Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Professional and ethical approaches to characterize complications in elective spinal neurosurgery. Never events in lumbar discectomy

Any surgical intervention is associated with the possible development of complications. Surgical complications are traditionally an unpopular topic for discussion, but in recent decades they have received increased attention, due to both medical and economic factors. This review discusses the general concepts that characterize the negative consequences of surgical interventions in spinal neurosurgery: complications, adverse events, sentinel events, never events, collateral adverse outcomes. Classifications are given that allow systematizing these negative phenomena. Surgical treatment of the lumbar disk herniation is the most frequently performed spinal surgery. The true number of lumbar discectomies is difficult to estimate because this procedure is often not an isolated surgical intervention, but a step in a larger one. Being a routine surgical procedure, discectomy, performed in one or another way depending on the preferences of the surgeon and available equipment, is characterized by a rather low relative frequency of adverse events and complications compared to other types of spinal surgery. However, due to the significant number of interventions, the absolute figures may present a medical and economic problem. Most authors refer to the classic triad of “wrong level, wrong side, wrong patient” and foreign bodies in the area of surgical intervention as obvious medical errors. Damage to the intestine or peritoneum, trauma to the great vessels and trauma to the nerve roots are considered serious complications, but not always medical errors. The other most commonly reported adverse events of lumbar discectomy are durotomy, neurological complications, surgical wound complications, recurrent disc herniation, and reoperation. Until now, no clear classification of the negative consequences of lumbar discectomy, which would allow to verify the relationship between intraoperative adverse events (both surgical and anesthetic) and postoperative complications has been developed. In addition, it is extremely difficult, based on the criteria available in the literature, to identify a medical error in a number of iatrogenic complications, which requires further comprehensive study of the problem, since it has not only medical, but also legal consequences.
Grid Graph Reduction for Efficient Shortest Pathfinding

Single-pair shortest pathfinding (SP) algorithms are used to identify the path with the minimum cost between two vertices in a given graph. However, their time complexity can rapidly increase as the graph size grows. In this paper, we propose a pattern-based blocking algorithm in a grid graph (PBGG) that iteratively blocks or reduces free space vertices that do not require exploration. The blocking process is based on the neighbors of each vertex and utilizes <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3 \times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> binary pattern matching. The time complexity of blocking is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(I\cdot \lceil \vert V\vert /C\rceil)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert V\vert $ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the number of vertices, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$I$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the maximum number of iterations, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the number of parallelized cores. PBGG significantly reduces the total computation time when utilized to preprocess an input grid graph before applying existing SP algorithms. It also guarantees that if a minimum-cost path exists in the original graph, then the SP algorithms can find at least one path with the same minimum cost in the reduced graph. The proposed method is formulated by convolutions that can be easily implemented using machine learning platforms, such as PyTorch. Experimental results show that when PBGG can significantly reduce the total computation time when employed in conjunction with SP algorithms such as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{A}\ast $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and Jump Point Search. On average, PBGG reduces the total computation times by 71% for A and 41% for Jump Point Search, compared to the times taken by the SP algorithms alone.
Deep Reinforcement Learning with Relative Entropy Stochastic Search

Many reinforcement learning methods for continuous control tasks are based on updating a policy function by maximizing an approximated action-value function or Q-function. However, the Q-function also depends on the policy and this dependency often leads to unstable policy learning. To overcome this issue, we propose a method that does not greedily exploit the Q-function. To do so, we upper-bound the Kullback-Leibler divergence of the new policy while maximizing the Q-function. Furthermore, we also lower-bound the entropy of the new policy to maintain its exploratory behavior. We show that by using a Gaussian policy and a Q-function that is quadratic in actions, we can solve the corresponding constrained optimization problem in a closed form. In addition, we show that our method can be regarded as a variant of the well-known deterministic policy gradient method. Through experiments, we evaluate the proposed method using a neural network as a function approximator and show that it gives more stable learning performance than the deep deterministic policy gradient method and the continuous Q-learning method.
USEFULNESS OF THE PEDIATRIC INDEX OF MORTALITY 2 IN PREDICTING MORTALITY RATE IN BENHA UNIVERSITY PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT.

Background : little is known about the exact causes of death, and the impact of general risk factors that may complicate the course of critically ill patients. Scoring systems for use in ICUS allow an assessment. Aim of the study : To evaluate the usefulness of PIM2 score in predicting the outcome (mortality rate) in PICU in Benha university hospitals. Methods : This prospective study was conducted on 113 patients admitted to PICU in Benha University Hospitals in pediatric department over a period of six months. All patients aged more than one month up to less than sixteen years old. Pediatric index of mortality 2 was scored for all patients within an hour of admission to PICU using a structured data collection form and then compared with outcome which recorded as death or discharge. Results: Data were collected prospectively as a cohort study upon 11 children admitted to PICU in Benha University hospitals during a six months period. The outcome of the 113 patients included in the study was 77 survivors and 36 non-survivors. Observed death rate was (31.9%) and the or emergent), speciality, diagnosis, failing organ system, duration of ICU stay (DOS), all variables of PIM2 scores were elective admission to PICU, recovery post procedure, cardiac bypass, high-risk diagnosis, low-risk diagnosis, no response of pupils to bright light (>3 mm and both fixed), mechanical ventilation (at anytime during the first hour in PICU), systolic blood pressure (mmHg), base excess (mmHg) (arterial or capillary blood), and FiO2 /PaO2 (mmHg) for case
Editorial: Atrial fibrillation in dementia

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Packaging Design of Objects from a Gendered Cultural Perspective

: As living standards continue to rise today, design is becoming more prevalent, especially in packaging design, which is closely related to everyday objects and most directly in contact with people. With the advent of gender theories, objects are also an important part of the shaping of gender, and designers have been using gender design to reflect gender differences for a long time, but in recent years, gender diversity has emerged in addition to gender masculine and gender feminine, and in response to these situations, designers need to consider the needs of individuals and improve the packaging design of objects under the influence of gender culture. This paper focuses on gender culture and the current state of packaging design to predict how packaging design will develop in the future under the influence of gender culture, explains the basic concept of gender, analyses the history and future trends of gender culture, and identifies the causes of gender problems by analyzing the social context in which they exist. It critiques some of the current gender-stereotypical packagings.The paper also analyses the impact of good gender packaging on society by citing the current prevalence of de-gendered packaging.
Concentration of quantum states from quantum functional and Talagrand inequalities

Quantum functional inequalities (e.g. the logarithmic Sobolev- and Poincar\'{e} inequalities) have found widespread application in the study of the behavior of ergodic quantum Markov semigroups. The classical counterparts of these inequalities are related to each other via a so-called Talagrand inequality of order 2 (T2). The latter inequality relies on the notion of a metric on the set of probability distributions called the Wasserstein distance of order 2. It in turn implies a Talagrand inequality of order 1 (T1). In this paper, we introduce quantum generalizations of T1 and T2, making use of appropriate quantum versions of the Wasserstein distances, one recently defined by Carlen and Maas and the other defined by us. We establish that these inequalities are related to each other, and to the quantum modified logarithmic Sobolev- and Poincar\'{e} inequalities, as in the classical case. We also show that these inequalities imply certain concentration-type results for the invariant state of the underlying semigroup.
Measurement of the top-quark mass and the tt̄Z cross section in ATLAS: the tt̄ dilepton way

A measurement of the top-quark mass and the ttZ cross section is performed using 4.6 fb 1 and 20.3 fb 1 of data from proton-proton collisions collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The top-quark mass is measured in the tt eμ channel using the mean value of the mT2 variable with the calibration curve method to obtain the first top-quark mass measurement in the dilepton channel using the ATLAS detector: mtop = 175.2 ± 1.6 (stat.) ± 3.1 (syst.) GeV. Improvements in the computation of the systematic uncertainty, the measurement method and the inclusion of the tt ee and μμ channels result in a significant increase in the precision of the measurement, leading to a measured top-quark mass of mtop = 173.7 ± 0.8 (stat.) ± 1.8 (syst.) GeV. The use of the mT2perp variable is also studied, providing an additional mass measurement with similar uncertainty: mtop = 173.3 ± 0.7 (stat.) ± 1.7 (syst.) GeV. A ttZ cross-section measurement is performed in the ttZ ! 4` channel using a likelihood fit to five signal regions and one ZZ control region used to determine the normalization of the main background from data. Seven events are selected in data and, from the result of the likelihood fit, a ttZ cross section of ttZ = 0.32+0.18 0.14 (stat.) +0.12 0.05 (syst.) pb is measured, which is compatible with the Standard Model prediction for proton-proton collisions at 8 TeV.
Using τhe Set of Attributes of Frequent Itemsets for Better Rough Set based Rules

Inductive learning algorithms want to find a function that reflects a given sequence of input and output pairs where the input and output pairs consist of value vectors. Rough set systems can extract minimal set of rules that act as the function of inductive learning, and are well known for their strong mathematical background. The found set of rules is solely based on data so that no prejudiced views can be inserted in the found rule set. But even though the good property, rough set based rule systems have the tendency of being unstable in the sense that their performance is very dependent on given training data sets due to their sole reliance on given data. In order to avoid such property of the rough set based rule systems this paper suggests using the attributes of frequent items only in the input vector to find the rules. The attributes can be found by applying association rule algorithms. Experiments with several real world data sets show that better rough set based rules could be found in accuracy by using the attributes only, especially when the attributes of input have key-like characteristics.
AVL and Red Black tree as a single balanced tree

– Since the invention of AVL trees in 1962 and Red-black trees in 1978, researchers were divided in two separated communities, AVL supporters and Red-Black ones. Indeed, AVL trees are commonly used for retrieval applications whereas Red Black trees are used in updates operations, so, the choice of a structure must be done firstly even if the operations are not known to be searches or updates. That is the main reason why we propose a common tree with the same complexity and memory space, representing both an AVL and a Red-Black tree, this new tree allows to gather together the two communities on one hand, and to expand the scope of AVL and Red-Black tree applications on the other hand.
Resilient Neural Control Based on Event-Triggered Extended State Observers and the Application in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In the real world, many systems can be written as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned vehicles, etc. Therefore, this is a problem for the generality of the research method, and this article aimming at the control problem of MIMO nonlinear systems with system uncertainties and external disturbances, a resilient control approach is proposed based on the event-triggered extended state observer (ETESO) with neural networks (NNs) in this article. Firstly, the constraint problem of the tracking error is transformed into an unconstrained problem based on the performance function, then the NNs are employed to approximate the uncertainties, and the ETESO with NNs is designed to estimate the combination of the approximation error and the external disturbance. Secondly, the perturbation of the controller gain is described by an external system, which is estimated by a fault observer. To avoid the problem of the differential explosion, the resilient controller is designed by the backstepping control method based on the command filter. Through the Lyapunov stability analysis, all signals of the entire system are uniformly ultimate bounded. Finally, the flight control experiment is shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the control scheme.
Failure independent path protection against single-SRLG failures in Elastic Optical Networks

FAILURE INDEPENDENT PATH PROTECTION AGAINST SINGLE-SRLG FAILURES IN ELASTIC OPTICAL NETWORKS Hasan Gökhan Uysal MSc. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Advisor: Ezhan Karaşan FEBRUARY 2018 In Elastic Optical Networks, flexi-grid spectrum allocation is used where the the spectrum is assigned to optical connections according to their bandwidth requirements so that the capacity is used more efficiently. Ensuring network survivability is one of the main problem in elastic optical networks. In this thesis, we study network survivability against failure of a single link or a single Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG), which is a group of links sharing a common risk of failure. We formulate the network survivability problem where the objective is to minimize the required capacity resources and maximize their efficient usage such that the elastic optical network can recover against all single-SRLG failures. We developed two formulations towards this end using flow and path formulation approaches, respectively. In both approaches, the aim is to use two paths called the active and backup paths for all connection demands. In the normal operations, the active path is used. It is switched to the backup path in case of a failure of the active path. The active and backup paths are chosen SRLG-disjoint so that the network can recover from the failure without knowing the location of the failure, which is called failure independent protection. For the spectrum allocation, an Adaptive Coding and Modulation (AMC) scheme, which assigns the appropriate AMC profile based on the path length, is used. The backup paths can be shared among active paths because concurrent failure of multiple SRLGs is neglected. In the Flow Formulation, an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) is used to calculate SRLG-disjoint active and backup paths according to a given network topology, the set of connection demands and the AMC profile. In the Path Formulation, an ILP is used to select active and backup paths from a pre-computed set of SRLG-disjoint path pairs. In both approaches, the aim is to minimize the resource usage. The formulations are tested for the 14-node iii
GKL‐finite‐time stability via comparison principles for stochastic impulsive systems

This paper studies the finite‐time stability (FTS) for stochastic impulsive systems (SIS). The notions of FTS including GKL$$ \mathcal{GKL} $$ ‐FTS and event‐ GKL$$ \mathcal{GKL} $$ ‐FTS are proposed for SIS. The comparison principles for GKL$$ \mathcal{GKL} $$ ‐FTS and event‐ GKL$$ \mathcal{GKL} $$ ‐FTS are established, respectively. Then the FTS criteria with the settling time estimates are derived. The criteria of GKL$$ \mathcal{GKL} $$ ‐FTS and event‐ GKL$$ \mathcal{GKL} $$ ‐FTS relax the requirements on stabilizing flow and jump for FTS in the literature. Finally, two examples are presented to demonstrate the obtained results.
Modelling large neural networks via Hawkes processes

How does the brain compute complex tasks? Is it possible to create en artificial brain? In order to answer these questions, a key step is to build mathematical models for information processing in the brain. Hence this manuscript focuses on biological neural networks and their modelling. This thesis lies in between three domains of mathematics - the study of partial differential equations (PDE), probabilities and statistics - and deals with their application to neuroscience. On the one hand, the bridges between two neural network models, involving two different scales, are highlighted. At a microscopic scale, the electrical activity of each neuron is described by a temporal point process. At a larger scale, an age structured system of PDE gives the global activity. There are two ways to derive the macroscopic model (PDE system) starting from the microscopic one: by studying the mean dynamics of one typical neuron or by investigating the dynamics of a mean-field network of $n$ neurons when $n$ goes to infinity. In the second case, we furthermore prove the convergence towards an explicit limit dynamics and inspect the fluctuations of the microscopic dynamics around its limit. On the other hand, a method to detect synchronisations between two or more neurons is proposed. To do so, tests of independence between temporal point processes are constructed. The level of the tests are theoretically controlled and the practical validity of the method is illustrated by a simulation study. Finally, the method is applied on real data
Evaluation of Toxicity of Lead Salts (PbCl2 and PbNO3) Exposed Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Two Seasons (Summer and Winter) of Different Temperature Conditions

The main objective of the intended research was to ascertain the toxic effects of Lead salts (PbCl2 and PbNO3) in two seasons of varying temperatures in the Indian subtropical region of Bhopal. The toxicity test was carried out at concentrations of 250, 300, 350, 400,450, and 500 mg.l-1 for the determination of LC 50 of PbCl2 and PbNO4 in summer at high temperature (HT) and in winter with low temperature(LT) conditions in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The LC 50 values for PbCl2 for 24 hours in winter (LT) were 487.98 ± 1.17 mg.l-1 and decreased to 466.66 ± 1.31 mg.l-1, 436.11 ± 1.68 mg.l-1, 416.49 ± 1.61 mg.l-1, for 48, 72, and 96 hours respectively whereas in summer (HT) the LC 50 values were calculated as 396.83 ± 1.38 mg.l-1, 359.42 ± 1.71 mg.l-1, 345.95 ± 1.80 mg.l-1 and 321.67 ± 1.24 mg.l-1 for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. The LC 50 values for PbNO3 in winter (LT) were calculated as 427.76 ± 2.02 mg.l-1, 400.13 ± 1.01 mg.l-1, 373.42 ± 1.76 mg.l-1, and 359.92 ±1.36 mg.l-1 for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours and in summer(HT) LC 50 values calculated as 357.93 ± 1.69 mg.l-1, 329.76 ± 0.83 mg.l-1, 300.47 ± 1.41 mg.l-1 and 274.29 ± 2.06 mg.l-1 for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. This study discovered that the counterions play an important role in toxicity due to which PbNO3 toxicity was high as compared to PbCl2 in both seasons as well effect of temperature in enhancing the toxicity of both Lead salts (PbCl2 and PbNO3) in summer was studied. Keywords: counterions, LC 50, Seasonal temperatures, fish.
Enhancing Academic Communication Skills Through Classroom Interaction: A Case Study of Secondary Schools in the Tahoua Region of Niger

This study examined how student participation affects their effectiveness in classroom communication. Despite completing seven years of secondary school, Tahoua’s Faculty of Education students demonstrated low proficiency in English and French. The study used various research methods to identify the root causes, including classroom observations, semi-structured teacher interviews, a student survey, and a randomized controlled trial. The data obtained from qualitative and quantitative sources were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis and descriptive and inferential statistics. The study involved classroom observations in both English and French language settings, with the experiment dividing students (n=1391) into two groups: one receiving standard instruction and the other receiving interactive instruction. The findings from the three-month experiment underscore the critical role of classroom engagement in academic communication. Specifically, the experimental group exhibited enhanced oral communication skills compared to the control group. Overall, the research underscores the benefits of interactive teaching tactics in improving students’ ability to express themselves in class.