Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen leaching sensitivity to evapotranspiration and soil water storage estimates in EPIC

ABSTRACT: Two major influences on the soil water balance—potential evapotranspiration, and soil water storage capacity—are estimated in the Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model based upon soil and weather conditions. The EPIC model contains a choice of five methods to estimate potential evapotranspiration (Penman-Monteith, Penman, Priestley-Taylol, Hargreaves and Modified Hargreaves). There are four methods for estimating soil water storage capacity (Ritchie, Rawls, Baumer, and Manrique). Combinations of methods of estimating these two variables were used to determine if water and nitrogen percolation loss estimates varied with the method selected. Simulations were performed for five locations throughout the United States to determine differences due to climate and soils. Consistent differences in water percolation and N leaching occurred within a given location with different potential evapotranspiration and soil water storage capacity models. Across locations, however, percolation and N leaching usually varied more with local weather and soil conditions than among estimation methods. Care should be taken to select the most appropriate models for a given location if more than relative results are needed.
Single cell analysis revealed that two distinct, unique CD4+ T cell subsets were increased in the small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of aged mice

Recent advances in research suggest that aging has a controllable chronic inflammatory disease aspect. Aging systemic T cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory factors, affect surrounding somatic cells, and accelerate the aging process through chronic inflammation, have attracted attention as potential therapeutic targets in aging. On the other hand, there are few reports on the aging of the intestinal immune system, which differs from the systemic immune system in many ways. In the current study, we investigated the age-related changes in the intestinal immune system, particularly in T cells. The most significant changes were observed in the CD4+ T cells in the small intestinal IEL, with a marked increase in this fraction in old mice and reduced expression of CD27 and CD28, which are characteristic of aging systemic T cells. The proliferative capacity of aging IEL CD4+ T cells was significantly more reduced than that of aging systemic T cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of inflammatory cytokines was not upregulated, whereas Cd8α, NK receptors, and Granzymes were upregulated in aging IEL CD4+ T cells. Functional analysis showed that aging IEL T cells had a higher cytotoxic function against intestinal tumor organoids in vitro than young IEL T cells. scRNAseq revealed that splenic T cells show a transition from naïve to memory T cells, whereas intestinal T cells show the emergence of a CD8αα+CD4+ T cell fraction in aged mice, which is rarely seen in young cells. Further analysis of the aging IEL CD4+ T cells showed that two unique subsets are increased that are distinct from the systemic CD4+ T cells. Subset 1 has a pro-inflammatory component, with expression of IFNγ and upregulation of NFkB signaling pathways. Subset 2 does not express IFNγ, but upregulates inhibitory molecules and nIEL markers. Expression of granzymes and Cd8a was common to both. These fractions were in opposite positions in the clustering by UMAP and had different TCR repertoires. They may be involved in the suppression of intestinal aging and longevity through anti-tumor immunity, elimination of senescent cells and stressed cells in the aging environment. This finding could be a breakthrough in aging research.
Research on the Heterogeneous Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Cluster Scheduling Problem Based on Underwater Docking Chambers

The onboard energy supply of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) is one of the main limiting factors for their development. The existing methods of deploying and retrieving AUVs from mother ships consume a significant amount of energy during submerging and surfacing, resulting in a small percentage of actual working time. Underwater docking chambers provide support to AUVs underwater, saving their precious energy and addressing this issue. When an AUV cluster is assigned multiple tasks, scheduling the cluster becomes essential, and task allocation and path planning are among the core problems in AUV cluster scheduling research. In this paper, based on the underwater docking chamber, an Improved Genetic Local Search Algorithm with Prior Knowledge (IGLSAPK) is proposed to simultaneously solve the task allocation and path planning problems. Under constraints such as onboard energy supply, AUV quantity, and AUV type, the algorithm groups AUVs, assigns tasks, and plans paths to accomplish tasks at different locations, aiming to achieve overall efficiency. The algorithm first generates an initial population using prior knowledge to improve its search efficiency. It then combines an improved local search algorithm to efficiently solve large-scale, complex, and highly coupled problems. The algorithm has been evaluated through simulation experiments and comparative experiments, and the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other algorithms in terms of speed and optimality. The algorithm presented in this paper addresses the grouping, task allocation, and path planning problems in heterogeneous AUV clusters. Its practical significance lies in its ability to handle tasks executed by a heterogeneous AUV group, making it more practical compared to previous algorithms.
Assessment of summer vegetable resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and the possibility of the inoculum

Seven vegetable genotypes, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L), eggplant (Solanum melongena linn), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L), and okra (Hibiscus esculentus L), planted at significant vegetable production areas, were the subject of a systemic survey to determine the association of plant parasitic nematodes and to evaluate the losses. Twenty locations around the vegetable growing region were used to gather 130 samples. The findings indicated that plant parasitic nematodes were present in 85% of the vegetable fields. In decreasing frequency, the plant parasitic nematodes discovered infecting vegetables were Helicotylenchus spp. (Steiner) (3.2%), Xiphinema spp. (Cobb) (5.1%), Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) (6.0%), Pratylenchus spp. (Thorne) (15.2%), and M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chit. (85.0%) The average prevalence of plant parasitic nematodes was 47.19%, ranging from 0 to 85.0%. In the majority of the examined vegetable crops, Pratylenchus spp. and M. incognita population concentrations were possibly hazardous. We found yield losses of 32.5% for four commercially cultivated vegetables, greater than those in industrialized nations. Increased losses might result from growers' ignorance of these plant parasitic nematodes. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse at a temperature of 25°C to test seven summer vegetables for Meloidogyne incognita infection. Cucumber roots had much more galls and egg masses at harvest than the other genotypes' roots. M. incognita's invasion and growth were tested on cucumbers. The way each therapy responded to the M. incognita infection varied. Maximum nematode invasion and growth were seen across all treatments. Relationship between root weight and the quantity of M. incognita growing. Keywords: Cucumber, Nematode, association, vegetable, Tomato, okra, eggplant
Measuring Bias

The extensive use of machine learning (ML) for supporting or making major decisions such as employment, credit card approval, or juridical decisions has resulted in rising concerns over the widespread existence of bias and discrimination. Decisions made by biased ML models result in damaging consequences for many people. In this paper, we focus on the effectiveness of statistical measurement methods to quantity the inherent data bias by examining several real-world datasets. The effects of bias on three classical ML techniques (Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machine) are also studied to understand if bias affects their prediction results. To better understand the impact of bias on sensitive attributes, we also study the effects of bias on different protected groups with various correlation levels to the class labels.
Wild mammals of an Irish urban forest

A mammal survey, using tracks and signs surveys, small mammal trapping and bat detection was carried out in Terryland Forest Park, an urban woodland under development in Galway City. Twelve mammal species were positively identified as being present in the Park, including mammals common in urban areas, such as the fox, house mouse and brown rat, and those more unusual, such as the Irish hare. The Park provides an excellent habitat for mammal species within the urban landscape, and 'green' corridors leading to the Park from the countryside surrounding the City provide a route into and out of the area for its mammalian fauna. Certain mammal species are well adapted to life in urban sprawls. Rodent species, such as the brown rat Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhaut) and the house mouse Mus domesticus (L.), are mainly associated with human settlements, and struggle to compete with other species in more natural habitats. Other species, such as the fox Vulpes vulpes (L.), are increasingly utilizing urban areas, as the opportunity to scavenge suits their opportunistic feeding habits and suitable resting and den sites are easy to find. Most wild Irish mammal species, however, struggle in urban landscapes, and can only survive there if certain habitat requirements are met. Urban parks, large gardens, waterways and patches of natural habitat become vital elements of the species home range, and access to these areas through suitable corridors is also essential. Following rapid urbanization in Ireland during the 20th century (Stapleton et al. 2000), the conservation and value of urban wildlife are becoming increasingly important study objects, as wildlife exists in all but the most polluted, disturbed or urbanized habitats (Davis
Impacts of Liquid Fractions from Two Solid–Liquid Separation Technologies on the Soil Porosity, Ammonia, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Application of organic manure on farmland is one of the most important tasks in agricultural recycling. However, few studies have investigated the potential impact of different solid–liquid separation (SLS) technologies on soil porosity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a result of the application of liquid fractions (LFs). A microcosm experiment was conducted to track the emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) from soils (1) without liquid manure application (CK), (2) with a raw dairy slurry (RM), (3) with the liquid fractions of mechanical solid–liquid separation (MS) technologies, and (4) with the LF of an enhanced solid–liquid separation technology including a flocculant (tannic acid, Ta) (MS + Ta). Soil porosities of different treatments were measured using computed tomography (CT). The saturated water conductivities of the RM and MS treatments were 53.38% and 78.63%, respectively, lower than that of the CK. The application of raw slurry and LFs reduced the gas diffusion due to the strong decrease in pore sizes >500 μm and increased gas emissions compared to the CK. Compared with RM, MS had greater N2O and lower CH4 emissions, whereas MS + Ta had lower NH3 and N2O emissions. MS had the greatest CO2-e emissions, mainly owing to high N2O emissions, followed by RM and MS + Ta. The implementation of a simple SLS led to an increase in nitrogen (N) loss and GHG emissions when the resultant LFs were applied to farmlands, whereas high emissions were reduced when a simple SLS was combined with a flocculant, such as Ta. Further research is required to elucidate the reduction mechanism and its effectiveness under field conditions.
Developing a Formal Induction Programme for Newly Appointed Departmental Heads to Manage the Transition Period: A Guideline for South African Public Schools

In South Africa, there is a general agreement among main stakeholders about the significance of teacher induction, and a well-defined policy objective by the government to commence a process of teacher induction. Lamentably the intent of the government is proceeding at a slow pace, and with no attention given to the induction of newly appointed Departmental Heads (DHs), let alone a formal induction programme to address their transition. The current article aimed to confer attention to the newly appointed DHs by developing a formal induction programme to manage the transition period and address their continuing professional development. Setting sights on contributing to a national policy direction that will prioritise the induction of newly appointed DHs. To achieve the goal, the semi-systematic review was assumed as a research methodology to synthesise, process and analyse evidence regarding the induction programmes of newly appointed DHs and was underpinned by Khumalo’s Deputy Principal Induction Model. The semi-systematic review revealed that generally there is little evidence of the presence of induction programmes in Sub-Saharan African countries. South Africa is not exempted. Newly appointed DHs complained about the challenge of being promoted without knowledge of their respective functions, and this could be attributed to the lack of proper induction. The lack of induction for middle leaders may aggravate what is at present a confronting responsibility and result in poor learner achievement. It is recommended that the Department of Basic Education (DBE) reconsider and come up with a national induction programme that also includes other members of the School Management Team, namely, DHs and deputy principals. The article expands the static knowledge base on the induction of middle leaders. Keywords: Departmental Heads, Induction, Induction Programme, Public Schools, South Africa, Transition.
Survey on the Most Current Image Processing Methods in Huntington's Disease Diagnostics and Progression Assessment

Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare, incurable neurodegenerative disorder where fast and non-invasive diagnosis targeting patients' condition plays a crucial role. In modern medicine, various scientific areas are being combined, such as computing, medicine and biomedical engineering. This survey is focused on the most recent image processing methods applied not only for the purpose of diagnosing HD but also for the assessment of its progression severity, in order to contribute to the effort to prolong life of and to improve its quality.
Aesthetics and semiotics in 21st century visual communications: Pedagogical and sociocultural aspects

The aim of this article is to investigate the interplay of aesthetics and semiotics in 21st century visual communications, focusing on the pedagogical and sociocultural aspects that shape our understanding and interpretation of visual media. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to explore the theoretical foundations of aesthetics and semiotics, followed by an analysis of contemporary visual communications from various sources, including digital media, advertising, and art. The study also analyzed the pedagogical implications of incorporating aesthetics and semiotics in educational settings and the broader sociocultural impact of these concepts in the 21st century. The analysis revealed that aesthetics and semiotics are closely intertwined in visual communications, with both elements contributing to the way messages are perceived and interpreted in diverse contexts. The importance of these concepts in contemporary society was also evident, highlighting their relevance from both pedagogical and sociocultural perspectives. Moreover, the study identified potential benefits in incorporating aesthetics and semiotics in educational settings, as they foster critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of visual media. The findings of this article have significant implications for educators and policymakers, suggesting that the integration of aesthetics and semiotics in curricula can enhance students' ability to engage with and interpret visual media in the digital age. Additionally, recognizing the sociocultural significance of these concepts can help inform policies and practices aimed at promoting visual literacy and fostering a more profound understanding of contemporary visual communications.
Climate science issues and needs of the CALFED Bay-Delta Program

Michael Dettinger, William Bennett, Daniel Cayan, Joan Florsheim, Malcolm Hughes, B. Lynn Ingram, Alan Jassby, Noah Knowles, Frances Malamud-Roam, David Peterson, Kelly Redmond, and Lawrence Smith 1 US Geological Survey, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 2 John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 3 Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, CA 4 Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 5 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 6 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA 7 US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 8 Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 9 US Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA
Potential antibacterial activity of Botryosphaeria rhodina: Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig. derived fungal endophyte

Exploring the secondary metabolites with excellent biological activity and pharmacy value from mangrove-derived fungi has attracted great attention. This study aims to isolate endophytic fungi that exhibit antimicrobial activity from Mangrove plants in Siput River Estuaries, Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. Fifteen isolates of fungal endophytes have been isolated from the root of different Mangrove species, i.e., Aegiceras sp. , Lumnitzera racemosa Wild. , Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. , Laguncularia racemosa (L) C. F. Gaertn. , Sonneratia ovata Backer. , Kandelia candel (L) Druce. , and Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig. In vitro antagonism test was performed for all isolated endophytes against selected pathogenic bacteria. Ten of fifteen endophytes were able to inhibit at least one pathogen with a diameter of inhibition zones ranging from 7,62 ± 0,55 to 18,20 ± 0,98 mm. Three fungi (F15, F2, and F5) with the highest antibacterial activity were subjected to molecular characterization based on the ribosomal region of the internal transcribed spacer by PCR amplification using ITS4 and ITS5 primers. The most potential isolate (F15 from Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig) showed 99.82% similarity with Botryosphaeria rhodina isolate P130. Its ethyl acetate extract was found positive for terpenoid, phenolic, and flavonoid presence. F2 and F5, originated from L. racemosa Wild. and Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. , had 100% similarity with Fusarium equiseti isolate FUS-34-2 and Aspergillus fumigatus strain DTO 402-H1, respectively. All endophytic fungi are recorded for the first time in Riau Mangrove.
No change in network connectivity measurements between separate rsfMRI acquisition times

The role of resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) is increasing in the field of epilepsy surgery because it is possible to interpolate network connectivity patterns across the brain with a high degree of spatial resolution. Prior studies have shown that by rsfMRI with scalp electroencephalography (EEG), an epileptogenic network can be modeled and visualized with characteristic patterns of connectivity that are relevant to both seizure-related and neuropsychological outcomes after surgery. The aim of this study is to show that a 5-min acquisition time provides reproducible results related to the relevant connectivity metrics when compared to a separately acquired 5-min scan. Fourteen separate rsfMRI sessions from ten different patients were used for comparison, comprised of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy both pre- and post-operation. Results showed that there was no significant difference in any of the connectivity metrics when comparing both 5-min scans to each other. These data support the continued use of a 5-min scan for epileptogenic network modeling in future studies because the inter-scan variability is sufficiently low as not to alter the output metrics characterizing the network connectivity.
Source parameters of mine tremors in the eastern part of the Ruhr-District (West-Germany)

About 190 mine tremors were recorded during a 120 day period in the eastern part of the Ruhrdistrict (West Germany). Source parameters of 37 tremors ( 1.3 ~ML-~ 2.3) are calculated. Hypocentral distance was about 2 km. A combined plot of first P-wave motions in an equal area projection of a focal sphere possibly suggests a dip slip mechanism. Displacement Pwave spectra of 13 events show a clear low frequency level and a high frequency asymptotic behaviour as J3, where f is the frequency. Seismic moment varies from 2.3 x 10 18 dyn cm to 2.3 x 1019 dyn cm. Corner frequencies are in the range of 12-16 Hz. Interpretation of spectra with Brune's (1970) model extended by Hanks and Wyss (1972) leads to source dimensions between 87 m and 120 m. Stress drops vary from 0.9 bars to 8.4 bars. Average dislocations range from 0.6 mm to 19 mm. Stress drop, dislocation, and seismic moment have a clear dependence on radiated seismic energy. Seismic energy of the mine tremors is between 1.4 x 10 1 3 ergs and 2.2 x 10 15 ergs. The energy magnitude relation log E = 11.8 + 1.5 M given by Gutenberg and Richter is in good agreement with the data. Source dimensions are in the same range as those found for mine tremors in Utah, South Africa, and Poland.
Potenciais Impactos de Sistemas Estáticos de Esgotamento Sanitário na Água Subterrânea Revisão de literatura

This review of literature compiles several studies investigating the potential impacts of on-site sewerage systems on groundwater contamination, mainly by nitrates and pathogens. Some clear connections have been reported in several studies, but the degree and impact of such contamination are poorly understood. The extent of contamination is extremely variable and may be a function of soil conditions, type of treatment system, wastewater loading rates, aquifer characteristics and water level. Consequently, the design, construction and proper maintenance of these systems are crucial to a successful and sustainable operation. Evidence of aquifer contamination seem to be based more on the increasing number of on-site systems worldwide than on the problems actually observed that are directly associated with this type of technology. Key-words: On-site sewage systems, groundwater, contamination, pathogenic organisms, nitrate.
Bowen Ratio and Penman: Australian-California Tests

Results are presented of evapotranspiration (ET) studies conducted in Davis, California and at two locations in Australia. Good agreements were obtained in early comparisons of Bowen Ratio ET estimates (ETB) and of potential evapotranspiration (ETP) based on a Davis calibration of an hourly H. L. Penman model. Davis and Australian results of 1985-87 confirmed this. However, they also illustrate a range of problems which can occur with the Bowen Ratio method, particularly when the Bowen Ratio +63,drops below a value of minus 0. 3 to minus 0. 4. Results are discussed in light of the error analysis of D. E. Angus and P. J. Watts.