Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The relationship of artificial intelligence (AI) with fake news detection (FND): a systematic literature review

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and fake news detection. It also intended to explore the negative effects of fake news on society and to find out trending techniques for fake news detection. Design/methodology/approach “Preferred Reporting Items for the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” were applied as a research methodology for conducting the study. Twenty-five peer-reviewed, most relevant core studies were included to carry out a systematic literature review. Findings Findings illustrated that AI has a strong positive relationship with the detection of fake news. The study displayed that fake news caused emotional problems, threats to important institutions of the state and a bad impact on culture. Results of the study also revealed that big data analytics, fact-checking websites, automatic detection tools and digital literacy proved fruitful in identifying fake news. Originality/value The study offers theoretical implications for the researchers to further explore the area of AI in relation to fake news detection. It also provides managerial implications for educationists, IT experts and policymakers. This study is an important benchmark to control the generation and dissemination of fake news on social media platforms.
A study on the preparation conditions of lidocaine microemulsion based on multi-objective genetic algorithm

Background: Topical lidocaine microemulsion preparations with low toxicity, low irritation, strong transdermal capability and convenient administration are urgently needed. Methods: Box-Behnken design was performed for three preparation conditions of 5% lidocaine microemulsions: mass ratio of the mass ratio of surfactant/(oil phase + surfactant) (X1), the mass ratio of olive oil/(α-linolenic acid + linoleic acid) (X2) and the water content W% (X3). Then, five multi-objective genetic algorithms were used to optimize the three evaluation indices to optimize the effects of lidocaine microemulsion preparations. Finally, the ideal optimization scheme was experimentally verified. Results: Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II was used for 30 random searches. Among these, Scheme 2: X1 = 0.75, X2 = 0.35, X3 = 75%, which resulted in Y1 = 0.17 μg/(cm2·s) and Y2 = 0.74 mg/cm2; and the Scheme 19: X1 = 0.68, X2 = 1.42, X3 = 75% which resulted in Y1 = 0.14 μg/(cm2·s) and Y2 = 0.80 mg/cm2, provided the best matches for the objective function requirements. The maximum and average fitness of the method have reached stability after 3 generations of evolution. Experimental verification of the above two schemes showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the measured values of Y1 and Y2 and the predicted values obtained by optimization (p > 0.05) and are close to the target value. Conclusion: Two lidocaine microemulsion preparation protocols were proposed in this study. These preparations resulted in good transdermal performance or long anesthesia duration, respectively.
Modeling the surface heat flux response to long-lived SST anomalies in the North Atlantic

Abstract An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), a simplified atmospheric model (SAM) of surface heat flux, and various idealized analytic models have been used to investigate the atmospheric response over the North Atlantic to SST anomalies including a general cooling associated with a weakened thermohaline circulation. Latent heating dominates the surface heat flux response, while sensible heating plays an important secondary role. The total heat flux response is weaker than presumed in recent studies using ocean models under highly idealized surface boundary conditions. This implies that stability of the thermohaline circulation to high-latitude freshening in more sophisticated coupled systems (that incorporate either AGCMs or models like SAM) will be increased. All three kinds of atmospheric models exhibit nonrestorative behavior away from the anomaly peak that is primarily associated with the advection of cooled air eastward. This simple picture is complicated in the AGCM by the fact that th.
The Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with ESCC at clinical stage T1N1-3M0 or T2-4N0-3M0. Six hundred and eleven patients underwent radical tumor surgical resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was mainly a platinum-based combination regimen. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to compare adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) vs. postoperative observation (POB) after surgery. Results: A total of 611 patients were eligible, with 381 in the POB group and 230 in the AC group. POB group patients were younger (P=0.046) and at a later stage (ypT3/4: 127 [55%] vs. 177 [46%]), P=0.036; yPN+: 117[51%] vs. 3428[37%], P=0.001) before PSM. After 1:1 PSM, 213 pairs of patients were included in analysis. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 60.6% and 57.2% in the POB and AC groups, respectively (HR 1.10, 95% CI: 0.80-1.51, P=0.562), and adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve OS compared with postoperative observation. Conclusions: Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy cannot improve the OS of patients with ESCC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but adjuvant chemotherapy tends to benefit ypN+ patients.
Planktic foraminifera as north-atlantic water mass indicators

Distribution patterns of planktic foraminifera, collected from Eastern North Atlantic surface waters during August and September 1986, are related to measured hydrographical parameters. Three main water masses, Subpolar Water (SW), the North Atlantic Current (NAC), and the Azores Current (AC) are all characterized by distinct faunal assemblages. A fourth, distinct water mass is here referred to as North Atlantic Transitional Water (NATW). The distinction, based on species clusters, between the NATW and the southern AC, is less evident than between the NATW and the northern SW and the NAC. This is the combined result of low absolute frequencies, a high number of species and a superimposed complex hydrography in the southern water masses. The oceanic frontal zones between the NAC, NATW and the AC coincide with faunal boundaries. Along the boundaries, broad mixing zones can be recognized by their highly diverse foraminiferal assemblages of relatively low equitability.
Underground oil-shale retort monitoring using geotomograph

Geophysical tomographs (geotomographs) were made of two underground oil-shale retorts: (1) the Occidental Oil Shale Inc. miniretort constructed for ignition tests at the demonstration mine at Logan Wash, Colorado; and (2) the Geokinetics Oil Shale Inc. Retort 25 near Vernal, Utah. These experiments demonstrate that geotomography may be a valuable diagnostic tool for underground oil-shale retorting processes. At the Geokinetics in-situ retort, the technique delineated the zones of high permeability in a cross-section of the retort. At the Occidental modified in-situ miniretort, the technique imaged the high-temperature zone of the retort with a spatial resolution of about 2 m, and showed its temporal development over a period of eleven days.
Gene silencing of cathepsins B and L using CTV-based, plant-mediated RNAi interferes with ovarial development in Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is a vector of the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (CLam) and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which are phloem-restricted and associated with the most important and destructive worldwide citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB). Currently, no cure for HLB has been described. Therefore, measures have focused on reducing D. citri populations. In these insects, cathepsin B (DCcathB) and L (DCcathL) enzymes play an important role in digestion, and are involved in embryogenesis, immune defense, and ecdysis. In this study, we used a CTV-based vector to deliver dsRNA (CTV-dsRNA) into Citrus macrophylla plants targeting DCcathB and DCcathL genes in D. citri that fed on the phloem of these CTV-RNAi infected plants. Subsequently, we evaluated expression of DCcathB and DCcathL genes as well as the Vitellogenin (Vg) gene by RT-qPCR in D. citri fed on CTV-dsRNA occurring in plant phloem. It was found that a defective phenotype in D. citri females as a result of knockdown of DCcathB and DCcathL genes mediated by CTV dsRNA. These results showed that Psyllids fed on plants treated with the CTV-dsRNA exhibited downregulation of the Vg gene, one of the most important genes associated with embryogenic and female development, which was associated with dsRNA-mediated silencing of the two cathepsin genes. Based on our findings, a CTV-based strategy for delivering RNAi via plants that targets DCcathB and DCcathL genes may represent a suitable avenue for development of dsRNA-based tools to manage D. citri that limits the spread of HLB.
Digital divide – inequalities in level of implementation of new information and telecommunication technologies. Cross country study.

In the paper presented, the author considers few aspects of the so-called “digital divide”. It is easily noticeable worldwide, that new information and communication technologies (ICTs) “possess” a great ability to spread, at high pace, among countries from all around the world. At the same time, we can see that ICTs are being implemented at different pace in difference economies. Different pace of ICTs implementation generates significant inequalities in level of usage and application of these technologies in different countries. The main purpose of the paper is to assess magnitude of existing digital divides among countries, which can partly explain existing inequalities in use and application of ICTs. The author will apply relevant methodology – taken from basic taxonomy methodology – to measure the digital divides among economies. All countries where necessary data is available and reliable will be included in the study.
Gen Z and HIV—Strategies for Optimizing the Care of the Next Generation of Adolescents Living with HIV

The management of adolescents living with HIV represents a particular challenge in the global response to HIV. The challenges specific to this age group include difficulties engaging and maintaining them in care, challenges with transition to adult care, and limited therapeutic options for treatment-experienced patients, all of which have been jeopardized by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper summarizes some of the challenges in managing adolescents living with HIV, as well as some of the most recent and innovative therapeutic approaches in this population.
O Impacto de Infra-Estrutura Escolar na Taxa de Distorção Idade-Série das Escolas Brasileiras de Ensino Fundamental - 1998 a 2005

O efeito dos insumos escolares sobre o desempenho educacional tem sido frequentemente estudado na literatura, mas nao ha consenso sobre seu impacto. Este trabalho apresenta resultados que apontam para a existencia de um impacto significativo desses insumos, nas escolas brasileiras de ensino fundamental, sobre a taxa de distorcao idade-serie escolar entre 1998 e 2005. A analise empirica e feita atraves de mais de um metodo de estimacao, mas os principais resultados advem do modelo de regressao linear para dados de painel com efeito fixo das escolas. O estudo se baseia em dados do Censo Escolar de 1998 a 2005 sobre uma coorte de 132.603 escolas, e, para os municipios, utilizaram-se dados do Censo Demografico de 2000. O principal resultado e que os insumos escolares tem importância, sim, no desempenho educacional, principalmente no caso de escolas com maior precariedade das condicoes infra-estruturais. The effect of school inputs upon educational outcomes has been extensively studies in the literature but there are still no conclusions as to its impacts. This paper presents results that suggest a strong impact of inputs upon age-grade lag for Brazilian primary schools between 1998 and 2005. We use more than one estimation method, but the results we believe are those from a fixed effects model based upon a panel of schools. The data come from the annual School Census from 1998 to 2005 which provides information on a cohort of 132.603 schools; municipal data come from the 2000 Demographic Census. Our most important result is that school inputs have strong positive effects upon educational outcomes, particularly in the case of those schools whose inputs are especially low.
Health economic analysis of the integrated cognitive assessment tool to aid dementia diagnosis in the United Kingdom

Objectives The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive economic evaluation of the integrated cognitive assessment (ICA) tool compared with standard cognitive tests when used for dementia screening in primary care and for initial patient triage in memory clinics. Methods ICA was compared with standard of care comprising a mixture of cognitive assessment tools over a lifetime horizon and employing the UK health and social care perspective. The model combined a decision tree to capture the initial outcomes of the cognitive testing with a Markov structure that estimated long-term outcomes of people with dementia. Quality of life outcomes were quantified using quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and the economic benefits were assessed using net monetary benefit (NMB). Both costs and QALYs were discounted at 3.5% per annum and cost-effectiveness was assessed using a threshold of £20,000 per QALY gained. Results ICA dominated standard cognitive assessment tools in both the primary care and memory clinic settings. Introduction of the ICA tool was estimated to result in a lifetime cost saving of approximately £123 and £226 per person in primary care and memory clinics, respectively. QALY gains associated with early diagnosis were modest (0.0016 in primary care and 0.0027 in memory clinic). The net monetary benefit (NMB) of ICA introduction was estimated at £154 in primary care and £281 in the memory clinic settings. Conclusion Introduction of ICA as a tool to screen primary care patients for dementia and perform initial triage in memory clinics could be cost saving to the UK public health and social care payer.
Review of Environmental Issues in Fish Farming: Empirical Evidence from Salmon Farming

Intensive fish farming has faced a number of environmental challenges both locally and globally. In this paper we review some of the most important environmental issues that has faced fish farming and then see how the industry has handled these challenges. Salmon aquaculture has probably faces more of these challenges than any other farmed species, with the possible exception of shrimp aquaculture. We concentrate on empirical evidence related to salmon, although the issues related to other farmed species are similar to that of salmon. Other environmental issues include degradation of local habitat, disruption of ecological systems, and detrimental impact on wild species. Evidence suggests that most of the local environmental problems have been resolved or minimized through industry action and governmental regulations, although a few challenges remain.
Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Tectonic Framework of the Upper Cretaceous Hornbrook Formation, Oregon and California

The Upper Cretaceous Hornbrook Formation consists of about 1,200 m of nonmarine, shallowmarine, and deep-marine clastic rocks that rest unconformity on Paleozoic and Mesozoic igneous and metamorphic basement rocks of the Klamath Mountains in southwestern Oregon and north-central California. Mollusks and benthic and planktic foraminifers within the Hornbrook indicate a Cenomanian to Maestrichtian age of deposition. The strata dip northeastward beneath unconformably overlying Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Cascade Range. The Hornbrook Formation was divided by Nilsen (1981a) into five members. The lowest member, the Klamath River Conglomerate Member, consists of thin and laterally discontinuous debris-flow-dominated alluvial-fan deposits and braided-stream deposits. It is conformably overlain by transgressive shoreline and shelf deposits of the Osburger Gulch Sandstone Member, which are conformably overlain by outer-shelf deposits of the Ditch Creek Siltstone Member. Turbidite-apron deposits of the Rocky Gulch Sandstone Member overlie the Ditch Creek Siltstone Member with possible local unconformity and are overlain conformably by basin-plain turbidites and mudstone of the Blue Gulch Mudstone Member. Facies analyses, petrographic studies of both conglomerate clasts and sandstone framework grains, and paleocurrent data indicate that the Klamath Mountains were the chief source of sedimentary detritus. The presence of depositional outliers of Cretaceous strata in the Klamath Mountains, as well as the structural framework and age relations, suggest that the Hornbrook Formation originally was deposited over a much larger part of the Klamath Mountains basement complex before being stripped off as a result of Tertiary uplift. Gravity, magnetic, and some seismic data suggest that the Hornbrook Formation continues northeastward in the subsurface and may thicken beneath the Cascade Range. Early Cretaceous to form a major source for Cretaceous sediment which was shed northeastward into the Hornbrook basin and southward into the Great Valley forearc basin. During the Late Cretaceous, the Klamath Mountains basement complex was probably bordered to the west by oceanic terrane s and displaced crustal fragments.
Geoelectric characterization of the hydraulic conductivity field and its spatial structure at variable scales

This paper describes how to begin with extensive geoelectric measurements of an aquifer along with a few hydraulic measurements and end with an estimate of the aquifer's hydraulic conductivity field and spectrum at variable scales. It is based on a preponderance of theoretical and empirical evidence indicating that electrical and hydraulic (eh) conductivities of aquifers are linearly correlated on a bilogarithmic scale. The steps required for a geoelectric characterization are scaling up, calibration, and spectrum estimation. Scaling up estimates electrical conductivity at variable scales from the apparent resistivity measurement. Calibration equilibrates coincident, equal‐scale eh conductivities using the theoretical eh conductivity correlation. Combined, scaling up and calibration provide a variable‐scale expression for the hydraulic conductivity field in terms of a geoelectric measurement. From this expression the hydraulic conductivity field spectrum is calculated. These steps are applied to borehole data collected at the Department of Energy Central Nevada Testing Area and the U.S. Geological Survey Cape Cod site. In each case a statistically significant eh conductivity correlation is observed. The paper ends by conjecturing that a horizontal exploitation of the eh conductivity correlation offers for the first time an inexpensive means of characterizing the hydraulic conductivity field at a high resolution and over a large area.
Effect of climate change on overland flow generation: a case study in central Germany

The impact of global climate change on runoff components, especially on the type of overland flow, is of utmost significance. High‐resolution temporal rainfall plays an important role in determining the hydrological response of quick runoff components. However, hydrological climate change scenario analyses with high temporal resolution are rare. This study investigates the impact of climate change on discharge peak events generated by rainfall, snowmelt, and soil‐frost induced runoff using high‐resolution hydrological modelling. The study area is Schäfertal catchment (1.44 km2) in the lower Harz Mountains in central Germany. The WaSiM‐ETH hydrological model is used to investigate the rainfall response of runoff components under near future (2021–2050) and far‐distant future (2071–2100) climatic conditions. Disaggregated daily climate variables of WETTREG2010 SRES scenario A1B are used on a temporal resolution of 10 min. Hydrological model parameter optimization and uncertainty analysis was conducted using the Differential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM_(ZS)) uncertainty tool. The scenario results show that total runoff and interflow will increase by 3.8% and 3.5% in the near future and decrease by 32.85% and 31% in the far‐distant future compared to the baseline scenario. In contrast, overland flow and the number and size of peak runoff will decrease moderately for the near future and drastically for the far‐distant future compared to the baseline scenario. We found the strongest decrease for soil‐frost induced discharge peaks at 79.6% in the near future and at 98.2% in the far‐distant future scenario. It can be concluded that high‐resolution hydrological modelling can provide detailed predictions of future hydrological regimes and discharge peak events of the catchment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limited dechlorination of sea salt aerosols during the last glacial period

[1] Chloride (Cl−) and sodium (Na+) in ice cores originate mainly from sea salt, and one would thus expect the Cl−/Na+ ratio to reflect the seawater ratio. However, at Dome C, a low-accumulation site in East Antarctica, this is not the case in present-day snow. Instead, a Cl− excess relative to Na+ is observed in surface snow, and within a few meters depth the Cl− concentration decreases, and the Cl−/Na+ ratio becomes significantly lower than the seawater ratio. Aerosol studies at coastal Antarctic sites have shown that the reaction of sea-salt aerosols with nitric and sulphuric acid leads to the formation of HCl that eventually escapes the sea-salt aerosol. The observed decrease in Cl− concentrations in the uppermost snow layers is due to reemission of HCl from the snow. Postdepositional loss of HCl depends among other factors on the accumulation rate at the site, with lower accumulation rates leading to larger losses. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the Cl−/Na+ ratio is relatively stable and close to the seawater ratio, despite the even lower accumulation rate during that time. The likely explanation for this conflicting observation is that high levels of dust neutralized nitric and sulphuric acids during the LGM which in turn reduced the formation of HCl from sea-salt aerosol. With less or no HCl formed, postdepositional loss would be prevented, keeping the Cl−/Na+ ratio close to that of sea water.
Evaluating AoI-Centric HARQ Protocols for UAV Networks

In this paper, we consider a wireless network enabled by multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which observe physical processes and transmit status updates to a monitor node over an error-prone communication channel. The communication scenarios are classified into two modes based on monitor types: UAV-to-UAV (U2U) and UAV-to-network (U2N) scenarios. Specifically, the U2N scenario is capable of covering a larger area compared to U2U scenario with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, the U2U scenario constructs communication links more quickly, resulting in lower latency and higher rates. To evaluate the timeliness of the UAV-aided network, we utilize the age of information (AoI) as a fundamental indicator. AoI measures the time delay between the most recent data generation and the current moment. To compensate for the error-prone channel, this study employs a combination of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocols, which include fixed-redundancy HARQ (FR-HARQ) and infinite incremental redundancy HARQ (IIR-HARQ) protocols. Furthermore, the average and peak Age of Information (AAoI and PAoI) of UAV-aided networks are derived for both U2U and U2N scenarios, and the theoretical expressions agree with simulation results. Additionally, FR-HARQ performs a better time performance than IIR-HARQ, and such observation van be verified through simulations.