Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study of Effectiveness on Military Training of Army Anti-aircraft Weapon using Virtual Reality

This study compares the educational effect using real equipment, virtual reality, and video to improve the educational and training effect of the army and verifies which method of education is excellent. The Army has made a lot of efforts to realize the actual training environment, however, it is increasingly difficult to provide the actual training environment because of 1) restrictions on securing training sites and urbanization, 2) deepening conflicts with the people, and 3) difficulties in acquiring defense budget. To resolve these issues, the use of virtual reality(VR) has the advantage to experience actual battlefield indirectly and could save budget by training in a virtual battlefield environment. In particular, in the case of dangerous or expensive weapons systems, is further required. Hence this paper studies how effective virtual reality is compared to the actual weapons system. virtual reality(VR) education is less effective than actual equipment education, but it is higher than video education. Based on this research result, it will be used as a basic data for the analysis of educational effects based in virtual reality(VR).
Cortical responses to vagus nerve stimulation are modulated by ongoing oscillatory activity associated with different brain states in non-human primates

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is tested as therapy for several brain disorders and as a means to modulate brain plasticity. Cortical effects of VNS, manifesting as vagal-evoked potentials (VEPs), are thought to arise from activation of ascending cholinergic and noradrenergic systems. However, it is unknown whether those effects are dependent on oscillatory brain activity underling different brain states. In 2 freely behaving macaque monkeys, we delivered trains of left cervical VNS, at different pulsing frequencies (5-300 Hz), while recording local field potentials (LFP) from sites in contralateral prefrontal, sensorimotor and parietal cortical areas, continuously over 11-16 hours. Different brain states were inferred from oscillatory components of LFPs and the presence of overt movement: active awake, resting awake, REM sleep and NREM sleep. VNS elicited VEPs comprising early (<70 ms), intermediate (70-250 ms) and late (>250 ms) components in all sampled cortical areas. The magnitude of only the intermediate and late components was modulated by brain state and pulsing frequency. These findings have implications for the role of ongoing brain activity in shaping cortical responses to peripheral stimuli, for the modulation of vagal interoceptive signaling by cortical states, and for the calibration of VNS therapies.
Structural Connectivity Gradients of the Temporal Lobe Serve as Multiscale Axes of Brain Organization and Cortical Evolution

Abstract The temporal lobe is implicated in higher cognitive processes and is one of the regions that underwent substantial reorganization during primate evolution. Its functions are instantiated, in part, by the complex layout of its structural connections. Here, we identified low-dimensional representations of structural connectivity variations in human temporal cortex and explored their microstructural underpinnings and associations to macroscale function. We identified three eigenmodes which described gradients in structural connectivity. These gradients reflected inter-regional variations in cortical microstructure derived from quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and postmortem histology. Gradient-informed models accurately predicted macroscale measures of temporal lobe function. Furthermore, the identified gradients aligned closely with established measures of functional reconfiguration and areal expansion between macaques and humans, highlighting their potential role in shaping temporal lobe function throughout primate evolution. Findings were replicated in several datasets. Our results provide robust evidence for three axes of structural connectivity in human temporal cortex with consistent microstructural underpinnings and contributions to large-scale brain network function.
A Qualitative Investigation of the Psychological Experiences of COVID-19 Patients Receiving Inpatient Care in Isolation

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly throughout the world. Still, little is known about the psychological experiences of patients who received inpatient isolation treatment in order to improve the well-being of these patients. We randomly recruited 10 COVID-19 patients who received inpatient isolation treatment at a designated hospital in Wuhan from February to March 2020 and were discharged after recovery. The data were collected via a semi-structured interview over WeChat video and analyzed them using Calaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. COVID-19 patients experienced significant psychological stress during hospitalization that continued after recovery and discharge. This can be categorized into three themes: (1) negative emotions experienced; (2) uncertainty of treatment provided; and (3) worries about readjusting to daily life. The insight into a patient’s psychological experiences can support the timely implementation of personalized nursing interventions within hospitals and the community to improve the patient’s mental well-being and recovery trajectory.
Rhodobacter sphaeroides CarD Negatively Regulates Its Own Promoter

R. sphaeroides CarD activates many promoters by binding directly to RNAP and DNA just upstream of the −10 element. In contrast, we show here that CarD inhibits its own promoter using the same interactions with RNAP and DNA used for activation. ABSTRACT Bioinformatic analysis showed previously that a majority of promoters in the photoheterotrophic alphaproteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides lack the thymine at the last position of the −10 element (−7T), a base that is very highly conserved in promoters in bacteria other than alphaproteobacteria. The absence of −7T was correlated with low promoter activity using purified R. sphaeroides RNA polymerase (RNAP), but the transcription factor CarD compensated by activating almost all promoters lacking −7T tested in vitro, including rRNA promoters. Here, we show that a previously uncharacterized R. sphaeroides promoter, the promoter for carD itself, has high basal activity relative to other tested R. sphaeroides promoters despite lacking −7T, and its activity is inhibited rather than activated by CarD. This high basal activity is dependent on a consensus-extended −10 element (TGn) and specific features in the spacer immediately upstream of the extended −10 element. CarD negatively autoregulates its own promoter by producing abortive transcripts, limiting promoter escape, and reducing full-length mRNA synthesis. This mechanism of negative regulation differs from that employed by classical repressors, in which the transcription factor competes with RNA polymerase for binding to the promoter, and with the mechanism of negative regulation used by transcription factors like DksA/ppGpp and TraR that allosterically inhibit the rate of open complex formation. IMPORTANCE R. sphaeroides CarD activates many promoters by binding directly to RNAP and DNA just upstream of the −10 element. In contrast, we show here that CarD inhibits its own promoter using the same interactions with RNAP and DNA used for activation. Inhibition results from increasing abortive transcript formation, thereby decreasing promoter escape and full-length RNA synthesis. We propose that the combined interactions of RNAP with CarD, with the extended −10 element and with features in the adjacent −10/−35 spacer DNA, stabilize the promoter complex, reducing promoter clearance. These findings support previous predictions that the effects of CarD on transcription can be either positive or negative, depending on the kinetic properties of the specific promoter.
Computational model of silica nanoparticle penetration into tumor spheroids: Effects of methoxy and carboxy PEG surface functionalization and hyperthermia

Drug delivery to tumors suffers from poor solubility, specificity, diffusion through the tumor micro‐environment and nonoptimal interactions with components of the extracellular matrix and cell surface receptors. Nanoparticles and drug–polymer complexes address many of these problems. However, large size exasperates the problem of slow diffusion through the tumor. Three‐dimensional tumor spheroids are good models to evaluate approaches to mitigate these difficulties and aid in design strategies to improve the delivery of drugs to treat cancer effectively. Diffusion of drug carriers is highly dependent on cell uptake rate parameters (association/dissociation) and temperature. Hyperthermia increases molecular transport and is known to act synergistically with chemotherapy to improve treatment. This study presents a new inverse estimation approach based on Bayesian probability for estimating nanoparticle cell uptake rates from experiments. The parameters were combined with a finite element computational model of nanoparticle transport under hyperthermia conditions to explore its effect on tumor porosity, diffusion and particle binding (association and dissociation) at cell surfaces. Carboxy‐PEG‐silane (cPEGSi) nanoparticles showed higher cell uptake compared to methoxy‐PEG‐silane (mPEGSi) nanoparticles. Simulations were consistent with experimental results from Skov‐3 ovarian cancer spheroids. Amorphous silica (cPEGSi) nanoparticles (58 nm) concentrated at the periphery of the tumor spheroids at 37°C but mild hyperthermia (43°C) increased nanoparticle penetration. Thus, hyperthermia may enhance cancer treatment by improving blood delivery to tumors, enhancing extravasation and penetration into tumors, trigger release of drug from the carrier at the tumor site and possibly lead to synergistic anti‐cancer activity with the drug.
Current and emerging polymyxin resistance diagnostics: A systematic review of established and novel detection methods

The emergence of polymyxin resistance, due to transferable mcr genes, threatens public and animal health as there are limited therapeutic options. As polymyxin is one of the last‐line antibiotics, there is a need to contain the spread of its resistance to conserve its efficacy. Herein, we describe current and emerging polymyxin resistance diagnostics to inform faster clinical diagnostic choices. A literature search in diverse databases for studies published between 2016 and 2020 was performed. English articles evaluating colistin resistance methods/diagnostics were included. Screening resulted in the inclusion of 93 journal articles. Current colistin resistance diagnostics are either phenotypic or molecular. Broth microdilution is currently the only gold standard for determining colistin MICs (minimum inhibitory concentration). Phenotypic methods comprise of agar‐based methods such as CHROMagar™ Col‐APSE, SuperPolymyxin, ChromID® Colistin R, LBJMR and LB medium; manual MIC‐determiners viz., UMIC, MICRONAUT MIC‐Strip and ComASP Colistin; automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems such as BD Phoenix, MICRONAUT‐S, MicroScan, Sensititre and Vitek 2; MCR‐detectors such as lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) and chelator‐based assays including EDTA‐ and DPA‐based tests, that is, combined disk test, modified colistin broth‐disk elution (CBDE), Colispot, and Colistin MAC test as well as biochemical colorimetric tests, that is, Rapid Polymyxin NP test and Rapid ResaPolymyxin NP test. Molecular methods only characterize mobile colistin resistance; they include PCR, LAMP and whole‐genome sequencing. Due to the faster turnaround time (≤3 h), improved sensitivity (84%–100%) and specificity (93.3%–100%) of the Rapid ResaPolymyxin NP test and Fastinov®, we recommend this test for initial screening of colistin‐resistant isolates. This can be followed by CBDE with EDTA or the LFI as they both have 100% sensitivity and a specificity of ≥94.3% for the rapid screening of mcr genes. However, molecular assays such as LAMP and PCR may be considered in well‐equipped clinical laboratories.
Jatrorrhizine can improve nerve cell injury induced by Aβ 25-35, acting through miR-223-3p/HDAC4 axis.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research is to probe the mechanism of Jatrorrhizine (JAT) improving Aβ 25-35-induced nerve cell injury through the miR-223-3p/HDAC4 axis. METHODS SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ 25-35 to simulate nerve injury in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and JAT-treated SH-SY5Y cells were assessed for HDAC4 and miR-223-3p. The HDAC4 and miR-223-3p levels were tested by qRT-PCR. Proliferation was determined through MTT. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry, and the related indexes of oxidative stress (OS) were examined by an OS kit. RESULTS Compared with AD group, OD value increased, apoptosis rate decreased, and OS was inhibited in the AD+JAT group (all P<0.05). In SH-SY5Y cells, miR-223-3p can specifically inhibit the HDAC4 expression. The miR-223-3p expression increased and HDAC4 decreased after JAT acted on SH-SY5Y cells stimulated by Aβ 25-35 (all P<0.05). The addition of over-expression HDAC4 vector or miR-223-3p inhibitor could inhibit proliferation, and promote apoptosis and OS on the basis of JAT (all P<0.05). In addition, over-expressing miR-223-3p can suppress over-expressed HDAC4's effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and OS of SH-SY5Y cells (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION JAT can improve the nerve injury induced by Aβ 25-35 by up-regulating miR-223-3p and inhibiting the HDAC4 expression, suppress apoptosis and OS, and induce proliferation. This research further clarified the mechanism of JAT in AD.
Americans Misperceive Racial Disparities in Economic Mobility

What do people know about racial disparities in “The American Dream”? Across six studies (N = 1,761), we find that American participants consistently underestimate the Black–White disparity in economic mobility, believing that poor Black Americans are significantly more likely to move up the economic ladder than they actually are. We find that misperceptions about economic mobility are common among both White and Black respondents, and that this undue optimism about the prospect of mobility for Black Americans results from a narrow focus on the progress toward equality that has already been made. Consequently, making economic racial disparities salient, or merely reflecting on the unique hardships that Black Americans face in the United States, calibrates beliefs about economic mobility. We discuss the importance of these findings for understanding lay beliefs about the socioeconomic system, the denial of systemic racism in society, and support for policies aimed at reducing racial economic disparities.
Human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) env in neuronal extracellular vesicles: a new biomarker of motor neuron disease

Abstract Objective: Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been gradually confirmed to be involved in the onset and progression of motor neuron disease(MND). However, noninvasive detection of HERVs in the central nervous system is lacking. The aim of this study is to verify the relationship between the level of HERV-K env in neuronal extracellular vesicles in plasma and the onset and severity of MND. Methods: We extracted neuronal extracellular vesicles from plasma of 39 MND patients and 30 age- and sex-matched controls, and detected HERV-K env in extracellular vesicles by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Levels of HERV-K env in neuronal extracellular vesicles positively associated with range of lower motor neurons (LMNs) involved (1.66 ± 0.37 vs. 1.35 ± 0.34, p = 0.041), ALS phenotype (1.52 ± 0.31 vs. 1.24 ± 0.37, p = 0.013) and course of disease (1.83 ± 0.35 vs. 1.42 ± 0.22, p = 0.003), and increased in advanced-phase MND (definite and probable according to revised EI Escorial criteria) compared with early-phase MND (possible and lab-supported probable), albeit without very profound significance (1.52 ± 0.34 vs. 1.29 ± 0.36, p = 0.048). Conclusions: In conclusion, levels of HERV-K env in neuronal extracellular vesicles extracted from plasma can be used as a noninvasive biomarker of severity of MND.
Mechanism of 8-oxoG Excision Repair

Many factors such as reactive oxygen species and ionizing radiation can cause base lesions, such as G transformation to 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). Damaged bases can be corrected by the base excision repair pathway. DNA glycosylase, which includes MutT, MutY and MutM in prokaryote and MYH,OGG in eukaryote, is responsible for initiating the base-excision repair of 8-oxoG.In this article, repair mechanism of 8-oxoG and its relation with tumors are reviewed.
Chemical and Biological Studies of Euphorbia Aphylla

From the aerial part of Euphorbia aphylla , nine compounds were isolated (1-9) and identified by different spectral techniques as well as comparison with authentic samples. The isolated compounds included two triterpenes(β-amyrone (1) and euphol(2)), two sterols (β-sitosterol (3) and β-sitosterolglucoside (4)) and five phenolic compounds (gallic acid (5), quercetin (6), quercetin-3-O-(2'',3''-digalloyl)-α-L-rhamnoside (7), 3,4,3'- O -trimethyl ellagic acid 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8) and (3,4,3'-tri- O -methyl ellagicacid4'-ruti noside)(9)). The anti-inflammatory, anti pyretic,and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were carried out on different plant fractions.
Influence of a continuous nursing model based on network cloud platforms for urinary control, urination function and quality of life of patients after radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of a continuous nursing mode on urinary control, urinary function and quality of life of patients after radical prostatectomy under the network cloud platform. METHOD A total of 100 prostate cancer patients admitted to our hospital from January 2017 to January 2019 were enrolled. According to different care modes, they were divided into the experimental group and the control group, 50 patients in each group. Patients in the experimental group received the continuous care model under the network cloud platform, and the control group patients received the conventional care model. Urinary control, urination, self-care ability, incidence of complications, quality of life and nursing satisfaction of the two groups were compared. RESULTS In terms of urination, urinary control, quality of life, self-care ability, the incidence of complications and nursing satisfaction, the experimental group was better than the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The continuous nursing model under the network cloud platform has a positive impact on patient's urinary control, urination function and quality of life after radical prostatectomy. It is worthy of being widely promoted and used in clinical treatment.
Systematic review of major osteoporotic fracture to hip fracture incidence rate ratios worldwide: implications for Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX)‐derived estimates

The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) is the most widely used tool for fracture prediction. It provides 10‐year probabilities for hip and major osteoporotic fracture (MOF). It uses country‐specific hip fracture incidence and life expectancy data, and for most countries, MOF/hip fracture incidence rate ratios (IRRs) from Malmo Sweden. However, the risk of MOF varies by age, sex, and geography. The objective is to compare the MOF/hip IRRs across countries, by sex and age. This systematic review targeted observational studies of MOF and hip fractures in individuals >50 years (PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019129259). One reviewer screened potential articles. Two reviewers completed duplicate and independent data abstraction, and assessed study quality based on population representativeness, study design and duration, definition of ethnicity, and fracture characteristics. We calculated the MOF/hip IRRs (95% confidence interval) and Z‐values to compare IRRs in various countries to those for Sweden. We included 27 studies, of fair to good quality in the majority, from Europe (15), US and Canada (7), Asia (3), and Australia (2). The IRRs were twofold to 10‐fold higher in younger compared to older age categories, and in women compared to men, with few exceptions. Within Europe, and using Sweden as a reference, MOF/Hip IRRs in women 50–54 years from Finland, Italy, Netherlands, Denmark, and UK were significantly lower by 38% to 60%. Findings were similar in men. At older ages, MOF/Hip IRRs were consistently lower in women from European countries compared to Sweden, by 10%–40% and 11%–51%, at 75–79 years and 85–89 years, respectively. Findings were heterogenous in men and in non‐European countries. In conclusion, the MOF/hip fracture IRR may vary between countries. The variability at older ages may affect FRAX prediction when country‐specific fracture IRRs are not used. Further research is needed to elucidate the implication of our findings to FRAX‐derived MOF estimates in various countries. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Orange fibre effects on nutrient digestibility, fermentation products in faeces and digesta mean retention time in dogs

ABSTRACT Fermentable fibres are used in commercial dog food to promote intestinal health by providing substrates for better metabolic activity of the gut microbiota. Brazil is the world’s largest producer of oranges, from which it is possible to obtain fibre with a relevant soluble fraction. The present study compared the effects of two inclusions of orange fibre (1% and 3%, on as fed basis) with a negative control (without addition of fibre source) and two positive controls, beet pulp (3%) and purified inulin (1%), totalling five extruded diets for dogs. The experiment followed a randomised block design with 4 blocks of 10 dogs, 2 dogs per food in each block, totalling 8 dogs per diet. The apparent total tract nutrient digestibility was determined by total faecal collection. Faecal pH and fermentation product content were also measured. The digesta mean retention time (DMRT) was evaluated using plastic markers. The inclusion of a 3% fibre source in diets with 3% orange fibre and beet pulp reduced DM, OM, and energy digestibility (p < 0.05). Diets with 3% orange fibre, beet pulp and 1% inulin presented lower crude protein digestibility than the control (p < 0.05). Dietary fibre digestibility was higher for orange fibre-supplemented diets than inulin (p < 0.05). Beet pulp and 3% orange fibre inclusions resulted in increased moisture content in the faeces of dogs (p < 0.05) but did not alter DMRT. Total short-chain fatty acids were higher than the control in the faeces of dogs fed both orange fibre levels and the beet pulp-supplemented diet (p < 0.05), and the inulin diet-fed dogs presented intermediate values. Butyrate was higher in the faeces of dogs fed the diets supplemented with 1% and 3% orange fibre (p < 0.05), and similar values to the control were observed for beet pulp- and inulin-fed animals. Thus, it was concluded that orange fibre presented higher apparent total tract dietary fibre digestibility than beet pulp and had a fermentation profile in the colon that promoted the generation of butyrate, an effect not observed for inulin and beet pulp.