Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On solutions to the “Faddeev-Niemi” equations

Recently it has been pointed out that the so-called Faddeev-Niemi equations that describe the Yang-Mills equations of motion in terms of a decomposed gauge field, can have solutions that obey the standard Yang-Mills equations with a source term. Here we argue that the source term is covariantly constant. Furthermore, we find that there are solutions of the Yang-Mills equation with a covariantly constant source term that are not solutions to the Faddeev-Niemi equations. We also present a general class of gauge field configurations that obey the Faddeev-Niemi equation but do not solve the Yang-Mills equation. We propose that these configurations might have physical relevance in a strongly coupled phase, where spin-charge separation takes place and the Yang-Mills theory cannot be described in terms of a Landau liquid of asymptotically free gluons.
A Sneak Peek Toward Polyaryletherketone (PAEK) Polymer: A Review

Metals, acrylics, zirconia, and other such materials have been conventionally used in dentistry. The development of polymers has facilitated significant changes in clinical dentistry. High-performance polymer materials are at the forefront of dentistry. Polyaryletherketone (PAEK) is a biocompatible polycyclic, aromatic, thermoplastic polymer having good mechanical and thermal properties. It has two members: polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). The difference in the ratio and structure of ether to ketone group affects the melting point and glass transition temperature. PEEK and PEKK have a high impact with their physical and mechanical characteristics similar to that of the bone and mimic the natural tooth structure. It can be used as a substitute for metals and other materials owing to its non-allergic properties and acceptable aesthetics. Currently, to modify the properties of both materials, additives were used. This semicrystalline structure does not provide any kind of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity. This review provides insight into the properties and applications of polymer in dentistry and the medical field as well. There is room for metal-free restorations in modern dental practice due to the rising demand for aesthetics, a few disadvantages with existing materials, and clinicians changing their paradigms toward metal-free restorations. The objective of this review is to provide a thorough understanding of PEEK and PEKK and their multiple uses in prosthetic, implant frameworks, abutments, crowns, and ortho wires, as well as in restorative dentistry, while demonstrating their potential for clinical applications.
A new reliable device to assess trunk extensors strength.

PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the reliability of trunk extensor strength assessment with a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD). METHODS Thirty-one men performed strength assessment at different velocities (V) (V1 = 0.15 m⋅s-1 , V2 = 0.30 m⋅s-1,V3 = 0.45 m⋅s-1) and range of movement (R) (R1 = 25% cm; R2 = 50% cm), and isometric contraction at 90°. Reliability was obtained through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error (TE), and coefficient of variation (CV). RESULTS The absolute reliability provided stable repeatability of the average eccentric strength in the V1R1 condition (CV = 9.52%) and the maximum eccentric strength in V1R1 (CV = 9.63%) and V2R2 (CV = 9.66%). The relative reliability of the trunk extensor's average strength was good (ICC = 0.77-0.83) for concentric and good (ICC = 0.78-0.85) and moderate (ICC = 0.67-0.74) for eccentric contraction. Also, good (ICC = 0.77-0.81) and moderate (ICC = 0.55-0.74) reliability of the maximum strength were obtained for concentric and eccentric contraction. The most reliable manifestation to evaluate the concentric (CV = 11.33%) and eccentric (CV = 9.52%) strength was the average strength in the V1R1 condition and the maximum strength (CV = 10.29%) to isometric assessment. The average concentric strength in the V2R2 condition (r = 0.69) and the maximum eccentric strength in the V1R1 condition (r = 0.65) were the best related to the maximum isometric strength. CONCLUSIONS FEMD is a highly reliable device to evaluate trunk extensors strength.
Effects of Locomotion and Visual Overview on Spatial Memory when Interacting with Wall Displays

Wall displays support people in interacting with large information spaces in two ways: On the one hand, the physical space in front of such displays enables them to navigate information spaces physically. On the other hand, the visual overview of the information space on the display may promote the formation of spatial memory; from studies of desktop computers we know this can boost performance. However, it remains unclear how the benefits of locomotion and overviews relate and whether one is more important than the other. We study this question through a wall display adaptation of the classic Data Mountain system to separate the effects of locomotion and visual overview. Our findings suggest that overview improves recall and that the combination of overview and locomotion outperforms all other combinations of factors.
Prevalence of neutral gas in centres of merging galaxies

We present Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope and Very Large Array observations of HI 21-cm absorption in ten z 10^{21} cm^{-2} and >10^{22} cm^{-2} arise from mergers, respectively. The distribution of N(HI) among the mergers is significantly different from that found in isolated systems, with mergers giving rise to six times stronger absorption on average. The fraction of redshifted absorption components (with respect to the systemic velocity of the radio source obtained from optical emission lines) among mergers is found to be higher by two to three times compared to that found for non-interacting systems. Follow-up spatially-resolved multi-wavelength spectroscopy is essential to understand the exact connection between the presence of circumnuclear neutral gas and the AGN activity in these mergers.
An optical spectroscopic survey of the 3CR sample of radio galaxies with z<0.3. II. Spectroscopic classes and accretion modes in radio-loud AGN

In a previous paper we presented a homogeneous and 92% complete optical spectral dataset of the 3CR radio sources with redshift <0.3. Here we use the emission line measurements to explore the spectroscopic properties of the sample. The 3CR sources show a bimodal distribution of excitation index, a new spectroscopic indicator that measures the relative intensity of low and high excitation lines. This unveils the presence of two main sub-populations of radio-loud AGN to which we refer to, following previous studies, as high and low excitation galaxies (HEG and LEG, respectively). In addition to the two main classes, we find one source with a spectrum typical of star forming galaxies, and 3 objects of extremely low level of excitation. All broad-line objects are HEG from the point of view of their narrow emission line ratios and all HEG are FR II radio-galaxies with log L-178 [erg s(-1)] greater than or similar to 32.8. Conversely LEG cover the whole range of radio power encompassed by this 3CR subsample (30.7 less than or similar to log L-178 less than or similar to 35.4) and they are of both FR I and FR II type. The brightest LEG are all FR II. HEG and LEG obey to two (quasi) linear correlations between the optical line and extended radio luminosities, with HEG being brighter than LEG in the [O III] line by a factor of similar to 10. HEG and LEG are offset also in a plane that compares the black hole mass and the ionizing nuclear luminosity. However, although HEG are associated with higher nuclear luminosities, we find LEG among the brightest radio sources of the sample and with a clear FR II morphology, indistinguishable from those seen in HEG. This suggests that LEG are not simply objects with a lower level of accretion. We speculate that the differences between LEG and HEG are related to a different mode of accretion: LEG are powered by hot gas, while HEG require the presence of cold accreting material. The high temperature of the accreting gas in LEG accounts for the lack of "cold" structures (i.e. molecular torus and broad line region), for the reduced radiative output of the accretion disk, and for the lower gas excitation.
The holographic principle and the language of genes

We show that the holographic principle in quantum gravity imposes a strong constraint on life. The degrees of freedom of an organism can be estimated according to the theory of Boolean networks, which is constrained by the entropy bound. Hence we can explain the languages in protein sequences or in DNA sequences. The overall evolution of biological complexity can be illustrated. And some general properties of protein length distributions can be explained by a linguistic mechanism.
Panel discussion: What don't we know about confinement?

The participants in this discussion session of the QCHS 9 meeting were each asked the following question: “What would be the most useful piece of information that you could obtain, by whatever means, that would advance your own program, and/or our general understanding of confinement? ” This proceedings contains a brief summary of each panel member’s contribution to the discussion, provided by the panel members themselves.
Energetics of a Turbulent Ocean

One of the earliest theoretical investigations of ocean circulation was by Count Rumford. He proposed that the meridional overturning circulation was driven by temperature gradients. The ocean cools at the poles and is heated in the tropics, so Rumford speculated that large scale convection was responsible for the ocean currents. This idea was the precursor of the thermohaline circulation, which postulates that the evaporation of water and the subsequent increase in salinity also helps drive the circulation. These theories compare the oceans to a heat engine whose energy is derived from solar radiation through some convective process. In the 1800s James Croll noted that the currents in the Atlantic ocean had a tendency to be in the same direction as the prevailing winds. For example the trade winds blow westward across the mid-Atlantic and drive the Gulf Stream. Croll believed that the surface winds were responsible for mechanically driving the ocean currents, in contrast to convection. Although both Croll and Rumford used simple theories of fluid dynamics to develop their ideas, important qualitative features of their work are present in modern theories of ocean circulation. Modern physical oceanography has developed a far more sophisticated picture of the physics of ocean circulation, and modern theories include the effects of phenomena on a wide range of length scales. Scientists are interested in understanding the forces governing the ocean circulation, and one way to do this is to derive energy constraints on the different processes in the ocean. The goal is to use these constraints to understand the forces that drive ocean circulation and the forces that maintain the density stratification. Using Sandstrom’s theorem on horizontal convection it is possible to rule out convection as an important source of energy for the ocean circulation. Once this possibility has been ruled out we will consider the kinetic energy budget and study the effects of winds and tides on the ocean circulation [12].
A Novel Wireless Energy Router for Home Energy Management With Omnidirectional Power Transmission

Home energy management system (HEMS) dynamically regulates energy production and consumption to reduce energy usage costs and increase power efficiency. By combining wireless power transfer (WPT) technology with energy routers, this article proposes a new wireless energy router system for HEMS to realize omnidirectional cableless energy interconnection among various energy storage devices, such as portable electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage stations. The proposed system contains an energy router and multiple transceivers. Each transceiver can be charged and discharged through two independent power channels with different operating frequencies. First, two orthogonal router coils with LCC compensations work at two operating frequencies, enabling omnidirectional power transmission with the transceiver coils. Accordingly, a dual-frequency constant-current compensation network is proposed for the transceiver circuits to offer constant coil current operation. Furthermore, a decoupled phase-shift control with a power flow tracking algorithm is introduced to achieve independent power control for each transceiver. Finally, a parameter design procedure is developed, where a SIC-mosfet prototype with three transceivers is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. Experimental results prove that the transceivers can get energy interconnection from all directions, and the power flow can be regulated independently from the transceiver side.
A retrospective look at Regge poles

The theoretical motivations that led Tullio Regge to investigate the analytical properties of the scattering amplitude of the collision process between two particles in terms of complex energy and complex angular momentum are briefly reviewed and set in the context of the S-matrix theory that was developed in the late Fifties and early Sixties of the last century, in an attempt to unravel the properties of the strong interaction.
Synthetic Radio Imaging for Quiescent and CME-flare Scenarios

Radio observations grant access to a wide range of physical processes through different emission mechanisms. These processes range from thermal and quiescent to eruptive phenomena, such as shock waves and particle beams. We present a new synthetic radio imaging tool that calculates and visualizes the bremsstrahlung radio emission. This tool works concurrently with state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the solar corona using the code Block-Adaptive Tree Solarwind Roe Upwind Scheme (BATS-R-US). Our model produces results that are in good agreement with both high- and low-frequency observations of the solar disk. In this study, a ray-tracing algorithm is used, and the radio intensity is computed along the actual curved ray trajectories. We illustrate the importance of refraction in locating the radio-emitting source by comparison of the radio imaging illustrations when the line of sight is considered instead of the refracted paths. We are planning to incorporate nonthermal radio emission mechanisms in a future version of the radio imaging tool.
Measurements and modeling of radio frequency field structures in a helicon plasma

Measurements of the radio frequency (rf) field structure, plasma density, and electron temperature are presented for a 1 kW argon helicon plasma source. The measured profiles change considerably when the equilibrium magnetic field is reversed. The measured rf fields are identified as fields of radially localized helicon waves, which propagate in the axial direction. The rf field structure is compared to the results of two-dimensional cold plasma full-wave simulations for the measured density profiles. Electron collision frequency is adjusted in the simulations to match the simulated and measured field profiles. The resulting frequency is anomalously high, which is attributed to the excitation of an ion-acoustic instability. The calculated power deposition is insensitive to the collision frequency and accounts for most of the power supplied by the rf-generator.
Diagnostically Challenging Subtypes of Invasive Lobular Carcinomas: How to Avoid Potential Diagnostic Pitfalls

Invasive lobular carcinoma is the most common special breast carcinoma subtype, with unique morphological (discohesive cells, single-cell files, targetoid pattern) and immunohistochemical (loss of E-cadherin and β-catenin staining) features. Moreover, ILC displays a poor response to neoadjuvant therapy, a different metastatic pattern compared to invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, as well as unique molecular characteristics. In addition to the classic variant of invasive lobular carcinoma, several other well-recognized variants exist, including classic, alveolar, tubulolobular, solid, pleomorphic, signet-ring, and mixed. Furthermore, three novel variants of invasive lobular carcinoma, i.e., with extracellular mucin production, papillary features, and tubular elements, have been described during the last decade. We herewith focus on the unique morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of these novel varieties of invasive lobular carcinoma, as well as differential diagnostic considerations and potential diagnostic pitfalls, especially when dealing with biopsy specimens.
Gas Sensor Based on Zn₂SnO₄/SnO₂ Nanocubes for Rapid N-Propanol Detection

N-propanol has multiple potentially hazardous properties such as explosive, toxic, and flammable. Due to the critical application of n-propanol in industrial solvents, a reliable and stable chemical sensor is needed to detect n-propanol effectively. This article reports a gas sensor based on Zn2SnO4/SnO2 prepared by a simple co-precipitation method for n-propanol detection. Electrical test results show that the gas sensor designed in this article achieves rapid detection of n-propanol with a lower detection limit of up to 0.5 ppm and outstanding stability. The performance improvement may be attributed to the fact that Zn2SnO4 as a promoter and framework effectively enhances the gas-sensitive performance of SnO2 for alcohols and achieves further segmentation of alcohol detection.
A Collection of Classical Collaborative Filtering Methods for Recommender Systems

The volatile expansion in WWW and the booming trend in ecommerce have caused the passion of getting most wanted information squeezed out of huge volume of information base. Pointing those information on a large collection can be a complex and time consuming task. Recommender systems can help consumer to find exact items by providing them with customized suggestions without sufficient personal experience of the alternatives. There are three major classification in Recommender Systems: Collaborative Filtering,Content based and Hybrid Systems. This paper presents an overview on classical Collaborative Filtering – rating prediction techniques where the predictions are from historical user preferences. This paper also explains the challenges of those techniques and probable extensions of those techniques and to make Recommender system in applicable winder range.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Drug Solubilization Behavior in Surfactant and Cosolvent Injections

Surfactants and cosolvents are often combined to solubilize insoluble drugs in commercially available intravenous formulations to achieve better solubilization. In this study, six marketed parenteral formulations with surfactants and cosolvents were investigated on the aggregation processes of micelles, the structural characterization of micelles, and the properties of solvent using molecular dynamics simulations. The addition of cosolvents resulted in better hydration of the core and palisade regions of micelles and an increase in both radius of gyration (Rg) and the solvent accessible surface area (SASA), causing a rise in critical micelle concentration (CMC), which hindered the phase separation of micelles. At the same time, the presence of cosolvents disrupted the hydrogen bonding structure of water in solution, increasing the solubility of insoluble medicines. Therefore, the solubilization mechanism of the cosolvent and surfactant mixtures was successfully analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation, which will benefit future formulation development for drug delivery.
Design and Modeling of a Dual-Ball Self-Balancing Robot

In this letter, a novel dual-ball self-balancing robot is proposed for the first time. Different from the operating principle of the traditional single-ball self-balancing robot, the dual-ball robot can achieve flexible variable-axis rotations though the differential motions of the two balls, and overcome the drawbacks of single-ball self-balancing robots such as large mass of the ball and low dynamic response of robot. The kinematics of the dual-ball robot including front and rear balls, main body and the omni-wheels are formulated analytically, together with the dynamic model. Subsequently, the motion control scheme of the dual-ball robot is also developed by considering both balancing control and motion control. Following that, numerical simulations are conducted to validate the control scheme. One research prototype is developed, and experiments are carried out to evaluate the design concept and theoretical models of the dual-ball self-balancing robot.
An Optimization Framework for Active Physical-Layer Authentication

This paper concerns the problem of the parameter optimization of an active Physical-Layer Authentication (PLA) scheme, which is crucial for minimizing the distortion on the base signal carrying the original message caused by embedding a tag. An inappropriate parameter may significantly lower the efficiency of the entire period of message transmission. In this paper, we propose an optimization framework for an active PLA scheme and further propose a new systematic metric, defined as Secure Authentication Efficiency (SAE). In the proposed framework, we minimize the aforementioned distortion by tuning three parameters, i.e., the Probability of Message Transmission (PMT), the Probability of Message Outage (PMO), and the Probability of Secure Authentication (PSA). The proposed optimization framework deepens the understanding of the correlation between the parameters of an active PLA scheme and the conditions of a wireless channel, and allows us to systematically optimize the parameters of the active PLA scheme. Then, we establish an objective function by maximizing the SAE with both PMT and PMO constraints. We implement our approach and conduct extensive performance comparisons. Our experimental results show that when the SNR at the receiver is more than 15 dB, our approach achieves an average SAE of greater than 80%, whereas the prior scheme without parameter optimization degenerates to zero SAE under some conditions, e.g., high SNR at adversary or high communication rate.