Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reducing phosphorus leaching from sandy soils with red mud bauxite processing residues

This study used field lysimeters to investigate the reduction in the leaching of phosphorus (P) applied as superphosphate fertilizer from a very sandy Swan Coastal Plain soil treated with bauxite processing residue (red mud) neutralized with either waste gypsum from the phosphate industry or ferrous sulfate (copperas) from the titanium dioxide industry. Addition of 500 t ha-' red mud/gypsum or 200 t hap1 red mud/copperas were found to reduce the leaching of P to below 3 kg ha-l for application rates of 270 and 80 kgP ha-1, respectively. Water retention from these excessively well drained soils was increased by 14 and 50% by the addition of 200 and 2000 t ha-l red mud, respectively. The pH of the leachate for all rates of red mud/copperas application increased from approximately 4 to range between 7 and 7-5. The concentrations of Na and SO4 were about 8 and 17 g1-l, respectively, in the initial leachates collected from the 2000 t ha-' red mud treatment but declined to approximately 0.4 and 2.0g l-1 after 3 years of leaching. The Ca leaching appeared to be initially controlled by the solubility of the excess CaSO4 remaining after red mud neutralization, with concentrations ranging between 0.3 and 0.5 g l-1 before declining to approximately the levels for untreated soils of 0.01-0.06g l-1. The Na, So4 and Ca concentrations in the leachates from the 500 t ha-l red mud/copperas treated soil decreased to acceptable levels after 2 years. High total soluble salt (TSS) levels associated with high levels of residue application may affect pasture production in the years immediately following soil amendment
Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA)

EMBA 601. Managing People 2 Units Prerequisite(s): Admission to the program. Description: Concepts and techniques of individual and groups including personality, motivation, power and politics, decision-making, group dynamics, job satisfaction, cultural influences and organizational development. For class offerings for a specific term, refer to the Schedule of Classes (http://htmlaccess.louisville.edu/classSchedule/ setupSearchClassSchedule.cfm)
Wetting front advance and freezing of meltwater within a snow cover: 2. A simulation model

A simulation model is developed which incorporates the effect of flow fingers at the leading edge of the wetting front, ice layer growth within and at the base of the snow cover, and meltwater infiltration into the underlying frozen soils. The model results demonstrated that ice layers grow rapidly over a 24- to 36-hour period due to the conduction of heat into the snow and underlying soil. Sufficient water is frozen as ice layers to slow the finger wetting front and to account for the rapid snow and soil warming. Wetting front advance and ice layer growth were found to be sensitive to snow temperature, thermal conductivity, volume of flow in the fingers, and irreducible water saturation. Simulation of a warm snow cover showed that with reduced ice layer growth the flow fingers were able to transmit rapidly water to the snow cover base before the entire snow cover was wet. In the arctic situation the soil was sufficiently cold to ensure basal ice growth throughout the melt period. Basal ice growth was found to be sensitive to soil infiltration, length of the growing period, and the snowmelt rate. As a result of the negative soil heat flux, all meltwater is not available for runoff until both the liquid and thermal requirements of the snow and soil have been satisfied.
Relationships between Head-Shoulder Divergences and Sickness in a Virtual Environment

Sickness is often experienced during exposure to virtual environments (VEs). Optical flow patterns may influence this VE sickness. We investigated the relationship between VE sickness and head-shoulder divergence angles while moving through a VE. The VE experience induced some level of VE sickness in all participants. Those not completing the study evidenced significantly more severe VE sickness symptoms than those completing it did. No relationships between head-shoulder divergence and sickness were revealed for experimental dropouts. However, significant correlations were found between several sickness measures and head-shoulder divergences for those completing the study. An interaction between head-shoulder divergence and time on task may exist.
The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008)

[1] EGM2008 is a spherical harmonic model of the Earth's gravitational potential, developed by a least squares combination of the ITG-GRACE03S gravitational model and its associated error covariance matrix, with the gravitational information obtained from a global set of area-mean free-air gravity anomalies defined on a 5 arc-minute equiangular grid. This grid was formed by merging terrestrial, altimetry-derived, and airborne gravity data. Over areas where only lower resolution gravity data were available, their spectral content was supplemented with gravitational information implied by the topography. EGM2008 is complete to degree and order 2159, and contains additional coefficients up to degree 2190 and order 2159. Over areas covered with high quality gravity data, the discrepancies between EGM2008 geoid undulations and independent GPS/Leveling values are on the order of ±5 to ±10 cm. EGM2008 vertical deflections over USA and Australia are within ±1.1 to ±1.3 arc-seconds of independent astrogeodetic values. These results indicate that EGM2008 performs comparably with contemporary detailed regional geoid models. EGM2008 performs equally well with other GRACE-based gravitational models in orbit computations. Over EGM96, EGM2008 represents improvement by a factor of six in resolution, and by factors of three to six in accuracy, depending on gravitational quantity and geographic area. EGM2008 represents a milestone and a new paradigm in global gravity field modeling, by demonstrating for the first time ever, that given accurate and detailed gravimetric data, asingle global model may satisfy the requirements of a very wide range of applications.
Weibull wind speed distribution: Numerical considerations and use with sodar data

[1] Two analyses have been performed of the use of the Weibull distribution to describe wind speed statistics. The first is a combination of theoretical considerations in a common domain of c and k parameters concerning some robust indicators of position, spread, skewness, and kurtosis. The second is a calculation of the Weibull parameters using three differing methods based on a 3-a sodar database. The modified maximum-likelihood method is direct, the method of weighted probability moments considers order statistics, and the method based on the minimum RMSE is iterative. As a result of the theoretical analyses, we propose some simple relationships involving Weibull parameters and the range of a fraction of central data, the variation coefficient, and the Yule-Kendall index, which may be applied practically. The calculation of Weibull parameters has revealed the sharp contrast between day, where the fit was highly satisfactory, and night, mainly below 300 m. Moreover, a seasonal pattern was also observed. The comparison between the methods used also proved satisfactory, particularly during day, whereas a slight disagreement was observed during the night for the method based on the minimum RMSE. Finally, randomly generated samples were used to check the accuracy of the Weibull parameters in the domain analyzed, resulting in small residuals and standard deviations of the values calculated.
Subsidence history, crustal structure, and thermal evolution of the Valencia Trough: A young extensional basin in the western Mediterranean

The Valencia Trough is an extensional basin that began rifting during the late Oligoceneearly Miocene, yet it is located within a region of compression between the European and African plates. Seismic reflection, seismic refraction, well, gravity, and geoid data have been used to determine the relative importance of extensional and compressional processes in controlling the structure and evolution of the trough. Although the trough appears symmetric on bathymetric maps, seismic and gravity and geoid data indicate a fundamental asymmetry in its deep crustal and upper mantle structure. Two dimensional flexural backstripping techniques have been used to estimate the total amount of crustal stretching along a “transect” of the trough between the Catalan Coastal Ranges and Mallorca. There is good agreement between the predicted depth to the Mono based on a stretching model and the seismically constrained depth beneath the Catalan margin, but poor agreement beneath Mallorca. The seismic Moho beneath Mallorca can be explained by a model in which the crust was modified by the flexural effects of thrust/fold loading. Geoid data suggest that the differences in the crustal structure between the two margins extend into the upper mantle. The Catalan margin is characterized by a thermal and mechanical boundary, which marks the transition between cold, unstretched lithosphere and hot, thin lithosphere, while Mallorca is located above a broad region of lithospheric thinning. The subsidence history and amount of crustal thinning in the Catalan margin resemble that of typical Atlantic-type nonvolcanic margin. However, a narrow transition zone (<60 km), the lack of any evidence for a “conjugate” margin, and the absence of oceanic crust suggest fundamental differences in the way that extensional processes may occur in convergent plate settings.
The influence of Pinus radiata, Quercus suber, and improved pasture on soil chemical properties

Soil acidification and related land degradation issues are assuming increasing importance in Australia and challenging the concept of sustainability of current land management systems. In this study, the impacts of tree plantations of 2 species and permanent pasture on soil chemical properties are compared. Soil samples were collected from the top 50 cm (0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, 20–30, and 30–50 cm depths) from 3 adjacent sites carrying pasture and monocultures of Pinus radiata (radiata pine) and Quercus suber (cork oak) on a deep-surfaced yellow podzolic soil, and differences in soil pH and other soil chemical properties were examined. In the surface 0–5 cm, pH was similar at all 3 sites. Below that depth, soil pH was significantly lower and exchangeable Al greater under the cork oak stand than at the other 2 sites. Consistent with a decrease in soil pH there was significantly less exchangeable Ca under cork oak. Also, less clay was observed under the cork oak stand and this is taken as evidence of the degradational impact of soil acidification. An estimate of Ca in the top 50 cm of the soil implies considerable loss of Ca under oak, probably by leaching and loss of litter down the slope. Evidence is presented to show that there has been more Fe and Al movement under oak than under pasture and pine, this being ascribed in part to the greater Al and Fe mobilising capacity of the water-soluble component extracted from freshly fallen leaf litter of oak. The Fe and Al composition of the oxalate extract from concretionary material at 10–30 cm under oak is consistent with a process similar to podzolisation. Pseudogleying of Fe and Al may have accompanied the leaching of bases from the system and a reduction of pH.
Coupling erosion, vegetation and grazing

This paper argues for the replacement of the carrying capacity approach with an approach that emphasizes the stability conditions of the erosion–vegetation–grazing system. Using digital simulation, it is shown that the vegetation stability (temporal and spatial) is a function not only of rainfall, but also of the non‐linear behaviour of the system through its interactions and through the characteristics of the vegetation in determining response to rainfall. A by‐product is the emergence of erosional hot‐spots (bare patches in the vegetation cover). Some implications for grazing management are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing soils to enhance the potential for bioremediation of water repellency

Water repellency can significantly reduce crop and pasture establishment and production in sandy soils. Management practices that increase the rate of water infiltration into dry soils following the first rains at the end of the dry season were investigated. In the laboratory, addition of water to water repellent soil and maintenance of warm moist conditions produced a gradual decline in water repellency. This was supported by results in the field which showed that under daily irrigation there was a gradual decline in water repellency over time. However, under dryland conditions, other mechanisms to increase water infiltration had to be found. In the laboratory, after the addition of lime and kaolinite clay, there was an initial rapid decline in repellency, indicative of a physical mechanism, followed by a more gradual decline suggesting a biological response. In the field, under dryland conditions, the addition of lime and kaolinite clay resulted in a reduction in water repellency, and in the case of lime, this effect increased with the size of application. Estimates of the numbers of wax-degrading bacteria in the treated soils, using a most-probable-number assay, showed at least a 10-fold increase in lime-treated sands, but not in the clay-treated sands. The results suggest that lime may provide a viable alternative for increasing the wettability of soils by physical mechanisms and by promoting microbial activity by bacteria responsible for wax degradation, resulting in more consistent plant germination and establishment, and increased crop yields.
Denitrification and Organic Carbon Availability in Two Aquifers

Nitrate is one of the most common ground-water contaminants, and denitrification, the bacterially mediated conversion of nitrate into molecular nitrogen, is the only geochemical process that contributes significantly to the renovation of nitrate-contaminated aquifers. Previous workers have shown that denitrification occurs in some, but not all, nitratecontaminated unconfined aquifers in southern Ontario, Canada. Denitrification tends to occur in aquifers that have a very shallow water table, but not in aquifers whose water table is deeper than about two to three meters. This paper describes an investigation of the importance of organic carbon in controlling the occurrence of denitrification in two shallow sandy aquifers in southern Ontario, Canada. In situ and laboratory measurements of denitrification rates using the acetylene block technique show that: (1) organic carbon availability decreases with depth below the ground surface; (2) denitrification occurs in an aquifer with a very shallow water table, but organic carbon availability limits the denitrification rate; and (3) denitrification does not occur in an aquifer with a deeper water table because there is insufficient labile organic carbon present.
The epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae in northern Tanzania

To achieve representative bacterial surveillance it is important to have effective transport and storage media. In this thesis two transport media, STGG and SGG were evaluated and shown to be suitable for optimal transport and storage of S. pneumoniae. These media will be particularly useful for field studies in developing countries. A previously published serotyping technique based on amplification by PCR and RFLP of the first two genes of the capsulation locus, cpsA and cpsB, was evaluated and modified for use directly on clinical specimens. This method did not produce serotype specific data from a single PCR reaction so an alternative method was devised. PCR amplification of the whole capsulation locus (~20kbp) was adopted followed by restriction digestion to produce different patterns. It was shown that the patterns obtained were capable of discrimination to the serotype level. This technique is fully portable. In conjunction with a study to evaluate azithromycin distribution for the community wide treatment of trachoma, the impact of azithromycin on macrolide resistance in S. pneumoniae was assessed. No increase in macrolide resistance was found among pneumococcal isolates. Significant association was found between resistance to penicillin and co-trimoxazole, both commonly used antibiotics. Co-colonisation was found by isolates of different serotypes in a few carriers. Carriage was not found to last for more than a few months and familial transmission was not found to be an important mechanism of transmission in this population. The population structure of the penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci (PNSP) was studied using penicillin binding protein PCRs and RFLP. The results showed many different PBP genotypes suggesting that the population is polymictic and that there has been recent recombination of PBP genes. Pneumococcal penicillin resistance is thought to be evolving in this community independently of international clones.
Buried impact basins, the evolution of planetary surfaces and the Chicxulub multi‐ring crater

Impact craters are distinctive landforms on Moon, Mars, Venus and other bodies of the Solar System. In contrast, the Earth has few craters, due to the dynamic nature of the planet, where craters and other geological structures are destroyed, modified or covered. Planetary missions have also shown that in other worlds where craters are numerous and well preserved, the crater record has been modified, through the identification of buried structures. Studies of the concealed crater record have major implications for the crater‐size frequency distribution and crater‐counting chronologies. On Earth, Chicxulub is an example of a large multi‐ring buried basin. Its study provides clues for the investigation other planetary surfaces. In addition, geophysical surveys have unravelled its deep 3‐D structure, providing data and constraints for new planetary missions.
The dynamics of global change at the Paleocene‐Eocene thermal maximum: A data‐model comparison

We integrate published stable isotopic, chemical, mineralogical, and biotic data from the onset of the Paleocene‐Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) at Site 690, Maud Rise in the Southern Ocean. The integrated data set documents a sequence of environmental steps including warming of the ocean from the surface downward, and modification of its thermal and nutrient structure, acidification of the deep ocean, and the onset of continental weathering. The age of the events with respect to the onset of the PETM is calibrated with three different age models. The relative and absolute timing of the steps are compared with simulated temperature, salinity, calcite saturation, and dissolved PO4 and O2, at different depths in the ocean, generated with the UVic Earth System Climate Model of intermediate complexity. The simulation supports the top to bottom transfer of heat and carbon, and generally agrees with age models in terms of the durations of leads and lags in temperature, C‐isotope, and biotic responses. Moreover, the simulation shows that stratification increased and the nutricline strengthened at the onset of the PETM. These environmental changes explain the abundance of deep‐dwelling nannoplankton and foraminifera during the early part of the event. The modeled calcite saturation is consistent with a harsh deep‐sea habitat at the time of the benthic foraminiferal extinction.
Shear Strength of Artificially Cemented Sands

In this study, a series of drained triaxial tests were performed in order to examine the effect of cementation on the shear behavior of granular soil. It was observed that the brittle nature and dilative tendency of granular soil is dominant under a low confining stress level, while high confining stress results in a contractive behavior despite the strong cementation bond. Based on experimental results, an idealized concept is suggested to define the shear strength of cemented sand in three distinctive zones: the cementation control zone with a constant cohesion intercept at a low confining stress level, the transition zone in which the cohesion intercept is gradually reduced after a breaking point, and the stress control zone with almost zero cohesion intercept due to breakage of cementation bonds at a high confining stress level. It was shown that the sitting pressures during cementation have little effect on the strength parameters of cemented sand, while the increase of gypsum content and relative density, and the decrease of particle size, result in an increase of the cohesion intercept and the breaking point. In addition, the prediction equations for the shear strength and cohesion intercept in the cementation control zone and the transition zone are suggested from the analytical and experimental interpretation.
STUDY ON HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE AND BED-LOAD TRANSPORT RATE IN ALLUVIAL STREAMS

沖積河川の河道 は洪 水の流路 である とともに,山 地部 で生産 された土砂や河道 自身 を構成 している砂 れきの流 送 の場であるので,河 道 において生起す る現象 を把握す るには,流 送土砂量 と水理量 との関係 を明 らかにするこ とが重要 であ り,こ の関係 の樹 立が流 砂理論 における終 局的 な目的 とされている。 一方,河 道 中の水流 の解析 に あたっては,水 流 と河道 との境界面 で生 じる摩擦過程 の 究明が必須の条件 であ り,流 砂 の知見 な しには,こ の問 題 の解明は不可能 とい って も過言 ではなかろ う。 従来,河 道の安定に とって支配的 な役割 を果 たす掃流 砂 に関す る研究は,Du Boys の研究に端 を発 して以来, きわめて数多 く実験 的お よび半理論的 に行 なわれてきて お り,そ の結果幾 多の流砂量式 が提案 されている。 これ らの研究成果に基づいて,流 砂量 を記述 するパ ラメータ ーはほぼ明 らかに されているが,流 砂量 を適確 に算定 し うる流砂量式は,い まだ求め られている とは言 いがたい 現状 である。 この ように,流 砂現象 を複雑 に している第1の 要因 と して,流 れのStageに よって河床粗度 が変化 し,こ の変 化が流砂に重大な影響 をお よぼ しているこ とが指摘 され よ う。 しか しなが ら,移 動床流れ の抵抗 は十分 に解 明さ れ ているとは言いがた く,ま た抵抗 と流砂 の関係 につい ても明確に把握 されていないこ とが流砂量 の算定 に とっ て,大 きな障害 となっている。 今,移 動床流れ の系 を模 式的 に表示する と, の ように書 くことができ,こ れ らの問には強い相互作用 が働 き,閉 じた系 を形成 してい ると考え られ る。 した が って,流 砂現象 を理解 するには,砂 粒 レベルの粒子の運
Virtual Soils: Moisture Measurements and Their Interpretation by Inverse Modeling

Soils are structured on multiple spatial scales, originating from inhomogeneities of the parent material, pedogenesis, soil organisms, plant roots, or tillage. This leads to heterogeneities that cause variability of local measurements of hydraulic state variables and affects the flow behavior of water in soil. Whereas in real‐world systems, the true underlying structures can never be absolutely known, it is appealing to employ synthetic or “virtual” experiments for assessing general properties of flow in porous media and grasping the main physical mechanisms. With this aim, three two‐dimensional virtual realities with increasing structural complexity, representing cultivated soils with hierarchical spatial heterogeneity on multiple scales were constructed by the interdisciplinary research group Virtual Institute of the Helmholtz Association (INVEST). At these systems, numerical simulations of water dynamics including a heavy rain, a redistribution, and a long‐lasting evaporation period were performed. The technical aspects of the construction of the virtual soils and results of the forward simulations have been presented in a paper by Schlüter et al. (2012). In this follow‐up paper, we use inverse modeling to investigate measurements in virtual vertical soil profiles, mimicking typical field monitoring campaigns with moisture content and matric potential sensors placed at five depths. Contrary to the real situation, we can interpret observed data, their variability, estimated hydraulic properties, and predicted water balance in the light of the known truth. Our results showed that measurements, particularly those of water contents, varied strongly with measuring position. Using data from single profiles in systems similar to our virtual soils thus will lead to very different estimates of the soil hydraulic properties. As a consequence, the correct calculation of the water balance is rather a lucky coincidence than the rule. However, the average of the predicted water balances obtained from the one‐dimensional simulations, and the estimated soil hydraulic properties agreed very well with those attained from the two‐dimensional systems.