Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Open Source Software Projects Needing Security Investments

Abstract : Some open source software (OSS) is widely used and depended on, and yet not received the level of security analysis appropriate to its importance. This paper describes our work to help identify OSS projects that may especially need investment for security by identifying and using metrics. We performed a literature search, identified promising metrics and potentially-concerning software packages to investigate, developed a specific approach, and applied it to identify a set of OSS projects that we believe are especially concerning. We have focused on automatically gathering metrics, especially those that suggest less active projects. For our initial set of projects to examine we took the set of software packages installed by Debian base and added packages that we or others identified as potentially concerning; we could easily add more projects to consider in the future.
Efficient and Rapid Template-Directed Nucleic Acid Copying Using 2′-Amino-2′,3′-dideoxyribonucleoside−5′-Phosphorimidazolide Monomers

The development of a sequence-general nucleic acid copying system is an essential step in the assembly of a synthetic protocell, an autonomously replicating spatially localized chemical system capable of spontaneous Darwinian evolution. Previously described nonenzymatic template-copying experiments have validated the concept of nonenzymatic replication, but have not yet achieved robust, sequence-general polynucleotide replication. The 5′-phosphorimidazolides of the 2′-amino-2′,3′-dideoxyribonucleotides are attractive as potential monomers for such a system because they polymerize by forming 2′→5′ linkages, which are favored in nonenzymatic polymerization reactions using similarly activated ribonucleotides on RNA templates. Furthermore, the 5′-activated 2′-amino nucleotides do not cyclize. We recently described the rapid and efficient nonenzymatic copying of a DNA homopolymer template (dC15) encapsulated within fatty acid vesicles using 2′-amino-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine−5′-phosphorimidazolide as the activated monomer. However, to realize a true Darwinian system, the template-copying chemistry must be able to copy most sequences and their complements to allow for the transmission of information from generation to generation. Here, we describe the copying of a series of nucleic acid templates using 2′-amino-2′,3′-dideoxynucleotide−5′-phosphorimidazolides. Polymerization reactions proceed rapidly to completion on short homopolymer RNA and LNA templates, which favor an A-type duplex geometry. We show that more efficiently copied sequences are generated by replacing the adenine nucleobase with diaminopurine, and uracil with C5-(1-propynyl)uracil. Finally, we explore the copying of longer, mixed-sequence RNA templates to assess the sequence-general copying ability of 2′-amino-2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside−5′-phosphorimidazolides. Our results are a significant step forward in the realization of a self-replicating genetic polymer compatible with protocell template copying and suggest that N2′→P5′-phosphoramidate DNA may have the potential to function as a self-replicating system.
Evaluation of Land Use Sustainability Based on Land Fragmentation:A Case on Fenyi County,Jiangxi Province

This article aims to build an evaluation index system on land use sustainability from the perspective of land fragmentation and applied it to assess the land use sustainability of ten townships in Fenyi county,Jiangxi Province by means of literature review,landscape index,integrated index and AHP.The result of cluster analysis of land use sustainability evaluation on township level has showed that the susainability of land use was accociated with landscape,terrain,longitude and latitude.The land fragmentation of the townships in southern Fenyi is the lowest among all the samples and the sustainability of land use of southern Fenyi is the highest;the land fragmentation in northern Fenyi is most severe and the sustainability of land use is the lowest;the land fragmentation and land use sustainability of townships in middle Fenyi is moderate.It is concluded the land-fragmentation-oriented evaluation index system on land use sustainability built by the author can reflect the effects of land fragmentation on sustainable land use at township level.
KORELASI PENGUKURAN ANTROPOMETRI TERHADAP KADAR TRIGLISERIDA PADA DEWASA MUDA

ABSTRACT Anthropometry is a simple method to indicate distribution of fat body and can be used as a obesity predictor. O besity is associated with elevated level of trygliseride in the blood. Anthropometry measurement like BMI, waist circumference, and waist to hip ratio often were used for knowing obesity status of a person. The aim of this study is to find correlation between a nthropometry measurement with level of triglyceride in the blood. This study is an analytic observational study with cross sectional study design. Non-random and purposive sampling technique was used to collect the respondents. Respondents were students of Sanata Dharma University . Waist circumference, waist to hip circumference, BMI, and trygliseride levels were measured. Data was analyzed statistically with normality test and followed by Spearman correlation test with 95% confidence interval. The result of this study, from 69 adolescents women and 60 adolescents men, there is a moderate significant positive correlation between BMI, waist circumference, toward trygliseride levels (r=0.435; r=0.442 p=0.000) in adolescents women. There is a weak significant positive correlation between BMI, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio toward trygliseride levels (r=0.288; r= 0.307, r=0.343, p<0.05) in anthropometry adolescents men. Key words : anthropometry, trygliseride levels, adolescent. ABSTRAK Antropometri adalah metode pengukuran yang dapat menggambarkan distribusi lemak tubuh dan sebagai prediktor terkait obesitas. Obesitas berhubungan dengan peningkatan kadar trigliserida dalam darah. Pengukuran antropometri seperti indeks masa tubuh/IMT, lingkar pinggang/LP dan rasio lingkar pinggang panggul/RLPP sering digunakan untuk mengetahui keadaan obesitas pada seseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi pengukuran antropometri terhadap kadar trigliserida dalam darah. Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional analitik dengan rancangan potong-lintang. Responden penelitian adalah mahasiswa dan mahasiswi di Kampus III Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Data yang diperoleh berupa data indek masa tubuh, lingkar pinggang, dan rasio lingkar pinggang panggul serta kadar trigliserida yang selanjutnya diolah secara statistik dengan uji normalitas dan dilanjutkan dengan uji korelasi Spearman dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengukuran IMT dan LP mempunyai korelasi positif bermakna dengan kekuatan korelasi sedang terhadap kadar trigliserida dalam darah (r:0435 & r:0,442; p:0,000) pada wanita dewasa muda. Pengukuran IMT, LP, dan RLPP mempunyai korelasi positif bermakna dengan kekuatan korelasi lemah terhadap kadar trigliserida dalam darah (r:0,288; r:0,307; r:0,343, p<0,05) pada pria dewasa muda. Kata kunci : antropometri, trigliserida, dewasa muda.
Ecological consequences of The Acid rain

Acid rain affects each and every components of ecosystem. Acid rain also damages man-made materials and structures Acid rain is one of the most serious environmental problems emerged due to air pollution Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen and ozone to some extent are the primary causes of acid rain. These pollutants originate from human activities such as combustion of burnable waste, fossil fuels in thermal power plants and automobiles. These constituents interact with reactants present in the atmosphere and result into acid deposition Due to the interaction of these acids with other constituents of the atmosphere, protons are released causing increase in the soil acidity, lowering of soil pH mobilizes and leaches away nutrient cations and increases availability of toxic heavy metals. Such changes in the soil chemical characteristics reduce the soil fertility, which ultimately causes the negative impact on growth and productivity of forest trees and crop plants. Acid rain has also been reported in India. A rainfall of pH 3.5 was reported in Mumbai. The air pollution levels are steadily rising in the metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai. Acid rain problem in Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and southern coastal India has been predicted to lead to infertile soil. Acid rain makes the water bodies acidic. The amphibians are also affected by acidification of water bodies . At low pH, many species of amphibians including frogs, toads and salamander are particularly sensitive. Indirect effect of acid rain on human health involves toxic heavy metals because these are liberated from soil when soil gets acidified. The most common heavy metals are Al, Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg, Mn and Fe. These mobilized contaminants are dissolved in soil and water make their way to groundwater that is drunk by humans and contaminate the food (Fish, meat, and vegetables) eaten by humans . These heavy metals get accumulated in the body and resulted into various health problems like dry coughs, asthma, headache, eye, nose and throat irritations. Acid rain problem has been tackled to some extent in the developed world by reducing the emission of the gases causing acid rain.
Interactive comment on “ Distributed hydrological modelling of total dissolved phosphorus transport in an agricultural landscape , part I : distributed runoff generation ” by P . Gérard-Marchant

This paper discusses the application of a distributed model to a 164ha humid catchment in north-east USA. The model is tested against streamflow, soil moisture transect data and qualitative observations relating to runoff source areas. As noted in the paper, in addition to testing against stream flow, testing against spatial observations is important for establishing the credibility of the spatial model predictions and this part of the paper is the most novel and interesting. In my view, the paper could be strengthened by focussing more on this aspect. Testing using spatial patterns is both valuable as it aids in testing internal model predictions (see for example Western and Grayson (2000)
Future Coal Production Outlooks in the Ipcc Emission Scenarios: Are They Plausible?

Anthropogenic climate change caused by CO2 emissions is strongly linked to the future energy production, specifically coal. The Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) contains 40 scenarios for future fossil fuel production and is used by the IPCC to assess future climate change. This study examines the SRES coal production outlooks. Fundamental assumptions regarding coal availability and production in SRES was also compared with recent studies on reasonable future production outlooks. It was found that SRES puts unreasonable expectation on just a few countries. Is it reasonable to expect that China, already accounting for 46% of the global output, would increase their production by a factor of 8 over the next 90 years, as implied by certain SRES scenarios? It is concluded that SRES is underpinned by a paradigm of perpetual growth and technological optimism as well as old and outdated resource estimates. This has resulted in overoptimistic production outlooks.
Operationalizing Crime Over the Life Course

Pointing to declines in self-reported criminality across waves of the National Youth Survey, several researchers have concluded that “testing effects” may render longitudinal self-report data unreliable. This article argues that the issue remains unsettled on two accounts. First, alternative explanations for the declines have not been fully addressed. These include matters of scale construction, item-specific age—crime curves, and selective attrition. Second, previous research tends to conflate two types of testing effects explanations: panel fatigue and changing content validity. Each of these five explanations has different implications and is explored in the present article. Through this series of analyses, the author concludes that the declines stem from item-specific issues, namely, the inclusion of early-peaking offenses in the scales and the changing content validity of some survey items. Implications are discussed with respect to how criminologists operationalize key constructs such as crime and deviance and how we study the age—crime relationship.
Trench-parallel shortening in the Northern Chilean Forearc: Tectonic and climatic implications

In the Central Andes, the frictional coupling between South America and the subducting Nazca Plate occurs beneath the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile. One of the most distinctive characteristics of the Coastal Cordillera is a suite of EW topographic scarps located between 19° and 21.6°S latitude. These scarps are associated with predominantly south dipping reverse faults that have almost pure dip slip and produce shortening parallel to the plate boundary. Limited geochronology as well as more regional studies indicate that the scarps formed during the late Miocene and early Pliocene, though some show activity extending into the Quaternary. In several areas, the scarps dammed local drainages, producing internally drained basins that accumulated evaporites. This relationship indicates that the Coastal Cordillera was probably moister during the Late Miocene and Pliocene than it is today and also indicates that the Coastal Cordillera has been significantly uplifted or that the Coastal Escarpment of northern Chile has advanced significantly eastward since the Pliocene. The limited latitudinal extent of the EW scarps and their location symmetrically about the axis of topographic and Wadati-Benioff zone symmetry suggest that they owe their origin to the concave seaward shape of the continental margin due to prior formation of the Bolivian orocline.
Measuring the Sustainability of Tourism Development: Comparative on Methods and Applications

In general, sustainable development is a concept that promotes the protection of resources in the future. The issues of sustainable development has been discussed and promoted worldwide in various fields including tourism. The elements of sustainable have been enforced to be considered in every development stage. Meanwhile, the World Tourism Organization (WTO) has promoted the application of sustainable indicator since the early 1990s as essential instruments for policy-making, planning and management processes at destinations. Despite growing number of revenue to local community and business operators, tourism brings other challenges towards the environmental protection. Each destination has limited resources that can be consumed by tourism activities. For example, the increased numbers of tourists will have negative consequences in its natural resources in which pressure from tourism activities, would lead to damage on physical and ecological features. As a result, various actions have been taken by the respective authorities to solve the problem by identifying various tools to measure the sustainability such as; Impact Assessment, Environmental Auditing (EA), Carrying Capacity (CC), Sustainable Tourism Benchmarking Tool (STBT), Certification and Eco-Labeling, and others. However, are those methods suitable for every type of tourism development? Recognizing the importance of sustainable elements in tourism development, this paper aims to review on previous studies or practices related with sustainable tourism. The review would comprise the framework, assessment approaches, criteria, indicator and others. However, there are arguments concerning on the assessment methods, which present more on theoretical rather than practical suitability which will be discussed further. On the other hand, the discussion also will be focused on the approaches that has been developed or practiced by few countries including Malaysia. It is perhaps through the discussions, we are able to have a better understanding of the complexities of approaches in measuring the sustainability in tourism development.
Transport of Atmospheric Trace Gases to the Water Table: Implications for Groundwater Dating with Chlorofluorocarbons and Krypton 85

Chlorofluorocarbons and krypton 85 are trace gases whose atmospheric concentrations have been increasing over the past few decades. As they are soluble in water, they have been used as groundwater age indicators over timescales ranging from a few years to a few decades. In this paper we show that the time lag for transport of these atmospheric trace gases through the unsaturated zone is an important consideration when dating groundwaters that are recharged through thick unsaturated zones. The apparent time lag is largely dependent on the gas solubility, the gas diffusion coefficient, and the soil water content. In coarse-grained soils the lag time will typically range between 1 and 2 years for a water table depth of 10 m to between 8 and 15 years for a water table depth of 30 m. For the shallower water tables ( 10 m), if this effect is not considered, the use of these gaseous tracers will overestimate the age of the groundwater. In very fine-grained soils where the soil water content in the unsaturated zone may be close to saturation, the effect will be much more pronounced.
Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology

1. Mechanics 2. Exponential Growth and Decay 3. Systems of Many Particles 4. Transport in an Infinite Medium 5. Transport Through Neutral Membranes 6. Impulses in Nerve and Muscle Cells 7. The Exterior Potential and the Electrocardiogram 8. Biomagnetism 9. Electricity and Magnetism at the Cellular Level 10. Feedback and Control 11. The Method of Least Squares and Signal Analysis 12. Images 13. Sound and Ultrasound 14. Atoms and Light 15. Interaction of Photons and Charged Particles with Matter 16. Medical Use of X Rays 17. Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Medicine 18. Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Coupling chemical weathering with soil production across soil‐mantled landscapes

Soil‐covered upland landscapes constitute a critical part of the habitable world. Our understanding of how they evolve as a function of different climatic, tectonic and geological regimes is important across a wide range of disciplines and depends, in part, on understanding the links between chemical and physical weathering processes. Extensive previous work has shown that soil production rates decrease with increasing soil column thickness, but chemical weathering rates were not measured. Here we examine a granitic, soil‐mantled hillslope at Point Reyes, California, where soil production rates were determined using in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides (10Be and 26Al), and we quantify the extent as well as the rates of chemical weathering of the saprolite from beneath soil from across the landscape. We collected saprolite samples from the base of soil pits and analysed them for abrasion pH as well as for major and trace elements by X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and for clay mineralogy by X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy. Our results show for the first time that chemical weathering rates decrease with increasing soil thickness and account for 13 to 51 per cent of total denudation. We also show that spatial variation in chemical weathering appears to be topographically controlled: weathering rate decreases with slope across the divergent ridge and increases with upslope contributing area in the convergent swale. Furthermore, to determine the best measure for the extent of saprolite weathering, we compared four different chemical weathering indices – the Vogt ratio, the chemical index of alteration (CIA), Parker's index, and the silicon–aluminium ratio – with saprolite pH. Measurements of the CIA were the most closely correlated with saprolite pH, showing that weathering intensity decreases linearly with an increase in saprolite pH from 4·7 to almost 7. Data presented here are among the first to couple directly rates of soil production and chemical weathering with how topography is likely to control weathering at a hillslope scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Permafrost and ground temperature regimes: a challenging soil classification problem in low arctic and alpine environments

Abstract The prevailing criteria in United States Department of Agriculture's Soil Taxonomy classification system place preeminent emphasis on temperature, especially upon the presence or absence of permafrost. Given that permafrost is a purely thermal concept, but one that must pertain for at least two consecutive years, there are substantial intellectual and pragmatic challenges for pedologists working in low arctic and alpine environments where permafrost is likely to be discontinuous or sporadic, and fieldwork of a reconnaissance nature. The definitive criteria place great emphasis on permafrost at 100 and 200 cm, a depth that is often difficult to reach in alpine contexts, and of questionable genetic significance if the soils are thin or dry. In this paper, the extreme spatial variability, or fragmentation, of low arctic and alpine soil thermal regimes are illustrated with one year of data from Kärkevagge, arctic Sweden and two years of data from the Storbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, Norway.
Design of a worm isolation and unknown worm monitoring system based on Honeypot

It has been proved being cumbersome and ineffective to prevent attacks in computer networks. However, the detection strategies have been found to be effective and less costly. The use of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) as a detection technique has been widely implemented in computer networks. Meanwhile, there is another strategy can reduce the occurrence of network intrusion, namely Honeypot. Honeypot is a proactive defense technology, introduced by the defense side to change the asymmetric situation of a network attack and defensive game. Through the deployment of the honeypots, i.e. security resources without any production purpose, the defenders can deceive intruders to attack the honeypots, then capture and analyze the attack behaviors in order to understand the attack tools and methods, and to learn the intentions and motivations. The paper analyzed the characteristics and the harms of worm virus, put forward a kind of custom honeypot system. Which according to the intrusion detection, virtual honeypot and data mining technology, using guile address space technology for the purpose of capturing known worms, isolating and delaying the unknown worms scanning speed, and analyzes the log by data mining, update the intrusion detection system rules set, and make timely response and take defense. Keywordsnetwork security; Intrusion Detection Systems; Honeypot; Snort; Worm;
Forest Understory Fire in the Brazilian Amazon in ENSO and Non-ENSO Years: Area Burned and Committed Carbon Emissions

Understory fires, which burn the floor of standing forests, are one of the most important types of forest impoverishment in the Amazon, especially during the severe droughts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes. However, the authors are aware of no estimates of the areal exten to f these fires for the Brazilian Amazon and, hence, of their contribution to Ama- zon carbon fluxes to the atmosphere. In this paper, the area of forest understory fires for the Brazilian Amazon region is calculated during an El Nino (1998)