Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical and economic considerations in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a growing health problem with considerable economic consequences. Despite progress in the management of this disease, few areas in medicine generate greater disagreement. The larger part of healthcare resources are allocated to 'halfway technologies' aimed at palliative intervention to prolong life, while a relatively small part goes to measures aimed at preventing or curing the disease. The aetiology of this cancer is multifactorial and no practical measures for primary prevention are known. The number of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer is increasing steadily. The age-adjusted mortality, however, has increased only slightly. In its early stages, prostate cancer is often asymptomatic and is usually not diagnosed until it has advanced. Programmes for the early detection of prostate cancer (screening) claimed to reduce morbidity and mortality are a matter of controversy. Furthermore, there has been much debate regarding optimal treatment in the early stages of the disease. Economic considerations have not as yet been integrated into studies concerning localised prostate cancer. The routine first-line treatment of advanced prostate cancer usually involves some type of endocrine treatment. The most straightforward technique is surgical castration. Oral estrogens are as effective as castration, but have significant cardiovascular adverse effects. These may possibly be prevented if estrogens are given parenterally. A third principal endocrine treatment is the administration of antiandrogens. Medical castration can be attained by the administration of recently developed synthetic peptides, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone {luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)} (GnRH) analogue agonists which are given parenterally. The advantage of this type of medical castration is that the trauma of surgical castration and the adverse effects of oral estrogens are avoided. In an attempt to improve the results obtained with endocrine treatment, the concept of combining surgical or medical castration with antiandrogens was introduced. This combination could offer improved response rates and survival in a significant number of patients. However, this advantage must be weighed against the tolerability profiles and the high costs of antiandrogens and GnRH analogues. When using expensive drugs, the duration of treatment is a crucial factor in the total cost. As the length of treatment varies greatly between patients it is difficult to decide the most cost-effective alternative for a single individual. The patient's preference is an important factor when selecting treatment. When there is little or no difference in the effect of different regimens the total lifetime cost is important. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Category Theory: an abstract setting for analogy and comparison

‘Comparison’ and ‘Analogy’ are fundamental aspects of knowledge acquisition. We argue that one of the reasons for the usefulness and importance of Category Theory is that it gives an abstract mathematical setting for analogy and comparison, allowing an analysis of the process of abstracting and relating new concepts. This setting is one of the most important routes for the application of Mathematics to scientific problems. We explore the consequences of this through some examples and thought experiments. Let us start with a quote from Shakespeare’s ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’. The Poet’s eye in a fine frenzy rolling Doth glance from heaven to earth and from earth to heaven And as imagination bodies forth the form of things unknown The Poet’s pen turns them to shapes and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. We feel many mathematicians would liken this description of the role of the Poet to their own attitudes to Mathematics. Undoubtedly, mathematics has coined many names for the forms of things previously unknown. The notion of ‘name’, and its role in thought, is very subtle. In trying to address the question ‘What is Category Theory? ’, we felt it necessary to reflect on ‘What is Mathematics? ’ and ‘How does Category Theory fit into its overall structure? ’ In fact, as Category Theory is being seen as having potential uses in other parts of Science, perhaps its position within Science as a whole might also be useful to consider. Our initial view of Category Theory, both within Mathematics and more widely, suggested various ‘themes’, in no particular order: • mixed algebraic and geometric/combinatorial structures, • enables comparison between objects, • a formalisation and abstraction of ‘analogy, and from ‘analogy’ to ‘abstraction’ itself,
Power Doppler sonography to evaluate response to percutaneous ethanol injection in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of the present study was to compare power Doppler imaging with traditional color Doppler imaging and with contrast enhanced computer tomography in the evaluation of intratumoral vascularity of hepatocellular carcinomas at diagnosis and in response to percutaneous ethanol injection. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixteen patients with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent colour Doppler, power Doppler and computed tomography at diagnosis. Seventeen patients were studied by the three techniques one month after percutaneous ethanol injection treatment. RESULTS At baseline evaluation, power Doppler and color Doppler were always in agreement and, with the exception of one case, were also in agreement with the computerized tomography scan. On the contrary, power Doppler and computerized tomography are more sensitive than color Doppler in the evaluation of residual vascularized tumoral tissue after percutaneous ethanol injection. In 3 patients, residual vascularity was demonstrated only by computerized tomography while color and power Doppler were negative. In another 3 cases, a positive power Doppler signal, with a typical arterial Doppler spectrum, was observed while color Doppler and computerized tomography were negative. In these patients, cancer relapse was clinically evident after a few months and treatment was repeated to obtain complete necrosis. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that only the integration of the results of all these techniques can reliably evaluate tumoral vascularity after percutaneous ethanol injection.
Paediatric Casualties During OP TELIC

Aim To audit all paediatric attendances to a British Army Field Hospital during warfighting. Population All patients <16-years-old who presented to 34 Field Hospital Accident & Emergency (A&E) Department during warfighting phase of OP TELIC (27 Mar 03 to 01 May 03). Method A retrospective analysis of A&E attendance register, A&E clinical records, and A&E trainees’ logbooks from the department of 34 Field Hospital. Results Seventy eight children were treated, mean age 7.9 years. 65.4% were male and 34.6% female. Children accounted for 2.9% of all patients (total attendances 2720) and 32.9% of noncoalition patients (non-coalition attendances 237). 44 (56%) children had burns as the principal injury; 7 (9%) had shrapnel injuries, 5 (6%) had blunt trauma from a road traffic accident. Only one child had GSW. 17% of attendances were related to ‘medical’ complaints rather than trauma. 78% of children required transfer to a specialist facility. Conclusions Recognition of the potential for paediatric casualties is required to facilitate appropriate planning, training and equipping of medical units deployed on future operations.
Policy statement of Canadian Society of Transplantation and Canadian Society of Nephrology on organ trafficking and transplant tourism.

)wasdevelopedafteradirectivefromtheWorldHealthAssemblyin2004(resolution57.18),whichurgedmemberstates:“totakemeasurestoprotectthepoorestand vulnerable groups from transplant tourism and the saleof tissues and organs, including attention to the wider prob-lemofinternationaltraffickinginhumantissuesandorgans”(
Consider the neuro‐cardiac continuum of Coffin‐Lowry syndrome!

With interest we read the case report of Martinez et al. about a boy with Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS), left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVHT) and a restrictive cardiac filling pattern in whom a de novo mutation in the RPS6KA3 gene was revealed. [Martinez et al., 2011] Clinical findings of the presented patient induced the following questions, concerns and comments: The neurologic findings of the patient should be presented in more detail. From the image in Figure 2 we have the impression that he is wheel-chair bound. At age 3 years, he had a cardiopulmonary arrest while undergoing induction of anesthesia. It would be interesting to know if the cause of the arrest was due to a cardiac (like arrhythmia) or extracardiac (like bronchospasmus) problem. How sure are the authors that the neurologic “injuries”were indeed long-term sequelae of presumed cerebral hypoxia during resuscitation and not neurologic manifestations of CLS, such as intellectual disability, destructive or self-injurious behaviour, or stimulusinduced drop attacks? For how long was resuscitation carried out? Was resuscitation carried out by professionals or non-professionals? Which was the latency between onset of the emergency and start of the resuscitation? Was cardiopulmonary arrest during induction of anesthesia associated with malignant hyperthermia? Did he ever experience other complications during further anesthesias? Did cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after resuscitation show typical abnormalities of hypoxia? Since RPS6KA3 is also expressed in the skeletal muscle, his neurological presentation could be also explained by myopathy and encephalopathy due to the underlying defect. Which were the results of nerve conduction studies and electromyography? Since the patient experienced intellectual decline it would be interesting to know the patient’s cerebralMRI and EEG findings. Did he ever experience an epileptic seizure [Stephenson et al., 2005]? Were cognitive decline, behavioral changes or muscle disease also detected in other family members? The electrocardiographic findings should be reported. Did the patient suffer from any kind of arrhythmia like atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation or ventricular arrhythmias, which are frequently found in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy [St€ ollberger and Finsterer, 2007]? How to explain the continuous increase in pulmonary artery pressure which is unusual for patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy? Since the hemodynamic data suggest that pulmonary arterial hypertension was precapillary,
Organophosphorus Pesticides Determination by Electrochemical Biosensors

According to the definition given by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA, 2008), a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest (insects, mice and other animals, unwanted plants, fungi, microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, and prions). Considering their chemical structure, the pesticides are organophosphorus, carbamates, organochlorines, and pyrethroid ones (U. S. EPA, 2009). Currently, more than 30 % of the registered pesticides in the world market (Hill, 2003) and about 45 % of those registered with U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Roger & Dagnac., 2006) are organophosphorus (OP). The organophosphorus pesticides, because of their high toxicity, fast biodegradation, low bioaccumulation, and broad target spectrum are extensively used in the agricultural and veterinary practices for protection of field and fruit crops, and for parasites control in domestic animals. However, their intensive and indiscriminate application, as well as their high acute toxicity generated risks to man and his environment. The resulting public concern created a demand for the development of reliable, sensitive, simple and low-costing methods for their fast “ in field” detection. In this work are reviewed the principles of the emerging electrochemical biosensors based methods for organophosphorus pesticides determination during the last decades, as methods of choice for “in situ” and “on line” application. Two main analytical techniques are considered, involving respectively the direct enzyme transformation of the pesticide and its enzyme activity inhibition effect, both followed by the conversion of the signal produced by the interaction between the bioreceptor and the analyte, into electrical one. The advantages and the drawbacks of each of them are discussed. The recent trends in the development of electrochemical biosensors for OP pesticides quantification, including nanomaterials transducer modification and genetic engineering of the biological recognition element are revised. Special attention is paid to the electrochemical biosensors based methods application for OP pesticides residues detection in food and in the environment.
Re-Understanding the Mechanisms of Action of the Anti-Mycobacterial Drug Bedaquiline

Bedaquiline (BDQ) inhibits ATP generation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by interfering with the F-ATP synthase activity. Two mechanisms of action of BDQ are broadly accepted. A direct mechanism involves BDQ binding to the enzyme’s c-ring to block its rotation, thus inhibiting ATP synthesis in the enzyme’s catalytic α3β3-headpiece. An indirect mechanism involves BDQ uncoupling electron transport in the electron transport chain from ATP synthesis at the F-ATP synthase. In a recently uncovered second direct mechanism, BDQ binds to the enzyme’s ε-subunit to disrupt its ability to link c-ring rotation to ATP synthesis at the α3β3-headpiece. However, this mechanism is controversial as the drug’s binding affinity for the isolated ε-subunit protein is moderate and spontaneous resistance mutants in the ε-subunit cannot be isolated. Recently, the new, structurally distinct BDQ analogue TBAJ-876 was utilized as a chemical probe to revisit BDQ’s mechanisms of action. In this review, we first summarize discoveries on BDQ’s mechanisms of action and then describe the new insights derived from the studies of TBAJ-876. The TBAJ-876 investigations confirm the c-ring as a target, while also supporting a functional role for targeting the ε-subunit. Surprisingly, the new findings suggest that the uncoupler mechanism does not play a key role in BDQ’s anti-mycobacterial activity.
Household Time and Risk Preferences and Adaptation to Climate Change

Climate change adaptation is fundamentally a decision to incur certain costs now in return for uncertain benefits and costs in the future. Thus time and risk preferences will shape how individuals and groups adapt on their own and in response to public policies and programs. Drawing on recent advances in behavioral economics, we clarify how these adaptation decisions are shaped by different parameters and forms of time and risk preferences. The magnitude of these parameters and the prevalence of these forms thus become important empirical questions for policymakers. Past studies, however, shed little light on these questions because their empirical designs and estimation strategies are often unable to discriminate among rival explanations for the patterns observed. Applying recent developments in experimental designs and estimators, we conduct field experiments to characterize time and risk preferences in a rural population in the western, arid region of Costa Rica, targeted by policymakers for climate change adaptation investments. Decisions about these investments are often made at the household-level, rather than at the individual-level. Thus, we expand on previous experimental studies by characterizing time and risk preferences at both the levels of individuals and married couples. We conclude by exploring whether the hypotheses about how adaptation investments vary with time and risk preferences are validated by the data, and by describing how climate change adaptation policies should be designed if the patterns observed in study site are prevalent in other low and middle-income nations. ∗Corresponding Author. Department of Economics, University of Maryland Baltimore County. Email: mbernedo@umbc.edu. †Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) and Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg. Email: falpizar@catie.ac. cr. ‡Carey Business School and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University. Email: pferraro@jhu.edu
The Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Drug Resistance in Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma

Gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas (GEJA) have dramatically increased in incidence in the western world since the mid-20th century. Their prognosis is poor, and conventional anti-cancer therapies do not significantly improve survival outcomes. These tumours are comprised of a heterogenous population of both cancer stem cells (CSC) and non-CSCs, with the former playing a crucial role in tumorigenesis, metastasis and importantly drug resistance. Due to the ability of CSCs to self-replicate indefinitely, their resistance to anti-cancer therapies poses a significant barrier to effective treatment of GEJA. Ongoing drug development programmes aim to target and eradicate CSCs, however their characterisation and thus identification is difficult. CSC regulation is complex, involving an array of signalling pathways, which are in turn influenced by a number of entities including epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), microRNAs (miRNAs), the tumour microenvironment and epigenetic modifications. Identification of CSCs commonly relies on the expression of specific cell surface markers, yet these markers vary between different malignancies and indeed are often co-expressed in non-neoplastic tissues. Development of targeted drug therapies against CSCs thus requires an understanding of disease-specific CSC markers and regulatory mechanisms. This review details the current knowledge regarding CSCs in GEJA, with particular emphasis on their role in drug resistance.
A Method for Entubulating Exposed Nerve Ends Following Neurectomy Using a Porcine Extracellular Matrix Nerve Cap

Compression and irritation at the plantar aspect of the transverse intermetatarsal ligament may lead to a compressive neuropathy called Morton’s neuroma. There are many treatment options for Morton’s neuroma, with the most common surgical option being traction neurectomy. While there has been success in many surgical procedures, up to 35% of patients treated with traction neurectomy have recurrent pain and up to one-third of these patients have a recurrent stump neuroma. These neuromas are caused by abnormal axonal growth during regeneration, leading to an unorganized mass of fibrotic collagenous tissues, Schwann cells, and axons. More recent surgical treatments of neuromas have included nerve capping, which has been proposed to prevent painful neuroma formation by isolating the nerve end from external chemosignaling and reducing disorganized axonal outgrowth. An off-the-shelf, biocompatible porcine small intestine submucosa (pSIS) derived nerve cap with internal chambering has been investigated in a rodent study, which showed less pain sensitivity and less axonal swirling indicative of reduced likelihood of neuroma formation. Furthermore, a recent clinical study indicated that patients experienced a significant reduction in pain 3 months after Morton’s neuroma excision followed by repair using a nerve cap. This article describes the surgical technique of the aforementioned clinical study to mitigate neuroma formation, where a Morton’s neuroma is excised, and the remaining proximal nerve stump is inserted within a nerve cap and buried in the surrounding muscle. Level of Evidence: Level V: Expert opinion
Spatial Position and Anatomical Characteristics Associated with Impacted Third Molars Using a Map-Reading Strategy on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans: A Retrospective Analysis

(1) Background: This study assessed the spatial position and anatomical features associated with impacted third molars through a map-reading strategy employing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). (2) Methods: The positioning of impacted third molars on CBCT was assessed using Winter’s and Pell and Gregory’s classifications. External root resorption in mandibular second molars was categorized according to Herman’s classification. Additionally, the relationship between the mandibular third molar root apex and the mandibular canal was examined. Comparative statistical analysis was conducted using Fisher’s exact test, with a significance level considered as 5%. (3) Results: The results indicated that, based on Winter’s classification, 48.06 % of impacted teeth were positioned mesioangularly. Employing Pell and Gregory’s classification, 43.22% of the impacted molars fell into positions B and C, with 54.2% classified as Class II. A notable 69.7% of teeth exhibited no contact between the root apex and the mandibular canal, and external root resorption in the distal aspect of the second molar was absent in 88.7% of cases. (4) Conclusions: Utilizing the map-reading strategy with CBCT scans to assess the anatomical positions and characteristics of impacted third molars enhances professional confidence and sets a standard for quality and safety in the surgical procedure for patients.
PhD: A Prompted Visual Hallucination Evaluation Dataset

The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven the development of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). The challenge of hallucination, prevalent in LLMs, also emerges in LVLMs. However, most existing efforts mainly focus on object hallucination in LVLM, ignoring diverse types of LVLM hallucinations. In this study, we delve into the Intrinsic Vision-Language Hallucination (IVL-Hallu) issue, thoroughly analyzing different types of IVL-Hallu on their causes and reflections. Specifically, we propose several novel IVL-Hallu tasks and categorize them into four types: (a) object hallucination, which arises from the misidentification of objects, (b) attribute hallucination, which is caused by the misidentification of attributes, (c) multi-modal conflicting hallucination, which derives from the contradictions between textual and visual information, and (d) counter-common-sense hallucination, which owes to the contradictions between the LVLM knowledge and actual images. Based on these taxonomies, we propose a more challenging benchmark named PhD to evaluate and explore IVL-Hallu. An automated pipeline is proposed for generating different types of IVL-Hallu data. Extensive experiments on five SOTA LVLMs reveal their inability to effectively tackle our proposed IVL-Hallu tasks, with detailed analyses and insights on the origins and possible solutions of these new challenging IVL-Hallu tasks, facilitating future researches on IVL-Hallu and LVLM. The benchmark can be accessed at \href{https://github.com/jiazhen-code/IntrinsicHallu}{this https URL}.