Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A spatial shift of precipitation from the sea to the land caused by introducing submicron soluble aerosols: Numerical modeling

[1] Precipitation in the eastern Mediterranean takes place during the cold season, when sea surface temperature is higher than the land surface temperature by 5°C-10°C. This temperature difference leads to the formation of the land breeze-like circulation, which interacts with dominating westerlies and leads to an intense cloud formation over the sea ~10-20 km from the coastal line. As a result, most of the precipitation falls on the sea without reaching the land. At the same time the eastern Mediterranean region experiences a lack of freshwater. For investigating a possibility to shift the release of precipitation from sea to land, numerical simulations were performed using the Hebrew University 2-D cloud model and the 3-D Weather Research and Forecasting model, both operating with spectral bin microphysics, and the 3-D COSMO model of the German Weather Service applying a two-moment bulk parameterization for cloud physics. The respective results indicate that an increase in concentration of small aerosols leads to a delay in raindrop formation and fosters the formation of extra ice particles with low settling velocity. This ice is advected inland by the background wind. As a result, precipitation over land increases at the expense of precipitation over sea by 15%-20%. The spatial shift of precipitation from sea to land can be as large as 50-70 km depending on the wind speed of the background flow. These results suggest a new possibility to enhance precipitation in a particular region by cloud seeding with small aerosols.
Organic amendment addition enhances phosphate fertiliser uptake and wheat growth in an acid soil

The effect of 2 organic amendments (lignite and compost) on wheat growth and phosphate fertiliser efficiency (triple superphosphate, TSP; di-ammonium phosphate, DAP) in an acid soil was investigated in a glasshouse experiment. Organic amendments were incorporated into the top 40 mm of soil at rates resulting in a 1% and 2.5% increase in soil C, and fertilisers were banded within the seed row at rates equivalent to 5, 10, and 25 kg P/ha. When no P was applied, addition of both organic amendments increased shoot height, with greatest growth recorded in the compost-amended treatments. Addition of organic amendments and P fertiliser resulted in additive effects, with increased shoot height, tiller number, and shoot dry matter (DM) in both the lignite- and compost-amended soils with fertiliser addition. The addition of 1% C resulted in plant growth equal to that measured at a higher rate of addition (2.5% C), resulting in a higher relative efficiency of application. Tissue P uptake was significantly increased when soil amendment was combined with 25 kg P/ha DAP addition. Significant differences in nutrient uptake were also measured for other important plant nutrients. As the addition of organic amendments resulted in increased DM compared with untreated soil per unit of P fertiliser applied, it is feasible that this growth response may translate into increased yield. However, further study is required to define the agronomic and economic feasibility of broad-scale application of such amendments for production gains.
beaks and in the early evolution of theropod dinosaurs.

Maniraptoriformes, the speciose group of derived theropod dino- saurs that ultimately gave rise to modern birds, display a diverse and remarkable suite of skeletal adaptations. Apart from the evolution of ﬂ ight, a large-scale change in dietary behavior appears to have been one of the main triggers for specializations in the bauplan of these derived theropods. Among the different skeletal specializations, partial or even complete edentulism and the de- velopment of keratinous beaks form a recurring and persistent trend in from the evolution of derived nonavian dinosaurs. Therizinosauria is an enigmatic maniraptoriform clade, whose members display these and other osteological characters thought to be correlated with the shift from carnivory to herbivory. This makes therizinosaurians prime candidates to assess the functional signi ﬁ cance of these morphological characters. Based on a highly detailed biomechanical model of Erlikosaurus andrewsi , a therizinosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia, different morphological con ﬁ gurations incorporating soft-tissue structures, such as a keratinous rhamphotheca, are evalu- ated for their biomechanical performance. Our results indicate that the development of beaks and the presence of a keratinous rham- photheca would have helped to dissipate stress and strain, making the rostral part of the skull less susceptible to bending and displace- ment, and this bene ﬁ t may extend to other vertebrate clades that possess rhamphothecae. Keratinous beaks, paralleled by edentu- lism, thus represent an evolutionary innovation developed early in derived theropods to enhance cranial stability, distinct to postulated mass-saving bene ﬁ ts associated with the origin of ﬂ ight.
The Effect of Meteorological Factors on the Temporal Variation of Agricultural Reservoir Storage

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between meteorological factors and agricultural reservoir storage, and predict the reservoir storage by multiple regression equation selected by high correlated meteorological factors. Two agricultural reservoirs (Geumgwang and Gosam) located in the upsteam of Gongdo water level gauging station of Anseong-cheon watershed were selected. Monthly reservoir storage data and meteorological data in Suwon weather station of 21 years (1985-2005) were collected. Three cases of correlation (case 1: yearly mean, case 2: seasonal mean dividing a year into 3 periods, and case 3: lagging the reservoir storage from 1 month to 3 months under the condition of case 2) were examined using 8 meteorological factors (precipitation, mean/maximum/minimum temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hour, wind velocity and evaporation). From the correlation analysis, 4 high correlated meteorological factors were selected, and multiple regression was executed for each case. The determination coefficient () of predicted reservoir storage for case 1 showed 0.45 and 0.49 for Geumgwang and Gosam reservoir respectively. The predicted reservoir storage for case 2 showed the highest of 0.46 and 0.56 respectively in the period of April to June. The predicted reservoir storage for 1 month lag of case 3 showed the of 0.68 and 0.85 respectively for the period of April to June. The results showed that the status of agricultural reservoir storage could be expressed with couple of meteorological factors. The prediction enhanced when the storage data are divided into periods rather than yearly mean and especially from the beginning time of paddy irrigation (April) to high decrease of reservoir storage (June) before Jangma.
Bias in research

By writing scientific articles we communicate science among colleagues and peers. By doing this, it is our responsibility to adhere to some basic principles like transparency and accuracy. Authors, journal editors and reviewers need to be concerned about the quality of the work submitted for publication and ensure that only studies which have been designed, conducted and reported in a transparent way, honestly and without any deviation from the truth get to be published. Any such trend or deviation from the truth in data collection, analysis, interpretation and publication is called bias. Bias in research can occur either intentionally or unintentionally. Bias causes false conclusions and is potentially misleading. Therefore, it is immoral and unethical to conduct biased research. Every scientist should thus be aware of all potential sources of bias and undertake all possible actions to reduce or minimize the deviation from the truth. This article describes some basic issues related to bias in research.
Ice thickness distribution in Davis Strait in February from submarine sonar profiles

A submarine sonar profile obtained in Davis Strait by USS Queenfish in February 1967 has yielded the first quantitative data on ice thickness distribution in the region. Within 50–100 km of the ice edge there is a “marginal ice zone” (MIZ) where the mean draft is 0.25–0.51 m, most of the ice (93–100%) is undeformed, and there are many leads but few ridges, all of them less than 6.1 m in draft. The remainder of the region is an “interior zone” composed mainly of first-year ice with a mean draft of 0.77–1.66 m, increasing slightly from NE to SW. Level ice is less common than in the MIZ (67–91% of the cover) as are leads. Ridging is more common, with a maximum observed keel draft of 19.56 m. The overall mean ice thickness distribution has a peak at a draft of 1.05 m (1.18 m thickness), identified as the preferred draft of undeformed first-year ice at this time. Ice draft and keel draft distributions followed a negative exponential distribution at depths beyond 3–4 m, and the distribution of lead widths followed a power law with exponent −2.29.
Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: Part 1. Model evaluation in the present climate

This paper provides a first overview of the performance of state‐of‐the‐art global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in simulating climate extremes indices defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI), and compares it to that in the previous model generation (CMIP3). For the first time, the indices based on daily temperature and precipitation are calculated with a consistent methodology across multimodel simulations and four reanalysis data sets (ERA40, ERA‐Interim, NCEP/NCAR, and NCEP‐DOE) and are made available at the ETCCDI indices archive website. Our analyses show that the CMIP5 models are generally able to simulate climate extremes and their trend patterns as represented by the indices in comparison to a gridded observational indices data set (HadEX2). The spread amongst CMIP5 models for several temperature indices is reduced compared to CMIP3 models, despite the larger number of models participating in CMIP5. Some improvements in the CMIP5 ensemble relative to CMIP3 are also found in the representation of the magnitude of precipitation indices. We find substantial discrepancies between the reanalyses, indicating considerable uncertainties regarding their simulation of extremes. The overall performance of individual models is summarized by a “portrait” diagram based on root‐mean‐square errors of model climatologies for each index and model relative to four reanalyses. This metric analysis shows that the median model climatology outperforms individual models for all indices, but the uncertainties related to the underlying reference data sets are reflected in the individual model performance metrics.
Climate, soil, and vegetation: 3. A simplified model of soil moisture movement in the liquid phase

Natural soil systems are modeled one dimensionally from the surface to a stationary water table by a homogeneous medium defined by three independent parameters. Four varieties of soil moisture movement are analyzed separately, and their effects are linearly superimposed. Infiltration and exfiltration are described by the Philip equation, which assumes the medium to be effectively semiinfinite and the internal soil moisture at the beginning of each storm and interstorm period is assumed to be uniform at its long-term space-time average. The exfiltration equation is modified for the presence of natural vegetation through the approximate introduction of a distributed sink representing the moisture extraction by plant roots. Gravitational percolation to groundwater is assumed to be steady throughout the rainy season at a rate determined by the long-term space-time average soil moisture. Capillary rise from the water table is assumed to be steady throughout the year and to take place to a dry surface.
Land drainage system detection using IR and visual imagery taken from autonomous mapping airship and evaluation of physical and spatial parameters of suggested method

An experimental approach to the land drainage system detection and its physical and spatial parameters evaluation by the form of pilot project is presented in this paper. The novelty of the approach is partly based on using of unique unmanned aerial vehicle - airship with some specific properties. The most important parameters are carrying capacity (15 kg) and long flight time (3 hours). A special instrumentation was installed for physical characteristic testing in the locality too. The most important is 30 meter high mast with 3 meter length bracket at the top with sensors recording absolute and comparative temperature, humidity and wind speed and direction in several heights of the mast. There were also installed several measuring units recording local condition in the area. Recorded data were compared with IR images taken from airship platform. The locality is situated around village Domanín in the Czech Republic and has size about 1.8 x 1.5 km. There was build a land drainage system during the 70-ties of the last century which is made from burnt ceramic blocks placed about 70 cm below surface. The project documentation of the land drainage system exists but real state surveying haven´t been never realized. The aim of the project was land surveying of land drainage system based on infrared, visual and its combination high resolution orthophotos (10 cm for VIS and 30 cm for IR) and spatial and physical parameters evaluation of the presented procedure. The orthophoto in VIS and IR spectrum and its combination seems to be suitable for the task.
NSW rural land performance : 1990-2005

This paper will address the total and capital return performance of a major agricultural area and compare these returns on the basis of both location of land and land use. The comparison will be used to determine if location or actual land use has a greater influence on rural property capital returns. This performance analysis is based on over 35,000 rural sales transactions. These transactions cover all market based rural property transactions in New South Wales, Australia for the period January 1990 to December 2008. Correlation analysis and investment performance analysis has also been carried out to determine the possible relationships between location and land use and subsequent changes in rural land capital values.
Carcinoma basocelular periocular

espanolObjetivo: Revision breve de los carcinomas basocelulares (CB) de la region periocular. Metodos: Revision blibliografica. Resultados: Los CB son las neoplasias mas comunes de la region periocular. Los que asientan en la zona del canto interno presentan caracteristicas que los diferencian de los que se presentan en otras localizaciones perioculares. Por orden de frecuencia el parpado inferior y el canto interno son los lugares en los que con mayor frecuencia asientan los CB, seguidos por el parpado superior y el canto externo. Conclusiones: Los CB localizados en el canto interno tienen una especial tendencia a invadir las estructuras subyacentes y a recidivar. Aunque en la literatura se pueden encontrar varias formas de tratamiento, el tratamiento de eleccion propuesto por la mayoria de los autores es la reseccion quirurgica. Las caracteristicas anatomicas del canto interno hacen especialmente dificil la completa erradicacion del tumor y la reconstruccion posterior de esta zona. EnglishPurpose: Brief review of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) of the periocular area. Methods: Literature review. Results: BCCs are the most common malignancies of the periocular area. They arise more frequently on the lower eyelid at the medial canthus, followed by the upper eyelid at the lateral canthus. Those in the medial canthal area have some characteristics that make them different from those in other periocular regions. Conclusions: BCCs located in the medial canthus may cause extensive local invasion and have a higher recurrence rate. Although there are several possible treatment modalities, most authors recommend surgical excision. Given the anatomical peculiarities of the medial canthal region, complete excision and subsequent reconstruction are much more difficult for lesions in that location than for those in other periocular areas.
Gender-Based Favoritism Among Criminal Prosecutors

Criminal prosecutors enjoy wide discretion in the decisions they make but are largely unstudied by empirical scholars. This paper explores gender bias in prosecutorial decision-making. I find that defendants are charged more leniently when they are the same gender as their prosecutor as opposed to when the defendant and prosecutor are different genders. Such favoritism in charging ultimately translates into significantly lower sentences for defendants who are paired with a samegender prosecutor. Gender-based leniency, however, is not uniform across all geographic areas, all types of cases, and all defendant characteristics. It is more pronounced in states with less prevalent sexism, cases in which gender is likely to be more salient, and on same-gender prosecutorial teams. However, gender match in defendant-prosecutor pairs is not strongly associated with differences in cooperation and bargaining. I conclude that prosecutors’ social preferences are more likely to explain gender-based leniency than differences in how male and female prosecutors work. 1 Assistant Professor of Law, Temple University Beasley School of Law. I am grateful to Emily Buss, Adam Chilton, Travis Crum, Dhammika Dharmapala, Vikas Didwania, Nate Ela, Craig Garthwaite, J.B. Heaton, William Hubbard, Benjamin Jones, Cree Jones, Emma Kaufman, Amanda Kleintop, Genevieve Lakier, Dorothy Lund, Anup Malani, Jonathan Masur, Tom Miles, Margot Moinester, Rachel Montgomery, Meghan Morris, Jeffrey Omari, Manisha Padi, Asad Rahim, Weijia Rao, Kyle Rozema, CJ Ryan, Max Schanzenbach, Roseanna Sommers, Lior Strahilevitz, and participants at the Conference on Empirical Legal Studies, the Annual Meeting of the American Law and Economics Association, the Marquette University Law School Faculty Workshop; the Midwestern Law and Economics Association, the UC Berkeley Law, Economics, and Business Workshop; and the University of Chicago Law School Faculty Works-in-Progress Workshop for valuable comments and suggestions. Comments are welcome at didwania@temple.edu.
Research on heavy ion irradiation effects on SOI SRAM

SRAM based on SOI devices has been widely used in aerospace storage devices due to its good electrical characteristics and radiation resistance. However, with the development of semiconductor technology, the feature size of devices continues to shrink, and the irradiation effects of high-energy ions have become increasingly serious. Single event effect has become the biggest threat to the failure of the spacecraft. A mixed-simulation method was used to research the heavy ion irradiation effects on SOI SRAM. SRAM consists of two coupled inverters. Firstly, the voltage changes of the inverter and SRAM output nodes under heavy ion irradiation were compared and analyzed, then the influence of the device itself and heavy ion parameters on the single particle flipping effect of the SRAM is investigated, and finally the necessary conditions for the flipping of the stored information in the SRAM are discussed and derived. The results show that heavy ion incidence does not permanently change the final state of the inverter; devices in the off state in the SRAM will undergo information flipping only when they are irradiated by heavy ions, and the threshold voltage of the N-type MOSFET is lower than that of the P-type MOSFET; an increase in the penetration depth will accelerate the flipping speed of the SRAM, but when the LET is high, the influence of the penetration depth on the flipping speed decreases; the change of the stored information in the SRAM is the result of the combined effect of pulse width and pulse height.
Partitioning Litter Mass Loss into Carbon Dioxide and Methane in Peatland Ecosystems

Carbon is lost from peatland ecosystems as CO 2 -C, CH 4 -C, or organic C. Despite the obvious contributions of all three of these forms of carbon to total mass losses arising from the degradation of organic material in peatland ecosystems, our understanding of both the relative amounts of these C forms that are emitted, and the factors controlling their partitioning, is limited. In this chapter, we summarize and evaluate current knowledge regarding partitioning of terminally mineralized carbon into CO 2 and CH 4 to identify the main factors controlling the partitioning of mass loss of plant-derived biomass into these species; gaps in knowledge regarding the processes involved, their rates and their interactions; and important issues to address in future research initiatives. We first outline the main factors that influence the partitioning into CO 2 and CH 4 of organic matter degraded in northern peatlands, then evaluate their relative importance, and related issues, using available data in the scientific literature. We conclude that current knowledge of the partitioning between CO 2 and CH 4 production during the degradation of organic material in peatlands is very limited, and values of CO 2 /CH 4 reported in the literature differ by a factor of about 80,000. The main environmental factors affecting the partitioning are the composition of the plant litter entering the soil, the soil redox conditions, the age of the peat, and soil temperature. However, attempts to draw sound general conclusions supported by reliable quantitative data are hampered by the high variability reported in the literature.
Prefrontal rain bands located in the warm sector of subtropical cyclones over the ocean

A study of weather radar data on 117 cyclones occurring in the vicinity of Tanegashima weather station, Japan, during the period January 1960 to December 1964 has been made. In 82% of the cyclones observed, one or more line echoes were detected in the warm sector. A detailed description of one of these cyclones (A-type) is given, demonstrating that the line echoes represent prefrontal squall lines similar to those found in the central United States. The observations on these subtropical oceanic cyclones are contrasted with the Bjerknes cyclone model.
Optical modeling of irregularly shaped ice particles in convective cirrus

A model of convectively generated cirrus particles consistent with the shape properties of measured cirrus particles is proposed. A database of single scattering properties of modeled ice particles at visible to infrared wavelengths was constructed using the finite-difference time-domain and geometric-optics-integral-equation methods for advanced analysis of satellite/ground-based remote sensing data.
Why do insects have such a high density of flow-sensing hairs? Insights from the hydromechanics of biomimetic MEMS sensors

Insects and arachnids are often quite hairy. The reasons for this high density of sensory hairs are unknown. Previous studies have predicted strong hydrodynamic coupling between densely packed airflow-sensitive hairs. Flow perturbation owing to single hairs and between tandem hairs, however, has never been experimentally measured. This paper aims to quantify the extent of flow perturbation by single and tandem hairs directly, using biomimetic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) hairs as physical models and particle image velocimetry (PIV) for flow visualization. Single and tandem MEMS hairs of varying interhair distances were subjected to oscillatory flows of varying frequency. Decreasing hair-to-hair distance markedly reduced flow velocity amplitude and increased the phase shift between the far-field flow and the flow between hairs. These effects were stronger for lower flow frequencies. We predict strong hydrodynamic coupling within whole natural hair canopies exposed to natural stimuli, depending on arthropod and hair sizes, and hair density. Thus, rather than asking why arthropods have so many hairs, it may be useful to address why hairs are packed together at such high densities, particularly given the exquisite sensitivity of a single hair.