Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiative processes in active galactic nuclei

A study of processes relevant to the electron-positron pair plasmas thought to exist in Active Galactic Nuclei is undertaken. The processes considered include: Compton scattering, pair annihilation, two photon pair production, synchrotron emission, e-e bremsstrahlung, and Coulomb scattering. Approximations used in the past to treat these processes in the context of a kinetic code are examined, and improvements are presented. A two-moment scattering formalism is presented to allow for important energy dispersion effects in scattering. This improved treatment of microphysical processes is implemented in a time-dependent, kinetic code incorporating Klein-Nishina effects on both the pair and photon distributions, relativistic thermal Comptonization, and synchrotron reabsorption. The effects of pair plasma reprocessing on the emergent radiation spectrum are examined. Time-varying and stationary spectra are computed. Good qualitative agreement with previous calculations is found, except when the differences are attributable to the improved treatment of the microphysics. These differences can be substantial, particularly in the "photon-starved" regime where the effects of Coulomb scattering by suprathermal pairs off thermal pairs significantly modify the spectra. The spectral response of the pair plasma to variations in the particle injection is found to depend sensitively on the plasma parameters. A transitional spectrum may look very different from the spectra of either the stationary initial or final states. The highest energies (gamma-rays) are found to respond most rapidly to changes and should vary more than the X-rays. Pair plasmas can produce soft X-ray excesses. This happens under conditions independently favored by current pair plasma-Compton reflection models of the hard X-ray spectrum.
3D reconstruction of prostate histology based on quantified tissue cutting and deformation parameters

Methods for 3D histology reconstruction from sparse 2D digital histology images depend on knowledge about the positions, orientations, and deformations of tissue slices due to the histology process. This work quantitatively evaluates typical assumptions about the position and orientation of whole-mount prostate histology sections within coarsely sliced tissue blocks and about the deformation of tissue during histological processing and sectioning. 3-5 midgland tissue blocks from each of 7 radical prostatectomy specimens were imaged using magnetic resonance imaging before histology processing. After standard whole-mount paraffin processing and sectioning, the resulting sections were digitised. Homologous anatomic landmarks were identified on 22 midgland histology and MR images. Orientations and depths of sections relative to the front faces of the tissue blocks were measured based on the best-fit plane through the landmarks on the MR images. The mean±std section orientation was 1.7±1.1° and the mean±std depth of the sections was 1.0±0.5 mm. Deformation was assessed by using four transformation models (rigid, rigid+scale, affine and thin-plate-spline (TPS)) to align landmarks from histology and MR images, and evaluating each by measuring the target registration error (TRE) using a leave-one-out cross-validation. The rigid transformation model had higher mean TRE (p<0.001) than the other models, and the rigid+scale and affine models had higher mean TRE than the TPS model (p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively). These results informed the design and development of a method for 3D prostate histology reconstruction based on extrinsic strand-shaped fiducial markers which yielded a 0.7±0.4 mm mean±std TRE.
Quantum oscillations and key theoretical issues in high temperature superconductors from the perspective of density waves

High temperature superconductivity in cuprate superconductors remains an unsolved problem in theoretical physics. The same statement can also be made about a number of other superconductors that have been dubbed novel. What makes these superconductors so elusive is an interesting question in itself. This paper focuses on the recent magnetic oscillation experiments and how they fit into the broader picture. Many aspects of these experiments can be explained by Fermi liquid theory; the key issue is the extent to which this is true. If true, the entire paradigm developed over the past three decades must be reexamined. A critical analysis of this issue has necessitated a broader analysis of questions about distinct ground states of matter, which may be useful in understanding other novel superconductors.
Establishment of a Predictive Model for Poor Prognosis of Incomplete Revascularization in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Multivessel Disease

Objective To establish a predictive model for poor prognosis after incomplete revascularization (ICR) in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD). Methods Clinical data of 757 patients with MVD and ICR after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University from January 2020 to August 2021 were retrospectively collected. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression method was used to screen variables, and multivariate logistic regression was used to establish a predictive model. An independent cohort was used to validate the model. The C-statistic was used to verify and evaluate the discriminative ability of the model; the calibration curve was drawn, and the decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to evaluate the calibration degree, the clinical net benefit, and the practicability of the model. Results The predictive factors included female, age, unconjugated bilirubin, uric acid, low-density lipoprotein, hyperglycemia, total occlusion, and severe tortuosity lesion on coronary angiography. The C-statistic of the training and validation sets were 0.628 and 0.745, respectively. The statistical value of the Hosmer–Lemeshow test for the calibration curve of the training and validation sets were 5.27(P = 0.873) and 6.27 (P = 0.792), respectively. DCA showed that the model was clinically applicable when the predicted probability value of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACEs) ranged from 0.07 to 0.68. Conclusions We established a predictive model for poor prognosis after ICR in patients with MVD. The predictive and calibration ability and the clinical net benefit of the predictive model were good, indicating that it can be used as an effective tool for the early prediction of poor prognosis after ICR in patients with MVD.
How is Satisfaction with Online-to-Offline App Formed? Importance of Confirmation Through Offline Experience

Online-to-offline mobile applications (O2O apps), which attract potential customers online and entice them to purchase in physical stores, are growing in popularity. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which satisfaction with O2O apps is formed through offline experiences. Drawing on the expectation confirmation model (ECM), this study proposes that the confirmation of expectations through offline experiences is the key to explaining satisfaction with O2O apps. Response data from 271 consumers of Kakao Hair, an O2O application that is widely used for hair shop customers in South Korea, were collected and analyzed. The analysis found that the confirmation of expectations through offline experiences directly influences O2O app satisfaction, and indirectly influences O2O app satisfaction through trust in and the perceived usefulness of O2O applications. This study contributes to both ECM literature and mobile application literature by demonstrating how confirmation of expectations through offline experiences affect O2O app satisfaction and intention to continue using O2O apps.
A study of land cover classification using polarimetric SAR parameters

Classification of the Earth's surface constitutes an important application of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data; in turn, it may represent an efficient way for investigating their different representations. The polarimetric parameters most frequently taken into account for classification have been the incoherent ones. A similar use of coherent methods appears to have been scarcely considered and remained neglected. In this contribution, we wish to address this issue, testing and comparing a wide range of polarimetric SAR parameters, coherent and incoherent. Another original aspect of this work is the study of the dependence of the classification results on the varying size of averaging windows of pixels. Such an analysis will permit us to evaluate the importance of speckle reduction and to prove if the chosen polarimetric parameters describe only point‐like physical properties of the targets or if they also contain ‘extended’, local information. The goal is to provide an objective estimate of the quality of the classification of polarimetric parameters and afford their comparison, an exercise hitherto unavailable in the literature in common knowledge.
Improved dielectric functions in metallic films obtained via template stripping

We compare the dielectric functions of silver interfaces obtained via thermal evaporation with those obtained with template stripping. Ellipsometry measurements show that the smoother template-stripped surfaces exhibit effective dielectric functions with a more negative real component and a smaller imaginary component, implying higher conductivity and less energy loss, respectively. These results agree with the relation between dielectric function and surface roughness derived from combining the effective-medium model and the Drude-Lorentz model. The improvement in the effective dielectric properties shows that metallic films prepared via template stripping can be favorable for applications in electronics, nanophotonics, and plasmonics.
A Review of Routing Techniques for Different Applications in Wireless Sensor Network

Since the development of sensing technology, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been playing an amazing role in monitoring and early detection of the target applications be it forest fire detection, agricultural, industrial, flood detection, etc. The limited battery of sensor nodes restricts the potential of WSNs for covering various applications. The routing methods can save the energy of sensor nodes meant for various applications. In this paper, we present a review of various routing techniques that are meant for various applications namely, detection of forest fire, landslide, flood, continuous monitoring of the environment, agricultural, underwater, intelligent transportation, etc. To our best knowledge, this is the first-ever review that considers the routing method pertaining to the diversified application of WSN. We focus on the cluster-based routing methods due to their various advantages namely, scalability, energy-preservation, load balancing, etc.
Comparative Evaluation and Analysis of Different Switching Schemes for a Three-Phase Symmetrical Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Switch Count

Nowadays, multilevel inverters (MLIs) are receiving profound attention to cater the power requirements of industry 4.0. In this context, newer MLI topologies are being explored as well as proposed with reduced component counts to attain higher levels of output voltage. In this context, this article illustrates the comparative analysis of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with two different carrier wave and low frequency modulation (LFM) for a 3-phase symmetrical modular multilevel inverter (M-MLI) with reduced component counts. Since, this topography is uncomplicated and modular, it could be extended to several levels by rising the number of cells. The M-MLI topology having 3-levels in each pole with a single fundamental cell in each phase is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The %THD of M-MLI using LFM scheme is found less compared to other two techniques which are demonstrated through FFT analysis.
A High-Performance Hybrid Full Adder Circuit

This research presents a novel hybrid complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) design for a 1-bit complete adder. The investigation of the hybrid-CMOS design style was prompted by the search for good drivability, low-energy, and noise-robustness operation for deep submicron. Various CMOS logic style circuits are used in hybrid-CMOS design style to design a novel design of full adders with desired performance. This dramatically reduces design efforts by giving designers more freedom to focus on various applications. This work implements a novel full adder design using the FinFET 16 nm technology. At first, an XOR-XNOR circuit is presented that concurrently generates the XOR-XNOR full swing outputs, which is used to implement the full adder. The proposed design reports 23.64% to 74.95% and 13.47% to 81.31 % improvement in power delay product (PDP) and energy-delay product (EDP), respectively, over existing adders.
Very High-Power High-Frequency Resonant Tunnelling Diode Oscillators

We report on very high power resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) based monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) oscillators with 35 mW output power at 11 GHz and 10 mW at 49 GHz. The key to these high powers is the use of an epitaxial layer structure that give devices with large peak to valley voltage span ($\Delta$V) of 1.2 V and the use of large area devices to get large peak to valley current span ($\Delta$I). The low device self-capacitance of 0.25 fF/$\mu m^{2}$ allows the use of large area devices without limiting the maximum achievable oscillation frequency. All fabrication of the oscillator MMICs was done using low-cost photolithography techniques. The achieved power levels are unprecedented for RTD oscillators and demonstrate the very high-power capability of this technology at microwave and mm-wave frequencies, and show that it could be competitive for the next generation (6G) wireless links and automotive radar applications.
Evaluation of Availability of 300-GHz-Band Wireless Fronthaul Link during Torrential Rain

We investigated the availability of 300-GHz-band fronthaul links during torrential rain. 5-km square Tokyo area in Japan was divided into 22×22 cells, and one remote antenna unit was placed on a building in each cell in line-of-sight environment by using automatic planning algorithm. We calculated the rain attenuation of 300-GHz-band wireless signal based on actual rainfall intensity data, and evaluated cumulative distribution function of received power of the links. Simulation results indicate that 20.5 % of the links had less than the required received power necessary for 100 Gbps data transmission during 30 minutes of torrential rain.
3D Image Recognition Technology for Analog Circuit Based on DSP and BP Algorithm

At present, the "artificial intelligence fever" centers on image recognition and video recognition, driving the computer vision market. BP neural network, as a commonly used processing model in the field of image recognition, has further become a research hotspot of 3D image recognition technology for analog circuits. The purpose of this paper is to design a three-dimensional image recognition technology for analog circuits based on DSP and BP algorithm. The recognition algorithm adopts the fastest version of BP neural network, LMBP, and improves it. On the one hand, the conjugate gradient method is used to speed up the convergence process and improve the performance of the algorithm. The above algorithm is transplanted into DSP platform. Finally, using a breadboard, an analog circuit is built, 200 kinds of faults are artificially created, and the system is tested many times. The results show that using the improved BP algorithm, the correct rate of fault diagnosis is 84%, and the BP algorithm is 74.5%, which are improved compared with the traditional fault dictionary method, so the system has certain use value.
Attention-based Deep Residual U Neural Network on Brain Tumor Segmentation Algorithms

In the image segmentation task, due to the complex distribution and variable shapes of brain tumors, conventional networks have poor accuracy in detecting small objects. Moreover, the computation cost of full convolutional network is high, and it is difficult to design a deep network as well. In this paper, we propose a new segmentation network called Attention-based Deep Residual U-Net (ADRU-Net). Res-Net50[1] replaces the fully convolutional network as the backbone feature extractor of U-Net[2], which can not only better learn deep features, but also avoid gradient disappearance. Both can greatly improve segmentation performance. At the same time, ADRU-Net introduces 6 Coord Attention modules[3] between the networks, which realizes the fine segmentation of edges without increasing the computational load too much. In practice, the introduction of Coordinate Attention not only optimizes the segmentation of tumor edges, but also makes the segmentation efficient especially in small objects. Experiments show that compared with other U-Net variant networks, ADRU-Net obviously improves the convergence speed, and can treat small objects well, which achieves a more effective segmentation with low cost. Finally, Our network proposed in this paper improves the mIoU by 5.13% and the mPA by 5.96% in the LGG Segmentation Dataset[4].
Energy-band alignment of Al2O3 and HfAlO gate dielectrics deposited by atomic layer deposition on 4H–SiC

Energy band alignment and band gap of Al2O3 and HfAlO films grown by atomic layer deposition on 4H–SiC were determined using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Al2O3 exhibited a symmetric band profile with a conduction band offset (ΔEC) of 1.88 eV and a valence band offset (ΔEV) of 1.87 eV. HfAlO yielded a smaller ΔEC of 1.16 eV and ΔEV of 1.59 eV. The higher dielectric constant and higher effective breakdown field of HfAlO compared to Al2O3, coupled with sufficient electron and hole barrier heights, makes it a potential dielectric for use on 4H–SiC, and provokes interest in further investigation of HfAlO/4H–SiC properties.
Natural neighbour Galerkin computation of the vibration modes of fluid‐structure systems

Purpose – This paper seeks to extend the application of the natural neighbour Galerkin method to vibration analysis of fluid‐structure interaction problems.Design/methodology/approach – The natural element method (NEM) which is a meshless technique is used to simulate the vibration analysis of the fluid‐structure interaction systems. The method uses the natural neighbour interpolation for the construction of test and trial functions. Displacement variable is used for both the solid and the fluid domains, whereas the fluid displacement is written as the gradient of a potential function. Two classical examples are considered: free vibration of a flexible cavity filled with liquid and vibration of an open vessel containing liquid. The corresponding eigenvalue problems are solved and the results are compared with the finite element method (FEM) and analytical solutions to show the accuracy and convergence of the method.Findings – The performance of the NEM is investigated in the computation of the vibration m.
Optimization and testing of a continuous rotary motor based on shape memory wires and overrunning clutches

A relatively unexplored but extremely attractive field for the application of the shape memory technology is the area of rotary actuators, especially for generating continuous rotations. This paper deals with a novel design of a rotary motor based on SMA wires and overrunning clutches which features high output torque and boundless angular stroke in a compact package. The concept uses a long SMA wire wound round a low-friction cylindrical drum upon which the wire can contract and extend with minimum effort and limited space demand. Fitted to the output shaft by means of an overrunning clutch the output shaft rotates unidirectionally despite the sequence of contractions-elongation cycles of the wire. Following a design procedure developed in a former paper, a six-stage miniature prototype is built and tested showing excellent performance in terms of torque, speed and power density. Characteristic performances of the motor are as follows: size envelope = 48×22×30 mm3; maximum torque = 20 Nmm; specific torque = 6.31×10−4 Nmm/mm3; rotation per module = 15 deg; continuous speed (unloaded) = 4 rpm.
Finite Beta Electro‐Magnetic Effects at the Edge and the Role of the Scrape‐off Layer in the L‐H Transition

Magnetic induction becomes important when the skin‐depth equals the wavelength of the electrostatic drift turbulence: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ C/\sqrt 4 \pi \sigma \omega = K_ \bot ^{ - 1} $ \end{document}. It is predicted that this suppresses the longwave perturbations responsible for the bulk of the turbulent transport, providing an explanation for the L‐H transition. Since k⟂ρs ≪ 1 at the edge (ρs ‐ ion Larmor radius), this may occur at rather low β, typical of the separatrix parameters. The above equality is used to derive thresholds for the L‐H transition: β ≈ (k⟂ρs)2(me/mi)in the collisionless skin‐depth limit of very low density plasmas and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ T^3 _e \sim B^2 L_ \bot Z_{eff} /\sqrt m $\end{document} (L⟂‐perpendicular decay length) in the collisional skin‐depth limit of medium to high density plasmas. The latter is in a broad agreement with experiment, pointing to a possible role of low temperature collisional plasma (which is in the SOL) in the physics of the L‐H transition.
Terahertz single-photon detectors based on quantum wells

Semiconductor charge-sensitive infrared phototransistors (CSIPs) based on quantum wells are described. They are the only detectors that are able to count single photons in the terahertz region at present. In terms of the noise equivalent power (NEP), the detectors show experimental values of 7 × 10−20 W/Hz1/2, while theoretically expected values are even much lower. These NEP values are by several orders of magnitude lower than any other state-of-the-art highly sensitive detectors. In addition to the outstanding sensitivity, the detectors are featured by strong advantage of huge current responsivity (>1 × 105 A/W) and low output impedance (<10 kΩ). This excellent performance in the above has been obtained for λ = 12–28 μm. By introducing a modified scheme of detection (called “lateral-escape”) along with an improved coupler structure (bowtie antenna), we have achieved similar excellent performance for 45 μm. The CSIP provides extremely promising detectors for a variety of applications covering a wide spectral range of 12–100 μm.
Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer Technology for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Systematical Review

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) technology has seen a significant boost over the past ten years and has been widely adopted in entertainment, rescue, intelligent transportation, no-touch delivery, environmental monitoring, and other real-world applications. However, the ranging limitation due to the shortage of battery energy capacity remains a major issue hindering further development of UAVs. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is a new technology of great potentials in improving the endurance of UAVs. The integration of WPT into UAV not only activates the recharging of UAVs batteries but also enables UAVs to recharge other devices. Moreover, wireless charging technology allows the device to be fully enclosed and suitable for harsh weather conditions. In this article, we present a comprehensive review in regard to the state-of-the-art of near-field WPT technologies for UAV charging, including technologies characteristics, design issues, as well as multiple case studies. A comparative analysis of existing technologies is also presented, associated with key future research discussions of WPT for UAVs.