Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic functional and structural remodeling during retinal regeneration in zebrafish

Introduction Zebrafish regenerate their retinas following damage, resulting in restoration of visual function. Here we evaluate recovery of retinal function through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the electroretinogram (ERG) over time following retinal damage, in correlation to histological features of regenerated retinal tissue. Methods Retinas of adult zebrafish were lesioned by intravitreal injection of 10 μM (extensive lesion; destroys all neurons) or 2 μM (selective lesion; spares photoreceptors) ouabain. Unlesioned contralateral retinas served as controls. Function of retinal circuitry was analyzed at selected timepoints using ERG recordings from live zebrafish, and whole eyes were processed for histological analyses immediately thereafter. Results Qualitative and quantitative assessment of waveforms during retinal regeneration revealed dynamic changes that were heterogeneous on an individual level within each sampling time, but still followed common waveform recovery patterns on a per-fish and population-level basis. Early in the regeneration period (13–30 days post injury; DPI), for both lesion types, b-waves were essentially not detected, and unmasked increased apparent amplitudes, implicit times, and half-widths of a-waves (vs. controls). In control recordings, d-waves were not obviously detected, but apparent d-waves (OFF-bipolar responses) from regenerating retinas of several fish became prominent by 30DPI and dominated the post-photoreceptor response (PPR). Beyond 45DPI, b-waves became detectable, and the ratio of apparent d- to b-wave contributions progressively shifted with most, but not all, fish displaying a b-wave dominated PPR. At the latest timepoints (extensive, 90DPI; selective, 80DPI), recordings with measurable b-waves approached a normal waveform (implicit times and half-widths), but amplitudes were not restored to control levels. Histological analyses of the retinas from which ERGs were recorded showed that as regeneration progressed, PKCa + ON-bipolar terminals and parvalbumin + amacrine cell processes became more stereotypically positioned within the deep sublaminae of the INL over recovery time after each lesion type, consistent with the shift in PPR seen in the ERG recordings. Discussion Taken together, these data suggest that photoreceptor-OFF-bipolar component/connectivity may functionally recover and mature earlier during regeneration compared to the photoreceptor-ON-bipolar component, though the timeframe in which such recovery happens is heterogeneous on a per-fish basis. Collectively our studies suggest gradual restoration of ON-bipolar functional circuitry during retinal regeneration.
Limited role of shifting cultivation in soil carbon and nutrients recovery in regenerating tropical secondary forests

Shifting cultivation is a dominant land-use in the tropical forest-agriculture frontier in Southeast Asia and is blamed for much of the environmental degradation in the region. We examined the distribution and availability of four soil macronutrients—i.e., soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), in secondary forests regenerating after shifting cultivation abandonment. Soil samples were collected along an upland fallow gradient on Leyte Island in the Philippines. The effect of site environmental attributes on the availability of SOC and nutrients was investigated using linear mixed-effect models. We found relatively higher concentrations of SOC and P in the oldest fallows and higher N concentration in the youngest fallow secondary forest. There was no significant difference in SOC and other macronutrients within sites of different fallow categories and soil depths, except in the case of soil K, which was highest in our control old-growth forest. Patch size together with slope of the site and fallow age were the most influential factors in explaining the variability in SOC and nutrients availability in secondary forests recovering after shifting cultivation abandonment. Our study suggests that shifting cultivation may not be detrimental to soil quality, at least on the soil parameters and soil type we studied in the Philippines upland.
The light curves of soft X‐ray transients

We show that the light curves of soft X-ray transients (SXTs) follow naturally from the disc instability picture, adapted to take account of irradiation by the central X-ray source during the outburst. Irradiation prevents the disc from returning to the cool state until central accretion is greatly reduced. This happens only after most of the disc mass has been accreted by the central object, on a viscous time-scale, accounting naturally for the exponential decay of the outburst on a far longer time-scale (τ20–40 d) than seen in dwarf novae, without any need to manipulate the viscosity parameter α. The accretion of most of the disc mass in outburst explains the much longer recurrence time of SXTs compared with dwarf novae. This picture also suggests an explanation of the secondary maximum seen in SXT light curves about 50–75 d after the start of each outburst, since central irradiation triggers the thermal instability of the outer disc, adding to the central accretion rate one viscous time later. The X-ray outburst decay constant τ should on average increase with orbital period, but saturate at a roughly constant value ∼40 d for orbital periods longer than about a day. The bolometric light curve should show a linear rather than an exponential decay at late times (a few times τ). Outbursts of long-period systems should be entirely in the linear decay regime, as is observed in GRO J1744−28. UV and optical light curves should resemble the X-rays but have decay time-scales up to 2–4 times longer.
Accelerated optimization and automated discovery with covariance matrix adaptation for experimental quantum control

Optimization of quantum systems by closed-loop adaptive pulse shaping offers a rich domain for the development and application of specialized evolutionary algorithms. Derandomized evolution strategies (DESs) are presented here as a robust class of optimizers for experimental quantum control. The combination of stochastic and quasi-local search embodied by these algorithms is especially amenable to the inherent topology of quantum control landscapes. Implementation of DES in the laboratory results in efficiency gains of up to $\ensuremath{\sim}9$ times that of the standard genetic algorithm, and thus is a promising tool for optimization of unstable or fragile systems. The statistical learning upon which these algorithms are predicated also provide the means for obtaining a control problem's Hessian matrix with no additional experimental overhead. The forced optimal covariance adaptive learning (FOCAL) method is introduced to enable retrieval of the Hessian matrix, which can reveal information about the landscape's local structure and dynamic mechanism. Exploitation of such algorithms in quantum control experiments should enhance their efficiency and provide additional fundamental insights.
Development of microelectromechanical systems capacitive microphone for high‐frequency applications

In this paper the development is described of a new high‐frequency capacitive microphone based on the Knowles SiSonic MEMS microphone technology. The intended application for these microphones is aero‐acoustic testing, which requires a transducer bandwidth of 80–100 kHz and the ability to measure sound pressures to 150 dB SPL without excessive distortion. The MEMS microphone structure was modified to meet these requirements and still be manufactured using the Knowles SiSonic production process. In addition, the microphone package was modified to eliminate the front port resonance, at approximately 12 kHz, associated with the standard SiSonic device. Specifically, the microphone package was modified with a lid that has lower acoustic inertance, thereby increasing the resonance frequency of the Helmholtz resonator formed by the front port and the microphone interior cavity. Details of the design process and the theoretical behavior of the microphones are presented, and it is shown that a microphone sensitivity of 0.5–1 mV/Pa can be achieved for a 100‐kHz bandwidth. Preliminary results from fabricated microphones indicate a sensitivity around 0.5 mV/Pa and an A‐weighted noise level of approximately 61.5‐dB SPL. A more detailed analysis of the microphone noise spectrum and frequency response is presented.
NONNEGATIVITY OF COVARIANCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONS OF ORDERED RANDOM VARIABLES

In this article we investigate conditions by a unified method under which the covariances of functions of two adjacent ordered random variables are nonnegative. The main structural results are applied to several kinds of ordered random variable, such as delayed record values, continuous and discrete ℓ∞⩽-spherical order statistics, epoch times of mixed Poisson processes, generalized order statistics, discrete weak record values, and epoch times of modified geometric processes. These applications extend the main results for ordinary order statistics in Qi [28] and for usual record values in Nagaraja and Nevzorov [25].
Scale effects of round-crested weir flow

ABSTRACT Scale effects of round-crested weir flow originate from viscosity and surface tension. No general weir flow equation accounting for these is available in the literature. In this work an equation is developed accounting for scale effects. Given the lack of knowledge on the laminar boundary layer development for these flows, detailed two-dimensional and integral laminar boundary layer solutions were obtained, from which an analytical solution results. The surface tension effect is included by allowing for high streamline curvature effects, as is typical for flow over very small weir models. The developments were used to successfully predict the discharge characteristics of circular weirs of small crest radius of curvature. The research indicates a minimum of R=0.01 m. Provided that 0.01 m<R<0.30 m, a minimum overflow head of 0.04 m keeps the discharge curve free from significant scale effects. The equations are also applied to the broad-crested weir using a flow analogy for the separation bubble.
Convex cone-based endmember extraction for hyperspectral imagery

N-finder algorithm (N-FINDR) is a simplex-based fully abundance constrained technique which is operated on the original data space. This paper presents an approach, convex-cone N-FINDR (CC N-FINDR) which combines N-FINDR with convex cone data obtained from the original data so as to improve the N-FINDR in computational complexity and performance. The same convex cone approach can be also applied to simplex growing algorithm (SGA) to derive a new convex cone-based growing algorithm (CCGA) which also improves the SGA in the same manner as it does for NFINDR. With success in CC N-FINDR and CCGA a similar treatment of using convex cone can be further used to improve any endmember extraction algorithm (EEA). Experimental results are included to demonstrate advantages of the convex cone-based EEAs over EEAs without using convex cone.
On the Reidemeister moves of a classical knot

We show that under certain reasonable criteria one of the Reidemeister moves can be elminated. It is a well-known fact in classical knot theory that the following three moves, known as the Reidemeister moves, generate all the possible projections of a knot. To be more precise, given two oriented knots, K, and K2, in R3, where K, is in general position with respect to the natural projection 7: R3 R2, having the property that there is an isotopy carrying K, to K2 and preserving the orientations of the knots, then there is a sequence of the Reidemeister moves taking K, to K2 and preserving the orientations of the knots. Note that the last two Reidemeister moves preserve two properties of the knots projection.
Origin of the collapse of tunnel magnetoresistance at high annealing temperature in CoFeB/MgO perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions

We have investigated a tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of CoFeB/MgO perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJs) with a 40 nm diameter as a function of an annealing temperature Ta. The TMR ratio at room temperature (RT) increases with increasing Ta and reaches 149% at Ta = 350 °C, and further increase of Ta results in a strong reduction of the TMR ratio, i.e., 2% at Ta = 400 °C. The temperature dependence of the junction resistance versus magnetic field loops reveals that the reduced TMR ratio at RT is due to the disappearance of a stable antiparallel magnetization configuration. We find that reduction of dipole coupling restores the TMR ratio.
Protostellar formation in rotating interstellar clouds. I. Numerical methods and tests

The details of how dense interstellar clouds collapse to form protostars are obscured from observation by the very clouds in which the condensation takes place, leaving an observational gap between the clouds and pre--main-sequence (PMS) stars. There is also a gap of roughly four orders of magnitude between the specific spin angular momentum of such clouds and that of PMS stars. Thus in order to fully understand the sequence of events in stellar formation, we must construct theoretical models of the collapse and fragmentation of rotating interstellar clouds into single or multiple protostellar systems.
An Empirical Investigation of Some Special Cases of the General "Orthomax" Criterion for Orthogonal Factor Transformation

cases of the general &dquo;orthomax&dquo; formulation are presented. In particular, the effects of manipulating a parameter in this formulation on various aspects of factor solutions are identified through the use of four sets of data, varying considerably in size, and reliability and factorial complexity of the variables. The implications for practical purposes of the results are subsequently discussed. The appropriateness of orthogonal transformation has, in the authors’ opinion, been somewhat misrepresented over the years, by the large number of studies conducted with little methodological consideration, using the standard computing center package providing either principal components or common-factors, rotated using the varimax technique. It is seldom true that anything approaching
Influence of Ethylene-1-Alkene Copolymers Microstructure on Thermo-Rheological Behavior of Model Blends for Enhanced Recycling

Polyethylenes (PE) are the most commonly occurring ingredients for post-consumer recyclates (PCR). The structure–property relationships of different types of model PE-based blends are established using multiple thermo-rheological analyses. Although considered “simple”, the complex behavior of model PE-based blends is experimentally demonstrated for the first time for metallocene-catalyzed, linear, low-density polyethylenes (mLLDPE) with different microstructures that are commonly encountered in PCR. During non-isothermal crystallization, the microstructure of mLLDPE predominantly influences the interaction between mLLDPE and LDPE. Based on the mLLDPE microstructure, the molten LDPE phase acts either as a nucleating agent or as a crystallization rate promoting agent. Both rheological and thermal analyses show that higher activation energy is required for the reptation or movement of polymer chains in a highly branched microstructure with long chain branching (LCB) compared to a linear microstructure with short chain branching (SCB). The quasi-melt response, as measured by thermal analysis under non-isothermal conditions, is distinctly different and sensitive to both the SCB and LCB present in the LLDPE/LDPE blends.
Design of robust-stable and quadratic finite-horizon optimal active vibration controllers with low trajectory sensitivity for the uncertain flexible rotor systems via the orthogonal-functions approach and the hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm

By studying the robust stabilizability condition, the orthogonal-functions approach (OFA), and the hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm (HTGA), an integrative method is presented in this paper to design the robust-stable and quadratic finite-horizon optimal active vibration controller with low trajectory sensitivity such that (i) the flexible rotor system with elemental parametric uncertainties can be robustly stabilized, and (ii) a quadratic finite-horizon integral performance index, including a quadratic trajectory sensitivity term for the nominal flexible rotor system, can be minimized. In this paper, the robust stabilizability condition is proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Based on the OFA, an algebraic algorithm only involving the algebraic computation is derived in this paper for solving the nominal flexible rotor system feedback dynamic equations. By using the OFA and the LMI-based robust stabilizability condition, the robust-stable and quadratic finite-horizon optimal active vibration control problem for the uncertain flexible rotor system is transformed into a static constrained-optimization problem represented by the algebraic equations with constraint of LMI-based robust stabilizability condition. Then, for the static constrained-optimization problem, the HTGA is employed to find the robust-stable and quadratic finite-horizon optimal active vibration controllers of the uncertain flexible rotor system. An example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed integrative approach.
Statistical rock physics: Combining rock physics, information theory, and geostatistics to reduce uncertainty in seismic reservoir characterization

“Any physical theory is a kind of guesswork. There are good guesses and bad guesses. The language of probability allows us to speak quantitatively about some situation which may be highly variable, but which does have some consistent average behavior…. Our most precise description of nature must be in terms of probabilities. ” —Richard Feynman This paper presents snapshots of current and emerging trends in applied statistical rock physics for reservoir characterization. By integrating fundamental concepts and models of rock physics, statistical pattern recognition, and information theory with seismic inversion and geostatistics, we can quantify and reduce uncertainties in reservoir management. Rock physics allows us to link seismic response and reservoir properties and to extend the available data to generate training data for the classification system. Seismic imaging brings indirect, but nevertheless spatially exhaustive, lateral and vertical information about reservoir properties that are not available from pinpoint well data. Classification and estimation methods based on computational statistical techniques such as nonparametric Bayesian classification, bootstrap, and neural networks help quantitatively measure interpretation uncertainty and the mis-classification risk at each spatial location. Geostatistical stochastic simulations add spatial correlation and small-scale variability which is hard to identify from seismic only because of the limits of resolution. Combining deterministic physical models with statistical techniques leads to new methods for interpretation and estimation of reservoir rock properties from seismic data. These formulations identify the most likely interpretation, the uncertainty of the interpretation, and guide quantitative decision analysis. Subsurface heterogeneity delineation is a key factor in reliable reservoir characterization. These heterogeneities occur at various scales and can include variations in lithology, pore fluids, clay content, porosity, pressure, and temperature. Some methods used in seismic reservoir characterization are purely statistical. Others are deterministic, based on physical models (theoretical, laboratory). Each group of techniques can have some …
Implementing Modifed Burg Algorithms in Multivariate Subset Autoregressive Modeling

The large number of parameters in subset vector autoregressive models often leads one to procure fast, simple, and efficient alternatives or precursors to maximum likelihood estimation. We present the solution of the multivariate subset Yule-Walker equations as one such alternative. In recent work, Brockwell, Dahlhaus, and Trindade (2002), show that the Yule-Walker estimators can actually be obtained as a special case of a general recursive Burg-type algorithm. We illustrate the structure of this Algorithm, and discuss its implementation in a high-level programming language. Applications of the Algorithm in univariate and bivariate modeling are showcased in examples. Univariate and bivariate versions of the Algorithm written in Fortran 90 are included in the appendix, and their use illustrated.
Duration of frication noise as a perceptual cue

Natural speech CV syllables ([f, s, s, ō, v, z, ð] in the environment of [i, u, a]) were computer edited to include 20–70 ms of frication noise as measured from its onset in 10‐ms steps, as well as the entire frication noise. These stimuli were presented to 12 subjects for consonant identification. Results showed high recognition scores (>75%) for all fricatives but [ō, ð] in the longer conditions (60 and 70 ms and the full frication noise). In the remaining conditions scores, although lower, were still significantly above chance. Perception of manner of articulation seemed to be minimally affected by a decrease in frication duration, with 86% correct scores in the 20‐ms condition. Perception of place of articulation was somewhat more affected by duration of the stimuli, with correct identification falling to 60% in the 20‐ms condition. Results suggest that while a minimum duration of about 20 ms is required for perception of manner of articulation, frication duration is not an important perceptual cue to.
Uncertain destination dynamics of delay coupled systems

Certain dynamical systems exhibit sensitivity to initial conditions in which the asymptotic state is selected from multiple possible states. The associated uncertain destination dynamics can be analyzed by an appropriate reduction of the full system to a subsystem that explicitly yields the dynamics []. These types of systems are known as multistable systems. In this paper, a scheme for designing delay coupled multistable systems is proposed. The scheme considers delay coupled Lorenz-Stenflo systems. The scheme is based on Lyapunovʼs stability theorem. Numerical simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Rapid thermal processing: a comprehensive classification of silicon materials

Depending on the specific impurities and defect spectrum of a silicon material, the minority carrier lifetime can react diversely to rapid thermal processing (RTP). We have measured the lifetime of silicon materials before and after RTP and have diffused solar cells either by RTP or by conventional quartz tube furnace processing (CFP). Our investigations show that the lifetime of Fz-Si can be preserved during RTP resulting in up to 18.7 % efficient solar cells. For 1.4 /spl Omega/cm PV-grade Cz-Si, the stable lifetime after light degradation could be improved by up to 60 % by RTP. In the case of EFG-Si, the same average cell efficiency was obtained with RTP diffusion as with the industrial reference diffusion process. However, in the case of block-cast mc-Si, the lifetime decreases with increasing diffusion temperature indicating that P-diffusion in the second range might provide insufficient gettering.
O-minimal homotopy and generalized (co)homology

This article explains and extends semialgebraic homotopy theory (developed by H. Delfs and M. Knebusch) to o-minimal homotopy theory (over a field). The homotopy category of definable CW-complexes is equivalent to the homotopy category of topological CW-complexes (with continuous mappings). If the theory of the o-minimal expansion of a field is bounded, then these categories are equivalent to the homotopy category of weakly definable spaces. Similar facts hold for decreasing systems of spaces. As a result, generalized homology and cohomology theories on pointed weak polytopes uniquely correspond (up to an isomorphism) to the known topological generalized homology and cohomology theories on pointed CW-complexes.