Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of an Intermediate Ocean–Atmosphere Coupled Model of the Tropical Pacific to Its Oceanic Vertical Structure

Abstract An intermediate ocean–atmosphere coupled model (ICM) of the tropical Pacific is used to investigate the sensitivity of the coupled system to the oceanic vertical structure. The model consists of a three-baroclinic-mode tropical Pacific Ocean and a Gill tropical atmosphere. The mixed layer is similar to the Zebiak and Cane (ZC) coupled atmosphere–ocean model but uses a different parameterization for subsurface temperature derived from XBT data. A 100-yr simulation is made, and the long-term variability of the ICM is briefly discussed and compared with the the observations and the ZC model. The ICM reproduces regular ENSO events with a spectrum peak centered at the period 3.5 yr. The presence of higher-order vertical modes in the oceanic component of the model allows for reduced off-equatorial variability of zonal current and thermocline anomalies and for finer meridional scale for SST anomaly variability in comparison with a simulation with one baroclinic mode only. The nature of the processes sus.
Economic Change in the Balkan States: Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Yugoslavia

The Balkan States - struggling along the road to the market from Europe's periphery, Orjan Sjoberg and Michael Wyzan the role of labour in the great transition to a market economy in Yugoslavia, Ivo Bicanic Economic change in Yugoslavia - from crisis to reform, Will Bartlett the economic legacy of Ceausescu, Per Ronnas the future of a failure - the Romanian economy, Alin Teodorescu Bulgarian economy in the immediate post-Zhivkov era, Michael Wyzan the Bulgarian economy - transition or turmoil, Ognian Pishev the Albanian economy in the 1980s - coping with a centralized system. Orjan Sjoberg the Albanian economy at the beginning of the 1990s the implications of change in East Central Euorpe for the Balkan socialist economies, Alan H.Smith. Conclusion: the socialist Balkan countries will follow East Central Euorpe, Anders Aslund.
Magma Recharge and Crystal Mush Rejuvenation Associated with Early Post-collapse Upper Basin Member Rhyolites, Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming

The Upper Basin Member rhyolites are the oldest known postcollapse rhyolites of the third Yellowstone caldera.They were erupted near the caldera’s resurgent domes between 516 7 and 473 9 ka and at 257 13 ka. An unusual characteristic is their low dO signature. Few data are available on their mineralogy and glass geochemistry, and this study fills an important gap in understanding their petrogenesis.We report new mineralogical observations and plagioclase, whole-rock and glass compositional data. Based on our observations, we describe a new lava flow for which we propose the name East Biscuit Basin flow. This unit is a quartzand sanidine-free low-silica rhyolite (71^72% SiO2 in the whole-rock) in which the dominant mineral, plagioclase, comprises two populations: (1) small fresh euhedral crystals of An20^48 (average of An31) composition, commonly part of aggregates with pyroxenes and Fe^Ti oxides; (2) large sieve-textured isolated crystals, which are slightly more sodic in composition (An19^34, average of An27). Plagioclase compositions in most other Upper Basin Member rhyolites are similar. The range of compositions for trace elements such as Rb, Th, Yand the rare earth elements is small (e.g. 158^189 ppm Rb, 20^ 25 ppmTh, 52^63 ppm Y, 60^82 ppm La in the whole-rock), and there is no systematic variation of these elements as a function of SiO2 content or mineralogy. Certain trace element signatures and ratios are specific to each of these rhyolites, allowing us to propose that the Upper Basin Member rhyolites originate from six independent magma batches.The coexistence of the two types of plagioclase and their progressive disappearance in the more evolved rhyolites suggest the following petrogenetic model for each magma batch. A low-dO rhyolitic protolith is heated by replenishing magmas, which initiate melting, forming a crystal mush. Replenishment by buoyant silicic magma may enhance melting and cause mixing with the mush material. As a consequence, crystal-poor eruptible magma batches are formed, which contain small, more calcic plagioclase crystals (aggregates) formed during cooling and mixing of the replenishing silicic melt, and larger, lower temperature crystals exhibiting dissolution features inherited from the protolith.
The effects of sediment properties on deltaic processes and morphologies: A numerical modeling study

There is a pressing need to understand how different delta morphologies arise because morphology determines a delta's ecologic structure, resilience to relative sea‐level rise, and stratigraphic architecture. We use numerical modeling (Delft3D) to explain how deltaic processes and morphology are controlled by the incoming sediment properties. We conducted 36 experiments of river‐dominated delta formation varying the following sediment properties of the incoming grain‐size distribution: the median, standard deviation, skewness, and percent cohesive sediment, which is a function of the first three properties. Changing standard deviation and skewness produces minimal morphological variation, whereas an increase in dominant grain size (D84) and decrease in percent cohesive sediment produce a transition from elongate deltas with few channels to semicircular deltas with many channels. This transition occurs because critical shear stresses for erosion and settling velocities of grains set the number of channel mouths and the dominant delta‐building process. Together, the number of channel mouths and the dominant process—channel avulsion, mouth bar growth, or levee growth—set the delta morphology. Coarse‐grained, noncohesive deltas have many channels dominated by avulsion, creating semicircular planforms with relatively smooth delta fronts. Intermediate‐grained deltas have many channels dominated by mouth bar growth, creating semicircular planforms with rugose delta fronts. Fine‐grained, cohesive deltas have a few channels, the majority of which are dominated by levee growth, creating elongate planforms with smooth delta fronts. The process‐based model presented here provides a previously lacking mechanistic understanding of the effects of sediment properties on delta channel network and planform morphology.
Biogenic flux of Al to sediment in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean: Evidence for increased prod

We examined the flux of Al to sediment accumulating beneath the zone of elevated productivity in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean, along a surface sediment transect at 135°W as well as downcore for a 650 kyr record at 1.3°N, 133.6°W. Across the surface transect, a pronounced, broadly equatorially symmetric increase in Al accumulation is observed, relative to Ti, with Al/Ti ratios reaching values 3–4 times that of potential detrital sources. The profile parallels biogenic accumulation and the modeled flux of particulate 234Th, suggesting rapid and preferential adsorptive removal of Al from seawater by settling biogenic particles. Normative calculations confirm that most Al is unsupported by the terrigenous fraction. The observed distributions are consistent with previous observations of the relative and absolute behavior of Al and Ti in seawater, and we can construct a reasonable mass balance between the amount of seawater-sourced Al retained in the sediment and the amount of seawater Al available in the overlying column. The close tie between Al/Ti and biogenic accumulation (as opposed to concentration) emphasizes that biogenic sedimentary Al/Ti responds to removal-transport phenomena and not bulk sediment composition. Thus, in these sediments dominated by the biogenic component, the bulk Al/Ti ratio reflects biogenic particle flux, and by extension, productivity of the overlying seawater. The downcore profile of Al/Ti at 1.3°N displays marked increases during glacial episodes, similar to that observed across the surface transect, from a background value near Al/Ti of average upper crust. The excursions in Al/Ti are stratigraphically coincident with maxima in both bulk and CaCO3 accumulation and the excess Al appears to not be preferentially affiliated with opaline or organic phases. Consistent with the similar behavioral removal of Al and 234Th, the latter of which responds to the total particle flux, the Al flux reflects carbonate accumulation only because carbonate comprises the dominant flux in these particular deposits. These results collectively indicate that (1) Al in biogenic sediment and settling biogenic particles is strongly affected by a component adsorbed from seawater. Therefore, the common tenet that Al is dominantly associated with terrestrial particulate matter, and the subsequent use of Al distributions to calculate the abundance and flux of terrestrial material in settling particles and sediment, needs to be reevaluated. (2) The Al/Ti ratio in biogenic sediment can be used to trace the productivity of the overlying water, providing a powerful new paleochemical tool to investigate oceanic response to climatic variation. (3) The close correlation between the Al/Ti productivity signal and carbonate maxima downcore at 1.3°N suggests that the sedimentary carbonate maxima in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean record increased productivity during glacial episodes.
Exploring the connection between types of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical condition characterized by a rapid decline in renal function. AKI is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and many patients with AKI develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous studies have examined the association between AKI and CKD; however, the relationship between AKI types and CKD development has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, a multi-center prospective observational study is required to investigate this relationship thoroughly. These findings may have significant implications for the early identification, prevention, and management of CKD in patients with a history of AKI.
Advancing understanding of runoff and sediment transfers in agricultural catchments through simultaneous observations across scales

Our understanding of the effect of scale on runoff and sediment transfers within catchments is currently limited by a lack of available data. A multi‐scale dataset of 17 rainfall events collected simultaneously at four spatial scales within a small agricultural catchment in 2005–2006 is presented. Analysis using exploratory techniques and a two‐step, zero‐inflated lognormal mixed‐effects regression model, has demonstrated that event responses, and event response characteristics representing runoff and sediment peaks and area‐normalized yields, are scale dependent, and hence cannot be transferred directly between scales. Runoff and sediment yields increase as scale increases, and it is proposed that this effect, which differs from that observed in the few other studies of scale effects undertaken, is due to increasing connectivity within the catchment, and the dominance of preferential flow pathways including through macropores and field drains. The processes contributing to scale dependence in the data, and the possibility that certain processes dominate at particular scales, are discussed. The data presented here help to improve our spatial understanding of runoff and sediment transport in small agricultural catchments, and provide examples of the type of spatial dataset and the type of analysis that are essential if we are to develop models which are able to predict runoff and soil erosion accurately, and allow us to manage runoff and sediment transport effectively across scales. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passivity-Based Control of Grid Forming and Grid Following Converters in Microgrids

With the integration of more and more power electronics devices into the grid, it is not easy to guarantee the stability of the whole system due to the complexity of the control structure of various power converters. In this paper, we consider grid-forming and grid-following converters in one microgrid, in which the grid-forming converters support the voltage and frequency of the microgrid and the grid-following converters inject their maximum power into the microgrid. To handle the stability issue, the passivity principle is applied to guarantee the stability of the whole microgrid. We ensure every grid-following converter satisfies the passivity via the port-controlled Hamiltonian method. In addition, we apply the passivity-based proportional-resonant controller to the grid-forming converter. One of the advantages of the proposed method is that the phase lock loop system is eliminated, which may cause stability issues. Simulation results show that the proposed method can control the microgrid effectively.
THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF MARINE RECREATIONAL FISHING: APPLYING BENEFIT TRANSFER TO MARINE RECREATIONAL FISHERIES STATISTICS SURVEY (MRFSS)

Using two data sets from the same source but in different years (1994 and 1997) and regions (Northeast and Southeast), benefit transfer estimates are compared with original estimates to examine the convergent validity of benefit function transfer. Although benefit transfer error could go up to over 400% of original estimates for a particular case, the magnitude of benefit transfer error is less than 100% of original estimates for most cases. Since two data sets used for benefit transfer are from different regions and years, whether regional or temporal variation is more responsible for benefit transfer error can not be determined without intra-regional or intra-temporal data.
A decade of shear-wave splitting in the Earth's crust: what does it mean? what use can we make of it? and what should we do next?

It is 10 years since shear-wave splitting, throught to be diagnostic of some form of seismic anisotropy, was first positively identified in the Earth's crust. From the beginning it was argued that the splitting was probably associated with the presence of stress-aligned cracks (inclusions) in the crust, and that this would provide the opportunity for monitoring the in situ geometry of cracks and stress in a variety of different circumstances and in a variety of different applications.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening, Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Vitex pinnata L. Leaf Extract

The purpose of the study was to screen phytochemicals and assess the antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties of Vitex pinnata leaf extracts. Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, phlobatannins, steroids, quinine, phenol, coumarins, and flavonoids were found during the phytochemical investigation. V. pinnata leaf extract exhibited an IC50 value of 154.33 µg/ml in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay (standard: IC50 = 25.48 µg/ml) IC50 value of 218.8 µg/ml in the albumin denaturation inhibition assay (standard: IC50 = 33.74 µg/ml). According to the findings, the leaves of V. pinnata contain a variety of pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites capable of scavenging DPPH and inhibiting albumin denaturation, demonstrating their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. J. Bio-Sci. 30(2): 01-11, 2022
Absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and sun‐view geometry effects on remote sensing relationships∗

Quantifying the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by vegetation is an essential consideration for determining useful vegetative photosynthetic capacity and surface conductance values for regional and global carbon cycle studies. This study was conducted to compare absorbed photosynthetically active radiation at the FIFE‐89 Konza prairie sites to that of the KUREX‐91 steppe grassland sites and to investigate variations in relationships between absorbed PAR and spectral vegetation indices derived from bidirectional reflectance factors. Incoming, reflected and transmitted PAR were measured from which fractions of reflected, transmitted and absorbed PAR were computed at selected FIFE prairie and KUREX steppe sites. Fractions of direct and diffuse PAR transmitted through canopies were estimated. Fractions of absorbed PAR were much lower at the FIFE sites (ranging from 0.35 to 0.65) than those at KUREX (ranging from 0.75 to 0.95) which can be explained by differences between leaf area.
Soil thermal and hydrological characteristics in designing underground cables

In the present paper, the thermal and hydrological characteristics of the soil surrounding buried cables are investigated. First, the dependence of the soil thermal resistivity on two easily measurable parameters is shown. These parameters are the porosity and the saturation degree. The soil hydrological stability is then investigated and is found to be governed by one hydrological parameter only; namely, the saturation degree. Finally, the conditions governing soil hydrological equilibrium are investigated, which appear to be dependent both on the initial soil saturation degree and on the applied thermal gradient (i.e. on the thermal flow). In principle, on the basis of this simple information, it is possible to carry out a rational design of a buried-cables system preventing any hydrological instability.
Post World War II trends in tropical Pacific surface trades

Abstract Multidecadel time series of surface winds from central tropical Pacific islands are used to compute trends in the trade winds between the end of WWII and 1985. Over this period, averaged over the whole region, there is no statistically significant trend in speed or zonal or meridional wind (or pseudostress). However, there is some tendency, within a few degrees of the equator, toward weakening of the easterlies and increased meridional flow toward the equator. Anomalous conditions subsequent to the 1972–73 ENSO event make a considerable contribution to the long-term trends. The period 1974–80 has been noted previously to have been anomalous, and trends over that period are sharply greater than those over the longer records.
The Caledonian low Al-TTD series from the Northern Qinling Orogenic Belt: Rock properties, genetic simulation and geological implication

A belt of low Al-Trondhjemite-Tonalite-Diorite (TTD) series has been recognized along the Northern Qinling Orogenic Belt (NQOB), which is dated as 430―399 Ma and characteristic of positive εNd(t) values. Geochemical features and trace elements simulation indicate that the TTD series was probably originated from differently partial melting of tholeiitic rocks from the Erlangping group. Thermodynamic analysis on the residue phases of the partial melting processes suggests that the TTD series may represent a dynamic process of temperature-increasing and pressure-decreasing, indicating an extension and thinning process of a thickened crust.
Progress and Prospects for Reanalysis for Weather and Climate

Analyses of global atmospheric observations in real time for numerical weather prediction (NWP) lack continuity over time as the operational system evolves. Reanalysis of the observations—with more complete data, improved quality control, and a constant state-of-the-art assimilating model and analysis system—greatly improves the homogeneity of the record and makes it useful for examining climate variations. This whole endeavor is now referred to as “reanalysis. ”
Managing cultural heritage: Heritage listing and property value

Local governments across Australia are often placed in the invidious position of acknowledging the long term value to the community of a property or place by including it in a heritage register whilst alienating some current, often vocal, sectors of that community who raise concerns over an actual or perceived loss of individual, usually proprietary, rights. Whilst such conflicts of interest are inevitable, the necessity to manage such situations sensitively and effectively remains the lot of the local authority. In order to assist with the appropriate management of such situations, a study has been undertaken into the effects of heritage listing on property value in the context of the management of Queensland's cultural heritage. This has been achieved through a review of key domestic and international studies and seven themes n impacting upon a range of stakeholders across the community - have been elicited from the research and are reported in this paper. Despite the diversity of the material reviewed, a number of defining variables were nominated by the studies as providing useful bench marks n such as geographical context, building type and other variables, and a range of methodologies. A matrix has been generated which is one original contribution of this research and which it is anticipated will be developed from the subsequent field research. The methodologies identified in the literature fell into three main groups n macro, micro and attitudinal n and it is proposed that this broad structure will be used as the basis of the second stage of this study.
Postearthquake relaxation after the 2004 M6 Parkfield, California, earthquake and rate‐and‐state friction

[1] An unusually complete set of measurements (including rapid rate GPS over the first 10 days) of postseismic deformation is available at 12 continuous GPS stations located close to the epicenter of the 2004 M6.0 Parkfield earthquake. The principal component modes for the relaxation of the ensemble of those 12 GPS stations were determined. The first mode alone furnishes an adequate approximation to the data. Thus, the relaxation at all stations can be represented by the product of a common temporal function and distinct amplitudes for each component (north or east) of relaxation at each station. The distribution in space of the amplitudes indicates that the relaxation is dominantly strike slip. The temporal function, which spans times from about 5 min to 900 days postearthquake, can be fit by a superposition of three creep terms, each of the form βl loge(1 + t/τl), with characteristic times τl = 4.06, 0.11, and 0.0001 days. It seems likely that what is actually involved is a broad spectrum of characteristic times, the individual components of which arise from afterslip on different fault patches. Perfettini and Avouac (2004) have shown that an individual creep term can be explained by the spring-slider model with rate-dependent (no state variable) friction. The observed temporal function can also be explained using a single spring-slider model (i.e., single fault patch) that includes rate-and-state-dependent friction, a single-state variable, and either of the two commonly used (aging and slip) state evolution laws. In the latter fits, the rate-and-state friction parameter b is negative.