Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative tax-benefit strategies to support children in Poland

Eurostat data shows that children and elderly are especially at risk of being in poverty. In 2004 the average rates of poverty risk in the European Union for these groups were about 19%. In Poland, the rate was 29% for children and only 7% for the elderly. We examine the role of the tax-benefit system in explaining this situation and analyse how much child poverty figures could change under several reform scenarios. In 2005, families with children were mainly supported by a means-tested family allowance and some supplements. This was extended in 2007 with the introduction of a non-refundable child tax credit. Making use of the European tax-benefit microsimulation model EUROMOD, this paper assesses the consequences of the recent reform in Poland. We examine theoutcome in comparison to child policies in three other European systems and show that poverty reduction would have been more pronounced, if child policies were changed along the lines of the system in France or the United Kingdom. The Austrian system - relying primarily on universal benefits - would bring about a similar reduction in the poverty rate but with much greater reduction in the poverty gap. The paper presents detailed distributional analysis under the different systems assuming the cost of â€œimportingâ€ each of them to be the same as that of introducing the 2007 reform.
Thermal/performance characterization of CMPs with 3D-stacked DRAMs under synergistic voltage-frequency control of cores and DRAMs

Chip-Multiprocessors (CMPs) with 3D-stacked DRAMs is promising for solving the memory wall problem, but the high power density makes 3D ICs frequently operate at or near the thermal limit. System hot spot of a CMP with 3D-stacked DRAMs is usually in DRAMs that are in the layers farthest from the heat sink. Heat from DRAMs and cores are all accumulated in DRAMs. Therefore, existing thermal managements for 3D ICs all perform thermal control on cores only because lowering the power-level of cores can also lower DRAM access frequency. However, as the power consumption of single DRAM access increases with the number of DRAM stacks and the width of the vertical links, the instantaneous DRAM accesses may easily overheat the system. So, in addition to lowering the access frequency of DRAMs, reducing the power consumption per DRAM access is also crucial. In this paper, we characterize the thermal and performance behavior of the target architecture when the voltage and frequency levels of cores and DRAMs are synergistically controlled. We also evaluate the thermal and performance behavior of existing thermal control methods that can be applied to the target architecture. The insights provided by the characterizations presented in this paper are important for developing an effective thermal management policy for CMPs with 3D-stacked DRAMs. Our results show that, synergistically controlling the voltage-frequency levels of cores and DRAMs does achieve higher thermal efficiency than controlling cores only.
Exposure to Sexual Economics Theory Promotes a Hostile View of Heterosexual Relationships

Proponents of sexual economics theory argue that women exchange sex for men’s resources. This idea is likely to promote a competitive view of gender relationships that undermines gender equality by characterizing women as manipulative and financially dependent on men. Heterosexual college students (N = 474) who were randomly exposed to a popular YouTube video describing sexual economics theory increased their (1) behavioral support for sexual exchange concepts, (2) endorsement of the theory, and (3) adversarial views of heterosexual relationships, compared with a control group of students. Sexual exchange theory endorsement and adversarial heterosexual beliefs positively covaried, and both attitudes were related to participants’ sexism. Reading a critique of sexual exchange theory, that emphasized mutual respect and affection as precursors to heterosexual intimacy, counteracted the consequences of exposure to the theory. The findings provide evidence that disseminating sexual exchange theory via video on the Internet negatively affects young adults’ views of gender relationships. Educators, and others who wish to explore sexual economics theory through the use of this video, should also include a discussion of the countervailing evidence available. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub. com/page/pwq/suppl/index .
The role of virtual multicultural teams in corporate culture

Information and communication technologies are impacting today's organizations and businesses in many diverse ways. The implications are perceived at the individual, organizational, and national levels. The old accustomed-to boundaries of national economies and markets are giving way to globalization and newly emerging trends. Competition is increasing, and due to the forces of change, the world market will sweep aside the small market players to make way for global organizations that are capable of penetrating the world markets through a maisive global outreach strategy. In that respect, there is a need to invest in innovative business models such as virtual multicultural teams that are capable of handling the pressures of growing competition while capitalizing on the evolution of information and communication technology.Global organizations need to operate through a very flexible structure that allows freedom and speed, and replaces the hierarchical models with structures that are flatter and adequate for stronger and more efficient communication. Such a structure will allow bottom-up decision making and self-management and will capitalize on the advantages of employing multicultural teams; the diversified capacities, knowledge and business perception of these teams will be conducive to more in-depth innovation and creativity. Virtual teams can provide an organization with a solid opportunity to compete, making it easier to adapt to different situations and reducing conflicts. This chapter reflects the results of a study conducted in Egypt that targeted the determination of the possibility of reducing multicultural team conflicts by establishing a corporate culture that could have a strong influence on team members using virtual teams. The study covered six organizations operating through virtual multicultural teams and describes the analysis of the findings that relate to the role of corporate culture, the management style, and conflict resolution, among other elements.Global organizations face the challenge of operating through global multicultural teams whose members--coming from different cultural backgrounds--often stumble into conflicts that influence the overall performance of the organization. The core issue of this study is the impact of multicultural team conflicts on the overall organizational performance. Therefore, the objective of the study was to examine the relationship between corporate culture and multicultural team conflicts and to determine whether it is possible to reduce multicultural team conflicts by building a corporate culture in which all individual cultures would fit and where the management plays a vital role in transmitting the corporate culture to different teams in order to help global organizations become more efficient using virtual multicultural teams.
The Good Representative

Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Who is a Good Representative? An Ethics of Democratic Representation. The Proper Scope of an Ethics of Democratic Representation. Three Assumptions. The Theoretical Contribution of The Good Representative. The Structure of The Good Representative. 2. Moving beyond Descriptive Representation. Democratic Representation and Descriptive Representation. Two Problems with Descriptive Representation. Justifying the Silence about Criteria. The Need for Criteria. The Need for Democratic Standards. 3. Democratic Advocacy and Good Democratic Representation. The Scope of Democratic Representation. Sources of Authority for Democratic Representatives. Holding Democratic Representatives Accountable. Existing Standards for Identifying Bad Representatives. Why Democratic Standards? The Importance of Function. The Three Virtues. Democracy and Democratic Citizens' Preferences. 4. The Virtue of Fair-Mindedness. Political Efficacy. Democratic Efficacy. Why Civic Equality? The Meaning of Civic Equality. Using the First Virtue to Evaluate Representatives. Two Problems with the First Virtue. 5. The Virtue of Critical Trust Building. Democratic Representation and Participation. Problems with Evaluating Representatives by Citizen Participation. The Virtue of Critical Trust Building. Promoting Critical Trust. Problems with the Second Virtue. 6. The Virtue of Good Gatekeeping. Developing the Right Relationships. The Scope of Mutual Relations. The Virtue of Good Gatekeeping. A Perspective of Exclusion. Problems with the Third Virtue. Conclusion. 7. Preferable Democratic Representatives: Real-World Political Virtues. Preferability and the Virtues. Preferability and System-Dependency. Are Good Descriptive Representatives Good Democratic Representatives? Choosing among the Virtues. Bad Democratic Representatives. Notes. References. Index.
Market Microstructure Theory

Foreword. 1. Markets and Market--Making. 2. Inventory Models. 3. Information--Based Models. 4. Strategic Trader Models I: Informed Traders. 5. Strategic Trader Models II: Uninformed Traders. 6. Information and the Price Process. 7. Market Viability and Stability. 8. Liquidity and the Relationships between Markets. 9. Issues in Market Performance.
Introduction to Industrial/organizational psychology

I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Introduction: Definitions and History. 2. Research Methods in Industrial/Organizational Psychology. Appendix: Statistical Analysis of Research Data. II. PERSONNEL ISSUES. 3. Job Analysis. 4. Employee Selection. 5. Evaluating Employee Performance. 6. Employee Training and Development. III. WORKER ISSUES. 7. Motivation. 8. Job Satisfaction and Positive Employee Attitudes and Behaviors. 9. Worker Stress and Negative Employee Attitudes and Behaviors. IV. WORK GROUP AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES. 10. Communication in the Work Place. 11. Group Processes in Work Organizations. 12. Leadership. 13. Influence, Power, and Politics. 14. Organizational Structure, Culture, and Development. 15. Human Factors and Occupational Health Psychology.
Metabolism as an integral cog in the mammalian circadian clockwork

Abstract Circadian rhythms are an integral part of life. These rhythms are apparent in virtually all biological processes studies to date, ranging from the individual cell (e.g. DNA synthesis) to the whole organism (e.g. behaviors such as physical activity). Oscillations in metabolism have been characterized extensively in various organisms, including mammals. These metabolic rhythms often parallel behaviors such as sleep/wake and fasting/feeding cycles that occur on a daily basis. What has become increasingly clear over the past several decades is that many metabolic oscillations are driven by cell-autonomous circadian clocks, which orchestrate metabolic processes in a temporally appropriate manner. During the process of identifying the mechanisms by which clocks influence metabolism, molecular-based studies have revealed that metabolism should be considered an integral circadian clock component. The implications of such an interrelationship include the establishment of a vicious cycle during cardiometabolic disease states, wherein metabolism-induced perturbations in the circadian clock exacerbate metabolic dysfunction. The purpose of this review is therefore to highlight recent insights gained regarding links between cell-autonomous circadian clocks and metabolism and the implications of clock dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases.
A Theory of the Published Accounts of Local Authorities

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Asymmetric Information, Multiperiod Labor Contracts, and Inefficient Job Separations

Economists have for some time been telling the world and each other that in a dynamic economy some labor turnover is to be expected and is in fact efficient. However, there is a pervasive feeling that not all of the observed turnover is efficient. The dilemma, of course, is to provide satisfactory reasons why inefficient turnover should occur with optimizing rational economic agents. In light of this problem, recent developments in implicit contract theory [1;4;5] have begun to focus on the idea that in a world of uncertainty, asymmetric information and moral hazard problems may prevent efficient, fully enforceable, contingent claims contracts from developing. In particular, the asymmetric information (i.e., firms privately observe their profits and workers privately observe their alternatives) and moral hazard problems make efficient turnover unlikely because parties making separation decisions have neither all available relevant information nor have an incentive to use this information to make an efficient decision. While this investigation into the ramifications of asymmetric information has yielded new insights, analysis in previous studies has been limited to models in which separations occur only in the final period of the model. In this paper, a simple multiperiod model is developed in which separations may occur in each of several successive periods. The multiperiod specification enables us to distinguish between temporary and permanent separations and to focus attention on the potential for inefficient separations induced by asymmetric information problems in an intertemporal setting. In an intertemporal model in which separations may occur in any one of several successive periods, intertemporal allocation problems arise because compensation in a given period plays an allocative role not only in that particular period but also in all periods prior to that period. That the terms of compensation may play a multiple intertemporal role in allocating labor has been recognized previously in other contexts. For instance, this argument has been used to explain the observed occurrence of rising wage profiles with tenure in the presence of such factors as worker shirking or firm specific skill acquisition [2;9]. In this asymmetric information setting, intertemporal allocation problems
ZmCCT9 enhances maize adaptation to higher latitudes

Significance Flowering time is a critical determinant of crop adaptation to local environments. As a result of natural and artificial selection, maize has evolved a reduced photoperiod sensitivity to adapt to regions over 90° of latitude in the Americas. Here we show that a distant Harbinger-like transposon acts as a cis-regulatory element to repress ZmCCT9 expression to promote flowering under the long days of higher latitudes. The transposon at ZmCCT9 and another functional transposon at a second flowering-time gene, ZmCCT10, arose sequentially following domestication and were targeted by selection as maize spread from the tropics to higher latitudes. Our results demonstrate that new functional variation created by transposon insertions helped maize to spread over a broad range of latitudes rapidly. From its tropical origin in southwestern Mexico, maize spread over a wide latitudinal cline in the Americas. This feat defies the rule that crops are inhibited from spreading easily across latitudes. How the widespread latitudinal adaptation of maize was accomplished is largely unknown. Through positional cloning and association mapping, we resolved a flowering-time quantitative trait locus to a Harbinger-like transposable element positioned 57 kb upstream of a CCT transcription factor (ZmCCT9). The Harbinger-like element acts in cis to repress ZmCCT9 expression to promote flowering under long days. Knockout of ZmCCT9 by CRISPR/Cas9 causes early flowering under long days. ZmCCT9 is diurnally regulated and negatively regulates the expression of the florigen ZCN8, thereby resulting in late flowering under long days. Population genetics analyses revealed that the Harbinger-like transposon insertion at ZmCCT9 and the CACTA-like transposon insertion at another CCT paralog, ZmCCT10, arose sequentially following domestication and were targeted by selection for maize adaptation to higher latitudes. Our findings help explain how the dynamic maize genome with abundant transposon activity enabled maize to adapt over 90° of latitude during the pre-Columbian era.
Aberrant investor participation amid substantial price swings: high-frequency evidence of magnet-repellent effect from Malaysia

ABSTRACT Price limits have skirted controversy since inception. Regulators claim limits curb volatility, allay stressed markets, and encourage reflection on information to trade rationally. Opponents contend saying limits delay the inevitable by postponing volatility, deferring equilibrium price discovery, and obtrude investors’ trading plans. While these undesired effects are all ex-post in nature, some argue that limits – by very existence – threaten to invite trading activities towards themselves and govern trade-flow such that the limit’s prophecy is fulfilled. This is known as magnet effect. Theoretical development of this ex-ante effect has been in hibernation since the 1990s. Thus, empirical attempts have been made to test its existence – mostly in East-Asian exchanges with tight limits. Bursa Malaysia, however, defends its ±30% limit for ~30 years based on internal (unpublished) studies. This paper employs a battery of tests to examine the existence and magnitude of magnet effect and – its counterpart – repellent effect in Malaysia. Our findings suggest a weak form of magnet effect and comparable degrees of repellent effect. Moreover, we report price acceleration beyond a threshold point unsupported by order aggression or volume support necessary to constitute a magnet effect. We discuss policy import of our findings and recommend future research avenues worthy of pursuit. Price limits’ opponents argue that limits can threaten to invite trading activities towards themselves such that the limit’s prophecy is fulfilled. Existence of this phenomenon—the magnet effect—has been tested mostly in exchanges with tight limits. This paper employs a battery of tests to examine the existence and magnitude of magnet effect in Bursa Malaysia, which employs a wide price limit. Our findings suggest a weak form of magnet effect and comparable degrees of repellent effect. Moreover, we report price acceleration beyond a threshold point unsupported by order aggression or volume support necessary to constitute magnet effect.
Adding landscape genetics and individual traits to the ecosystem function paradigm reveals the importance of species functional breadth

Significance Pollinators mediate reproductive processes between plants; however, little is known about how plant and pollinator traits impact pollen dispersal and resulting genetic connectivity. Our study quantifies pollen-dispersal distances and pollination effectiveness for individual pollinator species. We demonstrate that seed set is positively driven by pollinator body size, but long-distance pollen dispersal is mediated by both large-bodied and small-bodied bees. We also reveal that individual plant and population attributes impact pollen-dispersal distances and seed production, respectively. Thus, we show that plant and pollinator traits mediate pollination function and that the entire pollinator community, large and small, plays an important role in the maintenance of genetic connectivity. Animal pollination mediates both reproduction and gene flow for the majority of plant species across the globe. However, past functional studies have focused largely on seed production; although useful, this focus on seed set does not provide information regarding species-specific contributions to pollen-mediated gene flow. Here we quantify pollen dispersal for individual pollinator species across more than 690 ha of tropical forest. Specifically, we examine visitation, seed production, and pollen-dispersal ability for the entire pollinator community of a common tropical tree using a series of individual-based pollinator-exclusion experiments followed by molecular-based fractional paternity analyses. We investigate the effects of pollinator body size, plant size (as a proxy of floral display), local plant density, and local plant kinship on seed production and pollen-dispersal distance. Our results show that while large-bodied pollinators set more seeds per visit, small-bodied bees visited flowers more frequently and were responsible for more than 49% of all long-distance (beyond 1 km) pollen-dispersal events. Thus, despite their size, small-bodied bees play a critical role in facilitating long-distance pollen-mediated gene flow. We also found that both plant size and local plant kinship negatively impact pollen dispersal and seed production. By incorporating genetic and trait-based data into the quantification of pollination services, we highlight the diversity in ecological function mediated by pollinators, the influential role that plant and population attributes play in driving service provision, and the unexpected importance of small-bodied pollinators in the recruitment of plant genetic diversity.