Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Video-Based Multi-person Human Motion Capturing

Observing people using standard cameras provides a non-intrusive way to capture human motion for further study of human behavior in a scene. The system presented uses multiple cameras to detect subjects, track them over time and gives 3D insights in how a subject moves around. These cues are important for the interpretation of human behavior in response to its environment, to interaction with other people or with interactive systems. Video analysis in the Restaurant of the Future is challenging due to complex lighting conditions (big windows, different illumination possibilities, large shadows, etc.), the unconstrained subject's appearance (wide clothes, reflective jewelry, hair fashion, etc.) and the presence of static objects in the scene. VidART consists of four modules: (1) background subtraction and shadow detection; (2) contour tracking; (3) voxel reconstruction; and (4) people position tracking. Background subtraction techniques, like the Mixture of Gaussians 3, are used to detect people or objects in a camera view. The key idea is that any object present in the current frame, but absent in the background model, is identified as foreground. This background model is computed from one or more previous frames captured by the same camera. A subject's silhouette provides essential information about its shape, and other features are easily derived from it like its appearance. It forms the basis for further analysis like tracking and pose estimation. Although background subtraction gives these silhouettes, it requires static cameras and it is sensitive to illumination changes and shadows. Shadows can be detected by assuming that shadows do not alter the texture of the object or the color chromaticity. However, shadows will also be present inside the silhouettes, since the light source's position is in general not the same as that of the camera. Removing such shadows will cause undesirable holes in the silhouette, leading to severe problems in the voxel reconstruction. An alternative to image segmentation using background subtraction can be found in segmentation based on evolving a so-called level set function. Two appearance models are used: one for the background appearance and one for the foreground appearance. These models, each consisting of a histogram computed from an initial
Hillslope–riparian‐stream connectivity and flow directions at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed

To obtain a better understanding of water's journey from the hillslope to the stream, water level time series from 26 groundwater wells in a hillslope–riparian study area in the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA, were examined with respect to the occurrence of perched groundwater and groundwater flow directions. A connected groundwater table was taken as an indication of a hydrologic connection between the hillslope and the stream. Flow directions were determined based on observed water levels at different combinations of three neighbouring wells. The analyses indicated that the hillslope was disconnected from the stream most of the time but that almost the entire hillslope became connected to the stream during large rainfall events. This coincided with more sustained streamflow during these events. There were clear differences in the timing of the groundwater response between the upper hillslope, lower hillslope and riparian zone, with water levels near the stream and on the upper hillslope rising earlier than on the midslope. The flow directions were generally downslope and were most variable around a bedrock depression on the midslope. On the hillslope, the direction of the water table followed the local bedrock topography when the water level was low at the start and end of an event and the overall surface topography when water levels were high. In the riparian zone, flow directions either did not change significantly during events or turned from a more downstream (i.e. downvalley) direction to a more downslope (i.e. towards the stream) direction. These results highlight the competing influence of surface and bedrock topography on hillslope flow directions and improve our understanding of hillslope–riparian‐stream connectivity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blue Sapphires from the Baw Mar Mine in Mogok

In the last five years, fine Burmese blue sapphires from the Baw Mar area of Mogok have reached the market. The faceted stones typically show a strong pleochroism from greenish to violetish blue when viewed perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis, respectively, with medium to strong saturation and medium to dark tone. Most of the samples were relatively clean under the microscope, showing multiple twinning with whitish needle-like inclusions (presumably boehmite) at the intersections. Often, these inclusions were associated with stress tension fissures. Needles, most likely rutile, were found only occasionally, but small platelets and needle-like particles, probably ilmenite, appeared more frequently. Most of the stones contained surface-reaching open and healed fissures, but crystal inclusions of K-feldspar and mica (identified by Raman) were occasionally encountered. The sapphires also had a relatively high iron content, low gallium, and very low titanium. Their Ga/Mg ratio varied from 0.6 to 17. Their UV-VisNIR spectra displayed intense iron-related absorptions, and the FTIR absorption spectra presented mainly boehmiteand mica-related bands. Based on careful microscopic observations, combined with spectroscopic and chemical analysis, the sapphire from Baw Mar can, in most cases, be distinguished from the blue sapphire of other localities.
THEMED SECTION: QT SAFETY REVIEW An introduction to QT interval prolongation and non-clinical approaches to assessing and reducing risk

Owing to its association with Torsades de Pointes, drug-induced QT interval prolongation has been and remains a significant hurdle to the development of safe, effective medicines. Genetic and pharmacological evidence highlighting the pivotal role the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel was a critical step in understanding how to start addressing this issue. It led to the development of hERG assays with the rapid throughput needed for the short timescales required in early drug discovery. The resulting volume of hERG data has fostered in silico models to help chemists design compounds with reduced hERG potency. In early drug discovery, a pragmatic approach based on exceeding a given potency value has been required to decide when a compound is likely to carry a low QT risk, to support its progression to late-stage discovery. At this point, the in vivo efficacy and metabolism characteristics of the potential drug are generally defined, as well its safety profile, which includes usually a dog study to assess QT interval prolongation risk. The hERG and in vivo QT data, combined with the likely indication and the estimated free drug level for efficacy, are put together to assess the risk that the potential drug will prolong QT in man. Further data may be required to refine the risk assessment before making the major investment decisions for full development. The non-clinical data are essential to inform decisions about compound progression and to optimize the design of clinical QT studies. British Journal of Pharmacology (2010) 159, 12–21; doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009. 00207.x
THEMED SECTION: ADVANCES IN NUTRITIONAL PHARMACOLOGY REVIEW Potential for vitamin D receptor agonists in the treatment of cardiovascular disease

Vitamin D3 is made in the skin and modified in the liver and kidney to form the active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). Calcitriol binds to a nuclear receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and activates VDR to recruit cofactors to form a transcriptional complex that binds to vitamin D response elements in the promoter region of target genes. During the past three decades the field has focused mainly on the role of VDR in the regulation of parathyroid hormone, intestinal calcium/ phosphate absorption and bone metabolism; several VDR agonists (VDRAs) have been developed for the treatment of osteoporosis, psoriasis and hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Emerging evidence suggests that VDR plays important roles in modulating cardiovascular, immunological, metabolic and other functions. For example, data from epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that vitamin D and/or 25(OH)D deficiency is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, VDRA therapy seems more effective than native vitamin D supplementation in modulating CVD risk factors. In CKD, where decreasing VDR activation persists over the course of the disease and a majority of the patients die of CVD, VDRA therapy was found to provide a survival benefit in both pre-dialysis and dialysis CKD patients. Although VDR plays an important role in regulating cardiovascular function and VDRAs may be potentially useful for treating CVD, at present no VDRA is approved for CVD, and also no serum markers, beside parathyroid hormone in CKD, exist to indicate the efficacy of VDRA in CVD. British Journal of Pharmacology (2009) 158, 395–412; doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009. 00171.x; published online 9 April 2009
The devil is in the details: exploring how functionally distinct round goby is among native fish in the Baltic Sea

Understanding the characteristics and conditions that make non-indigenous species (NIS) successful at establishing in recipient communities is a key in determining their potential impacts on native species, as well as to improve management actions such as prevention of future invasions. The round goby ( Neogobius melanostomus ) is one of the most widespread non-indigenous fish species in the Northern Hemisphere, including the coastal zones of the Baltic Sea. The impacts of round goby in the Baltic Sea are pronounced and multifaceted, yet our knowledge regarding the underlying assembly processes determining its establishment is limited. To overcome this knowledge gap, we applied a trait-based approach to assess the degree of niche overlap and functional (trait) similarity between round goby and native fish species in coastal areas from the Baltic Sea, based on the functional distinctiveness metric. Our results show that round goby is generally quite similar (or not dissimilar) to the native fish of the regional species pool, at least in terms of its overall trait composition. Conversely, round goby demonstrates pronounced differences compared to the native community in its display of parental care and territorial behaviour. Such differences in individual traits could play an important role in round goby’s invasion success in the Baltic Sea, including its interactions with native species (e.g. competition). Our results and their potential implications may be highly relevant for conservation and management if integrated within existing risk assessment tools for biological invasions in order to prioritise and enhance the effectiveness of preventative actions towards the expansion of round goby.
Specialty Grand Challenge Article Grand Challenges in Plant Nutrition

As a scientific discipline, plant nutrition stands on two legs. One leg is anchored in plant physiology and explains the fundamental processes underlying and regulating the acquisition, allocation, and utilization of mineral elements in plants. The other leg is deeply rooted in an applied, problem oriented context, explaining the use and action of fertilizers and the cycling of mineral elements in agricultural plant production. This creates completely different expectations on what plant nutrition shall accomplish. On the one hand, biochemical basics underlying nutritional processes shall be described down to the molecular level, such as the differential selectivity of membrane transporters for nutrients or signal-ing functions of mineral nutrients in plant development. On the other hand, large parts of the society, from farmers to policy makers , expect plant nutritionists to develop concepts that allow further enhancements in crop yield and quality while increasing nutrient efficiency and reducing nutrient losses from crop production systems. These different expectations generate a quite heterogenic community of plant nutritionists spanning from pure molecular biologists that never go beyond the gene or protein level to agronomists, who move between the whole-plant and field scales. Even though molecular and agronomic oriented plant nutritionists are aware of their mutual dependency, they tend to separate into different scientific subgroups using different publication organs. As one of the consequences, definitions and scientific standards set by these sub-communities of plant nutritionists tend to develop into different directions, becoming apparent for example in the choice and justification of plant growth conditions or the application of statistical methods to setup experiments and evaluate data. Thus, the plant nutrition community certainly faces one grand challenge in bridging the gap between basic and applied science and building an integrated community that tackles the open questions in a common effort. Recent progresses in physical and analytical chemistry, molecular biology and genetics have opened a large array of opportunities for plant nutritionists to address questions going beyond the fundamental processes of the uptake and utilization of mineral elements. Based on the most common workhorse in elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mass spec-trometry (ICP-MS), significant improvements have been made to increase the sensitivity and number of simultaneously determined elements, to decrease the sample size required for analysis and for gaining additional information on the determined elements. These technical improvements include laser ablation-coupled ICP-MS to determine the subcellular distribution of elements (Conn and Gilliham, 2010) or size exclusion/ion pairing chromatography …
Time-resolved X-ray diffraction analysis of the experimental dehydration of serpentine at high pressure

Time-resolved, in situ X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the dehydration rate and kinetics of serpentine during experimental dehydration at high pressures. The capsule used comprises a diamond sleeve fitted with Au or Pt lids in order to provide high-quality, time-resolved X-ray diffraction data. Antigorite quickly dehydrated to enstatite + forsterite + fluid within 2 h at 650 °C below ∼ 6 GPa. Avrami modeling of the results and SEM observations of the partially dehydrated sample revealed that the nucleation rate was quite high for enstatite but low for forsterite, showing incubation periods of ∼ 10 min before appearing. The crystallization of these minerals is controlled largely by the composition of the fluid generated from serpentine dehydration. The dehydration boundary determined below 6 GPa in the present study is consistent with the results of previous phase equilibrium studies. This study indicates that serpentine in a subducting slab dehydrates rapidly below 6 GPa when the slab intersects the dehydration boundary conditions.
Geostatistical Estimation of Resolution- Dependent Variance in Remotely Sensed Images

tween spatial resolution and mean local variance of image The variance of a remotely sensed image is determined by data at different scales. The spatial resolution at which local the interaction of scene properties with the spatial character- variance reaches a maximum is considered closely to match istics of the sensor. Image variance is related to infomation the characteristic scale of scene variation. The latter study content, and therefore determines the ability to extract useful and others (Markham and Townshend, 1981; Cushine, 1987) information about scene conditions. We describe a technique discuss the relevance of resolution-dependent effects to the to estimate image variance at multiple spatial resolutions. accuracy of mdtis~ectral image classification. Specifically, The is useful for comparing the capabilities of sen- spatid resolution determines the relative variability between sors with differing spatial responses. and within land-cover classes, influencing spectral separabilThe point-spread function (PSF) and the variogmm quan- ity- Marceau et al. (1994a; 1994b) use the resolution dependti& the spatial characteristics of the sensor and image, re- ence of classification accuracy to assess optimum spatial spectively. A geostatistical model based on these two resolutions for feature extraction. elements relates the punctual variogram of a scene with the Fried1 et al. (1995) and Fried1 (1997) describe the use of variogram of an image. hi^ model forms the ba- a Scene simulation model to investigate the precision with sis for a numerical approach to approximate the punctual which biophysical properties can be inverted from remotely mriopm from observations. ~y,~ esti- sensed data. This precision is shown to depend on sensor mate of the punctual van'ogram allows analytical determina- characteristics. Hu and Islam (1997) present a model which tion of image variance at different spatial resolutions. explicitly relates the error of such biophysical models to the Analysis of simulated images confirms the utility of this variance of the input data, which is determined by the spaalgorithm. Variance of coarse-resolution images may be esti- tial mated reliably from fine-resolution data. Simulations of mul- Many studies of scale dependence take an empirical aptiscale variability show that the method handles more
Synthesizing Step-Down Switched Capacitor Power Converter Topologies

The fast-growing development in wearable electronic devices leads to high demand for small-volume, lightweight, and high-efficiency DC-DC power converters, particularly switched capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters. In this paper, we propose a synthesis framework of step-down SC DC-DC power converters to obtain an optimum converter topology under the design constraints of the conversion ratio and a minimum number of capacitors. The proposed rule-based clustering reduction techniques have reduced the search space and sped up the conversion ratio analysis. In the case study of 8:1 converter synthesis, the run-time for conversion ratio analysis is reduced by $1.26 \,\, \boldsymbol {\times } \,\, \boldsymbol {10^{6}}$ . The proposed efficiency optimization method has improved the peak efficiencies of the cascaded 2:1 converter and Fibonacci converter by 4.7% and 12.8%. The proposed framework has identified new topologies and variants of conventional topologies. The variant of cascaded 2:1 converter shows an improvement of 8.2% on peak efficiency.
Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography, MRI and MR arthrography in the characterisation of rotator cuff disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Different diagnostic imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography (US), MRI, MR arthrography (MRA) are commonly used for the characterisation of rotator cuff (RC) disorders. Since the most recent systematic reviews on medical imaging, multiple diagnostic studies have been published, most using more advanced technological characteristics. The first objective was to perform a meta-analysis on the diagnostic accuracy of medical imaging for characterisation of RC disorders. Since US is used at the point of care in environments such as sports medicine, a secondary analysis assessed accuracy by radiologists and non-radiologists. Methods A systematic search in three databases was conducted. Two raters performed data extraction and evaluation of risk of bias independently, and agreement was achieved by consensus. Hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic package was used to calculate pooled estimates of included diagnostic studies. Results Diagnostic accuracy of US, MRI and MRA in the characterisation of full-thickness RC tears was high with overall estimates of sensitivity and specificity over 0.90. As for partial RC tears and tendinopathy, overall estimates of specificity were also high (>0.90), while sensitivity was lower (0.67–0.83). Diagnostic accuracy of US was similar whether a trained radiologist, sonographer or orthopaedist performed it. Conclusions Our results show the diagnostic accuracy of US, MRI and MRA in the characterisation of full-thickness RC tears. Since full thickness tear constitutes a key consideration for surgical repair, this is an important characteristic when selecting an imaging modality for RC disorder. When considering accuracy, cost, and safety, US is the best option.
Polyarteritis Nodosa: Old Disease, New Etiologies

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), also known as panarteritis nodosa, represents a form of necrotizing vasculitis that predominantly affects medium-sized vessels, although it is not restricted to them and can also involve smaller vessels. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous and characterized by a significant number of patients exhibiting general symptoms, including asthenia, fever, and unintended weight loss. Although PAN can involve virtually any organ, it preferentially affects the skin, nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. Orchitis is a rare but specific manifestation of PAN. The absence of granulomas, glomerulonephritis, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies serves to distinguish PAN from other types of vasculitis. Major complications consist of hemorrhagic and thrombotic events occurring in mesenteric, cardiac, cerebral, and renal systems. Historically, PAN was frequently linked to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but this association has dramatically changed in recent years due to declining HBV prevalence. Current epidemiological research often identifies a connection between PAN and genetic syndromes as well as neoplasia. This article provides a comprehensive review of PAN, specifically focusing on the progression of its clinical manifestations over time.
Science from Fisher Information: A Unification

0. Introduction 1. What is Fisher information? 2. Fisher information in a vector world 3. Extreme physical information 4. Derivation of relativistic quantum mechanics 5. Classical electrodynamics 6. The Einstein field equation of general relativity 7. Classical statistical physics 8. Power spectral 1/f noise 9. Physical constants and the 1/x probability law 10. Constrained-likelihood quantum measurement theory 11. Research topics 12. EPI and entangled realities: the EPR-Bohm experiment 13. Econophysics 14. Growth and transport processes 15. Cancer growth.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND THE STAGES OF CHANGE: APPLICATION OF THE TRANS THEORETICAL MODEL

هديكچ لاعف ي ف ت ي ز ي ک ي ناونع هب مظنم ي ک ي گدنز کبس مهم داعبا زا ي م رامش هب ملاس ي دور . هـعلاطم نـيا ماجنا زا فده ت رـييغت لـحارم نيـيع کيزيف راتفر ي دوب سابعردنب رهش لاسگرزب تيعمج رد . عطقم هعلاطم نيا رد ي ، ۱۶۰۰ دارفا زا رفن ۱۵ هنومن قيرط زا رتلااب و لاس ريگ ي هشوخ ا ي دـنتفرگ رارق هبحاصم دروم . عـمج تـهج روآ ي هداد اه زا همانشسرپ Physical Activity Staging غت هلحرم جنپ رد دارفا نآ ساسا رب هک دش هدافتسا يي فر ر لاعف راـت ـي ف ت ي ز ي ـک ي لماـش گدامآ ،دصق ،دصق زا شيپ هلحرم ي دنب هقبط ،ظفح و لمع ، ي م ي دنوش . هداد فيصوت رامآ زا هدافتسا اب اه ي ليلحت و ي زا زوت لوادج قيرط ـي ع ناوارف ي رامآ نومزآ و ي ،رئوکسا ياک رد رامآ همانرب ي SPSS زجت دروم ي لحت و ه ي تفرگ رارق ل دن . نس نيگنايم ي روم دارفا ،هعلاطم د ۱ / ۱۵ ± ۲ / ۴۰ دوب لاس . هـعلاطم رد ناگدـننک تکرش نايم زا ، ۶ / ۴۹ و درـم دـصرد ۴ / ۵۰ نز دـصرد دندوب . داد ناشن هعلاطم جياتن هك کيزيف تيلاعف راتفر رييغت رظن زا ي ، ۹ / ۵۹ پ هلحرم رد دصرد ي ،دصق زا ش ۳ / ۱ ،دصـق هلحرم رد دصرد ۲ / ۳ گدامآ هلحرم رد دصرد ي ، ۵ / ۰ هلحرم رد دصرد و لمع ۱ / ۳۵ رادهگن و ظفح هلحرم رد دصرد ي دندوب . ب ي ريز دارفا ،نانز و نادرم ن ۴۰ لاس لااب و ي ۴۰ رـيز تلايصـحت اب دارفا و لاس ۵ لااـب و لاـس ي ۵ لاـس ، راـمآ فلاتـخا ي ـنعم ي راد ي ـکيزيف تـيلاعف رـييغت رـظن زا ي دوـجو تشاد ) ۰۰۱ / ۰ < P . ( ا هب بيرق تيرثکا دومن نشور هعلاطم نيا جياتن دنراد رارق دصق و دصق زا شيپ هلحرم رد هعلاطم دروم دارفا قافت .