Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Great Britain Supplementary Material for “ Smoothing Splines with Varying Smoothing Parameter ”

0 ρ(t)f (t)g(t)dt. (2) LEMMA 1. f ∈Wm 2 minimizes ψ(f) in (2), if and only if, ψ1(f, g) = 0 for all g ∈Wm 2 . Proof. If f ∈Wm 2 minimizes ψ(f), ψ(f + δg)− ψ(f) ≥ 0 for all g ∈Wm 2 and any δ ∈ R. Then ψ1(f, g) = 0 follows since δ can be either negative or positive. On the other hand, if 20 ψ1(f, g) = 0, we have ψ(f + δg)− ψ(f) ≥ 0 by (1). Thus, f minimizes ψ(f). Let g(t) = tk(k = 0, . . . ,m− 1) in (2). An application of Lemma 1 shows that if f minimizes ψ(f), then ∫ 1
Analysis and application of deep space exploration satellite telemetry data combined with empirical mode decomposition and ARIMA model

With China’s deep space exploration program constantly expanding, the number of satellites on-orbit is increasing year by year. The stable operation of satellites in orbit hinges on long-term monitoring and analysis of the telemetry data downloaded from the satellite on the ground, which enables quick detection of any irregularities. If we can grasp the changing trend and operation law of satellite telemetry data, we can monitor and control satellites and reduce losses better. Aiming at a large amount of telemetry data of deep space exploration satellites, the data presents non-stationary and nonlinear characteristics, The time series to be processed is constructed sequentially using the acquired telemetry data, and it is decomposed using the empirical mode decomposition approach. The non-stationary signal is divided into a stationary sequence and the sum of a series of stationary intrinsic mode functions. Then the decomposed sets of results are used as the input of the ARIMA model, and the ARIMA model is constructed to predict the predicted value of each decomposed sequence, and the weighted summation of the predicted values is performed to reconstruct the predicted results. Lastly, actual satellite telemetry data is used to confirm the method’s viability. The experimental findings demonstrate that the model can more successfully anticipate the short-term trend of satellite telemetry data.
Energy Spectrum of Solar Energetic Electron Events over 25 Years

We investigate the peak flux energy spectrum of 458 solar energetic electron (SEE) events with a clear velocity dispersion detected at energies from ≤4.2 to ≥108 keV by Wind/3DP from 1994 December through 2019 December, utilizing a pan-spectrum fitting method. According to the fitted spectral parameters, these 458 events are self-consistently classified into five spectral types: 304 downward double-power-law (DDPL) events, 32 upward double-power-law (UDPL) events, 23 single-power-law (SPL) events, 44 Ellison–Ramaty (ER) events, and 55 logarithmic–parabola (LP) events. The DDPL events can be further divided into two types: 231 DDPLEB≥20keV events and 73 DDPLEB<20keV events, since their break energy E B exhibits a double-peak distribution separated by a dip at ∼20 keV. The DDPLEB<20keV ( DDPLEB≥20keV ) events show a power-law spectral index of 2.0−0.2+0.2 ( 2.1−0.3+0.3 ) at energies below EB=5.6−2.4+2.3 ( 61−12+23 ) keV and an index of 3.3−0.3+0.5 ( 3.9−0.7+0.6 ) at energies above. The UDPL events have a spectral index of 3.0−0.3+0.3 at energies below EB=5.1−1.8+4.2 keV and an index of 2.2−0.3+0.2 at energies above. The SPL events exhibit a spectral index of 2.8−0.2+0.5 . The ER events show a spectral index of 1.9−0.3+0.3 at energies below Ec=31−11+19 keV. The LP events are characterized by a spectral slope of 1.8−0.3+0.4 ( 3.6−0.5+0.7 ) at 2.8 keV (108 keV). The six spectral types also behave differently in the relationship between spectral parameters and in solar cycle variations. The spectral shape of most SEE events appears to be unrelated to the estimated electron path lengths. These results suggest that the formation of SEE events can involve complex processes/sources.
Lattice Green/Neumann function for the 2D Laplacian operator defined on square lattice on cylinders, tori and other geometries with some applications

The lattice Green functions for the discrete planar Laplacian defined on regular square lattice wrapped around cylinders and tori are rigorously defined and obtained in an exact analytic form. The method of images well-known in potential theory is implemented to derive for many other geometries with free boundaries (semi-infinite or finite cylinders and strips, rectangle) the related exact lattice Green-Neumann functions needed to readily solve discrete Neumann problems or, via a Neumann-to-Dirichlet mapping, discrete Dirichlet problems for these flat square lattices. Some applications are thus proposed as explicit expressions of two-point resistances for related resistor networks, and some probability-based characteristics regarding the associated Pòlya’s random walks.
The problems of η (cid:48) → π 0 γγ decay and the New Physics

Rare decays of light mesons may be a discovery window for a new weakly coupled forces hidden at low energy QCD scale. BES-III Collaboration reported the observation of the rare decay η (cid:48) → π 0 γγ . The observed decay width disagrees with the preliminary theoretical estimations. We show that this tension may be attributed to the New Physics, presumably Dark Photon. For the completeness, we consider the possible inﬂuence of the New Physics on a similar well-measured decay η → π 0 γγ and a recently measured one η (cid:48) → ηγγ and show that the impact of the hypothetical Dark Photon may be also present in these decays also.
Wave-controlled aliasing in parallel imaging (Wave-CAIPI): Accelerating speed for the MRI-based diagnosis of enhancing intracranial lesions compared to magnetization-prepared gradient echo

Purpose We aimed to validate the diagnostic performance of accelerated post-contrast magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MPRAGE) using wave–controlled aliasing in parallel imaging (Wave-CAIPI) for enhancing intracranial lesions, compared with conventional MPRAGE. Methods A total of 233 consecutive patients who underwent post-contrast Wave-CAIPI and conventional MPRAGE (scan time: 2 min 39 s vs. 4 min 30 s) were retrospectively evaluated. Two radiologists independently assessed whole images for the presence and diagnosis of enhancing lesions. The diagnostic performance for non-enhancing lesions, quantitative parameters (diameter of enhancing lesions, signal-to-noise ratio [SNR], contrast-to-noise ratio [CNR], and contrast rate), qualitative parameters (grey-white matter differentiation and conspicuity of enhancing lesions), and image qualities (overall image quality and motion artifacts) were also surveyed. The weighted kappa and percent agreement were used to evaluate the diagnostic agreement between the two sequences. Results Wave-CAIPI MPRAGE achieved significantly high agreement for the detection (98.7%[460/466], κ = 0.965) and diagnosis (97.8%[455/466], κ = 0.955) of enhancing intracranial lesions with conventional MPRAGE in pooled analysis. Detection and diagnosis of non-enhancing lesions (97.6% and 96.9% agreement), and diameter of enhancing lesions (P>0.05) also demonstrated high agreements between two sequences. Although Wave-CAIPI MPRAGE show lower SNR (P<0.01) than conventional MRAGE, it fulfilled comparable CNR (P = 0.486) and higher contrast rate (P<0.01). The qualitative parameters show similar value (P>0.05). The overall image quality was slightly poor, however, motion artifacts were better in Wave-CAIPI MPRAGE (both P = 0.005). Conclusion Wave-CAIPI MPRAGE provides reliable diagnostic performance for enhancing intracranial lesions within half of the scan time compared with conventional MPRAGE.
Taking Small Airways in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease to TASC

Goldsmith AM, et al. Nasal cytokine responses to natural colds in asthmatic children. Clin Exp Allergy 2012;42:1734–1744. 14. Djukanovi c R, Harrison T, Johnston SL, Gabbay F, Wark P, Thomson NC, et al.; INTERCIA Study Group. The effect of inhaled IFN-b on worsening of asthma symptoms caused by viral infections. A randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;190:145–154. 15. McCrae C, Olsson M, Gustafson P, Malmgren A, Aurell M, Fagerås M, et al. INEXAS: a phase 2 randomized trial of on-demand inhaled interferon beta-1a in severe asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy 2021;51: 273–283.
Journal Pre-proof A spectrum of pathological changes induced by SARS‐COV‐2: An observational study in a cohort of

Background: Maternal infection by SARS-CoV-2 may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes and causes pathological changes in the placenta. However, consensus regarding characteristic pathological features is lacking. Researchof the placental histopathology in a cohort of women from Mizoram, India,was conducted to relate the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection’s effectswith pregnancy and its outcome. Materials and Methods: The characteristics of 72 pregnant women diagnosed positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 who eventually delivered at Zoram Medical College Hospital, Mizoram, neonates’ well-being, and histopathological features of placentas were studied. Results: Of 72 women in this study, 59 (81.9%) gave birth at full term. Among these births, 5 were normal vaginal deliveries, while the remaining 67 (93.1%) were delivered via cesarean section. The reasons for cesarean delivery were either related to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (n=49), existing obstetric problems (n=15) or fetal-distress (n=5). All deliveries resulted in live births of COVID-negative
Evaluation of serum VIP and aCGRP during pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis: A longitudinal pilot study of patients undergoing antibiotic therapy

Background Objective monitoring of improvement during treatment of pulmonary exacerbation can be difficulty in children when pulmonary function testing cannot be obtained. Thus, the identification of predictive biomarkers to determine the efficacy of drug treatments is of high priority. The major aim of the current study was to investigate the serum levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and alpha calcitonin gene related peptide (aCGRP) of cystic fibrosis pediatric patients during pulmonary exacerbation and post-antibiotic therapy, and possible associations of their levels with different clinicopathological parameters. Methods 21 patients with cystic fibrosis were recruited at onset of pulmonary exacerbation. Serum was collected at time of admission, three days post-antibiotic therapy, and two weeks post-antibiotic therapy (end of antibiotic therapy). Serum VIP and aCGRP levels were measured using ELISA. Results Overall least square means of serum aCGRP level but not VIP changed from time of exacerbation to completion of antibiotic therapy (p = 0.005). Serum VIP was significantly associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.026) and other comorbidities (p = 0.013), and with type of antibiotic therapy (p = 0.019). Serum aCGRP level was significantly associated with type of antibiotic therapy (p = 0.012) and positive Staphylococcus aureus microbiology test (p = 0.046). Conclusion This study could only show significant changes in serum aCGRP levels following treatment of pulmonary exacerbations. Future studies with larger sample size are required to investigate the clinical importance of VIP and aCGRP in cystic fibrosis patients.
Modern problems in statistical physics of Bose -Einstein condensation and in electrodynamics of free electron lasers

Modern Problems in Statistical Physics of Bose-Einstein Condensation and in Electrodynamics of Free Electron Lasers. (May 2009) Konstantin Dorfman, B.S., Nizhny Novgorod State University; M.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Vitaly Kocharovsky In this dissertation, I have studied theoretical problems in statistical physics and electrodynamics of Bose particles, namely, mesoscopic effects in statistics of BoseEinstein condensate (BEC) of atoms and electromagnetic waveguide effects of planar Bragg structures in Free Electron Lasers. A mesoscopic system of a trapped gas of Bose atoms is the most difficult for the theoretical analysis in quantum statistical physics since it cannot be studied by neither a quantum mechanics of the simple microscopic systems of one or very few atoms nor a standard statistical physics of the macroscopic systems that implies a thermodynamic limit. I present analytical formulas and numerical calculations for the moments and cumulants of BEC fluctuations in both ideal and weakly interacting gas. I analyze the universal scaling and structure of the BEC statistics in a mesoscopic ideal gas in the critical region. I present an exactly solvable Gaussian model of BEC in a degenerate interacting gas and its solution that confirms the universality and constraint-cut-off origin of the strongly non-Gaussian BEC statistics. I consider a two-energy-level trap with arbitrary degeneracy of an upper level and find an analytical solution for the condensate statistics in a mesoscopic ideal gas. I show how to model BEC in real traps by BEC in the two-level or three-level traps. I study wave propagation in the open oversized planar Bragg waveguides, in par-
Hierarchical soft clustering tree for fast approximate search of binary codes

Binary codes play an important role in many computer vision applications. They require less storage space while allowing efficient computations. However, a linear search to find the best matches among binary data creates a bottleneck for large-scale datasets. Among the approximation methods used to solve this problem, the hierarchical clustering tree (HCT) method is a state-of the-art method. However, the HCT performs a hard assignment of each data point to only one cluster, which leads to a quantisation error and degrades the search performance. As a solution to this problem, an algorithm to create hierarchical soft clustering tree (HSCT) by assigning a data point to multiple nearby clusters in the Hamming space is proposed. Through experiments, the HSCT is shown to outperform other existing methods.
A Shadow Detection Algorithm Based on Phong Lighting and Radiosity Model

Focusing on the problem that shadows cast by moving objects are detected incorrectly as foreground targets by most of the current moving objects detection algorithm,a method of shadow detection based on the Phong lighting and radiosity model is proposed.Based on the Phong model,we analyze the brightness of pixels in image sequences,the Relative Change of Brightness(RCB) in shadowed regions is proved to be more stable than moving objects regions,it is measured by the covariance of RCB of pixels on a template(5*5) so as to acquire the first discriminant.As the RCB in shadowed regions is stable in image sequences,a filter template is designed to make the RCB more unstable in regions of moving objects,so the second discriminant is presented.Shadow detection is carried out by fusing the two discriminant formulas described above,experimental results are evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively,and show that our method is robust and offers more advantage over other algorithms presented previously on detection rate and discrimination rate.
Hippocampal integration and separation processes with different temporal and spatial dynamics during learning for associative memory

The hippocampus is known to be critically involved in associative memory formation. However, the role of the hippocampus during the learning of associative memory is still controversial; while the hippocampus is considered to play a critical role in the integration of related stimuli, numerous studies also suggest a role of the hippocampus in the separation of different memory traces for rapid learning. Here, we employed an associative learning paradigm consisting of repeated learning cycles. By tracking the changes in the hippocampal representations of associated stimuli on a cycle‐by‐cycle basis as learning progressed, we show that both integration and separation processes occur in the hippocampus with different temporal dynamics. We found that the degree of shared representations for associated stimuli decreased significantly during the early phase of learning, whereas it increased during the later phase of learning. Remarkably, these dynamic temporal changes were observed only for stimulus pairs remembered 1 day or 4 weeks after learning, but not for forgotten pairs. Further, the integration process during learning was prominent in the anterior hippocampus, while the separation process was obvious in the posterior hippocampus. These results demonstrate temporally and spatially dynamic hippocampal processing during learning that can lead to the maintenance of associative memory.
Econometric Analysis with Vector Autoregressive Models

Vector autoregressive (VAR) models for stationary and integrated variables are reviewed. Model specification and parameter estimation are discussed and various uses of these models for forecasting and economic analysis are considered. For integrated and cointegrated variables it is argued that vector error correction models offer a particularly convenient parameterization both for model specification and for using the models for economic analysis.
Single women’s access to egg freezing in mainland China: an ethicolegal analysis

In the name of safeguarding public interests and ethical principles, China’s National Health Commission bans unmarried women from using assisted reproductive technology (ART), including egg freezing. Supported by local governments, the ban has restricted single women’s reproductive rights nationwide. Although some courts bypassed the ban to allow widowed single women to use ART, they have not adopted a position in favour of single women’s reproductive autonomy, but quite the contrary. Faced with calls to relax the ban and allow single women to freeze eggs electively, the National Health Commission refused to amend their policy, partly to protect women’s well-being paternalistically and partly to implement the central government’s policies to boost the birthrate and maintain traditional family structures. While the government’s concerns about elective egg freezing are not entirely unfounded, they have failed to demonstrate that banning single women’s egg freezing is a suitable, necessary and proportionate means to safeguard societal interests and ethical principles. The authority’s assumptions that women cannot make rational decisions for their health even with adequate informed consent procedures, that banning egg freezing by single women promotes a culture of having children ‘at a proper age’, and that egg freezing by single women offends China’s public moralities have not been substantiated.
Global Climate Variations Connected with Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean for the 1958–73 Period

Abstract The sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean are shown to demarcate a “key region” new 130°W for observed variations in the global general circulation. Various techniques are used to describe global conditions during warm and cold sea surface conditions in the key region based on a global 15-year set of surface and upper air analyses. Earlier work is confirmed that during warm episodes 1) the westerly jets in both hemispheres are strengthened, and 2) some of the semi-permanent circulation features, such as the intertropical convergence zone, the subtropical high over the western and central Pacific, and the Aleutian low, increase in strength, and vice versa for cold episodes. The time series of monthly-mean atmospheric temperature averaged over the entire man of the Northern Hemisphere is found to be highly correlated with the sea surface temperature anomalies in the key region. The highest correlation of r = 0.65 is found when the atmosphere lags the ocean by 6 m.
An artificial neural network approach for rational decision-making in borderline orthodontic cases: A preliminary analytical observational in silico study

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has transformed the way healthcare functions in the present scenario. In orthodontics, expert systems and machine learning have aided clinicians in making complex, multifactorial decisions. One such scenario is an extraction decision in a borderline case. Objective: The present in silico study was planned with the intention of building an AI model for extraction decisions in borderline orthodontic cases. Design: An observational analytical study. Setting: Department of Orthodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Madhya Pradesh Medical University, Jabalpur, India. Methods: An artificial neural network (ANN) model for extraction or non-extraction decisions in borderline orthodontic cases was constructed based on a supervised learning algorithm using the Python (version 3.9) Sci-Kit Learn library and feed-forward backpropagation method. Based on 40 borderline orthodontic cases, 20 experienced clinicians were asked to recommend extraction or non-extraction treatment. The decision of the orthodontist and the diagnostic records, including the selected extraoral and intra-oral features, model analysis and cephalometric analysis parameters, constituted the training dataset of AI. The built-in model was then tested using a testing dataset of 20 borderline cases. After running the model on the testing dataset, the accuracy, F1 score, precision and recall were calculated. Results: The present AI model showed an accuracy of 97.97% for extraction and non-extraction decision-making. The receiver operating curve (ROC) and cumulative accuracy profile showed a near-perfect model with precision, recall and F1 values of 0.80, 0.84 and 0.82 for non-extraction decisions and 0.90, 0.87 and 0.88 for extraction decisions. Limitation: As the present study was preliminary in nature, the dataset included was too small and population-specific. Conclusion: The present AI model gave accurate results in decision-making capabilities related to extraction and non-extraction treatment modalities in borderline orthodontic cases of the present population.
The chicken eggshell membrane: a versatile, sustainable, biological material for translational biomedical applications

Naturally derived materials are often preferred over synthetic materials for biomedical applications due to their innate biological characteristics, relative availability, sustainability, and agreement with conscientious end-users. The chicken eggshell membrane (ESM) is an abundant resource with a defined structural profile, chemical composition, and validated morphological and mechanical characteristics. These unique properties have not only allowed the ESM to be exploited within the food industry but has also led to it be considered for other novel translational applications such as tissue regeneration and replacement, wound healing and drug delivery. However, challenges still exist in order to enhance the native ESM (nESM): the need to improve its mechanical properties, the ability to combine/join fragments of ESM together, and the addition or incorporation of drugs/growth factors to advance its therapeutic capacity. This review article provides a succinct background to the nESM, its extraction, isolation, and consequent physical, mechanical and biological characterisation including possible approaches to enhancement. Moreover, it also highlights current applications of the ESM in regenerative medicine and hints at future novel applications in which this novel biomaterial could be exploited to beneficial use.
Grothendieck's dessins d'enfants and the combinatorics of Coxeter groups

In this thesis we study the properties of Lagrangian matroids of dessins d'enfants (also known as maps on orientable surfaces) and their behaviour under the action of the absolute Galois group Gal(Q). We show that while the Lagrangian matroid of a dessin itself is not invariant under this action, some of its properties, namely its width and parity, are. We also study the partial duals of a dessin and their Lagrangian matroids and show that certain partial duals can always be defined over their field of moduli. We prove some results on the representations of Lagrangian matroids as well.A relationship between dessins, their partial duals and tropical curves arising from monodromy groups of dessins is observed.