Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global change effects on humid tropical forests: Evidence for biogeochemical and biodiversity shifts at an ecosystem scale

Government and international agencies have highlighted the need to focus global change research efforts on tropical ecosystems. However, no recent comprehensive review exists synthesizing humid tropical forest responses across global change factors, including warming, decreased precipitation, carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen deposition, and land use/land cover changes. This paper assesses research across spatial and temporal scales for the tropics, including modeling, field, and controlled laboratory studies. The review aims to (1) provide a broad understanding of how a suite of global change factors are altering humid tropical forest ecosystem properties and biogeochemical processes; (2) assess spatial variability in responses to global change factors among humid tropical regions; (3) synthesize results from across humid tropical regions to identify emergent trends in ecosystem responses; (4) identify research and management priorities for the humid tropics in the context of global change. Ecosystem responses covered here include plant growth, carbon storage, nutrient cycling, biodiversity, and disturbance regime shifts. The review demonstrates overall negative effects of global change on all ecosystem properties, with the greatest uncertainty and variability in nutrient cycling responses. Generally, all global change factors reviewed, except for carbon dioxide fertilization, demonstrate great potential to trigger positive feedbacks to global warming via greenhouse gas emissions and biogeophysical changes that cause regional warming. This assessment demonstrates that effects of decreased rainfall and deforestation on tropical forests are relatively well understood, whereas the potential effects of warming, carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen deposition, and plant species invasions require more cross‐site, mechanistic research to predict tropical forest responses at regional and global scales.
International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research

Tef is one of the mostly important food grain sources of livelihood for farmers of the Aneded district in North Western Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the productivity of the crop is noticeably low due to limited use of improved variety and inappropriate use of rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, the field experiment conducted in Aneded district during 2016/17 main cropping season to evaluate the response of tef varieties to different rates of nitrogen fertilizer. It contained factorial combinations of four tef varieties [three improved varieties (Dega Tef, Gimbichu and Quncho) and one local check (Basomure)] and four levels of nitrogen (0, 32.5, 65 and 97.5 Kg/ha) that laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The collected data subjected to statistical analysis by using SAS 9.1 and mean difference compared by DMRT at 5% level of significance. From this finding, Quncho variety and the highest rate of nitrogen (97.5 kg/ha) was identified to be the high yielding (3.68 t/ha) and economic nitrogen level with acceptable marginal rate of returns and as a result, Quncho variety with 97.5 kg N/ha is recommendable for the study area even if it needs to be tested again for complete recommendation.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Singularity and consciousness: A neuropsychological contribution

In common sense experience based on introspection, consciousness is singular. There is onlyone‘me’ andthatisthe onethatisconscious.This meansthat‘singularity’is adeﬁning aspect of ‘consciousness’. However, the three main theories of consciousness, Integrated Information, Global Workspace and Recurrent Processing theory, are generally not very clear on this issue. These theories have traditionally relied heavily on neuropsychological observations and have interpreted various disorders, such as anosognosia, neglect and split-brain as impairments in conscious awareness without any reference to ‘the singularity’. In this review, we will re-examine the theoretical implications of these impairments in conscious awareness and propose a new way how to conceptualize consciousness of singularity. We will argue that the subjective feeling of singularity can coexist with several disuniﬁed conscious experiences. Singularity awareness may only come into existence due to environmental response constraints. That is, perceptual, language, memory, attentional and motor processes may largely proceed unintegrated in parallel, whereas a sense of unity only arises when organisms need to respond coherently constrained by the affordances of the environment. Next, we examine from this perspective psychiatric disorders and psycho-active drugs. Finally, we present a ﬁrst attempt to test this hypothesis with a resting state imaging experiment in a split-brain patient. The results suggest that there is substantial coherence of activation across the two hemispheres. These data show that a complete lesioning of the corpus callosum does not, in general, alter the resting state networks of the brain. Thus, we propose that we have separate systems in the brain that generate distributed conscious. The sense of singularity, the experience of a ‘Me-ness’, emerges in the interaction between the world
Acoplamiento sismogénico en la zona de subducción de Michoacán-Colima-Jalisco, México

Se analizaron los hipocentros y mecanismos focales de los sismos ocurridos en el suroeste de Mexico entre 1964 y 2008 para examinar el ancho sismogenico de la zona de subduccion de Michoacan-Colima-Jalisco. Esta zona incluye el segmento de Michoacan en la porcion noroeste de la placa de Cocos y el segmento de Jalisco que corresponde a la placa de Rivera. En el segmento de Michoacan la profundidad maxima estimada para la zona de acoplamiento sismogenico es 40 km. Esta profundidad es mayor al valor de 25 km propuesto anteriormente para la placa de Cocos. Para la placa de Rivera la profundidad maxima del contacto sismogenico tambien es 40 km, consistente con el valor propuesto anteriormente. Este valor sugiere un ancho sismogenico distinto para cada segmento por la diferencia en el angulo de buzamiento entre las placas de Cocos y de Rivera. Las dimensiones del contacto sismogenico estimadas para el segmento de Michoacan (300 km x 95 km) y para el segmento de Jalisco (420 km x 75 km) indican una magnitud maxima similar de Mw 8.3 con un deslizamiento promedio esperado de 2 m. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones importantes para la estimacion del potencial sismico en la zona de subduccion de Michoacan-Colima-Jalisco
Synthesis process block polymers by controlled radical polymerization.

The invention relates to a polymerization process block polymer of general formula (I) comprising contacting: an ethylenically unsaturated monomer of formula: CYY '(= CW-CW') {sub, a} = CH {sub, 2}; a precursor compound of general formula (II); and radical polymerization catalyst.
Control of cytomegalovirus viremia after T cell depleted allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), most patients experience a period of profound and prolonged T cell deficiency due to the immune suppression and/or T cell depletion (TCD). In this period the patients are at risk for developing infectious complications by reactivation of endogenous herpes like viruses cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Reactivation of endogenous CMV is the most frequently occurring herpes virus reactivation following alloSCT. Approximately 60% of alloSCT recipients are seropositive for CMV and are therefore at risk for endogenous reactivation of latent CMV. CMV reactivation can lead to potentially fatal CMV disease, comprising CMV pneumonitis, CMV colitis or CMV encephalitis. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate factors that influence the incidence of CMV disease after TCD alloSCT. These factors include the conditioning regimen, serostatus of the donor, pharmacological intervention following alloSCT and adoptive T cell transfer for treatment of refractory CMV reactivation or CMV disease.
Radio communications for vehicle speed adjustment

There is provided a method comprising the following steps. Vehicle receives by radio from another vehicle an indication of speed of said another vehicle. The vehicle to determine its own speed. Automatically determined by the speed of adjustment of the other vehicle impact, in order to control the relative speed of these vehicles. The speed is adjusted by radio to request the other vehicle.
An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells

NATURE | VOL 404 | 16 MARCH 2000 | www.nature. com 293 23. Farnsworth, C. L. et al. Calcium activation of Ras mediated by neuronal exchange factor Ras–GRF. Nature 376, 524–527 (1995). 24. Brambilla, R. et al. A role for the Ras signalling pathway in synaptic transmission and long-term memory. Nature 390, 281–286 (1997). 25. Dusenbery, D. B. , Sheridan, R. E. & Russell, R. L. Chemotaxis-defective mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 80, 297–309 (1975). 26. Bargmann, C. I. & Horvitz, H. R. Chemosensory neurons with overlapping functions direct chemotaxis to multiple chemicals in C. elegans. Neuron 7, 729–742 (1991). 27. Mello, C. C. , Kramer, J. M. , Stinchcomb, D. & Ambros, V. Efficient gene transfer in C. elegans: extrachromosomal maintenance and integration of transforming sequences. EMBO J. 10, 3959–3970 (1991). 28. Nonet, M. L. et al. Caenorhabditis elegans rab-3 mutant synapses exhibit impaired function and are partially depleted of vesicles. J. Neurosci. 17, 8061–8073 (1997). 29. Yung, Y. et al. Detection of ERK activation by a novel monoclonal antibody. FEBS Lett. 408, 292–296 (1997).
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIV. Adhesion G Protein–Coupled Receptors

The Adhesion family forms a large branch of the pharmacologically important superfamily of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). As Adhesion GPCRs increasingly receive attention from a wide spectrum of biomedical fields, the Adhesion GPCR Consortium, together with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification, proposes a unified nomenclature for Adhesion GPCRs. The new names have ADGR as common dominator followed by a letter and a number to denote each subfamily and subtype, respectively. The new names, with old and alternative names within parentheses, are: ADGRA1 (GPR123), ADGRA2 (GPR124), ADGRA3 (GPR125), ADGRB1 (BAI1), ADGRB2 (BAI2), ADGRB3 (BAI3), ADGRC1 (CELSR1), ADGRC2 (CELSR2), ADGRC3 (CELSR3), ADGRD1 (GPR133), ADGRD2 (GPR144), ADGRE1 (EMR1, F4/80), ADGRE2 (EMR2), ADGRE3 (EMR3), ADGRE4 (EMR4), ADGRE5 (CD97), ADGRF1 (GPR110), ADGRF2 (GPR111), ADGRF3 (GPR113), ADGRF4 (GPR115), ADGRF5 (GPR116, Ig-Hepta), ADGRG1 (GPR56), ADGRG2 (GPR64, HE6), ADGRG3 (GPR97), ADGRG4 (GPR112), ADGRG5 (GPR114), ADGRG6 (GPR126), ADGRG7 (GPR128), ADGRL1 (latrophilin-1, CIRL-1, CL1), ADGRL2 (latrophilin-2, CIRL-2, CL2), ADGRL3 (latrophilin-3, CIRL-3, CL3), ADGRL4 (ELTD1, ETL), and ADGRV1 (VLGR1, GPR98). This review covers all major biologic aspects of Adhesion GPCRs, including evolutionary origins, interaction partners, signaling, expression, physiologic functions, and therapeutic potential.
Multimorbidity's many challenges: A research priority in the UK.

Further to the three research areas Fortin et al identify for investigation,1 four additional aspects of multimorbidity are also relevant. Firstly, acute conditions also contribute to comorbidity, and there is no reason for their exclusion. Secondly, comorbidity is of particular relevance to primary care, which is person focused and not disease focused.2 Thirdly, research on the …
Granular hydrodynamics and pattern formation in vertically oscillated granular disk layers

The goal of this study is to demonstrate numerically that certain hydrodynamic systems, derived from inelastic kinetic theory, give fairly good descriptions of rapid granular flows even if they are way beyond their supposed validity limits. A numerical hydrodynamic solver is presented for a vibrated granular bed in two dimensions. It is based on a highly accurate shock capturing state-of-the-art numerical scheme applied to a compressible Navier–Stokes system for granular flow. The hydrodynamic simulation of granular flows is challenging, particularly in systems where dilute and dense regions occur at the same time and interact with each other. As a benchmark experiment, we investigate the formation of Faraday waves in a two-dimensional thin layer exposed to vertical vibration in the presence of gravity. The results of the hydrodynamic simulations are compared with those of event-driven molecular dynamics and the overall quantitative agreement is good at the level of the formation and structure of periodic patterns. The accurate numerical scheme for the hydrodynamic description improves the reproduction of the primary onset of patterns compared to previous literature. To our knowledge, these are the first hydrodynamic results for Faraday waves in two-dimensional granular beds that accurately predict the wavelengths of the two-dimensional standing waves as a function of the perturbation's amplitude. Movies are available with the online version of the paper.
Complete chloroplast genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Sinojackia sarcocarpa, an endemic plant in Southwest China

Abstract Sinojackia sarcocarpa is an endangered plant endemic to China. Here, the complete chloroplast genome of S. sarcocarpa was sequenced and characterized. The total genome size is 158,737 bp, with a typical quadripartite structure including a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs, 26,090 bp) separated by a large single copy (LSC, 88,002 bp) region and a small single copy (SSC, 18,555 bp) region. The genome contains 137 genes, including 90 protein-coding genes, 38 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that S. sarcocarpa is closely related to Sinojackia xylocarpa and Sinojackia rehderiana, but forms an independent evolutionary branch.
Serum parathyroid hormone, but not menopausal status, is associated with the expression of osteoprotegerin and RANKL mRNA in human bone samples.

OBJECTIVE Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and its ligand 'receptor activator of NF-kB ligand' (RANKL) are important regulators of bone metabolism. RANKL, expressed in osteoblasts, activates osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast function by binding the 'receptor activator of NF-kB' (RANK), expressed in ostoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts. The effect is prevented by OPG, a soluble receptor of RANKL. In vitro studies have suggested that estrogen stimulates OPG, whereas parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibits OPG expression and stimulates the expression of RANKL. DESIGN In the present study, we examined the relationship between the menopause, serum PTH and the expression of OPG and RANKL in human bone tissue in vivo. METHODS To address this question, we established a 5'-nuclease assay to quantify the mRNA copies of human OPG and RANKL, normalized to the number of copies of beta-actin mRNA in 169 women (mean age: 52.4+/-11.6 years), who underwent surgery for early breast cancer. Intact serum PTH was measured by chemoluminescence in 61 women. RESULTS We found no significant difference in the expression of OPG and RANKL between postmenopausal women and premenopausal women. Also, the ratio of RANKL to OPG was unchanged in relation to the menopausal status. Serum PTH was negatively associated with the expression of OPG (r=-0.33, P=0.01), but also, surprisingly, with the expression of RANKL (r=-0.28, P=0.03). CONCLUSION We failed to observe the expected changes in the expression of OPG and RANKL in human bone samples at menopause. High in vivo levels of circulating PTH are accompanied by low levels of expression of the two transcripts in human bone tissue.
Barreiras às novas formas de coordenação no agrossistema do caju na região nordeste, Brasil Barriers to new coordination forms in the cashew nut agricultural system in northeast of Brazil

Although the Brazilian production of cashew nuts has increased in the years 2000, its international market-share has decreased revealing competitiveness loss of this agri-system. Agricultural yields are low and a traditional governance structure among farmers, intermediaries, and cashew nut processing industries still subsists. New coordination forms have been tested, but they have not been able to substitute the old one. The objective of this article is the identification of barriers to the changes of this structure. The Economy of Transaction Cost is the theoretical approach adopted. For empirical investigation, a rapid appraisal method was adopted comprising interviews with stakeholders in the states of Ceara, Piaui, and Rio Grande do Norte. The results showed that resilience is remarkable in the old structure, which is underpinned in the functionality and capacity of reaction of intermediaries. Therefore, the cautious strategy adopted by the cashew nut processing industries is, on one hand, rational in the face of uncertainties, and, on the other hand, slow in the face of the international market changes. Resumo: Embora a producao brasileira de amendoa de castanha-de-caju tenha crescido nos anos 2000, sua participacao no mercado internacional reduziu-se, revelando perda de competitividade desse agrossistema. A produtividade na producao rural e baixa e subsiste uma antiquada estrutura de governanca das relacoes entre produtores, intermediarios e processadores de castanha em casca. Novas formas de coordenacao estao sendo testadas, mas ainda nao foram capazes de substituir a antiga. O objetivo desse artigo e identificar o conjunto de barreiras a transformacao dessa estrutura. O referencial teorico adotado encontra-se fundamentalmente na Economia de Custos de Transacao. Para investigacao empirica, adotou-se o metodo de pesquisa rapida (rapid appraisal), compreendendo entrevistas junto a uma amostra nao probabilistica de agentes da cadeia nos estados do Ceara, Piaui e Rio Grande do Norte. Os resultados mostram que ha resiliencia da estrutura de governanca antiga, a qual esta assentada na funcionalidade e capacidade de reacao dos intermediarios. Assim, a estrategia de mudanca cautelosa das empresas processadoras e, por um lado, racional diante de grandes incertezas, e, por outro, lenta diante das transformacoes do mercado internacional. Palavras-chave: Sistemas agroindustriais. Coordenacao. Castanha de caju. Brasil.
Under Consideration for Publication in J. Functional Programming Parametricity, Type Equality and Higher-order Polymorphism

Propositions that express type equality are a frequent ingredient of modern functional programming—they can encode generic functions, dynamic types, and GADTs. Via the Curry-Howard correspondence, these propositions are ordinary types inhabited by proof terms, computed using runtime type representations. In this paper we show that two examples of type equality propositions actually do reflect type equality; they are only inhabited when their arguments are equal and their proofs are unique (up to equivalence.) We show this result in the context of a strongly normalizing language with higher-order polymor-phism and primitive recursion over runtime type representations by proving Reynolds's abstraction theorem. We then use this theorem to derive " free " theorems about equality types. 1 Type equivalence, isomorphism and equality Type equivalence propositions assert that two types are isomorphic. For example, we may define such a proposition (in Haskell) as follows: type EQUIV a b = (a-> b, b-> a) Under the Curry-Howard correspondence, which identifies types and propositions, EQUIV asserts logical equivalence between two propositions: a implies b and b implies a. A proof of this equivalence, a pair of functions f and g, is a type isomor-phism when the two functions compose to be the identity—in other words, when f. g = id and g. f = id. In that case, if (f,g) is a proof of the proposition EQUIV a Int, and x is an element of type a, then we can coerce x to be of type Int with f. In the past ten years, a number of authors have proposed the use of type equivalence propositions in typed programming languages (mostly Haskell). Type equivalence propositions have been used to implement heterogeneous data structures, type representations and generic functions, dynamic types, logical frameworks, metapro-gramming, GADTs, and forms of lightweight dependent types
Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in the Diaspora: The 2012 Update

This is the eleventh annual update of the bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia. It includes like all previous issues published and unpublished research on HIV/AIDS and related health conditions and issues particularly other sexually transmitted infections tuberculosis and socioeconomic behavioral and cultural conditions gender violence sexuality family planning relevant policy and interventions. As in previous updates all references are listed under eight main headings: basic biomedical research; epidemiological behavioral socio-economic and cultural research; impacts research; treatment care and clinical research; h; prevention research; health services and health policy research; health informatics monitoring and evaluation research; and HIV/AIDS research on Ethiopians in the Diaspora. Section 9 lists pertinent websites. The text preceding each list of references briefly summarizes patterns and trends and highlights key findings of studies presenting new approaches concepts or tools.