Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bali Tourism Research Trends: A Systematic Review, 1976–2022

This research aims to systematically review of literature on Bali tourism from 1976 to 2022. This study employed a descriptive quantitative approach and utilizes 128 publications with the keyword “tourism in Bali” sourced from the Scopus database. This study concludes that the development of Bali tourism research has increased significantly. The contribution of Indonesian authors continues to dominate Bali tourism research. International authors play an essential role, especially in introducing the study of Bali tourism in the early thirty years. Furthermore, this review was successful in identifying the most commonly used topics, research approaches, and paradigms by researchers. This research, in particular, divides the evolution of the topics into four phases. The study’s sample of articles is restricted to those from the single database Scopus and solely in English. As a result, future research should be able to analyze articles from other sources, and in a broader range of languages.
THE TYPE-REPRODUCTION NUMBER, THE SERIAL INTERVAL AND THE INTRINSIC GROWTH RATE : THE BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INDICES FOR ASYMPTOMATIC TRANSMISSION (Theory of Biomathematics and its Applications IV)

$R_{O}$ has come to be us\’e more widely and frequently than in previous days, mainly we believe $becau8e$ statistical estimations of $R_{0}$ could be performed $rea\infty nably$ ( $e.g$. assuming ahomogenmus pattem of spread or approximately addressing some heterogenelty) ([7], [1], [3]). Although the definition and $th\infty retical$ implications of $R_{0}$ in $heterogen\infty us$ Populations were sucoessfully formulated ([5], [6], [11], [20]), we cannot necessarily always rely only on $R_{0}$ to deal with infectious disease control in heterogeneous populations, apart from the fact that to estimate $R_{0}$ precisely, it has been necessary to collect very detailed data to quantitatively address various heterogeneities of hosts ([8], [4], [15]). In fact, if our diseaee intervention can only be applied to aspecific host type, $R_{0}$ for the multistate host population cannot offer the threshold condition for eradication by controlling aspecific hoet type, brause $R_{0}$ for the multistate population is the asymptotic ratio (growth factor) of the size of vectors describing the successive generations of infected individuals. Baeides, when apublic health intervention is conducted for aspecific subpopulation only, it is of practIcal importance to understand its ripple effects on the dynamics of infectious disease spread. As apotential improvement on this issue, recent studies by Heaeterbeek and Roberts propoeed a type-reproduction number, $T([12], [18])$ . The type-reproduction number for aspecific host type is the number of secondary cases of that specific host type produced by the primary cases of the same host type during its entire period of infectiousness. Here, an lmportant point is that $T$ takes into account not only the secondary cases ”directly” transmitted from the specific host but also the cas\’e “indirectly” transmitted by way of other type hosts who were infected from the primary cases of the specific host. Roberts and Heesterbeek [18] have shown that $T$ is auseful measure when aparticular single host type is targeted to disease control effort in a
Interventions to improve tolerability of local anesthetic intradetrusor Botulinum toxin injections: A systematic review

Intradetrusor BotulinumtoxinA (BTA) injections are recommended for patients with overactive bladder (OAB) refractory to lifestyle changes and medical intervention. It is preferable to perform injections using a flexible cystoscope under local anesthetic (LA) rather than under spinal or general anesthetic owing to the associated anesthetic risks, increased costs, and need for repeated inpatient admission. Injections under LA can be difficult to tolerate for some patients. This review aims to assess interventions that may improve the tolerability of intradetrusor BTA injections under LA.
Community-based forest management institutions in Cameroon: dynamics and compliance determinants

ABSTRACT Changes linked to forest management institutions in diverse communities and cultural settings continue to attract research interest. However, comparative insights on their manifestations are lacking in Former British and Former French Cameroon. We trace the evolution of forest management institutions in the Kilum-Ijim and Santchou landscapes of Cameroon and analyse their compliance determinants, using key informant interviews (n = 12), focus group discussions (n = 6) and household surveys (n = 150). The results revealed a fairly stable culturally embedded institutional landscape in Kilum-Ijim, and a significant multiplication of structural institutions for Santchou. The logistic regression showed that perception and compliance with forest management institutions substantially depend on educational attainment, migration, membership in organisations, length of stay in the area and proximity of respondents to protected areas. The conclusion drawn is that landscapes which came under British colonial influence have fairly stable culturally embedded institutions, when compared to those that came under French influence. These site-specific traits shed light on the complexities linked to embedded institutions and their evolution. It further edifies theoretical perspectives on critical institutionalism. Studies on the source and content of the ‘last vestiges’ of these institutions are required.
The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey – VIII. Absorption systems in the 10k catalogue

We examine the highest signal-to-noise ratio spectra from the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ) 10k release and identify over 100 new low-ionization heavy-element absorbers: damped Lyman α (DLA) candidates suitable for higher-resolution follow-up observations. These absorption systems map the spatial distribution of high-z metals in exactly the same volumes as the foreground 2QZ QSOs themselves sample and hence the 2QZ gives us the unique opportunity to compare directly the two tracers of large-scale structure. We examine the cross-correlation of the two populations to see how they are relatively clustered, and, by considering the colour of the QSOs, detect a small amount of dust in these metal systems.
Evaluation of Bone Width Recovery After Using Modified Ridge Splitting Technique With and Without Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Material (A randomized clinical trial)

Objectives: This study assessed the use of beta-tricalcium phosphate as particulate bone graft material in alveolar ridge splitting in a horizontally deficient posterior mandible. Materials and Methods: 5 patients (ten surgical sites) were recruited for this study. They were all bilaterally treated with modified ridge splitting technique once with and once without using beta- tricalcium Phosphate material (B-TCP). Then a delayed implant placement was done after 6 months. Bone gain was assessed radiogarphically using cone beam CT and histologically before and after addition of bone graft. Repeated measures ANOVA test was used to compare between mean buccolingual bone widths pre and post-operatively. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: A statistically significant increase in mean bucco-lingual bone width postoperatively at the crestal, middle and apical bone levels in the side which we used (BTCP) as bone grafting material. BTCP group recorded higher values of M= 3.65, 3.41 and 2.65 with statistical significance at level 2mm, 5mm and 10mm respectively than the non-grafting group that recorded 1.84, 0.86 and 0.64 for the same levels tested. Conclusion: Modified ridge splitting technique with using beta- tricalcium Phosphate material (B-TCP) for horizontal augmentation of the posterior mandibular atrophic ridges provides predictable and reliable results in bone recovery.
A barrier to sustainable transports? Path dependence and the Swedish tax deduction for commuting

We explore the decisions in Parliament about the Swedish tax deduction for commuting since the 1980s. The aim is to explain the continuity of the tax regulation despite several attempts from motions in Parliament and public investigations to reform it towards environmental goals, e.g., reduced emissions of CO2. When reforms have been proposed, the political majority in Parliament has regardless of political colour voted against and retreated to the original motives for the tax deduction; economic growth and the enlargement of regional labour markets. The interests of Swedish mass motorisation succeeded in finding the arguments to slow down reforms and at the same time reinforce the path dependency by adding new legitimacy to the regulation. If the attempts to reform the tax deduction had been part of a broader reform of the transport sector and the tax system, they might have succeeded in breaking with the old path.
A search for volatile ices on the surfaces of cold classical Kuiper Belt Objects

The surprisingly complex dynamical distribution of small bodies among and beyond the orbits of the planets has changed our understanding of Solar System evolution and planetary migration. Compositional information about the small bodies in the Solar System provides constraints for models of Solar System formation. According to most models, the Kuiper Belt population known as the cold classicals formed at distances far enough from the Sun for these objects to be composed of an appreciable fraction of volatile ices of diverse composition (H 2 O, CO 2 , CH 4 , light hydrocarbons, e.g. CH 3 OH) and their orbits have remained stable. Cold classical objects should still be volatile rich. Broadband data from the Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) can detect and distinguish between absorptions of relevant ices in the 3-5 um [micron] infrared region. Of the 46 cold classical Kuiper Belt Objects in this study, 78% of their surfaces exhibit absorptions from ices or organics in IRAC channel 1 (3.6 um [micron]). The combination of data from IRAC channels 1 and 2 (4.5 um [micron]) provides gross surface composition for the six objects with secure observations in both channels. These six objects are observed to have ices or organics on their surfaces; this is the first detection of ices on four of these objects. The surface of 20000 Varuna contains organic material. The surface of 50000 Quaoar is confirmed to be rich in water ice. The surface composition of 19521 Chaos is mixed ice and organics. Mixed ices, with a high fraction of water ice, and other components are on the surface of 119951 2002 KX14. The surface of 66652 Borasisi is methane rich. Methanol or light hydrocarbons are on the surface of 138537 2000 OK67. Cold classical objects are found to be volatile rich and of diverse surface composition. The presence of ices and organics indicate these objects formed far from the Sun.
Choice of residence location and mode of commuting: a cross-sectional analysis of 275 US metropolitan areas*

A nested logit model is employed to capture workers’ joint choice of residence location and mode of commuting in a U.S. metropolitan area. The nested logit model is estimated using tract level aggregated data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s transportation planning package (CTPP) and summary file 3 from the 2000 U.S. decennial census. The estimation covers worker flows of more than four million work-residence census tract pairs contained in 275 metropolitan areas. The effects of accessibility to water bodies, limited access highways, central cities, and consumption opportunities in workers’ decision process are considered. The nested logit model is estimated using a national sample pooled across all MSAs and individual MSAs. We find that the mode choice elasticity with respect to commuting time has declined in the U.S. and that it follows the Burr distribution in the population of MSAs. Higher mode choice elasticity is also found to increase MSA population density or decrease urban sprawl.
Komunitas Spons (Porifera) pada Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Manokwari, Indonesia

Sponges are one of the most influential benthic organisms in coral reef ecosystems. Many studies on sponge communities have been carried out globally, from the tropics to the sub-tropics. However, in Indonesia, the sponge community has not been sufficiently observed, especially its diversity and interactions with habitats. Manokwari, a developing city north of the Bird's Head Seascape region, Papua has a lack of information on benthic communities and no reports of sponges. This study is to examine the sponge community (diversity and distribution) in coral reef ecosystem. This study found that sponge richness (species and morphology) was categorized as “low”, with only 11 species with 8 morphological forms. The most common species included Niphates erecta, Stylissa carteri, and Pseudoceratina purpurea, while the most common growth forms were massive and encrusting, accounting respectively for 27.3% and 18.2% of the total number of species. The highest diversity was found on the island of Kaki (5 species) with the island of Nusmapi having an uneven distribution of sponges. The results of our study found that there was no relationship between sponge diversity and morphology. This baseline information is essential for management of marine biodiversity hotspots in taking decisions for marine life conservation. Spons merupakan salah satu organisme bentik yang paling berpengaruh dalam ekosistem terumbu karang. Banyak penelitian tentang komunitas spons telah dilakukan secara global, dari daerah tropis hingga sub tropis. Namun di Indonesia, komunitas spons belum cukup diamati, terutama keanekaragaman dan interaksinya dengan habitat. Manokwari, kota berkembang di utara dari wilayah Bentang Laut Kepala Burung (BLKB), Papua memiliki kekurangan informasi tentang komunitas bentik dan tidak ada laporan tentang spons. Studi ini untuk mengkaji komunitas spons (keanekaragaman dan distribusi) pada ekosistem terumbu karang. Penelitian ini menemukan kekayaan spons (spesies dan morfologi) yang dikategorikan “rendah”, dengan hanya 11 spesies dengan 8 bentuk morfologi. Spesies yang paling umum termasuk Niphates erecta, Stylissa carteri, dan Pseudoceratina purpurea, sedangkan bentuk pertumbuhan yang paling umum adalah massif dan encrusting dengan menyumbang masing-masing 27,3% dan18,2% dari total jumlah spesies. Keanekaragaman tertinggi ditemukan di pulau Kaki (5 spesies) dengan pulau Nusmapi memiliki sebaran spons tidak merata. Hasil penelitian kami menemukan tidak ada hubungan antara keanekaragaman spons dengan bentuk morfologi. Informasi dasar ini sangat penting untuk pengelolaan hotspot keanekaragaman hayati dalam perumusan keputusan untuk konservasi biota laut.
Using double radio relics to constrain galaxy cluster mergers: a model of double radio relics in CIZA J2242.8+5301

Galaxy clusters grow by mergers with other clusters and galaxy groups. These mergers create shock waves within the intracluster medium (ICM) that can accelerate particles to extreme energies. In the presence of magnetic fields, relativistic electrons form large regions emitting synchrotron radiation, the so-called radio relics. Behind the shock front, synchrotron and inverse Compton losses cause the radio spectral index to steepen away from the shock front. In a binary cluster merger, two shock waves are generated which move diametrically outwards along the merger axis. Two radio relics can then form on both sides of the cluster centre. An example of such a cluster is CIZA J2242.8+5301, where very clear spectral steepening in the downstream region is observed. The main relic has a total extent of 1700 kpc, while its width is only 55 kpc. Together with the high observed polarization fraction, this implies that the relic is seen very close to edge-on which makes it easier to constrain the merger geometry. Here we present hydrodynamical simulations of idealized binary cluster mergers with the aim of constraining the merger scenario for this cluster. From our simulations, we find that CIZA J2242.8+5301 is probably undergoing a merger in the plane of the sky (less than 10° from edge-on) with a mass ratio (M1:M2) of about 2:1, and an impact parameter ≲400 kpc. We find that the core passage of the clusters happened about 1 Gyr ago. We conclude that double relics can set constraints on the mass ratios, impact parameters, time-scales and viewing geometry of binary cluster mergers, which is particularly useful when detailed X-ray observations are not available. In addition, the presence of large radio relics can be used to constrain the degree of clumping in the outskirts of the ICM, which is important to constrain the baryon fraction, density and entropy profiles, around the virial radius and beyond. We find that the amplitude of density fluctuations, with sizes of ≲200 kpc, in the relic in CIZA J2242.8+5301 is not larger than 30 per cent.
Clinical effectiveness of generic vancomycin products compared to Vancocin CP® in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: A retrospective cohort

Introduction: Approval of generic drugs requires only bioequivalence studies. Some research suggests that generic vancomycin is not clinically equivalent to the branded drug, and this exposes patients to therapeutic failure and the development of microbial resistance. Aims: Compare the rates of microbiological and clinical failure between generic vancomycin and Vancocin-CP®. Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis of hospitalized adults with culture-proven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, treated with vancomycin in a tertiary care hospital in Medellín, Colombia. General clinical variables, laboratory findings, severity and mortality scores, and type of vancomycin used were recorded. Logistical regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, were fitted to estimate the effect of vancomycin on clinical and microbiologic outcomes. Results: Of 209 patients, 153 (73.2%) received generic vancomycin and 56 (26.8%) Vancocin-CP®. Systems more commonly affected were skin and soft tissues (28.5%), blood with involvement of catheters (27.6%) and blood without the involvement of catheters (23.3%). There were 62 clinical failures (29.5%) and 41(38%) microbiological failures. The hospital mortality rate was 15% (n = 31); only 7 (3.4%) episodes of adverse drug reactions were documented. No difference was found in the risk of clinical or microbiological failure between Vancocin-CP® and generic products with OR = 2.3 (95% CI = 0.8; 6.3) and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.4; 1.9), respectively. Conclusion: There were no association between the use of generic vancomycin and the outcomes of clinical or microbiological failure. Sample size is an important limitation for these findings. Keywords: Vancomycin, bioequivalence, MRSA, clinical equivalence
Physical Conditions in Ultra-fast Outflows in AGN

XMM-Newton and Suzaku spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) have revealed highly ionized gas, in the form of absorption lines from H-like and He-like Fe. Some of these absorbers, ultra-fast outflows (UFOs), have radial velocities of up to 0.25c. We have undertaken a detailed photoionization study of high-ionization Fe absorbers, both UFOs and non-UFOs, in a sample of AGN observed by XMM-Newton. We find that the heating and cooling processes in UFOs are Compton-dominated, unlike the non-UFOs. Both types are characterized by force multipliers on the order of unity, which suggest that they cannot be radiatively accelerated in sub-Eddington AGN, unless they were much less ionized at their point of origin. However, such highly ionized gas can be accelerated via a magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) wind. We explore this possibility by applying a cold MHD flow model to the UFO in the well-studied Seyfert galaxy, NGC 4151. We find that the UFO can be accelerated along magnetic streamlines anchored in the accretion disk. In the process, we have been able to constrain the magnetic field strength and the magnetic pressure in the UFO and have determined that the system is not in magnetic/gravitational equipartition. Open questions include the variability of the UFOs and the apparent lack of non-UFOs in UFO sources.
AN ASSESSMENT ON THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ECOTOURISM IN ROYAL CHITWAN NATIONAL PARK (RCNP), NEPAL

There are many kinds of environmental effects of tourism such as those related to pollution, to the distortions of local identities and to the preservation or destruction of local culture and history. To manage ecotourism successfully an understanding of environmental management is essential to all involved in tourism activities. The studies aimed to provide insights into the demand and the relative importance of the ecotourism by examining the characteristics and motivations of local and international tourists participating in ecotourism ventures at Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP), Nepal. Another prerequisite of ecotourism is to create schemes, which allow the local communities to obtain fair share and direct benefit from ecotourism and to bring incentives from biodiversity conservation. A tourism that combines basic needs of the local community and ensures environmental conservation issues can assure sustainable ecotourism.
Spinning and tumbling of micron-sized triangles in a micro-channel shear flow

We report on measurements of the angular dynamics of micron-sized equilaterally triangular platelets suspended in a micro-channel shear flow. Our measurements confirm that such particles spin and tumble like a spheroid in a simple shear. Since the triangle has corners we can observe the spinning directly. In general the spinning frequency is different from the tumbling frequency, and the spinning is affected by tumbling. This gives rise to doubly-periodic angular dynamics.
Developing arithmetic skills in kindergarten through a game-based approach: a major issue for learners and a challenge for teachers

ABSTRACT Early arithmetic skills, and in particular the understanding of the part-whole relationship, are currently considered crucial for future arithmetic achievement. They are complex skills extending far beyond the mastery of counting procedures. In order to develop these arithmetic skills in kindergarten children, we developed a game-based approach using conventional card and board games adapted to the targeted mathematical objectives. The present study examines the effects on the arithmetic skills of this game-based approach. Individual pre-and post-tests were administered to 194 children (5–6 years old) from four countries (play-based group n = 104 and control group n = 90). Our findings show that the learning outcomes of the game-based group were significantly higher than those of the control group after the intervention. The game-based group showed improvements in arithmetic skills, and in particular those relating to the part-part-whole relation. The intervention also resulted in all pupils, regardless of their initial proficiency level and including those regarded as ‘at risk’, making more progress than those in the control group. These results demonstrate the possibility of developing complex mathematical learning effectively in preschool in a manner consistent with the needs and interests of young children.
A)dS Backgrounds from Asymmetric Orientifolds

I present asymmetric orientifold models which, with the addition of RR fluxes, fix all the NS NS moduli including the dilaton. In critical string theory, this gives new AdS backgrounds with (discretely tunably) weak string coupling. Extrapolating to super-critical string theory, this construction leads to a promising candidate for a metastable de Sitter background with string coupling of order 1/10 and dS radius of order 100 times the string scale. Extrapolating further to larger and larger super-critical dimension suggests the possibility of finding de Sitter backgrounds with weaker and weaker string coupling. This note is an updated version of the last part of my Strings 2001 talk.