Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some remarks on surface multiple attenuation

The surface multiple attenuation algorithm discussed in this paper is a prestack inversion of a surface‐recorded, 2-D wavefield that aims to remove all orders of all surface multiples present within the wavefield. Although the algorithm requires no assumptions or modeling regarding the positions and reflection coefficients of the multiple‐causing reflectors, it does require complete internal physical consistency between primary and multiple events—something that exists only in ideal 2-D data sets. In field data sets the physical consistency between primaries and multiples is disturbed by phenomena such as variations in the acquisition wavelet, cable feathering, cross‐line dip, a finite near offset, and unequal or too coarse spatial sampling in source and receiver coordinates. Careful survey design can minimize the impact of those phenomena on surface multiple attenuation. If it is not too large, trace extrapolation can solve the finite near‐offset problem. Minor adjustments to the algorithm allow processi.
Molecular Assays in Cytopathology for Thyroid Cancer

Dr Valderrabano acknowledges financial support from the Alfonso Martín Escudero Foundation. No other significant relationships exist between the authors and the companies/organizations whose products or services may be referenced in this article. cytology provides valuable information in the presurgical evaluation of thyroid nodules, approximately 25% of biopsy samples do not render diagnostic information and are classified as indeterminate. Repeating FNA on an indeterminate specimen may be helpful at times; however, for many patients, diagnostic surgery is eventually needed to clarify the diagnosis. One-third of these nodules resected for diagnostic purposes will prove to be malignant and, in many cases, will require additional surgery to complete thyroidectomy. Conversely, two-thirds of such surgeries might have been avoided with a more accurate presurgical diagnosis. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (Bethesda) has standardized reporting terminology and diagnostic criteria, but it has not improved the performance of FNA. Indeterminate specimens are stratified by Bethesda in 3 diagnostic Introduction The incidences of benign thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer have increased in the last several decades. An accurate presurgical diagnosis of thyroid nodules is important because of the implications in clinical management. Although fine needle aspiration (FNA) Molecular Assays in Cytopathology for Thyroid Cancer
First observations of the spatial structure of F region 3‐m‐scale field‐aligned irregularities with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia

[1] This paper presents first results of spatial structure associated with 47-MHz coherent backscatter from the low-latitude F region in the Indonesian-Thai longitude sector. The measurements were made with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR), located on the geographic equator in West Sumatra, Indonesia (0.20°S, 100.32°E; dip latitude: 10.36°S). The active phased-array of the EAR was used to perform rapid scans over a wide azimuth sector, with a temporal resolution that has heretofore been unachievable. Application of this unique capability is demonstrated herein to be effective in investigations of spatial structure of plasma bubbles and associated backscatter plumes. Most notably, tiny plumes are shown to grow rapidly while traversing from west to east across the scanned azimuth sector. Within an initial 20-min period, backscatter intensity increased by more than 40 dB, and the area of the plume increased by a factor of about 20. Occasionally, plumes reached altitudes as high as 800 to 860 km in the scanned sector. These backscatter regions were traced along the magnetic field line to altitudes of 1200 to 1300 km over the geomagnetic equator. However, these tall structures are not so common over the EAR. The EAR observes fairly conspicuous patchy backscatter from the bottomside of a backscatter plume. The backscatter generated at the bottom of the plume appears to descend and eventually merge into the E region backscatter. The EAR has also observed a downward moving plume that continues for more than 4 hours, beginning at an altitude well into the topside of the ionosphere and descending below 300 km. The backscatter sometimes observed with the EAR at dip latitude of 10.36°S resembles that observed with the MU radar at mid-latitudes. Investigation of these properties with the fast beam steerability of the EAR is expected to provide further insight into the nature of the source mechanism for plasma bubbles and plumes.
Ontogenetic variation in Silurian eurypterids from Ontario and New York State

For more than 150 years, eurypterids from the Upper Silurian Bertie Formation of New York State and southern Ontario have been assigned to two species: Eurypterus remipes DeKay, 1825 and Eurypterus lacustris Harlan, 1834. These species have been distinguished on overall size and on the length–width ratios of the prosomas. To test the hypothesis that these taxa are simply ontogenetic variants of a single species, a biometrical study of more than 140 specimens from eight localities was performed. Bivariate plots of prosomal length versus width showed that E. remipes and E. lacustris morphs form a single ontogenetic growth series. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis on nine measurement variables demonstrated that there is no basis for distinguishing between the two species on prosomal morphology. Accordingly E. lacustris is synonymized with E. remipes.
Properties of the London Clay at the Ashford Common Shaft: in-Situ and Undrained Strength Tests*

Summary During the construction of the Ashford Common shaft by the Metropolitan Water Board undisturbed block specimens were obtained from six levels at depths varying from 30 to 140 ft in the London Clay. At the same levels a series of plate loading and penetrometer tests were carried out in the shaft. In a special boring alongside the shaft a series of Dutch cone penetrometer tests were made and some special samples taken. The Metropolitan Water Board also made available the results on conventional borehole samples from eight borings in the neighbourhood of the shaft. In this Paper the results of an extensive series of quick undrained compression tests on the block specimens are presented and the undrained shear strength–depth relationships obtained from the several types of laboratory and in-situ tests compared. These vary considerably and the differences are discussed in terms of the fissured nature of the clay and the effects of excavation. The penetrometer tests cannot bc evaluated satisfactorily. A.
Seasonal spectral response patterns of winter wheat canopy for crop performance monitoring

Agricultural monitoring is an important and continuously spreading activity in remote sensing and applied Earth observations. It supplies valuable information on crop condition and growth processes. Much research has been carried out on vegetation phenology issues. In agriculture, the timing of seasonal cycles of crop activity is important for species classification and evaluation of crop development, growing conditions and potential yield. The correct interpretation of remotely sensed data, however, and the increasing demand for data reliability require ground-truth knowledge of the seasonal spectral behaviuor of different species and their relation to crop vigour. For this reason, we performed groundbased study of the seasonal response of winter wheat reflectance patterns to crop growth patterns. The goal was to quantify crop seasonality by establishing empirical relationships between plant biophysical and spectral properties in main ontogenetic periods. Phenology and agr-specific relationships allow to assess crop condition during different portions of the growth cycle and thus effectively track plant development and make yield predictions. The applicability of different vegetation indices for monitoring crop seasonal dynamics, health condition, and yield potential was examined.
NORMATIVE AND POSITIVE ASPECTS OF INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS : THE IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER POLICY

Institutional economics provides an alternative framework for analyzing existing and proposed water policies. This approach differs from conventional economics in both normative and positive aspects. The normative model employs the concept of instrumental value, rather than efficiency. Water policies are judged based on whether they foster the long-run viability of economic and ecological systems, not on whether they maximize net present value. The positive model is holistic and more inclusive than standard market models. The role of technical circumstances, nonmonetary goals, interest groups, and power are discussed. The implications of both positive and normative models for water policy are discussed. A set of questions useful in understanding or predicting the prospects for change in water policy is provided, and an institutionalist perspective is offered on water markets.
Stability of composite river banks

The stability of a river bank depends on the balance of forces, motive and resistive, associated with the most critical mechanism of failure. Many mechanisms are possible and the likelihood of failure occurring by any particular one depends on the size, geometry and structure of the bank, the engineering properties of the bank material, the hydraulics of flow in the adjacent channel and climatic conditions. Rivers flowing through alluvial deposits often have a composite structure of cohesionless sand and gravel overlain by cohesive silt/clay. Bank erosion occurs by fluvial entrainment of material from the lower, cohesionless bank at a much higher rate than material from the upper, cohesive bank. This leads to undermining that produces cantilevers of cohesive material. Upper bank retreat takes place predominantly by the failure of these cantilevers. Three mechanisms of failure have been identified: shear, beam and tensile failure. The stability of a cantilever may be analysed using static equilibrium and beam theory, and dimensionless charts for cantilever stability constructed. Application of the charts requires only a few simple measurements of cantilever geometry and soil properties. In this analysis the effects of cracks and fissures in the soil must be taken into account. These cracks seriously weaken the soil and can invalidate a stability analysis by affecting the shape of the failure surface. Following mechanical failure, blocks of soil must be removed from the basal area by fluvial entrainment if rapid undermining and cantilever generation are to continue. Hence, the rate of bank retreat is fluvially controlled, even though the mechanism of failure of the upper bank is not directly fluvial in nature. This cycle of bank erosion: undermining, cantilever failure and fluvial scour of the toe, operates over several flood events and has important implications for river engineering, channel changes, and the movement of sediment through fluvial systems.
Trends and Issues Impacting Camp Management Towards 21st Century in Hong Kong

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the trends and issues impacting on government and voluntary camps in the next five years in Hong Kong. The study involved three stages. First, survey of a select expert panel (n = 34) identified a total of 146 trends and issues. Second, a questionnaire was then distributed to a wider group of camp managers and administrators (n = 46). Third, a sample of ideal typical cases of experienced camp managers and administrators (n = 7) were interviewed to determine the implications or solutions of these trends and issues. The results were then compared with Jubenville and Twight's model (1993) of outdoor recreation system. Data from the interviews were also analyzed. Lastly, an alternative model of camp management was then presented.
The World Bank and children: a review of activities

This paper reviews Bank interventions that supported the welfare of children in the last decade. Though the Bank has always addressed children's development, and protection through its focus of broader economic development, and social protection, it has recently intensified its efforts to directly address children's issues in the context of a broader international effort to improve the general welfare of children and, more specifically, to reduce child labor. This paper focuses on Human Development projects with an objective relating to children, or that are expected to have an indirect, but non-trivial impact on children. In the last decade (FY1990-2000), the Bank financed close to 635 Human Development projects, of which 302 projects, fully or partially supported child welfare, development and protection - and the focus of these interventions is discussed in this paper.
The Uncertainty in the Prediction of Flash Floods in the Northern Mediterranean Environment

Abstract Development of an operational flood forecasting system and assessment of forecast uncertainty are the principal topics of this paper. Flood forecasting procedures are developed for a Mediterranean environment. A procedure that uses the Ensemble Prediction System as input for a semidistributed hydrologic model is presented. A rainfall downscaling model is used to bridge the scale gap between numerical weather prediction model output and hydrologic modeling input. The results are illustrated for the November 1994 Piedmont flood.
The role of crustal anatexis and magma migration in the thermal evolution of regions of thickened continental crust

Summary The results of numerical thermal models are presented that directly take into account crustal melting and the upward transfer of melts in the thermal evolution of regions of thickened continental crust. The results of these models indicate that in regions of moderate to high mantle heat flow (Qm > 30 mW m−2), extensive melting of the lower crust is likely, but will only moderately affect the rise in temperature of the lower crust. They also show that the ascent of those melts will drastically modify the pressure- temperature-time (P-T-t) paths followed by horizons in the upper plate, prolonging loading and producing widespread high-grade amphibolite-facies metamorphism. In these models, both the style and timing of metamorphism above zones of melting is controlled by those melts and, as a consequence of melting, as much as 30–50% of the orogenic root is eliminated by removal of the lower plate through the upward transport of melts and their erosion at the surface.
Ratio of UV to global broad band irradiation in Valencia, Spain

This paper presents the results of an analysis of 6 years of measurements of UV and broad band irradiation values in Valencia, Spain. Hourly and daily integrated UV irradiance, ITUV, measured by a TUVR Eppley radiometer, and global irradiance IT from a Kipp-Zonen CM-11 pyranometer, were highly correlated, with ITUV/IT percentages varying from 2.9% to 3.5% for hourly values and from 2.9% to 3.4% for daily values. If a general linear relation ITUV=mIT is considered, the correlation coefficient r is always greater than 0.96 for hourly values and 0.91 for daily values. However, the relation between ITUV/IT and the clearness index kT is poorly correlated, although improved results, with less dependence on a specific location, can be observed using the kTUV and kT clearness indices. For a general linear relation, kTUV=mkT, the correlation coefficient r is always greater than 0.89 for hourly values and 0.86 for daily values. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Impact of isopycnal mixing on the tropical ocean circulation

The sensitivity of tropical ocean dynamics to the ocean lateral mixing orientation is explored using a z-coordinate climate-type ocean general circulation model. Compared to a simulation using horizontal mixing on both tracers and dynamics (HOR), a rotation of the tracer tensor in which mixing occurs along isopycnals (ISOT) improves the structure of the off-equatorial density field, which consequently enhances the off-equatorial circulation through geostrophy. However, the dynamics at the equator in ISOT are degraded compared to observations, as the upper part of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) is too deep and the South Equatorial Current (SEC) is too intense. Next, isopycnal diffusion on momentum is implemented (ISOMT). An examination of the momentum balance at the equator shows that this change in lateral diffusion direction significantly reduces the meridional diffusive flux of momentum at the top of the EUC. This intensifies the EUC, which, in turn, weakens the SEC along the equator through vertical diffusion. The equatorial degradations observed in ISOT disappear. Compared to ISOT and HOR, the separation of the two SEC branches and the equatorial current magnitude in the surface layers are much better reproduced. Moreover, in contrast to the results from ISOT and HOR, isopycnal momentum mixing allows the existence of both horizontal up-gradient and down-gradient eddy momentum fluxes, notably improving the vertical profile of the lateral viscosity term. The ISOMT experiment is therefore shown to be the closest to observations. These results suggest that isopycnal mixing should be used on both tracers and momentum to better simulate the observed eddy effects and the tropical circulation in climate models.
Ion microprobe U‐Th‐Pb dating of phosphates in martian meteorite ALH 84001

Abstract— Phosphates in martian meteorites are important carriers of trace elements, although, they are volumetrically minor minerals. PO4 also has potential as a biomarker for life on Mars. Here, we report measurements of the U‐Th‐Pb systematics of phosphates in the martian meteorite ALH 84001 using the Sensitive High Resolution Ion MicroProbe (SHRIMP) installed at Hiroshima University, Japan. Eleven analyses of whitlockites and 1 analysis of apatite resulted in a total Pb/U isochron age of 4018 ± 81 Ma in the 238U/206Pb‐207Pb/206Pb‐204Pb/206 Pb 3‐D space, and a 232Th‐208Pb age of 3971 ± 860 Ma. These ages are consistent within a 95% confidence limit. This result is in agreement with the previously published Ar‐Ar shock age of 4.0 ± 0.1 Ga from maskelynite and other results of 3.8–4.3 Ga but are significantly different from the Sm‐Nd age of 4.50 ± 0.13 Ga based on the whole rock and pyroxene. Taking into account recent studies on textural and chemical evidence of phosphate, our result suggests that the shock metamorphic event defines the phosphate formation age of 4018 ± 81 Ma, and that since then, ALH 84001 has not experienced a long duration thermal metamorphism, which would reset the U‐Pb system in phosphates.
Gradients in the composition of hydrothermal fluids from the Endeavour segment vent field: Phase separation and brine loss

Hydrothermal fluid samples collected in 1984, 1987, and 1988 from a large vent field near 47°57′N on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JFR) have been analyzed for major and minor elements and gases. There are of the order of 100 individual smoker vents on ∼10 large sulfide structures, which are localized along faults and fault intersections across the vent field. Each sulfide structure has a characteristic fluid composition, which varies very little from one vent orifice to the next, or from year to year, on a given structure. However, there are large gradients in fluid composition across the vent field, with endmember chlorinity increasing from ∼255 mmol/kg in the SW to 505 mmol/kg in the NE. End-member concentrations of major elements are well correlated with chlorinity, and endmember volatile concentrations in the lowest chlorinity fluids are approximately twice as high as in the highest chlorinity fluids. The gradients in composition across the vent field and measured vent fluid temperatures >400°C are consistent with supercritical phase separation and loss of brine phase below the seafloor. The factor-of-2 variation in CO2 (and H2S) is larger than expected for loss of a very high-chlorinity brine. Concentrations of iron and manganese are not positively correlated with chlorinity, suggesting that temperature and pH are more important in controlling metal solubility. Elevated ammonia and bromide/chloride ratios indicate that there has been subseafloor interaction between the hydrothermal fluids and organic matter, and high boron concentrations point to a sedimentary source.
Stereo RADARSAT Data for Canopy Height in Brazilian Forests

RÉSUMÉ Cet article démontre la possibilité d'utiliser les images stéréoscopiques de RADARSAT pour interpréter et mesurer certaines caractéristiques de la forêt pluviale tropicale du Brésil. À partir d'un couple stéréoscopique d'images en mode fin de RADARSAT, on interprète qualitativement et on mesure quantitativement les limites de coupes, la couverture forestière et la hauteur de la voûte sur une station de travail stéréo PC (“softcopy”). Comme aucune donnée de vérification n'a été spécialement acquise pour ce projet, la validation se réalise en deux étapes à partir des résultats de précédents travaux de recherche sur ce site. En premier lieu, les frontières des coupes sont superposées sur une image TM de Landsat déjà ortho-rectifiée pour vérifier leur précision planimétrique et l'interprétation de la couverture végétale. Leur erreur de positionnement planimétrique de 30 mètres est principalement due à la précision des données cartographiques d'entrée. De plus grandes erreurs résultent de la deforestation et la régénération entre les dates d'acquisition des images, du type principal de la rétrodiffusion radar avec la forêt et de l'erreur d'interprétation de cette rétrodiffusion. Ensuite, les hauteurs calculées de la voûte sont comparées à une carte existante de la végétation, qui décrit les essences forestières et les caractéristiques de chaque classe. Les résultats pour les hauteurs de voûte sont cohérents et représentent bien la réalité du terrain. A part quelques exceptions, une variation moyenne de hauteur de 5 mètres est obtenue en comparant les hauteurs extraites par stéréoscopie avec les hauteurs de voûte dérivées des précédentes études. Ainsi, dans le contexte de suivi de la forêt amazonienne au Brésil, ces résultats démontrent le potentiel de cette méthode, fondée sur la géométrie de la stéréoscopie radar, comme outil complémentaire aux méthodes traditionnelles fondées seulement sur la radiometrie.
Standardized uncertainty analysis for hydrometry: a review of relevant approaches and implementation examples

Abstract The water-centric community has continuously made efforts to identify, assess and implement rigorous uncertainty analyses for routine hydrological measurements. This paper reviews some of the most relevant efforts and subsequently demonstrates that the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) is a good candidate for estimation of uncertainty intervals for hydrometry. The demonstration is made by implementing the GUM to typical hydrometric applications and comparing the analysis results with those obtained using the Monte Carlo method. The results show that hydrological measurements would benefit from the adoption of the GUM as the working standard, because of its soundness, the availability of software for practical implementation and potential for extending the GUM to hydrological/hydraulic numerical simulations. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Citation Muste, M. , Lee, K. and Bertrand-Krajewski, J.-L. , 2012. Standardized uncertainty analysis for hydrometry: a review of relevant approaches and implementation examples. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 643–667.