Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Minimal cross-trial generalization in learning the representation of an odor-guided choice task

There is no single way to represent a task. Indeed, despite experiencing the same task events and contingencies, different subjects may form distinct task representations. As experimenters, we often assume that subjects represent the task as we envision it. However, such a representation cannot be taken for granted, especially in animal experiments where we cannot deliver explicit instruction regarding the structure of the task. Here, we tested how rats represent an odor-guided choice task in which two odor cues indicated which of two responses would lead to reward, whereas a third odor indicated free choice among the two responses. A parsimonious task representation would allow animals to learn from the forced trials what is the better option to choose in the free-choice trials. However, animals may not necessarily generalize across odors in this way. We fit reinforcement-learning models that use different task representations to trial-by-trial choice behavior of individual rats performing this task, and quantified the degree to which each animal used the more parsimonious representation, generalizing across trial types. Model comparison revealed that most rats did not acquire this representation despite extensive experience. Our results demonstrate the importance of formally testing possible task representations that can afford the observed behavior, rather than assuming that animals’ task representations abide by the generative task structure that governs the experimental design.
The Potential of Direct Dating Late Cenozoic Fossils by Combined ESR / U-series Method

Petalocrinidae is a specialized group of Palaeozoic crinoids. It has a relatively short geological range, only occurs in the Silurian strata in Asia, Europe and North America;the last report on the Petalocrinidae was in Mu and Lin (1987). Recently, we found new material of Petalocrinidae fossils from Early Silurian Llandovery Age Shiniulan Formation of Tongzi County, Guizhou Province, China. This is a new locality for Petalocrinidae and a total of 104 well-preserved specimens were collected, including 47 Petalocrinus arm-fans, 49 Spirocrinus armtwines. In addition, there are 8 specimens which arm-fans and arm-twines are preserved together. Our preliminary study shows the followings. (1)During the process of collecting, we have found Petalocrinidae is always associated with reef, living only in the weak hydrodynamic conditions and reef flanking beds with relatively high shale content. (2) In previous studies, they have established 3 genera and 20 species, and diagnostic table are included here. In the comparative analysis with our collected Petalocrinidae, we noticed that the given boundaries for these species are vague and the key characteristic is not specified, and interspecific difference is not obvious. The fact that some of the so-called different species of arm-fans are always preserved together may indicate some of them could belong the same individual or the same population of one speices. (3) Commonly arm-fans and arm-twines are found together on a given bedding surface. This interesting field observation leads us to speculate the possible ecologic relationships between Petalocrinus and Spirocrinus. Study fossils (NIGP158431-158446) are MAO Yingyan, LIN Jih-Pai and LI Xiangfeng 2013. New Material of Petalocrinidae from Northern Guizhou Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 87(supp.): 886-888. New Material of Petalocrinidae from Northern Guizhou MAO Yingyan, LIN Jih-Pai and LI Xiangfeng 1 Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, and Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China Vol. 87 Supp. * Corresponding author. E-mail: jplin@nigpas.ac. cn 886 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) http://www.geojournals. cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral. com/ags June 2013 Table. 1 Comparison of the character of the arm-fans in different species of Petalocrinus (modified from Mu and Lin,1987) ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Vol. 87 Supp. June 2013 887 deposited at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.
Evaluation of IR radiance simulation for all-sky assimilation of Himawri-8/AHI in a mesoscale NWP system: Evaluation of all-sky IR radiance of Himawari8

To assimilate the all-sky infrared radiances of Himawari-8/AHI (Advanced Himawari Imager), we investigated the statistical characteristics of a radiance simulation from a mesoscale cloud-resolving model. Compared with AHI observations, the simulations tended to show insufficiently low brightness temperature (BT), probably because of a lack of high-cloud prediction and insufficient cloud-scattering in the radiative transfer (RT) calculations. For effective assimilation, quality control (QC) procedures were developed to eliminate samples in which high inhomogeneities were identified, observed BTs were very low, and simulated (background) radiances deviated substantially from observations. The probability distribution function (PDF) of observation-minus-background (O–B) was Gaussian for the QC-passed samples at the humidity bands (6.2 and 6.9 μm) of the AHI. This evaluation was implemented for four representative meteorological conditions around Japan to ensure robustness. The PDF at the window band (10.4 μm), however, was not close to Gaussian, probably because of the significant negative bias even after QCs. The PDF at a low-tropospheric temperature band (13.3 μm) was Gaussian for three out of four meteorological conditions. The relationship of the removal of inhomogeneous scenes to the O–B statistics and BT distribution was investigated quantitatively. The stricter threshold of inhomogeneity reduced O–B difference but also decreased the percentage of low BT, resulting in the possibility of excessive removal of high-altitude cloud samples. This relationship was enhanced for larger samples that included more diverse cloud scenes. Finally, comparison of simulations at various resolutions with two RT models revealed that the reproducibility of low BT was more affected by using a different RT model than by using higher-resolution systems.
Mixed L_1/H_infinity synthesis for L_infinity stability

Correspondence Dominikus Noll, Institut de Mathématiques, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. Email: Dominikus.Noll@math.univtoulouse. fr Abstract We consider stabilization and performance optimization of nonlinear controlled systems, where the nonlinearity satisfies a sector constraint asymptotically. This leads to optimization of the closed loop peak-to-peak system norm subject to H∞-performance constraints. Nonlinear controlled systems tuned successfully by this novel approach are locally exponentially stable and globally BIBO-stable.
Budgeting: A Tool for Financial Management and Control: The Case of the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon

The question as to whether budgeting is a relevant tool in the financial management and control of organisations has gone on for long. While proponents of Beyond Budgeting have stood for the eradication of budgeting in the running of organisations, others have stood for a maintenance because it plays more than just the role of regulating finances of an organisation. This study aims to look at budgeting as a tool for financial management and control with focus on the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon with the intention of demonstrating that it is a cumbersome budgeting procedure that makes some people feel that budgeting is worthless.The deductive research approach has been adopted for the study with pragmatist research philosophy used since it allows both the quantitative and qualitative research methods, to be used in one research. A combination of the positivist and interpretivist philosophies used for practical data collection, interpretation, and analysis. Various methods of data collection were used to come out, after analyzing findings proves that the use of budgeting has enhanced the management of finances and personnel within the PCC, and so by extension can work same for other organisations; thus showing the relevance of budgeting as an effective control tool. The study argues that in order for budgeting to fit well as a control tool in organisations, the positive elements of the various budgeting schools should be merged to make the budgeting process simpler and less time consuming, so as to encourage stakeholders to see its usefulness.
REHABILITATION EXERCISERS – FROM SIMPLE DEVICES TO ROBOTIC SYSTEMS

Rehabilitation has as objective the reintegration of disabled in family and society. In this paper the field of Rehabilitation Engineering is described and general issues concerning the design of kinetotherapy equipment is emphasized as well as the authors’ contribution in development of a large range of simple devices and powered systems for rehabilitation exercises. Key words: rehabilitation, kinetotherapy, exerciser, prototype.
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ALGORITHM BASED ON TABU SEARCH FOR MESHED DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

This paper presents an optimal power flow based on Tabu Search (TS) that allows working with continuous and discrete variables. This method is thought for the optimization of the power flows of weakly meshed distribution systems and with dispersed generation. Power flow is an extension of the method of current injection for weakly meshed networks, but it is able to maintain its convergence with strongly meshed networks. Improvements have been introduced to consider the modeling of dispersed generation (nodes PV), regulation transformers and banks of regulated capacitors. The heuristic algorithm of optimization TS allows to avoid most local optimal and to reach good solutions in acceptable times for big systems. Presented examples allow observing the efficiency of the presented method.
Assessing the Correlation Between Environmental Awareness and Variability of Employees' Positions in Aviation and Aerospace Industries

The purpose of this study is to assess the awareness and attitudes of employees in Aviation and aerospace industries. This paper belongs to a wider research project, on environmental management in aviation and aerospace industries. The main scope of this research is to evaluate the level of environmental awareness and the adoption of environmental management practices. The present descriptive study was carried-out at Greece, collecting a sample in a global level. The opinion of people employed in aviation industry is considered, based on the versatility of their working positions. Up to this stage, 330 respondents have participated globally in the current research. This study uses a questionnaire survey to gain an understanding of the views and attitudes of aerospace staff toward environmental management. The results demonstrate that the level of environmental awareness is immediately linked with the employees’ positions. KEywORdS Environmental Awareness, Environmental Management, Sustainability, Sustainable Aviation
Multi-Criteria Optimisation Model Of Deck Layout Design

This article presents the latest development of the multi-criteria layout concept design model for finding Pareto-optimal deck layout solutions subject to relevant constraints. Efficient spatial arrangement is crucial for ships having large number of people on board e.g. ro-pax, passenger or naval vessels. Conflicting design criteria may make the search for optimal layout difficult and time consuming. In this paper a two-phase multi-criteria procedure is developed consisting of the layout generation phase and of the decision making phase.
Chapter 2: Transmission and pathogenesis of tuberculosis

atuberculosis program evaluation and research unit, department of Medicine, faculty of Medicine and dentistry, university of alberta, edmonton, alberta, Canada; bMeakins-Christie laboratories, research institute of the McGill university Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; cMcGill international tuberculosis Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; ddepartment of Medicine, McGill university, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Safe Reinforcement Learning in Simulated Environment of Self-Driving Laboratory

Today we see tremendous potential in applying artificial intelligence (AI), deep reinforcement learning, and agent-based simulation to complex real-world problems. AI helps people support and automate decision-making penetrating almost all daily life aspects and research areas. One of the reasons for this potential is that AI helps us solve problems at a lower cost of resources and time. Materials research acceleration often relies upon AI using and automation of laboratory experiments, bringing significant fruitful results and advances. Self-driving laboratories include closed-loop chemistry experimentation and assist in designing new functional nanomaterials and optimizing their known parameters with AI and machine learning approaches. Due to the possibility of involving in the nanomaterials design process and some hazardous components, routine experimentation under chemists' continuous monitoring is usually required. Shifting to new intelligent technologies in self-driving laboratories with automated closed-loop experimentation requires excluding risks and accidents because of improper AI applications. This paper discusses safe deep reinforcement learning and its application in a simulated environment in self-driving laboratories experimenting with new functional materials. We proposed an approach to solving the problem of safe reinforcement learning by learning the intelligent agent to find a hidden reward and implemented that approach by constructing and using the heatmap from observation of the hidden reward neighborhood.
Versatile and Dexterous Soft Robotic Leg System for Untethered Operations

Abstract In this study we show the design and construction of an efficient soft robotic leg system, capable of generating large amounts of force with three degrees of freedom. The legs are inexpensive and easy to construct with forms created from PVC pipe and aluminum rod available at any hardware store. By combining six leg units, we construct a mobile robotic platform which is capable of untethered movement for several hours. Intel's quad-core Compute Stick provides enough computational resources to implement artificial intelligence capabilities, such as navigation, object detection and identification, facial recognition, and even verbal interaction. Additionally, direct control can be accomplished through wireless internet connection to an end user located anywhere in the world.
A Predictive Model for the Risk of Posterior Circulation Stroke in Patients with Intracranial Atherosclerosis Based on High Resolution MRI

Intracranial vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis is the main cause of posterior circulation ischemic stroke. We aimed to construct a predictive model for the risk of posterior circulation ischemic stroke in patients with posterior circulation atherosclerosis based on high-resolution MRI (HR-MRI). A total of 208 consecutive patients with posterior circulation atherosclerosis confirmed by HR-MRI, from January 2020 to July 2021, were retrospectively assessed. They were assigned to the posterior circulation stroke (49 patients) and non-posterior circulation stroke group (159 patients) based on clinical presentation and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Demographic data, risk factors of atherosclerosis, laboratory findings, and imaging characteristics were extracted from electronic health records. Plaque features were investigated by HR-MRI. Fifty-three clinical or imaging features were used to derive the model. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to construct the prediction model. The nomogram was evaluated for calibration, differentiation, and clinical usefulness. Plaque enhancement, plaque irregular surface morphology, artery location of plaque, and dorsal quadrant of plaque location were significant predictors for posterior circulation stroke in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis. Subsequently, these variables were selected to establish a nomogram. The model showed good distinction (C-index 0.830, 95% CI 0.766-0.895). The calibration curve also showed excellent consistency between the prediction of the nomogram and the observed curve. Decision curve analysis further demonstrated that the nomogram conferred significantly high clinical net benefit. The nomogram calculated from plaque characteristics in HR-MRI may accurately predict the posterior circulation stroke occurrence and be of great help for stratification of stroke decision making.
DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR PRIVACY PRESERVING IN BIG DATA: COMPARATIVE STUDY

: Improbable quantities of data is being produced by various organizations like hospitals, banks, e-commerce, retail and supply chain, etc. by virtue of digital technology. Not only individuals but machines also subsidize to data in the form of closed circuit television streaming, web site logs, etc. Tons of data is produced every minute by social media and smart phones. Big data is a word used for very large data sets that have more diverse and composite structure. These features usually correlate with additional problems in storing, analyzing and applying further procedures or mining results. This paper covers uses of privacy by taking existing methods such as k-anonymity, T-closeness and L-diversity and its implementation in business. There have been a various privacy-preserving mechanisms developed for privacy protection at different stages. Although data analytics is useful in decision making, it will lead to serious privacy apprehensions. Hence privacy preserving data analytics became very important. The goal of this paper is to deliver a major review of the privacy preservation mechanisms in big data and present the challenges for existing mechanisms and paper also examines various privacy threats with their limitations in unstructured data.
Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of NRL/2019/Nl in Liver Disorder Patients with Abnormal Liver Function Test: A Randomized, Parallel Arm, Interventional, Prospective Clinical Study

Aim: The present study is proposed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NRL/2019/NL a nutraceutical product in patients with abnormal Liver Function Test (LFT). Settings and Design: This was a randomized, parallel arm, interventional, prospective clinical study with 100 subjects allocated intwo groups i.e. NRL/2019/NL (Test) or Marketed Product Group in 1:1 ratio. Methods and Material: Male and female subjects of age between 18 to 65 years of age with diagnosis of hepatic disorder with abnormal LFT were recruited and followed for 3 months with treatment. Laboratory testing, antioxidant enzyme levels and USG were performed on screening and day 90 of the study treatment. Change is these Laboratory parameters from baseline to 3 months were assessed. Results and conclusion: NRL/2019/NL is safe in management of liver disorder with abnormal liver function tests. NRL/2019/NL is significantly effective in normalizing elevated liver enzymes. NRL/2019/NL significantly improved antioxidant enzyme status like catalase and superoxide dismutase etc. It has resolved fatty liver and hepatomegaly evident in USG from baseline to day 90. NRL/2019/NL is significantly effective in improving symptoms of liver disorders such as abdominal pain, abdominal tenderness, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, jaundice and anorexia etc.
WORK TRIPS AND SAFETY OF BICYCLISTS

A large number of commuters use bicycles to got to work in India. However, there are no special facilities for them on Indian roads and they are involved in a disproportionate share of road crashes. Though many countries around the world have put in place policies for integrating bicycle traffic on all arterial roads, there is no such move in India yet. The enactment of such policies is necessary as cycling and walking, separately or in conjunction with public transport, offer significant positive health gains and reduction in pollution and accidents. For such policies to be successful Indian professionals have to develop designs of road crosssections and infrastructure that suit our special needs.
Control under limited information: Special issue (part II)

This is the second part for the Special Issue Control under Limited Information. This second part emphasizes networked control systems (NCSs). These systems are defined as feedback control systems whose control loops are closed through a real-time network, see [1, 2]. Although these systems have the advantage of low cost and simplified maintenance and diagnosis, the assumptions of classical control may need to be revisited. New problems arise because the sensed data and the control signals no longer have infinite precision, but are instead connected through a packet network that has finite data rate (finite precision), a propagation delay, and may be shared by many other systems. Several of these issues are topics dealt with by the authors of this second part of the Special Issue.
Empirical models of UV total radiation and cloud effect study

Several empirical models of hourly ultraviolet total radiation (UVT) have been proposed in this study. Measurements of UVT radiation, 290–385 nm, have been recorded at ground level from February 2001 to June 2008 in Valladolid, Spain (latitude 41°40′N, longitude 4°50′W and 840 m a.s.l.). The empirical models have emerged due to the lack of some radiometric variables in measuring stations. Hence, good forecasts of them can be obtained from usual measures in these stations. Therefore, some advantages of the empirical models are that they allow the estimation of past missing data in the database and the forecast of future ultraviolet solar availability. In this study, reported models in the bibliography have been assessed and recalibrated. New expressions have been proposed that allow obtaining hourly values of ultraviolet radiation from global radiation measures and parameters as clearness index and relative optical air mass. The accuracy of these models has been assessed through the following statistical indices: mean bias, mean‐absolute bias and root‐mean‐square errors whose values are close to zero, below 7% and below 10%, respectively. Two new clear sky models have been used to evaluate two new parameters: ultraviolet and global cloud modification factors, which can help to understand the role of the clouds on solar radiation. The ultraviolet cloud modification factor depends on cloudiness in such a way that its value under overcast skies is half of the cloudless skies one. Exponential and potential fits are the best relationships between both cloud factors. Finally, these parameters have been used to build new UV empirical models which show low values of the statistical indices mentioned above. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society