Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PENERAPAN MEDIA GAMBAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA PADA SISWA KELAS VI SDN 011 SUNGAI SALAK

Tujuan penelitian ini menerapkan media gambar untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA. Media adalah alat penghubung yang mampu menghubungkan atau mengomunikasikan, karenanya media adalah sesuatu yang penting bagi kelancaran pembelajaran, bahwa media merupakan alat untuk memberikan perangsang bagi siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Media gambar berperan penting pada kegiatan proses pembelajaran, pesan yang disampaikan melalui media gambar melalui indera penglihatan. Media gambar menjadi sarana pembelajaran untuk penyampaian materi dari guru kepada siswa yang bertujuan untuk memudahkan siswa memahami materi, mengingat-ingat isi materi yang dijelaskan oleh guru, menambah wawasan siswa, membantu minat siswa untuk mengikuti pembelajaran, serta memfasilitasi aktivitas, dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) menggunakan desain penelitian model Kemmis dan Mc. Taggart, dilaksanakan di SDN 011 Sungai Salak. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 20 siswa, 11 Laki-laki, dan 9 Perempuan. hasil belajar yang diperoleh dari pra siklus, siklus I, dam siklus II semakin meningkat. Selama siklus I nilai rata-rata yang diperoleh 75.25 dan ketuntasan klasikal 75% meningkat dari ketuntasan klasikal pra siklus. Sedangkan pada siklus II dengan nilai rata-rata 85.50 dan ketuntasan klasikal yang menunjukkan angka 90%, dalam hal ini tercapainya tujuan media gambar dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa di SDN 011 Sungai Salak.
X-RAY DIAGNOSTICS OF GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER REGION AND PAST ACTIVITY OF Sgr A*

Strong iron fluorescence at 6.4 keV and hard-X-ray emissions from giant molecular clouds in the Galactic center region have been interpreted as reflections of a past outburst of the Sgr A* supermassive black hole. Careful treatment of multiple interactions of photons in a complicated geometry is essential to modeling the reprocessed emissions from the dense clouds. We develop a new calculation framework of X-ray reflection from molecular clouds based on Monte Carlo simulations for accurate interpretation of high-quality observational data. By utilizing this simulation framework, we present the first calculations of morphologies and spectra of the reflected X-ray emission for several realistic models of Sgr B2, which is the most massive molecular cloud in our Galaxy. The morphology of scattered hard X-rays above 20 keV is significantly different from that of iron fluorescence due to their large penetrating power into dense regions of the cloud, probing the structure of the cloud. High-resolution spectra provide quantitative evaluation of the iron line including its Compton shoulder to constrain the mass and the chemical composition of the cloud as well as the luminosity of the illuminating source. These predictions can be checked in the near future with future X-ray missions such as NuStar (hard X-rays) and ASTRO-H (both iron lines and hard X-rays).
Ginzburg-Landau theory of type II superconductors in magnetic field

Thermodynamics of type II superconductors in electromagnetic field based on the Ginzburg - Landau theory is presented. The Abrikosov flux lattice solution is derived using an expansion in a parameter characterizing the "distance" to the superconductor - normal phase transition line. The expansion allows a systematic improvement of the solution. The phase diagram of the vortex matter in magnetic field is determined in detail. In the presence of significant thermal fluctuations on the mesoscopic scale (for example in high $T_{c}$ materials) the vortex crystal melts into a vortex liquid. A quantitative theory of thermal fluctuations using the lowest Landau level approximation is given. It allows to determine the melting line and discontinuities at melt, as well as important characteristics of the vortex liquid state. In the presence of quenched disorder (pinning) the vortex matter acquires certain "glassy" properties. The irreversibility line and static properties of the vortex glass state are studied using the "replica" method. Most of the analytical methods are introduced and presented in some detail. Various quantitative and qualitative features are compared to experiments in type II superconductors, although the use of a rather universal Ginzburg - Landau theory is not restricted to superconductivity and can be applied with certain adjustments to other physical systems, for example rotating Bose - Einstein condensate.
Stability Conditions for Coupled Oscillators in Linear Arrays

In this paper, we give necessary conditions for stability of flocks in R. We focus on linear arrays with decentralized agents, where each agent interacts with only a few its neighbors. We obtain explicit expressions for necessary conditions for asymptotic stability in the case that the systems consists of a periodic arrangement of two or three different types of agents, i.e. configurations as follows: . 2-1-2-1 or . 3-2-1-3-2-1. Previous literature indicated that the (necessary) condition for stability in the case of a single agent (.1-1-1) held that the first moment of certain coefficients governing the interactions between agents has to be zero. Here, we show that that does not generalize. Instead, the (necessary) condition in the cases considered is that the first momentum \emph{plus a nonlinear correction term} must be zero.
Long term hard X-ray variability of the anomalous X-ray pulsar 1RXS J170849.0–400910 discovered with INTEGRAL

Aims. We report on a multi-band high-energy observing campaign aimed at studying the long term spectral variability of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar (AXP) 1RXS J170849.0−400910, one of the magnetar candidates. Methods. We observed 1RXS J170849.0−400910 in Fall 2006 and Spring 2007 simultaneously with Swift/XRT, in the 0.1–10 keV energy range, and with INTEGRAL/IBIS, in the 20–200 keV energy range. Furthermore, we also reanalyzed, using the latest calibration and software, all the publicly available INTEGRAL data since 2002, and the soft X-ray data starting from 1999 taken using BeppoSAX, Chandra, XMM-Newton and Swift/XRT, in order to study the soft and hard X-ray spectral variability of 1RXS J170849.0−400910. Results. We find a long-term variability of the hard X-ray flux, extending the hardness-intensity correlation proposed for this source over 2 orders of magnitude in energy.
Inferring the magnetic field vector in the quiet Sun - III. Disk variation of the Stokes profiles and isotropism of the magnetic field

Recent investigations of the magnetic field vector properties in the solar internetwork have provided diverging results. While some works found that the internetwork is mostly pervaded by horizontal magnetic fields, other works argued in favor of an isotropic distribution of the magnetic field vector. Motivated by these seemingly contradictory results and by the fact that most of these works have employed spectropolarimetric data at disk center only, we have revisited this problem employing high-quality data (noise level sigma approximate to 3 x 10(-4) in units of the quiet-Sun intensity) at different latitudes recorded with the Hinode/SP instrument. Instead of applying traditional inversion codes of the radiative transfer equation to retrieve the magnetic field vector at each spatial point on the solar surface and studying the resulting distribution of the magnetic field vector, we surmised a theoretical distribution function of the magnetic field vector and used it to obtain the theoretical histograms of the Stokes profiles. These histograms were then compared to the observed ones. Any mismatch between them was ascribed to the theoretical distribution of the magnetic field vector, which was subsequently modified to produce a better fit to the observed histograms. With this method we find that Stokes profiles with signals above 2 x 10(-3) (in units of the continuum intensity) cannot be explained by an isotropic distribution of the magnetic field vector. We also find that the differences between the histograms of the Stokes profiles observed at different latitudes cannot be explained in terms of line-of-sight effects. However, they can be explained by a distribution of the magnetic field vector that inherently varies with latitude. We note that these results are based on a series of assumptions that, although briefly discussed in this paper, need to be considered in more detail in the future.
Segmented strings from a different angle

Segmented strings in flat space are piecewise linear classical string solutions. Kinks between the segments move with the speed of light and their worldlines form a lattice on the worldsheet. This idea can be generalized to AdS$_3$ where the embedding is built from AdS$_2$ patches. The construction provides an exact discretization of the non-linear string equations of motion. This paper computes the area of segmented strings using cross-ratios constructed from the kink vectors. The cross-ratios can be expressed in terms of either left-handed or right-handed variables. The string equation of motion in AdS$_3$ is reduced to that of an integrable time-discretized relativistic Toda-type lattice. Positive solutions yield string embeddings that are unique up to global transformations. In the appendix, the Poincare target space energy is computed by integrating the worldsheet current along kink worldlines and a formula is derived for the integrated scalar curvature of the embedding.
Bound states and expansion dynamics of interacting bosons on a one-dimensional lattice

The expansion dynamics of bosonic gases in optical lattices has recently been the focus of increasing attention, both experimental and theoretical. We consider, by means of numerical Bethe ansatz, the expansion dynamics of initially confined wave packets of two interacting bosons on a lattice. We show that a correspondence between the asymptotic expansion velocities and the projection of the evolved wave function over the bound states of the system exists, clarifying the existing picture for such situations. Moreover, we investigate the role of the lattice in this kind of evolution.
SUBSURFACE MAPPING OF FAULT STRUCTURE IN THE WEH ISLAND BY USING A 3D DENSITY OF GLOBAL GRAVITY

: Indonesia's Aceh Province is an earthquake-prone area due to its location on the Great Sumatran Fault (GSF). Currently, earthquake mitigation by the local government constantly refers to the regional seismic hazard maps. However, some sources of an earthquake in the province which had caused damage to buildings and loss of human life were not easily traced to the fault on the surface. Currently, the mapping activities related to the Sumatra fault lines are only focused on the mainland. In contrast, the continuity of the GSF fault in the area of the sea and surrounding islands is very rarely studied. Weh Island is inhabited by many communities and has become a popular tourism area. This study aims to map the regional and local fault structure on the Weh Island using the gravity model plus (GGMPlus) data. We used the GGMPlus data with a resolution of 200 m for detailed mapping of regional and local faults. The 3D inversion of the GGMPlus data was carried out to obtain density parameters using two models, namely Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Occam optimization. The 3D inversion describes the presence of high-density rock blocks. A density value ranging between 2.72 - 2.96 gr/cm 3 is interpreted as rocks with andesite-basaltic lava composition and lava or pyroclastic breccias resulting from local volcanic products as the rocks creating the island. Therefore, the zone interpreted as a local fault had a smaller density value (2.5 - 2.65 gr/cm 3 ) than the surrounding.
Separability Properties for a Class of Block Matrices

It is shown that, for the block matrices belonging to $M(nd,\mathbb{C})$ with commuting and normal block entries of dimension $d$, the separability of such a block matrices is equivalent to its semi-positive definity. The separability decomposition of lenght equal to the dimension of the block matrix (which is smaller then Carath\'eodory theorem implies) is given. The separability decomposition depends only on eigenvalues of block entries in the first part and on eigenvectors of the block entries in the second part of the tensor product. It is shown that semi-positive definity of considered block matrices is equivalent to semi-positive definity $d$ smaller matrices of dimension $n$.
Multipolar Solutions

Abstract A class of exact solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations is presented which contains infinite sets of gravitoelectric, gravitomagnetic and electromagnetic multipole moments. The multipolar structure of the solutions indicates that they can be used to describe the exterior gravitational field of an arbitrarily rotating mass distribution endowed with an electromagnetic field. The presence of gravitational multipoles completely changes the structure of the spacetime because of the appearance of naked singularities in a confined spatial region. The possibility of covering this region with interior solutions is analyzed in the case of a particular solution with quadrupole moment.
Modeling a spheroidal microswimmer and cooperative swimming in thin films

We propose a hydrodynamic model for a spheroidal microswimmer with two tangential surface velocity modes. This model is analytically solvable and reduces to Lighthill's and Blake's spherical squirmer model in the limit of equal major and minor semi-axes. Furthermore, we present an implementation of such a spheroidal squirmer by means of multiparticle collision dynamics simulations. We investigate its properties as well as the scattering of two spheroidal squirmers in a slit geometry. Thereby we find a stable fixed point, where two pullers swim cooperatively forming a wedge-like conformation with a small constant angle.
Optimal suppression of defect generation during a passage across a quantum critical point

The dynamics of quantum phase transitions are inevitably accompanied by the formation of defects when crossing a quantum critical point. For a generic class of quantum critical systems, we solve the problem of minimizing the production of defects through the use of a gradient-based deterministic optimal control algorithm. By considering a finite size quantum Ising model with a tunable global transverse field, we show that an optimal power law quench of the transverse field across the Ising critical point works well at minimizing the number of defects, in spite of being drawn from a subset of quench profiles. These power law quenches are shown to be inherently robust against noise. The optimized defect density exhibits a transition at a critical ratio of the quench duration to the system size, which we argue coincides with the intrinsic speed limit for quantum evolution.
Schottky barrier lowering with the formation of crystalline Er silicide on n-Si upon thermal annealing

The evolution of the Schottky barrier height (SBH) of Er silicide contacts to n-Si is investigated as a function of the annealing temperature. The SBH is found to drop substantially from 0.43 eV for the as-deposited sample to reach 0.28 eV, its lowest value, at 450 degrees C. By x-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the decrease in the SBH is shown to be associated with the progressive formation of crystalline ErSi2-x.
Periodic monopoles and difference modules

We study periodic monopoles satisfying some mild conditions, called of GCK type. Particularly, we give a classification of periodic monopoles of GCK type in terms of difference modules with parabolic structure, which is a kind of Kobayashi-Hitchin correspondence between differential geometric objects and algebraic objects. We also clarify the asymptotic behaviour of periodic monopoles of GCK type around infinity.
Role of bias voltage and tunneling current in the perpendicular displacements of freestanding graphene via scanning tunneling microscopy

Systematic displacement measurements of freestanding graphene as a function of applied bias voltage and tunneling current setpoint using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are presented. When the bias voltage is increased the graphene approaches the STM tip, while, on the other hand, when the tunneling current is increased the graphene contracts from the STM tip. To understand the role of the bias voltage, we quantitatively model the attractive force between the tip and the sample using electrostatics. For the tunneling current, we qualitatively model the contraction of the graphene using entropic concepts. These complementary results enhance the understanding of each other and highlight peculiarities of the system.
Decomposition of entanglement entropy in lattice gauge theory

We consider entanglement entropy between regions of space in lattice gauge theory. The Hilbert space corresponding to a region of space includes edge states that transform nontrivially under gauge transformations. By decomposing the edge states in irreducible representations of the gauge group, the entropy of an arbitrary state is expressed as the sum of three positive terms: a term associated with the classical Shannon entropy of the distribution of boundary representations, a term that appears only for non-Abelian gauge theories and depends on the dimension of the boundary representations, and a term representing nonlocal correlations. The first two terms are the entropy of the edge states, and depend only on observables measurable at the boundary. These results are applied to several examples of lattice gauge theory states, including the ground state in the strong coupling expansion of Kogut and Susskind. In all these examples we find that the entropy of the edge states is the dominant contribution to the entanglement entropy.
THE RR LYRAE VARIABLES AND HORIZONTAL BRANCH OF NGC 6656 (M22),

The first calibrated broadband UBVI time-series photometry is presented for the RR Lyrae variable stars in NGC 6656 (M22), with observations spanning a range of 22 years. We have also redetermined the variability types and periods for the RR Lyrae stars identified previously by photographic observations, revising the number of fundamental-mode RR Lyrae variables (RR0) to 10 and the number of first-overtone variables (RR1) to 16. The mean periods of the RR0 and RR1 variables are 〈P〉RR0 = 0.66 ± 0.02 days and 〈P〉RR1 = 0.33 ± 0.01 days, respectively, supporting an Oosterhoff II classification for the cluster. The number ratio of RR1-type to all RR-type variables is N1/NRR = 0.61, also consistent with an Oosterhoff II designation. Both the RR Lyrae stars' minimum light colors and the blue edge of the RR Lyrae instability strip suggest E( B − − V) = 0.36 ± 0.02 mag toward M22. Regarding the HB morphology of M22, we find (B-R)/(B+V+R) = +0.97 ± 0.1 and at least one “gap” located in an unusual part of the blue HB, in the middle of the so-called hot HB stars.
On the dependence of the X-ray continuum variations with luminosity in accreting X-ray pulsars

Using RXTE/ASM archival data, we investigate the behaviour of the spectral hardness ratio as a function of X-ray luminosity in a sample of six transient X-ray pulsars (EXO 2030+375, GX 304-1, 4U 0115+63, V 0332+63, A 0535+26 and MXB 0656-072). In all sources we find that the spectral hardness ratio defined as $F_{5-12\mathrm{keV}}/ F_{1.33-3\mathrm{keV}}$ increases with the ASM flux (1.33--12 keV) at low luminosities and then saturates or even slightly decreases above some critical X-ray luminosity falling into the range $\sim(3-7)\times10^{37}$~erg~s$^{-1}$. Two-dimensional structure of accretion columns in the radiation-diffusion limit is calculated for two possible geometries (filled and hollow cylinder) for mass accretion rates $\dot M$ ranging from $10^{17}$ to 1.2$\times 10^{18}$~g s$^{-1}$. The observed spectral behaviour in the transient X-ray pulsars with increasing $\dot M$ can be reproduced by a Compton saturated sidewall emission from optically thick magnetized accretion columns with taking into account the emission reflected from the neutron star atmosphere. At $\dot M$ above some critical value $\dot M_{cr}\sim (6-8)\times 10^{17}$~g~s$^{-1}$, the hight of the column becomes such that the contribution of the reflected component to the total emission starts decreasing, which leads to the saturation and even slight decrease of the spectral hardness. Hollow-cylinder columns have a smaller height than the filled-cylinder ones, and the contribution of the reflected component in the total emission does not virtually change with $\dot M$ (and hence the hardness of the continuum monotonically increases) up to higher mass accretion rates than $\dot M_{cr}$ for the filled columns.
COSMIC-RAY PROTON AND HELIUM SPECTRA FROM THE FIRST CREAM FLIGHT

Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra have been measured with the balloon-borne Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass experiment flown for 42 days in Antarctica in the 2004–2005 austral summer season. High-energy cosmic-ray data were collected at an average altitude of ∼38.5 km with an average atmospheric overburden of ∼3.9 g cm−2. Individual elements are clearly separated with a charge resolution of ∼0.15 e (in charge units) and ∼0.2 e for protons and helium nuclei, respectively. The measured spectra at the top of the atmosphere are represented by power laws with a spectral index of −2.66 ± 0.02 for protons from 2.5 TeV to 250 TeV and −2.58 ± 0.02 for helium nuclei from 630 GeV nucleon−1 to 63 TeV nucleon−1. They are harder than previous measurements at a few tens of GeV nucleon−1. The helium flux is higher than that expected from the extrapolation of the power law fitted to the lower-energy data. The relative abundance of protons to helium nuclei is 9.1 ± 0.5 for the range from 2.5 TeV nucleon−1 to 63 TeV nucleon−1. This ratio is considerably smaller than the previous measurements at a few tens of GeV nucleon−1.
Unitary equilibration after a quantum quench of a thermal state

In this work we investigate the equilibration dynamics after a sudden Hamiltonian quench of a quantum spin system initially prepared in a thermal state. To characterize the equilibration we evaluate the Loschmidt echo, a global measure for the degree of distinguishability between the initial and time-evolved quenched states. We present general results valid for small quenches and detailed analysis of the quantum XY chain. The result is that quantum criticality manifests, even at small but finite temperatures, in a universal double-peaked form of the echo statistics and poor equilibration for sufficiently relevant perturbations. In addition, for this model we find a tight lower bound on the Loschmidt echo in terms of the purity of the initial state and the more easily evaluated Hilbert-Schmidt inner product between initial and time-evolved quenched states. This bound allows us to relate the time-averaged Loschmidt echo with the purity of the time-averaged state, a quantity that has been shown to provide an upper bound on the variance of observables.
Slavnov-Taylor constraints for non-trivial backgrounds

We devise an algebraic procedure for the evaluation of Green's functions in $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills theory in the presence of a nontrivial background field. In the ghost-free sector the dependence of the vertex functional on the background is shown to be uniquely determined by the Slavnov-Taylor identities in terms of a certain 1-PI correlator of the covariant derivatives of the ghost and the antighost fields. At nonvanishing background this amplitude is shown to encode the quantum deformations to the tree-level background-quantum splitting. The approach only relies on the functional identities of the model (Slavnov-Taylor identities, $b$-equation, antighost equation) and thus it is valid beyond perturbation theory, and, in particular, in a lattice implementation of the background field method. As an example of the formalism we analyze the ghost two-point function and the Kugo-Ojima function in an instanton background in $SU(2)$ Yang-Mills theory, quantized in the background Landau gauge.