Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON THE LONDON TRADED OPTIONS MARKET AND A TEST OF MARKET EFFICIENCY BASED ON PUT-CALL PARTTY THEORY

Option pricing theory can conveniently be split into two groups - general eqihbrium models, such as option bwndary conditions and put-call parity theory which are based an the simple assumption that investors prefer more to less, and valuation models which rely for their validity on distributional assumptions about the underlying share price. Both types of model were derived on the assumption that the markets for shares and options are frictionless and that the underlying share pays no dividend durii the life of the option. Much subsequent theoretical ingenuity has been employed in attempts to reconcile the real world of market frictions and dividend paying shares with the ideal world of option pricing theory. The current study, which attempts to bridge the gap between the theory of option prices and the empirical reality of markets in which option prices are set, has two aims :
Molecular Epidemiology, Ecology, and Evolution of Group A Molecular Epidemiology, Ecology, and Evolution of Group A Streptococci Streptococci

The clinico-epidemiological features of diseases caused by group A streptococci (GAS) is presented through the lens of the ecology, population genetics, and evolution of the organism. The serological targets of three typing schemes (M, T, SOF) are themselves GAS cell surface proteins that have a myriad of virulence functions and a diverse array of structural forms. Horizontal gene transfer expands the GAS antigenic cell surface repertoire by generating numerous combinations of M, T, and SOF antigens. However, horizontal gene transfer of the serotype determinant genes is not unconstrained, and therein lies a genetic organization that may signify adaptations to a narrow ecological niche, such as the primary tissue reservoirs of the human host. Adaptations may be further shaped by selection pressures such as herd immunity. Understanding the molecular evolution of GAS on multiple levels — short, intermediate, and long term — sheds insight on mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, the emergence and spread of new clones, rational vaccine design, and public health interventions.
Influence of sunlight, temperature and environment on the fatty acid composition and coagulating properties of sheep milk

Exposure of dairy ewes to solar radiation under high ambient temperature, as generally occurs in grazing flocks during the summer season, results in an alteration of milk fatty acid composition and a deterioration of milk coagulating parameters. Due to the reproductive seasonality of sheep, late lactation generally occurs in the warmest period of the year (late spring and summer in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere). Lactation is thus often shortened given the reduced availability and lower quality of forage and the fact that dairy factories stop collecting milk from farmsbecause of reduced yield and poor quality of milk. In the present review, changes occurring in fat nutritional profile and processing properties of ewe milk during the summer season are described and discussed together with strategies, such as shading, cooling, feeding management, which aim at minimizing the impact of high ambient temperature on the yield and quality of ovine milk and cheese.
Multicenter Population Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl in Neonatal Surgical Patients Using Dried Blood Spot Specimen Collection Demonstrates Maturation of Elimination Clearance

BACKGROUND: Fentanyl is widely used for analgesia and sedation in neonates, but pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis in this population has been limited by the relatively large sample volumes required for plasma-based assays. METHODS: In this multicenter observational study of fentanyl kinetics in neonates up to 42 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA) who received fentanyl boluses and continuous infusions, dried blood spots were used for small-volume sampling. A population PK analysis was used to describe fentanyl disposition in term and preterm neonates. Covariates for the model parameters, including body weight, PMA, birth status (preterm or term), and presence of congenital cardiac disease, were assessed in a stepwise manner. RESULTS: Clearance was estimated to be greater than adult clearance of fentanyl and varied with weight. Covariate selection did not yield a significant relationship for age as a continuous or dichotomous variable (term or preterm, the latter defined as birth with PMA of <37 weeks) and clearance. CONCLUSIONS: A supra-allometric effect on clearance was determined during covariate analyses (exponential scaling factor for body weight >0.75), as has been described in population PK models that account for maturation of intrinsic clearance (here, predominantly hepatic microsomal activity) in addition to scaling for weight, both of which impact clearance in this age group.
Mismatch negativity (MMN) reveals inefﬁcient auditory ventral stream function in chronic auditory comprehension impairments

Background: Auditory discrimination is signiﬁcantly impaired in Wernicke ' s aphasia (WA) and thought to be causatively related to the language comprehension impairment which characterises the condition. This study used mismatch negativity (MMN) to investigate the neural responses corresponding to successful and impaired auditory discrimination in WA. Methods: Behavioural auditory discrimination thresholds of consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) syllables and pure tones (PTs) were measured in WA ( n ¼ 7) and control ( n ¼ 7) participants. Threshold results were used to develop multiple deviant MMN oddball paradigms containing deviants which were either perceptibly or non-perceptibly different from the standard stimuli. MMN analysis investigated differences associated with group, condition and perceptibility as well as the relationship between MMN responses and comprehension (within which behavioural auditory discrimination proﬁles were examined). Results: MMN waveforms were observable to both perceptible and non-perceptible auditory changes. Perceptibility was only distinguished by MMN amplitude in the PT condition. The WA group could be distinguished from controls by an increase in MMN response latency to CVC stimuli change. Correlation analyses displayed a relationship between behavioural CVC discrimination and MMN amplitude in the control group, where greater amplitude corresponded to better discrimination. The WA group displayed the inverse effect; both discrimination accuracy and auditory comprehension scores were reduced with increased MMN amplitude. In the WA group, a further correlation was observed between the later-alisation of MMN response and CVC discrimination accuracy; the greater the bilateral involvement the better the discrimination accuracy. Conclusions: The results from this study provide further evidence for the nature of auditory comprehension impairment in WA and indicate that the auditory discrimination deﬁcit is grounded in a reduced ability to engage in efﬁcient hierarchical processing and the construction of invariant auditory objects. Correlation results suggest that people with chronic
The effects of melatonin and its analogues on steroidogenesis pathway: a possible therapeutical or adverse effect

: Melatonin (MLT) is a hormone that is secreted from pineal gland and regulates the circadian rhythm. It is reported to have anticancer effects in hormone dependent breast cancer via endocrine modulation, namely by antagonising the estrogen receptor (ER) or by inhibiting aromatase enzyme. However, its use is restricted because of its short half-life and poor bioavailability. Therefore, indole derived MLT analogues were synthesized previously, and they were shown to have potential antioxidant and anticancer effects. The present research is aimed to investigate the potential of MLT and its two newly synthesized analogues (M6 and M20) on steroidogenesis pathway by using an OECD validated in vitro method, H295R steroidogenesis assay (TG-456 test guideline). The compounds were incubated with H295R, human adenocarcinoma cells, for 48 hours and the hormone levels (testosterone; T and estradiol; E2) were detected by LC-MS/MS. The partial validation of the method was performed by using reference compounds forskolin, prochloraz, letrozole and ketoconazole. MLT decreased both E2 and T levels and its effect on E2 levels were dose dependent. On the other hand, M6 and M20 showed biphasic effects on both hormone levels. None of the compounds decreased H295R cell viability. These results demonstrate that depending on the use and the dose of these melatonin analogues, their potential effects on hormone production can result either in a therapeutical effect (such as anticancer agent) or a non-targeted endocrine related adverse effect when used as a pharmaceutical.
Component Solution Method

The Component Solution method (CS) has a natural implementation in a parallel com puting environment and it has been already studied in a synchronous computing environment. Attractive advantages arise when implementing the CS method in an asynchronous environ ment, as studied in this work. Also, a sufficient condition for the convergence of the CS method in that asynchronous environment is derived. The main advantage ofthe asynchronous CS method is its ability for solving problems in fewer iterations than any other asynchronous block iterative method satisfying sorne standard conditions, as shown experimentally and proved in the main theorem of this work.
Comparing six pixel-wise classifiers for tropical rural land cover mapping using four forms of fully polarimetric SAR data

ABSTRACT This study evaluates four commonly used forms of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for land-cover classification in tropical rural areas. The backscatter coefficient of linearly polarized L-band SAR was compared to two distinctive feature sets derived from Eigen-based and model-based decompositions. The performance of six classifiers available in Orfeo Toolbox (OTB), that is, Bayes, artificial neural networks (ANNs), Support Vector Machine (SVM), decision trees, Random Forests (RFs), and gradient boosting trees (GBTs), was investigated to distinguish five and seven land-cover classes, with particular attention given to several types of woody vegetation: forest, mixed garden, rubber, oil palm, and tea plantations. Classifiers reacted differently to ingested forms of SAR data, and careless use of data input yielded a negative impact. The results showed that SVM provided the highest overall accuracy although the performance was not significantly better than the others. Tuning the parameters, however, significantly improved the accuracy of ANN and SVM, while RF and GBT did not respond well. Responses of two SVM parameters (cost and kernel type) fluctuated somewhat, which required further attention. ANN accuracy was improved when the number of neurons in the hidden layer was set between 10 and 12. We found that accuracy imbalance existed between designated land-cover classes, especially in woody vegetation. Imbalance can partially be reduced by tuning specific classifiers. We showed that classifier tuning can lead to significantly improved accuracy, especially for classes having medium or low accuracies. This research also demonstrated that freely available toolkits such as OTB and QGIS can be beneficial for mapping activities in developing countries, achieving a reasonable accuracy if the classification parameters are tuned properly.
Rethinking Chaco as a System

ABSTRACT Archaeologists working inside and outside of Chaco Canyon have tended to consider all communities exhibiting Chacoan architecture as participating in some kind of regional system. This article considers exactly what it means to be a “system” and evaluates whether or not the evidence from great house communities and Chaco Canyon meet the criteria of regular interaction, interdependency, and unification. Based on assessments of the Chaco World database and the evaluations by the other contributors to this issue, this article concludes that only a small portion of the “Chaco World” closest to Chaco Canyon likely fit the profile of a systemic entity. Most great house communities, however, did not participate in a region-wide system of any kind. The concluding section considers how the shared material culture seen across the Chaco World could have emerged without the accompanying development of an integrated regional system.
Information and Computation

Given a dynamic set K of k strings of total length n whose characters are drawn from an alphabet of size σ , a keyword dictionary is a data structure built on K that provides lookup, preﬁx search, and update operations on K . Under the assumption that α = w / lg σ characters ﬁt into a single machine word of w bits, we propose a keyword dictionary that represents K in either n lg σ + (cid:4) ( k lg n ) or | T | lg σ + (cid:4) ( kw ) bits of space, where | T | is the number of nodes of a trie representing K . It supports all operations in O ( m / α + lg α ) expected time on an input string of length m in the word RAM model. An evaluation of our implementation highlights the practical usefulness of the proposed data structure, especially for preﬁx searches — one of the most essential keyword dictionary operations. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The Relationship Between Board Skills and Conservatism: The Relationship Between Board Skills and Conservatism: Malaysian Evidence Malaysian Evidence

This study seeks to examine the influence of board skill, multiple directorships (BSHIP), and tenure of independent directors on accounting conservatism, as measured by asymmetric timeliness and accrual-based conservatism (CONACCR). Fixed-effect regression models were constructed on a sample of 2016 firm-year observations for asymmetric timeliness model and 2033 firm-year observations for CONACCR model, which covered from 2001 to 2007. The findings show that the degree of financial expertise on the board is positively associated with the recognition of bad news which is relative to good news into earnings. BSHIP appears to have no effect on conservatism. Independent directors who have longer tenure in the board of the firms are slower in recognizing bad news which is relative to good news into earnings. The study provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the board of directors, which will be an interest to the practitioner or regulators in reviewing the corporate governance regulations.
Selection Criteria for Software Engineering Tools in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

Software-developing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) must make investment with little resources and usually under severe pressure driven by competitiveness and productivity needs. From the study of the characteristics of software-developing SMEs and the changes affecting Software Engineering Tools (SETs), we aim at proposing criteria to support them in the evaluation and selection of tools that best suit their needs. These criteria have been formulated based on ISO/IEC 14102, by adopting their guidance on the assessment and selection process. For validation purposes we applied these criteria to three SETs. We expect these criteria to provide support to the establishment of selection models.
Depression in epilepsy: a cross-sectional hospital-based study

Background: Depression is one of the frequently diagnosed psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy. Antiepileptic drugs and chronic nature of the illness are associated with depressive symptoms in epilepsy. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of depression and severity of depressive symptoms in patients with epilepsy attending a tertiary care teaching institute and to compare the clinical profile of depressed and non-depressed patients with epilepsy. Method: This was a cross-sectional study. Sixty-three follow-up adult patients of epilepsy were enrolled in the study after fulfilling the selection criteria. Depression was diagnosed as per the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria. Quantification of depression was done with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant in the study. Result: 23.9% (n=15) of patients with epilepsy had depression. Mild depression was found in 53.3% patients where moderate depression was in 33.3% patients and 13.3% cases were found to be severely depressed. On comparisons between depressed and non-depressed epilepsy patients, none of the clinical characteristics were found to be statistically significant, but regarding polytherapy and duration of epilepsy the result was in accordance with the previous studies. Conclusion: Total 23.9% patients were found to have depression. Although severe depression was found in 13.3% cases, none of the patients had suicidal intent. Evaluation of depression should be included in a routine assessment of these populations. The association of clinical characteristics in depression needs further evaluation and follow-up.
Des vidéos aux hypervidéos : vers une autre interaction avec les médias audiovisuels

La numerisation des documents permet d'en envisager des exploitations novatrices, comme la demontre le succes du web. La capacite des systemes informatiques permet maintenant d'exploiter les documents audiovisuels, mais tous les concepts et outils ne sont pas encore presents. Afin de fournir un support a la reflexion sur les utilisations innovantes des documents audiovisuels numeriques, nous presentons et discutons ici la notion d'hypervideo, qui permet d'une part, d'analyser des instances existantes d'hypervideos, et d'autre part, de donner un guide de construction pour des systemes mettant en oeuvre les hypervideos. Nous decrivons ensuite le projet Advene, qui vise a fournir une plate-forme permettant 1) la creation d'hypervideos (visualisations dynamiques et statiques de donnees associees a un medium audiovisuel) ; 2) l'echange des donnees et des vues associees, afin de permettre un travail collaboratif sur ce type de medium.
Indonesian Journal of Crop Science

Organic matter can be used to increase the growth and metabolism activities of Cucumis sativus L. Plant growth analysis is a simple method that can be used to determine physiological activities that support plant growth. The study aims to describe plant activities through plant growth analysis which is influenced by the use of organic matter. The research was conducted at the Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya. The study used a Completely Randomized Design - single factor (types of organic matters) i.e.control, rice straw compost, rice husk, leaf green compost, and cow manure. Four replications were used in this study. Based on our study, the application of organic matter significantly affects LAI 2 WAP, LAI 4 WAP, WC 2 WAP, WC 4 WAP, NAR, PGR, and HI.Cow manure, green leaf compost, and rice straw compost can increase LAI, while rice husk, rice straw, and green cow manure can increase WC. Furthermore, the application of rice husk and cow manure was able to increase in NAR, CGR, and HI. The increase NAR, CGR, and HI in this study was positively correlated with r= 0.622 and r= 0.284.
Effects Investigation of MAC and PHY Layer Parameters on the Performance of IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA

The recently released IEEE 802.15. 6 standard specifies several physical (PHY) layer and medium access control (MAC) layer protocols for variety of medical and non-medical applications of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). The most suitable way for enhancing network performance is to be the choice of different MAC and PHY parameters based on quality of service (QoS) requirements of different applications. The impact of different MAC and PHY parameters on the network performance and the tradeoff relationship between the parameters are essential to overcome the limitations of exiting carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme of IEEE 802.15. 6 standard. To address this issue, we develop a Markov chain-based analytical model of IEEE 802.15. 6 CSMA/CA for all user priorities (UPs) and apply this general model to different network scenarios to investigate the effects of the packet arrival rate, channel condition, payload size, access phase length, access mechanism and number of nodes on the performance parameters viz. reliability, normalized throughput, energy consumption and average access delay. Moreover, we conclude the effectiveness of different access phases, access mechanisms and user priorities of intra-WBAN.
Setting Up the State Equations of Switched Circuits Using Homogeneous Models

This paper discusses a new modeling framework for switched circuits. The core idea is to avoid the distinction between the topologies defined by the short- and open-circuits corresponding to the on- and off-states of each ideal switch. We treat both cases in a uniform manner by describing Ohm’s law in terms of a single variable <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$u$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, via the relations <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$i=pu$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$v=qu$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The parameters <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> describe the state of the switch, either ideal or nonideal. An ideal switch is described by the values <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p= p_{\mathrm{ on}}=1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q= q_{\mathrm{ on}}=0$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in the on-state and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p= p_{\mathrm{ off}}=0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q= q_{\mathrm{ off}}=1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in the off-state, whereas nonideal switches are described by nonzero values of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q_{\mathrm{ on}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and/or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p_{\mathrm{ off}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Regardless of the number of switches, all working states of a given circuit can be described by means of a single model which, in essence, may be set up by conventional methods. This avoids the need to draw different schematics and write down a variety of models depending on the state of each switch, as it is almost invariably done when modeling switched circuits. We use this framework to address the state-space formulation problem for switched circuits. The results are then applied to the analysis of several DC-DC power converters and a multilevel inverter.