Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using More Than the Oldest Fossils: Dating Osmundaceae with Three Bayesian Clock Approaches

—A major concern in molecular clock dating is how to use information from the fossil record to calibrate genetic distances from DNA sequences. Here we apply three Bayesian dating methods that differ in how calibration is achieved— “nodedating”(ND)inBEAST,“totalevidence”(TE)datinginMrBayes,andthe“fossilizedbirth–death”(FBD)inFDPPDiv—toinferdivergencetimesintheroyalferns.Osmundaceaehave16–17speciesinfourgenera,twomainlyintheNorthern HemisphereandtwoinSouthAfricaandAustralasia;theyarethesistercladetotheremainingleptosporangiateferns.Theirfossilrecordconsistsofatleast150speciesin ∼ 17 genera. For ND, we used the ﬁve oldest fossils, whereas for TE and FBD dating, which do not require forcing fossils to nodes and thus can use more fossils, we included up to 36 rhizomes and frond compression/impressionfossils,whichforTEdatingwerescoredfor33morphologicalcharacters.Wealsosubsampled10%, 25%,and50%ofthe36fossilstoassessmodelsensitivity.FBD-deriveddivergenceagesweregenerallygreaterthanthoseinferredfromND;twoofsevenTE-derivedagesagreedwithFBD-obtainedages,theothersweremuchyoungerormuch olderthanNDorFBDages.WeprefertheFBD-derivedagesbecausetheybestﬁttheOsmundalesfossilrecord(includingTriassicfossilsnotusedinourstudy). Underthepreferredmodel,thecladeencompassingextantOsmundaceae(andmany fossils)datestothelatestPaleozoictoEarlyTriassic;divergencesoftheextantspeciesoccurredduringtheNeogene.Undertheassumptionofconstantspeciationandextinctionrates,theFBDapproachyieldedspeciationandextinctionratesthat overlappedthoseobtainedfromjustneontologicaldata.However,FBDestimatesofspeciationandextinctionaresensitivetoviolationsintheassumptionofcontinuousfossilsampling;therefore,theseestimatesshouldbetreatedwithcaution. [Bayesianinference;fossilizedbirth–deathdating;molecularclockcalibration;nodedating;totalevidencedating;royalferns. ]
Psychedelic Oscillations: A Systematic Review of the Electrophysiological Correlates of Classic Psychedelics

Background: Recently there has been a revitalization in research on classic psychedelic substances. This class of drugs has been found to produce intense and profoundly meaningful experiences, and offers a unique opportunity to study the neural correlates of the sense of self. The objective of this research was to systematically review the effects of classic psychedelics on spontaneous brain activity, as measured on three electrophysiological modalities: spectral analysis, signal diversity, and functional connectivity. Method: We searched Pubmed to identify papers in English, published between January 1990 to May 2021, where electrophysiological methods were used to evaluate the effects of classic psychedelics in healthy individuals during non-task resting states. Results: Sixteen papers were included. Classic psychedelic substances generally decrease spectral power in most frequency bands, mainly in the alpha range, increase signal diversity, and decrease the flow of information throughout the brain. Conclusion: Decreases in alpha power, increased signal diversity, and decreases in default mode network activity might be important neural correlates of the psychedelic state. However, inconsistencies in the results and heterogeneity in study design are some of the limitations that have to be considered when interpreting these results.
IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway to reduce autophagy in gestational diabetes

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disease in pregnancy. However, studies of activating molecule of Beclin1-regulated autophagy (Ambra1) affecting the insulin substrate receptor 1/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (IRS-1/PI3K/Akt) signalling pathway in GDM have not been reported. The aim of the study was to detect the difference of Ambra1 expression in the placenta of normal pregnant women and GDM patients. Material and methods: An in vitro model of gestational diabetes mellitus was established by inducing HTR8/Svneo cells from human chorionic trophoblast layer with high glucose. The changes of cell morphology were observed by inverted microscope, and the expression levels of Ambra1 gene and protein in model cells were detected. After this, Ambra1 gene was silenced by shRNA transfection, and PI3K inhibitor was added to detect changes in Ambra1, autophagy, and insulin (INS) signalling pathways. Results: The protein expression levels of Ambra1, Bcl-2 interacting protein (Beclin-1), and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3-II) in the placentas of GDM pregnant women were higher than those of normal pregnant women. High glucose induces morphological changes in HTR8/Svneo cells and increases Ambra1 transcription and translation levels. sh-Ambra1 increased survival of HTR8/SvNEO-HG cells and inhibited Ambra1, Beclin1, and LC3-II transcription and translation levels. Also, sh-Ambra1 increased IRS-1/PI3K/Akt protein phosphorylation levels and inhibited the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and its resulting autophagy. Conclusions: sh-Ambra1 increased IRS-1/PI3K/Akt protein phosphorylation levels to reduce autophagy in gestational diabetes
Comparative Analysis of Different Architectures of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

— Deep Neural Network (DNN) contains many layers of neurons, which provides better performance in terms of accuracy over a large dataset of images based on the DNN’s artificial sense of recognition. The Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture is based on multiple convolutional layers of neurons and each neuron in a layer is designed towards feed-forward direction. CNN can learn features of unstructured data such as images, voice and videos during a model’s training process. If the number of weighted layers increases in a CNN model, it results in higher object detection accuracy. On the other hand, if more weighted parameters are included in the CNN, it requires a high-performance GPU in the training session. The Xception model is better than VGG-16, ResNet50 and DenseNet121 because it passes the same input to the depth-wise isolated blocks and later merges the output of these blocks as input for the final classification layer The model sizes are directly proportional to the number of parameters involved, affecting the models’ performance during the object recognition process. These all models are pre-trained and require transfer learning for fine-tuning in a new dataset. There is a limitation to the models that the dataset must be in the RGB-system. This study compares the CNN architectures of VGG-16, ResNet50, Xception and DenseNet121. This paper’s findings show that the Xception model of CNN has performed well while classifying . digital images
The Influence of SPA Model on Muji and its Consumers in China

: Fashion retailers such as Uniqlo and Zara and grocery brands such as Muji have become increasingly popular in recent years. In addition to the superior location factor, they all use the SPA model for sales. Taking Muji as an example, this report studies the positive and negative effects of adopting SPA model and puts forward suggestions for future development of Muji. This report collects primary data through questionnaires and uses secondary data to accomplish research objectives. The conclusion of this project is that the SPA model support Muji to achieve good relationships with consumers, but there are still problems that are not in line with the national conditions on the road of Muji to enter China. Therefore, this report puts forward some suggestions on how to localize SPA model in order that Muji can capture market demand and then attract potential consumers.
Tannins and flavonoids as feed additives in the diet of ruminants to improve performance and quality of the derived products. A review

Sultanayeva, L. , Karkehabadi, S. , Zamaratskaia, G. & Balji, Y. (2023). Tannins and flavonoids as feed additives in the diet of ruminants to improve performance and quality of the derived products. A review. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 29 (3) , 522–530 Meat consumption is one of the major drivers contributing to the growth of the global animal nutrition market. Subse - quently, the demand on quality of animal feed increases. Because of growing public concern about the use of pharmaceuticals in livestock production, the application of natural agents, such as tannins and flavonoids, with a potential to improve animal health and animal food product has become more desirable. The present review summarize and analyse plant derived bioactive compounds as a feed additive in the diet of cows, sheep and goats, mainly emphasizing recently published data. Particular attention has been paid to tannins and flavonoids. We concluded that animal performance and quality of the derived products can be improved by using feed additives, such as tannins and flavonoids. All the same, high doses of some compounds might reduce voluntary dry matter intake and digestion of nutrients and cause toxicity. Thus, more research is needed to fully exploit benefits of incorporating tannins and flavonoids in livestock feed and identify an optimal dose to obtain consistent beneficial effects of additives.
LEFT ATRIAL TO LEFT VENTRICULAR END DIASTOLIC DIAMETER RATIO IN LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION

Background: Diastolic dysfunction (DD) is difficult to diagnose and characterize despite many techniques. It is known that left atrial diameter (LAD) increases and left ventricular internal end diastolic diameter (LVIDD) remains the same in moderate to severe diastolic dysfunction (grade II and above) but a ratio between these two (LAD/LVIDD) has never been used to assess diastolic dysfunction. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the ratio, left atrial diameter/ left ventricular internal end diastolic diameter (LAD/LVIDD) and diastolic dysfunction (grade II and above). This study also aims to give a statistical model based upon this relationship that is able to help in diagnosing diastolic dysfunction. Methods: This case control analytical study was carried out at the Department of Cardiology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Jan 2014 to Jan 2016. On the basis of echocardiographic findings, 226 patients were identified as normal healthy control group whereas 226 patients were identified as having diastolic dysfunction of grade II and above and were categorised as disease group. Doppler diastolic function parameters were used to assess diastolic function in all of these 452 patients. Appropriate statistical methods were then applied on the data by using IBM statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results: LAD/LVIDD was correlated to diastolic dysfunction at r=0.858 (p<0.01). A binary logistic regression model using age, sex and LAD/LVIDD gave an accuracy of 96.9% in diagnosing diastolic dysfunction. LAD/LVIDD in the model had an odds ratio of 2. 678Â´1024. A Receiver Operation Characteristic curve between diastolic dysfunction and LAD/LVIDD yielded a specificity of 93.8% and sensitivity of 99.1% at the cut-off value of 0.7268. Conclusion: A new parameter, left atrial diameter (LAD) to left ventricular internal end diastolic diameter (LVIDD) ratio (LAD/LVIDD), is significantly correlated to diastolic dysfunction (grade II and above). It is also a significant predictor for diastolic dysfunction. Pak J Physiol 2017;13(1):15â€“8
Breast cancer prevention: role of the Mediterranean Diet and its components

: Breast cancer affects billions of people all over the world.Many factors contribute to the development of breast cancer, such as hormones, lifestyles, environmental factors, and diet patterns.According to the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), high consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains, as well as low intake of red and processed meat can lower cancer risk. As food items and nutrients are consumed in combination, dietary patterns have been successfully implemented as a tool to assess the additive or synergistic effect of food in nutritional epidemiology.The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based pattern characterized by high amounts of fruits,vegetables,nuts,legumes,fish,cereals including whole grains,and extra-virgin olive oil.Numerous studies have shown that the Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of breast cancer.Given the increasing severity and incidence of breast cancer,there is increasing interest in promoting prevention strategies to reduce incidence.The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current evidence on the association between breast cancer and Mediterranean diet.
Effect of ringing and auxins on the vegetative propagation of foliated cuttings of Som (Machilus bombycina King) (Laurales: Lauraceae)

Une etude a ete realisee sur l'effet du decouronnement combine avec l'utilisation des auxines a differentes concentrations sur les boutures foliacees de Som (Machilus bombycina King). Le decouronnement entraine une augmentation tres nette du pourcentage de racinement, de la vigueur des racines et du pourcentage de survie apres transplantation des boutures foliacees de Som. Ces effets s'accentuent lorsque l'on utilise des regulateurs de croissance. L'acide 1-naphthalene-acetique (ANA) a 100 ppm et 50 ppm donne les meilleurs resultats pour tous les parametres etudies. L'utilisation de l'acide indole-acetique (AIA) a 100 ppm n'affecte pas le racinement de facon significative mais a un effet significatif sur la formation de cals a 100%
as Tools for

The human auditory system can become an active agent in the production of sound when stimulated with specific tone combinations. The resulting auditory distortion products can be amplified and drawn attention to by employing certain just intonation practices – a compositional technique that may serve as a powerful catalyst for reaching different states of mind in listeners. In this thesis, those psychoacoustic phenomena critical to the act of tuning are explored. An experiential tuning protocol is introduced and supported by insights from physiology and neuroscience research. Based on the tuneability of musical intervals, a harmonic framework involving harmonic and subharmonic relationships is analyzed and exemplified via the accompanying composition XV XXVII III XXI IX: Variations . From a phenomenological perspective, the research extends to broader contexts, investigating potential social, ethical, cultural, and political implications of such a practice.
Inhance (Inflow Inversion Recovery) Non-contrast Renal MRA in the assessment of renal artery disease.

Poster: "ECR 2013 / C-1304 / Inhance (Inflow Inversion Recovery) Non-contrast Renal MRA in the assessment of renal artery disease. " by: "A. D. Sotomayor1, M. C. Sebastia2, L. Bunesch2, J. Guitart1, R. Salvador Tarrason2, C. Nicolau2; 1Barcelona, Barcelona/ES, 2Barcelona/ES"
Ieee Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics Knot Optimization for Biharmonic B-splines on Manifold Triangle Meshes

—Biharmonic B-splines, proposed by Feng and Warren, are an elegant generalization of univariate B-splines to planar and curved domains with fully irregular knot configuration. Despite the theoretic breakthrough, certain technical difficulties are imperative, including the necessity of Voronoi tessellation, the lack of analytical formulation of bases on general manifolds, expensive basis re-computation during knot refinement/removal, being applicable for simple domains only (e.g., such as Euclidean planes, spherical and cylindrical domains, and tori). To ameliorate, this paper articulates a new biharmonic B-spline computing paradigm with a simple formulation. We prove that biharmonic B-splines have an equivalent representation, which is solely based on a linear combination of Green's functions of the bi-Laplacian operator. Consequently, without explicitly computing their bases, biharmonic B-splines can bypass the Voronoi partitioning and the discretization of bi-Laplacian, enable the computational utilities on any compact 2-manifold. The new representation also facilitates optimization-driven knot selection for constructing biharmonic B-splines on manifold triangle meshes. We develop algorithms for spline evaluation, data interpolation and hierarchical data decomposition. Our results demonstrate that biharmonic B-splines, as a new type of spline functions with theoretic and application appeal, afford progressive update of fully irregular knots, free of singularity, without the need of explicit parameterization, making it ideal for a host of graphics tasks on manifolds.
WIDER Working Paper 2024/5 Sheepskin effects and heterogenous wage-setting behaviour Evidence from Mozambique

: Using a unique panel survey of final-year undergraduates at six of the largest universities in Mozambique, we study the wage premium associated with completing an undergraduate degree. Conditional on a very rich set of controls, including pre-degree earnings, objective measures of ability, and academic performance, we find heterogeneity in ‘sheepskin effects’ across different kinds of firms. We propose a simple model of wage-setting in which productivity is only partially observable in some firms and fully observable in others. In this setting, education serves both to enhance productivity and as a productivity signal. Consistent with the theory, positions where productivity is likely to be less observable offer larger sheepskin effects.
OptiTrust: an Interactive Optimization Framework

We present OptiTrust, an interactive framework for optimizing general-purpose C code via series of programmer-guided, source-to-source transformations. Optimization steps are described in transformation scripts, expressed as OCaml programs. At every step, the programmer may interactively visualize the effect of the transformation as the difference be-tween two pieces of human-readable C code. OptiTrust has been previously employed to optimize numerical simulation code. In this work, we showcase how to use OptiTrust to optimize matrix multiplication. We compare against TVM, which also relies on programmer guidance, but which restricts the input language and lacks easily readable feedback.
How mail components on the server side detects and process undesired emails: a systematic literature review

As the use of emails increases constantly every year, so do the reports of various victims in society, on companies and individuals who have been affected by these undesirable emails in the form of spam, spoofing and phishing in their inbox. The effect of undesirable emails are many, but in summary, they cost the society and organization immense amount of money. This study will aim to understand why these emails still make its way into a user’s inbox by identifying current existing solutions that are being used by email servers to evaluate incoming undesirable emails. The analysis of the study shows that there are shortcomings in the solutions that are being used today, which lead to undesirable emails reaching a user’s inbox, and it is likely to continue in the near foreseeable future, unless research and or actions are applied to some of the brought-up issues in this study, namely problems with adoption and usage rate of authentication protocols, technical issues within authentication protocols and emails being wrongly classified by today's filtering techniques.
Influence of the water exchange through the Dardanelles on the thermohaline structure of the Aegean Sea

Nous avons etudie le front des Dardanelles a partir de donnees experimentales et d'un modele thermo-hydrodynamique a haute resolution. Ce front, cree par la penetration des eaux de surface saumâtres de la mer Noire dans les eaux salees de la mer Egee, constitue une formation climatique pratiquement stable. La zone frontale presente une structure verticale et horizontale complexe avec des interfaces frontales secondaires non stationnaires. Ces dernieres se developpent sous l'influence de vents forts de directions diverses. Lorsque ceux-ci soufflent a 10 m/s et plus, le front peut etre renvoye vers le detroit sur une distance de plusieurs kilometres. Quand le vent forcit, la principale interface frontale est susceptible de devenir discontinue et des fronts secondaires peuvent naitre aux deux extremites du front. Dans de telles conditions, des couches intermediaires peuvent prendre place, par inversion et intrusion, a l'interieur de la zone frontale. A l'aide de simulations mathematiques, nous avons reconstitue les processus de formation et d'evolution du front. Les estimations numeriques des caracteristiques thermo-hydrodynamiques du front des Dardanelles se sont revelees proches des valeurs reelles. Ceci est vrai pour l'etendue de la zone frontale, la position, la largeur et l'orientation de l'interface frontale ainsi que pour les valeurs des gradients de temperature et de salinite sur le front proprement dit comme a l'interieur de la zone frontale. Les champs de circulation transfrontale du modele revelent la presence de deux cellules avec des axes horizontaux paralleles au front.
Trace Elements to the

A major surface circulation feature of the Arctic Ocean is the Transpolar Drift (TPD), a current that transports river ‐ in ﬂ uenced shelf water from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas toward the center of the basin and Fram Strait. In 2015, the international GEOTRACES program included a high ‐ resolution pan ‐ Arctic survey of carbon, nutrients, and a suite of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs). The cruises bisected the TPD at two locations in the central basin, which were de ﬁ ned by maxima in meteoric water and dissolved organic carbon concentrations that spanned 600 km horizontally and ~25 – 50 m vertically. Dissolved TEIs such as Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Hg, Nd, and Th, which are generally particle ‐ reactive but can be complexed by organic matter, were observed at concentrations much higher than expected for the open ocean setting. Other trace element concentrations such as Al, V, Ga, and Pb were lower than expected due to scavenging over the productive East Siberian and Laptev shelf seas. Using a combination of radionuclide tracers and ice drift modeling, the transport rate for the core of the TPD was estimated at 0.9 ± 0.4 Sv (10 6 m 3 s − 1 ). This rate was used to derive the mass ﬂ ux for TEIs that were enriched in the TPD, revealing the importance of lateral transport in supplying materials beneath the ice to the central Arctic Ocean and potentially to the North Atlantic Ocean via Fram Strait. Continued intensi ﬁ cation of the Arctic hydrologic cycle and permafrost degradation will likely lead to an increase in the ﬂ ux of TEIs into the Arctic Ocean.
Dynamic mode decomposition of numerical and experimental data

The description of coherent features of ﬂuid ﬂow is essential to our understanding of ﬂuid-dynamical and transport processes. A method is introduced that is able to extract dynamic information from ﬂow ﬁelds that are either generated by a (direct) numerical simulation or visualized/measured in a physical experiment. The extracted dynamic modes, which can be interpreted as a generalization of global stability modes, can be used to describe the underlying physical mechanisms captured in the data sequence or to project large-scale problems onto a dynamical system of signiﬁcantly fewer degrees of freedom. The concentration on subdomains of the ﬂow ﬁeld where relevant dynamics is expected allows the dissection of a complex ﬂow into regions of localized instability phenomena and further illustrates the ﬂexibility of the method, as does the description of the dynamics within a spatial framework. Demonstrations of the method are presented consisting of a plane channel ﬂow, ﬂow over a two-dimensional cavity, wake ﬂow behind a ﬂexible membrane and a jet passing between two cylinders.