Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Migration strategy of a flight generalist, the Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus

Migrating birds are believed to minimize the time spent on migration rather than energy. Birds seem to maximize migration speed in different ways as a noteworthy variation in migration strategies exists. We studied migration strategies of a ﬂight mode and feeding generalist, the Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus , using GPS-based satellite telemetry. We expected the gulls to achieve very high overall migration speeds by traveling via the shortest direct route, traveling during a large part of the day and night, and making few and short stopovers. Fourteen individuals were tracked between the Dutch breeding colony and the wintering sites in England, southern Europe and northwest Africa. The gulls did not travel via the shortest possible route but made substantial detours by their tendency to follow coasts. Although the gulls traveled during most of the day, and sometimes during the night, they did not achieve long daily distances (177 and 176 km/day in autumn and spring, respectively), which is explained by the gulls stopping frequently on travel days to forage. Furthermore, due to frequent and long migratory stopovers, their overall migration speed was among the lowest recorded for migratory birds (44 and 98 km/day, in autumn and spring, respectively). A possible explanation for the unexpected frequent stopovers and low migration speeds is that gulls do not minimize the duration of migration but rather minimize the costs of migration. Energy rather than time might be important for short-distance migrating birds, resulting in very different migration strategies compared with long-distance migrants.
ScholarWorks at University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Mood Management Intervention for College Smokers with Mood Management Intervention for College Smokers with Elevated Depressive Symptoms: A Pilot Study Elevated Depressive Symptoms: A Pilot Study

Objective— This pilot study examined smoking reduction and cessation among college smokers with elevated depressive symptomatology participating in a group-based behavioral counseling, mood management, and motivational enhancement combined intervention (CBT). Participants & Methods— Fifty-eight smokers (smoked ≥ 6 days in the past 30) were randomized to six sessions of CBT (n=29) or a nutrition-focused attention-matched control group (CG, n=29). Results— Relative to CG participants, significantly more CBT participants reduced smoking intensity by 50% ( χ 2 (1, N=58)=4.86, p=. 028) at end of treatment. Although CBT participants maintained smoking reductions at 3- and 6-month follow-up, group differences were no longer significant. No group differences in cessation emerged. Finally, participants in both groups evidenced increased motivation to reduce smoking at end of treatment (F(1, 44)=11.717, p=. 001, η p2 =. 207). Conclusions— Findings demonstrate the utility of this intervention for smoking reduction and maintenance of reductions over time among a population of college students with elevated depressive symptomatology. Cigarette smoking causes significant morbidity and mortality and represents a major public health concern. 1 Approximately 30-44% of college students report smoking in the past 30 days, 2-4 yet few cessation interventions have been evaluated for this population. 5, 6 Prior studies of smoking interventions designed for college students show mixed results, 7-11 however promising work suggests that smoking interventions may indeed impact use. 5 In addition to smoking, many college students report significant depressive symptoms, 12 an experience with the potential to increase smoking behavior and impede cessation. Research with adolescents and adults documents cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and lifetime prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and cigarette smoking. 13, 15, 16 Recent work suggests that the positive relationship between depressive symptoms and smoking extends to college students.
Testing modified gravity models with multi-wavelength observations of galaxy clusters

Cosmological observations have revealed that our universe is in an accelerated expansion phase. This fact suggests that an extra energy component with negative pressure, which is called dark energy, is present in the universe. It is known that a cosmological constant best explains the cosmological observations, but there is a fundamental problem, called the cosmological constant problem. On the other hand, modified gravity theories can serve as an alternative to dark energy models to explain the cosmic acceleration. There are many models of the modified gravity: for example, the f(R) model, which introduces a nonlinear function of the Ricci scalar in addition to the Einstein–Hilbert term; the Dvali–Gabadaze– Porrati (DGP) model, motivated by the 5D brane world scenario; and the Galileon model, which introduces a scalar field with higher derivative terms in the Lagrangian, but keeps a second-order differential equation as the equation of motion. These models introduce additional degrees of freedom, which give rise to a fifth force. For example, the chameleon model, which is equivalent to the f(R) model, modifies gravity by introducing a scalar field which is non-minimally coupled with the matter components and gives rise to a fifth force that can be of the same order as the standard gravitational force. The DGP model and the Galileon model also include a scalar field, which gives rise to a fifth force. Any fifth forces are, however, severely constrained by experiments in the solar system. So viable models with modified gravity must employ screening mechanisms to evade these constraints. For example, the chameleon and f(R) models are equipped with the chameleon mechanism, and the DGP and Galileon models are equipped with the Vainshtein mechanism. These mechanisms screen behavior of the fifth force depending on the matter density and the space-time curvature. The screening mechanisms work in high-density regions where the matter density contrast is nonlinear but do not work over large cosmological scales. In the context of screening mechanisms, galaxy clusters are a useful regime for testing modified gravity because they are objects on the transition between linear and nonlinear scales. Namely, standard
sleep quality changes in insomniacs and non-insomniacs after acute altitude exposure and its relationship with acute mountain sickness

Objective: We aimed to observe the changes in subjective sleep quality among insomniacs and non-insomniacs after acute ascending to 3,700 m and its possible relationship with acute mountain sickness (AMS). Methods: A total of 600 adult men were recruited. Subjects’ subjective sleep quality was evaluated by the Athens Insomnia Scale. AMS was assessed using the Lake Louise scoring system. Arterial oxygen saturation was measured. Results: Despite insomnia resolution in only a few subjects, the prevalence of insomnia among insomniacs remained stable at 90% after rapid ascent to 3,700 m. However, among non-insomniacs, the prevalence of insomnia sharply increased to 32.13% in the first day of altitude exposure and progressively reduced to 4.26% by the 60th day of altitude stay. Moreover, the prevalences of insomnia symptoms decreased more markedly from day 1 to day 60 at 3,700 m among non-insomniacs than among insomniacs. At 3,700 m, the prevalence of AMS among insomniacs was 79.01%, 60.49%, and 32.10% on the first, third, and seventh days, respectively, which was significantly higher than that among non-insomniacs. Multivariate regression revealed that elevated Athens Insomnia Scale scores are an independent risk factor for AMS (adjusted odds ratio 1.388, 95% confidence interval: 1.314–1.464, P  0.001), whereas high arterial oxygen saturation and long duration of altitude exposure are protective factors against AMS. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the effect of high-altitude exposure on subjective sleep quality is more marked, but disappears more quickly, among non-insomniacs than among insomniacs, whereas AMS is especially common among insomniacs. Moreover, poor subjective sleep quality is a risk factor for
‘ Native ’ Objects and Collaborators : Infants ’ Object Choices and Acts of Giving Reflect Favor for Native over Foreign Speakers 5

Infants learn from adults readily and cooperate with them spontaneously, but how do they select culturally appropriate teachers and collaborators? Building on evidence that children demonstrate social preferences for speakers 15 of their native language, Experiment 1 presented 10-month-old infants with videotaped events in which a native and a foreign speaker introduced two different toys. When given a chance to choose between real exemplars of the objects, infants preferentially chose the toy modeled by the native speaker. In Experiment 2, 2.5-year-old children were presented with the same video20 taped native and foreign speakers and played a game in which they could offer an object to one of two individuals. Children reliably gave to the native speaker. Together, the results suggest that infants and young children are selective social learners and cooperators and that language provides one basis for this selectivity. 25
Trade, Insecurity, and Home Bias: an Empirical Investigation

Corruption and imperfect contract enforcement dramatically reduce trade. This paper estimates the reduction, using a structural model of import demand in which transactions costs impose a price markup on traded goods. We find that inadequate institutions constrain trade far more than tariffs do. We also find that omitting indexes of institutional quality from the model leads to an underestimate of home bias. Using a broad sample of countries, we find that the traded goods expenditure share declines significantly as income per capita rises, other things equal. Cross-country variation in the effectiveness of institutions offers a simple explanation of the observed global pattern of trade, in which high-income, capital-abundant countries trade disproportionately with one another.
Robust Tube-Based Model Predictive Control for Lane Change Maneuver of Tractor-Trailer Vehicles Based on a Polynomial Trajectory

This paper reports an effective quintic polynomial-based trajectory planning approach and a robust tube-based model predictive control (RTMPC) method for an underactuated tractor-trailer vehicle system during lane change maneuver. To begin with, a time-based quintic polynomial function is introduced for implementation of trajectory planning, which takes vehicle system safety, comfort, and traffic efficiency into account. After that, an RTMPC scheme, consisting of a nominal system-oriented model predictive controller and an ancillary feedback control law, is proposed to construct posture controller, such that favorable transient performances can be achieved for the trajectory tracking process. Lastly, the simulation results confirm that the proposed lane change trajectory planning and tracking control methods can effectively perform the lane change behaviors for tractor-trailer vehicles.
On the Origin of Tail States and Open Circuit Voltage Losses in Cu(In,Ga)Se2

The detrimental effect of tail states on the radiative and non‐radiative voltage loss has been demonstrated to be a limiting factor for the open circuit voltage (VOC) in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. A strategy that has proven effective in reducing tail states is the addition of alkali metals, the effect of which has been associated with the passivation of charged defects at grain boundaries. Herein, tail states in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 are revisited by studying the effect of compositional variations and alkali incorporation into single‐crystal films. The results demonstrate that sodium and potassium decrease the density of tail states despite the absence of grain boundaries, suggesting that there is more to alkalis than just grain boundary effects. Moreover, an increase in doping as a result of sodium or potassium incorporation is shown to contribute to the reduced tail states, which are demonstrated to arise largely from electrostatic potential fluctuations and to be determined by grain interior properties. By analyzing the voltage loss in high‐efficiency polycrystalline and single crystalline devices, this work presents a model that explains the entirety of the voltage loss in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based on the combined effect of doping on tail states and VOC.
Availability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) to Earthworms in Urban Soils

We studied the uptake of 20 PAHs and 12 PCBs from 25 field-contaminated soils by Lumbricus terrestris L. and tested the suitability of the equilibrium partitioning theory (EPT) to describe the uptake. The bioavailability of PAHs and PCBs was assessed by exhaustive (hexane-acetone) and nonexhaustive extraction methods (methanol−water 1:1 and 0.5 M NaOH). The latter extracted on average 6−68% and 2−42% of the total PAH concentrations and 7−81% and 9−22% of the total PCB concentrations, respectively. The extractability of an individual compound decreased with increasing octanol−water partitioning coefficient (KOW) and was higher for the PCBs than for the PAHs. The EPT described the uptake of PAHs and PCBs well. After 15 d of exposure, the concentrations in earthworms were near steady-state. We found close correlations between concentrations in all extracts and concentrations in earthworms after 15 d of exposure (total: r = 0.75−0.94; methanol−water: r = 0.68−0.94; NaOH: r = 0.59−0.87). The average biota-t.
Joint analysis of simultaneous EEG and eye tracking data for video images

Purpose Technological innovation has made it possible to review how a film cues particular reactions on the part of the viewers. The purpose of this paper is to capture and interpret visual perception and attention by the simultaneous use of eye tracking and electroencephalography (EEG) technologies. Design/methodology/approach The authors have developed a method for joint analysis of EEG and eye tracking. To achieve this goal, an algorithm was implemented to capture and interpret visual perception and attention by the simultaneous use of eye tracking and EEG technologies. All parameters have been measured as a function of the relationship between the tested signals, which, in turn, allowed for a more accurate validation of hypotheses by appropriately selected calculations. Findings The results of this study revealed a coherence between EEG and eye tracking that are of particular relevance for human perception. Practical implications This paper endeavors both to capture and interpret visual perception and attention by the simultaneous use of eye tracking and EEG technologies. Eye tracking provides a powerful real-time measure of viewer region of interest. EEG technologies provides data regarding the viewer’s emotional states while watching the movie. Originality/value The approach in this paper is distinct from similar studies because it takes into account the integration of the eye tracking and EEG technologies. This paper provides a method for determining a fully functional video introspection system.
EVS 26 Los Angeles , California , May 6-9 , 2012 Multifunctional Optimal Design of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Wheel Motors for Light Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a systematic approach of optimal design for an axial-flux permanent magnet wheel motor to have high torque density for light electric vehicles. First, the winding type and the numbers of slots and poles are determined at the stage of preliminary design. A magnetic circuit model with an effective air-gap distribution is then established for sensitivity analysis and multifunctional optimization. Finally, the finite element analysis is performed for verifying and refining the motor with the best torque density to fulfill design specifications. The theory of maximum torque per ampere is also applied to estimate the torque and power versus speed curves of the resulting wheel motor before it is fabricated.
Airway inflammation in Japanese COPD patients compared with smoking and nonsmoking controls

Purpose: To assess the importance of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by measuring airway and systemic inflammatory biomarkers in Japanese patients with the disease and relevant control groups. Patients and methods: This was the first study of its type in Japanese COPD patients. It was a non-treatment study in which 100 participants were enrolled into one of three groups: nonsmoking controls, current or ex-smoking controls, and COPD patients. All participants underwent standard lung function assessments and provided sputum and blood samples from which the numbers of inflammatory cells and concentrations of biomarkers were measured, using standard procedures. Results: The overall trends observed in levels of inflammatory cells and biomarkers in sputum and blood in COPD were consistent with previous reports in Western studies. Increasing levels of neutrophils, interleukin 8 (IL-8), surfactant protein D (SP-D), and Krebs von den Lungen 6 (KL-6) in sputum and clara cell 16 (CC-16), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and KL-6 in serum and plasma fibrinogen were seen in the Japanese COPD patients compared with the non-COPD control participants. In sputum, significant correlations were seen between total cell count and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9; P  0.001), neutrophils and MMP-9 ( P  0.001), macrophages and KL-6 ( P  0.01), total cell count and IL-8 ( P  0.05), neutrophils and IL-8 ( P  0.05), and macrophages and MMP-9 ( P  0.05). Significant correlations were also observed between some inflammatory cells in sputum and biomarkers in serum, with the most significant between serum CC-16 and both total cell count ( P  0.005) and neutrophils ( P  0.005) in sputum. Conclusion: These results provide evidence for the first time that COPD in Japanese patients is a multicomponent disease, involving both airway and systemic inflammation, in addition to airway obstruction. Therefore, intervention with anti-inflammatory therapy may provide additional
ESTIMATING STRESS FLUCTUATIONS IN POLYCRYSTALS USING AN IMPROVED MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHOD

The prediction of local ﬁeld statistics from eﬀective properties is an open problem in the ﬁeld of micromechanics. Partial information on the local ﬁeld statistics is accessible from homogenization assumptions. In particular, exact phase-wise second moments of stresses can be calculated analytically from the eﬀective strain energy density. In recent years, full-ﬁeld calculations have become eﬃcient enough to sample large ensembles of microstructures in the plastic regime (e.g. Gehrig et. al [4]). In the present work, the maximum entropy method known from statistical thermodynamics is used to estimate ﬁrst and second moments of local stresses from known eigenstrain distributions. The simple and reﬁned formulations of the maximum entropy method proposed by Kreher and Pompe [9] are considered. While the simple method yields satisfactory results for a large amount of material classes (cf. Krause and Böhlke [7]), we prove that it does not respect the linearity of the eigenstrain problem. We further show that neither method corresponds to the exact second moments of stresses known from the eﬀective strain energy density. By incorporating additional information, we ﬁnd an improved maximum entropy method. As an example, we analyze stress ﬂuctuations in polycristalline titanium. For the exact analytical solution and the maximum entropy methods, we use the singular approximation and the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. For comparison, we numerically approximate full-ﬁeld statistics using an FFT approach. In all methods, the stress ﬂuctuations caused by the anisotropy of the single crystal strongly inﬂuence the elastic-plastic transition.
The Laplacian energy and Laplacian eigenvalues of the K-trees

A k-tree is either a complete graph on k vertices or a graph obtained from a smaller k-tree by adjoining a new vertex together with k edges connecting it to a k-clique. Denote the set of all n-vertex k-trees by T k n . In this paper, we impose some restrictions on the spectrum of a k-tree with the k number has largest Laplacian energy and smallest Laplacian energy among all the graphs satisfying those conditions. The corresponding extremal graphs are characterized respectively as well.
Design and analysis of novel optimal harmonic elimination strategy based on MOPSO to obliterate low‐order harmonics of odd‐nary cascaded transformers‐based multilevel inverter

Creating a high‐step staircase sinusoidal voltage taking into account of low number of switches is recognized as a significant challenge ahead of inventors of power electronics. This paper suggests a maiden cascaded transformer‐based multilevel inverter to effectively develop and solve the abovementioned challenge. Hence, via appending the bidirectional switches to the capacitors of submultilevel inverter as well as low‐frequency transformers, the proposed inverter structure can flexibly operate as so‐called “odd‐nary asymmetrical multilevel inverter. ” From the perspective of low‐order harmonics produced by all inverter structures, apart from inverter type, it is essential that an effective strategy to be implemented to eliminate these harmonics. Toward this subject, kerf‐style Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (SHEPWM) has been scheduled as an optimization problem. Because of nature of multiobjective state of the problem, application of the multiobjective optimization technique is inevitable. Considering significant performance of Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) for solving the nonlinear objectives, the elimination of fifth, seventh, and 11th harmonics is formulated by relevant fitness functions based on MOPSO. Putting it all together, the relevant analytical study accompanying both the simulation and experimental results has transparently verified the performance of the proposed multilevel inverter. Furthermore, elimination of all three designated low‐order harmonics, ie, fifth, seventh, and 11th harmonics using MOPSO‐based kerf‐style SHEPWM strategy has been well confirmed.