Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diurnal Temperature Change in the Atmosphere between 30 and 60 km Over White Sands Missile Range

Abstract Diurnal temperature variations between 30 and 60 km have been determined in a series of eleven meteorological rocket soundings from 0400 MST 7 February 1964 through 0205 MST 8 February 1964 over White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. The soundings were spaced at 2-hour intervals and temperatures were measured with thermistor type instrumentation suspended on a parachute. Minimum temperatures were recorded near 0400 to 0600 MST and maximum temperatures occurred about 1400 MST. The temperature range decreased from near 20C at 55 km to 15C at 45 km and to near 5C at 35 km. Significant non-diurnal heating was also present. Additional sets of temperature soundings made at 1400 and 1600 MST on 21 November 1964 and 0400 and 0600 MST on the 22nd over White Sands Missile Range were available for comparison. These soundings indicated a day to night variation of 15C from 63 km down to 55 km with marked dampening of variation thereafter. The November soundings may not represent the entire diurnal range since.
The Hopf Bifurcation for a Predator-Prey System with -Logistic Growth and Prey Refuge

The Hopf bifurcation for a predator-prey system with -logistic growth and prey refuge is studied. It is shown that the ODEs undergo a Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium when the prey refuge rate or the index- passed through some critical values. Time delay could be considered as a bifurcation parameter for DDEs, and using the normal form theory and the center manifold reduction, explicit formulae are derived to determine the direction of bifurcations and the stability and other properties of bifurcating periodic solutions. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the main results.
Multiple-band reflective polarization converter using U-shaped metamaterial

A multiple-band metamaterial reflective polarization converter (RPC) is proposed, which is composed of the dielectric substrate sandwiched with U-shaped metallic patterns and continuous metal film. The proposed U-shaped metamaterial RPC (UMM-RPC) can convert a linearly polarized wave to its cross polarized wave at the three resonant frequencies, which also can convert the linearly polarized wave to circularly polarized wave at other three resonant frequencies. Furthermore, the proposed UMM-RPC can maintain the same conversional direction at the three resonant frequencies when incident on a circularly polarized wave. The simulated and measured results are in agreement in the entire frequency range, and the polarization conversion ratio is over 90% for both linear and circular polarizations. The surface current distributions of the UMM-RPC are discussed to look into the physical mechanism. The proposed UMM-RPC has simple geometry but more operating frequency bands compared to the previous designs and can be used in applications such as antenna radome, remote sensors, and radiometer.
Facilitators and barriers of community reintegration among individuals with stroke: a scoping review

Abstract Purpose This scoping review attempts to identify the factors influencing community reintegration (CR) among individuals with stroke and classify them as facilitators and barriers. Methods A thorough search was run through PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, ProQuest, EMBASE, CINHAL, and PEDRO for studies published from 2014 to August 2021. The review was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The retrieved articles were screened for title and abstract using the Rayyan QCRI software. The quality of the included studies was determined using National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) tool. Results Of the 1466 studies retrieved, 14 that included 1383 stroke individuals fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were selected for review. Based on the scores obtained on the NIH tool for quality assessment, the methodological quality of 6 studies was found to be good, and remaining 8 were fair. Individuals with better motor function, good balance, greater functional independence and quality of life, optimal support from the family and community, longer post-stroke duration, higher levels of education, and employment had higher CR and hence were facilitators of CR. Older age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, severe stroke, impaired cognition, depression, falls, gait impairments, and use of assistive devices were identified as barriers to CR. Conclusion The review identified factors that were either facilitators or barriers to CR. A multidisciplinary rehabilitation addressing modifiable facilitators and barriers such as motor function, balance, fear of fall, functional dependence, depression, comorbidities, and impaired cognition is necessary to improve CR in stroke survivors.
Virial theorem in general relativity. Consequences for stability of spherical symmetry

A theoretical formula analogous to the classical virial theorem is developed in general relativity. It depends on quantities defined as kinetic energy, gravitational energy, and inertial momentum. We test our formalism by an attempt to recover known results for global stability of spheres of perfect fluids. There is no limitation on the strength of the gravitational field but only on the perturbation of the equilibrium of the fluid.
Structure-functional property relationships in rf-sputtered vanadium dioxide thin films

The study of metal-insulator transition (MIT) in VO2 thin films synthesized by means of rf sputtering from a VO2 target is presented. A comparison with conventional reactive sputtering from a V target is also given. Detailed x-ray diffraction analysis, electrical resistance switching, and infrared optical reflectance measurements confirm that our sputtering technique yields high-quality VO2 films. We discuss in depth how synthesis conditions affect MIT parameters derived from temperature dependence of electrical resistance. Sharp MIT is observed in films sputtered on technologically important Si substrates. The choice of Si (or sapphire) substrates results in the transition temperature above (below) the values obtained for single VO2 crystals. The MIT becomes narrower and stronger in thinner films. This is consistent with the assumption that the increased width of the MIT in thin films with respect to single crystals is the result of averaging of the transition parameters over a distribution of crystallit.
AN IMPROVED RANDOM WALK SEGMENTATION ON THE LUNG NODULES

In this paper, we proposed a semi-automatic technique with a marker indicating the target to locate and segment nodules. For the lung nodule detection, we develop a Gabor texture feature by FCM (Fuzzy C Means) segmentation. Given a marker indicating a rough location of the nodules, a decision process is followed by applying an ellipse fitting algorithm. From the ellipse mask, the foreground and background seeds for the random walk segmentation can be automatically obtained. Finally, the edge of the nodules is obtained by the random walk algorithm. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are evaluated with the various types of the nodules to identify the edges, so that it can be used to locate the nodule edge and its growth rate.
Early adulthood housing transitions in Amsterdam: Understanding dependence and independence between generations

Abstract The housing context has a profound influence on how different generations within families negotiate dependence and independence. This article investigates the nature of intergenerational relations during early adulthood housing transitions. We consider an original dataset of qualitative interviews with young adults and their parents living in and around Amsterdam, where recent housing market liberalisation is challenging home‐leaving norms. We find that while strong norms regarding early home‐leaving and independence persist, market conditions prompt significant intergenerational support to sustain this “independence. ” Support for renting and homeownership are part of different intergenerational dynamics. The first marks a process of easing into adulthood, whereas the latter solidifies new sets of relationships between fully adult generations supporting one another on equal terms. Despite professed individualization in Western European societies, the analysis of early adulthood housing transitions show that intergenerational dependencies can emerge in specific housing markets, requiring creative approaches to support young adult autonomy.
Lattice animals and percolation

A brief analysis is undertaken of the statistics of lattice animals (connected clusters) of n cells, and the results are applied to the site percolation problem. Recent proposals by Stauffer (1975) and Leath (1976) are examined, and an alternative interpretation is offered of the relation between percolation critical exponents and cluster statistics.
Our time with the druids: What (and how) we can recuperate from our obsession with segmental hierarchies and other “tree structures”

Linguistic structure has modeled musical structure since the Middle Ages. Recent examples are Nattiez's distributional analysis and Lerdahl and Jackendoff's formal generative theory. Overall, this research has misconstrued music in characterizing music generally as a combination of distinct units. Phenomenologically, we may encounter music as a continuum and/or as a combinational series. This is a salient, non-trivial difference between music and speech, one which ought to be reflected by differences between linguistic and musical theory. The capacity of music to appear continuous is an essential possibility of the medium and of the structures which the medium supports. The musical realization of balance and tension between continuity and segmental articulation is modulated by stylistic options and demands its own structural description. (And for these, tree diagrams are particularly inapt). Some historical concepts, practices and theories in music elaborate pertinent representations for the continuity of.
Realistic simulation of breast mass appearance using random walk

The aim of the present work was to develop a method for simulating breast lesions in digital mammographic images. Based on the visual appearance of real masses, three dimensional masses were created using a 3D random walk method where the choice of parameters (number of walks and number of steps) enables one to control the appearance of the simulated structure. This work is the first occasion that the random walk results have been combined with a model of digital mammographic imaging systems. This model takes into account appropriate physical image acquisition processes representing a particular digital X-ray mammography system. The X-ray spectrum, local glandularity above the insertion site and scatter were all taken account during the insertion procedure. A preliminary observer study was used to validate the realism of the masses. Seven expert readers each viewed 60 full field mammograms and rated the realism of the masses they contained. Half of the images contained real, histologically-confirmed masses, and half contained simulated lesions. The ROC analysis of the study (average AUC of 0.58±0.06) suggests that, on the average, there is evidence that the radiologists could distinguish, somewhat, between real and simulated masses.
Enhancement of Dye Fluorescence by Gold Nanoparticles: Analysis of Particle Size Dependence

Rose Bengal was spun on spherical gold nanoparticles immobilized on a quartz plate by a silane coupling agent. The enhancement of the dye fluorescence was studied by changing the diameter of the gold nanoparticles from 20 to 250 nm. A maximum enhancement of dye fluorescence was observed at a size of 100 nm. We found good agreement between the experimental result and the theoretical calculation. From the theoretical analysis it is suggested that the maximum enhancement is obtained when the incident light and fluorescence light are in optimum resonance with the surface plasmons in the gold nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that the control of particle size is extremely important to obtain an optimum enhancement of dye fluorescence caused by metal particles.
iCanClean Improves Independent Component Analysis of Mobile Brain Imaging with EEG

Motion artifacts hinder source-level analysis of mobile electroencephalography (EEG) data using independent component analysis (ICA). iCanClean is a novel cleaning algorithm that uses reference noise recordings to remove noisy EEG subspaces, but it has not been formally tested in a parameter sweep. The goal of this study was to test iCanClean’s ability to improve the ICA decomposition of EEG data corrupted by walking motion artifacts. Our primary objective was to determine optimal settings and performance in a parameter sweep (varying the window length and r2 cleaning aggressiveness). High-density EEG was recorded with 120 + 120 (dual-layer) EEG electrodes in young adults, high-functioning older adults, and low-functioning older adults. EEG data were decomposed by ICA after basic preprocessing and iCanClean. Components well-localized as dipoles (residual variance < 15%) and with high brain probability (ICLabel > 50%) were marked as ‘good’. We determined iCanClean’s optimal window length and cleaning aggressiveness to be 4-s and r2 = 0.65 for our data. At these settings, iCanClean improved the average number of good components from 8.4 to 13.2 (+57%). Good performance could be maintained with reduced sets of noise channels (12.7, 12.2, and 12.0 good components for 64, 32, and 16 noise channels, respectively). Overall, iCanClean shows promise as an effective method to clean mobile EEG data.
Comparative study of Jc‐H characteristics for silver‐sheathed superconducting Bi(2:2:1:2) and Bi(2:2:2:3) tapes

Critical current densities Jc of silver sheathed Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 and Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 composite tapes fabricated by a partial melt and a powder‐in‐tube process, respectively, were measured at 4.2, 27, and 64 K as a function of applied magnetic field and the angle between the tape face and the direction of applied magnetic field. These measurements indicate that (1) the fraction of the grain boundaries, which are strongly coupled, are greater in the Bi(2:2:1:2)/Ag tapes than in the Bi(2:2:2:3)/Ag tapes; (2) the alignment of the Bi cuprate platelets with the c‐axis perpendicular to the tape face is significantly greater for the Bi(2:2:1:2) than for the Bi(2:2:2:3)/Ag tapes; and (3) the E‐J curves for both kinds of the tapes are described well by an expression, E∼exp[−(J0/J)μ], where μ and J0 are constants below their transition magnetic fields H*g.
Field emission from zinc oxide nanopins

Nanostructural zinc oxide pins have been fabricated by vapor transport on copper-coated silicon wafer. The nanopins are composed of hexagonal wurtzite-phase zinc oxide with single crystal quality. The growth process includes two steps: (1) growth of a micron-sized zinc oxide dot on the substrate and (2) growth of a sharp tip from the zinc oxide dot. The field emission of the nanopins shows a low field emission threshold (1.92 V/μm at a current density of 0.1 μA/cm−2) and high current density with a field enhancement factor of 657. The emission current density and the electric field follow Fowler–Nordheim relationship. The good performance for field emission is attributed to the single-crystalline structure and the nanopin geometry.
Evolution of magnetization configuration phase diagram with increasing exchange coupling in synthetic antiferromagnets

Comprehensive analysis of the magnetization response to an in-plane field for a balanced synthetic antiferromagnet has been performed. Evolution of the critical field pseudoastroids and the magnetization configuration phase diagram with increasing exchange coupling are presented. It is found that the nonparallel magnetization configurations are classified into two, one existing for all exchange coupling strengths and the other starting to appear at a critical value. The analytic formulas for the off-anisotropy-axis cusp of the pseudoastroid are also presented.
Restauration d'images ultrasonores en contrôle non destructif

The evolution of manufacturing techniques and the required quality show the importance of noninvasive diagnostics in industrial processes. Ultrasounds are widely used for this purpose, thanks to their innocuous character and their intrinsic qualities. In later years, the amelioration of ultrasonic techniques has required a number of improvements, including image processing. The present works focuses on the improvement of lateral resolution to optimize the localization and the size of the defects. To this end, we have developped a 3-D model that describes the propagation of ultrasonic waves and their interaction with a point defect. Reconstructing the image requires a 2-D deconvolution through an inverse filter. Tests made on Bscam images show clearly the efficiency of this technique to improve the image resolution. (Journal translation)
ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF NON-PLANAR RIEMANN SOLUTIONS FOR MULTI-D SYSTEMS OF CONSERVATION LAWS WITH SYMMETRIC NONLINEARITIES

We study the asymptotic behavior of entropy solutions of the Cauchy problem for multi-dimensional systems of conservation laws of the form , where the gα are real smooth functions defined in [0,+∞), and when the initial data are perturbations of two-state nonplanar Riemann data. Specifically, if R0(x) is such Riemann data and ψ∈L∞(ℝd)n satisfies ψ(Tx)→0 in , as T→∞, then an entropy solution, u(x,t), of the Cauchy problem with u(x,0)=R0(x)+ψ(x) satisfies u(ξt,t)→R(ξ) in , as t→∞, where R(x/t) turns out to be the unique self-similar entropy solution of the corresponding Riemann problem.
On the calculation of potential integrals for linear source distributions on triangular domains

Present analytical formulas for the singular field contributions of linear source distributions on triangular domains. The formulas can be used for near-field calculations of electric and magnetic source currents, especially for the calculation of method of moments (MOM) matrix elements due to the solution of surface integral equations. For MOM self-coupling terms involving the scalar Green function of free space, the authors present expressions comprising analytical solutions of both the source integrals and the testing integrals.
Sparsity regularization for parameter identification problems

The investigation of regularization schemes with sparsity promoting penalty terms has been one of the dominant topics in the field of inverse problems over the last years, and Tikhonov functionals with ℓp-penalty terms for 1 ⩽ p ⩽ 2 have been studied extensively. The first investigations focused on regularization properties of the minimizers of such functionals with linear operators and on iteration schemes for approximating the minimizers. These results were quickly transferred to nonlinear operator equations, including nonsmooth operators and more general function space settings. The latest results on regularization properties additionally assume a sparse representation of the true solution as well as generalized source conditions, which yield some surprising and optimal convergence rates. The regularization theory with ℓp sparsity constraints is relatively complete in this setting; see the first part of this review. In contrast, the development of efficient numerical schemes for approximating minimizers of Tikhonov functionals with sparsity constraints for nonlinear operators is still ongoing. The basic iterated soft shrinkage approach has been extended in several directions and semi-smooth Newton methods are becoming applicable in this field. In particular, the extension to more general non-convex, non-differentiable functionals by variational principles leads to a variety of generalized iteration schemes. We focus on such iteration schemes in the second part of this review. A major part of this survey is devoted to applying sparsity constrained regularization techniques to parameter identification problems for partial differential equations, which we regard as the prototypical setting for nonlinear inverse problems. Parameter identification problems exhibit different levels of complexity and we aim at characterizing a hierarchy of such problems. The operator defining these inverse problems is the parameter-to-state mapping. We first summarize some general analytic properties derived from the weak formulation of the underlying differential equation, and then analyze several concrete parameter identification problems in detail. Naturally, it is not possible to cover all interesting parameter identification problems. In particular we do not include problems related to inverse scattering or nonlinear tomographic problems such as optical, thermo-acoustic or opto-acoustic imaging. Also we do not review the extensive literature on the closely related field of control problems for partial differential equations. However, we include one example which highlights the differences and similarities between control theory and the inverse problems approach in this context.
Host assessment and feeding behaviour of adult female Glycaspis brimblecombei on preferred and non‐preferred eucalypts

Insect herbivores assess plants by integrating responses elicited by a variety of external and internal cues and signals mediated by physical and chemical traits. We investigated host assessment behaviours of adult females of the Eucalyptus‐feeding psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), on 10 species and subspecies (comprising preferred and non‐preferred hosts) using video recordings, electrical penetration graph (EPG) technology, and histological examination of tissues surrounding secondary veins. Our video recordings indicated that the shortest first searching time (mean 7.5 s) occurred on preferred hosts. Females placed on novel (non‐preferred) hosts jumped off leaves in <10 s. We found that host acceptance occurred surprisingly rapidly after stylet penetration, e.g., between 7 and 11 s on preferred eucalypts, suggesting a strong role for gustatory cues. Our histological studies provided no evidence of physical barriers to phloem access. Females produced eight EPG waveforms, as observed for other psyllids and aphids, but the durations of PG (xylem activity) and PE2 (phloem ingestion), in particular, were unlike those recorded for any other hemipteran. On preferred hosts, phloem ingestion represented 21.5% (mean duration 4 h 18 min) of individual feeding bouts, whereas on non‐preferred hosts, there was almost no ingestion from phloem. Xylem ingestion on non‐preferred hosts represented 20.1% (mean duration 4 h 1 min) of feeding bouts, presumably to imbibe water. Thus, contrary to widespread belief, female G. brimblecombei did not feed exclusively from phloem even on preferred hosts, but also regularly ingested from the xylem. This is surprising considering that nymphs construct lerps consisting of approximately 16% sugars, and suggests that adults feed from phloem for shorter periods than offspring. Rapid assessment of hosts could also mean that positive stimuli induced by sugars are opposed by negative gustatory stimuli experienced in non‐vascular tissues. The most likely source of such stimuli are water‐soluble polyphenolic compounds that are widespread in cell vacuoles.
Experimental and theoretical study of the passively mode-locked ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser

We consider a Yb-doped double-clad fiber laser in a unidirectional ring cavity containing a polarizer placed between two half-wave plates. Depending on the orientation of the phase plates, the laser operates in continuous, Q-switch, mode-lock, or unstable self-pulsing regime. An experimental study of the stability of the mode-locking regime is realized versus the orientation of the half-wave plates. A model for the stability of self-mode-locking and cw operation is developed starting from two-coupled nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations in a gain medium. The model is reduced to a master equation in which the coefficients are explicitly dependent on the orientation angles of the phase plates. Analytical solutions are given together with their stability versus the angles.