Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPRESS LETTER: Seismic moment tensors of the April 2009, L'Aquila (Central Italy), earthquake sequence

SUMMARY On 2009 April 6, the Central Apennines were hit by an Mw= 6.3 earthquake. The region had been shaken since 2008 October by seismic activity that culminated in two foreshocks with Mw > 4, 1 week and a few hours before the main shock. We computed seismic moment tensors for 26 events with Mw between 3.9 and 6.3, using the Regional Centroid Moment Tensor (RCMT) scheme. Most of these source parameters have been computed within 1 hr after the earthquake and rapidly revised successively. The focal mechanisms are all extensional, with a variable and sometimes significant strike-slip component. This geometry agrees with the NE–SW extensional deformation of the Apennines, known from previous seismic and geodetic observations. Events group into three clusters. Those located in the southern area have larger centroid depths and a wider distribution of T-axis directions. These differences suggest that towards south a different fault system was activated with respect to the SW-dipping normal faults beneath L’Aquila and more to the north.
Online Ride-hailing Demand Prediction Model Based on GRU & LSTM

While online car-hailing provides fast and convenient services, it has the same problems in the process of ‘seeking customers’ as traditional taxis. With the research goal of the demand for online ride-hailing, an online ride-hailing demand forecast model based on G & LSTM is proposed. Firstly, grey relational degree analysis and other methods are used to analyze which and how the relevant factors affect the demand for online car-hailing. Secondly, the demand prediction model of online car-hailing based on GRU&LSTM is trained an adjusted. Through the adjustment and comparison experiment, the values of each parameter in the model are properly adjusted. Finally, based on the running data of Chengdu, the model proposed is verified and evaluated. The experimental results show that the GRU&LSTM prediction model has good prediction effect. By comparing the prediction effect of weighting data and unweighting data, it can be seen that weighted data has better prediction effect.
Forest Fuels Management in Europe

Current fuel management practices vary considerably between European countries. Topography, forest and forest fuel characteristics, size and compartmentalization of forests, forest management practices, land uses, land ownership, size of properties, legislation, and, of course, tradition, are reasons for these differences.Firebreak construction, although not as clearly favored as in the past, is still a prominent fuel management technique. Fuelbreak construction has been adopted quite extensively in the last decades. Fuel treatments along the sides of roads are common. Use of prescribed burning is generally very limited. However, in most countries, shepherds use fire quite extensively, but illegally. Furthermore, stubble burning is a very common type of fire use, which often becomes source of wildfires. Grazing of cattle, sheep and goats is a traditional practice in the wildlands of Mediterranean countries. In spite of many recent social changes, it is still prevalent. Although its effect is often negative, when the carrying capacity of the land is exceeded, it does offer a significant contribution toward controlling fuel accumulation. In some cases animal herds are actively used as means for controlling vegetation re-growth in areas of fuel treatment. This paper is an effort to provide an overview of current fuel management activities in the European countries, mainly those with Mediterranean climate.
Runoff Processes during Snowmelt

During the snowmelt period of 1967, snowmelt runoff from three pastured plots was measured as it moved to the stream channel over the ground surface, through the topsoil, and through the phreatic zone. Because of the presence of a thin layer of concrete frost in the normally porous topsoil, the infiltration capacity of the soil was reduced to a very low value. Almost one half of the meltwater left the plots as overland flow. Discharge rates, total volumes, and timing of this portion of the runoff were strongly controlled by incoming shortwave radiation. The response of subsurface flow to melting was heavily damped by storage and transmission of water in the soil. Combined daily hydrographs of runoff were dominated by overland flow. Comparison of the timing of such hydrographs with concurrent stream channel hydrographs from basins of the Sleepers River Experimental Watershed suggests that overland flow was a major control of the diurnal fluctuations of streamflow. Previous studies in the same area have demonstrated that much of the overland flow contributing to the responsive stream hydrographs of these basins originates on saturated areas of the watershed.
Evaluation of substrate and amendment materials for soil reclamation at a diamond mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Drozdowski, B. L. , Naeth, M. A. and Wilkinson, S. R. 2012. Evaluation of substrate and amendment materials for soil reclamation at a diamond mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 77-88. Mine waste materials with potential for use in soil construction at a diamond mine in the Northwest Territories were evaluated to address physical and chemical limitations for plant establishment, growth and development. Substrates were glacial till, gravel, processed kimberlite, and 50:50 and 25:75 mixes of processed kimberlite and till. Amendments were salvaged topsoil, sewage sludge, inorganic fertilizer and sludge from a water treatment facility. Reclamation soils constructed with these materials were adequate for revegetation. Mixes of processed kimberlite and glacial till enhanced soil structure and diluted adverse concentrations of elements. The original gravel pad, alone or amended, was a suitable substrate for plants. Addition of organic amendments topsoil and sludge, to any substrate, increased organic matter, nutrients and surface water retention. Of amendments evaluated, salvaged topsoil provided the most consistent increase in plant density among substrates. Inorganic fertilizer applied to gravel or till provided results similar to those with topsoil. Sludge had potential to amend mixes of processed kimberlite and till, although results were variable. Sewage was a good source of organic matter, increasing soil water content and macro nutrients. Vegetation response was poor in sewage-amended treatments likely due to combined effects of high copper, molybdenum, phosphorus, selenium, sulphate and zinc.
SIMPOL.1: a simple group contribution method for predicting vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of multifunctional organic compounds

The SIMPOL.1 group contribution method is developed for predicting the liquid vapor pressure p o L (atm) and enthalpy of vaporization Δ H vap (kJ mol -1 ) of organic compounds as functions of temperature ( T ). For each compound i , the method assumes log 10 p o L,i ( T )=∑ k ν k,i b k ( T ) where ν k,i is the number of groups of type k , and b k ( T ) is the contribution to log 10 p o L,i ( T ) by each group of type k . A zeroeth group is included that uses b 0 ( T ) with ν 0,i =1 for all i . A total of 30 structural groups are considered: molecular carbon, alkyl hydroxyl, aromatic hydroxyl, alkyl ether, alkyl ring ether, aromatic ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrate, nitro, alkyl amine (primary, secondary, and tertiary), aromatic amine, amide (primary, secondary, and tertiary), peroxide, hydroperoxide, peroxy acid, C=C, carbonylperoxynitrate, nitro-phenol, nitro-ester, aromatic rings, non-aromatic rings, C=C–C=O in a non-aromatic ring, and carbon on the acid-side of an amide. The T dependence in each of the b k ( T ) is assumed to follow b ( T )= B 1 / T + B 2 + B 3 T + B 4 ln T . Values of the B coefficients are fit using an initial basis set of 272 compounds for which experimentally based functions p o L,i = f i ( T ) are available. The range of vapor pressure considered spans fourteen orders of magnitude. The ability of the initially fitted B coefficients to predict p o L values is examined using a test set of 184 compounds and a T range that is as wide as 273.15 to 393.15 K for some compounds. σ FIT is defined as the average over all points of the absolute value of the difference between experimental and predicted values of log 10 p o L,i ( T ). After consideration of σ FIT for the test set, the initial basis set and test set compounds are combined, and the B coefficients re-optimized. For all compounds and temperatures, σ FIT =0.34: on average, p o L,i ( T ) values are predicted to within a factor of 2. Because d (log 10 p o L,i ( T )) d (1/ T ) is related to the enthalpy of vaporization Δ H vap,i , the fitted B provide predictions of Δ H vap,i based on structure.
Permeability prediction based on fractal pore‐space geometry

Estimating permeability from grain-size distributions or from well logs is attractive but difficult. In this paper we present a new, generally applicable, and relatively inexpensive approach which yields permeability information on the scale of core samples and boreholes. The approach is theoretically based on a fractal model for the internal structure of a porous medium. It yields a general and petrophysically justified relation linking porosity to permeability, which may be calculated either from porosity or from the pore-radius distribution. This general relation can be tuned to the entire spectrum of sandstones, ranging from clean to shaly. The resulting expressions for the different rock types are calibrated to a comprehensive data set of petrophysical and petrographical rock properties measured on 640 sandstone core samples of the Rotliegend Series (Lower Permian) in northeastern Germany. With few modifications, this new straight-forward and petrophysically motivated approach can also be applied to metamorphic and igneous rocks. Permeability calculated with this procedure from industry porosity logs compares very well with permeability measured on sedimentary and metamorphic rock samples.
Decadal variability of hydrography in the upper northern

We investigate the variability of the North Atlantic subarctic gyre in recent decades from time series of station temperature and salinity. Decadal variability stronger at the surface is identified, which exhibits vertical coherence over a layer deeper than the late winter mixed layer. In the northwestern Atlantic, it corresponds to the layer with a component of water from the Arctic Ocean or from the Canadian Arctic. The spatial coherence of the signal is investigated. An empirical orthogonal function decomposition of lagged time series indicates that a single pattern explains 70% of the variance in upper ocean salt content, corresponding to a propagating signal from the west to the northeast in the subarctic gyre. The most likely interpretation is that the salinity signal originates in the slope currents of the Labrador Sea and is diffused/advected eastward of the Grand Banks over the near western Atlantic. In the northwestern Atlantic, temperature fluctuations are strongly correlated to salinity fluctuations and are aligned along the average T-S characteristics. This signal suggests large variations in the outflow of fresh, cold water in the slope current, and is strongly correlated with ice cover. A basin scale atmospheric circulation of weakened westerlies at 55°N, weaker northwesterlies west of Greenland and weaker southerlies over the central and eastern North Atlantic is associated with the high salinity and warm water phase of the first principal component. This circulation pattern leads fluctuations in the northeast Atlantic and lags those in the northwestern part of the basin. The wind indices also suggest that the fluctuations of the fresh water outflow occur during intervals of anomalously northerly winds, either east of Greenland (1965, 1968-1969) or off the Canadian Archipelago (1983-1984).
Rice crop monitoring using X, C and L band SAR data

Rice crop is one of the most important agricultural products in Asia. It is necessary to monitor rice in wide area for the food control and the adjustment of food. This study focuses on the validation for monitoring of rice crop growth and extraction of rice-planted area using the German TerraSAR-X (X-band), ENVISAT-1/ASAR (C-band) and ALOS/PALSAR (L-band). TerraSAR-X is an advanced satellite which is able to observe 1m resolution with single polarization (HH or VV) or 2m resolution with dual polarization (HH/VV) in SpotLight mode. Also ASAR and PALSAR have single and dual polarization mode. Multi-temporal SAR data of each satellite are processed and analyzed to investigate temporal change of SAR backscattering coefficient of rice-planted area during the rice growing cycle with different wavelength, polarization and resolution in the test site of Hiroshima, Japan. Ground truth data are measured simultaneously with satellite observation such as height of plant, vegetation cover and Leaf Area Index (LAI) corresponding to SAR observation, and also the correlation between SAR backscattering coefficient and those parameters of rice crop growing were analyzed. SAR backscatter shows the significant change in early stage of rice growing cycle. Therefore, rice-planted area extraction is conducted with multi-temporal SAR data based on a classification technique using maximum likelihood method (MLC). In conclusion, rice crop growth and rice-planted area extraction can be successfully monitored using multi-temporal and multi-wavelength SAR data.
Outbreak-associated Salmonella enterica Serotypes and Food Commodities, United States, 1998–2008

Salmonella enterica infections are transmitted not only by animal-derived foods but also by vegetables, fruits, and other plant products. To clarify links between Salmonella serotypes and specific foods, we examined the diversity and predominance of food commodities implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis during 1998–2008. More than 80% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Hadar were attributed to eggs or poultry, whereas >50% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Javiana, Litchfield, Mbandaka, Muenchen, Poona, and Senftenberg were attributed to plant commodities. Serotypes Typhimurium and Newport were associated with a wide variety of food commodities. Knowledge about these associations can help guide outbreak investigations and control measures.
Flood Basalts of Vestfjella: Jurassic Magmatism Across an Archaean–Proterozoic Lithospheric Boundary in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

impact on their diagnostic trace element ratios. Much stronger Continental flood basalts (CFBs) of Jurassic age make up the overprint, in the CT1 and CT2 suites, resulted from contamination Vestfjella mountains of western Dronning Maud Land and demwith veined Archaean lithospheric mantle, which produced wide onstrate an Antarctic extension of the Karoo large igneous province. ranges of isotopic and highly incompatible element ratios. CT3, in A detailed geochemical study of the 120-km-long Vestfjella range turn, does not show evidence of interaction with the Proterozoic shows the CFB suite to consist mainly of three intercalated basaltic lithospheric mantle. The highNd endmembers of CT1, CT2 rock types designated CT1, CT2 and CT3 (chemical types 1, 2 and CT3 probably closely resemble uncontaminated mantle-derived and 3) that exhibit different incompatible trace element ratios. CT1 magmas and indicate three different mantle sources. The CT2 and CT2 of north Vestfjella record wide ranges of Nd and Sr primary magmas were derived from light rare earth element (LREE)isotopic compositions with initial Nd and Sr ranging from +7·6 depleted, slightly large ion lithophile element (LILE)-enriched to −16·0 and −16 to +65, respectively. The southern Vestfjella sources, whereas data on the volumetrically preponderant CT1 and is dominated by CT3 with near-chondritic Nd (+2·0 to −4·1) CT3 point to variably LREE-enriched, strongly LILE-enriched and Sr (−11 to +19). A volumetrically minor suite of ocean sources. The sources of CT1, CT2 and CT3 may record largeisland basalt (OIB-)like CT4 dykes ( Nd +3·6, Sr +1) cuts scale lateral heterogeneity generated by subduction-contamination of the lava sequence in north Vestfjella. The pronounced isotopic the Gondwanan upper mantle. The OIB-like CT4 dykes probably differences suggest different magmatic plumbing systems for the reflect asthenospheric heterogeneities that were unrelated to the heterogeneous CT1 and CT2 suites and the relatively homogeneous proposed subduction-contamination. CT3 lavas. This is further supported by the palaeoflow directions, which point to major source regions to the north (CT1 and CT2) and east (CT3) of Vestfjella. These source regions can be associated with two contemporaneous major lithospheric thinning zones that
The Effect of Change in Vegetation Cover and Erosion Patterns on Albedo and Texture of Landsat Images in a Semiarid Environment

Abstract This study examines the relationship between changes in vegetation cover and surface erosion in a semiarid environment and changes in albedo and texture estimates made from Landsat Multispectral Scanner digital images. Albedo emerges as the single most important indicator of change in vegetation cover, though the addition of texture measures assists in the distinction between surface classes that exhibit similar albedo. Texture measures appear to provide further information on the condition of surfaces, whereas albedo change indicates relative increase or decrease in vegetation amount. Analysis of high-frequency components of albedo variation indicates that directional and size biases in vegetation and erosion patterns are important in identifying changes in the distribution of vegetation amount and that these biases further affect image texture related to the development of erosion patterns. As expected, physical explanations of the relationship between changes in erosion patterns and temporal c.
Midstratospheric ozone variability over Bern related to planetary wave activity during the winters 1994–1995 to 1998–1999

Since November 1994, continuous observations of the stratospheric and mesospheric ozone volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles over Bern (46.95 N, 7.45 E), Switzerland, are per- formed using the Ground-based Millimeter-Wave Ozone Spectrometer (GROMOS), an instrument of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change. We report on large episodic perturbations of the midstratospheric ( - km) ozone VMR values observed during the winters 1994-1995 through 1998-1999. Backward trajectory calculations show that the observed episodes are coin- cident with periods of enhanced meridional transport. Representations of the isentropic potential vorticity field indicate that this transport goes along with significant deformations and southward excursions of the polar vortex in association with strong planetary wave activity. Along the eastern edge of the distorted vortex, northward advection of subtropical air leads to anomalously high ozone VMR values in the midlatitudes middle stratosphere, whereas the passage of polar vortex air over Bern leads to midstratospheric ozone minima. Besides a comprehensive analysis of all extreme episodes detected between November 1994 and June 1999, details are presented for one specific episode. For another episode the influence of photochemical processes is investigated, and it is found that photochemistry acts to damp (rather than to enhance) the effects of planetary- wave-driven meridional transport. It is concluded that the extreme ozone episodes observed over Bern during winter are primarily a dynamical feature, their amplitude being determined by the meridional ozone VMR gradient rather than by photochemical processes.
Columnar joint morphology and cooling rate: A starch‐water mixture experiment

[1] An analogue experiment using a starch-water mixture has been carried out in order to understand the effect of cooling rate on the morphological characteristics of a basalt columnar joint. If the contraction of material is essential for the formation of columnar joint structure, the water loss rate by desiccation (hereafter referred to as desiccation rate) in the experiment is analogous to the cooling rate in solidifying basalt. In the experiment the desiccation rate is controlled by varying the distance between the starch-water mixture and a lamp used as the heat source. We find that there are three regimes in the relation between joint formation and desiccation rate: (1) At desiccation rates higher than ∼1.4 × 10−2 (g cm−2 h−1) (normal columnar joint regime), the average cross-sectional area S of a column is inversely proportional to the average desiccation rate, 〈〉 (i.e., S ∝ 〈〉−δ, with δ = 1). (2) Between that desiccation rate and a critical desiccation rate, 0.8 × 10−2 (g/cm2h), S approaches infinity as 〈〉 decreases close to a critical desiccation rate (i.e., exponent δ monotonically increases from unity to infinity) (critical regime). (3) Below the critical desiccation rate, no columnar structure forms (no columnar joint regime forms). Applying the present experimental result to the formation of basalt column, the basalt columnar cross-sectional area is inversely proportional to the cooling rate with factors including elasticity, crack growth coefficient, thermal expansion, glass transition temperature, and crack density ratio at stress maximum. Also, it can be predicted that there exists a critical cooling rate below which the columnar joint does not form; the presence of a critical regime between the normal columnar jointing and no columnar jointing during a certain cooling rate range can also be predicted. We find that at higher cooling rate the preferred column shape is a pentagon, whereas at lower cooling rate it is a hexagon.
Geology and petrochemistry of weakly metamorphosed rocks in the upper Wakatipu district, southern New Zealand

Abstract The area near the head of Lake Wakatipu lies between the Livingstone Fault to the west, and the Otago Schist terrane to the east. The area is divided into three major tectonic slices or subareas by north-striking faults. A eastward-younging sequence of Caples Group strata in the western-subarea is subdivided into four informal units consisting predominantly of volcanogenic sediments, feldspathic sandstone, tuff and tuffaceous sandstone, and grey sandstone and slate respectively. The Greenstone Ultramafite Belt, which separates the western subarea from the middle subarea, is interpreted as a tectonic melange of serpentinite, metagabbro, mafic volcanic and meta-sedimentary rocks. The synclinal Bold Peak unit, predominantly rhythmically alternating green sandstone and slate, occupies the middle subarea and is separated by an important inferred fault, the West Wakatipu Fault, from the eastern subarea which represents the western limit of the Haast Schist of Central Otago. Five metamorphic zones are r.
Space-borne radar interferometric mapping of precursory deformations of a dyke collapse, Dead Sea area, Jordan

Satellite radar interferometry provides a technique to monitor a zone involving active salt tectonic phenomena. We detected movements in the Dead Sea area between 1993 and 1999. These preceded the catastrophic collapse (22 March 2000) of a newly built 12 km dyke belonging to the industrial salt evaporation ponds of the Arab Potash Company. Eighteen other dykes are present and still operational in this area of complex seismotectonic and hydrogeological settings. We used differential Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry (DInSAR) to investigate precursory deformations. Analysis of data shows that the collapsed area and its surroundings were in active subsidence at least 7 years before the event (maximum 44 mm in slant range from 16 December 1995 to 11 October 1997). This case emphasizes DInSAR as a tool suitable to identify deformations in such sensitive areas. It should be used at the stage of pre-feasibility studies of major projects and later in their stability monitoring, when required conditions of application are met.