Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HIV incidence and prevalence among cohorts of women with higher risk behaviour in Bloemfontein and Rustenburg, South Africa: a prospective study

Objectives The primary objective was to measure HIV incidence in two prospective cohorts of HIV-negative women. Secondary objectives included measuring pregnancy rates and participant retention rates. Design Cross-sectional HIV screening of women selected for higher risk behaviours, with a subsequent prospective study of uninfected women, followed monthly for up to 6 months. Setting Clinics established for research purposes in Bloemfontein and Rustenburg, South Africa. Participants The authors enrolled women 18–35 years old and presumed at higher risk of sexual acquisition of HIV as indicated by self-reported sexual behaviour or recent sexually transmitted infection symptoms. In Bloemfontein, 1364 women were screened, 1154 were eligible for HIV testing and 1145 agreed to be tested. The prospective study enrolled 401 HIV-negative women. In Rustenburg, 946 women were screened, 540 were eligible and underwent HIV testing and 223 HIV-negative women entered the prospective study. Primary and secondary outcomes Baseline prevalences of HIV infection and HIV incidence rates in the prospective cohorts, according to a double rapid test algorithm with a third rapid test for discrepant or indeterminate results. Pregnancy prevalences and pregnancy incidence rate in Bloemfontein. Participant retention rates in the prospective cohort until the study end. Results In Bloemfontein, 1145 women were tested, 391 entered follow-up and 92.3% of participants completed six study visits. In Rustenburg, 540 women were tested, 194 entered follow-up and retention up to the point of early study termination was 88.6%. Overall HIV prevalence was 21.2% (95% CI 18.9% to 23.6%) in Bloemfontein and 23.5% (95% CI 19.9% to 27.1%) in Rustenburg. Overall HIV incidence was 5.5/100 person-years (95% CI 2.5 to 10.4) in Bloemfontein and 3.0/100 person-years (95% CI 0.4 to 10.8) in Rustenburg. Cross-sectional pregnancy prevalences were 6.5% in Bloemfontein and 8.6% in Rustenburg. Conclusions The authors observed substantial HIV incidence rates in both cohorts. Vigorous prevention efforts are needed in these smaller cities.
First tribal college or university to offer hydrology degree program

American Indian tribes and tribal confederations exert sovereignty over about 27% of freshwater resources in the United States. Yet only about 20–30 Native American students receive bachelor's degrees in the geosciences each year, and few of those degrees are in the field of hydrology. To help increase the ranks of Native American hydrologists, the Salish Kootenai College (SKC) in Pablo, Mont. , now has associate and bachelor of science degree programs in hydrology, the first hydrology and geoscience degree programs offered by any of the Tribal Colleges and Universities in North America. SKC received approval to offer the degree programs from the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities in 2010.
Public Awareness, Uses, and Acceptance towards Government Health Mobile Apps during the Covid-19 Lockdown: the Case of Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to investigate the public awareness, use, and acceptability of the Sehha, Mawid, and Tetamman mobile health applications during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional online study was conducted using a conve-nience sample of 554 participants from the Riyadh and Makkah regions during the lock-down in May 2020. One-third of the respondents were aware of all three apps (31.1%). Participants used the mobile health apps most frequently to obtain information about COVID-19, book appointments and audio-video consultations, and as a COVID-19 symp-toms checker. However, their use for self-isolation app for location monitoring or to check COVID-19 lab results were insufficient as intended. A comparison of the number of downloads to actual users showed that the user rates were 42.6%, 87.2%, and 91.54% for the Tetamman, Sehha, and Mawid apps, respectively. The overall acceptance rates for the Mawid and Tetamman apps were 4.21±0.62 vs. 4.22±0.58, while the Sehha app reported a moderate mean score 3.73±1.20. The lowest subscale was related to the reliability 2.18±2.09, 2.38±2.16 and 4.40±0.65 for Mawid, Sehha and Tetamman, respec-tively, while the learnability scale ranged from 4.04±1.28, 4.44±0.54, and 4.52±0.67 in the Sehha, Tetamman and Mawid, respectively. Despite the low usage of some mHealth functions, we identify a positive attitude towards the mHealth apps’ acceptability. Hence, it is possible to improve their usage by increasing the public’s trust in these apps in Saudi Arabia. © 2022 ICIC International.
Changes in Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Associated with Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation and Suppression

• Background: Based on the observation that acyclovir is associated with a survival benefit in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, the hypothesis that sub-clinical herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation is associated, in vivo, with increased plasma HIV-1 RNA loads, and that HSV suppression may reduce plasma HIV-1 RNA levels was investigated. • Methods: HSV cultures were performed daily on HSV-2/HIV-1-seropositive positive patients and HIV-1 RNA loads were measured at regular intervals. In a subset of patients prior to, during and after HSV suppression with high dose acyclovir, they evaluated whether HSV suppression was associated with decreased HIV-1 replication. • Results: Most (25/27 HSV-2-/HIV-1-seropositive) patients had reactivation of HSV replication. The rate of HSV shedding was strongly associated with the plasma HIV-1 RNA load (R = 0.54; P = 0.004). The plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load at a given CD4+ T cell count was 48% lower when patients were treated with acyclovir. • Implications: This study suggests that frequent mucosal HSV reactivation influences HIV-1 replication in vivo and that suppression of HSV replication may be important in the management of co-infected patients.
The Origin of Strontium and the Strontium Isotope Budget of the River Nile

Abstract The river Nile has been used as an example to study the evolution of the Sr content and the Sr isotope ratios in rivers in dependence on rock types of the catchment areas, the mixing of the waters from tributaries, the levelling out in a reservoir and evaporation losses. The Blue Nile, Sobat and Atbara rivers drain the Ethiopian Highlands, which consist partially of oceanic crustal rocks. Hence, the Sr content of these rivers is comparatively high and the Sr isotope ratio exhibits an old oceanic crustal signature. The tributaries of the White Nile, in contrast, drain mainly supracrustal metamorphic rocks with higher Sr isotope ratios. The seasonal change of the Sr contents in the Blue Nile and Atbari waters can be modelled using a factor deduced from published – experimental data for Sr contents in river waters at high and low stage conditions. It is demonstrated that the Aswan High Dam reservoir levels out seasonal fluctuations of the Sr contents and Sr isotope ratios. The rate of evaporation lo.
Factors Governing Pelagic Production in Polar Oceans

The standing stock of pelagic primary producers is conveniently expressed as the difference between growth and reduction of the standing stock by grazing or by sinking out of the euphotic zone. The rate of growth is determined largely by environmental variables such as the light regime, temperature, and nutrient supply. In polar regions these variables are generally quite different than those in lower latitudes. The atmospheric light regime, for instance fluctuates extremely through the season at high latitudes. Sea ice affects the submarine light regime profoundly, and the formation and melting of ice affect the stability of the water column.
Differential effects of ageofacquisition ageofacquisition ageofacquisition ofacquisition ofacquisition for concrete nouns and action verbs : evidence for partly distinct representations ?

There is growing evidence that words that are acquired early in life are processed faster and more accurately than words acquired later, even by adults. As neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies have implicated different brain networks in the processing of action verbs and concrete nouns, the present study was aimed at contrasting reaction times to early and later-acquired action verbs and concrete nouns, in order to determine whether effects of word learning age express differently for the two types of words. Our results show that while word frequency affected both types of words in the same way, distinct learning age effects were observed for action verbs and concrete nouns. A further experiment specified that this difference was observed for verbs describing actions belonging to the human motor repertoire, but not for verbs denoting actions past this repertoire (e.g. to neigh). We interpret these data within a recently emerging framework according to which language processing is associated with sensory motor programs.
Variations in Thickness of Ganymede's Lithosphere Determined by Spacings of Lineations

We propose that the lineations in Ganymede's grooved terrain are alternating ridges and troughs whose regular spacings can be related to the thickness of the brittle lithosphere. Furthermore, widely spaced sub-parallel lineations within the heavily cratered terrain are precursors to areas of grooved terrain and their greater spacing reflects a greater crustal thickness. I t has been suggested that Ganymede's surface consists of plates of heavily cratered terrain which were capable of relative motion early in the planet's history (1) and that the younger, grooved terrain corresponds to areas of extension (2), similar to mid ocean ridges and rift valleys on earth. Thermal modeling (3) and analytical studies of large impact basins (4) indicate that the internal structure of Ganymede consists of a brittle elasticlplastic lithosphere overlying a ductile mantle. Here we assume that the mantle has a power law rheology (E = A on; E = strain rate; o = stress; A,n = constants) like that of ice (n = 3) and that the crust is a nearly perfect plastic (n very large). It can be shown analytically (5) that when such a rheologic structure is subjected to extension, a necking instability ensues which leads to the formation of regularly spaced troughs and ridges, as in the Basin and Range of the western United States. Furthermore, the ratio between the spacings of the troughs and the thickness of the brittle surface layer lies between 3.4 and 4.0. Thus, by measuring the spacing of troughs in a given area, one can compute the thickness of the brittle crust. Sub-parallel grooves in an area of grooved terrain near Galileo Regio show a mean spacing of 7.9 k 1.4 km (Fig. 1) which corresponds to a crustal thickness between 2.0 and 2.3 km. Spacings of lineations in the adjacent heavily cratered terrain (Fig. 2) are 39.0 * 10.8 km corresponding to a 9.81 1.5 km thick lithosphere. These thicknesses and the geometry of grooved terrain are consistent with the following model. Early in Ganymede's history, the thickening crust was subjected to global tensile stresses possibly caused by phase changes of ice (2), resulting in the formation of regularly spaced troughs oriented transverse to the direction of maximum extension. Subsequent spreading was localized along these rifts. Here new crust formed through cooling of upwelling mantle material. Continued extension caused this young thinner lithosphere to break up into regularly spaced rifts and ridges. As the zones of grooved terrain widened, local variations in stress orientation caused the trends of grooves to shift, resulting in the observed cross cutting relationships. By mapping the spacings of lineations in the heavily cratered terrain and grooves in the grooved terrain we can demonstrate local variations in crustal thickness. These data may then be substituted into cooling models to help correlate Ganymede's cratering record and tectonic history (6) with its thermal evolution.
The influence of ozone chemistry and meteorology on plant exposure to photo-oxidants

Concentrations of ozone have approximately doubled over the past century. In polluted air, photochemical reactions may produce concentrations of ozone up to 100 ppbv or more, even in areas relatively remote from sources of industrial pollution. The large ozone concentrations observed in these episodes, which may persist for several days, are markers for the presence of intense photochemical activity in the atmosphere. Experiments designed to investigate the effects of ozone on plants rarely, if ever, reproduce the chemical conditions which are always associated with ozone episodes. Exposure of plants to ozone is strongly influenced by topography and meteorological conditions. Windy sites which are well coupled to the atmosphere experience only a small diurnal variation in ozone concentration, and peak concentrations during episodes are generally much larger than at sheltered sites. Stomatal opening effectively controls the amount and rate at which ozone enters leaves. Factors which affect stomatal opening therefore determine the dose of ozone for a given concentration in air. Extrapolation of results from controlled experiments to the held must assess whether growing conditions, including stomatal conductance, are comparable between experiment and held. The Critical Levels approach has shown that crop plants and natural vegetation are likely to be exposed to potentially damaging ozone concentrations in most industrialised countries.
Strain study of the Caledonides in the Islay region, SW Scotland: implications for strain histories and deformation mechanisms in greenschists

Metasediments of the NW foreland have a deformation phase older than the first phase in metasediments of the internal part of the Caledonides to the SE. They also suffered constrictive deformation with NE-SW extension of more than 100%. In contrast, rocks in the adjacent internal zone were extended 70 ± 10% upwards in a NW direction and also thrust in the same direction; they were extended less than 10% along strike. An important concealed boundary separates the foreland from the internal zone. Total strains determined for foreland metasediments (Colonsay Group) and for metasediments of the internal zone (Dalradian Supergroup) allow a partial pretectonic reconstruction. Total cross-strike shortening for both zones averages 55 ± 5%. It is not possible completely to unfold the profile through Islay by removing the measured strains. This is partly because those strain analyses based on grain shapes fail to detect the important component of intergranular slip and partly because mechanisms not involving penetrative rock deformation helped produce the folds. Strain histories for the Dalradian rocks are generally coaxial within the limits of a test applied so that the primary cleavage of the Dalradian rocks and its extension lineation may be mapped as total strain trajectories. The fan of primary cleavage and examples of extreme non-coaxial strain near the hinge of the Islay Anticline may be associated with hinge migration during its growth. Several lines of evidence favour grain boundary sliding as an important deformation mechanism in these low grade metasediments. It may have been enhanced by elevated pore fluid pressures and three classes of grain boundary sliding are proposed, dependent on the prevailing fluid pressure.
La biblioteca como usuaria de la web 2.0

In the last years the term web 2.0 has been used to refer to a new generation of services characterized by a growing participation and collaboration of Internet users. Despite objections to the term we have to admit this new services and philosophy can be applied to different areas, including libraries, in what is known as library 2.0. In this paper we review resources for libraries in the context of web 2.0 and look at examples of their application, and their possibilities for the future.
Reduction in reproductive success is associated with selective constraint on human genes

Genome-wide sequencing of human populations has revealed substantial variation among genes in the intensity of purifying selection acting on damaging genetic variants 1 . While genes under the strongest selective constraint are highly enriched for associations with Mendelian disorders, most of these genes are not associated with disease and therefore the nature of the selection acting on them is not known 2 . Here we show that genetic variants that damage these genes are associated with markedly reduced reproductive success, primarily due to increased childlessness, with a stronger effect in males than in females. We present evidence that increased childlessness is likely mediated by genetically associated cognitive and behavioural traits, which may mean male carriers are less likely to find reproductive partners. This reduction in reproductive success may account for 20% of purifying selection against heterozygous variants that ablate protein-coding genes. While this genetic association could only account for a very minor fraction of the overall likelihood of being childless (less than 1%), especially when compared to more influential sociodemographic factors, it may influence how genes evolve over time.
Interactive coupling of regional climate and sulfate aerosol models

The NCAR regional climate model (RegCM) is interactively coupled to a simple radiatively active sulfate aerosol model over eastern Asia. Both direct and indirect aerosol effects are represented. The coupled model system is tested for two simulation periods, November 1994 and July 1995, with aerosol sources representative of present-day anthropogenic sulfur emissions. The model sensitivity to the intensity of the aerosol source is also studied. The main conclusions from our work are as follows: (1) The aerosol distribution and cycling processes show substantial regional spatial variability, and temporal variability varying on a range of scales, from the diurnal scale of boundary layer and cumulus cloud evolution to the 3–10 day scale of synoptic scale events and the interseasonal scale of general circulation features; (2) both direct and indirect aerosol forcings have regional effects on surface climate; (3) the regional climate response to the aerosol forcing is highly nonlinear, especially during the summer, due to the interactions with cloud and precipitation processes; (4) in our simulations the role of the aerosol indirect effects is dominant over that of direct effects; (5) aerosol-induced feedback processes can affect the aerosol burdens at the subregional scale. This work constitutes the first step in a long term research project aimed at coupling a hierarchy of chemistry/aerosol models to the RegCM over the eastern Asia region.
Bathypelagic marine snow: deep-sea algal and detrital community

Using the research submersible AL VIN, we have observed and collected marine• snow (fragile macroscopic aggregates), in two basins off Southern California. Marine snow was present throughout the water column, with several layers of higher concentrations in the meso-pelagic and bathypelagic zones. We collected the first intact specimens from the deep sea at 1000 and 1650 m depths and examined these by light and electron microscopy. Flocculent marine snow consisted of mucous sheets from larvacean houses and distinctive but unknown additional sources. The origin of the more common but smaller, flake-like marine snow is unknown. Both flocculent and flake-like marine snow had large numbers of associated cells and biogenic debris, with similar concentrations of associated materials in all samples. The organic carbon content of the aggregates exceeds that of surrounding water by at least three orders of magnitude, with most organic material on marine snow, and in surrounding water consisting of waste products. However, large numbers of apparently healthy cells also occur on marine snow, and over 3/4 of the biomass in these microcnvironments consists of phytoplankton. Even within the picoplankton (< 2 µm) fraction, structural photoautotrophs contribute J/ 3 to 1/2 of the total biomass. In the larger size categories, intact photoautotrophs consist primarily of diatoms, while picoplankton-sized forms consist of cyaoobacteria (blue-green a]gae) and green algae. The intact algae of marine snow in the deep sea are derived from two sources: the smallest forms are digestion-resistant cells that arrive from fecal pellets, possibly dividing while still within fecal material; other forms apparently descend from the eupbotic-zone on marine snow. Additional biogenic materials on marine snow consist of abundant heterotrophic bacteria, large numbers of fecal pellets, olive-green ucells" and other break-down products, and organic detritus from many sources. Protozoans are moderately abundant on marine snow, and arc consuming the picoplankton-sized cells from these habitats. Marine snow houses a complex and highly concentrated detrital community that represents an important pelagic food source, and it is an agent for transporting surface-derived materials to depth at intermediate sinking rates (50-100 m/day).
Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling Open Access the Quantitation of Buffering Action I. a Formal & General Approach

Background: Although "buffering" as a homeostatic mechanism is a universal phenomenon, the quantitation of buffering action remains controversial and problematic. Major shortcomings are: lack of a buffering strength unit for some buffering phenomena, multiple and mutually incommensurable units for others, and lack of a genuine ratio scale for buffering strength. Here, I present a concept of buffering that overcomes these shortcomings.
Analyzing the transmission structures of long continuing current processes from negative ground flashes on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

This paper presents a new overlap and progressive method using either a one‐point charge model or a point dipole model for studying the electric field change data of lightning and tests the suitability of the proposed method by analyzing the slow electric field change of the long continuing current data from two negative ground flashes. The current measurements of the ground flashes are from the Composite Observing Experiment for Lightning project carried out in the Datong region of Qinghai Province, China, in 2009, obtained from field observations synchronized through high‐precision GPS clocks at seven observation stations. Analysis shows that the time‐averaged current can reach 800 A, and the current intensity relates to the height of the top of the return stroke before the continuing current process. The two current processes studied in this work neutralized a large amount of negative charge, 39.5C and 60.8C, respectively. The neutralized charges from the negative charge layer are typically at 2.5–4.7 km above ground. The intracloud transition of the positive leader is a complex process, and the horizontal propagation of the positive leader plays an important role in current duration as well as horizontally influencing the center of the electrical dipole moment with an obvious change of up to 3.0 km. The proposed analysis method is very useful compared to previous methods in terms of determining infinitesimal changes in long continuing currents. This work's new analysis method will help increase understanding of the fine physical processes of long continuing current processes.