Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelin Sheath Formation are Regulated by the Antagonistic Interaction between the Rag-Ragulator Complex and TFEB

Myelination by oligodendrocytes is critical for fast axonal conduction and for the support and survival of neurons in the central nervous system. Recent studies have emphasized that myelination is plastic and that new myelin is formed throughout life. Nonetheless, the mechanisms that regulate the number, length, and location of myelin sheaths formed by individual oligodendrocytes are incompletely understood. Previous work showed that lysosomal transcription factor TFEB represses myelination by oligodendrocytes and that the RagA GTPase inhibits TFEB, but the step or steps of myelination in which TFEB plays a role have remained unclear. Here, we show that TFEB regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and also controls the number and length of myelin sheaths formed by individual oligodendrocytes. In the dorsal spinal cord of tfeb mutants, individual oligodendrocytes produce fewer myelin sheaths, and these sheaths are longer than those produced by wildtype cells. Transmission electron microscopy shows that there are more myelinated axons in the dorsal spinal cord of tfeb mutants than in wildtype animals, but no significant change in axon diameter. In contrast to tfeb mutants, oligodendrocytes in rraga mutants produce shorter myelin sheaths. The sheath length in rraga; tfeb double mutants is not significantly different from wildtype, consistent with the antagonistic interaction between RagA and TFEB. Finally, we find that the GTPase activating protein Flcn and the RagCa and RagCb GTPases are also necessary for myelination by oligodendrocytes. These findings demonstrate that TFEB coordinates myelin sheath length and number during myelin formation in the central nervous system. Graphical Abstract
Small Molecule in situ Resin Capture – A Compound First Approach to Natural Product Discovery

Microbial natural products remain an important resource for drug discovery. Yet, commonly employed discovery techniques are plagued by the rediscovery of known compounds, the relatively few microbes that can be cultured, and laboratory growth conditions that do not elicit biosynthetic gene expression among myriad other challenges. Here we introduce a culture independent approach to natural product discovery that we call the Small Molecule In situ Resin Capture (SMIRC) technique. SMIRC exploits in situ environmental conditions to elicit compound production and represents a new approach to access poorly explored chemical space by capturing natural products directly from the environments in which they are produced. In contrast to traditional methods, this compound-first approach can capture structurally complex small molecules across all domains of life in a single deployment while relying on Nature to provide the complex and poorly understood environmental cues needed to elicit biosynthetic gene expression. We illustrate the effectiveness of SMIRC in marine habitats with the discovery of numerous new compounds and demonstrate that sufficient compound yields can be obtained for NMR-based structure assignment. Two new compound classes are reported including one novel carbon skeleton that possesses a functional group not previously observed among natural products and a second that possesses potent biological activity. We introduce expanded deployments, in situ cultivation, and metagenomics as methods to facilitate compound discovery, enhance yields, and link compounds to producing organisms. This compound first approach can provide unprecedented access to new natural product chemotypes with broad implications for drug discovery. Significance Statement Pharmaceutically relevant microbial natural products have traditionally been discovered using a ‘microbe-first’ approach in which bioassays are used to guide the isolation of active compounds from crude culture extracts. While once productive, it is now widely recognized that this approach fails to access the vast chemical space predicted from microbial genomes. Here, we report a new approach to natural product discovery in which compounds are captured directly from the environments in which they are produced. We demonstrate the applications of this technique with the isolation and identification of both known and new compounds including several that possess new carbon skeletons and one with promising biological activity.
Impact of Assimilation of GPS Radio Occultation Refractivity on the Forecast of Typhoon Usagi in 2007

The purpose of this study is to improve the initial ﬁeld accuracy for the simulation of tropical cyclones (TCs) in their initial and developing stages through mesoscale data assimilation with Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) soundings. The mesoscale 4-dimension variational data assimilation (Meso 4D-Var) system of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), modiﬁed for low latitudes, is used to investigate Typhoon Usagi in July 2007. The performance of the Meso 4D-Var system and the impact of the GPS RO refractivity are compared against the JMA’s global analysis by conducting forecasts using the JMA non-hydrostatic model. When the JMA global analysis is used for the initial ﬁeld, no typhoon is formed in the forecast model. In contrast, when the global analysis is replaced by the Meso 4D-Var analysis, the generation of the TC is successfully simulated. With GPS refractivity assimilated, the intensity forecast is signiﬁcantly improved. The results indicate that the mesoscale data assimilation system performs well in low latitudes and that GPS RO data, which have high accuracy and considerably robust characteristics, are beneﬁcial for the TC forecast. It is expected that the operational use of the assimilation system with GPS RO will contribute to the mitigation of meteorological disasters in low-latitude regions.
Electrostatic image method for the interaction of two dielectric spheres

Static image theory for a homogeneous dielectric sphere was recently formulated by on the authors to account for the reaction of the sphere to the field from any electrostatic charge distribution. The theory is applied here in the analysis of the interaction of two dielectric spheres to find their reaction to external sources. Integral equations for the line image charges are formulated in the general case and a method for their solution is given in the limiting case of two conducting spheres. A simple, approximate dipole solution for the case of weak interaction between the spheres is also discussed. The theory has a potential application in analyzing interactions of closely packed spherical particles suspended in a host medium, in terms of one-dimensional integral equations.
The abundances of the elements in the solar photosphere – VIII. Revised abundances of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen

All accessible atomic and molecular signatures of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are integrated in this comprehensive updating of an earlier paper in this series (Lambert 1968). The reasons for presenting another CNO abundance study are stated briefly in this Introduction. External interest in accurate CNO abundances remains high: the solar abundances are a primary source for the entry in cosmic abundance tables (cf. Cameron 1973); depletion of these elements in the interstellar gas is measured with reference to the solar abundance in the absence of reliable abundances from younger objects (OB stars, H 11 regions); accurate photospheric abundances are required for an assessment of interesting diffusion effects in the corona and solar wind for wh ich accurate abundances are becoming available. Significant progress on the thorny problem of fvalues for atomic and molecular lines has been reported in recent years. Highlights include exciting new experimental results on forbidden lines, the application of pulsed dye lasers and the introduction of the high-frequency deflection technique for the precise measurement of radiative lifetimes for individual rotational states. Although the progress since the 1968 paper has been dramatic, lacunae exist and a subsidiary purpose of thispaper is to spotlight the critical gaps. Little attention in recent years appears to have been directed at the N and 0 abundances. The C abundance has been the focus of several new analyses. In recent papers (Mount & Unsky 1975a and references therein), a suggestion is promoted that the C abundance should be reduced by about 0.2 dex from the 1968 value. The present discussion of the prime abundance sources shows that this correction factor is incorrect; the new abundance is 0.12 dex higher than in 1968.
The entropy of a confined polymer. I

A study is made of the entropy of a random-flight polymer confined in a box of volume V. When the natural radius of the polymer approaches the linear size of the box, the entropy ceases to have the normal form of a thermodynamic function and the pressure is not a function of the density but takes the form PV= pi 2/3(Ll/R2) kappa T where L is the polymer length, l the step length and R equals V, and the density of the system even though strictly in equilibrium is not uniform. The introduction of constraints due to forces, cross linkages and very long-lived quasi-invariants restores the equation of state to a thermodynamic form P=P( rho ) where rho =L/Vl.
The Development and Evolution of an Introductory Statistics Course for In-Service Middle-Level Mathematics Teachers

The statistical preparation of in-service teachers, particularly middle school teachers, has been an area of concern for several years. This paper discusses the creation and delivery of an introductory statistics course as part of a master's degree program for in-service mathematics teachers. The initial course development took place before the advent of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) and the Mathematics Education of Teachers (MET II) Reports, and even before the GAISE Pre-K-12 Report. Since then, even with the recommendations of MET II and the wide-spread implementation of the CCSSM, the guidance available to faculty wishing to develop a statistics course for professional development of inservice teachers remains scarce. We give an overview of the master's degree program and discuss aspects of the course, including the goals for the course, course planning and development, the instructional team, course delivery and modifications, and lessons learned through five offerings. With this paper, we share our experiences developing such a course, the evolution of the course over multiple iterations, and what we have learned about its value to the middle-level teachers who have participated. As more and more universities are being asked to develop courses specifically for in-service teachers, we wrote this article in the hopes of providing guidance to others, and to share our lessons learned.
Lagrangian chaos in confined two-dimensional oscillatory convection

Abstract The chaotic advection of passive tracers in a two-dimensional confined convection flow is addressed numerically near the onset of the oscillatory regime. We investigate here a differentially heated cavity with aspect ratio 2 and Prandtl number 0.71 for Rayleigh numbers around the first Hopf bifurcation. A scattering approach reveals different zones depending on whether the statistics of return times exhibit exponential or algebraic decay. Melnikov functions are computed and predict the appearance of the main mixing regions via the break-up of the homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits. The non-hyperbolic regions are characterised by a larger number of Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) tori. Based on the numerical extraction of many unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) and their stable/unstable manifolds, we suggest a coarse-graining procedure to estimate numerically the spatial fraction of chaos inside the cavity as a function of the Rayleigh number. Mixing is almost complete before the first transition to quasi-periodicity takes place. The algebraic mixing rate is estimated for tracers released from a localised source near the hot wall.
Optimized shaped pupil masks for pupil with obscuration

The main components of the SPICA coronagraphic instrument have initially been bar-code apodizing masks, i.e. shaped pupils optimized in one dimension. Their free-standing designs make them manufacturable without a glass substrate, which implies an absolute achromaticity and no additional wavefront errors. However, shaped pupils can now be optimized in two dimensions and can thus take full advantage of the geometry of any arbitrary aperture, in particular obstructed apertures such as SPICA's. Hence, 2D shaped pupils often have higher throughputs while offering the same angular resolutions and contrast. Alternatively, better resolutions or contrast can be obtained for the same throughput. Although some of these new masks are free-standing, this property cannot be constrained if the optimization problem has to remain convex linear. We propose to address this issue in different ways, and we present here examples of freestanding masks for a variety of contrasts, and inner working angles. Moreover, in all other coronagraphic instruments, contrast smaller than 10-5 can only be obtained if a dedicated adaptive optics system uses one or several deformable mirrors to compensate for wavefront aberrations. The finite number of actuators sets the size of the angular area in which quasi-static speckles can be corrected. This puts a natural limit on the outer working angle for which the shaped pupils are designed. The limited number of actuators is also responsible for an additional diffracted energy, or quilting orders, that can prevent faint companions to be detected. This effect can and must be taken into account in the optimization process. Finally, shaped pupils can be computed for a given nominal phase aberration pattern in the pupil plane, although the solutions depend in this case on the observation wavelength. We illustrate this possibility by optimizing an apodizer for the James Webb space telescope, and by testing its chromaticity and its robustness to phase changes.
Sintering and microstructure of ice: a review

Sintering of ice is driven by the thermodynamic requirement to decrease surface energy. The structural morphology of ice in nature has many forms—from snowflakes to glaciers. These forms and their evolution depend critically on the balance between the thermodynamic and kinetic factors involved. Ice is a crystalline material so scientific understanding and approaches from more conventional materials can be applied to ice. The early models of solid state ice sintering are based on power law models originally developed in metallurgy. For pressure sintering of ice, these are based on work on hot isostatic pressing of metals and ceramics. Recent advances in recognizing the grain boundary groove geometry between sintering ice particles require models that use new approaches in materials science. The newer models of sintering in materials science are beginning to incorporate more realistic processing conditions and microstructural complexity, and so there is much to be gained from applying these to ice in the future. The vapour pressure of ice is high, which causes it to sublime readily. The main mechanism for isothermal sintering of ice particles is by vapour diffusion; however other transport mechanisms certainly contribute. Plastic deformation with power law creep combined with recrystallization become important mechanisms in sintering with external pressure. Modern experimental techniques, low temperature scanning electron microscopy and x-ray tomography, are providing new insights into the evolution of microstructures in ice. Sintering in the presence of a small volume fraction of the liquid phase causes much higher bond growth rates. This may be important in natural snow which contains impurities that form a liquid phase. Knowledge of ice microstructure and sintering is beneficial in understanding mechanical behaviour in ice friction and the stability of snow slopes prone to avalanches.
Distribution of refractory and volatile elements in CoRoT planet host stars

Abstract We report on preliminary results of spectroscopic determination of the atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances of the parent stars of the recently discovered transiting planets CoRoT-2b and CoRoT-4b. We found a flat distribution of the relative abundances as a function of their condensation temperatures. Also, we introduce a new methodology to investigate a relation between the abundances of these stars and the internal migration of their planets.
Determination of a set of electron impact cross sections in tetrafluoromethane consistent with experimental determination of swarm parameters

A set of electron‐molecule cross sections in CF4 has been derived using the solution of the Boltzmann equation under the hydrodynamic regime. The set is evaluated by fitting the calculated swarm parameters to the experimental data. The obtained set is consistent with measured swarm parameters (drift velocity, transversal diffusion coefficient, ionization, and attachment coefficients), not only in pure gas but also in argon–CF4 mixtures as well with the data available. Information about cross sections (form and magnitude) coming from direct determination has also been respected, even though it is scarce. In mixtures, the electron swarm parameters drastically change even when a small amount of CF4 is added, showing a negative differential conductivity in the drift velocity. This phenomenon is studied in detail. Furthermore, the introduction of the superelastic collisions in the calculations is also justified. In the gas under study, due to the importance of the vibrational cross sections at low energy, the .
Rapid dynamic processes in Ap star atmospheres

Long-term observations with short exposures in 1999-2001 allowed us to reveal the rapid variation in light velocities and equivalent widths of various spectral lines in the spectra of Ap stars χ Psc and γ Equ with pulsation periods 17 min and 12 min respectively. To determine the pulsation periods more precisely, a frequency analysis has been applied. Our observations show that, apart from the variability related to an axial rotation of the star, two more types of variability in an observable group of stars have been detected: firstly, short-term oscillations with 12-17 min periods; secondly, a relatively slow variability with 1.5-2.5 h characteristic times. The short-term spectrum variability is shown to be observed for all programmed stars, but only χ Psc and γ Equ spectra variations are periodic. The second, a slower type of spectrum variability (1.5-3 h), is also reliably observed for χ Psc and γ Equ stars. According to the observed spectral characteristics, the star θ Aur may be referred to a subgrou.
Fashion industry: exploring the stages of digitalization, innovative potential and prospects of transformation into an environmentally sustainable ecosystem

The study analyzes the stages and prospects of development the digital fashion industry, taking into account the growing raw material and environmental problems. In the course of analysis change the model of its functioning from linear to cyclic, multidisciplinary problems have been identified that it is advisable to solve based on an ecosystem common digital platform. To identify the essence, stages and role of digitalization in the fashion industry transformation, a content analysis of the digital design tools evolution was carried out, the results of which were compared with a historiographical analysis of fashion industry transformation of a post-industrial society. As a result, it was found that the readiness of the fashion industry for transformation depends from the stage of digitalization, from the innovative ecological fashion design development and from the presence of motivated coherence actions among all fashion market subjects, as well as from the formation for them a new style of using clothes. In the course of the study, the structure of digital fashion industry innovative potential was determined as a part of the factors of art-aesthetic, technological, sociocultural, economic, environmental and administrative nature. An approach to managing of the digital fashion industry transformation processes was proposed, based on the balance regulation between processes by redistributing the system total resources to eliminate the "bottleneck" and support the "weak element". Based on the formulated approach, a model of the strategy was proposed for managing the transformation of the fashion industry. The model is based on the decomposition of the main influence factors into relatively independent components, the regrouping of components based on the same nature with the regulation of the balance between these groups by redistributing common resources. The model is based on the decomposition of the main influence factors into relatively independent components, the regrouping of components based on the same nature with the regulation of the balance between these groups by redistributing common resources
Immunohistochemical neuroinflammatory markers in the hippocampus of PTZ-kindled rats under conditions of rapamycin and axitinib treatment

The aim of the study is to determine the level of HIF-1α, TNF-α, and NF-kB in the hippocampus of kindled rats treated with rapamycin and axitinib. Materials and methods. Kindling was produced in 29 rats by administration of three-week pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 35.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Treatment with rapamycin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and axitinib (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was performed for ten days in fully kindled rats. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used for hippocampal slice staining. For negative control, staining was performed using only secondary antibodies. Results. The HIF-1α expression increased in kindled rats raised by 1.77 times compared to the control (p<0.001). Axitinib treatment resulted in of HIF-1α level of 16.7 % (p<0.05) compared with kindled animals, while combined treatment with rapamycin and axitinib reduced HIF-1α by 33.8 % (p<0.01). In kindled rats, TNF-α expression was 3.74 times greater than in control (p<0.001). Rapamycin treatment reduced TNF-α by 31.0 % (p<0.01). Axitinib treatment caused a reduction of TNF-α by 21.1 % (p<0.05). Combined treatment with rapamycin and axitinib reduced TNF-α by 48.0 % (p<0.001) but still exceeded the TNF-α in control by 1.95 times (p<0.01). NF-kB level in kindled rats exceeded the control by three times (p<0.001). Rapamycin caused a reduction of 19.3 % (p>0.05), while axitinib – by 26.5 % (p<0.05) compared with kindled rats. Combined treatment with rapamycin and axitinib resulted in NF-kB reduction by 56.7 % compared with kindled rats (p<0.001). Conclusions. PTZ-kindling resulted in an increase in the immunoreactivity of HIF-1α, TNF-α, and NF-kB in the hippocampus. Combined treatment with rapamycin and axitinib engendered prevention of generalized seizures and normalized the level of HIF-1α and NF-kB with a significant reduction of TNF-α. Effects of treatment favours of synergy action of rapamycin and axitinib