Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced foliar 15N enrichment with increasing nitrogen addition rates: Role of plant species and nitrogen compounds

Determining the abundance of N isotope (δ15N) in natural environments is a simple but powerful method for providing integrated information on the N cycling dynamics and status in an ecosystem under exogenous N inputs. However, whether the input of different N compounds could differently impact plant growth and their 15N signatures remains unclear. Here, the response of 15N signatures and growth of three dominant plants (Leymus chinensis, Carex duriuscula, and Thermopsis lanceolata) to the addition of three N compounds (NH4HCO3, urea, and NH4NO3) at multiple N addition rates were assessed in a meadow steppe in Inner Mongolia. The three plants showed different initial foliar δ15N values because of differences in their N acquisition strategies. Particularly, T. lanceolata (N2‐fixing species) showed significantly lower 15N signatures than L. chinensis (associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF]) and C. duriuscula (associated with AMF). Moreover, the foliar δ15N of all three species increased with increasing N addition rates, with a sharp increase above an N addition rate of ~10 g N m−2 year−1. Foliar δ15N values were significantly higher when NH4HCO3 and urea were added than when NH4NO3 was added, suggesting that adding weakly acidifying N compounds could result in a more open N cycle. Overall, our results imply that assessing the N transformation processes in the context of increasing global N deposition necessitates the consideration of N deposition rates, forms of the deposited N compounds, and N utilization strategies of the co‐existing plant species in the ecosystem.
New identifications of weak emission lines in the spectra of quasars

Following our discovery of strong emission features between 2300 and 3000 A in the spectra of quasars and their identification with blended Fe II resonance lines from the 5 eV level of Fe/sup +/, we predict the presence of weak emission from more highly excited levels. We present new observations near 2000 A that support this prediction and suggest that weak emission features previously noticed near 1610 A, 1670 A, and 1860 A are also due to Fe II. This Fe II emission could also account for some weak features seen between 3000 and 4000 A. Weak Fe II emission will probably set an ultimate limit to studies of the line strengths and profiles in quasar spectra.
Increasing Precipitation in Early Winter Over the Southern China During the Past 40 years

Southern China (SC) has experienced increasing precipitation in early winter over the past 40 years, which has been attributed to increasing precipitation over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) in this study. In early winter, the positive diabatic heating released by the increasing precipitation over the TIO triggers a strong Matsuno–Gill response. The Kelvin wave of the Matsuno–Gill response forms an anomalous anticyclone over the Western North Pacific (WNPAC) in the lower troposphere, which strengthens water vapor transport from the ocean to SC and induces an increase in precipitation. In late winter, the increasing TIO precipitation is relatively weak, and the trend of SC precipitation is likely caused by factors outside the Indian Ocean.
3D deep learning enhanced void-growing approach in creating geometric digital twins of buildings

The challenge this paper addresses is how to automatically generate geometric digital twins of the indoor environment of buildings. Unlike most previous research that starts with detecting planes in the point cloud and only considers the geometric information, the proposed ”void-growing” approach is a full-automatic approach that starts with detecting void space inside rooms, considering geometric information, as well as semantic information predicted from deep learning. Then based on the detected room spaces, structural elements, as well as doors and windows, are extracted. The method can work in (1) rooms with complex structures like U-shape and L-shape, (2) rooms with different ceiling heights, and (3) rooms under a high occlusion level. Compared with previous studies that mainly only use geometric information, the approach also focuses on how to select useful information predicted by deep learning. This study used existing state-of-the-art deep learning architecture for the segmentation task in the proposed approach. By taking useful semantic information into consideration, the proposed approach performs better in creating geometric digital twins of buildings.
On BMO and Hardy regularity estimates for a class of non-local elliptic equations

Let $\sigma \in (0,\,2)$, $\chi ^{(\sigma )}(y):={\mathbf 1}_{\sigma \in (1,2)}+{\mathbf 1}_{\sigma =1} {\mathbf 1}_{y\in B(\mathbf {0},\,1)}$, where $\mathbf {0}$ denotes the origin of $\mathbb {R}^n$, and $a$ be a non-negative and bounded measurable function on $\mathbb {R}^n$. In this paper, we obtain the boundedness of the non-local elliptic operator \[ Lu(x):=\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}\left[u(x+y)-u(x)-\chi^{(\sigma)}(y)y\cdot\nabla u(x)\right]a(y)\,\frac{{\rm d}y}{|y|^{n+\sigma}} \] from the Sobolev space based on $\mathrm {BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)\cap (\bigcup _{p\in (1,\infty )}L^p(\mathbb {R}^n))$ to the space $\mathrm {BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)$, and from the Sobolev space based on the Hardy space $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$ to $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$. Moreover, for any $\lambda \in (0,\,\infty )$, we also obtain the unique solvability of the non-local elliptic equation $Lu-\lambda u=f$ in $\mathbb {R}^n$, with $f\in \mathrm {BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)\cap (\bigcup _{p\in (1,\infty )}L^p(\mathbb {R}^n))$ or $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$, in the Sobolev space based on $\mathrm {BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)$ or $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$. The boundedness and unique solvability results given in this paper are further devolvement for the corresponding results in the scale of the Lebesgue space $L^p(\mathbb {R}^n)$ with $p\in (1,\,\infty )$, established by H. Dong and D. Kim [J. Funct. Anal. 262 (2012), 1166–1199], in the endpoint cases of $p=1$ and $p=\infty$.
Dose-response relationship and effect modifier of stabilisation exercises in nonspecific low back pain: a project-wide individual patient data re-analysis on 1483 intervention participants.

ABSTRACT This planned MiSpEx-Network reanalysis was designed to derive a dose-response relationship under consideration of further effect modifiers in exercises on low back pain. One thousand four hundred eighty three intervention participants with low back pain (mean age, 40.9 years [SD 14 years]) performed stabilisation exercises (3 weeks supervised, 9 weeks self-administered). Patients reported pain intensity, disability, and disability days at baseline, 3 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months post randomisation. Exercise characteristics and effect modifiers were prospectively monitored. Beyond the comparison to the results of the control group, linear mixed models were calculated to determine a dose-response relationship. The interventions led to small but significantly larger symptom reductions than in the control group at each measurement. Longer durations of the intervention led to larger symptom reductions. Higher exercise frequencies were associated with a decrease in pain intensity: to train once more per week led to a mean decrease of 0.93 points in pain intensity [95% CI = -1.54 to -0.32]. Disability days were also impacted (estimate = -0.07 [-0.14 to 0.00]), but disability was not (-0.09 [-0.67 to 0.48]). Adding perturbation was superior to adding stretching or a behavioural module. The relationships were robust when additional effect modifiers were considered and against the control group' effects. The odds ratio for a clinically important effect with higher exercise frequencies decreased at 3 weeks (OR = 0.71 [0.618-0.813] for >2.5*week-1) and increased at 12 weeks (1.13 [1.006-1.270], >1.5*week-1). Using longer intervention durations, adding a perturbation component to the stabilisation trainings and using higher frequencies (up to a certain point) may lead to an even more beneficial response on exercise in patients with low back pain. Developing strategies to maintain a training frequency of at least 2 times per week may be relevant in stabilisation exercises to treat low back pain.
Spectral specificity in auditory detection

Many experimental data suggest that a listener who focuses attention on a specific spectral region (or regions) becomes more sensitive to sounds falling there than elsewhere. Most often, the subject's task has been to detect a pure tone in noise. For example, in a two-interval, forced-choice paradigm, scores were around 90% when the signal was at an expected target frequency (0.5, 1, 2, or 4kHz) and were near chance, 50%, when the signal was at an unexpected frequency more than a half critical band away. In other tests, subjects detected unexpected temporal patterns (repeated tone bursts) just as well as expected patterns, provided spectral frequencies were the same. It has also been shown that when listening to a sequence of tone bursts that rise (or fall) in frequency, subjects miss a burst at a frequency significantly different from the value it normally has in the sequence. Other data suggest similar spectral specificity in the discriminationof complex sounds, including speech. Just what mechanism improves performance remains unclear. Nevertheless, some measurements of evoked physiological responses leave open the possibility that spectral specificity is achieved by efferent input to the auditory periphery, perhaps even to the cochlea.
Multipole expansion for efficient calculation of focal distributions

There is continued interest in calculation of the electromagnetic field distribution in the focal region of an optical system of high numerical aperture. Important applications include microscopy and optical information storage. Unfortunately direct evaluation of the diffraction integrals is extremely time-consuming. We have developed a new method in which the illumination is expanded in a series of multipole terms, each of which gives rise to a focal field which is an analytic function in three-dimensional space. The electric energy density in the focal region has been calculated for various lens and mirror systems.
Navigating the Decade Ahead: Implications for Monetary Policy An Introduction to the Bank’s 2020 Economic Symposium

Will the sluggish economic growth, low interest rates and heightened uncertainty that characterized the global economy prior to the COVID-19 pandemic define the next decade as they did the last? Have household and consumer expectations been scarred by, first, the global financial crisis and, now, by the COVID-19 pandemic? If so, low equilibrium interest rates will likely lead to longer and more frequent episodes in which conventional monetary policy is constrained by the effective lower bound (ELB) on nominal rates. Understanding why economic growth has been so sluggish, why interest rates are historically low, how households and businesses form expectations and how changes in those expectations affect economic activity is critically important for central bankers as they develop strategies to achieve their mandates. A versatile monetary policy toolkit and clear central bank communications will be essential for achieving and sustaining economic expansion, especially in times of financial stress.
An abductive articulatory recognition system−A preliminary study.

A system has been constructed for articulatory recognition in question–answer utterances such as ‘‘Is it five five nine pine street? No its five NINE nine pine street’’ [J. Westbury and O. Fujimura, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 85, S98 (1989)]. This system takes as input microbeam pellet movement data currently from five speakers. It uses an abductive problem solving strategy [J. Josephson, AAAI Spring Symposium Series: Automated Abduction, 140–144 (1990)], first hypothesizing gestures (e.g., labial and apical closure for consonantal identification, dorsal motion for syllable nuclei, mandible movement for emphasis) in examining the pellet data, and then explaining these gestures in terms of possible word and emphasis hypotheses. Uncertainties in gesture identification are handled by including noise hypotheses. Pellet position thresholds used for identifying gestures vary depending upon the syllable’s position within an utterance. Initial results indicate a very high accuracy in inferring the correct words.
Fixed points of a generalized smoothing transformation and applications to the branching random walk

Let {A i : i ≥ 1} be a sequence of non-negative random variables and let M be the class of all probability measures on [0,∞]. Define a transformation T on M by letting Tμ be the distribution of ∑ i=1 ∞ A i Z i , where the Z i are independent random variables with distribution μ, which are also independent of {A i }. Under first moment assumptions imposed on {A i }, we determine exactly when T has a non-trivial fixed point (of finite or infinite mean) and we prove that all fixed points have regular variation properties; under moment assumptions of order 1 + ε, ε > 0, we find all the fixed points and we prove that all non-trivial fixed points have stable-like tails. Convergence theorems are given to ensure that each non-trivial fixed point can be obtained as a limit of iterations (by T) with an appropriate initial distribution; convergence to the trivial fixed points δ0 and δ∞ is also examined, and a result like the Kesten-Stigum theorem is established in the case where the initial distribution has the same tails as a stable law. The problem of convergence with an arbitrary initial distribution is also considered when there is no non-trivial fixed point. Our investigation has applications in the study of: (a) branching processes; (b) invariant measures of some infinite particle systems; (c) the model for turbulence of Yaglom and Mandelbrot; (d) flows in networks and Hausdorff measures in random constructions; and (e) the sorting algorithm Quicksort. In particular, it turns out that the basic functional equation in the branching random walk always has a non-trivial solution.
Research Challenges in Internet Ad Markets: Vignettes on Complex Environments

Internet ad markets have been a great source of motivation and challenging problems for the Economics and Computation community. The practical design of these ad markets has also greatly beneﬁted from advances in the Economics and Computation community. Through a series of vignettes, we aim to highlight interesting challenges in modern internet ad markets, born out of a Google perspective. In this ﬁrst article, we focus on a few particular auction design and optimization questions motivated by the Sponsored Search and Display Ads markets. We hope these articles spur further progress in the research community and in industry.
a sociality of being snagged : care and awakening among salmon in southwest alaska

In the Yupiaq village of Akiak, in Southwest Alaska, relations among human and piscine beings are central to understandings and practices of care. Anthropological theories of care concerned with human health have tended to focus on practices of care that are directed to and are for others. Figuring care in the image of “being snagged,” I flesh out a nonhierarchical mode of care in which the division between the cared-for and caregiver is ambiguous or absent. The mode of care I call “being snagged” is reminiscent of the experience of getting one’s fishing net stuck: knotted, tedious, ordinary, and a cause for struggling along with others. Central to understanding the affects and effects of being snagged is the Yup’ik concept of awakening ( ellange- ), which in this article operates as an organizing principle that demonstrates how moments of shared concern for salmon constitute the mutual recognition of life and loss through which care is conveyed. By focusing on practices that are concerned less with treating than with sustaining social relations that promote well-being, anthropologists can more carefully attend to why people make choices about care. Paying attention to nonhierarchical forms of care also stands as a necessary corrective to dominant conceptions of care that delegitimize or overlook life-giving relations.
Reliability Order-Based High Rate Decoders of Fast List Decoding for Polar Codes

Polar codes are the first linear b lock coding method with probably capacity-achieving performance. Its low-complexity encoding and decoding algorithms draw large attention from researchers. A few reliability order-based high rate decoders have been proposed for polar codes' fast list decoding. Rate-1 node, single parity-check node, and its variations are considered. The corresponding decoder's error patterns of each node are provided with their reliability order. In this paper, we introduce these ordered error patterns to the software implementation, with low complexity. An algorithm architecture implementation of the proposed method is proposed. The early simulation results are partially provided.
Critical Behavior Near the Ferromagnetic Transition in Phase-Separated La 0 . 5 Ca 0 . 2 Sr 0 . 3 MnO 3 Manganite

The critical behavior of La 0 . 5 Ca 0 . 2 Sr 0 . 3 MnO 3 manganite has been investigated by measuring the magnetization around the Curie temperature T C . The experimental results indicate that this sample exhibits a second-order phase transition. The critical exponents ( β , γ and δ ) are estimated using the Kouvel–Fisher technique and critical isotherm analysis. The reliability of obtained exponents was conﬁrmed by using the universal scaling hypothesis. The obtained β value ( = 0 . 47) is close to that expected for the mean-ﬁeld model ( = 0 . 5), while the γ value ( = 1 . 28) lies between the 3D Ising ( = 1 . 24) and 3D Heisenberg ( = 1 . 336) models. This reveals that the critical exponents of this half-doped manganite do not correspond to the conventional universality classes. In addition, the results show that the ferromagnetic interaction is of itinerant type.
A Blockchain-Based IoT Terminal Trust Mechanism Management Scheme

Traditional centralized Internet of Things (IoT) management cannot effectively defend against internal attacks from compromised devices due to its own limitations, while distributed IoT node management has certain requirements for the communication environment and resource consumption of the nodes themselves. And the trust authentication of the nodes cannot be easily resolved in a distributed manner. This paper presents a blockchain-based trust management solution. Trust management of nodes based on blockchain also greatly reduces resource consumption. Specifically, the trust value is derived by weighting the historical trust value and the direct trust value, so that the evaluation node does not rely solely on historical trust data to derive its own independent trust evaluation. A separate system node level mechanism exists in the scheme, and the system increases the system node level trust value for the node when this evaluation reaches a trusted level. If this evaluation is malicious, the system node-level trust value for the evaluation is initialized. Security analysis and experiments have shown that this scheme can effectively detect malicious nodes and takes less time.
A novel AC-DC hybrid microgrid architecture and control strategy for electric vehicle swap station

The characteristics of small volume, modularity, and easy expansion in solid-state transformers (SST), which makes SST widely applied in electric vehicle swapping stations. However, due to various loads and pulsed loads, voltage instability and fluctuation problems inevitably occur in electric vehicle swapping stations. Aiming at these problems, a topology structure based on a Modular Multilevel Solid State Transformer (MMC-SST) is proposed. It is the first choice for realizing the flexible power allocation of AC/DC hybrid system and the interconnection of medium and low voltage. The performance of the DC bus voltage of the charging station has been improved. Based on this topology, an energy management strategy with virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control is proposed to smoothly transition the on-grid and off-grid processes of the distributed power source. In addition, due to the frequency regulation is applied in the control system, the energy storage system has damping and inertia when the output of the new energy power generation equipment changes or load fluctuation, reducing the impact on the load energy storage equipment and improving the stability and safety of the electric vehicle charging station system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed topology and its control strategy in different working scenarios are verified by simulation. Simulation analysis shows that the proposed topology has good advantages in DC bus voltage stability, optimization of electric vehicle charging characteristics and load management.
Assessment of central and peripheral accommodative lag by aberrometry

Accommodation lag is important factor for normal vision. Higher lag of accommodation may cause various ocular symptoms particularly during near tasks. In this study, the lag of accommodation was assessed in the peripheral retina and it was compared with the central accommodative lag with aberrometer. In this cross-sectional study, fifty-three young subjects with normal visual acuity and without any active ocular disease or past ocular surgery were included. Aberrations in the central and peripheral field of view up to 30° off axis from the centre in horizontal and vertical meridian in 10° steps were measured with Hartmann-Shack aberrometer with stimulation of accommodation by -2.50D lens. Accommodative stimulus and accommodative response were calculated with defocus and hence accommodative lag was obtained. Accommodative lag in the centre and periphery was compared. Repeated measure of ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in lag of accommodation in various eccentricities (F(8.912, 454.514) = 2.372, p = 0.013). Pairwise test showed that lag in the centre was similar with lag on other peripheral field of view (p > 0.05). However, accommodative lag at 10° nasal field was significantly lower than the lag at 20° temporal, 20° nasal, 30° temporaland 30° nasal (p < 0.05). Similarly, lag at 10° superior fixation was lower than lag at 20° temporal, 20° nasal, 30° temporal and 30° nasal fixations (p < 0.05). We found higher lag of accommodation in horizontal off-axis fixations in comparison to that of vertical off-axis fixations (p < 0.05). Lag of accommodation was positive correlated with vertical coma and primary spherical aberrations but negative correlated with secondary spherical aberrations (p < 0.05). Thus, Hartmann-Shack aberrometer was successfully used to assess accommodative lag in the peripheral field of view up to 60° visual field. Peripheral lag of accommodation depends up on eccentricity. Lag was found higher in horizontal off-axis fixation than at vertical fixations. Coma and spherical aberration had association with lag.