Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bathymetry, depth to magnetic basement, and sediment thickness estimates from aerogeophysical data over the western Weddell Basin

We estimated the bathymetry and sediment thickness of a remote and difficult to access portion of the Antarctic continental margin using aerogeophysical surveying techniques. The U.S., Argentina, Chile aerogeophysical survey collected magnetic and gravity data over the basins surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula. Thirty-seven of these flight lines were used to estimate bathymetry and depth to magnetic basement for the western Weddell Basin. A wavenumber technique was applied to individual magnetic anomaly profiles in an automated fashion to obtain estimates of the depth to magnetic basement. The bathymetric estimates were obtained by admittance inversions of the gravity field. The results were then gridded at a 40-km interval for the region 64°W, 44°W, 73°S, and 62°S. Bathymetric estimates and depth to magnetic basement estimates were differenced at each grid point to obtain a regional estimate of the thickness of nonmagnetic overburden (assumed to be sediment). Subsequent spot measurements of topography in the estimated region of the continental margin generally agree to about 52 m. The estimated magnetic basement deepens from the Antarctic Peninsula margin eastward to a maximum of 10–12 km near 54°W. We also postulate the existence of two moderately large basins flanking the eastward continuation of the Jason Peninsula. Farther east, the basement steps upward, with a correspondent thinning of the sedimentary layer. Along the east coast of the peninsula, results agree well with seismic studies on James Ross Island and magnetotelluric studies on Marambio Island and the Larsen nunatak, as well as the British Antarctic Survey basement estimates from aeromagnetic data. This study further demonstrates the utility of combined application of airborne and satellite geophysical techniques in the study of structure and tectonic evolution of continental margins and marine basins.
The role of ducted whistlers in the precipitation loss and equilibrium flux of radiation belt electrons

New experimental evidence suggests that every ducted whistler component may precipitate bursts of radiation belt electrons into geomagnetically conjugate ionospheric regions. Strong spatial and temporal associations are seen between transient ionospheric disturbances observed in conjugate regions and ducted whistlers monitored at Palmer Station, Antarctica. The ionospheric disturbances were detected by their characteristic perturbing effects (“Trimpi events”) on subionospheric VLF, LF, and MF signals recorded at Palmer Station and at northern hemisphere sites. Of 74 such events examined on four different days, all were time-associated with ducted whistlers. In no case was the arrival azimuth or dispersion of the associated whistlers inconsistent with the locations of the conjugate ionospheric disturbances, which were inferred from the configuration of perturbed signal paths. Other whistlers occurring independently of detected disturbances were found to be either weak or to have arrived from regions where a disturbance would not have been detected for lack of monitored signal paths. Signal perturbation onset behavior was consistent with multiple regions of precipitation induced by components of multipath whistlers and with theoretical predictions for ducted whistler-induced precipitation. The results not only support the hypothesis that ducted whistlers are responsible for burst precipitation of energetic electrons but imply that such bursts may be induced by every ducted whistler component. Since radio energy from a lightning discharge can excite whistler ducts located 2500 km or more away from the flash, every ducted whistler observed at Palmer Station may indicate the presence of precipitation bursts associated one-to-one with excited whistler ducts distributed over a 5000-km-wide portion of the Earth's surface, and over its geomagnetic conjugate as well. The estimated effect of this precipitation on 70- to 200-keV radiation belt electron populations for 2 < L < 3 is comparable to that predicted as a result of plasmaspheric hiss, indicating that ducted whistlers may contribute as significantly as hiss to radiation belt equilibrium at those electron energies.
Reduction of radiation to children: our responsibility to change.

Medical radiation from X-rays and nuclear medicine is the largest man-made source of radiation exposure in Western countries, and accounts for a mean effective dose (ED) of 3.0 milliSievert (mSv) per person per year, equivalent to a radiation dose of 150 chest X-rays. In the USA, cardiologists are responsible for about 40% of the entire cumulative ED to the population from all sources, excluding radiotherapy.1 In pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), the annual ED is relatively low ( 100 mSv) in selected cohorts of pediatric chronic patients,2 especially those undergoing interventional fluoroscopy procedures and serial CT evaluations.3 The benefits of ionizing imaging in children, especially in those with CHD, are immense and often life-saving, even more so with the advent of invasive fluoroscopy and CT. Yet the use of radiation in children raises special concerns, and offers a unique challenge for the current generation of pediatric cardiologists.
Middle atmosphere heating by exothermic chemical reactions involving odd-hydrogen species

We calculate the rate of heating that occurs in the middle atmosphere (50 - 105 km) due to four exothermic reactions involving members of the odd-hydrogen family. These reactions are O + OH ---> 02 + H, H + 02 + M ---> HO2 + M, H + 03 --> OH + 02, and O + HO2 --> OH + 02. The energy lost from vibrationally excited OH (produced in the third reaction) by spontaneous emission is explicitly accounted for by using detailed kinetic models, so that only a portion of the exothermicity of this reaction is converted into heat. The heating rates due to these four reactions are found to rival the oxygen-related heating rates conventionally considered in models of the middle atmosphere, e.g., those due to O + O + M--> O2 + M, O + O2 + M --> O3 + M, O2 + hv --> O + O, and 03 + hv ---> O + 02. The conversion of chemical potential energy into molecular translational energy (heat) by these odd- hydrogen reactions is a significant source of energy in the middle atmosphere which has not been previously considered. There are several mechanisms by which the middle atmosphere is heated. Some fraction of the energy absorbed from the sun or generated by exothermic chemical reactions may be converted into the kinetic or potential energy of the product molecules. The remaining fraction of the energy is converted into the internal energy of the product molecules. From there, two paths exist by which the energy is converted into heat. The excited molecules may be quenched by collisions with other molecules or they may react chemically, with the internal enei'gy ultimately being convened to heat. The internal energy not removed in these two ways is lost by spontaneous emission. The importance of exothermic chemical reactions in heating the middle atmosphere has been noted by many researchers (Garcia and Solomon, 1983; Apruzese et al., ! 984; and Brasscur and Offermkn, 1986). These authors have considered only two reactions involving members of the odd- oxygen family, namdly the termolecular reactions that form ozone and molecular oxygen. Direct absorption of solar radiation by 02 and 03 is also a major source of heat commonly considered in atmosp! ieric modeling studies. In this paper, we show that a class of exothermic reactions involving members of the odd-hydrogen family is a significant source of energy . in the middle atmosphere, rivaling that of the odd-oxygen reactions and that due to solar heating. Listed in Table 1 are the odd-hydrogen reactions that we consider in this study along with the odd-oxygen reactions. Also listed are the heats of reaction (in kcal/mo! e) and the rate constants for each determine the fraction of the exothermicity of that reaction which ultimately is converted to heat. Reaction 4 has the potential of producing vibrationally excited OH up to the v = 5 level, but it has not been conclusively identified as a source of vibrationally excited OH in the atmosphere (Meriwether,
[Early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients with bi-weekly serial screening of circulating galactomannan by Platelia Aspergillus].

UNLABELLED The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic individuals is difficult and lengthy since non-invasive diagnostic tests lack sensitivity and specificity. The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in 154 prolonged neutropenic patients was prospectively bi-weekly validated by screening circulating galactomannan. The global sensitivity was 73% and specificity was 96%. The positive and negative predictive values were 73% and 98% respectively. False positive reactions occurred at a rate of 2%. Antigenemia was detected before clinical suspicion of invasive aspergillosis (median, 6 days before) in 30% of patients and anticipated the onset of radiologic signs 9 days in 60% of patients. CONCLUSION the prospective screening of galactomannan is a sensitive and non-invasive tool for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk adult hematology patients.
Quantifying the effects of vegetation structure on snow accumulation and ablation in mixed‐conifer forests

Snowmelt from forested, mountainous environments in the western United States is a critical regional water resource for streamflow and ecological productivity. These landscapes are undergoing rapid changes from the combined effects of forest fires, insect infestation and climate change. Numerous observational studies demonstrate that trees control snowpack accumulation and ablation over scales of tens of metres. Representing forest heterogeneity in models is important for understanding how changes in climate and vegetation cover affect the snowpack; yet, many snow models simplify a forest into two categories: canopy covered and non‐canopy covered. We combine existing parameterizations of mass and energy fluxes within a new three‐dimensional framework informed by Airborne Laser Swath Mapping (ALSM)‐derived canopy maps and evaluated with ALSM‐derived snow depth maps to explicitly simulate snow cover in relation to heterogeneous canopy. Model results capture much of the observed snow variability depicted in the 1‐m ALSM‐derived snow depth maps. Observations and modelled results identify open areas <15 m from tree canopies as having more snow and more snow variability than areas >15 m from tree canopies, and modelled results predict that open areas <15 m from tree canopies have 30–40% more net snow water input than areas that are underneath tree canopies and 10–25% more net snow water input than areas that are >15 m from tree canopies. Furthermore, 1‐m simulations give higher estimates for net snow water input than coarser resolution simulations, mainly in areas with fewer trees. These results suggest the importance of explicitly representing canopy edges in snow models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Cytotoxic Function of Natural Killer and CD3þCD56þ Cells in Cord Blood after Culture

INTRODUCTION Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system that eliminates malignant and virally infected cells through cytolytic killing and cytokine secretion. The receptors that regulate NK cell function may be categorized on the basis of their ligand specificity for MHC class I (MHCI) and related molecules [1]. In humans, one of the most important groups of receptors responsible for NK cell function are killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). KIRs are expressed at the surface of NK cells and recognize HLA class I molecules [2]. The KIR ligands expressed on target cells, or lack thereof, determine the response of NK cells, resulting in either tolerance or cytolytic killing of the target. However, overall NK cell responses are dependent on a balance of signals generated through both activating and inhibitory receptors. Expression of various combinations of these NK cell receptors creates a diverse repertoire of effector cells.
Phase Diagrams of Multicomponent Lipid Vesicles: Effects of Spherical Topology and Finite Size

We study the phase behavior of multicomponent lipid bilayer vesicles that can exhibit intriguing morphological patterns and lateral phase separation. We use a modified Landau-Ginzburg model capable of describing spatially uniform phases, microemulsions, and modulated phases on a spherical surface. We calculate its phase diagram for multiple vesicle sizes using analytical and numerical techniques as well as Monte Carlo simulations. Consistent with previous studies on planar systems, we find that thermal fluctuations move phase boundaries, stabilizing phases of higher disorder. We also show that the phase diagram is sensitive to the size of the system at small vesicle radii. Such finite size effects are likely relevant in experiments on small, unilamellar vesicles and should be considered in their comparison to theoretical and simulation results.
Neither duration, nor of muscle affect strength increases, body composition, muscle size or fasted blood glucose in trained males and females

A key variable within resistance training (RT) is that of repetition duration; the time (seconds; s) taken to perform the concentric and eccentric muscle actions of a repetition. Research has produced equivocal results with regards to strength and muscle mass increases whilst many studies have created parity in the number of repetitions though there has been a disparity in load used and time-under-load (TUL). The purpose of this study was to compare load, and TUL matched groups performing resistance exercise using differing repetition durations. Fifty-nine male and female participants were randomised in to 3 groups; 2s:4s ( n =18), 10s:10s ( n =20) and a group which performed a 30s eccentric, 30s concentric and 30s eccentric muscle actions (e.g. 1.5 repetitions; n =21). Participants were supervised in 1-on-1 RT sessions 2 d . wk -1 for 10 weeks. Outcomes were 10-repetition maximum (RM) and predicted 1RM for chest press, leg press and pull-down exercises, as well as body composition, upper arm and thigh muscle mass and fasted blood glucose. Analyses revealed significant increases in strength for all exercises but no between-group differences, and no statistically significant time course changes for the other variables. Repetition duration does not affect the increases in strength in trained participants where exercise is performed to momentary failure. Since time constraints and perceived difficulty are often cited barriers to exercise, it is important to recognise that the low-volume (single-set), machine-based protocol employed herein produced worthwhile strength increases in trained participants. repetitions; concentric: 30s eccentric in a load-matched comparison to 2s:4s and 10s:10s
Object‐oriented classification for urban land cover mapping with ASTER imagery

This document demonstrates the potential of using an object‐oriented approach to map urban land cover. One objective of this work was to test the ability of the object‐oriented classification in the generation of urban land cover maps. Anotehr was to produce an updated land cover map for the city of Beijing from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflecton Radiometer (ASTER) data, with an evaluation of its accuracy.
Feasibility study of using the RoboEarth cloud engine for rapid mapping and tracking with small unmanned aerial systems

This paper presents the ongoing development of a small unmanned aerial mapping system (sUAMS) that in the future will track its trajectory and perform 3D mapping in near-real time. As both mapping and tracking algorithms require powerful computational capabilities and large data storage facilities, we propose to use the RoboEarth Cloud Engine (RCE) to offload heavy computation and store data to secure computing environments in the cloud. While the RCE's capabilities have been demonstrated with terrestrial robots in indoor environments, this paper explores the feasibility of using the RCE in mapping and tracking applications in outdoor environments by small UAMS. The experiments presented in this work assess the data processing strategies and evaluate the attainable tracking and mapping accuracies using the data obtained by the sUAMS. Testing was performed with an Aeryon Scout quadcopter. It flew over York University, up to approximately 40 metres above the ground. The quadcopter was equipped with a single-frequency GPS receiver providing positioning to about 3 meter accuracies, an AHRS (Attitude and Heading Reference System) estimating the attitude to about 3 degrees, and an FPV (First Person Viewing) camera. Video images captured from the onboard camera were processed using VisualSFM and SURE, which are being reformed as an Application-as-a-Service via the RCE. The 3D virtual building model of York University was used as a known environment to georeference the point cloud generated from the sUAMS' sensor data. The estimated position and orientation parameters of the video camera show increases in accuracy when compared to the sUAMS' autopilot solution, derived from the onboard GPS and AHRS. The paper presents the proposed approach and the results, along with their accuracies.
Gross deformation of the dayside magnetopause

On July 24, 1996, the entire magnetosheath moved past the Interball‐1 spacecraft twice within 7 min. Such rapid transits through the magnetosheath suggest the passage of an antisunward‐moving boundary wave with an amplitude in excess of 5 RE. A wave of this amplitude requires an order of magnitude decrease in the pressure confining the magnetosphere. Such decreases have been reported only in conjunction with hot flow anomalies, features accompanying interplanetary magnetic field discontinuities, bounded by narrow shocks, and identified on the basis of heated deflected flows transverse to the Earth‐Sun line. We identify all these features just outside the Interball‐1 magnetopause crossings on July 24, 1996.
ABO phenotype protected reproduction based on human specific 1,2 fucosylations as explained by the Bombay type formation

The molecular biological relations between the formation of the ABO(H) blood group phenotype and human fertility is evident in the rare (Oh) or Bombay blood type, which Charles Darwin would have interpreted as resulting from reduced male fertility in consanguinities, based on the history of his own family, the Darwin/Wedgewood Dynasty . The classic Bombay type occurs with the extremely rare and human specific genotype (h/h; se/se), which does not produce the fucosyltransferases FUT1and FUT2 encoded on chromosome 19 due to point mutations, and does not synthesize the fucosyl residues or H receptor, which in epistatic connection with the A- and B-allelic glycotransferases, encoded on chromosome 9, provides the structural basis for ABO(H) phenotype formation on the cell surfaces, secretions and functional plasma proteins. The innate isoagglutinins instead show extremely elevated levels of anti-H-reactive IgM, assumed to reflect the identical non-fucosylation of plasma proteins, and acting over a wide range of temperatures with an amplitude at 37 0 C. The FUT1/FUT2-based ABO(H) plasma reactivity, which is strictly expressed according to the ABO(H) phenotype by A2M, shows the lowest levels in Bombay type individuals. In general, antibody avidity appears to be inversely proportional to the degree of glycosylation, and phenotypic glycosylation regulates the physiological anti-self reactivity of the germline-encoded IgM molecule. In contrast, the total lack of somatic phenotypic glycosylation will maintain the natural polyreactivity of this germline-encoded molecule, which in the Bombay type individual remains exposed to the non-somatic developmental glycosylation-deglycosylation processes during ESC-to-GC transformation that results in aberrant glycosylations.
Relaxation of transient lower ionospheric disturbances caused by lightning-whistler-induced electron precipitation bursts

A quantitative model of the relaxation of transient lower ionospheric (D region) disturbances caused by lightning-induced electron precipitation is developed, taking advantage of known particular features of the lightning-induced disturbances, such as the fact that they are produced in typically <1 s and decay over 10–100 s. The model represents the nighttime D region as consisting of only four kinds of charged particles (electrons, positive ions, negative ions, and positive cluster ions) and is particularly suited for description of the detailed behavior of the electron density. Application of the model to some previously modeled disturbances indicates that some of the least known chemical reaction rates in the nighttime D region altitudes may be measurable using subionospheric VLF data. In the production of secondary ionization by precipitating electron bursts, the model calculations indicate the presence of a saturation effect such that the number density of the secondary electrons is not simply equal to the ion pair production rate times the burst duration. In some cases involving precipitation of ∼1-MeV electrons, the model predicts the formation of new layers of ionization at 50–70 km altitude that represent a different attachment-detachment quasi-equilibrium value from that of the unperturbed ambient. Such new layers may exist for up to ∼105 s following electron precipitation bursts.
Simulation of the mixed layer at OWS November and Papa with several models

The Mellor-Yamada level-2 and 2 1/2, Niiler, and Garwood one-dimensional mixed-layer models were compared for some simple forcing experiments and were tested by simulating changes in the mixed layer at ocean stations November and Papa for the year 1961. The ocean station simulations show that the models can be tuned to give fairly good results. However, the need to readjust model constants when changing locations suggests that there is room for improving some of the mixing parameterizations. The sensitivity of the model simulations to certain “external” parameterizations, including surface heat flux, seawater turbidity, and ambient diffusivity below the mixed layer, was investigated. The year-long simulations were found to be very sensitive to the seawater turbidity. Increasing the turbidity from Jerlov optical type I to type III causes a maximum increase in the monthly mean SST at November of 3°C or more. The simulations are most sensitive to seawater turbidity during summer when the mixed-layer remains shallow. For the ambient diffusivity a decrease from 0.4 to 0.01 cm2/s results in a maximum increase in the monthly mean SST at November and Papa of 0.5 and 1.5°C, respectively. The effects of using a constant ambient diffusivity are most noticeable in late summer when the seasonal thermocline is strongest. The effects are larger at Papa than at November because of the stronger summer seasonal thermocline at Papa. Best results at November and Papa were obtained by using the observed optical water types (I and II, respectively) and relatively small values for ambient diffusivity (less than 0.2 cm2/s).
Effects of Extraction Solvents on the Extraction Efficiencies of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Reference Materials

Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen-cho, Akita 010-8502, Japan"Environmental Research and Information Center of Akita Prefecture , 3-1-1 San-no, Akita 010-8572, Japan o whom correspondence should be addressed: TE-mail xll04034@nifty.com