Elevated Carbon Dioxide: Impacts on Soil and Plant Water Relations

Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Drought Introduction Predictions Photosynthesis of C3 and C4 Plants Photosynthesis of CAM Plants Field Studies with Crops Controlled Environment Studies with Crops Trees Gymnosperm versus Angiosperm Trees CAM Plant Salinity Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Soil: Composition of the Soil Atmosphere Introduction Composition of the Soil Atmosphere Organic Matter Rainfall, Irrigation, and Flooding Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Soil: Interaction with the Soil Physical Factors That Affect Root Growth Introduction Soil Water Soil Compaction Soil Temperature Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Soil: Variable Oxygen Concentration and Root Growth Introduction Variable Oxygen Concentration in the Soil Variation in Species Soil versus Root Evolution of CO2 Limiting Concentration of Oxygen Maximum CO2 in Soil That Allows Crop Growth Movement of Gases Up and Down a Plant Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere: Interaction with the Soil Physical Factors That Affect Root Growth Introduction Soil Water Soil Compaction Soil Temperature Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Root Growth Introduction Field Studies with Sorghum and Wheat Controlled-Environment Studies with Wheat Soybeans, Tepary Bean, Bush Bean, Barley, and Cotton Horticultural Crops Pasture Plants Native Grasses Carbon Isotope Ratios of Plants with Different Photosynthetic Pathways Trees C3 and C4 Crops Compared CAM Plants Root-to-Shoot Ratios Root Restriction Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Plant Water Potential, Osmotic Potential, and Turgor Potential Introduction Wheat Grassland Plants Soybeans Peas Trees Stress Relaxation Native Herbs Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Stomatal Conductance Introduction Leaf Resistances Units Factors That Control Stomatal Movements Stomatal Conductance and Elevated CO2 C3 and C4 Plants Compared Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Stomatal Density Introduction Woodward's 1987 Discovery: Stomatal Density Decreases with Increasing CO2 Concentration Importance of Herbariums to Study the Historical Record of Stomata Confirmation of the 1987 Discovery Contradictions to the 1987 Discovery: No Effect of Elevated CO2 on Stomatal Density Brown and Escombe's Diameter Law Amphistomatous and Hypostomatous Leaves Sensitivity of Stomata to CO2 Studies since Woodward's 1987 Discovery Studies of Fossil Plants Stomatal Anatomy and Elevated CO2 How Does Stomatal Density Change with CO2 Concentration? Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Transpiration and Evapotranspiration Introduction Transpiration under Greenhouse Conditions Carbon Dioxide Enrichment in Greenhouses Ethylene Transpiration under Elevated CO2 Evapotranspiration-General Principles Evapotranspiration under Elevated CO2 Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Water Use Efficiency Introduction Definitions and Historical Aspects of Efficient Water Use Water Requirement of C3 and C4 Plants Water Use Efficiency under Elevated CO2 Water Use Efficiency of Fossil and Herbarium Plants Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: C3 and C4 Plants Introduction C3 versus C4 Photosynthesis Advantage of C4 Photosynthesis Dry Matter Production of C3 and C4 Plants Evolution of C4 Plants C3 and C4 Plants under Elevated CO2 Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Plant Anatomy Introduction Leaves Comparison of C3 and C4 Leaves Leaf Ultrastructure Wood Anatomy and Density under Variable CO2 Concentrations Wood Anatomy under Variable Precipitation and Ambient CO2 Internal Leaf Characteristics of C3 and C4 Plants under Ambient CO2 Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Phenology Introduction Phenology Wheat Physiology and Phenology Methods to Determine Crop Development Q10, Degree-Day Concept and Heat Units Growth Stages of Wheat as Affected by Elevated CO2 Phenology under Elevated CO2 Questions to Be Answered about Elevated CO2 and Phenology Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Growth and Yield Introduction Wheat Rice Barley Oats Soybean Cotton Horticultural Crops Pasture and Grassland Plants Marsh Plants Herbs and Weeds CAM Plants Deciduous Trees Evergreen Trees and Shrubs Temperature Free-Air CO2 Exchange Studies Harvest Index Quality Yield Epilogue References Index A Summary appears at the end of each chapter.