Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Algebraic criteria for Kobayashi hyperbolic projective varieties and jet differentials

These notes are an expanded version of lectures delivered at the AMS Summer School on Algebraic Geometry, held at Santa Cruz in July 1995. The main goal of the notes is to study complex varieties (mostly compact or projective algebraic ones), through a few geometric questions related to hyperbolicity in the sense of Kobayashi. A convenient framework for this is the category of “directed manifolds”, that is, the category of pairs (X, V ) whereX is a complex manifold and V a holomorphic subbundle of TX . If X is compact, the pair (X, V ) is hyperbolic if and only if there are no nonconstant entire holomorphic curves f : C → X tangent to V (Brody’s criterion). We describe a construction of projectivized kjet bundles PkV , which generalizes a construction made by Semple in 1954 and allows to analyze hyperbolicity in terms of negativity properties of the curvature. More precisely, πk : PkV → X is a tower of projective bundles over X and carries a canonical line bundle OPkV (1) ; the hyperbolicity of X is then conjecturally equivalent to the existence of suitable singular hermitian metrics of negative curvature on OPkV (−1) for k large enough. The direct images (πk)⋆OPkV (m) can be viewed as bundles of algebraic differential operators of order k and degree m, acting on germs of curves and invariant under reparametrization. Following an approach initiated by Green and Griffiths, we establish a basic Ahlfors-Schwarz lemma in the situation when OPkV (−1) has a (possibly singular) metric of negative curvature, and we infer that every nonconstant entire curve f : C → V tangent to V must be contained in the base locus of the metric. This basic result is then used to obtain a proof of the Bloch theorem, according to which the Zariski closure of an entire curve in a complex torus is a translate of a subtorus. Our hope, supported by explicit Riemann-Roch calculations and other geometric considerations, is that the Semple bundle construction should be an efficient tool to calculate the base locus. Necessary or sufficient algebraic criteria for hyperbolicity are then obtained in terms of inequalities relating genera of algebraic curves drawn on the variety, and singularities of such curves. We finally describe some techniques introduced by Siu in value distribution theory, based on a use of meromorphic connections. These techniques have been developped later by Nadel to produce elegant examples of hyperbolic surfaces of low degree in projective 3-space; thanks to a suitable concept of “partial projective projection” and the associated Wronskian operators, substantial improvements on Nadel’s degree estimate will be achieved here. 2 J.-P. Demailly, Kobayashi hyperbolic projective varieties and jet differentials
Caregiving in a Pandemic: Health-Related Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities Among Women Caregivers Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic

PURPOSE Family and friends who provide regular care for a sick or dependent individual (“caregivers”) are at increased risk of health-related socioeconomic vulnerabilities (HRSVs). This study examined pre-pandemic prevalence of and early pandemic changes in HRSVs among women caregivers compared with non-caregivers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in April 2020 (early pandemic) with 3,200 English-speaking US women aged 18 years or older, 30% of whom identified as caregivers. We modeled adjusted odds of self-reported HRSVs (financial strain, food/housing insecurity, interpersonal violence, transportation/utilities difficulties) before and changes during the early pandemic by caregiving status. Models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, income, number of people in household, number of children in household, physical and mental health, and number of comorbidities. RESULTS Pre-pandemic, 63% of caregivers and 47% of non-caregivers reported 1 or more vulnerability (P <.01); food insecurity was most prevalent (48% of caregivers vs 33% of non-caregivers, P <.01). In the early pandemic, caregivers had higher odds than non-caregivers of financial strain, both incident (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6-2.7) and worsening (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-2.8); incident interpersonal violence (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5-2.7); incident food insecurity (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1); incident transportation difficulties (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.6); and incident housing insecurity (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3). CONCLUSION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased risk of incident and worsening HRSVs for caregivers more than for non-caregivers. COVID-19 response and recovery efforts should target caregivers to reduce modifiable HRSVs and promote the health of caregivers and those who depend on them. Annals Online First article
Algorithmes temporels rapides à point fixe pour la séparation aveugle de mélanges convolutifs et/ou sous-déterminés

La premiere partie de cette these est consacree aux melanges convolutifs (sur-)determines. Nous cherchons a etendre l'algorithme FastICA aux melanges convolutifs en proposant un algorithme a point fixe operant dans le domaine temporel. Nous introduisons un processus de blanchiment spatio-temporel non-causal, qui, en initialisant les parametres d'extraction d'une facon particuliere, permet d'utiliser des iterations d'optimisation de type point fixe. L'estimation des contributions dans les observations est realisee grâce a un critere quadratique optimise par un filtre de Wiener non-causal. Dans la deuxieme partie, consacree aux melanges sous-determines instantanes et convolutifs, nous cherchons aussi a etendre l'algorithme FastICA en nous basant sur le concept de separation differentielle. Nous proposons des procedures de blanchiment differentiel des observations qui permettent l'emploi d'iterations a point fixe pour separer entre elles des sources dites utiles. En convolutif, les contributions sont estimees au moyen d'un filtre de Wiener differentiel non-causal. La troisieme partie, consacree aux melanges instantanes de sources contenant un grand nombre d'echantillons, met d'abord en evidence une limitation de l'algorithme FastICA, qui, a chaque iteration d'optimisation, calcule des statistiques sur l'ensemble des echantillons disponibles. Le critere du kurtosis etant polynomial relativement aux coefficients d'extraction, nous proposons une procedure d'identification de ce polynome qui permet d'effectuer l'optimisation dans un espace de calcul moins gourmand. Ce principe est ensuite applique aux melanges instantanes sous-determines.
Strategies for Improving Air Connectivity in Indonesia through the Indonesian, Malaysia and Thailand Growth Triangle Cooperation

Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) is a sub-regional collaboration formed to accelerate economic transformation in less developed regions. The Growth Triangle is the basis of an economic concept driven by a strong political commitment. Through one of the sectors within the IMT-GT framework, the sub-regional cooperation in air transportation, Indonesia supports and plays an active role in implementing IMT-GT activities. In terms of implementation, it proposes flight points between the IMT-GT regions to improve air connectivity between these countries. The purpose of this study is to formulate the best strategy formulation for Indonesian government policymakers, in this case, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Transportation, to deal with IMT-GT cooperation. This research uses a qualitative approach with a SWOT analysis method and a grand strategy matrix. The research locus was carried out at the Directorate General of Civil Aviation of the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia in 2019 with 6 key informants who have competencies and strategic positions at the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. Received: 18 May 2022 / Accepted: 18 August 2022 / Published: 2 September 2022
Effects of Temperature, Time, Magnesium, and Copper on the Wettability of Al/TiC System

The effects of temperature, time, and the additions of magnesium and copper on the wetting behavior of Al/TiC are studied theoretically. Mathematical formula is presented in explicit form. The effect of each variable is investigated by using the obtained equation. It is observed that the time and temperature have a stronger effect on the wetting of TiC in comparison to other input parameters. The proposed model shows good agreement with test results and can be used to find the wetting behavior of Al/TiC. The findings led to a new insight of the wetting process of TiC.
Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater by Using Nano Fe3O4/Zinc Organic Frameworks

Efficient removal of arsenic in wastewater is of fundamental importance due to the increasingly severe arsenic pollution. In this study, a new composite adsorbent (Fe3O4@ZIF-8) for As(V) removal from wastewater was synthesized by encapsulating magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles into metal organic frameworks. In order to evaluate the feasibility of Fe3O4@ZIF-8 as an adsorbent for As(V) removal, the adsorption properties of Fe3O4@ZIF-8 were systematically explored by studying the effects of dosage, pH, adsorption isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Additionally, the characterization of Fe3O4@ZIF-8 before and after adsorption was analyzed thoroughly using various tests including SEM-EDS, XPS, BET, XRD, TG, FTIR, and the properties and arsenic removal mechanism of the Fe3O4@ZIF-8 were further studied. The results showed that the Fe3O4@ZIF-8 has a specific surface area of 316 m2/g and has excellent adsorption performance. At 25 °C, the initial concentration of arsenic was 46.916 mg/L, and pH 3 was the optimum condition for the Fe3O4@ZIF-8 to adsorb arsenic. When the dosage of the Fe3O4@ZIF-8 was 0.60 g/L, the adsorption of arsenic by the Fe3O4@ZIF-8 can reach 76 mg/g, and the removal rate can reach 97.20%. The adsorption process of arsenic to the Fe3O4@ZIF-8 can be well described by the Langmuir isotherm model and the second-order kinetic equation. At pH 3 and temperature 298 K, the maximum adsorption capacity of arsenic by the Fe3O4@ZIF-8 was 116.114 mg/g. Through the analysis of thermodynamic parameters, it is proved that the adsorption process of arsenic by the Fe3O4@ZIF-8 is a spontaneous endothermic reaction. The Fe3O4@ZIF-8 has broad prospects for removing As(V) pollution in wastewater, because of its strong adsorption capacity, good water stability, and easy preparation.
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Using Psidium guajava Leaves Extracts and Their Photocatalytic and Biological Activities

The advanced technology for synthesizing nanoparticles utilizes natural resources in an environmentally friendly manner. Additionally, green synthesis is preferred to chemical and physical synthesis because it takes less time and effort. The green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles has recently risen due to its physico-chemical properties. In this study, many functional groups present in Psidium guajava leaf extracts are used to stabilize the synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. The biosynthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles were investigated using UV-visible spectroscopic analysis. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of carboxylic acids, hydroxyl groups, aromatic amines, alcohols and phenolic groups. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed various peaks ranging from 32.35 to 67.35°, and the highest intensity showed at 36.69°. The particle size ranged from 26 to 40 nm and confirmed the average particle size is 30.9 nm. The green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles contain cobalt as the major abundant element, with 42.26 wt% and 18.75 at% confirmed by the EDAX techniques. SEM images of green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles showed agglomerated and non-uniform spherical particles. The anti-bacterial activity of green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles was evaluated against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli with a 7 to 18 mm inhibitory zone. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated using green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles and observed 79% of dye degradation. The MTT assay of P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles showed an excellent cytotoxic effect against MCF 7 and HCT 116 cells compared to normal cells. The percentage of cell viability of P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles was observed as 90, 83, 77, 68, 61, 58 and 52% for MCF-7 cells and 82, 70, 63, 51, 43, 40, and 37% for HCT 116 cells at the concentration of 1.53, 3.06, 6.12, 12.24, 24.48, 50, and 100 μg/mL compared to control cells. These results confirmed that green synthesized P. guajava cobalt oxide nanoparticles have a potential photocatalytic and anti-bacterial activity and also reduced cell viability against MCF-7 breast cancer and HCT 116 colorectal cancer cells.
Mots de Lyndon et un th'eor`eme de Shirshov

Les mots de Lyndon ont été introduits dans [SI et cl1 pour la construction des quotients de la série centrale descendante des groupes libres et le calcul différentiel libre. Par définition, un mot sur un alphabet totalement ordonné est de Lyndon s* il est minimum (pour l’ordre lexicographique) parmi tous ses conjugués (voir au paragraphe 2). Du point de vue de la combinatoire des mots, les mots de Lyndon sont d’une grande richesse, et constituent une factorisation du monoYde libre (voir chapitre 5 de [4]): tout mot s’écrit d’une et une seule manière comme un produit décroissant de mots de Lyndon. Par ailleur, l’étude de ces mots a mené à l’élaboration d’algorithmes très fins, dans le cadre de la recherche des facteurs d’un mot C31.
Probing the brain’s white matter with diffusion MRI and a tissue dependent diffusion model

While diffusion MRI promises an insight into white matter mi crostructure in vivo, the axonal pathways that connect different brain regions to gether can only partially be segmented using current methods. Here we present a novel m ethod for estimating the tissue composition of each voxel in the brain from diffus on MRI data, thereby providing a foundation for computing the volume of differen t pathways in both health and disease. With the tissue dependent diffusion model desc rib d in this thesis, white matter is segmented by removing the ambiguity caused by the i sotropic partial volumes: both grey matter and cerebrospinal fluid. Apart from th e volume fractions of all three tissue types, we also obtain estimates of fibre orie ntations for tractography as well as diffusivity and anisotropy parameters which serve a s proxy indices of pathway coherence. We assume Gaussian diffusion of water molecules for each tis sue type. The resulting three-tensor model comprises one anisotropic (white ma tter) compartment modelled by a cylindrical tensor and two isotropic compartment s (grey matter and cerebrospinal fluid). We model the measurement noise using a Rice distribution. Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques are used to estimate p osterior distributions over the model’s parameters. In particular, we employ a Metr opolis Hastings sampler with a custom burn-in and proposal adaptation to ensure good mixing and efficient exploration of the high-probability region. This way we obtai n not only point estimates of quantities of interest, but also a measure of their uncert ainty (posterior variance). The model is evaluated on synthetic data and brain images: we observe that the volume maps produced with our method show plausible and well del ineated structures for all three tissue types. Estimated white matter fibre orienta tions also agree with known anatomy and align well with those obtained using current met hods. Importantly, we are able to disambiguate the volume and anisotropy informat ion thus alleviating partial volume effects and providing measures superior to the curre ntly ubiquitous fractional anisotropy. These improved measures are then applied to stu dy brain differences in a cohort of healthy volunteers aged 25-65 years. Lastly, we e xplore the possibility of using prior knowledge of the spatial variability of our para meters in the brain to further improve the estimation by pooling information among neighb ouring voxels.
Assessing agritourism potential in a Jordanian village based on farmer-specific and location-based factors

Abstract Rural towns worldwide are undertaking tourism programs to diversify and revitalize their economies. Despite its natural, cultural, and historical tourist potential, Jordan is not a top agritourism destination. This research examines the possibilities for agritourism in an agricultural village in Jordan that has not yet embraced it. The research investigates what motivates or discourages village farmers from engaging in agritourism and the geographical aspects of this expected agritourism venue. The research method relies on GIS analysis of the case study site to establish its suitability for agritourism development. Farmers were asked about their views and motives for engaging in Al-Baqura’s agritourism development. The GIS study revealed that Al-baqura has the geographical characteristics that identify it as a prospective agritourism destination. The economic, social, and environmental benefits of agritourism motivate the local community to support it. This study reveals that improving demand for local products, promoting cultural interchange and experience possibilities, and enhancing the region’s image, are vital to agritourism’s success. The variance analysis found no statistically significant association between participants’ economic, social, and environmental perspectives of agritourism depending on gender, education level, or farm ownership. Despite the farmers’ eagerness, the town has no agritourism initiative yet. Therefore, the government should offer aid to the local community to promote tourism.
The Existence of the StartReact Effect Implies Reticulospinal, Not Corticospinal, Inputs Dominate Drive to Motoneurons during Voluntary Movement

Reaction time is accelerated if a loud (startling) sound accompanies the cue—the “StartReact” effect. Animal studies revealed a reticulospinal substrate for the startle reflex; StartReact may similarly involve the reticulospinal tract, but this is currently uncertain. Here we trained two female macaque monkeys to perform elbow flexion/extension movements following a visual cue. The cue was sometimes accompanied by a loud sound, generating a StartReact effect in electromyogram response latency, as seen in humans. Extracellular recordings were made from antidromically identified corticospinal neurons in primary motor cortex (M1), from the reticular formation (RF), and from the spinal cord (SC; C5–C8 segments). After loud sound, task-related activity was suppressed in M1 (latency, 70–200 ms after cue), but was initially enhanced (70–80 ms) and then suppressed (140–210 ms) in RF. SC activity was unchanged. In a computational model, we simulated a motoneuron pool receiving input from different proportions of the average M1 and RF activity recorded experimentally. Motoneuron firing generated simulated electromyogram, allowing reaction time measurements. Only if ≥60% of motoneuron drive came from RF (≤40% from M1) did loud sound shorten reaction time. The extent of shortening increased as more drive came from RF. If RF provided <60% of drive, loud sound lengthened the reaction time—the opposite of experimental findings. The majority of the drive for voluntary movements is thus likely to originate from the brainstem, not the cortex; changes in the magnitude of the StartReact effect can measure a shift in the relative importance of descending systems. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our results reveal that a loud sound has opposite effects on neural spiking in corticospinal cells from primary motor cortex, and in the reticular formation. We show that this fortuitously allows changes in reaction time produced by a loud sound to be used to assess the relative importance of reticulospinal versus corticospinal control of movement, validating previous noninvasive measurements in humans. Our findings suggest that the majority of the descending drive to motoneurons producing voluntary movement in primates comes from the reticulospinal tract, not the corticospinal tract.
Origin and palaeodepositional environment of evaporites in the Bala sub-basin, Central Anatolia, Türkiye

ABSTRACT Bala is located in Central Anatolia and is a sub-basin of the Tuzgölü basin, which consists of many basins formed in response to the closure of the Neotethys ocean. The evaporites in Bala sub-basin formed under the influence of regional uplifting during the Middle Eocene period with gradual shallowing in response to the structural compressional regime. The Bala sub-basin comprises four units from bottom to top: the Lower Unit (BU1) consisting of mudstone, claystone with limestone layers; the Evaporites (BU2) containing dominant gypsum with anhydrite; mixed siliciclastic-carbonate-evaporitic deposits (BU3); and the Upper Unit (BU4) containing conglomerate-sandstone-claystone and siltstones. The evaporitic unit, which are the main subject of study consists of primary selenitic gypsum, anhydrite, locally celestite crystals and secondary gypsum formed due to the anhydritization of primary gypsum and then hydration of these anhydrites. The results obtained from mineralogical-petrographic, geochemical and isotopic (δ18O and δ34S) investigations indicate that these evaporites were deposited in shallow marine to sabkha environments dominated by arid conditions. The presence of primary selenite crystals, the anhydrite with nodular, chicken-wire, and mosaic structures support precipitation occurred in a partially saline shallow water. The excessive thickness of the evaporitic accumulation, chaotic masses including gypsum breccia, salt diapirs and dome structures are attributed to tectonic processes acting during the formation of the Central Anatolian basins.
Risk factors, prevention, and treatment of type 2 diabetes

Recent evidence gleaned from forthcoming experimental research and clinical examinations lends credence to the idea that certain dietary patterns, foods, and minerals can play a part in lowering the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and keeping the condition under control. The quality of the nutritive fats and carbs that are ingested is far more essential than the amount of these nutrients that are taken in. It has been demonstrated that diets that are high in legumes, whole grains, nuts, fruits and vegetables and low in red meats, refined grains, and beverages lessen the incidence of diabetes and better glycaemic control and blood lipids in diabetics. Diets that are high in beverages and red meats increase the risk of developing diabetes. Numerous dietary patterns, i.e., the Mediterranean diet, diets with a low glycaemic index, diets with moderately low carbs, and veggie diets, are all able to be adapted to individual and cultural food preferences while still meeting the necessary calorie requirements for weight management, diabetes prevention and management, and other related health goals.
A new approximate proximal point algorithm for maximal monotone operator

AbstractThe problem concerned in this paper is the set-valued equation 0 ∈ T(z) where T is a maximal monotone operator. For given xk and βk >: 0, some existing approximate proximal point algorithms take $$x^{k + 1} = \tilde x^k $$ such that $$x^k + e^k \in \tilde x^k + \beta _k T(\tilde x^k ) and \left\| {e^k } \right\| \leqslant \eta _k \left\| {x^k - \tilde x^k } \right\|,$$ where ? k is a non-negative summable sequence. Instead of $$x^{k + 1} = \tilde x^k $$ , the new iterate of the proposing method is given by $$x^{k + 1} = P_\Omega [\tilde x^k - e^k ],$$ where Ω is the domain of T and PΩ(·) denotes the projection on Ω. The convergence is proved under a significantly relaxed restriction supK>0 ηKη1.