Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A solar flare scenario based on multi-wavelength observations

The 1N/M7.6 flare of 24 October 2003 at S19E72 were well observed by RHESSI, TRACE, NORH, and the Spectrograph at the Purple Mountain Observatory. After analyzing all the data collected, we established a scenario of the flare and compared it with the standard cartoon of solar flares (e.g., Dennis 1988). To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abstract_service. html
Relation between the interaction potential, replacement collision sequences, and collision cascade expansion in iron

The binary collision approximation (BCA) grounded on molecular dynamics results is used to investigate the influence of the range and stiffness of interatomic potentials on the replacement collision sequence (RCS) length and frequency distributions as well as on the displacement cascade expansion and density. Different screened Coulomb potential functions are used in the Marlowe BCA program with suitably adjusted screening lengths. We show in this paper that for screened Coulomb potentials, the shorter the range, the lower the focusing threshold and the more important the RCS production. The cascade expansion and density is quite sensitive to the potential range at high interaction energies. The overall cascade expansion is found to be governed by the 10% highest-energy recoils. Their energy is above the RCS focusing energy threshold. The cascade density, i.e., the number of transient defects produced per unit volume, is suggested sufficient to interfere significantly with RCS propagation and thus with the spatial distribution of Frenkel pairs. Primary damage production thus involves the combined effect of high-energy collisions and RCS production. A careful choice of the short range potential has thus to be made when simulating displacement cascades.
A New Method with a Different Auxiliary Equation to Obtain Solitary Wave Solutions for Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

A new method with a different auxiliary equation from the Riccati equation is used for constructing exact travelling wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. The main idea of this method is to take full advantage of a different auxilliary equation from the Riccati equation which has more new solutions. More new solitary solutions are obtained for the RLW Burgers and Hirota Satsuma coupled equations.
Formation of microtubes from strained SiGe/Si heterostructures

We report the formation of micrometre-sized SiGe/Si tubes by releasing strained SiGe/Si bilayers from substrates in a wet chemical-etching process. In order to explore statistical studies of dynamic formation of microtubes, we fabricated arrays of square bilayers. Due to the dynamic change in curvature of the bilayers, and hence the underlying etch channels, the etching process deviates from a transport-controlled regime to one of kinetic controlled. We identified two distinct modes of etching. A slow etching mode is associated with symmetric surface deformation in which the bilayers mostly retain their initial pattern. In the fast mode, bilayers are asymmetrically deformed while large etch channels are induced and etching becomes kinetically controlled. Etch rate dispersion is directly related to the degree of asymmetry in surface deformation. When the dimensions of the bilayers become significantly larger than the curvature radius, kinetic etching dominates. During the formation of tubes, SiGe/Si bilayers strongly interact with the liquid environment of etchant and solvent. Assisted by the surface tension of evaporating liquids, the tubes are drawn near the substrate and eventually fixed to it because of van der Waals forces. Our study illuminates the dynamic etching and curling processes involved with and provides insight on how a uniform etch rate and consistent curling directions can be maintained.
Temperature-corrected pressure-sensitive paint measurements using a single camera and a dual-lifetime approach

The temperature dependence of luminescent coatings which measure surface pressure is a well established problem. Temperature correction of the surface pressure measurement is often carried out by incorporating a second luminescent coating or by co-immobilizing a second luminophore to provide a surface temperature profile. This usually complicates the measurement process by requiring a second camera or sophisticated filtering to distinguish between the two luminescent processes. Here, a single-camera, temperature-corrected PSP (pressure-sensitive paint) system was developed. A new oxygen-permeable sol–gel-based paint, containing both a temperature- and a pressure-sensitive luminophore is described. The fluorescence decay times of the two luminophores are separated by several orders of magnitude. This allows pressure- and temperature-dependent luminescent decay measurements to be separated in the time domain. In addition, the two luminophores were selected such that their absorption and emission spectra occur in similar spectral regions. This avoids the need for different excitation sources or detection filters. Hence a single camera with a gated image intensifier can be used to measure the lifetime of each luminophore within the same cycle. Image alignment issues experienced in dual-camera systems are also avoided. This new PSP has the potential to provide a temperature-corrected surface pressure profile using a single excitation source and detection system.
Concordance coefficients to measure the agreement among several sets of ranks

In this paper, two measures of agreement among several sets of ranks, Kendall's concordance coefficient and top-down concordance coefficient, are reviewed. In order to illustrate the utility of these measures, two examples, in the fields of health and sports, are presented. A Monte Carlo simulation study was carried out to compare the performance of Kendall's and top-down concordance coefficients in detecting several types and magnitudes of agreements. The data generation scheme was developed in order to induce an agreement with different intensities among m (m>2) sets of ranks in non-directional and directional rank agreement scenarios. The performance of each coefficient was estimated by the proportion of rejected null hypotheses, assessed at 5% significance level, when testing whether the underlying population concordance coefficient is sufficiently greater than zero. For the directional rank agreement scenario, the top-down concordance coefficient allowed to achieve a percentage of significant concordances that was higher than the one achieved by Kendall's concordance coefficient. Mainly, when the degree of agreement was small, the results of the simulation study pointed to the advantage of using a weighted rank concordance, namely the top-down concordance coefficient, simultaneously with Kendall's concordance coefficient, enabling the detection of agreement (in a top-down sense) in situations not detected by Kendall's concordance coefficient.
COVARIANCE MATRIX ESTIMATION AND THE LIMITING BEHAVIOR OF THE OVERIDENTIFYING RESTRICTIONS TEST IN THE PRESENCE OF NEGLECTED STRUCTURAL INSTABILITY

We consider the limiting behavior of the overidentifying restrictions test in the presence of neglected structural instability at a single “break point. ” It is shown that the test need not be consistent against this type of misspecification. If it is consistent then it emerges that the limiting behavior of this test statistic depends on the covariance matrix estimator employed. In this paper we consider the case in which a heteroskedasticity autocorrelation covariance (HAC) is used. It is shown that (i) if the HAC estimator is based on uncentered autocovariances then the overidentifying restrictions test diverges at rate T/bT where T is the sample size and bT is the bandwidth; (ii) if the HAC estimator is based on centered autocovariances then the rate of increase of the overidentifying restrictions test is either T/bT or T depending on the form of the instability. These results are used to provide conditions for the consistency of the method of moment selection of Andrews (1999, Econometrica 67, 543–564) when certain elements of the candidate set of moments are misspecified as a result of neglected structural instability.This work was begun while Hall was a Senior Research Fellow and Peixe was a graduate student at the Department of Economics, University of Birmingham, UK, and this support is gratefully acknowledged. Peixe also gratefully acknowledges financial support from FCT under Grant PRAXIS XXI/BD/13453/97. We are very grateful for the very useful comments of Don Andrews and two anonymous referees.
A Small-World Model of Scale-Free Networks: Features and Verifications

It is now well known that many large-sized complex networks obey a scale-free power-law vertex-degree distribution. Here, we show that when the vertex degrees of a large-sized network follow a scale-free power-law distribution with exponent  2, the number of degree-1 vertices, if nonzero, is of order N and the average degree is of order lower than log N, where N is the size of the network. Furthermore, we show that the number of degree-1 vertices is divisible by the least common multiple of , , . , , and l is less than log N, where l = < is the vertex-degree sequence of the network. The method we developed here relies only on a static condition, which can be easily verified, and we have verified it by a large number of real complex networks.
The LINER Nucleus of M87: A Shock-excited Dissipative Accretion Disk

We present long-baseline Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) spectra of the nuclear accretion disk in M87 (NGC 4486), offset from the nucleus by 0. ″6 (42.7 pc) in order to avoid the nuclear continuum. Even so close to the nucleus, the optical spectrum has the appearance of a normal LINER galaxy. We show that the presence of strong UV emission lines provides a definitive test of the excitation mechanism; the disk is shock excited, not photoionized by a UV continuum from the central source. The shock velocity inferred (265 km s-1) is about one-half of the Keplerian rotation velocity found earlier by Ford et al. Since shock dissipation appears to be the principal means of increasing the binding energy of the accreting gas, we can use the FOS data and the luminosity profile of the accretion disk to estimate the rate of mass accretion as a function of radius. We find that this rate decreases with decreasing distance from the nucleus, as the material becomes organized into a cool and thin classical accretion disk in the inner regions. In the outer disk, the accretion rate (~4 M☉ yr-1) is comparable to that determined for the X-ray-emitting cooling flow, showing that a large fraction of the cooling gas can find its way into the nuclear regions. The accretion rate near the nucleus (~3 × 10-2 M☉ yr-1) is consistent with the properties of the relativistic jet and its associated radio emission. Over the lifetime of the jets, about 107 M☉ of cool material may have accumulated in the nuclear regions, allowing the formation of a disk that is optically thick to Thomson scattering where it becomes ionized close to the nucleus. We speculate that LINER emission is a general property of the shocked dissipative regions of accretion disks in active galaxies with strongly sub-Eddington accretion and may therefore be used as a diagnostic of these dissipative accretion flows.
Probabilistic aspects of the SU(2)-harmonic oscillator

In the framework of quantum probability, we present a simple geometrical mechanism which gives rise to binomial distributions, Gaussian distributions, Poisson distributions, and their interrelation. More specifically, by virtue of coherent states and a toy analogue of the Bargmann transform, we calculate the probability distributions of the position observable and the Hamiltonian arising in the representation of the classic group SU(2). This representation may be viewed as a constrained harmonic oscillator with a two-dimensional sphere as the phase space. It turns out that both the position observable and the Hamiltonian have binomial distributions, but with different asymptotic behaviours: with large radius and high spin limit, the former tends to the Gaussian while the latter tends to the Poisson.
Acquisition of dialectal differences in English by native Japanese speakers

Many previous investigations of second language (L2) learning have focused on the acquisition of phonetic segments by groups of non‐native speakers living in diverse regions in the US. These studies have not, however, assessed possible dialectal variation in L2 productions. The current study investigates the extent to which dialectal differences found in the vowel systems of two different American English (AE) dialects are acquired by adult Japanese speakers. Four subject groups were identified: native English speakers of a midwestern dialect of AE, native English speakers of a southern dialect of AE, Japanese speakers whose target language is a midwestern AE dialect, and Japanese speakers whose target language is a southern AE dialect. Subjects were recorded saying word and nonword utterances in isolation. Acoustic measures of vowels that can potentially capture differences between the dialects were made. These include vowel duration, and F0, F1, F2, and F3 frequencies measured at five equal distances throughout the vowel. F0–F3 measurements were used to calculate bark differences. Preliminary findings suggest that adult Japanese learners acquire some of the acoustic properties that are consistent with the dialect of the target language. [Work supported by an INRS Award from research funding from ATR (Fox, P.I.). ]
Top incomes in the UK over the 20th century

Summary. Recent changes in the distribution of income need to be placed in historical context. The paper provides new evidence about the evolution of top incomes in the UK over the 20th century. Making use of published tabulations of the income tax statistics, and of microdata for recent years, we construct estimates of the shares of top income groups, giving for the first time an annual time series for gross incomes that spans more than 90 years. The paper pays particular attention to the problems of data construction and of the interpretation of tax‐based evidence. The resulting statistics have evident limitations but throw light on periods, such as that between the First and Second World Wars, for which there is little other empirical material. The results bring out clearly how the major equalization of the first three‐quarters of the century in the UK has been reversed, taking the shares of the top income groups back to levels of inequality found 50 years ago. A similar U‐shaped pattern is found for the USA, but the post‐war experience of France is different from that in the UK.
Regular and chaotic oscillations of friction force

Abstract In this paper, several friction features and models are discussed in the context of the dynamical nature of friction force observed during experiments. On the basis of experimental and theoretical analysis, the authors show that such behaviour can be considered as a certain representation of the system dynamics. According to this approach, a classification of friction models with respect to their sensitivity on the system motion character is introduced. Next, the results of experimental research are reported. Friction characteristics reconstructed experimentally for various types of the system response, i.e. periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic, are demonstrated. Finally, these results are compared with numerical simulations using the proposed friction model.
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR UNDER UNCONFINED COMPRESSION LOADINGS OF DENSE FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN MATRICES MIMETIC OF LIVING TISSUES

Bio-artificial tissues are being developed as replacements for damaged biologic tissues and their mechanical properties are critical for load-bearing applications. Reconstituted dense three-dimensional (3D) fibrillar collagen matrices are promising materials for tissue engineering, at the light of their interaction with fibroblasts.1,2 The mechanical properties of these fibrillar collagen matrices are now being characterized under unconfined compression loading for various strain rates and collagen concentrations. The data were compared to those obtained in the same conditions with a biological tissue, the rat dermis. The results show a very sensitive behavior to both the displacement rate, typical of biological soft tissues, and the collagen concentration varying between 5 and 40 mg/ml. The link between the mechanical properties and the microscopic structure of the collagen scaffolds show an increasing viscoelastic modulus with respect to the fibril density. It is found that the matrices at 5 mg/ml and the dorsal rat skin (DRS) exhibit similar stress–strain response when submitted to the same external unconfined compression load. Such results highlight the interest of these matrices as potential tissue substitutes.
The Effects of Subgrid Model Mixing and Numerical Filtering in Simulations of Mesoscale Cloud Systems

Abstract Using the newly developed Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, this study investigates the effects of subgrid mixing and numerical filtering in mesoscale cloud simulations by examining the sensitivities to the parameters in turbulence-closure schemes as well as the parameters in the numerical filters. Three-dimensional simulations of squall lines in both no-shear and strong-shear environments have been performed. Using the Smagorinsky or 1.5-order turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) subgrid model with standard values for the model constants and no explicit numerical filter, the solution in the no-shear environment is characterized by many poorly resolved grid-scale cells. In the past, such grid-scale noise was avoided by adding a numerical filter which, however, produces excessive damping of the physical small-scale eddies. Without using such a filter, it was found that by increasing the proportionality constant in the eddy viscosity coefficient in the subgrid turbulence models, the cells bec.
A design methodology for permanent magnet microbearings

A 2D analytical calculation method for permanent magnet bearings is proposed and used with a novel computer-aided constrained-design methodology. This methodology uses symbolic computation and automatic programming to generate the optimization software, based on an analytical model of the device. The methodology, implemented in experimental software, Pascosma, is applied to miniaturize passive bearings using bonded and thin-film magnets.
Imaging the local ideality factor by contactless photoluminescence measurement

A contactless method to image the local ideality factor of silicon wafers and silicon solar cells is introduced. The method is based on photoluminescence imaging and can be applied throughout the solar cell fabrication process, even before junction formation. The local ideality factor measured by the proposed method is found to be in good agreement with that measured by Suns-Voc. Examples of its application are given for fully and partially fabricated solar cells.
Accurate control of the misorientation angles in direct wafer bonding

A direct wafer bonding process has been developed to accurately control both the bonding interface twist and tilt angles between a monocrystalline layer and a bare monocrystalline wafer. This process is based on the bonding of twin surfaces produced by splitting a single wafer, using for instance the Smart Cut® process. A targeted control of ±0.005° is obtained for the twist angle without any crystallographic measurement. Moreover, pure twist-bonded interfaces have been artificially made between two (001) bonded silicon surfaces.
Adaptive object tracking via both positive and negative models matching

To improve tracking drift which often occurs in adaptive tracking, an algorithm based on the fusion of tracking and detection is proposed in this paper. Firstly, object tracking is posed as abinary classification problem and is modeled by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Secondly, tracking object frame by frame via particle filtering. Thirdly, validating the tracking reliability based on both positive and negative models matching. Finally, relocating the object based on SIFT features matching and voting when drift occurs. Object appearance model is updated at the same time. The algorithm can not only sense tracking drift but also relocate the object whenever needed. Experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms on many challenging sequences.
A rotary Curie point magnetic engine: A simple demonstration of a Carnot‐cycle device

The fact that metallic gadolinium is ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of 294 K is used in the constuction of an inexpensive and simple thermomagnetic engine, which can be driven by an electric lamp or by sunlight. The apparatus can be used as a simple demonstration of the Carnot principle.
Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Neural Stem Cells, Astrocytes, and Microglia as Therapeutics for Easing TBI-Induced Brain Dysfunction

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from neural stem cells (NSC-EVs), astrocytes (ADEVs), and microglia (MDEVs) have neuroregenerative properties. This review discusses the therapeutic efficacy of NSC-EVs, ADEVs, and MDEVs in traumatic brain injury (TBI) models. The translational value and future directions for such EV therapy are also deliberated. Studies have demonstrated that NSC-EV or ADEV therapy can mediate neuroprotective effects and improve motor and cognitive function after TBI. Furthermore, NSC-EVs or ADEVs generated after priming parental cells with growth factors or brain-injury extracts can mediate improved therapeutic benefits. However, the therapeutic effects of naïve MDEVs are yet to be tested rigorously in TBI models. Studies using activated MDEVs have reported both adverse and beneficial effects. NSC-EV, ADEV, or MDEV therapy for TBI is not ready for clinical translation. Rigorous testing of their efficacy for preventing chronic neuroinflammatory cascades and enduring motor and cognitive impairments after treatment in the acute phase of TBI, an exhaustive evaluation of their miRNA or protein cargo, and the effects of delayed EV administration post-TBI for reversing chronic neuroinflammation and enduring brain impairments, are needed. Moreover, the most beneficial route of administration for targeting EVs into different neural cells in the brain after TBI and the efficacy of well-characterized EVs from NSCs, astrocytes, or microglia derived from human pluripotent stem cells need to be evaluated. EV isolation methods for generating clinical-grade EVs must also be developed. Overall, NSC-EVs and ADEVs promise to mitigate TBI-induced brain dysfunction, but additional preclinical studies are needed before their clinical translation.