Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Himalayan ice-core dating with snow algae

Snow algae in shallow ice cores (7 m long) from Yala Glacier in the Lang-tang region of Nepal were examined for potential use in ice-core dating. Ice-core samples taken at 5350 m a.s. l. in 1994 contained more than seven species of snow algae. In a vertical profile of the algal biomass, 11 distinct algal layers were observed. Seasonal observation in 1996 at the coring site indicated most algal growth occurred from late spring to late summer. Pit observation in 1991, 1992 and 1994 indicated that algal layer formation takes place annually δ 18 O, chemical ions (Na + , Cl - , SO 4 2 and NO 3 - ) and microparticles failed to show any clear seasonal variation, particularly at depths exceeding 2 m, possibly due to heavy meltwater percolation. Snow algae in ice cores would thus appear to be accurate boundary markers of annual layers and should prove useful for ice-core dating in Himalayan-type glaciers.
Occupation surfaces sealed by the Avellino eruption of Vesuvius at the Early Bronze Age village of Afragola in southern Italy: A micromorphological analysis

This paper reconstructs the use of space and defines activity areas within a single hut (Hut 8) at the Early Bronze Age village of Afragola (southern Italy). The village, consisting of a number of huts and other structures, was covered by approximately 1m of volcanic ash during the eruption of Vesuvius in 3550 ± 20BP. Thirteen samples were collected from inside the hut to analyze the spatial variability in sedimentary characteristics among three areas of Hut 8—the apsidal, central, and entrance areas. The micromorphological analysis revealed details about the occupation surface and its relationship to features and material remains in the hut not apparent in the field. The apsidal area was probably used for storage but not of solids, as no significant quantities of organic material were found. The central area contains a small oven, calcareous ash from fires, and organic material composed of charred remains and bone fragments and was likely used for small‐scale household tasks. A possible connection exists between the lithics and the microstratigraphic sequencing in the area west of the oven, suggesting that people congregated there to perform specific tasks. The entrance area contains highly compacted and heterogeneous sediments that were brought in from outside. Notable is the paucity of anthropogenic materials found inside the hut, especially given the remarkable preservation offered by the thick cover of volcanic ash. We hypothesize that Hut 8 was not occupied long enough to produce a large amount of debris or that it had limited indoor activities and was thoroughly cleaned. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visualization in 3-D seismic interpretation

The advent of 3-D seismic surveys in the late 1970s and early 1980s was a major force behind the development of interactive interpretation systems. Initially, interactive systems were computer implementations of methods traditionally used to work on paper. Later developments allowed the generation of displays that would have been very difficult or impossible to create in a paper‐oriented environment.
Conceptual Framework For Analysing Structural Change In Agriculture And Rural Livelihoods

The Deliverable 2.1 (D2.1) of the SCARLED project provides the conceptual framework for analysing structural change in agriculture and rural livelihoods in the NMS and established Member States of the EU. It concisely summarizes the underlying theories and concepts of the pertinent research issues in SCARLED. SCARLED addresses a topic of wide interest with regard to the identification of past and future key social and agricultural restructuring processes for a living countryside in the NMS. Methodologically, the topic is approached by comparative, structured multi-country farm surveys complemented by an analysis of structural changes in the farm sectors of two selected regions with the agent-based simulation model AgriPoliS, taking special account of demographic changes. In addition, SCARLED studies success stories of rural development in selected regions of five established Member States. For all topics covered by the SCARLED workpackages, the most relevant literature has been reviewed. The driving forces of structural change and rural livelihoods are identified and discussed in detail. All subsequent SCARLED analyses and methodological approaches will refer to this document. On the basis of this conceptual framework paper, the framework for the survey tool is established and will be further developed to serve the needs of the empirically based workpackages. The analysis of rural development success stories in established Member States will use the common methodological framework outlined in D2.1. The literature used in D2.1 is customized in Endnotes, a software system for managing bibliographies. Furthermore, it is noted that outputs and new developments in SCARLED will be documented on the project's homepage - www.scarled. eu.
Currents of Change: Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on Climate and Society

Acknowledgements Preface to second edition Preface to first edition 1. Introduction 2. El Nino 3. A tale of two histories 4. The biography of El Nino 5. The biography of La Nina 6. The 1982-1983 El Nino: a case of an anomalous anomaly 7. Forecasting El Nino 8. Forecasting the 1997-1998 El Nino 9. Teleconnections 10. El Nino's ecological impacts: The Galapagos 11. Methods used to identify El Nino 12. El Nino and health 13. The media, El Nino and La Nina: a study in media-rology 14. Why do ENSO events continue to surprise us? 15. What people need to know about El Nino 16. Usable science Appendix References.
Bayesian confidence intervals for the magnitude of the largest aftershock

Aftershock sequences, which follow large earthquakes, last hundreds of days and are characterized by well‐defined frequency‐magnitude and spatio‐temporal distributions. The largest aftershocks in a sequence constitute significant hazard and can inflict additional damage to infrastructure that is already affected by the main shock. Therefore, the estimation of the magnitude of a possible largest aftershock in a sequence is of high importance. In this work, a Bayesian predictive distribution and the corresponding confidence intervals for the magnitude of the largest expected aftershock in a sequence are derived using the framework of Bayesian analysis and extreme value statistics. The analysis is applied to 19 well‐known aftershock sequences worldwide to construct retrospectively the confidence intervals for the magnitude of the subsequent largest aftershock by using the statistics of early aftershocks in the sequences.
Reverse-Engineering Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Gap Genes in Drosophila melanogaster

Systems biology proceeds through repeated cycles of experiment and modeling. One way to implement this is reverse engineering, where models are fit to data to infer and analyse regulatory mechanisms. This requires rigorous methods to determine whether model parameters can be properly identified. Applying such methods in a complex biological context remains challenging. We use reverse engineering to study post-transcriptional regulation in pattern formation. As a case study, we analyse expression of the gap genes Krüppel, knirps, and giant in Drosophila melanogaster. We use detailed, quantitative datasets of gap gene mRNA and protein expression to solve and fit a model of post-transcriptional regulation, and establish its structural and practical identifiability. Our results demonstrate that post-transcriptional regulation is not required for patterning in this system, but is necessary for proper control of protein levels. Our work demonstrates that the uniqueness and specificity of a fitted model can be rigorously determined in the context of spatio-temporal pattern formation. This greatly increases the potential of reverse engineering for the study of development and other, similarly complex, biological processes.
Holocene seasonality changes in the central Mediterranean region reconstructed from the pollen sequences of Lake Accesa (Italy) and Tenaghi Philippon (Greece)

This study presents pollen-based climate reconstructions of Holocene temperature and precipitation seasonality for two high-resolution pollen sequences from the central (Lake Accesa, central Italy) and eastern Mediterranean (Tenaghi Philippon, Greece) regions. The quantitative climate reconstruction uses multiple methods to provide an improved assessment of the uncertainties involved in palaeoclimate reconstructions. The multimethod approach comprises Partial Least Squares regression, Weighted Average Partial Least Squares regression, the Modern Analogues Technique, and the Non-Metric-Multidimensional Scaling/Generalized Additive Model method. We find two distinct climate intervals during the Holocene. The first is a moist period from 9500 to 7800 cal. BP characterised by wet winters and dry summers, resulting in a strongly seasonal hydrological contrast (stronger than today) that is interrupted by a short-lived event around 8200 cal. BP. This event is characterised by wet winters and summers at Accesa whereas at Tenaghi Philippon the signal is stronger, reversing the established seasonal pattern, with dry winters and wet summers. The second interval represents a later aridification phase, with a reduced seasonal contrast and lower overall precipitation, lasting from 7800 to 5000 cal. BP. Present-day Mediterranean conditions were established between 2500 and 2000 cal. BP. Many studies show the Holocene to have a complex pattern of climatic change across the Mediterranean regions. Our results confirm the traditional understanding of an evolution from wetter (early Holocene) to drier climatic conditions (late Holocene), but highlight the role of changing seasonality during this time. Our data yield new insights into the aspect of seasonality changes, and explain the apparent discrepancies between the previously available climate information based on pollen, lake-levels and isotopes by invoking changes in precipitation seasonality.
Internally consistent thermodynamic data and equilibrium phase relations for compounds in the system MgO‐SiO2 at high pressure and high temperature

Thermochemical and thermophysical data for phases in the system MgO-SiO2 are critically evaluated, refined, and supplemented by calculating phase equilibrium relations from the available calorimetric data. Lattice vibrational models are used to constrain further the entropies and heat capacities. Phases in the data base are MgO, SiO2 (coesite, stishovite), Mg2SiO4 (olivine, s-phase, spinel), and MgSiO3 (pyroxene, garnet, ilmenite, and perovskite). The internally consistent data set reproduces the experimentally determined phase relations in the system at pressures to 30 GPa and to melting temperatures.
Gravity Anomalies and the Godavari Rift, India

A Bouguer anomaly map of the Godavari valley region extending from the deltas of the Krishna and Godavari rivers has been prepared by using data of the Survey of India and National Geophysical Research Institute. A gravity “low” of the order of 50 milligal is associated with the Godavari valley. A comparison of this map with the geologic map of India and the paleogeographic maps of the Gondwana periods by Fox (1931) and Ahmad (1961) indicates the Godavari structure continues northwestward at least up to 23° N. Godavari valley appears to be a rift, according to the definition of a rift valley given by Girdler (1963). Its average width is 50 km and its lateral extent, as indicated by gravity and paleogeographic data, may be of the order of 800 km. The valley floor may lie at depths ranging from 3 to 4 km. The gravimetric and geologic data do not indicate extension of the Godavari valley structure into the sea. However, it appears to have its counterpart in the basins on the western and northwestern coasts of Australia. It is suggested that the Godavari rift developed along a zone of weakness inherited from the Archean orogenies. It appears that after the Eparchean interval, but prior to the deposition of the Cuddapahs, tensional forces must have developed that caused formation of the graben, according to a mechanism proposed by Vening-Meinesz and Heiskanen (1958).
In‐mine seismic delineation of mineralization and rock structure

Significant progress has been made towards the goal of generating detailed seismic images as an aid to mine planning and exploration at the Kambalda nickel mines of Western Australia. Crosshole and vertical‐seismic‐profiling instrumentation, including a slimline multi‐element hydrophone array, three‐component geophone sensors, and a multishot detonator sound source, have been developed along with special seismic imaging software to map rock structure. Seismic trials at the Hunt underground mine established that high frequency (> 1 kHz) signals can be propagated over distances of tens of meters. Tomographic as well as novel 3-D multicomponent reflection imaging procedures have been applied to the data to produce useful pictures of the ore‐stope geometry and host rock. Tomogram interpretation remains problematic because velocity changes not only relate to differing rock types and/or the presence of mineralisation, but can also be caused by alteration/weathering and other rock condition variations. Ultrasoni.
Seasonal discharge of estuarine freshwater to the western Chukchi Sea shelf identified in stable isotope profiles of mollusk shells

[1] Oxygen and carbon isotope profiles of bivalve mollusks (Serripes groenlandicus and Macoma calcarea) record distinct changes of water mass properties in the Bering Strait region associated with the seasonal discharge of estuarine freshwater from Kolyuchin Bay into the western Chukchi Sea. Cycles in the δ18O profiles are correlated with shell growth bands and interpreted as annual; maximum δ18O values corresponding to coldest water temperatures coincide with dark internal bands in the shell that mark slower growth during winter. A 0.5 ‰ offset between the baseline winter δ18O values of two specimens (HX68 and HX65), at different distances from the estuarine discharge, is attributed to a difference in seawater δ18O between the two sites and indicates that the influence of the estuarine water persists through much of the year. The isotope profiles of specimen AK55, collected north of Bering Strait in the Chukchi Sea, reflect the Bering Shelf-Anadyr Water flowing from south of Bering Strait. Comparison of the δ13C profiles shows that HX68, collected closer to Kolyuchin Bay, has high-amplitude negative δ13C excursions associated with incorporation of dissolved inorganic carbon that is isotopically depleted in 13C, probably from terrestrial runoff. The significant positive correlation between δ18O and δ13C values in these specimens suggests that the properties of the ambient water masses are reflected in the stable isotope profiles. These results show that the stable isotope profiles of mollusk shells can serve as proxy indicators of water mass properties, particularly during runoff events in Arctic coastal regions that are logistically difficult to sample directly.
Modelling net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia based on an improved CASA ecosystem model

By using a land cover map, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data sets, monthly meteorological data and observed net primary productivity (NPP) data, we have improved the method of estimating light use efficiency (LUE) for different biomes and soil moisture coefficients in the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) ecosystem model. Based on this improved model we produced an annual NPP map (in 1999) for the East Asia region located at 10–70° N, 70–170° E (about 19.66% of the terrestrial surface of the Earth). The results show that the mean NPP for the study area in 1999 was 374.12 g carbon (C) m−2 year−1 and the total NPP was 1.096 × 1014 kg C year−1, making up 17.51–18.39% of the global NPP. Comparison between the estimated NPP obtained from this improved CASA ecosystem model and the observed NPP obtained from two NPP databases indicates that the estimated NPP is close to the observed NPP, with an average error of 5.15% for the study region. We used two different land cover maps of China to drive the improved CASA model by keeping other inputs unchanged to determine how the classification accuracy of the land cover map affects the estimated NPP, and the results indicate that an accurate land cover map is important for obtaining an accurate and reliable estimate of NPP for some regions, especially for a particular biome.
Interannual Variability of Sea Ice Area in the Sea of Okhotsk: Importance of Surface Heat Flux in Fall

We examine the interannual variability of the sea ice area in the Sea of Okhotsk in terms of surface heat flux, using highly resolved flux data with the ice concentration taken into account. On the northwest and east Sakhalin shelves, where the initial ice formation occurs, the onset of ice formation is simply determined by the local heat flux in fall (October-November); the degree to which the ocean is cooled by the atmosphere. Consequently, this heat flux mostly determines the interannual variability of sea ice area in the Okhotsk Sea in the initial stage. The air temperature anomaly is the main cause of the heat flux anomaly in fall. The fall heat flux has persistently affected the ice area anomaly, particularly until mid-January. In the later sea ice season, the relationship between the ice area and heat flux is obscured, particularly after mid-January, by the heat insulating effect of sea ice. The ice area variabilities in the southern and northeast regions are correlated with the local heat flux in the months preceding ice appearance, but not strongly. Our analysis suggests that the heat flux does not determine to what extent the ice advances finally in the Okhotsk Sea. Typical heat flux distributions in heavy and light ice years are also presented from our heat flux data: the heat loss center is located in the central Okhotsk Sea in light ice years, and moves to the eastern Okhotsk Sea near the Kuril Straits in heavy ice years.
On the temporal scale of the turbulent exchange of carbon dioxide and energy above a tropical rain forest in Amazonia

[1] The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) project has been using the eddy covariance technique since 1998 to monitor energy, water, and carbon surface fluxes over Amazonia. The results obtained up-to-date indicate high level of uncertainties, especially regarding the role of the Amazonian ecosystem to the global carbon budget. Besides the problems related to the eddy covariance measuring system (systematic error and nighttime stable conditions), an extremely important factor is associated with the averaging time scale or "time window" used by the scientific community to determine the surface fluxes. This work presents initial efforts to determine the turbulence time scale for long-term carbon and energy surface fluxes over the Amazon rain forest. A total of 198 nights and 218 days during 2006 were analyzed. The multiresolution decomposition technique was applied to project the signal into several time scales and determine when the spectral and cospectral gap occurred. This technique permitted evaluating and separating the real contribution from turbulent and mesoscale fluxes to the total surface fluxes at both diurnal and nocturnal periods. The average turbulence time scale was below 200 and 1200 s for all scalars at nighttime and daytime, respectively. In all cases, there is seasonal dependence. This result shows that the time scale commonly used to calculate nocturnal surface fluxes (30 min) includes a good portion of mesoscale flux in the estimates. The role of these mesoscale fluxes, in terms of seasonal dependence and the uncertainties they add to the estimates, is then analyzed.
Stratospheric NO2 and H2O mixing ratio profiles from high resolution infrared solar spectra using nonlinear least squares

Nonlinear least squares spectral curve fitting has been used to derive vertical mixing ratio profiles for NO2 and H2O above 16 km from high resolution (∼.02 cm−1) solar spectra collected during sunset with a balloon borne interferometer. The NO2 profile shows a sharp peak of ˜8 ppbv at 32 km falling rapidly to <0.5 ppbv at 17 km. The H2O profile shows a broad peak of ˜6.5 ppmv at 30 km falling to <4 ppmv at 17 km.
Distribution of Precipitation on the Korean Peninsula Associated with the Weakening of Tropical Cyclones

Spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation in Korea, associated with the weakening of Tropical Cyclones (TCs) around the Korean Peninsula (32-36 N, 122-132 E) over the last 30 years (1979-2008), were investigated. Weakened TCs are classified as WEC (Weakened to Extratropical Cyclone) and WTD (Weakened to Tropical Depression). In WEC, precipitation was evenly distributed all over the Korean Peninsula and the greater precipitation was recorded in the southern coast. In WTD, the most precipitation was recorded in the southern coast but low precipitation was recorded in the central and inland areas of Korea. The difference of precipitation between WEC and WTD was not statistically significant in Region 2 (Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, southeastern part of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeju-do); however, the precipitation resulting from WEC was greater than that resulting from WTD in Region 1 (central area of Korea, Jeollabuk-do, inland of Gyeongsangbuk-do). In WEC, the developed upper-level potential vorticity (PV) and low-level temperature trough shifted to the northwest of TCs approaching Korea. In addition, an upper-level jet stream and strong divergence field were observed to the northeast of the TCs. It was assumed that these meteorological factors had induced baroclinic instability and diabatic process, which created a large precipitation area around the TCs. However, the intense PV, temperature trough, jet stream were not observed in WTD, which created a small precipitation area around the TCs.
Analogue Gravity

Analogue models of (and for) gravity have a long and distinguished history dating back to the earliest years of general relativity. In this review article we will discuss the history, aims, results, and future prospects for the various analogue models. We start the discussion by presenting a particularly simple example of an analogue model, before exploring the rich history and complex tapestry of models discussed in the literature. The last decade in particular has seen a remarkable and sustained development of analogue gravity ideas, leading to some hundreds of published articles, a workshop, two books, and this review article. Future prospects for the analogue gravity programme also look promising, both on the experimental front (where technology is rapidly advancing) and on the theoretical front (where variants of analogue models can be used as a springboard for radical attacks on the problem of quantum gravity).