Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Candidate Mud Volcanoes in the Northern Plains of Mars

CANDIDATE MUD VOLCANOES IN THE NORTHERN PLAINS OF MARS. E. S. Kite 1,2 , N. Hovius 1 , J. K. Hillier 1 , J. Besserer 3 . 1 Cambridge University, Department of Earth Sciences, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom. 2 University of California, Berkeley, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, 309 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States. 3 Université de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France. kite@berkeley.edu
CULTIVATION OF SAFE SPROUTS FOR FOOD IN BIOREACTORS

Studies have shown that sprout is a nutritious food for the human diet; however, it is also an appropriate medium for bacterial growth. Microbiological testing has been indicated as part of an overall strategy to enhance the safety of sprouts. Alfalfa and broccoli seeds were run in bioreactors built in 3D printer in conjunction with distilled water and fertilizer. The sprouting medium was tested daily during sprouting for total counts by Pour Plate Technique for 4 days, on agar medium, at 37◦C. The effect of chlorine on the sprouts showed an efficient method to reduce the microorganism growth, whereas the probiotics presented a different colony forming in the analysis controlling the development of previous microorganism.
Graphene-Based Acousto-Optic Sensors with Vibrating Resonance Energy Transfer and Applications

Graphene as a two-dimensional planar material has numerous advantages for realizing highperformance nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) such as nanoscale sensors including strain sensors, optical modulators or energy harvesters. Large Young’s modulus (1 TPa for single layer graphene), ultra-low weight, low residual stress and large breaking strength properties are important properties as two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin resonators. Graphene resonators are recently utilized for low complexity design of nanoscale acousto-optic sensors based on a novel theoretical model describing vibrating Förster resonance energy transfer (VFRET) mechanism. Proposed system combines the advantages of graphene with quantum dots (QDs) as donor and acceptor pairs with broad absorption spectrum, large cross-sections, tunable emission spectra, size-dependent emission wavelength, high photochemical stability and improved quantum yield. Device structure supporting wide-band resonance frequencies including acoustic and ultrasound ranges promises high-performance applications for challenging environments. Remote sensors and acousto-optic communication channels are formed for in-body applications, wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs), space and interplanetary systems, microfluidics and visible light communication (VLC)-based architectures.
Causality between Oil Prices and Tourist Arrivals

This paper investigates the causal relationship between oil price and tourist arrivals to further explain the impact of oil price volatility on tourism-related economic activities. The analysis itself considers the time domain, frequency domain, and information theory domain perspectives. Data relating to the US and nine European countries are exploited in this paper with causality tests which include the time domain, frequency domain, and Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM). The CCM approach is nonparametric and therefore not restricted by assumptions. We contribute to existing research through the successful and introductory application of an advanced method and via the uncovering of significant causal links from oil prices to tourist arrivals.
Methyl chloride from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder: First global climatology and assessment of variability in the upper troposphere and stratosphere

Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is by far the largest natural carrier of chlorine to the stratosphere. Its importance in stratospheric ozone chemistry is expected to increase in the coming decades as emission controls alter the relative contributions from natural and anthropogenic halogen sources. The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on NASA's Aura satellite provides the first daily global observations of CH3Cl. Here we quantify the quality of the MLS version 3 CH3Cl data (single‐profile precision of ±100 pptv; accuracy of 30–45%; vertical and horizontal resolution of 4–5 km and 450–600 km, respectively) and demonstrate their utility for scientific studies over the vertical range from 147 to 4.6 hPa. We exploit the unmatched scope of the 8 year MLS data set to investigate the spatial, seasonal, and interannual variations in the distribution of CH3Cl in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS). Like carbon monoxide, CH3Cl is a marker of pollution from biomass burning that can be lofted to the UTLS very rapidly by deep convection. The climatological seasonal cycle in CH3Cl reflects variability in regional fire activity and other surface sources as well as convection, and anomalous CH3Cl enhancements in the tropical upper troposphere are linked to specific episodes of intense burning. Methyl chloride is shown to be very useful as a tracer of large‐scale dynamical processes, such as diabatic descent inside the stratospheric winter polar vortices, quasi‐isentropic cross‐tropopause transport associated with the summer monsoon circulations, and effects related to the quasi‐biennial oscillation and the tropical “tape recorder”.
Systematic Co-Design of Matching Networks and Rectifiers for CMOS Radio Frequency Energy Harvesters

This paper presents a systematic methodology for the co-design of matching network and rectifier of radio frequency (RF) harvesters that results in maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) for a given available power. This method is based on our newly developed rectifier model capable of calculating the CMOS Dickson’s rectifier’s input/output voltages at a given input power developed for low/high input power regimes. The proposed model allows for the co-design of the matching network and the rectifier in a fraction of time that takes for the design of the RF energy harvester using previously developed models relying on the knowledge of rectifier’s input voltage levels where a computationally extensive iterative design procedure must be performed because of the interdependence of the rectifier’s input voltage, the input power, and the matching network’s and rectifier’s parameters. The proposed methodology is capable of accurately predicting matching network components’ sizes for both the lossless and lossy matching networks for a maximum power transfer. Utilizing the proposed methodology, the designers can produce efficiency contour plots for a given input power for finding the optimum matching network and rectifier’s parameters for maximum PCE. The model, simulation, and measurement results for different parameters and input power levels in a 130-nm process are in good agreement.
Development of an Outdoor Wave Basin to Conduct Long-Term Model Tests with Real Vegetation for Green Coastal Infrastructures

The demand for physical model tests with real vegetation is increasing due to the current trend to elucidate the performance and durability of green coastal infrastructures to ensure and promote ecosystem services. To address this demand, a new outdoor wave basin (OWB) was built in August 2017 at the Ludwig-Franzius-Institute in Hannover, Germany. This paper reviews the general characteristics and the ongoing development of the new OWB. First insights into the long-term development of the ecosystem services of different grass revetments are discussed in terms of their ecological value and safety standards of sea dikes. Focus is placed on the resistance and ecological value of different grass mixtures that are typically applied on sea dikes situated along the North Sea. Further research concepts are briefly described to highlight how experiments in the new OWB may contribute to the current understanding and design recommendations of green coastal infrastructures. The operation of the OWB enables the performance of long-term experiments over seasonal growth stages of coastal vegetation using either fresh or seawater with wave load stresses and varying sea water levels. The first conducted experiments with different grass revetment combinations mimic typical storm surge conditions with a constant wave load (with a duration of up to 10 hours every second week) on a natural dike.
A Medium for Facilitating Hepatitis B Virus Detection and Replication of the Virus 

In this study, we tested a chemical mixture causing hepatitis virus to grow in excessive amounts. We obtained this chemical mixture by disintegrating albumin and invertase enzymes separately in supercritical environments, using acidic methanol as solvent. Then we used this mixture as a medium for hepatitis B virus. The chemical mixture caused the hepatitis B virus to multiply almost 80-100 times after 120 minutes. The real surprising result of the study occurred after carrying out bacterial tests with the same chemical mixture, its effect on cancer cells were also investigated. But no effect was observed neither on cancer cells, nor on bacteria. In other word, we developed a specific medium for the hepatitis virus. In this way, we decided that a method that can reduce the detection limit of PCR device to 1 IU/mL could be developed. This study will be an important milestone in developing vaccines against viruses as well.
Advances in Adjuvant Therapy For Cutaneous Melanoma: Implications for Clinical Practice

Recent advances in immunotherapy with antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and targeted kinasedirected small molecule therapies have transformed the adjuvant armamentarium for high-risk cutaneous melanoma. Using these agents following surgical intervention in the management of patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage III disease with lymph node involvement at high risk of relapse, oncologists have achieved fiveyear survival rates of 40 percent and decreased the risk of recurrence with disseminated disease. Prior to 2015, options for adjuvant treatment following surgery were limited to interferon alfa-2b (Intron A). High-dose IFNα-2b provided a minimal clinical benefit in high-risk patients and had an unfavorable adverse event profile. A comprehensive meta-analysis of 14 trials found modest effects of treatment, with a statistically significant improvement in disease-free survival in 10 of 17 comparisons to observation only and improved overall survival in only four of 14 comparisons (hazard ratios for disease recurrence and death of 0.82 and 0.89, respectively). High-dose IFNα2b therapy was associated with toxicities such as fatigue, fever, myalgia and 2019 | Vol. 37 | No. 1 SkinCancer.org DAN LATORE, Executive Director THE MELANOMA LETTER
Stigmatization, Liability and Public Enforcement of Law

In the theory of public enforcement of law the choice of the liability rules is between strict liability and fault-based liability. In this paper, we study the determinants of compliance when in addition to standard economic incentives wrongdoers take into account stigmatization costs. In this context, this cost is not simply a transfer of resources. We show that a non-guiltiness standard — the fault standard equal to the deterrence level — is never optimal. In this scenario, we show how the optimal policy choice depends on the interplay between the magnitude of the harm and the stigmatization cost.
The Crux of Voice (In)Security: A Brain Study of Speaker Legitimacy Detection

A new generation of scams has emerged that uses voice impersonation to obtain sensitive information, eavesdrop over voice calls and extort money from unsuspecting human users. Research demonstrates that users are fallible to voice impersonation attacks that exploit the current advancement in speech synthesis. In this paper, we set out to elicit a deeper understanding of such human-centered “voice hacking” based on a neuro-scientific methodology (thereby corroborating and expanding the traditional behavioral-only approach in significant ways). Specifically, we investigate the neural underpinnings of voice security through functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a cutting-edge neuroimaging technique, that captures neural signals in both temporal and spatial domains. We design and conduct an fNIRS study to pursue a thorough investigation of users’ mental processing related to speaker legitimacy detection – whether a voice sample is rendered by a target speaker, a different other human speaker or a synthesizer mimicking the speaker. We analyze the neural activity associated within this task as well as the brain areas that may control such activity. Our key insight is that there may be no statistically significant differences in the way the human brain processes the legitimate speakers vs. synthesized speakers, whereas clear differences are visible when encountering legitimate vs. different other human speakers. This finding may help to explain users’ susceptibility to synthesized attacks, as seen from the behavioral self-reported analysis. That is, the impersonated synthesized voices may seem indistinguishable from the real voices in terms of both behavioral and neural perspectives. In sharp contrast, prior studies showed subconscious neural differences in other real vs. fake artifacts (e.g., paintings and websites), despite users failing to note these differences behaviorally. Overall, our work dissects the fundamental neural patterns underlying voice-based insecurity and reveals users’ susceptibility to voice synthesis attacks at a biological level. We believe that this could be a significant insight for the security community suggesting that the human detection of voice synthesis attacks may not improve over time, especially given that voice synthesis techniques will likely continue to improve, calling for the design of careful machine-assisted techniques to help humans counter these attacks. *Work done while being a student at UAB
Packet Classifier LaKe FPGA-NIC Memcached Traffic Normal Traffic Kernel Space User Space memcached Cache Hit Client Network Interface DMA DRAM BRAM Client Client Client Cache Miss

Programmable network hardware can run services traditionally deployed on servers, resulting in orders-of-magnitude improvements in performance. Yet, despite these performance improvements, network operators remain skeptical of in-network computing. The conventional wisdom is that the operational costs from increased power consumption outweigh any performance benefits. Unless in-network computing can justify its costs, it will be disregarded as yet another academic exercise. In this paper, we challenge that assumption, by providing a detailed power analysis of several in-network computing use cases. Our experiments show that in-network computing can be extremely power-efficient. In fact, for a single watt, a software system on commodity CPU can be improved by a factor of ×100 using an FPGA, and a factor of ×1000 utilizing ASIC implementations. However, this efficiency depends on the system load. To address changing workloads, we propose in-network computing on demand, where services can be dynamically moved between servers and the network. By shifting the placement of services on-demand, data centers can optimize for both performance and power efficiency.
Network Analysis Social Extraction Keyword names CRF Contact and Information Extraction Email Extraction Person

We present an end-to-end system that extracts a user’s social network and its members’ contact information given the user’s email inbox. The system identifies unique people in email, finds their Web presence, and automatically fills the fields of a contact address book using conditional random fields—a type of probabilistic model well-suited for such information extraction tasks. By recursively calling itself on new people discovered on the Web, the system builds a social network with multiple degrees of separation from the user. Additionally, a set of expertise-describing keywords are extracted and associated with each person. We outline the collection of statistical and learning components that enable this system, and present experimental results on the real email of two users; we also present results with a simple method of learning transfer, and discuss the capabilities of the system for addressbook population, expert-finding, and social network analysis.
Identification of Rodent Species Using Deep Learning

In this article, we describe a rodent species identification system using computational tools of the deep learning paradigm. The identified species are 4 different types of rodents and the identification is achieved using artificial intelligence techniques applied to images of these rodents in their natural habitat. These images were captured, using camera systems activatedin automatic mode, hidden in the natural habitat of the species under study, under both daylight and nighttime conditions and labeled by experts. The collected imageset constitutes the data set for supervised training of 1411 images of 4 classes. The identifier developed is a multiclass classifier, based on the deep learning paradigm of the broad topic of machine learning, which allows to build a high performance system. The classifier consists of three stages connected in cascade, being the first stage, a pre-processing stage, then, there is a convolutional neural network (CNN) for feature extraction, implemented with a pre-trained architecture using the method of learning by transfer; specifically, the CNN used is the well-known VGG-16; to this second stage, a support vector machine (SVM) is connected as the next and final stage, which acts as the classification stage. For comparative purposes, the results are contrasted against automatic identification models previously published, the results achieved with our identifier are significantly higher than those achieved in previous research on the subject.
Optical Tweezers: A Comprehensive Tutorial from Calibration to Applications

Since their invention in 1986 by Arthur Ashkin and colleagues, optical tweezers have become an essential tool in several fields of physics, spectroscopy, biology, nanotechnology, and thermodynamics. In this Tutorial, we provide a primer on how to calibrate optical tweezers and how to use them for advanced applications. After a brief general introduction on optical tweezers, we focus on describing and comparing the various available calibration techniques. Then, we discuss some cutting-edge applications of optical tweezers in a liquid medium, namely to study single-molecule and single-cell mechanics, microrheology, colloidal interactions, statistical physics, and transport phenomena. Finally, we consider optical tweezers in vacuum, where the absence of a viscous medium offers vastly different dynamics and presents new challenges. We conclude with some perspectives for the field and the future application of optical tweezers. This Tutorial provides both a step-by-step guide ideal for non-specialists entering the field and a comprehensive manual of advanced techniques useful for expert practitioners. All the examples are complemented by the sample data and software necessary to reproduce them.
Towards faster web page loads over multiple network paths

The rising popularity of mobile devices as the main way people access the web has fuelled a corresponding need for faster web downloads on these devices. Emerging web protocols like HTTP/2 and QUIC employ several features that minimise page load times, but fail to take advantage of the availability of at least two interfaces on today’s mobile devices. On the other hand, this spread of devices with access to multiple paths has prompted the design of Multipath TCP, a transport protocol that pools bandwidth across these paths. Although MPTCP was originally evaluated for bandwidth limited bulk transfers, in this work, we determine whether using MPTCP can reduce web page load times, which are often latency bound. To investigate the behaviour of web browsing over MPTCP, we instrumented the Chrome web browser’s retrieval of 300 popular web sites in sufficient detail, and computed their dependency graph structure. Furthermore, we implemented PCP, an emulation framework that uses these dependency graphs to ask “what-if” questions about the interactions between a wide range of web site designs, varied network conditions, and different web and transport protocols. Using PCP, we first confirm previous results with respect to the improvements HTTP/2 offers over HTTP/1.1. One obstacle, though, is that many web sites have been sharded to improve performance with HTTP/1.1, spreading their content across multiple subdomains. We therefore examine whether the advice to unshard these domains is beneficial. We find that unsharding is generally advantageous, but is not consistently so. Finally, we examine the behaviour of HTTP/2 over MPTCP. We find that MPTCP can improve web page load times under some regimes; in other cases, using regular TCP on the “best” path is more advantageous. We present enhancements to multipath web browsing that allow it to perform as well as or better than regular TCP on the best path.
Bioproduction of a Therapeutic Vaccine Against Human Papillomavirus in Tomato Hairy Root Cultures

Human papillomavirus (HPV) tumor disease is a critical public health problem worldwide, especially in the developing countries. The recognized pathogenic function of E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins offers the opportunity to devise therapeutic vaccines based on engineered recombinant proteins. The potential of plants to manufacture engineered compounds for pharmaceutical purposes, from small to complex protein molecules, allows the expression of HPV antigens and, possibly, the regulation of immune functions to develop very specific therapies as a reinforcement to available nonspecific therapies and preventive vaccination also in developed countries. Among plant-based expression formats, hairy root cultures are a robust platform combining the benefits of eukaryotic plant-based bioreactors, with those typical of cell cultures. In this work, to devise an experimental therapeutic vaccine against HPV, hairy root cultures were used to express a harmless form of the HPV type 16 E7 protein (E7*) fused to SAPKQ, a noncytotoxic form of the saporin protein from Saponaria officinalis, that we had shown to improve E7-specific cell-mediated responses as a fusion E7*-SAPKQ DNA vaccine. Hairy root clones expressing the E7*-SAPKQ candidate vaccine were obtained upon infection of leaf explants of Solanum lycopersicum using a recombinant plant expression vector. Yield was approximately 35.5 μg/g of fresh weight. Mouse immunization with vaccine-containing crude extracts was performed together with immunological and biological tests to investigate immune responses and anticancer activity, respectively. Animals were primed with either E7*-SAPKQ DNA-based vaccine or E7*-SAPKQ root extract-based vaccine and boosted with the same (homologous schedule) or with the other vaccine preparation (heterologous schedule) in the context of TC-1 experimental mouse model of HPV-associated tumor. All the formulations exhibited an immunological response associated to anticancer activity. In particular, DNA as prime and hairy root extract as boost demonstrated the highest efficacy. This work, based on the development of low-cost technologies, highlights the suitability of hairy root cultures as possible biofactories of therapeutic HPV vaccines and underlines the importance of the synergic combination of treatment modalities for future developments in this field.