Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental Implications of Service Industries

The service sector in the U.S. economy accounts for twice the monetary output of manufacturing and is typically perceived as less damaging to the environment than manufacturing sectors. We use an Economic Input−Output Life-Cycle Assessment model (EIO-LCA) to assess both the direct and indirect (supply chain) effects of services on the economy and the environment. As expected, environmental emissions and wastes generated directly by service providers are small per dollar of output, and energy use per dollar output is lower for services than for most manufacturing industries. However, with such a large share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the impacts of services have become a significant component of overall U.S. emissions, wastes, and energy consumption. For several environmental metrics (e.g., hazardous waste generation), service industries have significant indirect environmental effects on an economy-wide basis even when their direct emissions are negligible. When an average annual “market basket” .
Observations of deep convection in the tropics using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar

[1] A satellite-borne precipitation radar is used to study the penetration of convection bearing large particles to altitudes around the tropical tropopause, a region now known as the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). This overshooting convection has been identified as potentially important in the dehydration of air entering the stratosphere. The global distribution of the radar reflectivity tops in the TTL follows the interseasonal and interannual patterns of the surface precipitation rates. The amount of overshooting convection is ∼5% of total deep convection and ∼1.5% of the total convective rain. In agreement with previous studies, the radar observations show that continental convection typically extends to higher altitudes than oceanic convection.
User Evaluation of Diversity and Novelty in the Redesigned Recommender List for an Indonesian E-Commerce Platform

Recommendation systems have been widely used in e-commerce , to help users get information on products to be purchased. There have been many studies related to the evaluation of algorithm performance and aspects beyond the accuracy of the recommendation system. In this research, we analyzed the effect of the number of diversity and novelty aspects on the list of recommendation system items. We redesigned the interface of the recommendation list from one of the top Indonesian e-commerce. The experiment was conducted using within subject design with two different scenarios. We conducted follow-up interviews to dig deeper into what users thought about the two recommendation lists. From the results of the follow-up interview, 80% of the participants liked the second scenario, because the new items recommended gave them ideas to buy them. The results of this study show that the number of diversity and novelty items has a positive influence on user satisfaction. We also found that the user's perception of the recommendation list is influenced by the user's preferences and the user's goals when using the recommendation system.
Holocene vegetation dynamics in the northeastern Rub' al‐Khali desert, Arabian Peninsula: a phytolith, pollen and carbon isotope study

The Holocene vegetation history of the Arabian Peninsula is poorly understood, with few palaeobotanical studies to date. At Awafi, Ras al‐Khaimah, UAE, a 3.3 m lake sediment sequence records the vegetation development for the period 8500 cal. yr BP to ∼3000 cal. yr BP. δ13C isotope, pollen and phytolith analyses indicate that C3 Pooid grassland with a strong woody element existed during the early Holocene (between 8500 and 6000 cal. yr BP) and became replaced by mixed C3 and C4 grasses with a strong C4 Panicoid tall grass element between 5900 and 5400 cal. yr BP. An intense, arid event occurred at 4100 cal. yr BP when the lake desiccated and was infilled by Aeolian sand. From 4100 cal. yr BP the vegetation was dominated by C4 Chloridoid types and Cyperaceae, suggesting an incomplete vegetation cover and Aeolian dune reactivation owing to increased regional aridity. These data outline the ecosystem dynamics and carbon cycling in response to palaeomonsoon and north‐westerly variability during the Holocene. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Martian drainage densities

Drainage densities on Mars range from zero over large areas of volcanic plains to 0.3–0.5 km−1 locally on some volcanoes. These values refer to geologic units, not to drainage basins, as is normal for terrestrial drainage densities. The highest values are close to the lowest terrestrial values derived by similar techniques. Drainage densities were determined for every geologic unit portrayed on the 1:15,000,000 geologic map of Mars. Except for volcanoes the geologic unit with the highest drainage density is the dissected Noachian plains with a drainage density of 0.0074 km−1. The average drainage density for Noachian units is 0.0032 km−1, for Hesperian units is 0.00047 km−1, and for Amazonian units is 0.00007 km−1, excluding the volcanoes. These values are 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than typical terrestrial densities as determined by similar techniques from Landsat images. The low drainage densities, despite a cumulative record that spans billions of years, indicate that compared with the Earth, the channel-forming processes have been very inefficient or have operated only rarely or that the surface is extremely permeable. The high drainage density on volcanoes is attributed to a local cause, such as hydrothermal activity, rather than to a global cause such as climate change.
Detailed biostratigraphy of the Santonian/Campanian boundary interval in Northern Israel

One of the best continuous and fossiliferous Late Santonian-Early Campanian successions in Israel is the approximately 6m thick Kabri section in northern Israel. Its chalky marls were deposited in an outer shelf to upper slope environment with minor depth fluctuations. This Santonian/Campanian interval was studied examining calcareous nannoplankton, palynomorphs, ostracods and benthonic and planktonic foraminifera. The planktonic foraminiferal Dicarinella asymetrica - Globotruncanita elevata concurrent range zone was first observed in Israel in the Kabri section. The first occurrence of Aspidolithus parcus parcus herein is characterized by small specimens, difficult to determine by light microscopy. The lower boundary of the Campanian in this sequence was defined by the first occurrence of G. elevata, in accordance with the ammonite stage definition. This datum line nearly coincides with the first occurrence of the nannofossil marker A. parcus parcus and with the base of the Leguminocythereis dorsocostata (S-4) ostracod zone, both slightly above the foraminiferal boundary.
Integrated Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal That Autophagy-Mediated Cellular Metabolism Is Required for the Initiation of Pollen Germination

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for degrading and recycling various cellular components, functioning in both normal development and stress conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a set of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, including ATG2 in the ATG9 cycling system and ATG5 in the ATG12 conjugation system. Our recent research demonstrated that autophagy-mediated compartmental cytoplasmic deletion is essential for pollen germination. However, the precise mechanisms through which autophagy regulates pollen germination, ensuring its fertility, remain largely unknown. Here, we applied multi-omics analyses, including transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches, to investigate the downstream pathways of autophagy in the process of pollen germination. Although ATG2 and ATG5 play similar roles in regulating pollen germination, high-throughput transcriptomic analysis reveals that silencing ATG5 has a greater impact on the transcriptome than silencing ATG2. Cross-comparisons of transcriptome and proteome analysis reveal that gene expression at the mRNA level and protein level is differentially affected by autophagy. Furthermore, high-throughput metabolomics analysis demonstrates that pathways related to amino acid metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were affected by both ATG2 and ATG5 silencing. Collectively, our multi-omics analyses reveal the central role of autophagy in cellular metabolism, which is critical for initiating pollen germination and ensuring pollen fertility.
Age dependent porosity of young upper oceanic crust: Insights from seafloor gravity studies of recent volcanic eruptions

An October 1997 ALVIN program collected a series of seafloor gravity stations over the February, 1996, volcanic eruption site on the northern Gorda Ridge (46°41′N, 126°47′W). These measurements yielded estimates of the density and porosity of mid‐ocean ridge crust in the first few decades following formation. The estimated crustal density for this pillow eruption of 2270 ± 260 kg/m3 is very low, but in good agreement with the estimated densities of other recent seafloor volcanic flows. Rock matrix densities, measured from hand samples retrieved from the study area, give a bulk porosity for this flow of 34% ± 16%. This data, when included with similar estimates of upper crustal porosity, argue for a rapid evolution of upper crustal porosities from very high values (≥30%) for recent eruptions to much lower values (∼10–15%) where the seafloor is older than 0.5 million years. These variations of density and porosity are of a magnitude consistent with previously observed changes in seismic compressional wave velocity and permeability of ocean crust.
Field investigation of three‐dimensional flow structure at stream confluences: 2. Turbulence

Stream confluences are among the most highly turbulent locations in fluvial systems. This paper examines the three‐dimensional structure of turbulence at three stream confluences in east central Illinois. The analysis focuses on the characteristics of turbulence both within the shear layer and in the ambient flow. Results show that at the upstream end of each confluence the shear layer occupies a limited portion of the flow cross‐sectional area, but turbulence kinetic energy within this layer is 2–3 times greater than the turbulence kinetic energy of the ambient flow, which has turbulence characteristics similar to those for flow in straight channels. Turbulence within the shear layer can be characterized as quasi‐two‐dimensional in the sense that large‐scale turbulence generated by transverse shear is predominantly two dimensional, whereas small‐scale turbulence associated with bed friction is three dimensional. Spectral analysis suggests that the structure of fluid motion within the shear layer differs for confluences with symmetrical versus asymmetrical planforms. The shear layer dissipates rapidly as flow enters the downstream channel, even though a well‐defined mixing interface persists at downstream locations.
Investigating the Applicability of Logistic Regression and Artificial Neural Networks in Predicting Breast Cancer

Breast cancer has become recently the most common cancer and a major cause of death among women all over the world and especially in developing countries like Iraq. This study aims to predict the type of breast tumor whether benign or malignant through the different models that were built using logistic regression and neural networks which is expected to be helpful for oncologists in diagnosing the type of breast tumor. Four models were set using binary logistic regression and two different types of artificial neural networks namely multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF). Both validated and trained models were evaluated using different performance metrics like accuracy or correct classification rate (CCR), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, area under ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity. Dataset has been downloaded from the machine learning repository of University of California, Irvin (UCI ml repository) that consists of 9 attributes and 699 valid instances. Firstly, some preprocessing was done to cleanse the data, then the models were built using the Logistic Regression method and Artificial Neural Networks and a comparison was done to find out which model will give the highest performance. Each model was validated with a different dataset than that used for developing the models. The analysis of the results showed that the Radial Basis Function neural network model is the best classifier in the prediction of the type of breast tumors since it had recorded the highest performance in terms of correct classification rate (accuracy), sensitivity, specificity, and AUC among all other models.
Boundary Intensification of Vertical Velocity in a β-Plane Basin

Abstract The buoyancy-driven circulation of simple two-layer models on the β plane is studied in order to examine the role of beta in determining the magnitude and structure of the vertical motions forced in response to surface heating and cooling. Both analytical and numerical approaches are used to describe the change in circulation pattern and strength as a consequence of the planetary vorticity gradient. The physics is quasigeostrophic at lowest order but is sensitive to small nonquasigeostrophic mass fluxes across the boundary of the basin. The height of the interface between the two layers serves as an analog of temperature, and the vertical velocity at the interface consists of a cross-isopycnal velocity, modeled in terms of a relaxation to a prescribed interface height, as well as an adiabatic representation of eddy thickness fluxes parameterized as lateral diffusion of interface displacement. In the numerical model the lateral eddy diffusion of heat is explicitly represented by a resolved eddy fi.
UV variability in an arid region of Northwest China from measurements and reconstructions

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) observed at Fukang (FK), China from 2004 to 2012 was used to investigate UV variability and its relationship with global solar radiation (G) under various sky conditions in Northwest China. Clearness index (Kt) was used for characterizing the sky conditions and UV model development, it was discovered that clear skies were the dominated sky conditions (48.72%), followed by partly cloudy (32.56%) and overcast (18.72%) skies. Daily FUV (fraction of UV to G) increased from November to June with an annual mean of 4.00% at FK. Meanwhile, an efficient all‐sky UV model under any sky conditions has been proposed by investigating the dependence of hourly UV irradiations on Kt and cosine of solar zenith angle μ. The model was assessed through the statistical indices: mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute bias error (MABE) and root mean square error (RMSE) whose values were 1.27 (−0.24), 4.64 (4.56) and 6.26% (6.14%), respectively at hourly (daily) basis. The model has also been tested at three other sites with distinctly different climates in China. Finally, daily UV radiation during 1961–2012 in Northwest China was reconstructed and annual mean daily UV irradiation was about 0.603 MJ m−2 d−1. UV decreased at 0.62 KJ m−2 d−1decade−1 during the whole study period and the decreases were sharpest in spring (3.28 KJ m−2 d−1decade−1), however, there was an increasing trend at the rate of 2.16 KJ m−2 d−1year−1 since 1991.
A Novel Impulse Information-Enhanced Semi-Supervised Learning for Few-Label Fault Diagnosis of Rotary Machines

Intelligent fault diagnosis based on data-driven models has shown excellent effectiveness in recent years, significantly promoting diagnosis technology. However, data-driven models require large amounts of labeled data for supervised training, and the quantity of labeled data in industrial engineering is limited. Few-label learning is still a significant challenge for engineering applications in industry. To address this issue, this article proposes an impulse information-enhanced semi-supervised learning (IESSL) model to improve the performance of few-label fault diagnosis. We design a novel encoder module based on fault-related impulse knowledge to construct unsupervised features (UFs) from large amounts of data without labels. UFs are utilized to constrain the decision space of the backbone network. Then, a few labeled data are used to fine-tune the backbone networks to make the more accurate mapping between the fault types and decision space. The experimental results on two datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Height and latitude structure of electric fields and currents due to local east-west winds in the equatorial electrojet

Using the equivalent electrical circuit method for the theoretical treatment of the local wind effects on the equatorial electrojet, the height structures of electric fields and currents that are generated by height-varying east-west winds in the electrojet region have been calculated for theoretical model wind sturctures and for a variety of experimentally observed wind structures. The results bring out clearly the nature and extent of the local wind effects on the height and latitude structures of the equatorial electrojet. The more important conclusions of the present study are: (a) The vertical wind shears associated with tidal winds and gravity waves can generate significantly large electric fields and east-west currents in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ). (b) The wind-generated electric fields and currents are characterized by large height gradients, latitudinal gradients, and reversals of direction. (c) At the magnetic equator, wind-generated electric fields and currents are often small (10%–30%) in comparison with the eastward electric-field-generated polarization field and east-west currents around noon hours. (d) At geomagnetic latitudes of 3° and beyond the wind-generated currents and electric fields often exceed those caused by the eastward electric field. (e) Beyond 2° the neutral winds can drastically alter the intensity and latitudinal structure of the EEJ, depending upon the magnitude and height location of the wind shear. (f) The observed variabilities in the ‘width’ and latitude structure of the EEJ can arise from the effects of such east-west winds that have been observed experimentally.
Determination of chlorophyll and dissolved organic carbon from reflectance data for Colorado reservoirs

Abstract Relationships between phytoplankton abundance, concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and reflectance spectra were investigated in eight reservoirs of the Colorado Front Range. The purposes of the study were:(1)to determine the degree to which chlorophyll and DOC could be determined from spectral data of the type that can be acquired through remote sensing; and(2)to determine whether equations developed for other waters are applicable to Colorado reservoirs. Supplementary information was obtained from water selectively enriched in dissolved organic carbon (Georgia blackwater lakes) and in phytoplankton (phytoplankton cultures). Reflectance for the lakes ranged from 1 to 5 per cent across the spectrum. All lakes showed a peak of reflectance near 570 nm (green range) corresponding to the minimum absorption for chlorophyll. For both the reservoirs and the phytoplankton cultures, a peak near the red-infrared boundary (ca 700 nm) increased in size and shifted toward longer wavelengths with in.
NON-MINERALISED DISCOIDAL FOSSILS FROM THE ORDOVICIAN BARDAHESSIAGH FORMATION, CO. TYRONE, IRELAND

Abstract:Four non-mineralised fossils from the Ordovician Bardahessiagh Formation, near Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone, have been examined for the first time following their recovery from a temporary trench dug in 1992, and are here described as Seputus pomeroii gen. et sp. nov. These are discoidal impressions with up to 120 radial ridges extending from a central ring to a sharply defined margin, and they are tentatively interpreted as rotadiscid eldonids. The fossils are preserved as moulds and casts in a medium-grained quartzose sandstone bed, which is densely packed with corals, trilobites, brachiopods and delicately preserved echinoderms, probably representing an event bed on an outer shelf or upper slope setting. The non-mineralised fossils are likely to represent a para-autochthonous assemblage of benthic organisms, preserved by early diagenic mineralisation in anaerobic conditions produced by the decay of organic matter entrained within the bed, a mode of preservation broadly similar to that of non-mineralised fossils from the Ediacaran System. The preserved discs are believed to represent a tough exterior more resistant to decay than the (unknown) remainder of the organism.
Wind And Nadir Angle Effects On Airborne Lidar Water "Surface" Returns

The reflection of optical energy from the air/sea interface and by the volume backscattering immediately below involves a number of complex phenomena which have critical effects on the design and performance of airborne laser hydrography systems. Both of these reflections can be considered as "surface" return, because when the interface return is weaker than the volume return, the latter will be detected, although at a somewhat biased location, as found during lidar/sonar depth measurement intercomparisons. The character of the surface return depends on the ratio of the peak volume backscatter power and the peak interface reflection power. Analytic expressions are derived for mean values of these quantities. The functionalities of the volume-to-interface peak power ratio on wind speed and direction, off-nadir beam incidence angle, and water clarity parameters are examined to determine the parameter ranges for which the a priori origin of surface returns is uncertain. Depth measurement error magnitudes are calculated for the case of a volume return being mistaken for an interface return. The error model sucessfully predicts the shoal bias observed in field data. Potential methods for reducing this error are discussed. An expression for the temporal profile of a volume backscatter return is presented, and a potential method of estimating a key water clarity parameter from the airborne data is reported.
Shortwave (1 to 2.8 um) imagery applications for fun and profit

SWIR (short-wave infrared) imaging technology, phenomena, and applications are described. Commercial SWIR (staring InSb, PtSi, HgCdTe, InGaAs) camera specifications and optimization procedures are discussed. SWIR physics including blackbody distribution, atmospheric MODTRAN predictions, and selected material reflectance measurements are reviewed to illustrate basic guidelines to successful SWIR imaging. SWIR imaging examples of military applications, medical imaging, astronomy, long range observations, plume measurement, and art preservation are included to illustrate the unique properties of SWIR imaging.
Inversion with a grain of salt

Although least‐squares inversion is a useful tool in data analysis, nonuniqueness is an inevitable problem. This problem can be analyzed by considering the sensitivity of a model response to the parameter estimates. Such sensitivity methods produce extremal solutions which barely satisfy some resolution (or stability) criteria. Two closely related methods for producing such solutions are the “Edgehog” and “Most Squares” methods due to Jackson (1973, 1976). These techniques, which evaluate the “degree of nonuniqueness” in a least‐squares inversion, require only the information computed in a singular value decomposition (SVD) solution. While the “edgehog” and “most squares” techniques are mathematically similar, the “most squares” estimate is the simpler to compute. Both methods show that the credibility of an inversion depends on both the specified error criterion as well as on the properties of the Jacobian matrix associated with the least‐squares solution. The similar performance of these two closely rel.