Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE VASCULARIZATION OF SKIN HOMOGRAFTS AND TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY

The properties of the homograft-rejection reaction show close similarities to the events observed in the secondary responses of orthodox immunological systems. After rejection of a homograft from one donor the host has acquired a sensitivity directed specifically against further applications of tissues from that donor. If a second homograft from this same donor is now applied, it is destroyed in an accelerated fashion (the second-set phenomenon) . I 1 Whereas the first-set homograft is rejected within 7 to 10 days after application, secondset grafts seldom survive beyond the fourth or fifth postoperative day. Additional repeat-set homografts show no further shortening of the recipient’s rejection time, but are destroyed a t the same rate as the second-set grafts.3. A peculiar type of secondary response occurs when a second-set homograft is transplanted within seven days after the rejection of a first-set homograft. The vascularization of the graft is defective, and the transplant retains a white color. This “white-graft” reaction, observed in man4 and confirmed in the rabbit by Stetson and Demopoulos elsewhere in this monograph, is attributed to an inability of the host vessels to connect with the graft vessels and to penetrate the graft during the period of the maximum response of the host to the first-se t homograf t. This report deals with another aspect of the homograft reaction; namely, how soon after transplantation of a skin homograft does transplantation immunity develop? How advanced must the graft-host connection be before the antigenic stimulus reaches the host? In the early stages after transplantation during the so-called period of “plasmatic circulation’’ there are indications of uptake by the graft of fluid and cells, as suggested by early color changes and increase in weight of mammalian skin grafts placed on the chorioallantois of the chick e m b r y ~ . ~ I t is generally assumed that exchanges between the graft and host do not occur until a period of approximately forty-eight hours has elapsed; that is, after the establishment of the first connections between blood and lymphatic vessels of the graft with those of the host. The development of systemic specific sensitivity to a skin homograft, therefore, might be expected to occur only after this time interval of approximately forty-eight hours. The experiments described in this report were designed to confirm this assumption. The second-set phenomenon, the accelerated rejection of a second homograft from the same donor, is a t present the only indicator of the development of transplantation immunity. The experimental protocol employed firstand second-set homografts placed * The work reported in this paper was supported in part by Grant No. RG-4788 from the t Present address: Hopital Das Clinicas, SLo Paulo, Brazil. National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Belheda, Md.
The Causes of Land Degradation along "Spontaneously" Expanding Agricultural Frontiers in the Third World

The extent and consequences of deforestation and related environmental degradation in the developing world have become the subject of considerable debate and concern. There is disagreement about how rapidly tree-covered land near the equator is being cleared or otherwise disturbed. Likewise, tropical deforestation's impacts have proven difficult to identify and to evaluate. By contrast, the contribution small farmers make to deforestation is universally understood. Land clearing has been more rapid in Rondonia, for example, than anywhere else in the Brazilian Amazon and more than half the deforested land in that state is divided among small agricultural holdings (Browder 1988; Mahar 1989). Throughout the developing world, small farmers are primary agents of deforestation. Small farmers migrate to the third world's forested hinterlands for several reasons. In Indonesia, Brazil, and elsewhere, many colonists have participated in settlement projects organized and directed by the public sector (Repetto and Gillis 1988). Most colonization, however, is "spontaneous," stimulated by a variety of push and pull factors. Blaikie (1985) argues that the pursuit of socially disruptive rural development strategies as well as land exhaustion cause small farmers to emigrate from areas they have long cultivated. In southern Brazil, they have been selling off their parcels, taking advantage of prices inflated by tax and other policies favorable to those with large land holdings (Binswanger 1989). Moving to agriculture's extensive margin is promoted by infrastructure development, which reduces the cost of marketing commodities grown in remote areas. Agricultural colonists in many countries also benefit from grace periods for development credit and other subsidies (Pearce and Myers 1988). In addition to being induced to migrate to frontier areas, agricultural colonists in the third world face tenure regimes that promote deforestation. Quite often, removing trees and other vegetation is a prerequisite for establishing formal property rights. In Sudan, for example, the parastatal Mechanised Farming Corporation awards fifteen-year leases only to individuals who clear 85 percent of their holdings in three years. Alternatively, formal property law may make no mention of deforestation's being required for tenure. But since developing country governments usually take years to adjudicate claims for formal property rights-particularly claims made by small farmers settling in hinterlandscolonists tend to safeguard pending land rights by using their parcels continuously for crop or livestock production. In addition, agricultural use rights are the only form of land tenure available to private agents in many countries. The government of Ecuador, for example, terminated all private timber concessions in the country's "forest patrimony" in 1982. Agricultural colonization of tree-covered land is still permitted, however. Although the factors causing small farm-
Single Ion Detection of Cerium in Y2SiO5 Microcrystals

Quantum computing with single instances of rare earth-ions doped into inorganic crystals shows great promise as a scalable design in the field of quantum information. A detectable and controllable single readout ion is necessary for the scheme proposed in Lund to work. Due to its short excited state lifetime and its cyclable 4f-5d transition, cerium has been deemed suitable for just this purpose. The approach taken in Lund for this single cerium detection is to use a homemade confocal microscopy setup. In previous work using this setup on bulk crystals, it has been assumed that the undetectability of single cerium is due to out of focus ions contributing to a noise floor that is higher than the fluorescence signal from a single one. Hence single ion detection is being attempted in microcrystals. This thesis outlines the process behind converting the confocal microscope into a microcrystal detection setup. Subsequently, Ce3+:Y2SiO5 microcrystal spectroscopy experiments were performed. The energy level structure of cerium is reported to be identical to bulk, with a slight shift in wavelength, and the inhomogenous linewidth has proven to be inconclusive, although it hints towards being much wider than in bulk. Quantifying the homogenous linewidth of the cerium ions using Zeeman hole burning techniques was impervious to our attempts. (Less)
Targeted Therapy and the Use of Molecular Profiling in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, affecting men and women equally. In 2017, there will be an estimated 135,430 new cases, with 50,260 deaths due to CRC. Approximately 20% of patients are diagnosed with advanced or metastatic disease on presentation, and 50% of all CRC patients will develop progressive disease and metastases over time. The prognosis for patients with advanced disease without treatment is poor, with a median overall survival of 6 months. However, advances in systemic therapy with combination chemotherapy using a fluoropyrimidine, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin have improved survival rates up to 20 months.2 The development of targeted agents aimed at blocking key pathways involved in CRC cell growth and invasion further improved survival through the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s. The VEGF pathway inhibitors—primarily bevacizumab, but more recently ziv-aflibercept and ramucirumab—increased survival rates, compared with chemotherapy alone. However, any predictive marker for selecting patients who would benefit most from VEGF pathway inhibitors has been elusive, and will not be discussed herein. By contrast, other therapies, including those either targeting, or guided by, molecular abnormalities in the EGFR, RAS/RAF, and HER2 pathways, as well as immunotherapy for tumors with high levels of microsatellite instability, have defined predictive biomarkers, and they have demonstrated significant impact in well-selected patients. This review will focus on molecularly targeted agents in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) that have defined predictive biomarkers. We will also comment on the role of “molecular profiling” in identifying these subpopulations of patients who will benefit from appropriately targeted therapy, and the magnitude of benefit of those therapies.
YIG Thick Film as Substrate Overlay for Bandwidth Enhancement of Microstrip Patch Antenna

Research on microstrip patch antenna (MPA) has been growing in the past few decades due to its planar profile and easy fabrication. Its simplicity of structure, which includes a conductive patch, a dielectric substrate, a ground plane, and a microstrip feeder, is making it more popular for integration in devices which are more focused on miniaturization and flexibility. There are, however, a few disadvantages of MPA, such as narrow bandwidth, low power, and limited inexpensive material selection if a current printed circuit board etching fabrication technique is used. Ferrite substrates are known to be able to help overcome this issue, but the properties of bulk ferrites are difficult to control. This paper aims to solve this problem by using thick-film technology, which utilizes a screen printing method to include ferrite thick film in the MPA structure as substrate overlay to help enhance the performance of MPA. Yttrium iron garnet was chosen as the starting ferrite nanopowders, and the preparation and characterization of the ferrite thick-film paste were carried out to investigate properties of the thick film. Results showed that the thick film showed moderate permittivity and permeability, which is suitable for MPA fabrication. The actual fabricated MPA with ferrite thick-film inclusion on FR4 substrate showed that the thick film improved the performance of MPA with low firing temperature of 200 °C. For MPA which is designed to work at 5.8 GHz, the return loss and −3-dB bandwidth improved 100% and 73%, respectively. In conclusion, ferrite thick-film inclusion in MPA fabrication has proven to improve the performance of the antenna in terms of return loss and bandwidth enhancement.
The R2R3 MYB Transcription Factors FOUR LIPS and MYB88 Regulate Female Reproductive Development

Gamete formation is an important step in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms. In flowering plants, haploid spores are formed after the meiotic division of spore mother cells. These spores develop into male and female gametophytes containing gametes after undergoing mitotic divisions. In the female, the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis forming four megaspores, of which one is functional and three degenerate. The megaspore then undergoes three mitotic cycles thus generating an embryo sac with eight nuclei. The embryo sac undergoes cellularization to form the mature seven-celled female gametophyte. Entry into and progression through meiosis is essential for megasporogenesis and subsequent megagametogenesis, but control of this process is not well understood. FOUR LIPS (FLP) and its paralogue MYB88, encoding R2R3 MYB transcription factors, have been extensively studied for their role in limiting the terminal division in stomatal development by direct regulation of the expression of cell cycle genes. Here it is demonstrated that FLP and MYB88 also regulate female reproduction. Both FLP and MYB88 are expressed during ovule development and their loss significantly increases the number of ovules produced by the placenta. Despite the presence of excess ovules, single and double mutants exhibit reduced seed set due to reduced female fertility. The sterility results at least in part from defective meiotic entry and progression. Therefore, FLP and MYB88 are important regulators of entry into megasporogenesis, and probably act via the regulation of cell cycle genes.
Autophagic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease: Cellular and molecular mechanistic approaches to halt Alzheimer’s pathogenesis

Autophagy is a preserved cytoplasmic self‐degradation process and endorses recycling of intracellular constituents into bioenergetics for the controlling of cellular homeostasis. Functional autophagy process is essential in eliminating cytoplasmic waste components and helps in the recycling of some of its constituents. Studies have revealed that neurodegenerative disorders may be caused by mutations in autophagy‐related genes and alterations of autophagic flux. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irrevocable deleterious neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the hippocampus and cortex. In the central nervous system of healthy people, there is no accretion of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides due to the balance between generation and degradation of Aβ. However, for AD patients, the generation of Aβ peptides is higher than lysis that causes accretion of Aβ. Likewise, the maturation of autophagolysosomes and inhibition of their retrograde transport creates favorable conditions for Aβ accumulation. Furthermore, increasing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling raises tau levels as well as phosphorylation. Alteration of mTOR activity occurs in the early stage of AD. In addition, copious evidence links autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction in AD. Compromised mitophagy is also accountable for dysfunctional mitochondria that raises Alzheimer’s pathology. Therefore, autophagic dysfunction might lead to the deposit of atypical proteins in the AD brain and manipulation of autophagy could be considered as an emerging therapeutic target. This review highlights the critical linkage of autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD, and avows a new insight to search for therapeutic target for blocking Alzheimer’s pathogenesis.
Bug or Not Bug? Labeling Issue Reports via User Reviews for Mobile Apps (S)

A great number of mobile applications (apps) have been released to the market. Therefore, software maintenance for these apps become an important and challenging task. For each app, developers usually submit issue reports to report the bugs, the features, the questions, and other changes appearing in it. In the process of software maintenance, developers refer to the corresponding labels to decide which one should be fixed first. If the label of an issue report is “bug” which means the report describes a serious error, developers should fix the bug first. Otherwise, if the label is not “bug” (e.g., feature or question), developers can resolve it later. However, according to our investigation, 36.7% of issue reports in top-10 popular mobile apps are not labeled. In other words, there are not any labels in them. It is difficult for developers to decide which issue should be resolved preferentially. To resolve this problem, we propose a method to verify whether an issue report describes a bug or not by using user reviews. Developers usually extract useful information from user reviews to maintain mobile apps. In this work, we utilize tf • idf, Word2Vec, and Microsoft Concept Graph (MCG) to compute the textual similarity between issue reports and user reviews related to real bug in order to find the issue reports which describe the real bugs. As a result, our approach with Word2Vec performs the best among three similarity metrics. Keywords-issue report; user reviews; simialrity metrics; mobile apps; software maintenance
On Morphological Locality , Linear Adjacency , and the Nature of Vocabulary Insertion

No maer what theory or subtheory of linguistics one works in, questions of locality are of the utmost importance1. ese questions normally take forms like ‘What is the domain for the particular phenomenon I am examining? ’ or ‘What type of congurations between two linguistic elements provide a local enough environment for a process to occur? ’ Here we will focus on morphological locality, using the general framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz, 1993, 1994; Harley and Noyer, 1999). Empirically, we will examine the Irish verbal complex. Specifically, we will concern ourselves with the dependent/independent alternation and the synthetic endings brought to the aention of the literature by McCloskey and Hale (1984). e dependent/independent alternation, as we shall see in much more detail throughout the paper, is a form of verbal allomorphy which is triggered by adjacent complementizers. It is shown briey in (1).
Characterization of Fusarium Verticillioide Isolates from Pokkah Boeng on Sugarcane and The Disease Incidence In Field

Pokkah boengof sugarcane caused by Fusariumverticillioidesis is a destructive fungal disease in sugarcane growing regions. In China,the notable losses from pokkah boeng have occurred annually. The main objectives of this study were to: a. Field disease survey of natural disease incidenceof Pokkah boengin 13 cultivars and 52cross combinations of sugarcane insugarcaneseedling nurserieslocated in Fuzhou, China,thedisease incidence ranged from 0% -14%; b. Morphology characterization of F. verticillioides was observed and identified by macroconidia, microconidia, conidiophoresand culture pigment characteristics; c. Representing F. verticillioidescausing pokkah boeng in sugarcane wasphylogenetic analyzed using translation elongation factor-? (TEF-? ), ATP-6 ATPase gene, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene regions. Most of the isolates of the present study showed a similar grouping pattern in case of the three gene sequences, however, ITS and TEF-? more conservative than ATP-6ATPase gene in15 isolates of F. verticillioides.
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF BIRD COMMUNITIES IN SHADE COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN THE VENEZUELAN ANDES

Resumen. – Avifauna de cafetales de sombra en los Andes de Venezuela. – Estudiamos la avifauna ylas caracteristicas del habitat de cafetales de sombra en los Andes venezolanos. Encontramos marcadasdiferencias en la composicion de especies entre las plantaciones de ambas vertientes de la Cordillera deMerida. Los cafetales de la vertiente occidental tuvieron una riqueza de especies mayor que aquellos de lavertiente oriental. La frecuencia con la cual las aves usaron el estrato del cafe vario notoriamente entre lossitios de estudio, lo cual puede reflejar las diferencias en la estructura del paisaje que rodea a los cafetales.Algunos arboles del dosel son elementos importantes del habitat tanto para las especies residentes comopara las migratorias invernales. Dos tercios de las especies registradas durante nuestro estudio fueronobservadas usando Erythrina poeppigiana , de las cuales cerca de la mitad fueron observadas explorando acti-vamente y probando flores abiertas. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los cafetales de sombra enVenezuela pueden ser un habitat favorable para especies residentes y migratorias invernales. La calidad delhabitat puede incrementarse por la presencia de especies de arboles tales como
The software developers' view on product metrics - A survey-based experiment

Object-oriented metrics are becoming evermore popular and they are used in many different areas of software development. Many researchers have showed in practice that object-oriented metrics can be efficiently used for quality assurance. For example, a lot of experimental results confirm that some of the object-oriented metrics (like coupling, size, and complexity) are able to predict the fault-proneness of classes. Quality assurance experts usually accept that actively applying metrics can help their work. On the other hand, developers tend not to use metrics because they do not know about them, or if they do know about them, they do not really know how to use them. Hence we devised a Survey to ask developers with different levels of experience about the use of metrics. Our hypothesis was that developers with different levels of experience might have significantly different views about the usefulness of metrics. In the Survey four metrics (size, complexity, coupling, and code duplication) were examined. The Survey asked questions about the participants’ experience and skills, then it asked questions about how the participants would probably use these metrics for software testing or program comprehension, and at the end the relative importance of the metrics was assessed. The main result of the Survey is a list which contains those cases where the views about the metrics from developers having different experience significantly differ. We think that getting to know the developers’ views better can help us to create better quality models based on object-oriented metrics.
A note on an Adaptive Goodness-of-Fit test with Finite Sample Validity for Random Design Regression Models

Given an i.i. d. sample {(Xi, Yi)}i∈{1,. ,n} from the random design regression model Y = f (X) + ε with (X, Y) ∈ [0, 1] × [−M, M], in this paper we consider the problem of testing the (simple) null hypothesis “ f = f0”, against the alternative “ f , f0” for a fixed f0 ∈ L2([0, 1], GX), where GX(·) denotes the marginal distribution of the design variable X. The procedure proposed is an adaptation to the regression setting of a multiple testing technique introduced by Fromont and Laurent [22], and it amounts to consider a suitable collection of unbiased estimators of the L2–distance d2( f , f0) = ∫ [ f (x) − f0(x)]dGX(x), rejecting the null hypothesis when at least one of them is greater than its (1 − uα) quantile, with uα calibrated to obtain a level–α test. To build these estimators, we will use the warped wavelet basis introduced by Picard and Kerkyacharian [51]. We do not assume that the errors are normally distributed, and we do not assume that X and ε are independent but, mainly for technical reasons, we will assume, as in most part of the current literature in learning theory, that | f (x)− y| is uniformly bounded (almost everywhere). We show that our test is adaptive over a particular collection of approximation spaces linked to the classical Besov spaces.
Textual Interaction: An Introduction to Written Discourse Analysis

Table on Contents. Dedication. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. What to expect and what not to expect. Chapter 2. Text as a site for interaction. Chapter 3. Interaction in text: the larger perspective. Chapter 4. The hierachical organisation of texts. Chapter 5. The organisation of some 'Cinderella' texts. Chapter 6. A matrix persepective on text. Chapter 7. Culturally popular patterns of text organisation. Chapter 8. Other sulturally popular patterns. Chapter 9. When the pattern turns into a dialogue. Bibliography.