Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Source Model for Earthquakes near the Nucleation Dimension

Earthquake self-similarity is a controversial topic, both observationally and theoretically. Theory predicts a finite nucleation dimension, implying a break of self-similarity below a certain magnitude. Although observations of non-self-similar earthquake behavior have been reported, their interpretation is challenging due to trade-offs between source and path effects and assumptions on the underlying source model. Here, I introduce a source model for earthquake nucleation and quantify the resulting scaling relations between source properties (far-field pulse duration, seismic moment, stress drop). I derive an equation of motion based on fracture mechanics for a circular rupture obeying rate–state friction and a simpler model with constant stress drop and fracture energy. The latter provides a good approximation to the rate–state model and leads to analytical expressions for far-field displacement pulses and spectra. The onset of ground motion is characterized by exponential growth with characteristic timescale t0=R0/vf, with R0 the nucleation dimension and vf a limit rupture velocity. Therefore, normalized displacements have a constant duration, proportional to the nucleation length rather than the source dimension. For ray paths normal to the fault, the exponential growth results in a Boatwright spectrum with n = 1, γ=2 and corner frequency ωc=1/t0. For other orientations, the spectrum has an additional sinc(·) term with a corner frequency related to the travel-time delay across the asperity. Seismic moments scale as M0∼R(R−R0)R0, in which R is the size of asperity, becoming vanishingly small as R→R0. Therefore, stress drops estimated from M0 and fc are smaller than the nominal stress drop, and they increase with magnitude up to a constant value, consistent with several seismological studies. The constant earthquake duration is also in agreement with reported microseismicity: for 0<Mw<2 events studied by Lin et al. (2016) in Taiwan, the observed durations imply a nucleation length between 45 and 80 m.
QUANTUM CRITICALITY, EVENT HORIZONS AND COSMIC GAMMA RAY BURSTS

The logical inconsistency of quantum mechanics and general relativity can be avoided if the relativity principle fails for length scales smaller than the quantum coherence length for the vacuum state. This has dramatic consequences for the phenomenology of compact astrophysical objects. If we assume that at the Planck scale elementary particles interact via a universal four-point interaction and baryon number conservation is violated, then nucleons approaching an event horizon surface can disintegrate into gamma rays and high energy leptons. Integrating the Altarelli–Parisi equations to find the Planck scale parton distribution function for a nucleon, we find that nucleon decays produce a fluorescence gamma ray spectrum strikingly similar to that observed for cosmic gamma ray bursts.
The origin of supernovae

The observations and theory of stellar evolution and supernova explosions give an increasingly refined picture of the origin of supernovae. Stars evolving singly or in wide binaries probably leave stable white dwarf remnants if their mass is or approximately=70 M(.) are rare, but may have played an important role in galactic nucleosynthesis by exploding via the pair formation process. Recent calculations have given support to the notion that radioactive decay of 56Ni to 56Co to 56Fe determines the exponential light curve and the late-time spectra of Type I supernovae (SN I). The ejection of 0.5-1 M(.) of Ni seems to be required to account for the observations.
Fractal modeling of microbubble destruction-reperfusion in unresolved vessels

Ultrasound contrast agents can be used to detect the microcirculation. In this study, we ask the question whether they can help characterize its morphology. Our objective is to establish whether destruction-reperfusion dynamics of an ultrasound contrast agent can reveal morphological information about the microcirculation. Two fractal vascular models are developed that represent organized 'kidney-like' and disorganized 'tumour-like' structures. The models are generated using simple rules of branching and fractal geometry. Flow and destruction-reperfusion are simulated using fundamental laws of hemodynamics. The flow conditions are matched in the models. In principle, the form of the destruction-reperfusion curve may offer information not only relating to vascular volume and flowrate, but also to the organization of the microvascular network.
Blind separation of non stationary sources using joint block diagonalization

Recovering independent source signals from their convolutive mixtures without any a priori knowledge on their structure represents a great challenge in signal processing. We present an efficient solution that is based on the joint block-diagonalization of positive spatio-temporal covariance matrices. In the case of instantaneous mixtures, robust solutions have been proposed previously. Taking advantage of possible non-stationarity of the sources, this new technique uses only second order statistics. The new approach has been successfully applied to the separation of speech signals.
Effects of random sensor motion on bearing estimation by the MUSIC algorithm

The MUSIC method of bearing estimation is a high resolution estimating method utilising the orthogonal relationship between the signal and noise subspaces which are spanned by the eigenvectors of the covariance or the crossspectral density matrices. In the application of the MUSIC method to bearing estimation in a sonar environment, an important source of error is that the positions of the array of sensors are under constant perturbation. The paper investigates the effect of this source of error on the bearing estimate. The Cramer-Rao bound of bearing estimation under the influence of this source of error is evaluated and the performance of the MUSIC method is compared with this lower bound.
Submillisecond response nematic liquid crystal modulators using dual fringe field switching in a vertically aligned cell

A fast response nematic liquid crystal (LC) modulator using dual fringe field switching (DFFS) mode is demonstrated. Both top and bottom substrates have pixel and common electrodes to generate complementary fringing fields. The cell consists of a vertically aligned LC layer whose dielectric anisotropy is positive. In a voltage-on state, self-imposed thin LC walls near the center of the slits and electrodes are formed and the surrounding LC molecules exert a strong restoring force. As a result, submillisecond gray-to-gray response time is achieved. Two DFFS cells are used as examples to illustrate the design principles for display and photonic applications.
Compression-rate dependence of the phase transition from hexagonal ice to ice II and/or ice III

We study the density-driven phase transition from hexagonal ice in the temperature range of 170--230 K up to pressures of 0.65 GPa using a piston-cylinder apparatus. Pure ice II, pure ice III, or mixtures of ice II and ice III are identified as products when the compression-rate is varied from 0.001--4 GPa/min. At low compression-rates and at high temperatures, formation of ice II is observed, which is in accordance with the phase diagram. However, at low temperatures and at higher compression rates, formation of metastable ice III is observed, which extends the known temperature range for possible formation of ice III. Metastable ice III rather than stable ice II crystals are produced by simple variation of the compression rate, which is an uncommon concept of producing metastable phases. We discuss some implications for our understanding of the interior of icy satellites such as Ganymede.
Optical raster-scanning displays based on surface-micromachined polysilicon mirrors

We demonstrate high-resolution, raster-scanning display systems based on pairs of orthogonally scanning, surface-micromachined mirrors. The first mirror of the raster-scanning pair determines the line-scan rate of the display and is driven at its resonant frequency which is on the order of 4.7 kHz. The second mirror, driven at a frequency below its resonance and scanning orthogonally to the first mirror, determines the image refresh rate. Both mirrors have a maximum optical scanning angle of 15/spl deg/. Single-chip and two-chip scanners are demonstrated. The resolution of the single-chip display, based on average pixel size, is 102/spl times/119 pixels. The curvature of the mirror surfaces are characterized and optically compensated to achieve this resolution.
Ranged Integers for the C Programming Language

Abstract : This report describes an extension to the C programming language to introduce the notion of ranged integers, that is, integer types with a defined range of values. A variable of a ranged integer type will always have a value within the defined range as a result of initialization or assignment. Use of ranged integers would help prevent integer overflow errors and thus would result in more reliable and secure C programs. The syntax and semantics of ranged integers are presented, and some examples are given to illustrate their use.
Two new sealed sample cells for small angle x-ray scattering from macromolecules in solution and complex fluids using synchrotron radiation

Two different vacuum tight sample cells for in situ temperature dependent small angle scattering from liquids are presented in this article. In the first one, the sample fills a 1 mm thickness gap sealed on both sides by two thin parallel mica windows (volume 300 μl). In the second one, the liquid is injected into a 1 mm cylindrical capillary tube (volume 130 μl). The cells are lodged into temperature controlled chambers directly connected to the beamline vacuum path. Several important improvements with respect to similar instrumentation previously reported are: (1) versatile application of the mica cell, that can be used for all types of samples (gels, liquid crystals, and dispersions in organic solvents) and (2) the design of the chamber for the capillary cell allows registration of wider angle data and a convenient replacement of the capillary tube after each experiment. Signal to background ratio and data reproducibility were tested using protein solutions. We give a brief report of scattering experim.
EXISTENCE THEOREMS FOR THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF A COMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID

One of the fundamental questions that should be answered concerning any problem of mathematical physics is whether it is well set, that is whether solutions actually exist and whether they are unique. This question is usually answered by existence and uniqueness theorems, which are results of a rigorous mathematical investigation of the prob­ lem. It is the aim of this paper to present some theorems of this type for the equations of motion of a compressible viscous fluid (Serrin 1959), dp +pV. v=O dt ' dv P-=pf+V·T dt ' T= (-p +;\ V·V )I+2I£D,
Instantaneous magnetic field distribution in brushless permanent magnet DC motors. III. Effect of stator slotting

For pt.II see ibid., vol.29, no.1, p.136-142 (1993). A method for modeling the effect of stator slotting on the magnetic field distribution in the airgap/magnet region of a radial-field brushless permanent-magnet DC motor equipped with a surface-mounted magnet rotor is presented to allow the analytical prediction of the open-circuit, armature-reaction, and consultant magnetic field distribution under any specified load condition. It is shown that the conventional 1D relative permeance model, which is used extensively in the analysis of induction and synchronous machines, is inappropriate for permanent magnet motors, for which the proposed analytical method accounts for stator slot openings by the application of the conformal transformation method and a 2-D relative permanence function. The results of predictions from the analysis are compared with corresponding finite element analyses. >
An Advanced 3-D Electromagnetic Analysis and Experimental Validation of a Bipolar Subnanosecond Pulse Generation System

This article presents an advanced 3-D electromagnetic co-simulation approach developed using the CST software to evaluate the characteristics of a bipolar subnanosecond pulse forming system for application in the biomedical and defense domains. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the simulation technique presented in this article, which integrates transient switching devices in the 3-D electromagnetic model of the bipolar subnanosecond pulse forming system, was not presented previously in the open literature. The design of the bipolar subnanosecond pulse forming system is based on a thorough analytical calculation with predictions verified using the 3-D numerical modeling to generate a voltage of up to 500 kV peak-to-peak amplitude with a duration of around 1.8 ns when connected to a $50~\Omega $ load. A good agreement between the experimental results and the CST predictions was obtained, providing the correctness of the proposed modeling technique. Future plans involve connecting the bipolar subnanosecond pulse forming system to an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna.
In Vitro Digestion and Fecal Fermentation of Low-Gluten Rice and Its Effect on the Gut Microbiota

Low-gluten rice is part of a special diet for chronic kidney disease patients, but its digestive mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract is unclear. In this study, low-gluten rice (LGR), common rice (CR), and rice starch (RS) were used as experimental samples, and their digestion and bacterial fermentation were simulated using an in vitro gastrointestinal reactor to investigate the mechanism of the effect of LGR on human health. The starch digestibility of CR was higher than that of LGR, with statistically significant differences. LGR has growth-promoting and metabolic effects on Akkermansia muciniphila. Among the beneficial metabolites, the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from LGR reached 104.85 mmol/L, an increase of 44.94% (versus RS) and 25.33% (versus CR). Moreover, the concentration of lactic acid reached 18.19 mmol/L, an increase of 60.55% (versus RS) and 25.28% (versus CR). Among the harmful metabolites, the concentration of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) in LGR was 0.29 mmol/L and the concentration of ammonia was 2.60 mmol/L, which was 79.31% and 16.15% lower than CR, respectively. A significant increase in the concentration of the beneficial intestinal bacteria Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium occurred from LGR. The 16s rDNA sequencing showed that the abundance of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes increased and the abundance of the Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria decreased. Thus, LGR has positive effects on digestion and gut microbiota structure and metabolism in humans.
Intracoronary Administration of Microencapsulated HGF in a Reperfused Myocardial Infarction Swine Model

Therapy microencapsulation allows minimally invasive, safe, and effective administration. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrotic properties. Our objective was to evaluate the cardiac safety and effectiveness of intracoronary (IC) administration of HGF-loaded extended release microspheres in an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) swine model. An IC infusion of 5 × 106 HGF-loaded microspheres (MS+HGF, n = 7), 5 × 106 placebo microspheres (MS, n = 7), or saline (SAL, n = 7) was performed two days after AMI. TIMI flow and Troponin I (TnI) values were assessed pre- and post-treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (cMR) before injection and at 10 weeks. Plasma cytokines were determined to evaluate the inflammatory profile and hearts were subjected to histopathological evaluation. Post-treatment coronary flow was impaired in five animals (MS+HGF and MS group) without significant increases in TnI. One animal (MS group) died during treatment. There were no significant differences between groups in cMR parameters at any time (p > 0.05). No statistically significant changes were found between groups neither in cytokines nor in histological analyses. The IC administration of 5 × 106 HGF-loaded-microspheres 48 h post-AMI did not improve cardiac function, nor did it decrease inflammation or cardiac fibrosis in this experimental setting.
Arterial spin labeling perfusion in acute Wernicke encephalopathy: a case series discussion

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) is a life-threatening neurologic disorder resulting from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency that can be secondary to chronic alcohol abuse, gastrointestinal surgery, systemic infectious and non-infectious diseases, and chemotherapy. WE is classically characterized on MRI by reduced diffusion and T2 prolongation along the mammillothalamic tracts, periaqueductal gray and tectal plate. We present two patients with acute WE who had baseline arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion at the time of presentation, demonstrating increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) within the classically involved brain regions and concurrent global cerebral cortical hypoperfusion. Both patients were successfully treated with intravenous thiamine infusion. Post-treatment MRI demonstrated improvement of reduced diffusion and normalization of CBF within the involved structures. Prior histopathological studies have documented prominent undulation and luminal dilatation of arteries and arterioles in acute WE lesions, likely explaining the increased perfusion shown by imaging. The root of this pathophysiologic process may trace back to thiamine’s biochemical role in maintaining osmotic gradients and glucose metabolism, that if failed can lead to arterial hyper-perfusion. Our findings show that ASL-CBF can highlight the underlying pathophysiology in patients with acute WE by demonstrating increased CBF in involved central structures. This luxury perfusion may be a compensatory or protective mechanism by which increased metabolic demand is met in the acute setting and which, if treated timely, will show normalization of CBF on ASL imaging.
Multiresolution decomposition and adaptive filtering with rank order based filters-application to defect detection

A class of nonlinear filters called rank order based filters, including, as special cases, rank order and morphological (with flat structuring element) filters, are dealt with. How they achieve size-sensitive multiresolution decompositions is described. The necessity of a special processing stage dedicated to shape preservation is shown, and a solution is proposed. The problem of filter mask (or structuring element) optimization to minimize a statistical criterion is also studied. The proposed algorithms are very simple, and their derivation is performed by using an implicit formulation of the filtering process. Both techniques are applied to a practical defect detection problem. <<ETX>>
Analysis of Water Waves Passing Over a Submerged Rectangular Dike

The analytic solutions of inviscid and viscous water waves passing over a submerged rectangular dike are investigated. Owing to the fact that the orthogonality of eigenfunctions is invalid for viscous wave problem, two newly developed orthogonal inner products are applied to reduce the mathematical difficulty of viscous wave problem. Both inviscid and viscous water wave solutions are obtained under the assumption of linear water wave without separation. It shows that two solutions have no significant kinematic difference but the viscous contribution of dynamic effect is not negligible. Beside giving a better theoretical approach, which reduces the error of the conventional minimal squares method, the result of the present analytical solution can be used to quantitatively evaluate the correctness of experiments and also provides helpful information such as near wall boundary layer thickness and oscillating free surface for computational use.
High Prevalence of Clonal Reproduction and Low Genetic Diversity in Scutellaria floridana, a Federally Threatened Florida-Endemic Mint

The threatened mint Florida skullcap (Scutellaria floridana) is endemic to four counties in the Florida panhandle. Because development and habitat modification extirpated several historical occurrences, only 19 remain to date. To inform conservation management and delisting decisions, a comprehensive investigation of the genetic diversity and relatedness, population structure, and clonal diversity was conducted using SNP data generated by ddRAD. Compared with other Lamiaceae, we detected low genetic diversity (HE = 0.125–0.145), low to moderate evidence of inbreeding (FIS = −0.02–0.555), and moderate divergence (FST = 0.05–0.15). We identified eight populations with most of the genetic diversity, which should be protected in situ, and four populations with low genetic diversity and high clonality. Clonal reproduction in our circular plots and in 92% of the sites examined was substantial, with average clonal richness of 0.07 and 0.59, respectively. Scutellaria floridana appears to have experienced a continued decline in the number of extant populations since its listing under the Endangered Species Act; still, the combination of sexual and asexual reproduction may be advantageous for maintaining the viability of extant populations. However, the species will likely require ongoing monitoring, management, and increased public awareness to ensure its survival and effectively conserve its genetic diversity.
Ferromagnetic shape memory in the NiMnGa system

Strain versus field measurements for a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy in the NiMnGa system demonstrate the largest magnetostrictive strains to date of nearly 1.3%. These strains are achieved in the martensitic state through field-induced variant rearrangement. An experimental apparatus is described that provides biaxial magnetic fields and uniaxial compressive prestress with temperature control while recording microstructural changes with optical microscopy. The magnetostrictive response is found to be sensitive to the initial state induced by stress-biasing the martensitic variant structure, and exhibits rate effects related to twin boundary mobility. Experiments performed with constant stress demonstrate work output capacity. Experimental results are interpreted by using a theory based on minimization of a micromagnetic energy functional that includes applied field, stress, and demagnetization energies. It is found that the theory provides a good qualitative description of material behavior, but significantly overpredicts the amount of strain produced. Issues concerning the martensitic magnetic anisotropy and variant nucleation are discussed with regard to this discrepancy.