Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ampheristocystis, a Silurian (Lower Wenlock) eocrinoid (Echinodermata, Blastozoa) from Indiana

The enigmatic blastozoan echinoderm Ampheristocystis concentricus, based on four specimens from the upper part of the Osgood Member, Salamonie Dolomite (Upper? Llandovery–Lower Wenlock), southeastern Indiana, is most likely an eocrinoid. Supporting this assignment are the five basals(? ), five symmetrical appendage facets (possibly bearing biserial brachiolar trunks) and details of the thecal plating (moderate number of semiregularly arranged thecal plates). Some features (poorly known subvective appendages and poreless thecal plates) could indicate paracrinoid affinities, and suggest that the classes Eocrinoidea and Paracrinoidea may be more closely related than indicated by current taxonomy. Whatever the class disposition, the genus is the youngest representative yet known. Placement in the Blastozoa, based on holoperipheral plate growth, morphology of the brachiole‐like appendages and peristome, among other features, is unequivocal. The sharply discriminated oral and thecal plating, and protuberant anal opening, are unusual features for either paracrinoids or eocrinoids. Separate familial status is advocated for Ampheristocystis, but the family is not assigned to an order. The oral surface of the genus, consisting of regular orals and suborals, and fixed ambulacrals, presents an arrangement unique among eocrinoids, but analogous to the tegmen of camerate crinoids and of the rhombiferan family Caryocrinitidae. Development of a regular tegmen, fairly regular thecal plating and elongate fusiform shape indicate Ampheristocystis is an evolutionarily convergent, aberrant blastozoan, perhaps competitive with the camerates that generally dominated Silurian echinoderm faunas, and with the contemporary, equally successful blastozoan Caryocrinites. Ampheristocystis is not closely associated with hard surfaces or debris piles, as are many Osgood echinoderms, but preferred soft silt or mud bottoms. Associated echinoderms include several diploporites, coronoids, a few large camerates (e.g. Eucalyptocrinites) and Caryocrinites. Two specimens have evidently decollated the stem; one retains a sizeable, crinoid‐like stem. Hence, it is presently unclear whether the life habits of this genus were more like that of the common Osgood diploporites or stemmed contemporaries such as Caryocrinites and Eucalyptocrinites. Alternatively, it could perhaps exploit both habits equally well. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary analysis of two plastid DNA sequences in cultivated and wild species of Oryza

Oryza diploid species comprise AA, BB, CC, EE, FF, and GG genome groups. Cultivated rice, O. sativa L. of the AA genome, has two subspecies, indica and japonica. These two subspecies are differentiated in many characteristics, such as the number of nucleolar sites, annual-perennial habitat and polymorphism of plastid DNA. Although many researchers accept that japonica must originate from O. rufipogon, the evolutionary route of indica remains unclear. A 69-bp deletion in ORF100 is useful to discriminate between indica and japonica cultivars and between O. nivara and O. rufipogon; furthermore, PSID sequences of O. sativa–O. rufipogon complex contain hyper-variable sites consisting of C and A mononucleotide repeats, which are useful to classify wild accessions and cultivars into the six subtypes of 6C7A and 7C6A (japonica and O. rufipogon), 6C8A and 7C7A (O. nivara), 8C8A and 9C7A (indica). The 69-bp deletion is shared with O. nivara (6C8A, 7C7A) and indica (8C8A, 9C7A) but the 8C8A subtype is found only in indica. To elucidate variations of plastid DNA in the genus Oryza and cytoplasmic origin of indica, we compared two plastid sequences, ORF100 (676 bp) and PSBZ (629 bp), in 40 accessions of 14 Oryza diploid species. Sequence comparison showed that FF and GG genome species were distantly related to AA genome species. Both BB and CC genome species were related with AA genome species but were mutually differentiated. An evolutionary trace of ORF100 and PSBZ sequences indicated that O. barthii might have a consensus sequence among all AA genome species. Both O. longistaminata and O. glumaepatula were highly related with O. barthii; the O. sativa–O. rufipogon complex showed more various polymorphisms than other AA genome species. The results of this study show that 8C8A and 9C7A subtypes of plastids in indica cultivars are differentiated from 6C8A and 7C7A subtypes in O. nivara, despite sharing the same deletion in ORF100. In addition, 6C7A and 7C6A subtypes in japonica cultivars and O. rufipogon share identical sequences in PSBZ but differentiate at two SNP sites in ORF100.
NESTS WITHOUT EGGS: ABANDONMENT OR CRYPTIC PREDATION?

Abstract We determined whether nests that did not receive eggs was attributable to cryptic nest predation (i.e. predation of eggs laid between nest checks) or nest abandonment in Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula). Nest predation was extremely low (∼2%), whereas more than 44% of 427 nests found during nest building never received an egg; this indicates that nest abandonment accounted for most nests without eggs. Nest construction was completed for 32% of nests that were abandoned. Few nests known to have received eggs were abandoned. As the breeding season progressed, both nest abandonment and time from nest completion to first egg decreased. It has been proposed that the delay in egg laying early in the season allows females to optimize timing of egg laying. Nest abandonment may also serve this purpose, but seems an unnecessarily expensive mechanism. Alternatively, nest abandonment could be involved with mate switching. Understanding why nests are abandoned requires data on the associated ecological circumstances, in addition to accurate identification of instances of abandonment. The latter requires distinguishing abandonment from cryptic predation. Rates of nest abandonment can be estimated for populations by using rates of known nest predation during egg laying. For individual nests, however, distinguishing abandonment from cryptic predation requires detailed observation (e.g. video cameras), except in circumstances such as ours, where predation is extremely low. Nidos sin Huevos:? Abandono o Depredación Críptica?
Feeding pattern and mineral status of buffaloes in Panipat district of Haryana State

A survey was conducted during rabi season (February–March) to study the feeding pattern and the mineral status of buffaloes of Panipat District of Haryana state. Accordingly, the data related to feeds and feeding, milk production and samples of feeds, fodders, blood, hair and milk were collected from 8 sites representing the whole district. Animals were mainly stall fed and confined within a limited area. Use of common salt and mineral mixture as supplement was not a common practice among farmers. Berseem was the major green fodder available and fed liberally alone or with mustard cake to dairy animals besides green oats and gulidanda, the common weed with wheat crop. Further, it was noticed that the farmers were reluctant to feed paddy straw though wheat straw was scarce. The biological samples (feeds, fodders, blood, hair and milk) collected during survey were analysed for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe). The Ca and P contents in feeds and fodders were within the normal range. Zn was found to be deficient in wheat straw, paddy straw, green oats, mustard cake and wheat flour, while, these feeds and fodders had more Fe than the specified level. Berseem was found to be fairly rich in Cu and Mn but just optimum in case of Zn. Data on mineral analysis indicated that 46, 38 and 14% of buffaloes had serum Ca, P and Zn below their respective critical levels, respectively. Analysis of hair and milk indicated deficiency of Zn and Cu, but not of Mn and Fe. Survey revealed the animals of this district need dietary supplementation of Ca, P, Zn and Cu in general and more particularly during lean season when green fodders are not available.
Supplementation of native grass hay with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) hay, wilted leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) forage, wilted tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) forage or a wheat middling for young Friesian X Zebu (Boran) crossbred steers

Varvikko, T. , Khalili, H. & Crosse, S. 1992.Supplementation of native grass hay with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) hay, wilted leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala ) forage, wilted tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis ) forage or wheat middling for young Friesian x Zebu (Boran) crossbred steers. Agric. Sei. Finl. 1: 247-254. (International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.0. 80x 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. )
THE GENUS MYRMOZERCON BERLESE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES (ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA: LAELAPIDAE)

The genus Myrmonyssus Berlese, 1903, is synonymized with Myrmozercon Berlese, 1902. Two new species are described and illustrated. Palpal and leg chaetotaxy for certain species are given. In 1902 Berlese erected the genus Myrmo- zercon (type species, M. brevipes), and the fol- lowing year (Berlese, 1903a) erected the genus Myrmonyssus (type species, M. diplogenius) for new species of mites collected from ants. Illus- trations were not included with the original de- scriptions, but both genera and their type species were redescribed and the species illustrated in a separate paper (Berlese, 1903b). Three addition- al species of Myrmonyssus were also described and illustrated in the later paper. Myrmozercon presently includes 2 species and Myrmonyssus 12 species (1 of questionable sta- tus). All species in both genera have been col- lected from or in association with ants. The 2 genera share common characters, and each ge- nus, according to descriptors, has "unique" char- acters. A comparison of species of Myrmozercon and Myrmonyssus based on descriptions, illus- trations, and specimens available to us showed that the "unique" characters ascribed to each genus are not confined to that genus, and that differences between the genera are often a matter of the degree of development rather than pres- ence or absence of characters (see Remarks). On the basis of this information, we consider Myr- monyssus Berlese, 1903, to be a synonym ofMyr- mozercon Berlese, 1902. In this paper we redefine Myrmozercon, describe 2 new species, and pro- vide information on palpal and leg chaetotaxy for certain species. REDESCRIPTION
Secondary “At-risk” Students' Perceptions of Experiences within a Comprehensive High School and a Continuation High/Alternative High School

Comprehensive high schools have been unable to meet the needs of all students (Cotton, 2004). Students face challenges, and some have been labeled at risk for various reasons. For example, some have encountered challenging life circumstances within their families that compete for their attention instead of school. Others may have lacked a sense of belonging to a school culture where they were failing in terms of the social, emotional, intellectual, and ethical growth. These students constitute a unique group who often require more time, energy, and resources than large, comprehensive schools can offer. Consequently, they fall behind on credits and get discouraged (Cotton, 2004). To reduce dropout rates, educators in comprehensive high schools may need to adopt new attitudes toward at-risk students (Knoeppel, 2002). Various reform efforts have not led to change at the systems level, and schools operate according to a design based on the needs of an industrial society. The failure of students to succeed in school is a critical problem. This is because the needs of an information-based society require people to possess informational and technological literacy so they can be involved in work requiring knowledge generation (The Secretary‘s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills [SCANS], 1991). This qualitative research examined the perceptions of 10 at-risk students regarding their experiences of attending a large comprehensive high school before transferring to an alternative high school. The perceptions of at-risk students were examined and described in terms of how the comprehensive high school either supported or failed to address their academic, personal, and emotional needs. The results indicated that the students felt discourage, disconnected, and unsupported while at the
Percentage take off of top grafted rose (Rosa Hybrida) cultivars as affected by harvest stage and storage period of bud wood

Effects of budwood harvest stage and cold storage period on percentage take off of two cut rose cultivars, ‘Shocking vasila’ and ‘Milva’ was evaluated. The budwood was harvested at three flower bud development stages; flower bud initiation, tight flower bud and full bloom stage and then subjected to three cold storage periods of 0, 3 and 7 days at 2 to 4oC then top grafted onto the root stock ‘Natal brier. Budwood from full bloom stage produced taller shoots and heavier fresh shoot weight than from flower bud initiation in both cultivars. Increasing storage period significantly increased shoot heights, leaf surface area and fresh shoot weight. However, storage period increased percentage take off in the first three days of storage after which no significant differences were observed in both cultivars. Budwood obtained from full bloom stage and stored had significantly higher percentage take off than non stored budwood in both cultivars. No significant cultivar differences were observed in percentage take off. The results suggest that the highest percentage take off can be obtained when budwood of the two cultivars is harvested at full bloom stage and economic considerations may dictate that the budwood should not be stored beyond three days. Key words. Budwood, harvest stage, cultivars, percentage take off
The genus Isoetes from India: An overview

The genus Isoetes L. , is an interesting and unique pteridophyte, popularly known as “quillworts or Merlin’s grass”. The Latin meaning is a small houseleek, for an annual plant (Plinius) while it is derived from two Greek words viz., isos “equal” and etos “a year” referring to the evergreen species or to the submerged species. It is considered as the most primitive lycopods and their presence on the planet is known since Triassic period (1). It is perennial, herbaceous, heterosporous pteridophyte, found growing in a variety of aquatic habitats. About 300– 350 species are distributed in world, of which 18 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties have been reported from India (2). All Indian species or infraspecies are identified on the basis of velum characters, megaspore ornamentation and recent few species are on the basis of chromosome counts (3,4). Total 23 species viz. Isoetes bilaspurensis Panigrahi, I. coromandeliana L. f. , I. coromandeliana subsp. thanensis Shukla, S.K. Singh, P.K. Shukla, N.K. Dubey, H. Khanam & G.K. Srivast. , I. debii S. C. Sinha, I. divyadarshanii P. K. Shukla, G. K. Srivast. & S. K. Shukla & P. K. Rajagopal, I. dixitii Shende, I. indica D. D. Pant & Srivast. , I. indica var. harotiensis Bhardwaj & Gena, I. fuchsii Goswami & U. S. Sharma, I. mahadevensis G. K. Srivast. , D. D. Pant & P. K. Shukla, I. mirzapurensis Panigrahi and Dixit, I. panchganiensis K. Srivast. , D. D. Pant & P. K. Shukla, I. panchganiensis var. kemangundiensis G. K. Srivast. , D. D. Pant & P. K. Shukla, I. panchananii D. D. Pant & G. K. Srivast. , I. panchananii var. pachmarhiensis D. D. Pant & G. K. Srivast. , I. pantii Goswami & Arya, I. pantii var. hybrida Goswami, I. rajasthanensis Gena & Bhardwaj, I. reticulata Gena & Bhardwaj, I. sampathkumaranii L. N. Rao, I. sahyadrii Mahable and I. tuberculata Gena & Bhardwaj, I. udupiensis P. K. Shukla, G. K. Srivast. , S. K. Shukla & P. K. Rajagopal have been reported from India by earlier researchers. Amongst these, only four species viz., I. coromandeliana L.f. , I. dixitii, I. sahyadrii and I. udupiensis, is accepted in annotated checklist of
Bacteriocins to Thwart Bacterial Resistance in Gram Negative Bacteria

An overuse of antibiotics both in human and animal health and as growth promoters in farming practices has increased the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Antibiotic resistant and multi-resistant bacteria are now considered a major and increasing threat by national health agencies, making the need for novel strategies to fight bugs and super bugs a first priority. In particular, Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for a high proportion of nosocomial infections attributable for a large part to Enterobacteriaceae, such as pathogenic Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To cope with their highly competitive environments, bacteria have evolved various adaptive strategies, among which the production of narrow spectrum antimicrobial peptides called bacteriocins and specifically microcins in Gram-negative bacteria. They are produced as precursor peptides that further undergo proteolytic cleavage and in many cases more or less complex posttranslational modifications, which contribute to improve their stability and efficiency. Many have a high stability in the gastrointestinal tract where they can target a single pathogen whilst only slightly perturbing the gut microbiota. Several microcins and antibiotics can bind to similar bacterial receptors and use similar pathways to cross the double-membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and reach their intracellular targets, which they also can share. Consequently, bacteria may use common mechanisms of resistance against microcins and antibiotics. This review describes both unmodified and modified microcins [lasso peptides, siderophore peptides, nucleotide peptides, linear azole(in)e-containing peptides], highlighting their potential as weapons to thwart bacterial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens and discusses the possibility of cross-resistance and co-resistance occurrence between antibiotics and microcins in Gram-negative bacteria.
Enzymes in Action Green Solutions for Chemical Problems

Preface. Part I: Use of Enzymes in Organic Chemistry General Aspects and Development of Methodology. 1. Bio- and Chemo-Catalytic Deracemisation Techniques U.T. Strauss, K. Faber. 2. Enzyme Assisted Routes to Bioactive Molecules Selective Transformations Using Lipases P. Andersch, et al. 3. Molecular Basis for Empirical Rules that Predict the Stereoselectivity of Hydrolases A.N. E. Weissfloch, R.J. Kazlauskas. 4. Functional Group Transformations Mediated by Whole Cell Strategies for the Efficient Synthesis of Optically Pure Chiral Intermediates N.J. Turner. 5. Recent Advances on Bioreductions Mediated by Baker's Yeast and Other Microorganisms E. Santaniello, et al. 6. Enzymatic Aminolysis and Ammonolysis Reactions V. Gotor. Part II: Enzymes in Heteroatom Chemistry. 7. Enantioselective Oxidations Catalyzed by Peroxidases and Monooxygenases S. Colonna, et al. 8. Hydrolytic Enzymes in the Synthesis of Non-racemic Heteroorganic Compounds with a Stereogenic Centre on the Heteroatom P. Kielbasinski, M. Mikolajczyk. Part III: Enzymes in Degradation of Environmental Contaminants and Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents. 9. Biodegradation of Hydrolyzed Chemical Warfare Agents by Bacterial Consortia J.J. DeFrank, et al. 10. Biodegradation of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents by Surface Expressed Organophosphorus Hydrolase W. Chen, et al. 11. Active Site Modifications of Organophosphorus Hydrolase for Improved Detoxification of Organophosphorus Neurotoxins J.K. Grimsley, et al. 12. Hydrolysis of Organophosphorus Compounds by Bacterial Prolidases T. -C. Cheng, J.J. DeFrank. 13. Ancillary Function of Housekeeping Enzymes: Fortuitous Degradation of Environmental Contaminants R.S. Gold, et al. 14. Field-Deployable Amperometric Enzyme Electrodes for Direct Monitoring of Organophosphate Nerve Agents A. Mulchandani, et al. 15. Environmental Biocatalysis S. Varfolomeyev, S. Kalyuzhnyi. Part IV: Strategic Use of Enzymes in Molecular Synthesis. 16. Biocatalytic Synthesis of Alkaloids and Carbohydrates: an Update T. Hudlicky. 17. Bioconversion of Plant Materials: Lipids, Proteins and Carbohydrates Surface Active Compounds from Renewable Resources B. Aha, et al. 18. Enzymatic Regioselective Transformations in Natural Products M. Ferrero, V. Gotor. 19. Stereoselective Biocatalytic Formation of Cyanohydrins, Versatile Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis A. van der Gen, J. Brussee. 20. Enzymes in Polymers and Polymers from Enzymes B.J. Kline, et al. 21. Application of Enzymes in Synthetic Strategy B. Zwanenburg, A.J.H. Klunder. 22. Green Solutions for Chemical Challenges Biocatalysis in the Synthesis of Semi-Synthetic Antibiotics A. Bruggink.
Effect of Combining Clinical Teaching Tools on Clinical Judgment Skills of Undergraduate Nursing Students in Kenya

The need to improve clinical judgment competencies during training has been necessitated by the demand for the preparation of new nurse graduates to face an arena characterized by nurse shortage and acutely ill yet more informed clients. In Kenya, the nursing process has been the primary tool to help student nurses develop clinical judgment skills. However, local studies show glaring clinical judgment gaps among new nurse graduates that threaten safe patient care. There is, therefore, a need to examine how a combination of more evidence-based tools can enhance clinical judgment development to improve training outcomes. A quasi-experiment was used to conduct the study. This involved a case study based on pre-test and post-test used to evaluate clinical judgment development in both groups. Furthermore, the groups were used to evaluate the effect of combining two clinical teaching tools on clinical judgment competency scores. The study involved 82 undergraduate nursing students. The respondents had a mean age of 21.50±1.34 years for the Intervention group and 21.59±1.43 years for the control group. 34.15% of the respondents were male, while 65.85% were female. The outcomes of the pre-test and post-test scores across the year of study depict a significant improvement with below expectation <49% reducing from 39.02% to 28.99% among second-year student and 28.05% to 7.25% among the third-year students. Scores of relationships between improvement of CJ Skills Scores across Gender, Cluster, and Cohort proved to be insignificant with cohort only significant (P<0.035). There was a significant difference in the scores for Control Post-Test-Control Pre-test and (M=2.947, SD=15.174) and Intervention post-testIntervention Pre-test (M=14.100, SD=14.398) conditions; t (38) =-6.116, p = 0.0001. ” The findings showed a significant effect in combining clinical teaching tools on clinical judgment competency scores compared to the nursing process alone (p= 0.0000). The study findings imply the need to review clinical nurse training to incorporate more evidencebased strategies. However, the study recommends similar research to be carried out in multiple clinical sites to enhance the evidence's strength and the generalizability of the results and outcomes.