Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Choice set generation from GPS data set for grocery shopping location choice modelling in canton Zurich

This paper describes a set of new procedures used to generate choice sets for grocery shopping destination choices observed in a large scale GPS data set. The procedures are a rulebased identification of the shopping trips, defining places from the observed locations using a hierarchical-clustering algorithm and finally a rule-based identification of the place of home and work/education and implicitly with this the imputation of the trip purposes. The GPS traces were collected by volunteers: 2,435 persons in Zurich and 1,086 persons in the smaller city of Winterthur. No socio-demographic information such as age, sex, income, etc. was available for this research, as the data was collected for a different purpose. The choice sets are generated by transport mode used for the shopping trip; car, walking and urban public transport whereas trips by intercity rail and bicycle were excluded since their numbers are too low for an estimation of a destination choice model, the ultimate purpose of the overall project. The results were compared with the Swiss Microcensus (MZ) 2005, the national travel behaviour survey, for time-of-week, time-of-day, duration, duration of the shopping activity. While the quality of the results was high, the comparisons highlight instructive differences resulting from the different data generation process.
Low-Frequency Variability in the Arctic Atmosphere, Sea Ice, and Upper-Ocean Climate System

Abstract The low-frequency natural variability of the arctic climate system is modeled using a single-column, energy balance model of the atmosphere. sea ice, and upper-ocean system. Variability in the system is induced by forcing with realistic, random perturbations in the atmospheric energy transport and cloudiness. The model predicts that the volume of perennial sea ice varies predominantly on decadal timescales, while other arctic climate variables vary mostly on intraannual and interannual timescales. The variance of the simulated sea ice volume is most sensitive to perturbations of the atmospheric forcing in late spring, at the onset of melt. The variance of sea ice volume increases with the mean sea ice thickness and with the number of layers resolved in the sea ice model. This suggests that much of the simulated variance develops when the surface temperature decouples from the sea ice interior during the late spring, when melting snow abruptly exposes the sea ice surface and decreases the surface .
Maternal Immune Factors and the Evolution of Secondary Sexual Characters

Secondary sexual characters have been hypothesized to reveal the ability of males to resist debilitating parasites. Although such reliable signaling of parasite resistance may be maintained by parasite–host coevolution, maternal effects potentially provide a previously neglected factor that could affect the level of genetic variation in resistance to parasites. That could be the case because maternal effects have an entirely environmental basis, or because they can maintain considerable amounts of genetic variation through epistatic effects, even in the presence of strong directional selection. Maternal effects have been shown to occur as maternal allocation of immune factors to offspring, and such allocation may depend on the mating prospects of sons, causing mothers to differentially allocate maternal effects to eggs in species subject to intense sexual selection. Here we show that a maternal effect through innate antibacterial immune defense, lysozyme, which is transferred from the mother to the egg in birds, is positively associated with the evolution of secondary sexual characters. Previous studies have shown that females differentially allocate lysozyme to their eggs when mated to attractive males, and elevated levels of lysozyme are associated with reduced hatching failure and superior health among neonates and adults. In this study, comparative analyses of lysozyme from eggs of 85 species of birds showed a strong positive relationship between brightness of male plumage and egg lysozyme, even when controlling for potentially confounding variables. These findings suggest that maternal immune factors may play a role in the evolution of secondary sexual characters. A distinguishing feature of many models of sexual selection is that females make mate choices for genetic benefits from their partners, even though genetic variation for such benefits may become depleted, because beneficial alleles should go to fixation (Taylor and Williams 1982; Pomiankowski and Møller 1995). This so-called lek paradox may be resolved if more metabolic pathways, and hence their underlying genetic variation, affect the expression of condition-dependent secondary sexual characters compared with other traits (Rowe and Houle 1996). A second scenario is based on parasite–host coevolution maintaining genetic variation in parasite resistance, with only resistant males being able to develop the most exaggerated characters (Hamilton and Zuk 1982; Folstad and Karter 1992). A third scenario relying on mutational input affecting the expression of secondary sexual characters is based on the observation that males generally have higher mutation rates than females (Bartosch-Harlid et al. 2003; Møller and Cuervo 2003; Kirkpatrick and Hall 2004). Although …
Etude de micro-structures utilisant le guidage réfractif à fort confinement de la lumière

Les modes de galerie decouverts par Lord Rayleigh en 1910 trouvent aujourd'hui des applications en optique integree sur silicium. Des cavites aux resonances extremes ont pu etre integrees sur silicium sur isolant (SOI) ou sur semi-conducteurs III-V. Ces composants permettent de realiser des fonctions passives et actives pour la microelectronique, les telecommunications ou l'electrodynamique quantique en cavite. Avec ces nouvelles applications, de nouveaux composants faisant interagir le mode de galerie avec des elements exterieurs comme un reseau de Bragg ou des guides optiques sont apparus. Les methodes de modelisation de l'optique integree etant peu adaptees pour simuler ces cavites aux geometries particulieres, nous avons developpe deux modeles pour decrire ce type d'interaction. Le premier, base sur le formalisme de Floquet-Bloch, permet de decrire des modes de galerie fortement perturbes par une modification geometrique de la cavite. Le second, base sur une methode de perturbation, permet de decrire des interactions de faible amplitude avec des objets exterieurs comme des guides optiques. Ces resultats ont ete valides par une comparaison avec la methode des differences finies en domaine temporel. Nos modeles ont ensuite ete compares aux realisations experimentales de fonctions passives sur SOI (filtres et demultiplexeurs) fabriquees au CEA-LETI, et de fonctions actives (Phosphure d'Indium et silice dopee Erbium) realisees au LEOM ou au DRFMC. Nous avons ainsi pu caracteriser des composants ayant des facteurs de qualite de 90000
Experimentally derived high‐pressure cumulates from hydrous arc magmas and consequences for the seismic velocity structure of lower arc crust

This contribution explores the consequences of experimentally derived ultramafic plutonic rocks for estimates of continental crust composition. The formation of high‐pressure cumulates from primitive to evolved hydrous arc magmas was investigated in the range 0.8–1.5 GPa and 1350–800°C, to provide constraints on solid assemblages that form the roots of island arc crust. At pressures exceeding 0.8 GPa (25km), 40–60% of ultramafic cumulates are produced to obtain andesite to dacite compositions that are typical for evolved island‐arc volcanic and plutonic rocks. Calculated cumulate densities are comparable or higher than upper mantle values, while seismic velocities (vp) vary continuously between 7.3 and 8 km/s, resulting in a broad crust‐mantle transition. The Moho represents a plagioclase saturation boundary. Our results are consistent with seismic imaging from continental margins and island arcs, revealing that beneath an active volcanic front a sharp geophysical Moho signature is sometimes absent.
Metallogenic and Metamorphic Age of the Hongtoushan Copper–Zinc Massive Sulfide Deposit, Liaoning Province, China

The Hongtoushan copper–zinc deposit is the only large Archean volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit in China. This paper presents new information on the timing of metallogenesis and metamorphism of the deposit, including new cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and Th U−1 and LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating on zircons of the biotite–plagioclase gneiss and plagioclase–amphibole gneiss that host the deposit. The CL images and Th U−1 ratios indicate that the zircons within the gneiss are of metamorphic origin. LA–ICP–MS dating of the plagioclase–amphibole gneiss yielded the upper intercept ages of 2549 Ma, and the biotite–plagioclase gneiss yielded the upper intercept ages of 2552 Ma and 2550 Ma correspondingly, indicating that the mineralization of the deposit occurred at around 2550 Ma. The rims of zircons within these host rocks yielded younger U–Pb ages at 2529, 2520 and 2515 Ma, identical to the age of felsic intrusive rocks in the study area. This suggests that the Hongtoushan VMS deposit underwent initial metamorphism and deformation at around 2520 Ma by the intrusion of granite magmas.
Chemical Variation in Pennsylvanian Brachiopod Shells--Diagenetic, Taxonomic, Microstructural, and Seasonal Effects

ABSTRACT To improve our ability to use minor and trace element (MTE) variation in biotic carbonates as diagenetic and paleoenvironmental indicators, we performed electron probe microanalysis on more than 100 Late Pennsylvanian brachiopod shells from Texas, Kansas, Missouri, and New Mexico. Texturally preserved specimens of the genera Crurithyris, Composita, and Neospirifer from all three regions were analyzed, as were Eridmatus specimens from Texas. Twenty measurements were made in two transects across each shell. Shell microstructure and cathodoluminescence were described for each spot analyzed. Three modern shells were analyzed for comparison. Diagenesis, as indicated by cathodoluminescence and/or absence of microstructure, tends to enrich shells in Fe and Mn (X/Ca >= 0.7 mmol/mol) and deplete shells in Na and S. Mg content shows no consistent trend with diagenesis. In fabric-retentive, nonluminescent shell areas, Mg, Na, and S contents vary twofold to sevenfold depending on taxonomy, microstructure, and season. Overall, taxonomy is the dominant factor controlling MTE composition. Na and S concentrations are consistently highest in Crurithyris and Eridmatus, intermediate in Neospirifer, and lowest in Composita. In taxa with mixed microstructure (Composita, Neospirifer), secondary fibrous layer calcite contains 1.5 to 2 times more Na than does interlayer prismatic calcite. Thus whole-shell Na contents of these taxa depend on the proportion of fibrous and prismatic shell. Seasonal cycles are revealed in MTE transects across growth lines. Mg, Na, and S contents commonly vary by more than a factor of two between maxima (presumably summer) and minima (winter) within the same shell. Retention of taxonomic, microstructural, and seasonal effects in shell chemistry argues for preservation of original chemistry in fabric-retentive, nonluminescent Paleozoic brachiopod shells.
MULTI-MODEL ENSEMBLE PROJECTION OF FUTURE COASTAL CLIMATE CHANGE

This study analyzes future change of averaged coastal physics such as sea level rises, sea surface winds and ocean wave heights based on the climate data set combining IPCC(2007) results and the latest MRI high-resolution AGCM results. The ocean wave height is statistically projected using an empirical formula with sea surface wind by multi-model ensemble. The ensemble means and their standard deviations of coastal forces are presented for the year 2000 to 2100. The signal of future change of Hs has stripped pattern in latitudinal direction and is clearer in the Southern Hemisphere than the Northern Hemisphere. The ratio of future change of $H_s$ to the present climate is 15% maximumly which is significant change than sea surface pressure and U10.
Introduction to Planetary Geomorphology

1. Introduction 2. Planetary geomorphology methods 3. Planetary morphologic processes 4. Earth's moon 5. Mercury 6. Venus 7. Mars 8. The Jupiter system 9. Saturn system 10. The Uranus and Neptune systems 11. Planetary geoscience future Index.
Asymmetric Estuarine Responses to Changes in River Forcing: A Consequence of Nonlinear Salt Flux

AbstractA linear theory for estuarine adjustment to river forcing as put forth by MacCready is extended to allow for quantification of nonlinear salt flux induced by gravitational exchange flow. It has been shown that, under a steplike change of river forcing, the estuarine responses are asymmetric, with the salinity field adjusting faster during the rising discharge. The asymmetry arises because the up-estuary salt flux due to exchange flow is a nonlinear function of estuarine length ∝ L−3. During the rising discharge, the estuary is longer, and the salt flux is comparatively less sensitive to the length variations. As a result, the up-estuary salt transport cannot keep pace with the rate of discharge changes, leading to a larger net salt flux and thus a shorter response time. A simple theory accounting for the nonlinear effect is then applied to Hudson-like systems and shown to capture the asymmetric response. The asymmetry is generalizable to other estuarine regimes where up-estuary salt fluxes are exp.
Characteristic modes of isotopic variations in atmospheric chemistry

Interacting chemical systems can be analyzed using the structures and lifetimes of characteristic modes of variation about a quasi‐steady state. For the atmospheric CH4‐CO‐OH system, characteristic modes of concentration variation involve predominantly a single species, but their lifetimes differ from the dominant species turnover times. Here a species turnover time is the species amount divided by its removal rate, whereas the characteristic mode lifetime is the amplitude of a perturbation pattern divided by its rate of change and includes feedback effects. Characteristic mode analysis is used here to consider variations in both concentrations and isotopic ratios for such systems. New ‘isotopic modes’ are identified which are only weakly affected by feedbacks and have lifetimes very close to species turnover times. This raises the possibility that analysis of variations in both concentration and isotopic ratios may provide a unique tool for resolving turnover times and chemical feedbacks in atmospheric chemistry.
Quorum responses and consensus decision making

Animal groups are said to make consensus decisions when group members come to agree on the same option. Consensus decisions are taxonomically widespread and potentially offer three key benefits: maintenance of group cohesion, enhancement of decision accuracy compared with lone individuals and improvement in decision speed. In the absence of centralized control, arriving at a consensus depends on local interactions in which each individual's likelihood of choosing an option increases with the number of others already committed to that option. The resulting positive feedback can effectively direct most or all group members to the best available choice. In this paper, we examine the functional form of the individual response to others' behaviour that lies at the heart of this process. We review recent theoretical and empirical work on consensus decisions, and we develop a simple mathematical model to show the central importance to speedy and accurate decisions of quorum responses, in which an animal's probability of exhibiting a behaviour is a sharply nonlinear function of the number of other individuals already performing this behaviour. We argue that systems relying on such quorum rules can achieve cohesive choice of the best option while also permitting adaptive tuning of the trade-off between decision speed and accuracy.
THE INFLUENCE OF OBLIQUELY DIPPING DISCONTINUITIES ON THE USE OF RAYLEIGH CHANNEL WAVES FOR THE IN‐SEAM SEISMIC REFLECTION METHOD *

The geological sequence rock-coal-rock represents a seismic low-velocity channel. Channel waves generated in a coal seam and their reflections from discontinuities can be used for proving the minability of the seam. To investigate the process of reflection, two-dimensional models of the sequence rock-coal-rock have been investigated by means of the ultrasonic transducer technique. Two-dimensional models have the advantage that the wave field can be observed at an arbitrarily chosen point of the model plate. Thus, by means of these models the direct and the reflected Rayleigh channel wave can be observed along their path of propagation. From the geophysical point of view the various types of discontinuities of a coal seam can be divided into two basic types: one is restricted to the seam, the other includes in addition a fractured zone in the adjoining rock. The investigation of the symmetrical Rayleigh channel wave reflected by a discontinuity yields the following results: For dip angles γ between approximately 90° and approximately 60° the reflectivity is virtually independent of the type of discontinuity. This does not hold for the limiting case of γ= 90° (vertical dip) for which the reflectivity increases with increasing influence of the fractured zone. For dip angles γ between approximately 60° and approximately 40° the reflectivity is still independent of the fractured zone but the shape of the reflected wave deteriorates with increasing influence of the fractured zone. For dip angles γ below approximately 40° the reflected wave deteriorates such that the application of the in-seam seismic reflection method will be difficult or even impossible. The conversion of the direct wave of the symmetrical fundamental mode into a reflected wave of the antisymmetrical fundamental mode has been observed.
A natural gradient experiment on solute transport in a sand aquifer: Spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity and its role in the dispersion process

The spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity at the site of a long-term tracer test performed in the Borden aquifer was examined in great detail by conducting permeability measurements on a series of cores taken along two cross sections, one along and the other transverse to the mean flow direction. Along the two cross sections, a regular-spaced grid of hydraulic conductivity data with 0.05 m vertical and 1.0 m horizontal spatial discretization revealed that the aquifer is comprised of numerous thin, discontinuous lenses of contrasting hydraulic conductivity. Estimation of the three-dimensional covariance structure of the aquifer from the log-transformed data indicates that an exponential covariance model with a variance equal to 0.29, an isotropic horizontal correlation length equal to about 2.8 m, and a vertical correlation length equal to 0.12 m is representative. A value for the longitudinal macrodispersivity calculated from these statistical parameters using three-dimensional stochastic transport theory developed by L. W. Gelhar and C. L. Axness (1983) is about 0.6 m. For the vertically averaged case, the two-dimensional theory developed by G. Dagan (1982, 1984) yields a longitudinal djspersivity equal to 0.45 m. Use of the estimated statistical parameters describing the ln (K) variability in Dagan's transient equations closely predicted the observed longitudinal and horizontal transverse spread of the tracer with time. Weak vertical and horizontal dispersion that is controlled essentially by local-scale dispersion was obtained from the analysis. Because the dispersion predicted independently from the statistical description of the Borden aquifer is consistent with the spread of the injected tracer, it is felt that the theory holds promise for providing meaningful estimates of effective transport parameters in other complex-structured aquifers.
Fukushima and ocean radioactivity

Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 27, no. 1 (2014): 92–105, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2014. 02.
Modeling tritium and chloride 36 transport through an aggregated oxisol

Breakthrough curves (BTC's) of 3H2O and 36Cl simultaneously displaced through columns of various-sized aggregates of an Ione Oxisol soil were measured under water-saturated steady flow conditions. The data were simulated using two conceptual models. In model I, all soil water was assumed to be mobile with a physical equilibrium existing in the system. For model II, soil water was partitioned into mobile and immobile regions. Convective diffusive solute transport was limited to the mobile water region. Transfer of a tracer between the two soil water regions was assumed to occur at a rate proportional to the difference in tracer concentration between the two regions. Sorption Of 3H2O and 36Cl was considered to be an instantaneous linear and reversible process. The two unknown parameters in model I and the four unknown parameters in model II were estimated by fitting model predictions to the experimental data. Model I could only describe BTC's obtained from columns packed with small aggregates (0.5–1 mm) and for displacements run at small fluxes (0.2 cm/h), whereas model II described all the BTC's well. Peclet numbers P in model II, as measured on each separate column, were essentially constant, indicating a linear relationship between the apparent diffusion coefficient D and the mobile pore water velocity vm. The fraction of soil water that is mobile, Φ, and the mass transfer coefficient α were found to be a function of the physical and chemical properties of the porous medium (aggregate size, pore water velocity, and solution concentration).
Designing Coordination among Human and Software Agents

The goal of this paper is to propose a new methodology for designing coordination between human agents and s oftware agents and, ultimately, among software agents. The met hodology is based on two key ideas. The first is that coordination sh ould be designed in steps, according to a precise software engine ering methodology, and starting from the specification of early re quirements. The second is that coordination should be modeled as d ependency between actors. Two actors may depend on one anothe r because they want to achieve goals, acquire resources or exe cut a plan. The methodology used is based on Tropos, an agent oriented software engineering methodology presented in earlier pap ers. The methodology is presented with the help of a case study.
AGE, GROWTH AND MORTALITY OF PATAGONIAN TOOTHFISH (DISSOSTICHUS ELEGINOIDES) CAUGHT OFF KERGUELEN

Ages of Patagonian toothfi sh (Dissostichus eleginoides) caught off Kerguelen in 1999 were estimated by reading transverse-sectioned otoliths. Randomly interspersed otoliths from reference collections were used to measure precision; relative bias for the age data was estimated to be –0.6 years and residual variance 2.9. Age distributions of toothfi sh caught by two vessels showed discrepancies due to gear-specifi c catchability, or differences in the available population with depth or season. Age–length keys were constructed for use in assessing toothfi sh catches made by trawlers and longliners at Kerguelen, and longevity was estimated to be 36 years. Total instantaneous mortality Z was estimated to be between 0.09 and 0.12. Signifi cant differences in age-at-length data between sexes were found, estimating von Bertalanffy parameters for males to be L∞ = 95.9, K = 0.12, t0 = –4.6 and for females L∞ = 103.5, K = 0.11, t0 = –4.7.