Survey Errors and Survey Costs.

1. An Introduction to Survey Errors.1. 1 Diverse Perspectives on Survey Research.1. 2 The Themes of Integration: Errors and Costs.1. 3 The Languages of Error.1. 4 Classifications of Error Within Survey Statistics.1. 5 Terminology of Errors in Psychological Measurement.1. 6 The Language of Errors in Econometrics.1. 7 Debates About Inferential Errors.1. 8 Important features of language Differences.1. 9 Summary: The Tyranny of the Measurable.1. 10 Summary and Plan of This Book.2. An Introduction to Survey Costs.2. 1 Rationale for a Joint Concern About Costs and Errors.2. 2 Use of Cost and Error Models in Sample Design.2. 3 Criticisms of Cost-Error Modeling to Guide Survey Decisions.2. 4 Nonlinear Cost Models Often Apply to Practical Survey Administration.2. 5 Survey Cost Models are Inherently Discontinuous.2. 6 Cost Models Often Have Stochastic Features.2. 7 Domains of Applicability of Cost Models Must Be Specified.2. 8 Simulation Studies Might Be Best Suited to Design Decisions.2. 9 Is Time Money? 2.10 Summary: Cost Models and Survey Errors.3. Costs and Errors of Covering the Population.3. 1 Definitions of Populations Relevant to the Survey.3. 2 Coverage Error in Descriptive Statistics.3. 3 An Approach to Coverage Error in Analytic Statistics.3. 4 Components of Coverage Error.3. 5 Coverage Problems with the Target Population of Households.3. 6 Measurement of and Adjustments for Noncoverage Error.3. 7 Survey Cost Issues Involving Coverage Error.3. 8 Summary.4. Nonresponse in Sample Surveys.4. 1 Nonresponse Rates.4. 2 Response Rate Calculation.4. 3 Temporal Change in Response Rates.4. 4 Item Missing Data.4. 5 Statistical Treatment of Nonresponse in Surveys.4. 6 Summary.5. Probing the Causes of Nonresponse and Efforts to Reduce Nonresponse.5. 1 Empricial Correlates of Survey Participation.5. 2 Efforts by Survey Methodologists to Reduce Refusals.5. 3 Sociological Concepts Relevant to Survey Nonresponse.5. 4 Psychological Attributes of Nonrespondents.5. 5 Summary.6. Costs and Errors Arising from Sampling.6. 1 Introduction.6. 2 The nature of Sampling Error.6. 3 Measuring Sampling Error.6. 4 Four Effects of the Design on Sampling Error.6. 5 The Effect of Nonsampling Errors on Sampling Error Estimates.6. 6 Measuring Sampling Errors on Sample Means and Proportions from Complex Samples.6. 7 The Debate on Reflecting the Sample Design in Estimating Analytic Statistics.6. 8 Reflecting the Sample Design When Estimating Complex Statistics.6. 9 Summary.7. Empirical Estimation of Survey Measurement Error.7. 1 A First Estimation of Observational Errors Versus Errors of Nonobservation.7. 2 Laboratory Experiments Resembling the Survey Interview.7. 3 Measures External to the Survey.7. 4 Randomized Assignment of Measurement Procedures to Sample Persons.7. 5 Repeated measurements of the Same Persons.7. 6 Summary of Individual Techniques of Measurement Errors Estimation.7. 7 Combinations of Design Features.7. 8 Summary.8. The Interviewer as a Source of Survey Measurement Error.8. 1 Alternative Views on the Role of the Observer.8. 2 The Roles of the Survey Interviewer.8. 3 Designs for Measuring Interview Variance.8. 4 Interviewer Effects in Personal Interview Surveys.8. 5 Interviewer Effects in Centralized Telephone Surveys.8. 6 Explaining the Magnitude of Interviewer Effects.8. 7 Summary of Research on Interviewer Variance.8. 8 Measurement of Interviewer Compliance With Training Guidelines.8. 9 Experiments in Manipulating Interviewer Behavior.8. 10 Social Psychological and Sociological Explanations for Response Error Associated with Interviewers.8. 11 Summary.9. The Respondent as a Source of Measurement Error.9. 1 Components of Response Formation Process.9. 2 The Encoding Process and the Absence of Knowledge Relevant to the Survey Question.9. 3 Comprehension of the Survey Question.9. 4 Retrieval of Information from Memory.9. 5 Judgment of Appropriate Answer.9. 6 Communication of Response.9. 7 Sociological and Demographic Correlates of Respondent Error.9. 8 Summary.10. Measurement Errors Associated with the Questionnaire.101 Properties of Words in Questions.10. 2 Properties of Question Structure.10. 3 Properties of Question Order.10. 4 Conclusions About Measurement Error Related to the Questionnaire.10. 5 Estimates of Measurement Error from Multiple Indicator Models.10. 6 Cost Models Associated with Measurement Error Through the Questionnaire.10. 7 Summary.11. Response Effects of the Mode of Data Collection.11. 1 Two Very Different Questions About Mode of Data Collection.11. 2 Properties of Media of Communication.11. 3 Applying Theories of Mediated Communication to Survey Research.11. 4 Findings from the Telephone Survey Literature.11. 5 Interaction Effects of Mode and Other Design.11. 6 Survey Costs and the Mode of Data Collection.11. 7 Cost and Error Modeling with Telephone and Face to Face Surveys.11. 8 Summary.References. Index.