Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relation of Geothermal Resources with Young Tectonics in the Gediz Graben (West Anatolia, Turkey) and Their Hydrogeochemical Analyses

Paleozoic Menderes metamorphic rocks (gneiss, micaschist and marbles) comprise the basement in the area. The metamorphics are unconformably overlain by a Neogene sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The upper most part is represented by Quaternary alluvium. In Western Anatolia again E-W trending normal faults and NE-SW and NW-SE trending right lateral strike slip faults have been formed as a result of E-W trending compressions. Gediz Graben, like Buyuk Menderes Graben, formed during Quaternary. That is why Quaternary volcanics formed along the E-W trending fractures, while the Neogene volcanic products of West Anatolia crop out near the N-S trending fractures and fissures. In the region, WNW-ESE trending faults have been formed during Upper Quaternary, while E-W and NE-SW trending faults formed during Lower Quaternary and this activity continues presently. In fact, geothermal resources are located at the intersect points of these differently-directed tectonic events. Gediz Graben is also a rift system and the formation of the Quaternary Kula volcanics of the region is related with this rift system. The heating source of the geothermal systems in Gediz Graben is these deepening young faults and Kula Volcanics. Many hot water resources occur along Gediz Graben
Oxygen thermobarometry of abyssal spinel peridotites: the redox state and C-O-H volatile composition of the Earth's sub-oceanic upper mantle

The authors have applied the spinel peridotite oxygen barometer to abyssal spinel peridotites from the mid-Atlantic, central Indian, southwest Indian and American-Antarctic ocean ridge systems. The results indicate that the oxygen fugacity (F{sub O{sub 2}}) of the suboceanic mantle is on average 0.9 {plus minus}0.7 (n = 33; {plus minus} 1sd) log units below the Fayalite-Magnetite-Quartz (FMQ) f{sub O{sub 2}} buffer, in excellent agreement with f{sub O{sub 2}} estimates of MORB glasses (FMQ {minus}1.20 {plus minus} 0.63, n = 87; {plus minus} 1 sd). The agreement between MORBs and their mantle source region suggests that the rapidly quenched liquids have not undergone significant oxidation (by hydrogen degassing, for example) during their ascent and eruption. Their results also show that the suboceanic mantle is more reduced than the subcontinental mantle, for which the average value of log f{sub O{sub 2}} lies approximately at FMQ (log f{sub O{sub 2}} = FMQ + 0.24 {plus minus} 0.5, n = 54; {plus minus} 1 sd). Abyssal spinel peridotites from the Islas Orcadas fracture Zone (FZ), near the Bouvet Island hotspot, are the most reduced samples in our suite (log f{sub O{sub 2}} = FMQ {minus}1.67 to {minus}2.32), and they are compatible with a graphite-saturatedmore » fluid being present in this source region. In general, however, upper mantle f{sub O{sub 2}}'s are too high for graphite to be stable, and they estimate an activity of carbon relative to graphite of about 0.05 under the approximate conditions of MORB generation (P {approximately} 10 kb, T {approximately} 1,325{degree}C, log f{sub O{sub 2}} {approximately} FMQ {minus}0.9). Under these conditions an average CO{sub 2} content in the mantle of {approximately} 215 to 545 ppm would be consistent with the fluid compositions of MORB glasses. « less
Snow avalanches in central Svalbard : a field study of meteorological and topographical triggering factors and geomorphological significance

Cornice fall avalanches endanger life and infrastructure in Nybyen, a part of Svalbard’s main settlement Longyearbyen, located at 78◦ N in the High Arctic. Thus, cornice dynamics – accretion, cracking and eventual failure – and their controlling meteorological factors were studied along the ridgeline of the Gruvefjellet plateau mountain above Nybyen in the period 2008–2010. Using two automatic time-lapse cameras and hourly meteorological data in combination with intensive field observations on the Gruvefjellet plateau, cornice process dynamics were investigated in larger detail than previously possible. Cornice accretion starts directly following the first snowfall in late September and October, and proceeds throughout the entire snow season under a wide range of air temperature conditions that the maritime winter climate of Svalbard provides. Cornice accretion is particularly controlled by distinct storm events, with a prevailing wind direction perpendicular to the ridge line and average wind speeds from 12 m s−1. Particularly high wind speeds in excess of 30 m s−1 towards the plateau ridgeline lead to cornice scouring and reduce the cornice mass both vertically and horizontally. Induced by pronounced air temperature fluctuations which might reach above freezing and lead to midwinter rainfall events, tension cracks develop between the cornice mass and the plateau. Our measurements indicate a linear crack opening due to snow creep and tilt of the cornice around a pivot point. Four to five weeks elapsed between the first observations of a cornice crack until cornice failure. Throughout the two snow seasons studied, 180 cornice failures were recorded, of which 70 failures were categorized as distinctive cornice fall avalanches. A clear temporal pattern with the majority of cornice failures in June was found. Thus only daily air temperature could determine avalanche from nonavalanche days. Seven large cornice fall avalanches reached the avalanche fans on which the Nybyen settlement is located. The size of the avalanches was primarily determined by the size of the cornice that detached. The improved process understanding of the cornice dynamics provides a first step towards a better predictability of this natural hazard, but also highlights that any type of warning based on meteorological factors is not an adequate measure to ensure safety of the housing at risk.
DISPERSION OF HEAVY SUSPENSIONS IN WAVE BOUNDARY LAYERS

The transport of suspended particles is of interest to the coastal engineer because it affects the distribution of sediments and the evolution of shorelines. It is also important to pollutant disposal in the sea, and to the transport of nutrients needed for sustaining marine life. Planktonic larvae depend on waves and currents to carry them from offshore to the rock stratum for reproduction and growth. External fertilization of sperms and eggs of marine organisms are further affected by the convection and diffusion processes in the sea.
An analysis of Grade 10 History assessment tasks.

Th is paper examines the nature and scope of the assessment tasks that three Grade 10 history classes were required to complete in 2005. Data were collected from three diff erent secondary schools located in diff erent socio-economic areas in KwaZulu Natal. Th ree tests from each school are analysed using Bloom’s revised taxonomy in terms of knowledge dimension and cognitive process. Th e fi ndings show that the assessment tasks across the schools diff er substantially in both the level and the range of cognitive demand required of learners. While the study cannot make strong claims about causal explanations for the diff erences, the data do support an explanation of curriculum continuity in the historically advantaged sector in that previously white and Indian schools have been using evidence and source-based teaching and assessment for a number of years.
Research on Soil Degradation of Robinia pseudoacacia Plantation under Environmental Stress

After growing 20 yr Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation begun to degrade under environmental stress in Yellow river delta region. In order to approach the response of soil to the plantation degradation, this research was implemented based on the method of spatio-temporal substitution. The results indicated that for soil salinity, the change in soil profile was obvious for normal and slightly degraded stand. The medially degraded stand had the similar tendency. While for badly degraded one salt content was lower in 20-40 cm profile than in 0-20 cm, but higher in 40-60 cm than in 0-20 cm. For soil bulk density, the data increased 5.75%,8.63% and 14.4% compared with normal stand for slightly, medially and badly degraded stand respectively. However for pores, the data was decreased 7.4%,10.6% and 15.3% compared with normal stand. And similarly for soil organic matter, fell 27.1%,48.7% and 56.6%. For total N, deceased 9.9%,17.9% and 32.1%. For effective N, reduced 29.3%,36.7% and 43.6%. P was as well. For urease, accounted for 87.5,56.9% and 43.3% compared with normal stand. While for peroxidase, the data was 90.8%,77.2% and 64.7%.
Algorithms in Computational Biology

In this thesis we are concerned with constructing algorithms that address problems of biological relevance. This activity is part of a broader interdisciplinary area called computational biology, or bioinformatics, that focuses on utilizing the capacities of computers to gain knowledge from biological data. The majority of problems in computational biology relate to molecular or evolutionary biology, and focus on analyzing and comparing the genetic material of organisms. One deciding factor in shaping the area of computational biology is that DNA, RNA and proteins that are responsible for storing and utilizing the genetic material in an organism, can be described as strings over finite alphabets. The string representation of biomolecules allows for a wide range of algorithmic techniques concerned with strings to be applied for analyzing and comparing biological data. We contribute to the field of computational biology by constructing and analyzing algorithms that address problems of relevance to biological sequence analysis and structure prediction. The genetic material of organisms evolves by discrete mutations, most prominently substitutions, insertions and deletions of nucleotides. Since the genetic material is stored in DNA sequences and reflected in RNA and protein sequences, it makes sense to compare two or more biological sequences to look for similarities and differences that can be used to infer the relatedness of the sequences. In the thesis we consider the problem of comparing two sequences of coding DNA when the relationship between DNA and proteins is taken into account. We do this by using a model that penalizes an event on the DNA by the change it induces on the encoded protein. We analyze the model in detail, and construct an alignment algorithm that improves on the existing best alignment algorithm in the model by reducing its running time by a quadratic factor. This makes the running time of our alignment algorithm equal to the running time of alignment algorithms based on much simpler models. If a family of related biological sequences is available, it is natural to derive a compact characterization of the sequence family. Among other things, such a characterization can be used to search for unknown members of the sequence family. One widely used way to describe the characteristics of a sequence family is to construct a hidden Markov model that generates members of the sequence family with high probability and non-members with low probability. In the thesis we consider the general problem of comparing hidden Markov models. We define novel measures between hidden Markov models, and show how to compute them efficiently using dynamic programming. Since hidden Markov models are widely used to characterize biological sequence families, our measures and methods for comparing hidden Markov models immediately apply to comparison of entire biological sequence families.
No gap in the Middle Permian record of terrestrial vertebrates

During the Permian, tetrapods showed a major transition from basal synapsid-dominated faunas in the first half to therapsid-dominated faunas in the second. The transition was significant in marking the beginning of richer and more complex communities, a precursor to modern terrestrial ecosystems. This changeover may have been gradual or abrupt, but its study has been complicated by the postulated occurrence of a substantial hiatus in the fossil record, termed "Olson9s Gap", which obscured the nature of the turnover. New evidence from redating of key tetrapod-bearing units of the American southwest and European Russia confirms that there is no gap in the fossil record of Permian tetrapods. Indeed, evidence for substantial sampling bias in the Permian tetrapod fossil record as a whole is queried.
Housing and the Macroeconomy : The Role of Implicit Guarantees for Government Sponsored Enterprises

This paper studies the macroeconomic e¤ects of implicit government bailout guarantees of debt obligations of Government-Sponsored Enterprises such as Fannie Mae and Freddy Mac. We construct a model with heterogenous in nitly lived households and competitive housing and mortgage markets where the government provides households with a mortgage interest rate subsidy. We use this model to evaluate the aggregate and distributional impacts of this government subsidy to home owners. We nd that eliminating the interest rate subsidy leads to lower equilibrium housing investment, substantially lower mortgage default rates and higher aggregate welfare. The welfare e¤ects of removing the subsidy, however, vary substantially across members of the population with di¤erent economic characteristics.
Fuelling exclusion ? The biofuels boom and poor people ’ s access to land

All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of FAO. for providing useful suggestions, materials and/or comments on earlier drafts of this study. Steven Haw of Soltenviva (www.soltenviva.com) reproduced the diagrams and cross-checked the text. The authors remain responsible for the views expressed here, and for any omissions and errors. Lorenzo Cotula is Senior Researcher in Law and Sustainable Development at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), based in the UK. His work focuses on the role of law in sustainable development, particularly in the areas of land rights, investment, governance and human rights. Nat Dyer is a consultant for the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), based in the UK. A political scientist by training, he is currently working on land/natural resource rights and the role of law in sustainable development, particularly in East and West Africa. He previously worked for UNESCO in Senegal. Her work on how private sector practice affects environment and development includes a focus on sustainable production of biofuels and other commodities. NGO Non-governmental organisation MFC Nyetaa Mali Folkecenter Nyetaa (Mali) Mtoe Million tonnes of oil equivalent (a unit of energy). One toe (tonne of oil equivalent) is the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 gigajoules.
Effects of Human Activities on Home Range Size and Habitat use of the Tsushima leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus in a Suburban Area on the Tsushima Islands, Japan

The Tsushima leopard cat, Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus, a small felid, inhabits only the Tsushima Islands in Japan. Previous studies of the Tsushima leopard cat revealed that natural factors; including sex, reproductive activity, season, and prey distribution and abundance affect leopard cat home range variation and habitat use. In this study, we focused on clarifying how anthropogenic factors influenced home range variation and habitat use of a male Tsushima leopard cat living near a suburban area in January, March, May and September 2005 using radio-tracking. The home range size (100% MCP) of this cat was 0.78 ± 0.26 km 2 (mean ± SD, n = 4 tracking sessions) across the whole study period. However, the cat did not use all parts of its home range uniformly; rather it used some habitat types selectively. The cat avoided agriculture areas and residential areas in all of the tracking-sessions. On the other hand, the cat showed a weak preference for artificial structures and a strong preference for baiting sites in January and March, while it avoided them in May, and no baiting site was included in its home range in September. These results suggest that anthropogenic factors influenced the ranging patterns and habitat use of the leopard cat living near a suburban area. Artificial structures might provided good resting spaces for the cat in bad weather. When the density of its main prey was low in the winter, the cat tended to rely on artificial prey and had a small home range size.
Identification of Structural Vector Autoregressions by Stochastic Volatility

Abstract We propose to exploit stochastic volatility for statistical identification of structural vector autoregressive models (SV-SVAR). We discuss full and partial identification of the model and develop efficient EM algorithms for maximum likelihood inference. Simulation evidence suggests that the SV-SVAR works well in identifying structural parameters also under misspecification of the variance process, particularly if compared to alternative heteroscedastic SVARs. We apply the model to study the importance of oil supply shocks for driving oil prices. Since shocks identified by heteroscedasticity may not be economically meaningful, we exploit the framework to test instrumental variable restrictions which are overidentifying in the heteroscedastic model. Our findings suggest that conventional supply shocks are negligible, while news shocks about future supply account for almost all the variation in oil prices.
Performance Management System

In this era of utmost competition, one among the strategies to be a successful organization is to draw in potential candidates for any particular post and retain the key employees to have a better and highly motivated workforce.So what is the requirement of an organization and managers to attract, retain and motivate a talented workforce? Nowadays, In any industry whether small or big, human resource management not just play its traditional role as such but has expanded its dimensions to assess its employees' performance and manage it with a new system that has evolved due to new developments in the field of HRM known as Performance Management System (PMS). It elaborates how the organization aligns the performance management system with the organizational system and articulates the corporate business objectives to the individual goals. This paper deals with the effectiveness of PMS. The results of the study shows that a performance management system acts as a strategic tool and a strong foundation for the workers to realize their ambitions and organizations to achieve their key financial goals. Keywords—Performance Management System, Human
Improving satellite soil moisture estimates by combining passive and active microwave observations (1992-2008)

We propose a methodology to blend soil moisture retrievals from passive (SSM/I, TRMM and AMSR-E) and active (ERS and ASCAT) microwave satellite observations and obtain an improved long- term (1992-2008) global product. The first step is to merge the three passive microwave data sets into a single "passive" product and two active microwave data sets into a single "active" product. This avoids the issue of differences in sensor specifications resulting in different absolute soil moisture values. Next, both data sets are adjusted against a common reference (GLDAS-Noah), which scales both data sets to the same dynamic range and allows the generation of a blended product. The proposed approach has the potential to be applied to existing as well as new missions.
Late Sodium Channel Openings Underlying Epileptiform Activity Are Preferentially Diminished by the Anticonvulsant Phenytoin

[PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , January 1, 2006; 129 (1): 18-35. Brain S. Remy and H. Beck Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , June 1, 2006; 95 (6): 3460-3468. J Neurophysiol P. Aracri, E. Colombo, M. Mantegazza, P. Scalmani, G. Curia, G. Avanzini and S. Franceschetti Layer-Specific Properties of the Persistent Sodium Current in Sensorimotor Cortex [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , January 1, 2007; 578 (1): 173-191. J. Physiol. M. A. Castro-Alamancos, P. Rigas and Y. Tawara-Hirata channel blockers Resonance (~10 Hz) of excitatory networks in motor cortex: effects of voltage-dependent ion [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , May 1, 2007; 97 (5): 3607-3620. J Neurophysiol C. Yvon, A. Czarnecki and J. Streit Riluzole-Induced Oscillations in Spinal Networks [PDF] [Abstract] , December 1, 2007; 22 (12): 1408-1410. J Child Neurol M. M. Segal, G. F. Rogers, H. L. Needleman and C. A. Chapman Hypokalemic Sensory Overstimulation
Detection of Disease Outbreaks in Mass Gatherings Using Internet Data

Background: Mass gatherings, such as music festivals and religious events, pose a healthcare challenge because of the risk of transmission of communicable diseases. This is exacerbated by the fact that participants disperse soon after the gathering, potentially spreading disease within their communities. The dispersion of participants also poses a challenge for traditional surveillance methods. The ubiquitous use of the Internet may enable the detection of disease outbreaks through analysis of data generated by users during events and shortly thereafter. Objective: To develop algorithms that can alert of possible outbreaks of communicable diseases from Internet data, specifically Twitter and search engine queries. Methods: We extracted all Twitter postings and queries made to the Bing search engine for a period of 30 days before until 30 days after each festival made by users who repeatedly mentioned each one of six major music festivals held in the United Kingdom during 2012. We analyzed these data using three methods, two which compare words associated with disease symptoms before and after the time of the festival, and one which compares the frequency of these words with those of other users in the UK in the days following the festivals. Results: The data comprised, on average, 10.02 million tweets made by 18,134 users, and 32,143 queries made by 1756 users from each festival. Our methods indicated the statistically significant appearance of a disease symptom in two of the six festivals. For example, cough was detected at higher than expected levels following the Wakestock festival. Statistically significant agreement (chi2 test, p<0.05) between methods and across data sources was found for most pairwise comparisons in festivals where a statistically significant symptom was detected. In other festivals such agreement was not significant, except between the two methods which compare pre-event activity with post-event activity. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the symptoms detected in the two festivals are indeed indicative of a disease that some users attributed to being at the festival. Conclusions: Our work shows the feasibility of creating a public health surveillance system for mass gatherings based on Internet data. The use of multiple data sources and analysis methods was found to be advantageous for rejecting false positives. Further studied are required in order to validate our findings with data from public health authorities. []