Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taphonomy and origin of an accumulate of soft‐bodied cephalopods in the Oxford Clay Formation (Jurassic, England)

An exceptionally well‐preserved fauna from a new exposure in the Peterborough Member (Oxford Clay Formation) of southern England, equivalent to the famous and now inaccessible Lagerstätte at Christian Malford, Wiltshire, is described. It comes from a single bed and includes coleoid cephalopods with phosphatized soft tissues, and fully articulated fish. The level is unusual in that it lacks permanent benthos and is dominated by ‘rain‐out’ from the upper water column. It was deposited on a sea floor that experienced prolonged periods of anoxia and which was overlain by a water column that was at least intermittently stratified. It is postulated that the coleoids formed large shoals that were killed en masse, together with other elements of the associated fauna, in one or more catastrophic mass mortality events that affected a significant area of the Peterborough Member sea. During the event(s), many of the coleoids preyed upon moribund fish and other coleoids, sometimes of the same species, before becoming overcome themselves. Crucially for the phosphatization of their soft tissues, the substrate surface was ‘soupy’ and allowed them to sink to a zone of rapid diagenesis where levels of dissolved phosphorus were greatly augmented by the large number of associated decaying carcasses.
Asian Summer Monsoon in CMIP5 Projections: A Link between the Change in Extreme Precipitation and Monsoon Dynamics

AbstractChange in extreme events in climate projections is a major concern. If the frequency of dry events is expected to increase in a warmer climate (thus, the overall number of wet days will decrease), heavy and extreme precipitation are also expected to increase because of a shift of the precipitation spectrum. However, the forecasts exhibit numerous uncertainties.This study focuses on the Asian region, separated into the following three subregions: the East Asian region, the Indian region, and western North Pacific region, where the summer monsoon can bring heavy rainfall. Particularly emphasized herein is the reliability of the projection, using data from a large ensemble of 30 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The scattering of the ensemble enables obtaining an optimal estimate of the uncertainties, and it is used to compute the correlation between projected changes of extreme events and circulation changes.The results show clear spatial and temporal variations in th.
On not undermining the science: coherence, validation and expertise. Discussion of Invited Commentary by Keith Beven Hydrological Processes, 20, 3141–3146 (2006)

Received 19 October 2006 Accepted 9 November 2006 Keith Beven in his recent Invited Commentary ‘On undermining science? ’ (Beven, 2006a) called for a discussion on the topic of uncertainty in the pages of HP Today. This is a topic that we have enjoyed debating with Professor Beven in the past and we are happy to respond to his call. His Commentary argued that uncertainty analysis does not undermine science and, by the same token, we argue that subjecting uncertainty analysis to vigorous scrutiny and challenge should not undermine it. In short, we are supporters of uncertainty analysis in practically all its forms and so, by challenging the aspects of Beven’s commentary, we are not seeking to undermine his aim, which we interpret as conscientious reporting of uncertainties and of the methodological assumptions used in calculating those uncertainties. We agree that hydrologists should be challenged to apply more rigour and consistency in their reporting of uncertainties. Beven suggests that there is now only one defence against the evaluation of uncertainty in the prediction of environmental models, and that is computational cost. Yet, as he goes on to point out, even GCMs are now being run in ensemble mode and advances in parallel and grid computing are weakening even the computational defence. Uncertainty analysis of very complex models will never be easy. Since this is the case, as much effort should go into developing computational methods and reduced complexity versions (be they data-based emulators, reduced form mechanistic models or hybrids thereof), which do permit uncertainty analysis, as is invested in development of the models themselves. At the moment, uncertainty analysis is too often an afterthought for model builders. At the last count, the Hadley Centre for Climate Change Research employed 173 scientists, most of them developing and running GCMs. Fewer than 10 were involved in uncertainty analysis!
Cystatin C and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate as Predictors for Adverse Outcome in Patients with St-elevation and Non–st-elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Results from the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (plato) Study

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the predictive ability of cystatin C and creatinine-based estimations of glomer-ular filtration rate (eGFR), including the Chronic Kidney Disease–Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) equation, in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with (STE-ACS) or without (NSTE-ACS) ST elevation in a large contemporary ACS population.
Quantitative cardiac dual source CT; from morphology to function

Propelled by the synergy of the groundbreaking advancements in the ability to analyze high-dimensional datasets and the increasing availability of imaging and clinical data, machine learning (ML) is poised to transform the practice of cardiovascular medicine. Owing to the growing body of literature validating both the diagnostic performance as well as the prognostic implications of anatomic and physiologic findings, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is now a well-established non-invasive modality for the assessment of cardiovascular disease. ML has been increasingly utilized to optimize performance as well as extract data from CCTA as well as non-contrast enhanced cardiac CT scans. The purpose of this review is to describe the contemporary state of ML based algorithms applied to cardiac CT, as well as to provide clinicians with an understanding of its benefits and associated limitations.
Cloud climatology over the oceanic regions adjacent to the Indian Subcontinent: inter-comparison between passive and active sensors

Understanding the cloud vertical structure and its variation in space and time is important to reduce the uncertainty in climate forcing. Here, we present the cloud climatology over the oceanic regions (Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and South Indian Ocean) adjacent to the Indian subcontinent using data from the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), GCM-Oriented CALIPSO Cloud Product (GOCCP), and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Fractional cloud cover (fc) shows stronger seasonal variations over the Arabian Sea (mean annual fc lies in the range 0.5–0.61) and Bay of Bengal (mean annual fc lies in the range 0.69–0.75) relative to the South Indian Ocean (mean annual fc lies in the range 0.64–0.71). Inter-comparison of statistics from passive (MISR, MODIS and ISCCP) and active (GOCCP) sensors reveals the challenges in interpreting satellite data for climate implications. While MISR detects more low clouds because of its stereo technique, MODIS and ISCCP detect more high clouds because of their radiometric techniques. Therefore, a combination of these two techniques in passive sensors may lead to more realistic understanding of the cloud vertical structure. GOCCP (active sensor) can detect multilayer cloud, but accuracy reduces if the high clouds are optically thick. A dominance of low and high clouds throughout the year is observed in these regions, where cumulus and cirrus dominate among low and high clouds, respectively.
2018 UK national guideline for the management of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Changes since 2011 guideline • First line empirical treatment is now monotherapy with ceftriaxone 1 g intramuscularly • If antimicrobial susceptibility test results from all sites of infection are available prior to treatment and the isolate is sensitive to ciprofloxacin, then this should be used for treatment in preference to ceftriaxone • Inclusion of testing recommendations in people following genital reconstructive surgery • Recommendations for extra-genital testing in those with suspected or confirmed antimicrobial resistance • Epidemiological treatment is recommended only for those presenting within 14 days of exposure. For those presenting after 14 days of exposure we recommend treatment based on the results of testing
Box model studies of ClOx deactivation and ozone loss during the 1991/92 northern hemisphere winter

The authors present the results of a box type photochemical model applied to study the evolution of chlorine oxides in the arctic stratosphere. Earlier studies have shown that during the January 1992 time frame, cold temperatures, and the presence of polar stratospheric clouds mediated the formation of excess quantities of chlorine oxides in the stratosphere. In practice these active gasses did not significantly impact ozone because of the lack of sunlight to drive photochemical reactions. As temperature warmed, this excess active chlorine level relaxed back to more stable reservoir molecules such as ClONO[sub 2]. The authors use their model to study the time evolution of this change, and the impact volcanic aerosols had on the rates.
The Conservation of Potential vorticity along Lagrangian Trajectories in Simulations of Eddy-Driven Flows

Abstract The purpose of this note is to investigate the use of Lagrangian potential vorticity conservation as a numerically independent method for checking a posteriori the dynamical consistency of an eddy-resolving GCM simulation. This is performed for a series of simulations with increasing horizontal and vertical resolution. The result that higher vertical modes play a catalytic role in the largest scales of eddy-driven flows is independently confirmed through this Lagrangian test.
Geophysical characteristics of the southern Mariana Trough, 11°50'N-13°40'N

Despite slow opening rates generally inferred for the Mariana Trough, the southernmost part of the basin has “fast spreading” geophysical and morphologic characteristics that are unlike the features of the basin to the north. A side-scan sonar and geophysical survey maps the eastern part of the basin and the seafloor spreading center between 11°50′N and 13°40′N and identifies the following characteristics: the ridge across-axis profile forms a triangular to rounded high with relief of 100 to 500 m and cross-sectional area variations of 1 to 7 km2; the along-axis mantle Bouguer gravity gradient is 0.2 mGal/km; axial segmentation occurs as overlapping axes and small deviation in trend; no transform fault offsets exist despite significant changes in the trend of the spreading center. Characteristics of the surrounding basin include shallower overall depth than in the north; no well-developed frontal arc high in the southernmost trough; the close proximity of submarine arc-type volcanoes to the spreading center; and tectonic fabric that is at a high angle to the trend of the spreading center on the eastern flank but is concordant on the western flank. These characteristics imply different tectonic and magmatic conditions in the southern trough from the rest of the basin. We propose that these effects are related to (1) the geometry of trench rollback in the southern trough leading to trench-parallel extension generating inward radiating extensional faults; (2) decoupling of the trench-parallel extensional strain by the spreading center so that it primarily affects the eastern flank of the basin; and (3) augmentation of the spreading center's magmatic budget by arc magmatic sources contributing to its fast spreading character. Although these effects may be accentuated in the southern Mariana Trough by the geometry of trench rollback and position of the slab, which here underlies the spreading center, they reflect distinct volcanic and tectonic processes which are varyingly expressed in back arc systems but are not normally found at mid-ocean ridges.
Average Lifetime and Age Spectra of Detrital Grains: Toward a Unifying Theory of Sedimentary Particles

The observed average lifetime of minerals, as estimated by the average survival time of dated detrital grains, correlates linearly with DC estimated from dissolution rates of minerals but does not correlate with DH estimated by mineral hardness. The best predictor of the observed average lifetime is the total durability, an estimator that combines DC and DH indices. The age spectra of grains (i.e., age frequency distributions of radiometrically dated detrital minerals) tend to be right skewed, as predicted by the exponential model used to describe the lifetime of mechanical parts (Weibull function) or the radioactive decay of atoms. Consistent with the model, the less durable grains produce age spectra that are more right skewed and leptokurtic and may yield more accurate estimates of depositional age, whereas the more durable grains often depart from the exponential model, and their age spectra primarily reflect long‐term geological changes in the rate of grain production. The integration of geochronological dates and laboratory mineralogical data indicates that the basic statistical parameters of age spectra of dated grains can be estimated and modeled in a quantitative way. The average lifetimes of detrital grains can be quantified from intrinsic properties of minerals, and these quantitative estimates agree well with the qualitative predictions of the classic weathering sequence of Goldich.
Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data – or Tears : An Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India

valuable discussions and comments, some on an earlier version of the paper (Filmer and Pritchett 1998). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. 2 ABSTRACT Using data from India we estimate the relationship between household wealth and child school enrollment. We proxy wealth by constructing a linear index from asset ownership indicators, using principal components analysis to derive weights. In Indian data this index is robust to the assets included, produces internally coherent results, and state level results correspond well with independent data on per capita output and poverty. To validate the method we use data sets from Indonesia, Pakistan and Nepal that contain information on both expenditures and assets to show the asset index predicts enrollments as well as, or better, than expenditures. The results show large, variable, wealth gaps in the enrollment of children across states of India. While on average a " rich " child is 31 percentage points more likely to be enrolled than a " poor " child, this gap varies from only 4.6 in Kerala, to 38.2 in Uttar Pradesh and 42.6 percentage points in Bihar.
Projection of future world water resources under SRES scenarios: water withdrawal / Projection des ressources en eau mondiales futures selon les scénarios du RSSE: prélèvement d'eau

Abstract Potential changes in the availability of water resources are one of the greatest concerns relating to global climate warming. Socio-economic developments will also influence water use and demands. This study was conducted to evaluate potential changes in water withdrawals and availability under various socio-economic and climate change scenarios. In the current paper, which presents the first part of the study, future potential water withdrawals are projected according to socio-economic driving factors under the scenarios A1b, A2, B1, and B2 of the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), which was released for the Fourth Assessment Report on global warming by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR4) in 2000. Total world water withdrawal is currently approximately 3800 km3/year, and will likely exceed 6000 km3/year by 2055, according to all scenarios. Water withdrawal is projected to increase in the future, but change trends largely depend on the socio-economic scenarios. Scenario A2 shows the extreme situation of continuously increasing water withdrawal. The scenario with global cooperation on solutions to social, economic, and environmental issues (Scenario B1) illustrates that society can reach relatively higher economic development by using less water and thus encourages sustainable governance of world water resources. In addition, comparison with other studies is conducted to help us understand the uncertainty range when projecting world water withdrawals according to different methods and assumptions.
Attenuation of Emotional and Nonemotional Memories after their Reactivation: Role of β Adrenergic Receptors

A memory trace in its active state is susceptible to interference by amnesic agents, such as hypothermia and electroconvulsive shock, and by NMDA receptor antagonists, suggesting that a time-dependent consolidation process occurs each time a memory is reactivated. The role of β noradrenergic receptors in reconsolidation in rats was examined in both a positively reinforced radial maze task and a footshock-reinforced conditioned emotional response task. For the former, rats were trained over several days in a spatial reference memory task and received a single reactivation trial followed by propranolol. A temporally graded impairment was observed when propranolol treatment occurred after the memory reactivation trial. In the emotional task, memory impairing effects of propranolol were greater when the drug was administered after a reactivation trial than when administered immediately after the initial training. These results suggest that reactivation of memory triggers a β receptor-dependent cascade of intracellular events, recapitulating that which occurs during initial postacquisition consolidation, thus permitting reorganization of the existing memory as a function of new information in the retrieval environment. This remarkable lability of an active memory trace provides a new basis for pharmacotherapeutic intervention in such syndromes as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. β adrenoreceptor antagonists may be promising pharmacological agents for attenuating debilitating memories at the time of their controlled reactivation.
Efficacy of Posaconazole in a Murine Model of Central Nervous System Aspergillosis

ABSTRACT Human central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis has >90% mortality. We compared posaconazole with other antifungals for efficacy against murine CNS aspergillosis. All tested regimens of posaconazole were equivalent to those of amphotericin B and superior in prolonging survival and reducing CFU to those of itraconazole and caspofungin and to vehicle controls. No antifungal regimen effected cure. No toxicity was noted. Overall, posaconazole shows potential for treating CNS aspergillosis.
RIPARIAN CORRIDOR ASSESSMENT: COMBINING VEGETATION AND STREAM MORPHOLOGY CLASSIFICATIONS INTO A GIS DATABASE

Greater utility for stream monitoring, restoration and management may be achieved through combining observations of remotely sensed and ground based data along stream channels. In 1996, we obtained airborne multispectral videography for 14 Lake Tahoe Basin streams. Using this imagery, we produced vegetation maps of the riparian zone with an average classification accuracy of 69%, verified by ground truthing. We also measured channel morphology for these streams, and combined the data into a GIS database. We found significant differences among stream reach types in vegetation cover composition estimates (percent coniferous and percent riparian herbaceous) in 5, 10, 25 and 50 m buffer zones during ANOVA analysis. Understanding the correlations between vegetation patterns and stream types can provide resource managers with increased insight for management and the ability for more efficient monitoring and stream restoration.
Sulfate-Induced Eutrophication and Phytotoxicity in Freshwater Wetlands

In recent decades, sulfate concentrations in many European freshwater wetlands have increased by 10-fold or more, due mainly to the use of sulfate-polluted river water to compensate for water shortage in these areas. To test the effect of sulfate enrichment, a mesocosm experiment was set up, using waterlogged soil cores, intact with vegetation, from a mesotrophic fen meadow. During sulfate addition at environmentally relevant levels (0, 2, and 4 mmol L -1 ), phosphate concentration and alkalinity of the pore water rapidly rose due to increased sulfate reduction rates. Free sulfide accumulated to levels toxic to several wetland plant species and biomass regrowth after harvesting was significantly lower on treated soils, especially for Carex species. Eventually, the concentrations of ammonium, phosphate, and potassium increased strongly in the treated soils due to reduced uptake by plants and extra mineralization. Sulfate availability was rate limiting, until the supply of readily decomposable organic matter became limited. It is argued that the significance of the observed changes in free sulfide concentrations and in the rate of nutrient mobilization should be recognized, and that these effects can be as important as direct eutrophication caused by the import of nutrients. The reported changes may severely influence the plant species composition of freshwater wetlands.
Reductions of NO2 detected from space during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games

During the 2008 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Beijing (from 8 August to 17 September), local authorities enforced strong measures to reduce air pollution during the events. To evaluate the direct effect of these measures, we use the tropospheric NO2 column observations from the satellite instruments GOME‐2 and OMI. We interpret these data against simulations from the regional chemistry transport model CHIMERE, based on a 2006 emission inventory, and find a reduction of NO2 concentrations of approximately 60% above Beijing during the Olympic period. The air quality measures were especially effective in the Beijing area, but also noticeable in surrounding cities of Tianjin (30% reduction) and Shijiazhuang (20% reduction).