Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Information Measures for Weighted Distributions of Exp-G Family

Department of Statistics, Yazd University, IranAbstract: Weighted distributions are widely used in statistical sciences and arise when the obser-vations generated from a stochastic process are recorded with some weight function. In this article,we derive analytical expressions of -entropy for di erent weighted distributions of exp-G family.Further, we present general forms of the residual entropy measures of order for this family.Keywords Exp-G family, Tsallis entropy, Weighted distributions.Mathematics Subject Classi cation (2010): 99X99 60E05 94A17.
Performance evaluation of track oriented MHT in splitting target tracking

In order to track splitting targets, the tracking algorithm must make new tentative tracks and confirm the discovery of unknown targets by splitting them from known targets. The multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) is a good algorithm which satisfies the requirement. We have improved the MHT and evaluate the its performance in splitting target tracking by simulation. We describe the performance evaluation.
Absorbing boundary layer control for linear one-dimensional wave propagation problems

In this work, a boundary layer control scheme for one-dimensional wave propagation problems is presented that provides reflection-less absorption of incident waves in numerical simulations. The desired absorption properties are formulated as an optimization problem. By using the dispersion relation to predict the unbounded wave propagation as a reference trajectory, a constant-gain state-feedback boundary layer controller is found. Since no additional auxiliary variables are introduced, this approach is highly computationally efficient, making it suitable for simulations under real-time requirements. The performance of the boundary layer controller is first evaluated and demonstrated on the scalar wave equation (vibrating string), for which reference absorbing boundary conditions are well established. Afterward, the moving Euler–Bernoulli beam under axial tension is considered, for which a good absorbing performance is achieved.
The activation frequency self-organizing map (AFSOM)

In the self-organizing map (SOM), the best matching units (BMUs) affect neurons as a function of distance and the learning parameter. Here we study the effects in SOM when a new parameter in the learning rule, the activation frequency, is included. This parame- ter is based on the relative frequency by which each neu- ron is included in each BMU's neighborhood, so there is an individual memory (synapse strength) of the activation received from each neuron. The parameter leads to non- radial influence areas for BMUs that modifies the map for- mation dynamics, including the fact that the weight vector for BMU may not be the closest one to the input stimulus after weight adaptation. Two error measures are lower for the maps trained with this model than those obtained with SOM, as shown in experiments with six data sets.
THE MASKIT EMBEDDING OF THE TWICE

is a twice punctured torus, using the method of pleating rays. Fix a projective measure class [ ] supported on closed curves on . The pleating ray P[ ] consists of those groups in M for which the bending measure of the top component of the convex hull boundary of the associated 3-manifold is in [ ]. It is known that P is a real 1-submanifold ofM. Our main result is a formula for the asymptotic direction ofP inM as the bending measure tends to zero, in terms of natural parameters for the 2-complex dimensional representation spaceR and the Dehn-Thurston coordinates of the support curves to [ ] relative to the pinched curves on the bottom side. This leads to a method of locatingM inR. MSC classication: 30F40, 30F60, 57M50
Extended Fixed-Point Methods for the Computation of Virtual Analog Models

A family of iterative root-finding methods for nonlinear discrete-time systems of equations is presented, with a formulation that puts it in between the Fixed-Point (FP) and Newton-Raphson (NR) methods. Applicability of this family is allowed, provided that the Jacobian matrix of the nonlinear system has a spectral radius less than one. By varying the order of a matrix geometric sum that approximates the inverse Jacobian matrix, root-finding at any iteration can be steered toward the FP or conversely toward the NR method, becoming identical to either of them if the order is equal to zero or infinitely large, respectively. Since the methods in this family do not need the solution of a linear system at each iteration as required by NR, their computational cost makes them palatable for the online digital implementation of nonlinear models. As an example of application, a Virtual Analog model of the voltage-controlled filter onboard a popular music synthesizer is tested, showing that for some orders of the aforementioned geometric sum the proposed methods perform better than FP and NR in terms of computational cost, while exhibiting the same accuracy.
Non-Coding RNAs in Human Health and Diseases

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are, arguably, the enigma of the RNA transcriptome. Even though there are more annotated ncRNAs (25,967) compared to mRNAs (19,827), we know far less about each of the genes that produce ncRNA, especially in terms of their regulation, molecular functions, and interactions. Further, we are only beginning to understand the role of differential regulation or function of ncRNAs caused by genetic and epigenetic perturbations, such as single nucleotide variants (SNV), deletions, insertions, and histone/DNA modifications. The 22 papers in this Special Issue describe the emerging roles of ncRNAs in neurological, cardiovascular, immune, and hepatic systems, to name a few, as well as in diseases such as cancer, Prader–Willi Syndrome, cardiac arrhythmias, and diabetes. As we begin to understand the function and regulation of this class of RNAs, strategies targeting ncRNAs could lead to improved therapeutic interventions for some conditions.
Kriging and moving window kriging on a sphere in geometric (GNSS/levelling) geoid modelling

A comparison of kriging and moving window kriging (MWK) on a sphere is performed on GNSS/levelling data. The study was to give the answer on whether there is a significant gain in prediction accuracy when we apply an MWK instead of ‘classical’ kriging and also to what extent the use of global geopotential model EGM2008 improves prediction. The quality of prediction for all kriging and data variants has been investigated on three regions (being on the territory of the conterminous USA) characterised with a different spatial extent and density of sampling. Numerical tests revealed that in case of high-sampling density there was no accuracy gain when using MWK instead of classical kriging (cK). In contrast, for less numerous datasets and a much larger spatial extent (low-sampling density) MWK adapts itself to data much better than cK. Incorporation of EGM2008-based undulations as a long-wavelength trend for both cases (classical and moving window) significantly improved prediction quality.
Towards optimal recovery scheduling for dynamic resilience of networked infrastructure

: Prior research on the resilience of critical infrastructure usually utilizes the network model to characterize the structure of the components so that a quantitative representation of resilience can be obtained. Particularly, network component importance is addressed to express its signi ﬁ cance in shaping the resilience performance of the whole system. Due to the intrinsic complexity of the problem, some idealized assumptions are exerted on the resilience-optimization problem to ﬁ nd partial solutions. This paper seeks to exploit the dynamic aspect of system resilience, i.e., the scheduling problem of link recovery in the post-disruption phase. The aim is to analyze the recovery strategy of the system with more practical assumptions, especially inhomogeneous time cost among links. In view of this, the presented work translates the resilience-maximization recovery plan into the dynamic decision-making of runtime recovery option. A heuristic scheme is devised to treat the core problem of link selection in an ongoing style. Through Monte Carlo simulation, the link recovery order rendered by the proposed scheme demonstrates excellent resilience performance as well as accommodation with uncertainty caused by epistemic knowledge.
In Vitro Alpha Amylase and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Important Lettuces from South Indian Region

_ Abstract: Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibition were investigated in this in vitro investigation utilising ethanoic extract of the leaves of Sesbania grandiflora , Moringa oleifera , Solanum nigrum , and Spinacia oleracea . The inhibition of alpha amylase was seen for Moringa oleifera (82.9 %), Sesbania grandiflora (80.48 %), Spinacia oleracea (80.48 %) and Solanum nigrum (76.42 %), from their respective ethanolic extracts, when compared to the reference medication acarbose (89.43 %). Sesbania grandiflora (69.49%), Moringa oleifera (83.15%), Solanum nigrum (66.10%), and Spinacia oleracea (66.94%) all inhibited alpha glucosidase at a concentration of 100 µg/ml, whereas the standard acarbose medication inhibited alpha glucosidase at 89.83%. The ethanolic extract of leaves from herbs is thus proposed as a possible source for natural antidiabetic and antioxidant chemicals with use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
The distribution of hepatitis C viral genotypes shifted among chronic hepatitis C patients in Yunnan, China, between 2008–2018

Object The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is prevalent across China, with a distinctive genotypic distribution that varies by geographical region and mode of transmission. Yunnan is one such geographical region wherein the local population continues to experience a high level of HCV infection, severely straining public health resources. This high prevalence is likely due to the increased incidence of intravenous drug use in that region, as Yunnan is a major point of entry for illegal heroin into China. Methods We investigated 510 individuals with chronic HCV infections in Yunnan Province from 2008 through 2018. Using reverse transcription PCR and Sanger sequencing to amplify and sequence samples. Bayesian analyses was performed to estimate the common ancestors and Bayesian skyline plot to estimate the effective viral population size. Molecular network was conducted to explore the characteristics of HCV transmission. Results We successfully amplified and sequenced a total of 503 viral samples and genotyped each as either 3b (37.6%), 3a (21.9%), 1b (19.3%), 2a (10.5%), HCV-6 (10.1%), or 1a (0.6%). Over this 11-year period, we observed that the proportion of 3a and 3b subtypes markedly increased and, concomitantly, that the proportion of 1b and 2a subtypes decreased. We also performed Bayesian analyses to estimate the common ancestors of the four major subtypes, 1b, 2a, 3a, and 3b. Finally, we determined that our Bayesian skyline plot and transmission network data correlated well with the changes we observed in the proportions of HCV subtypes over time. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicate that the prevalence of HCV 3a and 3b subtypes is rapidly increasing in Yunnan, thus demonstrating a steadily growing public health requirement to implement more stringent preventative and therapeutic measures to curb the spread of the virus.
Fusion as a future energy source

32 Fusion Characteristics as an Energy Source Resources The potential energy resource from fusion is enormous, primarily because the energy produced per unit mass of fuel is so large, and this is the principal reason why fusion R&D has been pursued. If we were able to harness energy simply from the fusion of two deuterium atoms (D-D fusion), which is possible in theory but difficult in practise, we could supply mankind’s energy needs for billions of years. At present, however, we have a much less ambitious target, the fusion of deuterium with tritium (D-T fusion), which is roughly 100 times higher in cross-section. As tritium decays with a half-life of 12.3 years, it is not abundant on Earth so the plan is for a fusion power plant to be self-sufficient in tritium, using the neutrons which result from the fusion reaction to convert lithium into tritium. With present estimated fuel reserves of lithium, there is enough to provide mankind’s energy needs for thousands of years, by which time we may have solved the problem of D-D fusion. Designing a fusion plant to be self-sufficient in tritium is not a trivial problem. Although simply surrounding a fusion neutron source with natural lithium can, in theory, produce up to 70% more tritium than required, the practical reality is more difficult [1]. There needs to be a box structure to contain the lithium compound, there needs to be coolant flowing to take away the large amounts of energy deposited by the neutrons and we want to restrict the thickness of the structure to minimise the size of the containing magnets. In existing designs, changing the isotopic mix of the lithium and including a neutron multiplier such as beryllium or lead are used as tools to produce an optimised design, but this is far from complete and demonstrated. Tests of these fusion blankets are proposed for the ITER device. One aspect of tritium supply will relate to the growth phase of fusion power. To start up a new power plant, an initial inventory of tritium is required and this will have to come either from another fusion plant or from a fission plant. Particularly in the early implementation phase, it is important to minimise the inventory of tritium needed to start up a new plant whilst ensuring sufficient tritium is available.
A Fluoride-free Approach to Hierarchical Porous Anatase TiO2 Composed of Ultrathin Oriented Graphene-liked Reactive Nanosheets

Hierarchical porous anatase TiO2 is synthesis by a universal solvothermal reaction, However, most synthesis methods are usually carried out in the presence of environmentally unfriendly fluorides. In this study, hierarchical porous anatase TiO2 composed of ultrathin oriented graphene-liked rich in (001) crystal facets were successfully synthesized under fluoride-free conditions. By adjusting the nitrogen doping content, the thickness of the nanosheets was controlled, and the crystals were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, as well as electron spectroscopy.
Several categories of Large Language Models (LLMs): A Short Survey

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have become effective tools for natural language process-ing and have been used in many different fields. This essay offers a succinct summary of various LLM subcategories. The survey emphasizes recent developments and efforts made for various LLM kinds, including task-based financial LLMs, multilingual language LLMs, biomedical and clinical LLMs, vision language LLMs, and code language models. The survey gives a general summary of the methods, attributes, datasets, transformer models, and comparison metrics applied in each category of LLMs. Furthermore, it highlights unresolved problems in the field of developing chatbots and virtual assistants, such as boosting natural language processing, enhancing chatbot intelligence, and resolving moral and legal dilemmas. The purpose of this study is to provide readers, developers, academics, and users interested in LLM-based chatbots and virtual intelligent assistant technologies with use full information and future directions.
Treatment Options for Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Disorders of the Central Nervous System

Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a causative agent for several types of lymphomas and mucosal cancers, is a human lymphotropic herpesvirus with the capacity to establish lifelong latent infection. More than 90% of the human population worldwide is infected. The primary infection is usually asymptomatic in childhood, whereas infectious mononucleosis (IM) is common when the infection occurs in adolescence. Primary EBV infection, with or without IM, or reactivation of latent infection in immunocompromised individuals have been associated with a wide range of neurologic conditions, such as encephalitis, meningitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and cerebellitis. EBV is also involved in malignant lymphomas in the brain. An increasing number of reports on EBV-related disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) including the convincing association with multiple sclerosis (MS) have put in focus EBV-related conditions beyond its established link to malignancies. In this review, we present the clinical manifestations of EBV-related CNS-disorders, put them in the context of known EBV biology and focus on available treatment options and future therapeutic approaches.
Compressed Fisher Vectors for Large-Scale Image Classification

A standard approach to describe an image for image classification and image retrieval, is to extract a set of local patch descriptors, encode them into a high dimensional vector and pool them into an image-level signature. The most common patch encoding strategy consists in quantizing the local descriptors into a finite set of prototypical elements. This leads to the popular Bag-of-Visual words (BOV) representation. In this work, we propose to use the Fisher Kernel framework as an alternative patch encoding strategy: we describe patches by their deviation from an ''universal'' generative model. This representation, which we call Fisher Vector (FV) has many advantages: it is efficient to compute, it leads to excellent results even with costless linear classifiers, and it can be compressed with a minimal loss of accuracy using product quantization. We report experimental results on five standard datasets -- PASCAL VOC 2007, Caltech 256, SUN 397, ILSVRC 2010 and ImageNet10K -- with up to 9M images and 10K classes, showing state-of-the-art results with the FV framework.
INVESTIGATION OF THE TURBULENT NEAR-WAKE SQUARE CYLINDER BY MEANS OF THE EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION

The near-wake of a square cylinder is investigated by means of the Empirical Mode Decomposition. This processing technique is coupled to a separation criterion to ex tract both the coherent and the turbulent fluctuations of the experimental time series. The performance of the extractio n procedure is emphasized by analysing energy spectrum and probability density functions. The statistics of the Reyno lds stresses of both the coherent and turbulent fluctuations are then reported and analysed. It is found that the properties o f the coherent and turbulent fluctuations differ noticeably.
Potential of Higher-Order Moments and Slopes of the Radar Doppler Spectrum for Retrieving Microphysical and Kinematic Properties of Arctic Ice Clouds

AbstractRetrievals of ice-cloud properties from cloud-radar observations are challenging because the retrieval methods are typically underdetermined. Here, the authors investigate whether additional information can be obtained from higher-order moments and the slopes of the radar Doppler spectrum such as skewness and kurtosis as well as the slopes of the Doppler peak. To estimate quantitatively the additional information content, a generalized Bayesian retrieval framework that is based on optimal estimation is developed. Real and synthetic cloud-radar observations of the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) dataset obtained around Barrow, Alaska, are used in this study. The state vector consists of the microphysical (particle-size distribution, mass–size relation, and cross section–area relation) and kinematic (vertical wind and turbulence) quantities required to forward model the moments and slopes of the radar Doppler spectrum. It is found that, for a single radar frequency, more informatio.
Some congruences for 3-component multipartitions

Abstract Let p3(n) denote the number of 3-component multipartitions of n. Recently, using a 3-dissection formula for the generating function of p3(n), Baruah and Ojah proved that for n ≥ 0, p3(9n + 5) ≡ 0 (mod 33) and p3 (9n + 8) ≡ 0 (mod 34). In this paper, we prove several congruences modulo powers of 3 for p3(n) by using some theta function identities. For example, we prove that for n ≥ 0, p3 (243n + 233) ≡ p3 (729n + 638) ≡ 0 (mod 310).
Coronary “Microvascular Dysfunction”: Evolving Understanding of Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Potential Therapeutics

Until recently, it has been generally held that stable angina pectoris (SAP) primarily reflects the presence of epicardial coronary artery stenoses due to atheromatous plaque(s), while acute myocardial infarction (AMI) results from thrombus formation on ruptured plaques. This concept is now challenged, especially by results of the ORBITA and ISCHEMIA trials, which showed that angioplasty/stenting does not substantially relieve SAP symptoms or prevent AMI or death in such patients. These disappointing outcomes serve to redirect attention towards anomalies of small coronary physiology. Recent studies suggest that coronary microvasculature is often both structurally and physiologically abnormal irrespective of the presence or absence of large coronary artery stenoses. Structural remodelling of the coronary microvasculature appears to be induced primarily by inflammation initiated by mast cell, platelet, and neutrophil activation, leading to erosion of the endothelial glycocalyx. This leads to the disruption of laminar flow and the facilitation of endothelial platelet interaction. Glycocalyx shedding has been implicated in the pathophysiology of coronary artery spasm, cardiovascular ageing, AMI, and viral vasculitis. Physiological dysfunction is closely linked to structural remodelling and occurs in most patients with myocardial ischemia, irrespective of the presence or absence of large-vessel stenoses. Dysfunction includes the impairment of platelet and vascular responsiveness to autocidal coronary vasodilators, such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and hydrogen sulphide, and predisposes both to coronary vasoconstriction and to a propensity for microthrombus formation. These findings emphasise the need for new directions in medical therapeutics for patients with SAP, as well as a wide range of other cardiovascular disorders.
Nueva población de pico mediano (Dendrocoptes medius) en el Pirineo aragonés

El pico mediano fue citado en el Pirineo aragonés por primera vez en 2019, y se confirmó la reproducción de una pareja en 2021. En primavera de 2022, y adicionalmente en el otoño e invierno posteriores, se realizaron muestreos específicos en bosques con robles en la comarca de Ribagorza. Se detectaron 11 individuos territoriales en bosques dominados por el roble cerrioide Quercus cerrioides, repartidos en un tramo superior del valle del río Ésera. Se desconoce el origen de esta población, pero se podría relacionar por la existencia de una población relicta que hubiera pasado desapercibida, aunque parece más probable que se originara por la llegada de individuos de alguna población fuente. La más cercana se encuentra en la vertiente norte del Pirineo, a unos 30 km, separada por una barrera montañosa de más de 2.300 m, mientras que la más cercana conocida en la vertiente sur se sitúa en el Pirineo navarro, a más de 100 km. El pico mediano se caracteriza por ser una especie sedentaria, con movimientos dispersivos muy limitados. El establecimiento de esta nueva población, aparentemente aislada, podría sugerir que la especie podría tener una mayor capacidad dispersiva y colonizadora de la que se le atribuye.