Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study of catalogued nearby galaxy clusters in the SDSS-DR4 - II. Cluster substructure

Context. According to the current cosmological paradigm, large scale structures form hierarchically in the Universe. Clusters of galaxies grow through a continuous accretion of mass, and the presence of cluster substructures can be interpreted as signature of this process. Nevertheless, the rate and manner of mass accretion events are still matters of debate. Aims. We have analysed the presence of substructures in one of the largest sample of nearby cluster galaxies available in the literature. We have determined the fraction of clusters with substructure and the properties of the galaxies located in such substructures. Methods. Substructure in the galaxy clusters was studied using the Dressler-Shectman test, which was calibrated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations of galaxy clusters similar to real ones. In order to avoid possible biases in the results due to differing incompleteness among clusters, we selected two galaxy populations: a) galaxies brighter than M r = -20 located in clusters at z < 0.1 (EC1); and b) galaxies of brightness M r < -19 located at z < 0.07 (EC2). Results. In the inner cluster regions (r < r 200 ) 11% and 33% of the clusters of EC1 and EC2 respectively show substructure. This fraction is larger in the outer cluster regions (≈55%) for EC1 and EC2 samples. Cluster global properties, such as σ c , f b or Δm 12 do not depend on the amount of cluster substructure. We have studied the properties of individual galaxies located in substructures in the EC1 and EC2 galaxy populations. The fraction of galaxies within substructures is larger in the outer cluster regions when fainter galaxies are included. The distribution of relative velocities of galaxies within substructures suggest that they consist of an infalling population mixed with backsplash galaxies. We can not rule out that the infalling galaxy population located in substructures are genuine field ones.
Quench dynamics of entanglement in an open anisotropic spin-(1/2) Heisenberg chain

The quantum entanglement dynamics of a one-dimensional spin-1/2 anisotropic XXZ model is studied using the method of the adaptive time-dependent density-matrix renormalization-group when two cases of quenches are performed in the system. An anisotropic interaction quench and the maximum number of domain walls of staggered magnetization quench are considered. The dynamics of pairwise entanglement between the nearest two qubits in the spin chain is investigated. The entanglement of the two-spin qubits can be created and oscillates in both cases of the quench. The anisotropic interaction has a strong inuence on the oscillation frequency of entanglement.
Is there a new physics between electroweak and Planck scales

We argue that there may be no intermediate particle physics energy scale between the Planck mass $M_{Pl}\sim 10^{19}$ GeV and the electroweak scale $M_W \sim 100$ GeV. At the same time, the number of problems of the Standard Model (neutrino masses and oscillations, dark matter, baryon asymmetry of the Universe, strong CP-problem, gauge coupling unification, inflation) could find their solution at $M_{Pl}$ or $M_W$. The crucial experimental predictions of this point of view are outlined.
Regional Variation in Contractile Patterns and Muscle Activity in Infant Pig Feeding

Synopsis At the level of the whole muscle, contractile patterns during activity are a critical and necessary source of variation in function. Understanding if a muscle is actively lengthening, shorting, or remaining isometric has implications for how it is working to power a given behavior. When feeding, the muscles associated with the tongue, jaws, pharynx, and hyoid act together to transport food through the oral cavity and into the esophagus. These muscles have highly coordinated firing patterns, yet also exhibit high levels of regional heterogeneity in both their timing of activity and their contractile characteristics when active. These high levels of variation make investigations into function challenging, especially in systems where muscles power multiple behaviors. We used infant pigs as a model system to systematically evaluate variation in muscle firing patterns in two muscles (mylohyoid and genioglossus) during two activities (sucking and swallowing). We also evaluated the contractile characteristics of mylohyoid during activity in the anterior and posterior regions of the muscle. We found that the posterior regions of both muscles had different patterns of activity during sucking versus swallowing, whereas the anterior regions of the muscles did not. Furthermore, the anterior portion of mylohyoid exhibited concentric contractions when active during sucking, whereas the posterior portion was isometric during sucking and swallowing. This difference suggests that the anterior portion of mylohyoid in infant pigs is functioning in concert with the tongue and jaws to generate suction, whereas the posterior portion is likely acting as a hyoid stabilizer during sucking and swallowing. Our results demonstrate the need to evaluate both the contractile characteristics and activity patterns of a muscle in order to understand its function, especially in cases where there is potential for variation in either factor within a single muscle.
The Impact of Hyperosmolality on Activation and Differentiation of B Lymphoid Cells

B lymphocytes, as a central part of adaptive immune responses, have the ability to fight against an almost unlimited numbers of pathogens. Impairment of B cell development, activation and differentiation to antibody secreting plasma cells can lead to malignancy, allergy, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. However, the impact of environmental factors, such as hyperosmolality or osmotic stress caused by varying salt concentrations in different lymphoid organs, on these processes is not well-understood. Here, we report that B cells respond to osmotic stress in a biphasic manner. Initially, increased osmolality boosted B cell activation and differentiation as shown by an untimely downregulation of Pax5 as well as upregulation of CD138. However, in the second phase, we observed an increase in cell death and impaired plasmablast differentiation. Osmotic stress resulted in impaired class switch to IgG1, inhibition of phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated kinase and a delayed NFAT5 response. Overall, these findings demonstrate the importance of microenvironmental hyperosmolality and osmotic stress caused by NaCl for B cell activation and differentiation.
The virial theorem in Eddington-Born-Infeld gravity

We consider the possibility that the Eddington-Born-Infeld (EBI) modified gravity provides an alternative explanation for the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. For this purpose we derive the modified Einstein field equations, finding an additional “geometrical mass” term which provides an effective contribution to the gravitational binding energy. Using some approximations and assumptions for weak gravitational fields, and taking into account the collisionless relativistic Boltzmann equation, we derive a generalized version of the virial theorem in the framework of EBI gravity. We show that the “geometrical mass” term may account for the well known virial mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. We also derive the velocity dispersion relation for galaxies in the clusters, which could provide an efficient method for testing EBI gravity from astrophysical observations.
The properties of SCUBA cores in the Perseus molecular cloud: the bias of clump‐finding algorithms

We present a new analysis of the properties of star-forming cores in the Perseus molecular cloud, identified in SCUBA 850 μm data originally presented by Hatchell et al. Our goal is to determine which core properties can be robustly identified and which depend on the extraction technique. Four regions in the cloud are examined: NGC 1333, IC348/HH211, L1448 and L1455. We identify clumps of dust emission using two popular automated algorithms, CLFIND and GAUSSCLUMPS, finding 85 and 122 clumps in total, respectively. Using the catalogues of Hatchell et al., we separate these clumps into starless, Class 0 and Class I cores. Some trends are true for both populations: clumps become increasingly elongated over time; clumps are consistent with constant surface brightness objects (i.e. M ∝ R 2 ), with an average brightness ≈4-10 0 times larger than the surrounding molecular cloud; the clump mass distribution (CMD) resembles the stellar initial mass function, with a slope α = -2.0 ± 0.1 for CLFIND and α = -3.15 ± 0.08 for GAUSSCLUMPS, which straddle the Salpeter value (α = -2.35). The mass at which the slope shallows (similar for both algorithms at M ≈ 6M ⊙ ) implies a star-forming efficiency of between 10 and 20 per cent. Other trends reported elsewhere depend critically on the clump-finding technique: we find protostellar clumps are both smaller (for GAUSSCLUMPS) and larger (for CLFIND) than their starless counterparts; the functional form, best fitting to the CMD, is different for the two algorithms. The GAUSSCLUMPS CMD is best fitted with a log-normal distribution, whereas a broken power law is best for CLFIND; the reported lack of massive starless cores in previous studies can be seen in the CLFIND but not the GAUSSCLUMPS data. Our approach, exploiting two extraction techniques, highlights similarities and differences between the clump populations, illustrating the caution that must be exercised when comparing results from different studies and interpreting the properties of samples of continuum cores.
Cosmological structure formation with clustering quintessence

We study large-scale structure formation in the presence of a quintessence component with zero speed of sound in the framework of Eulerian Perturbation Theory. Due to the absence of pressure gradients, quintessence and dark matter are comoving and can be studied as a unique fluid in terms of the total energy density contrast and the common velocity. In this description the clustering of quintessence enhances the linear term proportional to the velocity divergence in the continuity equation by a factor (1+w)Ω{sub Q}/Ω{sub m}. This is responsible for a rapid evolution of the growth rate at low redshifts, and modifies the standard relation between the velocity divergence and the growth factor. For the total fluid, the solutions for the linear growth function and growth rate can be written in integral forms and admit simple fitting formulae, as in the ΛCDM case. At second order in perturbation theory, we derive an explicit expression for the kernels F{sub 2} and G{sub 2}. They receive modifications of the order of the ratio between quintessence and total energy density perturbations, which affect the corresponding tree-level bispectra. We finally compute the cumulative signal-to-noise in the power spectrum, bispectrum and reduced bispectrum, expected for departures from amore » ΛCDM cosmology both in the clustering and smooth quintessence scenarios. The reduced bispectrum, in particular, receives sensible modifications only in the clustering case and can potentially be used to detect or rule out the model. « less
Association of oxygen vacancies with impurity metal ions in lead titanate

Thermodynamic, structural, and electronic properties of isolated copper and iron atoms as well as their complexes with oxygen vacancies in tetragonal lead titanate are investigated by means of first principles calculations. Both dopants exhibit a strong chemical driving force for the formation of ${M}_{\mathrm{Ti}}\ensuremath{-}{V}_{\mathrm{O}}$ $(M=\mathrm{Cu},\mathrm{Fe})$ defect associates. The most stable configurations correspond to a local dipole aligned along the tetragonal axis parallel to the spontaneous polarization. Local spin moments are obtained and the calculated spin densities are discussed. The calculations provide a simple and consistent explanation for the experimental findings. The results are discussed in the context of models for degradation of ferroelectric materials.
Modulatory Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus On Expression of Lipolytic Genes, Carcass Traits and Growth Performance in New Zealand White Rabbit

Keywords This research was undertaken to determine the impact of probiotic supplementation on the genetic expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr), and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) in the liver of New Zealand white rabbit, carcass traits and growth efficiency. Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits eight weeks old were allocated into two groups. Each group had 3 replicates, each with 5 rabbits. The first group was given a basal diet. The second group was fed the basal diet with probiotic “Lacto biotech” supplemented in water (1gm/liter). The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The obtained results revealed that dietary supplementation of probiotic significantly (P<0.05) decreased the expression of the LPL gene, a non-significant decrease in HL and CETP genes and LDLr gene expression increased significantly in the liver compared to the control group. Supplementation of probiotic showed no significant effect on carcass traits however improved growth performance in rabbits. In conclusions, probiotic supplementation downregulates LPL and upregulates LDLr genes with a slight decrease in HL and CETP gene expression. With no marked effect on carcass traits, enhance body weight and body weight gain.
Clifford gates by code deformation

Topological subsystem color codes add an important feature to the advantages of topological codes: error tracking only involves measuring two local operators in a two-dimensional setting. Unfortunately, currently known methods for computing with them are highly unpractical. We give a mechanism for implementing all Clifford gates by code deformation in a planar setting. In particular, we use twist braiding and express its effects in terms of certain colored Majorana operators.
ALL CURLED UP: A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF SHOCK–BUBBLE INTERACTIONS AND THE ROLE OF VORTICES IN HEATING GALAXY CLUSTERS

Jets from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the centers of galaxy clusters inflate cavities of low-density relativistic plasma and drive shock and sound waves into the intracluster medium. When these waves overrun previously inflated cavities, they form a differentially rotating vortex through the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI). The dissipation of energy captured in the vortex can contribute to the feedback of energy into the atmospheres of cool core clusters. Using a series of hydrodynamic simulations, we investigate the efficiency of this process: we calculate the kinetic energy in the vortex by decomposing the velocity field into its irrotational and solenoidal parts. Compared to the two-dimensional case, the three-dimensional RMI is about a factor of two more efficient. The energy in the vortex field for weak shocks is Evortex ≈ ρICMΔ v2shockVbubble (with dependence on the geometry, density contrast, and shock width). For strong shocks, the vortex becomes dynamically unstable, quickly dissipating its energy via a turbulent cascade. We derive a number of diagnostics for observations and laboratory experiments of shock–bubble interactions, like the shock–vortex standoff distance, which can be used to derive lower limits on the Mach number. The differential rotation of the vortex field leads to viscous dissipation, which is sufficiently efficient to react to cluster cooling and to dissipate the vortex energy within the cooling radius of the cluster for a reasonable range of vortex parameters. For sufficiently large filling factors (of order a few percent or larger), this process could thus contribute significantly to AGN feedback in galaxy clusters.
Deep Analysis for Speech Emotion Recognization

Emotions play a vital part in human interactions and are important determinants of user happiness and consumer sentiment. The creation of human-computer interaction (HCI) systems depends on speech emotion recognition (SER) modules. Systems for analysing and classifying speech signals in order to identify the emotions they contain are known as speech emotion recognition (SER) systems. SER is a well-established and fast developing branch of signal processing. More data will be available to learn from as speech emotion detection systems become more popular, helping them to improve their performance. This study also includes a discussion of certain common machine learning approaches, such as ensemble methods, deep learning methods, and classifier enhancement methods. Attention-based deep neural networks (DNNs) are also highlighted in this paper, which is getting a lot of attention in this domain. The findings of this study show that this field of study is being investigated steadily. The scientific community in this area could benefit from this analysis’s inspiration and motivation.
Study of three-dimensional crack fronts under plane stress using a phase field model

The shape of a crack front propagating through a thin sample is studied using a phase field model. The model is shown to have a well-defined sharp interface limit. The crack front is found to be an ellipse with large axis equal to the width of the sample and small axis being a function of the Poisson ratio and of the width of the sample. Numerical results also indicate that the front shape is independent of the crack speed and of the sample extension perpendicular to its width.
Controlling transfer of quantum correlations among bi-partitions of a composite quantum system by combining noisy environments

The correlation dynamics is investigated for various bi-partitions of a composite system consisting of two qubits, and two independent and non-identical noisy environments. The two qubits have no direct interaction with each other and locally interact with their environments. Classical and quantum correlations including entanglement are initially prepared only between the two qubits. We find that, contrary to the identical noisy environment case, the entanglement and quantum correlation transfer directions can be controlled by combining different noisy environments. The amplitude damping environment determines whether there exists entanglement transfer among the bi-partitions of a composite system. When one qubit is coupled to an amplitude damping environment but another one to a bit-flip one, we find a very interesting result that all the quantum and classical correlations, and even the entanglement, originally existing between the qubits, can be completely transferred without any loss to the qubit coupled to the bit-flip environment and the amplitude-damping environment. We also notice that it is possible to distinguish the quantum correlation from the classical correlation and entanglement by combining different noisy environments.
A geometrical interpretation of the Thomas theorem and the Efimov States

Using a generalized Bohr model and the hyper-spherical formalism for a three-body system, we derive the Thomas theorem assuming a simple interaction depending on the range of the potential. We discuss the conditions for which an unbound two-body system produces a bound three-body system and derive universal energy functions. We apply our model to $^{4}$He and Triton atoms as well as to the triton nucleus. Using their scattering lengths and effective ranges, we are able to reproduce the two-body or the three-body binding energies with only one parameter fitted. Prediction for excited (Efimov) levels are also given and in particular we demonstrate that for some hyper-angles two equal minima appear which indicate a phase (shape) transition similar to the Landau's theory of phase transition. We suggest that the observed excited levels in two different experiments for the triton nucleus are indeed Efimov levels and there may be more surprises.
Isocyanogen formation in the cold interstellar medium

Context. Cyanogen (NCCN) is the simplest member of the dicyanopolyynes group, and has been proposed as a major source of the CN radical observed in cometary atmospheres. Although not detected through its rotational spectrum in the cold interstellar medium, this very stable species is supposed to be very abundant. Aims. The chemistry of cyanogen in the cold interstellar medium can be investigated through its metastable isomer, CNCN (isocyanogen). Its formation may provide a clue on the widely abundant CN radical observed in cometary atmospheres. Methods. We performed an unbiased spectral survey of the L1544 proto-typical prestellar core, using the IRAM-30 m and have analysed, for this paper, the nitrogen chemistry that leads to the formation of isocyanogen. We report on the first detection of CNCN, NCCNH+, C3N, CH3CN, C2H3CN, and H2CN in L1544. We built a detailed chemical network for NCCN/CNCN/HC2N2+ involving all the nitrogen bearing species detected (CN, HCN, HNC, C3N, CNCN, CH3CN, CH2CN, HCCNC, HC3N, HNC3, H2CN, C2H3CN, HCNH+, HC3NH+) and the upper limits on C4N, C2N. The main cyanogen production pathways considered in the network are the CN + HNC and N + C3N reactions. Results. The comparison between the observations of the nitrogen bearing species and the predictions from the chemical modelling shows a very good agreement, taking into account the new chemical network. The expected cyanogen abundance is greater than the isocyanogen abundance by a factor of 100. Although cyanogen cannot be detected through its rotational spectrum, the chemical modelling predicts that it should be abundant in the gas phase and hence might be traced through the detection of isocyanogen. It is however expected to have a very low abundance on the grain surfaces compared to HCN.
SGR 1806-20 and the gravitational wave detectors EXPLORER and NAUTILUS

The activity of the soft gamma ray repeater SGR 1806-20 is studied in correlation with the EXPLORER and NAUTILUS data, during the year 2004, for gravitational wave (GW) short signal search. Corresponding to the most significant triggers, the bright outburst on October 5th and the giant flare (GF) on December 27th, the associated GW signature is searched. Two methods are employed for processing the data. With the average-modulus algorithm, the presence of short pulses with energy E{sub gw{>=}}1.8x10{sup 49} erg is excluded with 90% probability, under the hypothesis of isotropic emission. This value is comparable to the upper limits obtained by LIGO regarding similar sources. Using the cross-correlation method, we find a discrepancy from the null-hypothesis of the order of 1%. This statistical excess is not sufficient to claim a systematic association between the gravitational and the electromagnetic radiations, because the estimated GW upper limits are yet several orders of magnitude far away from the theoretically predicted levels, at least three for the most powerful SGR flare.
Nanostructures and defects in nonequilibrium-synthesized filled skutterudite CeFe_4Sb_12

We studied nanoprecipitates (NPs) and defects in p-type filled skutterudite CeFe_4Sb_12 prepared by a nonequilibrium melt spinning plus spark plasma sintering method using transmission electron microscopy. NPs with mostly spherical shapes and different sizes (from several nanometers to several tens of nanometers) have been observed. Among these, two types of NPs were most commonly observed, Sb-rich superlattices and CeSb_2. The Sb-rich superlattices with a periodicity of about 3.6 nm were induced by the ordering of excessive Sb atoms along the c -direction. These NPs typically share coherent interfaces with the surrounding matrix and induce anisotropic strain fields in the matrix. NPs with compositions close to CeSb_2, on the other hand, have been shown to be much larger in size (∼30 nm) and have orthorhombic structures. Various defects were typically observed on the interfaces between these NPs and the matrix. The strain fields induced by these NPs are less distinct, possibly because part of the strain has been released by defect formation.