Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fate of the nitrate radical at the summit of a semi-rural mountain site in Germany assessed with direct reactivity measurements

Abstract. The reactivity of NO3 plays an important role in modifying the fate of reactive nitrogen species at nighttime. High reactivity (e.g. towards unsaturated volatile organic compounds – VOCs) can lead to formation of organic nitrates and secondary organic aerosol, whereas low reactivity opens the possibility of heterogeneous NOx losses via the formation and uptake of N2O5 to particles. We present direct NO3 reactivity measurements (kNO3) that quantify the VOC-induced losses of NO3 during the TO2021 campaign at the summit of the Kleiner Feldberg mountain (825 m, Germany) in July 2021. kNO3 was on average ∼0.035 s−1 during the daytime, ∼0.015 s−1 for almost half of the nights and below the detection limit of 0.006 s−1 for the other half, which may be linked to sampling from above the nocturnal surface layer. NO3 reactivities derived from VOC measurements and the corresponding rate coefficient were in good agreement with kNO3, with monoterpenes representing 84 % of the total reactivity. The fractional contribution F of kNO3 to the overall NO3 loss rate (which includes an additional reaction of NO3 with NO and photolysis) were on average ∼16 % during the daytime and ∼50 %–60 % during the nighttime. The relatively low nighttime value of F is related to the presence of several tens of parts per trillion by volume (pptv) of NO on several nights. NO3 mixing ratios were not measured, but steady-state calculations resulted in nighttime values between <1 and 12 pptv. A comparison of results from TO2021 with direct measurements of NO3 during previous campaigns between 2008 and 2015 at this site revealed that NO3 loss rates were remarkably high during TO2021, while NO3 production rates were low. We observed NO mixing ratios of up to 80 pptv at night, which has implications for the cycling of reactive nitrogen at this site. With O3 present at levels of mostly 25 to 60 ppbv (parts per billion by volume), NO is oxidized to NO2 on a timescale of a few minutes. We find that maintaining NO mixing ratios of, e.g., 40 pptv requires a ground-level NO emission rate of 0.33 pptv s−1 (into a shallow surface layer of 10 m depth). This in turn requires a rapid deposition of NO2 to the surface (vdNO2∼0.15 cm s−1) to reduce nocturnal NO2 levels to match the observations.
Investigating Multitasking with Technology in Academic Settings

The presence of multitasking has become more and more prevalent in most if not all aspects of today’s society. This reoccurring display of multitasking is extremely prominent within the classrooms of our nation’s colleges and universities. While supposedly paying attention to lectures and taking efficient notes, students can be seen texting and using social media on their phones, or having a wide variety of possible tabs and windows pulled up on their laptops or tablets. This apparent habit of almost every higher-education level student has raised a multitude of questions in various fields of study over the years. It has also provided professors with yet another obstacle that they must overcome to effectively teach their students. In this study, we explore these issues and develop an extensive conceptual model outlining the factors that may impact multitasking with technology in academic settings.
Thermal characterization of GaAs MESFETs by means of pulsed measurements

Thermal effects in GaAs MESFETs have been characterized by means of pulsed I-V measurements performed at several controlled temperatures. The temperature dependence of the main device parameters, extracted from the measured data, was implemented in a simplified, SPICE-like model of the device, coupling electrical and thermal effects. The model provides good agreement with the measured data over wide bias and temperature ranges. <<ETX>>
Source apportionment resolved by time of day for improved deconvolution of primary source contributions to air pollution

Abstract. Present methodologies for source apportionment assume fixed source profiles. Since meteorology and human activity patterns change seasonally and diurnally, application of source apportionment techniques to shorter rather than longer time periods generates more representative mass spectra. Here, we present a new method to conduct source apportionment resolved by time of day using the underlying approach of positive matrix factorization (PMF). We call this approach “time-of-day PMF” and statistically demonstrate the improvements in this approach over traditional PMF. We report on source apportionment conducted on four example time periods in two seasons (winter and monsoon seasons of 2017), using organic aerosol measurements from an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM). We deploy the EPA PMF tool with the underlying Multilinear Engine (ME-2) as the PMF solver. Compared to the traditional seasonal PMF approach, we extract a larger number of factors as well as PMF factors that represent the expected sources of primary organic aerosol using time-of-day PMF. By capturing diurnal time series patterns of sources at a low computational cost, time-of-day PMF can utilize large datasets collected using long-term monitoring and improve the characterization of sources of organic aerosol compared to traditional PMF approaches that do not resolve by time of day.
Comment on esd-2022-14

The STITCHES algorithm presents a unique time-sampling based approach that enables exploration of different, arbitrary climate scenarios. Its added benefit of not being limited to specific climate variables or spatial/temporal scales makes it a powerful tool in comparison to existing simple climate models/emulators. Overall, it is extremely relevant to the climate modelling and impact/integrated assessment societies and suitable for the Earth System Dynamics journal. Some comments are as follows:
The ﬁrst genome-scale reconstruction of Corynebacterium simulans

Figure 1 | Pyogenic spondylitis with acute course caused by Corynebacterium simulans [9]. Corynebacterium simulans is a Gram-positive and aerobic member of the phylum Actinobacteria. It was first described in 2000 as a nonlipophilic, fermentative species of the Genus Corynebacterium [11]. C. simulans is one of the less well-described Corynebacteria. Since the first report in 2000, there are not more than 30 reports in Pubmed journals on clinical microbiology and veterinary medicine journal combined. C. simulans and other Genus members are known as commensals of normal human flora, but they can occasionally act as pathogens. It was reported to inflict pyogenic spondylitis, a life-threatening condition [9]. Of note, C. simulans could be misclassified as C. striatum [7, 8]. Therefore, reconstructing the model can give more information about the qualitative attitude of this organism. It can also help in identifying the mechanisms which cause diseases or develop a therapy against them.
Trapping and Reliability investigations in GaN-based HEMTs

GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are promising candidates for future microwave equipment, such as new solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs), thanks to their excellent performance. A first demonstration of GaN-MMIC transmitter has been developed and put on board the PROBA-V mission. But this technology still suffers from the trapping phenomena, principally due to lattice defects. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the trapping effects and the reliability aspects of the GH50 power transistors for C-band applications. A new trap investigation protocol to obtain a complete overview of trap behavior from DC to radio-frequency operation modes, based on combined pulsed I/V measurements, DC and RF drain current measurements, and low-frequency dispersion measurements, is proposed. Furthermore, a nonlinear electro-thermal AlGaN/GaN model with a new additive thermal-trap model including the dynamic behavior of these trap states and their associated temperature variations is presented, in order to correctly predict the RF performance during real RF operating conditions. Finally, an advanced time-domain methodology is presented in order to investigate the device’s reliability and to determine its safe operating area. This methodology is based on the continual monitoring of the RF waveforms and DC parameters under overdrive conditions in order to assess the degradation of the transistor characteristics in the RF power amplifier.
Effects of temperature and salinity on sea-spray-aerosol formation simulated with a bubble-generating chamber

A new bubble-generating glass chamber design with an extensive set of aerosol production 20 experiments is presented. Compared to the experiments described in the literature, current setup is among the medium-sized installations allowing precise control over the air discharge, water temperature and salinity. The size and material of the chamber offer variety of applications due to its portability, measurement setup adjustability and sterilization option. The experiments have been conducted in a cylindrical bubbling tank of 10 L volume filled by ~30-40 % with water of controlled salt content and 25 temperature and covered with a hermetic lid. The chamber was used to study the characteristics of the aerosols bubble size was practically independent from the air discharge through the water body, except for very small flows. Also, the dependence of aerosol spectrum and amount on salinity was much weaker than suggested in some previous experiments. The temperature dependence, to the contrary, was significant and consistent, with a transition in the spectrum shape at ~10  C. Theoretical analysis based on the basic 35 conservation laws supported the main results of the experiments but also highlighted the need of better understanding of the aerosol production from a cold water M.S.
Robust learning of tractable probabilistic models

Tractable probabilistic models (TPMs) compactly represent a joint probability distribution over a large number of random variables and admit polynomial time computation of (1) exact likelihoods; (2) marginal probability distributions over a small subset of variables given evidence; and (3) in some cases most probable explanations over all non-observed variables given observations. In this paper, we leverage these tractability properties to solve the robust maximum likelihood parameter estimation task in TPMs under the assumption that a TPM structure and complete training data is provided as input. Specifically, we show that TPMs learned by optimizing the likelihood perform poorly when data is subject to adversarial attacks/noise/perturbations/corruption and we can address this issue by optimizing robust likelihood. To this end, we develop an efficient approach for constructing uncertainty sets that model data corruption in TPMs and derive an efficient gradient-based local search method for learning TPMs that are robust against these uncertainty sets. We em-pirically demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed approach on a collection of benchmark datasets.
Inverse is Better! Fast and Accurate Prompt for Slot Tagging

Prompting methods recently achieve impres-001 sive success in few-shot learning. These meth-002 ods embed input samples with prompt sentence 003 pieces and decode label-related tokens to map 004 samples to the label. However, such a paradigm 005 is very inefficient for the task of slot tagging. 006 Because the slot tagging samples are multiple 007 consecutive words in a sentence, the prompting 008 methods have to enumerate all n-grams token 009 span to find all the possible slots, which greatly 010 slows down the prediction. To tackle this, we 011 introduce an inverse paradigm for prompting. 012 Different from the classic prompts map tokens 013 to labels, we reversely predict slot values given 014 slot types. Such inverse prompting only re-015 quires a one-turn prediction for each slot type 016 and greatly speeds up the prediction. Besides, 017 we propose a novel Iterative Prediction Strat-018 egy, from which the model learns to refine pre-019 dictions by considering the relations between 020 different slot types. We find, somewhat surpris-021 ingly, the proposed method not only predicts 022 faster, but also significantly improves the effect 023 (improve over 6 . 1 F1-scores on 10-shot setting) 024 and achieves new state-of-the-art performance. 025
Real time airflow simulation in buildings

Real time flow simulation is crucial in emergency management in buildings, such as fire or accidental release of chemical/biological agents. Proper measures can be taken to minimize casualties with correct and timely prediction of the spread of the fire or contaminants. Although the traditional CFD simulation in buildings is accurate, it is too time consuming. Multizone flow modeling is fast, but its accuracy is poor. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop a new method that is faster than the traditional CFD, but more accurate than the multizone modeling. Recently, the modified semi-Lagrangian method based on Navier-Stokes equation has been used for flow simulation. This method is unconditionally stable and can use a larger time step than traditional CFD. The method has been successfully used in computer game industry and in computer graphic science. However, the results are only virtually real and are not rigorously validated. This investigation used the method to systematically study three basic flows in buildings and compared the numerical results with the corresponding experimental data or direct numerical simulation data from the literature. The results conclude that it is possible to conduct flow simulations faster than real time by using the method, although some discrepancies exist between the numerical results and the data.
Hyperbaric ˚˚Oxygen ˚˚and ˚˚Medication-Related˚ ˚Osteonecrosis˚ ˚of ˚˚the ˚˚Jaw˚ ˚(MRONJ): An ˚˚Integrative ˚˚Review ˚˚

: Some adjuvant treatments are available for Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) to help the pain and improve quality of life. Among these treatments is hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) which has presented controversial findings in the literature in recent years. This integrative review analyzed the results among studies published during the past 10 years using HBO. The PICO strategy was used and the databases PubMed, LILACS, and SCOPUS. The final search resulted in the inclusion of 7 articles. The main conclusion is that, in the majority of cases, using HBO as an adjuvant to the basic therapy improved the quality of life and/or pain of the patients.
Eye-Region Specific Ribbon Tuning Supports 1 Distinct Modes of Synaptic Transmission 2 in Same-Type Cone-Photoreceptors

Summary. Many sensory systems use ribbon-type synapses to transmit their signals to downstream circuits. The properties of this synaptic transfer fundamentally dictate which aspects in the original stimulus will be accentuated or suppressed, thereby partially defining the detection limits of the circuit. Accordingly, 11 sensory neurons have evolved a wide variety of ribbon geometries 12 and vesicle pool properties to best support their diverse functional requirements. However, the need for diverse synaptic functions 14 does not only arise across neuron types, but also within . Here we show that UV-cones, a single type of photoreceptor of the larval zebrafish eye, exhibit striking differences in their synaptic 17 ultrastructure and consequent calcium to glutamate transfer 18 function depending on their location in the eye. We arrive at this 19 conclusion by combining serial section electron microscopy and 20 simultaneous “dual-colour” 2-photon imaging of calcium and 21 glutamate signals from the same synapse in vivo . We further use 22 the functional dataset to fit a cascade-like model of the ribbon 23 synapse with different vesicle pool sizes, transfer rates and other 24 synaptic properties. Exploiting recent developments in simulation- 25 based inference, we obtain full posterior estimates for the 26 parameters and compare these across different retinal regions. 27 The model enables us to extrapolate to new stimuli and to 28 systematically investigate different response behaviours of 29 various ribbon configurations. We also provide an interactive, 30 easy-to-use version of this model as an online tool. Overall, we show that already on the synaptic level of single neuron types 32 there exist highly specialized mechanisms which are 33 advantageous for the encoding of different visual features.
Updated spectral radiance calibration on TIR bands for TANSO-FTS-2 onboard GOSAT-2

Abstract. The Thermal and Near-Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation Fourier-Transform Spectrometer-2 (TANSO-FTS-2) onboard the Japanese Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite-2 (GOSAT-2) observes a wide spectral region of the atmosphere, from the ShortWave-InfraRed (SWIR) to the longwave Thermal InfraRed radiation (TIR) with 0.2 cm−1 spectral sampling, and the corresponding spectral resolution (full width at half maximum, FWHM) of TIR region is less than 0.27 cm−1. TANSO-FTS-2 has operated nominally since February 2019, and the atmospheric radiance spectra it has acquired have been released to the public. This paper describes an updated model for spectral radiance calibration and its validation. The model applies to the version v210210 TIR products of TANSO-FTS-2 and integrates polarization sensitivity correction for the internal optics and the pointing mirror thermal emission. These correction parameters are characterized by an optimization that depends on the difference between the spectral radiance of TANSO-FTS-2 and coincident nadir observation data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on METOP-B. To validate the updated spectral radiance product against other satellite products, temporally and spatially coincident observation points were considered for the simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) from February 2019 to March 2021 from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on Aqua, IASI on METOP-B, and TANSO-FTS on GOSAT. The agreement of brightness temperatures between TANSO-FTS-2 and AIRS and IASI was better than 0.3 K (1σ) from 180 to 330 K for the 680 cm−1 CO2 spectral range. The brightness temperatures between TANSO-FTS-2 and TANSO-FTS of version v230231, which implemented a new polarization reflectivity of the pointing mirror and was released in June 2021, generally agree from 220 to 320 K. However, there is a discrepancy at lower brightness temperatures, pronounced for CO2 spectral ranges at high latitudes. To characterize the spectral radiance bias for along-track and cross-track angles, a 2-orthogonal simultaneous off-nadir overpass (2O-SONO) is now done for TANSO-FTS-2 and IASI, TANSO-FTS-2 and AIRS, and TANSO-FTS-2 and TANSO-FTS. The 2O-SONO comparison results indicate that the TIR product for TANSO-FTS-2 has a bias that exceeds 0.5 K in the CO2 spectral range for scenes with forward and backward viewing angles greater than 20∘. These multi-satellite sensor and multi-angle comparison results suggest that the calibration of spectral radiance for TANSO-FTS-2 TIR, version v210210, is superior to that of the previous version in its consistency of multi-satellite sensor data. In addition, the paper identifies the remaining challenging issues in current TIR products.
Climate-induced storminess forces major increases in future storm surge hazard in the South China Sea region

Abstract. It is vital to robustly estimate the risks posed by extreme sea levels, especially in tropical regions where cyclones can generate large storm surges and observations are too limited in time and space to deliver reliable analyses. To address this limitation for the South China Sea region, we force a hydrodynamic model with a new synthetic database representing 10,000 years of past/present and future tropical cyclone activity, to investigate climate change impacts on extreme sea levels forced by storm surges (± tides). We show that, as stronger and more numerous tropical cyclones likely pass through this region over the next 30 years, both the spatial extent and severity of storm surge hazard increases. While extreme storm surge events in this location become generally a more frequent occurrence in the future, larger storm surges around Vietnam and China coastlines are projected to regionally amplify this hazard. This threatens low-lying, densely-populated areas such as the Red and Mekong River deltas, while sections of the Cambodian and Thai coastline face previously unseen storm surge hazards. These future hazards strongly signal that coastal flood management and adaptation in these areas should be reviewed for their resilience against future extreme sea levels.
An Empirical Model of Acceptance of Mobile Payment in Malaysia

- Mobile payment refers to a payment method by which a consumer pays a bill for goods or services through a mobile terminal. mobile payment users can send payment instructions directly or indirectly to a bank via mobile devices, thereby enabling currency payments and funds transfers. It realizes the integration of terminal equipment, Internet, application providers and financial institutions, and completes financial business such as currency payment. However, the adoption rates of this payment method is relative low in Malaysia. This research aims to identify and explore key factors that affect the decision of whether to use mobile payments. Four well-established theories, Theory of Rational Action (TRA), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Compass Acceptance Model for the analysis and evaluation of mobile service (CAM) are applied to investigate user acceptance of mobile payments. Abstract- Mobile payment refers to a payment method by which a consumer pays a bill for goods or services through a mobile terminal. mobile payment users can send payment instructions directly or indirectly to a bank via mobile devices, thereby enabling currency payments and funds transfers. It realizes the integration of terminal equipment, Internet, application providers and financial institutions, and completes financial business such as currency payment. However, the adoption rates of this payment method is relative low in Malaysia. This research aims to identify and explore key factors that affect the decision of whether to use mobile payments. Four well-established theories, Theory of Rational Action (TRA), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Compass Acceptance Model for the analysis and evaluation of mobile service (CAM) are applied to investigate user acceptance of mobile payments. A empirical model for acceptance of mobile payment in Malaysia is established in this paper. Survey data from mobile payments users will be used to test the proposed hypothesis and the model. The result of data analysis shows that Malaysian consumers’ perceptions of cost has no statistically significant relationship with attitude to adopt mobile payment. On the other hand, the factor of Consumer Trust plays the most important role, followed by Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Subjective Norm.