Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Co-regulation in EU personal data protection: the case of technical standards and the privacy by design standardisation 'mandate'

The recently adopted General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), a technology-neutral law, endorses self-regulatory instruments, such as certification and technical standards. Even before the adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation, standardisation activity in the field of privacy management and data security had emerged. In 2015, the European Commission issued the first standardisation request to the European Standardisation Organisations to develop privacy management standards based on art. 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. There is a rising shift from command-and-control regulation to the inclusion of co-regulation tools in the EU data protection legislation. The aim of this article is to provide insights on the role of standardisation as a form of co-regulation in the data protection context. Keywords: technical standards; Internet of Things; personal data protection; co-regulation; self-regulation; privacy by design; technology neutrality
Optical enhancement of diode laser-photoacoustic trace gas detection by means of external Fabry-Perot cavity

An optical enhancement method applied to a diode laser photoacoustic trace gas detector is presented. In order to improve the detection sensitivity, the light intensity inside the acoustic resonator is amplified using a Fabry-Perot cavity. A feedback signal stabilizes the laser frequency to the optical cavity length, in order to maintain the light amplification constant during the probe frequency scan. The usefulness of the optical amplifier is demonstrated by showing two ethylene spectra obtained at 1. 624μm with and without the optical enhancement. Tens to hundreds ppb (part per billion) sensibility for molecules absorbing in the region between 1.5–1. 7μm can be obtained.An optical enhancement method applied to a diode laser photoacoustic trace gas detector is presented. In order to improve the detection sensitivity, the light intensity inside the acoustic resonator is amplified using a Fabry-Perot cavity. A feedback signal stabilizes the laser frequency to the optical cavity length, in order to maintain the light amplification constant during the probe frequency scan. The usefulness of the optical amplifier is demonstrated by showing two ethylene spectra obtained at 1. 624μm with and without the optical enhancement. Tens to hundreds ppb (part per billion) sensibility for molecules absorbing in the region between 1.5–1. 7μm can be obtained.
Creating high‐frequency national accounts with state‐space modelling: a Monte Carlo experiment

This paper assesses a new technique for producing high-frequency data from lower frequency measurements subject to the full set of identities within the data all holding. The technique is assessed through a set of Monte Carlo experiments. The example used here is gross domestic product (GDP) which is observed at quarterly intervals in the United States and it is a flow economic variable rather than a stock. The problem of constructing an unobserved monthly GDP variable can be handled using state space modelling. The solution of the problem lies in finding a suitable state space representation. A Monte Carlo experiment is conducted to illustrate this concept and to identify which variant of the model gives the best monthly estimates. The results demonstrate that the more simple models do almost as well as more complex ones and hence there may be little gain in return for the extra work of using a complex model. Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Daily variation at three Antarctic geomagnetic observatories within the polar cap

In this work we present a statistical analysis of the diurnal variation as observed at three Antarctic observatories located at different positions within the polar cap during the year 2006. Data used for the analysis are from the Italian geomagnetic observatory at Mario Zucchelli Station (formerly Terra Nova Bay, geographic latitude 74.7° S, corrected geomagnetic latitude 80.0° S), from the French-Italian observatory at Concordia Station (75.1° S, 88.9° S) and from the French observatory at Dumont D'Urville (66.7° S, 80.4° S), which are located in pairs at the same geographic and corrected geomagnetic latitude; such a position allows to distinguish whether the geographic or the geomagnetic reference system is better suitable to describe the observed phenomena at so high latitudes. The peculiarities of the daily variation as observed during this year and its relation with the observatory location and magnetospheric and interplanetary conditions were analysed. Data were also studied taking into account different Lloyd seasons. The results indicate that the 24-h variation is quite persistent, but its amplitude strongly depends on season and global geomagnetic activity: indeed, it almost vanishes during local winter for quiet geomagnetic conditions; this reduction is more evident at the stations closer to the geographic pole, where the solar radiation reduction during winter is more dramatic. The Interplanetary Magnetic Field orientation has been found to be important in that the north-south and the east-west components control the amplitude and the diurnal pattern of the variation, respectively.
An improved reciprocal approximation algorithm for a Newton Raphson divider

Newton Raphson Functional Approximation is an attractive division strategy that provides quadratic convergence. With appropriate computational resources, it can be faster than digit recurrence methods if an accurate initial approximation is available. Several table lookup based initial approximation methods have been proposed previously. This paper examines some of these methods and implements a 24 bit divider utilizing a ROM smaller than 1 Kb. A Taylor series based reciprocal approximation method is used that employs a table lookup followed by multiplication. Simulations confirm that the design achieves desired accuracy after one Newton Raphson iteration.
Microbiology and atmospheric processes: an upcoming era of research on bio-meteorology

For the past 200 years, the field of aerobiology has explored the abundance, diversity, survival and transport of micro-organisms in the atmosphere. Micro-organisms have been explored as passive and severely stressed riders of atmospheric transport systems. Recently, an interest in the active roles of these micro-organisms has emerged along with proposals that the atmosphere is a global biome for microbial metabolic activity and perhaps even multiplication. As part of a series of papers on the sources, distribution and roles in atmospheric processes of biological particles in the atmosphere, here we describe the pertinence of questions relating to the potential roles that air-borne micro-organisms might play in meteorological phenomena. For the upcoming era of research on the role of air-borne micro-organisms in meteorological phenomena, one important challenge is to go beyond descriptions of abundance of micro-organisms in the atmosphere toward an understanding of their dynamics in terms of both biological and physico-chemical properties and of the relevant transport processes at different scales. Another challenge is to develop this understanding under contexts pertinent to their potential role in processes related to atmospheric chemistry, the formation of clouds, precipitation and radiative forcing. This will require truly interdisciplinary approaches involving collaborators from the biological and physical sciences, from disciplines as disparate as agronomy, microbial genetics and atmosphere physics, for example.
Algorithmic Decision Systems in the Health and Justice Sectors: Certification and Explanations for Algorithms in European and French Law

Algorithmic decision systems are already used in many everyday tools and services on the Internet. They also play an increasing role in many situations in which people’s lives and rights are strongly affected, such as job and loans applications, but also medical diagnosis and therapeutic choices, or legal advice and court decisions. This evolution gives rise to a whole range of questions. In this paper, we argue that certification and explanation are two complementary means of strengthening the European legal framework and enhancing trust in algorithmic decision systems. The former can be seen as the delegation of the task of checking certain criteria to an authority, while the latter allows the stakeholders themselves (for example, developers, users and decision-subjects) to understand the results or the logic of the system. We explore potential legal requirements of accountability in this sense and their effective implementation. These two aspects are tackled from the perspective of the European and French legal frameworks. We focus on two particularly sensitive application domains, namely the medical and legal sectors.
Revisiting Deep Structured Models for Pixel-Level Labeling with Gradient-Based Inference

Semantic segmentation and other pixel-level labeling tasks have made significant progress recently due to the deep learning paradigm. Many state-of-the-art structured prediction methods also include a random field model with a hand-crafted Gaussian potential to model spatial priors and label consistencies and feature-based image conditioning. These random field models with image conditioning typically require computationally demanding filtering techniques during inference. In this paper, we present a new inference and learning framework which can learn arbitrary pairwise conditional random field (CRF) potentials. Both standard spatial and high-dimensional bilateral kernels are considered. In addition, we introduce a new type of potential function which is image-dependent like the bilateral kernel, but an order of magnitude faster to compute since only spatial convolutions are employed. It is empirically demonstrated that such learned potentials can improve segmentation accuracy and that certain label-class interactions are indeed better modeled by a non-Gaussian potential. Our framework is evaluated on several public benchmarks for semantic segmentation with improved performance compared to previous state-of-the-art CNN+CRF models.
Development of an inspection system using an UV wavelength for defects on the thin electrode in a multilayer pattern

Generally, the Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED), Light-Emitting Diode (LCD), Touch Screen Panel (TSP) glass and Thin Film Transistor (TFT) pattern consists of multiple layers of electrodes separated by thin insulating films. In multilayered devices, when using visible light to inspect the electrode pattern and the defect, the critical shapes of a specific layer are difficult to define. To increase the image contrast between the materials and the layers, this study uses a UV wavelength, which has larger selective differences in reflectance than a visible wavelength. The newly-developed optical system and image analysis units are made to focus on a specific UV range to precisely define a top electrode layer. Two types of magnification systems are developed. Direct side illumination is available in a magnification 1.2 (1.2x) system with a large back focal length (BFL). However, in a magnification 3 (3x) system, on-axis line beam illumination is needed. A multi-point LED source (custom-made) and an anamorphic optical system is used to increase the light efficiency and decrease the noise. Electric units and an algorithm for high-speed image processing and data transfer are also developed. The final images have good selective contrast between the layers despite the high-depth condition decided by the required NA for the target resolution. This system can be used for the inspection of general display panels, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) patterns, and mobile glasses that are composed of multilayered films.
Biological sensing with magnetic nanoparticles using brownian relaxation (invited)

Magnetic nanoparticles coated with biochemical ligands are enabling many biological and medical applications. In particular biomagnetic sensors have potential advantages of simplicity and rapidity. We demonstrate a substrate-free biomagnetic sensing approach using the magnetic ac susceptibility of ferromagnetic particles suspended in a liquid. The magnetic relaxation of these particles is mainly due to Brownian rotational diffusion, which can be modified by binding the particles to the intended target. This scheme has several advantages: (i) it requires only one binding event; (ii) there is an inherent check of integrity; and (iii) the signal contains additional information about the target size.
CORDIC Based Fast Algorithm for Power of Two Point DCT

In this paper, we present a coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) based fast algorithm for power of two point DCT. The proposed algorithm has some distinguish advantages, such as regular data flow like the Cooley-Tukey FFT, identical post-scaling factor, and the rotation angles of the CORDICs in DCT are arithmetic sequence. By using the sum formula and double angle formula, we dramatically reduce the CORDIC types in the proposed algorithm. For the purpose of gain fast speed, we use Carry Save Adder (CSA) as the basic cell of each part and Carry Look-ahead Adder (CLA) to produce the outputs in the final level. Compared with other known architectures, the proposed 2-point DCT architecture has lower hardware complexity, higher throughput and better synchronization
Direct and indirect effects in dummy variable regression

This paper proposes and develops the use of the non-cummulative dummy variables of 1’s and 0’s to represent levels of parent independent variables in dummy variable multiple regression models. The regression coefficients obtained using the proposed methods are easier to interprete and clearly understand than the use of the cummulatively coded ordinal dummy variables of 1’s and 0’s that could be used for the same purpose. The proposed method also enables the simultaneous estimation of the total, absolute or overall effect of a parent independent variable as well as its direct effect through its representative dummies and its indirect effect on a given independent variable through the mediation of other parent independent variables in the model was demonstrated. The use of these procedures was illustrated with an example.
Gravest Contour Vibration of Thin Anisotropic Circular Plates

In a previous paper [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 28, 1158 (1956)], it was shown that the gravest mode of contour vibration of an isotropic thin circular plate has the circumferential order of two and is mostly equivoluminal in nature. Although the exact expression of the displacements includes Bessel functions, it can be reasonably approximated by a simple combination of trigonometric functions, which makes it possible to handle the anisotropic case. Since the mode is the gravest, Rayleigh's principle is applied in a procedure of approximation, taking an angle of rotation and a wave number as adjusting parameters.The results are compared with experiments of quartz vibrators. Calculated frequencies show agreement better than 1% with an exact value for isotropic plates and an observed value for a rotated Y cut of quartz, which has a limited anisotropy. The accuracy decreases as the degree of anisotropy increases. For the X cut of quartz, the calculated value is 4.7% higher than an observed value.One of the signific.
Surface‐energy‐driven grain growth during rapid thermal annealing (<10 s) of thin silicon films

Surface‐energy‐driven grain growth in 70‐nm‐thick phosphorus‐doped Si films is reported for anneals of less than 10 s over a temperature range of ∼1100 to 1225 °C. Secondary grains grow to sizes of 1 μm or larger and have (111) crystallographic texture, indicating surface energy minimization. A kinetic analysis of grain growth suggests that while the rate of grain boundary motion is limited by P diffusion, the initial growth rate can be high, 72 nm/s at 1100 °C.
On a Lipschitz invariant of normed spaces

C. Bessaga introduced an invariant ti(X) for a-compact normed linear spaces. He showed that ti(X) = tI(Y) whenever X and Y are Lipschitz homeomorphic. In this note we construct two a-compact normed spaces with ti(X) = i( Y) which are not Lipschitz homeomorphic. Moreover, there are no compact convex sets K and L generating X and Y, respectively, which are Lipschitz homeomorphic. This answers two problems posed by Bessaga. Let K be a compact metric space. Denote by en(K) the infimum of those e > 0 so that K contains an e-net of size 2n, and let e(K) be the set of all positive sequences (an) so that liman/en(K) = 0. If X is a a-comapct metric space, put t(X) = n(une(An)), where the intersection is taken over all countable compact covers (An) of X. These definitions were introduced by C. Bessaga in [Bes], and used by him to construct a normed linear space X which is not Lipschitz homeomorphic to its closed subspaces of codimension 1. He showed that if X is a closed subset of Y, or is a Lipschitz image of Y, then t(X) C t(Y). In particular it follows that r(X) = i(Y) when X and Y are Lipschitz homeomorphic. At the end of his article, Bessaga asks if one can construct two non-Lipschitzhomeomorphic spaces for which r(X) = r(Y) (Problem A), and whether q(X)-= t(Y) implies that there are Lipschitz-homeomorphic compact and convex sets K and L generating X and Y, respectively (i.e., X = UnK and Y = unL) (Problem B). In this short article we answer these problems by constructing a-comapct normed linear spaces with t(X) = i(Y), so that any compact convex set that generates X cannot be Lipschitz homeomorphic to a subset of Y. Both the construction and the proofs are simple, and we use known techniques for reducing problems of Lipschitz classification to the linear case by differentiation. We shall use standard notation and terminology (see for example [LT] and the survey article [Ben]. Let {pi: -X < i < x} and {qi: -X < i < x} be two doubly infinite Received by the editors July 17, 1989. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 46B20, 47H99. This research was supported by the Fund for the Promotion of Research at the Technion and by the Technion V.P.R. fund-K. & M. Bank Mathematics Research Fund. ( 1990 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/90 $1.00 + S.25 per page
ECONOMETRIC THEORY, by James Davidson, Blackwell Publishers, 2000

Professor Davidson's Econometric Theory offers a clear, well written, graduate level econometrics textbook, which would be highly appropriate as the principal text for the second and/or third semester of a general Ph.D. econometrics sequence or for a specialized course on time series. It provides good reading material for anyone interested in deepening his or her understanding of econometrics and also a valuable reference source for econometricians. Although the book reviews the basics of multivariate regression, it is written at a level that requires either some degree of mathematical sophistication or prior familiarity with econometrics. As a result, it may be too advanced for a first semester Ph.D. course, except where students have strong preparation.
Evaluation of Interconnected Power Systems Splitting

Abstract Controlled splitting of an interconnected power system is the last defense line against wide-area blackout. As a special protection scheme, the methodology of system splitting is a comprehensive decision-making problem. This article introduces a novel approach for separation of the integrated power systems into several stable islands. The proposed method combines both the dynamic and static characteristics of interconnected power networks and determines the proper splitting schemes. The presented algorithm searches for proper islanding strategies using the Krylov projection method and a new optimization algorithm to find the proper splitting points such that the total load shedding is minimized. The method reduces the huge initial search space of islanding strategies by considering dynamic characteristics of integrated power systems. A spanning-tree-based Prim algorithm is used to find all possible combination of the islands. The speed of the proposed algorithm is remarkably high, and it can be used for real-time splitting of the power systems. The algorithm is applied to an IEEE 118-bus test system. Results show the effectiveness and capability of the method for determining fast and accurate proper islanding strategies. The stability of the islands is verified by time domain simulation.
Static Kirchhoff Rods under the Action of External Forces: Integration via Runge-Kutta Method

This paper shows how to apply a simple Runge-Kutta algorithm to get solutions of Kirchhoff equations for static filaments subjected to arbitrary external and static forces. This is done by suitably integrating at once Kirchhoff and filament reference system equations under appropriate initial boundary conditions. To show the application of the method, we display several numerical solutions for filaments including cases showing the effect of gravity.
On nonlinear K-l and K-ε models of turbulence

The commonly used linear K-l and K-ε models of turbulence are shown to be incapable of accurately predicting turbulent flows where the normal Reynolds stresses play an important role. By means of an asymptotic expansion, nonlinear K-l and K-ε models are obtained which, unlike all such previous nonlinear models, satisfy both realizability and the necessary invariance requirements. Calculations are presented which demonstrate that this nonlinear model is able to predict the normal Reynolds stresses in turbulent channel flow much more accurately than the linear model. Furthermore, the nonlinear model is shown to be capable of predicting turbulent secondary flows in non-circular ducts - a phenomenon which the linear models are fundamentally unable to describe. An additional application of this model to the improved prediction of separated flows is discussed briefly along with other possible avenues of future research.
A new color structured light coding method for three-dimensional measurement of isolated objects

A new coding method is proposed for measuring the three-dimensional (3D) shape of spatially isolated objects . Based on Gray Code and sinusoidal stripe, this coded fringe pattern whose RGB components comprise the multiplications of three different frames in Gray Code and sinusoidal stripes, appears to be digital color coded sinusoidal fringes. The digital color coded sinusoidal fringe pattern is created by software on a computer and then projected to the tested object's surface by a projector, and the image of the object is captured by a camera positioned at an angle different from that of the projector, then the image is processed, color Gray Codes are used to obtain the phase order and sinusoidal stripes are used to get the wrapped phase, then the wrapped phase can be unwrapped and the 3D surface information can be retrieved. With only one image, 3D shape of the isolated objects can be exactly reconstructed, thus the speed is limited only by the frame rate of camera. The principle of this technique is described and an actual measurement is presented, the result of the reconstructed shapes proves the correctness and feasibility of this new coding method.
Human Behaviour Analysis through Smartphones

Human behaviour analysis through smartphone devices has been an active field for more than a decade and there are still a lot of key aspects to be addressed. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in human behaviour analysis based on smartphones. We categorise prior works into four main sensing modalities related to physical, cognitive, emotional and social behaviour. Finally, we conclude with the outcomes of this survey and we illustrate our ideas for future research in the area of human behaviour understanding.