Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corrigendum: Radar scattering by aggregate snowflakes

In our paper ‘Radar scattering by aggregate snowflakes’ (Westbrook et al., 2006), the Rayleigh–Gans approximation was used to calculate the radar back-scatter of the ice-crystal aggregates simulated by Westbrook et al. (2004a, 2004b). More recent work by the first author has brought to light a numerical error in those scattering calculations, which led to an underestimate of the form factor f for size parameters 2kr 0.5. The corrected form factor for our simulated aggregates is shown in Figure 1; this replaces figure 4 in our original paper. Our conclusion that the Guinier approximation f ≈ 1 − 3 (2kr)2 is acceptable to within about 10% for size parameters up to 2kr ≈ 1 still stands, as do the conclusions drawn from that assumption throughout the paper. However, in our original analysis we concluded that the form factor for a spherical particle overestimated f for 0.5 < 2kr < 2.5. Our revised figure shows that this is not in fact the case: the form factor for a sphere shows good agreement for values of 2kr up to about 2. At size parameters larger than 2, the sphere increasingly underestimates f , and has a null at 2kr ≈ 3.5, which is not reproduced by our model aggregates. The suggestion is, however, that an air–ice sphere with radius of gyration matched to that of the aggregate is likely to be an acceptable approximation over a rather wider range of size parameters than previously thought (maximum dimensions of up to 4 mm at 35 GHz, and up to 1.5 mm at 94 GHz), provided an appropriate prescription for the permittivity of the sphere is used (so as to match the back-scatter to the Rayleigh formula in the limit of small kr). Matching the diameter of the sphere to the maximum dimension of the aggregate (e.g. Hogan et al., 2000) would give a sphere that is too large, leading to an underestimate of f for a given aggregate size. The above correction follows through to the average form factor for the whole distribution of aggregates.
What Reaching Teaches: Consciousness, Control, and the Inner Zombie

What is the role of conscious visual experience in the control and guidance of human behaviour? According to some recent treatments, the role is surprisingly indirect. Conscious visual experience, on these accounts, serves the formation of plans and the selection of action types and targets, while the control of ‘online’ visually guided action proceeds via a quasi-independent non-conscious route. In response to such claims, critics such as (Wallhagen [2007], pp. 539–61) have suggested that the notions of control and guidance invoked are unacceptably vague, and that that the image of ‘zombie systems’ guiding action fails to take account of the possibility that there is genuine but unconceptualized, unnoticed, and/or unreportable experience taking place and guiding or controlling the actions. I address both sets of concerns. I try to show that refining and clarifying the key notions of control and guidance leaves the original argument intact, as does the appeal to unconceptualized, unnoticed, or unreportable experiences. The exercise serves, however, to highlight an important complex of considerations concerning the relations between control, agency, and experience. Better understanding these relations is, I suggest, an important source of insights concerning the nature of phenomenal experience.
Optimal MIMO Broadcasting for Energy Harvesting Transmitter With non-Ideal Circuit Power Consumption

This paper develops a novel approach to optimal broadcast scheduling for an energy-harvesting powered transmitter with non-ideal circuit power consumption. Relying on the uplink-downlink duality and convex optimization tools, the proposed approach provides low-complexity algorithms to obtain the optimal transmission policies that maximize the weighted sum-throughput for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) broadcast channels. For both time-invariant and time-varying channels, it is revealed that the optimal transmission between any two consecutive channel or energy state changing instants, termed epoch, can only take one of the three strategies: 1) no transmission; 2) transmission with an energy-efficiency (EE) maximizing sum-power over part of the epoch; or 3) transmission with a sum-power greater than the EE-maximizing power over the whole epoch. The proposed approach can provide the optimal benchmarks for practical schemes in energy-harvesting MIMO broadcast transmissions, and can be employed to develop efficient online scheduling schemes which require only causal knowledge of energy arrival realizations.
Stability analysis of interconnected systems using computer generated Lyapunov functions

In two recent papers, Brayton and Tong developed some significant results which are the basis of a constructive approach in the stability analysis of dynamical systems. Although their algorithm is powerful, it taxes the capabilities of most modern computers when the dimension of a system is high or even when the dimension is moderate in size. In this paper we remove these difficulties to a certain extent by generalizing the work of Brayton and Tong to interconnected dynamical systems. In our approach, the analysis of complex dynamical systems (which may be of high dimension) is accomplished in terms of the qualitative properties of the free subsystems and the interconnections of such systems.
Characterization of Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) Nanoparticles Biosynthesized using Leuconostoc spp. Isolated from Cow’s Raw Milk

Nanotechnology is a continually expanding field for its uses and applications in multiple areas i.e. medicine, science, and engineering. Biosynthesis is straightforward, less-toxicity, and cost-effective technology. TiO2 NPs biosynthesis has attained consideration in recent decades. In this study, probiotic bacteria were isolated from cow’s raw milk samples, and then were identified by using the Vitek2 system; as Leuconostoc spp. included Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (Leu.1), Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris (Leu.4), and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (Leu.14). All Leuconostoc spp. isolates showed an ability for TiO2 NPs bio-production, after being incubated at anaerobic conditions (30 o C/ 24 h) in DeMan Regosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth medium. The biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using the following apparatuses: UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) apparatus, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) in addition to Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) spectra. The characterized biosynthesized TiO2 NPs were spherical-shaped, nanostructure anatase crystals with an average size range of 53.35-59.41 nm. The UV absorption spectrum was observed at the wavelength 344-248 nm; the topography AFM 2D and 3D images result showed the height and roughness of biosynthesized TiO2 NPs that were in the range of 1.137-18.88 nm. Absorption peaks in the FTIR spectra were located in a region typical of TiO2 NPs, and biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles’ main IR topographies (408.21- 445.80) cm-1 belonged to anatase Titania (Ti-O-Ti) bridge.
Texture image segmentation using Brushlet-domain hidden Markov models

By researching the Brushlet domain coefficients of texture images, we found that the distribution of the magnitudes of Brushlet domain coefficients roughly meet rayleigh distribution. And there are correlations between Brushlet coefficients in adjacent scales. Therefore, Rayleigh Mixture Model (RMM) is used to characterize the statistics of the magnitudes of Brushlet coefficients. To capture the inter-scale persistence of Brushlet coefficients, a "four to four" models with markov property is adopted in this paper. On the basis, by combining with the multi-scale Bayesian segmentation method, we propose a multiscale Bayesian texture segmentation algorithm that is based on a Brushlet domain hidden Markov tree (BruHMT) model. The experiment results indicate that our method is feasible and effective. Especially for coarse texture, our method is superior than texture segmentation method using Wavelet domain hidden Markov tree (WHMT) model.
A Novel Nanoemulsion Formula for an Improved Delivery of a Thalidomide Analogue to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer; Synthesis, Formulation, Characterization and Molecular Studies

Background Thalidomide (THD) and its analogues were recently reported as a promising treatment for different types of solid tumors due to their antiangiogenic effect. Methods In this work, we synthesized a novel THD analogue (TA), and its chemistry was confirmed with different techniques such as IR, mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis as well as 1H and 13C NMR. To increase solubility and anticancer efficacy, a new oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsion (NE) was used in the formulation of the analogue. The novel formula’s surface charge, size, stability, FTIR, FE-TEM, in vitro drug release and physical characteristics were investigated. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were conducted to predict the possible binding modes and molecular interactions behind the inhibitory activities of the THD and TA. Results TA showed a significant cytotoxic activity with IC50 ranging from 0.326 to 43.26 µmol/mL when evaluated against cancerous cells such as MCF-7, HepG2, Caco-2, LNCaP and RKO cell lines. The loaded analogue showed more potential cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7-ADR cell lines with IC50 values of 0.0293 and 0.0208 nmol/mL, respectively. Moreover, flow cytometry of cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were performed showing a suppression in the expression levels of TGF-β, MCL-1, VEGF, TNF-α, STAT3 and IL-6 in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Conclusion The novel NE formula dramatically reduced the anticancer dosage of TA from micromolar efficiency to nanomolar efficiency. This indicates that the synthesized analogue exhibited high potency in the NE formulation and proved its efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer cell line.
Acoustic-radiation-force-induced shear wave propagation in cardiac tissue

Shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) was employed to track acoustic radiation force (ARF)-induced shear waves in the myocardium of a beating heart. Shear waves were generated in and tracked through the myocardium of the left ventricular free wall (LVFW) in an in vivo heart that was exposed through a thoracotomy; matched studies were also preformed on an ex vivo myocardial specimen. Average shear wave velocities ranged from 2.22 to 2.53 m/s for the ex vivo specimen and 1.5 to 2.9 m/s (1.5-2.09 m/s during diastole; 2.9 m/s during systole) for in vivo specimens. Despite the known rotation of myocardial fiber orientation with tissue depth, there was no statistically significant shear wave velocity depth dependence observed in any of the experimental trials.
Dynamics of the Relaxation-Time Spectrum in a CuMn Spin-Glass

SQUID magnetometry measurements on a $\mathrm{Cu}\mathrm{Mn}$ spin-glass reveal that the zero-field-cooled magnetization strongly depends on the time the sample is kept at constant temperature prior to the field application. This result is evidently at variance with the common belief that an equilibrium spin-glass state is quickly obtained after cooling in zero field. The nonequilibrium behavior, as reflected in the complex time dependence of $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}m}{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}t}$, is interpreted to arise from slow dynamics of the relaxation-time spectrum.
Geochemical and mineralogical study of the fluvial deposits at Abul Khasib area, south east of Iraq

Nine sediment samples were collected from three sites at the banks (levees) of Sarraji, Hamdan and Abul khasib creeks branching from Shatt Al-Arab river, southeastern Basrah with depths of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m, respectively. Grain size distribution and statistical parameters revealed that the deposits are mainly composed of silt and clay with very small portion of sand, and have mud type texture. There is a tendency of increasing in silt percentage from Sarraji toward Abul Khasib area and decreasing in clay percentage with depth. Generally, the sediments are poorly sorted, coarse to strongly coarse skewed and platykurtic to very platykurtic deposited in quiet environment and low energy conditions. Chemical analysis showed that all samples have high concentration in SiO2 and CaO in comparison with Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, SO3, K2O and Na2O. These results are generally in agreement with the mineral composition. Mineralogically, the sediments understudy consists of quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite and gypsum. Clay minerals assemblages are: chlorite-montmorillonite mixed layers 37%, Illite 20%, Chlorite 18%, Kaolinite 14% and Palygorskite 11%. Increasing in Ch-Mont. percentage could be an evidence of high intensity of diagenetic alteration processes in depositional environment. The clay mineral assemblages proved that the recent sediments of the studied samples were derived from the basic igneous and metamorphic rocks, while acidic igneous and sedimentary rocks sources are less important. The deposition environment of these minerals may be characterized by an arid to semi-arid climate in the source area.
Tag of the Dead: How Terminated SaaS Tags Become Zombies

—Software as a Service (SaaS) dies. Several SaaS die every day because it becomes too difficult to continue their business. SaaS lets website owners install a small amount of code, called a tag, on a website to extend its functionality of the website. However, sometimes that tag becomes a zombie. In this paper, we coordinate two studies to reveal the danger of the zombification of tags. (1) A research of domains used by dead SaaS tags. (2) An investigation of websites with dead tags. The results of our work show that of the 53 domains used with 49 dead SaaS tags, 18 domains have already been re-registered by a third party or are ready to be re-registered. We also scanned about 1.15 million websites of domestic companies and found 26 dead SaaS tags on approximately 18,000 websites. Finally, we found that three new SaaS tags have been abused by attackers, indicating the danger of zombification tags.
Modeling the Distribution of Precipitation Forecasts from the Canadian Ensemble Prediction System Using Kernel Density Estimation

Kernel density estimation is employed to fit smooth probabilistic models to precipitation forecasts of the Canadian ensemble prediction system. An intuitive nonparametric technique, kernel density estimation has become a powerful tool widely used in the approximation of probability density functions. The density estimators were constructed using the gamma kernels prescribed by S. -X. Chen, confined as they are to the nonnegative real axis, which constitutes the support of the random variable representing precipitation accumulation. Performance of kernel density estimators for several different smoothing bandwidths is compared with the discrete probabilistic model obtained as the fraction of member forecasts predicting the events, which for this study consisted of threshold exceedances. A propitious choice of the smoothing bandwidth yields smooth forecasts comparable, or sometimes superior, to the discrete probabilistic forecast, depending on the character of the raw ensemble forecasts. At the same time more realistic models of the probability density are achieved, particularly in the tail of the distribution, yielding forecasts that can be optimally calibrated for extreme events.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Articles on Midwifery Based on the Web of Science

Objective This study aimed to bibliometrically analyse the main features of the 100 top-cited articles on the midwifery index on the Web of Science. Methods Academic articles on midwifery’ research published from 1985 to 2020 were included. VOSviewer 1.6. 15, SPSS 22.0 software and a homemade applet were used to identify, analyse and visualise the citation ranking, publication year, journal, country and organisation of origin, authorship, journal impact factor and keywords along with the total link strength of countries, organisations and keywords. Results Among the 100 top-cited articles, the highest number of citations of the retrieved articles was 484. The median number of citations per year was 5.16 (interquartile range: 3.74–8.38). Almost two-thirds of the included articles (n = 61) centred on nursing and obstetrics/gynaecology. The top-cited articles were published in 38 different journals, the highest number of which was published by Midwifery (15%). Australia was the most productive country (24%). According to the total link strength, the sequence ran from the United States (28) to England (28) to Australia (19). The University of Technology Sydney and La Trobe University in Australia topped the list with four papers each. Hunter B was the most productive author (n = 4), and the average citations were positively related to the number of authors (r = 0.336, p < 0.05). Conclusion This study identified the most influential articles on midwifery and documented the core journals and the most productive countries, organisations and authors along with future research hotspots for this field; the findings may be beneficial to researchers in their publication and scientific cooperation endeavours.
Spaced directive antennas for mobile communications by the Fourier transform method

The Fourier relations between the channel transfer function and scattering distribution can apply to personal and mobile communications where multipath is a prevalent phenomena. In this paper, the transform relations are reviewed and interpreted for the mobile radio channel. The effective scattering distribution is the vector product of the antenna pattern and the incident waves and is a scalar function of angle and delay time. The space base-band frequency correlation function transforms with the averaged power of the effective scattering distribution. If the angular power density marginal of the effective scattering distribution is known, then the transform relations can be used for configuring antennas for spatial diversity. Similarly, if the delay time marginal is known, then conditions for frequency diversity are available. The two-dimensional (2-D) transform gives a convenient route for assessing tradeoffs between combined frequency and space diversity. Using modeled distributions, solutions are given for spaced directive antennas and an example is discussed for the space-frequency tradeoff.
Highly Sensitive Strain Sensor Fabricated by Direct Laser Writing on Lignin Paper with Strain Engineering

Paper‐based strain sensors (PSS) have broad prospects in disposable products due to their low cost and easy degradation as environmentally friendly materials. Herein, a strain sensor made of a laser‐induced carbonization electrode is created by direct laser writing with filter paper. The conductivity and gauge factor (GF) of this strain sensor are improved by adding lignin and applying strain engineering. This enables the sensor to simultaneously satisfy high sensitivity (GF ≈ 408 and 91) for weak tension and compression strain, respectively, and with long‐term reliability. The tensile strain GF factors of up to 201 are possible, even with a weak tensile strain of 0.00088%. Furthermore, the paper‐based sensor for monitoring physiological activities like finger gestures, pulsing, swallowing, and eye blinking is demonstrated. The facile fabrication and superior performance of PSS fabricated by direct laser writing with strain engineering may pave the way for promising applications of flexible, portable, and wearable electronic devices.
Fully adaptive multigrid methods

Adaptivity is a key concept for the effective numerical solution of differential equations. The multilevel solution of elliptic partial differential equations can be combined with adaptive mesh refinement and an adaptive choice of the discretization order. Additionally, adaptivity may be built into the relaxation and the multilevel cycling strategy. The goal of these fully adaptive methods is to spend work only where it is most effective in the solution process. This approach includes concepts like local relaxation and not only leads to particularly fast convergence but also to additional robustness and generality. The efficient implementation of fully adaptive multilevel methods in a finite element framework will be discussed.
ADAPTIVE NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL OF COORDINATED MOTION OF FREE-FLOATING SPACE MANIPULATOR SYSTEM

The control problem of coordinated motion of a free-floating space manipulator is discussed.Through the Lagrangian approach, the dynamic equation of the free-floating space manipulator was derived.Based on the above results, the free-floating space manipulator system was modeled by the RBF neural network technique, the GL matrix and its product operator.With all unknown inertial parameters, the adaptive neural network control scheme for coordinated motion between the base attitude and the end-effector of the free-floating space manipulator was developed.This proposed control scheme need neither linearly parameterize the dynamic equation of the system and know any actual inertial parameters, nor train and learn neural network offline.Thusly it is prone to a real-time and online application.A planar free-floating space manipulator with two links was simulated to verify the feasibility of the proposed control scheme.
Effective ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD)-mediated gene transfer into the livers of small and large animals

Ultrasound (US)-targeted microbubble (MB) destruction (UTMD) can significantly enhance gene delivery in mouse livers when pDNA/MBs were injected into the portal vein (PV) with simultaneous US exposure using a focused transducer. However, this transducer was ineffective in enhancing gene transfer into rats. A 13-mm diameter unfocused transducer was designed and the delivery route of pDNA/MBs was modified into a specific liver lobe, resulting in >100-fold increase in luciferase expression in rats. To facilitate the translation into human applications, many technical issues were explored in large animal models. We applied 1.1 MHz US to targeted canine and swine liver lobes with simultaneous injection of pDNA/MBs into a PV segmental branch and occlusion of the inferior vena cava. For more effective treatment of large tissue volumes, a 52-mm apodized, dual element unfocused transducer was specifically constructed to reduce the near field transaxial pressure variations, producing a uniform field of US exposure. Together with a 15 kW-capacity US amplifier, a 692-fold and 1800-fold increases of gene expression in canines and swines were achieved at 2.7-MPa, respectively. Transaminase levels and histology analysis indicated minimal tissue damage. These results demonstrated that UTMD is highly promising for safe and efficient gene delivery into the liver.