Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of covariate adjustment in generalized linear models

Results from classical linear regression regarding the effects of covariate adjustment, with respect to the issues of confounding, the precision with which an exposure effect can be estimated, and the efficiency of hypothesis tests for no treatment effect in randomized experiments, are often assumed to apply more generally to other types of regression models. In this paper results pertaining to several generalized linear models involving a dichotomous response variable are given, demonstrating that with respect to the issues of confounding and precision, for models having a linear or log link function the results of classical linear regression do generally apply, whereas for other models, including those having a logit, probit, log-log, complementary log-log, or generalized logistic link function, the results of classical linear regression do not always apply. It is also shown, however, that for any link function, covariate adjustment results in improved efficiency of hypothesis tests for no treatment eff.
A quasielastic light scattering detector for chromatographic analysis

Very sensitive laser light scattering equipment has been designed to be used in conjunction with chromatographic column separation. The system is prealigned and fully computer controlled. It gives the hydrodynamic radius of the eluting particles on line during separation. With a He‐Ne laser source, the sensitivity is reached with four optical channels and four correlation functions of the scattered light measured in parallel with a special correlator.
On an Empirical Criterion of Meaning

,i ~ N VIEW of the importance of the philosophical method argued in Mr. C. I. Lewis's "Experience } -: ~ and Meaning,"' I wish to call attention to ambiguities which may have an important bearing on one of his conclusions. The method for which he argues is a certain empirical test of meaningfulness. It is his 'positivistic' inference from this method which I wish to challenge. To do so I shall present four points: (I) A summary of his empirical test of meaningfulness; (2) A 'non-positivistic' (or 'dualistic') hypothesis which Mr. Lewis rejects; (3) An analysis of this hypothesis in view of his test; (4) The theory of universals implied in my analysis. (I) In order for meaning to be empirically tested it must be verifiable. But (pp. I4I-142) the term 'verifiable' is ambiguous. "On the one hand this connotes a certain character of the content of one's assertion or hypothesis. tFhis must be envisaged in sensuous terms [my italics]; it must be the case that we could recognize certain empirical eventualities as verifying it, supposing that the conditions of such verifying experience could be satisfied. Verifiability in this sense requires an empirical content of the hypothesis, but has nothing to do with the practical or even the theoretical difficulties of verification.
BARS: Local Robustness Certification for Deep Learning based Traffic Analysis Systems

—Deep learning (DL) performs well in many traffic analysis tasks. Nevertheless, the vulnerability of deep learning weakens the real-world performance of these traffic analyzers (e.g., suffering from evasion attack). Many studies in recent years focused on robustness certification for DL-based models. But existing methods perform far from perfectly in the traffic analysis domain. In this paper, we try to match three attributes of DL-based traffic analysis systems at the same time: (1) highly heterogeneous features, (2) varied model designs, (3) adversarial operating environments. Therefore, we propose BARS , a general robustness certification framework for DL-based traffic analysis systems based on boundary-adaptive randomized smoothing. To obtain tighter robustness guarantee, BARS uses optimized smoothing noise converging on the classification boundary. We firstly propose the Distribution Transformer for generating optimized smoothing noise. Then to optimize the smoothing noise, we propose some special distribution functions and two gradient based searching algorithms for noise shape and noise scale . We implement and evaluate BARS in three practical DL-based traffic analysis systems. Experiment results show that BARS can achieve tighter robustness guarantee than baseline methods. Furthermore, we illustrate the practicability of BARS through five application cases (e.g., quantitatively evaluating robustness).
Analysis and measurement of ultrasound backscattering from an ensemble of scatterers excited by sine‐wave bursts

This paper develops a practical approximation for the backscattering of periodic bursts of sine waves by a volume of randomly distributed scatterers. The approximation is applied to the measurement of a “volumetric backscattering cross section,” using a substitution method in which the rms value of the gated backscattered signal is compared with the rms value of a wave reflected from a target of known coefficient of reflection. It is shown that the signal backscattered from the ensemble depends on the attenuation of the wave in the volume and upon the burst and gate lengths. An equation to obtain the volumetric backscattering cross section from experimental data is derived.
Analysis of Stochastic Patterns of Daily Minimum Extreme Temperature of Karachi in Global Climate Change Perspective

Effects of climate change are a critical and globally accepted phenomenon and gradually becoming inevitable and catching the attention of policymakers around the world. Temperature is a principal climatic factor and is defined as the degree or intensity of heat causing huge consequences on human beings’ lives. This paper suggests some stochastic approaches to do an analysis of the Karachi region’s daily minimum extreme temperature from Jan 1, 2010, to Dec 31, 2014. It is observed that the average daily minimum temperature fits the Markov chain and its limiting probability has reached steady-state conditions after 20 to 87 steps or transitions. The results indicate that after 20 to 87 days the distribution becomes stationary. The smaller steady-state time represents the stationary of the data series, whereas long-term behavior shows non-stationarity in trend behavior in the respective seasonal time series. Furthermore, the overall annual dormancy of 24 o C to 31o C daily minimum temperature was analyzed early part of the summer season. This study can be useful for weather variability forecasting.
Observations of the Ocular Galaxy NGC 2535 and its Starburst Companion NGC 2536

H I, radio continuum, and 12CO J=1-->0 observations at resolutions of 12" to 33" (=2.9-8 kpc), and B, I, J, and K-band images, are presented of the galaxy NGC 2535 and its small starburst companion NGC 2536. NGC 2535 has an ocular (eye-shaped) structure with two long tidal arms indicative of a recent, close, nonmerging encounter. Our observations reveal widespread high velocity dispersions (30 km s-1) in the H I gas and five clouds with masses of ˜10^8 Msun in the tidal arms of NGC 2535. These clouds do not correspond to the most luminous blue knots or to major clumps in the old stellar population. Similar phenomena were found previously in other pairs (IC 2163/NGC 2207 and NGC 5774/5), suggesting that enhanced turbulence and massive gas clouds may be a general feature of interacting spiral galaxies during an early phase of post-encounter evolution. A search for 12CO J= 1-->O emission at 11 positions in NGC 2535 and one position in NGC 2536 yielded two clear detections, one at the center of NGC 2535 and the other on its tidal tail but close to the center of NGC 2535. Most of the massive H I clouds in NGC 2535 are not detected in CO emission. The virial masses of these clouds are significantly greater than their measured masses in gas, presumably because of the presence of old disk stars in the clouds. A form of the virial theorem that includes gas and stars is presented. NGC 2535 shows several unusual features, including an intrinsically oval shape to the disk, that are similar to those in the ocular galaxy IC 2163 studied previously. NGC 2535 also contains structures that are not seen in IC 2163. For example, there is an extended (R =48 kpc) H I envelope and a long, outer, elliptically-shaped H I arc in NGC 2535 that may be a gravitational wake produced by the passage of the companion within or close to the envelope. In the radio continuum, NGC 2535 exhibits a bar-like feature that leads the small stellar bar by 50°. The starburst companion, NGC 2536, lies in a 2 X 10^9 Msun clump of H I gas at the outer end of the tidal bridge from NGC 2535. Most of the gas in this clump is associated with the bridge. The H I emission on the anticompanion side of NGC 2536 has the same line-of-sight velocity and projected position as some of the bridge gas there. This observation is consistent with a previous model by Klaric in which NGC 2536 accretes gas from NGC 2535; we even find an H I feature that may represent bridge gas streaming towards NGC 2536. The failure to detect 12CO emission in NGC 2536 places an upper limit of 6 X H2 on its H2 mass if the standard value of the conversion factor between I_CO and N(H2) applies.
On solitary waves running down an inclined plane

We study the existence and the role of solitary waves in the instability of a fluid layer flowing down an inclined plane. The approach presented is fully nonlinear. Solitary waves steady in a moving frame are described by homoclinic trajectories of an associated ordinary differential equation. They are searched numerically for a given value of viscosity and surface tension. Several kinds of solitary waves can exist, characterized by their number n of humps. We investigate the stability of these waves by integrating the initial-value problem directly. Solitary waves with more than 1 hump did not appear in the simulation, and moreover a catastrophic behaviour took place for too large a Reynolds number (R [gsim ] R*1) or too large an amplitude, suggesting a finite-time singularity. The long-term evolution is shown to be a very slow relaxation to a steady state in a moving frame. The relation to the experimental observation of localized wavetrains is also discussed.
Spin coherence in semiconductor quantum dots

Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720~Received 24 November 1998! Femtosecond-resolved Faraday rotation is used to probe spin dynamics in chemically synthesized CdSequantum dots 22–80 A in diameter from T56–282 K. The precession of optically injected spins in a transversemagnetic ﬁeld indicates that the measured relaxation lifetime of the spin polarization is dominated by inho-mogeneous dephasing, ranging from ;3 ns at zero ﬁeld to ,100 ps at 4 T. Fourier analysis reveals amultiperiodic Larmor precession, with several distinct g factors ranging from ;1.1 to 1.7. @S0163-1829~99! 51316-7#
On a Weak Solution of the Mixed Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

Abstract In this paper we discuss the mixed nonlinear Schrodinger Equation U t = iαU xx + βU 2 U x + γ|U| 2 U x + ig(|U| 2 )U, (∗) U(x, 0) = U 0 (x), where α, β, γ are real constants with α ≠ 0. If the real function g(s) ∈ C2(R+) satisfies some conditions, and the initial data U0(x) ∈ H1(R) are such that the norm ||U0||L2(R) is sufficiently small, then there is a unique weak solution U(x, t) of (∗) such that U(x, t) ∈ Cw(R; H1(R)).
Carrier lifetime calculations and modulation response of intersubband semiconductor lasers

A self-consistent rate equation analysis of the direct current modulation response is performed through a calculation of the relevant carrier and tunneling lifetimes for a prototype triple quantum well structure suitable for incorporation in intersubband lasers. Opportunities for accessing predicted THz modulation response capabilities in such devices are examined. The intersubband optical gain spectra of these devices are investigated.
Un-Rocking Drones: Foundations of Acoustic Injection Attacks and Recovery Thereof

—Drones equipped with microelectromechanical sys-tem (MEMS) inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors are exposed to acoustic injection attacks. These attacks resonate sensors, compromising their output and causing drones to crash. Several mitigation strategies have been proposed; however, they are limited in terms of practicality as they cannot make the drone fly t o its planned destination in the event of an attack. To remedy this, we aim at recovering the compromised sensor values for the practical mitigation of acoustic injection attacks. To achieve this, we first c onstructed a r ealistic testbed and delved into the implications of resonant MEMS sensors on drones. We discovered that sampling jitter, which refers to the inconsistent timing delay in retrieving sensor values, has a significant i m pact o n d r one c r ashes d u ring t h e a t tack. Note that while any real-time system needs to satisfy its real-time
Radio emission altitudes in the pulsar magnetosphere

Multifrequency timing measurements of four pulsars were used to search for propagation delays predicted by the radius-to-frequency mapping (RFM) model of pulsar radio emission. The RFM model specifies that emissions at different frequencies are produced at different altitudes in the pulsar magnetosphere. An analysis including aberration, retardation, and magnetic sweepback effects showed that the 47 and 4800 MHz emission zones were separated by no more than 200 km
Perfil de atendimentos e análise do acolhimento na atenção primária à saúde

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil dos atendimentos e analisar o acolhimento em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e observacional, realizado no sertão da Paraíba, entre os meses de setembro e outubro de 2022. A amostra foi de 214 usuários, determinada por critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário, sendo a analise realizada por estatística inferencial e descritiva. O estudo foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: A amostra é composta em sua maioria por pacientes do sexo feminino (72,0%), com média de idade de 35,74 anos, com ensino fundamental incompleto (40,7%) e desempregados (30,8%). A queixa mais prevalente foram os sintomas álgicos (22,8%) e as consultas foram majoritariamente agendadas (62,6%). Os homens procuraram mais atendimentos por demanda espontânea (34,0%), enquanto as mulheres buscam por atividade programática (29,2%). Ambos os sexos em sua maioria avaliaram o acolhimento como sendo ótimo (66,4%). Conclusão: Dessa forma, observa-se que os homens ainda procuram pouco o serviço de saúde, sendo necessário aperfeiçoar a qualidade da assistência, a fim de garantir o acesso para a população como um todo.
When is a sequence of two nouns a compound in English?

Constructions of noun + noun have been treated in two distinct ways in the literature: either they have been treated as compounds, or they have been treated as noun phrases with modifiers which happen to be nouns. Sometimes it is assumed that there are two distinct classes, which can be neatly distinguished. In this paper it is argued that the criteria which are usually assumed to distinguish between these two construction types do not draw a clear and consistent distinction between a syntactic and a morphological construction. Many of the criteria instead are indirect measures of listedness, which, it is argued, is not sufficient to show morphological status. Accordingly, it is claimed that the criteria to which reference is generally made do not allow us to distinguish between a class of noun + noun compounds and a class of noun + noun syntactic constructions. Rather the two should be treated as variants of a single construction (possibly morphological, possibly syntactic), at least until such time as a suitable coherent distinction can be properly motivated.
One-complex-plane representation: A coherent-state description of entanglement and teleportation

It is shown that any state of two modes of the electromagnetic field (or any other bipartite bosonic system) can be expressed as a coherent superposition of conjugate coherent-state pairs. This representation has a deep connection with both the two-mode squeezing operator and a maximally entangled basis. A description of continuous variable quantum teleportation is presented, as an example of the application of this method.
Non-linear resonance between short and long waves

In a two-fluid system bounded above by a free surface, two kinds of solitary waves can propagate along the interface and the free surface: classical solitary waves characterized by a solitary pulse or generalized solitary waves with in addition nondecaying oscillations in their tails. In this paper, we present numerical solutions of generalized solitary waves. The solutions depend on four dimensionless parameters: the layer thickness ratio, the density ratio, the Froude number and the dimensionless amplitude of the oscillations in the far field. As the amplitude of the oscillations decreases towards zero, it reaches a minimum nonzero value, which is exponentially small. Besides, we extend the numerical method to consider generalized waves propagating along the interfaces of a three-fluid system.
The Presentation of the Quarternary Super-Wavelet Wraps and Applications in Material Science

Our goal is to obtain a character -ization of normalized tight frame super-wavelets The basis of materials science involves relating the desired properties and relative performance of a material in a certain application to the structure of the atoms and phases in that material through characterization. An approach for designing a sort of biorthogonal vector-valued wavelet wraps in four-dimensional space is presented and their biorthogonality traits are characterized by virtue of iteration method and time-frequency analysis method. The biorthogonality formulas concerning these wavelet wraps are established. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the pyramid decomposition scheme of space is presented.
TbExplain: A Text-based Explanation Method for Scene Classification Models with the Statistical Prediction Correction

The field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to improve the interpretability of black-box machine learning models. Building a heatmap based on the importance value of input features is a popular method for explaining the underlying functions of such models in producing their predictions. Heatmaps are almost understandable to humans, yet they are not without flaws. Non-expert users, for example, may not fully understand the logic of heatmaps (the logic in which relevant pixels to the model's prediction are highlighted with different intensities or colors). Additionally, objects and regions of the input image that are relevant to the model prediction are frequently not entirely differentiated by heatmaps. In this paper, we propose a framework called TbExplain that employs XAI techniques and a pre-trained object detector to present text-based explanations of scene classification models. Moreover, TbExplain incorporates a novel method to correct predictions and textually explain them based on the statistics of objects in the input image when the initial prediction is unreliable. To assess the trustworthiness and validity of the text-based explanations, we conducted a qualitative experiment, and the findings indicated that these explanations are sufficiently reliable. Furthermore, our quantitative and qualitative experiments on TbExplain with scene classification datasets reveal an improvement in classification accuracy over ResNet variants.
OBI: a multi-path oblivious RAM for forward-and-backward-secure searchable encryption

—Dynamic searchable encryption (DSE) is a user-cloud protocol for searching over outsourced encrypted data. Many current DSE schemes resort to oblivious RAMs (ORAM) to achieve forward privacy and backward privacy, which is a concept to describe security levels of the protocol. We show that, however, most prior ORAM-based DSE suffers from a new problem: it is inefﬁcient to fetch/insert a large set of data blocks. We call this the large-stash eviction problem. To address the problem, we present OBI, a multi-path Oblivious RAM, which accesses multiple tree paths per query for handling a large set of data blocks. We classify traditional tree-based ORAMs as single-path ORAMs if they access a single path per query. OBI has two new high-throughput multi-path eviction algorithms that are several orders of magnitude more efﬁcient than the well-known PATH-ORAM eviction algorithm when the stash is large. We prove that the proposed multi-path ORAM outperforms the traditional single-path ORAM in terms of local stash size and insertion efﬁciency. Security analysis shows that OBI is secure under the strong forward and backward security model. OBI can protect the well-known DSE leakage, such as the search pattern and the size pattern. We also show that OBI can be applied to oblivious ﬁle systems and oblivious conjunctive-query DSE schemes. We conduct experiments on the Enron dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that OBI is far more efﬁcient than the state-of-the-art ORAM-based DSE schemes.
A review of computer‐based methods for the automated detection, extraction, and classification of marine mammal sounds.

Passive acoustic systems used to study and monitor marine mammals generate enormous datasets which are costly and time‐consuming to analyze. As part of a Joint Industry Programme sponsored effort, we reviewed automated and semi‐automated methods and software packages available to detect, extract, and classify marine mammal sounds; identified gaps in capabilities and knowledge; and suggested ways forward. Because of the variability in marine mammal sounds, no single method is effective for all species. While spectrogram correlation works well for stereotyped calls, more general methods like band‐limited threshold detection are more effective for variable sounds. Feature extraction is a rapidly evolving field, but a reliable, automated method has yet to be successfully implemented into existing software. A major gap in our capabilities is the ability to reliably detect and classify the highly variable signals produced by some species. The development of effective, efficient, and standardized methods applica.
Three dimensional printed wound dressings: recent progresses

The prevalence of trauma and pathophysiological problems has made skin wounds a major problem in modern medicine. Hemostasis, in ﬂ ammation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix remodeling are only a few of the molecular activities involved in a typical wound healing process that are tightly synchronized and controlled. [1,2] Extreme skin loss from large trauma wounds does not result in skin regeneration. This is the case whether the lesion was caused by an accident, a burn, or a disease such as obesity or type II diabetes. Although skin has a greater capacity for regeneration than most other tissues, scarring is the usual method of treatment for extensive, serious wounds. Burns, diabetes, and pressure ulcers are just a few examples of the chronic wounds that put a heavy ﬁ nancial and emotional strain on patients, medical staff, and governments worldwide. [3,4] Chronic wounds are highly expensive to treat since they require a number of different procedures. It is important to get wounds treated quickly so that they do not become worse and cause further tissue damage and hypertrophic scarring. Major scarring can occur in individuals who get inef ﬁ cient or delayed treatments, which can cause permanent problems like deformity and mobility loss. Loss of hair, glands, skin, and even the circulatory system or tissue death can be avoided with prompt repair. The quality of a patient ’ s life is greatly improved by effective wound care since it not only speeds healing but also improves the patient ’ s ability to eat and sleep.