Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
White-noise magnetization fluctuations in magnetoresistive heads

Thermal magnetization fluctuations in magnetoresistive (MR) heads for magnetic hard-disk storage are a fundamental limit on their signal-to-noise ratio. The resultant noise is essentially frequency flat (white), scales with head sensitivity as signal does, but increases inversely with sensor volume. It will impact the present course of industrial R&D efforts toward geometric scaling and increasing raw head sensitivity to achieve increased areal storage densities and data rates. Magnetization noise is shown to exceed Johnson noise in 0.4 μm sensor size, giant-MR spin-valve heads designed for ∼20 Gbit/in.2 areal storage density. The basic physics underlying the experimental results is shown to be consistent with predictions from the fluctuation–dissipation theorem.
Herbicide Resistance Is Increasing in Spain: Concomitant Management and Prevention

Herbicide-resistant weeds currently challenge sustainable food production in almost all cropping systems in Europe. Herbicide resistance is increasing, and some European countries are among the most affected globally, such as Spain and France. This situation is worsening not only due to herbicide use restrictions but also due to climate change, rendering Mediterranean countries such as Spain particularly susceptible. Therefore, focus should be aimed at preventive measures, which include those not only based on integrated weed management strategies but also based on a very good knowledge of the biology and ecology of each weed species. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of potential future herbicide-resistant cases that can evolve in the near future in Europe. We use Spain as the case study, as it is the most affected country in Europe and because it is at risk due to global warming. For different resistant cases detailed on a crop basis, adequate prevention and management measures will be provided in order to avoid resistance evolution relative to the sites of action that are most likely to generate resistant biotypes due to expected high selection pressures.
Validity of voice identification

Courts often need expert opinion as to whether two recordings were made by the same speaker or not. Typically one voice has been recorded by an unknown speaker on a telephone answering machine and the other somehow obtained from a suspect, When such an opinion has been given, the court is bound to ask how reliable it is. There is no answer to this question. There are too many unknown factors. Were the recording conditions similar? Were both the speakers talking in the same style? Was one speaker trying for a disguise? Was there any background noise? How long was the recording? Does the suspect have family or friends with very similar voices? It would be almost impossible to set up a valid experiment that can take all the variables into account. Given two 15 minute recordings of similar material made under studio conditions an expert could state beyond a reasonable doubt whether they were made by the same speaker or not. Given a 5 second bomb threat on a noisy phone line there is no way that this could be .
Thermal and chemical evolution of X-ray clusters of galaxies

The thermal and chemical evolution of X-ray clusters of galaxies is explored, pursuing the chemical evolution and gas ejection of member galaxies. We take into account the gas-ejection processes from galaxies to intracluster space by galactic winds powered by supernovae and ram-pressure stripping. The main results are as follows: 1) The metal supply from elliptical galaxies dominates over that of spirals and there is a possibility that ram pressure stripping had occurred at the same or in an earlier epoch than galactic winds in ellipticals. 2) The iron abundance of the intracluster medium (ICM) depends strongly on the initial mass function, but weakly on the star-formation rate of ellipticals, and intermediately on the wind epoch in ellipticals and the cluster richness. 3) The contribution to the ICM from galaxies is much smaller than that of primordial gas.
Linear programming formulations of stochastic control problems

Stochastic control problems having infinite-horizon discounted, long-term average, finite horizon or first exit criteria are shown to be equivalent, under very general conditions, to linear programs over collections of measures satisfying an identity appropriate to the criterion. Existence of processes corresponding to the measures satisfying the various identities is established, which is necessary for the proof of equivalence. As a corollary, existence of solutions to the martingale problem corresponding to solutions of the forward equation for Markov processes is shown. Since every solution of the martingale problem corresponds to a solution of the forward equation, uniqueness of solutions of the forward equation is equivalent to uniqueness of the solutions of the martingale problem.
Current Progress and Outlook for Agrimonolide: A Promising Bioactive Compound from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.

Agrimonolide (AM), which is a derivative of isocoumarins, is found mainly in the herb Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. This compound is highly lipophilic and readily crosses the blood–brain barrier. In recent years, interest has grown in the use of AM as a multitarget natural treatment for various diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, hepatic injury, myocardial damage, and diabetes mellitus. The potential mechanisms of these pharmacological effects have been clarified at cellular and molecular levels. AM shows no cytotoxicity over a range of concentrations in different types of cells, providing evidence for its good safety profile in vitro. These findings indicate that AM is a promising medicinal agent. However, most studies on AM’s pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action, and safety lack substantial animal or human data. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition of this compound have received little attention. This review highlights the status of current information regarding the sources, properties, pharmacological effects, and safety of AM. Furthermore, potential strategies to resolve problematic issues identified in previous studies are fully discussed. This summary and analysis of the research progress of AM may inspire deeper investigations and more extensive applications of AM in the future.
NONPARAMETRIC MLE UNDER TWO CLOSED CAPTURE-RECAPTURE MODELS WITH HETEROGENEITY

We conduct nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation under two common heterogeneous closed population capture-recapture models. Our models specify mixture models (as did previous researchers' models) which have a common generating distribution, say F, for the capture probabilities. Using Lindsay and Roeder's (1992, Journal of the American Statistical Association 87, 785-794) mixture model results and the EM algorithm, a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of F for any specified population size N is obtained. Then, the nonparametric MLE of the (N, F) pair and thus for N is determined. Perhaps most importantly, since our MLE pair maximizes the likelihood under the entire nonparametric probability model, it provides an excellent foundation for estimating properties of estimators, conducting a goodness-of-fit test, and performing a likelihood ratio test. These are illustrated in the paper.
Symmetry-adapted configurational modelling of fractional site occupancy in solids

A methodology is presented, which reduces the number of site-occupancy configurations to be calculated when modelling site disorder in solids, by taking advantage of the crystal symmetry of the lattice. Within this approach, two configurations are considered equivalent when they are related by an isometric operation; a trial list of possible isometric transformations is provided by the group of symmetry operators in the parent structure, which is used to generate all configurations via atomic substitutions. We have adapted the equations for configurational statistics to operate in the reduced configurational space of the independent configurations. Each configuration in this space is characterized by its reduced energy, which includes not only its energy but also a contribution from its degeneracy in the complete configurational space, via an entropic term. The new computer program SOD (site-occupancy disorder) is presented, which performs this analysis in systems with arbitrary symmetry and any size of supercell. As a case study we use the distribution of cations in iron antimony oxide FeSbO4, where we also introduce some general considerations for the modelling of site-occupancy disorder in paramagnetic systems.
Parameter Estimation of the Pareto-Beta Jump-Diffusion Model in Times of Catastrophe Crisis

Jump diffusion models are being used more and more often in financial applications. Consisting of a Brownian motion (with drift) and a jump component, such models have a number of parameters that have to be set at some level. Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) turns out to be suitable for this task, however it is computationally demanding. For a complicated likelihood function it is seldom possible to find derivatives. The global maximum of a likelihood function defined for a jump diffusion model can however, be obtained by numerical methods. I chose to use the Bound Optimization BY Quadratic Approximation (BOBYQA) method which happened to be effective in this case. However, results of Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) proved to be hard to interpret.
Normative Scores for CrossFit® Open Workouts: 2011–2022

To create normative scores for all CrossFit® Open (CFO) workouts and compare male and female performances, official scores were collected from the official competition leaderboard for all competitors of the 2011–2022 CFO competitions. Percentiles were calculated for athletes (18–54 years) who completed all workouts within a single year ‘as prescribed’ and met minimum scoring thresholds. Independent t-tests revealed significant (p < 0.05) sex differences for 56 of 60 workouts. In workouts scored by repetitions completed, men completed more repetitions in 18 workouts by small to large differences (d = 0.22–0.81), whereas women completed more repetitions in 6 workouts by small to medium differences (d = 0.36–0.77). When workouts were scored by time to completion, men were faster in 10 workouts by small to large differences (d = 0.23–1.12), while women were faster in 3 workouts by small differences (d = 0.46). In three workouts scored by load lifted, men lifted more weight by large differences (d = 2.00–2.98). All other differences were either trivial or not significant. Despite adjusted programming for men and women, the persistence of performance differences across all CFO workouts suggests that resultant challenges are not the same. These normative values may be useful for training and research in male and female CrossFit® athletes.
Lower and Upper Plate Controls on Crustal Seismicity in the Southern Central and Patagonian Andes

We analyze crustal seismological records to assess the origin of the variable seismic activity along the southern Central and Patagonian Andes (30°–55°S), an area associated with latitudinal changes in the lower‐plate geometry, upper‐plate deformation, and topography. We carried out a statistical analysis of the seismicity records at crustal depths of 0–50 km from an updated earthquake catalog. Studying the seismicity by its area covered, depth, latitude, and time, this analysis reveals a consistent and drastic decrease in the number of earthquakes south of 38.5°S. We note that the low seismicity area is spatially correlated with a thin, hot, and weak (at least in the forearc region) upper plate and the subduction of a young/warm lower plate with short slab depths (∼150–400 km) beneath Patagonia. Notably, the reduced upper plate seismicity is mimicked at depth by a similar decrease in lower plate seismicity associated with the presence of relatively shallow slabs south of 38.5°S. This observation allows us to suspect a genetic connection between lower plate properties and the striking reduction in the upper‐plate seismicity. We tentatively suggest that the young/warm and short Nazca and Antarctic subducting plates, left after Neogene slab detachments, modified the thermomechanical upper plate structure, triggering the drastic decrease in crustal earthquakes. This process was likely aided by an inherited thin continental margin. This study reveals that slab detachment in non‐collisional settings can impact upper‐plate seismicity.
Viscosity scaling in suspensions of non-Brownian rodlike particles

A systematic experimental study of the settling of a spherical ball in a fiber suspension for different particle aspect ratios and a wide range of volume concentrations is presented. The situation where the ball size is much greater than the fiber length is considered. First, it has been observed that, even at very low concentration, the flow induced by the sphere drastically modifies the orientation distribution of the particles. It was found that, in the dilute and semidilute regime, the viscosity inferred from the sphere falling velocity scales with the excluded volume and compares well with existing shear measurements. Moreover, the viscosity was found to be almost independent of the initial orientation distribution of the fibers, indicating that the rheological response of the suspension was dominated by the configuration induced by the sphere displacement.
Guided modes in photonic crystals ridges

In this work we focus on photonic crystal (PhC) ridges, which are composed of a dielectric ridge placed on a one-dimensional (1D) PhC, namely a periodic multilayer. In these structures, guided modes are characterized by an asymmetric light confinement, which relies on a photonic band gap (PBG) from the multilayer side and on total-internal-reflection (TIR) in all the other directions. Photonic crystal ridges are known to support guided surface waves, but here we show that at least three different guided modes can be identified, and only one of them seems to possess all the characteristics of a proper guided surface wave.
Constrained Kalman filtering for image restoration

The author considers the incorporation of deterministic a priori signal information in the Kalman filtering of images. This information, in the form of constraints, is used to achieve 'ringing' reduction by adaptive regularization of the restoration filter. The signal constraints are first transformed into constraints on the Kalman gain. Constrained optimization of the Kalman gain is then implemented using a penalty function approach. The constraints considered are bounds on signal amplitude and signal local variance. The proposed scheme provides a hybrid image restoration that minimizes the mean square error subject to the given a priori constraints. A simple but effective heuristic Kalman algorithm, which uses a 'tuning' parameter to achieve ringing reduction, is proposed. <<ETX>>
Jazz drummers’ swing ratio in relation to tempo

It is common in jazz to perform consecutive eighth notes as long–short patterns. Drummers’ performances on the ride cymbal of these long–short patterns were measured on excerpts taken from commercial recordings. It was found that the ratio between the long and the short note (swing ratio) varied substantially with tempo. At slow tempi the swing ratio was as high as 3.5:1, while at fast tempo it reached 1:1. The absolute duration of the short note, however, was found to be constant (about 100 ms) for medium to fast tempi. This suggests the existence of a limit on tone duration and also that the short note may function as an up‐beat to the following note. A similar relation between swing ratio and tempo was also observed in a production experiment where listeners adjusted the swing ratio of a computer‐generated performance.
Modern Econometrics: An Introduction

1.Introduction 2.Probability Distributions 3.Statistical Inference 4.Two Variable Regression Analysis 5.Estimators and Methods of Estimation 6.The Classical Two Variable Regression Model 7.Stochastic Explanatory Variable 8.More About Multiple Regression 9.Non-spherical Disturbances 10.Estimating Dynamic Models 11.Choosing the Appropriate Model 12.Handling Non-Stationary Time Series 13.Testing for Stationarity 14.Cointergration and the Estimation of ECMs 15.Further Topics
Interpretation of Cointegrating Coefficients in the Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Model

Regression coefficients are interpreted by a counterfactual experiment. For simultaneous equations this experiment can be implemented if the coefficients are identified, and throws some light on the role of instruments and the method of indirect least squares. This paper discusses another counterfactual experiment in the vector autoregressive model in order to interpret the coefficients of an identified cointegrating relation. The dynamics of the model is used to implement a long-run change by changing the current values. The counterfactual experiment can be conducted precisely when the cointegrating relation is identified.
Discrete C*-coactions and C*-algebraic bundles

Abstract Discrete C*-coactions are shown to be equivalent to discrete C* -algebraic bundles. Simplicity, primeness, liminality, postliminality, and nuclearity are related to the fixed point algebra and the cocrossed product. Ergodic, and more generally homogeneous, C*-coactions are characterized.
Simple Modes of Vibration of Crystals

In this paper there are described solutions of the three‐dimensional equations of elasticity and the equations of generalized plane stress pertaining to vibrations of crystal rectangular parallelepipeds and thin plates with traction‐free faces. The modes of motion exist in crystals of certain classes for specific orientations and length‐ratios of the edges. Since the solutions are exact and in closed form, they may be used to advantage in connection with the measurement of elastic constants. Special disposition of electrodes is required for piezoelectric excitation.
Nitric Oxide Is Essential to Keep the Postharvest Quality of Fruits and Vegetables

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical that has been become a potential tool to maintain the quality of postharvest horticultural produce. It plays important roles in delaying ripening, alleviating chilling injury, preventing browning, and enhancing disease resistance. The regulatory function of NO is achieved through the post-transcriptional modification of proteins, such as tyrosine nitration, S-nitrosylation, and nitroalkylation. Secondly, NO can also induce the expression of stress-related genes by synergistically interacting with other signaling substances, such as Ca2+, ethylene (ETH), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA). Here, research progress on the role of NO and its donors in regulating the quality of postharvest fruits and vegetables under storage is reviewed. The function of NO crosstalk with other phytohormones is summarized. Future research directions for NO commercial application and the endogenous NO regulatory mechanism are also discussed.
Limited Skill of Projected Land Precipitation by IPCC Models During 2002−2020

Climate models are widely used to project future climate changes and analyze underlying mechanisms. However, it remains unknown whether the earlier precipitation projections match the subsequent observations in recent decades, which is the scientific basis for the confidence of precipitation projections and associated impacts. Here, we find models in the Third (TAR), Fourth (AR4), and Fifth (AR5) Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) skillfully project the subsequent climatological changes in global mean land precipitation for 2002–2020, 2008–2020, and 2014–2020 (relative to 1980–1999 climatology) from several to 10 years ahead, respectively. Skillful regional projections are mainly found in the northern mid to high latitudes. IPCC models are less skillful in projecting subsequent changes in land precipitation at regional scales than at global scales, which is likely to be at least partly explained by the lower signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Influence of Defect Morphology on Absolute Jc Value in Heavy-Ion Irradiated REBCO Films

A variety of morphologies of irradiation defects ranging from columnar defects (CDs) to spherical ones were introduced into NdBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<italic><sub>y</sub></italic> thin films by using three kinds of heavy-ion beams. The highest critical current density <italic>J</italic><sub>c</sub> was obtained for the 50-MeV Kr irradiation at the matching field of <italic>B</italic><sub>φ</sub> = 10 T, where spherical defects were installed. In contrast, <italic>J</italic><sub>c</sub> of the 200 MeV Xe irradiation which produces elongated CDs continues to increase only up to <italic>B</italic><sub>φ</sub> = 5 T, resulting in lower value. Interestingly, the volume fraction of the spherical defects at <italic>B</italic><sub>φ</sub> = 10 T was about 10 vol.%, which is almost the same as that of elongated CDs at <italic>B</italic><sub>φ</sub> = 5 T. These results suggest that spherical defects provide weak elementary pinning force, but can realize the introduction of much higher density without suppressing the superconducting percolation path at the same volume fraction condition. The systematic segmentation of CDs also enabled us to reveal the influence of the morphology of pinning centers on thermal relaxation rate of <italic>J</italic><sub>c</sub>.
Exact exchange Kohn-Sham formalism applied to semiconductors

We present a Kohn-Sham method that allows one to treat exchange interactions exactly within densityfunctional theory. The method is used to calculate lattice constants, cohesive energies, Kohn-Sham eigenvalues, dielectric functions, and effective masses of various zinc-blende semiconductors ~Si, Ge, C, SiC, GaAs, AlAs, GaN, and AlN! The results are compared with values obtained within the local-density approximation, generalized gradient approximations, the Krieger-Li-Iafrate approximation for the Kohn-Sham exchange potential, and the Hartree-Fock method. We find that the exact exchange formalism, augmented by local density or generalized gradient correlations, yields both structural and optical properties in excellent agreement with experiment. Exact exchange-only calculations are found to lead to densities and energies that are close to Hartree-Fock values but to eigenvalue gaps that agree with experiment within 0.2 eV. The generalized gradient approximations for exchange yield energies that are much improved compared to local-density values. The exact exchange contribution to the discontinuity of the exchange-correlation potential is computed and discussed in the context of the band-gap problem. @S0163-1829~99! 05515-0#