Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nuclear gastroenterology: novel techniques in clinical and experimental gastrointestinal mobility, IBD and hepatology

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A framework for the theoretical evaluation of XML retrieval

We present a theoretical framework to evaluate XML retrieval. XML retrieval deals with retrieving those document components—the XML elements—that specifically answer a query. In this article, theoretical evaluation is concerned with the formal representation of qualitative properties of retrieval models. It complements experimental methods by showing the properties of the underlying reasoning assumptions that decide when a document is about a query. We define a theoretical methodology based on the idea of “aboutness” and apply it to current XML retrieval models. This allows comparing and analyzing the reasoning behavior of XML retrieval models experimented within the INEX evaluation campaigns. For each model we derive functional and qualitative properties that qualify its formal behavior. We then use these properties to explain experimental results obtained with some of the XML retrieval models. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of a Novel Globular Protein Fold with Atomic-Level Accuracy

A major challenge of computational protein design is the creation of novel proteins with arbitrarily chosen three-dimensional structures. Here, we used a general computational strategy that iterates between sequence design and structure prediction to design a 93-residue α/β protein called Top7 with a novel sequence and topology. Top7 was found experimentally to be folded and extremely stable, and the x-ray crystal structure of Top7 is similar (root mean square deviation equals 1.2 angstroms) to the design model. The ability to design a new protein fold makes possible the exploration of the large regions of the protein universe not yet observed in nature.
Generational Differences in Work Values: Leisure and Extrinsic Values Increasing, Social and Intrinsic Values Decreasing

Organizations are currently facing the retirement of many older workers and the challenge of recruiting and retaining young talent. However, few studies have empirically substantiated generational differences in work values. This study examines the work values of a nationally representative sample of U.S. high school seniors in 1976, 1991, and 2006 (N = 16,507) representing Baby Boomers, Generation X (GenX), and Generation Me (GenMe, also known as GenY, or Millennials). With data collected across time, these analyses isolate generational differences from age differences, unlike one-time studies, which cannot separate the two. Leisure values increased steadily over the generations (d comparing Boomers and GenMe = .57), and work centrality declined. Extrinsic values (e.g., status, money) peaked with GenX but were still higher among GenMe than among Boomers (d = .26). Contrary to popular press reports, GenMe does not favor altruistic work values (e.g., helping, societal worth) more than previous generations. Social values (e.g., making friends) and intrinsic values (e.g., an interesting, results-oriented job) were rated lower by GenMe than by Boomers. These findings have practical implications for the recruitment and management of the emerging workforce.
The ABC's of Pollutant Bioassay Using Fish

This is a recommended method for tests of acute toxicity of pollutants to fish. Improved procedures are recommended: chiefly, more frequent observations of mortality and simple statistical treatment. The four-day lethal concentration or the lethal threshold concentration should be used as the final expression of the test result. Toxicity curves should be constructed as the experiment progresses, for the information of the investigator. Tests should provide at least two liters, and preferably three liters of test water per gram of fish per day, whether the test is static or continuous-flow. Tests should not be aerated. Standard species such as rainbow trout are recommended. Effects of mixtures should be assessed by adding toxicant concentrations which have been expressed as fractions of the lethal concentration. Some suggestions are made for using the standard bioassay technique in experiments on sublethal and chronic effects.
Cardiac amyloidosis in full glory

A 38-year-old man with an initial incidental finding of hypertension and proteinuria progressed to dyspnoea and hypotension within 4 months. Transthoracic echocardiography showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a pathognomonic granular appearance of the myocardium and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35% (figure 1A). There was multiorgan involvement with cardiac MR and endomyocardial biopsy confirming the diagnosis of cardiac AL amyloidosis (figure 1B …
Seismic performance of ductility classes medium RC beam-column connections with continuous rectangular spiral transverse reinforcements

N THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RC COLUMNS CAN CONSIDERABLY BE IMPROVED THROUGH THE USE OF CONTINUOUS SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT FOR ITS ADEQUATE DUCTILITY AND ENERGY DISSIPATION CAPACITY. SINCE THE BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS WERE SUBJECTED TO BRITTLE FAILURE AFTER EARTHQUAKES, THE SIMULTANEOUS APPLICATION OF THIS METHOD IN BOTH BEAMS AND COLUMNS COULD GREATLY IMPROVE THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF SUCH CONNECTIONS. IN THIS INVESTIGATION, A NEW PROPOSED DETAIL FOR BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION INTRODUCED AS "TWISTED OPPOSING REC-TANGULAR SPIRAL" WAS INVESTIGATED BOTH EXPERIMENTALLY AND NUMERI-CALLY AND ITS SEISMIC PERFORMANCE WAS VERIFIED THROUGH COMPARISON WITH NORMAL RECTANGULAR SPIRAL AND CONVENTIONAL SHEAR REINFORCE-MENT SYSTEMS. IN THIS RESEARCH, THREE FULL SCALE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS WERE FIRST DESIGNED ACCORDING TO EUROCODE (EC8-04) FOR MEDIUM DUCTILITY CLASSES AND THEN TESTED BY QUASI-STATIC CYCLIC LOADING SUGGESTED BY ACI BUILDING CODE (ACI 318-08). FINALLY, NUMERICAL METHODS WERE HIRED TO VALIDATE THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE ULTIMATE LATERAL RESISTANCE, DUCTILITY AND ENERGY DISSIPATION CAPACITY OF THE CONNECTION COULD BE IM-PROVED USING THE NEW PROPOSED CONNECTION.
The Black Death in Egypt and England: A Comparative Study

A Note on Transliteration Acknowledgments Introduction: Plague and Methodology Mortality, Irrigation, and Landholders in Mamluk Egypt The Impact of the Plagues on the Rural Economy of Egypt The Impact of the Plagues on the Rural Economy of England The Dinar Jayshi and Agrarian Output in England and Egypt Prices and Wages: A Reevaluation Conclusion Appendix. The Marginal Product of Labor Reconsidered Notes Select Bibliography Index
Logical relations for monadic types†

Logical relations and their generalisations are a fundamental tool in proving properties of lambda calculi, for example, for yielding sound principles for observational equivalence. We propose a natural notion of logical relations that is able to deal with the monadic types of Moggi's computational lambda calculus. The treatment is categorical, and is based on notions of subsconing, mono factorisation systems and monad morphisms. Our approach has a number of interesting applications, including cases for lambda calculi with non-determinism (where being in a logical relation means being bisimilar), dynamic name creation and probabilistic systems.
A flexible compilation infrastructure for VLIW and SIMD architectures

Most compiler infrastructures target existing physical architectures. This creates difficulty when trying to perform architectural research: trying to simulate the effects of adding registers to a processor might involve making changes deep inside the compiler infrastructure and writing a dedicated simulator. Making higher-level changes, such as adding a functional unit or extending data paths to handle multiple words in parallel, may be nearly impossible. This thesis describes a compiler back-end and simulator code to compile and simulate code for a variety of architectures. In-order, single instruction/multiple data (SIMD) superword architectures, both clustered and unclustered very long instruction word (VLIW) architectures, and SIMD/VLIW hybrid architectures can all be targeted. A single control file specifies these high-level architectural details, along with characteristics such as the number of registers and the number of functional units, the operations they can execute, and the latency of these operations. There are several characteristics of this system that make it more suitable for architecture research than existing systems. Only having to change a single file to change the target architecture makes it possible to compare several distinct architectures directly, as is demonstrated here. Since this work is based on an existing infrastructure, it can take advantage of existing optimization passes and components such as a register allocator. Finally, since the machine models used here are not based on a physical processor, the user has some flexibility to add to or modify the instruction set to simulate additional instructions. Thesis Supervisor: Saman P. Amarasinghe Title: Associate Professor
Measurement of the Ischemic Penumbra With MRI: It’s About Time Controversies in Stroke

he idea that there exist 2 ischemic thresholds in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction came from seminal microelectrode studies of the baboon cortex the late 1970s 1,2 that measured the effects of progressive reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF). These studies described a level of CBF reduction that led to cessation of cortical evoked responses in the absence of terminal increases in extracellular potassium or reductions in pH and a yet lower level of CBF reduction, at which occurred large increases in extracellular potassium and reductions in pH indicative of failure of membrane ion homeostasis and cell death.
Downregulation of LRRC8A protects human ovarian and alveolar carcinoma cells against Cisplatin-induced expression of p53, MDM2, p21Waf1/Cip1, and Caspase-9/-3 activation

The leucine-rich repeat containing 8A (LRRC8A) protein is an essential component of the volume-sensitive organic anion channel (VSOAC), and using pharmacological anion channel inhibitors (NS3728, DIDS) and LRRC8A siRNA we have investigated its role in development of Cisplatin resistance in human ovarian (A2780) and alveolar (A549) carcinoma cells. In Cisplatin-sensitive cells Cisplatin treatment increases p53-protein level as well as downstream signaling, e.g., expression of p21Waf1/Cip1, Bax, Noxa, MDM2, and activation of Caspase-9/-3. In contrast, Cisplatin-resistant cells do not enter apoptosis, i.e., their p53 and downstream signaling are reduced and caspase activity unaltered following Cisplatin exposure. Reduced LRRC8A expression and VSOAC activity are previously shown to correlate with Cisplatin resistance, and here we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition and transient knockdown of LRRC8A reduce the protein level of p53, MDM2, and p21Waf1/Cip1 as well as Caspase-9/-3 activation in Cisplatin-sensitive cells. Cisplatin resistance is accompanied by reduction in total LRRC8A expression (A2780) or LRRC8A expression in the plasma membrane (A549). Activation of Caspase-3 dependent apoptosis by TNFα-exposure or hyperosmotic cell shrinkage is almost unaffected by pharmacological anion channel inhibition. Our data indicate 1) that expression/activity of LRRC8A is essential for Cisplatin-induced increase in p53 protein level and its downstream signaling, i.e., Caspase-9/-3 activation, expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 and MDM2; and 2) that downregulation of LRRC8A-dependent osmolyte transporters contributes to acquirement of Cisplatin resistance in ovarian and lung carcinoma cells. Activation of LRRC8A-containing channels is upstream to apoptotic volume decrease as hypertonic cell shrinkage induces apoptosis independent of the presence of LRRC8A.
Births: final data for 2007.

OBJECTIVES This report presents 2007 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics; preliminary 2008 data are also referenced on key measures where available. Final 2007 data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race and Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal lifestyle and health characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, and tobacco use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, characteristics of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race and Hispanic origin, and marital status also are presented. Selected data by mother's state of residence are shown, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS Descriptive tabulations are presented of data reported on the birth certificates of the 4.3 million births that occurred in 2007. Preliminary 2008 data are based on 99.9 percent of births occurring in 2008. Denominators for population-based rates are postcensal estimates derived from the U.S. 2000 census. RESULTS A total of 4,316,233 births were registered in the United States in 2007, the largest number of births ever reported. The general fertility rate increased 1 percent to 69.5 per 1,000. Birth rates increased for women in nearly all age groups. The rate for teenagers rose 1 percent for the year and is up 5 percent from 2005. The total fertility rate increased 1 percent to 2,122.0 births per 1,000 women. Preliminary data for 2008, however, suggest a decline in the number and rate of births overall, and for most age groups under age 40 years. All measures of unmarried childbearing reached record levels in 2007. The cesarean delivery rate rose to another all-time high--31.8 percent. Preterm and low birthweight rates declined slightly, and twin and triplet and higher-order multiple birth rates were essentially unchanged. Preliminary findings for 2008 suggest that these trends continued for cesarean delivery, unmarried childbearing, and preterm births.
Development economy and culture: cultural heritage tourism planning Liangzhu China (Book chapter)

Economic, political and cultural frameworks filter global-local relations in diverse ways so that different interests, values and ideas are empowered over others in the planning process. This paper is conceptualised in response to this complexity arguing that notions of and connections between development, economy and culture, embedded in the global-local dialectic, need to be unpacked before tourism planning and policy-making can adequately respond. A case study of cultural heritage tourism planning of the Liangzhu culture in Zhejiang Province, China provides the context for the investigation. It is argued that internally derived cultural imperatives, such as proving national significance and the desire to assert a locality's place in a rapidly changing China and cultural conceptions of economic development and modernisation, are powerful incentives to become involved in cultural heritage tourism planning.
Employment Sector Employment Working Paper No . 43 2009 The price of exclusion : The economic consequences of excluding people with disabilities from the world of work

A crossroads has been reached internationally in terms of the status of people with disabilities in society. Countries worldwide are reviewing laws, policies, programmes and services for people with disabilities with a view to promoting their inclusion in all sectors of society and enhancing opportunities for them to earn a decent living, to contribute to the income of their families, or to make a contribution in the workplace. In parallel, there is a growing recognition that the exclusion of people with disabilities from the labour market has been at great cost to societies. To contribute to the information base used by decision-makers in allocating resources to programmes relating to the employability and employment of people with disabilities, the ILO commissioned an exploratory study of the macro–economic costs of excluding people with disabilities from the world of work. Building on previous research, this study developed a new approach that takes two drivers of economic losses into account: the gap between the potential and the actual productivity of people with disabilities; and the difference between unemployment and inactivity rates of non-disabled people and people with disabilities. Together, these drivers yield the costs that society has to bear for excluding people with disabilities from the world of work. The approach was tested using data from a selection of ten countries in Asia (China, Thailand, and Viet Nam) and Africa (Ethiopia, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe). The overall losses and the relative importance of factors underlying these losses – disabling environment, unemployment and inactivity – are estimated for each country. The study shows that by combining reasonable assumptions and adequate modeling, it is possible to generate data on the costs of exclusion, even for countries where reliable primary data are generally scarce, and suggests that these data are more robust than those generated by a global extrapolation approach. It is hoped that the exploratory study will be useful to governments in setting priorities and in ensuring that people with disabilities are included in measures to tackle the effects of the global financial and economic crisis. It will hopefully stimulate debate and further research on the inclusion of people with disabilities from an economic viewpoint. Comments on the pilot study and its findings will be welcomed. Sebastian Buckup was the author of this working paper. The research, carried out with financial support from the ILO/Irish Aid Partnership Programme, was guided by Barbara Murray, Senior Specialist on Disability, and comments were received from Sara Elder, Economist, Employment Trends Unit, Ferdinand Lepper, formerly of the ILO Department of Statistics, and Debra Perry, Senior Disability Specialist. Anna Kealy edited the manuscript and Jo-Ann Bakker prepared it for publication.
Simultaneous Aircraft observations of aerosol and cloud droplet concentrations related to global coolong

Aircraft observations were carried out in order to study the relationship between aerosol concentration and cloud droplet concentration as basic research on the in· direct effect of aerosol. We analyzed data for clouds that satisfied two standards: clouds of measured aerosol concentrations but without precipitation. The results showed the horizontal and vertical structures of clouds, which can be characterized as follows. The maximum values in cloud droplet concentration and liquid water content are located at the center portion of cloud. Also, cloud droplet concentrations show nearly equal values regardless of the height, and the liquid water content increases with increasing height. The relationship between the aerosol concentration under the cloud base and the cloud droplet concentration in the clouds is represented by the regression formula Y=178Xo. , which asserts that the rate of increase of the cloud droplet concentration in large aerosol concentrations is less steep than in small aerosol concentrations.
Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Infoexclusion ( DSAI 2015 ) Reflective text entry : a simple low effort predictive input method based on flexible abbreviations

Users with reduced physical functioning such as ALS patients need more time and effort to operate computers. Most of the previous assistive technologies use prefix based predictive text input algorithms. Prefix based predictive text entry is suitable for languages such as English where the average word length is approximately 5 characters. Other languages such as Norwegian and German have longer mean word lengths as words are combined into longer compound words and prefix approaches are thus less effective. This paper proposes a new abbreviation expansion algorithm. Users mentally determine an abbreviation of the word, typically comprising significant consonants and the system proposes words that contain the matched characters. The approach is non disruptive in that it does not require the user to learn a new system or abbreviation mnemonics, and it can be used with any text input device. The system is dynamic and adapts to the users style of abbreviated input. The algorithm is easier to implement than previous approaches and no a priori system training is required. Our experimental evaluations demonstrate that the algorithm achieves real time performance with modest computer hardware. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the 6th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (DSAI 2015).
Parallel Out-of-Core Sorting: The Third Way

Sorting very large datasets is a key subroutine in almost any application that is built on top of a large database. Two ways to sort out-of-core data dominate the literature: merging-based algorithms and partitioning-based algorithms. Within these two paradigms, all the programs that sort out-of-core data on a cluster rely on assumptions about the input distribution. We propose a third way of out-of-core sorting: oblivious algorithms. In all, we have developed six programs that sort out-of-core data on a cluster. The first three programs, based completely on Leighton's columnsort algorithm, have a restriction on the maximum problem size that they can sort. The other three programs relax this restriction; two are based on our original algorithmic extensions to columnsort. We present experimental results to show that our algorithms perform well. To the best of our knowledge, the programs presented in this thesis are the first to sort out-of-core data on a cluster without making any simplifying assumptions about the distribution of the data to be sorted.