Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seismic Characterization of a Gas Hydrate System in the Gulf of Mexico.

SUMMARY Gas hydrates were discovered in a mud mound in the lease block Mississippi Canyon 798, Gulf of Mexico, through piston coring. Subsequently, a seismic experiment was carried out to investigate the dynamics behind the hydrate formation. During the experiment, high-resolution multichannel seismic reflection data using a 24-channel, 240 m long streamer and wide-aperture data using six ocean bottom seismometers were collected along five lines. High-reflectivity zones (HRZs) are present in the reflection data along all lines. To better constrain the interpretation of the reflection data, the traveltimes from the multichannel and wide-aperture data sets were jointly inverted to estimate a 2-D P-wave layered velocity model for each line. A minimum-parameter/minimum-structure modelling approach yielded simple models and a comparison of the models at their intersection points shows they are consistent to within ±10 m s −1 in velocity and ±20 m in depth. In the final P-wave velocity models, the HRZs are associated with a lowering of velocity. In the reflection data, the top of the HRZs show a polarity reversal with respect to the seafloor. Presence of free gas in the HRZs best explains the velocity lowering and polarity reversal. It is speculated that the gas has deeper sources and migrates upwards through conduits formed by salt movement in the vicinity. The upward migrating gas accumulates in the axis of a channel complex and manifests itself as HRZs in the reflection data. The fluids circulating along the conduits push the base of the hydrate stability zone close to the seafloor. From the channel axis, the free gas migrates further upwards and close to the seafloor, and as it comes within the gas hydrate stability zone, it forms hydrates.
An elementary axiomatization of the Nash equilibrium concept

For strategic games, the Nash equilibrium concept is axiomatized using three properties: (i) if the difference between two games is `strategically irrelevant', then their solutions are the same; (ii) if a player has a strategy with a constant payoff, this player need not settle for less in any solution of the game; (iii) if all players agree that a certain strategy profile is optimal, then this strategy profile is a solution of the game.
Variable batch-size attribute control chart

Abstract Shewhart attribute control charts have been widely used to monitor non-conforming items in the manufacturing process. In this paper, a new variable batch-size attribute control chart is designed. The performance of proposed control chart is evaluated. The control chart coefficient is determined through non-linear optimization and used to determine average run length. Some tables are presented for practical use in the industry. The performance of proposed control chart is investigated on par with Shewhart control chart by means of average run length. An industrial example is also added using real data.
Research Trend of Membranes for Water Treatment by Analysis of Patents and Papers’ Publications

Since the beginning of water shortage by disasters such as global warming, environmental pollution, and drought, development of original technology and studies have been undertaken to increase the availability of water resources. Among the technologies, water treatment technology using membranes has a better water quality improvement than existing physicochemical and biological processes. Moreover, it is environmentalfriendly technology that does not use chemicals. Water treatment membranes are applied to various fields such as wastewater treatment, water purification, seawater desalination, ion exchange process, ultra-pure water production, and separation of organic solvents. Furthermore, water treatment technologies using membranes will increasingly expand. The core technology of the water treatment membrane is to control the size of pores for membrane performance and is being researched to improve performance. In this chapter, the frequencies of presentation are filed by country, institution, and company through technology competitiveness and evaluation of patents and papers. In addition, evaluation of technologies for wastewater treatment, water purification, seawater desalination, and ion exchange process was carried out in the same way as before. Finally, future research directions were suggested by using evaluation results.
Water Quality of Streams in Some Agricultural Areas of Different Agricultural Practices along Nakdong River Basin

A survey on four tributary streams in agricultural areas along Nakdong River was carried out to evaluate the effect of agricultural practices on the quality of streamwater. Typicalpaddy and upland farmings were major agriculturalpractice in two survey areas. Apple orchards were located along Imgo -Cheon. Intensive farming in plastic film house was conducted along the Habin cheon. Electriclal condutivity and nutrient contents were measured. Comparing to the reference water sample collected from very upper part of Yangsang -Cheon in Moonkyong, water in the streams studied were quite polluted and such pollution could be due to the farmings conducted along the streams. Phosphorus content were higher than the minimum level for eutrophication (0.01-0.05 mg/L). Nitrogeon content were also significantly high in many sites to cause harmful effects on crops when normalfertilizer level was applicated. Among the four stream, water quality in paddy area were relatively less polluted. High nitrogen level in Imgo-Cheon and high level of EC in Habin-Cheon were problematic. As farming is the major sources of pollution in the streams studied, this are traceable to the agricultural nonpoint sources. To maintain water quality of the stream, the agricultural nonpoint source along thributary streams should be properly controlled.
Understanding the Nutrient Recommendations in the National Swine Nutrition Guide

Pigs require energy (from carbohydrates, lipids and protein), amino acids, minerals, vitamins and water for body maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation. Each of these essential nutrients must be provided in adequate amounts and in forms that are palatable and efficiently utilized throughout the life-cycle of the pig in order for it to maximize genetic potential. Several factors affect the quantity of nutrients pigs need (see PIG Factsheet #07-01-07, Factors Affecting Swine Nutrient Recommendations) and different approaches exist to applying the principles of swine nutrition. Therefore, it is important for users of the National Swine Nutrition Guide (NSNG) to understand the approaches used in establishing and presenting nutrient recommendations in the Guide.
Additionality of emissions reductions from clean development mechanism projects: issues and options for project-level assessments

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), provided for in the Kyoto Protocol, is designed to encourage project activities in developing countries that result in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. To receive credit, emissions reductions should be additional to what would occur in the absence of the CDM. Establishing a workable way to judge whether reductions are additional to what would happen otherwise is a vexing challenge. The problems with project-level assessment in the All phase have led to interest in simpler approaches for determining project additionality and baselines. Because a project-level approach takes each case separately, however, it affords greater opportunity than alternative approaches to ensure that emissions reductions are likely additional. This paper considers improvements to a project-level approach that could reduce the problems that have arisen in the past. Attempting to judge the behavior of actors -- whether a given project or investment would be likely to happen without CDM -- is invariably subjective, but it is possible to base a judgement on a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors, leading to a ranking of the project's probability of additionality. The percentage of the project's verified carbon credits could be scaled accordingly. One way to reduce risks to investors while protecting the environmental integrity of carbon credits would be to pre-certify the behavioral additionality of a project, but use a dynamic baseline for measuring the GHG reductions. This approach would offer a reasonable correspondence between the credits granted to a project and the actual GHG impacts, but the investors would not be held accountable for all of the changes in conditions that might affect "what would occur" in the absence of CDM. The ideas suggested could reduce some of the problems of project-level assessment, but they do not avoid the inescapable subjectivity of judging what would occur in the absence of CDM. Such subjectivity, and its accompanying risk to project investors, may be inevitable if CDM procedures are to achieve an adequate balance between ensuring reasonable integrity of carbon credits and not unduly constrain investment.
Groundwater dynamics and arsenic mobilisation in Bangladesh : a national-scale characterisation

Elevated arsenic (As) concentrations in groundwater-fed drinking water supplies in Bangladesh are a major public health problem but the hydrogeological conditions that give rise to the mobilisation and regional-scale distribution of As in shallow groundwater remain unknown. Published hypotheses developed from highly localised case studies are, to date, untested regionally and contradictory. My doctoral thesis makes a novel and substantial contribution to knowledge of the relationship between groundwater dynamics and As mobilisation in the Bengal Basin by (1) characterising national-scale groundwater storage dynamics and recharge processes in the shallow aquifer of Bangladesh and (2) relating statistically static and dynamic hydrogeological factors to the observed variation of As concentrations in groundwater. After constructing a national database of shallow groundwater levels from a network of 1267 monitoring stations, robust statistical techniques are applied to characterise long-term (1985 to 2005) trends and seasonality in groundwater levels, net recharge, and groundwater storage; the latter is supported by analysis of remotely sensed data derived from GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment). These characterisations highlight the critical influence of groundwater abstraction on net recharge to the shallow aquifer. Net annual recharge in Bangladesh has increased in response to intensive abstraction challenging conventional definitions of "safe yield". To examine the national-scale variability in groundwater As concentrations generalised regression models were constructed using geology and hydrological factors. Crucially, these models reveal that areas of increasing groundwater-fed irrigation and net recharge are associated with lower As concentrations. These findings are inconsistent with current hypotheses that contend irrigation-induced recharge mobilises groundwater As in shallow aquifers. Inverse associations between As concentrations and both mean annual recharge and trends in groundwater-fed irrigation suggest that As has been actively flushed from the shallow aquifer as a result of recently increased net recharge induced by intensive irrigation in Bangladesh.
Advanced Family of Newton-Cotes Formulas

In this paper, we introduced an advanced family of numerical composite integration formulas of closed Newton–Cotes-type that uses the function values on uniformly spaced intervals only without any derivative values. To increase the accuracy, we divide the given interval into a number of equal subintervals and integrating on each interval by using integration rules with abscissas outside integration interval. Since there are more unknowns when using including function values outside integration interval in addition to function values of on interval, the order of accuracy of these numerical integration formulas is higher than the standard closed Newton-Cotes formulae. These new formulae are obtained using the method of undetermined coefficients which are based on the concept of the precision of the quadrature formula. The error terms are found using the concept of precision. Also, we compared the errors in an advanced family of numerical composite integration formulas with the errors in composite closed Newton–Cotes-type. Finally, we have presented some examples and then mentioned the related MATLAB codes.
Real-Time Imaging of the Ionosphere over the United Kingdom - Preliminary Results

Abstract : A novel ionospheric imaging technique has recently been developed at the University of Bath. Known as Multi-Instrument Data Analysis System (MIDAS), this technique is a tomographic algorithm that inverts dual-frequency carrier-phase measurements of Total Electron Content (TEC) to produce maps of ionospheric electron concentration in space and time. Using freely available GPS observation data from a large number of fixed dual-frequency GPS receivers, the MIDAS method has been very successful in mapping the horizontal distribution of vertical Total Electron Content (TEC) over the European region. There is, however, a latency of at least 24 hours in the availability of the GPS observation data. Furthermore, the density of receivers located on the mainland United Kingdom is very small. This makes it difficult to produce maps that show small-scale variations in vertical TEC over the UK. In this paper, we describe a project to produce detailed maps of vertical TEC in near real time over the mainland UK. Through a collaboration with BAE SYSTEMS, the UK Meteorological Office and the Ordnance Survey, a network of fixed GPS receivers will be used to facilitate the mapping of small-scale variations in vertical TEC. The GPS observation data from this network will be streamed directly to the University of Bath, where it will be processed using the MIDAS algorithm. It is intended that spatially detailed images of the ionosphere over the UK will be then available within one hour, using a purpose designed user interface.
Le prisme orogénique prébétique (Sud-Est de l'Espagne), évolution cinématique et coupes équilibrées

The prebetic zone is an external part of the Betic Cordilleras (southern Spain) structured during alpin orogeny. It is a Mesozoic and Cenozoic cover characterised by marine shallow deposits of the south Iberic marge, deformed during the Middle-Late Miocene. The Prebetic zone is divided into three parts considering lithologic, tectonic and paleogeographic criteria : the first one, the SW Prebetic zone is composed by the Beas de Segura unit, the most frontal one, the Cazorla unit in the middle (the external Prebetic) and the Sierra de Segura unit the most internal one (the internal Prebetic). The second one, the NE Prebetic zone is composed by the external Prebetic unit and the internal Prebetic unit. These two zones are separated by the third one, the Elche-Socovos zone. In order to appreciate the rate of shortening and to constrain the Triasic basal decollement above which the Prebetic is carried, I realised 15 balanced cross sections parallel to the tectonic transport WNW direction. This direction has been determinated from observed thrust surface and from analysis of microfault populations. These sections are conspicuously similar to performed analogue models of accretionnary wedges. It provides some keys to explain the genesis of the Prebetic imbricated system. The Prebetic zone corresponds to an orogenic prism (accretionnary wedge), which obeys the critical taper model, α+β=Mb+β/1+K; with α, the topographic slope angle; β, the basal decollement with respect to the horizontal; Mb, the coefficient of basal friction and K, a constant which equals 1 +sin(γ)/1-sin(γ), with γ, the angle of internal friction. The Prebetic zone can be compared to wedges observed in front of arcs. Finally, two domains are distinguished in the entire zone of study. First, the SW Prebetic zone exhibits long imbrications, with wide spacing, that are characteristic of high basal friction. Correlatively the taper is wide. The second, the NE Prebetic zone, shows a very narrow taper and the shortening is accommodated by decollement (detachment) folds and conjugated thrusts. The difference in the tectonic style can be explained by the fact that the basal friction is low, because the decollement level is made up of thick evaporite and halite layers in the lower Trias
Tropospheric ozone in the western Pacific Rim: Analysis of satellite and surface-based observations along with comprehensive 3-D model simulations

Tropospheric ozone production and transport in mid-latitude eastern Asia is studied. Data analysis of surface-based ozone measurements in Japan and satellite-based tropospheric column measurements of the entire western Pacific Rim are combined with results from three-dimensional model simulations to investigate the diurnal, seasonal and long-term variations of ozone in this region. Surface ozone measurements from Japan show distinct seasonal variation with a spring peak and summer minimum. Satellite studies of the entire tropospheric column of ozone show high concentrations in both the spring and summer seasons. Finally, preliminary model simulation studies show good agreement with observed values.
Almost Periodic Dynamics of a Class of Delayed Neural Networks with Discontinuous Activations

We use the concept of the Filippov solution to study the dynamics of a class of delayed dynamical systems with discontinuous right-hand side, which contains the widely studied delayed neural network models with almost periodic self-inhibitions, interconnection weights, and external inputs. We prove that diagonal-dominant conditions can guarantee the existence and uniqueness of an almost periodic solution, as well as its global exponential stability. As special cases, we derive a series of results on the dynamics of delayed dynamical systems with discontinuous activations and periodic coefficients or constant coefficients, respectively. From the proof of the existence and uniqueness of the solution, we prove that the solution of a delayed dynamical system with high-slope activations approximates to the Filippov solution of the dynamical system with discontinuous activations.
Adaboost based Two-wheeler Detection System using Normalized Cross Correlation

There are several types of transport on the road; vehicles, bikes, motorcycles (two and four wheels), kids’ bikes, construction vehicles, etc. In this paper, we present an enhanced algorithm for the detection rate to classify the two-wheelers with riding people using the normalized cross correlation (NCC) and its application of histogram of oriented gradients (HOG). HOG descriptors which are one of the well known methods for object detection are the feature descriptor using edge intensity in a local region. Using the NCC algorithm which is used to make a match from template images, local weighting values are calculated from template cell features. And the combined cell features are classified by using a boosting algorithm (Adaboost). The improvement detection rates are confirmed through experiments using bicycles and motorcycles data set for the front direction.
Cheating in Online Games: A Social Network Perspective

Online gaming is a multi-billion dollar industry that entertains a large, global population. One unfortunate phenomenon, however, poisons the competition and spoils the fun: cheating. The costs of cheating span from industry-supported expenditures to detect and limit it, to victims’ monetary losses due to cyber crime. This article studies cheaters in the Steam Community, an online social network built on top of the world’s dominant digital game delivery platform. We collected information about more than 12 million gamers connected in a global social network, of which more than 700 thousand have their profiles flagged as cheaters. We also observed timing information of the cheater flags, as well as the dynamics of the cheaters’ social neighborhoods. We discovered that cheaters are well embedded in the social and interaction networks: their network position is largely indistinguishable from that of fair players. Moreover, we noticed that the number of cheaters is not correlated with the geographical, real-world population density, or with the local popularity of the Steam Community. Also, we observed a social penalty involved with being labeled as a cheater: cheaters lose friends immediately after the cheating label is publicly applied. Most importantly, we observed that cheating behavior spreads through a social mechanism: the number of cheater friends of a fair player is correlated with the likelihood of her becoming a cheater in the future. This allows us to propose ideas for limiting cheating contagion.
Sound Symbolism Facilitates Word Learning in 14-Month-Olds

Sound symbolism, or the nonarbitrary link between linguistic sound and meaning, has often been discussed in connection with language evolution, where the oral imitation of external events links phonetic forms with their referents (e.g., Ramachandran & Hubbard, 2001). In this research, we explore whether sound symbolism may also facilitate synchronic language learning in human infants. Sound symbolism may be a useful cue particularly at the earliest developmental stages of word learning, because it potentially provides a way of bootstrapping word meaning from perceptual information. Using an associative word learning paradigm, we demonstrated that 14-month-old infants could detect Köhler-type (1947) shape-sound symbolism, and could use this sensitivity in their effort to establish a word-referent association.
Tibetan Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction

1. The World of Men, Demons, and Gods 2. Sources of Tibetan Religious Traditions 3. The Growth of the Orders and Schools 4. Spiritual Exercise and the Path of the Bodhisattva 5. Philosophical Developments and Disputes 6. Enlightenment in this Body and Life 7. Dying and Death 8. Tibetan Buddhism Today Appendix: The Nine Ways of Buddhism and of Bon
On the Complexity of Orthogonal Colouring Games and the NP-Completeness of Recognising Graphs Admitting a Strictly Matched Involution

We consider two variants of orthogonal colouring games on graphs. In these games, two players alternate colouring vertices (from a choice of m ∈ N colours) of a pair of isomorphic graphs while respecting the properness and the orthogonality of the colouring. In the normal play variant, the player who is unable to move loses. In the scoring variant, each player aims to maximize her score which is the number of coloured vertices in the copy of the graph she owns. It is proven that, given an instance with a partial colouring, both the normal play and the scoring variant of the game are PSPACE-complete. An involution σ of a graph G is strictly matched if its fixed point set induces a clique and vσ(v) is an edge for any non-fixed point v ∈ V (G). Andres, Huggan, Mc Inerney, and Nowakowski (The orthogonal colouring game. Submitted) gave a solution of the normal play variant played on graphs that admit a strictly matched involution. We prove that recognising graphs that admit a strictly matched involution is NP-complete.
An atlas of orchid pollination : America, Africa, Asia and Australia

This work follows on from the 1995 publication on European orchids. The atlas is now completed with a second part, containing data on the pollination of orchids of the continents of America, Asia, Africa (including Madagascar) and Australia (including New Zealand). The first part of the book is adapted from the general account of the previous publication and is extended with chapters on taxonomy and pollinators. The general account deals with such things as the history, evolution, morphology, chemistry and genetics of orchid pollination. The second part gives a systematic account for each continent of all well known details. The text is designed to have relevance for orchid lovers whether professional or amateur.