Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flexible Service Capacity: Optimal Investment and the Impact of Demand Correlation

We consider a firm that provides multiple services using both specialized and flexible capacity. The problem is formulated as a two-stage, single-period stochastic program. The firm invests in capacity before the actual demand is known and optimally assigns capacity to customers when demand is realized. Sample applications include a car rental company's use of mid-sized cars to satisfy unexpectedly high demand for compact cars and an airline's use of business-class seats to satisfy economy-class demand. We obtain an analytical solution for a particular case, when services may be upgraded by one class. The simple form of the solution allows us to compare the optimal capacities explicitly with a solution that does not anticipate flexibility. Given that demand follows a multivariate normal distribution, we analytically characterize the effects of increasing demand correlation on the optimal solution. For the case with two customer classes, the effects of demand correlation are intuitive: Increasing correlation induces a shift from flexible to dedicated capacity. When there are three or more classes, there are also adjustments to the resources not directly affected by the correlation change. As correlation rises, these changes follow an alternating pattern (for example, if the optimal capacity of one resource rises, then the optimal capacity of the adjacent resource falls). These results make precise conjectures based on numerical experiments that have existed in the literature for some time.
Structure and stratigraphy

Structures in surface rocks in the Vermillion Creek basin are mostly northeast-trending anticlines and synclines that are cut by northwest-trending faults. The fold structures are eroded and exhibit low structural relief. Lower and middle Eocene rocks are well exposed and comprise intertongued stratigraphic subdivisions of the Wasatch and Green River Formations. The Vermillion Creek coal bed is in the upper part of the Niland Tongue of the Wasatch Formation. The bed is named for exposures of canneloid-like coal along Vermillion Creek in the study area in the central part of the basin.
The Determinants of Financial Derivatives Use in the United Kingdom Life Insurance Industry

This paper examines the determinants of financial derivatives use in the United Kingdom life insurance industry. We estimate a probit regression model and a Heckman two-stage sample selection regression model using a sample of eighty-eight U.K. life insurers in 1995. Our results indicate that the propensity to use derivative instruments is positively related to a firm’s size, leverage and international links, and negatively related to the extent of reinsurance. We also find that mutual life insurance firms have a greater propensity than stock firms to use derivatives. The positive relation with leverage and the negative relation with reinsurance support the hypothesis that U.K. life insurers use derivatives to offset risk, rather than as a speculative means of income generation. Firm size and organizational form are the main influences on the extent of financial derivatives use.
ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients 

The American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for the management of unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) were published in September 2000.1 Since then, a number of clinical trials and observational studies have been published or presented that, when taken together, alter significantly the recommendations made in that document. Therefore, the ACC/AHA Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina, with the concurrence of the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines, revised these guidelines. These revisions were prepared in December 2001, reviewed and approved, and then published on the ACC World Wide Web site (www.acc.org) and AHA World Wide Web site (www.americanheart.org) on March 15, 2002. The present article describes these revisions and provides further updates in this rapidly moving field. Minor clarifications in the wording of three recommendations that now appear differently from those that were previously published on the ACC and AHA Web sites are noted in footnotes. The ACC/AHA classifications I, II, and III are used to summarize indications as follows: Class I: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is useful and effective. Class II: Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment. IIa: Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy. IIb: Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion. Class III: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that the procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful. The weight of the evidence was ranked highest (A) if the data were derived from multiple randomized clinical trials that involved large numbers of patients and intermediate (B) if the data were derived from a limited number of randomized trials that involved small numbers of …
What Are Emotions , and How Do They Influence Behavior ?

Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta E C O N O M I C R E V I E W Second Quarter 2003 T he popular press commonly reports that psychology drives financial decision making and moves asset prices. Yet traditional implementations of financial economic models routinely assume that individuals incorporate information into their decision processes using the rules of probability and statistics with calculated, unemotional logic. This assumption leaves little room for the influence of emotion. Furthermore, when economists have included emotion in describing the behavior of financial markets, emotion is often characterized as causing unwarranted and undesirable price movements. For example, in his book Irrational Exuberance, Robert Shiller states that investors’ emotional state “is no doubt one of the most important factors causing the bull market” recently experienced in the United States (2000, 57). Is a “rational” person a cool, unemotional user of logic and the laws of probability? Two characters from the popular television and movie series Star Trek provide an answer. Mr. Spock—who is half Vulcan, a species that suppresses emotion and prizes logic— is presented as a rational thinker who thoroughly considers every piece of information. In contrast, Captain Kirk is likely to respond emotionally. Yet Kirk is portrayed as a good decision maker. Though Spock fully analyzes each situation, he gets too caught up in the details. Emotion allows Kirk to focus and enhances his ability to make critical decisions. A vast psychological literature shows that emotional state can significantly affect decision making (Elster 1998; Hermalin and Isen 2000). In contrast to studies by some other financial economists, this article demonstrates that emotion actually enhances an individual’s ability to make rational choices (see also Frank 1988; Damasio 1994; LeDoux 1996; Elster 1998; Isen 1999). Emotion allows people to transcend the details, prioritize, and focus on the decision to be made. Emotion can drive behavior that is consistent with economic predictions. Understanding what behavior is economically rational is complex. Behavioral research in finance applies lessons from psychology to financial decision making. One aspect of individual psychology that has received a considerable amount of attention is that of cognitive limitations. Individuals are limited in their abilities to encode, process, and retrieve information. In some cases, psychologists argue that these limitations result in biased judgments. Psychologists posit that individuals develop rules of thumb, or heuristics, to promote good decision making with minimal processing. Heuristics allow people to make decisions while economizing on processing. Although individuals develop habits that often serve them well, these habits might occasionally lead them astray. Behavioral finance research has focused primarily on these biases, paying less attention to the role of emotion. The examination of cognitive aspects of financial behavior in isolation is troublesome and may be Emotion and Financial Markets
An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND Pulmonary rehabilitation is recognized as a core component of the management of individuals with chronic respiratory disease. Since the 2006 American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) Statement on Pulmonary Rehabilitation, there has been considerable growth in our knowledge of its efficacy and scope. PURPOSE The purpose of this Statement is to update the 2006 document, including a new definition of pulmonary rehabilitation and highlighting key concepts and major advances in the field. METHODS A multidisciplinary committee of experts representing the ATS Pulmonary Rehabilitation Assembly and the ERS Scientific Group 01.02, "Rehabilitation and Chronic Care," determined the overall scope of this update through group consensus. Focused literature reviews in key topic areas were conducted by committee members with relevant clinical and scientific expertise. The final content of this Statement was agreed on by all members. RESULTS An updated definition of pulmonary rehabilitation is proposed. New data are presented on the science and application of pulmonary rehabilitation, including its effectiveness in acutely ill individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in individuals with other chronic respiratory diseases. The important role of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic disease management is highlighted. In addition, the role of health behavior change in optimizing and maintaining benefits is discussed. CONCLUSIONS The considerable growth in the science and application of pulmonary rehabilitation since 2006 adds further support for its efficacy in a wide range of individuals with chronic respiratory disease.
Gamma Rays Determine Soil Water Content of Soil-Plant Systems

The authors discuss the measurement of soil moisture content. They address first the use neutron meters to obtain soil water information necessary to monitor changes in soil water content in the field and to evaluate the performance of crops. Knowledge of the soil water status is invaluable in interpreting many research results. Plants subjected to soil moisture stress during even a short time have been shown to produce less vegetation and/or grain than well-watered plants. Soil systems used in greenhouse and laboratory investigations usually are too small to permit use of the neutron method referred to above to monitor soil water. Recently, a gamma radiation attenuation unit for monitoring soil water content in large cores of undisturbed soil was designed, built and put to use in soils research at North Dakota State University. This paper discusses that particular unit.
One size fits all? Calibrating an ocean biogeochemistry model for different circulations

Abstract. Global biogeochemical ocean models are often tuned to match the observed distributions and fluxes of inorganic and organic quantities. This tuning is typically carried out “by hand”. However, this rather subjective approach might not yield the best fit to observations, is closely linked to the circulation employed and is thus influenced by its specific features and even its faults. We here investigate the effect of model tuning, via objective optimisation, of one biogeochemical model of intermediate complexity when simulated in five different offline circulations. For each circulation, three of six model parameters have been adjusted to characteristic features of the respective circulation. The values of these three parameters – namely, the oxygen utilisation of remineralisation, the particle flux parameter and potential nitrogen fixation rate – correlate significantly with deep mixing and ideal age of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and the outcrop area of Antarctic Intermediate Waters (AAIW) and Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) in the Southern Ocean. The clear relationship between these parameters and circulation characteristics, which can be easily diagnosed from global models, can provide guidance when tuning global biogeochemistry within any new circulation model. The results from 20 global cross-validation experiments show that parameter sets optimised for a specific circulation can be transferred between similar circulations without losing too much of the model's fit to observed quantities. When compared to model intercomparisons of subjectively tuned, global coupled biogeochemistry–circulation models, each with different circulation and/or biogeochemistry, our results show a much lower range of oxygen inventory, oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) volume and global biogeochemical fluxes. Export production depends to a large extent on the circulation applied, while deep particle flux is mostly determined by the particle flux parameter. Oxygen inventory, OMZ volume, primary production and fixed-nitrogen turnover depend more or less equally on both factors, with OMZ volume showing the highest sensitivity, and residual variability. These results show a beneficial effect of optimisation, even when a biogeochemical model is first optimised in a relatively coarse circulation and then transferred to a different finer-resolution circulation model.
The Design and Realization of Smart Tourism System of Wuzhizhou Island Based on WeChat Platform

The proposal of the "Internet plus" plan has injected new vitality into traditional tourism, and also added new content to the construction of “Smart tourism”. In the context of "Internet plus" and "Smart tourism", combining computer technology with tourism is a hot topic in current tourism research. This article integrated GIS technology, remote sensing technology and relevant computer technology in WeChat public platform to service the tourist industry, and provided solutions for “Smart tourism”. Firstly, this paper introduced the significance of constructing the Wuzhizhou island smart tourism system, and secondly, designed the system's overall function, and finally introduced the realization of Wuzhizhou island wisdom tourism system according to the design. This research has improved the deficiency of the traditional tourist service mode, and also improved the management level of the scenic spot, as well as served as a reference for informatization construction of other scenic spot.
Magma mixing at mid-ocean ridges - Evidence from legs 45 and 46-DSDP. [petrologic and geochemical study of basalts]

An integrated petrologic and geochemical study of basalts recovered in Legs 45 and 46 (DSDP) has yielded evidence that these moderately evolved basalts are mixtures of primitive, mantle-derived tholeiites with more evolved magmas. The hybrid nature of these rocks is recognized on the basis of disequilibrium mineralogy. Plagioclase pheno-crystals exhibit substantial diversity in composition and zoning patterns including both normally and reversely zoned grains and abundant textural evidence of resorption. Many olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts are too refractory (e.g., Fo/sub 90//sub -/88) to be in equilibrium with liquids of the host basalt composition and are in fact of a composition consistent with crystal basalt composition and are in fact of a composition consistent with crystallization from a primitive, mantle-derived basalt liquid. An estimate of this primitive melt, presumed to be parental to the observed lavas, has been derived from melt inclusions trapped in the olivine phenocrysts. These are characterized by high Ca/Al and low TiO/sub 2/, two chemical features typical of primitive ocean floor basalts recovered elsewhere in the Atlantic.We suggest that subvolcanic magma chambers beneath mid-ocean ridges receive periodic injections of this primitive melt and its attendant phenocrysts which mix with fractionated chamber-bound magmas, resulting in observed moderately evolvedmore » lavas. Chemical modeling of ocean floor basalt differentiation assuming a combination of magma mixing and crystal fractionation alleviates some apparent anomalies encountered in previous studies (Rhodes et al., 1978). « less
Hydrologic Instrumentation and Data Collection in Wyoming

Wyoming is currently expanding and improving its hydrologic instrumentation and data collection network by installing new instrumentation in high alpine watersheds, expanding collection sites for soil moisture and precipitation data, and augmenting stream and meteorological collections across the state. The alpine watersheds are being instrumented in a nested network of meteorological stations, precipitation and snow gauges, soil moisture measurement sites, and runoff gauges to quantify the origins, fate, and transport of water. Additional instrumentation includes dendrometers and sediment samplers. In a complementary project, 18 soil moisture monitoring sites are distributed across the state in grasslands and shrublands. Installations are arranged in a shallow profile of 3 soil moisture probes and a tipping bucket rain gauge. In addition, runoff and meteorological sites are being installed in key basins around the state. These efforts are intended to (1) provide more detailed hydrologic data to better estimate parameters of watershed models; (2) improve drought forecasting and flood prediction; (3) increase the accuracy of water availability predictions in key basins; and (4) improve dissemination of hydrologic information across the state. Collaborators are the U.S. Forest Service, National Weather Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Water Development Commission, and Wyoming Department of Agriculture.
Using Very Small Rovers to Explore the Surface of Primitive Bodies

This slide presentation reviews the use of very small roving vehicles to assist in exploration of various primitive bodies in the Solar System. It reviews the lessons learned from the mobility of the rovers on Mars, and the importance of the what we learned from these rovers. It also examines the core payload for the what would be a new class of rovers, that include a camera, and spectrometer. It also briefly reviews the MUSES-C (i.e., Hyabusa) mission for which a nano-rover had been planned. A prototype of the rover is shown, along with some of the characteristics.
Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNMR) - A new method for exploration of ground water and aquifer properties

The Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNMR) method is a fairly new technique in geophysics to assess ground water, i.e. existence, amount and productibility by measurements at the surface. The NMR technique used in medicine, physics and lately in borehole geophysics was adopted for surface measurements in the early eighties, and commercial equipment for measurements has been available since the mid nineties. The SNMR method has been tested at sites in Northern Germany with Quaternary sand and clay layers, to examine the suitability of this new method for groundwater exploration and environmental investigations. More information is obtained by SNMR, particularly with respect to aquifer parameters, than with other geophysical techniques. SNMR measurements were carried out at three borehole locations, together with 2D and 1D direct current geoelectrics and well logging (induction log, gamma-ray log and pulsed neutron-gamma log). Permeabilities were calculated from the grain-size distributions of core material determined in the laboratory. It is demonstrated that the SNMR method is able to detect groundwater and the results are in good agreement with other geophysical and hydrogeological data. Using the SNMR method, the water content of the unsaturated and saturated zones (i.e. porosity of an aquifer) can be reliably determined. This information and resistivity data permit in-situ determination of other aquifer parameters. Comparison of the SNMR results with borehole data clearly shows that the water content determined by SNMR is the free or mobile water in the pores. The permeabilities estimated from the SNMR decay times are similar to those derived from sieve analysis of core material. Thus, the combination of SNMR with geoelectric methods promises to be a powerful tool for studying aquifer properties.
Underwater Acoustic Communication Using MIMO Hydrophone

Hydrophone is a type of microphone that are used in underwater for recording and also for listening to the underwater sound. Generally, Hydrophones are based upon the transducer named Piezo electric that can convert the sound signals into an electrical signals. Here the frequencies associated with the underwater acoustic communications are 10Hz-IMHz. Frequencies above 1 MHz is rarely used but they can be easily absorbed in underwater. In Underwater wireless communication the information is transmitted through the channel named as UAC channel. This paper deals with the gain brought by using the underwater MIMO channel techniques.
A Comparative Analysis of Looping Structures: Comparison of ‘While’ Loop and ‘Do-While’ Loop in the C++ Language

Looping is one of the fundamental logical instructions used for repeating a block of statements. All programming languages are used looping structures to simplify the programs. Loops are supported by all modern programming languages, though their implementations and syntax may differ. This paper compares the two types of looping structures while and do-while using the compile time and runtime of the given programs to improve the efficiency of the programs. It is found that for small number of iterations while is efficient in runtime and do-while is efficient in compile time, the difference in total execution time may not be considerable. But given any large number of iterations, the difference is noticeable.
Clinical Neuropsychology: Behavioral and Brain Science

Clinical Neuropsychology is an up-to-the minute overview of the major and many interesting minor disorders and behavioral syndromes caused by localized brain damage or abnormal brain functioning. The text combines clinical findings with studies on normal, healthy individuals to provide a comprehensive picture of the human brains operation and function. Biological rather than cognitive in emphasis, Clinical Neuropsychology integrates findings across a broad range of disciplines. This text serves as an up-to-date reference source for clinicians, researchers, and graduate students and as a textbook for advanced undergraduate courses on clinical neuropsychology. Coverage includes the ramifications of localized brain damage/abnormal brain functioning on emotion, thought, language, and behavior, illustrative case histories, chapter overviews, and more than 700 recent references. Key Features More than 700 recent references Extensive illustrations Interesting and unusual illustrative case histories from recent literature An overview and a list of important further readings end each chapter Comprehensive index.