Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mast cells as mediators and modulators of atherogenesis.

The central role of inflammation in atherogenesis has gained broad acceptance and has revolutionized our understanding of this common disease. This recognition has heightened interest in identifying the specific mediators and mechanisms that contribute to the interplay between risk factors (traditional and emerging), inflammation, and the altered biology of the arterial wall that regulates plaque development and complication.1 In particular, leukocytes have come to occupy center stage as the major cellular effectors of inflammation. When these inflammatory cells join endothelial and smooth-muscle cells in the artery wall, they spur much of the biology that drives atherogenesis and plaque complication. Article p 2516 The list of leukocyte subtypes involved in arterial inflammation has entered a flourishing phase of refinement. Our understanding of leukocyte involvement in atherogenesis has gone through several strata of discovery and probing. During the initial descriptive phase, the use of rigorous molecular markers buttressed venerable morphological observations and verified the presence of various leukocyte classes within lesions.2 Later, a phase of experimental validation established the causal relationship between leukocyte accumulation in lesions and the aspects of atherogenesis.3–5 Next, continuing mechanistic exploration has probed the precise molecular pathways by which a given leukocyte population can promote or otherwise modify disease.6 Ultimately, the human relevance of in vitro and animal experiments requires observations in human tissues and in patients. The saga of the macrophage in atherosclerosis followed this pattern. Initial morphological observations supported an early role of monocyte recruitment in the formation of experimental atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits—observations that extend back to the middle of the last century.7 With the advent of rigorously characterized monoclonal antibodies, studies in the 1980s solidly documented the presence of mononuclear phagocytes in human and experimental atherosclerotic plaques.8–10 Subsequent studies in the closing decade of the last century highlighted …
[A preferred method for the routine identification of Candida].

Received for publication July 15, 1953. This work was made possible by a grant from the Dominion Department of Health to Dr. E. S. Dowding of this laboratory. 1. Benedek, T. 1943, Are fermentation tests and biochemical characteristics reliable in the differentiation of monilias? Mycopath. Ill, 3-4: 346-353. 2. Langeron, M. and Talice, R. 1932, Nouvelles methodes d'etude et assai de classification des champignons levuriformes. Ann. Parasit. et Compar. 10: 1-80. 3. Martin, D. S. , Jones, C. P., Yao, K. F. and Lee, L. E. 1937, A practical classification of the monilias. J. Bact. 34: 99-128. 4. Martin, D. S. and Jones, C. P. 1940, Further studies on the practical classification of the monilias. J. Bact. 39: 609-630. 5. Raubitschek, F. 1945, A new fermentation method for mycological identification. J. Bact. 3:337-339. 6. Skinner, C. E. 1947, The yeast-like fungi: Candida and Brettanomyces. Bact. Rev. 11: 227-274. 7. Wachiowak, M. , Marr, J., Hagebusch, O. E. , Randall, W. A. and Fleischer, M. S. 1934, Differentiation of various strains of Monilia by cultural methods. J. Infect. Dis. 54: 35-44. 8. Wickerham, L. J. 1946, A critical evaluation of nitrogen assimilation tests commonly used in the classification of yeasts. J. Bact. 3:293301.
1 Introduction of Marine Algae Extracts

Recently, there is increased interest in naturally produced active compounds as alternatives to synthetic substances. Although these compounds often show lower activity, they are nontoxic and do not leave residues. It has already been reflected by the projects of new law regulations in EU countries that have imposed legal restrictions on the use of xenobiotics as plant protection products or preservatives. In the European Union there are plans of new directives that impose additional environmental taxes, primarily because of the residues of active substances in the environment. This implies that there is a need to develop new and safe products of biological origin, with properties similar to the synthetic, in particular antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidizing compounds, and colorants. These natural compounds are found in algal extracts (Table 1.1). Algal biomass have been used for centuries as food and medicine. The health promoting effects of algae were discovered as early as 1500 BC [1]. However, the biomass of algae gained interest as a source of chemicals and pharmaceuticals only recently. Nowadays, the production regime requires the use of extracts rather than the biomass itself, because of the formulation requirements (consistency, stability, color, flavor, etc.). Until now, algal products were available mainly as tablets, capsules, or liquid extracts, and sometimes were incorporated into food products, cosmetics, or products for plants [2]. In 2006, the market of microalgal biomass produced 5000mg dry biomass/year and generated a turnover of 1.25× 109 USD [2]. The global sector of macroalgae is worth 6 billion USD, with main contribution from hydrocolloids and crop protection products [3]. Recently, compounds derived from algae (carotenoids, β-carotene astaxanthin, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid) began to be produced on industrial scale [4]. Novel compounds isolated from algae possess a great further potential to be applied for their pharmacological and biological activity [4]. Seaweeds produce a vast spectrum of secondary metabolites because they live in nonfriendly environment but are not damaged photodynamically as they synthesize protective compounds and develop protecting mechanisms
The virulent satellite RNA of turnip crinkle virus has a major domain homologous to the 3′ end of the helper virus genome

RNA C (355 bases), RNA D (194 bases) and RNA F (230 bases) are small, linear satellite RNAs of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) which have been cloned as cDNAs and sequenced in this study. These RNAs produce dramatically different disease symptoms in infected plants. RNA C is a virulent satellite that intensifies virus symptoms when co‐inoculated with its helper virus in turnip plants, while RNA D and RNA F are avirulent. RNA D and RNA F, the avirulent satellites, are closely related to each other except that RNA F has a 36‐base insert near its 3′ end, not found in RNA D. The 189 bases at the 5′ end of RNA C, the virulent satellite, are homologous to the entire sequence of RNA D. However, the 3′ half of RNA C, is composed of 166 bases which are nearly identical to two regions at the 3′ end of the TCV helper virus genome. Hence, the virulent satellite is a composite molecule with one domain at its 5′ end homologous to the other avirulent satellites and another domain at its 3′ end homologous to the helper virus genome. All four TCV RNAs, RNAs C, D and F and the helper virus genome have identical 7 bases at their 3′ ends. The secondary structure of RNA C deduced from the sequence can be folded into two separate domains — the domain of helper virus genome homology and the domain homologous to other TCV satellite RNAs. Comparative sequences of several different RNA C clones reveal that this satellite is a population of molecules with sequence and length heterogeneity.
Proteogenomics of rare taxonomic phyla: A prospective treasure trove of protein coding genes

Sustainable innovations in sequencing technologies have resulted in a torrent of microbial genome sequencing projects. However, the prokaryotic genomes sequenced so far are unequally distributed along their phylogenetic tree; few phyla contain the majority, the rest only a few representatives. Accurate genome annotation lags far behind genome sequencing. While automated computational prediction, aided by comparative genomics, remains a popular choice for genome annotation, substantial fraction of these annotations are erroneous. Proteogenomics utilizes protein level experimental observations to annotate protein coding genes on a genome wide scale. Benefits of proteogenomics include discovery and correction of gene annotations regardless of their phylogenetic conservation. This not only allows detection of common, conserved proteins but also the discovery of protein products of rare genes that may be horizontally transferred or taxonomy specific. Chances of encountering such genes are more in rare phyla that comprise a small number of complete genome sequences. We collated all bacterial and archaeal proteogenomic studies carried out to date and reviewed them in the context of genome sequencing projects. Here, we present a comprehensive list of microbial proteogenomic studies, their taxonomic distribution, and also urge for targeted proteogenomics of underexplored taxa to build an extensive reference of protein coding genes.
Food poisoning due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Vibrio parahaemoiyticus is a neophyte among enteric pathogens. It was first recog­ nized as a cause of food poisoning in Japan in the early 1950s (I), but its public health significance was not fully appreciated for a decade. Articles published in English do not make clear what factors contributed to its recognition in Japan. The importance of fish in the Japanese diet and the occurrence of large outbreaks along the Pacific Coast associated with marine foods (2) in the late 1950s undoubtedly played a significant role in stimulating microbiologists to search for organisms other than the known enteric pathogens, which were clearly not responsible for these outbreaks. The threat of invasion of EI Tor cholera into Japan in the early 1960s also may have stimulated Japanese health authorities to search for vibrios in fecal cultures from persons with acute enteric disease. Finally, the introduction of new methods to culture vibrios also undoubtedly contributed. In any event it soon became evident that V. parahaemoiyticus was the leading cause of foodborne illness in Japan, especially during the summer months, when it accounted for roughly 70% of all reported foodborne illnesses (3). During the 1960s most public health workers considered this problem unique to Japan because of the apparent relationship with the popular Japanese custom of eating raw seafood. They were convinced otherwise a decade later because of events remarkably similar to those that had transpired earlier in Japan. In the early 1970s, EI Tor cholera spread into the Middle East, Africa, and Spain and Portugal. Al­ though there was no serious concern that cholera would spread in the United States, the introduction of disease via Americans returning from infected foci was consid­ ered a growing possibility (4). To ensure early recognition in such incidents the Center for Disease Control (CDC) actively encouraged the use ofTCBS (thiosulfate­ citrate-bile salt-sucrose) medium in searching for vibrios in diarrheal stools. At about the same time, published reports demonstrated the ubiquity of V. parahae-
THE ROLE OF VARICOCELE TREATMENT IN THE ERA OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY

In the era of sophisticated assisted reproductive techniques (ART), is the role of varicocelectomy in the treatment of male factor infertility anachronistic? Devroey et al. (1) assert that “conventional treatment for male factor infertility has little value and has been revised and abandoned”. They further contend that “intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an effective treatment, even for cases of extreme oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. It has to be considered the method of choice and should replace ineffective conventional therapies”. Certainly, treatment at the gamete level is feasible. However, it should not be unconditionally applied to all males seeking treatment for male factor infertility. A multi-factorial analysis, including outcomes, cost, and morbidity, all lend support to varicocele treatment in the subfertile male.
A Market Framework for Enabling Electric Vehicles Flexibility Procurement at the Distribution Level Considering Grid Constraints

In a context of extensive electrification of the transport sector, the use of flexibility services from electric vehicles (EVs) is becoming of paramount importance. This paper defines a market framework for enabling EVs flexibility at the distribution level, considering grid constraints. The main objective is to establish an adequate incentive system and proceed with an evaluation of EVs grid support for both users and DSOs, benchmarking it against the typical reinforcement solution. To exploit this framework, a billing process based on a two-price system is proposed for the controlled EV charging. The derived methodology is applied to a piece of semi-urban Danish distribution grid consisting of 42 customers. The service remuneration spans from 16 \text{C}\! \! \! \! \! \! \! {=}/year to 51 \text{C}\! \! \! \! \! \! \! {=} (year per customer, depending on the incentive scheme, and avoids a standard reinforcement of approximately 6200 \text{C}\! \! \! \! \! \! \! {=}/year. It is demonstrated the benefit for DSOs and society, proving a technical and economic feasible solution.
Characteristic Analysis of a Linear Induction Motor for a Lightweight Train According to Various Secondary Schemes

The railway system requires safety and reliability of service of all railway vehicles. Suitable technical systems and working methods adapted to it, which meet the requirements on safety and good order of traffic, should be maintained. For detection of defects, non-destructive testing methods - which should be quick, reliable and cost-effective - are most often used. Since failure in railway wheelset can cause a disaster, regular inspection of defects in wheels and axles are mandatory. Ultrasonic testing, acoustic emission and eddy current testing method and so on regularly check railway wheelset in service. However, it is difficult to detect a crack initiation clearly with ultrasonic testing due to noise echoes. It is necessary to develop a non-destructive technique that is superior to conventional NDT techniques in order to ensure the safety of railway wheelset. In the present paper, the new NDT technique is applied to the detection of surface defects for railway wheelset. To detect the defects for railway wheelset, the sensor for defect detection is optimized and the tests are carried out with respect to surface and internal defects each other. The results show that the surface crack depth of 1.5 ㎜ in press fitted axle and internal crack in wheel could be detected by using the new method. The ICFPD method is useful to detect the defect that initiated in railway wheelset.
Isolated Actors for Race-Free Concurrent Programming

Message-based concurrency using actors has the potential to scale from multicore processors to distributed systems. However, several challenges remain until actor-based programming can be applied on a large scale. First, actor implementations must be efficient and highly scalable to meet the demands of large-scale distributed applications. Existing implementations for mainstream platforms achieve high performance and scalability only at the cost of flexibility and ease of use: the control inversion introduced by event-driven designs and the absence of fine-grained message filtering complicate the logic of application programs. Second, common requirements pertaining to performance and interoperability make programs prone to concurrency bugs: reusing code that relies on lower-level synchronization primitives may introduce livelocks; passing mutable messages by reference may lead to data races. This thesis describes the design and implementation of Scala Actors. Our system offers the efficiency and scalability required by large-scale production systems, in some cases exceeding the performance of state-of-the-art JVM-based actor implementations. At the same time, the programming model (a) avoids the control inversion of event-driven designs, and (b) supports a flexible message reception operation. Thereby, we provide experimental evidence that Erlang-style actors can be implemented on mainstream platforms with only a modest overhead compared to simpler actor abstractions based on inversion of control. A novel integration of event-based and thread-based models of concurrency enables a safe reuse of lock-based code from inside actors. Finally, we introduce a new type-based approach to actor isolation which avoids data races using unique object references. Simple, static capabilities are used to enforce a flexible notion of uniqueness and at-most-once consumption of unique references. Our main point of innovation is a novel way to support internal aliasing of unique references which leads to a surprisingly simple type system, for which we provide a complete soundness proof. Using an implementation as a plug-in for the EPFL Scala compiler, we show that the type system can be integrated into full-featured languages. Practical experience with collection classes and actor-based concurrent programs suggests that the system allows type checking real-world Scala code with only few changes.
Assume-guarantee verification of evolving component-based software

Assume-guarantee verification method has been recognized as a promising approach to verify component-based software (CBS) with model checking. The method is not only fitted to component-based software but also has a potential to solve the state space explosion problem in model checking. This method allows us to decompose a verification target into components so that we can model check each of them separately. Model-based verification methods in general and the assume-guarantee verification method in particular of a system are performed with respect to its model which exactly describes the behavior of the system. Thus, we have to obtain the accurate model of the system before applying the verification techniques. However, these methods generally assume that the ways to obtain the model and its correctness are available. This means that the model-based verification methods assume the availability and correctness of the model which describes the behavior of the system under study. Nonetheless, this assumption may not always hold in practice due to the modelling errors, bug fixing, etc. In addition, evolving of the existing components of CBS is a daily and unavoidable activity during the software life cycle. Therefore, even if the assumptions hold, the model could be invalidated when the software is evolved by adding or removing some behaviors. Unfortunately, the consequence of these tasks is the whole evolved software must be rechecked. The purpose of this research is to provide an effective approach for modular verification of evolving component-based software systematically in the context of the component evolution. When a component is evolved after adapting some refinements, the proposed framework focuses on this component and its model in order to update the model and to recheck the whole evolved system. The framework also reuses the previous verification results and the previous models of the evolved components to reduce the number of steps required in the model update and modular verification processes. This dissertation has three main contributions. The first contribution of the research is to propose a method for generating minimal assumptions for the assume-guarantee verification of component-based software. The proposed method is an improvement of the L*-based assumption generation method. The key idea of this method is finding the minimal assumptions in the search spaces of the candidate assumptions. These assumptions are seen as the environments needed for the components to satisfy a property and for the rest of the system to be satisfied. The minimal assumptions generated by the proposed method can be used to recheck the whole system at much lower computational cost. The second contribution is to propose an effective framework for assume-guarantee verification of component-based software in the context of the component evolution at design
A Possibility of Fast Running of TYRANNOSAURUS

Running performance of bipedal heavy theropod Tyrannosaurus has been controversial in the field of paleontology. In 1980’s Tyrannosaurus was considered as fast runner who would run at a speed of 18 m/s~20 m/s. In 2000’s series of works have been published that stated disadvantage of fast running of Tyrannosaurus. However, speed estimation of running speed is qualitative because that those are based on the static theory. In 2009 a numerical simulation study was achieved and showed a possibility of 9 m/s running of Tyrannosaurus, however, the parameters range used in the simulation was not fully investigated. In this work we achieved numerical simulation of running motion of Tyrannosaurus based on reliable parameters ranges which are known in preset animals. Our numerical simulation shows a possibility of 13~14 m/s running of Tyrannosaurus. This speed exceeds the fastest human running speed which was marked as 12.4 m/s by Usain Bolt in2009. However, we point out that considering only muscle shortening is insufficient to estimate best performance of animal locomotion. Recently, researches have revealed that tendon works collaboratively with muscle in human jumping. Many researches of experimental biology have reported extremely high power output in animal movement such as tongue projection of toad. The system is considered using the mechanism of elastic storage, not only the one of simple muscle shortening. Then, it is hard to predict accurate maximum running speed of extinct animal such as Tyrannosaurus at present.
An Original Contribution

From Pain Management Center of Paducah, Paducah, Kentucky. Address Correspondence: Laxmaiah Manchikanti, MD, 2831 Lone Oak Road, Paducah, Kentucky 42003. E-mail: drm@apex.net There was no outside fi nancial support for this project. Drug abuse with illicit drugs and licit drugs has been increasing steadily over the past decade. A recent National Household Survey on Drug Abuse found statistically significant increases between 2000 and 2001 in the use of multiple drugs, including marijuana, cocaine, and non-medical use of pain relievers and tranquilizers. Prescription controlled substance abuse is a major issue in chronic pain management. Various means suggested to avoid or monitor abuse in patients in treatment include urine/serum drug screening whenever requested, along with other precautions including one prescribing physician and one designated pharmacy, etc. Based on the present evidence, physicians assume that patients adhering to controlled substance agreements and without obvious dependency behavior do not abuse either illicit or licit drugs. Thus, it is accepted that there is no necessity to perform routine urine/drug testing in this specific group of the patient population. One hundred patients undergoing interventional pain management and receiving controlled substances were randomly selected for evaluation of illicit drug abuse by urine drug testing. They were selected from a total of 250 patients who were identified as nonabusers of prescription drugs. Results showed that illicit drug abuse in patients without history of controlled substance abuse was seen in 16 patients. Thirteen of the 16 patients tested positive for marijuana and 3 patients tested positive for cocaine. Only one patient tested positive for a combined use of both marijuana and cocaine. This study showed that, in an interventional pain management setting, there is significant use of illicit drugs (16%) with 13% use of marijuana and 3% use of cocaine in patients who are considered as non-abusers of prescription controlled substances and those who are adherent to controlled substance agreements. However, if cocaine is considered as a hardcore drug in contrast to marijuana, abuse of hardcore illicit drugs is only 3%.