Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological hallmarks of location‐based and object‐based visual multiple objects tracking

Converging evidence shows that our visual system can track multiple visual, independently moving items over time. This is accomplished location‐based by maintaining the individual spatial information of each target item or object‐based by constructing an abstract object‐based representation out of the tracked items. Previous work showed specific behavioural, electrophysiological and haemodynamic markers for location‐based or object‐based representations of the relevant targets by probing the encoded information subsequently after tracking. However, domain‐specific differences of representational correlates during visual tracking itself have not been reported yet. The current study aims to identify spectral properties of the electrophysiological signal during tracking that might indicate location‐based versus object‐based maintenance of visual information. Subjects had to covertly track four out of eight visually identical items for several seconds while electrophysiological signals were recorded. Subsequently, a probe consisting of four items appeared and the subjects had to indicate with a button press whether the probe matched all targets or not. Subjects employing an object‐based strategy showed an enhanced gamma response during the presentation of the target items at the beginning of the trial. On the other hand, subjects using a location‐based strategy showed enhanced gamma synchronization throughout the tracking itself. Both the object‐ and location‐based gamma responses yielded identical spatial topographical field distributions. These results indicate that object‐based tracking is supported by enhanced encoding during the initial presentation of the targets to be tracked. Location‐based tracking is characterized by the sustained maintenance of the individual targets during the entire tracking period in that same processing network.
Action Scope Algorithm for Optimal Capacitor Switching in Distribution Network

This paper studies the optimal capacitor switching problem from a real-time control perspective.Firstly,based on the idea that optimal capacitor switching is for reactive power local balance and the characteristic of radial operating in distribution network,this paper proposes the node optimal condition that is treated as a heuristic rule.Not considering the capacity constraints of capacitors,this paper gets the action scope of source and each capacitor.Secondly,according to two capacitor compensation basic rules and the action scope of source and each capacitor,reactive injection current of capacitor is calculated with the capacity constraints of capacitors.Finally,the bank number of capacitor switching is obtained.IEEE 69-bus system is adopted to validate the accuracy and practicality of the proposed algorithm.
Maternal exposure to silicon dioxide nanoparticles reduces hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis and induces neurodegeneration in rat offspring hippocampus

Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) are among the most widely used nanoparticles because of their chemical-physical properties. Since most brain maturation occurs in the neonatal period in humans and many mammals, it is important to understand how NPs may affect this process. This study tested the hypothesis that SiO2-NPs from treated dams could affect the hippocampus of neonatal rats during lactation. Twenty-four pregnant rats, after delivery, were divided into three groups of control, SiO2-NPs (25 mg/kg) and SiO2-NPs (100 mg/kg). The rats were treated from 2nd to 21st days post-delivery by gavage and the effects of these NPs were evaluated in the offspring’s hippocampi to reveal the effects of maternal exposure to SiO2-NPs during lactation on the offspring’s hippocampi. The offspring in the SiO2-NPs groups had higher malondialdehyde concentration and lower antioxidant activity in the hippocampi than the non-treated control group. The mean number of doublecortin positive (DCX+) cells and synaptophysin expression in the hippocampi of the SiO2-NPs groups were significantly lower than the control group, whereas the mean number of dark neurons was significantly higher. Also, animals in the SiO2-NPs groups had a weak cognitive performance in adulthood. In conclusion, maternal exposure to SiO2-NPs via breastfeeding could affect offspring’s hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, leading to impaired cognitive performance.
Protein Nanoparticles: Uniting the Power of Proteins with Engineering Design Approaches

Protein nanoparticles, PNPs, have played a long‐standing role in food and industrial applications. More recently, their potential in nanomedicine has been more widely pursued. This review summarizes recent trends related to the preparation, application, and chemical construction of nanoparticles that use proteins as major building blocks. A particular focus has been given to emerging trends related to applications in nanomedicine, an area of research where PNPs are poised for major breakthroughs as drug delivery carriers, particle‐based therapeutics or for non‐viral gene therapy.
Baseline QRS Area and Reduction in QRS Area Are Associated with Lower Mortality and Risk of Heart Failure Hospitalization after Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Introduction: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment for heart failure in selected patients. However, current guideline indications do not accurately predict individual prognosis with CRT, and up to 30% are nonresponders. Previous studies have shown that QRS area reduction following CRT is associated with improved survival. This study evaluates the incremental value of using QRS area derived from digital electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, preoperatively and during CRT pacing. Methods: Medical records of 445 patients receiving CRT implants at a large-volume tertiary care center in Sweden were retrospectively evaluated. Digital ECG before and after CRT implantation were collected, and ECG parameters were analyzed in relation to a primary composite endpoint of heart failure hospitalization or death from any cause. Results: 147 patients (33%) reached the primary endpoint (93 deaths and 103 heart failure hospitalizations) over a median follow-up time of 2.7 years. A larger preimplant QRS area (HR, 0.89; [0.85–0.93]; p = <0.0001; adjusted HR, 0.93; [0.88–0.98]; p = 0.011) and a larger QRS area reduction (HR, 0.92; [0.88–0.96]; p = <0.0001; adjusted HR, 0.95; [0.90–0.99]; p = 0.042) postimplant correlated with a reduced risk of reaching the primary endpoint. This association was seen in patients with native left bundle branch block morphology, nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay, or paced ECG morphology but not in patients with right bundle branch block. Conclusion: Larger preimplant QRS area and QRS area reduction were associated with better clinical outcome following CRT in this retrospective material. This knowledge could help optimize patient selection and postoperative management.
Pharmacological treatment for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung involvement: Protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Background Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the most important pulmonary manifestation of connective tissue diseases (CTDs) since it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, there is uncertainty on what constitutes the optimal treatment options from a variety of competing interventions. The aim of the overview is to summarize existing evidence of the effectiveness and harm of pharmacological therapies for adults with CTD-ILD. Methods A literature search will be conducted in MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DARE, the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination Health Technology Assessment database, Epistemonikos.org, KSR Evidence, and PROSPERO. We will search for systematic reviews and meta-analyses that examine pharmacological treatment for CTD-ILD. Updated supplemental search will also be undertaken to identify additional randomized controlled trials. The primary outcomes will be changes in lung function measures and adverse events. The methodological quality of the included reviews will be assessed using the AMSTAR 2 tool. The overall quality of the evidence will be evaluated using the GRADE rating. Summarized outcome data extracted from systematic reviews will be described in narrative form or in tables. For each meta-analysis we will estimate the summary effect size by use of random-effects and fixed-effects models with 95% confidence intervals, the between-study heterogeneity expressed by I2, and the 95% prediction interval. If feasible, given sufficient data, network meta-analysis will be conducted to combine direct and indirect evidence of class and agent comparisons. Discussion While many factors are crucial in selecting an appropriate treatment for patients with CTD-ILD, evidence for the efficacy and safety of a drug is essential in guiding this decision. Thus, this overview will aid clinicians in balancing the risks versus benefits of the available therapies by providing high-quality evidence to support informed decision-making and may contribute to future guideline development.
Technology and the Rise of the Networked City in Europe and America ed. by Joel A. Tarr, Gabriel Dupuy (review)

Ce volume contient une serie d'essais sur le developpement des systemes techniques dans les villes americaines et europeennes du milieu du dix-neuvieme siecle jusqu'a la seconde guerre mondiale. Il represente le premier ouvrage a analyser l'histoire des reseaux urbains a la fois en Europe et en Amerique.
TJ 52.3_03_Wang-Li.indd

Fleet assignment is one of the four major steps in airline planning. The objective of the fl eet assignment problem (FAP) is to determine which type of aircraft should fl y on each fl ight leg while considering different characteristics and costs associated with different fl eet types. This article proposes a multiphase approach to solving the FAP. Backward arcs were used to solve basic FAPs. Then the backward arcs were eliminated by using linear programming. By allowing backward time, our formulation has a similar level of fl exibility as the fl eet assignment model with time-window (FAMTW), but the problem size grows much slower than FAMTW. Examples using real data obtained from a major airline are included in this article.
Novel sulfonated polystyrene-block-poly (ethylene-ran- butylene)-block-poly styrene / graphene oxide / ammonium ionic liquid based ternary composite: An efficient ion-exchange solid electrolyte

ABSTRACT Novel ternary proton exchange membranes composed of sulfonated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (sPSEBPS), graphene oxide (GO) and ammonium ionic liquid (AIL) were prepared by a facile solution casting technique. The incorporation of GO and AIL into the sPSEBPS polymer matrix enhances the thermal stability and the ionic conductivity of the composites. The ion-exchange capacity of the membranes was found in the range between 0.281 and 1.248 meq. g−1. The sPSEBPS/GO/AIL-20 composite membrane showed a proton conductivity of 0.0353 S. cm−1 at 30 °C. The outcome of the results projected that the prepared polymer composite membranes are viable candidates for fuel cell applications. Graphical abstract
Impression Management Strategies Used When Tweeting: An Analysis of Performance and Market Capitalisation

Abstract The use of social media provides management with a tool that can be used to manipulate users’ perceptions of a company. This article reports on a study that aimed to assess if performance and market capitalisation influence the impression management strategies employed by South African companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) when tweeting earnings-related information. This relationship was analysed through assertive and defensive impression management strategies that were present in the earnings-related tweets posted. The study followed a quantitative research method. Content analysis was used to assess if there was a difference between the impression management strategies used depending on the performance and market capitalisation of companies. The findings indicated that there is a low adoption rate by South African companies regarding the use of Twitter. It was found that performance does not impact the self-presentational or dissemination patterns used by companies. Further, market capitalisation does appear to impact the self-presentational and dissemination patterns used. This was significant at the 10% level. The research is relevant for stakeholders who use information distributed by companies for decision-making. The JSE Listing Requirements do not include specific requirements regarding companies’ use of social media. Regulators may choose to enforce regulations regarding a company's social media communication.
Early-life experience shapes patterns of senescence in a food-caching passerine

For many species, breeding performance increases through early adulthood followed by declines later in life. Although patterns of age-specific decline have been shown to vary between individuals, the factors that lead to this individual variation in the intensity of reproductive senescence are yet to be fully understood. We investigated whether early-life social status influenced age-related trends in the breeding performance of male Canada jays (Perisoreus canadensis), year-round residents of North America's boreal and sub-alpine forests. Shortly after young become nutritionally independent, intra-brood dominance struggles lead to one juvenile (Dominant Juvenile) remaining on the natal territory after expelling its subordinate siblings (Ejectees). First, we show via radio tracking that in our declining range-edge population Ejectees either join an unrelated pair (67%), form a breeding pair with another bird (28%) or occupy a territory alone (5%). Second, using 39 years of breeding data, we demonstrate that Ejectee males advanced laying dates and increased the annual number of nestlings until 6 years of age before declining, whereas Dominant Juvenile males advanced laying dates until 11 years and increased annual number of nestlings until 12 years of age before declining. This study documents clear variation in ageing patterns between dominant and expelled young, with implications for the role of early-life experiences and phenotypic quality in determining patterns of ageing.
Darwin's small and medium ground finches might have taste preferences, but not for human foods

Urbanization is rapidly changing ecological niches. On the inhabited Galapagos Islands, Darwin's finches consume human-introduced foods preferentially; however, it remains unclear why. Here, we presented pastry with flavour profiles typical of human foods (oily, salty and sweet) to small ground finches (Geospiza fuliginosa) and medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) to test if latent taste preferences might drive the selection of human foods. If human food flavours were consumed more than a neutral or bitter control only at sites with human foods, then we predicted tastes were acquired after urbanization; however, if no site differences were found then this would indicate latent taste preferences. Contrary to both predictions, we found little evidence that human food flavours were preferred compared with control flavours at any site. Instead, finches showed a weak aversion to oily foods, but only at remote (no human foods present) sites. This was further supported by behavioural responses, with beak-wiping occurring more often at remote sites after finches tasted flavours associated with human foods. Our results suggest, therefore, that while Darwin's finches regularly exposed to human foods might have acquired a tolerance to human food flavours, latent taste preferences are unlikely to have played a major role in their dietary response to increased urbanization.
Colour constancy failures expected in colourful environments

Colour constancy refers to the constant perceived or apparent colour of a surface despite changes in illumination spectrum. Laboratory measurements have often found it imperfect. The aim here was to estimate the frequency of constancy failures in natural outdoor environments and relate them to colorimetric surface properties. A computational analysis was performed with 50 hyperspectral reflectance images of outdoor scenes undergoing simulated daylight changes. For a chromatically adapted observer, estimated colour appearance changed noticeably for at least 5% of the surface area in 60% of scenes, and at least 10% of the surface area in 44% of scenes. Somewhat higher frequencies were found for estimated changes in perceived colour relations represented by spatial ratios of cone-photoreceptor excitations. These estimated changes correlated with surface chroma and saturation. Outdoors, the colour constancy of some individual surfaces seems likely to fail, particularly if those surfaces are colourful.
Improving the efficiency of single-cell genome sequencing based on overlapping pooling strategy and CNV analysis

Single-cell genome sequencing has become a useful tool in medicine and biology studies. However, an independent library is required for each cell in single-cell genome sequencing, so that the cost grows with the number of cells. In this study, we report a study which efficiently analyses single-cell copy number variation (CNV) using overlapping pooling strategy and branch and bound (B&B) algorithm. Single cells were overlapped pooled before sequencing, and later were assorted into specific types by estimating their CNV patterns by B&B algorithm. Instead of constructing libraries for each cell, a library is required only for each pool. As the number of pools is smaller than the cells, fewer libraries are required, which means lower cost. Through computer simulations, we overlapped pooled 80 cells into 40 or 27 pools and classified them into cell types based on CNV pattern. The results showed that 84% cells in 40 pools and 76.5% cells in 27 pools were correctly classified on average, while only half or one-third of the sequencing libraries were required. Combining with traditional approaches, our method is expected to significantly improve the efficiency of single-cell genome sequencing.
Flexible group cohesion and coordination, but robust leader–follower roles, in a wild social primate using urban space

Collective behaviour has a critical influence on group social structure and organization, individual fitness and social evolution, but we know little about whether and how it changes in anthropogenic environments. Here, we show multiple and varying effects of urban space-use upon group-level processes in a primate generalist—the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus)—within a managed wild population living at the urban edge in the City of Cape Town, South Africa. In natural space, we observe baboon-typical patterns of collective behaviour. By contrast, in urban space (where there are increased risks, but increased potential for high-quality food rewards), baboons show extreme flexibility in collective behaviour, with changes in spatial cohesion and association networks, travel speeds and group coordination. However, leader–follower roles remain robust across natural and urban space, with adult males having a disproportionate influence on the movement of group members. Their important role in the group's collective behaviour complements existing research and supports the management tactic employed by field rangers of curbing the movements of adult males, which indirectly deters the majority of the group from urban space. Our findings highlight both flexibility and robustness in collective behaviour when groups are presented with novel resources and heightened risks.
No link between population isolation and speciation rate in squamate reptiles

Significance Speciation rate measures how quickly a species gives rise to new species, and this rate varies up to 50-fold across vertebrate groups. In this study, we explore one hypothesis that explains this variation: Species that form geographically isolated populations more readily should also form new species more readily and thus should have higher speciation rates. This hypothesis links microevolutionary studies of speciation with macroevolutionary studies of biodiversity. We test this hypothesis using a diverse set of lizard and snake species found in the South America savannahs. We find no effect of geographic population isolation on speciation rates. Our results suggest that other stages in the speciation process are more important controls on speciation rate variation. Rates of species formation vary widely across the tree of life and contribute to massive disparities in species richness among clades. This variation can emerge from differences in metapopulation-level processes that affect the rates at which lineages diverge, persist, and evolve reproductive barriers and ecological differentiation. For example, populations that evolve reproductive barriers quickly should form new species at faster rates than populations that acquire reproductive barriers more slowly. This expectation implicitly links microevolutionary processes (the evolution of populations) and macroevolutionary patterns (the profound disparity in speciation rate across taxa). Here, leveraging extensive field sampling from the Neotropical Cerrado biome in a biogeographically controlled natural experiment, we test the role of an important microevolutionary process—the propensity for population isolation—as a control on speciation rate in lizards and snakes. By quantifying population genomic structure across a set of codistributed taxa with extensive and phylogenetically independent variation in speciation rate, we show that broad-scale patterns of species formation are decoupled from demographic and genetic processes that promote the formation of population isolates. Population isolation is likely a critical stage of speciation for many taxa, but our results suggest that interspecific variability in the propensity for isolation has little influence on speciation rates. These results suggest that other stages of speciation—including the rate at which reproductive barriers evolve and the extent to which newly formed populations persist—are likely to play a larger role than population isolation in controlling speciation rate variation in squamates.
Sequence locally, think globally: The Darwin Tree of Life Project

The goals of the Earth Biogenome Project—to sequence the genomes of all eukaryotic life on earth—are as daunting as they are ambitious. The Darwin Tree of Life Project was founded to demonstrate the credibility of these goals and to deliver at-scale genome sequences of unprecedented quality for a biogeographic region: the archipelago of islands that constitute Britain and Ireland. The Darwin Tree of Life Project is a collaboration between biodiversity organizations (museums, botanical gardens, and biodiversity institutes) and genomics institutes. Together, we have built a workflow that collects specimens from the field, robustly identifies them, performs sequencing, generates high-quality, curated assemblies, and releases these openly for the global community to use to build future science and conservation efforts.
Failure Analysis of Shearing Machine Tool

Shearing machine is the most important equipment in nuclear fuel treatment engineering,the composite components are cut by the shear tool,so the working condition of shear tool directly affects the shearing efficiency.In the process of actual production,the shear tool is brought to a premature failure by serious wear.This article analyzed the main failure modes of tool wear in actual production process,to provide certain theoretical basis for raising the service life of shear tool.