Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Caveats on tomographic images

Geological and geodynamic models of the mantle often rely on joint interpretations of published seismic tomography images and petrological/geochemical data. This approach tends to neglect the fundamental limitations of, and uncertainties in, seismic tomography results. These limitations and uncertainties involve theory, correcting for the crust, the lack of rays throughout much of the mantle, the difficulty in obtaining the true strength of anomalies, choice of what background model to subtract to reveal anomalies, and what cross‐sections to select for publication. The aim of this review is to provide a relatively non‐technical summary of the most important of these problems, collected together in a single paper, and presented in a form accessible to non‐seismologists. Appreciation of these issues is essential if final geodynamic models are to be robust, and required by the scientific observations.
Evaluating Urban Landscape Dynamics over Srinagar City and Its Environs

Rapid, unplanned and uncontrolled urbanization causes disorganized growth. The patterns of urban development are changing natural landscapes and their dynamics. This has necessitated understanding of spatial patterns of urbanization and prompted research. Urbanization being a dynamic phenomenon has been facing ambiguities regarding methods to study its dynamism. It has made operational, a wide-variety of spatial metrics methods utilizing multiple dates of remotely sensed data. The present work carries out the quantitative and qualitative analysis of urban growth of Srinagar by using Urban Landscape Analysis Tool (ULAT). Urbanized Area (UA), Urban Footprint (UF) and New Development (ND) maps are generated to quantify the degree of urbanization based on spatial density of built-up area. Comparative analysis of these maps in relation to the built-up spread pattern indicates that mostly the environs of the Srinagar city which includes mostly agricultural, vacant and marshy areas prominently in northern, western and southern areas contribute to the development of the city.
Structural and electronic properties of Fe2SiO4-fayalite at ultrahigh pressures: Amorphization and gap closure

X ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic measurements to pressures of 45–50 GPa, electrical resistivity and optical absorption to 70–80 GPa, and reflectance measurements to 225 GPa are presented for Fe2SiO4 fayalite at 300 K. Diffraction results document that Fe2SiO4 fayalite becomes amorphous on static loading to pressures in excess of 39 (±3) GPa, a pressure identical to that at which the “mixed phase” regime of fayalite commences under shock compression. As with more polymerized silicates, the high-pressure amorphization of metastable fayalite is associated with the SiO4 tetrahedron becoming unstable relative to higher coordinations of silicon. Infrared absorption spectroscopy reveals the pressure-induced change in coordination through a decline in intensity of the tetrahedral asymmetric stretching vibration, accompanied by an increase in amplitude at frequencies characteristic of SiO6 vibrations. The coordination change is not quenchable to zero pressure, and infrared spectra of amorphous fayalite quenched from pressure document that the local structure of the sample is similar to that of crystalline Fe2SiO4. This represents the first example of the static synthesis of a glass without fusion in a silicate containing isolated tetrahedra. The electrical resistivity of initially crystalline Fe2SiO4 drops from approximately 2×105 ohm m at zero pressure to 10−3 ohm m at 79 GPa, with the pressure dependence of the resistivity decreasing at approximately the pressure of the coordination change (and amorphization). The electrical properties are quantitatively consistent with previous measurements, both under static and under shock wave loading. Optical transmission experiments demonstrate that in accord with the rapidly changing electron-transport properties of Fe2SiO4, a strong absorption edge decreases in energy from the ultraviolet to infrared energies of about 3500 cm−1 (0.4 eV) on compression to 70 GPa. However, the reflectance of Fe2SiO4 is less than 3.1% between 780 and 2100 nm at all pressures to 225 GPa, indicating that amorphous fayalite does not metallize to at least this pressure. We interpret our resistivity and optical results in terms of increased interactions between iron ions with increasing pressure in Fe2SiO4 and an approach toward a Fe3++Fe1+ metallic configuration at high pressures. When combined with previous observations of amorphization at low temperatures and high pressures, our results suggest that transition to an amorphous phase is likely to be a general phenomenon in metastable silicates when the distortion of SiO4 tetrahedra becomes a major mechanism of compression.
The time-averaged paleomagnetic field 0–5 Ma

Persistent departures from the geocentric axial dipole field model of the time-averaged paleomagnetic field over the past 5 Myr have been analyzed using oceanic data from deep-sea cores and continental data from igneous rocks and sediments. The data set comprises the equivalent of 9490 spot readings of the field (5831 normal and 3659 reverse) from 930 groups of data. Variations in declination anomalies between groups of data strongly suggest the existence of second-order tectonic effects (small rotations) that make it difficult, if not impossible, to identify any nonzonal terms that might exist. Inclination anomalies have therefore been modeled in terms of low-degree zonal harmonics. The calculated inclination anomalies within 10° latitude bands are widely scattered (for both oceanic and continental data) and do not appear to have been drawn from distributions with common means. We attribute this large scatter to previously undetected or uncorrected second-order tectonic effects in the continental data or, in the oceanic data, to small departures from the vertical in deep-sea cores. If it is assumed that these effects are random between groups of data and without a systematic bias, they can be averaged out to a large extent if there are sufficient numbers of groups within each latitude band. This method also has the major advantage that it maximizes time averaging of the field. When this is done, an acceptable fit to the inclination anomaly data is found using a zonal harmonic model. Although the point estimates for the reverse polarity zonal quadrupole term are consistently larger than those for the normal polarity zonal quadrupole term, the difference is not significant and is likely due to contamination effects. This finding is true for a combination of all the data or for separate combinations of continental igneous rocks and ocean sediments. This conclusion differs from all previous analyses. The major differences occur in model estimates of the zonal octupole term, the estimates varying widely depending on the particular data combination. We show that false octupole terms can be introduced by several factors, including inclination errors in sediments and lavas, the use of unit vectors in the analyses, and incomplete magnetic cleaning, particularly of reversely magnetized rocks. Thus we cannot impute a geomagnetic significance to the estimates of a zonal octupole term. We suggest that the best estimates for the zonal quadrupole G2 = g20 / g10 are obtained from the combined Brunhes age igneous rocks and oceanic normal data (0.033 ± 0.019) and for the combined Matuyama age igneous rocks and oceanic reverse data (0.042 ± 0.022). When these two sets are combined, the overall best estimate of G2 is 0.038 ± 0.012.
Structure and stellar population of the Galactic nuclear bulge

Deep CCD photometry of stars in the Galactic nuclear bulge has been obtained on four lines of sight near l = 0 deg with b from -3.9 deg to -10 deg. Although the steep decline noted in the volume density of the bulge K and M giants cannot be explained by the spheroid of the two-component model, it does, however, match more complicated models that account for the rotation curve of the Galaxy by including a massive central component. For an assumed distance of 7 kpc, a mean stellar age derived from the main-sequence turnoff of 11-14 Gyr is obtained. It is suggested that the evolution of bulge stars on the giant branch may take place at bluer colors or higher luminosities than currently predicted. 111 references.
Forward and backward amplitude and phase estimation method for dispersion analysis of borehole sonic measurements

ABSTRACTWe have developed a nonparametric matched filter-bank spectrum estimator, referred to as the forward and backward (FB) amplitude and phase estimation (FBAPES) method, to perform dispersion analysis of borehole array sonic measurements. Different from conventional dispersion analysis methods, the amplitude and phase estimation method estimates the dispersive properties of wave modes by simulating the statistical character of interferences from noise and other modes taking place at the same frequency, designing an adaptive filter to suppress these interferences, and fitting the filter output to a spatial sinusoid with a designated slowness. Such an adaptive filter with low side-lobe response gives rise to a high-resolution fitness function, with clear and narrow ridges, which significantly facilitates identification of different modes. At each frequency, for a data set with a moderate noise level, slowness of all modes hidden in the recorded waveforms can be identified without prior knowledge of the.
LA‐ICPMS Ba/Ca analyses of planktic foraminifera from the Bay of Bengal: Implications for late Pleistocene orbital control on monsoon freshwater flux

Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) indices are characterized by large secular variation during both glacials and interglacials. Although much information about palaeomonsoon intensity is derived from such indicies, current data sets do not relate simply to precipitation. In order to directly constrain the variability of ISM freshwater flux to the Bay of Bengal, we report Ba/Ca LA‐ICPMS data of the surface‐dwelling foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber from core RC12–343 (central Bay of Bengal) between 68 and 47 ka. Planktic foraminifera Ba/Ca directly relates to seawater Ba/Ca, in turn principally controlled by freshwater flux. Our foraminifera‐derived Ba/Casw record for the central Bay of Bengal is highly coherent with that derived from δ18 O measurements of the same material, implying that these reconstructions are not significantly biased by potential shifts in δ18Ofreshwater . Validating this method allows us to produce a freshwater stack for the last 80 ka for the Bay of Bengal, enabling the orbital controls on ISM precipitation to be examined for the first time. The highest freshwater flux in the last 80 ka was ∼3X larger than present and occurred during the early‐mid Holocene. We show that the orbital timing of this record is best explained by a combination of factors with a weighting of ∼45% given to the 30°N‐equator mean summer insolation gradient and ∼55% given to the variability of May–July insolation at the equator and June–July insolation at 30°N. These processes are consistent with current mechanistic understanding of ISM forcings and demonstrate a dominant orbital control on monsoon precipitation amount on millennial timescales.
The Baltic States' integration into the European division of labour

The analysis of Baltic trade statistics and gravity estimates reveal that Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have rapidly integrated into the international division of labour with a distinct EU focus. The Baltic States have taken a road towards the EU common market which pays particular attention to close trade relations with their immediate neighbours in the Baltic Sea Region. The Baltic Sea obviously serves as a major integrating device for these countries. At the same time the Baltic States, although being no longer integrated into the former intra-Soviet division of labour, have not abandoned their contacts to the Soviet successor states altogether. Accordingly, they still have the potential to serve as a gateway from Europe to the CIS markets.
Nordic dietary surveys. Study designs, methods, results and use in food-based risk assessments

National dietary surveys have been completed in all five Nordic countries for purposes of nutritional assessment. The NORDIRA project started in 2009 with objectives of sharing experiences within collection of food consumption data and applications of it in food-based risk assessment. The NORDIRA-group consisted of experts working within dietary surveys as well within risk assessment. The project collected results and methodological aspects of national dietary surveys, the presentations of food consumption figures and data calculation processes of risk assessment. This TemaNord report is a summary of the presentations and experiences shared during the three year period of the NORDIRA project. The group emphasizes a flexible food aggregation system in reporting food consumption to enable different kind of matching of data from food consumption and occurence of chemical substances.
A 3D simulation of the early winter distribution of reactive chlorine in the north polar vortex

This paper presents the results of 3D simulations of the formation of reactive chlorine on polar stratospheric clouds in the southern polar vortex. The purpose behind these simulations is to compare calculations with measurements of the microwave limb sounder (MLS) carried on the upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS), which showed regions of enhanced ClO in early December 1991, in regions south of areas where temperatures would support the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. The presently accepted model is that reactive chlorine is formed by rapid chemical reactions on the surfaces of particles in polar stratospheric clouds, from gases such as HCl and ClONO[sub 2]. It is then converted to ClO by photochemical processes. The simulations look at cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation patterns in the region of polar stratospheric cloud formation, and the impact this circulation has on the transport of reactive chlorine northward or southward from its creation to regions where it is converted to ClO.
Heavy-tailed probability distributions in the World Wide Web

The explosion of the World Wide Web as a medium for information dissemination has made it important to understand its characteristics, in particular the distribution of its le sizes. This paper presents evidence that a number of le size distributions in the Web exhibit heavy tails, including les requested by users, les transmitted through the network, transmission durations of les, and les stored on servers. In addition, we argue that because of the presence of caching in the Web, the size distribution of transmitted les is primarily determined by the distribution of les available on the Web, and is relatively insensitive to the distribution of les requested by users. Finally, we discuss some of the implications of heavy-tailed transmission durations and relate these results to self-similarity in network traac.
Independent Component Analysis of Milan Mobile Network Data

We analyze spatially dependent functional data observed on a dense lattice covering the metropolitan area of Milan; in each site of the lattice the average traffic carried by a major mobile phone provider is measured over periods of 15 minutes along a window of 14 days. These complex data are highly informative about population mobility and residence which is relevant for urban planning and the efficient design of service networks. The analysis is carried on by a suitable extension of the Independent Component Analysis for spatially dependent functional data.
A correlation between earthquakes and eruptive phases at Mt Etna: an example and past occurrences

A local array was deployed on Mt Etna to follow precisely the seismic activity occurring at the end of the eruption of the Southeast Crater in October 1984. Swarm activity at sea level beneath the summit was followed by isolated earthquakes a few kilometres deeper and more distant and eventually by destructive earthquakes on the lower slopes. There was no continuous migration between these domains of eruptive and seismic activity but the time relation is striking. A revised use of the exceptional record over four centuries of eruptions and destructive earthquakes in the Mt Etna region documents the statistical significance of this type of occurrence of major earthquakes in relation to the end of eruptions
A PLACE FOR THE DISPLACED : A CONSIDERATION OF THE TYPES OF SERVICES CARIBBEAN LIBRARIES SHOULD PROVIDE TO REFUGEES

Many libraries in the Caribbean may have considered amenities for short stay users… tourists, visitors and the odd researcher, but many may not have considered the plight of the stateless as a user group in Caribbean libraries. With the prevalence of disasters in the region – Hurricane Ivan as the most recent and devastating example – the impact of migratory workers that the CSME will bring and the impending issuance of national refugee laws in the region; it is but a matter of time before regional libraries become a refuge for the refugee. This paper will outline (1) current trends globally and regionally and suggest why it is important not to deny the human rights of this so far undocumented user group in the Caribbean and (2) ways in which refugees cab be accommodated by libraries. Now, more than ever, libraries in the region should consider the types of services that should be provided to refugees since current trends indicate that this user group will most likely expand and have an impact on library services in the not to distant future.
”Han havde arbejdet for en gruppe terrorister” : Om växten kat som islamiseringsagent och yttre/inre hot i Danmark och Sverige

I denna artikel analyseras diskursen om vaxtdrogen kat i Danmark och Sverige. Det empiriska materialet bestar av artiklar i svensk och dansk dagspress. Det samlade intrycket ar att den narkotikaklassade vaxten kat framhalls som ett stort hot mot sakerheten i de tva landerna, framforallt nar handeln och smugglingen kopplas till islamistisk terrorism. Pa sa satt sker en tydlig demonisering av kat och vaxten framstar som en synnerligen ”god fiende”, det vill saga den yttre fiende som hela samhallet kan enas emot (Christie & Bruun 1985). Har ar det alltsa inte bara tal om narkotikan som farlig och samhallsforstorande, det handlar ocksa om konstruktioner av en ”etnifierad” och ”exotifierad” drog vars flode over nationalstatliga granser sammanstralar till ett exceptionellt hot – islamistisk terrorism understodd av organiserad narkotikabrottslighet med globala tentakler.
An image fusion method based region segmentation and complex wavelets

A fusion algorithm for infrared and visible light images based on region segmentation and the dual-tree complex wavelet transform. Before image segmentation, morphological top-hat filtering is firstly performed on the IR image and visual images respectively and the details of the luminous area are eliminated. Morphological bottom-hat filtering is then performed on the two kinds of images respectively and the details of the dark area are eliminated. Make the top-hat filtered image subtract the bottom-hat filtered image and obtain the enhanced images. Then the threshold method is used to segment the enhanced images. After image segmentation, the DTCWT coefficients from different regions are merged separately. Finally the fused image is obtained by performing inverse DTCWT. The evaluation results show the validity of the presented algorithm.
SIMULATING HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY IMPACTS IN AN URBANIZING WATERSHED 1

ABSTRACT: The Hydrologic Simulation Program‐Fortran (HSPF) was calibrated and used to assess the future effects of various land development scenarios on water quality in the Polecat Creek watershed in Caroline County, Virginia. Model parameters related to hydrology and water quality were calibrated and validated using observed stream flow and water quality data collected at the watershed outlet and the outlets of two sub water sheds. Using the county's Comprehensive Plan, land use scenarios were developed by taking into account the trends and spatial distributions of future development. The simulation results for the various land use scenarios indicate that runoff volume and peak rate increased as urban areas increased. Urbanization also increased sediment loads mainly due to increases in channel erosion. Constituent loads of total Kjeldal nitrogen, orthophosphorus, and total phosphorous for Polecat Creek watershed slightly decreased under future development scenarios. These reductions are due to increases in urban areas that typically contribute smaller quantities of nitrogen and phosphorous, as compared to agricultural areas. However, nitrate loads increased for the future land use scenarios, as compared to the existing land use. The increases in nitrate loads may result from increases in residential land and associated fertilizer use and concurrent decreases in forested land. The procedures used in this paper could assist local, state, and regional policy makers in developing land management strategies that minimize environmental impacts while allowing for future development.
PROJECTED FLOW ALTERATION AND ECOLOGICAL RISK FOR PAN‐EUROPEAN RIVERS

Projection of future changes in river flow regimes and their impact on river ecosystem health is a major research challenge. This paper assesses the implications of projected future shifts in river flows on in‐stream and riparian ecosystems at the pan‐European scale by developing a new methodology to quantify ecological risk due to flow alteration (ERFA). The river network was modelled as 33 668 cells (5′ longitude × 5′ latitude). For each cell, modelled monthly flows were generated for an ensemble of 10 scenarios for the 2050s and for the study baseline (naturalized flows for 1961–1990). These future scenarios consist of combinations of two climate scenarios and four socio‐economic water‐use scenarios (with a main driver of economy, policy, security or sustainability). Environmental flow implications are assessed using the new ERFA methodology, based on a set of monthly flow regime indicators (MFRIs). Differences in MFRIs between scenarios and baseline are calculated to derive ERFA classes (no, low, medium and high risk), which are based on the number of indicators significantly different from the baseline. ERFA classes are presented as colour‐coded pan‐European maps. Results are consistent between scenarios and show that European river ecosystems are under significant threat with about two‐thirds at medium or high risk of change. Four main zones were identified (from highest to lowest risk severity): (i) Mediterranean rim, southwest part of Eastern Europe and Western Asia; (ii) Northern Europe and northeast part of Eastern Europe; (iii) Western and Eastern Europe; and (iv) inland North Africa. Patterns of flow alteration risk are driven by climate‐induced change, with socio‐economics as a secondary factor. These flow alterations could be manifested as changes to species and communities, and loss of current ecosystem functions and services. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.