Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral Dirac graphs

We address the problem of identifying families of discrete models naturally flowing in continuum limit to relativistic quantum field theories. We call them Dirac graphs. In this work, we require the graphs to obey spectrality property, which implies that the adjacency matrix can be represented by a continuous function defined on the spectral space. We also consider deformations of such graphs away from the spectrality. We show that deformations with regular continuum limit result in background gauge field and gravity. Interestingly, gauge interactions appear due to contribution microscopic deformations while the standard gravity can only be a result of macroscopic (adiabatic) deformations.
Multilocus evidence provides insight into the demographic history and asymmetrical gene flow between Ostrinia furnacalis and Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the Yili area, Xinjiang, China

Abstract Tianshan Mountains provide a model for studying biological evolution and speciation. Here we assess the evolutionary history of Ostrinia furnacalis (ACB) and Ostrinia nubilalis (ECB), which are sympatric in the Yili River Valley in Xinjiang, China. Our study is based on the historical gene flow analyses of two species by using three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, COI, COII, Cytb) and four nuclear DNA (nuDNA, EF‐1α, Wingless, RPS5, CAD) markers obtained from representatives of HC (Huocheng), YN (Yining), XY (Xinyuan), and MNS (Manasi). Our results reveal that there is an asymmetrical gene flow pattern between the four populations. The population migratory pathways between these different populations show inflow into HC and YN, outflow from XY, and that MNS maintained a flow balance. Bayesian divergence time dating based on the COI gene suggests that the genetic divergence between the two species in this area may have occurred in Holocene at 0.008 Mya. Neutrality tests (Tajima's D, Fu's F s), and mismatch distribution test results suggest that population expansion events may not have occurred in the recent past. The demographic history and gene flow pattern between ACB and ECB may follow the “mountain isolation” hypothesis. The ML and BI trees of the mtDNA haplotype dataset show that ECB haplotypes are grouped together in a distinct clade and are clearly separate from ACB haplotypes. However, the geographical pattern of haplotype distribution is less clear for both ACB and ECB, supporting that there has been frequent gene flow among the geographic populations in the Tianshan Mountains. These findings indicate that the Tianshan Mountains are less likely a barrier to gene flow of the two species.
Chemical evolution in the environment of intermediate mass young stellar objects: NGC7129--FIRS2 and LkH$\alpha$234

We have carried out a molecular survey of the Class 0 IM protostar NGC 7129 -- FIRS 2 (hereafter FIRS 2) and the Herbig Be star LkH$\alpha$ 234 with the aim of studying the chemical evolution of the envelopes of intermediate-mass (IM) young stellar objects (YSOs). Both objects have similar luminosities (~500 Lsun) and are located in the same molecular cloud which minimizes the chemical differences due to different stellar masses or initial cloud conditions. Moreover, since they are located at the same distance, we have the same spatial resolution in both objects. A total of 17 molecular species (including rarer isotopes) have been observed in both objects and the structure of their envelopes and outflows is determined with unprecedent detail. Our results show that the protostellar envelopes are dispersed and warmed up during the evolution to become a pre-main sequence star. In fact, the envelope mass decreases by a factor >5 from FIRS 2 to LkH$\alpha$234, while the kinetic temperature increases from ~13K to 28K. On the other hand, there is no molecular outflow associated with LkH$\alpha$234. The molecular outflow seems to stop before the star becomes visible. These physical changes strongly affect the chemistry of their envelopes. Based on our results in FIRS2 and LkH$\alpha$ 234, we propose some abundance ratios that can be used as chemical clocks for the envelopes of IM YSOs. The SiO/CS, CN/N2H+, HCN/N2H+, DCO+/HCO+ and D2CO/DCO+ ratios are good diagnostics of the protostellar evolutionary stage.
In Situ Rumen Degradation Characteristics and Bacterial Colonization of Corn Silages Differing in Ferulic and p-Coumaric Acid Contents

In plant cell wall, ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA) are commonly linked with arabinoxylans and lignin through ester and ether bonds. These linkages were deemed to hinder the access of rumen microbes to cell wall polysaccharides. The attachment of rumen microbes to plant cell wall was believed to have profound effects on the rate and the extent of forage digestion in rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bound phenolic acid content and their composition in corn silages on the nutrient degradability, and the composition of the attached bacteria. Following an in situ rumen degradation method, eight representative corn silages with different FA and pCA contents were placed into nylon bags and incubated in the rumens of three matured lactating Holstein cows for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Corn silage digestibility was assessed by in situ degradation methods. As a result, the effective degradability of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre were negatively related to the ether-linked FA and pCA, and their ratio in corn silages, suggesting that not only the content and but also the composition of phenolic acids significantly affected the degradation characteristics of corn silages. After 24 h rumen fermentation, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota were observed as the dominant phyla in the bacterial communities attached to the corn silages. After 72 h rumen fermentation, the rumen degradation of ester-linked FA was much greater than that of ester-linked pCA. The correlation analysis noted that Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002, Olsenella, Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Acetitomaculum, and Bifidobacterium were negatively related to the initial ether-linked FA content while Prevotella was positively related to the ether-linked FA content and the ratio of pCA to FA. In summary, the present results suggested that the content of ether-linked phenolic acids in plant cell walls exhibited a more profound effect on the pattern of microbial colonization than the fibre content.
Optical and near-infrared observations of hard serendipitous Chandra sources

We have been carrying out a successful observational programme targeted at finding the highly obscured quasars that are thought to be the main contributors to the hard X-ray background. Out of 56 sources so far studied with optical and near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy, we have found three definite and a further twelve possible Type II quasars. Few sources show significant line emission, suggesting that the line photons are depleted by the large columns of obscuring matter. The redshift distribution of our sources shows a distinct peak at z~1. The broad-band colours and magnitudes of the optical/near-infrared counterparts indicate that the light in these bands is dominated by the continuum of a massive bright galaxy.
Reverse-Engineering and Exploiting the Frontend Bus of Intel Processor

The frontend of modern Intel processors will decode instructions into <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="xu-ieq1-3222083.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>ops and stream them to the backend by the frontend bus, which is shared between two logical cores to maximize utilization without sharing mechanism fully disclosed. Taking Haswell as an example, we reverse the bus from Decoded ICache to Instruction Decode Queue and the bus from Instruction Decode Queue to backend. We find that they are dynamically shared between two logical cores, which makes it possible for observable timing differences in one another through different instructions. Based on these differences, we propose the Synthetical bus covert channel for LSD-enabled architectures like Haswell and the DI bus covert channel for LSD-disabled architectures like Cometlake. We test our covert channels in physical machines and virtual machines. The bandwidth of Synthetical bus covert channel achieves 870 Kbps with 95.69% accuracy in physical machines and 145 Kbps with 92.83% accuracy in virtual machines. The bandwidth of DI bus covert channel reaches 1450 Kbps with 97.2% accuracy in physical machines and 70.33 Kbps with 92.3% accuracy in virtual machines. We further demonstrate a new Spectre variant. Finally, we propose two possible mitigations against our covert channels due to the limitations of existing protection strategies.
Geostatistical Modelling Using Non‐Gaussian Matérn Fields

This work provides a class of non‐Gaussian spatial Matérn fields which are useful for analysing geostatistical data. The models are constructed as solutions to stochastic partial differential equations driven by generalized hyperbolic noise and are incorporated in a standard geostatistical setting with irregularly spaced observations, measurement errors and covariates. A maximum likelihood estimation technique based on the Monte Carlo expectation‐maximization algorithm is presented, and a Monte Carlo method for spatial prediction is derived. Finally, an application to precipitation data is presented, and the performance of the non‐Gaussian models is compared with standard Gaussian and transformed Gaussian models through cross‐validation.
Semiglobal Stabilization for Nonholonomic Mobile Robots Based on Dynamic Feedback With Inputs Saturation

This paper investigates the semiglobal stabilization problem for nonholonomic mobile robots based on dynamic feedback with inputs saturation. A bounded, continuous, time-varying controller is presented such that the closed-loop system is semiglobally asymptotically stable. The systematic strategy combines finite-time control technique with the virtual-controller-tracked method, which is similar to the back-stepping procedure. First, the bound-constrained smooth controller is presented for the kinematic model. Second, the dynamic feedback controller is designed to make the generalized velocity converge to the prespecified kinematic (virtual) controller in a finite time. Furthermore, the rigorous proof is given for the stability analysis of the closed-loop system. In the mean time, the position and torque inputs of robots are proved to be bounded at any time. Finally, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.
Reversible transformations from pure to mixed states and the unique measure of information

Transformations from pure to mixed states are usually associated with information loss and irreversibility. Here, a protocol is demonstrated allowing one to make these transformations reversible. The pure states are diluted with a random noise source. Using this protocol one can study optimal transformations between states, and from this derive the unique measure of information. This is compared with irreversible transformations where one does not have access to noise. The ideas presented here shed some light on attempts to understand entanglement manipulations and the inevitable irreversibility encountered there where one finds that mixed states can contain 'bound entanglement'.
Education and Economic Growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

The declining level of economic growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has been attributed to the poor level of educational development in the bloc. Consequently, this study aims to assess the effect of primary, secondary and tertiary educational development on economic growth in the ECOWAS bloc. The study adopted an extended literature review/ desktop research methodology to address three research questions. Findings based on the extended literature review indicated negative and insignificant relationships between primary educational development and economic growth in the ECOWAS bloc. Secondly, findings also established largely positive relationships between secondary educational development and economic growth in the bloc. Lastly, the relationship between tertiary educational development and economic growth was largely mixed in the ECOWAS bloc. The three specific conclusions were, therefore, validated by both the institutional fitness theory and the new theory of growth. Consequently, to improve the contributions of primary, secondary and tertiary educational development to economic growth in the ECOWAS bloc, the present study recommends the promotion of enhanced social programs, integration of existing policies and creation of societal culture executed within a sound institutional framework, reduction in unemployment, regional disparities, defining the active role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other independent institutions, as well as even distribution of political and financial power, especially in Nigeria, the largest country in the bloc.
Observations and Light Curve Solutions of Ultrashort-Period Eclipsing Binaries

Abstract Photometric observations in V and I bands and low-dispersion spectra of 10 ultrashort-period binaries (NSVS 2175434, NSVS 2607629, NSVS 5038135, NSVS 8040227, NSVS 9747584, NSVS 4876238, ASAS 071829-0336.7, SWASP 074658.62+224448.5, NSVS 2729229, NSVS 10632802) are presented. One of them, NSVS 2729229, is newly discovered target. The results from modelling and analysis of our observations revealed that (i) eight targets have overcontact configurations with considerable fill-out factor (up to 0.5), while NSVS 4876238 and ASAS 0718-03 have almost contact configurations; (ii) NSVS 4876238 is rare ultrashort-period binary of detached type; (iii) all stellar components are late dwarfs; (iv) the temperature difference of the components of each target does not exceed 400 K; (v) NSVS 2175434 and SWASP 074658.62 + 224448.5 exhibit total eclipses and their parameters could be assumed as well determined; (v) NSVS 2729229 shows emission in the Hα line. Masses, radii, and luminosities of the stellar components were estimated by the empirical relation ‘period, orbital axis’ for short- and ultrashort-period binaries. We found linear relations mass–luminosity and mass–radius for the stellar components of our targets.
Nosological Characteristics in Women with Social Media Disorder: The Role of Social Functional Impairment and Agreeableness

Social media disorder (SMD) is a frequently occurring subtype of Internet-related disorders (IRD), which has recently become a focus of research. It is noticeable that women are among those affected, whose nosological characteristics need to be examined. A clinical sample of n = 294 women (14–68 years, M = 36.88 years) was generated. The questionnaire included questions about demography, IRD, SMD, personality traits, psychopathological distress, functional impairment and comorbid mental illnesses. IRD was found in 17.5 percent and SMD in 12.5 percent of women. Compared to women with global IRD Women with SMD reported lower scores on the personality traits neuroticism and agreeableness. They are more frequently functionally impaired in the social dimension, more often reported comorbid substance-dependency and less eating disorders. The results suggest that although have similar characteristics to the comparison group, women with SMD differ in their nosological characteristics from women with global IRD.
Systematic downgrading for investigating ‘‘naturalness’’ in synthesized singing using STRAIGHT: A high quality VOCODER

Conceptual simplicity of the classical channel VOCODER provides a powerful means for systematic investigations on perceptual effects of speech related physical parameters when combined with modern computational power and signal processing theories. A modern version of channel VOCODER, STRAIGHT [Kawahara et al., Speech Commun. 27, 187–207 (1999)], which is also an extension to pitch‐synchronous analysis and synthesis, generates naturally sounding resynthesized speech from the analyzed smooth time‐frequency surface and source parameters such as F0. This high‐quality resynthesis enables close investigations on naturalness deterioration as a function of feature modifications in the decomposed parameter domain; for example, detailed shape of a F0 trajectory, underlying parameters to determine F0 trajectory dynamics, group delay alignment of excitation pulses and aperiodicity/periodicity ratio of the excitation source and so on. One of potential advantages of this strategy is based on the fact that our perceptu.
H2S assisted contact engineering: a universal approach to enhance hole conduction in all TMD Field-Effect Transistors and achieve ambipolar CVD MoS2 Transistors.

Unlike Si, 2-dimensional (2D) Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer atomically thin channels for carrier transport in FETs. Despite advantages like superior gate control, steep sub-threshold swing and high carrier mobility offered by 2D FET channels, process related challenges like lack of selective doping techniques like implantation and CMOS compatible process for fabrication of 2D TMD based FETs hinder the anticipated viability of 2D semiconductor technology for future electronic applications. In this letter, we demonstrate a process oriented approach to realize superior ambipolarity in 2D FETs based on TMDs like Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), Tungsten disulfide (WS2), Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) and Tungsten diselenide (WSe2) by enhancing hole current by multiple orders of magnitude in otherwise strong N-type transistors. The method involves Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S gas) assisted contact engineering of N-type FETs to introduce surface states that alter device behavior. Based on material characterization and bandstructure calculations, physical insights have been developed to understand the effect of such a contact engineering technique. Subsequently, this technique has been demonstrated to alter device behavior by enhancing hole conduction in originally N-type exfoliated (MoS2, WS2, MoSe2 and WSe2) and CVD grown (MoS2) TMD samples to confirm its potential towards enabling the feasibility of 2D semiconductor device technology.
New Reducible Membrane Solutions in D=11 Supergravity

We construct generalized 11D supergravity solutions of fully localized D2/D6 brane intersections. These solutions are obtained by embedding Taub-NUT and/or self-dual geometries lifted to M-theory. We reduce these solutions to ten dimensions, obtaining new D-brane systems in type-IIA supergravity. We discuss the limits in which the dynamics of the D2 brane decouples from the bulk for these solutions.
Smart Greenhouse Based on ANN and IOT

The effective exploitation of smart technology in applications helps farmers make better decisions without increasing costs. Agricultural Research Centers (ARCs) are continually updating and producing new datasets from applied research, so the smart model should dynamically address all surrounding agricultural variables and improve its expertise from all available datasets. This research concentrates on sustainable agriculture using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Therefore, if a new related dataset is created, this new incoming dataset is merged with the existing dataset. The proposed PSO then bypasses the summarization of the dataset. It deletes the least essential and speculative records and keeps the records that are the most influential in the classification process. The summarized dataset is interposed in the training process without re-establishing the system again by modifying the classical ANN. The proposed ANN comprises an adaptive input layer and an adaptive output layer to handle the process of continuously updating the datasets. A comparative study between the proposed adaptive PSO-ANN and other known and used methods on different datasets has been applied. The results prove the quality of the proposed Adaptive PSO-ANN from various standard measurements. The proposed PSO-ANN achieved an accuracy of 94.8%, precision of 91.15%, recall of 97.93%, and F1-score of 94.42%. The smart olive cultivation case study is accomplished with the proposed adaptive PSO-ANN and technological tools from the Internet of Things (IoT). The advanced tools from IoT technology are established and analyzed to control all the required procedures of olive cultivation. This case study addresses the necessary fertilizers and irrigation water to adapt to the changes in climate. Empirical results show that smart olive cultivation using the proposed adaptive PSO-ANN and IoT has high quality and efficiency. The quality and efficiency are measured by diversified metrics such as crop production and consumed water, which confirm the success of the proposed smart olive agriculture method.
Superadiabatic driving of a three-level quantum system

We study superadiabatic quantum control of a three-level quantum system whose energy spectrum exhibits multiple avoided crossings. In particular, we investigate the possibility of treating the full control task in terms of independent two-level Landau-Zener problems. We first show that the time profiles of the elements of the full control Hamiltonian are characterized by peaks centered around the crossing times. These peaks decay algebraically for large times. In principle, such a power-law scaling invalidates the hypothesis of perfect separability. Nonetheless, we address the problem from a pragmatic point of view by studying the fidelity obtained through separate control as a function of the intercrossing separation. This procedure may be a good approach to achieve approximate adiabatic driving of a specific instantaneous eigenstate in realistic implementations.
A comprehensive study of high-energy gamma-ray and radio emission from Cyg X-3

We study high-energy $\gamma$-rays observed from Cyg X-3 by the Fermi Large Area Telescope and the 15-GHz emission observed by the Ryle Telescope and the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager. We determine the $\gamma$-ray spectrum averaged over strong flares much more accurately than before, and find it well modelled by Compton scattering of stellar radiation by relativistic electrons with the power law index of $\simeq$3.5 and a low-energy cutoff at the Lorentz factor of $\sim\! 10^3$. We find a weaker spectrum in the soft spectral state, but only upper limits in the hard and intermediate states. We measure strong orbital modulation during the flaring state, well modelled by anisotropic Compton scattering by jet relativistic electrons. We measure weaker orbital modulation of the 15 GHz radio emission, which is well modelled by free-free absorption by the stellar wind. We find the peak of the power spectrum of the radio emission is at a period shorter by 20 s than the orbital one, which can be due to a beat of the orbital modulation with a retrograde jet precession at a period of $\simeq$170 d. A definite evidence for the jet precession is provided by a strong dependence of the amplitude and phase of the orbital modulation on the precession phase. We then study cross-correlations between radio, $\gamma$-ray and X-ray emissions. We find no measurable delay of the radio emission with respect to $\gamma$-rays, but find a radio lag of $\sim$50 d with respect to the soft X-rays in the soft state.
Speckle Observations of Double Stars with PISCO at Pic du Midi: Measurements in 1998

We present astrometric measurements of binary stars based on speckle observations of 164 independent sequences of observations (∼104 frames each) made with the PISCO speckle camera at Pic du Midi. These measurements concern 147 objects, of which 134 were found to be double with a separation in the range 0. ″1-1. ″0. These objects were mainly selected among grade 3 orbits to improve the accuracy of their orbits and to constrain their masses. We discovered the binarity of 59 Aql with an angular separation of 0. ″09 ± 0. ″01.