Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A General Solution for the Bending of Beams on an Elastic Foundation of Arbitrary Continuity

In the analysis of beams which are supported elastically along their entire length, it is usually assumed that the elastic support is provided either by a series of independent springs, or by a completely continuous elastic medium.The present paper proposes a method of solution for the intermediate cases, that is, for foundations of partial continuity, by assuming that such foundations may be represented by beams imbedded into an otherwise discontinuous supporting material. In a foundation of this type, there are three independent elastic constants, the resilience of the discontinuous spring layers above and below the beam that is within the foundation, and the flexural rigidity of the foundation beam itself. By changing the values of these three constants, elastic foundations of a wide variety may be produced or, conversely, the constants may be adjusted in such a manner as to represent approximately the characteristics of any given elastic supporting medium.In the paper a general procedure is presented .
Stablest Shapes for an Axisymmetric Body of Gravitating, Incompressible Fluid

A numerical method for computing the total energy of self-gravitating, incompressible, rotating, axisymmetric fluid bodies is presented. Then, using a minimization technique, the stablest axisymmetric shapes are found for fluids having the same angular momentrum distribution as the Maclaurin spheroids. For small angular momenta the Maclaurin spheroid is a minimum-energy configuration; above a certain value a new, toroidal family of differentially rotating figures becomes the stable minimum-energy shape. Just below this critical value the spheroids are stable to small perturbations, but the corresponding toroids have lower energy. The family of ''Mestel disks'' (mass proportional 1/r, flat rotation curve) with this same angular momentum distribution are equilibria, but they are always unstable. Similar conclusions hold for other angular momentum distributions also investigated. These results may clarify the ''ring formation'' stage of some realistic collapse models, and may also support the hypothesis of massive galactic halos.
Testing approximations for non-linear gravitational clustering

The accuracy of various analytic approximations for following the evolution of cosmological density fluctuations into the nonlinear regime is investigated. The Zel'dovich approximation is found to be consistently the best approximation scheme. It is extremely accurate for power spectra characterized by n = -1 or less; when the approximation is 'enhanced' by truncating highly nonlinear Fourier modes the approximation is excellent even for n = +1. The performance of linear theory is less spectrum-dependent, but this approximation is less accurate than the Zel'dovich one for all cases because of the failure to treat dynamics. The lognormal approximation generally provides a very poor fit to the spatial pattern.
Average spatial distributions of energetic O+, O2+, O6+, and C6+ ions in the magnetosphere observed by AMPTE CCE

Investigations of the average spatial distributions of the ionospheric ions O/sup +/ and O/sup 2+/ and of the solar wind ions O/sup 6+/ and C/sup 6+/ provide a possibility to estimate the relative contributions of the ionosphere and the solar wind to the energetic ion population in the magnetosphere. We used measurements with the charge energy mass spectrometer (CHEM) on board the AMPTE CCE spacecraft to determine the relative fluxes of these ions near the equatorial plane as a function of the drift shell parameter L,the magnetic activity index Kp, and the local time LT. The O/sup +/ and O/sup 2+/ ions have radial profiles with maxima at about L = 5 and diurnal variations with a broad maximum on the dayside. The O/sup 6+/ and C/sup 6+/ ion fluxes increase with L between L = 5 and L = 7 and level off farther out. The diurnal variations of the relative O/sup 6+/ and C/sup 6+/ fluxes exhibit a pronounced minimum on the dayside. The observations can be interpreted in terms of ion convection from the tail onto quasi-trapped drift orbits and further radial diffusion onto closed drift shells. The maximum of the O/sup +/ and O/sup 2+/ fluxesmore » as well as the minimum of the O/sup 6+/ and C/sup 6+/ fluxes on the dayside can be explained by drift shell splitting. The inward transport is associated with ion losses, mainly by charge exchange. O/sup 6 +/ and C/sup 6 +/ ions are removed already at larger distances than O/sup +/ and O/sup 2+/. As a result, the ionosphere contributes most of the oxygen ions in the magnetosphere. Important contributions from the solar wind are encountered in the outer magnetosphere(L>7). copyrightAmerican Geophysical Union 1987« less
Additive Manufacturing of Electrically Conductive Nanocomposites Filled with Carbon Nanotubes

Herein, two photopolymers containing multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are newly developed to 3D print electrically conductive structures via near‐visible light (405 nm) stereolithography (SL) process. A free‐radical resin and a hybrid cationic/free‐radical photopolymer are used as a matrix and loaded with MWCNTs. A solution mixing method is selected to obtain an optimal MWCNTs dispersion. Rheological and photo‐calorimetric analyses are performed by varying filler concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75 wt%) as well as electrical properties of the cured nanocomposites are measured. Rheological characterization indicates the free‐radical resin loaded with the 0.25 wt% of MWCNTs as the most suitable material for the 3D printing of electro‐active systems because it guarantees a rapid and homogenous resin recoating in the vat during the printing of two different layers due to its fluidity. The optimal printing parameters for this photocurable MWCNTs‐loaded resin are found through photosensitivity and photo‐calorimetric analyses. Electrically conductive structures with a conductivity value of 0.0006 S cm−1 are successfully printed, showing the immense potential of these conductive polymeric materials in replacing other standard silicon‐based materials manufactured by conventional 2D lithographic processes for the development of electronic devices and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
Radial electric field and plasma confinement in the vicinity of a magnetic island

A theory to determine the radial electric field in the vicinity of a magnetic island in tokamaks based on the island-induced symmetry-breaking transport flux is presented. It is shown that the radial electric field is governed by a nonlinear equation that can have multiple equilibrium solutions as plasma parameters change. This results in a bifurcated state of the radial electric field. It is possible that turbulent fluctuations can be suppressed and improved confinement develops in the vicinity of the island. The evolution of the toroidal momentum equation with the effects of the symmetry-breaking flux included is also presented.
Neurobiological Political Economy of Artificial General Intelligence and Autonomous Humanoid Robotics

Abstract This article explores the link between trust and law through the prism of the mafia phenomenon. Mafias spread in a context of ‘endogenous mistrust’ and manage to privatize law by imposing an unwritten system of rules in their territory. This alternative system of law has consequences in terms of distorted access to economic opportunities for non-Mafiosi as it is oriented in favor of its affiliates and external backers. It also leads to the emergence of negative social capital benefiting Mafiosi but unable to create relationships based on genuine trust.
Rewiring of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Localization and Interactions in Plants With Extensive Mitochondrial tRNA Gene Loss

The number of tRNAs encoded in plant mitochondrial genomes varies considerably. Ongoing loss of bacterial-like mitochondrial tRNA genes in many lineages necessitates the import of nuclear-encoded eukaryotic counterparts that share little sequence similarity. Because tRNAs are involved in highly specific molecular interactions, this replacement process raises questions about the identity and trafficking of enzymes necessary for the maturation and function of newly imported tRNAs. In particular, the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) that charge tRNAs are usually divided into distinct classes that specialize on either organellar (mitochondrial and plastid) or cytosolic tRNAs. Here, we investigate the evolution of aaRS subcellular localization in a plant lineage (Sileneae) that has experienced extensive and rapid mitochondrial tRNA loss. By analyzing full-length mRNA transcripts (PacBio Iso-Seq), we found the predicted retargeting of many ancestrally cytosolic aaRSs to the mitochondrion and confirmed these results with colocalization microscopy assays. However, we also found cases where aaRS localization does not appear to change despite functional tRNA replacement, suggesting evolution of novel interactions and charging relationships. Therefore, the history of repeated tRNA replacement in Sileneae mitochondria reveals that differing constraints on tRNA/aaRS interactions may determine which of these alternative coevolutionary paths is used to maintain organellar translation in plant cells.
International Trends in Mining Tailings Research through Machine Learning Method: Retrospective or Prospective Oriented Research?

ABSTRACT Using a conceptual distinction between prospective and retrospective research, we analyze the international high-impact literature on tailings. This distinction differentiates between investigations concentrated on specific case studies, where the socio-environmental consequences of tailings are addressed or specific actions on them are documented, and the investigations that model interventions on tailings, propose new forms of design, management and remediation applicable to tailings. Using Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools, we covered all the publications registered in the Scopus database between 2010 and 2020 on mining tailings. Our research question ask for the temporal orientations in the international publication on mining tailings deposits between 2010 and 2020? Our results show an increase in the number of prospective investigations, which practically double the retrospective ones. However, at the level of citations, this difference is reduced and the most cited investigations in the retrospective perspective outnumber the most cited ones in the prospective perspective. We conclude by discussing the need to address the impact of prospective research on mining companies and overcoming resistance to innovation in the industry when there are no regulatory or legal obligations. In the same way, we call for an increase in the public contribution to maintain the independence of retrospective research, without neglecting the necessary construction of updated evidence on the socio-environmental consequences of mining tailings.
New results of robust stability analysis for neutral-type neural networks with time-varying delays and Markovian jumping parameters1The work of authors was supported by Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India, under the sanctioned No. SR/S4/MS:485/07.

In this paper, robust stability analysis for neutral-type neural networks with time-varying delays and Markovian jumping parameters is conducted. By using the delay-decomposition approach, a new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is constructed. Based on this Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and some stochastic stability theory, delay-dependent stability criteria are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, three numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness and reduced conservatism of our theoretical results.
Characterization of a TatA/TatB binding site on the TatC component of the Escherichia coli twin arginine translocase

The twin arginine transport (Tat) pathway exports folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membranes of prokaryotes and the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. In Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria, the Tat machinery comprises TatA, TatB and TatC components. A Tat receptor complex, formed from all three proteins, binds Tat substrates, which triggers receptor organisation and recruitment of further TatA molecules to form the active Tat translocon. The polytopic membrane protein TatC forms the core of the Tat receptor and harbours two binding sites for the sequence-related TatA and TatB proteins. A ‘polar’ cluster binding site, formed by TatC transmembrane helices (TMH) 5 and 6 is occupied by TatB in the resting receptor and exchanges for TatA during receptor activation. The second binding site, lying further along TMH6 is occupied by TatA in the resting state, but its functional relevance is unclear. Here we have probed the role of this second binding site through a programme of random and targeted mutagenesis. Characterisation of three stably produced TatC variants, P221R, M222R and L225P, each of which is inactive for protein transport, demonstrated that the substitutions did not affect assembly of the Tat receptor. Moreover, the substitutions that we analysed did not abolish TatA or TatB binding to either binding site. Using targeted mutagenesis we introduced bulky substitutions into the TatA binding site. Molecular dynamics simulations and crosslinking analysis indicated that TatA binding at this site was substantially reduced by these amino acid changes, however TatC retrained function. While it is not clear whether TatA binding at the TMH6 site is essential for Tat activity, the isolation of inactivating substitutions indicate that this region of the protein has a critical function.
Patient-derived tumoroids of advanced high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms mimic patient chemotherapy responses and guide the design of personalized combination therapies

There are no therapeutic predictive biomarkers or representative preclinical models for high-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN), a highly aggressive, fatal, and heterogeneous epithelial malignancy. We established patient-derived (PD) tumoroids from biobanked tissue samples of advanced high-grade GEP-NEN patients and applied this model for targeted rapid ex vivo pharmacotyping, next-generation sequencing, and perturbational profiling. We used tissue-matched PD tumoroids to profile individual patients, compared ex vivo drug response to patients’ clinical response to chemotherapy, and investigated treatment-induced adaptive stress responses. PD tumoroids recapitulated biological key features of high-grade GEP-NEN and mimicked clinical response to cisplatin and temozolomide ex vivo. When we investigated treatment-induced adaptive stress responses in PD tumoroids in silico, we discovered and functionally validated Lysine demethylase 5A and interferon-beta, which act synergistically in combination with cisplatin. Since ex vivo drug response in PD tumoroids matched clinical patient responses to standard-of-care chemotherapeutics for GEP-NEN, our rapid and functional precision oncology approach could expand personalized therapeutic options for patients with advanced high-grade GEP-NEN.
Learning orientation-invariant representations enables accurate and robust morphologic profiling of cells and organelles

Cell and organelle morphology are driven by diverse genetic and environmental factors and thus accurate quantification of cellular phenotypes is essential to experimental cell biology. Representation learning methods for phenotypic profiling map images to feature vectors that form an embedding space of morphological variation useful for clustering, dimensionality reduction, outlier detection, and supervised learning problems. Morphology properties do not change with orientation, and thus we argue that representation learning methods should encode this orientation invariance. We show that prior methods are sensitive to orientation, which can lead to suboptimal clustering. To address this issue, we develop O2-VAE, an unsupervised learning method that learns robust, orientation-invariant representations. We use O2-VAE to discover novel morphology subgroups in segmented cells and mitochondria, detect outlier cells, and rapidly characterise cellular shape and texture in large datasets, including in a newly generated synthetic benchmark.
Comparative Analysis of Global Hepatic Gene Expression in Adolescents and Adults with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Introduction To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying distinct nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) histological phenotypes between children and adults, we compared hepatic gene expression profiles associated with NAFLD phenotypes between the two age groups. Methods Histological characteristics of intra-operative liver biopsies from adolescents and adults undergoing bariatric surgery were assessed by the same pathologist using the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) Clinical Research Network scoring system. Hepatic gene expression was measured by microarray analysis. Transcriptomic signatures of histological phenotypes between the two groups were compared, with significance defined as p-value <0.05 and a fold change >1.5. Results In 67 adolescents and 76 adults, distribution of histological phenotypes was: not-NAFLD (controls) 51% vs 39%, NAFL 39% vs 37%, and NASH 10% vs 24%, respectively. There were 279 differentially expressed genes in adolescents and 213 in adults with NAFLD vs controls. In adolescents, transcriptomes for NAFL vs controls, and borderline vs definite NASH were undifferentiable, whereas in adults, NAFL and borderline NASH demonstrated a transcriptomic gradient between controls and definite NASH. When applied to adolescents, significant adult genes discriminated borderline and definite NASH from control and NAFL, but the majority of significant pediatric genes were not portable to adults. Genes associated with NASH in adolescents and adults showed some ontological consistency but notable differences. Conclusions There is some similarity but major differences in the transcriptomic profiles associated with NAFLD between adolescents and adults with severe obesity. These data suggest different mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD severity at different stages in life. Study Highlights WHAT IS KNOWN Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in children and adults NAFLD histological features and severity differ between children and adults but reasons for these differences are not clear. WHAT IS NEW HERE Comparison of hepatic gene expression profiles between adolescents and adults with severe obesity and NAFLD showed some similarities but major differences in expressed genes The findings suggest the mechanisms driving different NAFLD severity and phenotypes are different at different stages in life.
Antiviral activity of Cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ T cells against lytically infected non-haemopoietic cells

HCMV establishes a lifelong latent infection in its host, eliciting a broad immune response involving both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. In immunocompromised individuals, recovery of the HCMV-specific CD4+ T cell response is associated with a lower risk of HCMV reactivation and disease, suggesting that CD4+ T cells contribute significantly to control of viral replication in vivo. However, most prior studies of the HCMV-specific CD4+ T cell response have been performed with the aim of either predicting those at risk for HCMV reactivation and end-organ disease, or identifying markers which are associated with higher risk of HCMV viraemia. Few studies have examined the mechanisms of viral control of CD4+ T cells in response to cells lytically infected with HCMV. In this paper, we show that CD4+ T cells from a HCMV-seropositive donor can prevent viral dissemination in autologous fibroblasts, that the secretome from these cells is also antiviral, and that IFN-γ is a key cytokine in the secretome. We also show that MHC Class II antigen presentation by monocytes was critical to driving this HCMV-specific CD4+ T cell response.
Are User-Generated Item Reviews Actually Beneficial for Recommendation?

User-generated item reviews are widely believed to represent a valuable source of information for recommendation. However, a recent empirical analysis of review-based algorithms by Sachdeva and McAuley puts this this belief into question. In this paper, we analyze the recommender systems literature that seeks to improve recommendation by using item reviews as auxiliary information. We identify the ways in which the information condensed in item reviews is represented. We then point out particular goals, such as performance improvement, and problems, such as cold-start and sparsity, that have been adressed by using item reviews. We arrive at the same conclusion as Sachdeva and McAuley that item reviews can be beneficial, yet are not beneficial per se. The field is saturated with methods that leverage item reviews yet lacks studies on when and why certain methods are beneficial. The current state-of-the-art therefore does not yield a definitive answer to the question whether using item reviews is actually beneficial for recommendation.
The origin of the photo-emf in ferroelectric and non-ferroelectric materials

A photo-emf arises from an optical excitation that is either asymmetric in k-space or occurs at asymmetries in real space, as is shown by a discussion of the Boltzmann transport equation. Excitation asymmetric in k-space leads to the photogalvanic effect. A photo-current is impressed with unpolarized light in the bulk of ferro- and pyroelectric crystals, and with polarized light even in non-pyroelectric piezoelectric crystals. Photon drag and optical rectification are outlined in connection with the photogalvanic effects. Excitation at asymmetries in real space leads to a barrier photo-emf, if both electrons and holes are mobile and if the electric and chemical potentials are not spatially constant in the unilluminated semiconductor. The Dember effect as being based on one mobile charged species only, does not represent a photo-emf. Anomalous photovoltages of a magnitude larger than the band gap, in particular in polytype zinc sulfide, that have been accounted for by a battery of barrier photo cells, are .
Raman Spectrum Curve Fitting for Estimating Surface Stress Distribution in Single-Crystal Silicon Microstructure

This paper describes evaluation of surface stress distribution in single-crystal silicon (SCS) microstructure using laser Raman spectroscope. An in-house uniaxial tensile tester was employed to apply the uniaxial tensile stresses to SCS (001)[100] and (001)[110] film specimens with a number of microscale convex structures. A linear relationship between the applied tensile stress and Raman peak shift increment was obtained from Raman spectroscopy at a flat section of the specimen. Raman spectroscopy was also conducted to observe nonuniform stress distribution around the convex structures under uniaxial tensile loading. In observations around a convex structure, “two-curve fitting” was adopted for the asymmetric spectrum, which had been observed clearly under the tensile stresses of over 1000 MPa. The two-curve fitting was able to separate information of the top corner from that of the bottom one at the edge. The stress distribution estimated by the two peak positions was much closer to finite element analysis (FEA) results than that obtained by the one peak position.