Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attention to Stimuli of Learned versus Innate Biological Value Relies on Separate Neural Systems

The neural bases of attention, a set of neural processes that promote behavioral selection, is a subject of intense investigation. In humans, rewarded cues influence attention, even when those cues are irrelevant to the current task. Because the amygdala plays a role in reward processing, and the activity of amygdala neurons has been linked to spatial attention, we reasoned that the amygdala may be essential for attending to rewarded images. To test this possibility, we used an attentional capture task, which provides a quantitative measure of attentional bias. Specifically, we compared reaction times (RTs) of adult male rhesus monkeys with bilateral amygdala lesions and unoperated controls as they made a saccade away from a high- or low-value rewarded image to a peripheral target. We predicted that: (1) RTs will be longer for high- compared with low-value images, revealing attentional capture by rewarded stimuli; and (2) relative to controls, monkeys with amygdala lesions would exhibit shorter RT for high-value images. For comparison, we assessed the same groups of monkeys for attentional capture by images of predators and conspecifics, categories thought to have innate biological value. In performing the attentional capture task, all monkeys were slowed more by high-value relative to low-value rewarded images. Contrary to our prediction, amygdala lesions failed to disrupt this effect. When presented with images of predators and conspecifics, however, monkeys with amygdala lesions showed significantly diminished attentional capture relative to controls. Thus, separate neural pathways are responsible for allocating attention to stimuli with learned versus innate value. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Valuable objects attract attention. The amygdala is known to contribute to reward processing and the encoding of object reward value. We therefore examined whether the amygdala is necessary for allocating attention to rewarded objects. For comparison, we assessed the amygdala's contribution to attending to objects with innate biological value: predators and conspecifics. We found that the macaque amygdala is necessary for directing attention to images with innate biological value, but not for directing attention to recently learned reward-predictive images. These findings indicate that the amygdala makes selective contributions to attending to valuable objects. The data are relevant to mental health disorders, such as social anxiety disorders and small animal phobias, that arise from biased attention to select categories of objects.
The Carina Project. II. Stellar Populations

We present a new (V, B-V) color-magnitude diagram of the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) that extends from the tip of the red giant branch (RGB) down to V ∼ 25 mag. Data were collected with the Wide Field Imager available at the 2.2 m ESO/MPI telescope and cover an area of ≈0.3 deg2 around the center of the galaxy. We confirm the occurrence of a substantial number of old stars with ages around 11 Gyr, together with an intermediate-age population around 5 Gyr. Moreover, we also detected a new, well-defined blue plume of young main-sequence stars with an age, at most, on the order of 1 Gyr. This finding is further supported by the detection of a sizable sample of anomalous Cepheids, whose occurrence can be understood in terms of stars with ages ≈0.6 Gyr. The evidence for such a young population appears at odds with current cosmological models, which predict that the most recent star formation episodes in dSph's should have taken place 2–3 Gyr ago. At odds with previous results available in the literature, we found that stars along the RGB of old and intermediate-age stellar populations indicate a mean metallicity roughly equal to Z = 0.0004 ([Fe/H] ≈ -1.7) and a small dispersion around this value. This finding is further strengthened by the reduced spread in luminosity of RR Lyrae and horizontal-branch stars in the old stellar population and of the red clump in the intermediate-age group. We find evidence of a smooth spatial distribution of the intermediate-age stellar population (≈5 Gyr), which appears more centrally concentrated than the oldest one (≈11 Gyr). The radial distribution of the old population appears more clumpy, with a peak off-center by ≈2′ when compared with the Carina center. Star counts show a well-defined "shoulder" in the northeast direction along both the minor and major axes. Current data do not allow us to assess whether this feature is the break in the slope of star-count profiles predicted by Johnston, Sigurdsson, & Hernquist.
X-ray ionization rates in protoplanetary discs

Low-mass young stellar objects are powerful emitters of X-rays that can ionize and heat the disks and the young planets they harbour. The X-rays produce molecular ions that affect the chemistry of the disk atmospheres and their spectroscopic signatures. Deeper down, X-rays are the main ionization source and influence the operation of the magnetorotational instability, believed to be the main driver for the angular momentum redistribution crucial for the accretion and formation of these pre main-sequence stars. X-ray ionization also affects the character of the dead zones around the disk midplane where terrestrial planets are likely to form. To obtain the physical and chemical effects of the stellar X-rays, their propagation through the disk has to be calculated taking into account both absorption and scattering. To date the only calculation of this type was done almost 15 years ago, and here we present new three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations of X-ray ionization rates in protoplanetary discs. Our study confirms the results from previous work for the same physical parameters. It also updates them by including a more detailed treatment of the radiative transfer and by using ionizing spectra and elemental abundance more appropriate for what is currently known about protoplanetary disks and their host stars. The new calculations for a typical ionizing spectrum yield respectively lower and higher ionisation rates at high and low column densities at a given radius in a disc. The differences can be up to an order of magnitude near 1 AU, depending on the abundances used
Information storing yields a point-asymmetry of state space in general probabilistic theories

The state spaces of both classical and quantum systems have a point-asymmetry about the maximally mixed state except for bit and qubit systems. In this paper, we find an informational origin of this asymmetry: In any operationally valid probabilistic model, the state space has a point-asymmetry in order to store more than a single bit of information. In particular, we introduce a storable information as a natural measure of the storability of information and show the quantitative relation with the so-called Minkowski measure of the state space, which is an affinely invariant measure for point-asymmetry of a convex body. We also show the relation between these quantities and the dimension of the model, inducing some known results in \cite{ref:KNI} and \cite{ref:FMPT} as its corollaries. Also shown are a generalization of weaker form of the dual structure of quantum state spaces, and a generalization of the maximally mixed states as points of the critical set.
Dynamically flavored description of holographic QCD in the presence of a magnetic field

We construct the gravitational solution of the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model by introducing a magnetic field on the flavor brane. Taking into account their backreaction, we re-solve type IIA supergravity in the presence of a magnetic field. Our calculation shows that the gravitational solutions are magnetically dependent and analytic both in the bubble (confined) and black brane (deconfined) case. We study the dual field theory at the leading order in the ratio of the number of flavors and colors, and also in the Veneziano limit. Some physical properties related to the hadronic physics in an external magnetic field are discussed by using our confined backreaction solution holographically. We also investigate the thermodynamics and holographic renormalization of this model in both phases by our solution. Since the backreaction of the magnetic field is considered in our gravitational solution, it allows us to study the Hawking-Page transition with flavors and colors of this model in the presence of the magnetic field. Finally we therefore obtain the holographic phase diagram with the contributions from the flavors and the magnetic field. Our holographic phase diagram is in qualitative agreement with the lattice QCD result, which thus can be interpreted as the inhibition of confinement or chirally broken symmetry by the magnetic field.
Conformal Supergravity in Twistor-String Theory

Conformal supergravity arises in presently known formulations of twistor-string theory either via closed strings or via gauge-singlet open strings. We explore this sector of twistor-string theory, relating the relevant string modes to the particles and fields of conformal supergravity. We use the twistor-string theory to compute some tree level scattering amplitudes with supergravitons. Since the supergravitons interact with the same coupling constant as the Yang-Mills fields, conformal supergravity states will contribute to loop amplitudes of Yang-Mills gluons in these theories. Those loop amplitudes will therefore not coincide with the loop amplitudes of pure super Yang-Mills theory.
LHC constraints on large scalar multiplet models with a Z$_2$ symmetry

We study the LHC search constraints on models that extend the Standard Model (SM) with an inert, complex scalar electroweak multiplet, $\Sigma$, with isospin T=5/2 (sextet) or T=7/2 (octet) and identical hypercharge to the SM Higgs doublet. Imposing a global $Z_2$ symmetry under which $\Sigma \to -\Sigma$, the lightest member of $\Sigma$ is stable and we require that it be neutral ($\zeta^{0,r}$) to avoid cosmological constraints from charged relics. Pair production of scalars by electroweak interactions followed by cascade decays to $\zeta^{0,r}$ through W and Z emission produces signatures similar to those of supersymmetric electroweak gauginos, and we constrain the models by recasting a collection of such searches made with data from the 8 TeV run of the LHC. We find that there is no sensitivity from these searches to the compressed spectrum regime, in which the mass splittings between the lightest and heaviest states in $\Sigma$ are less than about 20 GeV. In the remaining parameter space, we find significant exclusions for $m_{\zeta^{0,r}} \sim$ 80-180 GeV in the sextet model, and $m_{\zeta^{0,r}} \sim$ 80-120 GeV in the octet model.
Une classi cation des facteurs de type III

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The X-ray Decay of the ultraluminous supernova SN 1978K in NGC 1313

The Type IIn supernova (SN) 1978K in the nearby galaxy NGC 1313 has remained bright in multiwavelengths for more than $\sim 25$ yr. The archival data of SN 1978K collected with ROSAT, ASCA, XMM-Newton, and Chandra from 1990 to 2006 show no significant variation of the soft X-ray emission but a hint of flux decrease in hard X-rays. In this work, we perform a detailed analysis using more than 15 yr of XMM-Newton observations. Both the 0.5-2 keV and 2-10 keV light-curves decline as $t^{-1}$ from 2000 to 2015. The transition of light curve profiles can be explained in a way that the reverse shock was radiative at an early phase and then became adiabatic at late times. Such a scenario is also supported by the spectral analysis results. We also found a decrease in the absorption column density, which indicates the presence of a cool shell during the radiative phase.
Astroglial Connexins Inactivation Increases Relapse of Depressive-like Phenotype after Antidepressant Withdrawal

Studies suggest that astrocytic connexins (Cx) have an important role in the regulation of high brain functions through their ability to establish fine-tuned communication with neurons within the tripartite synapse. In light of these properties, growing evidence suggests a role of Cx in psychiatric disorders such as major depression but also in the therapeutic activity of antidepressant drugs. However, the real impact of Cx on treatment response and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain yet to be clarified. On this ground, the present study was designed to evaluate the functional activity of Cx in a mouse model of depression based on chronic corticosterone exposure and to determine to which extent their pharmacological inactivation influences the antidepressant-like activity of venlafaxine (VENLA). On the one hand, our results indicate that depressed mice have impaired Cx-based gap-junction and hemichannel activities. On the other hand, while VENLA exerts robust antidepressant-like activity in depressed mice; this effect is abolished by the pharmacological inhibition of Cx with carbenoxolone (CBX). Interestingly, the combination of VENLA and CBX is also associated with a higher rate of relapse after treatment withdrawal. To our knowledge, this study is one of the first to develop a model of relapse, and our results reveal that Cx-mediated dynamic neuroglial interactions play a critical role in the efficacy of monoaminergic antidepressant drugs, thus providing new targets for the treatment of depression.
Optimization Operation of the Park-Level Integrated Energy System Based on the Improved Coyote Optimization Algorithm

Conventional optimization methods cannot fully satisfy the interests of multiparticipants and protect the privacy of participants in the integrated energy system that observe changes in the energy market structure. To allocate the benefits among the stakeholders in the integrated energy system and improve renewable energy accommodation, the manuscript proposes an optimal dispatching strategy for a park-level integrated energy system employing the Stackelberg game. Firstly, the benefits and cost models of each stakeholder of the integrated energy system are constructed by considering the integrated demand response and the uncertainty of renewable energy output. A master-slave game model that contains the energy system operator, energy producer, and energy users is then established, and the existence of the Stackelberg equilibrium is demonstrated. Furthermore, a distributed algorithm is proposed to resolve the game model by combining an improved coyote optimization algorithm with quadratic programming. Due to the shortcomings of the conventional coyote optimization algorithm, such as slow convergence rate and quickly falling into local optimum, a beetle antennae search is utilized to strengthen the optimal and the worst coyotes and to improve the convergence speed, global search ability, and optimization accuracy of the standard coyote algorithm. Finally, an industrial park in Northern China is adopted as an illustration to evaluate the effectiveness of the model and the improved algorithm.
Microscopic origin of the bolometric effect in graphene

While the thermoelectric and photoconduction effects are crucial in pristine and low-doped graphene, the bolometric effect is known to dominate the photoresponse in biased graphene. Here, we present a detailed microscopic investigation of the photoresponse due to the bolometric effect in graphene. Based on the semiconductor Bloch equations, we investigate the time- and momentum-resolved carrier dynamics in graphene in the presence of a constant electric field under optical excitation. The magnitude of the bolometric effect is determined by the optically induced increase of temperature times the conductivity change. Investigating both factors independently, we reveal that the importance of the bolometric effect in the high-doping regime can be mostly ascribed to the latter showing a parabolic dependence on the doping.
Supernovae and their host galaxies – V. The vertical distribution of supernovae in disc galaxies

We present an analysis of the height distributions of the different types of supernovae (SNe) from the plane of their host galaxies. We use a well-defined sample of 102 nearby SNe appeared inside high-inclined (i > 85 deg), morphologically non-disturbed S0-Sd host galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For the first time, we show that in all the subsamples of spirals, the vertical distribution of core-collapse (CC) SNe is about twice closer to the plane of host disc than the distribution of SNe Ia. In Sb-Sc hosts, the exponential scale height of CC SNe is consistent with those of the younger stellar population in the Milky Way (MW) thin disc, while the scale height of SNe Ia is consistent with those of the old population in the MW thick disc. We show that the ratio of scale lengths to scale heights of the distribution of CC SNe is consistent with those of the resolved young stars with ages from ~ 10 Myr up to ~ 100 Myr in nearby edge-on galaxies and the unresolved stellar population of extragalactic thin discs. The corresponding ratio for SNe Ia is consistent with the same ratios of the two populations of resolved stars with ages from a few 100 Myr up to a few Gyr and from a few Gyr up to ~ 10 Gyr, as well as with the unresolved population of the thick disc. These results can be explained considering the age-scale height relation of the distribution of stellar population and the mean age difference between Type Ia and CC SNe progenitors.
Empirical Dietary Patterns Associated with Food Insecurity in U.S. Cancer Survivors: NHANES 1999–2018

(1) Background: Food insecurity (FI) is a public health and sociodemographic phenomenon that besets many cancer survivors in the United States. FI in cancer survivors may arise as a consequence of financial toxicity stemming from treatment costs, physical impairment, labor force egress, or a combination of those factors. To our knowledge, an understanding of the dietary intake practices of this population has not been delineated but is imperative for addressing the needs of this vulnerable population; (2) Methods: Using data from NHANES, 1999–2018, we characterized major dietary patterns in the food insecure cancer survivor population using: i. penalized logistic regression (logit) and ii. principal components analysis (PCA). We validated these patterns by examining the association of those patterns with food insecurity in the cancer population; (3) Results: Four dietary patterns were extracted with penalized logit and two with PCA. In the pattern validation phase, we found several patterns exhibited strong associations with FI. The FI, SNAP, and Household Size patterns (all extracted with penalized logit) harbored the strongest associations and there was evidence of stronger associations in those moderately removed from a cancer diagnosis (≥2 and <6 years since diagnosis); (4) Conclusions: FI may play an influential role on the dietary intake patterns of cancer survivors in the U.S. The results highlight the relevance of FI screening and monitoring for cancer survivors.
A novel approach to denoising correlation matrices with applications to global portfolio management with a large number of assets

We introduce a new approach to denoising correlation matrices that imposes a block structure with a fixed block-dependent pair-wise correlation within each block and a constant correlation specified for each pair of blocks. We characterize the eigenvalue spectrum and modify the Marchenko-Pastur distribution of eigenvalues. We present approximate analytic solutions for the inverse problem of determining the block sizes and the correlation parameters under a broad set of assumptions. Our solution is based on a novel unsupervised approach for improving correlation matrix estimation by a functional transformation of the original data rather than popular shrinkage estimation or standard random-matrix-theory-based techniques. However, a correlation matrix produced by our method can serve as an attractive target correlation matrix within shrinkage frameworks. Our correlation matrix denoising method has broad applications for global portfolio management with a large number of assets from many diverse asset classes.
Magnetic cluster formation in Li x Ni 1 − x O compounds: Experiments and numerical simulations

The magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{O}$ compounds with x ranging between 0.4 and 0.49 are investigated. Magnetization and ac susceptibility measured at temperatures between 2 K and 300 K reveal a high sensitivity to x, the excess lithium concentration. We introduce a percolation model describing the formation of Ni clusters and use an Ising model to simulate their magnetic properties. Numerical results, obtained by a Monte Carlo technique, are compared to the experimental data. We show the existence of a critical concentration, ${x}_{c}=0.432,$ locating the Ni percolation threshold. The system is superparamagnetic for $xg{x}_{c},$ while it is ferrimagnetic for $xl{x}_{c}. $ The $180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ Ni-O-Ni interplane superexchange coupling ${J}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}110 \mathrm{K}$ is confirmed to be the predominant magnetic interaction. From the low-temperature behavior, we find a clear indication of a $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ Ni-O-Ni intraplane antiferromagnetic interaction ${J}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}1.5 \mathrm{K},$ which implies magnetic frustration.
Relation between unidirectional spin Hall magnetoresistance and spin current-driven magnon generation

We perform electronic measurements of unidirectional spin Hall magnetoresistance (USMR) in a Permalloy/Pt bilayer, in conjunction with magneto-optical Brillouin light spectroscopy of spin current-driven magnon population. We show that the current dependence of USMR closely follows the dipolar magnon density, and that both dependencies exhibit the same scaling over a large temperature range of 80-400 K. These findings demonstrate a close relationship between spin current-driven magnon generation and USMR, and indicate that the latter is likely dominated by the dipolar magnons.
Schwarzschild tests of the Wahlquist-Estabrook-Buchman-Bardeen tetrad formulation for numerical relativity

A first order symmetric hyperbolic tetrad formulation of the Einstein equations developed by Estabrook and Wahlquist and put into a form suitable for numerical relativity by Buchman and Bardeen (the WEBB formulation) is adapted to explicit spherical symmetry and tested for accuracy and stability in the evolution of spherically symmetric black holes (the Schwarzschild geometry). The lapse and shift, which specify the evolution of the coordinates relative to the tetrad congruence, are reset at frequent time intervals to keep the constant-time hypersurfaces nearly orthogonal to the tetrad congruence and the spatial coordinate satisfying a kind of minimal rate of strain condition. By arranging through initial conditions that the constant-time hypersurfaces are asymptotically hyperbolic, we simplify the boundary value problem and improve stability of the evolution. Results are obtained for both tetrad gauges ('Nester' and 'Lorentz') of the WEBB formalism using finite difference numerical methods. We are able to obtain stable unconstrained evolution with the Nester gauge for certain initial conditions, but not with the Lorentz gauge.