Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Connecting internally balanced quasi-reversible Markov processes

We provide a general framework for interconnecting a collection of quasi-reversible nodes in such a way that the resulting process exhibits a product-form invariant measure. The individual nodes can be quite general, although some degree of internal balance will be assumed. Any of the nodes may possess a feedback mechanism. Indeed, we pay particular attention to a class of feedback queues, characterized by the fact that their state description allows one to maintain a record of the order in which events occur. We also examine in some detail the problem of determining for which values of the arrival rates a node does exhibit quasi-reversibility.
Dependence of the large-scale, inner magnetospheric electric field on geomagnetic activity

Measurements made with the University of California, Berkeley/Air Force Geophysics Laboratory electric field instrument on the CRRES spacecraft are examined to determine the average structure of the inner magnetospheric electric field for different geomagnetic activity levels. Data were gathered between L=2.5 and L=8.5 over the period from January to October 1991 in the local time sector between 1200 and 0400 magnetic local time. The average dawn-dusk component of the electric field was nearly always duskward, scaling in magnitude from 0.05 mV/m to 1.5 mV/m as Kp increased from 0 to 9-. The data indicate that the electric field is shielded out of the inner magnetosphere, with the shielding distance starting at about L=5.0 for Kp=1 and moving 0.5 RE earthward for every unit increase in Kp. There is evidence that the electric field penetrates below L=2.5 for Kp ≥ 5. The most interesting aspect of this statistical study is the development for moderate to high Kp of a region of enhanced electric field between L=3.5 and L=6. For moderately active conditions the electric field does not decrease monotonically as one moves earthward. Instead, it increases to a broad local maximum near the position where the ring current is typically observed to be the strongest, falling off earthward of that position. The electric field magnitude can be a factor of 2 or more larger at this location than at higher L values. These results are discussed in the context of large-scale flows and the effects of hot plasma in the inner magnetosphere.
BD+15 2940 AND HD 233604: TWO GIANTS WITH PLANETS CLOSE TO THE ENGULFMENT ZONE

We report the discovery of planetary-mass companions to two red giants by the ongoing Penn State–Toruń Planet Search (PTPS) conducted with the 9.2 m Hobby–Eberly Telescope. The 1.1 M☉ K0-giant, BD+15 2940, has a 1.1 MJ minimum mass companion orbiting the star at a 137.5 day period in a 0.54 AU orbit what makes it the closest—in planet around a giant and possible subject of engulfment as the consequence of stellar evolution. HD 233604, a 1.5 M☉ K5-giant, is orbited by a 6.6 MJ minimum mass planet which has a period of 192 days and a semi-major axis of only 0.75 AU making it one of the least distant planets to a giant star. The chemical composition analysis of HD 233604 reveals a relatively high 7Li abundance which may be a sign of its early evolutionary stage or recent engulfment of another planet in the system. We also present independent detections of planetary-mass companions to HD 209458 and HD 88133, and stellar activity-induced radial velocity variations in HD 166435, as part of the discussion of the observing and data analysis methods used in the PTPS project.
An experimental study of ELF/VLF hiss generation in the Earth's magnetosphere

Simultaneous measurements of whistler mode wave spectra in the frequency range 200 Hz to 3 kHz and of electrons in the energy range 15-300 keV obtained on board the satellite GEOS 1 or GEOS 2, allow us to study ELF hiss generation. This study is performed both inside and outside the plasmasphere by computing the wave growth rate from the data at different magnetic latitudes λm (0 ≤ λm ≤ 30°). Inside the plasmasphere it is found that the integrated spatial gain Γ > 100 dB, is large enough to account for the observed wave intensity (∼1 pT² Hz−1) in a single transit of the wave through the equatorial region (λm ≤ 20°), which appears as the preferential amplification region. Outside the plasmasphere the situation is more intricate. The total gain Γ ranges from 16 dB to 70 dB, and the observed wave intensities are often larger than inside the plasmasphere; they could be obtained by 2-3 transits of the waves through the equatorial region with reflection at high latitudes. This does not exclude a contribution due to amplification of exohiss leaking out of the plasmasphere at high latitudes. Both inside and outside the plasmasphere, the patterns considered to explain hiss generation which imply small values of the angle θ between the wave normal and the static magnetic field (i.e. θ < 30°) within a limited latitude range around the magnetic equator (λm ≲ 10°), are well supported by recent studies of the propagation characteristics of ELF hiss observed on board GEOS 1.
Secondary quantization of color images for minimum visual distortion

Many times in electronic imaging systems it is necessary to reduce the precision of the digital data for the display, storage, manipulation, or transformation of an image. For example, it may be necessary to reduce 12 bits/channel RGB data to 8 bits/channel due to storage requirements. To accomplish this reduction in the number of digital levels, a series of input levels must be grouped together for each output level. Since this process involves the quantization of previously quantized data, it is sometimes referred to as secondary quantization. The secondary quantization process necessarily results in artifacts, such as contouring in the image, where many colors have been mapped to a single color. Conventional methods, such as linear or power-law resampling, are suboptimal and do not consider intercolor effects. This paper describes a method for determining the quantization functions that will minimize the observable image artifacts generated by the secondary quantization process. The basic approach involves the use of nonlinear optimization techniques to minimize a cost function that provides a measure of the visible color error. Examples are presented that compare the optimized quantization process to conventional techniques.
Non-parametric procedure for knockout tournaments

In a seeded knockout tournament, where teams have some preassigned strength, do we have any assurances that the best team in fact has won? Is there some insight to be gained by considering which teams beat which other teams solely examining the seeds? We pose an answer to these questions by using the difference in the seeds of the two players as the basis for a test statistic. We offer several models for the underlying probability structure to examine the null distribution and power functions and determine these for small tournaments (less than five teams). One structure each for 8 teams and 16 teams is examined, and we conjecture an asymptotic normal distribution for the test statistic.
Effect of bias on the response of metal‐oxide‐semiconductor devices to low‐energy x‐ray and cobalt‐60 irradiation

The response of metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) transistors and capacitors to high‐energy Co‐60 gamma and low‐energy x‐ray irradiation is evaluated as a function of gate bias during exposure. It is demonstrated that, in contrast to previous expectations, the relative response of MOS devices to Co‐60 gamma and 10 keV x‐ray irradiation cannot be explained simply in terms of electron‐hole recombination and dose enhancement effects.
Sonoluminescence produced by ‘‘stable’’ cavitation

This article reports on a phenomenological study of sonoluminescence produced by acoustic cavitation in which a sensitive, high‐gain image intensifier tube (EMI type 9912) was used to view the cavitation. We discovered that large amounts of light were being emitted from regions near pressure antinodes in the standing wave field where the pressure amplitude was approximately 0.17±0.03 MPa. Visual observation of these areas indicated activity resembling ‘‘stable’’ cavitation rather than ‘‘transient’’ cavitation.
Phase-mismatch dependence of efficiency of wave generation through four-wave mixing in a single-mode optical fiber

The generation wave efficiency with respect to phase mismatch in the four-wave mixing process is clarified experimentally in a single-mode fiber transmission line at 825 nm wavelength. The generated power of approximately 20 pW is measured successfully for input signal powers below 1 mW by the technique utilizing a heterodyne receiver and lock-in detector. The calculated efficiency as a function of the equivalent frequency separation can well explain and reflect the results obtained experimentally. Furthermore, the efficiency at zero chromatic dispersion wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 μm is also discussed considering chromatic dispersion slope against wavelength.
Natural Convection Heat Transfer in a Cubic Cavity Submitted to Time-Periodic Sidewall Temperature

The laminar unsteady natural convection in a cubic cavity is comprehensively studied here using a high accuracy temporal-spatial pseudospectral method. In this study, the cavity is filled with air and one of its sidewalls is submitted to sinusoidally varying temperature, while constant lower temperature is imposed on the opposing sidewall and other sidewalls are adiabatic. Computations are performed to explore the effects of several influential factors on the fluid flow patterns and heat transfer performances within the cavity, including Rayleigh number and the amplitude and period of pulsating sidewall temperature. Numerical results reveal that the heat transfer enhancement is complexly determined by the above influential factors, and the heat transfer resonance is observed in the case of a large Rayleigh number and amplitude of pulsating sidewall temperature. The three-dimensional effects on fluid flow patterns and heat transfer are discussed. Finally, the backward heat transfer is quantitatively studied.
Evolution of the Circumstellar Molecular Envelope. I. A BIMA CO Survey of Evolved Stars

This paper reports the results of a small imaging survey of eight evolved stars including two AGB stars (IRC +10216 and Mira), five proto-planetary nebula (PPN) candidates (AFGL 2688, IRAS 22272+5435, HD 161796, 89 Her, and HD 179821), and a planetary nebula (PN, NGC 7027). We present high-resolution 12CO J = 1 → 0 maps of their full molecular envelopes made by combining BIMA Millimeter Array and NRAO 12 m telescope observations. For the PPNe and PN, the neutral molecular envelopes are compared with images taken at optical, near-IR, and mid-IR wavelengths. Drawing from the literature, we augmented our BIMA survey sample to 38 well-studied sources with CO emission maps. We classified this sample of sources based on the kinematics and morphologies of the CO emission into three types: spherical/elliptical/shell sources, disk sources, and structured outflow sources. Confirming previous studies, we find strong evidence for the photodissociation of the molecular envelope as an object evolves from the AGB to PN stages. While the spherical AGB stars follow theoretical expectations for mass-loss rate versus envelope size, the post-AGB structured outflow sources have significantly higher mass-loss rates than expected probably because of their recent superwinds. We find evidence that the structured outflows are clearly younger than the AGB wind. The disk sources have little correlation between mass-loss rate and envelope size because their properties are determined more by the properties of the central stars and disk evolution than by the mass-loss rate history that shapes the spherical and structured-outflow sources.
A dead-beat servo problem

The problem of tracking a reference variable from a given class is considered for discrete-time linear single-input-output plants. The plant and the reference are both described by an input/output relation, such as a difference equation, and the objective is to track exactly in a minimum time. This dead-beat servo problem is solved hero by applying polynomial techniques. The optimal control law is shown to contain both feed-back and feed-forward terms and it is obtained by solving two linear polynomial equations. The entire design procedure is remarkably simple and efficient.
Relationship between rheology and morphology of model blends in steady shear flow

Immiscible polymer blends display a complex flow behavior caused by the coupling between morphology and rheology. The flow induced microstructure has been studied on model systems of nearly inelastic polymers. For these systems, the elastic properties of the blend are mainly governed by the interface. Measurements of the storage modulus and of the first normal stress difference, both reflecting this enhanced elasticity, have been used to probe the blend morphology. From oscillatory measurements after cessation of flow the mean diameter of the disperse phase, as generated by the previous flow, has been calculated using the model of Palierne [Rheol. Acta 29, 204 (1990)]. A procedure based on a direct fitting of the dynamic moduli with the model is compared with one that uses a weighted relaxation spectrum. The steady state normal stress data, on the other hand, have been related to the morphology of the blend by means of the model of Doi and Ohta [J. Chem. Phys. 95, 1242 (1991)]. Since this model predicts a.
Evidence and Interpretation of a Spectral Gap in the Turbulent Atmospheric Temperature Spectra

Abstract An analytical formulation of the turbulent potential energy spectrum in a stably stratified medium, valid in the inertia buoyancy subrange, is deduced in the framework of classical assumptions (no source, no sink, spectra locality and proportionality of the buoyancy flux to the mean potential temperature gradient) using recently published results of J. Weinstock. This formulation predicts a gap between two spectral ranges where temperature fluctuations mainly result from either turbulent advection or vertical displacements of fluid particles. In the former, the spectrum reduces to the well-known Obbukov-Corrsin-5/3 power law while in the latter, it becomes proportional to the kinetic energy spectrum, with a −3 spectral slope and a reverse potential energy flux. Experimental evidence obtained in the stratosphere supports this theoretical description.
On the Measure of Compactness of Fuzzy Clustering

This paper tested the measures of compactness of fuzzy partitions. Over the same labeled data, Fuzzy k-Means clustering algorithm generates the first partition, then the proposed revision function in (7) revises it several times to generate various fuzzy partitions with different pattern recognition rates computed by (6), finally the measures of compactness measure the compactness of each fuzzy partition. Experimental results on real data show that the measures of compactness in literatures fail to measure the compactness of a fuzzy clustering in some cases, for they argue that the fuzzy clustering with higher pattern recognition rate is less compact and worse than that with lower pattern recognition rate.
Modeling Unsteady Transition and Its Effects on Profile Loss

This paper considers the effects of wake interactions on the transition processes of turbomachine blade boundary layers. A simple model of unsteady transition is proposed, which is then used to identify a relationship between a new reduced frequency parameter and the profile loss of a blade row that is subjected to unsteady inflow. The influence of other parameters on the transition process is also discussed. The model is then extended to deal with the more general case. The effects of unsteady inflow on four idealized turbine blades are considered
Kernel Regression Estimation Using Repeated Measurements Data

Abstract The estimation of growth curves has been studied extensively in parametric situations. Here we consider the nonparametric estimation of an average growth curve. Suppose that there are observations from several experimental units, each following the regression model y(xi)=f(xj)+e(j=1,…,n), where e1, …, e n are correlated zero mean errors and 0≤x1<…<xn≤1 are fixed constants. We study some of the properties of a kernel estimator of f(x). Asymptotic and finite-sample results concerning the mean squared error of the estimator are obtained. In particular, the influence of correlation on the bandwidth minimizing mean squared error is discussed. A data-based method for selecting the bandwidth is illustrated in a data analysis. Most previous research on kernel regression estimators has involved uncorrelated errors. We investigate how dependence of the errors changes the behavior of a kernel estimator. Our theorems concerning the asymptotic mean squared error show that the estimator cannot be consistent un.
Pressure Dependence of the Lattice Vibration in the Orthorhombic and Rhombohedral Structures of Black Phosphorus

The lattice vibration of black phosphorus was investigated under hydrostatic high pressure by polarized Raman scattering. On applying pressure the crystal structure changes to the rhombohedral A7-structure from the layered orthorhombic structure at 52 kbar. At atmospheric pressure four phonon modes are observed at 362 cm -1 with A g -symmetry, 467 cm -1 A g , 194 cm -1 B 1 g and 439 cm -1 B 2 g . The Gruneisen parameters are 0.74 for the 362 cm -1 A g -mode, 0.10 for the 467 cm -1 A g -mode and 0.22 for the 439 cm -1 B 2 g -mode. The energies of the latter two modes change little with pressure, since in these modes the atoms displace to deform the rigid zigzag chain along the a -axis. In the A7-structure the A 1 g -mode was observed at 466 cm -1 and the E g -mode at 392 cm -1 . The comparison with the phonon modes in other group V materials was made.
Long slit spectroscopy for exoplanet characterization in SPHERE

Extrasolar planet observation and characterization is a major objective for astronomy in the coming decade. The Spectro-Polarimetric High contrast imager for Exoplanets Research (SPHERE) instrument for the Very Large Telescope (VLT) is currently under development to achieve this objective with greater performances than any existing instruments. It will have the capability to observe planets down to few masses of Jupiter at separations as small as 0.1 arcseconds from the central star thanks to dedicated extreme adaptive optics system and coronagraph. Planets characterization will be achieved with IRDIS, one of the 3 science modules of SPHERE, using its long slit spectroscopy (LSS) mode along with a Lyot coronagraph at low (~40) or medium (~400) resolution. Similarly to the dual-band imaging (DBI) technique dedicated to detection, the main limitation of the long slit spectroscopy is the speckles generated by instrumental static and quasi-static aberrations, especially when observing very close to the star. Another performance limitation is the chromatic dependence of the speckles in the field, known as speckle chromatism, which creates a modulation of the spectrum. Finally, we are also facing problems related to long slit spectroscopy, such as slit efficiency, thermal background and difficulty to preserve the spectrum continuum. Intensive simulations have been performed using the CAOS framework under IDL, in order to simulate realistic spectra in terms of signal, noise and instrumental artifacts. We present here in details the expected performances among with a detailed analysis of the various noise sources contributions. This analysis leads to a quantitative estimation of the characterization limitations and optimized data reduction procedures.
Acoustics of Porous Media

This book contains all that is currently known about the propagation of acoustic waves in porous media. Emphasis is on the physical aspects of wave propagation in porous media. Theory is developed rigorously, but it is supported with detailed descriptions of the texture of porous media, by an explanation of measurements, and by a review of experimental techniques and field applications. It discusses the following Contents: Porous media. Wave propagation in saturated porous media. Wave propagation and vibration in viscoelastic media (unidimensional). Experimental techniques for measuring velocities and attenuations. Wave propagation in porous media - results and mechanisms. Waves and interfaces. Some applications in petroleum geophysics and Bibliography.
The distribution of cluster members in the vicinity of a central dominant galaxy

The projected distribution of cluster members within 250/h kpc of a central dominant galaxy is determined based upon CCD images of 29 galactic clusters. It is found that the radial distribution of the projected galaxy number density is well described by an exponential profile with an e-folding length of about 100/h kpc. The dynamics of the projected profile are studied for a range of possible mass distributions, and existing redshift data are found to be consistent with an isotropic velocity distribution. It is suggested that the high central density associated with this cusped distribution may explain the presence of at least 50 percent of the observed multiple nuclei projected within 10/h kpc of the center of the dominant galaxy. It is noted that the high densities and low velocities of galaxies in the cluster core may lead to a sufficiently high rate of collisions between cluster members and the central dominant galaxy to produce a significant population of multiple nuclei which are in the process of merging with the underlying central galaxy. 42 refs.
Plasmonic light trapping in nanostructured metal surfaces

We demonstrate the plasmonic trapping of light in nanometer sized trenches etched into in a planar metal surface. The subwavelength grating structure is shown to efficiently couple to p-polarized light and can be designed to achieve complete absorption at any desired wavelength from the UV to the IR. These structures have a number of useful practical features such as high polarization sensitivity, omnidirectional absorption and extreme field concentration.
Extinction of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition by nonmagnetic disorder in planar symmetry spin models

The Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless BKT phase transition in two-dimensional planar rotator and XY models on a square lattice, diluted by randomly placed vacancies, is studied here using hybrid Monte Carlo simulations that combine single spin flip, cluster, and over-relaxation techniques. The transition temperature Tc is determined as a function of vacancy density vac by finite-size scaling of the helicity modulus and the in-plane magnetic susceptibility. The results for Tc are consistent with those from the much less precise fourth-order cumulant of Binder. Tc is found to decrease monotonically with increasing vac, and falls to zero close to the square lattice percolation limit, vac 0.41. The result is physically reasonable: the quasi-longrange orientational order of the low-temperature phase cannot be maintained in the absence of sufficient spin interactions across the lattice.
Some Nonresponse Sampling Theory When the Frame Contains an Unknown Amount of Duplication

Hansen and Hurwitz [3] have developed some non-response sampling theory, using the double sampling method. In this paper, this theory is extended to the case where there is an unknown amount of duplication in the available frame. The theory is developed from the context of a sample survey of beef cattle producers. The available frame was a list of names and addresses of beef cattle producers, whereas the unit of interest was a beef cattle producing operation which could be operated individually or in partnership.