Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Context shapes early diversity in abstract thought

Significance An influential view of early learning holds that children tend to focus on surface features of objects, before undergoing a “relational shift” toward perceiving structured relations between items. However, this developmental trajectory may reflect a learned bias occurring selectively in cultural contexts that promote object-centric thinking. We find that 3-y-olds in China succeed in a relational task that their US counterparts fail and provide evidence for different developmental trajectories across these distinct learning contexts. Three-year-olds in China also tend to privilege relational solutions in an ambiguous task, whereas those in the United States privilege object-based solutions. These differences suggest distinct biases in abstract thinking and imply that the development of abstract thought is more context-sensitive than previously thought. Early abstract reasoning has typically been characterized by a “relational shift,” in which children initially focus on object features but increasingly come to interpret similarity in terms of structured relations. An alternative possibility is that this shift reflects a learned bias, rather than a typical waypoint along a universal developmental trajectory. If so, consistent differences in the focus on objects or relations in a child’s learning environment could create distinct patterns of relational reasoning, influencing the type of hypotheses that are privileged and applied. Specifically, children in the United States may be subject to culture-specific influences that bias their reasoning toward objects, to the detriment of relations. In experiment 1, we examine relational reasoning in a population with less object-centric experience—3-y-olds in China—and find no evidence of the failures observed in the United States at the same age. A second experiment with younger and older toddlers in China (18 to 30 mo and 30 to 36 mo) establishes distinct developmental trajectories of relational reasoning across the two cultures, showing a linear trajectory in China, in contrast to the U-shaped trajectory that has been previously reported in the United States. In a third experiment, Chinese 3-y-olds exhibit a bias toward relational solutions in an ambiguous context, while those in the United States prefer object-based solutions. Together, these findings establish population-level differences in relational bias that predict the developmental trajectory of relational reasoning, challenging the generality of an initial object focus and suggesting a critical role for experience.
Pengaruh ekstrak jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) terhadap residu nitrit daging curing selama proses curing

Ermawati D, MAM Andriani, R Utami. 2014. Effect of lime extract (Citrus aurantifolia) on curing meat nitrite residues during curing process. Biofarmasi 12: 18-26. Meat represents one of food substance having complete nutrient content and has low durability. So that needs an effort handling or pickling to maintain nutrient content of meat. One of way of meat pickling is by curing, that is by add preservatives like salt (NaCl), Na-Nitrite, Na-Nitrate and other substance which can add flavor. However use of nitrite besides as preservative and fix appearance of curing meat product, nitrite can endanger body. Nitrite has potency to form compound of nitrosamine having carcinogenic character if nitrite reaches with amine. Addition of vitamin C can control curing process in order to decrease nitrite residue. Vitamin C used in this research is natural vitamin C that is lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) extract. Various concentration of lime expected can determine better treatment during process of curing meat. Research use complete random device. As the primary factor is lime extract concentration that is 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%. Analysis taken is measurement of degree of acidity (pH), water rate, vitamin C (vitamin C) and nitrite residue of curing meat in observation day 0, 2, 4 and 6. Data obtained analyze with manner examination test at significance level of 5%, if there are real difference continued with test of Duncan Multiple Range Test. Research result indicates that all treatment of use of lime extract concentration variation during curing can control curing process. Influence of use of lime extract to value of pH in this research is 5,233-5,475 that is optimum condition of nitrite reduction become nitrite oxide so that the nitrite residue is low. Accelerate of nitrite reduction become nitrite oxide is quickened by addition of vitamin C of lime extract. More and more lime extract enhanced hence smaller nitrate residue. Treatment of concentration of lime extract 4% at the 4-6th day of observation represents treatment more good in curing process. Cured meat have a pH 5,266 decrease of 5,240. water rate 69,836 (%wb) decrease of 66,212 (%wb) and nitrite residue 28,947 ppm decrease of 19,118 ppm
gene silencing has an anti malignant effect on cell lines overexpressing mesothelin deriving from malignant pleural

Genes involved in the carcinogenetic mechanisms underlying malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) are still poorly characterized. So far, mesothelin (MSLN) has aroused the most interest. It encodes for a membrane glycoprotein, frequently over-expressed in various malignancies such as MPM, and ovarian and pancreatic cancers. It has been proposed as a diagnostic and immunotherapeutic target with promising results. However, an alternative therapeutic approach seems to rise, whereby synthetic molecules, such as antisense oligonucleotides, could be used to inhibit MSLN activity. To date, such a gene-level inhibition has been attempted in two studies only, both on pancreatic and ovarian carcinoma cell lines, with the use of silencing RNA approaches. With regard to MPM, only one cell line (H2373) has been employed to study the effects of MSLN depletion. Indeed, the knowledge on the role of MSLN in MPM needs expanding. Accordingly, we investigated the expression of MSLN in a panel of three MPM cell lines, i.e. NCI-H28, Mero-14, and IstMes2; one non-MPM cell line was used as reference (Met5A). MSLN knock-down experiments on MSLN-overexpressing cells were also performed through silencing RNA (siRNA) to verify whether previous findings could be generalized to a different set of cell cultures. In agreement with previous studies, transient MSLN-silencing caused decreased proliferation rate and reduced invasive capacity and sphere formation in MSLN-overexpressing Mero-14 cells. Moreover, MSLN-siRNA combined with cisplatin, triggered a marked increase in apoptosis and a decrease in proliferation as compared to cells treated with each agent alone, thereby suggesting a sensitizing effect of siRNA towards cisplatin. In summary, our findings confirm that MSLN should be considered a key molecular target for novel gene-based targeted therapies of cancer. Citation: Melaiu O, Stebbing J, Lombardo Y, Bracci E, Uehara N, et al. (2014) MSLN Gene Silencing Has an Anti-Malignant Effect on Cell Lines Overexpressing Mesothelin Deriving from Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. PLoS ONE 9(1): e85935. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0085935 Editor: Mitchell Ho, National Cancer Institute, NIH, United States of America Received September 5, 2013; Accepted December 3, 2013; Published January 21, 2014 Copyright: 2014 Melaiu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The work was funded by the University of Pisa (www.unipi.it) (regular badget, ex 60%), and by the Fondazione Buzzi Unicem (www.buzziunicem.it). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: slandi@biologia.unipi. it . These authors contributed equally to this work.
Towards Improvement of Mission Mode Failure Diagnosis for System-on-Chip

In critical (e.g. automotive) applications, Systems-on-Chip (SoC) failures that occurred during mission mode (in the field) are the most critical since they may lead to catastrophic effects. In this context, diagnosis is crucial in order to establish the root cause of observed failures with the best accuracy. With the advent of very deep submicron technologies (i.e. 7 nm), achieving such level of accuracy will become more and more difficult with today’s intra-cell diagnosis tools based on effect-cause or cause-effect paradigms. This will compromise the success of subsequent Physical Failure Analysis (PFA) done on defective SoCs. Machine Learning (ML) is now used in numerous classification problems where the knowledge on some data can be used to classify a new instance of such data. In particular, several ML-based solutions exist to address volume diagnosis for yield improvement. These learning-guided diagnosis approaches start from an existing set of defect candidates and try to minimize this set (eliminate bad candidates) owing to the use of ML tools and numerous data collected during production test (e.g. thousands of failed chips with candidates correctly labeled). Although efficient in volume diagnosis, these approaches cannot be used to identify the root cause of failures in customer returns, since only one failed chip is investigated in this case, with no information about the defective behavior of some other similar chips used in the same conditions (environment, workload, etc.). In this paper, we propose a new learning-guided approach for diagnosis of mission mode failures in customer returns. The proposed approach directly produces a minimum set of good candidates derived from the application of the learning-guided intra-cell diagnosis flow. Results obtained on a set of benchmark circuits, and comparison with a commercial intra-cell diagnosis tool, show the feasibility, effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach.
Antibiotic Prescribing for Urinary Tract Infections in the Emergency Department Based on Local Antibiotic Resistance Patterns: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship

N Engl J Med 2008;359:1932–1940. 4. Clabots CR, Johnson S, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection. J Infect Dis 1992;166:561–567. 5. Tartof SY, Rieg GK, Wei R, Tseng HF, Jacobsen SJ, Yu KC. A comprehensive assessment across the healthcare continuum: risk of hospital-associated Clostridium difficile infection due to outpatient and inpatient antibiotic exposure [published online September 21, 2015]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015, http:// journals.cambridge. org/abstract_S0899823X15002202. Accessed September 24, 2015. 6. User manual: Texas hospital inpatient discharge public use data file (PUDF). Texas Department of State Health Services website. http:// www.dshs. state.tx. us. Published 2014. Accessed September 24, 2015. 7. Parsons L. Reducing bias in propensity score matched-pair sample using greedy matching techniques. SAS website. http:// www2.sas. com/proceedings /sugi26/p214-26.pdf. Published 2001. Accessed September 28, 2015. 8. Cost reports by fiscal year. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services website. http://www.cms. gov/Research-Statistics-Dataand-Systems/Files-for-Order/CostReports/Cost-Reports-by-FiscalYear.html. Published 2014. Accessed June 20, 2015.
Adaptive Knobs for Resource Efficient Computing

Performance demands of emerging domains such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and vision, Internet-of-things etc., continue to grow. Meeting such requirements on modern multi/many core systems with higher power densities, fixed power and energy budgets, and thermal constraints exacerbates the run-time management challenge. This leaves an open problem on extracting the required performance within the power and energy limits, while also ensuring thermal safety. Existing architectural solutions including asymmetric and heterogeneous cores and custom acceleration improve performance-per-watt in specific design time and static scenarios. However, satisfying applications’ performance requirements under dynamic and unknown workload scenarios subject to varying system dynamics of power, temperature and energy requires intelligent run-time management. Adaptive strategies are necessary for maximizing resource efficiency, considering i) diverse requirements and characteristics of concurrent applications, ii) dynamic workload variation, iii) core-level heterogeneity and iv) power, thermal and energy constraints. This dissertation proposes such adaptive techniques for efficient run-time resource management to maximize performance within fixed budgets under unknown and dynamic workload scenarios. Resource management strategies proposed in this dissertation comprehensively consider application and workload characteristics and variable effect of power actuation on performance for pro-active and appropriate allocation decisions. Specific contributions include i) run-time mapping approach to improve power budgets for higher throughput, ii) thermal aware performance boosting for efficient utilization of power budget and higher performance, iii) approximation as a run-time knob exploiting accuracyperformance trade-offs for maximizing performance under power caps at minimal loss of accuracy and iv) co-ordinated approximation for heterogeneous systems through joint actuation of dynamic approximation and power knobs for performance guarantees with minimal power consumption. The approaches presented in this dissertation focus on adapting existing mapping techniques, performance boosting strategies, software and dynamic approximations to meet the performance requirements, simultaneously considering system constraints. The proposed strategies are compared against relevant state-of-the-art run-time management frameworks to qualitatively evaluate their efficacy.
Hyaluronate Lyase Gene of Streptococcus pyogenes : Molecular Characterization and Regulation

HYALURONATE LYASE GENE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES: MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND REGULATION Sheryl Lynne Walton Old Dominion University, 2003 Director: Dr. Wayne Hynes Streptococcus pyogenes causes an assortment of diseases ranging from pharyngitis to necrotizing fasciitis. This bacterium has the ability to elaborate several extracellular products capable of causing tissue damage; one of which is a hyaluronate lyase. Little information is available regarding the regulation of streptococcal hyaluronidase. As such, the expression of hylA in the hyaluronate lyase-producing strain ATCC 10403 and in strains that do not produce detectable enzyme was analyzed by RT-PCR and quantitative PCR. Hyaluronate lyase transcript was detected throughout growth for all strains; however, expression of hylA in the enzymatically inactive strains, 71698 and SF370, was determined to have a different pattern of expression than that of the active strain 10403. The effect of various environmental conditions on hylA expression was evaluated. Temperature had little effect on the relative amount of hylA transcript for strain 10403. However, hylA expression was slightly decreased after growth in pH 5.0 and increased under anaerobic and increased carbon dioxide conditions. The presence of hyaluronic acid in the growth media resulted in a two-fold increase in hylA expression. However, no difference was detected in the titer of enzymatic activity. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Expression of hylA and hasA were examined for the hyaluronate lyase non-producing strain 71698; and indicated the relative amount of hasA transcript was considerably greater than that of hylA. Also, 176 strains of S. pyogenes were screened by PCR for hylA'and showed all contained the gene; however, 34 strains showed a decrease in the size of the 3’ region. The 3’ region was PCR amplified, cloned, and the sequence determined from six of these 34 strains. Comparison of the sequences revealed a deletion of 183 bp in the same location in all six strains. A preliminary analysis of the role of hyaluronate lyase in streptococcal infection was evaluated. Preliminary data suggests hyaluronate lyase to be an important virulence factor as was determined by a 5.7% reversion of single­ recombinant mutant strain 10403::pHAS:/? y/A from a HylA-negative to a HylA-
SMM J04135+10277: a distant QSO–starburst system caught by ALMA

The gas content of galaxies is a key factor for their growth, starting from star formation and black hole accretion to galaxy mergers. Thus, characterizing its properties through observations of tracers like the CO emission line is of big importance in order to understand the bigger picture of galaxy evolution. We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of dust continuum, CO(5–4) and CO(8–7) line emission in the quasar–star-forming companion system SMM J04135+10277 (z = 2.84). Earlier low-J CO studies of this system found a huge molecular gas reservoir associated with the companion galaxy, while the quasar appeared gas-poor. Our CO observations revealed that the host galaxy of the quasar is also gas-rich, with an estimated molecular gas mass of $\sim (0.7{\! -\! }2.3)\times 10^{10}\, \rm M_{\odot}$. The CO line profiles of the companion galaxy are very broad ($\sim 1000\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$), and show signs of rotation of a compact, massive system. In contrast to previous far-infrared observations, we resolve the continuum emission and detect both sources, with the companion galaxy dominating the dust continuum and the quasar having a $\sim 25{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ contribution to the total dust emission. By fitting the infrared spectral energy distribution of the sources with mr-moose and empirical templates, the infrared luminosities of the quasar and the companion are in the range of $L_{\rm IR, QSO}\sim (2.1{\! -\! }9.6)\times 10^{12}\, \rm L_{\odot}$ and $L_{\rm IR, Comp.}\sim (2.4{\! -\! }24)\times 10^{12}\, \rm L_{\odot}$, while the estimated star formation rates are $\sim 210{\! -\! }960$ and $\sim 240{\! -\! }2400\, \rm M_{\odot }\, yr^{-1}$, respectively. Our results demonstrate that non-detection of low-J CO transition lines in similar sources does not necessarily imply the absence of massive molecular gas reservoir but that the excitation conditions favour the excitation of high-J transitions.
Hemoglobin estimation with undiluted reduced blood (comparison of blood from ear lobe, finger and vein)

Hemoglobin in human blood is determined in grams per 100 cubic centimeters by using reduced whole blood, read in the Sicca Haemometer. The "Sahli principle" which depends on the brownish color of acid hematin is discarded in favor of the use of reduced whole blood. The Sicca Haemometer is a handy, easily operated instrument for routine clinical estimation of hemoglobin. It was invented by a Danish physician (10). and is now manufactured only in Denmark although it has a United States patent. An accuracy of plus or minus two per cent was found with this instrument in 83 per cent of the cases we . studied and of plus or minus three in 97 per cent of the cases when the method and instrument were subjected to actual working conditions in a busy clinic. We compared hemoglobin values in ear blood from both ears, finger tip blood and venous blood from the arm vein of the same patient. We found fluctuations up to twenty-six per cent of the venous values in ear blood depending upon the time the blood sample was taken after puncture. We followed closely the work of the Danish investigator, G. S~rensen, who also studied the relationship between ear lobe, finger tip and venous bloods. We were able to verify his work insofar as we obtained the Walterh5fer (35) curves from ear lobe blood showing great fluctuations in the first five minutes after puncture. We did not verify his conclusions that ear blood is satisfactory for hemoglobin estimations if allowed to remain 26
Lung Ultrasonography to Detect Pneumothorax after Insertion of Central Venous Line – A pilot study

Background Central venous catheterization is a common and sometimes lifesaving procedure. Most patients undergoing cytostatic treatment usually receive one, as well as most patients in intensive care. The most common veins cannulated are the subclavian and the internal jugular veins. One of the major mechanical complications is pneumothorax. The risk of pneumothorax is relatively low, at 1.5%. However, a pneumothorax can have serious adverse effects and sometimes lead to death in certain patients. After CVC placement, patients usually undergo a chest radiograph to rule out major mechanical complications as well as confirm location of the central venous catheter tip. Recently, lung ultrasound has been more and more used in a clinical setting. Studies have proven lung ultrasound to be more sensitive compared to chest radiograph in ruling out pneumothorax (35). Objective The purpose of this pilot study is to elucidate whether lung ultrasound after CVC insertion is a useful tool for ruling out pneumothorax. Method To understand the mechanics and theory surrounding lung ultrasound, a review of the literature was performed. I also attended a lung ultrasound seminar. An experienced physician instructed me in the handling of the ultrasound machine. I examined patients at two wards at Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhus where central venous catheters are commonly placed. The lung ultrasound exam was performed after placement of the CVC, an improvised screening protocol was used during lung ultrasound examination. Results In total, 155 patients were examined with lung ultrasound. 56 at ward 22 and 99 at preoperative ward 4. There were nine patients with positive findings on lung ultrasound. Out of these, seven pneumothoraces were confirmed by chest x-ray. In two patients, the pneumothorax is believed to be caused by the CVC insertion. Sensitivity was 1 and specificity 0.98. When comparing lung ultrasound with chest radiograph, lung ultrasound proved noninferiority. Conclusion Lung ultrasound is a fast and easy to use tool and may be used to rule out pneumothorax after CVC insertion.
Estimation of vertical structure of latent heat generated in thunderstorms using CloudSat radar

The Earth's atmosphere is highly coupled between the vertical layers and the surface. An understanding of circulations in the atmosphere is important for developing models and improving weather forecasting. The latent heat produced in the atmosphere is one of the key driving forces of these circulations. It is therefore very important to estimate the latent heat in the atmosphere accurately, especially in thunderstorm clouds, which have proved to be one of the major sources of gravity waves in tropical regions. The current space‐based latent heat retrievals are limited to precipitation‐based estimation which cannot define the complete structure of a thunderstorm where precipitation is not the main indicator of the severity. A novel method is proposed in this study which retrieves the latent heat profiles of thunderstorm clouds using CloudSat W‐band radar profiles. A realistic database of simulated thunderstorm events developed using the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System – Cloud Resolving Model (RAMS‐CRM) is compared with observations using the Bayesian Monte Carlo method to derive an estimate with an uncertainty analysis for each estimate. The method is validated in the southeast Asian region with European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts driven RAMS‐CRM profiles. The algorithm performance on observation data using linear fit, regression and bias analysis is discussed. A case study retrieval is also performed to demonstrate the retrieval on real CloudSat data.
Brewing Yeast and Fermentation

Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Beer and brewing. 2. The brewing process. 3. The biochemistry of fermentation. 4. Brewing yeast. 5. Fermentation systems. 6. Fermentation management. 7. Yeast management. 8. Microbiology.References. Index.