Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Global Climatology of Wind–Wave Interaction

Abstract Generally, ocean waves are thought to act as a drag on the surface wind so that momentum is transferred downward, from the atmosphere into the waves. Recent observations have suggested that when long wavelength waves—which are characteristic of remotely generated swell—propagate faster than the surface wind, momentum can also be transferred upward. This upward momentum transfer acts to accelerate the near-surface wind, resulting in a low-level wave-driven wind jet. Previous studies have suggested that the sign reversal of the momentum flux is well predicted by the inverse wave age, the ratio of the surface wind speed to the speed of the waves at the peak of the spectrum. Data from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) have been used here to calculate the global distribution of the inverse wave age to determine whether there are regions of the ocean that are usually in the wind-driven wave regime and others that are generally in the wave-driven wind regime. The wind-driven wave regime is found to o.
Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States

More than 15 years after their first successful commercial introduction in the United States, genetically engineered (GE) seeds have been widely adopted by U.S. corn, soybean, and cotton farmers. Still, some questions persist regarding the potential benefits and risks of GE crops. The report finds that, although the pace of research and development (measured by the number of USDA-approved field tests) peaked in 2002, other measures show that biotech firms continue to develop new GE seed varieties at a rapid pace. Also, U.S. farmers continue to adopt GE seeds at a robust rate, and seed varieties with multiple (stacked) traits have increased at a very rapid rate. Insecticide use has decreased with the adoption of insect-resistant crops, and herbicide-tolerant crops have enabled the substitution of glyphosate for more toxic and persistent herbicides. However, overreliance on glyphosate and a reduction in the diversity of weed management practices have contributed to the evolution of glyphosate resistance in some weed species.
Symptom relief and palliative care in gynecologic oncology

Through the course of an individual’s care with gynecological malignancies, attention is needed to symptom relief, while treating the underlying disease. Gynecologic cancers collectively represent the thirdmost common cancer type and cause ofdeath in the United States, with more than 1 million women living with ovarian, uterine and cervical cancer [1]. The WHO defines palliative care as an ‘approach that improves quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with lifethreatening illness, through prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual’ [2]. Whenever possible, these interventions must be evidence-based, applicable throughout the course of a patient’s illness, and provided concurrently with disease treatment [2]. Current recommendations by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) promote the early integration of palliative care in patients with advanced cancer [3]. This is especially pertinent for those with gynecologic malignancies, where overall palliative care use remains low [4,5]. Studies approximate that less than 20% of gynecologic oncology patients receive
The Mediterranean Diet and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-style Diet Are Differently Associated With Lipid Profile in a Large Sample of Iranian Adults: Shahedieh Cohort Study

Background: The association between the Mediterranean diet (MED) or dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is well-documented. Nevertheless, a consistent relationship in the Middle East population has yet to be identified. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between DASH/MED and blood lipids in Iranian adults.Methods: We followed 4740 participants 35-70 years (mean: 50.0) of the Shahedieh cohort study in Yazd, Iran. Participants provided dietary and blood lipid data through a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and blood samples were taken after a fasted state. We used binary logistic regression to examine the association between DASH/MED scores and blood lipids.Results: The DASH diet could reduce the level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and LDL/HDL (high-density lipoprotein) ratio (P: 0.01; third vs. the first tertile). While the MED diet could increase the HDL level (P: 0.01). In Binary logistic regression, higher adherence to DASH diet shown 19% lower odds of high TC level (OR: 0.81; 95 %CI: 0.69–0.95) and 18% lower odds of high LDL/HDL ratio (OR: 0.82; 95 %CI: 0.70–0.96). Besides, high adherence to the MED diet was associated with lower odds of LDL/HDL ratio (OR: 0.85; 95 %CI: 0.72–0.99). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the DASH diet and the MED diet respectively might have a protective effect on TC, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL ratio, and HDL, and the LDL/HDL ratio, subsequently on CVDs risk. Further epidemiological studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Selecting Treatment for Patients With Malignant Epidural Spinal Cord Compression—Does Age

The possible contribution of posterior skeletal structures, involved with implant anchor placement and posterior destabilization, to human cadaveric thoracic motion segment flexion stiffness was studied. Individual procedures produced small losses of flexion stiffness that, when added together, resulted in significant loss of stiffness. All posterior structures together accounted for over one-half of the motion segment flexion stiffness.
Experimental investigation of homogeneous freezing of sulphuric acid particles in the aerosol chamber

The homogeneous freezing of supercooled H2SO4/H2O solution droplets was investigated in the aerosol chamber AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. 24 freezing experiments were performed at temperatures between 189 and 235 K with aerosol particles in the diameter range 0 . 05 to 1μm. Individual experiments started at homogeneous temperatures and ice saturation ratios between 0 . 9 and 0.95. Cloud cooling rates up to −2.8 K min−1 were simulated dynamically in the chamber by expansion cooling using a mechanical pump. Depending on the cooling rate and starting temperature, freezing threshold relative humidities were exceeded after expansion time periods between about 1 and 10 min. The onset of ice formation was measured with three independent methods showing good agreement among each other. Ice saturation ratios measured at the onset of ice formation increased from about 1 . 4 at 231 K to about 1 . 75 at 189 K. The experimental data set including thermodynamic parameters as well as physical and chemical aerosol analysis provides a good basis for microphysical model applications.
Constructive neural-network learning algorithms for pattern classification

Constructive learning algorithms offer an attractive approach for the incremental construction of near-minimal neural-network architectures for pattern classification. They help overcome the need for ad hoc and often inappropriate choices of network topology in algorithms that search for suitable weights in a priori fixed network architectures. Several such algorithms are proposed in the literature and shown to converge to zero classification errors (under certain assumptions) on tasks that involve learning a binary to binary mapping (i.e., classification problems involving binary-valued input attributes and two output categories). We present two constructive learning algorithms MPyramid-real and MTiling-real that extend the pyramid and tiling algorithms, respectively, for learning real to M-ary mappings (i.e., classification problems involving real-valued input attributes and multiple output classes). We prove the convergence of these algorithms and empirically demonstrate their applicability to practical pattern classification problems. Additionally, we show how the incorporation of a local pruning step can eliminate several redundant neurons from MTiling-real networks.
Feeding intervention potentiates the effect of mechanical loading to induce new bone 1 formation in mice 2

Feeding intervention potentiates the effect of mechanical loading to induce new bone 1 formation in mice 2 Hasmik Jasmine Samvelyan , John Cummings Mathers, Timothy Michael Skerry 3 1 MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing 4 2 Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The 5 Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, , UK 6 3 Present address: Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, School of Pharmacy and 7 Biomolecular Studies, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK. E-mail: 8 h.samvelyan@brighton.ac. uk (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9576-8001) 9 4 Human Nutrition Research Centre, Centre for Healthier Lives, Population Health Sciences 10 Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK. E11 mail: john.mathers@newcastle.ac. uk (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3406-3002) 12
The clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels in various excitable membranes

In vertebrates, the clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) at specific membrane domains is at the basis of fast neuronal conduction. The two major sites where VGSCs are found at high densities are the axon initial segment (AIS) where action potentials (APs) are generated and the node of Ranvier (NOR) where APs propagate by saltatory conduction in myelinated axons. In neurons, the clustering of VGSCs in the plasma membrane depends on interactions with the actin-spectrin submembranous cytoskeleton through ankyrins. Sodium channels acquired ankyrin-binding anchor motif already 50 million years prior to the evolution of myelin. That is, the AIS predated the NOR which, as myelin evolved, utilized similar intracellular mechanisms for its assembly (Hill et al., 2008). In agreement with this evolutionary timeline, the formation of NOR depends on axon-glia contact, while the AIS is determined intrinsically (Eshed-Eisenbach & Peles, 2013; Zhang & Rasband, 2016). Apart from the AIS and NOR, clustered VGSCs are found at sites where enhanced excitability is required, such as axonal terminals, postsynaptic membranes and pre-myelinated axons. In this review, different examples of axonal as well as non-axonal clustering of VGSC are discussed and the underlying mechanisms are compared. Although most research effort has expectedly focused on the AIS and NOR, evidence points to a common universal model with site-specific modifications.
Equatorial Kelvin waves in the Atlantic

Long-term inverted echo sounder records along and north of the equator in the Atlantic are analyzed to show the dominance of equatorially trapped and eastward propagating disturbances with first baroclinic mode Kelvin wave characteristics in the frequency band of 10−1 to 40−1 (cycles day−1). Propagation speed is estimated as 2.35 ± 0.22 m s−1 along the equator from 34°W to 1°W. Coherence is present to 3°N but absent at 6°N (from mooring data) and 9°N. Coherence is shown with the zonal wind stress observed in midbasin, and it is suggested that the origin of the disturbance is not far from 40°W.
Tunable room-temperature spin galvanic and spin Hall effects in van der Waals heterostructures.

Spin-orbit coupling stands as a powerful tool to interconvert charge and spin currents and to manipulate the magnetization of magnetic materials through the spin torque phenomena. However, despite the diversity of existing bulk materials and the recent advent of interfacial and low-dimensional effects, control of the interconvertion at room-temperature remains elusive. Here, we unequivocally demonstrate strongly enhanced room-temperature spin-to-charge (StC) conversion in graphene driven by the proximity of a semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide(WS2). By performing spin precession experiments in properly designed Hall bars, we separate the contributions of the spin Hall and the spin galvanic effects. Remarkably, their corresponding conversion effiencies can be tailored by electrostatic gating in magnitude and sign, peaking nearby the charge neutrality point with a magnitude that is comparable to the largest efficiencies reported to date. Such an unprecedented electric-field tunability provides a new building block for spin generation free from magnetic materials and for ultra-compact magnetic memory technologies.
Upper mantle anisotropy: A preliminary model

Seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle can be explained by crystallographic mineral alignment achieved through dislocation motion. The physical mechanism of mineral alignment requires upper mantle shear flow which reorients and aligns minerals by dislocation glide and climb governed by the dominant glide system of each mineral. The dominant glide systems are assumed to be [100](0l0) for olivine and [001](100) for the pyroxenes. These yield a predominantly orthorhombic fabric with the olivine [100] and the pyroxene [001] axes aligned in the upper mantle flow direction and the olivine [010] and the pyroxene [100] axes aligned normal to the upper mantle flow plane. These glide systems have a threshold temperature of enhanced mobility of 1100–1200 K, which yields a solid-state, thermally defined lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in an olivine-pyroxene mantle consistent with recent seismic determinations of the thickness of the lithosphere. Mantle anisotropy due to mineral alignment is then actively maintained below this boundary (asthenosphere and mesosphere) and is a fossil state above this boundary (lithosphere). We use the dominant glide systems to establish the crystallographic orientation of olivine and pyroxene in calculating the maximum seismic anisotropy of two petrologic models (pyrolite and piclogite) for the upper mantle by an extrapolation of single-crystal, anisotropic mineral elastic properties to a depth of 400 km. The real-earth seismic anisotropy will be bound by the limits of maximum anisotropy from perfect mineral alignment and minimum anisotropy (isotropy) from random mineral alignment. The seismic anisotropy of the upper 220 km is best represented by the pyrolite model, which reduces to quasi-hexagonal symmetry with the unique axis in the direction of mantle flow. The Lehmann discontinuity is conjectured to be due to a change in composition from pyrolite to piclogite and therefore may represent a change in anisotropy. The piclogite model has orthorhombic symmetry distinctly different from that of the pyrolite. The piclogite anisotropy model can appear quasi-isotropic, when measured by transverse isotropy parameterization, if the mantle flow is mainly horizontal with a horizontal shear plane (that is, the shear flow gradient duH /dR dominates).
Soil spatial variability of drainage properties in relation to phosphate retention and mineralogy on a river terrace of northern Manawatu, New Zealand.

Spatial variability of soil drainage, topsoil phosphate retention (P-retention), and clay mineralogy were investigated in soils on a Manawatu river terrace developed from a mixture of loamy tephra, loess, and quartzo-feldspathic alluvial parent material. The cause of short-distance variation in soil drainage was investigated on an area of 60 ha from the Last Glacial river aggradation terrace (200–240 m a.s.l.). Three small window areas of 7.5 ha were then selected for grid sampling at 50-m centres within each of 3 map units with contrasting drainage class. Each of the window areas was found to contain 3–4 different drainage classes. Topsoil P-retention also varied (from 20 to 84%) within the window areas. We found a close relationship between soil drainage, P-retention, and clay mineralogy. Well-drained soils have high P-retention and the clay fraction contains 12–13% allophane. Poorly drained soils have low P-retention and the clay fraction has no allophane and contains mainly Kandite (Kaolinite and Halloysite). The short-distance variability in drainage is attributed to slight textural variations of the original alluvial parent material. This gives rise to the formation of different soil structures, which in turn influence the soil hydraulic conductivity and thence variable drainage properties, which influence the clay mineralogy and P-retention.
A Resource-Rational Process-Level Account of the St. Petersburg Paradox

The St. Petersburg paradox is a centuries-old philosophical puzzle concerning a lottery with infinite expected payoff, on which people are, nevertheless, willing to place only a small bid. Despite many attempts and several proposals, no generally-accepted resolution is yet at hand. In this work, we present the first resource-rational process-level explanation of this paradox, demonstrating that it can be accounted for by a variant of normative expected-utility-maximization which acknowledges cognitive limitations. Specifically, we show that Nobandegani et al.’s (2018) metacognitively-rational model, sample-based expected utility (SbEU), can account for major experimental findings on this paradox. Crucially, our resolution is consistent with two empirically well-supported assumptions: (1) people use only a few samples in probabilistic judgments and decision-making, and (2) people tend to overestimate the probability of extreme events in their judgment.
How alliteration enhances conceptual–attentional interactions in reading

In linguistics, the relationship between phonological word form and meaning is mostly considered arbitrary. Why, then, do literary authors traditionally craft sound relationships between words? We set out to characterise how dynamic interactions between word form and meaning may account for this literary practice. Here, we show that alliteration influences both meaning integration and attentional engagement during reading. We presented participants with adjective-noun phrases, having manipulated semantic relatedness (congruent, incongruent) and form repetition (alliterating, non-alliterating) orthogonally, as in “dazzling-diamond”; “sparkling-diamond”; “dangerous-diamond”; and “creepy-diamond”. Using simultaneous recording of event-related brain potentials and pupil dilation (PD), we establish that, whilst semantic incongruency increased N400 amplitude as expected, it reduced PD, an index of attentional engagement. Second, alliteration affected semantic evaluation of word pairs, since it reduced N400 amplitude even in the case of unrelated items (e.g., “dangerous-diamond”). Third, alliteration specifically boosted attentional engagement for related words (e.g., “dazzling-diamond”), as shown by a sustained negative correlation between N400 amplitudes and PD change after the window of lexical integration. Thus, alliteration strategically arouses attention during reading and when comprehension is challenged, phonological information helps readers link concepts beyond the level of literal semantics. Overall, our findings provide a tentative mechanism for the empowering effect of sound repetition in literary constructs.
Wetland seasonal dynamics and interannual variability over northern high latitudes, derived from microwave satellite data

[1] A new accurate determination of the spatial and temporal variations of northern wetland area extent, during the snow-free period, is retrieved from the 19- and 37-GHz passive microwave Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperature database. The total fraction of water surface (FWS) area, corresponding to small lakes or reservoirs (area < 25 × 25 km2), inundated surfaces and natural wetland areas, computed on a weekly basis and averaged over the 1988–2001 period, gives a maximum summer extent of 10.10 ± 0.21 × 105 km2 for Canada and Alaska and 12.7 ± 0.35 × 105 km2 for Eurasia, above 50°N. The mean seasonal dynamics of wetland and inundated surfaces shows a maximum area extent during the months of July-August-September over North America (48°N–68°N) and between June and September over northern Eurasia. The interannual variations of the yearly total FWS area since 1988 show a slight increase (8% ± 3%) in Canada-Alaska, mainly due to a decrease in the snow cover extent. The FWS interannual variability in the Ob River basin, which is well explained by the water discharge variations, shows an increase of 8.5% ± 1.5% between 1988 and 2001. The microwave-derived FWS estimate and its dynamics present an interesting potential for studying the climate-driven variability of wetlands and inundated areas.
Emotion Regulation Deficits in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Alzheimer's Disease

We examined instructed and spontaneous emotion regulation in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD, N ϭ 32), which presents with profound emotional and personality changes; patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD, N ϭ 17), which presents with profound memory impairment; and neurologically normal controls (N ϭ 25). Participants were exposed to an aversive acoustic startle stimulus (115 dB) under 3 different conditions: (a) unwarned without instructions to down-regulate, (b) warned without instructions to down-regulate, and (c) warned with instructions to down-regulate. In the last 2 conditions, the warning took the form of a 20-s countdown. In all conditions, visible aspects of the startle response were assessed by measuring overall somatic activity and coding emotional facial expressions. FTLD patients, AD patients, and control participants showed similar patterns of down-regulation in somatic activity across the 3 startle trials. However, differences between the 3 groups emerged in the amount of emotional facial behavior expressed in the startle trials. There were no group differences in response in the unwarned condition, indicating that the startle response was intact in the patients. In the warned with instructions condition, both FTLD and AD patients were moderately impaired in down-regulatory ability compared with controls. In the warned without instructions condition , AD patients and normal controls spontaneously down-regulated their emotional responses, but FTLD patients did not. These findings illuminate specific problems that these patients have in the emotional realm. The ability to regulate emotions is a critical aspect of emotional functioning. Adjusting emotional responses so that they are appropriate to the situation is crucially linked to social adeptness and to the ability to get along with others (Keltner & Kring, 1998). Specifically, as human beings, we often adjust or regulate our emotional expressions in the service of communicating our emotions. People deploy a combination of controlled and automatic processes to maintain, amplify, or reduce their emotional responses (Gross & Thompson, 2007). For example, we feign interest when bored, control anger when provoked, hide reactions to disappointments, and diminish fearful responses when threatened. The intricate process of modulating complex emotional responses draws upon a wide range of abilities, including allocating attention to environmental cues, self-monitoring, and controlling behavior. These processes rely on the integrity of a diverse set of neural circuits. Given the complexity of skills and neural circuits involved , it is not surprising that emotion regulatory difficulties are observed in a large number of neurological (and psychiatric) conditions. …