Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decadal Variation of Atmospheric Rivers in Relation to North Atlantic Tripole SST Mode

The North Atlantic tripole (NAT) is the leading mode of sea-surface temperature (SST) in the decadal time scale. Although the NAT is forced by North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), it also has an effect on the atmosphere; for example, the early winter tripole SST signal can influence storm tracks in March. As the NAT not only changes the baroclinicity of the lower layer but also modifies the moisture being released into the atmosphere, we surmise that the NAT has an impact on moisture transport and atmospheric rivers in the decadal time scale. Using ERA5 reanalysis data, the decadal variations in Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) in the North Atlantic in boral winter in relation to NAT phases were studied. During the positive NAT phase, the positive SST in the central and western North Atlantic increases the humidity and causes an anticyclonic wind response, which enhances the northeastward transport of moisture. As a result, ARs tend to be longer and transport more moisture toward northwestern Europe. This causes enhanced extreme rain in the UK and Norway. During the negative NAT phase, the positive SST anomalies in the south and east of the North Atlantic provide more moisture, induce a southward shift of the ARs and enhance extreme rain in the Iberian Peninsula. The Gulf Stream (GS) front is stronger during the negative NAT phase, increasing the frequency of the atmospheric front and enlarging the rain rate in ARs.
Time-based frequency band selection method for phase-locked loops

High-performance phase-locked loops (PLLs) often require voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) employing both discrete and continuous tuning mechanisms to satisfy a wide frequency range and a low VCO tuning gain simultaneously. An auxiliary circuit is required to facilitate the selection among a group of discrete bands. An agile technique to search for an optimum VCO frequency band is proposed. The search is based on measuring the period difference between a reference and the VCO-divided signals. The VCO band selection circuit is implemented with a 10 GHz PLL in a 0.18 µm CMOS process and consumes only an extra 3 mA. The band selection time is less than 4 µs.
Two-year statistics of columnar-ice production in stratiform clouds over Hyytiälä, Finland: environmental conditions and the relevance to secondary ice production

Abstract. Formation of ice particles in clouds at temperatures of −10 ∘C or warmer was documented by using ground-based radar observations. At these temperatures, the number concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) is not only expected to be small, but this number is also highly uncertain. In addition, there are a number of studies reporting that the observed number concentration of ice particles exceeds expected INP concentrations, indicating that other ice generation mechanisms, such as secondary ice production (SIP), may play an important role in such clouds. To identify formation of ice crystals and report conditions in which they are generated, W-band cloud radar Doppler spectra observations collected at the Hyytiälä station for more than 2 years were used. Given that at these temperatures ice crystals grow mainly as columns, which have distinct linear depolarization ratio (LDR) values, the spectral LDR was utilized to identify newly formed ice particles. It is found that in 5 %–13 % of clouds, where cloud top temperatures are −12 ∘C or warmer, production of columnar ice is detected. For colder clouds, this percentage can be as high as 33 %; 40 %–50 % of columnar-ice-producing events last less than 1 h, while 5 %–15 % can persist for more than 6 h. By comparing clouds where columnar crystals are produced and to the ones where these crystals are absent, the columnar-ice-producing clouds tend to have larger values of liquid water path and precipitation intensity. The columnar-ice-producing clouds were subdivided into three categories, using the temperature difference, ΔT, between the altitudes where columns are first detected and cloud top. The cases where ΔT is less than 2 K are typically single-layer shallow clouds where needles are produced at the cloud top. In multilayered clouds where 2 K < ΔT, columns are produced in a layer that is seeded by ice particles falling from above. This classification allows us to study potential impacts of various SIP mechanisms, such as the Hallet–Mossop process or freezing breakup, on columnar-ice production. To answer the question whether the observed ice particles are generated by SIP in the observed single-layer shallow clouds, ice particle number concentrations were retrieved and compared to several INP parameterizations. It was found that the ice number concentrations tend to be 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than the expected INP concentrations.
Warpage in plastic packages: effects of process conditions, geometry and materials

The effects of several important parameters, including processing conditions, package geometry and materials, are specifically studied on the occurrence of warpage and coplanarity for a plastic package. Special emphasis is placed on the evaluation of moulding compound properties and optimal processing conditions that can effectively minimize warpage. It is found that moulding compounds requiring a low moulding temperature and having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) can significantly reduce warpage. The elastic modulus was found to be inversely proportional to warpage, indicating the modulus should be kept as high as possible. The post-mould curing is essential to reducing warpage as it increases the glass transition temperature, but lowers the thermal shrinkage. A cross-shaped die paddle against a full square paddle, a thick die attach and a large die size are also favorable to reducing warpage.
Drain leakage fluctuation reduction in the recessed channel array transistor DRAM with the elevated source-drain

Gate induced drain leakage (GIDL) characteristics were investigated with the recessed channel array transistor (RCAT) for DRAM, using the elevated source drain (ESD). The lower doping concentration of a source-drain region in the ESD structure reduces the electric field, which reduces drain leakage current and also the fluctuation of leakage current. These reductions can enhance the data retention time of DRAM. The reduced electric field also improves hot carrier immunity of the cell transistor as well.
Functional categories for human-centered flight deck design

The introduction of advanced automation can lead to a situation of flight deck "sophistication" at the expense of losses in flight crew capabilities and situation awareness. Pilot errors continue to account for a large majority of commercial aviation incidents and accidents. Hence, research activities are underway to re-assess the flight deck design process. The fundamental premise of these activities is that a human-centered, systems-oriented approach to the design of advanced civil aircraft flight decks will be required to improve their overall safety. An initial step in this approach is to define the primary flight deck functions needed to support the mission goals of the vehicle. This allows the design team to evaluate candidate concepts in relation to their effectiveness in meeting the functional requirements. This paper describes one set of functional categories that could be used to guide an advanced flight deck design. <<ETX>>
A new circuit-breaker integrated device for protection applications

In this paper, a new circuit-breaker integrated device for low power electronic circuit protection, based on the functional integration mode, is investigated. The influence of the physical and technological parameters of this device upon the main electrical characteristics has been analyzed using analytical models and the ATLAS software tool. The initial experimental results are presented.
Analysis of the Parallel-Bridge Rectifier System

A new rectifier connection scheme which eliminates line-to-line short circuits and tends to present a balanced load to three-phase power sources, such as synchronous machines with high commutating reactances, is presented. The scheme consists of using three full-wave bridges, one across each of the three isolated phase windings, with their outputs tied in parallel across the load. Resulting voltage and current waveforms have been studied in detail theoretically and verified experimentally for both resistive and inductive load conditions. Equations for voltages and currents and theoretical plots for voltages under different operating conditions are given. Comparison of these with oscillograms obtained from an experimental model shows very close agreement.
Emotional Response to Vibrothermal Stimuli

Emotional response to haptic stimuli is a widely researched topic, but the combination of vibrotactile and thermal stimuli requires more attention. The purpose of this study is to investigate emotional response to vibrothermal stimulation by combining spatiotemporal vibrotactile stimulus with dynamic thermal stimulus (hot or cold). The vibrotactile and thermal stimuli were produced using the Haptic Chair and the Embr wave thermal bracelet, respectively. The results show that spatiotemporal vibrotactile patterns and their duration, and dynamic thermal stimulation, have an independent effect on the emotional response. Increasing duration generally increases the valence and arousal of emotional response. Shifting the dynamic temperature from cold to hot generally decreases the valence of emotional response but has no significant effect on arousal. Nevertheless, certain spatiotemporal patterns do exhibit unique responses to changes in dynamic temperature, although no interaction effects were found. The results show the potential of designing affective haptic interfaces using multimodal vibrothermal feedback.
Optimal burn-in for repairable products sold with a two-dimensional warranty

Warranty data analyses reveal that products sold with two-dimensional warranties may have significant infant mortalities. To deal with this problem, this article proposes and studies a new burn-in modeling approach for repairable products sold with a two-dimensional warranty. More specifically, two types of failures are characterized—i.e., normal and defect failures—and performance and cost-based burn-in models are developed under the non-renewing free-repair warranty policy. The proposed models subsume the special cases of a one-dimensional warranty, allow different failure modes to have distinct accelerated relationships, and take consumer usage heterogeneity into consideration. Under mild assumptions, it is established that the optimal burn-in usage rate should be as high as possible, provided that no extraneous failure modes are introduced. Furthermore, It is shown that the optimal burn-in duration determined from the performance-based model is not shorter than that from the cost-based model. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the benefits of burn-in. In addition, some practical implications from a sensitivity analysis are elaborated.
Enhanced Transient Angle Stability Control of Grid-Forming Converter Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator

Attributed to the ability of inertia provision and good regulation performance, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has been proven as a promising solution to the problems introduced by using converter interfaced generation. Although the small-signal stability control of the VSG has been widely analyzed, the transient characteristics still needs more study, which belongs to a large-signal problem. In this article, the transient angle stability control of the VSG is investigated. Two possible VSG emulation methods, i.e., the power-emulation and the torque-emulation, are compared from the perspective of transient characteristics. Then, the transient of the VSG internal voltage and its impact on the transient angle stability are quantitatively studied in details. Thereafter, an enhanced VSG controller is proposed, where a large-signal analysis is also presented to evaluate its influence on the acceleration and deceleration areas. Finally, the analysis and effectiveness of the enhanced VSG method are validated by the experimental results.
Optimal air gap design in high frequency foil windings

High frequency AC losses are normally induced in transformer and inductor windings due to skin, proximity, fringing and other AC effects. In addition, the winding structure greatly affects the distribution of losses within the windings. Air gaps are usually placed in the core of magnetic devices to support the high magneto motive force. Fringing fields can cause additional AC winding losses and care must be taken to minimize the additional losses. In this paper, the effect of air gap design on the induced losses is investigated. In particular, three air gap designs: the lumped, the discretely distributed, and the uniformly distributed air gap designs are investigated and evaluated. Both one-dimensional and finite element analyses are used to investigate the different design structures.
Educando al homo digitalis: el papel de la educación y del digcomedu para paliar los efectos de los algoritmos, las fake news, la polarización y falta de pensamiento crítico

The classrooms of our educational organizations (primary schools, secondary schools and universities) are inhabited by members of the so- called “ M illennials”, “generation Z” and “generation Alpha” , generations made up of children, adolescents and young people born in an augmented society where technology and social media are ubiquitous and where algorithms increasingly make decisions or skew their perceptions. The impact that hyperconnection and the embodiment of technologies has on their lives reaches varying degrees, depending on the generation to which they belong, but it can cause serious psychological and relational dysfunctions and ethical dilemmas. Furthermore, the generalization of technologies in the educational world is leading us, on the one hand, to new forms of power and control of society, but also to new exclusion gaps. What role should education play in this scenario? Is the initial and ongoing training of teachers addressing these issues? The article reviews these issues and proposes a training scenario based on DigComEdu, the European Framework for Educators' Digital Competence.
Improving Uncertainty Estimate of Embodied-Energy of Construction Materials using Analytical Hierarchical Process in Weighted DQI Method

Uncertainty estimate of embodied energy of construction materials is a common issue in life cycle assessment (LCA) of a construction product or system. This paper introduced a new method to improve existing uncertainty estimate method using Data quality indicators (DQI). By using analytical hierarchical process (AHP) to weight DQIs the proposed new method is able to add appropriate weighting factors to corresponding DQIs. The results indicated that the proposed method can generate improved estimate of embodied energy of construction materials compared to unweight DQI method. A bridge case was used to show how the improved method affected the LCA decision making.
Do Underlying Risk Preferences explain Individuals’ Cognitive Ability?⁕ Evidence from a Sample of Pakistani Students

Emerging research in empirical economics posits a question on the relation between underlying risk preferences and reflective cognitive ability. In an experimental setting, a preliminary sample of 260 participants undergo a series of incentivized choice experiments to elicit risk preferences and a Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) to obtain estimates of their reflective ability. We sidestep potential biases by using a Fechner error specification along with a contextualized version of the utility function. Individuals who are more likely to avoid risky outcomes have significantly lower scores on the CRT. The analysis validates a prominent relationship spanning the economics and psychology literature and suggests a potential direction of causal inference for future research.
Effective leadership of virtual project teams

Efficient participation in today's economy demands high reliance on effective leadership of technical and support teams whose members are scattered across many geographic boundaries. This paper presents research best practices, and case studies of this management challenge for successfully leading from a distance. The research reveals a core set of essential leadership skills that simultaneously meet the needs of the dispersed, "out of sight" people while they achieve targeted project results.
High-precision current source using low-loss, single-switch, three-phase AC/DC converter

A three-phase AC/DC converter based on isolated Cuk topology feeding an inductive load is presented. The main goal is to get a compact, highly stable current source to feed an electromagnet. A high power factor is achieved, at constant duty-cycle and switching frequency, by discontinuous input current mode operation. The converter presents a linear relationship between the duty-cycle and the output current, making it easier to design the control system. Additionally the voltage stress on the power transistor is constant and does not depend on the duty-cycle. An auxiliary circuit allows zero voltage turn-off while limiting the over-voltage on the switch produced by the transformer leakage inductance. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) control is used to reduce sensitivity to line disturbances and to eliminate the 300-Hz ripple on the output current. Experimental measurements taken on a 400-W prototype confirm theoretical forecasts.
Accelerator validation of an FPGA SEU simulator

An accelerator test was used to validate the performance of an FPGA single event upset (SEU) simulator. The Crocker Nuclear Laboratory cyclotron proton accelerator was used to irradiate the SLAAC1-V, a Xilinx Virtex FPGA board. We also used the SLAAC1-V as the platform for a configuration bitstream SEU simulator. The simulator was used to probe the "sensitive bits" in various logic designs. The objective of the accelerator experiment was to characterize the simulator's ability to predict the behavior of a test design in the proton beam during a dynamic test. The test utilized protons at 63.3 MeV, well above the saturation cross-section for the Virtex part. Protons were chosen because, due to their lower interaction rate, we can achieve the desired upset rate of about one configuration bitstream upset per second. The design output errors and configuration upsets were recorded during the experiment and compared to results from the simulator. In summary, for an extensively tested design, the simulator predicted 97% of the output errors observed during radiation testing. The SEU simulator can now be used with confidence to quickly and affordably examine logic designs to 'map' sensitive bits, to provide assurance that incorporated mitigation techniques perform correctly, and to evaluate the costs and benefits of various mitigation strategies. The simulator provides an excellent test environment that accurately represents radiation induced configuration bitstream upsets.
Passive coherent location radar systems. Part 2: waveform properties

Resolution and ambiguity in both range and Doppler are parameters of fundamental importance in the design and subsequent performance of any radar system. In passive coherent location (PCL) systems these properties are determined by the transmitted waveform, the location of the transmitter, the location of the receiver and the location of the target. Consequently, the scope for radar design and optimisation would seem to be severely restricted as many factors are not within the control of the radar designer. In this paper practical measurements of transmitted waveforms are reported and used to illustrate their effects on the resulting system design and performance. In particular the 'self-ambiguity' which enables the limits on range and Doppler resolution to be evaluated is computed. The bistatic form of the ambiguity function is subsequently presented and used to illustrate how these best case parameters vary as a function of transmitter, receiver and target locations. Understanding the forms that these functions can take and subsequently the implications for system performance is most important if this type of radar is to be used effectively. It is shown that the radar designer does in fact have some limited freedoms to improve system performance. Finally the implications of transmitter waveform and bistatic geometry on target detection, location and imaging are discussed.
THE ALLOCATION OF SWITCHING WORK IN A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION YARDS

A paper which examines, from an economic standpoint, the switching work of a given system of classification yards through which fixed traffic flows move. Presented before the Railway Systems and Procedures Association at Chicago, Illinois, November 4, 1953, and before the Econometric Society at Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 11, 1954.
A family of robust control strategies for switched reluctance motors

This paper concerns systematic, practical and robust SRM control strategies that achieve very low torque and speed ripple and use the simple position feedback structure. Issues of practical concern include the minimization of voltage input slew rate. Robustness aspects include the accommodation of model inaccuracy and the attenuation of disturbances effects. These control design properties complement and enable successful utilization of the structural advantages of SRM drives. The paper also addresses questions of stability and comparisons with existing position control strategies and feedback linearization based design. <<ETX>>
AN ANALYSIS OF THINK-PAIR-SHARE STRATEGY ON GOOGLE CLASSROOM IN READING AT SMKN 1 KUTA SELATAN

This study aimed at analysing the implementation of TPS strategy on Google Classroom in reading at SMKN 1 Kuta Selatan. Descriptive qualitative was used as a research design. A purposive sampling technique was applied to choose 3 English teachers and 117 students as the research subjects. An observation sheet, closed-ended questionnaires, and semi-structured interview guide were used to collect the data. The results showed that the teachers create many forums on Google Classroom in providing the students with the opportunities to implement TPS strategy, namely; posting a text, providing some questions, asking the students to work in pairs, and collecting the results of their discussion. Teachers' perceptions show that 84.37% are very good and 15.63% are good. While students' perceptions show that 8.82% are very good, 70,6% are good, and 20,58% are enough. Increasing students’ enthusiasm and motivation to read a text became one of the teachers' reasons for using TPS strategy on Google Classroom.