Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Displacement damage in GaAs structures

High-energy knock-on atoms produced by incident protons are much more important in determining the total nonionizing energy deposited in GaAs than in Si, due to the relative size of the Lindhard correction for partitioning the recoil energy. High-energy recoils are mainly produced by inelastic nuclear interactions between the incident protons and the target atoms. A review of previous calculations indicates that both the fast cascade and the evaporation phases of the elastic interaction contribute to the average energy of the recoiling ion. New calculations are presented for the energy dependence of the nonionizing energy deposited in GaAs as a result of inelastic interaction with protons over the energy range 10-1000 MeV. These calculations are combined with the previously determined contribution from elastic interactions to obtain the energy dependence of the total nonionizing energy deposited in GaAs by protons. The calculation is compared with both new and earlier experimental data for ion-implanted GaAs resistors irradiated with protons over the energy range 40-188 MeV, in order to form a basis whereby proton displacement effects in GaAs structures can be predicted. It is shown that results obtained for 10 MeV protons, for example, can be used to predict results to be expected at much higher energies. >
Obtaining characteristics of alternatives from Revealed Preference data using the CART algorithm

In general terms, discrete choice models are calibrated using data obtained from Revealed Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP) surveys. In transportation planning, one of the main sources of data is the Origin/Destination (O/D) Survey, which is an RP survey and describes the actual choices and behaviors of individuals. However, it is not possible, through this source, to characterize the alternatives not chosen. This study has two related aims: (1) to propose a criterion to characterize the travel mode alternatives using RP data, and (2) to test the improvement of travel mode choice estimates based on including characteristics of alternatives. First, the CART (Classification and Regression Tree) algorithm was used to characterize the travel times of the travel modes available in the study area (city of São Paulo, Brazil). The trips were classified according to independent variables selected by the algorithm, and average travel time values were obtained for five travel mode alternatives – information not previously available in the RP survey. Finally, the improvement of discrete choice modeling, based on including average travel times, was tested using a validation sample and performance metrics, such as Hit rates and LogLikelihood values. An increase in estimates was observed from including travel duration, and the proposed method is an academic contribution to the modeling based on RP data.
Explainable Classification of Medical Documents Through a Text-to-Text Transformer

Death certificates are important medical records which are collected for the purpose of public healthcare and statistics by multiple organizations around the globe. Due to their importance, those certificates are compiled by experienced medical practitioner according to a standard defined by the World Health Organization including rules to select an underlying cause of death (UCOD). For this reason, the coding of death certificates is a slow and costly process. To overcome these issues, the scientific community proposed deep learning approaches to perform such a task. Despite those systems achieve high accuracy scores (close to 1), their complexity makes the obscure to the final user, making it unfeasible the adoption as a decision support system. In this paper, we propose a model based on text-to-text transformers which is able to provide a UCOD as well as to generate a human-readable explanation for its classification. We compare the proposed approach to state-of-the-art interpretable rule-based systems.
The Perception of Speech Sounds by Deafened Persons

In a previous paper by Fletcher and Galt [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 22, 89 (1950)] a method was described for measuring experimentally and also for calculating the interpretation aspect of the perception of speech. The listeners were considered to have normal hearing. In the present paper the same principles are applied to persons having abnormal hearing.
Measurement of a soil-water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability using the evaporation method and the chilled-mirror method

Fredlund and Rahardjo (1993) indicated that the behavior of unsaturated soil is significantly dependent on its soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC). There are many conventional methods for determining SWCC. Tempe and pressure plate apparatuses are commonly utilized in the laboratory to measure it (Zhan et al., 2007; Fredlund et al., 2012; Rahardjo et al., 2012; Cai et al., 2014). A Tempe cell is used to generate SWCC up to 100 kPa since it is provided with 1 bar (1 bar=1×10 Pa) high air-entry disc (Kassim et al., 2012; Rahardjo et al., 2019). A pressure plate cell (provided with a 5 or 15 bar high air-entry ceramic disc) is used to establish SWCC at suction ranges from 100 to 1500 kPa in combination with SWCC tests using the Tempe cell. These methods are known to be reliable for SWCC determination; however, they are tedious and time consuming (Fredlund, 2007). There has been a wide interest among researchers studying unsaturated soil mechanics in exploring alternative and faster methods to evaluate SWCC for engineering practice. Merayyan and Miller (2006), Peters and Durner (2008), Schindler et al. (2010a, 2010b, 2015), and Peters et al. (2015) focused on the measurement of SWCC using only the evaporation method with HYPROP. Leong et al. (2003) and Mantri and Bulut (2014) focused on the measurement of SWCC using only the chilled-mirror method. The SWCC obtained from the dew point method was accurate for high suction ranges but was observed to have much variability at low suction ranges. The simple evaporation method was first developed by Wind (1968) and measured the moisture content and tension in soil during the evaporation process to obtain the coefficient of permeability of the soil. Schindler (1980) modified this method to simplify the process using two tension shafts for the measurement of suctions. In this study, SWCC tests were performed based on the concept of an evaporation method using HYPROP. HYPROP was utilized for SWCC measurements up to 100 kPa soil suction. The results are analysed using an interpolation method by taking the average suction value from measurements recorded in two tensiometers at different depths. The assumption was made that linearization errors were insignificant so that interpolation can be done accurately, as proven in previous investigations (Peters and Durner, 2008; Peters et al., 2015). One of the advantages of the HYPROP test is that it can simulate the natural evaporation process which provides the closest representation of in situ evaporation (Wind, 1968). During the experiment, the Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering) ISSN 1673-565X (Print); ISSN 1862-1775 (Online) www.jzus. zju.edu. cn; www.springerlink. com E-mail: jzus@zju.edu. cn
MECHANICS OF BOND AND INTERFACE SHEAR TRANSFER IN OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS

Optical fiber sensors are emerging as a superior nondestructive means for condition evaluation of civil structures. The ability of an optical fiber sensor to monitor strain distribution in a structural material depends on the bonding characteristics between the material and the optical fiber. The strain field transferred from the structure to the optical fiber sensor generates changes in the characteristics of the light signal transmitted by the glass core of the optical fiber. Transduction of this signal will provide a means for measurement of strain. However, the mechanical properties of the protective coatings employed in conjunction with optical fibers alter the strain transduction capabilities of the sensor. A portion of the strain is absorbed by the protective coating of the optical fiber, and hence, only a segment of structural strain is sensed. In the study reported here, a model is introduced and tested through which it is possible to interpret the actual level of structural strains from the values measured by an optical fiber sensor. A number of realistic assumptions were introduced to simplify the development of the mathematical rigor. It was determined that the strain transfer characteristics of optical fibers depend on the mechanical properties of the glass core, the protective coating, and the gauge length of the optical fiber. Mathematical expressions are developed through which it is possible to describe the level of strain loss within the protective coating, and the amount transferred to the optical fiber core. The theoretical findings were verified through a series of experiments involving white light interferometry. The investigation encompassed repeated experiments with a range of fiber sensor gauge lengths. The experimental program included evaluation of strain transfer capabilities of coated as well as bare fibers.
Computational Algorithm for a Fixed Cycle Traffic Signal and New Approximate Expressions for Average Delay

A computational algorithm for several characteristics such as the average delay, the average queue length and the probability of clearing the queue is devised for a fixed cycle traffic signal. The values of the average delay given by several theoretical expressions are compared with the exact values computed by the present algorithm. This comparison suggests new approximate expressions for the average delay. New approximate expressions and existing approximate expressions including Webster's full expression and Newell's expression are compared numerically with exact values of the average delay. It is shown that new approximate expressions give almost exact values of the average delay. In addition it is shown that Newell's expression is the most accurate of the existing approximate expressions.
Identifying Martian atmospheric instabilities and their physical origins using bred vectors

The bred vector (BV) technique applied to the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Mars General Circulation Model (MGCM) identifies regions and seasons of instability of the Martian atmosphere, and a kinetic energy equation applied to the control and perturbed states elucidates their physical origins. Instabilities prominent in the late autumn to early spring seasons of each hemisphere along the polar temperature front result from baroclinic conversions from BV potential to BV kinetic energy near the surface, whereas both baroclinic and barotropic conversions play a role for the westerly jets aloft. The low‐level tropics and the northern hemisphere summer are relatively stable, with negative bred vector growth rates. Bred vector growth precedes initiation of travelling wave activity in the midlatitudes during the transition seasons, and their structure relates to the eddy field. Topography plays a role in determining favoured locations for near‐surface instabilities. Bred vectors are also linked to forecast ensemble spread in data assimilation and help explain the growth of forecast errors. We finally note that the ability to use breeding to identify instabilities as well as their physical origin depends on the fact that both the control and the perturbed solutions that give rise to bred vectors satisfy exactly the model's governing equations. As a result, this approach can be used with any dynamical system represented by a model. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Optical appearance of distant objects to observers near and inside a Schwarzschild black hole

To observers inside and near a Schwarzschild black hole, the external universe appears visually distorted and frequency-shifted due to gravitational focusing, gravitational blue-shifts, Doppler shifts, and aberration. This paper calculates the distortion and frequency shifts as seen by observers who sit at rest in hole's external field, and by observers who fall freely from infinity, through the hole's horizon, and into the singularity at its center.
Optical property measurements in turbid media using frequency-domain photon migration

In frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM), amplitude-modulated light is launched into a turbid medium, e.g., tissue, which results in the propagation of density waves of diffuse photons. Variations in the optical properties of the medium perturb the phase velocity and amplitude of the diffusing waves. These parameters can be determined by measuring the phase delay and demodulation amplitude of the waves with respect to the source. More specifically, the damped spherical-wave solutions to the homogeneous form of the diffusion equation yield expressions for phase ((phi) ) and demodulation (m) as a function of source distance, modulation frequency, absorption coefficient ((Beta) ), and effective scattering coefficient ((sigma) eff). In this work, analytical expressions for the variable dependence of (phi) and m on modulation frequency are presented. A simple method for extracting absorption coefficients from (phi) and m vs. frequency plots is applied to the measurement of tissue phantoms. Using modulation frequencies between 5 MHz and 250 MHz, absorption coefficients as low as 0.024 cm-1 are measured in the presence of effective scattering coefficients as high as 144 cm-1. The results underscore the importance of employing multiple modulation frequencies for the quantitative determination of optical properties.
A comparison study between Wiener and adaptive state estimation (STAP-ASE) algorithms for space time adaptive radar processing

Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) is a multi-dimensional adaptive signal processing technique, which processes the signal in spatial and Doppler domains for which a target detection hypothesis is to be formed. It is a sample based technique and based on the assumption of adequate number of Independent and Identically Distributed (i.i.d.) training data set in the surrounding environment. The principal challenge of the radar processing lies when it violates these underlying assumptions due to severe dynamic heterogeneous clutter (hot clutter) and jammer effects. This in turn degrades the Signal to Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), hence signal detection performance. Classical Wiener filtering theory is inadequate to deal with nonlinear and nonstationary interferences, however Wiener filtering approach is optimal for stationary and linear systems. But, these challenges can be overcome by Adaptive Sequential State Estimation (ASSE) filtering technique.
Efficient and easy-to-use sample size formulas in ratio-based non-inferiority tests

In many biomedical applications, tests for the classical hypotheses based on the difference of treatment means in a one-way layout can be replaced by tests for ratios (or tests for relative changes). This approach is well noted for its simplicity in defining the margins, as for example in tests for non-inferiority. Here, we derive approximate and efficient sample size formulas in a multiple testing situation and then thoroughly investigate the relative performance of hypothesis testing based on the ratios of treatment means when compared with differences of means. The results will be illustrated with an example on simultaneous tests for non-inferiority.
Performance of excitable small-world networks of Bonhoeffer-van der Pol-FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators

We investigate how performance (i.e. activity of the nodes and their subsequent synchronization) of excitable small-world networks depends on network topology. Network elements are described by Bonhoeffer-van der Pol-FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators assumed to be close to the oscillating threshold. Global oscillations are induced by introducing a small amount of diversity. In homogeneous networks, it is found that the system performance is mainly determined by the average path length, no matter what the local properties are. The network undergoes a transition from low to high activity regimes at a critical path length. This transition, also found in regular networks, is shown to be caused by the dependence of the critical coupling strength between network units on the average path length.
Single-electron tunneling in highly doped silicon nanowires in a dual-gate configuration

Lateral patterning of highly doped silicon-on-insulator films allows us to observe conductance oscillations due to single-electron charging effects. In our devices, silicon nanostructures are embedded into a metal–oxide–silicon configuration. The single-electron effects can be tuned both by an in-plane sidegate, as well as by a metallic topgate, a technology which is compatible with large-scale integration of single-electron devices with dimensions down to 10 nm. We compare the influence of different gating electrodes, important for ultralarge scale integration, on the electron islands.
Volt-Var Optimization Using Differential Evolution

Abstract This paper proposes a differential evolution-based optimal power flow (OPF) for reactive power dispatch (Volt-Var) in power system planning and operational studies. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear optimization problem, taking into account both continuous and discrete control variables. The proposed method determines control variable settings such as generator voltage magnitudes, tap positions, and the number of shunt capacitors to be switched for real power loss minimization in the transmission system using a differential evolution (DE) algorithm with efficient constraint handling. The proposed methodology is tested on standard test systems such as IEEE 14-, IEEE 30-, and IEEE 57-bus systems, and the performance is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA) and interior point method (IPM). It was observed that the DE-based method is more robust and faster compared to the GA.
Voltage required to detach an adhered particle by Coulomb interaction for micromanipulation

An adhered particle can be detached by Coulomb interaction. The voltage required for detachment for micromanipulation is theoretically analyzed by employment of a boundary element method. The system consists of a manipulating probe, a spherical particle, and a substrate plate, all of these objects being conductive. The manipulator and the substrate are cylindrical, and axial symmetry is assumed. Although a numerical method is used to solve the equations, all parameters are normalized. The effect of the shape parameters on the Coulomb force is systematically calculated. The force is independent of system size and depends on the relative shape of the system. The force is proportional to the applied voltage raised to the second power. The force generated by the Coulomb interaction is compared with the adhesion force deduced from the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts theory, and the voltage required for detachment is clearly expressed. The possibilities and limitations of micromanipulation using both the adhesion pheno.
Grid-Based Corner Detection of the Microscopic Camera Calibration

Camera calibration is one of the key technologies of Computer Vision. This paper presented a microscope camera calibration method based on grid corner detection for the particular application area of microscopic measurement. The method considered not only the radial distortion, but also other non-linear factors, such as centrifugal distortion and thin-prism distortion. First of all, the actual corner coordinates information of the grid was obtained through the improved corner detection method. Then, the matrixes of lens distortion parameters and camera internal parameters were gotten according to the camera imaging model. Finally, through the established non-linear camera model, the average error between fore-projection and re-projection grid corner coordinates was obtained by re-projecting the grid corner coordinates. Experimental results show that the corner detection algorithm is accurate and the final calibration error is 0.6319 pixel, which is applicable to microscopic camera calibration.
Aircraft Investigation of Mesoscale Cellular Convection During AMTEX 75.

Abstract The 1 s data set collected by the NCAR Electra research aircraft in the presence of closed mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) has been examined for the purpose of determining the convective wind field and horizontal profiles of temperature and specific humidity. Two flight legs during AMTEX (16 February 1975) were selected for study: one at the 100 m level (case 1) and the other at the 970 m level (case 2), 30 m below cloud base Two closed cells with diameters of 39,0 and 33.0 km were traversed in case 1. Filtered virtual temperature data showed a double-cycle variation, with an average difference between warm and cool regions of 0.32 K. The difference in specific humidity between moist cell center and dry cell wag was ∼1.0 g kg−1. The vertical velocity power spectrum showed no MCC-scale energy. Horizontal wind velocity data indicated convergence toward cell center with mesoscale wind velocity components ∼15 m s−1. The data for case 2 encompassed two closed cells, with traverse lengths ∼32 km ea.
Hierarchical refinement and representation of the causal relation

This research looks at the complexity inherent in the causal relation and the implications for its representation in a Terminological Knowledge Base (TKB). Supported by a more general study of semantic relation hierarchies, a hierarchical refinement of the causal relation is proposed. It results from a manual search of a corpus which shows that it efficiently captures and formalizes variations expressed in text. The feasibility of determining such categorization during automatic extraction from corpora is also explored. Conceptual graphs are used as a representation formalism to which we have added certainty information to capture the degree of certainty surrounding the interaction between two terms involved in a causal relation.
Optical absorption of silicon between 1.6 and 4.7 eV at elevated temperatures

The optical absorption coefficient of silicon for photon energies between 1.65 and 4.77 eV (750– 260 nm) has been determined at elevated temperatures (up to 700 °C) using polarization modulation ellipsometry. For photon energies below ∼3 eV (∼410 nm), the absorption coefficient increases exponentially with temperature from room 24° C to 700 °C, increasing by a factor of approximately 5 over that temperature range. The threshold for direct band‐gap absorption moves to lower energies with increasing temperature.
DESCRITORES QUALITATIVOS E MULTICATEGÓRICOS NA ESTIMATIVA DA VARIABILIDADE FENOTÍPICA ENTRE ACESSOS DE PIMENTAS

The use of germplasm in breeding programs is related to the availability of information on the accessions of a collection or germplasm bank. The characterization and the quantification of genetic and phenotypic divergence among accessions were already studied, including many vegetables species. Aiming to quantify the phenotypic divergence among 29 Capsicum spp. accessions, based on morphological and agronomic traits, 37 descriptors were analyzed using principal components, cluster analysis and multicategorical variables. The experiment was carried out in field conditions, at Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, from March to December, 2004. The data were analyzed using GENES software. The clusters formed using Tocher and nearest neighbor clustering methods showed partial agreement. The use of multicategorical analysis was efficient to quantify the phenotypic divergence.