Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visible and near IR albedo measurements of ice/dust mixtures

The surface energy budget is an important input parameter for modelling the dynamical processes of the KOSI samples. In order to calculate the absorbed fraction of the irradiation the directional-hemispherical albedo of the samples must be known. The albedo is calculated from the spectral radiance factor in the wavelength range from . 36 μm to 2.5 μm. All samples were analysed before and after the experiments. The spectra of the experiments KOSI 3,4 and 6 have been measured under three different illumination geometries. During the KOSI sublimation experiments a dust mantle 1 to 5 millimeter thick formes on top of the samples. This changes the spectrophotometric properties of the sample surfaces in terms of scattering characteristics and water ice absorptions at 1.5 μm. and 2.0 μm. Water ice absorptions observed after the experiment may be partly due to frost contamination.
A New Look at Morphological Variation in the Ichnogenus Anomoepus, with Special Reference to Material from the Lower Jurassic Newark Supergroup: Implications for Ichnotaxonomy and Ichnodiversity

ABSTRACT Numerous new trackways of the small, ornithischian dinosaurs ichnogenus Anomoepus were discovered in the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian) East Berlin Formation in Holyoke, Massachusetts. This new material consists of 16 trackways, on two bedding surfaces 1.5 cm apart, all in close proximity to each other. The abundant pedal and manual impressions have well-preserved digital pad impressions, and claw marks are often discernible also. An Osteometric analysis allows reconstruction of the pedal digits and weight-bearing portions of the metatarsals. On the basis of their small size, as well as distinctive features and proportions of both the manus and pes impressions, these prints are assigned to the ichnospecies Anomoepus lacertoideus (comb. nov.). Three ichnospecies of Anomoepus can be recognized in the Lower Jurassic of the Newark Supergroup: A. lacertoideus, A. scambus and A. crassus. The A. lacertoideus footprints described herein provide evidence that this small, ornithischian track maker engaged in a variety of locomotion-related behaviors. Trackways mostly consist of digitigrade pes prints, reflecting bipedal locomotion, but intervals of quadrupedal progression also are documented by metatarsal and manus imprints in seven trackways. The longest trackways, each consisting of 10 to 15 pes impressions, vary in morphology as a result of the presence or absence of an impression of the distal parts of metatarsals II and IV. The manus prints show two distinct digital divarication angles, 120° and 180°, depending on whether the animal was walking normally or stopping. Variations in substrate consistency influenced locomotor behavior, as shown by the variable pattern of body weight distributions on the pedal digits. Such differences are especially apparent in the longest trackways, which vary in stride and pace lengths. The trends of the abundant trackways at this site also suggest group behavior in Anomoepus, something previously unrecorded for this ichnogenus in the Connecticut River Valley. Evidence from the East Berlin Formation suggests that ichnogenus Anomoepus is not monospecific as some authors have suggested.
Search in the Formation of Large Networks : How Random are Socially Generated Networks ?

We present a model of network formation where entering nodes find other nodes to link to both completely at random and through search of the neighborhoods of these randomly met nodes. We show that this model exhibits the full spectrum of features that have been found to characterize large socially generated networks. Moreover, we derive the distribution of degree (number of links) across nodes, and show that while the upper tail of the distribution is approximately “scale-free,” the lower tail may exhibit substantial curvature, just as in observed networks. We then fit the model to data from six networks. Besides offering a close fit of these diverse networks, the model allows us to impute the relative importance of search versus random attachment in link formation. We find that the fitted ratio of random meetings to search-based meetings varies dramatically across these applications. Finally, we show that as this random/search ratio varies, the resulting degree distributions can be completely ordered in the sense of second order stochastic dominance. This allows us to infer how the relative randomness in the formation process affects average utility in the network. JEL Classification Numbers: D85, A14, C71, C72
Hierarchical Topic-Aware Contextualized Transformers

Training on disjoint fixed-length segments, Transformers convert static word embeddings into contextualized word representations. However, they often restrict the context of a token to the segment it resides in and hence neglect the contextual information across segments, failing to capture longer-term dependencies beyond the predefined segment length. This article uses a probabilistic deep topic model to provide hierarchical contextualized embeddings at both the token and segment levels, and integrate topic information through a constrained attention mechanism. The proposed method not only injects contextualized topic information into Transformers, but also controls languages generation guided by specific topics, styles, and sentiments. Three plug-and-play modules are proposed, including the contextual topical token embedding, the segment embedding, and the multi-head topic attention mechanism. We aim to capture the semantic coherence and word concurrence patterns at the global level, and also enrich the representation of each token by adapting to its local context, with negligible increased memory footprint and computational time. Experiments on various corpora show that by adding marginal extra parameters, the proposed hierarchical topic-aware contextualized Transformers consistently outperform their conventional counterparts, and generate sentences and paragraphs according to human preferences.
Multi-stage Garnet in the Internal Briançonnais Basement (Ambin Massif, Savoy): New Petrological Constraints on the Blueschist-facies Metamorphism in the Western Alps and Tectonic Implications

Three types of garnet have been distinguished in pelitic schists from an epidote-blueschist-facies unit of the Ambin and South Vanoise Brianconnais massifs on the basis of texture, chemical zoning and mineral inclusion characterization. Type-1 garnet cores with high Mn/Ca ratios are interpreted as pre-Alpine relicts, whereas Type-1 garnet rims, Type-2 inclusion-rich porphyroblasts and smaller Type-3 garnets are Alpine. The latter are all characterized by low Mn/Ca ratios and a coexist- ing mineral assemblage of blue amphibole, high-Si phengite, epidote and quartz. Prograde growth conditions during Alpine D1 high-pressure (HP) metamorphism are recorded by a decrease in Mn and increase in Fe (Ca) in the Type-2 garnets, culminating in peak P-T conditions of 14-16kbar and 500C in the deepest parts of the Ambin dome. The multi- stage growth history of Type-1 garnets indicates a polymeta- morphic history for the Ambin and South Vanoise massifs; unfortunately, no age constraints are available. The new meta- morphic constraints on the Alpine event in the massifs define a metamorphic T 'gap' between them and their surrounding cover (Brianconnais and upper Schistes Lustres units), which experi- enced metamorphism only in the stability field of carpholite- lawsonite (T 5 400C). These data and supporting structural studies confirm that the Ambin and South Vanoise massifs are slices of 'eclogitized' continental crust tectonically extruded within the Schistes Lustres units and Brianconnais covers. The corresponding tectonic contacts with top-to-east movement are responsible for the juxtaposition of lower-grade metamorphic units on the Ambin and South Vanoise massifs.
The impact of interactive augmented reality based education on the learning and remembering of empirical science lesson

: Augmented Reality (AR) technology, as a novel paradigm, potentially adds a new feature to the range of traditional student books that not only adds multimedia elements, but also allows interactive engagement with the content of them. This study aims to evaluate the effect of interactive augmented reality based education on the learning and remembering of the content of textbooks. Therefore, an experimental study in the pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental framework was performed on two groups of 18 sixth grade elementary school students. For this purpose, two scenarios have been selected from student science book and implemented in an interactive augmented reality application. The control group was trained through traditional teaching method. On the other hand, in addition to the traditional teaching method, the experiment group’s training was reinforced with the AR application. Students' learning and remembering evaluation was carried out through two tests. The validity of tests confirmed by the teachers of science in Education District 2 of Tabriz and their reliability has been calculated through Kuder – Richardson Formula. Then, the results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed a significant statistical difference between the control and experimental groups. Finally, according to the results of the experiments and the comparative review of the theoretical subjects, the use of augmented reality technology has been reported as a useful and effective supplemental tool for textbooks that can, beyond the spatial and temporal constraints, facilitate the training process.
Valor nutritivo de grãos de sorgo com diferentes texturas do endosperma para frangos de corte (Nutritional value of sorghum grains with different endosperm textures for chicken)

Two hundred fifty male chickens, with 22 days old, were used in biological assay based on total excreta collection method. The dry matter apparent metabolizability (DMAM) and metabolizable energy (ME) values of the sorghum grains with different endosperm texture were calculated. The evaluated genotypes were: BR 007B (soft texture), BR 304 (intermediate texture), and SC 283 (hard texture). The test diets were composed by 60% of reference diet (based on corn and soybean meal) and 40% of sorghum grain. A completely random experimental design, with four treatments and five replicates was used. The DMAM values were similar among the sorghum grains (P>0.05), being 77.09%, 81.73% and 79.69% for the hard, intermediate and soft texture grains, respectively. The apparent and true metabolizable energies (AME and TME), and AME and TME corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn and TMEn) values for the hard, intermediate and soft texture grains were, respectively, 3,022, 3,127, 2,947 and 2,934; 3,335, 3,442,
Zonal movement of surface warm waterin the western Pacific warm pool

Based on the monthly mean SST data on 2 latitude multiplied by 2 longitude grid in the Pacific Ocean during 1950～2000, the zonal movement of surface warm water in the western Pacific warm pool in the equatorial Pacific band (5°N～5°S) was analyzed by using the Morlet wavelet transformation method.The results show that the maximum zonal movement range of surface warm water in the warm pool is 115 longitudes,and the eastern boundary of the surface warm water is of most striking interannual(2～8 a)and interdecadal(10～16 a)changes.The zonal movement of surface warm water in the warm pool underwent a climatic jump in about 1982,and as against cefore the jump,the eastern boundary of the surface warm water had migrated eastwards by 10 longitudes.Besides,the zonal movement of surface warm water in the warm pool plays a direct part in the formation and development of ENSO.
Recent Water Temperature Trends in the Lower

Elevated water temperatures have been implicated as a factor limiting the recovery of anadromous salmonids in the Klamath River basin. This article reviews evidence of a multi- decade trend of increasing temperatures in the lower main-stem Klamath River above the ocean and, based on model simulations, finds a high probability that water temperature has been increasing by approximately 0.5 8C/decade (95% confidence interval (CI) 5 0.42-0.608C/decade) since the early 1960s. The season of high temperatures that are potentially stressful to salmonids has length- ened by about 1 month over the period studied, and the average length of main-stem river with cool summer temperatures has declined by about 8.2 km/decade. Water temperature trends seem unrelated to any change in main-stem water availability but are consistent with measured basinwide air temperature increases. Main-stem warming may be related to the cyclic Pacific Decadal Os- cillation, but if this trend continues it might jeopardize the recovery of anadromous salmonids in the Klamath River basin.
COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BAOBAB ( ADANSONIA DIGITATA L.) WITH SOME COMMON KENYAN FRUITS

The current study was undertaken to compare nutritional characteristics of baobab (Adansonia digitata) with popular consumed fruits in Kenya (Mangoes and bananas). Total ash, moisture content, total soluble solids, water extractible values, ethanol extractible values, dry matter, organic matter and crude fat were conducted using standard methods. Baobab pulp gave the highest dry matter, total soluble solids than mangoes and bananas and the difference was statistically significant. Several authors have published about the important nutritive value of baobab food products. The initial moisture content (%db) was 8.45, 51.65, 84.27 and 10.43 for Baobab, banana, mango and vitex payos respectively. Vitex payos gave the highest value of total ash. Baobab pulp gave the highest dry matter, total soluble solids than mangoes and bananas and the difference was statistically significant. The values for baobab ash were within range (1.9 - 6.4%) . The total soluble solids were similar to reported values (11.6 %) However, the nutritional value of any food depends on a wide range of variables, such as its ripeness, the climatic conditions under which it is grown, the quality of the soil, and of particular importance the variety. These results validate the use of baobab fruits and baobab fruit products. Baobab has high nutrition composition compared to popular consumed fruits in the Kenyan market .
An Analytical Hydrological Model for the Study of Scaling Issues in Land Surface Modeling

Besides the atmospheric forcing such as solar radiation input and precipitation, the heterogeneity of the surface cover also plays an important role, especially in the distribution characteristics of the latent heat flux (LE). In this study, scaling issues are discussed based on an analytical hydrological model that describes the transpiration and diffusion processes of soil water. The solution of this analytical model is composed of a transient part that depends primarily on initial conditions and a steady part that depends on the boundary conditions. To know how sensitive the different averaging ap- proaches are to the initial conditions, three initial profiles are chosen that cover the prevailing soil moisture regimes. After analyzing its solution, the study shows that 1) upon reaching the steady state, directly taking an average of soil properties will cause systematic overestimation in the calculation of area- averaged LE. For an initially very dry condition, averaging of a sandy soil and a clay soil can cause a percentage error as large as 40%. 2) For vegetation
Genome-wide identification and transcriptional expression analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD) family in wheat ([i]Triticum aestivum[i])

1 Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education/Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China 2 Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China 3 Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Research Article: Managing Water in Western North Carolina: Decision-Maker Perceptions and Policy Implementation

Western North Carolina is water rich, with high annual rainfall and historically low population. Therefore, water management has traditionally not been a significant policy issue. Recent droughts and high population growth, however, have stressed many water supply systems. To deal effectively with these stresses, new policies and management practices have been initiated, prompted by both state mandates and local pressure. As pressures are likely to continue, there is a need to understand what motivates policy development and what processes decision makers use when creating water management policies and programs. Previous research finds that decision makers are apt to base decisions on perceptions, personal beliefs and historical practice rather than on relevant water data. In this study, survey results are used to understand how decision-maker perceptions about water availability, growth, and environmental concerns correlate with water allocation and conservation policies. Results indicate that respondents are only moderately concerned about water availability and drought is the primary concern, rather than population growth. Few of these decision makers have implemented water education programs, but many have implemented drought-related conservation programs. Environmental concerns related to water management are quite low among all respondents.
HOT VS . COLD : SEQUENTIAL RESPONSES AND PREFERENCE STABILITY IN EXPERIMENTAL GAMES * August 1998

In experiments with two-person sequential games we analyze whether responses to favorable and unfavorable actions depend on the elicitation procedure. In our “hot” treatment the second player responds to the first player’s observed action while in our “cold” treatment we follow the “strategy method” and have the second player decide on a contingent action for each and every possible first player move, without first observing this move. Our analysis centers on the degree to which subjects deviate from the maximization of their pecuniary rewards, as a response to others’ actions. Our results show no difference in behavior between the two treatments. We also find evidence of the stability of subjects’ * The authors wish to thank Gloria del Angel and Carles Solà for helping us run the experiments. Financial support for this project was provided by the Spanish DGCICYT (PB93-0679 and PB94-0663-CO3-01) and the Spanish Ministry Education grant D101-7715. 1 preferences with respect to their behavior over time and to the consistency of their choices as first and second mover.
A Perspective

A persistent issue surfacing throughout the Conference was whether or not economic research had supplied any useful guide to the factors determining the exchange rate. Paul Krugman was very pessimistic on this score, whereas BlundellWignall, Fahrer and Heath (BWFH) were optimistic. From the nature of the discussion it was clear that such a relationship is desirable, as it can serve both as an anchor for markets and a signal to central banks when an exchange rate is ‘getting out of line’. This idea surfaced under many guises Ken Clements felt that purchasing power parity (PPP) fitted the bill, while Mike Artis emphasised the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER), or the desirable equilibrium exchange rate (DEER), using these latter concepts to explain some of the adjustments occurring in the European Monetary System (EMS) in September 1992.
Integrated Biostratigraphic and Sequence Stratigraphic Approach for Correlation and Basin Interpretation

ABSTRACT Establishment of a stratigraphic framework based on an integrated biostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic (transgressive-regressive (T-R) cycles) approach is fundamental to the correlation of strata and for the interpretation of the geologic history of a region. Planktonic foraminiferal biozones and T-R cycles are recognized in Upper Cretaceous strata of the northern Gulf of Mexico. T-R cycles include the T-R 4 (upper Albian to lower Cenomanian), T-R 5 (upper middle Cenomanian to upper Turonian), T-R 6 (middle Coniacian to middle Campanian), T-R 7 (middle to upper Campanian) and T-R 8 (lower to lower upper Maastrichtian) cycles. Cycle recognition is based on stratal geometries, nature of cycle boundaries, facies stacking patterns, and large-scale shifts in major facies belts. Cycles are controlled by the change in accommodation space resulting from stratigraphic base-level changes (eustatic and tectonic effects) and sediment supply and accumulation. T-R cycles are composed of aggrading and backstepping intervals of a transgressive phase (upward deepening section) and an infilling interval of a regressive phase (upward shallowing section), which are separated by a surface of maximum transgression. The aggrading interval marks the change from base-level fall and erosion to base-level rise and sediment accumulation. Transgressive events of the backstepping interval are widespred and provide regional correlation datums. Progradational events associated with the infilling interval represent major influxes of siliciclastic sediments and result in a loss of accommodation space. These Upper Cretaceous T-R cycles are correlated throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico.
Beyond Needle Sharing: Meta-Analyses of Social Context Risk Behaviors of Injection Drug Users Attending Needle Exchange Programs

This study gathered data from U.S. and international needle exchange programs (NEPs). Of particular interest were outcome measures of dependent variables related to behaviors within social contexts of injection drug users (IDUs), an area not well understood. Thirty-one studies, with a total of 86 separate measures of 36 dependent variables were included. Because combining all results into a single meta-analysis would be inappropriate, dependent variables were placed into five categories for five separate meta-analyses: risky contexts, injection frequency, sharing drug paraphernalia, drug preparation, and syringe use. NEP attendance was inversely related to declines in all categorical behaviors except for “risky context. ” NEP attenders are slightly more likely to be in a risky circumstance when injecting drugs than non-attenders. While injection frequency declined only slightly among NEP attenders, that result may be interpreted as a positive outcome, given the often-stated criticism that providing clean needles encourages increased drug use. NEP use was weakly associated with a decrease in the sharing of drug paraphernalia. Clean needles alone do not appear to be sufficient motivation to motivate major changes in contextual risk behaviors analyzed herein. Research is needed to assess the impact of interpersonal IDU relationships with other stakeholders (clinic employees, van drivers, medical personnel, nutritionists, sexual partners, etc.) on IDU drug-using behaviors at many levels.
Rates of Soil Carbon Accumulation and Transformation in a Ponderosa Pine Forest Using High Resolution Chronosequence Analysis

deposition is lost at a rate of -0.030 kg*m -2 *y -1 . Rapid carbon accumulation, at a rate of 0.033 kg*m -2 *y -1 , begins at 40 years and continues to 97 years, but is mostly limited to the upper 5 cm of the soil profile. After 97 years, the rate of carbon accumulation is slowed to 0.0056 kg*m -2 *y 1 and carbon begins to accumulate in the subsoil. Subsoil accumulation of carbon during the third stage is likely to originate from roots, rather than processes of bioturbation or leaching. The C/N ratio of the soil organic matter in the A-horizon is around 20 to 30 throughout most of the chronosequence, except at 40 and 60 years, when C/N ratio was elevated.