Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crustal structure, gravity anomalies and flexure of the lithosphere in the vicinity of the Canary Islands

SUMMARY Simple elastic plate models have been used to calculate the flexure of the lithosphere caused by volcanic loading at the Canary Islands and sediment loading at the Moroccan continental margin. By comparing the calculated flexure to observations based on seismic refraction and free-air gravity anomaly data, constraints have been placed on the long-term (>106 years) elastic thickness of the lithosphere, Te. The best fit between the calculated and observed flexure in the vicinity of the Canary Islands is for Te= 20 km. This value of Te also explains seismic reflection data in regions that flank the island provided that the lithosphere underlying the Moroccan margin is sufficiently weak (Te < 5 km) for sediment loading to contribute little to the island flexure. a backstripping study, in which gravity data are used to constrain the value of Te, supports the suggestion that the lithosphere underlying the Moroccan margin, like its conjugate at the Baltimore Canyon Trough, is weak. Although sediment loading at the Moroccan margin appears therefore to have exerted little influence on the structure of the Canary Islands, there is evidence that island flexure may have influenced the stratigraphic development of the Moroccan margin, especially in the region of the ‘slope anticline’. A Te, of 20 km is about 15 km lower than would be expected on the basis of the thermal age of the oceanic lithosphere that underlies the Canary Islands. Similar low values have been reported from oceanic islands in the Pacific ‘superswell’ region of French Polynesia where they have been attributed to re-heating of the lithosphere by one or more hotspots. A general E-W age progression of the volcanic rocks suggests that the Canary Islands were also generated by a hotspot. They lack, however, the topographic swell and gravity/geoid high which usually accompanies these features. One possibility is that the low Te values are the result of a pre-existing weakness in the oceanic crust. A Te of 20 km is large enough, however, for a significant part of the mantle to still be involved in the support of the island loads. A more likely explanation is thermal weakening by a hotspot which has been localized enough to reduce Te but not to produce a swell or gravity/geoid high. Irrespective of its cause, the low Te suggests that oceanic lithosphere does not necessarily progressively increase its strength with age, so that even 140 Ma old lithosphere is vulnerable and can, in some regions, be significantly weakened by later thermal and mechanical processes.
Effect of Inadequate Bowel Preparation on Urgent Colonoscopy in Patients with Post-Polypectomy Bleeding (PPB): A Descriptive Study

: Post-polypectomy bleeding (PPB) is the most common complication of colonoscopy. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of inadequate bowel preparation on urgent colonoscopy in patients with PPB.In this retrospective, single-centre study, we enrolled PPB patients who underwent urgent colonoscopy at a university-affiliated hospital from 2010 to 2020 and assessed the outcome indicators of interest (diagnostic rate, ileocaecal intubation, repeated colonoscopy, endoscopic therapy, success rate of treatment) and clinical outcomes (surgery, transfusion requirement, length of stay (d), cost ($)). Of the 34 included patients with PPB, 29 were males and 5 were females. The mean age of the patients was 56.7±9.7 years, and 19 patients (55.9%) had chronic diseases; 6 patients in the sample were treated with enema for bowel preparation, and 28 patients were prepared with endoscopic irrigation. In all patients, the source of bleeding was found by endoscopy, endoscopic treatment was provided, and the bleeding was successfully stopped.Our study showed that, for patients with PPB, inadequate bowel preparation might not compromise the effectiveness of urgent colonoscopy, and the hospitalization cost was low.
Frequency dependent whole-brain coactivation patterns analysis in Alzheimer’s disease

Background The brain in resting state has complex dynamic properties and shows frequency dependent characteristics. The frequency-dependent whole-brain dynamic changes of resting state across the scans have been ignored in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective Coactivation pattern (CAP) analysis can identify different brain states. This paper aimed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of frequency dependent whole-brain CAPs in AD. Methods We utilized a multiband CAP approach to model the state space and study brain dynamics in both AD and NC. The correlation between the dynamic characteristics and the subjects’ clinical index was further analyzed. Results The results showed similar CAP patterns at different frequency bands, but the occurrence of patterns was different. In addition, CAPs associated with the default mode network (DMN) and the ventral/dorsal visual network (dorsal/ventral VN) were altered significantly between the AD and NC groups. This study also found the correlation between the altered dynamic characteristics of frequency dependent CAPs and the patients’ clinical Mini-Mental State Examination assessment scale scores. Conclusion This study revealed that while similar CAP spatial patterns appear in different frequency bands, their dynamic characteristics in subbands vary. In addition, delineating subbands was more helpful in distinguishing AD from NC in terms of CAP.
Molecules Are Not Enough! Overcoming Students' Overgeneralization Tendencies by Comparing and Contrasting.

Many students assume a molecular structure for all substances, even after being instructed on the topic. But why do students struggle to understand key concepts like chemical bonding? One of the reasons is students' tendency to overgeneralize: Students wrongfully transfer characteristics from familiar (e.g., molecular substances) to lesser-known concepts (e.g., ionic compounds). In this article, possible reasons behind this commonly observed tendency are discussed and a possible didactical solution is proposed. Comparing and contrasting approaches increased students' ability to distinguish between similar concepts in mathematics. [1] The method of comparing and contrasting is therefore applied by simultaneously introducing the three types of chemical bonding to effectively tackle students' overgeneralization tendencies.
Composite Learning Variable Impedance Robot Control With Stability and Passivity Guarantees

Variable impedance control (VIC) is paramount for robots to improve safety and effectiveness in physical human-robot interaction. However, achieving variable target impedance with guaranteed stability is not trivial, particularly under parametric uncertainty in the robot dynamics. This letter proposes a composite learning-based VIC (CL-VIC) strategy with three control modes, including robot-dominant, human-dominant, and collaboration modes, to achieve target impedance under parametric uncertainty. A multi-mode adaptive control scheme is defined by well-designed weighting functions to ensure smooth mode transitions. A composite learning mechanism is employed for exact parameter estimation such that target impedance models can be achieved under interval excitation that is much weaker than persistent excitation, where the latter is a sufficient condition for exact parameter estimation in classical system identification. The proposed method can achieve variable active stiffness and damping with guaranteed exponential stability and passivity of the closed-loop system, which ensures safe interaction. Experiments on a collaborative robot with seven degrees of freedom named Franka Emika Panda have validated the effectiveness of the proposed CL-VIC method.
Thermal expansivity in the lower mantle

The pressure dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient, α, previously reported as (∂lnα/∂lnV)T = 5.5 ± 0.5 by Chopelas and Boehler [1989] is refined, using systematics in the volume dependence of (∂T/∂P)s measured for a large number of materials at high pressures and high temperatures. Since (∂ln (∂T/∂P)s/∂(V/V0))T is found to be constant and material independent over a very large compression range, (∂lnα/∂lnV)T is proportional to the compression, V/V0. We find α decreases by a factor of 5 for MgO throughout the mantle, reaching a value of 1.0 · 10−5 K−1 at its bottom. Densities of perovskite (PV) and magnesiowustite (MW) are calculated for lower mantle conditions using our new α(P, T), a room temperature finite strain equation, and recent data on the Mg-Fe partitioning in the PV-MW system. Both minerals have nearly identical densities to those of PREM throughout the entire lower mantle, which allows variable PV:MW ratios. A lower mantle made entirely of PV with a molar ratio of Mg:Fe of 88:12 would be about 0.11 g/cm3 or 2.5% denser than this mixture, but this density would just be within the uncertainty in PREM. A change in chemistry at 660 km depth to a PV mantle requires a thermal boundary which would improve the match in the densities between PV and PREM. These density agreements therefore preclude evaluation of a mineralogical model for the lower mantle using density comparisons. Recent measurements on melting of Fe, FeO, and FeS, however, suggest temperatures at the core-mantle boundary below 3500 K, which tends to favor a geotherm without a large thermal boundary at 660 km depth.
Decentralized Control Based on Fuzzy Anti-Windup for a Class of Uncertain Systems Subject to State and Control Constraints

In this work, a new nonlinear robust fuzzy decentralized constrained controller (NRFDCC) based on robust fuzzy anti-windup is proposed to improve the overall robustness and tracking ability of nonlinear dynamic systems subject to a wide range of parameter uncertainties and disturbances. Saturations on both control and the states are also taken into account. The studied system is considered as composed of several overlapping nonlinear subsystems. The nonlinear interaction between the several subsystems is considered a disturbance which is compensated by the proposed strategy. Sufficient conditions are derived for robust stabilization in the sense of Lyapunov stability and are formulated with linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to obtain the controller gains and anti-windup gains. First, the proposed controller is designed subject to a disturbance with parameter uncertainties. Next, an additional anti-windup is designed to mitigate the adverse effects due to state and control constraints. The main contributions of this article are: 1) stabilizes the nonlinear system over a wide range of operating conditions, disturbance, and parameter uncertainties; 2) robustness is improved to provide good responses with input and/or state constraints; and 3) improves the performances of the stability of the power nonlinear system, for instance, short circuits with expected robust transient stability. The proposed control system is compared with alternative frameworks existing in the literature based on robust control via simulations performed with MATLAB software, to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Planning for Species Conservation in a Time of Climate Change

The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) presented clear evidence that the global climate is changing because of human activities (Box 1). There is little doubt that this human-forced climate change event will become one of the main contributors to the global loss of biological diversity and has already caused accelerated rates of species’ extinctions and changes to ecosystems across Earth (Sala et al., 2000; Thomas et al., 2004; Pimm, 2008). However, despite grim, almost doomsday-like, warnings in both the scientific literature and the general media for the best part of the last two decades (Peters & Darling 1985; Hannah et al., 2002), there has been little headway in the development of appropriate methodologies for integrating climate adaptation into conservation planning (Hannah et al., 2010; Poinani et al., 2011). The purpose of this book chapter is to describe and classify some of the different methodologies governments and non-government organisations are using to integrate climate adaptation into conservation planning. By writing this book chapter, we hope to describe some of the benefits and limitations of the different adaptation planning approaches that are currently being espoused in the conservation arena. We conclude by describing some of the major hurdles human-forced climate change presents to conservation planners and some ways to overcome these. By no means is this an exhaustive review; rather, it builds on the work of others (e.g. Mawdsley et al., 2009; Dawson et al., 2011) by categorising some of the different adaptation planning activities being conducted within the conservation realm, so as to provide some clarity to national and international policy makers, private and public funding agencies, and practitioners, on what the best options are for conservation planning when climate change is considered. Here, we focus on species-oriented conservation planning because it will ultimately be the reaction of species that define how ecosystems (and the services they provide) change because of human-forced climate change; species, as the basic evolutionary unit always need to be a focus of conservation planning. Although this chapter is species focused, many of the
Spatial analysis and semi-quantitative modeling of specific sediment yield in six catchments of the central rift valley of Ethiopia

The Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia is one of the most environmentally susceptible areas in the country. Most of the lowland is arid or semiarid, and droughts occur recurrently. Soil erosion in the highlands surrounding the Ethiopian Central Rift Valley is causing serious land degradation and siltation problems in the local lakes of the valley. Measured specific sediment yield (SSY) that ranges from 214 to 611 t km -2 yr -1 for six catchments in the rift valley show that there exists a serious sedimentation problem for lakes in the region. Although accurate predictions of SSY are needed to plan and implement policies to mitigate these problems, so far there is little reliable data on sediment yield and no adaptable model to predict (SSY) has yet been developed for the region. We used field observations and a previously developed factorial scoring model (FSM) that calculates SSY as a function of topography, vegetation cover, gully morphology, lithology and catchment shape to determine which of these factors have the greatest effect on SSY in the region; we found that gully morphology is the primary factor that controls SSY, followed in order of decreasing importance by catchment shape, topography, vegetation cover and lithology. We then modified the model by adding a climate factor to account for the effect of rainfall on SSY in the Central Rift Valley. We found that both calibrated models that used modified factors of FSM and our modified version that included climate provided reasonably good statistical correlation between observed and predicted SSY during calibration and validation. However, because of significant differences in rainfall among the six catchments, the version that included the climate factor provided better estimates of SSY (ME = 0.82, RRMSE = 0.13) than the model that used the original FSM factors (ME = 0.77, RRMSE = 0.15).
THE EFFECT OF VARIABILITY IN WAVE HEIGHTS ON THE PROVISION OF DEPENDABLE 'GREEN' POWER: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN WATERS USING THE GAMMA DISTRIBUTION

The following paper endeavours to analyse the effect of variability in wave heights on the provision of dependable ‘green’ power. A low level of variability in wave height is desirable and lends itself to a more reliable energy source. Wave height datasets from North American waters are assessed using a univariate gamma distribution and their theoretical dependability quantified in terms of relative power deviation and ‘capacity factor’. Geographic trends in energy density and dependability are discussed. In summary, coastal waters adjacent to California and Oregon appear to be well suited as alternate energy sources and generally speaking wave energy presents as an attractive addition to the North American ‘green’ power market.
Results of the STEM- Oman Approach on the Interest of 10th Grade Students Towards STEM's Careers and Subjects

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of STEM- Oman integrated with science class on the interest of 10th grade students towards STEM's careers and subjects. Methods: Quasi- experimental research was conducted in the second semester of the academic year of 2018-2019. Sixty-four female students of tenth grade from two secondary schools at the same town had participated in this study. The researcher used STEM-Oman approach that was established by the Ministry of Education in Oman with the British Rolls-Royce to be integrated in the common topics in science subject in the experimental group (31) while the control group (33) studied these topics in a normal seating without STEM-Oman. Data were collected by survey of student' interest toward both STEM' subject and career (STEM-CIS). Results: According to the research results, overall, there is no significant difference in mean scores for interest towards STEM career and subjects between groups. Moreover, there is no significant difference in ISTEMC neither ISTEMS for interactivity between groups or science achievement levels. However, there is a significant difference in interests in STEM careers' Technology between groups favor the control group. In addition, there is significant difference in interests in STEM subject' Math between groups favor the experiment group and interests in STEM subject' Technology between groups favor the control group. In the light of the research results, some suggestions have been made for future studies.
OPIOID FREE GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE – A REVIEW ARTICLE

SUMMARY Currently, enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are multimodal perioperative care pathways with the goal to achieve early patient recovery after surgery with minimal postoperative complications. According to studies, opioid free general anesthesia has many perioperative benefits and should be part of the ERAS protocols in specific surgical and patient indications. Opioid free general anesthesia is a multimodal balanced technique that is based on the concept that opioids are not used preoperatively or intraoperatively until the patient has aroused. The basic concept of opioid free general anesthesia is intravenous administration of several nonopioid drugs that operate at different pharmacological sites blocking surgical stress and sympathetic activation response. Moreover, current studies have shown that opioid free anesthesia is a technique which satisfactorily controls postoperative pain as the fifth vital sign, and has minimal side effects and better patient recovery with the same surgical conditions as general multimodal balanced anesthesia. However, further research is needed.
Decoupling-Cooperative Framework for Referring Expression Comprehension

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to locate a specific object within an image by interpreting a referring expression articulated in natural language. This task comprises two essential branches: understanding and localizing. The former entails processing cognitive information from multimodal data, while the latter involves realizing the predictions in the perceptive visual space. Although various advanced approaches have been developed for each of these branches separately, existing REC approaches are unable to effectively leverage them due to the specific designs of architectures or objectives for REC, which bind understanding and localizing inseparably. To overcome this challenge, we propose the Decoupling-Cooperative Framework (DCF). The decoupling scheme in DCF enables us to utilize up-to-date methods for understanding and localizing with minimal constraints. Meanwhile, the proposed cooperative modules enable better integration of the strengths from both branches to achieve further enhancements. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DCF achieves state-of-the-art performance across four benchmarks, thus highlighting the generalizability of DCF.
RESOURCE SEPARATION IN A NAPO-AMAZONIAN TINAMOU COMMUNITY

We investigate the possibility of ecological separation in Amazonian tinamous from a site in the Napo-intersect region of the northern Peruvian Amazon (approx. 02°45'S, 72°55'W). Data have been collected since 1993, mainly during the terminal periods of high and low waters Individuals were recorded auditorily and/or visually using unlimited distance contact transects, accomplished by walking or boating. Selected voucher recordings were deposited in the Bioacoustics Laboratory at Texas A&M University. Niche dimensions examined for evidence of ecological separation include habitat (N = 5) and time of activity (N = 4). A niche matrix is used to assess overlap among common species. Additionally, the com- mon species are compared to "null groups" of rare species that could potentially colonize the region, but are rare or absent. Only a single case of overlap occurred overall (8%), indicative of spatial and temporal ecological separation. Terra firme rainforest that is being harvested at rapid rates harbors half of all species and supports at least twice the diversity, compared to most of the other habitats. Accepted 6 January 2004.
Risk Analysis of Transactive Energy Retail Markets

New grid management schemes have created exciting opportunities for end customers to maximize their utility by becoming active participants. In particular, Transactive Energy Systems (TES) allow customers to cooperate and negotiate in energy markets, increasing social welfare. These interactions also reduce demand-side uncertainties and simplify grid balancing at different levels. In TES, it is beneficial to employ forward contracts because they establish conditions for future energy supply, allowing grid maintainers to plan a cost-effective operation. Thus, end customers interact in local retail markets in advance to agree on service conditions that fulfill their needs. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the risks involved in those forward contracts with the aim of providing valuable information to participants. The TES environment modifies the typical risks of electricity contracts due to the information exchange in the negotiation and execution stages. Indeed, reliable data and realistic forecasting assumptions become a primary concern for each participant since they constitute the main threat of contract defaulting. Risk management strategies are presented in bow-tie and Ishikawa diagrams to elicit the decisions for market participants. Case study results demonstrate that forecasting errors impact the conditional value at risk of the contracts, in proportion to the demand uncertainty.