Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COPD_A_229646 335..344

Zhe-Wei Zhan Yu-An Chen Yaa-Hui Dong 1Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, National YangMing University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; 2Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan Purpose: Multiple studies have suggested that comorbidities pose negative impacts on the survival of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); few have applied comorbidity measures driven from health insurance claims databases to predict various health outcomes. We aimed to examine the performance of commonly used comorbidity measures based on diagnosis and pharmacy dispensing claims information in predicting future death and hospitalization in COPD patients. Methods: We identified COPD patients in a population-based Taiwanese database. We built logistic regression models with age, sex, and baseline comorbidities measured by either diagnosis or pharmacy claims information as predictors of subsequent-year death or hospitalization in a random 50% sample and validated the discrimination in the other 50%. The diagnosis-based comorbidity measures included the Charlson Index and the Elixhauser comorbidity measure; the pharmacy-based comorbidity measures included the updated Chronic Disease Score (CDS) and the Pharmacy-Based Comorbidity Index (PBDI). Results: We identified 428,251 eligible patients. For overall death, the Elixhauser comorbidity measure showed the best predictive performance (c-statistic=0.832), followed by the PBDI (c-statistic=0.822), the Charlson Index (c-statistic=0.815), and the updated CDS (c-statistic=0.808). For overall hospitalization, the PBDI (c-statistics=0.730) and the Elixhauser comorbidity measure (c-statistics=0.724) outperformed the updated CDS (c-statistics=0.714) and the Charlson Index (c-statistics=0.710). For hospitalization due to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or respiratory diseases, the comorbidity models showed similar predictive ranks and demonstrated c-statistics higher than 0.75. However, none of the models could adequately predict hospitalization due to other reasons (c-statistics < 0.60). Conclusion: Our study comprehensively compared the predictive performance of comorbidity measures. The Elixhauser comorbidity measure and the PBDI are useful tools for describing comorbid conditions and predicting health outcomes in COPD patients.
Exploring Expert Reasoning through an Optics Assessment

This paper discusses an optics assessment designed to measure problem-solving decisions in the context of optical engineering. It is part of a larger, cross-disciplinary collaboration to identify important problem-solving decisions across science, engineering, and medicine and create assessments that measure these decisions within the context of a given field. We describe the structure of the assessment, the problem-solving decisions it assesses, and our qualitative analysis for the refinement and preliminary evaluation of the assessment. We used think-aloud interviews to observe students’ problem-solving processes as they worked on this assessment. Students struggled with creating predictive frameworks, constraining the solution space, and reflecting on solutions. From the results of this analysis, we are creating a shorter, computerbased version of the assessment that still captures the most difficult problem-solving decisions, but allows for easier analysis and testing on a larger sample size.
Rayleigh and Mie Scattering

Rayleigh scattering refers primarily to the elastic scattering of light from atomic and molecular particles whose diameter is less than about one-tenth the wavelength of the incident light. Rayleigh line refers to the unshifted central peak observed in the spectroscopic analysis of scattered light. Mie scattering refers primarily to the elastic scattering of light from atomic and molecular particles whose diameter is larger than about the wavelength of the incident light. Thomson scattering is elastic scattering of light from free electrons. Raman scattering is inelastic scattering of light from objects whereby the scattered photon has a lower (Raman Stokes scattering) or higher (Raman anti-Stokes scattering) energy than the incident photon.
Yaşlı Erkeklerde Malign Tiroid Hastalıklarının Genel Özellikleri General Characteristics of Malignant Thyroid Disorders in Elderly Men Bahri

Objective: We aimed to investigate malignancy rates and outcomes in elderly male patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Material and Methods: Female patients were excluded from the study. Male patients included in the study were divided into two groups; Group 1 is under 60 years and group 2 is over 60 years. According to histopathological results, patients were classified as benign and malignant.Also in malignant group; histological subtype of the tumor and tumor focality- multicentriticy were investigated and multicencritic ones were noted. The demographic parameters and pathological findings of all patients were recorded. Statistically, p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 727 (%20) male patients included in the study. Group 1 was accounted for 82.3% (n=598) and group 2 was accounted for 17.7%(n=129) of all cases. The median age of malignant patients was 46 years in group 1 and was 67 years in group 2. The histological subtype; group 1 was malignant in 100 (16.7%) cases and group 2 was malignant in 27 (20.9%) cases. The average tumor diameter was 16.3 mm in group 1 and 20.3 mm in group 2. The multicenticity was present in 12 (44.4%) cases of group 2 and in 26 (26%) cases of group 1. Conclusion: I n our study in advanced age male patients; There was no significant increase in thyroid cancer incidence, tumor size and multicentre ratio from young patients. This is a result of multidisciplinary follow-up of thyroid patients.
Instability of Defection in the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Best Experienced Payoff Dynamics Analysis

We study population dynamics under which each revising agent tests each strategy k times, with each trial being against a newly drawn opponent, and chooses the strategy whose mean payoff was highest. When k = 1, defection is globally stable in the prisoner’s dilemma. By contrast, when k > 1 we show that there exists a globally stable state in which agents cooperate with probability between 28% and 50%. Next, we characterize stability of strict equilibria in general games. Our results demonstrate that the empirically-plausible case of k > 1 can yield qualitatively different predictions than the case of k = 1 that is commonly studied in the literature.
A REVIEW ON APPLICATION OF BATTERY, DC-DC CONVERTER AND MOTORS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

This review can focus on the comparison of different types of batteries, DC-DC converter, and motors used in electric vehicles. Electric vehicle is very popular and the usage of electric vehicles is increasing rapidly because of solving the issues like air pollution and fuel consumption. Air pollution leads to global warming and green house effects. Increase of fuel cost due to over exploitation of fuel resources from petroleum refineries. To solve the above mentioned issues, require to replace the conventional vehicle by electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). In EVs design and manufacture, Electrical Engineers concentrate three major areas such as Batteries, Converter and Motors. Battery for energy storage, DC-DC converter for charging the battery and provides DC link between the battery and inverter. Motor provides transmission for the vehicle movement.
Laminin- 4 and Integrin-Linked Kinase Mutations Cause Human Cardiomyopathy Via Simultaneous Defects in Cardiomyocytes and Endothelial Cells

Ralph Knöll, MD, PhD*; Ruben Postel, MSc*; Jianming Wang, PhD; Ralph Krätzner, PhD; Gerrit Hennecke, PhD; Andrei M. Vacaru, MSc; Padmanabhan Vakeel, PhD; Cornelia Schubert, MD; Kenton Murthy; Brinda K. Rana, PhD; Dieter Kube, MD; Gudrun Knöll; Katrin Schäfer, MD; Takeharu Hayashi, MD, PhD; Torbjorn Holm, MD; Akinori Kimura, MD, PhD; Nicholas Schork, MD, PhD; Mohammad Reza Toliat, PhD; Peter Nürnberg, MD, PhD; Heinz-Peter Schultheiss, MD; Wolfgang Schaper, MD, PhD; Jutta Schaper, MD, PhD; Erik Bos, MSc; Jeroen Den Hertog, PhD; Fredericus J.M. van Eeden, PhD; Peter J. Peters, PhD; Gerd Hasenfuss, MD, PhD; Kenneth R. Chien, MD, PhD; Jeroen Bakkers, PhD
A necessary ingredient for building DNA, cells and babies

Folic acid (vitamin B9) is important in a number of human metabolic pathways as well as being needed for nucleic acid synthesis, growth and the healthy development of a foetus [1]. Folic acid can be absorbed from the diet, with the highest levels of folic acid being found in foods such as meat extracts (e.g. Bovril), yeast extracts (e.g. Marmite), liver, asparagus, brussel sprouts, spinach, as well as being available as supplements [1]. Recently cereals and bread have been fortified with folic acid to try and eliminate folic acid deficiency especially in pregnant women.
a Matter of Style”: A Controversial Issue Between Schiller and Fichte. Regarding the Necessary Limitations in the Use of Beautiful Forms”

1 This is the first version Fichte would write of this work. It was written in the epistolary genre and was composed of three letters (cf. J.G. Fichte (1962) Gesamtausgabe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Stuttgart. From now on GA followed by the volume, issue and pages. In this case: cf. GA I/6: 333-361). be published. At the time Fichte was not in the least unknown, he was even a member of the journal’s editorial committee, along with important personalities such as Wilhelm von Humboldt, and Goethe and Herder later on. Schiller’s reasons for refusing to publish this paper were never clear to Fichte and, despite his increasingly offended statements, the paper was never published in the journal. Sincerely expressing the reasons for his decision, Schiller’s first letter stated: I looked forward to enrich the journal’s philosophical section with your article, your subject of choice lead me to expect an intelligible and interesting piece of work that could reach out to everyone. What have I received and what do you want me to submit to the public? The worn out subject, in the worn out epistolary style, and all this pursuant to a rather eccentric plan that makes it impossible to gather together each of the parts of your article. I regret to say this but be it as it may, I am not satisfied either with its form [or “clothing”: Einkleidung] nor with its content, the article is lacking precision and clarity, two qualities that usually characterize your work.
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Socio-ecological change in estuaries of the Western Indian Ocean

Household survey data and spatially explicit Sentinel-2 satellite images of land cover and land use during the dry and wet seasons were used to investigate livelihood strategies in the Lower Tana River Delta in Kenya, where food security and economic activity rely almost exclusively on ecosystem goods and services. Land cover classification of satellite imagery successfully showed seasonal changes to estuary-related vegetation and habitats from which land use cycles could be inferred. Flood-recession agriculture and part-time fishing were the most common activities at Ozi village, some 10 km upstream from the estuary mouth, whereas full-time fishing dominated activities at Kipini town, where the Tana Estuary discharges into Ungwana Bay. Seasonality of fishing at Kipini depended on favourable sea conditions, arrival of migrant fishers and peaks in shrimp abundance. Seasonality of agriculture at Ozi depended on the freshwater flooding regime, visible in satellite images as an inverse relationship of areas covered by wetlands and cultivated lands. The predominance of fishing assets at Kipini indicated specialization, which underlies a socio-economic net-work of fish processing, marketing, distribution and logistical support services. In contrast, mixed farming assets and traditional fishing gear at Ozi reflected more diversified farmer-fisher livelihoods, as a risk avoidance strategy. Key outcomes of this study were that land cover and land use were strongly seasonal, that coastal and upstream communities in the Tana Estuary relied on different combinations of ecosystem goods and services, and that livelihood strategies at the two locations differed fundamentally. Combining social, spatial and ecological data to describe socio-ecological systems typical of the Tana Estuary provided a broad platform for shared resource management strategies.
Weaving the gold thread: strategic resources in a fashion industry

In the field of business strategy, the resource-based view demonstrates through the firm’s resources its ability to gain competitive advantage. This research had as objective identifying the resources that can be considered strategic in an industry of artisan fashion and thus to generate competitive advantage in this sector. The research method consists in a case study through a qualitative approach, where interviews were made with members of the organization and an external consultant. The data were analyzed through content analysis. The analyzed industry manufactures artisan fashion pieces with natural wool and demonstrates internal attributes that appear as differentials. Natural wool was once one of the great products of Rio Grande do Sul and had its decay with the emergence of synthetic fibers in the post-war period. Now another perspective emerges for the so-called 'White Gold' and its use as a competitive differential allied to the quality and sustainability of organic fibers and regional identity valued in this market.
Enhanced decomposition and nitrogen mineralisation sustain rapid growth of 10 Eucalyptus regnans after wildfire 11 12

1 Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, School of 16 Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australi a 17 2 Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, School of Biology, Faculty of 18 Science, Health and Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia 19 3 Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural La ndscape 20 Research, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany 21 4
Book Reviews -Richard Price, C.G.A. Oldendorp, C.G.A. Oldendorp's history of the Mission of the Evangelical Brethren on the Caribbean Islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John. Edited by Johann Jakob Bossard. English edition and translation by Arnold

-Richard Price, C.G. A. Oldendorp, C.G. A. Oldendorp's history of the Mission of the Evangelical Brethren on the Caribbean Islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John. Edited by Johann Jakob Bossard. English edition and translation by Arnold R. Highfield and Vladimir Barac. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma, 1987. xxxv + 737 pp. -Peter J. Wilson, Lawrence E. Fisher, Colonial madness: mental health in the Barbadian social order. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1985. xvi + 215 pp. -George N. Cave, R.B. le Page ,Acts of identity: Creloe-based approaches to language and ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. x + 275 pp., Andree Tabouret-Keller (eds) -H. Hoetink, Julia G. Crane, Saba silhouettes: life stories from a Caribbean island. Julia G. Crane (ed), New York: Vantage Press, 1987. x + 515 pp. -Sue N. Greene, Anne Walmsley ,Facing the sea: a new anthology from the Caribbean region. London and Kingston: Heinemann, 1986. ix + 151 pp., Nick Caistor, 190 (eds) -Melvin B. Rahming, Mark McWatt, West Indian literature and its social context. Cave Hill, Barbados, Department of English, 1985. -David Barry Gaspar, Rebecca J. Scott, Slave emancipation in Cuba: the transition to free labor, 1860-1899. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1985. xviii + 319 pp. -Mary Butler, Louis A. Perez Jr., Cuba under the Platt agreement, 1902-1934. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986. xvii + 410 pp. -Ana M. Rodríguez-Ward, Idsa E. Alegria Ortega, La comisión del status de Puerto Rico: su historia y significación. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Universitaria. 1982. ix + 214 pp. -Alain Buffon, Jean Crusol, Changer la Martinique: initiation a l'économie des Antilles. Paris: Editions Caribeennes, 1986. 96 pp. -Klaus de Albuquerque, Bonham C. Richardson, Panama money in Barbados, 1900-1920. Knoxville: University of Tennesse Press, 1985. xiv + 283 pp. -Steven R. Nachman, Marcel Fredericks ,Society and health in Guyana: the sociology of health care in a developing nation. Authors include Janet Fredericks. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1986. xv + 173 pp., John Lennon, Paul Mundy (eds)
CMAR_A_333333 7735..7745

1Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Gastroenterology, Yihe Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China Purpose: The accurate differentiation between benign and malignant biliary stricture is significant but challenging. Tissue diagnosis of biliary stricture by endoscopy sampling can provide excellent specificity but insufficient sensitivity. For patients with suspected malignant biliary stricture (MBS) but non-malignant was reported in endoscopy tissue samples, we constructed a nomogram to predict malignancy and improve the overall diagnostic performance. Patients and Methods: 232 patients with suspected MBS and underwent endoscopy tissue sampling from January 2017 to December 2019 were included, among which 123 patients’ endoscopy tissue samples were classified as non-malignant (including atypical, negative for malignancy, and nondiagnostic). Demographics, serum markers, radiological and sampling results of these 123 patients were collected to construct a nomogram using multivariate analysis. Results: The nomogram was developed based on bilirubin, CA19-9, radiological result, and atypical sampling results and provided an AUC of 0.863 (95% CI 0.795–0.930) for predicting MBS. The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of endoscopy tissue diagnosis were 100.00%, 59.90%, and 68.53%, respectively. With the nomogram added, the overall diagnosis specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were 95.24%, 89.20%, and 90.23%, respectively. Conclusion: The nomogram can predict malignancy in patients whose endoscopy tissue diagnoses were non-malignant. The overall diagnostic performance was improved with the nomogram added.
Identification of Marker Genes in Leukemia Cancer Types with Minimum Threshold Gene Expression Value and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis

Attempts are still in full swing for the detection of differentially expressed genes and using the genes for the detection of early cancer. Each method is with its own simplicity or complexity with the results, yet to portray some degree of confidence level in the designation of a gene as being differentially expressed or not expressed. However, no one statistic is universally optimal and there is seldom any basis or guidance that can direct toward a particular statistic of choice for such complicated gene data. Identifying a subset of genes that are expressed differentially in leukemia types from a large pool of candidates’ genes generated by Golub et al(1999) in microarray experiment has been empirically demonstrated in the study. Principal component analysis on a Box-Cox transformed data exposed clusters of specific leukemia types. Taking into consideration the consistency of a gene expression the relative variance of each gene across the sample expression profiles is determined. A minimum threshold value of gene expression level from the data set developed a feature selection discriminant rule that discriminated genes into their specific leukemia types. Quadratic discriminant analysis provided encouraging results, validating identification of genes with probability of correct identification exceeding 85%. The group of differentially expressed genes, when subjected to principal component clustering fell into clusters of their own specific leukemia types. Keywords-principal component analysis, relative variance, quadratic discriminant analysis.
For the genetic analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying temporal and spatial regulation of vascular pattern formation, we isolated mutants of Arabidopsis

The construction of vascular systems during organ development has provided a model for studying pattern formation as well as tissue differentiation in plants. One can recognize a rich variety of patterns in vascular systems among different species and organs. Despite such diversity in the apparent vascular patterns, it has been thought that a common basic mechanism underlies spatial regulation of vascular tissue formation. With respect to this supposed mechanism, two noteworthy hypotheses have been proposed up to now. One is the auxin signal flow canalization hypothesis (Sachs, 1989, 1991), which is based primarily on experimental observation of the inductive effect of auxin on vascular tissue formation, and the other is the diffusion-reaction prepattern hypothesis (Meinhardt, 1982; Koch and Meinhardt, 1994), which is based on computer modeling of interactions among hypothetical diffusible substances. Either of these hypotheses can account for some but not all aspects of vascular pattern formation and are far from being verified as yet (Nelson and Dengler, 1997). For the purpose of identifying mechanisms responsible for spatial regulation of vascular tissue formation, genetic analysis, which has played an increasingly important role in recent studies of plant development, would be the most promising approach. In Arabidopsis, several kinds of mutants showing aberrant vascular formation have been reported. In the monopteros mutant, leaf marginal veins are missing or interrupted (Berleth and Jürgens, 1993). In the gnommutant, tracheary elements are not interconnected to form strands but arranged in clusters or as single cells (Jürgens et al., 1991; Mayer et al., 1993). In the fackeland the fass mutants, lateral v ins of the cotyledon are interrupted (Torres Ruitz and Jürgens, 1994; Mayer et al., 1991). These four mutants were identified originally as being impaired in body organization of the seedling. Such morphological abnormalities were traced back to altered embryogenesis. Thus, it is possible that the aberrant venation in these mutants may not be the primary effects of mutations but the secondary effects caused by isorganized body plan. The lop1 mutant, which is defective in basipetal transport of auxin, also exhibits abnormalities in vascular patterning. The leaves of this mutant are narrowed with a bifurcated and twisted midvein (Carland and McHale, 1996). The monopteros mutant was reported to have a reduced capacity of polar transport of auxin (Przemek et al., 1996). Although these findings appear to be consistent with the canalization hypothesis, it is not clear whether the reduced 3197 Development 127, 3197-3204 (2000) Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 DEV0299