Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Note On Darcy’s Law

Classical Darcy’s Law expresses pressure gradient in a porous media as a linear function of the velocity difference between solid and fluid constituents. As such, this constitutive equation is frame dependent. The present article is an attempt to express this law in terms of frame independent quantities. The resulting expression shows that classical Darcy’s Law may be justified on an approximate basis when the higher order quantities are neglected.
The Axi-Symmetric Laminar Flow in an Arbitrarily Shaped Narrow Gap : (2nd Report, Theoretical Analysis for the Downstream Region)

This study is generally concerned with the laminar, meridional flow in an arbitrarily shaped narrow gap between two axi-symmetrically formed walls. In this paper, a momentumintegral method is used to obtain the solutions for the downstream region where the exact series solutions obtained in the first report are no longer valid. Together with the usual Pohlhausen's parameter ∧=δ2/νdU/(dx), a new shape factor Γ=h2/U(∂2u/(∂y2))y=k is introduced, which results in smooth changes of the hydrodynamical quantities from the inlet region to the filled region, and a rigorous theoretical expression of the pressure distribution containing both the inertia and the viscous effects of the fluid flow. As an example, detailed numerical calculations have been made for the radial outward flow between two parallel discs. The important conclusions are : the breadth of the separation region changes largely with the Reynolds number, and separation does not occur when the Reynolds number is less than a critical value Rcrc100 : in the downstream region where X={1+x/(r0)}22Rc0.5, the influence of the flow condition close to the entrance disappears practically.
Dark matter search with PICASSO

PICASSO at SNOLAB searches primarily for spin-dependent WIMP interactions on 19F using the superheated droplet technique. This technique is based on the bubble chamber principle, where phase transitions in superheated liquid droplets can be triggered by WIMP induced nuclear recoils. The physics of the detection process allows a highly efficient suppression of backgrounds from cosmic muons, γ- and β-rays. We will discuss qualitatively recent progress in PICASSO and its sensitivity reach for spin-dependent and spin-independent WIMP searches.
The effect of vacancies on the microwave surface resistance of niobium revealed by positron annihilation spectroscopy

Using variable-energy positron annihilation spectroscopy, we demonstrate that a different near-surface vacancy concentration accompanies drastic differences in surface resistance of superconducting niobium cavities for particle acceleration. Our data suggest that vacuum baking at 120 °C leads to the doping of a near-surface layer with vacancy-hydrogen complexes, and that higher vacancy-type defect concentration distinguishes electropolished from chemically etched cavities. Our findings may help to explain a strong dependence of cavity performance on heat and chemical treatments, and may be of interest to other physics fields including cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), microresonators, and single photon detectors.
Stark Broadening of Two Ionized-Helium Lines by Collective Electric Fields in a Laboratory Plasma

Profiles of the He II 4686- and 3203-\AA{} lines observed during the passage of the imploding current sheath in a high-velocity, low-density $\ensuremath{\theta}$ pinch show a broadening that at early times is not due to the usual mechanisms (Doppler, Holtsmark, or Zeeman effects). Most of this broadening is therefore interpreted as due to Stark effects caused by suprathermal collective field fluctuations, and at later times as due to a combination of these and Doppler effects.
Illuminating the past: the neutron as a tool in archaeology

Neutrons can be produced in nuclear reactions and used as very versatile probes for condensed matter research. Since their introduction in the 1950s neutron scattering techniques have evolved to be very powerful tools for investigating the properties of condensed matter. Here we present the concept of neutron diffraction and how this technique can be used to address problems in archaeology facilitated by accelerator-based neutron sources like ISIS at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire. The great beauty of neutrons for the archaeologist is that they allow non-destructive testing of intact and original archaeological artifacts and museum objects.
UGC galaxies stronger than 25 mJy at 4.85 GHz

UGC galaxies in the declination band +5 to +75 deg were identified by position coincidence with radio sources stronger than 25 mJy on the Green Bank 4.85 GHz sky maps. Candidate identifications were confirmed or rejected with the aid of published aperture-synthesis maps and new 4.86 GHz VLA maps having 15 or 18 arcsec resolution, resulting in a sample of 347 nearby radio galaxies plus five new quasar-galaxy pairs. The radio energy sources in UGC galaxies were classified as starbursts or monsters on the basis of their infrared-radio flux ratios, infrared spectral indices, and radio morphologies. The rms scatter in the logarithmic infrared-radio ratio q is not more than 0.16 for starburst galaxies selected at 4.85 GHz. Radio spectral indices were obtained for nearly all of the UGC galaxies, and S0 galaxies account for a disproportionate share of the compact flat-spectrum (alpha less than 0.5) radio sources. The extended radio jets and lobes produced by monsters are preferentially, but not exclusively, aligned within about 30 deg of the optical minor axes of their host galaxies. The tendency toward minor-axis ejection appears to be independent of radio-source size and is strongest for elliptical galaxies. 230 refs.
Plastic Reliability Analysis By Directional Simulation

The reliability with respect to plastic collapse of rigid frame and truss structures is estimated by directional simulation. This conditional expectation simulation method is especiahy attractive for this problem because the mechanical computation for each sample is the same as the computation required in a standard Monte Carlo simulation. For each simulation a mathematical programming problem must be solved. Under suitable conditions this programming problem simplifies to a linear one. How results from methods of identifying likely plastic mechanisms can be used to establish an importance sampling whereby the sample size can be reduced without loss of accuracy is shown. Finally, it is shown how parametric sensitivity can be estimated by directional simulation.
A continuum theory of granular media partially saturated with a viscous fluid

This paper is concerned with the behaviour of granular media containing voids penetrated by a mixture of viscous liquid and gas (air). It is assumed that, for such materials, the skeleton may be considered as rate-independent and the sensitivity to the applied loading rate may be attributed to the viscosity of the liquid filling the void space. Within the context of geomechanics, such assumptions appear to be relevant to all coarse-grained cohesionless materials, including saturated sands. A mathematical formulation for the description of undrained response is presented. The macroscopic properties are estimated based on volume averaging, which is applied to both stress and strain measures within the heterogeneous constituent medium. Numerical examples are provided illustrating the influence of the viscosity of the liquid on the liquefaction potential of a loose granular assembly.
$L^p$-integrability & weak type $L^{2}$-estimates for the gradient of harmonic mappings of $\mathbb D$

We give an elementary proof for the integrability properties of the gradient of the harmonic extension of a self homeomorphism of the circle giving explicit bounds for the $p$-norms, $p<2$, estimates in Orlicz classes and also an $L^2(\mathbb D)$-weak type estimate.
The effect of nanometer particles of titanium oxide on the protective properties of skin in the UV region

This paper discusses the efficiency of the attenuation of UV radiation by nanoparticles of titanium oxide (TiO2) incorporated into the horny layer of the skin. The distribution of TiO2 particles was determined experimentally. A program implementing the Monte Carlo method was used to model photon propagation in a 20-µm thick horny layer of the skin, partially filled with TiO2 particles. The dependences are obtained for the transmitted, reflected, and absorbed components of UV radiation with a wavelength of 310 nm as a function of the concentration of TiO2 particles of various sizes (40-175 nm). It is established that the most efficient particles for protecting the deep layers of skin containing living and, in particular, immune-competent cells from UV radiation are particles 62 nm across.
Noncontact technique for determining viscosity from the shape relaxation of ultrasonically levitated and initially elongated drops

We present a technique that can determine the viscosity of highly viscous liquids, particularly, undercooled liquids that exist at temperatures below their freezing points. The technique involves levitation of a liquid drop using an ultrasonic standing wave, and elongation of the drop by rotating it beyond the point of bifurcation. The elongated drop is then allowed to be restored to its original shape by surface tension driven relaxation. The time-dependent shape parameters of the relaxing drop are related to the viscosity through a relaxation model. In addition, this technique can also determine the surface tension that has a known relationship with the angular velocity at the bifurcation point. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated by performing the measurement using sucrose solutions as a model liquid drop. The obtained viscosity values show a good correlation with those determined by a falling ball method.
The impact of time-varying phosphorus doping on ZnMgO thin films and achievement of dominant acceptor-bound-exciton peak

ZnO is a highly efficient and promising semiconductor material because of its large bandgap (3.37 eV) and exciton binding energy (60 meV). MgO also has a very high bandgap (7.8 eV), and the incorporation of Mg into ZnO can result in an alloy with a bandgap of more than 4 eV . We used plasma immersion ion implantation to dope phosphorus into Zn0.85Mg0. 15O for achieving p-type ZnMgO. RF sputtering was used to deposit ZnMgO on a Si substrate. Phosphorus doping was conducted from 10 s to 70 s. Rapid thermal annealing of the samples was performed to remove any implantation defects. A highly dominant acceptor-bound-exciton peak was observed at 3.36 eV by photoluminescence measurements, which continued to dominate from low temperature to room temperature. Donor-bound acceptor and free-electron acceptor peaks were also observed at 3.24 eV and 3.28 eV, respectively.
Radiotherapy treatments using Tsallis entropy statistical approach

Several radiobiological models mimic the biologic effect of one single radiation dose on a living tissue. However, the actual fractionated radiotherapy requires accounting for a new magnitude, i.e., time. Here, we explore the biological consequences posed by the mathematical prolongation of a previous single radiation model to fractionated treatment. The survival fraction is obtained, together with the equivalent physical dose, in terms of a time dependent factor (similar to a repair coefficient) describing the tissue trend to recovering its radioresistance. The model describes how dose fractions add up to obtain the equivalent dose and how the repair coefficient poses a limit to reach an equivalent dose equal to the critical one that would completely annihilate the tumor. On the other hand, the surrounding healthy tissue is a limiting factor to treatment planning. This tissue has its own repair coefficient and thus should limit the equivalent dose of a treatment. Depending on the repair coefficient and the critical dose of each tissue, unexpected results (failure to fully remove the tumor) can be obtained. To illustrate these results and predictions, some realistic example calculations will be performed using parameter values within actual clinical ranges. In conclusion, the model warns about treatment limitations and proposes ways to overcome them.
An Intervention Mapping Approach to Developing a Stroke Literacy Video for Recent Stroke Survivors: Development and Usability Study

Background Most vascular events after stroke may be prevented by modifying vascular risk factors through medical and behavioral interventions. Stroke literacy—an understanding of stroke symptoms, risk factors, and treatment—likely contributes to vascular risk factor control and in turn stroke recurrence risk. Stroke literacy is the lowest among adults belonging to racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States. Video-based interventions targeting stroke literacy may help acute stroke survivors understand stroke and subsequently reduce the risk of stroke recurrence. However, the failure of prior stroke literacy interventions may be due in part to the fact that the interventions were not theory-driven. Intervention mapping (IM) provides a framework for use in the development, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-informed, health-related interventions. Objective We aimed to develop a video-based educational intervention to improve stroke literacy in hospitalized patients with acute stroke. Methods The 6-step iterative process of IM was used to develop a video-based educational intervention and related implementation and evaluation plans. The six steps included a needs assessment, the identification of outcomes and change objectives, the selection of theory- and video-based intervention methods and practical applications, the development of a video-based stroke educational intervention, plans for implementation, and evaluation strategies. Results A 5-minute video-based educational intervention was developed. The IM approach led to successful intervention development by emphasizing stakeholder involvement, generation and adoption, and information retainment in the planning phase of the intervention. A planned approach to video adoption, implementation, and evaluation was also developed. Conclusions An IM approach guided the development of a 5-minute video-based educational intervention to promote stroke literacy among acute stroke survivors. Future studies are needed to assess the use of technology and digital media to support widespread access and participation in video-based health literacy interventions for populations with acute and chronic stroke. Studies are needed to assess the impact of video-based educational interventions that are paired with stroke systems of care optimization to reduce the risk of stroke recurrence. Furthermore, studies on culturally and linguistically sensitive video-based stroke literacy interventions are needed to address known racial and ethnic disparities in stroke literacy. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1371/journal.pone. 0171952
Recording Characteristics of Ordered Fe-Pt High-Density Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Media.

Ordered Fe-Pt(001) thin films on glass substrates were studied from the viewpoint of their application in future high-density magnetic recording media. A 13-nm-thick film with fine discrete domain patterns was successfully prepared by a high-pressure sputter-deposition method. The magnetic property showed a small value of Hc/Hk and a steep M-H loop, suggesting a strong exchange interaction. Judging from the high SNR for the Fe-Pt film medium, similar to that for a low noise Co-Cr22-Nb4 medium, it is concluded that the Fe-Pt medium may have high potential as a new recording medium.
A hot-wire anemometer compensated for ambient temperature variations

A simple system for compensating a hot-wire anemometer for ambient temperature variations is proposed. In addition to the hot-wire probe, this system requires a temperature probe for sensing the working flow temperature. When the overheat ratio of the hot wire is kept constant in the usual manner and the temperature coefficient of the temperature probe in the hot-wire bridge is set equal to that of the hot wire, complete compensation can be achieved. The unequal coefficients may be equalised in the electrical circuit. It is found that the empirical heat-loss equation for plated wire probes is less susceptible to variations in both flow temperature and hot-wire operating temperature than that for welded wire probes. For an ambient temperature increase of 25 degrees C, the output drift of the system using the plated probe is within 1% of the indicated velocity. In the overcompensation mode of the system, compensation with 1% accuracy is achieved for a temperature rise of up to 35 degrees C and for a limited velocity range.
Association of human papillomavirus and Epstein–Barr virus with squamous cell carcinoma of upper aerodigestive tract

ABSTRACT Background: Cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) are fifth most common cancer in the world with around 10,55,000 new cases and 7,25,000 deaths worldwide. Tobacco and alcohol act synergistically and are the two most important etiological factors responsible for about 75% of SCC. Studies have reported changing trends in the incidence of SCC showing an increasing shift in epidemiology attributed to the infection by viruses. The most commonly implicated viruses are the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Aim and Objective: To study association of Human Papilloma virus (HPV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) with 100 newly diagnosed cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) and correlate its association with clinical parameters, histomorphological grade and staging using immunohistochemical markers p16, LMP1, p53, p63. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Pathology, Maulana Azad medical college and associated hospitals, New Delhi from September 2018-April 2019. Specimens was routinely processed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done using p16, LMP1, p53, p63 monoclonal antibodies. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS 20 software. The quantitative analysis was done using Pearson chi-square test. Probability values < 0.05 was be considered statistically significant. Results: HPV was present in 29% cases while EBV in 38% cases. Oral cavity was the most common site involved by both HPV and EBV. Co-infectivity was found in 4% cases. There was significant male predominance in both. HPV was more prevalent in age >45 years while EBV was equally distributed in <45 years and >45 years. Moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest grade involved by both the viruses. A significant correlation was found between EBV and alcohol. p53 positivity had an inverse relationship with HPV positivity. P63 expression was higher in HPV and EBV positive cases. Conclusion: In resource constraint settings, p16 and Latent membrane protein 1 can be used as surrogacy markers for Human Papilloma virus and Epstein Barr virus along with p53 and p63 for its association with histomorphological grade and stage.
A Time-Domain Harmonic Balance Method for Rotor/Stator Interactions

In the absence of instabilities, the large deterministic scales of turbomachinery flows resulting from the periodic rotation of blades can be considered periodic in time. Such flows are not simulated with enough efficiency when using classical unsteady techniques as a transient regime must be bypassed. New techniques, dedicated to time-periodic flows and based on Fourier analysis, have been developed recently. Among these, harmonic balance methods cast a time-periodic flow computation in several coupled steady flow computations. A time-domain harmonic balance method is derived and adapted to phase lag periodic conditions to allow the simulation of only one blade passage per row regardless of row blade counts. Sophisticated space and time interpolations are involved and detailed. The test case is a single stage subsonic compressor. A convergence study of the present harmonic balance is performed and compared with a reference well-resolved classical unsteady flow simulation. The results show, on one hand, the good behavior of the harmonic balance and its ability to correctly predict global quantities as well as local flow pattern; on the other hand, the simulation time is drastically reduced.
Cirrus Cloud Microphysical Property Retrieval Using Lidar and Radar Measurements. Part II: Midlatitude Cirrus Microphysical and Radiative Properties

Abstract The lidar–radar algorithm described in Part I of this set of papers is applied to ∼1000 h of Raman lidar and millimeter wave cloud radar (MMCR) data collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program Southern Great Plains Clouds and Radiation Testbed site in Oklahoma during the period from November 1996 to November 2000. The resulting statistics of cirrus microphysical and radiative properties show that most cirrus clouds are optically thin (mean optical depth of 0.58 with a standard deviation of 0.67) with low ice water path (mean 12.19 g m−2 with a standard deviation of 19.0). The seasonal changes of cirrus properties are relatively small except for the general effective radius (Dge). Strong temperature dependencies of ice water content, Dge, and extinction coefficients are found in the dataset, which are well described by second-order polynomial functions. The temperature and thickness dependencies of the cirrus properties are studied in detail, providing information useful in the vali.
Polarization measurements of auroral kilometric radiation by Dynamics Explorer‐1

The Plasma Wave Instrument (PWI) on the Dynamics Explorer-1 has been used to measure Polarization of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) at frequencies of 50 to 400 kHz in both the northern and the southern nightside auroral regions at altitudes of 1 to 3 earth radii above the AKR source regions. The AKR polarization sense is found to be the same as the right hand polarized auroral hiss found in the frequency range of 0.8 to 6.4 kHz. Consequently, these unambiguous direct polarization measurements of AKR lead to the conclusion that AKR escapes the magnetosphere in the R-X mode. Since DE-1 is close to the source region, it can be inferred that AKR is generated predominately in the R-X mode.
Subwavelength acoustic focusing by surface-wave-resonance enhanced transmission in doubly negative acoustic metamaterials

We present analytical and numerical analyses of a yet unseen lensing paradigm that is based on a solid metamaterial slab in which the wave excitation source is attached. We propose and demonstrate sub-diffraction-limited acoustic focusing induced by surface resonant states in doubly negative metamaterials. The enhancement of evanescent waves across the metamaterial slab produced by their resonant coupling to surface waves is evidenced and quantitatively determined. The effect of metamaterial parameters on surface states, transmission, and wavenumber bandwidth is clearly identified. Based on this concept consisting of a wave source attached on the metamaterial, a high resolution of λ/28.4 is obtained with the optimum effective physical parameters, opening then an exciting way to design acoustic metamaterials for ultrasonic focused imaging.
Identification of Stops and Vowels for the Burst Portion of /p, t, k/ Isolated from Conversational Speech

Stimulus segments (burst, and burst plus 100 msec of vowel) were isolated from words with initial and final /p,t,k/, and presented to listeners for identification. For the burst alone, initials were identified better than finals and /t/ showed the highest level of identification. Also, in many instances vowels could be identified on the burst portions, giving perceptual evidence for coarticulation. With the additional 100 msec, the level of identification, as was expected, was high. Providing phonotactic context, in some instances, raised this level of identification.