Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of a Sum of Weighted Chi-Square Variables

Abstract We consider distributions of quadratic forms of the type Qk = Σ k j = 1 cj (xj + aj )2, where the xj 's are independent and identically distributed standard normal variables, and where cj and aj are nonnegative constants. Exact significance points of Qk , for selected values of cj and all aj = 0, have been published for k = 2, 3, 4, and 5. We give significance points for k = 6, 8, and 10. We propose and assess two new approximations to Qk : (1) fitting a Pearson curve with the same first four moments as Qk ; and (2) fitting Qk = Awr , where w has the χ2 p distribution, and where A, r, and p are determined by the first three moments of Qk.
The numerical assessment of path planning for an autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner using an ant colony optimization method

Wu and Ouyang (Production Planning & Control, Vol. 14 (2003), No. 6, pp.555–561) derived the integrated vendor-buyer system with shortages using algebraic method to determine the optimal replenishment policy. In this note, we will off er both basic inequalities, arithmetic-geometric mean inequality (AGM) and Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz inequality (CBS), to derive both the optimal buyer's lot size and backorder level under the integrated total cost per unit time of the vendor and buyer minimized. Without the method of completing perfect square, the proposed methods derive the global minimum of the integrated total cost per unit time of the vendor and buyer more easily than the algebraic approach used by Wu and Ouyang (2003).
Nature and organization of the CuO 2 -plane

This thesis deals with the experimental exploration of the high-temperature superconducting Bi-cuprate system and mainly with single crystals of the one-layer Bi2201. To begin, the structural change resulting from Pb substitution was explored by using topological scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The resulting morphologies were explained in a pseudo-binary phase-diagram. Using energy dispersive x-ray analysis and AC-susceptibility, it was proven that, for two variations of Bi2201 and also for LSCO, the superconducting transition temperature (TC) always drops at the same hole-doping values an effect that might be explained by the so-called ’magic doping fractions’. By analyzing STM-data, it was reasonably argued that the so-called ’checkerboard order’ is not preferentially due to an ordering of the carriers in the Copper-Oxygen-plane. In the interpretation presented here, it is caused by dopant-atoms or dopant-complexes. The role of the Oxygen might be of particular importance. Measurements concerning the pseudogap-phase were then shown. Using angular resolved photoemission (ARPES), it was found that the gap in the antinodal direction is dominantly caused by the pseudogap-phase. Interestingly, while resistivity measurements detect two crossover temperatures, ARPES detects only the lower pseudogap-temperature. It can also be stated that the pseudogap also exists in the overdoped region. The most important finding about the pseudogap-temperature and the pseudogap-magnitude was that they also react on the doping values of the depressions in TC . Due to this finding, it was proposed that superconductivity occurs when an otherwise perfect charge-ordered and spin-ordered two-dimensional electronic system has mobile defective holes.
Distance Profiles (DiP): A translationally and rotationally invariant 3D structure descriptor capturing steric properties of molecules

A novel translationally and rotationally invariant structure descriptor based on the distribution of 3D-atom pairs is described. The new Distance Profiles (DiP) descriptor was applied to two data sets which were previously studied with various 3D-QSAR techniques. DiP compares favorably to the other descriptors for these two data sets and obtains better models in both cases. Since DiP is used in combination with variable selection to achieve interpretability, special emphasize was put on validating the derived models. Avoiding overfitted models was accomplished by constraining the maximum number of variables allowed to select, and by using leave-50%-out cross-validation instead of leave-one-out cross-validation as objective function in variable selection. Furthermore, the derived models were validated with a permutation test where the entire variable selection procedure is repeated each time the response data are scrambled.
SHIPS-MI Forecast Analysis of Hurricanes Claudette (2003), Isabel (2003), and Dora (1999)

Abstract Three hurricanes, Claudette (2003), Isabel (2003), and Dora (1999), were selected to examine the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme with Microwave Imagery (SHIPS-MI) forecast accuracy for three particular storm types. This research was conducted using model analyses and tropical cyclone best-track data, with forecasts generated from a dependent sample. The model analyses and best-track data are assumed to be a “perfect” representation of the actual event (e.g., perfect prog assumption). Analysis of intensity change forecasts indicated that SHIPS-MI performed best, compared to operational SHIPS output, for tropical cyclones that were intensifying from tropical storm to hurricane intensity. Passive microwave imagery, which is sensitive to the intensity and coverage of precipitation, improved intensity forecasts during these periods with a positive intensity change contribution resulting from above normal inner-core precipitation. Forecast improvement was greatest for 12–36-h forecast.
Piezoelectric effect in blood vessel walls

Piezoelectric effect has been observed in various kinds of tissues such as trachea, intestines, ligament, aorta and vena. The anisotropy of piezoelectric modulus indicates the preferred orientation of piezoelectric protein fibers including collagen and elastin. The value of piezoelectric modulus in completely dried state is from 10 -10 to 10 -9 c.g. s.e. s.u. Temperature variation of the piezoelectric modulus is influenced by the thermal motion of molecules and the moisture absorbed in the specimen. It is estimated that 1 precent oblique cyclic deformation of blood vessel walls at a frequency of about 1 c/s could produce the alternating electric current of approximately 3 pico ampere between the surfaces of the vessel wall.
Smart textiles: Challenges and opportunities

Smart textiles research represents a new model for generating creative and novel solutions for integrating electronics into unusual environments and will result in new discoveries that push the boundaries of science forward. A key driver for smart textiles research is the fact that both textile and electronics fabrication processes are capable of functionalizing large-area surfaces at very high speeds. In this article we review the history of smart textiles development, introducing the main trends and technological challenges faced in this field. Then, we identify key challenges that are the focus of ongoing research. We then proceed to discuss fundamentals of smart textiles: textile fabrication methods and textile interconnect lines, textile sensor, and output device components and integration of commercial components into textile architectures. Next we discuss representative smart textile systems and finally provide our outlook over the field and a prediction for the future.
Development of Piezoelectric Actuators for Active Flow Control

The development of piezoelectric actuators for active e ow control is discussed. The type of actuators considered consists of a single sheet of piezoceramic material bonded to the underside of a shim: a “ unimorph” e ap design. Existing theoretical beam models are extended to incorporate a linear strain distribution in the composite unimorph beam structure. This model is combined with an optimization scheme to design a e ap that maximizes the tip dee ection per unit voltage for a given bandwidth. The optimization model is then used to design a piezoelectric actuator. The model predictions compare favorably to measurements of the actuator frequency response function. A sample application to control of separated e ow from a backward-facing step is also described, in which the actuator is installed at the origin of the free shear layer. Detailed hot-wire measurements, together with dimensional analysis, reveal the physical mechanism responsible for the e uid-structure coupling. A quasi-static model based on the solid-body displacement of the incoming shear layer accurately describes the peak streamwise velocity perturbations produced by the actuator. This model leads to a proportional relationship between the e ap tip displacement, the incoming boundary-layer proe le parameters, and the streamwise velocity e uctuations produced by the actuator.
Fluorescence detection of DNA using an amorphous silicon p-i-n photodiode

A microdevice based on a thin-film hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) n-i-p photodiode is used to quantify the density of DNA oligonucleotides labeled with a fluorophore in solution, adsorbed, and hybridized on the device surface. Excitation of single-stranded DNA molecules tagged with the fluorophore Alexa Fluor 430 with near UV/blue light results in the emission of visible light at 539 nm. The emitted light produces an electrical signal in the photodetector, allowing the optoelectronic detection and quantification of the DNA molecules. An integrated high-pass filter cuts the excitation light while allowing the collection of the emission light by the photodiode. The detection limit of the present device is of the order of 5 nM in solution. A surface density of the order of 2 pmol/cm2 was measured for DNA targets hybridized to immobilized DNA probes. The sensitivity of the current device is limited by the efficiency of the filtering of the excitation light. The detection concept explored can enable o.
Properties of the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation and the Kirchoff plate equation related to controllability

Summary form only given. A discussion is presented of the propagation of singularities, uniqueness questions, and other properties of the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation and the Kirchoff plate equation. A result previously obtained by the author (1985), which essentially gave an explicit solution to the boundary control problem for the plate equation u/sub tt/+ Delta /sup 2/u=0, is expanded upon to give a representation formula for a solution in a cylinder in terms of the Cauchy data on the lateral boundary. The relationship of the results to questions of controllability is examined. <<ETX>>
Dissipative Control for Nonlinear Neutral Delay Systems

The problem of delay-dependent dissipative control for nonlinear neutral delay systems is dealt with. We develop the design method of dissipative static state feedback controller such that the closed-loop system is absolutely stable and strictly-dissipative. Sufficient conditions for the existence of the quadratic dissipative controller are obtained by using linear Matrix Inequality(LMI) approach. Furthermore, a procedure of constructing such a controller from the solution of LMI is given. It is shown that the solvability of a dissipative controller design is implied by the feasibility of LMIs.
A strategy for representing the effects of convective momentum transport in multiscale models: Evaluation using a new superparameterized version of the Weather Research and Forecast model (SP‐WRF)

This paper describes a general method for the treatment of convective momentum transport (CMT) in large‐scale dynamical solvers that use a cyclic, two‐dimensional (2‐D) cloud‐resolving model (CRM) as a “superparameterization” of convective‐system‐scale processes. The approach is similar in concept to traditional parameterizations of CMT, but with the distinction that both the scalar transport and diagnostic pressure gradient force are calculated using information provided by the 2‐D CRM. No assumptions are therefore made concerning the role of convection‐induced pressure gradient forces in producing up or down‐gradient CMT. The proposed method is evaluated using a new superparameterized version of the Weather Research and Forecast model (SP‐WRF) that is described herein for the first time. Results show that the net effect of the formulation is to modestly reduce the overall strength of the large‐scale circulation, via “cumulus friction. ” This statement holds true for idealized simulations of two types of mesoscale convective systems, a squall line, and a tropical cyclone, in addition to real‐world global simulations of seasonal (1 June to 31 August) climate. In the case of the latter, inclusion of the formulation is found to improve the depiction of key synoptic modes of tropical wave variability, in addition to some aspects of the simulated time‐mean climate. The choice of CRM orientation is also found to importantly affect the simulated time‐mean climate, apparently due to changes in the explicit representation of wide‐spread shallow convective regions.
Ultra-thin sensor array for 3D curvature sensing

Flexible and stretchable systems-in-foil allow easy attachment to bodies with non-planar shapes and therefore offer a very attractive approach to new forms of sensing dynamic 3D shape changes. They may find applications in structural health monitoring or in the medical fields. This paper describes the design and fabrication of a novel 3D flexible curvature sensor-array on a plastic foil substrate which could be used for respiration monitoring of newborns. Each sensor element consists of four strain gages in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. To suppress sensor response on foil stretching and to increase sensitivity to foil bending the strain gages are located on opposite foil surfaces. Two resistors of the Wheatstone bridge are placed on the top and the two others, which are orthogonal to the top side resistors, on the bottom of the foil substrate. Thereby, an output signal can be achieved, which is at least 100% higher when compared with a one-sided sensor design. To characterize the sensor, bending experiments have been performed of both the double-sided and one-sided sensor designs. As the carrier foil material, we used a SU-8 photoresist additionally encapsulated with Polyimide from both sides to protect the sensing elements. The resistors are made of gold and are fabricated by a sputter process with subsequent photolithography. The advantage of our process sequence is that the complete double sided sensor with a thickness below 50 μm can be fabricated without the need to flip over the substrate in between. A key challenge in the fabrication process is the interconnection between the top and the bottom resistors. The interconnect vias are made in a photo definable interlayer and can withstand the bending experiments without disruption.
Divergence of high-degree harmonic solutions of a rotating elliptical earth

SUMMARY Responses of a spherical or elliptical earth to external or surface forces are usually studied by expanding the equations of motion in spherical-harmonic functions. We found that, however, there exists a divergence problem in studying an elliptical earth by using harmonic expansion. This is true not only for a loading response, but also for all the other problems concerning an elliptical earth for high-degree solutions. The discussions here on the divergence at high degrees tell us that some problems (such as surface load and shear forces) could not be solved by using harmonic expansion, and prevent us from solving the problems by the same means again.
A triangle test for equality of distribution functions in high dimensions

A triangle statistic is proposed for testing the equality of two multivariate continuous distributions in high-dimensional settings based on sample interpoint distances. Given two independent p-dimensional random samples, a triangle can be formed by randomly selecting one observation from one sample and two observations from the other sample. The triangle statistic estimates the probability that the distance between the two observations from the same distribution is the largest, the middle or the smallest in the triangle being formed by these three observations. We show that the test based on the triangle statistic is asymptotically distribution-free under the null hypothesis of equal, but unknown continuous distribution functions. The triangle test is compared with other nonparametric tests through a simulation study. The triangle statistic is well defined when the number of variables p is larger than the number of observations m, and its computational complexity is independent of p, making it suitable for high-dimensional settings.
Ultraviolet and radio observations of the young, rapidly rotating K0 dwarf star HD 197890

ABSTRACTWe present the results of UV observations taken with the International UltravioletExplorer (IUE) satellite and microwave observations obtained with the AustraliaTelescope during an observing campaign of the rapidly rotating KO dwarf starHD 197890, nicknamed 'Speedy Mic'. This star was recently recognized as apowerful, transient EUV source by the ROSA T WFC, and subsequent investigationshowed it to be a ZAMS or possibly a PMS dwarf which may be a member of theLocal Association. Our observations show it to have strong, variable UV emissionlines near the 'saturation' levels. The radio observations show a level of 'quiescent'emission consistent with other rapidly rotating stars, but there is no evidence for thelarge flux variations that normally characterize the time history of such objects. ORIGINAL PAGE IS Key words: stars: activity - stars: individual: HD 197890 - stars: late-type - stars:rotation - radio continuum: stars - ultraviolet: stars. '1 INTRODUCTIONOn 1990 October 17, the ROSAT Wide Field Camera(WFC) all-sky survey detected a strong transient fluxincrease in a source subsequently identified as the KOV starHD 197890 (see Bromage et al. 1992). This transient reacheda peak flux of at least 20 times the quiescent level (thestar was not detected in quiescence), and represented a totalenergy release of > 10" erg within the ROSAT S2 wave-length range. Subsequent ground-based observations showeda rotational Ksin i of 170120 km s~' (Anders et al. 1993)and no evidence of any non-random radial velocity varia-tions greater than 2 km s~', indicating a probable single star(Bromage et al. 1992). The star also shows a periodic photo-metric variation of A V- 0.2 with a period of 7 ± 1 h (Anderset al. 1993). This, combined with the rotational velocity,indicates a value of R sin i of about 0.98 ±0.14 R
TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF COMPLIANT MECHANISMS WITH STRENGTH CONSIDERATIONS*

Multicriteria formulations that have been reported previously in topology design of compliant mechanisms address flexibility and stiffness issues simultaneously and aim to attain an optimal balance between these two conflicting attributes. Such techniques are successful in indirectly controlling the local stress levels by constraining the input displacement. Individual control on the conflicting objectives is often difficult to achieve with these flexibility-stiffness formulations. Resultant topologies may sometimes be overly stiff, and there is no guarantee against failure. Local stresses may exceed the permissible yield strength of the constituting material in such designs. In this article, local failure conditions relating to stress constraints are incorporated in topology optimization algorithms to obtain compliant and strong designs. Quality functions are employed to impose stress constraints on retained material, ignoring nonexisting regions in the design domain. Stress constraints are further relaxed to regularize the design space to help the mathematical programming algorithms based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions yield improved solutions. Examples are solved to corroborate the solutions for failure-free compliant topologies that are much improved in comparison to those obtained using flexibility-stiffness multicriteria objectives. *Communicated by S. Azarm.
Saffman–Taylor instability in yield stress fluids

Pushing a fluid with a less viscous one gives rise to the well known Saffman–Taylor instability. This instability is important in a wide variety of applications involving strongly non-Newtonian fluids that often exhibit a yield stress. Here we investigate the Saffmann–Taylor instability in this type of fluid, in longitudinal flows in Hele–Shaw cells. In particular, we study Darcy’s law for yield stress fluids. The dispersion equation for the flow is similar to the equations obtained for ordinary viscous fluids but the viscous terms in the dimensionless numbers conditioning the instability now contain the yield stress. This also has repercussions on the wavelength of the instability as it follows from a linear stability analysis. As a consequence of the presence of yield stress, the wavelength of maximum growth is finite even at vanishing velocities. We study Darcy’s law and the fingering patterns experimentally for a yield stress fluid in a linear Hele–Shaw cell. The results are in rather good agreement with the theoretical predictions. In addition we observe different regimes that lead to different morphologies of the fingering patterns, in both rectangular and circular Hele–Shaw cells.
Electron and Hole Mobilities in Orthorhombically Strained Silicon

Carrier transport in orthorhombically strained Si is theoretically analyzed. Calculations are based on a 16×16 Hamiltonian matrix constructed from the linear combination of atomic orbital approximation with spin–orbit interaction and strain effect taken into account. In the case of electrons, there is a little difference between orthorhombic and biaxial strains. The phonon-limited hole mobility is about 1200 cm2/(V s) under orthorhombic strain at a Ge content of 30%. A strong hole mobility enhancement relative to unstrained bulk Si is found, ranging from a factor of two at a Ge content of 20% up to a factor of about three at a Ge content of 40%. The enhanced material properties make orthorhombically strained Si attractive for novel device applications, although the improvements are not as large as for biaxial tensile strain.
The genome sequence of the apple, Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh., 1803

We present genome assemblies from four Malus domestica cultivars (the apple; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Rosales; Rosaceae). The genome sequences are 643–653 megabases in span. The greater part of each assembly length (99.24–99.74%) is scaffolded into 17 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial and plastid genomes were also assembled and are 400 kilobases and 167 kilobases in length respectively.
Automated Detection Method to Extract Pedicularis Based on UAV Images

Pedicularis has adverse effects on vegetation growth and ecological functions, causing serious harm to animal husbandry. In this paper, an automated detection method is proposed to extract Pedicularis and reveal the spatial distribution. Based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, this paper adopts logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM), and random forest classifiers for multi-class classification. One-class SVM (OCSVM), isolation forest, and positive and unlabeled learning (PUL) algorithms are used for one-class classification. The results are as follows: (1) The accuracy of multi-class classifiers is better than that of one-class classifiers, but it requires all classes that occur in the image to be exhaustively assigned labels. Among the one-class classifiers that only need to label positive or positive and labeled data, the PUL has the highest F score of 0.9878. (2) PUL performs the most robustly to change features in one-class classifiers. All one-class classifiers prove that the green band is essential for extracting Pedicularis. (3) The parameters of the PUL are easy to tune, and the training time is easy to control. Therefore, PUL is a promising one-class classification method for Pedicularis extraction, which can accurately identify the distribution range of Pedicularis to promote grassland administration.