Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Promise and Ambiguity of eHealth Research.

Chronic illness, although preventable and frequently manageable, accounts for most of the deaths in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Adopting healthy behaviors such as physical activity, nutrition, smoking cessation, and medication adherence is imperative to reducing the burden of morbidity and mortality associated with preventable illnesses. Early interventions targeted at improving these behaviors have proven somewhat successful, and for some individuals, we saw modest improvements in the health of Americans. However, the development and implementation of behavioral interventions remained as a public health challenge. Since then, we have learned that it is important to address the specific reasons for which an individual may not be able to adopt and adhere to health-promoting behaviors. We moved from the “onesize-fits-all” approach to the development of tailored interventions for promoting behavioral change. Tailored interventions are more likely to enhance the adoption of healthy behaviors because they are assessment based, taking into account personal data and determinants in order to determine the most effective strategies that meet an individual’s needs (Kreuter, Farrell, Olevitch, & Brenna, 2000). The result is a message that is more likely to be viewed as personally relevant, to be remembered, and to increase the individual’s motivation to perform healthy behavior. And, indeed, evidence from a meta-analysis conducted by Noar, Benac, and Harris (2007) suggested that tailored interventions seem to be more effective in improving healthy behaviors when compared to standard nontailored interventions. A growing eHealth field has chartered a new course for tailored interventions and a course that seems to have a limitless potential. eHealth is generally defined as the use of information and communication technologies for health promotion, disease prevention, and disease management (Eng, 2001; World Health Organization, 2006). The Internet, computerbased technologies, electronic health records, and videoconferencing are examples of commonly used eHealth methods to deliver health behavioral interventions. A systematic review (Griffiths, Lindenmeyer, Powell, Lowe, & Thorogood, 2006) highlighted several reasons for the delivery of behavioral interventions via eHealth. The reasons identified were (a)reduction indeliverycosts, (b) reduction ingeographically based barriers, and (c) convenience for users. Thus, eHealth for intervention delivery seems promising for improving health and wellness, but a closer look at the literature reveals that there are some ambiguous areas of eHealth research and some unanswered questions that require further exploration. The precise meaning of eHealth does not appear to be
Methylation of Inorganic Arsenic in Different Mammalian Species and Population Groups

Thousands of people in different parts of the world are exposed to arsenic via drinking water or contaminated soil or food. The high general toxic of arsenic has been known for centuries, and research during the last decades has shown that arsenic is a potent human carcinogen. However, most experimental cancer studies have failed to demonstrate carcinogenicity in experimental animals, indicating marked variation in sensitivity towards arsenic toxicity between species. It has also been suggested that there is a variation in susceptibility among human individuals. One reason for such variability in toxic response may be variation in metabolism. Inorganic arsenic is methylated in humans as well as animals and micro-organisms, but there are considerable differences between species and individuals. In many, but not all, mammalian species, inorganic arsenic is methylated to methylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), which are more rapidly excreted in urine than is the inorganic arsenic, especially the trivalent form (AsIII, arsenite) which is highly reactive with tissue components. Absorbed arsenate (AsV) is reduced to trivalent arsenic (AsIII) before the methyl groups are attached. It has been estimated that as much as 50–70% of absorbed AsV is rapidly reduced to AsIII, a reaction which seems to be common for most species. In most experimental animal species, DMA is the main metabolite excreted in urine. Compared to human subjects, very little MMA is produced. However, the rate of methylation varies considerably between species, and several species, e.g. the marmoset monkey and the chimpanzee have been shown not to methylate inorganic arsenic at all. In addition, the marmoset monkey accumulates arsenic in the liver. The rat, on the other hand, has an efficient methylation of arsenic but the formed DMA is to a large extent accumulated in the red blood cells. As a result, the rat shows a low rate of excretion of arsenic. In both human subjects and rodents exposed to DMA, about 5% of the dose is excreted in the urine as trimethylarsine oxide. It is obvious from studies on human volunteers exposed to specified doses of inorganic arsenic that the rate of excretion increases with the methylation efficiency, and there are large inter-individual variations in the methylation of arsenic. Recent studies on people exposed to arsenic via drinking water in northern Argentina have shown unusually low urinary excretion of MMA. Furthermore, children had a lower degree of methylation of arsenic than adults. Some studies indicate a lower degree of arsenic methylation in men than in women, especially during pregnancy. Whether the observed differences in methylation of arsenic are associated with variations in the susceptibility of arsenic remains to be investigated.
Processing in the pestivirus E2-NS2 region: identification of proteins p7 and E2p7

The pestivirus genome encodes a single polyprotein which is subject to co- and posttranslational processing by cellular and viral proteases. The map positions of all virus-encoded proteins are known with the exception of a hypothetical peptide (p? ) which interlinks the glycoprotein E2 and the nonstructural protein NS2-3 approximately between amino acid positions 1060 and 1130. Expression studies with recombinant vaccinia viruses bearing a set of C-terminally truncated E2-p? -NS2-encoding sequences derived from a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain led to the identification of a minor fraction of E2 which had an increased molecular mass due to a C-terminal extension. This larger form of E2 (E2p7) was specifically recognized by an antiserum raised against the amino acid sequence from 1065 to 1125. In addition, the antibodies revealed a BVDV-encoded 7-kDa protein (p7) in infected cells. By radiosequencing it was determined that Val-1067 was the N-terminal amino acid of in vitro-synthesized p7. Analyses of BVDV and classical swine fever virus virions suggest that neither p7 nor E2p7 is a major structural constituent.
NLPX : a natural language query interface for facilitating user-oriented XML-IR

Most information retrieval (IR) systems respond to users' representation of their information needs (queries) with a ranked list of relevant results, usually text documents. XML documents di er from traditional text documents by explicitly separating structure and content. XML-IR systems aim to exploit this separation by searching and retrieving relevant components of documents (called elements) rather than entire documents thereby, better ful lling users' information needs. Despite the potential bene t of XML-IR systems, most research in this area has not been centered on the needs of users. In particular, current XML-IR query formation interfaces, namely keywords-only and formal language, are not able to optimally address the needs of users. Keywords-only interfaces are too unsophisticated to fully capture the users' complex information needs that contain both content and structural requirements. In contrast, while formal languages are able to capture users' content and structural requirements they are too di cult to use, even for experts, and are too closely tied to the physical structure of the collection. This thesis presents a solution to these problems by presenting NLPX, a natural language interface for XML-IR systems. NLPX allows users to enter XML-IR queries in natural language and translates them into a formal language (NEXI) to be processed by existing XML retrieval systems. When evaluated by system testing, NLPX outperformed alternative translation approaches. When tested in a user-based experiment, NLPX performed comparably to a query-by-template interface, the baseline user-oriented interface for formulating structured queries. It is hoped that the outcomes of this thesis will help to refocus the eld of XML-IR around the user. This will lead to the development of more useful XML-IR systems, which will hopefully result in the more widespread use of XML-IR systems.
A Semi-Supervised Learning Approach to Why-Question Answering

We propose a semi-supervised learning method for improving why-question answering (why-QA). The key of our method is to generate training data (question-answer pairs) from causal relations in texts such as "[Tsunamis are generated](effect) because [the ocean's water mass is displaced by an earthquake](cause). " A naive method for the generation would be to make a question-answer pair by simply converting the effect part of the causal relations into a why-question, like "Why are tsunamis generated? " from the above example, and using the source text of the causal relations as an answer. However, in our preliminary experiments, this naive method actually failed to improve the why-QA performance. The main reason was that the machine-generated questions were often incomprehensible like "Why does (it) happen? ", and that the system suffered from overfitting to the results of our automatic causality recognizer. Hence, we developed a novel method that effectively filters out incomprehensible questions and retrieves from texts answers that are likely to be paraphrases of a given causal relation. Through a series of experiments, we showed that our approach significantly improved the precision of the top answer by 8% over the current state-of-the-art system for Japanese why-QA.
Lung Surfactants: Correlation Between Biophysical Characteristics, Composition, and Therapeutic Efficacy

s, Brussels, Belgium, Mar 18–21, 2003. 145. Marini JJ. Evidence-based medicine in intensive care unit. A debate 23rd International Symposium of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Program and abstracts, Brussels, Belgium, Mar 18–21, 2003. 146. Greenhalgh T. How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence Based Medicine. 2nd ed. London: BMJ Books, 2001.s, Brussels, Belgium, Mar 18–21, 2003. 146. Greenhalgh T. How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence Based Medicine. 2nd ed. London: BMJ Books, 2001. 147. Osovskikh V, Seiliev A, Rosenberg O. Exogenous surfactant: a potent drug for gastric content aspiration? Eur Respir J 2002; 20:336. 148. Osovskikh V, Seiliev A, Rosenberg O. ARDSp and ARDSexp: different responses to surfactant administration. Eur Respir J 2003; 22:551. 149. Satoh D, et al. Effect of surfactant on respiratory failure associated with thoracic aneurysm surgery. Crit Care Med 1998; 10:1660. 150. Tarasenko M, et al. Surfactant therapy–the real chance to survive for patients with severe inhalation injury. Eur Respir J 2004; 24:4127. 344 Rosenberg et al.
Bayesian Prior Networks with PAC Training

We propose to train Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) by empirical Bayes as an alternative to posterior weight inference. By approximately marginalizing out an i.i. d. \ realization of a finite number of sibling weights per data-point using the Central Limit Theorem (CLT), we attain a scalable and effective Bayesian deep predictor. This approach directly models the posterior predictive distribution, by-passing the intractable posterior weight inference step. However, it introduces a prohibitively large number of hyperparameters for stable training. As the prior weights are marginalized and hyperparameters are optimized, the model also no longer provides a means to incorporate prior knowledge. We overcome both of these drawbacks by deriving a trivial PAC bound that comprises the marginal likelihood of the predictor and a complexity penalty. The outcome integrates organically into the prior networks framework, bringing about an effective and holistic Bayesian treatment of prediction uncertainty. We observe on various regression, classification, and out-of-domain detection benchmarks that our scalable method provides an improved model fit accompanied with significantly better uncertainty estimates than the state-of-the-art.
Fellesoppmerksomhet og kilder til ny atferd

Korrespondanse vedrørende artikkelen sendes til Per Holth, Institutt for atferdsvitenskap, Helsefakultetet, Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus, postboks 4, St. Olavs Plass, N-0130 Oslo. E-post: per.holth@hioa.no Blikkontakt mellom to personer kan betegnes som en dyade. Fellesoppmerksomhet innebærer noe mer enn slik blikkontakt og er beskrevet som en triade, en synkronisering av oppmerksomhet hos to eller flere personer i forhold til en ting eller hendelse (f.eks., Collis & Schaffer, 1975). Forskning og litteratur vedrørende fellesoppmerksomhet har i stor grad dreid seg om visuell oppmerksomhet, men det kan også dreie seg om andre sansemodaliteter, som berøring eller vokalisering med trykk på bestemte ord eller lyder (Sarria, Gomez, & Tamarit, 1996). Fellesoppmerksomhet inngår i vanlige samhandlinger mellom mennesker i et omfang vi sjelden er klar over. Vi henleder andres oppmerksomhet ved peking, endring av blikkretning, og ved vektlegging av ord, ved å si «se der! » osv. , og vi reagerer på disse tingene med endret oppmerksomhet når andre utfører dem. Fellesoppmerksomhet er således et avgjørende trekk ved alle former for sosial interaksjon. Uten synkronisering av fokus, ville vi handle parallelt med andre heller enn å samhandle med dem. Under overskriften fellesoppmerksomhet, er flere litt ulike fenomener behandlet. For det første er det gjort et skille mellom initiering av fellesoppmerksomhet (initiating joint attention; IJA) og respondering til fellesoppmerksomhet (responding to joint attention, RJA).
Comparative Study of Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Undoped and Mn-Doped CdSe Quantum Dots

We report a comparative study of room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) in undoped and Mn-doped CdSe quantum dots (QDs) synthesized by a pyrolysis method. Both undoped and Mn-doped CdSe QDs exhibited the RTFM with a coercive field of ~160 Oe. The magnetic moment of the QDs showed a strong dependence on the QD size, indicating that the RTFM of the QDs was due to an intrinsic effect. The saturation magnetization value of QDs increased with a decreasing of the QD size. Compared with the undoped QDs, the Mn-doped CdSe QDs exhibited the enhancement of saturation magnetization value with a slight doping concentration. By further increasing the Mn doping concentration to 4 at. %, the increase of the saturation magnetization value of the doped-QDs was not observed, which could be attributed to the enhancement of antiferromagnetic coupling between Mn2+ ions.
Metagenomics Investigation of Agarlytic Genes and Genomes in Mangrove Sediments in China: A Potential Repertory for Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes

Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides produced by agarose degradation exhibit potential in the fields of bioenergy, medicine, and cosmetics. Mangrove sediments (MGSs) provide a special environment to enrich enzymes for agarose degradation. However, representative investigations of the agarlytic genes in MGSs have been rarely reported. In this study, agarlytic genes in MGSs were researched in detail from the aspects of diversity, abundance, activity, and location through deep metagenomics sequencing. Functional genes in MGSs were usually incomplete but were shown as results, which could cause virtually high number of results in previous studies because multiple fragmented sequences could originate from the same genes. In our work, only complete and nonredundant (CNR) genes were analyzed to avoid virtually high amount of the results. The number of CNR agarlytic genes in our datasets was significantly higher than that in the datasets of previous studies. Twenty-one recombinant agarases with agarose-degrading activity were detected using heterologous expression based on numerous complete open-reading frames, which are rarely obtained in metagenomics sequencing of samples with complex microbial communities, such as MGSs. Aga2, which had the highest crude enzyme activity among the 21 recombinant agarases, was further purified and subjected to enzymatic characterization. With its high agarose-degrading activity, resistance to temperature changes and chemical agents, Aga2 could be a suitable option for industrial production. The agarase ratio with signal peptides to that without signal peptides in our MGS datasets was lower than that of other reported agarases. Six draft genomes, namely, Clusters 1–6, were recovered from the datasets. The taxonomic annotation of these genomes revealed that Clusters 1, 3, 5, and 6 were annotated as Desulfuromonas sp. , Treponema sp. , Ignavibacteriales spp. , and Polyangiaceae spp. , respectively. Meanwhile, Clusters 2 and 4 were potential new species. All these genomes were first reported and found to have abilities of degrading various important polysaccharides. The metabolic pathway of agarose in Cluster 4 was also speculated. Our results showed the capacity and activity of agarases in the MGS microbiome, and MGSs exert potential as a repertory for mining not only agarlytic genes but also almost all genes of the carbohydrate-active enzyme family.
Eurocode 7 : calcul géotechnique

L’eurocode 7 « Calcul geotechnique » constitue l’un des chapitres d’un ensemble de textes dont la preparation a ete commandee par la Commission des Communautes Europeennes au debut des annees 80, aux fins d’harmoniser les regles de conception et de calcul des constructions courantes et de rendre plus egales les conditions de concurrence dans les differents pays d’Europe. Il comprendra a terme plusieurs parties, dont seule la premiere (Regles generales) a ete redigee jusqu’a present. Le texte de l’eurocode 7 a ete approuve comme norme provisoire ou « prenorme » ENV 1997-1 (1994), d’application facultative. Sa publication simultanee dans les trois langues de travail du CEN (allemand, anglais, francais), a la fin de 1994, marque le debut d’une periode de test de trois annees, a l’issue de laquelle la norme sera reexaminee puis soumise a vote pour devenir une norme europeenne a part entiere, s’imposant dans les pays membres du CEN (Comite Europeen de Normalisation), dont la France. Les normes francaises de dimensionnement et d’essai en geotechnique seront reamenagees par les instances de normalisation francaise, pour former avec l’eurocode 7 definitif un corps de normes coherent, susceptible de remplacer les textes existants comme les Documents Techniques Unifies (DTU) et les fascicules du Cahier des Clauses Techniques Generales (CCTG) applicables aux marches publics. L’eurocode 7 est inclus dans un ensemble de textes applicables aux constructions courantes (bâtiments et ouvrages d’art) et a ete concu comme le recueil des regles de bases applicables a tous les ouvrages de geotechnique. Certains types d’ouvrages, comme les barrages, les tunnels et les travaux de terrassements, debordent du domaine couvert par l’eurocode 7, parce que des regles complementaires ou differentes s’appliquent a eux, et ils seront de fait exclus du champ d’application de ce texte. Par rapport a la pratique traditionnelle de la geotechnique en France et dans le monde, l’eurocode 7 se distingue par la volonte deliberee d’appliquer systematiquement le formalisme du dimensionnement aux etats limites (ultimes et de service) et de traiter la securite au moyen de coefficients partiels appliques separement aux charges, aux proprietes des materiaux et aux methodes de calcul. La reference aux etats limites est un remodelage des pratiques existantes, mais l’utilisation de coefficients partiels, au lieu d’un coefficient de securite global specifique a chaque type de calcul et a chaque type d’ouvrage, est une modification beaucoup plus importante qui a necessite et necessitera au cours des prochaines annees beaucoup d’etudes de recalage par rapport a l’experience. Le present chapitre decrit le contenu de l’eurocode 7 experimental, dont la publication a eu lieu en 1994. Il analyse en particulier les similitudes et differences de ce texte par rapport aux pratiques generalement suivies en France dans l’etude des ouvrages geotechniques, puis commente les possibilites pratiques d’utilisation de ce texte en attendant la publication des normes complementaires prevues ulterieurement par types d’ouvrages.
Crashing the Spectacle: A Forgotten History of Digital Sampling, Infringement, Copyright Liberation and the End of Recorded Music

Precis Copyright infringement, billboard ‘alteration’, an evil secret society known as the Illuminati, country music legend Tammy Wynette, the incineration of £1,000,000 in cash, and No Music Day. These odd, interconnected events were engineered by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty, an anarchic British pop duo who used several pseudonyms: The Timelords, The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, the JAMS, and the KLF. Between 1987 and 1992 they racked up seven U.K. top ten hits, even crossing over in America with the songs ‘3 A.M. Eternal’ and ‘Justified and Ancient’—the later of which went to number one in eighteen countries (Simpson, 2003: 199). Those super-cheesy singles are the main reason why this duo is remembered, if they are remembered at all—especially in the U.S.— as a novelty techno-pop act. (The hook ‘KLF is gonna rock ya! ’, from ‘3 A.M. Eternal’, is wired directly into the synapses of millions.) Their brief but ubiquitous popularity nicely obscured a radical and hilariously subversive critique of the culture industry—like a goofy Theodore Adorno whose praxis involved a drum machine. To this end, the KLF practiced an aggressive brand of creative plagiarism— otherwise known as sampling—that predated both Public Enemy’s early forays into the copyright debates (on 1988’s ‘Caught, Can I Get a Witness? ’ Chuck D rapped, ‘Caught, now in court ‘cause I stole a beat/ This is a sampling sport…’) and Negativland’s impish copyright activism (which was prompted by a 1991 lawsuit for daring to sample and satirize rock superstars U2). The KLF’s debut album, 1987 (What the Fuck’s Going On? ), made extensive and provocative use of samples from the Monkees, the Beatles, Whitney