Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
H[SUB]0[/SUB] found by comparing linear diameters of M31 with similar field galaxies

The method of finding a stringent upper limit to H by comparing the known linear size of M101 with similar field galaxies and requiring that M101 not be the largest in a distance-limited sample is extended here to Sab and Sb galaxies using M31 as the calibrator. In agreement with the earlier result using M101, the upper limit using M31 is H<85 km s -1 Mpc -1 . Because M31 is the nearest Sb spiral, the most probable actual value of H is found by equating the known linear diameter of M31 with the mean of a distance-limited sample of similar galaxies. Data on 60 RSA galaxies that are similar to M31 give the most probable value as H=45±12 km s -1 Mpc -1
Complete acoustic stop bands for cubic arrays of spherical liquid balloons

We present theoretical results for acoustic band structures for cubic arrays of spherical water balloons surrounded by a mercury host. Multiple, complete acoustic band gaps (i.e., stop bands) are found for the face‐centered cubic (fcc), body‐centered cubic (bcc), and simple‐cubic (sc) lattices. These stop bands are widest for a volume fraction of ∼24% and the corresponding gap/midgap ratios are about 0.83, 0.77, and 0.62, respectively, for fcc, bcc, and sc lattices. We stress that such a simple three‐dimensional (3D) inhomogeneous system of liquids exhibits the largest stop bands ever reported for 3D elastic as well as for dielectric composites. For mercury balloons surrounded by water the gaps obtained are surprisingly small.
Analysis of voltage and temperature dependent photocurrent collection in p3ht/pcbm solar cells

Current-voltage (J-V) analysis of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend organic solar cells (OSC) at various temperatures has been recorded and analyzed. The photovoltaic parameters extracted from a lumped circuit analysis completely describe the illuminated J-V data from far reverse bias to beyond the open circuit voltage (Voc). A simple model for carrier collection, previously applied to inorganic thin film solar cells, has been used to describe the voltage dependence of the photocurrent, JL(V), with only one adjustable parameter, Lc/D, the ratio of the carrier collection length to the active-layer thickness. Measured J-V curves of a variety of OSCs with varying thickness and blend ratios are closely fit with this model. Effect of resistive and collection losses has been quantified and removed, allowing the intrinsic junction behavior to be uncovered. The temperature dependence of Voc is linear with negative temperature coefficient, dVoc/dT,∼ −1 mV/K. The v.
Investigation of aluminum nitride grown by metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition on silicon carbide

Undoped single crystalline aluminum nitride films were grown on 4H and 6H SiC substrates using metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition at 1200 °C. From in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction rocking curves, and cathodoluminescence spectra, the crystallinity of the films was confirmed. Atomic force microscopy showed that some films were substantially dominated by island growth, rather than step flow growth. Aluminum was evaporated to form metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) capacitors for high-frequency capacitance voltage measurements carried out at room temperature. Low leakage made it possible to measure the structures and characterize accumulation, depletion, deep depletion, and, in some cases, inversion. From independent optical thickness measurements, the relative dielectric constant of aluminum nitride was confirmed at 8.4. The flatband voltage of the AlN MIS capacitors on p-type SiC was close to the theoretical value expected. The films were stressed up to 60 V (3 MV.
Observations and Mechanisms of GATE Waterspouts

Abstract The GATE data base for days 261 and 186 is used for a combined observational and numerical investigation of interacting cumulus processes that may be important in the generation of waterspouts. The results suggest that the existence of cumulus-scale parent vortices is a necessary condition for the production of waterspouts, but not in itself sufficient. For generation of a visible funnel, the vortices must undergo intensification below cloud base to sea level during the short time span in which the convective updraft is active. A high-resolution version of Schlesinger's three-dimensional cumulus model with a Kessler-type precipitation scheme is used to analyze the organization of cumulus-scale vorticity on these two days, which had contrasting thermal stratification and cloud features. On day 261, the soundings near but outside the cloud cluster had a relatively deeper cloud layer with weaker conditional instability and vertical wind shear at low levels. In the numerical simulation of the congest.
The intrinsic frequency of faint supernovae resembling SN 1987A

The supernova search program by Evans (1989) is used here to show that intrinsically faint supernovae similar to SN 1987A are probably no more frequent intrinsically than are SN II with more nearly normal luminosities. This is due to the fact that intrinsically faint SN II are not very common because their progenitors must be metal-poor. Within a population of galaxies with a normal luminosity function, only a small fraction of all young massive stars are formed, evolve, and die in metal-poor low-luminosity galaxies. As a result, the intrinsic frequency of faint supernovae resembling SN 1987A cannot be very high. 16 refs.
AN IMPROVED IMAGE-BASED PROPAGATION MODEL FOR INDOOR AND OUTDOOR COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

In this paper, an improved image-based propagation model based on a novel polygon-tracing technique is presented. Unlike other image-based models, it uses generic plane polygons, which we term as ray-polygons, to keep track of rays. Binary Space Partitioning is employed to provide the object visibility order necessary for polygon tracing. The proposed model has a variety of advantages, namely efficient, without reception sphere and ray separation issues, and having less geometrical restrictions. It can be applied equally well in indoor and outdoor environments.
Supramolecular guest-host systems: combining high dye doping level with low aggregation tendency

We demonstrate that the aggregation tendency of dye molecules in a host polymer can be significantly reduced by exploiting non-covalent interactions between the host polymer and guest dye molecules. Such interactions occur spontaneously with no need for chemical synthesis, and could thus be utilized to combine the ease of processing of traditional guest-host systems with the high dye concentrations achievable in covalently linked systems. We studied the aggregation properties of the common azo-dye Disperse Red 1 in polymers with different functional groups. Compared to a nonpolar polymer (polystyrene), dye aggregation tendency is substantially reduced in polar polymer matrices containing hydrogen-bond donating [poly(vinylphenol)] or hydrogen-bond accepting [poly(4-vinylpyridine)] functional sites. Furthermore, by forming a polyelectrolyte-dye complex [Disperse Red 1/poly(styrenesulfonic acid)], a dye monomer can be attached to approximately each polymer unit, resulting in dye concentration of 63 wt. %. Complexation through proton transfer was further studied by using a fluorescent dye 5-phenyl-2-(4-pyridyl)oxazole. Our results indicate that polymer-dye complexes could provide a facile route for new type of optical materials, with potential applications in various fields of optics and photonics.
Indicatives, concessives, and evidential support

This paper discusses the issue of categorical acceptability of indicative and concessive conditionals. It presents experimental results in favour of two claims concerning the role of the evidential support relation for acceptability (or otherwise) of conditionals of both types. In particular, the results show that, contrary to fairly standard philosophical theorising, high probability of a conditional's consequent given its antecedent is necessary but not sufficient for the acceptability of that conditional, and that the antecedent being evidence for the consequent is a further acceptability condition. The results further show that the evidential support relation is crucial in differentiating between the acceptability of an indicative conditional and the acceptability of the corresponding concessive conditional: typically, the use of a concessive conditional signals that the corresponding conditional probability is high in spite of the fact that the antecedent is evidence against the consequent, or in any case is not evidence for the consequent.
The atmospheres of T Tauri stars. I: High-resolution calibrated observations of moderately active stars

La nature variable et complexe des etoiles T Tauri necessite un traitement theorique propre pour leurs atmospheres, avec une information spectrale pour plusieurs resolutions et longueurs d'ondes. L'ensemble des donnees recueillies a permis d'obtenir les types spectraux, corrections de rougissement, vitesses radiales d'etoiles T Tauri. D'apres les positions dans le diagramme HR, on determine la masse, rayon, et gravite de surface pour chaque objet
The Risk Process as a Linear Premium Control Model

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACT In insurance practice, premiums are fixed according to well-known established principles, and depend on some parameters of the total claims distribution. This practice assumes that the claims process is known and does not change with time. In this paper, principles of dynamic programming are applied to obtain adaptive premium control policies under very relaxed assumptions on the distribution of the total amount of claims. A Markov control model is proposed to describe the corresponding risk process. Simulation of several different types of Markov processes shows that the proposed Markov control model works well.
An Ameliorative Defogging Algorithm Based on the MSR

In view of the existing problems of traditional defogging algorithms,such as color distortion and halo phenomenon in MSR algorithm (multi-scale Retinex) , we improve it by using adaptive filter and different weighting factor.In other word,when gray levels of pixels within a certain threshold, use homomorphic filtering; otherwise use different state filtering device. Experiments shown that image details are enhanced, and contrast is enhanced, visual effect is improved.
Loss and risk in smoothing parameter selection

For several years there has been debate over the relative merits of loss and risk as measures of the performance of nonparametric density estimators. In the way that this debate has dealt with risk, it has largely ignored the fact that any practical bandwidth selection rule must produce a random bandwidth. Existing theory for risk of density estimators is almost invariably concerned with nonrandom bandwidths. In the present paper we examine two different definitions of risk, both of them appropriate to circumstances where the bandwidth is random. Arguments in favor of, and motivations for, each approach are presented, including formulation of appropriate decision-theoretic frameworks. It is shown that the two approaches can give diametrically opposite answers to the question of which of two competing bandwidths selection rules is superior. Technical results include some surprising conclusions about the nonexistence of risks, and even of moments of some common data-driven bandwidths under the usual assumpt.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing

We report the fabrication of a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with a controllable enhancement factor (EF) using femtosecond laser direct writing on Ag+-doped phosphate glass followed by chemical plating at ∼40 °C. Silver seeds were first photoreduced using a femtosecond laser in a laser-irradiated area and then transformed into silver nanoparticles of suitable size for SERS application in the subsequent chemical plating. Rhodamine 6G was used as a probing molecule to investigate the enhancement effect of a Raman signal on the substrate. Nearly homogenous enhancement of the Raman signal over the substrate was achieved, and the EF of the substrate was controlled to some extent by adjusting fabrication parameters. Moreover, the ability of forming a SERS platform in an embedded microfluidic chamber would be of great use for establishing a compact lab-on-a-chip device based on Raman analysis.
Hierarchical Preconditioning for PT AP‐Systems arising from particulate flows

Particulate flows, i.e. flow of an incompressible, Newtonian carrier fluid loaded with (many) rigid bodies, play an important role in diverse technical applications. In [1] a finite element method was introduced to simulate such flows. The method relies on a splitting method and a subspace projection method to incorporate the rigid body motion of the particles in a so called one domain approach [2]. The resulting systems arising after discretization are ill conditioned in general. Thus preconditioning is mandatory for instance when using an iterative Krylov subspace methods. In this paper we present a Schur complement based preconditioner well suited for this type of application. (© 2012 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Statistical ensembles and molecular dynamics studies of anisotropic solids

We present a general discussion of the isoenthalpic–isostress molecular dynamics theories of Andersen and Parrinello–Rahman. The Parrinello–Rahman theory is shown to be applicable to the case of nonlinear elasticity if the reference state of zero strain is taken to be the state under zero stress; this brings the theory into accord with the thermodynamics of anisotropic solids for arbitrary values of the strain. For the isoenthalpic–isostress ensemble there is a microcanonical counterpart for which we present fluctuation formulas involving the constant strain specific heat, temperature coefficients of thermodynamic tension, and stiffness coefficients. The use of these various ensembles for the molecular dynamic study of polymorphic transitions in crystals is discussed.
Piezoelectric Actuation and Sensing for Facial Robotics

Electromagnetic actuators have been commonly deployed in robotics technology for obtaining expressions and other motion. However, the current technology is unable to meet the requirement of space limitation and at the same time provide high displacement and force (22–25 mm and force 2–7 N). The loss of space due to bulky motors prohibits the possibility of installing processing and control cards inside the skull of humanoid robot which is required to realize a smart expressive face. Our study shows the feasibility of utilizing piezoelectric ultrasonic motors and fiber matrix composites as an alternative to electromagnetics. The results are very promising and clearly demonstrate the promise of piezoelectric technology. A sample skin was developed from artificial room temperature vulcanized silicone material with piezoelectric unimorphs embedded inside it. For actuation, ultrasonic motors were implemented to drive anchor points of our humanoid robot-Albert to demonstrate facial expressions like opening and closing of eyes, smiling and squinting. Characterization of macro fiber composite for both sensing and actuation was also conducted and results are highly encouraging.
Design and engineering of carbon brakes

The need for weight saving on Concorde stimulated the development of lightweight aircraft brakes. Carbon has long been recognized as a major constituent of brake friction materials and a carbon carbon composite has been engineered to provide adequate structural, thermal and friction characteristics for these disks. The use of carbon brake disks offered a 60 % weight saving compared with steel. Design of the composite is particular to the application. Orientation of the fibres on account of stress and heat flow requirements is vital to the achievement of a successful design. The material is considerably anisotropic and represents a compromise between strength and thermal properties, and manufacturing costs. Dunlop selected the chemical vapour deposition of carbon into a carbon fibre lay-up as the method of manufacture of the composite for Concorde brakes. The introduction of an incompletely developed process and a new composite brought novel problems to both design and manufacturing staff. Material property evaluation and extensive quality control practice played a major role.
Variations in Surface Air Temperatures. Part 3: The Antarctic, 1957 82

Abstract Antarctic temperature variations for 1957°82 have been objectively analyzed by gridding monthly data, from 16 stations, onto a 5° latitude by 10° longitude grid, from 65 to 90°S. These gridded data were used to calculate monthly values of the spatial mean temperature south of 65°S. The uncertainty in the area average is estimated to be 0.22°C for the annual values prior to 1970. After 1970 there is an additional uncertainty of about 0.10−0.16°C due to the cessation of Byrd station. The annual mean and summer areas averages show significant linear warming trends amounting to 0.74 and 0.77°C respectively. Spatial characteristics of the annual and seasonal temperature variations are described using principal components analysis of the station anomaly data. The first two principal components of the annual and winter data are similar PC1-winter is also similar to the winter pattern for linen trend found by van Loon and Williams for 1956–73. The warming trend associated with this pattern ceased in the .
Comparative auditory biomechanics probed by otoacoustic emissions

Since Kemp's discovery in 1978, otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) have provided valuable sci- entific and clinical tools for the study of the ear. For example, OAEs can provide objective measures of sensitivity and selectivity over the frequency range of 'active' hearing. Given the universality of OAEs across the kingdom Animalia, comparative studies can reveal how various morphological factors affect pe- ripheral auditory transduction and thereby what information is encoded for higher level cognition. Motivated by the complexity of cochlear mechanics and the many unknowns that currently exist, the present study de- scribes OAEs stemming from two non-mammalian groups whose auditory periphery is relatively simpler than that of mammals: several lizard genera (Heloderma, Tiliqua, Agama, and Tupinambis) that exhibit sig- nificant relative differences in tectorial membrane structure, and a highly vocal bird species (Melopsittacus undulatus). By utilizing recent improvements in OAE measurement and analysis strategies combined with quantitative anatomical measures (e.g., number of hair cells), these data shed new light upon emission gen- eration mechanisms and how such tie back to a given species' ability to encode ecologically relevant sounds. Furthermore, these data serve to inform theoretical models of auditory biophysics by clarifying what roles various morphological features do (or do not) play.
Structural edge detection using wavelet domain statistical model

Edges play an important role in most computer vision and image analysis systems, and extracting structural edges is the main goal of edge detection for many applications. But due to the presence of noise and texture, structural edge detection is not a trivial work. In this paper, an approach is presented for structural edge detection, which is formulated as a statistical pattern recognition problem in wavelet transform domain. In the approach, both inter-scale and intra-scale dependences among wavelet coefficients are utilized, where the former dependences are encoded by inter-scale coefficient ratios and the latter by anisotropic MRF model. To reduce the computational complexity, independent mixture of Gaussian is used to model wavelet coefficients, which corresponds to Rayleigh distribution for gradient magnitude, and posterior probabilities are computed to measure the edge strengths. Inter- and intra-scale dependences among coefficients are utilized to suppress noise and texture, and these measures can significantly improve edge continuity in scale space. To show the effectiveness of the presented algorithm, experiments are conducted on various kinds of real-world images, and several results are given for assessment.
Time series observations of O stars. I - IUE observations of variability in the stellar wind of Zeta Puppis

Stellar wind variability in zeta-Pup (O4 I(n)f) is described based on 31 high-resolution IUE observations secured over 5 1/2 days in 1989 April. Extensive changes are evident in the absorption regions of Si IV lambda-lambda-1393.76, 1402.77 and N IV lambda-1718.55 P Cygni profiles. Both lines exhibit similar patterns of variability, which are characterized by the development (at about -1000 km s-1), and subsequent blueward migration, of discrete absorption components. The formation of four discrete features is identified over approximately 2.2 days of intensive observations, with a recurrence time of approximately 15 hr. The time scales, velocities, and accelerations of the progressive absorption enhancements are determined. These changes are accompanied by fluctuations of up to approximately 200 km s-1 in the maximum observed blue edge velocities in saturated C IV and N V P Cygni profiles.
Spherical Dunkl-monogenics and a factorization of the Dunkl–Laplacian

In this paper, we consider and study a factorization of the Dunkl–Laplacian in terms of spherical coordinates. This allows for the construction of a direct sum decomposition of spherical Dunkl-harmonics. By explicit representation in spherical coordinates of Dunkl-harmonics, one obtains explicit projection operators from Dunkl-harmonics to inner (resp. outer) Dunkl-monogenics. Concrete examples of spherical Dunkl-monogenics will be given at the end.
A source model for the L134N molecular cloud

The dark molecular cloud L134N is observed at millimeter wavelengths in the CS (J = 3-2), OCS (J = 7-6), and HDO (1 sub 11-1 sub 10) transitions. The CS (J = 3-2) transition was observed at four positions within the cloud, while the other two transitions were observed at one position each. Fractional abundances in the LTE approximation are calculated for each emission line detected. L134N appears to have a high-density core characterized by NH3, C3H2, and H(C-13)O(+) emission maps. A lower density envelope characterized by C(0-18), CS (J = 2-1), and SO emission surrounds the core. There appears to be a gas-phase oxygen abundance gradient in L134N with atomic oxygen depleted in the high-density core. Observed molecular distributions within L134N can be explained by a model in which chemical and physical processes in icy-dust-grain mantles influence the gas-phase molecular abundances.
Low temperature formation of Si(111)7×7 surfaces from chemically prepared H/Si(111)‐(1×1) surfaces

Reflection high energy and low energy electron diffraction, along with high resolution photoemission studies reveal that ideally H‐terminated Si(111) surfaces, H/Si(111)‐(1×1) prepared by wet chemical etching, transform in ultrahigh vacuum into atomically clean Si(111)7×7 surfaces upon hydrogen desorption at temperatures as low as 550 °C.