Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formation of a tropopause cirrus layer observed over Florida during CRYSTAL-FACE

[1] On 13 July 2002 a widespread, subvisible tropopause cirrus layer occurred over the Florida region. This cloud was observed in great detail with the NASA Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) instrumentation, including in situ measurements with the WB-57 aircraft. In this paper, we use the 13 July cloud as a case study to evaluate the physical processes controlling the formation and evolution of tropopause cirrus layers. Microphysics measurements indicate that ice crystal diameters in the cloud layer ranged from about 7 to 50 μm, and the peak number mode was about 10–25 μm. In situ water vapor and temperature measurements in the cloud indicated supersaturation with respect to ice throughout, with ice saturation ratios as large as 1.8. Even when the ice surface area density was as high as about 500 μm2 cm−3, ice supersaturations of 20–30% were observed. Trajectory analysis shows that the air sampled near the tropopause on this day generally came from the north and cooled considerably during the previous few days. Examination of infrared satellite imagery along air parcel back trajectories from the WB-57 flight track indicates that the tropopause cloud layer formation was, in general, not simply left over ice from recently generated anvil cirrus. Simulations of cloud formation using time-height curtains of temperature along the trajectory paths show that the cloud could have formed in situ near the tropopause as the air was advected into the south Florida region and cooled to unusually low temperatures. If we assume a high threshold for ice nucleation via homogeneous freezing of aqueous sulfate aerosols, the model reproduces the observed cloud structure, ice crystal size distributions, and ice supersaturation statistics. Inclusion of observed gravity wave temperature perturbations in the simulations is essential to reproduce the observed cloud properties. Without waves, crystal number densities are too low, crystal sizes are too large, and the crystals fall out too fast, leaving very little cloud persisting at the end of the simulations. In the cloud simulations, coincidence of high supersaturations and high surface areas can be produced by either recent nucleation or sedimentation of crystals into supersaturated layers. The agreement between model results and observed supersaturations is improved somewhat if we assume that the steady state relative humidity within cirrus at T < 200 K is enhanced by about 30%. The WB-57 measurements and the model results suggest that the cloud layer irreversibly dehydrated air near the tropopause.
Initiation of a doubly diffusive convection in a stable halocline

A vertically stable density stratification with temperature gradient T z < 0, salinity gradient S z < 0, and with density compensating horizontal T/S gradients is unstable to lateral intrusions because the molecular heat diffusivity is much larger than the salt diffusivity. Previous marginal instability theory is extended to the supercritical regime. The fastest growing vertical wavelength (δ z ) is obtained in a model of a T/S front with finite lateral width (L * ) and lateral salinity variation (ΔS). The value of δ z ΔS/|S z | varies only slightly with the parameters, and this result is applied to the smallest step size observed in the main thermocline of the Weddell Sea. Nonlinear considerations show that the laterally divergent heat/salt flux produced by the instability forces a mean vertical circulation which enhances the compensating lateral T/S gradients, thereby accelerating the intrusive instability, and eventually producing local density ratios sufficient to initiate strong vertical convection. This suggests that weak isopycnal T/S gradients are necessary to initiate the steps which subsequently merge into larger layers.
Modulating Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy Doses for Preclinical Brain Cancer

Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) is an innovative technique that spatially segments the synchrotron radiation field for cancer treatment. A microbeam peak dose is often hundreds of times the dose in the valley (the sub-millimeter region between the peaks of the microbeams). Peak and valley doses vary with increasing depth in tissue which effects tumor dose coverage. It remains to be seen whether the peak or valley is the primary factor in MRT cancer control. This study investigates how unilateral MRT doses can be modulated using a bolus, and identifies the valley dose as a primary factor in MRT cancer control. Fischer rats bearing 9 L gliosarcoma tumors were irradiated with MRT at the Imaging and Medical Beam Line of the Australian Synchrotron. MRT valley doses of 8–15 Gy (250–1040 Gy peak doses) were used to treat tumors with and without a 5 mm dose-modulating bolus. Long-term survival depended on the valley dose primarily (92% correlation), and the use of the bolus reduced the variance in animal survival and improved to the mean survival of rats treated with MRT by 47% and 18% using 15 Gy and 8 Gy valley doses, respectively.
Aircraft recognition via geometric reasoning

This paper presents an aircraft recognition system, which addresses realistic concerns resulting from the imaging process and the environment surrounding the aircraft. The system employs a bottom up approach, where recognition begins by extracting low level features (e.g., lines), which are subsequently combined into more complex sets of line groupings representing parts of an aircraft, as viewed from a generic viewpoint. Knowledge about aircraft is represented in the form of whole/part shape description and the connectedness property, and is embedded in production rules, which primarily aim at finding instances of the aircraft parts in the image and checking the connectedness property between the parts. The system has demonstrated robustness against occlusion, shadows, excessive background clutter and many forms of image degradation.
Age dependence of oceanic intraplate seismicity and implications for lithospheric evolution

We have determined depths for 16 oceanic intraplate earthquakes using body wave modeling. A data set composed of these and 11 other well-constrained depths shows that the maximum depth of seismicity deepens with increasing lithospheric age and appears to be bounded by a 700°–800°C isotherm. The maximum depth to which intraplate earthquakes occur is approximately equal to the flexural elastic thickness but much less than the seismic thickness from surface wave dispersion. The maximum faulting depth is consistent with the predictions of rapid weakening at high temperatures for dry olivine rheologies determined by experimental rock mechanics. Oceanic intraplate earthquakes can occur at greater depths and temperatures than has previously been reported for continental crustal events, presumably because oceanic lithosphere is stronger at high temperatures. Both the number of earthquakes and the cumulative seismic moment decrease with lithospheric age. The cause of this trend is unclear: possibilities include nonrandom location of preexisting weak zones with respect to the age provinces, fault strengthening with age, or a decrease in the stress level. A decrease in intraplate stress with age is opposite that expected from “ridge push” stresses, which increase with age, but may result either from thermoelastic stresses which are greatest in young lithosphere or near-ridge stress concentrations due to local heterogeneities in the spreading process.
An Antarctic assessment of IPCC AR4 coupled models

We assess 19 coupled models from the IPCC fourth assessment report archive from the simulation of the 20th century, based on the calculation of “skill scores. ” The models show a wide range of scores when assessed against Antarctic or global measures of large‐scale circulation indices. Except for continental mass balance, the model average proves a more reliable estimate than that for any one model. Individual models show a very wide scatter in simulated Antarctic temperature trends over the past century; the large trend over the Antarctic peninsula in winter is not well represented, which makes it clear that whatever has been driving these trends is not well captured by many GCMs. Trends in temperature are clearly linked to the sea ice simulation, another variable that most models do not simulate well.
From Plant to Chemistry: Sources of Active Opioid Antinociceptive Principles for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design

Pain continues to be an enormous global health challenge, with millions of new untreated or inadequately treated patients reported annually. With respect to current clinical applications, opioids remain the mainstay for the treatment of pain, although they are often associated with serious side effects. To optimize their tolerability profiles, medicinal chemistry continues to study novel ligands and innovative approaches. Among them, natural products are known to be a rich source of lead compounds for drug discovery, and they hold potential for pain management. Traditional medicine has had a long history in clinical practice due to the fact that nature provides a rich source of active principles. For instance, opium had been used for pain management until the 19th century when its individual components, such as morphine, were purified and identified. In this review article, we conducted a literature survey aimed at identifying natural products interacting either directly with opioid receptors or indirectly through other mechanisms controlling opioid receptor signaling, whose structures could be interesting from a drug design perspective.
Structural Performance of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Polystyrene Aggregate Self-Compacted Concrete Beams

This study aims to investigate experimentally the flexural behavior of lightweight Self-Compacted Concrete (SCC) beams made by Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) concrete and reinforced with rebars and steel fibers. To achieve the aims of this study, seven simply supported EPS lightweight fiber-reinforced concrete beams were fabricated and tested up to failure to study the effects of EPS content and the volume fraction of the steel fibers on their flexural behavior. The tested specimens were divided into two groups with one additional reference beam to be cast without using EPS or steel fibers. In the first group, three lightweight specimens were constructed using 25% EPS beads and were reinforced with 0%, 0.75%, and 1.5% steel fiber volume fractions. The second group is similar to the first group but was fabricated using 50% EPS beads. The test results showed that the mechanical properties of the hardened concrete were significantly reduced due to polystyrene EPS beads with some enhancement when steel fibers were added to the concrete mix. The flexure strength of EPS-LWT concrete beams was significantly reduced due to the polystyrene EPS beads. Furthermore, the results revealed remarkable enhancement in the flexure strength of the tested beams due to the steel fiber reinforcement.
Multidate spectral reflectance as predictors of yield in water stressed wheat and barley

Abstract Spectral reflectances of several crops at Phoenix, Arizona were measured during two growing seasons using a hand-held radiometer, the Exotech Model 100A, that had a spectral bandpass configuration similar to scanning radiometers aboard Landsat 2 and 3. During the period of grain filling, yields of two wheat and one barley variety were well correlated with the integrated daily values of a modified vegetation index derived from reflectances in MSS Bands 5 and 7 (0.6-0.7 and 0.8-1.1 μm respectively). The derived model accounted for 88 per cent of the variability in yields from 103 to 656 g/m2 which were due to differential experimental soil moisture conditions (20 to 70 cm applied water).
Rifting along non-volcanic passive margins: stratigraphic and seismic evidence from the Mesozoic successions of the Alps and western Iberia

Abstract The paper examines aspects of the sedimentology and stratigraphy of rift basins that evolved in deep marine settings near the ocean-continent transition. It focuses on the applicability of a low-angle extensional detachment model developed in the Alps to the West Iberian margin, and on difficulties of objectively identifying syn-rift stratigraphic intervals in both areas. The paper examines evidence obtained from Ocean Drilling Program holes drilled in the Iberia Abyssal Plain. Despite the fact that all the holes were sited above highs in the acoustic basement and so did not penetrate a complete sedimentary record of rifting, they do provide some constraints on the age and mechanism of rifting. We suggest that published identifications of syn-rift intervals in distal basins off West Iberia and in the Southern Alps have not demonstrated, using objective criteria, the occurrence of syn-rift stratigraphic intervals. They have, therefore, probably overestimated the duration of rifting by as much as 20 Ma. The absence of syn-rift related stratal divergence towards fault footwalls may be due to resedimentation of syn-rift sediments towards basin centres, lack of significant hanging-wall rotation along flat detachment faults, or the syn-rift interval being too thin to resolve on seismic data. The syn-rift episode beneath the deep Galicia margin postdates Tithonian-Berriasian shallow-water carbonates, and predates Late Valanginian turbiditic sediments. Drilling results from the Iberia Abyssal Plain suggest a similar age because Tithonian siliciclastic mudrocks are overlain by Berriasian pelagic chalks. It seems likely that in both regions rifting lasted for <5 Ma, probably from late Berriasian to early Valanginian. At Site 1068 in the Iberia Abyssal Plain, the interpretation from seismic reflection data, of a low-angle detachment dipping about 10° west, was confirmed by drilling, which revealed sedimentary and tectonic breccias containing clasts of lower-crustal rocks overlying a fault zone below which occurs serpentinized periodotite showing a downward decrease in deformation. At least 20.5 km of displacement is interpreted to have occurred along this fault, but it is not accompanied by large-amplitude, rift-related topography. This paradox is resolved if the detachment developed as a deepening-downwards, rolling-hinge fault.
Upwelling and outwelling effects on the benthic regime of the continental shelf off Galicia, NW Spain

The benthic regime off the Galician coast of NW Spain was surveyed to assess biogenic enrichment from coastal upwelling and detritus outwelling from the rfas, large coastal embayments: the Rfas Altas along the northern and the Rfas Bajas along the western coast, which have intense mussel aquaculture. Sediment samples were collected from 1984 to 1986 and used for geological, microbiological, and macrofaunal studies.
Sub-pixel-scale land cover map updating by integrating change detection and sub-pixel mapping.

Abstract Coarse-resolution remotely sensed images are high in temporal repetition rates, but their low spatial resolution limits their application in updating land cover maps. Our proposed land cover updating method involves the use of coarse-reso-lution images to update fine-resolution land cover maps. The method comprises change detection and sub-pixel mapping methods. The current coarse-resolution image is unmixed, and the previous fine-resolution map is spatially degraded to produce current and previous class fraction images. A change detection method is applied to these fraction images to create a fine-resolution binary change/non-change map. Finally, a sub-pixel mapping method is applied to update the fine-resolution pixel labels that are changed in the change/ non-change map. The proposed method is compared with a pixel-based classification method and two sub-pixel mapping methods. The proposed method maintains most of the spatial patterns of land cover classes that are unchanged in the previous and current images, whereas other methods cannot
Carbon monoxide column abundances and tropospheric concentrations retrieved from high resolution ground-based infrared solar spectra at 43.5°N over Japan

High spectral resolution (0.0024 cm−1), ground-based infrared (IR) solar spectra were recorded at Rikubetsu, Japan (43.5°N, 143.8°E), by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer covering the 4.8-μm fundamental absorption band of carbon monoxide (CO). Total vertical CO columns and tropospheric concentrations, from May 1995 to May 1996, were retrieved from these spectra using an iterative inversion algorithm. Microwindows at 2111.00–2112.00 cm−1 and 2157.40–2159.20 cm−1 were used for the retrievals. Tropospheric CO concentrations above Rikubetsu retrieved from the IR solar spectra are in good agreement with aircraft measurements performed in the nearby area in recent years. The data exhibit seasonal variations in tropospheric CO concentrations. The averaged mixing ratios between 0 and 3 km are 219±26 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in April and 115±7 ppbv in September. The data also show CO concentrations and seasonal variations decreasing with altitude. The vertical change in CO concentration is the greatest in spring and the smallest in fall. A maximum CO column of 3.31±0.34×1018 molecules cm−2 in April and a minimum of 2.04±0.10×1018 molecules cm−2 in September were observed. The CO column above Rikubetsu is consistent with observations at Kitt Peak, the International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch (ISSJ), and Zvenigorod, considering differences in altitude and latitude between the observatories.
Trends in Planetary Boundary Layer Height over Europe

Estimatesoftrendsin planetaryboundary layer heightoverEurope are presented, based on daily radiosonde observations at 25 stations during 1973‐2010 and using a bulk Richardson number approach to determine heights. Most stations show statistically significant increases in daytime heights in all four seasons, but fewer show statistically significant trends in nighttime heights. Daytime height variations show an expected strong negative correlation with surface relative humidity and strong positive correlation with surface temperature at most stations studied, on both year-to-year and day-to-day time scales. Similar relations hold for long-term trends: increasing daytime boundary layer height is associated with decreasing surface relative humidity and increasingsurfacetemperatureatmoststations.Theextenttowhichthesechangesareregionallyrepresentative or local reflections of environmental changes near the observing stations is difficult to ascertain.
PENGARUH ART THERAPY TERHADAP KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN PENYAKIT GINJAL KRONIK DENGAN HEMODIALISIS

Kualitas hidup pada pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik (PGK) telah menurun ketika tingkat PGK meningkat terutama jika jumlah albumin tinggi dan tingkat hemoglobin menurun. Kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan berhubungan dengan progresifitas tingkat PGK. Art terapi salah satu terapi yang dapat dilakukan pada pasien hemodialisis untuk menurunkan tingkat depresi dan kecemasan serta stress sehingga diharapkan kualitas hidup pasien PGK dapat meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh art therapy drawing and coloring terhadap kualitas hidup pasien penyakit ginjal kronik dengan hemodialisis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen dengan pendekatan pre test – post test control group design. Jumlah sample sebanyak 41 orang kelompok intervensi dan 41 orang kelompok kontrol. Jenis analisis bivariat yang digunakan adalah Paired t-test dan independent t-test. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pada kelompok intervensi ada pengaruh art therapy drawing and coloring terhadap kualitas hidup pasien penyakit ginjal kronik dengan hemodialisis sesudah intervensi p-value 0,001. Art therapy drawing and coloring mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien penyakit ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisis setelah intervensi, dengan nilai p-value sebesar 0,001 pada kelompok intervensi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Art therapy drawing and coloring dapat digunakan sebagai intervensi keperawatan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien penyakit ginjal kronik dengan hemodialisis.
Radiative damping of gravity waves in the terrestrial planetary atmospheres

We investigated the scale-dependent radiative damping of internal gravity waves on the limit of amplitude growth with height in the altitude region 60–120 km of the terrestrial planetary atmospheres. The radiative damping due to the CO2 15 µm radiation limits wave propagation much more effectively in the Mars atmosphere than in the Earth's atmosphere. Though radiative damping is as effective in the Venus atmosphere as in the Mars atmosphere at ∼120 km altitude, it is not so effective below ∼100 km altitude. The damping due to molecular diffusion is significant compared to radiative damping above ∼80 km altitude on the Earth and above ∼120 km altitude on Mars, whereas on Venus it is not significant even above ∼120 km altitude.
A Focus on Costs, Not Benefits, Dampens Koreans' Desire for Reunification

Abstract : While reunification remains South Koreans preferred method of ending the peninsula s long division, Korean youth increasingly are contemplating alternatives such as permanent separation. Many consider North Korea another foreign country, albeit one whose inhabitants share language and ancestry. Numerous factors underpin their changing attitude. Sixty years have passed since the Korean War sealed the frontier, reducing familial ties and other linkages with the North. Rapid increases in wealth, plus advances in communications and transportation, have brought South Korea s mindset closer to the West. The strongest catalyst of anti-unification sentiment among Republic of Korea (ROK) youth, however, is the monetary cost of unification, which could surpass $2 trillion. Overcoming anxieties that equate political union with impoverishment will require ROK decisionmakers to portray costs as investments and to highlight reunification s economic benefits, which will endure long after expenditures subside. Since a reunified Korea furthers long-term U.S. interests in Northeast Asia, the United States should support the ROK effort.
Facial Behavior Sonification With the Interactive Sonification Framework Panson

Facial behavior occupies a central role in social interaction. Its auditory representation is useful for various applications such as for supporting the visually impaired, for actors to train emotional expression, and for supporting annotation of multi-modal behavioral corpora. In this paper we present a prototype system for interactive sonification of facial behavior that works both in real-time mode, using a webcam, and offline mode, analyzing a video file. The system is based on python and Jupyter notebooks, and relies on the python module sc3nb for sonification-related functionalities. Facial feature extraction is realized using OpenFace 2.0. Designing the system led to the development of a framework of reusable components to develop interactive sonification applications, called Panson, which can be used to easily design and adapt sonifications for different use cases. We present the main concepts behind the facial behavior sonification system and the Panson framework. Furthermore, we introduce and discuss novel sonifications developed using Panson, and demonstrate them with a set of sonified videos. The sonifications and Panson are Open Source reproducible research available on GitHub.