Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global Ocean Surface Wave Simulation Using a Coupled Atmosphere–Wave Model

AbstractThis study describes a 29-yr (1981–2009) global ocean surface gravity wave simulation generated by a coupled atmosphere–wave model using NOAA/GFDL’s High-Resolution Atmosphere Model (HiRAM) and the WAVEWATCH III surface wave model developed and used operationally at NOAA/NCEP. Extensive evaluation of monthly mean significant wave height (SWH) against in situ buoys, satellite altimeter measurements, and the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) show very good agreements in terms of magnitude, spatial distribution, and scatter. The comparisons with satellite altimeter measurements indicate that the SWH low bias in ERA-40 reanalysis has been improved in these model simulations. The model fields show a strong response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the North Atlantic and the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) in the Pacific Ocean that are well connected with the atmospheric responses. For the NAO in winter, the strongest subpolar wave responses are found near the northern Europe coast and the coa.
Retracted: Recent drought events over the central Indian region: Pacific Ocean origin and insights from moisture budgets

Analysis of rainfall variation over the central Indian (CI) region, using a high resolution rainfall gridded data set over the Indian longitudes, shows that the recent decade (1998–2009) has large number of drought events, compared with the earlier two decades (1979–1997). Improved understanding of the underlying mechanism responsible for these summer monsoon droughts is important because of their profound socio‐economic impact over this region. Our analysis here reveals that most of the recent droughts are associated with extended break events (breaks lasting more than 7 d) and that the process responsible for it may also be the mechanism responsible for these droughts.
Creating realistic models based on combined forward modeling and tomographic inversion of seismic profiling data

Amplitudes and shapes of seismic patterns derived from tomographic images often are strongly biased with respect to real structures in the earth. In particular, tomography usually provides continuous velocity distributions, whereas major velocity changes in the earth often occur on first-order interfaces. We propose an approach that constructs a realistic structure of the earth that combines forward modeling and tomographic inversion (FM&TI). Using available a priori information, we first construct a synthetic model with realistic patterns. Then we compute synthetic times and invert them using the same tomographic code and the same parameters as in the case of observed data processing. We compare the reconstruction result with the tomographicimage of observed data inversion. If a discrepancy is observed, we correct the synthetic model and repeat the FM&TI process. After several trials, we obtain similar results of synthetic and observed data inversion. In this case, the derived synthetic model adequately represents the real structure of the earth. In a working scheme of this approach, we three authors used two different synthetic models with a realistic setup. One of us created models, but the other two performed the reconstruction with no knowledge of the models. We discovered that the synthetic models derived by FM&TI were closer to the true model than the tomographic inversion result. Our reconstruction results from modeling marine data acquired in the Musicians Seamount Province in the Pacific Ocean indicate the capacity and limitations of FM&TI.
Defining the in vivo mechanism of air pollutant toxicity using murine stress response biomarkers

Background Air pollution can cause a wide range of serious human diseases. For the informed instigation of interventions which prevent these outcomes there is an urgent need to develop robust in vivo biomarkers which provide insights into mechanisms of toxicity and relate pollutants to specific adverse outcomes. Objective To exemplify the application of in vivo stress response reporters in establishing mechanisms of air pollution toxicity and the application of this knowledge in epidemiological studies and potentially in disease prevention. Methods Murine stress-reporter models (oxidative stress/inflammation, DNA damage and Ah receptor -AhR-activity) and primary mouse and primary human nasal cells were exposed to chemicals present in diesel exhaust emissions, particulate matter (PM) standards (PM2.5-SRM2975, PM10-SRM1648b) or fresh roadside PM10. Stress reporter activity was analysed by luminescence assays and histochemical approaches in a panel of murine tissues. Biochemical, genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to establish the mechanism of the stress responses observed. Pneumococcal adhesion was assessed in exposed primary human nasal epithelial cells (HPNEpC). Results Nitro-PAHs induced Hmox1 and CYP1a1 reporters in a time- and dose-dependent, cell- and tissue-specific manner. NRF2 pathway mediated this Hmox1-reporter induction. SRM1658b, but not SRM2975, was a potent inducer of NRF2-dependent Hmox1 reporter activity in lung macrophages. Combined use of HPNEpC and in vivo reporters demonstrated that London roadside PM10 particles induced pneumococcal infection in HPNEpC mediated by oxidative stress responses. Discussion The combined use of in vivo reporter models with HPNEpC provides a robust approach to define the relationship between air pollutant exposure and health risks. These models can be used to hazard ranking environmental pollutants by considering the complexity of mechanisms of toxicity. These data will facilitate the relationship between toxic potential and the level of pollutant exposure in populations to be established and potentially extremely valuable tools for intervention studies.
Ground-Motion Predictions from Empirical Attenuation Relationships versus Recorded Data: The Case of the 1997–1998 Umbria-Marche, Central Italy, Strong-Motion Data Set

We evaluate the goodness of fit of attenuation relations commonly used for the Italian national territory (Sabetta and Pugliese, 1996) by using the maximum likelihood approaches of Spudich et al. (1999) and Scherbaum et al. (2004). According to the classification scheme proposed by Scherbaum et al. (2004), the Sabetta and Pugliese (1996) relationships show consistent discrepancies between the predicted and the observed peak ground acceleration (pga) at rock sites in the Umbria- Marche region, central Italy; however, at soft sites the agreement between observations and prediction is satisfactory. The bias of the residuals, computed with the Sabetta and Pugliese (1996) models for pga, peak ground velocity, (pgv) and pseudovelocity response spectrum (psv) (for M l = 4–6 and epicentral distances up to 100 km) is negative. This means that on the average, the predictions overestimate the observations, but the overestimation decreases with increasing magnitude. Then, we present regional predictive relations (UMA05) for maximum horizontal pga, pgv, and 5%-damped psv, derived from the strong-motion data recorded in the Umbria-Marche area and classified as to four site categories. The UMA05 attenuation relationships for rock sites are log 10 (PGA) = −2.487 + M 1 − 1.280 log 10 ( R 2 + 3.94 2 ) 0.5 ± 0.268 log 10 (PGV) = −1.803 + 0.687 M 1 − 1.150 log 10 ( R 2 + 2.74 2 ) 0.5 ± 0.300 and log 10 (PGA) = −2.500 + 0.544 M 1 − 1.284 log 10 R h ± 0.292 log 10 (PGV) = −1.752 + 0.685 M 1 − 1.167 log 10 R h ± 0.297, where pga is measured in fraction of g and pgv in centimeters per second, M l is the local magnitude in the range 4–6, R is the epicentral distance in the range 1–100 km, and R h is the hypocentral distance in kilometers. We used the random effect model (Brillinger and Priesler, 1985; Abrahamson and Youngs, 1992; Joyner and Boore, 1993; Joyner and Boore, 1994) to estimate the component of variance related to the earthquake-to-earthquake, station-to-station, and record-to-record variability, and to quantify the benefit of introducing a site classification in the attenuation model to reduce the variance. The introduction of the site classification in the attenuation model allows a reduction of the station-to-station component of variability (from 0.19 to 0.14 for pga, and from 0.21 to 0.18 for pgv). We also found that the record- to-record component represents the largest contribution to the model uncertainty.
AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCES RECORDED DURING A MICROEARTHQUAKE OBSERVATION AT KAMIKINEUSU, HOKKAIDO (1964-1972)

Using the data obtained at the Urakawa Seismological Observatory (KMU), the seismicity in and near Hokkaido was investigated for the period from May 1964 through December 1972. An aftereffect of the 1968 Tokachioki earthquake of magnitude 7.9 has been recognized up to date, the end of 1972. Some features of aftershock and foreshock sequences detected at KMU are described. Aftershock activity differs considerably from place to place in the region concerned, but it shows no systematic trends. The phenomenon of secondary aftershocks is not rare. Considering the relation of the number of aftershocks to the magnitude of a triggering earthquake, the secondary aftershock activity is comparable to the primary aftershock activity in most cases.
Cochlear implant electrode localization in post-operative CT using a spherical measure

When implanting cochlear implants the positions of electrodes have a large impact on the quality of the restored hearing. Due to metal artifacts it is difficult to estimate the precise location in post-operative scans. In this paper we present a method for automatically locating and determining the ordering of electrode contacts on implanted electrode arrays from post-operative CT images. Our method applies a specialized filter chain to the images based on a threshold and spherical measure, and selects contact positions at local maxima in the filtered image. Two datasets of 13 temporal bone specimens scanned in CBCT are used to validate the method, which successfully locates the electrode array in every image.
Uniqueness of weakly reversible and deficiency zero realization

In general, if a dynamical system is generated by some reaction network via mass-action kinetics, then it can also be generated by many other reaction networks. Here we show that if a dynamical system is generated by a weakly reversible network that has deficiency equal to zero, then this network must be unique. Moreover, we show that both of these hypotheses (i.e., weak reversibility and deficiency zero) are necessary for uniqueness.
Localized fibroglandular tissue as a predictor of future tumour location within the breast

Background : Mammographic density (MD) is a strong marker of breast cancer risk, but it is unclear whether tumours arise specifically within dense tissue. Methods : In 231 British women diagnosed with breast cancer after at least one negative screen during a mammographic screening trial, we assessed whether tumour location was related to localised MD 5 years prior to diagnosis. Radiologists identified tumour locations on digitized diagnostic films and used a validated algorithm to align serial images from the same woman to locate the corresponding point on the pre-diagnostic film. A virtual 1cm-square grid was overlaid on prediagnostic films and MD calculated for each square within a woman’s breast (mean=271 squares/film). Conditional logistic regression, matching on a woman’s breast, was used to estimate the odds of a tumour arising in a square in relation to its pre-diagnostic square-specific MD. Results : Median (inter-quartile range) pre-diagnostic MD was 98.2% (46.8%-100%) in 1cm-squares that subsequently contained the tumour and 41.0% (31.5%-53.9%) for the whole-breast. The odds of a tumour arising in a 1cm-square were, respectively, 6.1 (95%CI: 1.9, 20.1), 16.6 (5.2, 53.2) and 25.5-fold (8.1, 80.3) higher for squares in the 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th quartiles of pre-diagnostic MD relative to those in the lowest quartile within that breast (P trend <0.001). The corresponding odds were 2.3 (1.3, 4.0), 3.9 (2.3, 6.4) and 4.6 (2.8, 7.6) if a 3cm-square grid was used. Conclusion : Tumours arise predominantly within the radiodense breast tissue. Impact: Localised MD may be used as a predictor of subsequent tumour location within the breast. repeated MD measurements (whole-breast and square-specific) using a higher intensity threshold to capture a more-specific small area of extremely dense tissue. This was done to capture the highest concentration of dense tissue, mimicking what would be the largest thicknesses of dense tissue in a volumetric method. Whole-breast mean percent density (standard deviation, SD) 5-years prior to cancer diagnosis was 42.4% (16.3%) with the usual intensity threshold, but only 7.7% (4.6%) with the ‘extremely high dense’ one. surgery and intensive screening. Our findings among breast cancer cases need to be replicated in follow-up studies of high-risk women undergoing repeat-screen mammography, but if confirmed, they could lead to the development and evaluation of new localized approaches as alternatives to prophylactic mastectomy or intensive screening.
Sea surface height and transport stream function of the South China Sea from a variable-grid global ocean circulation model

A fine-grid model (1/6°) covering the South China Sea (SCS), East China Sea and Japan/East Sea, which is embedded into a coarse-grid (3°) global model, was established to study the SCS circulation. In the present paper, we report the model-produced monthly and annual mean transport stream functions and sea surface heights(SSH) and their anomalies of the SCS. Comparison to the TOPEX/Poseidon data shows that the model-produced monthly sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) are in good agreement with altimeter measurements. Based on the results, the circulation of the SCS, especially the upper layer circulation, is discussed. In the surface layer, the western Philippine Sea water intrudes into the SCS through the Luzon Strait in autumn, winter and spring, but not in summer. However, as far as the whole water column is concerned, the water intrudes into the SCS through the Luzon Strait all the year round. This indicates that in summer the water still intrudes into the SCS in the subsurface and intermediate layers. The area near the northern continental slope of the SCS is dominated by a cyclonic circulation all the year round. The SCS Southern Anticyclonic Gyre, SE Vietnam Off-Shore Current in summertime and SCS Southern Cyclonic Gyre in wintertime are reproduced reasonably. The difference between the monthly averaged SSH and SSHA is significant, indicating the importance of the mean SSH in the SCS circulation.
Diminished modulation of preparatory sensorimotor mu rhythm predicts attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder severity

Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by problems in regulating attention and in suppressing disruptive motor activity, i.e. hyperactivity and impulsivity. We recently found evidence that aberrant distribution of posterior α band oscillations (8–12 Hz) is associated with attentional problems in ADHD. The sensorimotor cortex also produces strong 8–12 Hz band oscillations, namely the μ rhythm, and is thought to have a similar inhibitory function. Here, we now investigate whether problems in distributing α band oscillations in ADHD generalize to the μ rhythm in the sensorimotor domain. Method In a group of adult ADHD (n = 17) and healthy control subjects (n = 18; aged 21–40 years) oscillatory brain activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography during a visuo-spatial attention task. Subjects had to anticipate a target with unpredictable timing and respond by pressing a button. Results Preparing a motor response, the ADHD group failed to increase hemispheric μ lateralization with relatively higher μ power in sensorimotor regions not engaged in the task, as the controls did (F 1,33 = 8.70, p = 0.006). Moreover, the ADHD group pre-response μ lateralization not only correlated positively with accuracy (r s = 0.64, p = 0.0052) and negatively with intra-individual reaction time variability (r s = −0.52, p = 0.033), but it also correlated negatively with the score on an ADHD rating scale (r s = −0.53, p = 0.028). Conclusions We suggest that ADHD is associated with an inability to sufficiently inhibit task-irrelevant sensorimotor areas by means of modulating μ oscillatory activity. This could explain disruptive motor activity in ADHD. These results provide further evidence that impaired modulation of α band oscillations is involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD.
Dynamical proxies of column ozone with applications to global trend models

Previous regression trend models for total column ozone have included only the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) winds and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ocean surface pressure as dynamical proxies. Trends derived from these regression models generally differ (are more negative) from two-dimensional (2-D) chemical transport trends by about 2–5% decade−1 in midlatitudes during spring. The present study introduces additional dynamical proxies of total ozone in regression models in an effort to reduce errors in local ozone trends and reduce these model differences. Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) version 7 total column ozone for 1979–1992 are used in conjunction with analyses from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP, formerly National Meteorological Center). Dynamical proxies investigated include winds (including diabatic winds), relative vorticity, potential vorticity, temperatures, and geopotential heights. Inclusion of additional dynamical proxies improves statistics by reducing residuals and uncertainty regions in both zonal mean and zonally asymmetric trend models. RMS reductions, relative to a trend model with only QBO, solar, and trend terms, are as large as 50% in 14-year means in the southern hemisphere. For zonal mean or zonally asymmetric global trend models with one optional surrogate, a favorable choice is prefiltered (at least deseasonalized and detrended) lower stratospheric temperatures. Relative vorticity, potential vorticity, and geopotential heights all exhibit similar relationships with total ozone, with highest correlative behavior near 200 hPa (midlatitudes year-round) and 10 hPa (high latitudes in winter-spring months). For models incorporating these latter proxies, combined 10-and 200-hPa (or similar) pressure levels are effective in reducing global residuals. ENSO, as a surrogate by itself or included with other dynamical proxies, has a comparatively small effect because of its episodic nature. Decadal variabilities in NCEP and microwave sounding unit channel 4 (MSU4) data as surrogates in trend models indicate maximal 1–3% decade−1 reductions anywhere in TOMS trends. Total ozone trends derived from the Goddard 2-D heterogeneous chemistry and transport model agree favorably with trends in TOMS ozone, generally to within 2–3% decade−1 in both hemispheres. Inclusion of possible decadal variabilities in dynamics may yield yet smaller differences.
Petrology of lunar soils

The moon is covered with a thin layer of unconsolidated debris called the lunar regolith. A typical sample of this regolith could be characterized as a gray, poorly sorted pebble- or cobble-bearing silty sand having a bulk density of about 1.5 g/cm³. It consists of lithic and mineral fragments mostly from the local underlying bedrock and glass formed as melt by meteorite impacts. Most investigators conclude that regolith samples are formed primarily by impact-cratering processes, although some may contain a minor pyroclastic component. The lunar regolith sampled by man commonly is stratified, the layers being interpreted as ejecta from primary or secondary impact craters. Physical and chemical indices of exposure at or near the lunar surface indicate that these layers, some sampled at depths of several meters, were once at the lunar surface. Each layer, which has distinct physical, petrographic, and chemical characteristics controlled by source areas for soil particles and the time of exposure to meteorite bombardment at the lunar surface, is here referred to as a lunar soil. The upper few millimeters of each soil layer, when exposed to the lunar environment, is subjected to intensive bombardment and reworking by micrometeorite impacts. These impacts break up soil particles (comminution) and melt a portion of the impacted soil. The melt, mixed with soil particles, forms irregular clusters called agglutinates. Micrometeorite bombardment of the surface soil layer continues until the layer is buried by fresh ejecta or is destroyed by a larger impact.
Could land‐based early photosynthesizing ecosystems have bioengineered the planet in mid‐Palaeozoic times?

The Ordovician and Silurian periods were times of major geological activity as regards palaeogeography, volcanism and climate change, the last of these evidenced by a series of cooling episodes and glaciations that climaxed in the Hirnantian (Late Ordovician). The presence of cryptospores in the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) marked the advent of higher plants on land. A critical survey of direct (mega‐ and microfossils) and some indirect evidence in succeeding rocks indicates the presence of algae, Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Fungi, probable lichens, cryptophytes and basal tracheophytes. Similar associations of photosynthesizers and decomposers occur today in cryptogamic covers (CCs), for example biological crusts, except that bryophytes replace cryptophytes (basal embryophytes) and tracheophytes are absent. Thus, extant CCs, which make significant contributions today to global carbon and nitrogen fixation and prevention of erosion, provide an excellent analogue for the impacts of early land vegetation on both lithosphere and atmosphere. As a prerequisite to assessing impacts in Ordovician–Silurian times, with particular consideration of parameters used by climate modellers, the effects of a number of abiotic factors on the growth and survival of extant cryptogamic ground covers and their environmental impacts are reviewed. Factors include photosynthetically active radiation, ultraviolet radiation, temperature, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, surface roughness and albedo. A survey of the nature and extent of weathering facilitated by such vegetation concludes that it was limited based on depth of weathering when compared with that from rooted tracheophytes today, with minor effects on carbon dioxide drawdown. As global net productivity from Ordovician–Silurian CCs was very probably lower than today, and while the small fraction of intractable material in their organic carbon would have resulted in a more rapid turnover of terrestrial biomass, we conclude that there was decreased possibility of long‐term organic carbon burial. Hence, there would have been very limited increase in atmospheric oxygen and decrease in carbon dioxide resulting from carbon burial.
High effusion rates of the Cordón Caulle 2011–2012 eruption (Southern Andes) and their relation with the quasi‐harmonic tremor

High effusion rates of intermediate‐to‐high‐silica lavas seem to be less uncommon than previously thought, in particular during their initial eruptive stages. In this study, we report satellite‐based time‐averaged discharge rates for the 2011–2012 effusive phase at Cordón Caulle, which are well correlated with the evolution of the quasi‐harmonic tremor, the most significant seismic signal after the initial explosive stage. Such a correspondence could become a key method for detection of the onset of effusive phases, especially in remote and/or very cloudy areas, supplying an additional tool for effective warnings and near‐real‐time hazard appraisal.