Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

Abstract Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age‐related trajectories inferred from cross‐sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3–90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter‐individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age‐related morphometric patterns.
On the temporal resolution of mass balance models for soluble chemicals in soils

A daily step model of chemical mass balance in the topsoil is presented and validated at the three experimental sites in Europe, and subsequently applied to perform two distinct numerical experiments. First, an experiment was run using hypothetic soluble chemicals with half‐lives ranging from 10−1 to 104, with a range of representative European climate and soil properties, assuming uniform constant emissions of the chemicals throughout the year. Chemical mass in soil from the daily step model calculations can be surrogated by the monthly step model consistently parameterized in terms of absolute values, patterns and inter‐monthly variability with decreasing accuracy at higher chemical half‐lives. Leaching fluxes can be also surrogated by the monthly step calculation, although with higher errors. Runoff is correct in the order of magnitude, but it shows only a weak correlation with the monthly mean of the daily model output. For leaching and runoff, the accuracy depends mainly on soil properties. Variability is well reproduced for both leaching and runoff.
Effects of Pulsating Flow on Current Meter Performance

Summarized are laboratory tests for current mete r response to pulsating flows. Included are results for mechanical and electromagnetic water -current meters that are commonly used for stream gaging. Most of the vertical -axis and horizontal -axis types of mechanical meters that were tested significantly un derregistered the mean flow velocity when the magnitude of the pulsating portion of the flow velocity was greater than half the mean velocity but less than the mean velocity. Errors for all meters tested were largest at the lowest mean flow velocity, 0.076 m/s.
Social Determinants of Mental Health

Social determinants of mental health. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. This publication is part of a broader series of thematic papers, co-produced by the World Health Organization and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation's Global Mental Health Platform. The series consists of four publications and covers the following topics.
Time-resolved optical phase space distributions for coherent backscatter

We explore enhanced backscatter from a random medium using time-resolved optical phase space measurement, i.e. measurement of joint position and momentum (x, p) distributions of the light field as a function of propagation time in the medium. Enhanced backscatter is a coherent effect and is not predicted by radiative transport theories. By using a low-coherence source in a heterodyne detection scheme, we observe enhanced backscattering resolved by path length in the random medium, effectively providing timing resolution. Such time-resolved studies are important for exploring the evolution of optical coherence as a function of penetration depth in the random medium. Optical phase space methods provide a visual as well as quantitative method of characterizing the spatial coherence properties and wavefront curvature of the input and scattered fields. These techniques may provide new venues for using optical coherence in medical imaging.
LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AFTER TIMBER HARVEST, WESTERN CASCADE MOUNTAINS, OREGON, USA

Suspended and bedload sediments were sampled from 1958-1988 on three small watersheds in the western Cascade Range in Or­ egon. Annual sediment yields varied greatly among watersheds, and the pattern of long-term sediment production reflects their timber harvest and mass movement histories. Total yields from 1958-1988 were 51001 km"2 in the clearcut watershed (WS 1), 210001 km"2 in the patchcut watershed with roads (WS 3), and 800 t km"2 in the forested control (WS 2). More than 85% of the total sediment yield in WS 3 occurred during a storm in 1964 when a series of debris flows scoured the channel to bedrock. Excluding that event, post-logging annual export from WS 1 has been more than twice that from WS 3. The importance of episodic mass erosion events in this landscape limits the effectiveness of small-watershed studies for analyzing long-term sediment yields.
Genomic Characterization of WRKY Transcription Factors Related to Andrographolide Biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata

Andrographolide, which is enriched in the leaves of Andrographis paniculata, has been known as “natural antibiotic” due to its pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. Several key enzymes in andrographolide biosynthetic pathway have been studied since the genome sequences were released, but its regulatory mechanism remains unknown. WRKY transcription factors proteins have been reported to regulate plant secondary metabolism, development as well as biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, WRKY transcription factors related to andrographolide biosynthesis were systematically identified, including sequences alignment, phylogenetic analysis, chromosomal distribution, gene structure, conserved motifs, synteny, alternative splicing event and Gene ontology (GO) annotation. A total of 58 WRKYs were identified in Chuanxinlian genome and phylogenetically classified into three groups. Moreover, nine WRKY genes underwent alternative splicing events. Furthermore, the combination of binding site prediction, gene-specific expression patterns, and phylogenetic analysis suggested that 7 WRKYs (ApWRKY01, ApWRKY08, ApWRKY12, ApWRKY14, ApWRKY19, ApWRKY20, and ApWRKY50) might regulate andrographolide biosynthesis. This study laid a foundation for understanding the regulatory mechanism of andrographolide biosynthesis and the improvement and breeding of Andrographis paniculata varieties.
Inter‐decadal variation of the summer precipitation in China and its association with decreasing Asian summer monsoon Part II: Possible causes

The present article is the second part of a study on the inter‐decadal variability of the summer precipitation in East China, which mainly addresses the possible cause of this change. Firstly, an updated analysis of the long‐term variations of snow cover, snow days and snow depth in the preceding winter and spring over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) was done by using station and satellite data. The abrupt increase in the winter and spring snow over the TP since around 1977 has been well documented. At that time, the inter‐decadal variation of the atmospheric heating over the TP in spring and summer had been estimated. It has been revealed that the atmospheric heating fields in subsequent spring and summer over the TP assumed a significant weakening after the late 1970s. This weakening is closely related to the significantly reduced surface sensible heat flux into the atmosphere and subsequent cooling over the TP and its surrounding atmosphere. The latter was produced by the increase of surface albedo and soil hydrological effect of melting snow under the condition of abrupt increase in the preceding winter and spring snow over the TP. On the other hand, three phases of significant inter‐decadal warming of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical central and eastern Pacific, which occurred in the mid‐1960s, the late 1970s and the early 1990s, respectively, have been found. The above inter‐decadal variability of heating fields over the land area in the Asian region and neighbouring oceanic region of the West Pacific has consistently reduced the land–sea thermal contrast in summer in the Asian monsoon region based on the estimate of atmospheric heating fields. This cause is likely to lead to weakening of the Asian summer monsoon. In such case, the northward moisture transport in East Asia is greatly weakened and cannot reach North China, thus causing the condition of less precipitation or droughts. In contrast, the Yangtze River basin and South China receive a large amount of moisture supply and have strong upward motion, creating favourable conditions for frequent occurrence of heavy rainfall. In the process of the southward shift of the high‐precipitation zone, two abrupt or rapid regime shifts observed in the late 1970s and the early 1990s were possibly in response to the increase in the winter and spring snow over the TP, and two major rapid warming events of the SST in the tropical central and eastern Pacific in the late 1970s and the early 1990s.
Effects of Canopy and Herbaceous Coverage on Regeneration in a Forest Community Irrigated with Treated Wastewater in Central Pennsylvania

—Forest communities on Pennsylvania State Gamelands 176 (Toftrees) have been irrigated weekly with 5 cm of treated municipal wastewater since 1983. The understory of the irrigated forest communities was dominated by herbaceous vegetation and lacked tree regeneration. Our objective was to determine the effect of the existing canopy coverage and understory vegetation on natural and artificial regeneration. Canopy coverage and the presence of herbaceous vegetation did not affect establishment of natural regeneration. After two growing seasons, the density of seedlings from natural regeneration was <1 seedling m. However, artificial regeneration did respond to canopy treatments. Planted seedlings of five tree species had the greatest survival and height growth on open canopy treatments. Removal of herbaceous vegetation also improved the survival of artificial regeneration. The results of this study determined that natural regeneration did not occur in sufficient numbers within the irrigated forest community. However, artificial regeneration can be used to augment these numbers. Creation of small, open canopy areas within the existing irrigated forest communities, treatment of the understory with herbicide, and planting a selection of species capable of growing under the irrigation conditions will ensure a future forest community.
Navigating the culture theory jungle : divergence and convergence in models of national culture

Research on cultural differences in management has been facilitated and hindered by the existence of multiple models of national culture. In this paper we briefly review the most popular models of national culture, identify the convergences and divergences among them. We suggest that a clear need exists to seek convergence across the various models where it exists in ways that facilitate both research and meaningful cross-cultural comparisons. We seek such convergence by identifying five relative common themes that pervade the various models. Based on these themes, new country ratings are offered based on multiple evaluative strategies and tools.
GLOBAL GLACIAL ISOSTASY AND THE SURFACE OF THE ICE-AGE EARTH: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE

▪ Abstract The 100 kyr quasiperiodic variation of continental ice cover, which has been a persistent feature of climate system evolution throughout the most recent 900 kyr of Earth history, has occurred as a consequence of changes in the seasonal insolation regime forced by the influence of gravitational n-body effects in the Solar System on the geometry of Earth's orbit around the Sun. The impacts of the changing surface ice load upon both Earth's shape and gravitational field, as well as upon sea-level history, have come to be measurable using a variety of geological and geophysical techniques. These observations are invertible to obtain useful information on both the internal viscoelastic structure of the solid Earth and on the detailed spatiotemporal characteristics of glaciation history. This review focuses upon the most recent advances that have been achieved in each of these areas, advances that have proven to be central to the construction of the refined model of the global process of glacial isos.
Society for Endocrinology UK guidance on the initial evaluation of an infant or an adolescent with a suspected disorder of sex development (Revised 2015)

It is paramount that any child or adolescent with a suspected disorder of sex development (DSD) is assessed by an experienced clinician with adequate knowledge about the range of conditions associated with DSD. If there is any doubt, the case should be discussed with the regional DSD team. In most cases, particularly in the case of the newborn, the paediatric endocrinologist within the regional team acts commonly as the first point of contact. This clinician should be part of a multidisciplinary team experienced in management of DSD and should ensure that the affected person and parents have access to specialist psychological support and that their information needs are comprehensively addressed. The underlying pathophysiology of DSD and the strengths and weaknesses of the tests that can be performed should be discussed with the parents and affected young person and tests undertaken in a timely fashion. Finally, in the field of rare conditions, it is imperative that the clinician shares the experience with others through national and international clinical and research collaboration.
Incorporation of vascular information into interactive image-guided surgery

In interactive, image-guided surgery (IIGS) we use stacked slice tomographic image sets as three dimensional maps of the patient's anatomy. Such sets can provide exquisite information on bony anatomy (computed tomography), soft tissue structure and lesion definition (magnetic resonance) or function (positron emission tomography). However, none of these tomographic sets clearly show the location and extent of vascular structures, which may be of critical importance to the surgical process. Vascular information can be obtained from conventional x- ray angiography (XRA), a form of projection imaging, or from tomographic scans sensitive to flow such as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA). Projection images show the extent and intersection of vessels at high resolution but lose the three-dimensional relationship of the vessels during image formation. The high resolution available from conventional angiograms makes them attractive for the localization of small aneurysms and other vascular anomalies, but the projection nature of the image makes displaying surgical position difficult. We have developed techniques for interactively displaying surgical position on both topographically derived vascular sets such s CTA and MRA and on projection sets such as XRA. In the XRA images,homologous points are determined on the film and on the patient. Since we use extrinsic, bone-implanted fiducial markers for our surgical guidance system, these markers can serve as most, if not all, of our homologous points and can be localized very precisely on the film and in 3-space. A homogeneous transform matrix (HTM) is constructed to provide a best 'first-guess' of position. The HTM is decomposed into nine spatial parameters which represent the XRA process and those parameters are optimized using Powell's Conjugate Direction Method. In the tomographic vascular images, the issue is not one of registration but one of display. We presently track probe position on tomographic slices but the information inherent in vascular tomograms is masked by a raster-slice display; the vessel's path and extent are difficult to discern. Vascular path and extent are best displayed as a rotoscope of projection images created from the raster-slice set. By 'rotating' a series of projection images the three- dimensional geometry is discerned by motion parallax.
Modeling Owner-Occupied Single-Family House Values in the City of Milwaukee: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach

This study investigates the spatial non-stationarity of the relationship between house values and various attributes in the City of Milwaukee. From the 2003 Master Property (MPROP) data file of the City of Milwaukee, a set of owner-occupied single family houses were randomly selected (representing 99% of confidence within a ±2% range of accuracy of the total population) to model how house values are related to various house attributes. Remote sensing information (the fraction of soil and impervious surface that represent degraded neighborhood environmental conditions) is added to fine-tune the relationship. A geographically weighted regression (GWR) approach is used to investigate spatial non-stationarity. The modeling revealed that significant spatial non-stationarity existed between house values and the predictors. Specifically, the study found that those house attributes—including floor size, number of bathrooms, air conditioners, and fire-places—add more value to houses in the more affluent areas (especially on the east side near Lake Michigan and in suburban areas) than in the relatively poor areas. In addition, older houses in the historical area are more expensive, which differs from other areas. Environmental conditions, though expected to have a negative impact on house values in most areas, did not affect house values in the historical area.
Life-cycle assessment of Bio-diesel from Jatropha curcas L. energy balance, impact on global warming, land use impact

The pantropic oil-bearing woody plant Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) receives a lot of attention from Clean Development Mechanism project developers all over the tropical world. The crop as living fence is good for food production protection, erosion control and ecological restoration in degraded semi-arid regions. JCL is suitable for several agroforestry and intercropping cultivation systems as well. Nowadays JCL is widely planted as monoculture. Besides the cultivation, the production process of bio-diesel consists of extracting the oil from the seeds and conversion of the crude oil to bio-diesel. The production process results in a whole range of interesting by-products as well. At the moment no complete life cycle assessment of the bio-diesel production from JCL is available. The authors started research which will focus on such LCA, ivestigating the 3 different JCL cultivation systems using 2 reference systems and strengthened by a socioeconomic impact study.
Effects of melting and freezing in the Greenland sea

Ice thickness and drift measurements complemented with modeling results are examined. In the East‐Greenland ice drift stream (EGIS), the ice is thicker at 79°N than at 75°N in winter but similar in summer due to melting, advection, and seasonal changes of the wind pattern in Fram Strait. Ice fluxes at 79°N and 75°N vary coherently. Summer EGIS melting rates exceed 0.5 m/mo. In winter, oceanic currents govern melting/freezing processes. In the western EGIS, exposed to the cold East‐Greenland Current, ice grows. In the eastern EGIS, influenced by warm Atlantic water, ice melts. East of EGIS, in Nordbukta (75–77°N), winter freezing occurs. A topographically controlled cyclonic gyre maintains a divergent Nordbukta ice drift, causing more leads, ocean cooling and ice formation, favoring deep convection. However, stratification in the Greenland Sea Gyre is poorly correlated with Nordbukta ice production, but shows coherent variations with the NAO index.
Interaction between the trigger meander of the Kuroshio and the abyssal anticyclone over Koshu Seamount as seen in the reanalysis data

The JCOPE (Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment) reanalysis data is analyzed to examine the transition from the non‐large meander path to the large meander path of the Kuroshio that occurred in 2004. It was preceded by the generation of “trigger meander” off the southeastern coast of Kyushu, which then propagated eastward. After passing Cape Shiono‐misaki, the trigger meander amplified rapidly over Koshu Seamount (located about 200 km to the south of Cape Shiono‐misaki) where the accompanying abyssal anticyclone was significantly enhanced. Strong downwelling occurred upstream of the meander trough where the abyssal anticyclone crossed the Kuroshio, causing the vertical vortex stretching (shrinking) in the upper (lower) ocean; the resulting enhanced abyssal anticyclone further amplified the meander trough in the upper ocean. All of these features agree well with the model results suggesting the importance of baroclinic instability over Koshu Seamount in the formation of the large meander path.