Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Past Accumulation Rates at Camp Century and Devon Island, Deduced From Ice-Core Measurements (Abstract)

The response of Antarctic sea ice to hypothetical atmospheric temperature increases has been simulated with a thermodynamic/dynamic sea-ice model having horizontal resolution of approximately 200 km. The model was run, as a standard case, with mean-monthly climatological air temperatures and dew points, followed by four subsequent simulations with all temperatures and dew points uniformly increased by -1, +1, +3, and +5 K. A temperature increase of 3 K suffices to eliminate the mid-summer ice around all of East Antarctica, with ice remaining only in the Amundsen and western Weddell seas. A temperature increase of 5 K suffices to eliminate the summer ice cover almost entirely, a small amount of ice remaining only off the Thwaites Glacier region in the Amundsen Sea. In winter, the hemispheric average of the calculated ice-edge retreat rates is 1.40 latitude for each 1 K increase in atmospheri c temperature. These retreat rates are nonlinear with respect to temperature change, the sensitivity of the position of the ice edge decreasing as temperatures are further increased. This nonlinearity in the response of the ice edge occurs in the response of other ice variables as well, including the total ice area and total ice volume at maximum ice extent. These maximum areas and volumes decrease by roughly half with an atmospheric temperature increase of 5 K. Among the other simulation results of increasing the atmospheric temperatures is an increase in the temporal asymmetry in the annual cycle of ice cover, showing longer, slower periods of ice growth and shorter, faster periods of ice decay. The results of this study are described in full in a paper to appear in : Hansen J, Takahashi T (eds) Climate p7'Oce sse s: sensitivity t o solaro iromdiance and C02 ' Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union (M Ewing Series 4).
Lung Ultrasound Signs to Diagnose and Discriminate Interstitial Syndromes in ICU Patients: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study in Two Cohorts*

OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound signs for both the diagnosis of interstitial syndrome and for the discrimination of noncardiogenic interstitial syndrome (NCIS) from cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) in a mixed ICU population. DESIGN: A prospective diagnostic accuracy study with derivation and validation cohorts. SETTING: Three academic mixed ICUs in the Netherlands. PATIENTS: Consecutive adult ICU patients that received a lung ultrasound examination. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULT: The reference standard was the diagnosis of interstitial syndrome (NCIS or CPE) or noninterstitial syndromes (other pulmonary diagnoses and no pulmonary diagnoses) based on full post-hoc clinical chart review except lung ultrasound. The index test was a lung ultrasound examination performed and scored by a researcher blinded to clinical information. A total of 101 patients were included in the derivation and 122 in validation cohort. In the derivation cohort, patients with interstitial syndrome (n = 56) were reliably discriminated from other patients based on the presence of a B-pattern (defined as greater than or equal to 3 B-lines in one frame) with an accuracy of 94.7% (sensitivity, 90.9%; specificity, 91.1%). For discrimination of NCIS (n = 29) from CPE (n = 27), the presence of bilateral pleural line abnormalities (at least two: fragmented, thickened or irregular) had the highest diagnostic accuracy (94.6%; sensitivity, 89.3%; specificity, 100%). A diagnostic algorithm (Bedside Lung Ultrasound for Interstitial Syndrome Hierarchy protocol) using B-pattern and bilateral pleural abnormalities had an accuracy of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.77–0.95) for diagnosis and discrimination of interstitial syndromes. In the validation cohort, which included 122 patients with interstitial syndrome, bilateral pleural line abnormalities discriminated NCIS (n = 98) from CPE (n = 24) with a sensitivity of 31% (95% CI, 21–40%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 86–100%). CONCLUSIONS: Lung ultrasound can diagnose and discriminate interstitial syndromes in ICU patients with moderate-to-good accuracy. Pleural line abnormalities are highly specific for NCIS, but sensitivity is limited.
Mass spectrometric analysis of Lewy body-enriched -synuclein in Parkinson’s disease

ACN, acetonitrile; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; DTT, dithiothreitol; FA, formic acid; IP, immunoprecipitation; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; LDS, lauryl dodecyl sulfate; LN, Lewy neurites; MALDI-TOF, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight; MS, mass spectrometry; MSA, multiple system atrophy; PBST, phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) with Tween-20; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDD, Parkinson's disease with dementia; PRM, parallel reaction monitoring; PTMs, post-translational modifications; TBS, Tris buffered saline (pH 7.6); TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; WB, western blotting.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Risk factors for inpatient violence and self-harm in forensic psychiatry

Objective : To investigate factors relevant to violence and self-harm in forensic psychiatric inpatients the cross-sectional association between four potential contributory factors; head injury, schizophrenia, drug and alcohol misuse, and self-harm or violence-related outcomes was examined. Methodology: Data were extracted from an existing dataset of routinely collected data on all patients under the care of Scotland’s Forensic Mental Health Managed Care Network, of whom ( n =432) met inclusion criteria. A Factorial MANOVA and Pearson’s CHI square tests were conducted to assess the relationship between potential contributory factors and self-harm and violence. Results: Forty-seven individuals had a documented head injury (10.9%). The presence of head injury was significantly associated with inpatient violence and assessed violence risk. Number of historic violent offences was significantly associated with a history of drug misuse and co-morbid alcohol misuse and schizophrenia. Self-harm was significantly associated with drug misuse and a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Conclusion: These findings highlight a significant association between head injury and actual/assessed risk in forensic psychiatry, over and above that of substance misuse and a diagnosis of schizophrenia, emphasizing the need for routine assessment of head injury in clinical practice. Further examination of the impact of head injury in forensic psychiatric populations is needed.
Improving flow forecasting by error correction modelling in altered catchment conditions

Despite human is an increasingly significant component of the hydrologic cycle in many river basins, most hydrologic models are still developed to accurately reproduce the natural processes and ignore the effect of human activities on the watershed response. This results in non‐stationary model forecast errors and poor predicting performance every time these models are used in non‐pristine watersheds. In the last decade, the representation of human activities in hydrological models has been extensively studied. However, mathematical models integrating the human and the natural dimension are not very common in hydrological applications and nearly unknown in the day‐to‐day practice. In this paper, we propose a new simple data‐driven flow forecast correction method that can be used to simultaneously tackle forecast errors from structural, parameter and input uncertainty, and errors that arise from neglecting human‐induced alterations in conceptual rainfall–runoff models. The correction system is composed of two layers: (i) a classification system that, based on the current flow condition, detects whether the source of error is natural or human induced and (ii) a set of error correction models that are alternatively activated, each tailored to the specific source of errors. As a case study, we consider the highly anthropized Aniene river basin in Italy, where a flow forecasting system is being established to support the operation of a hydropower dam. Results show that, even by using very basic methods, namely if‐then classification rules and linear correction models, the proposed methodology considerably improves the forecasting capability of the original hydrological model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a national early warning system for forest disturbances using remotely sensed canopy phenology

Imagine a national system with the ability to quickly identify forested areas under attack from insects or disease. Such an early warning system might minimize surprises such as the explosion of caterpillars referred to in the quotation to the left. Moderate resolution (ca. 500m) remote sensing repeated at frequent (ca. weekly) intervals could power such a monitoring system that would respond in near real-time. An ideal warning system would be national in scope, automated, able to improve its prognostic ability with experience, and would provide regular map updates online in familiar and accessible formats. Such a goal is quite ambitious - analyzing vegetation change weekly at a national scale with moderate resolution is a daunting task. The foremost challenge is discerning unusual or unexpected disturbances from the normal backdrop of seasonal and annual changes in vegetation conditions. A historical perspective is needed to define a 'baseline' for expected, normal behavior against which detected changes can be correctly interpreted. It would be necessary to combine temperature, precipitation, soils, and topographic information with the remotely sensed data to discriminate and interpret the changing vegetation conditions on the ground. Conterminous national coverage implies huge data volumes, even at a moderate resolution (250-500m), andmore » likely requires a supercomputing capability. Finally, such a national warning system must carefully balance the rate of successful threat detection with false positives. Since 2005, the USDA Forest Service has partnered with the NASA Stennis Space Center and Oak Ridge National Laboratory to develop methods for monitoring environmental threats, including native insects and diseases, wildfire, invasive pests and pathogens, tornados, hurricanes, and hail. These tools will be instrumental in helping the Forest Service's two Environmental Threat Assessment Centers better meet their Congressional mandate to help track the health of the Nation's forests and rangelands. We envision two scales of forest monitoring: (1) a strategic, satellite-based monitoring of broad regions to identify particular locations where threats are suspected (i.e., early warning), and (2) a fine-scale, tactical tier consisting of airborne overflights and on-the-ground monitoring to check the validity of warnings from the upper tier. The tactical tier is already largely in place within the Forest Service and its State collaborators, consisting of aerial detection surveys (sketch mapping from aircraft), ground surveys, and trapping programs. However, these efforts are expensive and labor-intensive, can be dangerous, and may not provide sufficient broad-area coverage. Far from replacing the tactical tier, the national system will rely on the finer-scale efforts to confirm, validate, and attribute causes of detected forest disturbances. One important objective of the national warning system will be to help direct the focus of the tactical tier, making their efforts more cost efficient and effective. « less
The Role of Sociodemographic, Clinical and Neuropsychological Variables in Suicide Attempts in Depressed Adolescents

Samsun Mental Health and Diseases Hospital, Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases Department, Samsun, Turkey Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases Department, Samsun, Turkey Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Samsun, Turkey Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Mental Health and Diseases, Samsun, Turkey
1 Title : Improved Radium-223 Therapy with Combination Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockade

Background: Radium-223 dichloride ([Ra]RaCl2) is the first approved alpha particle-emitting therapy and is indicated for treatment of bone metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer. Approximately half of the dose is absorbed into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract within minutes of administration, limiting disease-site uptake and contributing to toxicity. Here, we investigate the role of enteric ion channels and their modulation for improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. Methods: Utilizing primary human duodenal organoids (enteroids) as in vitro models of the functional GI epithelium, we found that Amiloride (ENaC blocker) and NS-1619 (K+ channel activator) presented significant effects in 223Ra membranal transport. Radioactive drug distribution was evaluated for lead combinations in vivo, and in osteosarcoma and prostate cancer models. Results: Amiloride shifted 223Ra uptake in vivo from the gut, to nearly double the uptake at sites of bone remodeling. Bone tumor growth inhibition with the combination as measured by bioluminescent and X-ray imaging was significantly greater than single agents alone, and the combination resulted in no weight loss. Conclusion: This combination of approved agents may be readily implemented as a clinical approach to improve outcomes of bone metastatic cancer patients with the benefit of ameliorated tolerability.
BARRIERS TO THE SUCCESS OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION TEAMS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NURSES

Background and objectives: Despite the long history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), there are still major concerns about poor CPR team performance in hospitals. While only 10-15 percent of those undergoing CPR leave the hospitals alive, the statistics vary in different countries. Since address-ing the barriers to successful CPR may help prevent the potential risks to future patients, the present study aimed to identify such barriers from the perspective of nurses. Methods: In a descriptive-analytic study in 2011, 200 nurses, including 68 men (34 percent) and 132 women (66 percent), employed at four teaching hospitals afﬁliated to Golestan University of Medical Sciences (Iran) were randomly selected. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Descriptive (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics were applied for data analysis. All analyses were performed with SPSS version 16 . Results: The majority of nurses (83 percent) had an experience of working with a CPR team. The participating nurses suggested absence of timely clinical CPR (98 percent), lack of regular standard in-service training (98 percent), lack of CPR equipment and supplies in the wards (92 percent), lack of efﬁcient communication among team members (90 percent), and underlying diseases of the patients (88 percent) as the most important barriers to successful CPR. Conclusion: Considering the poor performance of CPR teams in hospitals, management of this chal-lenge requires more attention of planners and hospital authorities. Holding standard retraining pro-grams to update the staff’s knowledge and improve their skills would be essential to forming a com-petent and cohesive CPR team.
Intra‐urban differences in canopy layer air temperature at a mid‐latitude city

Detailed meteorological measurements were carried out in two urban street canyons in central Adelaide and at two reference sites in a suburban location and at an exposed site near the middle of the city for an extended period of nearly a year. The meteorological records revealed substantial differences between air temperature in the urban street canyons and both reference sites. The nocturnal urban heat island observed in most cities was noted in Adelaide street canyons, too. However, the frequent occurrence of a daytime cool island during summer, albeit much weaker than the night‐time phenomenon, is less expected. Both phenomena are attributed at least in part to the increase in surface area participating in energy exchanges with the atmosphere in an urban street canyon compared to a typical rural site, and hence in an increase in the effective thermal mass. The presence of additional thermal mass is manifested not only in the dampening of the diurnal temperature range in the city, but also in a noticeable time lag in the maximum intensity of the daytime cool island. The measurements also demonstrate an observable difference in the daily progression of air temperature between a north–south street canyon and an adjacent east–west oriented street. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Seismological studies at Parkfield. I. Simultaneous inversion for velocity structure and hypocenters using cubic B-splines parameterization

A model for the 3D P- and S-wave velocity structure at Parkfield has been developed by the systematic inversion of arrival times for microearthquakes and surface Vibroseis sources, recorded by nearby CALNET stations and by the local borehole-installed 10-station High-Resolution Seismic Network there. A modification of the linear B-splines model parameterization method of Thurber (1983) to a cubic B-splines formulation, through tests inverting synthetic data sets for the Parkfield configuration, is found to produce smooth velocity distributions that still retain some small-scale features. Application of the method to 953 P-wave and 288 S-wave arrivals from 111 microearthquakes and 8 Vibroseis locations throughout the study area yields a velocity structure having variable resolution. A low-velocity zone appears to coincide with the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault zone northwest of the 1966 Parkfield earthquake epicenter. An increase of about 15 per cent in seismic velocities is seen from the northeast to southwest across this segment of the fault zone. The higher velocities to the southwest apparently correspond to the granitic basement. The contrast across the fault is subdued to the southeast along the 1966 rupture zone. A high Vp/Vs ratio of 1.9 is seen in a 2-km-wide volume near the location of the 1966 main shock hypocenter, presumably the nucleation zone for the expected M = 6 Parkfield earthquake.
Epidemiology and managing aspects of hypertension

DOI:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000631 Hypertension (HTN) and its consequences are a major public health problem worldwide. Thus, it has been estimated that that 26.4% of the global adult population, or 972 million people, had HTN in 2000 and since then its prevalence continues to rise [1]. The Global Burden of Disease Study had shown that HTN is a major risk factor for death and disability-adjusted life-years lost during 2010 [2]. More recently, because the new directives from the 2017 Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults that had lowered the target blood pressure (BP) level for optimal control to less than 130/less than 80 mmHg, a higher prevalence of HTN and with more individuals that require intensification of anti-HTN therapy has emerged [3]. Thus, it has been shown that the revised prevalence of HTN is 45.6%, or 103 million US individuals, and that treatment should be recommended for 81.9 million or 36.2% of US individuals [3]. Control of BP is associated with a 30–35% decrease in strokes and a 20% decrease in myocardial infarction [4] and other complications of HTN, such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. Achieving BP control and improvements in outcomes in patients with HTN and cardiovascular disease (CVD) comorbidities was recently highlighted in the Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control (SPRINT) [5]. However, BP control specially according to the new guidelines is poor [3]. The challenges in awareness and management of HTN exist world-wide, but it is also important to recognize that the burden of HTN varies not only in different countries but also with ethnicities and socioeconomic status. This knowledge is important to create sensible programs that will lead to both better BP control as well as major CVD outcomes [6]. In this issue of Current Opinion in Cardiology, several articles will discussed the epidemiology and status of HTN in India (pp. 331–341) and Europe (pp. 342–349) as well as in Hispanics in the United States of America (pp. 350–358). Other articles will review the management of HTN in patients with
Climatic Interpretation of Alpine Snowline Variations on Millennial Time Scales

Abstract The depression of snowlines, or equilibrium-line altitudes, of alpine glaciers is often used by glacial geologists to infer variations in mass balance. The climatic interpretation of snowline depression, however, is complicated by the number of factors that control glacier mass balance. The simple lapse-rate method of temperature interpretation ignores the effects of changes in radiation and snow accumulation. The statistical approach to temperature interpretation, which regresses precipitation and temperature against snowline altitude, neglects the effect of radiation. The most comprehensive approach for the climatic interpretation of snowline depression couples the heat and mass balances of a glacier surface. A sensitivity analysis that utilizes the coupled heat- and mass-balance approach indicates that the ∼1000-m variation in snowline of alpine glaciers on glacial-to-interglacial time scales could be a result of significant changes in temperature, and to a lesser extent changes in insolation. Snowline variations are sensitive only to relatively large changes in annual accumulation, which should also be evident in other proxy records of moisture change. The approaches outlined here provide glacial geologists with a summary of how various climatic forcings associated with glaciation may be quantified from snowline data.
Tofacitinib for the treatment of ulcerative colitis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Management of patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC), one of the most frequent inflammatory bowel diseases in human beings, is mainly based on the use of mesalamine and corticosteroids. Since in the long-term, these two drugs may be ineffective in nearly one third of the patients, immunosuppressants and/or biologics are needed to control disease activity. Areas covered: The marked activation of JAK/STAT molecules in inflamed mucosa of UC patients and the demonstration that UC-associated mucosal injury is driven by soluble factors that signal through JAK/STAT pathways led to investigation of JAK inhibitors for the treatment of active UC. Tofacitinib, an oral inhibitor of the cytokine-driven JAK-STAT signalling cascade, has recently been proposed for the treatment of moderate-to-severe UC. Phase 2 study showed the efficacy of tofacitinib to induce clinical and endoscopic improvement/remission and the safety profile of the drug. Herein the authors review this compound. Expert opinion: The results obtained from clinical trials with tofacitinib suggest that this drug could be a new treatment option for patients with moderate to severe UC. However, further experimentation is needed to assess the efficacy of this drug in selected subgroups of patients as well as to maintain remission and to determine the long-term safety profile of the drug.