Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental constraints on the generation of FeTi basalts, andesites, and rhyodacites at the Galapagos Spreading Center, 85°W and 95°W

One-atmosphere experiments conducted on a synthetic glass similar to Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC) FeTi basalt (POO.82N2), (Byerly et al., 1976) define liquid lines of descent at fO2 values between the quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) buffer and 2 log units more oxidizing than the nickle-nickle oxide (NNO) buffer. The experiments provide a framework for understanding the development of FeTi basalts by fractionation at near-ocean floor conditions. GSC lavas from near 85°W initially follow a compositional trend, distinguished by FeO° (= FeO + 0.9Fe2O3) enrichment and SiO2 depletion, which is nearly identical to the trend observed in experiments at QFM to which olivine seeds were added. This compositional trend can be produced by crystallization along an olivine → pigeonite reaction boundary in a shallow crystal-rich magma reservoir. In contrast, GSC lavas from 95°W do not mimic the 1-atm liquid line of descent, but appear to have fractionated at somewhat higher pressure. Basaltic liquids from 95°W underwent fractional crystallization at 1–2 kbar, did not experience FeO° enrichment along an olivine → low-Ca pyroxene reaction boundary, and developed FeO° enrichment concomitant with SiO2 enrichment. This compositional variation is consistent with a differentiation process in which crystals are continually removed from contact with liquid. Rhyodacites from 95°W cannot be related to the basalts and FeTi basalts recovered at 95°W by shallow-level crystal fractionation. Instead, rhyolite liquids were formed either by fractionation of similar parents at greater depth and higher PH2O, or formed by fractionation of different parents. Andesite formed by mixing between basaltic and rhyodacitic liquids. As a consequence, mixed andesites define a trend of decreasing P2O5 which has been previously interpreted to represent apatite saturation at approximately 0.22 wt% P2O5, significantly earlier than at 85°W (where P2O5 decreases at approximately 0.7 wt% P2O5). Our experiments suggest that the fO2 when titanomagnetite first saturates at the GSC was approximately at the NNO buffer. Together with the Fe2O3/FeO data of Byers et al. (1983, 1984) and Christie et al. (1986), this requires an increase in fO2 during crystallization in excess of that produced during closed-system fractional crystallization. We suggest that this increase in fO2 results from interaction with oxidizing surroundings in an open-system process.
Potential distribution around sounding rockets in mesospheric layers with charged aerosol particles

It is shown that large potential variations can exist inside the wake of sounding rockets moving with supersonic velocity through the summertime mesopause region. The potential distribution is driven by charge separation induced by the shock wave of the rocket. The low conductivity conditions due to the attachment of free electrons to aerosol particles allow large electric fields, of the order of V/m, to be maintained. The numerical results from a simple model are consistent with recent electric field measurements carried out by the DROPPS‐1 sounding rocket.
Optical determination of phytoplankton floristic composition

Radiance and irradiance measurements are collected using a seven channel profiling radiometer and a four channel moored irradiance sensor which both use Sea-viewing Wide Field-of- View Sensor (SeaWiFS) wavebands. The instruments were deployed as part of the Land-Ocean Interaction Study, shelf edge study on the Malin Shelf, off the west coast of Scotland, during spring and simmer 1995 and 1996. Changes in in-situ reflectance ratios, calculated from the blue, cyan and green wavebands of the moored color sensors, suggest a diatom-dominated spring bloom, followed by an early summer coccolithophore bloom, with a flagellate-dominated phytoplankton population during the summer. Similar changes are also seen in attenuance ratios and specific attenuation coefficients calculated from the profiling radiometer data. The use of these optical properties to determine phytoplankton floristic composition is discussed.
Problems with the retrieval of glacier net surface balance from SAR imagery

Abstract There are relatively few comparisons between synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations and glacier mass-balance measurements. More typically, SAR has been deployed to identify changes in the end-of-summer snowline and other facies boundaries. In this paper, we analyze the geophysical processes affecting SAR amplitude data over two Arctic glacier systems in northern Scandinavia to assess the potential of SAR observations for the retrieval of surface balance parameters. Using a backscatter model and in situ data, we identify the controls on SAR imagery in terms of mass-balance measurement and discuss the glaciological parameters which can reasonably be derived from multi-temporal SAR data. Our results show that amplitude SAR imagery, in the absence of in situ measurements, is not capable of providing meaningful mass-balance data. We show that backscatter from temperate glaciers is affected primarily by snow grain-size and density, and therefore processes such as firnification or depth-hoar formation can complicate the analysis of imagery. We conclude that SAR imagery over temperate glaciers can provide valuable proxy information but not direct mass-balance terms.
EMPLOYEE RECOGNITION AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN NYERI COUNTY, KENYA

The current study therefore sought to determine the effect of employee recognition on employee performance. The study was anchored on Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, Equity Theory, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory and Hierarchy of Needs Theory. A descriptive survey research design was applied on a target population of 1005 staff working in the 5 public health facilities in the county as gathered county government of Nyeri (2019). Proportionate stratified random sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. The research relied on primary data which was collected through questionnaires. The sample was made up of 151 respondents and comprised of different classes of workforce including top management, middle management, supervisors and regular staff working in the five public facilities. The drop and pick method was used in administering the questionnaire. The study evaluated validity of the instrument through expert opinion and pre-testing. Reliability was tested through Cronbach’s alpha reliability analysis. Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (regression analysis, correlation analysis and analysis of variance) were included in the analysis. The regression analysis results provided evidence that employee recognition
MBpIC-SLAM: Probabilistic Surface Matching for Bathymetry Based SLAM

Abstract This paper presents a probabilistic surface matching method for pose-based bathymetry SLAM using a multibeam sonar profiler. The proposed algorithm compounds swath profiles of the seafloor with dead reckoning localization to build surface patches. Accurately dealing with the uncertainty of the robot pose as well as the measured points, a Monte Carlo method is used for coarse registration before performing a fine registration using a probabilistic ICP 3D implementation. Moreover, using the proposed uncertainty estimation, an algorithmic improvement is also presented to decrease the complexity of the ICP to O (n). The method has been tested using an experimental dataset gathered in Tasmanian waters.
Measurement of the B+→ωl+ν and B+→ηl+ν branching fractions

We present a study of the charmless semileptonic B -meson decays B þ ! ‘ þ (cid:1) and B þ ! (cid:2)‘ þ (cid:1) . The analysis is based on 3 : 83 (cid:1) 10 8 B (cid:1) B pairs recorded at the (cid:2) ð 4 S Þ resonance with the BABAR detector. The ! mesons are reconstructed in the channel ! (cid:3) þ (cid:3) (cid:2) (cid:3) 0 and the (cid:2) mesons in the channels (cid:2) ! (cid:3) þ (cid:3) (cid:2) (cid:3) 0 and (cid:2) ! (cid:4)(cid:4) . We measure the branching fractions B ð B þ ! ‘ þ (cid:1) Þ ¼ ð 1 : 14 (cid:3) 0 : 16 stat (cid:3) 0 : 08 syst Þ (cid:1) 10 (cid:2) 4 and B ð B þ ! (cid:2)‘ þ (cid:1) Þ ¼ ð 0 : 31 (cid:3) 0 : 06 stat (cid:3) 0 : 08 syst Þ (cid:1) 10 (cid:2) 4 .
Volatilidade da taxa de câmbio real e taxa de juros no Brasil: evidências de um modelo VAR-GARCH-M para o período 1999-2010

Este trabalho investiga a relacao entre a taxa de juros e a volatilidade da taxa de câmbio real efetiva no Brasil. Atraves de um modelo GARCH multivariado simultâneo, que permite estimar equacoes para a media e variância em um unico estagio, observou-se que nao e possivel afirmar que a volatilidade da taxa de câmbio real efetiva e a taxa de juros (nominal ou real) sejam independentes. Adicionalmente, houve evidencia de que a variância da taxa de câmbio real efetiva e afetada pelos choques defasados na media e na variância da taxa de juros. No contexto do regime de metas para a inflacao, tais resultados sugerem que a elevada volatilidade cambial no Brasil pode estar de alguma forma relacionada com a regra de politica monetaria adotada.
A reinterpretation of sea-salt records in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores?

Abstract It has recently been shown that much sea-salt aerosol around the coast of Antarctica is generated not from open water, but from the surface of newly formed sea ice. Previous interpretations of ice-core records have disregarded the sea-ice surface as a source of sea salt. The majority of sea-salt aerosol at Halley research station originates from frost flowers rather than open water, and the seasonal cycle of sea salt in aerosol at Halley appears to be controlled by ice production in the Weddell Sea, as well as variations in wind speed. Frost flowers are also an important source of aerosol at Siple Dome, suggesting that variations in sea-salt concentrations in the core, and other cores drilled in similar locations, may be reflecting changes in sea-ice production rather than changes in transportation patterns. For Greenland cores, and those from low-accumulation inland sites in Antarctica, it is not simple to calculate the proportion of sea salt originating from frost flowers rather than open water. However, modelling studies suggest that a sea-ice surface source contributed much of the flux of sea salt to these sites in glacial periods, suggesting that interpretations of ice-core records from these locations should also be revisited.
Dynamical and Thermodynamical Causes of Large-Scale Changes in the Hydrological Cycle over North America in Response to Global Warming*

AbstractThe mechanisms of model-projected atmospheric moisture budget change across North America are examined in simulations conducted with 22 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Modern-day model budgets are validated against the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis. In the winter half year transient eddies converge moisture across the continent while the mean flow wets the west from central California northward and dries the southwest. In the summer half year there is widespread mean flow moisture divergence across the west and convergence over the Great Plains that is offset by transient eddy divergence. In the winter half year the models project drying for the southwest and wetting to the north. Changes in the mean flow moisture convergence are largely responsible across the west but intensified transient eddy moisture convergence wets the northeast. In the summer half year widespread declines in precipitation minus evaporation (P − E) ar.
Resolution and illumination analyses in PSDM A ray-based approach

Prestack depth migration (PSDM) should be the ultimate goal of seismic processing, producing angle-dependant depth images of the subsurface reflectivity. But the expected quality of PSDM images is constrained by many factors. Understanding all of these factors is necessary to improve depth imaging of geologic structures. In all PSDM approaches, e.g., Kirchhoff or wave-equation, migration always includes compensating for wave propagation in the overburden (back propagation, downward continuation, etc.), before focusing back the reflected/diffracted energy at each considered location in depth (imaging). Ideally, we would like to retrieve the reflectivity of the ground as detailed as possible to invert for the elastic parameters. But the waves perceive the reflectivity through “thick glasses,” seeing blurred structures, and not necessarily all of them, depending on the illumination. Only a filtered version of the true reflectivity is therefore retrieved. Being able to estimate these filters, the so-called re.
The use of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for in situ carbon and nitrogen analysis of pastoral soils

A field method has been developed for rapid in situ assessment of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content using a portable spectroradiometer (ASD FieldSpecPro). The technique was evaluated at 7 field sites in permanent pasture, and in 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year pine-to-pasture conversions on Pumice, Allophanic, and Tephric Recent Soils in the Taupo and Rotorua region of New Zealand. A total of 210 samples were collected from 2 depths: 37.5 and 112.5 mm. Field measurement of diffuse spectral reflectance was recorded from a flat sectioned horizontal soil surface of a soil core using a purpose-built contact probe attached by fibre optic cable to the spectroradiometer. A 15-mm soil slice was collected from each cut surface for analysis of total C and N using a LECO Analyser. Soils had a wide range of total C and N (0.26–11.21% C, 0.02–1.01% N). Partial least-squares regression analysis was used to develop calibration models between smoothed-first derivative 5-nm-spaced spectral data and LECO-measured total C and N. The models successfully predicted total C and N in the validation sets with the best prediction for C (RPD 2.01, r2 0.75, RMSEP 1.21%) and N (RPD 2.66, r2 0.86, RMSEP 0.07%). Prediction accuracy using different selection methods of calibration and validation set is reported. This study indicates that in situ assessment of soil C and N by field spectroscopy has considerable potential for spatially rapid measurement of soil C and N in the landscape.
Analysis of Jmjd6 Cellular Localization and Testing for Its Involvement in Histone Demethylation

Background Methylation of residues in histone tails is part of a network that regulates gene expression. JmjC domain containing proteins catalyze the oxidative removal of methyl groups on histone lysine residues. Here, we report studies to test the involvement of Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (Jmjd6) in histone lysine demethylation. Jmjd6 has recently been shown to hydroxylate RNA splicing factors and is known to be essential for the differentiation of multiple tissues and cells during embryogenesis. However, there have been conflicting reports as to whether Jmjd6 is a histone-modifying enzyme. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunolocalization studies reveal that Jmjd6 is distributed throughout the nucleoplasm outside of regions containing heterochromatic DNA, with occasional localization in nucleoli. During mitosis, Jmjd6 is excluded from the nucleus and reappears in the telophase of the cell cycle. Western blot analyses confirmed that Jmjd6 forms homo-multimers of different molecular weights in the nucleus and cytoplasm. A comparison of mono-, di-, and tri-methylation states of H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, H3K36, and H4K20 histone residues in wildtype and Jmjd6-knockout cells indicate that Jmjd6 is not involved in the demethylation of these histone lysine residues. This is further supported by overexpression of enzymatically active and inactive forms of Jmjd6 and subsequent analysis of histone methylation patterns by immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis. Finally, treatment of cells with RNase A and DNase I indicate that Jmjd6 may preferentially associate with RNA/RNA complexes and less likely with chromatin. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our results provide further evidence that Jmjd6 is unlikely to be involved in histone lysine demethylation. We confirmed that Jmjd6 forms multimers and showed that nuclear localization of the protein involves association with a nucleic acid matrix.
The dynamics of an equivalent-barotropic model of the wind-driven circulation

Various steady and time-dependent regimes of a quasi-geostrophic 1.5 layer model of an oceanic circulation driven by a steady wind stress are studied. After being discretized as a numerical model, the quasi-geostrophic equations of motion become a dynamical system with a large dimensional phase space. We find that, for a wide range of parameters, the large-time asymptotic regimes of the model correspond to low-dimensional attractors in this phase space. Motion on these attractors is significant in determining the intrinsic time scales of the system. In two sets of experiments, we explore the dependence of solutions on the viscosity coefficient and the deformation radius. Both experiments yielded a succession of solutions with different forms of time dependence including chaotic solutions. The transition to chaos in this model occurs through a modified classical Ruelle-Takens scenario. We computed some unstable steady regimes of the circulation and the associated fastest growing linear eigenmodes. The structure of the eigenmodes and the details of the energy conversion terms allow us to characterize the primary instability of the steady circulation. It is a complex instability of the western boundary intensification, the western gyre and the meander between the western and central gyres. The model exhibits ranges of parameters in which multiple, stable, time-dependent solutions exist. Further, we note that some bifurcations involve the appearance of variability at climatological time scales, purely as a result of the intrinsic dynamics of the wind-driven circulation.
The Scottish herring fishery 1800–1914: Development and intensification of a pattern of resource use

Abstract The herring fishery in Scotland during the period 1800–1914 grew from limited beginnings to a large‐scale activity which dominated almost all the fishing communities in the country. This was made possible by the existence of a favourable resource base, together with a series of developments in the fishery — in boats, harbours, catching, curing and marketing. Involved too was much increased mobility on the part of fishermen, curers and shore workers as the fishery expanded to encompass most of the coasts of the British Isles.
An idealized two-dimensional approach to study the impact of the West African monsoon on the meridional gradient of tropospheric ozone

[1] An idealized vertical-meridional zonally symmetrical version of the Meso-NH model is used to study the response of tropospheric ozone to the dynamics of the West African monsoon, as well as surface emissions and NOx-production by lightning (LNOx). An O3-NOx-VOC chemical scheme has been added to the dynamical model, including surface emissions and a parameterization of the LNOx production. The model shows that the ozone precursors emitted at the surface are uplifted by deep convection and then advected in the upper branches of the Hadley cells on both sides of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The NOx produced by lightning promotes chemical ozone production in the middle and upper troposphere from the oxidation of CO and VOCs. The analysis of the convective and chemical tendencies shows that the ozone minimum at the ITCZ is induced by venting of ozone-poor air masses into the upper troposphere. The bi-dimensional model suffers from limitations due to the absence of exchange with the higher latitudes and ventilation in the zonal direction. Despite of these restrictions, sensitivity simulations show that the LNOx source and biogenic VOCs are necessary to create the meridional gradient of ozone observed by the Measurements of OZone and water vapor by in-service AIrbus airCraft (MOZAIC) aircrafts in the southern Hadley cell. The LNOx source is also required to maintain the meridional ozone gradient up to 24°N in the northern Hadley cell. The modeled meridional gradient of O3 in the upper troposphere ranges from 0.22 to 0.52 ppbv/deg without the LNOx source and from 0.60 to 1.08 ppbv/deg with the LNOx source, in the southern and the northern cells respectively.
Field-scale demonstration of enhanced MTBE bioremediation through aquifer bioaugmentation and oxygenation.

In situ bioaugmentation and biostimulation experiments were conducted at the USN Hydrocarbon National Environmental Test Site at Port Hueneme, CA (PH), where the dissolved MTBE groundwater plume is over 1500 m long. Laboratory microcosm experiments prepared with PH groundwater showed that MTBE was rapidly metabolized (t1/2 ≤ 2 weeks) after inoculation with a high-activity MTBE-degrading bacterial consortium (MC-100). Microcosm studies also showed that natural ether degraders were present at PH; however, the rates were 3−5 times slower than with the bioaugmented treatment. The field pilot test was conducted to assess the efficacy of creating an MTBE biobarrier by inoculating with MC-100 and maintaining well-oxygenated conditions. Three test plots located in the MTBE-only portion of the plume included control (no treatment), O2-only (intermittent O2 gas injection), and O2 + bioaugmented (MC-100) zones. Initial MTBE and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the plots prior to treatment varied from 2 to 9 m.
PollyNET: a network of multiwavelength polarization Raman lidars

PollyNET is a growing global network of automatized multiwavelength polarization Raman lidars of type Polly (Althausen et al., 2009). The goal of this network is to conduct advanced remote measurements of aerosol profiles and clouds by the same type of instrument. Since 2006 this network assists the controlling and adjustment activities of Polly systems. A central facility receives the data from the Polly measurements. The observational data are displayed in terms of quicklooks at http://polly:tropos.de in near real time. In this way, the network serves as a central information platform for inquisitive scientists. PollyNET comprises permanent stations at Leipzig (Germany), Kuopio (Finland), Evora (Portugal), Baengnyeong Island (South Korea), Stockholm (Sweden), and Warsaw (Poland). Non-permanent stations have been used during several field experiments under both urban and very remote conditions - like the Amazon rainforest. These non-permanent stations were lasting from several weeks up to one year and have been located in Brazil, India, China, South Africa, Chile, and also aboard the German research vessels Polarstern and Meteor across the Atlantic. Within PollyNET the interaction and knowledge exchange is encouraged between the Polly operators. This includes maintenance support in system calibration procedures and distribution of latest hardware and software improvements. This presentation introduces the PollyNET. Main features of the Polly systems will be presented as well as recent instrumental developments. Some measurement highlights achieved within PollyNET are depicted.
AUTHOR'S DECLARATION FOR ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION OF A THESIS

The aim of this research is to show how social networks can be used for marketing purposes. This is implemented with the assistance of learning algorithms. The method proposed in this research is based on the analysis of “Support Vector Machines”, which facilitates analysis of all information gathered from the social websites. It differs from other methods currently being used by social networking websites, which do not take advantage of classification. By using public information from social networks, a dataset was formed. It comprised of a thousand users and seven features. The examined features were location, age, gender, occupation, relationship status, and average travel time/year. In this research, the dataset will be examined twice: first using a regular SVM; and next by using “Weighted Feature Support Vector Machines”. For the latter, to assign weights, a method called “Pairwise Comparison” will be used to rank the importance of features.