Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Challenges and Strategies

Abstract Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a subset of Major Depressive Disorder which does not respond to traditional and first-line therapeutic options. There are several definitions and staging models of TRD and a consensus for each has not yet been established. However, in common for each model is the inadequate response to at least 2 trials of antidepressant pharmacotherapy. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of existing literature regarding the challenges and management of TRD has been compiled. A PubMed search was performed to assemble meta-analyses, trials and reviews on the topic of TRD. First, we address the confounds in the definitions and staging models of TRD, and subsequently the difficulties inherent in assessing the illness. Pharmacological augmentation strategies including lithium, triiodothyronine and second-generation antipsychotics are reviewed, as is switching of antidepressant class. Somatic therapies, including several modalities of brain stimulation (electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy and deep brain stimulation) are detailed, psychotherapeutic strategies and subsequently novel therapeutics including ketamine, psilocybin, anti-inflammatories and new directions are reviewed in this manuscript. Our review of the evidence suggests that further large-scale work is necessary to understand the appropriate treatment pathways for TRD and to prescribe effective therapeutic options for patients suffering from TRD.
Neogene tectonic events in the West Antarctic rift system inferred from comparisons with the East African rift and other analogs

The West Antarctic rift system (WARS) is largely buried beneath 1-4 km of ice, obscuring vast areas that could provide clues about the potential for active volcanism beneath the ice sheet, and whether significant tectonic extension has taken place in Cenozoic time. This study explores the consequences of viewing the ice as basin fill, and of approximating the mass equivalent of ice as unconsolidated sediment. It then compares the results with active rift systems elsewhere in the world. The results suggest (1) that the interior rift trough is relatively cool and volcanically inactive, (2) that extension and over-deepening of interior basins, like the Bentley Subglacial Trench, has taken place beneath the ice sheet in late Cenozoic time, and (3) that dome uplift and the growth of large central volcanoes along the Marie Byrd Land coast, together with subsidence of interior basins, have significantly increased the relief within the rift system in Neogene time.
SPH-LES Model for Numerical Investigation of Wave Interaction with Partially Immersed Breakwater

The reflection and transmission characteristics of regular waves by a partially immersed curtain-type breakwater have been studied by the experiment and numerical model in the paper. Non-overtopping and overtopping of the breakwater by the incident wave were considered to compare different wave dissipation efficiencies. An incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) theory combined with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model was employed as the numerical tool. The SPH method is robust for tracking free surfaces without numerical diffusion and the LES model is capable of analyzing turbulence and eddy vortices during wave-breakwater interactions. A good agreement between computational and experimental wave profiles verifies the accuracy of the SPH-LES model. The computations also disclose that the wave energy dissipation is mainly attributed to the turbulence production and vortex shedding during the wave transmission and reflection processes.
An inventory of impediments to tidal flow in NSW estuarine fisheries habitats

Tidal flow is thought to be an important consideration in the maintenance of fish habitat, particularly nursery habitat. To assess the presence of structures which impede tidal flow in New South Wales, a special project was initiated in mid 1994 which collected anecdotal and field data. The former were collected via a questionnaire sent to Oyster farmers and fisheries officers, while the latter were preceeded by the inspection of 148 1:25000 topographic maps. The presence of bridges, culverts, causeways, fords, weirs and floodgates were noted on the maps. Nearly 4230 structures located in the tidal zone were considered for their remediation potential, and we suggest 1388 are candidates for change. The majority of the candidate structures are floodgates, almost 50% of which occur in three north coast rivers. The information obtained in this inventory has important implications for habitat managers and researchers in NSW and the other Australian states.
Decision to delivery interval for emergency caesarean section in Eastern Uganda: A cross-sectional study

Introduction The decision to delivery interval is a key indicator of the quality of obstetric care. This study assessed the decision to delivery interval for emergency cesarean sections and factors associated with delay. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study between October 2022 and December 2022 in the labor ward at Mbale regional referral hospital. Our primary outcome variable was the decision to delivery interval defined as the time interval in minutes from the decision to perform the emergency caesarean section to delivery of the baby. We used an observer checklist and interviewer administered questionnaire to collect data. Stata version 14.0 (StataCorp; College Station, TX, USA) was used to analyze the data. Results We enrolled 352 participants; the mean age was 25.9 years and standard deviation (SD) ±5.9 years. The median (interquartile range) decision to delivery interval was 110 minutes (80 to 145). Only 7/352 (2.0%) participants had a decision to delivery time interval of ≤30 minutes. More than three quarters 281 /352 (79.8%) had a decision to delivery interval of greater than 75 minutes. Emergency cesarean section done by intern doctors compared to specialists [Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR): 1.26; 95% CI: (1.09–1.45)] was associated with a prolonged decision to delivery interval. Conclusion The average decision to delivery interval was almost 2 hours. Delays were mostly due to health system challenges. We recommend routine monitoring of decision to delivery interval as an indicator of the quality of obstetric care.
Stratigraphy of Promethei Lingula, south polar layered deposits, Mars, in radar and imaging data sets

[1] The south polar layered deposits (SPLD) of Mars have been studied through imagery for decades. Now, two subsurface sounding radar instruments have collected data: the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) instrument on Mars Express and the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) instrument on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter are observing the SPLD at multiple frequencies (1.8–5 and 20 MHz, respectively). Both instruments detect subsurface reflections in the Promethei Lingula region of the SPLD. MARSIS detects up to three reflections within Promethei Lingula, in addition to detecting the basal contact between the SPLD and the underlying plains. SHARAD detects 10s of reflections without penetrating to the base of the SPLD. MARSIS reflections likely correlate to the boundaries of packets of reflections in the SHARAD data; whatever change in composition of the SPLD that causes the SHARAD reflections to occur in packets may also be the source of the MARSIS reflections. In several locations, SHARAD reflections can be compared directly with images of layers; an individual reflection corresponds to 3–7 layers in images at resolutions of 6 m/pixel. Reflection surfaces are calculated using the radar observations and extrapolated to the SPLD margins where they are compared to the stratigraphy observed in images. We find that the MARSIS reflections, and thus the packet structure within the SHARAD observations, are likely related to distinctive groups of layers rather than individual layers. The radar data sets allow us to confirm several predictions concerning the interior of the SPLD from stratigraphic studies of images, including that most of the layers extend throughout the region and that they decrease in elevation toward the margin of the SPLD.
STREAM DEPTH SIGNIFICANCE DURING IN‐SITU SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND MEASUREMENTS IN SHALLOW STREAMS 1

ABSTRACT: Ninety‐one sediment oxygen demand (SOD) samples from six designated sites along the stretch of Lower Rapid Creek, South Dakota, were conducted using an in‐situ SOD chamber. Inside the chamber, readings of dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, pH, and specific conductance were recorded every minute for more than one hour using the Datasonde 3 Hydrolab. Initial readings of such parameters were recorded for the overlaying water before the deployment of the SOD chamber. Characteristics of the stream conditions, air temperature, barometric pressure, average flow velocity of the stream, depth of the stream, and the flow velocity by the chamber were recorded. Single and multiple linear regression analyses on all parameters indicated that the velocity of the stream is the least critical parameter for SOD in shallow streams.
Improved estimation of terrestrial water storage changes from GRACE

The temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field caused by fluctuations in terrestrial water mass can be inferred from changes in GRACE monthly gravity field solutions. Such methods have limited spatial resolution due to a necessary and possibly arbitrary truncation and smoothing of the coefficients. Limiting the temporal resolution to one month was necessary to solve the gravity field by a global representation. Our alternative method uses GRACE satellite‐to‐satellite tracking and accelerometer data to obtain the along‐track geopotential differences and directly estimate the temporal gravity variations regionally. This method was tested on the estimation of hydrological mass anomaly over the Amazon and Orinoco river basins. Compared to conventional spherical harmonic methods, the spatial extent of the estimated GRACE water height anomaly achieved finer resolution and is shown to follow more closely the boundaries of the river basins and significant systematic variation could be discerned at 15‐day temporal resolutions.
Nutrition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A review

Abstract Cachexia and muscle wasting is a frequent but partly reversible complication in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and affects the disease progression and prognosis. Weight loss in COPD is a consequence of increased energy requirements unbalanced by dietary intake. Nutritional supplement therapy has been shown to be effective for maintaining and improving the muscle strength and exercise tolerance in poorly nourished COPD patients, thereby decreasing morbidity and mortality. This mini review discusses the role of nutritional supplement therapy in the treatment of COPD.
Morphological Evolution of Stratiotes through the Paleogene in England: An Example of Microevolution in Flowering Plants

Abstract Six populations of seeds of the aquatic monocotyledon Stratiotes (Hydrocharitaceae) from the Paleogene of England have been studied to assess morphological evolution through the Eocene–Oligocene transition. Morphometric methodologies (including eigenshape analysis) have been used to quantify evolution within the genus and compare results to previous qualitative studies. Previously hypothesized broad evolutionary trends of increasing size and more elongate shape are found to be mainly correct, but, in places, can be elucidated further. The results of this study indicate a single evolving lineage in the Paleogene of southern England with an increase in seed size and keel width in late Eocene specimens, followed by a reversal of this trend in the early Oligocene. Two Miocene populations from continental Europe are shown to be morphologically distinct from those of the English Paleogene. Changes in overall shape of the seed are shown to be controlled dominantly by the relative size of the keel structure, rather than the seed body. Comparisons show that the microevolutionary trend of Stratiotes across the Eocene–Oligocene transition differs from that of the charophyte, Harrisichara. This may suggest that factors other than climatic change, such as animal/plant interactions, played a role in evolution of Stratiotes seeds. Type and figured material of named Paleogene species was added passively to the dataset, and results suggest that taxonomic splitting may have led to previous evolutionary hypotheses of multiple clades, which is not supported by this study.
Incorporating concerns of coastal communities in planning and management: The case study of Port Joli and lessons learned from the Eastport Marine Protected Areas

Marine environment and resources are experiencing the degradation in Canada. Since Oceans Act was established in 1996, the Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has tried to engage a broader view of participatory governance. However, the evolution of engaging community has taken a long process to improve. This project examined the willingness to collaborate with federal governmental agencies (e.g. DFO, Park Canada, Environment Canada) in the Port Joli community, Nova Scotia (N.S.), and shared lessons learned from two Eastport Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Newfoundland (N.L.). Data was conducted using the survey distributed to households in the Port Joli area, and interviews were used to collect experiences of the Eastport MPAs management team. The findings from this study indicated that the Port Joli community had major concerns in the decline of fish stocks, aquaculture development, and decreasing water quality. The community agreed that management approach such as community engagement, and tools, citizen science and MPAs, are important to be applied to address these issues. However, some challenges the respondents faced are the limited attempt by governmental agencies to address these concerns and their ability to provide long-term support for community-based initiatives. Based on the lessons learned from the Eastport MPA management process, respect local knowledge, information sharing and coordinator liaison are encouraged to be involved from the government’s perspectives. On the other hand, the Port Joli community is recommended to engage in capacity build and public awareness. Overall, participatory governance is based on a trust relationship between governmental agencies and communities, and the community engagement is a recognized approach to address marine and coastal concerns.
Short Term Assessment of the June 1996 Flash‐floods in Yemen

Abstract Remotely sensed images at different spatial resolutions were obtained of a remote region in central Yemen, relatively shortly after a disastrous flood occurred, affecting many wadi systems. Interpretation of fused pre‐ (Landsat‐TM) and post‐flood (IRS‐lC‐LISS III) satellite images led to the zoning of possible damaged areas. Of these zones some high resolution satellite images were acquired and an airborne survey with small format photographs was executed, followed up by field surveys. Data extraction was done by visual interpretation with high resolution images and the results were transferred digitally to flood damage assessment maps that used the pre‐flood images as a background. The images are used for flood hazard donation and mitigation planning. A first outlay of combined flood mitigation measures and artificial groundwater recharge schemes was made using geomorphological features and land use.
Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Stress Neurohormones in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Objective: To determine the effects of Ramadan fasting on serum levels of stress neurohormones in Iranian women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Materials and methods: This study was a clinical trial and was performed during July 2011 (month of Ramadan) in Royan institute, Tehran. A total of 40 women who were aged 20-40 years and known cases of PCOS and had no other medical diseases were included in the study. They were divided into two groups as follows: (i) study group (n = 20) who participated in Ramadan fasting and (ii) control group (n = 20) who did not participate in fasting. For evaluating Ramadan’s effect on the level of neurohormones serum level of the following variables were evaluated before and after Ramadan: cortisol, adrenaline (A), noradrenalin (NA), beta-endorphin (β-End), insulin, as well as sex hormones including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone. Results: In the study group after Ramadan serum cortisol and nor-adrenaline levels were significantly lower than the initial levels obtained at beginning of Ramadan (p < 0.05) as compared to control group. Conclusion: This study indicates that Ramadan fasting decreases stress neurohormones in women with PCOS.
Permafrost monitoring in the Hovsgol mountain region, Mongolia

[1] The Hovsgol mountain region (49°–52°N, 98°–102°E) of northern Mongolia contains widespread mountain permafrost and comprises the southern fringe of the Siberian continuous permafrost zone. In this paper, we report our initial monitoring of permafrost by means of measuring ground temperatures and active layer thickness in boreholes and some cryogenic processes under the influence of climate warming and human activities in the region. The average rate of increase in mean annual permafrost temperatures is from 0.2°C to 0.4°C per decade. Permafrost has been degrading more intensively during the last 15 years (since 1990s) than during the previous 15–20 years (1970s and 1980s). Recent degradation of permafrost under climate warming in the Hovsgol mountain region is generally more intensive than in the Hentei and Hangai Mountain regions. Moreover, livestock grazing in some local areas accelerates degradation of permafrost due to loss of vegetation cover. Year-round temperature recordings by data loggers placed beneath different vegetation covers showed marked differences in active layer thickness and ground temperature.
Critical depth to saline groundwater in non-irrigated situations

The salinity of soil sampled from profiles exposed by a backhoe did not relate well with the vegetative cover growing on the soil, yet there was a good relationship between cover and depth to the saline water table. Results demonstrated that the depth to a saline water table can be used as an indicator of the possible productive potential of a soil.
Evolution of Cooperation

Nature has produced cooperating communities in virtually every environment independently. This suggests that there are very simple, elegant rules that sustain evolutionarily stable cooperating populations. The goal of this paper is to shed light on some of the simplest known models that yield such cooperation. With the advent of the internet a new arena for human interaction was born. The full potential of cooperation in this new frontier has not been realized; the hope is to tame this wilderness into a safe haven where cooperation can thrive.
Climatology and decadal variability of the Ross Sea shelf waters

The World Ocean Database 2001 data located in the Ross Sea (named WOD01 and containing data in this region since 1928) are merged with recent data collected by the Italian expeditions (CLIMA dataset) in the period November 1994-February 2004 in the same area. From this extended dataset, austral summer climatologies of the main Ross Sea subsurface, intermediate and bottom water masses: High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW), Low Salinity Shelf Water (LSSW), Ice Shelf Water (ISW) and Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) have been drawn. The comparison between the WOD01_1994 climatologies (a subset of the WOD01 dataset until April 1994) and the CLIMA ones for the period 1994/95-2003/04 showed significant changes occurred during the decade. The freshening of the Ross Sea shelf waters which occurred during the period 1960-2000, was confirmed by our analysis in all the main water masses, even though with a spatially varying intensity. Relevant variations were found for the MCDW masses, which appeared to reduce their presence and to deepen; this can be ascribed to the very limited freshening of the MCDW core, which allowed an increased density with respect to the surrounding waters. Variations in the MCDW properties and extension could have relevant consequences, e.g. a decreased Ross Ice Shelf basal melting or a reduced supply of nutrients, and may also be indicative of a reduced thermohaline circulation within the Ross Sea. Shelf Waters (SW) having neutral density γn > 28.7 Kg m-3, which contribute to form the densest Antarctic Bottom Waters (AABW), showed a large volumetric decrease in the 1994/95-2003/04 decade, most likely as a consequence of the SW freshening.
Effect of long-fallow on soil quality and cotton lint yield in an irrigated, self-mulching, grey Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales

Reduced crop growth rates (‘long-fallow disorder’) can be a feature of long-fallow cotton (cotton, alternating with a bare fallow, is sown every other year). This is usually attributed to decreased development of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), although associated soil physical, chemical, and biological properties are very rarely reported. A study was conducted from 1993 to 1997 in a grey, self-mulching Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales to characterise soil properties under long-fallow cotton with a view to identifying soil factors other than AM that could contribute to cotton growth rate reductions. Soil quality indicators monitored were compaction (bulk density and air-filled porosity), strength (cone resistance), plastic limit, exchangeable cations, nitrate-N, pH, organic C, development of AM, and incidence of cotton root diseases. In comparison with continuous cotton, long-fallow cotton had lower soil strength, and lower plastic limit. Exchangeable Ca and Mg were higher with continuous cotton only in 1994. Higher nitrate-N was also observed with long-fallow during the first fallow phase of the experiment. Long-fallow did not have any significant effect on soil organic carbon. However, a net decline in soil organic C and exchangeable Mg occurred with both treatments. During the cotton phase, subsoil nitrate-N and incidence of black root rot were lower with long-fallow cotton. Uptake of nitrogen by continuous cotton may have been reduced by greater severity of black root rot. Vegetative and reproductive growth, water extraction, and cotton lint yields in long-fallow cotton plots were higher than those in continuous cotton plots. AM development was similar with continuous cotton and long-fallow cotton. Compared with long-fallow cotton, the lower lint yield in continuous cotton was thought to be due to the interactive effects of declining nutrient availability, higher soil strength, and greater severity of black root rot causing decreases in nutrient and water uptake.