Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The value in the links : Networks and the evolution of organizations

An F-22 fighter costs around USD$150 million and weights around 20,000 kg. Per unit of weight, an F-22 costs close to USD$7,500 per kilogram or USD$3,400 a pound. Compare this to a kilogram of gold which is currently 1 priced at around USD$34,000, or a kilogram of silver which costs around USD$500. A kilogram of F-22 is expensive, yet as scrap metal, the exact same airplane will not sell for much. If I divide a lump of gold or silver into pieces, the value of each one of these pieces, compared to the whole, will be identical to the fraction that its weight, volume, or size represents relative to the whole. This is certainly not true for an F-22 fighter, since the value of a sophisticated good, such as a computer, a car or an F-22, comes from the precise way in which its parts are assembled, rather than from the materials from which they are made. In such cases we can say that the value of these goods is in the network that connects the different parts, and in the networks that were able to get these parts together. The value is in between, in the links, rather than in the nodes. A copper wire is more valuable when connecting two people on the phone, or a power plant with a city. A computer keyboard is more valuable when connected to a computer and this to a monitor and the right type of electricity. In all kinds of systems, the value is in the network, so if we want to understand what value is and how it
Multilevel Analysis of Socioeconomic Determinants on Diabetes Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Self-Management in Ethnic Minorities of Yunnan Province, China

Objectives: The objective of this manuscript is to investigate socioeconomic differences in prevalence, awareness, treatment and self-management of diabetes among ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province, China. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in a sample of 5532 Na Xi, Li Su, Dai and Jing Po ethnic minorities. Multilevel modeling was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for diabetes prevalence, as well as the other outcomes. Results: Higher individual educational level was associated with a higher rate of awareness, treatment, adherence to medicines and monitoring of blood glucose (OR = 1.87, 4.89, 4.83, 6.45; 95% CI: 1.26–2.77, 1.87–12.7, 1.95–11.9, 2.23–18.6, respectively). Diabetic respondents with better household assets tended to receive more treatment (OR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.11–7.12) and to monitor their blood glucose (OR = 3.29, 95% CI: 1.48–7.30). Diabetic patients with better access to medical services were more likely to treat (OR = 7.09, 95% CI: 2.46–20.4) and adhere to medication (OR = 4.14, 95% CI: 1.46–11.7). Income at the contextual level was significantly correlated with diabetes prevalence, treatment and blood glucose monitoring (OR = 1.84, 3.04, 4.34; 95% CI: 1.20–2.83, 1.20–7.73, 1.45–13.0, respectively). Conclusions: Future diabetes prevention and intervention programs should take both individual and township-level socioeconomic factors into account in the study regions.
A Note on the Power of Statistical Tests.

I n the classical decision-making model, the experimenter seeks to demonstrate a difference between the distributions of two or more samples (or a sample and a population) for some parameter. A null hypothesis is stated that there is no "significant" difference between the distributions, and probabilistic models are used to determine the probability that any difference is due to chance. Philosophically, the researcher decides in advance that he is only willing to accept a probability less than a given size for making the error of assuming that the difference is real when it is actually due to chance. The a priori probability of such an error (Type I) is designated a. But the possibility of another error exists: the error of failing to reject a null hypothesis when the difference is real. (The a priori probability of such an error is designated 0.) Whereas the probability of a Type I error has been controlled by the choice of a significance criterion, the Type II error (failing to reject a false null hypothesis) has seldom been controlled. However, the use of the technique of power analysis now makes it possible to control the probability of a Type II error with little more difficulty than the technique used to control the probability of a Type I error. The primary interest of the researcher is to reject a null hypothesis when it is false. The a priori probability (1 0) of rejecting a null hypothesis when the detected difference is not due to sampling alone is called the "power of the test. " Thus, power depends on the following:
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL POSTERIOR TIBIAL NERVE STIMULATION FOR CHRONIC ANAL FISSURE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY.

Hany Salah El Den Tawfik 1 , Emad Mustafa Abd El Hafez 1 , Ahmad Mustafa Nawar 2 and Mikel Botros Labib. 1. Professor of general surgery faculty of medicine Banha University. 2. Lecturer of general surgery faculty of medicine Banha Universit. 3. Specialist of general and laparoscopic surgery. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History Received: 02 January 2018 Final Accepted: 04 February 2019 Published: March 2019
Software Vulnerability Detection Using Backward Trace Analysis and Symbolic Execution

Software vulnerability has long been considered an important threat to the safety of software systems. When source code is accessible, we can get much help from the information of source code to detect vulnerabilities. Static analysis has been used frequently to scan code for errors that cause security problems when source code is available. However, they often generate many false positives. Symbolic execution has also been proposed to detect vulnerabilities and has shown good performance in some researches. However, they are either ineffective in path exploration or could not scale well to large programs. During practical use, since most of paths are actually not related to security problems and software vulnerabilities are usually caused by the improper use of security-sensitive functions, the number of paths could be reduced by tracing sensitive data backwardly from security-sensitive functions so as to consider paths related to vulnerabilities only. What's more, in order to leave ourselves free from generating bug triggering test input, formal reasoning could be used by solving certain program conditions. In this research, we propose backward trace analysis and symbolic execution to detect vulnerabilities from source code. We first find out all the hot spot in source code file. Based on each hot spot, we construct a data flow tree so that we can get the possible execution traces. Afterwards, we do symbolic execution to generate program constraint(PC) and get security constraint(SC) from our predefined security requirements along each execution trace. A program constraint is a constraint imposed by program logic on program variables. A security constraint(SC) is a constraint on program variables that must be satisfied to ensure system security. Finally, this hot spot will be reported as a vulnerability if there is an assignment of values to program inputs which could satisfy PC but violates SC, in other words, satisfy PC Λ S̅C̅. We have implemented our approach and conducted experiments on test cases which we randomly choose from Juliet Test Suites provided by US National Security Agency(NSA). The results show that our approach achieves Precision value of 83.33%, Recall value of 90.90% and F1 Value of 86.95% which gains the best performance among competing tools. Moreover, our approach can efficiently mitigate path explosion problem in traditional symbolic execution.
Uplink base station cooperation by iterative distributed interference subtraction

The capacity of today's cellular mobile communications systems is mainly limited by inter-cell interference. Multi-cell joint transmission or joint detection schemes are means to overcome this limitation and to actively exploit signal propagation across cell borders rather than treating it as noise. A major downside to multi-cell signal processing is the additional backhaul rate that is required to exchange information among cooperating base stations. Hence, cooperation schemes are desired that efficiently utilize the available backhaul rate. In the cellular uplink, one promising option to mitigate interference and thus to significantly increase the efficiency of spectrum usage is the exchange of decoded messages among base station, an information that can be used to subtract interference prior to the decoding of further messages. In this work, this distributed interference subtraction scheme is extended by allowing multiple iterative information exchanges among base stations. Possible gains of this strategy in terms of achievable data rates and required backhaul rates are explored from an information theoretical point of view.
Brief announcement: Trilix: a scalable unstructured lookup system for dynamic environments

Unstructured lookup systems such as Gnutella incur small constant overhead upon each single join or leave operation and can easily support keyword searches. Search in such systems is not structural, and may fail. However, queries usually succeed in locating files since popular files are held by many nodes. Thus, such systems are suitable for deployment over the Internet. One of the main challenges in unstructured lookup systems is to construct and maintain a good overlay topology. First of all, it is desirable to construct a balanced overlay, where all nodes have roughly the same role and degree, and the load on all nodes is equal. This is becoming more important now, as many ISPs have started to limit the maximal bandwidth consumption of every user. Furthermore, it is desirable that each node will have a constant degree, independent of the number of nodes in the system, in order to achieve high scalability. Secondly, in dynamic failureprone environments, it is desirable to have a robust overlay that remains connected despite failures. A third important property of peer-to-peer lookup overlays is captured by the notion of duplication ratio: when a query is flooded over a subset of the overlay, the duplication ratio is the probability that a search message reaches a node that has previously received it [3].
Exploring Perceptions of Students’ Academic Motivation by University Professors - A Qualitative Study

Background: Motivation is the key factor for success and welfare. It is a pre-requisite in the process of teaching-learning and a factor in academic growth. Objectives: The purpose of the present research is to convey the experiences of medical sciences professors on the educational motivations of students in universities of medical sciences. Methods: The research was carried out in 2017 in Iran. A purposive sampling method was used and continued until theoretical saturation of data. Sixteen professors and Ph.D. students with teaching experience in medical schools participated. Data was collected with in-depth and semi-structured interviews. All the participants were asked at least two of the following open questions: “What is your understanding of the motivation or lack of motivation for student learning? ”, “Which factors are effective in motivation learning? ”, and “Which strategies have you used to promote student motivation in learning? ” The conventional content analysis approach was used for data analysis. Validity, acceptance, confirmation and transmission criteria were used for correctness and solidity of data. Results: By analyzing the transcriptions of interviews, the four main themes of educational motivation for students were determined as “communication between teacher and student”, “characteristic traits of trainer and leaner”, “Importance of motivation in the teaching and learning process” and “educational skills”. Conclusions: Based on the research findings, professors expressed that the students’ educational motivations were not satisfactory and educational and training programs in universities needed improvement. They also emphasized on the teachers’ abilities and training skills in sciences for effective communication between teacher and student.
SMOOTH ORTHOGONAL SIGNAL EXTENSIONS FOR PARAUNITARY TREE-STRUCTURED FILTER BANKS

This work is concerned with subband processing of finite length signals using tree-structured filter banks. In many applications the subband transform is required to be orthogonal. For this purpose, the filter bank must be paraunitary, and the signal borders must be processed via either orthogonal boundary filters or via orthogonal signal extension methods. Periodization is an orthogonal extension technique, but introduces undesired artificial discontinuities or spurious high frequencies in the transform vector. Boundary filter design techniques do not solve this problem either. The solution we provide is a new algorithm for the generation of alternative orthogonal signal extensions which do not introduce spurious high frequencies in the subband signals. Some experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method in comparison to other existing techniques.
Zwischen Sozialromantik und Neoliberalismus: Zur Ökonomie der Sharing-Economy

Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Uberblick uber die wesentlichen okonomischen Aspekte der so genannten Sharing-Economy. Bei den dort tatigen Unternehmen handelt es sich zumeist um Plattformen, die direkte Transaktionen zwischen Akteuren mit dem Zweck einer temporaren Nutzung dauerhafter Konsumguter und damit verbundener Dienstleistungen vermitteln. Diese Sharing-Plattformen konnten vor allem aufgrund technologischer Entwicklungen entstehen, die die Transaktionskosten, wie z.B. aufgrund asymmetrischer Information uber den Transaktionspartner, extrem reduziert haben. Dieses Informationsproblem adressieren Sharing-Plattformen ohne staatliche Regulierung mittels Rating- und Reputationssystemen. Die Sharing-Economy ist jedoch keineswegs eine "Okonomie des Teilens", sondern auch in diesem Wirtschaftsbereich werden okonomische Guter ge- und verkauft. Im vorliegenden Beitrag untersuchen die Autoren die kurz- und langfristigen allokativen Effekte der Sharing-Economy und diskutieren mogliche Externalitaten sowie ihre Auswirkungen auf soziale Beziehungen. Anschliesend gehen die Autoren der Frage nach, wie eine okonomisch sinnvolle Regulierung von Sharing-Plattformen ausgestaltet sein sollte und welche Wettbewerbsprobleme sie verursachen konnten. Abschliesend wird auf mogliche Entwicklungen dieses neuen Wirtschaftsbereiches eingegangen.
Epidemiology of Borna disease virus.

IP: 54.70. 40.11 On: Fri, 09 Nov 2018 09:28:34 Journal of General Virology (2000), 81, 2123–2135. Printed in Great Britain .
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase cells in the spinal cord: a potential origin of monoamines

Monoamine neurotransmitters include catecholamines and indoleamines. The most common catecholamines are dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline, which are produced from phenylalanine and tyrosine; whereas the most common indoleamine is serotonin (5-hydroxytrypta mine, 5-HT), which is produced from 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). In the central nervous system, monoamine neurotransmitters come from specific monoaminergic neurons that occur in a variety of brain regions. In the mammalian spinal cord the different monoamine neurotransmitters, which are important modulators of both sensory and motor functions, are commonly believed to originate in different supraspinal brain regions. For example, 5-HT is produced by neurons in the caudal brain stem raphe nuclei, which include the raphe magnus, raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus, ventral lateral medulla and the area postrema; DA is mainly from the hypothalamic A11 region; and NA is mainly from the locus coeruleus. Traditionally, it has been held that monoamine neurotransmitters cannot be produced in the spinal cord itself. However, following spinal cord transection, some 2–15% of the normal complement of 5-HT and about 5% of the normal complement of NA remain in the spinal cord below the lesion (Magnusson, 1973; Schmidt and Jordan, 2002) although the data about the existence of residual DA are inconsistent to date. For decades, neuroscientists – especially those in the field of spinal cord injury (SCI) research – have been frustrated in their efforts to determine the origins of these small amounts of monoamines. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that one possible origin might be the intraspinal monoaminergic neurons. Indeed, some intraspinal 5-HT, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and DA β-hydroxylase neurons have been found in mammalian spinal cord (Mouchet et al., 1986; Neuton and Hamill, 1988). However, intraspinal monoaminergic neurons are both very few in number and sparsely distributed. For example, the entire rat spinal cord contains only 3–9 5-HT cells, which occur mainly in regions below the cervical spinal level (Neuton and Hamill, 1988); intraspinal DA cells occur mainly at cervical and sacral levels; and intraspinal NA cells occur mainly in cervical segments (Mouchet et al., 1986). Considering these facts, it seems quite improbable that, following complete spinal transection, intraspinal monoaminergic neurons are the sole source of residual monoamines caudal to the lesion. Then what are the other possible sources? Recent findings by our group (Wienecke et al., 2014) and Bennett's group (Li et al., 2014) point to the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) cells in the spinal cord.
Perceptual body image and the relationship with weight control across the adult lifespan by sex in Koreans

Background This study aimed to investigate perceptual body image and the relationship between perceived body image (PBI) and weight control differentiated according to obesity categories across the adult lifespan by sex among Koreans. Methods We analyzed data on 10 198 adults aged 25 or older from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of a nationally representative sample of non‐institutionalized Koreans. Results Significant discordance between PBI and body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) was found in all age groups in both sexes, and the discordance for obesity grew more severe with age. Linear associations between PBI and BMI or WC were found in normal weight and obese groups in all age groups in both sexes, with relatively greater BMI or WC differences for PBI found in obese men aged ≤64 or ≤44, respectively, and obese women of all ages or aged ≥75, respectively, compared to normal weight. Obese women aged ≥65 (BMI) or ≥75 (WC) and obese men in the 45‐54 and 65‐74 age groups (BMI and WC) had significant association between PBI and weight control. Conclusions Interventions regarding accurate body size perception should be prioritized for obese women aged ≥65 or ≥75 and for obese men aged 45‐54 and 65‐74.
Properties of thermoplastic blends : starch – polycaprolactone

Different compositions of wheat thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) are melt blended by extrusion and injected. Different properties are determined: mechanical properties (tensile and impact tests), thermal and thermomechanical properties (DSC and DMTA) and hydrophobicity (contact angle measurement). A large range of blends is analysed with different glycerol (plasticizer):starch contents ratios (0.14:0.54) and various PCL concentrations (up to 40 wt.%). From the behaviour of each polymeric system, it is possible to analyse the relationship properties of each component proportion on the blends. The ageing of the system is studied and shows a structural evolution of the material after injection during several weeks. We have noticed a fairly low compatibility between both polymeric systems. Finally, the addition of PCL to TPS matrix allows to overcome the weakness of pure TPS: low resilience, high moisture sensitivity and high shrinkage, even at low PCL concentration, e.g. 10 wt. %. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biased Signaling of Protease-Activated Receptors

In addition to their role in protein degradation and digestion, proteases can also function as hormone-like signaling molecules that regulate vital patho-physiological processes, including inflammation, hemostasis, pain, and repair mechanisms. Certain proteases can signal to cells by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs), a family of four G protein-coupled receptors. PARs are expressed by almost all cell types, control important physiological and disease-relevant processes, and are an emerging therapeutic target for major diseases. Most information about PAR activation and function derives from studies of a few proteases, for example thrombin in the case of PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4, and trypsin in the case of PAR2 and PAR4. These proteases cleave PARs at established sites with the extracellular N-terminal domains, and expose tethered ligands that stabilize conformations of the cleaved receptors that activate the canonical pathways of G protein- and/or β-arrestin-dependent signaling. However, a growing number of proteases have been identified that cleave PARs at divergent sites to activate distinct patterns of receptor signaling and trafficking. The capacity of these proteases to trigger distinct signaling pathways is referred to as biased signaling, and can lead to unique patho-physiological outcomes. Given that a different repertoire of proteases are activated in various patho-physiological conditions that may activate PARs by different mechanisms, signaling bias may account for the divergent actions of proteases and PARs. Moreover, therapies that target disease-relevant biased signaling pathways may be more effective and selective approaches for the treatment of protease- and PAR-driven diseases. Thus, rather than mediating the actions of a few proteases, PARs may integrate the biological actions of a wide spectrum of proteases in different patho-physiological conditions.
A network-based method for target selection in metabolic networks

MOTIVATION The lack of new antimicrobials, combined with increasing microbial resistance to old ones, poses a serious threat to public health. With hundreds of genomes sequenced, systems biology promises to help in solving this problem by uncovering new drug targets. RESULTS Here, we propose an approach that is based on the mapping of the interactions between biochemical agents, such as proteins and metabolites, onto complex networks. We report that nodes and links in complex biochemical networks can be grouped into a small number of classes, based on their role in connecting different functional modules. Specifically, for metabolic networks, in which nodes represent metabolites and links represent enzymes, we demonstrate that some enzyme classes are more likely to be essential, some are more likely to be species-specific and some are likely to be both essential and specific. Our network-based enzyme classification scheme is thus a promising tool for the identification of drug targets. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.