Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient stochastic sampling algorithms for bayesian networks

Graphical models are increasingly popular tools for modeling problems involving uncertainty. They deal with uncertainty by modeling and reasoning about degrees of uncertainty explicitly based on probability theory. Practical models based on graphical models often reach the size of hundreds of variables. Although a number of ingenious inference algorithms have been developed, the problem of exact belief updating in graphical models is NP-hard. Approximate inference schemes may often be the only feasible alternative for large and complex models. The family of stochastic sampling algorithms is a promising subclass of approximate algorithms. Since previous stochastic sampling algorithms cannot converge to reasonable estimates of the posterior probabilities within a reasonable amount of time, in cases with very unlikely evidence, we cannot use the results. This thesis addresses this problem by proposing some new sampling algorithms to do the approximate inference. First, an adaptive importance sampling algorithm for Bayesian networks, AIS-BN, was developed. It shows promising convergence rates even under extreme conditions and seems to outperform the existing sampling algorithms consistently. Second, some tighter stopping rules were developed. Based on these stopping rules, two distribution-independent algorithms (the SA-μ and SA-σ algorithms) to estimate the mean of bounded random variables, one with and one without the knowledge of variance, were proposed. These two algorithms guarantee that the estimate is within the desired precision. Third, confidence inference, which can be used to calculate the probabilistic accuracy of estimate, was discussed. The new developed AISBN-μ and AISBN-σ algorithms have the attractive property of not only allowing the user to know whether approximating an inference requires a prohibitive amount of computation after a number of samples are obtained, but also allowing the user to try to avoid the prohibitive amount of computation using some other heuristic methods in AIS-BN when it happens. Last, in cases with likely evidence or with good importance sampling functions, Latin hypercube sampling and quasi-Monte Carlo methods to improve most of the current available algorithms further were developed. The experimental results show that these two methods can significantly improve the performance of sampling algorithms.
DISCOVERY OF BROAD MOLECULAR LINES AND OF SHOCKED MOLECULAR HYDROGEN FROM THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT G357.7+0.3: HHSMT, APEX, SPITZER, AND SOFIA OBSERVATIONS

We report a discovery of shocked gas from the supernova remnant (SNR) G357.7+0.3. Our millimeter and submillimeter observations reveal broad molecular lines of CO(2-1), CO(3-2), CO(4-3), 13CO (2-1), and 13CO (3-2), HCO+, and HCN using the Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, the Arizona 12 m Telescope, APEX, and the MOPRA Telescope. The widths of the broad lines are 15–30 km s−1, and the detection of such broad lines is unambiguous, dynamic evidence showing that the SNR G357.7+0.3 is interacting with molecular clouds. The broad lines appear in extended regions (>4.′5 × 5′). We also present the detection of shocked H2 emission in the mid-infrared but lacking ionic lines using Spitzer/IRS observations to map a few-arcminute area. The H2 excitation diagram shows a best fit with a two-temperature local thermal equilibrium model with the temperatures of ∼200 and 660 K. We observed [C ii] at 158 μm and high-J CO(11-10) with the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies (GREAT) on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. The GREAT spectrum of [C ii], a 3σ detection, shows a broad line profile with a width of 15.7 km−1 that is similar to those of broad CO molecular lines. The line width of [C ii] implies that ionic lines can come from a low-velocity C-shock. Comparison of H2 emission with shock models shows that a combination of two C-shock models is favored over a combination of C- and J-shocks or a single shock. We estimate the CO density, column density, and temperature using a RADEX model. The best-fit model with n(H2) = 1.7 × 104 cm−3, N(CO) = 5.6 × 1016 cm−2, and T = 75 K can reproduce the observed millimeter CO brightnesses.
Further observations on transition in a pipe.

Abstract : Fully developed Poiseuille flow in a pipe was artificially disturbed at x/D = 400 and 17RE4000. Puffs and slugs generated by the disturbance were identical to the structures observed when the flow in the inlet region had undergone transition (Wygnanski and Champagne 1973). Since the disturbance was sufficiently strong to cause transition even at low Reynolds numbers the appearance of either puffs or slugs depended on the Reynolds number only. Velocity measurements in the pipe were taken with rakes of hot wires using digital acquisition methods and in this way each realization could be observed in its entirety. The coherence of the large structures was studied in radial and azimuthal directions. Puffs and slugs generated by the disturbance were mapped and found to be identical to the structures observed at the inlet region of the pipe. It was established that a slug which has all the attibutes of a fully developed turbulent pipe flow is generated by a coalescence of puffs. The puff, which seems to contain a small number of toroidal eddies appears to be a fundamental coherent structure in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow. Previous observations, which were based on a single-point measurement and ensemble-averaged data did not reveal the full structure of the puff in the same detail as the present techniques. Single realizations were analysed showing instantaneous velocity profiles, vorticity perturbation contours, as well as streamlines moving with the structure. Artificially generated successions of puffs which were allowed to interact, closely resembled a slug. The evolution of a slug from puffs was thus established. (Author)
Random field simulation and an application of kriging to image thresholding

of the Dissertation Random Field Simulation and an Application of Kriging to Image Thresholding by Wonho Oh Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Mathematics and Statistics State University of New York at Stony Brook 1998 This thesis contains two parts. In Part I we develop a parallel algorithm to generate realizations in a rectangular R2 or R3 domain of a stochastic, isotropic, scalar eld which is conditioned pointwise to a set of measurements using a kriging procedure. The eld is characterized by heterogeneity variation described either by a two point covariance function C(r) or semivariogram (r) for pairs of points separated by distance r. We describe the implementation of the algorithms and present numerical examples with discussion. In Part II we apply the theory of kriging to the problem of image segmentation. Consider a digitized (2D or 3D) image consisting of two univariate populations. Asiii sume a-priori knowledge allows incomplete assignment of voxels in the image, in the sense that a fraction of the voxels can be identi ed as belonging to population 0, a second fraction to 1, and the remaining fraction have no a-priori identi cation. Based upon estimates of the short-length scale spatial covariance of the image, we develop a method based upon indicator kriging to complete the image segmentation.
Generalized elastic model: Thermal vs. non-thermal initial conditions —Universal scaling, roughening, ageing and ergodicity

We study correlation properties of the generalized elastic model which accounts for the dynamics of polymers, membranes, surfaces and fluctuating interfaces, among others. We develop a theoretical framework which leads to the emergence of universal scaling laws for systems starting from thermal (equilibrium) or non-thermal (non-equilibrium) initial conditions. Our analysis incorporates and broadens previous results such as observables' double scaling regimes, (super)roughening and anomalous diffusion, and furnishes a new scaling behavior for correlation functions at small times (long distances). We discuss ageing and ergodic properties of the generalized elastic model in non-equilibrium conditions, providing a comparison with the situation occurring in continuous time random walk. Our analysis also allows to assess which observable is able to distinguish whether the system is in or far from equilibrium conditions in an experimental set-up.
Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager2 (OLI2) on-orbit results of new special characterizations

The Operational Land Imager2 (OLI2), is a visible to short-wave infrared pushbroom imaging radiometer. The OLI2 generates data in 9 spectral bands by sub-selecting the operational detectors within the focal plane array for each spectral band. This sub selection of detectors, also known as the operational flight detector-select-map, was determined pre-launch based on various radiometric performance characteristics. Due to new updates made in OLI2 it is possible to repeat similar extended radiometric characterization of all detectors on the focal plane while the system is on-orbit. This new characterization uses the OLI2 on-orbit calibration devices (Shutter and Stim lamp) observations while toggling the detector select maps from the operational setting to cycle through all possible detectors. Another special new ability for OLI2 was the addition of the stim-lamp non-linearity characterization collects. Both of these new abilities have been successfully executed on-orbit. In this paper and presentation, we present the results from these new characterization capabilities that extended the dynamic range of the non-linearity characterization as well as the on-orbit radiometric characteristics for the full set of focal plane detectors. Such new characterizations further enhance the information on the state of health and aging of the focal plane, as well as enable transfer of radiometric calibration from the operational detector-select to any other detector select. Overall these characterizations help to assure a robust high quality radiometric performance of OLI2 that should last far into the mission life time and beyond.
Magnetic properties of bi-phase micro- and nanotubes

The magnetic configurations of bi-phase micro- and nanotubes consisting of a ferromagnetic internal tube, an intermediate non-magnetic spacer, and an external magnetic shell are investigated as a function of their geometry. Based on a continuum approach we obtained analytical expressions for the energy which lead us to obtain phase diagrams giving the relative stability of characteristic internal magnetic configurations of the bi-phase tubes.
Protective Effects of Shi-Zhen-An-Shen Decoction on the Cognitive Impairment in MK801-Induced Schizophrenia Model.

BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of schizophrenia that strongly correlates to the patients' difficulties in independent living and occupational functioning. Synaptic dysfunction may result in cognitive and behavioral changes similar to what have been identified in schizophrenia. Shi-Zhen-An-Shen Decoction (SZASD) is the empirical formula of traditional Chinese medicine adopted in treating psychiatric symptoms, especially the cognitive impairment in schizophrenia patients, with proven efficacy in the long term of clinical practice in Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University. However, the mechanisms of SZASD on the cognitive improvement in schizophrenia is still unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the impact of SZASD on the cognitive impairment in MK801-induced schizophrenia-like rats. METHODS Six rat groups (n = 12 per group) were subjected to different treatments for 14 days. All the six groups were injected intraperitoneally with a given volume of 0.9% saline and MK801 (0.2 mg/kg) for consecutive 14 days for modelling. And the rats in the SZASD-treated groups and the clozapine-treated group were given SZASD (low, middle, and high doses) or clozapine, respectively, by intragastric administration. Then, we performed behavioral tests after the treatments, and the rats were sacrificed on the 19th day for biological analysis. RESULTS Behavioral tests indicated that SZASD mitigated the aberrant motor activity and improved schizophrenia-like rats' spatial reference memory and sensory gating ability. Furthermore, SZASD significantly increased the expressions of PSD95, BDNF, and synapsin I in the hippocampus of MK801-induced schizophrenia-like rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that SZASD may ameliorate cognitive impairment by restoring the levels of synaptic proteins in the hippocampus.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS ALUMINA DUST IN THE ENVELOPES AROUND O-RICH AGB STARS

We investigate optical properties of amorphous alumina (Al₂O₃) dust grains in the envelopes around O-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars using laboratory measured optical data. We derive the optical constants of amorphous alumina over a wide wavelength range that satisfy the Kramers-Kronig relation and reproduce the laboratory data. Using the amorphous alumina and silicate dust, we compare the radiative transfer model results with the observed spectral energy distributions. Comparing the theoretical models with observations on various IR two-color diagrams for a large sample of O-rich AGB stars, we find that the amorphous alumina dust (about 10-40%) mixed with amorphous silicate better models the observed points for the O-rich AGB stars with thin dust envelopes.
The broadband emission properties of AGN jets

The origin of the high-energy emission of blazars is still a matter of debate. To investigate the emission mechanism of extragalactic outflows and to pin down the location of the emission, we have constructed a broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) database covering from the radio to the gamma-ray band for the complete MOJAVE sample, which consists of 135 relativistically beamed AGN with well-studied parsec-scale jets. Typically, the broadband SEDs of blazars shows a double-humped profile. It is believed that the lower-energy hump is due to synchrotron emission from the radio jet, and the higher-energy hump is generated by i) inverse-Compton upscattered seed photons (leptonic), ii) proton-induced shower (hadronic). Combining the results of high-resolution VLBI observations and the gamma-ray properties of the MOJAVE sources, we attempt to reveal the origin of the high-energy emission in relativistic jets, and search for correlations between VLBI and high-energy properties.
Cognitive Aging And Rhythms Daily Variations In Attentional Performance In Children, Adults And The Elderly

Most of the attentional performance rhythms have been studied in order to organize school peri and extracurricular time in children. The chronopsychological data available on the development of these rhythms are, to our knowledge, rare. It therefore seems necessary, from a developmental and differentia perspective, to address these fluctuations in attentional performance not only in children but also in adults and the elderly. The present study therefore aims to investigate the influence of age and time of day on attentional performance. To do this, 171 participants were divided into three age groups: 88 children (divided into 2 groups: 5-7 years and 9-12 years), 56 adults (divided into 2 groups: 20-35 years and 36-59 years) and 27 seniors (60-72 years). The results indicate that attentional performance varies differently depending on the time of day and that this variation becomes constant and stable with age. Moreover, the level of attention increases with age and this evolution becomes stable from the age of 35.
A Stochastic Optimization Method for European Option Pricing

—In the contemporary ﬁnance the Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods are solid instruments to solve various problems. In the paper the problem of deriving the fair value of European style options is considered. Regarding the option pricing problems, Monte Carlo methods are extremely efﬁcient and useful, especially in higher dimensions. In this paper we show simulation optimization methods which essentially improve the accuracy of the standard approaches for European style options.
Large Prandtl number finite-amplitude thermal convection with Maxwell viscoelasticity. [earth mantle rheological model]

Abstract Nonlinear interactions of deviatoric stress components and the velocity field occur in all dynamic flows where convected elasticity is accounted for. By incorporating a linear Maxwellian constitutive relation (Oldroyd ‘B’ type) into a finite-amplitude convection model we quantify the magnitude of some of the effects of these nonlinear interactions. For viscoelastic flows the relevant nondimensional parameter is the ratio of viscoelastic constitutive relaxation time constant, λ1, to the basic flow process time. The Rayleigh number, Ra, and the nondimensional ratio of λ1 to thermal conduction time, τc, are part of the parameter space investigated. However, shorter basic flow time scales than that for thermal equilibration are of interest since most viscoelastic fluids have relatively small values of λ1 The ratio of λ1 to buoyant time [bcirc], or λ1/[bcirc], is, therefore, a pertinent parameter. Using both lithospheric and aesthenospheric values for λ1, the ratio appropriate to mantle convection is .
Unusual Broad-Line MgII Emitters Among Luminous Galaxies in BOSS

Many classes of active galactic nuclei (AGN) have been observed and recorded since the discovery of Seyfert galaxies. In this paper, we examine the sample of luminous galaxies in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). We find a potentially new observational class of AGN, one with strong and broad MgII $2799$\AA\ line emission, but very weak emission in other normal indicators of AGN activity, such as the broad line H$\alpha$, H$\beta$, and the near-ultraviolet AGN continuum, leading to an extreme ratio of broad H$\alpha$/MgII flux relative to normal quasars. Meanwhile, these objects' narrow-line flux ratios reveal AGN narrow-line regions with levels of activity consistent with the MgII fluxes and in agreement with that of normal quasars. These AGN may represent an extreme case of the Baldwin effect, with very low continuum and high equivalent width relative to typical quasars, but their ratio of broad MgII to broad Balmer emission remains very unusual. They may also be representative of a class of AGN where the central engine is observed indirectly with scattered light. These galaxies represent a small fraction of the total population of luminous galaxies ($\simeq 0.1$\%), but are more likely (about 3.5 times) to have AGN-like nuclear line emission properties than other luminous galaxiess. Because MgII is usually inaccessible for the population of nearby galaxies, there may exist a related population of broad-line MgII emitters in the local universe which are currently classified as narrow-line emitters (Seyfert 2s) or LINERs.
Diffusion Particle Filtering on the Special Orthogonal Group Using Lie Algebra Statistics

In this letter, we introduce new distributed diffusion algorithms to track a sequence of hidden random matrices that evolve on the special orthogonal group. The algorithms are based on the Adapt-then-Combine and the Random Exchange methods, and diffuse Gaussian approximations of posterior densities computed in the Lie algebra of the special orthogonal group. Simulation results show that, in scenarios with nonlinear observation functions, the proposed algorithms perform closely to the centralized particle filter estimator and can outperform competing Extended Kalman Filters.
Entanglement-fidelity relations for inaccurate ancilla-driven quantum computation

It was shown by T. Morimae [Phys. Rev. A 81, 060307(R) (2010)] that the gate fidelity of an inaccurate one-way quantum computation is upper bounded by a decreasing function of the amount of entanglement in the register. This means that a strong entanglement causes the low gate fidelity in the one-way quantum computation with inaccurate measurements. In this paper, we derive similar entanglement-fidelity relations for the inaccurate ancilla-driven quantum computation. These relations again imply that a strong entanglement in the register causes the low gate fidelity in the ancilla-driven quantum computation if the measurements on the ancilla are inaccurate.
Research on Emergency Management of Major Engineering Accidents from the Perspective of Engineering Communication:Taking the "7.23" Railway Accident as An Example

: By analyzing the communication process, path, and consequence of the “7.23 major accident of railway engineering”, this research study has established that the numerous and jumbled fragments of accident information and uncertain accident trends will not only cause serious anxiety to the public but also trigger rumors, which when catalyzed by the manifold communication channels, multi-stakeholders, on-site rescue teams, credi-bility of government agencies, effectiveness of accident investigation, positive image of engineering, and public understanding and participation in engineering practices, will continue to deteriorate under the given circum-stances. Thus, an open and anonymous accident reporting system and full-time spokesman that are in line with the principle of public voluntary announcement and conform to government guidance is required; using multimedia with plain language to convert engineering accidents into precious opportunities for the public will enable better understanding of engineering accidents. This will also serve to effectively mitigate the possibility of future engineering accidents and their development into public crises.
EVOLUTION OF LOW MASS GALACTIC SUBHALOS AND DEPENDENCE ON CONCENTRATION

We carry out a detailed study of the orbital dynamics and structural evolution of over 6000 subhalos in the Via Lactea II simulation, from infall to present. By analyzing subhalos with masses down to m = 4 × 10 5 M ⊙ , ? > we find that lower mass subhalos, which are not strongly affected by dynamical friction, exhibit behaviors qualitatively different from those found previously for more massive ones. Furthermore, there is a clear trend of subhalos that fell into the host earlier being less concentrated. We show that the concentration at infall characterizes various aspects of subhalo evolution. In particular, tidal effects truncate the growth of less concentrated subhalos at larger distances from the host; subhalos with smaller concentrations have larger infall radii. The concentration at infall is further shown to be a determining factor for the subsequent mass loss of subhalos within the host and also for the evolution of their internal structure in the v max ? > – r max ? > plane. Our findings raise the prospects of using the concentration to predict the tidal evolution of subhalos, which will be useful for obtaining analytic models of galaxy formation, as well as for near field cosmology.