Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
3 rd INTERNATIONAL HALAL MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE (3 rd IHMC 2021) The Mediating Role of Consumers’ Trust Towards Consumers’ Purchase Intention of Halal Food from Malaysia: Application of Structural Equation Modelling

This study investigates consumers’ trust mediating role towards consumers’ purchase intention of halal food offered by the Malaysia halal food producers. Three constructs of trust were incorporated – namely competence, care and openness – with attitude as the mediating variable and purchase intention is the dependent variable. A self-completion questionnaire distributed online using QR code and 401 questionnaires were recorded and analyzed. Structural equation modelling was applied, using SmartPLS 3.0 version, to test the model fit of the proposed relationships among the causal and outcome variables. Care, Competence and Openness have significant level of the relationships with Attitude and Purchase Intention. The results show that the measurement model has sufficient predictive relevance of the constructs, and Attitude's mediation effect is statistically significant. The findings highlight the importance of consumers’ trust in order to be successful in the and volatile halal food market. The food producers have to comply with the need of consumers’ trust or they might be overlooked or ignored by this segment. Thus, Malaysia halal agencies as well as the halal food producers, must continuously monitor the level of consumers’ trust and adhere to the requirements to maintain or elevate the level of their trust.
Searching for Fairer Machine Learning Ensembles

Bias mitigators can improve algorithmic fairness in machine learning models, but their effect on fairness is often not stable across data splits. A popular approach to train more stable models is ensemble learning, but unfortunately, it is unclear how to combine ensembles with mitigators to best navigate trade-offs between fairness and predictive performance. To that end, we extended the open-source library Lale to enable the modular composition of 8 mitigators, 4 ensembles, and their corresponding hyperparameters, and we empirically explored the space of conﬁgurations on 13 datasets. We distilled our insights from this exploration in the form of a guidance diagram that can serve as a starting point for practitioners that we demonstrate is robust and reproducible. We also ran automatic combined algorithm selection and hyperparmeter tuning (or CASH) over ensembles with mitigators. The solutions from the guidance diagram perform similar to those from CASH on many datasets.
Značaj informacione bezbednosti za organizacije

: Information security is a key aspect of organizations' operations in today's digital age. This paper aims to analyze the importance of information security for organizations, investigating its impact on preserving the integrity, confidentiality and availability of data. Organizations are increasingly faced with complex challenges in explaining cyber threats, which emphasizes the necessity of implementing effective information security strategies. Effective data protection is the key to maintaining the trust of clients and partners, reducing financial losses and preserving the organization's reputation. In addition, information security has a significant impact on maintaining a competitive advantage, allowing organizations to innovate without fear of data loss or privacy breaches. A secure infrastructure also provides a foundation for compliance with regulatory requirements, thereby reducing the risk of legal consequences. Considering the rapid development of technology and increasingly sophisticated cyber threats, organizations face the constant challenge of adapting their security strategies. Employee education is becoming a key component of the overall information security system, and organizations that invest resources in training and security awareness have a better ability to respond to potential threats. Information security is becoming a necessary pillar of modern business, protecting organizations from cyber risk, enhancing their reputation and providing the foundation for long-term success.
83 Neural Mechanisms of Social Learning

Our well-being is contingent upon our ability to navigate challenges and make decisions within a dynamic social environment. Social learning provides unique opportunities to meet such challenges by helping us to reduce uncertainty, update social expectations, and ultimately maximize social gains by developing close relationships. This chapter will review the mechanisms of social learning, focusing on how we can learn from and about others, how we can learn about others’ mental states, and how we come to represent social relationships and social distance.
A review of the International Northern Sea Route Program (INSROP) – 10 years on

Abstract The objective of the International Northern Sea Route Program was to create a knowledge bank covering commercial, international shipping on Russia's Northern Sea Route (NSR). Addressed were: considerations of the natural environment, ice navigation, and ship technology; the environment; economics of shipping; and military, political, legal, and indigenous cultural issues. Conclusions included improvements in vessel designs and associated activities represented the safe course for extending navigation. Scientific evidence generally did not exist that civilian navigation had resulted in significant environmental stress; the NSR thus could plan for environmental concerns and avoid devastating impacts. It was necessary for the Russian government to include the NSR in plans for its extractive industries. There were resource commodities well-suited for creating a sustainable cargo flow, but the necessary domestic and foreign investments would have to be provided. The NSR lacked strategic and military importance and held solely civilian, commercial potential. Except for the high seas, the USA would require its commercial vessels to follow the Russian regime, including fees if not discriminatory and for services rendered. For indigenous cultures NSR effects could be both positive and negative; primary was the need to be included in creating the NSR framework and indigenous perspectives viewed and treated equally.
Deception Problem

Today’s high-stakes adversarial interactions feature attackers who constantly breach the ever-improving security measures. Deception mitigates the defender’s loss by misleading the attacker to make suboptimal decisions. In order to formally reason about deception, we introduce the feature deception problem (FDP) , a domain-independent model and present a learning and planning framework for ﬁnding the optimal deception strategy, taking into account the adversary’s preferences which are initially unknown to the defender. We make the following contributions. (1) We show that we can uniformly learn the adversary’s preferences using data from a modest number of deception strategies. (2) We propose an approximation algorithm for ﬁnding the optimal deception strategy given the learned preferences and show that the problem is NP-hard. (3) We perform extensive experiments to validate our methods and results. In addition, we provide a case study of the credit bureau network to illustrate how FDP implements deception on a real-world problem.
Biochemical and Histopathological Investigation of the Protective Effect of Misoprostol in Rat Lung Exposed to Paclitaxel

In our study, we investigated the protective effect of misoprostol (MP) against paclitaxel (PTX)- induced lung injury in rats. Twenty-one female Sprague-Dawley rats were provided to form 3 groups, each containing seven rats. Control, PTX and PTX + MP. In Control group, was given 1 mL of 0.9% NaCl intraperitoneally (i.p.) and 1 mL of 0.9% NaCl orally for 6 days. PTX and PTX + MP groups were given 2 mg/kg PTX i.p. to each rat on days 0, 2, 4 and 6 of the study. PTX + MP group was given 0.2 mg/kg/day MP orally for 6 days. After tissue samples were taken from rats under anesthesia, biochemical and histopathological analyses were performed on these samples. In the analyses, it was determined that the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased in the lung tissue of the PTX group rats. In the histopathological examinations, it was determined that histopathological changes such as irregularity and thickening in the alveolar structure, perivascular edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the perivascular area occurred in the PTX group rats. In the PTX + MP group, it was observed that the pathological changes detected in the PTX group were mostly prevented. These results show that MP is effective in preventing lung damage caused by PTX, and suggest that using these two drugs together in cancer treatment will be beneficial.
The Development of E-commerce in the Context of the Digitalization of the Economy

: The development of e-commerce is an integral part of the modern market for goods and services, and against the background of the digitalization of companies, the introduction of sales of goods and promotion of services through online channels creates additional conditions for the development of new markets and strengthening its position in existing ones. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the promotion of products and services through the Internet became an opportunity to maintain an audience and ensure stable sales even in the face of a lockdown. According to many scholars, partly due to e-commerce, markets were able to recover from the quarantine restrictions fairly quickly. Given the importance of the problem in question, the purpose of this article is to define the role of e-commerce in the process of digitalization of business based on the analysis of its development trends. The study is built in the context of consideration of the peculiarities of e-commerce organization for both the B2B and B2C segments, focusing on determining the differences between these two types and the specifics of the use of e-commerce for each of these areas. The study also realized an analysis of statistical material which proves the extreme importance and steady growth of sales of goods and services with the use of electronic commerce. In addition, it is found that the main players in the market of digital sales of goods and services are China and the United States, as these are the countries where powerful sales platforms are registered and operate, viz: AliExpress and Amazon. As a result of the systematization of scientists' views on the prospects of e-commerce development, promising directions were formed and trends of development of this sphere in Ukraine in the period of post-war recovery were outlined, the advantages received by manufacturers and trade intermediaries in case of using e-commerce were concretized.
A conceptual model of preferential flow systems in forested hillslopes: evidence of self‐organization

Preferential flow paths are known to be important conduits of subsurface stormflow in forest hillslopes. Earlier research on preferential flow paths focused on vertical transport; however, lateral transport is also evident in steep forested slopes underlain by bedrock or till. Macropores consisting of decayed and live roots, subsurface erosion, surface bedrock fractures, and animal burrows form the basis of a ‘backbone’ for lateral preferential flow in such sites. Evidence from field studies in Japan indicates that although individual macropore segments are generally <0·5 m in length, they have a tendency to self‐organize into larger preferential flow systems as sites become wetter. Staining tests show clear evidence of interconnected macropore flow segments, including: flow within decayed root channels and subsurface erosion cavities; flow in small depressions of the bedrock substrate; fracture flow in weathered bedrock; exchange between macropores and mesopores; and flow at the organic horizon–mineral soil interface and in buried pockets of organic material and loose soil. Here we develop a three‐dimensional model for preferential flow systems based on distributed attributes of macropores and potential connecting nodes (e.g. zones of loose soil and buried organic matter). We postulate that the spatially variable and non‐linear preferential flow response observed at our Japan field site, as well as at other sites, is attributed to discrete segments of macropores connecting at various nodes within the regolith. Each node is activated by local soil water conditions and is influenced strongly by soil depth, permeability, pore size, organic matter distribution, surface and substrate topography, and possibly momentum dissipation. This study represents the first attempt to characterize the spatially distributed nature of preferential flow paths at the hillslope scale and presents strong evidence that these networks exhibit complex system behaviour. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General It’s All Relative: Reward-Induced Cognitive Control Modulation Depends on Context

Although people seek to avoid expenditure of cognitive effort, reward incentives can increase investment of processing resources in challenging situations that require cognitive control, resulting in improved performance. At the same time, subjective value is relative, rather than absolute: The value of a reward is increased if the local context is reward-poor versus reward-rich. Although this notion is supported by work in economics and psychology, we propose that reward relativity should also play a critical role in the cost–benefit computations that inform cognitive effort allocation. Here we demonstrate that reward-induced cognitive effort allocation in a task-switching paradigm is sensitive to reward context, consistent with the notion of relative value. Informed by predictions of a computational model of divisive reward normalization, we demonstrate that reward-induced switch cost reductions depend critically upon reward context, such that the same reward amount engenders greater control allocation in impoverished versus rich reward context. Succinctly, these results confirm that reward relativity factors into the value computation driving effort allocation, revealing that motivated cognitive control, like choice, is all relative.
Recreating observed convection-generated gravity 1 waves from weather radar observations via a neural 2 network and a dynamical atmospheric model

17 Convection-generated gravity waves (CGWs) transport momentum and energy, and this 18 momentum is a dominant driver of global features of Earth’s atmosphere’s general cir-19 culation (e.g. the quasi-biennial oscillation, the pole-to-pole mesospheric circulation). As 20 CGWs are not generally resolved by global weather and climate models, their effects on 21 the circulation need to be parameterized. However, quality observations of GWs are spa-22 tiotemporally sparse, limiting understanding and preventing constraints on parameter-23 izations. Convection-permitting or -resolving simulations do generate CGWs, but val-24 idation is not possible as these simulations cannot reproduce the CGW-forcing convec-25 tion at correct times, locations, and intensities. 26 Here, realistic convective diabatic heating, learned from full-physics convection-permitting 27 Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations, is predicted from weather radar 28 observations using neural networks and a previously developed look-up table. These heat-29 ing rates are then used to force an idealized GW-resolving dynamical model. Simulated 30 CGWs forced in this way did closely resemble those observed by the Atmospheric InfraRed 31 Sounder in the upper stratosphere. CGW drag in these validated simulations extends 32 100s of kilometers away from the convective sources, highlighting errors in current grav-33 ity wave drag parameterizations due to the use of the ubiquitous single-column approx-34 imation. Such validatable simulations have significant potential to be used to further ba-35 sic understanding of CGWs, improve their parameterizations physically, and provide more 36 restrictive constraints on tuning with confidence . 37
Coping with urban habitats via glucocorticoid regulation: physiology, behavior, and life history in stream fishes.

As environments become urbanized, tolerant species become more prevalent. The physiological, behavioral and life-history mechanisms associated with the success of such species in urbanized habitats are not well understood, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Here we examined the glucocorticoid (GC) profiles, life-history traits, and behavior of two species of fish across a gradient of urbanization to understand coping capacity and associated trade-offs. We studied the tolerant live-bearing Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) for two years and the slightly less tolerant, egg-laying, Blacktail Shiner (Cyprinella venusta) for one year. We used a water-borne hormone method to examine baseline, stress-induced, and recovery cortisol release rates across six streams with differing degrees of urbanization. We also measured life-history traits related to reproduction, and for G. affinis, we measured shoaling behavior and individual activity in a novel arena. Both species showed a trend for reduced stress responsiveness in more urbanized streams, accompanied by higher reproductive output. Although not all populations fit this trend, these results suggest that GC suppression may be adaptive for coping with urban habitats. In G. affinis, GC recovery increased with urbanization, and individuals with the lowest stress response and highest recovery had the greatest reproductive allotment, suggesting that rapid return to baseline GC levels is also an important coping mechanism. In G. affinis, urban populations showed altered life-history trade-offs whereas behavioral traits did not vary systematically with urbanization. Thus, these tolerant species of fish may cope with anthropogenically modified streams by altering their GC profiles and life-history trade-offs. These results contribute to understanding the mechanisms driving species-specific adaptations and thereby community structure in freshwater systems associated with land-use converted areas.
Altitude development of postmidnight F region field‐aligned irregularities observed using Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia

For the first time, vertical rise velocities of postmidnight field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs) at low geomagnetic latitudes have been examined near the June solstice by using two‐dimensional maps of F region FAI echoes observed with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia for 3 years starting in May 2010. We found 15 freshly growing FAIs at postmidnight between May and August during the 3 years. The rise velocities of FAIs are smaller at postmidnight than at postsunset, and most postmidnight FAIs do not exceed an altitude of 450 km. Based on the rise velocities, a lower limit for the creation time of the postmidnight FAIs is estimated to be between 21:30 LT and 02:00 LT for 14 of the 15 events, indicating that this class of FAIs is distinct from the postsunset FAIs.
Dynamic Inﬂuence Diagram-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework and Application for Decision Support for Operators in Control Rooms

In today’s complex industrial environment, operators are often faced with challenging situations that require quick and accurate decision-making. The human-machine interface (HMI) can display too much information, leading to information overload and potentially compromising the operator’s ability to respond effectively. To address this challenge, decision support models are needed to assist operators in identifying and responding to potential safety incidents. In this paper, we present an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of a recommendation system in addressing the challenge of information overload. The case study focuses on a formaldehyde production simulator and examines the performance of an improved Human-Machine Interface (HMI) with the use of an AI-based recommendation system utilizing a dynamic inﬂuence diagram in conjunction with reinforcement learning. The preliminary results indicate the potential of these methods to aid operators in decision-making during challenging situations and enhance process safety in the industry
Edinburgh Research Explorer Protected areas reduce deforestation and degradation and enhance woody growth across African woodlands

Protected areas are increasingly promoted for their capacity to sequester carbon, alongside biodiversity bene ﬁ ts. However, we have limited understanding of whether they are effective at reducing deforestation and degradation, or promoting vegetation growth, and the impact that this has on changes to aboveground woody carbon stocks. Here we present a new satellite radar-based map of vegetation carbon change across southern Africa ’ s woodlands and combine this with a matching approach to assess the effect of protected areas on carbon dynamics. We show that protection has a positive effect on aboveground carbon, with stocks increasing faster in protected areas ( + 0.53% per year) compared to comparable lands not under protection ( + 0.08% per year). The positive effect of protection re ﬂ ects lower rates of deforestation ( − 39%) and degradation ( − 25%), as well as a greater prevalence of vegetation growth ( + 12%) inside protected lands. Areas under strict protection had similar outcomes to other types of protection after controlling for differences in location, with effect scores instead varying more by country, and the level of threat. These results highlight the potential for protected areas to sequester aboveground carbon, although we caution that in some areas this may have negative impacts on biodiversity, and human wellbeing.
Networks and regional leadership in El’tsin’s Russia: the case of Eduard Rossel’ in Sverdlovsk Oblast, 1989-1999

This thesis examines the regional leadership in Sverdlovsk Oblast between 1989 and 1999. Focusing on the identity of the regional governor, Eduard Rossel’, who rose to power at the end of the Soviet period and dominated the region throughout the El’tsin decade, the research considers the role and use of networks as critically important to the exercise of regional power. The research questions consider the nature of the political system that Rossel’ installed, focusing on how his involvement in different vertical and horizontal networks, both as patron and client, facilitated the construction of a personalised power system in this heavily industrialised region. It finds that the activation and use of different relationships at the numerous critical junctures that emerged in centre-regional relations during the El’tsin decade protected Rossel’’s grip over regional power, through use of a ‘boundary control’ model that ensured he was the only actor capable of leading the region in this decade. Whereas many previous studies of regional politics in the 1990s have focused on the development of institutions, this research considers that the ability of the Sverdlovsk leader to participate in, and lead, overlapping networks outweighed the consolidation of institutions, resulting in his personal domination of the regional political space. The thesis considers the effect of Putin’s recentralization programme on the personalised system of power that Rossel’ constructed, finding that the introduction of alternative routes to the centre weakened his position amongst the regional and inter-regional elites.