Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dark forces in the sky: signals from Z′ and the dark Higgs

We consider the indirect detection signals for a self-consistent hidden U(1) model containing a Majorana dark matter candidate, χ, a dark gauge boson, Z′, and a dark Higgs, s. Compared with a model containing only a dark matter candidate and Z′ mediator, the addition of the scalar provides a mass generation mechanism for the dark sector particles and is required in order to avoid unitarity violation at high energies. We find that the inclusion of the two mediators opens up a new two-body s-wave annihilation channel, χ χ → sZ′. This new process, which is missed in the usual single-mediator simplified model approach, can be the dominant annihilation channel. This provides rich phenomenology for indirect detection searches, allows indirect searches to explore regions of parameter space not accessible with other commonly considered s-wave annihilation processes, and enables both the Z′ and scalar couplings to be probed. We examine the phenomenology of the sector with a focus on this new process, and determine the limits on the model parameter space from Fermi data on dwarf spheriodal galaxies and other relevant experiments.
Absent pinch points and emergent clusters: Further neighbor interactions in the pyrochlore Heisenberg antiferromagnet

We discuss the origin of spin correlations observed in neutron-scattering experiments on the paramagnetic phase of a number of frustrated spinel compounds, most notably ${\text{ZnCr}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}$. These correlations are striking for two reasons. First, they have been interpreted as evidence for the formation of weakly interacting hexagonal clusters of spins. Second, they are very different from those calculated for the nearest-neighbor Heisenberg pyrochlore antiferromagnet, in which Coulomb-phase correlations generate sharp scattering features known as pinch points. Using large-$n$ calculations and Monte Carlo simulations, we show that very weak further neighbor exchange interactions can account for both the apparent formation of clusters and the suppression of pinch points.
FORMALDEHYDE DENSITOMETRY OF STARBURST GALAXIES: DENSITY-INDEPENDENT GLOBAL STAR FORMATION

Accurate techniques that allow for the derivation of the spatial density in star formation regions are rare. A technique that has found application for the derivation of spatial densities in Galactic star formation regions utilizes the density-sensitive properties of the K-doublet transitions of formaldehyde (H2CO). In this paper, we present an extension of our survey of the formaldehyde 110–111 (λ = 6.2 cm) and 211–212 (λ = 2.1 cm) K-doublet transitions of H2CO in a sample of 56 starburst systems. We have extended the number of galaxies in which both transitions have been detected from 5 to 13. We have improved our spatial density measurements by incorporating kinetic temperatures based upon NH3 measurements of 11 of the galaxies with a total of 14 velocity components in our sample. Our spatial density measurements lie in a relatively narrow range from 104.5 to 105.5 cm−3. This implies that the Schmidt–Kennicutt relation between LIR and Mdense (1) is an indication of the dense gas mass reservoir available to form stars and (2) is not directly dependent upon a higher average density driving the star formation process in the most luminous starburst galaxies. We have also used our H2CO measurements to derive two separate measures of the dense gas mass which are generally smaller, in many cases by a factor of 102–103, than those derived using HCN. This disparity suggests that H2CO traces a denser, more compact component of the giant molecular clouds in our starburst galaxy sample. We also report measurements of the rotationally excited λ = 6.3 cm 2Π1/2J = 1/2 state of OH and the H111α radio recombination line taken concurrently with our H2CO 110–111 measurements.
Canonical transformations for fermions in superanalysis

Canonical transformations (Bogoliubov transformations) for fermions with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are studied within a calculus of superanalysis. A continuous representation of the orthogonal group is constructed on a Grassmann module extension of the Fock space. The pull-back of these operators to the Fock space yields a unitary ray representation of the group that implements the Bogoliubov transformations.
NeedATool: A NEEDLET ANALYSIS TOOL FOR COSMOLOGICAL DATA PROCESSING

We introduce NeedATool (Needlet Analysis Tool), a software for data analysis based on needlets, a wavelet rendition which is powerful for the analysis of fields defined on a sphere. Needlets have been applied successfully to the treatment of astrophysical and cosmological observations, and in particular to the analysis of cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. Usually, such analyses are performed in real space as well as in its dual domain, the harmonic one. Both spaces have advantages and disadvantages: for example, in pixel space it is easier to deal with partial sky coverage and experimental noise; in the harmonic domain, beam treatment and comparison with theoretical predictions are more effective. During the last decade, however, wavelets have emerged as a useful tool for CMB data analysis, since they allow us to combine most of the advantages of the two spaces, one of the main reasons being their sharp localization. In this paper, we outline the analytical properties of needlets and discuss the main features of the numerical code, which should be a valuable addition to the CMB analyst's toolbox.
A BARYONIC EFFECT ON THE MERGER TIMESCALE OF GALAXY CLUSTERS

Accurate estimation of the merger timescales of galaxy clusters is important for understanding the cluster merger process and further understanding the formation and evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe. In this paper, we explore a baryonic effect on the merger timescale of galaxy clusters by using hydrodynamical simulations. We find that the baryons play an important role in accelerating the merger process. The merger timescale decreases upon increasing the gas fraction of galaxy clusters. For example, the merger timescale is shortened by a factor of up to 3 for merging clusters with gas fractions of 0.15, compared with the timescale obtained with 0 gas fractions. The baryonic effect is significant for a wide range of merger parameters and is particularly more significant for nearly head-on mergers and high merging velocities. The baryonic effect on the merger timescale of galaxy clusters is expected to have an impact on the structure formation in the universe, such as the cluster mass function and massive substructures in galaxy clusters, and a bias of “no-gas” may exist in the results obtained from the dark matter-only cosmological simulations.
Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Stimulates Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Replication by Protecting HCV Core Protein from E6AP-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major human pathogens that cause a substantial proportion of liver diseases worldwide. As the two hepatotropic viruses have the same modes of transmission, coinfection is often observed, especially in areas and populations where HBV is endemic. ABSTRACT Most clinical and experimental studies have suggested that hepatitis C virus (HCV) is dominant over hepatitis B virus (HBV) during coinfection, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that the HBV X protein (HBx) upregulates the levels of the HCV core protein to stimulate HCV replication during coinfection in human hepatoma cells. For this purpose, HBx upregulated both the protein levels and enzyme activities of cellular DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and DNMT3b, and this subsequently reduced the expression levels of the E6-associated protein (E6AP), an E3 ligase of the HCV core protein, via DNA methylation. The ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of the HCV core protein was severely impaired in the presence of HBx, whereas this effect was not observed when E6AP was either ectopically expressed or restored by treatment with 5-aza-2′dC or DNMT1 knockdown. The effect of HBx on the HCV core protein was accurately reproduced in HBV/HCV coinfection systems, which were established by either monoinfection by HCV in Huh7D cells transfected with a 1.2-mer HBV replicon or coinfection by HBV and HCV in Huh7D-Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide cells, providing evidence for the stimulation of HCV replication by HBx. The present study may provide insights into understanding HCV dominance during HBV/HCV coinfection in patients. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major human pathogens that cause a substantial proportion of liver diseases worldwide. As the two hepatotropic viruses have the same modes of transmission, coinfection is often observed, especially in areas and populations where HBV is endemic. High-risk populations include people who inject drugs. Both clinical and experimental studies have shown that HCV is more dominant than HBV during coinfection, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we show that HBV X protein (HBx) stimulates HCV replication by inhibiting the expression of E6-associated protein (E6AP) via DNA methylation, thereby protecting the HCV core protein from proteasomal degradation, which can contribute to HCV dominance during HBV/HCV coinfection.
Time delay between images of the lensed quasar UM673

Aims. We study brightness variations in the double lensed quasar UM673 (Q0142-100) with the aim of measuring the time delay between its two images. Methods. We combined our previously published observational data of UM673 obtained during the 2003–2005 seasons at the Maidanak Observatory with archival and recently observed Maidanak and CTIO UM673 data. We analyzed the V, R and I-band light curves of the A and B images of UM673, which cover ten observational seasons from August 2001 to November 2010. We also analyzed the time evolution of the difference in magnitudes (flux ratio) between images A and B of UM673 over more than ten years. Results. We find that the quasar exhibits both short-term (with an amplitude of ∼0.1 mag in the R band) and long-term (with an amplitude of ∼0.3 mag) variability on timescales of about several months and several years, respectively. These brightness variations are used to constrain the time delay between the images of UM673. From a cross-correlation analysis of the A and B quasar light curves and an error analysis we measure a mean time delay of 89 days with an rms error of 11 days. Given the input time delay of 88 days, the most probable value of the delay that can be recovered from light curves with the same statistical properties as the observed R-band light curves of UM673, is 95 +5
The importance of low IQ to early diagnosis of autism

Some individuals can flexibly adapt to life's changing demands while others, in particular those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), find it challenging. The origin of early individual differences in cognitive abilities, the putative tools with which to navigate novel information in life, including in infants later diagnosed with ASD remains unexplored. Moreover, the role of intelligence quotient (IQ) vis‐à‐vis core features of autism remains debated. We systematically investigate the contribution of early IQ in future autism outcomes in an extremely large, population‐based study of 8000 newborns, infants, and toddlers from the US between 2 and 68 months with over 15,000 cross‐sectional and longitudinal assessments, and for whom autism outcomes are ascertained or ruled out by about 2–4 years. This population is representative of subjects involved in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)‐funded research, mainly on atypical development, in the US. Analyses using predetermined age bins showed that IQ scores are consistently lower in ASD relative to typically developing (TD) children at all ages (p < 0.001), and IQ significantly correlates with social, non‐social, and total Calibrated Severity Scores (CSS) on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (p<0.01). Lower IQ is associated with greater autistic impairments. Note, verbal IQ (VIQ) is no better than the full‐scale IQ to predict ASD cases. These findings raise new, compelling questions about potential atypical brain circuitry affecting performance in both verbal and nonverbal abilities and preceding an ASD diagnosis. This study is the first to establish prospectively that low early IQ is a major feature of ASD in early childhood.
Correlated Electronic Properties of Some Graphene Nanoribbons: A DMRG Study

The significant electron-electron interactions that characterize the pi electrons of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) necessitate going beyond one-electron tight-binding description. Existing theories of electron-electron interactions in GNRs take into account one electron-one hole interactions accurately but miss higher-order effects. We report highly accurate density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) calculations of the ground-state electronic structure, the relative energies of the lowest one-photon versus two-photon excitations, and the charge gaps in three narrow GNRs within the correlated Pariser-Parr-Pople model for pi-conjugated systems. We have employed the symmetrized DMRG method to investigate the zigzag nanoribbon 3-ZGNR and two armchair nanoribbons 6-AGNR and 5-AGNR, respectively. We predict bulk magnetization of the ground state of 3-ZGNR, and a large spin gap in 6-AGNR in their respective thermodynamic limits. Nonzero charge gaps and semiconducting behavior, with moderate to large exciting binding energies, are found for all three nanoribbons, in contradiction to the prediction of tight-binding theory. The lowest two-photon gap in 3-ZGNR vanishes in the thermodynamic limit, while this gap is smaller than the one-photon gap in 5-AGNR. However, in 6-AGNR the one-photon gap is smaller than the two-photon gap and it is predicted to be fluorescent.
An update on the diagnosis and treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy

Purpose of review The present review summarizes recent advances in the diagnosis and management of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Recent findings Although ALD screening has been on the list of Recommended Uniform Screening Panel since 2016, only 30 states in the United States are currently testing their newborns for this disease. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) remains the only successful treatment option available for early cerebral ALD but does not reverse neurological changes or affect the course of adrenal insufficiency. There remains a significant knowledge gap in our understanding and treatment of this disease. Novel therapies such as gene therapy and gene editing have shown promising results in animal models and are exciting potential treatment options for the future. Recently, the American Academy of Neurologists released their consensus guidelines on the diagnosis, surveillance, and management of ALD. Summary Early diagnosis and HSCT are key to improving the morbidity and mortality associated with ALD. The implementation of universal newborn screening for ALD and rigorous investigations of novel diagnostic and therapeutic agents is the need of the hour.
Coupled blind signal separation and spectroscopic database fitting of the mid-infrared PAH features (Corrigendum)

1 Sterrewacht Leiden, Universiteit Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: rosenberg@strw.leidenuniv. nl 2 The International Space University, Parc d’Innovation, 1 rue Jean Dominique Cassini, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France 3 NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Mail Stop 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA e-mail: [Louis.J.Allamandola;Christiaan.Boersma]@nasa.gov
A stringy perspective on the quantum integrable model/gauge correspondence

We present a string theory realization for the correspondence between quantum integrable models and supersymmetric gauge theories. The quantization results from summing the effects of fundamental strings winding around a compact direction. We discuss the examples of the XXZ gauge/Bethe correspondence and five-dimensional \Omega--deformed SYM on M x S^1.
A TRIPLE-ENERGY-SOURCE MODEL FOR SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA iPTF13ehe

Almost all superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) whose peak magnitudes are mag can be explained by the 56Ni-powered model, the magnetar-powered (highly magnetized pulsar) model, or the ejecta-circumstellar medium (CSM) interaction model. Recently, iPTF13ehe challenged these energy-source models, because the spectral analysis shows that of 56Ni have been synthesized, but are inadequate to power the peak bolometric emission of iPTF13ehe, while the rebrightening of the late-time light curve (LC) and the Hα emission lines indicate that the ejecta-CSM interaction must play a key role in powering the late-time LC. Here we propose a triple-energy-source model, in which a magnetar together with some amount ( ) of 56Ni may power the early LC of iPTF13ehe, while the late-time rebrightening can be quantitatively explained by an ejecta-CSM interaction. Furthermore, we suggest that iPTF13ehe is a genuine core-collapse supernova rather than a pulsational pair-instability supernova candidate. Further studies on similar SLSNe in the future would eventually shed light on their explosion and energy-source mechanisms.
miRNAs for testicular germ cell tumours: Contemporary indications for diagnosis, surveillance and follow‐up

Despite excellent outcomes with modern multidisciplinary care, clinicians caring for patients with testicular germ cell tumour (TGCTs) face clinical dilemmas across the spectrum of disease. Wrong treatment choices can lead to undertreatment or overtreatment of these young men. Unfortunately the currently available biomarkers alpha‐fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin, lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to reliably aid in these clinical dilemmas. Thus, a sensitive and specific biomarker is desperately needed. Serum or plasma miRNA, in particular, miR‐371a‐3p, has shown great promise in discriminating the presence of TGCT and may represent a breakthrough for this disease. In this review, we discuss the potential role of miRNA across clinical states of TGCTs. We review their discovery, methods of assay, limitations and future potential.
NGC 1817, NGC 2141 and Berkeley 81: three BOCCE clusters of intermediate age

In this paper we analyse the evolutionary status of three open clusters: NGC 1817, NGC 2141, and Berkeley 81. They are all of intermediate age, two are located in the Galactic anti-centre direction while the third one is located in the Galactic centre direction. All of them were observed with LBC@LBT using the Bessel B, V, and I filters. The cluster parameters have been obtained using the synthetic colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) method, i.e. the direct comparison of the observational CMDs with a library of synthetic CMDs generated with different evolutionary sets (Padova, FRANEC, and FST). This analysis shows that NGC 1817 has subsolar metallicity, age between 0.8 and 1.2 Gyr, reddening E(B-V) in the range 0.21 and 0.34, and distance modulus (m-M)_0 of about 10.9; NGC 2141 is older, with age in the range 1.25 and 1.9 Gyr, E(B-V) between 0.36 and 0.45, (m-M)_0 between 11.95 and 12.21, and subsolar metallicity; Berkeley~81 has metallicity about solar, with age between 0.75 and 1.0 Gyr, has reddening E(B-V)~0.90 and distance modulus (m-M)_0~12.4. Exploiting the large field of view of the instrument we derive the structure parameters for NGC 2141 and Be 81 by fitting a King profile to the estimated density profile. Combining this information with the synthetic CMD technique we estimate a lower limit for the cluster total mass for these two systems.
Demonstrating Quantum Error Correction that Extends the Lifetime of Quantum Information

The remarkable discovery of Quantum Error Correction (QEC), which can overcome the errors experienced by a bit of quantum information (qubit), was a critical advance that gives hope for eventually realizing practical quantum computers. In principle, a system that implements QEC can actually pass a "break-even" point and preserve quantum information for longer than the lifetime of its constituent parts. Reaching the break-even point, however, has thus far remained an outstanding and challenging goal. Several previous works have demonstrated elements of QEC in NMR, ions, nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers, photons, and superconducting transmons. However, these works primarily illustrate the signatures or scaling properties of QEC codes rather than test the capacity of the system to extend the lifetime of quantum information over time. Here we demonstrate a QEC system that reaches the break-even point by suppressing the natural errors due to energy loss for a qubit logically encoded in superpositions of coherent states, or cat states of a superconducting resonator. Moreover, the experiment implements a full QEC protocol by using real-time feedback to encode, monitor naturally occurring errors, decode, and correct. As measured by full process tomography, the enhanced lifetime of the encoded information is 320 microseconds without any post-selection. This is 20 times greater than that of the system's transmon, over twice as long as an uncorrected logical encoding, and 10% longer than the highest quality element of the system (the resonator's 0, 1 Fock states). Our results illustrate the power of novel, hardware efficient qubit encodings over traditional QEC schemes. Furthermore, they advance the field of experimental error correction from confirming the basic concepts to exploring the metrics that drive system performance and the challenges in implementing a fault-tolerant system.