Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water value and water resource evaluation in Hungary

Present appointed target of this study is monetary valuation of water. Evaluation of water as natural resource could raise numerous questions at theoretical level. We will not consider moral, ethical or philosophical views, in this study only the economic aspects and methods and their needs will be discussed. European Union is undoubtedly one of the most influential factors on the present state of our domestic economy, and it is not different in case of water resource management either. The EU determines in its Water Framework Directive for all member states the condition in which this important natural resource must be. The European Union taking into consideration the concerning contracts and Commission opinions justifying the necessity of its establishment has adopted in 53 points the 2000/60/EC directive on 23 October, 2000, the definition and framework of community action in water politics (EU VKI, 2000). The alignment to Water Framework Directive (WFD) at national level required many years of research and consultation to conduct a qualitative and quantitative survey and classification of the water resources of Hungary. Of course, it is required to continue this work, to conduct monitoring, and to make necessary corrective decisions in the future. It can be accepted that the mentioned research results and their attachments of National River Basin Management Plan (NRBMP) are the main pillars of national water resource evaluation. At this approach, NRBMP, which was prepared in accordance with the requirements, can serve as the basis of future evaluations of water resources. This vision could be welcomed by us, because for this reason water resource evaluation methodology can be performed with increasing security and the possible comparison of the resulted values could be more established. In this study, we try to explore the economic aspects of water resource and determine which the most acceptable versions are for us. In addition, we strive to describe water resource evaluation methods in a wider range rather than selecting or developing one, which can best illustrate the estimated value of water resource of Hungary with current available knowledge and data.
The 2004 Parkfield Earthquake and its Relation to the Surrounding Fault-Zone Structure

Parkfield marks the transition between a seismically locked section and a creeping section of the San Andreas Fault (SAF). The locked section, to the SE of Parkfield, is characterized by large earthquakes that occur with a long recurrence interval (last earthquake in 1857 Mw8 Fort Tejon). The creeping section, NW of Parkfield, displays surface creep, as well as very active microseismicity. Bakun and McEvilly (1984) noticed that Parkfield experienced moderate Mw6 earthquakes in average every 22 years. They furthermore observed that the waveforms from the 1922, 1934 and 1966 Parkfield earthquakes were similar. Only identical ruptures can produce identical ground-motion. Thus Bakun and McEvilly (1984) proposed that a “characteristic” Mw6 Parkfield earthquake was due before 1993. As a consequence of their prediction, Parkfield became heavily instrumented. The long awaited Mw6 “1993” earthquake occurred on September 28, 2004. It generated the largest amount of near-source data ever. We invert this unique dataset in order to find a rupture model for the earthquake. Velocity structure, conductivity, and drilling, indicate that the Parkfield fault-zone is composed of very heterogeneous material. To reduce noise in the data, we study site effects at the Parkffield array. The 2004 earthquake produced the largest Peak Ground Velocities (PGV) ever observed for a Mw6 event. Site effects explain fairly well the distribution and amplitude of PGVs.
Learning from the Magic Kingdom

People interact in and with environments. Information in the environment influences how we perceive places and informs what we understand we can and cannot do. For most of our history, the environments we have interacted in were strictly physical. But starting in the 20th Century, we have also started interacting in and with digital environments. We use environmental information to build internal models that allow us to act skillfully toward accomplishing our goals. These internal models are easier to develop if the environment is organized in understandable ways. By studying the design of physical environments, designers can produce digital environments that are easier to understand and navigate. This article offers insights from a specific physical environment: Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Online evaluation of point-of-interest recommendation systems

In this work we describe a system to evaluate multiple pointof-interest recommendation systems. In this system each recommendation service will be exposed online and crowdsourced assessors will interact with merged results from multiple services, which are responding to suggestion requests live, in order to determine which system performs best. This work builds upon work done previously as part of the TREC Contextual Suggestion Track and describes plans for how the track will be run in 2015.
Infant brain regional cerebral blood flow dynamics supporting emergence of vital 1 functional networks

23 Human infancy is characterized by most rapid cerebral blood flow (rCBF) increases across 24 lifespan and emergence of a fundamental brain system default-mode network (DMN). However, 25 how infant rCBF change spatiotemporally across the brain and how the rCBF dynamics support 26 emergence of vital functional networks such as DMN remains unknown. Here, by acquiring 27 cutting-edge multi-modal MRI including pseudo-continuous arterial-spin-labeled perfusion MRI 28 and resting-state functional MRI of infants aged 0 to 24 months, we elucidated unprecedented 4D 29 spatiotemporal infant rCBF framework and region-specific physiology-function coupling across 30 infancy. We found faster rCBF increases in the DMN than other regions. We also found strongly 31 coupled increases of rCBF and network strength specifically in the DMN, suggesting faster local 32 blood flow increase to meet extra neuronal metabolic demands in the DMN maturation. These 33 results offer insights into physiological mechanism of brain functional network emergence and 34 have important implications in altered network maturation in brain disorders. 35
Flipping the switch: Tonal patterns in Mandarin-English code-switching

This paper investigates the phonological implications of bilingual code-switching (CS) be-tween two languages with and without lexical tone, namely Mandarin and English. To this end, we examined the pitch extrema and range of Mandarin targets in two contexts — monolingual Mandarin sentences and English CS sentences — in order to determine whether pitch contour is affected in instances of CS. Previous literature on the phenomenon largely denies the existence of any cross-boundary phonological effects in Western languages; we aimed to discover whether this was equally true for tonal-intonational language pairs. Data was collected from ten subjects (eight female, two male) of heritage Mandarin-speaking backgrounds, each with varying degrees of bilingualism and language dominance. The experimental task consisted of reading aloud a set of twenty monolingual Mandarin sentences and twenty English CS sentences; the recorded audio was then processed in Praat, and the resulting data analyzed in R. We found that all subjects demonstrated the “base language effect” — the influence of the matrix language on the embedded element — to some extent, challenging the results of previous CS studies. Overall, this study aims to broaden the field of CS research to include non-Western languages, and thus further our understanding of this increasingly relevant phenomenon in a multilingual world.
Hurricanes: Catastrophic Effects and Their Physical Nature

Hurricanes are one of the most formidable and threatening phenomena on Earth. They are forming over the warm water under combination of specific conditions. Therefore, they are not so often as one could expect: about 80 per annum with noticeable interannual variability. North-West Pacific is their most common place where they are called typhoons. The next place in numbers is North Atlantics, then Indian Ocean with few hurricanes per year.
Marriage and Work Among Prime-Age Men – Research Dept. Working Paper No. 2313 – Dallas Fed

Married men work substantially more hours than men who have never been married, even after controlling for observables. Panel data reveal that much of this gap is attributable to an increase in work in the years leading up to marriage. Two potential explanations for this increase are: (i) men hit by positive labor market shocks are more likely to marry; and (ii) the prospect of marriage increases men’s labor supply. We quantify the relative importance of these two channels using a structural life-cycle model of marriage and labor supply. Our calibration implies that marriage substantially increases male labor supply. Counterfactual simulations suggest that if men were unable to marry, prime-age male work hours would fall by 7%, and if marriage rates fell to the extent observed, men born around 1980 would work 2% fewer hours than men born around 1960.
Identifying Spatial Clusters within U.S. Organic Agriculture

The market for organically produced products has experienced rapid growth in recent decades; however, this growth has not been distributed evenly across the country instead concentrating in certain regions. Employing measures of spatial concentration and association we identify those counties in which organic production is clustered or represents a proportion of the agricultural economy greater than what would be expected by national trends. Results show that spatial clustering of organic agriculture does exist based on data from the U.S. Census of Agriculture on organic farms, acreage, and value of sales. Counties with the largest location quotients for organic production were most often located in the western U.S., especially California, Washington, and Oregon, the Great Plains states, New England, and in some cases, select counties within Mid-Atlantic States. Organic production clusters as measured by the local Moran’s I statistic followed a similar pattern, clustering primarily in the western U.S. with additional High/high clusters found in the Great Plains, upper Midwest, and areas of New England. When these values were adjusted to represent organic agriculture’s share of a county’s total agriculture, central cluster counties were most likely to be found in New England. Results describing the correlation between organic support establishments and production within identified clusters suggest that organic operations in California and New England may be following different marketing strategies that promote or reduce the likelihood of identifying input-output relationships within these clusters.
Relationships of internet gaming engagement, history, and maladaptive cognitions and adolescent internet gaming disorder: A cross-sectional study

Objective This study tested the mediation effect of maladaptive cognition of internet gaming and moderation effect of internet gaming history in the relationship between internet gaming engagement and internet gaming disorder in adolescents. Method A total of 2,902 secondary school students were surveyed in Hong Kong from February 2021 to December 2021. The proposed moderated mediation model was tested by PROCESS. Results Internet gaming engagement, internet gaming history and maladaptive cognition were positively associated with internet gaming disorder symptoms. Maladaptive cognition significantly mediated the association between internet gaming engagement and internet gaming disorder symptoms in both males and females. In addition, a significant interaction between internet gaming engagement and internet gaming history was detected among females but not for males, namely, the positive relationships of internet gaming engagement with maladaptive cognition and internet gaming disorder symptoms were weaker with the increased years of internet gaming. Conclusions Our study provides a better understanding of the underlying mechanism and boundary condition in the association between internet gaming engagement and internet gaming disorder among adolescents. Preventing interventions should aim to reduce maladaptive cognition and internet gaming engagement. Interventions targeting internet gaming engagement maybe more effective among female gamers who are beginners and all male gamers.
Incidence of switching to second-line antiretroviral therapy and its predictors among children on antiretroviral therapy at general hospitals, Northern Ethiopia: A survival analysis

Background With expanding access to pediatric antiretroviral therapy, several patients in the developing world were switched to the second-line regimen, and some require third-line medications. A delay in a second-line switch is associated with an increased risk of mortality and other undesired therapeutic outcomes, drives up program costs, and challenges the pediatric antiretroviral therapy service. Nevertheless, there remain limited and often conflicting estimates on second-line antiretroviral therapy use during childhood, especially in resource-limited settings like Ethiopia. Thus, this study intended to determine the incidence and predictors of switching to second-line antiretroviral therapy among children. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted by reviewing records of 424 randomly selected children on first-line antiretroviral therapy from January 2014 to December 2018 at public hospitals in the Central and Southern Zones of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Data were collected using extraction tool; entered into Epi-data; cleaned, and analyzed by STATA version-14. Kaplan-Meier curve, log-rank test, and life table were used for data description and adjusted hazard ratios and p-value for analysis by Cox proportional hazard regression. Variables at a P-value of ≤0.20 in the bi-variable analysis were taken to multivariable analysis. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a P-value of ≤0.05. Results and conclusion Analysis was conducted on 424 charts with a total person-time observation of 11686.1 child-months and an incidence switch rate of 5.6 (95%CI: 4.36–7.09) per 1000 child-month-observations. Being orphan [AHR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.10–5.07], suboptimal adherence [AHR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.12–3.92], drug toxicity [AHR = 7.05; 95% CI: 3.61–13.75], advanced latest clinical stage [AHR = 2.75; 95%CI: 1.05–7.15], and tuberculosis co-infection at baseline [AHR = 3.08; 95%CI: 1.26–7.51] were significantly associated with switch to second-line antiretroviral therapy regimen. Moreover, a long duration of follow-up [AHR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.71–0.81] was associated with decreased risk of switching. Hence, it is better to prioritize strengthening the focused evaluation of tuberculosis co-infection and treatment failure with continuous adherence monitoring. Further research is also needed to evaluate the effect of drug resistance.
Training-Induced Circuit-Specific Excitatory Synaptogenesis is Required for Effort Control

*Francesco Paolo Ulloa Severino, Oluwadamilola Lawal, Kristina Sakers, Shiyi Wang, Namsoo Kim, Alexander Friedman, Sarah Johnson, Chaichontat Sriworarat, Ryan Hughes, Scott Soderling, Il Hwan Kim, *Henry Yin, *Cagla Eroglu Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710 Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health and Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences (DIBS), Durham, NC, 27710 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
Design of New Inorganic Crystals with the Desired Composition Using Deep Learning

New solid-state materials have been discovered using various approaches from atom substitution in density functional theory (DFT) to generative models in machine learning. Recently, generative models have shown promising performance in finding new materials. Crystal generation with deep learning has been applied in various methods to discover new crystals. However, most generative models can only be applied to materials with specific elements or generate structures with random compositions. In this work, we developed a model that can generate crystals with desired compositions based on a crystal diffusion variational autoencoder. We generated crystal structures for 14 compositions of three types of materials in different applications. The generated structures were further stabilized using DFT calculations. We found the most stable structures in the existing database for all but one composition, even though eight compositions among them were not in the data set trained in a crystal diffusion variational autoencoder. This substantiates the prospect of the generation of an extensive range of compositions. Finally, 205 unique new crystal materials with energy above hull <100 meV/atom were generated. Moreover, we compared the average formation energy of the crystals generated from five compositions, two of which were hypothetical, with that of traditional methods like atom substitution and a generative model. The generated structures had lower formation energy than those of other models, except for one composition. These results demonstrate that our approach can be applied stably in various fields to design stable inorganic materials based on machine learning.
Lightweight forest smoke and fire detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv5

Smoke and fire detection technology is a key technology for automatically realizing forest monitoring and forest fire warning. One of the most popular algorithms for object detection tasks is YOLOv5. However, it suffers from some challenges, such as high computational load and limited detection performance. This paper proposes a high-performance lightweight network model for detecting forest smoke and fire based on YOLOv5 to overcome these problems. C3Ghost and Ghost modules are introduced into the Backbone and Neck network to achieve the purpose of reducing network parameters and improving the feature’s expressing performance. Coordinate Attention (CA) module is introduced into the Backbone network to highlight the object’s important information about smoke and fire and to suppress irrelevant background information. In Neck network part, in order to distinguish the importance of different features in feature fusing process, the weight parameter of feature fusion is added which is based on PAN (path aggregation network) structure, which is named PAN-weight. Multiple sets of controlled experiments were conducted to confirm the proposed method’s performance. Compared with YOLOv5s, the proposed method reduced the model size and FLOPs by 44.75% and 47.46% respectively, while increased precision and mAP(mean average precision)@0.5 by 2.53% and 1.16% respectively. The experimental results demonstrated the usefulness and superiority of the proposed method. The core code and dataset required for the experiment are saved in this article at https://github.com/vinchole/zzzccc.git.
Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of Cordyceps militaris spent substrate

Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal mushroom and has been extensively used as a traditional medicine in East Asia. After the chrysalis seeds are matured and harvested, the spent substrate of C. militaris still contains active ingredients but is usually discarded as waste. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of C. militaris spent substrate extract and its inhibitory activity on the Malassezia commensal yeasts that can cause dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Active substances in the spent substrate of C. militaris were extracted using a hot water extraction method and were used for the determination of antioxidant activity by measuring their ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anions. The ability to inhibit Malassezia was analyzed using the broth microdilution method, and the reparative effect on oxidative damage in HaCaT cells was measured using in vitro cell analysis. Respiratory burst evaluation was used to determine the anti-inflammatory capacity of extracts. Analysis of the Malassezia-inhibiting activity of the extracts showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration was 6.25 mg/mL. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of DPPH, O2-, H2O2 and OH- were 3.845 mg/mL, 2.673 mg/mL, 0.037 mg/mL and 0.046 mg/mL, respectively. In the concentration range of 2 to 50%, the extract was non-toxic to cells and was able to protect HaCaT cells from H2O2 damage. When the volume fraction of the extract was 20.96%, its anti-inflammatory ability reached 50%. These results demonstrated that the extract may be a safe and efficacious source for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications, with Malassezia-inhibiting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
Algebraic Curvature Tensors of Einstein and Weakly Einstein Model Spaces

This research investigates the restrictions on the symmetric bilinear form with associated algebraic curvature tensor R in Einstein and Weakly Einstein model spaces. We show that if a model space is Einstein and has a positive definite inner product, then: if the scalar curvature is non-negative, the model space has constant sectional curvature, and if the scalar curvature is negative, the matrix associated to the symmetric bilinear form can have at most two eigenvalues.
Modelling sovereign credit ratings and assessing the impartiality: A case study of China

The post-COVID-19 era presents a looming threat of global debt, elevating concerns regarding sovereign credit ratings worldwide. This study develops a new index system, divides the rating variables into long- and short-term factors, performs rating fitting and prediction, and investigates the fairness of China and relevant countries. Our findings reveal that sovereign credit ratings have a deterrent effect on the global financial market due to the ceiling effect and quasi-public goods characteristics. A high and stable credit rating demands long-term enhancements in economic fundamentals, budget balances, external surpluses, and overall solvency. Concurrently, effective short-term debt management strategies, including reduction, repayment, and swaps, are essential. Moreover, we introduce the concept of a "rating gap" to assess rating fairness, revealing both undervaluation and overvaluation among countries. Notably, China’s sovereign rating was underestimated between 2009 and 2011 and overestimated between 2013 and 2016. These findings underscore the criticality of government vigilance in monitoring sovereign debt and credit ratings to navigate potential post-COVID-19 sovereign debt crises.