Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MR-YOLO: An Improved YOLOv5 Network for Detecting Magnetic Ring Surface Defects

Magnetic rings are widely used in automotive, home appliances, and consumer electronics. Due to the materials used, processing techniques, and other factors, there will be top cracks, internal cracks, adhesion, and other defects on individual magnetic rings during the manufacturing process. To find such defects, the most sophisticated YOLOv5 target identification algorithm is frequently utilized. However, it has problems such as high computation, sluggish detection, and a large model size. This work suggests an enhanced lightweight YOLOv5 (MR-YOLO) approach for the identification of magnetic ring surface defects to address these issues. To decrease the floating-point operation (FLOP) in the feature channel fusion process and enhance the performance of feature expression, the YOLOv5 neck network was added to the Mobilenetv3 module. To improve the robustness of the algorithm, a Mosaic data enhancement technique was applied. Moreover, in order to increase the network’s interest in minor defects, the SE attention module is inserted into the backbone network to replace the SPPF module with substantially more calculations. Finally, to further increase the new network’s accuracy and training speed, we substituted the original CIoU-Ioss for SIoU-Loss. According to the test, the FLOP and Params of the modified network model decreased by 59.4% and 47.9%, respectively; the reasoning speed increased by 16.6%, the model’s size decreased by 48.1%, and the mAP only lost by 0.3%. The effectiveness and superiority of this method are proved by an analysis and comparison of examples.
Shaped beam from multiple beams using planar phased arrays

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a synthesis and optimization procedure to generate user-specific shaped and multiple beams in any arbitrary 3D space. The synthesis method generates independently controllable multiple beams over different azimuth and elevation angles with variable peak powers. These multiple beams can form any user-defined shaped pattern with an optimum number of beams, their power, and placement in the angles using the proposed direct synthesis method. Different evolutionary algorithms are employed to optimize the beam peak parameters to mitigate the ripple, side lobe level, and beam spread. The synthesis method is validated on a fully functional integrated 5G mmWave phased array for various shaped beam patterns. Measured sector, isoflex beams between , , and dual beams with unequal powers are presented and compared with the shaped beam synthesis method.
A novel line search type algorithm avoidable of small local minima

In this paper, we propose a novel optimization method inspired by the line search algorithm and Glauber dynamics. It is a widely known problem that a network learning with an algorithm of the gradient descent type is easily trapped into local minima of the error surface because the direction of the update is determined by using only local information. In order to reduce the possibility of suffering from this problem, the proposed method iterates the global minimization of the error surface with respect to a randomly selected single direction at each learning step, which is speculated to have a tendency to skip focal minima of small size. The efficacy of this method is investigated by a computer simulation.
Reference Values for 3D Spinal Posture Based on Videorasterstereographic Analyses of Healthy Adults

Visual examinations are commonly used to analyze spinal posture. Even though they are simple and fast, their interrater reliability is poor. Suitable alternatives should be objective, non-invasive, valid and reliable. Videorasterstereography (VRS) is a corresponding method that is increasingly becoming established. However, there is a lack of reference data based on adequate numbers of participants and structured subgroup analyses according to sex and age. We used VRS to capture the spinal posture of 201 healthy participants (aged 18–70 years) divided into three age cohorts. Three-dimensional reference data are presented for the global spine parameters and for every vertebral body individually (C7-L4) (here called the specific spine parameters). The vertebral column was found to be systematically asymmetric in the transverse and the coronal planes. Graphical presentations of the vertebral body posture revealed systematic differences between the subgroups; however, large standard deviations meant that these differences were not significant. In contrast, several global parameters (e.g., thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis) indicated differences between the analyzed subgroups. The findings confirm the importance of presenting reference data not only according to sex but also according to age in order to map physiological posture changes over the life span. The question also arises as to whether therapeutic approximations to an almost symmetrical spine are biomechanically desirable.
Bias in transition-specific survival and movement probabilities estimated using capture-recapture data

Transition probabilities can be estimated when capture-recapture data are available from each stratum on every capture occasion using a conditional likelihood approach with the Arnason-Schwarz model. To decompose the fundamental transition probabilities into derived parameters, all movement probabilities must sum to 1 and all individuals in stratum r at time i must have the same probability of survival regardless of which stratum the individual is in at time i + 1. If movement occurs among strata at the end of a sampling interval, survival rates of individuals from the same stratum are likely to be equal. However, if movement occurs between sampling periods and survival rates of individuals from the same stratum are not the same, estimates of stratum survival can be confounded with estimates of movement causing both estimates to be biased. Monte Carlo simulations were made of a three-sample model for a population with two strata using SURVIV. When differences were created in transition-specific survival r.
Acute Effects of the Interval and Duration of Intermittent Exercise on Arterial Stiffness in Young Men

We proved the hypothesis that intermittent exercise would have a better effect on arterial stiffness by shortening the duration of intervals and increasing the number of bouts. Twenty healthy male college students (20.4 ± 0.4 years) were randomly assigned to a quiet control (CON), 30 min continuous exercise (CE), long-interval intermittent exercise with long intervals (IELL), long-interval intermittent exercise with short intervals (IELS), and short-interval intermittent exercise with short intervals (IESS). The intensity was set to 45% of the heart rate reserve. The brachial-ankle pulse wave (baPWV) was measured at baseline (BL), 0 min post-exercise, 20 min post-exercise, 40 min post-exercise, and 60 min post-exercise. BaPWV changes (⊿baPWV) from the BL in the same tests were used for the analysis. ⊿baPWV did not change significantly in the CON. ⊿baPWV decreased significantly at 0, 20, and 40 min in all exercise tests. ⊿baPWV decreased significantly at 60 min in IELS and IESS. At 60 min, the ⊿baPWV of IELS and IESS was still significantly lower than that of CON and CE, and the ⊿baPWV of IESS was still significantly lower than that of IELS. Hence, shortening the intervals of intermittent exercise and increasing the number of repetitions may enhance the effect of improving arterial stiffness.
A NEW DISEASE PROBLEM INDUCED BY CHANGING CLIMATE IN WESTERN ROMANIA

The paper presents results regarding the new winter wheat disease present with great intensity in the north-west Romania during the year 2020. In the climatically changing context, viruses of poaceae affected with intensity the wheat, with a severe reduction of yield. The paper presents the symptoms of bydv during of the phenological stage: yellowing of leave, margins shading leaves, purple leaf coloration, blackened of plant. An unusual positive correlation was point out between purple leaf coloration, caused by virus, and percent of total protein content. some genotypes (Bogdana, Ursita, and Abundent) seems to have some resistance to virus. The best entries have either Otilia or the line f.00628g34 (derived from a triticale/wheat cross), or both in their pedigrees.
Evaluation of subway vibration reduction effect based on ultra-weak FBG array using deep forest

Monitoring the train vibration is an important issue in subway safety management and maintenance. Aiming at the problems of traditional technology for detection and acquisition of subway vibration, such as unable to achieve dynamic detection or evaluation, and unable to give early warning to the changes of subway tunnel structure, this paper proposes a method to obtain and predict the vibration reduction effect based on grating array. The method uses short-time power spectral density (PSD) to extract train vibration signal and uses Z-vibration level (VLz) to obtain the vibration reduction effect of subway track. A model based on deep forest (DF) is improved to predict the variation trend of vibration reduction effect. The experimental results on the actual train data illustrate that the proposed method can accurately extract the train vibration signal, and the model can effectively forecast the vibration reduction effect, which has a lower error precision and shows improved performance over other prediction models.
Some Explanatory Variables of Dropout in Technical Higher Education Institutional and Social Loss

The focus of my research is the added value model of technical higher education. I approached the question from several aspects, in this paper I present some of the key results of the study conducted among students who interrupted or terminated their studies without a degree. I am looking for answers to the research questions of how dropouts can be categorized, i.e. from whose point of view it appears as a loss, and which background factors causing learning difficulties are crucial from the point of view of the loss. By turning the further education situation variable into a binary one, an institutional loss and a social loss group became distinguishable. I chose the logistic regression study to investigate which educational background factors can affect the probability of this type of dropout. Among the results, in addition to the critical subject(s), the interest in other training areas and the emergence of "alone with the problem" appeared as a novelty.
Embedded Sensor Systems in Medical Devices: Requisites and Challenges Ahead

The evolution of technology enables the design of smarter medical devices. Embedded Sensor Systems play an important role, both in monitoring and diagnostic devices for healthcare. The design and development of Embedded Sensor Systems for medical devices are subjected to standards and regulations that will depend on the intended use of the device as well as the used technology. This article summarizes the challenges to be faced when designing Embedded Sensor Systems for the medical sector. With this aim, it presents the innovation context of the sector, the stages of new medical device development, the technological components that make up an Embedded Sensor System and the regulatory framework that applies to it. Finally, this article highlights the need to define new medical product design and development methodologies that help companies to successfully introduce new technologies in medical devices.
A simple technique for measuring the gain of RGH lasers

Describes a simple experimental technique which allows the gain of a rare gas halide (RGH) laser discharge to be estimated rapidly and reliably. The gain of the discharge is offset by including in the laser cavity a cell containing a passive absorber gas. The absorbance of the gas which just extinguishes laser action is related in a simple way to the gain of the discharge.
Effects of Land Reclamation on Soil Bacterial Community and Potential Functions in Bauxite Mining Area

Studying the characteristics of microorganisms in mine reclamation sites can provide a scientific reference basis for mine land reclamation. Soils in the plough layer (0–20 cm) of the bauxite mine plots in Pingguo city, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, with different reclamation years were used as the research objects. The community structure of soil bacteria was analyzed with high-throughput sequencing technology. The results show the following: (1) Reclamation significantly increased the contents of soil nutrients (p < 0.05). (2) The relative abundances of Proteobacteria were high (22.90~41.56%) in all plots, and reclamation significantly reduced the relative abundances of Firmicutes (3.42–10.77%) compared to that in the control plot (24.74%) (p < 0.05). The relative abundances of α-proteobacteria generally increased while the reclamation year increased. The relative abundances of α-proteobacteria and γ-proteobacteria showed significant positive correlations with soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus nutrients (p < 0.01). The relative abundance of Acidobacteria Group 6 showed significant positive correlations with soil exchangeable Ca and Mg (p < 0.01). (3) Bacterial co-occurrence network showed more Copresence interactions in all plots (50.81–58.39%). The reclaimed plots had more nodes, higher modularity, and longer characteristic path length than the control plot, and the keystone taxa changed in different plots. (4) The chemoheterotrophy and aerobic chemoheterotrophy were the most abundant functional groups in all plots (35.66–48.26%), while reclamation reduced the relative abundance of fermentation groups (1.75–11.21%). The above findings indicated that reclamation improved soil nutrients, changed the bacterial community structure and potential functions, and accelerated the microbial stabilization of the reclaimed soil.
Secure cloud internet of vehicles based on blockchain and data transmission scheme of map/reduce

Over the past few years, because of the popularity of the Internet of vehicles and cloud computing, the exchange of group information between vehicles is no longer out of reach. Through WiFi/5G wireless communication protocol, vehicles can instantly deliver traffic conditions and accidents to the back end or group vehicles traveling together, which can reduce traffic congestion and accidents. In addition, vehicles transmit real-time road conditions to the cloud vehicle management center, which can also share real-time road conditions and improve the road efficiency for pedestrians and drivers. However, the transmission of information in an open environment raises the issue of personal information security. Most of the security mechanisms provided by the existing Internet of vehicles require centralized authentication servers, which increase the burden of certificate management and computing. Moreover, the road side unit as a decentralized authentication center may be open to hacking or modification, but due to personal privacy and security concerns, vehicle-to-vehicle is not willing to share information with each other. Therefore, this study is conducted through blockchain to ensure the security of vehicle-based information transmission. Moreover, the elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key exchange protocol and a secure conference key mechanism with direct user confirmation combined with the back-end cloud platform Map/Reduce is proposed to ensure the identities of Mappers and Reducers that participate in the cloud operation, avoid malicious participants to modify the transmission information, so as to achieve secure Map/Reduce operations, and improves vehicle and passenger traffic safety.
Nonnegative linear systems in the behavioral approach: the autonomous case

Nonnegative linear systems, which have been traditionally investigated within the state-space framework, are here introduced and analyzed by means of the behavioral approach. Starting from certain definitions and results presented by Nieuwenhuis (1982), we have explored the general autonomous case, by deriving an extended set of necessary and sufficient conditions for an autonomous behavior to be nonnegative.
Multi-Layer Smart Fault Protection for Secure Smart Grids

The trend toward Smart grid (SG) is increasing significantly by incorporating Distributed Generators (DGs), which leads to new challenges, especially in protection systems. SGs should strengthen robust environments against cybersecurity threats. So, the cybersecurity of future SGs is essential. This paper proposes a multi-layer protection scheme for the Medium Voltage (MV) Distribution System (DS), especially with reconfigurable SGs. The main protection algorithm is based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), utilizing the communication between all protective devices (PDs) in the grid, whereas as backup protection, another AI algorithm employs the communication between the PDs in the same line. Then, as alternative protection to provide the protection system with another level of security in case of communication issues or cyberattacks, a third algorithm based on the local data of each PDs is proposed. Both simulations using MATLAB SIMULINK and experimental results utilizing a scaled physical grid validated the protection algorithms. The scaled grid has been designed for the smart grid in order to test the behavior of the protection scheme experimentally.
Edge-enhancing nonlinear filter for reducing multiplicative noise

This paper illustrates the design of a nonlinear filter for edge-enhancing smoothing of multiplicative noise using a morphology-based filter structure. This filter is called the minimum coefficient of variation (MCV) filter. The coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard deviation of a random process to its mean. For an image corrupted only by stationary multiplicative noise, the coefficient of variation is theoretically constant at every point. Estimates of the coefficient of variation indicate whether a region is approximately constant beneath the multiplicative noise or whether it contains significant image features. Regions containing edges or other image features yield higher estimates of the coefficient of variation than areas that are roughly constant. The MCV filter uses a morphological structure to direct low-pass filtering to act only over regions determined to be most nearly constant by measuring the coefficient of variation. Examples of the sue of the MCV filter are given on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the earth. SAR images are corrupted by speckle, a predominantly multiplicative noise process. Therefore, the MCV filter is a good choice for reducing speckle without blurring edges. The MCV filter is useful for preprocessing in image analysis applications such as coastline detection in SAR images.
The evolution of corotating stream fronts near the ecliptic plane in the inner solar system, 1. Two dimensional fronts

Numerical models of corotating solar wind flows have enjoyed considerable success in simulating the evolution of shocks and corotating interaction regions (CIRs) in the region beyond 1 AU, but their performance with respect to stream fronts located nearer the Sun has been somewhat disappointing. In particular, they tend to predict erroneously that corotating shock pairs should occur relatively frequently within 1 AU, given the sort of sharp boundaries between slow and fast flows observed at stream fronts near 0.3 AU by Helios. We use an existing two-dimensional MHD numerical model for corotating flow in the supersonic, superalfvenic solar wind to show that the predictions of premature shock pair formation are due to improper specification of flow conditions on the initial surface (inner boundary) used as the starting point in such models. This faulty initialization leads to the generation of a physically extraneous strong compression along the stream interface just outside the initial surface, which results in the appearance of evolutionary artifacts (like spurious discontinuities) further on in the solution. We describe an initialization scheme incorporating flow conditions more appropriate to stream fronts near the Sun and demonstrate that it produces the smooth initial behavior expected on physical grounds. Thus free of the evolutionary artifacts, we see that the shear flow at the stream interface approximately balances the kinematic steepening near the Sun, which for typical input conditions keeps the corotating shock pair from forming before about 1.5 AU. We describe the criteria for shock formation in terms of the interface dynamics and show that the steepening process cannot be treated even approximately with conventional kinematic techniques. In a subsequent paper we investigate how the three-dimensional geometry of the stream front affects the dynamical evolution and the resulting CIR structure.
An Empirical Study on the Efficiency of Financial Support for Economic Development in Henan Province Based on DEA Malmquist Index Method

The report of the 19th National People’s Congress points out that China’s social economy will gradually transition from the pursuit of high-speed operation to the pursuit of high-quality economic operation. The financial industries will strongly support the economic development in all aspects, however, studies show that the efficiency of finance in supporting economic development presents regional differences. This paper adopts the universally applicable DEA-Malmquist method and takes the panel data of Henan Province from 2013 to 2019 as the benchmark to calculate and study the input-output ratio of financial support for economic operation and development in each region of Henan Province, and the results show that the overall efficiency of financial service economy in each urban area of Henan Province has increased in the past seven years. According to the measured results in the first four parts of the most efficiency increase is analyzed, and based on the analysis results in the economic development of Henan province put forward some proposals in the new journey, increase the intensity of financial innovation and development, to carry out in-depth financial inclusion work, and to solve the problem that small and micro enterprises faced in raising funds and the slow pace of raising funds, in order to achieve a reasonable distribution of financial resources between the suppliers of funds and the demanders of funds.
Composition, Structure, and Size Distribution of Dust in the Local Interstellar Cloud

The average properties of interstellar dust have previously been inferred from remote astronomical observations of interstellar extinction and from gas depletion measurements. In addition to recent high-resolution observations of gas absorption spectra, in situ measurements of dust in the solar system provide an alternative approach to deducing the properties of interstellar dust, in particular, those of dust in the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC), in which the Sun resides. We constrain the composition and structure of dust in the LIC by the dust-phase elemental abundances derived from gas absorption measurements and by the dynamical behavior inferred from dust impact measurements. The elemental abundances of the LIC dust are consistent with core-mantle grains consisting of Mg-rich pyroxene and Mg-rich olivine with inclusions of troilite, Fe-rich kamacite, and corundum in the core and organic refractory compounds of C, N, and O in the mantle. The mass of the organic refractory mantle is comparable to the mass of the silicate core that is abundant in pyroxene compared to olivine. Taking into account these results, the dynamical behavior of the LIC dust in the solar system indicates that bare silicates and bare carbonaceous materials may be present as grains smaller than 10-17 kg. The LIC grains with mass exceeding 10-17 kg are most likely aggregates of submicron-sized silicate core, organic mantle grains. The mass distribution of dust in the LIC can be well explained by coagulation growth of core-mantle grains but is scarcely explained by severe destruction of grains in interstellar shocks.