Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward the Discrimination of Oil Spills in Newly Formed Sea Ice Using C-Band Radar Polarimetric Parameters

Climate-driven sea ice loss has exposed the Arctic to increased human activity, which comes along with a higher risk of oil spills. As a result, we investigated the ability of C-band polarimetric parameters in a controlled mesocosm to accurately identify and discriminate between oil-contaminated and uncontaminated newly formed sea ice (NI). Parameters, such as total power, copolarization ratio, copolarization correlation coefficient, and others, were derived from the normalized radar cross section and covariance matrix to characterize the temporal evolution of NI before and after oil spill events. For separation purposes, entropy (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and mean-alpha (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) were extracted from eigen decomposition of the coherency matrix. The <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H$ </tex-math></inline-formula> versus <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> scatterplot revealed that a threshold classifier of 0.3-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and 18°-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> could distinguish oil-contaminated NI from its oil-free surroundings. From the temporal evolution of the polarimetric parameters, the results demonstrate that the copolarization correlation coefficient is the most reliable polarimetric parameter for oil spill detection, as it provides information on a variety of oil spill scenarios, including oil encapsulated within ice and oil spreading on top of ice. Overall, these findings will be used to support existing and future C-band polarimetric radar satellites for resolving ambiguities associated with Arctic oil spill events, particularly during freeze-up seasons.
A review on distribution, properties, genetic organization, immobilisation and applications of urease

Urease, a nickel-containing metalloenzyme is getting remarkable attention due to a diverse range of applications for mankind. Urease plays a magnificent role in various field like agriculture, analytical, geological phenomena, beverage industry and is an important diagnostic tool. Urease is mainly present in bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrates and its manifestation in specific genera may open new vistas for its taxonomic position. Various qualitative and quantitative assays are also reported for the estimation of urease enzyme. Urease based biosensors utilizing green synthesis on nanoparticles are also trending. Recently developed inhibitors against urease were discussed in the review. Inhibitory mechanisms involving the structural similarity of the substrate through modification or derivatization can also help in rational drug design by two possible competitive ways either by mimicking monodentate urea binding or binding as a tetrahedral intermediate. Immobilisation of urease through gel entrapment, using non-covalent and covalent protein tags, cross linkage, covalent bonding, using composite films, Teflon, co-precipitation and coating on nanoparticles is also reported. This review also comprised of various application of urease including enhancement of fertility in the soil, cell to cell organization, protection to predators, treatment of various bladder related diseases and infections, analysis of urea and heavy metal ions, biocementation, pollution control by bioleaching of heavy metals and making beverages urea and ethyl carbamate free. As researchers have a keen interest in urease enzyme at present, most of its aspects were incorporated in the article to make it helpful to the scientific community for further research related to the development of new inhibitors and add on applications of urease for the upliftment of the human as well as environment.
The drain velocity overshoot in an 80 nm metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor

The current at the onset of saturation in a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is shown to be limited by the drain velocity that increases toward its saturation value with the increase in the drain voltage. The saturation of velocity crops up as randomly oriented velocity vectors in equilibrium realign themselves to become unidirectional in the presence of an extremely high electric field. The intrinsic velocity, the ultimate saturation velocity, is the function of carrier concentration and temperature, consistent with the predictions of the ballistic transport. The presence of a quantum emission either by emission of a phonon or photon lowers the saturation velocity below its intrinsic value. Channel conduction beyond the quasisaturation point enhances due to the drain velocity overshoot as a result of enhanced drain electric field as drain voltage is increased. The excellent agreement with experimental data on an 80 nm channel, without using any artificial parameters, confirms th.
A Deeply Supervised Attentive High-Resolution Network for Change Detection in Remote Sensing Images

Change detection (CD) is a crucial task in remote sensing (RS) to distinguish surface changes from bitemporal images. Recently, deep learning (DL) based methods have achieved remarkable success for CD. However, the existing methods lack robustness to various kinds of changes in RS images, which suffered from problems of feature misalignment and inefficient supervision. In this paper, a deeply supervised attentive high-resolution network (DSAHRNet) is proposed for remote sensing image change detection. First, we design a spatial-channel attention module to decode change information from bitemporal features. The attention module is able to model spatial-wise and channel-wise contexts. Second, to reduce feature misalignment, the extracted features are refined by stacked convolutional blocks in parallel. Finally, a novel deeply supervised module is introduced to generate more discriminative features. Extensive experimental results on three challenging benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed DSAHRNet outperforms other state-of-the-art methods, and achieves a great trade-off between performance and complexity.
Highly ordered CdS nanoparticle arrays on silicon substrates and photoluminescence properties

Highly ordered cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticle (NP) arrays were fabricated on silicon (Si) substrates using ultrathin alumina membranes as evaporation masks. The CdS NPs are polycrystalline and are composed of ultrasmall closely packed nanocrystallites. These crystallites increase in size as the duration of the CdS evaporation process increases. When the thickness of the NPs changes from about 10 to 50 nm, the size of the crystallites increases from about 5–14 to 20–40 nm. Photoluminescence measurements on the CdS NP arrays show a strong emission spectrum with two subbands that are attributed to band-edge and surface-defect emissions. The peak position and width of the band-edge emission band are closely related to the size of the crystallites in the CdS NPs.
Estimation of genetic heritabilities of human traits in case–control studies

It is of great interest to detect missing heritability for human complex traits. Additive genetic effects (ADD), maternal genetic effects (MGE), and parent‐of‐origin effects (POE) play important roles in genetic mechanisms. Methods have been developed in the literature to analyze heritabilities due to ADD, POE, and MGE separately but not simultaneously. In this paper, a new model termed APM is proposed based on mother–child duos genetic data, which orthogonally decomposes heritabilities due to ADD, POE, and MGE. This orthogonal decomposition is biologically interpretable since it ideally characterizes independent contributions due to the three effects. We focus on case–control data that are widely adopted in genetics studies and develop a novel method R‐PCGC by adjusting estimation biases due to sampling bias in case–control studies and imposing nonnegative constraints on the heritability estimates. Large sample properties such as consistency and asymptotic normality are established for R‐PCGC. The desired properties of R‐PCGC (i.e., asymptotic unbiasedness and nonnegativity) are confirmed through simulations. Finally, R‐PCGC regression is applied to a case–control study of preterm births from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC).
Hydrologic and Landscape Controls on Dissolved Organic Matter Composition Across Western North American Arctic Lakes

Northern high‐latitude lakes are hotspots for cycling dissolved organic carbon (DOC) inputs from allochthonous sources to the atmosphere. However, the spatial distribution of lake dissolved organic matter (DOM) is largely unknown across Arctic‐boreal regions with respect to the surrounding landscape. We expand on regional studies of northern high‐latitude DOM composition by integrating DOC concentrations, optical properties, and molecular‐level characterization from lakes spanning the Canadian Taiga to the Alaskan Tundra. Lakes were sampled during the summer from July to early September to capture the growing season. DOM became more optically processed and molecular‐level aromaticity increased northward across the Canadian Shield to the southern Arctic and from interior Alaska to the Tundra, suggesting relatively greater DOM incorporation from allochthonous sources. Using water isotopes (δ18O‐H2O), we report a weak overall trend of increasing DOC and decreasing aromaticity in lakes that were hydrologically isolated from the landscape and enriched in δ18O‐H2O, while within‐region trends were stronger and varied depending on the landscape. Finally, DOC correlated weakly with chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) across the study sites, suggesting that autochthonous and photobleached DOM were a major component of the DOC in these regions; however, some of the northernmost and wetland‐dominated lakes followed pan‐Arctic riverine DOC‐CDOM relationships, indicating strong contributions from allochthonous inputs. As many lakes across the North American Arctic are experiencing changes in temperature and precipitation, we expect the proportions of allochthonous and autochthonous DOM to respond with aquatic optical browning with greater landscape connectivity and more internally produced DOM in hydrologically isolated lakes.
PERGESERAN TERJEMAHAN DALAM WEBSITE RUANG GURU CAREER

Pergeseran terjemahan kerap terjadi sebagai bentuk upaya pencarian padanan terjemahan yang sesuai dengan kaidah gramatikal, tetapi tetap menyampaikan makna atau pesan yang sama. Tidak terelakkan, pergeseran terjemahan merepresentasikan perbedaan budaya dan cara berpikir yang ditunjukkan oleh kaidah gramatikal dua bahasa yang terlibat. Merujuk pada teori pergeseran terjemahan Catford (1969), pergeseran dikategorikan ke dalam dua jenis, yakni pergeseran level (Level Shift) dan pergeseran kategori (Category Shift). Pada penelitian ini, gagasan Catford diterapkan dalam analisis pergeseran terjemahan yang ada di website resmi Ruangguru Career. Fokus utama penelitian diberikan pada upaya pengidentifikasian jenis-jenis pergeseran terjemahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 30% (tiga puluh persen) dikategorikan pergeseran unit, 40% (empt puluh persen) pergeseran struktur, dan 30% (tiga puluh persen) pergeseran intra-sistem. Pergeseran dalam proses terjemahan terjadi sebagai dampak dari upaya penyesuaian kaidah gramatikal. Dari analisis, ditemukan tiga jenis pergeseran: pergeseran unit, pergeseran struktur, dan pergeseran intra-sistem. Keterampilan dalam menerapkan kaidah pergeseran terjemahan membantu penerjemah mendapatkan padanan terbaik. Kata Kunci: Penerjemahan, Pergeseran terjemahan, Pergeseran kategori, Ruangguru career
THE LIGHT-CURVES OF T CORONAE BOREALIS

On seeing the letter from Herren Director Schmidt . , . , in which he states that he was surveying the heavens about Corona between 8^b and 9? 4h Athens time on the night of the 12th of May, and must have seen the new variable star T Coronae, had it been then even as bright as the 5th magnitude, by the distortion it would have produced in the figure of the constellation, I was immediately struck by the fact that it was on that same night, May 12, that the star was actually discovered by Mr. [John] Birmingham, of Juam2 in Ireland. No printed record existing of the precise time of that gentleman's observation, Mr. Huggins kindly, at my request, wrote to him for the information, and the following are some extracts from his answer : "I was on the road some distance from here when I first saw the star, so I could not be sure of the time to a minute, but it was certainly between llh 30m and llh 45m on the night of the 12th.
A Coupler Balun Load-Modulated Power Amplifier With Extremely Wide Bandwidth

Next-generation millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) power amplifiers (PAs) need to support multistandard communication systems with wide bandwidth, complex modulation, and high energy efficiency. Most existing mm-Wave PA architectures with power backoff (PBO) efficiency enhancement, such as Doherty and outphasing PAs, typically only support limited carrier bandwidth. In this work, we propose and demonstrate that a 180° coupler balun structure can serve as an extremely wideband active load modulation network for broadband PBO efficiency enhancement and further realize a coupler balun load-modulated PA (CBMA). Moreover, compared to load-modulated balanced amplifiers (LMBAs), the proposed CBMA supports natural single-ended-to-differential balun conversion, differential power cells, and wideband capacitive neutralization, ideal for integrated mm-Wave PAs. Furthermore, we propose a continuous-mode CBMA operation with role exchanges to attain a nearly 3:1 carrier bandwidth. A prototype CBMA is designed and fabricated in a 45-nm RF CMOS SOI process, which achieves an OP1 dB PAE of 39.9%–20.4% with OP1 dB of over 21.6–18.3 dBm from 26 to 60 GHz. The PA also achieves a 32.8%–13.4% 6-dB PBO (from OP1 dB) efficiency with its best <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.75\times /3.51\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> efficiency enhancement over an ideal Class-B/-A PA. Using a single-carrier 64-QAM signal with 0.5 GSym/s (3 Gb/s), the PA supports an average <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{\mathrm {out}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 15.8–11.3 dBm with an average PAE of 27.15%–8.58% with −23-dB rms error vector magnitude (EVM) over 26–60 GHz. The PA also supports 5G NR modulation using 5G new radio (NR) FR2 200-MHz 1-CC 64-QAM signals, achieving 18.22%–6.55% average PAE at 10.72–7.1-dBm average <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{\mathrm {out}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with rms EVM of −23 dB over 26–60 GHz.
Updated estimates of large and medium vessel strokes, mechanical thrombectomy trends, and future projections indicate a relative flattening of the growth curve but highlight opportunities for expanding endovascular stroke care

Background A study was undertaken to determine the incidence of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and strokes related to large (LVO) and medium (MVO) vessel occlusions, and to estimate annual mechanical thrombectomy (MT) volume, past trends and future growth. Methods A population-based analysis was performed to estimate the rate of AIS, LVOs (internal carotid artery terminus, M1 branch of the middle cerebral artery, basilar artery) and MVOs (M2 and M3 branches of the middle cerebral artery, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries). MT estimates were determined from multiple governmental data sources. Annual US numbers were adjusted for population growth. Results The incidence of AIS is estimated at 216 (95% CI 199 to 238)/100 000 persons/year or 718 191 (95% CI 661 483 to 791 121) AIS/year in the USA. A vascular occlusion was observed in 21% of patients with AIS (95% CI 15 to 29). The rate of LVO was 24/100 000 persons/year (95% CI 19 to 31) or 80 075 (95% CI 62 457 to 104 375) LVOs/year, and the rate of MVO was 20/100 000 persons/year or 65 798 (95% CI 45 555 to 95 110) MVOs/year. MT estimates for 2021 are 39 164 procedures with a flattening of the growth curve from 2019 (9%, 2020–2021; 4%, 2019–2020) as opposed to initial steep growth from 2015 to 2018. Current MT procedures represent 5% of all AIS, 27% of all vascular occlusions (LVO+MVO) and 38% of all LVO and M2 occlusions. The current trajectory indicates a future growth of 5–10%/year for the next several years. Conclusion A decline in MT growth is observed. The incidence of LVO+MVO is estimated at 44/100 000 persons/year or almost 144 000 large and medium vessel strokes annually. Of these, currently an estimated 27% undergo an MT procedure, indicating an opportunity for growth. Further expansion may require focusing on the elderly, medium vessel strokes and workflow efficiencies from diagnosis to treatment.
Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle Genes Families in Euphorbiaceae: Characterization and Evolutionary Analysis

Simple Summary The climatic changes pose important threats to agriculture. Plants are sessile organisms and need to cope with different environmental conditions throughout their lifespan. Most responses involve different signaling molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Due to their high reactivity, ROS are also an oxidative threat to the cell. Consequently, plant cells display elaborated defenses against oxidative stress. The ascorbate-glutathione cycle is the main antioxidant pathway in photosynthetic organisms and is composed by the enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR). Here, the APX, MDAR, DHAR and GR genes from castor bean, cassava, jatropha and rubber tree were identified and classified. This classification allowed the prediction of their subcellular localization within plant cells, such as cytosol, peroxisomes, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. Our analysis also contributes to understanding the evolutionary history of these genes. The expression pattern of ascorbate-glutathione cycle genes in castor bean submitted to drought reveals changes in leaves and roots. Altogether, these data contribute to uncovering the regulation of ROS metabolism during stress response in castor bean, which is highly tolerant to drought. Abstract Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDAR), Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) enzymes participate in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, which exerts a central role in the antioxidant metabolism in plants. Despite the importance of this antioxidant system in different signal transduction networks related to development and response to environmental stresses, the pathway has not yet been comprehensively characterized in many crop plants. Among different eudicotyledons, the Euphorbiaceae family is particularly diverse with some species highly tolerant to drought. Here the APX, MDAR, DHAR, and GR genes in Ricinus communis, Jatropha curcas, Manihot esculenta, and Hevea brasiliensis were identified and characterized. The comprehensive phylogenetic and genomic analyses allowed the classification of the genes into different classes, equivalent to cytosolic, peroxisomal, chloroplastic, and mitochondrial enzymes, and revealed the duplication events that contribute to the expansion of these families within plant genomes. Due to the high drought stress tolerance of Ricinus communis, the expression patterns of ascorbate-glutathione cycle genes in response to drought were also analyzed in leaves and roots, indicating a differential expression during the stress. Altogether, these data contributed to the characterization of the expression pattern and evolutionary analysis of these genes, filling the gap in the proposed functions of core components of the antioxidant mechanism during stress response in an economically relevant group of plants.
Roles of non-coding RNA in megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis: new target therapies in ITP

Abstract Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of RNA molecules that cannot encode proteins, and a better understanding of the complex interaction networks coordinated by ncRNAs will provide a theoretical basis for the development of therapeutics targeting the regulatory effects of ncRNAs. Platelets are produced upon the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into megakaryocytes, 1011 per day, and are renewed every 8–9 days. The process of thrombopoiesis is affected by multiple factors, in which ncRNAs also exert a significant regulatory role. This article reviewed the regulatory roles of ncRNAs, mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), circRNAs (circular RNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in thrombopoiesis in recent years as well as their roles in primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Plain Language Summary What is the context? Platelets are produced from progenitor cells named megakaryocytes (MKs) differentiated from bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Thrombopoiesis refers to the process by which platelet-producing MKs release platelet granules into peripheral blood under the shear force of blood flow for further development and maturation. The process of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis is affected by multiple factors, wherein some ncRNAs also exert a significant regulatory role. miRNAs/lncRNAs play a promising role in t primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). What is new? This article reviewed the regulatory roles of ncRNAs, mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), circRNAs (circular RNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in thrombopoiesis. This article also reviewed the roles of ncRNAs in ITP. What is the impact? Changes in ncRNA expression are associated with changes in the production of MKs, thrombopoiesis, and platelet function, which allows a new understanding of the pathogenesis of many congenital or acquired platelet-related diseases.
On the HCN/HNC abundance ratio: a theoretical study of the H+CNH HCN+H exchange reactions.

The hydrogen exchange reaction H+CNH->HCN+H may be a key step in gas-phase interstellar nitrogen chemistry. It is one of the reactions supposed to cause increasing HNC depletion with increasing temperature in dense interstellar clouds. In this paper we report the results of extensive ab-initio calculations on the H+CNH H+HCN system that partially confirm this hypothesis. It is shown that both forward and reverse reactions possess activation barriers. However, the activation energy of the H+CNH channel (4.2+/-1.0kcal/mol.) is four times smaller than for the endothermic HCN+H path. Calculations on the rate of the forward reaction show that tunneling under the entrance channel barrier allows a small rate coefficient at the temperatures under 100K and that the rate coefficient increases steadily with increasing temperature for T>100K.
Gibbs Sampling Method in the Multidimensional Logistic Response Model with Missing Responses

Missing data are often a problem in statistical modeling. How to estimate item parameters with missing data in item response theory (IRT) is an interesting issue. The Bayesian paradigm offers a natural model-based solution for this problem by treating missing values as random variables and estimating their posterior distributions. In this article, based on a data augmentation scheme using the Gibbs sampler, we propose a Bayesian procedure to estimate the multidimensional two parameter Logistic model with missing responses.