Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Infra-red Suppression in the Incandescent Light from a Surface with Submicron Holes

The surface structure of the incandescent body effects on the emissivity of the infra-red light. If an adequate surface structure can suppress the infra-red emission, the efficacy of the incandescent lamp could increase. The main purpose of the present work is to measure the change of the infra-red emission due to the surface structure. Tungsten films with submicron-sized deep holes (the diameter of 2-4 hundreds nanometer and the depth of 2-4 micrometers) were prepared and heating them. The spectra of incandescent light were measured at high temperature up to 1400K. We found that the amount of the infra-red emitted from the surface with submicron holes is almost a half of that from a surface with macroscopic holes.
Light absorption enhancement in thin-film solar cells by embedded lossless silica nanoparticles

Embedded silica nanoparticles in thin-film silicon solar cells have some advantages over metal nanoparticles in enhancing optical absorption of silicon such as no loss, better compatibility with antireflection coating and extremely low dangling bond densities and interface recombination velocities. To the best of our knowledge, we have carried out the first systematic study of optical absorption enhancement with silica nanoparticles of different radii, array periods and depths in the silica substrate with the finite-difference time-domain method, and we have obtained the optimum values of the nanoparticle parameters. We discuss the physical mechanism of the optical absorption enhancement in detail and attribute the enhancement to the superposition of the particle scattering effect and the Fabry–Perot resonance effect.
Organization of Storm Tracks in Zonally Varying Flows

Abstract A simple two-layer quasigeostrophic model is employed to investigate the sensitivity of storm tracks to changes in an externally imposed, zonally varying large-scale flow. Zonally asymmetric temperature and horizontal deformation fields are varied systematically in order to compare the effects of baroclinicity and horizontal deformation on storm track dynamics. The sensitivity of the storm tracks to uniform barotropic zonal flows is also examined. The results show two competing processes for storm track organization, one associated with a local maximum in baroclinicity and the other with a local minimum in horizontal deformation. When the equilibrium state consists of a zonally symmetric temperature field and a barotropic stationary wave, the maximum in synoptic-scale transient eddy energy (storm track) is located in the entrance region of the upper jet just downstream of the point of minimum horizontal deformation. As zonal variations in baroclinicity become large (keeping the upper-layer horizo.
Computation of flow velocity in rough channels

Accurate estimate of flow-velocity profile is of crucial importance both for scientific purposes and for solving numerous engineering problems that include, among others, sediment transport, contaminant transport, flow resistance evaluation. This paper presents a new empirical equation to represent the vertical velocity profile. The proposed equation is essentially a modified form of the well-known logarithm law of the wall and contains three parameters having a clear physical meaning. The applicability of the equation and its accuracy assessment for different hydraulic conditions, including non-uniform conditions, is verified by using experimental data obtained by different sources. The values of the mean square errors determined by the best-fitting of the law to the selected experimental data, are compared with those obtained by applying other equations proposed in literature. The comparison highlights that the proposed law allows the reproduction of all the hydraulic conditions examined maintaining an acceptable value of the mean square error.
DOA estimation in the presence of unknown nonuniform noise without knowing the number of sources

A new direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method in the presence of unknown nonuniform noise is presented. In this scheme, we first construct a noise-free vector data model by sum-average arithmetic and removing operation in second-order statistics domain. And then, we obtain the DOA estimation by finding the sparsest coefficients of the constructed vector data model utilising reweighed -norm minimisation in an overcomplete basis. We utilise a statistical technique called leave-one-out cross-validation to select the regularisation parameter properly. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method avoids the estimation of noise covariance matrix and gains the salient advantages, including high resolution and good robustness to noise. Furthermore, the number of sources need not be known a prior. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and show that it is better suited for dealing with unknown nonuniform noise.
Inferences on the Parameters of the Birnbaum-Saunders Fatigue Life Distribution Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation

This paper provides tests of hypotheses and confidence intervals for the scale and shape parameters singly of the Birnbaum-Saunders fatigue life model, each with the other an unknown nuisance parameter. The procedure for each parameter is based on its maximum likelihood estimate, although in the case of the scale parameter it is necessary to consider conditional procedures.
n-D polynomial matrix equations

Linear matrix equations in the ring of polynomials in n indeterminates (n-D) are studied. General- and minimum-degree solutions are discussed. Simple and constructive, necessary and sufficient solvability conditions are derived. An algorithm to solve the equations with general n-D polynomial matrices is presented. It is based on elementary reductions in a greater ring of polynomials in one indeterminate, having as coefficients polynomial fractions in the other n-1 indeterminates, which makes the use of Euclidean division possible. >
Theoretical Skill of Monte Carlo Forecasts

Abstract The theoretical skill of Monte Carlo approximations to the stochastic dynamic forecasting technique proposed by Epstein is examined by means of an extension of earlier atmospheric predictability studies that used the test-field model of two-dimensional turbulence. The fundamental statistical hydrodynamical concept of an ensemble of phase paths evolving in a dynamical phase space is reviewed and used to define the statistical properties of a finite Monte Carlo sample. The application of a linear regression step to arrive at a final best estimate of the state of the atmosphere is also discussed. The resulting forecasts approach the climatological mean at forecast times so late that all skill has been lost. For an ideal case with an observing resolution, hopefully achievable in the 1980s with satellite-based sensors, it is found that the. Monte Carlo procedure leads to the greatest improvement in mean-square vector wind forecast skill in the 6- to 10-day range. For another case corresponding roughly.
Cloud inhomogeneity effect on the retrieval of cloud optical thickness from satellite measurement

Effects of cloud horizontal inhomogeneity on the shortwave reflection are investigated from the viewpoint of cloud optical thickness retrieval for overcast boundary layer clouds. Monte Carlo radiative transfer model is employed to simulate bidirectional reflection functions in 1-km spatial resolution, for inhomogeneous cloud field that is generated by two-dimensional bounded cascade model. The independent pixel approximation (IPA) biases in mean (M) and standard deviation (S) of logarithm of retrieved optical thickness are defined, where S denotes cloud inhomogeneity parameter. The biases describe modification of the frequency distribution of optical thickness from true one due to effects of horizontal radiation transport. It is ascertained that observation in off-nadir view with oblique sun is inappropriate for optical remote sensing of clouds since the horizontal inhomogeneity produces large uncertainty. It is found that the radiation field substantially looks smoother than IPA with overhead sun, while it looks rough with oblique sun, especially in forward scattering view. The regression formulae of the IPA biases are presented for geometrically rough cloud field, and the parameterizations are easily applicable to first order correction of the optical thickness retrieval.
Time-reversal invariance and time asymmetry in classical electrodynamics

We clarify several issues involving the concepts of time-reversal invariance and time asymmetry in classical electrodynamics. Specifically, we consider three questions: (I) If electrodynamics is time-reversal invariant, why are the radiative processes that occur in nature time asymmetric? (II) Why doesn't the time-reversal invariance of electrodynamics contradict the fact that a charged particle in motion feels a radiation damping force? (III) Why don't the advanced solutions to Maxwell's equations occur in nature—is there some principle that forbids them? We argue that these questions are not specific to electrodynamics, but also arise in many other systems in which waves are radiated, and answer them in the context of a simple model describing a coupled particle-field system in (1+1) dimensions.
Large eddy simulation and the filtered equation of a contaminant

A new model of LES is proposed together with a new methodology for the simulation of concentration fields of contaminant coherent with the LES methodology. In this paper a new LES model is proposed. The closure relation for the generalised SGS turbulent stress tensor: a) complies with the principle of turbulent frame indifference; b) takes into account both the anisotropy of the turbulence velocity scales and turbulence length scales; c) removes any balance assumption between the production and dissipation of SGS turbulent kinetic energy. In the proposed model: a) the closure coefficient which appears in the closure relation for the generalised SGS turbulent stress tensor is theoretically and uniquely determined without adopting Germano’s dynamic procedure; b) the generalised SGS turbulent stress tensor is related exclusively to the generalised SGS turbulent kinetic energy (which is calculated by means of its balance equation) and the modified Leonard tensor. The calculation of the viscous dissipation is carried out by integrating its exact balance equation. In this paper the form invariance and frame dependence of the above mentioned equation of the viscous dissipation transport is shown. The concentration field is simulated by the spatially filtered equation of the concentration. In this equation the first-order tensor (produced by the correlation between the velocity and the concentration) is related to the gradient of the resolved concentration according to an original dynamic Germano procedure.
Theory of compositionally graded ferroelectrics and pyroelectricity

A thermodynamic theory of compositionally graded materials is developed, based on a term in the Landau formula for free energy of the form γPgradc, where P, c, and γ stand for the polarization, the atomic concentration, and a phenomenological coefficient, respectively. The consequence of this term is the following: (1) the original equivalence of two states with spontaneous polarization +PS and −PS is upset and the sample has the tendency to become oriented along one of the originally equivalent directions; (2) an additional polarization is induced. The consequences of the modified free energy for pyroelectricity are discussed.
Photoacoustic method for the simultaneous acquisition of optical and ultrasonic spectra

A novel method for the simultaneous acquisition of optical absorption and ultrasonic attenuation spectra is described. The technique is based on the photoacoustic generation of bi-directional ultrasonic pulses by a thin optical absorber that is remote from the sample. A single piezoelectric transducer ultimately detects the two pulses of ultrasound, and the captured signals are used to determine both the optical absorption and ultrasonic attenuation properties of the sample. Measurements on a polycarbonate resin sample using the simultaneous photoacoustic method and conventional techniques show good agreement, indicating the validity of the method.
Exploring dimensionality reduction on semi-structured photos — a closer look at Exactitudes

: Deep learning or dimensionality reduction has shown unprecedented results in contemporary researches. However, these systems are often referred to as black boxes. This exploratory research will look at dimensionality reduction via Restricted Boltzmann Machines in a set of small experiments. These experiments were performed on the semi structured photos of the exactitudes project, resulting in novel insights and visualisations on how to extract meaningful information from a deep networks. These insights do not only help to understand what such systems learns but it also provides a glimpse of the underlaying structure of the dataset
An Overview on Data Mining and Data Fusion

Strong adoption of Internet and Communication technologies across industries in the last two decades has led to large-scale digitization of business processes. While this has helped in the instant availability of information, over the period, the source and amount of this information have increased multi-fold giving rise to Big Data. With the increase in volume, the relevance of data in its raw format continues to decrease over time. According to HACE Theorem, Big Data has autonomous sources being distributed and decentralized data in a complex relationship with each other. Making sense of this ever-growing large pool of data has become increasingly difficult and has created a new problem waning the initial gains made via the digitization of systems and processes. This gave rise to the evolution of multiple Data Mining techniques that have helped to classify large volumes of data into relevant segments and drive value to help provide meaningful information. To extract and discover knowledge from data, Knowledge Discovering Databases (KDD) help in the refining of data. This paper discusses various data mining techniques that help to identify patterns and relationships to help make business decisions using data analysis. Furthermore, the Data Fusion method is reviewed which deals with joint analysis of multiple inter-related datasets providing multiple complementary views to help further with precise decision-making.
Surface band bending in as-grown and plasma-treated n-type GaN films using surface potential electric force microscopy

The surface band bending, as well as the effect of plasma-induced damage on band bending, on GaN surfaces, was investigated. The upward band bending, measured by surface potential electric force microscopy (a variant of atomic force microscopy), for the as-grown n-type GaN was about 1.0 eV which increased to ∼1.4 eV after reactive ion etching (RIE). UV illumination decreased the band bending by 0.3 eV with time constants on the order of seconds and hundreds of seconds for the as-grown and RIE treated GaN, respectively. This implies that there is a higher density of the surface states in the samples subjected to the RIE process. After the RIE treatment, the shape of the photoluminescence spectrum remained unchanged, but the intensity dropped by a factor of 3. This effect can be attributed to nonradiative defects created near the surface by the RIE treatment.
Error estimation of stress intensity factors for mixed‐mode cracks

This paper presents an a posteriori error estimator for mixed‐mode stress intensity factors in plane linear elasticity. A surface integral over an arbitrary crown is used for the separate calculation of the combined mode's stress intensity factors. The error in the quantity of interest is based on goal‐oriented error measures and estimated through an error in the constitutive relation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of breathing re-training on end-tidal carbon-di-oxide in patients with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective The review aims to determine the effect of breathing re-training on End-tidal carbon-di-oxide (ETCO2) in patients with asthma. Data sources A systematic search of articles was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, PEDro, Scopus, and Ovid databases from their inception till May 2022. Study selections Studies were included if the patients were clinically diagnosed with mild-moderate asthma. Randomized controlled trials that monitored ETCO2 as a primary or secondary outcome were included. Studies were examined for potential risk of bias using the Revised Cochrane risk of bias tool by two independent reviewers. Results Eight articles were included. The trials used various techniques like Buteyko, Papworth, Biofeedback, and holistic approach. Quantitative analysis was conducted to examine the effects on ETCO2 at various time points. A significant large effect was seen on ETCO2 following breathing re-training post-treatment, 3 and 6 months post-intervention. Conclusion There is moderate evidence for a significant effect of breathing re-training on ETCO2 in the short and long term in patients with asthma. However, high-quality randomized controlled trials using standardized measurement of ETCO2 are required to evaluate the effects of different breathing re-training techniques.
Diet Quality, Nutritional Adequacy and Anthropometric Status among Indigenous Women of Reproductive Age Group (15–49 Years) in India: A Narrative Review

In India, indigenous communities are nutritionally vulnerable, with indigenous women suffering the greater burden. Studies and surveys have reported poor nutritional outcomes among indigenous women in India, yet systematic documentation of community-specific nutrition data is lacking. We conducted a narrative review of 42 studies to summarise the nutritional profile of indigenous women of India, with details on their food and nutrient intakes, dietary diversity, traditional food consumption and anthropometric status. Percentage deficits were observed in intake of pulses, green leafy vegetables, fruits, vegetables, flesh foods and dairy products when compared with recommended dietary intakes for moderately active Indian women. Indices of diet quality in indigenous women were documented in limited studies, which revealed poor dietary diversity as well as low consumption of diverse traditional foods. A high risk of nutritional inadequacy was reported in all communities, especially for iron, calcium, and vitamin A. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency was high in most communities, with dual burden of malnutrition in indigenous women of north-eastern region. Findings from this review can thus help guide future research and provide valuable insights for policymakers and program implementers on potential interventions for addressing specific nutritional issues among indigenous women of India.
Evaluation of Internal Audit and Control System as a Prerequisite for Qualitative External Audit Report

The quality of the audit report in corporate organization around the world and Nigeria has been of great concern considering the contribution of internal auditors as the overseer of daily accounting entries in an organization. Considering this issue, the study focused on evaluation of internal audit and control system as a prerequisite for the qualitative external audit report. Survey research design was adopted in the conduct of the study. The population of the study includes 93 internal and external auditors randomly selected amongst organizations in Nigeria. Three research questions and three hypotheses, all stated in its null form guided the study. Questionnaire instrument was adopted in the conduct of the study, which was rated on a five point scale with an acceptable rating of 3. Hypotheses that guided the study was tested using one sample test statistics at . 05 level of significance. Findings from the study shows that, internal auditors in corporate organizations are not significantly independent in the discharge of their duties. It was also discovered that internal audit and control system of corporate organizations in Nigeria are significantly relied on as audit evidence/basis for financial report. Final findings showed that, internal audit and control systems do not significantly aid qualitative external audit report of corporate organizations in Nigeria. The findings imply that the quality of the external audit report is determined by the quality of its internal audit and control team. Based on this, the researcher recommends amongst others that, regulation and training should be provided to enhancing independence of internal auditors and that external auditors should endeavor to carryout more comprehensive sampling during audit exercise.
A Wideband High-Isolation Microstrip MIMO Circularly-Polarized Antenna Based on Parasitic Elements

This work presents a wideband, all-side square-cut square patch multiple-input, multiple-output circularly-polarized (MIMO-CP) high-isolation antenna. The MIMO-CP antenna contains a two-port square cut on all corners of the square patch, and parasitic elements of 9 × 5 periodic square metallic plates are designed and operated. The outer dimensions of the antenna are 40 × 70 mm2, and the FR4 substrate height is 1.6 mm. The proposed antenna with the parasitic elements improves impedance matching and enhances S-parameters and axial ratio (AR). In the suggested MIMO-CP antenna, a parasitic element is designed and placed around the antenna periodically to reduce mutual coupling (MC) and improve CP. Simulated results show that the suggested antenna has a wide bandwidth (BW) from 4.89 to 6.85 GHz for S11 and was < −10 dB with AR ≤ 3 dB from 5.42 to 6.58 GHz, with a peak gain of 6.6 dB. The suggested antennas have more than 30 dB isolation and a low profile, are affordable, easily made, and are CP. To make a comparison with the measured and simulated results, a MIMO-CP antenna structure was fabricated and tested. The suggested antenna is better in terms of efficiency, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC). The proposed antenna is adequate for WLAN applications.
Pansystems relativity: panorama and further investigations

A new expression of the panorama of pansystems relativity is stated. Some modes and related principles or applications are developed. Concrete contents include: new forms of the framework 784e of pansystems theory and its connections with relativity. The paper introduces eight classes of relativity topics, and further research presents many new models of pansystems relativity such as: 23456R, super‐23456R, SSOS, SOMERQ, pansystems dialectics, clustering quotient, field‐net, meta‐topology, image‐boundary, cognition and practice, thinking experiment, etc. These modes present some new understanding to systems, society, methodology, epistemology, wisdom, psychology, hi‐tech, paradox, anthropology, ego, literature, arts, poetics and aesthetics, etc. There are 60 or more related references listed in the paper.