Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Theories of Trade among Industrial Countries

Most students of international trade have long had at least a sneaking suspicion that conventional models of comparative advantage do not give an adequate account of world trade. This is especially true of trade in manufactured goods. Both at the macro level of aggregate trade flows and at the micro level of market structure and technology, it is hard to reconcile what we see in manufactures trade with the assumptions of standard trade theory. In particular, much of the world's trade in manufactures is trade between industrial countries with similar relative factor endowments; furthermore, much of the trade between these countries involves two-way exchanges of goods produced with similar factor proportions. Where is the source of comparative advantage? Furthermore, most manufacturing industries are characterized by at least some degree of increasing returns (especially if we include dynamic scale economies associated with RD the arguments of many observers that much trade among industrial countries is based on scale economies rather than comparative advantage; and the common argument that a protected home market can promote exports. Until recently, however, none of these alternatives was presented in a form which economists would properly call a model: that is, a formal structure in which macro behavior is derived from micro motives. This lack of formalization essentially barred alternatives to comparative advantage, however plausible, from the mainstream of international economics. In the last five years or so, however, there has been a significant change. A number of theorists have begun to apply methods drawn from the theory of industrial organization to international trade, to produce a new genre of trade models. These models offer a new way of looking at tradeand particularly at manufactures trade among the industrial countries. A characteristic feature of the new models is that they often rely on very special assumptions. This is probably inevitable: given the inherent complexity of the world once the great simplifying device of constant returns is dropped, only special assumptions will yield tractable analysis. In spite of the specialness of individual models, however, the new literature on trade is starting to give rise to concepts which look more general than the particular models used to illustrate them. The purpose of this paper is to sketch out two such concepts which I believe are important and more general in application than the particular models in which they have been expressed. The first is the theory of "intraindustry" trade, a view which incorporates scale economies as well as comparative advantage as major causes of trade and gains from trade. The second is the (less well developed) theory of technological competition, which may begin to shed some light on the dynamics of international competition in research-intensive industries.
The comparative economic assessment of the impacts of energy storage and demand response resource participation in the day-ahead electricity markets

Electricity is the prototypical just-in-time product due to the limited means to economically store it on a large-scale basis. As such, electricity must be consumed as soon as it is produced. In areas of the U.S. grid with competitive electricity markets, independent system operators (ISOs) run day-ahead electricity markets (DAM s) to determine which resources will meet the demand and ensure adequate capacity is committed so that the supply-demand balance can be met around the clock. System operators have met the demand by controlling the output of the supply-side resources, namely generators, since there is a limited amount of gridscale energy storage (ES ) in operation today and little participation from the demand-side in meeting the supply-demand balance. The reliance on supply-side resources to maintain the supply-demand balance results, at times, in high prices, marked price volatility, and even price spikes. These price issues, along with advances in storage and communication technology, have reinvigorated the drive of policymakers, system planners and operators, private investors and other electricity grid stakeholders to expand the utilization of ES and demand response (DR) resources to reliably and effectively meet the supply-demand balance. ES and DR resources provide the ISO with additional degrees of freedom in meeting the supply-demand balance by enabling electricity to be stored and shifted from peak load hours to lower load hours, which may decrease the operational costs and improve system reliability. We know of no work which has studied the economic impacts of integrated DR and ES resources in depth. Consequently, there is a limited understanding among electricity grid stakeholders of the economic impacts of deepening ES and DR resource penetrations on the DAM s. To develop operational and planning strategies which are effective and policies which incentivize appropriate penetrations of ES and DR resources, grid stakeholders need to understand these impacts.
Cultivation of Planktonic Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox) Bacteria Using Membrane Bioreactor

Enrichment cultures of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria as planktonic cell suspensions are essential for studying their ecophysiology and biochemistry, while their cultivation is still laborious. The present study aimed to cultivate two phylogenetically distinct anammox bacteria, “Candidatus Brocadia sinica” and “Ca. Scalindua sp. ” in the form of planktonic cells using membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The MBRs were continuously operated for more than 250 d with nitrogen loading rates of 0.48–1.02 and 0.004–0.09 kgN m−3 d−1 for “Ca. Brocadia sinica” and “Ca. Scalindua sp. ”, respectively. Planktonic anammox bacterial cells were successfully enriched (>90%) in the MBRs, which was confirmed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The decay rate and half-saturation constant for NO2− of “Ca. Brocadia sinica” were determined to be 0.0029–0.0081 d−1 and 0.47 mgN L−1, respectively, using enriched planktonic cells. The present study demonstrated that MBR enables the culture of planktonic anammox bacterial cells, which are suitable for studying their ecophysiology and biochemistry.
Review of "The Game's Afoot: Game Theory in Myth and Paradox by Alexander Mehlmann", American Mathematical Society, 2000, 0-8218-2121-0

Type “Game Theory” and “Computer Science” into Google as search terms and you get approximately 759,000 hits. Ten years ago the subject “Computational/Algorithmic Game Theory” barely existed if at all. Now a search of the web yields dozens of courses on this topic. Game theory is quickly becoming an important tool in many sub-disciplines of computer science, from artificial intelligence to networking. At the same time, techniques from algorithmic analysis and computational complexity are having an impact on traditional game theory which until recently did not consider the complexity issues raised by many of the strategies it studied. As a result of this convergence of interests, many computer scientists are motivated to learn something about traditional game theory. This book might be the place for them to start. The author’s intent is for the book to be an accessible introduction to the field for the intelligent layperson willing to think logically and follow elementary arguments that use nothing beyond high school algebra. At the same time, the book is meant to be entertaining especially to those who enjoy literary allusions ranging from Homer (not Simpson! ) to Blackadder.
Portal venous and systemic endotoxaemia in patients without liver disease and systemic endotoxaemia in patients with cirrhosis.

Systemic endotoxaemia without evidence of gram-negative bacterial infection occurs in liver diseases in man. The endotoxaemia is probably due to impaired hepatic clearance of endotoxin absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but portal venous endotoxaemia has never been reported in man. By means of the limulus gelation test, portal venous blood from 21 patients without parenchymal liver disease and arterial blood from 21 patients without parenchymal liver disease and 31 patients with cirrhosis was examined for endotoxin. Portal venous endotoxaemia was found in 9 of 21 samples and systemic endotoxaemia was found in 2 of 21 samples from patients without liver disease. Systemic endotoxaemia in cirrhosis occurred with a frequency of 15/31. No relationship to gram-negative bacteraemia was found. Leucocytosis was only seen in endotoxin-positive patients with cirrhosis. In cirrhosis higher levels of E. coli O antibodies were found in endotoxin-positive than in endotoxin-negative patients, supporting the view that the limulus gelation test specifically detects endotoxin (i.e. E. coli O antigen). The study suggests that endotoxin is a normal constituent of portal venous blood in man. The normal human liver clears endotoxin from the portal venous blood. This effect is diminished in cirrhosis, most probably owing to decreased phagocytic function of the liver. The increased humoral immune response in cirrhosis may be related to spillover of endotoxin from the liver.
Statistical Mechanics of Thin Spherical Shells

We explore how thermal fluctuations affect the mechanics of thin amorphous spherical shells. In flat membranes with a shear modulus, thermal fluctuations increase the bending rigidity and reduce the in-plane elastic moduli in a scale-dependent fashion. This is still true for spherical shells. However, the additional coupling between the shell curvature, the local in-plane stretching modes and the local out-of-plane undulations, leads to novel phenomena. In spherical shells thermal fluctuations produce a radius-dependent negative effective surface tension, equivalent to applying an inward external pressure. By adapting renormalization group calculations to allow for a spherical background curvature, we show that while small spherical shells are stable, sufficiently large shells are crushed by this thermally generated "pressure". Such shells can be stabilized by an outward osmotic pressure, but the effective shell size grows non-linearly with increasing outward pressure, with the same universal power law exponent that characterizes the response of fluctuating flat membranes to a uniform tension.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A REMOTE CONTROLLED SYSTEM FOR A HYDRAULIC JACK

A project work on design and fabrication of a remote controlled system for a hydraulic jack which consist of a base, gearing system and crank mechanism is presented. The prototype includes motor powered from a 12v battery of a tractor through a car adapter or from a lighter adapter in vehicles. The motor with gearing system will be the lifting mechanism. When an equipment is needed to be lifted, just press the button on the remote device, firstly to lock the hydraulic jack valve, then pressing again will start the lifting operation and afterwards the button is released at a desired height level. The common problem faced by the current available hydraulic jacks in the market is that it is manually operated and needed physical effort to lift the vehicle or heavy equipment. Hydraulic jacks available at the market also has some disadvantages such as requiring more energy to operate, are not suitable for women and cannot be used on an uneven surface. The purpose of this project is to modify the design of the existing hydraulic jack in terms of its functionality and also human factor considerations This work was done based on the mechanism of hydraulic power system method, fabrication processes of marking out, cutting, assembling and finishing were employed where necessary. All the analysis and results such as the required torque and gearing ratio which are important in this project where all determined before the development and incorporations. Several tests were carried out to determine the effectiveness of the device in lifting loads of 1 ton, 2 ton, 3 ton, 4 ton and 5 ton respectively. This work would help to overcome drudgery, musculoskeletal disorders, injuries, increase
Reconstruction d’impulsions de Dirac à partir de mesures linéaires bruitées

We consider the recovery of a finite stream of Dirac pulses, with arbitrary locations and amplitudes, from noisy lowpass-filtered uniform samples. It is shown that maximum-likelihood estimation of the unknown parameters amounts to solve a structured low rank matrix approximation problem. A new heuristic iterative optimization algorithm is proposed to solve this difficult, even believed NP-hard, problem. Although the algorithm comes, in absence of convexity, with no convergence proof, it converges in practice to a local solution, and even to the global solution of the problem, when the noise level is not too high. Thus, our method improves upon the classical Cadzow denoising method, for essentially the same implementation ease and speed. 1 Formulation du problème La reconstruction de signaux appartenant à des espaces linéaires, comme les signaux à bande limitée ou les splines, a été étudiée en détail en théorie de l’échantillonnage. Récemment, le cadre de la reconstruction d’une fonction définie continûment, à partir d’échantillons discrets, a été étendu à une classe plus large de signaux ayant des propriétés de parcimonie, au-delà du paradigme classique enraciné dans les travaux de Shannon [1, 2, 3, 4]. Le problème emblématique de cette théorie en plein essor, auquel nous nous intéressons ici, est celui de la reconstruction d’une séquence finie d’impulsions de Dirac, à partir de mesures à bande limitée uniformes et bruitées [2, 5, 6]. Plus précisément, le signal inconnu s que nous voulons estimer consiste en une somme d’un nombre connu K ≥ 1 d’impulsions dans un intervalle [0, τ [, avec τ > 0 un réel connu :
Polkuja luontoon – Levin kesäreittiverkoston kehittäminen käyttäjäkokemuksia ja ekologista tietoa yhdistäen

Tourism season in Lapland is mainly winter. Only one quarter of the registered overnight stays take place in snowless seasons in Lapland. Therefore lots of efforts are made to develop summer tourism. Recreational trails are an important part of this development work. Conventional interviews and sur veys produce user-based knowledge that seldom ends up into a system of land-use planning, since information is not georeferenced. This article introduces two methods; one is able to collect user knowledge broadly and comprehensively, the other processes it for trail planning from perspectives of summer and wellness tourism. First, tourists’ and locals’ views about natural areas of the Levi tourism resort were collected with internet-based public participatory geographic information system (PPGIS). The inquiry produced almost three hundred georeferenced favorite places and plenty of descriptive verbal information. This knowledge on strengths, weaknesses and development needs of places was complemented with dozen interviews of locals. The user-based knowledge was combined with eco-logical knowledge on places that are relevant to nature experiences and wellbeing benefits of nature with the help of GIS-method in order to identify ”hot spots for forest bathing”. The twenty hot spots do not involve only forests but also waterfronts, mires and meadows outside the reach of the official trails but having wellbeing benefits or being important to the users. The Levi network of nature areas was developed in order to give model for land-use and trail planning to avoid the challenges caused by seasonality and to enhance sustainable tourism for other resorts to apply.
Toward Invariant Visual-Inertial State Estimation using Information Sparsification

In this work, we address two current challenges in real-time visual-inertial odometry (VIO) systems — efficiency and nonlinearity. To this end, we present a novel approach to tightly couple visual and inertial measurements in a fixed-lag VIO framework using information sparsification. To bound computational complexity, fixed-lag smoothers perform marginalization of variables but consequently deteriorate accuracy and especially efficiency. Current state-of-the-art approaches work around this by selectively discarding measurements and marginalizing additional variables. However, such strategies are sub-optimal from an information-theoretic perspective. In contrast, our approach formulates an optimization based on Kullback-Leibler divergence to preserve most of the information. To validate our approach, we conduct extensive real-time drone tests and perform comparisons to current state-of-the-art fixed-lag VIO methods in the EuRoC visual-inertial dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves competitive and superior accuracy in almost all trials. In achieving a more efficient and accurate state estimator, the second part of the work presents the on-going progress in formulating an optimization-based VIO system using matrix Lie groups. Inspired by the recently developed Invariant-EKF framework, the proposed framework presents better convergence and addresses the consistency problem commonly seen in EKF-based and fixed-lag frameworks. In particular, we provide detailed derivations of a novel IMU preintegration framework using the group affine properties. Simulation results show our proposed formulation allows the nonlinear optimizer to converge with significantly fewer iterations, as compared to the state-of-the-art IMU preintegration scheme.
DETECTION OF IL-28 rs 12979860 GENE POLYMORPHISM BY REAL TIME PCR IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS.

Amal A. Mohamed 1 , Ingy Badawy 2 , Waleed A. Elagawy 3 , AbeerA.Abdelmonem 4 . 1. Department of Biochemistry, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Institute, Cairo, Egypt. 2. Faculty of Biotechnology, Misr university for Science and technology, Cairo, Egypt. 3. Department of Tropical Medicine, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute Cairo, Egypt. 4. Microbiology and Immunology, Beni-Suef Faculty of Medicine.
Başa Çıkma Değeri Açısından sabır Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma

Bu calisma nitel yontem ile basa cikma degeri acisindan katilimcilarin yasadiklari agir hayat olaylari karsisinda gosterilen sabirlarini anlamayi amaclamaktadir. Arastirma yedi gonullu katilimci ile yapilmistir. Arastirmada yari yapilandirilmis mulakat soru formu katilimcilara sorulmustur. Kapali kalan bazi yerlerin aciga kavusmasi icin mulakat formu disinda bazi sorular da sorulmustur. Katilimcilar yasadiklari zor ve agir hayat olaylarini anlatarak bu sorulara ictenlikle cevap vermeleri saglanmistir. Katilimcilardan escinsellikle mucadele edenlerin hem dini hem ailevi-sosyal ortamlarindan almalari gereken destegi almadiklari gorulmustur. Bu yuzden pasif sabirla yasadiklari olaya olumsuz anlamda tahammul ettikleri anlasilmistir. Diger katilimcilardan N.C. , A.A. ve S.S. ise hem dini hem de ailevi-sosyal ortamlarin destegini alarak yasadiklari olaylarla aktif sabir gostererek yasadiklari agir ve zor olayin yerine baska seylerle koyarak basa ciktiklari anlasilmaktadir. Katilimcilar icinde yas olarak en kucuk olan ve babasini kaybetme acisini yeni yasayan C.C. 'ye gelince pasif sabir icinde olup gelecege dair bir gayesi ve umidi olmadigi icin ona yasadigi aciyi baska bir seyle telafi edip aktif sabir icinde basa cikmasi saglanabilir.
Research on SIFT Algorithm Base on Complex Environment

A new algorithm of feature matching was presented by this paper. In the new algorithm, Curvelet first used to denoise, then RANSAC optimized SIFT algorithm used to stitch images. Experiments show that the new algorithm is better to remove error matching points. It improved the accuracy of local invariant feature matching. New algorithm has a good anti-noise and lighting capabilities. It has strong adaptability to scale changes, the algorithm is robust, and has better effect on matching and stitching. Introduction Firstly, the paper used Curvelet algorithm to remove image noise, then used SIFT scale invariant feature vectors to match features. The improved Ransac method was used to remove the mismatch. The new algorithm is adapted to the complex environment with noise, light changes, blur and rotation problems.It is robust and accuracy while ensuring the matching efficiency. Image Preprocessing Due to the problems of complex environmental monitoring video has noise, low resolution. In order to accurately extract the feature points, need image preprocessing to remove noise. Wavelet has good time-domain and frequency-domain analysis capabilities, many scholars have proposed a method based on wavelet denoising, such as nonlinear thresholding wavelet transform, translation invariant denoising, etc. However, the two-dimensional separable wavelet has only a limited level, and diagonal direction, because of lack of multi-direction make it can not represent a line of exotic, bizarre face high dimensional function. Based on wavelet theory, E.J.Candes and D.L. Donoho established a ridge wave transformation from 1998 to 1999 [1]. Ridge wave uses a wavelet function by adding characterized direction parameters. It has a strong direction selection and the ability to identify and can effectively represent the direction singular characteristic in signal. To further indicate the multidimensional signal general curved singularities, and the Curvelet methods [2] can use the multi-scale local linear approximation of the curve. Noise and edge information can be well separated, while keeping an edge, the noise suppression achieved good results. This paper will apply the second generation Curvelct transform in image denoising, it will have higher image SNR and the image will display more clearly. A. Discrete Curvelet 1 2 [ , ] f t t , 1 0 t ≤ , 2 t n ≤ is the input function,Curvelet transformation [3] can be expressed as: 1 2 1 2 , , 1 2 0 , c ( , , ) : [ , ] [ , ] D j l k t t n j l k f t t t t j ≤ 0, it has
THE GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY SHORT STATURE IS THE PREDOMINANT TYPE AMONG YOUNG SCHOOL GIRLS IN GAZA, PALESTINE.

Hussam Rashed 1 , Nehad El-Yazji 2 and Wael El-Sayed 3,* . 1. Shifaa hospital, Laboratory and blood bank, Gaza, Palestine. 2. University ofEl Aqsa,Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gaza, Palestine. 3. University of Ain Shams, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
Exploring Contributing Features of Pre-Graft Orthodontic Treatment of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Using Random Forests

When a study faced with a limited data, it can be quite a challenge to conduct analyses that can be statistically significant. Given such circumstances, typically, researchers options would either, gathered more data (by pooling or adding artificial data), or used a better analysis algorithm. This study interest was in the latter approach looking at the implementation of a highly suggested machine learning algorithm, that is, the random forests. The primary objective was to explore features that contribute to the success of pre-orthodontic treatments for cleft lip and palate patients. Specific centres have adopted the pre-orthodontic treatments as one of the treatment protocols for the cleft lip and palate patients, before their secondary alveolar bone graft surgery. It was in the intention of the orthodontic department to achieve better patients’ management with the knowledge of the contributing features, as handling these patients can be quite challenging. With only 18 datasets, the random forest out of bag error estimation (or misclassification error) was 27.78%. The error was further reduced to 11.11% when backward elimination was conducted starting with the lowest ranked variable. These leave the top four variables which were, the affected cleft palate (acp) either at the soft palate or hard palate or both, the ethnicity (ethnicity), referral age (ageR) and lastly, age at treatment (ageP). To eliminate the chances of variable selection biases, a conditional forest (cforest) function was conducted and the results suggested that only the affected cleft palate variable was important. Details of these explored top features are discussed further in this paper.