Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leak Analysis in Pipeline Systems by Means of Optimal Valve Regulation

Estimation of water loss at small leaks and openings in different areas of a pipe network is handled by means of an iterative two-step procedure. The first step is estimation of the parameters in the network simulation model. It is achieved with the maximization of a likelihood function, equal to the sum of the squares of the difference between the observed water heads and flow rates and their computed values in a given number of nodes and pipes. The estimated parameters include the loss factors and the loss exponent. They provide the water loss per unit time in each area of the network, called zone. The second step is optimization of the openings of the valves included in the network. It is constrained by the minimum pressure head allowed in the nodes. Closure of the valves enhances the different response of the network with respect to the water loss and the load in each node. The robustness of the procedure is tested with numerical experiments by relaxing most of the assumptions made in the model. The water loss estimation in a real network with fictitious measures also shows the robustness of the procedure.
Spatial and temporal characteristics of summer precipitation events spanning different numbers of days over Asia

Considering the physical connections with circulation systems of different life cycles, precipitation events are classified based on their durations (the number of consecutive days with significant precipitation). By analysing spatial and temporal characteristics of summer precipitation events of different types over Asia, the present study indicates that weather systems with different life cycles predominate over different regions of Asia and control the occurrence of precipitation events of different types and their respective contributions to precipitation days and amount. Mid‐high latitude blockings govern the North Asian region and result in more long duration (over‐8‐day) events contributing a non‐negligible part to total number of precipitation days (NOPDs) and precipitation amount. Synoptic weather processes induce more short duration events and increase the fractional contribution of short duration events over the central Asian region. Persistent Asian monsoon‐related circulations and intermittent intrusions of cold air flows from the north produce long (over‐14‐day) and short (3‐to 5‐day) duration events, respectively, which contribute a high percentage over southern China. The Indian summer monsoon and the topographic effect jointly cause more over‐14‐day events and make a larger contribution over the west coast of the Indian Peninsula. The mean intensity of different events, as well as intense precipitation events, has obvious regional dependence and is affected by different weather systems and topographic effects. The interdecadal changes in total NOPDs and the regrouping of events with different durations and intensities are both responsible for the interdecadal increases in total precipitation amount over Northeast China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River valley around the late 1970s and that over southern China around 1993.The interdecadal decrease in precipitation over southern China around the late 1970s is primarily attributed to the regrouping of different events rather than the changing NOPDs.
Efecto del complemento nutricional en base a anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) en el desarrollo psicomotor en niños de 3 años con desnutrición crónica moderada - Poblado de San Benito distrito Carabayllo : octubre a 2011 - marzo 2012

--- The presence of child malnutrition and its impact on the brain development are a serious endemic problem in our country, even though it has one of the biggest ichthyological richness in the world, which could mean a solution for child malnutrition. This study had as a main objective to determine the effect of the nutritional complement based on Anchovy on the psychomotor development on 3 years old children with chronic moderate malnutrition. The present research has an experimental basis which was conducted in a village of extreme poverty that holds a high rate of malnutrition. Observing the effect of the nutritional complement based on Anchovy, on the period of six months on the psychomotor development on 3 years old children. Concluding that exist a clinical improvement and a statistical significance on the psychomotor development of those children, as well as the rapid recuperation to their regular height. KEY WORDS: ANCHOVEY, PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT, MODERATE CRONIC MALNUTRITION
Teacher- and Parent-Reported Trajectories of Challenging Behavior Among Individuals with Autism

People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently exhibit challenging behaviors throughout the lifespan, which can have pervasive effects on quality of life. Challenging behaviors have been shown to change over time as a function of various individual-level factors (e.g., cognitive ability), yet research is primarily limited to parent-reported measures. To expand upon this work, the present study aimed to examine trajectories of teacher- and parent-reported challenging behaviors (i.e., hyperactivity, irritability, social withdrawal) and to test whether predictors including ASD features, verbal intelligence quotient, and consistency in reporter impact these trajectories among individuals with ASD or non-spectrum delays from ages 9 to 18. Multilevel models revealed that, according to both teacher and parent report, participants showed the greatest improvement in hyperactivity, less but still notable improvement in irritability, and stable levels of social withdrawal over time. Higher cognitive ability and fewer ASD features emerged as important individual differences related to fewer challenging behaviors. The multi-informant perspective and longitudinal design provide novel insight into the manifestations of these challenging behaviors across different contexts and across time. Findings highlight the importance of addressing challenging behaviors as these behaviors tend to persist throughout development in both home and school contexts, especially for children with particular diagnostic and cognitive profiles.
Residential Geolocation of Households in a Large-Scale Activity-Based Microsimulation Model and Development of a High Definition Spatial Distribution of Vehicle Miles Traveled

This paper presents a methodology to distribute the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level synthesized households and their members to parcels according to the household and parcel attributes. Three Multinomial Logit (MNL) models are estimated to represent the residence location association of households and land parcels. The estimated models are then used in an algorithm that assigns three different types of households to locations in the Los Angeles County. Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) of each household is assigned in this way to the parcel each household is assigned to using the algorithm. The method illustrated here shows the feasibility of doing this assignment using millions of parcels and households. It also shows the results are reasonable and the authors are able to estimate VMT at specific locations and for spatially disaggregate jurisdictions enabling the assessment of policies at very fine levels of resolution. In addition, these findings and related maps challenge the claim that central city residents travel less miles and suburban residents travel more.
Critical depth and marine primary production

The concept of critical depth, as formulated by Sverdrup (J. Cim. perm. int. Explor. Mer. 18, 287 (1953)) to explain the onset of the spring bloom of phytoplankton, is discussed. Simplifying assumptions (use of a linear photosynthesis-light curve, use of daily averaged irradiance), adopted by Sverdrup in his computation of the growth term, are removed. An exact expression is found for the critical depth in terms of a generalized, biomass-specific, loss term. The loss term is calculated as the sum of contributions from algal respiration and excretion, grazing by micro- and macro-zooplankton, and sedimentation. Critical depth is then estimated using figures typical of the North Atlantic, and a sensitivity analysis is done. The respiratory costs of algal growth and metabolism dominate the generalized loss term. It is pointed out that the Sverdrup critical depth criterion is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the initiation of phytoplankton blooms. As a diagnostic tool, its value is therefore limited. It tells only whether net growth is possible: it tells nothing about how rapidly the phytoplankton will increase. But from the information used to calculate critical depth, it is possible to deduce the rate of increase in algal biomass (or, equivalently, the net production) for the mixed layer. As long as the growth rate is positive, the Sverdrup criterion is respected. This leads to a characteristic timescale for the development of a bloom. When the timescale is short relative to the time between mixing by storms, a bloom can be expected to occur.
On measurements of small ice particles in clouds

For many years it has been recognized that some aircraft cloud microphysical measurements may be contaminated by ice hydrometeors shattering on probe inlets. Small ice particle concentrations measured by the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) have been commonly accepted but are especially liable to overestimates. This study investigates this result for two additional airborne microphysical sensors, the cloud and aerosol spectrometer (CAS) and the cloud integrating nephelometer (CIN). The results indicate that conclusions from previous studies of the radiative effects of small ice particles need to be reevaluated. A model has been developed describing probe responses to different combinations of ice water content (IWC) and large ice particle concentrations that may be useful in identifying areas where contributions from small particles are significant.
Excluded‐volume expansion of Archie's law for gas and solute diffusivities and electrical and thermal conductivities in variably saturated porous media

Describing and predicting gas and solute diffusivities and electrical and thermal conductivities under variably saturated fluid conditions are necessary for simulating gas, solute, and heat transport in soils. On the basis of comprehensive data for gas (Dp) and solute (Ds) diffusivities and electrical (EC) and thermal (TC) conductivities for differently textured and variably saturated soils, we investigated analogies and differences between the four parameters. At fluid (water or air) saturation, relative parameter values for Dp, Ds, and EC were all well described by an excluded‐volume expansion of Archie's first law. The cementation exponent in Archie's first law was close to 1.5 for all parameters. At fluid‐unsaturated conditions, relative values of Dp, Ds, and EC (normalized at fluid saturation) were well described by an excluded‐volume expansion of Archie's second law. In the case of relative TC, the saturation exponent in Archie's second law was substituted by the inverse of it for the three other parameters since water bridge effects dramatically enhance the TC with increasing moisture contents in relatively dry porous media. If appropriate but different expressions for a percolation threshold in Archie's second law were applied for the four parameters, a saturation exponent value of around 2.0 generally gave accurate predictions of all four parameters for differently textured soils. Finally, the excluded‐volume expansion of Archie's second law was modified to also represent porous media with bimodal pore size distribution and well‐described data for Dp and Ds in aggregated soil.
Bacterial Activity and Preservation of Sedimentary Organic Matter: The Role of Exopolymeric Substances

Although exopolymeric substances (EPS) are associated with the microorganisms contributing to the production/degradation of sedimentary organic matter, their role in theses processes have so far never been mentioned. Using high-resolution microscopical tools (scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy), fossil organic matter in the Miocene Monterey Formation (California) and Kimmeridgian laminites (France) has been compared with its present-day analogs, i.e., respectively sulphuroxidizing bacteria and cyanobacterial biofilms. This comparison shows that, particularly in the case of Kimmeridgian cyanobacterial mats deposited in a shallow back-reef environment, organic matter preservation is conditioned by exopolymeric substances secreted by bacteria. A model is proposed for the evolution through time of exopolymeric substances in relation to the mechanical constrains they have been exposed to, during lithification and diagenesis. This model is based on the microscopical observation of sulphuroxidizing bacteria and could explain the morphology of fossil organic matter usually referred to as “amorphous” in standard light microscopy. The highly hydrated nature of exopolymeric substances helps to protect organic matter from degradation and remineralization. These substances can be observed only in microscopy and are undetectable through organic geochemical methods, hence the need to combine these two methods in organic matter studies. Consequently, exopolymeric substances must be considered as an important contributing agent to organic matter preservation. These results confirm the complexity of the bacterial role in geoenvironments and add a new parameter in the productivity-vs-preservation debate.
Control of cell lineage-specific development and transcription by bHLH-PAS proteins.

The basic–helix–loop–helix-PAS (bHLH–PAS) proteins comprise a prominent class of transcriptional regulators that control a variety of developmental and physiological events including neurogenesis, tracheal and salivary duct formation, toxin metabolism, circadian rhythms, response to hypoxia, and hormone receptor function. The bHLH–PAS proteins have a number of similarities with other bHLH protein subfamilies (Littlewood and Evan 1995). bHLH–PAS proteins usually function as dimeric DNA-binding protein complexes; although some bHLH–PAS proteins can form homodimers, the most common functional unit is comprised of heterodimers. These heterodimers consist of one partner that is broadly expressed, and another whose expression or function is restricted spatially, temporally, or by the presence of inducers. Just as other vertebrate and invertebrate bHLH proteins control cell lineage specification (Weintraub et al. 1991; Jan and Jan 1993), bHLH–PAS proteins are also important cell lineage regulators (Thomas et al. 1988, Isaacs and Andrew 1996; Wilk et al. 1996). The combinatorial and interactive properties of bHLH–PAS proteins provide a variety of potential mechanisms to control their function as transcriptional regulators, which may help explain their widespread use in complex biological events. The purpose of this review is to describe characteristics of the bHLH–PAS protein subfamily, in particular, how bHLH–PAS proteins control lineage-specific gene transcription and development of the Drosophila CNS midline cells and respiratory system, and to discuss the evolutionary implications of the bHLH–PAS/ Arnt regulatory cassette. The underlying mechanisms employed by the bHLH–PAS developmental regulatory proteins discussed here may prove to be common in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and provide a general understanding into how regulatory proteins control the formation of cell lineages.
Threats to Aquatic Environments: Is Aquaculture a Solution?

Marine ecosystems and fisheries face serious threats from over-fishing, run-off of land-based pollutants, introductions and invasions of exotic species, coastal development and habitat alteration, unintended by-catch, and climate change. Annual global fish catches fluctuate between 80 and 90 million metric tonnes (MMT) and appear to be declining. As a result of limitations on wild capture, aquaculture has emerged as a major player in seafood production and marketing worldwide. During the past decade, global output of farmed finfish and shellfish almost tripled in weight and nearly doubled in value. This paper shows how aquaculture is both a contributing factor and a possible solution to the decline in world fisheries. The threats include overfishing of small pelagic fish (low on the marine food chain) to feed farmed fish, the transmission of diseases from farms to the wild, and genetic changes caused by the escape of farmed fish from netpens. The introduction of offshore aquaculture facilities and genetically modified farmed fish present further risks to wild fish populations. The paper discusses the benefits and risks of aquaculture for marine ecosystems and wild fish supplies, and presents ideas for a more sustainable future for fish production.
Geology of the Los Angeles Basin, California: an introduction

The physiographic basin is underlain by a deep structural depression; the buried basement surface has relief of as much as 4.5 miles in a distance of 8 miles. Parts of this depression have been the sites of discontinuous deposition since late Cretaceous time and of continuous subsidence and deposition since middle Miocene time. In middle Miocene time this depositional basin extended well beyond the margins of the present- day physiographic basin. The term ''Los Angeles basin'' refers herein to the larger area. The evolution of the basin is interpreted in 5 major phases, each of which is represented by a distinctive rock assemblage--the predepositional phase and basement rocks, the prebasin phase of deposition and upper Cretaceous to lower Miocene rocks, the basin-inception phase and middle Miocene rocks, the principal phase of subsidence and deposition and upper Miocene to lower Pleistocene rocks, and the basin disruption phase and upper Pleistocene to Recent deposits. The Los Angeles basin in California's most prolific oil- producing district in proportion to its size: at the end of 1961, its cumulative production (5,035 billion bbl) was nearly half that of California's. (103 refs.)
Long-term Variation in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration among Participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial CEBP Focus: Biomarkers and Biospecimens

Molecular epidemiologic studies of vitamin D and risk of cancer and other health outcomes usually involve a single measurement of the biomarker 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in serum or plasma. However, the extent to which 25(OH)D concentration at a single time point is representative of an in-dividual's long-term vitamin D status is unclear. To address this question, we evaluated within-person variability in 25(OH)D concentrations across serum samples collected at three time points over a 5-year period among 29 participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Blood collection took place year-round, although samples for a given participant were collected in the same month each year. The within-person coefficient of variation and intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated using variance components estimated from random effects models. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate agreement between measurements at different collection times (baseline, +1 year, +5 years). The within-subject coefficient of variation was 14.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 12.4-18.1%] and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.63-0.88). Spearman rank correlation coefficients comparing baseline to +1 year, +1 year to +5 years, and baseline to +5 years were 0.65 (95% CI, 0.37-0.82), 0.61 (0.29-0.81), and 0.53 (0.17-0.77), respectively. Slightly stronger correlations were observed after restricting to non-Hispanic Caucasian subjects. These findings suggest that serum 25(OH)D concentration at a single time point may be a useful biomarker of long-term vitamin D status in population-based studies of various diseases. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(4); 927 – 31. ©2010
Cause-Specific Mortality After First Cerebral Infarction: A Population-Based Study

Background and Purpose— Mortality after cerebral infarction (CI) has remained unchanged during the past 20 years, despite advances in neurologic care. Key factors affecting survival may be underrecognized. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and cause of mortality after first CI. Methods— In this case-control, population-based study, all available medical records were reviewed for Rochester (Minnesota) residents with a first CI between 1985 and 1989 to identify morbidities and cause of death. Predictors for mortality were analyzed. Results— First CI was recorded for 444 patients. Survival was 83% at 1 month, 71% at 1 year, and 46% at 5 years. The most frequent causes of death were cardiovascular events (22%), respiratory infection (21%), and initial stroke complications (14%). Recurrent stroke and cancer accounted for 9% and 7.5% of deaths, respectively. In the first month after CI, 51% of deaths were attributed to the initial CI, 22% to respiratory infections, and 12% to cardiovascular events. During the first year, 26% of deaths resulted from respiratory infections and 28% from cardiovascular disease. Mortality was higher among patients than controls for at least 2 years after CI. Age, cardiac comorbid conditions, CI severity, stroke recurrence, seizures, and respiratory and cardiovascular morbidities were independent predictors of death. Conclusions— In the first month after CI, mortality resulted predominantly from neurologic complications. Later mortality remained high because of respiratory and cardiovascular causes. To improve long-term survival after CI, aggressive management of pulmonary and cardiac disease is as important as secondary stroke prevention.
Forecasting the response of Earth's surface to future climatic and land use changes: A review of methods and research needs

In the future, Earth will be warmer, precipitation events will be more extreme, global mean sea level will rise, and many arid and semiarid regions will be drier. Human modifications of landscapes will also occur at an accelerated rate as developed areas increase in size and population density. We now have gridded global forecasts, being continually improved, of the climatic and land use changes (C&LUC) that are likely to occur in the coming decades. However, besides a few exceptions, consensus forecasts do not exist for how these C&LUC will likely impact Earth‐surface processes and hazards. In some cases, we have the tools to forecast the geomorphic responses to likely future C&LUC. Fully exploiting these models and utilizing these tools will require close collaboration among Earth‐surface scientists and Earth‐system modelers. This paper assesses the state‐of‐the‐art tools and data that are being used or could be used to forecast changes in the state of Earth's surface as a result of likely future C&LUC. We also propose strategies for filling key knowledge gaps, emphasizing where additional basic research and/or collaboration across disciplines are necessary. The main body of the paper addresses cross‐cutting issues, including the importance of nonlinear/threshold‐dominated interactions among topography, vegetation, and sediment transport, as well as the importance of alternate stable states and extreme, rare events for understanding and forecasting Earth‐surface response to C&LUC. Five supplements delve into different scales or process zones (global‐scale assessments and fluvial, aeolian, glacial/periglacial, and coastal process zones) in detail.