Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low‐latitude hydrological cycle and rapid climate changes during the last deglaciation

Sea surface temperature and oxygen isotopic records from two well‐dated Indian Ocean cores covering the last deglaciation show the occurrence of two periods of increased salinity along the route of warm surface water transport from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean, one between 18 and 14.5 ka and the other during the Younger Dryas. Our results imply that during these periods, salt accumulated in the tropical Atlantic, creating favorable conditions for an abrupt resumption of the thermohaline circulation and abrupt northern hemisphere warming. Furthermore, we suggest that the observed pattern of millennial climate variability during the last glacial and deglaciation resulted from the interaction between the relatively slow rhythm of expansion and decay of the northern hemisphere ice sheets, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability, through changes in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. This interaction generated an oscillator with millennial time response that operated at times of sufficient northern hemisphere ice sheets extent.
Xbase : Implementing Domain-Specific Languages for Java

Xtext is an open-source framework for implementing external, textual domain-specific languages (DSLs). So far, most DSLs implemented with Xtext and similar tools focus on structural aspects such as service specifications and entities. Because behavioral aspects are significantly more complicated to implement, they are often delegated to generalpurpose programming languages. This approach introduces complex integration patterns and the DSL’s high level of abstraction is compromised. We present Xbase as part of Xtext, an expression language that can be reused via language inheritance in any DSL implementation based on Xtext. Xbase expressions provide both control structures and program expressions in a uniform way. Xbase is statically typed and tightly integrated with the Java type system. Languages extending Xbase inherit the syntax of a Java-like expression language as well as language infrastructure components, including a parser, an unparser, a linker, a compiler and an interpreter. Furthermore, the framework provides integration into the Eclipse IDE including debug and refactoring support. The application of Xbase is presented by means of a domain model language which serves as a tutorial example and ∗This work is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under grant number 01S10008 Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. GPCE’12, September 26–27, 2012, Dresden, Germany. Copyright 2012 ACM 978-1-4503-1129-8/12/09 . $15.00. by the implementation of the programming language Xtend. Xtend is a functional and object-oriented general purpose language for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It is built on top of Xbase which is the reusable expression language that is the foundation of Xtend.
The role of α‐, 310‐, and π‐helix in helix→coil transitions

The conformational equilibrium between 310‐ and α‐helical structure has been studied via high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy by Millhauser and coworkers using the MW peptide Ac‐AMAAKAWAAKA AAARA‐NH2. Their 750‐MHz nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectra were interpreted to reflect appreciable populations of 310‐helix throughout the peptide, with the greatest contribution at the N and C termini. The presence of simultaneous αN(i,i + 2) and αN(i,i + 4) NOE cross‐peaks was proposed to represent conformational averaging between 310‐ and α‐helical structures. In this study, we describe 25‐nsec molecular dynamics simulations of the MW peptide at 298 K, using both an 8 Å and a 10 Å force‐shifted nonbonded cutoff. The ensemble averages of both simulations are in reasonable agreement with the experimental helical content from circular dichroism (CD), the 3JHNα coupling constants, and the 57 observed NOEs. Analysis of the structures from both simulations revealed very little formation of contiguous i → i + 3 hydrogen bonds (310‐helix); however, there was a large population of bifurcated i → i + 3 and i → i + 4 α‐helical hydrogen bonds. In addition, both simulations contained considerable populations of π‐helix (i → i + 5 hydrogen bonds). Individual turns formed over residues 1–9, which we predict contribute to the intensities of the experimentally observed αN(i,i + 2) NOEs. Here we show how sampling of both folded and unfolded structures can provide a structural framework for deconvolution of the conformational contributions to experimental ensemble averages.
BIOINFORMATICS LETTER TO THE EDITOR

The detection of epistasis between different loci helps to provide in-depth understanding of complex diseases. Many methods have been proposed to find epistasis in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A recent article (Wang et al., 2011) published in Bioinformatics conducted an empirical comparison on five methods [TEAM, BOOST, SNPHarvester, SNPRuler, and Screen and Clean (SC)] in terms of power, type-1 error rate, scalability and completeness. This work will help users to better understand the pros and cons of each method. However, the lack of epistasis definitions may bring some confusions for users to select the appropriate method for their tasks because the tests of epistasis in these methods belong to two different categories, while the comparison is based on the same experimental setting. In this letter, we like to clarify the difference of two epistasis tests.
Generative Adversarial Training for Weakly Supervised Cloud Matting Supplementary Material

As is suggested by I. Goodfellow et al.[4], instead of training G to minimize log(1−D(G(x, y))), in practice, we try to maximize logD(G(x, y)). This is because in early stage of learning, log(1 − D(G(x, y))) tends to saturate. This revision on objective provides much stronger gradients early in learning. We also consider the other two variants of the adversarial objectives in recent works, i.e. WGAN [2] and LSGAN [7], to stabilize our training. Particularly, for the WGAN based objectives, we train the G to minimize −D(G(x, y)), and train the D to maximize D(y) − D(G(x, y)). For the LSGAN based objectives, we train the G to minimize (D(G(x, y))− 1), and train the D to minimize (D(y)− 1) +D(G(x, y)). In these two cases, the sigmoid function at the last layer of D is removed so that to produce logits rather than probabilities.
Generalized Linear Dynamic Factor Models: An Approach via Singular Autoregressions

We consider generalized linear dynamic factor models. These models have been developed recently and they are used for high dimensional time series in order to overcome the “curse of dimensionality”. We present a structure theory with emphasis on the zeroless case, which is generic in the setting considered. Accordingly the latent variables are modeled as a possibly singular autoregressive process and (generalized) Yule–Walker equations are used for parameter estimation. The Yule–Walker equations do not necessarily have a unique solution in the singular case, and the resulting complexities are examined with a view to find a stable and coprime system.
Plan Reuse versus Plan Generation: a Theoretical and Empirical Analysis Y to Appear in Artiicial Intelligence (special Issue on Planning and Scheduling)

The ability of a planner to reuse parts of old plans is hypothesized to be a valuable tool for improving eeciency of planning by avoiding the repetition of the same planning eeort. We test this hypothesis from an analytical and empirical point of view. A comparative worst-case complexity analysis of generation and reuse under diierent assumptions reveals that it is not possible to achieve a provable eeciency gain of reuse over generation. Further, assuming \conservative" plan modiication, plan reuse can actually be strictly more diicult than plan generation. While these results do not imply that there won't be an eeciency gain in some situations, retrieval of a good plan may present a serious bottleneck for plan reuse systems, as we will show. Finally, we present the results of an empirical study of two diierent plan reuse systems, pointing out possible pitfalls one should be aware of when attempting to employ reuse methods.
4 Faster Homotopy Testing

A running time of Ω(nk) is inevitable if we are required to compute an explicit reduced crossing sequence; consider the polygon and obstacles below. But if a polygon is contractible—homotopic to a single point—its reduced crossing sequence is empty. Similarly the (non-reduced) crossing sequence of a polygon can have length Ω(nk), even if the polygon is contractible, but nothing requires us to compute explicit crossing sequences!
Influences of Pacific Island human communities on benthic coral reef functioning and resilience

Sea cucumbers are thought to play an important role in the recycling and remineralization of organic matter in reef sands through feeding and bioturbation. However, growing demand and high prices from Asian markets are driving the overexploitation of sea cucumbers globally, with little understanding of the consequences of local-scale removal from inshore coral reef ecosystems. Densities of Holothuria scabra were manipulated in enclosures in situ on a reef flat adjacent to Natuvu village, on the island of Vanua Levu, Fiji, between August 2015 and February 2016 to simulate an unfished and an overfished stock density. Two treatments were used: (i) high sea cucumber stocking density (350 g m-2); and (ii) exclusion of sea cucumbers (0 g m-2). Two controls accounted for cage effects: (i) cage controls (no cage walls); and (ii) natural density (60 g m-2). Sedimentary oxygen consumption (SOC), grain size distribution, sediment porosity, and O2 penetration depth were recorded. SOC rates were consistently lower in high density enclosures than when sea cucumbers were excluded, indicative of ‘healthy’ sediments. O2 penetration depth decreased significantly when sea cucumber removal coincided with elevated sea surface temperatures which are indicative of sediment health decline. Thus the removal of sea cucumbers reduces the efficiency of reef sediment to function as a filter system to buffer organic matter pulses, and negatively affects the function and productivity of inshore reef ecosystems.
Integrated Diagnosis and Control for Hybrid Dynamic Systems

In this paper we present an approach for combined fault diagnosis and reconfigurable control structure for a general class of hybrid systems. In this approach a plant is modeled using an extended version of bond graphs, namely hybrid bond graph, where discrete mode transitions are represented as binary switch junctions. A hybrid observer has been developed that uses this model to track the system behavior within and across modes. Two complementary approaches are used for fault detection and isolation. The first diagnoser is based on hybrid models and uses the hybrid observer, qualitative reasoning techniques, and real-time parameter estimation. The other diagnoser is based an
A high‐resolution record of Holocene climate and vegetation dynamics from the southern Cape coast of South Africa: pollen and microcharcoal evidence from Eilandvlei

The southern Cape is a particularly dynamic region of South Africa in terms of climate change as it is influenced by both temperate and tropical circulation systems. This paper presents pollen and microcharcoal data generated from a sediment core extracted from the coastal lake Eilandvlei spanning the last ∼8900 years. With an average sample resolution of 57 years, this record represents the highest resolution record of Holocene vegetation change from the region. The data indicate that cool, seasonal and moderately dry conditions characterized the Wilderness Embayment from ∼8900 to 8000 cal a BP. Afrotemperate forests expanded from ∼8000 cal a BP until 4700 cal a BP. This humid period is followed by indications of more arid and seasonal conditions until 3500 cal a BP. A long‐term increase in forest taxa suggests steadily increasing moisture availability across the late Holocene. Strong affinities are noted with records from more tropical regions of South Africa, suggesting that tropical systems are of importance in maintaining higher moisture availability in the region. An important mechanism of climate change is the Agulhas Current, which transmits what appears to be a localized signal of tropical variability to the southern Cape coast.
Mathematical Economics: Twenty Papers of Gerard Debreu

Introduction Werner Hildenbrand 1. The coefficient of resource utilization 2. A social equilibrium existence theorem 3. A classical tax-subsidy problem 4. Existence of an equilibrium for a competitive economy Kenneth J. Arrow and Gerard Debreu 5. Valuation equilibrium and Pareto optimum 6. Representation of a preference ordering by a numerical function 7. Market equilibrium 8. Economics under uncertainty 9. Topological methods in cardinal utiltity theory 10. New concepts and techniques for equilibrium analysis 11. A limit theorem on the core of an economy Gerard Debreu and Herbert Scarf 12. Continuty properties of Paretian utility 13. Neighboring economic agents 14. Economies with a finite set of equilibria 15. Smooth preferences 16. Excess demand functions 17. The rate of convergence of the core of an economy 18. Four aspects of the mathematical theory of economic equilibrium 19. The application to economies of differential topology and global analysis: regular differentiable economies 20. Least concave utility functions.
Flight Speeds of Brown Pelicans, Chimney Swifts, and Other Birds

Although numerous investigators have recorded flight speeds of birds, information on the wind speed for many of the records is incomplete or unavailable. In addition, data for many species are lacking or meager. Meinertzhagen (1921, 1955) and Cooke (1933, 1937) summarized the early information on avian flight speeds. More recently, various types of radar and other equipment have made it possible to gather relatively large samples of flight speeds under a variety of environmental conditions (see, for example, Bellrose, 1967; Bruderer, 1971; Tucker and Schmidt-Koenig, 1971; Schnell, 1965, 1974; Schnell and Hellack, 1978). In this paper, we report the flight speeds of 13 species taken with the aid of a Doppler radar unit.
The impact of electronic service quality dimension on customer satisfaction

Online purchasing is becoming increasingly common as a purchasing mode. At the onset of e-commerce it was thought that success was guaranteed merely by being present on the internet and offering low prices. Currently customer service has proved itself to be a key element for achieving good results in a website (Zeithaml, Parasuraman & Malhotra, 2002b). In this context, the study of commercial website quality has emerged as an area of strategic importance. As in traditional stores, service quality and customer satisfaction seem to play vital roles in the success and survival of Internet sites.
FCCE: Highly scalable distributed Feature Collection and Correlation Engine for low latency big data analytics

In this paper, we present the design, architecture, and implementation of a novel analysis engine, called Feature Collection and Correlation Engine (FCCE), that finds correlations across a diverse set of data types spanning over large time windows with very small latency and with minimal access to raw data. FCCE scales well to collecting, extracting, and querying features from geographically distributed large data sets. FCCE has been deployed in a large production network with over 450,000 workstations for 3 years, ingesting more than 2 billion events per day and providing low latency query responses for various analytics. We explore two security analytics use cases to demonstrate how we utilize the deployment of FCCE on large diverse data sets in the cyber security domain: 1) detecting fluxing domain names of potential botnet activity and identifying all the devices in the production network querying these names, and 2) detecting advanced persistent threat infection. Both evaluation results and our experience with real-world applications show that FCCE yields superior performance over existing approaches, and excels in the challenging cyber security domain by correlating multiple features and deriving security intelligence.
The June–September Low Cloud Cover in Western Central Africa: Mean Spatial Distribution and Diurnal Evolution, and Associated Atmospheric Dynamics

Western central Africa (WCA) was recently shown to be one of the cloudiest areas of the tropics. Analyzing an ensemble of satellite products and surface cloud observations, we show that in June–September, WCA cloud cover is dominated by single-layered low stratiform clouds. Despite an underestimation of low cloud frequency in satellite estimates at night, comparisons with surface observations bring insights into the spatial distribution and diurnal cycle of low clouds. Both appear strongly influenced by orography: to the west, the coastal plains and the ocean-facing valleys have the largest cloud cover and a lower-amplitude diurnal cycle with a maximum cloud phase at 0400 local time (LT). To the east, across the windward slopes, plateaus, and downwind slopes, the cloud cover becomes progressively reduced and the diurnal cycle has a larger amplitude with a maximum cloud phase at 1000 LT. In terms of atmospheric dynamics, the east/west gradient observed in low cloud frequency and amount is related to a foehn effect without substantial rainfall on windward slopes. The diurnal cycle of low clouds on the windward slopes and plateaus is related to the reversal, from mean subsidence at 0700 LT over the Atlantic and inland to rising motion inland at 1300 LT. In addition, the airmass stability in low levels prevents the vertical development of cloud cover. Last, we could not detect in the European reanalyses any nocturnal jet as observed in southern West Africa (SWA), suggesting different mechanisms triggering low cloud formation in WCA compare to SWA.
Using Neural Net Technology to Analyze Corporate Restructuring Using Neural Net Technology to Analyze Corporate Restructuring Announcements Announcements

It is a rare day when the Wall Street Journal does not include an announcement that a company is taking a restructuring charge. Nowadays it is often assumed that this charge is being taken for the purpose of managing earnings. The problems associated with earnings management are not limited to Wall Street but can be found throughout the world's financial markets. Ongoing developments in artificial intelligence technology hold considerable promise for helping monitor and detect financial fraud and abuse. The objective of this paper is twofold: first, to illustrate how neural nets, a branch of artificial intelligence, can be used to analyze the impact of corporate restructuring announcements on stock performance and second, to propose the need for a balanced approach using both tighter accounting standards and ex-post analysis for better control of excessive earnings management practices. A company taking a restructuring charge will record an expense, generally an estimate, and will set up a reserve for a like amount. A classic example is the technique used by a firm when it sells an operating unit. It is very likely that the sale will result in a one-time gain that could cause a spike in earnings. To avoid this, the firm will record a restructuring charge in an amount that approximates the gain. The charge will be an estimate of future expenses that could be incurred as a result of the restructuring action. In the short term earnings will go down. However, the firm may be engaging in earnings management, which is designed to increase earnings in the future and thus drive up the stock price. This timing has been linked to when ClTO's sitock options can be exercised (Safder, 2003).
AIS Electronic Library (AISeL)

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a promising approach for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) firms, in particular those that are focused on growing fast and leveraging new technology, due to the potential benefits arising from its inherent scalability, reduced total cost of ownership and the ease of access to global innovations. This paper proposes a dynamic perspective on IS capabilities to understand and explain SMEs sourcing and leveraging SaaS. The model is derived from contextualizing the IS capabilities of Feeny and Willcocks (1998) to SMEs and SaaS and combining it with the dynamic capabilities framework of Teece (2007) . We conclude that SMEs sourcing and leveraging SaaS require leadership, business systems thinking and informed buying for sensing and seizing SaaS opportunities and require leadership and vendor development for transforming in terms of aligning and realigning specific tangible and intangible assets.
A 5.3-GHz programmable divider for HiPerLAN in 0.25-μm CMOS

A 5.3-GHz low-voltage CMOS frequency divider whose modulus can be varied from 220 to 224 is presented. Programmability is achieved by switching between different output phases of a D-flip-flop (DFF). An improved glitch-free phase switching architecture through the use of retimed multiplexer control signals is introduced. A high-speed low-voltage DFF circuit is given. The programmable divider fabricated in 0.25-/spl mu/m technology occupies 0.09 mm/sup 2/; it consumes 17.4 mA at 1.8 V and 26.8 mA at 2.2 V. Operation of 5.5 GHz with 300-mV/sub pk/ single-ended input is achieved with a 2.2-V supply. The residual phase noise at the output is -131 dBc/Hz at an offset of 1 kHz from the carrier while operating from a 5.5 GHz input.
Generalised linear models for prognosis and intervention: Theory, practice, and implications for machine learning

Prediction and causal explanation are fundamentally distinct tasks of data analysis. In health applications, this difference can be understood in terms of the difference between prognosis (prediction) and prevention/treatment (causal explanation). Nevertheless, these two concepts are often conflated in practice. We use the framework of generalised linear models (GLMs) to illustrate that predictive and causal queries require distinct processes for their application and subsequent interpretation of results. In particular, we identify five primary ways in which GLMs for prediction differ from GLMs for causal inference: (1) The covariates that should be considered for inclusion in (and possibly exclusion from) the model; (2) How a suitable set of covariates to include in the model is determined; (3) Which covariates are ultimately selected, and what functional form (i.e. parameterisation) they take; (4) How the model is evaluated; and (5) How the model is interpreted. We outline some of the potential consequences of failing to acknowledge and respect these differences, and additionally consider the implications for machine learning (ML) methods. We then conclude with three recommendations which we hope will help ensure that both prediction and causal modelling are used appropriately and to greatest effect in health research.