Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Ecotourism: Sustainable Development and Management

Worldwide, indigenous peoples are becoming more involved in the tourism industry and particularly ecotourism. Ecotourism enterprises controlled by indigenous people in tribal reserves or protected areas include cultural ecotours, ecolodges and bungalows, hunting and fishing tours, cultural attractions and other nature-based facilities or services. " "This volume reviews indigenous ecotourism as a special type of nature-based tourism and examines the key principles of conservation and community benefits from indigenous-owned and operated ecotourism businesses or joint ventures. It compares indigenous ecotourism in developed and developing countries and provides global case studies of indigenous ecotourism projects in the Pacific Islands, Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia. The book analyses key factors and constraints for sustainable development of Indigenous ecotourism and explores the growing links between biodiversity conservation, ecotourism and indigenous rights. It will appeal to practitioners, researchers and students in ecotourism and sustainable tourism, indigenous studies, conservation, natural resource management and community development.
Response of marine atmospheric boundary layer height to sea surface temperature changes: Mixed‐layer theory

The flow of marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) air across ocean-surface temperature fronts subjects the MABL to an abrupt change in surface thermal forcing. The MABL responds to this variable forcing by a readjustment of both the MABL heat and moisture content as well as the MABL depth. This note addresses questions raised in recent publications in this journal with a rigorous theoretical analysis for the simplest case, an equilibrated MABL crossing a very abrupt front at right angles. The MABL's adjustment is found by a solution to the mixed-layer budget of buoyancy and the entrainment closure based on turbulent energetics of the MABL. Since the solution is analytic, this simple case can be easily extended to circumstances of more realistic forcing. The solution discussed here establishes a firm theoretical basis for previous, partly heuristic and partly empirical, work; highlights weaknesses of that approach, and shows how simplistic engineering solutions to complex geophysical problems can be completely misleading.
OP23 Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib as induction therapy in patients with Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis: Results from phase 3 U-ACCOMPLISH study

Abstract Background Upadacitinib (UPA) is a selective and reversible Janus kinase inhibitor.U-ACCOMPLISH is one of two phase 3 induction trials that evaluated the safety and efficacy of UPA 45 mg once daily (QD) in adults with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods U-ACCOMPLISH was a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT03653026) that enrolled patients with moderate-to-severe UC (defined as adapted Mayo score 5–9 with centrally read endoscopic score 2–3) who had inadequate response, loss of response, or intolerance to aminosalicylates, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids and/or biologics. Patients were randomized 2:1 to UPA 45 mg QD or placebo (PBO) for 8 weeks. At week 8, responders entered the maintenance phase and non-responders entered the extended treatment period to receive open-label UPA 45 mg QD for additional 8 weeks.The primary endpoint (clinical remission per adapted Mayo Score) and ranked secondary endpoints including symptomatic, endoscopic– histologic evaluations from the 8-week PBO-controlled period are reported here. Non-responder imputation incorporating multiple imputation for missing data due to COVID-19 are reported. Results 522 patients were randomized (UPA, n=345; PBO, n=177); the intent-to-treat population included 341 patients in UPA and 174 patients in PBO group. Baseline demographics and disease characteristics were similar between groups; 50.7% and 51.1% were biologic inadequate responders in UPA and PBO groups, respectively (Table 1). A significantly higher proportion of patients receiving UPA 45 mg QD (33.5%) versus PBO (4.1%) achieved the primary endpoint (adjusted treatment difference: 29.0% [23.2, 34.7]; P<0.001). A significantly higher proportion of patients receiving UPA versus PBO also achieved all ranked secondary endpoints (all P<0.001; Figure 1). Serious adverse events were reported by 3.2% and 4.5% of patients in UPA and PBO groups, respectively (Table 2). Similar rates of serious infection were observed in both groups (0.6%); 2 events each of herpes zoster and opportunistic infection were reported in UPA group. No active tuberculosis, malignancy, adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events, or deaths were reported in the study. One patient with venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) and 1 patient with gastrointestinal perforation were reported in the placebo group. Conclusion In U-ACCOMPLISH, 8-week UPA 45 mg QD induction treatment led to statistically significant improvements in clinical, endoscopic, and combined endoscopic-histologic endpoints. The treatment was well tolerated, and the safety profile and AE prevalence was comparable with previous studies of UPA with no new safety signals identified.
The impact of skin colour on human photobiological responses

Terrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exerts both beneficial and adverse effects on human skin. Epidemiological studies show a lower incidence of skin cancer in people with pigmented skins compared to fair skins. This is attributed to photoprotection by epidermal melanin, as is the poorer vitamin D status of those with darker skins. We summarize a wide range of photobiological responses across different skin colours including DNA damage and immunosuppression. Some studies show the generally modest photoprotective properties of melanin, but others show little or no effect. DNA photodamage initiates non‐melanoma skin cancer and is reduced by a factor of about 3 in pigmented skin compared with white skin. This suggests that if such a modest reduction in DNA damage can result in the significantly lower skin cancer incidence in black skin, the use of sunscreen protection might be extremely beneficial for susceptible population. Many contradictory results may be explained by protocol differences, including differences in UVR spectra and exposure protocols. We recommend that skin type comparisons be done with solar‐simulated radiation and standard erythema doses or physical doses (J/m2) rather than those based solely on clinical endpoints such as minimal erythema dose (MED).
Observations of the loss of stratospheric NO2 following volcanic eruptions

Observations of stratospheric column amounts of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO) and nitric acid (HNO3) have been made following major eruptions of the El Chichon and Mt. Pinatubo volcanoes. Midlatitude abundances of NO2 and NO were reduced by as much as 70% in the months following the appearance of the volcanic aerosols as compared to volcanically quite periods. There are heterogeneous reactions which could occur on the volcanic aerosols to convert NO2 into HNO3 but no commensurate increase in HNO3 column amounts was observed at the times of NO2 decrease.
An improved method for evaluation of sediment loads for river management.

When sediment production and river transport data are not available for planning purposes, simple and reliable evaluation models are necessary. A geomorphic model, based on the parameterization of drainage basins with the geomorphic quantitative analysis theory is proposed in the literature to estimate suspended sediment transport. This method uses a linear regression between geomorphic parameters and river sediment loads. Even though in many cases this approach provides reliable estimates, differences still occur between measured and estimated values. This paper presents the preliminary results of a study that applies a multivariate analysis technique (cluster analysis) to increase the reliability of the method. In addition we show how geographical information system (GIS) technology can support the analysis and the model application by obtaining the digital fluvial network directly from a digital elevation model and computing geomorphic parameters.
Ground deformation in an area later damaged by an earthquake: Monitoring the Avcilar district of Istanbul, Turkey, by satellite radar interferometry 1992–1999

SUMMARY The Avcilar district of Istanbul was severely damaged by the M 7.4 Izmit (Kocaeli) earthquake of 1999. The same area underwent ground subsidence before the earthquake, as revealed by geodetic monitoring. Analysis of 14 synthetic aperture radar images acquired by the ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites between 1992 and 1999 by interferometry (InSAR) measures the rate of subsidence. Using the General Inversion for Phase Technique (GIPhT), we analyse a set of 12 interferometric pairs. The interferometric fringe patterns show a rounded triangular shape that we interpret as secular subsidence at a constant rate. The maximum subsidence rate of 6 mm per year occurs at a point located at latitude 40.98 ◦ N and longitude 28.71 ◦ E. A simple four-parameter elastic Mogi model, consisting of three infinitesimal spherical sinks at a depth of 2.4 ± 0.4 km deflating at 78 000 ± 16 000 cubic metres per year, describes subsidence signal to first order. The model also accounts for tropospheric effects by estimating a vertical phase gradient and an additive offset for each image acquisition epoch. The model fits the data with a cost of 0.18 cycles per datum for the 4644 phase measurements included in the inversion. This fit is significantly better than either the null hypothesis or the initial model with 95 per cent confidence for 32 free parameters. The association of ground deformation with earthquake damage may be interpreted in terms of weak, compressible material in shallow subsurface layers.
Quantifying forest fragmentation spatial process in the developing State of Selangor, peninsular Malaysia

Forest fragmentation has several phases; thus, the ecological significance of each phase during a particular period of time must be interpreted. To interpret, this study quantifies the magnitude of forest loss and the changes in the temporal pattern of fragmentation in the State of Selangor, peninsular Malaysia. Using the decision tree model of land transformation, five phases of forest fragmentation were identified: perforation, dissection, dissipation, shrinkage and attrition. This analysis showed that the magnitude of forest loss was the highest during the dissipation phase. The patchiness analysis showed that dissipation contributes to the highest environmental uncertainty found for the forest patches. This study can be considered a first step in the exploration of the properties and the behavioural pattern shown by the spatial process of forest fragmentation.
Dielectric properties of soils at UHF and microwave frequencies 36R. J. Geophys. Res. V79, N11, Apr. 1974, P1699–1708

The complex dielectric constant of four soils, including a sand, a silt, and two clays, was measured over the frequency range from 0.1 × 109 Hz to 26 × 109 Hz. The water content of the soils was varied from 0.0 g H2O/g soil to 0.15 g H2O/g soil, and the temperature from 24°C to 20°C. The dielectric relaxation spectrum of water in soils was found to be displaced to lower frequencies than the dielectric relaxation spectrum of water in bulk. The results showed that the relation between volumetric water content and the complex dielectric constant is relatively independent of soil type. At temperatures above freezing the complex dielectric constant of water in soils, at the water contents investigated, decreases with temperature, a type of behavior normally found only in solids. Below the freezing point the phase composition of water in soils determines the temperature dependence of the complex dielectric constant.
Recycling of water in the Amazon Basin: An isotopic study

The oxygen-18 content of precipitation in the Amazon basin is characterized by a very small inland gradient, 0.75 × 10−3 ‰ km−1. This is a consequence of the large contribution of reevaporated moisture to the basin's water balance. A distinct seasonal and regional pattern of stable isotope composition has been recognized and shows the basin to be inhomogeneous from the hydrometeorological point of view. The occasional appearance of very low δ values is believed to be related to the position of the ITCZ rather than to interbasin processes.
High Resolution Regional Reanalysis for Improving Representation of Mesoscale Wind Climatology in the Chukchi-Beaufort Seas and Arctic Slope

The Weather Research and Forecasting model and its variational Data Assimilation system WRFDA has been applied to the Arctic marginal ice zone along the Chukchi-Beaufort Seas for High-resolution Atmospheric Reanalysis (CBHAR) study. To ensure the best reanalysis quality, WRFDA is optimized for the study area through a set of assimilation sensitivity experiments. The sensitivity of WRFDA to model background errors (BE), and the assimilation of various observational datasets, including both in situ observations and satellite retrievals is examined. It’s found that a customized BE is necessary in order to achieve positive impacts with WRFDA. A careful selection of data to be assimilated is also essential. To improve our understanding of temporal and spatial structures of the area’s surface wind, an important parameter linking dynamical processes among different components of the environmental system, the newly developed CBHAR reanalysis is used to analyze the area’s mesoscale wind climatology for the data period of 1979 to 2009. In the study area, sea breezes, up/downslope winds, and mountain barrier effects are clearly captured by CHBAR. Upslope winds occur from March to September. Sea breeze begins in May, reaches its maximum in July. Mountain barrier effects are profound along the Chukotka Mountains and in the Chukchi Sea during cold seasons. The impacts of synoptic weather patterns including Arctic storm and Beaufort High on the area’s mesoscale circulations are analyzed. Strong storm activity reduces the strength of sea breeze and eastward location of Beaufort High weakens the mountain barrier effect in the Chukchi Sea.
An open‐system, two‐layer crustal stretching model for the Eastern Great Basin

New geological and geophysical information from the eastern Great Basin sheds light on how Cenozoic extensional strain is partitioned throughout the crustal column and provides broad constraints on how much new material was added to the crust as a consequence of synextensional magmatism. The total amount of extension across the eastern half of the northern Basin and Range province is estimated to be 141 km or 77%, but varies dramatically on more local scales. Individual domains, several tens of kilometers across, have experienced supracrustal extensional strains that vary from 15% to 300%. Volcanism in this region initiated in the early Oligocene and has continued sporadically to the present. The major eruptions appear to be both temporally and spatially associated with large-magnitude extension. A COCORP deep seismic reflection profile across the eastern Great Basin indicates a uniform present crustal thickness of 30 to 35 km. The preextensional crustal thickness is inferred to have tapered westward from the 40- to 45-km thickness of the Colorado Plateau to a maximum of 50 km in the thickened root zone of the Sevier fold and thrust belt. Simple mass-balance calculations employing the present and inferred preextensional crustal thicknesses together with the amount of extension suggest that approximately 5 km of the present crustal thickness was added to the crust during Cenozoic extension and magmatism. The lack of relief on the reflection Moho suggests that the crust as a whole may have stretched quite uniformly. A model for crustal stretching that incorporates a heterogeneously deforming (brittle) upper crust decoupled from a more uniformly deforming (ductile) middle and lower crust, together with a significant flux of mantle-derived magmas into the crust, best explains the geological and geophysical observations from the eastern Great Basin. This open-system, two layer stretching model has important thermal and mechanical implications and helps account for many of the enigmatic aspects of Cenozoic extension and magmatism in the western United States.
Simulation analysis of advanced infrared (Alr) MAC wireless communications protocol

The paper presents results from a simulation model of the IrDA advanced infrared (AIr) MAC protocol for nondirected multiple access infrared wireless communication. The MAC protocol is CSMA/CA based with robust RTS/CTS medium reservation which deals with ‘hidden nodes’. Throughput performance is analysed in relation to protocol parameter settings. In particular, the effect of the CAS (collision avoidance slot) window size parameter is examined in relation to the data burst size and network size. The effect of a proposed CAS window size dynamic adjustment algorithm is also examined. The results are validated by comparison with those from an analytical model.
Social injury: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the attitudes towards suicide of lay persons in Ghana

One way of furthering our understanding of suicidal behaviour is to examine people's attitudes towards it and how they conceive the act. The aim of this study was to understand how lay persons conceive the impact of suicide on others and how that influences their attitudes towards suicide; and discuss the implications for suicide prevention in Ghana. This is a qualitative study, using a semi-structured interview guide to investigate the attitudes and views of 27 lay persons from urban and rural settings in Ghana. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse the data. Findings showed that the perceived breach of interrelatedness between people due to suicidal behaviour influenced the informants’ view of suicide as representing a social injury. Such view of suicide influenced the negative attitudes the informants expressed towards the act. The negative attitudes towards suicide in Ghana are cast in consequential terms. Thus, suicide is an immoral act because it socially affects others negatively. The sense of community within the African ethos and The Moral Causal Ontology for Suffering are theoretical postulations that are used to offer some explanations of the findings in this study.
Variación estacional en la composición de las comunidades de aves en un gradiente urbano

Seasonal variation in the composition of bird communities in an urban gradient: Urbanization affects the birds of a region in a complex way. Several studies from the Northern Hemisphere show a particular negative incidence on migratory species. In an urban area of the province of Tucuman, a previous work found that bird richness increased with plant cover in residential areas. However, it is not known their seasonal pattern and to what extent the degree of urbanization differentially affect resident species and the visitors. Here we analyzed the seasonal variation of birds' community and evaluate the impact of urbanization on resident species and visitors in an urban gradient over a period of two years. Birds diversity varied seasonally in the three locations: in the most urbanized site peaked in spring while in sites with minor and intermediate development was higher in winter and autumn. In those urban areas with the highest volume of vegetation, the species richness increased in general and the proportion of visitors in particular. Our data suggest that a greater area of gardens and trees of cities would allow the arrival of more visitors, whether migratory or resident of the natural environments that use the city as a refuge. (Keywords: urbanization, bird migration, altitudinal displacement, Yungas, premontane forest, Tucuman)
The relation between sleep and weight in a suburban sleep center: observations and speculations on apnea and weight

Study objectives The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and body weight is not clearly established. In order to describe the relationship of weight and OSA severity seen in a suburban sleep center, an observational review was performed of initial diagnostic polysomnograms (PSGs) ordered on patients with American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) symptomatic indications. Methodology/principle findings Initial, full-night diagnostic or initial split-night (diagnostic portion) PSGs performed for any indication on patients >18 years old were retrospectively reviewed for a two year period. All studies were performed following AASM guidelines. PSG data were reviewed for the presence and severity of apnea (no OSA – apnea hypopnea index (AHI) <5, mild – AHI 5–14, moderate – AHI 15–29, severe – AHI 30–59, and very severe – AHI >60). Data were reviewed from 629 PSGs (37% females and 63% males) of which 450 met the criteria for apnea. Studies were classified by apnea severity (196 mild, 103 moderate, 91 severe apnea and 60 with very severe apnea) and weight (body mass index (BMI)). Of those with apnea, and BMIs <25, severe or very severe apnea occurred in 22% (10/45). Three individuals with BMIs <20 had apnea, one severe. Of those with BMIs ≥40, one (1.6%) did not have apnea and 52% (31/60) had AHI >30. Conclusion/significance The profile of this nonrandom series, tested because they were suspected of having a disorder of sleep, provides guidelines for physicians in their approach to symptomatic patients. Individuals with a normal BMI can have apnea, including severe apnea. Severe obesity (BMI >40) is almost always associated with apnea when symptoms are present. Obesity increases the severity of the diagnosed apnea. Excessive weight should be an indication for testing, but normal weight should not exclude individuals with appropriate symptoms. Obesity, while a major contributing factor to severity, is not the etiological cause of OSA in the majority of these patients.
New experimental data on biotite + magnetite + sanidine saturated phonolitic melts and application to the estimation of magmatic water fugacity

Abstract New experimental data are presented that allows the biotite-magnetite-sanidine equilibrium to be used for estimating water fugacity (fH₂O) in hydrous phonolitic magmas. It is also demonstrated that the partly ionic model gives the best estimate for the annite activity (aannite). Crystallization experiments were carried out on a representative sample of peralkaline, phonolitic obsidian of Montaña Blanca (MB) pumice deposit, Tenerife, Canary Islands. Experiments were performed from 720.810 °C and 50.250 MPa. Redox conditions were varied between NNO (nickel + nickel oxide) + 1 (±0.2) and FMQ (fayalite + magnetite + quartz). The majority of the experiments were done under H₂O saturation conditions (Pwater = Ptotal). Several experiments were done using a mixed H2O-CO2 fluid phase whereas in other experiments 10 or 20 wt% powdered alkali feldspar was added to the starting material. The pre-eruptive fH₂O of the Montaña Blanca magma is estimated at 676 ± 200 bars. The pre-eruptive fH₂O for the Fish Canyon tuff (753.2978 bars) and Bishop tuff rhyolite (1065.2440 bars) were also calculated, as well as fH₂O for metamorphic biotite from Au Sable Forks (≈ 130 bars). The results of this study suggest that this geohygrometer can be used in any magmatic system in which biotite-magnetite-sanidine is a stable assemblage.