Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developments in block copolymer science and technology

List of Contributors.Preface. 1. Introduction to Block Copolymers (Ian W. Hamley). 2. Recent Developments in Synthesis of Model Block Copolymers using Ionic Polymerisation (Kristoffer Almdal). 3. Syntheses and Characterizations of Block Copolymers Prepared via Controlled Radical Polymerization Methods (Pan Cai-yuan and Hong Chun-yan). 4. Melt Behaviour of Block Copolymers (Shinichi Sakurai, Shigeru Okamoto and Kazuo Sakurai). 5. Phase Behavior of Block Copolymer Blends (Richard J. Spontak and Nikunj P. Patel). 6. Crystallization within Block Copolymer Mesophases (Yueh-Lin Loo and Richard A. Register). 7. Dynamical Microphase Modelling with Mesodyn (JG.E.M. Fraaije, G.J.A. Sevink and A.V. Zvelindovsky). 8. Self-consistent Field Theory of Block Copolymers (An-Chang Shi). 9. Lithography with Self-assembled Block Copolymer Microdomains (Christopher Harrison, John A. Dagata and Douglas H. Adamson). 10. Applications of Block Copolymer Surfactants (Michael W. Edens and Robert H. Whitmarsh). 11. The Development of Elastomers Based on Fully Hydrogenated Styrene-Diene Block Copolymers (Calvin P. Esneault, Stephen F. Hahn and Gregory F. Meyers). Index.
Cut-set bound for multimessage multicast networks with independent channels and zero-delay edges

We consider a communication network consisting of nodes and directed edges that connect the nodes. Each edge receives a symbol from a node and outputs a symbol to a node in each time slot. An edge (ℓ, i) terminating at node i is said to incur zero delay on an edge (i, j) originating from node i if the following holds in each time slot: Node i receives the symbol output from (ℓ, i) before encoding the symbol to be transmitted on (i, j). Otherwise, (ℓ, i) is said to incur a delay on (i, j). In the classical model, every edge incurs a unit delay on every other edge and the cut-set bound is a well-known outer bound on the capacity region. However, if an edge is allowed to incur zero delay on another edge, then there exists a two-node network whose capacity region exceeds the classical cut-set bound. In this paper, we investigate the multimessage multicast network (MMN) consisting of independent channels and study the capacity region under an edge-delay model where an edge may incur zero delay on some other edges. Our edge-delay model subsumes the classical model. Our result reveals that the capacity region of the MMN with independent channels and zero-delay edges lies within the classical cut-set bound despite a violation of the classical unit-delay assumption.
Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation: Novel and Safe Strategy Based on the Modulation of the Antioxidant System

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia following cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. The pathogenesis of postoperative AF is multifactorial. Oxidative stress, caused by the unavoidable ischemia–reperfusion event occurring in this setting, is a major contributory factor. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-derived effects could result in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, or DNA oxidation of cardiac tissue, thus leading to functional and structural myocardial remodeling. The vulnerability of myocardial tissue to the oxidative challenge is also dependent on the activity of the antioxidant system. High ROS levels, overwhelming this system, should result in deleterious cellular effects, such as the induction of necrosis, apoptosis, or autophagy. Nevertheless, tissue exposure to low to moderate ROS levels could trigger a survival response with a trend to reinforce the antioxidant defense system. Administration of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), known to involve a moderate ROS production, is consistent with a diminished vulnerability to the development of postoperative AF. Accordingly, supplementation of n−3 PUFA successfully reduced the incidence of postoperative AF after coronary bypass grafting. This response is due to an up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, as shown in experimental models. In turn, non-enzymatic antioxidant reinforcement through vitamin C administration prior to cardiac surgery has also reduced the postoperative AF incidence. Therefore, it should be expected that a mixed therapy result in an improvement of the cardioprotective effect by modulating both components of the antioxidant system. We present novel available evidence supporting the hypothesis of an effective prevention of postoperative AF including a two-step therapeutic strategy: n−3 PUFA followed by vitamin C supplementation to patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. The present study should encourage the design of clinical trials aimed to test the efficacy of this strategy to offer new therapeutic opportunities to patients challenged by ischemia–reperfusion events not solely in heart, but also in other organs such as kidney or liver in transplantation surgeries.
No evidence for female discrimination against male house mice carrying a selfish genetic element

Meiotic drivers distort transmission to the next generation in their favor, with detrimental effects on the fitness of their homologues and the rest of the genome. Male carriers of meiotic drivers commonly inflict costs on their mates through genetic incompatibility, reduced fecundity, or biased brood sex ratios. Given these costs, evidence for female discrimination against male carriers is surprisingly rare. One of few examples is the t haplotype in house mice, a meiotic driver that shows strong transmission distortion in males and is typically homozygote lethal. As a consequence, mating between 2 t heterozygous (+/t) mice leads to high embryo mortality. Previous experiments showing that +/t females avoid this incompatibility cost by preferring +/+ versus +/t males have inferred preference based on olfactory cues or brief social interactions. Evidence from mating contexts in laboratory settings and semi-natural populations has been inconclusive. Here, we investigated female choice from a large number of no-choice mating trials. We found no evidence for discrimination against +/t males based on mating, remating, and copulatory behavior. Further, we found no evidence for avoidance of incompatibility through selective interactions between gametes. The likelihood of mating showed significant effects of female weight and genotype, suggesting that our test paradigm enabled females to exhibit mate choice. We discuss the strengths and limitations of our approach. By explicitly considering selection at both the individual and gene level, we argue why precopulatory female discrimination by +/t females may be less evolutionarily stable than discrimination by all females based on postcopulatory mechanisms.
Prisons, terrorism and extremism : critical issues in management, radicalisation and reform

PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Terrorists, Extremists and Prison: An Introduction to the Critical Issues, Andrew Silke 2. 'To Punish, Deter and Incapacitate': Incarceration and Radicalisation in UK Prisons after 9/11, Colin Murray PART II: RADICALISATION, DE-RADICALISATION AND DISENGAGEMENT 3. Developing a Model of Prison Radicalisation, Joshua Sinai 4. From Criminals to Terrorists: The US Experience of Prison Radicalisation, Liran Goldman 5. Does De-radicalisation Work? Considering Communication and Psychological Impact in Prison De-radicalisation Programmes, Kurt Braddock 6. A Time to Think, A Time to Talk: Irish Republican Prisoners in the Northern Irish Peace Process, John Morrison PART III: CRITICAL ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT, RISK ASSESSMENT AND REFORM 7. The Healthy Identity Intervention: The UK's Development of a Psychologically Informed Intervention to address Extremist Offending, Chris Dean 8. Risk Assessment of Terrorist and Extremist Prisoners, Andrew Silke 9. Violent Extremist Risk Assessment: Issues and Applications of the VERA-2 in a High Security Correctional Setting, D. Elaine Pressman and John Flockton 10. The Israeli Experience of Terrorist Prisoner Management and Risk Assessment, Sagit Yehoshua PART IV: KEY CASE STUDIES 11. Terrorism, Extremism, Radicalisation and the Offender Management System in England and Wales, Richard Pickering 12. Saudi Arabia's "Soft" Approach to Terrorist Prisoners: A Model for Others? , Marisa Porges 13. De-radicalising the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), Arie Kruglanski, Michele Gelfand, Jocelyn Belanger, Rohan Gunaratna and Malkanthi Hetiarachchi 14. The "Three Rings" of Terrorist Rehabilitation and Counter-Ideological Work in Singapore: A Decade On, Kumar Ramakrishna 15. Radicalisation, Recidivism and Rehabilitation: Convicted terrorists and Indonesian prisons, Sulastri Osman 16. The Red Army Faction Prisoners in West Germany: Equal treatment or unfairly tough? , Gisela Diewald-Kerkmann 17. Prison Policy as an Anti-Terrorist Tool: Lessons from Spain, Manuel R. Torres Soriano PART V: POST-RELEASE EXPERIENCES 18. Do Leopards Change Their Spots? Probation, Risk Assessment and Management of Terrorism-Related Offenders on Licence in the UK, Ben Wilkinson 19. Northern Irish Ex-Prisoners: The impact of Imprisonment on Prisoners and the Peace Process in Northern Ireland, Neil Ferguson
Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology

Preface Introduction: (Re)constructing the Categories of 'Race' and 'Sex': The Work of a Precursor - Danielle Juteau Part I 1. The Specific Characteristics of Racist Ideology 2. The Idea of Race and its Elevation to Autonomous Scientific and Legal Status 3. 'I know it's not nice, but. ': The Changing Face of 'Race' 4. 'Wildcat' Immigration 5. The Rapacious Hands of Destiny Part II 6. Race and Nature: the System of Marks 7. Women and Theories about Society: the Effects on Theory of the Anger of the Oppressed 8. Sexism, a Right-wing Constant of any Discourse: a Theoretical Note 9. The Practice of Power and Belief in Nature: Part I The Appropriation of Women Part III 10. The Practice of Power and Belief in Nature: Part II The Naturalist Discourse 11. The Question of Difference 12. Herrings and Tigers: Animal Behaviour and Human Society 13. History, Nature and 'Materialism'
Reflections on the gene patent war: the myriad battle, Sputnik and beyond.

“You, or someone you love, may die because of a gene patent that should never have been granted in the first place. Sound far-fetched? Unfortunately, it's only too real” (1). This quote from an editorial by the best-selling author Michael Crichton written shortly before his death is typical of the rhetoric surrounding human gene patents. Those who are against gene patents often cast them as morally reprehensible and illogical emblems of ownership wielded by a biotech industry more concerned about profit than improving health. And those who favor patents often claim they are essential tools of innovation. Without patents, the proponents claim, innovation would diminish, and knowledge translation would grind to a halt. No genetic tests, no money for research, and no new therapies—or so the arguments go. But as is so often the case when policy debates become polarized, the outermost positions have become disconnected from what the available evidence actually says. There are grains of truth to many of the extreme assertions, to be sure, but as we will see, the evidence about the impact of gene patents—both good and bad—is pretty thin. Although there are a range of arguments that have relevance to the policy debates associated with patents, including interesting legal and conceptual questions about the patentability of genetic information (2), it is the extreme claims of harm and benefit that get the most publicity and policy attention, as the Crichton quote exemplifies. The polarized nature of this debate cannot be good. In fact, it seems axiomatic that, whenever possible, it is better to base social policy not on hyperbolic assertions but on sound evidence. Although the debate about the appropriateness of gene patents has raged for decades, last year's stunning decision by the US District Court for the Southern District of New York [ Association …
Re-Conceptualizing Intimacy and Distance in Instructional Models.

The idea that distance education lacks intimacy and is therefore inferior is based on an embedded metaphor that sustains a restricted and limiting mental model of ideal instruction. The authors analyze alternative conceptualizations of intimacy, space, and place as factors in the development of effective instructional models. They predict that the traditional instructional model will be increasingly problematic in the face of new and emerging technologies. After a review of a range of factors that will influence the eventual consolidation of new instructional models for higher education, the authors advocate a blending of metaphors and models that will place higher education practitioners in postures of greater flexibility to exploit as yet unidentified opportunities and challenges. “I see nobody on the road,” said Alice . “I only wish I had such eyes,” the King remarked in a fretful tone. “To be able to see Nobody! And at that distance, too! ” --Lewis Carrol, Through the Looking Glass Our daily discourse is predicated on the use of metaphors embedded so deeply in our consciousness that frequently we are scarcely aware of the extent to which they influence our mental models and attitudes (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). Professional discourse and discipline-specific discourse tend to adopt a nucleus of core metaphors in a conceptual network that guides and shapes the mental model that drives professional interchange and inquiry (Fauconnier and Turner, 2002). Mental models derived from conceptual networks may be said to open avenues of inquiry and establish parameters beyond which inquiry may not venture. When the conceptual network is rich with associative possibility, it may be said to have the salutary effect of broadening and deepening inquiry; the conceptual network may also limit inquiry and practice to the set of known associations.
Murine Aerosol Challenge Model of Anthrax

ABSTRACT The availability of relevant and useful animal models is critical for progress in the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics. The infection of rabbits and non-human primates with fully virulent Bacillus anthracis spores provides two excellent models of anthrax disease. However, the high cost of procuring and housing these animals and the specialized facilities required to deliver fully virulent spores limit their practical use in early stages of product development. Conversely, the small size and low cost associated with using mice makes this animal model more practical for conducting experiments in which large numbers of animals are required. In addition, the availability of knockout strains and well-characterized immunological reagents makes it possible to perform studies in mice that cannot be performed easily in other species. Although we, along with others, have used the mouse aerosol challenge model to examine the outcome of B. anthracis infection, a detailed characterization of the disease is lacking. The current study utilizes a murine aerosol challenge model to investigate disease progression, innate cytokine responses, and histological changes during the course of anthrax after challenge with aerosolized spores. Our results show that anthrax disease progression in a complement-deficient mouse after challenge with aerosolized Sterne spores is similar to that described for other species, including rabbits and non-human primates, challenged with fully virulent B. anthracis. Thus, the murine aerosol challenge model is both useful and relevant and provides a means to further investigate the host response and mechanisms of B. anthracis pathogenesis.
Evaluation of Prognostic Factors Following Flow-Cytometric DNA Analysis after Cytokeratin Labelling: II. Cervical and Endometrial Cancer

In gynecologic oncology valid prognostic factors are necessary to define biologically similar subgroups for analysis of therapeutic efficacy. This study is the first published prospective study concerning prognostic significance of DNA ploidy and S‐phase fraction in cervical and endometrial cancer following enrichment of tumor cells by cytokeratin labelling. Epithelial cells were labeled by FITC‐conjugated cytokeratin antibody (CK 5, 6, 8, and CK 17) prior to flow cytometric cell cycle analysis in 91 specimens of cervical cancer and 73 samples of endometrial cancer. In cervical cancer neither DNA‐ploidy nor S‐phase fraction were relevant prognostic parameters. But CV of the G0G1‐peak showed prognostic relevance in cervical cancer cells, even in multivariate analysis. This interesting observation, however, seems to have no therapeutic consequence due to the small discrimination capacity of CV. In endometrial carcinoma, gross DNA‐aneuploidy (DNA‐index > 1.3) and a high percentage of proliferating cells (>75th percentile) were univariate and multivariate highly significant prognostic factors for recurrence‐free survival. Especially DNA‐aneuploidy (DI>1.3) is one of the most important independent molecular biological prognostic factors. While diagnostic curettage we could identify risk patients even preoperatively by determination of the prognostic factors like histologic tumor type, grading, cervical involvement and DNA‐ploidy. Thereby these patients could be treated primarily in an oncologic center. In conclusion, our investigations showed that the determination of DNA‐ploidy should be done in endometrial carcinoma. In cervical cancer no clinical significance for determination of DNA‐parameters was found.
The Effect of Perceived Learner Advantages on Teachers' Beliefs About Critical-Thinking Activities

To investigate teachers' beliefs about critical-thinking (CT) activities for different populations of learners, the Critical Thinking Belief Appraisal (CTBA) was administered to 145 practicing secondary teachers. Teachers rated both high-CT and low-CT activities as more effective for highadvantage learners than low-advantage ones, demonstrating strong “advantage effects. ” They also rated high-CT activities as more effective than low-CT ones for both high-advantage and lowadvantage learners, demonstrating “pedagogical-preference effects” stronger for high-advantage learners than low-advantage ones. Although these results are inconsistent with the assertion that teachers favor low-CT activities over high-CT ones for low-advantage learners, the results suggest that low-advantage learners may receive fewer high-CT activities in schools, which may hinder their academic performance. Studies of the development of teachers' CT-related beliefs are needed, with the goal of establishing teacher-education practices emphasizing appropriate use of high-CT activities for low-advantage learners.
Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis

Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. By Paul Pierson. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. 108p. $49.50 cloth, $19.95 paper. Paul Pierson opens his book with a fictional metaphor in which he imagines “the trendiest new restaurant in town, charmingly named ‘The Modern Social Scientist. ’” He invites you to tour the restaurant as “the chef explains that the kitchen is divided into two parts. ” On one side, the chef proudly points out the ingredients, called “variables. ” On the other side are lovingly arrayed an “extraordinary profusion of measuring devices. ” In order to prepare your favorite culinary delight, all the chef need do is combine the correct ingredients, properly measured and calibrated. In this kitchen, the length of time in which the variables are cooked, the order in which the ingredients are combined, and the relative skill of the chef are unimportant to the preparation of the meal. (Later on, the book makes it clear that the specialty of this particular establishment is something called the “multiple regression.”) Pierson concludes this metaphor with the observation that “[f]ew would want to patronize a restaurant with such a philosophy of cooking, but most social scientists are working in that kind of kitchen” (p. 1).
Why Have Workers Stopped Joining Unions

This paper tracks the rise in the percentage of employees who have never become union members (? nevermembers? ) since the early 1980s and shows that it is the reduced likelihood of ever becoming a member rather than the haemorrhaging of existing members which is behind the decline in overall union membership in Britain. We estimate the determinants of ? never-membership? and consider how much of the rise can be explained by structural change in the labour market and how much by change in preferences among employees. We find a similar trend in the unionised sector, indicating that the rise in never-membership for the economy as a whole is not linked solely to a decline in the number of recognised workplaces.
Population growth of various communities in India -- myth and reality.

India is a multireligious nation dominated by Hindus and Muslims with 82.35% and 11.73% of the population respectively. Given the Muslim practice of polygamy and comparatively lower acceptance of family planning however debate exists whether Muslims will eventually outnumber Hindus. To determine whether valid concern exists for such a potential demographic eventuality this paper examines community-specific population growth nuptiality indicators and patterns fertility levels and trends family planning practice and the incidence of childlessness. Hindus and Muslims were found to exhibit similar nuptiality patterns. Disapproval of family planning has declined in all communities over time and has been accompanied by an increase in its practice. 23% of eligible Muslim couples were current users of family planning methods in 1980. Reluctance to adopt family planning does however persist among the Muslims and is due largely to ignorance of the lack of rejection of such methods by men of religious standing. Similar fertility declines were observed in both communities over the period 1971-81. 2 scenarios are presented in which the Muslim population may or may not grow to outnumber the Hindus over a period of more than 300 years. Neither scenario is expected to occur however as both socioeconomic status improves across all communities and social and economic pressure mount to limit family size through family planning. All community populations should reach stability within 100-150 years effectively eliminating the basis and need to consider whether Muslims may eventually dominate numerically in India.
Hyperactivity in motor response inhibition networks in unmedicated children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Objectives: Hypo/reduced activity in motor response inhibition (RI) cerebral networks was recently proposed as a promising specific neurobiological marker of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Before adopting such a pattern as a key diagnosis tool, we aim to replicate in an independent study the mechanisms underlying reduced RI-related activity in ADHD, after controlling for potentially confounding effects. Methods: In this fMRI study, we investigated the neural networks mediating successful and failed motor RI in children with ADHD and typically developing children (TDC) using the stop-signal task (SST) paradigm. Results: In contrast to hypofrontality predictions, children with ADHD exhibit increased neural activity during successful response inhibition in an RI-related brain network encompassing the indirect and/or hyperdirect pathways between the basal ganglia and cortex. Voxel-based morphometry analyses have further evidenced reduced grey matter volume in the left caudate in children with ADHD, which paralleled higher functional responses. Finally, connectivity analyses disclosed tighter coupling between a set of cortical regions and the right caudate as well as the right IFG, networks involved in successful RI. Conclusions: Hypo/reduced activity in RI cerebral networks in children with ADHD cannot at this time be considered as a systematic biomarker for ADHD.