Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taking a deep look at analog CMOS

When moving to deep-submicron design, the analog designer faces a number of challenges unique to that regime. Due to the need to decrease the supply voltage V/sub dd/ (due to power dissipation and hot carrier reliability concerns) while the threshold voltage V/sub t/ cannot be decreased (due to off-state power constraints), the analog designer is faced with a decrease in the available window for current swing above threshold (V/sub gs/-V/sub t/). In addition, in the deep-submicron regime the long-channel proportionality I/sub ds//spl prop/(V/sub gs/-V/sub t/)/sup 2/ becomes less favorable, reaching a short-channel limit of I/sub ds//spl prop/(V/sub gs/-V/sub t/). Taken together, these two factors reduce the voltage-controlled sensitivity that the designer can exercise over the FET; this is a desirable (controllable) sensitivity for the designer, and it hurts the designer to lose it in this way. On the other hand, in deep-submicron devices, the device characteristics become move sensitive to variations in the channel length, greatly complicating basic design tasks, as well as magnifying the effects of process variations and device mismatch. This is an undesirable (uncontrollable) sensitivity. Note that the desirable sensitivity decreases while the undesirable sensitivity increases. Furthermore, deep-submicron device behavior is very difficult to model accurately; analytical descriptions used for circuit simulation will inevitably introduce further error into the design effort. In addition, the extreme complexity of present-day analytical MOSFET descriptions that are employed for circuit simulation precludes their use in conventional analog design practice, where hand calculations, further manipulation of the model equations, and the ability to move back and forth between MOSFET "observables" (drain current, transconductance, etc.) and device aspect ratio are standard tools of the trade. These issues must be addressed in the development of future analytical MOSFET descriptions for circuit simulation.
Konzeption und Evaluation des Medienbausteins "Impulse zum Weiterlernen"

Ausgehend von der Notwendigkeit, im Rahmen der betrieblichen Weiterbildung Formen selbstgesteuerten Lernens zu fordern, wurde der Medienbaustein Â„Impulse zum Weiterlernen. Einstieg ins selbstgesteuerte Lernen. " (Audio-Kassette und Begleitheft) entwickelt. Gestaltet ist der Medienbaustein auf der Grundlage konstruktivistischer Ansatze zum Aufbau von Lernumgebungen, die selbstgesteuertes Lernen fordern und auch erfordern. Die vorliegende Studie (n = 113 /Mitarbeiter der BMW AG) will die Moglichkeiten der Evaluation von Weiterbildungsangeboten und die dabei leitenden Gesichtspunkte exemplarisch anhand der Evaluation des Medienbausteins auf Akzeptanz, Nutzung und Wirkung demonstrieren. Die Evaluation zeigt, dass der Medienbaustein, der vor allem in der Freizeit gebraucht wurde, hohe Akzeptanz findet. Besonders hoch wurde die motivierende Qualitat der Situationen und Geschichten auf der Kassette eingeschatzt. Zudem konnten die meisten Lerner von der selbstgesteuerten Auseinandersetzung mit dem Medienbaustein profitieren, ihre Fahigkeit sowie ihre Motivation zum selbstgesteuerten Lernen konnte gefordert werden. Zur Weiterentwicklung von Lernmaterialien sollte zukunftig noch starker die Anregung kooperativen Lernens in selbstgesteuerten Gruppen beachtet werden. (DIPF/Orig.) Starting from the necessity of enhancing self-regulated forms of learning in further education the media-module "Impulse zum Weiterlernen. Einstieg ins selbstgesteuerte Lernen" (Impulses for continued learning Â— an initial approach to self-regulated learning) has been developed. This media-module (audio-tape and book) is based on constructivistic approaches to the design of learning environments which foster and demand self-regulated learning. It is the aim of the study at hand (n = 113 / employees of the BMWAG) to exemplify the possibilities and main perspectives of the evaluation of further education by investigating acceptance, effects, and use of the media-module. The results show high acceptance of the whole media-module, which was used principally in spare time. Especially the motivational quality of situations and stories on the audio tape is estimated highly positive. Furthermore most learners were able to profit from self-regulated learning with the media-module; their ability as well as their motivation for self-regulated learning could be enhanced for future improvement the stimulation of cooperative and self-regulated groups of learners should increasingly be emphasized. (DIPF/Orig.)
Active control of reheat buzz

Reheat buzz is a low-frequency combustion instability involving the propagation of longitudinal pressure waves inside a duct in which a flame is anchored. Active control has been successfully applied to this instability. The controller alters the upstream acoustic boundary condition and thereby changes the energy balance in the duct. Control is found to reduce the peak in the pressure spectrum resulting from combustion instability by 20 dB. The acoustic energy in the whole 0-800-Hz bandwidth is reduced to about 10% of its uncontrolled value. A comparison with numerical calculations is presented.
Simplified Approach to Calculating Geometric Stiffness Properties of Tread Pattern Elements

Abstract The influence of tread designs on tire performance is well known. The tire industry spends significant effort in the development process to create and refine tread patterns. Creating an aesthetic yet functional design requires characterization of the tread design using many engineering parameters such as stiffness, moments of inertia, principal angles, etc. The tread element stiffness is of particular interest because of its use to objectively determine differences between tread patterns as the designer refines the design to provide optimum levels of performance. The tread designer monitors the change in stiffness as the design evolves. Changes to the geometry involve many attributes including the number of sipes, sipe depth, sipe location, block element edge taper, nonskid depth, area net‐to‐gross, and so forth. In this paper, two different formulations for calculating tread element or block stiffness are reviewed and are compared to finite element results in a few cases. A few simple examples a.
Design and implementation of reduced-order sliding mode controller for higher-order power factor correction converters

This study discusses a simple sliding surface design approach of a reduced-order sliding mode controller (ROSMC) for power factor correction, wherein a new and systematic technique for the selection of sliding surface co-efficients to implement ROSMC is attempted. Pade's approximation technique is used to obtain the reduced-order model. A prototype of front-end AC–DC converter followed by DC–DC Cuk converter controlled by ROSMC using a dSPACE signal processor is set up for 60 W. Experimental results are presented to validate the simulation results. Simulation and experimental results reveal that ROSMC control can achieve good output voltage regulation and also provide improved robustness in shaping the input current in the presence of load variations.
EFFECT OF THE CENTER HIGH-MOUNTED STOP LAMP ON VANS AND TRUCKS

The study assessed the effect of the Center High-Mounted Stop Lamp (CHMSL) on vans and trucks. The CHMSL effect was assessed by measuring the Brake Response Time (BRT) of unsuspecting drivers in the traffic stream. A total of 1,087 trials were run with four types of vehicles and the CHMSLs mounted in two positions. The results showed a small but statistically significant reduction in BRT of . 09 seconds when the CHMSL was in use. The effect of the CHMSL did not vary significantly as a function of vehicle type, CHMSL position, headway, speed, or time of day. The magnitude of CHMSL effect is smaller than that observed in braking trials on automobiles prior to their required installation beginning with the 1986 model year. Whether the difference in BRT reduction is due to the size and shape of vans and trucks, a decrease in CHMSL effect or earlier overestimation of the original CHMSL effect cannot be ascertained from available data.
Acoustical design features of boeing model 727

Acoustic design features have contributed to the Boeing 727's acceptability to passengers and in operations at airports previously inaccessible to jet aircraft. The aircraft's JT8D-1 engine is inherently quiet, because of its low exhaust velocity and relatively large rotor-stator blade spacing. Further noise reduction is accomplished by wing shielding, inlet noise suppressors, and partial mixing of the turbine and fan exhausts. Low engine noise combined with high lift devices result in lower community noise levels than that from large-propeller aircraft during takeoff. Low interior noise levels have been maintained even though the 727 will operate in the noisy flight regime of high Mach numbers and low altitudes. To achieve this, the conventional double-wall treatment was supplemented with molded Fiberglas and perforated trim panels to improve absorption in critical areas and lead septum to reduce low-frequency noise in the aft section. Engine shock mounts were installed to minimize noise from engine vibration. The air-conditioning equipment, auxiliary power unit, hydraulic pumps, and light ballasts are examples of other equipment that was acoustically treated to make the 727 unusually quiet.
Benefits Derived from JIT by European Manufacturing Companies

In competitive world markets most manufacturing companies have learned that survival is based on a commitment towards continual process, and that product improvement competes with high quality of product and low price. In today′s rapidly changing marketplace a company must deliver low cost together with high quality and reliability of product to ensure retaining adequate market share. The necessary improvements can be achieved as have already been determined first by a large number of Japanese companies and later by US and European companies with implementation of suitable JIT systems. A number of articles have been written, which attempt to identify and discuss the critical variable essential for successful JIT implementation. To date little have reported on quantitative tangible and intangible benefits of JIT. Discusses tangible and intangible benefits which European companies have derived from JIT.
A dedicated technique to measure shielding effectiveness of textiles using a two‐horn antenna set‐up

In response to the concern about growing electromagnetic radiation levels, special clothes, bedcovers, and curtains made from shielding textiles are already available. In some cases claimed shielding properties are incredibly high. The goal of this paper is to introduce a simple measurement method dedicated to textiles. A free space two‐horn set‐up in combination with a post‐processing technique is used to determine shielding effectiveness. At higher frequencies, a simple wireless link with two horn antennas can be used. This type of measurement tends to show high oscillations, especially when the samples are in the order of a wavelength or smaller. This is due to multiple reflections and diffractions. These oscillations can be smoothened using fitting techniques or a post‐processing procedure based on a simulated Gaussian pulse in time domain. The proposed procedures are tested for different textile topologies in the frequency range 1–5 GHz.
Laser prototyping of multilayer LTCC microwave components for system-in-package applications

This study describes the fabrication of multilayer microwave components in low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology using a laser prototyping method that requires no masks or photolithographic steps. Multilevel inductors, metal–insulator–metal capacitors and substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs) have been demonstrated. Optimisation of the laser machining parameters for the fabrication of microvias and micro-channels for the components is investigated. Using a 1064 nm IR laser, vias and channels with widths smaller than the thickness of the substrate have been achieved using the proposed multi-step process. Microvias with a diameter and separation of 75 and 50 µm, respectively, have been realised by optimising the laser fluence and processing cycles. Micro-channels having widths of 30–100 µm have also been demonstrated and used as the side walls for SIWs. The proposed fabrication technique offers a useful method for the rapid prototyping of multilayer LTCC modules.
Vibration-based damage detection in civil engineering: excitation sources and temperature effects

This paper discusses two very relevant practical issues in the application of vibration-based health monitoring to civil engineering structures: the excitation source and the effect of temperature. The idea of vibration-based damage detection is to measure dynamic characteristics such as eigenfrequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes on a regular basis. The state, and eventually degradation, of the structure is reflected in the evolution of these characteristics. Unfortunately, it is not only the health of a structure that influences its measurable dynamics, but also the applied excitation and the changing temperature are important factors and may erode the damage detection potential. In the first part, the results of different excitation types are compared: band-limited noise generated by shakers, an impact from a drop weight and ambient sources such as wind and traffic. In the second part, the undeniable effect of temperature on measured eigenfrequencies is demonstrated and a methodology is proposed to distinguish these temperature effects from real damage events. The method could be validated on a unique data set from a bridge that was artificially damaged after a one-year monitoring period.
Lysine-specific demethylase 2A gene expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its clinical significance

BackgroundOur study aimed to explore the expression of lysine-specific demethylase 2A (KDM2A) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and its relationship with clinical features of ccRCC.MethodsA total of 50 patients with ccRCC were included. KDM2A expression was assessed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlations of KDM2A protein expression with clinicopathological parameters and survival rate were further verified.ResultsThe KDM2A mRNA expression was significantly higher in ccRCC tissues than para cancer samples (P<0.05). KDM2A protein was mainly expressed in the nucleus of tumor cells. Fifty (100%) of the ccRCC samples were immunopositive, 90% of which all showed high expression of KDM2A. Compared with para cancer tissues, ccRCC samples showed a larger proportion of high KDM2A expression in the overall and most stratified analysis (P<0.05). KDM2A protein expression was positively correlated with TNM stage (r = 0.307, P = 0.030), proteinuria (r = 0.385, P = 0.006), and urine erythrocyte (r = 0.307, P = 0.030). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that higher expression of KDM2A in ccRCC patients was associated with lower survival rate (P = 0.004). ConclusionsOur findings provided the first evidence that KDM2A could be used as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ccRCC patients.
Gear Fault Diagnosis Based on Time Synchronous Average and Envelope Analysis

This paper proposed a new method of gear fault diagnosis in gearbox. Mainly it stresses on the combination of time synchronous average (TSA) and envelope analysis, using TSA technique to eliminate the random noises in the gearbox. Then, the clear rotation frequency, gear mesh frequency and their harmonics can be obtained through the envelope spectrum analysis. Simulation study indicates that this method can effectively detect the gear faults with a high accuracy.
Independent component analysis-based non-Gaussian process monitoring with preselecting optimal components and support vector data description

Independent component analysis (ICA)-based process monitoring methods have rapidly progressed, but independent components (ICs) selection remains an open question. Subjective ICs selection would lead to useful information dispersion and affect the ICA monitoring performance. A novel ICA-based method integrated with preselecting optimal components and support vector machine data description (SVDD) technique is proposed to improve the non-Gaussian process monitoring performance. The proposed method first concentrates the informative ICs into one subspace for each fault and then the SVDD is employed to examine the variations in all subspaces. Case studies on a simulated process and Tennessee Eastman benchmark process demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The monitoring performances are significantly improved compared with the conventional ICA method.
Comprehensive review of generation and transmission expansion planning

Investment on generation system and transmission network is an important issue in power systems, and investment reversibility closely depends on performing an optimal planning. In this regard, generation expansion planning (GEP) and transmission expansion planning (TEP) have been presented by researchers to manage an optimal planning on generation and transmission systems. In recent years, a large number of research works have been carried out on GEP and TEP. These problems have been investigated with different views, methods, constraints and objectives. The evaluation of researches in these fields and categorising their different aspects are necessary to manage further works. This study presents a comprehensive review of GEP and TEP problems from different aspects and views such as modelling, solving methods, reliability, distributed generation, electricity market, uncertainties, line congestion, reactive power planning, demand-side management and so on. The review results provide a comprehensive background to find out further ideas in these fields.
An Initial Evaluation of a Direct Vestibular Display in a Virtual Environment

The US Air Force Armstrong Laboratory's Human Interface Technology Branch is currently investigating the development and potential application of direct vestibular displays. The Electrical Vestibular Stimulus (EVS) technology described in this paper uses electrodes located behind the ears to deliver a low-level electrical current in the area of the eighth cranial nerve of the central nervous system to produce a compelling sensation of roll motion about the body's fore-aft axis. In this study, subjects experienced the EVS display while simultaneously observing a large field-of-view visual roll display, and were asked to rate various aspects of quality and magnitude of self-motion. The two displays were driven in a sinusoidal fashion at various phase relationships relative to one another. Results revealed that the fidelity of the motion experience depended upon the phase relationship between the two displays. Results also indicated that when an appropriate phase relationship was used, the vestibular display significantly improved the fidelity of the motion experience when compared to a visual-only display.
ZnO nanogenerators: energy generation through scavenging vibration, advantages of using a diode

Recent developments on the use of the piezoelectric effect in ZnO nanorod-based p-n junctions for energy harvesting applications are presented. We describe a hybrid p-n nanostructured ZnO energy device combined with the semiconducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to produce a kinetic energy harvesting. The load resistance-dependent power output from this p-n junction device is compared with the more common ZnO-PMMA device, which we make from ZnO nanorods manufactured using an identical process. It is shown that the PMMA device generates an open-circuit voltage of 150mV with a maximum power of 0. 24μW/cm2 giving 0.03nJ of available energy when on a load resistance of 324 kΩ. The PEDOT:PSS device generates significantly more power, 28. 9μW/cm2, when it is matched to a 1.6 kΩ load resistance. The energy output of the PEDOT:PSS device is 2.22nJ. Our results demonstrate the importance of measuring energy delivery to an electrical load to fully understand the output capability of these devices. By analysis of the time-dependent output of the devices the energy can be calculated giving a reasonable estimation as to the available energy and power in any given system.
Small monopole antenna design with band‐notched characteristics using inverted T‐shaped form on the patch

In this letter, a printed monopole antenna, consisting of a square patch and a ground plane truncated with two mirror C‐shaped notches for ultra wideband application with variable frequency band‐notch characteristics, is presented.In this antenna, by inserting a modified T‐shaped form inside a rectangular slot cut with variable dimensions on the radiating patch, frequency band‐stop performance is obtained. The proposed antenna operates in the 3.1–10.6‐GHz band and has small overall dimensions of 12 × 16 × 1.6 mm3, while showing the notched band from 5 to 5.9 GHz. The effect of the ground plane notch on the optimization of the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is discussed in detail. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:100–103, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26472
Approximate symbol error rate of cooperative communication over generalised κ−μ and η−μ fading channels

Closed form expressions for approximate symbol error rate are obtained using moment generating function for a two branch cooperative communication system over generalised κ−μ and η−μ i.i. d. fading channels for BPSK and QAM modulation schemes. Selective decode and forward protocol is used at the relay transmitter. At the destination maximal-ratio combining is used. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to verify the analytical results.