Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Firms In Markets Under Uncertainty

We analyze a rational-expectations model of price formation in an intermediategood market under uncertainty. There is a continuum of dyads, each consisting of an upstream party and a downstream party. Both parties can make speci c investments at private cost. As in property-rights models, di¤erent governance structures induce di¤erent investments. As in rational-expectations models, some parties may invest in acquiring (common-value) information, which is then incorporated into the market-clearing price by the partiestrading behaviors. The informativeness of the price mechanism a¤ects the returns to speci c investments and hence the optimal governance structure for individual dyads; meanwhile, the governance-structure choices by individual dyads a¤ect the informativeness of the price mechanism. In equilibrium, rms and the market coexist and shape each other. In particular, the informativeness of the price mechanism can induce ex ante homogenous dyads to choose heterogeneous governance structures. (JEL D20, D23) Gibbons: Massachusetts Institute of Technology and NBER, rgibbons@mit.edu. Holden: University of Chicago and NBER, rholden@uchicago.edu. Powell: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, mlp@mit.edu. We thank Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, Mathias Dewatripont, Glenn Ellison, Oliver Hart, Bengt Holmstrom, Birger Wernerfelt, Oliver Williamson, and seminar participants at Chicago, Harvard, MIT, Northwestern, Queens, Toronto and USC for helpful comments, and MIT Sloans Program on Innovation in Markets and Organizations for nancial support. Powell thanks the NSF for nancial support.
Journal of Neuroscience Methods

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: A new tip-recording method to test scorpion pecten chemoresponses to water-soluble stimulants a b s t r a c t On the ventral surface of all scorpions are jointed appendages called pectines, which possess thousands of sensory sensilla. Researchers have electrophysiologically examined these peg sensilla in the past, providing evidence for their chemosensitivity and intra-peg synaptic interactions. However, limits to extracellular recording and chemical stimulation have impeded further research. In this study, we develop and apply a new tip-recording technique for stimulating and recording peg neurons. Relative to previous methods in pecten electrophysiology, this technique allows for very fast and efficient data assembly. Using it, we captured sensilla chemoresponses to aqueous stimulants. We see utility in this method for advancing our understanding of sensory physiology; specifically, we suggest this technique may be useful for physiological assays on scorpion and other arthropod chemoreceptors, such as insect and crustacean gustatory sensilla.
The effects of SES on infant and paternal salivary cortisol output

5 Introduction.6 Method.15 Participants.15 Design.16 Materials.16 Procedure.17 Results.18 Discussion.20 References.29 Tables.37 Figures.39 Appendices.41 SES AND SALIVARY CORTISOL OUTPUT 4 List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Repeated Measures ANOVA for Maternal SES, Time of day, and SESTime of Day Interaction.37 Table 2: Repeated Measures ANOVA for Infant SES, Time of day, and SES-Time of day Interaction.38 Figure 1: Average maternal salivary cortisol output.39 Figure 2: Average infant salivary cortisol output.40 SES AND SALIVARY CORTISOL OUTPUT 5
University of Birmingham Domain theory in constructive and predicative univalent foundations

We develop domain theory in constructive univalent foundations without Voevodsky’s resizing axioms. In previous work in this direction, we constructed the Scott model of PCF and proved its computational adequacy, based on directed complete posets (dcpos). Here we further consider algebraic and continuous dcpos, and construct Scott’s D ∞ model of the untyped λ -calculus. A common approach to deal with size issues in a predicative foundation is to work with information systems or abstract bases or formal topologies rather than dcpos, and approximable relations rather than Scott continuous functions. Here we instead accept that dcpos may be large and work with type universes to account for this. For instance, in the Scott model of PCF, the dcpos have carriers in the second universe U 1 and suprema of directed families with indexing type in the ﬁrst universe U 0 . Seeing a poset as a category in the usual way, we can say that these dcpos are large, but locally small, and have small ﬁltered colimits. In the case of algebraic dcpos, in order to deal with size issues, we proceed mimicking the deﬁnition of accessible category. With such a deﬁnition, our construction of Scott’s D ∞ again gives a large, locally small, algebraic dcpo with small directed suprema. 2012 ACM Subject Classiﬁcation Theory of computation → Constructive mathematics; Theory of computation → Type theory
Assessment of Antioxidant Defense System in Transplanted Rice Varieties ( in Catalase and Nitrate Reductase )

Water loss in rice (Oryza sativa L.) can induce production of highly reactive molecules such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), singlet oxygen which all are named reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are regarded as main source of damage to cell of abiotic stress, which particularly synthesized in Chloroplast and Mitochondria salt tolerant varieties (Usar Dhan-3 and CSR-23 and salt susceptible varieties IR-42 and CSR-28) showed good result in stress condition increased or decreased under sodic condition in all salt tolerant varieties.
Cooperación en modelos de Cournot con información incompleta

Cournot oligopoly is studied under the circumstances that firms do not have complete information about their competitors' behaviour. In this context, assuming that cooperative intention is the main aspect, we can reach cooperative equilibriums by employing discrete dynamical systems that take into account repeated interactions between firms. This paper shows that cooperation is possible without a previous agreement.
Mapping variability of soil water content and flux across 1–1000 m scales using the Actively Heated Fiber Optic method

The Actively Heated Fiber Optic (AHFO) method is shown to be capable of measuring soil water content several times per hour at 0.25 m spacing along cables of multiple kilometers in length. AHFO is based on distributed temperature sensing (DTS) observation of the heating and cooling of a buried fiber‐optic cable resulting from an electrical impulse of energy delivered from the steel cable jacket. The results presented were collected from 750 m of cable buried in three 240 m colocated transects at 30, 60, and 90 cm depths in an agricultural field under center pivot irrigation. The calibration curve relating soil water content to the thermal response of the soil to a heat pulse of 10 W m−1 for 1 min duration was developed in the lab. This calibration was found applicable to the 30 and 60 cm depth cables, while the 90 cm depth cable illustrated the challenges presented by soil heterogeneity for this technique. This method was used to map with high resolution the variability of soil water content and fluxes induced by the nonuniformity of water application at the surface.
Visual interface for exploring caution spots from vehicle recorder big data

It is vital for the transportation industry, which performs most of their work by automobiles, to reduce its number of traffic accidents. Many local governments in Japan have made potential risk maps of traffic accident spots. However, making such maps in wide areas and with the time information had been difficult because most of them are made based on an investigation. Utilizing long-term driving records can extract wide area spatio-temporal caution spots. This paper proposes a visual interaction method for exploring caution spots from large-scale vehicle recorder data. Our method provides (i) a flexible filtering interface for driving operations using various combinations of attribute values such as velocity and acceleration, and (ii) a 3D visual environment for spatio-temporal exploration of caution spots. We demonstrate the usefulness of our novel visual exploration environment using real data given by one of the biggest transportation companies in Japan. Exploration results show our environments can extract caution spots where some accidents have actually occurred or that are on very narrow roads with bad visibility.
Validation of the revised 10-item HIV Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status version (HIVTSQs) and new change version (HIVTSQc)

Objectives: Previous validation of the HIV Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status version (HIVTSQs) found that 9/10 items performed well, but the demands item needed revision. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the revised HIVTSQs and new change version (HIVTSQc). Methods: English-speaking Americans completed the HIVTSQs at baseline and Week 48 of a clinical trial of HIV treatments, and the HIVTSQc at Week 48. Demographic and viral load information was collected. Psychometric validation used item frequency distributions, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), item-total correlations, Cronbach’s alpha, Spearman’s rank correlation, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: At baseline, 126/152 patients completed the HIVTSQs fully (100/106 at Week 48). The negatively skewed distribution of the revised demands item resembled that of the other nine, with comparable missing data. CFA (baseline and Week 48) supported the general satisfaction/clinical subscale (alpha 0.83; 0.85), lifestyle/ease subscale including demands (alpha 0.82; 0.85), and tenitem treatment satisfaction scale (alpha 0.89; 0.91). Subscale and scale scores differed significantly between ethnic groups. Viral load was not significantly related to subscale or scale scores. At Week 48, 97/106 patients completed the HIVTSQc fully. All items had negatively skewed distributions. CFA supported two subscales (general satisfaction/clinical change alpha 0.85; lifestyle/ease change alpha 0.88) and ten-item treatment satisfaction change scale (alpha 0.92). Viral load change between baseline and Week 48 correlated significantly with patients’ perceptions of change in HIV control (control(c) item), but not with scale or subscale scores. Conclusions: The excellent psychometric properties of the HIVTSQs and c support their use in clinical trials. 250
Algorithmic complexity

Algorithmic complexity provides a mathematical formal notion of string complexity. Building on this, one arrives at mathematical “gold standard” (though incomputable) deﬁnitions of randomness, induction, similarity and even intelligence. These deﬁnitions can be turned into practical algorithms by using common compressors to approximate the universal solutions. One can consider the theories as idealized cognition with respect to which one can aim to describe actual biological cognition by listing biases and limitations that need to be deﬁned relative to some normative reference.
Antibacterial and cytotoxicity evaluation of Arum hygrophilum Bioss.

OBJECTIVE Arum hygrophilum Bioss is a plant native to Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. It is consumed as beverages, spices, or cooked leaves to cure gastrointestinal infections and cancer. This study aims to determine the antibacterial and anticancer effectivenesss of A. hygrophilum Bioss. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the well-diffusion method, the antimicrobial activity of the plant's aqueous extract and five other organic extracts were evaluated against bacteria often associated with food poisoning. The assessment of the antiproliferative activity by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was done on five cancerous cell lines and on fibroblasts as a reference cell line. RESULTS The growth of L. monocytogenes was significantly inhibited by the aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Both extracts had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 mg/mL. The inhibition caused by the methanolic extract had a MIC of 500 mg/mL. The growth of S. aureus and MRSA were inhibited by the aqueous extract with a MIC of 500 mg/mL, while the inhibition caused by the ethanolic extract had a MIC of 250 mg/mL on MRSA and 500 mg/mL on S.aureus. Both strains of S.aureus were also inhibited by the 3-pentanon extract, while the butanol extract only exhibited a moderate growth inhibition against MRSA. The MTT assay showed that the aqueous extract had not affected the proliferation of cancer cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts had no concentration-inhibition relationship and the IC50 values were above 800 μg/mL for all extracts. CONCLUSIONS L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were inhibited by different Arum extracts. The antibacterial activity of Arum hygrophilum Bioss against foodborne pathogens makes it safe to use as a natural food preservative, and as a source for sanitizers and antimicrobials. Further investigation is recommended to determine the cytotoxicity of the plant against additional cancer cell lines.
Psychology , and Classroom Pedagogy as a System

This paper introduces a view of educational process as a 3-layer system comprising human brain, personality psychology, and classroom pedagogy. It aims to present a classroom as a place where educational neuroscience and educational psychology meet to result in effective pedagogy. The paper demonstrates the advantages of such approach for mathematics education. Among them are understanding of mathematical anxiety as a defensive reaction of the brain on operating memory overflow, finding gifted and talented students objectively, assertion of possible limitations on the educational goals given unfavorable conditions, restricted time of information perception, limited liability of teachers and instructors for the success of their students, and opportunities for better outcomes when group learning, peer leadership, or cross-discipline teaching and learning are implemented. As examples of applications, a technology based teaching technique MARTA and Virtual/Augmented Reality are
PARAMETERS OF DISPERSION FOR ON-TIME PERFORMANCE OF POSTAL ITEMS WITHIN TRANSIT TIMES MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR POSTAL SERVICES

The paper is focused on usage of methods for on-time performance evaluation of test postal items flows used for measurement of the transit time of end-to-end postal services for single piece priority mail. The results come out from modelling of measurement system for postal transport network efficiency in proportion to real postal traffic flows with particular discriminant characteristics. The result of on-time performance is represented by estimate of on-time probability, which can be defined as probability of case, when transit time of postal item does not exceed just one day. On-time probability is interpreted by variable called weighted estimate of on-time probability, which also includes distribution of mail flows within geographical stratification according to disjunctive set of defined postal areas. The rate of variability caused by used sample design is expressed by parameters of sample dispersion in various forms and by design factors regarding particular samples. Assessment of these calculated key parameters is the main objective of this paper, because they evaluate measurement system efficiency and could serve as base for next modelling of this system. Calculation of these parameters presumes fixed postal transportation network and domestic mail flows for various sample sizes.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR ESTIMATING THE SENSITIVITY OF CANADIAN PEATLANDS TO CLIMATE WARMING *

Selon les scénarios actuels qui prévoient une augmentation des gaz à effet de serre, l'augmentation prévue des températures à l'échelle du globe aura pour effet de toucher, dans de nombreuses régions du Canada, les tourbières qui occupent 14 % de la surface des sols. Nous avons élaboré un modèle capable d'estimer la sensibilité des tourbières au réchauffement climatique à partir de l'information publié sur l'état actuel du climat, de la végétation et du pergélisol ainsi que sur les changements prévus si la quantité de CO 2 doublait. Les calculs effectués à partir du modèle de sensibilité établi et des données sur la superficie et la teneur en carbone des sols organiques montrent qu'environ 60 % de l'étendue des tourbières risque d'être éprouvée de manière importante ou extrêmement importante par le réchauffement climatique. Ces tourbières, qui sont considérées comme étant très sensibles au réchauffement climatique, contiennent 53 % des 154 Gt du carbone trouvé dans les sols organiques.
Living with Alzheimer ’ s Disease

It is estimated that 420,600 Canadians over 65 have Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, and 280,000 have Alzheimer’s disease. The number of people in Canada with dementia is expected to grow by the year 2031 to over 3/4 million people due to the aging population. It could become even more widespread, over the next 30 years, as Canada’s 10 million baby boomers turn 65 and head straight into the age of highest risk for Alzheimer’s disease [1].
Duration of Periconceptual Folic Acid Supplementation in Women Booking for Antenatal Care

Objective: To provide accurate estimates of the commencement time, duration and dosage of folic acid (FA) supplementation taken by Irish women in the periconceptional period. The study also aimed to establish the factors associated with optimal FA supplementation practices. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Women’s clinical and sociodemographic details were computerised. Maternal weight and height were measured before calculating BMI. Detailed FA supplementation questionnaires were completed under the supervision of a trained researcher. Setting: A large university maternity hospital, Republic of Ireland, January 2014–April 2016. Subjects: Women (n 856) recruited at their convenience in the first trimester. Results: While almost all of the women (97%) were taking FA at enrolment, only one in four women took FA for at least 12 weeks preconceptionally (n 208). Among the 44% of women who were supplementing with FA preconceptionally, 44% (162/370) reported taking FA for less than the 12 weeks required to achieve optimal red-blood-cell folate levels for prevention of neural tube defects. On multivariate analysis, only planned pregnancy and nulliparity were associated with taking FA for at least 12 weeks preconceptionally. Among women who only took FA postconceptionally, almost two-thirds commenced it after day 28 of their pregnancy when the neural tube had already closed. Conclusions: As the timing of FA was suboptimal both before and after conception, we recommend that current national FA guidelines need to be reviewed.
Positioning System for Subway Lines and Stations Using Cellular Tower IDs

People movement analysis within indoor and underground environments has been attracting attention from several fields. However, indoor positioning remains uncertain and various kinds of methodologies have been employed. In particular, Wi-Fi positioning has become popular in a mobile environment. However, the insufficiency of databases associating Wi-Fi access points (APs) with their actual positions, in addition to their movability and easy-to-replace features, sometimes causes the database to indicate unusual positions at great distances from the actual location. This prompted us to focus our study on the stability of the cell tower information obtainable from the mobile phone network, and the network availability along subway lines and in stations. In this research, we created databases containing tables that list the subway stations and their corresponding cell tower IDs in the Tokyo and Nagoya areas. We subsequently used this database to develop a positioning system and verified the extent to which it could accurately detect the stations by conducting feasibility experiments. Keywords—cellular tower signals; positioning underground; subway line; indoor positioning systems; smartphone
Interannual Feature of Summer Upwelling around the Zhoushan Islands in the East China Sea

ABSTRACT Xu, Q. ; Zhang, S. ; Cheng, Y. , and Zuo, J., 2017. Interannual feature of summer upwelling around the Zhoushan Islands in the East China Sea. The interannual feature of summer upwelling around the Zhoushan Islands off the Zhejiang coast over the East China Sea (ECS) shelf has been investigated using multiscale ultrahigh resolution (∼1 km) sea surface temperature (SST) data during the period from 2003 to 2014 and an auxiliary Pathfinder SST data set with a relatively low resolution of 0.05° × 0.05° during 1985–2002. Coastal upwelling usually occurs during April to June, reaches its peak intensity in July and August, and starts to decay in September. It has not strengthened or weakened obviously during the past 30 years. The influence of sea winds on the interannual variation of the summer upwelling is analyzed using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Climatic Data Center blended sea surface wind data. Results demonstrate that the sea wind over the ECS, which is part of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system, plays a dominant role in determining the changes in upwelling intensity, and the southeasterly wind is favorable for the formation of the summer upwelling around the Zhoushan Islands. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulation of the interannual variability of the upwelling intensity is complex because of the unstable correlation between the EASM and the ENSO cycle.
Assessing the Potential for Gulf Coast NAFTA Maritime Trade Corridors

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was enacted in 1994 with the expressed intent of reducing barriers to trade. Since that time, however, transborder congestion and delays between the United States (US) and Mexico threaten achievement of this goal. As a partial mitigation strategy, maritime shipping offers a modal alternative for NAFTA trade with the potential for not only strengthening the resiliency of the North American transportation system, but also alleviating congestion for traditional overland modes. To that end, Gulf Coast economies are preparing for increased shipping activity in both vessel size and commodity volumes upon completion of the Panama Canal expansion by 2016. This study assesses the potential for maritime shipping corridors in the Gulf of Mexico between the US, Mexico, and Cuba. The authors document current trade patterns and infrastructure, analyze potential opportunities for trade expansion, and analyze the policy barriers that need to be addressed to strengthen these maritime trade corridors. The prospect of reduced transborder congestion, increased system resilience, and expanded economic cooperation with Cuba has opened a policy window for more deliberate coordination between national and state governments to make the necessary infrastructure investments and policy changes to bolster maritime shipping capacity.
Arterial Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease : Whom ? When ? and How to Handle ?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have the highest mortality rate compared to other chronic diseases. Cardiovascular events account for up to 60% of the mortalities, with cardiovascular calcifications affecting the majority of those CKD patients. Most of this calcification is related to disturbed renal phosphate handling. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and Klotho were incriminated in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification (VC) through different mechanisms including their effect on endothelium and arterial wall smooth muscle cells. In addition, deficient Klotho gene expression is a constant feature in CKD patients. This deficiency, not only promotes vascular pathology, but also has a role in the progression of the CKD. This review will cover the medical history, prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical relevance, diagnostic tools, the ideal timing to prevent or to withhold the progression of VC and the different medications and medical procedures that can help to prolong the survival of CKD patients.