Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of ethanol distillery effluent on the water quality of the receiving waters of Lake Malawi during the rainy season

A study was carried out in Dwangwa area of Nkhotakota district in Malawi to determine the effect of ethanol distillery effluent from the Ethanol Company on the water quality of the receiving waters of Lake Malawi. Water samples were collected from six sites located along Dwangwa River, in the effluent ponds and in the lake at week intervals for 8 weeks. The samples were analysed for BOD, COD, DO, pH, alkalinity, acidity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and chlorophyll. Concentration levels of pollutants, BOD, COD, DO and alkalinity generally decreased from the source downstream to the lake with a few exceptions. This was attributed to the dilution factor and evaporation of some components. Concentration levels in the receiving waters were found to be within the tolerable limits except for ammonia. On average the levels of DO, BOD, pH, Chlorophyll, Nitrate, Phosphorous and Ammonia were 6.24 ppm, 30.54 mg/l, 7.48, 5.05 ppm, 0.29 ppm, 0.22 ppm and 2.1 ppm respectively. The levels detected for ammonia were generally ranging between the suggested toxic concentration of 0.6 and 2 mg/l, for most of the species in water (Smith and Piper, 1975). However, concentration of pollutants in the effluent was found to be higher than the acceptable limits. It was therefore concluded that the ethanol effluent from the factory was potentially hazardous to the aquatic life in the receiving waters.
Review of Leishmaniasis Treatment: Can We See the Forest through the Trees?

There are three known clinical syndromes of leishmaniasis: cutaneous (CL), mucocutaneous (MCL), and visceral disease (VL). In MCL and VL, treatment must be systemic (either oral or intravenous), while CL treatment options vary and include observation-only localized/topical treatment, oral medications, or parenteral drugs. Leishmaniasis treatment is difficult, with several factors to be considered. First, the efficacy of treatments varies among different species of parasites prevalent in different areas on the globe, with each species having a unique clinical presentation and resistance profile. Furthermore, leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD), resulting in a lack of evidence-based knowledge regarding treatment. Therefore, physicians often rely on case reports or case series studies, in the absence of randomized controlled trials (RCT), to assess treatment efficacy. Second, defining cure, especially in CL and MCL, may be difficult, as death of the parasite can be achieved in most cases, while the aesthetic result (e.g., scars) is hard to predict. This is a result of the biological nature of the disease, often diagnosed late in the course of disease (with possible keloid formation, etc.). Third, physicians must consider treatment ease of use and the safety profile of possible treatments. Thus, topical or oral treatments (for CL) are desirable and promote adherence. Fourth, the cost of the treatment is an important consideration. In this review, we aim to describe the diverse treatment options for different clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis. For each currently available treatment, we will discuss the various considerations mentioned above (efficacy, ease of use, safety, and cost).
Statistical downscaling of high-resolution precipitation in India using convolutional long short-term memory networks

Statistical downscaling of the General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations are widely used for accessing climate changes in the future at different spatiotemporal scales. This study proposes a novel Statistical Downscaling (SD) model established on the Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) Network. The methodology is applied to obtain future projection of rainfall at 0.25° spatial resolution over the Indian sub-continental region. The traditional multisite downscaling models typically perform downscaling on a single homogeneous rainfall zone, predicting rainfall at only one grid point in a single model run. The proposed model captures spatiotemporal dependencies in multisite local rainfall and predicts rainfall for the entire zone in a single model run. The study proposes a Shared ConvLSTM model providing a single end-to-end supervised model for predicting the future precipitation for entire India. The model captures the regional variability in rainfall better than a region-wise trained model. The projected future rainfall for different scenarios of climate change reveals an overall increase in the rainfall mean and spatially non-uniform changes in future rainfall extremes over India. The results highlight the importance of conducting in-depth hydrologic studies for different river basins of the country for future water availability assessment and making water resource policies.
Combining animal interactions and habitat selection into models of space use: a case study with white‐tailed deer

Animals determine their daily movement trajectories in response to a network of ecological processes, including interactions with other organisms, their memories of previous events, and the changing environment. These combine to cause the emergent space use patterns observed over longer periods of time, such as a whole season. Understanding which processes cause these patterns to emerge, and how, requires a process‐based modelling approach. Individual‐based decisions can be described as a system of partial‐differential equations (PDEs) to produce a dynamic description of space use built from the underlying movement process. Here we combine PDE‐based models with step‐selection analysis to investigate the combined effects of three established ecological processes that partially shape movement and space use: 1) a heterogeneous environment; 2) the environmental markings of moving conspecifics; and 3) the memory of direct interactions with conspecifics. We apply this framework to a large GPS‐based dataset of white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus in the southeastern US. We fit models at the population level to provide predictive models, then tailor these to fit individual deer. We specifically incorporate relationships between each possible pair of deer and define each animal's responses to their unique local environments using separate integrated step‐selection analyses. We show how individual movements and decisions yield emergent patterns in animal distributions, and we provide a full generalised description of the framework so that it may be applied to any species simultaneously responding to multiple potentially interacting stimuli (e.g. sociality, morphology, etc.). We found that the population of bucks had highly varied preferences for vegetation, but were shaping their space use in response to conspecific interactions, dependent on the individual relationships between two deer. We advocate for increased consideration of individual‐based movement rules as determinants of realized animal space use, and particularly how these affect emergent distributions of entire species.
Dolomías relacionadas con fallas durante la etapa de rift Jurásico superior-Cretácico inferior en la subcuenca de la Salzedella (Cuenca del Maestrazgo, Cadena Ibérica)

A set of high angle normal faults control the geometry of dolomite bodies (Fm. Dolomias de lasTalaies) that occur in the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous synrift deposits in the Salzedella subbasin (Maestrat Basin). There are three main dolomite types: isolated rhombohedral dolomite, replacement dolomites and dolomite cement.The mineralogy and geochemical composition of the three types of dolomites is similar. The 8,80 values of replacement dolomites (-6.3 %o PDB) are slightly lighter than the values forlimestone host rocks (-4.2 %o PDB). The 87Sr/18Sr values of the replacement dolomites (0.70740-0.70798) are equivalent to Triassic and Liassic marine seawater values. The fluid inclusion data(Th=115 °C, Tmi=-16 a -21 °C) represent high temperature fluids and a salinity of 19 to 23 %wt. NaC! eq. The source of the Mg most likely is Triassic and Liassic evaporite units. The assumed dolomitization model is based on a combination of a topographic and advection driven flow system. Meteoric waters descend along the basin margins to the Triassic and Liassic evaporite levels, where they mix with connate waters and ascend due to increased heat flows at the end of the rift stage.
Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediments in Passur river, Sundarban mangrove forest, Bangladesh.

Received July 6, 2011; Accepted October 28, 2011 Abstract: Spatial and seasonal variability of heavy metal concentrations both in water and sediment samples collected from six different locations along the Passur river of Sundarban mangrove forests, Bangladesh have been investigated. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, As, Mn, Se and Cr were determined in both water and sediment samples. The physico-chemical water quality parameters were also monitored. The metals concentration observed in sediments were in good agreement with literature values with exception of Fe and Cd. The highest concentration of Fe was observed as 108 1016 μg/L for water and 16500 31900 mg/Kg for sediments. The heavy metals were obtained in the order of Fe > Mn > Cu > Ni > Zn > Cr > Cd > Pb with no remarkable change between upstream and downstream along the river. Correlation matrix analysis provided a significant relationship between the variables at different stations. No distinct seasonal pattern of concentrations of heavy metals was found.
Seafloor hydrothermal systems at North Knoll, Iheya Ridge, Okinawa Trough

HydrothermaI fluids and rock samolcs were collected ai Die Norm Knoll of Iheya Ridge. Okinawa Trough Uk three "Shinkai 2000" dives. Measured tnaximuiTi Auid temperature was 23S"C Ct concentrations of Ixydrotherma) fluids r<tnge fr<>m 50 Lc 60% of the seawatcr. indicating that the hydrothermal fluids contain steam phase formed by phase separation at depth. The chemical compositions of hydtolhGrm? -l Quids are similar lo those of I lie fluids at Isena and South-Ensei seafloor liydrotherinal systems. Many dead sulfide chimneys were first found in Iheya area Their mineraiojrica) composition is similar to thai of the Kuroko deposit. Present clear smoker activity mainly forms bamc orecioi fates.
Reconstruction of historical climate in China

Chinese historical documents that contain descriptions of weather conditions can be used for studying climate of the past hundreds or even thousands of years. In this study, the progress of reconstructing a 273-station quantitative precipitation dataset for 1736-1911 - a period when records of the depth of rain infiltration (into the ground) and snow depth (above the surface) were kept in the Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun (which is part of memos routinely sent to the emperors during the Qing Dynasty) is reported. To facilitate the rainfall reconstruction, a field program of 29 sites covering different climate regimes and soil characteristics was designed for the purpose of establishing the transfer function between the rain infiltration depth and rainfall amount, while the relation between the snow depth and snowfall is obtained using instrumental measurements of recent decades. The results of the first site at Shijiazhuang (near Beijing) are reported here. The reconstruction shows that the summer and winter precipitation during 1736-1911 were generally greater than their respective 196-190 means. Two years with extreme summer precipitation are identified - 112 mm in 1792 and 1167 mm in 1801; the latter is larger than the 998 mm in 1996, which has been the most severe one of recent decades. The long-term high-resolution quantitative data can be used to study climate variability as well as to evaluate historical climate model simulations. © 2005 American Meteorological Society.
Recent Trends in Non-Invasive Methods of Diagnosis and Evaluation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Short Review

Inflammatory bowel diseases are a conglomerate of disorders causing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which have gained a significant increase in prevalence in the 21st century. As they present a challenge in the terms of diagnosis as well as treatment, IBDs can present an overwhelming impact on the individual and can take a toll on healthcare costs. Thus, a quick and precise diagnosis is required in order to prevent the high number of complications that can arise from a late diagnosis as well as a misdiagnosis. Although endoscopy remains the primary method of evaluation for IBD, recent trends have highlighted various non-invasive methods of diagnosis as well as reevaluating previous ones. This review focused on the current non-invasive methods in the diagnosis of IBD, exploring their possible implementation in the near future, with the goal of achieving earlier, feasible, and cheap methods of diagnosis as well as prognosis in IBD.
Pemodelan Bayesian Hirarki Data Curah Hujan Ekstrem di Jakarta

Curah hujan ekstrem merupakan kejadian yang ja-rang terjadi namun dapat memberikan dampak yang merugikan bagi kehidupan. Banjir merupakan salah satu dampak dari curah hujan ekstrem. Salah satu wilayah yang paling sering terkena ban-jir adalah Jakarta. Hal ini mengakibatkan aktivitas manusia men-jadi terganggu. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pengetahuan terkait nilai ekstrem untuk meminimalkan dampak kerugian akibat curah hujan ekstrem. Pada penelitian ini, identifikasi curah hujan eks-trem dilakukan dengan metode Peaks Over Threshold (POT) de-ngan pola distribusi data ekstrem mengikuti Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD). Estimasi parameter GPD dilakukan dengan menggunakan Model Bayesian Hirarki (MBH) untuk mengatasi masalah keterbatasan data pengamatan ekstrem dan mengakomo-dasi hubungan antar perbedaan parameter shape dengan variabel prediktor (kovariat) di setiap tingkat struktur hirarki data. Distri-busi prior yang digunakan adalah improper non conjugate dan non informative prior. Hasil estimasi parameter menunjukkan bahwa modus dari temperatur rata-rata harian, elevasi, longitude, dan la-titude tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perbedaan nilai para-meter shape, sehingga tidak berpengaruh pada hasil prediksi return level. Pada penelitian selanjutnya, sebaiknya menggunakan conju-gate dan informative prior dengan mempertimbangkan pengguna-an atau penambahan kovariat lain.
Inclusive Approaches for Measuring Demographics of Underrepresented Populations in STEM and Biomedical Research Training Programs

Paris, Stephanie E. ; Alvord, Teala W. ; Lentz, Brandy; Marr, Mollie C. ; Setthavongsack, Angie; Dinno, Alexis; Downing, Jae; Raz Link, Aaron; Richardson, Dawn M. ; Espinosa, Shanthia N. ; Nguyen, Phuc T. ; and Marriott, Lisa K. , "Inclusive Approaches for Measuring Demographics of Underrepresented Populations in STEM and Biomedical Research Training Programs" (2022). Student Research Symposium. 18. https://pdxscholar.library. pdx.edu/studentsymposium/2022/presentations/18
Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Overview

Autoimmune hepatitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition of the liver of undetermined cause that affects both sexes, all ages, races, and ethnicities. Its clinical presentation can be very broad, from having an asymptomatic and silent course to presenting as acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, and acute liver failure potentially requiring liver transplantation. The diagnosis is based on histological abnormalities (interface hepatitis), characteristic clinical and laboratory findings (increased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and serum IgG concentration), and the presence of one or more characteristic autoantibodies. The large heterogeneity of these clinical, biochemical, and histological findings can sometimes make a timely and proper diagnosis a difficult task. Treatment seeks to achieve remission of the disease and prevent further progression of liver disease. First-line therapy includes high-dose corticosteroids, which are later tapered to decrease side effects, and azathioprine. In the presence of azathioprine intolerance or a poor response to the standard of care, second-line therapy needs to be considered, including mycophenolate mofetil. AIH remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, and a further understanding of the pathophysiological pathways of the disease and the implementation of randomized controlled trials are needed.
Test and Validation of a Model for Forecasting Frost on Bridges

Frost frequently forms on roads and bridges during winters when the pavement temperature is at or below 273 K and below the dew-point temperature. Accurate forecasts of frost onset times, frost intensity, and frost disappearance help roadway maintenance personnel decide when, where, and how much frost-suppression chemicals should be used. A finite-difference program has been developed that predicts bridge surface temperature by simulating vertical heat transfer in a bridge in response to evolving weather conditions. A vapor flux calculation uses the bridge surface temperature and concurrent meteorological variables from a weather forecast model to produce forecasts of depth of frost deposited, melted, or sublimed. Comparisons of model results with measured surface temperatures from a Roadway Weather Information System (RWIS) station have demonstrated that the model realistically represents early-morning low temperatures and temperature trends when run with input from current observations. Average surface temperature error using observations was 0.25 K. Some of the error can be attributed to spatial separation of the bridge site and the radiation observation site. BridgeT is capable of supplying surface temperatures within 1 K of measured values over a 40-hour forecast period if it is supplied with accurate weather forecasts.
A Novel Ensemble Framework for Multi-Classification of Brain Tumors Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Brain tumors can have fatal consequences, affecting many body functions. For this reason, it is essential to detect brain tumor types accurately and at an early stage to start the appropriate treatment process. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used in disease detection from medical images, they face the problem of overfitting in the training phase on limited labeled and insufficiently diverse datasets. The existing studies use transfer learning and ensemble models to overcome these problems. When the existing studies are examined, it is evident that there is a lack of models and weight ratios that will be used with the ensemble technique. With the framework proposed in this study, several CNN models with different architectures are trained with transfer learning and fine-tuning on three brain tumor datasets. A particle swarm optimization-based algorithm determined the optimum weights for combining the five most successful CNN models with the ensemble technique. The results across three datasets are as follows: Dataset 1, 99.35% accuracy and 99.20 F1-score; Dataset 2, 98.77% accuracy and 98.92 F1-score; and Dataset 3, 99.92% accuracy and 99.92 F1-score. We achieved successful performances on three brain tumor datasets, showing that the proposed framework is reliable in classification. As a result, the proposed framework outperforms existing studies, offering clinicians enhanced decision-making support through its high-accuracy classification performance.
Miniaturised and harmonic‐suppressed rat‐race couplers based on slow‐wave transmission lines

In this study, a compact rat-race hybrid coupler with harmonic suppression based on slow-wave transmission lines (SW-TLs) is presented. Such artificial lines are implemented by periodic loading a host microstrip line with series meandered inductors and shunt patch capacitors. The presence of both loading elements has a twofold effect, i.e. phase velocity reduction (due to the enhancement of the effective inductance and capacitance of the periodic line), and the generation of a controllable stopband in the frequency response (due to the Bragg effect, inherent to periodicity). It is shown that by designing the unit cell of the periodic line with an electrical length of 45°, at least the first five harmonic bands of the rat-race coupler are efficiently suppressed, keeping the band of interest unaltered. Moreover, 79% size reduction, as compared to the ordinary coupler, is achieved in the reported SW-TL-based prototype.
Perceptions of the Antarctic wilderness: views from emerging adults in Spain and the United States

ABSTRACT The preambles of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and the 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic state that Antarctica is to be managed in the interest of all mankind. However, key phrases such as ‘interest of all mankind’ and ‘wilderness and aesthetic values’ are subject to interpretation. The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of public perceptions of the Antarctic wilderness, proceeding from the assumption that public views should be incorporated into the consultative parties’ decision making process. The study expands on previous research by exploring whether perceptions of the Antarctic environment varied between students at two comparably sized public universities in Spain and the United States. Four hundred undergraduate students were asked about their values, beliefs and attitudes with respect to environmental management practices in Antarctica. After controlling for course type, responses showed little variation based on nationality. A large proportion of students valued Antarctica as a science laboratory for the benefit of mankind, as one of the world's last great wildernesses, and an important component of the climate system. Students did not support an increase in the number of people going to Antarctica, and favoured limitations on infrastructure development.
The oldest known record of social insects

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