Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effective hole injection of organic light-emitting diodes by introducing buckminsterfullerene on the indium tin oxide anode

We demonstrate that dramatically improved hole injection can be achieved by inserting a very thin C60 film between the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB) layer. This result is ascribed to the formation of an interfacial dipole layer of buckminsterfullerene (C60) on the ITO electrode. The dipole layer induces the surface potential shift that contributes to improve the charge injection efficiency. The chemical shift was downward to help lower the hole injection energy barrier from the ITO electrode to the NPB layer, consistent with the moderately strong electron accepting nature of C60. The enhanced-charge injection provides a simple way of reducing the power consumption of organic electronic devices for real applications.
Approximate entropy: Statistical properties and applications

ApEn, approximate entropy, is a recently developed family of parameters and statistics quantifying regularity (complexity) in data, providing an information-theoretic quantity for continuous-state processes. We provide the motivation for ApEn development, and indicate the superiority of ApEn to the K-S entropy for statistical application, and for discrimination of both correlated stochastic and noisy deterministic processes. We study the variation of ApEn with input parameter choices, reemphasizing that ApEn is a relative measure of regularity. We study the bias in the ApEn statistic, and present evidence for asymptotic normality in the ApEn distributions, assuming weak dependence. We provide a new test for the hypothesis that an underlying time-series is generated by i.i. d. variables, which does not require distribution specification. We introduce randomized ApEn, which derives an empirical significance probability that two processes differ, based on one data set from each process.
Mozzarella production with an addition of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) juice

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of passion fruit juice on the mozzarella properties, determine suitable temperature and rennet concentration for casein coagulation and evaluate some quality properties of mozzarella products. The analytical results showed that the passion fruit mozzarella (PM) made with 3% (v:v) passion fruit juice (PJ), rennet concentration of 0.025% (v:v) at coagulation temperature of 37 ℃ had the cheese yield efficiency of 9.47%, total solid content of 55.86% and cheese solid yield of 45.94%. Furthermore, the protein, lipid and dry matter contents of the PM samples were 24.10%, 21.30% and 52.20%, respectively. The microbiological analysis showed that harmful pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococci were not detected in the samples. The microstructure images of PM samples had many sharp edges in a form of clusters. Moreover, the average acceptance score of PM samples (6.8/9.0) was higher than that of the first reference sample (5.9) which used citric acid for acidification process and Emborg mozzarella (RS2) (6.0). Thus, adding passion fruit juice to the mozzarella making-process positively affected quality properties of final product, especially the sensory properties (sense of smell). Therefore, applications of passion fruit juice in the dairy product industry are potential.
Remarks on some integrals and series involving the Stirling numbers and ()

From the perspective of the well-known identity 2F (a, b; c; 1)= rc(cc a b) we clarify the connections between the Stirling numbers Sk and the Riemann zeta function C(n) . As a consequence, certain series and integrals can be evaluated in terms of C,(n) and Sn.
Optimization of synthesis variables and characterization of devilfish bone chars for the removal of cadmium(II) from water

The optimization of the synthesis variables of bone chars prepared from devilfish bones was studied in this work. The prepared materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Textural properties and amount of active sites were also determined. The adsorbents were used for the removal of Cd^2+ from aqueous solution. Based on a D-Optimal experimental design, the synthesis of 13 materials was established, which were calcined in a tube furnace at a temperature range of 600 to 800 °C and synthesis time of 1 to 3 h with a heating ramp of 10 °C min^−1. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbents to remove Cd^2+ in batch adsorbers at pH 7.0 and T = 25 °C was evaluated. The bone char that exhibited the highest adsorption capacity of 124.6 mg g^−1 was synthesized at 600 °C and 3 h. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the bone char synthesis model revealed that calcination temperature is significant on Cd^2+ adsorption capacity and independent of time. The optimum values of the calcination variables for a maximum adsorption capacity of 117.4 mg g^−1 were 600 °C and 1 h. The textural and physicochemical properties of the bone adsorbent confirmed the presence of Cd^2+ on its surface. Graphical abstract
Methodology in robust and nonparametric statistics

The original 1996 edition of this book, written by the first two authors, was a specialised treatment of the theoretical background of robust and nonparametric statistical methods. This new edition has been updated to reflect current research and publications on the topic. The authors are leading academics in the field and have written a fine text. The book is organised in nine chapters. Chapters 2–7 cover the basic theory of asymptotics and interrelations. They comprise a thorough update of Part I of the first edition. Chapter 1 is a short (historical) introduction to the topic and includes many up-to-date references. Chapter 2 provides the basic theory of robust statistical inference for classical linear models. The emphasis is on motivations rather than derivation. There are problem sections at the end of this and subsequent chapters which are helpful for graduate students. Chapters 3–7 deal with methodological tools of robust estimation of location, regression and scale parameters in univariate models. Chapter 3 provides a basic survey of robust and nonparametric estimators of location and regression for certain families of estimators. The asymptotic representations of L, M and R estimators are presented in an up-to-date and more general level in subsequent chapters. Chapter 7 deals with interrelations among these estimators. Chapter 8 covers various aspects of nonparametric estimation in multivariate models, with particular emphasis being placed on the most recent results. Nonparametric and robust statistical tests and confidence sets are discussed in the last chapter. There is an extensive updated bibliography at the end of the book. In summary, it is a modern book written for specialists and is a valuable contribution to theoretical statistics. It is not a book for practitioners and does not pretend to be. The level of the book is too high to use as a textbook except for those PhD students pursuing this or a closely related topic. Therefore, I recommend this book to someone working on the theory of robust and nonparametric methods from a mathematical point of view.
Bhopal Gas Leak: A Numerical Investigation of the Prevailing Meteorological Conditions

Abstract A three-dimensional mesoscale model was used to understand the meteorological conditions and the influence of the terrain on the local flow pattern during the Bhopal methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leak. The study reveals that under the prevailing conditions of weak wind and strong stability the lakes in Bhopal influenced the local circulation significantly and caused northwesterly flow near the surface. The modified flow pattern resulted in the transport of MIC into the city area of Bhopal. However, with the increase in the ambient synoptic wind, the role of the lakes was found to diminish. Further, the other topographical features such as the hillocks in and around the city and the gently rolling terrain toward the southeastern sector of the city seem to have played a secondary role in influencing the meteorological conditions on the episodic night.
Dust shells around high-latitude A-type stars

La photometrie JHKL est presentee pour les etoiles A, HD 231, HD 3003 et HD 213985. Ces 3 etoiles possedent des enveloppes de poussiere, mais seule HD 213985 possede une poussiere suffisamment chaude pour produire un exces IR-proche. La variabilite reguliere observee dans cette derniere etoile est discutee, mais aucune explication satisfaisante n'est etablie
Computation Offloading and Resource Allocation in C-RAN Supporting Wireless Charging

In this article, we consider a cloud-radio access network (C-RAN) with multiple enhanced remote radio heads (RRHs), which support for wireless charging, computation offloading and information transmission. The employment of enhanced RRHs requires a redesign for efficient resource allocation. Our goal is to minimize the weighted sum of energy transfer time and computation time by jointly optimizing energy transmission time, energy beamforming vectors, offloading factors, information transmission time, and combining vectors, while satisfying the communication performance requirements of terminal nodes. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming, which can be solved by alternating optimization (AO) utilizing semidefinite relaxation (SDR) and nonlinear transformation. To reduce the online computation delay of AO algorithm, we propose an optimization method based on the deep learning framework, which can determine an optimal solution with a trained neural network in real-time application. To improve the performance of the learning algorithm, we use two methods to set labels for training deep neural network to obtain the optimal offloading decision: 1) preoptimization and 2) self-evolution. Simulation results show that with the trained neural network, the algorithms based on deep learning can achieve a similar performance to the AO algorithm with less computation time.
Influence of Tropospheric Water Vapor Corrections on Geosat Altimetry in the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Cicosal sea surface height (SSH) data in the tropical and midlatitude North Atlantic are analyzed with and without water vapor (WV) correction to study the WV influence on along-track SSH anomaly profits, mesoscale SSH variability, wavenumber spectra, and objectively mapped fields of SSH anomaly. Three different WV datasets were used, one from the Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center (FNOC) model and two from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) based on different WV retrieval algorithms. These WV dataset show significant differences, in particular in the tropics. However, the method for deriving SSH anomalies from altimeter height data Alters out much of the WV corrections. The residual WV effect on SSH anomaly is shown to be most significant in the seasonally migrating intertropical convergence zone of the tropical Atlantic: there the SSM/I corrections reduce the along-track mesoscale SSH variability by typically 1–1.5 cm. On seasonal timescales the maximum WV effect in this region is ch.
Limit theorems for functionals of moving averages

Let X n = Σ i=1 ∞ a i e n-1, where the e i are i.i. d. with mean 0 and finite second moment and the a i are either summable or regularly varying with index ∈ (-1, -1/2). The sequence {X n } has short memory in the former case and long memory in the latter. For a large class of functions K, a new approach is proposed to develop both central (√N rate) and noncentral (non-√N rate) limit theorems for S N = Σ n=1 N [K(X n ) - EK(X n )]. Specifically, we show that in the short-memory case the central limit theorem holds for S N and in the long-memory case, S N can be decomposed into two asymptotically uncorrelated parts that follow a central limit and a non-central limit theorem, respectively. Further we write the noncentral part as an expansion of uncorrelated components that follow noncentral limit theorems. Connections with the usual Hermite expansion in the Gaussian setting are also explored.
Impact of CEO cultural background on internal control quality: Evidence from Cameroon

Abstract This research examines the relationship which exists between the CEO’s cultural background and firm’s internal control quality. It further investigates whether CEO duality, board size, and CEO tenure moderate this relationship. A sample of 100 unlisted, non-financial firms in Cameroon from 2016 to 2019 was used. A panel probit model was applied to test the hypothesis. The result shows that CEOs with French cultural background have better internal control quality and fewer material weaknesses reported than CEOs with English cultural background. Moreover, the study finds that CEO duality and larger board size enhance the positive relationship which exists between the French cultural background of the CEO and the internal control quality of firms. However, the findings show no significant interaction between the CEO’s tenure and internal control quality of firms.
An Improved Apparatus for Measuring Surface and Body Temperature

A radiometric device adapted to the measurement of temperatures of black surfaces is described. The precision of the instrument is such that surface temperatures may be measured to ±0.01°C. The apparatus has been used for the measuring of skin temperatures in humans. With the thermoelectric body thermometer, also described the, apparatus is ideal for studying thermal changes in the human body.
Highly efficient InGaN/GaN blue LEDs on large diameter Si (111) substrates comparable to those on sapphire

Highly efficient InGaN/GaN LEDs grown on 4- and 8-inch silicon substrates comparable to those on sapphire substrates have been successfully demonstrated. High crystalline quality of n-GaN templates on Si were obtained by optimizing combination of stress compensation layers and dislocation reduction layers. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of GaN (0002) and (10-12) ω-rocking curves of n-GaN templates on 4-inch Si substrates were 205 and 290 arcsec and those on 8-inch Si substrate were 220 and 320 arcsec, respectively. The dislocation densities were measured about 2~3×108/cm2 by atomic force microscopy (AFM) after in-situ SiH4 and NH3 treatment. Under the unencapsulated measurement condition of vertical InGaN/GaN LED grown on 4-inch Si substrate, the overall output power of the 1.4×1.4 mm2 chips representing a median performance exceeded 504 mW with the forward voltage of 3.2 V at the driving current of 350 mA. These are the best values among the reported values of blue LEDs grown on Si substrates. The measured internal quantum efficiency was 90 % at injection current of 350 mA. The efficiency droops of vertical LED chips on Si between the maximum efficiency and the efficiency measured at 1A (56.69 A/cm2) input current was 5%.
A compound-eye imaging system with irregular lens-array arrangement

TOMBO (Thin Observation Module by Bound Optics) is a compound-eye imaging system inspired by a visual organ of insects. TOMBO has various advantages over conventional imaging systems. However, to demonstrate applicability of TOMBO as an imaging system, high-resolution imaging is significant and unavoidable. In this study, a TOMBO system with irregular lens-array arrangement is proposed and a high-resolution imaging method integrating a super-resolution process with depth acquisition of three-dimensional objects is presented. The proposed TOMBO system improves image resolution for far objects, because it can alleviate degeneration of the sampling points on the far objects caused by the regular arrangement of the lens array in the conventional TOMBO system. An experimental TOMBO has 1.3 mm focal length of lens, 0.5 mm pitch of lenses, 0.5 mm diameter of aperture, 3 × 3 of units, 160 × 160 pixels per unit, and 3.125 μm pitch of pixel. The target planar object is located at 5 m from the TOMBO system. The simulation result shows that the coverage ratio of the sampling points, PSNR of the super-resolved image, and the error of the depth estimation for the object are improved by 50%, 3 dB, and 56%, respectively. The experimental result shows that the error of depth estimation for the planar object located at 3.2 m is 18% and that the contrast of 123 lp/mm at the center of a unit is improved by 0.38 with the super-resolution processing.
Hybrid Power Systems in Multi-Rotor UAVs: A Scientific Research and Industrial Production Perspective

This study is conducted in the context of two significant challenges facing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies. These challenges are limited flight duration and payload, which have a direct impact on the performance and areas of application. The Hybrid Power System (HPS) has a prominent role in overcoming these challenges with a view to expanding the application fields of UAVs to include further areas such as air taxis and air ambulance services. This work first presents a systematic review of the scientific contributions in the past two decades with the aim of exploring the existing design approaches for HPSs in multi-rotor UAVs. To do this, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) has been done. The selected articles have been reviewed, analyzed, evaluated, and then classified according to the scope of the study, research trends, design methodologies, main findings/shortcomings, and future work. Retrieved data shows that the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller were most commonly used. Fuel Cells (FCs) still need more research and experiments to overcome practical constraints, while solar-powered UAVs require more surface areas to absorb large amounts of solar radiation. To keep up-to-date with technological advances in this area, this research also surveys, analyzes, and discusses the available commercial models of HPS that can be used in UAVs along with some examples of hybrid-powered UAVs. The intended goal of this paper is to stimulate and help researchers and those interested in the challenges of electric UAVs and guide them to develop this field more efficiently from an industrial/scientific perspective.
A probabilistic interpretation of the degree of fuzziness

In this paper we give a probabilistic interpretation for the function d(f), which has been proposed as a measure of fuzziness of a fuzzy set f. For this we construct random patterns which approximate the fuzzy set f and show that, for large n, the number of possible outcomes of the nth random pattern is approximately 2 nd(f) . We also give the best possible constant K in a more accurate approximation .
Deepening of Free Trade Agreements and International Trade: Evidence from China

ABSTRACT The expansion of FTA rules from the border to the “depth” within the border can promote the reduction of trade barriers between member countries. Yet, this can also increase the cost of compliance. Hence, this research examines the impact of FTA deepening on China’s import and export trade based on the trade data between China and 21FTA partner countries over the period of 2005–2018. This paper introduces the FTA deepening index, constructs a structural gravity model, and empirically applies PPML estimation and instrumental variable methods. The results show that FTA deepening promotes the growth of China’s international trade, and the effect on promoting imports is greater than that of export promotion. Additionally, a heterogeneity test between countries and products is carried out. Based on this, our results reveal that FTA deepening has a more significant promoting effect on China’s trade imports from developed countries and has a more significant restraining effect on China’s exports to developed countries. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the depth of FTA has a less positive impact on China’s agricultural trade than on industrial products.
Effect of N incorporation on boron penetration from p+ polycrystalline-Si through HfSixOy films

We demonstrate that incorporating N in Hf-silicate films reduces B penetration through the dielectric film. By modeling the B depth profiles, we calculated the B diffusivities through Hf-silicate (HfSixOy) to be ∼2× higher than the corresponding diffusivities for Hf-silicon oxynitride (HfSixOyNz). B diffusion through grain boundaries after HfSixOy crystallization is believed to be responsible for the enhanced B diffusivity observed. Suppression of crystallization observed in HfSixOyNz films is attributed to the lower Hf content in the films and the incorporation of N. The decreased B penetration observed in HfSixOyNz is a combination of absence of grain boundaries and the fact that N blocks B diffusion by occluding diffusion pathways. The minimum temperatures for B penetration are estimated to be approximately 950 and 1050 °C for HfSixOy and HfSixOyNz, respectively.
Localized-to-itinerant electron transitions in rare-earth cobaltates

Mossbauer studies show that cobalt ions in LaCoO 3 exist predominantly in the low-spin Co III state at low temperatures and partially transform to the high-spin Co 3+ state up to 200 K. Above 200 K, Co II and Co 4+ ions are formed by the transfer of d electrons from Co 3+ to Co III ; Co 3+ ions completely disappear at the first-order localized-to-itinerant electron transition temperature.
Drain Current Stability and Controllability of Threshold Voltage and Subthreshold Current in a Multi-Mesa-Channel AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor

The surrounding-field effect in a multi-mesa-channel (MMC) with an AlGaN/GaN structure, in which a periodic trench structure is fabricated directly under a gate electrode, was successfully observed. This effect resulted in a shallower threshold voltage, a smaller subthreshold slope, and a higher current drivability of a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) than those of a standard planar-type HEMT. In addition, the MMC HEMT showed a low knee voltage, even with a wide spacing between the gate and drain electrodes. Excellent current stability in the saturation region of the MMC HEMT, probably due to the effective radiation of heat from both mesa sides of the channel, was also observed. Both planar and MMC HEMTs showed similar breakdown voltages under off-state operation, indicating no significant degradation in the breakdown characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a periodic trench structure in the gate region.
On an Eleven Dimensional E-inflnity Fractal Spacetime Theory

In a recent paper Ji-Huan He drew attention to the possibility of a fractal 11 dimensional spacetime theory which is embedded in Ε-infinity. Using this idea He was able to obtain an approximate value to the number of elementary particles of the standard model which is quite close to the exact value. In the present note we give the exact formulation and solution to He's 11 dimensional fractal spacetime proposal.
Maximum likelihood estimation of discrete control processes

Consider the following “inverse stochastic control” problem. A statistician observes a realization of a controlled stochastic process $\{ d_t ,x_t \} $ consisting of the sequence of states $x_t$, and decisions $d_t$ of an agent at times $t = 1, \cdots ,T$. The null hypothesis is that the agent’s behavior is generated from the solution to a Markovian decision problem. The inverse problem is to use the data $\{ d_t ,x_t \} $ to go backward and “uncover” the agent's objective function U, and his beliefs about the law of motion of the state variables p. The problem is complicated by the fact that the statistician generally only observes a subset $x_t$ of the state variables $(x_t ,\eta _t )$ observed by the agent. This paper formulates the inverse problem as a problem of statistical inference, explicitly accounting for unobserved state variables$\eta _t $, in order to produce a nondegenerate and internally consistent statistical model. Specifically, the functions U and p are assumed to depend on a vector of u.