Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensemaking and crisis revisited: the failure of sensemaking during the Flint water crisis

ABSTRACT This study operationalized Weick’s [(1988). Enacted sensemaking in crisis situations. Journal of Management Studies 25(4), 305–317 and (1993). The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 628–652] theory of enacted sensemaking to examine the communication processes associated with the Flint Water Crisis of 2014–2015. A content analysis of 389 emails and attachments from a total population of N = 37,376 pages of publicly released e-mails and documents pertaining to Flint’s water issues, identified examples of failed sensemaking by government officials. These failures hastened and intensified a growing crisis of lead contamination and an outbreak of Legionnaires disease associated with Flint’s municipal water system. Analysis of email messages suggests that strong commitments by top leaders and limited capacity were important factors as were efforts to create and maintain consensus among officials. The Flint Water Crisis offers an important application of sensemaking theory and its utility for both organizational and risk communication scholars and for practical application. The authors emphasize the importance of questioning previous assumptions and commitments, insuring that communication practitioners are involved in decisions, and avoiding over reliance on image repair as a strategic response.
Carex flava agg. (section Ceratocystis, Cyperaceae) in Poland: taxonomy, morphological variation, and soil conditions

Abstract Sedges of Carex flava agg. , typical of moist or wet habitats, are difficult to classify because of a lack of clear-cut morphological differences between them and the existence of numerous hybrids. This monograph presents results of research conducted in 2007-2012 in various parts of Poland. The plant material consisted of 1852 living specimens of Carex flava agg. , collected from 80 localities, and dried specimens from 26 herbaria and from 7 private collections. The analysis involved 45 morphological characters (34 quantitative and 11 qualitative) and 9 soil parameters. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical methods were used to process the data. The results confirm the taxonomic classification dividing the C. flava group into 4 species: C. flava s.s. , C. lepidocarpa, C. demissa, and C. viridula. This classification is based on (i) a high observed level of morphological separation of these taxa, resulting mostly from differences in generative characters, i.e. length of the utricle and its beak, and percentage ratio of beak length to total utricle length; (ii) integrity of the taxa at the sites where they coexist, although some intermediate forms resulting from hybridization are also present; (iii) habitat preferences of the taxa, especially the preference of C. lepidocarpa for calcareous sites and of C. demissa for slightly acidic soils. Thus in Poland the analysed taxa are morphologically well-defined and show clear ecological preferences. Continuous variation of morphological characters was observed among specimens of C. viridula, so it is not justifiable to distinguish its subspecies (sometimes classified even as separate species), described previously in literature. Consequently, the 2 subgroups of C. viridula were treated as local variants (i.e. varieties: var. viridula and var. pulchella), considering their different habitat requirements. Additionally, 5 hybrids were distinguished within C. flava agg. : C. ×alsatica [= C. demissa × C. flava], C. ×ruedtii [= C. flava × C. lepidocarpa], C. ×schatzii [= C. lepidocarpa × C. viridula], C. ×subviridula [= C. flava × C. viridula], and C. demissa × C. viridula; as well as 2 hybrids with C. hostiana as one of the parents: C. ×fulva [= C. demissa × C. hostiana] and C. ×leutzii [= C. hostiana × C. lepidocarpa].
The Application of the Paraffin-Imbedding Method in Botany

In the following lines it is my purpose to introduce into botanical science the paraffin-imbeddino method which zoologists generally have employed for several years, and with great success. It will be understood that the method here meant is that in which whole organisms, or parts of them, are so imbedded as to be entirely permeated with paraffin. In fact, if the operation has succeeded well it will be impossible to distinguishl the imbedded object firom the surrounding paraffin except iby its color. The principal advantages of this treatment especially appear Twhen it is combined with the more excellent methods of mic-roscopical science; for arresting protoplasm in its living form, for section-cutting and the mountino of specimens. Thus it not only enables the observer to make sections of very minute and tender objects, but also to obtain, with the greatest ease, even in very difficult cases, sections throucgh previously determnined parts of these objects, and, moreover, rig-iorousl in the requiredc directions. It is also possible by these means to prepare a series of consecutive sections, and it is obvious of how much. use this may be in studying the development of many organs. Lastly, it is of some consequence that in sections madce after this method parts wS hicll otherwise are not united to each other may still be kept in theil relative positions. Thus it is possible to make thin transv\erse sections of buds in which the disposition of the leaves remains unaltered, and may be studied witl eise. That, notwithstanding these advantages, the imbedcdin i mletllod has not been made use of to any extent' in botany must be probably ascribed to various causes. One cause of the failure of experiments in this direction may lave been owing to the fact that the imbedding method was not combined with other methods ; and still, as has alreadvy been remarked, this is necessary in order to insure success. In the second place no vegetable parts preserved in alcohol should be used for imbedding, as it will be often found very diiflicult to permeate them with paraffin. On the contl-al-y, it is necessary to employ chromic or picric acid,
Speech-Language Pathologists' Ratings of Telegraphic Versus Grammatical Utterances: A Survey Study.

Purpose It is common for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to simplify their utterances when talking to children with language delays, but there is disagreement about whether simplified utterances should be grammatical (e.g., Daddy is running, See the cookie? ) or telegraphic (e.g., Daddy running, See cookie? ). This study examined the extent to which SLPs reported grammatical versus telegraphic utterances to sound like something they would say and investigated whether results differed based on SLPs' perspectives about the usefulness of telegraphic input. Method Ninety-three practicing SLPs completed an online survey. SLPs rated the extent to which a list of telegraphic and grammatical utterances sounded like something they would say to a child with a language delay who is prelinguistic or at the one- or two-word stages of spoken language development. Results SLPs who did not view telegraphic input as useful or felt neutral about this issue rated grammatical utterances to sound significantly more like something they would say than telegraphic utterances. However, findings differed for SLPs who viewed telegraphic input as useful. There was no significant difference in the extent to which these SLPs reported grammatical versus telegraphic utterances to sound like something they would say. Conclusions As incorrect language models, telegraphic utterances are counterexamples to the grammatical structure of English that may make it more difficult for learners to detect regularities in the language input they hear. Unless empirical evidence emerges in support of telegraphic input, it may be beneficial to maximize grammatical input provided to children with language delays.
A combination of handheld spirometer device and questionnaire- A potential screening tool for early diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Many cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continue to be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Screening of these patients with spirometry may help in detecting airflow obstruction before the subject develops clinical symptoms. But it is neither feasible nor cost effective and cannot be applied to huge population in India. Therefore, a need for a simple and cost effective method to identify persons who might have the early stages of COPD is warranted. The present study was done:1. To identify the utility of COPD population screener (COPD-PS) questionnaire + COPD-6 Hand-held spirometer device (HSD) as a screening tool for early diagnosis of COPD. 2. To identify the sensitivity and specificity of COPD-PS and COPD-6 device, individually and when used in combination, in the diagnosis of COPD. Methodology: This is a cross sectional observational study done using a questionnaire (COPD-PS) and Hand-held spirometer device (COPD6) during the three months period from May to July 2018 in the department of Pulmonary Medicine in Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS). This study was approved by our institution’s ethics committee. Results: Out of the 89 patients screened, 69 had COPD-PS score >/=5 and 52 had a COPD-6 (FEV1/FVC6) <0.75. 57.3% of the patients were screened positive using the screening tools (COPD PS + COPD 6). Out of these, 52% of the patients turned out to have FEV1/FVC<0.7 on spirometry demonstrating obstruction, thereby confirming a diagnosis of COPD. When COPD-PS score alone has been used as a screening tool, the sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 47%. However when COPD-PS and COPD-6 device were used together, the sensitivity was 97.8% and specificity was 79.1%, showing a significant improvement in specificity and retained a high sensitivity (97.8%). Conclusions: The combination of COPD-PS and COPD-6 is highly effective in early detection of undiagnosed airway obstruction in COPD and can guide effectively in subjecting the high risk patients to spirometry for confirming the diagnosis of COPD.
MODULI STABILISATION AND SOFT SUPERSYMMETRY BREAKING IN STRING COMPACTIFICATIONS

String theory is one of the most active branches of theoretical physics and constitutes the most promising candidate for a consistent fundamental theory describing our Universe. Its structure provides a uni ed description of all known particles and forces of Nature, including gravity, in a single quantum mechanical framework. Its low-energy limit, determined by compacti cations of extra dimensions on Calabi-Yau orientifolds, yields an e ective theory which represents the key tool in order to make contact with experiments and observable physics. This theory is Supergravity, with the natural presence of a moduli hidden sector, which consists in a collection of gravitationally coupled scalar elds inherited from KaluzaKlein dimensional reduction. In order to avoid non-observed long range fth-forces mediated by massless moduli, these elds have to develop a large mass via the process of moduli stabilisation. The stabilisation of the moduli provides also a dynamical supersymmetry-breaking mechanism which can be mediated from the hidden to the visible sector by gravitational interactions. Moduli physics inherited from strings turns out to explain and motivate TeV-scale supersymmetry-breaking, giving rise to important predictions for the masses of superpartners. In this thesis, we shall work in the framework of type IIB Calabi-Yau ux compactications and present a detailed review of moduli stabilisation studying in particular the phenomenological implications of the LARGE-volume scenario (LVS). All the physical relevant quantities such as moduli masses and soft-terms, are computed and compared to the phenomenological constraints that today guide the research. 3 The structure of this thesis is the following. The rst chapter introduces the reader to the fundamental concepts that are essentially supersymmetry-breaking, supergravity and string moduli, which represent the basic framework of our discussion. In the second chapter we focus our attention on the subject of moduli stabilisation. Starting from the structure of the supergravity scalar potential, we point out the main features of moduli dynamics, we analyse the KKLT and LARGE-volume scenario and we compute moduli masses and couplings to photons which play an important role in the early-universe evolution since they are strictly related to the decay rate of moduli particles. The third chapter is then dedicated to the calculation of soft-terms, which arise dynamically from gravitational interactions when moduli acquire a non-zero vacuum expectation value (VeV). In the last chapter, nally, we summarize and discuss our results, underling their phenomenological aspects. Moreover, in the last section we analyse the implications of the outcomes for standard cosmology, with particular interest in the cosmological moduli problem.
Interacción con microondas de las nanopartículas magnéticas y óxido de grafeno magnético y sus aplicaciones como susceptor en el calentamiento electromagnético de crudo pesado

Objective: This work proposes and evaluates a technology for improving heavy crude oil mobility through the addition of magnetic nanoparticles and external electromagnetic fields. Methodology: The study first individually characterizes heavy crude oil, magnetite nanoparticles, and magnetic graphene. Then, the magneto-rheological behavior of heavy crude oil and its mixtures with nanoparticles and magnetic graphene assessed using 0.5 to 10 wt. % compounds. Subsequently, these mixtures were subjected to electromagnetic radiation within the microwave range at different radiation times to achieve different compositions. These treatments were conducted in an electromagnetic cavity using a cylindrical waveguide with powers ranging between 0.8 and 1 kW. Results: Initially, the crude oil did not respond to the electromagnetic radiation treatment as it is transparent to this treatment. However, after adding magnetic nanoparticles, comprising both magnetite and magnetic graphene, the mixture strongly interacted with the electromagnetic field. The higher the concentration of these particles, the greater the temperature increase experimented by the mixture. For the experiments in the electromagnetic cavity, an increase from the original temperature of 22°C to the 58.2°C–60°C range was evidenced in 60 s for the magnetite at a 0.5 wt. % concentration. For experiments using the cylindrical waveguide as an applicator at the same previous experimental conditions, temperatures above 90°C were reached. Using magnetic graphene and the same electromagnetic cavity, temperatures between 81.9°C and 96.5°C were reached. Conclusions: Both materials notably increased heavy crude oil heating rates (decreasing its viscosity), when subjected to electromagnetic radiation within the microwave range. In fact, both materials can be considered as candidates for improving crude oil extraction and transportation processes.
TSE: Two-Step Elimination for MLC STT-RAM Last-Level Cache

Spin-transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM) is an emerging non-volatile memory that has been recognized as the potential candidate to replace SRAM. Compared with SRAM, STT-RAM has advantages of non-volatility, zero leakage power, and higher density. To further improve data density, multi-level cell (MLC) STT-RAM that can store two bits per cell has been proposed. However, writing hard bit of a cell would write its soft bit to the same value as well, which complicates the write operation of MLC STT-RAM. Although two-step transition (TT) is usually adopted to ensure the data correctness during a write operation, it incurs overhead of additional energy consumption and performance degradation. In this article, we propose the two-step elimination (TSE) scheme to eliminate TTs while ensure data integrity. By flipping hard bits of the cells that suffered from TTs, the TSE scheme could reduce TTs to soft transitions (STs) or zero transitions (ZTs), which incur much less overhead than TTs. To keep track of the flipped cells effectively, 6-bit TSE tag is introduced. We exploit tag reversing and advanced mode of the TSE scheme to further improve the performance. The experimental results showed that our scheme could reduce 61 percent TTs and achieve significant lifetime improvement, compared with conventional MLC STT-RAM (CMLC) scheme.
Gastrointestinal absorption of heparins

Heparin, a highly sulfated and acidic glycosaminoglycan, has been clinically used in parenteral formulations to prevent and/or treat thromboembolic disorders for more than 90 years. Actions of heparin are not limited to anticoagulation and antithrombosis. Rather heparin has several other important actions which include fat clearing, antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects. However, use of heparin for such applications has been limited by its route of administration. Historically, it has been believed that heparin is not absorbed following oral administration and therefore is only available for clinical use by parenteral administration. This belief has been challenged several times by our laboratory and other researchers showing heparin binding to endothelium following oral administration as well as prevention of thrombosis and lowering blood pressure, etc. However, the site of oral heparin absorption and the mechanism responsible for absorption have not been investigated. This in vitro study was designed to address these important questions. We mounted pieces of rat gastrointestinal mucosa in a vertical diffusion Ussing chamber with both sides of the mucosal membrane exposed to Kreb’s bicarbonate buffer solution containing mannitol on the mucosal side (lumen) and glucose on the serosal side. Electrical properties across the membrane including potential difference (PD), resistance (R), and short circuit current (Isc) were recorded following heparin addition to the mucosal buffer under different mucosal buffer pH conditions. Mucosal and serosal buffer and tissue were collected and extracted for heparin and heparin recovery was performed by gel electrophoresis and anticoagulation tests.
Estimation method for the thermochemical properties of polycyclic aromatic molecules

Polycy( lic aromatic molecules, icluding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted c(onsiderable attention in the Ipast few decades. They are formed during the incomipliete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and are precursors of soot. Some PAHs are known carcilnogens, and control of their emissions is an important issue. These nlolecules uare found in Ilany materials, including coal, fuel oils, lubricants, andl carton )l lack. They are also ilmpi)licated i tle formation of fullerenes, one of the Ilost. chemi(( ally versatile class of molecules known. Clearly, models that p)rovide predictive cap:,ability for their formation and growth are highly d(esiral)le. Thlermioclheiical t)ro)erties of the secies in the mlodel are often tle mIlost illmplortanIt )arameter, partic(ularly for high temtI)erature processes such a.s the formation of PAH and other aroml ati( molecules. Ther1odynlamlic consist ency reqluires that reverse rate const ants b)e c(alculated froil the forward rate constants and fron the equilibriuml constants. The later are obtaiined fromll the thermnochelnical properties of reactants an(d produc(ts. The I)re(lictive ability of culrrelt kinetic Imlodels is significantly limited )by the sca.rcity of available thermoc(lemnical data. IIn this work we )resenit the developmenIlt of a Bond-Centered Group Additivity ethlod for tle estilmation of the therInochlleical properties of polycyclic arolmatic molecul,s, including PAHs, molecules with the furan substructure, miiolecules with
Liquid Crystals of DNA‐Stabilized Carbon Nanotubes

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Graft Copolymerization Kinetics of Ethyl Acrylate onto Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Using Potassium Persulphate as Initiator in Aqueous Medium

Graft copolymerization is a useful technique for modifying the properties of the synthetic and natural polymers. Graft copolymers are finding their applications in the development of selective permeable membranes [1], outstanding sorption agents [2] , and in fabrication of drug delivery systems [3,4]. Cellulose is one of the most plentiful natural renewable sources. It has been widely applied in drug, textile, and food industries. Although cellulose has good properties, it has some undesirable ones such as high moisture regain, low tensile strength, and low strength against microbial attack. Hence, grafting of synthetic polymers on cellulose eliminates these drawbacks and allows the acquisition of the additional properties of grafted polymers without destroying its own properties. The grafting of synthetic polymers may be accomplished by attaching performed polymers onto cellulose, but the rate and the extent of grafting by this method are usually low due to hindered diffusion of performed polymers. The products obtained by performed polymers or oligomers show inhomogeneous distribution of grafted chains onto cellulose in comparison with the graft copolymers obtained by copolymerization of monomers onto cellulose. The graft copolymerization of various alkylacrylates onto cellulose using different initiating agents [5-27] has been reported frequently but, the investigations about grafting of ethyl acrylate monomer onto cellulose is limited [28]. In addition, the extent of grafting is also affected by the physical structure of cellulose. In present work, we choose hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as matrix, which is one of the useful kinds of cellulose derivates. The properties of grafted cellulose also depend on the weight of the grafted chains and their number. The molecular weight of grafted chains could be controlled by experimental conditions. Therefore, in these investigations, an effort has been made to study the grafting of ethyl acrylate onto HPMC under various experimental conditions and characteristic grafting parameters have been determined in the presence of potassium persulphate (KPS) as initiator.