Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REDUCING COSTS AND IMPROVING EFFICIENCY IN THE STUDENT LOAN PROGRAM

In theory, the costs of the federal student loan program can be reduced in four ways: eliminate morethan-competitive (excess) returns to private lenders; eliminate excess administrative costs; raise the price (reduce the subsidy) to induce students to reduce their demand for loans; and ration directly by denying loans to particular classes of students. This article evaluates the budget savings potential of these four options. Previous legislative changes have eliminated most of the more-than-competitive returns and excess administrative costs. Additional savings can only be achieved by reducing loan volume. Raising the price is likely to be circumvented by student access to the direct lending program and the "lender-of-last-resort" provision of the guaranteed program. That leaves rationing. Rationing that focuses on denying loans to low-risk students who are likely to attend school absent a federal loan guarantee has the greatest potential cost savings relative to social benefits foregone. This process could begin with graduate and professional students. Denying loans to high-risk students who are poorly prepared but would not attend school without the loan would save more money, but the Nation would lose significant social benefits. Denying loans to these latter students might better be left to schools, who could be induced to make such rationing decisions by requiring them to pay some portion of the guaranteed loan default costs imposed by their own students.
Designing the systemic model of human resources Development in the public Sector

Purpose:The main objective of this study was to design a model system for human resource development (HRD) in governmental organization and public sector in Iran.Some factors could contribute to a systematic approach to model the development and empowerment of human resources in an integrated and interactive model. Design/Methodology/Approach:This method is based on identifying and explaining the main and auxiliary systems of human resource development and interaction of input, process, output and feedback. In this respect, relationships and their impact on model systems were analyzed for the study. In order to research the modeling of - Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)method is used. Findings:In this research, human resource development is divided into three sub-systems of performance management, the appointment and Promotion and empowerment.For each of the following systems with the nature of the input, processing, output and feedback were identified and analyzed. Research Limitations/ Implications:HRD system model can improve planning effectiveness of performancemanagement, training and empowerment and career planning employees in public sector organizations. Value/ Originality :Government agencies and public sector managers can use this model as a system level to measure functions and processes associated with the development of human resources.
Intermetallic formation in dissimilar friction welds with a silver interlayer

The present work investigates the formation of an intermetallic during friction welding of two dissimilar joints one made of aluminum alloy 6061(T6) metal matrix composite (MMC) and AISI 304 stainless steel and the other one made of MMC, AISI 304 stainless steel and a silver interlayer. The microstructures of the friction welded samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show the formation of brittle FeAl and Fe2Al5 intermetallics on dissimilar MMC/AISI 304 stainless steel friction welds. In the case of dissimilar MMC/Ag/AISI 304 stainless steel friction welds, circular silver nanoparticles with dimensions ranging from 10 to 20 nm and Ag3Al intermetallic were obtained.
Beyond Admission: Understanding Pre-College Variables and the Success of At-Risk Students.

This study examined pre-college variables from an admission-office perspective and the ability of these variables to predict college grade point average (GPA) for students specially admitted into an academic support program for at-risk students. The research was conducted at a private, highly-selective, research university in the southwest United States. The primary determining factors for this special admission program are lowerthan-average high school GPA and/or standardized test scores. Pre-college variables that most significantly predicted college GPA were high school GPA, gender of student, and leadership experience prior to applying. Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores failed to predict success as measured by college GPA. Beyond Admission Seventy-five percent of students who drop out of college do so during their first two years, and 57 percent of students leave their first college without graduating (Tinto, 1993). First semester grades (McGrath & Braunstein, 1997) and first year grades (Gifford, Briceño-Perriott, & Mianzo, 2006; Reason, 2003) are significantly linked with retention. Because these grades act as a quantifiable predictor of retention and because grades are associated with academic success, this study focuses on the predicting of first-semester and first-year GPA of at-risk students. The use of high school GPA and rank is widely accepted as a positive predictor of academic success (Astin, 1997; Hoffman & Lowitzki, 2005; Schwartz & Washington, 2002; Stricker, Rock & Burton, 1996; Ting, 1998; Wolfe & Johnson, 1995). Standardized test scores have also been found as a predictor, although they have been questioned in recent years (Astin, 1997; Lawlor, S., Richman, S. & Richman, C.L., 1997; Naumann, Bandalos & Gutkin, 2003; Reason, 2001; Stricker, et. al, 1996). Student involvement (Astin, 1984) and a variety of emotional and social variables (Boulter, 2002; DeBerard, Spielmans & Julka, 2004; House, Keely & Hurst, 1996; McGrath & Braunstein, 1997; Ridgell & Lounsbury, 2004; Spitzer, 2000; Wolfe & Johnson, 1995) have also been recently demonstrated as possible predictors of success. Changes in demographics have altered studies on academic success and retention (Reason, 2001). Much of the research has been based on the traditional view of white, 18to 22-yearold, full-time students, even though the number of students of color in higher education increased 61 percent between 1984 and 1994 (Pascarella & Terenzini, 1998). These changes have created the necessity for research that understands the new demographics of higher education. Literature Review A review of the literature showed that research related to the predicting of academic success determined by GPA in college has been productive in recent years, but not yet progressive. Significant findings have been made using academic-related variables (Lawlor, et. al, 1997; Reason, 2001, 2003; Stricker, et. al, 1996), non-academic variables (DeBerard, et. al, 2004; Naumann, et. al, 2003; Spitzer, 2000) and a combination of both to predict academic success (McGrath & Braunstein, 1997; Ridgell
Visualizing Large Kronecker Graphs

Kronecker graphs have been shown to be one of the most promising models for real-world networks. Visualization of Kronecker graphs is an important challenge. This chapter describes an interactive framework to assist scientists and engineers in generating, analyzing, and visualizing Kronecker graphs with as little effort as possible. 11.
Episodic Models in Discourse Processing

In this chapter it is shown that models play an important role in both oral and written discourse processing. Although the term model has several other meanings, it will here exclusively be used to denote a specific kind of knowledge structure in memory. 1 In particular, the notion of model is intended here to account for the role of personal knowledge people have about real or imagined situations in the process of discourse production and understanding. In order to distinguish this notion from other uses of the term model, we speak of situational models. Such situational models are assumed to be representations of personal experiences and therefore are part of episodic memory. Episodic memory is the omponent of long term memory where people store particular information about each event or action—including verbal acts such as discourses—they have processed in short term memory. Since situational models are assumed to reside in episodic memory we also sometimes call them episodic models. Expressions in natural language in general, and discourse in particular, may be used to refer to, or denote, something "in the world" or in some sociocultural context. Discourse is about objects or people, about their properties and relations, about events or actions, or about complex episodes of these, that is, about some fragment of the world which we call a situation. A model, then, is the cognitive counterpart of such a situation: it is what people "have in mind" when they observe, participate in, or hear or read about such a situation. Thus, a model incorpo-
A simple method to compute standard two-fluid models

We describe in this paper, a tool to compute approximate solutions of standard two-fluid models with an equilibrium pressure assumption. The basic approach takes its grounds in the two-fluid two-pressure formalism, and takes advantage of the relaxation techniques. The method may be used to compute either the single- or the two-pressure model, depending on the size of mesh, which is used. It is also shown on the basis of a simple numerical experiment that the local equilibrium assumption may lead to a blow-up of the numerical solution on fine meshes, even if one accounts for drag stabilizing effects.
Drug Resistant and Wild-type Strains Interaction : Investigating Effects of Conversion Delays for Possible Control Strategies

The increasing threat of drug resistance is compromising medical care worldwide. To provide deeper understanding of possible measures to avoid the endemicity of drug resistant strains, many models have been proposed and analyzed on the dynamics of co-circulating wild-type and drug resistant viruses. We aim to add to these works by considering a model which incorporates the effects of delay in the evolution of resistant strain, as well as the role of the immune response and the target cells availability on the suppression of the peak load of resistant virus. We investigate the effect of delays in connection with the system’s dynamic behaviour, persistence of the two strains and the system stability. Key-Words: Drug resistance, Cost of resistance, maturation delays effects, global stability, uniform persistence.
MODELING THE EFFECTS OF STAR FORMATION HISTORIES ON Hα AND ULTRAVIOLET FLUXES IN NEARBY DWARF GALAXIES

We consider the effects of non-constant star formation histories (SFHs) on Hα and GALEX far-ultraviolet (FUV) star formation rate (SFR) indicators. Under the assumption of a fully populated Chabrier initial mass function (IMF), we compare the distribution of Hα-to-FUV flux ratios from ∼1500 simple, periodic model SFHs with observations of 185 galaxies from the Spitzer Local Volume Legacy survey. We find a set of SFH models that are well matched to the data, such that more massive galaxies are best characterized by nearly constant SFHs, while low-mass systems experience burst amplitudes of ∼30 (i.e., an increase in the SFR by a factor of 30 over the SFR during the inter-burst period), burst durations of tens of Myr, and periods of ∼250 Myr; these SFHs are broadly consistent with the increased stochastic star formation expected in systems with lower SFRs. We analyze the predicted temporal evolution of galaxy stellar mass, R-band surface brightness, Hα-derived SFR, and blue luminosity, and find that they provide a reasonable match to observed flux distributions. We find that our model SFHs are generally able to reproduce both the observed systematic decline and increased scatter in Hα-to-FUV ratios toward low-mass systems, without invoking other physical mechanisms. We also compare our predictions with those from the Integrated Galactic IMF theory with a constant SFR. We find that while both predict a systematic decline in the observed ratios, only the time variable SFH models are capable of producing the observed population of low-mass galaxies (M* ≲ 107 M☉) with normal Hα-to-FUV ratios. These results demonstrate that a variable IMF alone has difficulty explaining the observed scatter in the Hα-to-FUV ratios. We conclude by considering the limitations of the model SFHs and discuss the use of additional empirical constraints to improve future SFH modeling efforts.
Achieving a Resilient and Agile Grid

ion Model Figure 38: Abstraction Model The concept (reading from the bottom) is that raw packet information is collected by multiple means, then passed to an extremely high-speed database, which provides information to an open and expanding array of analytical tools. When these tools identify an anomaly in grid or network operations, applications in the decision layer analyze remedying actions, which are implemented in the action layer through SCADA or software-defined networking software. As the Essence team members have developed the application, we increasingly have come to the conviction that the model and data management tools we are developing can support a range of applications, extending beyond cyber security to a wide range of analytical and control applications. The data collected by the Essence system, when fully deployed, will comprise a comprehensive picture of the state of the grid, with high temporal and component resolution. This complete view of the grid in a single, open, and stable view can open the doors to vastly improved analysis for all purposes. Layer 2 will deliver information to support the Essence cyber security suite but can also provide data to the Open Modeling Framework, Open-DSS, Promod, and other analytical tools. In addition, SCADA systems can access it; alternatively, Layer 2 eventually could become the data acquisition and management layer of a next-generation SCADA. This strategy will open up development of utility software by allowing
A Socio-Pragmatic Comparative Study of Ostensible Invitations in English and Farsi.

Of late, linguistics has been trying to come up with a universal theory of language. Linguists, sociolinguists, and psycholinguists have focused on the different aspects of language. The sum of all their efforts has, no doubt, contributed to the developing field of Universal Grammar. However, the field calls for a good number of other research projects in the different languages of the world. As such, the present study was carried out with the aim of examining Farsi ostensible invitations in terms of the universals of pragmatics. To this end, 45 field workers observed and reported 566 ostensible and 607 genuine invitations. 34 undergraduates were interviewed and afforded 68 ostensible and 68 genuine invitations. And, 41 pairs of friends were interviewed and afforded 41 ostensible invitations. The data were then put to statistical tests: the comparison of ratios was carried out for the purposes of comparing the ratios of the two types of invitations (for any probable difference) in terms of the seven features that control their use in the English language; the chi-square test was also carried out to determine whether the type of invitation was dependent on such variables as the sex, age, and social class of the inviters or not. The results of the data analysis revealed that Farsi ostensible invitations go by the universal norms that influence language use. It was also concluded that the type of invitation was dependent on the variables mentioned above.
An Empirical Study for Exploring the Relationship between Balanced Scorecard and Six Sigma Programs

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and Six Sigma programs and to point out the critical issues for implementing a BSC program. The Delphi method and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) are used to conduct the questionnaire survey. Having experience and knowledge in implementing both BSC and Six Sigma programs, seven well-known companies in Taiwan were selected to participate in two rounds of survey. The analysis results suggest that the implementation experience of a Six Sigma program assists in launching a BSC program, while the number of years in implementing a Six Sigma program has no significant impact in launching a BSC program. Moreover, the ranking of six perspectives and eighteen critical decision criteria highlighted in this research can be useful for implementing a successful BSC initiative.
Optimum Dose of Sea Cucumber ( Stichopus Chloronotus ) Extract for Wound Healing

In Malaysia, sea cucumber is also known as Gamat. Among the Malays, Gamat is frequently used as a traditional or folk medicine to relieve pain, to treat wounds and burns. It is also used as a tonic to provide extra energy. Stichopus chloronotus is one of the species of sea cucumber which is found in Malaysia. An experimental study was carried out to determine the optimum dose of aqueous extract of Stichopus
Medical Treatment of Bone Tissue Metabolism Disorders in Patients with Vitamin-D Resistant Rickets

Objective: To determine the effect of medical therapy upon genetically determined disorders of bone tissue metabolism in patients with D-resistant rickets.Materials and Methods: In the consultative out-patient department of the Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the NAMSU, 39 patients who had been diagnosed with VDRR (vitamin D-resistant rickets, phosphate-diabetes), were examined and treated. Medical treatment of the patients was carried out in several stages. Stage 1 ncluded a complete patient examination to determine the level of calcium and phosphorus in blood and urine, calcitriol and calcitriol in blood, parathyroid hormone and osteocalcine parameters as well as the marker of bone formation P1NP and that of osteoresorption B-CTx. At the first stage, children were obliged to undergo a genetic study. The aim of the study was to detect changes (polymorphism) in receptor alleles to vitamin D (VDR) and collagen type 1 (COL1). The examination at the next stages was conducted entirely, in addition to genetic studies.Results: Comprehensive study of vitamin D metabolism and biochemical parameters of bone function in patients with VDRR, including the formation of the organic basis of bone, allowed us to examine thoroughly some issues of pathogenesis and the essence of osteomalacia and later osteoporotic changes of different degrees.Depending on these changes, it was possible to develop different regimens of medical correction of bone metabolism disorders in phosphate-diabetes.Conclusion: The treatment of orthopedic VDRR should begin with 60 000 units of vitamin D, 12 μg of alpha-calcidol and 18 g of calcium glycerophosphate per month. In 3 months of treatment, a re-examination of bone metabolism should be performed, resulting in alterations of vitamin D or the hormonal form of vitamin Dalpha-calcidol intake. The calcium-phosphorus mixture should be consumed by children in an average dose 600-800 mg per day.
Modelling the impact of animals on land use.

The context and issues which are likely to influence the development of the livestock industries in the U.K. and Australia are briefly reviewed and contrasted with some of the issues which confront world societies and governments. The role of systems research and modelling as a means of investigating some of the multiple objectives which livestock producers have to meet is reviewed, and examples of some specific models are outlined with respect to animals and their use of land resources which embody principles which have wider application. The issue of valuing environmental objectives and sustainability is also discussed.
Global Powder Diffraction Probes

Transmission electron microscopy and neutron or X-ray diffraction are powerful techniques available today for characterization of the structure of various carbon materials at nano and atomic levels. They provide complementary information but each one has advantages and limitations. Powder X-ray or neutron diffraction measurements provide structural information representative for the whole volume of a material under probe but features of singular nano-objects cannot be identified. Transmission electron microscopy, in turn, is able to probe single nanoscale objects. In this review, it is demonstrated how transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray and neutron diffraction methods complement each other by providing consistent structural models for different types of carbons such as carbon blacks, glass-like carbons, graphene, nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and nanoonions.
Trading mechanism selection with budget constraints

We present an equilibrium search model of competing mechanisms where some buyers are budget constrained. Absent budget constraints, the existing literature capitulates that if buyers differ in their valuations then in the unique equilibrium all sellers hold second price auctions (e.g. McAfee (1993)) whereas if buyers are homogeneous then sellers are indifferent across a large number of payoff-equivalent mechanisms (e.g. Eeckhout and Kircher (2010)). We show that these results are not robust to the presence of budget constrained buyers; merely lowering the budgets of a few buyers renders the auction equilibrium as well as payoff equivalence unsustainable. If buyers differ only slightly in terms of their ability to pay then sellers prefer fixed price trading; otherwise they prefer auctions.
Differential-Flatness and Control of Multiple Quadrotors with a Payload Suspended through Flexible Cables

We present the coordinate-free dynamics of four different quadrotor systems with a payload suspended through flexible cables: (a) single quadrotor with a point-mass payload suspended through a flexible cable; (b) single quadrotor with tethered to the ground through a flexible cable; (c) multiple quadrotors with a shared point-mass payload suspended through flexible cables; and (d) multiple quadrotors with a shared rigidbody payload suspended through flexible cables. We model the flexible cables as a finite series of links with spherical joints with mass concentrated at the end of each link. The resulting systems are thus high-dimensional with high degreeof-underactuation. For each of these systems, we show that the dynamics are differentially-flat, enabling planning of dynamically feasible trajectories. For the single quadrotor with a point-mass payload suspended through a flexible cable with five links (16 degrees-of-freedom and 12 degrees-of-underactuation), we use the coordinate-free dynamics to develop a geometric variation-based linearized equations of motion about a desired trajectory. We show that a finite horizon linear quadratic regulator can be used to track a desired trajectory with a relatively large region of attraction.
Evolutionary Stability of Behavioural Rules in Bargaining

I study the evolutionary stability of behavioural rules in a bargaining game. Individuals draw random samples of strategies used in the past and respond to it by using a behavioural rule. Even though individuals actually respond to historical demands, a necessary condition for stability is the existence of a state such that it is as-if the individuals are hardwired to make the same demand. Furthermore, the state where all individuals demand half of the pie is the unique neutrally stable state; all other states are unstable in the face of an invasion by a mutant behavioural rule.