Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NAVIGATION AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR : FINDINGS FROM FOCUS GROUP RESEARCH

This report presents the results from a series of focus groups which explored drivers' reactions to automobile navigation systems and the impact these systems might have in the drivers' travel patterns. It was found that both younger and older drivers anticipated that if there was an automobile navigation system in their vehicle, they would be likely to : drive more, participate in more activities, visit distant destinations, travel in unfamiliar areas,drive more at night and during peak periods, use road maps less, use freeways more, and possibly use public transportation less. The research indicates that navigation system may have significant implications for travel behavior.
Variations in droughts over China: 1951–2003

The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was calculated by using monthly air temperature and precipitation in China during the period 1951 to 2003. For the country as a whole, there are no long‐term upward or downward trends in the percentage areas of droughts (defined as PDSI < −1.0). However, significant increases of drought areas are found in North China. Most northern China (except western Northwest China) has experienced severe and prolonged dry periods since the late 1990s, when in some of the areas the extreme drought situations were unprecedented during the period of study. Since these regions are relatively dry areas, frequent drought stress in recent decades has become more serious.
Slip rate and earthquake recurrence along the central Septentrional fault, North American–Caribbean plate boundary, Dominican Republic

[1] The Septentrional fault zone (SFZ) is the major North American-Caribbean, strike-slip, plate boundary fault at the longitude of eastern Hispaniola. The SFZ traverses the densely populated Cibao Valley of the Dominican Republic, forming a prominent scarp in alluvium. Our studies at four sites along the central SFZ are aimed at quantifying the late Quaternary behavior of this structure to better understand the seismic hazard it represents for the northeastern Caribbean. Our investigations of excavations at sites near Rio Cenovi show that the most recent ground-rupturing earthquake along this fault in the north central Dominican Republic occurred between A.D. 1040 and A.D. 1230, and involved a minimum of ∼4 m of left-lateral slip and 2.3 m of normal dip slip at that site. Our studies of offset stream terraces at two locations, Rio Juan Lopez and Rio Licey, provide late Holocene slip rate estimates of 6–9 mm/yr and a maximum of 11–12 mm/yr, respectively, across the Septentrional fault. Combining these results gives a best estimate of 6–12 mm/yr for the slip rate across the SFZ. Three excavations, two near Tenares and one at the Rio Licey site, yielded evidence for the occurrence of earlier prehistoric earthquakes. Dates of strata associated with the penultimate event suggest that it occurred post-A.D. 30, giving a recurrence interval of 800–1200 years. These studies indicate that the SFZ has likely accumulated elastic strain sufficient to generate a major earthquake during the more than 800 years since it last slipped and should be considered likely to produce a destructive future earthquake.
Sensitivity of orbital neutron measurements to the thickness and abundance of surficial lunar water

[1] Recent near-infrared spectral data have shown that surficial water (H2O/OH) exists over large expanses of the lunar surface. These results have led to a reexamination of the hydrogen abundance sensitivity limits of orbital neutron data to detect surficial hydrogen on the lunar surface. A wet-over-dry, two-layer stratigraphy is modeled for the first time using neutron transport codes. For thin layers (<30 g/cm2), the epithermal neutron flux increases with increasing hydrogen concentration. This behavior is in contrast to the standard behavior for a single layer or dry-over-wet stratigraphy where the epithermal neutron counting rate decreases with increasing hydrogen concentration. These neutron transport results are applied to a H2O/OH enhancement at Goldschmidt crater. The neutron behavior at Goldschmidt is mostly controlled by spatial variations in neutron absorbing elements. After accounting for variations from neutron absorbing elements, there remain residual neutron enhancements at Goldschmidt crater with marginal statistical significance. If these residual enhancements are due to hydrogen, then their magnitude implies the presence of an upper layer with thickness of ∼3–30 g/cm2 (or 1.7–17 cm for an assumed density of 1.8 g/cm3) having an enhanced hydrogen abundance of 0.1–1 wt % water equivalent hydrogen. However, more work needs to be done to understand systematic variations of neutron counting rates at the 1–3% signal contrast level before a definitive conclusion can be made that the residual neutron enhancement at Goldschmidt crater is due to enhanced hydrogen abundances.
Viscosities of basalt and andesite melts at high pressures

The viscosities of melts of Kilauea 1921 olivine tholeiite and Crater Lake calc-alkaline andesite have been determined with a falling sphere method at superliquidus temperatures from 7.5- to 30-kbar pressure. Spheres of chromian diopside and of platinum were used for the tholeiite and andesite melts, respectively, and graphite capsules 10 mm long in which the temperature gradient was less than 15° were used as containers. The viscosity of the Kilauea, Hawaii, olivine tholeiite melt decreases significantly with increasing temperature at constant pressure (e.g., by a factor of 1.5 per 25°C at 15 and 20 kbar) but decreases only slightly with increasing pressure at constant temperature. Consequently, the viscosity of the tholeiite melt decreases with increasing pressure along its anhydrous liquidus, 40, 25, and 8 P at 15, 20, and 30 kbar, respectively. The viscosity of the Crater Lake, Oregon, andesite melt also decreases with increasing pressure along its anhydrous liquidus, about 3200 and 900 P at 7.5 and 20 kbar, respectively. The viscosity of the andesite melt with 4 wt % H2O, measured in a sealed Pt capsule, is lower by a factor of about 20 than that of the anhydrous melt at the same temperature and pressure. The results of the present experiments are applicable to the problems of crystal settling at high pressures, ascent of magma in the upper mantle, and separation of magma from its source region. Settling rates of garnet and clinopyroxene crystals 2 mm in diameter in basaltic (or eclogitic) magma at 30 kbar should be approximately 3 and 2 m/h, respectively. It is estimated that magmas carrying peridotite xenoliths 10 cm in diameter would have to rise from a depth of 50 km to the surface in less than 60 hours. Because of the decrease in viscosity with depth, magmas are probably more easily separated from deeper source regions in the upper mantle. It is suggested that alkali basalt magmas are probably less viscous than tholeiitic magmas under upper mantle conditions.
StudyMorphometry and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Structure: A Combined Voxel-Based Autism Attenuates Sex Differences in Brain

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It has been proposed that autism spectrums condition may represent a form of extreme male brain (EMB), a notion supported by psychometric, behavioral, and endocrine evidence. Yet, limited data are presently available evaluating this hypothesis in terms of neuroanatomy. Here, we investigated sex-related anatomic features in adults with AS, a “pure” form of autism not involving major developmental delay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Males and females with AS and healthy controls ( n (cid:1) 28 and 30, respectively) were recruited. Structural MR imaging was performed to measure overall gray and white matter volume and to assess regional effects by means of VBM. DTI was used to investigate the integrity of the main white matter tracts. RESULTS: Significant interactions were found between sex and diagnosis in total white matter volume, regional gray matter volume in the right parietal operculum, and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the body of the CC, cingulum, and CR. Post hoc comparisons indicated that the typical sexual dimorphism found in controls, whereby males have larger FA and total white matter volume, was absent or attenuated in participants with AS. CONCLUSIONS: Our results point to a fundamental role of the factors that underlie sex-specific brain differentiation in the etiology of autism. ABBREVIATIONS:
Tai chi for mental health disorders

This therapeutic outline provides an introduction to what tai chi is and what it might be used for. The outline has been drafted by experts in the field, however it is not meant to be an exhaustive review of scientific evidence, such as a systematic review or meta-analysis, which is not its purpose. This outline provides a description of the therapy and a brief narrative review of the emerging evidence considered by the researchers at NICM Health Research Institute to be important science being undertaken in tai chi.
Behavioural Processes

Aggressionisoftenpositivelycorrelatedwithotherbehaviouraltraitssuchasboldnessandactivitylevels. Comparisons across populations can help to determine factors that promote the evolution of such traits. Wequantiﬁedthesebehavioursbytestingtheresponsesofwild-caughtpoeciliidﬁsh, Brachyrhaphisepis-copi , to mirror image stimuli. This species occurs in populations that experience either high or low levels of predation pressure. Previous studies have shown that B. episcopi from low predation environments are less bold than those that occur with many predators. We therefore predicted that ﬁsh from high predation populations would be more aggressive and more active than ﬁsh from low predation populations. However, we found the opposite – low predation ﬁsh approached a mirror and a novel object more frequently than high predation ﬁsh suggesting that ‘boldness’ and aggression were higher in low predation populations, and that population-level boldness measures may vary depending on context. When tested individually, low predation ﬁsh inspected their mirror image more frequently. Females, but not males, from low predation sites were also more aggressive towards their mirror image. Variation in femaleaggressionmaybedrivenbyatrade-offbetweenfoodavailabilityandpredationrisk.Thissuggests that the relationship between aggression and boldness has been shaped by adaptation to environmental conditions, and not genetic constraints.
Controls on nitrous oxide production and consumption in reservoirs of the Ohio River Basin

Aquatic ecosystems are a globally significant source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, but estimates are largely based on studies conducted in streams and rivers with relatively less known about N2O dynamics in reservoirs. Due to long water residence times and high nitrogen (N) loading rates, reservoirs support substantial N processing and therefore may be particularly important sites of N2O production. Predicting N2O emissions from reservoirs is difficult due to complex interactions between microbial N processing in the oxygen‐poor hypolimnion and oxygen‐rich epilimnion. Here we present the results of a survey of N2O depth profiles in 20 reservoirs draining a broad range of land use conditions in four states in the U.S. Nitrous oxide was supersaturated in the epilimnion of 80% of the reservoirs and was undersaturated in only one, indicating that reservoirs in this region are generally a source of N2O to the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide was undersaturated in the hypolimnion of 10 reservoirs, supersaturated in 9, and transitioned from supersaturation to undersaturation in 1 reservoir that was monitored periodically from midsummer to fall. All reservoirs with a mean hypolimnion nitrate concentration less than 50 µg N L−1 showed evidence of net N2O consumption in the hypolimnion. All reservoirs sampled during lake turnover supported N2O production throughout the water column. These results indicate that N2O dynamics in reservoirs differ widely both among systems and through time but can be predicted based on N and oxygen availability and degree of thermal stratification.
Single Particle Chemical Characterisation of Nanoformulations for Cargo Delivery

Nanoparticles can encapsulate a range of therapeutics, from small molecule drugs to sensitive biologics, to significantly improve their biodistribution and biostability. Whilst the regulatory approval of several of these nanoformulations has proven their translatability, there remain several hurdles to the translation of future nanoformulations, leading to a high rate of candidate nanoformulations failing during the drug development process. One barrier is that the difficulty in tightly controlling nanoscale particle synthesis leads to particle-to-particle heterogeneity, which hinders manufacturing and quality control, and regulatory quality checks. To understand and mitigate this heterogeneity requires advancements in nanoformulation characterisation beyond traditional bulk methods to more precise, single particle techniques. In this review, we compare commercially available single particle techniques, with a particular focus on single particle Raman spectroscopy, to provide a guide to adoption of these methods into development workflows, to ultimately reduce barriers to the translation of future nanoformulations.
Consequences of high CO2 and ocean acidification for microbes in the global ocean

CONSEQUENCES OF HIGH CO2 AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION FOR MICROBES IN THE GLOBAL OCEAN Ian Joint*, David M. Karl*, Scott C. Doney*, E Virginia Armbrust, William Balch, Michael Beman, Christopher Bowler, Matthew Church, Andrew Dickson, John Heidelberg, Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez, David Kirchman , Zbigniew Kolber, Ricardo Letelier, Claudia Lupp, Stephen Maberly, Susan Park, John Raven, Daniel J. Repeta, Ulf Riebesell, Grieg Steward, Philippe Tortell, Richard E Zeebe, Jonathan P. Zehr. a)Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK, b)Center for Microbial Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa USA, c)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA d)University of Washington, USA e)Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, USA f)Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France g)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA h)University of Southern California, USA i)National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK, j)University of Delaware, USA k)Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, USA l)Oregon State University, USA m)Nature Publishing Group, London, UK n)Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, UK, o)National Research Council, Washington DC, USA p)University of Dundee, UK, q)IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, r)University of British Columbia, Canada s)University of California, Santa Cruz, USA * The steering committee that organized the workshop (irj@pml.ac.uk, dkarl@hawaii.edu, sdoney@whoi.edu)
TECTONO-MAGMATIC SETTING OF THE JURASSIC OPHIOLITES FROM THE SOUTH APUSENI MOUNTAINS (ROMANIA): PETROLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE

In the South Apuseni Mountains (Romania), Jurassic ophiolites can be found in association with Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous island-arc magmatic suites, within a narrow belt which marks the boundary between the Eurasian and Apulian Palaeozoic continental margins. These ophiolites are highly dismembered, and sections of the lowermost crust and upper mantle are not present. New data on the field occurrence, petrology, and geochemistry of the plutonic, subvolcanic, and volcanic ophiolitic units are presented. The plutonic rocks consist of both layered and isotropic gabbros, as well as subordinate Fe-gabbros, and quartz-diorites. Ultramafic cumulates are very scarce, and include plagioclase-dunites and plagioclase-wehrlites. The subvolcanic section is represented by typical sheeted dyke complexes, cropping out in several localities and including basalts and basaltic andesites. The volcanic section includes pillowed and massive lava flows, as well as subordinate volcanic breccias, all displaying high-Ti magmatic affinity. The geochemical characteristics of these volcanic rocks are very similar to those of basalts generated at Mid-Ocean Ridge (MORBs), as well as those of the high-Ti ophiolitic complexes of the Dinaride and Hellenide orogenic belts. The constituent minerals of the intrusives are olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene (rarely orthopyroxene), Cr-spinel, and Fe- Ti-oxides. The subvolcanic and volcanic rocks contain plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides. The clinopyroxene chemistry also confirms the high-Ti affinity.
Late Pliocene to early Pleistocene changes in the North Atlantic Current and suborbital‐scale sea‐surface temperature variability

The strength and latitudinal position of the North Atlantic Current, NAC, determines the position of the Arctic front and heat transport to the high northern latitudes with potentially important consequences for Northern Hemisphere glaciation. A southward shift in the NAC and reduced poleward heat transport is hypothesized to have triggered the last major climate transition in Earth's history—late Pliocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (iNHG). In turn, iNHG is hypothesized to have led to the amplification of climate variability on suborbital time scales. To date, however, only a handful of adequately resolved records are available to test these two hypotheses. Here we present a new late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene record from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1313 (North Atlantic, 41°N; 2.9 to 2.4? Ma). We use Mg/Ca-derived paleotemperature records in planktic foraminiferal calcite to investigate changes in summer sea-surface temperatures (SST) on orbital and suborbital time scales. Our results call into question the suggestion that significant weakening and/or southward shift of the NAC served as a trigger for Northern Hemisphere cooling and intensified continental ice sheet growth across iNHG. In contrast to the late Pleistocene, during iNHG, we find that the position of the NAC and Arctic Front probably lay well to the north of Site U1313 and that the amplitude of suborbital SST variability did not change on glacial-interglacial time scales. Conservative estimates of Late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene interglacial summer SSTs in our record are up to 3°C warmer than present, while glacial summer SSTs are only 2°C to 3°C cooler. In fact, our interglacial summer SSTs are remarkably similar to those of the mid-Pliocene. Our findings indicate that iNHG must have involved amplifying feedback mechanisms that are tightly coupled to ice sheet growth but that these processes were insufficiently developed by the late Pliocene/earliest Pleistocene to have triggered large amplitude changes in suborbital climate in the midlatitude North Atlantic.
Critical Parameters Affecting Bias and Variability in Site‐Response Analyses Using KiK‐net Downhole Array Data

Because of the limited number of strong‐motion records that have measured ground response at large strains, any statistical analyses of seismic site‐response models subject to strong ground motions are severely limited by a small number of observations. Recent earthquakes in Japan, including the M w 9.0 Tohoku earthquake of March 2011, have substantially increased the observations of strong‐motion records that can be used to compare alternative site‐response models at large strains and can subsequently provide insight into the accuracy and precision of site‐response models. Using the Kiban‐Kyoshin network (KiK‐net) downhole array data in Japan, we analyze the accuracy (bias) and variability (precision) resulting from common site‐response modeling assumptions, and we identify critical parameters that significantly contribute to the uncertainty in site‐response analyses. We perform linear and equivalent‐linear site‐response analyses at 100 KiK‐net sites using 3720 ground motions ranging in amplitude from weak to strong; 204 of these records have peak ground accelerations greater than ! [Graphic][1] at the ground surface. We find that the maximum shear strain in the soil profile, the observed peak ground acceleration at the ground surface, and the predominant spectral period of the surface ground motion are the best predictors of where the evaluated models become inaccurate and/or imprecise. The peak shear strains beyond which linear analyses become inaccurate in predicting surface pseudospectral accelerations (PSA; presumably as a result of nonlinear soil behavior) are a function of vibration period and are between 0.01% and 0.1% for periods 0.5 s do not display noticeable effects of nonlinear soil behavior. Online Material: Site‐specific information and model residuals at 100 KiK‐net stations. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
International monetary policy spillovers in an asymmetric world monetary system - The United States and China

The paper scrutinizes the spillover effects of expansionary monetary policies of a center economy to the macroeconomic policies of periphery countries, dependent on the exchange rate regime. In particular the impact of the US quantitative easing on the Chinese economy is analysed. The results suggest that the exchange rate regime plays a minor role in insulating the economies at the periphery of the world monetary system from monetary policy shocks in the center. The only exception is capital controls which enable the periphery countries, in particular China, to maintain a certain degree of monetary independence in the short run. In the long run a closer Chinese-European policy coordination is argued to create a counterbalance to the predominance of the US dollar in the currently asymmetric world monetary system. This would provide an incentive to the US to phase out undue monetary expansion.
FANA-760 and FANA-34 Bind Competitively the miR-760-3p and

11 The 2019 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-12 2), has marked the spread of a novel human coronavirus. While the viral life cycle is well understood, most 13 of the interactions at the virus-host interface remain elusive. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms 14 behind disease severity and immune evasion are still largely unknown. Conserved elements of the viral 15 genome such as secondary structures within the 5’-and 3’-untranslated regions (UTRs) serve as attractive 16 targets of interest and could prove crucial in furthering our understanding of virus-host interactions. It has 17 been proposed that microRNA (miR) interactions with viral components could be used by both the virus 18 and host for their own benefit. Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome 3’-UTR has revealed the 19 potential for host cellular miR binding sites, providing sites for specific interactions with the virus. In this 20 study, we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 genome 3’-UTR binds the host cellular miRNAs miR-760-21 3p, miR-34a-5p, and miR-34b-5p, which have been shown to influence translation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), 22 the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), as well as progranulin (PGRN), respectively, proteins that have roles in the host 23 immune response and inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, recent work suggests the potential of miR-24 34a-5p and miR-34b-5p to target and inhibit translation of viral proteins. Native gel electrophoresis and 25 steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the binding of these miRs to their
Marine benthic habitat mapping using Multibeam data, georeferencedvideo and image classification techniques in Victoria, Australia

This paper contributes to a better understanding of geophysical characteristics and benthic communities in the Hopkins site in Victoria, Australia. An automated decision tree classification system was used to classify substrata and dominant biotic communities. Geophysical sampling and underwater video data collected in this study reveals a complex bathymetry and biological structure which complements the limited information of benthic marine ecosystems in coastal waters of Victoria. The technique of combining derivative products from backscatter and bathymetry datasets was found to improve separability for broad biota and substrate categories over the use of either of these datasets alone.