Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent application of infrared thermography in work-related musculoskeletal disorders

The burden of work-related musculoskeletal disorders is an important problem in the occupational setting. New techniques to quantify the exposure to risk factors are important to understand possible pathophysiological mechanisms that may lead to the development of these disorders. Existing methods have known limitations and new approaches are required. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders have been associated with blood flow impairments. Skin temperature is influenced by blood flow and might be an interesting parameter in their management. Thermography is a simple way to record skin temperature and produces a thermal map of the evaluated body part. A literature review was conducted in order to analyze the recent applications of thermal imaging in the management of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. (Barrero et al., 2009). Wind et al. (2005) in a systematic review identified 13 questionnaires and 14 functional tests and concluded that only three questionnaires showed high levels of validity and reliability and that none of the functional tests had high level of validity and reliability. Observational methods may be useful but differences were found while using different observational methods on the same target (Takala et al., 2010). WRMD have a high impact in either individuals and society, the burden associated has been extensively discussed in the literature. The need for research in new technologies that allow a better understanding of these disorders and objective outcomes is crucial to reduce the impact of WRMD. 2 INFRARED THERMAL IMAGING Temperature is a physiological health status indicator as the presence of pathology may affect local thermal balance, increasing or decreasing skin temperature through blood flow regulation. This principle supports the use of thermography, a measurement tool applied to images of temperature distribution of the skin that is simple, non-invasive,
Omics: Opening up the “Black Box” of the Phenotype

From the time that is believed agriculture began, in approximately 10 000 BC, people have consciously or instinctively selected plants with improved characteristics for cultivation of subsequent generations. However, there is disagreement as to when plant breeding became a science. Plant breeding became a science only after the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws in 1900. However some scientists disagree with this view. It was only in the late 19th century that the monk Gregor Mendel, working in Brno, Czech Republic, uncovered the secrets of heredity, thus giving rise to genetics, the fundamental science of plant breeding. Scientists added a few more pieces to the puzzle that was becoming this new science in the first half of the 20th century by concluding that something inside the cells was responsible for heredity. This hypothesis generated answers and thus consequent new hypotheses, leading to the continuing accumulation of knowledge and progress in the field. For example, the double helix structure of DNA was elucidated in 1953 (Table 1.1). Twenty years later, in 1973, the first experience with genetic engineering opened the doors of molecular biology to scientists. The first transgenic plant, in which a bacterial gene was inserted stably into a plant genome, was produced in 1983. Based on these advances, futuristic predictions about the contribution of biotechnology were published in the media, both by laypeople and scientists themselves, creating great expectations for its applications. Euphoria was the tone of the scientific community. Many companies, both large and small, were created, encouraged by the prevailing enthusiasm of the time (Borém and Miranda, 2013). Many earlier predictions have now become reality (Table 1.1), leading to the consensus that each year the benefits of biotechnology will have a greater impact on breeding programs. Consequently, new companies
Evidence for the Existence of a Terminal Nerve in Lampreys and in Birds a

Since its original description in fish’” a terminal nerve (Nervus terminali~)~. ’ has been demonstrated in all vertebrate classes, except cyclostomes and birds. In the former it seems to be missing,”13 whereas for the latter vertebrate class the existing evidence is controversial. As convincing data have not been available, some authors conclude that a terminalis system is not present in birds. Others discuss the possible presence of an “abortive” terminal n e r ~ e ? ’ ~ . ’ ~ . ” Considering the multitude of species of birds, which in many cases are very specialized with regard to behavioral adaptations and habitats, it appears likely that their cerebral neuronal connections also vary considerably. The species investigated thus far have been too few to draw any conclusion from these studies as to whether or not a terminalis system is lacking in avians. It was AyersI6 who, in 1919, intuitively concluded that a terminal nerve would eventually be found in all vertebrate classes. Using modem tract-tracing methods the present study demonstrates the existence of a terminal nerve in lampreys and ducks and thus provides the previously missing evidence for the validity of Ayers’s early intuitions.
The Heavy Metal-Binding Peptides of Plants

INTRODUCTION . 553 Nomenclature . 554 BACKGROUND . 555 PHYTOCHELATINS: PRIMARY SEQUENCE . 556 OCCURRENCE. 557 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSAY OF PHYTOCHELA TINS . 557 METAL ION SPECIFICITY AND PHYTOCHELATIN INDUCTION . 558 BIOSyNTHESIS . 560 TURNOVER . 563 COMPARTMENTALIZATION . 564 THE STRUCTURE OF PHYTOCHELATIN COMPLEXES WITH METALS 565 Metal Binding . 565 Ligands . 565 Significance of Peptide Heterogeneity . 565 Molecular Weight of Binding Complexes . 566 Labile Sulfide . ,. 566 Labile Sulfite. 567 ROLE OF PHYTOCHELATINS IN METAL-TOLERANT PLANTS AND CELLS. 570 CONCLUSIONS. 57 1
Use of Castor Bean Meal, Biodiesel Industry Coproduct, in A Lamb Production System Using Creep-Feeding in Brazil

Simple Summary Economically, feed costs are the most expensive variable in the ruminant industry. Therefore, finding an alternative feed resource to decrease these costs is necessary. Castor bean is an oilseed used in the growing biodiesel industry from which the castor bean meal is obtained; however, the ricin content of the castor bean meal may cause animal poisoning. Thus, it is necessary to detoxify the castor bean meal before using it in animal feed. A creep-feeding method is a supplement to the actual alimentation of young animals and as a complement; its economic value must be lower. This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal on intake, digestibility, body weight gain, and creep-feeding method effectiveness using castor bean meal in lambs. It was found that replacing soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal does not compromise the development of animals, while the use of creep feeding positively affects their development. The soybean meal can be replaced by detoxified castor bean meal in a creep-feeding method for lambs. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, body weight gain, carcass yield, physiological and urinary parameters, and creep-feeding method effectiveness. For this trial, 43 male lambs were used, Dorper × Santa Inês, with an average initial body weight of 7.95 kg, 15 days old. Lambs were distributed in a randomized block design. Five experimental diets were provided: Without supplementation, with supplementation but without the use of castor bean meal, and with gradual levels of replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal (33%, 67%, and 100%). Higher values of DMI and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05) were observed for animals that received supplements. The milk intake did not differ among the diets. The DMD showed a linear effect, while NDFD had a quadratic effect, depending on castor bean meal inclusion. The carcass yield did not differ between experimental diets. There was no significant effect on the urinary volume and metabolites investigated. In conclusion, the replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal does not compromise animals’ development. Besides, the creep-feeding method positively affects lamb development, with higher body weight gain for supplemented animals.
Is active targeting of brain metastases of breast cancer superior to passive targeting?

Brain metastasis is a major cause of death in patients with solid cancers. Breast cancer cells have high tendency to migrate towards brain. Cancer cells within brain are characterized by severe aggressiveness and inaccessibility. Currently, breast cancer and its metastasis are the second leading cause of death among women. Tumor microenvironment and blood brain barrier (BBB) represent great obstacles in targeting breast cancer and its metastasis. Chemotherapy is a safer treatment modality for brain metastasis compared with risky surgical resection and brain radiotherapy. Unfortunately, conventional chemotherapy lack penetration of BBB and suffer from multiple resistance mechanisms. Current treatment technologies for brain metastases of breast cancer have limited long-term success and numerous side effects, illustrating the urgent need for novel smart strategies. Various novel drug entities and nanosystems have been employed to improve diagnosis and targeted treatment of breast cancer and its metastasis. Immunotherapy agents and small tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been shown to reduce tumor size and increase survival in patients with breast cancer, but still poorly penetrate BBB. Tailored sized nanoparticles to some extent crossed brain tumor barrier and enhanced drug accumulation in tumors by taking advantage of enhanced permeability and retention. Furthermore, various active targeting strategies have been adopted to improve accessibility to brain malignancies. Therefore, to achieve enhanced antitumor therapy against breast cancer and its brain metastasis, multi-talented delivery systems are urgently needed for optimal treatment. This review focuses on the various active and passive targeting technologies for the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases in the past decade. A comprehensive summary and examples along with pros and cons of each system will be discussed. Different treatment modalities and nanotechnology facilities will be demonstrated to aid in designing the optimal smart, safe, targeted and effective systems to combat brain metastases of breast cancer.
Low Frequency L\'evy Copula Estimation

Let $X$ be a $d$-dimensional L\'evy process with L\'evy triplet $(\Sigma,\nu,\alpha)$ and $d\geq 2$. Given the low frequency observations $(X_t)_{t=1,\ldots,n}$, the dependence structure of the jumps of $X$ is estimated. The L\'evy measure $\nu$ describes the average jump behavior in a time unit. Thus, the aim is to estimate the dependence structure of $\nu$ by estimating the L\'evy copula $\mathfrak{C}$ of $\nu$, cf. Kallsen and Tankov \cite{KalTan}. We use the low frequency techniques presented in a one dimensional setting in Neumann and Rei{\ss} \cite{NeuRei} and Nickl and Rei{\ss} \cite{NicRei} to construct a L\'evy copula estimator $\widehat{\mathfrak{C}}_n$ based on the above $n$ observations. In doing so we prove $$\widehat{\mathfrak{C}}_n\to \mathfrak{C},\quad n\to\infty$$ uniformly on compact sets bounded away from zero with the convergence rate $\sqrt{\log n}$. This convergence holds under quite general assumptions, which also include L\'evy triplets with $\Sigma\neq 0$ and $\nu$ of arbitrary Blumenthal-Getoor index $0\leq\beta\leq 2$. Note that in a low frequency observation scheme, it is statistically difficult to distinguish between infinitely many small jumps and a Brownian motion part. Hence, the rather slow convergence rate $\sqrt{\log n}$ is not surprising. In the complementary case of a compound Poisson process (CPP), an estimator $\widehat{C}_n$ for the copula $C$ of the jump distribution of the CPP is constructed under the same observation scheme. This copula $C$ is the analogue to the L\'evy copula $\mathfrak{C}$ in the finite jump activity case, i.e. the CPP case. Here we establish $$\widehat{C}_n \to C,\quad n\to\infty$$ with the convergence rate $\sqrt{n}$ uniformly on compact sets bounded away from zero. Both convergence rates are optimal in the sense of Neumann and Rei{\ss}.
Infertility caused by an association between Arg72Pro polymorphism of the p53 gene andGlu298Asp of the eNOS gene in patients with endometriosis

Endometriosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue and affects millions of women worldwide. The disease leads to various symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain and infertility and does not yet have a well-defined etiology. The pathology is similar to cancer, since endometrial cells are highly proliferative, invade tissues and may be associated with tumor suppressor genes, including p53. Genetic polymorphisms are responsible for phenotypic variations in the population and the development of endometriosis is due to a combination of multiple genes and environmental factors. The Arg72Pro polymorphism of the p53 gene alters the amino acid 72 from arginine to proline and studies indicate that there is a considerable increase in the risk of cancer in patients with this polymorphism, because the protein becomes more susceptible to degradation. The eNOS gene participates in angiogenesis, a necessary factor for endometrial cells to survive outside the uterus and has increased expression in patients with endometriosis during the menstrual cycle. The Glu298Asp eNOS polymorphism is due to a point mutation of glutamate to aspartate, which can generate changes in its enzymatic activity. Aspartate generates protein products with different susceptibility to cleavage, functionally affecting the protein. We detected the Arg72Pro polymorphism of p53 and the Glu298Asp polymorphism of eNOS and estimated their prevalence in fertile and infertile patients diagnosed with endometriosis. The techniques used were conventional PCR and ARMS-PCR. Patients with Pro or Asp polymorphic alleles were found to be more susceptible to the development of endometriosis, and an association of these two polymorphisms is directly linked to infertility. The target genes p53 and eNOS can be used as molecular markers for endometriosis diagnosis, guiding prognosis and treatment, and may contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of endometriosis.
Evolution and demise of passive margins through grain mixing and damage

Significance Subduction of sea floor into the Earth’s mantle is the engine of plate tectonics. Yet, how subduction initiates remains a mystery. Subduction often occurs along trenches at the ocean–continent margin, which implies they formed there, when the margin was once immobile or passive, but then collapsed. Margin collapse occurs when near-surface mantle, the lithosphere, gets cold and heavy and founders. That cold lithosphere, however, should be too stiff to sink. Grain damage in mantle rocks, whereby mineral grains under stress diminish in size, weakens the lithosphere and mostly occurs where minerals mix with each other. Horizontal compressive stresses in a passive margin induce mixing and damage and generate weak bands in the lithosphere that facilitate subduction initiation. How subduction—the sinking of cold lithospheric plates into the mantle—is initiated is one of the key mysteries in understanding why Earth has plate tectonics. One of the favored locations for subduction triggering is at passive margins, where sea floor abuts continental margins. Such passive margin collapse is problematic because the strength of the old, cold ocean lithosphere should prohibit it from bending under its own weight and sinking into the mantle. Some means of mechanical weakening of the passive margin are therefore necessary. Spontaneous and accumulated grain damage can allow for considerable lithospheric weakening and facilitate passive margin collapse. Grain damage is enhanced where mixing between mineral phases in lithospheric rocks occurs. Such mixing is driven both by compositional gradients associated with petrological heterogeneity and by the state of stress in the lithosphere. With lateral compressive stress imposed by ridge push in an opening ocean basin, bands of mixing and weakening can develop, become vertically oriented, and occupy a large portion of lithosphere after about 100 million y. These bands lead to anisotropic viscosity in the lithosphere that is strong to lateral forcing but weak to bending and sinking, thereby greatly facilitating passive margin collapse.
Proposal of a Method for Obstacle Detection by the Use of Camera and Line Laser

In recent years, the demand for unmanned transfer robots is increasing. However, most unmanned transfer robots run on a predetermined route. It cannot easily change its route. There is a possibility of collision if there is a package in the route. The technique of obstacle detection is important to avoid collision with obstacles. Currently, as an obstacle detection sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, PSD sensor camera are often used. However, these sensors have some disadvantages. As for ultrasonic sensor, an error occurs is caused by noise, and it cannot measure in a wide range. PSD sensors also cannot be used in a wide range. In addition, it malfunctions due to irregular reflection from the floor. In the case of a camera, it is necessary to sequentially update the background image. We cannot detect distance to the object by camera. In order to solve the above problems, this study proposes a method for obstacle detection using a line laser and a camera. With this method, an obstacle is detected in a wide range. It is possible to measure the size of and the distance to obstacle. In addition, it has the following features compared with the conventional methods. (1) Processing is simpler than camera processing. (2) It is not affected by variations in illumination and sound noise. (3) As the work before a robot starts, only setting the irradiation angle of laser and the distance between laser and robot. Therefore, the preliminary work can be remarkably reduced.
Cost Threshold Approach of Network Association in 5G Non-Standalone System

—5G as the latest generation of wireless communication has been an interesting research topic, with a promise to provide a higher data rate and lower latency to user. 5G uses mmWave band to transmit and receive data. Thus, 5G transmission band resides in different band compared to LTE Macrocell. The mmWave has been utilized due to its ability to provide larger bandwidth to user. In spite of the merit, mmWave also brings challenges. The cell range of mmWave is smaller than previous 3G/4G macro cell. Furthermore, the mmWave channels may not reliable, thus it would be preferable to have microwave band as a carrier used to send important control signaling to user. In this case, it should be connected to two network, the main and the secondary network for a user to have a reliable connection. In 3GPP specification, this concept is known as dual connectivity. In this paper, a method based on threshold value for initiating dual connectivity to 5G BS, with LTE BS as the master node and 5G BS as a secondary node has been proposed. The method considered throughput requirement of user, distance to 5G BS and macrocell as criteria for the input parameters to make decision. The algorithm designed to be simple since it will run on the user terminal. Our analysis showed that the proposed method reflects MS distance to 5G AP and load of both LTE Macrocell and 5G AP, in term of cost calculation; thus, it can reduce unnecessary overhead, while at the same time provide user with a required throughput.
Improving Automated Assessment and Feedback for Student Open-responses in Mathematics

Advancements in online learning platforms have revolutionized education in multiple different ways, transforming the learning experiences and instructional practices. The development of natural language processing and machine learning methods have helped understand and process student languages, comprehend their learning state, and build automated supports for teachers. With this, there has been a growing body of research in developing automated meth-ods to assess students’ work both in mathematical and non-mathematical domains. These automated methods address questions of two categories; closed-ended (with limited correct answers) and open-ended (are often subjective and have multiple correct answers), where open-ended questions are mostly used by teachers to learn about their student’s understanding of a particular concept. Manually assessing and providing feedback to these open-ended questions is often arduous and time-consuming for teachers. For this reason, there have been several works to understand student responses to these open-ended questions to automate the assessment and provide constructive feedback to students. In this research, we seek to improve such a prior method for assessment and feedback suggestions for student open-ended works in mathematics. For this, we present an error analysis of the prior method ”SBERT-Canberra” for auto-scoring, explore various factors that contribute to the error of the method, and propose solutions to improve upon the method by addressing these error factors. We further intend to expand this approach by improving feedback suggestions for teachers to give to their students’ open-ended work.
Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 PH and PTB Domains are Both Involved in Plasma Membrane Targeting

IRS-1, we individually mutated sites in these domains which are predicted to reduce their affinity for phosphoinositides. investigate the subcellular localization of IRS-1 both before and after incubation with insulin. To this end, we utilized both GFP fusion proteins and immunofluorescence microscopy. The use of GFP fusions is advantageous, because detection is independent of antibody specificity. However, in the case of the full length IRS-1-GFP fusion protein, the presence of the GFP domain resulted in non-physiological targeting to inclusion bodies. We mapped plasma membrane targeting regions by studying both isolated PH and PTB domains and by mutational analysis of phosphoinositide binding sites within these domains. While isolated domains provide an opportunity to study a specific region, this reductionist approach ignores complex interactions that may occur between distinct domains in the full length IRS-1 protein. Futhermore, it is possible that a targeting motif might be composed by non-contiguous amino acid residues dispersed throughout the full-length molecule. Thus, our studies were complemented by mutational analysis in the full-length molecule. Recombinant IRS-1 localized to the cytoplasm in the unstimulated state, and insulin stimulation promoted its translocation to the plasma membrane. Although the translocation of IRS PH domains has been reported (4), to our knowledge, this is the first study in which the translocation of the full length IRS-1 molecule was detected using immunofluoresence. Interestingly, mutation of phosphoinositide binding sites in either the PH or PTB domain significantly reduced IRS-1 translocation to plasma membrane ruffles. We observed that the mutation reduced the translocation index by 75%, which is comparable in magnitude with other publications. For example, the R28C mutation was reported to decrease either translocation of the PH domain or particulate association of the IRS-1 N-terminus (4, 25). The R28C mutation had a more dramatic effect on plasma membrane targeting than the 3KQ mutation, thereby suggesting that the PH domain may have a more significant role than the PTB domain. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that the PTB domain contains additional phosphoinositide binding sites.