Crustal structure of the continent-ocean transition off the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana transform margin : implications for thermal exchanges across the palaeotransform boundary

Summary Crustal structure of the continent–ocean transition off the Cote d'Ivoire–Ghana transform margin is determined by 2-D modelling of wide-angle seismic data and gravity data. The resulting models, together with geological data recently collected by drilling on the margin, are compared with available thermomechanical models of transform margins. In particular, we test the predicted effects on the transform margin crust of continental heating by the adjacent oceanic lithosphere. These effects include: (i) ductile flow of the lower continental crust either parallel to the transform direction or perpendicular to it, from the continent towards the ocean; and (ii) thermal uplift of the transform margin. In the region of the Cote d'Ivoire–Ghana transform margin, the seismic and gravity data indicate that the continental crust remains uniform in thickness as the continent–ocean boundary is approached. The interpreted models lack a transitional domain between continental and oceanic crusts, and abnormally thin oceanic crust is found along the margin. These results exclude large-scale ductile flow of lower continental crust during the margin formation. The geological data are, moreover, not consistent with thermal uplift of the margin during the period of contact between the transform margin and the spreading centre. Our geophysical and geological data thus infer only moderate heating of the transform continental margin by the adjacent oceanic lithosphere. Moderate heating of the Cote d'Ivoire–Ghana transform margin during margin formation implies that the thermal exchange between the transform margin and the adjacent spreading centre were lower than predicted by available thermal models. Two main factors may have contributed to reduce thermal exchanges across the continent–ocean boundary. The first factor is that the oceanic edge may have been colder than assumed by thermal models. An abnormally cold spreading axis along the transform margin when the oceanic crust was emplaced is supported by the atypical structure of the oceanic crust along the Cote d'Ivoire–Ghana transform margin. The oceanic crustal structure is similar to that found along oceanic fracture zones, where oceanic crust isalsoemplaced near a ridge–transform intersection. In both cases, abnormally low thermal gradients at the spreading centre along the transform margin may be explained by the cumulative effect of: (i) a cold edge effect of the adjacent continental lithosphere; (ii) accretion at the end of a ridge segment, away from the main magma supply point along the spreading axis; and (iii) an efficient upward cooling of the oceanic lithosphere owing to deep hydrothermal circulation within the faulted lithosphere. The second factor causing moderate thermal exchanges is the possibility of large amounts of water in oceanic lithospheric faults, which reduces the lateral thermal conduction in the lithosphere, since water is much less conductive than rock. During the margin formation, the oceanic edge thus seems to have acted as a thermal buffer between the cold continental margin and the hot spreading centre. We propose that this thermal buffer hypothesis may be generalized to most transform margins, implying a lower amount of continental heating than assumed by the available thermomechanical models.