Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time restricted eating for the prevention of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes can potentially be prevented by targeted lifestyle and weight loss interventions. Time restricted eating (TRE) is a form of intermittent fasting that has emerged as a novel diet strategy to reduce body weight and improve glycaemic control. TRE involves eating within a certain window of time (usually 4 to 10 h), and water‐fasting for the remaining hours of the day. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of TRE on body weight and markers of glycaemic control in human subjects. We also aim to provide mechanistic insights into the effect of TRE on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Results to date reveal that TRE produces mild weight loss (1%–4% from baseline) and energy restriction, when food consumption is restricted to 4–10 h/day. TRE also reduces fasting insulin and improves insulin sensitivity in individuals with prediabetes and those with obesity. Moreover, TRE improves glucose tolerance and decreases serum glucose excursions. The possible mechanisms underlying these benefits include increased autophagic flux, mild elevations in ketone bodies, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the stimulation of β‐cell responsiveness. While these preliminary results offer promise for the use of TRE in the prevention of type 2 diabetes, larger and longer‐term human trials will be needed to confirm these findings.
Cross-frequency coupling explains the preference for simple ratios in rhythmic behaviour and the relative stability across non-synchronous patterns

Rhythms are important for understanding coordinated behaviours in ecological systems. The repetitive nature of rhythms affords prediction, planning of movements and coordination of processes within and between individuals. A major challenge is to understand complex forms of coordination when they differ from complete synchronization. By expressing phase as ratio of a cycle, we adapted levels of the Farey tree as a metric of complexity mapped to the range between in-phase and anti-phase synchronization. In a bimanual tapping task, this revealed an increase of variability with ratio complexity, a range of hidden and unstable yet measurable modes, and a rank-frequency scaling law across these modes. We use the phase-attractive circle map to propose an interpretation of these findings in terms of hierarchical cross-frequency coupling (CFC). We also consider the tendency for small-integer attractors in the single-hand repeated tapping of three-interval rhythms reported in the literature. The phase-attractive circle map has wider basins of attractions for such ratios. This work motivates the question whether CFC intrinsic to neural dynamics implements low-level priors for timing and coordination and thus becomes involved in phenomena as diverse as attractor states in bimanual coordination and the cross-cultural tendency for musical rhythms to have simple interval ratios. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Machine translation: A threat or a promise?

INTRODUCTION Any elementary textbook on linguistics will tell us that, strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a synonym. And, by the same token, we may safely assume that there is no such thing as translation. It is by definition impossible, and when it is done, it is the task of the translator to minimise the damage. There are undoubtedly greater challenges in translation than going between two relatively closely related languages like English and Norwegian, and yet, as many of us have found, the more you mingle with close relatives, the more false friends you tend to acquire or discover. That risk you may be willing to take – except when your own life depends on the clarity and correctness of information communicated at all levels of an enormous industrial organisation constructing and operating a gigantic oil platform in the North Sea. To many people at this Conference the name Bergen means – well, perhaps not as many of its inhabitants would like to think, Edvard Grieg and his music, or, indeed, the 1986 Eurovision Song Contest – but oil terminology and particularly a certain termbank for such a substance, developed at the University of Bergen over a period of several years, at the initiative and with substantial financial backing of Statoil. As part of this activity, the English department in conjunction with the Liberal Arts computing section became engaged in translating an entire library of quality assurance documentation between English and Norwegian, on the basis of terms provided by the Norwegian termbank and money provided by our three Norwegian oil companies. When that project, named PETTRA, ground to a halt after about eighteen months (coinciding with the nose dive in the crude oil price in 1986 we had
A new way of deep learning combined with street view images for air pollutant concentration prediction

Given the complex spatial structure of urban streets, we use two deep semantic segmentation methods with highprecision to model with street view image data. Through segmentation and quantization, we obtain depth semantic segmentation prediction maps and realize pixel-level classification of multi-objects in the image in a global sense. To accurately and effectively evaluate the urban environmental air quality which is closely related to residents' health, the category target objects related to the predicted pollutant concentration in the image are established as eight categories. The segmentation results are combined with the gas quality data collected by the mobile machine to predict, which can give a set of air pollutant concentration prediction scheme for city management personnel for reference. In this study, a semantic segmentation network is adopted to extract the main environmental factors from street view images as feature vectors of gas prediction models. All the image data used in the experiment were collected in Augsburg, Germany. The sampling tool was a pinhole camera installed on a mobile trolley and set to capture an image every ten seconds. The experiment produced various environmental factors, then input them into the prediction model by combining with the air measurement data of the street view for pollutant prediction. This method can be used as a reference path for evaluating urban environmental quality, air indicators, and air pollutant concentrations.
Innovations in cancer immunotherapy: chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T)

CMAJ | AUGUST 23, 2021 | VOLUME 193 | ISSUE 33 © 2021 CMA Joule Inc. or its licensors C ellular immunotherapy is a novel therapy where the body’s own immune cells are harnessed for their anticancer effect. One of the most exciting of these approaches is chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T). This therapy is now standard of care for relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), the most common malignancy of childhood, and in high-grade B-cell lymphomas, the most common lymphoma in Canada.1 CAR-T is undergoing clinical trials in other cancers.
RP-Unet: a Unet-based network with RNNPool enables computation-efficient polyp segmentation

The incidence of colon cancer has shown an upward trend in recent years, and the appearance of colon polyps is one of the signs of colon cancer. The detection and segmentation of colon polyps are one of the doctors' auxiliary diagnostic methods. However, the increasing number of model parameters and inference memory requirements make the engineering of polyp segmentation models a challenging task. In this paper, an efficient polyp segmentation model based on Unet and RNNPool named RP-Unet is proposed. The first two blocks consisted of two convolutional and max pooling layers in Unet are replaced with the proposed RNNPool Down and Fuse (RDF) modules to rapidly downsample and fuse the input feature maps, and they also provide feature maps for skip connection. The last two blocks in the encoder are replaced with the proposed Double Convolution with Residual connection and RNNPool (DCRR) modules, in which the convolution layers are residually connected, and the max pooling layer is replaced directly with RNNPool. In the two proposed modules, up mapping and channel mapping are used to strengthen feature propagation by mapping activation maps logically instead of allocating unnecessary memory. The proposed RP-Unet is evaluated on two polyp segmentation datasets, and experiments show that the peak inference memory is reduced by almost 22%, while the segmentation accuracy is not significantly reduced.
Tensor-patch-based discriminative marginalized least squares regression for membranous nephropathy hyperspectral data classification

Least squares regression (LSR)-based classifiers are effective in multi-classification tasks. For hyperspectral image (HSI) classification, the spatial structure information usually helps to improve the performance, however, most existing LSRbased methods use the spectral-vector as input which ignore the important correlations in the spatial domain. To solve the drawback, a tensor-patch-based discriminative marginalized least squares regression (TPDMLSR) is proposed to modify discriminative marginalized least squares regression (DMLSR) with consideration of inter-class separability by employing the region covariance matrix (RCM). RCM is adopted to exploit a region of interest around each hyperspectral pixel to characterize the intrinsic spatial geometric structure of HSI. Specifically, TPDMLSR not only maintains the ascendancy of DMLSR, but also preserves the spatial-spectral structure and enhances the ability of class discrimination for regression by learning the tensor-patch manifold term with a new region covariance descriptor and measuring the inter-class similarity more accurately. The experimental results on membranous nephropathy (MN) dataset validate that TPDMLSR significantly outperforms LSR-based methods reflected in sensitivity, overall accuracy (OA), average accuracy (AA) and Kappa coefficient (Kappa).
Surface defect detection algorithm for printing roller based on global contrast and edge gradient

In view of the complex surface condition of printing roller, a defect salience algorithm based on global contrast and edge gradient is proposed. This algorithm uses gamma transform to adjust the overall brightness of the image, and then obtains a salience map by LC algorithm; at the same time, Canny edge detection is performed on the initial image, and then morphological operation is performed to obtain another salience map. Finally, image fusion algorithm is used to fuse the images obtained by the two algorithms to get the final defect salience map and complete the salience detection.The experimental results show that the algorithm has high recognition rate and accuracy, which can meet the needs of surface defect detection of printing roller.
“People Are Demanding Justice”: Pandemics, Protests, and Remote Learning Through the Eyes of Immigrant Youth of Color

This paper examines a youth oral history project conducted by/with/for immigrant youth of color and educators. Designed as a longitudinal five year project of critical participatory action research and youth oral histories, we sought initially to document generational experiences of schooling inequity, aggressive policing, housing precarity and immigration struggles. As a research collective we then confronted and chose to interrogate how COVID19, uprisings and activism, and remote learning affect youth of color. In our analysis we “discovered” the power of culturally responsive and sustaining education as a framework to cultivate critical consciousness and civic engagement. With an epistemic commitment to “no research on us without us,” decolonizing methodologies and research for social action, we review in this article our theoretical frameworks, epistemic commitments, methodologies, our ethical praxis and our evidence-based activism, as we explore the intimate details of critical participation as core to anti-racist developmental science.
Defining empathy: Interconnected discourses of virtual reality’s prosocial impact

While a consumer revolution in virtual reality (VR) has piqued the interest of many fields, industries, and professions, it is unclear when, how, and to what degree the technology can elicit empathy. To better understand how the relationship between VR and empathy is communicated and defined, we performed qualitative and quantitative thematic analyses on popular (N = 640) and academic articles (N = 53) that included both terms. Findings revealed empathy is an aspirational term for journalists and researchers to showcase the potential of immersive media for prosocial change. Writers in both corpora suggested that empathetic experiences could lead to prosocial action through VR, but do not consistently define or measure empathy, given the inherent complexities surrounding the term. Drawing on seminal research in the field, we conclude with a definition of empathy related to immersive media.
Using QuantCrit to Advance an Anti-Racist Developmental Science: Applications to Mixture Modeling

How researchers use statistical analyses shapes their research toward or away from an anti-racist agenda. In this article, we demonstrate how developmental scientists can use the QuantCrit framework to critically examine the process of conducting quantitative analyses. In particular, we focus on mixture modeling to clearly demonstrate how the integration of QuantCrit can be achieved within a statistical technique. We first summarize the tenets of QuantCrit and how it has turned the lens of critical race theory onto quantitative methodology. Second, we provide a summary of the key concepts of mixture modeling. The main section of the article is organized according to three “moments” that occur in quantitative research: (1) development of the research question(s) and identification of analysis variables; (2) decision-making about the role of race in planned analyses; and (3) interpretation of the results through a theoretical framework. We describe each moment, illustrate how researchers can use QuantCrit principles within it, and offer as examples empirical articles from adolescent research where these strategies have been implemented during mixture modeling. It is our hope that readers will identify moments in their own analyses in which these (and other) principles could be applied.
Selection against admixture and gene regulatory divergence in a long-term primate field study

Admixture has profoundly influenced evolution across the tree of life, including in humans and other primates1,2. However, we have limited insight into the genetic and phenotypic consequences of admixture in primates, especially during its key early stages. Here, we address this gap by combining 50 years of field observations with population and functional genomic data from yellow (Papio cynocephalus) and anubis (P. anubis) baboons in Kenya, in a longitudinally studied population that has experienced both historical and recent admixture3. We use whole-genome sequencing to characterize the extent of the hybrid zone, estimate local ancestry for 442 known individuals, and predict the landscape of introgression across the genome. Despite no major fitness costs to hybrids, we identify signatures of selection against introgression that are strikingly similar to those described for archaic hominins4–6. These signatures are strongest near loci with large ancestry effects on gene expression, supporting the importance of gene regulation in primate evolution and the idea that selection targeted large regulatory effects following archaic hominin admixture7,8. Our results show that genomic data and field observations of hybrids are important and mutually informative. They therefore demonstrate the value of other primates as living models for phenomena that we cannot observe in our own lineage.
Critical role for isoprenoids in apicoplast biogenesis by malaria parasites

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) is an essential metabolic output of the apicoplast organelle in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites and is required for prenylation-dependent vesicular trafficking and other cellular processes. We have elucidated a critical and previously uncharacterized role for IPP in apicoplast biogenesis. Inhibiting IPP synthesis blocks apicoplast elongation and inheritance by daughter merozoites, and apicoplast biogenesis is rescued by exogenous IPP and polyprenols. Knockout of the only known isoprenoid-dependent apicoplast pathway, tRNA prenylation by MiaA, has no effect on blood-stage parasites and thus cannot explain apicoplast reliance on IPP. However, we have localized an annotated polyprenyl synthase (PPS) to the apicoplast lumen. PPS knockdown is lethal to parasites, rescued by IPP, and blocks apicoplast biogenesis, thus explaining apicoplast dependence on isoprenoid synthesis. We hypothesize that PPS synthesizes long-chain polyprenols critical for apicoplast membrane fluidity and biogenesis. This work critically expands the paradigm for isoprenoid utilization in malaria parasites and identifies a novel essential branch of apicoplast metabolism suitable for therapeutic targeting.
Thought Extramission: The Eyes Project Conceptual Maps at Close Distance

Light extramission is a popular yet erroneous model of human vision positing that light projects through the eyes over surrounding objects, allowing them to become visible. However, light extramission research has failed to distinguish between light and other types of emissions coming from the eyes, thereby discounting the possibility that extramission mechanisms might hold true for phenomena other than light. Here, we explored the thought extramission model, which is the notion that thoughts emanate from the eyes in the form of visualized representations. We show that the eyes project thoughts a short distance away in the form of high-resolution conceptual maps whose structure collapses at great distances. We also demonstrate that sensory filtering of thought projection by reducing light contrast lowers the resolution of conceptual maps. Our results highlight the supporting role of the visual system for thought processes relying on contrast, luminance, and perspective formation.
Tomato CRABS CLAW paralogues interact with chromatin remodelling factors to mediate carpel development and floral determinacy

CRABS CLAW (CRC) orthologues play a crucial role in floral meristem (FM) determinacy and gynoecium formation across angiosperms, key developmental processes for ensuring successful plant reproduction and crop production. Here, we revealed that the incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of the carpel-inside-carpel phenotype observed in flowers of the tomato fruit iterative growth (fig) mutant is due to a lack of function of a homologue of the CRC gene, Solanum lycopersicum CRCa (SlCRCa). Likewise, a comprehensive functional analysis of SlCRCa and SlCRCb paralogues, including Arabidopsis complementation experiments, allowed us to propose that they operate as positive regulators of FM determinacy by acting in a compensatory and partially redundant manner to safeguard the proper formation of flowers and fruits. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence for the role of putative CRC orthologues as members of the chromatin remodelling complex that terminates floral stem cell activity by repressing WUSCHEL expression.
ITRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of japonica rice seedling during cold stress

Low temperature is one of the important environmental factors that affect rice growth and yield. To better understand the japonica rice responses to cold stress, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling based quantitative proteomics approach was used to detected changes in protein level. Two-week-old seedlings of the cold tolerance rice variety Kongyu131 were treated at 8°C for 24, 48 and 72 h, then the total proteins were extracted from tissues and used for quantitative proteomics analysis. A total of 5082 proteins were detected for quantitative analysis, of which 289 proteins were significantly regulated, consisting of 169 uniquely up-regulated proteins and 125 uniquely down-regulated proteins in cold stress groups relative to control group. Functional analysis revealed most of regulation proteins involved in photosynthesis, metabolic pathway, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and carbon metabolism. Western blot analysis showed that protein regulation was consistent with the iTRAQ data. The corresponding genes of 25 regulation proteins were used for quantitative real time PCR analysis, and the results showed that the mRNA level was not always parallel to the corresponding protein level. The importance of our study is providing new insights into cold stress responses in rice on proteomic aspect.
HCV Cure With Direct-Acting Antivirals Improves Liver and Immunological Markers in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure after all-oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy greatly improves the liver and immune system. We aimed to assess the impact of this HCV clearance on immune system-related markers in plasma and the gene expression profile in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-coinfected patients with advanced cirrhosis. We performed a prospective study on 33 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients at baseline and 36 weeks after the sustained virological response. Gene expression was evaluated by RNA-seq analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma biomarkers by multiplex immunoassays. We found a decrease in plasma biomarkers (PD1, PDL1, CXCL10, CXCL8, IL12p70, IL10, and TGFβ) and liver disease markers (stiffness measurement (LSM), hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), and transaminases, among others). Furthermore, decreased plasma levels of CXCL8, CXCL10, IL10, and PD1 were associated with reduced LSM values. We also found two upregulated (HAS1 and IRG1) and 15 downregulated (CXCL11, CCL8, CCL7, CCL2, ADARB2, RRAD, MX1, SIGLEC1, IFI44L, IFI44, IFI27, IFI6, IFIT3, IFIT1B, and IFIT1) genes at the end of follow-up, all interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) grouped into four pathways (“cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction”, “viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor”, “chemokine signaling pathway”, and “hepatitis C”). Additionally, the decrease in most of these ISGs was significantly related to reduced LSM and HVPG values. In conclusion, HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with advanced-HCV-related cirrhosis who eradicated HCV following DAA therapy exhibited an improvement in liver disease markers and a significant decrease in plasma biomarkers and gene expression related to antiviral/inflammatory response, particularly in levels of several chemokines and ISGs.