Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Adversarial Attack and Defense Methods for Malware Classification in Cyber Security

Malware poses a severe threat to cyber security. Attackers use malware to achieve their malicious purposes, such as unauthorized access, stealing confidential data, blackmailing, etc. Machine learning-based defense methods are applied to classify malware examples. However, such methods are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, where attackers aim to generate adversarial examples that can evade detection. Defenders also develop various approaches to enhance the robustness of malware classifiers against adversarial attacks. Both attackers and defenders evolve in the continuous confrontation of malware classification. In this paper, we firstly summarize a unified malware classification framework. Then, based on the framework, we systematically survey the Defense-Attack-Enhanced-Defense process and provide a comprehensive review of (i) machine learning-based malware classification, (ii) adversarial attacks on malware classifiers, and (iii) robust malware classification. Finally, we highlight the main challenges faced by both attackers and defenders and discuss some promising future work directions.
Laboratory detection of the negative molecular ion CCH

Aims. This paper reports the laboratory detection of the rotational spectrum of the acetylide anion, CCH - . Methods. Five successive rotational transitions have been measured to high accuracy in a dc discharge with a free space millimeter-wave spectrometer in the frequency range 83–417 GHz. Results. Precise spectroscopic constants have been obtained for CCH - and transition rest frequencies can now be calculated to better than 1 km s -1 in equivalent radial velocity far into the terahertz region, allowing for deep astronomical searches for this anion in space. The highly stable and fairly polar CCH - anion is a likely candidate for radio astronomical detection, its neutral analogue CCH being among one of the most abundant molecules in a wide variety of astrophysical sources.
Entropy as a Measure of Consistency in Software Architecture

In building software architectures, the relations between elements in different diagrams are often overlooked. The first stage of building IT systems is the use of ontology terminology, not software terminology, in the requirements engineering process. Then, when constructing software architecture, IT architects more or less consciously however introduce elements that represent the same classifier on different diagrams with similar names. These connections are called consistency rules and are usually not attached in any way in a modeling tool, and only a significant number of them in the models increase the quality of the software architecture. It is mathematically proved that the application of consistency rules increases the information content of software architecture. Authors show that increasing readability and ordering of software architecture by means of consistency rules have their mathematical rationale. In this article, we found proof of decreasing Shannon entropy while applying consistency rules in the construction of software architecture of IT systems. Therefore, it has been shown that marking selected elements in different diagrams with these same names is, therefore, an implicit way to increase the information content of software architecture while simultaneously improving its orderliness and readability. Moreover, this increase in the quality of the software architecture can be measured by entropy, which allows for checking whether the number of consistency rules is sufficient to compare different architectures, even of different sizes, thanks to entropy normalization, and checking during the development of the software architecture, what is the improvement in its orderliness and readability.
Design of a SMA-based soft composite structure for wearable rehabilitation gloves

The combination of smart soft composite structure based shape memory alloy (SMA) and exoskeleton technology has the advantages of light weight, energy saving, and great human-exoskeleton interaction. However, there are no relevant studies on the application of SMA-based soft composite structure (SSCS) in hand exoskeletons. The main difficulty is that directional mechanical properties of SSCS need to comply with fingers movement, and SSCS can deliver enough output torque and displacement to the relevant joints. This paper aims to study the application of SSCS for wearable rehabilitation gloves and explore its bionic driving mechanism. This paper proposes a soft wearable glove (Glove-SSCS) for hand rehabilitation actuated by the SSCS, based on finger force analysis under different drive modes. The Glove-SSCS can support five-finger flexion and extension, weighs only 120 g, and adopts modular design. Each drive module adopts a soft composite structure. And the structure integrates actuation, sensing and execution, including an active layer (SMA spring), a passive layer (manganese steel sheet), a sensing layer (bending sensor) and connection layers. To obtain a high-performance SMA actuators, the performance of SMA materials was tested in terms of temperature and voltage, temperature at the shortest length, pre-tensile length and load. And the human-exoskeleton coupling model of Glove-SSCS is established and analyzed from force and motion. The results show that the Glove-SSCS can realize bidirectional movements of fingers flexion and extension, with ranges of motion are 90–110° and 30–40°, and their cycles are 13–19 s and 11–13 s. During the use of Glove-SSCS, the temperature of gloves is from 25 to 67°C, and the surface temperature of hands is from 32 to 36°C. The temperature of Glove-SSCS can be kept at the lowest temperature of SMA operation without much impact on the human body.
A simulation of dislocation dynamics and of the flow stress anomaly in L12 alloys

Abstract This work examines the flow stress anomaly of Ll2 alloys by means of a mesoscopic two-dimensional simulation of dislocation dynamics. The basic properties modelled are slip in the octahedral plane, the conditions at which screw dislocation segments are locked by formation of Kear-Wilsdorf locks and subsequently unlocked, and the mobility of jogs in the cube plane. The range of temperatures investigated varies between 200 and 600 K, scaling with the domain of anomaly of Ni3Al-based alloys. The simulations indicate that strain is mostly provided by the sliding of kinks. Two conditions are simultaneously required in order to reproduce the flow stress anomaly: firstly kink mobility should be hindered via the dragging of jogs and secondly, irrespective of the probability of locking, locks should not be destroyed easily. The simulations suggest, in addition, that two different flow stress regimes take place in the temperature domain of the stress anomaly. At the onset of the anomaly, the flow stress is.
Long-sojourning light in a photonic atoll

Very long photon lifetimes and resultant very high quality factors (Q-factors) are theoretically achieved in a system where microstructures are arranged periodically to make a closed chain loop. We call this a photonic-atoll resonator. The radiative Q-factor reaches an extremely high value in the vicinity of the edges of the light energy bands that could be regarded as the photonic bands created in the quasi-one-dimensional photonic crystal. This resonator is shown to have advantages over other resonators, e.g., a resonator using the defect mode localized in a regular photonic crystal.
The effect of organizational culture and leadership on performance: A case of a subsidiary in Colombia

This study aims to determine the level of culture of a new subsidiary of a company in Colombia and define strategies to increase the level of culture in a way that promotes the organization in this region. Following the organizational culture theories, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument was used to measure the aspects of organizational culture. The transfer and adoption of culture are achieved through knowledge sharing within and across the departments and units of large organizations. The comparison between the current and desired state of culture shows a gap in the clan culture, as the company wishes to establish a working environment that promotes teamwork and employee participation, creates confidence, and provides opportunities for professional development. Executives can measure the strength of organizational culture with the aim of updating, strengthening, or modifying the existing culture to improve performance and gain sustainability.
On the sample paths of the symmetric stable processes in spaces

Here $\xi$ and $x$ are points in $R^{N},$ $dx$ is the N-dimensional Lebesgue measure. The notation $(x, \xi)$ means the usual inner product in $R^{N}$ and $|x|=(x, x)^{1/2}$ is the usual Euclidean norm. When $\alpha=2,$ $X(t/2)$ is the standard Brownian motion process. It is well-known that we may assume that the sample functions of $X$ have certain regularity properties. To be precise we may assume that almost all sample functions have right continuity and left-hand limits everywhere and are bounded on each bounded parameter set. We will write
Research on Stream Cipher Model Based on Chaos Theory

Chaos is a similar and random process which is very sensitive to initial value in deterministic system. It is a performance of nonlinear dynamical system with built-in randomness. Combined with the advantages and disadvantages of the present chaos encryption model, the paper proposes a chaotic stream cipher model based on chaos theory, which not only overcomes finite precision effect, but also improves the randomness of chaotic system and output sequence. The Sequence cycle theory generated by the algorithm can reach more than 10600 at least, which completely satisfies the actual application requirements of stream cipher system.
Design and implementation of dynamic hybrid Honeypot network

The method of constructing a dynamic and self-adaptive virtual network is suggested to puzzle adversaries, delay and divert attacks, exhaust attacker resources and collect attacking information. The concepts of Honeypot and Honeyd, which is the frame of virtual Honeypot are introduced. The techniques of network scanning including active fingerprint recognition are analyzed. Dynamic virtual network system is designed and implemented. A virtual network similar to real network topology is built according to the collected messages from real environments in this system. By doing this, the system can perplex the attackers when Hackers attack and can further analyze and research the attacks. The tests to this system prove that this design can successfully simulate real network environment and can be used in network security analysis.
A Further Examination of the Expectations Hypothesis for the Term Structure

We extend the vector autoregression (VAR) based expectations hypothesis tests of term structure using recent developments in bootstrap literature. Firstly, we use wild bootstrap to allow for conditional heteroskedasticity in the VAR residuals without imposing any parameterization on this heteroskedasticity. Secondly, we endogenize the model selection procedure in the bootstrap replications to reflect true uncertainty. Finally, a stationarity correction is introduced which is designed to prevent finitesample bias adjusted VAR parameters from becoming explosive. When the new methodology is applied to extensive US zero coupon term structure data ranging from 1 month to 10 years, we find less rejections for the theory in a subsample of Jan 1982-Dec 2003 than in Jan 1952-Dec 1978, and when it is rejected it occurs at only the very short and long ends of the maturity spectrum, in contrast to the U shape pattern observed in some of the previous literature.
Energy spectra power laws and structures

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of two inviscid flows, the Taylor–Green flow and two orthogonal interacting Lamb dipoles, together with the DNS of forced isotropic turbulence, were performed to generate data for a comparative study. The isotropic turbulent field was considered after the transient and, in particular, when the velocity derivative skewness oscillates around −0.5. At this time, Rλ ≈ 257 and a one decade wide k−5/3 range was present in the energy spectrum. For the inviscid flows the fields were considered when a wide k−3 range was achieved. This power law spectral decay corresponds to infinite enstrophy and is considered one of the requirements to demonstrate that the Euler equations lead to a finite time singularity (FTS). Flow visualizations and statistics of the strain rate tensor and vorticity components in the principal axes of the strain rate tensor (λ, λ) were used to classify structures. The key role of the intermediate component 2 is demonstrated by its good correlation with enstrophy production. Filtering of the fields shows that the slope of the power law is directly connected to self-similar structures, whose radius of curvature is smaller the steeper the spectrum.
STABILITY OF THE SCHWARZSCHILD METRIC.

The stability of the Schwarzschild exterior metric against small perturbations is investigated. The perturbations superposed on the Schwarzschild background metric are the same as those given by Regge and Wheeler, consisting of odd- and even-parity classes, and with the time dependence exp(-ikt), where k is the frequency. An analysis of the Einstein field equations computed to first order in the perturbations away from the Schwarzschild background metric shows that when the frequency is made purely imaginary, the solutions that vanish at large values of r, conforming to the requirement of asymptotic flatness, will diverge near the Schwarzschild surface in the Kruskal coordinates. Since the background metric itself is finite at this surface, the above behavior of the perturbation clearly contradicts the basic assumption that the perturbations are small compared to the background metric. Thus perturbations with imaginary frequencies that grow exponentially with time are physically unacceptable, and hence the metric is stable. Perturbations with real values of k representing gravitational waves are also examined. It is shown that the only nontrivial stationary perturbation that can exist is one that is due to the rotation of the source, which is given by the odd perturbation with the angular momentum l=1. The significance of solutions with complex frequencies is pointed out, as is the lack of a theorem (completeness of the eigenfunction) for the even-parity case to parallel the Sturm-Liouville theory, which is applicable to the odd-parity case. Such a theorem would be required to convert the computations indicating stability as given here into a fully rigorous stability theorem.
AIP gene germline variants in adult Polish patients with apparently sporadic pituitary macroadenomas

Introduction Up to 5% of all pituitary tumors are hereditary e.g. due to MEN1 or aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) genes mutations. Objectives The study was aimed at the assessment of the frequency and characteristics of AIP-mutation related tumors in patients with apparently sporadic pituitary macroadenomas in the Polish population. Materials and methods The study included 131 patients (57 males, 74 females; median age 42 years) diagnosed with pituitary macroadenomas, and with a negative family history of familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndromes. Sanger sequencing was used for the assessment of AIP gene variants. The study was approved by the Ethics Board of JUMC. Results AIP variants were identified in five of the 131 included subjects (3.8%): one diagnosed with Cushing’s disease, two with acromegaly, and two with non-secreting adenomas. Patients harboring hereditary AIP gene alterations did not differ from the rest of the study group in median age at diagnosis (41.0 vs. 42.5 years, P=0.8), median largest tumor diameter (25 vs. 24 mm, P=0.6), gender distribution (60.0% vs. 56.3% females, P=0.8), secreting tumor frequency (60.0% vs. 67.5%, P=0.7), or acromegaly diagnosis frequency (40.0% vs.37.3%, P=0.9). Conclusions In our series of apparently sporadic pituitary macroadenomas, AIP gene variant carriers did not differ substantially from patients with negative genetic testing. A risk factor-centred approach to AIP genetic screening may result in missing germline variants. Considering the clinical impact of such genetic variants and their relatively low penetrance, it is, however, doubtful if general genetic screening benefits the whole cohort of pituitary macroadenoma patients and their families.
Characterization of De Novo Promoter Variants in Autism Spectrum Disorder with Massively Parallel Reporter Assays

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common, complex, and highly heritable condition with contributions from both common and rare genetic variations. While disruptive, rare variants in protein-coding regions clearly contribute to symptoms, the role of rare non-coding remains unclear. Variants in these regions, including promoters, can alter downstream RNA and protein quantity; however, the functional impacts of specific variants observed in ASD cohorts remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we analyzed 3600 de novo mutations in promoter regions previously identified by whole-genome sequencing of autistic probands and neurotypical siblings to test the hypothesis that mutations in cases have a greater functional impact than those in controls. We leveraged massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) to detect transcriptional consequences of these variants in neural progenitor cells and identified 165 functionally high confidence de novo variants (HcDNVs). While these HcDNVs are enriched for markers of active transcription, disruption to transcription factor binding sites, and open chromatin, we did not identify differences in functional impact based on ASD diagnostic status.
FIRST-EXIT TIMES FOR POISSON SHOT NOISE

For a shot-noise process X(t) with Poisson arrival times and exponentially diminishing shocks of i.i. d. sizes, we consider the first time T b at which a given level b > 0 is exceeded. An integral equation for the joint density of T b and X(T b ) is derived and, for the case of exponential jumps, solved explicitly in terms of Laplace transforms (LTs). In the general case we determine the ordinary LT of the function ↦ P(T b > t) in terms of certain LTs derived from the distribution function H(x; t) = P(X(t) ≤ x), considered as a function of both variables x and t. Moreover, for G(t, u) = P(T b > t, X(t) < u), that is the joint distribution function of sup0 ≤ s ≤ t X(s) and X(t), an integro-differential equation is presented, whose unique solution is G(t, u).
Error estimates for the Lavrentiev regularization of elliptic optimal control problems

We focus on optimal control problems governed by partial differential equations. The presence of constraints on the state provides numerical and analytical difficulties. We treat these obstacles introducing a Lavrentiev regularization. The key issue is addressed to the analytical investigation of the convergence order of solutions based on certain source representation arguments. A virtual control approach is investigated for problems with additional control constraints. Numerical experiments are presented.
Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Intravitreal Therapy and Macular Ganglion Cell Layer Thickness in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

ABSTRACT Purpose To assess macular ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness in patients treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Materials and Methods This was a two-year retrospective institutional case series where records of patients treated with anti-VEGF injections for unilateral AMD were reviewed for BCVA, intraocular pressure, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Macular GCL thickness was evaluated with automated retinal segmentation based on ETDRS grid rings. Retinal layer segmentation was carefully assessed and manually corrected for any misalignment. Results 48 eyes of 24 patients with unilateral exudative AMD were included. The mean number of anti-VEGF injections was 10.4 ± 3.2. Fellow eyes were classified as AREDS category one and two. There was significant thinning of the 3-mm macular GCL in treated compared with fellow eyes at one and two years (P = .03 and P = .04, respectively). GCL thickness compared to baseline showed a significant decrease at one and two years in treated (P = .01 and <0.0001) and at two years in untreated fellow eyes (P = .02). Conclusions There is a decrease of macular GCL thickness in eyes with exudative AMD treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections in comparison with fellow eyes. There is longitudinal thinning of the GCL from baseline in eyes with both treated exudative and non-treated early AMD.
Developmental Changes in Patterns of Distribution of Fibronectin and Tenascin-C in the Chicken Cornea: Evidence for Distinct and Independent Functions during Corneal Development and Morphogenesis

The cornea forms the tough and transparent anterior part of the eye and by accurate shaping forms the major refractive element for vision. Its largest component is the stroma, a dense collagenous connective tissue positioned between the epithelium and the endothelium. In chicken embryos, the stroma initially develops as the primary stroma secreted by the epithelium, which is then invaded by migratory neural crest cells. These cells secrete an organised multi-lamellar collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM), becoming keratocytes. Within individual lamellae, collagen fibrils are parallel and orientated approximately orthogonally in adjacent lamellae. In addition to collagens and associated small proteoglycans, the ECM contains the multifunctional adhesive glycoproteins fibronectin and tenascin-C. We show in embryonic chicken corneas that fibronectin is present but is essentially unstructured in the primary stroma before cell migration and develops as strands linking migrating cells as they enter, maintaining their relative positions as they populate the stroma. Fibronectin also becomes prominent in the epithelial basement membrane, from which fibronectin strings penetrate into the stromal lamellar ECM at right angles. These are present throughout embryonic development but are absent in adults. Stromal cells associate with the strings. Since the epithelial basement membrane is the anterior stromal boundary, strings may be used by stromal cells to determine their relative anterior–posterior positions. Tenascin-C is organised differently, initially as an amorphous layer above the endothelium and subsequently extending anteriorly and organising into a 3D mesh when the stromal cells arrive, enclosing them. It continues to shift anteriorly in development, disappearing posteriorly, and finally becoming prominent in Bowman’s layer beneath the epithelium. The similarity of tenascin-C and collagen organisation suggests that it may link cells to collagen, allowing cells to control and organise the developing ECM architecture. Fibronectin and tenascin-C have complementary roles in cell migration, with the former being adhesive and the latter being antiadhesive and able to displace cells from their adhesion to fibronectin. Thus, in addition to the potential for associations between cells and the ECM, the two could be involved in controlling migration and adhesion and subsequent keratocyte differentiation. Despite the similarities in structure and binding capabilities of the two glycoproteins and the fact that they occupy similar regions of the developing stroma, there is little colocalisation, demonstrating their distinctive roles.