Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Significance of Nucleic Acids , Nucleotides , and Related Compounds in Infant Nutrition

Nucleotides are low molecular weight intracellular compounds that play major roles in physiological and biological functions. They act as precursors for nucleic acid synthesis and are also fundamental for intermediary metabolism. Nucleotides and nucleic acids turn over rapidly, especially in growing tissues or those undergoing constant cell renewal. Tissues that grow have a net formation of new DNA and a rapid turnover of RNA (1,2). Nucleotides are typically conformed by a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a pentose (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. The nitrogenous bases are derived from two parent heterocyclic molecules. The major purines found in living organisms are adenine and guanine, while cytosine, thymidine, and uracil are the major pyrimidine bases. Nitrogenous bases can be formed de novo from amino acid precursors or reutilized after their release from nucleic acid breakdown via the salvage pathway. The purine ring carbon atoms formed by de novo synthesis are derived from the dispensable amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartate. The carbon atoms for the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines are derived from carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate. Figure 1 summarizes the structure and precursors needed for the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases. The energy cost of de novo synthesis of nitrogenous bases requires significantly more energy than the salvage process, 5 mol of ATP as opposed to 1 mol of ATP for each nucleotide monophosphate produced; thus from an evolutionary point of view the salvage pathway has a selective advantage for rapidly growing organisms (3,4).
The Lower Algebraic K-Theory of Split Three-Dimensional Crystallographic Groups

We explicitly compute the lower algebraic K-theory of the split three-dimensional crystallographic groups; i.e., the groups G that act properly and cocompactly on three-dimensional Euclidean space by isometries, such that the natural map from G to O(3) is a split injection onto its image. There are 73 split three-dimensional crystallographic groups in all, out of a total of 219 isomorphism types of three-dimensional crystallographic groups. We also provide a general splitting formula for the lower algebraic K-theory that is valid for all three-dimensional crystallographic groups. This result generalizes earlier work of Alves and Ontaneda. Along the way, we give explicit descriptions of all 73 split three-dimensional crystallographic groups, and completely work out their classification. The split crystallographic groups are sometimes called "splitting groups". A theorem of crystallographic groups says that any crystallographic group is a finite-index subgroup of its splitting group, so each three-dimensional crystallographic group is a finite-index subgroup of one from our list.
Universal Rigidity and Edge Sparsification for Sensor Network Localization

Owing to their high accuracy and ease of formulation, there has been great interest in applying convex optimization techniques, particularly that of semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation, to tackle the sensor network localization problem in recent years. However, a drawback of such techniques is that the resulting convex program is often expensive to solve. In order to speed up computation, various edge sparsification heuristics have been proposed, whose aim is to reduce the number of edges in the input graph. Although these heuristics do reduce the size of the convex program and hence make it faster to solve, they are often ad hoc in nature and do not preserve the localization properties of the input. As such, one often has to face a tradeoff between solution accuracy and computational effort. In this paper, we propose a novel edge sparsification heuristic that can provably preserve the localization properties of the original input. At the heart of our heuristic is a graph decomposition procedure, which allows us to identify certain sparse generically universally rigid subgraphs of the input graph. Our computational results show that the proposed approach can significantly reduce the computational and memory complexities of SDP-based algorithms for solving the sensor network localization problem. Moreover, it compares favorably with existing speedup approaches, both in terms of accuracy and solution time.
The Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey: precursor observations of the NGC 628 group

The Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey (AGES) is one of several H i surveys utilizing the new Arecibo L-band Feed Array (ALFA) fitted to the 305-m radio telescope at Arecibo. † The survey is specifically designed to investigate various galactic environments to higher sensitivity, higher velocity resolution and higher spatial resolution than previous fully sampled, 21-cm multibeam surveys. The emphasis is on making detailed observations of nearby objects although the large system bandwidth (100 MHz) will allow us to quantify the H i properties over a large instantaneous velocity range. In this paper, we describe the survey and its goals and present the results from the precursor observations of a 5 × 1-deg2 region containing the nearby (? 10 Mpc) NGC 628 group. We have detected all the group galaxies in the region including the low-mass (MH I? 107 M? ) dwarf, dw0137+1541. The fluxes and velocities for these galaxies compare well with previously published data. There is no intragroup neutral gas detected down to a limiting column density of 2 × 1018 cm? 2. In addition to the group galaxies we have detected 22 galaxies beyond the NGC 628 group, nine of which are previously uncatalogued. We present the H i data for these objects and also SuperCOSMOS images for possible optical galaxies that might be associated with the H i signal. We have used V/Vmax analysis to model how many galaxies beyond 1000 km s? 1 should be detected and compare this with our results. The predicted number of detectable galaxies varies depending on the H i mass function (HIMF) used in the analysis. Unfortunately the precursor survey area is too small to determine whether this is saying anything fundamental about the HIMF or simply highlighting the effect of low number statistics. This is just one of many questions that will be addressed by the complete AGES survey.
Reinventing Conservation Easements: A Critical Examination and Ideas for Reform

“The goods of nature and fortune. are only lent. We think ourselves masters, when we are only stewards, and forget that to each of us it will one day be said, ‘Give an account of thy stewardship. ’” Joseph Horne, as quoted in Richard Brewer, Conservancy, p.77. Hanover: University Press of New England (2003). “The continued success of land trusts depends both on public confidence in, and support of, the conservation efforts of these organizations, and on building conservation programs that stand the test of time. It is every land trust’s responsibility to uphold this public trust and to ensure the permanence of its conservation efforts. ” Land Trust Alliance, Standards and Practices (2004) “The whole process is going to fall apart unless we solve these problems. ” Senior official of a major land trust. No recent happening in land conservation rivals the deployment from coast-to-coast of conservation easements. Beyond tax and other public subsidies, one of the driving forces favoring this phenomenon is that conservation easements are perceived as a win-win strategy in land protection, by which willing landowners work with private land trusts or government agencies to provide lasting protection of portions of the American landscape. In short, conservation easements often accomplish something that comes easily and makes people feel good, which is certainly no vice but which, together with their tax and other public subsidies, explain their extraordinarily rising popularity. The question, that this report will explore, is whether they may also present something of a time bomb that requires preventive action, and if so, what can be done to minimize the potential damage while realizing the benefit. Part One of this report provides an introduction to some of the issues arising from conservation easements, as foretold at the time of the enactment of the federal laws that granted them tax subsidies. Part One also describes the reasons why the public has a stake in conservation easements and in their content and governance. Part Two provides a Primer on Land Trusts and Conservation Easements, including defining terms, providing historical context and reporting current trends and a preview of the future problems that they present. Part Three specifically discusses issues emanating from conservation easements and evaluates a number of alternative ways to resolve them. The broad categories of issues include (i) the content and uniformity of easements, (ii) conservation easement tracking for the future, (iii) public benefit, accountability and transparency with respect to conservation easement creation, (iv) conservation easement holder stewardship, institutional capacity and accountability, (v) conservation easement durability, amendment and termination, (vi) conservation easement appraisal and tax issues, (vii) the implications of conservation easements on government regulatory, public land acquisition and land taxation programs and (viii) equity and environmental justice issues related to conservation easements.
Programming Environments for Novices

The task of specializing programming environments for novices begins with the recognition that programming is a hard skill to learn. The lack of student programming skill even after a year of undergraduate studies in computer science was measured in the early 80’s [1] and again in this decade [2]. We know that students have problems with looping constructs [3], conditionals [4], and assembling programs out of base components [5]. Are these the critical pieces? If we developed a language that changed how conditionals work or loops, or make it easier to integrate components, would programming become easier? That’s the issue that developers of educational programming environments are asking. Each novice programming environment (or family of environments) is attempting to answer the question, “What makes programming hard? ” Each answer to that question implies a family of environments that address the concern with a set of solutions. Obviously, there are a great many answers to the question “What makes programming hard? ” For each answer, there are a great many potential environments that act upon that answer, and then there are a great many other potential environments that deal with multiple answers to that question—which makes sense, since it’s almost certainly true that there is no one correct answer to that question that applies to all people. Not all of these potential environments have been built and explored, however. The field of Computer Science Education Research is too new, and there are too few people doing work in this field. We are still in the stage of the field of identifying potential answers to key questions—indeed, even figuring out what the key questions are! There are many novice programming environments that have been built, and not all can be discussed in a short primer. Instead, this chapter will focus on three families
The ablation zone in northeast Greenland: ice types, albedos and impurities

Abstract Ice types, albedos and impurity content are characterized for the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet in Kronprinz Christians Land (80° N, 24° W). Along this ice margin the width of the ablation zone is only about 8 km. The emergence and melting of old ice in the ablation zone creates a surface layer of dust that was originally deposited with snowfall high on the ice sheet. This debris cover is augmented by locally derived wind-blown sediment. Subsequently, the surface dust particles often aggregate together to form centimetre-scale clumps that melt into the ice, creating cryoconite holes. The debris in the cryoconite holes becomes hidden from sunlight, raising the area-averaged albedo relative to surfaces with uniform debris cover. Spectral and broadband albedos were obtained for snow, ice hummocks, debris-covered ice, cryoconite-studded ice and barren tundra surfaces. Broadband ice albedos varied from 0.2 (for ice with heavy loading of uniform debris) to 0.6 (for ice hummocks with cryoconite holes). The cryoconite material itself has albedo 0.1 when wet. Areal distribution of the major surface types was estimated visually from a transect video as a function of distance from the ice edge (330 m a.s.l.). Ablation rates were measured along a transect from the ice margin to the slush zone 8 km from the margin (550 m a.s.l.), traversing both Pleistocene and Holocene ice. Ablation rates in early August averaged 2 cm d−1. Impurity concentrations were typically 4.3 mg L−1 in the subsurface ice. Surface concentrations were about 16 g m−2 on surfaces with low impurity loading, and heavily loaded surfaces had concentrations as high as 1.4 kg m−2. The mineralogical composition of the cryoconite material is comparable with that of the surrounding soils and with dust on a snowdrift in front of the ice margin, implying that much of the material is derived from local sources. A fine mode (clay) is present in the oldest ice but not in the nearby soil, suggesting that its origin is from wind deposition during Pleistocene glaciation.
Optimizing Linear Functions with Randomized Search Heuristics - The Robustness of Mutation

The analysis of randomized search heuristics on classes of functions is fundamental for the understanding of the underlying stochastic process and the development of suitable proof techniques. Recently, remarkable progress has been made in bounding the expected optimization time of the simple (1+1) EA on the class of linear functions. We improve the best known bound in this setting from (1.39 +o(1))en lnn to en lnn +O(n) in expectation and with high probability, which is tight up to lower-order terms. Moreover, upper and lower bounds for arbitrary mutations probabilities p are derived, which imply expected polynomial optimization time as long as p = O((lnn)/n) and which are tight if p = c/n for a constant c. As a consequence, the standard mutation probability p = 1/n is optimal for all linear functions, and the (1+1) EA is found to be an optimal mutation-based algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm turns out to be surprisingly robust since large neighborhood explored by the mutation operator does not disrupt the search. 1998 ACM Subject Classification F.2 [Analysis of algorithms and problem complexity]
PORTABLE HEART ATTACK WARNING SYSTEM BY MONITORING THE ST SEGMENT VIA SMARTPHONE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM PROCESSING

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries. The most deadly CVD is heart attack, which 7,900,000 Americans suffer each year, and 16% of cases are fatal. The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most widely adopted clinical tool to diagnose and assess the risk of CVD. Early diagnosis of heart attacks, by detecting abnormal ST segments within one hour of the onset of symptoms, is necessary for successful treatment. In clinical settings, resting ECGs are used to monitor patients automatically. However, given the sporadic nature of heart attacks, it is unlikely that the patient will be in a clinical setting at the onset of a heart attack. While Holter-based portable monitoring solutions offer 24 to 48-hour ECG recording, they lack the capability of providing any real-time feedback for the thousands of heart beats they record, which must be tediously analyzed offline.Processing ECG signals on a smartphone-based platform would unite the portability of Holter monitors and the real-time processing capability of state-of-the-art resting ECG machines to provide an assistive diagnosis for early heart attack warning. Furthermore, smartphones serve as an ideal platform for telemedicine and alert systems and have a portable form factor. To detect heart attacks via ECG processing, a real-time, accurate, context aware ST segment monitoring algorithm, based on principal component analysis and a support vector machine classifier is proposed and evaluated. Real-time feedback is provided by implementing a state-of-the-art, multilevel warning system ranging from audible notifications to text messages to points of contacts with the GPS location of the user. The smartphone test bed makes use of a novel, real-time verification system using a streaming database to analyze the strain of heart attack detection system under normal phone operation. Furthermore, the entire system is prototyped and fully functional, running on a smartphone to demonstrate the real-time, portable functionality of the platform. Experimental results show that a classification accuracy of 96% for ST segment elevation of individual beats can be achieved and all ST episodes were correctly detected during testing with the European ST database.
If You Want to Cut, Cut, Don’t Talk: The Role of Formal Targets in Israel’s Fiscal Consolidation Efforts, 1985-2007

Each of the seven governments in Israel since the successful 1985 stabilization program stated a commitment to reducing the deficit, easing the public debt burden and curtailing the share of public expenditure in GDP. Beginning in 1992, formal multi-year declining deficit ceilings were also adopted. However, only two periods during the last 22 years, 1985-92 and 2003-06, can be characterized as episodes of sustainable consolidation, and one of them preceded the introduction of the ceilings. The formal targets were often missed, and they underwent frequent revisions, including each time there was a cabinet change. Furthermore, in the 10 years that followed the introduction of the ceilings, little progress, if any, was made toward fiscal consolidation. In light of these developments, this paper concludes that the contribution of fiscal rules to fiscal consolidation or policy credibility in Israel was minor, at most. We also find that the two successful consolidation episodes followed programs that included - at the outset - specific measures sufficient to cut expenditure substantially over the short and medium terms. This absolved future policymakers from the political responsibility for adopting the specific measures needed to meet the formal aggregate targets set by their predecessors. The key lesson, at least in the Israeli context, is that setting formal macro-fiscal targets for future governments is not an effective pre-commitment measure; credibility requires the current policymaker to take all the "heat" and implement the specific - even if gradual - measures that will lower expenditure over the medium term. The pessimistic finding is that such measures were adopted only at times of crisis and after less comprehensive policy changes failed. The optimistic observation is that once implemented, these measures appear to survive cabinet changes and economic fluctuations.
Random geometric series

Integer sequences where each element is determined by a previous randomly chosen element are investigated analytically. In particular, the random geometric series xn = 2xp with 0 ? p ? n ? 1 is studied. At large n, the moments grow algebraically, xsn ~ n? (s) with ? (s) = 2s ? 1, while the typical behaviour is xn ~ nln? 2. The probability distribution is obtained explicitly in terms of the Stirling numbers of the first kind and it approaches a log-normal distribution asymptotically.
Determination of recreational tendencies and demands of students at Namık Kemal University, Faculty Agriculture (Tekirdağ).

Bu araştırmada, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi öğrencilerinin rekreasyonel eğilimleri, mevcut rekreasyonel etkinliklere katılım düzeyleri ve rekreasyonel taleplerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada standart formlar aracılığı ile yerinde anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, Mayıs 2008 tarihinde toplam 360 kişi ile tamamen tesadüfi bir yöntemle yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada elde edilen verilerin sayısal ve yüzdelik dağılımları tablolar halinde gösterilmiştir. Anket sonuçlarına göre, öğrencilerin çoğunluğu mevcut rekreasyon alanlarını yetersiz bulmaktadır. Öğrencilerin rekreasyon talepleri öncelikle kültürel, sportif ve doğaya yönelik olmak üzere, sosyal yönü kuvvetli rekreasyonel tesisler yönündedir. Araştırmada ortaya çıkan sonuçlar yeni kurulan Namık Kemal Üniversitesi’nin sürdürülebilir gelişimi açısından fiziksel gelişim planlarına da ışık tutmayı hedeflemektedir.
Developments in reproductive health education in India.

Whereas the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 have focused attention on maternal and child health the importance of adolescent health education and in particular reproductive health education is emerging. In India poor sexual health exists across all socioeconomic groups and in both rural and urban settings. Girls have little understanding of pubertal changes menstrual hygiene reproductive tract infections (RTIs) contraception and sex. The associated stigma causes mothers to avoid this discussion other than to prohibit premarital sex and teach traditional customs. In schools most teachers do not address the subject because of embarrassment and the absence of a curriculum. This allows the information that is received by girls and passed through peer networks to be incomplete out of date entangled with myths and inaccurate. Many girls marry and bear children before the end of adolescence thus allowing this misinformation to influence their health behavior and outcomes. In this editorial we present the evidence on the negative health impacts of poor reproductive health education and how improved awareness can be achieved.
Rational reprogramming of fungal polyketide first-ring cyclization

Resorcylic acid lactones and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid lactones represent important pharmacophores with heat shock response and immune system modulatory activities. The biosynthesis of these fungal polyketides involves a pair of collaborating iterative polyketide synthases (iPKSs): a highly reducing iPKS with product that is further elaborated by a nonreducing iPKS (nrPKS) to yield a 1,3-benzenediol moiety bridged by a macrolactone. Biosynthesis of unreduced polyketides requires the sequestration and programmed cyclization of highly reactive poly-β-ketoacyl intermediates to channel these uncommitted, pluripotent substrates to defined subsets of the polyketide structural space. Catalyzed by product template (PT) domains of the fungal nrPKSs and discrete aromatase/cyclase enzymes in bacteria, regiospecific first-ring aldol cyclizations result in characteristically different polyketide folding modes. However, a few fungal polyketides, including the dihydroxyphenylacetic acid lactone dehydrocurvularin, derive from a folding event that is analogous to the bacterial folding mode. The structural basis of such a drastic difference in the way a PT domain acts has not been investigated until now. We report here that the fungal vs. bacterial folding mode difference is portable on creating hybrid enzymes, and we structurally characterize the resulting unnatural products. Using structure-guided active site engineering, we unravel structural contributions to regiospecific aldol condensations and show that reshaping the cyclization chamber of a PT domain by only three selected point mutations is sufficient to reprogram the dehydrocurvularin nrPKS to produce polyketides with a fungal fold. Such rational control of first-ring cyclizations will facilitate efforts to the engineered biosynthesis of novel chemical diversity from natural unreduced polyketides.