Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of affect on categorization.

Three studies and a pilot experiment showed that positive affect, induced in any of three ways, influenced categorization of either of two types of stimuli—words or colors. As reflected by performance on two types of tasks (rating and sorting), people in whom positive affect had been induced tended to create and use categories more inclusively than did subjects in a control condition. On one task, they tended to group more stimuli together, and on the other task they tended to rate more low-prototypic exemplars of a category as members of the category. These results are interpreted in terms of an influence of affect on cognitive organization or on processes that might influence cognitive organization. It is suggested that borderline effects of negative affect on categorizatio n, obtained in two of the studies, might result from normal people's attempts to cope with negative affect. Recent research has suggested that positive affect may have a pervasive effect on cognitive processes. For example, a mild positive affective state has been shown to be capable of serving as a retrieval cue for positive material in memory, regardless of the affective state the subject was in when the list was learned, influencing such measures as the reaction time for recall of positive words and the subset of words likely to be recalled from a memorized list (e.g., Isen, Shalker, Clark, & Karp, 1978; Laird, Wagener, Halal, & Szegda, 1982; Nasby & Yando, 1982; Teasdale &
Effects of Acute Gamma Irradiation on Physiological Traits and Flavonoid Accumulation of Centella asiatica

In the present study, two accessions of Centella asiatica (CA03 and CA23) were subjected to gamma radiation to examine the response of these accessions in terms of survival rate, flavonoid contents, leaf gas exchange and leaf mass. Radiation Sensitivity Tests revealed that based on the survival rate, the LD50 (gamma doses that killed 50% of the plantlets) of the plantlets were achieved at 60 Gy for CA03 and 40 Gy for CA23. The nodal segments were irradiated with gamma rays at does of 30 and 40 Gy for Centella asiatica accession ‘CA03’ and 20 and 30 Gy for accession ‘CA23. The nodal segment response to the radiation was evaluated by recording the flavonoid content, leaf gas exchange and leaf biomass. The experiment was designed as RCBD with five replications. Results demonstrated that the irradiated plantlets exhibited greater total flavonoid contents (in eight weeks) significantly than the control where the control also exhibited the highest total flavonoid contents in the sixth week of growth; 2.64 ± 0.02 mg/g DW in CA03 and 8.94 ± 0.04 mg/g DW in CA23. The total flavonoid content was found to be highest after eight weeks of growth, and this, accordingly, stands as the best time for leaf harvest. Biochemical differentiation based on total flavonoid content revealed that irradiated plantlets in CA23 at 20 and 30 Gy after eight weeks contained the highest total flavonoid concentrations (16.827 ± 0.02; 16.837 ± 0.008 mg/g DW, respectively) whereas in CA03 exposed to 30 and 40 Gy was found to have the lowest total flavonid content (5.83 ± 0.11; 5.75 ± 0.03 mg/g DW). Based on the results gathered in this study, significant differences were found between irradiated accessions and control ones in relation to the leaf gas. The highest PN and gs were detected in CA23 as control followed by CA23 irradiated to 20Gy (CA23G20) and CA23G30 and the lowest PN and gs were observed in CA03 irradiated to 40Gy (CA03G40). Moreover, there were no significant differences in terms of PN and gs among the irradiated plants in each accession. The WUE of both irradiated accessions of Centella asiatica were reduced as compared with the control plants (p < 0.01) while Ci and E were enhanced. There were no significant differences in the gas exchange parameters among radiated plants in each accession. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) of accessions after gamma treatments were significantly higher than the control, however, flavonoids which were higher concentration in irradiated plants can scavenge surplus free radicals. Therefore, the findings of this study have proven an efficient method of in vitro mutagenesis through gamma radiation based on the pharmaceutical demand to create economically superior mutants of C. asiatica. In other words, the results of this study suggest that gamma irradiation on C. asiatica can produce mutants of agricultural and economical importance.
The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media

Preface. Introduction. 1. Communication and Social Context. 2. The Media and the Development of Modern Societies. 3. The Rise of Mediated Interaction. 4. The Transformation of Visibility. 5. The Globalization of Communication. 6. The Re--mooring of Tradition. 7. Self and Experience in a Mediated World. 8. The Re--invention of Publicness. Notes. Index.
HIV, AIDS prevention and class and socio-economic related factors of risk of HIV infection

Trotz einer Vielzahl praventiver Bemuhungen ereignen sich nach wie vor HIV-Infektionen. Nachdem sich die Epidemie ursprunglich hauptsachlich unter schwulen Mannern der Mittelschichten ausgebreitet hatte, erstreckt sie sich zunehmend auch auf Menschen aus unteren Sozialschichten. Infolge dessen tragen derzeit Menschen mit niedrigem Sozialstatus ein hoheres Risiko im Hinblick auf die HIV-Infektion. Zudem verfugen sie im Falle einer Infektion uber geringere Moglichkeiten der Belastungs- bzw. der Krankheitsbewaltigung. Die Gruppe der schwulen Manner entwickelte von Beginn an kollektive Antworten auf die Bedrohung durch HIV und begrenzte auf diese Weise erfolgreich die Anzahl von HIV-Infektionen in ihren Reihen. Menschen mit niedrigem sozialen Status scheinen dabei von Praventionsbotschaften weniger erreicht zu werden, sei es weil diese Botschaften an ihnen vorbeigehen, sei es, weil die Botschaften fur sie weniger verstandlich ubermittelt wurden oder sie es, weil diese nicht hinreichend auf den sozialen und kulturellen Kontext dieser Gruppen bezogen sind. Moglicherweise haben Praventionsprogramme sozio-okonomische und schichtenspezifische Unterschiede sowie ihre Implikationen in Hinblick auf HIV/Aids nicht hinreichend berucksichtigt. Der vorliegende Literaturbericht gibt einen Uberblick uber Befunde zu schichtspezifischen Unterschieden und Faktoren in ihrem Verhaltnis zur HIV-Infektion. Es werden Grunde herausgearbeitet, die das erhohte Risiko einer HIV-Infektion bei Menschen aus unteren Sozialschichten sowie den begrenzten Erfolg von Praventionskampagnen in diesen Bevolkerungsgruppen erklaren konnen. Auserdem werden Interventionsstrategien vorgestellt, mit denen die sozial bedingten Unterschiede des Risikos einer HIV-Infektion uberwunden werden konnten. Der Bericht benennt Wissenlucken in Hinblick auf Faktoren, die die unterschiedliche Vulnerabilitat unterschiedlicher Bevolkerungsgruppen im Hinblick auf die HIV-Infektion erklaren konnen. Benotigt werden mehr sorgfaltig begleitete und evaluierte Interventionen, die auf die Verbesserung von Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen benachteiligter Gruppen abzielen, um ihre Vulnerabilitat gegenuber Erkrankungen allgemein und speziell der HIV-Infektionen senken. Gleichzeitig sollten beim Entwurf und der Weiterentwicklung von Praventionsbotschaften der Wissensstand und die Lebensbedingungen von Menschen in unteren Sozialschichten starker berucksichtigt werden. Auch fehlt es an Wissen uber Zusammenhange zwischen sozio-okonomischem Status einerseits sowie der Lebensqualitat und Lebenserwartung nach einer HIV-Infektion andererseits. Einstellungen zum HIV-Antikorpertest, Zugang und Qualitat der Krankenversorgung konnten im erheblichen Umfang durch soziookonomische Unterschiede beeinflust sein. Dies beleuchtet noch einmal die besondere Bedeutung verbesserter Primar-Pravention fur untere Sozialschichten.
High-Precision Pedestrian Positioning by Using Radio Signals from Vehicles and Roadside Units

Pedestrian-to-vehicle communications plays an important role in preventing pedestrians from traffic accidents by informing pedestrian position to drivers of nearby vehicles. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the de facto positioning method, does not work well in urban canyons due to obstruction of roadside skyscrapers. To address this issue, we previously proposed a base method, leveraging vehicles, besides GNSS satellites, as anchors for computing pedestrian position, in which received signal strength of the line-of-sight (LOS) component of radio signals from vehicles is used to compute pedestrian-vehicle distance. The base method greatly reduces position error when there are a sufficient number of vehicles. However, its performance degrades much when few vehicles are available. To solve this problem, in this paper, we extend the base method from two aspects: (i) add roadside units (RSUs) as anchors, and (ii) estimate the direction of arrival of signals from vehicles and RSUs for positioning by applying the MUSIC algorithm. We evaluate the extended method by 3D ray tracing simulation. Extensive results confirm the effectiveness of the extended method. In a scenario where the number of vehicles is limited, the position error in the base method, 1.94 m, is reduced to 0.28 m in the extended method.
Nitrogen availability alters the expression of carnivory in the northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea

Atmospheric transport and deposition of nutrients, especially nitrogen, is a global environmental problem with well-documented consequences for ecosystem dynamics. However, monitoring nitrogen deposition is relatively expensive, monitoring stations are widely spaced, and estimates and predicted impacts of nitrogen deposition are currently derived from spatial modeling and interpolation of limited data. Ombrotrophic (“rain-fed”) bogs are nutrient-poor ecosystems that are especially sensitive to increasing nutrient input, and carnivorous plants, which are characteristic of these widespread ecosystem types, may be especially sensitive indicators of N deposition. Botanical carnivory is thought to have evolved in nutrient-poor and well-lit habitats such as bogs because the marginal benefits accruing from carnivory exceed the marginal photosynthetic costs associated with the maintenance of carnivorous organs. However, the production of carnivorous organs can be a phenotypically plastic trait. The northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea, produces leaves specialized for prey capture and nutrient uptake (pitchers) and leaves that are more efficient at photosynthesis (phyllodia). We hypothesized that relative allocation to these two types of leaves reflects ambient nitrogen availability. We manipulated nutrient availability to plants with leaf enrichment and whole-plot fertilization experiments. Increased nitrogen, but not phosphorus, reduced production of pitchers relative to phyllodia; this result provided empirical support for the cost–benefit model of the evolution of botanical carnivory. Because this phenotypic shift in leaf production occurs in ecological time, our results suggest that S. purpurea could be a reliable and inexpensive biological indicator of nitrogen deposition rates. This suggestion is supported by field observations across a geographic gradient of nitrogen deposition.
Quantum cryptography using femtosecond-pulsed parametric down-conversion

A. V. Sergienko, M. Atature, Z. Walton, G. Jaeger, B. E. A. Saleh, and M. C. Teich Quantum Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Department of Physics, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Starlab NV, Excelsiorlaan 40-42, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium ~Received 7 May 1999!
Soil Chemical and Physical Properties That Differentiate Urban Land-Use and Cover Types

We investigated the effects of land use and cover and surface geology on soil properties in Baltimore, MD, with the objectives to: (i) measure the physical and chemical properties of surface soils (0? 10 cm) by land use and cover; and (ii) ascertain whether land use and cover explain differences in these properties relative to surface geology. Mean and median values of each variable measured across all plots showed that soil properties varied considerably. Chemical properties generally varied more than physical properties.
Culturally Responsive Education and Disproportionality of Latino Males in Special Education

iii Dedication . v Acknowledgments . vi List of Tables . vii Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Racial and Ethnic Disproportionality in Special Education . 7 Culturally Responsive Education . 12 Purpose of the Study . 14 Significance of Study . 15 Theoretical Framework . 16 Summary . 18 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 20 The Special Education Pipeline . 21 Student factors . 21 Behavior . 23 Poverty . 24 English Learners . 26 Contextual factors . 28 School factors . 28 Teacher perception . 29 Policy and process . 31 Findings of Disproportionality . 32 National studies . 33 Local studies . 35 Gender disproportionality . 36 Category of disability . 39 Latino Male Identity and American Schools . 41 Cultural mismatch . 41 Deficit thinking . 45
Facilitating Software Evolution through Natural Language Comments and Dialogue

Software projects are continually evolving, as developers incorporate changes to refactor code, support new functionality, and fix bugs. To uphold software quality amidst constant changes and also facilitate prompt implementation of critical changes, it is desirable to have automated tools for guiding developers in making methodical software changes. We explore tasks and data and design machine learning approaches which leverage natural language to serve this purpose. When developers make code changes, they sometimes fail to update the accompanying natural language comments documenting various aspects of the code, which can lead to confusion and vulnerability to bugs. We present our completed work on alerting developers of inconsistent comments upon code changes and suggesting updates by learning to correlate comments and code. When a bug is reported, developers engage in a dialogue to collaboratively understand it and ultimately resolve it. While the solution is likely formulated within the discussion, it is often buried in a large amount of text, making it difficult to comprehend, which delays its implementation through the necessary repository changes. To guide developers in more easily absorbing information relevant towards making these changes and consequently expedite bug resolution, we investigate generating a concise natural language description of the solution by synthesizing relevant content as it emerges in the discussion. In completed work, we benchmark models for generating solution descriptions and design a classifier for determining when sufficient context for generating an informative description becomes available. We also investigate a pipelined approach for real-time generation, entailing separate classification and generation models. For future work, we propose an improved classifier and also a more intricate system that is jointly trained on generation and classification. Next, we intend to study a system which can interactively generate natural language descriptions which can drive code changes. Finally, we plan to investigate how we can leverage the discussion context to also suggest concrete code changes for bug resolution. Ph.D. Proposal.
Diversity of Archaeosine Synthesis in Crenarchaeota Diversity of Archaeosine Synthesis in Crenarchaeota

Archaeosine (G + ) is found at position 15 of many archaeal tRNAs. In Euryarchaeota, the G + precursor, 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine (preQ 0 ), is inserted into tRNA by tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (arcTGT) before conversion into G + by ARChaeosine Synthase (ArcS). However, many Crenarchaeota known to harbor G + lack ArcS homologs. Using comparative genomics approaches, two families that could functionally replace ArcS in these organisms were identified: 1) GAT-QueC, a two-domain family with an N-terminal glutamine amidotransferase class-II domain fused to a domain homologous to QueC, the enzyme that produces preQ 0 ; 2) QueF-like, a family homologous to the bacterial enzyme catalyzing the reduction of preQ 0 to 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine. Here we show that these two protein families are able to catalyze the formation of G + in a heterologous system. Structure and sequence comparisons of crenarchaeal and euryarchaeal arcTGTs suggest the crenarchaeal enzymes have broader substrate specificity. These results led to a new model for the synthesis and salvage of G + in Crenarchaeota. The 7-deazaguanosine
Unsupervised Multilingual Alignment using Wasserstein Barycenter

We investigate the language alignment problem when there are multiple languages, and we are interested in finding translation between all pairs of languages. The problem of language alignment has long been an exciting topic for Natural Language Processing researchers. Current methods for learning cross-domain correspondences at the word level rely on distributed representations of words. Therefore, the recent development in the word computational linguistics and neural language modeling has led to the development of the so-called zero-shot learning paradigm. Many algorithms were proposed to solve the bilingual alignment problem in supervised or unsupervised manners. One popular way to extend the bilingual alignment to the multilingual setting is by picking one of the input languages as the pivot language and transiting through that language. However, transiting through a pivot language degrades the quality of translations, since it assumes transitive relations among all pairs of languages. It is often the case that one does not enforce such transitive relations in the training process of bilingual tasks. Therefore, transiting through an uninformed pivot language degrades the quality of translation. Motivated by the observation that using information from other languages during the training process helps improve translating language pairs, we propose a new algorithm for unsupervised multilingual alignment, where we employ the barycenter of all language word embeddings as a new pivot to imply translations. Instead of going through a pivot language, we propose to align languages through their Wasserstein barycenter. Our motivation behind this is that we can encapsulate information from all languages in the barycenter and facilitate bilingual alignment. We evaluate our method on standard benchmarks and demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches. The barycenter is closely related to the joint mapping for all input languages hence encapsulates all useful information for translation. Finally, we evaluate our method by jointly aligning word vectors in 6 languages and demonstrating noticeable improvement to current state-of-the-art.
Current Strategies in Metallurgical Advances of Rotary NiTi Instruments: A Review

NiTi alloy has been used as the raw material for making endodontic files. The interest in NiTi instrument research has not waned with time. In fact, there is a renewed interest in this field, notably through the application of modern research tools and techniques from other fields, making it a truly cross-disciplinary area of research. In 1988, Walia and colleagues introduced nickeltitanium (NiTi) files to endodontics [1]. Civjan et al. [2] first suggested the use of NiTi alloy for fabrication of hand and rotary instruments. Rotary NiTi instruments have become popular as they can clean and shape root canals with fewer procedural errors and more predictability than stainless steel hand files [3]. However, these instruments are prone to separation without warning. Two modes of fractures have been identified for NiTi files: flexural fracture and torsional fracture. Flexural fracture occurs due to the cyclic fatigue experienced by the files within a curved canal. Repeated loading and unloading of NiTi files during instrumentation causes repetitive phase transformation resulting finally in torsional fracture of the instrument when it goes beyond the unrecoverable plastic deformation state [4]. New materials and methods of manufacturing NiTi rotary instruments are in demand for better performance. The realization that the mechanical properties of near equiatomic NiTi alloys are strongly influenced by the stressinduced phase transformation taking place in this alloy and that the microstructural changes introduced by thermomechanical treatments can control this phase transformation constitutes the modern trend toward developing new rotary endodontic instruments with improved mechanical properties. This review will address the new developments in nickel-titanium metallurgy and their impact on rotary NiTi file systems.
The Use of Visual Supports in Teaching Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder to Initiate Interactions

Three preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were taught to utilize a visual support (a graphic symbol representing 'Can I Play? ') to request entrance into play activities. Acquisition of graphic symbol use resulted from the implementation of a naturalistic intervention strategy that included creating communicative opportunities, providing a model of the desired behavior, prompting the participant to engage in the desired behavior (via a least-to-most prompting hierarchy and time delay), and providing access to natural consequences for appropriate participant responses. Intervention occurred in the context of ongoing play activities in the classroom. Results showed that the intervention strategy was effective in teaching participants to request entrance into play activities for all three participants. The collateral impact of the graphic symbol use on the participant's 'off-task' behavior and use of verbal language, and survey data on the acceptability of the intervention to preschool staff are also discussed.
BONE MARROW FAILURE Marrow failure : a window into ribosome biology

The study of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes has yielded unique insights into global molecular pathways regulating hematopoiesis and clonal evolution. These clinically heterogeneous syndromes are all characterized by marrow failure, frequent physical anomalies, and cancer predisposition. Impairment of ribosome biogenesis is emerging as a common molecular pathogenic mechanism underlying many of these marrow failure syndromes. Ribosomes are ribonucleoprotein complexes that catalyze protein synthesis by translating the mRNA message into its cognate protein product. This basic cellular function is required by all cells and is essential for life. Previously, ribosomes had been largely relegated to the status of passive cellular drones in the ranks of the protein translational corps. The unexpected revelation that disruption of such an essential cellular function could preferentially affect specific tissues in human disease stimulated a reexamination of ribosome biology. The relevance of ribosome pathology for more common diseases was highlighted by the identification of acquired somatic mutations affecting ribosomal proteins in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and leukemias arising in the general population. The question of how ribosomal abnormalities cause marrow failure and cancer predisposition is of fundamental biological and clinical interest. In this review, we discuss the clinical, genetic, and molecular features of marrow failure ribosomopathies (Figure 1) and explore the clinical implications of recent advances in our understanding of ribosomal functions in cellular and developmental biology. There are prior excellent reviews for information regarding other nonhematologic ribosomal diseases.