Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low/High Redshift Classification of Emission Line Galaxies in the HETDEX survey

Abstract We discuss different methods to separate high- from low-redshift galaxies based on a combination of spectroscopic and photometric observations. Our baseline scenario is the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy eXperiment (HETDEX) survey, which will observe several hundred thousand Lyman Alpha Emitting (LAE) galaxies at 1.9 < z < 3.5, and for which the main source of contamination is [OII]-emitting galaxies at z < 0.5. Additional information useful for the separation comes from empirical knowledge of LAE and [OII] luminosity functions and equivalent width distributions as a function of redshift. We consider three separation techniques: a simple cut in equivalent width, a Bayesian separation method, and machine learning algorithms, including support vector machines. These methods can be easily applied to other surveys and used on simulated data in the framework of survey planning.
Kerr–Schild spacetimes with an (A)dS background

General properties of Kerr–Schild spacetimes with an (A)dS background in arbitrary dimension n > 3 are studied. It is shown that the geodetic Kerr–Schild vector k is a multiple WAND of the spacetime. Einstein Kerr–Schild spacetimes with non-expanding k are shown to be of Weyl type N, while the expanding spacetimes are of type II or D. It is shown that this class of spacetimes obeys the optical constraint. This allows us to solve Sachs equation, determine r-dependence of boost weight zero components of the Weyl tensor and discuss curvature singularities.
Federated Conditional Stochastic Optimization

Conditional stochastic optimization has found applications in a wide range of machine learning tasks, such as invariant learning, AUPRC maximization, and meta-learning. As the demand for training models with large-scale distributed data grows in these applications, there is an increasing need for communication-efficient distributed optimization algorithms, such as federated learning algorithms. This paper considers the nonconvex conditional stochastic optimization in federated learning and proposes the first federated conditional stochastic optimization algorithm (FCSG) with a conditional stochastic gradient estimator and a momentum-based algorithm (FCSG-M). To match the lower bound complexity in the single-machine setting, we design an accelerated algorithm (Acc-FCSG-M) via the variance reduction to achieve the best sample and communication complexity. Compared with the existing optimization analysis for MAML in FL, federated conditional stochastic optimization considers the sample of tasks. Extensive experimental results on various tasks validate the efficiency of these algorithms.
Zur Entartung gezuegelter Gruppenoperationen auf Kurven (Degeneration of restrained group actions on curves)

An action of a finite group on a smooth projective curve over an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic is called restrained, if all second ramification groups are trivial (e.g., every group action on an ordinary curve is restrained). When the ramification indices satisfy certain numerical criteria, we construct a degenerating equivariant quasi-projective family to which the given curve belongs, and which in a sense is the unique building block for all such restrained equivariant families that ramify above a fixed set of points. The result is used to inductively study automorphisms of ordinary curves.
Fitting Bell Curves to Data Distributions Using Visualization

Idealized probability distributions, such as normal or other curves, lie at the root of confirmatory statistical tests. But how well do people understand these idealized curves? In practical terms, does the human visual system allow us to match sample data distributions with hypothesized population distributions from which those samples might have been drawn? And how do different visualization techniques impact this capability? This article shares the results of a crowdsourced experiment that tested the ability of respondents to fit normal curves to four different data distribution visualizations: bar histograms, dotplot histograms, strip plots, and boxplots. We find that the crowd can estimate the center (mean) of a distribution with some success and little bias. We also find that people generally overestimate the standard deviation—which we dub the “umbrella effect” because people tend to want to cover the whole distribution using the curve, as if sheltering it from the heavens above—and that strip plots yield the best accuracy.
Fe2O3 nanoparticles anchored on thermally oxidized MWCNTs as anode material for lithium-ion battery

Thermally oxidized MWCNTs (OMWCNTs) are fabricated by a thermal treatment of MWCNTs at 500 °C for 3 h in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The oxygen content of OMWCNTs increases from 1.9 wt% for MWCNTs to 8.3 wt%. And the BET specific surface area of OMWCNTs enhances from 254.2 m2 g−1 for MWCNTs to 496.1 m2 g−1. The Fe2O3/OMWCNTs nanocomposite is prepared by a hydrothermal method. Electrochemical measurements show that Fe2O3/OMWCNTs still keeps a highly reversible specific capacity of 653.6 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 A g−1, which shows an obviously higher capacity than the sum of that of single Fe2O3 and OMWCNTs. The OMWCNTs not only buffer the volume changes of Fe2O3 nanoparticles but also provide high-speed electronic transmission channels in the charge–discharge process. The thermal oxidation method of OMWCNTs avoids using strong corrosive acids such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid, which has the advantages of safety, environmental protection, macroscopic preparation, etc.
Spurious Periodicity in Inappropriately Detrended Time Series

Econometric analysis of time series data is frequently preceded by regression on time to remove a trent component in the date. The resulting residuals are then treated as a stationary series to which procedures requiring stationarity, such as spectral analysis, can be applied. The objective is often to investigate the dynamics of transitory movements in the systems, for example, in econometric models of the business cycle. When the data does consist of a deterministic function of time plus a stationary error then regression residuals will clearly be unbiased estimates of the stationary component. However, if the data is generated by (possibly repeated) summation of a satisfactory and inevitable process then the series cannot be expressed as a deterministic function of time plus a stationary deviation, even though a least squares trend line and the associated residuals can always be calculated for any given finite sample. In a recent paper, Chan, Hayya, and Ord (1977) hereafter CHO) were able to show that a residuals from linear regression of a realization of a random walk (the summation of a purely random series) on time have autocovariances which for given lag are a function of time and thereafter that the residuals are not stationary. Further, CHO established that the expected sample autocovariance function (the expected autocovariances for given lag averaged over the time interval of the sample) is a function of sample size as well as lag and therefore an artifact of the detrending procedure. This function is characterized by CHO in their figure 1 as being effectively linear in lag (although the exact function is a fifth degree polynomial) with the rate of decay from unity at the origin depending inversely on sample size.
You Might as Well Be Hung for a Sheep as a Lamb: The Loss Function of an Agent*

Most of those who take macro and monetary policy decisions are agents. The worst penalty which can be applied to these agents is to sack them if they are perceived to have failed. To be publicly sacked as a failure is painful, often severely so, but the pain is finite. Agents thus have loss functions which are bounded above, in contrast to the unbounded quadratic loss functions which are usually assumed for policy analysis. We find a convenient mathematical form for such a loss function, which we call a bell loss function. We contrast the different behaviour of agents with quadratic and bell loss functions in three settings. Firstly we consider an agent seeking to reach multiple targets subject to linear constraints. Secondly we analyse a simple dynamic model of inflation with additive uncertainty. In both these settings certainty equivalence holds for the quadratic, but not the bell loss function. Thirdly we consider a very simple model with one target and multiplicative (Brainard) uncertainty. Here certainty equivalence breaks down for both loss functions. Policy is more conservative than in the absence of multiplicative uncertainty, but less so with the bell than the quadratic loss function.
Impact of implant thread design on insertion torque and osseointegration: a preclinical model

Background Successful osseointegration of endosteal dental implants has been attributed to implant design, including the macro-, micro- and nano- geometric properties. Based on current literature pertaining to implant design, the resultant cellular and bone healing response is unknown when the thread thickness of the implants is increased, resulting in an increased contact area in implants designed with healing chambers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two implant designs with different thread profiles on the osseointegration parameters and implant stability at 3- and 6-weeks in vivo using a well-established preclinical dog model. Material and Methods A total of 48 type V Ti alloy implants were divided in two groups according to their thread design (D1= +0.1x/mm and D2= +0.15x/mm) and placed in an interpolated fashion into the radii of six beagles. Insertion torque was measured at time of placement, radii were extracted for histological processing following 3- and 6-week healing intervals. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed in terms of bone to implant contact (%BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy within implant threads (%BAFO). Statistical analyses were performed through a linear mixed model with fixed factors of time and implant thread design. Results Surface roughness analysis demonstrated no significant differences in Sa and Sq between D1 and D2 implant designs, which confirmed that both implant designs were homogenous except for their respective thread profiles. For insertion torque, statistically significant lower values were recorded for D1 in comparison to D2 (59.6 ± 11.1 and 78.9 ± 10.1 N⋅cm, respectively). Furthermore, there were no significant differences with respect to histological analysis and histomorphometric parameters, between D1 and D2 at both time points. Conclusions Both thread profiles presented equivalent potential to successfully osseointegrate in the osteotomies, with D2 yielding higher mechanical retention upon placement without detrimental bone resorption. Key words:Thread design, dental implants, osseointegration, implant stability, microgeometry.
A Novel Therapeutic Effect of a New Variant of CTLA4-Ig with Four Antennas That Are Terminally Capped with Sialic Acid in the CTLA4 Region

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial immune-mediated disease, the pathogenesis of which involves different cell types. T-cell activation plays an important role in RA. Therefore, inhibiting T-cell activation is one of the current therapeutic strategies. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig), also known as abatacept, reduces cytokine secretion by inhibiting T-cell activation. To achieve a homeostatic therapeutic effect, CTLA4-Ig has to be administered repeatedly over several weeks, which limits its applicability in RA treatment. To overcome this limitation, we increased the number of sialic acid-capped antennas by genetically engineering the CTLA4 region to increase the therapeutic effect of CTLA4-Ig. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT) and α2,6-sialyltransferase (α2,6-ST) were co-overexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to generate a highly sialylated CTLA4-Ig fusion protein, named ST6. The therapeutic and immunogenic effects of ST6 and CTLA4-Ig were compared. ST6 dose-dependently decreased paw edema in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis and reduced cytokine levels in a co-culture cell assay in a similar manner to CTLA4-Ig. ST6- and CTLA4-Ig-induced T cell-derived cytokines were examined in CD4 T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after cell killing through irradiation followed by flow- and magnetic-bead-assisted separation. Interestingly, compared to CTLA4-Ig, ST6 was substantially less immunogenic and more stable and durable. Our data suggest that ST6 can serve as a novel, less immunogenic therapeutic strategy for patients with RA.
The α-element knee of the Sagittarius stream

We employ abundances from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE) to study the alpha-element distribution of the stellar members of the Sagittarius stream. To test the reliability of SDSS/SEGUE abundances for the study of Sagittarius, we select high-likelihood samples tracing the different components of the Milky Way, and recover known literature alpha-element distributions. Using selection criteria based on the spatial position, radial velocity, distance and colours of individual stars, we obtain a robust sample of Sagittarius-stream stars. The alpha-element distribution of the Sagittarius stream forms a narrow sequence at intermediate metallicities with a clear turn-down, consistent with the presence of an alpha-element "knee". This is the first time that the alpha-element knee of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy has been detected. Fitting a toy model to our data, we determine that the alpha-knee in Sagittarius takes place at [Fe/H]=-1.27pm0. 05, only slightly less metal-poor than the knee in the Milky Way. This indicates that a small number of Sagittarius-like galaxies could have contributed significantly to the build-up of the Milky Way's stellar halo system at ancient times.
Applicative value of T2 mapping in evaluating lumbosacral nerve root injury induced by lumbosacral disc herniation

Background To alleviate the damage caused by nerve root entrapment mediated by lumbosacral disc herniation (LDH), an imaging method that allows quantitative evaluation of the lumbosacral nerve injury is necessary. Purpose To investigate the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance (MR) T2 mapping in nerve root injury caused by LDH. Material and Methods A total of 70 patients with unilateral sciatic nerve pain and 35 healthy volunteers were divided into three groups: LDH with nerve root entrapment; LDH without nerve root entrapment; and 35 healthy volunteers. All participants underwent 3.0-T MR with T1-weighted (T1W) imaging, T2-weighted (T2W) imaging, and T2-mapping images. T2 was measured and observed with the left and right nerve roots of the L4-S1 segments in healthy volunteers; the differences between the three groups were compared. T2 and the relaxation rate of nerve root injury were analyzed. Results T2 showed significant differences among the three groups (F = 89.494; P = 0.000), receiver operating characteristic curve revealed that the T2 relaxation threshold was 79 ms, the area under curve (AUC) area was 0.86, sensitivity was 0.77, and specificity was 0.74; the T2 relaxation rate was 1.06, the AUC area was 0.88, sensitivity was 0.74, and specificity was 0.85. Conclusion T2 mapping could quantitatively evaluate the nerve root injury with lumbar disc degeneration. Hence, it can be used for the clinical evaluation of nerve root entrapment caused by LDH.
The formation of long-period eccentric binaries with a helium white dwarf companion

The recent discovery of long-period eccentric binaries hosting a He-white dwarf has been a challenge for binary-star modelling. Based on accurate determinations of the stellar and orbital parameters for IP Eri, a K0 + He-WD system, we propose an evolutionary path that is able to explain the observational properties of this system and, in particular, to account for its high eccentricity (0.25). Our scenario invokes an enhanced-wind mass loss on the first red giant branch in order to avoid mass transfer by Roche-lobe overflow, where tides systematically circularize the orbit.
A Comparative Study of the Bone Marrow- and Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Efficiency on Generating MSC-Educated Macrophages (MEMs)

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained much more attention in cell therapy and regenerative medicine due to their immunosuppressive effects. MSCs have interaction with other immune cells, such as macrophages (MQs). Bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs can educate MQs toward MSC-educated MQs (MEMs) which possess an anti-inflammatory immunophenotype. Given this and based on the important limitations of BM collection, we hypothesized whether co-culture of MQs with umbilical cord (UC)-derived MSCs can result in the MEM phenotype. Methods: First, isolated monocytes cultured for five days to obtain M0 MQs. Then, they were co-cultured with either BM- or UC-MSCs under direct and indirect conditions. After three days of co-culture, MEM-specific surface markers, as well as the gene expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, were evaluated. Results: Surface expression of CD163/CD206, as specific markers for M2 MQs, increased in MEMs after co-culture with BM- and UC-derived MSCs, while CD80/CD86 expression (specific markers for M1 MQs) didn’t change significantly. The mRNA expressions of PDL-1 as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-10, and TGFβ also increased in MEMs after co-culture of UC-MSCs compared to control MQs (p <.05), while the expression of IL-12 was significantly decreased (p<.001). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that the co-culture of MQs with UC-derived MSCs efficiently contributes to the generation of MEMs even greater than BM-MSCs; shedding light on the promising potential of UC as an alternative source to educate MQs in vitro.
Quantum categories, star autonomy, and quantum groupoids

A useful general concept of bialgebroid seems to be resolving itself in recent publications; we give a treatment in terms of modules and enriched categories. We define the term "quantum category". The definition of antipode for a bialgebroid is less resolved in the literature. Our suggestion is that the kind of dualization occurring in Barr's star-autonomous categories is more suitable than autonomy (= compactness = rigidity). This leads to our definition of quantum groupoid intended as a "Hopf algebra with several objects".
Sex Ed in the Post-Roe World: Implications for Public Health Education

The overturning of Roe v. Wade and the increasing assaults on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ+) rights in legislatures across the country have put our sexual and reproductive health in peril. They are likely also bellwethers of more to come. While a full reckoning of the repercussions from these attacks will not be known for a long time, the field of public health must act now with a strong and cohesive plan to mitigate the harms, fight these threats to our well-being, and lead the way forward.
Weighing the Local Group in the presence of dark energy

We revise the mass estimate of the Local Group (LG) when Dark Energy (in the form of the Cosmological Constant) is incorporated into the Timing Argument (TA) mass estimator for the Local Group (LG). Assuming the age of the Universe and the Cosmological Constant according to the recent values from the Planck CMB experiment, we find the mass of the LG to be M_TAL = (4.73 +- 1.03) x 10^{12} M_sun, which is 13% higher than the classical TA mass estimate. This partly explains the discrepancy between earlier results from LCDM simulations and the classical TA. When a similar analysis is performed on 16 LG-like galaxy pairs from the CLUES simulations, we find that the scatter in the ratio of the virial to the TA estimated mass is given by M_vir/M_TAL = 1.04 +-0.16. Applying it to the LG mass estimation we find a calibrated M_vir = (4.92 +- 1.08 (obs) +- 0.79 (sys)) x 10^{12} M_sun.
Validation of a Portuguese version of the Groningen radiotherapy-induced xerostomia questionnaire

Background The aim of this study was to validate and determine at pretest level the reliability of the Portuguese version of the Groningen radiotherapy-induced xerostomia questionnaire. Material and Methods This study employed 37 head and neck cancer patients. Each patient signed an informed consent and responded to the Portuguese version of the questionnaire in the form of an interview. This was repeated again after 2 weeks. A standard single question provided a validity check. Data were analyzed using Cronbach’s α to test its reliability and total and interitem correlation, and intraclass correlation to determine its internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Construct validity supported by objective measurements as salivary secretion was also investigated. Significance was set at . 05. Results Cronbach’s α was 0.91 and 0.89 for the first and second test administrations, respectively, which indicates that the internal consistency was excellent. The intraclass correlation coefficient value for the test-retest reliability was 0.70. The correlation between the total score of the questionnaire and standard single dry mouth question was 0.72 for the first round, indicating a good correlation. Conclusions Demonstrating very good psychometric properties, the Portuguese version of the Groningen radiotherapy-induced xerostomia questionnaire is a valid tool and can be considered a reliable instrument to measure xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. Key words:Xerostomia, quality of life, xerostomia questionnaire, transcultural validation, head and neck cancer, radiotherapy, saliva.
Analysis and Geometry on Groups

Preface Foreword 1. Introduction 2. Dimensional inequalities for semigroups of operators on the Lp spaces 3. Systems of vector fields satisfying Hormander's condition 4. The heat kernel on nilpotent Lie groups 5. Local theory for sums of squares of vector fields 6. Convolution powers on finitely generated groups 7. Convolution powers on unimodular compactly generated groups 8. The heat kernel on unimodular Lie groups 9. Sobolev inequalities on non-unimodular Lie groups 10. Geometric applications Bibliography Index.