Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Research progress on the farming-pastoral ecotone in China

Based on the domestic literature on farming-pastoral ecotone,the research emphases,contents,methods,progresses and prospects of the farming-pastoral ecotone in China were analyzed.The conclusions are as follows: 1) From 1990 to 2006,the studies on farming-pastoral ecotone mainly focused on the natural conditions,land-use and landscape,ecosystems,industry and regional economic development etc;2) GIS,RS,GPS technologies and model analysis gradually became the important methods;3) The integrated multidisciplinary,multi-scale research and time-spatial integrated and applications of modern information technology will be main trend in future.
Dust-Storm Source Areas Determined by the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer and Surface Observations

Abstract Dust storms are recognized as having a very wide range of environmental impacts. Their geomorphological interest lies in the amount of deflation and wind erosion they indicate and their role in loess formation. Atmospheric mineral-dust loading is one of the largest uncertainties in global climate-change modeling and is known to have an important impact on the radiation budget and atmospheric instability. Major gaps remain in our understanding of the geomorphological context of terrestrial sources and the transport mechanisms responsible for the production and distribution of atmospheric dust, all of which are important in reducing uncertainties in the modeling of past and future climate. Using meteorological data from ground stations, from the space-borne Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer (TOMS), and from the National Center for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis project, we illustrate the key source regions of dust and demonstrate the primacy of the Sahara. Objectively defined source regions for the Sahara are determined from eigenvector techniques applied to the TOMS data. Other key regions include the Middle East, Taklamakan, southwest Asia, central Australia, the Etosha and Mkgadikgadi basins of southern Africa, the Salar de Uyuni (Bolivia), and the Great Basin (United States). In most of these regions, large basins of internal drainage, as defined from a digital elevation model, are dust sources where the near-surface atmospheric circulation (determined by calculated means of potential sand flux) is favorable for dust mobilization. Surface observations indicate some regions as being important that do not appear on the TOMS maps. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are explored.
Meta-Analysis of Their Relationships With Organizational Performance Market Orientations in the Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector : A

In their effort to improve performance, many voluntary and nonorofit organizations (VNPOs) have turned to market mechanisms, hoping to learn and implement innovative ideas and methods that proved useful in the private sector. This article adopts the businesslike concept of " marketing " into the arena of VNPOs by offering a meta-analysis to assess the marketing orientation (MO) in the VNPO sector. The article attempts to answer three questions: (a) What is the theoretical grounding and rationality for using MO strategies in the VNPO sector? (b) Can the VNPO sector benefit from an MO approach? (c) Is the MO perspective applicable for organizations without " profit " as a main goal? The findings were compared with findings in the for-profit sector and were found to be stronger. Finally, using a second, methodological meta-analysis, boundary conditions on the MO-performance link were assessed. The implications for VNPOs are discussed and directions for future research are outlined. Marketing orientation (MO) is an essential construct of healthy business firms competing in highly demanding and sophisticated modern economies. The meaning and importance of MO has been studied extensively in the for-profit sector (e. new concept in the nonprofit and voluntary sector. This article deals with MO from the less studied perspective of voluntary and nonprofit organizations Applying an advanced methodology of meta-analysis, we explore the MO → performance link in this unique sector. Our theoretical grounding is based on a process of new managerialism that has affected most Western democracies in recent decades (Pollitt & Bouckaert, 2000). VNPOs have become increasingly aware of the advantages of MO-based management and have reformulated their strategies according to it in adjusting to demanding and evolving environments. For-profit marketing and management concepts have thus become acceptable concepts in the nonprofit sector realm. This legitimization process has been characterized by an increased attention to professional managerialism, the needs of citizens as clients, the formation of citizens' charters, the improvement of human resource strategies, and the greater willingness to build on competitive skills to improve social services. Installing and improving MO is one possible implementation of the new managerialism-and marketing-based approaches in VNPOs (Deng & Dart, 1994). High-MO VNPOs can anticipate and react to their marketlike constituencies more accurately to achieve outstanding performance. The contributions of this article are thus fivefold. First, it reviews papers on MO in the VNPO sector, with an emphasis on previous quantitative research. Second, it meta-analyzes …
Proposition 65 Maximum Allowable Dose Level ( MADL ) for Reproductive Toxicity for Di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate ( DEHP ) by Intravenous Injection October 2004 Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment ( OEHHA ) Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment

The maximum allowable dose level (MADL) for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is 4200 micrograms/day (μg/day) for exposure by intravenous injection (i.v.). This MADL was based on the male reproductive effects observed in rats by Cammack et al. (2003). In this study, decreased testicular weights and histopathological changes were found in male rats (3-5 days of age at the beginning of treatment) treated intraveneously for 21 days with DEHP at 300 and 600 mg/kg-day. Testicular effects were not seen in rats treated at 60 mg/kg-day, the dose therefore identified as the No Observable Effect Level (NOEL) in this study. The testicular effects of DEHP observed in rats are considered relevant to humans, based on mechanistic and other relevant data.
An Inquiry into the Theory, Causes and Consequences of Monitoring Indicators of Health and Safety at Work

This paper engages in an interdisciplinary survey of the current state of knowledge related to the theory, determinants and consequences of occupational safety and health (OSH). First, it synthesizes the available theoretical frameworks used by economists and psychologists to understand the issues related to the optimal provision of OSH in the labour market. Second, it reviews the academic literature investigating the correlates of a comprehensive set of OSH indicators, which portray the state of OSH infrastructure (social security expenditure, prevention, regulations), inputs (chemical and physical agents, ergonomics, working time, violence) and outcomes (injuries, illnesses, absenteeism, job satisfaction) within workplaces. Third, it explores the implications of the lack of OSH in terms of the economic and social costs that are entailed. Finally, the survey identifies areas of future research interests and suggests priorities for policy initiatives that can improve the health and safety of workers.
Party Groups and Policy Positions in the European Parliament

As the legislative body of the European Union (EU), the European Parliament (EP) comprises 732 elected representatives from over 150 national political parties from 25 member states. At the EP level, these members are affiliated with seven major party groups representing distinct policy positions. Here we provide precise estimates of these policy positions based on expert surveys, in addition to characterizing the dimensionality of policy competition in the EP. Our results suggest not only that party groups have identifiable and differentiated positions on multiple issues of policy, but also that these positions group broadly into two orthogonal dimensions: one consisting of classic left-right social and economic issues, and the other related to the powers and scope of EU institutions.
Study on Plant Sand Block Harness Model for Floating Sand of Chifeng City

Through 5 years observation and investigation, the suitable range, plant recovery, sand dune moving distance, investment and production value of ten moving sand plant block models were studied. It is show that precipitation can sustain plant suvival, and plant sand block can be used for harness moving sand. All the ten models are suitable models except squared spread straw-planting Caragana microphylla model and squared sowing straw-sowing Hedysarum mongolicum and Caragana microphylla model are not suitable to upper sand. Different model has different plant recovery speed, sand float distance , investment and production value. From the point of harness effectiveness, Hedysarum mongolicum plant sand block model and Hedysarum mongolicum-Salix flavida plant sand block model arethe best, Salix flavida plant sand block model and Hedysarum-packing model are the second, Salix flavida-packing model, squared straw-planting Hedysarum mongolicum model and squared straw-planting Hedysarum mongolicum and Caragana microphylla model are the third, squared spread straw-planting Caragana microphylla model, squared sowing straw-sowing Hedysarum mongolicum and Caragana microphylla model and squared straw-planting Salix flavida model are the worst. Study results provide a scientific way for harness floating sand.
Covariate assisted screening and estimation

Consider a linear model Y = X β + z, where X = Xn,p and z ~ N(0, In). The vector β is unknown and it is of interest to separate its nonzero coordinates from the zero ones (i.e., variable selection). Motivated by examples in long-memory time series (Fan and Yao, 2003) and the change-point problem (Bhattacharya, 1994), we are primarily interested in the case where the Gram matrix G = X′X is non-sparse but sparsifiable by a finite order linear filter. We focus on the regime where signals are both rare and weak so that successful variable selection is very challenging but is still possible. We approach this problem by a new procedure called the Covariance Assisted Screening and Estimation (CASE). CASE first uses a linear filtering to reduce the original setting to a new regression model where the corresponding Gram (covariance) matrix is sparse. The new covariance matrix induces a sparse graph, which guides us to conduct multivariate screening without visiting all the submodels. By interacting with the signal sparsity, the graph enables us to decompose the original problem into many separated small-size subproblems (if only we know where they are! ). Linear filtering also induces a so-called problem of information leakage, which can be overcome by the newly introduced patching technique. Together, these give rise to CASE, which is a two-stage Screen and Clean (Fan and Song, 2010; Wasserman and Roeder, 2009) procedure, where we first identify candidates of these submodels by patching and screening, and then re-examine each candidate to remove false positives. For any procedure β for variable selection, we measure the performance by the minimax Hamming distance between the sign vectors of β and β. We show that in a broad class of situations where the Gram matrix is non-sparse but sparsifiable, CASE achieves the optimal rate of convergence. The results are successfully applied to long-memory time series and the change-point model.
New International Financial Arrangements

The paper addresses three related issues about monetary institutions. First, acting alone countries cannot achieve price and exchange rate stability. Large economies--the United States, Japan, the European Union--can provide the public good of price stability. Doing so would permit all countries that chose to do so to fix their exchange rates and achieve both benefits. In turn, the large economies would benefit from fixed exchange rates and domestic price stability. Second, to respond to the increased size of capital flows, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) should be changed from a command and control institution into an institution that works to stabilize international financial markets by increasing incentives for stability. Third, recent discussion of international bankruptcy, collective action clauses, and debt rescheduling proposals suggests that reform of international financial institutions has attracted new attention. The paper discusses three proposals.
ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations

In this paper we consider a free boundary problem for a nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation. In particular, we are concerned with the inverse problem, which means we know the behavior of the free boundary a priori and would like a solution, e.g. a convergent series, in order to determine what the trajectories of the system should be for steady-state to steady-state boundary control. In this paper we combine two issues: the free boundary (Stefan) problem with a quadratic nonlinearity. We prove convergence of a series solution and give a detailed parametric study on the series radius of convergence. Moreover, we prove that the parametrization can indeed can be used for motion planning purposes; computation of the open loop motion planning is straightforward. Simulation results are given and we prove some important properties about the solution. Namely, a weak maximum principle is derived for the dynamics, stating that the maximum is on the boundary. Also, we prove asymptotic positiveness of the solution, a physical requirement over the entire domain, as the transient time from one steady-state to another gets large. Mathematics Subject Classification. 93C20, 80A22, 80A23. Received October 31, 2002. Revised January 24, 2003.
Support Vector Regression

Instead of minimizing the observed training error, Support Vector Regression (SVR) attempts to minimize the generalization error bound so as to achieve generalized performance. The idea of SVR is based on the computation of a linear regression function in a high dimensional feature space where the input data are mapped via a nonlinear function. SVR has been applied in various fields - time series and financial (noisy and risky) prediction, approximation of complex engineering analyses, convex quadratic programming and choices of loss functions, etc. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the existing theory, methods, recent developments and scopes of SVR.
relationships between repeated instruction on inhalation therapy, medication adherence, and health status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Purpose: Adherence to inhalation therapy is a critical determinant of the success of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management. However, in practice, nonadherence to inhalation therapy is very common in COPD patients. The effects of adherence to inhalation therapy in COPD have not been fully studied, and less is known about the relationship between medication adherence and quality of life in COPD. Our aim is to assess the factors that contribute to adherence to inhalation therapy and examine their correlation with quality of life. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 88 COPD patients was performed using a self-reported adherence questionnaire with responses on a 5-point Likert scale. Results: Of the 88 patients who were potential participants, 55 (63%) responded with usable information. The only significant factor associated with the overall mean adherence score was receiving repeated instruction about inhalation techniques ( P = 0.032). Of the 55 respondents, 22 (40.0%) were given repeated verbal instruction and/or demonstrations of inhalation technique by a respiratory physician. Significant correlations were found between the overall mean adherence score and the health-related quality of life score (St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire: total, r = − 0.35, P = 0.023; symptoms, r = − 0.43, P = 0.002; impacts, r = − 0.35, P = 0.011). Further-more, patients with repeated instruction showed better quality of life scores than those who did not receive instruction (total, P = 0.030; symptoms, P = 0.038; impacts, P = 0.019). Conclusions: Repeated instruction for inhalation techniques may contribute to adherence to therapeutic regimens, which relates to better health status in COPD.
Analyzing TENORM in Hydraulic Fracturing Wastes

Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as fracking, is a method used to extract oil and natural gas from shale and coalbed deposits by high-pressure injection of a cocktail mix of chemicals, sand and water. However, absorbed in the returning produced wastewaters along with the desired hydrocarbons are Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). Through the various refinement and waste treatment processes these activities can further concentrate the radiological contents into Technologically Enhanced NORM (TENORM). A technique has been developed to perform rapid screening of the radioactivity based on gamma spectroscopy using a scintillation detector with advanced algorithmic processing of the data.
Volcanism and tectonism across the inner solar system: an overview

Abstract Volcanism and tectonism are the dominant endogenic means by which planetary surfaces change. This book, in general, and this overview, in particular, aim to encompass the broad range in character of volcanism, tectonism, faulting and associated interactions observed on planetary bodies across the inner solar system – a region that includes Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, Mars and asteroids. The diversity and breadth of landforms produced by volcanic and tectonic processes are enormous, and vary across the inventory of inner solar system bodies. As a result, the selection of prevailing landforms and their underlying formational processes that are described and highlighted in this review are but a primer to the expansive field of planetary volcanism and tectonism. In addition to this extended introductory contribution, this Special Publication features 21 dedicated research articles about volcanic and tectonic processes manifest across the inner solar system. Those articles are summarized at the end of this review.
Projected changes in snowfall extremes and interannual variability of snowfall in the western United States

Projected warming will have significant impacts on snowfall accumulation and melt, with implications for water availability and management in snow‐dominated regions. Changes in snowfall extremes are confounded by projected increases in precipitation extremes. Downscaled climate projections from 20 global climate models were bias‐corrected to montane Snowpack Telemetry stations across the western United States to assess mid‐21st century changes in the mean and variability of annual snowfall water equivalent (SFE) and extreme snowfall events, defined by the 90th percentile of cumulative 3 day SFE amounts. Declines in annual SFE and number of snowfall days were projected for all stations. Changes in the magnitude of snowfall event quantiles were sensitive to historical winter temperature. At climatologically cooler locations, such as in the Rocky Mountains, changes in the magnitude of snowfall events mirrored changes in the distribution of precipitation events, with increases in extremes and less change in more moderate events. By contrast, declines in snowfall event magnitudes were found for all quantiles in warmer locations. Common to both warmer and colder sites was a relative increase in the magnitude of snowfall extremes compared to annual SFE and a larger fraction of annual SFE from snowfall extremes. The coefficient of variation of annual SFE increased up to 80% in warmer montane regions due to projected declines in snowfall days and the increased contribution of snowfall extremes to annual SFE. In addition to declines in mean annual SFE, more frequent low‐snowfall years and less frequent high‐snowfall years were projected for every station.
High prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and direct association with abdominal surgery

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pelvic pain is a disease that directly affects the social and professional lives of women. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of this clinical condition and to identify independent factors associated with it in women living in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. METHODS: A one-year cross-sectional study was conducted in a population sample of 1,278 women over the age of 14 years. The target population was predominantly composed of women who are treated by the public health system. The questionnaire was administered by interviewers who were not linked to the city health care programs. The prevalence of the morbidity was estimated. First, we identified the significant variables associated with pelvic pain (p<0.10) and then we attributed values of 0 or 1 to the absence or presence of these variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify and estimate the simultaneous impact of the independent variables. The results were expressed by odds ratio and their 95% confidence interval with p<0.05. RESULTS: The disease was found in 11.5% (147/1,278) of the sample. The independent predictors were dyspareunia, previous abdominal surgery, depression, dysmenorrhea, anxiety, current sexual activity, low back pain, constipation, urinary symptoms, and low educational level. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in Ribeirão Preto is high and is associated with conditions that can usually be prevented, controlled, or resolved by improvement of public health policies and public education.
Diagnóstico preliminar de los niveles de emisión de amoníaco y sulfuro de hidrógeno en distintas modalidades de producción en granjas avícolas en Costa Rica

Se realizo la caracterizacion de las emisiones de amoniaco y sulfuro de hidrogeno generadas en las diferentes modalidades de produccion dada en granjas avicolas existentes en Costa Rica. Se encontro que las granjas de produccion de huevos poseen las emisiones mas importantes debido a que en su mayoria utilizan sistemas de manejo tipo jaula con fosa que genera una alta emision de amoniaco (16 ppm). Mientras que las granjas de engorde presentaron las emisiones mas bajas, como consecuencia de que, casi en su totalidad, usan sistemas de manejo abierto, los cuales son de baja emision (6 ppm). No se encontraron concentraciones significativas de sulfuro de hidrogeno, excepto cuando se hizo la remocion mecanica del apilamiento de excretas almacenadas por varias semanas, encontrandose picos de emision de hasta 163 ppm. La dispersion atmosferica de las emisiones de amoniaco fue modelada utilizando el AERMOD (USEPA), para evaluar el impacto en los alrededores. Se encontro cumplimiento con el reglamento de inmisiones a distancias mas alla de los perimetros de las granjas; sin embargo, en algunos casos es posible sobrepasar el limite de deteccion olfatoria que normalmente representa una de las quejas mas comunes por este tipo de actividades.
Low voltage and high ON / OFF ratio field-effect transistors based on CVD MoS 2 and ultra high-k PZT gate dielectric

Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. Accepted Manuscript Nanoscale