Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Update on Plant Cell Cycle Control Switching the Cell Cycle . Kip-Related Proteins in Plant Cell Cycle Control 1

During the development of multicellular organisms, many different cell types are created. These display characteristic cell cycle programs that can radically change during the organism’s lifetime (Jakoby and Schnittger, 2004; Fig. 1). Usually, in younger and less differentiated tissues, a proliferative cell cycle mode occurs. In this mitotic cell cycle program, DNA replication (also known as the synthesis or S phase) is followed by the segregation of the duplicated genetic material to two daughter cells in mitosis (M phase). Both the S and M phases are usually preceded by a preparative gap phase (G1 and G2 phase, respectively) during which cells monitor whether all conditions are favorable to continue a new round of DNA replication or mitosis. As cells differentiate, the rate of cell proliferation decreases. However, before complete withdrawal from the cell cycle and concomitant with differentiation, many plant cells switch from a mitotic cell cycle to an endoreduplication cycle (also called endocycle or endoreplication). During this endocycle the DNA is replicated without subsequent mitosis leading to polyploidy. Eventually, cells exit the cell cycle completely. Cell cycle progression is controlled by an evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanism. A central role is played by kinase complexes, which in their minimal configuration consist of a Ser/Thr kinase (the cyclindependent kinase [CDK]) and a regulatory cyclin subunit. CDKs phosphorylate a plethora of substrates, thereby triggering the transition from one cell cycle phase into the next one. The sequential and transient activation of different CDK-cyclin complexes dictates the unidirectional progression through the cell cycle. Because of its importance in growth and development, the CDK-cyclin activity must be strictly controlled. In addition, mechanisms must be operational to ensure a correct exit of the cell cycle in response to antimitogenic stimuli. In yeast and mammals, one of the major regulators of CDK activity are CDK inhibitory molecules (CKIs) that bind and inhibit or sequester CDKs. Recently, putative orthologs of CKI proteins have been identified in plants as well. In this Update, we review the current knowledge on the biochemical properties of plant CKIs and discuss their physiological relevance during plant growth and development.
Open and Closed World Reasoning in the Semantic Web

In this paper general mechanisms and syntactic restrictions are explored in order to specify and merge rule bases in the Semantic Web. Rule bases are expressed by extended logic programs having two forms of negation, namely strong (or explicit) and weak (also known as default negation or “negation as failure”). The proposed mechanisms are defined by very simple modular program transformations, and integrate both open and closed world reasoning. These program transformations are shown to be appropriate for the two major semantics for extended logic programs: answer set semantics and wellfounded semantics with explicit negation. Moreover, the results obtained by both semantics are compared.
CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR YIELD AND YIELD ASSOCIATED TRAITS AGAINST TERMINAL HEAT STRESS

In Pakistan, late sowing is one of the major reason s for the imposition of terminal heat stress that u ltimately limits wheat yield. The current study was aimed at the character ization of wheat genotypes for their heat tolerance in yield and yield related traits. Sixteen wheat ( Triticum aestivium L.) genotypes including two check cultivars (Saleem-2000 and Bakhtawar2000) were sown in the field of Nuclear Institute f or Food and Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan on 15 November (normal) and 13 December (late Sowing) for two consecutive years (2003-2004 and 2004 -2005). Two years data was pooled and subjected to statistical analysis. Mean square valu es indicated that differences between years, season s and genotypes were highly significant at P�0.01 probability levels whereas differential respon ses were observed for interactions. Minimum differences were observed for tillers m 2 (51 tillers), spike length (0.3 cm), grains spike -1 (00), grain weight spike -1 (0.2 g), 1000-grain weight (2.2 g) and grain yield ha -1 (0.68 tons) in late sowing in comparison to the normal so wings. Genotype CT7 exceeded for spike length and grain weight spike -1 and CT-10 was better for 1000-grain weight in late sowings than normal sowings whereas CT-7 produced similar number of grain spike -1 in both sowings indicating that these genotypes have intrinsic potential for higher yields in termi nal heat stress. These genotypes exhibited a higher level of productivity under late sowing environments. After further testi ng for diseases and pests these genotypes could be used to develop lines that may offer an exciting opportunity for overcomi ng the stagnating yield plateau of wheat in warmer areas and to alleviate the socioeconomic status of the subsistent farmers.
The Rise in Obesity Across the Atlantic An Economic Perspective

We provide comparable evidence on the patterns and trends in obesity across the Atlantic and analyse whether there are economic rationales for public intervention to control obesity. We take into account equity issues as well as efficiency considerations, which are organized around three categories of market failures: productive inefficiencies, lack of information or rationality and health insurance externalities. We also calculate the long term financial consequences of current US and European obesity trends, and conclude with a brief review of current policies to reduce and prevent excessive body weight both in Europe and the US.
Electron microscopy reveals unique spore-like nano forms of Bacillus 1 cereus

Electron microscopy reveals unique spore-like nano forms of Bacillus 1 cereus 2 3 Sumanta Ghosh, Biprashekhar Chakraborty, Shreya Ghosh, Sandip Dey, 4 Chiranjit Biswas, Rukhsana Chowdhury, Krishnananda Chattopadhyay*, Jayati 5 Sengupta* 6 7 8 9 10 11 Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 12 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India 13 2 Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 14 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India 15 16 17 18 19 20 Contributed equally 21 *Corresponding Authors: Krishnananda Chattopadhyay (krish@iicb.res.in) & Jayati 22 Sengupta (jayati@iicb.res.in). 23 Current Address: NPDF Fellow, Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and 24 Bioinformatics, Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta, India 25 26 27
Mechanical Thrombectomy for Ischemic Stroke

There has been a misconception in the published reports regarding the notion that PLF-LG is a more advanced stage of severe AS, as mentioned in the letter of Dr. Chin and colleagues. Neither the initial studies that first described this entity (1) nor the guidelines (2) suggested that these patients have more severe AS compared with high-gradient AS (D1 stage) or classical (low LVEF) LF-LG AS (D2 stage). The D3 stage attributed by the American College of Cardiology/American Hearst Association guidelines (2) to PLF-LG AS does not imply that these patients have more advanced stenosis compared with D1 or D2 stages. Patients with PLF-LG often have more advanced alteration of LV structure and function, and more comorbidities compared with those with highgradient AS, which put them at higher risk for adverse outcomes. However, in terms of stenosis severity per se, PLF-LG AS is, in fact, a heterogeneous subset of patients that includes patients with true severe AS who may benefit from aortic valve replacement (AVR) but also patients with pseudosevere AS (about one-third of the PLF-LG subset) in whom AVR is not indicated. Patients with normalflow, low-gradient AS also require particular attention, especially if they are symptomatic. Despite their AVA–gradient discordance, about one-half of these patients have severe AS and may thus benefit from AVR. In patients with PLF-LG AS (and in those with low-gradient AS in general), it is thus first important to rule out potential measurement errors in the echocardiographic estimation of stroke volume, aortic valve area (AVA), and gradient. As mentioned by Chhabra, hybrid methods (e.g., flow velocities measured by Doppler and LV outflow tract area measured by computed tomography) have been proposed to corroborate the measurement of AVA and eventually reclassify the stenosis severity (3,4). However, these new hybrid methods systematically measure larger AVAs compared with echocardiography and so, larger cut-point values (i.e., <1.2 cm instead of 1.0 cm) have to be used to define severe stenosis and predict outcomes when using these methods (3). The utilization of a cut point of <1.0 cm with hybrid methods (4) or <0.8 cm with echocardiography (see Dr. Chhabra’s letter) may inappropriately reclassify true severe to nonsevere AS and therefore preclude the benefit of AVR to a symptomatic patient with low-gradient severe AS. A randomized trial of PLF-LG AS may be useful. However, for symptomatic patients with PLF-LG and confirmation of severe AS by additional tests, there is now a strong body of evidence supporting that these patients benefit from AVR, and there would thus be a lack of clinical equipoise for a randomized trial in these patients.
Severn-Trent sand: a kinematic hardening constitutive model for sands: the q-p formulation

A simple model is described which is able to represent the mechanical behaviour of granular soils over a wide range of void ratios and mean stresses (neglecting grain crushing). The model combines Mohr–Coulomb failure, critical states, dependence of strength and stiffness on the state parameter, a hyperbolic law for plastic stiffness degradation and a flow rule similar to that of Cam Clay. The model is formulated within the framework of kinematic hardening and bounding-surface plasticity. The model requires two elastic and eight plastic parameters which are linked to clear physical features of the mechanical response. The formulation and numerical implementation are eased by making use of a 'normalized' stress space in which the stress– strain response shows no strain softening. The model is validated by comparison with experimental results obtained from triaxial tests on Hostun sand covering a wide range of density and stress level. Some proposals are made for possible future developments of the model wi.
Local variability of taphonomic attributes in a parautochthonous assemblage: can taphonomic signature distinguish a heterogeneous environment?

Taphofacies have been based on the likelihood that considerable variability exists in taphonomic processes between different environments and that this variability produces predictable variations in taphonomic signature between assemblages. Three stations above storm wave base that differed little in sediment texture and depth were sampled on the inner continental shelf of central Texas. Taphonomic analysis revealed subtle gradients in sediment grain size and water depth that would not be revealed by most other analyses. These gradients may exist over very small spatial scales, equivalent to those within a single extensive outcrop. Not all taphonomic attributes are equally likely to be preserved in the fossil record. Those varying with depth in our study area, such as fragmentation and articulation, are more likely to be preserved than those documenting changes in sediment texture, such as variation in the frequency of dissolution features on the shells. Nevertheless, siting and sampling protocols are important when characterizing a taphofacies because within-habitat variation is potentially as large as between-habitat variation. Description of the average taphofacies for an environment must include documentation of the variation in taphonomic attributes within the sampled area because few conservative taphonomic attributes exist. Fragments, even those that are unidentifiable, retain significant taphonomic information and should not be ignored. Careful sampling should permit the simultaneous description of general taphofacies as well as the detection of important but unsuspected gradients in the environment.
Sorption characteristics of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 in soil contaminated with diesel.

The adsorption of a surfactant to solid surfaces can lower the concentration of free surfactant in aqueous solutions. If the degree of adsorption is high, then surfactant concentration could drop below the CMC (critical micelle concentration), rendering the surfactant solution unable to solubilize. Therefore, the amount of surfactant mass that will sorb should be accounted for when selecting injection concentration. In this study, a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, was used to study the sorption characteristics of diesel on to soil below and above CMC. The surface tension is used for calculating this kind of sorption. The results indicated that when the concentration of surfactant was lower than the CMC, the amount of surfactant sorbed on soil increased with increasing surfactant concentration, and the amount of desorbed diesel was relatively low compared to the original amount added to the soil, but that the amount of diesel desorbed from soil at surfactant concentrations above CMC was relatively high.
Biparabolic NDVI-Ts Space and Soil Moisture Remote Sensing in an Arid and Semi arid Area

Abstract. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (Ts) data from the multitemporal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to analyze the NDVI-Ts space. Unlike the traditional triangular or trapezoidal NDVI-Ts space, the NDVI-Ts space in this study was biparabolic when NDVI values below 0.15 were included, describing areas that are vegetated but have low biomass due to arid conditions. Moreover, the NDVI-Ts biparabolic space is slightly better than the NDVI-Ts triangular space at discerning soil moisture (validation at a 10-cm depth). Linear relationships exist between TVDIC obtained from the NDVI-Ts biparabolic space and relative soil moisture with R2 > 0.28, while correlation coefficient between TVDIT obtained from the triangular NDVI-Ts space and relative soil moisture is R2 > 0.08. The soil moisture situations in Henan Province from February 26, 2011 to May 16, 2011 and in the Shendong mining area on October 8, 2010 were evaluated based on the temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) obtained from the NDVI-Ts biparabolic space. Moreover, the general spatiotemporal features of soil moisture conditions in Henan Province and the Shendong mining area were revealed. Résumé. Des données de l’indice de végétation par différence normalisé (NDVI) et de la température de la surface terrestre (Ts) du spectroradiomètre imageur à résolution moyenne «Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer» (MODIS) ont été utilisées pour analyser l’espace NDVI-Ts. Contrairement à l’espace traditionnel NDVI-Ts qui est triangulaire ou trapézoïdal, l’espace NDVI-Ts dans cette étude était biparabolique lorsque les valeurs de NDVI inférieures à 0,15 ont été incluses, décrivant les régions qui ont un couvert végétal, mais qui ont une faible biomasse en raison des conditions arides. En outre, l’espace biparabolique NDVI-Ts est légèrement mieux que l’espace triangulaire NDVI-Ts pour discerner l’humidité du sol (validation à une profondeur de 10 cm). Des relations linéaires existent entre le TVDIC obtenu à partir du NDVI-Ts biparabolique et l’humidité du sol relative avec R2 > 0,28, tandis que le coefficient de corrélation entre le TVDIT obtenu à partir de l’espace NDVI-Ts triangulaire et l’humidité du sol relative est R2 > 0,08. L’humidité du sol dans la province du Henan du 26 février 2011 au 16 mai 2011 et dans la région d’exploitation minière Shendong le 8 octobre 2010 a été évaluée sur la base de l’indice de température-sécheresse de la végétation (TVDI) obtenu à partir de l’espace biparabolique NDVI-Ts. En outre, les caractéristiques générales spatio-temporelles de conditions d’humidité du sol dans la province du Henan et la zone minière Shendong ont été révélées.
Home computers and Internet use in the United States, August 2000

The rapid adoption of computer and Internet technology by the U.S. population has raised many questions. Which households have computers, and which have Internet access? Do children have the access to computer technology that they need to prepare them for jobs in a human capital economy? Do some children have access while others do not? Who uses the Internet, among both children and adults? How might this use change society? This report uses Current Population Survey (CPS) data to address some of the primary questions raised by the nation’s changing technological base.
Southern California Bight 2008 Regional Monitoring Program: VI. Benthic Macrofauna

The prevalence of non-indigenous species (NIS) in southern California embayments was assessed by collecting 123 Van Veen grab samples from nine bays and harbors during the summer of 1998. NIS occurred in all but two samples. They accounted for only 4.3% of the 633 taxa but contributed 27.5% of the abundance. There was no significant difference in the proportion of NIS abundance among ports harboring large vessels, small boat marinas, and areas where boats were not moored. Three species accounted for 92% of the NIS abundance: a spionid polychaete worm Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, a mytilid bivalve Musculista senhousia, and a semelid bivalve Theora lubrica. The NIS did not appear to have a negative impact at the overall community level since NIS abundance was positively correlated with the abundance and richness of other species. This may be due to biogenic structures built by P. paucibranchiata and M. senhousia that enhance the abundances of other macrofauna.
Effect of cervical curvature reduction after ACCF on adjacent segmental lesions

Objective: To investigate the relationship of adjacent segment degeneration (RASP) and the variation of cervical curvature and vertebral height after Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion (ACCF). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 80 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) who had been followed up for at least 1 year after ACCF. The patients were divided into RASP group and no RASP group according to whether the RASP occured after surgery. On the standing cervical lateral radiograph of all patients before and after surgery at the short-term and final follow-up, the C2-7 Cobb angle of the cervical vertebrae, the Cobb angle of the surgical segment and the height of the fusion segment for the anterior and posterior segments of the vertebral body were measured. The difference between the two groups of patients before and after surgery was calculated, as well as its correlation with the occurrence of RASP. Result: there were 37 patients in the RASP group and 43 patients in the no-RASP group. In RASP group, the short-term average curvature of cervical vertebra was significantly reduced after surgery. However, there was no significant difference in no RASP group. The height of the anterior and posterior fusion segments in two groups was significantly higher than that before surgery, however, which was significantly lower during the final follow-up than that in the short-term after surgery. Cox regression analysis showed that only the variation of postoperative C2-7Cobb angle was associated with RASP. Conclusion: The reduction of cervical curvature after ACF may be related to postoperative RASP. Maintaining good cervical curvature after operation may be expected to reduce the occurrence of RASP after ACF.
Physical Education Teachers and Job Commitment: a Preliminary Analysis

It would appear self evident that commitment is a desirable characteristic of teachers and this word is readily used by politicians, the public, academics, and teachers themselves when the business of teaching is discussed. Indeed, Rosenholtz & Simpson (1990) suggest that, ’Commitment to the workplace is becoming understood as a hallmark of organizational success’ (p.241). In view of this, it is surprising that so little is known about the nature of teachers’ commitment. Woods ( 1990) comments:
Statistical Traﬀic State Analysis in Large-scale Transportation Networks Using Locality-Preserving Non-negative Matrix Factorization

Statistical traffic data analysis is a hot topic in traffic management and control. In this field, current research progresses focus on analyzing traffic flows of individual links or local regions in a transportation network. Less attention are paid to the global view of traffic states over the entire network, which is important for modeling large-scale traffic scenes. Our aim is precisely to propose a new methodology for extracting spatio-temporal traffic patterns, ultimately for modeling large-scale traffic dynamics, and long-term traffic forecasting. We attack this issue by utilizing Locality-Preserving Non-negative Matrix Factorization (LPNMF) to derive low-dimensional representation of network-level traffic states. Clustering is performed on the compact LPNMF projections to unveil typical spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of network-level traffic states. We have tested the proposed method on simulated traffic data generated for a large-scale road network, and reported experimental results validate the ability of our approach for extracting meaningful large-scale space-time traffic patterns. Furthermore, the derived clustering results provide an intuitive understanding of spatial-temporal characteristics of traffic flows in the large-scale network, and a basis for potential long-term forecasting.
Analysis on the Main Environmental Problems in the Weihe River Basin in Shaanxi Province

Environmental problems have become more and more serious and as the factors restricting the sustainable economic development in the Weihe River Basin in Shaanxi Province.After analyzing the historical statistical data and reviewing the research achievements,some conclusions were got.The main environmental problems in the drainage basin are the shortage of water resources,water pollution,water loss and soil erosion and frequent flood.It was recognized that the effective ways of solving the environmental problems are to regard the integrated management as the target,take the restructure as main line,and make scientific and technological progress as the power.Of course,all these are based on the research on environment and resources.In order to achieve the rational development and utilization of water resources,reduce flood disaster and improve ecological environment,the effective measures are to utilize floodwater,decrease the Tongguan elevation,control water pollution and strengthen soil and water conservation.
On the stability relations of hydrous minerals in water-undersaturated magmas

Abstract Reaction of a hydrous mineral with a water-bearing silicate melt is analyzed in terms of the stoichiometry of (in)congruent dissolution. Application of the law of mass action provides an explanation for the presence of an isobaric thermal maximum that manifests itself in terms of enhanced stability of the phase under conditions of water undersaturation. It is shown that the water content of the melt at which the maximum develops is independent of pressure and water speciation, but is strongly dependent on the identity of other (“anhydrous”) melt species and upon the stoichiometric numbers of additional solid phases involved in the reaction. Utilizing MELTS, the analysis is applied to the cummingtonite-bearing rhyolitic magmas of the Taupo volcanic zone of New Zealand.