Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FLOW AND BED TOPOGRAPHY IN CHANNEL BENDS

Uniform flow in river bends of rectangular or arbitrary cross section has been calculated by the slip velocity method and the results are compared with experiments. It is concluded that the helical motion introduced by the channel curvature may be fairly well described. The results are then applied to the more complex problem of flow in a river bend with movable bed. Next, the problem of flow in a meandering channel with fixed side walls has been investigated, using a special system of curvilinear coordinates. The solution of the linearized flow equations yields a method for calculation of the distribution of the bed shear stress. In the first approximation the large-scale bottom geometry is calculated by considering the lateral sediment balance. The helical flow will move the sediment particles towards the curvature center, while the transverse slope of the bed will give a movement in the opposite direction.
Extended-Chacha20 Stream Cipher With Enhanced Quarter Round Function

Chacha20 is a widely used stream cipher known for using permutation functions to enhance resistance against cryptanalysis. Although the existing literature highlights its strengths, it is worth further exploring its potential susceptibility to differential attacks. This paper proposes an Extended Chacha20 (EChacha20) stream cipher, which offers a slight improvement of Chacha20. It incorporates enhanced Quarter Round Functions <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$QR-F$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with 32-bit input words and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Add $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Rotate $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$XOR (ARX)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> operations on 16, 12, 8, 7, 4, and 2 constants. Using these improved <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$QR-Fs$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, we expect EChacha20 to be more secure and effective against attacks than Chacha20. The threat model leveraged in this paper considers attacker assumptions based on the Bellare-Rogaway Model (B-RM) and the Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA) to assess the potential security weaknesses. Then, the study analyzes the EChacha20 cipher using the NIST Statistical Test Suite (NSTS) and demonstrates its effectiveness against differential cryptanalysis. A differential attack addresses this challenge, where the study comprehensively analyses the differences between original and flipped bits. The NSTS has been used to statistically analyze the outcome for uniformity and evaluate the randomness of generating sequences of tests considering 1000 tests based on a range of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$[{0,1}]$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Uniformity is evaluated based on the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p-values$ </tex-math></inline-formula> test against a battery of passing sequences, and 100% is achieved from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Runs$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Serial (2): Test 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. The performance evaluation metrics leveraged include encryption speed, decryption speed, and memory usage. Based on the test conducted, it has been observed that with increased <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$QR-F$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, EChacha20 maintains a good balance in speed although slightly higher than Chacha20; however, with also slightly high memory usage compared to Chacha20. Despite that, a comparative study has been conducted against state-of-the-art studies, and the outcome has been reported to show the significance of the current study. Ultimately, the outcome indicates that the EChacha20 cipher has improved <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$QR-F$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and security properties compared to Chacha20 and may provide a more robust encryption solution for various applications.
General circulation model assessment of the sensitivity of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to aerosol size and chemistry

Climate response to atmospheric changes brought about by human activity may depend strongly on the geographical and temporal pattern of radiative forcing [Taylor and Penner, 1994]. In the case of aerosols stemming from anthropogenic sulfur emissions, geographical and temporal variations are certainly caused by variations in local mass concentration [Charlson et el. , 1991; Kiehl and Briegleb, 1993], but could also arise from variations in the optical properties of sulfate aerosols. Since optical properties (including their relative humidity (RH) variation) depend fundamentally on aerosol size and chemical form and since size and chemical form are features of the aerosol which are not likely to be modeled on the global scale in the near future, geographical and temporal variations in optical properties could represent a stumbling block to accurate climate change forecasts. While extensive measurements of aerosol optical properties are needed to fully assess this problem, a preliminary assessment can be gained by considering the sensitivity of climate forcing to realistic variations in sulfate aerosol size and chemical form. Within a plausible set of assumptions (sulfate aerosol resides in the accumulation mode size range and only interacts with water vapor and ammonia vapor), we show that this sensitivity is fairly small (±20%). This low sensitivity derives from a number of compensating factors linking the three optical parameters identified by Charlson et al. [1991]. By implication, these optical parameters, low RH scattering efficiency, the ratio of hemispheric backscatter to total scatter, and the RH dependence of scattering efficiency, should not be treated independently in either theoretical or experimental investigations of direct climate forcing. A suggested logical focus for such investigations is the backscatter efficiency at high RH. If borne out by future research, low sensitivity to sulfate aerosol size and chemistry would mean that direct sulfate climate forcing can be incorporated in global climate models with only a knowledge of sulfate mass concentration. We emphasize, therefore, the need to study the extent to which our assumptions break down, in particular, the fraction of anthropogenic sulfate that forms on coarse mode particles (i.e., those with diameters >1 μm) and the extent and effects of sulfate interactions with other accumulation mode components. Finally, we find that a significant fraction of direct aerosol forcing occurs in cloud-covered regions, according to a simple bulk parameterization.
Spatial Variability of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure over the Eastern Equatorial Pacific

Abstract Variations in the atmospheric boundary layer structure over the eastern equatorial Pacific are analyzed using 916 soundings collected during the First Global Atmospheric Research Program Global Experiment. Unstable boundary layer structures are observed much more frequently in soundings north of the ocean front located near 2.5°N in the eastern equatorial Pacific than in soundings south of the front. An objective criterion is applied to identify the presence of the transition layer, a weak stable layer near cloud base, in the soundings. The transition is observed in about 45% of the soundings in both the unstable and the inversion categories. A comparison of soundings over the cold tongue with those over the ITCZ indicates that differences in static stability between these regions are limited to the layer from the surface to about 850 mb, which is the mean height of the inversions capping the cloud layer over the cold tongue. The cold tongue soundings on average are found to be drier from the sur.
A Tracheal Tube Exchanger Container As a Bronchial Foreign Body

We report a case of a tracheal tube exchanger container as a bronchial foreign body in a 75-year-old woman suffered multiple injuries. She needed tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation for repeated operations and intensive care. On day 2, she showed hypoxia. A physician on duty exchanged the tracheal tube using a tracheal tube exchanger (TTE) with containers consisting of an upper and lower potion. After exchanging the tracheal tube, the upper container remained in right bronchus. From days 3 to 9, she underwent daily chest X-ray, and multiple physicians checked the chest X-ray images each time. However, no one noticed the residual upper container in the right bronchus. She was extubated on day 8. After transportation for skin graft, she expectorated the upper container spontaneously. As a preventive measure to avoid the occurrence of iatrogenic accidents, our hospital decided to sterilize the TTE without containers.
Correcting for measurement error in assessing gestational age in a low-resource setting: a regression calibration approach

Introduction Measurement error in gestational age (GA) may bias the association of GA with a health outcome. Ultrasound-based GA is considered the gold standard and is not readily available in low-resource settings. We corrected for measurement error in GA based on fundal height (FH) and date of last menstrual period (LMP) using ultrasound from the sub-cohort and adjusted for the bias in associating GA with neonatal mortality and low birth weight (< 2,500 grams, LBW). Methods We used data collected from 01/2015 to 09/2019 from pregnant women enrolled at two public hospitals in Siaya county, Kenya (N = 2,750). We used regression calibration to correct for measurement error in FH- and LMP-based GA accounting for maternal and child characteristics. We applied logistic regression to associate GA with neonatal mortality and low birth weight, with and without calibrating FH- and LMP-based GA. Results Calibration improved the precision of LMP (correlation coefficient, ρ from 0.48 to 0.57) and FH-based GA ( ρ from 0.82 to 0.83). Calibrating FH/LMP-based GA eliminated the bias in the mean GA estimates. The log odds ratio that quantifies the association of GA with neonatal mortality increased by 29% (from −0.159 to −0.205) by calibrating FH-based GA and by more than twofold (from −0.158 to −0.471) by calibrating LMP-based GA. Conclusion Calibrating FH/LMP-based GA improved the accuracy and precision of GA estimates and strengthened the association of GA with neonatal mortality/LBW. When assessing GA, neonatal public health and clinical interventions may benefit from calibration modeling in settings where ultrasound may not be fully available.
Managers’ assessment of organizational performance. The role of perceived organizational commitment and HPWS in different ownership contexts

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine managers’ perceptions of employee organizational commitment as a key mechanism through which High Performance Work Systems influence organizational performance. Additionally, we assess whether ownership structure is a potentially powerful moderating factor in this mediation. We carry out a cross-sectional quantitative study comprising a sample of 198 firms (employee-owned cooperatives and conventionally-owned) in the Basque Country of Spain using structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results indicate that, in both types of firms, managers’ ratings of employees’ organizational commitment do fully mediate their perception of the influence of HPWS on OP. Furthermore, ownership structure does act as a moderator; that is, managers’ perception of employees’ organizational commitment predicts OP in conventionally-owned firms, though not in employee-owned cooperatives. For this reason, managers in employee-owned, cooperatives should consider carefully the design of HWPS in their firms and take the most appropriate approach to enhance results. The study contributes new insights by integrating senior managers’ perspectives on employee commitment into HRM’s research agenda and placing “ownership context” into a coherent HRM framework. This is the first study to test the moderating effect of ownership structure on the HPWS-OP relationship as it is mediated by managers’ views of employees’ organizational commitment.
Revolutionizing Medical Imaging through Deep Learning Techniques:An Overview.

: Medical imaging is a crucial tool for various clinical applications, including examination of medical issues, including early identification, monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy. To analyse medical images using computer vision, it is crucial to comprehend the ideas behind artificial neural networks and deep learning. In this particular article, we present recent principles of deep learning models and the different forms of widely used activation functions. Utilising Deep Learning Approach (DLA) has expanded quickly in the study of medical images, particularly in detecting either being present or not diseases. This study explores artificial neural networks development and provides a comprehensive analysis of DLA and potential uses for medical imaging. The majority of DLA implementations focus on pictures from digital histopathology, computer tomography, mammography, and X-rays. A thorough overview of the literature on the classification, detection, and segmentation of medical pictures using DLA is provided in the paper, which might help researchers decide what changes should be made to medical image analysis.
Distinct regional differences in crustal thickness along the axis of the Mariana Trough, inferred from gravity anomalies

We have compiled extensive gravity and bathymetry data for the whole Mariana Trough, which were collected during several Japanese scientific cruises over the last few years. This study aims to clarify the lateral distribution of the local differences in geochemical signatures, which have been observed locally in the Mariana Trough. Shipboard free‐air gravity anomaly data from eight Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) cruises were compiled with those crossover errors of 2.85 mgal. Mantle Bouguer anomalies (MBA) were calculated by subtracting the predictable gravity signal due to the seawater/crust and crust/mantle density boundaries. The crustal thickness variation along the spreading axis was estimated from the MBA. Different features in crustal thickness, its variation, and segment length for each segment, allow us to identify four distinct regional differences in magmatic activity along the spreading axis of the Mariana Trough. Segment in region A (to the north of 20°35′N) shows the largest sectional dimensions of crust along the axis and it is probably affected by an additional supply from island arc magma sources. A variety of crustal thickness values and of along‐axis crustal thickness variations in region B (between 15°38′N and 20°35′N) suggests two types of segments. One is similar to a slow spreading ridge segment that has a plume‐like mantle upwelling under the spreading axis, and the other is a magma‐starved segment. Region C (between 14°22′N and 15°38′N) is a less magmatic region (individual crustal thickness averages of 3.4–4.1 km). Region D (to the south of 14°22′N) has higher individual crustal thickness averages of 5.9–6.9 km, suggesting higher magmatic activity with a sheet‐like mantle upwelling under the spreading axis. Different features in the MBA for off‐axis areas suggest that these four regions have existed since the Mariana Trough started spreading. Moreover, comparison between our results of crustal thickness and previous geochemical results indicates that less magmatic spreading segments with thin crust, which are locally distributed in both regions B and C, probably result from mantle source depleted of water and incompatible elements. This suggests that lateral compositional variation of water and incompatible elements exists on a segment scale in the mantle source beneath the spreading axis of the Mariana Trough.
Spiking Neurons with Neural Dynamics Implemented Using Stochastic Memristors

Implementing and integrating spiking neurons for neuromorphic hardware realization conforming to spiking neural networks holds great promise in enabling efficient learning and decision‐making. The spiking neurons, however, may lack the spiking dynamics to encode the dynamical information in complex real‐world problems. Herein, using filamentary memristors from solution‐processed hexagonal boron nitride, this study assembles leaky integrate‐and‐fire spiking neurons and, particularly, harnesses the common switching stochasticity feature in the memristors to allow key neural dynamics, including Poisson‐like spiking and adaptation. The neurons, with the dynamics fitted via hardware‐algorithm codesign, suggest a potential in realizing spike‐based neuromorphic hardware capable of handling complex problems. Simulation of an autoencoder for anomaly detection of time‐series real analog and digital data from physical systems is demonstrated, underscoring its promising prospect in applications, especially, at the edges with limited computation resources, for instance, auto‐pilot, manufacturing, wearables, and Internet of things.
Paleo‐sea surface temperature calculations in the equatorial east Atlantic from Mg/Ca ratios in planktic foraminifera: A comparison to sea surface temperature estimates from U37K′, oxygen isotopes, and foraminiferal transfer function

We present two ∼270 kyr paleo-sea surface temperature (SST) records from the Equatorial Divergence and the South Equatorial Current derived from Mg/Ca ratios in the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer. The present study suggests that the magnesium signature of G. sacculifer provides a seasonal SST estimate from the upper ∼50 m of the water column generated during upwelling in austral low-latitude fall/winter. Common to both down-core records is a glacial-interglacial amplitude of ∼3°–3.5°C for the last climatic changes and lower Holocene and glacial oxygen isotope stage 2 temperatures compared with interglacial stage 5.5 and glacial stage 6 temperatures, respectively. The comparison to published SST estimates from alkenones, oxygen isotopes, and foraminiferal transfer function from the same core material pinpoints discrepancies and conformities between methods.
Driver Behavior Detection in Time Series Decade review

: Driver’s behavior is expressed by the intentional and unintentional actions the driver performs while driving a motor vehicle. This behavior could be influenced by several factors such as fatigue, drowsiness, vehicle surroundings, and distraction state. Driver’s behavior could be normal, risky or aggressive. Risky and aggressive behaviors, such as harsh braking and rapid acceleration, can lead to traffic accidents. Monitoring, analyzing and improving driver’s behavior can reduce traffic collisions and enhance road safety. Different approaches have been followed for the detection and identification of driver’s behavior. Rule-based Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches have succeeded to mine dynamical characteristics of time series. However, they have some challenges that make them unsuitable for many classification tasks including the selection of efficient architectures and corresponding hyper-parameters, as well as slow training and limited labeled data. Fusion and attention mechanisms through hybrid approaches were found to be more suitable for time series sensor data analysis. Transfer learning addresses useful approaches for making use of learning applied to other applications. Maneuver detection represents a serious characteristic of driver’s behavior identification. A recent approach for extracting maneuvers from high-frequency telematics data is through time series motifs detection algorithms. Motifs extraction is preferred over ML and DL approaches as it does not requie labels, which is extremely time-consuming to collect. This work focuses on the latest techniques for classifying driver’s behavior in time series data, and summarizes the pros and cons of the different categories.
SIKAP ADOPSI E-COMMERCE DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN PADA TOKO BATIK LENGO LAWEYAN SURAKARTA

This study aims to analyze the influence of e-commerce perceptions, perceived quality, and external factors on e-commerce adoption attitudes and their impact on consumer satisfaction. The research used a survey method conducted on consumers of Batik Lengo Laweyan Surakarta shops related to e-commerce perceptions, perceived quality, and external factors on attitudes towards e-commerce adoption and consumer satisfaction at Batik Lengo Laweyan Surakarta shops. Data collection techniques using literature studies, questionnaires and interviews. The population in this study is all consumers who make purchases using e-commerce at the Lengo Laweyan Batik Store, Surakarta. The sample in this study were 110 respondents. The data analysis technique used in this study uses path analysis (critical path). The findings in this study are perceptions of e-commerce and external factors that have a positive and significant impact on e-commerce adoption attitudes and have a positive and significant impact on consumer satisfaction, while perceived quality has a negative and insignificant impact on e-commerce adoption attitudes and satisfaction. consumer. E-commerce adoption attitudes mediate the effect of external factors on consumer satisfaction, and non-e-commerce adoption attitudes mediate the effect of e-commerce perceptions and perceived quality on consumer satisfaction.
The Etiological Bacterial Spectrum of Neck Abscesses of Lymph Node Origin - Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

According to our medical practice as maxillofacial and oral surgeons, operated patients with purulent infections of the cervical lymph nodes are not many in number. On the other hand, the presence of a purulent infection requires not only the surgical evacuation of the pus but also the application of antimicrobial preparations. This necessitates good knowledge of the spectrum of the bacterial causative agents of the disease, the determination and analysis of which is the purpose of this original article. The bacteria studied in 181 patients with a mean age of 26.25 years, ranging between 29 days and 82 years, who underwent surgery for suppurating cervical lymph nodes, were retrospectively analyzed over a period of eight years. No bacteria were found in 69 of them. In 83 (74.11%) of the remaining 112 studied patients, the isolated microorganisms were of the gram-positive spectrum - Staphylococcus aureus (n=34), gram-positive resident microflora represented by more than one bacterial species (n=21), Staphylococcus hemolyticus (n=10), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=9) and beta-hemolytic streptococci (n=9). Gram-negative bacteria were 25.89% (n=29) - Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=8), Bartonella henselae (n=7), Klebsiella oxytoca (n=6), Enterobacter cloacae (n=5) and Flavimonas oryzihabitans (n=3). No anaerobic and fungal microorganisms were isolated. Therefore, antimicrobial therapy in these patients should be directed against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which in our study were represented in a ratio of approximately three to one in favor of gram-positive microorganisms. Otherwise, we create a prerequisite for the formation of phlegmon on the neck, which hides real chances for the lives of patients.