Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time-integrated laser-induced plasma spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet for the quantitative elemental characterization of steel alloys

This paper demonstrates that time-integrated space-resolved laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (TISR-LIPS) is a useful technique in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) for the quantitative determination of the carbon content in steels. The standard reference samples used were carbon-iron alloys containing a relatively wide concentration range of carbon (0.041-1.32%). In the experiments the output of a Q-switched Nd:YAG (1064? nm) laser, with approximately a 1? J maximum output pulse energy and approximately a 12? ns temporal pulse width, was focused onto the surface of each sample (under vacuum) in order to produce the emitting plasma. A fore-slit mounted in the target chamber allowed spatially-resolved spectral measurements in the axial direction of the plasma and provided emission lines that were almost free of the background continuum. A 1? m normal incidence vacuum spectrometer, equipped with a 1200 grooves mm-1 concave grating and a micro-channel plate/photodiode array detector combination, was used as the detection system. A particularly interesting feature of this work is the demonstration that VUV spectroscopy allows ionic lines to be used and linear calibration curves were obtained for the five carbon spectral lines (from C+ and C2+) under investigation. The limits of detection for all lines were determined; the lowest detection limit (87? 10? ppm) was obtained from the C2+ 97.70? nm line, which compares favourably with the only available value in the literature of 100? ppm.
Thermal effects on thermoplastic composites welded joints: A physical and mechanical characterisation

The use of high performance thermoplastic composites (TPCs) in the aviation industry has increased over the last years. TPCs have significant advantages such as superior damage tolerance, excellent chemical resistance and the ability to be welded. To date, mechanical fastening, primarily, and adhesive bonding are the two traditional joining methods used in aviation industry. However, welding of TPCs has attracted significant attention due to its advantageous qualities such as the very short cycle times and the minimised stress concentrations. Most of the research published on welding of TPCs concerns process optimization and the evaluation of the mechanical performance at room temperature (RT) conditions. However, aircraft operate in a wide range of temperatures, typically between -50 °C to 70 °C and depending on the conditions, even up to 93 °C. Considering the temperature dependency of polymer composites properties, the weld performance of TPCs at low and high temperatures needs to be addressed. To the author’s knowledge, prior to the year 2014 there was no available literature assessing the influence of temperature on the mechanical performance of TPCs welded joints and since then, only a few publications have addressed this topic. The primary objective of this thesis was to not only fill the literature gap but also to obtain deeper knowledge and clear understanding of the behaviour of thermoplastic composites welded joints at low and high temperatures. In other words, to understand the phenomena dictating the weld performance which, in turn, would pave the way for further improvement of material properties and weld design.
Effect of temperature on the drying process of bee pollen from two zones of colombia

ABSTRACT The influence of the drying temperature (35 and 45C) on bee pollen is evaluated based on the physical, chemical and nutritional characteristics of dried bee pollen from two zones in Colombia (La Calera and Zipaquira). The methods used to establish the effect of the treatment are: determination of chemical composition, measurement of water activity, solubility index, mean particle size, vitamin C content and carotene content. The results confirm that the drying process of bee pollen at 45C has the shorter drying time (156–198 min), moisture content (7–8%) and water activity (0.3), but higher levels of carotene and vitamin C losses. The protein, fiber and ash contents are not affected by the drying temperature. The observed higher carotene content of the pollen from La Calera is probably because of the flora composition in this zone. The vitamin C content decreases as the drying temperature increases, but there are no significant differences between zones. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Bee pollen can be sold as both fresh and dried products. However, refrigeration with temperature between 5 and 10C is required for storage of the fresh bee pollen to preserve quality. The bee pollen drying allows preserving the product at room temperature, making the product marketing easier and increasing the profits of beekeepers. The drying process of bee pollen in Colombia is done by sun, solar and oven-drying methods. But hot-air drying is considered as a suitable drying method because it decreases drying time and improves the hygienic quality of the dried product. The chemical, physical and nutritional properties of dried bee pollen were studied in order to evaluate the effect of drying temperature on pollen from different origins. Thus, the results of this investigation can help the apiarists to use the best drying conditions to produce dried bee pollen.
Ülkeler insan kayna¤› kalitesini art›rmak için e¤itim sistemlerine yat›r›m yapmaktad›r. Bu ba¤lamda, özellikle yüksekö¤retim sistemlerinin geniflle- mesinden sonra ülkelerin, iflgücü piyasas›ndaki insan kayna¤› kalitesini ar- t›rmak için yüksekö¤retimden mezun

yapmaktad›r. Bu ba¤lamda, özellikle yüksekö¤retim sistemlerinin genifllemesinden sonra ülkelerin, iflgücü piyasas›ndaki insan kayna¤› kalitesini art›rmak için yüksekö¤retimden mezun olanlar›n oranlar›n› art›rmaya çal›flt›klar› görülmektedir. Bu çabalar›n nihai amac›, okuldan ifle geçiflleri kolaylaflt›rmak ve iflgücü piyasas›n›n insan kayna¤› ihtiyaçlar›n› karfl›layarak toplumsal refah› art›rmakt›r. Okuldan ifle geçiflin kolaylaflt›r›lmas› genç iflsizlik oranlar›na do¤rudan etki etmektedir. Okuldan ifle geçifl ilkokuldan yüksekö¤retime kadar sadece e¤itimin kalitesi ile de¤il, ayr›ca iflgücü piyasas› dinamikleri ile de do¤rudan iliflkilidir. ‹flgücü piyasalar›nda istihdam dinamiklerinin anlafl›lmas›nda sosyal a¤lar›n analizlerinin kullan›lmaya bafllanmas›, istihdam› etkileyen befleri sermayenin ötesinde iflgücü piyasas›nda çok say›da baflka faktörün oldu¤unu ortaya koymufltur. ‹fl arama kanallar› aras›nda özellikle efl, dost, akraba, baflka bir ifadeyle sosyal çevrenin çok daha önemli oldu¤u görülmektedir. Bu bak›mdan, iflverenler ifle eleman al›m›nda formel kanallar›n ötesinde referans kanallar›n› s›kl›kla kullanmaktad›r. Bu kanallar›n, iflverenler aç›s›ndan hem çal›flan arama maliyetini düflürdü¤ü hem de çal›flanlar›n iflletmelerde çal›flma süresini uzatt›¤› için verimlili¤i de art›rd›¤› gösterilmifltir. Dolay›s›yla okuldan ifle geçiflin dinamiklerini anlamada sosyal a¤ analizleri önemli f›rsatlar sunmaktad›r. Bu nedenle bu çal›flmada sosyal a¤ modellerinin ifl piyasalar›nda istihdam dinamiklerini ve eflitsizlikleri anlamada sundu¤u imkânlar de¤erlendirilmekte, a¤daki temaslar›n istihdamda ne kadar etkili oldu¤u ayr›nt›l› olarak ele al›nmaktad›r. Ayr›ca, sosyal a¤lar›n oluflumunda ve genifllemesinde eflitsizlikleri art›ran Matta etkisi de¤erlendirilmektedir. Di¤er taraftan, Matta etkisi kendisini iflgücü piyasalar›ndan önce e¤itimde gösterdi¤i için e¤itimdeki eflitsizliklerin temel nedenleri ve çözüm yollar› üzerinde durulmaktad›r. Böylece, iflgücü piyasalar›nda eflitsizliklerin etkilerini hafifletebilmek için e¤itimdeki eflitsizliklerin azalt›lmas›n›n önemi vurgulanmaktad›r.
Controlled Complexity: Optimized Systems to Study the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Host Physiology

The profound impact of the gut microbiome on host health has led to a revolution in biomedical research, motivating researchers from disparate fields to define the specific molecular mechanisms that mediate host-beneficial effects. The advent of genomic technologies allied to the use of model microbiomes in gnotobiotic mouse models has transformed our understanding of intestinal microbial ecology and the impact of the microbiome on the host. However, despite incredible advances, our understanding of the host-microbiome dialogue that shapes host physiology is still in its infancy. Progress has been limited by challenges associated with developing model systems that are both tractable enough to provide key mechanistic insights while also reflecting the enormous complexity of the gut ecosystem. Simplified model microbiomes have facilitated detailed interrogation of transcriptional and metabolic functions of the microbiome but do not recapitulate the interactions seen in complex communities. Conversely, intact complex communities from mice or humans provide a more physiologically relevant community type, but can limit our ability to uncover high-resolution insights into microbiome function. Moreover, complex microbiomes from lab-derived mice or humans often do not readily imprint human-like phenotypes. Therefore, improved model microbiomes that are highly defined and tractable, but that more accurately recapitulate human microbiome-induced phenotypic variation are required to improve understanding of fundamental processes governing host-microbiome mutualism. This improved understanding will enhance the translational relevance of studies that address how the microbiome promotes host health and influences disease states. Microbial exposures in wild mice, both symbiotic and infectious in nature, have recently been established to more readily recapitulate human-like phenotypes. The development of synthetic model communities from such “wild mice” therefore represents an attractive strategy to overcome the limitations of current approaches. Advances in microbial culturing approaches that allow for the generation of large and diverse libraries of isolates, coupled to ever more affordable large-scale genomic sequencing, mean that we are now ideally positioned to develop such systems. Furthermore, the development of sophisticated in vitro systems is allowing for detailed insights into host-microbiome interactions to be obtained. Here we discuss the need to leverage such approaches and highlight key challenges that remain to be addressed.
Is Moodle Gamification Effective in Reviewing Student's Motivation Related to Interest in Learning Online?

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Moodle gamification on students' learning motivation related to online learning interest. The research subjects were selected with a purposive sampling technique, namely the class of 2018 (n=112), class of 2019 (n=98), and class of 2020 (n=60). This study uses mixed methods. Quantitative data processing, using two-way Anova to see the main effect, interaction effect, and t-test to see a simple effect. The study finds that Moodle gamification is considered quite effective in motivating students regarding online learning interest. This result draws on survey data for 2018 2019 and 2020 students showing a “yes” answer to the question “Did gamification (e.g., level up, activity completion, and activity restriction) in Moodle motivate you during your major? ” is 78.40%; 83.30%; and 90.91%. These results provide information that gamification increases student motivation. The implication of this study is that when the motivation of students is formed through gamification it will develop students' abilities.
A $p$-Adic 6-Functor Formalism in Rigid-Analytic Geometry

We develop a full 6-functor formalism for $p$-torsion \'etale sheaves in rigid-analytic geometry. More concretely, we use the recently developed condensed mathematics by Clausen--Scholze to associate to every small v-stack (e.g. rigid-analytic variety) $X$ with pseudouniformizer $\pi$ an $\infty$-category $\mathcal D^a_\square(\mathcal O^+_X/\pi)$ of"derived quasicoherent complete topological $\mathcal O^+_X/\pi$-modules"on $X$. We then construct the six functors $\otimes$, $\underline{Hom}$, $f^*$, $f_*$, $f_! $ and $f^! $ in this setting and show that they satisfy all the expected compatibilities, similar to the $\ell$-adic case. By introducing $\varphi$-module structures and proving a version of the $p$-torsion Riemann-Hilbert correspondence we relate $\mathcal O^+_X/\pi$-sheaves to $\mathbb F_p$-sheaves. As a special case of this formalism we prove Poincar\'e duality for $\mathbb F_p$-cohomology on rigid-analytic varieties. In the process of constructing $\mathcal D^a_\square(\mathcal O^+_X/\pi)$ we also develop a general descent formalism for condensed modules over condensed rings.
Galileus Deceptus, Non Minime Decepit: A Re-Appraisal of a Counter-Argument in Dialogo to the Extrusion Effect of a Rotating Earth

In a justly proud reminder to himself of his achievements on centrifugal force, Christiaan Huygens noted: “Galileus deceptus. Neutonus applicuit feliciter ad motus ellipticos Planetarum. [H]inc quanti sit haec vis centrifugae cognitio apparet. ” Though we may doubt whether Newton would have acknowledged his debt to Huygens, and wonder what Galileo might have replied, Huygens’s comment on Galileo’s deluding himself on centrifugal force seems, with few exceptions, to have found favour with twentieth-century historians and philosophers of science. It is unclear exactly to which passage of Galileo’s Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems Huygens referred, so perhaps we have to take his comment as applicable to the whole argumentative strategy propounded by Galileo in the relevant sections of the Second Day of the Dialogue. As we shall see, Galileo basically wishes to prove that no matter how fast the Earth rotates daily on its polar axis, objects on its surface would never be extruded, i.e., they would never fly off toward the sky. That this should be the case was a rather common objection raised by anti-Copernicans at that time. Thus, in the late 1930s, Alexandre Koyré pointed out that “Galileo’s argument . is extremely subtle and seductive. Unfortunately it is incorrect; and what is worse, it is manifestly incorrect”. Others followed Huygens and Koyré in their negative assessment of Galileo’s argument. About twenty years ago, however, David K. Hill went so far as to claim that Galileo crossed the line between honest argument and conscious deception, and that he knew full well that his counter-argument to the anti-Copernicans was seriously flawed. Eventually, dissent in the debate was expressed by Stillman Drake in a rejoinder note to Hill. In my view, the merit of Drake’s short rejoinder consists in having exposed the bundle of sometimes confused assumptions about the behaviour of bodies on a rotating Earth, on which the contemporary chorus of negative opinion was based. Drake argued that bodies on a Earth rotating faster and faster eventually reach the condition of weightlessness, after which they continue to orbit the Earth, remaining at rest with respect to a terrestrial observer. In other words, weightless bodies behave like geostationary satellites situated in close proximity of the surface of the Earth. Thus Drake thought he could rescue Galileo’s argument, on purely physical grounds, and salvage Galileo’s moral reputation. However, Drake somehow missed the point of Hill’s criticism of Galileo. For, as we shall see, Hill did not analyse Galileo’s counterJHA, xxxix (2008)
Numbers, language, and the human mind

Introduction 1. Numbers and objects 2. What does it mean to be a number? 3. Can words be numbers? 4. The language legacy 5. Children's route to number: from iconic representations to numerical thinking 6. The organisation of our cognitive number domain 7. Non-verbal number systems 8. Numbers in language: the grammatical integration of numerical tools Appendix.
POSSIBLE SOLUTION OF THE LONG-STANDING DISCREPANCY IN THE MICROLENSING OPTICAL DEPTH TOWARD THE GALACTIC BULGE BY CORRECTING THE STELLAR NUMBER COUNT

We find that significant incompleteness in stellar number counts results in a significant overestimate of the microlensing optical depth τ and event rate per star per year Γ toward the Galactic bulge from the first two years of the MOA-II survey. We find that the completeness in red clump giant (RCG) counts decreases proportional to the galactic latitude b, as , ranging between 1 and 0.7 at . The previous measurements using all sources by difference image analysis (DIA) by MACHO and MOA-I suffer the same bias. On the other hand, the measurements using an RCG sample by OGLE-II, MACHO, and EROS were free from this bias because they selected only the events associated with the resolved stars. Thus, the incompleteness both in the number of events and stellar number count cancel out. We estimate τ and Γ by correcting this incompleteness. In the central fields with , we find star−1 yr−1 and for the 427 events with days using all sources brighter than mag. Our revised all-source τ measurements are about 2σ smaller than the other all-source measurements and are consistent with the RCG measurements within 1σ. We conclude that the long-standing problem on discrepancy between the high τ with all-source samples by DIA and low τ with RCG samples can probably be explained by the incompleteness of the stellar number count. A model fit to these measurements predicts star−1 yr−1 at and for sources with , where the future space mission, Wide Field Infrared Space Telescope, will observe.
Phosphorylated Proteins from Serum: A Promising Potential Diagnostic Biomarker of Cancer

Cancer is a fatal disease worldwide. Each year ten million people are diagnosed around the world, and more than half of patients eventually die from it in many countries. A majority of cancer remains asymptomatic in the earlier stages, with specific symptoms appearing in the advanced stages when the chances of adequate treatment are low. Cancer screening is generally executed by different imaging techniques like ultrasonography (USG), mammography, CT-scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Imaging techniques, however, fail to distinguish between cancerous and non-cancerous cells for early diagnosis. To confirm the imaging result, solid and liquid biopsies are done which have certain limitations such as invasive (in case of solid biopsy) or missed early diagnosis due to extremely low concentrations of circulating tumor DNA (in case of liquid biopsy). Therefore, it is essential to detect certain biomarkers by a noninvasive approach. One approach is a proteomic or glycoproteomic study which mostly identifies proteins and glycoproteins present in tissues and serum. Some of these studies are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Another non-expensive and comparatively easier method to detect glycoprotein biomarkers is by ELISA, which uses lectins of diverse specificities. Several of the FDA approved proteins used as cancer biomarkers do not show optimal sensitivities for precise diagnosis of the diseases. In this regard, expression of phosphoproteins is associated with a more specific stage of a particular disease with high sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss the expression of different serum phosphoproteins in various cancers. These phosphoproteins are detected either by phosphoprotein enrichment by immunoprecipitation using phosphospecific antibody and metal oxide affinity chromatography followed by LC-MS/MS or by 2D gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-ToF/MS analysis. The updated knowledge on phosphorylated proteins in clinical samples from various cancer patients would help to develop these serum phophoproteins as potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers of cancer.
Leading-order relativistic corrections to the rovibrational spectrum of 
H2+
 and 
HD+
 molecular ions

High-precision variational calculations of the operators for the relativistic corrections in the leading $m\alpha^4$ order are presented. The ro-vibrational states in the range of the total orbital angular momentum $L\! =\! 0\! -\! 4$ and vibrational quantum number $v\! =\! 0\! -\! 10$ for the $\mbox{H}_2^+$ and $\mbox{HD}^+$ molecular ions are considered. We estimate that about ten significant digits are obtained. This high precision is required for making theoretical predictions for transition frequencies at the level of $10^{-12}$ relative uncertainty.
Updating and pre-existing semantic associations: testing can enhance or impair new learning

ABSTRACT We often need to update what we have learned, building on older information by adding newer information. When updating, is it better to review the older information by retrieving it (testing) or restudying it? In other words, do tests result in enhanced updating or impaired updating compared to restudying? Past research has obtained divergent conclusions to this question. The present study used a paired associates updating paradigm in which participants studied a cue and the older response (A-B). They later reviewed the older response by restudying (A-B) or testing (A-? ; A-B) and immediately after learned a newer response (-D) that updated the original pair into a trio (A-B-D). In eight experiments, we demonstrated that different patterns of pre-existing semantic associations between the cue, older response, and newer response resulted in all possible outcomes: test enhanced new learning, test impaired new learning, and no difference. The results were most consistent with a family of updating theories that propose the metacognitive processes that occur after reviewing determine whether testing enhances, impairs, or has no impact on new learning. The results suggest that theories should consider the impact of the newer response in updating in addition to performance on the initial test.
Efficacy and Safety of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE in Adults with Inoperable or Metastatic Somatostatin Receptor-Positive Pheochromocytomas/Paragangliomas, Bronchial and Unknown Origin Neuroendocrine Tumors, and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: We have performed a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE, a radioligand therapy, in advanced somatostatin receptor-positive pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL), thymic neuroendocrine tumor (NET), bronchial NET, unknown primary NET, or medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Methods: Studies identified in PubMed from inception to 13 May 2021 must have assessed [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE as a single agent and reported outcome data for the specific NET types of interest. Results: Two independent reviewers performed the screening and data extraction, resulting in 16 publications: PPGL (n = 7), bronchial NETs (n = 6; one also included NETs of unknown origin), and MTC (n = 3). Overall, [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE offers encouraging antitumor activity (overall tumor response rates and disease control rates) across NET types. Safety was favorable with most adverse events mild to moderate in severity, transient, and consistent with those seen in patients with gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NETs. Conclusions: [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE has been used effectively in clinical practice to treat NETs of non-GEP origin.
How does Contrastive Learning Organize Images?

Contrastive learning, a dominant self-supervised technique, emphasizes similarity in representations between augmentations of the same input and dissimilarity for different ones. Although low contrastive loss often correlates with high classification accuracy, recent studies challenge this direct relationship, spotlighting the crucial role of inductive biases. We delve into these biases from a clustering viewpoint, noting that contrastive learning creates locally dense clusters, contrasting the globally dense clusters from supervised learning. To capture this discrepancy, we introduce the"RLD (Relative Local Density)"metric. While this cluster property can hinder linear classification accuracy, leveraging a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) based classifier mitigates this, boosting accuracy and reducing parameter requirements. The code is available \href{https://github.com/xsgxlz/How-does-Contrastive-Learning-Organize-Images/tree/main}{here}.