Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Coupled Generative Adversarial Autoencoders

When large-scale annotated data are not available for certain image classification tasks, training a deep convolutional neural network model becomes challenging. Some recent domain adaptation methods try to solve this problem using generative adversarial networks and have achieved promising results. However, these methods are based on a shared latent space assumption and they do not consider the situation when shared high level representations in different domains do not exist or are not ideal as they assumed. To overcome this limitation, we propose a neural network structure called coupled generative adversarial autoencoders (CGAA) that allows a pair of generators to learn the high-level differences between two domains by sharing only part of the high-level layers. Additionally, by introducing a class consistent loss calculated by a stand-alone classifier into the generator optimization, our model is able to generate class invariant style-transferred images suitable for classification tasks in domain adaptation. We apply CGAA to several domain transferred image classification scenarios including several benchmark datasets. Experiment results have shown that our method can achieve state-of-the-art classification results.
The positive-entropy constraint for the classical ideal gas

The problem of determining the state parameters' sub-domain where the behaviour of the classical ideal gas approximates that of the Bose and Fermi ideal gases is tutorially discussed. The entropy of any quantum system being always positive, the classical approximation can only be satisfactory within the parameters' sub-domain where the classical entropy turns out to be positive. We show that the sub-domain determined by this condition is close to that where de Broglie's thermal wavelength is smaller than the mean interparticle distance. The exact determination of the state parameters' region, where the particle number density, the grand potential and the entropy of quantum ideal gases differ from those of the classical gas less than a specified quantity, is also illustrated.
Histories approach to general relativity: I. The spacetime character of the canonical description

The problem of time in canonical quantum gravity is related to the fact that the canonical description is based on the prior choice of a spacelike foliation, hence making a reference to a spacetime metric. However, the metric is expected to be a dynamical, fluctuating quantity in quantum gravity. We show how this problem can be solved in the histories formulation of general relativity. We implement the 3 + 1 decomposition using metric-dependent foliations which remain spacelike with respect to all possible Lorentzian metrics. This allows us to find an explicit relation of covariant and canonical quantities which preserves the spacetime character of the canonical description. In this new construction, we also have the coexistence of the spacetime diffeomorphisms group, Diff(M), and the Dirac algebra of constraints.
New Reference Galaxy Standards for H I Emission Observations

We have taken advantage of the improved baselines and higher sensitivity available with the upgraded Arecibo 305 m telescope to create a new H I spectral line catalog of disk galaxies that can be used as a reference catalog for anyone interested in 21 cm spectral line work. In all 108 galaxies were observed, covering 24 hr of the sky at declinations between 0° and 36° and velocities between 0 and 25,000 km s-1. The majority of the galaxies were observed at least two times on different nights to avoid problems with radio frequency interference, baseline fluctuations, etc. Comparing our measured values with all those available in the literature shows that although large individual variations may exist, the average difference between the measurements is zero. In all we have considerable confidence in our measurements, and the resulting catalog should be extremely useful as a well-defined reference catalog for anyone interested in 21 cm spectral line work.
Explicit definitions of electric and magnetic fields in potentials and derivation of Maxwell's equations

Based on the Lorentz force law given directly in terms of the scalar and the vector potentials, electric and magnetic fields are defined explicitly in terms of the potentials. These are in turn defined explicitly in terms of charge and current densities, respectively. The divergence and the curl relations of the two fields thus defined are just Maxwell's equations. The explicitness of the formulae provides a clearer way to understand the physical meanings of electric and magnetic fields.
Minimal graph cuts on network subgraphs

In this article we consider the problem of finding a minimal cut on a graph. We recall that the setting of this problem assumes given a network graph, that is, a graph with two specified terminal vertices (denoted S and T ) and non-negative weights assigned to the edges. A cut on the graph is an arbitrary partition of the set V of vertices of the graph into two subsets VS and VT (called the components of the cut) such that S ∈ VS and T ∈ VT . Given such a cut [VS ,VT ], an edge of the graph is said to be cut if it connects vertices in the different components. The weight of the cut is the sum of the weights of the cut edges, and a cut with the minimal sum is said to be minimal. Minimal graph cuts attract broad interest in discrete mathematics and its applications in view of the existence of polynomial (with respect to the number of vertices) algorithms for computing them [1]. From the viewpoint of applications using minimal cuts on large graphs (such as segmentation of 3-dimensional images in medicine, or 3-dimensional surface reconstruction), it is interesting to consider schemes approximating the problem of finding a minimal cut on the whole graph by the problem of finding a minimal cut on a subgraph. In previous papers (such as [2]) such an approximation was, in fact, based on a heuristic argument and did not have a theoretical basis. In this article we study the question of coincidence of the minimal cuts on the whole graph and on a subgraph of it, provide a sufficient condition for their coincidence, and give an algorithm for constructing a subgraph with a minimal cut coinciding with a minimal cut on the whole graph. Let G be a network graph. A regular partition of G is a partition of the vertex set of G into three subsets {UB ,US ,UT } such that S ∈ US , T ∈ UT , and there are no edges in G connecting vertices in US with vertices in UT (so that, informally speaking, UB ‘separates’ US from UT ). Given a regular partition {UB ,US ,UT }, we consider the subgraph B of G with vertex set UB ∪ S ∪ T and edge set the set of all edges of G connecting the vertices in the indicated set. Since B is a network subgraph, the notion of a cut is defined for it. Using the duality between minimal cuts and maximal flows (the Ford–Fulkerson theorem), we can prove the following statement (see [3]) connecting minimal cuts on the whole graph G with those on its subgraph B.
Entanglement Dynamics of Strongly-AC-Driven Superconducting Qubits in Circuit QED

We study the entanglement dynamics between two strongly-AC-driven superconducting charge qubits coupled collectively to a zero temperature, dissipative resonator and find an unusual feather that the competing of creation and annihilation of entanglement can lead to entanglement increasing, sudden death and revival. We also calculate the dependence of the death time on the initial state of the system.
Frenet–Serret dynamics

We consider the motion of a particle described by an action that is a functional of the Frenet–Serret (FS) curvatures associated with the embedding of its worldline in Minkowski space. We develop a theory of deformations tailored to the FS frame. Both the Euler–Lagrange equations and the physical invariants of the motion associated with the Poincaré symmetry of Minkowski space, the mass and the spin of the particle, are expressed in a simple way in terms of these curvatures. The simplest non-trivial model of this form, with the Lagrangian depending on the first FS (or geodesic) curvature, is integrable. We show how this integrability can be deduced from the Poincaré invariants of the motion. We go on to explore the structure of these invariants in higher-order models. In particular, the integrability of the model described by a Lagrangian, that is, a function of the second FS curvature (or torsion), is established in a three-dimensional ambient spacetime.
Time-resolved nanosecond fluorescence lifetime imaging and picosecond infrared spectroscopy of combretastatin A-4 in solution and in cellular systems

Fluorescence lifetime images of intrinsic fluorescence obtained with two-photon excitation at 630 nm are shown following uptake of a series of E-combretastatins into live cells, including human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that are the target for the anticancer activity of combretastatins. Images show distribution of the compounds within the cell cytoplasm and in structures identified as lipid droplets by comparison with images obtained following Nile red staining of the same cells. The intracellular fluorescent lifetimes are generally longer than in fluid solution as a consequence of the high viscosity of the cellular environment. Following incubation, the intracellular concentrations of a fluorinated derivative of E-combretastatin A-4 in HUVECs are between two and three orders of magnitude higher than the concentration in the surrounding medium. Evidence is presented to indicate that at moderate laser powers (up to 6 mW), it is possible to isomerize up to 25% of the combretastatin within the femtolitre focal volume of the femtosecond laser beam. This suggests that it may be possible to activate the E-combretastatin (with low cellular toxicity) to the Z-isomer with high anticancer drug activity using two-photon irradiation. The isomerization of Z- and E-combretastatins by 266 nm irradiation has been probed by ultrafast time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Results for the E-isomer show a rapid loss of excess vibrational energy in the excited state with a lifetime of 7 ps, followed by a slower process with a lifetime of 500 ps corresponding to the return to the ground state as also determined from the fluorescence lifetime. In contrast, the Z-isomer, whilst also appearing to undergo a rapid cooling of the initial excited state, has a much shorter overall excited state lifetime of 14 ps.
Reformulating Phase-Shifting Property in Dynamic Harmonic Domain: Time-Periodic Case

The phase-shifting property has been formulated in the dynamic harmonic domain in a recently published paper. The main idea is to apply a phase-shifting matrix to the output when phase-shifting the inputs by an angle <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\alpha }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This letter demonstrates that the phase-shifting property has to be reformulated when applied to time-periodic systems involving switching functions. The proposed reformulated property assumes proper commutation of the phase-shifting matrix and achieves zero error regardless the periodic system under study.
Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics

THE FOCUS OF THIS CHAPTER is the zonally-averaged structure and circulation of the extratropical troposphere. Because of the presence of strong zonal asymmetries — in particular baroclinic eddies or, more simply, the weather — this circulation differs markedly from the zonally symmetric circulation that would exist if eddies did not develop at all. The angularmomentum- conserving model of the Hadley Cell discussed in Chapter 14 is an example of a zonally-symmetric circulation, but this may be quite different from the zonally- averaged circulation in a turbulent atmosphere. Let us explain more. When studying some aspects of the large-scale ocean circulation, or the low-latitude atmospheric circulation, we can make a great deal of progress by treating the large-scale flow as if it were absolutely steady with the eddies having only a perturbative effect. However, this approach fails badly for the mid-latitude atmosphere: the large-scale mid-latitude circulation is intrinsically unsteady on the large-scale to the extent that the associated eddies essentially are the circulation. The eddies are also unpredictable and chaotic; that is to say, the large-scale mid-latitude circulation of the atmosphere is a turbulent flow. This turbulence involves large-scale, geostrophically and hydrostatically balanced flow — that is, it is geostrophic turbulence — and so has different properties than the smaller-scale, more nearly three- dimensional turbulence that may occur in boundary layers and the like. Further, this large-scale turbulence (sometimes called ‘macro-turbulence’) is neither fully-developed nor isotropic — it interacts with the Rossby waves that arise from the planetary rotation and might be regarded as a form of weak turbulence. Why is the large-scale flow turbulent? Why is it zonally asymmetric at all? There are two potential sources for zonal asymmetries: (i) The zonal asymmetries that exist in the underlying boundary conditions and forcing: mountains, land–sea contrasts, the diurnal cycle, and so on. (ii) Hydrodynamic instability: even if the surface and the forcing were exactly zonally symmetric, the corresponding zonally symmetric solutions of the equations of motion would have a large shear in the zonal wind and this might be baroclinically unstable to zonally asymmetric perturbations. If the flow were not unstable, then we might expect that the zonal asymmetries of item (i) would give rise to corresponding, steady, zonal asymmetries in the resulting circulation, and this process is discussed in the next chapter.
Interdiffusion in a superlattice: an exploratory nuclear magnetic resonance study

We have carried out an exploratory NMR study of interdiffusion at interfaces between epitaxially grown laminae of rare-earth metals. The system investigated was a terbium - yttrium superlattice grown by molecular-beam epitaxy at . The NMR spectrum of shows satellites associated with Tb ions with different numbers of Y neighbours and therefore provides information about the yttrium concentration profile resulting from interdiffusion. Our data are interpreted in terms of a model based on thermally activated diffusion and which allows for the progressive decrease in , the RMS diffusion length, from the lowest to the highest interface. The diffusion coefficient, provisionally assumed to be independent of composition, is found to be at the growth temperature.
Low Reynolds number airfoil survey, volume 1

The differences in flow behavior two dimensional airfoils in the critical chordlength Reynolds number compared with lower and higher Reynolds number are discussed. The large laminar separation bubble is discussed in view of its important influence on critical Reynolds number airfoil behavior. The shortcomings of application of theoretical boundary layer computations which are successful at higher Reynolds numbers to the critical regime are discussed. The large variation in experimental aerodynamic characteristic measurement due to small changes in ambient turbulence, vibration, and sound level is illustrated. The difficulties in obtaining accurate detailed measurements in free flight and dramatic performance improvements at critical Reynolds number, achieved with various types of boundary layer tripping devices are discussed.
Laser Doppler, speckle and related techniques for blood perfusion mapping and imaging

Laser Doppler velocimetry uses the frequency shift produced by the Doppler effect to measure velocity. It can be used to monitor blood flow or other tissue movement in the body. Laser speckle is a random interference effect that gives a grainy appearance to objects illuminated by laser light. If the object consists of individual moving scatterers (such as blood cells), the speckle pattern fluctuates. These fluctuations provide information about the velocity distribution of the scatterers. It can be shown that the speckle and Doppler approaches are different ways of looking at the same phenomenon. Both these techniques measure at a single point. If a map of the velocity distribution is required, some form of scanning must be introduced. This has been done for both time-varying speckle and laser Doppler. However, with the speckle technique it is also possible to devise a full-field technique that gives an instantaneous map of velocities in real time. This review article presents the theory and practice of these techniques using a tutorial approach and compares the relative merits of the scanning and full-field approaches to velocity map imaging. The article concludes with a review of reported applications of these techniques to blood perfusion mapping and imaging.
Optimal Control for Hybrid Energy Storage Electric Vehicle to Achieve Energy Saving Using Dynamic Programming Approach

In this paper, the efficiency characteristics of battery, super capacitor (SC), direct current (DC)-DC converter and electric motor in a hybrid power system of an electric vehicle (EV) are analyzed. In addition, the optimal efficiency model of the hybrid power system is proposed based on the hybrid power system component’s models. A rule-based strategy is then proposed based on the projection partition of composite power system efficiency, so it has strong adaptive adjustment ability. Additionally. the simulation results under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) condition show that the efficiency of rule-based strategy is higher than that of single power system. Furthermore, in order to explore the maximum energy-saving potential of hybrid power electric vehicles, a dynamic programming (DP) optimization method is proposed on the basis of the establishment of the whole hybrid power system, which takes into account various energy consumption factors of the whole system. Compared to the battery-only EV based on simulation results, the hybrid power system controlled by rule-based strategy can decrease energy consumption by 13.4% in line with the NEDC condition, while the power-split strategy derived from the DP approach can reduce energy consumption by 17.6%. The results show that compared with rule-based strategy, the optimized DP strategy has higher system efficiency and lower energy consumption.
Spontaneous emission of an atom in the presence of nanobodies

The effect of nanobodies, i.e., the bodies whose size is small compared to the emission wavelength, on spontaneous emission of an atom located near them is considered. The results of calculations performed within the framework of quantum and classical electrodynamics are presented both in analytic and graphical forms and can be readily used for planning experiments and analysis of experimental data. It is shown that nanobodies can be used to control efficiently the rate of spontaneous transitions. Thus, an excited atom located near a nanocylinder or a nanospheroid pole, whose transition dipole moment is directed normally to the nanobody surface, can decay with the rate that is tens and hundreds times higher than the decay rate in a free space. In the case of some (negative) dielectric constants, the decay rate can increase by a factor of 105—106 and more. On the other hand, the decay of an excited atom whose transition dipole moment is directed tangentially to the nanobody surface substantially slows down. The probability of nonradiative decay of the excited state is shown to increase substantially in the presence of na-nobodies possessing losses.
Piezoceramic actuated aperture antennae

Recently, it has been demonstrated that aperture antennae can have their performance improved by employing shape control on the antenna surface. The antennae previously studied were actuated utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Since PVDF is a polymer with limited control authority, these antennae can only be employed in space based applications. This study examines more robust antenna structures devised of a thick metalized substrate with surface bonded piezoceramic (PZT) actuators. In this work, piezoceramic-actuated adaptive antennae of cylindrical-cut shape are studied. When a PZT actuator is attached to the reflector surface, the converse effect develops a bending moment in the structure making the reflectors bend inward or outward. This bending can be employed in antenna beam steering and shaping. In order to effectively construct the antenna, the piezoceramic-actuated antenna surface was modeled using classical curved beam theory and Newton's method. The deflection versus voltage relationship was then experimentally verified, and the resulting far-field radiation pattern was simulated on computer. The results emphasize two major points: firstly, the far-field radiation pattern can be altered in a positive fashion, and secondly the first two radiation modes of the antenna correspond to the first vibration mode shapes of the structure.
Mathematics Learning and Knowing: A Cognitive Process

The recent reform in mathematics education has been fueled by the poor performance of students on tests of mathematical concepts, skills, and strategies, and by the growing influence of constructivism, a theory of cognitive development. To enhance student understanding and performance, educators are recommending that the curriculum focus on the big ideas that undergird all areas of mathematics, including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, probability, and statistics, and that have application in other disciplines. By learning and using the processes of investigation to explore the big ideas in various contexts, students gain a robust and more lasting understanding of the concepts. This emphasis on exploration and understanding requires new instructional methodologies and assessment techniques.
US managed care: has the UK anything to learn?

A few years ago at an international conference the American health economist, Uwe Reinhardt, said that we were all about to enter an era of “fishbowl medicine. ” Clinical freedom was disappearing. Clinicians would be increasingly subject to inspection. Instead of exercising their professional judgment about appropriate treatment, they would be required to follow protocols and guidelines and they would be held accountable for their decisions, especially if they departed from those guidelines. A new book by Ray Robinson and Andrea Steiner of Southampton University suggests that Reinhardt was right—at least about the United States.1 Based on a report prepared for the Department of Health, the book is a systematic review of the US experience of managed care and an analysis of what lessons, if any, the United Kingdom can learn. It paints an extraordinary picture of the US situation. Managed care institutions such as health …
Degrees of Freedom of Image

The maximum number of degrees of freedom of an image, which is usually derived by a rough application of the sampling theorem, has a precise mathematical meaning. This is established by applying the theory of prolate spheroidal functions, as discussed by Slepian and Pollack and other authors. Both coherent and incoherent illumination are considered. The number of degrees of freedom of the image can be substantially different in both cases. A dramatic example is represented by the thin-ring pupil, which is virtually unidimensional in the former case and two dimensional in the latter case.
Effect of Zn Interstitials on Enhancing Ultraviolet Emission of ZnO Films Deposited by MOCVD

ZnO films are grown on Si (111) substrates by a metal organic chemical vapor deposition method. Samples with different stoichiometric composition of Zn and O are obtained by varying II/VI molar ratio between 3 and 1/3 in precursors. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence results show that the ultraviolet emission enhances with the increasing Zn/O composition ratio of the samples. It is suggested that the superfluous Zn atoms pile up at interstitial positions to form Zn interstitial defects. The radiated recombination of the coupling of free excitons with donor Zn interstitial enhances the ultraviolet emission of the samples.