Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transformations of Mg- and Ca-sulfate hydrates in Mars regolith

Abstract Salt hydrates have an active role in regolith development on Mars. The Mg-sulfate system, with highly variable values of n in the formula MgSO4·nH2O, is particularly subject to transformations among several crystalline and amorphous forms. The Ca-sulfate system, CaSO4·nH2O, is likely to be associated with the Mg-sulfates in most occurrences, but is less susceptible to transformations in n. Desiccation of MgSO4·nH2O occurs in exposed soils at the martian equator in summer where higher daytime temperatures at low relative humidity prevail against sluggish nighttime rehydration at high relative humidity. Desiccation and rehydration are both accelerated in the finest size fractions, particularly in silt-size aeolian particles subject to global redistribution by dust storms. This redistribution and periodic excursions into long-term episodes of high obliquity work to rehydrate desiccated MgSO4·nH2O to form epsomite, MgSO4·7H2O, at higher latitudes in the first case and more globally in the latter. Kieserite, a monohydrate form of MgSO4·nH2O resistant to desiccation, can survive equatorial summer conditions, but not protracted high relative humidity; preservation of kieserite at the surface may place limits on the equatorial distribution of ice during past episodes of high obliquity. Deeper horizons in equatorial regolith may preserve hydrated phases through repeated obliquity episodes, raising the possibility of an ancient regolith archive of past hydration. At shallower depths in the regolith, in situ determination of the hydration states of the Mg-sulfates, and possibly the Ca-sulfates, may be used to constrain regolith dynamics if rates and modes of transitions in n can be fully characterized.
A New Method of The Active Gate Driver for Current Balancing in The Parallel MOSFET Circuits

: MOSFETs are used in electronic circuits because they have high switching efficiency. Typically, MOSFETs are wired in parallel for applications that require high power. Theoretically, this circuit can multiply the current capability of parallel MOSFETs. However, even if all the MOSFETs in a parallel circuit have the same serial number and manufacturer, they might not necessarily have the same current characteristics. This could lead to issues with current imbalances, potentially causing harm to the MOSFETs, especially under severe circumstances. This study introduces a new Active Gate Driver (AGD) technique to balance the current in a parallel MOSFET circuit. The current difference can be used to modulate each MOSFET duty cycle. Specifically, the MOSFET with the smallest current capacity is configured as the Master, while the MOSFET following it is designated as the Slave. The interrupt time value for the duty cycle of each Slave MOSFET is influenced by the current differential between the Master and Slave. Consequently, different duty cycles for the Master and Slave MOSFETs can maintain the same current level. Based on the results of experiments conducted on three MOSFETs, it is evident that the AGD approach can effectively balance the current to an optimum level.
Potential Theranostic Roles of SLC4 Molecules in Human Diseases

The solute carrier family 4 (SLC4) is an important protein responsible for the transport of various ions across the cell membrane and mediating diverse physiological functions, such as the ion transporting function, protein-to-protein interactions, and molecular transduction. The deficiencies in SLC4 molecules may cause multisystem disease involving, particularly, the respiratory system, digestive, urinary, endocrine, hematopoietic, and central nervous systems. Currently, there are no effective strategies to treat these diseases. SLC4 proteins are also found to contribute to tumorigenesis and development, and some of them are regarded as therapeutic targets in quite a few clinical trials. This indicates that SLC4 proteins have potential clinical prospects. In view of their functional characteristics, there is a critical need to review the specific functions of bicarbonate transporters, their related diseases, and the involved pathological mechanisms. We summarize the diseases caused by the mutations in SLC4 family genes and briefly introduce the clinical manifestations of these diseases as well as the current treatment strategies. Additionally, we illustrate their roles in terms of the physiology and pathogenesis that has been currently researched, which might be the future therapeutic and diagnostic targets of diseases and a new direction for drug research and development.
The Not-So-Big U.S. Carbon Sink

Not all anthropogenic carbon emissions remain in the atmosphere, but the size of the terrestrial and oceanic carbon sinks and the mechanisms by which they sequester carbon remain controversial. Field and Fung (page [544][1]) discuss the implications of a study into long-term land use change by Houghton et al . (page [574][2]) for the carbon sink in the United States. Houghton et al. calculate annual changes in the amount of carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystems. The sink, they determine, is much smaller than that found in an earlier study based on atmospheric measurements. Field and Fung discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy and implications for our understanding of carbon sources and sinks. [1]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/285/5427/544 [2]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/short/285/5427/574
Liposome-Mediated Delivery Improves the Efficacy of Lisosan G against Retinopathy in Diabetic Mice

Nutraceuticals are natural substances whose anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may be used to treat retinal pathologies. Their efficacy is limited by poor bioavailability, which could be improved using nanocarriers. Lisosan G (LG), a fermented powder from whole grains, protects the retina from diabetic retinopathy (DR)-induced damage. For this study, we tested whether the encapsulation of LG in liposomes (LipoLG) may increase its protective effects. Diabetes was induced in mice via streptozotocin administration, and the mice were allowed to freely drink water or a water dispersion of two different doses of LG or of LipoLG. Electroretinographic recordings after 6 weeks showed that only the highest dose of LG could partially protect the retina from diabetes-induced functional deficits, while both doses of LipoLG were effective. An evaluation of molecular markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the blood–retinal barrier confirmed that the highest dose of LG only partially protected the retina from DR-induced changes, while virtually complete prevention was obtained with either dose of LipoLG. These data indicate that the efficacy of LG in contrasting DR is greatly enhanced by its encapsulation in liposomes and may lay the ground for new dietary supplements with improved therapeutic effects against DR.
Ring current oxygen ions escaping into the magnetosheath

Storm-related magnetospheric oxygen bursts were observed in the dayside magnetosheath during the coronal mass ejection on January 10, 1997. These singly charged oxygen ion events exhibited a clear antisunward flow. The oxygen ions are associated with a strong negative interplanetary magnetosheath field (IMF). The average Bz was almost − 50 nT, and the field projection in the x – y plane (GSE) was nearly constant in the Sun/dawn sector forming an angle of 45° relative to the Earth-Sun axis. The magnetopause was identified as a rotational discontinuity by using the principal axis analysis (PAA) method. The three-dimensional polar versus azimuthal angle distribution of the oxygen ions showed that the oxygen flow has a north to south velocity component. The observations suggest that the dayside reconnection process is generally steady. The energy dispersion can be explained with the time-of-flight (TOF) effect assuming oxygen ions are escaping from the magnetosphere along the reconnected field lines. The lack of hydrogen and helium ions during the observed oxygen bursts can be explained, as only oxygen ions are resupplied by the gradient drift in the inner magnetosphere because of their larger bounce periods with respect to hydrogen and helium ions. Therefore only oxygen ions are observed continuously in the magnetosheath. The estimated oxygen escape rate amounts to 0.61 × 1023 ions/s, about 33% of the input rate of the ring current. The observations imply that the stormtime ring current is asymmetric. A large amount of ring current oxygen ions escape from the magnetosphere into the magnetosheath.
GENESIS OF LAMINATED SAND AND GRADED RHYTHMITES IN STORM‐SAND LAYERS OF SHELF MUD

The formation of laminated sand and graded rhythmites — so-called storm-sand layers — found embedded in shelf mud is discussed. With decreasing energy of a storm, the sand eroded on the coast is transported away by the retreating waters into the open sea, and is retained in suspension because of the high wave energy of the rough sea. With decreasing wave energy, the individual suspension clouds settle, forming parallel sand layers. As generally only slow bottom currents are present, the sediment deposited is not reformed into ripples, but sedimented in the form of laminated sand.
Reliable estimation of the seismic moment of large earthquakes.

Large earthquakes on the Pacific coast are characterized, on the average, by σ≈30 bars and L≈2w independently of the size, where σ is the stress drop, L is the fault length, and w is the fault width. It follows from these that the seismic moment is determined straightforwardly from the fault size alone. Such a convenient method of estimation of the seismic moment is also applicable to the major earthquakes in the Japanese islands which are characterized, on the average, by σ≈60 bars and L≈2w. These results can be used for reliable assignment of moment to future large earthquakes as well as historical large earthquakes for which detailed mechanism studies cannot be made. The uncertainty in the method presented here is much less than that in estimating moments from the earthquake magnitude.
Changes of the Coupled Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere after Solar Activity Events

For the radiosonde station De But, The Netherlands, it is found that after solar proton events temperatures increase in the troposphere and decrease in the lower stratosphere, being indicative of an anticyclonic tendency. This tendency turns out to be strongest for events occurring during the East phase of the QBO.This result is consistent with the association between the 11-year solar cycle, the QBO and the lower atmosphere over Europe, as recently published by Labitzke and VAN LOON. It is likely therefore that the long-term association consists of the cumulative effect of a number of individual solar events, which are more frequent during the maximum of the 11-year cycle. This may help to find the physical mechanism (s) at work in the solar-climate relationship. The possibility of solar induced thermal effects at tropopause level is suggested in the paper.
Coordinating Earth Observing System Land Validation

NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land product validation project, initiated prior to the launch of the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra platform in late 1999, provides data, instrument, and information resources for the validation of products that quantify land surface characteristics from MODIS and other satellite sensors. Land products derived from MODIS and other moderate-resolution sensors include, among others, land cover, snow cover extent, surface temperature, leaf area index, fire occurrence, and vegetation productivity. The land validation project infrastructure, developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), involves an integration of NASA-funded researchers, international collaborators, and science data networks. These resources facilitate determination of product uncertainty, which is the definition of validation, through best practice methods. Key to the project is the set of EOS Land Validation Core Sites, a global network of 33 sites (including six added in 2006), which serve as a focus for validation activities. The initial infrastructure and activities were described in Morisette et al. [1999], Justice et al. [2000], and Morisette et al. [2002].
ZnO Nanorods Growth and the Parametric Survey of Factors Influencing the Morphologies for DSSC Application-Review

Zinc-oxide (ZnO) nanostructures, such as nanorods, are generally viewed as leading studies of keen interest due to their significant application potential in many applied areas, primarily for the improvement of photovoltaic solar cells. The morphologies of nanorods are linked to the seed layer (SL) optimization. As a result, forming a high-quality ZnO thin film prior to the growth of nanorods is critical. The processing parameters used during the synthesis technique can influence the quality of the synthesized samples. This review article focuses on the outcomes of the process variables responsible for better-synthesized ZnO SL for nanorod growth. The effect of various parameters, such as annealing temperature, precursor solution, and ZnO SL thickness, on the morphology characteristics of ZnO nanorods prepared was reviewed. The study examined numerous published works to find the effect of heat treatment, the thickness of the layer, substrate, and precursor concentration on the morphology of the seed layer in the production of ZnO nanorods.
Sill processes related to deep water renewal in a fjord

Observations of the gravitational circulation over the sill at the entrance to Puget Sound indicate a fortnightly modulation of the two-layer flow with a corresponding variation in stratification. Gravitational circulation and stratification reach a maximum during neap tides and a minimum during spring tides. The modulation appears to be a function of the turbulence generation by tidal flow over the sill, which varies as a function of tidal amplitude. The enhanced gravitational circulation during neap tides augments the flux of dense water across the sill region and episodes of bottom water renewal in Puget Sound result. Intrusions of dense water in the main basin of the sound show a fortnightly periodicity with a phase lag appropriate for the propagation of an internal bore from the sill region, commencing at the neap tide. Observations indicate that the intrusions take the form of gravity currents, propagating at approximately 20 cm s−1 down the main basin. The detailed dynamics of the turbulent mixing processes that modulate the onset of inflow were not resolved in this study, but the integrated effect of tidal mixing on the low-frequency circulation is clearly demonstrated.
Lipids in aerosols from the tropical North Pacific: Temporal variability

Lipid components in air masses were sampled during 1979 at Enewetak Atoll as part of the Sea-Air Exchange Program (SEAREX). The investigation was designed to determine the terrestrial and marine sources and to search for atmospheric transformation processes of oceanic aerosols. Four particulate lipid compound classes (aliphatic hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, and salts) all unequivocally show a terrestrial vascular plant source. Their temporal trends correlate well with those of other continental source indicators, such as particulate Al and 210Pb. These particulate lipids originate from wind erosion of Eurasian soil and direct emission from vegetation rather than from biomass burning, anthropogenic sources, or evaporation/condensation processes. A series of apparently marine-derived lower molecular weight alcohols and fatty acid salts and esters are also present. The more typically marine polyunsaturated acids are absent, probably due to their rapid rates of atmospheric degradation. A marine origin for the fatty acid salts <C20 would require marine aerosols to be enriched ca. 300-fold over the levels found in surface seawater samples. Although particulate total organic carbon data imply major influences of atmospheric transformations on the atmospheric particulate material, these effects are not observed in the lipid class compound distributions.
Sources of geomagnetic activity over the solar cycle: Relative importance of coronal mass ejections, high‐speed streams, and slow solar wind

We assess the contribution of various types of solar wind structures (coronal mass ejections (CMEs), high-speed streams, and slow solar wind) to averages of the aa geomagnetic activity index ( ) during the solar cycle. We used solar wind plasma, magnetic field, and energetic particle data to identify the flow types present in the near-Earth solar wind during 1972–1986 (encompassing the decline of solar cycle 20 and all of cycle 21). Corotating high-speed streams contribute ∼ 70% of outside of solar maximum and ∼ 30% at solar maximum (1978–1982). CME-related structures (shocks/postshock flows/ejecta) account for ∼ 50% of at solar maximum and <10% outside of maximum. Slow solar wind contributes ∼ 20% throughout the solar cycle. Our analysis provides insight into the cause of the so-called “Gnevyshev Gap” in geomagnetic activity, characterized by a decrease in near the peak of the sunspot cycle. An example of this phenomenon occurred in 1980 at the maximum of cycle 21 when registered a value lower than that observed at the preceding solar minimum. We attribute the 1980 depression in to a temporary reduction in average solar wind speed, evident in both CME and corotating stream related components, and a reduction in mean magnetic fields in all types of solar wind structure. This involvement of all solar wind structures is indicative of a global solar phenomenon, apparently related to an observed depression in the solar open magnetic flux at the time of solar magnetic field polarity reversal. Both CMEs and streams contribute to geomagnetic activity on either side of this minimum. Thus, at least for cycle 21, the Gnevyshev Gap does not reflect a transition between a period of enhanced geomagnetic activity levels due to CMEs just prior to solar maximum and a second enhancement, due to corotating streams, during the descending phase. Beyond the post Gnevyshev Gap peak, high-speed streams will eventually dominate geomagnetic activity on the decline of the cycle and may, on occasion (as in solar cycle 20), produce a late peak in average geomagnetic activity with relatively little contribution from CMEs.
Convection-Driven Melting near the Grounding Lines of Ice Shelves and Tidewater Glaciers

Subglacial meltwater draining along the bed of fast-flowing, marine-terminating glaciers emerges at the groundingline,wheretheiceeithergoesafloattoformaniceshelforterminates inacalvingface.Theinputof freshwater to the ocean provides a source of buoyancy and drives convective motion alongside the ice‐ocean interface. This process is modeled using the theory of buoyant plumes that has previously been applied to the study of the larger-scale circulation beneath ice shelves. The plume grows through entrainment of ocean waters, and the heat brought into the plume as a result drives melting at the ice‐ocean interface. The equations are nondimensionalized by using scales appropriate for the region where the subglacial drainage, rather than the subsequent addition of meltwater, supplies the majority of the buoyancy forcing. It is found that the melt rate within this region can be approximated reasonably well by a function that is linear in ocean temperature, has a cube root dependence on the flux of subglacial meltwater, and has a complex dependency on the slope of the ice‐ocean interface. The model is used to investigate variability in melting induced by changes in both ocean temperature and subglacial discharge for a number of realistic examples of ice shelves and tidewater glaciers. The results show how warming ocean waters and increasing subglacial drainage both generate increases in melting near the grounding line.
Soundsource Localization and Tracking System of Intruder for Intelligent Surveillance System

In the place that its security is crucial, the necessity of system which can tract and recognize random person is getting more important. In this paper, we`d like to develop the invader tracking system which consists of the sound source tracking-sensor and the pan-tilt camera for wide-area guard. After detecting the direction of any sound with the sound source tracking-sensor at first, our system make move the pan-tilt camera to that direction and extract reference image from that camera. This reference image is compared and updated by the next captured image after some interval time. By keeping on it over again, we can realize the guard system which can tract an invader using the difference image and the result of another image processing. By linking home network security system, the suggested system can provide some interfacing functions for the security service of the public facilities as well as that of home.
Salinity records for the 1997–98 El Niño from Western Pacific corals

Seasonal sea surface salinity (SSS) records can be of great value in reconstructing El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability in the equatorial Western and Central Pacific, a region where ENSO‐related evaporation and precipitation (E‐P) changes are dramatic. The δ18O values of coral skeleton (δ18Ocoral) reflect seawater δ18O (δ18Oseawater) changes, which in tropical oceans are also generally influenced by E‐P changes. Therefore, δ18Ocoral is a good indicator of rainfall and ENSO variability. We present biweekly data from Palau, in the northern part of the Western Pacific Warm Pool, for the period 1998–2000, which indicate a strong quantitative relationship between δ18Ocoral, sea surface temperature, δ18Oseawater and SSS. The coral skeletal δ18O values documented the SSS changes after the 1997–98 El Niño; therefore, δ18Ocoral can be used to estimate paleosalinity changes. However, the slope of the δ18Oseawater ‐ SSS relationship cannot be assumed to be constant throughout the tropics, making site‐specific calibrations is essential.