Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome)

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common syndrome also known as DiGeorge syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome. It occurs in approximately 1:4000 births, and the incidence is increasing due to affected parents bearing their own affected children. The manifestations of this syndrome cross all medical specialties, and care of the children and adults can be complex. Many patients have a mild to moderate immune deficiency, and the majority of patients have a cardiac anomaly. Additional features include renal anomalies, eye anomalies, hypoparathyroidism, skeletal defects, and developmental delay. Each child's needs must be tailored to his or her specific medical problems, and as the child transitions to adulthood, additional issues will arise. A holistic approach, addressing medical and behavioral needs, can be very helpful. Abbreviations CHOP = The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, FISH = fluorescent in situ hybridization, LCR = low copy number repeat, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism, TREC = T-cell receptor excision circle.
Bed‐Load Sampling in Sand‐Bed Rivers

Bed‐load sampling in sand‐bed rivers was studied. A mechanical sampler called the Delft Nile sampler was designed and operated in flume and field conditions. The flume data obtained for different bed material sizes in the range of 280–1,070 μm were used to determine the sampling efficiency factor of the bedload sampler. The sampling efficiency factor was found to be about 1.0 for bed material sizes larger than about 400 μm and about 1.5 for finer bed material sizes. Field measurements in the Nile river (Egypt) and in the Rhine river (The Netherlands) were taken to determine the proper number of samples to be taken in a cross section in relation to the errors involved. The bed‐load sampler was equipped with an underwater video camera to facilitate visual observations of the bed‐load sampling process. Based on the visual observations, five types of bed‐load samplings were distinguished and a computation method was proposed to determine the proper mean bed‐load transport rate from the collected samples at a .
Current controlled deposition on the Wilkes Land continental rise, Antarctica

Abstract Turbidite, contourite and hemipelagic deposition are the main components of Wilkes Land continental rise sedimentation above the regional unconformity WL2. On the continental shelf, unconformity WL2 marks the start of shelf progradation, which is interpreted to correspond with the onset of glacial conditions in this segment of the east Antarctic margin. Unusually large (i.e. up to 900 m relief and 18 km between levee crests) channel-levee deposits, and high relief (up to 490 m) mounded contourite-style deposits develop above unconformity WLlb. Unconformity WLlb overlies unconformity WL2 and is interpreted to have formed under a fully continental glacial regime where ice streams reached the palaeo-continental shelf edge. Based on an analysis of multichannel seismic profiles and sediment cores, we differentiate three phases in the development of the sedimentary unit between WLlb and the present seafloor. From older to younger these are: Phase 1, dominated by turbidite deposition; Phase 2, dominated by turbidite and contourite deposition with significant mound building; and Phase 3, dominated by turbidite and contourite deposition without active mound building. We hypothesize that building of the mounds during Phase 2 corresponded with times of expansion of the Antarctic ice-sheet when vast amounts of sediment were eroded from the continent and continental shelf. The large amount of unsorted glacial sediment supplied to the outer shelf apparently travelled down the slope canyons and rise channels as turbidity current flows to feed the usually large continental rise channel-levee complexes. The suspended fines of the turbidity flows were then entrained in a palaeo-nepheloid layer and carried by the westward flowing palaeo-contour currents until their deposition in the mounds. During Phase 3, sediment supply to the continental rise, although important in volume and capable of turbidite and contour-current deposition, was insufficient to support further building of the mounds. We believe the decrease in sediment supply to the continental rise from Phase 2 to Phase 3 could be the result of a change on sediment depocentres, with most of the sediment supplied to the margin during Phase 3 being trapped on the continental shelf. We believe that ultimately these changes are related to the stage of glacial evolution of the continent.
Rethinking tourism and ecotravel

A fully revised and comprehensive overview of the history and global development of tourism, often considered the largest industry in the world. Despite promising great benefits to hosts and guests alike, tourism has often resulted in some very stark and painful consequences for local host communities and the environment. This second edition provides updated information on global tourism and examines how local communities in different parts of the world, especially indigenous peoples, have responded to the challenges and opportunities that tourism and eco-travel brings.
Beyond‐laboratory‐scale prediction for channeling flows through subsurface rock fractures with heterogeneous aperture distributions revealed by laboratory evaluation

The present study evaluates aperture distributions and fluid flow characteristics for variously sized laboratory‐scale granite fractures under confining stress. As a significant result of the laboratory investigation, the contact area in fracture plane was found to be virtually independent of scale. By combining this characteristic with the self‐affine fractal nature of fracture surfaces, a novel method for predicting fracture aperture distributions beyond laboratory scale is developed. Validity of this method is revealed through reproduction of the results of laboratory investigation and the maximum aperture‐fracture length relations, which are reported in the literature, for natural fractures. The present study finally predicts conceivable scale dependencies of fluid flows through joints (fractures without shear displacement) and faults (fractures with shear displacement). Both joint and fault aperture distributions are characterized by a scale‐independent contact area, a scale‐dependent geometric mean, and a scale‐independent geometric standard deviation of aperture. The contact areas for joints and faults are approximately 60% and 40%. Changes in the geometric means of joint and fault apertures (µm), em, joint and em, fault, with fracture length (m), l, are approximated by em, joint = 1 × 102 l0.1 and em, fault = 1 × 103 l0.7, whereas the geometric standard deviations of both joint and fault apertures are approximately 3. Fluid flows through both joints and faults are characterized by formations of preferential flow paths (i.e., channeling flows) with scale‐independent flow areas of approximately 10%, whereas the joint and fault permeabilities (m2), kjoint and kfault, are scale dependent and are approximated as kjoint = 1 × 10−12 l0.2 and kfault = 1 × 10−8 l1.1.
Generation of non-Gaussian sea surfaces for IR scene simulations

Methods currently used for the generation of wind roughened sea surfaces suffer shortcomings in that they either generate sea surface heights that are symmetric about the mean surface height, or that they generate wave slope fields that do not necessarily have the correct slope distribution or correlation. A computationally efficient solution to this problem was developed for the one-dimensional case, i.e. the up and down movements of a single point on a sea surface in time. The following paper describes a generalization of this approach in two dimensions, which allows generation of a two-dimensional slope field with both the correct distribution of instantaneous surface slopes and the correct correlation of these slopes. The problem of integrating the resulting correlated non-Gaussian slope field into a height field remains unsolved at this point in time, as the height fields obtained by a straight forward integration show some artefacts and are hence not entirely satisfactory. Nevertheless, the method is an improvement on some of the algorithms currently in use where a correlated slope field is generated by convolving a field of independent slope values, drawn from a Cox-Munk distribution, with a spatial filter derived from the Pierson-Moskowitz power spectral density (PSD) of surface heights.
Beyond Fusion: Modality Hallucination-based Multispectral Fusion for Pedestrian Detection

Pedestrian detection is a fundamental task for many downstream applications. Visible and thermal images, as the two most important data types, are usually used to detect pedestrians under various environmental conditions. Many state-of-the-art works have been proposed to use two-stream ( i.e ., two-branch) architectures to combine visible and thermal information to improve detection performance. However, conventional visible-thermal fusion-based meth-ods have no ability to obtain useful information from the visible branch under poor visibility conditions. The visible branch could even sometimes bring noise into the combined features. In this paper, we present a novel thermal and visible fusion architecture for pedestrian detection. Instead of simply using two branches to separately extract thermal and visible features and then fusing them, we introduce a hal-lucination branch to learn the mapping from the thermal to the visible domain, forming a novel three-branch feature extraction module. We then adaptively fuse feature maps from all three branches ( i.e ., thermal, visible, and hallucination). With this new integrated hallucination branch, our network can still get relatively good visible feature maps under challenging low-visibility conditions, thus boosting the overall detection performance. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the superiority of the proposed architecture over conventional fusion methods.
Evidence of meridional motion in the summer lower stratosphere adjacent to monsoon regions

Twenty-one years of rawinsonde data were used together with 8 years of uninitialized European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses to describe the climatological structure of large-scale circulations adjacent to monsoon regions in northern and southern hemisphere summers. In the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, equatorward and poleward motions occur on the eastern and western sides of monsoon regions, respectively. It is shown that significant meridional velocities (>1 ms−1) penetrate the lower stratosphere up to a maximum height of 50–30 mbar. Largest meridional velocities are observed in connection with the Asian monsoon in northern summer. Although evanescent in height, these motions are relatively important for horizontal transport of constituents in the summer lower stratosphere, when planetary waves are otherwise small. Asian and Mexican monsoons in this season are displaced sufficiently far from the equator, in close proximity to the tropopause break, to have a significant role in stratosphere-troposphere (S/T) exchange. The companion paper by Chen (1995) provides evidence of irreversible S/T exchange in the “upper middle world” during northern summer.
University of Birmingham Cyber Cities: Social Media as a Tool for Understanding Cities

Big’ urban data are increasingly becoming accessible for scientific research and policy use. They may enhance the intelligence that is needed for smart cities. The present paper aims to highlight and demonstrate the rich potential of information based on digital technology in modern cities. As a case-­‐ study example of the power of social media data as a support tool in smart cities, we consider Twitter data in the municipality of Amsterdam. We use machine learning techniques to identify temporal patterns that we then relate back to their spatial dimension, effectively connecting the digital with physical aspect of cities. We also show that analysis of geo-­‐referenced tweets can shed significant light on physical aspects of the city and on the spatial distribution of urban functions.
Modeling of Neogene crustal block rotation: Case study of southeastern California

Numerical modeling using a two-dimensional distinct element method (DEM) was performed to give an additional understanding of the mechanism of crustal block rotation in a highly active portion of the Pacific-North America transform plate boundary. Paleomagnetic and structural investigations have shown that large (30°–50°) horizontal rotations of crustal blocks occurred in the Eastern Transverse Zone and the Northeast Mojave Block (southeastern California) since the end of early Miocene. The main aspect of the modeling was to investigate whether an anisotropic horizontal stress state can be responsible for the rotation of crustal blocks with a length of 100 km or not. The simulations were performed using different stress boundary conditions and different parameters of the fault strength. Applying an assumed ratio of 2 for the horizontal stress components as boundary condition, block rotations in the order of 40° only occur if (1) the major horizontal stress SH is oriented N20°E with a maximal deviation of 15° to the east or west, and (2) the fault strength described by the friction coefficient is smaller than 0.12, or 14% only of the value 0.85 for intact rocks (Byerlee's law). For a weakening model of the fault strength an initial friction coefficient of 0.85 allows also rotations of about 40° if the friction coefficient decreases rapidly due to an increasing shear displacement to a basic friction coefficient of 0.12 or smaller. For the same amount of rotation (40°) a decreasing stress ratio requires a lowering of the friction coefficient used, whereas an increase of the ratio allows a higher friction coefficient. The simulation also show that the modeling with elastic blocks can adequately describe the observed main features of the crustal deformation, especially the cumulative slip values. Discrepancies in the observations and modeling results for the western parts of the Mojave Desert are the result of a neglect of the three-dimensional deformation in our two-dimensional modeling.
Distributions of NO, NOx, NOy, and O3 to 12 km altitude during the summer monsoon season over New Mexico

During late July and August 1989, 12 flights of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Sabreliner jet aircraft were made over New Mexico when the region was dominated by either synoptic high pressure or moist “monsoon” flow. In the latter case, sampling was made within and about deep convective clouds which were sometimes electrically active. A summary of the measurements of the species listed in the title and their ratios are given. These distributions include signatures from deep convection, lightning production of odd nitrogen, aircraft exhaust emissions, and possible stratospheric input. The averages and range of these distributions are considered to be more representative of typical summer conditions over the region compared to flights that are often restricted more to fair weather situations. Coherence between the O3 and the NOy observations is compared to results from other ground-based and aircraft programs and possible contributing factors are discussed. Because the measurements were made with then newly developed instrumentation, its capabilities and shortcomings are summarized.
THE TRANSFER OF HEAT FROM THE CORE OF THE EARTH

Summary The dynamo theory of the origin of the magnetic field of the Earth requires a motion of the material of the core. This paper discusses the possibility that the motion is due to thermal convection. Too little is known of the core for a definite answer to be obtained. It is shown, however, that reasonable values of the constants involved will give convection. The main difficulty is to arrange for removal of the heat from the outside of the core.
Surface deformation of westerly granite during creep

Holographic interferometry has been used to observe the surface deformation of Westerly granite during creep experiments at 50 MPa (500 bars) confining pressure. Interference fringes on the holograms produced by this technique constitute contour maps of the sample surface shape change between exposures. Several distinctive characteristics of the surface shape change have been observed. In general, surface deformation during primary and secondary creep, while highly inhomogeneous, is distributed fairly uniformly. No large scale pattern is seen in the surface shape changes. At approximately the onset of tertiary creep, surface displacements become more locallized. Eventually (approx.85--90% of time-to-failure) a distinct ridge is formed which exactly coincides with the location of the final fracture.
A Ternary Interpolatory Subdivision Schemes Originated from Splines

A generic technique for construction of a ternary interpolatory subdivision schemes, which is based on polynomial and discrete splines, is presented. These schemes have rational symbols. The symbols are explicitly presented in the paper. This is accompanied by a detailed description of the design of the refinement masks and by algorithms for verifying the convergence these schemes. In addition, the smoothness of the limit functions is investigated. The ternary subdivision schemes, whose construction is based on continuous splines, become tools for fast computation of interpolatory splines of arbitrary order at triadic rational points.
Subsurface flow and transport : a stochastic approach

Part I. Introduction: 1. Stochastic modeling of flow and transport: the broad perspective Gedeod Dagan Part II. Subsurface Characterization and Parameter Estimation: 2. Characterization of geological heterogeneity Mary P. Anderson 3. Application of geostatistics in subsurface hydrology Javier Samper 4. Formulations and computational issues of the inversion of random fields Jesus Carrera, Agustin Medina, Carl Axness and Tony Zimmerman Part III. Flow Modeling and Aquifer Management: 5. Groundwater in heterogeneous formations Peter Kitanidis 6. Aspects of numerical methods in multiphase flows Richard E. Ewing 7. Incorporating uncertainty into aquifer management models Steve Gorelick Part IV. Transport in Heterogeneous Aquifers: 8. Transport of inert solutes by groundwater: recent developments and current issues Yoram Rubin 9. Transport of reactive solutes Vladimir Cvetkovic 10. Nonlocal reactive transport with physical and chemical heterogeneity: linear nonequilibrium sorption with random rate coefficients Bill X. Hu, Fei-Wen Deng and John Cushman 11. Perspectives on field scale application of stochastic subsurface hydrology Lynn W. Gelhar Part V. Fractured Rocks and Unsaturated Soils: 12. Component characterization: an approach to fracture hydrology Jane C. S. Long, Christine Doughty, Akhil Datta-Gupta, Kevin Hestir and Don Vasco 13. Stochastic analysis of solute transport in partially saturated heterogeneous soils David Russo 14. Field scale modeling of immiscible organic chemical spills Jack Parker Part VI. A View to the Future: 15. Stochastic approach to subsurface flow and transport: a view to the future Shlomo Neuman.
Episodic detachment of Martian crustal magnetic fields leading to bulk atmospheric plasma escape

We present an analysis of magnetic field and suprathermal electron measurements from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft that reveals isolated magnetic structures filled with Martian atmospheric plasma located downstream from strong crustal magnetic fields with respect to the flowing solar wind. The structures are characterized by magnetic field enhancements and rotations characteristic of magnetic flux ropes, and characteristic ionospheric electron energy distributions with angular distributions distinct from surrounding regions. These observations indicate that significant amounts of atmosphere are intermittently being carried away from Mars by a bulk removal process: the top portions of crustal field loops are stretched through interaction with the solar wind and detach via magnetic reconnection. This process occurs frequently and may account for as much as 10% of the total present‐day ion escape from Mars.
A comparative analysis of three different MODIS NDVI datasets for Alaska and adjacent Canada

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data offer great potential for monitoring vegetation dynamics in Alaska. However, certain MODIS image quality issues, such as geometric distortion, have been analyzed and documented in high latitudes and regions distant from the Greenwich Meridian. To improve MODIS data usability, the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) developed a seven-band reflectance dataset (10 day composite) at 250 m resolution for Canada and North America. More recently, the US Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science Center produced an eMODIS dataset that includes a 7 day composite of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and surface reflectance data at 250 m, 500 m, and 1 km resolutions for the conterminous United States and Alaska. Although these two datasets are based on the same MODIS level 1B data as those of the standard MODIS products, they are processed to improve their use in high-latitude regions. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the standard MODIS, CCRS MODIS, and eMODIS Alaska 250 m NDVI products using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images as a reference source. CCRS MODIS and eMODIS Alaska NDVI images have significantly improved geometric features over those of the standard MODIS product. Pixel-by-pixel comparisons of the MODIS datasets indicated that all retained the original MODIS radiometric characteristics, but considerable mismatches at the pixel level were found due to geometric distortions caused by resampling. All three MODIS datasets agreed well as images were degraded to 5 or 10 km resolution.