Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A System-Theoretic View on Breathing Detection Using Chirp Sequence Modulated Radar Sensors

When charging electric vehicles inductively, living objects must be prevented from being exposed to the magnetic field. Therefore, additional sensors are used to detect endangered objects under the vehicle. This ensures that the charging process can be stopped immediately if endangered objects stay inside the hazardous zone. To prevent the system from unintended charging switch-offs, it is preferable to detect also life-signs for a reliable differentiation between living and non-living objects. In this paper, we propose a method for Doppler-based detection of respiration movements using a chirp sequence modulated radar sensor. We also provide system-theoretical background concerning the identification of linear time-variant systems. This delivers a clear problem statement and facilitates the understanding of the proposed method. Consequently, the theoretical results are applied to measurements for the detection of respiration movements. The results enhance an existing approach for living object protection using a radar sensor on the vehicle side.
Pulsed pressure: Fluctuating impacts of multifactorial environmental change on a temperate macroalgal community

Global change impacts marine organisms and communities mainly through ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and changes in nutrient inputs and water circulation. To assess the ecological impacts of global change, the effects of multiple interacting environmental drivers, including their fluctuations, should be tested at different levels of biological organization. In an outdoor mesocosm study, we investigated the differential effects of three simulated upwelling events coupled with ocean warming (1–5°C above ambient) on a temperate benthic community in the Western Baltic Sea. Ocean warming, especially in summer when temperatures are close to or above the physiological optimum of many species, is likely to impose thermal stress with species‐specific impacts. As the properties of deep water vary seasonally, so will the effects of upwelling. Upwelling of cooler deep water in midsummer may alleviate thermal stress, although this mitigation may be modulated by upwelling‐associated shifts in other water‐quality parameters such as salinity, nutrients, or late‐summer hypoxia. This investigation showed that in the Western Baltic Ocean warming was rather beneficial in early and late summer but detrimental when ambient temperatures were highest in midsummer. The effects of upwelling in the absence of ocean warming were generally weakly beneficial, while this effect tended to vanish with intensifying imposed ocean warming. Hypoxia associated with the late summer upwelling impacted some of the grazer species but did not impact the macroalgae. We conclude that in coastal temperate benthic communities, ocean warming is the predominant stressor that may partially and seasonally be buffered by upwelling.
Model testing of foundations for offshore wind turbines

Suction caissons are a new foundation option for offshore wind turbines. This thesis is focussed on the behaviour of suction caisson foundations in sand and in clay during installation, and under subsequent vertical and combined moment-lateral loadings. The research is based on extensive experimental work carried out using model scaled caissons. The analysis of the results allowed the determination of parameters for hyperplasticity models. Model caissons were vertically loaded in loose and dense sands to study in service states and plastic behaviour. Bearing capacity increased with the length of the caisson skirt. The bearing capacity formulation showed that the angle of friction mobilised was close to the critical state value for loose sands and close to those of peak values due to dilation for dense sands. The vertical load increased, though at a lower rate than during initial penetration, after large plastic displacements occurred. A hardening law formulation including this observed behaviour is suggested. In sand the installation of caissons by suction showed a drastic reduction in the net vertical load required to penetrate the caisson into the ground compared with that required to install caissons by pushing. This occurred due to the hydraulic gradients created by the suction. The theoretical formulations of the yield surface and flow rule were calibrated from the results of moment loading tests under low constant vertical loads. The fact that caissons exhibit moment capacity under tension loads was considered in the yield surface formulation. Results from symmetric and non symmetric cyclic moment loading tests showed that Masing’s rules were obeyed. Fully drained conditions, partially drained and undrained conditions were studied. Caisson rotation velocities scaled in the laboratory to represent those in the field induced undrained response for relevant periods of wave loading, a wide range of seabed permeabilities and prototype caisson dimensions. Under undrained conditions and low constant vertical loads the moment capacity of suction caissons was very small. Under partially drained conditions the moment capacity decreased with the increase of excess pore pressure. In clay, vertical cyclic loading around a mean vertical load of zero showed that in the short term the negative excess pore pressures generated during suction installation reduced vertical displacements. The yield surface and the flow rule were determined from moment swipe and constant vertical load tests. The moment capacity was found to depend on the ratio between the preload Vo and the ultimate bearing capacity Vu. Gapping response was observed during cyclic moment loading tests, but starting at smaller normalised rotations than in the field. The hysteresis loop shape obtained during gapping cannot be reproduced by means of the Masing’s rules.
Measure for the non-Markovianity of quantum processes

Recently, a measure for the non-Markovian behavior of quantum processes in open systems has been developed, which is based on the quantification of the flow of information between the open system and its environment [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 210401 (2009)]. The information flow is connected to the rate of change of the trace distance between quantum states, which can be interpreted in terms of the distinguishability of these states. Here, we elaborate the mathematical details of this theory, present applications to specific physical models, and discuss further theoretical and experimental implications as well as relations to alternative approaches proposed recently.
Microalgae as Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production

Fossil-based fuels including oil, coal and gas play a pivotal role in modern world energy market. These fossil fuels, according to world energy outlook 2007, will remain the major sources of energy and are expected to meet about 84% of energy demand in 2030. However, fossil fuels are non-renewable and will be finally diminished. It has been recently estimated that the global oil, coal and gas last only approximately for 35, 100 and 37 years respectively, based on a modified Klass model (Shafiee & Topal, 2009). In order to sustain a stable energy supply in the future, it is necessary to develop other sources of energy, e.g., renewable energy. Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly, including hydropower, wind power, solar energy, geothermal energy, biodiesel, etc. An estimated $150 billion was invested in renewable energy worldwide in 2009, around 2.5 times of the 2006 investment (Figure 1). It is well known that transport is almost totally dependent on petroleum-based fuels, which will be depleted within 40 years. An alternative fuel to petrodiesel must be technically feasible, easily available, economically competitive, and environmentally acceptable (Demirbas, 2008). Biodiesel is such a candidate fuel for powering the transport vehicles. Biodiesel refers to a biomass-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters. In addition to being comparable to petrodiesel in most technical aspects, biodiesel has the following distinct advantages over petrodiesel (Knothe, 2005a): 1. derived from renewable domestic resources, thus reducing dependence on and preserving petroleum; 2. biodegradable and reduced exhaust emissions, being environment-friendly; 3. higher flash point, being safer for handling and storage; and 4. excellent lubricity. Like petrodiesel, biodiesel operates in compression ignition engines. Biodiesel is miscible with petrodiesel in all ratios. Currently, the blends of biodiesel and petrodiesel instead of net biodiesel have been widely used in many countries and no engine modification is
SUPPLEMENTARY FILE: Full observability and estimation of unknown inputs, states, and parameters of nonlinear biological models

2 Supplementary information: Methods 1 2.1 On the feasibility of the FISPO analysis without Assumption 1 . 1 2.2 On the implications of Assumption 1 for the FISPO analysis . 2 2.3 Numerical solution of nonlinear optimal control problems . 3 2.3. 1 Control vector parameterisation . 3 2.4 Implementation . 4 2.4. 1 Remarks on implemented case studies . 4 2.5 Remarks on input estimation . 5
PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN DAN KEPERCAYAAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN NASABAH

Penelitian ini berjudul " Pengaruh Kualitas Layanan Kepercayaan dan Kepuasan Klien Untuk (Studi Kasus Klien Kospin Layanan Cabang Wonosobo). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh kualitas layanan terdiri dari (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empaty) dan keyakinan terhadap kepuasan nasabah Kospin layanan Cabang Wonosobo dan juga untuk mengetahui pengaruh yang lebih dominan antara variabel kualitas pelayanan dan kepercayaan terhadap kepuasan nasabah Kospin layanan Cabang Wonosobo.Dari hasil perhitungan elastisitas regresi koefisien diperoleh nilai elastisitas untuk variabel kualitas pelayanan sebesar 1.070 dan variabel keyakinan [dari] sama dengan 0392. Menjadi mendapatkan [di] mengambil kesimpulan bahwa variabel kualitas pelayanan memiliki pengaruh dominan terhadap kepuasan nasabah Kospin Layanan Cabang Wonosobo
Characterization of Gαq-coupled receptor signalling via the novel effector PKCζ

The cell is a dynamic entity with highly intertwined biochemical networks responding to internal and external perturbations in an orchestrated manner. The elements in those networks are usually proteins that build complex circuits through protein-protein interactions. G proteins are essential cellular components for the signalling events following G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation. This function is achieved through specific and evolutionary conserved interactions between activated G proteins and a number of cellular effectors. We have recently reported that ERK5 activation by Gq-coupled GPCR requires participation of a novel G? q effector, PKC? Here we present a biochemical and cellular characterization of the G? q/PKC? signalling axis. We demonstrate that the G? q/PKC? cascade is responsible for ERK5 activation in response to Angiotensin II in the heart. Also, it was show that this pathway displays G? q-biased properties which has potentially interesting therapeutic implications. Next, we performed a cellular and biochemical characterization of the G? q/PKC? complex. We determined the occurrence and the specificity of the G? q/PKC? complex in living cells. Also, we identified lysine 19, located in the PB1 domain of PKC? , and two glutamic acids at positions 234 and 245, located in a novel region of G? q termed pseudo-PB1 domain, to be essential for the formation of the G? q/PKC? complex. Introduction of the double mutation (E234/ E245-AA) in G? q completely abrogated ERK5 activation, demonstrating requirement of an efficient G? q/PKC? complex for the activation of the pathway. Additionally, we found that GRK2, but not RGS2/4, prevents the association of PKC? to G? q due to sequestering of the G protein. This effect, together with receptor desensitisation, impaires the downstream activation of ERK5 by Gq-coupled GPCR. Next, we demostrated that PKC? is not phosphorylated in response to Gq-coupled GPCR stimulation, but instead we provide the first evidence for a transient dimerisation of PKC? This protein was found to physically link activated G? q and ERK5. Finally, we studied the role of the G? q/PKC? complex in G? qdependent cellular effects. The formation this protein complex was shown to be required for muscarinic M3 receptor-induced membrance blebbing and cell growth arrest. Additionally, the G? q/PKC? complex was found to be necessary for apoptosis promotion. Overall, this study provides important biochemical and cellular insight into Gq-coupled receptor signalling via the novel effector PKC?
A practicable approach for stability analysis in soft robotics: A workspace analysis for a real soft robot

Soft robotics is a novel field that has gained importance in recent years. The idea in soft robotics is to use materials with a softness comparable to human tissue. With these materials, soft robots are capable to adapt to their environment without extensive use of a sensor system. This makes them interesting, for example, in rehabilitation or as a surgery tool. Due to their softness, soft robots are typically underactuated, which means that they have a lower number of actuators than degrees of freedom. This softness leads to significant deformation of the initial soft robot configuration when external loads are applied, for example, when carrying a weight. Hence, for practical applications, it is important to determine the workspace of a soft robot especially when the robot carrying an object. For this setup, the deformation of a pneumatically actuated self‐developed soft robot, which carries a weight, was simulated. The workspace was analyzed for different air pressures in the chambers of the soft robot as well as for different applied weights. Analytical equations for the description of the workspace were developed from the results of the simulations. From these equations, the effects of air pressure and weight on the workspace can be efficiently determined. In addition, the influences on different robot configurations (e.g., robots with different lengths) can be directly compared with each other.
An Approach to Merge Results of Multiple Static Analysis Tools (Short Paper)

Defects have been compromising quality of software and costing a lot to find and fix. Thus a number of effective tools have been built to automatically find defects by analyzing code statically. These tools apply various techniques and detect a wide range of defects, with a little overlap among defect libraries. Unfortunately, the advantages of tools' defect detection capacity are stubborn to combine, due to the unique style each tool follows when generating analysis reports. In this paper, we propose an approach to merge results from different tools and report them in a universal manner. Besides, two prioritizing policies are introduced to rank results so as to raise users' efficiency. Finally, the approach and prioritizing policies are implemented in an integrated tool by merging results from three independent analyzing tools. In this way, end users may comfortably benefit from more than one static analysis tool and thus improve software's quality.
An Architecture for Hierarchical Software-Defined Vehicular Networks

With the recent advances in the telecommunications and auto industries, we have witnessed growing interest in ITS, of which VANETs are an essential component. SDN can bring advantages to ITS through its ability to provide flexibility and programmability to networks through a logically centralized controller entity that has a comprehensive view of the network. However, as the SDN paradigm initially had fixed networks in mind, adapting it to work on VANETs requires some changes to address particular characteristics of this kind of scenario, such as the high mobility of its nodes. There has been initial work on bringing SDN concepts to vehicular networks to expand its abilities to provide applications and services through the increased flexibility, but most of these studies do not directly tackle the issue of loss of connectivity with said controller entity. In this article, we propose a hierarchical SDN-based vehicular architecture that aims to have improved performance in the situation of loss of connection with the central SDN controller. Simulation results show that our proposal outperforms traditional routing protocols in the scenario where there is no coordination from the central SDN controller.
Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change

From the Publisher: "In Building the Virtual State, Jane Fountain explains how government must evolve to become part of the Internet revolution. Fountain calls on government agencies to abandon outmoded bureaucratic tendencies in favor of a less centralized approach to providing services. This requires a change not only in the way government executives think, but also in the way they view their relationships with citizens. They must answer questions regarding costs and maintenance of Internet portals, and at the same time assure citizens that their privacy will be protected. " The creation of this "virtual state," Fountain argues, will not be easy, exposing much of the structural obsolescence of our current bureaucracy. However, if our government is to serve its central purpose - to work for its citizens and provide them with the opportunity to excel - it must embrace this change. It must negotiate the solutions to the internal questions of management, as well as external questions of protection of privacy and capability of use by all citizens. The outcome of this struggle will likely determine the extent to which the American government will be recast in the Information Age and whether its citizens will emerge as winners or losers.
Fast Computations for Measures of Phylogenetic Beta Diversity

For many applications in ecology, it is important to examine the phylogenetic relations between two communities of species. More formally, let T be a phylogenetic tree and let A and B be two samples of its tips, representing the examined communities. We want to compute a value that expresses the phylogenetic diversity between A and B in T. There exist several measures that can do this; these are the so-called phylogenetic beta diversity (β-diversity) measures. Two popular measures of this kind are the Community Distance (CD) and the Common Branch Length (CBL). In most applications, it is not sufficient to compute the value of a beta diversity measure for two communities A and B; we also want to know if this value is relatively large or small compared to all possible pairs of communities in T that have the same size. To decide this, the ideal approach is to compute a standardised index that involves the mean and the standard deviation of this measure among all pairs of species samples that have the same number of elements as A and B. However, no method exists for computing exactly and efficiently this index for CD and CBL. We present analytical expressions for computing the expectation and the standard deviation of CD and CBL. Based on these expressions, we describe efficient algorithms for computing the standardised indices of the two measures. Using standard algorithmic analysis, we provide guarantees on the theoretical efficiency of our algorithms. We implemented our algorithms and measured their efficiency in practice. Our implementations compute the standardised indices of CD and CBL in less than twenty seconds for a hundred pairs of samples on trees with 7 ⋅ 104 tips. Our implementations are available through the R package PhyloMeasures.
Compositional genomes: prebiotic information transfer in mutually catalytic noncovalent assemblies.

Mutually catalytic sets of simple organic molecules have been suggested to be capable of self-replication and rudimentary chemical evolution. Previous models for the behavior of such sets have analyzed the global properties of short biopolymer ensembles by using graph theory and a mean field approach. In parallel, experimental studies with the autocatalytic formation of amphiphilic assemblies (e.g., lipid vesicles or micelles) demonstrated self-replication properties resembling those of living cells. Combining these approaches, we analyze here the kinetic behavior of small heterogeneous assemblies of spontaneously aggregating molecules, of the type that could form readily under prebiotic conditions. A statistical formalism for mutual rate enhancement is used to numerically simulate the detailed chemical kinetics within such assemblies. We demonstrate that a straightforward set of assumptions about kinetically enhanced recruitment of simple amphiphilic molecules, as well as about the spontaneous growth and splitting of assemblies, results in a complex population behavior. The assemblies manifest a significant degree of homeostasis, resembling the previously predicted quasi-stationary states of biopolymer ensembles (Dyson, F. J. (1982) J. Mol. Evol. 18, 344-350). Such emergent catalysis-driven, compositionally biased entities may be viewed as having rudimentary "compositional genomes. " Our analysis addresses the question of how mutually catalytic metabolic networks, devoid of sequence-based biopolymers, could exhibit transfer of chemical information and might undergo selection and evolution. This computed behavior may constitute a demonstration of natural selection in populations of molecules without genetic apparatus, suggesting a pathway from random molecular assemblies to a minimal protocell.