Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THEMIS observations of electron cyclotron harmonic emissions, ULF waves, and pulsating auroras

[1] We present multiprobe, multi-instrument observations of the electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) emissions and ultralow-frequency (ULF) waves from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) and explore their potential linkage to the concurrent ground-observed pulsating auroras (PsA) on 4 January 2009. The ECH emissions were observed as discrete packets modulated by the ULF flapping motion of the neutral sheet around the probes. Combining different data sets of the ECH observations, we infer that the ECH emission intensities were strongly fluctuating and contained multi-time scale fine structures. The distribution of PsA patches featured longitudinal “wavelength” in concert with the in situ ULF wave characteristics inferred from a cross-phase analysis. The overall activeness of the PsA correlated with the in situ-measured energetic electron fluxes and ECH wave intensities. We suggest that ECH waves played the key role in the pitch angle diffusion of the plasma sheet electrons that led to the PsA, while the ULF waves structured the plasma sheet and imposed a macroscopic effect over the spatial distribution of the PsA.
Properties of Molecular Gas in the Bar of Maffei 2

We investigated the physical properties of molecular gas in one of the nearest barred spiral galaxies, Maffei 2, using the 12 C O( J = 1–0) emission line taken for the Nobeyama CO Atlas of Nearby Spiral Galaxies. Position– velocity diagrams perpendicular to the apparent major axis of the bar show an abrupt velocity change across the bar, which is caused by molecular gas motion of � 100 km s � 1 along the leading edges of the bar. The distribution of the peak temperature (Tpeak), velocity width (ΔV ), and integrated intensity of the 12 CO spectra (ICO) in the ridges of the bar is quite different from that in the spiral arms in Tpeak–ΔV –ICO space, suggesting that molecular-gas properties are different in these regions. Simple model calculations assuming an ensemble of uniform and spherical molecular clouds in a large velocity-gradient approximation indicate that molecular gas in the bar ridge regions may be gravitationally unbound, which suggests that molecular gas is hard to become dense, and to form stars. Moreover, the gravitationally unbound condition makes the CO-to-H2 conversion factor in the bar ridges smaller than in the arms. A lower star-formation efficiency in bars indicated by previous studies is caused by such a condition that molecular gas is gravitationally unbound, as well as by an overestimation of molecular gas mass in the bar regions relative to spiral arms using a constant CO-to-H2 conversion factor.
On the magnetic flux linkage of an electrically-conducting fluid

Abstract A method has recently been proposed for finding the radius rc of the electrically-conducting fluid core of a planet of outer radius rs from observations of the magnetic field B in the accessible region near or well above the surface of the planet (Hide, 1978). The method is based on the supposition that when the magnetic field is produced by hydromagnetic dynamo action in the core, implying that the magnetic Reynolds number R there is large, (a) fluctuations in B can occur everywhere on the comparatively short advective time-scale τ A associated with fluid motions in the core and so can fluctuations in the quantity N, defined for any closed surface S as the total number of intersection of magnetic lines of force with S, provided that S lies well outside the core, but (b) at the surface of the core, where lines of magnetic force emerge from their region of origin, concomitant fluctuations in N are negligibly small, of the order of τ A/τO where τ O (= RτA ) is the Ohmic decay time of the core. A pr.
Stable matchings and stable partitions

Recently Tan [7] defined a new structure for the stable roommates problem, called a “stable partition” which is a generalization of the notion of the stable matching. He proved that every instance of that problem contains at least one such structure, and obtained a succinct certificate of the non-existence of a stable matching. In this paper. we establish several results on properties of the stable partitions, present a simple proof of a recent theorem of Tan, and solve a maximum stable matching problem.
Potential and energy of the monoenergetic electrons in an alternative ellipsoid bubble model

The electron acceleration in the bubble regime is considered during the intense laser-plasma interaction. The presented ellipsoid cavity model is more consistent than the previous spherical model, and it explains the monoenergetic electron trajectory more accurately. At the relativistic region, the maximum energy of electrons in the ellipsoid model is about $24%$ more than the spherical model, and this is confirmed by PIC and the measured experimental results reported here. The electron energy spectrum is also calculated, and it is found that the energy distribution ratio of electrons $\ensuremath{\Delta}E/E$ for the ellipsoid model in the here reported condition is about $11%$ which is less than the one third that of the spherical model. It is in good agreement with the experimentally measured value in the same condition. In this regime, the parameters of the quasi-monoenergetic electrons output beam can be described more appropriately. In this work, 10 TW from 16.6 TW, 500 mJ, and 30-fs laser pulse was focused on the best matched point above a 2-mm-diameter pulsed He gas jet to obtain a stable ellipsoid bubble. Laser intensity of $1.42\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}$ W cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ corresponding to a normalized vector potential of ${a}_{0}=2.6$ focused in a 100-$\ensuremath{\mu}$m${}^{2}$ spot at the focal point and 1 mm above the edge of the gas jet with an electron density of $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ accelerates electrons to the relativistic velocities. The obtained monoenergetic electron energy spectrum is properly explained by the ellipsoid model introduced here.
The functional alterations associated with motor imagery training: a comparison between motor execution and motor imagery of sequential finger tapping

Motor imagery training, as an effective strategy, has been more and more applied to mental disorders rehabilitation and motor skill learning. Studies on the neural mechanism underlying motor imagery have suggested that such effectiveness may be related to the functional congruence between motor execution and motor imagery. However, as compared to the studies on motor imagery, the studies on motor imagery training are much fewer. The functional alterations associated with motor imagery training and the effectiveness of motor imagery training on motor performance improvement still needs further investigation. Using fMRI, we employed a sequential finger tapping paradigm to explore the functional alterations associated with motor imagery training in both motor execution and motor imagery task. We hypothesized through 14 consecutive days motor imagery training, the motor performance could be improved and the functional congruence between motor execution and motor imagery would be sustained form pre-training phase to post-training phase. Our results confirmed the effectiveness of motor imagery training in improving motor performance and demonstrated in both pre and post-training phases, motor imagery and motor execution consistently sustained the congruence in functional neuroanatomy, including SMA (supplementary motor cortex), PMA (premotor area); M1( primary motor cortex) and cerebellum. Moreover, for both execution and imagery tasks, a similar functional alteration was observed in fusiform through motor imagery training. These findings provided an insight into the effectiveness of motor imagery training and suggested its potential therapeutic value in motor rehabilitation.
Changing TiN film morphology by “plasma biasing”

The influence of the substrate potential with respect to the plasma on the morphology of reactively sputtered TiN thin films on Si(100) has been investigated. It is well known that the film quality with respect to grain size and distribution can be improved by applying a negative substrate bias to increase energetic ion bombardment. For large-area applications, however, a grounded substrate is very much desirable. Therefore, a technique has been developed to deposit films with comparably improved morphology on grounded substrates by means of a so-called “plasma electrode. ” Grain size and distribution have been analyzed by top- and side-view scanning electron microscopy. To adjust the parameters for the TiN deposition we have used in situ photoelectron spectroscopy as the process control.
Color image segmentation using region adjacency graphs

An important aim of image analysis is to segment an image into parts that correlate strongly with real work objects or surfaces. In this paper, we present an algorithm for color image segmentation that uses a transformation based on region adjacency graphs. We examine partitions of region adjacency graphs that make it possible to pass rapidly from an initial representation of an image that uses a large number of regions to a final segmentation that is composed of appropriately few regions. After an initial segmentation process we create an associate adjacency graph, and partition this graph in two ways: by growth on graph vertices using region growing, and by a watershed transformation of a contour graph.
Exploring the perspective of patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and care providers on the use of immunomodulatory drugs in infections: an interview study

Abstract Objectives Immunomodulatory agents are safe and effective as treatment for various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), but are associated with a slightly increased infection risk. It is uncertain whether, in the event of an infection, continuation or temporary interruption of immunomodulatory agents leads to better outcomes. Owing to this uncertainty, it is of importance to explore the perspectives of health-care providers (HCPs) and patients on this topic. In this study, we set out to identify and provide an overview of reasons for both treatment strategies. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with HCPs involved in the pharmacological treatment of IMIDs and with IMID patients using one or more immunomodulatory agent. Purposive sampling was used to enrich data variation. Interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached and subsequently analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results In total, 13 HCPs and 19 IMID patients were interviewed. A wide range of reasons for both treatment strategies were identified, categorized into 10 overarching themes, including IMID characteristics, infection characteristics and the patient–HCP relationship. Conclusion In this interview study, we identified various reasons for continuation or temporary interruption of immunomodulatory agents during infections for both IMID patients and HCPs. We found overlapping themes, such as IMID characteristics; however, the content and interpretation of these themes might differ between HCPs and patients. Both HCPs and patients mentioned that the decision for a treatment strategy is often about weighing benefits against risks (e.g. infection severity vs disease flare).
Therapeutic Monitoring of Orally Administered, Small-Molecule Anticancer Medications with Tumor-Specific Cellular Protein Targets in Peripheral Fluid Spaces—A Review

Orally administered, small-molecule anticancer drugs with tumor-specific cellular protein targets (OACD) have revolutionized oncological pharmacotherapy. Nevertheless, the differences in exposure to these drugs in the systemic circulation and extravascular fluid compartments have led to several cases of therapeutic failure, in addition to posing unknown risks of toxicity. The therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of OACDs in therapeutically relevant peripheral fluid compartments is therefore essential. In this work, the available knowledge regarding exposure to OACD concentrations in these fluid spaces is summarized. A review of the literature was conducted by searching Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science for clinical research articles and case reports published between 10 May 2001 and 31 August 2022. Results show that, to date, penetration into cerebrospinal fluid has been studied especially intensively, in addition to breast milk, leukocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, saliva and semen. The typical clinical indications of peripheral fluid TDM of OACDs were (1) primary malignancy, (2) secondary malignancy, (3) mental disorder, and (4) the assessment of toxicity. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was most commonly applied for analysis. The TDM of OACDs in therapeutically relevant peripheral fluid spaces is often indispensable for efficient and safe treatments.
Mid-infrared imaging of the dust shell around the post-asymptotic giant branch star HD 161796

We present mid-infrared (IR) images of HD 161796 (IRAS 17436+5003), taken with the OSCIR imager on the Gemini North Telescope, that resolve for the first time the thermal emission structure of the dust shell around this post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star. As well as a basic axisymmetric structure, the observations show deviations from axisymmetry in the dust density and a twist in the symmetry axis. Modelling of the mid-IR images and of the spectral energy distribution from ultraviolet to submillimetre wavelengths reproduces all of the axisymmetric features with an equator-to-pole density contrast of 6: 1 and an inclination of the symmetry axis of 10° to the plane of the sky. We find that a model incorporating small (0.01μm) grains and a steep (α a - 6 ) power-law size distribution can successfully account for the thermal emission and for the observed degrees of near-IR polarization. Assuming a distance of 1.2 kpc to HD 161796, the stellar luminosity is 3.4 x 10 3 L O . and the mass of the shell is ∼0.7 M O . This is consistent with a star of initial mass between 1 and 2 M O . that has undergone an intensive (2.2 x 10 - 4 M O . yr - 1 ) phase of mass loss lasting about 3000 yr at the end of the AGB. A current stellar mass of 0.56 M O . , as indicated by the luminosity, suggests that HD 161796 is a few hundred years into its post-AGB evolution and will take about 5000 yr to evolve from its present temperature of 7500 K to become the central star of an extended elliptical planetary nebula.
On Maximal Regularity and Semivariation of Cosine Operator Functions

It is proved that a cosine operator function C(·), with generator A, is locally of bounded semivariation if and only if u″(t) = Au(t)+f(t), t>0, u(0), u′(0)∈D(A), has a strong solution for every continuous function f, if and only if the function ∫0t∫0t‐8C(τ)f(s)dτ ds, t>0 , is twice continuously differentiable for every continuous function f, that is, C(·) has the maximal regularity property if and only if A is a bounded operator. Some other characterisations of bounded generators of cosine operator functions are also established in terms of their local semivariations.
Radial heliospheric magnetic fields detected by Ulysses

The magnetometer aboard the Ulysses spacecraft has recorded numerous examples of heliospheric magnetic fields orientated in near‐radial directions for periods of several hours or more. These fields are unusual, as their existence is contrary to the predictions of classical theories concerning solar wind production and propagation. The magnetic field data gathered by Ulysses up to the end of 1997 were searched for all instances of radial fields of significant duration. Here, arising from that study, an overview of the detected radial field periods is given; including their latitudinal occurrence, their coincidence with other solar wind features, and some of their phenomenology. A particularly persistent radial field was recorded in early January 1997; this highly unusual event is described in greater depth. The implications and possible causes of radial field periods are discussed.
Optimization of ultrasonic Bath and cold plasma pre‐treatments in the spearmint essential oil isolation process

Abstract Spearmint essential oil (SEO), one of the economically valuable natural products, has special importance in the food, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries due to its antifungal, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties. In this study, we optimized and evaluated the effect of three pre‐treatments on the extraction of SEO for quantity and quality: ultrasonic bath (UB), water to material ratio‐ultrasonic bath (W/M‐UB), and cold plasma‐ultrasonic bath (CP‐UB). Three experiments were designed using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Experimental treatments included UB temperature (30–80°C) and time duration (1–30 min), cold plasma (CP) power (15–24 kV), and water/material ratio (10–40). Then, SEOs were extracted by hydro‐distillation using the Clevenger apparatus. The results showed that SEO yield in the optimal conditions of treatments was 119.7%, 206.6%, and 155.7% higher in UB, W/M‐UB, and CP‐UB pretreatments respectively, in comparison to control sample and optimized conditions were UB temperature: 37.3°C and UB time: 5.2 min at UB treatment, 33.9 of W/M ratio, 69.9°C of UB temperature and 6.9 min of UB time at W/M‐UB treatment and CP power: 22.176, UB temperature: 40.135 and UB time: 24.122 at CP‐UB treatment. Oxygenated monoterpenes were also higher in the essential oils (EOs) of all three treated plant materials. In conclusion, the SEO extraction yield improved by the application of the pretreatments in optimized conditions.
Pulsed currents carried by whistlers. V. Detailed new results of magnetic antenna excitation

A low frequency, oblique whistler wave packet is excited from a single current pulse applied to a magnetic loop antenna. The magnetic field is mapped in three dimensions. The dominant angle of radiation is determined by the antenna dimensions, not by the resonance cone. Topological properties of the inductive and space charge electric fields and space charge density confirm an earlier physical model. Transverse currents are dominated by Hall currents, while no net current flows in the parallel direction. Electron‐ion collisions damp both the energy and the helicity of the wave packet. Landau damping is negligible. The radiation resistance of the loop is a few tenths of an Ohm for the observed frequency range. The loop injects zero net helicity. Rather, oppositely traveling wave packets carry equal amounts of opposite signed helicity.
R-Matrix Floquet Theory of Molecular Multiphoton Processes:II. Multiphoton Ionization of H2

Multiphoton ionization rates for H2 immersed in an intense linearly polarized laser field are calculated using the recently developed R-matrix Floquet theory of molecular multiphoton processes. We assume that the H2 molecule is aligned along the laser polarization direction and we adopt the fixed-nuclei approximation, in which the motion of the target electrons is calculated in the laser field and in the field of the nuclei, which are assumed to be fixed in space. An accurate multi-state wavefunction is employed to calculate one-, two- and four-photon ionization rates for H2 at several internuclear separations over a range of frequencies and intensities. Analysis of the ionization rates reveals the important role played both by resonances corresponding to Rydberg bound states converging to the H2+ ion ground state and by doubly excited states converging to the H2+ ion first excited state. These resonances give rise to resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization peaks in many of the ionization rates studied in this paper, and their possible role in controlling the vibrational population of the final H2+ ion is discussed.
Steps toward promoting consistency in educational decisions

Purpose – The literature indicates the advantages of decisions formulated through intuition, as well as the limitations, such as lack of consistency in similar situations. The principle of consistency (invariance), requiring that two equivalent versions of choice‐problems will produce the same preference, is violated in intuitive judgment. This paper aims to examine the contribution of the simple decision process (SDP) to invariance in intuitive educational decisions. The SDP integrates intuitive and systematic techniques by breaking down a dilemma into simple problems that can be processed intuitively with little or no perturbation by bias.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 40 teachers resolved a complex educational dilemma three times intuitively, with the same data presented in a different order in each iteration. Content analysis revealed inconsistency in the conclusions reached with the three formats. This is explained in the literature by the anchoring effect. Thereafter, the three‐step procedu.
On the stability of Kerr’s space-time

The stability of Kerr’s space-time with |a| < M , in the usual notation, against infinitesimal perturbations is discussed. No exponentially growing ‘normal modes’ occur. However, since (a) the exponentially decaying modes have not been shown to be complete, (b) there are normal modes with real frequencies, the stability of the Kerr space-time has not been established rigorously.
A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and the ice water content

Abstract A data set obtained in cirrus clouds has been examined to deduce any dependencies of the particle size spectral form or the crystal habit on the temperature. It was found that both form of the spectra and crystal habit changed systematically with temperature, the largest change occurring between −l40 and −50°C. These findings are consistent with previously found dependencies between linear backscatter measurements and temperature. A preliminary scheme for parameterizing the cirrus particle size spectra for crystal dimensions greater than 20 μm in terms of the temperature and the ice water content is described. The visible extinction in cirrus is estimated.
High-frequency AlGaN/GaN polarization-induced high electron mobility transistors grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy

High-quality AlGaN/GaN heterostructures have been grown on sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. Polarization effects are exploited to achieve a two-dimensional electron-gas sheet density of 8.8×1012 cm−2 and greater on intentionally undoped material with a measured room-temperature mobility as high as 1478 cm2/V s. Transistors were then fabricated from this material, yielding a unity current gain frequency of 50 GHz and a unity power gain frequency of 97 GHz. By increasing the buffer layer thickness, output powers of 1.88 W/mm at 4 GHz with an efficiency of 34% were achieved. These results prove that the polarization effects in the nitrides are as enormous as theory predicts. The key to the improved mobility and operation of the devices of the all-molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown material, the AlN nucleation layer, will be discussed.
Methods Used to Kill Fish: Field Observations and Literature Reviewed

This paper reviews the impact on fish welfare of a wide range of slaughter methods used commercially around the world. Because the end result of the slaughter is a food product, and because of the well-known relationship between an animal's welfare and subsequent meat quality, the effects of the slaughter methods on the quality of the flesh are also reviewed where possible. Fish slaughter methods are incredibly diverse, but fall into two broad categories: those that induce loss of sensibility slowly, and those that achieve this rapidly. This paper shows that, in general, the methods that induce loss of sensibility over a long period of time tend to impinge more on the welfare of the animal and are detrimental to the overall quality of the carcass. Methods that cause a rapid loss of sensibility result in the best welfare, providing that they are carried out correctly. They may also produce the highest quality product from the stock offish.