Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kardioprotektives Patientenmanagement bei HIV ‒ Effektive Senkung des LDL-Cholesterins (Sponsor: Gilead Sciences GmbH, Martinsried)

Zusammenfassung Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen dominieren die Todesursachenstatistik in Deutschland und weltweilt. Dies spielt auch für HIV-positive Patienten eine immer größere Rolle, da deren Lebenserwartung aufgrund effektiver antiviraler Therapiemöglichkeiten deutlich gestiegen ist. In den Industrieländern sind heute fast 30 Prozent der Menschen mit einer HIV-Infektion 50 Jahre oder älter und ihre Lebenserwartung ist mit der Nicht-Infizierter vergleichbar. Im Zusammenhang mit dieser Entwicklung tritt AIDS als Erkrankung immer mehr in den Hintergrund, wohingegen Prävention und Behandlung von Begleiterkrankungen wichtiger werden. Um das Risiko für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen signifikant zu reduzieren, ist ein zeitgemäßes kardioprotektives Patientenmanagement speziell für HIV-positive Patienten unverzichtbar.
Magnetic spectromicroscopy from Fe(100)

Magnetic domains on an Fe(100) surface have been imaged by means of energy‐resolved photoemission microscopy. We excited the photoelectrons with circularly polarized synchrotron radiation in the soft x‐ray region, and employed the effect of magnetic circular dichroism in the emitted photoelectrons in order to obtain contrast between differently oriented magnetic domains. This new approach offers a surface sensitive way to combine chemical and magnetic information on a microscopic scale.
Hip fracture risk estimation based on principal component analysis of QCT atlas: a preliminary study

We aim to capture and apply 3-dimensional bone fragility features for fracture risk estimation. Using inter-subject image registration, we constructed a hip QCT atlas comprising 37 patients with hip fractures and 38 age-matched controls. In the hip atlas space, we performed principal component analysis to identify the principal components (eigen images) that showed association with hip fracture. To develop and test a hip fracture risk model based on the principal components, we randomly divided the 75 QCT scans into two groups, one serving as the training set and the other as the test set. We applied this model to estimate a fracture risk index for each test subject, and used the fracture risk indices to discriminate the fracture patients and controls. To evaluate the fracture discrimination efficacy, we performed ROC analysis and calculated the AUC (area under curve). When using the first group as the training group and the second as the test group, the AUC was 0.880, compared to conventional fracture risk estimation methods based on bone densitometry, which had AUC values ranging between 0.782 and 0.871. When using the second group as the training group, the AUC was 0.839, compared to densitometric methods with AUC values ranging between 0.767 and 0.807. Our results demonstrate that principal components derived from hip QCT atlas are associated with hip fracture. Use of such features may provide new quantitative measures of interest to osteoporosis.
Stabilized velocity post‐processings for Darcy flow in heterogeneous porous media

Stable and accurate finite element methods are presented for Darcy flow in heterogeneous porous media with an interface of discontinuity of the hydraulic conductivity tensor, Accurate velocity fields are computed through global or local post-processing formulations that use previous approximations of the hydraulic potential. Stability is provided by combining Galerkin and least squares (GLS) residuals of the governing equations with an additional stabilization on the interface that incorporates the discontinuity on the tangential component of the velocity field in a strong sense. Numerical analysis is outlined and numerical results are presented to illustrate the good performance of the proposed methods, Convergence studies for a heterogeneous and anisotropic porous medium confirm the same rates of convergence predicted for homogeneous problem with smooth solutions, for both global and local post-processings.
Effect of Frustration in Liquid Crystals and Polymers

We assign the term of frustration to the general case in which the interactions which compete on short distances in the stability of some material lead to local configurations of molecules which are incompatible on large scales. The standard example in liquid crystals are the blue phases, whose ground state is an assembly of frustrated domains with specific double twist order and characteristic size, separated by defect lines (disclinations). Blue phases are modifications of cholesteric phases with small molecules; the same considerations extend to cholesteric liquid crystal polymers where frustration is also documented. In particular, we discuss observations made in solutions of biological liquid crystal polymers, and in biological objects, like some proteins and the chromosome of dinoflagellate; this last example provides a geometry of double twist different to that one theorized in blue phases. In this model, the finite size of the chromosome is directly related to the characteristic size of the unfrustrated domain of double twist. Finally, we extend the consideration of a space of constant positive curvature already used for blue phases to the case of crystalline arrangements of chiral molecules. The frustration is entirely relieved in such a space. We argue that the same model of curved space could describe short range correlations in chiral or non-chiral amorphous polymers.
Optimal inspection and ordering policies for products with imperfect quality

Abstract Optimal inspection and ordering policies for products with imperfect qualities are considered. Two inspection policies and their effects on the economic ordering quantities are analyzed. The two inspection policies are the Blind Purchase (BP) policy and the Selective Purchase (SP) policy. Under the BP policy, products are purchased without inspection, but fraction of each shipment is inspected before they are sold to the customers. Under the SP policy, it is assumed that all items received have been inspected prior to purchase and thus are of good quality (but cost per item is usually higher under SP compared to BP). Several properties and areas of dominancy of the two inspection policies are presented.
Magnetic cloud field intensities and solar wind velocities

For the sets of magnetic clouds studied in this work we have shown the existence of a relationship between their peak magnetic field strength and peak velocity values, with a clear tendency that clouds which move at higher speeds also possess higher core magnetic field strengths. This result suggests a possible intrinsic property of magnetic clouds and also implies a geophysical consequence. The relatively low field strengths at low velocities is presumably the cause of the lack of intense storms during low speed ejecta. There is also an indication that this type of behavior is peculiar for magnetic clouds, whereas other types of non cloud‐driver gas events do not seem to show a similar relationship, at least for the data studied in this paper. We suggest that a field/speed relationship for magnetic clouds, as that obtained in our present study, could be associated with the cloud release and acceleration mechanism at the sun.
Research Opportunities in Stroke Prevention for Atrial Fibrillation: A Report From a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Virtual Workshop

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the strongest risk factors for ischemic stroke, which is a leading cause of disability and death. Given the aging population, increasing prevalence of AF risk factors, and improved survival in those with cardiovascular disease, the number of individuals affected by AF will continue increasing over time. While multiple proven stroke prevention therapies exist, important questions remain about the optimal approach to stroke prevention at the population and individual patient levels. Our report summarizes the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute virtual workshop focused on identifying key research opportunities related to stroke prevention in AF. The workshop reviewed major knowledge gaps and identified targeted research opportunities to advance stroke prevention in AF in the following areas: (1) improving risk stratification tools for stroke and intracranial hemorrhage; (2) addressing challenges with oral anticoagulants; and (3) delineating the optimal roles of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion and surgical left atrial appendage closure/excision. This report aims to promote innovative, impactful research that will lead to more personalized, effective use of stroke prevention strategies in people with AF.
Improving image segmentation using edge information

We report methods for image segmentation that combine region growing and edge detection. Existing schemes that use region-based processing provide unambiguous segmentation, but they often divide regions that are not clearly separated, while merging regions across a break in an otherwise strong edge. Edge-based schemes are subject to noise and global variation in the picture (e.g. illumination), but do reliably identify strong boundaries. Our combined algorithm begins by using region growing to produce an over-segmented image. This phase is fast (order N, where N is the number of pels in the image). We then modify the over-segmented output of the region growing using edge criteria such as edge strength, edge smoothness, edge straightness and edge continuity. Two techniques-line-segment subtraction and line-segment addition-have been investigated. In the subtraction technique, the weakest edge (based on a weighted combination of the criteria) is removed at each step. In addition technique, the strongest edge is used to seed a multi-segment line that grows out from it at both ends. At every junction, the adjoining edge that has the highest edge strength is appended. We have also investigated a form of look-ahead, where the growing of lines depends on the strength of the adjoining edge and those to which it is linked. The overall procedure for both techniques, current results and the areas for improvement and expansion have been discussed.
Precipitation of relativistic electrons by interaction with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves

On August 20, 1996, balloon-borne X-ray detectors observed an intense X-ray event as part of a French balloon campaign near Kiruna, Sweden, at 1532 UT (1835 magnetic local time), on an L shell of 5.8. The energy spectrum of this event shows the presence of X rays with energies > 1 MeV, which are best accounted for by atmospheric bremsstrahlung from monoenergetic ∼1.7 MeV precipitating electrons. Ultraviolet images from the Polar satellite and energetic particle data from the Los Alamos geosynchronous satellites show the onset of a small magnetospheric substorm 24 min before the start of the relativistic electron precipitation event. Since the balloon was south of the auroral oval and there was no associated increase in relativistic electron flux at geosynchronous altitude, the event is interpreted as the result of selective precipitation of ambient relativistic electrons from the radiation belts. Pitch angle scattering caused by resonance with electromagnetic ion cyclotron mode waves is the most likely mechanism for selective precipitation of MeV electrons. A model is presented in which wave growth is driven by temperature anisotropies in the drifting substorm-injected proton population. The model predicts that this wave growth and resonance with ∼1.7 MeV electrons will occur preferentially in regions of density >10 cm−3, such as inside the duskside plasmapause bulge or detached plasma regions. The model predictions are consistent with the location of the balloon, the observed energies, and the timing with respect to the substorm energetic particle injection.
Numerical solutions of the shallow water equations with discontinuous bed topography

A simple scheme is developed for treatment of vertical bed topography in shallow water flows. The effect of the vertical step on flows is modelled with the shallow water equations including local energy loss terms. The bed elevation is denoted with zb‐ for the left and zb+ for the right values at each grid point, hence exactly representing a discontinuity in the bed topography. The surface gradient method (SGM) is generalized to reconstruct water depths at cell interfaces involving a vertical step so that the fluxes at the cell interfaces can accurately be calculated with a Riemann solver. The scheme is verified by predicting a surge crossing a step, a tidal flow over a step and dam‐break flows on wet/dry beds. The results have shown good agreements compared with analytical solutions and available experimental data. The scheme is efficient, robust, and may be used for practical flow calculations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CW laser oscillations and tuning characteristics of neodymium-doped lithium niobate crystals

We have obtained over 250 mW of CW laser emission at 1084 nm from a neodymium-doped single crystal of lithium niobate when the rod was end pumped by 1 W from a Kr+ laser at 752 nm. Thresholds of less than 30 mW are obtained with a weak output coupler, rising to 220 mW with a 35 percent transmitting output mirror. The laser could be tuned over 3 nm around the peak at 1084.4 nm with a thin, uncoated etalon in the cavity.
Asymptotic Local Power of Pooled T-Ratio Tests for Unit Roots in Panels with Fixed Effects

This latter test is equivalent to the well-known pooled t test proposed by Levin et al. (2002, Journal of Econometrics 108, 1--24), and its power depends only on the mean of the local-to-unity parameters. This implies that it has the same power against homogeneous and heterogeneous alternatives with the same mean autoregressive parameter. We then compare these tests to a panel version of the Sargan-Bhargava (1983, Econometrica 51, 153--74) statistic for a unit root and the common point-optimal test of Moon et al. (2007, Journal of Econometrics 141, 416--51). Monte Carlo simulations confirm the usefulness of our local-to-unity framework. Copyright Royal Economic Society 2008
High-power Subnanosecond Operation of a stable Optically Controlled Semiconductor Switch (BOSS).

Recent high-power, subnanosecond-switching results of the Bistable Optically controlled Semiconductor Switch (BOSS) are presented. The process of persistent photoconductivity followed by photo-quenching have been demonstrated at megawatt power levels in copper-compensated, silicon-doped, semi-insulating gallium arsenide. These processes allow a switch to be developed that can be closed by the application of one laser pulse and opened by the application of a second laser pulse with a wavelength equal to twice that of the first laser. Switch closure is primarily achieved by elevating electrons from a deep copper center which has been diffused into the material. The opening phase is a two-step process which relies initially on the absorption of the 2-{mu}m laser causing electrons to be elevated from the valance band back into the copper center, and finally on the recombination of electrons in the conduction band with boles in the valance band. The second step requires a sufficient concentration of recombination centers (RC) in the material for opening to occur in the subnanosecond regime. These RC`s are generated in the bulk GaAs material by fast-neutron irradiation ({approximately} 1 MeV) at a fluence of about 3 {times} 10{sup 15} cm{sup {minus}2}. High-power switching results which demonstrate that the BOSS switchmore » can be opened in the subnanosecond regime are presented for the first time. Neutron-irradiated BOSS devices have been opened against a rising electric field of about 20 kV/cm (10 kV) in a time less than one nanosecond. Kilovolt electrical pulses have been generated with a FWHM of roughly 250 picoseconds. « less
Ballistic thermal conductance of a graphene sheet

We derive a formula to calculate the ballistic thermal conductance of a two-dimensional system directly from the dispersion relations of phonons and electrons. We apply the method to a graphene and investigate both the temperature and the Fermi energy dependences of the ballistic thermal conductance. The ballistic thermal conductance per unit length of a graphene becomes isotropic from the threefold rotational symmetry. In the intrinsic graphene where the Fermi energy crosses the Dirac point, the thermal conductance of electrons increases in proportion to ${T}^{2}$ with temperature, while the phonon conductance increases in proportion to ${T}^{1.5}$ due to the quadratic dispersion relation of the out-of-plane acoustic mode and prevails over the electron-derived conductance irrespective of temperature. As the Fermi energy is moved from the Dirac point for the gated graphenes, the thermal conductance of electrons increases monotonically and the temperature dependence changes from a ${T}^{2}$ dependence in the intrinsic graphene to a $T$-linear one at low temperatures. The electron thermal conductance of the gated graphenes dominates over the phonon contribution at low temperatures.
A fast algorithm for the weighted least absolute value state estimation (for power systems)

The weighted least absolute value minimization method is used to solve the power system state estimation problem. The problem can be shown to be equivalent to a linear programming program and hence can be solved using the well-known Simplex method. However, a direct adaptation of the Simplex method results in an inefficient code. A fast algorithm originally suggested by I. Barrodale and F.D. K. Roberts (1973) is further improved and applied to the power system state estimation problem. The use of the algorithm resulted in considerable savings in computation times, as demonstrated by the numerical examples given for various test systems. >
Finite element determination of the absolute magnitude of an ultrasonic pulse produced by an EMAT

Electromagnetic acoustic transducers or EMATs for short, are investigated in transmitting mode for nonferromagnetic conducting materials. Two different finite element (FE) formulations, derived from different definitions of source current density, are compared. A differential equation based on an incomplete equation for the source current density is solved analytically for the magnetic vector potential (MVP). To validate the FE results, one-dimensional (1D) analytical solutions are used. An EMAT example containing six source conductors is also modeled. The FE results are compared with results obtained from existing methods for two EMAT meander coil conductor sizes. The results show the importance of using the complete equation for the source current density in the modeling of EMATs, in order to properly account for skin and proximity effects.
Temperature in non-equilibrium states: a review of open problems and current proposals

The conceptual problems arising in the definition and measurement of temperature in non-equilibrium states are discussed in this paper in situations where the local-equilibrium hypothesis is no longer satisfactory. This is a necessary and urgent discussion because of the increasing interest in thermodynamic theories beyond local equilibrium, in computer simulations, in non-linear statistical mechanics, in new experiments, and in technological applications of nanoscale systems and material sciences. First, we briefly review the concept of temperature from the perspectives of equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Afterwards, we explore which of the equilibrium concepts may be extrapolated beyond local equilibrium and which of them should be modified, then we review several attempts to define temperature in non-equilibrium situations from macroscopic and microscopic bases. A wide review of proposals is offered on effective non-equilibrium temperatures and their application to ideal and real gases, electromagnetic radiation, nuclear collisions, granular systems, glasses, sheared fluids, amorphous semiconductors and turbulent fluids. The consistency between the different relativistic transformation laws for temperature is discussed in the new light gained from this perspective. A wide bibliography is provided in order to foster further research in this field.
Optimal Two-Stage Design for the Phase II Cancer Clinical Trials With Responses and Early Progression as Co-primary Endpoints

In phase II cancer clinical trials of newly developed cytostatic or molecularly targeted agents, it is proposed to use both response and early progression rate as co-primary endpoints of the trials. An agent is considered promising if either its response rate is high or its early progression rate is low. In this article, we present some strategies for the search of optimal two-stage designs, which minimizes the expected total sample size under null hypothesis and has its Type I and II errors bounded above by prespecified values. Examples are given for several scenarios appearing in clinical practice.
A Hubble Space Telescope Polarization Study of Dust in the η Carinae Homunculus

New high-resolution polarization images of the η Car Homunculus have been obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) at several wavelengths spanning the near-UV to the near-IR. With these images, taken with WFPC2 and NICMOS, we have been able to compare the polarization properties of the Homunculus at different wavelengths. We confirm that the Homunculus is primarily a reflection nebula and review the evidence that the inner region within 2'' of η Car has nonstellar hydrogen recombination emission. Additionally, we detect nebular [N II] emission in the inner 2'' region. We confirm that the large-scale morphology of the polarization appears to be independent of wavelength from the near-UV to the near-IR. The smooth images of polarization and the very structured images of intensity show that there is no correlation between the surface brightness and polarization. We examine the polarization percentages and vector angles of small-scale features in the Homunculus, such as the paddle, the skirt, the spot, and the southern ridge, to speculate on whether the features are composed of scattering particles similar to those in the lobes as a whole. We construct three-dimensional radiative transfer models of the Homunculus. The models have a hollow "figure eight" with a central light source. Radiation from the central source is Mie-scattered off dust grains in the "figure eight" into our line of sight. Patchy extinction lining the outer shell of the "figure eight" is used to explain surface brightness inhomogeneities, but the patchy extinction is not modeled. We find that a combination of small and large silicate dust grains reproduces the high polarization and independence with wavelength of the data much better than a model with a single distribution of standard ISM-type silicate dust grains. Finally, two different geometrical forms of the Homunculus from the literature were used in the models and found to produce very similar polarization features.