Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Quantum Field Theory

Introduction to Quantum Field Theory with Applications to Quantum GravityA Modern Introduction to Quantum Field TheoryModern Quantum Field TheoryAn Introduction To Quantum Field TheoryAn Introduction to Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field Theory and the Standard ModelAn Introduction to Symmetry and Supersymmetry in Quantum Field TheoryIntroduction to Quantum Field Theory with Applications to Quantum GravityDe werkelijkheid is niet wat ze lijktAn Introduction to Quantum Field TheoryIntroduction to Quantum Field TheoryIntroduction to Quantum Field TheoryAn Invitation to Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field TheoryQuantum Field Theory and Critical PhenomenaAn Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Field TheoryAn Interpretive Introduction to Quantum Field TheoryNo-Nonsense Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field Theory and Condensed Matter: An IntroductionIntroduction to Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field Theory in a NutshellIntroduction to Quantum Field TheoryRelativistic Quantum Mechanics and Introduction to Quantum Field TheoryIntroduction to Quantum Field TheoryIntroduction to Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field Theory for the Gifted AmateurA Story of LightTowards the Mathematics of Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field Theory of SolidsRelativistic Quantum Mechanics and Introduction to Field TheoryQuantum Field TheoryIntroduction to Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field TheoryIntroduction to Quantum Field TheoryAn Introduction to Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field Theory IAn Introduction to Two-Dimensional Quantum Field Theory with (0,2) SupersymmetryIntroduction to Algebraic Quantum Field TheoryParticle Physics and Introduction to Field TheoryStatistical Approach to Quantum Field Theory
2-tuple Linguistic Bonferroni Mean Operators and Their Application to Multiple Attribute Group Decision Making

Aims: The aim of this paper is to develop the 2-tuple linguistic Bonferroni mean and the weighted 2-tuple linguistic Bonferroni mean. Study Design: Some desirable properties and special cases of the developed operators are discussed. The geometric Bonferroni mean (GBM) is a generalization of the Bonferroni mean and geometric mean. In this paper, we also investigate the GBM under 2-tuple linguistic environments. We develop the 2-tuple linguistic geometric Bonf erroni mean and the weighted 2tuple linguistic geometric Bonferroni mean. We investiga te some fundamental properties and special cases of them. Place and Duration of Study: The Bonferroni Mean (BM) operator is a traditional mean t ype aggregation operator, which can capture the expressed interrelat ionship of the individual arguments and which is only suitable to aggregate crisp data. Methodology: This paper extends the BM operator to 2-tuple linguistic en vironments. Results: Based on these operators, we develop two approaches for m ultiple attribute group decision making with 2-tuple linguistic information. Conclusion: Two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effec tiveness and practicality of the proposed approaches.
Bayesian Assessment of the Distribution of Insurance Claim Counts Using Reversible Jump MCMC

Abstract The aim of this paper is to construct Bayesian model comparison tests between discrete distributions used for claim count modeling in the actuarial field. We use advanced computational techniques to estimate the posterior model odds among different distributions for claim counts. We construct flexible reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms and implement them in various illustrated examples.
Lowest surface recombination velocity on n-type crystalline silicon using PECVD a-Si:H/SiNx bi-layer passivation

Energy conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells manufactured on thin substrates is strongly influenced by the recombination losses of photo-generated charge carriers at the surface and in its proximity. Intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (i-a-Si:H) deposited using DC saddle-field plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) at a low temperature of ~200°C reduces recombination losses of photo-generated carriers through passivation of defects at the surface. This study reports on high quality surface passivation achieved using a dual layer approach wherein a 70nm amorphous silicon nitride (SiNx) capping layer is deposited on a less than 10nm thin i-a-Si:H layer. While the a-Si:H layer is effective in passivating the interface recombination sites, SiNx is deemed to incorporate field-effect passivation, thus providing a minority carrier mirror. Additionally, SiNx layer acts as an anti-reflection coating with a low absorption coefficient in the optical frequency range of interest. The SiNx deposition conditions, known to strongly influence the passivating quality of the dual layer structure, were systematically investigated using the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal deposition parameters obtained from the RSM study were experimentally verified to yield the lowest surface recombination velocity of 3.5 cm/s on 1-2 Ω-cm n-type FZ c-Si using a PECVD a-Si:H/SiNx bi-layer passivation stack.
Physics of Optoelectronic Devices

FUNDAMENTALS. Basic Semiconductor Electronics. Basic Quantum Mechanics. Theory of Electronic Band Structures in Semiconductors. Electromagnetics. PROPAGATION OF LIGHT. Light Propagation in Various Media. Optical Waveguide Theory. Waveguide Couplers and Coupled--Mode Theory. GENERATION OF LIGHT. Optical Processes in Semiconductors. Semiconductor Lasers. MODULATION OF LIGHT. Direct Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers. Electrooptic Acoustooptic Modulators. Electroabsorption Modulators. DETECTION OF LIGHT. Photodetectors. Appendices. Index.
Telling planets from speckles created by telescope segmentation

Segmentation of telescope's primary mirror creates quasi-static speckles in an image. These speckles are impediment for the detection of faint structures around stars, for instance exoplanets. An elaborated postprocessing method is required to improve the detection level. The Stochastic Speckle Discrimination (SSD) method developed for this purpose uses statistical variability of intensity to distinguish between planets and speckles. To calculate the efficiency of SSD we derive analytical expressions for mean and standard deviation of point spread function (PSF) produced by segmented pupil. The expressions are general for any point in the image plane, but there is a difference in statistical behavior for the central point and for the off-axis point. In particular we show that a modified Rician distribution is inapplicable to describe on-axis intensity. In the last section we calculate the level of primary mirror phasing required for the efficient use of SSD.
Biomimetic sonar differentiates coin head from tail

An active sonar using Polaroid electrostatic transducers positioned at the end of a robot arm can recognize an object from its echoes. The sonar adaptively changes its location and configuration in response to the echoes. The sonar mimics biological echo‐location systems, such as those employed by bats and dolphins, in that there is a center transmitter flanked by two adjustable receivers, the sonar has rotational and translational mobility, and the echo processing contains elements that have been observed in the mammalian auditory system. The sonar translates in a horizontal plane and rotates in pitch and yaw to position an object at a standard location within the beam patterns. The transmitter points at the object to maximize the incident acoustic intensity and the receivers rotate to maximize the echo amplitude and bandwidth and to minimize the echo‐producing region. This procedure results in a unique echo vector associated with each object at a given object pose. Recognition is accomplished by extracting 32 values from the binaural echo patterns and searching a database that is constructed during a learning phase. The system can differentiate reliably the head and tail sides of a coin. [Work supported by NSF Grant IRI–9504079. ]
Lokalisierung von Licht durch Vielfachstreuung

Last sich Licht durch Vielfachstreuung in stark streuenden, vollig ungeordneten — weisen — Materialien lokalisieren? Seit der Entdeckung eines schwachen Vorlaufers der Lokalisierung, der koharenten Ruckstreuung (vgl. Titelbild), wird nach dem optischen Analogon zum Andersonschen Metall/Isolator-Ubergang experimcntell gesucht — bislang ohne Erfolg. Die optischen Experimente vermitteln jedoch ein besseres Verstandnis der Interferenzeffekte in der diffusen Ausbreitung von Wellen und geben daruber hinaus unerwartet direkte Aufschlusse uber das Streumedium selbst. Dies hat zu einer Reihe neuer Anwendungen gefuhrt, die auch fur viele andere (klassische) Wellen, beispielsweise Ultraschall oder Mikrowellen, von Bedeutung sein durften.
Robust performance of decentralized control systems by expanding sequential designs

This paper considers designs of decentralized controllers for continuous-time linear time-invariant multivariable control systems. The purpose is to show how to attain robust stability and robust performance of decentralized control systems by sequential design procedure. Compared with independent designs in which each controller block is designed independently of others, sequential designs can reduce conservatism associated with the controller design since they can exploit information about the other loops which have been already designed. A novel method of sequential designs for the robust performance are proposed. Moreover, an approach to a kind of failure tolerance is considered. The proposed sequential design procedure is based on expanding construction of decentralized control systems, so that the proposed methods can deal with extension of subsystems.
Using James–Stein Estimators in Homogeneity Tests of the Risk Difference

ABSTRACT In multi-center clinical trials in which the success/failure of two treatments are measured, 2 × 2 × K contingency data are obtained, where K is the number of centers in the study. In this context, the risk difference may be preferred (over the odds ratio or relative risk) as a measure of the efficacy of the new treatment. To summarize the risk difference across centers, the estimated risk difference for each center must be comparable. Although several weighted least squares (WLS) tests of homogeneity of the risk difference have been proposed for the sparse data situation (1,2), none of these tests perform satisfactorily when each center has small samples. In the sparse data situation, the weights given to each center's risk difference estimate are imprecise and may be undefined. James–Stein estimates have been shown to be more precise (in terms of mean squared error) than their maximum likelihood counterparts. In this article, we investigate the use of James–Stein estimates for these weights. These estimates shrink the individual risk estimates towards the overall center mean and thus avoid problems encountered when risk estimates are zero or one. We use Monte Carlo simulations to show that using these estimates in the WLS test of homogeneity of risk differences improves their performance in terms of Type I error.
Multicolour photometry of the Shapley 8 cluster of galaxies

In a previous paper, we measured 40 redshifts in the core of the rich southern cluster Shapley 8. We now present photographic b 26.75 magnitudes, radii and ellipticities, together with (u−b) and (b−r) colours for 4903 galaxies within a 4.69 square degree field around this cluster. We have also measured (r−i) colours for a subset of these galaxies around the cluster core. Our sample is essentially complete to b 26.75 =20.85. We discuss the colour-related properties of the cluster, together with its luminosity function and spatial distribution. We find a deficit of blue galaxies in the cluster core, implying morphological segregation, and also evidence that the brightest galaxies are less tightly clustered than the rest
Adverse dermatoneurological events and impacts on daily activities of patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms undergoing chemotherapy

ABSTRACT Objective: to associate the presence and grading of adverse dermatoneurological events (peripheral neuropathy and hand-foot syndrome) and the interference in the activities of daily living of patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms undergoing systemic antineoplastic treatment. Method: this is a longitudinal, prospective study, using instruments to assess hand-foot syndrome and peripheral neuropathy. Results: there were 36 patients: 66.7% diagnosed with colon cancer and 83.2% on combination therapy. From cycle 5 onwards, all of them had hand-foot syndrome, with a majority of grade 1, unrelated to interference in activities of daily living. Regarding peripheral neuropathy, there was a moderate to strong correlation from cycle 1 of treatment. Conclusion: peripheral neuropathy negatively affects activities of daily living. The monitoring of dermatoneurological events by oncology nurses contributes to the clinical practice of nursing and subsidizes the development of advanced practice in the country.
Body size dictates physiological and behavioural responses to hypoxia and elevated water temperatures in Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii)

Abstract Increasing drought frequency and duration pose a significant threat to fish species in dryland river systems. As ectotherms, fish thermal and hypoxia tolerances directly determine the capacity of species to persist in these environments during low flow periods when water temperatures are high and waterbodies become highly stratified. Chronic thermal stress can compound the impacts of acute hypoxic events on fish resulting in significant fish mortality; however, it is not known if all size classes are equally susceptible, or if the allometric scaling of physiological processes means some size classes are disproportionately affected. We investigated the physiological responses of Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) over a four-fold body size range (0.2–3000 g) to acute changes in water temperature and oxygen concentration following 4 weeks of acclimation to representative spring (20°C) and summer (28°C) water temperatures. We recorded maximum thermal tolerance (CTmax), oxygen limited thermal tolerance (PCTmax), lowest tolerable oxygen level (as the oxygen level at which lose equilibrium; O2,LOE), gill ventilation rates and aerial surface respiration threshold, blood oxygen transport capacity and lactate accumulation. Acclimation to elevated water temperatures improved thermal and hypoxia tolerance metrics across all size classes. However, body size significantly affected thermal and hypoxia responses. Small M. peelii were significantly less hypoxia tolerant than larger individuals, while larger fish were significantly less thermal tolerant than smaller fish. Hypoxia constrained thermal tolerance in M. peelii, with both small and large fish disproportionally compromised relative to mid-sized fish. Our findings indicate that both very small/young (larvae, fry, fingerlings) and very large/older M. peelii in dryland rivers are at significant risk from the combined impacts of a warming and drying climate and water extraction. These data will inform policy decisions that serve to balance competing demands on precious freshwater resources.
Resonant electro-optical modulator for high laser-power single-mode fiber relay

We describe the design and performance of a resonant electro-optical modulator, based on stoichiometric lithium tantalate, capable of handling high optical powers and providing a large modulation depth. This phase modulator is part of the single-mode fiber relay used in the ESO VLT Laser Guide Star Facility for adaptive optics to transport 589-nm laser light from the PARSEC dye laser installed in the laser clean room to the laser launch telescope. The purpose of the phase modulator is to broaden the single-frequency PARSEC laser linewidth before the laser light is injected into the single-mode relay fiber. By this the power handling capability of the single-mode fiber is increased by a factor of 3 or 10 W of in-coupled power at 589 nm, while maintaining the excitation efficiency of the mesospheric sodium D2 transition.
Chlorpyrifos-induced dysregulation of synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampal neurons

Abstract Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide. Increasing evidence has shown that exposure to CPF in early life might induce neurodevelopmental disorders, but the pathogenesis remains uncertain. Synaptic plasticity plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CPF on synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons and establish the cellular mechanism underlying these effects. Using CPF-exposed rat and primary hippocampal neurons model, we analyzed the impact of CPF on the synaptic morphology, the expression level of a presynaptic protein, a postsynaptic protein and ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), as well as the effects on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We found that the synapses were shortened, the spines were decreased, and the expression of synaptophysin (Syp), postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), GluN1, GluA1 and Wnt7a, as well as active β-catenin in primary hippocampal neurons was decreased. Our study suggests that CPF exposure induced dysregulation of synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampal neurons, which might provide novel information regarding the mechanism of CPF-induced neurodevelopmental disorders.
Energization of radiation belt electrons by ring current ion driven ULF waves

[1] In this paper we examine the hypothesis that MeV energy radiation belt electrons can be energized by ULF waves, the ULF waves themselves being excited by drift-bounce resonance with energetic ring current ions. We show that this energization is most likely to occur during depleted plasmatrough conditions and when the plasmapause lies on a low L-shell. For example, when the plasmasphere has been eroded so that the plasmapause lies at L = 3, then efficient energization for electrons with energies >1 MeV at L ≃ 3–4 can be caused by ULF waves generated by the N = 2 drift-bounce resonance with either ≃ 10–15 keV H+, or ≃ 100–300 keV O+, ring current ions respectively. We illustrate this transfer of energy from the ring current to the radiation belt by considering a radiation belt electron drift resonance with fundamental field-aligned mode m ≃ +20 guided poloidal Alfven waves, the waves being excited by westward drifting ring current ions. Our results are significant in that they offer a new paradigm for the ULF wave energization of MeV radiation belt electrons, suggesting that ring current ion driven ULF waves may play an important role in radiation belt energization by ULF waves. Given the prevalence of ∼100 keV O+ ions in the ring current at L ∼ 3–4 during storm-times, and the storm-time erosion of the plasmapause, the conditions required for efficient ULF wave energy transfer from the ring current to >1 MeV electrons in the radiation belt will be satisfied during storm-times.
High‐energy electron beams launched into space by thunderstorms

Using CGRO/BATSE data, a possible new source of high‐energy electrons and positrons in the earth's inner magnetosphere is presented. These particles are generated within the upper atmosphere by Compton scattering and pair‐production of gamma‐rays originating from near the tropopause as Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs). Once created, these energetic electrons and positrons follow the geomagnetic field into the inner magnetosphere where they can be detected in low‐earth orbit, either near the TGF magnetic foot point or at the conjugate point several thousand kilometers away. Approximately 17% of CGRO/BATSE events previously identified as terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes are, in fact, such electrons and positrons. With energies extending above 30 MeV, this previously unidentified population contains some of the most energetic particles accelerated in the near‐earth environment.
Overexpression of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase 1 and 3 (ACCase1 and ACCase3), and CYP81A21 were related to cyhalofop resistance in a barnyardgrass accession from Arkansas

ABSTRACT Barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. ] is the most difficult-to-control weed species of rice production systems worldwide. It has evolved resistance to different herbicide sites of action, including the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides. Target-site mutations conferring resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides are well documented; however, the role of the different ACCase genes in conferring resistance to cyhalofop-p-butyl (cyhalofop), an ACCase-inhibiting herbicide, remains poorly understood. This research assessed the contribution of gene amplification and expression of ACCase genes in a cyhalofop-resistant barnyardgrass accession. Additionally, the expression of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) genes as possible contributors to resistance to cyhalofop were investigated. Results demonstrated that ACCase gene amplification does not contribute to cyhalofop resistance. However, ACCase1 and ACCase3 were found to be overexpressed in the cyhalofop-resistant barnyardgrass accession. At 24 h after cyhalofop treatment, an overexpression of 2.0- and 2.8-fold was detected in ACCase1 and ACCase3, respectively. In addition, CYP81A21 (a P450 gene) was found to be 2.5-fold overexpressed compared to the susceptible accession in the same time period. These results suggest that ACCase1, ACCase3, and CYP81A21 are crucial genes in contributing cyhalofop resistance in this barnyardgrass accession.
Distinguishing Hecke eigenvalues of primitive cusp forms

Here λf (n) (resp. λg(n)) are the Hecke eigenvalues of f (resp. g) normalised so that the standard L function L(s, f) (resp. L(s, g)) of f (resp. g) which is given by the analytic continuation of the Dirichlet series ∑∞ n=1 λf (n)/n s (resp. ∑∞ n=1 λg(n)/n ) has a functional equation under s 7→ 1− s. The strong multiplicity one theorem for GL(2) says that there are infinitely many primes p such that λf (p) 6= λg(p). A refinement of the strong multiplicity one theorem due to Ramakrishnan (see [15]) says that the set of primes p such that λf (p) 6= λg(p) has density ≥ 1/8. In this article we will be interested in “finding” the smallest prime p such that λf (p) 6= λg(p). We will be specifically interested in the case when k1 6= k2. We will establish an upper bound C(k1, k2) depending on k1, k2 such that for some prime p, p ≤ C(k1, k2), we must have λf (p) 6= λg(p). Our motivation for this problem comes from the strong multiplicity one theorem and our result should be viewed as an effective version of the theorem in a special case. The exact statement appears below as Theorem 1. In the third section of this paper we consider a stronger version of the problem above which is as follows. The strong multiplicity one theorem for SL(2) says that there are infinitely many primes p such that |λf (p)| 6= |λg(p)|. In analogy with our earlier result we will give an upper bound C̃(k1, k2) depending on k1, k2 such that for some prime p, p ≤ C̃(k1, k2), we must have |λf (p)| 6= |λg(p)|.