Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tweeting for and Against Public Health Policy: Response to the Chicago Department of Public Health's Electronic Cigarette Twitter Campaign

Background In January 2014, the Chicago City Council scheduled a vote on local regulation of electronic cigarettes as tobacco products. One week prior to the vote, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) released a series of messages about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) through its Twitter account. Shortly after the messages, or tweets, were released, the department’s Twitter account became the target of a “Twitter bomb” by Twitter users sending more than 600 tweets in one week against the proposed regulation. Objective The purpose of our study was to examine the messages and tweet patterns in the social media response to the CDPH e-cigarette campaign. Methods We collected all tweets mentioning the CDPH in the week between the e-cigarette campaign and the vote on the new local e-cigarette policy. We conducted a content analysis of the tweets, used descriptive statistics to examine characteristics of involved Twitter users, and used network visualization and descriptive statistics to identify Twitter users prominent in the conversation. Results Of the 683 tweets mentioning CDPH during the week, 609 (89.2%) were anti-policy. More than half of anti-policy tweets were about use of electronic cigarettes for cessation as a healthier alternative to combustible cigarettes (358/609, 58.8%). Just over one-third of anti-policy tweets asserted that the health department was lying or disseminating propaganda (224/609, 36.8%). Approximately 14% (96/683, 14.1%) of the tweets used an account or included elements consistent with “astroturfing”—a strategy employed to promote a false sense of consensus around an idea. Few Twitter users were from the Chicago area; Twitter users from Chicago were significantly more likely than expected to tweet in support of the policy. Conclusions Our findings may assist public health organizations to anticipate, recognize, and respond to coordinated social media campaigns.
Efeito do Manejo no Acasalamento sobre a Fertilidade de Borregas Corriedale.

O presente trabalho foi realizado em propriedade particular, no municipio de Uruguaiana (RS), objetivando estabelecer os efeitos do manejo em separado das borregas no encarneiramento, sobre o desempenho reprodutivo das mesmas. Utilizou-se 350 femeas, sendo 100 borregas primiparas e 250 ovelhas multiparas, que foram encarneiradas com 2% de machos no periodo entre 01 de marco de 1988 e 15 de abril de 1988, com a seguinte distribuicao: T1 - 250 ovelhas (80% das femeas) e 50 borregas, (20%) T2 - 50 borregas. As borregas do T1 obtiveram um indice de 61,70% de fertilidade, enquanto que do T2 alcancaram 76,59%, conseguiu-se, portanto, com este manejo uma fertilidade superior em 14,89% (p Palavras-chave: Acasalamento de borregas, fertilidade de borregas, manejo reprodutivo. ABSTRACT The present work was carried out in a particular property in the Uruguaiana Country. Rio Grande do Sul State. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of separate mating of corriedale ewe lambs in its fertility. Three hundred fifty were used, 100 of which ewe lames. All of them were fecunded by 2% of males during the period comprised between March first, 1988 and April 15 th, 1988, with the following distribution: T1 -250 ewes (80%) and 50 ewe lambs (20%); T2 -50 ewe lambs. The ewe of Tl obtained 61.70% of fertility and T2 obtained 76.59%. With such separate mating, therefore, an increase in the fertility index of 14.89% was achieved (p Key words: Corriedale females, separate mating, Ewe lambs mating, ewe lambs fertility, reproductive management.
Heating Up the Hotspot Debates

Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms. Gillian R. Foulger, James H. Natland, Dean C. Presnall, and Don L. Anderson, Eds. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 2005. 893 pp. Paper, $180. ISBN 0-8137-2388-4. Special Paper 388. Exploring the development, current state, and future prospects of research on hotspot volcanism, the contributors argue for the abandonment of the plume hypothesis.
Thermal structure and megathrust seismogenic potential of the Makran subduction zone

The Makran subduction zone experienced a tsunamigenic Mw 8.1 earthquake in 1945 and recent, smaller earthquakes also suggest seismicity on the megathrust; however, its historical record is limited and hazard potential enigmatic. We have developed a 2‐D thermal model of the subduction zone. The results are twofold: (1) The thick sediment cover on the incoming plate leads to high (~150°) plate boundary temperatures at the deformation front making the megathrust potentially seismogenic to a shallow depth, and (2) the shallow dip of the subducting plate leads to a wide potential seismogenic zone (up to ~350 km). Combining these results with along strike rupture scenarios indicates that Mw8.7–9.2 earthquakes are possible in the seaward Makran subduction zone. These results have important earthquake and tsunami hazard implications, particularly for the adjacent coastlines of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, and India, as the Makran has not been previously considered a likely candidate for a Mw > 9 earthquake.
Plastic Deformation of Upper Mantle Silicate Minerals

Summary Several minerals which from their occurrence in nodular inclusions in basalts and on theoretical grounds are believed to occur in the upper mantle have been deformed experimentally at high temperature and pressure. The glide mechanisms on which olivine crystals in naturally occurring aggregates are deformed operate in the experimentally deformed specimens in addition to other glide mechanisms which occur naturally only in meteorites. The glide mechanisms which predominate in olivine are shown to be a function of temperature and strain-rate. Diopside deforms chiefly by mechanical twinning in the experiments and enstatite by slip and shear-transformation to clinoenstatite.
Sélection et polymorphisme chez des grenouilles mimétiques du Pérou (Dendrobatidae)

La diversification des signaux aposematiques dans un cadre de mimetisme mullerien est un phenomene intrigant. Alors que la theorie relative a l'aposematisme et au mimetisme suggere l'evolution vers un signal aposematique unique, d'impressionnantes variations peuvent etre observees entre les populations, et cela a petite echelle spatiale. Il a ete suppose que la variation spatiale des pressions de selection engendrees par differents predateurs puisse etre a l'origine de ce phenomene. Afin de tester cette hypothese, nous avons etudie la transition entre deux systemes geographiques caracterises par des patrons aposematiques distincts chez des grenouilles mimetiques et toxiques du nord du Perou (Dendrobatidae) en combinant les outils de genetique des populations aux outils ecologiques. Dans chacun de ces systemes, Ranitomeya imitator vit en sympatrie avec R. ventrimaculata ou R. variabilis. Il s'agit du principal exemple empirique suggerant que dans un cadre de mimetisme mullerien, il n'y a pas convergence des signaux aposematiques des deux especes, mais plutot convergence unidirectionnelle ou R. imitator, etant polymorphe, imite des especes monomorphes avec lesquelles elle est sympatrique. Premierement, les resultats refutent les premisses qui suggerent que R. imitator converge vers le signal aposematique d’une autre espece. La haute similarite genetique entre les especes modeles suggere qu'elles ont diverge plus recemment que les populations de R. imitator ou qu'elles sont encore connectees par du flux genique. Ces resultats indiquent que ces especes ont ete identifiees a tort comme des especes differentes. De fait, l'identification de l'espece imitatrice basee sur la variabilite phenotypique est invalidee dans ce systeme puisque R. imitator et R. variabilis/ventrimaculata demontrent la meme variabilite. Deuxiemement, nos resultats demontrent que la predation varie spatialement, autant en intensite qu'en direction, creant ainsi un paysage heterogene de pressions de selection. Ainsi, de fortes pressions de predation stabilisatrice permettent le maintien de l'organisation geographique de differents signaux aposematiques et expliquent l'uniformite de ces signaux ainsi que les relations mimetiques. Par contre, le relâchement temporaire des pressions de predation permet l'apparition de nouveaux phenotypes aposematiques via les processus evolutifs neutres, conduisant a un haut polymorphisme au niveau de ces populations. L'interaction de ces modes selectifs nous a permis de demontrer pour la premiere fois comment la theorie evolutive de Wright (shifting balance theory) permet la diversification adaptative dans un systeme naturel. Pour conclure, cette etude a permis de mettre en evidence a quel point les systemes de mimetisme mullerien peuvent etre dynamiques. L'alternance spatiale entre les processus evolutifs neutres et la selection naturelle permet l'emergence de nouveaux phenotypes aposematiques a une echelle locale, ainsi que l'apparition d'une organisation geographique des signaux d'avertissement et des relations de…
Land-Use Transport Interaction: State of the Art

This paper investigates innovative approaches to the integration of land-use and transport planning in urban regions. Engineering, economic and social-science based theories and empirical studies are analyzed regarding their ability to explain the interaction between land use and transport - that land use determines traffic flows and that transport infrastructure changes land-use patterns. In addition, this paper provides an overview of the state of the art of computer models for the simulation of land use and transport. Based on these theories and models the effectiveness of policies to influence land use and transport in urban regions is assessed.
La curva dei salari nell'industria manufatturiera italiana

The Wage Curve in Italian Manufacturing Industry - The paper examines the Italian wage curve using the Capitalia survey of the Italian manufacturing firms over the 1998-2000 period, which contains data on about 4021 firms, and the Bank of Italy’s Historical Database from the Survey of Italian Household Budgets (1977-2000) over the period 1993-2000, containing data on about 7145 manufacturing employees. Evidence in favour of the existence of the Italian wage curve is found in the regressions of real wages over local unemployment on examining the data for sets of measured characteristics of employees and firms.
Predicting dissolved organic nitrogen export from a drained loblolly pine plantation

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) export from terrestrial ecosystems influences the ecology of receiving surface waters. The soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) model, DRAINMOD‐N II, was modified to simulate key processes associated with DON transformations and transport in the soil profile. DON production is modeled by tracking dynamic C:N ratios of dissolved organic matter originating from various organic matter pools. The Langmuir isotherm was used to quantify the assumed instantaneous equilibrium between potentially soluble organic N in solid and aqueous phases. DON transport with soil water was simulated using a numerical solution to the advection‐dispersion reaction equation. The modified model was used for simulating temporal variations of DON export from three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations located in eastern North Carolina. Results showed that the model can accurately predict DON export dynamics during storm events with Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (E) of 0.5, seasonal DON losses with E above 0.6, and annual DON losses with E above 0.7. In addition to the well‐recognized role of hydrological processes, reasonable quantifications of the seasonal changes in the potentially soluble soil organic matter, the DON sorption to soil particles, and the dynamic C:N ratios of dissolved organic matter were found to be essential for mechanistic representation of DON export dynamics. Specifically, adapting the dynamic C:N ratios enabled the model to reasonably describe the temporal variations of correlations between DON and dissolved organic carbon in drainage water.
Nitrogenated organic aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei

One important role of anthropogenic aerosol particles is their influence on climate by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. However, these particles are diverse in composition and mixing state, and our knowledge of which particle types act as cloud condensation nuclei is incomplete. Here we present direct measurements of individual organic particles that nucleated cloud droplets in the atmosphere. These results indicate that nitrogenated organic aerosol particles can act as cloud condensation nuclei without being mixed with inorganic material, and thus influence climate through cloud formation.
Avian conservation in the Prairie Pothole Region, Northern Great Plains-Understanding the links between climate, ecosystem processes, wetland management, and bird communities

There is concern about the future status of migratory bird populations dependent on wetland and riparian habitats across North America during migration and breeding seasons. Since 1900, a majority of wetlands across the Great Plains have disappeared or deteriorated due to agricultural development, water diversion, and other land use changes. These wetland ecosystems are also highly vulnerable to predicted changes in temperatures and precipitation across North America. Wetlands in the northern Great Plains provide important resources to many species of breeding wetland-dependent birds, including waterfowl, shorebirds, marsh dwelling birds, and songbirds. For several migrating species that stop only briefly during their long-distance migrations between South American wintering grounds and arctic breeding sites, the presence of critical resources can determine the season’s breeding success or survival rates.
Representation of vegetation by continental data sets derived from NOAA-AVHRR data

Abstract Coarse resolution satellite data provide a unique means by which to examine the spatial characteristics of surface phenomena at a wide range of spatial scales. In this study images of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with a resolution of 8 km derived from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are studied at a variety of spatial scales ranging from 8 to 512 km. Scale variance analysis is used to examine the spatial characteristics of the NDVI up to the scale comparable with that used for global modelling. This technique identifies the scales at which spatial variation is taking place and the relative magnitude of the variation. Both annual and seasonal images of Africa from 1987 are examined. The analysis revealed substantial differences within the continent in the scale at which spatial variation takes place. Commonly, for the annual image there is an increase in spatial variation with coarsening spatial .
Two types of deep seismicity in subducting slabs

The relation between variation of seismic activity with depth and temperature structure in the subducting slabs in five subduction zones (Kuril, NE-Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana, and Tonga) is investigated. When the temperature of the core of the slab at depths of 300∼350 km is higher than the kinetic cut-off temperature of the olivine-spinel phase transformation, there is no seismicity maximum in the slab below that depth range. When the temperature of the core of the slab at 300∼350 km depths is lower than the kinetic cut-off temperature, there is a depth range of relatively high seismic activity in the slabs. Moreover, estimated temperature in the depth range of relatively high seismicity is near the kinetic cut-off temperature. It is inferred that the phase transformation of meta-stable olivine triggers deep earthquakes and causes high seismic activity below the depths of 300∼350 km in relatively low temperature slabs, when the phase transformation is the cause of deep earthquakes. In relatively high temperature slabs, however, it is considered that the phase transformation occurs in nearly equilibrium conditions and meta-stable olivine does not exist. Other mechanisms in addition to the phase transformation are required to explain observed deep seismicity especially in relatively high temperature slabs.
Partitions into three triangular numbers

A celebrated result of Gauss states that every positive integer can be represented as the sum of three triangular numbers. In this article we study p3∆(n), the number of partitions of the integer n into three triangular numbers, as well as p3∆(n), the number of partitions of n into three distinct triangular numbers. Unlike t(n), which counts the number of representations of n into three triangular numbers, p3∆(n) and p d 3∆(n) appear to satisfy very few arithmetic relations (apart from certain parity results). However, we shall show that, for all n ≥ 0, p3∆(27n+ 12) = 3p3∆(3n+ 1) and p d 3∆(27n+ 12) = 3p d 3∆(3n+ 1). Two separate proofs of these results are given, one via generating function manipulations and the other by a combinatorial argument.
Modelos y algoritmos de búsqueda + redes sociales para aplicaciones verticales de recuperación de información

El espacio web no es solamente un enorme repositorio de informacion de todo tipo, sino ademas – es una plataforma para soportar servicios globales de naturaleza diversa. El incremento exponencial de contenido y de usuarios (por ejemplo: en las redes sociales), junto con la constante aparicion de nuevas aplicaciones, exceden largamente la vision de la web como un mero repositorio de contenidos. En todos los casos, existe como comun denominador la necesidad de realizar “busquedas” de diferente tipo y con objetivos tambien diversos.
Linking the hydrological, geomorphological and sociological aspects of wetlands in rural areas : a case study based in the Craigieburn wetland microcatchment in the Sand River catchment.

In many of the rural areas of South Africa local communities rely on wetland resources for daily living. For a symbiotic relationship to exist between these communities and the wetlands, the wetlands must be utilised in a manner sustainable to both parties. To prevent exploitation thereof, a comprehensive understanding of the processes and functions of wetlands, of the values and needs of rural community members, and of the interactions between these entities is essential. This study focuses on research at three scales; the plot scale (10m\ the microcatchment scale (lkm), represented by the Craigiebum wetland and microcatchment, and the catchment area upstream of the gauging weir X3H008, all of which exist in the Sand River catchment in the Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa. Relationships between the geomorphological properties of the Craigiebum microcatchment, the wetland management practices of the local communities, and the hydrological properties of the microcatchment have been investigated. Various hydrological models, but in the main the ACRU model, have been adopted as tools to facilitate this research. Possible scenarios of changes in land use, rainfall and soil texture were performed at the plot scale and at the scale of the microcatchment, and changes in wetland extent were simulated and analysed at the scale of the catchment. Results of the modelling exercises simulating the effects of differences in soil texture higWight the positive effects of retention of fine particles within a wetland in a sandy environment. These results also depict greater rates of hydraulic conductivity, erosion and desiccation within coarse-textured soils than fmer textured soils. Low levels of fertility can also be attributed to the lack of fine particles present in the soils of the Craigiebum microcatchment wetland. Results of the modelling exercises that investigate the likely hydrological effects of a variety of land uses within the Craigiebum microcatchment verify accepted hydrological theory, as they highlight that more impervious areas produce more stormflow and lose more water to evaporation, and that the natural vegetation of the
Degassing history of Mars and the lifespan of its magnetic dynamo

The volcanic and magnetic activity on the surface of Mars is directly related to its thermal evolution and to the melting potential of its mantle. Mars does not have an internal magnetic field today but geologic evidence suggests a dynamo was active during the first 500 to 800 million years of Martian history. The existence of the magnetic field on the planet sets a lower bound on the vigor of convection within its liquid core. The vigor of core convection can be maintained by efficient cooling of the overlying mantle. An initially wet mantle will promote strong convection, rapid core cooling, and dynamo activity. Magmatic degassing and planetary cooling increases the mantle's viscosity, thus decreasing the rate of core cooling and possibly terminating dynamo activity. The timescale for ending core dynamo activity is controlled by the initial amount of water in the mantle and by the efficiency of the degassing process. This process is an alternative to recent models that postulate dynamo termination on Mars is controlled by impact heating of the mantle.
A thermomechanical model for saturated soil at small and large strains

Many elastoplastic models have been developed for simulating thermomechanical behaviour of saturated soil. Although the yield surface of these models shrinks with temperature, its shape is always assumed to be independent of temperature. This simplification may induce errors in predicting thermal effects on shear behaviour. Furthermore, existing models tend to focus on thermomechanical behaviour at large strains. Behaviour such as the degradation of the shear modulus with strain at small strains (<1%) is often ignored. To address these issues, a new thermomechanical model is developed using the bounding surface plasticity theory. Both the size and shape of the bounding surface are allowed to change with temperature. The new model is able to predict elastoplastic response of saturated soil at small strains, even when stress path is within the bounding surface. Using this new model, thermomechanical behaviour of four different soils having different overconsolidation ratios is simulated. Comparisons between.