Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influenza Virus Resource at the National Center for Biotechnology Information

Influenza epidemics cause morbidity and mortality worldwide (4). Each year in the United States, more than 200,000 patients are admitted to hospitals because of influenza and there are approximately 36,000 influenza-related deaths (14). In recent years, several subtypes of avian influenza viruses have jumped host species to infect humans. The H5N1 subtype, in particular, has been reported in 328 human cases and has caused 200 human deaths in 12 countries (World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/cases_table_2007_09_10/en/index.html). These viruses have the potential to cause a pandemic in humans. Antiviral drugs and vaccines must be developed to minimize the damage that such a pandemic would bring. To achieve this, it is vital that researchers have free access to viral sequences in a timely fashion, and sequence analysis tools need to be readily available. Historically, the number of influenza virus sequences in public databases has been far less than those of some well-studied viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus. The number of complete influenza virus genomes has been even smaller. In addition, many of the sequences were collected in the course of influenza surveillance programs that prioritized antigenically novel isolates. Although collecting antigenically novel isolates is appropriate for surveillance, it results in biased samples of sequenced isolates that are not representative of community cases of influenza (2, 13). Therefore, in 2004, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) launched the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project (7), which aims to rapidly sequence influenza viruses from samples collected all over the world. Viral sequences were generated at the J. Craig Venter Institute, annotated at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and deposited in GenBank. In just over 2 years after the initiation of the project, more than 2,000 complete genomes of influenza viruses A and B had been deposited in GenBank. To help the research community to make full use of the wealth of information from such a large amount of data, which will be increasing continuously, the Influenza Virus Resource was created at NCBI in 2004.
Perturbation of the left inferior frontal gyrus triggers adaptive plasticity in the right homologous area during speech production

Significance The role of the right hemisphere in aphasia recovery is unclear. We demonstrate that a virtual lesion of left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) decreased activity in the targeted area and increased activity in the contralateral homologous area during pseudoword repetition. This was associated with a stronger facilitatory drive from the right IFG to the left IFG. Importantly, responses became faster with increased influence of the right IFG on the left IFG. Our results shed new light on the dynamic regulation of interhemispheric interactions in the human brain. Particularly, these findings are of potential importance for understanding language recovery after left-hemispheric stroke, indicating that homologous right hemisphere areas actively contribute to language function after a left hemisphere lesion. The role of the right hemisphere in aphasia recovery after left hemisphere damage remains unclear. Increased activation of the right hemisphere has been observed after left hemisphere damage. This may simply reflect a release from transcallosal inhibition that does not contribute to language functions. Alternatively, the right hemisphere may actively contribute to language functions by supporting disrupted processing in the left hemisphere via interhemispheric connections. To test this hypothesis, we applied off-line continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in healthy volunteers, then used functional MRI to investigate acute changes in effective connectivity between the left and right hemispheres during repetition of auditory and visual words and pseudowords. In separate sessions, we applied cTBS over the left anterior IFG (aIFG) or posterior IFG (pIFG) to test the anatomic specificity of the effects of cTBS on speech processing. Compared with cTBS over the aIFG, cTBS over the pIFG suppressed activity in the left pIFG and increased activity in the right pIFG during pseudoword vs. word repetition in both modalities. This effect was associated with a stronger facilitatory drive from the right pIFG to the left pIFG during pseudoword repetition. Critically, response became faster as the influence of the right pIFG on left pIFG increased, indicating that homologous areas in the right hemisphere actively contribute to language function after a focal left hemisphere lesion. Our findings lend further support to the notion that increased activation of homologous right hemisphere areas supports aphasia recovery after left hemisphere damage.
Feeding and breathing: trait correlations in an African cichlid fish

Environmental factors can directly influence phenotype such that a tight correlation between morphological and environmental variation is expected. However, morphological response to environmental variation may also reflect constraints imposed by interactions between adjacent structures such as the gills and the trophic apparatus in fishes. Such complex interactions help to explain why an organism’s phenotype may appear mismatched with its environment. This study quantified relationships between morphological traits related to feeding and respiration and the physico-chemical environment in a widespread cichlid fish Astatoreochromis alluaudi, from six sites in Uganda. This species is known to be plastic in jaw morphology with enlarged jaw morphs specialized for mollusk eating, and reduced jaw morphs for insect eating. However, recent studies suggest a mismatch between the trophic morphology and feeding ecology in field populations of this species that could reflect interactions with the branchial apparatus; the development of large gills in low-oxygen habitats may constrain or affect pharyngeal jaw size. MANCOVA results for morphometric data showed a strong population effect for both gill and jaw traits. We found a significant negative correlation between composite morphological variables (principle components) relating to the size and shape of gill apparatus and pharyngeal jaw size across all populations. Furthermore, gill traits generated from principle component analysis were positively correlated with water conductivity, which was highly correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO) across the six sites. These results suggest that a particular morphological trait (pharyngeal jaw size) can be indirectly altered by the physico-chemical environment (conductivity and DO) due to correlated effects on a functionally unrelated morphology (gill size). These results have important implications for understanding species distribution patterns because trade-offs between suites of traits may constrain an individual’s ability to exploit an otherwise suitable habitat or resource.
Measuring an artificial intelligence system’s performance on a Verbal IQ test for young children*

Abstract We administered the Verbal IQ (VIQ) part of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) to the ConceptNet 4 artificial intelligence (AI) system. The test questions (e.g. “Why do we shake hands? ”) were translated into ConceptNet 4 inputs using a combination of the simple natural language processing tools that come with ConceptNet together with short Python programs that we wrote. The question answering used a version of ConceptNet based on spectral methods. The ConceptNet system scored a WPPSI-III VIQ that is average for a four-year-old child, but below average for 5–7 year olds. Large variations among subtests indicate potential areas of improvement. In particular, results were strongest for the Vocabulary and Similarities subtests, intermediate for the Information subtest and lowest for the Comprehension and Word Reasoning subtests. Comprehension is the subtest most strongly associated with common sense. The large variations among subtests and ordinary common sense strongly suggest that the WPPSI-III VIQ results do not show that “ConceptNet has the verbal abilities of a four-year-old”. Rather, children’s IQ tests offer one objective metric for the evaluation and comparison of AI systems. Also, this work continues previous research on psychometric AI.
Cyclical Behavior of National Advertising

ALTHOUGH annual data on national advertising expenditures do not -L~L suggest much cyclical variability, examination of quarterly data shows that advertising is quite responsive to swings in general business activity. For the postwar period, in fact, conformity between business cycles and cycles in advertising is very close. There is a general tendency for peaks in national advertising to follow business-cycle peaks by several months, although the amount of this lag has shortened in recent years. On the other hand, troughs in national advertising at cycles seem to have preceded troughs in business in earlier periods, but this response of national advertising to changes in general business activity has slowed somewhat in the most recent period and is now about the same at cycle troughs as at cycle peaks. The typical length of expansions and contractions in advertising is about the same as that for gross national product. The expansions in advertising have been perceptibly larger than those in gross national product and in industrial production, except for 1958-60 when advertising increased only about as much as industrial production. Contractions in advertising typically exceed those in gross national product but are more modest than are those in industrial production. Outdoor advertising and radio spot, whose rates of growth are the smallest of the media under study, have cyclical characteristics most typical of mature, slow-growing industries. On the other hand, network and spot television are characterized by cyclical behavior of the sort associated with rapidly growing industries. The three print media (business papers, magazines, and newspapers), whose rates of growth fall between the other two groups, also have cyclical characteristics that fall between the slow-growing and the fast-growing media.
Exploring university‐industry collaboration in research centres

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore university‐industry collaboration in research centres.Design/methodology/approach – The paper builds on an explorative study of three research centres at a technical university in Sweden, using in‐depth interviews. The three research centres, Alpha, Beta and Gamma, have various degrees of involvement with industry.Findings – A total of four broad forms of collaboration are suggested: distanced, translational, specified and developed collaboration.Research limitations/implications – The paper shows that the different institutional logics of academic actors, industry actors and funding agencies can be present in collaborations in (at least) four different ways resulting in four different types of research processes. Since not all actors are likely to be equally satisfied in all types of collaborations, the continued development of the research centres will be at risk.Practical implications – If the role of the research centre is to be a forum for collaborati.
Breast Cancer Mortality in Relation to Clinical Breast Examination and Breast Self‐Examination

Abstract: Mammography is the most sensitive available means for early detection of breast cancer, but both clinical breast examination (CBE) and breast self‐examination (BSE) have the potential to advance the diagnosis of breast cancer without the expense of a mammography facility. CBE detects about 60% of cancers detected by mammography, as well as some cancers not detected by mammography. There have been no randomized trials comparing breast cancer mortality between women offered and not offered CBE. However, indirect evidence comes from a Canadian study in which women were randomly assigned to CBE alone or CBE plus mammography. Women in the two groups had similar rates of nodal involvement at diagnosis and of breast cancer mortality. Thus if receipt of mammography averts some deaths from breast cancer, the results of this study suggest that CBE has the potential to do so as well. Most studies have found that breast cancers detected by BSE are smaller than those detected without screening and are more likely to be confined to the breast; furthermore, survival after a diagnosis of breast cancer tends to be longer among women who practice BSE than among women who do not. However, neither observational nor randomized studies of BSE provide evidence that this screening modality reduces breast cancer mortality. A recent randomized study in Shanghai, China, found that women assigned to extensive BSE instruction and women assigned to another health intervention had similar distributions of cancer size and stage at diagnosis and similar breast cancer mortality rates. In summary, CBE appears to be a promising means of averting some deaths from breast cancer, whereas BSE appears to have little or no impact on breast cancer mortality.
Income Distribution Changes and their Impact in the Post-Second World War Period

Within-country income inequality has risen since the early 1980s in most of the OECD, all transitional, and many developing countries. More recently, inequality has risen also in India and nations affected by the Asian crisis. Altogether, over the last twenty years, inequality worsened in 70 per cent of the 73 countries analysed in this volume, with the Gini index rising by over five points in half of them. In several cases, the Gini index follows a U-shaped pattern, with the turn-around point located between the late 1970s and early 1990s. Where the shift towards liberalization and globalization was concluded, the right arm of the U stabilized at the 'steady state level of inequality' typical of the new policy regime, as observed in the UK after 1990.Mainstream theory focusing on rises in wage differentials by skill caused by either North-South trade, migration, or technological change poorly explains the recent rise in income inequality. Likewise, while the traditional causes of income polarization-high land concentration, unequal access to education, the urban bias, the 'curse of natural resources' - still account for much of cross-country variation in income inequality, they cannot explain its recent rise.This volume suggests that the recent rise in income inequality was caused to a considerable extent by a policy-driven worsening in factorial income distribution, wage spread and spatial inequality. In this regard, the volume discusses the distributive impact of reforms in trade and financial liberalization, taxation, public expenditure, safety nets, and labour markets. The volume thus represents one of the first attempts to analyse systematically the relation between policy changes inspired by liberalization and globalization and income inequality. It suggests that capital account liberalization appears to have had-on average-the strongest disequalizing effect, followed by domestic financial liberalization, labour market deregulation, and tax reform. Trade liberalization had unclear effects, while public expenditure reform often had positive effects.
Reducing Sexual Risk among Racial/ethnic-minority Ninth Grade Students: Using Intervention Mapping to Modify an Evidenced-based Curriculum

Recommended Citation Markham, Christine M. ; Peskin, Melissa; Shegog, Ross; Cuccaro, Paula; Gabay, Efrat K. ; Johnson-Baker, Kimberly; Swain-Ogbonna, Honora I. ; Edwards, Sharon; and Tortolero, Susan R. (2017) "Reducing Sexual Risk among Racial/ethnic-minority Ninth Grade Students: Using Intervention Mapping to Modify an Evidenced-based Curriculum," Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk: Vol. 8 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library. tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol8/iss1/2
Mimetite Formation from Goethite-Adsorbed Ions

Abstract Bioavailability of arsenic in contaminated soils and wastes can be reduced to insignificant levels by precipitation of mimetite Pb5(AsO4)3Cl. The objective of this study is to elucidate mechanisms of the reaction between solution containing lead ions and arsenates adsorbed on synthetic goethite (AsO4-goethite), or arsenate ions in the solution and goethite saturated with adsorbed Pb (Pb-goethite). These reactions, in the presence of Cl, result in rapid crystallization of mimetite. Formation of mimetite is faster than desorption of AsO4 but slower than desorption of Pb from the goethite surface. Slow desorption of arsenates from AsO4-goethite results in heterogeneous precipitation and formation of mimetite incrustation on goethite crystals. Desorption of lead from Pb-goethite is at least as fast as diffusion and advection of AsO4 and Cl in suspension allowing for homogeneous crystallization of mimetite in intergranular solution. Therefore, the mechanism of nucleation is primarily driven by the kinetics of constituent supply to the saturation front, rather than by the thermodynamics of nucleation. The products of the reactions are well documented using microscopy methods such as scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Towards a Decision Support Architecture for Digital Preservation of Business Processes

In this paper, we present and address a number of challenges in digital preservation of entire business processes: (1) identifying digital objects a business process depends on (“What to preserve and why? ”); (2) identifying significant changes in digital objects (“When to preserve? ”); (3) determining a redeployment setting (“What to re-deploy and why? ”). After highlighting these challenges, we illustrate some aspects of business processes that are relevant in the context of digital preservation and provide a model to capture their semantics formally. We, then, proceed to present a decision support architecture and address the challenges using the developed model, as well as pointing out some of its limitations. We, finally, conclude the paper by discussing the applicability of our proposed techniques and model.
Mental Health Biopsychosocial Update Hiv Prevention News

About Adolescents Research on a variety of teen sexual attitudes and behaviors has been conducted with a sample of 522 low income, sexually-active, African-American females between the ages of 14 and 18 in Birmingham, Ala-bama. Among recent studies and findings from this sample are the following (additional reports may be found in earlier issues of mental health AIDS): o Psychological distress at baseline was associated with a range of HIV sexual risk behaviors and attitudes measured six months later. The authors recommend that clinicians screen for psychological distress in female teens as a prelude to sexual history taking , HIV prevention counseling and, if indicated, referral for comprehensive psychological assessment and associated treatment (DiClemente et al., 2001). o Within this sample, 62% reported that their typical sex partners were older by at least two years, an age difference associated with a greater likelihood of not using condoms during vaginal intercourse. Clini-cians are encouraged to inquire about the age of male sex partners, assist young women to develop strategies for handling barriers to safer sex with older partners, and refer to community-based intervention programs that address power dynamics influencing the adoption of safer sexual practices (DiClemente et al., 2002). o Refusal of unwanted sex on a consistent basis was associated with feeling able to negotiate safer sex, having less concern about partners' negative emotional reactions to condom negotiation, and more frequent discussion with parents regarding sexual issues. The authors conclude that " [s]exual-risk reduction efforts directed toward adolescent females should seek to build self-efficacy to negotiate safer sex and provide training in social competency skills that may help to reduce or eliminate partner barriers to condom use. Further, sexual risk-reduction programs may be more effective if they include parents as advocates of safer sexual behaviors " (Sionéan et al., 2002, p. 55). In this vein, DiIorio et al. (2002) report on baseline assessments of 612 11-to 14-year-olds (largely African-American) participating in " Keepin' it R.E. A.L. , " an HIV prevention intervention conducted in collaboration with community-based organizations serving youth and designed for mothers and their teens. At baseline, teens who experienced greater confidence in their ability to resist peer pressure to engage in sex, saw more favorable outcomes related to delaying sex, communicated less with their mothers about sex (perhaps because mothers perceived they were not yet ready for such information), evolved their self-concept based more on their behavior and less on …
Stunning, Hibernation, and Assessment of Myocardial Viability

The last 3 decades have witnessed an unprecedented improvement in the outcome of patients with acute coronary syndromes. The widespread use of thrombolytic therapy and percutaneous coronary interventions, in association with increasingly potent antithrombotic agents, has contributed to significant reductions in mortality and morbidity in these patients. Although overall survival has improved, a downside of this success has been the greater number of patients with residual left ventricular (LV) dysfunction undergoing progressive LV remodeling and congestive heart failure. This problem is compounded by the rising age of our population and the higher prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus that confer an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and congestive heart failure. Patients with CAD represent by far the most numerous cohort among those with congestive heart failure, and their treatment remains a partial success.1 Typically, these patients have multivessel disease, increased LV volumes, and variable degrees of regional and/or global systolic dysfunction, although more cases of isolated diastolic dysfunction have been reported recently.2–4 In these patients, coronary revascularization may lead to symptomatic and prognostic improvement, and these clinical benefits are accompanied by evidence of reverse LV remodeling. In this context, the concept of myocardial viability was developed and a number of different techniques have been used to demonstrate the presence of viable tissue before coronary revascularization. The aim of this review article is to summarize our current understanding of the concept of myocardial viability and its clinical implications in patients with CAD and chronic LV dysfunction. Throughout this review, we use the term viability to describe dysfunctional myocardium subtended by diseased coronary arteries with limited or absent scarring that therefore has the potential for functional recovery. Viability is a prospective definition, but it does not imply evidence of functional recovery after interventions. The term hibernation, which …