Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of GCM resolution in simulating glacial inception

We test the influence of model resolution on glacial inception using a coupled atmosphere–slab ocean version of NCAR’s CCSM3 GCM. Simulations employ a modern orbital configuration and greenhouse gas concentrations representing both recent (year 1990) and hypothetically lower values based on Ruddiman’s Early Anthropogenic Hypothesis (240 ppm CO2, 450 ppb CH4). We ran the model at two different horizontal resolutions: relatively coarse (spectral T42, approximately 2.8°) and comparatively fine (T85, approximately 1.4°). Under contemporary greenhouse forcing, permanent boreal snow cover extent in the two model configurations is similar, but lowering greenhouse gas concentrations generates much more extensive glacial inception in the T85 experiment (150% increase) than at T42 resolution (80% increase). Furthermore, the spatial patterns of glacial inception differ considerably. Only the T85 version produces permanent snow cover over the Rocky Mountains and Baffin Island, consistent with geologic evidence for early glaciation in the northern Rockies and Laurentide ice sheet nucleation in northeastern Canada. Although enhanced sensitivity at higher resolution is largely attributable to the expected colder and wetter conditions over elevated topography, much of the response is also driven dynamically. Atmospheric pressure changes at the surface and aloft differ considerably between model resolutions. The T85 circulation anomalies favor a stronger onshore moisture flux and therefore more snowfall over the northern Rockies and Baffin Island. Although these experiments are driven by greenhouse forcing rather than orbital anomalies, our findings may apply to general mechanisms of glacial inception.
Sub-conjunctival injection of 5 Fluorouracilversus Bevacizumab in Treatment of Primary Pterygium

Purpose: To compare effectiveness and safety of 5 Fluorouracil versus Bevacizumab as sole therapy in the treatment of primary pterygium. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Lahore, from January 2022 to January 2023. Methods: A total of 64 patients were included and divided into 2 groups of 32 patients each. Group A patients received monthlyinjection of 0.1ml, Fluorouracil(5FU) for 3 months while 3 injections of 0.1ml Bevacizumab were administered in group B. Primary outcome measure was effectiveness (defined as improvement in Pterygiumgrade), at 4 weeks following the administration of last injection. Patients were examined for pterygium grading as well as any side effects of injections on each follow up visit. Data analysis was done bySPSS, Version 23.0. Results: Mean age of patients in group A was of 33.53±11.3 yearsversus 30.97±12.6 years in group B with a range of 15–55 years. There were 45 (70.3%) males and 19 (29.7%) females. Improvement was seen in 21 patients (65.6%) in group A, as compared to only 2 (6.3%) in group B. There was a significant difference in pterygium improvement between the two groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: 5 Fluorouracil is more effective than Bevacizumab as sole therapy in treatment of primary pterygium but equally safe in terms of side effects.
Synthetic full waveform acoustic logs in cased boreholes

A general expression is derived for the dispersion relations and the impulse response of a radially layered borehole. The model geometry consists of a central fluid cylinder surrounded by an arbitrary number of solid annuli. A Thomson-Haskell type propagator matrix is used to relate stresses and displacements across the layers. Although the model is completely general, the geometries considered here are restricted to those of a cased hole. Layers of steel, cement, and formation surround the innermost fluid layer. Synthetic microseismograms containing all body and interface waves are calculated for a variety of model parameters.Formation body wave arrivals are relatively unaffected by the presence of a casing. They may, however, be hard to identify if cement velocities are close to or larger than those of the formation. The Stoneley and pseudo-Rayleigh wave arrivals are strongly influenced by the casing parameters. They respond to the combined effects of the steel, the cement, and the formation.
Ground-based Follow-up Observations of TESS Exoplanet Candidates

The goal of this study was to further confirm, characterize, and classify LHS 3844 b, an exoplanet detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Additionally, we strove to determine the likeliness of LHS 3844 b and similar planets as qualified candidates for observation with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We accomplished these objectives by analyzing the stellar light curve, theoretical emission spectroscopy metric (ESM), and theoretical Planck spectrum of LHS 3844 b. We remotely obtained pre-reduced ground-based data of LHS 3844 b from the El Sauce Observatory. We hypothesized that LHS 3844 b and similar target TESS candidates are qualified for future JWST follow-up. Through AstroImageJ and the Python programming language, we converted the calibrated data images into normalized and fitted flux light curves. Through our best-fit light curve model, we classified LHS 3844 b as a terrestrial planet. The calculated ESM of LHS 3844 b surpassed the projected threshold for simulated planets deemed qualified for JWST spectroscopic follow-up, and the Planck spectrum of LHS 3844 b revealed that the observed wavelengths between 6,000 and 10,000 nanometers would produce the highest signal-to-noise spectroscopic observations of LHS 3844 b and like planets. These findings will improve the accuracy and efficiency of spectroscopic follow-ups performed by the JWST, and we intend to apply these methods to study a variety of exoplanets.
Reliable decoding of motor state transitions during imagined movement

Current non-invasive Brain Machine interfaces commonly rely on the decoding of sustained motor imagery activity. This approach enables a user to control brain-actuated devices by triggering predetermined motor actions. However, despite of its broad range of applications, this paradigm has failed so far to allow a natural and reliable control. As an alternative approach, we investigated the decoding of states transitions of an imagined movement, i.e. rest-to-movement (onset) and movement-to-rest (offset). We show that both transitions can be reliably decoded with accuracies of 71.47% for the onset and 73.31% for the offset (N = 9 subjects). Importantly, these transitions exhibit different neural patterns and need to be decoded independently. Our results indicate that both decoders are able to capture the brain dynamics during imagined movements and that their combined use could provide benefits in terms of accuracy and time precision.
Isotropic yielding in an artificially cemented soil cured under stress

The work simulates, in the laboratory, the formation of a cemented sedimentary deposit in which cement bonding occurs after burial and under geostatic stresses. Isotropic compression tests were carried out on artificially cemented specimens made with variable cement contents. After consolidating the samples to the uncemented normal compression line, the specimens were allowed to cure for 48 h before testing. The curing confining stresses ranged from 50 to 2000 kPa, and were intended to represent soil elements at different depths in the fictitious sedimentary deposit when the cementing occurred. The contribution of the cement bonds to soil compression and the changes in the isotropic yield stress as a function of void ratio and cement content were analysed. The results showed the importance of the void ratio during the formation of cement bonds and also of the degree of cementation for the compressive behaviour of the cemented soil, and demonstrated that the variation in yield stress with void ratio and ce.
Changing gears along 1050 m-3070m: shifting plant leaf anatomical strategic spectra of 286 plants in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Leaf anatomical traits can reﬂect plant adaptation to environmental changes. However, whether the trade-oﬀs among leaf anatomical traits can reﬂect the strategies spectrum of plant response to environmental changes and the strategic spectrum will shift with altitudes are not clear. In this study, 286 plant species from 19 altitudinal gradients from 1050 m to 3070 m on the eastern Tibetan Plateau were selected and 16 anatomical characters of blade, mesophyll and midrib were measured. The strategic and strategic spectra of leaf anatomical trait formation were by principal components analysis, followed by generalized additive models of the strategic spectra with shift in elevation to test the shift of strategy spectra along altitudes. Our results showed that the midrib xylem thickness of woody increased with increasing altitude, while other traits decreased; the upper and lower epidermis width, midrib parenchyma cell thickness and midrib lower epidermis cell thickness of herb increased with increasing altitudes, while other traits decreased. Blade strategic spectrum (BES), blade and mesophyll strategic spectrum (BMSS) and midrib strategic spectrum (MSS) were formed in the tissue of leaves, and the score of principal component one (PC1) was not signiﬁcant between herbs and woody plants ( P > 0.05). There were mainly formed the spectrum of conservation and support strategies and the spectrum of resource acquisition and consumption, etc. With increasing altitudes, the habitat tended to become unsuitable for plant growth and the resources available to plants are reduced, plants shift from a “invest-fast-reap” acquisition strategy to a “invest-slow-reap” conservative strategy.
Geostrophic transport of the Pacific‐Indian Oceans throughflow

For the dynamic balance of the world ocean circulation, the flow through the Indonesian archipelago needs to be quantified. Part of the Java Australia Dynamic Experiment program was to occupy hydrographic sections during the two opposite seasons. Here we present and discuss the February 1992 geostrophic estimate of the throughflow. The appearance of the east-flowing Java Current, flowing in the 80 km off the Indonesian coast, led to a net total transport of a few 106 m3 s−1 eastward, opposite to the expected sense of net transport. Uncertainty in this transport, estimated from the repeated casts, reaches 9 106 m3 s−1. This large error could be attributable to internal wave motions. Estimates of the transport from the conductivity-temperature-depth data and from the temperature profile associated to the Levitus [1982] data set have been compared. Comparison with August 1989 results shows that the main westward current, corresponding to the South Equatorial Current, is located north of the hydrological front in both seasons. The largest transport variation between the two cruises is located along the Indonesian coast, with the reversal of the Java Current. The mesoscale current variability is enhanced in the southern part of the section in February 1992. These transport evaluations, made in the two opposite seasons and in two different years, 18 ± 7 106 m3 s−1 westward in August 1989 and 2.6 ± 9 106 m3 s−1 eastward in February 1992, give an extreme range of the net throughflow.
Extinct isotope heterogeneities in the mantles of Earth and Mars: Implications for mantle stirring rates

Heterogeneities in terrestrial samples for 182W/183W and 142Nd/144Nd are only preserved in Hadean and Archean rocks while heterogeneities in 129Xe/130Xe and 136Xe/130Xe persist to very young mantle‐derived rocks. In contrast, meteorites from Mars show that the Martian mantle preserves heterogeneities in 182W/183W and 142Nd/144Nd up to the present. As a consequence of the probable “deep magma ocean” core formation process, we assume that the Earth and Mars both had a very early two‐mantle‐reservoir structure with different initial extinct nuclide isotopic compositions (different 182W/183W, 142Nd/144Nd, 129Xe/130Xe, 136Xe/130Xe ratios). Based on this assumption, we developed a simple stochastic model to trace the evolution of a mantle with two initially distinct layers for the extinct isotopes and its development into a heterogeneous mantle by convective mixing and stretching of these two layers. Using the extinct isotope system 182Hf‐182W, we find that the mantles of Earth and Mars exhibit substantially different mixing or stirring rates. This is consistent with Mars having cooled faster than the Earth due to its smaller size, resulting in less efficient mantle mixing for Mars. Moreover, the mantle stirring rate obtained for Earth using 182Hf‐182W is consistent with the mantle stirring rate of ~500 Myr constrained by the long‐lived isotope system, 87Rb‐87Sr and 147Sm‐143Nd. The apparent absence of 182W/183W isotopic heterogeneity in modern terrestrial rocks is attributed to very active mantle stirring which reduced the 182W/183W isotopic heterogeneity to a relatively small scale (~83 m for a mantle stirring rate of 500 Myr) compared to the common sampling scale of terrestrial basalts (~30 or 100 km). Our results also support the “deep magma ocean” core formation model as being applicable to both Mars and Earth.
Ocean Outfalls. III: Effect of Diffuser Design on Submerged Wastefield

The effects of port spacing and jet momentum flux on the characteristics of submerged wastefields produced by multi‐port ocean outfalls in linearly stratified currents were investigated experimentally. Within the parameter range studied the primary effect of these variables is on the rise height and thickness of the wastefield, and dilution is closely approximated by line plume results. Increased momentum flux causes a reduction in rise height at low current speeds while leaving the total entrainment path length of the jets, and hence dilution, fairly constant. The effects of increased momentum flux decrease as the current speed increases. Increased port spacing still resulted in merging of individual plumes even when fairly widely spaced, particularly in flowing currents, so point plume results were of limited applicability in predicting wastefield properties. Results are presented in graphical and tabular form from which rise heights and thicknesses can be estimated for discharges which do not approxima.
Power Flow for Distribution Network with Renewable Energy Sources

The power flow techniques are of great importance for the modern distribution network expansion planning due to the increasing uncertainty. In this study, a probabilistic power flow is proposed in order to incorporate long-term uncertainty sources which are load demand, wind speed, and solar irradiance. A convolution-based power flow is constructed by using the matrices of the bus-injection to branch-current and branch-current to bus-voltage. Its results are compared with that of full AC power flow in terms of the accuracy. The results of bus voltages and current flows are obtained for radial 21 bus benchmark system and the obtained results show that the uncertainty related to renewable generation and load are incorporated into power flow problem effectively in terms of accuracy and required simulation time.
Continental Thermal and Tectonic Regimes during the Archaean

Metamorphic pressures estimated from mineral assemblages in Archaean high-grade terrains may be used to constrain geothermal regimes in the Archaean continental crust in two ways. First, they may be combined with temperature estimates to yield bounds on the heat flux during the thickening events that produced the metamorphism; the pressure-temperature data do not require any greater supply of heat to the base of the continental crust in the Archaean than is supplied at the present day. Second, the pressures alone may be used to infer the height of Archaean mountains; these mountains appear to have had elevations comparable with those of present-day mountain belts. It seems probable that the elevation of present-day belts is limited by the creep strength of the lithosphere and, in view of the strong temperature dependence of creep in earth materials, this second observation also implies that Archaean continental thermal regimes were similar to present-day ones. These observations, together with the common interpretation of komatiite melting temperatures as being representative of Archaean upper mantle temperatures, are inconsistent with earth thermal histories based on parameterized convection calculations. The force per unit length of orogenic belt required to maintain the elevation contrasts implied by the pressure estimates is similar in magnitude to present-day driving forces for plate motion.
Effects of non-plastic fines on minimum and maximum void ratios of sand

The role of non-plastic fines content on minimum and maximum void ratios, compressibility, and static liquefaction potential of sand and the relationships between these quantities are not well understood. This paper presents a study of the effects of non-plastic fines on the extreme void ratios of sand. Included in this paper is a review of previous theoretical and experimental studies of minimum and maximum void ratios of single spherical grains, packings of spheres of several discrete sizes, as well as optimum grain-size ratios to produce maximum densities. A systematic experimental study of the variation of minimum and maximum void ratios with contents of fines for sands with smoothly varying particle size curves and a large variety of size distributions is performed. It is shown that the fines content plays an important role in determining the sand structure and the consequent minimum and maximum void ratios. It is indicated how the fines content and sand structure affects the compressibility and the static liquefaction potential of the sand.
Cloud effective particle size and water content profile retrievals using combined lidar and radar observations 2. Comparison with IR radiometer and in situ

A new combined iidar/radar inversion procedure has been developed for cloud effective radius and water content retrievals. The algorithm treats the lidar extinction, derived effective particle size, and multiple-scattering effects together in a consistent fashion. This procedure has been applied to data taken during the Netherlands Cloud and Radiation (CLARA) campaign and the Cloud Lidar and Radar Experiment (CLARE'98) multisensor cloud measurement campaign. The results of the algorithm compare well with simultaneous IR radiometer cloud measurements as well as with measurements made by using aircraft-mounted two-dimensional probe particle-sizing instruments.
Plasmid Variance and Nutrient Regulation of Bioluminescence Genes

Bioluminescence, the natural production of light by living organisms, may one day compete with electrical lighting as a form of light production. The limited gene expression of bioluminescent proteins is one hindrance preventing the widespread application of bioluminescence. The purpose of this experiment is to increase expression of Aliivibrio fischeri bioluminescence genes, study the effects of increased expression, and examine the dependence of bioluminescence on nutrient concentration. Discovering the connection between nutrient dependency and light production with A. fischeri could open new possibilities to receive maximal bioluminescence. Expression of A. fischeri genes from a high copy plasmid is expected to increase the gene expression and bioluminescence of Escherichia coli. We hypothesize that because of an increase in the gene expression of the A. fischeri lux operon, the production of bioluminescence should be more dependent on nutrients, which provide cofactors and substrates for the bioluminescence reaction. After transfer of the A. fischeri genomic fragment to the high copy plasmid, the bioluminescence of the host E. coli increased significantly. Furthermore, bacterial growth seen in E. coli containing the high copy plasmid decreased. A complex pattern of regulation was seen after exposing the bioluminescent E. coli to various nutrients. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the higher expression of bioluminescence genes, achieved with a plasmid with a higher copy number, did not render bioluminescent E. coli more dependent on nutrients for bioluminescence.
Do Initial Strategies or Choice of Piece Color Lead to Advantages in Chess Games?

White pieces make the first move in chess games. A great deal of data suggests that the color of a chess piece affects the outcome of a chess game. The purpose of this study was to see if playing the white pieces gives a winning advantage. Our hypothesis was that there is a greater chance of winning when the first move is made with a white piece. In addition, we tested if playing certain opening or defense strategies gives a winning advantage. We played 5 games each with 4 openings and 4 defenses in Chess Titans for 10 levels, for a total of 400 games, and on chess.com, for a total of 40 games. We also analyzed a database of over 32,000 chess records. The data suggest that opening and defense strategies affect the outcome. On chess.com, the winning percentage was the same for both white and black pieces (65%), while in Chess Titans, the winning rate was higher for the white pieces (92%). Overall, the winning percentages were much higher when playing with white pieces.
Evaluation of temperature and wind over Antarctica in a Regional Atmospheric Climate Model using 1 year of automatic weather station data and upper air observations

[1] The Regional Atmospheric Climate Model version 2 (RACMO2/ANT) is used to simulate the Antarctic atmosphere for the year 1998. The parameterizations of the physical processes in the model are taken from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global model and adapted to better represent the specific conditions over the Antarctic continent. The snow albedo was increased by decreasing the rate of albedo change as a function of temperature. This results in a decrease, and an improvement, in near-surface air temperatures in summer, especially over the Antarctic plateau. The surface roughness length for momentum was decreased. This increases the wind speed over the total atmospheric column. As a result, wind speeds better correspond to measurements, especially near the surface and in high wind speed areas. Comparison with ECMWF 40-year reanalyses (ERA40) data show that RACMO2/ANT better reproduces the near-surface conditions in terms of temperature and wind speed mainly due to the changes made to the physics description. Away from the surface, ERA40 better corresponds to observations due to the inclusion of the observed profiles in the reanalyses.