Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Mobile Phone Addiction and Depression Among High School Students: The Roles of Cyberbullying Victimization, Perpetration, and Gender

Objective To examine the relation between mobile phone addiction and high school students’ depression, and its inner mechanism—the sequential mediating roles of the cyberbullying victimization and the cyberbullying perpetration in this relationship. Methods 1297 high school students were recruited to complete the Smartphone Addiction Scale, European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Results (1) Mobile phone addiction was positively correlated with and high school students’ depression; (2) cyberbullying victimization and the cyberbullying perpetration significantly mediated the relation between mobile phone addiction and high school students’ depression, which contained tow mediating paths—the independent mediating effects of cyberbullying victimization and the sequential mediating effect of cyberbullying victimization and the cyberbullying perpetration; (3) there are gender differences in the sequential mediation model, and boys who are victims of cyberbullying are more likely to develop into cyberbullying perpetrators than girls. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that depression among high school students with mobile phone addiction can be eliminated through the development of cyberbullying victimization and the cyberbullying perpetration.
Exploring the Mediating Role of Situation Awareness and Crisis Emotions Between Social Media Use and COVID-19 Protective Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Study

Background In an outbreak of an infectious disease especially, online media would usually be an important channel for people to get first-hand knowledge and evaluate risks of the specific emergency. Although there has been increasing attention to the effect of social media use during epidemics and outbreaks, relatively little is known about the underlying mechanism by which social media plays a role in people's cognitive, affective and preventive responses. Objective With an objective to advance current knowledge surrounding social media effects on people's cognition, affection and health protective behaviors during epidemics, we aim to examine the associations between social media exposure to COVID-19 risks related information and preventive behavior of the public, and also the role that situation awareness and crisis emotions including anxiety and fear played. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in China a total of 632 participants were recruited. Measures included exposure to COVID-19 information through social media, situation awareness, anxiety, fear and protective behaviors that participants have taken. We have performed the descriptive statistical analysis, correlation and mediation analysis to test the research hypotheses. Results Findings indicated that situation awareness was positively associated with social media use (B = 0.54, p < 0.001), anxiety (B = 0.95, p < 0.001) and fear (B = 0.87, p < 0.001), and preventive behavior (B = 0.68, p < 0.001). Social media use would also have an indirect effect on anxiety (indirect effect = 0.40; 95% CI = [0.34, 0.46]) and fear (indirect effect = 0.35; 95% CI = [0.29, 0.42]) through situation awareness. The serial mediation effect of situation awareness and fear in the correlation between social media use and preventive behavior has been testified (indirect effect = 0.04, 95% CI = [0.01, 0.08]). Conclusions Social media use might influence the adoption of preventive behaviors through triggering situation awareness and fear. Therefore, health communication regarding COVID-19 prevention should target people with less internet access and low eHealth literacy. Understanding the positive role of negative crisis emotions during outbreaks could also help communicators and policymakers develop appropriate strategies to make people proactive to avoid the remaining health hazard.
Smith ScholarWorks Smith ScholarWorks

Here we employed the partner preference test (PPT) to examine how naked mole-rat non-breeding individuals of different behavioral phenotypes make social decisions. Naked mole-rats from six colonies were classiﬁed into three behavioral phenotypes (soldiers, dispersers, and workers) using a battery of behavioral tests. They then participated in a 3 h long PPT, where they could freely interact with a tethered familiar or tethered unfamiliar conspeciﬁc. By comparing the three behavioral phenotypes, we tested the hypothesis that the PPT can be used to interrogate social decision-making in this species, revealing individual differences in behavior that are consistent with discrete social phenotypes. We also tested whether a shorter, 10 min version of the paradigm is sufﬁcient to capture group differences in behavior. Overall, soldiers had higher aggression scores toward unfamiliar conspeciﬁcs than both workers and dispersers at the 10 min and 3 h comparison times. At the 10 min comparison time, workers showed a stronger preference for the familiar animal’s chamber, as well as for investigating the familiar conspeciﬁc, compared to both dispersers and soldiers. At the 3 h time point, no phenotype differences were seen with chamber or investigation preference scores. Overall, all phenotypes spent more time in chambers with another animal vs. being alone. Use of the PPT in a comparative context has demonstrated that the test identiﬁes species and group differences in afﬁliative and aggressive behavior toward familiar and unfamiliar animals, revealing individual differences in social decision-making and, importantly, capturing aspects of species-speciﬁc social organization seen in nature.
Editorial: Advances and Refinements in the Development and Application of Threshold of Toxicological Concern

The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is an exposure threshold below which there is no appreciable risk to human health. There are two main approaches: TTC values based on cancer potency data from which a one in a million excess lifetime risk is estimated and TTC values based on non-cancer effects. For the latter approach, a distribution is typically fitted to the No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAELs) from repeat dose toxicity studies from which a 5th percentile value is taken and adjusted using an uncertainty factor (usually this is 100). Established TTC values are those based on oral chronic studies that were first developed by Munro et al. (1996) who subcategorised chemicals into one of three Cramer structural classes (Cramer et al., 1978). Kroes et al. (2004) presented a tiered TTC approach that established several human exposure thresholds spanning four orders of magnitude where the lowest TTC was for substances presenting structural alerts for genotoxicity (0.15 μg/d), to the next tier for organophosphates/carbamates (18 μg/d) and the remaining higher TTC values representing the same three Cramer classes originally derived by Munro et al. (1996). The World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (European Food Safety Authority and World Health Organization, 2016; EFSA et al., 2019) have determined that the TTC approach is a sound and fit-for-purpose risk assessment tool, with a number of caveats, in cases where chemical-specific repeat dose toxicity data are not available. More recent work has explored extending the dataset underpinning the original Cramer TTC values to demonstrate its protection and robustness (Yang et al., 2017). The work by Yang et al. (2017) was undertaken under the auspices of the EU SEURAT-1 project COSMOS whereupon a COSMOS TTC dataset was developed. This comprised 552 substances for which the toxicity data and chemical structural identifiers were carefully curated. This federated dataset was then used to derive new TTC values for two of the Cramer classes (I and III). The derived values (46 and 2.3 μg/kg bw/d respectively) have since been adopted as the current recommendations by the SCCS in relation to cosmetic substances (SCCS, 2021). In addition, a total of 476 chemicals from the RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials) dataset were added to the COSMOS/Munro TTC database for analysis, in particular bolstering Cramer class II chemicals from 40 chemicals to 111 chemicals. The derived TTC values of 49, 12.7, and 2.9 μg/kg bw/day for Cramer classes I, II or III confirm the adequacy ofMunro TTC values and further support the use of TTC for safety assessment of fragrance materials (Patel et al., 2020). Thus, these above results show that cosmetic ingredients are sufficiently represented structural classes in the current TTC dataset that had been originally developed for food. The TTC concept is scientific and convincing for it to be applied in cosmetic safety assessment. In Edited and reviewed by: Andrea Richarz, European Chemicals Agency, Finland
Effect of 32-Weeks High-Intensity Interval Training and Resistance Training on Delaying Sarcopenia: Focus on Endogenous Apoptosis

Sarcopenia caused by aging is an important factor leading to a decline in the quality of life of older people. Apoptosis in muscle atrophy accelerates the process of muscle loss in older populations. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 32 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance training (RT) on the skeletal muscle-related indices and provide a theoretical basis for regulating the mitochondrial-mediated pathway to delay sarcopenia. We randomly selected 10 from eight-month-old male SD rats (N = 130) as the baseline group; after 1 week of adaptive feeding, the rats were sacrificed. The remaining rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control group (C, N = 40, natural aging for 32 weeks), HIIT group (H, N = 40, performed six loops of 3 min at 90% and 3 min at 50% VO2 max speed treadmill running, with 5 min at 70% VO2 max speed at the beginning and the end of the training, 3 times a week for 32 weeks), and resistance group (R, n = 40, 46 min per day, 3 days per week, with a 30% maximum load on a treadmill with a slope of 35°, 15 m/min). The soleus muscles were collected for analysis at baseline and every 8 weeks. Aging resulted in decreased soleus muscle mass and Bcl-2 levels in the mitochondria, while the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Bax did not change. HIIT reversed the age-associated activation of pro-apoptotic processes, but RT did not. In addition, when rats were aged from 8 to 16 months, the level of Cyt-C did not change, the Caspase-9 levels and Caspase-3 levels decreased gradually in the soleus muscles, the rats of both the HIIT and RT groups had these indices decreased at 32 weeks. The results suggest that the age-associated loss of muscle mass was reversed by training, and the effect of RT was better than that of HIIT. Both the HIIT and RT rats showed a decrease in the apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells after 32 weeks of intervention. HIIT performed better for long-term intervention regarding the pro-apoptotic factors. This study warranted further research to delineate the underlying mechanism of effects of different exercise methods on the changes of aging skeletal muscle at in vivo level.
Detection of Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizures in Dogs With a Seizure Detection System Established Using Acceleration Data and the Mahalanobis Distance: A Preliminary Study

Caregivers of dogs with epilepsy experience severe stress due to unpredictable seizures. Hence, they feel the need for a better management strategy. A seizure detection system (SDS), which can identify seizures and provide notifications to caregivers immediately, is required to address this issue. The current study aimed to establish a wearable automatic SDS using acceleration data and the Mahalanobis distance and to preliminarily investigate its feasibility among dogs. A generalized tonic–clonic seizure (GTCS) was targeted because it is the most common type of seizure and can have serious consequences (i.e., status epilepticus). This study comprised three phases. First, the reference datasets of epileptic and non-epileptic activities were established using acceleration data of GTCSs in 3 dogs and daily activities in 27 dogs. Second, the GTCS-detecting algorithm was created using the reference datasets and was validated using other acceleration data of GTCSs in 4 epileptic dogs and daily activities in 27 dogs. Third, a feasibility test of the SDS prototype was performed in three dogs with epilepsy. The algorithm was effective in identifying all acceleration data of GTCSs as seizures and all acceleration data of daily activities as non-seizure activities. Dogs with epilepsy were monitored with the prototype for 48–72 h, and three GTCSs were identified. The prototype detected all GTCSs accurately. A false positive finding was not obtained unless the accelerometer was displaced. Hence, a method that can detect epileptic seizures, particularly GTCSs, was established. Nevertheless, further large-scale studies must be conducted before the method can be commercialized.
Toxicological Effects of Microplastics and Sulfadiazine on the Microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Despite the fact that microplastics (MPs) facilitate the adsorption of environmental organic pollutants and influence their toxicity for organisms, more study is needed on the combination of MPs and antibiotics pollutant effects. In this study, polystyrene MPs (1 and 5 μm) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) were examined separately and in combination on freshwater microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The results suggest that both the MPs and SDZ alone and in combination inhibited the growth of microalgae with an increasing concentration of MPs and SDZ (5–200 mg l–1); however, the inhibition rate was reduced by combination. Upon exposure for 7 days, both the MPs and SDZ inhibited algal growth, reduced chlorophyll content, and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, whereas glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was elevated only with the exposure of 1 μm MPs. Fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy also indicated that particle size contributed to the combined toxicity by aggregating MPs with periphery pollutants. Further, the amount of extracellular secretory protein increased in the presence of MPs and SDZ removal ratio decreased when MPs and SDZ coexisted, suggesting that MPs affected SDZ metabolism by microalgae. The particle size of microplastics affected the toxicity of MPs on microalgae and the combined effect of MPs and SDZ could be mitigated by MPs adsorption. These findings provide insight into microalgae responses to the combination of MPs and antibiotics in water ecosystems.
Can Old Animals Reveal New Targets? The Aging and Degenerating Brain as a New Precision Medicine Opportunity for Epilepsy

Older people represent the fastest growing group with epilepsy diagnosis. For example, cerebrovascular disease may underlie roughly 30–50% of epilepsy in older adults and seizures are also an underrecognized comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a result, up to 10% of nursing home residents may take antiseizure medicines (ASMs). Despite the greater incidence of epilepsy in older individuals and increased risk of comorbid seizures in people with AD, aged animals with seizures are strikingly underrepresented in epilepsy drug discovery practice. Increased integration of aged animals into preclinical epilepsy drug discovery could better inform the potential tolerability and pharmacokinetic interactions in aged individuals as the global population becomes increasingly older. Quite simply, the ASMs on the market today were brought forth based on efficacy in young adult, neurologically intact rodents; preclinical information concerning the efficacy and safety of promising ASMs is not routinely evaluated in aged animals. Integrating aged animals more often into basic epilepsy research may also uncover novel treatments for hyperexcitability. For example, cannabidiol and fenfluramine demonstrated clear efficacy in syndrome-specific pediatric models that led to a paradigm shift in the perceived value of pediatric models for ASM discovery practice; aged rodents with seizures or rodents with aging-related neuropathology represent an untapped resource that could similarly change epilepsy drug discovery. This review, therefore, summarizes how aged rodent models have thus far been used for epilepsy research, what studies have been conducted to assess ASM efficacy in aged rodent seizure and epilepsy models, and lastly to identify remaining gaps to engage aging-related neurological disease models for ASM discovery, which may simultaneously reveal novel mechanisms associated with epilepsy.
Bacillus Probiotics as Alternatives to In-feed Antibiotics and Its Influence on Growth, Serum Chemistry, Antioxidant Status, Intestinal Histomorphology, and Lesion Scores in Disease-Challenged Broiler Chickens

In commercial poultry production, chickens are reared under intensive conditions, which may allow infections to spread quickly. Antibiotics are used at sub-therapeutic doses in livestock and poultry feed to prevent diseases and improve productivity. However, restrictions on the use of antibiotics at sub-therapeutic concentrations in livestock feed due to growing concerns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), together with antibiotic residues in meat and eggs has prompted poultry researchers and feed producers to look for viable alternatives. Thus, there is increasing interest in developing natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics to improve chicken productivity and health. Probiotics, specifically from the genus Bacillus have proven to be effective due to their spore-forming capabilities. Furthermore, their ability to withstand heat during feed processing and be stored for a long time without losing viability as well as their potential to function in the acidic medium of the chicken gut, provide them with several advantages over conventional probiotics. Several studies regarding the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Bacillus probiotics and their positive impact in chicken nutrition have been documented. Therefore, the present review shields light on the positive effect of Bacillus probiotics as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics on growth performance, serum chemistry, antioxidant status, intestinal histomorphology and lesion scores of disease-challenged broiler chickens and the mechanisms by which they exert their actions. It is concluded that Bacillus probiotics supplementation improve growth, health and productive indices of disease-challenged broiler chickens and can be a good alternative to in-feed antibiotics. However, more studies are required on the effect of Bacillus probiotics supplementation in broiler chickens to maximize productivity and achieve the ultimate goal of stopping the usage of antibiotics at sub-therapeutic doses in broiler chicken feed to enhance performance.
Update on the Epigenomic Implication of Embryo Cryopreservation Methods Applied in Assisted Reproductive Technologies With Potential Long-Term Health Effects

Cryopreservation of embryos has become an efficient method in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and these methods are currently performed at nearly all fertility centers around the globe. Cryopreservation of supernumerary embryos has contributed to an increase in cumulative pregnancy rates and as a consequence, an increasing number of children are being born through these techniques worldwide. However, long-term follow-up studies of children born through ART are scarce, and concerns about the long-term health effects on individuals conceived through ART have been raised. The relevant genomic transformations that occur at the time cryopreservation is usually applied to embryos may have potential epigenetic risks. With advances in multi-omic single cell technologies, new ways to assess the (epi)genomic status during early embryo development have now become feasible. These novel strategies could provide a revolutionary opportunity to understand the actual impact of ART, but also may help future developments aiming at increase both their efficiency and safety. Here we outline insights in current knowledge and research on the impact of cryopreservation on embryos, the possible consequences at epigenetic level and how emerging new high-throughput technologies can be used for their assessment.
T-Cell Subsets and Interleukin-10 Levels Are Predictors of Severity and Mortality in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Many COVID-19 patients reveal a marked decrease in their lymphocyte counts, a condition that translates clinically into immunodepression and is common among these patients. Outcomes for infected patients vary depending on their lymphocytopenia status, especially their T-cell counts. Patients are more likely to recover when lymphocytopenia is resolved. When lymphocytopenia persists, severe complications can develop and often lead to death. Similarly, IL-10 concentration is elevated in severe COVID-19 cases and may be associated with the depression observed in T-cell counts. Accordingly, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to analyze T-cell subsets and IL-10 levels among COVID-19 patients. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of the immunodepression observed in COVID-19, and its consequences, may enable early identification of disease severity and reduction of overall morbidity and mortality. Methods A systematic search was conducted covering PubMed MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases for journal articles published from December 1, 2019 to March 14, 2021. In addition, we reviewed bibliographies of relevant reviews and the medRxiv preprint server for eligible studies. Our search covered published studies reporting laboratory parameters for T-cell subsets (CD4/CD8) and IL-10 among confirmed COVID-19 patients. Six authors carried out the process of data screening, extraction, and quality assessment independently. The DerSimonian-Laird random-effect model was performed for this meta-analysis, and the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for each parameter. Results A total of 52 studies from 11 countries across 3 continents were included in this study. Compared with mild and survivor COVID-19 cases, severe and non-survivor cases had lower counts of CD4/CD8 T-cells and higher levels of IL-10. Conclusion Our findings reveal that the level of CD4/CD8 T-cells and IL-10 are reliable predictors of severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. The study protocol is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO); registration number CRD42020218918. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd. york.ac. uk/prospero/display_record. php? ID=CRD42020218918, identifier: CRD42020218918.