Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensibilité au climat des Chênes sessile et pédonculé dans le réseau RENECOFOR. Comparaison avec les hêtraies

Les relations entre le climat et la croissance radiale de 11 chenaies pedonculees et de 4 chenaies sessiliflores (433 arbres) du reseau RENECOFOR ont ete etudiees a travers l'analyse des "annees caracteristiques" et l'etablissement de fonctions de reponse. Les bilans hydriques mensuels utilises pour expliquer la croissance sont issus d'un modele a base ecophysiologique qui utilise des donnees climatiques journalieres et des parametres stationnels pour estimer le deficit hydrique du sol. Sur la periode 1949-1994, les secheresses particulierement intenses et longues des annees 1962, 1976 et 1989 et l'annee tres froide 1956 se sont traduites par des croissances tres reduites pour la majorite des peuplements. A l'oppose, l'annee humide 1958 a coincide avec une forte croissance. Pour le cerne complet, les modeles climatiques expliquent, en moyenne, 28,5 % de la variabilite interannuelle. Les chenaies sont sensibles aux secheresses estivales ainsi qu'aux conditions climatiques automnales (bilan hydrique d'octobre de l'annee n - i) et hivernales (temperature de decembre). Le bilan hydrique de juillet intervient dans un peuplement sur deux et explique en moyenne 18,5 % de la croissance des chenaies. Les memes parametres interviennent pour la formation du bois final et les modeles sont plus explicatifs (r 2 moyen: 30,4 %). Pour le bois initial, les modeles sont moins explicatifs (19,1 % en moyenne). Sa formation est en partie liee aux conditions climatiques estivales de l'annee precedente et aux temperatures minimales de juin ou juillet. La difference entre les deux essences n'apparait que pour les annees particulierement seches avec des reductions plus importantes pour le Chene pedoncule. Les resultats sont compares a ceux obtenus sur les hetraies.
Regional changes of climate extremes over Australia – a comparison of regional dynamical downscaling and global climate model simulations

Dynamically downscaled simulations are an attractive source of information for those requiring greater regional detail than what Global Climate Models (GCMs) can provide. However, an important question is whether the information derived from downscaled simulations is plausible. Some recent studies have attempted to answer this question using an ‘added value’ framework. This study takes an alternate approach by comparing projected changes of climate extremes from Regionally Dynamically Downscaled Model (RDM) ensembles to the host GCM ensemble over the Australian continent. Bias‐corrected sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) from five Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Program Phase 3 (CMIP3) GCMs are used to force two different configurations of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Conformal Cubic Atmosphere Model (CCAM), run at 60 km. For each member of the two CCAM ensembles and each GCM ensemble member, a selection of extreme events and their changes were calculated for minimum temperature, maximum temperature and precipitation for the climate of the 20th century (20c3m; 1980–1999) and A2 (2081–2100) simulations. We find that CCAM shows finer spatial detail in the current distribution of extremes and also the projected climate change signal than GCMs. While the projected change in extreme temperatures has a similar pattern in CCAM compared to the host GCMs, the projected changes in rainfall are not only more spatially detailed but also different at the large scale. This, however, does not infer that climate change signal in CCAM is necessarily more or less physically plausible than the GCMs. In order to ascertain the plausibility and usefulness of RDM simulations, we strongly encourage a critical assessment of the required simulations before their use in adaptation and impacts planning, which includes a comparison to similar simulations from the host GCM(s).
Relative roles of secondary sulfate and organics in atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei production

Atmospheric production of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) becomes increasingly important when going to rural or more remote locations. A preliminary investigation on the relative roles of two of the most important compound classes contributing to atmospheric CCN production, sulfate and secondary organic matter, was performed. The investigation was made using a Lagrangian air parcel model that simulates the time evolution of a particle population within a marine or a continental boundary layer. Model simulations demonstrated that for a system containing small (<40–50 nm diameter) primary or secondary particles, production of new CCN can be thought of as a two-step process: (1) condensational growth of very small particles to a so-called “potential activation zone,” in which these particles can be activated to cloud droplets at high supersaturations associated with strong updrafts, and (2) growth of particles from the “potential activation zone” to sizes where they form droplets at more typical cloud supersaturations. Since the exact location and width of the “potential activation zone” depend on both cloud physics and the chemical properties of the smallest particles able to act as CCN, the border between these two steps is not very sharp under real atmospheric conditions. According to the simulations, the first step of the above steps relies heavily on the presence of nonvolatile organic vapors, with their required gas phase source rate being of the order 0.1–0.5 μg m−3 d−1 or greater. Sulfuric acid formed in the gas phase can give significant contribution under very specific conditions only. While condensational growth associated with secondary organics may also be involved in the second step, in-cloud sulfate production associated with strong updrafts appears to be the most effective way to move particles from the “potential activation zone” to larger sizes. In general, the second step was shown to depend on the amount of hygroscopic material transported to particles in the “potential activation zone,” on the variability of the cloud supersaturation between successive cloud events and on the amount of SO2 available for in-cloud oxidation.
An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals

PART 1 ORTHO: Di- and ring silicates: olivine group humite group zircon sphene (titanite) garnet group, vesuvianite sillimanite, mullite, andalusite, kyanite topaz staurolite, chloritoid epidote group lawsonite, pumpellyite melilite group beryl, cordierite, tourmaline axinite. PART 2 CHAIN SILICATES: pyroxene group wollastonite sapphirine amphibole group. PART 3 SHEET SILICATES: mica group stilpnomelane pyrophyllite chlorite serpentine clay minerals apophyllite prehnite. PART 4 FRAMEWORK SILICATES: feldspar group silica minerals nepheline group petalite, leucite sodalite group cancrinite - vishnevite, scapolite analcite, zeolite group. PART 5 NON-SILICATES: oxides hydroxides sulphides sulphates carbonates phosphates halides
Carbon dioxide measurements and local wind patterns at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

The CO2 concentration measured at Mauna Loa Observatory exhibits a characteristic afternoon decrease thought to be due to the local island biosphere. Several afternoon increases occurring during the past 11 yr may be explained in terms of drought and soil conditions in specific sections of the island. The previously reported annual increase of 0.6–0.7 ppm (1961–1968) in background CO2 concentration appears to be increasing, the 1968–1972 increase being in excess of 1 ppm/yr.
Toward Physical Understanding of Cloud Entrainment-Detrainment Processes

Convective clouds play a critical role in climate. These clouds are typically parameterized in atmospheric models by assuming the clouds to be embedded in a homogenous environment. One of the key ingredients of this formulation is prescribing the rates of mass exchange between the clouds and their environment by parameters called entrainment (flux into cloud) and detrainment (flux from cloud). The mass exchange controls vertical profiles of temperature, moisture, and liquid water within clouds, and consequently also their vertical extent. In spite of their critical importance in climate models, these parameters are not objectively well determined and so are currently simply tuned.
Quantifying vertical axis rotation in curved orogens: Correlating multiple data sets with a refined weighted least squares strike test

Map‐scale curvature is a fundamental feature of most contractional orogenic belts and is central to understanding the kinematic and dynamic evolution of mountain systems. Paleomagnetic analysis, combined with detailed structural studies, is the most robust means of quantifying vertical axis rotations that produce curvature over a range of temporal and spatial scales. This paper explores how vertical axis rotations can best be evaluated for multiple data sets by applying a weighted least squares method to the classic strike test. This refined method provides measures of best fit slope, confidence interval, and goodness of fit between map‐scale structural trend, paleomagnetic rotations, and deformation fabric orientations. Structural trend is estimated by averaging fold axial trace, formation contact, and bed strike data over kilometer‐scale areas. Paleomagnetic and deformation fabric site‐mean orientations and measurement uncertainties are estimated using vector and bootstrap statistics. Weighting factors are estimated from combined measurement uncertainty, structural noise related to small‐scale block rotation and stress/strain refraction, and variations in restoration paths. The number of sites needed to obtain a significant confidence interval in strike test slope is a function of combined uncertainty in paleomagnetic or deformation fabric directions and the total range in structural trend around a curved orogen. Improved estimates of strike test slope and rotation thus require systematic sampling with a wide distribution of sites, evaluation of appropriate weighting factors, and statistical analysis. A case study is presented that highlights application of this refined method to paleomagnetic and deformation fabric data sets from the Wyoming salient of the Sevier thrust belt. Paleomagnetic data yield a strike test slope of 0.76 ± 0.11, indicating that the Wyoming salient is a progressive arc, with ∼3/4 secondary curvature related to vertical axis rotation synchronous with large‐scale thrusting and ∼1/4 initial curvature. Finite strain, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, and mesoscopic structural orientations, which are related to early layer‐parallel shortening, all yield strike test slopes of ∼0.9 ± 0.1. Comparing these slopes with paleomagnetic results indicates that deformation fabrics had initial curvature and thus cannot be used alone to accurately estimate rotations. By integrating systematic paleomagnetic and structural data using statistical analysis, curvature models for the Wyoming salient are closely constrained.
Earthquake source mechanics

This volume covers a variety of topics, including: shear future energy; dynamic breakdown processes, strain accumulation and rupture processes in western Japan; the control of rupture processes by asperities and creep zones; and the fractal geometry of faults and faulting. This volume is also part of the Maurice Ewing Volumes.
Telescopic Units : A New Paradigm for Performance Optimization of VLSI Designs Lua Benini #

2 ADD-Based Timing Analysis The problem of calculatin& the timing r8poose of a combin. tionallogic block can be formulated as follows: GiYen a combinational block, find the set of input vectors for which the length of the critical path, under a . pecified mode of operation and a gate delay model, is maximum; the length of the critical path gi~ the overall block delay. Given a gate g of the network and an input vector % EX, where X i. the set of all the C4fe input vectors of the block, the arrival time at ita output line, AT(g,z), i. evaluated in terms of the arrival timea of its inputs, and the delays of ita fanin connectiona, d(cj,z). Let Cj be the connection to pin j of gate g. If all fanina of g have noD-controlling valua: AT(g,~) = max{AT(Ci'~) + d(Ci'~)} J
Subtraction of powerline harmonics from geophysical records

Harmonic noise generated by power lines and electric railways has plagued geophysicists for decades. The noise occurs as electric and magnetic fields at the fundamental frequency of power transmission (typically 60 Hz in North America) and its harmonics. It may be recorded directly during time‐domain measurements of electric and magnetic felds, or indirectly, by geophone cables during the acquisition of seismic data.
Overview of the TREC 2007 Question Answering Track

An electrically operated power steering device which is fitted to the steering system of a vehicle to provide supplementary steering power by means of an electric motor, wherein the electrically operated power steering device controls the motor current by the signal corresponding to the torsional torque in the steering system and the single corresponding to the restoring torque in accordance with the angular displacement of the wheel, so that the restoring force takes effect immediately to restore the steering wheel when the input torque on the steering wheel is reduced.
Schooling has Smaller or Insignificant Effects on Adult Health in the US than Suggested by Cross-Sectional Associations : New Estimates Using Relatively Large Samples of Identical Twins

Adult health outcomes and health behaviors generally are strongly associated with schooling attainment. But such associations do not necessarily imply that schooling has causal effects on health outcomes and behaviors of the magnitudes of the associations. Schooling may be proxying for unobserved factors that are related to genetics and family background. Recently several studies have used within-identical (monozygotic, MZ) twins methods to control for those unobserved factors that are shared completely by identical twins. Estimates based on relatively small samples for the US, as well as some larger samples for other countries, suggest that causal impacts of schooling on health outcomes and behaviors are insignificant or much smaller than suggested by cross-sectional associations. This study contributes new estimates of cross-sectional associations and within-MZ causal effects of twins using three relatively large US samples: Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry, Minnesota Twin Registry and NAS-NRC Twin Registry of WWII Military Veterans. The estimates suggest that schooling is significantly associated with numerous health outcomes and behaviors in the US. However if within-MZ twins estimators are used to control for unobserved factors, there is no causal relationship between schooling and better health behaviors. There is some evidence that more schooling causally affects self-reported health and overweight status, net of unobservable cofounders, though not to the extent that cross-sectional associations suggest. Finally, spousal schooling is associated with better health outcomes and behaviors, but there is no evidence of any causal effect.
Zeolites on Mars: Possible Environmental Indicators in Soils and Sediments

Weathering products should serve as indicators of weathering environments and may provide the best evidence of the nature of climate change on Mars. No direct mineralogical measurements of Martian regolith were performed by the Viking missions, but the biology and X-ray fluorescence experiments provided some information on the physiochemical properties of Martian regolith. Most post-Viking studies of candidate weathering products have emphasized phyllosilicates and Fe-oxides; zeolites are potentially important, but overlooked, candidate Martian minerals. Zeolites would be important on Mars for three different reasons. First, they are major sinks of atmospheric gases and, per unit mass, are stronger and more efficient sorbents than are phyllosilicates. Secondly, they can be virtually unique sorbents and shelters for organic compounds and possible catalysts for organic-based reactions. Finally, their exchangeable ions are good indicators of the chemical properties of solutions with which they have communicated. Accordingly, the search for information on past compositions of the Martian atmosphere and hydrosphere should find zeolites to be rich repositories.
Multi-mode Inversion for P-wave Velocity and Thick Near-surface Layers

In seismic data for hydrocarbon exploration, the near surface is often a major source of wavefield distortion, reducing the quality of the image at the exploration target level. Adequate knowledge of shallow subsurface P-wave velocities and layer thicknesses allows to mitigate these distortions. Dispersion curves can be used to estimate near-surface properties. However, the fundamental mode of the Rayleigh wave is not sensitive to P-wave velocities and has only a limited penetration depth. I show that considering higher modes in the inversion allows to reconstruct subsurface models with thick shallow layers. Furthermore, the higher modes also resolve the P-wave velocities. Higher modes are included in an error norm based on the Wronskian. This has as additional benefit that there is no need to know the number of the mode a pick belongs to. I show the improvement over using only the fundamental mode both on synthetic data as well as field data from Oman.
Detection of a Diverse Marine Fish Fauna Using Environmental DNA from Seawater Samples

Marine ecosystems worldwide are under threat with many fish species and populations suffering from human over-exploitation. This is greatly impacting global biodiversity, economy and human health. Intriguingly, marine fish are largely surveyed using selective and invasive methods, which are mostly limited to commercial species, and restricted to particular areas with favourable conditions. Furthermore, misidentification of species represents a major problem. Here, we investigate the potential of using metabarcoding of environmental DNA (eDNA) obtained directly from seawater samples to account for marine fish biodiversity. This eDNA approach has recently been used successfully in freshwater environments, but never in marine settings. We isolate eDNA from ½-litre seawater samples collected in a temperate marine ecosystem in Denmark. Using next-generation DNA sequencing of PCR amplicons, we obtain eDNA from 15 different fish species, including both important consumption species, as well as species rarely or never recorded by conventional monitoring. We also detect eDNA from a rare vagrant species in the area; European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus). Additionally, we detect four bird species. Records in national databases confirmed the occurrence of all detected species. To investigate the efficiency of the eDNA approach, we compared its performance with 9 methods conventionally used in marine fish surveys. Promisingly, eDNA covered the fish diversity better than or equal to any of the applied conventional methods. Our study demonstrates that even small samples of seawater contain eDNA from a wide range of local fish species. Finally, in order to examine the potential dispersal of eDNA in oceans, we performed an experiment addressing eDNA degradation in seawater, which shows that even small (100-bp) eDNA fragments degrades beyond detectability within days. Although further studies are needed to validate the eDNA approach in varying environmental conditions, our findings provide a strong proof-of-concept with great perspectives for future monitoring of marine biodiversity and resources.
Are Cook and Karp ever the same?

We consider the question whether there exists a set A such that every set polynomial-time Turing equivalent to A is also many-one equivalent to A. We show that if E=NE then no sparse set has this property. We give the first relativized world where there exists a set with this property, and in this world the set A is sparse.
How Overconfident are Current Projections of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emissions?

Analyzing the risks of anthropogenic climate change requires sound probabilistic projections of CO2 emissions. Previous projections have broken important new ground, but many rely on out-of-range projections, are limited to the 21st century, or provide only implicit probabilistic information. Here we take a step towards resolving these problems by assimilating globally aggregated observations of population size, economic output, and CO2 emissions over the last three centuries into a simple economic model. We use this model to derive probabilistic projections of business-as-usual CO2 emissions to the year 2150. We demonstrate how the common practice to limit the calibration timescale to decades can result in biased and overconfident projections. The range of several CO2 emission scenarios (e.g., from the Special Report on Emission Scenarios) misses potentially important tails of our projected probability density function. Studies that have interpreted the range of CO2 emission scenarios as an approximation for the full forcing uncertainty may well be biased towards overconfident climate change projections.
Climate Models: An Assessment of Strengths and Limitations

This Synthesis and Assessment Product (SAP 3.1) focuses on the Climate models. Scientists extensively use mathematical models of Earth's climate, executed on the most powerful computers available, to examine hypotheses about past and present-day climates. Development of climate models is fully consistent with approaches being taken in many other fields of science dealing with very complex systems. These climate simulations provide a framework within which enhanced understanding of climate-relevant processes, along with improved observations, are merged into coherent projections of future climate change. This report describes the models and their ability to simulate current climate.
Automatic Segmentation of High-resolution Satellite Imagery by Integrating Texture, Intensity, and Color Features

High spatial resolution satellite imagery has become an important source of information for geospatial applications. Automatic segmentation of high-resolution satellite imagery is useful for obtaining more timely and accurate information. In this paper, we develop a method and algorithmic framework for automatically segmenting imagery into different regions corresponding to various features of texture, intensity, and color. The central rationale of the method is that information from the three feature channels are adaptively estimated and integrated into a split-merge plus pixel-wise refinement framework. In the procedure for split-merge and refinement, segmentation is realized by comparing similarities between different features of sub-regions. The similarity measure is based on feature distributions. Without a priori knowledge of image content, the image can be segmented into different regions that frequently correspond to different land-use or other objects. Experimental results indicate that the method performs much better in terms of correctness and adaptation than using single feature or multiple features, but with constant weight for each feature. The method can potentially be applied within a broad range of image segmentation contexts.