Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Four Clinical Metrology Instruments for the Assessment of Osteoarthritis in Dogs

Simple Summary Osteoarthritis is a very common joint disease in dogs. For that reason, it is important to have validated owner questionnaires to assess patients and response to eventual treatments. For dogs, several questionnaires exist, with a growing interest on their validation. We aimed to evaluate four of them and determine their ability to evaluate pain and patient outcome. The questionnaires we evaluated can be used for the evaluation of osteoarthritis and response to treatment in dogs. Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most commonly diagnosed joint disease in companion animals, and proper tools are necessary to assess patients and response to treatment. We aimed to perform the psychometric evaluation of several clinical metrology instruments (CMI), developed to evaluate pain and assess outcome. Fifty police working dogs with bilateral hip OA were assessed in a prospective, randomised, double-blinded study. Patients were evaluated using a stance analyser in six different moments divided over a 180-day period. Pedometer step count, weight-bearing symmetry index and deviation from normal weight-bearing were calculated and used for criterion validity. In each evaluation moment, a copy of the Hudson Visual Analogue Scale (HVAS), Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) and Canine Orthopaedic Index (COI) were completed by the dogs’ handlers. Correlations between CMIs were evaluated as construct validity. Further evaluation was performed with the Kaiser–Meyer–Olin measure of sampling adequacy, Eigenvalue and scree-plot analysis. Internal consistency was tested with Cronbach’s α. Significant weak correlation was found between all CMIs and stance analysis symmetry index measure and deviation, indicating criterion validity. Significant weak correlation was also found between pedometer count and LOAD plus COI. Cronbach’s α was 0.80 for HVAS, 0.98 for CBPI, 0.97 for LOAD and 0.98 for COI. Significant strong correlation was observed between CMIs, indicating construct validity. We present criterion and construct validity of these CMIs, which are able to capture various dimensions of OA. They can be used for the evaluation of osteoarthritis and response to treatment in dogs.
THE MASS DISTRIBUTION OF SUBGIANT PLANET HOSTS

High mass stars are hostile to Doppler measurements due to rotation and activity on the main-sequence, so RV searches for planets around massive stars have relied on evolved stars. A large number of planets have been found around evolved stars with M > 1.5 M☉. To test the robustness of mass determinations, Lloyd compared mass distributions of planet hosting subgiants with distributions from integrating isochrones and concluded that it is unlikely the subgiant planet hosts are this massive, but rather that the mass inferences are systematically in error. The conclusions of Lloyd have been called in to question by Johnson et al., who show TRILEGAL-based mass distributions that disagree with the mass distributions in Lloyd, which they attribute to Malmquist bias. Johnson et al. argue that the very small spectroscopic observational uncertainties favor high masses, and there are a large number of high mass sub giants in RV surveys. However, in this Letter, it is shown that Malmquist bias does not impact the mass distributions, but the mass distribution is sensitive to Galaxy model. The relationship needed to reconcile the subgiant planet host masses with any model of the Galactic stellar population is implausible, and the conclusion of Lloyd that spectroscopic mass determinations of subgiants are likely to have been overestimated is robust.
Inflationary field excursion in broad classes of scalar field models

In single field slow roll inflation models the height and slope of the potential are to satisfy certain conditions, to match with observations. This in turn translates into bounds on the number of e-foldings and the excursion of the scalar field during inflation. In this work we consider broad classes of inflationary models to study how much the field excursion starting from horizon exit to the end of inflation, ∆φ, can vary for the set of inflationary parameters given by Planck. We also derive an upper bound on the number of e-foldings between the horizon exit of a cosmologically interesting mode and the end of inflation. We comment on the possibility of having super-Planckian and sub-Planckian field excursions within the framework of single field slow roll inflation.
The MTOR LM-MHD Flow Facility, and Preliminary Experimental Investigation of Thin Layer, Liquid Metal Flow in a 1/R Toroidal Magnetic Field

ABSTRACT Fairly recently, a new experimental free surface liquid metal MHD facility, the so-called MTOR facility, has come on-line, and new data has been taken concerning flows of gallium alloy across a moderately strong toroidal field with characteristic 1/R field gradient. The purpose of these experiments has been two-fold: to gather data for benchmarking currently existing one and two dimensional free surface computational flow models (as well as 3D models currently under development), and to investigate phenomena not predicted by models, especially effects of nozzles, drains, waves and turbulence. Data is presented concerning MHD effects on the mean flow height and wave structure, both with and without the so-called Zakharov magnetic propulsion current added to help control and stabilize the flow. The test section is wide enough so that the characteristic factor (Hartmann Number * Aspect Ratio) is less than unity. In this case the Hartmann layer drag effects are small, allowing comparison of experimental data to two-dimensional axisymmetric models. Preliminary conclusions suggest that the field gradient in these experiments does not adversely affect the stability of the surface, and that magnetic propulsion current is effective in flattening and accelerating the liquid metal flow.
The Classification of SU(m)_{k} Automorphism Invariants

In this paper we find all permutations of the level k weights of the affine algebra A_r^{(1)} which commute with both its S and T modular matrices. We find that all of these are simple current automorphisms and their conjugations. Previously, the A_{r,k}^{(1)} automorphism invariants were known only for r=1,2 \forall k, and k=1 \forall r. This is a major step toward the full classification of all A_{r,k}^{(1)} modular invariants; the simplicity of this proof strongly suggests that the full classification should be accomplishable. In an appendix we collect some new results concerning the A_{r,k}^{(1)} fusion ring.
Magnetic fields of the W4 superbubble

Superbubbles and supershells are the channels for transferring mass and energy from the Galactic disk to the halo. Magnetic fields are believed to play a vital role in their evolution. We study the radio continuum and polarized emission properties of the W4 superbubble to determine its magnetic field strength. New sensitive radio continuum observations were made at 6 cm, 11 cm, and 21 cm. The total intensity measurements were used to derive the radio spectrum of the W4 superbubble. The linear polarization data were analysed to determine the magnetic field properties within the bubble shells. The observations show a multi-shell structure of the W4 superbubble. A flat radio continuum spectrum that stems from optically thin thermal emission is derived from 1.4 GHz to 4.8 GHz. By fitting a passive Faraday screen model and considering the filling factor fne , we obtain the thermal electron density ne = 1.0/\sqrt{fne} (\pm5%) cm^-3 and the strength of the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field B// = -5.0/\sqrt{fne} (\pm10%) {\mu}G (i.e. pointing away from us) within the western shell of the W4 superbubble. When the known tilted geometry of the W4 superbubble is considered, the total magnetic field Btot in its western shell is greater than 12 {\mu}G. The electron density and the magnetic field are lower and weaker in the high-latitude parts of the superbubble. The rotation measure is found to be positive in the eastern shell but negative in the western shell of the W4 superbubble, which is consistent with the case that the magnetic field in the Perseus arm is lifted up from the plane towards high latitudes. The magnetic field strength and the electron density we derived for the W4 superbubble are important parameters for evolution models of superbubbles breaking out of the Galactic plane.
Determination of the QCD Jet Energy Scale and Measurement of the single top quark cross section at ATLAS

This thesis presents results for the determination of the QCD jet energy scale and the single top quark cross-section. Hadron jets are the most commonly observed objects in p-p collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Because of this, they are part of the final state of almost any process, and are an important part of all searches for extensions of the Standard Model. This thesis presents an in situ determination of the jet energy scale with a systematic uncertainty of less than 3%. Single top quark production at the LHC is a sensitive probe of physics beyond the standard model, and is itself an important background for Higgs searches. In this thesis, data-driven models for important backgrounds to single top quark events are developed, and are used to measure the t-channel single top quark production rate in 35 / picobarns of integrated luminosity.
Singular Traces: Theory and Applications

This text is the first complete study and monograph dedicated to singular traces. For mathematical readers the text offers, due to Nigel Kalton's contribution, a complete theory of traces on symmetrically normed ideals of compact operators. For mathematical physicists and other users of Connes' noncommutative geometry the text offers a complete reference to Dixmier traces and the deeper mathematical features of singular traces. An application section explores the consequences of these features, which previously were not discussed in general texts on noncommutative geometry.
Characteristics of Tibetan medicine preparations used in the Chinese-Tibetan Hospital of Derong County

Purpose: To investigate the Tibetan medicine preparations used in Derong Chinese-Tibetan Hospital. Methods: In this study, 115 preparations were collected from the Chinese-Tibetan Hospital of Derong County. A statistical table of information on medicine preparation was prepared in Excel format, and it included information on the forms of preparations, medicinal materials, medicinal parts used, frequency of use, and clinical applications. Results: The 115 preparations were mainly pills. In clinics, they were used for treating liver disease, stomach-ache, gastric ulcer, nephrotic pain and fever. It was found that 226 medicines were used in various preparations. The plant components used varied from whole herbs, fruits, seeds, roots, rhizomes, and animal-based medicines, to flowers. The most frequently used plants/herbs were Terminalia chebula Retz. , Carthamus tinctorius L. , Aucklandia lappa Decne. , Alpinia katsumadai Hayata and Phyllanthus emblica L. The most commonly used drug combinations involved three fruits (Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia billerica (Gaertn.) Roxb and Phyllanthus emblica L. ). The preparations and medicinal materials used for liver and stomach diseases are described in detail in this article. These include Terminalia chebula Retz. , Aucklandia lappa Decne. and Carthamus tinctorius L. Conclusion: The study has analysed the characteristics and clinical uses of Tibetan medicine preparations and summarised the diseases and medicinal materials in the Tibetan area. These preparations and medicinal materials, with their many years of clinical use, may become invaluable gifts of Tibetan medicine to the world.
Pressure-induced lattice instabilities and superconductivity in YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 and optimally doped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ

Combined synchrotron angle-dispersive powder diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy are used to investigate the pressure-induced lattice instabilities that are accompanied by T$_{\rm c}$ anomalies in YBa$_{\rm 2}$Cu$_{\rm 4}$O$_{\rm 8}$, in comparison with the optimally doped YBa$_{\rm 2}$Cu$_{\rm 3}$O$_{\rm 7-\delta}$ and the non-superconducting PrBa$_{\rm 2}$Cu$_{\rm 3}$O$_{\rm 6.92}$. In the first two superconducting systems there is a clear anomaly in the evolution of the lattice parameters and an increase of lattice disorder with pressure, that starts at $\approx3.7 GPa$ as well as irreversibility that induces a hysteresis. On the contrary, in the Pr-compound the lattice parameters follow very well the expected equation of state (EOS) up to 7 GPa. In complete agreement with the structural data, the micro-Raman data of the superconducting compounds show that the energy and width of the A$_{\rm g}$ phonons show anomalies at the same pressure range where the lattice parameters deviate from the EOS and the average Cu2-O$_{pl}$ bond length exhibits a strong contraction and correlate with the non-linear pressure dependence of T$_{\rm c}$. This is not the case for the non superconducting Pr sample, clearly indicating a connection with the charge carriers. It appears that the cuprates close to optimal doping are at the edge of lattice instability.
Survival of the impactor during hypervelocity collisions I: An analogue for low porosity targets

Recent observations of asteroidal surfaces indicate the presence of materials that do not match the bulk lithology of the body. A possible explanation for the presence of these exogenous materials is that they are products of interasteroid impacts in the Main Belt, and thus interest has increased in understanding the fate of the projectile during hypervelocity impacts. In order to gain insight into the fate of impactor, we have carried out a laboratory programme, covering the velocity range of 0.38–3.50 km s? 1, devoted to measuring the survivability, fragmentation and final state of the impactor. Forsterite olivine and synthetic basalt projectiles were fired on to low porosity ( 1 km s? 1). After each shot, we examined the largest peridot fragments with Raman spectroscopy and no melt or alteration in the final state of the projectile was observed.
Apatite-forming ability of bioglass coated bovine bone scaffolds

The aim of this study was to investigate the bone-like apatite forming ability of bioglass coated bones by immersing them in simulated body fluid (SBF). Various types of bioactive coatings with an average thickness of 15 ? m were deposited on the surface of the cortical bovine bone by vacuum assisted infiltration.More intense apatite crystallization was observed using additives such as hydroxyapatite, sintered bone and ? -whitlockite in the base glass. The dissolution properties of the scaffolds were determined by ICP-OES and XRF methods. The consequence of the release of Ca and P during immersion in SBF on the mechanical properties was observed through measurements of microhardness, bending and compressive strength.
Revealing Crustal Deformation and Strain Rate in Taiwan Using InSAR and GNSS

Interseismic deformation describes the gradual accumulation of crustal strain within the tectonic plate and along the plate boundaries before the sudden release as earthquakes. In this study, we use 5 years of high spatial and temporal geodetic measurements, including Global Navigation Satellite System and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar to monitor 3‐dimension interseismic crustal deformation and horizontal strain rate in Taiwan. We find significant deformation (strain rate >8 × $\times $ 10−6 yr−1) along the plate boundary between the Philippine Sea and the Eurasian Plates in east Taiwan. The high strain rate in the southern part of the Western Foothills is distributed along a few major fault systems, which reveals the geometry of the deformation front in west Taiwan. Our results help identify active faults in southwest and north Taiwan that were not identified before. These findings can be insightful in informing future seismic hazard models.
ON AN ABSOLUTE THERMOMETRIC SCALE FOUNDED ON CARNOT '

The lecture** recalls the fact that a knowledge of the thermophysical properties of steam played an important part in the early evolution of reciprocating steam engines and turbines in contrast to internal-combustion engines. A similar pattern persists today in relation to the design of such engines. The lecture gives an outline of the historical development of the steam engine and the steam turbine and proceeds to characterize the interaction between a knowledge of thermophysical properties of a working fluid and the type of engine in which it is used. Noting that steam still constitutes the most important working fluid in the design of prime movers, the lecture traces the achievements of the international cooperative effort to create, maintain and improve the standard for water substance. This effort is now centered in the International Association for the Properties of Steam which held its Tenth International Conference in Moscow in September 1984. The activities of this association provide a prototype of an international cooperation which should be aimed for in other areas of science and, particularly, technology. The lecture traces the progress made since the First International Conference on the Properties of Steam held in London in 1929. * The "prime movers" in the title refer to thermal prime movers. ** Lecture presented at the Ninth European Conference on Thermophysical Properties, Manchester, England, September 19, 1984 and at the Meeting on Interdisciplinary Aspects of Thermodynamics, Berlin (West), April 29, 1985.
Incorporation of cerium oxide into hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite scaffolds for bone repair

This study reports on the production of chitosan-based composite scaffolds reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA) powders prepared with cerium oxide (CeO2) with various concentrations (10, 20, 30 wt.%). Besides, the effect of CeO2 additive on the microstructural,mechanical and bioactivity properties of the composite scaffolds was investigated. The CeO2 reinforced HA powders were synthesized having homogenous particle distribution via spray drying process. The synthesized powders and the produced scaffolds were examined using different characterization methods. From the results, it can be seen that the scaffolds were significantly affected by amount of CeO2 additive. An increase in the compressive strength is observed as the amount of CeO2 additive rises. Furthermore, the composite scaffolds possessed a high mineralization ability of apatite in simulated body fluid (SBF). These observations related to the composite scaffolds have considerable potency for application in bone tissue engineering.
Investigating the asymmetrical influence of foreign direct investment, remittances, reserves, and information and communication technology on Pakistan’s economic development

The study used an asymmetric ARDL model to analyse the asymmetric (positive and negative shocks) impact of foreign direct investment, personal remittances, total reserves, gross savings, and information and communication technology on economic growth in Pakistan from 1976 to 2019. The short-run and long-run results of the asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag approach show that total reserves have a negative and non-significant influence on Pakistan ’ s economic growth. Similarly, the results of asymmetric ARDL show that positive shocks in personal remittances have a positive and significant influence on Pakistan ’ s economic growth, but negative shocks have a negative and non-significant impact in both the long-run and short-run. The findings of the gross savings show that a positive shock has a favourable and non-significant impact on economic growth in both the long-run and short-run. The investigated outcomes of foreign direct investment show that positive shocks have a detrimental and considerable impact on the economy of Pakistan in both the long-run and short-run. Furthermore, information and communication technology has a negative impact on economic growth in both the long-run and short-run. The government of Pakistan may adopt better policies to build the country ’ s infrastructure by
Electromagnetic Follow-up of Gravitational Wave Candidates

In the near future, gravitational wave (GW) detections are expected to become common, opening a new window on the Universe. Using the two 4 km Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors and the 3 km Virgo detector we can triangulate a passing GW to a region of the sky with an area of tens of square degrees. These regions can then be observed using electromagnetic (EM) observatories. Pairing GW and EM observations can verify the astrophysical origin of a GW detection, and provide a more complete picture of the processes taking place. This thesis describes the first triggered search for EM counterparts to GW candidates from the 2009-2010 LIGO/Virgo observing run. To improve the search strategy of this observing run, we created a catalogue of galaxies within 100 Mpc, known as the Gravitational Wave Galaxy Catalogue (GWGC), which was used to select locations in the GW skymaps to be imaged by EM partner observatories. Analysis of optical images taken as part of this run, from the Liverpool Telescope (LT) and ROTSE observatory network, find no associated counterparts. We also simulate the optical transients expected from GW sources across the LIGO/Virgo horizon of 50 Mpc, and find that the LT would be able to detect most optical counterparts across the majority of the horizon distance, while ROTSE can only detect counterparts over a fraction of the same distance. Finally, we present the design specifications of GOTO, a wide field-of-view observatory to image the skymaps expected to be produced by the next generation of GW detectors. This telescope will be able to cover ∼70 square degrees to a limiting magnitude of ∼21, the sky area and limiting magnitude required to offer a reasonable chance of detecting an EM counterpart. While NS-NS merger models are uncertain, a tentative first detection of a kilonova-like counterpart to GRB130603B leaves us optimistic that the advanced detector era will provide the first GW detections and EM counterparts.
High Emission Scenario Substantially Damages China's Photovoltaic Potential

Quantifying future changes in solar photovoltaic (PV) potential is of great significance for energy planning and policy making to achieve carbon neutrality. To constrain the uncertainties of applying directly Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) projections to such quantification, we construct the performance‐weighted CMIP6 solar irradiance and air temperature data, and then assess the future changes in China's PV potential and accompanying economic benefits under three typical climate change scenarios. We find that the high emission scenario will substantially damage China's PV potential, resulting in a reduction of 314 TWh/year in electricity generation by the planned installed capacity in 2100, with a corresponding loss of US $25 billion/year. However, the low emission scenario will enhance the PV potential, yielding an additional electricity generation of 226 TWh/year and a corresponding bonus of US $18 billion/year in 2100. China's commitment to carbon neutrality will lead to low‐carbon emissions, which brings great economic rewards to its PV industry.