Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 43(1):138 – 147

* Ramadhan, Sadiq jaffer and khudair, khalisa khadim Dept. of Physiology, biochemistry and Pharmacology/ College of Vet erinary . Medicine. University of Baghdad Iraq E-mail: alzmani@yahoo.com Received: 26/03/2019 Accepted: 22/04/2019 Publishing: 04/08/2019 Summary This study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative role of betaine on hepatic and renal dysfunction caused by acrylamide in female rats. Thirty two (32) adult female rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) and were treated for (65) days as following: Group G1 (Control group), G2: rats were intubated 250mg/kg B.W of betaine; animals in group G3 were intubated 1mg/kg B.W of acrylamide, in addition to acrylamide. 250mg/kg B.W of betaine were administered orally to rats in groups G4. Fasting (8 -12 hrs.) blood samples were collected by cardio pu ncture technique at the end of the experiment, serum were collected for measuring the following parameters A: liver enzyme makers; serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) B; renal function parameters including: serum creatinine, urea and uric acid concentration. The hepato and renal protective effect of betaine was clarified in groups (G2 and G4) manifested by significant decrease in serum, ALT, AST and ALP activity, as well as sign ifica t decrease in serum creatinine, urea and uric acid concentration comparing to acrylamide (G3) treated group. Such functional changes were accompanied with st ruc ural (histopathological ) alteration in hepatic and renal tissue. In conclusion, the resul ts of the current study documented the negative effect of acrylamide on liver and kidney function and documented hepatorenal protective effect of betaine .
Instrumentation at the National Institue of Standards and Technology for bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurements

A description is given of the goniometric optical scatter instrumentation (GOSI) which has been developed at NIST for measuring the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) from surfaces. The source, goniometer, and receiver are described. The systematic optical and electronic noise of the system is reported. The systematic electronic noise and background scatter have been reduced to allow a detection limit of 1 X 10-9 sr-1. This value is the Rayleigh scattering level from the air molecules in the room with a field of view of 7.2 cm at the sample position for 633 nm incident laser light.
Effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine through a soil profile

A field lysimeter experiment was conducted to determine the effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine N through soil. The lysimeters (500 mm diameter by 700 mm depth) used for this experiment were collected from Templeton fine sandy loam soil (Udic Ustochrept), which had been under ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture for 9–10 years. The effect of macropore flow on urine-N leaching was determined by leaching experiments under 0.5 kPa and 0 kPa water tensions (suctions) imposed on top of the lysimeter using a disc tension infiltrometer. The 0.5 kPa suction prevented soil pores >600 µm diameter from conducting water and solutes, while the 0 kPa suction allowed conduction under ‘field saturated’ condition. Pores >600 µm diameter transmitted about 98% of the total nitrogen (N) leached below 700 mm depth. The main form of N transmitted under 0 kPa was ammonium (NH4 -N), accounting for 10.5% of the total N applied at 0 kPa suction. This was significantly higher than the amount of NH 4 -N leached at 0.5 kPa suction, which accounted for 0.17% of N applied. The urea-N in the leachate reached 16 mg/L at 0 kPa suction, and accounted for 1.6% of the total N applied. No urea was detected in the leachate at the 0.5 kPa suction. The concentrations and amounts of nitrate (NO3 -N) leached were very low and did not differ between the two suctions. The forms and amounts of N leached were affected by the interactions of macropore flow and N transformations in the soil, and the environmental conditions during the two leaching events. From this work, it is recommended that stock should be removed 1–2 days before irrigation water is applied as this will allow animal urine to diffuse into soil micropores and thus decrease N leaching by macropore flow.
Joint inversion in coupled quasi‐static poroelasticity

Geodetic surveys now provide detailed time series maps of anthropogenic land subsidence and uplift due to injection and withdrawal of pore fluids from the subsurface. A coupled poroelastic model allows the integration of geodetic and hydraulic data in a joint inversion and has therefore the potential to improve the characterization of the subsurface and our ability to monitor pore pressure evolution. We formulate a Bayesian inverse problem to infer the lateral permeability variation in an aquifer from geodetic and hydraulic data and from prior information. We compute the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the posterior permeability distribution and a Gaussian approximation of the posterior. Computing the MAP estimate requires the solution of a large‐scale minimization problem subject to the poroelastic equations, for which we propose an efficient Newton‐conjugate gradient optimization algorithm. The covariance matrix of the Gaussian approximation of the posterior is given by the inverse Hessian of the log posterior, which we construct by exploiting low‐rank properties of the data misfit Hessian. First and second derivatives are computed using adjoints of the time‐dependent poroelastic equations, allowing us to fully exploit transient data. Using three increasingly complex model problems, we find the following general properties of poroelastic inversions: Augmenting standard hydraulic well data by surface deformation data improves the aquifer characterization. Surface deformation contributes the most in shallow aquifers but provides useful information even for the characterization of aquifers down to 1 km. In general, it is more difficult to infer high‐permeability regions, and their characterization requires frequent measurement to resolve the associated short‐response timescales. In horizontal aquifers, the vertical component of the surface deformation provides a smoothed image of the pressure distribution in the aquifer. Provided that the mechanical properties are known, coupled poroelastic inversion is therefore a promising approach to detect flow barriers and to monitor pore pressure evolution.
Original size of the Vredefort Structure: Implications for the geological evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin

Abstract— Historically, there have been a range of diameter estimates for the large, deeply eroded Vredefort impact structure within the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. Here, we estimate the diameter of the transient cavity at the present level of erosion as ∼124–140 km, based on the spatial distribution of shock metamorphic features in the floor of the structure and downfaulted Transvaal outliers. Taking erosion into account (<6 km) and scaling to original final rim diameter, an estimate of close to 300 km for the rim diameter is obtained. Independent estimates of the final rim diameter, based on an empirical relation of central uplift diameter to rim diameter, spatial distribution of pseudotachylites, and concentric large scale structural patterns, give a similar estimate of close to 300 km for the original final rim diameter. An impact structure of this size is expected to have had an original multi‐ring form. At this size, the Vredefort impact structure encompasses the bulk of the Witwatersrand Basin, which appears to owe its preservation to the Vredefort impact. In addition, the Vredefort impact event may have been the thermal driver for some of the widespread hydrothermal activity in the area, which, in recent interpretations, is believed to be a component in the creation of the world‐class gold deposits of the Witwatersrand Basin.
people with

Social media use has been increasing apace regardless of geographical and economic boundaries. In particular, its penetration has occurred more rapidly in developing and low-income countries with abounding health and psychological disadvantages. Given the understanding that women are more prone to psychological disorders than men, the current research is an effort to examine social media motives and subsequent effects on the psychological well-being of women social media users in Pakistan. The study is based on an online survey conducted to ascertain as to what extent social media use contributes to women’s psychological well-being or otherwise. The survey recorded responses of 240 women selected through purposive sampling technique. SEM-PLS analysis of the collected data revealed that social media usage plays a meaningful role in women’s psychological health. However, results exposed that Pakistani women, under the traditional patriarchal social pressure, not only have to observe cultural norms in online practices but are also forced to adhere to socially constructed gender roles in online spaces. The mixed results suggest conducting extensive research for a deeper insight into the role of social media in psychological well-being of women in other low-income countries.
Volatiles in Magmatic-Volcanic Systems

The abundance and flux of volatiles are important to the hazards associated with explosive volcanic eruptions. Volatiles in magmas can be determined from investigations of melt and fluid inclusions in combination with volatile solubility data. A comparison of the newly determined solubilities of H2O, SO2, and Cl in a molten Vesuvius phonolite with the compositions of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius melt and fluid inclusions further elucidates degassing and eruptive processes for this volcano.
Micro-climate correlations and conserved sexual dimorphism of cuticular hydrocarbons in European populations of the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis

1. Protection against desiccation and chemical communication are two fundamental functions of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in insects. In the parasitoid jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker), characterised by a cosmopolitan distribution through largely different environments, CHCs function as universally recognised female sex pheromones. However, CHC uniformity as basis for sexual recognition may conflict with the desiccation protection function, expected to display considerable flexibility through adaptation to different environmental conditions. 2. We compared male and female CHC profiles of N. vitripennis across a wide latitudinal gradient in Europe and correlated their CHC variation with climatic factors associated with desiccation. Additionally, we tested male mate discrimination behaviour between populations to detect potential variations in female sexual attractiveness. 3. Results did not conform to the general expectation that longer, straight-chain CHCs occur in higher proportions in warmer and drier climates. Instead, unexpected environmental correlations of intermediate chain-length CHCs (C31) were found exclusively in females, potentially reflecting the different life histories of the sexes in N. vitripennis . 4. Furthermore, we found no indication of population-specific male mate preference, confirming the stability of female sexual attractiveness, likely conveyed through their CHC profiles. C31 mono-and C33 di-methyl-branched alkanes were consistently and most strongly associated with sexual dimorphism, suggesting their potential role in encoding the female-specific sexual signalling function. 5. Our study sheds light on how both adaptive flexibility and conserved sexual attractiveness can potentially be integrated and encoded in CHC profiles of N. vitripennis females across a wide distribution range in Europe.
Drenaje guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico con stent metálico de aposición luminal y necrosectomía endoscópica directa para el tratamiento de la necrosis pancreática infectada

Walled-off necrosis (WON) is a serious complication of acute pancreatitis (AP) and, when is infected, has a poor prognosis and mortality rate (15%). The endoscopic approach is preferable to surgical treatment due to its lower morbidity. Objectives. 1) Present a patient with infected pancreatic necrosis resolved by Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) guided drainage with a luminal apposition metal stent (LAMS) and Direct Endoscopic Necrosectomy (DEN). 2) Report placement of the LAMS Hot Axios ® (Boston Scientific) for the first time ever in Argentina. Methods. Male, 38 years old, without relevant history. He is hospitalized for a severe acute biliary pancreatitis (AP), early satiety and digestive intolerance. At 4 weeks, CT scan shows a PFC of 16 cm. EUS-guided drainage was performed with LAMS Hot Axios ®, draining 1600 ml of brown liquid content. Ten days later, another episode of severe AP. Continuous fever. New CT and EUS, showed increased collection, in situ stent and necrosis inside (WON). Four sessions of DEN through-the-LAMS and laparoscopic cholecystectomy were performed. Percutaneous drainage of left pararenal necrosis. Nasojejunal tube feeding between each necrosectomy. At 8th week, absence of necrosis and granulation tissue was observed, then the LAMS was removed. Hospital discharge. After 6 months of follow up, CT control showed normal pancreatic parenchyma. Conclusions. EUS-guided drainage of Pancreatic fluid collections (PFC) with LAMS is a safe procedure. In cases of WON, LAMS also allows transluminal interventional procedures, expediting the treatment of pancreatic necrosis, in a minimally invasive way.
Angiographic profile among patients with acute coronary syndrome in tertiary care center: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Abstract Background : Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is characterized by a variable presentation of vessel involvement, which significantly impacts morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we aimed to investigate the angiographic findings in patients diagnosed with ACS. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in the Cardiology Unit of the Department of Internal Medicine from January 1, 2022, to December 30, 2022, following ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (reference number: 079/080-161). We employed convenience sampling and calculated point estimates along with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Among the 192 patients included in the study, 129 (67.18%) were male, with an average age of 61.29 {+/-} 12.50 years. The most prevalent angiographic findings were triple vessel disease (TVD) in 77 (40.10%) cases and involvement of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in 157 (81.77%) cases. ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) was present in 134 (89.23%) cases. Diabetes mellitus was the most common risk factor, present in 122 (63.54%) patients. Complications arose in 44 (22.91%) patients, with arrhythmia occurring in 18 (40.90%) cases. The mean hospital stay was 4.42 {+/-} 1.87 days, and 10 (5.20%) patients unfortunately passed away during their hospitalization Conclusion: Our study revealed that triple vessel disease and involvement of the left anterior descending artery were the most frequent angiographic findings in patients with ACS. Additionally, diabetes mellitus emerged as the predominant modifiable risk factor, potentially contributing to the prevalence of multiple vessel involvement. Keywords: Angiography; Coronary; Nepal; Triple vessel disease
Theory of Neural Information Processing Systems

I INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL NETWORKS 1. General introduction 2. Layered networks 3. Recurrent networks with binary neurons II ADVANCED NEURAL NETWORKS 4. Competitive unsupervised learning processes 5. Bayesian techniques in supervised learning 6. Gaussian processes 7. Support vector machines for binary classification III INFORMATION THEORY AND NEURAL NETWORKS 8. Measuring information 9. Identification of entropy as an information measure 10. Building blocks of Shannon's information theory 11. Information theory and statistical inference 12. Applications to neural networks IV MACROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF DYNAMICS 13. Network operation: macroscopic dynamics 14. Dynamics of online learning in binary perceptrons 15. Dynamics of online gradient descent learning V EQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF NEURAL NETWORKS 16. Basics of equilibrium statistical mechanics 17. Network operation: equilibrium analysis 18. Gardner theory of task realizability APPENDICES A. Historical and bibliographical notes B. Probability theory in a nutshell C. Conditions for central limit theorem to apply D. Some simple summation identities E. Gaussian integrals and probability distributions F. Matrix identities G. The delta-distribution H. Inequalities based on convexity I. Metrics for parametrized probability distributions J. Saddle-point integration REFERENCES
Impact of obesity on liver function tests: is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease the only player? A review article

Abstract Objectives: Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common worldwide health problems with a strong relationship in between. NAFLD is currently the most common cause of abnormal liver function tests (LFT) because of obesity pandemic. The question is NAFLD the only player of abnormal LFT in obesity? Methodology: This article reviews the most important topics regarding the derangements of LFT in obesity through a PubMed search strategy for all English-language literature. Results: The reported abnormal LFT in obesity were increased serum levels of transaminases (alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase), gamma glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase and decreased serum levels of bilirubin and albumin. Besides novel potential hepatic markers of NAFLD/NASH such as triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, sex hormone–binding globulin, fibroblast growth factor 21, and markers of hepatocyte apoptosis i.e. cytokeratin 18 and microribonucleic acids (miRNAs). Beyond NAFLD, there are other underlying players for the abnormal LFT in obesity such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Conclusion: Derangements of LFT in obesity are attributed to NAFLD but also to obesity itself and its related oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammatory state. Abnormal LFT predict more than just liver disease.
Marine geodynamics: Depth‐age revisited

More than 20 years have passed since the subsidence of the seafloor away from midocean ridges was explained by the cooling of the lithosphere (Figure 1), a thermal boundary layer at the Earth's surface [Turcotte and Oxburgh, 1967], Although the general concept has proven quite sound and found much practical application, the details of the model have never been completely agreed upon. For example, if no process limits the growth of the thermal boundary layer, the seafloor should continue to deepen as the square root of lithospheric age. In contrast, the observations indicate that little deepening occurs for lithosphere aged greater than about 100 Ma (Ma = million years before present). Early on this fact was explained by supposing that there was a limit to the depth of cooling of the boundary layer, such that the lithosphere cools as a plate of finite thickness rather than as a semi-infinite half space [McKenzie, 1967]. According to the plate model, the depth of old lithosphere approaches a maximum as the geothermal gradient in the plate reaches thermal equilibrium. However, this theoretical model merely provided a better fit to the observations without addressing the fundamental question of what process might limit the growth of the Earth's uppermost thermal boundary layer.
Extraordinarily high serum CA 19-9 in setting of pancreatic necrosis and underlying pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a case report

Abstract Carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) is the most validated marker for both sensitivity and specificity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma used to aid diagnosis of symptomatic patients as well as to evaluate the progression or treatment of disease. Though higher levels of CA 19-9 tend to correlate with neoplastic disease, elevated levels are also often seen in patients with benign gastrointestinal diseases, such as obstructive jaundice and pancreatitis. We present a case of a 74-year-old male who was admitted for abdominal pain and worsening jaundice who was diagnosed with extensive pancreatic necrosis and an underlying invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma whose serum level of CA 19-9 was found to be extraordinarily high.
Sensitivity of space-borne SAR data to forest parameters over sloping terrain. Theory and experiment

Recently, SAR data proved to be useful for the retrieval of forest biomass. However, the effects of terrain slope must be addressed towards the generalization of biomass retrieval for varied forest and environmental conditions. To this aim, we developed experimental and theoretical approaches allowing the study of multi-frequency/multi-polarization forest backscatter of a given forest type, as a function of forest parameters and SAR local incidence angle over the relief. The experimental results showed that the sensitivity of SAR data to biomass was similar to that obtained over a flat terrain, only if the backscatter data were calibrated for slope effects. Moreover, the backscatter must also be corrected for its angular decrease, which can be removed using a simple angular model developed under assumptions of theoretical equations. The highest correlation of corrected backscatter with forest parameters related to aboveground biomass (such as stand age and bole volume) was achieved at L-HV 55° (R 2
Roxadustat treatment for erythropoiesis-stimulating agent-hyporesponsive anemia in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective Hyporesponsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) is a prevalent problem affecting hemodialysis (HD) patients. Roxadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that stimulates erythropoiesis and regulates iron metabolism. We explored the ability of roxadustat to increase the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in ESA-hyporesponsive patients undergoing HD and assessed its effect on iron metabolism and inflammation. Methods This prospective study included 30 patients with ESA-hyporesponsive anemia who had been undergoing stable dialysis. All patients received roxadustat three times per week for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the mean change in Hb from baseline to the average level over weeks 20 to 24. Iron metabolism markers, C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, and safety were also assessed. Results At week 24, roxadustat treatment resulted in a 2.5 ± 1.3 g/dL increase in the Hb level. In total, 28 of 30 patients (93.3%) had an Hb level increase of more than 1.0 g/dL from baseline. Seventeen patients (56.7%) met the endpoint, with a mean Hb level of at least 10.0 g/dL. Iron metabolism and IL-6 levels were also improved. Conclusions Oral roxadustat is effective for ESA-hyporesponsive anemia in maintenance HD patients and may also improve iron metabolism and IL-6 levels.