Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Based on the multi-scale information sharing network of fine-grained attention for agricultural pest detection

It is of great significance to identify the pest species accurately and control it effectively to reduce the loss of agricultural products. The research results of this project will provide theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the spread of pests and reducing the loss of agricultural products, and have important practical significance for improving the quality of agricultural products and increasing the output of agricultural products. At the same time, it provides a kind of effective prevention and control measures for farmers, so as to ensure the safety and health of crops. Because of the slow speed and high cost of manual identification, it is necessary to establish a set of automatic pest identification system. The traditional image-based insect classifier is mainly realized by machine vision technology, but because of its high complexity, the classification efficiency is low and it is difficult to meet the needs of applications. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new automatic insect recognition system to improve the accuracy of insect classification. There are many species and forms of insects, and the field living environment is complex. The morphological similarity between species is high, which brings difficulties to the classification of insects. In recent years, with the rapid development of deep learning technology, using artificial neural network to classify pests is an important method to establish a fast and accurate classification model. In this work, we propose a novel convolutional neural network-based model (MSSN), which includes attention mechanism, feature pyramid, and fine-grained model. The model has good scalability, can better capture the semantic information in the image, and achieve more accurate classification. We evaluated our approach on a common data set: large-scale pest data set, PlantVillage benchmark data set, and evaluated model performance using a variety of evaluation indicators, namely, macro mean accuracy (MPre), macro mean recall rate (MRec), macro mean F1-score (MF1), Accuracy (Acc) and geometric mean (GM). Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance and universality ability than the existing algorithm. For example, on the data set, the maximum accuracy we obtained was 86.35%, which exceeded the corresponding technical level. The ablation experiment was conducted on the experiment itself, and the comprehensive evaluation of the complete MSSN(scale 1+2+3) was the best in various performance indexes, demonstrating the feasibility of the innovative method in this paper.
Starch Grains and Environmental Reconstruction: a Modern Test Case from West New Britain, Papua New Guinea

The analysis of starch grains preserved in sediments as a technique for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction is an important new technique, but the limits of inference using this methodology still need to be assessed. A morphological classification of starches extracted from topsoils collected from a range of modern environments in the humid tropical region of Papua New Guinea was therefore conducted to see if discrimination among plots with different vegetation could be achieved. Using an assemblage-based approach, starch grains, initially classified into morphological categories and re-organized into groups according to size/shape frequency distributions, were grouped using principal components analysis. The results correctly identified different types of human land use and provided good discrimination between gardens and forest. These preliminary results show that past human land use can be satisfactorily reconstructed using multivariate analysis of starch grain assemblages with only data on size and morphology to characterize the grains. The findings of the starch study compared favourably with a phytolith analysis of material from the same locations, although the two microfossils target different plant groups. Whereas phytoliths discriminate among different levels of disturbance, starch grains can add information about specific site function, an important consideration especially for regions where plant staples are typically high-starch producers. Combining starch grains and phytoliths in future studies will enhance the accuracy of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.
Failed reintubation during resuscitation after posterior occipito-cervical spinal fusion: A case report

Rationale: Posterior occipito-cervical spinal fusion (OCF) is a common surgical method for atlantoaxial dislocation, but postoperative airway complications may occur. Reintubation has been reported in the past, but the failure of reintubation is rare. Patient concerns: A 54-year-old woman who underwent OCF due to rheumatoid cervical spondylosis and atlantoaxial dislocation. In the postanesthesia care unit, the patient developed upper respiratory tract obstruction after extubation. Diagnoses and interventions: It is an upper respiratory tract obstruction due to anatomical changes because of surgery. Emergency airway management was activated, but it did not work. Outcomes: Emergency reintubation failed, and the patient was finally saved after tracheotomy. Lessons: For patients who underwent OCF due to cervical spondylosis caused by rheumatoid arthritis, great attention should be paid to the perioperative airway management, especially during the recovery period. And more important, adequate reintubation preparatory work should be done before extubation.
ComsystanJ: A collection of Fiji/ImageJ2 plugins for nonlinear and complexity analysis in 1D, 2D and 3D

Complex systems such as the global climate, biological organisms, civilisation, technical or social networks exhibit diverse behaviours at various temporal and spatial scales, often characterized by nonlinearity, feedback loops, and emergence. These systems can be characterized by physical quantities such as entropy, information, chaoticity or fractality rather than classical quantities such as time, velocity, energy or temperature. The drawback of these complexity quantities is that their definitions are not always mathematically exact and computational algorithms provide estimates rather than exact values. Typically, evaluations can be cumbersome, necessitating specialized tools. We are therefore introducing ComsystanJ, a novel and user-friendly software suite, providing a comprehensive set of plugins for complex systems analysis, without the need for prior programming knowledge. It is platform independent, end-user friendly and extensible. ComsystanJ combines already known algorithms and newer methods for generalizable analysis of 1D signals, 2D images and 3D volume data including the generation of data sets such as signals and images for testing purposes. It is based on the framework of the open-source image processing software Fiji and ImageJ2. ComsystanJ plugins are macro recordable and are maintained as open-source software. ComsystanJ includes effective surrogate analysis in all dimensions to validate the features calculated by the different algorithms. Future enhancements of the project will include the implementation of parallel computing for image stacks and volumes and the integration of artificial intelligence methods to improve feature recognition and parameter calculation.
Tobacco and Antiretrovirals Modulate Transporter, Metabolic Enzyme, and Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Function in Polarized Macrophages

Background: Cigarette smoking increases systemic oxidative stress, inflammation, and viral replication in individuals with HIV. Macrophages are infected during HIV infection and serve as an important reservoir throughout the process. Macrophages exist in two phenotypes, the classically acti-vated M1 macrophage and alternatively activated M2 macrophage. The expression of drug efflux transporters and metabolic enzymes, which have direct effects on intracellular drug concentrations, differ between the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage and the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage. Objective: To further explain the role of tobacco use in worsened outcomes in the HIV + population receiving antiretroviral therapy. Methods: Western blotting was used to examine macrophage polarization and expression of drug efflux transporters, CYP enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes. The arginase assay was used to measure arginase activity. Cytokine production was measured using the human multiplex inflammatory cytokine assay kit. The 8-OHdG DNA Damage Quantification Direct Kit was used to quantify DNA damage. Viral replication under the influence of tobacco and antiretroviral drug use was measured by p24 Elisa. Results: We observed phenotypic shifts from M1 to M2 with both individual and combination treatments with cigarette smoke condensate and the protease inhibitor antiretroviral drug lopinavir. These shifts lead to changes in cytokine production, the expression of CYP enzymes, anti-oxidant enzymes, and drug efflux transporters, as well as changes in viral replication. Conclusion: This data suggest a mechanism by which tobacco use impairs HIV antiretroviral therapy to increase intracellular drug concentrations in this important cellular reservoir.
Antibody Functional Assays as Measures of Fc Receptor-Mediated Immunity to HIV - New Technologies and their Impact on the HIV Vaccine Field

Background: There is now intense interest in the role of HIV-specific antibodies and the engagement of FcγR functions in the control and prevention of HIV infection. The analyses of the RV144 vaccine trial, natural progression cohorts, and macaque models all point to a role for Fc-dependent effector functions, such as cytotoxicity (ADCC) or phagocytosis (ADCP), in the control of HIV. However, reliable assays that can be reproducibly used across different laboratories to measure Fc-dependent functions, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are limited. Method: This brief review highlights the importance of Fc properties for immunity to HIV, particular-ly via FcγR diversity and function. We discuss assays used to study FcR mediated functions of HIV-specific Ab, including our recently developed novel cell-free ELISA using homo-dimeric FcγR ecto-domains to detect functionally relevant viral antigen-specific antibodies. Results: The binding of these dimeric FcγR ectodomains, to closely spaced pairs of IgG Fc, mimics the engagement and cross-linking of Fc receptors by IgG opsonized virions or infected cells as the es-sential prerequisite to the induction of Ab-dependent effector functions. The dimeric FcγR ELISA reli-ably correlates with ADCC in patient responses to influenza. The assay is amenable to high throughput and could be standardized across laboratories. Conclusion: We propose the assay has broader implications for the evaluation of the quality of anti-body responses in viral infections and for the rapid evaluation of responses in vaccine development campaigns for HIV and other viral infections.
Oceanic Crust Forms Basement of Eastern Panamá

Basement rocks of parts of eastern Panama include tholeiitic pillow basalt and diabase overlain by sedimentary rocks typical of deep oceanic environments. Both paleontologic and stratigraphic evidence indicate that some of these rocks are of Late Cretaceous age or older. Regional Bouguer anomalies over the basement terrane exceed +120 mgal, indicating that eastern Panama is a raised block of oceanic crust. Age relations in the Caribbean region apparently preclude an “Atlantic” or single intra-Caribbean origin for eastern Panama and the southern Caribbean basin, but multiple intra-Caribbean origins of the basaltic basement rocks are permitted by the age data. An in situ origin of the oceanic basement of Panama at a position which later became a Cenozoic island arc is likewise consistent with the available geologic and geophysical data. Seismic horizon B″ in the Caribbean is correlative with or overlain by deep-sea sedimentary rocks of Coniacian to Campanian age. This horizon forms the top of the apparent basement of eastern Panama and, thus, the eastern isthmus is a horstlike block that has been elevated or obducted a minimum of 6 km since Coniacian-Maastrichtian time, partly caused by northeastward underflow of the Pacific plate but possibly related to southwestward movement of the Caribbean plate beneath the isthmus.
A new method for in vivo assessment of corneal transparency using spectral-domain OCT

Corneal transparency is essential to provide a clear view into and out of the eye, yet clinical means to assess such transparency are extremely limited and usually involve a subjective grading of visible opacities by means of slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Here, we describe an automated algorithm allowing extraction of quantitative corneal transparency parameters with standard clinical spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Our algorithm employs a novel pre-processing procedure to standardize SD-OCT image analysis and to numerically correct common instrumental artifacts before extracting mean intensity stromal-depth (z) profiles over a 6-mm-wide corneal area. The z-profiles are analyzed using our previously developed objective method that derives quantitative transparency parameters directly related to the physics of light propagation in tissues. Tissular heterogeneity is quantified by the Birge ratio Br and the photon mean-free path (ls) is determined for homogeneous tissues (i.e., Br~1). SD-OCT images of 83 normal corneas (ages 22–50 years) from a standard SD-OCT device (RTVue-XR Avanti, Optovue Inc.) were processed to establish a normative dataset of transparency values. After confirming stromal homogeneity (Br <10), we measured a median ls of 570 μm (interdecile range: 270–2400 μm). By also considering corneal thicknesses, this may be translated into a median fraction of transmitted (coherent) light Tcoh(stroma) of 51% (interdecile range: 22–83%). Excluding images with central saturation artifact raised our median Tcoh(stroma) to 73% (interdecile range: 34–84%). These transparency values are slightly lower than those previously reported, which we attribute to the detection configuration of SD-OCT with a relatively small and selective acceptance angle. No statistically significant correlation between transparency and age or thickness was found. In conclusion, our algorithm provides robust and quantitative measurements of corneal transparency from standard SD-OCT images with sufficient quality (such as ‘Line’ and ‘CrossLine’ B-scan modes without central saturation artifact) and addresses the demand for such an objective means in the clinical setting.
Comprehensive advancements in the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A narrative review

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common and severe complication of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Despite current treatments, many individuals with DN progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. The advancement in our understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy has led to the development of new prevention and treatment strategies. We comprehensively reviewed the literature on advances in the prevention and treatment of DN. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for articles published between 2000 and 2023, using keywords such as “diabetic nephropathy,” “prevention,” “treatment,” and “recent advances. ” The recent advances in the prevention and treatment of DN include novel approaches targeting inflammation and fibrosis, such as inhibitors of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) pathway, inhibitors of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Other promising strategies include stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and artificial intelligence–based approaches, such as predictive models based on machine learning algorithms that can identify individuals at high risk of developing DN and guide personalized treatment strategies. Combination therapies targeting multiple disease pathways may also offer the most significant potential for improving outcomes for individuals with DN. Overall, the recent advances in the prevention and treatment of DN represent promising avenues for future research and clinical development. Novel therapies targeting inflammation and fibrosis, stem cell and gene therapies, and artificial intelligence–based approaches all show great potential for improving outcomes for individuals with DN.
Daytime Visibility, A Conceptual Review,

Abstract : Daytime visibility is defined as the distance a black object can be seen against the horizon sky. Data on visual thresholds for daylight illumination are examined and the degradation of the contrast by the atmosphere described. The visibility as reported in meteorology correlates well with a contrast threshold of 0.05 and thus the attenuation coefficient and threshold sighting range product is equal to 3 alpha gamma equal to 3. Psychophysical data on visual thresholds for 0.33 second glimpse times when corrected to confident viewing with a 4 degree uncertainty of target position, predict the visibility distances well and indicate that the meteorological observers are using targets subtending on the average about 7.6 minutes of arc. Visibilities have an uncertainty of approximately + or - 20 percent in relation to measured physical parameters of air clarity. The errors in visibility distance inherent in the use of non-black targets and backgrounds other than the horizon sky are delineated. Some of the physical methods of measuring air clarity are described with reference to their use in obtaining a measure of visibility. (Author)
ENERGY EXCHANGE FOR A FOREST SITE and A CLEAR-CUT SITE AT CHALK RIVER, ONTARIO

This article reports energy balance measurements which were made over a forest and a clear-cut site in the summer of 1985, and over the forest in 1987 at the Petawawa National Forestry institute (PNFI), Chalk River, Ontario. Evapotranspiration was evaluated by the Bowen ratio/energy balance method using a model of the Reversing Temperature Difference Measurement System (RTDMS) at each site in each year. The evapotranspiration regimes of the forest and clear-cut sites are interpreted within the resistance framework of the Penman-Monteith combination model. The behaviour of the Priestley and Taylor (1972) α term and the McNaughton and Jarvis (1983) Ω factor are discussed for both sites. The summer of 1987 was exceptionally dry and thus provided an opportunity to examine the forest's evapotranspiration regime under severe water stress. The soil moisture conditions in 1987 are in marked contrast to those in 7985, a wetter year. Dans cette communication, on fait etat des mesures du bilan energetique prises, a l'ete 1985, au-dessus d'une region forestiere et d'une region de terrain deblaye de sa futaie et, en 7987, au-dessus de la meme region foresitiere a l'lnstitut Forestier National de Petawawa, a Chalk River, Ontario. Avec la methode du rapport de Bowen/bilan energetique, on a determine l'evapotranspiration en utilisant un dispositif de mesure de la difference de temperature a renversement dans chaque region pour chacune des annees. On interprete les regimes de I'evapotranspiration de la region forestiere et de la region de terrain deblaye de la futaie dans le cadre de la resistance du modele combine de Penman et Monteith. On discute la tenue du terme α de Priestley et Taylor (1972) et du factor Ω de McNaughton et iarvis (1983) pour toutes les regions. Le temps en ete 1987 etait exceptionnelle-ment sec, favorisant I'examen d'un regime d'evapotranspiration sous des conditions de penurie deau. Les conditions de secheresse du sol font contraste avec celles de I'an 1985 qui etaient plus humides.
Migration - why doesn't it work for deep continental data?

Summary. Conventional migration of deep seismic reflection data often produces disappointingly poor results even when the original unmigrated data are of high quality and are relatively noise free. Surprisingly, deep data often subjectively appear to be best migrated at velocities which are up to 50% less than appropriate interval velocities derived from crustal refraction experiments or directly from stacking velocities. The explanation for this behaviour is that near surface features distort and attenuate the seismic wave field and produce apparent discontinuities in deep reflections. Since these discontinuities are spurious they are not associated with the appropriate large diffractions which real discontinuities at depth would produce. During the process of migration reflections are invented in order to cancel out the missing diffractions thereby producing a “smiley” section which appears overmigrated. Since the lateral extent of individual smiles increases with increasing migration velocity, increasing two-way-time, and increasing seismic wavelength, the effect” is almost unnoticeable on conventional shallow seismic data but is overwhelming for deep crustal data.
Determination of aflatoxins in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) collected from Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo and Pretoria, South Africa : a comparative study

This study assessed the mycological and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts collected from Kinshasa, DRC and Pretoria, South Africa. Forty peanut samples were collected randomly at informal markets in the two cities and analysed for mycoflora and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) using standard methods. The results indicated that 95% and 100% of peanut samples collected from Kinshasa and Pretoria, respectively were contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi with Kinshasa’s samples being the most contaminated (up to 49, 000 CFU/g). Seventy percent (70 %) of Kinshasa-samples and 35% of Pretoria-samples exceeded the maximum allowable limit of aflatoxin B1 set by JECFA (5 ppb). Statistical evidence showed a significant positive correlation between mycoflora and aflatoxin level for Kinshasa-samples (r = 0.4743, p < 0.005) while Pretoria-samples showed no correlation. The study reveals that high level of contamination in Kinshasa-samples could be due to the tropical nature of the climate and poor storage conditions as compared to Pretoria which is sub-tropical and sanitary regulations are enforced.
ARBEITSKONZEPT ZUR KONSTRUKTIONS‐MORPHOLOGIE

Skeletal morphology seems to be controlled not only by evolutionary heritage and necessities of adaptation to specific environments, but also by morphogenetic programs which often appear as non-adaptational elements of low taxonomic significance. Constructional morphology tries to find out how the three groups of factors are correlated in a given form. This article is the first of a series of papers in which these principles will be applied to different groups of organisms. Einleitende Bemerkungen zu einer Artikelserie, in der neben der historisch-phylogenetischen und okologisch-adaptiven Bedingtheit fossiler und fossilisierbarer Formen auch allgemeinere morphologische «Lizenzen» beleuchtet werden sollen.
Consequences of post-collisional deformation on the reconstruction of the East Pyrenees

Abstract Post-collisional structures are generally ignored in tectonic reconstructions of the Pyrenees. The South Pyrenean thrust belt is characterized by different tectonic rotations about vertical axes. A new statistical analysis of palaeomagnetic data shows that the observed rotations are homogeneous within discrete zones which only partly coincide with the tectonic units of the thrust belt. The combination of the palaeomagnetic information with structural and sedimentological data demonstrates that the actual structure of the southeastern Pyrenees is due to interference of Palaeogene (collisional) and Neogene (post-collisional) deformations. Accounting for this structural interference leads to significantly less shortening than calculated by earlier reconstructions of the southeastern Pyrenees. This example clearly shows that the small contribution made by post-collisional tectonics to the overall deformation can strongly influence the structure of orogenic belts.