Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Procedures for computing focal mechanisms from local (SV/P)z data

Abstract A procedure for calculating the focal mechanism of an earthquake from the distribution of the ratio of the amplitudes of SV to P waves has been developed and tested. The input consists of information taken from the hypocenter solution for the earthquake, a factor for each station that corrects for the effect of the free surface on the observed wave amplitudes and the observed values of the ratio of the vertical component of P to the vertical component of SV . The procedure starts with the selection of a slip direction. The program then finds the best fault strike and dip corresponding to that slip direction, with “best” measured by the smallest scatter of the dip for any strike. All three fault parameters are then adjusted by an iterative least-squares adjustment. ( SV/P ) z is a strongly nonlinear function of the fault parameters, so the solution found by the procedure is inherently nonunique. The acceptable solutions can be quite well constrained if the slip direction can be estimated initially on the basis of independent information. A variety of tests of the procedure have been carried out on real and synthetic data. Given a set of amplitude data for an earthquake in Bear Valley, California, and told only that the mode of slip was predominantly strike-slip, the program “found” the San Andreas fault, i.e., converged to a fault with strike and dip close to the known values. Further work on a German earthquake served to bring out some of the ambiguities of the solutions. Analysis of data from a brief swarm of earthquakes in southwest Germany showed that the method yields useful mechanisms for small events and revealed a rotation of the focal mechanisms during the swarm. Processing of amplitudes from synthetic seismograms gave a fault plane close to the known input, but marked disagreement between the SV amplitudes on the synthetic seismograms and the amplitudes predicted by simple dislocation theory is unresolved.
Green Infrastructure Planning: Recent Advances and Applications

Increasingly, "gray" infrastructure projects such as highways or natural gas pipelines are undertaken using the results from green infrastructure plans to help complete natural resource inventories, assist with siting decisions, and identify potential mitigation areas. This linkage of green and gray infrastructure has been encouraged by a combination of new regulatory approaches and funding priorities of federal agencies as well as an increased awareness that solutions to problems such as global climate change rest at the landscape level. This article focuses on how green infrastructure has matured. It highlights the next stage of its evolution as a planning process confronting perennial problems, such as the linking of land conservation with development planning, and it looks at the role of green infrastructure in confronting emerging problems such as global climate change.
Lassen' antelope bitterbrush: a browse plant for game and livestock ranges.

A unique selection of antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC) recently became the first accession of this valuable western shrub species to be released for commercial seed collection and production. Chosen for its productivity, palatability, winter leafiness, cover value, and seedling vigor, 'Lassen' antelope bitterbrush is a useful shrub for wildlife and livestock ranges, conservation plantings, and reclamation projects on adapted sites in the Intermountain and Pacific Northwest regions.
The Relationship between Personality and Self-Reported Substance Use: Exploring the Implications for High School and College Educational Programs.

This study explored the personality correlates of substance use by administering a questionnaire consisting of the Mini Markers Scale and items assessing substance abuse to 108 high school students and 155 college students. The Mini Markers Scale is a 40 item self-report inventory that measures basic dimensions of personality, including neuroticism, extraversion, intellectance, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Correlational analyses of the data from the entire sample revealed a relationship between extraversion and alcohol use, intellectance and alcohol use, and conscientiousness and cigarette use. No significant relationships between personality and marijuana use were noted. Use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana were all significantly intercorrelated. In order to assess differences across developmental period, responses from the high school students and college students were analyzed separately. For the high school sample, agreeableness was significantly negatively correlated with alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use. Conscientousness and alcohol use were also significantly correlated. For the college sample, there was a significant relationship between intellectance and marijuana use. A strong association between alcohol and marijuana use and an association between alcohol and extraversion were found. There was no significant relationship between cigarette use and any of the personality factors within the college sample. (Contains 40 references.) (GCP) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. The Relationship between Personality and Self-Reported Substance Use: Exploring the Implications for High School and College Educational Programs
Revisión bibliográfica APLICACIÓN DE BACTERIAS PROMOTORAS DEL CRECIMIENTO VEGETAL EN EL CULTIVO DE LA CAÑA DE AZÚCAR. PERSPECTIVAS DE SU USO EN CUBA

Sugarcane production in Cuba has undergone considerable damages from the financial and climatologic point of view; thus, it is necessary to establish sustainable production systems promoting to increase agricultural yields and protect the environment. Among these practices, the use of biofertilizers constitutes an alternative to improve current productions with the lowest environmental damage. In our country, the application of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) to sugarcane has been studied since 1990´s; however, it has not been potentially used as a nutritional alternative of crop culture. This work was aimed to emphasize the significance of including PGPB as a biofertilizer to a sustainable sugarcane production, besides showing the most significant results and performing a prospect analysis of its use in sugarcane production. RESUMEN. La produccion de cana de azucar en Cuba ha su- frido considerables afectaciones desde el punto de vista fi- nanciero y climatologico, por lo que se hace necesario esta- blecer sistemas de produccion sostenibles que promuevan la elevacion de los rendimientos agricolas y protejan al medio ambiente. Dentro de estas practicas, la utilizacion de biofertilizantes constituye una alternativa para elevar las pro- ducciones actuales, con el menor dano al ambiente. La aplica- cion de PGPB en el cultivo de la cana de azucar en Cuba ha sido estudiada desde la decada de los 90; no obstante, no se utiliza en todo su potencial como alternativa de nutricion den- tro de la fitotecnia del cultivo. Este trabajo tiene como objeti- vo destacar la importancia de incluir PGPB como biofertilizante en la produccion sostenible de cana de azucar, mostrar los resultados mas significativos y hacer un analisis de las pers- pectivas de su empleo en la produccion canera.
The storm and poststorm evolution of energetic /35-560 keV/ radiation belt electron distributions

Detailed Explorer 45 equatorial observations of the storm and poststorm structure of radiation belt electrons (35–560 keV) for 1.7 ≲ L ≲ 5.2 are presented. Injection during major storms results in electron pitch angle distributions and radial profiles that are greatly distorted from their quiet time equilibrium structure. Following storms the pitch angle distributions return to their prestorm shape over a period of several days. This shape is maintained as electron fluxes decay back to the quiet time levels. The equatorial radial profiles slowly return to their prestorm equilibrium structure over a period of a few weeks and then maintain that structure.
Flux vacua: a voluminous recount

In this note we apply mathematical results for the volume of certain symmetric spaces to the problem of counting flux vacua in simple IIB Calabi--Yau compactifications. In particular we obtain estimates for the number of flux vacua including the geometric factor related to the Calabi-Yau moduli space, in the large flux limit, for the FHSV model and some closely related models. We see that these geometric factors give rise to contributions to the counting formula that are typically not of order one and might potentially affect the counting qualitatively in some cases. We also note, for simple families of Calabi-Yau moduli spaces, an interesting dependence of the moduli space volumes on the dimension of the flux space, which in turn is governed by the Betti numbers of the Calabi-Yaus.
The new structure-genetic classification system in tectonically deformed coals and its geological significance

Based on the site measured data and many results of test in the laboratory, and combined existing classification, the new structure-genetic classification system of tectonically deformed coals was put forward which was suitable for both development of coalbed gas and prevention and harness of coal and gas outbursts. The hand specimens or the core coal samples for drilling wells were taken as the scale, tectonically deformed coals formed by different deformational mechanisms were divided into three series of deformation and ten classes: the series of brittle deformation includes cataclastic structure coal, mortar structure coal, granulitic structure coal and mealy structure coal,and schistose structure coal, thin section structure coal; the series of ductile deformation includes wrinkle structure coal, mylonitic structure coal and ductile structure coal; the series of brittle-ductile includes scale structure coal.
Differentiated Road Pricing, Express Lanes, and Carpools: Exploiting Heterogeneous Preferences in Policy Design

In the face of rising congestion on the nation's road system, policymakers have explored ways to reduce travel delays. One approach has been to allocate reserved lanes - called high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) lanes - to vehicles carrying two or more people. A recent innovation is to allow solo drivers to use the HOV lanes if they pay a toll. These so-called high-occupancy-toll (HOT) lanes can be found in Los Angeles, San Diego, Houston, and Minneapolis and are under consideration in several other urban areas. In this paper, we argue that HOV and HOT lanes sacrifice efficiency by failing to price all lanes. Moreover, we show that it is possible to set prices on all lanes that improve on the efficiency of HOV and HOT policies and by catering to motorists' varying preferences, can meet the test of political acceptability.
Alanyl-glutamine dipeptide inhibits hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

AIM To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide (Ala-Gln) against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS Rats were divided into group C as normal control Group (n=16) and group G as alanyl-glutamine pretreatment (n=16). Rats were intravenously infused with 0.9% saline solution in group C and Ala-Gln -enriched (2% glutamine) 0.9% saline solution in group G via central venous catheter for three days. Then all rats underwent hepatic warm ischemia for 30 min followed by different periods of reperfusion. Changes in biochemical parameters,the content of glutathione (GSH) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue, Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression and morphological changes of liver tissue were compared between both groups. RESULTS One hour after reperfusion, the levels of liver enzymes in group G were significantly lower than those in group C (P<0.05). Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, the levels of liver enzymes in both groups were markedly recovered and the levels of liver enzyme in group G were also significantly lower than those in group C (P<0.01). One and 24 h after reperfusion, GSH content in group G was significantly higher than that in group C (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in activities of SOD between the two groups. One and 24 h after reperfusion, the positive expression rate of Bcl-2 protein was higher in group G than in group C (P<0.05) and the positive expression rate of Bax protein was lower in group G than in group C (P<0.05). Histological and ultrastructural changes of liver tissue were inhibited in group C compared to group G. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Ala-Gln pretreatment provides the rat liver with significant tolerance to warm ischemia-reperfusion injury,which may be mediated partially by enhancing GSH content and regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in the liver tissue.
Nutrigenomics: An Emerging Scientific Discipline

APRIL 2003 • VOL. 57, NO. 4 Nancy Fogg-Johnson and Jim Kaput ffects of the Human Genome Project are surfacing in anticipated and unanticipated areas. One of the key discoveries from the project is the existence of individual differences in gene sequences that result in differential response to environmental factors, such as diet. Those genetic differences, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, pronounced snips), are the key genetic enabler of the emerging scientific discipline called nutrigenomics or nutritional genomics. In the broad arena of health and wellness, one of the major impacts on the food industry, throughout the value chain from agricultural crops through consumer products, is this emerging understanding of human nutrition at the molecular level of gene expression. The science of nutrigenomics is the study of how naturally occurring chemicals in foods alter molecular expression of genetic information in each individual. In addition to bioinformatics, three scientific methodological approaches underpin nutrigenomics. Those methodological approaches are based on nutrition, molecular biology, and genomics. Integration of these disciplines is leading to identification and understanding of individual and population differences and similarities in gene expression, or phenotype, in response to diet (Fig. 1). The implications for the food industry range from market opportunities for customized or nutrient-enhanced crops through to products customized for individual nutritional needs.
Low-latitude northern hemisphere oceanographic andclimatic responses to early shoaling of the Central American Seaway

The opening and closing of ocean gateways has played a major role in shaping global climate by altering oceanic and atmospheric circulation. This study uses planktonic foraminifer assemblage-based sea surface temperature (SST) estimates (Modern Analog Technique) to examine the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and subtropical Northwest Atlantic (NWA) during the early stages of shoaling of the Central American Seaway (CAS). In the subtropical NWA (DSDP 103 and ODP 1006), the 5.2 to 5.1 Ma interval is characterized by an increase in SST and sea surface salinity, indicating a strengthening of the Florida Current (FC) and Gulf Stream (GS). Sea surface temperature in the ETP Warm Pool (DSDP Site 84) remained relatively stable between 6.9 and 5.1 Ma, during which El Niño-like conditions persisted. A slight cooling is observed after this interval (with synchronous warming in the NWA), followed by the onset of major cooling at ∼3.2 Ma, both of which are preceded by a shallowing of the thermocline. Stepwise cooling is attributed to enhanced Atlantic meridional overturn cicrulation (AMOC), which caused a shoaling of the main tropical thermocline, thereby strengthening the Walker Circulation and weakening the Pacific North Equatorial Counter Current. Antithetical changes in surface current strength in the NWA and ETP suggest a southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone ∼4.3 Ma. During the mid-Pliocene, SST in the Panama Basin was ∼0.8°C cooler than today, while the subtropical NWA was only ∼1.1°C warmer. This corroborates evidence for reduced meridional SST gradients during the mid-Pliocene as well as the hypothesis that more vigorous ocean circulation-particularly in the NWA-was critical during this period. The timing of SST changes in the ETP and NWA (∼5.1 Ma) suggest that the termination of permanent El Niño and enhanced AMOC did not contribute significantly to the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG), as both of these events occur well before the beginning of the glacial cycles. However, these processes may have contributed to the development of the small ice sheets of the late Miocene and early Pliocene, but were most likely only preconditioning factors for the onset of major NHG. However, changes in SST and relative thermocline position suggest that high-latitude processes and global cooling may have influenced thermal structure in the ETP. The SST estimates provided indicate that even in its early stages, the shoaling of the CAS had significant implications for low-latitude ocean circulation and thermal structure, as well as for some of the most significant global climate events of the late Neogene.
Semantic Web Evaluation Challenge: SemWebEval 2014 at ESWC 2014, Anissaras, Crete, Greece, May 25-29, 2014, Revised Selected Papers

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post conference proceedings of the first edition of the Semantic Web Evaluation Challenge, SemWebEval 2014, co-located with the 11th Extended Semantic Web conference, held in Anissaras, Crete, Greece, in May 2014. This book includes the descriptions of all methods and tools that competed at SemWebEval 2014, together with a detailed description of the tasks, evaluation procedures and datasets. The contributions are grouped in three areas: semantic publishing (sempub), concept-level sentiment analysis (ssa), and linked-data enabled recommender systems (recsys).
A Normative Understanding of Innovation

Commentators have bemoaned the absence of a clear conceptual understanding of innovation both generally and within responsible innovation (RI). Much of our thinking about innovation is fragmented into separate categories such as “business,” “social” or “technological” innovation with no clear understanding of the term these adjectives modify. In addition, RI discussions focus overwhelmingly on technological advances delivered through the marketplace, which are only a portion of the innovation story. Clearly, we need to develop a stronger account of the concept of innovation. What criteria must be satisfied for a contribution to the world to qualify as an innovation or, more simply, what is an innovation? This article will contend that innovation is inescapably normative, and that we can construct an understanding of innovation by elaborating on its normative elements and their implications. Innovation, I will propose, is ethical change that delivers substantial applied value to beneficiaries of a domain. After developing this account, I will show how it can reframe our understanding of innovation’s relationship with technology and the marketplace, the innovator’s understanding of technology, who gets to innovate, and why the various categories of innovation may be more diverting than helpful. I will also reflect on how the account of innovation offered here can refine our understanding of RI.
TAMAÑO Y COMPOSICIÓN DE DIFERENTES GRUPOS DE LOBOS EN CASTILLA Y LEÓN

Size and composition of different wolves groups in Castilla y Leon Twenty-six groups were visually observed in different habitats of Castilla y Leon, mainly in agricultural areas, obtaining more than 197 observations. The total number of localized wolves was 216, with a mean value of 8,31 members per group, 123 (56,94%) of them being puppies of the year and 93 (43,06%) being adults. 41 of the adults (44%, 1,57 individuals per group) were associated to the reproductive couple whose task is mainly the care and maintenance of the puppies. We found differences concerning the number of members between the most observed groups and those groups that were less observed. For the former the average number of adults and puppies is 3,86 and 5,47, respectively, the number of individuals per group being 9,83. For the less observed groups the average number of adults is quite similar, namely 3,18, whereas the number of puppies is much smaller, 3,73, with a global average of 6,91 wolves per group. We detected a mortality of al least 14 puppies from June to September, although most likely 5 more died but this could not be personally confirmed. However these data about mortality should be taken as a minimum value, since for most of the groups (19) the puppies were observed after a month of life, and therefore an unknown number of them might have died previously.
Modeling nearshore wave processes

This paper provides an overview of recent advances in parameterizing nearshore wave processes within the context of spectral models, and discusses the challenges that r emain. Processes discussed include dissipative mechanisms such as depth-induced wave breaking, bottom friction, dissipation due to current gradients, topographical scattering, vegetation, and viscous damping due to fluid mud . Nonlinear processes include near-resonant interaction between triads of wave components, and current-induced nonlinear effects such as amplitude dispersion. Propagation processes include diffraction that takes into account higher-order bathymetry and current gradients. Implementation of these processes in global operational wave modeling systems poses challenges with respect to grid resolution and the availability of model input data. In this regard, a description is given of the Nearshore Wave Prediction System (NWPS), a high-resolution coastal wave modeling system currently under development at NOAA’s National Weather Service.
Population genetics of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) on the island of Newfoundland

The purpose of this study was to characterize the genetic variation and genetic structure of caribou herds on the island of Newfoundland. A 2223 bp sequence of mitochondrial DNA from the Control Region and the cytochrome b gene was sequenced for 233 Newfoundland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Phylogenetic analysis identified 32 mtDNA haplotypes structured into four clades, labeled A, B, C and D. The hierarchical AMOVA revealed there is little genetic differentiation among defined herds, although there is some regional differentiation of the Avalon Peninsula. Avalon Peninsula caribou are genetically depauperate and distinct, possibly as a result of founder effects. The Nested Clade Analysis identified significant phylogeographic associations possibly due to restricted gene flow with isolation by distance, contiguous range expansion and long distance colonization possibly coupled with subsequent fragmentation or past fragmentation followed by range expansion. Most Newfoundland caribou show close relationships to woodland caribou in Quebec, and a small subset show close relationships to woodland caribou in Labrador. There is some genetic evidence to suggest that caribou populated Newfoundland by way of the Straight of Belle Isle as opposed to coastal refugia. Newfoundland caribou are genetically distinct from Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and there is no evidence to support successful interbreeding with reindeer introduced from Norway. In anticipation of continuing population genomic studies of Newfoundland caribou, the entire mtDNA genome for one Newfoundland caribou was sequenced (16,359 bp).