Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magma ascent rates from amphibole breakdown: An experimental study applied to the 1980–1986 Mount St. Helens eruptions

Recent 1980–1986 Mount St. Helens dacites contain the phenocryst assemblage, plagioclase, amphibole, low-Ca pyroxene, magnetite, ilmenite, and rare high-Ca pyroxene, which indicates that they all originated from an 8 km deep reservoir at 900°±20°C with XH2O= 0.67 in fluid according to experimental data. Iron-titanium oxide phenocryst compositions indicate that all post May 18 dacitic magmas erupted at 900°±20°C except for the final lava extrusion in October 1986; the magma reservoir may have cooled to 866°C by October 1986. Amphiboles in the post May 18, 1980, magma contain one or more amphibole populations characterized by reaction rims of different thicknesses. The development of the amphibole reaction rims in these rocks is a response to water loss from the coexisting melt during an approximately adiabatic ascent from a deep reservoir. Constant P and T and isothermal decompression experiments show that during a 900°C constant rate decompression from 8 km to the surface, no reaction rim develops on amphibole in 4 days, a 10-μm rim develops in 10 days, and a 35-μm rim develops in 20 days. These experimental data and histograms of rim widths in 1980–1986 Mount St. Helens dacites show that post May 18 eruptions are composed in large part of magma represented by a population of thin-rimmed amphiboles, magma which ascended from the deep (8 km) reservoir in 6 to 10 days. The remainder of each sample consists of magma containing amphiboles with reaction rims ranging from 14 to 60 μm, magma which apparently spent from 8 to 25 days along the conduit margins before being mixed thoroughly (millimeter scale) into the erupting magma. The mixing in a viscous, slowly ascending dacite may be enhanced by its flow through partially crystallized magma emplaced earlier and by the evolution and loss of a large vesicle population. The experimental calibration of amphibole reaction rim width versus decompression time yields average ascent velocities for post May 18 dacites of about 15–30 m/h for magma represented by the thick-rimmed amphiboles and from 35 to 50 m/hr for magma represented by the thin-rimmed crystals. An ascent rate of >66 m/h is indicated for the May 18, 1980, eruption, which contains amphiboles with no reaction rims. The volume of endogenous dome growth which preceded extrusion of magma newly derived from the deep source region suggests that the effective conduit volume beneath Mount St. Helens in 1981–1982 was equivalent to a cylinder 8 km long and 8–9 m in radius.
Verifying the Optimal Extraction Method and Content of Red Okra Extracts and Crude Pectin Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Recently, many studies have reported the properties and functionality of okra pectin. However, these studies are about green okra pods, and pectin in red okra pods, stems, and roots has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the red okra extraction method using response surface methodology (RSM) analysis and evaluate the effects of extraction time, temperature, solvent ratio, and pH on the extract yield and crude pectin content. Based on RSM analysis, 4.35 h, 98.04 °C, 23.34 solvent ratio, and pH 3.36 are the optimal parameters for extracting crude pectin from red okra, and the crude pectin content was predicted to be 40.83%. When red okra was extracted under these extraction conditions (4 h, 100 °C, 23 solvent ratio, and pH 3), the extraction yield was 45.26%, and the crude pectin content was 38.42%, which was similar to the yield obtained under the conditions derived from the RSM analysis. In addition, the pH control using hydrochloric acid was replaced with citric acid, and the changes in extract yield and crude pectin content were compared. When citric acid was used, the extract yield was 49.15% (8.6% increase), and the crude pectin content was 42.76 ± 2.56% (11.3% increase); compared to when hydrochloric acid was used, the yield increased. Finally, the standardization of red okra raw materials was determined by analyzing the extraction yield and crude pectin content by part, harvest time, and size of red okra using the established extraction method using citric acid. As a result, it was confirmed that the extraction yield obtained from the established extraction method was reached from the extraction of red okra fruits up to 12 cm in size that were harvested between July and November. Additionally, compared to the non-pectin fraction, the crude pectin fraction isolated from red okra pod extract showed significantly higher total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). These findings, reported for the first time, may contribute to the development of processes to purify red okra pectin, functional evaluation studies of pectin, and potential applications of red okra extract in various industries and research.
The internationalization of Finnish companies: the Russian connection

This article examines the developments in trade and direct investments between two northern economies, Finland and Russia. On the basis of a review of annual reports of 10 major Finnish companies, belonging to the electronic, construction, foodstuff, and forest industries, this article argues that Finnish-Russian economic integration can be characterized as ‘asymmetric. ’ On the one hand, Finnish construction firms and food producers have become vitally dependent on performance of their Russian subsidiaries. They also demonstrate geographical expansion of their operations within Russia. On the other hand, Finnish electronic and forestry firms have abstained from making major investment commitments in Russia. For them, Russia was important either as an export market or as a source of raw materials. This article also investigates internationalization patterns of Finnish companies in 2000–2010, and comes to the conclusion that for them Russia has been relatively less attractive in comparison to such countries as Estonia, Poland, Hungary, China, India, Mexico, and Brazil.
MODEL OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING BEHAVIOUR BASED ON ROAD TRAFFIC AND HUMAN FACTORS: A CASE STUDY OF MALAYSIA’S SHAH ALAM CITY

The present study intends to develop pedestrian crossing behaviour models based on road traffic and human factors. A questionnaire was distributed to 663 pedestrians in Shah Alam. Respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their risk perceptions and attitudes pertaining to walking and road crossings. This study identified two human factors that influenced pedestrian crossing behaviour: the “risk-taker” and the “rule-follower. ” The modelling analysis revealed a substantial correlation between human factors and crossing behaviour. Analysis of pedestrian crossing behaviour is useful to evaluate the implementation of novel pedestrian crossing environments. The study offers insights applicable to urban planning and policy approaches for reducing pedestrian accidents by utilising strategies such as extended signal timing, audible signals, countdown timers, and optimising intersection design to improve pedestrian safety.
Interactions Between Water Chemistry and Waterborne Lead Exposure to Freshwater Organisms

of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Martin Grosell. No. of pages in text. (157) This dissertation characterizes the influences of water chemistry on the acute toxicity of lead (Pb) to two of the long-standing sentinel test organisms commonly employed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and daphnid (Ceriodaphnia dubia), for parameterization of an acute Pb Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). In addition, a toxicogenomic approach was employed to identify genes that might serve as molecular markers of Pb exposure and long-term effects, as well as provide new insights as to the underlying toxic mechanisms of chronic Pb exposure in P. promelas. The endpoints of growth, reproduction, Pb accumulation, prey capture ability, and swimming performance of P. promelas were examined to assess the influences of water chemistry during chronic Pb exposures and to potentially link microarray-identified genes to outcomes of ecological significance. Importantly, this work revealed that calcium does not protect against acute toxicity to C. dubia or chronic Pb accumulation by P. promelas, indicating that current hardness-based regulations are inappropriate and provide further support for the need for alternative approaches to setting environmental regulations for Pb. The findings reported herein should facilitate the arrival of such an approach in the form of a new acute Pb BLM. However, different responses with respect to the influences of water chemistry on the acute toxicity of Pb were exhibited by these species suggesting that development of separate BLMs for P. promelas and C. dubia should be considered to ensure adequate protection for both species. Furthermore, the influences of water chemistry were found to be inconsistent during acute and chronic Pb exposures to P. promelas and thus caution against inferring chronic effects from acute exposures. A number of Pb-responsive genes were identified that exhibited a strong potential for serving as robust indicators of Pb exposure and accumulation in P. promelas. While these genes also provided insight as to the likely toxic mechanisms of Pb, additional work will be necessary to firmly link these genes to chronic outcomes of ecological relevance in the context of ambient water
Characterization of traveling waves and analytical estimation of pollutant removal in one‐dimensional subsurface bioremediation modeling

We study the behavior of solute fronts for an in situ bioremediation scenario in which a sorbing substrate is degraded by indigenous microorganisms in the presence of an injected nonsorbing electron acceptor. The fronts behave as traveling waves, which leads to a simple theoretical derivation of the long‐term degradation rate of the organic pollutant (substrate). The long‐term degradation rate is dependent upon input and background solute concentrations, the flow velocity, and the sorption and stoichiometric coefficients, but it does not depend upon dispersion and microbial kinetic parameters. Numerical simulations show that the analytical method is valid for predicting the long‐term degradation rate, although the front velocity and shape exhibit oscillatory behavior under some conditions. Numerical simulations also show that traveling wave conditions are established only after an initial phase in which substrate degradation is strongly dependent upon microbial kinetic parameters.
P- and S-velocity images of the lithosphere—asthenosphere system in the Central Andes from local-source tomographic inversion

SUMMARY About 50 000 P and S arrival times and 25 000 values of t* recorded at seismic arrays operated in the Central Andes between 20°S and 25°S in the time period from 1994 to 1997 have been used for locating more than 1500 deep and crustal earthquakes and creating 3-D P, S velocity and Qp models. The study volume in the reference model is subdivided into three domains: slab, continental crust and mantle wedge. A starting velocity distribution in each domain is set from a priori information: in the crust it is based on the controlled sources seismic studies; in slab and mantle wedge it is defined using relations between P and S velocities, temperature and composition given by mineral physics. Each iteration of tomographic inversion consists of the following steps: (1) absolute location of sources in 3-D velocity model using P and S arrival times; (2) double-difference relocation of the sources and (3) simultaneous determination of P and S velocity anomalies, P and S station corrections and source parameters by inverting one matrix. Velocity parameters are computed in a mesh with the density of nodes proportional to the ray density with double-sided nodes at the domain boundaries. The next iteration is repeated with the updated velocity model and source parameters obtained at the previous step. Different tests aimed at checking the reliability of the obtained velocity models are presented. In addition, we present the results of inversion for Vp and Vp/Vs parameters, which appear to be practically equivalent to Vp and Vs inversion. A separate inversion for Qp has been performed using the ray paths and source locations in the final velocity model. The resulting Vp, Vs and Qp distributions show complicated, essentially 3-D structure in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. P and S velocities appear to be well correlated, suggesting the important role of variations of composition, temperature, water content and degree of partial melting.
Exploration of the mechanism of reinfusion of fresh autologous blood in type 2 diabetes mice to induce macrophage polarization and inhibit erythrocyte damage

Type 2 diabetes triggers an inflammatory response that can damage red blood cells. M2 macrophages have inhibitory effects on inflammation, and play an important role in tissue damage repair and fibrosis. Autologous blood transfusion has the potential to inhibit red blood cell damage by mediating macrophage polarization.
Dairy Products in Southwestern China: Anecdotal Evidence from Kunming

This paper sheds light on the evolution of dairy product markets in Southwestern China, a region where historically households have consumed relatively few dairy products. Based on interviews with leading companies in the region, anecdotal information is provided that illustrates the important forces and challenges that are shaping dairy production and marketing Southwestern China. Evidence from a cluster analysis of survey data collected in 2003 provides descriptive profiles of various consumer types that frequent upscale supermarkets in Kunming, illuminating interesting patterns in dairy product consumption and purchase preferences of different demographic groups. The paper concludes by drawing upon the observations from Kunming to suggest implications for future developments in the dairy sector in Southwest China and other regions.
The End of GCC Crisis and its Impact on the Saudi Stock Exchange: An Event Study Approach

- In this research paper, we investigate the impact of the Qatari-Saudi reconciliation on the Saudi stock market return by implementing an event study approach. To analyze the event's effect, we calculate the abnormal return and the cumulative abnormal return around the announcement date using two methods. First, we apply the mean-adjusted returns model, then the OLS market model. The empirical evidence shows that the initial market reaction is negative; however, the estimated CARs are insignificant in most event windows other than for [−1, 1], [−2, 2], and [−3, 3]. The results highlight the limited economic effects experienced by Saudi Arabia
O SUCESSO INTERNACIONAL DA MARCOPOLO: UMA VISÃO COM BASE EM RECURSOS

Aumentar as exportacoes de produtos de maior valor agregado representa uma dificuldade para as empresas brasileiras. Diversos fatores externos e internos tem sido indicados como limitantes a expansao dos negocios no mercado internacional. Este artigo tenta entender, a partir de conceitos associados a teoria com base em recursos, os fatores determinantes do sucesso da Marcopolo no mercado mundial. Os resultados da investigacao mostram que o processo de acumulacao de recursos e capacidades tem como ponto de partida os investimentos significativos em novos projetos. Constata-se que os recursos especificos para operar no exterior se formam em sequencia aos acumulados para o mercado interno. De forma especifica, destacam-se como fontes de sucesso a capacidade de montar onibus em diversos paises a partir de producao centralizada de partes e componentes, o conhecimento sobre o mercado internacional e a capacidade de resposta rapida a demanda com base em estoques baixos.
DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM REFINERY WASTE BY A CONSORTIUM OF HYDROCARBONOCLASTIC BACTERIA ON SEVERAL C:N:P RATIO

Bioremediation is an alternative method to treat petroleum waste using microorganism into nontoxic end product. The method is relatively cheap, effective, and environmental friendly. A key factor influencing bioremediation process for petroleum refinery waste treatment is C:N:P ratio of bacterial growth medium. The objective of this research was to obtain C:N:P ratio of Stone Mineral Salt Solution (SMSS) medium that allow optimal degradation of petroleum refinery waste by consortium of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. C:N:P ratio of SMSS medium was adjusted to ratio of 100:10:1, 100:10:0.5, 100:5:1, and 100:5:0.5. We demonstrate that optimal degradation of petroleum refinery waste by a consortium of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria was achieved in SMSS medium with C:N:P ratio of 100:5:1. It allowed 66.55% degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and 85.18 % decrease of chemical oxygen demand (COD) value.
Effect of sevoflurane, propofol and propofol with dexmedetomidine as maintenance agent on intracranial pressure in the Trendelenburg position during laparoscopic surgeries

Background and Aim: Pneumoperitoneum (PP) and the Trendelenburg position (TP) in laparoscopic surgeries are associated with rise in intracranial pressure (ICP). The optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a surrogate marker of ICP. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of sevoflurane, propofol and propofol with dexmedetomidine as maintenance agent on ICP in TP during laparoscopic surgeries. Material and Methods: A total of 120 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I/II patients, aged 18–65 years were randomly allocated into three groups: sevoflurane as group S, propofol as group P, and propofol with dexmedetomidine as group PD. The intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was kept in the range of 12–14 mmHg and TP varied between 15°– 45° angle. The primary objective was comparison of ICP and secondary objectives were IOP, intraoperative hemodynamic and postoperative recovery characteristics among groups. The ONSD and IOP were measured in both eyes 10 min after endotracheal intubation (T0), 5 min after CO2 insufflation (T1), 5 min after TP (T2) and 5 min after deflation of gas (T3). The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. Results: ONSD and IOP at T1 and T2 were significantly higher than T0 in all groups, but no significant difference was found among the intergroup groups. Significantly lower heart rate and mean blood pressure were observed in PD group at T1 and T2 compared to group S and group P. Conclusion: The rise in ICP was comparable among sevoflurane, propofol, and propofol–dexmedetomidine combination as a maintenance agent during laparoscopic surgeries in TP.
Lithologic descriptions of two cores and ground-water-quality data from five counties in the northeastern part of the coastal plain of South Carolina, 1988 and 1991

This report presents data collected as part of a hydrologic investigation of Darlington, Dillon, Florence, Marion, and Marlboro Counties in the northeastern part of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. These data include lithologic descriptions of sediment recovered from two continuously cored boreholes and water-quality results for samples collected from 17 existing wells. One continuously cored borehole was drilled near Lake Darpo in the northern part of Darlington County to a total depth of 447 feet below land surface. The other borehole was drilled in Lake City in the south-central part of Florence County to a total depth of 1,090 feet below land surface. Water-quality results presented in this report include specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, alkalinity, majorand minor-ion chemistry, and hydrogen sulflde. INTRODUCTION Concerns among ground-water users about the quantity and quality of groundwater resources in the northeastern part of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina resulted in a hydrologic investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the South Carolina Water Resources Commission. This investigation included mudrotary-wireline coring of two boreholes and analysis of water samples from 17 existing wells to obtain data about the hydrogeology, geochemistry, and water quality of the ground-water-flow system beneath Darlington, Dillon, Florence, Marion, and Marlboro Counties (figs. 1,2, and 3). Purpose and Scope This report summarizes the results of a study to describe lithologic and waterquality data collected within a five-county study area. This report includes lithologic descriptions of cored sediments and geophysical logs of the boreholes located near Lake Darpo in Darlington County and Lake City in Florence County. Water-quality data in this report include field measurements and laboratory analyses of samples collected from 17 existing wells in the five-county study area in November 1988 and in April and May 1991.
Direct and indirect effects of sea spray geoengineering and the role of injected particle size

[1] Climate-aerosol model ECHAM5.5-HAM2 was used to investigate how geoengineering with artificial sea salt emissions would affect marine clouds and the Earth’s radiative balance. Prognostic cloud droplet number concentration and interaction of aerosol particles with clouds and radiation were calculated explicitly, thus making this the first time that aerosol direct effects of sea spray geoengineering are considered. When a wind speed dependent baseline geoengineering flux was applied over all oceans (total annual emissions 443.9 Tg), we predicted a radiative flux perturbation (RFP) of 5.1 W m , which is enough to counteract warming from doubled CO2 concentration. When the baseline flux was limited to three persistent stratocumulus regions (3.3% of Earth’s surface, total annual emissions 20.6 Tg), the RFP was 0.8 Wm 2 resulting mainly from a 74–80% increase in cloud droplet number concentration and a 2.5–4.4 percentage point increase in cloud cover. Multiplying the baseline mass flux by 5 or reducing the injected particle size from 250 to 100 nm had comparable effects on the geoengineering efficiency with RFPs 2.2 and 2.1 Wm , respectively. Within regions characterized with persistent stratocumulus decks, practically all of the radiative effect originated from aerosol indirect effects. However, when all oceanic regions were seeded, the direct effect with the baseline flux was globally about 29% of the total radiative effect. Together with previous studies, our results indicate that there are still large uncertainties associated with the sea spray geoengineering efficiency due to variations in e.g., background aerosol concentration, updraft velocity, cloud altitude and onset of precipitation.