Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 Topological Spaces

Example 1. [Exercise 2.2] Show that each of the following is a topological space. (2) Any set X whatsoever, with T = {all subsets of X}. This is called the discrete topology on X, and (X, T) is called a discrete space. (3) Any set X, with T = {∅, X}. This is called the trivial topology on X. (4) Any metric space (M, d), with T equal to the collection of all subsets of M that are open in the metric space sense. This topology is called the metric topology on M. We only check (4). It is clear that ∅ and M are in T. } α∈A be some collection of elements in T which we can assume to be nonempty. If p ∈ α∈A U α we can choose some α ∈ A, and there exists an open ball B ⊆ U α containing p. But B ⊆ α∈A U α , so this shows that α∈A U α ∈ T. Theorem 2. [Exercise 2.9] Let X be a topological space and let A ⊆ X be any subset. (1) A point q is in the interior of A if and only if q has a neighborhood contained in A. (2) A point q is in the exterior of A if and only if q has a neighborhood contained in X \ A. (3) A point q is in the boundary of A if and only if every neighborhood of q contains both a point of A and a point of X \ A. (4) Int A and Ext A are open in X, while ∂A is closed in X. (5) A is open if and only if A = Int A, and A is closed if and only if A = A. (6) A is closed if and only if it contains all its boundary points, which is true if and only if A = Int A ∪ ∂A. (7) A = A ∪ ∂A = Int A ∪ ∂A. Proof. (1) and (2) are obvious. Let q ∈ ∂A and let N be a neighborhood of q. By (1) and (2), N is not contained in A or X \ A, i.e. N contains a point of A and a point of X \ A. Conversely, if every neighborhood of q contains both a point of A and a point of X \ A then …
Artemisia scoparia enhances adipocyte development and endocrine function in vitro and enhances insulin action in vivo (LB771)

Background: Failure of adipocytes to expand during periods of energy excess can result in undesirable metabolic consequences. Blinded screening studies have indicated that Artemisia scoparia (SCO) extracts can enhance adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in cultured adipocytes. The present study tested the hypothesis that SCO treatment modulates fat cell development and function in vitro and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue in vivo.
Adult Literacy and Basic Education Policies in a Comparative Perspective: Selected Findings from four Country Cases

Policies on adult literacy and basic education are gaining importance, especially since the results of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) revealed that a sizeable proportion of adults have low literacy levels and reported significant differences in competence-levels between countries. This article investigates the interplay between the polity, politics, and policies of adult literacy and basic education, drawing on qualitative data from an international-comparative project which examined basic education policies across countries, with an emphasis on literacy. The article presents findings from four countries (Austria, Denmark, England, and Turkey) focusing on governance structures and applying an actor-oriented theoretical framework. The analysis provides a systematic cross-country comparison on basic education policies and recognises the importance of governance structures in designing and implementing policies.
THE MEDIAL OLIVOCOCHLEAR REFLEX IN CHILDREN DURING ACTIVE LISTENING

Objective: To determine if active listening modulates the strength of the medial olivocochlear (MOC) reflex in children. Design: Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs) were recorded from the right ear in quiet and in four test conditions: one with contralateral broadband noise (BBN) only, and three with active listening tasks wherein attention was directed to speech embedded in contralateral BBN. Study sample: Fifteen typically-developing children (ranging in age from 8 to 14 years) with normal hearing. Results: CEOAE levels were reduced in every condition with contralateral acoustic stimulus (CAS) when compared to preceding quiet conditions. There was an additional systematic decrease in CEOAE level with increased listening task difficulty, although this effect was very small. These CEOAE level differences were most apparent in the 8–18 ms region after click onset. Conclusions: Active listening may change the strength of the MOC reflex in children, although the effects reported here are very subtle. Further studies are needed to verify that task difficulty modulates the activity of the MOC reflex in children.
A sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the northeast Indian Ocean

Intensive observations in the northeast Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal) during the presouthwest and northeast monsoon seasons of 1991 reveal that freshwater discharge from rivers of the Indian subcontinent exerts the dominant control over total carbon dioxide (TCO2) and pCO2 distributions in surface waters. Low pCO2 levels occur within the low-salinity zones, with a large area in the northwestern bay acting as a sink for atmospheric CO2. Only a part of the observed pCO2 variation can be accounted for by the effect of salinity, and biological production supported by external nutrient inputs in conjunction with strong thermohaline stratification may be more important in lowering surface water pCO2 by >100 μatm relative to that in the atmosphere. The pCO2 distribution is seasonally variable and appears to be controlled by the spreading of fresher waters by the prevailing surface circulation.
The Adolescent Brain: Reaching for Autonomy

Preface About the Author 1. Adolescence in Contemporary Society: Being Somewhat Confused Confusion Within Adolescents Confusion About Adolescents An Introduction to the Issues Explored in Subsequent Chapters 2. Brain Organization and Development: Being Human Mirror Neurons The Organization of the Human Brain The Development of the Human Brain Maintaining a Developing Brain 3. Sexuality and Bonding: Maintaining Our Species Biological Differences Interpreting Gender Differences Cultural Confusion Human Bonding Behavior Emerging Cultural Conflicts The Hazards of Sexual Pleasure 4. Productivity and Vocation: Maintaining Our Planet A 21st-Century Curriculum for 21st-Century Students A 21st-Century Vocation Home, School, and Vocation 5. Morality and Ethics: Maintaining Our Culture Factual Knowledge and Decisions Adaptive Preferences and Choices The Development of Our Moral/Ethical Base 6. Risks and Security: Going Beyond the Known Our Brain's Regulatory Systems From Emotional Arousal to Conscious Decision The Biology of Risk and Security Adults and Adolescent Risks 7. Technology and Drugs: Going Beyond Nature Biological Stress Technological Enhancement Drug Support Psychoactive Drugs: A Primer 8. The Arts and Humanities: Going Beyond Reality Adornment Language, Music, and Dance The Humanities 9. Collaboration and Autonomy: Going Beyond Adolescence Collaboration The Reach for Autonomy Appendix A: Neurotransmitters and Neural Transmission Appendix B: The Cerebral Cortex Glossary References and Resources Index
Resetting of the 24-nt siRNA landscape in rice zygotes 1

13 Background: The zygote, a totipotent stem cell, constitutes a critical stage of the life cycle of 14 sexually reproducing organisms. It is produced by the fusion of two differentiated cells — the 15 egg and sperm, which in plants have radically different siRNA transcriptomes from each other 16 and from multicellular embryos. Due to technical challenges, the epigenetic changes that 17 accompany the zygotic transition are poorly understood. 18 Results: Here, we characterized the small RNA transcriptome of rice zygotes. We found 19 widespread redistribution of 24-nt siRNAs relative to gametes, including absence of sperm 20 signature siRNAs, reduction at egg signature siRNA loci, and upregulation at seedling signature 21 siRNA loci. Loci with reduced siRNAs in zygote relative to egg were gene-distal and 22 heterochromatic, while loci with increased siRNAs relative to egg had a similar genomic 23 distribution to canonical siRNA loci. Although both egg and zygote siRNA loci had higher 24 mCHH level in wildtype than in drm2 embryo, zygote but not egg siRNA loci were associated 25 with hypermethylation in mature embryo. A small fraction of siRNA loci (~1%) called siren loci 26 accounted for 60% of all siRNAs within zygote siRNA loci, that likely arose from maternal 27 carryover as they had similarly abundant siRNAs in egg; these siren loci were not associated 28 with embryo hypermethylation. 29 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted June 18, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08. 31.275958 doi: bioRxiv preprint
DNA methylation landscape of ocular tissue relative to matched to peripheral blood

BACKGROUND Epigenetic variation is implicated in a range of non-communicable diseases, including those of the eye. However, investigating the role of epigenetic variation in ocular disease remains problematic as the degree of correlation in epigenetic profile between central (such as the brain or eye) and peripheral tissues (blood or saliva) within an individual remains largely unclear. METHODS Matched whole blood from the subclavian vein, and whole eyes (N=8) were obtained post-mortem. DNA was isolated from blood, neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid and optic nerve tissue. DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 platform. Following standard quality control measures a total of 433,768 methylation values common to all samples were available for use in subsequent analysis. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical clustering and principal components analysis revealed tissue of origin as the main driver of variation within the dataset. Despite this, there was a strong correlation of methylation profiles between tissues within each individual. Over 255,000 CpG sites were found to have similar methylation levels (beta <0.2 or beta >0.8) across different tissues in the same individuals, with a further ~16,000 sites having similar methylation profiles across ocular tissues only. Only a small proportion of probes showing interindividual variation in blood, co-varied across blood and eye tissues within individuals. CONCLUSIONS An improved understanding of the epigenetic landscape of the eye will have important ramifications for regenerative medicine and ongoing dissection of gene-environment interactions in eye disease. Despite a generally high correlation in methylation values irrespective of sample origin, tissue type is the major driver of methylation variation, with only limited covariation between blood and any specific ocular tissue. Caution is warranted when aiming to infer ocular tissue methylation status from blood samples.
Edinburgh Research Explorer On the completeness of order-theoretic models of the lambda-calculus

Scott discovered his domain-theoretic models of the λ -calculus, isomorphic to their function space, in 1969. A natural completeness problem then arises: whether any two terms equal in all Scott models are convertible. There is also an analogous consistency problem: whether every equation between two terms, consistent with the λ -calculus, has a Scott model. We consider such questions for wider sets of sentences and wider classes of models, the pointed (completely) partially-ordered ones. A negative result for a set of sentences shows the impossibility of ﬁnding Scott models for that class; a positive result gives evidence that there might be enough Scott models. We ﬁnd, for example, that the order-extensional pointed ω -cpo models are complete for Π 1 -sentences with positive matrices, whereas the consistency question for Σ 1 -sentences with equational matrices depends on the consistency of certain critical sentences asserting the existence of certain functions analogous to the generalized Mal’cev operators ﬁrst considered in the context of the λ -calculus by Selinger.
Lidar measurements of tropical cirrus during monsoon period

The clouds occur at high altitude have a significant impact on climate system. Much of the high altitude clouds generally occur in the tropical latitudes due to significant convective phenomena occurring in this region. These clouds occur in different forms such as anvil and stratus trails and sometimes not visible to satellite based instruments. The only means to detect this type of cloud in the atmosphere is using the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Technique. At National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), a Department of space unit located at Gadanki near Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh a portable LIDAR was developed and has been made operational since 2005. The LIDAR system employs 532nm wavelength Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) and used for monitoring the high altitude clouds during Nocturnal Periods. In this paper, the occurrence of high altitude clouds during the monsoon period has been detected using Ground based LIDAR. Using this synergical instrumentation data the occurrence, transport phenomena, optical properties and dynamism of high altitude clouds have been explained over tropical site Gadanki.
Comparación de factores psicosociales de riesgo en adolescentes de Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana en función del género

In Colombia, each year there are increasing numbers in new cases of HIV/AIDS and the researches are showing their interest in this issue. Santander, has Little information about statistics and risk population group, therefore, the present research made important contribution about knowledge, attitudes and perception of susceptibility and selfefficacy in teenagers of Bucaramanga and metropolitan area. The findings show that the ignorance of the teenagers is the main risk factor for HIV infection. The positive attitude high scores and the teenagers express acceptance towars people infected. Susceptibility and self efficacy, the teenagers show that could perform behaviors of protection.
Different Warming Patterns of Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Projected by FGOALS-g2 and FGOALS-s2 under RCP8.5

The different patterns of SST changes under the +8.5 W m-2 Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP8.5) projected by the latest two versions of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model(FGOALS-g2 and FGOALS-s2; grid-point version 2 and spectral version 2, respectively), and the potential mechanisms for their formation are studied in this paper. The results show that, although both FGOALS-g2 and FGOALS-s2 project global warming patterns, FGOALS-g2(FGOALS-s2) projects a La Nia-like(an El Nio-like) mean warming pattern with weakest(strongest) warming over the central(eastern) equatorial Pacific for 2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005 under RCP8.5. A mixed layer heat budget analysis shows that the projected tropical Pacific Ocean warming in both models is primarily caused by atmospheric forcing. The main differences in the heating terms contributing to the SST changes between the two models are seen in the downward longwave radiation and ocean forcing. The minimum SST warming over the equatorial Pacific in FGOALS-g2 is attributed to the local minimum heating of downward longwave radiation and maximum cooling of ocean forcing. In contrast, the maximum SST warming over the equatorial Pacific in FGOALS-s2 is due to the maximum warming of downward longwave radiation, and the contribution of ocean forcing is minor. The minimum SST warming over the equatorial Pacific in FGOALS-g2 emerges around the 2050 s, before when the SST over the equatorial Pacific is warmer than that over the extra-equatorial Pacific. In FGOALS-s2, the SST difference shows a continuous increasing trend for 2006– 2100. Further examination of the oceanic and atmospheric circulation changes is needed to reveal the process responsible for the longwave radiation and ocean forcing difference between the two models.
Banking Governance and Risk : The Case of Tunisian Conventional

Banks are in the business of taking risks. The 3 pi llars of Basel II capital accord highlight the crucial role of informative ri sk disclosures in enhancing market discipline. The specific role and responsibilities of the board of directors or supervisory boards in banking institutions continue, however, t o fuel debate. Findings of the literature are often inconclusive. The main contrib ution of this study is examining how board characteristics affect risk in banking indust ry. We explore this relationship by using many econometric approaches. The empirical an lysis based on a sample of 11 Tunisian conventional banks over the period 2001-20 1 reports the following results when using GLS RE: small and dual functions boards are associated with more insolvency risk but have no significant effect on c redit and global risks. The presence of independent directors within the board generates an increase in global risk but has no significant effect on insolvency and credit risks. A lower CEO ownership has no significant effect with all measures of risks. Fina lly, banking capitalization is associated with more insolvency risk, and small size banks ass ume lower credit risk. These findings are performed by using a GMM in system app roach.
Implementation Report for Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES)

Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) defines an architectural framework and associated protocols to standardize information exchange between the control plane and the forwarding plane in a ForCES network element (ForCES NE). RFC 3654 has defined the ForCES requirements, and RFC 3746 has defined the ForCES framework. This document is an implementation report for the ForCES Protocol, Model, and the Stream Control Transmission Protocol-based Transport Mapping Layer (SCTP TML) documents, and includes a report on interoperability testing and the current state of ForCES implementations. This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes.
Impact of Region-of-Interest Size on the Diagnostic Performance of Shear Wave Elastography in Differentiating Thyroid Nodules

Simple Summary In our pursuit for accurate thyroid nodule diagnosis, a common challenge, this study was conducted to investigate the role of shear wave elastography (SWE). Specifically, we examined the influence of the selection of different regions of interest (ROIs) on the diagnostic effectiveness of SWE. By employing three ROI sizes (1 mm, 2 mm, and Max), we found that although SWE is generally effective in distinguishing between malignant and benign nodules, the choice of ROI size can significantly influence the diagnostic accuracy of specific SWE elasticity metrics. Our study not only enhances the current understanding of SWE’s utility in thyroid nodule assessment but also offers valuable insights for future research, potentially paving the way for more reliable diagnostic techniques. Abstract This study investigated the impact of different region-of-interest (ROI) sizes (Max, 1 mm, and 2 mm) on shear wave elastography (SWE) in differentiating between malignant and benign thyroid nodules. The study cohort comprised 129 thyroid nodules (50 malignant, 79 benign) and 78 normal subjects. Diagnostic efficacy was assessed through pairwise comparisons of area under the curve (AUC) values in receiver operating characteristic analysis by using DeLong’s test. Our results indicated significant differences in all SWE elasticity metrics between the groups, with malignant nodules exhibiting higher values than benign nodules (p < 0.05). Smaller ROIs (1 and 2 mm) were found to outperform the max ROI in terms of diagnostic accuracy, particularly for the Emax and Emin elasticity metrics. Emax(1mm) had the highest diagnostic accuracy, with an AUC of 0.883, sensitivity of 74.0%, and specificity of 86.1%. This study underscores the significant influence of ROI size selection on the diagnostic performance of SWE, offering valuable insights for future research and clinical applications in thyroid nodule assessment.
Joint modeling of teleseismic and tsunami wave observations to constrain the 16 September 2015 Illapel, Chile, Mw 8.3 earthquake rupture process

The 16 September 2015 Illapel, Chile, Mw 8.3 earthquake ruptured ~170 km along the plate boundary megathrust fault from 30.0°S to 31.6°S. A patch of offshore slip of up to 10 m extended to near the trench, and a patch of ~3 m slip occurred downdip below the coast. Aftershocks fringe the large‐slip zone, extending along the coast from 29.5°S to 32.5°S between the 1922 and 1971/1985 ruptures. The coseismic slip distribution is determined by iterative modeling of teleseismic body waves as well as tsunami signals recorded at three regional DART stations and tide gauges immediately north and south of the rupture. The tsunami observations tightly delimit the rupture length, suppressing bilateral southward extension of slip found in unconstrained teleseismic‐wave inversions. The spatially concentrated rupture area, with a stress drop of ~3.2 MPa, is validated by modeling DART and tide gauge observations in Hawaii, which also prove sensitive to the along‐strike length of the rupture.
Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) from Abu Hashish fringing reefs, Port Sudan, Red Sea

Using Reef Check Programme butterflyfishes of Abu Hashish fringing reefs were recorded during 2003 and 2013. The results showed that the numbers of species declined from nine to seven. Chi square test revealed that the number of butterflyfishes significantly decreased (p<0.00001). This reduction was attributed to continuous construction and anthropogenic actives Keywords: Butterflyfishes, Abu Hashish, Port Sudan
The Cell: A Molecular Approach, Second Edition

The field of cell biology is changing so rapidly that cell textbooks often face obsolescence even before hitting the shelves. In response, some authors attempt to cope with explosion in cellular knowledge by including as many mechanisms and details as possible, which may satisfy the discriminating technical user who wants the most current findings. However, for the beginning student, the lucent and concise explanations of the general concepts in the second edition of The Cell: A Molecular Approach, published in 2000, offers a great course text for an introductory cell biology course. The strength of Cooper's text is found in its coherent voice that is often found in single-author books. In the field of cell biology, specialization is stressed so it is not uncommon to find textbooks written by multiple authors. Although the multiauthor approach offers an expert view on individual subjects, it sometimes lacks the interconnections that a single talented author may gracefully make. Compared to the first edition, the second edition of The Cell retains the organization, themes, and special features of the original, but it has been completely updated in major areas of scientific progress, including: genome analysis; chromatin and transcription; nuclear transport; protein sorting and trafficking; signal transduction; the cell cycle; and programmed cell death. However, when comparing the second edition of The Cell with books such as Lodish's Molecular Biology of the Cell, it becomes clear that advanced students, even those taking an introductory biology course, The Cell lacks the depth and detail that an exacting student may demand. The text's lack of depth may leave some students with unanswered questions. Perhaps the book may be best complemented with a good molecular biology textbook. The extra explanations can make up for the missing depth of Cooper's text. Finally, many other cell biology textbooks offer accompanying CD-ROMs that animate the processes that govern life. Specifically, the use of Flash-enabled animations that would bring to life The Cell's clear colorful and diagrams would be a definite welcome supplement to the next edition of The Cell. James Park Yale School of Medicine