Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
-S C LASSIFICATION WITH T ASK -A DAPTIVE

stage, we freeze the parameters of the feature extractor in the meta-training and meta-testing stages. Therefore, only the semantic feature learner and the visual feature learner should be optimized, which is less time consuming. Our model trains the global classiﬁcation loss and the task-adaptive semantic feature dissimilarity loss separately, which can avoid collapsing different modalities into a common feature space, so as to preserve the structural heterogeneity of different modalities. Then, we propose two features combination approaches: feature concatenation and feature fusion, to further improve the performance. Experiments show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-arts on four benchmarks. In the future work, we expect to explore semantic-guided attention mechanism to pay more attention to the targets in the images, so as to better capture class-speciﬁc information from the images, which can further alleviate the inﬂuence of noise and irrelevant information.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Regional and seasonal flight speeds of soaring migrants and the role of weather at hourly and daily scales

the Netherlands. Given that soaring birds travel faster with supportive winds or in good thermal soaring conditions, we expect weather conditions en route of migration to explain commonly observed regional and seasonal patterns in the performance of soaring migrants. We used GPS-loggers to track 13 honey buzzards and four Montagu’s harriers for two to six migrations each. We determined how tailwinds, crosswinds, boundary layer height (a proxy for thermal convection) and precipitation affected hourly speeds, daily distances and daily mean speeds with linear regression models. Honey buzzards mostly travel by soaring while Montagu’s harriers supplement soaring with flapping. Therefore, we expect that performance of harriers will be less affected by weather than for buzzards. Weather conditions explained between 30 and 50% of variation in migration performance of both species. Tailwind had the largest effect on hourly speeds, daily mean speeds and daily travel distances. Honey buzzards travelled significantly faster and farther, and Montagu’s harriers non-significantly faster, under better convective conditions. Honey buzzards travelled at slower speeds and shorter distances in crosswinds, whereas harriers maintained high speeds in crosswinds. Weather conditions varied between regions and seasons, and this varia- tion accounted for nearly all regional and seasonal variation in flight performance. Hourly performance was higher than predicted at times when we suspect birds had switched to intermittent or continuous flapping flight, for example during sea-crossings. The daily travel distance of Montagu’s harriers was determined to a significant extent by their daily travel time, which differed between regions, possibly also due to weather conditions. We conclude with the implications of our work for studies on migration phenology and we suggest an important role for high-resolution telemetry in understanding migratory behavior across entire
value-based framework

We can be proud of this landmark piece of legislation that will ultimately facilitate employment outcomes for individuals with the most severe disabilities. This law will afford people with disabilities the opportunity to take advantage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. These Amendments pull together the best of what we know about how to assist people with disabilities and their families. The rest is up to us. Dr. Paul Wehman, Director RRTC
Heuristics for New Problems Arising in the Transport of People and Goods

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) and its numerous variants are amongst the most widely studied in the entire Operations Research literature, with applications in fields including supply chain management, journey planning and vehicle scheduling. In this thesis, we focus on three problems from two fields with a wide reach; the design of public transport systems and the robust routing of delivery vehicles. Each chapter investigates a new setting, formulates an optimization problem, introduces various solution methods and presents computational experiments highlighting salient points. The first problem involves commuters who use a flexible shuttle service to travel to a main transit hub, where they catch a fixed route public transport service to their true destination. In our variant, passengers must forgo some of the choices they had in previous versions; the service provider chooses the specific hub passengers are taken to (provided all relevant timing constraints are satisfied). This introduces both complexities and opportunities not seen in other VRP variants, so we present two solution methods tailored for this problem. An extensive computational study over a range of networks shows this flexibility allows significant cost savings with little impact on the quality of service received. The second problem involves dynamic ridesharing schemes and one of their most persistent drawbacks: the requirement to attract a large number of users during the start up phase. Although this is influenced by many factors, a significant consideration is the perceived uncertainty around finding a match. To address this, the service provider may wish to employ a small number of their own private drivers, to serve riders who would otherwise remain unmatched. We explore how this could be formulated as an optimization problem and discuss the objectives and constraints the service provider may have. We then describe a special structure inherent to the problem and present three different solution methods which exploit this. Finally, a broad computational study demonstrates the potential benefits of these dedicated drivers and identifies environments in which they are most useful. The third problem comes from the field of logistics and involves a large delivery firm serving an uncertain customer set. The firm wishes to build low cost delivery routes that remain efficient after the appearance and removal of some customers. We formulate this problem and present a heuristic which is both computationally cheaper and more versatile than comparative exact methods. A wide computational study illustrates our heuristic’s predictive power and its efficacy compared to natural alternative strategies.
Training Language Models with Natural Language Feedback

Pretrained language models often do not perform tasks in ways that are in line with our preferences, e.g., generating offensive text or factually incorrect summaries. Recent work approaches the above issue by learning from a simple form of human evaluation: comparisons between pairs of model-generated task outputs. Comparison feedback conveys limited information about human preferences per human evaluation. Here, we propose to learn from natural language feedback, which conveys more information per human evaluation. We learn from language feedback on model outputs using a three-step learning algorithm. First, we condition the language model on the initial output and feedback to generate many reﬁnements. Second, we choose the reﬁne-ment with the highest similarity to the feed-back. Third, we ﬁnetune a language model to maximize the likelihood of the chosen reﬁne-ment given the input. In synthetic experiments, we ﬁrst evaluate whether language models accurately incorporate feedback to produce re-ﬁnements, ﬁnding that only large language models (175B parameters) do so. Using only 100 samples of human-written feedback, our learning algorithm ﬁnetunes a GPT-3 model to roughly human-level summarization ability.
Manifestations of radiation toxicity in the head, neck, and spine: An image-based review

Background and purpose Radiation therapy is an important component of treatment in patients with malignancies of the head, neck, and spine. However, radiation to these regions has well-known potential side effects, many of which can be encountered on imaging. In this manuscript, we review selected radiographic manifestations of therapeutic radiation to the head, neck, and spine that may be encountered in the practice of radiology. Methods We conducted an extensive literature review of known complications of radiation therapy in the head, neck, and spine. We excluded intracranial and pulmonary radiation effects from our search. We selected complications that had salient, recognizable imaging findings. We searched our imaging database for illustrative examples of these complications. Results Based on our initial literature search and imaging database review, we selected cases of radiation-induced tumors, radiation tissue necrosis (osteoradionecrosis and soft tissue necrosis), carotid stenosis and blowout secondary to radiation, enlarging thyroglossal duct cysts, radiation myelopathy, and radiation-induced vertebral compression fractures. Conclusions We describe the clinical and imaging features of selected sequelae of radiation therapy to the head, neck, and spine, with a focus on those with characteristic imaging findings that can be instrumental in helping to make the diagnosis. Knowledge of these entities and their imaging findings is crucial for accurate diagnosis. Not only do radiologists play a key role in early detection of these entities, but many of these entities can be misinterpreted if one is not familiar with them.
The Achieved Capabilities Questionnaire for Community Mental Health (ACQ‐CMH): A consumer‐based measure for the evaluation of community mental health interventions

Abstract The capabilities approach offers a multidimensional, ecological, and agent‐centered framework that may inspire models of intervention and evaluation. A growing number of measures grounded on the capabilities approach for outcome measurement are appearing. Regarding community mental health, new consumer‐valued measures—constructed in collaboration with consumers—are here considered crucial for a transformative shift. Meanwhile, new measurements need to provide psychometric evidence to enable proper choice and application. The Achieved Capabilities Questionnaire for Community Mental Health (ACQ‐CMH) was developed in collaboration with consumers of community mental health services. It aims to assess consumers' capabilities achieved through program support. The present paper shows advancements in the measure validation through a confirmatory factor analysis within a sample of community mental health consumers (N = 225). Reliability and construct‐related validity were also observed. A structural solution composed of five factors and 43 items revealed a better model fit than that obtained in a previous exploratory study. Findings support the reliability, sensibility, and both convergent and discriminant validity of using the ACQ‐CMH in the evaluation of community mental health interventions. The ACQ‐CMH offers a consumer‐valued framework with specific dimensions and indicators of capabilities for use in a routine service evaluation setting.
Australian native fruits and vegetables: Chemical composition, nutritional profile, bioactivity and potential valorization by industries

Abstract Australian native plants have adapted themselves to harsh climatic conditions enabling them to produce unique and high levels of secondary metabolites. Native fruits and vegetables have been an integral part of the Indigenous Australian diet and Bush medicine for centuries. They have recently gained popularity owing to their rich dietary fiber, minerals, polyphenolic and antioxidant contents. This review presents a comprehensive summary and critical assessment of the studies performed in the last few decades to understand the phytochemical and nutritional profiles and therapeutic properties of Australian native fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, the potential of these fruits and vegetables as functional food ingredients and in the prevention and treatment of different diseases is discussed. Research on the nutritional and phytochemical profiles and therapeutic activity of Australian vegetables is limited with most studies focused on native fruits. These fruits have demonstrated promising antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities mostly in in vitro models. More research to a) identify novel bioactive compounds, b) define optimal post-harvest and extraction methods, and c) understand molecular mechanisms of pharmacological activity through preclinical and clinical studies is prudent for the prospective and wider use of Australian native fruits and vegetables by the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries.
Full body musculoskeletal model for simulations of gait in persons with transtibial amputation

Abstract This paper describes the development, properties, and evaluation of a musculoskeletal model that reflects the anatomical and prosthetic properties of a transtibial amputee using OpenSim. Average passive prosthesis properties were used to develop CAD models of a socket, pylon, and foot to replace the lower leg. Additional degrees of freedom (DOF) were included in each joint of the prosthesis for potential use in a range of research areas, such as socket torque and socket pistoning. The ankle has three DOFs to provide further generality to the model. Seven transtibial amputee subjects were recruited for this study. 3 D motion capture, ground reaction force, and electromyographic (EMG) data were collected while participants wore their prescribed prosthesis, and then a passive prototype prosthesis instrumented with a 6-DOF load cell in series with the pylon. The model’s estimates of the ankle, knee, and hip kinematics comparable to previous studies. The load cell provided an independent experimental measure of ankle joint torque, which was compared to inverse dynamics results from the model and showed a 7.7% mean absolute error. EMG data and muscle outputs from OpenSim’s Static Optimization tool were qualitatively compared and showed reasonable agreement. Further improvements to the muscle characteristics or prosthesis-specific foot models may be necessary to better characterize individual amputee gait. The model is open-source and available at (https://simtk.org/projects/biartprosthesis) for other researchers to use to advance our understanding and amputee gait and assist with the development of new lower limb prostheses.
CRISPR/Cas therapeutic strategies for autosomal dominant disorders

Autosomal dominant disorders present unique challenges, as therapeutics must often distinguish between healthy and diseased alleles while maintaining high efficiency, specificity, and safety. For this task, CRISPR/Cas remains particularly promising. Various CRISPR/Cas systems, like homology-directed repair, base editors, and prime editors, have been demonstrated to selectively edit mutant alleles either by incorporating these mutations into sgRNA sequences (near the protospacer-adjacent motif [“near the PAM”]) or by targeting a novel PAM generated by the mutation (“in the PAM”). However, these probability-based designs are not always assured, necessitating generalized, mutation-agnostic strategies like ablate-and-replace and single-nucleotide polymorphism editing. Here, we detail recent advancements in CRISPR therapeutics to treat a wide range of autosomal dominant disorders and discuss how they are altering the landscape for future therapies.
“Irregular” tachycardia atrial cycle length and activation sequence with relatively constant ventricular cycle length: What is the mechanism?

Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, First Department of Cardiology, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, China Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, College of Clinical Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China First Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China Cardiac Interventional Center, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, 3rd, China
A Comparison Study of the Tehran Norms to the Reference Norms on Children Performance of the Bayley III

Objectives The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd ed.; Bayley III) are widely used to assess cognitive, language, and motor development of children aged 1–42 months. It is unclear whether or not the reference norms of the Bayley III are acceptable for use in other populations or lead to over- or underestimating the developmental status of target children. This study aimed to compare the Tehran norms to the reference norms. Materials & Methods We used Bayley III norms to assess cognitive, language, and motor development of 1,674 healthy children from health care centers in Tehran. Differences between the scaled scores were calculated based on the Tehran and reference norms. A one-sample multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to control the mean difference scores over all subtests. When MANOVA showed significant differences between the scaled scores based on the Tehran and reference norms, we used univariate analysis to see which subtest and age group led to these significant differences. Finally, the proportions of children with low scores (scaled scores <7 or -1 SD and <4 or -2 SD) based on 2 norms were compared using the McNemar test to determine the over- or underestimation of developmental delay. Results The scaled scores based on the Tehran norms varied across values based on the reference norms in all subtests. The mean differences were significant in all 5 subtests (p < .05) with large effect sizes for receptive and expressive communication, fine and gross motor subtests of . 20, . 23, . 14, and . 25, respectively, as well as with a small effect size for the cognition subtest of . 02. Large effect sizes for all age groups were found for cognition, expressive communication, and fine motor subtests. More children scored below 1 and 2 SD using the Tehran norms. Using the reference norms resulted in underestimation of developmental delay regarding cognitive, receptive and expressive communication, and fine and gross motor skills. Conclusion Population-specific norms should be used to identify children with low scores for referral and intervention. The Tehran norms differed from the reference norms for all subtests, and these differences were clinically significant.
Differential translation elongation directs protein synthesis in response to acute glucose deprivation in yeast

ABSTRACT Protein synthesis is energetically expensive and its rate is influenced by factors such as cell type and environment. Suppression of translation is a canonical response to stressful changes in the cellular environment. In particular, inhibition of the initiation step of translation has been highlighted as the key control step in stress-induced translational suppression as mechanisms that quickly suppress initiation are well-conserved. However, cells have evolved complex regulatory means to control translation apart from initiation. Here, we examine the role of the elongation step of translation in yeast subjected to acute glucose deprivation. The use of ribosome profiling and in vivo reporter assays demonstrated elongation rates slow progressively following glucose removal. We observed that ribosome distribution broadly shifts towards the downstream ends of transcripts after both acute and gradual glucose deprivation but not in response to other stressors. Additionally, on assessed mRNAs, a correlation existed between ribosome occupancy and protein production pre-stress but was lost after stress. These results indicate that stress-induced elongation regulation causes ribosomes to slow down and build up on a considerable proportion of the transcriptome in response to glucose withdrawal. Finally, we report ribosomes that built up along transcripts are competent to resume elongation and complete protein synthesis after readdition of glucose to starved cells. This suggests that yeast has evolved mechanisms to slow translation elongation in response to glucose starvation which do not preclude continuation of protein production from those ribosomes, thereby averting a need for new initiation events to take place to synthesize proteins. Abbreviations: AUG: start codon, bp: base pair(s), CDS: coding sequence, CHX: cycloheximide, eEF2: eukaryotic elongation factor 2, LTM: lactimidomycin, nt: nucleotide, PGK1: 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, ribosomal biogenesis: ribi, RO: ribosome occupancy, RPF: ribosome protected fragment, TE: translational efficiency
Using digital RNA counting to establish flow cytometry diagnostic criteria for subtypes of CD34+ canine acute leukaemia

Abstract Canine acute leukaemia is a heterogeneous neoplasm with multiple phenotypes. Criteria to subtype acute leukaemia by flow cytometry have not been validated. The goal of this study was to develop a panel of antibodies and objective antigen expression criteria for the assignment of lymphoid or myeloid lineage by flow cytometry. We isolated mRNA from the blood of 45 CD34+ acute leukaemia cases and measured expression of 43 genes that represent lymphoid and myeloid lineages using NanoString technology. We determined differentially expressed genes between major groups identified by unsupervised hierarchical clustering. We then evaluated the expression of antigens by flow cytometry to determine if cases could be assigned to a lineage. Two groups were identified by gene expression. Group 1/LYMPH overexpressed lymphoid‐associated genes (ex. DNTT) and had a higher percentage of CD5 + CD3‐ cells by flow cytometry. Group 2/MYELO overexpressed myeloid‐associated genes (ex. ANPEP/CD13) and had a higher percentage of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII)‐ CD14+ and/or CD18 + CD4‐ cells. We proposed that >12.5% CD5 + CD3‐ cells in the blood was indicative of lymphoid lineage, and > 3.0% CD14 + MHCII‐ cells or > 18% CD18 + MHCII‐CD4‐ cells was indicative of myeloid lineage. 15/15 cases that met the proposed criteria for acute lymphocytic leukaemia were in LYMPH group and 12/15 cases that met the proposed criteria for acute myeloid leukaemia were in MYELO group. The majority of CD34+ cases that did not meet either immunophenotyping lineage criterion (12/13) clustered within the LYMPH group. In conclusion, currently available antibodies can be useful for determining canine acute leukaemia subtypes.
The enigmatic links between Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis

Speculation about a potential link between multiple sclerosis (MS) and infectious agents has existed since the mid-19th century. In 1877, Jean-Martin Charcot succinctly commented, “What is known in reference to the conditions that preside over the development of disseminated sclerosis comes to very little” (1). He noted that “an etiologic cause which deserves mention” is the influence of certain acute diseases and then cited reports of illness during convalescence from typhoid fever, on recovering from an attack of cholera, soon after a severe attack of smallpox, and after experiencing an unnamed febrile disease accompanied by diarrhea. In the modern era, studies linking MS to prior infection have generally focused on viruses, in particular the human herpesvirus family, and most recently on Epstein-Barr virus/human herpesvirus 4 (EBV). Mounting evidence connecting EBV to MS pathogenesis A recent epidemiological study has generated intense new interest in the EBV/MS linkage (2). Bjornevik and colleagues took advantage of stored serum samples from over 10 million racially diverse, active-duty military personnel that had been collected over two decades (1993–2013) and stored in the Department of Defense Serum Repository (DDSR). Of 955 individuals that subsequently developed MS, 801 had serum samples available to assess their pre-MS EBV infection status, and 800 of these 801 sera, collected a median of 1 year before MS onset, were EBV seropositive. […]