Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economic Growth , Population Theory , and Physiology : The Bearing of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy

Economic history has contributed significantly to the formulation of economic theory. * Among the economists who have found history an important source for their ideas are Smith, Malthus, Marx, Marshall, Keynes, Hicks, Arrow, Friedman, Solow, and Becker. Failure to take account of history, as Simon Kuznets (1941) stressed, has often led to a misunderstanding of current economic problems by investigators who have not realized that their generalizations rested upon transient circumstances. Nowhere is the need to recognize the role of long-run dynamics more relevant than in such pressing current issues as medical care, pension policies, and development policies. This lecture sketches a theory of the secular decline in morbidity and mortality that takes account of changes induced in physiological functioning since 1700. The synergism between technological and physiological improvements has produced a form of human evolution, biological though
TWO-DIMENSIONAL PRINTED BROADBAND ANTENNA ARRAY WITH TAPERED DISTRIBUTION OPERATING IN 26-34 GHZ RANGE

The paper presents two-dimensional printed broadband antenna array with 64 (8x8) radiating elements operating in the frequency range 26-34 GHz. The array is modeled and optimized using WIPL-D program package, and realized on the thin dielectric substrate. Radiating elements are pentagonal dipoles that operate on the second resonance and are characterized by slower impedance variation with frequency than conventional antennas with patches which are the basic and most commonly used type of printed antennas. High side lobe suppression is obtained by using balanced microstrip tapered feed network enabling diverse feeding of the central and the edge elements in the array. Benefit of using balanced microstrip lines is elimination of parasitic couplings between radiating elements and the feed network. Arrays with tapered distribution have somewhat lower gain as well as directivity than uniformly fed antenna arrays, regardless of technology in which they are realized. Thus, in case of uniform distribution simulated antenna gain would be 26.5 dBi at 30 GHz which is about 0.6 dB greater than simulated gain of the same antenna array with applied tapering (25.9 dBi) presented here. Measured gain of presented array in the operational frequency range is between 20.7 dBi and 22.3 dBi, while measured side lobe suppression is around 18 dB. In order to simplify WIPL-D modeling and thus save computational time, the simulation is performed on a free space antenna model that can be assumed as a fair approximation considering the broadbandness of pentagonal dipoles, and low dielectric permittivity and thickness (εr=2.17, h=0.127 mm) as well as low losses (tg δ=4×10) of the material the array is printed on, which is verified on a number of previously realized models [1]. Due to lack of adequate connectors (K or 2.4mm) for Ka frequency range, we used SMA connector with thin center conductor in the realization. Discrepancies between simulated and measured results are due to losses in the dielectric and copper and poor electrical characteristics of SMA connectors above 21 GHz.
An empirical evaluation of the impact of test-driven development on software quality

Test-driven development (TDD) has gained recent attention with the popularity of the Extreme Programming agile software development methodology. Advocates of TDD rely primarily on anecdotal evidence with relatively little empirical evidence of the benefits of the practice. This research is the first comprehensive evaluation of how TDD affects software architecture and internal design quality. Formal controlled experiments were conducted in undergraduate and graduate academic courses, in a professional training course, and with in-house professional development projects in a Fortune 500 company. The experiments involved over 230 student and professional programmers working on almost five hundred software projects ranging in size from one hundred to over 30,000 lines of code. The research also included a case study of fifteen software projects developed over five years in a Fortune 500 corporation. This research demonstrates that software developers applying a test-first (TDD) approach are likely to improve some software quality aspects at minimal cost over a comparable test-last approach. In particular this research has shown statistically significant differences in the areas of code complexity, size, and testing. These internal quality differences can substantially improve external software quality (defects), software maintainability, software understandability, and software reusability. Further this research has shown that mature programmers who have used both the test-first and test-last development approaches prefer the test-first approach. In addition, this research contributes a pedagogical approach called test-driven learning (TDL) that integrates TDD instruction at all levels. TDL was partially applied at all academic levels from early programming instruction through professional continuing education. Results indicate some differences between beginning and mature developers including reluctance by early programmers to adopt the TDD approach. By providing the first substantial empirical evidence on TDD and internal software quality, this research establishes a benchmark and framework for future empirical studies. By focusing on both software design and software testing, this research is already raising awareness of TDD as both a design and testing approach through publications and international awards.
Syddansk Universitet The relationship between parenting stress and parent-child interaction with health outcomes in the youngest patients with type 1 diabetes ( 0-7 years )

To test whether parenting stress and the quality of parent–child interaction were associated with glycemic control and quality of life (QoL) in young children (0–7 years) with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), we videotaped 77 families with a young child with T1DM duringmealtime (including glucose monitoring and insulin administration). Parent–child interactions were scored with a specifically designed instrument. Questionnaires assessed general and disease-related parenting stress and (diabetes-specific (DS)) QoL. HbA1c (glycemic control) was extracted from the medical records. Both general and disease-related parenting stress were associated with a lower (DS)QoL (r ranged from −0.39 to −0.70, p<0.05), but not with HbA1c levels. Furthermore, with regard to the parent– child interaction, emotional involvement of parents (r=0.23, p<0.05) and expressed discomfort of the child (r=0.23, p<0.05) were related to suboptimal HbA1c levels. There was no clear pattern in the correlations between parent–child interaction and (DS)QoL. Conclusion: The results support the notion that diabetes does not only affect the child with T1DM: T1DM is a family disease, as parenting factors (like stress and parent–child interactions) are associated with important child outcomes. Therefore, it is important for health-care providers to not only focus on the child with T1DM, but also on the family system. What is Known: • The incidence of type 1 diabetes is rising, especially in the youngest age group. • Research examining the association between parenting factors (like stress and interaction with the child) and child outcomes (like glycemic control and quality of life) in this young patient group is scarce. What is New: • Higher levels of parental emotional involvement and more discomfort during disease-specific situations are both related with a less optimal glycemic control in young children with type 1 diabetes. • Higher levels of both general and disease-related parenting stress are associated with a lower general and diabetes-specific quality of life of young children with type 1 diabetes. Communicated by Jaan Toelen * Esther E. Hartman e.e. hartman@tilburguniversity.edu Anke M. Nieuwesteeg a.m.nieuwesteeg@tilburguniversity.edu Henk-Jan Aanstoot h.j.aanstoot@diabeter.nl Hedwig J. A. van Bakel h.j.a.vanbakel@tilburguniversity.edu Wilco H. M. Emons w.h. m.emons@tilburguniversity.edu Edgar van Mil e.milvan@jbz.nl Frans Pouwer f.pouwer@tilburguniversity.edu 1 Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands 2 Diabeter, 3011 TG Rotterdam, The Netherlands 3 Department of TRANZO, Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands 4 Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands 5 Kidz&Ko, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands Eur J Pediatr (2016) 175:329–338 DOI 10.1007/s00431-015-2631-4
Complicated grief therapy as a new treatment approach

Complicated grief therapy (CGT) is a relatively new psychotherapy model designed to address symptoms of complicated grief. Drawn from attachment theory and with roots in both interpersonal therapy (IPT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy, CGT includes techniques similar to prolonged exposure (repeatedly telling the story of the death and in vivo exposure activities). The treatment also involves focusing on personal goals and relationships. CGT has been demonstrated to be effective in a trial in which participants with complicated grief were randomly assigned to CGT or IPT; individuals receiving CGT responded more quickly and were more likely to respond overall (51 % vs 28%). This article briefly summarizes the conceptual underpinnings of CGT, discusses the empirical evidence for its efficacy, describes its techniques, and presents a case example of a client treated in a 16-session manualized CGT protocol. The article concludes with a description of future research directions for CGT.
Complicated grief after perinatal loss

The loss of an infant through stillbirth, miscarriage, or neonatal death is recognized as a traumatic life event. Predictors of development of complicated grief after prenatal loss include lack of social support, pre-existing relationship difficulties, or absence of surviving children, as well as ambivalent attitudes or heightened perception of the reality of the pregnancy. Risk of complicated grief was found to be especially high after termination of a pregnancy due to fetal abnormality. Studies have revealed that men and women show different patterns of grief, potentially exacerbating decline in a relationship. Although it is clear that prenatal loss has a large psychological impact, it is concluded that there is a substantial lack of randomized controlled studies in this field of research,
Complicated grief in late life

Complicated grief (CG) is a syndrome that affects 10% to 20% of grievers regardless of age, although proportionally more will face the death of loved ones in late life, CG is characterized by preoccupying and disabling symptoms that can persist for decades such as an inability to accept the death, intense yearning or avoidance, frequent reveries, deep sadness, crying, somatic distress, social withdrawal, and suicidal ideation. This syndrome is distinct from major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, but CG maybe comorbid with each. This communication will focus on the impact of CG in late life (over age 60) and will include a case vignette for illustrating complicated grief therapy.
Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on human sensory orientation and postural control

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A Metamorphosed, Early Archaean Chromitite from West Greenland: Implications for the Genesis of Archaean Anorthositic Chromitites

An early Archaean (>3·81 Ga) chromitite–ultramafic layered body from INTRODUCTION the Ujaragssuit nunât area, west Greenland, may represent the Earth’s Terrestrial anorthosites that formed during the Archaean oldest chromitite. The layered body occurs as a large xenolith (800 m× occur as stratiform bodies that are commonly highly de100 m) entrained within tonalitic gneisses and preserves primary igneous formed and metamorphosed. Ashwal (1993) has argued layering and textures. New Re–Os and Pb–Pb isotope results support the that Archaean anorthosites are distinctive in both form view that it has been metamorphosed twice, in the early and late Archaean and origin from anorthosites formed later in Earth history, at>3·75 Ga and>2·8 Ga. Mineral chemistry and textures indicate and has proposed that they crystallized from a basaltic that the chromite compositions preserve two different evolutionary trends. parent magma. The details of their tectonic setting, howThere is a main magmatic trend in which Cr/(Cr+ Al) ratios remain ever, and the precise mechanism of their crystallization relatively constant but in which there is strong enrichment in Fe, Fe history have still to be worked out (Ashwal, 1993). and Ti with progressive differentiation. This trend is a composite of A number of Archaean anorthosites contain chromitite magmatic-liquidus, magmatic-cooling and subsolidus re-equilibration horizons and it is the chromite–anorthosite association that processes. A second trend is defined by chromites from harzburgites in the is the focusof this study. Ithas longbeenknownthatchromite upperpart of the layeredbody.These chromites showmagmatic replacement can be used as a petrogenetic indicator (Irvine, 1965, 1967), textures in which Fe-rich chromites are altered to aluminous chromites. because chromite compositions are a rich source of inChromites showing magmatic replacement textures are thought to have formation on the origin and evolution of their parent formed by reaction with a late, interstitial melt during the solidification of magmas. Of importance here is the unusual field of chromite the layered body. The close association between the Fe–Cr-chromites compositions from Archaean anorthosites when plotted on of the main trend and Al-rich chromites of the type found in other Archaean a diagramof Cr/(Cr+Al) vsFe/(Fe+Mg) (Rollinson, megacrystic anorthosites suggest a magmatic-genetic relationship between 1995), defining a compositional range that is different from the two types of chromite. We propose that anorthositic chromites form in that of chromites in both Phanerozoic mafic rocks and an Fe-rich basaltic melt derived from a komatiitic, boninitic or basaltic layered intrusions (Steele et al., 1977). This has recently been parent magma through reaction between the melt and early-formed Feconfirmed in a study by Barnes & Roeder (2001), who have rich chromite. definedthecompositionalrangeof terrestrialchromitesusing
Perturbing Circadian Oscillations in an In Vitro Suprachiasmatic Nucleus With Magnetic Stimulation

Many neurological disorders are associated with abnormal oscillatory dynamics. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is responsible for the timing and synchronization of physiological processes. We performed experiments on PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE transgenic “knock‐in” mice. In these mice, a gene that is expressed in a circadian pattern is fused to an inserted gene that codes for luciferase, which is a bioluminescent enzyme. A one‐time 3 min magnetic stimulation (MS) was applied to excised slices of the SCN. The MS consisted of a 50‐mT field that was turned on and off 4,500 times. The rise time and fall time of the field were 75 μs. A photon count that extended over the full 5 days that the slice remained viable, subsequently revealed how the MS affected the circadian cycle. The MS was applied at points in the circadian cycle that correspond to either maximal or minimal bioluminescence. It was found that both the amplitude and period of the endogenous circadian oscillation are affected by MS and that the effects strongly depend on where in the circadian cycle the stimulation was applied. Our MS dose is in the same range as clinically applied doses, and our findings imply that transcranial MS may be instrumental in remedying disorders that originate in circadian rhythm abnormalities. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:63–72 © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects and Mechanisms of Exogenous Electromagnetic Field on Bone Cells: A Review

Osteoporosis, fractures, and other bone diseases or injuries represent serious health problems in modern society. A variety of treatments including drugs, surgeries, physical therapies, etc. have been used to prevent or delay the progression of these diseases/injuries with limited effects. Electromagnetic field (EMF) has been used to non‐invasively treat bone diseases, such as fracture and osteoporosis, for many years. However, because a variety of cellular and molecular events can be affected by EMF with various parameters, the precise bioeffects and underlying mechanisms of specific EMF on bone cells are still obscure. Here, we summarize the common therapeutic parameters (frequency and intensity) of major types of EMF used to treat bone cells taken from 32 papers we selected from the PubMed database published in English from 1991 to 2018. Briefly, pulse EMF promotes the proliferation of osteoblasts when its frequency is 7.5–15 Hz or 50–75 Hz and the intensity is 0.40–1.55 mT or 3.8–4 mT. Sinusoidal EMF, with 0.9–4.8 mT and 45–60 Hz, and static magnetic field with 0.1–0.4 mT or 400 mT, can promote osteoblast differentiation and maturation. Finally, we summarize the latest advances on the molecular signaling pathways influenced by EMF in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. A variety of molecules such as adenosine receptors, calcium channels, BMP2, Notch, Wnt1, etc., can be influenced by EMF in osteoblasts. For osteoclasts, EMF affects RANK, NF‐κB, MAPK, etc. We speculate that EMF with different frequencies and intensities exert distinct bioeffects on specific bone cells. More high‐quality work is required to explore the detailed effects and underlying mechanisms of EMF on bone cells/skeleton to optimize the application of EMF on bone diseases/injuries. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:263–278 © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Effects of 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT
2 Receptor Agonists on Electromagnetic Field‐Induced Analgesia in Rats

Much evidence demonstrates the antinociceptive effect of magnetic fields (MFs). However, the analgesic action mechanism of the electromagnetic field (EMF) is not exactly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT2 receptor agonists (serotonin HCl and 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine [DOI] hydrochloride) on EMF‐induced analgesia. In total, 66 adult male Wistar albino rats with an average body mass of 225 ± 13 g were used in this study. The animals were subjected to repeated exposures of alternating 50 Hz and 5 mT EMF for 2 h a day for 15 days. Prior to analgesia tests, serotonin HCl (5‐HT1 agonist) 4 mg/kg, WAY 100635 (5‐HT1 antagonist) 0.04 mg/kg, DOI hydrochloride (5‐HT2 receptor agonist) 4 mg/kg, and SB 204741 (5‐HT2 antagonist) 0.5 mg/kg doses were injected into rats. For statistical analysis of the data, analysis of variance was used and multiple comparisons were determined by Tukey’s test. Administration of serotonin HCl MF (5 mT)‐exposed rats produced a significant increase in percent maximal possible effect (% MPE) as compared with EMF group (P < 0.05). On the contrary, injection of WAY 100635 to MF‐exposed rats produced a significant decrease in analgesic activity (P < 0.05). Similarly, the administration of DOI hydrochloride significantly increased % MPE values as compared with the EMF group while SB 204741 reduced it (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggested that serotonin 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT2 receptors play an important role in EMF‐induced analgesia; however, further research studies are necessary to understand the mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:319–330. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Uncertainty in Tropical Rainfall Projections: Atmospheric Circulation Effect and the Ocean Coupling

Uncertainty in tropical rainfall projections under increasing radiative forcing is studied by using 26 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Intermodel spread in projected rainfall change generally increases with interactive sea surface temperature (SST) warming in coupled models compared to atmospheric models with a common pattern of prescribed SST increase. Moisture budget analyses reveal that much of the model uncertainty in tropical rainfall projections originates from intermodel discrepancies in the dynamical contribution due to atmospheric circulation change. Intermodel singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses further show a tight coupling between the intermodel variations in SST warming pattern and circulation change in the tropics. In the zonal mean, the first SVD mode features an anomalous interhemispheric Hadley circulation, while the second mode displays an SST peak near the equator. The asymmetric mode is accompanied by a coupled pattern of wind–evaporation–SST feedback in the tropics and is further tied to interhemispheric asymmetric change in extratropical shortwave radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere. Intermodel variability in the tropical circulation change exerts a strong control on the spread in tropical cloud cover change and cloud radiative effects among models. The results indicate that understanding the coupling between the anthropogenic changes in SST pattern and atmospheric circulation holds the key to reducing uncertainties in projections of future changes in tropical rainfall and clouds.
Consolidation Properties of Dewatered Municipal Sewage Sludge

The difficulty of sewage sludge dewatering has become one of significant issues in sewage water treatment industry.The essence of mechanical dewatering of sludge is a process of consolidation and drainage;therefore,the investigation of the consolidation behavior of sludge by consolidation experiment is important to the enhancement of dewatering effects.Select different consolidation stability standards has the very important influence on research of consolidation properties of sludge.Based on the improvement of oedometer by setting additional piezometer and displacement sensor,two types of sewage sludge and one type of dredged materials were studied for their difference of consolidation characteristics.The results indicated that consolidated time of sludge was very long and its finishing was supposed to be determined by the time when excess pore water pressure dissipated to 3% of consolidation pressure.The coefficient of consolidation and coefficient of permeability of sludge is extremely low,and have great changed in the consolidation process.Meanwhile,the main reason of very long time consolidating and hard for drainage is a large number of organic matter flocs in sludge.