Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coronal Hard X-Ray Emission Associated with Radio Type III Bursts

We report on a purely coronal hard X-ray source detected in a partially disk-occulted solar flare by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) that is associated with radio type III bursts and a suprathermal electron event detected near 1 AU by the WIND 3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle (3DP) instrument. Several observational characteristics suggest that the coronal hard X-ray source is thin target bremsstrahlung emission from the escaping electrons that produce the radio type III bursts. The hard X-ray emission correlates in time with the radio type III bursts and originates from a radially elongated source in the corona with a length (~65 Mm) similar to typical coronal density scale heights. Furthermore, the difference between the hard X-ray photon spectral index (γ = 4.1 ± 0.4) and the electron spectral index of the in situ observed event (δin situ = 2.9 ± 0.3) is around 1, consistent with the thin target interpretation. A further test for the thin target scenario is to compare the number of electrons needed to produce the observed hard X-ray emission with the number of in situ observed electrons. However, the number of escaping electrons derived from the single-spacecraft WIND measurement is in the best case an order of magnitude estimate and could easily underestimate the actual number of escaping electrons. Using the WIND observations, the estimated number of escaping electrons is about an order of magnitude too low. Thus, the thin target interpretation only holds if the WIND measurements are significantly underestimating the actual number of escaping electrons. Future multispacecraft observations with STEREO, Solar Orbiter, and Sentinels will resolve this uncertainty.
Particle entry into the magnetosphere with a southward interplanetary magnetic field studied by a three-dimensional electromagnetic particle code

We report progress in the long-term effort to represent the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetosphere using a three-dimensional electromagnetic particle code. A new run that includes an interplanetary magnetic field yields results that are encouragingly consistent with established features of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction. After a quasi-steady state is established with an unmagnetized solar wind we switch on a southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), which causes the magnetosphere to stretch and allows particles to enter the cusps and nightside magnetosphere. Analysis of magnetic fields near the Earth confirms a signature of magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause, and the plasma sheet in the near-Earth magnetotail clearly thins. Later magnetic reconnection also takes place in the near-Earth magnetotail. Arrival of southward IMF near the front of the magnetosphere causes a sunward velocity in the dayside magnetosphere, as required to feed flux tubes into the dayside reconnection process. Sunward flow near the equatorial plane of the magnetosphere implies a dawn-to-dusk electric field. Initially, the velocity in the distant tail is not much affected by the southward turning. Therefore the dawn-dusk electric field increases in the sunward direction, which causes Bto decrease with time in the near-Earth magnetotail. The cross-field current also thins and intensifies, which excites a kinetic (drift kink) instability along the dawn-dusk direction. As a result of this instability the electron compressibility effect appears to be reduced and to allow the collisionless tearing to grow rapidly with the reduced Bcomponent. At the same time the nightside magnetic fields are dipolarized and a plasmoid is formed tailward. We find that due to the reconnection particles were injected toward the Earth from the neutral line (X line). Consistent with this dawn-dusk electric field and magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause, both ions and electrons enter the magnetospheric interior easily. In our simulations, kinetic effects self-consistently determine the dissipation rate in the magnetopause associated with reconnection.
Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy

In recent decades meditation has been studied in the psychotherapy literature and incorporated into psychotherapy treatments (see Walsh & Shapiro, 2006, for review). As therapists who find meditation compatible with our Christian-based treatment approach, we have struggled to describe the integration of meditation and psychotherapy. In this article we first describe what meditation is, then consider its mechanisms of change, use in therapy or as a complement to therapy
The Determinants of Box Office Performance in Turkey

The film industry has great importance for both global and local economies. In the process, movie studios and producers try to predict box office success due to financial risk management. It is necessary to increase knowledge about the factors affecting the box office of a movie and the relationship between factors. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the determinants of box office revenue in the movie industry in Turkey. The study sample consists of 1,178 movies released and the time spans between 2015 and 2019. Movies watched by at least 10,000 people were included in the sample. Based on the findings, an increasing number of theaters and weeks, sequels
Studying folding kinetics of omicron to understand its hijack mechanism in human host cells (preprint)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has rapidly expanded into a global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Genetic drift in global SARS-CoV-2 isolates and protein evolution have an impact on their ability to escape from current antiviral therapeutics. Hence, our study aimed to reveal how mutations in the folding kinetics of assembly and maturation proteins drive the hijack ability to emerge SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans. In this study, we predicted the folding rate of these proteins using multiple regression analysis and validated the prediction accuracy using machine learning algorithms. Hybrid machine learning using linear regression, random forest, and decision tree was used to evaluate the predicted folding rates compared with other machine learning models. In SARS-CoV-2 variants, the sequence-structure-function-folding rate link stabilizes or retains the mutated residues, making stable near-native protein structures. The folding rates of these protein mutants were increased in their structural classes, particularly β-sheets, which accommodated the hijacking ability of new variants in human host cells. E484A and L432R were identified as potent mutations that resulted in drastic changes in the folding pattern of the spike protein. We conclude that receptor-binding specificity, infectivity, multiplication rate, and hijacking ability are directly associated with an increase in the folding rate of their protein mutants.
An Excursion characterization of the first hitting time of Brownian motion in a smooth boundary

We obtain a formula for the distribution of the first hitting time by the Brownian motion of an one-sided curved boundary f(t) which gives a new characterization of the first-passage density p(t). It is shown that p(t) is a product of the known density for reaching the level y = f(0) at time t and a function that is a solution to the Cauchy problem for some parabolic operator. The boundary-independent part of this operator is just a part of the Kolmogorov's equation for a Brownian excursion transition density.
A Hybrid Transfer Learning Assisted Decision Support System for Accurate Prediction of Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common long-term illness in elderly people. In recent years, deep learning has become popular in the area of medical imaging and has had a lot of success there. It has become the most effective way to look at medical images. When it comes to detecting AD, the deep neural model is more accurate and effective than general machine learning. Our research contributes to the development of a more comprehensive understanding and detection of the disease by identifying four distinct classes that are predictive of AD with a high weighted accuracy of 98.91%. A unique strategy has been proposed to improve the accuracy of the imbalance dataset classification problem via the combination of ensemble averaging models and five different transfer learning models in this study. EfficientNetB0+Resnet152(effnet+res152) and InceptionV3+EfficientNetB0+Resnet50(incep+effnet+res50) models have been fine-tuned and have reached the highest weighted accuracy for multi-class AD stage classifications.
Coding of the quantum information on virtual qubits

One qubit is mapped to two level system in the standard model of quantum computation: a typical example is a spin-1/2 system. Further progress requires the use of network of multilevel quantum systems of different physical origin in solids: optical levels, large or strong interacting spins etc. We propose virtual qubit formalism and show how the quantum objects state space can be used as a basis for multiqubit information recording and processing in a quantum computer. It is suggested to map the qubits into solid state NMR spin system collective states instead of the state of the individual spin. Such an approach introduces the stable computational basis without any additional actions and allows to obtain the universal set of quantum gates, which operation time is determined only by the RF pulses.
Identification of a class of space-variant image blurs

In this paper, we address the identification of a class of continuously varying linear space variant (LSV) blurs, for which the variation of the PSF parameters can be tracked from the loci of the zero-crossings in the magnitude of the local Fourier transform (LFT) of the blurred image. We show that this class of LSV blurs can be identified by an LFT analysis provided that the variation of the PSF parameters over the image is sufficiently slow. It is demonstrated that the size of the LFT analysis window needs to be approximately four times the blur support to obtain good results. However, since the blur size is unknown to start with, we propose a multi-(spatial) resolution LFT analysis of the blurred image to determine the best window size and the estimate of the blur support. We provide experimental results for the case of LSV motion blur.
The K-Exemplars Clustering Method

In order to apply the concepts of k-means to deal with any specified dissimilarity measures, we propose a k-exemplars clustering method that modifies k-means by restricting the cluster centers on data points. The proposed method not only has similar clustering accuracy as k-means but also faster convergence. According to the definition of the objective function of k-exemplars, the proposed method can be used to deal with a relational data set, and the cluster centers (exemplars) of each cluster will also be extracted. Hence, the k-exemplars can work in an environment with specified dissimilarity measures.
Optical characterization of refractive index sensors based on planar waveguide Fabry–Pérot Bragg grating cavity

Abstract. The evanescent field–based polymeric planar waveguide refractive index sensors having a high Q Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavity between identical dual Bragg gratings corrugated on the surface of the planar waveguide were developed. The FP Bragg gratings cavity was fabricated with a cavity size of 5 and 7 mm, respectively. The spectra of light reflected from fabricated Bragg gratings, which were butt joined, were measured and compared with different indices of surrounding media. It was obtained that the FP Bragg gratings cavity is more sensitive than the single Bragg grating. The sensor developed shows much promise in the application of biomedical diagnostics such as a biosensor and/or environmental monitoring systems.
A generalized unimodality

Khintchine (1938) showed that a real random variable Z has a unimodal distribution with mode at 0 iff Z ~ U X (that is, Z is distributed like U X), where U is uniform on [0, 1] and U and X are independent. Isii ((1958), page 173) defines a modified Stieltjes transform of a distribution function F for w complex thus: Apparently unaware of Khintchine's work, he proved (pages 179-180) that F is unimodal with mode at 0 iff there is a distribution function Φ for which . The equivalence of Khintchine's and Isii's results is made vivid by a proof (due to L. A. Shepp) in the next section.
DUALITY OF CO-POISSON HOPF ALGEBRAS

Abstract. Let A be a co-Poisson Hopf algebra with Poisson co-bracket  . Here it is shown that the Hopf dual A ◦ is a Poisson Hopf algebra withPoisson bracket ff;gg ( x ) = ⟨ ( x ) ;f g⟩ for any f;g 2 A ◦ and x 2 A if A is an almost normalizing extension over the ground eld. Moreover weget, as a corollary, the fact that the Hopf dual of the universal envelopingalgebra U (g) for a nite dimensional Lie bialgebra g is a Poisson Hopfalgebra. Let G be a Lie group with Lie algebra g. Then its coordinate ring O ( G ) isa Hopf algebra and can be replaced by the Hopf dual U (g) ◦ of the universalenveloping algebra U (g). In fact, it is well-known that U (g) ◦ is equal to O ( G )if G is connected and simply connected. Moreover it is convenient to work on U (g) ◦ instead of O ( G ) since U (g) ◦ has a natural grading. For instance, see [3,Chapter 2] and [2]. Recall that a Lie group G is said to be a Poisson Lie group if its coordinatering O ( G ) is a Poisson Hopf algebra. If G is a Poisson Lie group, then its Liealgebra g becomes a nite dimensional Lie bialgebra with a co-bracket
Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Micro-Machined Porous Channels for Electronics Cooling

Boiling heat transfer enhancement for a passive electronics cooling design is presented in this paper. A novel pool boiling enhancement technique is developed and characterized. A combination of surface modification by metallic coating and micro-machined porous channels attached to the modified surface is tested and reported. An experimental rig is set up using a standard BGA package with 12 mm × 12 mm thermal die as a test surface. The limiting heat flux for a horizontally oriented silicon chip with fluorocarbon liquid FC-72 is typically around 15 W/cm2. Boiling heat transfer with the designed enhancement techniques is investigated, and the factors influencing the enhancement are analyzed. The metallic coated surface at 10°C wall superheat has a heat flux six times larger than an untreated chip surface. Micro-machined porous channels with different pore sizes and pitches are tested in combination with the metallic coated surface. The boiling heat flux is seven times larger at lower wall superheat compared to the plain chip surface. Maximum critical heat flux (CHF) of 38 W/cm2 is obtained with 0.3 mm pore diameter and 1 mm pore pitch. A ratio of pore diameter and pore pitch is found to correlate well with the heat transfer enhancement obtained by experiments. Structures with smaller pore diameter to pitch ratio and larger pore opening are found to have higher heat transfer enhancement in the tested combination.
PaLI-3 Vision Language Models: Smaller, Faster, Stronger

This paper presents PaLI-3, a smaller, faster, and stronger vision language model (VLM) that compares favorably to similar models that are 10x larger. As part of arriving at this strong performance, we compare Vision Transformer (ViT) models pretrained using classification objectives to contrastively (SigLIP) pretrained ones. We find that, while slightly underperforming on standard image classification benchmarks, SigLIP-based PaLI shows superior performance across various multimodal benchmarks, especially on localization and visually-situated text understanding. We scale the SigLIP image encoder up to 2 billion parameters, and achieves a new state-of-the-art on multilingual cross-modal retrieval. We hope that PaLI-3, at only 5B parameters, rekindles research on fundamental pieces of complex VLMs, and could fuel a new generation of scaled-up models.
Innovative optical setup for testing a stereo camera for space applications

The Stereo Camera (STC) of the SIMBIO-SYS imaging suite of the BepiColombo ESA mission to Mercury is based on an innovative and compact design in which the light independently collected by two optical channels at ±20° separation with respect to nadir falls on a common bidimensional detector. STC adopts a novel stereo acquisition mode, based on the push-frame concept, never used before on a space mission. To characterize this camera for obtaining the most accurate data of the Mercury surface, standard calibration measurements have been performed. In addition, we also wanted to demonstrate and characterize the capability of the instrument to reconstruct a 3D surface with the desired accuracy by means of the stereo push-frame concept. To this end, a lab setup has been realized with an evaluation model of STC, in which the problem of working at an essentially infinite object distance over hundred km baselines has been overcome by means of a simple collimator and two precision rotators. The intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the camera have been obtained with standard stereo procedures, adapted to the specific case. The stereo validation has been performed by comparing the shape of the target object accurately measured by laser scanning, with the shape reconstructed by applying the adopted stereo algorithm to the acquired image pairs. The obtained results show the goodness of this innovative validation technique, that will be applied also for validating the stereo capabilities of STC flight model.
Tokenizer Choice For LLM Training: Negligible or Crucial?

The recent success of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been predominantly driven by curating the training dataset composition, scaling of model architectures and dataset sizes and advancements in pretraining objectives, leaving tokenizer influence as a blind spot. Shedding light on this underexplored area, we conduct a comprehensive study on the influence of tokenizer choice on LLM downstream performance by training 24 mono- and multilingual LLMs at a 2.6B parameter scale, ablating different tokenizer algorithms and parameterizations. Our studies highlight that the tokenizer choice can significantly impact the model's downstream performance and training costs. In particular, we find that the common tokenizer evaluation metrics fertility and parity are not always predictive of model downstream performance, rendering these metrics a questionable proxy for the model's downstream performance. Furthermore, we show that multilingual tokenizers trained on the five most frequent European languages require vocabulary size increases of factor three in comparison to English. While English-centric tokenizers have been applied to the training of multi-lingual LLMs in the past, we find that this approach results in a severe downstream performance degradation and additional training costs of up to 68%, due to an inefficient tokenization vocabulary.
CARS microscopy for the monitoring of lipid storage in C. elegans

After several years of proof-of-principle measurements and focus on technological development, it is timely to make full use of the capabilities of CARS microscopy within the biosciences. We have here identified an urgent biological problem, to which CARS microscopy provides unique insights and consequently may become a widely accepted experimental procedure. In order to improve present understanding of mechanisms underlying dysfunctional metabolism regulation reported for many of our most wide-spread diseases (obesity, diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases etc.), we have monitored genetic and environmental impacts on cellular lipid storage in the model organism C. elegans in vivo in a full-scale biological study. Important advantages of CARS microscopy could be demonstrated compared to present technology, i.e. fluorescence microscopy of labelled lipid stores. The fluorescence signal varies not only with the presence of lipids, but also with the systemic distribution of the fluorophore and the chemical properties of the surrounding medium. By instead probing high-density regions of CH bonds naturally occurring in the sample, the CARS process was shown to provide a consistent representation of the lipid stores. The increased accumulation of lipid stores in mutants with deficiencies in the insulin and transforming growth factor signalling pathways could hereby be visualized and quantified. Furthermore, spectral CARS microscopy measurements in the C-H bond region of 2780-2930 cm-1 provided the interesting observation that this accumulation comes with a shift in the ordering of the lipids from gel- to liquid phase. The present study illustrates that CARS microscopy has a strong potential to become an important instrument for systemic studies of lipid storage mechanisms in living organisms, providing new insights into the phenomena underlying metabolic disorders.
Observation of giant dielectric constant in an assembly of ultrafine Ag particles

Although the Gor'kov-Eliashberg effect in isolated ultrafine metal particles is forbidden due to the depolarization field inside it, a giant dielectric response (e∼10 1 0 ) is observed in an assembly of ultrafine metal particles connected to each other forming an interrupted metal strand. The metal strand, which has a very low depolarization field, is obtained by the application of electric field to the assembly of isolated minute metal particles. The strong electrostatic force due to high electric field (10 6 V/cm) in the nano air gap between the particles causes the particles to deform in the direction of the electric field and finally attains the percolating configuration with the formation of a metal filament, the electronic wave functions of which are localized due to lattice defects at the interface between the particles.
Atomic-resolution imaging of lithium in Al 3 Li precipitates

Using an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope, we report on imaging individual atomic columns of Li in the intermetallic compound ${\text{Al}}_{3}\text{Li}$. The effect of electron energy on the imaging characteristic of Li is investigated by performing measurements at 80 kV employing a monochromated electron beam with an energy spread $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ of 0.2 eV and at 300 kV with $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ of 0.8 eV. These settings enable similar information transfer at both microscope operation conditions and allow a direct comparison between the 80 and the 300 kV measurements. Our experimental data show that the phase of the reconstructed exit-plane wave is highly sensitive to light atoms and that the displacement damage of light elements of low threshold recoil energy can be larger at 80 kV than at 300 kV. This behavior can be understood in terms of the relativistic elastic-scattering cross section between electrons and atoms.
Comparison of ALA and Photofrin in two rat glioma models

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) shows good promise as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of gliomas. PDT requires the use of a photosensitizer but there have been few studies in which they have been directly compared. Two rat brain glioma cell lines, BT4C and F98 were used to study the effects of Photofrin (PF) and aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as photosensitizers. Both compounds were able to sensitize cells to red light (635nm) however, PF treated (2.5 &mgr;g/ml) cells displayed more cell death than ALA treated (1 mM) cells. ALA-PDT treated cells did not have a block in the cell cycle while PF-PDT treated cells had a fluence dependent G1 block 24 hrs after treatment. The BT4C cell line also displayed a G2 cell cycle block. Both photosensitizers were able to induce apoptosis as measured by flow cytometry but only PF-PDT was able to induce necrosis at the fluence rates investigated (1-20 J/cm2). These differences in cellular responses to ALA and