Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Logarithmically scaled, gamma distributed neuronal spiking

Naturally log‐scaled quantities abound in the nervous system. Distributions of these quantities have non‐intuitive properties, which have implications for data analysis and the understanding of neural circuits. Here, we review the log‐scaled statistics of neuronal spiking and the relevant analytical probability distributions. Recent work using log‐scaling revealed that interspike intervals of forebrain neurons segregate into discrete modes reflecting spiking at different timescales and are each well‐approximated by a gamma distribution. Each neuron spends most of the time in an irregular spiking ‘ground state’ with the longest intervals, which determines the mean firing rate of the neuron. Across the entire neuronal population, firing rates are log‐scaled and well approximated by the gamma distribution, with a small number of highly active neurons and an overabundance of low rate neurons (the ‘dark matter’). These results are intricately linked to a heterogeneous balanced operating regime, which confers upon neuronal circuits multiple computational advantages and has evolutionarily ancient origins.
Advances in the treatment of pediatric solid tumors: A 50‐year perspective

In the United States, more than 10 000 cancers occur annually in children aged 0–14 years, and more than 5000 in adolescents aged 15–19. In the last 50 years, significant advances have been made in imaging, molecular pathology, stage and risk assessment, surgical approach, multidisciplinary treatment, and survival for pediatric solid tumors (particularly neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and hepatoblastoma). Moreover, the molecular driver for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, which occurs in adolescence and young adulthood, has been identified.
Anomalies, singularities, and catastrophes in C3ISR systems

In this paper, we provide topological visualization of Digital Decision Support (DDS) tools, both linear and non-linear, the latter ones related to bifurcations and/or catastrophes, including such non-linear phenomena as hysteresis, or sudden jump/drop of state variable (amplitude). As a principal example, we discuss non-linear oscillator catastrophes with applications in: physics, optics, electronics, mechanics, decision process, and others.
Sending of Unwanted Dick Pics as a Modality of Sexual Cyber-Violence: An Exploratory Study of Its Emotional Impact and Reactions in Women

The sending of sexually explicit images by men to women without prior request, a practice commonly referred to as sending or receiving a “dick pic,” is a fairly common manifestation of sexual cyber-violence that has grown in recent times. As research on this type of sexual cyber-violence is limited, the current study analyzed the prevalence of this phenomenon in a sample of 347 Spanish women between 18 and 30 years of age, studying the factors that influence the emotional impact reported by women if they received an unsolicited dick pic (using a hypothetical scenario) and exploring the various coping strategies that women would use in that situation. Results showed a significant prevalence of this type of cyber-violence in the sample, as 48.1% of the participants had received an unsolicited dick pic from an unknown man at some point. Women with lower levels of hostile sexism—but not of benevolent sexism—reported a higher depressed and angry/annoyed emotional impact of the sexual cyber-violence scenario. This was also the case for women with a less conservative political ideology, with less religious beliefs, as well as those women who perceived that their female friends receive this type of images frequently (descriptive norm) and who perceived that their female friends are less accepting of these situations (injunctive norm). In addition, from the strategies presented to the participants to cope with this situation of sexual cyber-violence, it was observed that a significant percentage of women would choose strategies, such as talking about the incident with other people and blocking the sender’s access. Yet, fewer women would employ effective strategies, such as reporting the perpetrator’s profile to the managers or administrators of the social network or reporting the incident to the police. This study is one of the first studies in Spain that addresses this new form of sexual cyber-violence against women by unknown men and suggests that, in online social networks, women experience the same situations of abuse, harassment, and sexual objectification that they have faced offline in everyday life. Therefore, more work needs to be done to raise awareness and try to prevent these situations, while also providing more support to these women so that they can adopt effective coping strategies.
Clinical presentation and neural correlates of stroke‐associated spatial delusions

Incongruent beliefs about self‐localization in space markedly disturb patients' behavior. Spatial delusions, or reduplicative paramnesias, are characterized by a firm conviction of place reduplication, transformation, or mislocation. Evidence suggests they are frequent after right hemisphere lesions, but comprehensive information about their clinical features is lacking.
Exploring the secondary mineral products generated by microbial iron respiration in Archean ocean simulations

Marine chemical sedimentary deposits known as Banded Iron Formations (BIFs) archive Archean ocean chemistry and, potentially, signs of ancient microbial life. BIFs contain a diversity of iron‐ and silica‐rich minerals in disequilibrium, and thus many interpretations of these phases suggest they formed secondarily during early diagenetic processes. One such hypothesis posits that the early diagenetic microbial respiration of primary iron(III) oxides in BIFs resulted in the formation of other iron phases, including the iron‐rich silicates, carbonates, and magnetite common in BIF assemblages. Here, we simulated this proposed pathway in laboratory incubations combining a model dissimilatory iron‐reducing (DIR) bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, and the ferric oxyhydroxide mineral ferrihydrite under conditions mimicking the predicted Archean seawater geochemistry. We assessed the impact of dissolved silica, calcium, and magnesium on the bioreduced precipitates. After harvesting the solid products from these experiments, we analyzed the reduced mineral phases using Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, powder x‐ray diffraction, and spectrophotometric techniques to identify mineral precipitates and track the bulk distributions of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These techniques detected a diverse range of calcium carbonate morphologies and polymorphism in incubations with calcium, as well as secondary ferric oxide phases like goethite in silica‐free experiments. We also identified aggregates of curling, iron‐ and silica‐rich amorphous precipitates in all incubations amended with silica. Although ferric oxides persist even in our electron acceptor‐limited incubations, our observations indicate that microbial iron reduction of ferrihydrite is a viable pathway for the formation of early iron silicate phases. This finding allows us to draw parallels between our experimental proto‐silicates and the recently characterized iron silicate nanoinclusions in BIF chert deposits, suggesting that early iron silicates could possibly be signatures of iron‐reducing metabolisms on early Earth.
Association between Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Oral Inflammation. A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT) values and periodontal and peri-implant diseases in a sample of patients with hypertension. METHODS A total of 151 participants with presence of at least one dental implant in function for >5 years were recruited. Anthropometric measurements, 24-hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, ultrasound assessment of carotid arteries [c-IMT and presence of plaque) were recorded and venous blood samples were obtained. An oral examination was performed by calibrated examiners to ascertain prevalence and severity of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Binomial logistic regression was performed to investigate the potential association between various measures of exposure of dental diseases and the predictor of cardiovascular risk (c-IMT >0.9 mm and presence of plaque or their combination). RESULTS Diagnosis of periodontitis (OR 6.71, 95% CI: 2.68-16.76, p<0.001), cumulative mucosal/gingival inflammation (Periodontal Screening and Recording score) (OR 1.25, 95% CI:1.12-1.41, p<0.001) and mucositis (OR 3.34, 95% CI:1.13-9.85, P<0.05) were associated with c-IMT >0.9 mm and/or plaque presence independent of age, gender, smoking, 24 h Systolic blood pressure and Body Mass Index differences. No statistically significant results were noted for peri-implantitis. Linear regression models confirmed a positive association of cumulative mucosal/gingival inflammation (β = 0.011, SE 0.002, p<0.001), diagnosis of periodontitis (β = 0.114, SE 0.020, p<0.001) and peri-implant diseases (β = 0.011, SE 0.002, p<0.001) with increased c-IMT values. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms a positive association between mucosal/gingival inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by c-IMT values and the presence of carotid plaque in patients with hypertension and independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Future studies are needed to further characterize this relationship. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Introducing VAMPIRE – Using Kinaesthetic Feedback in Virtual Reality for Automated Driving Experiments

Investigating trust, acceptance, and attitudes towards automated driving is often investigated in simulator experiments. Therefore, behavioral validity is a crucial aspect of automated driving studies. However, static simulators have reduced behavioral validity because of their inherent safe environment. We propose VAMPIRE (VR automated movement platform for immersive realistic experiences), a movement platform designed to increase the sensation of realism in automated driving simulator studies using an automated wheelchair. In this work, we provide a detailed description to build the prototype (including software components and assembly instructions), a proposal for safety precautions, an analysis of possible movement patterns for overtaking scenarios, and practical implications for designers and practitioners. We provide all project-related files as auxiliary materials.
Development of Warning Methods for Planned and Unplanned Takeover Requests in a Simulated Automated Driving Vehicle

In several circumstances, a level-three automated vehicle cannot continue driving in an automated driving mode and requests a human driver to take over. In this study, a series of experiments to examine how to provide a TOR was conducted. First, for forty-one persons, a HUD icon, earcon, seat vibration, and combinations were compared. The results indicated that the HUD icon-earcon and HUD icon-seat vibration were the most effective. Second, the combinations of A-pillar LED light and cluster icon (visual), earcon and speech message (auditory), and presence/absence of seat vibration (haptic) were compared. Thirty-six volunteers participated in the ADS failure and forty in the highway exit experiment. In the ADS failure, the combination of A-pillar LED light and seat vibration (AH) reduced the RT but can induce stress. In the highway exit, a speech message is recommended due to control stability, and the AH is not recommended due to longitudinal instability.
Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction in Shared Space: Insights for Autonomous Vehicles

Shared space reduces segregation between vehicles and pedestrians and encourages them to share roads without imposed traffic rules. The behaviour of road users (RUs) is then controlled by social norms, and interactions are more versatile than on traditional roads. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) will need to adapt to these norms to become socially acceptable RUs in shared spaces. However, to date, there is not much research into pedestrian-vehicle interaction in shared-space environments, and prior efforts have predominantly focused on traditional roads and crossing scenarios. We present a video observation investigating pedestrian reactions to a small, automation-capable vehicle driven manually in shared spaces based on a long-term naturalistic driving dataset. We report various pedestrian reactions (from movement adjustment to prosocial behaviour) and situations pertinent to shared spaces at this early stage. Insights drawn can serve as a foundation to support future AVs navigating shared spaces, especially those with a high pedestrian focus.
Can Eyes on a Car Reduce Traffic Accidents?

Various car manufacturers and researchers have explored the idea of adding eyes to a car as an additional communication modality. A previous study demonstrated that autonomous vehicles’ (AVs) eyes help pedestrians make faster street-crossing decisions. In this study, we examine a more critical question, "can eyes reduce traffic accidents? ” To answer this question, we consider a critical street-crossing situation in which a pedestrian is in a hurry to cross the street. If the car is not looking at the pedestrian, this implies that the car does not recognize the pedestrian. Thus, pedestrians can judge that they should not cross the street, thereby avoiding potential traffic accidents. We conducted an empirical study using 360-degree video shooting of an actual car with robotic eyes. The results showed that the eyes can reduce potential traffic accidents and that gaze direction can increase pedestrians’ subjective feelings of safety and danger. In addition, the results showed gender differences in critical and noncritical scenarios in AV-to-pedestrian interaction.
Exercise for osteoporosis: A literature review of pathology and mechanism

Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease that weakens bones and has a high morbidity rate worldwide, which is prevalent among the elderly, particularly, women of postmenopausal age. The dynamic balance between bone formation and resorption is necessary for normal bone metabolism. Many factors, including aging, estrogen deficiency, and prolonged immobilization, disrupt normal apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation, leading to abnormal activation of osteoclasts, which gradually overwhelm bone formation by bone resorption. Moderate exercise as an effective non-drug treatment helps increase bone formation and helps relieve OP. The possible mechanisms are that exercise affects apoptosis and autophagy through the release of exercise-stimulated myohormone and the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines via mechanical force. In addition, exercise may also have an impact on the epigenetic processes involved in bone metabolism. Mechanical stimulation promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to osteogenic differentiation by altering the expression of non-coding RNAs. Besides, by reducing DNA methylation, the mechanical stimulus can also alter the epigenetic status of osteogenic genes and show associated increased expression. In this review, we reviewed the possible pathological mechanisms of OP and summarized the effects of exercise on bone metabolism, and the mechanisms by which exercise alleviates the progression of OP, to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of OP.
Hypophosphataemia following ferric derisomaltose and ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anaemia due to inflammatory bowel disease (PHOSPHARE-IBD): a randomised clinical trial

Objective Intravenous iron—a common treatment for anaemia and iron deficiency due to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—can cause hypophosphataemia. This trial compared the incidence of hypophosphataemia after treatment with ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) or ferric derisomaltose (FDI). Design This randomised, double-blind, clinical trial was conducted at 20 outpatient hospital clinics in Europe (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, UK). Adults with IBD and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) were randomised 1:1 to receive FCM or FDI at baseline and at Day 35 using identical haemoglobin- and weight-based dosing regimens. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypophosphataemia (serum phosphate <2.0 mg/dL) at any time from baseline to Day 35 in the safety analysis set (all patients who received ≥1 dose of study drug). Markers of mineral and bone homeostasis, and patient-reported fatigue scores, were measured. Results A total of 156 patients were screened; 97 (49 FDI, 48 FCM) were included and treated. Incident hypophosphataemia occurred in 8.3% (4/48) FDI-treated patients and in 51.0% (25/49) FCM-treated patients (adjusted risk difference: −42.8% (95% CI –57.1% to –24.6%) p<0.0001). Both iron formulations corrected IDA. Patient-reported fatigue scores improved in both groups, but more slowly and to a lesser extent with FCM than FDI; slower improvement in fatigue was associated with greater decrease in phosphate concentration. Conclusion Despite comparably effective treatment of IDA, FCM caused a significantly higher rate of hypophosphataemia than FDI. Further studies are needed to address the longer-term clinical consequences of hypophosphataemia and to investigate mechanisms underpinning the differential effects of FCM and FDI on patient-reported fatigue.
Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a summary of current state of evidence for revascularization and emerging high-risk features

Carotid artery stenosis is a leading cause of ischemic stroke. While management of symptomatic carotid stenosis is well established, the optimal approach in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (aCAS) remains controversial. The rapid evolution of medical therapies within the time frame of existing landmark aCAS surgical revascularization trials has rendered their findings outdated. In this review, we sought to summarize the controversies in the management of aCAS by providing the most up-to-date medical and surgical evidence. Subsequently, we compile the evidence surrounding high-risk clinical and imaging features that might identify higher-risk lesions. With this, we aim to provide a practical framework for a precision medicine approach to the management of aCAS.
APPROXIMATING THE ISOPERIMETRIC NUMBER OF STRONGLY REGULAR GRAPHS

A factor 2 and a factor 3 approximation algorithm are given for the isoperimetric number of Strongly Regular Graphs. One approach involves eigenvalues of the combinatorial lapla- cian of such graphs. In this approach, both the upper and lower bounds involve the spectrum of the combinatorial laplacian. An interesting inequality is proven between the second smallest and the largest eigenvalue of combinatorial laplacian of strongly regular graphs. This yields a factor 3 approximation of the isoperimetric number. The second approach, firstly, finds properties of the metric which is returned by the linear programming formulation of (Linial et. al, The geometry of graphs and some of its algorithmic applications, Combinatorica, vol. 15(2) (1995), pp. 215-245) and secondly, gives an explicit cut which is within factor 2 of the optimal value of the linear pro- gram. The spectral algorithm can be generalized to get a factor 3 approximation for a variant of the isoperimetric number for Strongly Regular Graphs.
Whitening CNN-Based Rotor System Fault Diagnosis Model Features

Intelligent fault diagnosis (IFD) models have the potential to increase the level of automation and the diagnosis accuracy of machine condition monitoring systems. Many of the latest IFD models rely on convolutional layers for feature extraction from vibration data. The majority of these models employ batch normalisation (BN) for centring and scaling the input for each neuron. This study includes a novel examination of a competitive approach for layer input normalisation in the scope of fault diagnosis. Network deconvolution (ND) is a technique that further decorrelates the layer inputs reducing redundancy among the learned features. Both normalisation techniques are implemented on three common 1D-CNN-based fault diagnosis models. The models with ND mostly outperform the baseline models with BN in three experiments concerning fault datasets from two different rotor systems. Furthermore, the models with ND significantly outperform the baseline models with BN in the common CWRU bearing fault tests with load domain shifts, if the data from drive-end and fan-end sensors are employed. The results show that whitened features can improve the performance of CNN-based fault diagnosis models.
Low-rank, orthogonally decomposable tensor regression with application to visual stimulus decoding of fMRI data

Summary: We consider the problem of ﬁtting a generalized linear model with a three-dimensional image covariate, such as one obtained by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A major challenge for ﬁtting such a model is that the image is a multidimensional array, called a tensor, containing tens of thousands of elements, called voxels. Because there is a parameter associated with each voxel, ﬁtting the model entails estimating tens of thousands of parameters with a typical sample size on the order of hundreds of subjects. We propose to reduce the dimensionality of the problem by imposing a low-rank assumption on the parameter tensor, which not only reduces the number of parameters to estimate, but also exploits the implicit spatial information in fMRI data. In addition, we assume the parameter tensor is orthogonally decomposable, enabling us to penalize the so-called tensor “singular values” to obtain a low-rank estimate. We develop algorithms based on projected gradient descent and the proximal gradient method to estimate the model. In simulation, the proposed methods yielded estimates with smaller squared errors than an existing method based on alternating minimization. For visual stimulus decoding of a real fMRI dataset, the proposed methods resulted in better classiﬁcation accuracies than the existing method. Visualization of the estimates revealed compact clusters of voxels with relatively large values, potentially representing brain regions relevant to the task. Supplementary ﬁles for this article are available online.
The influence of olive tree fertilization on the phenols in virgin olive oils. A review

SUMMARY: The total phenols in virgin olive oil are highly dependent on cultivar, but also on ripening stage and other agronomic factors. The focus of most studies on agronomic factors has been irrigation, while fertilization has received less attention. Most of the fertilization works find that nitrogen over-fertilization leads to a decrease in phenol contents in virgin olive oil (VOO) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), under rain-fed or irrigation management. Ortho-diphenols also decrease with high doses of nitrogen, with no effect on secoiridoids. Phosphorous has a minor effect on irrigated trees; while the role of potassium is controversial, with a lack of trials with calcium and micro-nutrients. Due to the great impact of the fertilization on the phenol content and quality of VOO, new research is nec-essary with focus aimed at different cultivars and agronomic