Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to geomagnetic storms

Four numerical simulations have been performed, at equinox, using a coupled thermosphere-ionosphere model, to illustrate the response of the upper atmosphere to geomagnetic storms. The storms are characterized by an increase in magnetospheric energy input at high latitude for a 12-hour period; each storm commences at a different universal time (UT). The initial response at high latitude is that Joule heating raises the temperature of the upper thermosphere and ion drag drives high-velocity neutral winds. The heat source drives a global wind surge, from both polar regions, which propagates to low latitudes and into the opposite hemisphere. The surge has the character of a large-scale gravity wave with a phase speed of about 600 m s−1. Behind the surge a global circulation of magnitude 100 m s −1 is established at middle latitudes, indicating that the wave and the onset of global circulation are manifestations of the same phenomena. A dominant feature of the response is the penetration of the surge into the opposite hemisphere where it drives poleward winds for a few hours. The global wind surge has a preference for the night sector and for the longitude of the magnetic pole and therefore depends on the UT start time of the storm. A second phase of the meridional circulation develops after the wave interaction but is also restricted, in this case by the buildup of zonal winds via the Coriolis interaction. Conservation of angular momentum may limit the buildup of zonal wind in extreme cases. The divergent wind field drives upwelling and composition change on both height and pressure surfaces. The composition bulge responds to both the background and the storm-induced horizontal winds; it does not simply rotate with Earth. During the storm the disturbance wind modulates the location of the bulge; during the recovery the background winds induce a diurnal variation in its position. Equatorward winds in sunlight produce positive ionospheric changes during the main driving phase of the storm. Negative ionospheric phases are caused by increases of molecular nitrogen in regions of sunlight, the strength of which depends on longitude and the local time of the sector during the storm input. Regions of positive phase in the ionosphere persist in the recovery period due to decreases in mean molecular mass in regions of previous downwelling. Ion density changes, expressed as a ratio of disturbed to quiet values, exhibit a diurnal variation that is driven by the location of the composition bulge; this variation explains the ac component of the local time variation of the observed negative storm phase.
ACL Reconstruction With Quadriceps Soft Tissue Autograft Versus Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft in Cutting and Pivoting Athletes: Outcomes at Minimum 2-Year Follow-up

Background: The optimal graft choice for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) in the high-level cutting and pivoting athlete remains controversial. Studies have shown similar outcomes when directly comparing bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft versus quadriceps soft tissue (QST) autograft in the general population. However, no studies have directly compared these 2 grafts in athletes participating in cutting and pivoting sports. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that, compared with BPTB autograft, the QST autograft would result in similar patient-reported outcomes and rates of retear, return to sport, and complications. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on athletes participating in cutting and pivoting sports (soccer, American football, lacrosse, and basketball) who underwent primary ACLR with either BPTB autograft or QST autograft chosen by the athlete between January 2015 and January 2019. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee evaluation and Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale were used to evaluate patient-reported outcomes. Return-to-sport and complication rates were identified. Descriptive statistics were expressed using Mann-Whitney test or Student t test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Results: A total of 68 athletes (32 QST, 36 BPTB) were included for analysis. The percentage follow-up was 89% (32/36) for the QST autograft group and 86% (36/42) for the BPTB autograft group. The 2-year IKDC score (QST, 90.5 ± 6.6 vs BPTB, 89.7 ± 7.8) and 2-year Lysholm score (QST, 91.3 ± 7.5 vs BPTB, 90.5 ± 8.6) were similar between groups. The percentage of athletes able to return to sport within the follow-up period was also similar (88% vs 83%; P = .63). There were 2 retears requiring revision in the BPTB group (6%) and no retears in the QST group (P = .18). One contralateral ACL rupture occurred in the QST group (3%) and 4 in the BPTB group (11%) (P = .21). Conclusion: The QST and BPTB autografts demonstrated similar patient-reported outcomes, return-to-sport rates, and complication rates after primary ACLR at 2-year follow-up. Both autografts appear to be reliable and consistent options for ACLR in the cutting and pivoting athlete.
A global search inversion for earthquake kinematic rupture history: Application to the 2000 western Tottori, Japan earthquake

[1] We present a two-stage nonlinear technique to invert strong motions records and geodetic data to retrieve the rupture history of an earthquake on a finite fault. To account for the actual rupture complexity, the fault parameters are spatially variable peak slip velocity, slip direction, rupture time and risetime. The unknown parameters are given at the nodes of the subfaults, whereas the parameters within a subfault are allowed to vary through a bilinear interpolation of the nodal values. The forward modeling is performed with a discrete wave number technique, whose Green's functions include the complete response of the vertically varying Earth structure. During the first stage, an algorithm based on the heat-bath simulated annealing generates an ensemble of models that efficiently sample the good data-fitting regions of parameter space. In the second stage (appraisal), the algorithm performs a statistical analysis of the model ensemble and computes a weighted mean model and its standard deviation. This technique, rather than simply looking at the best model, extracts the most stable features of the earthquake rupture that are consistent with the data and gives an estimate of the variability of each model parameter. We present some synthetic tests to show the effectiveness of the method and its robustness to uncertainty of the adopted crustal model. Finally, we apply this inverse technique to the well recorded 2000 western Tottori, Japan, earthquake (Mw 6.6); we confirm that the rupture process is characterized by large slip (3-4 m) at very shallow depths but, differently from previous studies, we imaged a new slip patch (2-2.5 m) located deeper, between 14 and 18 km depth.
The Arab economy in Israel: dependency or development?

This study aims at discerning the extent to which Arab economic behavior is effectively separate from that of the Israeli economy as a whole: is the Arab sector simply a regional or "national" branch of the Israeli economy, or does it rest on foundations which are distinctive and autonomous? Viability then becomes the relevant and pressing question.
Stacked uppermost mantle layers within the Slave craton of NW Canada as defined by anisotropic seismic discontinuities

A 20‐station seismic array in NW Canada recorded 336 teleseismic events with distribution in back azimuth and epicentral distance sufficient to characterize uppermost mantle discontinuities between depths typical of the Mohorovicic and Lehman discontinuities. Following wavefield decomposition, groups of seismograms were source‐normalized through simultaneous deconvolution to estimate the near‐receiver impulse response and thus detect major discontinuities beneath each seismic station. Stations within the Lac de Gras kimberlite field display an unusually strong negative impulse on the radial component within the NW quadrant and two moderate impulses on the transverse component. Forward modeling of these impulses suggests a mantle layer dipping at 22° to the southeast with a mildly anisotropic (2%) upper discontinuity at 120–135 km depth and another mildly anisotropic (2%) discontinuity at about 170 km depth. Superimposed on these layers is another, stronger anisotropic (4%) layer between 110 and 180 km depths that dips to the west. Stations outside of the Lac de Gras field, but within the southeastern Slave craton, display more numerous, but weaker, impulses. The most prominent of these occurs at about 150 km depth on the transverse component and has opposite polarity to that observed farther north. The prominent negative impulse observed on the radial component is interpreted to arise from structural‐preferred orientation in the form of a stockwork of wehrlite dykes beneath the Lac de Gras field. Interpretation of the other layers in the context of known surface geology as well as xenolith petrology and garnet geochemistry of diamondiferous kimberlites favors previous suggestions that they represent 4000–2900 Ma depleted harzburgite and eclogite layers underthrust from the northwest at 2600 or 1880 Ma. The layer beneath the SE Slave craton has a similar, but distinct, tectonic history of NW‐verging underthrusting associated with the 2635–2615 Ma Defeat Suite of plutonism. Taken together, these interpretations indicate that the Slave craton was assembled from at least four lithospheric blocks prior to its cratonization about 2580 Ma: each block is 90–120 km thick, and all four blocks abut across a steep suture boundary beneath MacKay Lake in the central Slave craton. Significant amounts of carbon and eclogites could have become incorporated into the central Slave mantle within the diamond stability field during the proposed underthrusting of lithosphere to explain their relatively common occurrence in kimberlite eruptions within the Slave craton.
Global river hydrography and network routing: baseline data and new approaches to study the world's large river systems

Despite significant recent advancements, global hydrological models and their input databases still show limited capabilities in supporting many spatially detailed research questions and integrated assessments, such as required in freshwater ecology or applied water resources management. In order to address these challenges, the scientific community needs to create improved large‐scale datasets and more flexible data structures that enable the integration of information across and within spatial scales; develop new and advanced models that support the assessment of longitudinal and lateral hydrological connectivity; and provide an accessible modeling environment for researchers, decision makers, and practitioners. As a contribution, we here present a new modeling framework that integrates hydrographic baseline data at a global scale (enhanced HydroSHEDS layers and coupled datasets) with new modeling tools, specifically a river network routing model (HydroROUT) that is currently under development. The resulting ‘hydro‐spatial fabric’ is designed to provide an avenue for advanced hydro‐ecological applications at large scales in a consistent and highly versatile way. Preliminary results from case studies to assess human impacts on water quality and the effects of dams on river fragmentation and downstream flow regulation illustrate the potential of this combined data‐and‐modeling framework to conduct novel research in the fields of aquatic ecology, biogeochemistry, geo‐statistical modeling, or pollution and health risk assessments. The global scale outcomes are at a previously unachieved spatial resolution of 500 m and can thus support local planning and decision making in many of the world's large river basins. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vorticity Dynamics and Zonally Averaged Ocean Circulation Models

Abstract Diagnostic equations relating the zonally averaged overturning circulation to north–south density variations are derived and used to determine a new closure scheme for use in zonally averaged ocean models. The presentation clarifies the dynamical link between vorticity dissipation in the western boundary layer and the meridional overturning circulation and provides insight into the relevance and limitations of zonally averaged models. The new closure scheme is substantially different from that introduced by Wright and Stocker. In particular, it includes nonlocal effects, which are potentially important. The model formulation results in a solution with three free parameters. A parameter representing the damping associated with meridional velocity gradients has very little effect on the solution and could be set to zero. The other two are used to tune the model to agree with results of a general circulation model. Good agreement is achieved for values consistent with expectations. The closure schem.
Significado estratigráfico y tectónico de los complejos de bloques resedimentados cambro-ordovicios de la precordillera occidental, Argentina

Rocks belonging to the Early Paleozoic Los Sombreros Formation crop out on the eastern flank of the Sierra de Yerba Loca, along the Rio Jachal section. This Formation consists of black shales and turbidites with interbedded limestone boulders near the base of the section, one of them up to 200 m long and 30 m thick. Boulders yield both early Cambrian trilobites and early Ordovician conodonts. Near the top, a thick sequence of dark grey marls and limestone contains an early Middle Cambrian trilobite fauna which is overlain by limestone and calcareous turbidites containing early Llanvirn graptolites and conodonts. On the basis of paleontological and sedimentological evidences this sequence can be interpreted as a series of submarine gravity slides interbedded within a dominantly turbiditic sequence. The Cambrian-early Ordovician precordilleran carbonate platform served as the source for much of the sediment which was redeposited on the slope. Then, deposition of the early Ordovician Los Sombreros Formation could be related to uplift and erosion of the platform margin and steeping of the slope during the late Arenig-early Llanvirn.
Modeling of Ammunition Dynamic Pressure Measurement Chain in Ballistic Tests

The use of piezoelectric transducers for internal dynamic pressure measurements in ammunition testing provides a significant advantage in the development and performance analysis of weapons and ammunition. Knowledge of the electrical characteristics of the dynamic pressure measurement chain, which includes the piezoelectric transducer and the charge amplifier, is a relevant condition for the design of interior ballistics pressure measurement systems. Thus, this study aims to characterize and model a piezoelectric transducer and its associated charge amplifier. First, the piezoelectric transducer was characterized using impedance analysis and modeled using a least squares curve-fitting tool, according to the Butterworth–Van Dyke model. Next, the charge amplifier was characterized through response analysis based on known inputs and modeled using LTSpice simulation techniques and the least squares curve-fit tool. Consequently, a measurement chain model is presented and simulated for two cases with different impulse signals. The first impulse signal was obtained from an interior ballistics computer simulation, and in the second case, it was considered the negative step signal characteristic of the calibration of piezoelectric transducers by means of dead weight. From the simulations, it was possible to verify the effectiveness of the model, which provided results with a low error in relation to the original pressure curve, and its applicability is demonstrated by the result of the simulation of the pressure variation in the calibration, where the attenuation of the signal can be visualized as the characteristic of the input curve changes.
Thermoregulatory responses of children exercising in a hot environment.

OBJECTIVE To review possible peculiarities in biological mechanisms related to responses of thermoregulatory and specific sweat glands in exercise performed by children in hot environments. DATA SOURCES Review of 47 articles published between 1960 and 2011 in the electronic databases MedLine and SciELO Brazil using the following key-words: 'children', 'heat', 'sweating', 'thermoregulation', 'sweat gland', and 'exercise', alone or in combination, in addition to a doctoral thesis about the subject. DATA SYNTHESIS Pre-pubertal sweat rate during exercise is lower than among adults. Children have different thermoregulatory characteristics, with a small sweat output rate due to small sweat glands. High ratio between surface and body mass increases the absorption of heat during exercise under thermal stress in children, raising the risk of hyperthermia symptoms. However, great blood flow to skin contributes to the better control of thermal homeostasis in children. Small size of the gland, low cholinergic sensibility, low levels of circulating catecholamines during stress, and lack of androgenic hormone explain the occurrence of low elimination of sweat in exercises performed by children. CONCLUSIONS Children present immature sweat glands. Thus, physical activity combined with high temperatures is not well-tolerated by children and youngsters, with great vulnerability to thermal injury. In the heat, strict control of fluid intake and attentive monitoring of weather conditions should have especial attention for the safe practice of exercises.
The influence of basin morphology on groundwater outflow

Twenty geomorphologic parameters which constitute a well-balanced representation of the area, length, elevation, form, and shape aspects of watersheds as well as the texture of their drainage networks were considered. On the basis of groundwater theory and the results of previous related studies, eight of these parameters were identified as being relevant to the process of groundwater discharge. Values of the selected parameters were obtained for representative watersheds located in a section of the Appalachian Plateaus. The data, which were generated from U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, were then subjected to a factor analysis to assess the relative importance of the parameters with respect to their influence on groundwater outflow behavior. The analytical results and their interpretation showed that among the parameters that are related to groundwater outflow, total length of perennial streams, average basin slope, and drainage density are the ones that are most closely related to the process. The influences of these parameters on groundwater outflow behavior are independent of each other. Thus in relating groundwater outflow characteristics to basin morphology, only these parameters need be considered and the inclusion of additional parameters does not necessarily yield a better relationship and may result in redundancy. The findings of the study are consistent with existing concepts regarding base flow (or drought flow) and have been confirmed by an independent study that investigated the process based on a more mechanistic approach.
Calibration of the Mars Pathfinder alpha proton X‐ray spectrometer

[1] The chemical compositions of Martian rocks and soils examined with the alpha proton X-ray spectrometer (APXS) during the Mars Pathfinder 1997 lander mission were not previously fully determined. Preliminary chemical results included major element abundances determined by the incomplete calibration of the X-ray mode. The data collected from the alpha and proton detectors were not previously analyzed due to significant atmospheric contributions to the spectra. The backup instrument of the Pathfinder alpha proton X-ray spectrometer flight instrument has been used to complete the instrument calibration under simulated Martian conditions at the University of Chicago. An APXS instrument has been used to create a Pathfinder calibration library to test the accuracy of all three instrument modes under simulated Martian conditions. This calibration library has been tested on a number of geologic standards. We have also corrected for instrument differences between the laboratory and flight units. Significant chemical results, somewhat different from those initially reported by Rieder et al. [1997a] and by Wanke et al. [2001], are reported by Foley et al. [2003] as a result of this reanalysis of the Pathfinder APXS data.
Characterization of pore-space heterogeneity in sandstone by X-ray computed tomography

Abstract In this study we review some of the recent advances in the application of X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) to geomaterials. This non-destructive technique based on density contrasts provides 2D images comparable with micrographs and 3D reconstructions at various resolutions depending on the acquisition setup. Synchrotron images with resolution of a few microns allow for 3D mapping of the pore space and can be used to perform 3D fluid flow simulations. ‘Industrial’ CT systems can provide images of centimetre-sized samples with a resolution of c. 50 µm. This resolution is suitable for studying centimetre-scale structural heterogeneities and compaction localization, as illustrated in recent studies. Starting from images taken at both synchrotron and industrial resolutions in intact samples of porous sandstones, we show that important conclusions on pore-space heterogeneity can be drawn from global and local analysis of the distributions of X-ray attenuation values. The global analysis is used in particular to identify relatively homogeneous materials in which compaction bands are likely to develop. Local analysis performed over small clusters of voxels appears to have more potential for the geometric description of the pore space. We show the existence of a resolution at which the local coefficient of variation of the X-ray distributions reaches a maximum. This resolution, which is about an order of magnitude lower than synchrotron resolution, appears to be related to the pore size, and the corresponding coefficient of variation to the porosity.
Process of grievance management in health care organization: An employee perspective

An investigation into the grievance management process of organizations is imperative with an increasing concern over healthy work cultures in organizations. Using a behavior-response model, a structured survey was administered to employees of a leading healthcare institute to explore their perspectives on the grievance management process. According to the findings of the study, there is a strong association between grievance management constructs and the grievance management process, and factors like acceptance of grievance by supervisors, supervisors’ attitudes toward grievant, and employee and supervisor trust play an important role in grievance resolution (Monish & Dhanabhakyam, 2022; Ochieng & Kamau, 2021; Elbaz et al., 2022; Casper, 2021; Kimotho & Ogol, 2021; Dichner, 2021; Aktar, 2021; Singh & Agarwal, 2022; Hammoud et al., 2022). Based on the findings, the study delivers implications for organizations to prevent chaos, stress, and conflict in the workplace through a better grievance management process.
Evidence for repeated re‐activation of old landslides under forest

Local reactivations of landslides in forests are rarely reported in landslide catalogues. The occurrence of hillslope sections with fresh morphological landslide features in forested old, deep‐seated landslides, however, suggests that landslide reactivations are not restricted to residential areas. In this study, a dendrogeomorphological analysis of beech stands was used to investigate the periods of reactivation of a deep‐seated rotational slide in the Koppenberg forest (Flemish Ardennes, Belgium). The relation to rainfall and the correspondence to landslide reactivations reported in a nearby built‐up area were also analysed.