Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electron pitch angle/energy distribution in the magnetotail

In this paper we utilize 9 years of Cluster observations in the Earth's magnetotail to investigate electron pitch angle/energy distributions. We mainly concentrate on the population of anisotropic electrons with a dominance of the parallel phase space density and energies larger than 100 eV. The energy distribution of this population strongly varies with the downtail distance (the near‐Earth x>−12RE and the tail x∈[−20,−12]RE) and along the dawn‐dusk direction (the midnight |y|<10RE and the flanks |y|>10RE). In the tail‐midnight domain the electron anisotropic population is present at all energy ranges up to 20 keV, while at the tail‐flank domain only the energy range below several keV is filled by this population. In the near‐Earth domain the only anisotropic electrons are cold, with energies less than 1 keV. We investigate the dependence of the energy distribution of the anisotropic electron population on the system parameters for the midnight‐tail domain where the main statistics is collected. The increase of the Bz GSM component of the magnetic field corresponds to an increasing energy range filled by anisotropic electrons. The increase of the electron temperature anisotropy is provided by the enhancement of the anisotropic population at all energies up to 20 keV. There is no distinct dependence of the electron anisotropic population on the plasma flow velocity. The increase of the electron temperature corresponds to shifting of the electron anisotropic population toward higher energies. We propose a simple model of the pitch angle/energy distribution of this electron population and discuss the origin of anisotropic electrons in the magnetotail.
Photoluminescence study of AlGaN-based 280 nm ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

We investigated optical properties of single quantum well AlGaN-based UV 280 nm light-emitting diodes using temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurement. We found an “S-shaped” temperature dependence of the peak energy. From the Arrhenius plot of integrated PL intensity, we speculate that dislocations as well as thermal emission of carriers out of the quantum well are responsible for the PL quenching behavior. Also a second nonradiative channel with much lower activation energy was found, the origin of which we believe to be quenching of the bound excitons.
CONSENSUS OR CONFUSION: CARTOGRAPHERS' KNOWLEDGE OF GENERALIZATION

Cartographers' knowledge of cartographic generalization must be captured and compared in order to understand the process and to make this knowledge available for use in cartographic expert systems. The interactive knowledge elicitation program, KSSO, was used to elicit this knowledge from 23 cartographers. The elicitations provided insights into each subject's understanding of generalization, and a comparison of the responses of a subgroup of these subjects revealed areas of agreement and disagreement in the concepts these cartographers held regarding generalization and its procedures. There is a lack of standardization among the entire group with regards to their definitions of generalization procedures. As well, there are major areas of disagreement and little agreement among the conceptual systems of a subgroup of these experts with regards to six common generalization procedures. This lack of consensus about generalization can be a serious impediment to the successful implementation of knowledge-based.
Dynamic method for insitu measurement of the thermoelectric power of vapor quenched thin films

We present an improved dynamic technique for measuring the thermoelectric power and present an apparatus designed for in situ measurement of quench‐condensed films in the temperature range between liquid helium temperature and some 400 K. The main advantages of the method are a high measuring speed, insensitivity to spurious EMFs and offset drifts, high accuracy, and the ease to be computer controlled. The sample holder for the examination of vapor quenched films is described in detail. It can equally well be used for the examination of ribbons or thin solids.
GENPPI: standalone software for creating protein interaction networks from genomes

Bacterial genomes are being deposited into online databases at an increasing rate. Genome annotation represents one of the first efforts to understand organisms and their diseases. Some evolutionary relationships capable of being annotated only from genomes are conserved gene neighbourhoods (CNs), phylogenetic profiles (PPs), and gene fusions. At present, there is no standalone software that enables networks of interactions among proteins to be created using these three evolutionary characteristics with efficient and effective results. We developed GENPPI software for the ab initio prediction of interaction networks using predicted proteins from a genome. In our case study, we employed 50 genomes of the genus Corynebacterium. Based on the PP relationship, GENPPI differentiated genomes between the ovis and equi biovars of the species Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and created groups among the other species analysed. If we inspected only the CN relationship, we could not entirely separate biovars, only species. Our software GENPPI was determined to be efficient because, for example, it creates interaction networks from the central genomes of 50 species/lineages with an average size of 2200 genes in less than 40 min on a conventional computer. Moreover, the interaction networks that our software creates reflect correct evolutionary relationships between species, which we confirmed with average nucleotide identity analyses. Additionally, this software enables the user to define how he or she intends to explore the PP and CN characteristics through various parameters, enabling the creation of customized interaction networks. For instance, users can set parameters regarding the genus, metagenome, or pangenome. In addition to the parameterization of GENPPI, it is also the user’s choice regarding which set of genomes they are going to study. GENPPI can help fill the gap concerning the considerable number of novel genomes assembled monthly and our ability to process interaction networks considering the noncore genes for all completed genome versions. With GENPPI, a user dictates how many and how evolutionarily correlated the genomes answer a scientific query.
Angular Momentum Transport in Magnetized Stellar Radiative Zones. II. The Solar Spin-down

We present a large set of numerical calculations describing the rotational evolution of a solar-type star, in response to the torque exerted on it by a magnetically coupled wind emanating from its surface. We consider a situation where the internal redistribution of angular momentum in the radiative part of the envelope is dominated by magnetic stresses arising from the shearing of a preexisting, large-scale, poloidal magnetic field. By assuming a time-independent poloidal magnetic field, neglecting fluid motions in meridional planes, and restricting our attention to axisymmetric systems, we reduce the spin-down problem to solving the (coupled) Φ-components of the momentum and induction equations
Robust H∞ reliable control for delta operator switched systems with time-varying delays under asynchronous switching

The problem of robust H∞ reliable control for a class of delta operator switched systems with time-varying delays and actuator faults under asynchronous switching is considered in this paper. Asynchronous switching means that the switches between the candidate controllers and system modes are asynchronous. Based on the average dwell time approach and delta operator theory, a state feedback controller is designed such that the closed-loop system is exponentially stable with H∞ performance in the presence of actuator faults. The obtained results are formulated in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate explicitly the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Structure and Dissipation of Forced Current Sheets in the Solar Atmosphere

The equilibrium structure and magnetic-reconnection (MR) processes in current sheets produced by global MHD forces are investigated theoretically, considering the case (complementary to that studied by Parker, 1979 and 1983) where the magnetic field near the sheet lies on good flux surfaces, with substantial accumulation of magnetic stress. The derivation and application of the model, based on the approximate MHD equations developed by Strauss (1976) for tokamak plasmas, are presented in detail. Three main stages of MR are characterized: a linear sheet-tearing mode which grows more rapidly than the magnetic-tearing mode for diffuse profiles, acceleration of MR by small shear-flow-driven MHD fluctuations acting as an anomalous resistivity, and rapid MR in a broad turbulent layer. This mechanism is shown to provide the rapid current dissipation required by some models of solar flares and coronal heating. 48 references.
Fast ion stabilization of the ion temperature gradient driven modes in the Joint European Torus hybrid-scenario plasmas: a trigger mechanism for internal transport barrier formation

Understanding and modelling turbulent transport in thermonuclear fusion plasmas are crucial for designing and optimizing the operational scenarios of future fusion reactors. In this context, plasmas exhibiting state transitions, such as the formation of an internal transport barrier (ITB), are particularly interesting since they can shed light on transport physics and offer the opportunity to test different turbulence suppression models. In this paper, we focus on the modelling of ITB formation in the Joint European Torus (JET) [1] hybrid-scenario plasmas, where, due to the monotonic safety factor profile, magnetic shear stabilization cannot be invoked to explain the transition. The turbulence suppression mechanism investigated here relies on the increase in the plasma pressure gradient in the presence of a minority of energetic ions. Microstability analysis of the ion temperature gradient driven modes (ITG) in the presence of a fast-hydrogen minority shows that energetic ions accelerated by the ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) system (hydrogen, nH,fast/nD,thermal up to 10%, TH,fast/TD,thermal up to 30) can increase the pressure gradient enough to stabilize the ITG modes driven by the gradient of the thermal ions (deuterium). Numerical analysis shows that, by increasing the temperature of the energetic ions, electrostatic ITG modes are gradually replaced by nearly electrostatic modes with tearing parity at progressively longer wavelengths. The growth rate of the microtearing modes is found to be lower than that of the ITG modes and comparable to the local E × B-velocity shearing rate. The above mechanism is proposed as a possible trigger for the formation of ITBs in this type of discharges.
Parametric Rough Sets with Application to Granular Association Rule Mining

Granular association rules reveal patterns hidden in many-to-many relationships which are common in relational databases. In recommender systems, these rules are appropriate for cold-start recommendation, where a customer or a product has just entered the system. An example of such rules might be “40% men like at least 30% kinds of alcohol; 45% customers are men and 6% products are alcohol. ” Mining such rules is a challenging problem due to pattern explosion. In this paper, we build a new type of parametric rough sets on two universes and propose an efficient rule mining algorithm based on the new model. Specifically, the model is deliberately defined such that the parameter corresponds to one threshold of rules. The algorithm benefits from the lower approximation operator in the new model. Experiments on two real-world data sets show that the new algorithm is significantly faster than an existing algorithm, and the performance of recommender systems is stable.
Chemical sensing by surface plasmon resonance in a multimode optical fibre

A new fibre optic sensor for the detection of refractive index variations is presented. The principle of the sensor is based on the generation of surface plasma waves at the interface between a thin metallic layer deposited on the fibre core and a surrounding dielectric medium. Specific injection of monochromatic light into the fibre allows the detection of a refractive index variation as low as for dielectric media lying in the 1.33 - 1.40 refractive index range. Modelling of sensing signal and experiments are performed. Potential applications are aqueous solution analyses and detection of gases and solvents with a specific polymeric layer.
Formation of p-type MgZnO by nitrogen doping

A wurtzite N-doped MgZnO film with 20at. % Mg (MgZnO:N) was grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on c-plane sapphire using radical NO as oxygen source and nitrogen dopant. The as-grown MgZnO:N film behaves n-type conduction at room temperature, but transforms into p-type conduction after annealed for 1h at 600°C in an O2 flow. The p-type MgZnO:N has a hole concentration of 6.1×1017cm−3 and a mobility of 6.42cm2∕Vs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement indicates that substitution of N for O site is in forms of N atom (N)O and N molecule (N2)O for the as-grown MgZnO:N, but almost only in a form of (N)O for the annealed MgZnO:N. The mechanism of the conduction-type transition induced by annealing is discussed in the present work.
The conversion of p-modes to slow modes and the absorption of acoustic waves by sunspots

The possibility that the conversion or p-modes to flux tube-guided slow modes (s-modes) is responsible for the reported absorption of the solar acoustic oscillations in sunspots and neighboring plage is discussed in the context of a simple model atmosphere plane-parallel stratified adiabatic polytrope threaded by a uniform vertical magnetic field. The normal modes of oscillation of this atmosphere have complex eigenfrequencies. It is argued that the acoustic absorption suffered by an incident p-mode scales like the imaginary part of these complex eigenfrequencies of the internal sunspot atmosphere
A planar model system for the saddle-node Hopf bifurcation with global reinjection

A simultaneous saddle–node and Hopf bifurcation is a basic codimension-two local bifurcation of vector fields with a phase space of dimension at least three. Its local unfoldings are now well known and it has been found as an organizing centre of the dynamics in many vector fields arising in applications. Here we study this very bifurcation but in the presence of a reinjection mechanism that causes trajectories to return to the relevant local neighbourhood in phase space. This happens in applications, for example, in a semiconductor laser subject to optical injection.We propose and study a -symmetric planar vector field with an additional 2π periodicity as a global model for the planar vector field reduction near a saddle–node Hopf (SNH) bifurcation with global reinjection. The phase space of this model vector field is a half-cylinder and the SNH bifurcation reduces to a saddle–node pitchfork (SNP) bifurcation with global reinjection.Two-parameter unfoldings are presented for the different cases of the SNP bifurcation in the presence of global reinjection. New phenomena that we find are periodic, homoclinic and families of heteroclinic orbits that wind around the cylinder. The topological unfoldings are developed hand-in-hand with careful numerical investigations of these global bifurcations. We demonstrate how our results can be applied to a planar model of a semiconductor laser with optical injection. This is followed by a discussion of how to interpret the presented unfoldings in terms of the full three-dimensional dynamics near a SNH bifurcation with global reinjection.
Instantaneous velocity profile measurements in a turbulent boundary layer

Abstract Instantaneous wall shear stress and streamwise velocities have been measured simultaneously in a flat-plate, turbulent boundary layer at moderate Reynolds number in an effort to provide experimental support for large eddy simulations. Data were obtained using a buried-wire, wall shear gage and a hot-wire rake positioned in the log region of the flow. Fluctuations of the instantaneous U + versus Y + profiles about a mean law of the wall are shown to be significant and complex. Peak cross-correlation values between wall shear stress and the velocities are high, and reflect the passage of a large structure inclined at a small angle to the wall. Estimates of this angle are consistent with those made by other investigators. Conditional sampling techniques were used to detect the passage of various sizes and types of flow disturbances (events), and to estimate their mean frequency of occurrence. Events characterized by large and sudden streamwise accelerations were found to be highly coherent throughou.
Integrated electrochromic aperture diaphragm

In the last years, the triumphal march of handheld electronics with integrated cameras has opened amazing fields for small high performing optical systems. For this purpose miniaturized iris apertures are of practical importance because they are essential to control both the dynamic range of the imaging system and the depth of focus. Therefore, we invented a micro optical iris based on an electrochromic (EC) material. This material changes its absorption in response to an applied voltage. A coaxial arrangement of annular rings of the EC material is used to establish an iris aperture without need of any mechanical moving parts. The advantages of this device do not only arise from the space-saving design with a thickness of the device layer of 50μm. But it also benefits from low power consumption. In fact, its transmission state is stable in an open circuit, phrased memory effect. Only changes of the absorption require a voltage of up to 2 V. In contrast to mechanical iris apertures the absorption may be controlled on an analog scale offering the opportunity for apodization. These properties make our device the ideal candidate for battery powered and space-saving systems. We present optical measurements concerning control of the transmitted intensity and depth of focus, and studies dealing with switching times, light scattering, and stability. While the EC polymer used in this study still has limitations concerning color and contrast, the presented device features all functions of an iris aperture. In contrast to conventional devices it offers some special features. Owing to the variable chemistry of the EC material, its spectral response may be adjusted to certain applications like color filtering in different spectral regimes (UV, optical range, infrared). Furthermore, all segments may be switched individually to establish functions like spatial Fourier filtering or lateral tunable intensity filters.
Broadband Substrate Integrated Waveguide Orthomode Transducers

A broadband planar orthomode transducer (OMT) is implemented using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). A square waveguide is mounted on the substrate where four SIW arms are used to separate orthogonally polarized signals. Four rectangular ridges are inserted into the square waveguide to match the impedance between the square waveguide and SIW. A SIW-to-microstrip line transition and a coaxial-to-square waveguide adaptor are designed for the measurement of the proposed OMT. The designed SIW-OMT operates over the C band covering from 3.4 GHz to 4.2 GHz, whose bandwidth is more than 25%, and measured results validate our design, concept and procedures.
Cluster observations of near-Earth magnetospheric lobe plasma densities a statistical study

The Cluster-mission has enabled a study of the near-Earth magnetospheric lobes throughout the waning part of solar cycle 23. During the first seven years of the mission the satellites crossed this region of space regularly from about July to October. We have obtained new and more accurate plasma densities in this region based on spacecraft potential measurements from the EFW-instrument. The plasma density measurements are found by converting the potential measurements using a functional relationship between these two parameters. Our observations have shown that throughout this period a full two thirds of the measurements were contained in the range 0.007–0.092 cm −3 irrespective of solar wind conditions or geomagnetic activity. In fact, the most probable density encountered was 0.047 cm −3 , staying roughly constant throughout the entire observation period. The plasma population in this region seems to reflect an equilibrium situation in which the density is independent of the solar wind condition or geomagnetic activity. However, the high density tail of the population ( n e >0.2 cm −3 ) seemed to decrease with the waning solar cycle. This points to a source region influenced by the diminishing solar UV/EUV-intensity. Noting that the quiet time polar wind has just such a development and that it is magnetically coupled to the lobes, it seems likely to assume that this is a prominent source for the lobe plasma.
Real-Time Human Action Recognition System Using Depth Map Sequences

This work presents a real-time human action recognition system that uses depth map sequence as input. The system contains the segmentation of human, the action modeling based on 3D shape context and the action graph algorithm. We effectively solve the problem of segmenting human from complex and cluttered scenes by combing a novel quadtree split-and-merge method and the codebook background modeling algorithm. We aims at recognizing actions that are used in games and interactions, especially complex actions that contain foot motion and body heave. By expanding the shape context descriptor into 3D space, we obtain translation and scale invariant features and get rid of normalization error, which is a common problem of real-life applications. Experiments in various scenarios demonstrate the high speed and excellent performance of our procedure.
Immersed Boundary Lattice Boltzmann Method to Simulate Fluid Flows with Flexible Boundaries

The immersed boundary method (IBM) for the simulation of the interaction between fluid and flexible boundaries in combination with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is described. The LBM is used to compute the flow field, the interaction between fluid and flexible boundaries to be treated by the IBM. To analyze the key factors of combination method and implementation process. An example is presented to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the described algorithm. These will provide a base for large scale simulation involving flexible boundaries in the future.
A new class of exact solutions of the Vlasov equation

A class of exact one-dimensional oscillating solutions of the Vlasov–Poisson system describing a one-component plasma in a parabolic electrostatic potential well is considered. Through a separation of variables procedure, a system of ordinary differential equations describing the moments of the velocity distribution function is obtained. The moment equations can be decoupled at any order from the higher ones without approximations. Oscillating-pattern solutions for the resulting finite and exact systems are found.
Binaural Listening and Interaural Noise Cross Correlation

The identification of different interaural correlations was examined over a range of reference correlations. Interaural correlations were produced by the method of Licklider and Dzendolet in which three independent noise sources were combined into two outputs. The change in interaural correlation (squared) required for 75% correct identification varied from about 0.4 for a reference correlation of 0.0 to about 0.04 for a reference correlation of 1.0.