Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Semi-Automatic Reliable Explanations for Prediction in Graphs

We discuss reliability for local explanations for prediction in graphs. Meaningfully explaining predictions of machine learning models is an open and important research question particularly in relation to human judgement. Objectively evaluating explanation is strongly required to make Artificial Intelligence trusted. Model-agnostic local explanation methods such as LIME have recently emerged and are being widely used for commonly used types of data: tables, texts, and images. A locally linear regression model is constructed using perturbed data generated in the vicinity of the instance to be explained with LIME. However, the creation of adequate perturbed data is not necessarily easy depending on the task and dataset leading to less explainability and instability of explanations. It is more problematic to apply such local explanation methods to graph data because there are difficulties unique to graphs such as the complexity of the structure and the variety of definitions of the distance among them. We propose a local explanation method for graphs originated from LIME and for fundamental synthetic datasets experimentally investigate the characteristics of perturbed data concerning explainability, e.g., “what perturbed data can increase explainability? ” or “is there a criterion to determine reliable explanations regarding perturbed data? ”. The effect of the following various factors in the explanation process are investigated: a generation method for perturbed data, distance function, dataset, prediction model, and data augmentation due to noise in training. Although the effect of these factors is quite complex, the ratio of the perturbed data that has a different class than the instance has is the most important index for higher explanations independently of the complex effect. We also propose a practical method to semi-automatically determine a reliable explanation with minimum human support using this index. We also evaluate a model-agnostic manner in our proposed method for graph classification tasks and prediction models such as graph convolutional networks (GCNs) or support vector machines (SVM) with graph kernels. The results indicate that the locally linear regression model can work well under specific situations. Moreover, the possibility to obtain better explainability than with the state-of-the-art graph explanation method GNNExplainer is shown as a reference.
Wireless Sensor Networks Simulation Model to Compute Verification Time in Terms of Groups for Massive Crowd

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 25 December, 2020 Accepted: 06 February, 2021 Online: 25 February, 2021 Everyone needs fast response or output against its request or need. Therefore, technologies are used to make the processing fast and accurate according to our needs. But in some situations, still we need to do more. Especially, when we need to process a massive or huge crowd of people in limited time frame such as at airport, religious gatherings, at stations etc. As the verification time increases crowd also increases and causing problems such as missing of the next flight, causality in religious gathering. Also, percentage of usefulness of verification system decreases and vice versa. Currently, different approaches are being employed to reduce verification time such as decentralized, distributed, queuing etc. But each of the approach has its merits and demerits. In order to minimize this problem, one of the solutions is to perform group (cluster) based verification. The reason behind is that as religious or tourist visits are done in groups, therefore, we can easily perform the group verification to make the verification fast in context of time. Further, we can set the limit where we need the group verification and where we can go through the normal verification (one by one). In this paper, we presented a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) simulation model to calculate verification time in the groups form for massive crowd. We discussed the different scenarios for a group such as all group (cluster) members (CMs) are same and within the range or out of the range of cluster head (CH), CMs and non-CMs are within the range or out of range of the CH. We considered the pilgrimage as use case to compare the verification time taken by existing system and proposed system in context of time. We also compared the verification time with respect to verified and unverified CMs (CMs) in a group verification model. By optimizing the number of CM members in a group will decrease the number of unverified CMs (the drop rate), hence the performance of the group verification will be increased by minimizing the group verification time.
Bourdieu’s capitals and the socio-cultural perspective of literacy frameworks: a ready-made vessel for decolonising the curriculum

The term ‘decolonising the curriculum has attained more prominence in recent times, particularly in the wake of political events, the core of which has been in the United States. Such prominence naturally induces a variety of engagement and conceptualisations which can be placed on a cline with populist agitations embedded in social justice ideals (See e.g. Akhter, 2020) on one end and realistic educational engagements on the other. With the former, the notion of decolonising the curriculum falls within the framework of intersectionality and borrows from the comprehensive allencompassing agitations such as ‘Rhodes must fall’ and ‘Why is my curriculum so white? ’ (Akhter, 2020). The latter, however, has been more concerned with the functional process of how the process of decolonisation might happen.
İlköğretim Matematik Öğretmen Adaylarının Pi Sayısı Bağlamındaki Kavram Tanımlarının İncelenmesi

Her alanda oldugu gibi matematigin de kendine has kavramlari (sayi, oranti, denklem vb. gibi) bulunmaktadir. Matematikte bu kavramlar kadar kavramlarin tanimlari da onemli bir yer tutmaktadir. Cunku tanimlar kavramin uygun bir sekilde olusturulmasina, oteki kavramlardan ayirt edilmesine ve matematiksel fikirlerin ifade edilmesine yardimci olmaktadir. Bu calismanin amaci, ilkogretim matematik ogretmen adaylarinin pi sayisi baglaminda ortaya koyduklari kavram tanimlarinin incelenmesidir. Yapilan bu arastirmada nitel arastirma modellerinden biri olan durum calismasi yontemi kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin calisma grubu kolay ulasilabilir ornekleme yontemi ile secilmistir. Calisma grubu 2018-2019 egitim-ogretim yili bahar doneminde Karadeniz Bolgesi’nde yer alan bir devlet universitesinde ogrenim gormekte olan 104 ilkogretim matematik ogretmen adayindan olusmaktadir. Ogretmen adaylarinin 32’si 1. , 30’u 2. , 26’si 3. , 15’i ise 4. sinifta ogrenim gormektedir. Veri toplama araci olarak “Pi sayisi nedir, tanimlayiniz. ” seklinde acik uclu bir sorudan olusan test kullanilmistir. Ogretmen adaylarinin bu soru baglaminda yapmis oldugu tanimlamalar icerik analizine tabi tutularak kategorilere ayrilmistir. Buna ek olarak, ogretmen adaylarinin yapmis olduklari tanimlamalarin dagilimini belirlemek amaciyla verdikleri yanitlarla ilgili frekans ve yuzdeler hesaplanmistir. Calismanin sonucunda, ogretmen adaylarinin cogunlugunun (%62,5) pi sayisini “Cember/dairede cevrenin capa orani” olarak tanimladiklari gorulmustur. Bununla birlikte, yapilan bu tanimlamanin dagiliminin 1. siniftan (%40,6) 4. sinifa (%93,3) dogru artis gosterdigi tespit edilmistir. Bunlara ilaveten, bazi ogretmen adaylarinin pi sayisini “Cember/dairede cevrenin yaricapa orani”, “Cember/dairede yaricapin cevreye orani”, “irrasyonel bir sayi” , “matematiksel bir sabit” seklinde tanimladigi belirlenmistir. Bazi ogretmen adaylarinin ise pi sayisini “3,14 olan sayi”; “yaklasik degeri 3,14 olan sayi”; “3,14… olarak sonsuza kadar giden sayi” seklinde sayisal degerler kullanarak tanimladiklari saptanmistir.
Incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in complete versus culprit only revascularization in old patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Objectives: To compare complete revascularization with a culprit-only revascularization in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multivessel disease. Background: Although several trials have compared complete with culprit-only revascularization in STEMI, it remains unclear whether complete revascularization may lead to improvement in hard endpoints (death, contrast-induced nephropathy and renal hemodialysis). Methods: It’s a cohort trial, the patients in our study were randomized into 2 groups; one of them had complete revascularization while the other group had culprit-only revascularization. Results: Our study including a total of 140 patients. 70 patients had complete revascularization, 65 patients at immediate procedure and 6 patients within 72h from initial procedure. The other 70 patients had only culprit revascularization. The exclusion criteria included patients who had chronic total occlusion (CTO) or creatinine clearance <30ml/min. Compared with a culprit-only strategy, complete revascularization had significantly higher risk for contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) p=0.016 but no significant difference between the two groups regarding renal replacement therapy during hospital stay or within one month p=0.15,p=0.31 respectively. There is also no significant difference between the two groups regarding one month mortality p=0.31. Conclusions: culprit-only revascularization reduces the risk of CIN in patients presenting by STEMI but don’t differ in incidence of mortality or renal replacement therapy.
Assessment of Soil Loss in a Typical Ungauged Dam Catchment using RUSLE Model (Maruba Dam, Kenya)

Soil erosion is a serious land degradation problem which nations all over the world are struggling with. It has affected many river catchments most of which are very dynamic and have become quite vulnerable due to human influence. As such, the functionality of the ecosystem has been largely compromised. Soil erosion has been reported as an expensive problem to remedy and therefore numerous of efforts have shifted to its prevention. This has called for estimation of soil loss which has been adequately achieved by use erosion models over the past. One such model is the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) which has been applied at catchment level. Maruba dam catchment has become very unhealthy due to the unsustainable modifications of the terrain. This is evident at the rate at which the dam is losing its storage capacity due to sedimentation. The current situation in the dam formed the basis for this study. Information on soil loss within the catchment is missing and as such decision makers do not have a basis for initiating soil and water conservation plans. The methodological framework for this study was the use of RUSLE model integrated in a GIS framework. The parameters of the model were derived using GIS and RS tools. The study revealed that soil loss ranged between 0 and 29 t ha -1 yr -1 and this explains why the dam if silting up at a fast rate. With this set of information on soil loss, the health of the catchment would be adequately restored and this would save the dam from unwarranted sedimentation. Keywords : Soil erosion, catchment, RUSLE, sedimentation, GIS DOI: 10.7176/JEES/11-16-06 Publication date: June 30 th 2021
Auto-completion for Network Conﬁgurations

Most networks rely on distributed routing protocols to determine how traffic flows through the network. This requires configuring each device to run the appropriate protocols, communicate with other devices, and select the desired paths. The configurations are often complex, consisting of thousands of lines of low-level directives and dozens of symbolic references [2]. Consequently, configuration errors are common and the leading cause of network outages [5]. The prevalence of configuration errors stems from the rudimentary manner in which devices are typically configured. Most network devices feature a command line interface (CLI) for adding and removing individual lines of configuration. The only configuration assistance the CLI provides is tab-completion of keywords; this has limited value because keywords are listed alphabetically and the operator still has to search for the desired completion. To simplify common configuration tasks, many network management tools support the use of configuration templates: snippets of configuration that can be customized and inserted into the configurations of one or more devices [2]. However, these tools do not assist the operator in writing the templates or selecting the appropriate template(s) to use in a given configuration. More recently, network operators have begun to configure devices using higher-level, vendor-independent languages which are automatically compiled to the low-level device configurations [1]. But, these higher-level specifications can still contain dozens of symbolic references and be hundreds of lines long. We thus propose a different approach that can serve to complement existing techniques for writing routing configurations by considering the problem of writing network configurations to be analogous to writing software code. Most configurations are written using vendor specific languages, that make use of rules and keywords similar to traditional programming languages. We envision an interactive system inspired by code completion engines [6, 4] that could be invoked by network operators as they write router configurations to offer them suggestions for what to put in next, or list the options available from the invocation point. Our long term goal is to expand this engine into a fully featured assistant for writing
Quality Is Personal: A Foundation For Total Quality Management

In this guide to involving employees in the process of Total Quality Management, Harry V. Roberts and Bernard F. Sergesketter make the argument that "personal quality checklists" - by which employees monitor waste reducers and value adding activities in their immediate work environment - can significantly increase individual understanding of the general concepts and implementation of TQM. Drawing on two years of research at AT&T, the authors demonstrate how these systematic self-appraisals lead to improvement in personal job effectiveness, and help employees better serve internal and external customers. Monitoring performance improvement with checklists, they show, is an important contribution in the successful transformation of an organization into a Total Quality Management company.
Influence of prebiotics in pigs nutrition on body weight and content of Escherichia coli in feces

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of prebiotics in the diet of piglets after weaning on the increase in the average weight of experimental animals between female (? ) and male (? ) piglets, dynamically by weeks of experiment, as well as on the presence of Escherichia coli in faeces. The experiment included piglets at weaning, aged about 26 days. The F1 generation was used, which was created by crossing Landrace sows and Pietren boars. The piglets were fed for 56 days (8 weeks). Four groups were formed, each group was composed of 10 piglets (5 females and 5 males) with different concentrations of prebiotics and controls, in two replicates, a total of 100 experimental animals. Feed mixtures consisting of the same nutrients were used in the diet. Control groups (OA and OB) were fed with ordinary feed mixture, without the addition of additives, groups (IA and IB) with the addition of Bio-Mos prebiotics, in a concentration of 0.1%, groups (II-A and II- B) with 0.2%, groups (III-A and III-B) with 0.3% and groups (IV-A and IV-B) were fed with the addition of prebiotics in a concentration of 0.4%. It was concluded that the differences observed in the average weight between ? and ? piglets in any measurement period were not statistically significant. However, the best results in terms of average weight were given by the highest used concentrations of prebiotics in food, 0.4% and 0.3%. The preparation had a positive effect in terms of reducing the number of Escherichia coli bacteria in the digestive tract of piglets in all treatment groups by 42 to 320 times.
Optimal Searching of Prefetched DASH Segments in Fog Nodes: A Multi-Armed Bandit Approach

Data prefetching at fog nodes that significantly reduces latency is critical for video streaming applications. In the framework of dynamic video streaming over fog, some segments (parts of video) can be prefetched by the network provider. Sharing the dynamic information about prefetched node locations to all of the users is not a scalable approach, due to signalling and performance overheads. However, at the time of downloading, the client devices can search for the availability of DASH video segments in the fog nodes present in their vicinity. There is, however, a dilemma of how many fog nodes can be queried, without affecting performance such as continuous playback of the video. \par In this paper, we propose an efficient mechanism for searching video segments over different fog nodes. This search mechanism is formulated as a sequential stochastic modeling framework known as Multi-Armed Bandit~(MAB). While the state space of this model is a countably infinite set, we propose an algorithmic approach to transform to a finite state space model without loss of optimality. With extensive simulation results, the analytical results are validated. We study the different parameters influencing the improved optimal DASH performance, in terms of segment prefetch probability, and number of search attempts made by the client.
Seamless communication techniques in mobile cloud computing: A survey

Achieving seamless communication and smooth service provision between the cloud and end user's mobile device is one of the main challenges existing in mobile cloud environments. Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) allows cloud environments to mitigate resource limitation problems for mobile devices. The most popular mobile devices such as smartphones, autonomous vehicles, drones, and other smart electronic equipment are in constant motion and frequently change their point of connection (base station or edge) to mobile computing networks. In these situations of mobility, the data being transmitted, and the services being provided to the device should not be interrupted as the proper function of the device depends on these services. Applications that rely heavily on data and services stored in the cloud environment should be available even when the device has moved from one pole to another. Various existing generic surveys emphasize important solutions to some of the challenges faced in MCC. Different solutions were proposed to achieve seamless communication in MCC, presenting the taxonomy of the interworking and mobility techniques and their possibilities. However, they have not provided a clear evaluation of MCC techniques for achieving seamless communication and service provision, and have not taken into consideration current technological advances such as 5G, femtocell, etc. In this paper, we provide a survey of the different solutions proposed to achieve seamless communication in MCC by taking current technological advances into account. Furthermore, some shortcomings associated with the presented methods are outlined, along with the current issues and research challenges faced in MCC. However, for the purposes of data protection and security, previously proposed schemes already achieve the goal of protecting users' attribute privacy and they have the same access policy; some can even achieve full security, but they are just limited in decryption efficiency.
Solving the Online Assignment Problem with Machine Learned Advice

The online assignment problem deals with assigning n elements of one set to another set which arrives sequentially on a one-to-one basis. This problem is also known as the online weighted bipartite matching which produces the smallest weight perfect matching possible. It plays an important role in the fields of operational research and computer science which is why immense attention has been given to improve its solution quality. Due to the incomplete information about the input, it is difficult for online algorithms to produce the optimal solution. The quality of the solution of an online algorithm is measured using a competitive ratio. It has been proven that for this problem, no online deterministic algorithm can achieve a competitive ratio better than (2n-1). It has been shown that advice in online computation improves the lower bound of the competitive ratio of online problems. Advice in online computation can be interpreted as additional information for the online algorithm to compensate for the lack of information about the whole input sequence. In this study, we investigate how introducing machine-learned advice could improve the competitive ratio for this problem. We provide an online algorithm for the online assignment problem by simulating a machine learning algorithm that predicts the whole input in advance. We utilize an optimal offline algorithm to provide a matching solution from the predicted input. Furthermore, we investigate how the prediction error of machine learning affects the competitive ratio of the online algorithm. We utilize a benchmark data set to perform our empirical analysis. We show that as the Machine Learning prediction error increases, the solution quality decreases. Moreover, the magnitude of error is directly proportional to the size of the input. This result is analo-gous to the competitive ratio of the best deterministic algorithm for the online assignment problem which is dependent also on the parameter n.
Not there yet: knowledge building in educational development ten years on

ABSTRACT This paper responds to a question posed by [Shay, Suellen. 2012. “Educational Development as a Field: Are We There Yet? ” Higher Education Research and Development 31 (3): 311–323. doii:10.1080/07294360.2011. 631520] about the status of knowledge building in the field of Educational Development. In her paper, Shay critiques knowledge produced in the field arguing that it is ‘codified practice’ [Gamble, Jeanne. 2001. “Modelling the Invisible: The Pedagogy of Craft Apprenticeship. ” Studies in Continuing Education 23 (2): 185–200. doii:10.1080/01580370120101957; Gamble, Jeanne. 2004. “Retrieving the General from the Particular: The Structure of Craft Knowledge. ” In Reading Bernstein, Researching Bernstein, edited by J. Muller, B. Davies, and A. Morais, 189–203. Abingdon: Routledge; Gamble, Jeanne. 2006. “Theory and Practice in the Vocational Curriculum. ” In Knowledge, Curriculum and Qualifications in South African Further Education, edited by M. Young and J. Gamble, 87–103. Pretoria: HSRC Press] rather than applied theory which could succeed in reconceptualising problems rather than simply trying to address them. This paper draws on a review of research produced in the field in recent years in South Africa to argue that, although some work does result in the reconceptualision of problems the higher education, it is limited in that (i) it has been produced by a relatively small group of practitioners located at a few universities and (ii) draws on theory developed in the Global North. The paper then proceeds to offer some tentative suggestions for the way future work aimed at knowledge building could proceed.