Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Megaevents and Modernity: Olympics and Expos in the Growth of Global Culture

This analysis explores the social history and politics of mega-events from the late 19th century to the present. Through case studies of events such as the 1851 Crystal Palace Expo, the 1936 Berlin Olympics and the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, Maurice Roche investigates the impact Expos and Olympics have had on national identities, on the marking of public time and space, and on visions of national citizenship and international society in modern times. Historical chapters deal with the production of Expos by power elites, their impacts on mass culture, and the political uses and abuses of international sport and Olympic events. Chapters also deal with the impact of Olympics on cities, the growth of Olympics as media events and the current crisis of the Olympic movement in world politics and culture.
Structure and Cenozoic kinematics of the Eastern Cordillera, southern Bolivia (21°S)

The Eastern Cordillera is a main morphotectonic unit of the central Andes. In southern Bolivia it is predominantly composed of Ordovician sedimentary rocks as thick as 10 km. Revision of the Ordovician stratigraphy and new structural fieldwork resulted in detailed balanced cross sections, improved estimates of crustal shortening, and a new kinematic model for the Eastern Cordillera. New estimates of total shortening in the Eastern Cordillera are up to 95 km (41–44%), higher than previous estimates and sufficient to thicken the Andean crust to its present state between the eastern foreland and the magmatic arc. After initial Tertiary uplift at ∼58 Ma, first thrusts developed in the middle Eocene to early Oligocene (? 40–? 30 Ma), exhuming the central part of the Eastern Cordillera. Tectonic shortening culminated in late Oligocene and early Miocene time (25–20 Ma) when west facing thrust systems developed in the central and western part of the Eastern Cordillera. Thrusting terminated in the western part by the end of the early Miocene, and middle Miocene tectonic activity was restricted to minor strike‐slip faulting. In the central part, thrusting remained active until the late Miocene. By ∼10 Ma, shortening in the Eastern Cordillera essentially ceased. Kinematic fault analyses indicate clockwise rotation of the shortening direction, from NNE‐SSW or NE‐SW in Eocene‐early Oligocene time over E‐W to WNW‐ESE or even NW‐SE in late Oligocene to middle Miocene time. Nevertheless, WNW‐ESE directed shortening and subvertical extension predominate. Sinistral oblique motion on many thrusts probably reflects plan view flexural slip in the clockwise rotating southern limb of the Bolivian orocline. It is proposed that space problems in the oroclinal hinge slowed the rotation there and caused decoupling of the still rotating south limb along NE trending transfer zones.
INSTITUTE FOR MONETARY AND ECONOMIC STUDIES BANK OF JAPAN

The American economy has experienced strong employment growth during most of the past 30 years. This period of sustained job creation was accompanied first by a narrowing of wage differences and then by a widening that brought wage inequality to an unusually higher level. Even though education levels of the work force were rising, the effects of this increase in the supply of skilled workers were overwhelmed by strong growth in skill demands that apparently originated mainly from the introduction of new technology. Although increases in skill premiums have been quite pronounced, adverse social and political consequences of increased wage dispersion have apparently been limited by the absence of pronounced cleavages between groups with different levels of education and work experience. Many observers have argued that wages of the average worker have declined, and that widespread layoffs have heightened workers’ vulnerability to losing their jobs, reducing their job security and loyalty to employers. The view that workers have on average fallen behind is based on partial and incomplete measures of workers’ pay and there is little evidence that job insecurity has contributed importantly to wage restraint. The reasons for the favorable combination of high employment and low inflation in the U.S. are not well understood, but vigorous competition and wage flexibility in a stable economic environment are more likely sources of wage moderation than fears about jobs and wages arising from job insecurity.
The Mars Surveyor 1998 Landing Zone: Searching for Mars Polar Lander in High Resolution MOC Images

Between mid-December 1999 and early February 2000, forty images (~400 MBytes) were acquired of the area believed to be the location where the ill-fated Mars Polar Lander is believed to have crashed, uniquely covering 667 km and, additionally, covering most of this area stereoscopically. These images cover most of the landing ellipses identified as encompassing the most probable crash site (Figure 1). No evidence of the lander or of the lander delivery system (parachute or aeroshell) was seen. A geomorphic sketch map was created at a scale of 10 m/pixel (Figure 2). Eleven characteristic morphologies (+ one “other”) and three qualitative assessments of topographic roughness were plotted on a base map compiled from the MOC images. By these criteria, 36% of the surface is considered smooth, 26% intermediate and 33% rough (5% was not classified owing to uncertainty in application of the qualitative criteria, e.g., are sand dunes rough or smooth? ). To quantitatively assess the topographic roughness, a topographic profile in a characteristically rough area was constructed by point stereophotogrammetry. These data were then calibrated against a nearby Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) topographic profile to produce a controlled MOC topographic profile (Figure 3). Slopes were measured over distances ranging from 10 to 150 m, with slopes measured over long distances typically shallower than those measured over short distances. In the most topographically rugged region within the landing zone ( e.g., on the slopes of the depression along the western margin of the landing zone uncertainty ellipses), no more than 12% of the surface has slopes in excess of 10 ° when sampled at scales of 10-40 m/pixel; about 4% of the surface has slopes greater than 15 °. Sampling over longer distances yielded lower slope values. Indeed, much of the landing zone is substantially smoother. Figure 4 shows the frequency of occurrence of a given slope angle as a function of slope angle for the same three metrics as described above. The overlap between the adjacent sample metric (red circles) and the other, larger sampling window computations (blue squares and green diamonds), shows that these measurements reasonably sample the range in slopes. Figure 5 shows close-up examples of some stereo pairs, illustrating the steepest and most rugged relief in the vicinity of the landing site. The polar landing site was less hazardous than many areas on Mars, but not without hazards. It is unlikely that the lander failed owing to geology. Figure 1: Location of MOC narrow angle image coverage as determined by simulataneous wide angle imaging, superimposed on a twoframe Viking Orbiter image mosaic registered to the targeting inertial coordinate system.
USING LIVESTOCK GUARDIAN DOGS IN BALKANS

Balkans consist of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Slovenia, Serbia, and Turkey. In Balkans there are quite succesfull livestock guardian dogs including Akbash Shepherd in (Turkey), Bucovina Shepherd (Romania), Bulgarian Shepherd (Bulgaria), Carpatin Shepherd (Romania), Greek Shepherd (Greece), Karabash (Kangal) Shepherd (Turkey), Karaman Shepherd (Turkey), Kars (Caucasian) Shepherd (Turkey), Karst Shepherd (Slovenya), Koyun Shepherd (Turkey), Macedonian Karaman Shepherd (Macedonia), Mioritic Sheep (Romania), Sharplaninac (Kosovo/Macedonia), Tornjak (Bosna-Herzegovinia). In Balkan countries are generally developing countries in which livestock production is still crutial in their economics. Moreover geograpy of Balkans are mainly mountainous and forrest areas. In those areas there are some predators such as bear, fox, jackal, lynx, and wolf. Those conditions create that livestock guardian dogs are necessary for livestock production in Balkans.
TRANSIENT EFFECT OF BATTERY OF INJECTION WELLS ON SEAWATER INTRUSION

The transient effect of battery of injection wells on seawater intrusion into coastal confined aquifers is analyzed using a quasi-three-dimensional areal finite-element model derived based on the sharp interface approach. Linear triangular elements are used to discretize the domain. The validity of the model is tested using the theoretical solutions and experimental results. The model is then used to carry out detailed parametric studies on the efficacy of battery of injection wells in controlling seawater intrusion. Hypothetical cases over a wide practical range are considered for this purpose. In the study, the motion of the interface is tracked for different combinations of the well spacing, injection rate, and the duration. Relationships are established between the key parameters in nondimensional forms, which have wider practical application. The injection wells are found to be effective in controlling the intrusion over a longer period of operation, running into several years. Reduction of intrusion up to 60-90% is achievable under favorable conditions. A specific example is solved to illustrate the usefulness of the results.
Characterizing the uncertainty in river stage forecasts conditional on point forecast values

Uncertainty information about river level forecast is as important as the forecast itself for forecast users. This paper presents a flexible, statistical approach that processes deterministic forecasts into probabilistic forecasts. The model is a smoothly changing conditional distribution of river stage given point forecast and other information available, such as lagged river level at the time of forecasting. The parametric distribution is a four‐parameter skewt distribution, with each parameter modeled as a smooth function of the point forecast and the 1 day ago observed river level. The model was applied to 9 years of daily 6 h lead forecasts and 24 h lead forecasts in the warm season and their matching observations at the Plymouth station on the Pemigewasset River in New Hampshire. For each point forecast, the conditional distribution and resulting prediction intervals provide uncertainty information that are potentially very important to forecast users and algorithm developers in decision making and improvement of forecast quality.
Laboratory‐developed contact models controlling instability on frictional faults

Laboratory experiments were performed on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)‐PMMA frictional interface in a direct shear apparatus in order to gain understanding of fault dynamics leading to gross rupture. Actual asperity sizes and locations along the interface were characterized using a pressure‐sensitive film. Slow aseismic slip accumulated nonuniformly along the fault and showed dependency on the applied normal force—increased normal force resulted in higher slip gradients. The slow slip front propagated from the trailing (pushed) edge into a region of more densely distributed asperities at rates between 1 and 9.5 mm/s. Foreshocks were detected and displayed impulsive signals with source radii ranging between 0.21 and 1.09 mm; measurements made using the pressure‐sensitive film were between 0.05 and 1.2 mm. The spatiotemporal clustering of foreshocks and their relation to the elastodynamic energy released was dependent on the normal force. In the region where foreshocks occurred, qualitative optical measurements of the asperities along the interface were used to visualize dynamic changes occurring during the slow slip phase. To better understand the nucleation process, a quasi‐static asperity finite element (FE) model was developed and focused in the region where foreshocks clustered. The FE model consisted of 172 asperities, located and sized based on pressure‐sensitive film measurements. The numerical model provides a plausible explanation as to why foreshocks cluster in space and observed a normal force dependency and lend credence to Ohnaka's nucleation model.
Source model of an earthquake doublet that occurred in a pull-apart basin along the Sumatran fault, Indonesia

SUMMARY On 2007 March 6, an earthquake doublet occurred along the Sumatran fault, Indonesia. The epicentres were located near Padang Panjang, central Sumatra, Indonesia. The first earthquake, with a moment magnitude (M w) of 6.4, occurred at 03:49 UTC and was followed two hours later (05:49 UTC) by an earthquake of similar size (M w = 6.3). We studied the earthquake doublet by a waveform inversion analysis using data from a broadband seismograph network in Indonesia (JISNET). The focal mechanisms of the two earthquakes indicate almost identical rightlateral strike-slip faults, consistent with the geometry of the Sumatran fault. Both earthquakes nucleated below the northern end of Lake Singkarak, which is in a pull-apart basin between the Sumani and Sianok segments of the Sumatran fault system, but the earthquakes ruptured different fault segments. The first earthquake occurred along the southern Sumani segment and its rupture propagated southeastward, whereas the second one ruptured the northern Sianok segment northwestward. Along these fault segments, earthquake doublets, in which the two adjacent fault segments rupture one after the other, have occurred repeatedly. We investigated the state of stress at a segment boundary of a fault system based on the Coulomb stress changes. The stress on faults increases during interseismic periods and is released by faulting. At a segment boundary, on the other hand, the stress increases both interseismically and coseismically, and may not be released unless new fractures are created. Accordingly, ruptures may tend to initiate at a pull-apart basin. When an earthquake occurs on one of the fault segments, the stress increases coseismically around the basin. The stress changes caused by that earthquake may trigger a rupture on the other segment after a short time interval. We also examined the mechanism of the delayed rupture based on a theory of a fluidsaturated poroelastic medium and dynamic rupture simulations incorporating a rheological velocity hardening effect. These models of the delayed rupture can qualitatively explain the observations, but further studies, especially based on the rheological effect, are required for quantitative studies.
Fine‐scale variability of topsoil moisture in a first‐order stream of a temperate forest

This work explains the effect of microtopography on the spatio‐temporal gradient of topsoil moisture in a first‐order stream in a forested mountainous area of northern Spain. This gradient was also related with the availability of suitable microsites for a forest riparian sedge (Carex remota).
The Okhotsk-Japan Circulation Pattern and the Heavy Rainfall in Beijing in 2012 Summer

Using station precipitation and reanalysis data, we examined the evolution of the large-scale circulations associated with the heavy rainfall event that occurred around July 21, 2012 (721 heavy rainfall). This study focuses on a role that the large-scale circulations named “the Okhotsk-Japan (OKJ) circulation pattern” played in causing the heavy rainfall case. We found that the 721 heavy rainfall occurred under a background of the OKJ circulation that persisted for about 10 days. However, the pattern was different from the normal OKJ circulation, for this circulation pattern accompanied a blocking high between the Ural Mountains and the Baikal Lake. This difference resulted from the seasonal change of the basic flow. The related Rossby wave propagated eastward during the persisting period of the dominated OKJ pattern. This caused the development of a low-pressure system around the Baikal Lake and the weakening of a ridge around the Okhotsk Sea. The slow evolution of the OKJ circulation created a favorable environment for the moisture transport to northern China, assisting in the generation of the 721 heavy rainfall.
Forest Land Cover Classification Using Statistical and Artificial Neural Network Approaches Applied to IRS LISS ‐ III Sensor

Abstract Comparison of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier with Maximum Likelihood (ML) classifier for different land cover classification has been examined previously using different sensors such as Landsat TM, SPOT, AVHRR and SAR. In this study, the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS‐1C) satellite sensor LISS‐III (Linear Image Self‐Scanner) was used to compare these classification methods for forested land. Training samples for classification and accuracy assessment were collected through extensive field surveys using a false colour composite image. The same training areas were used for both classifiers to classify the entire forest land of Banavasi Range of the Western Ghats, India using EASI/PACE (PCI) image processing software. A detailed accuracy assessment was done for both classifiers using existing forest survey maps and information collected from the field survey. Results showed that the artificial neural network has a slightly better performance in discriminating forest plantations and water, but no significant difference in classifying the homogenous natural forest, when compared to the maximum likelihood classifier.
An evaluation of upper troposphere NO x with two models

Upper tropospheric NOx controls, in part, the distribution of ozone in this greenhouse sensitive region of the atmosphere. Many factors control NOx in this region. As a result it is difficult to assess uncertainties in anthropogenic perturbations to NO from aircraft, for example, without understanding the role of the other major NOx sources in the upper troposphere. These include in situ sources (lightning, aircraft), convection from the surface (biomass burning, fossil fuels, soils), stratospheric intrusions, and photochemical recycling from HNO3. This work examines the separate contribution to upper tropospheric “primary” NOx from each source category and uses two different chemical transport models (CTMs) to represent a range of possible atmospheric transport. Because aircraft emissions are tied to particular pressure altitudes, it is important to understand whether those emissions are placed in the model stratosphere or troposphere and to assess whether the models can adequately differentiate stratospheric air from tropospheric air. We examine these issues by defining a point-by-point “tracer tropopause” in order to differentiate stratosphere from troposphere in terms of NOx perturbations. Both models predict similar zonal average peak enhancements of primary NOx due to aircraft (≈10–20 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) in both January and July); however, the placement of this peak is primarily in a region of large stratospheric influence in one model and centered near the level evaluated as the tracer tropopause in the second. Below the tracer tropopause, both models show negligible NOx derived directly from the stratospheric source. Also, they predict a typically low background of 1-20 pptv NOx when tropospheric HNO3 is constrained to be 100 pptv of HNO3. The two models calculate large differences in the total background NOx (defined as the source of NOx from lightning + stratosphere + surface + HNO3) when using identical loss frequencies for NOx. This difference is primarily due to differing treatments of vertical transport. An improved diagnosis of this transport that is relevant to NOx requires either measurements of a surface-based tracer with a substantially shorter lifetime than 222Rn or diagnosis and mapping of tracer correlations with different source signatures. Because of differences in transport by the two models we cannot constrain the source of NOx from lightning through comparison of average model concentrations with observations of NOx.
Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis

The relationship between economic development and environmental quality is analyzed econometrically for a large sample of countries over time. The results indicate that some indicators improve with rising incomes (like water and sanitation), others worsen and then improve (particulates and sulfur oxides), and others worsen steadily (dissolved oxygen in rivers, municipal solid wastes, and carbon emissions). Growth tends to be associated with environmental improvements where there are generalized local costs and substantial benefits. But where the costs of environomental degradation are borne by others (by the poor or by other countries), there are few incentives to alter damaging behavior. Copyright 1994 by Royal Economic Society.
La paradoja de la progresividad en países de baja tributación: el impuesto a la renta en Guatemala

Los indices de Kakwani y Reynolds-Smolensky se emplean para analizar las consecuencias de las reformas fiscales en la progresividad y capacidad redistributiva de los impuestos. No obstante, su interpretacion en terminos normativos solo resulta pertinente en reformas en que la recaudacion permanece constante. Dado que este no suele ser el caso en las reformas reales, es habitual descomponer el indice de Reynolds-Smolensky en cambios en la tasa media del impuesto y cambios en el indice de Kakwani. En este trabajo se intenta mostrar que esta descomposicion presenta serios inconvenientes, que se agravan en paises de bajos ingresos tributarios. Para contribuir a la solucion de estos problemas se propone una serie de indicadores alternativos basados en los indices tradicionales, que permiten analizar los efectos en la redistribucion y progresividad en reformas con variaciones en la recaudacion. Mediante estos indicadores se examinan hipoteticas reformas en el impuesto sobre la renta de Guatemala
Long-term controls on eustatic and epeirogenic motions by mantle convection

Computational geodynamics is leading to the synthesis of plate tectonics and mantle convection into a unified dynamic model. Coupled models of plates and thermal convection quantitatively show both eustatic and epeirogenic controls on long-term uplift and subsidence of Earth's surface from regional to global scales. Eustasy and epeirogeny can no longer be viewed as mutually exclusive hypotheses explaining continental stratigraphy-both arise with nearly equivalent amplitudes, but with complex phase offsets, by the same system of global convection. Dynamic models assist in the interpretation of the stratigraphic record, which has long been known to show that continents undergo both eustatic and epeirogenic motions.
Effectiveness of Programs to Prevent School Bullying

Abstract Sixteen major evaluations of programs to prevent school bullying, conducted in 11 different countries, are reviewed in detail. Of these 16 evaluations, 8 produced desirable results, 2 produced mixed results, 4 produced small or negligible effects, and 2 produced undesirable results. These varying findings may reflect variations in programs, in implementation, in assessment methods, or in evaluation designs. It is concluded that high-quality evaluations are needed in the future, with randomized designs, theoretically grounded interventions, multiple measures of bullying, and attempts to disentangle the effectiveness of different program components.