Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Slip in a crystal and rupture in a solid due to shear

The problem was suggested by Professor G. I. Taylor as being of interest and importance in the phenomena of rupture in a solid, due to the presence of a crack, and the slip in a crystal. In experiments on the distortion of a crystal of aluminium under a tensile stress the conclusion is reached that “…as far as these experiments go, the distortion of a crystal of aluminium under compression is of the same nature as the distortion which occurs when a uniform single-crystal bar is stretched. The distortion is due to slipping parallel to a certain crystal plane and in a certain crystallographic direction, and the choice of which of twelve possible crystallographically similar types of slipping actually occurs depends only on the components of shear stress in the material and not at all on whether the stress normal to the slip plane is a pressure or a tension. ”
EURASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

With progress of globalization in economics and rise of protectionism recently, the importance of global leaders is increasing and the circumstances for global leaders are getting more difficult in international management. In academic, global leader has been discussed mainly in the United States and it seems to be believed universally as so-called “global standard” practice in Japan. However, my prediction is hard to believe it straight away, especially for Japanese companies because there are wide ranges of different situation between for global leaders in United States companies and for the Japanese companies. So, we conduct quantitative research on Japanese companies to see the situation for global leaders and I treated principle of organization as the circumstances for global leaders. The result is to show the other situation precedent for global leaders in Japanese companies against previous research. It suggests the possibility of another type of global leader against universal type of global leader studies mainly in United States.
Occurrence of major diseases in Basmati rice growing areas of Western Uttar Pradesh

Rice (Oryza sativa) s one of the most important food crops of India in term of area, production and consumer preference. But production of Basmati rice is limited due to losses cause by disease at various stages from nursery to harvesting. Conducted a survey in Basmati rice growing areas in Western U.P in khrief 2013, observed major diseases which cause significance losses in Basmati. During the survey, Blast and Bakanae diseases were found at significant level. For their control farmers used application of pesticides which leaves residual effect on grain surface and it plays major role to reject a consignment in export.
Can Vitality and Mental Health Influence Upper Extremity Pain? A Prospective Cohort Study of 1185 Female Hospital Nurses

Musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity are among the most common occupational problems affecting nurses. The aim of this study was to analyze the prospective association between vitality and mental health and increased upper extremity pain intensity in female hospital nurses during a 1-year follow-up. A prospective cohort of 1185 female nurses from 19 hospitals in Denmark was conducted using baseline and 12-month follow-up questionnaires to identify potential associations between levels of vitality and mental health (SF-36 subscales) with pain intensity (0–10 scale) in the shoulder, elbow and hand/wrist regions. Associations were modeled using cumulative logistic regression. The fully adjusted model included the variables of age, baseline pain, body mass index, smoking status, years of occupation, leisure time physical activity level, number of daily patient transfers/handlings, as well as recognition and influence at work. The mean age was 48.3 (SD: 10.4) years. In the fully adjusted model, significant associations between low vitality levels and the odds of shoulder pain (OR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.43–2.68) and hand/wrist pain (OR = 2.32; 95%CI: 1.58–3.42) were observed. Likewise, moderate levels of mental health was associated with increased odds of shoulder pain at follow-up (OR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.16–1.93). These results provide an important incentive for nursing managers to assess vitality and mental health among hospital nurses and to consider this factor in prevention strategies to ensure good worker health and, by extension, high-quality care.
Leveraging Researcher Multivocality for Insights on Collaborative Learning Workshop # 8 White Paper

This workshop targets researchers in the Learning Sciences, Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) and Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) communities who are interested in how human interaction leads to learning. Such researchers come from many different disciplines (psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, computer science, didactics, etc.) and thus employ diverse methods in pursuing their specific research goals as well as hold diverse theoretical assumptions in relation to these goals. Many of us are interested in the richness that an interdisciplinary approach to studying learning in human interaction can provide, but in order to profit from this, we must find a systematic way of leveraging our diversity to further our understanding in spite of potential incommensurable differences that may occur across traditions. Recognizing this diversity as a necessary multivocality has led our group to reflect upon ways in which such multivocality can be productive for the communities involved. In particular our objective is to make progress towards better understanding the role of human interaction in learning, an understanding that should transcend disciplinary boundaries. This workshop proposes a systematic method for promoting fresh dialogue between the relevant research traditions with the objective of making new claims about learning.
Emergence of Grid-like Representations by Training Recurrent Networks with Conformal Normalization

Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex of mammalian brains exhibit striking hexagon grid firing patterns in their response maps as the animal (e.g., a rat) navigates in a 2D open environment. In this paper, we study the emergence of the hexagon grid patterns of grid cells based on a general recurrent neural network (RNN) model that captures the navigation process. The responses of grid cells collectively form a high dimensional vector, representing the 2D self-position of the agent. As the agent moves, the vector is transformed by an RNN that takes the velocity of the agent as input. We propose a simple yet general conformal normalization of the input velocity of the RNN, so that the local displacement of the position vector in the high-dimensional neural space is proportional to the local displacement of the agent in the 2D physical space, regardless of the direction of the input velocity. We apply this mechanism to both a linear RNN and nonlinear RNNs. Theoretically, we provide an understanding that explains the connection between conformal normalization and the emergence of hexagon grid patterns. Empirically, we conduct extensive experiments to verify that conformal normalization is crucial for the emergence of hexagon grid patterns, across various types of RNNs. The learned patterns share similar profiles to biological grid cells, and the topological properties of the patterns also align with our theoretical understanding.
The response of coastal marshes to sea‐level rise: Survival or submergence?

In order to maintain an elevation in the intertidal zone at which marsh vegetation can survive, vertical accretion of the marsh surface must take place at a rate at least equal to the rate of relative sea-level rise. Net vertical accretion of coastal marshes is a result of interactions between tidal imports, vegetation and depositional processes. All of these factors are affected, directly or indirectly, by alterations in marsh hydrology which might occur as a result of sea-level rise. The overall response of coastal marshes to relative sea-level rise depends upon the relative importance of the inorganic and organic components of the marsh soil and the impact of increased hydroperiod on net accumulation. The varied combination of factors contributing to sediment supply, and their complexity at the scale of individual marshes, means that predicting the response of suspended sediment concentration in marsh floodwater to any changes which may occur as a result of sea-level rise, at anything other than the local scale is unlikely to be accurate. The impact of sea-level rise on net below-ground production is also complex. The sensitivity of certain species to waterlogging and soil chemical changes could result in a change in species composition or the migration of vegetation zones. Consequently, predicting the net impact of sea-level rise on organic matter accumulation is fraught with difficulties and requires improved understanding of interactions between vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes.
Similarity Evaluation Based on Contextual Modelling

Measuring Text similarity problem still one of opened fields for research area in natural language processing and text related research such as text mining, Web page retrieval, information retrieval and textual entailment. Several measures have been developed for measuring similarity between two texts: such as Wu and Palmer, Leacock and Chodorow measure and others . But these measures do not take into consideration the contextual information of the text . This paper introduces new model for measuring semantic similarity between two text segments. This model is based on building new contextual structure for extracting semantic similarity. This approach can contribute in solving many NLP problems such as te xt entailment and information retrieval fields.
Seasonal carbon-balance of a semi-desert temperate grassland ecosystem over a year period

Temperate grassland ecosystems are important components of the global carbon cycle. Our object of investigation, the semi-arid sand grassland community (Festucetum vaginatae danubiale) occurs widely in Hungary. A closed-loop portable IRGA system connected to a chamber appropriate for stand-scale measurements was used to measure CO2-exchange over a semi-desert temperate grassland from November 2000 to November 2001. Daily and yearly carbon balances were calculated by integration of net CO2 assimilation rates. The investigated sandy grassland proved to be a relatively strong source of carbon (-131.48 g C.m - 2 .year -1 ) as calculated over the year, probably caused also by nutrient limitations (characteristic of these grasslands) during the short periods when water supply was not limiting photo- synthesis. Acta Biol Szeged 46(3-4):221-222 (2002)
PALYNOLOGY OF THE NBP03-01A TRANSECT IN THE NORTHERN BASIN, WESTERN ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA: A LATE PLIOCENE RECORD

Abstract Fifty-seven samples taken from ten piston cores collected along a transect off the continental margin of the Northern Basin, Ross Sea, Antarctica were analyzed for palynomorphs. Moderately diverse assemblages of marine microplankton and terrestrial palynomorphs were recovered. The palynomorph assemblages have been subdivided into two main groups: the in-situ flora (including acritarchs, dinoflagellate cysts, leiospheres and prasinophyte algae mainly composed of cymatiosphaerids), and the reworked flora (including dinoflagellate cysts, pollen and spores). The leiospheres are the most abundant palynomorphs. This prominence in the relative abundance of leiospheres has been reported as typical of assemblages found today at the limit between seasonal and pack ice in the Arctic. In-situ dinoflagellate cysts are sparse. They are mainly represented by Lejeunecysta, which, based on species similarities to those from Cape Roberts, are believed to be of Oligocene to Pliocene age. All other dinoflagellate cysts recovered are the result of reworking from Eocene to Oligocene sediments. Reworked spores and pollen comprise the second most abundant group. They are of moderate diversity and include an Eocene or older assemblage of Nothofagidites, Podocarpaceae and Proteaceae. Other taxa are representative of warmer rainforest vegetation, with Oligocene and Neogene taxa that include representatives of woodland to herbaceous/low shrubby tundra vegetation growing in colder subpolar climates. These assemblages indicate either different periods of deposition or reworking from diverse sources. Through seismic correlation and diatom analysis, the sediments are believed to be Late Pliocene in age. On this basis, it is postulated that the major glacial advance, RSU 2 of Brancolini et al. (1995) or Unconformity 10 (U10) of Bart et al. (2000), occurred before 2.3 Ma, which is the oldest age of in-situ species recovered in units above U10. As both terrestrial and marine reworked taxa include assemblages of Eocene to Oligocene age, it is assumed that those reworked components were yielded from a single source; most probably Eocene to Oligocene shallow marine strata eroded and transported from the area of Ross Island to the shelf margin through ice streams located in the Drygalsky and Joides basins.
Experimental Study of Rhein Inhibiting the Invasion and Migration of the HepG2 Cells by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Pathway

Background: The antitumor mechanism of Rhein has attracted much attention in the current study, and it was found that Rhein could inhibit the growth of the human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of rhein on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of the HepG2 cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Methods: HepG2 was treated with different concentrations of rhein (Rhein treatment group) and cultured in a culture medium alone (control group). The proliferation activity of the cells was determined by methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium colorimetry. Transwell assay detected the invasion and migration of the cells in each group. Cell scratch test was used to detect the migration ability of cells in each group. Excella-phospho ERK (p-ERK) activity was determined by ELISA after treatment with 50μ mol/L rhein at different times. Western blot was employed to detect the ERK protein expression in the HepG2 cells treated with 50 μmol/L of rhein. Results: The proliferation activity, invasion, and migration ability of the HepG2 cells in the rhein-treatment group were all decreased, compared to the control group (P<0.05), and the p-ERK relative activity of the HepG2 cells treated with rhein was decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: Rhein inhibits the invasion and migration of the hepatocellular carcinoma cells possibly by inhibiting the ERK pathway.
Deep Mantle Plumes and Geoscience Vision

INTRODUCTION Humans, perhaps alone in the animal world, have a basic spiritual hunger to soar beyond the mundane. This has led to superstition and magic, but more importantly to a serious awe and reverence for the nighttime sky and a hunger for understanding Nature in all its variety. This spiritual hunger was a theme of Eldridge Moores in his address to you a year ago, and I carry on the theme. Einstein may have been a geologist at heart. Geoscience, along with astronomy, provides a far more fantastic reality than magic, of our tiny place in the immense span of time and space—in the case of geoscience we enjoy a full range from the spiritual to useful applications. We geoscientists are lucky to be able to enjoy that vision and also to find oil, manage groundwater, mitigate landslides, and predict volcanic eruptions. Most important, we need to learn, and to help our fellow humans learn, to interact with Earth without degrading it irretrievably , to live sustainably beyond our individual tiny niche in space and time. I am pleased to report that your Society is doing an excellent job of reaching out, in education and in public policy, through two programs that are largely self-sustaining. A glance through the program of this meeting [the 1997 GSA Annual Meeting] will demonstrate that a large fraction of the program is devoted to GSA's efforts to educate at all levels. Now, what does all this have to do with deep mantle plumes? GEOSCIENCE CONCEPTS Great unifying concepts or models, sometimes called paradigms to make them more mysterious, not only cut through the barriers of specialization and jargon among ourselves but also allow us to communicate the beauty and challenge of science to nonscientists, a goal advocated by Richard Feynman: ''The world looks so different after learning science. For example, trees are made of air, primarily. When they are burned, they go back to air, and in the flaming heat is released the flaming heat of the sun which was bound in to convert the air into tree. [A]nd in the ash is the small remnant of the part which did not come from air, that came from the solid earth, instead. These are beautiful things, and the content of science is wonderfully full of them. They are very inspiring, and they can be used to inspire others. Clearly, the theory of plate tectonics, …
Bankfull Indicators in Small Blackwater Streams in Peninsular Florida: Reliability and Relations with Hydrology

Bankfull stage and flow are considered important thresholds in geomorphology. Bankfull indicators were collected at 17 gaged and 28 ungaged relatively undisturbed peninsular Florida streams, ranging in drainage area from 0.52 to 805 km2 (0.2 to 311 square miles) with valley slopes from 0.02 to 2.27 percent. Based on prevalence among sites, comparisons of indicator slopes with water slopes, and correspondence of hydrologic data with morphologic data, the elevation of the flat floodplain was determined to be the most reliable bankfull indicator at sites with a wetland floodplain, while the elevation of the inflection on the bank was the most reliable indicator at sites with an upland floodplain. Small streams and rivers in peninsular Florida achieve bankfull stage relatively frequently compared to the modal values elsewhere, with flow durations of about 25 percent. Results have implications to river restoration projects, and regional differences in relations between hydrology and channel dimensions.
Mineral nitrogen in Lithuanian soils

Under intensified agricultural production, together with synthetic fertilizers, manure, and plant and seed residues, the soil receives ever more nitrogen (Freney, 2005; Erisman, Domburg, de Vries et al., 2005; Smil, 1999). Unfortunately, the application of nitrogen fertilizers is usually inefficient. Growing cereals, the mean efficiency of the application of nitrogen fertilizers comprises only 33% (Raun, Johnson, 1999). Insufficiently efficient application of nitrogen fertilizers may result in the leaching of nitrates into groundwater, contamination of rivers and other water bodies (Bergstrom, Brink, 1986; Galloway, 2005, Goulding, 2005, Jensen, Haugagard–Nielsen, 2003). The guidelines on nitrates of 1991 (91/676EEC) oblige all countries to protect water against contamination by nitrates from agricultural sources (Directive., 1999). Therefore, many countries pay an ever greater attention to the studies of nitrogen. Swedish scientists have ascertained that 54% of nitrogen compounds get into the Baltic Sea due to human activities. The leaching of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds due to increased agricultural production in Sweden and Finland has significantly augmented from 1950 to 1980 (Granstedt, 2000). Studies were conducted in different regions of Lithuania, in soils of varying granulometric texture and occupied by different plants (winter and spring cereals, row crops, meadows and pasturelands, etc.), in spring and autumn, at a depth of 0–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm and on 20 × 20 m plots. Besides, studies of mineral nitrogen were conducted also in a long-term field trial (38 years), applying different rates of NPK fertilizers. Based on mean monitoring data in the spring of 2005–2008, the content of mineral nitrogen (NO3 + NH4) at a depth of 0–60 cm varied from 50.2 to 62.6 kg ha–1 (mean, 55.7 kg ha–1) and depended on the intensity of agricultural activities, soil genesis and granulometric texture, amount of precipitation (r = 0.70; t = 2.91) and in individual years also on air temperature. The highest content of mineral nitrogen was found in 2005, while the lowest in 2007 and 2008. In a deeper 60–90 cm layer, the Nmin level was 11.6–25.5 kg ha–1 (mean, 19.4). In a long-term trial, under different rates of NPK fertilizers, the content of mineral nitrogen in spring at a depth of 0–60 cm depended on the rate of nitrogen fertilizers and their ratio with phosphorus and potassium, as well as on meteorological conditions in the autumn–spring period. In unfertilized plots, it comprised on average 41.5 kg ha–1, in plots fertilized every year with the mean N90P90K90 rates – 53.1 kg ha –1, while in plots fertilized with N180 P90K90 – 58.7 kg ha –1. The content of mineral nitrogen at a depth of 0–60 cm in autumn versus spring in plots fertilized at average rates of N90 and high rates of N180 increased (respectively by 5.2 and 21.1 kg ha –1), and in unfertilized plots decreased (on average by 7.7 kg ha–1). In spring, before the next fertilization applying N90 and N180 rates, Nmin decreased, while in the soil of unfertilized plots it remained almost unchanged.
CURRENT THERAPEUTIC EVIDENCE BASED APPROACHES TO PATIENTS WITH FALCIPARUM AND NON-FALCIPARUM MALARIA

, blood products, a liver transplantation and through placenta from pregnant to fetus. If suspected any malaria type, promptly therapy should be suggest accounted travel anamnesis and WHO as well as national recommendations. Therapy contained arthemisin in combination with lumefantrine or mefloquine is better and more effective than monotherapy. In case of P.ovale and P.vivax primaquine phosphate is essential to preclude recrudescences. Conclusions. Ukraine is the eastern European country with annual morbidity because of exotic cases connected with travels and employment. In case of fever, chills, sweats, hepatosplenomegaly patient should be tested for parasite presence by methods of parasitoscopy of thick drop and thin smear of blood. Chemoprophylaxis within all duration in endemic country by available antimalarial should be obligatory before planning to subtropical and tropical regions
Analfabetismo, Competitividad Económica y Desarrollo de la Región del Maule: Aportes para la Discusión Illiteracy, Economic Competitiveness and Development in the Maule Region: Contributions for the Discussion

The article analyses the relation between the generation of human capital stock and growth (development) in the Region. From the competitive dimension of growth, it is stated the preoccupation that the limited training of human capital implies — at the same time — re- strictions in the competitive capacity and thus, in the Region's growth. Concerning this, the historical records on high illiteracy rates could be a significant factor in affecting the lost of opportunities for development that come up in the Maule Region. Taking into account these considerations, it is analyzed the stagnation of the regional competitiveness variables, and the importance of generating specific policies that allow the creation of human capital stock more quickly and in volumes that are higher than the national standards, to break the stagnation and in this way generate a significant economic growth.