Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DESIGN OF REDUCED‐ORDER STATE/UNKNOWN INPUT OBSERVERS BASED ON A DESCRIPTOR SYSTEM APPROACH

This paper solves the problem of estimating simultaneously a linear function of the state and unknown input of linear systems with unknown inputs. Here, the problem is conveniently solved by using the descriptor system approach. The observers proposed in this paper are of low‐order and do not include derivatives of the outputs. Conditions for the existence of reduced‐order observers are derived. Based on the newly derived existence conditions, a step‐by‐step design procedure is given. A numerical example is given to illustrate the attractiveness and simplicity of the design procedure.
A rotating gaseous disk around the T Tauri star GM Aurigae

Abstract We report the detection of a gaseous circumstellar disk around a relatively old T Tauri star, GM Aurigae. Maps at 4″ resolution in λ = 1.4-mm continuum emission and in the 13CO (2 → 1) line reveal unresolved and compact dust and gas associated with the stellar position and at the core of a larger rotating gaseous disk, 950 × 530 AU in extent. The mean velocity gradient across the disk, which is oriented along PA ≈ 50°, is consistent with rotation about an axis at PA = 140°. The structure observed in 13CO aperture synthesis maps agrees well with synthetic maps of the gas emission generated from a model. For a disk that is inclined 30° from face on, in Keplerian rotation, we derive a 0.80M⊙ central mass (star + disk), a systemic velocity, vhel , of 15.38 km sec-1, and a mass, 0.1M⊙. The spectral energy distribution of the dust continuum emission suggests a very similar mass, 0.09M⊙.
The Risk Analysis of Electric Shock in Different Grounding Systems

The risk of human body electric shock has always been an important issue to be considered in the design of grounding systems. To protect the human body from the risk of electric shock and to facilitate the design of the grounding system. In this paper, we use the Partial-Element-Equivalent-Circuit (PEEC) method to give numerical simulations for a typical grounding system and electric power distribution system under fault conditions. The electric shock for a typical grounding system, i.g. TN system or TT system, under phase-to-earth or phase-to-neutral short-circuit faults is studied. It is found that the complicated grounding grid may have a low step voltage than a single electrode. The touch voltage under phase-to-earth or phase-to-neutral fault conditions is analyzed. The TT system generally has a higher touch voltage magnitude than the TN-C system.
The Structure of Protostellar Accretion Disks and the Origin of Bipolar Flows

We study the vertical structure of magnetized protostellar accretion disks that power centrifugally driven outflows. The disks are assumed to be threaded by a large-scale, open magnetic field that removes the angular momentum of the accreted matter by driving a wind from the disk surface. The field is coupled to the weakly ionized disk material by ion-neutral and electron-neutral collisions: these collisions provide a diffusion mechanism that allows a steady state field configuration to be maintained against radial advection and azimuthal shearing. We further assume that the disks are nearly Keplerian, geometrically thin, and axisymmetric, and focus on the parameter regime where the temperature and ion density are effectively constant
The Spectral Evolution Patterns and Implications of Gamma-Ray Burst X-Ray Flares

We present a time-resolved spectral analysis of bright X-ray flares observed by Swift X-ray telescope from 2004 December to 2021 December. We selected 58 bright flares from 56 gamma-ray burst X-ray afterglows to perform time-resolved spectral analysis. We find that there is a strong spectral evolution in X-ray flares. Spectral evolution exists in all the X-ray flares. We have not found flares without spectral evolutions in our samples. The spectrum of an X-ray afterglow is dominated by the flare when it exists. Four spectral evolution patterns were found, i.e., hard-to-soft, intensity tracking, soft-to-hard, and anti-intensity tracking. Most of the flares (46 flares, 79.3%) show a spectral evolution from hard to soft. Five (8.6%) flares are intensity tracking. Two (3.5%) flares show soft-to-hard. Five (8.6%) flares show anti-intensity tracking. Therefore, hard-to-soft spectral evolution patterns dominate the spectral evolutions of X-ray flares. In other words, the hard-to-soft spectral evolution pattern is the main evolution pattern of X-ray flares. Hard-to-soft, intensity tracking, and soft-to-hard spectral evolution patterns are the same as prompt emission spectral evolutions, indicating that the origin of flares should be the same as prompt emissions and the flares are the lower energy band emissions of the prompt emissions. The spectral evolution intensities are independent of the peak time and FWHM of the flares. In other words, the spectral evolution intensity is irrelevant to the flare occurrence time and its duration but related to the peak fluxes of flares. This means that the more luminous the flares, the stronger the spectral evolutions.
WITH AMPLITUDE

The article proposes a method for forming datasets of signals with amplitude modulation of many components for neural networks learning. The method is based on the use of the method of preliminary calculation of symbolic points of the AMMC signal and subsequent formation of special cells around the obtained points. The method of preliminary calculation uses a specific input parameter and based on it determines the number of points on the AMMC signal constellation and their location. Next, the boundaries of the Voronoi cell are formed around the origin in the signal constellation. The cell is randomly filled with an array of variations of the signal symbol under the influence of interference. The resulting array is further interpreted for other symbolic points, forming a Voronoi diagram for the entire © Infocommunication and computer technologies
Maximum and antimaximum principles: beyond the first eigenvalue

We consider the Dirichlet problem (*)-Δu = μu + f in Ω, u = 0 on dΩ. Let λ be an eigenvalue, with Φ an associated eigenfunction. Under suitable assumptions on f and on the nodal domains of Φ, we show that, if μ is sufficiently close to λ, then the solution u of (*) has the same number of nodal domains as Φ, and moreover the nodal domains of u appear as small deformations of those of Φ.
Phase lapses in open quantum systems and the non-Hermitian Hamilton operator

We study transmission through a system with $N=10$ states coupled to $K=2$ continua of scattering wave functions in the framework of the $S$ matrix theory by using the Feshbach projection operator formalism for open quantum systems. Due to the coupling of the system (being localized in space) to the (extended) continuum of scattering wave functions, the Hamilton operator ${H}_{\text{eff}}$ of the system is non-Hermitian. The numerical calculations are performed for different distributions of both the positions ${E}_{i}^{0}$ $(i=1,\dots{},N)$ of the states of the isolated (closed) system and the elements of the coupling vectors ${V}^{c}$ between system and continua $(c=1,\dots{},K)$. The overall coupling strength $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ simulating the degree of resonance overlapping, is used as a parameter. In all cases, the complex eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of ${H}_{\text{eff}}$ are controlled by $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. In the regime of overlapping resonances, the well-known spectroscopic reordering processes (resonance trapping) take place because the phases of the eigenfunctions of ${H}_{\text{eff}}$ are not rigid in the neighborhood of singular points (being crossing points of eigenvalue trajectories). Finally, width bifurcation generates $K=2$ short-lived and $N\ensuremath{-}K$ trapped long-lived states. Thus, narrow (Fano-like) resonances may appear in the transmission at high level density. They are similar to, but different from the Fano resonances in the scattering theory with $K=1$. Phase lapses are related to zeros in the transmission probability. Their number and position (in energy) are determined by the ${V}^{c}$ and ${E}_{i}^{0}$, but not by $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. However, number and position of the resonance states depend on $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ due to resonance trapping occurring in the regime of overlapping resonances. As a consequence, universal phase lapses between every two resonances may appear at high level density while the system will show mesoscopic features at low level density. The phase lapses are not a single phenomenon. Due to their link to singularities in the continuum, they are related also to other ``puzzling'' experimental results such as dephasing at low temperature.
Boundary slip in Newtonian liquids: a review of experimental studies

For several centuries fluid dynamics studies have relied upon the assumption that when a liquid flows over a solid surface, the liquid molecules adjacent to the solid are stationary relative to the solid. This no-slip boundary condition (BC) has been applied successfully to model many macroscopic experiments, but has no microscopic justification. In recent years there has been an increased interest in determining the appropriate BCs for the flow of Newtonian liquids in confined geometries, partly due to exciting developments in the fields of microfluidic and microelectromechanical devices and partly because new and more sophisticated measurement techniques are now available. An increasing number of research groups now dedicate great attention to the study of the flow of liquids at solid interfaces, and as a result a large number of experimental, computational and theoretical studies have appeared in the literature. We provide here a review of experimental studies regarding the phenomenon of slip of Newtonian liquids at solid interfaces. We dedicate particular attention to the effects that factors such as surface roughness, wettability and the presence of gaseous layers might have on the measured interfacial slip. We also discuss how future studies might improve our understanding of hydrodynamic BCs and enable us to actively control liquid slip.
Conceptual Foundations on Debiasing for Machine Learning-Based Software

Machine learning (ML)-based software’s deployment has raised serious concerns about its pervasive and harmful consequences for users, business, and society inflicted through bias. While approaches to address bias are increasingly recognized and developed, our understanding of debiasing remains nascent. Research has yet to provide a comprehensive coverage of this vast growing field, much of which is not embedded in theoretical understanding. Conceptualizing and structuring the nature, effect, and implementation of debiasing instruments could provide necessary guidance for practitioners investing in debiasing efforts. We develop a taxonomy that classifies debiasing instrument characteristics into seven key dimensions. We evaluate and refine our taxonomy through nine experts and apply our taxonomy to three actual debiasing instruments, drawing lessons for the design and choice of appropriate instruments. Bridging the gaps between our conceptual understanding of debiasing for ML-based software and its organizational implementation, we discuss contributions and future research.
Linear stability of a two-fluid interface for electrohydrodynamic mixing in a channel

We study the electrohydrodynamic stability of the interface between two superposed viscous fluids in a channel subjected to a normal electric field. The two fluids can have different densities, viscosities, permittivities and conductivities. The interface allows surface charges, and there exists an electrical tangential shear stress at the interface owing to the finite conductivities of the two fluids. The long-wave linear stability analysis is performed within the generic Orr–Sommerfeld framework for both perfect and leaky dielectrics. In the framework of the long-wave linear stability analysis, the wave speed is expressed in terms of the ratio of viscosities, densities, permittivities and conductivities of the two fluids. For perfect dielectrics, the electric field always has a destabilizing effect, whereas for leaky dielectrics, the electric field can have either a destabilizing or a stabilizing effect depending on the ratios of permittivities and conductivities of the two fluids. In addition, the linear stability analysis for all wavenumbers is carried out numerically using the Chebyshev spectral method, and the various types of neutral stability curves (NSC) obtained are discussed.
Palmprint enhancement using recursive histogram equalisation

Abstract Palmprint identification system is one of the most powerful personal identification systems in recent years. In order to achieve high identification accuracy, all parts of the palmprint are needed to be enhanced. Histogram equalisation is a very popular image enhancing technique. A novel histogram equalisation technique, called recursive\ histogram equalisation, for brightness preservation and image contrast enhancement, is put forward in this paper. The essence of proposed algorithm is to decompose an input histogram into two or more sub-histograms recursively based on its mean, change the sub-histograms through a weighting process based on a normalised power law function and then equalise the weighted sub-histograms independently. Experiments show that our method preserves the mean brightness of a given image, enhances the contrast and produces more natural looking images than the other histogram equalisation methods.
Research and Proof of Decidability on Self-Similar Fractals

Some undecidability on self-affine fractals have been supported. In this paper, we research on the decidability for self-similar fractal of Dubes type. In fact, we prove that the following problems are decidable to test if the Hausdorff dimension of a given Dubes self-similar set is equal to its similarity dimension, and to test if a given Dubes self-similar set satisfies the strong separation condition.
Cross-grating slit test with an interlacing tip-tilt alignment method

The phase-shifting Grating-Slit test has advantages of large measurement dynamic range when using with spatial light modulator (SLM) to generate the illuminating. But the rotary slit in the test does reduce the measuring speed and may cause measurement error if it's not aligned properly with the grating. Thus, a new modulating apparatus is proposed to replace the rotary slit used in the Grating-Slit test. In addition, a pellicle beam splitter is used to make the on-axis measurement possible and the measurement error from misalignment is greatly reduced. With a micro liquid crystal display generating and switching the direction of the illuminating grating, we can simultaneously interlace the tip-tilt direction alignments during measurement.
H/sub /spl infin// control of differential algebraic equation systems: the linearizing change of variables approach revisited

In this paper control of high index or even nonregular linear differential-algebraic-equation systems subject to H/sub /spl infin// performance constraints is considered. In a previous paper (Rehm and Allgower, 2000) this problem was addressed by a linearizing change of variables approach under a certain assumption on the structure of the algebraic equations within the system description. This restriction is overcome in the paper at hand. By means of a modified linearizing change of variables approach to the H/sub /spl infin// control problem, the synthesis conditions (given as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs)) not only become structurally simpler, but, in contrast to Rehm and Allgower, 2000, also include the case without algebraic constraints.
Numerical Simulations of Astrophysical Jets from Keplerian Disks. I. Stationary Models

We present 2.5-dimensional time-dependent simulations of the evolution of nonrelativistic outflows from Keplerian accretion disks orbiting low-mass protostars or black holes accreting at sub-Eddington rates. The gas is injected at a very small speed (vinj = 10-3vK) from the surface of the disk (a fixed boundary in our simulations) into a cold corona. The corona is in stable equilibrium and is supported by Alfvénic turbulent pressure. The initial magnetic field configuration in the corona is poloidal and is given by a potential field (J = 0). This configuration is extended smoothly into the disk where the toroidal magnetic field is taken to scale inversely with the disk radius. We present the analytical and the numerical approaches to our problem, as well as many results for a steady state simulation. We find that the gas is centrifugally accelerated through the Alfvén and the fast magnetosonic (FM) surfaces and collimated into cylinders parallel to the disk's axis. The collimation of the outflow is due to the pinch force exerted by the dominant toroidal magnetic field generated by the outflow itself. Beyond the FM surface, we found that a “Hubble” flow is present; vz ∝ z. The velocities achieved in our simulations are of the order of 180 km s-1 for our standard young stellar object (a 0.5 M☉ protostar) and of the order or 105 km s-1 for our standard active galactic nuclei (a 108 M☉ black hole). Our jet solutions, dominated mainly by the poloidal kinetic energy ρv2p, are very efficient in magnetically extracting angular momentum and energy from the disk. We find the ratio of the disk accretion rate to the wind mass flux rate to be of the order of ṁa/ṁw ≃ 6.0. We find that our stationary outflows have many similarities to steady state models of MHD disk winds.
Optical control of recovery speed of photoinduced third-harmonic generation in azo-copolymer thin films

Recovery speed of photoinduced third-harmonic (TH) generation in azo-copolymer thin films can be controlled by a nanosecond laser excitation. When the excitation is tuned on, the TH signal decreases because of angular hole burning and angular redistribution effects. After turning off the excitation, the TH signal can recover to its original level either within 1min (high intensity excitation) or longer than several days (low intensity excitation). The fast recovery of the TH signal is attributed to the increase of temperature in the sample that causes molecules to more easily reorient and return to the original trans form.
Exact penalty functions in constrained optimization

In this paper formal definitions of exactness for penalty functions are introduced and sufficient conditions for a penalty function to be exact according to these definitions are stated, thus providing a unified framework for the study of both nondifferentiable and continuously differentiable penalty functions. In this framework the best-known classes of exact penalty functions are analyzed, and new results are established concerning the correspondence between the solutions of the constrained problem and the unconstrained minimizers of the penalty functions.
Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata: Line and Majority Logic Gate

An introduction to the operation of quantum-dot cellular automata is presented, along with recent experimental results. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a transistorless computation paradigm that addresses the issues of device density and interconnection. The basic building blocks of the QCA architecture, such as AND, OR, and NOT are presented. The experimental devices presented are QCA cells where the dots are metal islands, coupled by capacitors and tunnel junctions. A line of three two-dot cells is presented, which demonstrates that there are no metastable states in a QCA line. The final experiment presented is a QCA majority gate, a programmable AND/OR logic gate.
Sodium depletion within diffuse interstellar clouds

Having derived estimates of the densities and radiation fields within several interstellar clouds from the observed populations of the H$sub 2$ rotational levels, we can estimate the amount of sodium and calcium depletion within different clouds. If the H$sub 2$ formation rate R equals 3times10$sup - 17$ cm$sup 3$ s$sup -1$, and if the hydrogen ionization rate is less than 10$sup - 16$ s$sup -1$, we find that in most clouds with E (B-V) less than or equal to0.10, sodium is at most slightly depleted, while calcium is always substantially depleted. This result is important for determining the thermal equilibrium within diffuse interstellar clouds. (AIP)
Vela X-1 pulse timing. II - Variations in pulse frequency

The pulsed X-ray emission of Vela X-1 during May 1978 and December-January 1978-1979 is investigated analytically on the basis of published satellite observations. The data are compiled in tables and graphs and discussed in detail, with reference to data for the entire 1975-1982 period. Variations in pulse frequency are identified on time scales from 2 to 2600 days; the lower nine octaves are characterized as white noise (or random walk in pulse frequency), while the longer-period variations are attributed to changes in neutron-star rotation rates. 38 references.
Pumping Power Minimization in Staggered Finned Circular and Elliptic-Tube Heat Exchangers in Turbulent Flow

An experimental study aimed at minimizing pumping power required to supply air through a finned tube bundle configuration is presented in this article. Results were obtained for the Reynolds number based on the smaller ellipse axis (RE2b) ranging from 2,650 to 10,600, i.e., in turbulent flow. In the turbulent regime, pressure drops are expected to vary with eccentricity. Experimental optimization results for finned circular and elliptic tubes show that pumping power can be minimized with respect to tube spacing and eccentricity. In comparison with values obtained for circular tubes, the optimal elliptical arrangements show pumping power reductions from 5% to 10%.
Washington photometry of open cluster giants - seven metal-poor anticenter clusters

Temperature, a luminosity criterion, and two independent abundance indices are derived for each of 75 stars in seven open clusters within the Galactic anticenter on the basis of photometry on the revised Washington system. The spread in the individual C-M abundances in NGC 2158 and 2204 suggests that CN-strength variations occur among the giants in these clusters, corroborating earlier work. A comparison of the age-metallicity relations of NGC 2112 and Tombaugh 2 shows that the chemical-enrichment history of the Galactic anticenter clusters was far more similar to that experienced in the LMC than that occuring in the solar neighborhood disk. 48 references.
Umbilical cord blood CD34 + progenitor-derived NK cells efficiently kill ovarian cancer spheroids and intraperitoneal tumors in NOD/SCID/IL2Rg null mice

Adoptive transfer of allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells is an attractive therapy approach against ovarian carcinoma. Here, we evaluated the potency of highly active NK cells derived from human CD34 C haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) to in ﬁ ltrate and mediate killing of human ovarian cancer spheroids using an in vivo -like model system and mouse xenograft model. These CD56 C Perforin C HSPC-NK cells were generated under stroma-free conditions in the presence of StemRegenin-1, IL-15