Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The PASSAGE Syntactic Representation

We present the PASSAGE syntactic representation based on syntactic relations, initially developed for French in the scope of national evaluation campaigns. After a brief presentation of the non-nested chunks and syntactic relati ons of PASSAGE, we reuse the comparison elements that Marneffe and Manning have selected to compare the Standford typed dependencies (SD) against the GR and PARC representations, and show that PASSAGE is for a large part compatible compatible with these representation, standing closer to GR than to SD. After a presentation of the collaborative software support for PASSAGE representation, we conclude on some essential characteristics that pivot representation for syntax should exhibit.
Ecological and tourist potential of central Belgrade

Urban green spaces traditionally represent areas where tourists gladly pause and rest. Ecological potential of green spaces, their capacity to enhance urban life through micro-climate mitigation, and their original attractiveness, represent the source from which their tourist potential is derived. Consequently, continuous increase in plant quantity and constant expansion of their existence to greenless zones and territories, commonly defined as gray or gray-green zones, is compulsory. Green spaces of central part of old Belgrade situated on the right banks of the rivers Sava and Danube are by all criteria in the category of top tourist rank, and the same goes for this whole area with numerous attractive points within. However, this zone – the territory of three central urban municipalities (Savski Venac, Stari Grad, and Vračar) – holds numerous neglected spaces, deserted corridors and backyards, river bank segments and other sites covered with weed, debris left from past and recent bombardments, parking lots and half-devastated green stripes along residential blocks. Starting with the assumption that many of these can be qualitatively renewed and professionally greenscaped, paper describes their proper development into different categories of green spaces, important structural elements of Belgrade green
The physical property of embankment with a rain pool: A case study of embankment built in the early stage of the Coastal Forest Restoration Project after tsunami

Immediately after the Great East Japan Earthquake, an embankment was built in the Arahama coastal area as a planting base by the Coastal Forest Restoration Project. It is feared that a rain pool and the hardness of a part of the embankment, which was built in early year, inhibited the growth of planted trees. Planting bases tend to become compacted by heavy construction machinery, which allows rain water to pool on the embankment. The physical properties of the embankment were investigated in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Most soil samples collected from a depth of lower than 75 cm (especially 10 to 40 cm) had the Yamanaka hardness index of higher than 20 mm, a bulk density of higher than 1.5 Mg m -3 , and a coarse porosity of lower than 20%. The embankment was hard, densely packed and had low coarse porosity, indicating that the embankment has been compacted.
OPT2020: 12th Annual Workshop on Optimization for Machine Learning Generalization of Quasi-Newton Methods: Application to Robust Symmetric Multisecant Updates

Quasi-Newton techniques approximate the Newton step by estimating the Hessian using the socalled secant equations. Some of these methods compute the Hessian using several secant equations but produce non-symmetric updates. Other quasi-Newton schemes, such as BFGS, enforce symmetry but cannot satisfy more than one secant equation. We propose a new type of quasi-Newton symmetric update using several secant equations in a least-squares sense. Our approach generalizes and unifies the design of quasi-Newton updates and satisfies provable robustness guarantees.
Sparse recovery under weak moment assumptions

We prove that iid random vectors that satisfy a rather weak moment assumption can be used as measurement vectors in Compressed Sensing, and the number of measurements required for exact reconstruction is the same as the best possible estimate -- exhibited by a random gaussian matrix. We also prove that this moment condition is necessary, up to a $\log \log $ factor. Applications to the Compatibility Condition and the Restricted Eigenvalue Condition in the noisy setup and to properties of neighbourly random polytopes are also discussed.
Assessing The Probability Of Fluid Migration Caused By Hydraulic Fracturing; And Investigating Flow And Transport In Porous Media Using Mri

Hydraulic fracturing is used to extract oil and natural gas from low permeability formations. The potential of fluids migrating from depth through adjacent wellbores and through the production wellbore was investigated using statistical modeling and predictive classifiers. The probability of a hydraulic fracturing well becoming hydraulically connected to an adjacent well in the Marcellus shale of New York was determined to be between 0.00% and 3.45% at the time of the study. This means that the chance of an induced fracture from hydraulic fracturing intersecting an existing well is highly dependent on the area of increased permeability caused by fracturing. The chance of intersecting an existing well does not mean that fluid will flow upwards; for upward migration to occur, a pathway must exist and a pressure gradient is required to drive flow, with the exception of gas flow caused by buoyancy. Predictive classifiers were employed on a dataset of wells in Alberta Canada to identify well characteristics most associated to fluid migration along the production well. The models, specifically a random forest, were able to identify pathways better than random guessing with 78% of wells in the data set identified correctly. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to visualize and quantify contaminant transport in a soil column using a full body scanner. T1 quantification was used to determine the concentration of a contaminant surrogate in the form of Magnevist, an MRI contrast agent. Imaging showed a strong impact from density driven convection when the density difference between the two fluids was small (0.3%). MRI also identified a buildup of contrast agent concentration at the interface between a low permeability ground silica and higher permeability AFS 50-70 testing sand when density driven convection was eliminated.
Springtime extreme moisture transport into the Arctic and its impact on sea ice concentration

Recent studies suggest that springtime moisture transport into the Arctic can initiate sea ice melt that extends to a large area in the following summer and fall, which can help explain Arctic sea ice interannual variability. Yet the impact from an individual moisture transport event, especially the extreme ones, is unclear on synoptic to intraseasonal time scales and this is the focus of the current study. Springtime extreme moisture transport into the Arctic from a daily data set is found to be dominant over Atlantic longitudes. Lag composite analysis shows that these extreme events are accompanied by a substantial sea ice concentration reduction over the Greenland‐Barents‐Kara Seas that lasts around a week. Surface air temperature also becomes anomalously high over these seas and cold to the west of Greenland as well as over the interior Eurasian continent. The blocking weather regime over the North Atlantic is mainly responsible for the extreme moisture transport, occupying more than 60% of the total extreme days, while the negative North Atlantic Oscillation regime is hardly observed at all during the extreme transport days. These extreme moisture transport events appear to be preceded by eastward propagating large‐scale tropical convective forcing by as long as 2 weeks but with great uncertainty due to lack of statistical significance.
Language Processing

Under noisy conditions, audio acquisition is one of the toughest challenges to have a successful automatic speech recognition (ASR). One possible approach relies on the ability to attenuate ambient noise in the signal and to take it into account in the acoustic model used by the ASR. Our DNN (Deep Neural Network) denoising system and our approach to exploiting uncertainties have shown their combined effectiveness against noisy speech. To go further and to improve the performance of the automatic speech recognition in noisy conditions, we propose to use semantic or thematic information. The addition of semantic information will remove ambiguities due to the background noise.
Study on the Ecological Restoration of the Urban Remnant Patches in the Process of Rapid Urbanization

The rapid urbanization led to a large number of remnant plaques. It plays an important role to restore the urban residual plaques for the resolution of contradiction between resource demand and limited environmental carrying capacity and the series of problems of urban construction such as increasing environment, urban image, urban vitality and economic development, etc. Based on the study of time and content, urban wildlife habitat and biodiversity conservation, basic theory and practices of urban sustainability and ecological design standards, the progress of ecological restoration of patch was discussed in domestic urban areas. The foreign dynamic progress was also discussed from four aspects of content: practice of patch, patch fragmentation and disturbance, comprehensive ecological service function, sociology of restoration of public participation, etc. The existing problems of the study were analyzed, which included insufficient understanding, limitations of research content, lack of systematic theory and technical guidance, research deficiency of the key factor of human. And the connotation and denotation were defined. A system method of urban ecological restoration was put forward: a method of Artificial Ecological System, as an artificial ecological system based on artificial positive interference on urban residual plaque, which is a positive response to the rapid rebalance and sustainable development of urban ecosystem, the artificial ecological system.
Sichuan Basin and beyond: Eastward foreland growth of the Tibetan Plateau from an integration of Late Cretaceous‐Cenozoic fission track and (U‐Th)/He ages of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, Qinling, and Daba Shan

Combining 121 new fission track and (U‐Th)/He ages with published thermochronologic data, we investigate the Late Cretaceous‐Cenozoic exhumation/cooling history of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, Qinling, Daba Shan, and Sichuan Basin of east central China. The Qinling orogen shows terminal southwestward foreland growth in the northern Daba Shan thrust belt at 100–90 Ma and in the southern Daba Shan fold belt at 85–70 Ma. The eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau experienced major exhumation phases at 70–40 Ma (exhumation rate 0.05–0.08 mm/yr), 25–15 Ma (≤1 mm/yr in the Pengguan Massif; ~0.2 mm/yr in the imbricated western Sichuan Basin), and since ~11–10 Ma along the Longmen Shan (~0.80 mm/yr) and the interior of the eastern Tibetan Plateau (Dadu River gorge, Min Shan; ~0.50 mm/yr). The Sichuan Basin records two basin‐wide denudation phases, likely a result of the reorganization of the upper Yangtze River drainage system. The first phase commenced at ~45 Ma and probably ended before the Miocene; >1 km of rocks were eroded from the central and eastern Sichuan Basin. The second phase commenced at ~12 Ma and denudated the central Sichuan Basin, Longmen Shan, and southern Daba Shan; more than 2 km of rocks were eroded after the lower Yangtze River had cut through the Three Gorges and captured the Sichuan Basin drainage. In contrast to the East Qinling, which was weakly effected by late Cenozoic exhumation, the West Qinling and Daba Shan have experienced rapid exhumation/cooling since ~15–13 Ma, a result of growth of the Tibetan Plateau beyond the Sichuan Basin.
New species of osmundaceous fertile leaves from the upper Triassic of Argentina

Abstract A new species of Osmundopsis Harris is described based on several impression-compression fossils from the upper section of the Potrerillos Formation (Uspallata Group) at Cerro Cacheuta Hill, Mendoza Province, Argentina. Osmundopsis zunigai sp. nov. is characterized by having fertile pinnae with a slender striate rachis, bearing widely separate, opposite to subopposite short falcate pinnules with an entire margin, rounded apex, and a partially reduced lamina. The pinnules bear sporangia loosely disposed in clusters of four or five on the abaxial side. The sporangia are wedge- to heart-shaped, shortly stalked, with cells of the apical region thickened, and have a vertical dehiscence slit. The spores are trilete and laevigate. This is the first record of Osmundopsis in the Triassic of Argentina. The mutual occurrence or co-preservation of Osmundopsis zunigai sp. nov. with sterile fronds of Cladophlebis kurtzi suggests the possibility that these species formed part of a dimorphic bipinnate frond. The diversity and geographic extent of fertile leaves of the Osmunda lineage in the early Late Triassic, with records in South Africa and Antarctica and now with this new taxon, support the idea of a moist mesothermal climatic belt in southern Gondwana.
Power-efficient sensor placement and transmission structure for data gathering under distortion constraints

We consider the joint optimization of sensor placement and transmission structure for data gathering, where a given number of nodes need to be placed in a field such that the sensed data can be reconstructed at a sink within specified distortion bounds while minimizing the energy consumed for communication. We assume that the nodes use either joint entropy coding based on explicit communication between sensor nodes, where coding is done when side information is available, or Slepian-Wolf coding where nodes have knowledge of network correlation statistics. We consider both maximum and average distortion bounds. We prove that this optimization is NP-complete since it involves an interplay between the spaces of possible transmission structures given radio reachability limitations, and feasible placements satisfying distortion bounds.We address this problem by first looking at the simplified problem of optimal placement in the one-dimensional case. An analytical solution is derived for the case when there is a simple aggregation scheme, and numerical results are provided for the cases when joint entropy encoding is used. We use the insight from our 1-D analysis to extend our results to the 2-D case and compare it to typical uniform random placement and shortest-path tree. Our algorithm for two-dimensional placement and transmission structure provides two to three fold reduction in total power consumption and between one to two orders of magnitude reduction in bottleneck power consumption. We perform an exhaustive performance analysis of our scheme under varying correlation models and model parameters and demonstrate that the performance improvement is typical over a range of data correlation models and parameters. We also study the impact of performing computationally-efficient data conditioning over a local scope rather than the entire network. Finally, we extend our explicit placement results to a randomized placement scheme and show that such a scheme can be effective when deployment does not permit exact node placement.
Cochannel Receivers for CPM Signals Based Upon the

In this paper, we develop optimum and suboptimum receivers for jointly detecting two cochannel continuous phase modulated (CPM) signals. These receivers are based upon Laurent's representation of binary CPM as the sum of a nite number of pulse amplitude modulated signals. We also provide a review of the Laurent representation and its application to the design of optimum and suboptimum single-channel receivers. 1 Introduction Cochannel interference, which occurs when two or more signals share the same spectral and temporal channels , is a major obstacle to high quality speech and data transmission in mobile radio systems 1, 2]. In a recent paper 3], we investigated a single-sensor technique for jointly detecting two cochannel CPM signals. The result was the development of the joint maximum likelihood sequence estimation (JMLSE) receiver based upon the conventional representation of CPM 4]. It was shown that this receiver performed well under certain conditions even when the power separation between the signals was negligible. One of the major drawbacks with this receiver, however, is its high degree of complexity. In an eeort to simplify the receiver and provide new perspectives on the joint detector, we have investigated the use of the Laurent representation 5] for binary CPM in developing both optimum and suboptimum cochannel receivers. In 5], Laurent showed that a binary CPM signal can be exactly represented as the sum of K pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) signals. The Laurent representation is a generalization of the interpretation of MSK-type signals (i.e., binary CPM with modulation index 1=2) as the sum of time and phase shifted PAM signals 6, 7]. For example, it is well known that MSK can be represented as an ooset-QPSK signal in which the pulse shape is a half-cycle sinusoid with period four times the bit duration. There are three main advantages of the Laurent representation. First, it provides for easy calculation of the autocorrelation and power spectrum of CPM signals. Second, it provides for easy inclusion of channel eeects in the expression for an LTI-ltered CPM signal. Third, and more important to the discussion in this paper, it provides a straightforward method of accurately approximating CPM signals using only a subset of the K PAM components in the exact representation. Kaleh employed the representation to develop the optimum maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) receiver for a single CPM signal in additive white Gaussian noise. It was pointed out that this optimum receiver …
Obscured by Clouds

Cloud computing aims to make computational resources available to consumers as a third-party service, analogous to existing electricity grids or telecommunication networks. The resulting market of dedicated providers is intended to take advantage of economies of scale to provide effectively infinite levels of computing power to customers on demand, without the need for expensive hardware and software setup and maintenance costs. In contrast to its obvious advantages, cloud computing raises a number of significant security issues that are quickly becoming the focus of active research[15]. Beyond this, however, cloud computing raises a wide range of severe privacy issues that may ultimately prove to have far broader day-to-day significance for end-users. This paper explores the implications that widespread cloud computing will have for personal and organisational privacy, and suggests ways that privacy risks can be avoided or mitigated. By considering these issues at an early stage of the development of this new technology, we can improve the chance that users will be able to reap the benefits of cloud computing without sacrificing their right to control over their personal information.
Analysis and Improvement of Routing Protocol LEACH

Energy efficient design and latest wireless technologies have enabled new exciting applications for wireless devices. The Sensor networks have provided solutions to many problems in the areas of infrastructure, disaster management, military sensing, traffic management etc. and have become one of the most fascinating areas of research in the past few years. These applications require high performance on the network but Wireless devices are often having limited resources because nodes are operated by battery. This creates problem due to limited bandwidth & makes transfer error prone. A wireless sensor network which consists of a group of sensor nodes enables the monitoring of a variety of environments for applications. In WSNs, it is very vital for network to operate for a long time. In this case, data fusion helps to reduce the amount of data exchanged between sensor nodes and base station. The LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is a well-designed solution to this problem. This research paper discusses LEACH protocol is discussed. General Terms Broadcasting, Routing, Wireless Radio Communication, Architecture, Distributed algorithm, Energy-efficiency, Hybrid Protocols, Clustering Protocols
Learning Optimal Dialogue Strategies: A Case Study of a Spoken Dialogue Agent for Email

This paper describes a novel method by which a dialogue agent can learn to choose an optimal dialogue strategy. While it is widely agreed that dialogue strategies should be formulated in terms of communicative intentions, there has been little work on automatically optimizing an agent's choices when there are multiple ways to realize a communicative intention. Our method is based on a combination of learning algorithms and empirical evaluation techniques. The learning component of our method is based on algorithms for reinforcement learning, such as dynamic programming and Q-learning. The empirical component uses the PARADISE evaluation framework (Walker et al., 1997) to identify the important performance factors and to provide the performance function needed by the learning algorithm. We illustrate our method with a dialogue agent named ELVIS (EmaiL Voice Interactive System), that supports access to email over the phone. We show how ELVIS can learn to choose among alternate strategies for agent initiative, for reading messages, and for summarizing email folders.
Differentiating between first‐year and multiyear sea ice in the Arctic using microwave‐retrieved ice emissivities

Polarized emissivities of the sea ice over the Arctic were retrieved at Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer–EOS 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, and 36.5 GHz channel frequencies. Results indicate that retrieved emissivities are consistent with other emissivity estimates. However, errors in the retrieved emissivity for multiyear sea ice at 23.8 and 36.5 GHz can be large up to 8% and 20%, respectively, because of ignoring the freeboard ice scattering and the use of the same emission layer as in 6.925 GHz. It is shown that the emissivity slope for first‐year ice between 10.65 and 18.7 GHz is opposite to that for multiyear sea ice, enabling a distinction between first‐year ice and multiyear ice. Using these differences in spectral features with ice types, an emissivity difference (vertically polarized emissivity difference between 10.65 and 18.7 GHz) was devised to differentiate between first‐year sea ice and multiyear sea ice. A comparison with the ice status information obtained from Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory buoy measurements demonstrates that the method can separate first‐year ice from multiyear ice, implying that this technique enables us to obtain instantaneous and pixel‐level ice‐type information from space‐based passive microwave measurements.