Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gamma/Delta T-cell Lymphoma as a Recurrent Complication after Transplantation

We present a case of gamma-delta (γδ) T-cell lymphoma as a recurrent event in a pediatric liver transplant recipient. Liver transplantation was performed during infancy in an 18-month-old black girl because of cryptogenic cirrhosis. The patient received immunosuppression with cyclosporine and prednisone. Five years after transplantation, the patient was found to have a γδ T-cell lymphoma located in retroperitoneal nodes. She received chemotherapy and did well, remaining disease-free for 6 years. She remained only on prednisone for prevention of graft rejection, but was noted to have a non-tender skin nodule that upon biopsy proved to be again a γδ T-cell lymphoma. However, comparison of tissue from both tumors revealed that the second occurrence of this malignancy was a de novo event, differing from the first by immunophenotypic and immunohistochemical characteristics, and TCR rearrangement. The patient continues to do well, without evidence of disease recurrence, after being treated again with chemotherapy. A summary of the literature is presented and comparison of our case is made.
SECURING MACHINE LEARNING CLASSIFIERS WITH INPUT HASHING RE-WEIGHT STRATEGY

Adversarial machine learning resides at the intersection of machine learning and computer security. Originally, machine learning techniques were designed for environments that do not assume the presence of an adversary. However, in the presence of intelligent adversaries, this working hypothesis is likely to be violated to at least to some degree, depending on the skillset of an adversary. A skilful adversary can carefully manipulate the input data exploiting specific vulnerabilities of learning algorithms. This results in misclassification of malicious instances, which may compromise the whole system security. For example, by carefully modifying values of features with largest weight without changing the outcome of malicious packet, an adversary may trick an intrusion detection system to allow malicious packet into the network. Solutions presented in research studies by other authors consider the classifier protection using re-weight strategies; typically, this results in compromise between accuracy and robustness. Unlike those, the research presented in this paper deals with a re-weight strategy based on hashing all the numeric features without classification accuracy degradation. System becomes robust as feature weights are even and avalanche effect makes virtually impossible for an attacker to modify the input data and trick the learner into misclassification. Research hypotheses are experimentally validated on custom intrusion detection dataset consisting of numeric features.
The Internet Goes to College

Summary of Findings College students are early adopters and heavy users of the Internet College students are heavy users of the Internet compared to the general population. Use of the Internet is a part of college students’ daily routine, in part because they have grown up with computers. It is integrated into their daily communication habits and has become a technology as ordinary as the telephone or television. One-fifth (20%) of today’s college students began using computers between the ages of 5 and 8. By the time they were 16 to 18 years old all of today’s current college students had begun using computers – and the Internet was a commonplace in the world in which they lived. Eighty-six percent of college students have gone online, compared with 59% of the general population. College students are frequently looking for email, with 72% checking email at least once a day. About half (49%) first began using the Internet in college; half (47%) first began using it at home before they arrived at college. The great majority (85%) of college students own their own computer, and two-thirds (66%) use at least two email addresses. Seventy-eight percent of college Internet users say that at one time or another they have gone online just to browse for fun, compared to 64% of all Internet users. College Internet users are twice as likely to have ever downloaded music files when compared to all Internet users: 60% of college Internet users have done so compared to 28% of the overall population. College Internet users are twice as likely to use instant messaging on any given day compared to the average Internet user. On a typical day, 26% of college students use IM; 12% of other Internet users are using IM on an average day.
Evidence for mesothermy in dinosaurs

Not too fast, not too slow, somewhere in between In early depictions, dinosaurs lumbered slowly, dragging their tails. More recently, we have imagined them lifting their tails and running. The question boils down to whether dinosaurs had energetic systems closer to those of rapidly metabolizing mammals and birds, or to those of slower reptiles that do not internally regulate their body temperature. However, determining the metabolic rate of extinct organisms is no easy task. Grady et al. analyzed a huge data set on growth rate in both extinct and living species, using a method that considers body temperature and body size. Dinosaur metabolism seems to have been neither fast nor slow, but somewhere in the middle—so, dinosaurs did not fully regulate their internal temperature but they were also not entirely at the whim of the environment; neither slow goliaths nor supercharged reptiles. Science, this issue p. 1268 Analysis of animal growth energetics indicates that dinosaurs had intermediate metabolic rates and elevated but labile temperatures. Were dinosaurs ectotherms or fast-metabolizing endotherms whose activities were unconstrained by temperature? To date, some of the strongest evidence for endothermy comes from the rapid growth rates derived from the analysis of fossil bones. However, these studies are constrained by a lack of comparative data and an appropriate energetic framework. Here we compile data on ontogenetic growth for extant and fossil vertebrates, including all major dinosaur clades. Using a metabolic scaling approach, we find that growth and metabolic rates follow theoretical predictions across clades, although some groups deviate. Moreover, when the effects of size and temperature are considered, dinosaur metabolic rates were intermediate to those of endotherms and ectotherms and closest to those of extant mesotherms. Our results suggest that the modern dichotomy of endothermic versus ectothermic is overly simplistic.
The Changing Role of Radiation in the Post-TME ERA of Rectal Cancer

Total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer is now considered standard in the surgical treatment of rectal cancer. The application of this technique has resulted in a pooled pelvic recurrence rate of approximately 7%. Preopera- tive and postoperative radiation further decreases the local regional recurrence (LRR) rate in patients with rectal cancer but the reduction in risk is counterbalanced by increased short and long term toxicity. Lower LRR rates have not uni- formly translated into more favorable overall survival. In addition, advances in imaging have resulted in more accurate pretreatment staging and have improved the ability to stratify patients based on risk of recurrence. Given low pelvic recur- rence rates after TME-based surgery alone, the risks and toxicities of pelvic radiation, and superior imaging to select high risk patients, radiation may not be requisite in the treatment of all rectal cancer patients. In this review, we discuss the cur- rent status of radiation and LRR rates in rectal cancer after definitive surgical resection with respect to specific subsites and stages of disease, examine the impact of imaging in the selection of patients for radiation, and raise the possibility that predictive biomarkers may help to identify patients who may not require pelvic radiation.
Planning and Saving for Retirement

There are vast differences in wealth holdings, even among households in similar age groups. In addition, a large percentage of U.S. households arrive close to retirement with little or no wealth. While many explanations can be found to rationalize these facts, approximately thirty percent of households whose head is close to retirement have done little or no planning for retirement. Planning is shaped by the experience of other individuals: individuals learn to plan for retirement from older siblings. They also learn from the experience of old parents. In particular, unpleasant events, such as financial difficulties and health shocks at the end of life, provide incentives toward planning. In addition, planning affects wealth levels as well as portfolio choice. Individuals who plan are more likely to hold large amounts of wealth and to invest their wealth holdings in high return assets, such as stocks. Thus, planning plays an important role in explaining the saving behavior of many households.
Comparative effects of different animal and vegetable fats fed before and during carcinogen administration on mammary tumorigenesis, sexual maturation, and endocrine function in rats.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether diets high in animal or vegetable fat affected mammary tumorigenesis when fed to rats only prior to and during the initiation phase of carcinogenesis. Weanling 21-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into different dietary treatment groups and were allowed to feed and libitum on one of the following diets: 5% (normal fat) corn oil; 20% (high fat) corn oil; 20% palm oil; 20% beef tallow; or 20% lard. At 52 days of age, all rats were given p.o. 7.5 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). One week following DMBA administration, all rats were switched to the 5% corn oil control diet and were maintained on this diet for the duration of the experiment. Rats fed a 20% lard diet during the treatment period showed a significant increase in mammary tumor incidence and number 19 weeks after DMBA administration, when compared to all other dietary treatment groups. Rats fed a 20% beef tallow diet during this same time period also demonstrated enhanced mammary tumor development, during the 10- to 19-week time period after DMBA. Mammary tumor development in rats fed 20% corn oil or palm oil diets during this treatment period was similar to that of normal fat controls. Estrogens are potent stimulators of mammary tumor growth and development in rats. Because mammary tumorigenesis was enhanced in rats fed high animal, but not vegetable fat diets, it was possible that estrogens present in animal fat might be responsible for this stimulation. Further studies demonstrated however, that increased mammary tumorigenesis in rats fed diets high in animal fat could not be explained on the basis of endocrine stimulation. Average day of vaginal opening for all groups fed 20% fat diets was similar and occurred earlier than in normal fat controls. In addition, 50- to 65-day-old rats in the different dietary treatment groups showed no differences in basal or surge levels of serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, or estradiol. Rat diestrus uterine weight also showed no significant differences among dietary treatment groups. Thus diets containing high levels of animal fat caused little if any increased estrogenic activity in rats. In conclusion, high dietary intake of lard and beef tallow, but not vegetable fat, fed from weaning until only 1 week after DMBA administration, significantly enhances mammary tumorigenesis in rats. The mechanism(s) by which animal fat induces this stimulation is not clear, but it does not appear to result from endogenous or exogenous endocrine stimulation.
BIRA With Optimal Repair Rate Using Fault-Free Memory Region for Area Reduction

As manufacturing process technology scales down, memory capacity and density continue to grow. As the number of memory cells per area increases, so does the possibility of having defects in the memory cells. Therefore, built-in redundancy analysis (BIRA) is widely used for memory test and repair. BIRA repairs faulty cells by replacing them with healthy spare cells. To perform BIRA, the faulty memory cell information is required and is collected via a memory test. By using the faulty cell information, BIRA can analyze and perform the repair by assigning spares to defective cells. However, it requires extra hardware to store the faulty cell information. Most conventional BIRA approaches utilize content-addressable memories (CAMs) to store faulty cell information. Owing to the CAMs’ fast access speed, the repair time can be reduced. However, CAMs are the critical source of an area overhead for BIRA, and a CAM could be shared across multiple memory banks. The shared structure limits simultaneous repair operations for the banks, and when the CAM is faulty, the conventional CAM-based BIRA cannot be performed. This paper proposes a new BIRA method, which does not require extra memory and instead utilizes a fault-free memory region to store the faulty cell information. Because extra memory is not required in the proposed BIRA method, the area overhead is decreased. The proposed hierarchical repair algorithm thus helps to reduce the analysis time, while achieving optimal normalized repair rate.
Conjugation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 430 CELL TYPE CONTROL 43 1 PHEROMONE INDUCTION OF GENE EXPRESSION 433 PHEROMONES 436 IX-Pheromone 436 a-Pheromone . 437 RECEpTORS . 438 Inducible Responses . 438 STE2 and STE3 Encode the Receptors 438 Relation of Receptor Properties to Cell Behavior 439 G Protein Involvement 440 DIVISION ARREST 441 Cells Mate in GI . 44 1 Mechanism o f Division Arrest 443 Recovery from Division Arrest 443 AGGLUTINATION 444 Complementarity 444 Physiological Role . 444 Regulation . 44S Structure 445 CELL FUSION 446 Pathway. 446 Site Selection 446 Projection Formation vs Fusion 446
Occupation and the Prevalence of Respiratory Health Symptoms and Conditions: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Objectives: To examine associations between occupation and respiratory health in a large, population-based cohort of adults in the United States. Methods: Data from 15,273 participants, aged 45 to 64 years, in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study were used to examine associations of current or most recent job held with the prevalence of self-reported chronic cough, chronic bronchitis, wheezing, asthma, and measures of lung function collected by spirometry. Results: Eleven percent of participants reported wheezing and 9% were classified as having airway obstruction. Compared with individuals in managerial and administrative jobs, increased prevalences of respiratory outcomes were observed among participants in selected occupations, including construction and extractive trades (wheezing, prevalence ratio = 1.92, 95% confidence interval = 1.35, 2.73; airway obstruction, prevalence ratio = 1.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.05, 1.65). Conclusions: Specific occupations are associated with adverse respiratory health.
Emotion: clues from the brain.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 209 NEURAL BASIS OF EMOTION . 210 Neural Basis of Fear . 210 Neural Pathways Mediating Fear Conditioning . 211 Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Fear Conditioning , 216 Extinction of Conditioned Fear 219 Conditioned Fear and Instrumental Action (Coping) 220 Fear Conditioning; Conclusions . 221 Relation of the Neural Basis of Fear to Other Emotions . 222 IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEURAL BASIS OF FEAR FOR UNDERSTANDING EMOTION 223 Cognitive-Emotional Interactions . 223 Conscious versus Unconscious Processes in Emotion . 227 Volitional Control of Emotion . 227 Psychopathological Issues . 228 CONCLUSIONS . 230
Effects of Treatment Type on Alcohol Consumption Partially Mediated by Alcoholics Anonymous Attendance

ABSTRACT Background: As insurance coverage, funding sources and venues for drug and alcohol treatment evolve in the United States, it is important to assess how the type of treatment received may impact long-term outcomes. The current study aims were to examine effects of treatment type on alcohol consumption in the year after treatment intake and to test mediators of effects of treatment type on later alcohol use. Methods: Longitudinal data from clients in inpatient and outpatient alcohol treatment programs in California (n = 560) were used in ordinary least squares path analysis adjusting for respondent characteristics typically associated with both treatment completion and alcohol use. The primary outcome was amount of alcohol consumed in the 12 months after treatment entry; hypothesized mediators were treatment duration and participation in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Results: Despite higher baseline problem severity and a shorter treatment duration, inpatient clients consumed less alcohol after treatment than outpatient clients (B [95% CI] = −0.95 [−1.67, −0.23]). AA involvement was a significant mediator of the relationship between treatment type and alcohol consumption, with inpatient clients being more involved in AA and also drinking less after treatment than outpatient clients; the bias-corrected bootstrap 95% confidence interval for the indirect effect (B = −0.20) was entirely below zero (−0.43 to −0.05). Conclusions: Outpatient clients may benefit from customized posttreatment recommendations to identify additional resources to assist in the recovery process during the first year after treatment.
Sulpiride augmentation in people with schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine

Background We hypothesised that a combined regimen of clozapine, a relatively weak D2-dopaminergic antagonist, and sulpiride, a selective D2 blocker, would demonstrate a greater antipsychotic efficacy by enhancing the D2 blockade of clozapine. Method Twenty-eight people with schizophrenia, previously unresponsive to typical antipsychotics and only partially responsive to current treatment with clozapine, received, double-blind, 600 mg/day sulpiride or placebo, in addition to an ongoing clozapine treatment. The clinical status was evaluated before, during, and at the end of 10 weeks of sulpiride addition using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Results The clozapine–sulpiride group exhibited substantially greater and significant improvements in positive and negative psychotic symptoms. About half of them, characterised by a younger age and lower baseline SAPS scores, had a mean reduction of 42.4 and 50.4% in their BPRS and SAPS scores, respectively. Conclusions A subgroup of patients with chronic schizophrenia may substantially benefit from sulpiride addition to clozapine.
The Joint Influence of Evaluation Mode and Benchmark Signal on Environmental Accounting-Relevant Decisions

Abstract The assessment of environmental alternatives occurs in one of two evaluation modes: joint (JE) or separate (SE) evaluation. This study explores the combined influence of evaluation mode and the attractiveness of environmental alternatives on decisions based on non-financial environmental accounting information. General Evaluability Theory [GET; Hsee, C. K. , and J. A. Zhang. 2010. “General Evaluability Theory. ” Perspectives on Psychological Science 5: 343–355] predicts greater decision dependence on benchmark performance signals received in SE than JE mode. However, GET is silent on the influence of the alternatives’ attractiveness on evaluations, e.g. when available environmental alternatives all perform either superior or inferior to a benchmark case. To address this condition, we propose supplementing GET with the ‘negativity bias’, which predicts that negative signals (e.g. worse than benchmark values) receive more decision weight compared to positive signals (e.g. better than benchmark values) [Rozin, P., and E. B. Royzman. 2001. “Negativity Bias, Negativity Dominance, and Contagion. ” Personality and Social Psychology Review 5 (4): 296–320]. Accordingly, this study's experiment (n = 77) manipulated evaluation mode (between-participants; JE/SE) and the alternatives’ performances relative to a benchmark (within-participants; available alternatives all better, or worse, than benchmark). Participants made investment allocations (as a proxy for performance ratings) to available factories based on factory environmental accounting performance. Participants invested less (more) in factories when factory performance was inferior (superior) to benchmarks. However, consistent with a combined GET and negativity bias prediction, this difference was more (less) pronounced in SE (JE) mode. Overall, results suggest that joining GET with a negativity bias accurately captures the joint influences of evaluation mode and benchmark signals on decisions based upon environmental accounting information. Further, decision-makers seem to adopt an asymmetric decision heuristic in evaluating environmental accounting information. Specifically, they avoid increasing decision weight on bad environmental performance information in JE compared to SE mode, but decision weights are indifferent across evaluation mode for good environmental performance information.
Improvement in a lazy context: an operational theory for call-by-need

The standard implementation technique for lazy functional languages is call-by-need, which ensures that an argument to a function in any given call is evaluated at most once. A significant problem with call-by-need is that it is difficult -- even for compiler writers -- to predict the effects of program transformations. The traditional theories for lazy functional languages are based on call-by-name models, and offer no help in determining which transformations do indeed optimize a program.In this article we present an operational theory for call-by-need, based upon an improvement ordering on programs: M is improved by N if in all program-contexts C, when C[M] terminates then C[N] terminates at least as cheaply.We show that this improvement relation satisfies a "context lemma", and supports a rich inequational theory, subsuming the call-by-need lambda calculi of Ariola et al. [AFM+95]. The reduction-based call-by-need calculi are inadequate as a theory of lazy-program transformation since they only permit transformations which speed up programs by at most a constant factor (a claim we substantiate); we go beyond the various reduction-based calculi for call-by-need by providing powerful proof rules for recursion, including syntactic continuity -- the basis of fixed-point-induction style reasoning, and an improvement theorem, suitable for arguing the correctness and safety of recursion-based program transformations.
Smoothing depth maps for improved steroscopic image quality

A technique to improve the image quality of stereoscopic pictures generated from depth maps (depth image based rendering or DIBR) is examined. In general, there are two fundamental problems with DIBR: a depth map could contain artifacts (e.g., noise or "blockiness") and there is no explicit information on how to render newly exposed regions ("holes") in the rendered image as a result of new virtual camera positions. We hypothesized that smoothing depth maps before rendering will not only minimize the effects of noise and distortions in the depth maps but will also reduce areas of newly exposed regions where potential artifacts can arise. A formal subjective assessment of four stereoscopic sequences of natural scenes was conducted with 23 viewers. The stereoscopic sequences consisted of source images for the left-eye view and rendered images for the right-eye view. The depth maps were smoothed with a Gaussian blur filter at different levels of strength before depth image based rendering. Results indicated that ratings of perceived image quality improved with increasing levels of smoothing of the depth maps. Even though the depth maps were smoothed, a negative effect on ratings of overall perceived depth quality was not found.