Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neotethyan ophiolites: formation and obduction within the life cycle of the host basins

Abstract To understand the Neotethyan ophiolites better, their place in the history of the host basins is explored, using the Jurassic Hellenic-Dinaric and some Cretaceous (mainly peri-Arabian) ophiolites as examples. These formed in mature (c. 60 Ma and 100 Ma old) seaways by spreading at rates that apparently were too high to persist for more than a fraction of the basin history. Each ophiolite group formed in a short time interval, about 10 Ma, soon after changes in the motions of plates in the host basins. Therefore, these ophiolites do not seem to have formed by normal long-term spreading along mid-ocean ridges, but their formation signifies special ‘ophiolite events’. This fits well the widely accepted origin in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting that was inferred from geochemical data. The ophiolites studied here are thus interpreted as having formed in new subduction zones that originated during changes in plate motions. The spreading during their accretion was driven by fast retreat (roll-back) of the subducting slabs. The western ophiolites of the Hellenic-Dinaric belt, dominated by mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like rocks but invaded by SSZ magmas, could have formed along ridges just before they failed (collapsed), but the age data fit better formation in a proto-back-arc setting alongside the more eastern ophiolites with the typical SSZ signature. The construction of the ophiolites examined here ended when they were detached from their substrate and pushed over the adjacent basins. At that stage they were underplated by metamorphic soles, but how the latter were emplaced still needs clarification. Continuing retreat of the subducting slabs consumed the host basins and pushed the ophiolites hundreds of kilometres until they were obducted over the nearby margins 15–20 Ma after formation. This framework seems to apply to many ophiolites and allows us to interpret them in terms of known processes, but also highlights problematic issues that still need to be resolved.
UniGS: Unified Representation for Image Generation and Segmentation

This paper introduces a novel unified representation of diffusion models for image generation and segmentation. Specifically, we use a colormap to represent entity-level masks, addressing the challenge of varying entity numbers while aligning the representation closely with the image RGB domain. Two novel modules, including the location-aware color palette and progressive dichotomy module, are proposed to support our mask representation. On the one hand, a location-aware palette guarantees the colors' consistency to entities' locations. On the other hand, the progressive dichotomy module can efficiently decode the synthesized colormap to high-quality entity-level masks in a depth-first binary search without knowing the cluster numbers. To tackle the issue of lacking large-scale segmentation training data, we employ an inpainting pipeline and then improve the flexibility of diffusion models across various tasks, including inpainting, image synthesis, referring segmentation, and entity segmentation. Comprehensive experiments validate the efficiency of our approach, demonstrating comparable segmentation mask quality to state-of-the-art and adaptability to multiple tasks. The code will be released at \href{https://github.com/qqlu/Entity}{https://github.com/qqlu/Entity}.
The development, challenges and management of groundwater in rural China

The history of groundwater in China is one of extremes, or apparent extremes. Before the 1960s, the story was one of neglect; only a small fraction of China’s water supply came from groundwater (Nickum, 1988). Almost none of the Ministry of Water Resource’s investment funds were allocated to the ground-water sector until the late 1960s. Certainly, to the extent that underground water resources were valuable, China was ignoring a valuable resource.Since the mid-1970s, however, the prominence of the groundwater sector has risen dramatically. Over the last 30 years, agricultural producers, factory managers and city officials – far from ignoring groundwater resources – have entered an era of exploitation (Smil, 1993; Brown and Halweil, 1998). Arguably, there have been more tube wells sunk in China over the last quar-ter century than anywhere else in the world. As a share of total water supply, ground water has risen from a negligible amount across most of China to being a primary source of water for agriculture, industry and domestic use in many of the nation’s most productive regions. Unfortunately, the resulting fall in ground-water tables has been one of China’s most serious environmental problems (World Bank, 1997). Despite the rise in importance of the sector, and the threats to its continua-tion, relatively little systematic information is available about many key aspects of China’s groundwater economy in rural areas. That is not to say that there is a shortage of scientific research studies that document some of China’s groundwater-related problems, for example, land subsidence, salt water intrusion and overdrafts (Chen
Rôle des jachères sur les écoulements de surface et l'érosion en zone soudanienne du Burkina : application à l'aménagement des versants

En zone tropicale semi-aride, l'érosion et le ruissellement constituent un facteur important de dégradation des terres cultivées et de perte de productivité agricole (Roose, 1980; LaI, 1983; Mietton, 1988; Pieri, 1989; Hoogmoed et al., 1991). Pour limiter ces contraintes dans les zones cotonnières de l'Afrique soudanienne, les projets d'appui aux producteurs pratiquent le transfert de techniques d'aménagement des terres spécifiques: travaux isohypses de rétention ou diversion: fossés de bordure, bourrelets végétalisés, cordons pierreux, billonnages, exutoires aménagés (Campen & Kebe, 1986). Ces aménagements ne sont pas sans poser des problèmes agronomiques ou d'acceptation, comme l'ont mis en évidence Vlaar (1992) et Fournier & Da Silveira (1997). En particulier, le billonnage isohypse et les bourrelets de rétention sont en contradiction avec les pratiques paysannes de billonnage rectiligne et généralement en pente qui draine les excès d'eau. D'autres modèles de lutte an ti-érosive, qui ne recourent ni à la diversion ni à la rétention, ont été vulgarisés mais leur efficacité est mal connue. C'est le cas des «bandes herbeuses isohypses» et des « haies vives ». Quant aux systèmes de culture à couverture vive ou morte, testés avec succès sous tropiques humides (Blancaneaux et al., 1994), ils restent peu adaptés aux conditions qui prévalent en zone soudanienne : divagation du troupeau et faible durée de la saison de croissance. Afin d'identifier des pistes complémentaires, nous nous proposons de partir des processus de ruissellement et d'érosion, tels qu'ils se manifestent dans des savanes cotonnières soudanienne au Burkina. Dans la région représentative de Bondoukuy (province du Mouhoun), la priorité de mise en valeur est accordée aux sols limoneux des plaines (unité rnorpho-pédologique «bas-giacis »). En '1997, leur taux d'occupation par les cultures varie de soixante-dix à quatre-vingtdix pour cent selon la classe de sol (Serpantié et al., 2000); comme ils présentent des pentes inférieures àO,5 pour cent, les risques d'érosion sont modérés. Sur les sols à texture grossière des plateaux, généralement de pente plus forte (0,5 à 2 %), il arrive qu'à la suite de mises en défens administratives des plaines voisines, les cultures occupent la totalité de l'espace (cas
Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life

Significance Scientists have used gene sequences and morphological data to construct tens of thousands of evolutionary trees that describe the evolutionary history of animals, plants, and microbes. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to apply an efficient and automated process for assembling published trees into a complete tree of life. This tree and the underlying data are available to browse and download from the Internet, facilitating subsequent analyses that require evolutionary trees. The tree can be easily updated with newly published data. Our analysis of coverage not only reveals gaps in sampling and naming biodiversity but also further demonstrates that most published phylogenies are not available in digital formats that can be summarized into a tree of life. Reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships that unite all lineages (the tree of life) is a grand challenge. The paucity of homologous character data across disparately related lineages currently renders direct phylogenetic inference untenable. To reconstruct a comprehensive tree of life, we therefore synthesized published phylogenies, together with taxonomic classifications for taxa never incorporated into a phylogeny. We present a draft tree containing 2.3 million tips—the Open Tree of Life. Realization of this tree required the assembly of two additional community resources: (i) a comprehensive global reference taxonomy and (ii) a database of published phylogenetic trees mapped to this taxonomy. Our open source framework facilitates community comment and contribution, enabling the tree to be continuously updated when new phylogenetic and taxonomic data become digitally available. Although data coverage and phylogenetic conflict across the Open Tree of Life illuminate gaps in both the underlying data available for phylogenetic reconstruction and the publication of trees as digital objects, the tree provides a compelling starting point for community contribution. This comprehensive tree will fuel fundamental research on the nature of biological diversity, ultimately providing up-to-date phylogenies for downstream applications in comparative biology, ecology, conservation biology, climate change, agriculture, and genomics.
A Comparative Study of Unsupervised Learning Techniques and Natural Language Processing in Network Traffic Classification

In order to achieve the best utilization of resources, contemporary methods aimed at enhancing the categorization of network traffic for optimal prioritization often depend on port identification and deep packet inspection (DPI). However, these techniques have become outdated due to the unpredictable assignment of ports to new applications and the existence of concealed traffic. Modern techniques leveraging machine learning and deep learning extract numerous features from networks and subsequently produce offline analyses. Unfortunately, the results of these approaches lead to substantial computational burdens. Consequently, the utilization of labeled datasets containing network-specific attributes has been adopted, but these datasets remain limited in availability. Additionally, the models developed using such network-centric findings tend to be inherently network-centric themselves.In this paper, network-independent data-centric models on payloads and payloads with headers have been built by performing network traffic classification with a comparison of the efficacy of KMeans, DBSCAN, and NLP approaches (by leveraging topic modeling). The optimum and best number of clusters were obtained for topic modelling, with the best topic coherence score of 0.8069 for the payload with header and 0.8000 for only the payload. Our results show that the topic model obtains the optimal number of clusters and produces better results than KMeans and DBSCAN. This optimal number of clusters allows for a simple method of detecting abnormal traffic. Our study could potentially create avenues to address the scarcity of labeled data in this specific research domain.
A Lattice-Based Framework for Interactively and Incrementally Mining Web Traversal Patterns

Web mining is one of the mining technologies, which applies data mining techniques in large amount of web data to improve the web services. Web traversal pattern mining discovers most of the users’ access patterns from web logs. This information can provide the navigation suggestions for web users such that appropriate actions can be adopted. However, the web data will grow rapidly in the short time, and some of the web data may be antiquated. The user behaviors may be changed when the new web data is inserted into and the old web data is deleted from web logs. Besides, it is considerably difficult to select a perfect minimum support threshold during the mining process to find the interesting rules. Even though the experienced experts, they also cannot determine the appropriate minimum support. Thus, we must constantly adjust the minimum support until the satisfactory mining results can be found. The essences of incremental or interactive data mining are that we can use the previous mining results to reduce the unnecessary processes when the minimum support is changed or web logs are updated. In this paper, we propose efficient incremental and interactive data mining algorithms to discover web traversal patterns and make the mining results to satisfy the users’ requirements. The experimental results show that our algorithms are more efficient than the other approaches.
Linking salinity stress tolerance with tissue-specific Na+ sequestration in wheat roots

Salinity stress tolerance is a physiologically complex trait that is conferred by the large array of interacting mechanisms. Among these, vacuolar Na+ sequestration has always been considered as one of the key components differentiating between sensitive and tolerant species and genotypes. However, vacuolar Na+ sequestration has been rarely considered in the context of the tissue-specific expression and regulation of appropriate transporters contributing to Na+ removal from the cytosol. In this work, six bread wheat varieties contrasting in their salinity tolerance (three tolerant and three sensitive) were used to understand the essentiality of vacuolar Na+ sequestration between functionally different root tissues, and link it with the overall salinity stress tolerance in this species. Roots of 4-day old wheat seedlings were treated with 100 mM NaCl for 3 days, and then Na+ distribution between cytosol and vacuole was quantified by CoroNa Green fluorescent dye imaging. Our major observations were as follows: (1) salinity stress tolerance correlated positively with vacuolar Na+ sequestration ability in the mature root zone but not in the root apex; (2) contrary to expectations, cytosolic Na+ levels in root meristem were significantly higher in salt tolerant than sensitive group, while vacuolar Na+ levels showed an opposite trend. These results are interpreted as meristem cells playing a role of the “salt sensor;” (3) no significant difference in the vacuolar Na+ sequestration ability was found between sensitive and tolerant groups in either transition or elongation zones; (4) the overall Na+ accumulation was highest in the elongation zone, suggesting its role in osmotic adjustment and turgor maintenance required to drive root expansion growth. Overall, the reported results suggest high tissue-specificity of Na+ uptake, signaling, and sequestration in wheat roots. The implications of these findings for plant breeding for salinity stress tolerance are discussed.
Minimizing data transfers for regular reachability queries on distributed graphs

Nowadays, there is an explosion of Internet information, which is normally distributed on different sites. Hence, efficient finding information becomes difficult. Efficient query evaluation on distributed graphs is an important research topic since it can be used in real applications such as: social network analysis, web mining, ontology matching, etc. A widely-used query on distributed graphs is the regular reachability query (RRQ). A RRQ verifies whether a node can reach another node by a path satisfying a regular expression. Traditionally RRQs are evaluated by distributed depth-first search or distributed breadth-first search methods. However, these methods are restricted by the total network traffic and the response time on large graphs. Recently, Wenfei Fan et al. proposed an approach for improving reachability queries by visiting each site only once, but it has a communication bottleneck problem when assembling all distributed partial query results. In this paper, we propose two algorithms in order to improve Wenfei Fan's algorithm for RRQs. The first algorithm filters and removes redundant nodes/edges on each local site, in parallel. The second algorithm limits the data transfers by local contraction of the partial result. We extensively evaluated our algorithms on MapReduce using YouTube and DBLP datasets. The experimental results show that our method reduces unnecessary data transfers at most 60%, this solves the communication bottleneck problem.
Health Information Technology and Care Coordination:The Next Big Opportunity for Informatics?

Summary The costs of care in the U.S. are very high, in part because canre is relatively uncoordinated. To begin to address this and other issues, health care reform was passed, including the notion of accountable care. Under acountable care arrangements, providers are at risk for the costs of the care they provide to groups of patients. Evaluation of costs has made it clear that a large proportion of these costs are in the post-acute setting, and also that many specific problems such as adverse events and unnecessary readmissions occur following transitions. However, the electronic health records of today do not provide a great deal of assistance with the coordination of care, and even the best organizations have relatively primitive systems with respect to care coordination, even though communication is absolutely central to better coordination of care and health information technology (HIT) is a powerful lever for improving communication. This paper identifies specific gaps in care coordination today, presents a framework for better coordinating care using HIT, then describes how specific technologies can be leveraged. Also discussed are the need to build and test specific interventions to improve HIT-related care coordination tools, and the key policy steps needed to accomplish this.
Conceptual combinations and relational contexts in free association and in priming in lexical decision and naming

tions of concepts are familiar to us in our real lives and in our cognitive psychology research. The concepts in each pair are highly associated to each other, and these associations are frequently thought of as fixed combinations of concepts without any attention given to the relations that hold the combinations together. However, the relations between the concepts in each pair are quite different: earth and sky are opposites on a salient dimension of meaning, father is a member of the category of man, and white describes snow. In this article, we present data to show that the different relations between concepts can be critically important to the cognitive processes that work with combinations of concepts, and we suggest that the ways in which concepts combine are more flexible than previously believed. Early models of semantic memory (Anderson, 1976, 1983; Collins & Loftus, 1975; E. E. Smith, Shoben, & Rips, 1974) built into their representations of knowledge fixed relations among concepts. In spreading activation models, which represented knowledge in terms of networks of connections among concepts, a concept like father and its category man were hardwired together by a link between them. Stronger versus weaker associations were built into the network by placing strength values on the connecting links. In feature models, associations were lists of features—man and father were related because there was considerable overlap in their lists of features. The first step in conceiving of the representation of knowledge as something less than “written in concrete” was the realization that associations could depend on context. Roth and Shoben (1983) showed that the most likely associate to a concept was different in different semantic contexts. The most likely animal to be ridden is a horse, whereas the most likely animal to be milked is a cow (see also McKoon & Ratcliff, 1989). Newly learned associations can also be shown to depend on context. Retrieving the information that the word jam was on a recently studied list of words is more likely if retrieval takes place in the same context as occurred at study (e.g., the context traffic vs. strawberry; Light & CarterSobell, 1970; see also Tulving & Thomson, 1973). In this article, we present evidence that the context sensitivity of information retrieval is not limited to concepts but also applies to relations. Unlike the context effects on combinations of concepts that can be described as effects on some aspect of a concept itself (what kind of animal or what kind of jam), the context effects on relations that we investigate in this article are effects mainly external to a concept. All the different theoretical representations of knowledge that have been proposed include ways of expressing relations. Semantic network models encode relations as labels on the links between concepts. Propositional models encode relations as the lead elements of propositions. Feature models encode re-
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and Healthcare Entrepreneurship in Mission Hospitals in Ghana

The current global healthcare market requires hospitals to fundamentally and constantly transform the way they function and identify new foundations or avenues to gain or consolidate any competitive advantage. We investigated whether hospitals managed by Protestants (Presbyterian or Calvinist) in Ghana exhibit entrepreneurial capabilities and competencies than hospitals managed by Catholics and Muslims due to the perceived inherent spirit of capitalism in Protestantism (Calvinism). Seventy five religious (mission) health facilities located across Ghana were evaluated for their entrepreneurial orientation with respect to autonomy, innovativeness, risk taking and competitive aggressiveness. The findings established that hospitals in Ghana which are managed by Protestant Churches (Presbyterian) do not differ in the adoption, application and use of entrepreneurial values and practices from those managed by Catholics and Ahmadiyya Muslims. The research contributes to the existing literature that puts the generalizability of Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic notion into dispute. Its novelty lies in the extension of Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic theory to analysing entrepreneurial culture in managing healthcare institutions in a “religious centric” Sub-Saharan African society”