Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Caracterización florística y estructural del bosque seco tropical del Cerro Tasajero, San José de Cúcuta (Norte de Santander), Colombia

Se analiza la composición y estructura florística de 0,1 hectárea de bosque seco tropical del Cerro Tasajero, mediante el método propuesto por Gentry, como modificación se registran además individuos con DAP ≥ 1 cm. Los resultados de riqueza, al considerar los elementos con DAP ≥ 2,5 cm, presentan 281 individuos agrupados en 30 familias, 46 géneros y 60 especies; al añadir los elementos con DAP entre 1 y 2,5 cm (204 individuos), se registran los siguientes valores de diversidad (34 familias, 57 géneros y 79 especies). La familia con mayor diversidad es Fabaceae (sensu lato) con 18 especies, seguida de Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae y Rubiaceae con seis especies cada una; a nivel ecológico (valores de IVF) la más importante fue Myrtaceae. Los géneros más diversos son Machaerium (5 especies) y Eugenia (4). La especie que registra los mayores índices de valor de importancia es Eugenia aff. biflora con 39,6%, seguida por Guazuma ulmifolia (20,6%). Estructuralmente dominan especies de porte arbustivo, con diámetros inferiores a 10 cm, y alturas entre 8 y 13 m. Existe un elevado número de especies de tipo secundario, y una baja similitud a nivel florístico con otros bosques secos, lo cual se debe a los fuertes niveles de disturbio por la acción humana.
Utilisation de la très haute résolution spatiale pour la caractérisation des habitats de rongeurs, vecteurs de zoonoses à La Réunion

Connaitre la distribution des especes vectrices de zoonoses est fondamentale pour comprendre les dynamiques epidemiologiques et caracteriser les zones a risque. Cette distribution peut etre apprehendee a differentes echelles : regionalement, l’aire de repartition de ces especes definit les limites d’occurrence de la transmission d’agents pathogenes et, localement, leurs niches determinent l’alea. Cette derniere echelle requiert une connaissance tres precise des milieux qui peut etre acquise par l’analyse d’images satellite a tres haute resolution spatiale. Dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche sur la leptospirose a La Reunion (LeptOI), cette etude propose de mesurer le potentiel d’utilisation d’une image Pleiades (pixels de 50 cm) pour caracteriser la distribution locale de differents petits mammiferes terrestres autour de l’Etang de Saint-Paul. Trois campagnes de piegeage ont permis la capture de 134 animaux appartenant a quatre des cinq especes presentes a La Reunion ( Rattus rattus , R. norvegicus , Suncus murinus et Tenrec ecaudatus ). Une analyse orientee-objet de l’image Pleiades a permis de discriminer dix classes d’occupation des sols avec une precision totale de 83,6%. Des indices paysagers ont ete calcules a partir de cette classification autour de chacun des pieges (distances les plus courtes aux classes d’occupation, densite de contours et pourcentages de surface des classes au sein de zones tampon de 50 et de 100 metres). Trois zones (« humide », « anthropisee » et « seche ») sont clairement discriminees par ces variables, qui pourront etre utilisees comme determinants ecologiques de differents profils epidemiologiques : la zone humide etant propice a la leptospirose et la zone anthropisee etant un lieu de co-occurrence des quatre especes et ainsi potentiellement une zone d’echanges de pathogenes.
Temporal Patterns of Honeybee Foraging in a Diverse Floral Landscape Revealed Using Pollen DNA Metabarcoding of Honey

Synopsis Understanding the plants pollinators use through the year is vital to support pollinator populations and mitigate for declines in floral resources due to habitat loss. DNA metabarcoding allows the temporal picture of nectar and pollen foraging to be examined in detail. Here, we use DNA metabarcoding to examine the forage use of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) within a florally diverse landscape within the UK, documenting the key forage plants used and seasonal progression over two years. The total number of plant taxa detected in the honey was 120, but only 16 of these were found with a high relative read abundance of DNA, across the main foraging months (April–September). Only a small proportion of the available flowering genera in the landscape were used by the honeybees. The greatest relative read abundance came from native or near-native plants, including Rubus spp. , Trifolium repens, the Maleae tribe including Crataegus, Malus, and Cotoneaster, and Hedera helix. Tree species were important forage in the spring months, followed by increased use of herbs and shrubs later in the foraging season. Garden habitat increased the taxon richness of native, near-native and horticultural plants found in the honey. Although horticultural plants were rarely found abundantly within the honey samples, they may be important for increasing nutritional diversity of the pollen forage.
Log‐jams and avulsions in the San Antonio River Delta, Texas

The San Antonio River Delta (SARD), Texas, has experienced two major avulsions in the past 80 years, and a number of other historical and Holocene channel shifts. The causes and consequences of these avulsions – one of which is ongoing – were examined using a combination of fieldwork, geographic information system (GIS) analysis, and historical information to identify active, semi‐active, and paleochannels and the sequence of shifting flow paths through the delta. The role of deposition patterns and antecedent morphology, large woody debris jams, and tectonic influences were given special attention. Sedimentation in the SARD is exacerbated by tectonic effects. Channel aggradation is ubiquitous, and superelevation of the channel bed above the level of backswamp areas on the floodplain is common. This creates ideal setup conditions for avulsions, and stable, cohesive fine‐grained banks favor avulsions rather than lateral migration. Flood basins between the alluvial ridges associated with the aggraded channels exist, but avulsions occur by re‐occupation of former channels found within or connected to the flood basins. Large woody debris and channel‐blocking log‐jams are common, and sometimes displace flow from the channel, triggering crevasses. However, a large, recurring log‐jam at the site of the ongoing avulsion from the San Antonio River into Elm Bayou is not responsible for the channel shift. Rather, narrow, laterally stable channels resulting from flow splits lead to accumulation of wood. Some aspects of the SARD avulsion regime are typical of other deltas, while others are more novel. These includes avulsions involving tributaries and subchannels within the delta as well as from the dominant channel; tectonic influences on delta backstepping and on channel changes within the delta; avulsions as an indirect trigger for log‐jam formation (as well as vice‐versa); and maintenance of a multi‐channel flow pattern distinct from classic anastamosing or distributary systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Output consensus robustness and performance of first‐order agents

In this article, we study consensus robustness and performance problems for continuous‐time multi‐agent systems. We consider first‐order unstable agents coordinated by an output feedback protocol over a network subject to an unknown, uncertain constant delay. Our objectives are twofold. First, we seek to determine the largest range of delay permissible so that the agents may achieve robustly consensus despite variation of the delay length, herein referred to as the delay consensus margin. Second, we attempt to determine consensus error performance quantified under an norm criterion, which measures the disruptive effect of random nodal noises on consensus. We consider both undirected and directed graphs. For undirected graphs, we obtain analytical results for the delay consensus margin and the consensus error performance, while for directed graphs, we develop computational results and analytical bounds. The results provide conceptual insights and exhibit how the agents' unstable pole, nonminimum phase zero, as well as the network topology and network delay may limit fundamentally the consensus robustness and performance of first‐order agents.
Use of electrical imaging and distributed temperature sensing methods to characterize surface water–groundwater exchange regulating uranium transport at the Hanford 300 Area, Washington

We explored the use of continuous waterborne electrical imaging (CWEI), in conjunction with fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensor (FO‐DTS) monitoring, to improve the conceptual model for uranium transport within the Columbia River corridor at the Hanford 300 Area, Washington. We first inverted resistivity and induced polarization CWEI data sets for distributions of electrical resistivity and polarizability, from which the spatial complexity of the primary hydrogeologic units was reconstructed. Variations in the depth to the interface between the overlying coarse‐grained, high‐permeability Hanford Formation and the underlying finer‐grained, less permeable Ringold Formation, an important contact that limits vertical migration of contaminants, were resolved along ∼3 km of the river corridor centered on the 300 Area. Polarizability images were translated into lithologic images using established relationships between polarizability and surface area normalized to pore volume (Spor). The FO‐DTS data recorded along 1.5 km of cable with a 1 m spatial resolution and 5 min sampling interval revealed subreaches showing (1) temperature anomalies (relatively warm in winter and cool in summer) and (2) a strong correlation between temperature and river stage (negative in winter and positive in summer), both indicative of reaches of enhanced surface water–groundwater exchange. The FO‐DTS data sets confirm the hydrologic significance of the variability identified in the CWEI and reveal a pattern of highly focused exchange, concentrated at springs where the Hanford Formation is thickest. Our findings illustrate how the combination of CWEI and FO‐DTS technologies can characterize surface water–groundwater exchange in a complex, coupled river‐aquifer system.
Three-Dimensional Texture Attributes For Seismic Data Analysis

In this paper we describe several new 3D texture attributes for automated interpretation of seismic data. The attributes, dip, azimuth, chaotic texture, and continuity, are robust with respect to properties such as tilted layers and amplitude variations. They are applicable to mapping of for example gas chimneys, structural features such as fault systems and salt domes and stratigraphic features such as carbonate reefs, sand channels, and fan systems.
Blessing in disguise: long-run benefits of urban disasters

The Saint-Elisabeth’s Flood (19 November 1421) was one of the most devastating fl ood disasters in Dutch history. Dozens of cities and villages in the south-western part of the country were swept away due to an unprecedented heavy storm, with a death toll of thousands of people. It is noteworthy that several cities which were completely destroyed (e.g., Dordrecht) later on played an important role as economic, cultural and political centres in the Netherlands. Apparently, urban recovery after disaster is by no means an exception and may even be a more universal phenomenon. It is a well-known fact from ecology that forest fi res may strengthen the long-run stability and diversity of woods and ecosystems. Apparently, an environmental disaster may lead to a better and more sustainable outcome for an ecosystem in the long term. Similar positive fi ndings may be recorded on external shocks in human-made or social systems. For example, the large infl ux of refugees (Huguenots, Jews) to the Low Countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries prompted the rise of fl ourishing cities (e.g., Antwerp, Amsterdam). Countries in a war may sometimes be better off in the long run than countries without a war, as witnessed by the post-World War II Wirtschaftswunder of Germany. Social systems apparently comprise an abundance of responsive or creative talent which makes these systems highly resilient and adaptive. In human history it appears that disasters may create challenges or threats which may be turned into new opportunities. This ‘challenge and response’ mechanism of human societies (see Toynbee 1934–61) provides an unprecedented degree of learning and adaptation behaviour which may lead to relatively stable social systems. Economies and societies in motion may be more resilient and robust than others in a static standstill position. Coping with dynamics is also the core message of a Schumpeterian ‘creative destruction’ conceptualization of the evolution of human-made systems. Dynamics not only refers to a simple time-varying trajectory, but may
Stable Isotopes of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Source Identification of Nitrate from Septic Systems

Stable isotopes, 15N and 18O, have been used as tracers to differentiate a contaminant nitrate plume emanating from a single domestic septic system, in a ground-water system characterized by high and similar nitrate content outside and inside of the contaminant plume. A good delineation of the nitrate plume of septic origin was obtained using 15 N analysis in nitrate. The 15N content ofthe nonplunie nitrate is in agreement with the sources of nitrate: solid cattle manure, synthetic fertilizer (NH4-NO3), and soil organic nitrogen, at the study site. 18O analysis in nitrate did not provide enough isotopic contrast to permit separation of nitrate derived from the septic system and that in the surrounding ground water, derived from agricultural fertilizer sources. 18O data indicated that nitrification of ammonium is the main process responsible for formation of nitrate at the study site. 18O in ground water clearly delineated the ground-water plume associated with the septic system and suggest that this tracer should be considered in studies related with contaminant plumes of different origin.
Nitric oxide emissions from forest soils

Nitric oxide (NO) fluxes to the atmosphere were determined from different soil types in coniferous forest and deciduous forest in the Netherlands. Dynamic chambers were used to determine the emission every week throughout a year. Forest type and soil texture are important parameters leading to large differences in fluxes between sites. High fluxes of up to 178 ng m-2 s-1 were observed in summer in a Douglas fir forest on a sandy soil. In a nearby beech forest, on the same soil, fluxes of up to 63 ng m-2 s-1 were observed. Emissions from clayey soils in a beech forest were much lower, ranging from 0 to 14 ng m-2 s-1. Besides the important effect of the forest community type and the soil texture on the NO flux, a strong positive correlation with soil temperature was observed (accounting for up to 70% of the variance). Soil moisture could explain up to 60% of the variance of the NO flux. It seems that an optimum range of intermediate moisture content exists, ranging from 30 to 45% dry weight or from 55 to 85% water-filled pore space, approximately, where high temperatures lead to high emissions. Copyright 1999 by the American Geophysical Union.
Heat transport dynamics at a sandy intertidal zone

Intertidal zones are spatially complex and temporally dynamic environments. Coastal groundwater discharge, including submarine groundwater discharge, may provide stabilizing conditions for intertidal zone permeable sediments. In this study, we integrated detailed time series temperature observations, porewater pressure measurements, and two‐dimensional electrical resistivity tomography profiles to understand the coupled hydraulic‐thermal regime of a tropical sandy intertidal zone in a fringing coral reef lagoon (Rarotonga, Cook Islands). We found three heating patterns across the 15 m study transect over tidal and diel periods: (1) a highly variable thermal regime dominated by swash infiltration and changes in saturation state in the upper foreshore with net heat import into the sediment, (2) a groundwater‐supported underground stable, cool region just seaward of the intertidal slope break also importing heat into the subsurface, and (3) a zone of seawater recirculation that sustained consistently warm subsurface temperatures that exported heat across the sediment‐water interface. Simple calculations suggested thermal conduction as the main heat transport mechanism for the shallow intertidal sediment, but deeper and/or multidimensional groundwater flow was required to explain temperature patterns beyond 20 cm depth. Temperature differences between the distinct hydrodynamic zones of the foreshore site resulted in significant thermal gradients that persisted beyond tidal and diel periods. The thermal buffering of intertidal zones by coastal groundwater systems, both at surface seeps and in the shallow subsurface, can be responsible for thermal refugia for some coastal organisms and hotspots for biogeochemical reactions.
Materia orgánica y actividad biológica del suelo en relación con la altitud, en la cuenca del río Maracay, estado Aragua

espanolSe estudio la variacion del contenido y composicion de la materia organica (MO) con respecto a la altitud y su influencia sobre la actividad y la biomasa microbiana en suelos de la Cuenca del Rio Maracay. Las zonas seleccionadas estan localizadas a: 480 m.s.n.m (sabana arbolada); 720 m.s.n.m (bosque de galeria) y 1.000 m.s.n.m (selva nublada). En cada una de ellas se selecciono una parcela que se dividio en 3 subparcelas, en las que se recogieron muestras en 10 puntos diferentes, entre 0 y 10 cm de profundidad. Se determino el carbono organico total (COT), el carbono en las sustancias humicas (extraido con alcali), el carbono en la biomasa microbiana (Cmic; por el metodo de la respiracion inducida por sustrato), la respiracion basal (produccion de CO2 ) y el cociente metabolico. El COT vario entre 0,88% y 2,52%. La fraccion del carbono extraible con alcali presento valores entre 20 y 43% del COT, asociada mayormente a los acidos humicos. Los valores de la respiracion basal variaron entre 0,57 y 4,11 μg C-CO2 g-1 h-1. El Cmic arrojo valores entre 576 y 1.395 μg Cmic g-1. Los mayores valores de carbono organico (CO), Cmic y respiracion basal se observaron en la zona mas elevada y los menores, en la zona intermedia (P EnglishThe objective of this research was to study variations in soil organic matter content and composition at different altitudes and their influence on microbial activity and biomass in soils from Maracay River basin (Venezuela). The selected zones are located at: 480 meters above sea level (masl) (savanna with trees); 720 masl (gallery forest) and 1 000 masl (cloud forest). In each zone, a plot was selected, which was divided into three subplots. Ten soil samples were taken from different points in all subplots, at a depth of 0-10 cm. Total organic carbon (TOC), carbon of the humic substances (extracted with alkali), microbial biomass carbon (Cmic, measured by the substrate-induced respiration method), basal respiration (evolution of CO2), and metabolic quotient were determined. TOC varied between 0.88% and 2.52%. The alkali extracted fraction 529 ranged from 20 to 43% of TOC and was primarily associated with humic acids. Basal respiration values varied between 0.57 and 4.11 μg C-CO2 g-1 h-1. Cmic ranged from 576 to 1 395 μg Cmic g-1. The highest values of organic carbon, Cmic and basal respiration were observed in the highest zone, whereas the lowest values were observed in the middle zone (P
Formation of iron mineral fine particles by acidic hydrothermal alteration experiments of synthetic martian basalt

The constituent and formation process of the Martian surface soil are fundamental problems to understand the evolution and current environment of the Mars. At the Martian volcanoes, iron–rich basaltic rocks should be subject to the hydrothermal alteration by sulfuric acid–bearing solutions. In this work, we carried out alteration experiments of the synthetic iron–rich basaltic material simulated the typical Martian basalt to elucidate the soil formation processes on the Martian surface. In the run products at 100 °C with initial concentration of 0.1N sulfuric acid solution, quite characteristic, snowflake–like hematite fine particles of submicrometers in diameter were produced continuously from 7 days to 112 days. In the run products at longer than 28 days at 100 °C and all run durations at 150 °C, initial precipitation of hydrous and low–crystalline iron oxide minerals form nuclei for crystalline aggregates of hematite with several micrometers in diameter. The ferric iron oxide particles are not produced with 0.001N sulfuric acid solutions and distilled water. Ferrous iron in olivine and glass phase can be oxidized to ferric iron by reaction with sulfuric acid in the low temperature hydrothermal conditions in anoxic conditions. Hematite particles produced in this study are small enough to be blown up by the Martian winds to disperse from alteration sites in volcanic regions to the whole planet. The iron oxide minerals which brought reddish color of the Martian dust may be products of sulfuric acid–bearing hydrothermal alteration with volcanic activities rather than a low temperature weathering related to the ancient Martian climate.
Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops

Optimum use of mineral nutrients (fertilisers) by crops is essential for sustainable agricultural production. With increasing world demands for food and energy, this is set to become an ever-increasing priority. Fertilisers are costly to produce and apply, both financially and environmentally. There is an absolute requirement to maximise efficiency using both agronomic and plant breeding approaches. Nutrient use efficiency may be defined as yield per unit fertiliser input or in terms of recovery of fertiliser applied. Improving yield alone may be at the expense of mineral nutrient content and hence quality, therefore yield improvements must be matched by appropriate increases in nutrient uptake. Multiple complex processes contribute to the overall nutrient use efficiency trait, and all are multigenic and developmentally and environmentally modulated. Key breeding traits for improvement includes root characteristics to enhance acquisition, canopy functioning for yield generation, and sink tissue attributes for final yield and quality aspects. Multidisciplinary approaches involving traditional breeding and biotechnology will contribute to future improvements. Key Concepts: Optimum use of mineral fertilisers by crops is essential for sustainable agriculture. Some fertilisers are nonrenewal resources. Nutrient use efficiency may be defined as yield per unit fertiliser input or in terms of recovery of fertiliser applied. Nutrient use efficiency comprises two main traits, uptake efficiency and utilisation efficiency. Agronomic practice is an important part of nutrient use efficiency. Crop improvement may be targeted at roots, canopy or harvested material. Root systems and transporters are required for capture of nutrients to produce an effective canopy. An effective canopy will result in high yield. Efficient captures and partitioning of nutrients contributes to quality components of crops. Huge unexploited natural germplasm diversity for nutrient use efficiency exists for most crops. Keywords: nutrient use efficiency; fertiliser; nitrogen; phosphorus; agriculture; crop breeding; transporters; roots; canopy; grain