Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A single-pole nine-throw antenna switch using radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems technology for broadband multi-mode and multi-band front-ends

In this paper, a generic single-pole nine-throw (SP9T) switch is demonstrated using radio-frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology for broadband multi-mode and multi-band front-ends. In order to improve uniformity and yield required for complex switches, ‘stress-free’ single-crystalline-silicon series dc-contact MEMS switches have been employed instead of metal membrane switches. When tested according to the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) specifications, the antenna switch in this work shows loss, isolation and linearity characteristics better than the conventional semiconductor switches. Measured results showed insertion losses for all nine paths less than 0.5 dB and 2 dB from dc to 2.17 GHz and 21.6 GHz, respectively. Isolations for all input–output and output–output ports are higher than 49 dB at 2.17 GHz. Nonlinearities generated by the MEMS switch were well below the measurement limit of our system setup. The broadband RF performance, together with excellent linearity characteristics, makes this type of MEMS switch a promising candidate for an antenna switch for multi-band and multi-mode front-end applications.
Sepsis induces interleukin 6, gp130/JAK2/STAT3, and muscle wasting

Sepsis and inflammation can cause intensive care unit‐acquired weakness (ICUAW). Increased interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) plasma levels are a risk factor for ICUAW. IL‐6 signalling involves the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) receptor and the JAK/STAT‐pathway, but its role in sepsis‐induced muscle wasting is uncertain. In a clinical observational study, we found that the IL‐6 target gene, SOCS3, was increased in skeletal muscle of ICUAW patients indicative for JAK/STAT‐pathway activation. We tested the hypothesis that the IL‐6/gp130‐pathway mediates ICUAW muscle atrophy.
Flexible function block implementation of the balance-based adaptive controller as the potential alternative for PID-based industrial applications

This paper deals with the practical aspects of the implementation of the balance-based adaptive control (B-BAC) technique. It gives the simple mathematical background of this methodology, shows the case-independent implementation concept as the ready-to-use flexible function block that results from the B-BAC generality, discusses how to embed the additional functionalities required in professional industrial control applications and finally presents three implementation examples for three different programming and hardware platforms. The control performance of each B-BAC function block is validated experimentally and compared with the performance of the corresponding platform-related standard PID function blocks. The comparative results and the potential accessibility of both the flexible function block and the simple tuning method put forward B-BAC methodology as a strong alternative for PID-based industrial control applications.
Avalanche diode harmonic optoelectronic mixer

The paper describes the use of an avalanche diode to provide the combined functions of optical detection and harmonic electrical mixing. A simple analytic theory of avalanche optoelectronic mixer operation is presented and used to evaluate the conversion loss and noise performance of the mixer. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental measurements of harmonic optoelectronic mixing up to the fifth harmonic. Measured conversion losses relative to direct optical detection ranged from 3 dB for fundamental mixing to IS dB for fifth-harmonic mixing. Frequency response limitations are briefly discussed.
Driving Performance Experimental Analysis of Series Chopper Based EV Power Train

In this paper, the series chopper based power train for electric vehicle is proposed for aiming the increase of one battery charge driving distance. Both the motor test bench based experiments and the chassis dynamo based experiments are tested and then analyzed for EV driving performance that the proposed power train with SAZZ chopper and Quasi-PAM control scheme is compared with or without the series chopper. It is confirmed through two kinds of experimental analyses that the series chopper power train for EV can be useful to extend the driving distance if the high efficiency and the low weight of chopper are satisfied.
Deformability design of high‐performance concrete beams

The use of high‐performance materials (HPMs) such as high‐strength concrete (HSC) and high‐strength steel (HSS) is becoming more popular in the construction of beams and columns of tall buildings. These HPMs not only increase the stiffness and decrease the strength‐to‐weight ratio, but also provide a more sustainable construction method by minimising the construction materials needed. However, HSC and HSS are more brittle than normal‐strength concrete and steel, respectively. Therefore, it will adversely affect the deformability of concrete beams. To evaluate the pros and cons of adopting HPM in beam design, the author will investigate the flexural strength and deformability of concrete beams made of HPMs. The deformability in this study is expressed in normalised rotation capacity and investigated by a parametric study using nonlinear moment–curvature analysis taking into account the degree of reinforcement, confining pressure, concrete and steel yield strength. From the results, it is evident that the deformability of concrete beams increases as the degree of reinforcement decreases or confining pressure increases. However, the effects of concrete and steel yield strength depend on other factors. For practical design purpose, charts and formulas are produced for designing high‐performance concrete beams to meet with specified flexural strength and deformability requirement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral-domain analysis of E-plane waveguide to microstrip transitions

The spectral-domain technique and a residue calculus theorem are used to compute the input impedance of a microstrip transition to a rectangular waveguide. The transition consists of a printed circuit board inserted into a waveguide housing along the E-plane. The effects of the dielectric layer are considered in the present analysis. The behavior of the input impedance of the transition is studied with respect to the critical dimensions of the probe length and backshort location. Calculated results by the new formulation agree well with those computed using an integral equation and those measured at Ka-band frequencies. >
ZigBee: A Review

Past several years have witnessed a rapid development in the wireless network area. So far wireless networking has been focused on high-speed and long range applications. However, there are many wireless monitoring and control applications for industrial and home environments which require longer battery life, lower data rates and less complexity than those from existing standards. For such wireless applications a new standard called ZigBee has been developed by the ZigBee Alliance. ZigBee is a technological standard created for Control and sensor networks. It is based on the IEEE 802.15. 4 standard. The IEEE 802.15. 4 standard specifies the PHY Layer and MAC Layer for low data rate wireless PANs. This paper includes ZigBee Alliance, IEEE 802.15. 4 model, applications and advantages of ZigBee, future scope of ZigBee.
Analysis and Optimization of Magnetic Energy Converters for Wireless Sensors in Substation

With the development of wireless sensor networks, energy supplying problem become critical. However, energy scavenging technology provides an efficient solution method, and it is the principal element for wireless sensors to facilitate on-site self-powering. A magnetic energy converter which can convert magnetic field energy to power is proposed when there is sufficient magnetic energy in substations. By modeling this converter, the inductive factor was defined to present energy harvesting capability and optimization was realized in terms of framework material, structural parameters and turns of coils. The research results present theoretical basis for optimal design of the energy scavenging devices.
Techniques and methodologies for power quality analysis and disturbances classification in power systems: a review

The relevance of power quality (PQ) issues has recently augmented because of the increased use of power electronic equipment, which results in a voltage deviation and current waveforms. The PQ monitoring is covered by two main subjects: the development of PQ indices to quantify the power supply quality and the electrical disturbances detection such as harmonics, sags, swells etc., which allows knowing the conditions of the electric power systems. In this study a review of techniques and methodologies developed for PQ analysis and power disturbance classification is presented in order to show their major characteristics.
Design of an adaptive sliding mode controller for robust yaw stabilisation of in–wheel–motor–driven electric vehicles

A robust yaw stability control system is designed to stabilise the vehicle yaw motion. Vehicles undergo changes in parameters and disturbances with respect to the wide range of driving conditions, e.g., tyre–road conditions. Therefore, a robust control design technique is required to guarantee system stability and enhance the robustness. In this paper, a sliding mode control methodology is applied to make vehicle yaw rate to track its reference with robustness against model uncertainties and disturbances. In addition, a parameter adaptation law is also applied to estimate varying vehicle parameters with respect to road conditions and is incorporated into sliding mode control framework. The control performance of the proposed control system was evaluated through field tests.
ROBUST LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL BY SOLID-STATE PHASE SHIFTER BASED ON 'FI, CONTROL DESIGN

This paper proposes a new robust control strategy for Load Frequency Control (LFC) by using a solid-state phase shifter. The controller might be im- plemented also as a new ancillary service for LFC in a deregulated power system. A phase shifter located in series with a tie line between two areas is capable of modulating the tie-line power quickly, which should be applicable to the aggressive control of the system frequencies. A controller for alleviating the frequency fluctuations against a sudden load disturbance by en- hancing the damping of inter-area oscillation mode, is designed on the 3.1, control theory with a reduced power system model. Therefore, it has the advantages in the low ordet configuration of contr'oller, in the high robustness as well as in the good disturbance attenua- tion performance. In addition, the controller uses only a local frequericy deviation as its control signal input, The effectiveness of proposed " 3-1, Phase Shifter " for the LFC is confirmed in a two area interconnected power system with several system uncertainties and a sudden load distutbance.
Effects of Climate Variabilityon Cocoa Production in Ondo State, Nigeria

There is an increasing awareness that the climate is changing and its changing impact has been significant on agricultural produce. This change is posing a major threat to agricultural development in Nigeria. Cocoa cultivation is one of the major cash crops in Ondo state and also a major agricultural produce which contributes significantly to employment generation and foreign exchange in the country. It has been observed that the production of cocoa over the years has been marked with fluctuations which could be attributed to the change in climate over the years. The objectives of this study include: ex-amining the variation in the trend of cocoa production; and assessing the effects of climate variability on cocoa production for the year under review. This study made use of secondary data which included data on climatic variables (mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall and mean annual humidity) and cocoa output from 1976-2020. This study employed mainly inferential statistics for data analysis—trend analysis, correlation and regression. Trend analysis was used to examine climatic variables and cocoa production. The correlation analysis was used to show the relationship between the climatic variables and the cocoa yield. Also, regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the climatic variables on cocoa production. Trend analysis reveals fluctuations in climatic variables and cocoa output over the years of study. Correlation analysis shows an inverse relationship between rainfall and cocoa output while regression analysis shows that humidity and temperature are expected to increase cocoa output. For a sustainable cocoa production, it is recommended that both governmental and non-governmental organizations should employ more extension agents to guide and enlighten cocoa farmers on climate change, its effects and the appropriate coping strategies.
Land-use changes associated with large-scale land transactions in Ethiopia

Large-scale land transactions (LSLTs) can precipitate dramatic changes in land systems. Ethiopia has experienced one of the largest amounts of LSLTs in Africa, yet their effects on local land systems are poorly understood. In this study, we quantify the direct and indirect land use and land cover (LULC) changes associated with LSLTs at eight socio-environmentally diverse sites in central and western Ethiopia. To estimate these effects, we employ a novel, two-stage counterfactual analysis. We first use a region-growing procedure to identify a “control” site with comparable landscape-level characteristics to each LSLT. Then, we sample and reweight points within each control site to further improve covariate balance. This two-stage approach both controls for potential confounding factors at multiple spatial levels and reduces the costs of extensive LULC data classification. Our results show that the majority of the reported transacted area (62%) remained unconverted to large-scale agriculture. Most of the land that was developed into large-scale agriculture displaced smallholder agriculture (53%), followed by conversion of woodland/shrubland (35%) and forest (9%). Beyond their boundaries, LSLTs indirectly influenced rates of smallholder agricultural expansion and abandonment, pointing to site dependence in how LSLTs affect adjacent land systems. In particular, the low prevalence of forest within and around these LSLTs underscores a need to move beyond measures of deforestation as proxies for LSLT effects on land systems. Our two-stage approach shows promise as an efficient method for generating robust counterfactuals and thereby LULC change estimates in systems lacking wall-to-wall LULC data.
Optimization and realization of sub-100-nm channel length single halo p-MOSFETs

Single halo p-MOSFETs with channel lengths down to 100 nm are optimized, fabricated, and characterized as part of this study. We show extensive device characterization results to study the effect of large angle V/sub T/ adjust implant parameters on device performance and hot carrier reliability. Results on both conventionally doped and single halo p-MOSFETs have been presented for comparison purposes.
Highly stretchable-compressible coiled polymer sensor for soft continuum manipulator

In recent years, soft continuum robots have become emerging research hotspots, but sensing of the robot shape needs to be addressed for precise control. To solve this problem, we present an optical coiled polymer sensor that can measure strain based on macro bending power loss. Proposed sensor is fabricated by coiling and annealing a polymer optical fiber of diameter 0.25 mm. Under applied strain, the bending curvature of the coiled sensor changes which leads to light intensity change. Due to its coiled design, the proposed sensor is highly stretchable and can measure both tensile and compressive strain of the coiled sensor structure in a wide range (>250%). Static and dynamic responses of the proposed sensor were observed by controlling the design parameters, such as spring diameter and number of coils. Fabricated coiled polymer sensor with a light-weight (<0.5 g) and compact structure showed a high stretchability-compressibility, high stability, and low hysteresis error. By placing three fabricated sensors inside the soft continuum manipulator, a 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) configuration including bending and torsion motions can be obtained. We used an artificial neural network to derive the relationship between the sensor outputs and the 3 DOFs configuration of the soft continuum manipulator. The results showed that the configuration of the soft continuum manipulator can be obtained in real-time with high accuracy (error < 2.17%).
Rigorous statistical process variation analysis for quarter-/spl mu/m CMOS with advanced TCAD metrology

Effects of statistical process variation on 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS performance have been rigorously characterized using a new calibrated TCAD metrology. To achieve the variation analysis, a series of TCAD was conducted based on DoE with optimum variable transformations, which results in an RSF (Response Surface Function) for threshold voltage (Vth) and saturation drain current (Ids). A new global calibration of the RSF based on experimental data gives excellent accuracy of the RSF model within 0.02 V error in the Vth and 3% error in the Ids. Using the calibrated RSF, statistical process variation effects on the device characteristics have been quantitatively evaluated for each process recipe. It is found that variation of gate-oxide formation process (oxide thickness: Tox) shows the most significant effect on the NMOS /spl delta/Ids in the production process. Furthermore, we have designed an optimized 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process and device based on the RSF, and also predicted its process variation effect on the device performances. It is clarified that the Vth and Ids variations of the 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS show less than 10% for Ids in production level process, which is a similar value to the 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS experimental data. Also additional TCAD for MOS model parameter generation, for the 0.25 /spl mu/m device, was conducted to allow circuit-designers to use predictive worst-case circuit design parameters before experimental chip fabrications.
Design equations for binary shape memory actuators under arbitrary external forces

This article presents the design equations for an on–off shape memory alloy actuator working against an external system of arbitrary constant forces. A binary shape memory alloy actuator is considered where a cursor is moved against both conservative and dissipative forces, which may be different during the push or pull phase. Three cases are analysed and differentiated in the way the bias force is applied to the primary shape memory alloy spring: using a constant force, a conventional spring or a second shape memory alloy spring. Closed-form dimensionless design equations are developed, which form the basis of a step-by-step procedure for an optimal design of the whole actuator.
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING AS A TWO-PHASE COURSE

In the engineering program at Reykjavik University we have been developing for the last four years an "Introduction to Engineering" course for our first year students. Last fall semester we offered an introductory course in two phases: first, two days of "brain-storming" early in the semester and then a regular intensive course for three weeks at the end of the semester, "Introduction to Engineering Design", focusing on computer-aided design (CAD), in part based on ideas developed during the brain-storming days. In the spirit of CDIO, the two-day part was on conceiving and the three-week part on designing. As the name implies we covered design in the traditional manner, but the implicit theme was on creative thinking, open-ended projects and how the engineer can affect the environment. The project given to the students was to design a bridge across the bay in front of our campus, 400 m across, and the focus was that "a bridge is not just a bridge" - they were encouraged to conceive of a bridge with a theme or a connection to the environment. The objectives, i.e. stimulate creative thinking and introduce some of the common tools used in engineering design were more or less accomplished. This was the first time we offered this introductory course and overall we are satisfied, but we need to improve on several things, including faculty involvement and various practical things. So yes, we will offer this two-phase introductory course again next year.
Long-term trends in the frequency of severe cyclones of Bay of Bengal : Observations and simulations

The east coast of India and the coasts of Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka are vulnerable to the incidence of tropical cyclones of the Bay of Bengal. Every year these cyclones inflict heavy loss of life and property in this region. Global climate change resulting from anthropogenic activity is likely to manifest itself in the weather and climate of the Bay of Bengal region also. The long-term trends in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones of the Bay of Bengal during intense cyclonic months May, October and November is one such problem which has been addressed in the present paper.Utilizing the existing data of 129 years (1877-2005) pertaining to the tropical cyclone frequency and intensity in the Bay of Bengal during May, October and November, a study was undertaken to investigate the trends in the frequency of Severe Cyclonic Storms (SCS) during past decades. The results of the trend analysis reveal that the SCS frequency over the Bay of Bengal has registered significant increasing trends in past 129 years during the intense cyclonic months. It may be emphasized that these trends are long-term trends for more than hundred years based on statistical analyses which do not necessarily imply that SCS frequency has increased continuously decade after decade. As a matter of fact there has been a slight decrease in SCS frequency after peaking in the pentad 1966-1970, but this does not alter the long-term trend much. The intensification rate during November, which accounts for highest number of intense cyclones in the north Indian Ocean, has registered a steep rise of 26% per hundred years, implying that a tropical depression forming in the Bay of Bengal during November has a high probability to reach to severe cyclone stage. A regional climate model simulation revealed the enhanced cyclogenesis in the Bay of Bengal during May, October and November as a result of increased anthropogenic emissions in the atmosphere
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF SLEDGE REACTION FORCES DURING CYCLICAL LOADING OF THE TRICEPS SURAE

To date, no methodology exists that can measure Achilles tendon stiffness in a controlled dynamic situation while simultaneously investigating tendon and joint stiffness interactions. Stiffness refers to the ratio between force and elongation, and the aim of this preliminary study was to establish an analysis protocol for sledge reaction forces during cyclical loading of the triceps surae. Results indicated the magnitude of forces was just under 50% of body weight, which was expected. Removal of the first two trials from analysis reduced standard deviation and 95% confidence interval of plantarflexor force, contact time and contact time-flight time ratio, suggesting this protocol is suitable to ensure data gathered is repeatable and consistent. Future work using inverse dynamics and ultrasound shall provide information on Achilles tendon loading and stiffness.