Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional Martian ionosphere model: II. Effect of transport processes due to pressure gradients

To study the transport of the ionospheric plasma on Mars, we have included a 3‐D multifluid dynamical core in a Martian general circulation model. Vertical transport modifies the ion density above ~160 km on the dayside, especially the ions produced at high altitudes like O+, N+, and C+. Near the exobase, the dayside to nightside flow velocity reaches few hundreds of m/s, due to a large horizontal pressure gradient. Comparison with Mars Express/Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms‐3 measurements between 290 and 500 km suggests that this flow could account for at least 20% of the flow produced by the solar wind. This flow is not sufficient to populate substantially the nightside ionosphere at high altitudes, in agreement with recent observations, because of a strong nightside downward flow produced by vertical pressure gradient. The O2+ and NO+ ion densities on the nightside at low altitudes (~130 km) are modified by this downward flow, compared to simulated densities without ion dynamics, while other ions are lost by chemical reactions. Variability at different time scales (diurnal, seasonal, and solar cycles) are studied. We simulate diurnal and seasonal variations of the ionospheric composition due to the variability of the neutral atmosphere and solar flux at the top of the atmosphere. The ionospheric dynamics are not strongly affected by seasons and solar cycles, and the retroaction of the ionosphere on the neutral atmosphere temperature and velocity is negligible compared to other physical processes below the exobase.
Delay-Distribution-Dependent Stability Criteria for BAM Neural Networks with Time-Varying Delays

This paper is concerned with the delay-distributiondependent stability criteria for bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks with time-varying delays. Based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and stochastic analysis approach, a delay-probability-distribution-dependent sufficient condition is derived to achieve the globally asymptotically mean square stable of the considered BAM neural networks. The criteria are formulated in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be checked efficiently by use of some standard numerical packages. Finally, a numerical example and its simulation is given to demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed results. Keywords—BAM neural networks, Probabilistic time-varying delays, Stability criteria.
Landscape and prehistoric chronology of West‐Central Jordan

Remnant lake and stream terraces of the Wadi el Hasa (west-central Jordan) are associated with in situ prehistoric sites spanning > 100,000 years. Eighteen radiocarbon dates from cultural and geological deposits on the terraces facilitate the first comprehensive prehistoric landscape chronology for the southern Levant east of the Jordan Rift. In the eastern Hasa basin, the uppermost of three cut and fill surfaces (>20 m) is linked to massive fossil spring deposits and an early Middle Paleolithic occupation (100,000–70,000 B. P.), suggestive of considerably wetter climates. A later Middle Paleolithic occupation may be synchronous with the emergence of Pleistocene Lake Hasa (ca. 70,000 B. P.). Peak lake levels were attained 40,000 years ago. Dates proliferate after 25,000 B. P. and register recession of Lake Hasa (ca. 20,000 B. P.), an intervening erosional phase, and the initiation of complex humid-desiccation cycles for the terminal Pleistocene—Holocene (17,000–9,000 B. P.). The contemporary Wadi el Hasa channel began aggrading its floodplain after 8000 B. P. and was incised to its present depths 1000–500 years ago. The prehistoric landscape history of the Hasa drainage is broadly synchronous with sequences in the Rift Valley and Negev desert and offers baseline chronologies for the Late Quaternary of eastern Jordan and the Arabian peninsula. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The global water cycle and continental erosion during phanerozoic time (570 my)

Asensitivity study is conducted to determine what effect two mechanisms, namely continental size and latitudinal location might have on the global wtaer cycle. The global water cycle over Phanerozoic time (570 my) is established first by analyzing the distribution of rainfall (P), evaporation (E), and runoff (D), by bands of 10° of latitude, on the Present-day Earth and then applying these values to the ancient Phanerozoic world. In this backward projection, the global cosmic, climatic, and orographic conditions prevailing today, are supposed constant through time, while the only variable parameter controlling the system are the latitudinal positions of the continents and the relative area of continents and oceans. The calculated Phanerozoic global runoff clearly shows that the humid periods are the Cretaceous (100 my), the Devonian-Silurian (400 my), and the Cambrian (500 my), while the dry periods are close to the Present-day (0 my), and the Permo-Triassic (200 my). The continal global runoff together with the survival rate of the volcanics are used to predict the fluctuations of the isotopic ratio 87Sr/86Sr in marine sediments. Predicted and measured values appear to be in good agreement (except for the Present) which somewhat validate the calculations. The continental runoff is also related to the sedimentation rate and used to estimate the specific erosion rate of the continents through the Phanerozoic. Thus the sedimemtation rate variations are understood as a consequence of the continental runoff fluctuations through time.
Text Messaging Interventions for Improvement in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Youth: Systematic Review

Background The use of text messages (short message service, SMS) to change physical activity and sedentary behavior in youth is of interest due to the need for novel, more effective intervention approaches. Previous reviews have examined a variety of technology-based interventions and their impact on different health behaviors, but evidence regarding the impact of just SMS on physical activity and sedentary behavior is lacking. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and use of theory of SMS interventions for improving physical activity and sedentary behavior in youth. Methods Authors systematically searched electronic databases from March to November 2017. Citations were sifted using additional reviewers, and a qualitative synthesis of eligible studies was conducted using piloted data extraction forms. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to be of a randomized controlled or quasi-experimental design, incorporate SMS, involve adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 years, and assess at least one physical activity or sedentary behavior outcome. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias tool. Results A total of 13 studies reporting 11 interventions were included in the qualitative analysis. Studies included interventions that were conducted in schools, online, or face-to-face. Studies were of high heterogeneity with regard to study duration, participant characteristics, intervention content, and outcome measures. Findings were equivocal with regard to intervention effectiveness for physical activity and sedentary behavior. Overall, 7 interventions resulted in an improvement for physical activity and 6 for sedentary behavior. All studies were judged to be of high risk of bias for at least 1 item. Conclusions Some studies in this review showed promising results for using SMS to improve physical activity and sedentary behavior in youth. High heterogeneity of design and outcome measures precluded data pooling and conclusions as to which specific intervention elements are linked to increased effectiveness cannot be drawn. The authors propose incorporating the following elements in future studies: specific focus on desired health behavior; mixed-methods design; include long-term follow-up; include self-monitoring, goal setting, and feedback; combine SMS with a mobile app; and send 3 or more SMS text messages per week. More rigorous studies are needed to explore the relationship between intervention effectiveness and specific intervention components such as content and delivery.
U-Pb Isotopic Study of Zircons from a Few Granitoids of Delhi-Aravalli Belt

U -Pb isotopic analysis of zircons of three granitoids from Chhapoli, Kishangarh and Ajmer localities in the Delhi fold belt of Rajasthan, shows that these granitoids have been emplaced around 1700 Ma and were thermally disturbed at -70 Ma resulting in Pb loss in these zircons. Later studies by other workers on rhyolites, carbonatites and lamprophyres from Rajasthan and Gujarat, corroborate the -70 Ma event which was possibly a period of intense regional magmatic activity in this region. This Cretaceous thermal episode, when evaluated in the light of the paleogeography of the Indian plate, strongly suggests that the reactivation of this part of the subcontinent may be due to: (a) the continental breakups along the west coast at ∼80 and 64 Ma, (b) plausible passage of this part of the Indian continental lithosphere (CL), over the Reunion mantle plume between 80 to 60 Ma and (c) the earliest phase of the India - Eurasia Collision. It is also found that the existing knowledge of the geophysical anomalies (such as geothermal signatures, seismicity, gravity, magnetic and electrical conductivity) over the Delhi Aravalli mobile arm (DA-MA), Kutch, Jaisalmer- Mari- arch (JM-A), and Cambay graben - the latter two being parts of the NNW-SSE trending Madagascar-Dharwar mobile arm (MD-MA)- also support this inference.
Is age the most important risk factor in COVID-19 patients? The relevance of comorbidity burden: A retrospective analysis of 10,090 hospitalizations

Objectives: To investigate whether the effect of chronological age on the risk of developing critical illness in COVID-19 hospitalized individuals is attenuated, and to which extent, when adjusting for increasingly exhaustive measures of the comorbidity burden. Design: Retrospective assessment of electronic health records. Setting: All public hospitals of the Catalan Institute of Health (Catalonia; North-East Spain; 7.7 million inhabitants), which account for 30% of all hospital admissions in Catalonia. Participants: We included all individuals admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 as the main diagnosis between March 1, 2020, and January 31, 2022. Vaccinated individuals and those admitted within the first of the six COVID-19 epidemic waves were excluded from the primary analysis but were included in secondary analyses. Main outcome measures: The primary composite outcome was critical illness, defined as the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU), or in-hospital death (any of them). Explanatory variables included age, sex, and four summary measures of comorbidity burden on admission: the Charlson index (17 diagnostic group codes), the Elixhauser index and count (31 diagnostic group codes), and the Queralt DxS index (3,145 diagnostic group codes). All models were adjusted by wave and center. The proportion of the effect of age attributable to comorbidity burden was assessed using a causal mediation analysis. Results: The primary analysis included 10,090 hospitalizations due to COVID-19; of them, 3,524 experienced a critical illness. The frequency of critical illness increased with age and comorbidity burden on admission, irrespective of the measure used. In multivariate analyses, the effect size of age decreased with the number of diagnoses considered to estimate comorbidity burden. When adjusting for the Queralt DxS index, age showed a minimal contribution to critical illness; according to the causal mediation analysis, comorbidity burden on admission explained the 95.3% (95% CI 82.1% - 112.7%) of the observed effect of age on critical illness. Conclusions: When measured exhaustively, comorbidity burden rather than chronological age explains the increased risk of critical illness observed in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
Tropospheric ozone and aerosol distributions across the Amazon Basin

Ozone and aerosol distributions were measured during July–August 1985 over the tropical rain forest of Brazil as part of the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment to study the Amazon boundary layer. Remote and in situ measurements of O3 and aerosols were made from a NASA Electra aircraft on several long-range flights spanning different areas between Tabatinga and Belem, Brazil. Continuous O3 distributions were obtained between the aircraft altitude and the ground with an airborne differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system. Aerosol distributions were also continuously measured above and below the aircraft with the DIAL system. In situ O3 measurements were made on the aircraft and from ground-launched ozonesondes at Manaus and Natal. Large-scale variations in the vertical and horizontal distributions of O3 and aerosols were observed on nearly all flights over the Amazon Basin, with O3 exceeding 50 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in some regions. Both positive and negative correlations were observed between O3 mixing ratios and aerosol concentrations. In nearly all cases, when O3 and aerosols were negatively correlated, this represented clean midtropospheric air, and when they were positively correlated, the air mass had undergone photochemical O3 production as a result of biomass burning. A 59% increase in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) O3 level was observed between the initial Manaus-Belem flights on July 23–24, 1985 and the later flights on August 8–9, 1985. This was attributed to the increase in biomass burning near the Rio Amazonas and its tributaries and in savannah regions south of the Amazon Basin. Flights to the west of Manaus measured enhanced O3 and aerosol levels near the Rio Solimoes, while the area sampled upwind of the river exhibited lower O3 levels. This was explained by the increased incidence of biomass burning near the river. This paper also examines the variability of the trade wind inversion (TWI) height across the Amazon Basin and the influence of O3 levels above the TWI on the budget of O3 in the PBL. Measurements reported for the early dry season characterize the background distribution of O3 and aerosols in the PBL prior to the onset of extensive biomass burning. These data provide the basis for a basin-scale estimate of photochemical O3 production from biomass-burning emissions.
A precambrian proximal ejecta blanket from Scotland

Ejecta blankets around impact craters are rarely preserved on Earth. Although impact craters are ubiquitous on solid bodies throughout the solar system, on Earth they are rapidly effaced, and few records exist of the processes that occur during emplacement of ejecta. The Stac Fada Member of the Precambrian Stoer Group in Scotland has previously been described as volcanic in origin. However, shocked quartz and biotite provide evidence for high-pressure shock metamorphism, while chromium isotope values and elevated abundances of platinum group metals and siderophile elements indicate addition of meteoritic material. Thus, the unit is reinterpreted here as having an impact origin. The ejecta blanket reaches >20 m in thickness and contains abundant dark green, vesicular, devitrified glass fragments. Field observations suggest that the deposit was emplaced as a single fluidized flow that formed as a result of an impact into water-saturated sedimentary strata. The continental geological setting and presence of groundwater make this deposit an analogue for Martian fluidized ejecta blankets.
Study of the Late Cenozoic depositional environment and seismic anomalies on the Trøndelag Platform using 3D seismic data

This thesis has focused on the depositional environment during the development of the Naust Formation in order to improve our understanding of the glacial history of the mid-Norwegian continental shelf, using 3D-seismic data from the Trænabanken and Sklinnadjupet area along with regional 2D-lines. Seismic anomalies have also been investigated to increase our understanding of fluid migration affecting the Naust Formation. A seismic stratigraphy of the area has been established and correlated to earlier works in adjacent areas, resulting in 5 seismostratigraphic units, N (oldest), A, U, S and T (youngest). Naust N-U show a prograding reflection configuration while the S and T units include both an aggradational as well as progradational reflection configuration. Eleven seismic horizons in different stratigraphic levels have been mapped for geomorphological features, identifying glacial features such as cross-shelf troughs, MSGL, flutes, hill-hole pairs and iceberg plough-marks. These features suggests a dynamic glacial history on the mid-Norwegian continental shelf over the past 2.8 Ma. Iceberg plough-marks have been identified early in Naust N time (1.5-2.8 Ma), which may indicate the presence of calving ice along the Norwegian coast. Morainal deposits along with an increase in deposition of debris flows suggest a change in depositional environment taking place during Naust N time, where glacial processes became more dominant. This may be the first indication of the ice sheet reaching the paleo-shelf edge within the study area. Cross-shelf troughs, MSGL and flutes have been located on the base of unit A, S and T as well as on the seafloor. This suggests the presence of several fast-flowing ice streams in the period from ~1.5 Ma to the last glacial maximum. The Vestfjorden paleo-ice stream appears to have reached all the way down to the Skjoldryggen area during the Elsterian glaciation. However, the buildup of Trænabanken probably resulted in a change in flow pattern during the two last glaciations, where the Vestfjorden paleo-ice stream drained throughout Trænadjupet while Sklinnadjupet was dominated by ice flowing from the east. The massive loading by the thick glacial deposits of the Naust Formation resulted in polygonal faulting of the underlying Brygge Formation in the study area. This lead to dewatering, which may be the main source of fluids in the area along with fluids migrating through deep-seated faults from deeper sources. Vertical discontinuities in the seismic data suggests vertical fluid flow within pipes or through fractures created by overpressure within the Naust Formation, while some bright spots and paleo-pockmarks indicate that as the fluids encounter permeable layers the flow was freely following the stratigraphic boundaries of the prograding wedges.
Coexistence and mixing of magmas in the late of cambrian Itaporanga Batholith, State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil

The Precambrian Cachoeirinha-Salgueiro Fold Belt (CSF) located in the western portion of the states of Pernambuco and Paraiba is intruded, in its northern portion, by several coarsely porphyritic potassic calc-alkalic . batholiths. These batholiths were syntectonicaly unplaced in relation to the Brasiliano cycle (=Pan-African) and are commonly associated with potassium diorites suggesting coexistence and mixing between felsic and mafic magmas. In the Itaporanga batholith three petrographic domains-were mapped. A hybrid zone characterized by intense mechanical mixing of granite to granodiorite and potassium diorite magmas is located towards the border of the batholith. A commingling zone where felsic porphyritic granite to granodiorite and potassium diorite rocks are individualized at outcrop scale is located towards the center of the batholith. Finally a felsic porphyritic fades occur in the hybrid zone. The intense mechanical mixing observed in the hybrid zone developed migmatite-like structures (stromatic and less frequently agmatic), pillov -like structures, mafic enclaves with irregular shape and cuspate contacts between mafic and felsic rocks, suggesting diffusion of chemical species across contact. Major and trace element plotted against SiO2 agree with a mixing model to explain the hybrid samples plotted at intermediate position between felsic and mafic rocks. Similarity among chemical analyses of amphiboles from potassium dioritic enclaves of the Itaporanga batholith and from the potassium diorite stock east of it suggest a common source for both magmas. This hypothesis is corroborated by similar REE patterns for potassium dioritic enclaves of the Itaporanga batholith and for the potassium diorite stock. The batholiths shows a well developed foliation which dips towards its core suggesting that the present level of exposure represents the root zone of a diapir, where intense interaction between felsic and mafic magmas took place.
Surface charge characteristics of variable charge soils in Thailand

Surface charge characteristics were investigated using a charge fingerprinting procedure for 90 samples from 32 profiles of highly weathered Oxisols and Ultisols derived from shale/limestone, basalt, granite, local alluvium, sedimentary, and metasedimentary rocks under tropical savanna and tropical monsoonal climates in Thailand. The charge fingerprints of 5 whole soils, after removal of organic matter and of kaolin and ion oxides from these soils, were also measured to clarify factors contributing to the variable charge behaviour. Phosphate sorption was determined and related to charge properties. Kaolin was the dominant mineral of the clay fraction with moderate amounts of goethite and hematite. Gibbsite was present in Oxisols formed on limestone and basalt under more humid conditions. All soils exhibited variable charge behaviour but the magnitude and rate of change in variable charge with pH varied greatly between Oxisols and Ultisols. Oxisols had higher amounts of variable charge than Ultisols, reflecting the differences in amounts of clay and extractable Fe and Al. Oxisols formed on basalt and limestone under more humid conditions had high values of anion exchange capacity (AEC) due to the contributions of goethite, gibbsite, and boehmite. The relationships of base cation exchange capacity (CECB) and AEC with pH were linear. Rates of change with pH of both negative and positive variable charge (Ac, Aa) were closely related to CEC, specific surface area (SSA), pH(NaF), and various forms of extractable Fe, Al, and Mn. The charge fingerprints of soil after removal of organic matter indicated that organic matter exerted a strong influence on both the magnitude of negative charge and rate of change with pH. Kaolin had permanent and variable charge, with SSA and crystal size (MCD001) being highly predictive of the rate of change in variable negative charge with pH. Iron oxide concentrates exhibited strongly pH-dependent charge and the mean coherently diffracting length (MCD110) of hematite was highly predictive of both the magnitude and rate of change in variable positive charge with pH. Charge coefficients (Ac, Ba) had highly significant (P = 0.005) positive relationships with Langmuir and Freundlich phosphate sorption maximum coefficients (Xm, k), indicating that the surfaces of amorphous, poorly ordered, and crystalline Fe and Al oxides are prime sites for both P sorption and variable charge.
Special Considerations in Wound Bed Preparation 2011: An Update©

PURPOSE: To enhance the learner's knowledge and competence in wound bed preparation. TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. OBJECTIVES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to: Assess wounds to classify them and determine prognosis. Apply evolving evidence regarding effective wound bed preparation and recommend patient-specific therapy. This article builds and expands upon the concept of wound bed preparation introduced by Sibbald et al 2000 as a holistic approach to wound diagnosis and treatment of the cause and patient-centered concerns such as pain management, optimizing the components of local wound care: Debridement, Infection and persistent Inflammation, along with Moisture balance before Edge effect for healable but stalled chronic wounds.