Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping the frequency-magnitude distribution in asperities: An improved technique to calculate recurrence times?

We hypothesize that highly stressed asperities may be defined by mapping anomalously low b values. Along the San Andreas fault near Parkfield the asperity under Middle Mountain, with its b=0.46, can be distinguished from all other parts of the fault surface. Likewise, along the Calaveras fault the northern asperity of the Morgan Hill 1984 (M6.2) rupture can be identified by its low b of 0.5 as a high stress patch along the fault. We add further evidence to the observations that the b value of the frequency-magnitude relationship of earthquakes is inversely proportional to stress by showing that it decreases with depth in the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas and along the Calaveras fault. In both of these areas, b values above and below 5 km depth are ∼1.2 and 0.8, respectively. We propose that probabilistic recurrence times Tr, based on the seismicity parameters a and b, should be calculated from their values within asperities only, instead of from the values of the entire rupture area of the maximum expected earthquake. The strong patches on faults control the time of rupture because they are capable of accumulating larger stresses than the rest of the fault zone, which slips along passively when an asperity breaks. Therefore no information on Tr is contained in the passive fault segments, only in the asperities. At Parkfield the probabilistic estimates of Tr derived from the data in the whole rupture and in the asperity only are 72 (−18/+24) and 23 (−12/+18) years, respectively, compared to the historically observed repeat time of 22 years. At Morgan Hill the Tr estimates are 122 (−46/+76) and 78 (−47/+110) years, respectively, compared to the observed repeat time of 72 years.
Revisiting Tree Isomorphism: AHU Algorithm with Primes Numbers

The AHU algorithm has been the state of the art since the 1970s for determining in linear time whether two unordered rooted trees are isomorphic or not. However, it has been criticized (by Campbell and Radford) for the way it is written, which requires several (re)readings to be understood, and does not facilitate its analysis. In this paper, we propose an alternative version of the AHU algorithm, which addresses this issue by being designed to be clearer to understand and implement, with the same theoretical complexity and equally fast in practice. Whereas the key to the linearity of the original algorithm lay on the careful sorting of lists of integers, we replace this step by the multiplication of lists of prime numbers, and prove that this substitution causes no loss in the final complexity of the new algorithm.
Water productivity of different land uses in watersheds assessed from satellite imagery Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper

Water productivity (WP) of various classes of soil usage from watersheds was estimated using the SAFER - Simple Algorithm For Evapotranspiration Retrieving - algorithm and the Monteith equation to estimate the parameters of biomass production (BIO). Monteith’s equation is used to quantify the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and Actual Evapotranspiration (ET) was estimated with the SAFER algorithm. The objective of the research is to analyze the spatial-temporal water productivity in watersheds with different uses and soil occupation during the period from 1996 to 2010, in conditions of drought and using the Monteith model to estimate the production of BIO and using the SAFER model for ET. Results indicated an increase of 153.2% in ET value during the period 1997-2010, showing that the irrigated areas were responsible for this increase in ET values. In September 2000, image of day of year (DOY) 210 showed high values of BIO, with averages of 80.67 kg ha-1d-1. In the year 2010 (DOY:177), the mean value of BIO was 62.90 kg ha-1d-1, with an irrigated area with a maximum value of 227.5 kg ha-1d-1. The highest incremental values of BIO is verified from the start of irrigated areas equal to the value of ET, because there is a relationship between BIO and ET. The maximum water productivity (WP) value occurred in June/2001, with 3,08 kg m-3, the second highest value was in 2010 (DOY:177), with a value of 2,97 kg m-3. Irrigated agriculture show the highest WP value, with maximum value of 6.7 kg m-3. The lowest WP was obtained for DOY 267, because of the dry season with condition of low soil moisture.
A Passive Variable Impedance Control Strategy with Viscoelastic Parameters Estimation of Soft Tissues for Safe Ultrasonography

In the context of telehealth, robotic approaches have proven a valuable solution to in-person visits in remote areas, with decreased costs for patients and infection risks. In particular, in ultrasonography, robots have the potential to reproduce the skills required to acquire high-quality images while reducing the sonographer's physical efforts. In this paper, we address the control of the interaction of the probe with the patient's body, a critical aspect of ensuring safe and effective ultrasonography. We introduce a novel approach based on variable impedance control, allowing real-time optimisation of a compliant controller parameters during ultrasound procedures. This optimisation is formulated as a quadratic programming problem and incorporates physical constraints derived from viscoelastic parameter estimations. Safety and passivity constraints, including an energy tank, are also integrated to minimise potential risks during human-robot interaction. The proposed method's efficacy is demonstrated through experiments on a patient dummy torso, highlighting its potential for achieving safe behaviour and accurate force control during ultrasound procedures, even in cases of contact loss.
Urdu Poetry Generated by Using Deep Learning Techniques

This study provides Urdu poetry generated using different deep-learning techniques and algorithms. The data was collected through the Rekhta website, containing 1341 text files with several couplets. The data on poetry was not from any specific genre or poet. Instead, it was a collection of mixed Urdu poems and Ghazals. Different deep learning techniques, such as the model applied Long Short-term Memory Networks (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), have been used. Natural Language Processing (NLP) may be used in machine learning to understand, analyze, and generate a language humans may use and understand. Much work has been done on generating poetry for different languages using different techniques. The collection and use of data were also different for different researchers. The primary purpose of this project is to provide a model that generates Urdu poems by using data completely, not by sampling data. Also, this may generate poems in pure Urdu, not Roman Urdu, as in the base paper. The results have shown good accuracy in the poems generated by the model.
Machine-assisted mixed methods: augmenting humanities and social sciences with artificial intelligence

The increasing capacities of large language models (LLMs) present an unprecedented opportunity to scale up data analytics in the humanities and social sciences, augmenting and automating qualitative analytic tasks previously typically allocated to human labor. This contribution proposes a systematic mixed methods framework to harness qualitative analytic expertise, machine scalability, and rigorous quantification, with attention to transparency and replicability. 16 machine-assisted case studies are showcased as proof of concept. Tasks include linguistic and discourse analysis, lexical semantic change detection, interview analysis, historical event cause inference and text mining, detection of political stance, text and idea reuse, genre composition in literature and film; social network inference, automated lexicography, missing metadata augmentation, and multimodal visual cultural analytics. In contrast to the focus on English in the emerging LLM applicability literature, many examples here deal with scenarios involving smaller languages and historical texts prone to digitization distortions. In all but the most difficult tasks requiring expert knowledge, generative LLMs can demonstrably serve as viable research instruments. LLM (and human) annotations may contain errors and variation, but the agreement rate can and should be accounted for in subsequent statistical modeling; a bootstrapping approach is discussed. The replications among the case studies illustrate how tasks previously requiring potentially months of team effort and complex computational pipelines, can now be accomplished by an LLM-assisted scholar in a fraction of the time. Importantly, this approach is not intended to replace, but to augment researcher knowledge and skills. With these opportunities in sight, qualitative expertise and the ability to pose insightful questions have arguably never been more critical.
The application of caesium‐137 measurements to investigate floodplain deposition in a large semi‐arid catchment in Queensland, Australia: a low‐fallout environment

Floodplains comprise geomorphologically important sources and sinks for sediments and associated pollutants, yet the sedimentology of large dryland floodplains is not well understood. Processes occurring on such floodplains are often difficult to observe, and techniques used to investigate smaller perennial floodplains are often not practical in these environments. This study assesses the utility of 137Cs inventory and depth‐profile techniques for determining relative amounts of floodplain sedimentation in the Fitzroy River, northeastern Australia; a 143 000 km2 semi‐arid river system. Caesium‐137 inventories were calculated for floodplain and reference location bulk soil cores collected from four sites. Depth profiles of 137Cs concentration from each floodplain site and a reference location were recorded. The areal density of 137Cs at reference locations ranged from 13 to 978 Bq m–2 (0–1367 Bq m–2 at the 95% confidence interval), and the mean value ± 2 (standard error of the mean) was 436 ± 264 Bq m–2, similar to published data from other Southern Hemisphere locations. Floodplain inventories ranged from 68 to 1142 Bq m–2 (0–1692 Bq m–2 at the 95% confidence interval), essentially falling within the range of reference inventory values, thus preventing calculation of erosion or deposition. Depth‐profiles of 137Cs concentration indicate erosion at one site and over 66 cm of deposition at another since 1954. Analysis of 239+240Pu concentrations in a depositional core substantiated the interpretation made from 137Cs data, and depict a more tightly constrained peak in concentration. Average annual deposition rates range from 0 to 15 mm. The similarity between floodplain and reference bulk inventories does not necessarily indicate a lack of erosion or deposition, due to low 137Cs fallout in the region and associated high measurement uncertainties, and a likely influence of gully and bank eroded sediments with no or limited adsorbed 137Cs. In this low‐fallout environment, detailed depth‐profile data are necessary for investigating sedimentation using 137Cs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical determination of the effect of a screening gate on plasmon-induced superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene

The microscopic pairing mechanism for superconductivity in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene remains an open question. Recent experimental studies seem to rule out a purely electronic mechanism due to the insensitivity of the critical superconducting temperature to either a highly doped screening layer or the proximity to a metallic screening gate. In this theoretical work, we explore the role of external screening layers on the superconducting properties of twisted bilayer graphene within a purely electronic mechanism. Consistent with the experimental observations, we find that the critical temperature is unaffected by screening unless the screening layer is closer than 3 nanometers from the superconductor. Thus, the available transport data is not in contradiction with a plasmon-mediated mechanism. We also investigate other properties of this plasmon-mediated superconductivity including signatures in the tunneling density of states as probed in spectroscopy experiments.
Large numbers in the Universe and the origin of the Cosmic magnetic field

The origin of the cosmic magnetic fields is still a mystery. We use current knowledge of galaxy formation and evolution to estimate that a charge imbalance of $1$ every $\sim10^{39}$ in protogalaxies would solve this problem. This imbalance coincides with the ratio of coulomb to gravitational potentials between protons and electrons which would make the imbalance stable. We show that this could be produced by Poisson noise in the number of charges left over by Inflation, or by stellar black holes. This letter describes these remarkable coincidences that point to simple solutions for this problem.
The influence of antiferromagnetic spin cantings on the magnetic helix pitch in cubic helimagnets.

In cubic helimagnets MnSi and Cu2OSeO3with their nearly isotropic magnetic properties, the magnetic structure undergoes helical deformation, which is almost completely determined by the helicoid wavenumber k = D / J, where magnetization field stiffness J is associated with isotropic spin exchange, and D is a pseudoscalar value characterizing the antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction. Another magnetic feature of these crystals, also caused by the DM interactions, are antiferromagnetic spin cantings, similar to the ferromagnetic cantings responsible for the phenomenon of weak ferromagnetism. Here we show that cantings can strongly influence the helical order through the value of the parameter D. Changing the cantings in a strong magnetic field is predicted to affect the magnon spectrum of the crystals.
UnitedHuman: Harnessing Multi-Source Data for High-Resolution Human Generation

Human generation has achieved significant progress. Nonetheless, existing methods still struggle to synthesize specific regions such as faces and hands. We argue that the main reason is rooted in the training data. A holistic human dataset inevitably has insufficient and low-resolution information on local parts. Therefore, we propose to use multisource datasets with various resolution images to jointly learn a high-resolution human generative model. However, multi-source data inherently a) contains different parts that do not spatially align into a coherent human, and b) comes with different scales. To tackle these challenges, we propose an end-to-end framework, UnitedHuman, that empowers continuous GAN with the ability to effectively utilize multi-source data for high-resolution human generation. Specifically, 1) we design a Multi-Source Spatial Transformer that spatially aligns multi-source images to full-body space with a human parametric model. 2) Next, a continuous GAN is proposed with global-structural guidance and CutMix consistency. Patches from different datasets are then sampled and transformed to supervise the training of this scale-invariant generative model. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model jointly learned from multi-source data achieves superior quality than those learned from a holistic dataset. Project page: https://unitedhuman.github. io/.
Extreme Parkour with Legged Robots

Humans can perform parkour by traversing obstacles in a highly dynamic fashion requiring precise eye-muscle coordination and movement. Getting robots to do the same task requires overcoming similar challenges. Classically, this is done by independently engineering perception, actuation, and control systems to very low tolerances. This restricts them to tightly controlled settings such as a predetermined obstacle course in labs. In contrast, humans are able to learn parkour through practice without significantly changing their underlying biology. In this paper, we take a similar approach to developing robot parkour on a small low-cost robot with imprecise actuation and a single front-facing depth camera for perception which is low-frequency, jittery, and prone to artifacts. We show how a single neural net policy operating directly from a camera image, trained in simulation with large-scale RL, can overcome imprecise sensing and actuation to output highly precise control behavior end-to-end. We show our robot can perform a high jump on obstacles 2x its height, long jump across gaps 2x its length, do a handstand and run across tilted ramps, and generalize to novel obstacle courses with different physical properties. Parkour videos at https://extreme-parkour.github. io/
Convergence Analysis of Nonlinear Kaczmarz Method for Systems of Nonlinear Equations with Component-wise Convex Mapping

Motivated by a class of nonlinear imaging inverse problems, for instance, multispectral computed tomography (MSCT), this paper studies the convergence theory of the nonlinear Kaczmarz method (NKM) for solving the system of nonlinear equations with component-wise convex mapping, namely, the function corresponding to each equation being convex. However, such kind of nonlinear mapping may not satisfy the commonly used component-wise tangential cone condition (TCC). For this purpose, we propose a novel condition named relative gradient discrepancy condition (RGDC), and make use of it to prove the convergence and even the convergence rate of the NKM with several general index selection strategies, where these strategies include cyclic strategy and maximum residual strategy. Particularly, we investigate the application of the NKM for solving nonlinear systems in MSCT image reconstruction. We prove that the nonlinear mapping in this context fulfills the proposed RGDC rather than the component-wise TCC, and provide a global convergence of the NKM based on the previously obtained results. Numerical experiments further illustrate the numerical convergence of the NKM for MSCT image reconstruction.
Probabilistic 3D Multi-Object Cooperative Tracking for Autonomous Driving via Differentiable Multi-Sensor Kalman Filter

Current state-of-the-art autonomous driving vehicles mainly rely on each individual sensor system to perform perception tasks. Such a framework's reliability could be limited by occlusion or sensor failure. To address this issue, more recent research proposes using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication to share perception information with others. However, most relevant works focus only on cooperative detection and leave cooperative tracking an underexplored research field. A few recent datasets, such as V2V4Real, provide 3D multi-object cooperative tracking benchmarks. However, their proposed methods mainly use cooperative detection results as input to a standard single-sensor Kalman Filter-based tracking algorithm. In their approach, the measurement uncertainty of different sensors from different connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) may not be properly estimated to utilize the theoretical optimality property of Kalman Filter-based tracking algorithms. In this paper, we propose a novel 3D multi-object cooperative tracking algorithm for autonomous driving via a differentiable multi-sensor Kalman Filter. Our algorithm learns to estimate measurement uncertainty for each detection that can better utilize the theoretical property of Kalman Filter-based tracking methods. The experiment results show that our algorithm improves the tracking accuracy by 17% with only 0.037x communication costs compared with the state-of-the-art method in V2V4Real. Our code and videos are available at https://github.com/eddyhkchiu/DMSTrack/ and https://eddyhkchiu.github. io/dmstrack.github. io/ .
Potential Impacts of N2-fixing Trichodesmium on Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton Turnover Rates and Organic Carbon Transfer Efficiency in the Subtropical Oligotrophic Ocean System

Bacterial production (BP), primary production (PP) and N2-fixing cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium spp. abundance (i.e., [Tricho#]) were measured in the N. Pacific west-boundary Kuroshio Current in summer and autumn, 2001. The warm (28-29℃) upper water column (0-30 m) in summer was low in nitrate (NO3; 0.08±0.08 μM) with Trichodesmium spp. (192-2,115 trichomes L^(-1)) observed at all sampling stations. Averaged NO3 in the upper 30 m were higher (0.39±0.27 μM) in autumn but with no Trichodesmium observed except 1 station with an abundance of 962 trichomes L^(-1) in surface waters. PP (21±7 μg C L^(-1)d^(-1)) and phytoplankton turnover rate (Pμ; 0.48±0.19 d^(-1)) in summer were at least 1.5-fold higher than those recorded in autumn. BP (summer, 2.5±0.6 μg C L^(-1)d^(-1) autumn, 2.4±0.3 μg C L^(-1)d^(-1)) showed no seasonal difference, but bacterial turnover rate (Bμ; 0.11±0.03 d^(-1)) was 57% higher in summer. The negative trend of [Tricho#] vs. NO3 and higher transmittance in summer indicate that NO3 depletion and better light availability might trigger the development of N2-fixing cyanobacteria. B p changed positively with [Tricho#] suggesting that bacterial growth might be enhanced by the supply of ”new” inorganic (i.e., NH4) and/or dissolved organic nitrogen from N2-fixing cyanobacterium. From the negative relationship of BP: PP ratio (7-21%) vs. [Tricho#], we deduce that the occurrence of high Trichodesmium abundance might potentially reduce the magnitude of NH4 competition between algae and bacteria. In the open ocean, organic carbon transfer efficiency, either to higher trophic levels or to system exportation, can be greatly enhanced at low BP: PP ratio driven by the proliferation of N2-fixing cyanobacterium.
PROGRESS REPORT : NUMERICAL SIMULATION VERIFICATION

The SEG Advanced Modeling (SEAM) Phase I consortium continues to make progress toward their main project goals, which were summarized in a TLE article in August 2008. Simulation of a variable-density acoustic seismic survey over the SEAM model will soon commence. The survey will consist of approximately 65 000 shots. Simulations for each shot will be conducted over a 30 km × 30 km subgrid of the SEAM model, and traces will be collected on a grid located within a 20 km × 20 km box surrounding each source. Approximately 450 000 traces will be collected for each shot. The recording geometry and large number of traces to be collected for each shot will allow SEAM members to investigate various acquisition geometries and processing approaches.
Three-dimensional surface measurement system based on projected fringe model

A measurement system based on projected fringe model is presented. In this model, the location of fringe strips is determined by the image patterns on the projection plane directly, and the relationship between object point and its image point is established to obtain the coordinates of surface point. It is unnecessary to arrange the system in parallel, while the camera and projector can be in arbitrary position. Experiments show that the surface measurement system is applicable to many shape measurement tasks.
Experiments on strike-slip faulting and block rotation

Analogue model experiments investigating strike-slip faulting in zones of distributed shear deformation show that fault orientations and fault evolution indicate modifications of the stress field with increasing bulk shear strain. Dextral bulk shear deformation at low strain is accommodated dominantly by synthetic strike-slip faults (Riedel shears). At higher strain, secondary antithetic and synthetic faults develop mostly between earlier formed major Riedel shears. Closely spaced parallel antithetic faults (cross faults) delimit domains that rotate about vertical axes with continuing shear deformation. Rotation of fault-bounded domains results in sigmoidal antithetic faults that have a dip-slip component and a dip direction that changes along strike. There is good agreement between models and natural examples of distributed shear zones where block rotations about vertical axes have been documented.