Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetic structure of a slow spreading ridge segment: Insights from near-bottom magnetic measurements on board a submersible

[1] Near-bottom magnetic measurements on board submersible Nautile were carried out on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 21°40′N segment, and deep-sea geomagnetic vector anomalies along 19 dive tracks were obtained by applying the processing method for shipboard three-component magnetometer data. A forward modeling technique using short-wavelength components of the anomalies arising from local topography and vertical motion of the submersible was designed to estimate the absolute magnetization intensity of the seafloor. In the vicinity of the spreading axis a considerable number of magnetization estimations are reliably confirmed by the high correlation between observed and modeled anomalies, whereas less reliable estimations are obtained off-axis, probably because the sediment buries the basement topography. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) measured on basalt samples collected during these dives is compared with the magnetization from anomalies. Though both results give a similar range of magnetization intensity, no correlation is confirmed between them, possibly because the magnetization from anomalies represents laterally averaged seafloor magnetization, whereas the NRM has variations at the scale of individual pillow or lava pile. Equivalent magnetization inverted from the sea-surface magnetic anomalies shows axial magnetization increases significantly from the segment center to the segment ends. However, the results of eight dives conducted near the spreading axis at different locations along the segment show much less variation in magnetization intensity along the axis. We ascribe the high equivalent magnetization at segment ends to preferential serpentinization of peridotite near the segment ends and the associated formation of magnetite. The results of three across-axis transects composed of 15 dives running in the spreading direction can be consistently interpreted as recording geomagnetic paleointensity variations during the Brunhes epoch. Although magnetization lows are generally correspondent to periods of low paleointensity, they show deeper drop than predicted from the paleointensity variation.
Crustal structure and dynamics of the Tien Shan

P receiver functions of many seismograph stations in the Tien Shan in central Asia show a Ps phase converted from the bottom of a fractured surficial layer with a reduction in S velocity of around 30%. In the northern Tien Shan the depth of the bottom of this layer increases sharply from a few kilometers beneath the foreland to 15 km beneath the Kyrgyz range. This low S velocity region extending to mid‐crustal depths is associated with a high level of ambient seismicity and is likely caused by fluids at high pore pressure that prevent closure of cracks. The low velocity layer is absent beneath some stations in the central Tien Shan, including a region of anomalously thin crust beneath the Naryn basin. The thin crust and reduced fracturing suggest a strong lithosphere that transfers compressive stress from the Aksay plateau in the south to the Kyrgyz and associated ranges in the north.
Study of the formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water

Formation processes of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) are examined by a numerical model with fine vertical grids. The model produces a salinity minimum in the North Pacific (calculated NPIW (C-NPIW)), which is very similar to observed NPIW except for its lighter density. Upon examination with the particle-tracking method and T-S diagram, it is determined that C-NPIW is formed around the Kuroshio Separation, most C-NPIW is transported by the Kuroshio, and some originates from the subarctic by turbulent mixing. However, C-NPIW cannot be formed by only a mixture of the Kuroshio and the subarctic waters. Cooling and freshening surface fluxes with a thick mixed layer are generated near the Kuroshio Separation, and less saline C-NPIW is formed by 4.5 m yr−1 freshening surface flux. While the less saline mixed layer is carried eastward, its upper part becomes saline by the surface flux and a salinity minimum is formed. Thus its density is determined by the surface density at the Kuroshio Separation. These processes of C-NPIW formation are inconsistent with observations, thus C-NPIW is not the counterpart of NPIW and should be called “false NPIW. ” The false NPIW results from the northward extension of the northwestern North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSTG) beyond the Subarctic Front. In this situation the surface water near the Kuroshio Separation is the densest in NPSTG, and also, it has lowest salinity in the lower part of the ventilated layer in NPSTG. Hence the less saline water formed at the Kuroshio Separation spreads over NPSTG as false NPIW. The boundary of the subtropical/subarctic gyres expected from the annual mean wind is at the north of the Subarctic Front in the western Pacific, thus the problem will be common to most numerical models. Therefore models must be used that can simulate a realistic Kuroshio Separation in order to reproduce NPIW.
Kinematics and flow patterns in deep mantle and upper mantle subduction models: Influence of the mantle depth and slab to mantle viscosity ratio

Three‐dimensional fluid dynamic laboratory simulations are presented that investigate the subduction process in two mantle models, an upper mantle model and a deep mantle model, and for various subducting plate/mantle viscosity ratios (ηSP/ηM = 59–1375). The models investigate the mantle flow field, geometrical evolution of the slab, sinking kinematics, and relative contributions of subducting plate motion and trench migration to the total rate of subduction. All models show that the subducting plate is always moving trenchward resulting from slab pull. Furthermore, all deep mantle models show trench retreat, as do upper mantle models in the initial stage of subduction before slab tip‐transition zone interaction. Upper mantle models with a low ηSP/ηM (66, 217) continue to show trench retreat after interaction. Upper mantle models with a high ηSP/ηM (378, 709) show a period of trench advance after interaction followed by trench retreat. Upper mantle models with a very high ηSP/ηM (1375) show continued trench advance after interaction. The difference in trench migration behavior and associated slab geometries is attributed to both ηSP/ηM and the mantle depth to plate thickness ratio TM/TSP, which both affect the slab bending radius to mantle thickness ratio rB/TM. Four subduction regimes can be defined: Regime I with rB/TM ≤ ∼0.3, trench retreat, slab draping, and a concave trench; Regime II with ∼0.3 < rB/TM < ∼0.5, episodic trench migration, slab folding, and a concave trench; Regime III with rB/TM ≈ 0.5, trench advance, slab rollover geometries, and minor trench curvature; and Regime IV with rB/TM ≥ ∼0.8, trench retreat, slab draping, and a rectilinear trench. In all models, slab‐parallel downdip motion induces poloidal mantle flow structures. In addition, trench retreat and rollback motion of the slab induce quasi‐toroidal return flow around the lateral slab edges toward the mantle wedge. Rollback‐induced poloidal flow around the slab tip is not observed in any of the experiments. Finally, comparison between the slab geometries observed in the upper mantle models and slab geometries observed in nature imply that the effective viscosity ratio between slab and ambient upper mantle in nature is less than 103 and of the order 1–7 × 102, with a best estimate of 1–3 × 102.
Histórico dos incêndios na vegetação do Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina, entre 1973 e abril de 2010, com base em imagens Landsat

Os incêndios são uma séria ameaça à conservação da biodiversidade e à integridade das Unidades de Conservação (UC). No entanto, a ocorrência de fogo faz parte da dinâmica natural de diversos ecossistemas. Entre as UC federais brasileiras, o Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina foi a que registrou o maior número de focos de incêndio entre os anos de 2003 e 2006. Para avaliar o histórico dos incêndios no Parque (1520km²) e em sua área circundante (AC: faixa de 10km ao redor do Parque), imagens de satélites LandSat foram obtidas na internet, georrefenciadas e analisadas para identificação das áreas queimadas, como “cicatrizes” escuras nas imagens de satélite. Estas cicatrizes foram delimitadas e suas áreas calculadas com programas de geoprocessamento. Os dados foram organizados anualmente. No período entre 1973 e 1983, utilizando imagens LandSat 1, 2 e 3, com resolução espacial de 80m, foram identificados (média ± DP) 21,00 ± 20,24 polígonos de incêndios anuais, que afetaram áreas com 589,58 ± 680,79 ha em média, no Parque, e 82,70 ± 89,70 polígonos e 2.244,86 ± 1.272,70 ha na AC. Entre 1984 e abril de 2010, utilizando imagens LandSat 5 com resolução espacial de 30m, a área queimada apurada foi de 6.413,62 ± 4.025,38 ha no PNCD (188,88 ± 194,54 polígonos) e 6.125,49 ± 4.496,98 ha (441,40 ± 430,46) na AC. Há uma grande variabilidade na extensão anual dos incêndios no Parque. Os anos em que se registraram as maiores extensões queimadas foram 1993 e 2008. Ao todo, 61% da área do Parque foi atingida pelo fogo no período avaliado no presente estudo. As áreas não atingidas se concentram em regiões mais úmidas e com formações florestais. A área circundante teve 37,6% de sua extensão atingida por incêndios. Os dados levantados sugerem que fatores climáticos, como a ocorrência do fenômeno El Niño, favorecem a ocorrência de incêndios, embora no período entre 2003 e 2008 não se tenha observado este padrão. É possível que a retirada de 18.000 cabeças de gado bovino do Parque em 2002 e que o relativo controle dos incêndios nos anos subseqüentes tenham favorecido o acúmulo de biomassa, tornando muito difícil o controle dos incêndios em 2008, quando 41% do Parque foram afetados pelo fogo. Palavras-chave: área protegida, Cadeia do Espinhaço; geoprocessamento; incêndios florestais.
A Hybrid Recommendation Model for Drug Selection

: Medical errors associated with medication pose significant threats to patients’ safety, primarily due to the abundance of drug information available on various online healthcare platforms, leading to challenges in identifying relevant drugs. To address this issue, drug recommendation systems have been developed to assist in selecting appropriate medications for specific medical conditions. Collaborative filtering approaches have been widely used to generate personalized recommendations for various applications. They are easy to implement, debug, and provide justifiable reasoning for recommended items, which is not readily accessible in several other recommendation approaches. Regardless of their success, they still need further enhancements to address challenges related to insufficient rating data, such as data sparsity and new item problems. This paper proposes a drug recommendation model that effectively employs drug taxonomy and multi-criteria collaborative filtering to tackle these challenges. Drug taxonomy enhances recommendation quality by offering a more organized and granular representation of drugs, while multi-criteria rating captures the patients’ preferences more accurately, enabling accurate recommendations that better match the patient’s specific preferences. Experiments conducted on a real-world drug multi-criteria rating dataset demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms baseline recommendation approaches in addressing these challenges and improving prediction accuracy and coverage, making it a valuable tool to assist patients in selecting relevant drugs for their specific medical conditions.
Développement humain responsable et aménagement du territoire. Réflexions à partir de deux réserves de biosphère périurbaines en France et au Chili

En plus de vingt-cinq d'existence, le developpement durable n'a pas produit les changements escomptes sur le plan structurel, institutionnel ou meme scientifique. En ce qui concerne le plan scientifique, depuis la premiere formulation du concept en 1987, de nouveaux courants interdisciplinaires en sciences sociales ont emerge produisant de nouveaux concepts, proposant de nouvelles methodologies et affirmant certains principes ethiques. La these s'interesse tout particulierement au courant du developpement humain articule autour des travaux d'Amartya Sen (approche par les capabilites) et de Manfred Max-Neef (approche par les besoins) et a celui de l'economie ecologique duquel emerge une conception forte de la soutenabilite ainsi que les concepts de fonctions et de services ecosystemiques. Une articulation entre ces deux courants ainsi qu'une reflexion sur l'ethique de la responsabilite et la justice permettent de re-conceptualiser le developpement durable, concept relativement mal defini et ambigu, sous la forme d'un developpement humain responsable ancre dans la soutenabilite forte et la justice sociale. Cette articulation, realisee dans une perspective transdisciplinaire, permet de proposer un nouveau cadre conceptuel qui pourrait d'une part, favoriser un amenagement responsable du territoire et, d'autre part, renforcer l'epistemologie de la geographie pour qu'elle puisse pleinement assumer son role d'etude des interactions Nature-Societe. La reflexion theorique est mise en pratique au sein de deux reserves de biosphere periurbaines, l'une en France (Reserve de Biosphere de Fontainebleau-Gâtinais) et l'autre au Chili (Reserve de biosphere de La Campana-Penuelas).
Are General Circulation Models Ready for Operational Streamflow Forecasting for Water Management in the Ganges and Brahmaputra River Basins

AbstractThis study asks the question of whether GCMs are ready to be operationalized for streamflow forecasting in South Asian river basins, and if so, at what temporal scales and for which water management decisions are they likely to be relevant? The authors focused on the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna basins for which there is a gridded hydrologic model calibrated for the 2002–10 period. The North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) suite of eight GCM hindcasts was applied to generate precipitation forecasts for each month of the 1982–2012 (30 year) period at up to 6 months of lead time, which were then downscaled according to the bias-corrected statistical downscaling (BCSD) procedure to daily time steps. A global retrospective forcing dataset was used for this downscaling procedure. The study clearly revealed that a regionally consistent forcing for BCSD, which is currently unavailable for the region, is one of the primary conditions to realize reasonable skill in streamflow forecasting. In terms o.
SOIL EROSION, CONSERVATION, AND ECO‐ENVIRONMENT CHANGES IN THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA

As one of the best‐known areas in the world, the Loess Plateau, has long been suffering from serious soil erosion. The present paper reviewed the historical variation of climate, vegetation cover, and environment changes in order to understand the causes of severe soil erosion. Documentary evidence indicated that climate changes and vegetation cover were the dominant natural factors influencing the soil erosion rates during the Holocene. Intensive human activities consisting of warfare, population growth, deforestation, and soil and water conservation measures were responsible for the changes of soil erosion during the anthropogenic period. Spatial and temporal changes of specific sediment yields presented significant decrease within the last several decades, which resulted from decreasing rainfall, large scale soil and water conservation measures, agricultural irrigation, and reservoir construction. Different phase of soil conservation measures demonstrated the development of policies and techniques on soil erosion control. Effective strategies of soil and water conservation, consisting of terracing, afforestation, natural rehabilitation, and check‐dams construction, were carried out on the Loess Plateau during the past six decades. The progress of soil conservation measures confirmed that the check‐dams systems might be suitable for Loess hilly Plateau, and natural vegetation rehabilitation is the best way for soil erosion control and should be implemented in other regions with emphasis of improving the quality of conservation measures based on natural rehabilitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging and characterization of solute transport during two tracer tests in a shallow aquifer using electrical resistivity tomography and multilevel groundwater samplers

The relevance of aquifer heterogeneity for flow and transport is recognized broadly; however, its characterization is hampered by the inaccessibility of the subsurface. Time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) offers the possibility of imaging noninvasively subsurface transport. We present results of two tracer tests that were carried out successively in a shallow aquifer at the Krauthausen test site (Germany). The breakthroughs of an electrically conductive and a resistive tracer were monitored with ERT and local multilevel groundwater samplers (MLS) along two cross sections perpendicular to the mean flow direction. Sinking of the conductive salt tracer due to density effects was observed with ERT. We applied a stream tube model to characterize the spatially variable transport. ERT‐derived stream tube parameters showed similar patterns for the two tracer experiments, reflecting the effect of aquifer heterogeneity on transport. MLS data did not show similar spatial patterns, which indicates that these measurements may be prone to subtle changes of the flow field in the small sampling volume and mixing within screened wells. Between 50% and 10% of the tracer was recovered in the ERT‐derived breakthrough curves. Compared with transport simulations in a homogeneous aquifer, ERT‐derived time‐integrated changes in electrical conductivity were locally larger but focused in a smaller area. MLS data indicated that in this area, ERT did not underestimate the tracer recovery. The relatively low tracer recovery was attributed to undetected tracer breakthrough in regions with low ERT sensitivity and in regions where the length of the tracer plume and the electrical conductivity contrast were small.
2015 Urban Mobility Scorecard

Findings in the 2015 Urban Mobility Scorecard are drawn from traffic speed data collected by INRIX on 1.3 million miles of urban streets and highways, along with highway performance data from the Federal Highway Administration. This edition provides a comprehensive analysis of traffic conditions in 471 urban areas across the United States. Travel delays due to traffic congestion caused drivers to waste more than 3 billion gallons of fuel and kept travelers stuck in their cars for nearly 7 billion extra hours – 42 hours per rush-hour commuter. The total nationwide price tag: $160 billion, or $960 per commuter. Washington, D.C. tops the list of gridlock-plagued cities, with 82 hours of delay per commuter, followed by Los Angeles (80 hours), San Francisco (78 hours), New York (74 hours), and San Jose (67 hours). Drivers on America’s Top 10 worst roads waste on average 84 hours or 3.5 days a year on average in gridlock – twice the national average. Of these roads, six are in Los Angeles, two are in New York and the remaining two are in Chicago. The report predicts urban roadway congestion will continue to get worse without more assertive approaches on the project, program, and policy fronts.
Identification of a pyroptosis-related long non-coding RNA Signature for prognosis and its related ceRNA regulatory network of ovarian cancer

Aim: To identify the pyroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ovarian cancer and construct a prognostic signature based on them. Methods: Expression data from TCGA was used to explore differentially expressed pyroptosis-related lncRNAs in ovarian cancer. A risk signature was established by LASSO and cox regression analysis and then validated. Databases such as ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, TIMER, XCELL were used to identify the relation between this signature and the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was introduced to identify the pathways and functions that the signature may participate in. Based on miRcode and starBase databases, microRNAs related to the lncRNAs in our signature and the positively co-expressed pyroptosis- related genes were screened and a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was then constructed. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was conducted to validate the expression levels of two lncRNAs in this ceRNA network. Results: A 13 pyroptosis-related lncRNA prognostic signature (MYCNOS, AL161772.1, USP30-AS1, ZNF32-AS2, AC068733.3, AC012236.1, AC015802.5, KIAA1671-AS1, AC013403.2, MIR223HG, KRT7-AS, PTPRD-AS1 and LINC01094) was constructed. Patients in high-risk group had a significantly worse prognosis than that of low-risk (P<0.0001). Immune infiltration analysis found that patients identified as high-risk had a higher infiltration of macrophages and tumor-associated fibroblasts. Further pathway analysis revealed that the signature may be involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix receptor interaction, and focal adhesion. Finally, a competitive endogenous inhibition relationship was discovered between LINC01094, KRT7-AS, MYCNOS, ZNF32-AS2, AC012236.1 and pyroptosis- related genes such as IRF1, NOD1, GSDMC, NLRP1, PLCG1, GSDME and GZMB, in which LINC01094 and KRT7-AS were found to be overexpressed in three ovarian cancer cell lines. Conclusion: We constructed a pyroptosis-related lncRNA signature and correlate it to the immune microenvironment. A ceRNA regulatory network related to pyroptosis was also constructed, which provides novel insights useful for the study of pyroptosis in ovarian cancer.
Influence of summer monsoon diurnal cycle on moisture transport and precipitation over eastern China

Diurnal variability of the summer monsoon over China, a key element affecting regional climate, is examined using the latest reanalysis dataset and satellite rain estimates. Diurnal variation of low‐level wind is found to be pronounced over South China during active monsoon days. Mean wind speed attains a maximum (minimum) in early morning (afternoon), with a diurnal range of 2–3 m/s, double that of inactive monsoon days. The largest amplitude typically appears at 850 hPa, consistent with radiosonde observations. Such a monsoon diurnal cycle can strengthen low‐level moisture transport at night by about 20% more than during the day. Nocturnal moisture fluxes converge toward Central China and lead to a meso‐synoptic‐scale moisture sink during the late night and morning, which plays a role in regulating the regional water budget on a diurnal time scale. Monsoon flow also helps provide substantial moisture over low‐lying areas in the morning hours. Correspondingly, morning rainfall undergoes a remarkable increase and greatly contributes to the diurnal cycle of summer rainfall. The strongest response comes from meso‐α‐scale rain events that not only become prominent during active monsoon days but also possess a dominant morning peak. These morning events occur mainly on the basins and plains of Central China, where the monsoon diurnal cycle promotes nighttime mesoscale convection. These tend to shift northward from June to August, with the progress of the monsoon diurnal cycle, thereby producing the morning‐peak summer rainband. The findings point to an efficiency of nocturnal monsoon flow influencing the warm‐season weather and climate over eastern China.