Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling of a single drop impact onto liquid film using particle method

The process of single liquid drop impact on thin liquid surface is numerically simulated with moving particle semi‐implicit method. The mathematical model involves gravity, viscosity and surface tension. The model is validated by the simulation of the experimental cases. It is found that the dynamic processes after impact are sensitive to the liquid pool depth and the initial drop velocity. In the cases that the initial drop velocity is low, the drop will be merged with the liquid pool and no big splash is seen. If the initial drop velocity is high enough, the dynamic process depends on the liquid depth. If the liquid film is very thin, a bowl‐shaped thin crown is formed immediately after the impact. The total crown subsequently expands outward and breaks into many tiny droplets. When the thickness of the liquid film increases, the direction of the liquid crown becomes normal to the surface and the crown propagates outward. It is also found that the radius of the crown is described by a square function of time: rC = [c(t − t0)]0.5. When the liquid film is thick enough, a crown and a deep cavity inside it are formed shortly after the impact. The bottom of the cavity is initially oblate and then the base grows downward to form a sharp corner and subsequently the corner moves downward. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editorial: Rising stars in plant metabolism and chemodiversity 2022 - phenylpropanoid metabolism and regulation

COPYRIGHT © 2023 Zhao, Liu, Lin and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. TYPE Editorial PUBLISHED 21 February 2023 DOI 10.3389/fpls.2023. 1159100
SCHUBERT CLASSES OF A LOOP GROUP

The philosophy is that working in the topological category (with compact rather than algebraic groups) gives extra flexibility which simplifies the constructions. For example, homology factorization happens because the BottSamelson variety is topologically a direct product, even though algebraically it is a non-trivial fiber bundle. Bott and Samelson exploit this flexibility to construct the Pontryagin ring H∗(ΩK) as the symmetric algebra of the homology H∗(K/T ). Once this construction is made, the computation of the Schubert classes becomes a standard exercise in the theory of Schubert polynomials in the equivariant cohomology H∗ T (K/T ). Thus, one may think of singular homology as a flabby version of equivariant K-theory and representation theory (Demazure modules). We work with rational (co)homology throughout this note, but with some care over denominators the results could be refined to integer coefficients. In this note, for concreteness we work with G = SLnC, but unless otherwise noted everything generalizes to a simple, simply connected linear algebraic group of arbitrary type. In §1, we survey the relevant background. We give self-contained statements of Theorem A in §2.5 and Theorem B for G = SLn in §3.6. In an appendix §4, we discuss weak order and factorization in the affine Weyl group. Our formulas are “global,” analogous to the Schubert polynomials in H∗(G/B) and H∗ T (G/B). Let us also mention the unpublished work of Dale Peterson [P], which contains a different and very powerful point of view on these topics based on the local picture of equivariant cohomology at T -fixed points (the nil-Hecke ring of Kostant-Kumar). Peterson shows that
Statistical Analysis of Diffusion Tensors in Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data

Diffusion tensor imaging has been widely used to reconstruct the structure and orientation of fibers in biological tissues, particularly in the white matter of the brain, because it can track the effective diffusion of water along those fibers. The raw diffusion-weighted images from which diffusion tensors are estimated, however, inherently contain noise. Noise in the images produces uncertainty in the estimation of the tensors (which are 3 × 3 positive-definite matrices) and of their derived quantities, including eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and the fiber pathways that are reconstructed based on those tensor elements. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework of statistical inference for quantifying the effects of noise on diffusion tensors, on their eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and on their morphological classification. We propose a semiparametric model to account for noise in diffusion-weighted images. We then develop a one-step, weighted least squares estimate of the tensors and justify use of the one-step estimates based on our theoretical framework and computational results. We also quantify the effects of noise on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the estimated tensors by establishing their limiting distributions. We construct pseudo-likelihood ratio statistics to classify tensor morphologies. Simulation studies show that our theoretical results can accurately predict the stochastic behavior of the estimated eigenvalues and eigenvectors, as well as the bias that is introduced by sorting the eigenvalues by their magnitudes. Implementation of these methods is illustrated in a diffusion-weighted dataset from seven healthy human subjects.
On general properties of ray arrival sequences in oceanic acoustic waveguides

Some properties of ray arrival sequences valid in a waveguide with an arbitrary sound‐speed profile are ascertained using the simple approximate formula connecting differences in ray travel times and adiabatic invariants of their trajectories. It is noted that the following conservation law takes place: The mean difference in travel times of rays having their launch angles inside the fixed narrow angular interval does not depend upon the distance between the source and the receiver. This law holds true not only in the range‐independent waveguide but in the adiabatically varying waveguide as well. Some general conclusions concerning the relationship between travel times and launch angles of rays reaching the receiver are made.
Discriminative frequent subgraph mining with optimality guarantees

The goal of frequent subgraph mining is to detect subgraphs that frequently occur in a dataset of graphs. In classification settings, one is often interested in discovering discriminative frequent subgraphs, whose presence or absence is indicative of the class membership of a graph. In this article, we propose an approach to feature selection on frequent subgraphs, called CORK, that combines two central advantages. First, it optimizes a submodular quality criterion, which means that we can yield a near-optimal solution using greedy feature selection. Second, our submodular quality function criterion can be integrated into gSpan, the state-of-the-art tool for frequent subgraph mining, and help to prune the search space for discriminative frequent subgraphs even during frequent subgraph mining. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 302-318, 2010
A hybrid photonic-electronic switching architecture for next generation datacenters

We provide an alternative architecture for the next generation datacenters by employing electronic and photonic switching cores. The capacity of electronic packet switching (EPS) cores is not enough for the bandwidth requirements of next generation datacenters. On the other hand, it is prohibitively costly to build pure photonic packet switching (OPS) core which is capable of switching native Ethernet frames in nanoseconds. We propose a low-cost hybrid OPS/EPS platform which significantly increases the switching capacity of datacenters for all traffic patterns while using the existing EPS cores. Our proposed architecture is a fat-tree hierarchy consisting of servers, top-of-racks (TOR), aggregation switches, and core switches. The aggregation switches are interconnected to the core hybrid OPS/EPS switch. Since the traffic inside datacenters is typically bimodal, the hybrid switch core becomes feasible by switching short and long packets using EPS and OPS cores, respectively. In order to prepare long packets for photonic switching, they undergo packet contention resolution, compression, and bitwise scrambling. Afterwards, a photonic destination label is added to the long packets, and they are sent out through an optical transmitter. For compressing the long packets, the clock rate is raised on the output of the physical layer. Packet compression increases inter-packet gap to insert the photonic label. Also, it provides more time for photonic switch connection set-up and receiver synchronization at the destination aggregation switch. We developed a test bed for our architecture and used it to transmit real-time traffic. Our experiments show successful transmission of all packets through OPS.
Mother and calf humpback whale responses to vessels around the Abrolhos Archipelago, Bahia, Brazil

As the humpback whale population spreads along the Brazilian coast, whalewatching activities are becoming more frequent especially along the coast of the state of Bahia. In order to evaluate the appropriateness of the Brazilian legislation that regulates vessel approaches to cetaceans, the behaviour of humpback whale mothers and calves was studied around the Abrolhos Archipelago, an area with a high concentration of tourism vessels. Mother and calf groups were observed by means of continuous sampling and tracked along with vessels using a theodolite. Three whale-vessel categories of distances were analysed: closer than 100m (category 1); between 100-300m (category 2); and further than 300m (category 3). Rates of behavioural events and time spent in particular behavioural states of mothers and calves were compared separately in the three categories to observations of randomly selected mother and calf groups not involved in an interaction with a vessel (category 0). A total effort of 39hr was analysed including observations in each of the four categories. The results showed that differences in humpback whale mother and calf behaviour occurred mostly in the presence of vessels within distances of 100-300m. Mothers increased linearity and mean speed of movement, decreased blow intervals and time spent resting. Calves exhibited less rolling, fluke-ups and others active behavioural events, as well as diminished resting time. During interaction with vessels, the frequency of potentially important behaviours, both for mothers and calves, reduced, probably as a response to the approaching whalewatching vessels. Repeated short-term behavioural disturbances might lead to cumulative effects that may result in risks for species conservation. It is recommended that the Brazilian legislation should include a 300m-radius restrictive zone around mother and calf groups or include a 300m caution zone, where boats should reduce speed and avoid sudden changes in engine status and direction. The environmental education work with local communities along the coast must be continued and constant.
FHL2 Genetic Polymorphisms and Pro-Diabetogenic Lipid Profile in the Multiethnic HELIUS Cohort

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a prevalent disease often accompanied by the occurrence of dyslipidemia. Four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) is a scaffolding protein, whose involvement in metabolic disease has recently been demonstrated. The association of human FHL2 with T2D and dyslipidemia in a multiethnic setting is unknown. Therefore, we used the large multiethnic Amsterdam-based Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) cohort to investigate FHL2 genetic loci and their potential role in T2D and dyslipidemia. Baseline data of 10,056 participants from the HELIUS study were available for analysis. The HELIUS study contained individuals of European Dutch, South Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish, and Moroccan descent living in Amsterdam and were randomly sampled from the municipality register. Nineteen FHL2 polymorphisms were genotyped, and associations with lipid panels and T2D status were investigated. We observed that seven FHL2 polymorphisms associated nominally with a pro-diabetogenic lipid profile including triglyceride (TG), high-density and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations, but not with blood glucose concentrations or T2D status in the complete HELIUS cohort upon correcting for age, gender, BMI, and ancestry. Upon stratifying for ethnicity, we observed that only two of the nominally significant associations passed multiple testing adjustments, namely, the association of rs4640402 with increased TG and rs880427 with decreased HDL-C concentrations in the Ghanaian population. Our results highlight the effect of ethnicity on pro-diabetogenic selected lipid biomarkers within the HELIUS cohort, as well as the need for more large multiethnic cohort studies.
Isoperimetric Inequalities in the Torsion and Clamped Membrane Problems for Convex Plane Domains

Bounds for the curvature of the level curve of the torsion function through an arbitrary point in a convex region D, are used to derive improved isoperimetric inequalities for maximum stress, the torsional rigidity and other functionals. These inequalities are exact if D is either a circle or an infinite strip. A similar procedure is used in the clamped membrane problem, and again improved isoperimetric inequalities are derived.
Colossal internal barrier layer capacitance effect in polycrystalline copper (II) oxide

Dielectric spectroscopy analysis of the high permittivity (κ∼104) copper (II) oxide (CuO) ceramic shows that the grain contribution plays a major role for the giant-κ value at low temperature, whereas grain boundary (GB) contribution dominates around room temperature and above. Moreover, impedance spectroscopy analysis reveals electrically heterogeneous microstructure in CuO consisting of semiconducting grains and insulating GBs. Finally, the giant dielectric phenomenon exhibited by CuO is attributed to the internal barrier layer (due to GB) capacitance mechanism.
On the perseverance of a quasi-two-dimensional eddy-structure in a turbulent mixing layer

Strong external disturbances were introduced into a mixing layer in order to test the formation of the quasi two-dimensional coherent eddies and their survival under less than ideal conditions. Velocity and temperature correlation measurements, flow visualization, and the simultaneous use of a large number of sensors suggest that these eddies are very stable in the range of Reynolds numbers considered and they persevere in spite of the external buffeting imposed. Some measurements were carried out in a mixing layer between two parallel streams and some in a mixing layer entraining quiescent surrounding fluid. In both cases the large eddies could be described. as vortex rolls spanning the test section; these rolls may be contorted and sometimes skewed, but they are basically two-dimensional.
High Intensity Drinking (HID) Assessed by Maximum Quantity Consumed Is an Important Pattern Measure Adding Predictive Value in Higher and Lower Income Societies for Modeling Alcohol-Related Problems

Adjusting for demographics and standard drinking measures, High Intensity Drinking (HID), indexed by the maximum quantity consumed in a single day in the past 12 months, may be valuable in predicting alcohol dependence other harms across high and low income societies. The data consisted of 17 surveys of adult (15,460 current drinkers; 71% of total surveyed) in Europe (3), the Americas (8), Africa (2), and Asia/Australia (4). Gender-disaggregated country analyses used Poison regression to investigate whether HID (8–11, 12–23, 24+ drinks) was incrementally influential, beyond log drinking volume and HED (Heavy Episodic Drinking, or 5+ days), in predicting drinking problems, adjusting for age and marital status. In adjusted models predicting AUDIT-5 for men, adding HID improved the overall model fit for 11 of 15 countries. For women, 12 of 14 countries with available data showed an improved fit with HID included. The results for the five Life-Area Harms were similar for men. Considering the results by gender, each country showing improvements in model fit by adding HID had larger values of the average difference between high intensity and usual consumption, implying variations in amounts consumed on any given day. The amount consumed/day often greatly exceeded HED levels. In many societies of varying income levels, as hypothesized, HID provided important added information on drinking patterns for predicting harms, beyond the standard volume and binging indicators.
Mechanism of Jiawei Zhengqi Powder in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Objective Ulcerative colitis is an intestinal condition that severely affects the life quality of a patient. Jiawei Zhengqi powder (JWZQS) has some therapeutic benefits for ulcerative colitis. The current study investigated the therapeutic mechanism of JWZQS for ulcerative colitis using a network pharmacology analytical approach. Methods In this study, network pharmacology was used to investigate the potential mechanism of JWZQS in treating ulcerative colitis. The common targets between the two were identified, and a network map was created with the Cytoscape software. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of JWZQS was performed using the Metascape database. Protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) was created to screen core targets and main components, and molecular docking was conducted between the main components and core targets. The expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were detected in animal experiments. Their effect on the NF-κB signaling pathway and the protective mechanism of JWZQS on the colon by tight junction protein were investigated. Results There were 2127 potential ulcerative colitis targets and 35 components identified, including 201 non-reproducible targets and 123 targets shared by drugs and diseases. Following the analysis, we discovered 13 significant active components and 10 core targets. The first 5 active ingredients and their corresponding targets were molecularly docked, and the results showed a high level of affinity. GO analysis showed that JWZQS participate in multiple biological processes to treat UC. KEGG analysis showed that JWZQS may be involved in regulating multiple pathways, and the NF-κB signaling pathway was selected for analysis and verification. JWZQS has been shown in animal studies to effectively inhibit the NF-κB pathway; reduce the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in colon tissue; and increase the expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1. Conclusion The network pharmacological study provides preliminary evidence that JWZQS can treat UC through multiple components and targets. JWZQS has been shown in animal studies to effectively reduce the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, inhibit the phosphorylation of the NF-κB pathway, and alleviate colon injury. JWZQS can be used in clinical, but the precise mechanism of UC treatment requires further investigation.
Contourlet domain hidden Markov tree based detection algorithm for DRDC through-wall SAR (TWSAR) system applications

DRDC Ottawa is investigating high resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques to perform 3-D imaging through walls in urban operations. Through-wall capabilities of interest include room mapping, imaging of in-wall structures, and detection of objects of interest. Such capabilities would greatly enhance situational awareness for military forces operating in the urban battle space. Current activities include hardware and software development and testing of an L-band through-wall SAR (TWSAR) system. Detection algorithms and automatic target recognition (ATR) systems are under investigation using experimental 2-D data. ATR may be more difficult in urban environments due to the high number of detectable objects and multi-path artifacts. Furthermore, penetrating through walls presents a formidable challenge as wall effects can greatly interfere with image quality inside buildings. By classifying wall material, wall compensation algorithms can be applied to enhance the image. In this paper, we present results from our preliminary investigation on detecting internal and external wall structures and their features (including doors and windows as well as internal wall construction) from scenes acquired with a single channel L-band TWSAR system. We evaluate the effectiveness of automatic detection based on the contourlet domain hidden Markov tree in the context of detecting wall edges and building features, while minimizing the amount of false edge detection. This work will form the basis of wall compensation algorithm development. The detection technique will also be used to detect objects of interests beyond walls once the SAR images have been wall compensated.
Synthesis and Application Dichalcogenides as Radical Reagents with Photochemical Technology

Dichalcogenides (disulfides and diselenides), as reactants for organic transformations, are important and widely used because of their potential to react with nucleophiles, electrophilic reagents, and radical precursors. In recent years, in combination with photochemical technology, the application of dichalcogenides as stable radical reagents has opened up a new route to the synthesis of various sulfur- and selenium-containing compounds. In this paper, synthetic strategies for disulfides and diselenides and their applications with photochemical technology are reviewed: (i) Cyclization of dichalcogenides with alkenes and alkynes; (ii) direct selenylation/sulfuration of C−H/C−C/C−N bonds; (iii) visible-light-enabled seleno- and sulfur-bifunctionalization of alkenes/alkynes; and (iv) Direct construction of the C(sp)–S bond. In addition, the scopes, limitations, and mechanisms of some reactions are also described.
Upper Body Thermal Referral and Tactile Masking for Localized Feedback

This paper investigates the effects of thermal referral and tactile masking illusions to achieve localized thermal feedback on the upper body. Two experiments are conducted. The first experiment uses a 2D array of sixteen vibrotactile actuators $(4\times 4)$ with four thermal actuators to explore the thermal distribution on the user's back. A combination of thermal and tactile sensations is delivered to establish the distributions of thermal referral illusions with different numbers of vibrotactile cues. The result confirms that localized thermal feedback can be achieved through cross-modal thermo-tactile interaction on the user's back of the body. The second experiment is conducted to validate our approach by comparing it with thermal-only conditions with an equal and higher number of thermal actuators in VR. The results show that our thermal referral with a tactile masking approach with a lesser number of thermal actuators achieves higher response time and better location accuracy than thermal-only conditions. Our findings can contribute to thermal-based wearable design to achieve greater user performance and experiences.