Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dependent Pattern Matching and Proof-Relevant Unification

Dependent type theory is a powerful language for writing functional programs with very precise types. It is used to write not only programs but also mathematical proofs that these programs satisfy certain properties. Because of this, languages based on dependent types – such as Coq, Agda, and Idris – are used both as programming languages and as interactive proof assistants. While dependent types give strong guarantees about your programs and proofs, they also impose equally strong requirements on them. This often makes it harder to write programs in a dependently typed language compared to one with a simpler type system. For this reason certain techniques have been developed, such as dependent pattern matching and specialization by unification. These techniques provide an intuitive way to write programs and proofs in dependently typed languages. Previously, dependent pattern matching had only been shown to work in a limited setting. In particular, it relied on the K axiom – also known as the uniqueness of identity proofs – to remove equations of the form x = x. This axiom is inadmissible in many type theories, particularly in the new and promising branch known as homotopy type theory (HoTT). As a result, programs and proofs in these new theories cannot make use of dependent pattern matching and are as a result much harder to write, modify, and understand. Additionally, the interaction of dependent pattern matching with small but practical features such as eta-equality for record types and postponing of unification constraints was poorly understood, resulting in subtle bugs and inconsistencies. In this thesis, we develop dependent pattern matching and unification in a general setting that does not require the K axiom, both from a theoretical perspective and a practical one. In particular, we present a proof-relevant unification algorithm, where each unification rule produces evidence of its correctness. This evidence guarantees that all unification rules are correct by
Month/Year of Review: May 2014 Date of Last Review: September 2012 PDL Classes: Phosphate Binders Source Document: Provider Synergies New Drug Evaluation: Sucrofferic Oxyhydroxide (Velphoro®) Dossier Received: Yes Current Status of PDL Class: Preferred Agents: CALCIUM ACETATE Non-preferred Agents: S

Previous Conclusions & Recommendations: 1. Pediatric safety and efficacy not yet determined. 2. Calcium based binders (based on evidence) especially in infants and younger children may be OK. 3. Sevelamer and calcium based (opinion based) may be ok in older children and adolescents. 4. Lanthanum long-term effect on bone is unclear. 5. Consider step therapy with calcium acetate first then resin based agents.
Data analysis: continuing issues in the everyday analysis of psychological data.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 433 THE MODEL COMPARISON APPROACH TO DATA ANALYSIS . 434 Significance Tests and Effect Estimates. 437 Focused Comparisons. 440 Statistical Power . 445 Interactions 446 ASSUMPTIONS: VIOLATIONS AND SOLUTIONS . 452 Distributional Problems. 452 Remedies/or Distributional Problems. 455 Nonindepen dence 0/ Observations. 459 CONCLUSIONS. 460
Predicting the weather for Uninterrupted Cricket matches and Outdoor Sports events

Sports events bring in a lot of people to watch the games. In India Especially Cricket. Cricket and now others sports are contributing to the Indian Economy in a high scale. This paper aims in constructing an application that can extract, process and analyse the data and then give the output to other people who plan on setting up any sports events at a given time. The data is collected from sources that supply with climatic data. We shall further analyse the data using R programming to do a comparison of central tendencies by the fitting efficiency in the analysis on the mean and variance of the data (Temperature data). Choosing the right place to conduct a sports event is the most critical assignments for any game especially for cricket in India. We can’t have a situation where cricket fans from around the country travel for a special event only to end up watching a rain soaked ground with their favourite players sitting in the stands. Another point to consider is that the climate though it’s not really raining will have an impact on the game. For example, taking a bowler who swings a lot, extra wind can help him in swinging ball to greater lengths, as for a batsman a bright day can help him in connecting the ball perfectly but on a shady day that’s reduced. So this paper endeavours to anticipate the most appropriate place to choose for a cricket match or any other outdoor sports events which can be manipulated by the weather conditions. A number of algorithms such as Random forest, Naive Bayes, SVM and decision tree classifier and clustering mechanisms are used to predict the expected results. The final decision was supported by the Random Forest. This is the first attempt on predicting the rain interruption which could affect the cricket match and may impact financial losses both for the organizers and the sponsers. Hence predicting rainfall allows you to design the fixtures positvely without any interruption of rain.
Estimating Extensive Margin Responses on Kinked Budget Sets: Evidence from the Earnings Test

We develop a novel methodology for estimating the impact of incentives to remain employed on the employment rate, and we use it to estimate the impact of the Social Security Old Age and Survivors’ Insurance (OASI) Annual Earnings Test (AET) on the elderly employment rate. The AET reduces OASI claimants’ current OASI benefits as a proportion of earnings, once a claimant earns in excess of an exempt amount, implying that the losses in current benefits due to the AET grow as earnings increase above the exempt amount. Using a Regression Kink Design and administrative data from the Social Security Administration, we document clear visual and statistical evidence that the probability of working decreases discontinuously faster above the exempt amount than below it, paralleling the reduction in benefits. Under this novel estimation strategy, our preferred estimate of the elasticity of the employment rate with respect to the average net-of-tax rate is 0.59, suggesting that the existence of the AET leads to a substantially lower employment rate among affected older workers. 1 This research was supported by the U.S. Social Security Administration through grant #RRC0809840006-00 to the National Bureau of Economic Research as part of the SSA Retirement Research Consortium and by grant #G-2015-14005 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The findings and conclusions expressed are solely those of the author(s) and do not represent the views of SSA, any agency of the Federal Government, or the NBER. We are extremely grateful to David Pattison for running our code on the data. We thank Raj Chetty, Jim Cole, Rebecca Diamond, Joel Slemrod, and seminar participants at the NBER Summer Institute, SIEPR, the University of Chicago, Duke, Notre Dame, UIC and Dartmouth for helpful comments. All errors are our own. PRELIMINARY: Please do not circulate or cite ! 2!
Fluctuating Asymmetry of Leaves in Digitalis thapsi under Field and Common Garden Conditions

The degree of developmental instability has been hypothesized to reflect the level of environmental and genetic stress. However, levels of fluctuating asymmetry or other indicators of developmental instability are rarely measured in the same populations under field and common garden conditions, making it difficult to determine whether differences in asymmetry derived from field measurements are simply phenotypic or genetic in origin. We studied fluctuating asymmetry of leaves in three populations of Digitalis thapsi L. that differed dramatically in mean seed production under field conditions and when reared in a common garden. While absolute asymmetry decreased with leaf position, there was no position effect on relative asymmetry after adjustment for leaf width. Absolute and relative asymmetry did not differ between seedlings and mature plants in the greenhouse. There was no significant difference in absolute or relative asymmetry of leaves between plants grown in the greenhouse and in the field, although there was a significant \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $$\mathrm{population}\,\,\times \,\mathrm{rearing}\,$$ \end{document} environment interaction. The number of leaves and the maximum length and width of leaves of mature plants reared in the common garden differed among populations. Fluctuating asymmetry in leaves was not significantly correlated with any measure of vegetative growth or reproduction. These findings indicate that the effects of environmental conditions and selection may override the effects of inherent differences. Thus, conclusions about levels of developmental instability in different populations based on field studies may differ considerably from conclusions based on results from common garden experiments.
Tagesrhythmische Schwankungen der visuellen Lichtempfindlichkeit beim Menschen

Abstract [Orcadian Variations of the Visual Light Sensitivity in Man] To test the circadian variations of the visual light sensitivity in 7 healthy subjects the dark adaptation after a defined pre‐exposure to light of 3.000 asb for 10 min has been controlled in 3‐hr intervals. Simultaneously, among other parameters, the recovery time after dazzling, the optical reaction time, body temperature, heart‐rate, and blood pressure have been measured. The visual sensitivity to light, the "Space resolving power”, and the change from cone‐ to rod‐adaptation exhibit circadian variations meeting their maximum between 21.00 and 3.00 hr by night and their minimum between 12.00 and 18.00 hrby day. Contrary to that, time course of adaptation and increase of sensitivity, which run parallel to the optical reaction time, show a reversed daily course. Therefore, in contrast to the aforesaid parameters, they are to be explained as processes depending on vigilance. The recovery time after dazzling exhibits a minimum by day and.
Relationship between common measures of training stress and maximum mean power during road cycling races

In preparation for endurance cycle races, cyclists carry out a large volume of training to attain the necessary fitness to perform. These loads must be managed wisely to be optimally prepared for race day. In the early 1970s Banister and colleagues introduced empirical models that describe the relationship between training load and performance ability. Banister suggested that Performance = Fitness – Fatigue and proceeded to introduce mathematical sophistication to this underlying premise by incorporating decay constants for both fitness and fatigue. Banister suggested that training load rapidly influenced fatigue but only slowly influenced fitness. However, with recovery fitness was well maintained while fatigue quickly dissipated. More recently, commercially available software packages have made it easier for coaches and cyclists to engage in these concepts. The TrainingPeaks software incorporates a performance manager, which is based on an impulse-response model for managing the training loads of cyclists based on data recorded by on board cycle ergometers called power meters. The aim of this study was to determine how well the performance manager model predicts the performance ability of competitive cyclists in road time trials, individual road races and multi-day events. Nationally and Internationally competitive cyclists (20M, 5F) submitted power meter files for a sixto eight-month period. Measures of fitness, fatigue and freshness were derived in the performance manager from the day before each competition. Maximum mean powers (MMPs) for 5-s, 60-s, 5-min and 20-min durations were recorded from each
Designing a Driver’s Hazard Perception Test Based on the Neural Brain Images Analysis (fMRI)

Background: Studies show that weakness in hazard perception is a major cause of traffic accidents, leading to high consequences. Objectives: This study aimed to design a valid and reliable driver’s Hazard Perception Test (HPT) based on neural imaging, reaction time, and miss rate in two groups of experienced and inexperienced drivers. Methods: Different roads, including urban, intercity, and rural, were filmed from drivers’ visual angles to examine the real road conditions. All videos were screened according to some quality factors. Then, hazard onset was determined for screened videos. The validity of the test was performed in three steps. Miss rates and reaction times to hazardous situations were measured. In the second step, 35 selected videos were broadcasted to 16 experienced and 16 novice drivers on a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Finally, using 18 videos with statistically significant differences in neuro-cerebral neuronal activity, miss rate and reaction time were picked up for driver’s HPT. Results: The mean differences in reaction time, miss rate, and active neurons in the task of perceiving hazards in two groups of drivers were equal to 1.58 seconds, 29.55%, and 5248 neurons, respectively. There was a significant correlation between active neurons and miss rate (r = 0.556, P < 0.001). Eventually, the 18-videos of the valid test became HPT software. Conclusions: Application of this valid test is suggested for assessing the hazard perception of drivers, particularly those who are responsible for transporting staff and goods in the studied country.
Misinterpretations of P-values and statistical tests persists among researchers and professionals working with statistics and epidemiology

Background The aim was to investigate inferences of statistically significant test results among persons with more or less statistical education and research experience. Methods A total of 75 doctoral students and 64 statisticians/epidemiologist responded to a web questionnaire about inferences of statistically significant findings. Participants were asked about their education and research experience, and also whether a ‘statistically significant’ test result (P = 0.024, α-level 0.05) could be inferred as proof or probability statements about the truth or falsehood of the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1). Results Almost all participants reported having a university degree, and among statisticians/epidemiologist, most reported having a university degree in statistics and were working professionally with statistics. Overall, 9.4% of statisticians/epidemiologist and 24.0% of doctoral students responded that the statistically significant finding proved that H0 is not true, and 73.4% of statisticians/epidemiologists and 53.3% of doctoral students responded that the statistically significant finding indicated that H0 is improbable. Corresponding numbers about inferences about the alternative hypothesis (H1) were 12.0% and 6.2% about proving H1 being true and 62.7 and 62.5% for the conclusion that H1 is probable. Correct inferences to both questions, which is that a statistically significant finding cannot be inferred as either proof or a measure of a hypothesis’ probability, were given by 10.7% of doctoral students and 12.5% of statisticians/epidemiologists. Conclusions Misinterpretation of P-values and statistically significant test results persists also among persons who have substantial statistical education and who work professionally with statistics.
An omnidirectional electromagnetic absorber made of metamaterials

In a recent theoretical work by Narimanov and Kildishev (2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 041106) an optical omnidirectional light absorber based on metamaterials was proposed, in which theoretical analysis and numerical simulations showed that all optical waves hitting the absorber are trapped and absorbed. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of an omnidirectional electromagnetic absorber in the microwave frequency. The proposed device is composed of non-resonant and resonant metamaterial structures, which can trap and absorb electromagnetic waves coming from all directions spirally inwards without any reflections due to the local control of electromagnetic fields. It is shown that the absorption rate can reach 99 per cent in the microwave frequency. The all-directional full absorption property makes the device behave like an ‘electromagnetic black body’, and the wave trapping and absorbing properties simulate, to some extent, an ‘electromagnetic black hole. ’ We expect that such a device could be used as a thermal emitting source and to harvest electromagnetic waves.
Social Network Composition, Relationship Type, and Alcohol Use Among Young Adults Not in Four-Year College

Abstract Background: The drinking of social network members has been consistently associated with personal drinking. However, less attention has been paid to emerging adult populations outside of four-year college students and to potential moderators of this relationship. In a sample of emerging adults who never attended four-year college, this research examined: 1) the compositional characteristics of the social networks, 2) the association between the drinking of network members and personal drinking, and 3) how the association between network and personal drinking was moderated by relationship type (e.g., friend, parents, significant other). Methods: Data was provided by a sample of 525 emerging adults who participated in Qualtrics Panels. Results: In this noncollege sample, the composition of the social network was diverse, with roughly one-third of network members being friends and a little less than half being family members. Parents tended to consume alcohol more frequently than friends and significant others, but participants consumed alcohol more frequently with friends and significant others. Furthermore, drinking among friends and significant others tended to have stronger associations with personal alcohol use than drinking among parents. However, relationship type did not moderate the association between drinking with network members and personal alcohol use. Conclusions: Because of this, interventions need to be delivered to drinking groups.
Power spectrum and intermittency of the transmitted flux from the Lyman α absorption spectra of quasi‐stellar objects

Using a set of 28 high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio quasi-stellar object Lya absorption spectra, we investigate the non-Gaussian features of the transmitted flux fluctuations and their effect upon the power spectrum of this field. We find that the spatial distribution of the local power of the transmitted flux on scales k ≥ 0.05 s km - 1 is highly spiky or intermittent. The probability distribution functions of the local power are long-tailed. The power on small scales is dominated by small probability events, and consequently, the uncertainty in the power spectrum of the transmitted flux field is generally large. This uncertainty arises owing to the slow convergence of an intermittent field to a Gaussian limit required by the central limit theorem (CLT). To reduce this uncertainty, it is common to estimate the error of the power spectrum by selecting subsamples with an 'optimal' size. We show that this conventional method actually does not calculate the variance of the original intermittent field but of a Gaussian field. Based on the analysis of intermittency, we propose an algorithm to calculate the error. It is based on a bootstrap resampling among all independent local power modes. This estimation does not require any extra parameter such as the size of the subsamples and is sensitive to the intermittency of the fields. This method effectively reduces the uncertainty in the power spectrum when the number of independent modes matches the condition for CLT convergence.
RETROSPECTIVE: Exploiting Choice: Instruction Fetch and Issue on an Implementable Simultaneous Multithreading Processor

In the early 1990s, hardware support for instruction-level parallelism was advancing at a rapid rate. For example, Digital introduced the 2-way superscalar Alpha 21064 in 1992 and Intel introduced its 2-way Pentium in 1993. By 1995, the Alpha architecture had already jumped to 4-way superscalar (the 21164). This appeared to be a trend that would continue. While that did not pan out the way many expected, what was abundantly clear even then was that our ability to build hardware for instruction level parallelism was quickly outpacing our ability to find it in software. Multithreading was a technology with a very long history, going back to the 1950s (and in fact, one of the authors did his PhD thesis on multithreading in 1979). It had appeared in real machines like the CDC 6600 PPU [6], the Denelcor HEP [4], etc. A multithreaded architecture keeps the state of multiple contexts in hardware at once, allowing it to introduce instructions into the pipeline from multiple threads without waiting for a slow software context switch. Several of the earliest machines were fine-grain multithreaded, able to introduce an instruction from a distinct thread each cycle. Others, like MIT’s TX-2 and Alewife [1] architectures, utilized a less aggressive model, coarse-grain multithreading, which can be thought of as a hardware accelerator for context switches (able to do them in a handful of cycles, fast enough to profitably switch on long memory latencies). Fine-grain multithreading, however, saw a revival in the 1990s Tera MTA architecture [2].
Differential Effects of Ziprasidone and Haloperidol on Immobilization-Stress-Induced CRF mRNA Expression in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of Rats

Objectives: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a prominent role in mediating the effect of stressors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In this study, we examined the effects of chronic administration of second-generation antipsychotic drug ziprasidone on CRF mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats with or without immobilization stress. Methods: The rats were subjected to immobilization stress 2 h/day for 3 weeks. The effect of ziprasidone (2.5 mg/kg, 21 days) on CRF mRNA expression was determined using in situ hybridization of tissue sections from the rat hypothalamic PVN. Haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg, 21 days) was used for comparison. Results: Haloperidol increased the expression of CRF mRNA in the PVN under basal conditions, whereas ziprasidone had no effect. Chronic immobilization stress increased CRF expression. The chronic administration of ziprasidone prevented the increase in CRF mRNA expression caused by immobilization stress. Conclusions: These results suggest that ziprasidone may have a regulatory effect on the stress-induced CRF mRNA expression and a role in the treatment of depressive mood symptom.
Recommendations for the Determination of Valid Mode II Fracture Toughnesses K IIc

From a discussion of the sizes of the plastic zones at the tip of a crack under shear (Mode II) and tensile (Mode I) conditions of loading, hypotheses on specimen size requirements are derived for determining valid values of the shear fracture toughness K{sub IIc}. The following conclusions are drawn: The minimum specimen thickness for a K{sub IIc} test can be smaller, but the minimum in-plane specimen dimensions should be larger than for a K{sub Ic} test. For verification of these hypotheses, Mode II and additionally Mode I fracture toughnesses were determined for the aluminum alloy 7075 and the tool steel 90 MnCrV 8. Measurements were performed with specimens of different sizes with respect to the size of the crack tip plastic zones. The obtained data are in good agreement with the derived criteria for measuring Mode II fracture toughnesses K{sub IIc} and confirm their validity.