Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seizure-induced hilar ectopic granule cells in the adult dentate gyrus

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by hypersynchronous spontaneous recurrent seizures, and affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Cumulative evidence has revealed that epileptogenic insult temporarily increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus; however, a fraction of the newly generated neurons are integrated abnormally into the existing neural circuits. The abnormal neurogenesis, including ectopic localization of newborn neurons in the hilus, formation of abnormal basal dendrites, and disorganization of the apical dendrites, rewires hippocampal neural networks and leads to the development of spontaneous seizures. The central roles of hilar ectopic granule cells in regulating hippocampal excitability have been suggested. In this review, we introduce recent findings about the migration of newborn granule cells to the dentate hilus after seizures and the roles of seizure-induced ectopic granule cells in the epileptic brain. In addition, we delineate possible intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underlying this abnormality. Finally, we suggest that the regulation of seizure-induced ectopic cells can be a promising target for epilepsy therapy and provide perspectives on future research directions.
Extension of the semiclassical theory of current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance including spin flip to any multilayered magnetic structures

In the framework of the Valet and Fert theory of current perpendicular to plane (CPP) giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in metallic multilayers [Valet and Fert, Phys. Rev. B 48, 7099 (1993)], the calculation of the CPP resistance and magnetoresistance has been generalized to any multilayered stacks including spin valves with synthetic free layers, laminated free and pinned layers, and dual spin valves. The theory takes into account bulk and interfacial spin-dependent scattering as well as spin flip in all layers. It also considers the effect of scattering at lateral edges of submicron multilayered pillars which can be viewed as a current in plane effect intruding on CPP transport. This latter effect plays a role when the diameter of the pillar becomes of the order of the elastic mean-free paths (i.e., below ∼30 nm). Based on the theory, a code has been developed to compute the CPP resistance and CPP magnetoresistance from the transport parameters of each material involved in the stack (spin-dependent resistiv.
Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Mitophagy Activation Contribute to TNF-Dependent Impairment of Myogenesis

Many muscular pathologies are associated with oxidative stress and elevated levels of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that cause muscle protein catabolism and impair myogenesis. Myogenesis defects caused by TNF are mediated in part by reactive oxygen species (ROS), including those produced by mitochondria (mitoROS), but the mechanism of their pathological action is not fully understood. We hypothesized that mitoROS act by triggering and enhancing mitophagy, an important tool for remodelling the mitochondrial reticulum during myogenesis. We used three recently developed probes—MitoTracker Orange CM-H2TMRos, mito-QC, and MitoCLox—to study myogenesis in human myoblasts. Induction of myogenesis resulted in a significant increase in mitoROS generation and phospholipid peroxidation in the inner mitochondrial membrane, as well as mitophagy enhancement. Treatment of myoblasts with TNF 24 h before induction of myogenesis resulted in a significant decrease in the myoblast fusion index and myosin heavy chain (MYH2) synthesis. TNF increased the levels of mitoROS, phospholipid peroxidation in the inner mitochondrial membrane and mitophagy at an early stage of differentiation. Trolox and SkQ1 antioxidants partially restored TNF-impaired myogenesis. The general autophagy inducers rapamycin and AICAR, which also stimulate mitophagy, completely blocked myogenesis. The autophagy suppression by the ULK1 inhibitor SBI-0206965 partially restored myogenesis impaired by TNF. Thus, suppression of myogenesis by TNF is associated with a mitoROS-dependent increase in general autophagy and mitophagy.
The plasma–sheath boundary region

In this review an attempt is made to give a broad coverage of the problem of joining plasma and sheath over a wide range of physical conditions. We go back to the earliest works quoting them, where appropriate, to understand what those who introduced the various terms associated with the structure of the plasma–sheath had in mind. We try to bring out the essence of the insights that have been gained subsequently, by quoting from the literature selectively, indicating how misunderstandings have arisen. In order to make it accessible to the generality of those currently working in low temperature plasmas we have sought to avoid mathematical complexity but retain physical insight, quoting from published work where appropriate. Nevertheless, in clarifying my own ideas I have found it necessary to do additional original work in order to give a consistent picture. In this way I have sought to bring together work in the late 1920s, the 1960s, and now mindful of the commercial importance of plasma processing, work over the past 15 years that adds to the general understanding.
The molecular basis of p21-activated kinase-associated neurodevelopmental disorders: From genotype to phenotype

Although the identification of numerous genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has reshaped our understanding of their etiology, there are still major obstacles in the way of developing therapeutic solutions for intellectual disability (ID) and other NDDs. These include extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity, rarity of recurrent pathogenic variants, and comorbidity with other psychiatric traits. Moreover, a large intragenic mutational landscape is at play in some NDDs, leading to a broad range of clinical symptoms. Such diversity of symptoms is due to the different effects DNA variations have on protein functions and their impacts on downstream biological processes. The type of functional alterations, such as loss or gain of function, and interference with signaling pathways, has yet to be correlated with clinical symptoms for most genes. This review aims at discussing our current understanding of how the molecular changes of group I p21-activated kinases (PAK1, 2 and 3), which are essential actors of brain development and function; contribute to a broad clinical spectrum of NDDs. Identifying differences in PAK structure, regulation and spatio-temporal expression may help understanding the specific functions of each group I PAK. Deciphering how each variation type affects these parameters will help uncover the mechanisms underlying mutation pathogenicity. This is a prerequisite for the development of personalized therapeutic approaches.
The Role of Microbiota in Liver Transplantation and Liver Transplantation-Related Biliary Complications

Liver transplantation as a treatment option for end-stage liver diseases is associated with a relevant risk for complications. On the one hand, immunological factors and associated chronic graft rejection are major causes of morbidity and carry an increased risk of mortality due to liver graft failure. On the other hand, infectious complications have a major impact on patient outcomes. In addition, abdominal or pulmonary infections, and biliary complications, including cholangitis, are common complications in patients after liver transplantation and can also be associated with a risk for mortality. Thereby, these patients already suffer from gut dysbiosis at the time of liver transplantation due to their severe underlying disease, causing end-stage liver failure. Despite an impaired gut-liver axis, repeated antibiotic therapies can cause major changes in the gut microbiome. Due to repeated biliary interventions, the biliary tract is often colonized by several bacteria with a high risk for multi-drug resistant germs causing local and systemic infections before and after liver transplantation. Growing evidence about the role of gut microbiota in the perioperative course and their impact on patient outcomes in liver transplantation is available. However, data about biliary microbiota and their impact on infectious and biliary complications are still sparse. In this comprehensive review, we compile the current evidence for the role of microbiome research in liver transplantation with a focus on biliary complications and infections due to multi-drug resistant germs.
Basilar Membrane Tuning

Georg von Bekesy's visual observation of the basilar‐membrane travelling wave showed a broad mechanical tuning, quite at variance with the sharp tuning from neural recordings. A few years ago, Johnstone and Boyle applied the Mossbauer technique to the basilar membrane and showed the tuning to be much sharper than previously thought. Our latest results show high‐frequency cutoffs of up to 340 dB per octave. Using a special Mossbauer source with an isomer shift to eliminate the 180° ambiguity of previous work, the phase shift has been shown to asymptote to π/2 lead at low frequencies, rotating approximately linearly with increasing frequency and finally asymptoting sharply to 3π lag at the tuning‐curve cutoff. The low‐frequency slope of about 12 to 24 dB/oct is apparently much less than the neural curves. However, the Mossbauer technique requires a higher sound level than used for neural threshold curve, and if neural curves are constructed with constant firing rates as a parameter, e.g., 50 impulses per se.
Extraction of slow oxide trap concentration profiles in metal–oxide–semiconductor transistors using the charge pumping method

The charge pumping technique is shown to be a very efficient method for studying the slow traps in the oxide of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistors. The trap concentration is obtained by varying the gate pulse frequency, the other measurement parameters being kept constant. The concentrations measured on virgin devices are in agreement with those generally obtained on state‐of‐the‐art MOS transistors using noise measurements. On virgin and stressed devices, they also agree with those measured using a drain current transient technique. The concentration profiles show an increase of the trap density near the oxide–semiconductor interface.
Preparation of Vanillin-Taurine Antioxidant Compound, Characterization, and Evaluation for Improving the Post-Harvest Quality of Litchi

Litchi’s post-harvest pericarp browning is one of the main constraints that drastically affect its visual attributes and market potential. Therefore, the vanillin-taurine Schiff base (VTSB) compound prepared from natural compounds of vanillin and taurine exhibited higher DPPH-radical-scavenging invitro antioxidant activity than vanillin. VTSB first-time report to mitigate the postharvest browning of litchi fruit. In this study, litchi fruits were dipped in 0.3 mM (based on pre-experiment) VTSB solution and stored at 25 ± 1 °C for six days to examine their effects on browning and postharvest quality. Fruit treated with VTSB had lower levels of browning degree (BD), browning index (BI), weight loss, soluble quinone (SQ), relative electrolyte leakage (REL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) than control fruit. Additionally, total anthocyanins and phenolic concentrations, Total soluble solids (TSS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-free radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA) were preserved higher in VTSB-treated litchi fruit. The levels of Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT) were higher in treated fruit, whereas polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Peroxidase (POD) were decreased during the postharvest period. This study suggested that VTSB would be very useful for different post-harvest problems in the fruit and vegetable industry.
Phosphorus Application Enhances Root Traits, Root Exudation, Phosphorus Use Efficiency, and Seed Yield of Soybean Genotypes

Phosphorus (P) is a vital macronutrient required for soybean growth and development but is a finite resource in agriculture worldwide. Low inorganic P availability in soil is often a significant constraint for soybean production. However, little is known about the response of P supply on agronomic, root morphology, and physiological mechanisms of contrasting soybean genotypes at various growth stages and the possible effects of different P on soybean yield and yield components. Therefore, we conducted two concurrent experiments using the soil-filled pots with six genotypes (deep-root system: PI 647960, PI 398595, PI 561271, PI 654356; and shallow-root system: PI 595362, PI 597387) and two P levels [0 (P0) and 60 (P60) mg P kg−1 dry soil] and deep PVC columns with two genotypes (PI 561271 and PI 595362) and three P levels [0 (P0), 60 (P60), and 120 (P120) mg P kg−1 dry soil] in a temperature-controlled glasshouse. The genotype × P level interaction showed that increased higher P supply increased leaf area, shoot and root dry weights, total root length, shoot, root, and seed P concentrations and contents, P use efficiency (PUE), root exudation, and seed yield at different growth stages in both experiments. At the vegetative stage (Experiment 1), shallow-rooted genotypes with shorter life cycles had more root dry weight (39%) and total root length (38%) than deep-rooted genotypes with longer life cycles under different P levels. Genotype PI 654356 produced significantly higher (22% more) total carboxylates than PI 647960 and PI 597387 under P60 but not at P0. Total carboxylates positively correlated with root dry weight, total root length, shoot and root P contents, and physiological PUE. The deep-rooted genotypes (PI 398595, PI 647960, PI 654356, and PI 561271) had the highest PUE and root P contents. In Experiment 2, at the flowering stage, genotype PI 561271 had the greatest leaf area (202%), shoot dry weight (113%), root dry weight (143%), and root length (83%) relative to the short-duration, shallow-rooted genotype PI 595362 with external P applied (P60 and P120), with similar trends at maturity. PI 595362 had a greater proportion of carboxylates as malonate (248%), malate (58%), and total carboxylates (82%) than PI 561271 under P60 and P120 but no differences at P0. At maturity, the deep-rooted genotype PI 561271 had greater shoot, root, and seed P contents and PUE than the shallow-rooted genotype PI 595362 under increased P rates but no differences at P0. Further, the genotype PI 561271 had higher shoot (53%), root (165%), and seed yield (47%) than PI 595362 with P60 and P120 than P0. Therefore, inorganic P application enhances plant resistance to the soil P pool and maintains high soybean biomass production and seed yield.
A Comparison of the Results of a Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of a Tropical Squall Line with Observations

Abstract A comparison of the results of a two-dimensional numerical simulation of a tropical squall line with observations shows good agreement in most respects. The two-dimensional model should provide a valuable research tool for understanding the physical processes that are taking place and for discovering the effects of different wind and thermodynamic environments on squall-line characteristics. In the simulation high pressure develops ahead of the system relative to that behind at most levels. The momentum flux is mainly confined to below 6 km and in the region of strong convection. The squall line is multicellular and significant perturbations are associated with convection embedded in the stratiform region. Considerable horizontal accelerations occur at large distances from the region of strong convection, away from the system aloft and towards it at low levels. The effect of excluding the ice phase in the simulation is shown to lead to cloud tops some 3 km lower than when it is incorporated. Alth.
Instantaneous magnetic field distribution in permanent magnet brushless DC motors. IV. Magnetic field on load

For pt.III see ibid., vol.29, no.1, p.143-151 (1993). An analytical technique is developed for predicting the instantaneous magnetic field distribution in the airgap-permanent magnet region of radial-field topologies of brushless DC motors equipped with a surface-mounted magnet rotor and operating under any specified load condition. It accounts implicitly for the stator winding current waveform and the effect of stator slot openings. The 2-D field analysis, in polar coordinates, combines the armature reaction field component, derived from an analytical determination of the relative temporal and spatial position of the two field components. The predicted open-circuit, armature-reaction, and load field distributions all show excellent agreement with results from corresponding finite element analyses. >
Molecular mapping of genomic regions and identification of possible candidate genes associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd

Bitter gourd is an important vegetable crop grown throughout the tropics mainly because of its high nutritional value. Sex expression and identification of gynoecious trait in cucurbitaceous vegetable crops has facilitated the hybrid breeding programme in a great way to improve productivity. In bitter gourd, gynoecious sex expression is poorly reported and detailed molecular pathways involve yet to be studied. The present experiment was conducted to study the inheritance, identify the genomic regions associated with gynoecious sex expression and to reveal possible candidate genes through QTL-seq. Segregation for the gynoecious and monoecious sex forms in the F2 progenies indicated single recessive gene controlling gynoecious sex expression in the genotype, PVGy-201. Gynoecious parent, PVGy-201, Monoecious parent, Pusa Do Mausami (PDM), and two contrasting bulks were constituted for deep-sequencing. A total of 10.56, 23.11, 15.07, and 19.38 Gb of clean reads from PVGy-201, PDM, gynoecious bulk and monoecious bulks were generated. Based on the ΔSNP index, 1.31 Mb regions on the chromosome 1 was identified to be associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd. In the QTL region 293,467 PVGy-201 unique variants, including SNPs and indels, were identified. In the identified QTL region, a total of 1019 homozygous variants were identified between PVGy1 and PDM genomes and 71 among them were non-synonymous variants (SNPS and INDELs), out of which 11 variants (7 INDELs, 4 SNPs) were classified as high impact variants with frame shift/stop gain effect. In total twelve genes associated with male and female gametophyte development were identified in the QTL-region. Ethylene-responsive transcription factor 12, Auxin response factor 6, Copper-transporting ATPase RAN1, CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 23, ABC transporter C family member 2, DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 1 isoform X2, Polygalacturonase QRT3-like isoform X2, Protein CHROMATIN REMODELING 4 were identified with possible role in gynoecious sex expression. Promoter region variation in 8 among the 12 genes indicated their role in determining gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd genotype, DBGy-1. The findings in the study provides insight about sex expression in bitter gourd and will facilitate fine mapping and more precise identification of candidate genes through their functional validation.
Nerve ECM and PLA-PCL based electrospun bilayer nerve conduit for nerve regeneration

Introduction: The porcine nerve-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) fabricated as films has good performance in peripheral nerve regeneration. However, when constructed as conduits to bridge nerve defects, ECM lacks sufficient mechanical strength. Methods: In this study, a novel electrospun bilayer-structured nerve conduit (BNC) with outer poly (L-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLA-PCL) and inner ECM was fabricated for nerve regeneration. The composition, structure, and mechanical strength of BNC were characterized. Then BNC biosafety was evaluated by cytotoxicity, subcutaneous implantation, and cell affinity tests. Furthermore, BNC was used to bridge 10-mm rat sciatic nerve defect, and nerve functional recovery was assessed by walking track, electrophysiology, and histomorphology analyses. Results: Our results demonstrate that BNC has a network of nanofibers and retains some bioactive molecules, including collagen I, collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin, glycosaminoglycans, nerve growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Biomechanical analysis proves that PLA-PCL improves the BNC mechanical properties, compared with single ECM conduit (ENC). The functional evaluation of in vivo results indicated that BNC is more effective in nerve regeneration than PLA-PCL conduit or ENC. Discussion: In conclusion, BNC not only retains the good biocompatibility and bioactivity of ECM, but also obtains the appropriate mechanical strength from PLA-PCL, which has great potential for clinical repair of nerve defects.
The Eliassen–Palm flux tensor

Abstract The aim of this paper it to derive general coordinate-invariant forms of the Eliassen–Palm flux tensor and thereby characterize the true geometric nature of the eddy–mean-flow interaction in hydrostatic Boussinesq rotating fluids. In the quasi-geostrophic limit previous forms of the Eliassen–Palm flux tensor are shown to be related to each other via a gauge transformation; a general form is stated and its geometric properties are discussed. Similar methodology is applied to the hydrostatic Boussinesq Navier–Stokes equations to re-derive the residual-mean equations in a coordinate-invariant form. Thickness-weighted averaging in buoyancy coordinates is carefully described, via the definition of a volume-form-weighted average, constructed so as to commute with the covariant divergence of a vector. The procedures leading to the thickness-weight averaged equation are discussed, and forms of the Eliassen–Palm flux tensor which arise are identified.
Passenger satisfaction with cleanliness and other service quality dimensions and gender as a moderator: Evidence from Indian Railways

Abstract The present study’s objective is to examine the customer satisfaction on cleanliness and other service quality dimensions in Indian Railways. In addition, gender as a moderator in the relationship between various service quality dimensions and passenger satisfaction is studied. The data was collected from 544 passengers in the Tiruchirappalli railway station (Southern Railway Zone). The data was collected between September 2021 and December 2021, soon after the restoration of services after the global pandemic. Data was collected while taking precautions of social distancing and by wearing facemasks. A structured instrument SERVQUAL was used, and the results indicate that passengers were satisfied with the tangibility, assurance, and reliability dimensions of service quality. We performed regressions showing the relationship between service quality variables and passenger satisfaction. We also studied gender as a moderator in the relationship between the five service quality dimensions and passenger satisfaction. The results indicate that gender moderates the relationship between tangibility and customer satisfaction and reliability and passenger satisfaction. The implications for management are discussed.