Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Cognitive Approach for Gateway Relocation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are composed of a number of sensors probing their surroundings and disseminating the collected data to a gateway node for processing. Numerous military and civil applications have emerged over the last few years for wireless sensor networks. In many of these applications, sensors and gateways are placed in harsh environments. Therefore, protecting snsors and the gateway is critical for ensuring the robustness of the network operation. Gateway relocation has been pursued as means for boosting network-related performance metrics, such as throughput and energy consumption. However, we argue that relocating without taking safety concerns into consideration may cause the gateway to move dangerously close to one or multiple serious events in the environment. In this paper, we present GRASP, a new algorithm for Gateway Relocation for Adaptive Safety and Performance requirements/goals. GRASP employs an evolutionary neural network to estimate the risk at the new proposed gateway position before the relocation process takes place. Our experimental validation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of GRASP. Introduction and Preliminaries In the past few years, wireless sensor networks (WSN) have received increasing interest from the scientific and engineering communities due to their potential use in many applications such as target tracking, disaster management, border control and battlefield surveillance (Akyildiz et al. 2002; Estrin et al. 1999; Karl & Willig 2005; Min et al. 2001; Pottie & Kaiser 2004). Components of the WSN include sensors, gateways, command nodes, and monitored phenomena (Figure 1). Sensors are miniaturized battery-operated devices equipped with a communication subsystem. The main function of WSN is to collect data and report any abnormal conditions happening in an area of interest. These conditions are reported by close-by sensors and transmitted as packets, often over multi hop paths, to a central unit called gateway for analysis. The gateway interfaces the WSN to command and control centers, reporting serious findings and/or required data. The reported data may indicate that some moving tarCopyright c © 2006, American Association for Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. gets crossed in from outside the deployment area, the irruption of a fire, etc. Sensors consume energy every time they are involved in data transmission. Thus, highly active sensors tend to lose their energy faster than inactive ones. Once all the onboard energy supply drains, the sensor becomes dysfunctional. Therefore, an important goal in WSN is to minimize the transmission power in order to keep sensors alive for the longest time possible.
Flexible auto-refresh: Enabling scalable and energy-efficient DRAM refresh reductions

DRAM cells require periodic refreshing to preserve data. In JEDEC DDRx devices, a refresh operation is performed via an auto-refresh command, which refreshes multiple rows in multiple banks simultaneously. The internal implementation of auto-refresh is completely opaque outside the DRAM - all the memory controller can do is to instruct the DRAM to refresh itself - the DRAM handles all else, in particular determining which rows in which banks are to be refreshed. This is in conflict with a large body of research on reducing the refresh overhead, in which the memory controller needs fine-grained control over which regions of the memory are refreshed. For example, prior works exploit the fact that a subset of DRAM rows can be refreshed at a slower rate than other rows due to access rate or retention period variations. However, such row-granularity approaches cannot use the standard auto-refresh command, which refreshes an entire batch of rows at once and does not permit skipping of rows. Consequently, prior schemes are forced to use explicit sequences of activate (ACT) and precharge (PRE) operations to mimic row-level refreshing. The drawback is that, compared to using JEDEC's auto-refresh mechanism, using explicit ACT and PRE commands is inefficient, both in terms of performance and power. In this paper, we show that even when skipping a high percentage of refresh operations, existing row-granurality refresh techniques are mostly ineffective due to the inherent efficiency disparity between ACT/PRE and the JEDEC auto-refresh mechanism. We propose a modification to the DRAM that extends its existing control-register access protocol to include the DRAM's internal refresh counter. We also introduce a new “dummy refresh” command that skips refresh operations and simply increments the internal counter. We show that these modifications allow a memory controller to reduce as many refreshes as in prior work, while achieving significant energy and performance advantages by using auto-refresh most of the time.
A microstrain measurement methodology applied to multiscale hydroforming of annealed ASTM 304 stainless steel sheet

Meso- and microscale sheet metal forming represents new and attractive solutions to many manufacturing problems for product miniaturization. Larger organizations are utilizing commercially available microscale digital image correlation systems to measure the strains on these scales. The cost of these systems is preventing smaller research and development organizations from entering this challenging area or they are sacrificing the ability to determine strains and evaluate material behavior at the microscale. However, microscale strain grid measurement has the advantage over digital image correlation when the researchers wish to avoid polishing and etching the surface of the sheet metal to make the grain structure visible for digital image correlation and where tooling interferes with obtaining images of the workpiece in real time. This article evaluates the strain measurement and strains resulting from multiscale sheet metal hydroforming operations for annealed 0.2-mm-thick ASTM 304 stainless steel using a simple method for producing microscale grids that has been previously described. The gridding methodology was shown to be accurate with high repeatability. In addition, a strain grid measurement method using an optical microscope and digital camera is described and an error analysis was performed. Provided reasonable care is taken, the inherent error in undeformed parts is 0.76% of true strain for samples with 127 µm grids using the strain measurement system described. The maximum variation in the mesoscale and microscale strain measurement static bulge testing was ±2.4% and more typically ±1.3% of true strain. With care, the errors were reduced to less than 1% of strain. Microscale strains from sheet bulge hydroforming experiments for 11, 5, and 1 mm diameter dies are used to show that the strains measured are reasonable and consistent.
Towards efficient server architecture for virtualized network function deployment: Implications and implementations

Recent years have seen a revolution in network infrastructure brought on by the ever-increasing demands for data volume. One promising proposal to emerge from this revolution is Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), which has been widely adopted by service and cloud providers. The essence of NFV is to run network functions as virtualized workloads on commodity Standard High Volume Servers (SHVS), which is the industry standard. However, our experience using NFV when deployed on modern NUMA-based SHVS paints a frustrating picture. Due to the complexity in the NFV data plane and its service function chain feature, modern NFV deployment on SHVS exhibits a unique processing pattern - heterogeneous software pipeline (HSP), in which the NFV traffic flows must be processed by heterogeneous software components sequentially from the NIC to the end re-ceiver. Since the end-to-end performance of flows is cooperatively determined by the performance of each processing stage, the resource allocation/mapping scheme in NUMA-based SHVS must consider a thread-dependence scheduling to tradeoff the impact of co-located contention and remote packet transmission. In this paper, we develop a thread scheduling mechanism that collaboratively places threads of HSP to minimize the end-to-end performance slowdown for NFV traffic flow. It employs a dynamic programming-based method to search for the optimal thread mapping with negligible overhead. To serve this mechanism, we also develop a performance slowdown estimation model to accurately estimate the performance slowdown at each stage of HSP. We implement our collaborative thread scheduling mechanism on a real system and evaluate it using real workloads. On average, our algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art NUMA-aware and contention-aware scheduling policies by at least 7% on CPU utilization and 23% on traffic throughput with negligible computational overhead (less than 1 second).
Global long-range transport and lung cancer risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons shielded by coatings of organic aerosol

Significance Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adversely impact human health and ecosystems and are known to persist in the atmosphere. Despite decades of research, the mechanisms by which these PAHs persist are not well understood. Here, we combine theory and laboratory and field measurements within a global climate model to produce new insights into mechanisms that are responsible for the observed persistence of PAHs. We show that temperature- and humidity-dependent variations in effective viscosity of organic aerosol (OA) shield PAHs from chemical degradation. This OA shielding results in higher PAH concentrations at both near-urban and remote locations, leading to a fourfold increase in global lung cancer risk. Our study represents new research frontiers in terms of connecting climate-relevant OA with health-relevant PAHs. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have toxic impacts on humans and ecosystems. One of the most carcinogenic PAHs, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), is efficiently bound to and transported with atmospheric particles. Laboratory measurements show that particle-bound BaP degrades in a few hours by heterogeneous reaction with ozone, yet field observations indicate BaP persists much longer in the atmosphere, and some previous chemical transport modeling studies have ignored heterogeneous oxidation of BaP to bring model predictions into better agreement with field observations. We attribute this unexplained discrepancy to the shielding of BaP from oxidation by coatings of viscous organic aerosol (OA). Accounting for this OA viscosity-dependent shielding, which varies with temperature and humidity, in a global climate/chemistry model brings model predictions into much better agreement with BaP measurements, and demonstrates stronger long-range transport, greater deposition fluxes, and substantially elevated lung cancer risk from PAHs. Model results indicate that the OA coating is more effective in shielding BaP in the middle/high latitudes compared with the tropics because of differences in OA properties (semisolid when cool/dry vs. liquid-like when warm/humid). Faster chemical degradation of BaP in the tropics leads to higher concentrations of BaP oxidation products over the tropics compared with higher latitudes. This study has profound implications demonstrating that OA strongly modulates the atmospheric persistence of PAHs and their cancer risks.
N- and C-terminal Transactivation Domains of GATA1 Protein Coordinate Hematopoietic Program*

Background: The N-terminal transactivation domain (N-TAD) is requisite for GATA1 function in vivo. Results: The C-terminal region of GATA1 works as TAD, and fetal hematopoiesis is perturbed in the GATA1-deficient mice rescued with GATA1 lacking C-terminal TAD activity. Conclusion: GATA1 has two TADs, which differentially work. Significance: The complex nature of molecular mechanisms is underlying how GATA1 works for the maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis. Transcription factor GATA1 regulates the expression of a cluster of genes important for hematopoietic cell differentiation toward erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages. Three functional domains have been identified in GATA1, a transactivation domain located in the N terminus (N-TAD) and two zinc finger domains located in the middle of the molecule. Although N-TAD is known as a solitary transactivation domain for GATA1, clinical observations in Down syndrome leukemia suggest that there may be additional transactivation domains. In this study, we found in reporter co-transfection assays that transactivation activity of GATA1 was markedly reduced by deletion of the C-terminal 95 amino acids without significant attenuation of the DNA binding activity or self-association potential. We therefore generated transgenic mouse lines that expressed GATA1 lacking the C-terminal region (GATA1-ΔCT). When we crossed these transgenic mouse lines to the Gata1-deficient mouse, we found that the GATA1-ΔCT transgene rescued Gata1-deficient mice from embryonic lethality. The embryos rescued with an almost similar level of GATA1-ΔCT to endogenous GATA1 developed beyond embryonic 13.5 days, showing severe anemia with accumulation of immature erythroid cells, as was the case for the embryos rescued by endogenous levels of GATA1 lacking N-TAD (GATA1-ΔNT). Distinct sets of target genes were affected in the embryos rescued by GATA1-ΔCT and GATA1-ΔNT. We also found attenuated GATA1 function in cell cycle control of immature megakaryocytes in both lines of rescued embryos. These results thus demonstrate that GATA1 has two independent transactivation domains, N-TAD and C-TAD. Both N-TAD and C-TAD retain redundant as well as specific activities for proper hematopoiesis in vivo.
New species of Neogene radiolarians from the Southern Ocean – part IV

In this last paper in our planned series, we describe 25 new radiolarian species from the Antarctic Neogene: 6 spumellarians (Lithatractus? floridus, Spongopylidium? aerostatum, Haeckeliella hederacia, Larcopyle faustae, Excentrodiscus planangulus and E. lappaceus) and 19 nassellarians (Anthocyrtidium sp., Artostrobus? oganeae, Botryostrobus exstructus, Ceratospyris clarki, Cornutella burgundiensis, Cystophormis petrushevskayae, Dendrospyris quadripes, Enneaphormis tippula, Euscenarium funakawai, Lophophaena kamikurii, L. rhopalica, Lychnocanium andreae, Periarachnium pauliani, Peridium tortonianicum, Phormacantha garbela, Phormospyris punnulis, Rhodospyris? morleyi, Rhodospyris pulchra and Tholospyris tautessares). We also report the finding of fragments of an unknown Middle Miocene phaeodarian (Conchellium? sp.). Supplementary Material: List of species of polycystine Radiolarians and of Phaeodarians encountered during our study of the Antarctic Neogene is available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18854
The effects of a fluent signing narrator in the Iowa E-Book on deaf children's acquisition of vocabulary, book related concepts, and enhancement of parent-child lap-reading interactions

Early lap-reading experiences have been shown to benefit normally hearing children. Within this lap-reading context, children are exposed to more diverse vocabulary, complex syntactic structures, story grammar constructs, and higher level thinking skills such as inferencing, predicting, and evaluating. There is also evidence that children with hearing impairment benefit from lap-reading experiences, but with more modest effects. It has been hypothesized that greater effects have not been documented due to the fact that many hearing parents may be uncomfortable or may lack adequate skills to teach their deaf children literacy skills in sign and print as do deaf parents by reading and sharing stories from books with their deaf children (Marschark & Harris, 1996). In addition, the reading skills of deaf children have historically been, and continue to be lower than those of normally hearing children. It is hypothesized by this researcher that a factor which contributes to the reading difficulties seen in the majority of deaf children is a lack of linguistic and literacy exposure and practice that comes from early lap-reading experiences with an adult, who is competent in the language of the child. The Gallaudet Shared Reading Project represents an attempted intervention that has had some success; though there are inherent limitations to the program. An experimental approach that uses the Iowa E-Book seeks to make up for the limitations of the Shared Reading Project. This study involves the use of four mother-child dyads in a single subject design study that seeks to answer two research questions. The first involves testing the effects of including a signing narrator in the Iowa E-Book on the development of deaf children’s knowledge of sign vocabulary and book related concepts. The second involves assessing changes in the parent-child interactions that occur while using the Iowa E-Book with and without sign support.
Moral vision: An introduction to ethics

Preface. Introduction. 1. Morality: Invention or Discovery? 2. Moral Non-Cognitivism: An Outline. 3. Moral Realism: An Outline. 4. Non-Cognitivism: Further Developments. 5. Realism and Reality. 6. The State of the Debate: An Interim Report. 7. Moral Motivation. 8. Moral Weakness. 9. Amoralism and Wickedness. 10. Moral Realism and Cultural Diversity. 11. Non-cognitivism and Utilitarianism. 12. Quasi-Realism. 13. Principles or Particularism? References. Index.
Physical and Functional Association of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Heavy Chain α3 Domain with the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing

CD8+ T lymphocytes recognize antigens as short, MHC class I-associated peptides derived by processing of cytoplasmic proteins. The transporter associated with antigen processing translocates peptides from the cytosol into the ER lumen, where they bind to the nascent class I molecules. To date, the precise location of the class I-TAP interaction site remains unclear. We provide evidence that this site is contained within the heavy chain α3 domain. Substitution of a 15 amino acid portion of the H-2Db α3 domain (aa 219-233) with the analogous MHC class II (H-2IAd) β2 domain region (aa 133-147) results in loss of surface expression which can be partially restored upon incubation at 26°C in the presence of excess peptide and β2-microglobulin. Mutant H-2Db (Db219-233) associates poorly with the TAP complex, and cannot present endogenously-derived antigenic peptides requiring TAP-dependent translocation to the ER. However, this presentation defect can be overcome through use of an ER targeting sequence which bypasses TAP-dependent peptide translocation. Thus, the α3 domain serves as an important site of interaction (directly or indirectly) with the TAP complex and is necessary for TAP-dependent peptide loading and class I surface expression.
On Configuring BGP Route Reflectors

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the standard protocol for exchanging routing information between border routers of Autonomous Systems (ASes) in today's Internet. Within an AS, border routers exchange externally-learned BGP route advertisements via Internal-BGP (I-BGP) peerings. Naive solutions for these I-BGP peering sessions (e.g., based on full-mesh topologies) simply cannot scale to the sizes of modern AS networks. Carefully designed route-reflector configurations can drastically reduce the total number and connection cost of the required I-BGP sessions. Nevertheless, no principled algorithmic approaches exist for designing such configurations, and current practice relies on manual reflector selection using simple, ad-hoc rules. In this paper, we address the novel and challenging optimization problems involved in designing effective BGP route-reflector configurations for AS networks. More specifically, we consider the problems of selecting route reflectors in an AS topology to minimize: (1) the total connection cost of all I-BGP peering sessions, and (2) the average distance traversed by route advertisements within the AS. We present NP-hardness results that establish the intractability of these problems, and propose several polynomial-time approximation algorithms (based on LP-rounding and combinatorial techniques) with guaranteed (constant-factor or logarithmic) bounds on the quality of the approximate solution. Our simulation results validate our approach, demonstrating the effectiveness of our configuration algorithms over a wide range of network topologies.
Literacy Course Priorities and Signature Aspects of Nine Elementary Initial Licensure Programs

The purpose of this article is to describe the first part of a three-phase study to learn what makes an effective elementary literacy initial licensure program. The first step was to identify how nine programs prioritized research-based literacy practices and to identify each program's unique features, which we called “signature aspects. ” Findings suggest that all the programs emphasized teaching literacy theories, instructional practices, and uses of assessment. The programs also had unique features, such as the workshop approach and communities of practice. The conclusions of this study are that programs, despite a wide variety of program configurations, independently prioritized the International Reading Association standards in similar ways, and that the signature aspects of the nine programs were a result of the contexts of the institutions.
Optimal Caching Policy of Stochastic Updating Information in Delay Tolerant Networks

To increase the speed of information retrieval, one message may have multiple replicas in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN). In this paper, we adopt a discrete time model and focus on the caching policy of stochastic updating information. In particular, the source creates new version in every time slot with certain probability. New version is usually more useful than the older one. We use a utility function to denote the availability of different versions. To constrain the number of replicas, we propose a probabilistic management policy and nodes to discard information with certain probability determined by the version of the information. Our objective is to find the best value of the probability to maximize the total utility value. Because new version is created with certain probability, nodes other than the source may not know whether the information stored in them is the latest version. Therefore, they can make decisions only according to the local state and decisions based on the local state can be seen as local-policy. We also explore the global-policy, that is, nodes understand the real state. We prove that the optimal policies in both cases conform to the threshold form. Simulations based on both synthetic and real motion traces show the accuracy of our theoretical model. Surprisingly, numerical results show that local-policy is better than the global-policy in some cases.
pH regulation in the secretory pathway-ATPase-transfected HEK-293 cells : implications for + / K + pH of TGN and recycling endosomes of H

[PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , October 1, 2004; 84 (4): 1263-1314. Physiol Rev C. A. Wagner, K. E. Finberg, S. Breton, V. Marshansky, D. Brown and J. P. Geibel Renal Vacuolar H+-ATPase [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , March 1, 2005; 16 (3): 1396-1405. Mol. Biol. Cell C. L. Brett, D. N. Tukaye, S. Mukherjee and R. Rao Vesicle Trafficking The Yeast Endosomal Na+(K+)/H+ Exchanger Nhx1 Regulates Cellular pH to Control [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , January 1, 2006; 74 (1): 185-194. Biol Reprod and S. Breton C. Pietrement, G-H. Sun-Wada, N. D. Silva, M. McKee, V. Marshansky, D. Brown, M. Futai Epididymis Distinct Expression Patterns of Different Subunit Isoforms of the V-ATPase in the Rat [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , June 1, 2006; 119 (11): 2173-2183. J. Cell Sci. C. Appenzeller-Herzog and H. -P. Hauri The ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC): in search of its identity and function [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , August 1, 2006; 291 (2): C218-C230. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol T. E. Machen Innate immune response in CF airway epithelia: hyperinflammatory?