Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MAGNETOROTATIONALLY DRIVEN SUPERNOVAE AS THE ORIGIN OF EARLY GALAXY r-PROCESS ELEMENTS?

We examine magnetorotationally driven supernovae as sources of r-process elements in the early Galaxy. On the basis of thermodynamic histories of tracer particles from a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical core-collapse supernova model with approximated neutrino transport, we perform nucleosynthesis calculations with and without considering the effects of neutrino absorption reactions on the electron fraction (Ye) during post-processing. We find that the peak distribution of Ye in the ejecta is shifted from ∼0.15 to ∼0.17 and broadened toward higher Ye due to neutrino absorption. Nevertheless, in both cases, the second and third peaks of the solar r-process element distribution can be reproduced well. The rare progenitor configuration that was used here, characterized by a high rotation rate and a large magnetic field necessary for the formation of bipolar jets, could naturally provide a site for the strong r-process in agreement with observations of the early Galactic chemical evolution.
Generalized deviation equation and determination of the curvature in General Relativity

We derive a generalized deviation equation -- analogous to the well-known geodesic deviation equation -- for test bodies in General Relativity. Our result encompasses and generalizes previous extensions of the standard geodesic deviation equation. We show how the standard as well as a generalized deviation equation can be used to measure the curvature of spacetime by means of a set of test bodies. In particular, we provide exact solutions for the curvature by using the standard deviation equation as well as its next order generalization.
Magnetic dipole moment of neutral particles from quantum corrections at two-loop order

The tentative gamma-ray line in the Fermi data at ~135 GeV motivates a dark matter candidate that couples to photons through loops of charged messengers. It was recently shown that this model can explain the observed line, but achieving the correct phenomenology requires a fairly sizable coupling between the WIMP and the charged messengers. While strong coupling by itself is not a problem, it is natural to wonder whether the phenomenological success is not spoiled by higher order quantum corrections. In this work we compute the dominant two-loop contributions to the electromagnetic form-factors of the WIMP and show that over a large portion of the relevant parameter space these corrections are under control and the phenomenology is not adversely affected. We also discuss more generally the effects of these form-factors on signals in direct-detection experiments as well as on the production of the WIMP candidate in colliders. In particular, for low masses of the charged messengers the production rate at the LHC enjoys an enhancement from the threshold singularity associated with these charged states.
SELF-PACED MOOC COURSE STUDENT DROPOUT PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING MODEL

: The high rate of student dropout in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) is a serious issue with these courses. An effective MOOC student dropout prediction model can identify the reasons that cause students to drop out and provide insight into how to implement interventions to improve student success. For the prediction of student dropout in MOOC courses, many features and methodologies are available. The data from a self-paced math course, College Algebra and Problem Solving, given on the MOOC platform Open edX in collaboration with Arizona State University (ASU) from 2016 to 2020 are examined in this research. This research proposes a model for predicting student dropout from a MOOC course based on a set of variables derived from the daily learning progress of students.In the prediction, the Gradient Boosting Model technique from Machine Learning (ML) is performed, and validation factors such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, Area Under the Curve (AUC), and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve are used. With an accuracy of 87.5 percent, AUC of 94.5 percent, precision of 88 percent, recall of 87.5 percent, and F1-score of 87.5 percent, the model constructed can predict whether students will drop out or continue in the MOOC course on any given day. Shapely values were used to explain the contributing features and interactions for the model prediction
Woodin cardinals and forcing

Despite being an established notion in the large cardinal hierarchy, results about Woodin cardinals are sparse in the literature. Here we gather known results about the preservation of Woodin cardinals under certain forcing extensions, as well as giving a template for preserving Woodin cardinals through forcing. Using this template, we form an indestructibility result under certain Easton iterations.
Resolutions of 2 and 3 Dimensional Rings of Invariants for Cyclic Groups

Let G be the cyclic group of order n, and suppose F is a field containing a primitive nth root of unity. We consider the ring of invariants F[W] G of a three dimensional representation W of G where G ⊂ SL(W). We describe minimal generators and relations for this ring and prove that the lead terms of the relations are quadratic. These minimal generators for the relations form a Gröbner basis with a surprisingly simple combinatorial structure. We describe the graded Betti numbers for a minimal free resolution of F[W] G . The case where W is any two dimensional representation of G is also handled.
Theoretical Aspects of Massive Gravity

Massive gravity has seen a resurgence of interest due to recent progress which has overcome its traditional problems, yielding an avenue for addressing important open questions such as the cosmological constant naturalness problem. The possibility of a massive graviton has been studied on and off for the past 70 years. During this time, curiosities such as the vDVZ discontinuity and the Boulware-Deser ghost were uncovered. We re-derive these results in a pedagogical manner, and develop the St\"ukelberg formalism to discuss them from the modern effective field theory viewpoint. We review recent progress of the last decade, including the dissolution of the vDVZ discontinuity via the Vainshtein screening mechanism, the existence of a consistent effective field theory with a stable hierarchy between the graviton mass and the cutoff, and the existence of particular interactions which raise the maximal effective field theory cutoff and remove the ghosts. In addition, we review some peculiarities of massive gravitons on curved space, novel theories in three dimensions, and examples of the emergence of a massive graviton from extra-dimensions and brane worlds.
Based On A Mix Of Visual, Motion, And Depth Saliency, Saliency Maps For Stereoscopic Video Are Detected. Abstract

: The built-up of the system is used to calculate the stereoscopic video highlight map based on a combination of visual, motion, and depth enhancements. And these three representation maps are dynamically combined into the final representation map. The working of a system can be made more efficient by reducing the three highlighting techniques to one system. The graph-based approach is used to calculate visual emphasis. In complicated settings, GBVS is utilized to effectively manage global competition between targets and distractions.GBVS shows a higher representation in the center of the image plane and more consistently infers the human gaze than other standard algorithms. The main application of this system is to use saliency maps to identify pirated content, while other applications are image/video compression, object detection and detection, and readdressing of images. The system also needs to recognize blurred areas in stereoscopic images.1. 44
Empirical Study of Partitions Similarity Measures

—This paper compares four existing distances and similarity measures between partitions. The partition measures considered in this paper are the Rand Index ( RI ), the Adjusted Rand Index ( ARI ), the Variation of Information ( VI ) and finally, the Normalised Variation of Information ( NVI ). This work investigates the ability of these partition measures to capture three predefined intuitions: the variation within randomly generated partitions, the sensitivity to small perturbations and finally the independence from the dataset scale . It has been shown that the Adjusted Rand Index ( ARI ) performed well overall, regarding these three intuitions.
Renormalizable Tensor Field Theories

Extending tensor models at the field theoretical level, tensor field theories are nonlocal quantum field theories with Feynman graphs identified with simplicial complexes. They become relevant for addressing quantum topology and geometry in any dimension and therefore form an interesting class of models for studying quantum gravity. We review the class of perturbatively renormalizable tensor field theories and some of their features.
Federated Learning for Appearance-based Gaze Estimation in the Wild

Gaze estimation methods have significantly matured in recent years, but the large number of eye images required to train deep learning models poses significant privacy risks. In addition, the heterogeneous data distribution across different users can significantly hinder the training process. In this work, we propose the first federated learning approach for gaze estimation to preserve the privacy of gaze data. We further employ pseudo-gradient optimisation to adapt our federated learning approach to the divergent model updates to address the heterogeneous nature of in-the-wild gaze data in collaborative setups. We evaluate our approach on a real-world dataset (MPIIGaze) and show that our work enhances the privacy guarantees of conventional appearance-based gaze estimation methods, handles the convergence issues of gaze estimators, and significantly outperforms vanilla federated learning by 15.8% (from a mean error of 10.63 degrees to 8.95 degrees). As such, our work paves the way to develop privacy-aware collaborative learning setups for gaze estimation while maintaining the model's performance.
Population synthesis at the crossroads

Abstract The current state-of-the-art of population synthesis is reviewed. The field is currently undergoing major revisions with the recognition of several key processes as new critical ingredients. Stochastic effects can artificially enhance or suppress certain evolutionary phases and/or stellar mass regimes and introduce systematic biases in, e.g., the determination of the stellar initial mass function. Post-main-sequence evolution is often associated with irregular variations of stellar properties on ultra-short time-scales. Examples are asymptotic giant branch stars and luminous blue variables, both of which are poorly treated in the models. Stars rarely form in isolation, and the fraction of truly single stars may be very small. Therefore, stellar multiplicity must be accounted for since many systems will develop tidal interaction over the course of their evolution. Last but not least, stellar rotation can drastically increase stellar temperatures and luminosities, which in turn leads to revised mass-to-light ratios in population synthesis models.
VLBI OBSERVATIONS OF 10 COMPACT SYMMETRIC OBJECT CANDIDATES: EXPANSION VELOCITIES OF HOT SPOTS

Observations of 10 Compact Symmetric Object (CSO) candidates have been made with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 8.4 GHz in 2005 and with a combined Chinese and European Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) array at 8.4 GHz in 2009. The 2009 observations incorporate for the first time the two new Chinese telescopes at Miyun and Kunming for international astrophysical observations. The observational data, in combination with archival VLBA data from previous epochs, have been used to derive the proper motions of the VLBI components. Because of the long time baseline of ∼16 years of the VLBI data sets, the expansion velocities of the hot spots can be measured at an accuracy as high as ∼1.3 μas yr−1. Six of the ten sources are identified as CSOs with a typical double or triple morphology on the basis of both spectral index maps and their mirror symmetry of proper motions of the terminal hot spots. The compact double source J1324+4048 is also identified as a CSO candidate. Among the three remaining sources, J1756+5748 and J2312+3847 are identified as core–jet sources with proper motions of their jet components relating to systemic source expansion. The third source J0017+5312 is likely also a core–jet source, but a robust detection of a core is needed for an unambiguous identification. The kinematic ages of the CSOs derived from proper motions range from 300 to 2500 years. The kinematic age distribution of the CSOs confirm an overabundance of compact young CSOs with ages less than 500 years. CSOs with known kinematic ages may be used to study the dynamical evolution of extragalactic radio sources at early stages.
Physics from information

Department of energy resources development, Jungwon University,5 dongburi, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun Chungbuk Korea 367-805(Dated: November 9, 2010)This is an ongoing review on my conjecture that information processing at causal horizons isthe key ingredient of all physics. Assuming that information is fundamental and the informationpropagates with ﬁnite velocity, one can ﬁnd that main physical laws such as Newton’s second law andEinstein equation simply describe the energy-information relation (dE=TdS) for matter or spacetime crossing a causal horizon with temperature T for observers. Quantum mechanics arises fromignorance of the observers about matter crossing the horizon, which explains why superluminalcommunication is impossible even with quantum entanglement. This approach also explains theorigin of Jacobson’s thermodynamic formalism of Einstein gravity and Verlinde’s entropic gravity.When applied to a cosmic causal horizon, the conjecture reproduces the observed dark energy anddemands the zero cosmological constant.
Constraints on New Scalars from the LHC 125 GeV Higgs Signal

We study the implications the recent results from the LHC Higgs searches have on scalar new physics. We study the impact on both the Higgs production and decay from scalars with and without colour, and in cases where decoupling do and do not happen. We investigate possible constraints on scalar parameters from the production rate in the diphoton channel, and also the two vector boson channels. Measurements from both channels can help disentangle new physics due to colour from that due to charge, and thus reveal the nature of the new scalar states.
A FIRST SITE OF GALAXY CLUSTER FORMATION: COMPLETE SPECTROSCOPY OF A PROTOCLUSTER AT z = 6.01

We performed a systematic spectroscopic observation of a protocluster at z = 6.01 in the Subaru Deep Field. We took spectroscopy for all 53 i′ dropout galaxies down to z′ = 27.09 mag in/around the protocluster region. From these observations, we confirmed that 28 galaxies are at z ∼ 6, 10 of which are clustered in a narrow redshift range of Δz < 0.06. To trace the evolution of this primordial structure, we applied the same i′ dropout selection and the same overdensity measurements used in the observations to a semi-analytic model built upon the Millennium Simulation. We obtain a relation between the significance of overdensities observed at z ∼ 6 and the predicted dark matter halo mass at z = 0. This protocluster with 6σ overdensity is expected to grow into a galaxy cluster with a mass of ∼5 × 1014 M☉ at z = 0. Ten galaxies within 10 comoving Mpc of the overdense region can, with more than an 80% probability, merge into a single dark matter halo by z = 0. No significant differences appeared in UV and Lyα luminosities between the protocluster and field galaxies, suggesting that this protocluster is still in the early phase of cluster formation before the onset of any obvious environmental effects. However, further observations are required to study other properties, such as stellar mass, dust, and age. We do find that galaxies tend to be in close pairs in this protocluster. These pair-like subgroups will coalesce into a single halo and grow into a more massive structure. We may witness an onset of cluster formation at z ∼ 6 toward a cluster as seen in local universe.
Silicon-Nitride Platform for Narrowband Entangled Photon Generation

CMOS-compatible photonic chips are highly desirable for real-world quantum optics devices due to their scalability, robustness, and integration with electronics. Despite impressive advances using Silicon nanostructures, challenges remain in reducing their linear and nonlinear losses and in creating narrowband photons necessary for interfacing with quantum memories. Here we demonstrate the potential of the silicon nitride (Si3N4) platform by realizing an ultracompact, bright, entangled photon-pair source with selectable photon bandwidths down to 30 MHz, which is unprecedented for an integrated source. Leveraging Si3N4's moderate thermal expansion, simple temperature control of the chip enables precise wavelength stabilization and tunability without active control. Single-mode photon pairs at 1550 nm are generated at rates exceeding 107 s-1 with mW's of pump power and are used to produce time-bin entanglement. Moreover, Si3N4 allows for operation from the visible to the mid-IR, which make it highly promising for a wide range of integrated quantum photonics applications.
Decoherence effects on the nonlocality of symmetric states

The observation of the non-local properties of multipartite entangled states is of great importance for quantum information protocols. Such properties, however, are fragile and may not be observed in the presence of decoherence exhibited by practical physical systems. In this work, we investigate the robustness of the non-locality of symmetric states experiencing phase and amplitude damping, using suitable Bell inequalities based on an extended version of Hardy's paradox. We derive thresholds for observing non-locality in terms of experimental noise parameters, and demonstrate the importance of the choice of the measurement bases for optimizing the robustness. For $W$ states, in the phase damping case, we show that this choice can lead to a trade-off between obtaining a high violation of the non-local test and optimal robustness thresholds; we also show that in this setting the non-locality of $W$ states is particularly robust for a large number of qubits. Furthermore, we apply our techniques to the discrimination of symmetric states belonging to different entanglement classes, thus illustrating their usefulness for a wide range of practical quantum information applications.
Exploration of order in chaos using the replica exchange Monte Carlo method

A method for exploring unstable structures generated by non-linear dynamical systems is introduced. It is based on the sampling of initial conditions and parameters using the replica exchange Monte Carlo method, and it is efficient in searching for rare initial conditions and in the combined search for rare initial conditions and parameters. Examples discussed here include the sampling of unstable periodic orbits in chaos and searching for the stable manifold of unstable fixed points, as well as construction of the global bifurcation diagram of a map.
A HERSCHEL SEARCH FOR COLD DUST IN BROWN DWARF DISKS: FIRST RESULTS

We report initial results from a Herschel program to search for far-infrared emission from cold dust around a statistically significant sample of young brown dwarfs. The first three objects in our survey are all detected at 70 μm, and we report the first detection of a brown dwarf at 160 μm. The flux densities are consistent with the presence of substantial amounts of cold dust in the outer disks around these objects. We modeled the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with two different radiative transfer codes. We find that a broad range of model parameters provide a reasonable fit to the SEDs, but that the addition of our 70 μm, and especially the 160 μm, detection enables strong lower limits to be placed on the disk masses since most of the mass is in the outer disk. We find likely disk masses in the range of a few × 10−6 to 10−4 M☉. Our models provide a good fit to the SEDs and do not require dust settling.
Ultraslow scaled Brownian motion

We define and study in detail utraslow scaled Brownian motion (USBM) characterized by a time dependent diffusion coefficient of the form D ( t ) ≃ 1 / t ? > . For unconfined motion the mean squared displacement (MSD) of USBM exhibits an ultraslow, logarithmic growth as function of time, in contrast to the conventional scaled Brownian motion. In a harmonic potential the MSD of USBM does not saturate but asymptotically decays inverse-proportionally to time, reflecting the highly non-stationary character of the process. We show that the process is weakly non-ergodic in the sense that the time averaged MSD does not converge to the regular MSD even at long times, and for unconfined motion combines a linear lag time dependence with a logarithmic term. The weakly non-ergodic behaviour is quantified in terms of the ergodicity breaking parameter. The USBM process is also shown to be ageing: observables of the system depend on the time gap between initiation of the test particle and start of the measurement of its motion. Our analytical results are shown to agree excellently with extensive computer simulations.
Ideals in a multiplier algebra on the ball

We study the ideals of the closure of the polynomial multipliers on the Drury-Arveson space. Structural results are obtained by investigating the relation between an ideal and its weak-$*$ closure, much in the spirit of the corresponding classical facts for the disc algebra. Zero sets for multipliers are also considered and are deeply intertwined with the structure of ideals. Our approach is primarily based on duality arguments.
THE TEMPERATURE OF HOT GAS HALOS OF EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES

Recently, the temperature T and the luminosity LX of the hot gas halos of early-type galaxies have been derived, with unprecedented accuracy, from Chandra data for a sample of 30 galaxies, covering a wider range of galactic luminosity (and central velocity dispersion σc) than before. This work investigates the origin of the observed temperatures by examining the relationship between them and the galaxy structure, the gas heating due to Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and the gravitational potential, and the dynamical status of the gas flow. In galaxies with σc ≲ 200 km s−1, the T's are close to a fiducial average temperature of gas in outflow; at 200 < σc (km s−1) < 250, the T's are generally lower than this and unrelated to σc, which requires a more complex gas flow status; at larger σc, the T's may increase as σ2c, as expected for infall heating, though heating from SNe Ia, that is independent of σc, should be dominant. All observed T's are larger than the virial temperature, by up to ∼0.5 keV. The additional heating can be provided in the X-ray brightest galaxies by SNe Ia and infall heating, with an SN Ia energy input even lower than in standard assumptions; in the X-ray fainter ones it can be provided by SNe Ia, whose energy input would be required to be close to the full standard value at the largest σc. This same energy input, though, would produce temperatures larger than observed at low σc if entirely thermalized. The values of the observed T's increase from outflows to inflows; the gas is relatively hotter in outflows, however, if the T's are rescaled by the virial temperature. For 200 < σc(km s−1) < 250, lower LX values tend to correspond to lower T's, a result that deserves further investigation.
The renormalized superperturbation theory (rSPT) approach to the Anderson model in and out of equilibrium

The properties of current-carrying steady states of strongly correlated systems away from the linear-response regime are of topical interest. In this article, we review the renormalized perturbation theory, or renormalized SPT of reference [] for the Anderson model. We present an extension to higher orders and compare the higher-order results with NRG calculations. Finally, we elucidate the role of Ward identities in calculating out-of-equilibrium properties and address claims made in the literature.