Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric morbidity among sentenced prisoners: prevalence study in Iran

Background Information on psychiatric morbidity of prisoners has almost entirely been based on research in Western countries and it is uncertain whether these research findings are applicable to other settings. Aims The primary objective was to investigate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iranian prisoners. Method Through stratified random sampling, 351 prisoners were interviewed using the clinical version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IVAxis I Disorders and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. Results The majority (88%) of prisoners met DSM – IV criteria for lifetime diagnosis of at least one Axis I disorder and 57% were diagnosed with current Axis I disorders. Opioid dependence (73%) had the highest prevalence among lifetime diagnoses, whereas major depressive disorder (29%) was the most common current diagnosis. Psychopathy was recorded in 23%. Prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders were significantly different among offence categories. Conclusions The results suggest that a substantial burden of psychiatric morbidity exists in the prison population of Iran, with treatment challenges that appear to be different from those observed in inmates in Western countries.
Efficient soft error protection for commodity embedded microprocessors using profile information

Successive generations of processors use smaller transistors in the quest to make more powerful computing systems. It has been previously studied that smaller transistors make processors more susceptible to soft errors (transient faults caused by high energy particle strikes). Such errors can result in unexpected behavior and incorrect results. With smaller and cheaper transistors becoming pervasive in mainstream computing, it is necessary to protect these devices against soft errors; an increasing rate of faults necessitates the protection of applications running on commodity processors against soft errors. The existing methods of protecting against such faults generally have high area or performance overheads and thus are not directly applicable in the embedded design space. In order to protect against soft errors, the detection of these errors is a necessary first step so that a recovery can be triggered. To solve the problem of detecting soft errors cheaply, we propose a profiling-based software-only application analysis and transformation solution. The goal is to develop a low cost solution which can be deployed for off-the-shelf embedded processors. The solution works by intelligently duplicating instructions that are likely to affect the program output, and comparing results between original and duplicated instructions. The intelligence of our solution is garnered through the use of control flow, memory dependence, and value profiling to understand and exploit the common-case behavior of applications. Our solution is able to achieve 92% fault coverage with a 20% instruction overhead. This represents a 41% lower performance overhead than the best prior approaches with approximately the same fault coverage.
ropls: PCA, PLS(-DA) and OPLS(-DA) for multivariate analysis and feature selection of omics data

4 Hands-on . 4 4.1 Loading . 4 4.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) . 5 4.3 Partial least-squares: PLS and PLS-DA . 8 4.4 Orthogonal partial least squares: OPLS and OPLS-DA . 10 4.5 Comments . 12 4.6 Working on ExpressionSet omics objects from bioconductor . 16 4.7 Importing/exporting data from/to the Workflow4metabolomics infrastructure . 17
The Book of Hebb Minireview and long-range lateral connections within cortical areas

in the cerebrum: " . we know practically nothing about what goes on between the arrival of the excitation at a sensory projection area and its later departure from the It has been 50 years since Donald Hebb published the motor area of the cortex " (xvi). Hebb conjectured that Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory cortical circuits admit self-sustaining activity that rever-in 1949. This book was written at a time when behavior-berated in what he called " cell assemblies. " This idea ism was dominant in North American psychology. The was inspired by evidence for recurrent connections be-approach that Hebb advocated, based on what was tween neighboring cells in the cortex. Although rever-then known about the brain, was out of favor among beratory activity lasting for up to half a second had psychologists who believed that only external sensory been observed by Lorente de Nó , Hebb went further stimuli and motor responses ought to be included in and suggested that such activity in one cortical circuit any explanation of behavior. Most neuroscientists have could through converging projections activate other ar-heard about the " Hebb synapse, " but few know why he eas of cortex and lead to a sequence of activations he postulated this learning rule. This is a good time to take called a " phase sequence. " Although these ideas remain a closer look at this book and let Hebb speak for himself. highly speculative, they reflect recent issues such as Hebb was on the faculty of the Psychology Depart-spike timing and spike synchrony that today are at the ment at McGill University. One of his research interests forefront of theoretical research on the cortical neural was the behavioral effects of brain lesions, and he had code (Abbott and Sejnowski, 1999). collaborated with Wilder Penfield, a colleague at McGill, Hebb needed a way to sustain persistent reverbera-but he was more broadly interested in the development tory activity (a " trace ") in cortical circuits. He proposed of behavior and learning, which he saw as intimately that patterns of connections between neurons could related. In 1949, much of what we now take for granted sustain reverberatory activity if their strengths could be about the organization of the nervous system and the adjusted by an activity-dependent mechanism for syn-properties of neurons was not yet discovered. Hodgkin aptic plasticity that he called a " Neurophysiological Pos-and Huxley's landmark series …
Progressive resistance training after stroke: effects on muscle strength, muscle tone, gait performance and perceived participation.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of progressive resistance training on muscle strength, muscle tone, gait performance and perceived participation after stroke. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. SUBJECTS Twenty-four subjects (mean age 61 years (standard deviation 5)) 6-48 months post-stroke. METHODS The training group (n = 15) participated in supervised progressive resistance training of the knee muscles (80% of maximum) twice weekly for 10 weeks, and the control group (n = 9) continued their usual daily activities. Both groups were assessed before and after the intervention and at follow-up after 5 months. Muscle strength was evaluated dynamically and isokinetically (60 degrees /sec) and muscle tone by the Modified Ashworth Scale. Gait performance was evaluated by Timed "Up & Go", Fast Gait Speed and 6-Minute Walk tests, and perceived participation by Stroke Impact Scale. RESULTS Muscle strength increased significantly after progressive resistance training with no increase in muscle tone and improvements were maintained at follow-up. Both groups improved in gait performance, but at follow-up only Timed "Up & Go" and perceived participation were significantly better for the training group. CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance training is an effective intervention to improve muscle strength in chronic stroke. There appear to be long-term benefits, but further studies are needed to clarify the effects, specifically of progressive resistance training on gait performance and participation.
Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia as a risk factor for occlusive vascular disease.

Introduction . 279 Total Homocyst(e)ine and Classification of Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia . 280 Homocysteine Metabolism and Etiology of Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. 281 Vascular Disease in Severe Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia . 283 Experimental Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia and Vascular Damage . 284 Moderate Hyperhomocyst( e)inemia and Occlusive Arterial Disease . 285 Pathogenic Mechanisms of Vascular Damage and Thromboembolism in Hyperhomocyst( e )inemia: the in vitro Studies . 292 Concluding Remarks . 294
Individual’s privacy management behaviour on the social networking sites (SNS): Examining the actual use of the privacy settings

Social networking sites (SNS) play an important role in human’s daily life today. Individuals, employ different SNS where they mainly self-disclose and share personal information with other users. SNS have been characterized as a new communication landscape, with SNS users to be benefited in more ways when using them, such as with information and enjoyment. However, this online information sharing has led to some concerns in regard to individuals’ information privacy when employ the SNS. Although the concerns SNS users may have, re-search has shown that they continue to disclose their information on these networks and sometimes without employing the privacy settings, a main strategy for privacy management on the social networks. The current study has examined the actual use of privacy settings by SNS users, in order for a better understanding of individual’s privacy management behaviour to be achieved. The empirical findings have shown that the type of SNS and the IT skills of users can affect their behavioural intention to use the privacy settings on them. Also, users’ behavioural intention to use privacy settings, the privacy calculus when disclosing information on SNS and the use of other privacy management strategies together with the control elements (type of SNS, IT skills and age), are factors that can affect the actual use of privacy settings on the SNS. This study provides a better understanding of how SNS users think and behave on these networks, in regard to their privacy management. This understanding can also provide valuable insights to the privacy paradox and user’s self-disclosure behaviour despite the privacy concerns they may have when using these networks. (Less)
Neurohormonal signalling in the gastrointestinal tract: new frontiers

It was over a century ago that Bayliss and Starling, in Journal of Physiology articles (Bayliss & Starling, 1899, 1900, 1902), paved the way for our appreciation of the unique neurohormonal features of gastrointestinal (GI) function. They defined the Law of the Intestine, which states: ‘Local stimulation of the gut produces excitation above and inhibition below the excited spot. These effects are dependent on the activity of the local nervous mechanism’ (Bayliss & Starling, 1899). In other words, they demonstrated that the nervous system of the intestine contains intrinsic neural circuitry necessary and sufficient for generating and coordinating intestinal motility. Their contemporary, John Newport Langley, commented that ‘It is from the cells of the enteric nervous system that the best case can be made out for the existence of a peripheral nerve-cell reflex’ (Langley, 1903). Bayliss and Starling’s observations also led to the creation of the field of endocrinology by establishing that factors released from the gut enter the circulation to ultimately elicit pancreatic secretion (Bayliss & Starling, 1902). Over
The control of protein stability and association by weak interactions with water: how do solvents affect these processes?

CONTENTS PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEW •. •. •• 67 THERMODYNAMIC CONTROL OF EQUILIBRIA BY COSOLVENTS . 70 RELATION BETWEEN PREFERENTIAL INTERACTIONS AND MOLECULAR CONTACTS . •. •. 76 EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS; APPLICATIONS 81 Denaturants. 82 Stabilization: Salting-Out . 84 Sources of Preferential Exclusions: Stabilization or Not? 85 BALANCE BETWEEN COSOLVENT BINDING AND EXCLUSION . 89 COMPENSATION, OSMOLYTES 92 CONCLUSIONS . 94
Numerical simulation of hypersonic boundary-layer instability using different gas models

Prediction of heat load on the surface of vehicles (re-)entering a planetary atmosphere is important for heat-shield design. Turbulent flow induces a much higher heating in comparison to laminar flow. Therefore, prediction of the location of laminar-turbulent transition is a key factor in defining the dimensions and materials used for the thermal protection system (TPS). Yet, the fundamental physical processes related to the laminarturbulent transition in high-speed boundary layers are not well understood. This is true even at the first stage of the process, that is, amplification of small linear perturbations. Due to small amplification rates, this first stage can take place for a long downstream distance. For that reason, it is important to develop a numerical method able to compute this stage accurately and thus predict transition correctly. Unlike incompressible flows, high-speed boundary layers can possess more than one instability mode. These modes usually correspond to separate frequency bands in a stability diagram. The first mode is similar to the incompressible instability, a difference being that often first-mode oblique waves are more amplified than 2-D disturbances. Mack (1969) investigated the linear instability of high-speed boundary layer theoretically, in particular with respect to second and higher mode disturbances. At a low temperature, a gas usually behaves as a calorically perfect gas. In high-speed flows, the temperature inside the boundary layer might be very high and, as a result, the gas properties such as specific heat become a function of temperature (thermally perfect gas). At even higher temperatures, chemical reaction processes occur and change the composition of the gas. If the flow velocity is small compared to chemical reaction rates, the gas will be in a state of chemical equilibrium. For higher speeds or smaller reaction rates, non-equilibrium effects may occur. The aim of the present study is to first verify an existing numerical method in computing amplification of small-amplitude disturbances. Second, this numerical method is extended to handle different gas models. Third, we want to study the qualitative influence of high-temperature gas effects on boundary-layer stability, under the conditions of chemical equilibrium.
Central Tendencies, Extreme Points, and Prototype Enhancement Effects in Ill-Defined Perceptual Categorization

In three perceptual classification experiments involving ill-defined category structures, extreme prototype enhancement effects were observed in which prototypes were classified more accurately than other category instances. Such empirical findings can prove theoretically challenging to exemplar-based models of categorization if prototypes are psychological central tendencies of category instances. We found instead that category prototypes were sometimes better characterized as psychological extreme points relative to contrast categories. Extending a classic and widely cited study (Posner & Keele, 1968), participants learned categories created from distortions of dot patterns arranged in familiar shapes. Participants then made pairwise similarity judgements of the patterns. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses of the similarity data revealed the prototypes to be psychological extreme points, not central tendencies. Evidence for extreme point representations was also found for novel prototype patterns displaying a symmetry structure and for prototypes of grid patterns used in recent studies by McLaren and colleagues (McLaren, Bennet, Guttman-Nahir, Kim, & Mackintosh, 1995). When used in combination with the derived M DS solutions, an exemplar-based model of categorization, the Generalized Context Model (Nosofsky, 1986), provided good fits to the observed categorization data in all three experiments.
Two-moment characterisation of subcellular biochemical networks: when noise matters

Noise can significantly influence the behaviour of biochemical reaction networks. While ordinary differential equation (ODE) models remain the conceptual framework for modelling many cellular processes, specific situations demand stochastic models to capture the influence of noise. The most common formulation of stochastic models for biochemical networks is the chemical master equation (CME). While stochastic simulations are a practical way to realise the CME, analytical approximations offer more insights into the influence of noise on cell function. Towards this end, the recently developed two-moment approximation (2MA) is a promising approach, accounting for the coupling between the means and (co)variances. It is this influence of (co)variance on the mean behaviour, which cannot be represented by conventional ODE models. We extend the derivation of the 2MA by establishing two advances to previous efforts: a) relative concentrations and b) non-elementary reactions. Both aspects are important in systems biology where one is often forced to aggregate elementary reactions into single step reactions, and some models use relative concentrations (as a ratio of two concentrations or copy numbers). Previous derivations assume elementary reactions and rely on concentrations defined as copy numbers per unit volume. We demonstrate this 2MA approach with an application to the well established fission yeast cell cycle model. The simulations of the 2MA model show oscillatory behaviour near the M/G checkpoint. The behaviour around this bifurcation point is significantly different from that predicted by the ODE model. What this suggests is that the 2MA approach can reveal hidden dynamics near critical points.
The spread of Conservation Agriculture: justification, sustainability and uptake

Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been practised for three decades and has spread widely. We estimate that there are now some 106 million ha of arable and permanent crops grown without tillage in CA systems, corresponding to an annual rate of increase globally since 1990 of 5.3 million ha. Wherever CA has been adopted it appears to have had both agricultural and environmental benefits. Yet CA represents a fundamental change in production system thinking. It has counterintuitive and often unrecognized elements that promote soil health, productive capacity and ecosystem services. The practice of CA thus requires a deeper understanding of its ecological underpinnings in order to manage its various elements for sustainable intensification, where the aim is to optimize resource use and protect or enhance ecosystem processes in space and time over the long term. For these reasons CA is knowledge-intensive. CA constitutes principles and practices that can make a major contribution to sustainable production intensification. This, the first of two papers, presents the justification for CA as a system capable of building sustainability into agricultural production systems. It discusses some of CA's major achievable benefits, and presents an overview of the uptake of CA worldwide to 2009. The related paper elaborates the necessary conditions for the spread of CA.
Personality development in social context.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 655 PERSONALITY AND TEMPERAMENT . 657 Dimensional Issues . 657 Developmental Issues . 659 THREE BEHAVIORAL ORIENTATIONS . 663 Antisocial BeMvior. 663 Behavioral Inhibition and Social Withdrawal 669 Social Responsibility: Prosocial BeMvior and Conscience 675 CONCLUSION 680
Mechanism of Actin Filament Bundling by Fascin*

Fascin is the main actin filament bundling protein in filopodia. Because of the important role filopodia play in cell migration, fascin is emerging as a major target for cancer drug discovery. However, an understanding of the mechanism of bundle formation by fascin is critically lacking. Fascin consists of four β-trefoil domains. Here, we show that fascin contains two major actin-binding sites, coinciding with regions of high sequence conservation in β-trefoil domains 1 and 3. The site in β-trefoil-1 is located near the binding site of the fascin inhibitor macroketone and comprises residue Ser-39, whose phosphorylation by protein kinase C down-regulates actin bundling and formation of filopodia. The site in β-trefoil-3 is related by pseudo-2-fold symmetry to that in β-trefoil-1. The two sites are ∼5 nm apart, resulting in a distance between actin filaments in the bundle of ∼8.1 nm. Residue mutations in both sites disrupt bundle formation in vitro as assessed by co-sedimentation with actin and electron microscopy and severely impair formation of filopodia in cells as determined by rescue experiments in fascin-depleted cells. Mutations of other areas of the fascin surface also affect actin bundling and formation of filopodia albeit to a lesser extent, suggesting that, in addition to the two major actin-binding sites, fascin makes secondary contacts with other filaments in the bundle. In a high resolution crystal structure of fascin, molecules of glycerol and polyethylene glycol are bound in pockets located within the two major actin-binding sites. These molecules could guide the rational design of new anticancer fascin inhibitors.
The Workshop Programme 9 : 15 – 9 : 30 Opening : Aims of theworkshop 9 : 30 – 10 : 00

The earliest corpus-based approaches to stochastic parsing (e.g.) used a variety of data resources and evaluation techniques. With the creation of the Penn Treebank of English (Marcus et al., 1993) and the parser evaluation measures established by the PARSEVAL initiative (Black, 1992), new approaches to stochastic parsing and uniform evaluation regimes emerged (Magerman In the meantime, annotated corpora have been built for several other languages, most notably the Prague Dependency Treebank for Czech (Hajic, 1998), and the NEGRA corpus for German (Skut et al., 1997). Well-known, but smaller corpora for English are the ATIS Corpus and SU-SANNE. Many more corpora are available or under construction , e.g. the Penn treebanks for Chinese and Korean , the TIGER corpus for German, as well as corpora for Bulgarian, French, Italian, Portugese, Spanish, Turk-ish, etc. Annotation schemes in these treebanks vary, often motivated by language-specific characteristics. For example , dependency-based annotation is generally preferred for languages with relatively free word order. More recently, in line with increasing interest in more fine-grained syntactic and semantic representations, stochastic parsing has been applied to several higher-order syntactic frameworks, such as unification-based grammars (Johnson et al., 1999), tree-adjoining grammars (Chen et al., 1999) and combinatory categorial grammars (Hocken-maier, 2001). In parallel, due to the lack of appropriate large-scale annotated training corpora, unsupervised methods have been investigated, i.e. training of manually written (context-free or unification-based) grammars on free text (Beil et al. As opposed to the PARSEVAL measures — which are based on phrase structure tree match — most of these novel parsing approaches use other evaluation measures, such as dependency-based, valence-based, exact, or selective category match. Despite the emergence of stochastic parsing approaches using alternative syntactic frameworks, the currently established paradigm for evaluating stochastic parsing still consists of the combination of Penn Treebank English (Section 23) with PARSEVAL measures. However, in practice (especially if we count industrial labs) parsing systems using treebank grammars are not representative of the field. Moreover, a strong trend in stochastic parsing is away from treebank grammars and towards higher-level syntactic frameworks and hand-built grammars. Research in stochastic parsing with higher-order syntactic frameworks is therefore confronted with a lack of a common evaluation metrics: neither do the PARSEVAL measures straightforwardly correspond to dependency structures or other valence-based representations, nor have these alternative approaches come up with a common, agreed-on standard for evaluation. Furthermore, no common evaluation corpora exist for many alternative languages. To …