Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring organic carbon in Calcarosols: understanding the pitfalls and complications

The measurement of soil organic carbon (OC) is important for assessing soil condition and improving land management systems, as OC has an important role in the physical, chemical, and biological fertility of soil. The OC contents of Calcarosols often appear high compared with other Australian soil types with similar fertility. This may indicate either systematic overestimation of OC in Calcarosols or the existence of a mechanism of OC stabilisation specific to carbonate-rich soils. This study compares three dry combustion techniques (dry combustion with correction for carbonate-C determined separately, dry combustion following sulfurous acid treatment, and dry combustion following treatment with hydrofluoric acid) and two wet oxidation techniques (Walkley–Black and Heanes) for the measurement of soil OC content, to determine which method is best for Calcarosols. Nine calcareous and nine non-calcareous soils were analysed. Of the methods, dry combustion with carbonate-C correction and dry combustion following sulfurous acid pre-treatment were found to be unsuitable for highly calcareous soils. Dry combustion with carbonate-C correction was unsuccessful primarily due to incomplete conversion of carbonate to CO2 under the combustion conditions used. However, even if this problem could be overcome, the method would still not be suitable for highly calcareous soils since it would involve the measurement of a relatively small value (OC) as the difference of two much larger values (total C and carbonate-C). Sulfurous acid pre-treatment was unsuitable because it did not remove 100% of carbonate present. Although the remaining dry combustion technique (i.e. following hydrofluoric acid treatment) did not have such problems, it did give very different (and much lower) OC estimations than the two wet oxidation techniques for the highly calcareous soils. These results are consistent with carbonate minerals interacting with and stabilising a substantial quantity of soluble OC. This has implications for the way OC levels should be measured and interpreted in Calcarosols, in terms of both fertility and C stabilisation and sequestration.
Habitat heterogeneity and its relationship to biodiversity in oxygen minimum zones

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are major oceanographic features, particularly in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Arabian Sea. Where OMZs intercept continental margins, sources of seafloor habitat heterogeneity include bottom-water oxygen and sulphide gradients, substrate characteristics, bacterial mats, and variations in sediment organic matter content and pH. On some margins (e.g. Peru), hard grounds represent a distinct subhabitat colonized by encrusting faunas. However, heterogeneity within OMZs is created mainly by strong seafloor oxygen gradients, reinforced by changes in sediment characteristics and organic carbon content. For the Pakistan Margin, combining these parameters revealed clear environmental differences between the OMZ core and the upper and lower boundary regions. In all Pacific and Arabian Sea OMZs examined, alpha and beta diversity and macrofaunal assemblage composition were related closely to oxygen, particularly in the OMZ core where very low oxygen levels were the main drivers of community structure and composition. However, detailed sampling across the lower boundary of the Pakistan Margin OMZ suggests that other factors, notably organic matter quantity and quality and sediment characteristics, come into play as oxygen concentrations begin to rise. Off Oman, faunal composition was more homogenous in the OMZ core than at sites above and below this zone. The influence of OMZs on diversity at larger spatial scales is difficult to assess. Hypoxia is associated with a reduction in species richness, but there is also evidence for endemism in OMZs settings. We conclude that, on balance, OMZs probably enhance regional diversity, particularly in taxa such as foraminifera, which are more tolerant of hypoxia than others. Over evolutionary timescales, they may promote speciation by creating strong gradients in selective pressures and barriers to gene flow.
The Aquila Digital Community The Aquila Digital Community

Background and aims— Substance use during adolescence can lead to the development of substance use disorders and other psychosocial problems. These negative outcomes are especially likely for individuals who use substances at earlier ages and those who engage in heavier use during adolescence, behaviors which are both more common among youth at higher risk for developing a substance use disorder, such as those with a family history of substance use disorders (FH +). Factors such as increased sensation seeking and greater exposure to stressors among FH + youth may influence these associations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relative and unique contributions of sensation seeking during preadolescence and exposure to stressors during early to mid-adolescence to cumulative substance use by mid-adolescence among FH + youth. Methods— A total of 167 mostly Hispanic FH + youth (ages 12–15) who were participating in an ongoing longitudinal study were included in these analyses. Participants’ data from biennial waves covering approximately 2.5 years were used. Self-reported sensation seeking, exposure to stressors, and substance use were compared. Results— Higher sensation seeking during preadolescence and greater exposure to stressors during early to mid-adolescence were both associated with substance use by age 15. These factors differentiated Substance Users from Non-Users, and also related to level of substance use.
CATCH RATE STANDARDIZATION FOR THE CANADIAN SOUTHERN GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE BLUEFIN TUNA FISHERY, 1981 TO 2009

SUMMARY This document is an addendum to the SCRS document SCRS/2010/070 entitled Indices of Stock Status from the 2009 Canadian Bluefin Tuna Fishery in which two standardized relative indices of Canadian bluefin abundance were presented for the ICCAT Data Preparatory Meeting held in Madrid, Spain in June of 2010. These indices were based on data from fisheries in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (1981-2009) and on the shelf edge off Southwest Nova Scotia (1988-2009). The Data Preparatory Working Group accepted the southwest Nova Scotia index but requested a review of the methods and assumptions producing the Gulf index because it exhibited a dramatic increase in the CPUE over the last four years. This review addresses three concerns: (1) the effect that a data filter had on the catch rate; (2) the effect that annual influxes of small bluefin have on the catch rate; and (3) the effect of fishing restrictions on the catch rate. RESUME
Ammonia Oxidising Archaea in the OMZ of a freshwater African Lake

MARC LLIROS, OZGUL INCEOGLU, TAMARA GARCIA-ARMISEN, JEAN CRISTOPHE AUGUET , CEDRIC MORANA, FRANCOIS DARCHAMBEAU, SEAN A CROWE, STEVEN BOUILLON , PIERRE SERVAIS , ALBERTO V BORGES, JEAN PIERRE DESCY 1 Dept Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 2 Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, University of Namur, Belgium 3 Ecologie des Systemes Aquatiques, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium 4 Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, France 5 Dept Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium 6 Chemical Oceanography Unit, Universite de Liege, Belgium 7 Depts Microbiology & Immunology, and Earth, Ocean, & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
Crisis and urban shrinkage from an Italian perspective

The depth, duration, and global reach of the recent economic crisis, the severity of its manifold impacts on territories and societies, and the various implications of applied austerity measures have questioned existing institutional and decision- making structures, regulatory arrangements, and pre-crisis development models. The serious social, economic, and spatial challenges, faced by cities and regions today, require rethinking of urban policies. This chapter discusses the concept of urban shrinkage from an analytical per- spective, a concept widely addressed in international debates but much less so in Italy, bearing in mind the spatial trends seen in the country.
On Metriorhynchus Brachyrhynchus (Deslong.) from the Oxford Clay near Peterborough

This species of Metriorhynchus was first described by E. Eudes-Deslongchamps in 1868 in his ‘Notes Paléontologiques,’ and was based on an imperfect skull obtained from Oxfordian strata in the department of Calvados (Lower Normandy). He was led to distinguish it from other species of Metriorhynchus on account of the shortness of the snout (‘museau’ is the word which he employed, under which term he included every thing in front of the orbits), the principal feature determining the species being found in these bones. In his table of Metriorhynchidæ (op. cit. p. 294) he defines it as follows:— ‘Museau très court, pointe des os nasaux atteignant et même dépassant la suture des os intermaxillaires. ’ He mentions one other mutilated skull found near Poitiers, and now in the Museum at Paris. Besides this, Prof. Bigot, of the University of Caen, to whom I owe my best thanks for photographs of the type-specimen and for much valuable information, tells me that there is in the Muséum de la Faculté des Sciences at Caen a very mutilated skull with part of the vertebral column, and another fragment of a skull, which may probably be referred to Metriorhynchus brachyrhynchus. Apart from these, I can learn of no other specimens. The species is not mentioned in the ‘Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia in the British Museum’ (Lydekker, 1885) nor in ‘British Fossil Vertebrata’ (Smith Woodward & Sherborn, 1890). Prof. E. Fraas, in his monograph on the Thalattosuchia, among which he includes the Metriorhynchidæ, compares it with Dacosaurus
Modeling Soil Moisture Processes and Recharge under a Melting Snowpack

Recharge into granitic bedrock under a melting snowpack is being investigated as part of a study designed to understand hydrologic processes involving snow at Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Snowpack measurements, accompanied by water content and matric potential measurements of the soil under the snowpack, allowed for estimates of infiltration into the soil during snowmelt and percolation into the bedrock. During portions of the snowmelt period, infiltration rates into the soil exceeded the permeability of the bedrock and caused ponding to be sustained at the soil–bedrock interface. During a 5‐d period with little measured snowmelt, drainage of the ponded water into the underlying fractured granitic bedrock was estimated to be 1.6 cm d−1, which is used as an estimate of bedrock permeability. The numerical simulator TOUGH2 was used to reproduce the field data and evaluate the potential for vertical flow into the fractured bedrock or lateral flow at the bedrock–soil interface. During most of the snowmelt season, the snowmelt rates were near or below the bedrock permeability. The field data and model results support the notion that snowmelt on the shallow soil overlying low permeability bedrock becomes direct infiltration unless the snowmelt rate greatly exceeds the bedrock permeability. Late in the season, melt rates are double that of the bedrock permeability (although only for a few days) and may tend to move laterally at the soil–bedrock interface downgradient and contribute directly to streamflow.
Image Retrieval using Upper Mean Color and Lower Mean Color of Image

This present the new idea of image retrieval using upper mean color and lower mean color of image as feature vector. Feature vector calculated by using bit planes of every image . This paper compares performance of 4 bit planes and 8 bit planes for gray scale and color image. So feature vector of proposed method is varies in accordance with the number of bit planes used. Proposed method tested on the database which includes 930 images having 10 different classes. We use simple Euclidean distance to compute the similarity measures of images for Content Based Image Retrieval application. The average precision and average recall of each image category and over all precision and recall is considered for the performance measure.
What Influences Dolphin Interest in Video

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iv DEDICATION . v LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER II – METHODS . 11 Subjects and Location . 11 Session Procedure . 12 Data Collection . 13 Video Footage . 13 Data Coding . 18 Data Analyses . 19 CHAPTER III RESULTS . 20 Video Conditions versus Control Condition (Television Turned Off) . 20 Video Category Preferences . 21 View Changes . 22 Acoustic Components . 23 vii Proximity to Television. 23 Approaching Television to Watch . 24 Total Percentage of Session Time Watching and Total Behavior Rate . 26 Type of Watching: Solo versus Social . 28 Behavior Category Rates . 29 Individual Differences . 33 Surface Logging . 34 CHAPTER IV – DISCUSSION. 38 APPENDIX A – Supplemental Information . 46 APPENDIX B– IACUC Approval Letter . 52 WORKS CITED . 53
Modelamiento y Análisis Estructural del Anticlinal de Zipaquirá y su Aplicación a la Interpretación a Zonas de Piedemonte [PAPER IN SPANISH] Structural Modeling and Analysis of Zipaquirá Anticline and its Application to the Interpretation of Piedmont Are

Una de las zonas de mayor interes economico para la exploracion de hidrocarburos son los Piedemontes en la Cordillera Oriental Colombiana. Definir de la geometria de la trampa es uno de los factores de riesgo debido a la deficiente calidad de la informacion sismica y a la insuficiente informacion de pozo. Esto lleva a que los prospectos se soportan en modelos estructurales cuya viabilidad geologica se fundamenta en la geologia de superficie. Se realizo un analisis 3D estructural del Anticlinal de Zipaquira, localizado en la Sabana de Bogota, estableciendo los mecanismos de deformacion que intervinieron durante su formacion. Se balancearon y restauraron seis (6) secciones transversales con datos publicados y adquiridos en campo por nosotros. Para el modelo estructural 3D se utilizaron los software Geosec® y Geographix - Discovery®. Se interpretaron pliegues tipo Detachment Folds y Fault Propagation Fol. y Lateral Ramps. El entendimiento de estas estructuras es una herramienta para explicar estructuras en el Piedemonte Llanero cuya complejidad es similar. Se propone una metodologia de trabajo de modelamiento del subsuelo en zonas complejas. Se concluye que la complejidad de esta zona de cabalgamiento es producto del alto grado de deformacion asociado a zonas de despegue en la Formacion Chipaque y a rampas laterales perpendiculares al tren estructural regional, similares a las observadas en el area de Cupiagua y de Nuevo Mundo en los Piedemontes de la Cordillera Oriental; con esto se podria disminuir el riesgo asociado a la geometria y al sincronismo de trampa durante la exploracion y produccion de hidrocarburos.
Clinical Investigation : Head and Neck Cancer Effectiveness of Chemoradiation for Head and Neck Cancer in an Older Patient Population

Effectiveness of Chemoradiation for Head and Neck Cancer in an Older Patient Population Noam A. VanderWalde, MD,*,y Anne Marie Meyer, PhD,y Allison M. Deal, MS,y J. Bradley Layton, PhD,z Huan Liu, MA,y William R. Carpenter, PhD,y,x Mark C. Weissler, MD,y,k David N. Hayes, MD,y,{ Mary E. Fleming, ANP,*,y and Bhishamjit S. Chera, MD*,y *Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; yLineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; zDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; xDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; kDepartment of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and {Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Clinical Investigation : Lymphoma Risk of Developing Cardiovascular Disease After Involved Node Radiotherapy Versus Mantle Field for Hodgkin Lymphoma

Risk of Developing Cardiovascular Disease After Involved Node Radiotherapy Versus Mantle Field for Hodgkin Lymphoma Maja V. Maraldo, M.D.,* Nils Patrik Brodin, M.Sc.,* Ivan R. Vogelius, Ph.D.,* Marianne C. Aznar, Ph.D.,* Per Munck af Rosenschöld, Ph.D.,* Peter M. Petersen, M.D., Ph.D.,* and Lena Specht, M.D., D.M.Sci.*,y *Department of Radiation Oncology, Rigshospitalet, and yFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Desarrollo y perspectivas de la genética humana en Costa Rica

Se analiza el desarrollo y las perspectivas de la genética humana en Costa Rica, en relación con la investigación, la formación de recursos humanos y de su impacto científico y social. La producción cientifica de los últimos 25 años muestra un incremento en la investigación sobre las enfermedades hereditarias y la constitución genética de las poblaciones así como un desarrollo de la epidemiología genética, la geMtlca médica y la formación de recursos humanos calificados. Estos resultados se atribuyen principalmente a los recientes avances científicos y técnicos en genética y biología molecular, a la actitud generada por los cambios en el perfil dé salud del pafs ya la acción de iniciativas externas como el Proyecto del Genorna Humano. No obstante, su impacto en el sistema de salud todavía no es significativo y falta integración entre los distintos grupos y campos de investigación. Se sugiere la inclusión de un enfoque orientado hacia la genética humana en los planes de salud y de desarrollo del país.
ATLAS document

Distinguishing quark-initiated from gluon-initiated jets is useful for many measurements and searches at the LHC. This note presents a jet tagger for distinguishing quark-initiated from gluon-initiated jets, which uses the full radiation pattern inside a jet processed as an image in a deep neural network classifier. The study is conducted using simulated dijet events in √ s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector. Across a wide range of quark jet identification efficiencies, the neural network tagger achieves a gluon jet rejection that is comparable to or better than the performance of the jet width and track multiplicity observables conventionally used for quark-versus-gluon jet tagging.
Challenge: Advancing Energy Informatics to Enable Assessable Improvements of Energy Performance in Buildings

Within the emerging discipline of Energy Informatics people are researching, developing and applying information and communication technologies, energy engineering and computer science to address energy challenges. In this paper we discuss the challenge of advancing energy informatics to enable assessable improvements of energy performance in buildings. This challenge follows a long-standing goal within the built environment to develop processes that enable predictable outcomes. Implementing this goal in the research framework of energy informatics creates a need for establishing a new underlying assumption, which states that the impact of energy informatics solutions should be assessable. This assumption applies to particular building contexts and when solutions act simultaneously. Research based on this assumption will enable new sound processes for the built environment facilitating informed decision for adding intelligent solutions to buildings compared to only favoring passive building improvements.
Destruction of intertidal bar morphology during a summer storm surge event: Example of positive morphodynamic feedback

G. Masselink, T. Aagaard and A. Kroon, 2011. Destruction of intertidal bar morphology during a summer storm surge event: Example of positive morphodynamic feedback. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 64 (Proceedings of the 11th International Coastal Symposium), ��� - ���. Poland, ISSN 0749-0208 Onshore migration and subsequent destruction of an intertidal slip-face bar was documented during a 1-day field exper im ent at Skallingen, Denmark, in August 2010. The experiment coincided with an unusual summer storm that was associated with a 40-50 cm storm surge and offshore waves that were significantly larger than the 5% annual exceedance wave height at the site. High-resolution measurements of morphological change were obtained at a spatial scale of 2 m and a temporal scale of 15 minutes and these were complemented by measurements of inshore waves, longshore currents and wave runup. The measurements demonstrated an example of positive morphodynamic feedback. Once the bar crest elevation started to decrease because of wave overtopping and sediment transport into the runnel on the rising tide, the bar crest lowered and overwash frequency increased, leading to enhanced crest erosion, even under conditions of constant or slowly falling tide conditions. Due to the relatively small spatial scale of slip-face bar systems and the occurrence of positive feedback, they can be destroyed over a single tidal cycle.
Modelling the effects of thermal environment and dietary composition on pig performance: model logic and concepts

A deterministic, dynamic pig growth model is described that predicts the effects of genotype and the thermal and nutritional environments on food intake, growth and body composition of growing pigs. From the daily potential for protein gain, as determined by pig genotype and current state, the potential gains of the other chemical components, including ‘desired’ lipid gain, are calculated. Unconstrained voluntary food intake is predicted from the current protein and lipid contents of the pig, and the composition of the food, as that which is needed to permit potential growth to be achieved. The model allows compensatory lipid gain. The composition of the food is described in terms of its digestible energy content (DEC), ideal digestible crude protein content (IDCPC) and bulkiness. Both energy and protein can be limiting resources and the bulk of the food may constrain intake. The animal’s capacity for bulk is a function of its size. The thermal environment is described by the ambient temperature, wind speed, floor type and humidity and sets the maximum (HL max ) and minimum (HL min ) values possible for heat loss. A comparison with heat production (HP) determines whether the environment is hot (HP > HL max ), cold (HP min ) or thermoneutral (HL min max ). A constraint on intake operates in hot environments, while in cold environments, there is an extra thermal demand. If conditions are thermoneutral no further action is taken. Daily gains of each of the chemical components are calculated by partitioning energy intake between protein and lipid gains according only to the energy to protein ratio of the food. The model builds on the work of others in the literature as it allows predictions on how changes in: (i) the kind of pig; (ii) the animal’s current state, which is particularly relevant in cases of compensatory growth; (iii) the dietary composition, and; (iv) the climatic environment, affect food intake and growth, whilst maintaining simplicity and flexibility.