Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
One-dimensional statistical dynamic representation of subgrid spatial variability of precipitation in the two-layer variable infiltration capacity model

The two-layer variable infiltration capacity (VIC-2L) model is extended to incorporate a representation of subgrid variability in precipitation, using an analytical one-dimensional statistical dynamic representation for partial area coverage of precipitation. The analytical approach allows the effects of subgrid-scale spatial variability of precipitation on surface fluxes, runoff production, and soil moisture to be represented explicitly. With this method, spatially integrated representations of surface fluxes, runoff, and soil moisture due to subgrid-scale spatial variability in precipitation, infiltration, and vegetation cover are obtained. The results are compared with those obtained using an exhaustive pixel-based approach, and the results obtained by applying uniform precipitation over the precipitation-covered area. The precipitation coverage over a grid cell is shown to play a primary role in estimating the surface fluxes, runoff, and soil moisture. In general, the spatial distribution of precipitation within the precipitation-covered area plays a secondary role, in part because VIC-2L represents the subgrid spatial variability of soil properties. While the analytical approach gives good approximations to the pixel-based approach, and is superior to the uniform precipitation approach in general, the differences are not large.
Mistrzostwa Europy w Piłce Nożnej UEFA EURO 2012 a turystyka w Polsce – wstępna ocena

In this article, initial information was presented (as of July 2012) concerning the influence of the UEFA EURO 2012 European Football Championship on the tourist sector in Poland. Selected indexes and data (to be more precise: estimations) were presented which include the results that occurred in tourism under the influence of the event analyzed. They concerned only selected issues including the intensity of the tourist traffic and opinions on the part of visitors concerning the event and Poland in the context of another arrival to our country. At the same time, based on selected opinions, potential opportunities and threats were presented for tourism in the coming years taking into consideration the potential possibilities of the occurrence of the so-called Barcelona effect.
Aftershock Observation and Analysis of the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan Earthquake

Online Material: Figures of station deployment time and of spatial and temporal depiction of aftershocks, and tables of station information and aftershock catalogs. At 08:02 (local and Beijing time) on 20 April 2013, an earthquake of M s 7.0 ( M w 6.6) struck Lushan County in Sichuan Province, southwestern China (hereafter referred to as the Lushan earthquake). The Lushan earthquake resulted in casualties and severe damage to the buildings and to the economic activities of the region. The earthquake left 193 dead, up to 10,000 injured, and 25 missing. The direct economic loss hit over $1.6 billion U.S. The Lushan earthquake is the second destructive earthquake to have occurred in the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone since the 12 May 2008 M s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake (Fig. 1). The distance between the epicenters of the Lushan earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake is about 87 km (Fang, Wu, Wang, Lu, et al. , 2013). As happened following the Wenchuan earthquake, the occurrence of the Lushan earthquake also stimulated lots of discussions on the seismic risk potential and prediction in southwest China. In particular, whether it was a large aftershock of the Wenchuan earthquake has been heatedly debated (Chen et al. , 2013; Du et al. , 2013; J. Liu et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013; Jia et al. , 2014). Figure 1. (a) Tectonic settings of the Longmenshan fault zone. Red and yellow stars indicate the epicenters of the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes, respectively. The focal mechanisms of the Lushan earthquake and Wenchuan earthquake are also shown. Red circles represent aftershocks of the Lushan and Wenchuan earthquakes. Black lines indicate the main faults. The inset map shows the location of the study region in the Chinese mainland. (b) The distribution of seismic stations in and around the epicentral region of the Lushan …
Variabilidad estacional hidrográfica en la fosa de Cariaco

The Cariaco Time-series consist of a two days cruise of the R/V. “Hermano Gines” at monthly intervals. The nominal station location is at 10o 30’ N and 64o 40’ W, and the cruises started on November 1995. This paper shows the results of the first two years of the project. Strong upwelling season begins in December and ends in May. The surface temperature ranges from 21.85 to 28,79 oC. The vertical isoterm distribution shows how water masses rise from 120 m to the surface during upwelling season, positioning the 22 oC isoterm close to the surface on different months each year (May for 1996 and March for 1997). Deeper water upwelling was observed during 1997 more than 1996. The surface salinity ranges from 36.36 to 36.93. Temporal salinity distribution also show the seasonal variability of upwelling. Waters with 36.8 come to the surface from about 120 m during the dry season. Partial ventilation of intermediate waters was observed from changes in the depth of the oxic-anoxic interface. The oxic-anoxic interface ranges from 200 to 320 m. These changes in depth are observed from one month to the other.
Ozone transport to and removal in porous materials with applications for low-energy indoor air purification

Ozone reactions that occur on material surfaces can lead to elevated concentrations of oxidized products in the occupied space of buildings. However, there is little information on the impact of materials at full scale, especially for green building materials. Experiments were completed in a 68 m climate-controlled test chamber with three certified green building materials that can cover large areas in buildings: (1) recycled carpet, (2) perlite-based ceiling tile and (3) low-VOC paint and primer on recycled drywall. Ozone deposition velocity and primary and secondary emission rates of C1 to C10 saturated carbonyls were determined for two chamber mixing conditions and three values of relative humidity. A direct comparison was made between ozone deposition velocities and carbonyl yields observed for the same materials analyzed in small (10 L) chambers. Total primary carbonyl emission rates from carpet, ceiling tile and painted drywall ranged from 27-120 μg m hr, 13-40 μg m hr, 3.9-42 μg m hr, respectively. Ozone deposition velocity to these three materials averaged 6.1 m hr, 2.3 m hr and 0.32 m hr , respectively. Total secondary carbonyl emissions from these materials ranged from 70276 μg m hr, 0-12 μg m hr, and 0-30 μg m hr, respectively. Carbonyl emissions were determined with a transient approximation, and were found to be in general agreement with those found in the literature. These results suggest that care should be
8 The human colonization of the Americas: archaeology

The colonization of the Americas from Siberia after 16kya was one of the most remarkable achievements of early modern humanity. This chapter outlines the archaeological evidence for this dramatic founding human migration into two new continents. Keywords: archaeology; globalization; human evolution; genetics; economics; holocene; indigenous peoples; food
Boundary location from texture, soil moisture, and infiltration data

The objective was to ascertain how well different soil physical properties or parameters could be used to identify boundary locations along a soil transect. A transect was established with 91 positions, 1 m apart. The infiltration rate was measured along the transect with small (0.3-m diam) and large (1.0-m diam) infiltration rings. Thereafter, 91 soil samples were taken at a depth of 0.3 m for texture analysis. Also, 91 neutron access tubes and tensiometers were installed in two parallel lines 0.3 m apart. Soil-water content was measured 16 times at the 0.3-m depth before and after flooding the transect. Soil-water tension was measured 13 times after flooding. The moving split window technique was used as a numerical procedure for boundary location. Boundaries detected—based on soil texture, water content, and water tension data—nearly coincided. Under dry conditions, one set of water content measurements resulted in almost the same boundaries as detected with soil texture data. Under moist conditions, several sets of measurements were needed to detect boundaries. Boundary detection with infiltration data was less satisfactory. Window width had little effect on detection of boundaries. The moving split window technique appears to be a useful tool for establishing boundaries along transects, based on water content and tension data, or in combination with soil texture data.
Effect of Nutrient Supplementation on Atopic Dermatitis in Children

Data Synthesis: In the 21 studies, a total of 6859 participants received supplements, which included infants or mothers who were either pregnant or breastfeeding; 4134 infants or mothers served as controls. Nutritional supplementation was shown to be an effective method in preventing AD (11 of 17 studies) or decreasing its severity (5 of 6 studies). The best evidence lies with probiotics supplementation in mothers and infants in preventing development and reducing severity of AD. Specifically, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was effective in long-term prevention of AD development. -Linolenic acid reduced severity of AD. Supplementation with prebiotics and black currant seed oil ( -linolenic acid and -3 combination) was effective in reducing the development of AD. Conflicting findings were reported from different research groups that performed supplementation with an amino acid–based formula.
Relative Contributions of Synoptic and Low-Frequency Eddies to Time-Mean Atmospheric Moisture Transport, Including the Role of Atmospheric Rivers

AbstractThe relative contributions to mean global atmospheric moisture transport by both the time-mean circulation and by synoptic and low-frequency (periods greater than 10 days) anomalies are evaluated from the vertically integrated atmospheric moisture budget based on 40 yr of “chi corrected” NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. In the extratropics, while the time-mean circulation primarily moves moisture zonally within ocean basins, low-frequency and synoptic anomalies drive much of the mean moisture transport both from ocean to land and toward the poles. In particular, during the cool-season low-frequency variability is the largest contributor to mean moisture transport into southwestern North America, Europe, and Australia. While some low-frequency transport originates in low latitudes, much is of extratropical origin due to large-scale atmospheric anomalies that extract moisture from the northeast Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Low-frequency variability is also integral to the Arctic (latitudes > 70°N) mean mo.
Dynamic Structure Of Motor Cortical Neuron Co-Activity Carries Behaviorally Relevant Information

Skillful, voluntary movements are underpinned by computations performed by networks of interconnected neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1). Computations are reflected by patterns of co-activity between neurons. Using spike time correlations, co-activity can be represented as functional networks (FNs). Here, we show that the structure of FNs constructed from instructed-delay reach trials in non-human primates are behaviorally specific: low dimensional embedding and graph alignment scores show that FNs constructed from closer target reach distances are also closer in network space. We next constructed temporal FNs using short intervals across a trial. We find that temporal FNs traverse a low-dimensional subspace in a reach-specific trajectory. Alignment scores show that FNs become separable and correspondingly, decodable shortly after the instruction cue. Finally, we observe that reciprocal connections in FNs transiently decrease following the instruction cue, suggesting the network momentarily switches from a recurrent system to one that is more feedforward.
Haplotype Inference in Complex Pedigrees

Despite the desirable information contained in complex pedigree data sets, analysis methods struggle to efficiently process these data. The attractiveness of pedigree data is their power for detecting rare variants, particularly in comparison with studies of unrelated individuals. In addition, rather than assuming individuals in a study are unrelated, knowledge of their relationships can avoid spurious results due to confounding population structure effects. However, a major challenge for applying pedigree methods is difficulty in handling complex pedigrees having multiple founding lineages, inbreeding, and half-sibling relationships. A key ingredient in association studies is imputation and inference of haplotypes from genotype data. Existing haplotype inference methods either do not efficiently scale to complex pedigrees or are of limited accuracy. In this article, we present algorithms for efficient haplotype inference and imputation in complex pedigrees. Our method, PhyloPed, leverages the perfect phylogeny model, resulting in an efficient method with high accuracy. PhyloPed effectively combines the founder haplotype information from different lineages and is immune to inaccuracies in prior information about the founders. In addition, we demonstrate that inference of missing data, using PhyloPed, can substantially improve disease association. For Online Supplementary Material, see www.liebertonline. com.
Effects of in-situ permeability on the propagation of stoneley (tube) waves in a borehole

We investigated the theoretical relationship between propagation characteristics of Stoneley (tube) waves in a borehole and in situ permeability by using a modified formulation of a borehole model with a formation that behaves as a Biot porous medium. We found that Stoneley‐wave attenuation and phase‐velocity dispersion increased with increasing permeability and porosity, and decreased with increasing frequency. In rocks with low to medium permeabilities (less than 100 mD), variations in formation velocity and attentuation were major contributors to variations in Stoneley‐wave properties at normal logging frequencies. However, in high‐permeability rocks (greater than 100 mD), coupling between the borehole and pore fluids associated with in situ permeability was more important than lithological changes in controlling Stoneley‐wave properties. Pore‐fluid viscosity had an effect on Stoneley‐wave propagation equal but opposite to permeability, and hence must he taken into account. We compared our theoretical .
CALL FOR PAPERS NextGen Sequencing Technology-based Dissection of Physiological Systems Characterization of the longissimus lumborum transcriptome response to adding propionate to the diet of growing Angus beef steers

Ransom L. Baldwin VI, Robert W. Li, Cong-jun Li, Jennifer M. Thomson, and Brian J. Bequette Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland; Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; and Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
Radar frequency dielectric dispersion in sandstone: Implications for determination of moisture and clay content

The relationship between dielectric permittivity, water saturation, and clay content for the Sherwood Sandstone from NE England was characterized as part of a wider study of the vadose zone moisture dynamics and pollution vulnerability of this aquifer. Dielectric permittivity was measured over the full range of saturation levels, for various lithologies ranging from clean medium‐grained sandstone to fine‐grained sandstone containing up to 5% clay, using a specially constructed dielectric cell. Dielectric constant, Kr, is largely independent of frequency between 350 MHz and 1000 MHz. Below 350 MHz, Kr of fine‐grained, clay‐rich sandstone shows frequency dispersion. Tests on physical models of the sandstone consisting of a fine fraction of Ottawa Sand and montmorillonite clay indicate that the clay minerals within the sandstone are responsible for its frequency dispersive behavior. These tests also show that increasing pore fluid salinity increases dielectric dispersion at the lower end of the frequency range, which indicates that this arises from the interfacial Maxwell‐Wagner mechanism associated with platy clay particles. Water saturated sand:clay mixtures show very low dielectric constants at high frequencies (over 650 MHz). This effect is independent of salinity and probably results from the layered geometric arrangement of solids, bound and free water within the swelling clay. The complex refractive index method (CRIM) with a mineral dielectric constant of about 5 provides a good match to the water saturation versus dielectric constant data for all Sherwood Sandstone lithologies at frequencies between 350 and 1000 MHz and for clay‐poor sandstone at lower frequencies. Below 350 MHz the presence of a few percent of clay in some Sherwood Sandstone lithologies raises their CRIM best fit mineral dielectric constant substantially.
3-D seismic benefits from exploration through development; an Exxon perspective

Exxon Corporation has spent over $620 million to acquire, either as operator or partner, more than 400 3-D seismic surveys in 12 countries. Over the last decade, 3-D seismic has begun to represent a significant portion of our capital expenditures in exploration and development activities (Figure 1). The dramatic annual growth of these expenditures prompted a recent reappraisal of our 3-D seismic activities. Our goals were to determine whether we were cost‐effectively applying the technology, to develop standards and strategies for its future utilization, and to recommend technology development and support measures that will enhance performance. The results of this study include qualitative appraisals on a case‐study basis, systematic analysis of drilling success rates of large segments of our upstream business, and fully‐inclusive economic analysis of 3-D seismic in two of our operating affiliates.
Determinación sexual y compensación de dosis génica en drosophila, caenorhabditis y mamíferos: aspectos comparativos

La determinación sexual es un proceso de desarrollo que da lugar a hembras y machos, los cuales son distintos desde el punto de vista morfológico, fisiológico y de conducta. En los organismos cuya determinación sexual se basa en diferencias cromosómicas, un sexo siendo homomórfico y el otro heteromórfico para los cromosomas sexuales, se ha desarrollado un proceso por medio del cual los productos de los genes ligados a los cromosomas sexuales se encuentran en cantidades similares en hembras y machos, a pesar de que dichos genes se encuentran en dos dosis en el sexo homomórfico y en una dosis en el sexo heteromórfico. Este proceso recibe el nombre de compensación de dosis génica.
Importance of Plant Genetic Resources in Sustainable Development: Global Challenges, and Solutions Being Developed in the Philippines

Professor and Head, Plant genetic resources (PGR) for food and agriculture (PGRFA) are vital components of biodiversity. They meet human needs for food, fiber, shelter, and medicines, and contribute to trade and cultural traditions. They form building blocks for the adaptation, evolution, and survival of species and for crop improvement programs that support sustainable development. PGR loss is occurring at an alarming rate, and threatens global food security by decreasing the ability of crops to adapt to environmental and biotic challenges. Here, I discuss the causes of this genetic erosion. Crop genetic diversity must be conserved and used sustainably to ensure sustainable development. We must also train a critical mass of scientists to manage this resource, undertake research to increase utilization of PGRFA, and develop policies and legislation to guide their conservation and utilization. Conservation via ex situ or in situ strategies can guarantee the availability of PGRFA for present and future generations. Conservation through sustainable utilization promotes long-term conservation of these resources. Education and training in PGR conservation and management are important to increase the critical mass of trained staff on all aspects of PGR conservation and management. Post-graduate degrees in PGRFA conservation and management are now offered by the Philippines, India, and Malaysia to meet the regional need for trained staff. In ad-dition, short-term training for stakeholders is provided by governments and nongovernmental organizations. Research on “allele mining”, especially to detect genes for adaptation to climate change and emerging pests and diseases, is necessary to increase the utilization of conserved germplasm, determine the scientific underpinnings of on-farm conservation, and develop the potential to identify and utilize novel products. Awareness of national and international policies and laws on biodiversity conservation and PGRFA must also be increased to improve the conservation and sustainable utilization of PGRFA.
Modification by isolevuglandins, highly reactive (cid:2) -ketoaldehydes, deleteriously alters high-density lipoprotein structure and function

Cardiovasculardiseaseriskdependsonhigh-densitylipoprotein (HDL) function, not HDL-cholesterol. Isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) are lipid dicarbonyls that react with lysine residues of proteins and phosphatidylethanolamine. IsoLG adducts are elevated in atherosclerosis. The consequences of IsoLG modification of HDL have not been studied. We hypothesized that IsoLG modification of apoA-I deleteriously alters HDL function. We determined the effect of IsoLG on HDL structure–function and whether pen-tylpyridoxamine(PPM),adicarbonylscavenger,canpreserveHDL function.IsoLGadductsinHDLderivedfrompatientswithfamilial hypercholesterolemia( n (cid:3) 10,233.4 (cid:4)
Déséquilibre de liaison et cartographie de QTL en population sélectionnée

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is due to non random associations between alleles at two loci. It has become a classical tool to fine map loci implied in quantitative trait (Quantitative Trait Loci, QTL) determinism, through identification of the maxima of LD between alleles of a marker locus (or a group of marker loci) and a locus involved in the variability of a quantitative trait. The creation and intensity of LD evolves according to the evolutionary forces affecting the population. Among these forces, random drift and selection are particularly present in livestock populations. This PhD thesis aimed to study the influence of selection on the structure of LD around a QTL, as well as its impact on the precision on the fine mapping of QTL. A software has been developed to simulate the evolution of populations. Starting from a population in linkage equilibrium, LD due to evolutionary forces is created over historical generations. QTL detection is applied to the next generations where the pedigree is known. The main experimental designs applied in livestock populations are implemented in the software. All data used for the further analysis of this work were obtained from this simulation program. We first analyzed LD in the neighbourhood of the QTL by recording the location of the marker in maximum LD with the QTL. LD was estimated with two classical measures: D' and