Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unusual strategies of gene expression and control in parasites.

S~mae parasites display highh unusual mechanisms of mRNA maturation and modes of gene regulation m comparison to those ~f higher eukary~tes. The details et these mechanisms have come primarily flora in vlvo studies m rbe trypanosomids and in vilro manipularion of cell-free system. , derived from tl~e parasitic nematode Ascaris lumbricoides. The first eukaryotic muhicistronic transcription units were found in lrypanosomatids, and they also exhibit trans-splicing, :rod RNA editing {see accompanying Perspective by Simpson and Maslov). Unlike transcriptL,mal gene regulation in other eukarx.ote~, gene regulmion in dlese organisms is largely dictated by posttranscriptional mecbm~isms. At first blush, trypanosomatid mRNA appears indistinguishable from the standard eukaryotic mRNAs. It has a single c~ding sequence flanked by 5' and Y untranslated regions; the 5' ends are capped and the 3' ends are polyadenylated. Yet, the biofeenesis of this RNA differs m ahnost every respect from d~at in most eukaryotes. Trypanosomatid genes exhibit an eccenmc mode of transcription: These organisms are unusual because they contain a number of tandem arrays of closely spaced genes (I), which do not seem to contain promoter elements either within or at the extremities of their sequences. These findings, coupled with short-wavelength ultraviolet light inactivation studies and subsequent transfection experiments, have clearly established that most protein-coding genes are synthesized as part of multicistronic primary transcripts (1). The generation of mature mRNA requires that individual coding sequences and their associated untranslated regions be excised from the primary transcript. This is accomplished by two RNA-processing reactions: mtermolecular (u-ans)-splicing and polyadenylation. "I rans-splic ing ib an unusual RNA processing reaction that preciseh jtm~s exons derwed flora separate lrans~ripts (2, 3). As discussed l~elow, trans.,plicing in trypanos~mlatids (and other organisms) is closely related to the process whereby mtrons are excised from nuclear pw-mRNAs in other eukaryotes. The subsuates of trans-~j21i£ing are a small non-
Edge Preserved Image Compression using Extended Shearlet transform

The motivation of the proposed compression method is to reduce the bit rate for image transmission or memory requirement for image storage while maintaining image quality. The edges are one of the prominent features in an image and they are essential for maintaining image quality. JPEG compression standards like JPEG98 and JPEG2000 produce visual artifacts in reconstructed image at low bit rate because, they didnât tailored about the detailed information like edges. Hence second generation coding introduced to preserve edge information, in which approximation and detailed information are separately encoded, so that, it introduces additional computational time and complexity. A multi directional anisotropic shearlet transform provides an optimally efficient representation of images with edges whereas wavelet transform have limited capability in dealing with edge information in all directions. Here, multidirectional transform called extended shearlet transform is used to uncorrelate the input gray level values with edge preserving capabiltiy. Hard thresholding method is applied to transform coefficients and finally threshold output is encoded using Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) technique. The comparative analysis is performed between Edge Preserved Wavelet Transform coding (EPWT) and the extended shearlet transform coding. Image quality is measured objectively using peak signal-to-noise ratio, Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and subjectively, using perceived image quality. The simulation results show that, the extended shearlet based compression technique is more efficient than EPWT coding technique for wide range of geometrical features of the images. Quantitative analysis on standard test images show that the proposed technique outperforms the EPWT coding technique by 0.16 to 1.46 dB of PSNR with less computational time.
Semi-supervised multiple instance learning based domain adaptation for object detection

In this paper we propose a semi-supervised multiple instance learning based boosting algorithm for domain adaptation, with face detection as an example. Very often a generic classifier learned using a large volume of training data needs to be tuned to work for a specific scenario. However when deployed, the test scenarios may differ marginally from the training ones. For e.g. a face detection system may be deployed in an airport as well as in an auditorium hallway. The classifier then needs to adapt to the new domain. Instead of retraining the classifier completely using examples from the new scenario, it is desirable to see how much the classifier can "self-learn". Conventional self-learning algorithms consider putative positives on test data given by the base classifier, and select a subset of those based on more stringent thresholds. In this paper we propose an alternative self-learning approach which is based on the popular multiple instance learning approach which makes use of "bags" instead of single instances for training the classifier. We pool the putative positives on a given test image into a positive bag and the putative negatives into a negative bag. We augment this data to the initial training data and retrain the classifier using MILBoost. Specifically the advantage of our approach is that since it makes use of bags it is more robust to classification errors by the base classifier. We demonstrate the improvement in classification accuracy using our approach on Faces in the Wild database. We show that our approach outperforms self-learning and compares favorably with MILBoost trained on manually marked face data without the corresponding increase in labeling effort.
Two-component model of security inspection : application and findings

Security inspection is a form of visual inspection that presents a changing set of potential targets, i.e. threats. However it has not been shown how the unique features of security inspection fit into more general models of industrial and other inspection tasks. Spitz and Drury [2] developed equations based on modeling the inspection task as containing both search and decision components. The current research tested the applicability of this twocomponent model to x-ray screening, and utilized the model to determine how a training program (ie. X-Ray Tutor) affected the search and decision parameters. Performance data from 416 airport screeners evaluating 40 x-ray images of passenger bags was analyzed. The analysis found model vs. data r values averaging above 0.8, showing the applicability of the model to a security x-ray task. [Note: Due to security reasons, all detection measures have been multiplied by an arbitrary constant. ]
Extracting Refined Rules from Hybrid Neuro-Symbolic Systems

In this work is presented the preliminary studies of the development of a system for the extraction of refined rules in artificial neuronal networks from hybrid neuro-symbolic systems. The artificial neuronal networks (ANN) is a distributed massively parallel processor that is prone for the nature to store experimental knowledge and to make it available for the use. However a disadvantage of the ANN is they are considered "black boxes", since they transform the entrances in exits without noticing as this transformation is made.
COMPARTIVE ANALYSIS ON DICOM IMAGE COMPRESSION BASED ON WAVELET BASED TECHNIQUES

Medical image compression serves an important role in hospitals and medical centers as they concentrate on acquiring digital images for various medical applications . Image compression results in reducing the size of the files for effective storage requirement during the diagnosis of relevant clinically critical information. Image compression can be classified into two types namely lossy compression and lossless compression . Lossy compression techniques are avoided for medical image compression as it is concerned with critical regions which are termed as region of interest because they result in the loss of useful medical information and also process such as enhancement can reduce the information content of an image in lossy compression. Lossy compression techniques compress images with the high compression ratio. Lossless coding techniques compress images with acceptable compression ratio. Digitized medical images are to be compressed by method which overcomes the redundancy of the images and decreases the number of the bits required to represent the medical image with acceptable information loss of the decoded image. Restorative Imaging confronts the difficulties of having pressure calculation which can diminish the loss of data in a picture, in the meantime it expands the pressure rate for lessening of capacity prerequisite and the span for transmission and this gets to be productive . This paper highlights the correlation of pressure methods, for example, jpeg2000,jpeg-ls and Lsphit calculation on the premise of pressure proportion and the nature of the picture after pressure.
Asphalt Binders

Construction and maintenance costs for the U.S. roadway infrastructure are approximately $100 billion/year, about 1 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product. Asphalt paving is the largest component of this cost, representing about 20 percent of the total. The majority of this work is publicly funded by federal, state, and local governments—thus, ultimately by U.S. taxpayers. This work and a great deal of commercial work is done primarily according to state agency specifications, which define the characteristics of the materials used and the attributes of the finished pavement. Because these projects usually are built under low-bid contracts, rational performance-based specifications are critical for producing cost-effective pavements. For most asphalt pavements, the newly implemented Superpave specification system is used. About 95 percent of the paved roads in the United States are surfaced with asphalt, and most are produced using hot-mix construction. Hot-mix pavements consist of one or more compacted layers that contain (volumetrically) about 80 percent mineral aggregate, 15 percent asphalt binder, and 5 percent air voids. In the United States, the asphalt binder component is valued at approximately $3 billion/year and can have a disproportionately large impact on overall pavement performance. The asphalt binder functions as an inexpensive (typically, $0.05/pound), waterproof, thermoplastic adhesive. In other words, it acts as the glue that holds the road together. In its most common form, asphalt binder is simply the residue from petroleum refining. To achieve the necessary properties for paving purposes, binder must be produced from a carefully chosen crude oil blend, and processed to an appropriate grade. For a few applications, additives (usually polymers) are blended or reacted with the binder to enhance its properties.
Caregivers’ confidence in performing child safety seat installations: what matters most?

Background Although effective when used correctly, child restraint systems (CRS) are commonly misused. Caregivers must make accurate judgements about the quality of their CRS installations, but there is little research on the psychological, technological, or contextual factors that might influence these judgements. Methods Seventy-five caregivers were observed installing a CRS into a vehicle and completed self-report surveys measuring risk appraisals, previous utilisation of CRS resources, task difficulty, and confidence that the CRS was installed correctly. Results Approximately 30% of caregivers installed the CRS inaccurately and insecurely, but reported that it was correctly installed. Predictors of confidence were ease of use (β=0.47) and exposure to CRS resources (β=−0.34). Installation errors and CRS security were unrelated to caregivers’ confidence. Conclusions An interdisciplinary approach is needed to understand factors influencing caregivers’ judgements about their installations, optimise channels to connect caregivers to CRS resources, and to design safety technologies in light of these findings.
Reconstitution of Plant Alkane Biosynthesis in Yeast Demonstrates That Arabidopsis ECERIFERUM1 and ECERIFERUM3 Are Core Components of a Very-Long-Chain Alkane Synthesis Complex[C][W]

Very-long-chain alkanes are major components of cuticular waxes, a protective layer covering aerial surfaces of plants. This article shows that the Arabidopsis thaliana CER1 protein interacts with the wax-associated CER3 protein and with the cytochrome b5 isoforms found in the endoplasmic reticulum, and that these proteins constitute the enzymatic complex catalyzing the redox-dependent plant alkane synthesis. In land plants, very-long-chain (VLC) alkanes are major components of cuticular waxes that cover aerial organs, mainly acting as a waterproof barrier to prevent nonstomatal water loss. Although thoroughly investigated, plant alkane synthesis remains largely undiscovered. The Arabidopsis thaliana ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) protein has been recognized as an essential element of wax alkane synthesis; nevertheless, its function remains elusive. In this study, a screen for CER1 physical interaction partners was performed. The screen revealed that CER1 interacts with the wax-associated protein ECERIFERUM3 (CER3) and endoplasmic reticulum–localized cytochrome b5 isoforms (CYTB5s). The functional relevance of these interactions was assayed through an iterative approach using yeast as a heterologous expression system. In a yeast strain manipulated to produce VLC acyl-CoAs, a strict CER1 and CER3 coexpression resulted in VLC alkane synthesis. The additional presence of CYTB5s was found to enhance CER1/CER3 alkane production. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that CER1 His clusters are essential for alkane synthesis, whereas those of CER3 are not, suggesting that CYTB5s are specific CER1 cofactors. Collectively, our study reports the identification of plant alkane synthesis enzymatic components and supports a new model for alkane production in which CER1 interacts with both CER3 and CYTB5 to catalyze the redox-dependent synthesis of VLC alkanes from VLC acyl-CoAs.
Genetics of poliovirus.

INFECTIOUS eDNA AND IN VITRO SYNTHESIS OF INFECTIOUS VIRAL RNA 359 SELECTION AND GENERATION OF MUTANTS . 360 Selection of Spontaneous Mutants . 363 Random Mutagenesis . _ . _ _ . _ _ . 370 Mutagenesis Targeted to Existing or de novo Introduced Restriction Sites . 370 Oligonucleotide-mediated, Site Directed Mutagenesis. 371 Exchange of Genomic Segments . 371 In Search for Revertants . 372
‘Somewhere beyond England and Ireland’: narratives of ‘home’ in second-generation Irish autobiography

One of the most intriguing aspects of the increased recognition of Irish ethnic difference in contemporary Britain is the phenomenon of authors of Irish descent using their own biographies and family histories as a touchstone to trace the transgenerational ramifications of diasporic identities. Recent years have seen the publication of a small corpus of works in which autobiographic and biographic modes, or a hybridised form of them, have been mobilised to explore the implications of Irish identity loss and continuity both within and beyond the migrant generation. Although thematically linked, these works differ ideologically and formally, ranging from unconventional memoirs to scholarly theses. Chief among the latter is Bronwen Walter’s Outsiders Inside: Whiteness, Place and Irish Women (2001), a study that serves as a prism through which to view other texts in this loose affiliation. It is also the most anomalous in so far as Walter admits to having no Irish ancestry. Yet by fruitfully utilising Avtar Brah’s concept of Britain as a ‘diaspora space’ she identifies points in her family background where her ‘ “Englishness” is mutually constituted with “Irishness”, but in ways which are so deeply embedded they have to be teased out of very mundane situations’ [1]. In this way, she begins to deconstruct the myth of a homogeneous white British identity by revealing ‘the myriad ways in which outsides and insides have always constituted each other’ [2]. Walter then moves beyond her own biography to examine Irish migrant women’s negotiations of identity outside and inside the societies in which they live, with particular reference to the specificities of their spatial and socio-economic positioning. Published more than a year after Outsiders Inside, Blake Morrison’s Things My Mother Never Told Me (2002) reads like a literary analogue to it, so closely does the life story of the author’s mother, Killorglin-born Agnes O’Shea, corroborate key aspects of Walter’s thesis. Part memoir, part biography, the book explores the embeddedness of an Irish presence in an English social landscape by tracing the appropriation of one Catholic woman’s identity by a particular brand of xenophobic Protestant Englishness. Determined to make a medical career for herself in post-war England, Agnes reinvented herself as ‘Kim’ on meeting and marrying Arthur Morrison, and subsequently performed a range of accommodation strategies to negotiate the deeply ingrained anti-Irish and anti-Catholic prejudices of the provincial middle classes. Rather than assert her ethnicity she neutralised it, becoming ‘taciturn, chameleon-like, self-erasing’ [3]. Having silently relinquished her name, accent, origins and religion, she eventually became as English as the English themselves: ‘Effacement wasn’t her only way of coping. She also told jokes against her tribe. The Irish as stupid, feckless, drunk, poverty-stricken— the thing was to get in first, before the English did’ [4]. In fact, Morrison’s mother
Acute-Onset Anterograde Amnesia Caused by Isolated Bilateral Fornix Infarction

A 56-year-old right-handed gentleman was brought to hospital by his family after noting that he had acute short-term memory difficulties within 24 hours and that he was frequently repeating the same questions every few minutes. His daughter described him as being like a tape recorder, repeating the questions “Where’s my jacket? Where’s my phone? Where’s my watch? ” continually throughout the first night of admission. His past medical history was significant for atrial fibrillation, aortic and mitral valve replacement with mechanical prostheses 11 years prior, and a right frontal stroke 11 years prior giving rise to mild disinhibition. He had a 15 pack-year smoking history prior to his stroke, and has since only occasionally smoked cigars; he rarely consumes alcohol. He was otherwise independent with his activities of daily living. His home medications included warfarin, aspirin, ramipril, metoprolol and digoxin. There was no history of trauma or any recent systemic or constitutional symptoms. There was no family history of cerebrovascular disease or dementia. He denied any headache, vision changes, weakness, numbness, parasthesias, dysphagia, speech changes, gait difficulties, seizures or hallucinations. On physical examination, the patient was alert and oriented; afebrile with stable vital signs. He was able to follow 3-step commands. He scored 17/30 on the Montreal Objective Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), with predominant deficits in recall (0/5) and registration (3/5) and visuospatial/executive function (2/5) and attention (2/6). His affect was normal with mild disinhibition. There was no dysarthria or ideomotor apraxia. Primitive reflexes were absent. Reading, repetition and naming were intact, with some perseveration. He would continually repeat the same questions within one to two minutes of receiving an answer. The remainder of his neurological examination was normal, including cranial nerves II-XII, motor examination, sensory testing, reflexes, coordination, balance, and gait testing. His blood work, including complete blood count, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, thyroid stimulating hormone, vitamin B12, liver enzymes, cardiac enzymes, inflammatory markers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein) and toxicology screen, were within normal limits. His international normalized ratio (INR) was 2.8 (Target goal on warfarin: 2.5-3.5). His serum low-density lipoprotein level was 3.29 mmol/L. Urinalysis, urine culture, and chest x-ray were unremarkable. Electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrated atrial fibrillation. His computed tomogram (CT) head did not demonstrate any acute lesions; the old infarct was noted in the right frontal operculum, as well as small old infarcts in the medial right occipital lobe and left cerebellum. Acute-Onset Anterograde Amnesia Caused by Isolated Bilateral Fornix Infarction
Face recognition using the classified appearance-based quotient image

We propose a new method for synthesizing an illumination normalized image from a face image including diffuse reflection, specular reflection, attached shadow and cast shadow. The method is derived from the self-quotient image (SQI) which is defined by the ratio of albedo at the pixel value to a locally smoothed pixel value. However, the SQI is not synthesized from an image containing shadows or specular reflections. Since these regions correspond to areas of high or low albedo, they cannot be discriminated from diffuse reflection by using only a single image. To classify the appearances, we utilize a simple model defined by a number of basis images which represent diffuse reflection on a generic face. Through experimental results we show the effectiveness of this method for face identification on the Yale Face Database B and on a real-world database, using only a single image for each individual in training
Commentary: work, well-being, and a new calling for countercyclical policy.

The question of how human well-being is affected by business cycles is an ageold focus in economics. Starting with the dawn of the modern welfare state early in the 20th Century, economists following in the tradition of John Maynard Keynes1 advocated activist countercyclical economic policies: increases in spending or decreases in taxes that are implemented during economic downturns in order to dampen business cycles. The stagflation of the 1970s and the Lucas critique2 marked the beginning of a sea change in thinking about countercyclical policy. Lucas showed why good-intentioned countercyclical policy might be rendered ineffective at best and inflationary at worst by forward-looking, rational individuals who adapt to government policymaking. As a result of this feasibility argument, activist countercyclical policy largely fell out of favor in the U.S. New policies took neoclassical emphases on fostering price stability, improving incentives to work and save, and increasing the potential for long-run growth. There is much to be said about the beneficial impacts of such policies in the long run, but incentivizing work necessarily tilts fiscal policy in the procyclical direction, i.e., increasing spending during times that are already good,