Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INVERSION OF PHASE VELOCITY OF LONG-PERIOD MICROTREMORS TO THE S-WAVE-VELOCITY STRUCTURE DOWN TO THE BASEMENT IN URBANIZED AREAS

Engineering seismology now requires a convenient and easy survey method for S-wave-velocity structures which enables exploration down to the basement even in urbanized areas. We have attempted an application of long-period (0.5Hz to 3.0Hz) microtremors to answer this demand. The method consists of three steps: (1) microtremors are observed using an array of seismometers; (2) their phase velocities are determined by the frequency-wavenumber-spectral analysis of array data; and (3) the S-wave-velocity structure is determined from the obtained phase velocities by the generalized inversion method. As an exploration method, this procedure has several advantages: (1) microtremors can be observed at any time and location; (2) observation is much easier than with other exploration methods; (3) it causes no environmental problems; and (4) geological conditions down to a depth of more than 100m can be inverted, as far as microtremors of required frequency range are observed. The method was applied at two sites located in and near urban areas, and the whole S-velocity structure above the basement was determined. This method proves to be a useful and practical tool for determining S-wave-velocity structures especially in urbanized areas.
Automatic detection of earthquake‐damaged buildings using DEMs created from pre‐ and post‐earthquake stereo aerial photographs

This study presents detection of the collapsed buildings caused by earthquakes using digital elevation models (DEMs) created from pre‐ and post‐earthquake stereo aerial photographs. It is based on the idea that changes in the heights of collapsed buildings can be detected. The study was conducted using aerial photographs taken before (1994) and after (1999) the Izmit earthquake in Turkey. DEMs were created automatically from both pre‐ and post‐earthquake aerial photographs at 5 m spatial resolution. The DEMs created from the two epochs were then differenced and the difference DEM obtained was analysed building by building to detect those buildings whose height difference between pre‐ and post‐earthquake exceeded a specified threshold level. The producer's accuracy for detecting the collapsed buildings was found to be 84%. The results show that the difference DEM of the pre‐ and post‐earthquake aerial images can reveal successfully the collapsed buildings caused by the earthquake. It was found that determining an optimum threshold level between change and no change pixels of the difference DEM is important.
The role of air-sea interaction over the Indian Ocean in the in-phase transition from the Indian summer monsoon to the Australian boreal winter monsoon

[1] The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) can affect the regional climate in the surrounding regions, including the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and the Australian summer monsoon (ASM) variability. Recently, it was demonstrated that the in-phase ISM-to-ASM transition can be accomplished through monsoon–Indian Ocean interaction solely. To investigate this issue, a long-term simulation of a hybrid coupled model (HCM) is conducted, in which the atmospheric general circulation model is coupled with a slab ocean model in the Indian Ocean only. Air-sea interactions are allowed only in the tropical Indian Ocean, and the climatological sea surface temperature is specified outside the tropical Indian Ocean. Results from the idealized simulation indicate that the Indian Ocean SST itself can induce in-phase ISM-to-ASM transitions. A wet ISM is largely associated with cool SST in the tropical South Indian Ocean in summer. A wet ASM is also associated with cool SST anomalies in summer. These cool SST anomalies persist until fall and lead to anomalous downward flows over the center of the tropical South Indian Ocean. Consequently, anomalous low-level convergences dominates over northern Australia until winter, which induces a wet ASM.
Millimetre radar threat level evaluation (MiRTLE) at standoff ranges

A millimetre wave (75 - 110 GHz) polarimetric RADAR system is demonstrated for the detection of threat objects concealed under clothing upon the human body at stand-off ranges of up to 25 metres. The system implements Swept Frequency Continuous Wave RADAR with low cost components to deliver a compact, UWB, high resolution (~ 1 cm) RADAR system capable of detecting, resolving and discriminating a wide spectrum of threat items concealed on the human body. Threat detection is autonomously rendered by application of a neural network to the scattered time domain polarimetric radar return, the system may be taught to alarm or reject certain classes of objects; allowing for highly specific through to broad spectrum threat detection. The authors present data for some simple envisaged threat scenarios at stand off ranges out to 25 metres.
Stable Isotope Ecology of a Late Miocene Population of Gomphotherium productus (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Port of Entry Pit, Oklahoma, USA

Abstract The stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of serial samples of enamel from tusks of Gomphotherium productus (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Port of Entry Pit, Oklahoma (early Hemphillian North American Land Mammal Age, ca. 7.5 Ma), were measured to examine intra-annual and interannual variation. Sample series from each of six tusks spanned approximately one year of tusk growth. Carbon isotope compositions range from −11.3 to −9.2‰ (VPDB) and exhibit no pattern of seasonal variation, indicating the diet of gomphotheres at Port of Entry Pit was dominated by C3 vegetation throughout the year. Phosphate oxygen isotope composition (δ18Op) ranges from 18.9 to 22.2‰ (VSMOW); carbonate oxygen isotope composition (δ18Oc) ranges from 26.1 to 30.1‰ (VSMOW). None of the tusks exhibit seasonal variation in δ18O, and the average within-tusk range in δ18Op is 1.7‰. Neither the fluorine composition of the specimens nor the relationship between δ18Op and δ18Oc values from splits of the same samples suggest significant post-depositional alteration. The oxygen isotope data imply that Hemphillian meteoric water had δ18O values that are indistinguishable from modern values in the region today. However, because polar ice sheets were smaller and mean ocean water δ18O lower than present, the estimates of meteoric water composition from gomphothere tusk δ18Op are consistent with warmer mean annual temperatures during the Hemphillian. The within-tusk variations in δ18Op are consistent with similar or much reduced patterns of seasonal temperature variation in comparison to today, depending on air mass flow during the late Miocene. Alternative explanations include seasonal migratory behavior and reliance by the gomphotheres at Port of Entry Pit on sources of drinking water with relatively constant δ18O values.
Changing behavior in the diurnal range of surface air temperatures over Mexico

The diurnal range in surface temperatures (DTR = maximum − minimum temperature) has been widely used as one indicator of potential climate change. On hemispheric space scales DTR trends over about the last half‐century tend to be decreasing. This paper analyzes regional scale trends in DTR for Mexico (1940–2001). Our principal finding is that in recent decades (post‐1970) DTR trends over Mexico are positive as maximum temperatures are warming at a significantly higher rate than minimum temperatures. Regional land use and land cover changes (LCCs) are identified as potential forcing mechanisms responsible for at least part of the observed DTR behavior.
Rectification Feedback of High-Frequency Atmospheric Variability into Low-Frequency Zonal Flows in the Tropical Pacific

AbstractIn this study, the rectification process of high-frequency (HF) zonal-wind variability on the low-frequency (LF) zonal wind is investigated through an idealized experiment using an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Through an idealized AGCM experiment with a fixed SST boundary forcing, it is shown that there is positive (negative) correlation between HF (2–90-day period) zonal-wind variance and LF (3-month average) zonal wind where the HF zonal-wind variance is positively (negatively) skewed because the stronger HF westerly (easterly) wind events than HF easterly (westerly) wind events induce a residual westerly (easterly), and it results in an additional rectified LF westerly (easterly) anomaly. This means that, over regions with positively skewed HF zonal winds, LF westerly anomalies are generated due to the residuals of the HF zonal winds. It implies that the LF zonal wind can be generated through internal processes of the atmosphere without external forcing and the interaction betw.
Mounting Evidence for Historical Overfishing and Long-term Degradation of Caribbean Marine Ecosystems: Comment on Julio Baisre's “Setting a Baseline for Caribbean Fisheries”

The central claim of Baisre’s (2010) article is that no significant ecological change occurred in the Caribbean before the middle of the twentieth century. The assumption that historical fisheries’ impacts were low and populations of marine animals just naturally small is common, and arises primarily because long-term data are difficult to find and interpret, and often lack the uniformity demanded by modern fisheries science. However, when rigorous historical ecological analyses are undertaken, the weight of evidence has shown both assumptions to be false: historical fishing was more intensive
Detection of statistically significant trends in atmospheric concentrations of semivolatile compounds

This paper examines the sampling and analytical requirements of observing statistically significant temporal trends in atmospheric concentrations of semivolatile organic pollutants. Data precision and study duration are found to be the most important factors that are subject to experimental control. We define a detectable half-life as the longest half-life for which statistical significance can be observed for a given length of study and show how this can be calculated. Finally, we show how to predict the length of a study that will find a statistically significant half-life. These concepts are applied to a recently updated temporal trends study from the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network. Updated half-lives for gas-phase pesticides at three U.S. sampling sites are given. There are now enough data to observe statistically significant temporal trends for most of the gas-phase pesticides except for α-chlordane and trans-nonachlor at Eagle Harbor. Using the concept of detectable half-life and based on.
Season-Dependent Forecast Skill of the Leading Forced Atmospheric Circulation Pattern over the North Pacific and North American Region*

AbstractMultimodel ensemble (MME) seasonal forecasts are analyzed to evaluate numerical model performance in predicting the leading forced atmospheric circulation pattern over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere (NH). Results show that the time evolution of the leading tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST)-coupled atmospheric pattern (MCA1), which is obtained by applying a maximum covariance analysis (MCA) between 500-hPa geopotential height (Z500) in the extratropical NH and SST in the tropical Pacific Ocean, can be predicted with a significant skill in March–May (MAM), June–August (JJA), and December–February (DJF) one month ahead. However, most models perform poorly in capturing the time variation of MCA1 in September–November (SON) with 1 August initial condition. Two possible reasons for the models’ low skill in SON are identified. First, the models have the most pronounced errors in the mean state of SST and precipitation along the central equatorial Pacific. Because of the link between t.
Spatial Interpolation for Real-Time Rainfall Field Estimation in Areas with Complex Topography

AbstractFor many hydrological applications interpolation of point rainfall measurements is needed. One such application is flood early warning, particularly where spatially distributed hydrological models are used. Operation in real time poses challenges to the interpolation procedure, as this should then both be automatic and efficiently provide robust interpolation of gauged data. The differences in performance of ordinary kriging, universal kriging, and kriging with external drift with individual and pooled variograms were assessed for 139 daily datasets with significant precipitation in a study area in Bogota, Colombia. Interpolators were compared using the percentage of variability explained and the root-mean-square error found in cross validation, aiming at identifying a procedure for real-time interpolation. The results showed that interpolators using pooled variograms provide a performance comparable to when the interpolators were applied to the storms individually, showing that they can be used s.
Long‐Term Corn Residue Effects

A better understanding of C turnover, with estimates of root-derived C, is needed to manage soil C sequestration. The objective was to evaluate the long-term treatment and environmental effects on unharvestable soil C components. Two N fertilizer treatments and a control were imposed during 29 yr of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) with stover removal as silage vs. stover return during grain harvest with moldboard plow (MB) tillage. Soil organic carbon (SOC) declined and natural 13 C abundance (δ 13 C) increased during the 29-yr period. Field averages of SOC and δ 13 C (0-30 cm) were 96.4 Mg ha -1 and -17.3‰ in 1965; respective values in 1995 were 78.9 Mg ha -1 and -16.6%o. Loss of SOC was greater with stover removed or no fertilization, but δ 13 C increased for all treatments. Stover yield (SY), SOC, and δ 13 C data were applied to a model to estimate unharvestable C and predict total source C (SC) input from corn. The SC for 29 yr totaled 172 to 189 Mg ha -1 when stover was harvested and 268 to 284 Mg ha -1 when stover was returned. The SC input from unharvestable sources was 1.8 times more than SC from aboveground stover when N was added and 1.7 when N was not added. The root-to-shoot ratio was 1.1 when N was added and 1.2 with no N. Only 5.3% of the SC was retained as SOC. Unharvestable C contributions to rhizodeposition are much larger than suggested from controlled studies including C-enriched CO 2 followed by soil respiration or CO 2 efflux measurements.
The Impeller Meter for measuring aquifer permeability variations: Evaluation and comparison with other tests

A knowledge of the variation of horizontal hydraulic conductivity with vertical position, K(z), is important in understanding the transport and dispersive properties of aquifers. Using an impeller meter to measure the discharge distribution in a screened well while pumping at a constant rate is a promising technique for obtaining the K(z) function. Such an application is described herein, and the resulting K(z) functions are compared with those obtained previously using tracer tests and multilevel slug tests. Impeller meter data were the most convenient to obtain, and tracer data the most difficult. The K(z) functions obtained by the three methods were not identical but quite similar overall. This similarity between both borehole tests and the larger-scale tracer test showed that nonstationary hydraulic conductivity trends, in a stochastic hydrologic sense, exist in the test aquifer. The impeller meter method was better able to detect the higher K layers than was the multilevel slug approach. Overall, the results suggest that a practical strategy for “fitting” impeller meter, tracer, or multilevel slug test data to a given aquifer is to use the selected testing procedure to obtain a dimensionless distribution and then a standard pumping test to measure . Combining both types of information enables dimensional values for K(z) to be calculated. In low permeability aquifers or near the bottom of a test well the fluid velocity due to pumping may be below the stall velocity of an impeller. Thus there is a definite need for the commercial development of more sensitive flow-measuring devices such as heat pulse flowmeters (Hess, 1986), which will extend the resolution of this field method.
Collins Glacier Retreat Process and Regional Climatic Variations, King George Island, Antarctica

Abstract This paper investigates the recent climatic variability and changes in snow line and ice front position in Collins Glacier, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. This region has recorded one of the largest temperature increases in the past fifty years and has been demonstrated to be highly sensitive to climate changes. To monitor recent changes (1983–2006), we determined the fluctuations of the terminus and snow line of the glacier via remote sensing data and field observation in the summer of 2013. We conclude that the Collins Glacier has responded slowly to regional climate changes (decades or even centuries), as glacial responses to climatic events do not depend solely on one environmental variable. The glacier presented more retreat and elevation of the snow line in the north sector. The retreat data are correlated with the mean monthly temperature and annual number of days of melting‐degree variations.
The temperature variation of hardness of olivine and its implication for polycrystalline yield stress

The variation of hardness with temperature was measured for olivine on a number of crystal faces by the Vickers diamond pyramid technique (up to 800°C) and by a mutual indentation technique (for temperatures up to 1500°C). A comparative review of hardness data and compressive creep measurements obtained under large confining pressures confirms the hypothesis of Rice [1971] that single-crystal hardness measurements, corrected for elastic effects, can be correlated to the fully ductile yielding of a polycrystal by intragranular dislocation mechanisms, including dislocation climb and glide. The computed differential yield stresses, σ (in gigapascals), which empirically correspond to a strain rate of 10−5 s−1, were well represented by an equation of the form σ = 9.1(±0.3) - 0.23(±0.01)T2, where T is the absolute temperature (in degrees Kelvin), and the quoted variances are for 1 standard deviation. The olivine data therefore predict a high-stress polycrystalline flow law that may be expressed as = 1.3 × 1012exp - [(60×103)/T][1 - (σ/9.1)]2 where is the strain rate in s−1. A similar functional dependence of strain rate on stress is indicated for Al2O3 for temperatures below 900°C but is contraindicated for MgO and NaCl. Using a semiempirical method of dislocation rosette analysis, the critical resolved shear stress on the {110} [001] slip system was estimated (to 20%) over the temperature range 20°C to 780°C as 1.2 GPa and 0.3 GPa, respectively. These data are useful in providing an upper bound to the yield stress in a region of stress and temperature space not easily accessible by other experimental methods.
Predicted reversal and recovery of surface creep on the Hayward fault following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

Offset cultural features suggest that creep rates along the Hayward fault have remained constant since 1920 until the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake despite evidence in the earthquake record of an enduring stress shadow after 1906. We re‐construct the stressing history on the Hayward fault in order to predict when creep, assumed to have slowed, likely resumed at historical rates. The resumption of creep is dependent on the stressing history imposed from postseismic processes. Basic viscoelastic models produce stress histories that allow creep to resume within a couple decades. A detachment zone model for the Bay Area predicts that creep would not resume for 70+ years after the 1906 earthquake, in disagreement with historical creep observations. The recovery of creep is also advanced by potential left‐lateral slip that could have been induced by the 1906 earthquake. Calculations for a friction‐less fault suggest that 30–210 mm of left‐lateral slip could have occurred.
Understanding wood formation: gains to commercial forestry through tree-ring research

Summary Tree-ring research, in its varied manifestations, has made many contributions to our understanding of how trees grow and respond to a changing world. Environmental factors can vary from periodic and/or predictable changes in temperature, precipitation and anthropogenic stress factors, to occasional ‘one-off’ events like fire, landslides or storms. The robustness of trees to change is indicated by their longevity. A major advantage of this longevity is that the pattern of response to change is recorded in their wood structure. The variation in wood properties over time is a net result of a complex web of interactions. This pattern of variation is a function of genotype x environment interactions on the whole tree as they impact on the factors controlling cambial growth. A combination of recent advances in measurement technology, cambial development and process modeling offers strong possibilities for making major advances in the understanding of wood formation. This understanding is important to both dendrochronology/dendroecology and commercial forestry. This paper examines some of the recent advances in technology and describes how they have been used to bridge the gap between these two disciplines, addressing areas of interest to both. Changes to the way research is being funded means that greater attention must be paid to the benefits obtained from it. To ensure that research opportunities are captured, there is a need to strengthen links between traditional tree-ring research and research in commercial forestry. Tree-ring research has a major contribution to make to both areas. Understanding the physiology of wood formation will lead to an improvement in the efficiency of our timber production industries and to a better interpretation of the tree-ring record.
Role of dispersive effects in determining probe and electromagnetic parameters by time domain reflectometry

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements, performed in a cylindrical tube filled with air, glass beads, and water, are analyzed in the time and frequency domains. In the time domain, air and water provide contrasting results of the probe length if the standard tangent line fitting procedure is used. An alternative method, based on the time derivative of the TDR response, is introduced. Its application suggests that the anomalous result provided by the tangent method in water is explained by dispersion effects. To account for the frequency dependence of the permittivity, an analysis in the frequency domain is performed. The problems of the input function choice and of the noise control are investigated. This allows us to correct the experimental scatter function S(ν) and to perform the best fit of its parameterized expression, which is theoretically evaluated from the Debye model of the permittivity. Consistent values of the probe length are derived. It is concluded that the tangent method cannot be applied for determining the geometrical and electromagnetic parameters of a probe filled by dispersive media. As an application, the calibrated probe is used for measuring the TDR trace of glass beads, which simulate sandy soils, and for deriving the frequency‐dependent permittivity within the Debye model.