Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does the second critical-point of water really exist in nature?

In the past decade, a literary phrase “No man's land” has been flooded in the scientific papers. The expression is used to describe a meta-stable region in the phase-diagram that cannot be accessed by experiments. It has been claimed based on the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation that there is a critical point, or the second critical point (SCP), in the “no man's land,” and it has created a big dispute in the field of science. It is proved in the present paper that the hypothesis of SCP is completely against the rigorous theorem of thermodynamics, referred as the Gibbs phase rule. The reason why the simulations have found SCP erroneously is merely because the method violates the requirement which all the statistical-mechanics treatments should satisfy to reproduce the thermodynamics. That is the thermodynamic limit. It is clarified what is the identity of the ``liquid-liquid phase transition'' and SCP in pure liquids, discovered by the simulations and by some experiments. In order to explain the physics of liquid-liquid phase transition observed experimentally in single component liquids, a new concept is proposed.
Verilay: A Verifiable Proof of Stake Chain Relay

Blockchain relay schemes enable cross-chain state proofs without requiring trusted intermediaries. This is achieved by applying the source blockchain’s consensus validation protocol on the target blockchain. Existing chain relays allow for the validation of blocks created using the Proof of Work (PoW) protocol. Since PoW entails high energy consumption, limited throughput, and no guaranteed finality, Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchain protocols are increasingly popular for addressing these shortcomings. We propose Verilay, the first chain relay scheme that enables validating PoS protocols that produce finalized blocks, for example, Ethereum 2.0, Cosmos, and Polkadot. The concept does not require changes to the source blockchain protocols or validator operations. Signatures of block proposers are validated by a dedicated relay smart contract on the target blockchain. In contrast to basic PoW chain relays, Verilay requires only a subset of block headers to be submitted in order to maintain full verifiability. This yields enhanced scalability. We provide a prototypical implementation that facilitates the validation of Ethereum 2.0 beacon chain headers within the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Our evaluation proves the applicability to Ethereum 1.0’s mainnet and confirms that only a fraction of transaction costs are required compared to PoW chain relay updates.
Simulated Bars May Be Shorter but Are Not Slower Than Those Observed: TNG50 versus MaNGA

Galactic bars are prominent dynamical structures within disk galaxies whose size, formation time, strength, and pattern speed influence the dynamical evolution of their hosts’ galaxies. Yet, their formation and evolution in a cosmological context is not well understood, as cosmological simulation studies have been limited by the classic trade-off between simulation volume and resolution. Here we analyze barred disk galaxies in the cosmological magnetohydrodynamical simulation TNG50 and quantitatively compare the distributions of bar size and pattern speed to those from MaNGA observations at z = 0. TNG50 galaxies are selected to match the stellar mass and size distributions of observed galaxies, to account for observational selection effects. We find that the high resolution of TNG50 yields bars with a wide range of pattern speeds (including those with ≥ 40 km s−1 kpc−1) and a mean value of ∼ 36 km s−1 kpc larger than those from observations by only 6 km s−1 kpc−1, in contrast with previous lower-resolution cosmological simulations that produced bars that were too slow. We find, however, that the bars in TNG50 are on average ∼35% shorter than observed, although this discrepancy may partly reflect the remaining inconsistencies in the simulation-data comparison. This leads to higher values of =Rcorot/Rb in TNG50, but points to simulated bars being too short rather than too slow. After repeating the analysis on the lower-resolution run of the same simulation (with the same physical model), we qualitatively reproduce the results obtained in previous studies: this implies that, along with physical model variations, numerical resolution effects may explain the previously found slowness of simulated bars.
Real-Time Seizure Detection using EEG: A Comprehensive Comparison of Recent Approaches under a Realistic Setting

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is an important diagnostic test that physicians use to record brain activity and detect seizures by monitoring the signals. There have been several attempts to detect seizures and abnormalities in EEG signals with modern deep learning models to reduce the clinical burden. However, they cannot be fairly compared against each other as they were tested in distinct experimental settings. Also, some of them are not trained in real-time seizure detection tasks, making it hard for on-device applications. Therefore in this work, for the first time, we extensively compare multiple state-of-the-art models and signal feature extractors in a real-time seizure detection framework suitable for real-world application, using various evaluation metrics including a new one we propose to evaluate more practical aspects of seizure detection models. Our code is available at https://github.com/AITRICS/EEG_real_time_seizure_detection.
Cyclic Structure behind Modular Gaussian Curvature

We propose a systematic scheme for computing the variation of rearrangement operators arising in the recently developed spectral geometry on noncommutative tori and θ-deformed Riemannian manifolds. It can be summarized as a category whose objects consists of spectral functions of the rearrangement operators and morphisms are generated by transformations associated to basic operations of the variational calculus. The generators of the morphisms fulfil most of the relations in Connes’s cyclic category, but also include all the partial derivatives. Comparison with Hopf cyclic theory has also been made.
Probing the degree of coherence through the full 1D-3D dimensional crossover

We experimentally study a gas of quantum degenerate Rb atoms throughout the full dimensional crossover, from a one-dimensional (1D) system exhibiting phase fluctuations consistent with 1D theory to a three-dimensional (3D) phase-coherent system, thereby smoothly interpolating between these distinct, well-understood regimes. Using a hybrid trapping architecture combining an atom chip with a printed circuit board, we continuously adjust the system’s dimensionality and explore a wide range of chemical potentials μ and temperatures T and study the phase fluctuations through the power spectrum of density ripples in time-of-flight expansion. We find that while μ controls the departure of the system from 3D, inside the crossover the fluctuations are dependent on both μ and T , with an increasing dependence on T as the system becomes more 1D. Ultimately, the fluctuations are shown to be determined by the relative occupation of 1D axial collective excitations.
Quasilinear theory for inhomogeneous plasma

This paper presents quasilinear theory (QLT) for a classical plasma interacting with inhomogeneous turbulence. The particle Hamiltonian is kept general; for example, relativistic, electromagnetic and gravitational effects are subsumed. A Fokker–Planck equation for the dressed ‘oscillation-centre’ distribution is derived from the Klimontovich equation and captures quasilinear diffusion, interaction with the background fields and ponderomotive effects simultaneously. The local diffusion coefficient is manifestly positive-semidefinite. Waves are allowed to be off-shell (i.e. not constrained by a dispersion relation), and a collision integral of the Balescu–Lenard type emerges in a form that is not restricted to any particular Hamiltonian. This operator conserves particles, momentum and energy, and it also satisfies the $\smash {H}$-theorem, as usual. As a spin-off, a general expression for the spectrum of microscopic fluctuations is derived. For on-shell waves, which satisfy a quasilinear wave-kinetic equation, the theory conserves the momentum and energy of the wave–plasma system. The action of non-resonant waves is also conserved, unlike in the standard version of QLT. Dewar's oscillation-centre QLT of electrostatic turbulence (Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, 1973, p. 1102) is proven formally as a particular case and given a concise formulation. Also discussed as examples are relativistic electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, and QLT for gravitational waves is proposed.
Automatic algorithm to obtain $v \sin i$ values via Fourier Transform in BeSOS database

Be stars are found to rotate close to their critical rotation and therefore they are considered as an important laboratory of study for stellar rotation. In this context, we obtain the projected rotational velocity of a sample of classical Be Southern stars in the BeSOS database via Fourier Transform in an automated way for several absorption lines at different epochs. A Gaussian profile is fitted to eight observed photospheric He i lines in order to select automatically the spectral signal given by areas under the curve of 95.45 %, 98.75 % and 99.83 % from the profile to obtain v sin i via Fourier Transform technique. The values obtained are in global agreement with the literature. Analysing only one line is not enough to set the v sin i value, depending on the line the value in most cases are underestimated with respect to λ4471. When gravity darkening effects are including, apparent values increases by ∼ 10%. The resolution of the instrument PUCHEROS used for BeSOS spectra (R ∼ 17 000) constrain a theoretical lower bound possible at v sin i ∼ 100 km s−1. The procedure has limitations using a linear limb-darkening function with ε = 0.6 for classical Be stars rotating close to the break-up velocity without gravity-darkening corrections, which can’t be negligible. Previous works measure v sin i values using just one spectral line and here we demonstrate that with more lines the results can varies. This could be due to the photospheric distribution of atomic transitions on classical Be stars.
Pairwise Representation Learning for Event Coreference

Natural Language Processing tasks such as resolving the coreference of events require understanding the relations between two text snippets. These tasks are typically formulated as (binary) classification problems over independently induced representations of the text snippets. In this work, we develop a Pairwise Representation Learning (PairwiseRL) scheme for the event mention pairs, in which we jointly encode a pair of text snippets so that the representation of each mention in the pair is induced in the context of the other one. Furthermore, our representation supports a finer, structured representation of the text snippet to facilitate encoding events and their arguments. We show that PairwiseRL, despite its simplicity, outperforms the prior state-of-the-art event coreference systems on both cross-document and within-document event coreference benchmarks. We also conduct in-depth analysis in terms of the improvement and the limitation of pairwise representation so as to provide insights for future work.
Solution of Non-negative Least Squares Inverse Problems Using a Span of Regularized Solutions, with Application to Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry

We present a fundamentally new regularization method for the solution of the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind, in which we incorporate solutions corresponding to a range of Tikhonov regularizers into the end result. This method identifies solutions within a much larger function space, spanned by this set of regularized solutions, than is available to conventional regularizaton methods. Each of these solutions is regularized to a different extent. In effect, we combine the stability of solutions with greater degrees of regularization with the resolution of those that are less regularized. In contrast, current methods involve selection of a single, or in some cases several, regularization parameters that define an optimal degree of regularization. Because the identified solution is within the span of a set of differently-regularized solutions, we call this method \textit{span of regularizations}, or SpanReg. We demonstrate the performance of SpanReg through a non-negative least squares analysis employing a Gaussian basis, and demonstrate the improved recovery of bimodal Gaussian distribution functions as compared to conventional methods. We also demonstrate that this method exhibits decreased dependence of the end result on the optimality of regularization parameter selection. We further illustrate the method with an application to myelin water fraction mapping in the human brain from experimental magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry data. We expect SpanReg to be widely applicable as an effective new method for regularization of inverse problems.
A Biomimetic Human Lung‐on‐a‐Chip with Colorful Display of Microphysiological Breath

Lung‐on‐a‐chip models hold great promise for disease modeling and drug screening. Herein, inspired by the iridescence phenomenon of soap bubbles, a novel biomimetic 3D microphysiological lung‐on‐a‐chip system with breathing visualization is presented. The system, with an array of pulmonary alveoli at the physiological scale, is constructed and coated with structural color materials. Cyclic deformation is induced by regular airflow, resembling the expansion and contraction of the alveoli during rhythmic breathing. As the deformation is accompanied with corresponding synchronous shifts in the structural color, the constructed system offers self‐reporting of the cell mechanics and enables real‐time monitoring of the cultivation process. Using this system, the dynamic relationships between the color atlas and disease symptoms, showing the essential role of mechanical stretching in the phenotypes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, are investigated. These features make this human lung system ideal in biological study, disease monitoring, and drug discovery.
Enhanced suppression of soil‐borne phytopathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum in soil and promotion of tomato plant growth by synergetic effect of green synthesized nanoparticles and plant extract

Because of severe economic losses and food security concerns caused by plant pathogenic bacteria, Ralstonia solanacearum, there is a need to develop novel control methods. This study was aimed to green synthesize the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through Withania coagulans leaf extracts and checked their antibacterial potential alone or in combination with W. coagulans leaf extract for the management of R. solanacearum causing bacterial wilt disease in tomato.
The Influence of the River Discharge on Residence Time, Exposure Time and Integrated Water Fractions for the Tagus Estuary (Portugal)

Understanding how long water is retained in an estuary and how quickly it is completely flushed is essential to estimate an estuary’s health in areas with significant pollutant loadings. The present study analyses the effect of five different Tagus River discharge scenarios ranging from low to extreme on residence time (RT), exposure time (ET) and integrated water fractions inside pre-established Tagus estuary areas, to identify its most vulnerable areas to pollution. The 3D version of the MOHID hydrodynamic model coupled to a lagrangian tool was used. The increase of the river discharge generated high current velocities which, in turn, led to an increased rate of tracers leaving the estuary. As a consequence, RT and ET decreased from 59 to 3.5 days under a low and extreme river discharge scenario, respectively. Under a low river discharge, significant differences were observed between RT and ET in the areas located in the main body of the estuary and in the bays. As river discharge increased, RT and ET decreased in all areas of the estuary and those differences faded, with the greatest differences observed in the areas situated along the south margin. In general, results showed that with high river discharges the tracers released in the upper estuary are spread throughout the estuary, but mainly in downstream areas. However, when the river discharge reached exceptionally high values, local eddies were formed, leading to the retention of the tracers in the estuary’s south margin and inner bays. The results in this study allowed to identify the most vulnerable areas within the estuary as a function of the river discharge.
LncRNA VPS9D1-AS1 Promotes Malignant Progression of Lung Adenocarcinoma by Targeting miRNA-30a-5p/KIF11 Axis

Objective: This research probed into the molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) VPS9D1 Antisense RNA 1 (VPS9D1-AS1) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods: lncRNA expression level was evaluated bioinformatically, and its downstream miRNA/mRNA regulatory axis was predicted by bioinformatics methods as well. qRT-PCR was used to measure VPS9D1-AS1, miRNA-30a-5p, and kinesin family member 11 (KIF11) expression. Western blot was performed to measure KIF11 protein expression. Proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUAD cells were all observed by cell biological function experiments. Dual-luciferase assay detected binding between miRNA-30a-5p and VPS9D1-AS1 or KIF11, respectively. RIP experiment detected interaction between VPS9D1-AS1 and miRNA-30a-5p. Results: VPS9D1-AS1 and KIF11 were increased in LUAD, whereas miRNA-30a-5p was decreased. VPS9D1-AS1 promoted the malignant progression of LUAD cells and could sponge miRNA-30a-5p. MiRNA-30a-5p could restore the impact of VPS9D1-AS1 on LUAD cells. KIF11 was a target downstream of miRNA-30a-5p. VPS9D1-AS1 could upregulate KIF11 expression through competitively sponging miRNA-30a-5p, and KIF11 could restore the impact of miRNA-30a-5p on LUAD cells. Conclusion: VPS9D1-AS1 could foster malignant progression of LUAD via regulating miRNA-30a-5p/KIF11 axis, suggesting that VPS9D1-AS1 is key to regulating the malignant progression of LUAD.
Seven Genes Associated With Lymphatic Metastasis in Thyroid Cancer That Is Linked to Tumor Immune Cell Infiltration

Objective Since there are few studies exploring genes associated with lymphatic metastasis of thyroid carcinoma (THCA), this study was conducted to explore genes associated with lymphatic metastasis of THCA and to investigate the relationship with immune infiltration. Methods Differentially expressed genes associated with THCA lymphatic metastasis were analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database; a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed to screen for pivotal genes. Based on the identified hub genes, their expression in THCA with and without lymphatic metastasis were determined. Functional enrichment analysis was performed. The correlation between the identified genes and immune cell infiltration was explored. LASSO logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk score of the most relevant gene constructs and multifactor COX regression analysis based on genes in the risk score formula. Results A total of 115 genes were differentially expressed in THCA with and without lymphatic metastasis, including 28 upregulated genes and 87 downregulated genes. The PPI network identified seven hub genes (EVA1A, TIMP1, SERPINA1, FAM20A, FN1, TNC, MXRA8); the expression of all seven genes was upregulated in the group with lymphatic metastasis; Immuno-infiltration analysis showed that all seven genes were significantly positively correlated with macrophage M1 and NK cells and negatively correlated with T-cell CD4+ and myeloid dendritic cells. LASSO logistic regression analysis identified the five most relevant genes (EVA1A, SERPINA1, FN1, TNC, MXRA8), and multi-factor COX regression analysis showed EVA1A, SERPINA1 and FN1 as independent prognostic factors. Conclusion Seven genes were associated with lymphatic metastasis of THCA and with tumor immune cell infiltration.
Identification of Rare Variants in Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction Congenital Heart Disease by Whole-Exome Sequencing

Background Pulmonary atresia (PA) is a kind of congenital heart disease characterized by right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. It is divided into PA with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) whose favorable form is pulmonary valvular stenosis (PS), and PA with ventricular septal defect (PA/VSD) whose favorable form is tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Due to limitations in genetics etiology, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was utilized to identify new variants associated with the diseases. Methods The data from PS-PA/IVS (n = 74), TOF-PA/VSD (n = 100), and 100 controls were obtained. The common sites between PS and PA/IVS, PA/VSD and TOF, were compared. The novel rare damage variants, and candidate genes were identified by gene-based burden analysis. Finally, the enrichment analysis of differential genes was conducted between case and control groups. Results Seventeen rare damage variants located in seven genes were predicted to be associated with the PS through burden analysis. Enrichment analysis identified that the Wnt and cadherin signaling pathways were relevant to PS-PA/IVS. Conclusion This study put forth seven candidate genes (APC, PPP1R12A, PCK2, SOS2, TNR, MED13, and TIAM1), resulting in PS-PA/IVS. The Wnt and cadherin signaling pathways were identified to be related to PS-PA/IVS by enrichment analysis. This study provides new evidence for exploring the genetic mechanism of PS-PA/IVS.
MPC with Space Vector Phase-Shift PWM (SV-PSPWM) Technique with Harmonic Mitigation Strategy for Shunt Active Power Filters Based on H-Bridge Multilevel Converter

This article presents a model predictive current control of a shunt active power filter based on 7-level cascaded H-bridge converters. By using the spacial vector modulation approach into the model predictive control, a considerable reduction of the computational burden is achieved and makes possible the real-time implementation in a custom experimental setup. Then, the current harmonics on the grid side, caused by non-linear loads connected to the point of common coupling, are compensated. The experimental results confirmed the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed controller.
Magnetic Field-Enhanced Agglutination Readout Combined With Isothermal Reverse Transcription Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid and Sensitive Molecular Detection of Dengue Virus

Among the numerous molecular diagnostic methods, isothermal reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) is a simple method that has high sensitivity and avoids the use of expensive instruments. However, detection of amplified genomes often requires a fluorescence readout on costly readers or migration on a lateral flow strip with a subjective visual reading. Aiming to establish a new approach to rapidly and sensitively detect viruses, we combined RT-RPA with a magnetic field-enhanced agglutination (MFEA) assay and assessed the ability of this method to detect the dengue virus (DENV). Magnetization cycles accelerated the capture of amplified DENV genomes between functionalized magnetic nanoparticles by a fast chaining process to less than 5 min; the agglutination was quantified by simple turbidimetry. A total of 37 DENV RNA+ and 30 DENV RNA− samples were evaluated with this combined method. The sensitivity and specificity were 89.19% (95% CI, 72.75–100.00%) and 100% (95% CI, 81.74–100.00%), respectively. This approach provides a solution for developing innovative diagnostic assays for the molecular detection of emerging infections.
Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Rare and Endangered Tropical Plant Speranskia yunnanensis (Euphorbiaceae)

Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China, State Key Laboratory of Grassland AgroEcosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China