Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infrared Spectrum of Quenched Carbonaceous Composite (QCC). II. A New Identification of the 7.7 and 8.6 Micron Unidentified Infrared Emission Bands

Infrared spectrum of oxidized quenched carbonaceous composite (QCC) is presented. In addition to the features seen in unoxidized QCC, new features appear at 7.7 and 8.6 microns and the strengths of the features at 6.2, 7.3, and 11.4 microns increase. The infrared features of oxidized QCC are in good agreement with nine of 11 members of the unidentified infrared (UIR) emission bands. The absorption bands of QCC are all broad without fine structure, clearly different from sharp bands of molecules. The 7.7 and 8.6 micron features can be attributed to a cross-conjugated ketone molecular structure. A possible identification of the UIR 7.7 and 8.6 micron bands with this structure is discussed. The present results indicate that oxygen can play an important role in the structures of the UIR emitting material as well as carbon and hydrogen. 29 references.
Two Approaches for Inter-Satellite Radiometer Calibrations between TMI and WindSat

This paper presents recent progress in inter-satellite microwave radiometric cross-calibration to eliminate brightness temperature measurement biases between a pair of radiometer channels operating at slightly different frequencies and incidence angles. The motivation of this research is to develop robust analytical cross-calibration techniques for inter-calibration of various satellite radiometer instruments, with the first projected application being the multi-satellite Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) constellation to be launched in 2013. The significance of this work is that it will allow the formation of consistent multi-decadal time series of geophysical measurements for multiple satellite microwave radiometers that are free of instrumental biases and other long-term changes in radiometric calibration, which will allow researchers to study global climate change. Descriptions are given for two independent calibration techniques: a Taylor series expansion of the oceanic brightness temperature (Tb) spectrum between dissimilar radiometer channels and a non-linear regression among multi-channel Tb measurements. In the first approach, predictions were made of Tb's at a destination frequency from Tb's of a close by source frequency by expansion of the oceanic brightness temperature spectrum in a Taylor series centered at the source frequency. The relationships between Tb's and frequencies were derived from simulations using a radiative transfer model (RTM), which accounts for the total collected emissions from the ocean surface and the atmosphere. Further, earth incidence angle differences between radiometer channels were transformed in a similar manner using the partial derivatives of Tb with incidence angle derived from RTM simulations. In the second approach, we used a prediction algorithm that relies on the correlation between radiometer Tb's at various frequencies and polarizations and which uses a regression on the Tb's and their non-linear transformations developed using an independent radiative transfer model. As a demonstration, near-simultaneous pair-wise ocean Tb comparisons are presented between the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), which is not sun synchronous, and the sun-synchronous polar orbiting WindSat, using oceanic Tb observations from 2003-04. The corresponding results between these two inter-satellite calibration techniques are highly correlated, and results demonstrate that fixed channel-by-channel differences, of order 1-2 K exist between TMI and WindSat. These are significant radiometric calibration differences, which can be removed prior to forming joint data sets of geophysical parameter retrievals.
Thermomigration in flip-chip SnPb solder joints under alternating current stressing

Thermomigration in flip-chip solder joints is investigated using alternating currents and infrared microscopy to decouple it from electromigration effect. It is found that the thermal gradient in solder bump can be as high as 2143°C∕cm when 9.2×104A∕cm2 was applied at 100°C. Markers fabricated by focus ion beam are employed to measure the thermomigration rate. The thermomigration flux is measured to be 3.3×1013at. ∕cm2. With the known thermal gradient, the molar heat of 26.8kJ∕mole has been obtained for the transport of Pb.
Interactions of Radiation and Convection in Simulated Tropical Cloud Clusters

Abstract A two-dimensional cumulus ensemble model is used to study the interactions of radiation and convection in tropical squall cloud clusters. The model includes cloud-scale and mesoscale dynamics, an improved bulk ice microphysics parameterization, and an advanced interactive radiative transfer scheme. The life cycle of a tropical squall line is simulated over a 12-h period using thermodynamic and kinematic initial conditions as well as large-scale advective forcing typical of a GATE Phase III squall cluster environment. The focus is on the interaction and feedback between longwave (or IR) radiation and cloud processes. It will be shown that clew-sky IR cooling enhances convection and, hence, surface precipitation. Simulation results reveal an increase of surface precipitation by ∼15% (∼1.7 mm) over a 12-b period due to this clear-sky cooling. With fully interactive IR radiative heating, direct destabilization of clouds via IR radiative top cooling and base warming generates more turbulence and contr.
Study Speech Recognition System Based on Manifold Learning

This paper conducts a comprehensive research and discussion on the relevant technologies and manifold learning.Traditional MFCC phonetic feature will lead a slower learning speed on account of it has high dimension and is large in data quantities. In order to solve this problem, we introduce a manifold learning, putting forward two new extraction methods of MFCC-Manifold phonetic feature. We can reduce dimensions by making use of ISOMAP algorithm which bases on the classical MDS (Multidimensional scaling). Introducing geodesic distance to replace the original European distance data will make twenty-four dimensional data, which using the traditional MFCC feature extraction down to ten dimensional data.
WATER QUALITY EFFECTS ON CAVITATION INCEPTION IN A TRAILING VORTEX

Tip vortex cavitation studies were made with a hydrofoil that was elliptical in planform, with an aspect ratio of 3, and having a modified NACA 662 -415 profile. LDV measurements of the tangential velocity component in the vortex were used to determine that the minimum pressure in the vortex varies with lift coefficient squared, i.e., that the incipient cavitation number σi should follow a Cl 2 relation (σi ≈ Cl 2 ). This is in contradiction to previous observations (Arndt et al. 1991) that the tip vortex cavitation index varied approximately with lift coefficient to the power 1.4. By carefully monitoring the tensile strength of the water, i.e., its susceptibility to cavitation, the discrepancy was traced to the capability of the test water to sustain a tensile stress. Cavitation in “weak” water (no tensile strength) does follow the Cl 2 relationship, whereas observations in “strong” water (rupture considerably below vapor pressure) more closely followed the previously observed variation, i.e., σi ≈ Cl 1.4 . Since the structure of the vortex cannot be affected by changes in the water quality, the discrepancy can be explained only by the amount of tension that can be sustained by the test water before inception occurs. Apparently a relatively larger value of tension can be sustained in the vortex is the strength of the vortex is increased (i.e., increasing Cl ). This would explain the observed deviation from the expected Cl 2 law for water with measurable tensile strength.
Unleashing the aether

We follow an effective field theory approach to identify the general class of theories that describes a real vector field coupled to gravity at low energies, large distances and long timescales. Here we restrict ourselves to the case in which Lorentz invariance is spontaneously broken at low energies (i.e. at energies bellow the characteristic scale of the effective theory). We find the constraints on the parameter space of the theory coming from the absence of classical and quantum instabilities. We apply our results to the flat case before closing.
Effects of an acoustic diode on lithotripter shock wave, cavitation, and stone fragmentation

Recent studies suggest that reducing the large intraluminal bubble expansion in small blood vessels may ameliorate the potential for vascular injury in shock wave lithotripsy. To achieve this objective without compromising stone comminution, a selective truncation of the tensile component of lithotripter shock wave (LSW) is needed. In this work, an acoustic diode (AD) of Riedlinger’s design was constructed and evaluated. The AD consists of two peripherally secured membranes having opposite surfaces held in direct contact under partial vacuum. The AD permits transmission of the leading compressive component of a LSW; yet the membranes may separate under tension, thus blocking the transmission of the trailing tensile component of the LSW. Following each LSW, the membranes will again establish direct contact due to the partial vacuum between them. Using the AD at a vacuum level of 10.75 in. Hg, the collapse time of the LSW‐induced bubble cluster at the beam focus of a HM‐3 lithotripter at 20 kV was found .
Speaker‐independent word recognition method and system based upon zero‐crossing rate and energy measurement of analog speech signal

Speaker-independent word recognition method and system for identifying individual spoken words based upon an acoustically distinct vocabulary of a limited number of words. The word recognition system may employ memory storage associated with a microprocessor or microcomputer in which reference templates of digital speech data representative of a limited number of words comprising the word vocabulary are stored. The word recognition system accepts an input analog speech signal from a microphone as derived from a single word-voice command spoken by any speaker. The analog speech signal is directed to an energy measuring circuit and a zero-crossing detector for determining a sequence of feature vectors based upon the zero-crossing rate and energy measurements of the sampled analog speech signal. The sequence of feature vectors are then input to the microprocessor or microcomputer for individual comparison with the feature vectors included in each of the reference templates as stored in the memory portion of the microprocessor or microcomputer. Comparison of the sequence of feature vectors as determined from the input analog speech signal with the feature vectors included in the plurality of reference templates produces a cumulative cost profile for enabling logic circuitry within the microprocessor or microcomputer to make a decision as to the identity of the spoken word. The work recognition system may be incorporated within an electronic device which is also equipped with speech synthesis capability such that the electronic device is able to recognize simple words as spoken thereto and to provide an audible comment via speech synthesis which is related to the spoken word.
Investigating the Clinical Profile of Suicide Attempters Who Used a Violent Suicidal Means

In our study, we aimed to explore the profile of the high-risk subgroup of suicide attempters that used a violent means compared to suicide attempters that chose a non-violent suicide means. Therefore, we recruited a sample of inpatients with recent suicide attempts in three psychiatric hospitals in Thuringia, Germany. We used a structured clinical interview to assess the psychiatric diagnoses, sociodemographic data, and characteristics of the suicide attempt. Furthermore, we used several validated clinical questionnaires to measure suicidal ideations, suicide intent, depression severity, hopelessness, impulsivity, aggression, anger expression, and childhood trauma. We compared 41 individuals using violent means to 59 using non-violent means with univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. We found significantly (corrected for multiple comparisons) higher levels of impulsivity-related sensation-seeking in violent suicide attempters in univariate and multivariate analyses, and additionally in anger expression directed inward at an uncorrected statistical threshold. Besides that, there were no significant differences between the two groups. We assume that underlying neurocognitive mechanisms, such as impaired decision-making processes and/or differences in risk/loss assessment, could explain the higher levels of questionnaire-based sensation-seeking in subjects who use violent suicide means. Further research is needed, including neuroimaging and biochemical techniques, to gain more insight into the mechanisms underlying the choice of a suicidal means.
On the alignment of the α‐strain and vorticity in turbulent nonpremixed flames

Evolution of the strain and vorticity fields in a turbulent nonpremixed flame is examined using direct numerical simulations. The results show that the flow is strain dominated for both the buoyant and nonbuoyant cases. The evolution equation for the cosine of the angle between the vorticity and the principal strain directions is derived. It is shown that the strain dominance causes vorticity to align with the α‐strain, in contrast to the β‐strain/vorticity alignment in constant density flows. The divergence term in the evolution equation changes the time‐scale of the process. The rotation term (due to the strain coordinates rotation) and the baroclinic term reduce the vorticity/α‐strain alignment.
On Estimated Projection Pursuit-Type Crámer-von Mises Statistics

This paper addresses the problem of testing for a multivariate distribution, which belongs to a known parametric distribution family. The estimated Cramer? Von Mises-type test statistics are constructed using projection pursuit technique. Some interested properties of the test statistics, like asymptotics, bootstrap approximations, and the tail behavior of the limits of test statistics are investigated. For computational reasons, an approximation via the number theoretic method to the extreme value and the integral on a super sphere surface is considered.
Independent, convergent, and divergent decision behaviour for interactive multiple objectives linear programming

An interactive paired comparison approach for multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) problems is developed where the Decision Maker's preferential behaviour is presented by a utility function. The preferential behaviour can be independent, convergent, or divergent; which are mathematically presented by additive, quasi-concave, or quasi-convex utility functions respectively. The approach to find the best alternative consists of four phases: I. An additive utility function. II. A quasi-concave utility function. III. A quasi-convex utility function. IV. A feasible goal utility function. In the first three phases a paired comparison of alternatives are used and in Phase IV a feasible goal method is developed that finds the closest feasible efficient point for a given goal by the decision maker. This method also identifies resources required to make a given goal feasible. The approach can be extended to solve multiple objective integer/nonlinear optimization problems. Some experiments and examples are provided.
On the intermittent behaviour of foraging animals

Many foragers adopt an intermittent searching behaviour in which active local search phases randomly alternate with relocation phases. The average duration of the searching phases has a power-law dependency upon the average duration of the relocation phases. Here it is shown that this observed power-law scaling can be understood within the context of an optimal scale-free (Levy-flight) searching strategy.
Limits on the infrared and visual luminosity of the intergalactic H I cloud in Leo

Low surface brightness photometry of the intergalactic neutral hydrogen cloud in Leo sets upper limits on the intensity of this object of 28.0 mag/sq arcsec in the V photometric band and 22.8 mag/sq arcsec in the K band. The corresponding ratio of the H I mass to blue luminosity in the H I emission peaks of the cloud must be greater than 2.9 (solar units) depending on the star formation history of the object. The limits imposed on the star formation rate suggest a strong dependence of this rate on gas density.
R. A. Fisher and Evolutionary Theory

R. A. Fisher, apart from his fundamental contributions to statistical science, fostered many developments of theoretical evolutionary science. In commemoration of Fisher's birth centenary (1991), this paper highlights several of Fisher's interests in evolutionary processes. These include the "Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection," studies on the phenomenon of an even sex ratio in natural populations, the "runaway process" of sexual selection and models of polygenic inheritance. Some historical discussions and perspectives on evolutionary science and the Fisher legacy are also presented.
A Simulation Study to Investigate the Behavior of the Log-Density Ratio Under Normality

Abstract For a logistic regression model the log-odds depend on the log of the ratio of the conditional densities of the predictors given the response variable. This suggests that relevant statistical information could be extracted by investigating the inverse problem of the predictors given the response. For binary responses, assuming certain parametric distributions, it is possible to obtain which terms are needed, and how they should be included in a logistic regression model. In the one predictor case, and under the normality assumption, a known result shows that a linear and a quadratic term are needed in a logistic regression model, with the quadratic term not required if the two conditional distributions have the same variance. However, the quadratic component may not be needed if the linear term is sufficient to discriminate between the two groups, that is if the two conditional distributions are far enough apart. A simulation study is presented which shows that if the ratio of variances is between 2/3 and 1.5 the quadratic term is less likely to be useful; this also happens when the mean difference scaled by the variance ratio tends to be large. Graphically, if the conditional distributions of x|y for the two groups are well separated a linear term should contain all the relevant statistical information available in the data. On the contrary, if they overlap significantly, and the variances are clearly not equal, then the quadratic term is likely to be needed. Minor deviations from normality should not be worrisome, particularly outside the range in which the empirical distributions overlap.
A novel simultaneous differential imager for the direct imaging of giant planets

The Adaptive Optics System NACO at the VLT has been equipped with a Simultaneous Differential Imager (SDI) designed to provide direct imaging of giant extra-solar planets. Exploiting the fact that all cool (Teff < 1200K) extra-solar giant planets have strong CH4 (methane) absorption beyond 1.62 μm in the H band NIR atmospheric window, diffraction limited narrow-band images centred on this absorption edge are obtained with NACO simultaneously to reduce the speckle-noise floor and increase the sensitivity for Jupiter-like planets around nearby young stars. We present the technical realization of this device and first results obtained during the commissioning run.
COMBINED EFFECTS OF PARAMETER HETEROGENEITY AND NOISE ON SPATIAL COHERENCE IN MAP-BASED NEURONS

We herein present a numerical investigation of the combined effects of parameter heterogeneity and noise, which are unavoidable in excitable medium, on spatial coherence in map-based neurons. Our results show that, the neurons' spatial coherence can be improved by changing parameter heterogeneity (or noise intensity) in the condition that the control parameter is below the threshold and noise intensity (or parameter heterogeneity) is small. Interestingly, there exists an optimal parameter heterogeneity (or noise intensity) at which the neurons' spatial coherence is maximized. However, when the control parameter is above the threshold, the system's spatial coherence cannot be enhanced by parameter heterogeneity (or noise). The underlying mechanism of these effects is discussed in terms of the neuron's bifurcation and the coupling interaction between the neurons.
Demonstration at sea of the decomposition-of-the-time-reversal-operator techniquea)

This paper presents a derivation of the time reversal operator decomposition (DORT) using the sonar equation. DORT is inherently a frequency-domain technique, but the derivation is shown in the time-frequency domain to preserve range resolution. The magnitude of the singular values is related to sonar equation parameters. The time spreading of the time-domain back-propagation image is also related to the sonar equation. Noise-free, noise-only, and signal-plus-noise data are considered theoretically. Contamination of the echo singular component by noise is shown quantitatively to be very small at a signal-to-noise ratio of 0dB. Results are shown from the TREX-04 experiment during April 22 to May 4, 2004 in 94m deep, shallow water southwest of the Hudson Canyon. Rapid transmission of short, 500Hz wide linear frequency modulated beams with center frequencies of 750, 1250, 1750, 2250, 2750, and 3250Hz are used. Degradation caused by a lack of time invariance is found to be small at 750Hz and nearly complete a.
Statistical performance analysis of address-centric routing versus data-centric directed diffusion approach in wireless sensor networks

Data-centric protocols have been proposed as an alternative to traditional address-centric protocols for sensor networks mainly due to their inherent redundancy of data traffic. In this paper, we compare the performance of a data-centric Directed Diffusion based approach to that of a traditional address-centric routing protocol in a target tracking sensor network. We show that the data-centric approach provides significant improvement in certain metrics directly related to performance at the application level. We also examine some mobility issues related to the data-centric approach, and describe approaches to deal with them.
Large open-circuit voltage improvement by rapid thermal annealing of evaporated solid-phase-crystallized thin-film silicon solar cells on glass

In this letter, we investigate the impact of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on thin-film polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si) solar cells on glass made by evaporation of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and subsequent solid-phase crystallization (SPC). These devices have the potential to deliver low-cost photovoltaic electricity and are named EVA cells (SPC of EVAporated a-Si). The RTA is used to perform a high-temperature (>700°C) process for point defect annealing and dopant activation. RTA processes have predominantly been developed for wafer-based devices yet also have great potential for low-temperature devices such as thin-film pc-Si on glass solar cells. Parameter variations are performed on EVA solar cells to determine optimum values for point defect removal and dopant activation while minimizing dopant diffusion causing junction smearing. The 1-Sun open-circuit voltage, Voc, of the as-crystallized pc-Si devices is rather modest (135mV). However, after RTA and subsequent hydrogen passivation in a rf PECVD plasm.
Research on the Domination-Stability of Network G2

It has been known that an interconnection network can be modeled by a connected graph whose vertices represent sites of the network and whose edges represent physical communication links. Being the underlying theory of network, graph theory can be used to investigate network issues. In this paper we consider two parameters of graph: the domination number and bondage number b (G). These parameters measure to some extent the robustness of an interconnection network with respect to link failures. By constructing a family of minimum dominating sets we calculate the domination number and bondage number of graph G2.