Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dispersive tsunami of the 2010 Chile earthquake recorded by the high‐sampling‐rate ocean‐bottom pressure gauges

Cabled ocean‐bottom pressure gauges deployed offshore Japan recorded the pressure change associated with the 2010 Chile earthquake tsunami over a wider frequency range than that of coastal tide gauges or hydrophones. Although it was difficult to recognize the dispersive features in the original records, the spectrograms clearly showed wave dispersion. A low‐frequency tsunami (∼1 mHz) arrived after an elapsed time of 24 hr from the earthquake origin time, while a high‐frequency tsunami (∼9 mHz) arrived after an elapsed time of 48 hr. The arrival times can be explained by assuming a constant water depth of 4 km. However, the calculated waveform does not correctly reproduce the number of wave packets appearing in the observations. Cabled ocean‐bottom pressure gauges deployed offshore can record broadband tsunami signals reflecting the wide‐wavenumber‐range spatial spectrum for sea‐bottom deformation caused by the earthquake.
SWAT model application and prediction uncertainty analysis in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia

Lake Tana Basin is of significant importance to Ethiopia concerning water resources aspects and the ecological balance of the area. Many years of mismanagement, wetland losses due to urban encroachment and population growth, and droughts are causing its rapid deterioration. The main objective of this study was to assess the performance and applicability of the soil water assessment tool (SWAT) model for prediction of streamflow in the Lake Tana Basin, so that the influence of topography, land use, soil and climatic condition on the hydrology of Lake Tana Basin can be well examined. The physically based SWAT model was calibrated and validated for four tributaries of Lake Tana. Sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI‐2), parameter solution (ParaSol) and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) calibration and uncertainty analysis methods were compared and used for the set‐up of the SWAT model. The model evaluation statistics for streamflows prediction shows that there is a good agreement between the measured and simulated flows that was verified by coefficients of determination and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency greater than 0·5. The hydrological water balance analysis of the basin indicated that baseflow is an important component of the total discharge within the study area that contributes more than the surface runoff. More than 60% of losses in the watershed are through evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of soil loss by water erosion in the Chinese Loess Plateau using Universal Soil Loss Equation and GRACE

S. Schnitzer,1,2 F. Seitz,2,3 A. Eicker,4 A. Guntner,5 M. Wattenbach5 and A. Menzel1 1Technische Universitat Munchen, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany. E-mail: schnitzer@bv.tum. de 2Technische Universitat Munchen, Arcisstrase 21, 80333Munich, Germany 3Deutsches Geodatisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI), Alfons-Goppel-Str. 11, D-80539Munich, Germany 4Bonn University, Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Nusallee 17, 53115 Bonn, Germany 5GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.4 Hydrology, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Open innovation and service dominant logic: application of foundational premises to innovative firms

Firms have been modifying their innovation management processes to generate, implement and exploit new technological knowledge. A gradual shift from a closed to an open model of technological innovation has been the recurring pattern of this change, which has also induced firms to a modification of managerial procedures and business models. The Service-Dominant (SD) logic can offer a useful guideline to firms in the implementation of an Open Innovation (OI) model. In this paper we analyze the bases of the OI paradigm by means of the SD logic mindset. Each of the ten foundational premises (FP) of the SD logic are described, interpreted for high-tech firms and analyzed to suggest how they translate to the OI approach with the help of real world examples. ---------- Las empresas han estado modificando sus procesos de gestion de la innovacion para generar, implementar y explotar el nuevo conocimiento tecnologico. Estamos evidenciando un cambio constante, de un modelo cerrado a un modelo abierto de la innovacion tecnologica, lo cual ha inducido a las empresas a modificar tambien sus procesos y modelos de gestion. La logica dominante de servicio (DS) puede ofrecer una guia util para que las empresas implementen sus modelos de innovacion abierta (IA). En este articulo analizamos las bases del paradigma de la IA por medio del marco de la logica DS. Las diez premisas fundamentales de la logica DS son descritas, interpretadas para las empresas de alta tecnologia y analizadas para sugerir como deberian trasladarse al enfoque de la IA utilizando ejemplos reales.
Cyclotron resonance precipitation of energetic electrons from the inner magnetosphere

Cyclotron resonance between trapped energetic electrons and VLF waves produces pitch angle scattering which leads to electron precipitation in the inner magnetosphere. Previous experiments have shown that in the drift loss cone at L values from 1.5 to 1.8 the energy spectrum of the electrons above 50 ReV is often dominated by a single narrow peak. The center energy of this peak varies with L in a manner characteristic of cyclotron resonance between the electrons and monochromatic VLF waves in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator. The source of the waves is probably VLF communication or navigation transmitters. We report here the results of a study of 680 occurrences of these peaks detected by the low altitude polar orbiting satellite S81-1. The present data, from altitudes between 170 and 270 km, show the resonance peaks only in two restricted longitude zones centered at 110°E and 300°E; this result contrasts with the previous measurements at higher altitudes, which detected peaks over a wide range of longitudes. The majority of nighttime events were near transmitter locations where the cyclotron resonance condition was met by electrons with pitch angles near the edge of the loss cone. Detailed study of the events occurring near 110°E reveals a 27-day periodicity in the frequency of occurrence; peaks are most often observed during minima in solar/geomagnetic activity. The peaks observed at nighttime in both longitude zones have a possible seasonal variation, being most frequent when it is wintertime at the site of the VLF transmitters responsible for the precipitation.
Computer supported cooperative work in information search and retrieval

Considers how research in collaborative technologies can inform research and development in library and information science. Topics include computer supported collaborative work; shared drawing; collaborative writing; MUDs; MOOs; workflow; World Wide Web; collaborative learning; computer mediated communication; ethnography; evaluation; remote reference; digital libraries; user collaboration; and privacy issues.
Control of three-level four-leg flying capacitor converter with active filtering function for RES

This paper presents operation of the four-leg three-level flying capacitor converter with active filtering function interfacing renewable energy source with the grid. Such solution in contrast to three-leg converter gives possibility to eliminate dy transformer mandatory for proper stand-alone mode of operation. The four-leg converter with proposed control method enables work at different electrical grid disturbances by switching all legs separately to stand-alone or grid connected mode, what makes possible to treat each leg as independent single-phase converter. The described control method is modification of well-known voltage oriented control (VOC) based on the proportional multiresonant controllers. Moreover active filtering function added to control reduce total harmonic distortion of grid current to acceptable level. Simulation study presents good performance and verified validity of the proposed solution. In this paper all possible operation modes are discussed and shown.
Gravity measurements in an airplane using state‐of‐the‐art navigation and altimetry

In 1976 the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office made experimental gravity measurements over the Atlantic in an airplane using a LaCoste and Romberg shipboard gravity meter, a Honeywell electrostatic gyro inertial system, a Rosemont pressure port altimeter, a Honeywell radar altimeter, Loran C and other electronic navigational aids. Preliminary results were reported at the 47th Annual International SEG Meeting in Calgary, Canada, in 1977. These preliminary results were compared with sea gravity data furnished by the Naval Oceanographic Office and were found to be in general agreement. However, there were some unexplained systematic errors of about 15 mgal and the airplane gravity profiles were considerably more noisy than helicopter gravity profiles reported by William Gumert (1977, personal communication). After the paper was given, we found that corrections for Schuler oscillations in the inertial system significantly reduced the systematic errors. We also found that by making full use of a half‐second samp.
ADMINISTRATIVE, INSTITUTIONAL, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACTIVE WATER MARKET1

: Voluntary water transfers through markets have been advocated by many diverse groups as a means to reallocate scarce water supplies in the semi-arid western U.S. Although transfers of water rights have occurred almost since the creation of prior appropriation laws over a century ago, functioning water markets have been very slow to develop and are few in number. The structure, composition, administration and transactions of one of the most well established water markets, shares in the Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado-Big Thompson project, are examined to better understand the institutional and transfer conditions that sustain an active water market. Results from a detailed study of C-BT project records reveal that between 1970 and 1993 there were 2,698 transactions through which over one-third of the project water changed ownership or type of use. Further analysis shows that the transactions involved many individual sellers and categories of buyers with different uses, including agricultural buyers. The transfer activity and efficiency of the C-BT market has lead some to suggest that it be used as a model for other markets. However, because this market has fewer institutional restrictions, a well developed infrastructure and unique market conditions, it will be difficult to transfer this model to other areas without accompanying modifications in water right administration and institutions.
Twentieth century droughts and wet periods in Auckland (New Zealand) and their relationship to ENSO

In early 1994 the city of Auckland (New Zealand) was in the midst of a major water supply crisis. El Niño was blamed, and it is now a widely held view that Auckland's droughts and wet periods are predominantly a consequence of the El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The scientific literature is consistent with a significant influence of ENSO on New Zealand's climate, but is less convincing that it is the dominant forcing factor for Auckland's droughts and wet periods. To investigate this, we constructed a seasonal history of 20th century droughts and wet periods and compared it with a seasonal time series of ENSO activity based on the southern oscillation index. Our drought/wetness index was derived from daily modelling of soil water content and used the climatological potential evaporation method advocated by Fowler (2002. Journal of Hydrology 256: 248–263) for century‐scale soil water modelling. In deriving this index we identified a seasonal bias issue associated with soil‐water‐based methods and developed a simple index calculation method to circumvent the problem.
Catchment-Scale Hydrological Response to Climate-Land-Use Combined Scenarios: A Case Study for the Kishwaukee River Basin, Illinois

This paper examines how the Kishwaukee River basin located between Chicago and Rockford, Illinois, would respond to various climate-land use combined scenarios. The Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran was calibrated and repeatedly run with eight climate-land-use combined scenarios generated from a general circulation model (HadCM3) and a dynamic urban growth model. The climate scenarios were based on two IPCC SRES emission scenarios (A2 and B2) and the land-use scenarios were based on four economic growth scenarios. The results of the study indicate that total runoff is predicted to decrease noticeably to moderate climate change but shows little sensitivity to land-use change. What is sensitive to land-use change is surface runoff, which is predicted to change from -9.9% to +29.2% depending on land-use scenarios under the A2 emission scenario. Runoff during summer and the low-flow season is projected to undergo the most severe decrease, up to 41.4% under the B2 emission scenario. Finally, it was found that simply combining climate and land-use scenarios is not enough to show the compounding effect of climate change and land-use change.
Multiple-view line-scan imaging

A novel multiple-view line-scan imaging technique utilising a single area array camera is presented. The camera's imager array is treated as a contiguous set of precisely arranged linescan sensors. The picture information from the columns of selected photosites is cyclically stored in digital memory, while the object under inspection is translated through the field of view of the camera. A number of perspective images (typically 6 to 16) are produced during a single linear translation of the object under inspection. The three-dimensional information, inherent in the resultant perspective images, can be visualised as a smooth object rotation on a video display monitor. It has also been demonstrated that this rotational effect can be incorporated into a dynamic binocular stereoscopic display. This imaging technique was developed to model the geometric imaging properties of a multiple-view line-scan transmission X-ray system intended for security screening applications. The perspective images produced by the visible light experimental system are presented together with a theoretical discussion.
A coring and squeezing technique for the detailed study of subsurface water chemistry

A coring and squeezing technique has been modified and simplified to permit the collection of closely spaced samples of pore water from both the saturated and unsaturated zones on land, and bottom sediments in lakes and rivers. Samples of the pore water are obtained by placing short sections of sediment from freshly collected cores in a mechanical squeezer and applying pressure to extrude the contained fluid into a syringe. If coarse incompressible sediments are encountered, the pore water is removed by an immiscible-fluid displacement technique. The pore water samples are analyzed by standard methods for major and minor components. Also, in situ measurements of some parameters are carried out by directly inserting electrodes into the fresh sediment. These methods are being applied at a number of locations in southern Ontario to study the quality of waters in the unsaturated zone, the chemistry of natural and contaminated groundwaters, and the significance of seepage and baseflow in lakes and rivers respe.
Spatial Patterns of Water and Nitrogen Response Within Corn Production Fields

Agricultures role on environmental quality has been debated for many decades and although there has been advances in our understanding of the linkage between agricultural management and environmental quality, there is still much we don’t understand about the combination of field-scale and watershed scale management changes (Hatfield et al., 2009). There is increasing interest in developing solutions to environmental quality problems originating from agricultural management; however, the challenge remains on how we integrate the pieces of a very complex puzzle together to achieve solutions which transcend space and time scale. Within the Midwestern United States, the reoccurrence of the hypoxic zone within the Gulf of Mexico and the large increase in the size of the hypoxic zone after the 1993 floods in the Midwest focused attention on the role of agriculture in nonpoint source pollution. Burkart and James (1999) evaluated the nitrogen (N) balance for the Mississippi River Basin and concluded that mineralization of soil organic matter and application of commercial fertilizer was two primary contributors to N load. Jaynes et al. (1999) after examination of a small watershed (5400 ha) in central Iowa found that nitrate-N losses averaged 20 kg ha-1 for this watershed and reached a level in excess of 40 kg ha-1 during 1993. Hatfield et al. (1998) found that drainage from Walnut Creek was the primary transport pathway for nitrate and the annual loads were related to precipitation differences among years. Hatfield et al. (1999) found that for Walnut Creek watershed that drainage through the subsurface drain lines accounted for approximately half of the annual precipitation with evapotranspiration accounting for the other half. This movement of water through the soil profile and the solubility of nitrate in water produce large amounts of nitrate-N loss (Jaynes et al, 1999). These results suggested a strong link between precipitation, crop water use patterns, and nitrate losses. Occurrence of the hypoxic zone has prompted an increased level of debate about the need to reduce N inputs into agricultural systems. Opponents of this conclusion argue that over the past 20 years the input of N fertilizer has not increased, soil organic matter levels haven’t changed, and crop production levels have increased suggesting that the efficiency of the agronomic production system has increased and any change in nitrate loss would be difficult to achieve. Hatfield et al. (2009) performed an analysis of the temporal changes in the nitrate-N concentrations in the Raccoon River watershed in central Iowa and observed the changes in nitrate-N concentrations since the 1970’s were dominated more by changes in land use practices
In the Eye of the Storm: A Participatory Course on Coastal Storms

Storm disasters are amplified in the coastal environment due to population pressures and the power of the sea. The upper-division/graduate university course Coastal Storms was designed to equip future practitioners with the skills necessary to understand, respond to, and mitigate for these natural disasters. To accomplish this, Coastal Storms integrates active learning approaches, namely literature discussions, GIS labs, and field excursions. Further, the pedagogical model employed aligns the course objectives with fundamental geographic principles: understanding of geographic patterns, awareness of social-physical interactions, and capacity for geographic writing. Informal evaluation of Coastal Storms suggests that the course objectives are being met. Finally, the overall intent of describing the pedagogy of this particular course is so it can be used as a model for shaping the future of hazards courses in geography programs.
Smad-Runx Interactions During Chondrocyte Maturation

Background: Intracellular signaling triggered by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) results in activated Smad complexes that regulate transcription of BMP-responsive genes. However, the low specificity of Smad binding to regulatory sequences implies that additional tissue-specific transcription factors are also needed. Runx2 (Cbfa1) is a transcription factor required for bone formation. We have examined the role of Smads and Runx2 in BMP induction of type X collagen, which is a marker of chondrocyte hypertrophy leading to endochondral bone formation. Methods: Pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes from the cephalic portion of the chick embryo sternum were placed in culture in the presence or absence of rhBMP-2. Cultures were transiently transfected with DNA containing the BMP-responsive type X collagen promoter upstream of the luciferase gene. The cultures were also transfected with plasmids, causing over-expression of Smads or Runx2, or both. After 24-48 hours, cell extracts were examined for levels of luciferase expression. Results: In the presence of BMP-2, chondrocytes over-expressing BMP-activated Smad1 or Smad5 showed significant enhancement of luciferase production compared with that seen with BMP alone. This enhancement was not observed with over-expression of Smad2, a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-&bgr;)-activated Smad. Over-expression of Runx2 in BMP-treated cultures increased transcriptional activity to levels similar to those seen with Smads 1 or 5. When chondrocytes were simultaneously transfected with both Runx2 and Smad 1 or 5, promoter activity was further increased, indicating that BMP-stimulated Smad activity can be augmented by increasing the levels of Runx2. Conclusions: These results implicate the skeletal tissue transcription factor Runx2 in regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy and suggest that maximal transcription of the type X collagen gene in pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes involves interaction of BMP-stimulated Smads with Runx2. Clinical Relevance: Many skeletal abnormalities are associated with impaired regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy in growth plates. These studies demonstrate that both BMP-activated Smads and Runx2 levels can modulate chondrocyte transition to hypertrophy.
A model‐driven approach to automatic conversion of physical units

When physical quantities are used in programs they are typically represented as raw numbers, with the units in which they were measured only being given in comments, if at all. This can lead to errors from the use of dimensionally inconsistent expressions, or the comparison of two quantities of the same dimension but measured in different units, which are not discovered until run time. Any program working with the physical world has this issue, with scientific modelling being a major application. Implementors of models have the time‐consuming and error‐prone task of adding in dynamic units checks and conversions manually. Most existing programming languages do not provide support for representing units explicitly (although extensions to some have been proposed). With the advent of domain‐specific modelling languages, incorporating code generation techniques, we propose checking physical units at the level of the modelling language, removing the need for such a support in the underlying implementation language. We present our work in the context of one such modelling language: CellML, developed at the University of Auckland with a focus on modelling biological systems. We have developed an intuitive algorithm for performing automatic conversions between quantities measured in different units. It both requires fewer conversion operations than current approaches and makes more sensible choices about which quantities to convert. Uniquely, by using partial evaluation techniques it is also capable of dealing robustly with quantities raised to arbitrary powers, even where the exponent is given by an expression. We demonstrate our algorithm on various examples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.