Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RAPPORT DE STAGE MASTER II Comparaison de structure et de biodiversité entre des forêts exploitées et non exploitées en France : bilan des données acquises et premières perspectives

This present study compared the structure and the biodiversity of managed and unmanaged forests that had been abandoned for at least 20 years. To estimate the impact of forest management, the response of 13 structural variables and 6 taxonomic groups were analyzed in 15 lowland and mountain french stands. Furthermore, the influence of time since abandonment and the type of forest management applied to every site were also considered as explanatory factors of the observed differences. Our results indicate that the response varied widely among structural variables and taxonomic groups. Deadwood, log and snag volumes as well as log density per hectare (D > 30 cm) were significantly higher in unmanaged forests. Regarding biodiversity, fungi showed significantly higher species richness in unmanaged forests contrary to saproxylic and carabid beetles which had significantly higher species richness in managed forests. Log and deadwood volumes increased significantly with time since abandonment while the stump density per hectare decreased significantly. Fungi and carabid beetles showed a significant positive response to time since the last forest management. In this study, the 3 silvicultural treatments applied in the managed forests were conversion from coppice to even-aged forest, the even-aged forest and the irregular forest. Only standing deadwood volume, saproxylic beetles and birds reacted significantly to the various treatments. This report is a preliminary summary of the results of a project ongoing since 2008, and further analyses lay ahead. Key-words : Forest management, Dendrometry, Taxonomic groups, Abandonment time, Sylvicultural treatments
Statistical Fire Models : Review

Statistical models provide a useful resource that can help us to understand the causes and consequences of fires. They are used to identify and quantify the effects of the most significant fire-related factors and environmental factors. The number of factors listed in the fire statistics is very large and the first task in the analysis is to determine those factors and the factor categories that have a significant effect. The firerelated factor categories that are identified as having the greatest effect are: The extent and the nature of fire damage, The area and location of fire origin, The type of material ignited and the ignition factor, The fire frequencies. The most significant environmental factors are: The fire extinguishing measures, The decontamination processes, The fire site characteristics, The meteorological conditions. The purpose of the statistical fire model described in this paper is to present a review of the most important models proposed in literature in the fire domain.
Nanosilver ecotoxicity : chronic effects on the freshwater gastropod, Physa acuta, and influence of abiotic factors

7 INTRODUCTION . 8 METHODS . 11 RESULTS . 13 DISCUSSION . 15 REFERENCES.18 FIGURE LEGENDS . 22 FIGURES . 23 CHAPTER 2 ABSTRACT . 27 INTRODUCTION . 28 METHODS . 30 RESULTS . 33 DISCUSSION . 35 REFERENCES.39 FIGURE LEGENDS . 43. 27 INTRODUCTION . 28 METHODS . 30 RESULTS . 33 DISCUSSION . 35 REFERENCES.39 FIGURE LEGENDS . 43 FIGURES . 45 CHAPTER 3 ABSTRACT . 54 INTRODUCTION . 55 METHODS . 57. 54 INTRODUCTION . 55 METHODS . 57
Coordination : Water Resources and Environment

This proceedings, Coordination: Water Resources and Environment , consists of papers presented at ASCE's 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management and the 1998 Annual Conference on Environmental Engineering held in Chicago, June 1998. These papers explore the basic principles that should guide the coordination between water resources development and environmental mandates. These basic principles are: 1) maximizing tangible direct benefits from the project, as compared to the tangible costs; 2) saving of lives; 3) determining environmental effects; 4) protecting the liberty of people to lead the lives they wish without undue disturbance; and 5) ascertaining human welfare effects of water resource development. While these principles are not new, what is new is the concept of considering all of them with no priority. This proceedings will assist the water resources and environmental engineering communities in determining the seriousness of the problem, the effectiveness of present national institutions, and the need for any major changes.
Elimination of the overburden response from multicomponent source and receiver seismic data, with source designature and decomposition into PP-, PS-,SP-, and SS-wave responses

This paper shows that Betti's reciprocity theorem gives an integral equation procedure to eliminate from the physical multicomponent-source, multicomponent-receiver seismic measurements the effect of the physical source radiation pattern and the response of the physical overburden (that is, the medium above the receiver plane). The physical multicomponent sources are assumed to be orthogonally aligned anywhere above the multicomponent-receiver depth level. Other than the position of the sources, no source characteristics are required. The method, denoted the Betti designature/elastic demultiple, has the following additional characteristics: it preserves primary amplitudes while eliminating all waves scattered from the overburden; it requires no knowledge of the medium below the receiver level; it requires no knowledge of the medium above the receiver level; it requires information only of the local density and elastic wave propagation velocities at the receiver level to decompose the physical seismic meas.
Hillslope runoff and erosion on duplex soils in grazing lands in semi-arid central Queensland. III. USLE erodibility (K factors) and cover-soil loss relationships

Measured Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) soil erodibility (K) values are not available for soils in grazing lands in northern Australia. The K values extrapolated from croplands are used in national and river-basin scale assessments of hillslope erosion, using an assumption that the cover factor (C) equals 0.45 for undisturbed (uncultivated) bare soil. Thus, the K needed for input into the models is the measured K for undisturbed soil (KU) divided by 0.45. Runoff and erosion data were available for 7 years on 12 hillslope plots with cover of 10–80%, with and without grazing, with and without tree canopy cover, on a variety of soils according to various soil classification systems. Soils were grouped into those derived from sandstone (SS), mudstone (MS), and eroded mudstone (MSe). These data were used to determine USLE KU, K, and C factor–cover relationships. Methods used to fit the parameters affected the results; minimising the sum of squares of errors in soil losses gave better results than fitting an exponential equation. The USLE LS (length–slope) factor explained the increase in measured average annual soil loss with slope, for plots with low cover. Erodibility (K) was 0.042 for SS and MS soils, irrespective of Australian Soil Classification (Chromosol, Kandosol, Rudosol, Sodosol, Tenosol); K was 0.062 for exposed, decomposing mudstone (MSe Leptic Rudosol). The measured K factor for SS and MS soils was close to that used in catchment-wide soil loss estimation for the site (0.039). This indicates that the method used for estimating K from soil properties (derived from cultivated soils) gave a reasonable estimate of K for the main duplex soils at the study site, as long as the correction for undisturbed soil is used in deriving K from measured data and in applying the USLE model. A 20% increase in K (0.050) for SS and MS soils may be warranted for heavy grazing by cattle. The C factor–cover relationship was different from the standard revised USLE (RUSLE) relationship, requiring a greater exponent (‘bcov’) of 0.075, rather than the default for cropland of 0.035. Increasing cover is therefore more effective at the site than suggested by the USLE. Parameters of USLE were also derived for bedload, allowing suspended load to be calculated by subtracting bedload from total soil loss.
Quantifying land cover in a semi-arid region of Texas

Quantifying Land Cover in a Semi-Arid Region of Texas. (December 2004) Joshua Michael Peschel, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Ronald E. Lacey Changes with land cover and land use are closely integrated with water and other ecological processes at the land surface. Nowhere is that more apparent than in the Edwards Aquifer region of southcentral Texas. The Edwards Aquifer contributing and recharge zones cover approximately 18,000 square kilometers in parts of 15 counties in Texas and includes San Antonio and Austin, the nation's eighth and nineteenth largest cities, respectively. Population growth within the counties that intersect the Edwards Aquifer contributing and recharge zones has taken place over the last two decades, with the logical translation being an expanded infrastructure. This implies that a greater amount of impervious surface coverage and other land cover changes have occurred. This work quantified the changes in land cover within the Edwards Aquifer contributing and recharge zones between the years 1986 and 2000. Increasing trends in impervious surface area and woodland growth were identified. Additionally, a new ArcView software tool was developed to process SSURGO soil data for use within the ArcView SWAT model. Hydrologic modeling for the Upper Sabinal River watershed, located within the Edwards Aquifer region, revealed that the high resolution SSURGO data produces different results when used in place of the existing STATSGO soils data.
Cardioprotection of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima) and Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rat Model

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological efficacy of 3 functional foods (Water spinach, Wood apple, and Linseed) against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and oxidative stress in rat models. Methods: Twenty-five Wistar Albino rats (male and female) were equally classified into 5 groups. Except for the normal control (NC) group, the animals received 2.5 mg/kg doxorubicin (DOX) intra-peritoneal injection at 48 hours intervals to create a dose of 15 mg/kg overall for 14 days. Simply a standard diet was given to the NC and DOX groups. In the 3 treatment groups such as water spinach (DOX + WS), wood apple (DOX + WA), and linseed (DOX + LS), rats were given 14 gm/day/rat fried water spinach, mashed wood apple, roasted linseed, respectively mixed with regular rat diet at 1:1 ratio. Blood and heart samples were collected by sacrificing all the rats on the last of the experiment day (the 15th day). LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CK-MB (creatine kinase myocardial band), MDA (malondialdehyde), and SOD (superoxide dismutase) were analyzed. Additionally, histopathological analysis was conducted for final observation. Results: The functional foods were indicated to lower the serum cardiac biomarkers (LDH and CK-MB) as well as stress marker (MDA) significantly (P < .05) and improved heart function and oxidative stress. However, the change in serum SOD level was noted as statistically insignificant (P > .05). The biochemical outcomes of the food intervention groups were supported by the histological findings found in those groups. Conclusion: Consuming the investigated foods containing antioxidant phytochemicals may combat cardiac toxicity and oxidative stress. Nonetheless, thorough investigations and clinical monitoring are required to understand these functional foods’ mechanism of action and dose-response effects in treating cardiotoxicity and oxidative stress.
Global Moho from the combination of the CRUST2.0 model and GOCE data

The aim of this work is to attenuate these drawbacks by combining the seismic global model CRUST2.0 with gravity observations from the GOCE satellite mission. More specifically, the used GOCE data are grid values at mean satellite altitude estimated by the so-called space-wise approach. After reducing the data to a two-layer model by removing the effect of topography, bathymetry and sediments, a combined inversion driven by a priori information on the CRUST2.0 accuracy and by the error covariance structure of the GOCE grids is performed. In addition, the observation errors as well as the error due to the data reduction are tentatively taken into account to estimate the accuracy of the final Moho model. The result is an update of the CRUST2.0 Moho model with a 0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees resolution, which at the same time contains seismic and geological information and it is consistent, at 20 mE level, to the actually observed gravity field. A first comparison with the CRUST2.0 Moho shows that in the continental crust the mean difference between the two models is of the order of 1.5 km with standard deviations depending on the considered region. As expected, the main variations (standard deviation of the order of 7 km) are located in South America, Africa and Antarctica where very few data in the CRUST2.0 were originally used. In the rest of the world, differences have a standard deviation of about 4 km. As for the oceanic crust, it can be noted that the corrections to the CRUST2.0 model are of the order of 3 km (mean value) with a standard deviation of 6 km. Finally, the solution computed in this paper has been compared with a set of Moho models at different scales from global to local ones showing that it is reasonably consistent (differences of about 5 km standard deviation) also with seismic observations.
The Free City of Danzig

HE accompanying map (foll. p. 328) shows the boundaries of the free city of Danzig as laid down in articles 28 and 100 of the treaty of peace with Germany. Article 28 gives the eastern boundary where it confines with East Prussia and the plebiscite area, and the other, the western boundary, where it borders on Poland. To appreciate properly the geographical considerations arising out of the creation of this new state some other clauses in the treaty must be taken into account. In determining the powers of the free city the peace conference has furnished us with an interesting example of the application of the idea embodied in the League of Nations, the covenant of which forms an integral part of the peace treaty. In applying that idea an honest attempt has been made to reconcile the conflicting claims of Poles and Germany in such a manner as to ensure so far as possible the common interests of both while paying due regard to conflicting sentiments. The Poles insisted on the necessity for economic reasons of having control of the entire course of the Vistula, and this has in a very large measure been granted by the treaty. The inhabitants of the free city area, being mainly German, were hostile to inclusion in the kingdom of Poland. Hence the creation of a new state with remarkable limitations of sovereignty. The case, however, is a comparatively simple one, and it may be hoped that the principle of the League of Nations may here be found to work satisfactorily. It ought to do so if mutual interest is kept in view by the states concerned, but this is a consideration too often set at naught by mutual antipathy, and if this should prove to be so in this instance, it would augur ill for the working of the League where it has to face larger and much more difficult problems. What are the limitations of sovereignty referred to? They are set forth in Article 104 of the treaty, which is here given entire:? " The Principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake to negotiate a Treaty between the Polish Government and the Free City of Danzig, which shall come into force at the same time as the establishment of the said Free City, with the following objects : "(1) To efFect the inclusion of the Free City of Danzig within the Polish Customs frontiers, and to establish a free area in the port; " (2) To ensure to Poland without any restriction the free use and
Optimal flooding patterns in fractured low-permeability sandstone reservoir

An optimized flooding pattern in fractured low permeability reservoir should delay directional water break through, prolong water flooded time, and deal with the problem of water injection failure. Because of the generally slow pressure transfer rate, the producer injector spacing should be relatively close so that the well pattern is flexible for adjustment during the late development phase. Four types of flooding patterns are used in the fractured low permeability reservoir of the Jilin Oilfield: ①skew inverted nine spot flooding arranged in an equilateral triangle pattern (Fuyu Oilfield); ②flooding pattern with the well array direction at 22.5° with the fracture strike (Xinli Oilfield); ③flooding pattern with the well array direction at 45° with the fracture strike (Xinmin Oilfield); ④skew inverted nine spot flooding arranged in a rhombic pattern (Min 43 8 block and Daqingzijing Oilfield). The skewed inverted nine spot pattern flooding with a close well spacing should be used during the initial development phase, and the pattern should be adjusted to linear flooding during the late development phase. The well array direction should be parallel to the fracture strike.
An Evaluation of Morphological Methods for Sex Determination of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in the Pre-Fledgling Stage

Abstract. Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) are sexually monochromatic seabirds that are dimorphic in size. Although most dimorphic seabird adults can be accurately sexed using non-invasive techniques, determining the sex of pre-fledglings is more challenging. Schew and Collins (1990) developed an equation to estimate chick age from wing chord and used body mass of chicks ≥ 24 days old to evaluate the sex of skimmers in California; however, this was not verified on known-sexed individuals. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of their methodology on banded skimmer chicks from southwest Florida whose sexes were confirmed during adulthood. Out of 32 skimmers, Schew and Collins' (1990) method only classified 44% of males and 81% of females correctly. While males on average were larger than females, there was considerable overlap between the sexes when measurements of body mass, culmen and tarsus length were plotted against wing chord. It appears our Florida chicks grow slower than those in the California study and do not asymptote until after they are flight capable. As Black Skimmer populations decline, further research is needed to determine the most effective chick sexing method as knowledge of survival rates of pre-fledglings by sex will be critical for evaluating management efforts.
Traveling planetary‐scale waves in the lower thermosphere: Effects on neutral density and composition during solar minimum conditions

The effects of breaking of traveling, planetary scale Rossby waves (TPWs) in the lower thermosphere are investigated with respect to the mixing of neutral constituents. We use numerical simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, eXtended version, whose meteorology below 92 km is constrained by atmospheric specifications obtained from operational weather forecast/data assimilation system. The Fourier spectra show that the amplitude of TPWs with periods between 3 and 10 days are statistically significant in some years; the amplitude and phase of the band‐pass filtered behavior is consistent with the behavior of the 5 day wave. A wavelet analysis using the S‐transform shows that large variations with periods between 3 and 10 days can occur in relatively narrow temporal windows (20–30 days) during boreal winter. The momentum flux entering the lower thermosphere during the times of TPW amplification is shown to be large, and the amplifications of the TPWs in the thermosphere are not always associated with stratospheric sudden warming. The subtropical zonal accelerations are consistent with Rossby wave encountering a surf zone at low latitudes, resulting in wave breaking. The zonal acceleration is shown to be associated with a meridional diffusion, which is largest in the lower thermosphere where the wave activity and the wave breaking are also large. The ultimate effect on neutral density and composition is a meridional, down‐gradient mixing; although this horizontal diffusion is largest below 110 km, the effects on the composition are amplified with increasing altitude, due to the diffusive separation of the thermosphere.
Slip History of the 16 October 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine Earthquake (California) from the Inversion of InSAR, GPS, and Teleseismic Data

The slip distribution of the 16 October 1999, M w 7.1, Hector Mine earthquake, California, is investigated in space and time by jointly inverting geodetic data and broadband teleseismic data constrained by reported surface offsets. The geodetic data consist of a dense network of Global Positioning System (gps) data and synthetic aperture radar (sar) interferograms from both ascending and descending satellite tracks. Considering the complexity of the earthquake rupture, our fault model has four partially overlapping segments discretized into 3 × 3 km2 patches. The seismic source parameters on each subfault are estimated using a nonlinear inversion scheme based on a simulated annealing method to explore the parameter space. We allow a variable rupture velocity and slip to vary in amplitude, direction, and duration. We first explore the space and time resolution of each data set and their combination with data synthetized from known slip distributions. We estimate the slip distribution from the different data sets inverted separately and finally perform a joint inversion of the combined data sets. The teleseismic data inversion exhibits a rather bad spatial resolution compared with the resolution power of the other data. The geodetic data nearly completely map the coseismic deformation field of the Hector Mine earthquake and strongly constrain the spatial distribution of the final slip and the fault geometry. The spatial resolution is expected to be best for the depth range of 0 to 10 km over the entire fault model. The joint inversion of both geodetic and seismic data provides a robust estimate of slip history that simultaneously fits the independent data sets in space and time. The Hector Mine earthquake is a right-lateral strike-slip event that presents a heterogeneous distribution of slip at shallow depth (<12 km). Most of the seismic moment is released in the vicinity of the hypocenter over two overlapping segments. The total seismic moment is 5.8·1019 N m (our joint inversion) with a peak displacement amplitude of about 6 m. The velocity rupture is comprised between 2 and 2.5 km/sec for a total duration of about 15 sec over an extent of about 50 km.
Improved YOLOv7 Intelligent Environment Perception Algorithm Based on Loss Function

To address the difficulty of environment perception in unmanned driving technology, an improved intelligent environment perception model based on YOLOv7 loss function is proposed. Simultaneously, the algorithm of deep sort target tracking is added for the sake of perceiving the surrounding environment through the camera to ensure the safety of the driver. And by modifying the loss term of the aspect ratio to the distinction between the predicted width and the target width, the fitting speed of the model can be effectively improved. Focal Loss is introduced to optimize the problem with the sample imbalance inside the target bounding box regression and reduce the weight proportion of numerous anchor boxes with less overlap between the predicted target bounding box and the true target bounding one to the overall model, such that the model centers more upon overlapping targets. The data applied to this article is BDD100K. The map of this algorithm reaches 60.3 %, which reaches 2.2 percentage points exceeding the baseline. Tests indicate that the raised algorithm attains certain advancements in the intelligent perception model of unmanned driving.