Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Noisy Interpolation Learning with Shallow Univariate ReLU Networks

Understanding how overparameterized neural networks generalize despite perfect interpolation of noisy training data is a fundamental question. Mallinar et. al. 2022 noted that neural networks seem to often exhibit ``tempered overfitting'', wherein the population risk does not converge to the Bayes optimal error, but neither does it approach infinity, yielding non-trivial generalization. However, this has not been studied rigorously. We provide the first rigorous analysis of the overfitting behavior of regression with minimum norm ($\ell_2$ of weights), focusing on univariate two-layer ReLU networks. We show overfitting is tempered (with high probability) when measured with respect to the $L_1$ loss, but also show that the situation is more complex than suggested by Mallinar et. al., and overfitting is catastrophic with respect to the $L_2$ loss, or when taking an expectation over the training set.
Ultrahigh refractive index sensitivity via lattice-induced meta-dipole modes in flat metallic nanoantenna arrays

We investigate control of plasmonic-photonic coupling in flat metallic nanoantenna arrays. We demonstrate that when the nanoantennas are packed together along their short axis (transverse lattice constant) and the incident light polarization is along their long axis, they can support lattice-induced plasmonic resonance coupled to a super-photonic mode that densely fills the superstrate volume. Our results show that at a certain wavelength, this resonance joins the plasmonic tip modes of the nanoantennas, forming meta-dipole modes. These modes have field profiles similar to those of the natural plasmonic dipole modes of individual nanoantennas, but they occur at much shorter wavelengths and offer a very high bulk refractive index sensitivity (925 ± 12 nm/RIU). We show that with an increase in the transverse lattice constant, such a sensitivity decreases as the meta-dipole modes disappear. Under this condition, the refractive index sensitivity supported by natural modes of the nanoantennas increases, as the plasmonic edge mode suppression caused by charge rearrangement decreases.We investigate control of plasmonic-photonic coupling in flat metallic nanoantenna arrays. We demonstrate that when the nanoantennas are packed together along their short axis (transverse lattice constant) and the incident light polarization is along their long axis, they can support lattice-induced plasmonic resonance coupled to a super-photonic mode that densely fills the superstrate volume. Our results show that at a certain wavelength, this resonance joins the plasmonic tip modes of the nanoantennas, forming meta-dipole modes. These modes have field profiles similar to those of the natural plasmonic dipole modes of individual nanoantennas, but they occur at much shorter wavelengths and offer a very high bulk refractive index sensitivity (925 ± 12 nm/RIU). We show that with an increase in the transverse lattice constant, such a sensitivity decreases as the meta-dipole modes disappear. Under this condition, the refractive index sensitivity supported by natural modes of the nanoantennas increases, as the.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Hematologic Malignancies

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) signiﬁcantly contributes to the bleeding and thrombotic complications in patients with hematologic malignancies. As shown in other cancer settings, an underlying condition of activation of the coagulation system leading to a prothrombotic state of chronic or subclinical DIC is detectable. A variety of disease-or treatment-related factors may affect this condition, enhancing the risk of thrombosis or of bleeding and further triggering mechanisms of DIC in this setting. An overt DIC is diagnosed in (cid:1) 15% of patients with acute leukemia, and bleeding manifestations prevail over thrombosis, with the highest and most harmful clinical impact in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Pathogenic mechanisms include a series of intrinsic properties of malignant cells, able to directly activate the coagulation system or to stimulate prothrombotic effects by the host cells. Moreover, chemotherapy or concomitant infections play an important concurrent role. In this review the coagulation abnormalities, clinical manifestations, and the presently known pathophysiologic mechanisms of DIC in patients with hematologic malignancies are discussed, focusing on the most extensively studied condition of APL. Current approaches and open issues for the management and treatment of these patients are also reviewed.
The Pivotal Role of Thrombin in Cancer Biology and Tumorigenesis

The association of cancer and thrombosis has been known for nearly 150 years. Compared with patients without cancer, those with cancer have an increased risk of thrombosis and recurrent thrombosis. It is now well accepted that patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism are also at increased risk of later being diagnosed with cancer. This is further conﬁrmation of the intertwined nature of cancer and thrombosis. Although the mechanisms of this association are still under examination, much work has accrued over the past two decades to suggest an inﬂuence of thrombin on cancer biology. This review focuses on the important role of thrombin in cancer research; recent in vitro work illustrating the mechanisms by which thrombin may affect cancer angiogenesis, cell invasion, and enhanced tumor metastasis; and on clinical trials investigating the potential role of antithrombotics in cancer incidence and survival.
Psychogenic Gait Disorders

Psychogenic disorders of posture and gait are common and are the major manifestation in 8 to 10% of patients with psychogenic movement disorders. The colorful history of these disorders is reviewed. Anxiety and depression are the commonest psychological accompaniments of functional gait disorder in contemporary practice. The particular case of the cautious gait and its ﬂip side, ‘‘fear of falling,’’ are considered in more detail. Common presentations for somatoform disorders and malingering are also described. It is often possible to make this diagnosis based on recognition features and gait observation. Incongruous neurologic signs are commonly found, and several features are so typical as to be nearly diagnostic. Caveats and pitfalls in diagnosis based on observational features are noted. In particular, the cautious gait is often the presenting feature of an older patient with an organic balance impairment. An approach to the patient with psychogenic gait disorder is described. Although the nature of the problem is often quickly apparent in such patients, the optimal management is a challenge. Dramatic cures still occur, and some patients respond quickly to psychological management and rehabilitation therapies, but persistence for more than 6 to 12 months is frequently associated with an unfavorable prognosis and long-term disability. The outcome studies are reviewed.
The Role of the Coagulation Cascade in the Continuum of Sepsis and Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Sepsis is a common and life-threatening condition with a high mortality rate. Severe sepsis includes multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. The organ most often affected is the lung, with development of acute lung injury (ALI), which, in its most severe form, is referred to as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Our understanding of inﬂammation in the pathogenesis of sepsis and ALI is continually growing. However, therapies aimed at the inﬂammatory cascade in sepsis have been unsuccessful. These failures have led investigators to consider other pathways that may be important in the development of sepsis and ALI, including the coagulation and ﬁbrinolytic cascades. In fact, the ﬁrst therapy to reduce mortality in sepsis modulates the coagulation cascade. With this clinical success, administration of drotecogin alfa (recombinant activated protein C), the importance of coagulation in the pathogenesis of human sepsis is becoming clearer. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of coagulation and ﬁbrinolytic abnormalities in sepsis and the development of ALI and ARDS. Both in vitro and in vivo studies of the role of the coagulation cascade in sepsis and lung injury will be discussed, including initiation of coagulation through modulation of tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, propagation of coagulation via protein C and thrombomodulin, inhibition of thrombin generation and resolution through thrombolysis by plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
Pregnancy Complications in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. There is an increasing body of evidence indicating that PCOS may have signiﬁcant implications for pregnancy outcomes and long-term health of a woman and her offspring. Whether or not PCOS itself or the symptoms that coincide with PCOS, like obesity and fertility treatment, are responsible for these increased risks is a continuing matter of debate. Miscarriage rates among women with PCOS are believed to be increased compared with normal fertile women, although supporting evidence is limited. Pregnant women with PCOS experience a higher incidence of perinatal morbidity from gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and preeclampsia. Their babies are at an increased risk of neonatal complications, such as preterm birth and admission at a neonatal intensive care unit. Pre-pregnancy, antenatal, and intrapartum care should be aimed at reducing these risks. The use of insulin sensitizing drugs to decrease hyper-insulinemic insulin resistance has been proposed during pregnancy to reduce the risk of developing preeclampsia or gestational diabetes. Although metformin appears to be safe, there are too few data from prospective, randomized controlled trials to support treatment during pregnancy.
Diabetes: Impact on Stroke Risk and Poststroke Recovery

The prevalence of diabetes has been increasing substantially each year. Thus, diabetes has become one of the most important risk factors for incident and recurrent ischemic strokes. The risk conferred by diabetes is higher for diabetic patients who are less than age 65 and is proportionally higher in race-ethnic minorities where diabetes prevalence is higher than for Caucasians. To reduce risk of ischemic stroke, a structured program that addresses all of the diabetes-associated risk factors of the metabolic syndrome is likely to be most effective. Diabetes increases poststroke mortality and adversely affects poststroke outcomes as compared with stroke patients without diabetes. Further research is needed to clarify optimal ways of reducing mortality and improving outcomes.
Self-consistent non-linear description of radio-frequency wave propagation and of the edge of a magnetized plasma

A correct understanding of the interactions between the edge plasma and the ion cyclotron (IC) waves (40-80MHz) is needed to inject reliably large amount of power required for self-sustainable fusion plasmas. These thesis objectives were to model separately, with Comsol Multiphysics, but in compatible approaches the wave coupling and the radio-frequency (RF) sheath formation to anticipate development of a single code combining both. Modelling of fast wave coupling requires a detailed description of the antenna (2D or 3D) and of the plasma environment by a full wave approach for a cold plasma. Absorption of outgoing waves is emulated by perfectly matched layers, rendered compatible with a plasma dielectric tensor. Experimental trends for the coupling resistance of the antennas of Tore Supra are qualitatively reproduced but the coupling efficiency is overestimated. In parallel a novel self-consistent description, including RF sheaths, of the interplay between the cold wave propagation and DC biasing of the magnetized edge plasma of a tokamak was developed with the minimum set of physics ingredients. For Tore Supra antenna cases, the code coupled with TOPICA allowed to unveil qualitatively some unexpected observations on the latest design of Tore Supra Faraday screens whose electrical design was supposed to minimize RF sheaths. From simulations, a DC (Direct Current) current transport appears necessary to explain the radial structures of measurements. Cantilevered bars have been identified as the design element in the antenna structure enhancing the plasma potential
The Support of MISRA C++ Analyzer for Reliability of Embedded Systems

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are increasingly used in many complex applications, such as autonomous delivery drones, the automotive CPS design, power grid control systems, and medical robotics. However, existing programming languages lack certain design patterns for CPS designs, including temporal semantics and concurrency models. Future research directions may involve programming language extensions to support CPS designs. On the other hand, JSF++, MISRA, and MISRA C++ are providing specifications intended to increase the reliability of safety-critical systems. This article also describes the development of rule checkers based on the MISRA C++ specification using the Clang open-source tool, which allows for the annotation of code and the easy extension of the MISRA C++ specification to other programming languages and systems. This is potentially useful for future CPS language research extensions to work with reliability software specifications using the Clang tool. Experiments were performed using key C++ benchmarks to validate our method in comparison with the well-known Coverity commercial tool. We illustrate key rules related to class, inheritance, template, overloading, and exception handling. Open-source benchmarks that violate the rules detected by our checkers are also illustrated. A random graph generator is further used to generate diamond case with multiple inheritance testdata for our software validations. The experimental results demonstrate that our method can provide information that is more detailed than that obtained using Coverity for nine open-source C++ benchmarks. Since the Clang tool is widely used, it will further allow developers to annotate their own extensions.
T2 Relaxometry of Human Median Nerve

This article examines the T2 relaxation characteristics of the median nerve. Knowledge of the T2 relaxation time is essential to optimize clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols and to enhance the visibility of pathophysiological changes in tissues. The T2 relaxation time of the median nerve is short relative to the T2 of other tissues like white and gray matter, for instance, and it decreases with increasing ﬁeld strength of the MR scanner. A T2 relaxation time of (cid:1) 50 milliseconds (ms) and (cid:1) 20 ms were reported at 1.5 T and 7 T, respectively. Detailed measurements at 3.0 T revealed a biexponential decay characterized by two T2 components, at (cid:1) 30 ms and (cid:1) 100 ms, with normalized amplitudes of (cid:1) 80% and (cid:1) 20%, respectively. These two components possibly result from spatial compartmentation of water into intra-axonal and interaxonal spaces. The ability to assess microanatomical compartments within the median nerve could provide a method to study in vivo biophysical properties of nerves and could offer a means to investigate neurodegenerative diseases.
Influenza: Evolving Strategies in Treatment and Prevention

Inﬂuenza A and B are important causes of respiratory illness in all age groups. Inﬂuenza causes seasonal outbreaks globally, and (rarely) pandemics. In the United States, seasonal inﬂuenza epidemics account for > 200,000 hospitalizations and > 30,000 deaths annually. More than 90% of deaths are in the elderly. The toll is considerably higher during pandemics. Clinical features of inﬂuenza infection overlap with other respiratory pathogens (particularly viruses). The diagnosis is often delayed due to low suspicion and the limited use of speciﬁc diagnostic tests. Rapid diagnostic tests are widely available and allow detection of inﬂuenza antigen in respiratory secretions within 1 hour; however, sensitivity ranges from 40 to 80%. Currently, four drugs are available to treat or prevent inﬂuenza. These include the adamantanes (i.e., amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (i.e., oseltamivir and zanamivir). Adamantanes are active against inﬂuenza A but not inﬂuenza B. However, recent emergence of adamantane resistance has rendered these agents ineffective. Hence, adamantanes are not currently recommended in the United States. The neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are effective in treating inﬂuenza A or B, and for prophylaxis in selected adults and children. Resistance to NAIs is rare, but inﬂuenza strains resistant to oseltamivir have been detected. Vaccines are the cornerstone of inﬂuenza control. Currently, trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) and live attenuated inﬂuenza vaccine (LAIV) are available. These agents reduce mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients (i.e., the elderly or patients with comorbidities), and expanding the use of vaccines to healthy children and adults reduces the incidence of inﬂuenza, pneumonia, and hospitalizations due to respiratory illnesses in the community.
Hepatic Microvasculature in Liver Injury

Injury to the hepatic microvasculature, the hepatic sinusoids, manifests in several ways. The sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) may lose porosity and scavenger function (capillarization); SECs may loosen from their tetherings to the space of Disse or even detach completely (ischemia-reperfusion injury, early sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, peliosis hepatis, early acetaminophen toxicity); the space of Disse may be completely denuded of sinusoidal lining cells that then embolize and obstruct the sinusoid (early sinusoidal obstruction syndrome); or the sinusoid may be obstructed by ﬁbrosis (hepatic sinusoidal ﬁbrosis, late sinusoidal obstruction syndrome). In many of these microvascular injuries, the change to the sinusoid is a primary event that may lead to hepatocyte hypoxia with liver dysfunction and disruption of the portal circulation. With the exception of hepatic ﬁbrosis, which will be reviewed elsewhere in this issue, each of these types of microvascular injuries will be described in this article
Dynamic Regulation of Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans

This article focuses on the emerging views and concepts concerning the role of cell surface and extracellular heparan sulfate–like glycosaminoglycans (HSGAGs) in tumor biology. HSGAGs, found ubiquitously both at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM), play a critical role in regulating tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The diverse biological functions of HSGAGs include the regulation of coagulation, growth factor signaling, cell adhesion, proliferation, and mobility. HSGAGs, depending on their location (anchored at the cell surface or soluble as free GAGs), the signaling molecules they associate with, and their fine structures, can either promote or inhibit the tumorigenic process.
Reader’s Comment on: Application of the Global Optimization Approaches to Planar Near-Field Antenna Phaseless Measurements

In such kind of reconstruction, accuracy or credibility of measured data is very important. Evaluation of the resulting optimization is shown in Fig. 10 [1] for a horn antenna and in Fig. 11 [1] for a rotational paraboloid. Fig. 10 [1] clearly reveals asymmetries of the optimized diagrams and the diagram for comparison. Mathematically, there is no reason for that. For explanation of the differences, it is necessary to look at the set up of the whole microwave measurement. The dimensions of the horn, 136 x 101 mm (length 173 mm) and of the measuring probe, a rectangular waveguide R140 (15.79 x 7.79 mm) are, unfortunately, in conflict. The dimension of the waveguide in the H plane is 65% of the wave length, and 11% of the cross section of the horn (plane H). As a result, measured data about the intensity of the field are rather inaccurate. Somewhat better is the situation in the E plane of the horn, where the ratios of the dimensions are about 7%.
Green tide disaster monitoring system based on multi-source data

This paper builds a green tide disaster monitoring system based on remote sensing monitoring platform, UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle) monitoring platform and ship monitoring platform. The system aims at multi-faceted monitoring green tide disasters with remote sensing data, UAV data and ship monitoring data. With this system, the author has continuously monitored the green tide outbreak of Chinese Yellow Sea in 2016. Research conclusions were achieved as follows. The system can quickly get spatial distribution information of green tide disaster, obtain high-resolution remote sensing data and field verification data of key monitoring areas; It can cover the shortage of a single data source by green tide monitoring, significantly improve time resolution and spatial resolution of green tide monitoring data, thus providing data support for dynamic monitoring of green tide; The system can provide data support for the prevention and control of green tide in three different scales.
C1-Inhibitor: More Than a Serine Protease Inhibitor

C1-inhibitor (C1-inh) is a crucial regulator of the activation of plasmatic cascade systems involved in inﬂammation contributing to the homeostasis in the generation of proinﬂammatory mediators. The importance of C1-inh is illustrated by patients with hereditary angioedema where decreased levels of C1-inh lead to an uncontrolled generation of vasoactive peptides resulting in potential life-threatening subcutaneous edema. Recent publications, however, suggest that the anti-inﬂammatory properties of C1-inh do not strictly depend on its capacity to regulate the complement and contact phase system. This review summarizes the biochemical characteristics of C1-inh and its role in the regulation of plasmatic cascade systems as well as the role of the nonserpin domain.
Platelets in Regeneration

Platelets, as the ﬁrst cellular response after disruption of vascular and/or tissue integrity, cover any existing injury within our body. But is the regenerative potential of platelets limited to providing a cellular patch for wounds? This review highlights the recent advance in our understanding of platelets being distinctly regulated and regulating cells that contribute immensely to the healing process from the very initial stage to the late events of tissue regeneration. For instance, the intrinsic actions of platelets as a regenerative cell, the participation of platelets in angiogenic processes, and the interplay of platelets and circulating stem and progenitor cells, as well as potential therapeutic implications, are addressed. Although we are starting to understand the underlying mechanisms connecting platelets to the components of tissue regeneration just mentioned, many aspects remain to be elucidated. The demand to invest research in this area is underscored by the fact that platelets or platelet-derived molecules are already applied in clinical contexts such as connective tissue regeneration, whereas other research ﬁelds have largely neglected platelet effects going beyond their participation in the coagulation cascade. Understanding the mechanisms connecting platelets to tissue regeneration, however, will inevitably open novel options in regenerative medicine.