Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Comparison of the Risk between Physicians and the General Population

Physicians in Taiwan have a heavy workload and a stressful workplace, both of which may contribute to cardiovascular disease. However, the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in physicians is not clear. This population-based cohort study used Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. We identified 28,062 physicians as the case group and randomly selected 84,186 nonmedical staff patients as the control group. We used a conditional logistic regression to compare the AMI risk between physicians and controls. Subgroup analyses of physician specialty, age, gender, comorbidities, area, and hospital level were also done. Physicians have a higher prevalence of HTN (23.59% versus 19.06%, P < 0.0001) and hyperlipidemia (21.36% versus 12.93%, P < 0.0001) but a lower risk of AMI than did the controls (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46–0.72) after adjusting for DM, HTN, hyperlipidemia, and area. Between medical specialty, age, and area subgroups, differences in the risk for having an AMI were nonsignificant. Medical center physicians had a lower risk (AOR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.20–0.85) than did local clinic physicians. Taiwan's physicians had higher prevalences of HTN and hyperlipidemia, but a lower risk of AMI than did the general population. Medical center physicians had a lower risk than did local clinic physicians. Physicians are not necessary healthier than the general public, but physicians, especially in medical centers, have a greater awareness of disease and greater access to medical care, which permits timely treatment and may prevent critical conditions such as AMI induced by delayed treatment.
Disqualified: Ex-child soldiers’ journey back home with stigma and trauma A study on the social reintegration challenges of Nepalese ex-child soldiers

2 Acknowledgement and vote of thanks . 2 Chapter 1 – Introduction . 5 1.1. Motivation of the Study . 5 1.2. The main Research problem and the aim of the study . 5 1.3. Objectives of the study . 6 1.4. Research Questions . 7 1.5. Significance of the research . 7 1.6. Definitions of terminology used in the study . 7 Chapter 2 – Background . 9 2.1. Evolution of the Maoist War in Nepal . 9 2.2. Peace process and efforts to delist CPN (M) as the party to use child soldiers . 9 Chapter 3 – Theoretical framework . 11 3.1. Social Stigma Theory . 11 3.2. Trauma Theory . 14 3.2.1. Cognitive and Behavioral Sequelae of Combat Trauma . 14 Chapter 4 – Literature Review . 17 4.1 International instruments to prohibit the use of children in War . 17 4.2. Child Soldering: Some accounts of the Afro-Asian customs . 18 4.3 Nature of the use of children in War: Nepalese practice . 19 4.4 Childhood as the Socio-cultural Construction . 20 4.5 Child Soldiers: Often the forgotten groups in social reintegration process . 21 4.6. DDR: Disarmament and Demobilization and Reintegration . 21 4.7 Subjective coping competency for Social Reintegration . 23 Chapter 5 – Methodology . 25 5.1 Qualitative research . 25 5.1.1 Key Informants interview . 25 5.1.2 Focused Group Discussion . 26 5.2 Participants in the study and Sample . 27 5.2.1 Respondents profile . 28 5.3 Procedures . 29 5.4. Ethical considerations . 30 5.5. Validity, Reliability and Generalizability . 31 5.6. Limitations of the study . 31 5.7. Research topic and the researcher . 32 Chapter 6 – Results . 33 6.1. Duration of active combat and nature of combat environment . 33 6.2. Exposure to extreme conditions and violence . 34 6.3. Discharged with feeling of loss: Denial as the coping mechanism . 34 6.4. Social reintegration services rendered and recipients opinion . 35 6.5. Social integration: role of family, social network and challenges . 37 6.6. Trauma and flashback: Psychosocial limitations for integration and adaptation . 39
Health consequences of sexual hookups for first-year college women: A one-year prospective investigation

“Hookups” are sexual encounters between partners who are not in a traditional committed romantic relationship. The majority of college students engage in hookup behavior, but little is known about the health consequences of hookups. This longitudinal study examined the effects of sexual hookups on mental health and risk for sexual victimization (SV) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among first-year college women. It was hypothesized that sexual hookup behavior would negatively affect women’s mental health and increase their likelihood of experiencing SV and STDs. Participants (N = 483) completed 13 monthly online surveys that assessed sexual behavior (performing oral sex, receiving oral sex, and vaginal sex) with casual and romantic partners, mental health outcomes, SV, and selfreported STD diagnoses. Participants were also tested for three STDs at the end of the academic year. Hookup behavior involving either oral or vaginal sex was reported by 34% prior to college and 40% during the year-long study. Multivariate latent growth curve modeling showed that increases in the probability of oral sex (performed) and vaginal sex hookup behavior during the academic year were associated with increases in perceived stress and decreases in positive affect. Compared to women who did not hook up during the study, women who hooked up were more likely to experience SV, even after controlling for several risk factors for SV and sex in the context of romantic relationships. Engaging in any sexual hookup behavior during the study was not predictive of acquiring a new STD, but power for this logistic regression analysis was limited due to the low base rate of STDs. Lifetime history of sexual hookup behavior was significantly associated with lifetime STD diagnosis. Overall, the results suggest that sexual hookup behavior leads to increased psychological distress for some women and increases risk of experiencing SV and STDs. HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL HOOKUPS FOR FIRST-YEAR COLLEGE WOMEN: A ONE-YEAR PROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION by Robyn L. Fielder, M.S. B.S., University of Mary Washington, 2005 M.S., Syracuse University, 2008
Phonetic aspects of content design in AESOP (Asian English Speech cOrpus Project)

This research is part of the ongoing multinational collaboration “Asian English Speech cOrpus Project” (AESOP), whose aim is to build up an Asian English speech corpus representing the varieties of English spoken in Asia. AESOP is an international consortium of linguists, speech scientists, psychologists and educators from Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Thailand, Indonesia and Mongolia. Its primary aim is to collect and compare Asian English speech corpora from the countries listed above in order to derive a set of core properties common to all varieties of Asian English, as well as to discover features that are particular to individual varieties. Each research team will use a common recording setup and share an experimental task set, and will develop a common, open-ended annotation system. Moreover, AESOP-collected corpora will be an open resource, available to the research community at large. The initial stage of the phonetics aspect of this project will be devoted to designing spoken-language tasks which will elicit production of a large range of English segmental and suprasegmental characteristics. These data will be used to generate a catalogue of acoustic characteristics particular to individual varieties of Asian English, which will then be compared with the data collected by other AESOP members in order to determine areas of overlap between L1 and L2 English as well as differences among varieties of Asian English.
Big‐bodied males help us recognize that females have big pelves

Abstract Schultz ([1949] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 7:401–424) presented a conundrum: among primates, sexual dimorphism of the pelvis is a developmental adjunct to dimorphism in other aspects of the body, albeit in the converse direction. Among species in which males are larger than females in body size, females are larger than males in some pelvic dimensions; species with little sexual dimorphism in nonpelvic size show little pelvic dimorphism. Obstetrical difficulty does not explain this relationship. The present study addresses this issue, evaluating the relationship between pelvic and femoral sexual dimorphism in 12 anthropoid species. The hypothesis is that species in which males are significantly larger than females in femoral size will have a higher incidence, magnitude, and variability of pelvic sexual dimorphism, with females having relatively larger pelves than males, compared with species monomorphic in femoral size. The results are consistent with the hypothesis. The proposed explanation is that the default pelvic anatomy in adulthood is that of the female; testosterone redirects growth from the default type to that of the male by differentially enhancing and repressing growth among the pelvic dimensions. Testosterone also influences sexual dimorphism of the femur. The magnitude of the pelvic response to testosterone is greater in species that are sexually dimorphic in the femur than in those that are monomorphic. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why the Tigers Roared: Capital Accumulation and the East Asian Miracle

Recent growth accounting studies of Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea have found that the Solow residuals in these economies were relatively small. Given the high capital contributions, these results are often interpreted as evidence that factor accumulation, savings and investment were the principal cause of the East Asian miracle. This paper develops an alternative method of analysing these data, combining growth accounting methods with the linearized neoclassical growth model of Mankiw et al. (1992). The method explicitly quantifies the extent to which increases in productivity, as measured by the Solow residual, induced capital accumulation in these economies. It shows that in Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea, productivity growth contributed between half and two-thirds of the growth in GDP per worker over a 20-year period.
The new multinationals: Spanish firms in a global context

on to examine the parallel stories of other key nations: Great Britain, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the Soviet Union, the German Democratic Republic, Japan, South Korean, Taiwan, Singapore, China, and India. These countryspecific studies, each of which is documented with voluminous notes and citations, will no doubt offer those wanting to do more detailed research with a significant head start. He also provides a summary chapter for each geographic region where he brings together the various national stories to distill a common set of dynamics that shaped IT diffusion in that area. For most regions he finds more similarities than differences, noting that this should not be all that surprising given the increasing cross-border flows of ideas, products, and workers. Asia is an exception, however, as it is difficult to identify one common way in which IT diffused through all the various countries. He instead divides the Asian nations into sub-groups, showing how each followed a slightly different path. He then ends the book with a general set of conclusions, noting important implications for not only fellow historians, but also policy makers, business leaders, and consumers in general. Two appendices follow the main narrative, the first explaining his methods for the study, and the second clarifying the distinctions he sees between the first wave of IT diffusion (roughly 1940s to mid-1990s for the earliest adopters) and a second wave, which the earliest adopters have already begun. Cortada’s core set of dynamics will no doubt look familiar to historians and sociologists of technology who recognise that social forces play just as much of a role as technical capabilities. Cortada notes that the increasing functionality and ever-lowering cost of computing certainly helped to encourage adoption, but he also repeatedly stresses that political, macro-economic, legal, infrastructural, and cultural conditions had profound effects on the speed and degree of IT diffusion within any given country. He reminds the reader repeatedly that processing power and costs per calculation are part of the story, but not the entirety of it. This book builds upon and extends the already rich literature in the history of computing in particular, and technological diffusion in general, by constructing the first global account of how and why IT came to play such a prominent role in our lives. It will no doubt be an essential resource for anyone researching in these areas, but it will also be of interest to anyone who wants to understand how our world became so dependent on information and the technologies that manipulate it.
The Power Structure under the Leadership of Xi Jinping

This paper evaluates the first year and a half of the government of Chinese President Xi Jinping from two viewpoints essential for judging the vitality of the Chinese Communist Party: the legitimacy of rule and the party’s governmental techniques. To strengthen the legitimacy of rule, the Xi government has fanned nationalism under the national goal of attaining wealth and power. The government has also been promoting the concentration of power into the hands of President Xi in order to establish a leadership essential to the implementation of comprehensive reforms. If reforms are implemented quickly and produce positive effects under the integrated leadership system, the legitimacy of rule is likely to be strengthened. However, it is necessary to have reservations about such optimism. First, as well as the costs that will be required during the difficult process of marketization, the cost necessary for suppressing ethnic minorities’ and citizens’ freedom of speech will continue to swell. Second, if we guess from China’s recent bellicose diplomatic attitude, we cannot rule out the possibility that the leadership of the Xi regime has declined so much as to undermine the ability to make rational judgment at the national level. It is necessary to develop a multipronged strategy that seeks to establish a framework of multilateral cooperation to prevent China from behaving recklessly and to support the country’s economic reforms and its enhancement of governance at the same time.
A survey on the management of acute rhinosinusitis among Asian physicians.

BACKGROUND Based on the `European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal polyps (EP3OS 2007)`, this study aimed to investigate general practitioners (GPs) and other specialists` understanding when managing patients with acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) in Asia. METHODOLOGY Among a total of 2662 questionnaires completed, 2524 (94.8%) were valid for analysis. There were 1308 GPs (51.8%), 989 otolaryngologists (39.2%) and 227 paediatricians (9%) from Mainland China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Taiwan. RESULTS ARS is affecting an estimated 6 - 10% of patients seen in a daily out-patient practice. The EP3OS criteria are well supported by Asian physicians (94.1%). Most physicians (62.7%) agreed that radiological investigation is not needed to diagnose ARS. However, even for mild ARS (common cold), medical treatments were still recommended by 87% of GPs, 83.9% of otolaryngologists, and 70% of paediatricians. The top three first-line treatments prescribed were antihistamines (39.2%), nasal decongestants (33.6%), and antibiotics (29.5%). Antibiotics usage increased as the first line treatment of moderate (45.9%) and severe (60.3%) ARS. CONCLUSION ARS is commonly managed by GPs, otolaryngologists, and paediatricians in Asia. However, understanding of the management of ARS needs further improvement to minimize unnecessary use of radiological investigations, overuse of antibiotics, and under use of nasal corticosteroids.
Antifungal Use and Therapeutic Monitoring of Plasma Concentrations of Itraconazole in Heart and Lung Transplantation Patients

Background:The prophylactic use of itraconazole has dramatically reduced the incidence of fungal infections in patients after solid-organ transplantation. To further reduce this incidence, it has been suggested that plasma concentrations of itraconazole be monitored and maintained above a putative minimum target concentration of 500 ng/mL. Methods:A retrospective audit was undertaken of patients who had had a heart or lung transplant over a 14-month period (between January 1, 2010 and March 31, 2011). The itraconazole prophylaxis regimen (dose, time of last dose, time of blood collection) and plasma concentrations were recorded together with the use of concomitant antacid medication. Details of breakthrough fungal infections were documented. Results:Eighty-four heart or lung organ transplantations were undertaken in the study period; 57 were treated prophylactically with itraconazole. Plasma concentrations of itraconazole were monitored in 56% (n = 32) of these cases. Considerable interpatient (range, 50–2000 ng/mL) and intrapatient variability in plasma concentrations was observed. The putative target was not achieved consistently in the majority of cases. All patients were taking a proton pump inhibitor. Six of the cohort developed an invasive fungal infection. None of the 3 patients for whom plasma concentrations were monitored was above the target concentration. Conclusions:Further clinical studies, involving monitoring of the active metabolite and attention to the importance of the stereoisomers of itraconazole, may give better insight into the appropriateness of the currently suggested minimum target concentration, whose validity remains uncertain. Formulations with improved absorption characteristics could reduce the variability of absorption with the goal of further reducing the incidence of infrequent, but life-threatening, invasive fungal infections.
China's democratic future : how it will happen and where it will lead

IntroductionPart 1: Crisis Democracy and ChinaDemocracy's SpreadThe Struggle for Democracy ( China's Democratic PotentialBroken PromisesThe Republican FailureMao's ChinaPost-Mao ReformsThe Last Days of DictatorshipThe Torment of CCP RuleThe PRC SystemA Metaphor for TransitionState and SocietySustaining Economic GrowthThe Social MalaiseA Troubled DiplomacyPolitical DysfunctionResources for ChangeTocqueville's ParadoxThe Privatization of Economic LifeNew IdeasNew SocietiesDemocratic Diplomacy and US PolicyBorder Effects and Global Civil SocietyPolitical DecompressionPart II: Transition Breakdown and MobilizationPredicting ChangeGradual Democracy? Metastatic CrisisPopular MobilizationViolenceLast DitchismCollapse? The Eve of TransitionDemocratic BreakthroughExtrication or Overthrow? The Heroes of RetreatThe PactEnding the PRCThe ImmediateThe Interim RegimeSudden PoliticizationInternational ReactionPart III: Consolidation The Political ChallengeWill Democracy Fail? Legacies and ChoicesNew InstitutionsFederalismSecessionThe First ElectionRights and InterestsRights: Threats and SafeguardsTowards ConsolidationPolitical LifeLocal Politics and Hong KongRefurbishing Economic and Social LifeThe Struggle for InterestsGrowth and DevelopmentSocial WelfareRegional InterestsA Free SocietyDealing With HistoryA Changed International RoleDemocratic PeaceTransitional DiplomacyRelations With the U.S.Relations with AsiaTaiwan, Tibet and XinjiangConclusionReferences
PD 404,182 Is a Virocidal Small Molecule That Disrupts Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT We describe a virucidal small molecule, PD 404,182, that is effective against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The median 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) for the antiviral effect of PD 404,182 against HCV and HIV in cell culture are 11 and 1 μM, respectively. The antiviral activity of PD 404,182 is due to the physical disruption of virions that is accompanied to various degrees (depending on the virus and exposure temperature/time) by the release of viral nucleic acids into the surrounding medium. PD 404,182 does not directly lyse liposomal membranes even after extended exposure, and it shows no attenuation in antiviral activity when preincubated with liposomes of various lipid compositions, suggesting that the compound inactivates viruses through interaction with a nonlipid structural component of the virus. The virucidal activity of PD 404,182 appears to be virus specific, as little to no viral inactivation was detected with the enveloped Dengue and Sindbis viruses. PD 404,182 effectively inactivates a broad range of primary isolates of HIV-1 as well as HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and it does not exhibit significant cytotoxicity with multiple human cell lines in vitro (50% cytotoxic concentration, >300 μM). The compound is fully active in cervical fluids, although it exhibits decreased potency in the presence of human serum, retains its full antiviral potency for 8 h when in contact with cells, and is effective against both cell-free and cell-associated HIV. These qualities make PD 404,182 an attractive candidate anti-HIV microbicide for the prevention of HIV transmission through sexual intercourse.
Sexual Behaviour, STDs and Drug use in a Crack House Population

We aimed to investigate the prevalence of ulcerative sexually transmissible diseases (STDs) and hepatitis in crack users. We interviewed 435 crack users on site in crack houses in Houston, Texas and took blood for laboratory analysis. There was evidence of syphilis infection in 13%, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) in 61%, HIV in 12%, hepatitis B in 52%, and hepatitis C in 41% of cases. On DSM–III–R criteria, 12% were crack abusers and 84% crack dependent: over half reported previous treatment. Forty per cent reported also injecting. Sexual behaviour indicated a mean of 2.4 partners in the past month for men, 3.7 for women. Sexual behaviour was largely vaginal, although women also reported more than twice the level of oral sex of men. Significant multivariate predictors for HIV and hepatitis B and C were previous reported STD and injecting drug use (including sharing needles), while female gender for syphilis and HSV-2, and additionally condom use for HSV-2, were significant risks. These data confirm high rates of STDs in a crack house population as inferred from previous clinic-based and community studies, and the link between STDs, injecting and HIV. The high rates of STDs found should lead to considering STDs and substance abuse to be dual diagnoses in crack users and the integration of STD diagnosis and treatment into crack outreach and treatment programmes.
From crisis to opportunity: Environmental jolt, corporate acquisitions, and firm performance

This study incorporates the external environmental context into the study of corporate acquisitions by examining the performance implications of corporate acquisitions during an environmental jolt that alters the levels of environmental munificence. We posit that compared to the periods before and after an environmental jolt, corporate acquisitions during a jolt would be positively related to firm performance. Furthermore, we suggest that organizational slack would improve firm performance and accentuate the positive relationship between corporate acquisitions and firm performance during an environmental jolt; however, it would have negative impact on firm performance and make the acquisition‐performance relationship more negative before and after a jolt. Using the Asian Economic Crisis as a natural experiment, we found general support for our core arguments based on a sample of firms from Hong Kong and Singapore. Our work demonstrates that firms can capitalize on the opportunities created by the changes in an environmental jolt. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.