Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hedging error as generalized timing risk

This paper introduces a methodology to disentangle the hedging error associated with the hedging of exotic derivatives, whose payment time is unknown at inception. We derive the mathematical representation for a one-dimensional setting: we identify and characterize the hedging error and discuss the economic intuition of hedging error as a generalized timing risk. We then provide its mathematical integral representation to: (i) disentangle the hedging error into a specific set of positions in barrier options, (ii) re-iterate the procedure to the second order to reduce the hedging error cost. We provide an illustrative example via a dedicated numerical study. From a theoretical point of view, this paper states the foundations for future extensions in the directions of: (i) building a general multidimensional framework, (ii) re-iterating the procedure to higher orders, (iii) investigate the bridge with advanced analytics methodologies and techniques.
The Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Experimental Cancer Therapeutics

The blood-brain barrier is critically important for the treatment of both primary and metastatic cancers of the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical outcomes for patients with primary CNS tumors are poor and have not significantly improved in decades. As treatments for patients with extracranial solid tumors improve, the incidence of CNS metastases is on the rise due to suboptimal CNS exposure of otherwise systemically active agents. Despite state-of-the art surgical care and increasingly precise radiation therapy, clinical progress is limited by the ability to deliver an effective dose of a therapeutic agent to all cancerous cells. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of CNS cancers, both across cancer subtypes and within a single tumor, and the range of diverse therapies under investigation, a nuanced examination of CNS drug exposure is needed. With a shared goal, common vocabulary, and interdisciplinary collaboration, the field is poised for renewed progress in the treatment of CNS cancers.
Kapitza resistance cooling of single crystal (111) niobium for superconducting rf cavities

The use of large grains or single crystal niobium to improve the Q factor of superconducting rf cavities for particle accelerators, is presently under study. Heat extraction which plays a decisive role in the thermomagnetic stability of these devices depends on the thermal conductivity of niobium K and the thermal boundary (Kapitza) resistance RK at the niobium/superfluid helium interface. Here we present the first measurements of RK performed between 1.5–2.1 K with single crystal (111) niobium, having two different surface morphologies, namely, a surface with a damage layer and a chemically polished surface. The thermal conductivity of the single crystal Nb samples is also simultaneously determined. For monocrystalline niobium we demonstrate that RK is an increasing primary limiting factor with temperature, contrary to the behavior found for polycrystalline cavities. The present investigation reveals for the first time that the presence of impurities (metallic particles and oxygen) within the damage layer leads to a stronger RK, although the effective heat exchange area to the superfluid is increased. We further show the importance of dislocations in the thermal conductivity of monocrystalline niobium.
Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors Contribute to Changed Dorsal Horn Neuronal Firing and Inflammatory Pain

The dorsal horn (DH) neurons of the spinal cord play a critical role in nociceptive input integration and processing in the central nervous system. Engaged neuronal classes and cell-specific excitability shape nociceptive computation within the DH. The DH hyperexcitability (central sensitisation) has been considered a fundamental mechanism in mediating nociceptive hypersensitivity, with the proven role of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (AMPARs). However, whether and how the DH hyperexcitability relates to changes in action potential (AP) parameters in DH neurons and if Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to these changes remain unknown. We examined the cell-class heterogeneity of APs generated by DH neurons in inflammatory pain conditions to address these. Inflammatory-induced peripheral hypersensitivity increased DH neuronal excitability. We found changes in the AP threshold and amplitude but not kinetics (spike waveform) in DH neurons generating sustained or initial bursts of firing patterns. In contrast, there were no changes in AP parameters in the DH neurons displaying a single spike firing pattern. Genetic knockdown of the molecular mechanism responsible for the upregulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs allowed the recovery of cell-specific AP changes in peripheral inflammation. Selective inhibition of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs in the spinal cord alleviated nociceptive hypersensitivity, both thermal and mechanical modalities, in animals with peripheral inflammation. Thus, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to shaping APs in DH neurons and nociceptive hypersensitivity. This may represent a neuropathological mechanism in the DH circuits, leading to aberrant signal transfer to other nociceptive pathways.
Investigation of the threshold behavior of subharmonics for damage detection of a structure with a breathing crack

The Nonlinear System Identification methodology uses nonlinear signal content generated by a structure with a breathing crack in order to locate the damage. A subharmonic response is one type of signal that is useful in the methodology, but subharmonic responses may not always occur and are dependent upon the input excitations. The goal herein is to find a condition on the excitation to the structure which will produce subharmonics. In this study, through analysis of a single degree of freedom oscillator, which shares similar physics with a cracked structure, such a condition is found to determine the forcing frequency needed to produce subharmonics. This condition is then verified using a finite element model of a cracked rod.
Nuclear Spin Phenomena in Optically Active Semiconductor Quantum Dots

The motivating background for this thesis lies in the recent development in the coherent optical control of electron spin states in semiconductor quantum dots. One possible and attractive application for these achievements is a physical implementation of a quantum computer based on spin qubits (quantum bit) in quantum dots. However, one of the obstacles in building such quantum computer is decoherence caused by the interaction of the electron spins with nuclear spins of the host material. In this thesis we theoretically investigate the effects caused by the hyperfine interaction in optically active semiconductor quantum dots. In Chapter 2 we assume optically induced rotations of single electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots. The optical control of the electron spin states is considered to be conducted by means of Raman type optical transitions between electron spin states. We investigate the influence of nuclear spins on the performance of the single-qubit gates by incorporating the additional effect of the Overhauser field into the electron spin dynamics. To calculate the errors caused by the hyperfine interaction, we determine average fidelities of rotations around characteristic axes in the Bloch sphere in the presence of nuclear spins analytically with perturbation theory up to second order in the Overhauser field. By applying numerical averaging over the nuclear field distribution we find the average fidelity to the arbitrary orders of the hyperfine interaction.
Stabilization for Decomposable Dissipative Discrete-time Switched Systems*

Abstract This paper investigates stabilization issue for decomposable dissipative discrete-time switched systems. Firstly, the decomposable dissipativity is discussed for discrete-time switched systems (DSS). Then, uniform stabilization conditions are derived for a ρ-geometric decomposable dissipative DSS. The results are then specialized to the linear DSS with quadratic supply rate. The linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions for ρ-geometric dissipativity are derived. These LMI conditions are used to design feedback controllers to stabilize uniformly the linear ρ-geometric decomposable dissipative DSS. Finally, one example is given for illustration.
Sur L'enveloppe convexe des nuages de points aleatoires dans Rn . I

L'enveloppe convexe des nuages de points dans Rn a donné lieu à un certain nombre de travaux. Dans deux articles ([5] et [6]), Rényi et Sulanke ont proposé et résolu un certain nombre de problèmes. Une loi de probabilité étant donnée dans R 2, on procède aux tirages indépendants de N points suivant cette loi.
XXIII.—On Problems connected with Item Selection and Test Construction

Summary 9. A formula is adopted which gives the probability of an individual of given ability passing a test item in terms of two quantities constant for that item. A method of estimating these two constants is given. Making certain assumptions concerning the items composing a test, formula? are then derived giving the expected value and the standard error of the test score of any person. It is shown that there is a certain reciprocity between persons and items, and corresponding formula? are given for the item scores. Finally, the results are applied to actual data obtained on a Moray House intelligence test, an estimate being made of the reliability of the test. In conclusion I should like to thank Professor Godfrey H. Thomson for his help and valuable criticism in connection with this paper. I should also like to take this opportunity of thanking the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for grants to cover the cost of the setting and printing of mathematical formula? in two papers previously published in the Society's Proceedings.
Post-Dilatation of New-Generation Self-Expandable Transcatheter Aortic Valves Does Not Increase Atrioventricular Conduction Abnormalities

The impact that post-dilatation has on the risk of experiencing conduction disorders after post-transcatheter aortic valve replacement with self-expanding valves (SE-TAVR) is unclear. We compared the rate of developing an atrioventricular (AV) high-grade conduction disorder and permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) in post-TAVR patients undergoing post-dilatation. We enrolled patients with severe symptomatic calcified aortic stenosis (CAS) who were undergoing SE-TAVR between 1 January 2016, and 19 April 2019 at a single French center. Of the 532 patients treated with SE-TAVR, 417 subjects (78.4%) received Corevalve Evolute R and 115 subjects (21.6%) received the latest-generation Corevalve Evolute Pro valve. In total, 104/532 patients (19.5%; 21.6% with Evolute R vs. 12.2% with Evolute Pro, p = 0.024) required post-dilatation. Evolut R was associated with an increased risk of post-dilatation (odds ratio 2.1 (1.01–4.33, p = 0.046)). We did not observe any post-dilatation increases in AV or in intra- and interventricular conduction disorders. In total, 26.1% of participants needed PPI within the first 30 post-procedure days (p = 0.449). Post-dilatation was not associated with a higher PPI risk (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.033 (0.726–1.471); p = 0.857). No significant differences existed between the groups in terms of one-year mortality (10.3%; p = 0.507). Post-dilatation in SE-TAVR did not increase the rate of electrical conduction disorders and PPI in the early implantation phase. The latest generation of SE-TAVR valves was associated with less need for post-dilatation.
Asymptotic Properties of OLS and GLS

1. Goldberger, A.S. Best linear unbiased prediction in the generalized linear regression model. Journal of the American Statistical Association 57 (1962): 369-375. 2. Wansbeek, T.J. & A. Kapteyn. The separation of individual variation and systematic change in the analysis of panel data. Annales de I'Insee 30-31 (1978): 659-680. 3. Wansbeek, T.J. & A. Kapteyn. A note on spectral decomposition and maximum likelihood estimation in ANOVA models with balanced data. Statistics and Probability Letters 1 (1983): 213-215.
The sweeping decorrelation hypothesis and energy–inertial scale interaction in high Reynolds number flows

The random sweeping decorrelation hypothesis was analysed theoretically and experimentally in terms of the higher-order velocity structure functions $D_{u_i}^{(m)}(r) = \left< [u_i^m(x + r) - u_i^m(x)]^2\right>$. Measurements in two high Reynolds number laboratory shear flows were used: in the return channel (Rλ ≈ 3.2 × 103) and in the mixing layer (Rλ ≈ 2.0 × 103) of a large wind tunnel. Two velocity components (in the direction of the mean flow, u1, and in the direction of the mean shear, u2) were processed for m = 1−4. The effect of using Taylor's hypothesis was estimated by a specially developed method, and found to be insignificant. It was found that all the higher-order structure functions scale, in the inertial subrange, as r2/3. Such a scaling has been argued as supporting evidence for the sweeping hypothesis. However, our experiments also established a strong correlation between energy- and inertial-range excitation. This finding leads to the conclusion that the sweeping decorrelation hypothesis cannot be exactly valid. The hypothesis of statistical independence of large- and small-scale excitation was directly checked with conditionally averaged moments of the velocity difference $\left< [u_i(x + r) - u_i(x)]^l\right>_{u_i^*}, l = 2-4$, at a fixed value of the large-scale parameter u*i. Clear dependence of the conditionally averaged moments on the level of averaging was found. In spite of a strong correlation between the energy-containing and the inertial-scale excitation, universality of the intrinsic structure of the inertial subrange was shown.
Frequency Discrimination of Pure and Complex Tones

Utilizing the method of constant stimuli, subjects performed significantly better in discriminating small changes of frequency of complex tones (15‐μsec pulse length) than in discriminating similar changes of frequency of pure tones. This difference was obtained at the 6 base frequencies used in this experiment, 190, 490, 990, 1500, 3000, and 6000 cps. The superior performance with complex tones was attributed to the presence of overtones, which made the discrimination task much easier. The maximum efficiency of subjects in discriminating frequency changes in the complex tones occurred between 490 and 990 cps.
OAcode: Overall Aesthetic 2D Barcode on Screen

Nowadays, two-dimensional (2D) barcodes have been widely used in various domains. And a series of aesthetic 2D barcode schemes have been proposed to improve the visual quality and readability of 2D barcodes for better integration with marketing materials. Yet we believe that the existing aesthetic 2D barcode schemes are <italic>partially</italic> aesthetic because they only beautify the data area but retain the position detection patterns with the black-white appearance of traditional 2D barcode schemes. Thus, in this paper, we propose the first <italic>overall</italic> aesthetic 2D barcode scheme, called OAcode, in which the position detection pattern is canceled. Its detection process is based on the pre-designed symmetrical data area of OAcode, whose symmetry could be used as the calibration signal to restore the perspective transformation in the barcode scanning process. Moreover, an enhanced demodulation method is proposed to resist the lens distortion common in the camera-shooting process. The experimental results illustrate that when <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5 \times 5 \text{cm}$</tex-math></inline-formula> OAcode is captured with a resolution of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$720\times 1280$</tex-math></inline-formula> pixels, at the screen-camera distance of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10 \text{cm}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and the angle less or equal to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$25^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>, OAcode has 100% detection rate and 99.5% demodulation accuracy. For <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10 \times 10 \text{cm}$</tex-math></inline-formula> OAcode, it could be extracted by consumer-grade mobile phones at a distance of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$90 \text{cm}$</tex-math></inline-formula> with around 90% accuracy.
Assessing the impacts of large‐scale substitution of pressurized irrigation on basin hydrology through a water accounting framework

As the main challenge to water resource management, the impacts of irrigation method improvement need to be addressed in regional hydrological processes. This study investigates the hydrological impacts of developing pressurized irrigation systems at the basin scale using the WEAP–WA (water evaluation and planning system–water accounting) coupling approach. Regarding the development of pressurized irrigation systems since 2006, two separate periods can be mentioned for surface irrigation (1998–2006) and for pressurized irrigation development (2006–2013) in the intermediate basin of Ahar‐Chai in Iran. All major water resource elements of the region were found and constructed in WEAP as predefined object‐oriented elements. The simplified soil moisture method was adopted to model the rainfall‐runoff process in irrigated areas. This model was calibrated and validated using PEST (parameter estimation tool) with acceptable statistical criteria. To understand water balance components, the water accounting framework (WAF) was employed, and the results indicated that modernizing the irrigation system increased water depletion and usage. The results indicate an increase of 26% in actual evapotranspiration in pressurized irrigation compared with surface irrigation (50% of the irrigated area). Actual evapotranspiration and nonbeneficial evapotranspiration per unit area also followed the same trend. However, pressurized systems have higher crop productivity and denser crop patterns. In contrast, the basin runoff during pressurized irrigation was 42% less than that during surface irrigation, which is due to fewer return flows caused by pressurized irrigation. Therefore, the basin surface runoff can be influenced by the type of irrigation. The results obtained by this study suggest an adverse effect of altering the surface irrigation methods in pressurized systems.
Trade Consistency in the Context of the Eurosystem Projection Exercises: An Overview

The Eurosystem macroeconomic projection exercises are part of the input prepared for the Governing Council’s decision-making meetings. Under the economic analysis pillar of the ECB’s monetary policy strategy, they are a key element in the assessment of economic prospects and of the short to medium-term risks to price stability. The projection exercises are conducted on the basis of a number of “technical” assumptions. In particular, assumptions are made about future developments in world trade, foreign prices and nominal exchange rates. The purpose of the trade consistency exercise (TCE) is to ensure that individual country forecasts are consistent with each other regarding the assumptions made about the international environment. Trade consistency is ensured in two directions: first, the cross-trade consistency part of the TCE involves examining the consistency of the trade projections at any given point in time; and second, the ex ante/ex post trade consistency part involves comparing the projections for a given variable across different projection rounds. This paper provides a comprehensive description of the data and techniques underlying the trade consistency exercises in the context of the projection exercises of the Eurosystem and the ECB. JEL Classification: C23, D92, E22, E52, G31, G32
The observed life cycle of a baroclinic instability

Abstract Medium-scale waves (zonal wavenumbers 4–7) frequently dominate Southern Hemisphere summer circulation patterns. Randel and Stanford have studied the dynamics of these features, demonstrating that the medium-scale waves result from baroclinic excitation and exhibit well-defined life cycles. This study details the evolution of the medium-scale waves during a particular life cycle. The specific case chosen exhibits a high degree of zonal symmetry, prompting study based upon zonally averaged diagnostics. An analysis of the medium-scale wave energetics reveals a well-defined life cycle of baroclinic growth, maturity, and barotropic decay. Eliassen-Palm flux diagrams detail the daily wave structure and its interaction with the zonally-averged flow.
Transcriptome Analysis of Marbled Rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus under Salinity Stress

Simple Summary Changes in salinity can have an impact on the physiological processes of fish. In this study, RNA-seq sequencing was used to detect and analyze the differential gene expression of Sebastiscus marmoratus in salinity fluctuations and to explore the genes and pathways related to salinity stress. The results demonstrated that pik3r6b, cPLA2γ-like, and WSB1 were differentially expressed in all three groups. All three genes were highly expressed in the high-salt group, with wsb1 being more expressed than pik3r6b and cPLA2γ-like. The results of this study provide some basic theoretical references for the salinity adaptation mechanism of Sebastiscus marmoratus. Abstract The marbled rockfish, Sebastiscus marmoratus, belongs to the euryhaline fish and is an oviparous scleractinian fish. There are few studies on the adaptation mechanism, functional genes, and related pathways of S. marmoratus and salinity. The results showed that a total of 72.1 GB of clean reads were obtained and all clean reads annotated a total of 25,278 Unigenes, of which 2,160 were novel genes. Compared to 20‰, 479 and 520 differential genes were obtained for 35‰ and 10‰, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in protein binding, ion binding, ATP binding, and catalytic activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) showed that differentially expressed genes significantly expressed under salinity stress were mainly involved in the pathways of the cytochrome P450 metabolism of xenobiotics, tryptophan metabolism, cellular senescence, and calcium signaling pathways. Among them, pik3r6b, cPLA2γ-like, and WSB1 were differentially expressed in all three groups, and they were associated with apoptosis, inflammation, DNA damage, immune regulation, and other physiological processes. Six differentially expressed genes were randomly selected for qRT-PCR validation, and the results showed that the transcriptomic data were of high confidence.
Multiplexing multimode fiber and Fizeau etalon: a simultaneous measurement scheme of temperature and strain

We propose a sensing scheme to measure temperature and strain simultaneously by multiplexing a section of multimode fiber (MMF) and a Fizeau etalon to construct a novel fiber optic sensor unit. The multimode interference of MMF can monitor the environmental temperature separately without being affected by strain applied on the sensor unit. The Fizeau etalon can measure the strain applied on the sensor unit. The sensor unit is interrogated by a broadband source ASE and its demodulation is performed by an optical spectral analyzer (OSA) combined with fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques in the spectral domain. A sensor unit is fabricated and tested to prove the feasibility of the sensing scheme.