects on the mobility and the effects associated with the non-ideality of the solution. The decrease of the diffusivity due to attractive interactions with lattice defects such as those generated by cold work are discussed in terms of trapping theory. Brief consideration is given to diffusion of hydrogen along grain boundaries and along dislocation cores as well as to diffusion motivated by gradients of electrical potential, of temperature and of mechanical stress. When hydrogen is absorbed from the molecular gas at fixed pressure and temperature, the overall driving force can be expressed in terms of thermodynamic parameters; the kinetic impediments to the ingress of hydrogen control the rate of entry and these are discussed. When hydrogen is presented to the metal by electrochemical means or by partially dissociated hydrogen gas the driving force for entry into the metal cannot be expressed thermodynamically, although the concept of input fugacity is often used. This concept is discussed and incorrect inferences sometimes made from it are pointed out. The entry and the egress of hydrogen produces mechanical stresses in the metal which modify the thermodynamics of metal-hydrogen systems. They necessitate a distinction to be made between coherent and incoherent phase diagrams, and change the driving force for the exchange of hydrogen between the metal and the environing gas phase. More importantly, the generated stresses can relax by producing
Brownian excursions, critical random graphs and the multiplicative coalescent

Let (B t (s), 0 ≤ s < ∞) be reflecting inhomogeneous Brownian motion with drift t - s at time s, started with B t (0) = 0. Consider the random graph script G sign(n, n -1 + tn -4/3 ), whose largest components have size of order n 2/3 . Normalizing by n -2/3 , the asymptotic joint distribution of component sizes is the same as the joint distribution of excursion lengths of B t (Corollary 2). The dynamics of merging of components as t increases are abstracted to define the multiplicative coalescent process. The states of this process are vectors x of nonnegative real cluster sizes (x i ), and clusters with sizes x i and x j merge at rate x i x j . The multiplicative coalescent is shown to be a Feller process on l 2 . The random graph limit specifies the standard multiplicative coalescent, which starts from infinitesimally small clusters at time -∞; the existence of such a process is not obvious.
Design of a Mini Double-Discharge Centrifugal Pump under Multiphase Flow
 by CFD and Experimental Verification

Pumps are irreplaceable products in various systems and processes. Pumps can be manufactured in various size in industry. The mini pumps are commonly used in some household electrical appliances, automobile etc. Some pumping applications is required two outlet ports. The use of two pumps in such a case brings high costs. Instead, pumping on two different lines with a single pump provides both a more compact design and lower cost, if the system is available. In this study, it is aimed to design a single-suction and double-outlet pump by using a single electric motor. For this purpose, a conceptual design for the pump has been proposed and design parameters which have an effect on the pump performance have been determined. Pump performance have been calculated by using the ANSYS Fluent, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code considering to multiphase flow, and optimization studies have been performed with the determined parameters. The pumps have been obtained by the optimization works have been manufactured and tested to investigate whether the pumps provide the expected operating conditions and performances. Finally, the CFD results have been verified by the tests and the pump provided the expected operating conditions and performances.
Tunable topological bandgaps and frequencies in a pre-stressed soft phononic crystal

Topological insulators (TIs) have recently received significant attention due to the promise of lossless transport of various types of energy. Despite this interest, one outstanding issue is that the topological bandgap and the frequencies that are topologically permitted are typically fixed once the topological structure has been designed and fabricated. Therefore, an open and unresolved question concerns the ability to actively tune both the bandgap magnitude, as well as the frequencies, for which the energy is topologically protected. In this work, we report a mechanically tunable phononic TI using an acoustic analog of the quantum valley Hall effect. We propose a phononic crystal comprised of a soft, hyperelastic material where the phononic band structure is modulated through large deformation of the structure. In doing so, space-inversion symmetry can be broken, which leads to a phase transition between two topologically-contrasted states and the emergence of topologically-protected interface modes according to bulk-edge correspondence. We further demonstrate the robustness of this topological protection of the edge state along the interface, which demonstrates that mechanical deformation can be used to effectively tailor and tune the topological properties of elastic structures.Topological insulators (TIs) have recently received significant attention due to the promise of lossless transport of various types of energy. Despite this interest, one outstanding issue is that the topological bandgap and the frequencies that are topologically permitted are typically fixed once the topological structure has been designed and fabricated. Therefore, an open and unresolved question concerns the ability to actively tune both the bandgap magnitude, as well as the frequencies, for which the energy is topologically protected. In this work, we report a mechanically tunable phononic TI using an acoustic analog of the quantum valley Hall effect. We propose a phononic crystal comprised of a soft, hyperelastic material where the phononic band structure is modulated through large deformation of the structure. In doing so, space-inversion symmetry can be broken, which leads to a phase transition between two topologically-contrasted states and the emergence of topologically-protected interface modes a.
Research on Hydrodynamics with Water Temperature Characteristics and Spring Algal Blooms in a Typical Tributary Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir

After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China, water environment problems induced by water temperature stratification in the Xiangxi Bay (XXB, a typical tributary bay of TGR) received wide attention. In this study, a 3-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic and water temperature coupled model with the z-coordinate in the vertical direction was established with Delft3D software to simulate the continuous hydrodynamic and water temperature process of XXB in 2009, and the static stability and mixing depth were also analyzed. The results show that the upstream inflow is prevented from entering TGR with nutrients enriching and mixing in the upper and middle reach of XXB from winter to early spring, which is the primary cause of spring algal blooms in XXB. Therefore, measures such as improving the upstream hydrodynamic conditions and forcing the nutrients to flow into TGR in winter should be more effective in alleviating spring algal blooms than the artificial tide operation of TGR proposed by previous studies.
Ordinary Petri Net Matrices

This work presents some ideas and theory on representing ordinary Petri nets using matrices and builds on previous work in [11],[12]. The three main types of matrices used for Petri net representation are the input, output and incidence matrices. The motivation for this work is that matrices can provide an alternative way to describe Petri nets from the conventional graphical representation. As is indicated several properties can be inferred, observed and derived from the matrices. Some definitions and examples are used.
FUZZY BASED NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR DFIG BASED WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM WITH INTEGRATED ACTIVE FILTER CAPABILITIES

In this project we are implementing the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) with an integrated active filter capabilities by utilising Grid Side Converter. In the paper Wind Energy Conversion System which is denoted as the STATCOM is used to supply the harmonics even when wind turbine is in shutdown condition. The grid side converter helps in supplying the harmonics in addition to its slip power transfer. Therefore the rotor-side converter is utilized for gaining the maximum power extraction and to supply the needed amount of reactive power to the DFIG. Control methodologies of both GSC and RSC are explained. Fuzzy logic controller is also used as a control method in this project for the better and accurate performance. By using the MATLAB/ Simulink we can verify the proposed method of the DFIG based wind energy
Restoring hope: the United States Forest Service's economic recovery programme.

This article was developed from a presentation at the special event “Impacts of Global Economic Turbulence on the Forest Sector” at the nineteenth session of the FAO Committee on Forestry, Rome, 20 March 2009. To ease the burden of recession, the United States of America is investing in projects that restore and protect forests, improve recreational facilities and put young people to work. In 2008, the United States of America plunged into what some have called its worst economic crisis since the 1930s (Elliott, 2008; Hilsenrath, Serena and Paletta, 2008). A financial crisis beginning in 2007 triggered a deepening recession in 2008–2009 as lenders lost confidence in borrowers’ ability to repay. Major financial institutions tottered at the brink of ruin, and some entirely failed. With credit markets frozen, pillars of the United States economy such as the auto industry struggled to survive. From January 2008 to January 2009, most economic indicators plummeted, from wholesale trade (down 15.4 percent), to new construction (down 9.1 percent), to new housing starts (down 56.3 percent), to retail trade and food services (down 9.7 percent) (United States Census Bureau, 2009). Stock markets plunged, losing up to 40 percent of their value; in early 2009, the Dow Jones industrial average reached its lowest level since 1997. From October 2008 to March 2009, the United States economy lost more than 3.7 million jobs (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009), raising the level of unemployment to 8.5 percent, the highest since 1983. Many people lost their homes; by December 2008, almost 12 percent of United States mortgages were delinquent or in foreclosure (OECD, 2009). In February 2009, hope-inducing signs of recovery appeared. Manufacturers’ shipments, inventories and orders, after six consecutive monthly declines, rose by 1.8 percent (United States Census Bureau, 2009); new housing starts climbed by 17.2 percent and new home sales by 8.2 percent. In March, however, housing starts fell again, as did new home sales; yet major banks such as Wells Fargo recorded profits for the first quarter of 2009. Nevertheless, even a recovering economy will continue to shed jobs until demand for labour catches up. Some economists foresee unemployment rates climbing into the double digits by 2010 (Clark, 2009). What can the United States Forest Service do to help?
Microwave Emission From Snow and Glacier Ice

Abstract The microwave emission from a model snow field, consisting of randomly spaced ice spheres which scatter independently, is calculated. Mie scattering and radiative transfer theory are applied in a manner similar to that used in calculating microwave and optical properties of clouds. The extinction coefficient is computed as a function of both microwave wavelength and ice-particle radius. Volume scattering by the individual ice particles in the snow field significantly decreases the computed emission for particle radii greater than a few hundredths of the microwave wavelength. Since the mean annual temperature and the accumulation rate of dry polar firn mainly determine the grain sizes upon which the microwave emission depends, these two parameters account for the main features of the 1.55 cm emission observed from Greenland and Antarctica with the Nimbus-5 scanning radiometer. For snow particle sizes normally encountered, most of the calculated radiation emanates from a layer on the order of 10 m in thickness at a wavelength of 2.8 cm, and less at shorter wavelengths. A marked increase in emission from wet versus dry snow is predicted, a result which is consistent with observations. The model results indicate that the characteristic grain sizes in the radiating layers, dry-firn accumulation rales, areas of summer melting, and physical temperatures, can be determined from multispectral microwave observations.
Parallel Multimode Cavity Filters With Generalized Frequency Response

A generalized frequency response for cavity filters is demonstrated from six modes coupled in parallel. The six modes belong to two parallel-coupled triple-mode spheres and are coupled in parallel via two half-wavelength transmission-line resonators. The theory of phase and amplitude control of parallel couplings into spherical cavities is introduced by way of coupled resonator models, and the structure of two combined spheres is detailed. The theory and simulations prove that multiple transmission zeros can be arbitrarily placed, including inside the passband to create multiple bands and beyond infinity (imaginary frequencies) for flattened group delay. Several design examples of two spheres in parallel are presented to demonstrate a high degree of flexibility of transmission zero placement, and one example is fabricated and successfully tested.
A countryside for health and wellbeing: the physical and mental health benefits of green exercise.

How does nature make us feel? Much, of course, depends on what else is important in our lives. Is it a good or a bad day? Irrespective of where we come from, it seems that the presence of living things makes us feel good. They help us when we feel stressed, and if there is green vegetation, blue sky and water in the scene, then we like it even more. This idea that the quality of nature affects our mental health is not a new one, but it has not greatly affected the planning of our urban and rural environments, nor the setting of public health priorities.
Duplex stainless steel welding. Best practices

Duplex stainless steels have an ex- tensive, successful, track record in a multitude of corrosive and erosive environments up to 315°C (600°F), while providing high immunity to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Althoughduplex stainless steels are, in many cases, superior in corrosion resistance and strength compared to 304 and 316 austentic stainless steels, many fabricators continue to have difficulties creating welding procedures that yield repeatable weldments with optimum proper- ties. This paper offers practical weld- ing guidelines to new fabricators who want to archieve high quality, robust stainless steel weldments supplementing API 938-C,. "Use of Duplex Steels in Oil Refining Industry". Discussion includes the impor- tance of balancing fer- rite to austenite, reducing formation of deleterious intermetallic and nonmetallic phases, measuring fer- rite contents, and suggested welding parameters. 0.03 1.2 0.02 0.035 1.00 24.0-26.0 6.0-8.0 3.0-5.0 0.5 … 0.24-0.32 �41 S32760 Zeron 100 0.03 1.0 0.01 0.03 1.00 24.0-26.0 6.0-8.0 3.0-4.0 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 0.30 �40 S32906 Safurex 0.03 0.8-1.5 0.03 0.03 0.50 28.0-30.0 5.8-7.5 1.50-2.60 0.80 … 0.30-0.40 �41 S39274 DP3W 0.03 1.0 0.02 0.03 0.80 24.0-26.0 6.0-8.0 2.50-3.50 0.20-0.80 1.50-2.50 0.24-0.32 42 S39277 AF 918 0.025 … 0.002 0.025 0.80 24.0-26.0 4.5-6.5 3.0-4.0 1.2-2.20 0.80-1.20 0.23-0.33 �41 (a) Single values are maximum (b) PREN = %Cr + 3.3x(%Mo + 0.5x%W) + 16x%N Intermediate-alloy grades (PREN 32-39) S31200 44LN 0.03 2.0 0.03 0.045 1.00 24.0-26.0 5.5-6.5 1.2-2.0 … … 0.14-2.0 33 S31260 DP3 0.03 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.75 24.0-26.0 5.5-7.5 2.5-3.5 0.20-0.80 0.10-0.50 0.10-0.30 38 S31803 2205 0.03 2.0 0.02 0.03 1.00 21.0-23.0 4.5-6.5 2.5-3.5 … … 0.08-0.20 34 S32205 2205+ 0.03 2.0 0.02 0.03 1.00 22.0-23.0 4.5-6.5 3.0-3.5 … … 0.14-0.20 35-36 S32550 255 0.03 1.5 0.03 0.04 1.00 24.0-27.0 4.5-6.5 2.9-3.9 1.5-2.5 … 0.10-0.25 38 S32900 10RE51 0.06 1.0 0.03 0.04 0.75 23.0-28.0 2.5-5.0 1.0-2.0 … … … 33 S32950 7-Mo Plus 0.03 2.0 0.01 0.035 0.60 26.0-29.0 3.5-5.20 1.0-2.5 … … 0.15-0.35 35 Low-alloy grades (PREN <32) S31500 3RE60 0.03 0.2-2.0 0.03 0.03 1.4-2.0 18.0-19.0 4.25-5.25 2.5-3.0 … … 0.05-0.10 28 S32001 19D 0.03 4.0-6.0 0.03 0.04 1.00 19.5-21.5 1.0-3.0 0.60 1.00 … 0.05-0.17 23.6 S32304 2304 0.03 2.5 0.04 0.04 1.00 21.5-24.5 3.0-5.5 0.05-0.60 0.05-0.06 … 0.05-0.20 25 S32404 UR50 0.04 2.0 0.01 0.30 1.00 20.5-22.5 5.5-8.5 2.0-3.0 1.0-2.0 … 0.20 31
Soil Fertility Replenishment in Africa: An Investment in Natural Resource Capital

Soil fertility depletion in smallholder farms is the fundamental biophysical root cause for declining per-capita food production in Africa, and soil fertility replenishment should be considered as an investment in natural resource capital. An average of 660 kg N ha-1, 75kg P ha-1, and 450 kg K ha-1 has been lost during the last 30 years from about 200 million ha of cultivated land in 37 African countries. The consequences are felt at the farm, watershed, national, and global levels. There is an exact congruence between the concepts of capital stocks and service flows in economics and that of nutrient pools and fluxes in soil science. Phosphorus-replenishment strategies are mainly fertilizerbased with biological supplementation, while N replenishment strategies are mainly biological with chemical supplementation. Africa has ample phosphate rock deposits that could be used directly or as superphosphates to reverse P depletion. Decomposing organic inputs produce organic acids that help solubilize phosphate rocks. Agroforestry trees and herbaceous leguminous green manures play a major role in N capture and internal cycling. Accompanying technologies, such as soil conservation are needed to make recapitalization operational. Policy improvements are needed to provide the appropriate fertilizers at a reasonable cost and at the right time; better infrastructure; access to micro credit; timely access to markets; adaptive research and extension education. Soil fertility replenishment was found to be profitable at the farm level in three contrasting case studies, but resource poor farmers lack the capital and access to credit to make the initial investment. The issue of who should pay for this recapitalization is based on the principle that those who benefit from a course of action should incur the costs of its implementation. Progress to date on soil fertility initiatives throughout Africa will be summarized.