Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the relationship between the reliability of parameter estimates and hydrologic time series data used in calibration

Typically, some of the parameters of conceptual hydrologic models are calibrated using limited hydrologic information, namely, input-output time series data such as precipitation and streamflow. The first part of this paper examines the sources of stochasticity in these models and then explores the conditions under which parameter estimates are consistent when only input-output hydrologic time series data are used in calibration. This complements other work done on the stability of parameter estimates. Because the conditions for consistency are stringent, two ways of redressing this situation and also improving the stability of parameter estimates are considered in the second part. Two levels of additional information are considered. The first considers the use of the first two moments of measurement errors to make large sample bias corrections. The second employs time series data corresponding to storage volumes such as groundwater and soil moisture to remove the source of inconsistency due to inferring erroneously unobserved storage volumes and to improve the stability of parameter estimates. Proper use of such information must exploit the interdependence in model equations arising from coupled model structure and correlated disturbances. It is suggested that generalized least squares offers a promising approach for efficiently exploiting all available time series information in model calibration. Finally, a simple hydrologic example is given to illustrate the relationship between estimator reliability and time series data used in calibration.
Molecular and electrophysiological features of spinocerebellar ataxia type seven in induced pluripotent stem cells

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine repeat expansion in the ATXN7 gene. Patients with this disease suffer from a degeneration of their cerebellar Purkinje neurons and retinal photoreceptors that result in a progressive ataxia and loss of vision. As with many neurodegenerative diseases, studies of pathogenesis have been hindered by a lack of disease-relevant models. To this end, we have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a cohort of SCA7 patients in South Africa. First, we differentiated the SCA7 affected iPSCs into neurons which showed evidence of a transcriptional phenotype affecting components of STAGA (ATXN7 and KAT2A) and the heat shock protein pathway (DNAJA1 and HSP70). We then performed electrophysiology on the SCA7 iPSC-derived neurons and found that these cells show features of functional aberrations. Lastly, we were able to differentiate the SCA7 iPSCs into retinal photoreceptors that also showed similar transcriptional aberrations to the SCA7 neurons. Our findings give technical insights on how iPSC-derived neurons and photoreceptors can be derived from SCA7 patients and demonstrate that these cells express molecular and electrophysiological differences that may be indicative of impaired neuronal health. We hope that these findings will contribute towards the ongoing efforts to establish the cell-derived models of neurodegenerative diseases that are needed to develop patient-specific treatments.
with Ad.VEGF-A 165 increases fetal weight at term in a guinea pig model of restriction

In a model of growth restricted sheep pregnancy, we previously demonstrated that transient uterine artery VEGF overexpression can improve fetal growth. We tested this approach in guinea pig pregnancies, where placental physiology is more similar to human. Method: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) has been obtained through peri-conceptual nutrient restriction in virgin guinea pigs. Ad.VEGF-A 165 or Ad.LacZ (1x10 10 vp) were applied at mid-gestation in laparotomy, delivered externally to the uterine circulation via thermosensitive gel. At short-term (3-8 days post-surgery) or at term gestation, pups have been weighed and tissues sampled for vector spread analysis, VEGF expression and its downstream effects. Results:
Imaging the colliding Indian and Asian lithospheric plates beneath Tibet

[1] A high-resolution image of the base of the lithosphere from S-to-P converted seismic waves revealed the collision architecture of the Indian and Asian continental plates beneath the Tibetan Plateau. The base of the Indian lithosphere dips northward from a depth of 160 km beneath the Himalayas to a depth of 220 km just south of the Bangong suture. The base of the Asian lithosphere is nearly horizontal at the depth of 160–180 km from central to northern Tibet. There is a vertical gap of about 50 km between Indian and Asian lithospheres. Our observation of a well-defined, thick lithosphere throughout the entire plateau is not consistent with models of wholesale convective instability of a thickened mantle lithosphere, which would predict a very thin Asian lithosphere. The hypothesized sequential southward subduction of Tibetan and Asian continental lithospheres leading to the growth of the Tibetan Plateau, if correct, cannot be occurring below ∼180 km depth. Our results, along with available geological and geophysical data, strongly support that the plateau is predominantly formed by a relatively coherent north dipping subducted Indian continental lithosphere in the south, which presently can be traced to the middle of the plateau, and a south dipping subducted Asian lithosphere in the north at a shallower depth.
Reflexões metodológicas sobre prevalência da fluorose dentária nos inquéritos de saúde bucal Methodological discussion about prevalence of the dental fluorosis on dental health surveys

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of social inequalities of individual and contextual nature on untreated dental caries in Brazilian children. METHODS: The data on the prevalence of dental caries were obtained from the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010) Project, an epidemiological survey of oral health with a representative sample for the country and each of the geographical micro-regions. Children aged five (n = 7,217) in 177 municipalities were examined and their parents/guardians completed a questionnaire. Contextual characteristics referring to the municipalities in 2010 (mean income, fluorodized water and proportion of residences with water supply) were supplied by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics – Fundacao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. Multilevel Poisson regression analysis models were used to assess associations. RESULTS:The prevalence of non-treated dental caries was 48.2%; more than half of the sample had at least one deciduous tooth affected by dental caries. The index of dental caries in deciduous teeth was 2.41, with higher figures in the North and North East. Black and brown children and those from lower income families had a higher prevalence of untreated dental caries. With regards context, the mean income in the municipality and the addition of fluoride to the water supply were inversely associated with the prevalence of the outcome.CONCLUSIONS:
Effects of Whole Body Cryotherapy and Cold Water Immersion on Knee Skin Temperature

This study sought to a) compare and contrast the effect of two commonly used cryotherapy treatments, four minutes of -110°C whole body cryotherapy and 8°C cold water immersion, on knee skin temperature and b) establish whether either protocol was capable of achieving a skin temperature (<13°C) believed to be required for analgesic purposes. With ethics committee approval and written informed consent 10 healthy males (26.5±4.9 yr, 183.5±6.0 cm, 90.7±19.9 kg, 26.8±5.0 kg/m 2 , 23.0±9.3% body fat; mean±SD) participated in this randomised controlled crossover study. Skin temperature around the patellar region was assessed in both knees via non-contact, infrared thermal imaging and recorded pre, immediately post treatment and every 10 min thereafter for 60 min. Compared to baseline, average, minimum and maximum skin temperature was significantly reduced (p<0.001) immediately post and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after both cooling modalities. Average and minimum skin temperature was lower (p<0.05) immediately after whole body cryotherapy (19.0±0.9 ° C) compared to cold water immersion (20.5±0.6 ° C). However, from 10 to 60 min post, the average, minimum and maximum skin temperature was lower (p<0.05) following the cold water treatment. Finally, neither protocol achieved a skin temperature believed to be required to elicit an analgesic effect.
Extending the small molecule similarity principle to all levels of biology

We present the Chemical Checker (CC), a resource that provides processed, harmonized and integrated bioactivity data on 800,000 small molecules. The CC divides data into five levels of increasing complexity, ranging from the chemical properties of compounds to their clinical outcomes. In between, it considers targets, off-targets, perturbed biological networks and several cell-based assays such as gene expression, growth inhibition and morphological profilings. In the CC, bioactivity data are expressed in a vector format, which naturally extends the notion of chemical similarity between compounds to similarities between bioactivity signatures of different kinds. We show how CC signatures can boost the performance of drug discovery tasks that typically capitalize on chemical descriptors, including target identification and library characterization. Moreover, we demonstrate and experimentally validate that CC signatures can be used to reverse and mimic biological signatures of disease models and genetic perturbations, options that are otherwise impossible using chemical information alone.
Nuclear DNA Amounts in Angiosperms

Abstract Bennett and Smith ( Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B274 :227-274; B334: 309-345) and Bennett, Smith and Heslop-Harrison ( Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , B216: 179-199) published lists of nuclear DNA amounts estimated for 1612 angiosperm species collected from 163 sources dated between 1951 and 1986. Subsequently, interest in genome size in angiosperms and its significance has continued, and many new DNA estimates were published during 1986-1994. Their inaccessibility, and the flow of enquiries for such information, shows that a further compilation is needed. This paper presents a supplementary list of nuclear DNA C -values for 105 sources for 899 angiosperm species not listed in the above-mentioned compilations, plus 284 additional estimates for 208 species already listed by them. The data are assembled primarily for reference purposes, with species listed in alphabetical order, rather than by any taxonomic scheme. Some advantages and limitations of flow cytometry, now increasingly used to quantify DNA C -values in plants, are reviewed. Recent reports regarding the occurrence and extent of intraspecific variation in genome size are also discussed. While some examples are real, others reflect technical shortcomings. Work has begun to combine the genome size data compiled in this and the above-mentioned papers into a unified data base, and to present the information in separate lists, with species in alphabetical and systematic orders, respectively. DNA C -values are now known for 1% of the world's angiosperm flora, but improved representation of taxonomic groups, geographical regions and plant life forms is urgently needed.
Dietary Fish and -3 Fatty Acid Consumption and Heart Rate Variability in US Adults

Consumption of fish and -3 fatty acid reduces risk of cardiac death, but mechanisms are not well established. Heart rate variability (HRV) predicts cardiac death and reflects specific electrophysiological pathways and influences. To elucidate electrophysiological influences and support effects on clinical risk, we evaluated the associations between habitual consumption of fish and marine -3 fatty acids and HRV, assessed by both 12-lead ECG (n 4263) and 24-hour Holter monitoring (n 1152), in a population-based cohort of older US adults. After multivariable adjustment, consumption of tuna or other broiled/baked fish was associated with specific HRV components, including indices suggestive of greater vagal predominance and moderated baroreceptor responses (eg, higher root mean square successive differences of normal-to-normal intervals, higher normalized high-frequency power, and lower low-frequency/highfrequency ratio) and less erratic sinoatrial node firing (eg, lower Poincaré ratio and higher short-term fractal scaling exponent). Findings were similar for estimated dietary consumption of marine -3 fatty acids. For the magnitudes of the observed differences in HRV comparing the highest with the lowest category of fish intake, the differences in relative risk of coronary heart disease death during 10.8 years of follow-up ranged from 1.1% lower risk for the difference in standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals to 5.9% and 8.4% lower risk for the differences in the Poincaré ratio and short-term fractal scaling exponent, respectively. Thus, habitual consumption of tuna/other fish and marine -3 fatty acid are associated with specific and clinically relevant differences in HRV in older adults, including indices of more favorable vagal activity, baroreceptor responses, and sinoatrial node function. Cellular mechanisms and implications for clinical risk deserve further investigation. See p 1130.
Small RNAs Make Big Splash

Just when scientists thought they had deciphered the roles played by the cell9s leading actors, a familiar performer has turned up in a stunning variety of guises. RNA, long upstaged by its more glamorous sibling, DNA, is turning out to have star qualities of its own. Science hails these electrifying discoveries, which are prompting biologists to overhaul their vision of the cell and its evolution, as 20029s Breakthrough of the Year. The online version of the Breakthrough of the Year section contains references and links not found in the print edition (see www.sciencemag.org/content/vol298/issue5602/#special).
WHAT IS RESILIENCE?

Most of us at some point will be struck by one or more major traumas: violent crime, domestic violence, rape, child abuse, a serious automobile accident, the sudden death of a loved one, a debilitating disease, a natural disaster or war. If you are very lucky, then you have never encountered any of these misfortunes; but most likely you will someday. It is estimated that up to 90 percent of us will experience at least one serious traumatic event during our lives (Norris & Sloane, 2007). Indeed, since the first edition of this book the authors have experienced traumatic events in their own lives. One of us (Dennis Charney) lost a father and was the victim of a shooting with a shotgun that involved intensive rehabilitation. The other (Steven Southwick) lost both of his parents, helped his brother recover from the amputation of his leg, and is currently dealing with his sister’s cancer and his own cancer. Both of us have found the approaches to resilience outlined in this book to be very helpful. We hope you, the readers, do as well. Traumatic events throw our lives into turmoil in unpredictable ways; no two people will respond to them in exactly the same manner. For some, the stress of the event will become chronic, lasting for years. They may undergo a dramatic change in outlook, becoming sullen, demoralized, withdrawn, cynical, and angry. Some will become depressed or develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Horrific, intrusive memories and nightmares will haunt them for days, months, or even years, and they will feel unsafe in the world – hypervigilant – as if another serious danger lurks just around the corner. Some will take up drinking or drugs to numb their pain and dull their memories. Nevertheless, many people will find ways to meet the challenge and continue with purposeful lives. For a period after their ordeal, they may become distressed, but in time they will bounce back and carry on. For some, it will
Natural IgM antibodies are involved in the activation of complement by hypoxic human tubular cells

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) has a major impact on graft survival after transplantation. Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) located at the cortico-medullary zone are relatively susceptible to IRI and have been identified as one of the main targets of complement activation. Studies in mice have shown an important role for the alternative pathway of complement activation in renal IRI. However, it is unclear whether experimental data obtained in mice can be extrapolated to humans. Therefore, we developed an in vitro model to induce hypoxia/reoxygenation in human and mouse PTEC and studied the role of the different pathways of complement activation. Exposure of human PTEC to hypoxia followed by reoxygenation in human serum resulted in extensive complement activation. Inhibition studies using different complement inhibitors revealed no involvement of the alternative or lectin pathway of complement activation by hypoxic human PTEC. In contrast, complement activation by hypoxic murine PTEC was shown to be exclusively dependent on the alternative pathway. Hypoxic human PTEC induced classical pathway activation, supported by studies in C1q-depleted serum and the use of blocking antibodies to C1q. The activation of the classical pathway was mediated by IgM through interaction with modified phosphomonoesters exposed on hypoxic PTEC. Studies with different human sera showed a strong correlation between IgM binding to hypoxic human PTEC and the degree of complement activation. These results demonstrate important species-specific differences in complement activation by hypoxic PTEC and provide clues for directed complement inhibition strategies in the treatment and prevention of IRI in the human kidney.
Post-emplacement fluids and pluton thermobarometry: Mount Stuart batholith, Washington Cascades

The effects of post-emplacement infiltration of externally derived, high-temperature fluids into arc-related batholiths are often not well characterized. Such infiltration can have far-reaching effects on the elemental and light isotopic chemistry of a batholith and on its mineral phases. At high temperature, fluid infiltration can be less easily detected, especially if widespread. The Mount Stuart batholith of the Washington Cascades is offered as an example of high-temperature infiltration of high δ18O fluids derived from its contact aureole. Some of the fluid infiltration coincided with and may have been partly derived from a kyanite-grade, post-emplacement metamorphic event that affected northern portions of the batholith. However, the effects of the fluid infiltration were far reaching and affected the entire margin of the batholith, including southerly portions that did not experience post-emplacement metamorphism. The result led to an oxygen isotopic zonation of the batholith, which is viewed as secondary in origin, with expected effects on mineral chemistry, including derived estimates of thermobarometry, a portion of which is also substantially subsolidus in origin. Our revised emplacement barometry of the Mount Stuart batholith, excluding areas affected by fluid infiltration, demonstrates that it was emplaced at ∼350–400 MPa. Soon after emplacement, the batholith was tilted to the north by loading processes and subsequently was righted and unroofed during erosion in the Eocene. Its current near palaeohorizontal orientation has implications for palaeomagnetic studies supporting northward transport (the Baja–British Columbia hypothesis), but these results need further study, given the batholith's complex metamorphic and deformation history and the nature of its dominant magnetic mineralogy (pyrrhotite).
Role of Exosomes in Myocardial Remodeling

: Exosomes are nanovesicles released from cells through exocytosis and are known to be mediators of proximal as well as distant cell-to-cell signaling. They are surrounded by a classical bilayered membrane with an exceptionally high cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. Exosomes were first described in 1977, then named prostasomes, and in 1987 the name exosome was coined. Exosomes contain surface proteins, some of which can act as labels in order to find their target cells. Exosomes also contain messages in the form of proteins and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) that are transferable to target cells. Little is known and written about cardiac exosomes, although Gupta and Knowlton described exosomes containing HSP60 in 2007. It is now known that exosomes from cardiomyocytes can transfect other cells and that the metabolic milieu of the parental cell decides the quality of exosomes released such that they induce differential gene expression in transfected cells. Future clinical use of exosomes in diagnosis, monitoring disease progress, and treatment is promising. ( Circ Res . 2014;114:315-324.)
Global public health efforts to address HIV and related communicable disease

Global efforts to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic have been framed within a public health approach that aims to simplify and standardize treatment and care interventions to support delivery of treatment and care at scale [1]. Key approaches include the use of standardized treatment regimens and monitoring approaches, promote task sharing and community involvement, and implement simplified and integrated service delivery. Together these approaches support access to care across the health system and remove barriers to accessing care when relying on specialized staff and resources [2 && ]. The public health approach has enabled 24.5 million people to receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) as of mid-2019 (https:// www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet). People living with HIV (PLHIV) are at increased risk of acquiring illness from common comorbidities, such as tuberculosis (TB), viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as a range of opportunistic infections, because of either shared routes of transmission or increased susceptibility due to immunosuppression. Syndemics are defined as the aggregation of two or more epidemics in a population that interact to exacerbate the burden and prognosis of both diseases [3,4].
A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF TIME LAPSE ON LANGUAGE RETENTION IN BEGINNING LEVEL SPANISH CLASSES

Niedfeldt, Kathryn S. A study of the impact of time lapse on language retention in beginning level Spanish classes M.S. Education Mary Hopkins-Best, Research Advisor August 2001 36 pages American Pyschological Association (APA) Publication Manual A pre-test was given to all Spanish 2 students at Menomonie High School during the 1999-2000 school year to determine if there was a relationship between retention of basic Spanish language skills and information learned in a Spanish 1 course and the time lapse between the Spanish 1 and Spanish 2 courses. After a review of the Spanish 1 curriculum at Menomonie High School a 50 point true/false and multiple choice pre-test was developed by the researcher to cover basic skills and information that students should have acquired in the Spanish 1 course. At the same time as the assessment was given, students were also asked to rate their level of anxiety at the beginning of the