Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validated needs assessment tool crucial for urging the Chinese government to raise financial support for its mental health care provision

Chinese government has long been urged to increase financial support for its mental health care (Liu et al., 2011). So, how actually can it be realized? Evidence on needs-driven directions of resource utilization has to be provided. The Mental Health Policy and Service Development Projects in China were initiated to gather information on the perceived needs of the major stakeholders including patients, caretakers and mental health practitioners (World Health Organization, 2001). The variations in the policies among regions of China necessitate the development of regionally validated assessment tools for measuring the stakeholders’ perceived needs respectively. Despite a number of studies on the satisfaction of persons with schizophrenia toward mental health services, the root cause of low satisfaction which is the failure to fulfill the corresponding perceived needs (Hansson et al., 2003) has not been addressed. In response to the urge to identify the perceived needs, the Perceived Rehabilitation Needs Questionnaire for People with Schizophrenia (PRNQ-S) has been developed and validated in Hong Kong (a city of China). As the societal and cultural values share within China, the Wuxi (its another city) version of the PRNQ-S (PRNQ-S-WX) has recently been validated based on its original Hong Kong version. PRNQ-S-WX has now become the only culturally validated measurement tool of rehabilitation needs in Wuxi and in the entire China. Future studies using this tool may compare the perceived needs between urban and rural areas in Wuxi, or identify the predictors of demographic variables on the importance level of the needs. The instrument can also be adopted upon minor adaptation for the similar purposes in other regions of China. The results would guide the government to precisely fine-tune the mental health policies and related services to strategically fulfill the needs. Such evidence would lay sharp justifications on the directions of resource utilization, and hence hopefully, an increment of the financial support.
Forging Fiscal Reform: Constitutional Change, Public Policy, and the Creation of Administrative Capacity in Wisconsin, 1880–1920

In 1911, Wisconsin became one of the first U.S. states to adopt an effectively administered income tax. Wisconsin reformers were able to overcome several institutional barriers to create the administrative capacity necessary to assess and collect a graduated income tax that in time raised significant revenue, but did not supplant the property tax. With this limited success, the Wisconsin income tax soon became a model for other states and even the national government. In this sense, Wisconsin was a leader in forging fiscal reform. Political activists, lawmakers, and other government actors in the Badger State led a turn-of-the-century property tax revolt when they sought to replace the aging, locally administered general property tax with a graduated income tax managed by a centralized, administrative bureaucracy. This essay investigates how and why Wisconsin tax reformers were able to help build the administrative capacity to levy new forms of taxation but were unable to replace the property tax completely with a progressive tax on income. By confronting the entrenched power of political parties, state constitutional constraints, and cultural resistance to centralized authority, activists and lawmakers established an institutional beachhead for the subsequent development of a new fiscal order. The administrative reforms enacted as part of the 1911 income tax law dramatically changed the way Wisconsin managed the assessment and collection of taxes. The building of administrative capacity was thus a critical step in addressing the fiscal challenges of the time, in forging a new sense of fiscal citizenship, and in laying the foundation for the subsequent growth of the public sector. This essay is part of a special issue of the Journal of Policy History on The Constitution and Public Policy in U.S. History, edited by Julian E. Zelizer and Bruce J. Schulman.
Maternal Body Mass Index and Daughters’ Age at Menarche

Background: The role of intergenerational influences on age at menarche has not been explored far beyond the association between mothers’ and daughters’ menarcheal ages. Small size at birth and childhood obesity have been associated with younger age at menarche, but the influence of maternal overweight or obesity on daughters’ age at menarche has not been thoroughly examined. Methods: In a follow-up study of the prospective Collaborative Perinatal Project, grown daughters were asked in 1987–1991 for their age at menarche. Data from the original Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959–1966) included their mothers’ height and prepregnancy weight. In the follow-up study, 597 of 627 daughters had complete menarche and maternal data available and were included in the present analysis. We used polytomous logistic regression to examine the association between maternal overweight (body mass index [BMI] = 25–29.9 km/m2) or obesity (BMI ≥ 30) and daughter's age at menarche (≤12, 12, 13, 14+ years). Results: Compared with those whose mothers had a BMI less than 25, daughters of obese mothers experienced younger age at menarche (OR for menarche at ≤12 years = 3.1 [1.1–9.2]). This association remained after adjusting for maternal age at menarche, maternal parity, socioeconomic status, race, and study site (OR = 3.3 [1.1–10.0]). Effect estimates for maternal overweight were close to the null. There was limited evidence of mediation by small for gestational age or BMI at age 7. Conclusions: Maternal obesity is associated with younger menarcheal age among daughters in this study, possibly via unmeasured shared factors.
Numerical Irreducible Decomposition using Projections from Points on the Components

To classify positive dimensional solution components of a polynomial system, we construct polynomials interpolating points sampled from each component. In previous work, points on an i-dimensional component were linearly projected onto a generically chosen (i + 1)-dimensional subspace. In this paper, we present two improvements. First, we reduce the dimensionality of the ambient space by determining the linear span of the component and restricting to it. Second, if the dimension of the linear span is greater than i + 1, we use a less generic projection that leads to interpolating polynomials of lower degree, thus reducing the number of samples needed. While this more eÆcient approach still guarantees | with probability one | the correct determination of the degree of each component, the mere evaluation of an interpolating polynomial no longer certi es the membership of a point to that component. We present an additional numerical test that certi es membership in this new situation. We illustrate the performance of our new approach on some well-known test systems.
Multi-Authority Attribute-Based Encryption Scheme from Lattices

Access control can selectively restrict access to sensitive information stored by third-party sites on the Internet. Attribute-based encryption (ABE) schemes can strengthen the effective combination of flexibility and operability of access control. They allow one sender to encrypt a message for more than one recipient, and to spec- ify who should be able to decrypt, using attributes alone. Since 2005, many powerful ABE schemes have been presented, but there are two types of problem that haven't be efficiently resolved so far. On the one hand, as practical extension of identity-based encryption (IBE) schemes, ABE schemes are also confronted with key escrow problem. On the other hand, attribute set belonging to one user is usually monitored by different authorities in this era of collaboration. Multi-authority ABE (MA-ABE) schemes can simultaneously resolve these problems, but now they have not been thoroughly inves- tigated yet. More precisely, MA-ABE schemes against quantum attack are the main barrier of the development of ABE schemes in a 'post-quantum' world. In this paper, we firstly present a MA-ABE scheme from lattices, in which identities of users are authenticated by a central authority, which improves the efficiency of authentication. Furthermore, different attribute private keys are still distributed by different authorities, and the central authority cannot obtain any secret information of other attribute authorities, which resolves key escrow problem to some extent. In MA- ABE, attribute private keys belonging to one user are generated by different authorities, and how to ensure correct decryption is one of the crux of schemes. Our scheme gives a simple solution, and each user's attribute private keys are combined using sharing of common public information to automatically realize correct decryption. To our best knowledge, this is the first MA-ABE scheme from lattices, and it is more efficient than the MA-ABE presented by Melissa Chase. Finally, we present a multi-authority large universe ABE scheme, in which the sizes of the public key and the ciphertext are only relative to the number of the attribute authorities, and a user will be able to decrypt a ciphertext if and only if he has at least tK attributes from each authority K.
Spatial Pooling of Heterogeneous Features for Image Classification

In image classification tasks, one of the most successful algorithms is the bag-of-features (BoFs) model. Although the BoF model has many advantages, such as simplicity, generality, and scalability, it still suffers from several drawbacks, including the limited semantic description of local descriptors, lack of robust structures upon single visual words, and missing of efficient spatial weighting. To overcome these shortcomings, various techniques have been proposed, such as extracting multiple descriptors, spatial context modeling, and interest region detection. Though they have been proven to improve the BoF model to some extent, there still lacks a coherent scheme to integrate each individual module together. To address the problems above, we propose a novel framework with spatial pooling of complementary features. Our model expands the traditional BoF model on three aspects. First, we propose a new scheme for combining texture and edge-based local features together at the descriptor extraction level. Next, we build geometric visual phrases to model spatial context upon complementary features for midlevel image representation. Finally, based on a smoothed edgemap, a simple and effective spatial weighting scheme is performed to capture the image saliency. We test the proposed framework on several benchmark data sets for image classification. The extensive results show the superior performance of our algorithm over the state-of-the-art methods.
Civil Service and Patronage in Bureaucracies

How do politicians staff the bureaucracy and what are the policy implications? We develop a dynamic model of personnel policy, bureaucratic quality, and electoral competition. In each period, incumbents choose how much to support patronage and civil service personnel systems. The civil service system is needed to produce public goods, but patronage provides private goods and improves an incumbent’s reelection prospects. Incumbents must also worry about whether opponents will sustain the civil service system following an electoral loss. Our results demonstrate the importance of a cross-party commitment to public goods, along with low costs of civil service hiring, for encouraging good government in equilibrium. The model also suggests that electoral competitiveness has only a limited influence on good government and challenges previous arguments about electoral vulnerability and civil service reform. We finally present empirical evidence regarding our predicted relationship between party system convergence and merit-based hiring.
ON THE PROPERTIES OF INFANT VOCALIZATION IN THE JAPANESE PRE-VERBAL STAGE *

Infant vocal behaviors are complicated than it appears. Oller (2000) proposes that there are five pre-verbal stages in the very young infants’ speech: the Phonation Stage, the Primitive Articulation stage (or the GOO stage in Oller (1980)), the Expansion Stage, the Canonical Stage, and the Integrative stage (or the Variegated Babbling Stage in Oller (1980)). (See Table 1 and 2 for the details.) Discussing the language properties of the very young infants, Oller (2000) contrasts squealing with growling in terms of pitch. Squealing is usually at 2 to 4 times the pitch of growling even in the expansion stage (Oller 1980). In addition, “in yelling, infants explore the ability to produce sounds of maximum amplitude, and in whispering, they delve into sounds of minimum amplitude. ” (Oller 2000: 171).
Blood Inflammatory Proteins and Risk of Incident Depression in the Elderly

Background: It is unclear whether high levels of blood inflammatory proteins are associated with the risk of developing depression in late life. Methods: Blood C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and tumor necrosis factor α were measured in an elderly cohort (n = 968). Major depression diagnosed according to clinical criteria and relevant depressive symptoms measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (score ≧10) were assessed at baseline and 4 year later. Results: Baseline IL-6 and ACT were increased in both prevalent major depression and relevant depressive symptoms. Baseline ACT was increased in incident major depression. All associations weakened below significance after adjustment for possible confounders and multiple comparisons. Conclusions: Blood inflammatory proteins do not predict the risk of developing depression in older age.
Molecular Dissection of a Borrelia burgdorferi In Vivo Essential Purine Transport System

ABSTRACT The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is dependent on purine salvage from the host environment for survival. The genes bbb22 and bbb23 encode purine permeases that are essential for B. burgdorferi mouse infectivity. We now demonstrate the unique contributions of each of these genes to purine transport and murine infection. The affinities of spirochetes carrying bbb22 alone for hypoxanthine and adenine were similar to those of spirochetes carrying both genes. Spirochetes carrying bbb22 alone were able to achieve wild-type levels of adenine saturation but not hypoxanthine saturation, suggesting that maximal hypoxanthine uptake requires the presence of bbb23. Moreover, the purine transport activity conferred by bbb22 was dependent on an additional distal transcriptional start site located within the bbb23 open reading frame. The initial rates of uptake of hypoxanthine and adenine by spirochetes carrying bbb23 alone were below the level of detection. However, these spirochetes demonstrated a measurable increase in hypoxanthine uptake over a 30-min time course. Our findings indicate that bbb22-dependent adenine transport is essential for B. burgdorferi survival in mice. The bbb23 gene was dispensable for B. burgdorferi mouse infectivity, yet its presence was required along with that of bbb22 for B. burgdorferi to achieve maximal spirochete loads in infected mouse tissues. These data demonstrate that both genes, bbb22 and bbb23, are critical for B. burgdorferi to achieve wild-type infection of mice and that the differences in the capabilities of the two transporters may reflect distinct purine salvage needs that the spirochete encounters throughout its natural infectious cycle.
Factors Influencing Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among People Living with HIV in Coastal South India

Background: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has transformed life threatening HIV/AIDS scenario into chronic manageable disease. Methodology: In this cross-sectional, 409 People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV) aged ≥ 18 years, who were on ART, were assessed regarding the adherence to ART and factors affecting adherence using semi-structured questionnaire. The association between factors affecting adherence and the level of adherence were analyzed using multiple logistic regression model and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results: Among 409 PLHIV, 70.4% showed adherence to ART (≥95%). Univariate analysis yielded many factor associated with adherence (P < 0.05). However, on multivariate analysis, PLHIV who do not forget to take ART and not consuming alcohol were the factors consistent with adherence to ART (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Regular patient education and counseling regarding the usage of memory aids and abstinence from alcohol could be useful for adherence and long term success of ART among PLHIV.
Water chemistry technology – one of the key technologies for safe and reliable nuclear power plant operation

Water chemistry control is one of the key technologies to establish safe and reliable operation of nuclear power plants. Continuous and collaborative efforts of plant manufacturers and plant operator utilities have been focused on optimal water chemistry control, for which, a trio of requirements for water chemistry should be simultaneously satisfied: (1) better reliability of reactor structures and fuel rods; (2) lower occupational exposure and (3) fewer radwaste sources. Various groups in academia have carried out basic research to support the technical bases of water chemistry in plants. The Research Committee on Water Chemistry of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ), which has now been reorganized as the Division of Water Chemistry (DWC) of AESJ, has played important roles to promote improvements in water chemistry control, to share knowledge about and experiences with water chemistry control among plant operators and manufacturers and to establish common technological bases for plant water chemistry and then to transfer them to the next generation of plant workers engaged in water chemistry. Furthermore, the DWC has tried and succeeded arranging R&D proposals for further improvement in water chemistry control through roadmap planning. In the paper, major achievements in plant technologies and in basic research studies of water chemistry in Japan are reviewed. The contributions of the DWC to the long-term safe management of the damaged reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant until their decommissioning are introduced.
Effect of perineal massage in the second stage of labour, on the incidence of episiotomy and perineal tears

Background: This study aimed to investigate whether perineal massage during second stage of labour could decrease perineal trauma in the form of episiotomy and perineal tears.Methods: One hundred and fifty term antenatal women in labour were randomly assigned to two groups, one of which received perineal massage and the other received routine care during the second stage. Frequency of episiotomies, perineal tears, intact perineums, degrees of perineal tears, duration of second stage of labour and perineal pain after 24 hours was compared.Results: Perineal massage was efficient in reducing incidence of episiotomy, duration of second stage of labour and perineal pain assessed 24 hours after delivery. The frequency of perineal tears and intact perineums did not differ significantly. Perineal massage was protective against severe form of third degree perineal tears.Conclusions: Authors suggest that perineal massage can be routinely practiced by health professionals to improve quality of life in women post vaginal delivery.
How do patients with diabetes report their comorbidities? Comparison with administrative data

Aims Patients with diabetes are probably often unaware of their comorbidities. We estimated agreement between self-reported comorbidities and administrative data. Methods In a random sample of 464 diabetes patients, data from a questionnaire asking about the presence of 14 comorbidities closely related to diabetes were individually linked with statutory health insurance data. Results Specificities were >97%, except cardiac insufficiency (94.5%), eye diseases (93.8%), peripheral arterial disease (92.6%), hypertension (90.9%), and peripheral neuropathy (85.8%). Sensitivities were <60%, except amputation (100%), hypertension (83.1%), and myocardial infarction (67.2%). A few positive predictive values were >90% (hypertension, myocardial infarction, and eye disease), and six were below 70%. Six negative predictive values were >90%, and two <70% (hypertension and eye disease). Total agreement was between 42.7% (eye disease) and 100% (dialysis and amputation). Overall, substantial agreement was observed for three morbidities (kappa 0.61–0.80: hypertension, myocardial infarction, and amputation). Moderate agreement (kappa 0.41–0.60) was estimated for angina pectoris, heart failure, stroke, peripheral neuropathy, and kidney disease. Factors associated with agreement were the number of comorbidities, diabetes duration, age, sex, and education. Conclusions Myocardial infarction and amputation were well reported by patients as comorbidities; eye diseases and foot ulceration rather poorly, particularly in older, male, or less educated patients. Patient information needs improving.
Modelling Financial Returns and Volatility Across Environmental Industry Sectors

In recent decades, the momentum of global environmental protection has culminated in the Kyoto Agreement of 1998, placing the limelight on “green” issues. This paper argues that the protection of environmental systems involves a fragile balance between the costs of environment preservation and the profit motivations of industrialists. In particular, one of the issues that needs to be addressed is the risk pressures environmental industries face in financial markets, where the higher the risk, the more pressure industries are under to exploit natural resources. Therefore, in order to devise effective environmentally-friendly yet economically viable policies, it is crucial to analyse the risks encountered by environmental industries in financial markets. The success of the autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) or generalised ARCH (GARCH) models in explaining the stylised facts of financial asset returns has led to its widespread use in the empirical finance literature. By modelling the time-variation in conditional variances or volatility, the univariate ARCH model by Engle (1982) and the GARCH model by Bollerslev (1986) are able to capture the stylized features of the persistence of volatility, volatility clusters and kurtosis, while extensions of the GARCH model such as the asymmetric GARCH (GJR) model by Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle (1993) can accommodate the additional stylized fact that positive and negative shocks have asymmetric effects, whereby a negative shock has a greater impact on volatility than a positive shock. This paper models the time-varying conditional variances of the returns on a variety of environmental industry sectors using the univariate ARMA(1,1)-GARCH(1,1) and the ARMA(1,1)-GJR (1,1) models. Our dataset consists of daily returns on seven Australian environmental industry sectors including Gold Mining, Other Mining, Mining Finance, Oil & Gas, Farming & Fishing, Forestry and Paper over their respective time periods. The findings of this paper suggest that the risks faced by environmental industries in financial markets are generally well-explained by the ARMA(1,1)-GARCH(1,1); the ARMA(1,1)GJR(1,1), on the other hand, received much less support due to the lack of asymmetric effects. The log-moment and second moment conditions were also satisfied empirically, implying that moments exist and the QMLE are both consistent and asymptotically normal. Therefore, inferences of the ARMA(1,1)-GARCH(1,1) estimates can be used to aid in formulating new “green” and economically viable environmental policies.