Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Collocation of 4-D seismic data in the presence of systematic navigational errors

A 4-D study is intended to highlight changes in the reservoir caused by fluid extraction and movement. Other regions within the data should have an unchanged seismic response. In practice, residual seismic signal is normally seen throughout the survey area after differencing. From the perspective of 4-D seismic, this unwanted residual signal can be considered noise; this residual noise can dominate any genuine 4-D signal if unwanted differences exist between each survey and may indicate that the 4-D signal is unreliable.
What is the concentration footprint of a tall tower

Studies that have attempted to estimate sources and sinks of trace gases such as CO2 with inverse calculations unanimously identify the lack of continental stations as a prime obstacle. Continental stations have traditionally been avoided because of the difficulty of interpretation due to large time-variability of trace substance mixing ratios. Large variability is caused by the proximity to the strongly variable sources in space and time and the complicated airflow within the lowermost 100–200 m of the planetary boundary layer. To address the need for continental stations and to overcome the problems associated with them, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory started in 1992 to measure CO2 and other trace gases on tall television transmission towers [Bakwin et al., 1995]. An essential question in connection with these tower measurements is the area around the tower from which fluxes substantially contribute to the observed short-term variability of trace gas mixing ratios. We present here a simple data and back trajectory-based method to estimate the fraction of the observed short-term variability explained by a localized flux around a tall television transmission tower in Wisconsin in dependence of its location relative to the tower (the concentration “footprint”). We find that the timescale over which the imprint of surface fluxes on air parcels before its arrival at the tower are still discernible in the mixing ratio variations observed at the tower is of the order of 1.5 days. Based on this timescale and the characteristics of air parcel trajectories, we infer a spatial extent of the footprint of the order of 106 km2, or roughly a tenth of the area of the United States. This is encouraging evidence that tall tower measurements may be useful in global inversions and may also have implications for monitoring fluxes of anthropogenic trace substances on regional scales.
The pH of deliquesced sea‐salt aerosol in polluted marine air

The pH of deliquesced sea‐salt aerosol was derived from the Cl phase partitioning measured in marine air, corresponding meteorological conditions, and the thermodynamic properties of HCl. Under moderately polluted conditions at Bermuda during spring 1996, calculated sea‐salt aerosol pH ranged from the mid‐2s to the mid‐3 s. Cl− and NO3−concentrations in the lower half of the sea‐salt size distribution were near thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to HClg and HNO3g; shorter aerosol lifetimes and slower reaction kinetics involving larger aerosol sustained moderate phase disequilibria. The active multiphase cycling of HCl buffered sea‐salt aerosol pH to approximately the same value across the particle size spectrum.
Landscape Models and Explanation in Landscape Ecology—A Space for Generative Landscape Science?

Abstract Further development of process-based spatial models is needed to facilitate explanation in landscape ecology. We discuss the dual modeling goals of prediction and explanation and identify challenges faced in explaining landscape patterns. These challenges are especially acute in attempts to explain patterns that result from complex adaptive systems. We compare examples of two process models used to describe landscape changes in Yellowstone National Park as a consequence of predator-prey interactions. Generative landscape science is offered as a complementary approach to explanation, combining models of candidate processes that are believed to give rise to observed patterns with empirical observations.
Non-invasive Prediction of Hemoglobin using Picture of Conjunctiva

This study proposes a comprehensive approach combining segmentation and regression techniques for predicting anemia severity using conjunctiva images. Anemia is a prevalent health condition with a global impact. The segmentation phase employs deep learning models to accurately segment the conjunctival area, allowing precise localization of anemia-related features. The regression phase utilizes pre-trained deep-learning models to predict the severity of anemia based on the segmented images. Evaluation metrics, including Intersection over Union (IoU) for segmentation and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) for regression, assess the accuracy of the predictions. Experimental results demonstrate the potential of this approach for non-invasive anemia severity prediction, contributing to improved healthcare outcomes.
Geology of crystalline rocks of northern Fiordland: Details of the granulite facies Western Fiordland Orthogneiss and associated rock units

Abstract A c. 700 km2 area of northern Fiordland (South Island, New Zealand) is described in which Early Cretaceous high-pressure metamorphic rocks and virtually unmetamorphosed plutonic rocks occur. The dominant rocks are orthogneisses developed from synmetamorphic basic-intermediate intrusive complexes, the youngest and most widespread of which is the Early Cretaceous Western Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO). The latter has undergone granulite facies metamorphism and occurs throughout much of western Fiordland. In the study area, the WFO protolith intruded a country rock of amphibolite facies metasediments and orthogneisses. Fragments of the country rock are rafted within WFO and are represented by George Sound Paragneiss and Rafted Granitoid Gneisses. External country rock is represented by Arthur River Complex and Jagged Gneiss (possibly related to the Anita Ultramafites); it may also include Indecision Creek Complex and Mount Anau Complex. The George Sound Paragneiss is correlated with the Central Fiordla.
Distributions-Oriented Verification of Ensemble Streamflow Predictions

Abstract Ensemble streamflow prediction systems produce forecasts in the form of a conditional probability distribution for a continuous forecast variable. A distributions-oriented approach is presented for verification of these probability distribution forecasts. First, a flow threshold is used to transform the ensemble forecast into a probability forecast for a dichotomous event. The event is said to occur if the observed flow is less than or equal to the threshold; the probability forecast is the probability that the event occurs. The distributions-oriented approach, which has been developed for meteorological forecast verification, is then applied to estimate forecast quality measures for a verification dataset. The results are summarized for thresholds chosen to cover the range of possible flow outcomes. To aid in the comparison for different thresholds, relative measures are used to assess forecast quality. An application with experimental forecasts for the Des Moines River basin illustrates the app.
Characterization of mixing and dilution in heterogeneous aquifers by means of local temporal moments

Breakthrough curves of a conservative tracer in a heterogeneous two‐dimensional aquifer are analyzed by means of their temporal moments. The average velocity and the longitudinal macrodispersion coefficient of the equivalent one‐dimensional aquifer obtained through cross‐sectional averaging of concentration can be defined from the first and second central moments of a breakthrough curve integrated over the outflow boundary of the domain. On the basis of an integrated breakthrough curve, one cannot distinguish between actual solute dilution, which involves concentration reduction, and variability of arrival times among parts of the plume at different cross‐sectional positions. Analyzing the temporal moments of breakthrough curves at a “point” within the domain gives additional information about the dilution of the tracer. From these local first and second central moments an apparent seepage velocity υa and an apparent dispersivity of mixing αa can be derived. For short travel distances, αa equals the local‐scale longitudinal dispersivity. It increases with the travel distance but much more slowly than the macrodispersivity. At the large‐distance limit, αa may eventually reach the level of macrodispersivity. Lenses of high conductivity where groundwater flow converges are identified as regions of preferential enhanced mixing. The spatial distribution of these regions causes a high degree of variability of αa within a domain, indicating a high degree of uncertainty in the quantification of dilution at early stages. In an accompanying paper [Cirpka and Kitanidis, this issue] the results of conservative tracer transport are utilized for the study of mixing‐controlled reactive transport.
Annual Cycle of Radiation Fluxes over the Arctic Ocean: Sensitivity to Cloud Optical Properties

Abstract The relationship between cloud optical properties and the radiative fluxes over the Arctic Ocean is explored by conducting a series of modeling experiments. The annual cycle of arctic cloud optical properties that are required to reproduce both the outgoing radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere as determined from satellite observations and the available determinations of surface radiative fluxes are derived. Existing data on cloud fraction and cloud microphysical properties are utilized. Four types of cloud are considered: low stratus clouds, midlevel clouds, cirrus clouds, and wintertime ice crystal precipitation. Internally consistent annual cycles of surface temperature, surface albedo, cloud fraction and cloud optical properties, components of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes, and cloud radiative forcing are presented. The modeled total cloud optical depth (weighted by cloud fraction) ranges from a low value in winter of 2 to a high summertime value of 8. Infrared emmiss.
Heuristic Energy Management Algorithm for Buildings with Renewables and Vehicle-to-Grid Charging

Electrical energy consumption is steadily growing worldwide, while renewable energy sources are gaining market share. In parallel, energy systems are undergoing a profound transformation, moving from a top-down hierarchical structure to a more decentralized model focused on the consumer, who will also produce, store and sell their own energy. This paper proposes a decision algorithm designed to help with the energy management task, in the context of a grid-connected household, with renewable energy production and electric vehicles (EVs). The algorithm makes use of several inputs such as energy consumption prediction, energy production output, EV battery state, and grid energy price in order to perform the optimal charge and discharge actions. The proposed algorithm was validated in a simulated environment attaining an average decrease of 18.9% in the energy cost of the household.
Synoptic-Scale Precursors to High-Impact Weather Events in the Georgia and South Carolina Coastal Region

Abstract To better anticipate and predict high-impact weather events in the SE United States Atlantic coastal region, an examination of the precursor synoptic-scale weather patterns to these events was undertaken. High-impact weather events were defined as extreme cold, extreme heat, strong tornadoes, very large hail, and hurricanes because these events have the potential to cause significant loss of life and property or a major disruption to commerce. Some signals were found in weather patterns days in advance of these events that will improve forecasting of them, which in turn will aid geologists, biologists, policy managers, and others in assessing threats to their interests. Surface high pressure, building south into the northern Gulf of Mexico coast, often preceded extreme cold events, as did the existence of a cold air mass several days before. Low-level, positive temperature anomalies in the lower troposphere often transited from the lower Great Lakes into the Mid-Atlantic before an extreme heat event. Significant tornadic events were generally preceded by a strong jet-stream disturbance near California several days in advance, transitioning into a dual jet-stream structure at 300 hPa. Significant, southerly wind and temperature positive anomalies in the lower levels over the Gulf of Mexico were also a strong indicator of tornadic events. Tropical cyclones were often preceded by a blocking ridge over the western Atlantic and a weak, low-pressure system over Florida, causing these tropical systems to move NW instead of making their usual turn to the north out to sea in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.
Worker Personality: Another Skill Bias beyond Education in the Digital Age

Abstract We present empirical evidence suggesting that technological progress in the digital age will be biased not only with respect to skills acquired through education but additionally with respect to non-cognitive skills (personality). We measure the direction of technological change by estimated future digitalization probabilities of occupations, and non-cognitive skills by the Big Five personality traits from four German worker surveys. Even though we control for education and work experience, we find that workers who are more open to experience, emotionally more stable and less agreeable will tend to be less susceptible to digitalization. We also find that future technological progress may not continue to hollow out the middle class as much as it did in the recent past. These results suggest that education and labor market policies should put more emphasis on children’s and workers’ personalities to strengthen their labor market resilience in the digital age.
Water circulation and coastal trapping of brackish water in a tropical mangrove-dominated bay in Kenya

Water circulation patterns in a tropical mangrove-fringed bay with seagrass and coral reef are driven by tides that generate strong reversing tidal currents. The wind, which has an onshore component, generates a net clockwise-rotating eddy. The dominant tidally driven water circulation pattern, coupled with the effects of onshore wind and alongshore current generated by wave breaking, promotes the coastal trapping of turbid brackish water and its inherent nutrient content. This brackish water inundates the mangrove swamp and seagrass beds but not the coral reef ecosystem. Weak stratification prevails during the wet season in the upper parts of Kidogoweni Creek as a result of freshwater influx from rivers. In the dry season, well-mixed homogeneous water is found in most regions of the bay. A small zone of hypersaline water (salinity reaching 38 PSU) is found in the upper region of the mangrove-dominated creeks during the dry season. The connection between the mangrove swamp, with its wide salinity variations, and seagrass beds is apparently through river plumes and tidal effects. The link between seagrass beds and coral reefs is mainly through tidal influences.
Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges

This review highlights the ubiquity of black carbon (BC) produced by incomplete combustion of plant material and fossil fuels in peats, soils, and lacustrine and marine sediments. We examine various definitions and analytical approaches and seek to provide a common language. BC represents a continuum from partly charred material to graphite and soot particles, with no general agreement on clear‐cut boundaries. Formation of BC can occur in two fundamentally different ways. Volatiles recondense to highly graphitized soot‐BC, whereas the solid residues form char‐BC. Both forms of BC are relatively inert and are distributed globally by water and wind via fluvial and atmospheric transport. We summarize, chronologically, the ubiquity of BC in soils and sediments since Devonian times, differentiating between BC from vegetation fires and from fossil fuel combustion. BC has important implications for various biological, geochemical and environmental processes. As examples, BC may represent a significant sink in the global carbon cycle, affect the Earth's radiative heat balance, be a useful tracer for Earth's fire history, build up a significant fraction of carbon buried in soils and sediments, and carry organic pollutants. On land, BC seems to be abundant in dark‐colored soils, affected by frequent vegetation burning and fossil fuel combustion, thus probably contributing to the highly stable aromatic components of soil organic matter. We discuss challenges for future research. Despite the great importance of BC, only limited progress has been made in calibrating analytical techniques. Progress in the quantification of BC is likely to come from systematic intercomparison using BCs from different sources and in different natural matrices. BC identification could benefit from isotopic and spectroscopic techniques applied at the bulk and molecular levels. The key to estimating BC stocks in soils and sediments is an understanding of the processes involved in BC degradation on a molecular level. A promising approach would be the combination of short‐term laboratory experiments and long‐term field trials.
Language Assimilation Today: Bilingualism Persists More Than in the Past, But English Still Dominates

CCIS THE CENTER FOR COMPARATIVE IMMIGRATION STUDIES Language Assimilation Today: Bilingualism Persists More Than in the Past, But English Still Dominates By Richard Alba Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research, University at Albany Working Paper No. 111 A report of the Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research at the University at Albany November, 2004 University of California-San Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0548
Residual depth moveout and velocity determination for parametric media

For the case when prestack depth migration has been performed with inaccurate velocities, it can be shown that second-order approximations can be used to predict the residual depth moveout of common-image and angle-domain common-image gathers. Corrections may be made in terms of offset and common-reflection angles that can be estimated from the migrated data using moveout analysis schemes. The residual moveout determined can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the migrated data and to determine the variation of parameters of well-known formation-dependent velocity laws away from borehole positions. Although the method is developed for small offsets, reflection angles, and velocity differences, realistic examples may be used to demonstrate that satisfactory approximations to the residual moveout curve can be obtained over a relatively wide range of offsets or reflection angles and for moderate velocity differences. A zero-offset inversion was applied to the estimated residual radii of curvature. This inversion was performed layerwise. For each layer, the velocity was assumed to vary according to a known depth-varying and a laterally varying component to be determined. Iterative applications of the suggested approach have rendered satisfactory results for several representative velocity models. For each application, appropriate initial models were provided. Applications to initial models with large velocity differences and to seismic data with large offsets have to be investigated.
Lithic Raw Material Use at the Late Middle Pleistocene Site of Panxian Dadong

The possibility of selective use of lithic raw material in the Middle Pleistocene cave deposits of Panxian Dadong is examined in order to evaluate hominid strategies of resource management. Limestone, chert, and basalt, available in or nearby the cave, were differentially used for the production of tools and unretouched flakes. Limestone was predominantly used to produce expedient tools, unretouched flakes were most commonly made of basalt, and chert was most frequently used to produce retouched flakes and tools. Patterns in the reduction sequence for each raw material also indicate that these lithic resources were selectively used. The early stages of core reduction are clearly represented in basalt flakes, whereas chert artifacts exhibit the later stages of tool production and the greatest degree of resharpening. When the selection of raw material is examined through time, over a span of more than 100,000 years, two patterns are clear. The proportion of chert and basalt and the overall frequency of artifacts increases. These changes in the frequency and selection of raw material occur without a techno-typological change. The major shifts in raw material usage correlate with a colder climatic regime and may relate to the intensified use of the cave for animal carcass processing and shelter.
Dissection of the interaction between the intrinsically disordered YAP protein and the transcription factor TEAD

TEAD (TEA/ATTS domain) transcription factors are the most distal effectors of the Hippo pathway. YAP (Yes-associated protein) is a coactivator protein which, upon binding to TEAD proteins, stimulates their transcriptional activity. Since the Hippo pathway is deregulated in various cancers, designing inhibitors of the YAP:TEAD interaction is an attractive therapeutic strategy for oncology. Understanding the molecular events that take place at the YAP:TEAD interface is therefore important not only to devise drug discovery approaches, but also to gain knowledge on TEAD regulation. In this report, combining single site-directed mutagenesis and double mutant analyses, we conduct a detailed analysis on the role of several residues located at the YAP:TEAD interface. Our results provide quantitative understanding of the interactions taking place at the YAP:TEAD interface and give insights into the formation of the YAP:TEAD complex and more particularly on the interaction between TEAD and the Ω-loop found in YAP. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.25068. 001
Monsoons: Processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction

The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program sought to determine the predictability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. The World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP) Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (GOALS) program seeks to explore predictability of the global climate system through investigation of the major planetary heat sources and sinks, and interactions between them. The Asian-Australian monsoon system, which undergoes aperiodic and high amplitude variations on intraseasonal, annual, biennial and interannual timescales is a major focus of GOALS. Empirical seasonal forecasts of the monsoon have been made with moderate success for over 100 years. More recent modeling efforts have not been successful. Even simulation of the mean structure of the Asian monsoon has proven elusive and the observed ENSO-monsoon relationships has been difficult to replicate. Divergence in simulation skill occurs between integrations by different models or between members of ensembles of the same model. This degree of spread is surprising given the relative success of empirical forecast techniques. Two possible explanations are presented: difficulty in modeling the monsoon regions and nonlinear error growth due to regional hydrodynamical instabilities. It is argued that the reconciliation of these explanations is imperative for prediction of the monsoon to be improved. To this end, a thorough description of observed monsoon variability and the physical processes that are thought to be important is presented. Prospects of improving prediction and some strategies that may help achieve improvement are discussed.