Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IMPACT CRATERING ON EARTH: A HISTORY OF CONTROVERSY

The discovery and study of structures caused by collision of extraterrestrial objects with the Earth has had a history fi lled with controversy. In the late 19th century G.K. Gilbert suggested that the patches observed on the lunar surface must formed by geologic processes similar to those here on Earth, perhaps of volcanic nature. Later, he was able to test his hypothesis when studying a bowlshaped depression in Arizona, now known as Meteor Crater. Gilbert rejected a meteoric origin and proposed an internal volcanic origin, “cryptovolcanism”, for the crater. This hypothesis unfolded a dispute that lasted decades. Mining engineer Daniel M. Barringer and geologist Robert S. Dietz attributed Meteor Crater to a meteorite impact, an “astroblem”. In 1960, Ed Chao and Eugene M. Shoemaker discovered a polymorph of quartz at Meteor Crater that linked the structure to extreme, high-pressures incapable of being produced by any other known geologic process. Disagreement arose again in the 1980s, when the Alvarezes proposed that a large impact event was responsible for the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction 65 million years ago; however, the crater could not be found. Then, Alan Hildebrand and colleagues found what many termed “the smoking gun”, a crater dating ~65 Ma buried underneath about one kilometer of sediments. It did not take long for others to disagree with Alvarez and Hildebrand. Still some disagree about the role Chicxulub played on the dinosaurs’ disappearance and whether this impact was indeed produced by collision ~65 Ma. About 170 impact structures, unevenly distributed, have been identifi ed on Earth. However, the development of new technology provides refi ned ways to study impact craters on Earth and other planetary bodies. For instance, the Holocene Impact Working Group is using standard stratigraphic and petrographic methods as well as remote sensing, with new geophysical data to study possible impact events within the last 10,000 years. They have found evidence connecting V-shaped chevron deposits in Madagascar to an impact-induced mega-tsunami about 5,000 years old. The relation of impact craters to mass extinctions and mega-tsunamis remains to be demonstrated. Nonetheless, undoubtedly, impact structures hold further clues about the formation of the solar system, Earth’s geologic history, as well as for their economic resources. This paper attempts to provide not only a modest synopsis of the controversy surrounding the beginning of impact crater studies on Earth, but also a glimpse at recent research and current disagreements.
Medication errors at the outpatient pharmacy in a hospital in Aseer region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background: There is paucity of data about medication errors in the Aseer region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, hence this study was conducted to detect the medication errors in the difference stages of medication use process such as prescribing, transcription, dispensing and administration. Method: It was a retrospective study reviewing all the prescription for two month. Results: 10% of prescribing errors (No. = 185), 0.37% (No. = 7) of dispensing errors, 0.48% (No. = 9) of administration errors were detected for the total 1,850 opportunities for errors registered. No transcription errors were observed. Conclusion: Use of information technology systems may be versatile strategy to prevent medication errors and improve patient safety
ONLINE APPENDIX The Political Boundaries of Ethnic Divisions

D Robustness Checks on the Main Results in Section IV 14 D.1 Event Study Specifications . 14 D.2 Identification Checks in Table 2 . 16 D.3 Constraints on Splitting and Changes in Ethnic Divisions . 20 D.4 Confounding Effects of Other Initial District Characteristics . 22 D.5 Validating the Conflict Measures and Addressing Systematic Reporting Bias . 28 D.6 Outliers and Inference . 29 D.7 Other Alternative Specifications . 32
Photoinhibition studies in lichens using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis

Specimens of six lichen species (Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. , Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. , Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. , Platismatia glauca (L.) W. Culb. & C. Culb. , Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf, and Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. ) were maintained at 5 ,mol photons m-2 sec. -' for 2 days. Then the fluorescence parameters Fo, F, F,, and FIF were measured. Photo- inhibition was studied at 300 and 1,000 Amol photons m-2 sec. -' of light irradiance for 3 days, and then at 20 imol photons m-2 sec. -' for 5 hr. to achieve recovery. Different patterns of photo- inhibition were observed among the considered species. Hypogymnia physodes, P. glauca, and P. furfuracea exhibited a significant decline in the F,/F, ratio (indicative of photoinhibition) at both photon flux densities. Platismatia glauca and P. furfuracea presented a significant increase of Fo (photoinhibitory damage to Photosystem II centers). Furthermore, P. glauca was not able to recover after a period of lower photon flux density (PFD). In contrast, E. prunastri, P. saxatilis, and R. farinacea were only photoinhibited when exposed to the highest PFD, and always recovered. With the exception of P. saxatilis, there is a close correspondence between the species' sensitivity to the light treatments and their water relations, measured in terms of wet event duration, rate of water loss, and maximum thallus water content. A possible role ofthe previous light history at their natural habitats is also discussed.
Lot size dependent lead times in a Q,R inventory system

Abstract In a continuous-review or re-order level inventory control (Q,R) system, the safety stock is maintained to protect the system from the risk of stockouts during the replenishment lead time. Most inventory models assume that the lead time is ‘fixed’, and calculate the optimal level of safety stock on the basis of this assumption. We question this ’fixed lead time’ assumption. We recognize from the literature that manufacturing lead time is a function of lot size in many manufacturing environments, and explicitly consider the impact of lot size on the lead time and safety stock requirement. In so doing, we attempt to demonstrate that significant savings can occur if firms consider the interrelationships between the lot size and safety stock decisions. This paper begins with a discussion of the relationship between lot size and lead time. We then present an iterative algorithm that determines lot size and safety stock simultaneously, and compare it against a more conventional sequential approach. An .
Evaluation of the Performance and Ductility Index of Concrete Structures Using Advanced Composite Material Strengthening Methods

The performance of concrete structures deteriorates over time. Thus, improving their performance using fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), PS strands, and various strengthening methods is important. Reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed concrete (PSC) structures develop initial cracks in concrete during bending tests, and destruction occurs over a certain period of time after a certain load is generated, and then after the reinforcements and strands yield. However, in the case of FRP structures, after an initial concrete crack occurs, FRPs exhibit a rapid shape deformation of the structure after yielding. Thus, in this study we used FRP and PS strand materials and evaluated the ductility index using the load-displacement results obtained from structural tests conducted using various strengthening methods. The ductility index evaluation method compares and analyzes the change rates in the ductility index of PSC and RC structures based on a method that uses structural deflection and the derivation of the energy area ratio. The ductility evaluation results based on the energy area ratio at the crack, yield, and ultimate points showed that all the RC structures, except for the specimens strengthened with reinforcing materials from company H, were in the ductility and semi-ductility sections. Thus, all the PSC structures, except for the control specimens and PH4NP, were found to be brittle.
Prevalence and Periodontal Conditions of Developmental Grooves in an Italian School of Dentistry and Dental Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to (i) determine the prevalence and distribution of developmental grooves in a young population and (ii) to evaluate the local periodontal conditions. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-one students with a mean age of 22.9 ± 4.7, attending the School of Dentistry and Dental Hygiene of Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (Milan, Italy) were included. The subjects underwent a clinical evaluation by two calibrated examiners. The following clinical parameters were recorded for each site presenting a radicular groove and for each corresponding site on an adjacent tooth used as control: probing pocket depth, plaque index, bleeding on probing, recession depth. Results: The prevalence of radicular grooves at patient and tooth level was 15.9% and 5%, respectively. When compared to control sites, the number of teeth with a radicular groove that presented plaque and bleeding on probing was higher. The logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of radicular grooves was significantly associated with the presence of plaque (OR, 6.14, p < 0.001) and of bleeding on probing (OR, 2.91, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The presence of radicular grooves increases the possibility of developing gingival inflammation by acting as a plaque retentive factor.
Techniques for the Study of Biological Coupled Oscillator Systems

2 Overview of Work on Local Dynamics 4 2.1 Chemical Oscillations in Bio-reactors . 4 2.2 Clustering and Negative Feedback Models . 7 2.3 The Stability Problem for the Parameter Plane . 8 2.4 History of the Stability Problem for the Parameter Plane . 9
Supplementary Material for "Interaction of Light with Arbitrarily Shaped Dielectric Media: Spectral Analysis & Evolution Semigroups of Electromagnetic Scattering"

S1. Spectral Properties of Electromagnetic Scattering 4 S1.0. Shape Regularity, Energy Admissibility, and the Born Equation 5 S1.0. 1. Regular Shapes and Energetically Admissible Vector Fields 5 S1.0. 2. Born Equation for Energetically Admissible Electric Fields 7 S1.1. Uniqueness Theorem for Electromagnetic Scattering 9 S1.1. 1. Fourier Transform of the Born Operator 9 S1.1. 2. A Generalized Optical Theorem 11 S1.1. 3. The Uniqueness Theorem for Light Scattering 14 S1.2. Existence Theorem for Electromagnetic Scattering 16 S1.2. 1. Fredholm Decomposition of the Born operator 16 S1.2. 2. The Existence Theorem for Light Scattering 18 S1.2. 3. Stable Dependence of the Solution on Experimental Parameters 22 S1.3. Additional Comments and Details 24 S1.3. 1. Born Equation in the Discrete Dipole Approximation Method for Light Scattering 24 S1.3. 2. Rigorous Derivations of Some Fourier Inversion Formulae 26 S1.3. 3. Norm Estimates of the Born Operator 28 S1.3. 4. Upper Bounds for the Total Scattering Cross-Section 32 S1.3. 5. Analytic Continuation of the Helmholtz Equation 36 S1.3. 6. Generalizations to Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Media 38
Geometry of $\ell_p^n$-balls: Classical results and recent developments

2 Preliminaries 2 2.1 Notation . 2 2.2 The lp -balls . 3 2.3 Grassmannian manifolds . 4 2.4 Large deviation principles . 4
Inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activation improves the survival of rats with taurocholate pancreatitis

Background Death in the early stages of severe acute pancreatitis is frequently the result of multiple organ dysfunction, but its mechanism is not clear. Aims To investigate the state of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in macrophages of rats with lethal pancreatitis, and to assess the effectiveness of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NF-κB, on the pathology and mortality. Methods Taurocholate pancreatitis was produced in rats, and the severity of the disease, the mortality, and activation of NF-κB in peritoneal and alveolar macrophages were compared in rats receiving pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) treatment and those that were not. Results Taurocholate pancreatitis produced massive necrosis, haemorrhage, and severe leucocyte infiltration in the pancreas as well as alveolar septal thickening in the lung. NF-κB was activated in peritoneal and alveolar macrophages six hours after pancreatitis induction. Pretreatment with PDTC dose-dependently attenuated the NF-κB activation and improved the survival of the rats, although it did not affect the early increase in serum amylase and histological findings. Conclusions Early blockage of NF-κB activation may be effective in reducing fatal outcome in severe acute pancreatitis.
Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Ovarian Toxicity1

ABSTRACT Proper functioning of the ovary is critical to maintain fertility and overall health, and ovarian function depends on the maintenance and normal development of ovarian follicles. This review presents evidence about the potential impact of oxidative stress on the well-being of primordial, growing and preovulatory follicles, as well as oocytes and early embryos, examining cell types and molecular targets. Limited data from genetically modified mouse models suggest that several antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play important roles in follicular development and/or survival. Exposures to agents known to cause oxidative stress, such as gamma irradiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, induce rapid primordial follicle loss; however, the mechanistic role of ROS has received limited attention. In contrast, ROS may play an important role in the initiation of apoptosis in antral follicles. Depletion of glutathione leads to atresia of antral follicles in vivo and apoptosis of granulosa cells in cultured antral follicles. Chemicals, such as cyclophosphamide, dimethylbenzanthracene, and methoxychlor, increase proapoptotic signals, preceded by increased ROS and signs of oxidative stress, and cotreatment with antioxidants is protective. In oocytes, glutathione levels change rapidly during progression of meiosis and early embryonic development, and high oocyte glutathione at the time of fertilization is required for male pronucleus formation and for embryonic development to the blastocyst stage. Because current evidence suggests that oxidative stress can have significant negative impacts on female fertility and gamete health, dietary or pharmacological intervention may prove to be effective strategies to protect female fertility.
Relative Firm Performance and the Financial Crisis of 2008 : an empirical study on how relative firm performance changes over the business cycle, and how relative firm performance is related with the impact of, and responses to, the crisis.

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 3 LIST OF FIGURES . 5 LIST OF TABLES . 6 INTRODUCTION . 7 RESEARCH QUESTION . 8 STRUCTURE . 8 THEORY . 9 INTRODUCTION . 9 THE BIG QUESTIONS IN STRATEGY . 9 VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS . 10 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION . 11 ACTIVITY BASED THEORY. 14 THE RESOURCE BASED VIEW . 18 SUSTAINABILITY . 20 BUSINESS CYCLES . 21 RECESSIONS . 24 COMPETITIVE DYNAMICS . 25 HYPOTHESES . 27 METHODOLOGY . 29 RESEARCH DESIGN . 29 DATA . 30 Data Sources . 31 Population . 33 Sampling Strategy . 33 Sample Size . 38 Survey . 40 PERFORMANCE VARIABLES . 41 DATA ANALYSIS . 43
G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals.

PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy . 615 HISTORy . 616 INDIVIDUAL G PROTEINS: FUNCTIONS AND MOLECULAR ENTITIES 617 Criter ia for In volvemen t o f a G Pr otein . 618 Func ti on s R egu la ted b y G Protein s . 619 M olecu lar En tities and S truc ture . 622 LIGAND--G PROTEIN INTERACTIONS 63 1 LIGAND-REGULATED PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS 634 Receptor-O Protein J nteractions. 634 G Pr otein -Effec tor In teraction s . 638 G PROTEIN-MEMBRANE INTERACTIONS 643 COVALENT MODIFICATION OF G PROTEINS 644
Neonatal Intensive Care Units Rapid Whole-Genome Sequencing for Genetic Disease Diagnosis in

and affordable methods of analysis. and cost of WGS continues to rise and fall, respectively. However, fast WGS is clinically useful when coupled with fast quicken to move toward targeted treatment and genetic and prognostic counseling. The authors note that the speed prospective cases. These findings strengthen the notion that WGS can shorten the differential diagnosis process and abdominal cavities. WGS of parents or affected siblings helped to speed up the identification of disease genes in the the abnormal arrangement of organs in the chest and −− recessive gene (HTX6) that gives rise to visceral heterotaxy ruled out the presence of defects in candidate genes in a third infants; and, in a pedigree, pinpointed BCL9L as a new BRAT1-related syndrome in one newborn; identified the causative mutation in a baby with epidermolysis bullosa; diagnoses that had been made using other methods. Next, prospective WGS revealed a molecular diagnosis of a developed protocol, the authors performed retrospective 50-hour WGS to confirm, in two children, known molecular The new WGS protocol cuts analysis time by using automated bioinformatic analysis. Using their newly diagnosis is made. symptoms, which can be unhelpful or dangerous. Often, either death or release from the hospital occurs before the Together, these complicating factors lead to the administration of treatments based on nonspecific or obscure designed to unearth only a few genetic disorders, and serial gene sequencing is too slow to be clinically useful. clinical symptoms might not be evident in newborns. Genetic screens performed on newborns are rapid, but are Many of the ~3,500 genetic diseases of known cause manifest symptoms during the first 28 days of life, but full achieve a differential diagnosis of genetic disorders in 50 hours rather than the 4 to 6 weeks. describe a method that uses whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to et al counseling are delayed. Now, Saunders and all the while, treatment and −− diagnosis, parents anguish, nurture false hope, wrestle with feelings of guilt (NICUs), but it can be destructive nonetheless. While they wait on pins and needles for their newborn baby's The waiting might not be the hardest part for families receiving a diagnosis in neonatal intensive care units Speed Heals
Prototype-based Counterfactual Explanation for Causal Classification

Counterfactual explanation is one branch of inter-pretable machine learning that produces a perturbation sample to change the model’s original decision. The generated samples can act as a recommendation for end-users to achieve their desired outputs. Most of the current counterfactual explanation approaches are the gradient-based method, which can only optimize the differentiable loss functions with continuous variables. Accordingly, the gradient-free methods are proposed to handle the categorical variables, which however present several major limitations: 1) causal relationships among features are typically ignored when generating the counterfactuals, possibly resulting in impractical guidelines for decision-makers; 2) the generation of the counterfactual sample is pro-hibitively slow and requires lots of parameter tuning for combining different loss functions. In this work, we propose a causal structure model to preserve the causal relationship underlying the features of the counterfactual. In addition, we de-sign a novel gradient-free optimization based on the multi-objective genetic algorithm that generates the counterfactual explanations for the mixed-type of continuous and categorical data. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our method compares favorably with state-of-the-art methods and therefore is applicable to any prediction model. All the source code and data are available at https: //github.com/tridungduong16/multiobj-scm-cf .
Atividade biológica de hidrolisados originados de proteínas da clara de ovos de galinha de capoeira

Por meio da hidrolise enzimatica de fontes proteicas de origem alimentar, podem ser liberados peptideos com atividades biologicas que beneficiam o organismo daqueles que os consomem. Diante disso, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar atividades biologicas de hidrolisados proteicos obtidos pela da hidrolise da clara de ovo de galinha de capoeira por proteases produzidas por Aspergillus avenaceus URM 6706. Para isto, a protease foi produzida por fermentacao submersa realizada de acordo com planejamentos estatisticos; em seguida, foi purificada por precipitacao com etanol e cromatografia de troca ionica, e caracterizada parcialmente. O extrato purificado foi utilizado na hidrolise da clara do ovo de galinha de capoeira, em que a influencia da variacao do tempo de hidrolise foi averiguada, sob o grau de hidrolise. Os hidrolisados obtidos foram avaliados quanto ao potencial antioxidante, por meio da captura dos radicais ABTS+• e DPPH, e da determinacao da atividade quelante de Cu2+ e Fe2+, quanto ao potencial anti-hipertensivo por inibicao da enzima conversora de angiotensina, antidiabetico pela inibicao das enzimas α-glicosidase e α-amilase, antibacteriano frente a isolados de mastite bovina subclinica e antiviral contra o Herpes virus bovino tipo 1 e Virus da diarreia viral bovina. A protease produzida por Aspergillus avenaceus URM 6706 teve como temperatura e pH otimos 50 °C e 10,0, respectivamente; parâmetros empregados durante a hidrolise da clara do ovo de galinha de capoeira. O grau de hidrolise foi diretamente proporcional ao tempo de exposicao da protease com a clara do ovo de galinha de capoeira. Os hidrolisados estudados apresentaram todas as atividades biologicas avaliadas, com atividade antioxidante de 99 e 27% de eliminacao dos radicais ABTS•+ e DPPH, respectivamente; 62 e 55% de atividade quelantes de Cu2+ e Fe2+, respectivamente; por volta de 80% de atividade anti-hipertensiva, 57% de inibicao da α-glicosidase e 94% da α-amilase, atividade antiestafilococica que chegou ate 88% e antiviral de ate 90%. Os hidrolisados gerados pela hidrolise da clara de ovo de galinha de capoeira apresentaram atividade biologica satisfatoria, com possiveis aplicacoes na formulacao de alimentos funcionais e no desenvolvimento de farmacos.