Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON AN SVD-BASED ALGORITHM FOR IDENTIFYING META-STABLE STATES OF MARKOV CHAINS

A Markov chain is a sequence of random variables that take on values in a state space . A meta-stable state with respect to is a collection of states such that transitions of the form and are exceedingly rare. In Fritzsche et al. (Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal., 29 (2008), pp. 46-69), an algorithm is presented that attempts to construct the meta-stable states of a given Markov chain. We supplement the discussion contained therein concerning the two main results.
Quantifying head impact biomechanical differences between commonly employed cleaning levels: a critical research interpretation consideration

ABSTRACT Introduction Wearable accelerometry devices quantify on-field frequency and severity of head impacts to further improve sport safety. Commonly employed post-data collection cleaning techniques may affect these outcomes. Objective Our purpose was to compare game impact rates and magnitudes between three different cleaning levels (Level-1: impacts recorded within start and end times, Level-2: impacts during pauses/breaks removed, Level-3: video verified) for male youth tackle football. Methods Participants (n = 23, age = 10.9 ± 0.3 yrs, height = 150.0 ± 8.3 cm, mass = 41.6 ± 8.4 kg) wore Triax SIM-G sensors throughout Fall 2019. Impact rates, ratios (IRRs), and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to compare levels. Random-effects general linear models were used to compare peak linear acceleration (PLA;g) and angular velocity (PAV;rads/s). Results Level-1 resulted in higher impact rates (4.57; 95%CI = 4.14–5.05) compared to Level-2 (3.09; 95%CI = 2.80–3.42; IRR = 1.48; 95%CI = 1.34–1.63) and Level-3 datasets (2.56; 95%CI = 2.30–2.85; IRR = 1.78; 95%CI = 1.60–1.98). Level-2 had higher impact rates compared to Level-3 (1.21; 95%CI = 1.08–1.35). Level-1 resulted in higher PAV than Level-2 and Level-3 (p < 0.001) datasets. PLA did not differ across datasets (p = 0.296). Conclusions Head impact data should be filtered of pauses/breaks, and does not substantially differ outcome estimates compared to time-intensive video verification.
Beckenboden- und Bauchmuskeltraining in der Peripartalperiode sinnvoll

Bewegung und Sport während und nach der Schwangerschaft sind sinnvoll. Dazu gehört auch das Training der Beckenboden- und Bauchmuskulatur. So lassen sich Risiken durch Schwangerschaft und Geburt für den Beckenboden reduzieren. Sah man früher besonders durch ein Training der Beckenbodenmuskulatur Nachteile für den Geburtsvorgang, weiß man heute, dass die Vorteile überwiegen. Dieser Artikel bietet dazu ein Update und auch zum effektiven Training des Rectus abdominis bei Rektusdiastase.
Research and Implementation of RGB-LED Mixed Light Matching along with Music Playing

Synesthesia effect between music and color is a researching direction which is concerned much. The problem of mismatching between music playing and color had always existed in applications. On the basis of researching music and color, colors which are corresponding to various chords respectively are determined, and the frequency spectrum analysis on chords is performed. The real-time frequency domain transformation to time domain audio signal being played is carried out. The closest chord to audio signal being played can be identified via comparison between a chord spectrum and the spectrum of audio signal being played, and the color corresponding to the audio signal is determined. To improve the accuracy of recognition the method is investigated with which wavelet transform is adopted to de-noise processing of audio signal. Through tests on the audio experiment platform, color mixed effect test, optimization of the audio signal processing parameters, and processing time sequence scheming have been performed. A novel audio player is developed in application to realize the optimal RGB-LED mixed light which automatically presents matching color effect for arbitrary music being played. The research can reveal relationships between music and color from the perspective of frequency spectrum, promote the development of the color music, which has broad application prospects in urban landscape, stage lighting, and psychotherapy.
Annotating Events in Spanish Ti meML Annotation Guidelines

3 What to annotate as events 4 3.1 Events denoted by verbs . 4 3.2 Events denoted by nouns . 6 3.3 Events denoted by adjectives . 9 3.4 Events denoted by PPs . 11 3.5 Events denoted by other elements . 13
Toward Wearable Sensors: Advances, Trends, and Challenges

Sensors suitable for wearable devices have many special characteristics compared to other sensors, such as stability, sensitivity, sensor volume, biocompatibility, and so on. With the development of wearable technology, amazing wearable sensors have attracted a lot of attention, and some researchers have done a large number of technology explorations and reviews. However, previous surveys generally were concerned with a specified application and comprehensively reviewed the computing techniques for the signals required by this application, as well as how computing can promote data processing. There is a gap in the opposite direction, i.e., the fundamental data source actively stimulates application rather than from the application to the data, and computing promotes the acquisition of data rather than data processing. To fill this gap, starting with different parts of the body as the source of signal, the fundamental data sources that can be obtained and detected are explored by combining the three sensing principles, as well as discussing and analyzing the existing and potential applications of machine learning in simplifying sensor designs and the fabrication of sensors.
Germanium metasurface assisted broadband detectors

Abstract The demand on broadband near-infrared photodetections with high responsivity is becoming increasingly eminent; however its realization remains a significant technological challenge. Here we design, fabricate, and characterize a broadband Ge photodetector (1000–1600 nm), composed of densely packed 230-nm-thick Ge disks of different diameters (255 nm, 320 nm, and 500 nm), placed on top of a 105-nm-thin Ge layer. Using experimentally measured and calculated transmission and absorption spectra, we demonstrate that the absorption and detector responsivity are increased by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, compared to the unstructured Ge photodetector, due to the excitation of magnetic dipole resonances in Ge disks, while preserving a relatively low dark current. Our approach is simple and can be easily adapted to other semiconductor material platforms and operation wavelengths to enable performance improvements of broadband photodetector devices.
Preparation of SnOx-MnOx@Al2O3 for Catalytic Ozonation of Phenol in Hypersaline Wastewater

ABSTRACT The catalytic ozonation process (COP) is an effective and advanced oxidation technology for the treatment of organic wastewater. However, high salinity has a negative impact on catalytic ozonation performance. In this work, tin oxide (SnOx) and manganese oxide (MnOx) doped γ-Al2O3 catalysts (SnOx-MnOx@Al2O3) were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized by SEM, XRD, BET, XRT, XPS and FT-IR techniques. The SnOx-MnOx@Al2O3 catalyst was applied to the catalytic ozonation of phenol in hypersaline wastewater, and the catalytic performance was evaluated by COD removal efficiency. When the mass ratio of MnOx to SnOx was 1:3, the pH was 7, the catalyst dosage was 40 g/L, the ozone dosage was 6 mg/(L·min), the NaCl concentration was 15 g/L and the COD removal efficiency of hypersaline phenol wastewater reached 93.8% after 240 min of catalytic ozonation treatment. Compared with the single ozonation process (SOP), the introduction of SnOx-MnOx@Al2O3 catalyst improved the COD removal efficiency by 32.3%. Cl− may quench surface •OH species and ozone to form Cl• and Cl2•− with low activity and high selectivity, resulting in the reduction of catalytic ozonation efficiency. The catalytic activity of the SnOx-MnOx@Al2O3 catalyst remained high after eight cycles. In conclusion, the SnOx-MnOx@Al2O3 catalytic ozonation system exhibits efficient and stable mineralization performance and is a promising strategy for the treatment of hypersaline organic wastewater.
Multi-omic analysis of bat versus human fibroblasts reveals altered central metabolism

Bats have unique characteristics compared to other mammals, including increased longevity and higher resistance to cancer and infectious disease. While previous studies have analyzed the metabolic requirements for flight, it is still unclear how bat metabolism supports these unique features, and no study has integrated metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to characterize bat metabolism. In this work, we performed a multi-omics data analysis using a computational model of metabolic fluxes to identify fundamental differences in central metabolism between primary lung fibroblast cell lines from the black flying fox fruit bat (Pteropus alecto) and human. Bat cells showed higher expression levels of Complex I components of electron transport chain (ETC), but, remarkably, a lower rate of oxygen consumption (OCR). Computational modeling interpreted these results as indicating that Complex II activity may be low or reversed, similar to an ischemic state. An ischemic-like state of bats was also supported by decreased levels of central metabolites and increased ratios of succinate to fumarate in bat cells. Ischemic states tend to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which would be incompatible with the longevity of bats. However, bat cells had higher antioxidant reservoirs (higher total glutathione and higher ratio of NADPH to NADP) despite higher mitochondrial ROS levels. In addition, bat cells were more resistant to glucose deprivation and had increased resistance to ferroptosis, one of the characteristics of which is oxidative stress. Thus, our studies revealed distinct differences in the ETC regulation and metabolic stress responses between human and bat cells.
Habituation to visual stimuli is personality-independent in a jumping spider

Jumping spiders display some of the richest visually-mediated behaviors in nature. Vision is indeed the most important sensory modality in these spiders where motion detection and response to visual stimuli allow key behaviors such as hunting, escaping from predators, and mating. These spiders have been used in various experiments demonstrating the existence of good associative learning and memory abilities, whose mechanism parallels that found in vertebrates. Here we focused on the habituation and dis-habituation (H/DH) paradigm, indicating either a gradual decrease in responsiveness to repeated visual stimuli (H), or a recovery of the habituated stimulus (DH). H is an elementary form of non-associative learning and memory, which is expected to vary from individual to individual. The link between personality and H/DH has been shown in many vertebrates, but rarely in invertebrates. To tackle this question we tested whether personality affects H/DH in the jumping spider Menemerus semilimbatus. In our protocol, habituation was assessed by presenting repeatedly a visual stimulus on a screen to spiders tethered on a locomotor compensator. In the same individuals, personality (namely boldness) was assessed in a walking arena equipped with a shelter. We found that M. semilimbatus habituated and dishabituated to our visual stimulus and that they differed in personality along a shy-bold axis. However, contrary to our expectations, personality was not related to learning. We discussed the results and speculated that the nature (neutral value) of the stimulus might have played a role in making learning independent from personality.
Metagenomic analysis of milk microbiota in the bovine subclinical mastitis

Subclinical mastitis is one of the most widespread diseases affecting dairy herds with detrimental effects on animal health as well as on milk productivity and quality. Despite the multi-factorial nature of this intramammary infection, the presence of pathogenic bacteria is regarded one of the main drivers of subclinical mastitis, leading to a disruption of the homeostasis of the bovine milk microbial community. However, the bovine milk microbiota alterations associated with subclinical mastitis still represents a largely unexplored research area. In this context, the species-level milk microbiota of a total of 75 milk samples, collected from both healthy and subclinical mastitis-affected cows from two different stables, was deeply profiled through an ITS, rather than a traditional, and less informative, 16S rRNA gene microbial profiling-based sequencing. Surprisingly, the obtained data of the present pilot study, not only revealed that subclinical mastitis is characterized by a reduced number of species in the bovine milk microbiota, but also that this disease does not induce standard alterations of the milk microbial community across stables. In addition, a flow cytometry-based total bacterial cell enumeration highlighted that subclinical mastitis is accompanied by a significant increment in the number of milk microbial cells. Furthermore, the combination of the metagenomic approach and total bacterial cell enumeration allowed to identify different potential microbial marker strictly correlated with subclinical mastitis across stables.
Phosphorylated trimeric SOSS1 complex and RNA polymerase II trigger liquid-liquid phase separation at double-strand breaks

The most toxic forms of DNA damage are double-strand breaks (DSBs). We have previously shown that RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), phosphorylated at tyrosine 1 (Y1P) on the C- terminal domain, transcribes RNA at DSBs to promote efficient DNA repair. However, it is still unknown how transcription is regulated at DSBs. Here, we show that the trimeric SOSS1 complex (hSSB1, INTS3, and c9orf80) binds to Y1P RNAPII in response to DNA damage, hSSB1 binds to R-loops, and formation of the SOSS1 complex is required for the coexistence of replication protein A (RPA) and hSSB1 at DSBs. The damage-activated tyrosine kinase c- Abl phosphorylates hSSB1 to enable its binding to Y1P RNAPII and its recruitment to DSBs. Finally, we show both in vitro and in vivo that the SOSS1 complex and RNAPII form dynamic repair compartments at DSBs via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The loss of the trimeric SOSS1 leads to impaired DNA repair, highlighting its biological importance in the RNA-dependent DNA damage response. Teaser Trimeric SOSS1 complex and transcription contribute to phase separation at double-strand DNA breaks.
Real-Time Observation of Ultrafast Intraband Relaxation and Exciton Multiplication in PbS Quantum Dots

We examine ultrafast intraconduction band relaxation and multiple-exciton generation (MEG) in PbS quantum dots (QDs) using transient absorption spectroscopy with 120 fs temporal resolution. The intraconduction band relaxation can be directly and excellently resolved spectrally and temporally by applying broadband pump–probe spectroscopy to excite and detect the wavelengths around the exciton absorption peak, which is located in the near-infrared region. The time-resolved data unambiguously demonstrate that the intraband relaxation time progressively increases as the pump-photon energy increases. Moreover, the relaxation time becomes much shorter as the size of the QDs decreases, indicating the crucial role of spatial confinement in the intraband relaxation process. Additionally, our results reveal the systematic scaling of the intraband relaxation time with both excess energy above the effective energy band gap and QD size. We also assess MEG in different sizes of the QDs. Under the condition of high-ener.
Sex and dominance status affect allogrooming in free-ranging feral cattle

Social interactions are fundamental properties of gregarious species, helping to establish dominance hierarchies and maintain social bonds within groups, thus having significant effects on fitness. Cattle (Bos taurus) are social ungulates which engage in affiliative and agonistic relationships with other individuals. Although there are approximately 1.5 billion cattle on the planet, the opportunity to research cattle behaviour in free-ranging groups is rare, as there are few feral populations worldwide. Cattle engage in positive social behaviours such as allogrooming, where one individual licks the body of another. The relationship between affiliative behaviours and other individual characteristics (such as sex and dominance status) are frequently studied in other gregarious species, but are largely undetermined in cattle. To investigate the relationships between sex, dominance status and allogrooming, we observed a mixed-sex feral cattle herd in Hong Kong, recording dominance interactions and allogrooming events. We found that dominant females received more allogrooming than subordinate females, but subordinate females did not perform more than dominant ones. Males performed allogrooming more towards females than other males, but females groomed both sexes equally. Sex affected dominance position, with males obtaining higher status than females, but not all females were subordinate to males. These preferential allogrooming patterns improve our knowledge of sex-specific interactions, and help us to understand the dynamics of agonistic and affiliative behaviours in multi-male, multi-female ungulate groups. Studying a free-ranging feral population provides us with a unique insight into ungulate behavioural patterns and the evolution of cattle social behaviours.
BuGZ exhibits guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity toward tubulin

α- and β-tubulin form heterodimers, with GTPase activity, that assemble into microtubules. Like other GTPases, the nucleotide-bound state of tubulin heterodimers controls whether the molecules are in a biologically active or inactive state. While α-tubulin in the heterodimer is constitutively bound to GTP, β-tubulin can be bound to either GDP (GDP-tubulin) or GTP (GTP-tubulin). GTP-tubulin hydrolyzes its GTP to GDP following assembly into a microtubule and, upon disassembly, must exchange its bound GDP for GTP to participate in subsequent microtubule polymerization. Tubulin dimers have been shown to exhibit rapid intrinsic nucleotide exchange in vitro, leading to a commonly accepted belief that a tubulin guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) may be unnecessary in cells. Here, we use quantitative binding assays to show that BuGZ, a spindle assembly factor, binds tightly to GDP-tubulin, less tightly to GTP-tubulin, and weakly to microtubules. We further show that BuGZ promotes the incorporation of GTP into tubulin using a nucleotide exchange assay. The discovery of a tubulin GEF suggests a mechanism that may aid rapid microtubule assembly dynamics in cells.
Medication-Invariant Resting Aperiodic and Periodic Neural Activity in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) has been associated with greater total power in canonical frequency bands (i.e., alpha, beta) of the resting electroencephalogram (EEG). However, PD has also been associated with a reduction in the proportion of total power across all frequency bands. This discrepancy may be explained by aperiodic activity (exponent and offset) present across all frequency bands. Here, we examined differences in the eyes-open and eyes-closed resting EEG of PD participants (N = 26) on and off medication, and age-matched controls (CTL; N = 26). We extracted power from canonical frequency bands using traditional methods (total alpha and beta power) and extracted separate parameters for periodic (parameterized alpha and beta power) and aperiodic activity (exponent and offset). Cluster-based permutation tests over spatial and frequency dimensions indicated that total alpha and beta power, and aperiodic exponent and offset were greater in PD participants, independent of medication status. After removing the exponent and offset, greater alpha power in PD (vs. CTL) was only present in eyes-open recordings and no reliable differences in beta power were observed. Differences between PD and CTLs in the resting EEG are likely driven by aperiodic activity, suggestive of greater relative inhibitory neural activity and greater neuronal spiking. Our findings suggest that resting EEG activity in PD is characterized by medication-invariant differences in aperiodic activity which is independent of the increase in alpha power with EO. This highlights the importance of considering aperiodic activity contributions to the neural correlates of brain disorders.
Vulnerability assessment in social networks under cascade-based node departures

In social networks, new users decide to become members, but also current users depart from the network or stop being active in the activities of their community. The departure of a user may affect the engagement of its neighbors in the graph, that successively may also decide to leave, leading to a disengagement epidemic. We propose a model to capture this cascading effect, based on recent studies about the engagement dynamics of social networks. We introduce a new concept of vulnerability assessment under cascades triggered by the departure of nodes based on their engagement level. Our results indicate that social networks are robust under cascades triggered by randomly selected nodes but highly vulnerable in cascades caused by targeted departures of nodes with high engagement level.
Statistical modeling as a search for randomness deficiencies

The basic goal of statistical modeling is to find a good approximationQ(x) of an unknown real world distribution P (x), by using an observed data set X. If X is encoded as a bit string using the distribution P (x) that generated it, then the resulting bit string will be random. Thus we can determine if a model Q(x) is good by using it to encode the data set, and then searching the resulting bit string for randomness deficiencies. This thesis develops an algorithm called PITA based on the above idea. Instead of bits, PITA uses the Probability Integral Transform to encode the data set as a sequence of values distributed on the [0, 1) interval. A randomness deficiency is revealed by an uneven histogram of PIT values. If an uneven PIT histogram is found, an update based on the histogram can be applied to improve the model. The improvement in log-likelihood achieved by applying this update is a simple function of the histogram bin counts. The PITA algorithm uses this model update method, along with a set of feature functions, to produce a complex feature-based conditional model Q(x|c), where c is a context. PITA proceeds iteratively, and in each round a smart feature scoring method is used to select the feature that will provide the best model improvement. The PITA algorithm is quite general. This thesis demonstrates how the algorithm can be applied to the tasks of image compression, binary pattern classification, speech and word morphology modeling, and motion recognition. A key advantage of PITA is that it can be layered over some other initial model of the data. In the word morphology application, bigram models are used for initialization, while in the motion recognition application, Hidden Markov Models are used. In both cases the combined model provides improved performance.