Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statement of Objectives-MIT EECS

My research goal is to develop generally intelligent robots capable of solving a wide variety of tasks under the complex and dynamic conditions of the real world. To this end, I am speciﬁcally interested in enabling agents to competently solve multiple tasks via continual or lifelong learning and combining learning with planning by learning models from low-level data that support high-level planning to a variety of different goals. I am also interested in improving the generalization capabilities of current learning algorithms by leveraging hierarchical structure or informative priors . Having worked with both modern machine learning techniques and classical AI algorithms, I am excited by the prospect of integrating Neuro-Inspired and Symbolic AI , thus my interests also span formal methods, control theory, deep learning and cognitive science. These interests were shaped by my undergraduate research experiences
Origin of Two Types of X-Ray Outbursts in Be/X-Ray Binaries. I. Accretion Scenarios

We propose a new scenario for X-ray outbursts in Be/X-ray binaries that normal and giant outbursts are, respectively, caused by radiatively inefficient accretion flows (RIAFs) and Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton (BHL) accretion of material transferred from the outermost part of a Be disk misaligned with the binary orbital plane. Based on simulated mass-transfer rates from misaligned Be disks, together with simplified accretion flow models, we show that massaccretion rates estimated from the luminosity of normal X-ray outbursts are consistent with those obtained with advection-dominated accretion flows, not with the standard, radiative-cooling dominated, accretion. Our RIAF scenario for normal X-ray outbursts resolves problems that have challenged the standard disk picture for these outbursts. When a misaligned Be disk crosses the orbit of a neutron star, e.g., by warping, the neutron star can capture a large amount of mass via BHL-type accretion during the disk transit event. We have numerically shown that such a process can reproduce the X-ray luminosity of giant X-ray outbursts. In the case of a very high Be disk density, the accretion flow associated with the disk transit becomes supercritical, giving rise to a luminosity higher than the Eddington luminosity.
A Phishing Study of User Behavior with Incentive and Informed Intervention

A user study was designed to understand user security behavior when processing phishing emails. Previous research suggests that people are victimized by phishing emails due to a lack of awareness and the adverse effects of time pressure and distraction on information processing. We looked deeper to explore what phishing indicators users overlook more often than others, and whether applying interventions that emphasize such phishing tells and awarding incentives for good performance improve accuracy and influence task completion time. More specifically, 20 participants of mixed educational backgrounds were recruited to perform an email sorting task. Participants were instructed to move emails into a suspicious or legitimate folder. Phishing emails varied by three different phishing tells: sender’s email address, link or attachment payload, and message composition. Each participant completed three rounds of the sorting task in one session. In the second round, one phishing tell, with which the participant struggled the most in the first round, was modified in a way to make it easier to recognize. Moreover, one group of participants was offered a financial reward if their classification accuracy reached 80% or better. Participants’ performance data of classification accuracy and task completion time were analyzed and presented with a few interesting findings. This paper discusses the complexity of conducting such a user study and describes the research experience that the team had.
Ground-state candidate for the classical dipolar kagome Ising antiferromagnet

We have investigated the low-temperature thermodynamic properties of the classical dipolar kagome Ising antiferromagnet using Monte Carlo simulations, in the quest for the ground-state manifold. In spite of the limitations of a single-spin-flip approach, we managed to identify certain ordering patterns in the low-temperature regime and we propose a candidate for this unknown state. This configuration presents some intriguing features and is fully compatible with the extrapolations of the at-equilibrium thermodynamic behavior sampled so far, making it a very likely choice for the dipolar long-range ordered state of the classical kagome Ising antiferromagnet.
ASSOCIATION OF AIR POLLUTION WITH PLACENTAL PATHOLOGY IN PREGNANT WOMEN OF ODISHA, INDIA: A CASE STUDY

Background: The exposure of pregnant women to atmospheric pollutants is related to the period of early development of the fetus, low birth weight, preterm delivery and low placental weight which occurs due to oxidative stress and it may cause placental abnormalities. Objective: The present cross-sectional study was conducted to know the effects of air pollution on placental pathology by taking 373 women volunteer participants with normal pregnancy from thickly populated, traffic-congested, industrial and remote rural areas of Odisha, India. Methods: We collected the pollution level of air pollutants of the three study areas during the period from 2015 to 2018 from the Odisha State Pollution Control Board (OSPCB) Bhubaneswar. The placental tissue was collected immediately after delivery. The effect of air pollutants on the placental pathology was analyzed by Histopathological studies done by using Hematoxylene and Eosin staining methods and photographed by florescent microscope. Results: The present study showed the level of pollution, percentage of exposure of pregnant mothers to ambient air pollution, preterm delivery, significant increase in preterm birth in heavy traffic congestion areas (Cuttack zone) and industrial areas (Jajpur zone) in comparison to rural non-industrial areas (Nilagiri zone). The histopathological study of placenta showed presence of PM 2.5 , Neutrophil granules, damaged tissues, desquamated epithelial tissues, thrombus and less number of villi in heavy traffic and industrial areas as compared to non-industrial areas. Conclusion: Our findings advocate that the exposure of pregnant women to air pollutants may adversely affect the growth and development of placenta and fetus in highly polluted areas. More studies are required for confirmation.
A Review of various Security Attacks on IOT Technology

: IoT is one of the most emerging technologies in the field of Computer Science. Numerous technologies are connected to the internet through various wireless means. There are a lot of technologies that IoT works on such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiMAX, NB-IoT, LORA, NFC, etc. These technologies have their protocols, and various features such as Range, frequency, data rates and much more. These technologies are also in danger of various types of attacks on them due to which user’s data is compromised. In this study, various studies proposed IoT technologies and their features along with the security attacks on them. In this work, six technologies i.e., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiMAX, NB-IoT, and LORA are compared and analysed after a deep analysis based on their general features along with the security attacks on them.
Evaluation of the resonance enhancement effect in neutrinoless double-electron capture in152Gd, 164Er, and 180W atoms

We study the resonant neutrinoless double-electron capture (0nECEC) in 152Gd, 164Er and 180W atoms, associated with the ground-state to ground-state nuclear transitions. The corresponding matrix elements are calculated within the deformed QRPA using the realistic Bonn-CD nucleon-nucleon interaction. The half-lives are estimated with the use of the most recent precision data on the Q-values of these processes. Perspectives of experimental search for the 0nECEC with the isotopes 152Gd, 164Er and 180W are discussed.
Progress in commissioning a neutron/X-ray radiography and tomography systems at IAEA NSIL

The Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory (NSIL) is currently establishing a Neutron Science Facility (NSF) based on two compact neutron generators: Deuterium-Deuterium (DD), resulting in 2.45 MeV neutrons, and Deuterium-Tritium (DT), resulting in 14.1 MeV neutrons, with maximum source intensities up to 5 × 106 n/s and 4 × 108 n/s over 4π, respectively. Neutron/X-ray radiography and tomography are two of the applications the NSF will be equipped with. In this paper, we report the state of the radiography and tomography system, and the neutron/X-ray radiography and tomography experiments we performed. Good radiographs and tomographs are obtained with X-ray. The spatial resolution of the X-ray radiography system is measured to be about 0.1 mm. The thermal neutron radiographs and fast neutron radiographs have proved that the DD neutron generator will be beneficial to demonstrate neutron radiography capabilities for educational purposes. Additionally, the detail of the collimator optimization of the DD neutron radiography was presented.
Hot Carrier Transportation Dynamics in InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Solar Cell

The hot carrier dynamics and its effect on the device performance of GaAs solar cell and InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cell (QDSC) was investigated. At first, the fundamental operation feature of conventional hot carrier solar cell was simulated based on the detailed balance thermodynamic model. Then we investigated the hot carrier dynamics in the normal junction based solar cell using hydrodynamic/energy Boltzmann transportation model (HETM) where the two temperature (carrier temperature and lattice temperature are treated separately. For the first time, we report an inherent quasi-equivalence between the detailed balance model and HETM model. The inter-link revealed here addresses the energy conservation law used in the detailed balance model from different angle and it paves a way toward an alternative approach to curtail the selective contact constraints used in the conventional hot carrier solar cell. In simulation, a specially designed InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cell was used in the simulation. By varying the hot carrier energy relaxation time , an increase in the open circuit voltage was clearly found with the increase of . Detailed analysis was presented regarding the spatial distribution of hot carrier temperature and its interplay with electric field and three hot carrier recombination processes (Auger, SRH and radiative)
Emission-Line Taxonomy and the Nature of AGN-Looking Galaxies in the SDSS

Abstract Massive spectroscopic surveys like the SDSS have revolutionized the way we study AGN and their relations to the galaxies they live in. A first step in any such study is to define samples of different types of AGN on the basis of emission-line ratios. This deceivingly simple step involves decisions on which classification scheme to use and data quality censorship. Galaxies with weak emission lines are often left aside or dealt with separetely because one cannot fully classify them onto the standard star-forming, Seyfert, or LINER categories. This contribution summarizes alternative classification schemes which include this very numerous population. We then study how star-formation histories and physical properties of the hosts vary from class to class, and present compelling evidence that the emission lines in the majority of LINER-like systems in the SDSS are not powered by black-hole accretion. The data are fully consistent with them being galaxies whose old stars provide all the ionizing power needed to explain their line ratios and luminosities. Such retired galaxies deserve a place in the emission-line taxonomy.
A Short Gamma-Ray Burst from a Protomagnetar Remnant

The contemporaneous detection of gravitational waves and gamma rays from GW170817/GRB 170817A, followed by kilonova emission a day after, confirmed compact binary neutron star mergers as progenitors of short-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and cosmic sources of heavy r-process nuclei. However, the nature (and life span) of the merger remnant and the energy reservoir powering these bright gamma-ray flashes remains debated, while the first minutes after the merger are unexplored at optical wavelengths. Here, we report the earliest discovery of bright thermal optical emission associated with short GRB 180618A with extended gamma-ray emission—with ultraviolet and optical multicolor observations starting as soon as 1.4 minutes post-burst. The spectrum is consistent with a fast-fading afterglow and emerging thermal optical emission 15 minutes post-burst, which fades abruptly and chromatically (flux density F ν ∝ t −α , α = 4.6 ± 0.3) just 35 minutes after the GRB. Our observations from gamma rays to optical wavelengths are consistent with a hot nebula expanding at relativistic speeds, powered by the plasma winds from a newborn, rapidly spinning and highly magnetized neutron star (i.e., a millisecond magnetar), whose rotational energy is released at a rate L th ∝ t −(2.22±0.14) to reheat the unbound merger-remnant material. These results suggest that such neutron stars can survive the collapse to a black hole on timescales much larger than a few hundred milliseconds after the merger and power the GRB itself through accretion. Bright thermal optical counterparts to binary merger gravitational wave sources may be common in future wide-field fast-cadence sky surveys.
A Monte Carlo investigation of the critical behavior of Stavskaya's probabilistic cellular automaton

Stavskaya’s model is a one-dimensional probabilistic cellular automaton (PCA) introduced in the end of the 1960’s as an example of a model displaying a nonequilibrium phase transition. Although its absorbing state phase transition is well understood nowadays, the model never received a full numerical treatment to investigate its critical behavior. In this brief report we characterize the critical behavior of Stavskaya’s PCA by means of Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling analysis. The critical exponents of the model are calculated and indicate that its phase transition belongs to the directed percolation universality class of critical behavior, as it would be expected on the basis of the directed percolation conjecture. We also explicitly establish the relationship of the model with the Domany-Kinzel PCA on its directed site percolation line, a connection that seems to have gone unnoticed in the literature so far.
Scalar dark matter in the B−L model

The U(1)B−L extension of the Standard Model requires the existence of right-handed neutrinos and naturally realizes the seesaw mechanism of neutrino mass generation. We study the possibility of explaining the dark matter in this model with an additional scalar field, ϕDM, that is a singlet of the Standard Model but charged under U(1)B−L. An advantage of this scenario is that the stability of ϕDM can be guaranteed by appropriately choosing its B−L charge, without the need of an extra ad hoc discrete symmetry. We investigate in detail the dark matter phenomenology of this model. We show that the observed dark matter density can be obtained via gauge or scalar interactions, and that semi-annihilations could play an important role in the latter case. The regions consistent with the dark matter density are determined in each instance and the prospects for detection in future experiments are analyzed. If dark matter annihilations are controlled by the B−L gauge interaction, the mass of the dark matter particle should lie below 5 TeV and its direct detection cross section can be easily probed by XENON1T; if instead they are controlled by scalar interactions, the dark matter mass can be much larger and the detection prospects are less certain. Finally, we show that this scenario can be readily extended to accommodate multiple dark matter particles.
Breakdown of a renormalized perturbation expansion around mode-coupling theory of the glass transition

We analyze a renormalized perturbation expansion around the mode-coupling theory of the glass transition. We focus on the long-time limit of the irreducible memory function. We discuss a renormalized diagrammatic expansion for this function and re-sum two infinite classes of diagrams. We show that the resulting contributions to the irreducible memory function diverge at the mode-coupling transition. A further re-summation of ladder diagrams constructed by iterating these divergent contributions gives a finite result which cancels the mode-coupling theory's expression for the irreducible memory function.
ANTI-GLITCHES WITHIN THE STANDARD SCENARIO OF PULSAR GLITCHES

Recent observations of a sudden spin down of the magnetar 1E2259+586, occurring on a timescale not exceeding two weeks (an event that has been dubbed an “anti-glitch”), still has not received any interpretation in terms of the standard scenario of pulsar glitches. Motivated by this observation, here we present a toy model that allows for anti-glitches in neutron stars under certain conditions within the standard approach.
The available force in long-duration memory complex systems and its statistical physical properties

A new concept of the available force in long-duration memory complex systems is proposed. The relationship between the available force in different time intervals and the correlation parameters of complex systems is described. It is found that when the correlation parameters satisfy a determined condition, the trajectory where the velocity is divergent but the displacement is convergent can be well described and that the long-duration memory, anomalous diffusion, and q-Gaussian type distribution of complex systems can also be well described by the correlation parameters in different cases. In addition, by utilizing the velocity of time series randomly and analyzing its probability distribution of displacement, it is explained that when there exists a long-duration memory in complex systems, the fat-tail distributions will show up. The results obtained show that the relationship between the available force and the correlation parameters may be used to investigate the statistical physical properties in long-duration memory complex systems.
Two Terrestrial Planet Families with Different Origins

The potentially important role of stellar irradiation in envelope removal for planets with diameters of ⪅2 R⊕ has been inferred both through theoretical work and the observed bimodal distribution of small planet occurrence as a function of radius. We examined the trends for small planets in the three-dimensional radius–insolation–density space and found that the terrestrial planets divide into two distinct families based on insolation. The lower insolation family merges with terrestrial planets and small bodies in the solar system and is thus Earth-like. The higher insolation terrestrial planet family forms a bulk-density continuum with the sub-Neptunes, and is thus likely to be composed of remnant cores produced by photoevaporation. Based on the density–radius relationships, we suggest that both terrestrial families show evidence of density enhancement through collisions. Our findings highlight the important role that both photoevaporation and collisions have in determining the density of small planets.
Spin-orbital Kondo effect in a parallel double quantum dot

Transport properties of the two-orbital Kondo effect involving both spin and orbital (pseudospin) degrees of freedom were examined in a parallel double quantum dot with a sufficient interdot Coulomb interaction and negligibly small interdot tunneling. The Kondo effect was observed at the interdot Coulomb blockade region with degeneracies of both spin and orbital degrees of freedom. When the orbital degeneracy is lifted by applying a finite detuning, the Kondo resonance exhibits a triple-peak structure, indicating that both spin and orbital contributions are involved.
AN H i COLUMN DENSITY THRESHOLD FOR COLD GAS FORMATION IN THE GALAXY

We report the discovery of a threshold in the H i column density of Galactic gas clouds below which the formation of the cold phase of H i is inhibited. This threshold is at NH i = 2 × 1020 cm−2; sight lines with lower H i column densities have high spin temperatures (median Ts ∼ 1800 K), indicating low fractions of the cold neutral medium (CNM), while sight lines with NH i ⩾ 2 × 1020 cm−2 have low spin temperatures (median Ts ∼ 240 K), implying high CNM fractions. The threshold for CNM formation is likely to arise due to inefficient self-shielding against ultraviolet photons at lower H i column densities. The threshold is similar to the defining column density of a damped Lyα absorber; this indicates a physical difference between damped and sub-damped Lyα systems, with the latter class of absorbers containing predominantly warm gas.
Stellar Yields of Rotating First Stars. II. Pair-instability Supernovae and Comparison with Observations

Recent theory predicts that first stars are born with a massive initial mass of ≳100 M⊙. Pair-instability supernova (PISN) is a common fate for such massive stars. Our final goal is to prove the existence of PISNe and thus the high-mass nature of the initial mass function in the early universe by conducting abundance profiling, in which properties of a hypothetical first star is constrained by metal-poor star abundances. In order to determine reliable and useful abundances, we investigate the PISN nucleosynthesis taking both rotating and nonrotating progenitors for the first time. We show that the initial and CO core mass ranges for PISNe depend on the envelope structures: nonmagnetic rotating models developing inflated envelopes have a lower shifted CO mass range of ∼70–125 M⊙, while nonrotating and magnetic rotating models with deflated envelopes have a range of ∼80–135 M⊙. However, we find no significant difference in explosive yields from rotating and nonrotating progenitors, except for large nitrogen production in nonmagnetic rotating models. Furthermore, we conduct the first systematic comparison between theoretical yields and a large sample of metal-poor star abundances. We find that the predicted low [Na/Mg] ∼ −1.5 and high [Ca/Mg] ∼0.5–1.3 abundance ratios are the most important to discriminate PISN signatures from normal metal-poor star abundances, and confirm that no currently observed metal-poor star matches with the PISN abundance. An extensive discussion on the nondetection is presented.
Trends in outcomes of pregnancy in patients with congenital heart disease

Purpose of review This review aims to analyze the trends in the management of pregnant patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Recent findings The literature that this article reviews specifically highlights the importance of multidisciplinary and specialized care, the unique and variable physiologic differences within the umbrella of CHD in pregnancy, and recommendations for obstetric and anesthetic care in the prenatal and peripartum period. Summary The findings that this article summarizes have profound implications for clinical practice and management of the patient with CHD, including the optimization of preoperative screening, facilitation of ideal prenatal care to include qualified specialists and resources, and recommendations for optimal anesthetic management during labor and delivery.
Differential response in patients with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung to initial therapy: A case series

Large cell neuroendocrine tumors of the lung (LCNEC) are rare. Chemotherapy with the small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) regimen is the most appropriate treatment for LCNEC. However, there is evidence that the non‐small cell lung cancer regimen is also effective in some reported cases. Due to the differences in response to LCNEC treatment, a standard of care for LCNEC has not been established.