Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring the capacity of in-car to in-car vehicular networks

A particular class of vehicular networks is the one that includes off-the-shelf end-user equipment (e.g., laptops and PDAs) running from the interior of vehicles: in-car nodes. They are subject to limited communication conditions when compared with nodes specifically designed to this context. Existing works either consider antennas installed on top of the vehicle roof or nodes that operate in infrastructure mode. In this article, we investigate through real experiments the characteristics of links formed by in-car nodes running off-the-shelf wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11(a/g) in ad hoc mode. We surprisingly observe that in-car nodes do show enough performance in terms of network capacity to be used in a number of applications, such as file transfer in peer-to-peer applications. Nonetheless, we identify some key performance issues and devise a number of configuration recommendations and future work directions.
Implementing Avian Inventory and Monitoring Efforts on Corps of Engineers Project Lands

SUMMARY: Bird populations perform numerous importa nt ecological functions and constitute a vital feature of our nation’s biodiversity. Concern for many bird populations has risen over the course of several decades because of documented declines of many bird species. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manages over 450 lakes and reservoirs and over 38,600 km of shoreline and adjacent riparian habitats and these areas support many terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic birds during the breeding, wintering, and migrator y seasons. The Corps is subject to U.S. Department of Defense and U.S. Army Regulations to pr otect and conserve bird populations. Moreover, the Corps is subject to terms of the DoD agreement with Partners In F light to protect migratory bird species. A national effort, Coordinated Bird Monitoring (CBM), has been formed to improve monitoring and management of bird populations nationwide. This technical note summarizes the goals and objectives of the CBM approach and numerous field methods for inventorying and monitoring terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic bird populations. Corps projects are encouraged to incorporate the CBM approach to inventorying and monitoring bird populations on Corps lands. The CBM approach encompasses numerous standardized techniques to be utilized nationally to permit analyses of bird populations at the local, regional, and national scales. All the field methods presented provide techniques that estimate relative abundance, plus means for estimating detectability for density estimates to reduce sources of variability inherent in many monitoring methods. Efforts to inventory and monitor bird populations on Corps lands will en able the Corps to meet compliance requirements while providing information on population trends and the impacts of manageme nt operations on bird species and multi-species communities. Examples of current avian monitoring efforts in selected Corps Districts are provided.
Velocity and internal friction in partial melts

The extensional velocity and internal friction are measured in a series of partially melted alloys having different volume fractions of fluid and different dihedral angles. The acoustic properties change discontinuously when melt forms: the velocity decreases while Q−1 usually, but not invariably, increases. The present results, in conjunction with previous studies, form a broadly consistent picture of acoustic properties in partial melts. The dihedral angle has a major effect; the extensional velocity decreases much more rapidly with increasing melt content when the liquid wets the grain boundaries. The data set an approximate upper limit to the volume of fluid which can be present in the low-velocity zone (LVZ) of the upper mantle and be consistent with seismic data, assuming that the LVZ is due to partial melting and the seismic frequencies are much less than the peak frequency for fluid motion. If the dihedral angle of the melt in the LVZ is zero, only several tenths of 1 vol % of fluid can be present, and less than 5 vol % if the dihedral angle is 60°.
Long-Wavelength Statics Estimation from Guided Waves

E033 Long-Wavelength Statics Estimation from Guided Waves F.E. Ernst* (Shell International Exploration & Production BV) SUMMARY The near surface often consists of weathered unconsolidated low-velocity layers which significantly distort the wave field. Static corrections may mitigate these effects. Whereas errors in short-wavelength statics reduce the signal-to-noise ratio of the stack errors in long-wavelength statics influence the structural image. This is especially a concern when the exploration target is a low-relief structure in an area with rough topography or complicated near surface. In some areas in the Middle East longwavelength statics may be 80-90 ms e.g. due to sand dunes. Predominantly
Temporal and Spatial Structure of the Equatorial Deep Jets in the Pacific Ocean

Abstract The spatial and temporal structure of the equatorial deep jets (EDJs) in the Pacific Ocean is investigated using CTD station data taken on the equator from 1979 through 2001. The EDJs are revealed in profiles of vertical strain, ξz, estimated from the CTD data in a stretched vertical coordinate system. The majority of synoptic meridional sections were occupied over an 8-yr span west of the date line. Two-decade equatorial time series are available at both 110°W and 140°W. Analysis shows the expected equatorial trapping of ξz but yields little new detailed information about the EDJ meridional structure. Analysis of the equatorial data yields novel results. The EDJs are most easily seen in the eastern Pacific (at and east of 140°W). There, they may be isolated from the influence of higher-frequency Rossby waves generated by surface forcing. Spectral analysis of equatorial ξz profiles shows a significant and coherent peak at 400-sdbar vertical wavelength (with No = 1.56 × 10−3 s−1) from 95°W to 142°.
International Guest Lectures Promote Conservation Learning

With the increasing importance of international issues in biodiversity conservation, education, and policy (Dunning 1997; Medellin 1998; Warren 1998; Ginsberg 1999), we need to make our courses relevant to today’s issues and as interesting as possible to undergraduate students. Like most conservation professionals, we routinely use our scientific field experiences (e.g., Maehr 1997; Widen 1997) in the classroom to provide regional case studies of conservation importance. Yet our geographic breadth is restricted to a few parts of single countries, and our experiences alone are often insufficient to bring authentic international viewpoints into the classroom. Thus, what students learn about global issues may reflect regional biases and misconceptions. Although there may be “no substitute for a flesh and blood instructor” (Schoellhorn 1994), a variety of teaching methods is available for enhancing undergraduate learning in global biodiversity conservation. For example, distance learning, including the use of the Internet, has become increasingly common with the proliferation of satellite technology (e.g., Roach 2001). But effective implementation requires attention to some technical and pedagogical problems, especially for use at domestic and international scales (McGettigan 1999). Digital teaching aids, such as those developed by Wilson and Perlman (1999), offer a world view of biodiversity conservation as a teaching supplement for the modern computerized classroom. Beyond technological tools, we argue that finding ways to bring a greater diversity of perspectives into conservation biology courses is of great importance. Stevens (2000) describes an international exchange among English and Bulgarian educators that resulted in measurable positive changes in pedagogical methods and that facilitated subsequent international visits. In this spirit, a chance meeting between us led to an opportunity to gauge global biodiversity awareness in two undergraduate conservation biology classes—one in Sweden and the other in the United States—and to explore the effectiveness of incorporating international guest lectures as a regular part of our traditional instructional approach. Here we use our experiences as guest lecturers in each other’s courses to explore the costs and benefits of providing personal international perspectives to our students and to discuss the potential for this and similar instructional strategies to enrich courses in conservation biology.
On the temporal evolution of high-temperature hydrothermal systems at ocean ridge crests

The results of heat balance calculations for a single-pass hydrothermal system overlying an axial magma body, based on a given rate of heat output of 102–103 MW at a time t0, predict that vent temperatures should decay rapidly for t > t0, as the magma freezes and the boundary layer between the hydrothermal system and liquid magma thickens. The model may describe a declining phase of high-temperature, high-heat-output hydrothermal activity. The model shows that for systems with heat output ∼100 MW or greater, the boundary layer between the magma and hydrothermal system must remain thin, if vent temperatures remain relatively constant on a decadal timescale. A thin boundary layer can be maintained as a result of downward migration of the hydrothermal system into freshly frozen magma or by some mechanism that maintains high heat flux from liquid magma to the base of the boundary layer. Some combination of these factors is likely to operate. Downward migration of the hydrothermal system into freshly frozen magma may occur in conjunction with fracturing resulting from dike injection and the propagation of these cracks laterally away from the dike as a result of thermal stresses. High heat flux from liquid magma to the base of the hydrothermal system cannot be maintained simply by convection within the magma chamber. High heat flux might be maintained as a result of magma chamber replenishment or by latent heat transfer during the formation of a cumulate mush at the base of the magma chamber, however. A hydrothermal system, in which the permeability decreases with time, can maintain relatively constant vent temperatures even though the thermal output declines. Better time series data on thermal output of the vents, and not just on the vent temperature, could help distinguish whether the permeability is decreasing or whether heat flux as well as vent temperatures are relatively constant.
Transient CO2 Experiment using the ARPEGE/OPAICE non flux corrected coupled model

A transient CO2 experiment using the ARPEGE/ OPAICE coupled general circulation model with no flux correction has been performed at CERFACS. Despite a warm initial climate drift, the main features of the observed climate are reasonably captured in the control simulation. In particular, the simulated oceanic circulation is satisfactory. The transient CO2 simulation shows a global warming of 1.6°C in surface air temperature at the time of CO2 doubling. This value and the main geographical patterns of climate change are in agreement with previous studies using either flux corrected or non flux corrected models. The absence of flux correction does not prevent the too strong atmospheric water fluxes to produce an unrealistic freshening of the upper layer of the Northern North Atlantic which leads to a reduction of the thermohaline circulation in the control simulation. As a consequence, the weakening of the thermohaline circulation in response to the anthropogenic radiative forcing is less than expected.
DESIGN EFFICIENCY OF STORMWATER DETENTION BASINS

In addition to increased flood runoff, urban development has caused a significant increase in sediment loads in streams. While many means of sediment and runoff control have been proposed, stormwater detention has been shown to be one of the more cost efficient means. Because detention facilities have not been used extensively in the past, a data base is not available for determining the effect of design factors on sediment trap efficiency and runoff control characteristics. A mathematical model, which includes erosion, sedimentation, and detention facility components, was developed from principles of hydraulics and classical settling mechanics. The model was used to examine the effect of: (1)Detention basin location; (2)soil particle size distribution; (3)basin depth; (4)initial storage, and (5)orifice diameter. An understanding of the relative importance of these factors may lead to better design of stormwater detention facilities.
Overflow into the deep Caribbean: Effects of plume variability

The deepest connection between the eastern Caribbean and the Atlantic is over the Jungfern-Grappler Sill complex at 1815 m depth. Through these gaps flows the sole source of water for the deep Caribbean, presumably balanced by diffusively driven upwelling elsewhere in the basin. Fourteen-month-long moored observations at the sills in 1991-1992 reveal a mean transport of 0.11+0.05 Sv (1 Sv -- 106 m3 s-l) of Atlantic water colder than 0=-3.965oC flowing into the Caribbean, one quarter of which comes over the previously unmeasured Grappler Sill. This is about twice the transport seen in previous, shorter experiments. The overflow is highly episodic, with -10 "events" per year. The range of overflow density is comparable to the total vertical strati- fication of the deep Caribbean. A numerical stream-tube model of the overflow plume is run with 13 different initial conditions, representing the observed range of overflow strength and density. Results indicate that much of the overflow only penetrates to 2200-3000 m depth and was dense enough to descend to the bottom of the Caribbean only -1% of the time. Combined plume model results are used to drive a model of the basin stratification. A steady balance is found to be possible with small diapycnal diffusivity in the basin, between 0.1 and 0.6 cm2 s-1. The reason for the small diffusivity is that the stratification is essentially built in place by the different detrainment depths, and so less diffusive transformation is needed. Below a depth of 1815 m the eastern Caribbean is topog- raphically isolated from the rest of the worlds' ocean (Figure l a). Middepth water flows from the Atlantic through Anegada Pass (1915 m) into the Virgin Islands Basin (VIB) (Figure lb), a small, intermediate basin between the Atlantic and Caribbean. The source water for the inflow is Upper North Atlantic Deep Water (UNADW) which lies between depths of 1200-2000 m along the western boundary of the North Atlantic. Leaman and Harris (1990) show the Freon maximum at 26.5oN associated with Labrador Sea Water (nominally the source of UNADW)to be at 1200 m, considerably shallower than the Anegada sill depth; however, Labrador Sea Water still appears to form the bulk of what flows into the deep Caribbean. Atlantic water at that depth is also influenced to a lesser degree by the high-salinity Mediterranean Ouflow Water, as is apparent from the contour map of salinity on the 3.8oC potential temperature surface by Worthington and Wright (1970). From the VIB, water flows through Jungfern Pass (1815 m) and nearby Grappler Pass (1710 m) as reported by Fratantoni et al. (1997), forming a dense overflow plume that cascades into the deep Caribbean. (Throughout this paper
Electromagnetic ELF radiation from earthquake regions as observed by low‐altitude satellites

Seismo-Electromagnetic (SEM) waves observed by low-altitude satellites passing over seismic regions were studied. The data of the COSMOS-1809 satellite were analysed over the earthquake region in Armenia during the period from January 20 to February 17, 1989. Intense EM radiation at frequencies below 450 Hz was observed at the L-shells of the earthquake, during 12 orbits out of the 13 that passed within 6° in longitude from the epicenter, and during 1 out of 6 in the range of 6°–8° longitude away from this region. The other orbits, which passed 10°–12° from the epicentre, showed no effect. To complete this study, we used the emissions observed by another low-altitude satellite (AUREOL-3). It is shown that during the event the seismic region is permanently radiating; the intensity and the envelope shape of the wave depend on its time relatively to the time of the earthquake. Their frequency spectra are compared to the average spectrum recorded in the same geomagnetic regions. Similar wave intensities and spectral distributions were observed on the two satellites during the seismic periods.
Pore-fluid Fe isotopes reflect the extent of benthic Fe redox recycling: evidence from continental shelf and deep-sea sediments

Pore-fluid Fe isotopes may be a unique tracer of sediment respiration by dissimilatory Fe-reducing bacteria, but to date, pore-fluid Fe isotope measurements have been restricted to continental shelf settings. Here, we present δ56Fe values of pore fluids from two distinct sedimentary settings: (1) a riverine-dominated site on the northern California margin (Eel River shelf; 120 m water depth) and (2) biogenic opal-rich volcaniclastic deep-sea sediments from the Southern Ocean (north and south of the Crozet Plateau; 3000–4000 m water depth). The Fe isotope compositions of Crozet region pore fluids are significantly less fractionated (δ56Fe = +0.12‰ to −0.01‰) than the Eel River shelf (δ56Fe = −0.65‰ to −3.40‰) and previous studies of pore-fluid Fe isotopes, relative to average igneous rocks. Our data represent the first measurements of Fe isotope compositions in pore fluids from deep-sea sediments. A comparison of pore-fluid δ56Fe with the relative abundance of highly labile Fe in the reactive sedimentary Fe pool demonstrates that the composition of Fe isotopes in the pore fluids reflects the different extent of sedimentary Fe redox recycling between these sites.
A new history of cave development at Bungonia, N.S.W.

SUMMARY Bungonia Caves are the result of three distinct phases of speleogenesis. The first, Late Cretaceous phase is characterised by the development of horizontal passages close to the plateau surface. Caves developed in the lower limestone during this phase probably drained southward to risings in Becks Gully. The second, Palaeocene phase resulted in the development of dolines and large dynamic phreatic conduits. Caves extended to depths approximating the level of the Efflux and drainage from caves in the lower limestone was captured by the caves in the middle limestone, rising above the level of the Efflux. The second phase ended when the caves were filled with laminated clays, blocking underground drainage, and the surface was buried by quartz‐rich fluvial sediments prior to the Eocene. The third, and continuing phase, which began in the Late Tertiary, is characterised by the development of vadose shafts and by the removal of sediment deposited following the second phase.
How Is Entrepreneurship Good for Economic Growth?

ple answer: Entrepreneurs create new businesses, and new businesses in turn create jobs, intensify competition, and may even increase productivity through technological change. High measured levels of entrepreneurship will thus translate directly into high levels of economic growth. However, the reality is more complicated. If, by entrepreneurship, one allows inclusion of any type of informal self-employment, then high levels of entrepreneurship may actually mean either that there are substantial bureaucratic barriers to formally creating a new business, or simply that the economy is creating too few conventional wage-earning job opportunities. Under these circumstances, we might reasonably hypothesize that high levels of entrepreneurship would correlate with slow economic growth and lagging development. For the past two years I have been the chair of the research committee of a multi-country survey effort known as the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, which has begun to make headway in understanding how different types of entrepreneurship affect development. The starting point has been to distinguish “necessity entrepreneurship,” which is having to become an entrepreneur because you have no better option, from “opportunity entrepreneurship,” which is an active choice to start a new enterprise based on the perception that an unexploited or underexploited business opportunity exists. Analyzing data gathered by GEM researchers in 11 countries, Atilla Varga and I have found that effects on economic growth and development of necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship vary greatly. We found that necessity entrepreneurship has no effect on economic development while opportunity entrepreneurship has a positive and significant effect. After the fall of the Berlin Wall many uneconomical factories were closed in Central Europe as economies became integrated into the global economy. Those workers who had jobs in the plants and factories of the former socialist countries were productive members of society. However, as factories were closed one after another, many of these workers found themZoltan Acs
Upper Cenozoic structural history, coastal Southern Hawke's Bay, New Zealand

Abstract The structural high (Coastal High) trending northeast along coastal Southern Hawke's Bay comprises Upper Cretaceous to Miocene successions that have been complexly folded and thrust-faulted. Major tectonic melange and crushed zones are associated with thrusts. The high developed in Late Oligocene time in conjunction with a slope basin to the west. Continued deformation led to westward growth of the high by incorporating. older basin-fill sequences. A thick wedge of flysch subsequently accumulated within the landward-migrating slope basin. The progressively tilted margins shed cohesive debris flows which interdigitate with the flysch. On the high, sedimentation is typified by a greatly condensed mudstone succession with local unconformities and onlaps which disappear basinwards. An earlier Oligocene deformation resulted from northward movement of an allochthonous gravity slide sheet, recognised by local east-west-trending structures, inverted sequences, and northward transposition. Overprinting by.
On the sensitivity of drainage density to climate change

Drainage density reflects the signature of climate on the topography and dictates the boundary conditions for surface hydrology. Hence defining the relationship between drainage density and climate is important in assessing the sensitivity of water resources and hydrology to climate change. Here we analyze the equilibrium relationship between drainage density and climate and estimate the relative sensitivity of drainage density to climate change. We conclude that the sign of the resulting change in drainage density depends not only on the direction of the change in climate but also on the prevailing climatic regime.
The CR chondrite clan: Implications for early solar system processes

Abstract— In this paper, we review the mineralogy and chemistry of calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs), chondrules, FeNi‐metal, and fine‐grained materials of the CR chondrite clan, including CR, CH, and the metal‐rich CB chondrites Queen Alexandra Range 94411, Hammadah al Hamra 237, Bencubbin, Gujba, and Weatherford. The members of the CR chondrite clan are among the most pristine early solar system materials, which largely escaped thermal processing in an asteroidal setting (Bencubbin, Weatherford, and Gujba may be exceptions) and provide important constraints on the solar nebula models. These constraints include (1) multiplicity of CAI formation; (2) formation of CAIs and chondrules in spatially separated nebular regions; (3) formation of CAIs in gaseous reservoir(s) having 16O‐rich isotopic compositions; chondrules appear to have formed in the presence of 16O‐poor nebular gas; (4) isolation of CAIs and chondrules from nebular gas at various ambient temperatures; (5) heterogeneous distribution of 26Al in the solar nebula; and (6) absence of matrix material in the regions of CAI and chondrule formation.