Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Higher social tolerance is associated with more complex facial behavior in macaques

The social complexity hypothesis for communicative complexity posits that animal societies with more complex social systems require more complex communication systems. We tested the social complexity hypothesis on three macaque species that vary in their degree of social tolerance and complexity. We coded facial behavior in >3000 social interactions across three social contexts (aggressive, submissive, affiliative) in 389 animals, using the Facial Action Coding System for macaques (MaqFACS). We quantified communicative complexity using three measures of uncertainty: entropy, specificity, and prediction error. We found that the relative entropy of facial behavior was higher for the more tolerant crested macaques as compared to the less tolerant Barbary and rhesus macaques across all social contexts, indicating that crested macaques more frequently use a higher diversity of facial behavior. The context specificity of facial behavior was higher in rhesus as compared to Barbary and crested macaques, demonstrating that Barbary and crested macaques used facial behavior more flexibly across different social contexts. Finally, a random forest classifier predicted social context from facial behavior with highest accuracy for rhesus and lowest for crested, indicating there is higher uncertainty and complexity in the facial behavior of crested macaques. Overall, our results support the social complexity hypothesis.
Multitrait diversification in marine diatoms in constant and warmed environments

Phytoplankton are photosynthetic marine microbes that affect food webs, nutrient cycles, and climate regulation. Their roles are determined by a correlated set of phytoplankton functional traits including cell size, chlorophyll content, and cellular composition. Here, we explore how interrelated trait values and correlations evolve. Because both chance events and natural selection contribute to phytoplankton trait evolution, we used population bottlenecks to diversify six genotypes of Thalassiosirid diatoms. We then evolved them in two environments where natural selection could act on this diversity. Interspecific variation and within-species evolution were visualized for nine traits and their correlations using reduced axes (a trait-scape). Shifts in both trait values and correlations, resulting in movement of evolving populations on the trait-scape, occurred in both environments, and were more frequent under environmental change. Which trait correlations evolved was strain-specific, but greater departures from ancestral trait correlations were associated with lower population growth rates. There was no single master trait that could be used to understand multitrait evolution. Instead, repeatable multitrait evolution occurred along a major axis of variation defined by several diatom functional traits and trait relationships. Because trait-scapes capture changes in trait correlations and values together, they offer an insightful way to study multitrait variation.
Multivariable pi-sharing theory and its application on the Lur'e problem

The pi-sharing theory developed by Lawrence and Johnson (1986) is extended to handle square multivariable continuous-time systems, and for the most essential part of finding usable pi-coefficients, LMI formulations are utilized such that for any finite-dimensional LTI systems, time-invariant pi-coefficients can be obtained easily. Furthermore, pi-coefficients are derived for sector-bounded nonlinearities, and the extended pi-sharing theory is applied to the multivariable Lur'e problem. With this approach, not only can a Lur'e system with known sector bounds on nonlinearities be checked for stability, but also the maximal bounds ensuring stability can be found under some conditions.
Possible sources of the Population I lithium abundance and light-element evolution

One-zone numerical models of Galactic chemical evolution of the light elements (lithium, beryllium, boron, and deuterium) with a broad sample of possible stellar lithium production sites and star formation histories, including the multiple merger model of Mathews and Schramm (1992), are examined. Models with high primordial lithium are constrained by observations of lithium and potassium in the interstellar medium of the LMC to have Li abundances close to the Population I value of about 10 exp -9. Li-7 production in intermediate- or high-mass stars (greater than 4 solar masses) is found to fit observations somewhat better than production in low-mass (1-5 solar masses) stars. Since elevated levels of lithium are commonly observed in intermediate-mass stars in the LMC, it is argued that this is indeed the major source of the Population I Li-7 abundance. 71 refs.
Low Schottky barrier height for ErSi2−x/n-Si contacts formed with a Ti cap

In this paper, the formation of Er disilicide (ErSi2−x) with a Ti cap on low doping n-type Si(100) is investigated. After deposition in ultrahigh vacuum, the solid-state reaction between Er and Si is performed ex situ by rapid thermal annealing between 450 and 600 °C in a forming gas ambience with a 10 nm thick Ti capping layer to protect Er from oxidation. X-ray diffraction analyses have confirmed the formation of ErSi2−x for all annealing temperatures. The formed films are found to be free of pinholes or pits and present a sharp and smooth interface with the Si bulk substrate. The extracted Schottky barrier height (SBH) corresponds to the state-of-the-art value of 0.28 eV if the annealing temperature is lower than or equal to 500 °C. This result demonstrates the possibility to form low SBH ErSi2−x/n-Si contacts with a protective Ti cap. However, when the annealing temperature is set to a higher value, the SBH concomitantly rises. Based on our experiments, this SBH increase can be mainly related to an enhanced diffusion of oxygen through the stack during the annealing, which degrades the quality of the ErSi2−x film.
Disturbance decoupled observer design: a unified viewpoint

This paper is concerned with the observer design for linear systems with unknown inputs. An equivalent system, which is free of unknown inputs, is derived for the purpose of the observer design. Based on the equivalent system description, one can design an observer (full order, reduced order, minimal order or functional) for linear systems with unknown inputs using well-known techniques. It is shown that the equivalent system exists as long as there exists a disturbance decoupled observer. Two sets of the known existence conditions of disturbance decoupled observers are proved to be equivalent. >
Trusting the Moral Judgments of a Robot: Perceived Moral Competence and Humanlikeness of a GPT-3 Enabled AI

Advancements in computing power and foundational modeling have enabled artificial intelligence (AI) to respond to moral queries with surprising accuracy. This raises the question of whether we trust AI to influence human moral decision-making, so far, a uniquely human activity. We explored how a machine agent trained to respond to moral queries (Delphi, Jiang et al., 2021) is perceived by human questioners. Participants were tasked with querying the agent with the goal of figuring out whether the agent, presented as a humanlike robot or a web client, was morally competent and could be trusted. Participants rated the moral competence and perceived morality of both agents as high yet found it lacking because it could not provide justifications for its moral judgments. While both agents were also rated highly on trustworthiness, participants had little intention to rely on such an agent in the future. This work presents an important first evaluation of a morally competent algorithm integrated with a human-like platform that could advance the development of moral robot advisors.
Decision-tree based feature-space quantization for fast Gaussian computation

Presents a decision-tree based procedure to quantize the feature-space of a speech recognizer, with the motivation of reducing the computation time required for evaluating Gaussians in a speech recognition system. The entire feature space is quantized into non-overlapping regions, where each region is bounded by a number of hyperplanes. Each region is characterized by the occurrence of only a small number of the total alphabet of allophones (sub-phonetic speech units). By identifying the region in which a test feature vector lies, only the Gaussians that model the density of allophones that exist in that region need be evaluated. The quantization of the feature space is done in a hierarchical manner using a binary decision tree. Each node of the decision tree represents a region of the feature space, and is further characterized by a hyperplane (a vector v_/sub n/ and a scalar threshold value h/sub n/), that subdivides the region corresponding to the current node into two non-overlapping regions corresponding to the two children of the current node. Given a test feature vector, the process of finding the region that it lies in involves traversing this binary decision tree, which is computationally inexpensive. We present results of experiments that show that the Gaussian computation time can be reduced by as much as a factor of 20 with negligible degradation in accuracy. We also examine issues of robustness to different environments.
Safe Reinforcement Learning via Observation Shielding

Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms have shown success in scaling up to large problems. However, deploying those algorithms in real-world applications remains challenging due to their vulnerability to adversarial perturbations. Existing RL robustness methods against adversarial attacks are weak to large perturbations - a scenario that cannot be ruled out for RL adversarial threats, as is the case for deep neural networks in classification tasks. This paper proposes a method called observation-shielding RL (OSRL) to increase the robustness of RL against large perturbations using predictive models and threat detection. Instead of changing the RL algorithms with robustness regularization or retrain them with adversarial perturbations, we depart considerably from previous approaches and develop an add-on safety feature for existing RL algorithms during runtime. OSRL builds on the idea of model predictive shielding, where an observation predictive model is used to override the perturbed observations as needed to ensure safety. Extensive experiments on various MuJoco 1 environments (Ant, Hoope, InvertedPendulum, Reacher) environment demonstrate that our proposed OSRL is safer and more efficient than state-of-the-art robustness methods under large perturbations.
Phonetic imitation by individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Investigating the role of procedural and declarative memory

This study investigates the role of procedural and declarative memory in phonetic imitation, by examining the word- and phoneme-specificity of imitation produced by individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Previous research has shown that individuals with ASD process language differently from the Neurotypical population (e.g., Ullman 2004; Walenski et al. 2006), with Autistic individuals relying more on declarative memory. Previous work with the general population has shown a robust effect of phonetic convergence (e.g., Pardo, 2006), as well as generalization and weak word- specificity effects (Nielsen, 2011). To test whether individuals with ASD exhibit increased specificity, we used Nielsen's (2011) experimental paradigm, which has been shown to elicit generalized phonetic imitation in the general population. A Linear Mixed Effects regression analysis revealed that increased VOT on the modeled phoneme /p/ was imitated by both ASD and control groups [p<0.05]. However, different patterns emerged in phoneme-level specificity: the control group exhibited sub-phonemic generalization (increasing VOT on /p/ and /k/), while the ASD group exhibited a phoneme-specific pattern (increasing VOT only on /p/) [p<0.05]. Furthermore, a stronger trend toward word-specificity was observed within the ASD group. Taken together, these results confirm the earlier finding that ASD individuals exhibit greater reliance on declarative memory.
Multi‐model spread and probabilistic seasonal forecasts in PROVOST

The skill of the PROVOST (PRediction Of climate Variations On Seasonal to interannual Time‐scales) long‐range multi‐model ensemble integrations is analysed. The ensemble PROVOST forecasts result from integrating three different models over the period 1979–93 using analysed sea surface temperatures. For each model, a set of nine‐member ensembles have been run from consecutive European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts re‐analyses. Using the full set of models, a large multi‐model ensemble has been constructed and verified.
Towards the Design of Hybrid Intelligence Frontline Service Technologies - A Novel Human-in-the-Loop Configuration for Human-Machine Interactions

The rapid adoption of innovative technologies confronts IT-Service-Management (ITSM) with incoming support requests of increasing complexity. As a consequence, job demands and turnover rates of ITSM support agents increase. Recent technological advances have introduced assistance systems that rely on hybrid intelligence to provide support agents with contextually suitable historical solutions to help them solve customer requests. Hybrid intelligence systems rely on human input to provide high-quality data to train their underlying AI models. Yet, most agents have little incentives to label their data, lowering data quality and leading to diminishing returns of AI systems due to concept drifts. Following a design science research approach, we provide a novel Human-in-the-Loop design and hybrid intelligence system for ITSM support ticket recommendations, which incentivize agents to provide high-quality labels. Specifically, we leverage agents’ need for instant gratification by simultaneously providing better results if they improve labeling automatically labeled support tickets.
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics

To understand transient differences caused by varying articulation techniques on single-reed woodwind instruments, it is useful to measure and analyze human performances. In a previous study, we investigated differences between tongued and air-separated tones on a saxophone by monitoring inner mouthpiece pressure, mouth pressure, and reed bending during performance. Some of the observed effects (e.g. damping and displacement of the reed) were applied to a physical model. Although tip-opening is an essential parameter of lumped reed models, we were only able to directly compare our measurements to the model by inner mouthpiece air-pressure. In this study we aim to relate measurable reedbending to the resulting tip-opening and also determine the sensor-reed's stiffness. A micro-mechanical characterization test system recorded the static and dynamic mechanical data of the sensor-equipped reeds. Pull and tensile measurements are used to reveal the relation between reed bending and tip opening and will increase our understanding of quasi-static properties of the reed-mouthpiece system. This allows conclusions about the tip opening behavior at transient emergence in expressive single-reed woodwind performance.
Regularization of quasi-variational inequalities

An ill-posed quasi-variational inequality with contaminated data can be stabilized by employing the elliptic regularization. Under suitable conditions, a sequence of bounded regularized solutions converges strongly to a solution of the original quasi-variational inequality. Moreover, the conditions that ensure the boundedness of regularized solutions, become sufficient solvability conditions. It turns out that the regularization theory is quite strong for quasi-variational inequalities with set-valued monotone maps but restrictive for generalized pseudo-monotone maps. The results are quite general and are applicable to ill-posed variational inequalities, hemi-variational inequalities, inverse problems, and split feasibility problem, among others.
Estimating Unknown Transition Times Using a Piecewise Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Model in Men with Prostate Cancer

Abstract It may be clinically useful to know when prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels first begin to rise rapidly and to determine if the natural history of PSA progression is different in men with locally confined prostate cancers compared to men with metastatic tumors. This article uses a nonlinear mixed-effects model to describe longitudinal changes in PSA in men before their prostate cancers were detected clinically. Repeated measurements of PSA are available for 18 subjects with a diagnosis of prostate cancer based on prostate biopsy. PSA measurements were determined on repeated frozen serum samples collected from subjects with at least 10.0 years and up to 25.6 years of observation before the cancer was detected. A piecewise model is used to describe this data. The model is linear long before the cancer was detected and exponential nearer the time the cancer was detected. The time at which the PSA levels change from linear to exponential PSA progression is unknown but can be estimated by includin.
An application of the finite difference‐based lattice Boltzmann model to simulating flow‐induced noise

This paper presents a novel approach to simulate aerodynamically generated sounds by modifying the finite difference‐based lattice BGK compressible fluid model for the purpose of speeding up the calculation and also stabilizing the numerical scheme. With the model, aerodynamic sounds generated by a uniform flow around a two‐dimensional circular cylinder at Re = 150 are simulated. The third‐order‐accurate up‐wind scheme is used for the spatial derivatives, and the second‐order‐accurate Runge–Kutta method is applied for the time marching. The results show that we successively capture very small acoustic pressure fluctuations, with the same frequency of the Karman vortex street, much smaller than the whole pressure fluctuation around a circular cylinder. The propagation velocity of the acoustic waves shows that the points of peak pressure are biased upstream owing to the Doppler effect in the uniform flow. For the downstream, on the other hand, it is faster. It is also apparent that the amplitude of sound pressure is proportional to r−1/2, r being the distance from the centre of the circular cylinder. Moreover, the edgetone generated by a two‐dimensional jet impinging on a wedge to predict the frequency characteristics of the discrete oscillations of a jet‐edge feedback cycle is investigated. The jet is chosen long enough to guarantee the parabolic velocity profile of the jet at the outlet, and the edge is of an angle of α = 23°. At a stand‐off distance w, the edge is inserted along the centreline of the jet, and a sinuous instability wave with real frequency is assumed to be created in the vicinity of the nozzle exit and to propagate towards the downstream. We have succeeded in capturing small pressure fluctuations resulting from periodic oscillation of jet around the edge. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum point-to-point power transfer using second order approximation

This paper introduces a novel methodology for the calculation of the maximum power transfer between two points in large electric power networks. It takes advantage that the problem possesses only one degree of freedom. Consequently, an optimization algorithm using a quadratic approximation of the load flow equations is tractable, and provides a fairly accurate solution in a single iteration. It has been tested here on a 15 bus network. The solution reveals certain properties hidden up to now and identifies network bottlenecks activated by increased point-to-point power transfers.
AN ASSOCIATIVE MODEL OF WORD USE

An Associative Model of Word Use Scott A. Waterman A dissertation submitted to the Department of Computer Science and the Graduate Faculty of Brandeis University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy I describe a model of word usage in context that uses the co-occurrence of words with syntactic environments as evidence of the underlying grammatical constraints that license the combinations. Using these associations between words and contexts as a surrogate for their intrinsic grammatical properties enables us to reason about license, restriction, and preference without needing a detailed theory of these phenomena. The syntactic behavior of words can be defined in terms of their licensed occurrence within the space of contexts. Distributional similarity allows us to use observations of word/context co-occurrence to compare the syntactic behavior of words throughout the language. Various measures of structural similarity are introduced to enable us to also compare the intrinsic structural properties of the contexts. By allowing comparisons between similar-but-not-equal contexts, the structural similarity measure increases the breadth of events over which syntactic behavior between words can be compared. Previous studies of distributional similarity are limited by the inability to compare non-equal contexts. This introduction of a measure over the space of contexts also allows us to reduce the sparse nature of lexical co-occurrence data, and to extend the domain of the model to instances not observed during training. This is accomplished by inductively building a class model of the contexts, based on the structural similarity measure. The resulting context classes are shown to be locally coherent, and good predictors of word usage. The reduced representation of the context space then allows us to determine the intrinsic similarity of words, by enabling the comparison of their co-occurrences across the reduced space.
The thermodynamic limit of the quenched free energy of magnetic systems with random interactions

Assuming translational invariance and random interaction with zero mean value, the author shows that the thermodynamic limit of the quenched free energy of a disordered magnetic system exists if the annealed free energy also exists. For a Hamiltonian with pair interactions and a class of even distribution functions the limit exists if the interaction potential is square summable.
The Structure of the Young Symmetrizers for Spin Representations of the Symmetric Group, I☆

Abstract This paper is the first in a series of three papers on the Young symmetrizers for the spin representations of the symmetric group. In this opening paper, it is shown that the projective analogue of the Young symmetrizer recently introduced by Nazarov has a structure resembling thepλqλ-form exhibited by the classical symmetrizer. In contrast to the classical case, our decomposition of the projective symmetrizer requires an additional intermediate factorxλ. This factor will be studied in greater detail in the later papers.
Approximation Theorems of Mathematical Statistics

Preliminary Tools and Foundations. The Basic Sample Statistics. Transformations of Given Statistics. Asymptotic Theory in Parametric Inference. U--Statistics. Von Mises Differentiable Statistical Functions. M--Estimates. L--Estimates. R--Estimates. Asymptotic Relative Efficiency. Appendix. References. Author Index. Subject Index.