Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Purification, Characterization and Bactericidal Action of Lysozyme, Isolated from Bacillus subtillis BSN314: A Disintegrating Effect of Lysozyme on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

In the present study, lysozyme was purified by the following multi-step methodology: salt (ammonium sulfate) precipitation, dialysis, and ultrafiltration. The lysozyme potential was measured by enzymatic activity after each purification step. However, after ultrafiltration, the resulting material was considered extra purified. It was concentrated in an ultrafiltration centrifuge tube, and the resulting protein/lysozyme was used to determine its bactericidal potential against five bacterial strains, including three gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis 168, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus cereus) and two gram-negative (Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) strains. The results of ZOI and MIC/MBC showed that lysozyme had a higher antimicrobial activity against gram-positive than gram-negative bacterial strains. The results of the antibacterial activity of lysozyme were compared with those of ciprofloxacin (antibiotic). For this purpose, two indices were applied in the present study: antimicrobial index (AMI) and percent activity index (PAI). It was found that the purified lysozyme had a higher antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (AMI/PAI; 1.01/101) and Bacillus subtilis 168 (AMI/PAI; 1.03/103), compared to the antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) used in this study. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the bactericidal action of the lysozyme on the bacterial cell. The purified protein was further processed by gel column chromatography and the eluate was collected, its enzymatic activity was 21.93 U/mL, while the eluate was processed by native-PAGE. By this analysis, the un-denatured protein with enzymatic activity of 40.9 U/mL was obtained. This step shows that the protein (lysozyme) has an even higher enzymatic potential. To determine the specific peptides (in lysozyme) that may cause the bactericidal potential and cell lytic/enzymatic activity, the isolated protein (lysozyme) was further processed by the SDS-PAGE technique. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed different bands with sizes of 34 kDa, 24 kDa, and 10 kDa, respectively. To determine the chemical composition of the peptides, the bands (from SDS-PAGE) were cut, enzymatically digested, desalted, and analyzed by LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). LC-MS analysis showed that the purified lysozyme had the following composition: the number of proteins in the sample was 56, the number of peptides was 124, and the number of PSMs (peptide spectrum matches) was 309. Among them, two peptides related to lysozyme and bactericidal activities were identified as: A0A1Q9G213 (N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase) and A0A1Q9FRD3 (D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase). The corresponding protein sequence and nucleic acid sequence were determined by comparison with the database.
Dayside Temperature Maps of the Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere of Mars Retrieved From MAVEN IUVS Observations of O I 297.2 nm Emission

We present temperature maps derived from number density retrievals of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere of Mars using limb observations from the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) aboard NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. We retrieve CO2 densities using O(1S) metastable atoms that radiatively relax by emitting photons at 297.2 nm, producing a double‐peaked emission profile detectable by IUVS. Retrieved CO2 densities are used to derive altitude profiles of temperature as a function of latitude, longitude, local time, season, dust activity, and solar activity. CO2 density and temperature profiles retrieved using the O I 297.2 nm emission feature presented herein extend previous IUVS retrievals from 130–170 km down to 80 km. We validate retrieved CO2 densities and derived temperatures using coincident measurements and corresponding data products produced by MAVEN IUVS, as available. Analysis of this comprehensive data set, which spans Mars years 32–36, shows (a) a consistently well‐defined mesopause at approximately 120 km, (b) warming at high pressures (typically below ∼100 km) for a variety of geophysical conditions, (c) asymmetry in temperatures at dawn and dusk with respect to latitude during different seasons (warmer temperatures at dawn during northern hemisphere autumn/winter and cooler temperatures at dusk during spring/summer), and (d) longitudinal waves with a dominant wave‐3 component in both the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere, with lower (80–90 km) and upper (135–145 km) atmospheric waves about 65° out of phase.
Nonexistence of Baryon Number for Black Holes. II

In a previous paper we showed that a static (nonrotating) black hole cannot be endowed with exterior scalar-meson or massive vector-meson fields. Here we show that the same is true for massive spin-2 meson fields. We also extend the above results to the case of a rotating stationary black hole. We conclude from our results that a black hole in its final (static or stationary) state cannot interact with the exterior world via the strong interactions which are mediated by meson fields such as the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ (scalar), $\ensuremath{\rho}$ (vector), and $f$ (spin-2). A direct consequence of this is the impossibility of determining the baryon number of the black hole by means of exterior measurements alone. This results in the transcendence of the law of baryon-number conservation as originally predicted by Wheeler. All the above conclusions hold both in general relativity and in the Brans-Dicke theory. We also show that the result of Hawking, that stationary black holes are identical in general relativity and in Brans-Dicke theory, holds even when the effects of the strong interactions (of the stellar material out of which the black hole was formed) are taken into account. Our final conclusion is that in both theories the Israel-Carter conjecture that "all stationary single-black-hole exteriors are of the Kerr-Newman type" holds even when the strong interactions are "turned on. "
Compact Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Filters with Multi-Layer Modified Trisection

Abstract A multi-layer modified trisection and its applications to substrate-integrated waveguide filters is presented in this article. By using source or load to replace a resonator of a conventional trisection filter, the multi-layer modified trisection could reduce one resonator but still reserves a transmission zero, which can be flexibly controlled either below or above the passband through adjusting the coupling manner and strength in the multi-layer structure. Moreover, based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology, the resonators in a multi-layer modified trisection can be embedded into ceramic substrate to achieve a more compact area. Two substrate-integrated waveguide filters are designed with a single transmission zero below or above the passband by introducing electric or magnetic coupling between the source and the resonator, respectively. Both are constructed by the multi-layer modified trisection. The impacts of coupling manner and level on the position of transmission zero are investigated and discussed. Furthermore, a cascaded multi-layer modified trisection filter with two transmission zeros in the lower and upper stopbands has been constructed by combining the two above-mentioned substrate-integrated waveguide filters. Two transmission zeros are controlled by two filters, namely, one by electric coupling and the other by magnetic coupling between source/load and resonator, respectively. Those filters have been fabricated in the low-temperature co-fired ceramic process. Measured results, which exhibit good selectivity and low in-band insertion loss, agree well with simulated ones.
Rendering Of Texture On 3D Surfaces

This paper presents a novel and computationally efficient model based algorithm for artificially rendering textures on a 3D surfaces. We use a Gaussian Markov Random Field (GMRF) for modelling the texture. The GMRF has been shown to faithfully reproduce a vast class of micro and macro image textures. Unlike other methods of textune rendering which are either iterative or subdivisional in nature, the method presented here uses just a Gaussian random number generator and FFT computations for rendering the textures. Moreover, no data interpolation is needed or used. As such, it is computationally simple, efficient, and fast. It relies on reflecting in the GMRF structure, the functional relationships that exist between the original homogeneous texture and the texture that results from either the "orthographic" or "perspective" distortions. The latter are functions of the surface type and shape. This method applies for any 3D analytic surfaces , or for more complex nonanalytic surfaces which are specified by an array of surface normal directions at different points on the surface.
Impedance analysis of a radio-frequency single-electron transistor

We investigate rf transport through an AlGaAs/GaAs single-electron transistor (SET). The presented rf–SET scheme provides a transmission coefficient proportional to the admittance of the device, which is desirable for impedance analysis as well as for high-sensitivity charge detection. The impedance of a SET, including the small tunneling capacitance, is successfully analyzed at the high frequency of 643 MHz, and is compared with a simple model. The ability to measure the impedance of a SET would expand the measurable regime of single-electron tunneling behavior.
Modeling of electro-statically actuated two-axis (tip-tilt) MEMS torsion micro-mirrors for laser beamsteering

The availability of recently developed MEMS micro-mirror technology provides an opportunity to replace macro-scale actuators for free-space laser beamsteering in lidar and communication systems. Such an approach is under investigation at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for use on space-based platforms. Precision modeling of mirror pointing and its dynamics are critical to optimal design and control of MEMS beamsteerers. Beginning with Hornbeck's torque approach, this paper presents a first-principle, analytically closed-form torque model for an electro-statically actuated two-axis (tip-tilt) MEMS structure. An Euler dynamic equation formulation describes the gimbaled motion as a coupled pair of damped harmonic oscillators with a common forcing function. Static physical parameters such as MEMS mirror dimensions, facet mass, and height are inputs to the model as well as dynamic harmonic oscillator parameters such as damping and restoring constants fitted from measurements. A Taylor series expansion of the torque function provides valuable insights into basic one dimensional as well as two dimensional MEMS behavior, including operational sensitivities near "pull-in. " The model also permits the natural inclusion and analysis of pointing noise sources such as electrical drive noise, platform vibration, and molecular Brownian motion. MATLAB and SIMULINK simulations illustrate performance sensitivities, controllability, and physical limitations, important considerations in the design of optimal pointing systems.
Observability and bad data analysis using augmented blocked matrices (power system analysis computing)

Observability and bad data analysis in the context of the recently developed blocked sparse approach are discussed for power system analysis. The factorization-based observability analysis is extended to this method. Important statistical derivations involving the blocked augmented matrices are presented. The computational aspects of performing bad data analysis as well as guidelines for computing residual variances and sensitivity matrices are discussed. An efficient implementation of a bad data analysis algorithm based on normalized residuals and nonlinear residual computations is described. >
Control of population transfer in a multilevel Li 2 molecule by stimulated hyper-Raman nonadiabatic passage with chirped laser pulses

We have theoretically studied the population transfer in a five-level ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ dimer by $(2+2)$-photon stimulated hyper-Raman nonadiabatic passage (STIHRNAP) from the initial ground level ${v}_{g}=0$, ${J}_{g}=0$ to the final rovibrational levels ${v}_{f}=1$ (2), ${J}_{f}=0,2$, of the ground electronic state $X\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ via the resonant intermediate levels ${v}_{i}=1$, ${J}_{i}=0,2$, of the excited electronic state $2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$. Linearly chirped pump and Stokes laser pulses with different chirp rates and without any initial detuning are applied simultaneously. Both the pulses are taken to have the same temporal shape, pulse width, and linear parallel polarizations. The density matrix method has been used to compute the populations of the levels. We have investigated in detail the population transfer for laser wavelengths (at time $t=0$) in the range of $992\char21{}1028\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and (peak) intensities in the range of $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}\char21{}3.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The required pulse widths are of the order of $35\char21{}275\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$ for maximum population inversion. We have controlled rotational branching in population transfer to the final rotational levels ${J}_{f}=0$ ($Q$ branch) and ${J}_{f}=2$ ($S$ branch) of the fundamental $({v}_{f}=1)$ and first overtone $({v}_{f}=2)$ transitions by judicious choice of laser parameters. We have applied a $(2+2)$-photon STIHRNAP process to a model multilevel molecular system $({\mathrm{Li}}_{2})$ and achieved almost complete population transfer from the initial ground to the final target rovibrational levels with chirped ir laser pulses.
Computational techniques for determining nonrigid motion of blood from medical images

In this work, we present results from a new formulation for determining certain class of optical flow fields. The formulation is particularly efficient, as the flow field is either a global 90 degrees rotation applied to the gradient of a scalar function, or is identical to the gradient of a scalar function. The formulation is general: it is applicable whenever the velocity field is incompressible, or irrotational. We are interested in the study of nonrigid motion of incompressible fluids, and as such will restrict most of the discussions to the case of divergence-free velocity fields. Starting from the conservation of mass principle, we derive a motion constraint equation for x-ray projection pictures, a special case of which is shown to be the Horn and Schunck's optical flow constraint. It is shown that if specific criteria are met, in addition to the normal component of the velocity field, the tangential component is recoverable, without the need for smoothness. An algorithm is presented to illustrate this. The techniques are applied to synthetic images, as well as contrast-injected x-ray images of flowing fluid, in a cylindrical phantom.
Detection of forbidden Si VI 1. 962 microns and new observations of infrared H, forbidden Fe II, and H2 line emission in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068

Measurements of several infrared lines in NGC 1068 are presented, including the forbidden Si VI transition at 1.962 microns which is detected for the first time in an extragalactic object. This line is among the brightest IR features (about 5 times stronger than H2 2.121 microns), is broad (Delta-v of about 1100 km/s), and has a profile similar to He I 1.083 microns. The possibility of using the forbidden Si VI line to trace Seyfert activity and the origin of the H, forbidden Fe II, and H2 lines are briefly discussed. 23 refs.
A CORRESPONDENCE-THEORETIC APPROACH TO DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION

This paper introduces a method of optimization in infinite-horizon economies based on the theory of correspondences. The proposed approach allow us to study time-separable and non-time-separable dynamic economic models without resorting to fixed point theorems or transversality conditions. When our technique is applied to the standard time-separable model it provides an alternative and straightforward way to derive the common recursive formulation of these models by means of Bellman equations.
Modification of Surface Fluxes by Atmospheric Convection in the TOGA COARE Region

Abstract The mesoscale variability of surface heat fluxes induced by atmospheric convection is studied by using 3D cloud explicit simulations and surface observations. Two convective cases observed during the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment are simulated (26 November 1992 and 17 February 1993) corresponding to different ambient surface wind conditions, namely, light and moderate winds. Numerical results in the first case are successfully compared to surface observations. Local enhancements of two times for the latent heat flux and three times more for the sensible one are produced in the rainy area. Intense wind gusts generated by convective outflow are found mainly responsible for these increases. For the second case, the simulated surface fluxes are found to vary greatly, although they are structured in response to an organized convective system. At the domain scale (90 km × 90 km) corresponding to a general circulation model (GCM) grid box, it is shown that convective activity significantl.
Time-resolved reflectivity measurements on a plasma mirror with few-cycle laser pulses

We present time-resolved reflectivity measurements on a plasma mirror and demonstrate the contrast improvement of sub-10-fs pulses. Detailed characterization of the spatial peak and the average reflectivity, the spatial and temporal properties of the reflected pulses for p- and also for s-polarization are discussed. A complete third-order correlation is measured to compare the temporal structures of the pulses before and after the plasma mirror. Simulation of the hydrodynamic expansion of the plasma supports the measured pulse properties after the reflection.
FG-AGR: Fine-Grained Associative Graph Representation for Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild

Facial expression recognition (FER) in the wild is challenging due to various unconstrained conditions, i.e., occlusions and head pose variations. Previous methods tend to improve the performance of facial expression recognition through resorting to holistic methods or coarse local-based methods, while ignoring the local fine-grained feature structure knowledge and the correlation between features. In this paper, we propose a Fine-Grained Association Graph Representation (FG-AGR) framework which can capture the local fine-grained facial expression representation. Firstly, an Adaptive Salient Region Induction (ASRI) is designed for adaptively highlighting the local saliency regions of facial expressions combined with spatial location information. Based on this, a Local Fine-grained Feature Extraction (LFFE) based on Visual Transformers is introduced to further extract fine but discriminative fine-grained features of saliency regions. Thirdly, an Adaptive Graph Association Reasoning (AGAR) based on Graph Convolutional Network is constructed to learn associated fine-grained feature combinations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our FG-AGR achieves superior performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods with 90.81% on RAF-DB, 64.91% on AffectNet-7, 60.69% on AffectNet-8 and 91.09% on FERPlus.
Chemical evolution in the circumstellar structure of B5 IRS1

The B5 dark cloud has been identified as a site of low-mass star formation. We report a survey of a selection of the molecular species modelled by the B5 dynamical and chemical model of Charnley et al. at the positions of circumstellar HCN clumps in B5 IRS1. All of the key species observed yield either abundances or upper limits to abundances below both the standard and the predicted values, appearing to show evidence of depletion and/or destruction if the transitions observed are thermalized. Our results are not in good agreement with the model, and they bring into question the interpretation of the structure of B5 IRS1 proposed by Fuller et al. It was expected that HCN clump C might exhibit a higher excitation than HCN clump A, since it appeared to be located within the blueshifted molecular outflow. However, there is no significant difference observed between the two clumps, suggesting that the near-infrared and optical nebulosity is evidence of a reflection nebula rather than shocked material in the outflow. Finally, it is observed that our results are more consistent with gas-grain models than with those models excluding gas-grain interaction.
From interstellar dust to comets - A unification of observational constraints

The interstellar dust model of comets is numerically worked out to satisfy simultaneously several basic constraints provided by observations of Comet Halley, and to derive the porosity of coma dust. The observational constraints are (1) the strengths of the 3.4 and 9.7 micron emission bands, (2) the shape of the 9.7 micron band, (3) the amount of silicates relative to organic materials, and (4) the mass distribution of the dust. The method used involves precise calculations of temperatures and the emission characteristics of porous aggregates of interstellar dust as a function of their mass, porosity, and distance to the sun and the wavelength. The results indicate that coma dust has a porosity in the range 0.93-0.975, i.e., a packing factor of 0.07 or less, consistent with independent observations of comet densities of 0.6 to 0.26 g/cu cm and meteor densities of less than 0.2 g/cu cm. 63 refs.
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: Benefits Versus Risk

With the growing burden of metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus, there is an implication for new pharmacological intervention. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a class of drugs that work on SGLT2 receptors in the kidneys to decrease glucose reabsorption. Lowering glucose levels mainly aids those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but they also have many other effects on the body. This article will investigate the impact of SGLT2i on six relevant organ systems; to establish current knowledge and potential benefits and risk for SGLTi in clinical practice. The medications that inhibit SGLT2 suffix with flozins are known to help decrease hypertension, acute cardiac failure, and bradycardia in the cardiovascular system. Flozins were found to aid with acute pulmonary edema, asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the pulmonary system. SGLT2 is also found in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and as such, SGLT2i can also affect the central nervous system (CNS). They reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), BBB leakage, microglia burden, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels. In the liver, this class of drugs can also assist with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatotoxicity, and weight loss. In the pancreas, SGLT2i has been shown to help with primarily diabetes and hyperglycemia. Finally, SGLT2i's are known to aid in decreasing nephrotoxicity and stopping the progression of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decrease. New studies have shown that the flozin drugs have been helpful for those who were receiving kidney transplants. Despite the positive effects, there are some concerns about SGLT2i and its notable adverse effects. Flozin drugs are known to cause urinary tract infections (UTIs), dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, postural dizziness, syncope, hypotension, hyperkalemia-induced cardiac arrest, and pancreatitis. This literature review will discuss, in detail, the benefits and risks that SGTL2i have on different organ systems and implicate the role they may play in clinical practice.