Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
5. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOSITE DEPTH SECTIONS FOR SITES 844 THROUGH 8541

A primary objective of Leg 138 was the acquisition of high-resolution records of Neogene climatic change in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Coincident with this objective was the importance of recovery of a continuous record. If properly done, drilling multiple adjacent holes at a given site helps assure recovery of a continuous record. In the past, confirmation of recovery of a continuous section only occurred after drilling had been completed and even then was difficult. During Leg 138, records from multiple holes were processed and examined during drilling at each site using continuously measured lithologic parameters. This process helped to ensure the recovery of a nearly complete stratigraphic sequence at each site and allowed for changes in drilling plans in real time. Although much of the final analysis of Leg 138 data is here discussed in terms of time, we found it essential that the stratigraphic sections cored were first expressed with a useful depth scale. After being documented during several DSDP and ODP cruises (e.g., Legs 85, 86, 94, 108, 111, 115, 117, and 121), scientists now know that between successive APC cores in a given hole, part of the sedimentary sequence is often not recovered. To piece together a continuous sedimentary section at the Leg 138 sites, we developed a composite depth section. This depth section was formed by splicing together cores from adjacent holes at a given site. The purpose of the composite section was to describe the entire sedimentary sequence at a given site by referencing each hole to a common depth scale. By identifying the missing parts of the sedimentary sequence from each hole and by patching in from adjacent holes, a continuous record could be sampled. The construction of a complete composite section also provided an initial stratigraphic framework for the site, which allowed us to reference magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic events observed in different holes to a common depth scale.
Profil Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Anak

Berbagai cara dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia, mulai dari perubahan kurikulum, namun implemensasinya masih kurang optimal. Selain itu penelitian tentang kemampuan berpikir keratif telah banyak dilakukan oleh penelitian sebelumnya, tetapi rata-rata hasilnya belum optimal, karena kurangnya pemahaman tentang profil kemampuan berpikir kreatif anak. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan jumlah sampel. 20 anak menggunakan teknik total sampling. Rubrik penilaian kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Digunakan sebagai instrumen penelitian, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan rumus persentase. Hasil temuan diperoleh rata-rata kemampuan berpikir kreatif anak sebesar 39% pada kriteria kurang. Sedangkan rata-rata persentase pada setiap indikator meliputi indikator kelancaran sebesar 31% pada kriteria kurang, indikator fleksibilitas sebesar 44% pada kriteria cukup, indikator orisinalitas sebesar 38% pada kriteria kurang, dan indikator elaborasi sebesar 39% pada kriteria kurang, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa profil kemampuan berpikir kreatif anak masih tergolong rendah, sehingga perlu perhatian serius mengingat rendahnya persentase kemampuan berpikir kreatif anak.
Heavy metal concentrations in surface river water and bed sediments at Nile Delta in Egypt.

Rosetta Branch of river Nile is subjected to severe pollutants of domestic, sewage, agricultural and industrial pollution. In this study, the distribution of heavy metals (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were measured in surface river water and the bed sediments of Rosetta Branch and the impacts of heavy metals on the water quality were monitored. The heavy metal concentrations in river water and their contents in the bed sediments were studied three times before, during and after winter period (low flow conditions) from August 2007 to April 2008. The heavy metal concentrations in the river sediments were remarkably high, but varied among sampling points, and the concentrations in water were mainly within the permissible limits. The heavy metal contents in bed sediment were highest during closure of winter period. Attention should be paid to mitigate element mobilization from sediments as their effects may become significant during seasons and years of low water flow in the river. Constant monitoring of the Nile river water quality is needed to record any alteration in the quality and mitigate outbreak of health disorders and the detrimental impacts on the aquatic ecosystem.
Shear‐wave structure of the lithosphere above the Hawaiian Hot Spot from two‐station Rayleigh wave phase velocity measurements

We have measured fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion from seismograms of five earthquakes recorded at stations on the islands of Hawaii and Oahu and inverted these data for upper mantle velocity structure. The seismic lithosphere of the velocity model is 88±7 km thick, which is similar to that of 80–90 Myr oceanic lithosphere, indicating that no significant lithospheric thinning takes place above the mantle plume. Below the lithosphere the shear wave velocity decreases to ∼4.0 km s−1. The seismic model is consistent with the structure of the Hawaiian plume model of Watson and McKenzie [1991] which has a 72‐km thick mechanical boundary layer with the shallowest melting occurring at 82 km depth. The difference between the dispersion measured on the Hawaii‐Oahu path and that observed by Woods and Okal [1996] on the Oahu‐Midway path can be explained by the cooling of the injected hot plume material.
Archaeological investigations at Waredaru and the origins of the Keipte Kuyumen clan estate, upper Kikori River, Papua New Guinea

In 2008-2009, the patriarch of the Keipte Kuyumen clan of the upper Kikori River near the Highlands foothills, Papua New Guinea, requested that archaeological excavations be undertaken at the site of Waredaru in a dense rainforest setting, an ancestral village only known from oral traditions. According to these oral traditions, Waredaru was a sago adze-head (‘sago-pounder’) manufacturing centre, and it is at this village that the Keipte Kuyumen underwent an important ceremony by which they obtained their clan lands. This paper reports on these archaeological excavations, enabling the rare dating of the origins of the Keipte Kuyumen as a landed social group.
The depth of the October 1981 off Chile outer-rise earthquake (Ms = 7.2) estimated by a comparison of several waveform inversion methods

The determination of source depth of the October 1981 (Ms = 7.2) outer-rise earthquake off the Chilean coast has important implications for the stress state of the subducting plate. We analyze the Chile earthquake using three different waveform inversion methods in order to check the consistency of these methods and to estimate the source depth. The methods we used are: These methods give consistent results which suggest that the centroid depth and depth extent of the Chile earthquake lies between 20 to 45 km, measured from the sea surface. This conclusion is contradictory to those obtained by the previous workers who prefer a shallow (<25 km) source depth. We found that the GDSN long-period data alone cannot constrain the source depth well. The shape of deconvolved source-time function is found to be strongly dependent on the assumption of point and distributed sources and the crustal structure used in the deconvolution. The source depth obtained in this study shows that the 1981 Chile outer-rise earthquake possibly occurred because of the compression associated with the bending of the subducting plate.
Uncertainty estimations for moment tensor inversions: the issue of the 2012 May 20 Emilia earthquake

SUMMARY Seismic moment tensor is one of the most important source parameters deﬁning the earthquake dimension and style of the activated fault. Geoscientists ordinarily use moment tensor catalogues, however, few attempts have been done to assess possible impacts of moment magnitude uncertainties upon their analysis. The 2012 May 20 Emilia main shock is a representative event since it is deﬁned in literature with a moment magnitude value ( M w ) spanning between 5.63 and 6.12. A variability of ∼ 0.5 units in magnitude leads to a controversial knowledge of the real size of the event and reveals how the solutions could be poorly constrained. In this work, we investigate the stability of the moment tensor solution for this earthquake, studying the effect of ﬁve different 1-D velocity models, the number and the distribution of the stations used in the inversion procedure. We also introduce a 3-D velocity model to account for structural heterogeneity. We ﬁnally estimate the uncertainties associated to the computed focal planes and the obtained M w . We conclude that our reliable source solutions provide a moment magnitude that ranges from 5.87, 1-D model, to 5.96, 3-D model, reducing the variability of the literature to ∼ 0.1. We endorse that the estimate of seismic moment from moment tensor solutions, as well as the estimate of the other kinematic source parameters, requires coming out with disclosed assumptions and explicit processing workﬂows. Finally and, probably more important, when moment tensor solution is used for secondary analyses it has to be combined with the same main boundary conditions (e.g. wave-velocity propagation model) to avoid conﬂicting results.
Ground roll; a potential tool for constraining shallow shear-wave structure

The objective of this study is to demonstrate that a laterally varying shallow S‐wave structure, derived from the dispersion of the ground roll, can explain observed lateral variations in the direct S‐wave arrival. The data set consists of multichannel seismic refraction data from a USGS-GSC survey in the state of Maine and the province of Quebec. These data exhibit significant lateral changes in the moveout of the ground‐roll as well as the S‐wave first arrivals. A sequence of surface‐wave processing steps are used to obtain a final laterally varying S‐wave velocity model. These steps include visual examination of the data, stacking, waveform inversion of selected traces, phase velocity adjustment by crosscorrelation, and phase velocity inversion. These models are used to predict the S‐wave first arrivals by using two‐dimensional (2D) ray tracing techniques. Observed and calculated S‐wave arrivals match well over 30 km long data paths, where lateral variations in the S‐wave velocity in the upper 1–2 km a.
A study on dynamic monitoring rangeland regradation and its distribution in the Xilin Gol Plateau's dry steppe

This is a pilot study of rangeland degradation in the Xilin Gol Plateau of Inner Mongolia of North China by using Landsat imagery. The plateau is relatively flat and temperate dry steppe is the main land cover. An unsupervised classification approach was used for the classification of the rangeland and for studying and better understanding rangeland degradation and reclamation in more than 20 years. The results showed that the rangeland degradation was very serious in 1987 compared to the rangeland development in 1973, and at this time saline grassland also covered a relatively large area. To some extent, it seemed there was some rangeland reclamation in 1996 compared to that of 1987.
Regional Analysis of Seafloor Characteristics at Reef Fish Spawning Aggregation Sites in the Caribbean

Regional Analysis of Seafloor Characteristics at Reef Fish Spawning Aggregation Sites in the Caribbean. (December 2009) Shinichi Kobara, B.A., Soka University of Japan; M.Eng., Soka University of Japan Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. William D. Heyman Dr. Anthony M. Filippi Overfishing of stock and decreasing biodiversity are grave concerns for the U.S. and the rest of the world. In the Caribbean, one of the critical science gaps hindering effective management is the lack of information on how environmental factors may make fish spawning aggregation (FSA) sites optimal for spawning. Understanding and applying spatial information of marine species’ reproductive ecology and critical life habitat such as the patterns of seafloor characteristics of FSA sites is vital to efficiently design marine protected areas (MPAs) to help rebuild regional fish stocks. The specific goals of the study were: (1) to map the seafloor at historically known grouper and snapper spawning aggregation sites in three different countries, and (2) to characterize quantitatively the geomorphology of the sites including horizontal and vertical curvature profiles of the reefs, bottom depth at spawning sites, distance between spawning sites and shelf-edges/reef promontory tips, and the shortest distance between the spawning sites and 100 m water depth. These data were field-collected with a global positioning system (GPS) and eco-sounder that provided latitude/longitude and depth.
K-Nearest Neighbor and Naive Bayes Classifier Methods for Expedition Service Comparison Analysis of User Sentiments

Depending on the service chosen, expedition is one of the freight forwarding companies that operate in the domestic market. The availability of expedition services can make it easier for traders to transfer items to purchasers who conduct online transactions, as well as encourage shipping businesses to collaborate with online dealers. The JNE, JNT, and Pos Indonesia excursions were utilized in this study. The goal of this project is to develop an analytical model that will make it simpler for online merchants to find collaborators for effectively and securely transporting their goods. Based on user sentiment on the social networking site Twitter, this study uses sentiment analysis. With the keywords "JNT, JNE, and Pos Indonesia," this study compares the accuracy results using the Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithms. According to this study, testing accuracy for the NBC method was 80% and training accuracy was 83%. While the accuracy of the KNN approach is 68%. According to public opinion, the JNE expedition is the best one for distributing products, scoring 68.58% in favor of it and 30.64% against it.
Controles de la fracturación en Tablate (Lecrín, Provincia de Granada, Cadena Bética)

The formation of the fractures of the Tablate area (situated in the transition between the Granada basin and the Alpujarran corridor) was controlled by the progressive and important uplift of Sierra Nevada, occurred from the late Miocene. Consequently, the direction of the extension is close to that occurred at the South of Sierra Nevada and the characteristics of the paleostress ellipsoid are congruent with this uplift. On the other hand, two local controls have been observed in the development of the minor fractures: there is a clear lithologic influence, particularly in the contact between levels of silts and other formed by coarser sediments. Moreover, local changes of the stress produced a different grade of the fracturation.
Hypothalamic MCH Neurons: From Feeding to Cognitive Control

Abstract Modern neuroscience is progressively elucidating that the classic view positing distinct brain regions responsible for survival, emotion, and cognitive functions is outdated. The hypothalamus demonstrates the interdependence of these roles, as it is traditionally known for fundamental survival functions like energy and electrolyte balance, but is now recognized to also play a crucial role in emotional and cognitive processes. This review focuses on lateral hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons, producing the neuropeptide MCH—a relatively understudied neuronal population with integrative functions related to homeostatic regulation and motivated behaviors, with widespread inputs and outputs throughout the entire central nervous system. Here, we review early findings and recent literature outlining their role in the regulation of energy balance, sleep, learning, and memory processes.
EFFECT OF SELF, OPEN AND CROSS POLLINATION ON FRUIT SET OF THREE APPLE CULTIVARS IN SOUTH JORDAN

Pollination and fruit set were investigated in the three apple cultivars Ice, Adena and Red Top, at south Jordan during two successive seasons (2007 and 2008). The results indicated that the cultivars are selfincompatible. Open pollination was very effective in improving fruit set in the three cultivars. Crosspollination with apple „Golden delicious‟ pollen grains improved fruit set compared to selfpollination. These results suggest that many apple cultivars should be planted together in any orchard in order to obtain acceptable commercial productivity. Bloom time overlapping between these cultivars is required to ensure effective cross pollination. In general, there is a relationship between pollination type and some physical and chemical fruit characteristics.
A Systematic Study on the Processing Strategy in Femtosecond Laser Scribing via a Two-Temperature Model

Balancing quality and productivity, especially deciding on the optimal matching strategy for multiple process parameters, is challenging in ultrashort laser processing. In this paper, an economical and new processing strategy was studied based on the laser scribing case. To reveal the temperature evolution under the combination of multiple process parameters in the laser scribing process, a two-temperature model involving a moving laser source was developed. The results indicated that the peak thermal equilibrium temperature between the electron and lattice increased with the increase in the laser fluence, and the temperature evolution at the initial position, influenced by subsequent pulses, was strongly associated with the overlap ratio. The thermal ablation effect was strongly enhanced with the increase in laser fluence. The groove morphology was controllable by selecting the overlap ratio at the same laser fluence. The removal volume per joule (i.e., energy utilization efficiency) and the removal volume per second (i.e., ablation efficiency) were introduced to analyze the ablation characteristics influenced by multiple process parameters. The law derived from statistical analysis is as follows; at the same laser fluence with the same overlap ratio, the energy utilization efficiency is insensitive to changes in the repetition rate, and the ablation efficiency increases as the repetition rate increases. As a result, a decision-making strategy for balancing quality and productivity was created.
The Challenge Face in the Implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum in Northern Kenya

Purpose: Kenya is in the process of changing its educational system from one that is content-based to one that is competency-based. When implementing a new curriculum, teachers are likely to encounter difficulties, particularly with regard to the divisions of material and subjects, underlying presumptions, objectives, teaching strategies, and assessment techniques. In this regard, this study aimed to look into the challenges that northern Kenya had in implementing the competency-based curriculum successfully. The study's particular goals were to: Analyze the potential of the competency-based curriculum (CBC) and its effects on the stability of the education sector in northern Kenya, which will depend on the infrastructure available for its implementation; the results of this assessment will assist the government in implementing the competency-based curriculum. The 8-4-4 curriculum which is planned to be replaced by CBC had been implemented mostly by applying the transmission approach and children were reported to be attending primary school and not learning (KNEC, 2010 & UWEZO, 2013). Methodology: The study employed a descriptive research design. Simple random sampling was employed. The study had a sample size of 45 primary school teachers and 15 head teachers. A questionnaire and interview schedules were used to collect data from the respondents. Findings: Teacher quality determines the quality of curriculum implementation and one means of ensuring teacher quality is by making continuing teacher professional development available for teachers. The country should take into consideration teacher preparedness for the implementation of the new curriculum and whether the country is fully prepared to organize a teacher professional development program for sustained teacher quality. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study's foundation was Dewey's Social Constructivism Theory, which highlights how interaction and experience are the fundamental building blocks of human experience. The study suggests that in order to foster a positive attitude among teachers and successfully implement a competency-based curriculum, the Ministry of Education should increase its investment in teacher training and involve them in the curriculum change process. The study established that there was little extent of parental involvement in curriculum implementation in schools. Similarly, Sifuna and Obonyo (2019) examined the challenges hindering the effective implementation of CBC in Kenya. The study highlighted that there was an inadequacy of instructional materials and a lack of participation by parents in the curriculum implementation process.
Occurrence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistance genes in a wastewater treatment plant and its associated river water in Harare, Zimbabwe

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as point sources of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG). Due to variations in antibiotic use and prescribing patterns in different countries, it is imperative to establish the presence of ARB and ARGs in water environments on a country-by-country basis. This study investigated the occurrence of 11 antibiotic-resistance genes (QNRB, DFR14, CTX-M, KPC, Sul1, QNRA, Sul2, ERMB, ERMA, SHV, NDM), and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in a WWTP and its associated river water in Harare, Zimbabwe. 24 water samples were collected across 3 sites: upstream and downstream of the WWTP; final effluent of the WWTP. The samples were collected weekly for 8 weeks. Pure cultures of the E. coli isolates were obtained by membrane filtration (0.45 µm) and repeated streaking on Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide followed by biochemical tests (indole test; citrate test; motility, indole, and ornithine). Antibiotic resistance profiling was done for 12 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the 21 water samples and the occurrence of 11 antibiotic-resistant genes investigated using conventional PCR. 86 E. coli isolates were obtained from the sampled sites: 28 from the upstream site, 26 from the WWTP effluent, and 32 from the downstream site. The results from chi-squared analysis showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between the sampling site and the percentage of antibiotic-resistant E. coli for all 12 antibiotics investigated. The percentage of E. coli isolates resistant to the tested antibiotics varied from 29% (ertapenem) to 80.2% (ciprofloxacin). 81 (94.2%) E. coli isolates were resistant to antibiotics from ≥3 classes. Eight (8/11, 72.7%) ARGs were detected in the WWTP effluent and river water samples. Results indicate that the investigated WWTP and associated river water are reservoirs of ARGs and antibiotic-resistant E. coli, which is a public health concern.