Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variability in particle attenuation and chlorophyll fluorescence in the tropical Pacific: Scales, patterns, and biogeochemical implications

The variability in particle attenuation (cp) and in chlorophyll in situ fluorescence (Fis) was examined in November 1994 along 150°W in the Pacific Ocean. Two main sources of variation in cp and Fis profiles are identified by analyzing data from a 16°S–1°N transect, and from two 5 day stations (5°S and 16°S). The first source reflects changes in the trophic status resulting from prevailing hydrodynamical regimes at large scales. By using flow cytometric data and some assumptions about the size distribution of the different biological stocks, a decomposition of cp into its vegetal (cveg) and nonvegetal (cnveg) components is attempted. Within the euphotic layer, cveg accounts for 43% of the total cp signal at the equator and for only 20% in the South Pacific gyre. The nonvegetal component is then subdivided into heterotrophic organisms and detritus contributions. The detrital material is an important contributor with 43% of cp at 5°S and 55% at 16°S. A further decomposition of Fis and cveg into the three dominant phytoplanktonic groups (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and picoeucaryotes) confirms that picoeucaryotes are important contributors of the vegetal biomass, especially within and below the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) (>50% of the algal stock) at 16°S. The second, and essentially local, source of variation is related to specific rhythms in biological and physiological processes. The prominent signals detected during the time series occur at the daily scale: besides the pronounced fluorescence depression at noon in upper layers, particle attenuation in all the layers examined and fluorescence in the DCM display conspicuous daily oscillations. They result from the balance between daytime accumulation and night removal of particles, of algal cells in particular. Finally, the estimation of cp-based growth rates points out the surprisingly rapid turnover time of the whole particulate matter stock in oligotrophic waters (16°S), not only in the euphotic zone (0.63 d−1) but also within the dimly lit layers of the DCM (0.36 d−1). The corresponding growth rate at 5°S, within a quasi-mesotrophic regime, is 0.47 d−1 within the euphotic zone.
GPS observations of postseismic deformation for the 1995 Hyogo‐Ken Nanbu Earthquake, Japan

11‐months of GPS observations, which started within 2 days of the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake, detected significant postseismic crustal deformation that reached 20 mm at some stations. A comparison of postseismic and coseismic deformation shows a similar pattern in the direction of displacements. We tried to determine the predominant relaxation mechanism by examining the time dependence of observed postseismic deformation. We considered three models: an exponential, a power‐law, and a logarithmicaly decaying model. However, each of these three time‐dependent models can explain the observed data, equally well. In case of the exponential relaxation model, the relaxation time constant was estimated to be about 50 days. In the power‐law model, the index p was nearly 1.0; this is almost the same as the p value of Omori's decay law of aftershock sequences for this event. This suggests that the mechanism causing postseismic deformation may be related to that producing aftershocks.
Analytical Solutions for Co- and Countercurrent Imbibition of Sorbing – Dispersive Solutes in Immiscible Two-phase Flow

We derive a set of analytical solutions for the transport of adsorbing solutes in an immiscible, incompressible two-phase system. This work extends recent results for the analytical description for the movement of inert tracers due to capillary and viscous forces and dispersion to the case of adsorbing solutes. We thereby obtain the first known analytical expression for the description of the effect of adsorption, dispersion, capillary forces and viscous forces on solute movement in two-phase flow. For the purely advective transport, we combine a known exact solution for the description of flow with the method of characteristics for the advective transport equations to obtain solutions that describe both co- and spontaneous counter-current imbibition and advective transport in one dimension. We show that for both cases, the solute front can be located graphically by a modified Welge tangent. For the dispersion, we derive approximate analytical solutions by the method of singular perturbation expansion. The solutions reveal that the amount of spreading depends on the flow regime and that adsorption diminishes the spreading behavior of the solute. We give some illustrative examples and compare the analytical solutions with numerical results.
The effects of variation of current amplitude, current risetime, and return stroke velocity along the return stroke channel on the electromagnetic fields generated by return strokes

Calculations are presented to show how the return stroke electromagnetic fields are influenced by the variation of amplitude of the current waveform, the variation of risetime of the current waveform, and the variation of return stroke velocity along the return stroke channel. Calculations clearly show that these parameters play a dominant role in determining the characteristics of the return stroke electromagnetic fields. The narrow initial peak observed in first and subsequent stroke electromagnetic fields can be produced either by a narrow initial peak present in the current waveform, a rapid decrease in the return stroke current amplitude during the first hundred meters, a rapid decrease in the velocity of the return stroke over the first few hundred meters, or the variation of return stroke current risetime with height. The subsequent peak often observed in return stroke radiation fields can be generated either by a similar feature in the return stroke current waveform or by the variation of return stroke current risetime with height. The rate of decay of the radiation field after the initial peak depends on the rate of decay of the current waveform after the initial peak, the variation of the amplitude of the current waveform with height, and the variation of return stroke velocity with height. Calculations are also presented to show how the risetime of the current waveform affects the radiation field generated by a tortuous return stroke channel. These calculations provide an explanation for the lack of fine structure in the subsequent return stroke radiation fields though the subsequent return stroke channel is tortuous. The calculations presented in this paper demonstrate the importance of including the variation of return stroke current amplitude, variation of return stroke velocity with height, and variation of risetime of the current waveform with height in the return stroke models which are used to derive the return stroke current parameters from the return stroke electromagnetic fields.
First mass spectrometric measurements of atmospheric ions at ground level

Naturally occurring positive and negative ions in the troposphere have been mass identified at Sapelo Island, Georgia, and Mt. Evans, Colorado. These measurements were made at ground level under a variety of weather conditions. Over the course of the experiment, positive ions were seen at masses 54, 60, 80, and 94 AMU. Mass 54 AMU is believed to be NH4 + · 2(H2O). In the negative spectrum, ions were observed at masses 62 and 125 AMU and are believed to be NO3− and NO3− · (HNO3). Several ions that appear to be H2O clusters of the above ions were also observed. These are the first measurements of the mass identity (1-AMU resolution) of naturally occurring ions in the troposphere with the exception of a previous measurement made in 1982 over a limited mass range in an urban environment (Eisele, 1983). Ions that were artificially produced were also studied and compared to the much longer lived natural ions.
A Meteorological Index of Forest Fire Hazard in Mediterranean France

The start and spread of a forest fire are strongly conditioned by the past and present meteorological situation. The interacting weather parameters determine a fire hazard which may be estimated using various indices. Among those used for the French Mediterranean region, the index 185, formulated by the author in 1985, and further successively improved (187,185/90), has proven to be very efficient.
Detecting the ITCZ in Instantaneous Satellite Data using Spatiotemporal Statistical Modeling: ITCZ Climatology in the East Pacific

Abstract A Markov random field (MRF) statistical model is introduced, developed, and validated for detecting the east Pacific intertropical convergence zone in instantaneous satellite data from May through October. The MRF statistical model uses satellite data at a given location as well as information from its neighboring points (in time and space) to decide whether the given point is classified as ITCZ or non-ITCZ. Two different labels of ITCZ occurrence are produced. IR-only labels result from running the model with 3-hourly infrared data available for a 30-yr period, 1980–2009. All-data labels result from running the model with additional satellite data (visible and total precipitable water), available from 1995 to 2008. IR-only labels detect less area of ITCZ than all-data labels, especially where the ITCZ is shallower. Yet, qualitatively, the results for the two sets of labels are similar. The seasonal distribution of the ITCZ through the summer half year is presented, showing typical location and e.
Petrochemistry, oxygen isotopes and U‐Pb SHRIMP geochronology of mafic–ultramafic bodies from the Sulu UHP terrane, China

Two Rongcheng eclogite‐bearing peridotite bodies (Chijiadian and Macaokuang) occur as lenses within the country rock gneiss of the northern Sulu terrane. The Chijiadian ultramafic body consists of garnet lherzolite, whereas the Macaokuang body is mainly meta‐dunite. Both ultramafics are characterized by high MgO contents, low fertile element concentrations and total REE contents, which suggests that they were derived from depleted, residual mantle. High FeO contents, an LREE‐enriched pattern and trace‐element contents indicate that the bulk‐rock compositions of these ultramafic rocks were modified by metasomatism. Oxygen‐isotope compositions of analysed garnet, olivine, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene from these two ultramafic bodies are between +5.2‰ and +6.2‰ (δ18O), in the range of typical mantle values (+5.1 to +6.6‰). The eclogite enclosed within the Chijiadian lherzolite shows an LREE‐enriched pattern and was formed by melts derived from variable degrees (0.005–0.05) of partial melting of peridotite. It has higher δ18O values (+7.6‰ for garnet and +7.7‰ for omphacite) than those of lherzolite. Small O‐isotope fractionations (ΔCpx‐Ol: 0.4‰, ΔCpx‐Grt: 0.1‰, ΔGrt‐Ol: 0.3–0.4‰) in both eclogite and ultramafic rocks suggest isotopic equilibrium at high temperature. The P–T estimates suggest that these rocks experienced subduction‐zone ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphism at ∼700–800 °C, 5 GPa, with a low geothermal gradient. Zircon from the Macaokuang eclogite contains inclusions of garnet and diopside. The 225 ± 2 Ma U/Pb age obtained from these zircon may date either the prograde conditions just before peak metamorphism or the UHP metamorphic event, and therefore constrains the timing of subduction‐related UHP metamorphism for the Rongcheng mafic–ultramafic bodies.
Head gradient control in aquifers used for fluid storage

Attempts to store fluids in confined aquifers will sometimes be frustrated by regional groundwater flow and/or by buoyancy drift due to density differences between the stored fluid and the native groundwater. Such effects can largely be overcome through the use of gradient control wells. A procedure based on linear programing can be used for the initial design of a well field that will create a zero gradient or a finite gradient in a given region. The finite difference form of the steady state groundwater equation provides one set of constraints, while the gradient condition in the storage region provides a second set. A standard linear programing solution routine is then used to provide the minimum pumping rates and head distribution consistent with the constraints and the chosen well array.
An Engineering Research and Development Framework for the Challenges Faced by the Hotel Industry: Hong Kong Case Study

Most hotels in a commercialized city are now struggling to satisfy the rapid and dynamic changes of customers’ requirements. New concepts and approaches for design and development and operation of hotel systems are necessary to cope with these challenges, to maintain market competitiveness, and to secure long-term prosperity. The article examines the present customer requirements and future hotel industry development in a rapidly changing city. The article attempts to formulate strategies to deal with challenges from the utilization of advanced information and systems engineering perspective. An engineering research and development (R&D) framework composed of a customer-oriented approach, a manufacturing system-life-cycle, and artificial intelligence employed in computer integrated manufacturing and agile manufacturing is proposed. Each important aspect of the R&D framework is discussed in detail: the current problems of hotel design and operating concepts, the engineering principles of resolving encountered problems, and methods of facing the challenges.
GIS Expression of Current Field

With rapid development of GIS techniques, GIS techniques have come into applied period in the field of natural science and other application fields. Because of complex marine structure with many dynamic changes, tight relationship among factors in body of water, fuzzy boundary and unintuitive structure character, it is especially difficult to apply GIS to the field of ocean science. Beginning with the ocean current GIS analysis, this paper tries to develop GIS application study of oceanography. It is evident that the first problem needing to be solved is GIS expression of current field. Therefore, main information types of ocean current data that many physical oceanography scientists are using are collected. Firstly, five expression of current field commonly used in physical oceanography are: section vector expression of average current speed, component expression of current field in large area, time series expression of fixed point and expression of current path. The main work of this paper is to give corresponding GIS expression respectively according to the above expressions of ocean current. Based on the above work, corresponding GIS operational cases are given to further prove the feasibility of GIS expressions of current field. Finally, the conclusions and further work are suggested.
Case study and analogue methodologies in climate change vulnerability research

Assessing vulnerability is an important component of human dimensions of climate change (HDCC) research. Vulnerability assessments identify and characterize who and what are sensitive to climatic risks and why, characterize adaptive capacity and its determinants, and identify opportunities for adaptation. This paper examines the importance of case study and analogue methodologies in vulnerability research, reviews the historical evolution of the two methodologies in the HDCC field, and identifies ways in which they can be used to increase our understanding of vulnerability. Case studies involve in‐depth place‐based research that focuses on a particular exposure unit (e.g., community, industry, etc.) to characterize vulnerability and its determinants. Temporal analogues use past and present experiences and responses to climatic variability, change and extremes to provide insights for vulnerability to climate change; spatial analogues involve conducting research in one region and identifying parallels to how another region might be affected by climate change. Vulnerability research that uses case studies and analogues can help to develop an understanding of the determinants of vulnerability and how they interact, and identify opportunities to reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity to current and future climate risks. This information can assist policy makers in developing adaptation plans and to mainstream climate change adaptation into other policy‐ and decision‐making processes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of laboratory simulations of volcanic hybrid earthquakes using empirical Green's functions

[1] Here we present a new analysis of experimental simulations of the seismic signals characteristically observed in volcanic environments. We examine the waveforms of laboratory microseismic events generated during two rock deformation experiments performed on samples of Mt. Etna basalt to determine their source characteristics and establish evidence for a mode of failure. Events were recorded during deformation under (a), unsaturated (dry) conditions, and (b), samples saturated with water. We employ an empirical Green's function approach to isolate the acoustic emission event source spectra from attenuation and travel path effects, and estimate the spectral corner frequency using a least squares fit to a Brune spectral model. Spectral fits indicate that the acoustic emission events occurring under dry conditions follow the expected scaling of moment and corner frequency for standard brittle-failure in an elastic medium with constant stress drop, namely M0 ∝ fc−3. However, the events occurring during the fluid decompression phase of the saturated experiment have estimated corner frequencies which are not easily described by any simple scaling relationship. The implication of the observed scaling is that the events occurring under dry conditions must result from a standard stick-slip (i.e., brittle-failure) source. The observed moment-corner frequency scaling also suggests that event durations change in a predictable way with increasing moment for the events occurring under dry conditions. Conversely, events occurring under wet conditions do not show any distinctive relationship between duration and event size. The specific dependence of duration on event size exhibited by the events in the dry experiment must consequently rule out fluid-flow as a source, as there is no plausible reason for the driving pressure for fluid-flow to be dependent on duration in such a specific way. We compare laboratory observations of brittle-failure scaling (M0 ∝ fc−3) to previous observations of volcanic hybrid events in a field environment. Scaling dissimilarities between field observations and the wet laboratory events suggest that hybrid seismic signals observed in a volcanic environment do not always require fluid-flow to explain their signal.
The effects of human capital on social capital: a cross-country analysis

This paper uses two sets of cross-country micro datasets to analyse individuals’ participation in voluntary and community activities and organisations. Analysing countries in the International Adult Literacy Survey and focusing on the impact of human capital I find a consistently positive effect of years of education on participation with the marginal effect of an additional year being around 2 or 3% for most countries. The effects are somewhat higher in English speaking countries. However controlling for functional literacy reduces this significantly with literacy accounting for around half the marginal effect of education. Labour market effects are generally very weak Using instrumental variables for a subset of countries we test and are unable to reject the hypothesis that education is exogenous. Using Eurobarometer data yields higher estimated impacts of schooling for most countries. It is also shown how attitudes towards the “third sector” predict higher participation in some forms of volunteering while a measure of religiosity often predicts more altruistic volunteering.
How Does the East Asian Summer Monsoon Behave in the Decaying Phase of El Niño during Different PDO Phases

Modulation of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on the behavior of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) in El Ni~ decaying years has been studied. When El Ni~ is in phase with the PDO (El Ni~ no/high PDO), the low-level atmospheric anomalies are characterized by an anticyclone around the Philippines and a cyclone around Japan, inducing an anomalous tripolar rainfall pattern in China. In this case, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) experiences a one-time slightly northward shift in July and then stays stationary from July to August. The corresponding anomalous tripolar rainfall pattern has weak subseasonal variations. When El Ni~ is out of phase with the PDO (El Ni~ PDO), however, the anomalous Philippines anticyclone has a much larger spatial domain, thereby causing an anomalous dipole rainfall pattern. Accordingly, WPSH experiences clearly two northward shifts. Therefore, the related dipole rainfall pattern has large subseasonal variations. One pronounced feature is that the positive rainfall anomalies shift northward from southern China in June to central China in July and finally to northern China in August. The different El Ni~ relationships are caused by the influences of PDO on the decaying speed of El Ni~ During the high PDO phase, El Ni~ decays slowly and has a strong anchor in the north Indian Ocean warming, which is responsible for the anomalous EASM. Comparatively, during the low PDO phase, El Ni~ decays rapidly and La Ni~ develops in summer, which induces different EASM anomalies from that during the high PDO phase. Additionally, PDO changes El Ni~ behaviors mainly via modifying the background tropical winds.
A geomatics data integration technique for coastal change monitoring

This paper reports research carried out to develop a novel method of monitoring coastal change, using an approach based on digital elevation models (DEMs). In recent years change monitoring has become an increasingly important issue, particularly for landforms and areas that are potentially hazardous to human life and assets. The coastal zone is currently a sensitive policy area for those involved with its management, as phenomena such as erosion and landslides affect the stability of both the natural and the built environment. With legal and financial implications of failing to predict and react to such geomorphological change, the provision of accurate and effective monitoring is essential. Long coastlines and dynamic processes make the application of traditional surveying difficult, but recent advances made in the geomatics discipline allow for more effective methodologies to be investigated.
TRENDS OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM DAILY TEMPERATURES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

Changes in maximum and minimum daily temperatures (TMAX and TMIN, respectively) in nine selected regions of central Europe and in Bulgaria during 1951–1990 are investigated. Average series for central Europe are compiled and analyzed by linear trend analysis and the kernel smoothing. The increase in the annual TMAX in central Europe was, during 1951–1990, slightly lower than that of TMIN (0ċ52°C and 0ċ60°C, respectively). This results in a small decrease in the daily temperature range (DTR) by −0ċ08°C. With the exception of the spring TMIN other linear trends are insignificant. The observed insignificant trends in DTR in the central European region are related to small cloudiness changes. Long-term fluctuations of annual TMAX, TMIN, and DTR for eight selected series during the twentieth century are also investigated.
Prevention and Management of Postoperative Wound Pain after Thoracic Surgery

Kyoji Hirai1*, Shingo Takeuchi1 and Jitsuo Usuda2 1Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Japan 2Division of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Japan *Corresponding author: Kyoji Hirai, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamakari, Inzai, Chiba 270-1674, Japan, Tel: 81-476-99-1111; Fax: 81-476-99-1911; E-mail: ky-hirai@nms.ac. jp