Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of a Prominent Rain Shadow on Flooding in California's Santa Cruz Mountains: A CALJET Case Study

Abstract Data from the California Land-Falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) are used to explore the causes of variations in flood severity in adjacent coastal watersheds within the Santa Cruz Mountains on 2–3 February 1998. While Pescadero Creek (rural) experienced its flood of record, the adjacent San Lorenzo Creek (heavily populated), attained only its fourth-highest flow. This difference resulted from conditions present while the warm sector of the storm, with its associated low-level jet, high moisture content, and weak static stability, was overhead. Rainfall in the warm sector was dominated by orographic forcing. While the wind speed strongly modulated rain rates on windward slopes, the wind direction positioned the edge of a rain shadow cast by the Santa Lucia Mountains partially over the San Lorenzo basin, thus protecting the city of Santa Cruz from a more severe flood. Roughly 26% ± 9% of the streamflow at flood peak on Pescadero Creek resulted from the warm-sector rainfall. Without this rainfall, th.
Statistical test of the tidal triggering of earthquakes: contribution of the ocean tide loading effect

SUMMARY The possibility of tidal triggering of earthquakes is investigated for a data set that contains 988 globally distributed earthquakes with magnitude of 6.0 or larger. We synthesize the theoretical time history of tidal stress change, including both solid earth tide and ocean tide loading, at the earthquake hypocentre, and assign the phase angle of tidal stress at the occurrence time of each earthquake. The stress due to ocean loading is obtained by convolving the global ocean tide distribution by Schwiderski with the Green's functions for surface point-mass load, which were newly computed for the Preliminary Earth Model of Dziewonski & Anderson. By testing the distribution of the phase angle statistically, we found a significant phase selectivity for normal-fault-type earthquakes; the null hypothesis that earthquakes take place randomly irrespective of the phase angle is rejected at the significance level of 0.54 per cent for the cubic stress component (trace of the tidal stress tensor), and 0.58 per cent for the stress component along the tension axis of the earthquake's focal mechanism. The highest population of normal-fault-type earthquakes appears at the time of maximum extensional stress, implying that a decrease in the confining pressure due to the earth tide is responsible for triggering earthquake occurrence. Such a clear phase selectivity is not seen for strike-slip- and thrust-type earthquakes. The fault-type dependence of the earthquake triggering effect suggests that shear stress change on the fault plane is also an essential factor of tidal triggering of earthquakes.
On the interannual oscillations in the northern temperate total ozone

The interannual variations in total ozone are studied using revised Dobson total ozone records (1961–1990) from 17 stations located within the latitude band 30°N-60°N. To obtain the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and 11-year solar cycle manifestation in the “northern temperate” total ozone data, various multiple regression models are constructed by the least squares fitting to the observed ozone. The statistical relationships between the selected indices of the atmospheric variabilities and total ozone are described in the linear and nonlinear regression models. Nonlinear relationships to the predictor variables are found. That is, the total ozone variations are statistically modeled by nonlinear terms accounting for the coupling between QBO and ENSO, QBO and solar activity, and ENSO and solar activity. It is suggested that large reduction of total ozone values over the “northern temperate” region occurs in cold season when a strong ENSO warm event meets the west phase of the QBO during the period of high solar activity.
Característica de oferta de hortaliças sob a ótica do ambiente institucional: o caso das micro-bacias dos Córregos Bandeira e Segredo, em Campo Grande/MS

O objetivo deste estudo e analisar as caracteristicas da oferta de hortalicas nas micro-bacias Bandeira e Segredo com base na NEI. Para tanto foi feita uma pesquisa junto a 12 propriedades rurais. Os resultados mostram que os proprietarios da bacia do Corrego Bandeira sao, em sua maioria, comodatarios que nao consegue incentivo governamental por falta de comprovacao de renda. Porem, para os proprietarios da bacia do Segredo, o direito de propriedade e adquirido, mas eles nao tem financiamento por falta de conhecimento ou de informacoes sobre credito. Constatou-se, entao, que eles tem dificuldade em obter credito rural suficiente para suas exigencias produtivas, apesar de as normas os privilegiar com juros menores e prazos maiores. The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the supply of farm produce in the micro-basins Bandeira and Segredo based on the NEI. For this was a search along a 12 rural properties. The results show that the owners of the Bandeira stream flag are, in their majority, which land renter not encouraging government for lack of proof of income. But for the owners of the Segredo basins, the right to property is purchased, but they do not have funding for lack of knowledge or information on credit. It was then that they have difficulty in obtaining credit rural productive enough to their demands, despite the focus with the standards and deadlines higher interest minors.
Kosmochlor and chromian jadeite aggregates from the Myanmar jadeitite area

Abstract Four distinct textures and related compositions of kosmochlor (KO) and chromian jadeite in rocks from the Myanmar jadeitite area are described: (1) spheroidal or ellipsoidal aggregates with a corona texture surrounding relict chromite; (2) spheroidal or ellipsoidal aggregates with a core of jadeite; (3) granoblastic textures in undeformed coarse-grained clinopyroxene rocks; and (4) recrystallized fine-grained aggregates in deformed jadeitite. Nearly pure kosmochlor (97 mol.% NaCrSi2O6) was found in type 2 textures, closest to the end-member reported so far from a terrestrial rock. Sharp compositional boundaries between kosmochlor and chromian jadeite of variable composition are interpreted to be related to progressive crystallization or replacement at differing conditions. The compositions analysed plot along the kosmochlor-jadeite join. In contrast to conclusions of previous studies on the Myanmar clinopyroxenes there is no unequivocal evidence for miscibility gaps. The preservation of relict chromite in the centre of coronitic spheroidal or ellipsoidal aggregates of kosmochlor and jadeite indicates a metasomatic origin from a peridotite protolith at an inferred minimum pressure of 1.0 GPa and temperatures of 250-370°C. Recrystallization during later ductile deformation of the clinopyroxene rocks in the dislocation creep regime leads to fine-grained aggregates of chromian jadeite, which are of particular gemmological interest.
A study on the low-latitude daytime E region plasma irregularities using coordinated VHF radar, rocket-borne, and ionosonde observations

[1] In this paper we study the off-electrojet low-latitude daytime E region plasma irregularities using first multi-instrument observations in India made during July 2004 by the MST radar from Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E, magnetic latitude 6.4°N), Langmuir probe on board the RH-300 Mk II rocket, and ionosonde from Sriharikota (13.6°N, 80.2°E, magnetic latitude 6.4°N). Radar echoes were confined to altitudes below 105 km and were observed in the form of a descending echoing layer with the descent rate of 1 km/h. Virtual height of the E layer, as observed by ionosonde, shows identical descending behavior. A detailed analysis based on the radar and ionosonde observations shows that the radar echoes are related to the range spread in the ionogram. Rocket observations made on 23 July 2004 revealed weak plasma irregularities with scale sizes more than 100 m and no noticeable irregularity at shorter scales. The spectral slope of the irregularities observed by the rocket probe is found to be −4 for scales in between 1 km and 100 m. During the rocket launch, radar did not detect any echo conforming that the small-scale irregularities were not present. Examination of concurrent observations of neutral wind made by TIMED Doppler interferometry suggests that zonal wind plays a crucial role in forming electron density layers, which become unstable via the gradient drift instability with background electric field or/and zonal neutral wind generating low-latitude E region plasma irregularities.
The Mechanism of Tsunamigenic Landslides

This paper is an attempt to understand the mechanism of earthquake triggered tsunamigenic submarine landslides, which may become a source of the enormous damage in coastal areas. The gentle slopes of the observed landslides (3 6 degrees) can be explained by the shear strength degradation of soil, caused by the excess pore water pressure development during seismic loading. The large length to thickness ratio (up to 1000) of these landslides follows from the limit equilibrium considerations. The parameters of the landslide can then be correlated with the tsunami wave amplitude using fluid dynamics analysis. Though these considerations allow for successful quantification of the final stage of slope equilibrium and the tsunami phenomena, they cannot provide an insight into the process of the slope failure.
Effects of bora wind on physical and biogeochemical properties of stratified waters in the northern Adriatic

[1] Wind forcing plays a key role in controlling the water column structure and circulation in the northern Adriatic Sea. Through shipboard observations and numerical modeling, we have documented the changing of oceanographic features before, during, and after a sequence of cold northeasterly bora wind pulses that occurred during stratified conditions in late September 2002. High-resolution meteorological, hydrodynamic, and wave model outputs were related to in situ observations of hydrologic parameters, dissolved nutrients and oxygen, suspended matter biogeochemical properties, and phytoplankton. The bora intensified the southward flowing coastal current along the Italian coast, establishing a frontal system that typically exists in winter. The bora also caused complete vertical mixing to 20–25 m in the water column, an influx of warm salty water from the south along the Croatian coast, and increased resuspension and southward transport of bottom sediments for the combined effects of currents and waves. The effects on the bottom were limited to the western coastal belt, as in the deeper central part of the basin hypoxic conditions were present during the whole observing period. During the bora, the concentration of inorganic dissolved nutrients in the bottom water increased consistently with the release of nutrients from the sediments and with the mineralization processes. Resuspension of bottom layer sediment represents an important source of nutrients for the water column in this period. The higher level of nutrients was observed together with an increase in phytoplankton biomass, suggesting a potential trigger for the autumnal phytoplankton bloom in the northern Adriatic. Finally, bora events seem to be able to generate a relevant increase of nutrient export from the northern Adriatic through the intensified Adriatic western coastal current, so they could play a relevant role in the nutrient balance of the basin.
Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution

C.A. J. APPELO and D. POSTMA (ed.) A.A. Balkema Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. 2005. 2nd ed. Hardcover, 649 pp. $43.95. ISBN 0-41-536428-0. This book presents important fundamental concepts and current knowledge of groundwater geochemistry and the interaction of water, minerals, gases,
Promoting physical activity : a guide for community action

Chapter 1. Health Benefits of Physical Activity Chapter 2. Physical Activity Recommendations Chapter 3. Informational Approaches to Promoting Physical Activity Chapter 4. Behavioral and Social Approaches to Promoting Physical Activity Chapter 5. Environmental and Policy Approaches to Promoting Physical Activity Chapter 6. Partnerships Chapter 7. Program Planning and Evaluation.
Effective food and nutrition policy responses to HIV/AIDS

The impact of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) on people's lives and on development is staggering. Millions have died and livelihoods have been devastated, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agriculture and natural resources are important components of such livelihoods. And the nutritional status of those infected and affected plays a large part in determining their current welfare and their ability to further develop their livelihoods towards activities that help to mitigate the impacts of AIDS and prevent the spread of HIV. This paper first reviews the potential pathways through which HIV/AIDS affects assets and institutions generally and then the specific impacts on agriculture, natural resource management, food security, and nutrition. The review addresses the question of how the public sector can and should respond to these challenges. The focus is primarily on mitigation, though the authors note that effective mitigation can also serve as a very cost-effective form of prevention. As labor becomes depleted, new cultivation technologies and varieties need to be developed that do not rely so much on labor, yet allow crops to remain drought resistant and nutritious.
Yellowstone Super-Volcano: Evalutaion, Potential Threats, and Possible effects on Nebraska Citizens Health and Prosperity

Yellowstone National Park is located over a hot spot under the North American tectonic plate and holds a potentially explosive super-volcano that has the ability to cause deadly consequences on the North American continent. After an eruption the surrounding region would see the greatest devastation, covered by pyroclastic deposits and thick ash fall exterminating most all life and destroying all structures in its path. In landscapes of greater distance from the event the consequences will be less dramatic yet still substantial. Records of previous eruption data from the Yellowstone super-volcano show that the ash fall out from the eruption can cover areas as large as one million square kilometers and could leave Nebraska covered in ash up to 10 centimeters thick. This would cause destruction of agriculture, extensive damage to structures, decreased
Population Ageing, Dependency and Healthcare Services Utilisation

The increase in the percentage of the elderly (the population 65 years or older) in developed countries is a cause for concern about the levels of health care services expenditures and the widening of long-term care services in these countries. The current debate includes the issue of establishing a system of protection for dependence as a new modality of social protection. The objective of this paper is to analyse the evolution of the degree of dependence in the Spanish population over 65 years during the period between 1997 and 2003, and to estimate the impact of dependence on health status and health care utilisation for the same period. An increasing trend of dependence prevalence as well as of the consumption of health care services has been found. A statistical association between the degree of dependence and the variables of health status, drug consumption and in-patient services has been observed. But this association is not significant in the case of medical consultations. The low degree of association between dependence and out-patient health care services strengthens the hypothesis that the elderly population presents specific necessities, oriented to assistance of dependence needs rather than ambulatory health care services El aumento de la proporcion de mayores de 65 en la poblacion de los paises desarrollados viene siendo motivo de preocupacion debido al crecimiento del gasto sanitario y a la expansion de los servicios de cuidados de larga duracion observados en estos paises. El debate actual aborda la problematica vinculada al establecimiento de un sistema de proteccion a la dependencia como una nueva modalidad de proteccion social. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolucion del grado de dependencia en la poblacion espanola mayor de 65 anos en el periodo 1997-2003, asi como estimar su relacion con el estado de salud y con la utilizacion de servicios sanitarios durante el mismo periodo. Se ha identificado una tendencia creciente tanto de la prevalencia de dependencia como del uso de recursos sanitarios. Ademas, se observa una relacion estadisticamente significativa entre el grado de dependencia y las variables estado de salud, consumo de farmacos y uso de servicios de hospitalizacion, pero no con los servicios de atencion primaria. El bajo grado de asociacion entre la dependencia y la utilizacion de servicios sanitarios ambulatorios refuerza la hipotesis de que la poblacion mayor presenta necesidades especificas, diferentes de las del resto de poblacion, orientadas a la asistencia de la dependencia mas que a los servicios sanitarios ambulatorios
Composición

Knowledge of the structure and composition of a forest makes it possible to understand the dasometric attributes of trees and ecosystem processes along altitude-derived vegetation gradients. The structure of the Pinus hartwegii forest was analyzed at an altitude of 600 m on the Nevado of Toluca . Clusters of 1 ha were
The potential of optical high resolution data for the assessment of leaf area index in East African rainforest ecosystems

Operational standard products of biophysical variables, such as leaf area index (LAI) derived from satellite observations (e.g. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) or VEGETATION), serve the need for adequate input data for quantitative modelling of ecosystem dynamics on regional to global scales. For the validation of those products and for local applications, higher resolution LAI maps based on field and high spatial resolution satellite data are crucial. As validation sites in tropical rainforests are rare, a study was undertaken in a moist semi-deciduous tropical rainforest in East Africa. In situ LAI measurements were carried out with digital hemispherical photography on 30 test sites. Spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) and texture measures calculated from top-of-canopy Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT)-4 High Resolution Visible and Infrared (HRVIR) reflectance data were compared with respect to their ability to predict effective LAI. Regression analyses showed that ASTER data were generally better suited, with simple ratio (SR) performing best for early and intermediate forest stages and texture measures (grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) variance) derived from SWIR information rendering superior results in later forest stages. Finally, a high resolution LAI map could be constructed with an accuracy of 0.39.
Viewing zenith angle dependence of cloudiness determined from coincident GOES East and GOES West data

The dependence of observed cloudiness on the satellite or viewing zenith angle (VZA) is examined, using a combination of two cloud amount data sets derived from nearly simultaneous, collocated Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) West and GOES East radiances over the Pacific Ocean during May 1979 and July 1983. A third data set, GOES Prime, is used to estimate the amount of cloud variation due to changes in sensor resolution with VZA. The data are analyzed for single-layer and total cloudiness, as derived with a hybrid bispectral threshold method. The frequencies of occurrence for low, middle, and high clouds, 96%, 47%, and 28%, respectively, are typical of oceanic cloud populations. Cloud fractions increased with increasing VZA for almost all cases. Low clouds showed the greatest increases for small cloud amounts around 0.1, while the greatest increases for high clouds were found for cloud amounts around 0.5. Midlevel clouds showed only a slight dependence on VZA. Total cloudiness increased the most, reflecting its predominantly low-cloud composition. Uncertainties in retrieved cloud fraction also increase with the VZA. Resolution changes with VZA were estimated to cause up to 28% of the increase in cloudiness for certain low-cloud amounts. Very little of the high-cloud increases were the result of resolution changes. Simple geometrical formulas were used to model the results. A single-layer cumulus model was found to be the best fit to the layer cloud data. A formulation combining the single-layer models was used to describe the variation of total cloud cover with VZA. The regression fit of these data to the multilayer model reduced the mean bias errors due to VZA effects from ≈0.058 to ≈0.004. It is concluded that the effects of the VZA should be incorporated in the construction of satellite-derived climatologies and other Earth-observing applications.
ANISOTROPY IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS MODELED AS RANDOM MEDIA

The anisotropic behavior to be expected from various types of sediments is investigated by considering them as laminated media, with randomly varying velocity depth distributions. Two different stochastic processes are used to model transitional and cyclic layering. The kinematics of waves propagating through the laminated media is studied by evaluating overall elastic parameters of the transversely isotropic medium in the long wavelength limit using averaging techniques. Models with strong velocity fluctuations and high correlation between P‐ and S‐wave velocities exhibit significant anisotropy, comparable in magnitude to field and laboratory measurements. Elastic wavefields for the stochastic models were computed and the results were compared with analytical and numerical results for homogeneous anisotropic media computed with the derived overall parameters. The wavefield modeling shows that anisotropy and scattering are not simply effects influencing waves on the opposite ends of the wavelength scale b.
Equatorial currents at 1000 m in the Atlantic Ocean

Twenty‐seven Profiling ALACE (PALACE) floats were deployed in the equatorial Atlantic during July–August 1997. The floats were ballasted to drift at 1000 m for 10 to 14 days, return to the surface while obtaining a temperature profile, transmit data via satellite, and then after one day return to 1000 m. One‐year float paths are now available. Floats deployed on the equator were launched into a deep westward jet. The jet extends some 1°–2° north of the equator, with eastward motion observed in floats to the north of 2°N. The equatorial current reverses in the central basin to the east in mid‐October and then back to the west in mid‐February. Flow to the north also reverses. The short space and time scales contrast with earlier work based on fewer floats that inferred space scales of some 5°–10° in latitude and time scales greater than one year. The new results are consistent with models that indicate that equatorial Rossby waves are the cause of the reversing currents.