Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-existence of a minimizer to the Hartree-Fock functional

In the presence of an external magnetic field, we prove absence of a ground state within the Hartree-Fock theory of atoms and molecules. The result is established for a wide class of magnetic fields when the number of electrons is greater than or equal to 2Z + K, where Z is the total charge of K nuclei. Positivity properties are instrumental in the proof of this bound for the maximal ionization. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000). Primary 81V45; Secondary 35Q40, 47G20, 47N50.
Observed climate variability and change

Chapter 2 emphasises change against a background of variability. The certainty of conclusions that can be drawn about climate from observations depends critically on the availability of accurate, complete and consistent series of observations. For many variables important in documenting, detecting, and attributing climate change, data are still not good enough for really firm conclusions to be reached. This especially applies to global trends in variables that have large regional variations, such as pre-
Optical studies of laser-induced gray-tracking in KTP

We have studied gray-tracking induced by a pulsed and polarized 532-nm laser beam in flux grown KTiOPO/sub 4/ (KTP) crystals. Transmission spectra measured under polarized light give different results: gray-tracking leads to an increase in the initial anisotropy of the linear optical properties of KTP, and the polar axis is the most sensitive to this process. The dynamics of relaxation of gray-tracking is anisotropic and depends on the wavelength under analysis. We show a possible induced modification of the crystal surface and also the existence of an intensity above which gray-tracking reaches the saturation point. We then measure the temperature above which gray-tracking no longer exists.
Estimating model variance in the case of undermodeling

A reliable quality estimate of a given model is a prerequisite for any reasonable use of the model. The model error consists of two different contributions: the bias error and the random error. In this contribution, it is shown that the size (variance) of the random error can be reliably estimated in the case where a true system description cannot be achieved in the model structure used. This consistent error estimate can differ considerably from the conventionally used variance estimate, which could thus be misleading. >
Depolarization effects in (112¯2)-oriented InGaN∕GaN quantum well structures

Depolarization effects on electrical and optical properties of (112¯2)-oriented wurtzite (WU) InGaN∕GaN quantum well (QW) were investigated using the multiband effective-mass theory. These results are compared with those of (0001)- and (101¯0)-oriented WU InGaN∕GaN QW structures. The internal field is shown to become zero for (112¯2) crystal orientation near the crystal angle of 56°, irrespective of the In composition in the well. This is because the sum of the piezoelectric and spontaneous polarizations in the barrier is equal to that in the well. The optical gain of the (112¯2)-oriented QW is significantly larger than that of the (0001)-oriented QW. This is caused mainly by the increase of the optical matrix element due to the disappearance of the internal field. Also, the (112¯2)-oriented QW is found to have the optical gain comparable to that of the (101¯0)-oriented QW.
Optical and electron beam studies of carrier transport in quasibulk GaN

Variable temperature light-induced transient grating technique combined with electron beam-induced current measurements in situ in a scanning electron microscope were employed for carrier transport studies in quasibulk hydride-vapor phase epitaxy grown undoped GaN layers. Diffusion length of carriers independently determined from both techniques was found to increase with temperature in the range from 70 to 400 K. This increase was attributed to the temperature-induced growth of carrier lifetime, as was confirmed by light-induced transient grating measurements below 300 K and by cathodoluminescence above room temperature.
Bursts of gamma rays from Compton scattering at cosmological distances

Compton scattering of the microwave background photons by beams of ultrarelativistic electrons at large redshifts, z much greater than 1, is proposed as a source of some gamma-ray bursts. Such beams may be produced by cusps on superconducting cosmic strings. In the present model, a very narrow beam of ultrarelativistic electron-positron pairs scatters the microwave background photons into a very narrow beam of gamma rays. While the pairs lose energy, the beam of gamma rays opens up and sweeps the observer. The expected time variability and spectra of the resulting gamma-ray burst are calculated. The bursts have a rapid rise time, followed by a more gradual decline. The spectra are initially very hard and become softer during the decline. 29 refs.
Design of the scaling-wavelet neural network using genetic algorithm

We propose the composition method of the activation function in the hidden layer with the scaling function which can represent the region where the several wavelet functions can be represented. In this method, we can decrease the size of the network with a few wavelet functions. In addition, when we determine the parameters of the scaling function we can process a rough approximation and then the network becomes more stable. The other wavelets can be determined by the global solution, the genetic algorithm which is suitable for the suggested problem is given, and also, we use the back-propagation algorithm in the learning of the weights. In this step, we approximate the target function with a fine tuning level.
Negative refractive index designed in a periodic composite of lossy microplasmas and microresonators

A novel metamaterial with negative refractive index was designed using a spatially periodic composite of microplasmas and microresonators. Microresonators, which are double-helix metal wires in this report, work as an origin of macroscopic negative permeability material, as well as discharge electrodes. If a resonance frequency of the resonators is well below electron plasma frequency of the microplasmas where their permittivity is negative in the real part with a certain imaginary part, the macroscopic refractive index becomes negative just above the resonance frequency where the macroscopic permeability is negative, even if microplasmas are fairly lossy; due to such a loss or conductive component in permittivity, electromagnetic waves are not evanescent but propagating. This result indicates that plasmas can play important roles in parameter control of a metamaterial with a complex refractive index.
A Virtual 3 D Hair Reconstruction Method from a 2 D Picture

In this paper, we present a method for reconstructing virtual 3D hair from a 2D human picture. The proposed method only needs the user to provide a 2D positive picture as the reference texture. A canny operator combined with region hair color is used to detect the edge of the hair picture. The three ellipsoidal head modal axis parameters are then calculated from the edge contour. A multi-triangle mesh is constructed by adding point sets on the edge and interior. After that the Cartesian-triangular coordinate transform is used and the corresponding depth of each texture pixel is given to obtain the initial 3D hair shape. In order to simulate a multi-level real hair strip effect we use a label map to simulate hair strip growth from the edge of the given 2D positive picture. A B-Spline function is then applied to refine the preliminary hair strips. Finally 3D hair with the texture features of the given picture is modeled. The experimental results show that this method can be used to model 3D hair strips from a 2D picture with very few manual operations, presenting good stereo vision effect.
Economic Production Cycles with Imperfect Production Processes

Abstract In this paper, we study the effects of an imperfect production process on the optimal production cycle time. The system is assumed to deteriorate during the production process and produce some proportion of defective items. The optimal production cycle is derived, and is shown to be shorter than that of the classical Economic Manufacturing Quantity model. The analysis is extended to the case where the defective rate is a function of the set-up cost, for which the set-up cost level and the production cycle time are jointly optimized. Finally, we also consider the case where the deterioration process is dynamic in its nature, i.e., the proportion of defective items is not constant. Both linear, exponential, and multi-state deteriorating processes are studied. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the derivation of the optimal production cycle time in these situations.
CAMELOT: A Computer-Aided Measure for Logic Testability

This paper describes the theory and application of a testability assessment program, called CAMELOT, which has been developed for British Telecom. The program is intended for use as an interactive design aid, the testability predictions produced allowing the designer to make the best use of the range of testability improvement techniques available. CAMELOT uses a model of the test generation process to calculate controllability and observability values for each circuit node. These values measure the ease with which the node concerned can be set to a desired logic level and the ease with which its state can be observed respectively. The calculations take into account the possibility that a stored state device may have either an initialisation requirement or transient states. By combining the sets of values calculated, testability estimates can be produced for each circuit node and for the circuit as a whole. The paper describes the concepts of CAMELOT, relates it to other testability measures that have been described in the open literature and gives examples of its use.
Some Properties of Pascal Distribution for Finite Population

Abstract This note deals with a waiting time problem. The probability distribution of the number of independent random drawings, if the probability of success at a single drawing is constant, is well known and is usually referred to as Pascal distribution. It may be looked upon as a probability distribution of the number of drawings from an infinite population. The present note is concerned with the generalization of this result to the case of drawings (without replacement) from a finite population.
The Topological Mechanism for Permanent Quark Confinement in a Non-Abelian Gauge Theory

Permanent quark confinement occurs in a gauge theory if its vacuum (= ground state) condenses into a state that bares close resemblance to the superconductivity state of a solid. We first argue that indeed superconductivity is an absolute phenomenon, the conductivity is rigorously zero. A superconductor forces absolute confinement of magnetic charges. Then we show that a non-Abelian gauge theory may be seen as an Abelian theory enriched with Dirac magnetic monopoles. If these monopoles move collectively, as Cooper pairs do inside a superconductor, then the role of magnetism and electricity are interchanged. It is shown that then quarks are permanently confined. In SU(3) this confinement goes according to a triality rule, allowing the usual baryonic and mesonic states.
Current Status of Researcheson Voltage Flicker Mitigation Techniques Based Application of Custom Power Devices in Distribution Systems

Voltage flicker is considered as one of the most severe power quality problems especially in loads like electrical arc furnaces (EAF) and much attention have been paid to it lately. Due to the latest achievements in the semiconductors industry and consequently the emergence of the compensators based on voltage source converters, FACTS devices have been gradually noticed to be used for voltage flicker compensation. This paper is to review the current state of the simulation and implementation ofpresented control technologies of various custom power devises such as DVR, STATCOM, SVC and UPFC employed in distribution systems to mitigates fluctuating voltage. It is found that continued research and development effort in this area is still needed for improving thesystems’ performance, establishing techniques for accurately predicting their output and reliably integrating them with other power quality disturbances. key word:Power Quality;Voltage Flicker;Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR);Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM);Static Var Compensator (SVC);Unified Power Flow Comptroller (UPFC), Electrical arc furnaces (EAF).
Thermal convection with spatially periodic boundary conditions: resonant wavelength excitation

Thermal convection in a fluid contained between two rigid walls with different mean temperatures is considered when either spatially periodic temperatures are prescribed at the walls or surface corrugations exist. The amplitudes of the spatial non-uniformities are assumed to be small, and the wavelength is set equal to the critical wavelength for the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. For values of the mean Rayleigh number below the classical critical value, the mean Nusselt number and the mean flow are found as functions of Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, and modulation amplitude. For values of the Rayleigh number close to the classical critical value, the effects of the non-uniformities are greatly amplified, and the amplitude of convection is then governed by a cubic equation. This equation yields three supercritical states, but only the state linked to a subcritical state is found to be stable.
Diameter functions of UGC and ESO galaxies

An analysis of the diameter function of galaxies is presented for three redshift surveys. The completeness of the UGC and ESO catalogues is investigated, the completeness of the redshift surveys is calculated and density-independent maximum likelihood estimators are applied in determining the parameters of the diameter functions. The ESO and UGC diameter functions are compatible with each other when they are scaled to the same depth
Demonstration of high performance bias-selectable dual-band short-/mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices

High performance bias-selectable dual-band short-/mid-wavelength infrared photodetector based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattice with designed cut-off wavelengths of 2 μm and 4 μm was demonstrated. At 150 K, the short-wave channel exhibited a quantum efficiency of 55%, a dark current density of 1.0 × 10−9 A/cm2 at −50 mV bias voltage, providing an associated shot noise detectivity of 3.0 × 1013 Jones. The mid-wavelength channel exhibited a quantum efficiency of 33% and a dark current density of 2.6 × 10−5 A/cm2 at 300 mV bias voltage, resulting in a detectivity of 4.0 × 1011 Jones. The spectral cross-talk between the two channels was also discussed for further optimization.
Characterization of micromechanical structures using white-light interferometry

As microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) move rapidly towards commercialization, the issue of mechanical characterization has emerged as a major consideration in device design and fabrication. It is now common to include a set of test structures on a MEMS wafer for extraction of thin film material properties (in particular, residual stress, stress gradient and Young's modulus), and for process and device monitoring. These structures usually consist of micromachined beams and strain gauges. Measurement techniques include tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis, surface profiling and Raman spectroscopy. However, these tests are often destructive and may be difficult to carry out at the wafer scale. Instead of these methods, this paper uses white-light interferometry surface profiling for material characterization and device inspection. Interferometry is quick, non-destructive, non-contact, and can offer a high density lateral resolution with extremely high sensitivities to the surface in the z-direction—all essential requirements for high volume manufacturing. A range of devices is employed to illustrate the capabilities of white-light interferometry as a measurement and process characterization tool.It is shown that residual stress may be determined by using electrostatic actuation to pull fixed–fixed beams towards the substrate, and interferometry to record the beam deflection profile. Finite-element simulation software is employed to model this deflection, and to estimate the material properties which minimize the difference between the measured and simulated profiles. The results agree well with blanket film measurements.
Spherical aberration cancellation in a polarized photon-pairs confocal laser scanning microscope

Refractive-index mismatch in conventional confocal microscopy produces severe degradation on axial resolution of sectioning image because the spherical aberration is generated in specimen. In this study, we propose a polarized photon-pairs confocal laser scanning microscope (PCLSM) in which a two-frequency linear polarized photon-pairs (LPPPs) laser beam is produced. The common-path propagation of LPPPs integrated with optical heterodyne technique not only can reduce the spherical aberration but also decreases scattering effect in specimen at same time. Therefore, the better axial and lateral resolutions of the sectioning image are produced simultaneously. In the experiment, a verification and comparison between PCLSM and conventional confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) on the ability of cancellation of spherical aberration induced by cover glass are demonstrated experimentally. Finally, the ability of PCLSM which can decrease the spherical aberration based on the common-path propagation of LPPPs associated with polarization gating, spatial coherence gating and spatial filtering gating is discussed.
Using estimated formants tracks for formants smoothing in text to speech (TTS) synthesis

Spectral or formant discontinuities across successive speech segments are legacies of concatenative TTS synthesisers. In this paper, a pole analysis procedure is used to estimate the formant frequency, bandwidths, spectrum shape and dynamics. The obtained formant tracks are then used for formant smoothing purposes in TTS synthesis. This paper explores three methods of spectral and formants smoothing. The first method achieves spectral smoothing at segment boundaries by interpolating the LP autocorrelation vectors. The second and third formant smoothing methods involves direct modification of the formant frequencies. In the second method, smoothing is achieved by substituting the formants of the synthesised speech with that of the natural speech. Finally, the last method achieves formant smoothing by moving the formants of successive segments closer to an average value.
Polycyclic groups, Lie algebras and algebraic groups.

It is our purpose here to generalise the construction of Jennings to the class of polycyclic-by-finite groups and to study the basic properties of this construction. To a polycyclic-by-finite group G and a field k of characteristic zero we canonically associate a fmite dimensional Lie algebra Lk(G) and, when k is algebraically closed, an affine algebraic group G over k, of which Lk(G) is the Lie algebra. Both Lk(G) and G are defined by the subHopf algebra, of the Hopf algebra rQ(kG) dual to kG, generated by the principal block component of r0(kG).
A stability analysis of the equatorial regions of rapidly rotating B stars

3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.
Climatology and variability in the ECHO coupled GCM

ECHO is a new global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (GCM), consisting of the Hamburg version of the European Centre atmospheric GCM (ECHAM) and the Hamburg Primitive Equation ocean GCM (HOPE). We performed a 20-year integration with ECHO. Climate drift is significant, but typical annual mean errors in sea surface temperature (SST) do not exceed 2° in the open oceans. Near the boundaries, however, SST errors are considerably larger. The coupled model simulates an irregular ENSO cycle in the tropical Pacific, with spatial patterns similar to those observed. The variability, however, is somewhat weaker relative to observations. ECHO also simulates significant interannual variability in mid-latitudes. Consistent with observations, variability over the North Pacific can be partly attributed to remote forcing from the tropics. In contrast, the interannual variability over the North Atlantic appears to be generated locally.
Equivalent circuit method analysis of the influence of frequency selective surface resistance on the frequency response of metamaterial absorbers

A simple equivalent circuit method has been proposed to provide understanding of the absorption mechanism of a class of metamaterial absorbers. The absorbers are composed of lossy frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) over the grounded dielectric substrates. Based on the analytical method, the influence of FSS surface resistance on the frequency responses of metamaterial absorbers is discussed in detail. It is shown that wideband or narrowband absorbers can be obtained by changing the surface resistance of the FSS. The narrowband absorbers show a similar surface resistance dependence of the absorbing performance to Salisbury absorbers and the maximum bandwidth of metamaterial absorbers can be obtained with the proper surface resistance. This can serve as a guideline for the fast and efficient design of metamaterial absorbers. Finally, experimental results are presented for verifying the validity of the analytical method.
A Report on Hausdorff Compactifications of $\mathbb{R}$

The goal of this report is to investigate the variety of Hausdorff compactifications of $\mathbb{R}$. The Alexandroff one-point compactification, the two-point compactification, and the Stone-Cech compactification are all clearly different. The ultimate aim is to show that there are in fact uncountably many. An intermediate aim is to exhibit one compactification of $\mathbb{R}$ different from all the compactifications already mentioned.
EFFECT OF COGNITIVE WORKLOAD ON SHOOTING AND QED 3 The Effect of Cognitive Workload on Shooting Performance and Quiet Eye

This study explored the effect of cognitive workload on shooting performance and quiet eye duration (QED) using a Stroop based handgun-shooting task (Stroop shooting). Furthermore, the difference between the reverse Stroop effect and the traditional Stroop effect when shooting based on the Attentional Control Theory was assessed. The methods used were partially based on previously published research by Wood, Vine, and Wilson (2016). Ten experienced shooters went through three shooting conditions (baseline shooting, traditional Stroop shooting, and reverse Stroop shooting) while equipped with eye tracking glasses to record eye movement. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that the mean shooting performance was the best in the baseline condition as well as it yielded the longest QED compared to both experimental conditions. No significant difference was found between reverse Stroop shooting and traditional Stroop shooting. The study provides insights in how the Stroop task and eye tracking can be used to assess shooting performance and quiet eye duration in controlled laboratory setting.