Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Precise control of multiwall carbon nanotube diameters using thermal chemical vapor deposition

We grow multiwall carbon nanotube (CNT) films using thermal chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure using a mixture of acetylene and nitrogen from a 4-nm-thick Ni film catalyst. CNTs are characterized using electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. CNTs grown with this method are extremely uniform in diameter, both throughout the sample and within the lengths of individual tubes. Nanotube outer diameters, ranging from 5–350 nm, and the total deposition of carbon material, increase exponentially with growth temperature from 630 °C–790 °C.
Pressure Multiplication Effect in Opposed‐Anvil Configurations

Pressure distribution at room temperature has been studied in sample cells used in the Bridgman opposed‐anvil high pressure apparatus over a range of pressure of 25 to 90 kilobars by observation of discontinuities in electrical resistance at phase transitions in calibrated metals (BiI‐II, TlII‐III, ``low'' Ba, ``high'' Bi). A ``pressure multiplication effect'' has been found in which the pressure observed in the center of the cell is 2 to 2.5 times the nominal load pressure. This effect is strongly dependent on the diameter‐to‐thickness ratio of the sample cells and is approximately linear to 90 kilobars.
Development of a magnetic resonance microscope using a high Tc bulk superconducting magnet

We have developed the first magnetic resonance (MR) microscope using a high critical-temperature superconducting bulk magnet. The bulk magnet comprises six annular bulk superconductors (60 mm outer diameter, 28 mm inner diameter, 20 mm high) made of c-axis oriented single-domain EuBa2Cu3Oy crystals. The magnet was energized using a superconducting NMR magnet operating at 4.7 T. The inhomogeneity of the trapped magnetic field measured with MR imaging was 3.1 ppm (rms) in the ϕ6. 2 mm×9.1 mm cylindrical region. Three-dimensional MR images of a chemically fixed mouse embryo acquired with voxels of (50 μm)3 demonstrated the potential of our system.
Self-sensing tracking control for piezoelectric actuators based on sensor fusion

Piezoelectric actuators are a popular choice in micro- and nano-positioning devices. Traditional sensorless position control approaches use a hysteresis mapping between voltage and position in a voltage feedforward control scheme. However, this mapping is affected by frequency, temperature, aging etc. Recently, charge control for positioning is also attracting interest among researchers due to the linear relationship between position and charge. Conversely, a sophisticated hardware design is required to minimize charge drift. This limits charge based controllers for practical applications. In this study, a new self-sensing control technique is proposed which requires neither an accurate inverse mapping nor a sophisticated charge controller. This technique uses a position estimate that is obtained by fusing a traditional charge based position measurement with a novel capacitance based position measurement. Upon achieving a reliable position estimate, it is shown that a traditional PI control scheme is sufficient for tracking applications. Different wave forms having multiple lifts and rates were tested. Error is reduced upto 75% using a self-sensing feedback control when compared to open loop actuation. These results compare well with traditional self-sensing control techniques found in literature.
Nonmagnetic shell in surfactant-coated FePt nanoparticles

Self-assemblies of chemically-synthesized 3 nm FePt nanoparticles show a dramatic increase of the saturation magnetization from about 210 emu/cm3 in the as-prepared state to about 850 emu/cm3, when annealed above 400 °C for 30 min. This increase correlates directly with the decomposition of the surfactant coating above 400 °C. The low magnetization state is attributed to the formation of a nonmagnetic shell (dead layer) due to oxygen bonds of the polar end group surfactant of oleic acid/oleylamine with Fe. Magnetic analysis in the superparamagnetic regime suggests a 2.7-nm-diameter FePt particle size with core–shell structure of 1.7-nm-diameter FePt magnetic core and ∼0.5 nm nonmagnetic shell.
Possible non-Regge behavior of electroproduction structure functions

The large-ω behavior of deep-inelastic structure functions, e.g., F2(ω,q^2), is studied in the framework of asymptotically free field theories. On the basis of certain uniformity assumptions we predict an unbounded growth with ω: slower than any power of ω but faster than any power of logω.
OBSERVATION AND MODELING OF GEOCORONAL CHARGE EXCHANGE X-RAY EMISSION DURING SOLAR WIND GUSTS

Solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) X-rays are emitted when highly charged solar wind ions such as O7 + collide with neutral gas, including the Earth's tenuous outer atmosphere (exosphere or geocorona) and hydrogen and helium from the local interstellar medium drifting through the heliosphere. This geocoronal and heliospheric emission comprises a significant and varying fraction of the soft X-ray background (SXRB) and is seen in every X-ray observation, with the intensity dependent on solar wind conditions and observation geometry. Under the right conditions, geocoronal emission can increase the apparent SXRB by roughly an order of magnitude for an hour or more. In this work, we study a dozen occasions when the near-Earth solar wind flux was exceptionally high. These gusts of wind lead to abrupt changes in SWCX X-ray emission around Earth, which may or may not be seen by X-ray observatories depending on their line of sight. Using detailed three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the solar wind's interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere, and element abundances and ionization states measured by ACE, we model the time-dependent brightness of major geocoronal SWCX emission lines during those gusts and compare with changes in the X-ray background measured by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We find reasonably good agreement between model and observation, with measured geocoronal line brightnesses averaged over 1 hr of up to 136 photons s−1 cm−2 sr−1 in the O vii Kα triplet around 564 eV.
Knowledge Management in Small and Medium Enterprises: An Australian Study

This research aims to examine the factors influencing the knowledge management practices in Australian SMEs. Primary data was collected by studying companies in Tweed and Gold Coast areas. Besides the academic contribution to the field of knowledge management, this research will be able to provide applicable and practicable suggestions on the knowledge management practices to SMEs in Australia.
Transversely Compact Single-Ended and Balanced Bandpass Filters with Source–Load-Coupled Spurlines

Multi-function wireless systems demand multi-channel transmit/receive (TR) modules, particularly as multiple functions are required to operate simultaneously. In each channel, passive components, including bandpass filters, must be compact, or at least transversely compact; thus, the entire circuitry of the channel will be slender, and consequently multiple channels can be parallel-arranged conveniently. In this work, single-ended and balanced bandpass filters for multi-channel applications are presented. As a unique resonator, the U-shaped stepped impedance resonator (USIR) can achieve size miniaturization compared with its corresponding uniform impedance resonator (UIR) counterpart. Hence, with the utilization of USIRs, the proposed bandpass filters are able to acquire compact transverse sizes. Moreover, by using the source–load coupling scheme, two transmission zeros (TZs) are respectively generated at the lower and upper sides of the passbands, which is useful for improvement of the selectivity performance. In addition, spurlines are introduced at the input and output ports to produce another TZ to further enhance the stopband performance, which cannot be acquired by the UIR or stepped impedance resonator (SIR). To verify the aforementioned idea, one single-ended and one balanced bandpass filter are implemented, with experimental results in good agreement with the corresponding simulations. Meanwhile, as compared with some similar works, the proposed balanced filter achieves compact transverse size, sharp selectivity skirt, and wide stopbands up to the fourth-order harmonic with suppression over 20 dB, which illustrates its suitability for differential signal transmission application in microwave circuits and systems.
Design of Multi-Linear Functional Observers

This paper discusses the problem of designing an observer to estimate a vector-valued (multi-) linear function of the state of a linear time-invariant system, for the purpose of implementing a feedback control law. First, the standard form of an observer is obtained by using the Luenberger observable canonical form. Second, the design procedure of a multi-linear functional observer is derived using this standard form. Observers derived using this procedure are generally o flower order than those of Luenberger. Lastly, the procedure presented is illustrated by an example.
Uncertainty Relations Expressed by Means of Information Energies

In this paper, we consider an alternative form of the uncertainty relation for quantum observables of discrete spectrum which makes use of socalled “information energy” as the measure of ancertainty. Then we apply this form of uncertainty relation to the particular case of two mutually orthogonal components of the spin-1/2 operator. We show that the use of this non-standard uncertainty measure simplifies the expression for spreads of observables and for the construction of the corresponding uncertainty relation.
A note on Stein's method on the third and fourth Wiener chaoses

Let $Z$ be a standard normal random variable and let $H_n$ denote the $n$-th Hermite polynomial. In this note, we obtain Stein equations for the random variables $H_3(Z)$ and $H_4(Z)$, which represents a first step towards developing Stein's method for distributional limits from the third and fourth Wiener chaoses. Perhaps surprisingly, these Stein equations are fifth and third order linear ordinary differential equations, respectively. As a warm up, we obtain a Stein equation for the random variable $aZ^2+bZ+c$, $a,b,c\in\mathbb{R}$, which leads us to a Stein characterisation of the non-central chi-square distribution. We also provide a discussion as to why obtaining Stein equations for $H_n(Z)$, $n\geq5$, is more challenging.
Efficient decoding self-attention for end-to-end speech synthesis

Self-attention has been innovatively applied to text-to-speech (TTS) because of its parallel structure and superior strength in modeling sequential data. However, when used in end-to-end speech synthesis with an autoregressive decoding scheme, its inference speed becomes relatively low due to the quadratic complexity in sequence length. This problem becomes particularly severe on devices without graphics processing units (GPUs). To alleviate the dilemma, we propose an efficient decoding self-attention (EDSA) module as an alternative. Combined with a dynamic programming decoding procedure, TTS model inference can be effectively accelerated to have a linear computation complexity. We conduct studies on Mandarin and English datasets and find that our proposed model with EDSA can achieve 720% and 50% higher inference speed on the central processing unit (CPU) and GPU respectively, with almost the same performance. Thus, this method may make the deployment of such models easier when there are limited GPU resources. In addition, our model may perform better than the baseline Transformer TTS on out-of-domain utterances.
The Infrared Companions of T Tauri Stars

The infrared companions (IRCs) associated with several normal low-mass pre-main-sequence (T Tauri) stars pose an interesting problem for theories of binary star formation. The IRCs have very low infrared color temperatures and large infrared excesses, which have led observers to suggest that they may be less evolved objects such as protostars. This paper presents an attempt to understand the IRCs as a class by examining a broad range of observations and applying simple arguments and models. We propose that the IRCs may represent relatively normal young low-mass stars experiencing episodes of enhanced circumstellar extinction, possibly due to rapid accretion of disk material perturbed by their gravitational influence at aphelion or perihelion.
Mission-Function Control for Slew Maneuver of a Flexible Space Structure

A new control algorithm, named the mission-function control method, is introduced and applied to slew maneuver of a spacecraft with a flexible appendage. The control algorithm is based upon the Lyapunov method applied to a mechanical system combined with a control system and employs the concept of generalized energy functions. The flexible appendage is modeled in terms of the partial differential equations that are believed to describe the distributed systems most precisely. Implementation of the control algorithm naturally results with physical meaning, and it is shown that sensing of the bending moment and shearing force at the root of the flexible appendage is essential. Results of numerical simulation show an excellent controlled behavior for the slew maneuver.
Monte‐Carlo‐Simulation mikroskopischer Börsenmodelle

Computer‐Simulationen mit Zufallszahlen, auch als Monte‐Carlo‐Verfahren bekannt, wurden in den letzten Jahren vermehrt auf die Modellierung von Börsenkursen angewandt. Dieser Artikel beschreibt einen der Versuche, die Preisfluktuationen von Märkten zu verstehen, und weniger, sie vorherzusehen.
Accretion disk coronae and Cygnus X-1

It is plausible that an accretion disk pumps energy into an outer tenuous layer of its atmosphere to form a high-tmeperature corona analogous to the solar corona. General features of such a corona, not specific to any model, are discussed, and order-of-magnitude estimates are made for the physical parameters of a corona on the Cygnus X-1 disk. It is shown that a corona with a strong ''wind'' (mass loss flux) can produce hard (> or approx. =100 keV) X-rays if it is cooled by inverse Compton scattering. An observational test for the presence of such a corona is suggested.
Geiger-mode operation of back-illuminated GaN avalanche photodiodes

The authors report the Geiger-mode operation of back-illuminated GaN avalanche photodiodes. The devices were fabricated on transparent AlN templates specifically for back illumination in order to enhance hole-initiated multiplication. The spectral response in Geiger-mode operation was analyzed under low photon fluxes. Single photon detection capabilities were demonstrated in devices with areas ranging from 225to14063μm2. Single photon detection efficiency of 20% and dark count rate <10kHz were achieved in the smallest devices.
THE INTERNATIONAL LASER RANGING SERVICE

Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) techniques are used to accurately measure the distance from ground stations to retro-reflectors equipped satellites. Data products from these measurements support key aspects of the GEOSS 10-Year Implementation Plan adopted on February 16, 2005. In particular, using the Lageos class of satellites, SLR is one of the fundamental techniques that define the International Reference Frame, which is the basis upon which we measure many aspects of global change over space, time, and evolving technology. Lasers also provide precision orbit determination and instrument calibration/validation for satellite-borne altimeters for the better understanding of sea level, ocean dynamics, ice budget, and terrestrial topography. Many of the GNSS satellites now carry retro-reflectors for improved orbit determination and in-orbit colocation and system performance validation.
Newton-Like Pseudo-Arclength Methods for Computing Simple Turning Points

We present a new method for computing simple turning points of nonlinear equations of the form $G(u,\lambda ) = 0$ which is based on applying Newton's method to the characterization ${{d\lambda (\sigma )} / {d\sigma }} = 0$, where $\sigma $ is a pseudo-arclength parameter used in a continuation method for following the solution paths. The method is quadratically convergent and needs only one starting point on the solution path. Second derivatives of G (or difference approximations of them) have to be computed but the method is relatively insensitive to their values and they also give rise to a more accurate second order predictor in the continuation method. We present a chord-Newton variant for improving the efficiency of the algorithm which requires only one factorization of a Jacobian matrix. We also present a damped-Newton variant for improving the robustness and the global convergence of the algorithm. Results of numerical experiments on two standard nonlinear elliptic problems of Simpson's [SIAM J. Numer. Anal. , 12 (1975), pp. 439–451] show that the new algorithm compares favorably with the best of the existing methods in terms of efficiency and robustness.
RADIAL-VELOCITY VARIATIONS OF THE DELTA SCUTI STAR 20 CANUM VENATICORUM.

Precise radial velocities have been measured for the δ Scuti variable 20 CVn. The Ca II λ8662 line shows a 2K amplitude of 1.4 km s-1. The weak lines of Fe I, Si I, and S I show a 2K amplitude of 1.2 km s-1. A cycle-count period of 0d.130 is derived from the radial-velocity curves. The low 2K/Δmv value of 39 km s-1mag-1 suggests that 20 CVn is pulsating nonradially.
Turbulent pressure evolution in collapsing protostellar clouds

An influence of ambipolar diffusion on turbulent pressure ( P t ) evolution in collapsing molecular cloud cores is investigated analytically. Exact solution for Alfven waves in free collapsing weakly ionized slab is found and then used to derive an equation for P t . Taking ambipolar diffusion into account, we show that the pressure-density relation P t (  ) is non-power-law in general, and can be much softer than P t   3/2 .
Urban Warming in Benin City, Nigeria

The study examined urban effects on the temperature of Benin City. The data used for this study were generated from archives of the Nigerian Meteorological Agency Benin City and the Agrometeorological Station of NIFOR, and mobile transverse method of collecting temperature data at different land use types in the urban canopy for one year. Paired t-test and analysis of variance were used to determine the differences in temperature in the area. The findings revealed an urban bias of 4.4°C, and variation of 5.5°C in temperature within the urban canopy, which confirmed the concept of urban heat island. It also showed an urban-rural temperature differential of 0.5°C, which indicated an urban warming of 2% over its rural areas. Daily temperature revealed that the working days are warmer than the weekends. High rate of anthropogenic activities, which act as drivers of heat island in the urban area accounted for the increase in temperature. The study therefore recommends urban planning with green city-green roof approach.
Remote Sounding of Cloudy Atmospheres. I. The Single Cloud Layer

Abstract The relaxation method for the inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation is applied in a dual frequency scheme for the determination of complete vertical temperature profiles in cloudy atmospheres from radiance observations alone, without any additional information related to the expected solutions. The dual-frequency principle employs to advantage a property in the Planck function of the dependence of intensity on frequency. This property leads to the formulation of a new convergence criterion for the selection of cloud-sounding frequencies to be used for reconstructing the clear column radiance from observations made in the presence of a broken cloud layer in all fields of view. The principle is applied to the case of observations in two adjacent or partially overlapping fields of view and to the case of observations in a single field of view. The solutions are illustrated by numerical examples in the dual-frequency ranges of the 4.3 and 15 µm CO2 bands of the terrestrial atmosphere. T.
Kadın Çalışanların Cam Tavan Algısı: Sağlık Sektörü Örneği/Glass Ceiling Perceptions of Female Employees: Examples from the Health Sector

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sağlık sektöründe görev yapan kadın çalışanların cam tavan algısını ve bu algıda çalışanların demografik özelliklerinin anlamlı farklılık oluşturup oluşturmadığını tespit etmektir. Araştırmada, tesadüfi olamayan yöntemlerden kolayda örneklem yöntemiyle belirlenen 264 katılımcı ile online anket yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, SPSS programı ile parametrik testlerle analiz edilmiştir. Örneklem, sadece Çankırı ilinde görev yapan kadın sağlık çalışanları ile sınırlı tutulmuştur. Çalışma; sağlık sektöründe görev yapan kadın çalışanlardan elde edilen anket verilerinin kullanılması nedeniyle özgünlük değerine sahiptir. Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde; örneklem grubundaki kadın çalışanlarda orta düzeyde cam tavan algısının olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca kadın çalışanların cam tavan algılarında demografik özelliklere göre anlamlı farklılıkların olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Characteristic measurements for the qualification of reflection scanners in the evaluation of image quality attributes

The claimed specifications of reflection scanners make their utilization for analytic measurement very tempting. This paper summarizes an effort by Working Group 4 of ISO/IEC JTC-1 SC28 to develop evaluation methods that can be used to characterize the performance of reflection scanners with the goal of developing a sufficient characterization set to serve as evaluation methods in conformance testing for future image quality standards. Promising evaluation methods for tone-scale, spatial and temporal uniformity, spatial distortion, SNR, dynamic range and flare characteristics will be described.
Free energy of a semiflexible polymer in a tube and statistics of a randomly-accelerated particle

The confinement free energy per unit length of a continuous semiflexible polymer or wormlike chain in a tube with a rectangular cross section is derived in the regime of strong confinement. Here P is the persistence length, and and are the sides of the rectangle. The result is also interpreted in terms of the escape probability of a randomly-accelerated particle from a rectangular domain.
Non‐standard finite difference schemes for multi‐dimensional second‐order systems in non‐smooth mechanics

This work is an extension of the paper (Proc. R. Soc. London 2005; 461A:1927–1950) to impact oscillators with more than one degree of freedom. Given the complex and even chaotic behaviour of these non‐smooth mechanical systems, it is essential to incorporate their qualitative physical properties, such as the impact law and the frequencies of the systems, into the envisaged numerical methods if the latter is to be reliable. Based on this strategy, we design several non‐standard finite difference schemes. Apart from their excellent error bounds and unconditional stability, the schemes are analysed for their efficiency to preserve some important physical properties of the systems including, among others, the conservation of energy between consecutive impact times, the periodicity of the motion and the boundedness of the solutions. Numerical simulations that support the theory are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.