Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data

Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Ordinal Categorical Scales. 1.2. Advantages of Using Ordinal Methods. 1.3. Ordinal Modeling Versus Ordinary Regession Analysis. 1.4. Organization of This Book. 2. Ordinal Probabilities, Scores, and Odds Ratios. 2.1. Probabilities and Scores for an Ordered Categorical Scale. 2.2. Ordinal Odds Ratios for Contingency Tables. 2.3. Confidence Intervals for Ordinal Association Measures. 2.4. Conditional Association in Three-Way Tables. 2.5. Category Choice for Ordinal Variables. Chapter Notes. Exercises. 3. Logistic Regression Models Using Cumulative Logits. 3.1. Types of Logits for An Ordinal Response. 3.2. Cumulative Logit Models. 3.3. Proportional Odds Models: Properties and Interpretations. 3.4. Fitting and Inference for Cumulative Logit Models. 3.5. Checking Cumulative Logit Models. 3.6. Cumulative Logit Models Without Proportional Odds. 3.7. Connections with Nonparametric Rank Methods. Chapter Notes. Exercises. 4. Other Ordinal Logistic Regression Models. 4.1. Adjacent-Categories Logit Models. 4.2. Continuation-Ratio Logit Models. 4.3. Stereotype Model: Multiplicative Paired-Category Logits. Chapter Notes. Exercises. 5. Other Ordinal Multinomial Response Models. 5.1. Cumulative Link Models. 5.2. Cumulative Probit Models. 5.3. Cumulative Log-Log Links: Proportional Hazards Modeling. 5.4. Modeling Location and Dispersion Effects. 5.5. Ordinal ROC Curve Estimation. 5.6. Mean Response Models. Chapter Notes. Exercises. 6. Modeling Ordinal Association Structure. 6.1. Ordinary Loglinear Modeling. 6.2. Loglinear Model of Linear-by-Linear Association. 6.3. Row or Column Effects Association Models. 6.4. Association Models for Multiway Tables. 6.5. Multiplicative Association and Correlation Models. 6.6. Modeling Global Odds Ratios and Other Associations. Chapter Notes. Exercises. 7. Non-Model-Based Analysis of Ordinal Association. 7.1. Concordance and Discordance Measures of Association. 7.2. Correlation Measures for Contingency Tables. 7.3. Non-Model-Based Inference for Ordinal Association Measures. 7.4. Comparing Singly Ordered Multinomials. 7.5. Order-Restricted Inference with Inequality Constraints. 7.6. Small-Sample Ordinal Tests of Independence. 7.7. Other Rank-Based Statistical Methods for Ordered Categories. Appendix: Standard Errors for Ordinal Measures. Chapter Notes. Exercises. 8. Matched-Pairs Data with Ordered Categories. 8.1. Comparing Marginal Distributions for Matched Pairs. 8.2. Models Comparing Matched Marginal Distributions. 8.3. Models for The Joint Distribution in A Square Table. 8.4. Comparing Marginal Distributions for Matched Sets. 8.5. Analyzing Rater Agreement on an Ordinal Scale. 8.6. Modeling Ordinal Paired Preferences. Chapter Notes. Exercises. 9. Clustered Ordinal Responses: Marginal Models. 9.1. Marginal Ordinal Modeling with Explanatory Variables. 9.2. Marginal Ordinal Modeling: GEE Methods. 9.3. Transitional Ordinal Modeling, Given the Past. Chapter Notes. Exercises. 10. Clustered Ordinal Responses: Random Effects Models. 10.1. Ordinal Generalized Linear Mixed Models. 10.2. Examples of Ordinal Random Intercept Models. 10.3. Models with Multiple Random Effects. 10.4. Multilevel (Hierarchical) Ordinal Models. 10.5. Comparing Random Effects Models and Marginal Models. Chapter Notes. Exercises. 11. Bayesian Inference for Ordinal Response Data. 11.1. Bayesian Approach to Statistical Inference. 11.2. Estimating Multinomial Parameters. 11.3. Bayesian Ordinal Regression Modeling. 11.4. Bayesian Ordinal Association Modeling. 11.5. Bayesian Ordinal Multivariate Regression Modeling. 11.6. Bayesian Versus Frequentist Approaches to Analyzing Ordinal Data. Chapter Notes. Exercises. Appendix Software for Analyzing Ordinal Categorical Data. Bibliography. Example Index. Subject Index.