Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A mixed numerical–analytical stable pseudo‐inversion method aimed at attaining an almost exact tracking

This paper considers the problem of computing the input u(t) of an internally asymptotically stable, possibly non‐minimum phase, linear, continuous time system Σ yielding a very accurate tracking of a pre‐specified desired output trajectory y˜(t) . The main purpose of the new approach proposed here is to alleviate some limitations that inherent the classical methods developed in the framework of the preview‐based stable inversion, which represents an important reference context for this class of control problems. In particular, the new method allows one to deal with arbitrary and possibly uncertain initial conditions and does not require a pre‐actuation. The desired output y˜s(t) to be exactly tracked in steady state is here assumed to belong to the set of polynomials, exponential, and sinusoidal time functions. The desired transient response y˜t(t) is specified to obtain a fast and smooth transition toward the steady‐state trajectory y˜s(t) , without under and/or overshoot in the case of a set point reset. The transient control input ut(t) is a priori assumed to be given by a piecewise polynomial function. Once y˜(t) has been specified, this allows the computation of the unknown ut(t) as the approximate least squares solution of the Fredholm's integral equation corresponding to the explicit formula of the output forced response. The steady‐state input us(t) is analytically computed exploiting the steady‐state output response expressions for inputs belonging to the same set of y˜s(t) . Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GND-PCA based statistical volume modeling of the lung

In this paper, a method called generalized N-dimensional PCA (GND-PCA) is proposed for statistical volume modeling of medical volumes in this paper. The medical volume is treated as a series of 3rd-order tensors and the bases on each mode-subspace are calculated in order to approximate the tensors accurately. The GND-PCA is successfully applied into the construction of the statistical volume models for 3D CT lung volumes. Experiments show that the constructed models have good performance on generalization even though the training samples are quite few.
Laser interference as a lithographic nanopatterning tool

Laser interference lithography is reviewed as an adequate nanopatterning tool for devices with periodic structures. The structure size may practically be chosen in the range between 100 nm and 10.0 m by adjusting the angle of incidence of the incoming laser beam. The exposure method is fast, inexpensive, and applicable for large areas. The method may be used to fabricate microsieves, shadow masks, calibration grids, and photonic crystals. © 2006 Society of Photo-Optical
Investigating the racial gap in prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen among younger men from 2012 to 2020

Abstract Background The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommended against prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in 2012, which was modified in 2018 into shared decision making for men aged 55-70 years with a life expectancy over 10 years. We studied the trends in PSA screening in younger Black and White men with the implementation of the 2012 and 2018 guidelines. Methods Younger Black and White men (aged 40-54 years) were identified using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System database biennially from 2012 to 2020. Our primary outcome was PSA screening within 2 years of the survey. An adjusted logistic regression model with 2-way interaction assessment between race and survey year was used to investigate the temporal trend of PSA screening in younger Black and White men. Results A total of 142 892 men were included. We saw steadily decreasing odds of PSA screening among both younger Black and White men in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 compared with 2012 (for younger Black men: odds ratio [OR]2014 = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62 to 0.96, OR2016 = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.63, OR2018 = 0.33, 95%CI = 0.27 to 0.42, OR2020 = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.32; and for younger White men: OR2014 = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.76 to 0.87, OR2016 = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.71, OR2018 = 0.41, 95%CI = 0.37 to 0.44, OR2020 = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.39). Younger Black men showed a brisker decrease in PSA screening in 2016, 2018, and 2020 compared with younger White men (all P < .05). Conclusions PSA screening among younger men steadily decreased over the past decade since the 2012 United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines, demonstrating a narrowing racial gap. How such an observed trend translates to long-term clinical outcomes for younger Black men remains to be seen.
ON THE PROPERTIES OF RANDOMLY CONNECTED McCULLOCH-PITTS NETWORKS: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INPUT-CONSTANT AND INPUT-VARIANT NETWORKS

Abstract The properties of randomly connected McCulloch-Pitts networks are examined by analytical methods as well as by computer simulation. A classification of the activity transition functions for input-constant networks is provided and a theorem is proved on a necessary and sufficient condition for the symmetry of the activity transition function. The activity transition functions of input-constant networks were compared with those of three types of input variant networks. It is shown that input constant networks are representative for other types of randomly connected networks as long as no more than 50% of the cells are active. Above 50% activation, input constant networks have the most peculiar activity transition function. The time behavior of mean activity in the network was found to be less well predictable in input-variant as compared to input-constant ones. The conditions for the existence of autonomous oscillations arc the same for all types of random connectivity. Implications of the findings.
Nonradiating edges and four edges gap-coupled multiple resonator broad-band microstrip antennas

Two novel configurations for increasing the impedance bandwidth of the microstrip patch antennas are described. One of these configurations uses two additional resonators which are gap-coupled to the nonradiating edges of a rectangular patch, whereas in the second case, four additional resonators are gap-coupled to the four edges of a rectangular patch. Green's function approach and segmentation method are used for analysis. The experimental results are in reasonable agreement with analysis and impedance bandwidths of 480 MHz and 815 MHz are obtained for the three resonators and five resonators configurations, respectively (in S -band with substrate \epsilon_{r} = 2.55 and thickness = 0.318 cm).
Condensate fraction of cold gases in a nonuniform external potential

Exact calculation of the condensate fraction in multidimensional inhomogeneous interacting Bose systems in a confining potential of arbitrary shape is a difficult computational problem. We have developed an iterative procedure which allows us to calculate the condensate fraction as well as the corresponding eigenfunction of the one-body density matrix. We successfully validate this procedure in diffusion Monte Carlo simulations of a Bose gas in an optical lattice at zero temperature. We also discuss the relation between different criteria used for testing coherence in cold Bose systems, such as the fraction of particles that are superfluid, condensed, or in the zero-momentum state.
WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF CORRECTION FACTOR ON EFFECTIVE AREA AND MODE FIELD DIAMETER FOR VARIOUS SINGLEMODE OPTICAL FIBRES

The wavelength dependence of correction factor k (≃ Aeff/2w) on effective area (Aeff) and mode field diameter (MFD = 2w) for various singlemode optical fibres is presented numerically as well as experimentally for the first time. It is found that the k-values for various optical fibres are strongly dependent on refractive index profiles.
Sensitivity of groundwater models with respect to variations in transmissivity and storage

Sensitivity analysis is the study of a system's response to various disturbances. In this study, disturbances of aquifer parameters are considered. In the simulation of an aquifer the investigator must establish tolerances within which the parameters of the physical system may vary without appreciably affecting the model results. By means of a first-order sensitivity formalism it is shown how to evaluate the perturbed hydraulic head for a small change in aquifer parameter. An expression for the sensitivity coefficient is obtained in this study by taking the partial derivative of the flow equation with respect to a particular parameter. The sensitivity coefficient is evaluated either analytically or by numerical techniques for some common models. The sensitivity formalism is applied to the Theis equation to study the general behavior of sensitivity coefficients and to determine the range of validity of the first-order sensitivity formalism. The formalism is also applied to one- and two-dimensional numerical models to see the effect of barrier and constant head boundaries. The perturbed hydraulic head is obtained for a change of transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S) by applying the first-order sensitivity formalism. This procedure should be a valuable tool in calibrating models or establishing tolerances on T and S for a given acceptable error in hydraulic head. In general, a ±20% deviation in T or S may be handled adequately by the first-order formalism discussed in this work.
Multiple Functions of the Nunations in Arabic Syntax: A Minimalist Perspective

The objective of this work is to investigate the phonological features of nunation appear at the end of an NP in Modern Standard Arabic and relate them to syntax and semantics in the light of Chomsky's (1995) views of Minimalist Program. Al-Jahaawi (1982, p. 10-11) has argued that the Arab phoneticians defined nunation as "a short vowel plus the nasal consonant n . The vowel is determined either by (i) its nature or (ii) its relation with other segments in articulation". The researcher agrees with this definition but added that there are other forms having the structure [v + n + v] in addition to [v + n]. Due to the multiple forms projected, he posits phonological rules to govern their phonemic occurrences. He, further, has argued that each form carries intrinsic as well as optional features in syntax and they are posited at spell-out but survived up to the logical form as per X-bar- theory. In it, the NP with nunation is less in rank than the NP with the definite article al 'the' in the syntactic hierarchy as per the Extended Projection Principle. As far as the semantic features of nunation forms are concerned, a hypothesis is posited to account for the values of indefiniteness and non specificness in syntax and represent them concretely under [- Def. P].
Technological problems in holographic recording of plane gratings

Solutions to several problems in relief grating holographic fabrication are presented. (1) The requirements for high-spectral selectivity and for a low stray light level are contradictory, but this problem can be solved by a compromise in the recording arrangement. (2) A real-time groove-depth control is proposed that ensures the fast and effective determination of the accurate exposing and developing conditions. (3) The necessity of baking the photoresistive grating before its metalization is clearly demonstrated by experiment.
An Efficient Sampling Method for the Interpolation/Extrapolation of Electromagnetic Responses in Time and Frequency Domains

Abstract The higher-order maximal orthogonal vector basis functions are used to get a target's sampling information in interpolation/extrapolation of electromagnetic responses in the time and frequency domains. With the method, the computational complexity of sampling would decrease sharply without loss of accuracy. As a result, the proposed method solved the problem of high computational complexity and great resource consuming of a traditional sampling method. Some numerical results are given to verify the high efficiency and accuracy of this method.
The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2020/2021

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data on zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food are collected annually by the EU Member States (MSs) and reporting countries, jointly analysed by EFSA and ECDC and presented in a yearly EU Summary Report. This report provides an overview of the main findings of the 2020–2021 harmonised AMR monitoring in Salmonella spp. , Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in humans and food‐producing animals (broilers, laying hens and turkeys, fattening pigs and bovines under 1 year of age) and relevant meat thereof. For animals and meat thereof, indicator E. coli data on the occurrence of AMR and presumptive Extended spectrum β‐lactamases (ESBL)‐/AmpC β‐lactamases (AmpC)‐/carbapenemases (CP)‐producers, as well as the occurrence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus are also analysed. In 2021, MSs submitted for the first time AMR data on E. coli isolates from meat sampled at border control posts. Where available, monitoring data from humans, food‐producing animals and meat thereof were combined and compared at the EU level, with emphasis on multidrug resistance, complete susceptibility and combined resistance patterns to selected and critically important antimicrobials, as well as Salmonella and E. coli isolates exhibiting ESBL‐/AmpC‐/carbapenemase phenotypes. Resistance was frequently found to commonly used antimicrobials in Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter isolates from humans and animals. Combined resistance to critically important antimicrobials was mainly observed at low levels except in some Salmonella serotypes and in C. coli in some countries. The reporting of a number of CP‐producing E. coli isolates (harbouring bla OXA‐48, bla OXA‐181, and bla NDM‐5 genes) in pigs, bovines and meat thereof by a limited number of MSs (4) in 2021, requests a thorough follow‐up. The temporal trend analyses in both key outcome indicators (rate of complete susceptibility and prevalence of ESBL‐/AmpC‐ producers) showed that encouraging progress have been registered in reducing AMR in food‐producing animals in several EU MSs over the last years.
STABILITY OF THE MILSTEIN METHOD FOR STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH JUMPS y

In this paper the Milstein method is proposed to approximate the solution of a linear stochastic difierential equation with Poisson-driven jumps. The strong Milstein method and the weak Milstein method are shown to capture the mean square stability of the system. Furthermore using some technique, our result shows that these two kinds of Milstein methods can well reproduce the stochastically asymptotical stability of the system for all su-ciently small time-steps. Some numerical experiments are given to demonstrate the conclusions.
Emulsions: basic principles

Emulsions are metastable colloids made out of two immiscible fluids, one being dispersed in the other, in the presence of surface active agents. Emulsion droplets exhibit all the classical behaviours of metastable colloids: Brownian motion, reversible phase transitions as a result of droplet interactions that may be strongly modified, and irreversible transitions that generally involve their destruction. They are obtained by shearing two immiscible fluids leading to the fragmentation of one phase into the other. Because the lifetime of emulsions may become significant (more than a year), they become good candidates for various commercial applications. All these applications have already led to an important empirical control of these materials, from their formation to their destruction. Besides this empirical background, which is widespread among the various specific applications, the basics of emulsions are certainly progressing and we aim in this paper to give an overview of the most recent advances. We will particularly focus on interdroplet forces, reversible phase transitions and colloidal structures, monolayer adhesion and emulsion gels, coarsening and destruction and finally some stability criteria for double emulsions.
Electron Transport in GaAs

The electron drift mobility in GaAs has been calculated and extensively compared to experimental data. Good agreement is obtained for a wide range of temperature and ionized-impurity concentrations. Calculated results for the electron contribution to thermoelectric power are also presented and compared to the small amount of existing data. Ionized-impurity scattering, deformation-potential scattering, piezoelectric scattering, and polar scattering are included for a nonparabolic conduction band with electron-wave-function admixture. Furthermore, degeneracy has been incorporated without approximation. The formulation of electron scattering by ionized impurities is shown to fail at sufficiently low temperatures because of the loss of binary-scattering events. This feature probably obscures the expected failure of the Born approximation, given the purity of even the best present-day semiconductors.
Empirical Correction of a Dynamical Model. Part I: Fundamental Issues

Abstract The possibility of empirically correcting a nonlinear dynamical model is examined. The empirical correction is constructed by fitting a first-order Markov model to the forecast errors using initial conditions as predictors. The dynamical operator of the Markov model can then be subtracted from the original forecast model to correct the forecast. The procedure is based on an earlier work by Leith, suitably modified for practical applications. The effects of analysis errors and finite difference approximations are analyzed. It is shown that uncorrelated analysis errors produce spurious terms in the empirical correction operator that act to damp eddy variance at a rate inversely proportional to the lead time used to estimate the Markov model. The finite difference approximation is appropriate as long as the forecast errors grow linearly with lead time. These restrictions can be interpreted as setting lower and upper limits on the lead time, respectively, and can be checked without knowing the true s.
Segmenting moving objects from a freely moving camera with an effective segmentation cue

It is challenging to segment moving objects in a video sequence viewed from a freely moving camera. Within the conditional random field framework, we propose a new segmentation cue to solve this problem. The cue is defined as a spatial–color likelihood ratio map by combining the foreground and background appearance models which are extracted from the previous segmentation result. Specifically, to make the cue suitable for the current segmentation task in the presence of complex camera motions, we introduce a camera motion compensation step in the process of evaluating the likelihood ratio map. We validate the proposed segmentation cue using several video sequences taken by hand-held cameras in outdoor urban scenes.
Thermoluminescence study of the trapped charge at an alumina surface electrode in different dielectric barrier discharge regimes

In this study, the charge trapping effect in alumina dielectric surfaces has been deeply investigated by means of a dedicated dielectric barrier discharge apparatus in different discharge regimes and gas mixtures. This work further validates our previous findings in the case of air discharges in a filamentary regime. Long lasting charge trapping has been evidenced by ex situ thermoluminescence characterizations of alumina dielectric barrier plates exposed to a plasma. The density of trapped surface charges was found to be higher in the glow discharge with respect to pseudo-glow and filamentary regimes, and for all regimes the minimum trap activation temperature was 390 K and the trap energy was less than or around 1 eV. This implies that in the case of glow discharges a higher reservoir of electrons is present. Also, the effect was found to persist for several days after running the discharge.
Frequency domain identification of linear systems using arbitrary excitations and a nonparametric noise model

This paper presents a generalized frequency domain identification method to identify SISO systems combining two previously published extensions in one method: arbitrary but persistent excitations are allowed and a nonparametric noise model is extracted from the same data that are used to identify the system. The method is directly applicable to identification in feedback if an external persistently exciting reference signal is available.
Study on three-dimensional shape measurement of partially diffuse and specular reflective surfaces with fringe projection technique and fringe reflection technique

Three-dimensional shape metrology using fringe projection technique and fringe reflection technique are effective ways to reconstruct three-dimensional shape for surfaces with different reflectance properties. Fringe projection technique is used for measuring objects with diffuse surfaces and relies on the principle of triangulation, while fringe reflectometry is used for specular reflective specimens based on principle of reflection. While fringe projection directly provides the profile, fringe reflectometry measures the slope of the surface from which the profile is integrated. In this study, the performance of these two fringe based techniques are investigated in relation to sensitivity and accuracy.
Inherent nonuniqueness in magnetotelluric inversion for 1D anisotropic models

This paper investigates the inherent nonuniqueness in the inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) measurements over an earth with a layered anisotropic resistivity distribution. This kind of nonuniqueness arises from the fact that even accurate and complete data contain insufficient information to uniquely resolve the earth parameters.For a very simple anisotropic case, where all layers in the earth have at least one horizontal principal axis in common coinciding with the x‐ or y‐axis of the Cartesian coordinate system, the resolvable parameters or parameter combinations from MT surface observations are identified by analyzing the structure of the conductivity tensor of the earth and the differential equations the electromagnetic (EM) fields satify. It is found that for a layered anisotropic earth model, several parameters can be uniquely resolved from the MT inversion while others are nonresolvable. However, particular combinations of the nonresolvable parameters can be uniquely resolved.These theoretical find.
A modal Logic for Incidence Spherical Geometry

Usually, the incidence geometries are based in two-sorted structures formed of points, lines conected each other for a relationship. Furthermore, we introduce a one-sorted structure that we call Spherical frame which results appropriate to build a semantic base that allows its consideration in modal language. We build an axiomatic suystem for that language will be determinated by the structure created.
CMPUT690 Term Project Fingerprinting using Polynomial (Rabin's method)

The purpose of this project is to implement the Rabin's method of fingerprinting using irreducible polynomials. This project team has successfully implemented the method and test run on a given dataset. Test results show that the time efficiency of this method is comparable to the other well known hashing functions while outperfoming them in the sense of lower or even no collision occurences.
The spheromak confinement device

A general definition of the spheromak is given. The nature of helicity conservation and its importance to the spheromak concept are discussed. The reactor advantages, stability properties, and β limits are covered. Several successful formation schemes and steady state sustainment methods are presented. How they each inject helicity and to what extent they depend on helicity-conserving relaxation is discussed. What helicity conservation tells us about relaxation and what it does not tell us is covered. The major outstanding spheromak issues are presented.