Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overview of the James Webb Space Telescope Observatory

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large aperture, space telescope designed to provide imaging and spectroscopy from 1.0 μm to 28 μm. JWST will be launched to an orbit at L2 aboard an Ariane 5 launcher in 2013. The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is the lead center for the JWST program and manages the project for NASA. The prime contractor for JWST is Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGST). JWST is an international partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). ESA will contribute the Ariane 5 launch, and a multi-object infrared spectrograph. CSA will contribute the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS), which includes the Tunable Filter Imager (TFI). The European consortium, in collaboration with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), builds the mid-infrared imager (MIRI). In this paper we present an overview of the JWST science program, and discuss recent progress in the development of the observatory.
Universal Term in the Free Energy at a Critical Point and the Conformal Anomaly

We show that the leading finite-size correction to lnZ for a two-dimensional system at a conformally invariant critical point on a strip of length L, width β (β L ), is (π/6) c ( L /β), where c is the conformal anomaly. Equivalent, the leading low-temperature correction to the free energy of a one-dimensional quantum system is −(π/6) cL ( kT ) 2 / hv , where v is the effective “velocity of light. ” The latter formula is used to check recently derived critical theories of spin- s quantum chains against Bethe- Ansatz solutions. PACS numbers: 64.60. Fr, 05.30. Ch, 05.70. Jk, 75.40. –s
Supplementary Material : Referring to Object in Video using Spatio-Temporal Identifying Description

The length of referring expressions. We first analyze the length of referring expressions. We split each referring expression into words using Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) (Bird et al., 2009). Figure 1 shows the distribution of the number of words in each referring expression. STV-IDL contains varying lengths of referring expressions and the average length (22.65 words) is longer than most existing video referring expression datasets (Gao et al., 2017; Yamaguchi et al., 2017; Hendricks et al., 2017; Krishna et al., 2017) because we force the sentence syntax and encourage conjunctions. The referring expressions provided from the annotators as speakers are subjective. However, as long as we correctly understand what they refer to and the process leads to mutual understanding and successful communication, the grounding process is valid. We are aware that giving an example sentence may limit the variations of the referring exFigure 2: The number of target objects in STV-IDL is at least 2 with an average number of objects per video of 2.85.
Covering the boundary of a convex set by tiles

Let Euclidean space En be dissected by a finite family of hyper- planes. We estimate how many of the tiles obtained are sufficient to cover the boundary of a convex set A C En. Let P be a parallelogram divided into (pi + 1)(P2 +1) smaller parallelograms by Pi straight lines parallel to a pair of sides of P and by P2 straight lines parallel to the other. To cover the boundary of P we need, of course, 2(pi +P2) of the smaller parallelograms. We show that the boundary of every convex set A C P can be covered by no more than 2(px + p2) of the smaller parallelograms. An analogous property holds for convex subsets of an n-dimensional parallelotope. We also give an estimate of a similar nature for the dissection of Euclidean n-space En by a finite family of hyperplanes. The above estimates, and a more general one, are presented in Part 2 as corollaries of a monotonicity property formulated in the Theorem in Part 1. In Part 3, as an application, we present an estimate concerning Hadwiger's covering problem. The boundary, the interior and the relative interior of a convex set A C En are denoted by the symbols bdA, int A and riA, respectively. By a convex body we understand a compact convex set with nonempty interior. 1. A monotonicity property. Let us dissect the space En by a finite family sf of hyperplanes. We denote by tP# the family of the tiles obtained, i.e. the family of all n-dimensional closed polyhedral sets whose boundary points, and only boundary points belong to \J^. Let A be a convex set with nonempty interior. By 3°^(A) we denote the family of tiles of 3°& which have nonempty intersections with int A. Let <9? p(A) be the family of those sets oi3B^(A) which are unbounded or have a nonempty intersection with bd A. The symbol s^(A) means the number
Gd-doping effect on performance of HfO2 based resistive switching memory devices using implantation approach

An implantation doping approach is implemented to fabricate Gd-doped HfO2 resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices. The significantly enhanced performances are achieved in the Gd-doped HfO2 RRAM devices including improved uniformity of switching parameters, enlarged ON/OFF ratio, and increased switching speed without obvious reliability degradation. This performance improvement in the Gd-doped HfO2 RRAM devices is clarified to the suppressed randomicity of oxygen vacancy filaments’ formation and the reduced oxygen ion migration barrier induced by trivalent Gd-doping effect. The achieved results also demonstrate the validity of implantation doping approach for the fabrication of RRAM devices.
Precision dispersive approaches versus unitarized chiral perturbation theory for the lightest scalar resonances σ/f 0 (500) and κ/K ∗ 0 (700)

For several decades, the σ/f 0 (500) and κ/K ∗ 0 (700) resonances have been subject to long-standing debate. Both their existence and properties were controversial until very recently. In this tutorial review, we compare model-independent dispersive and analytic techniques versus unitarized Chiral Perturbation Theory, when applied to the lightest scalar mesons σ/f 0 (500) and κ/K ∗ 0 (700). Generically, the former have settled the long-standing controversy about the existence of these states, providing a precise determination of their parameters, whereas unitarization of chiral eﬀective theories allows us to understand their nature, spectroscopic classiﬁcation and dependence on QCD parameters. Here we review in a pedagogical way their uses, advantages and caveats.
HEAVY ION HEATING DUE TO INTERACTIONS WITH OUTWARD AND INWARD ALFVÉN WAVE PACKETS

The study of simultaneous cyclotron interactions of heavy ions with outward- and inward-propagating Alfvén wave packets in the solar wind was self-consistently conducted with wave-packet dynamics. It was shown that, even when the ratio of intensities of the Alfvén waves propagating from the Sun and the inward propagating waves are rather large (a factor of 10 or more), the distribution function of the ions simultaneously interacting with both of the wave packets drastically differs from the distribution function formed by the interaction of ions with waves only propagating from the Sun. In the latter case, the ions acquire a shell-like distribution; in the former case, a new non-shell-type distribution with much larger effective temperatures is formed. The temporal dynamics of the ion-distribution function and the self-consistent modification of the wave-power spectral density for both the outward and inward waves were also investigated. The results refute claims by Isenberg and Hollweg that the outward-propagating waves generate the inward waves through the instability of their resonant particle shell distribution.
Minimal anisotropy of the microwave background radiation in the gravitational instability picture

We examine the residual radiation anisotropy arising from the motion of the last-scatterers if the universe became optically thin at some epoch after recombination. We reestablish the order-of-magnitude result that a growing density enhancement with peculiar velocity v and optical depth tau< or =1 induces a residual brightness fluctuation approx.vtau/sup 2/, and we show that a contribution to the effect of the same order was neglected in previous analyses. We show that the polarization fluctuations are, in this scenario, smaller than the brightness fluctuations by a factor approx.tau.
Distributed Bragg reflectors based on AlN/GaN multilayers

A 20.5 period distributed Bragg reflector stack based on AlN/GaN has been grown on (0001) sapphire by electron cyclotron resonance plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. Peak reflectance up to 95% was observed at a wavelength of 392.5 nm. Cross-section transmission electron microscopy studies indicate that the interface of GaN-on-AlN is always sharper and more distinct than the interface of AlN-on-GaN. This is attributed to the different growth modes of AlN and GaN. When AlN grows on GaN, it tends to grow in a two-dimensional mode (Frank–van der Merwe mode) whereas GaN grows on AlN in a three-dimensional mode (Stranski–Krastanov mode). Based on these findings, the experimental reflectance data were simulated using the transmission matrix method.
Multifrequency-spectral behavior of the BL Lacertae objects OI 90.4 and 3C 66A

Single-epoch multifrequency data for the BL Lac objects OI 90.4 and 3C 66A, spanning radio through ultraviolet wavelengths, are presented, as well as other measurements relevant to intensity and spectral-shape variability. Both BL Lac objects exhibit spectral curvature in the infrared-to-ultraviolet region, a properity that is inferred to be usual for this object class. Variability in the ultraviolet spectral index of OI 90.4 is found, whereas the spectral index of 3C 66A is the same in two observations 17 months apart. A synchrotron self-Compton jet model is applied to each BL Lac object. The OI 90.4 data are found to be best satisfied by a jet with a relatively high degree of relativistic beaming, but emission at frequencies below about 50 GHz is not described by the model. Furthermore, 3C 66A may not always undergo strong relativistic beaming, and the model may incorporate the small fraction of the total radio emission below about 20 GHz that is from within about 1.5 milliarcsec of the core.
WAVELET BASED MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF ROUGH SURFACES : APPLICATION TO CLOUD MODELS AND SATELLITE DATA

The wavelet transform modulus maxima (WTMM) method is generalized to multifractal image analysis, providing a statistical characterization of the fluctuating roughness of fractal surfaces. This isotropic 2D version of WTMM methodology is calibrated on deterministic self-similar interfaces and random self-affine surfaces (fractional Brownian surfaces and multifractal counterparts). Applications to high-resolution satellite data and simulated radiance fields for stratocumulus clouds are presented. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Multibarrier tunneling in Ga1−xAlxAs/GaAs heterostructures

A theoretical study of resonant tunneling in multilayered Ga1−xAlxAs/GaAs structures is presented. The spectrum of resonant energies and its dependence on the barrier structure are analyzed from calculated profiles of barrier transparency versus energy, and from current–voltage characteristics computed at selected temperatures and Fermi levels. The present formalism is based on the effective mass approximation as done to date, but contains three significant improvements: a more realistic treatment of the spatial dependence of effective masses and band edges; the recognition of the special dynamical role played by the transverse energy as a consequence of the difference in itinerant two dimensional carrier motion from layer to layer; and the avoidance of plane‐wave or WKB approximations for calculating the wave function in favor of direct numerical evaluation. It is shown that these revisions lead to quantitative differences with results of previous work.
Effective impulse noise reduction method based on local correlation

Abstract This paper proposes a local correlation-based switching median filter for impulse noise reduction. The proposed algorithm consists of two main steps, detection and correction. In the first step, noise detection is performed using a scalable detection mask and morphological operation. In the second step, a corrupted pixel is corrected using the local correlation between the uncorrupted pixels in the mask. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can reduce impulse noise significantly and preserve more edge information than the existing state-of-art methods. In addition, the proposed method outperforms the most effective two schemes, which are simple adaptive median filter (SAM) and iterative adaptive switching median filter (IASMF) by an average of 1·68 and 0·49 dB, respectively. Therefore, we believe that the proposed method can be a useful tool for impulse noise-related products such as television, infrared-based devices and digital cameras.
Transition through Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in a breaking internal lee wave

Abstract Results of direct numerical simulations of the transitional processes that characterise the evolution of a breaking internal gravity wave to a fully developed and essentially steady turbulent patch are presented. The stationary lee wave was forced by the imposition of an appropriate bottom boundary shape within a density-stratified domain having a uniform upstream velocity and density gradient, and with the ratio of momentum to thermal (or other) diffusivity defined by $\mathit{Pr}=1$ . An earlier paper considered the eventual, fully developed turbulent patch arising after the breaking process is complete (Yakovenko et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 677, 2011, pp. 103–133); the focus in this paper is on the instabilities in the breaking process itself. The flow is analysed using streamlines, density contours and temporal and spatial spectra, as well as second moments of the velocity and density fluctuations, for a Reynolds number of 4000 based on the height of the bottom topography and the upstream velocity. The computations (on a grid using in excess of $10^{9}$ mesh points) yielded sufficient resolution to capture the fine-scale transition processes as well as the subsequent fully developed turbulence discussed earlier. It is shown that the major instability is of Rayleigh–Taylor type (RTI) with a resulting mixing region depth growing in a manner consistent with more classical RTI studies, despite the much more complicated environment. The resolution was sufficient to capture secondary Kelvin–Helmholtz-type instabilities on the developing RTI structures. Overall evolution towards the fully turbulent state characterised by a significant region of $-\frac{5}{3}$ subrange in both velocity and density spectra is very rapid. It is much faster than the long time scale characterising the subsequent evolution of the turbulent patch; this latter time scale is sufficiently large that the turbulent patch can itself be viewed as essentially steady.
A globally well‐posed nonlinear nonlocal diffusion

Nonlinear diffusions have successfully been employed to perform a variety of tasks in image processing. In the context of denoising, the Perona‐Malik equation is a particularly successful example. In spite of its cherished qualities, it is mathematically ill‐posed and has some practical short‐comings. In this short paper a new nonlocal nonlinear diffusion is reported upon, which is globally well‐posed and shares with Perona‐Malik all its qualities even improving on its weaknesses. It can be viewed as a new kind of regularization. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Resident Population Density-Inspired Deployment of K-Tier Aerial Cellular Network

Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to enhance network coverage has proven a variety of benefits compared to terrestrial counterparts. One of the commonly used mathematical tools to model the locations of the UAVs is stochastic geometry (SG). However, in the existing studies, both users and UAVs are often modeled as homogeneous point processes. In this paper, we consider an inhomogeneous Poisson point process (PPP)-based model for the locations of the users that captures the degradation in the density of active users as we move away from the town center. In addition, we propose the deployment of aerial vehicles following the same inhomogeneity of the users to maximize the performance. In addition, a multi-tier network model is also considered to make better use of the rich space resources. Then, the analytical expressions of the coverage probability for a typical user and the total coverage probability are derived. Finally, we optimize the coverage probability with limitations of the total number of UAVs and the minimum local coverage probability. Finally we give the optimal UAV distribution parameters when the maximum overall coverage probability is reached.
Do We Perceive Reality?

The cognitive scientist Donald Hoffman argues that we don’t perceive reality: spacetime, objects, colors, sounds, tastes, and so forth, are all merely an interface that we evolved to track evolutionary fitness rather than to perceive truths about external reality. In this paper, I expound on his argument, then I extend it, primarily, by looking at key ideas in physics that are quite germane to it. Among the topics in physics that I discuss are black holes, the holographic principle, string theory, duality, quantum gravity, and special relativity. I discuss these ideas from physics with an eye to their relevance for Hoffman’s view.
Nominal Recursors as Epi-Recursors

We study nominal recursors from the literature on syntax with bindings and compare them with respect to expressiveness. The term "nominal" refers to the fact that these recursors operate on a syntax representation where the names of bound variables appear explicitly, as in nominal logic. We argue that nominal recursors can be viewed as epi-recursors, a concept that captures abstractly the distinction between the constructors on which one actually recurses, and other operators and properties that further underpin recursion. We develop an abstract framework for comparing epi-recursors and instantiate it to the existing nominal recursors, and also to several recursors obtained from them by cross-pollination. The resulted expressiveness hierarchies depend on how strictly we perform this comparison, and bring insight into the relative merits of different axiomatizations of syntax. We also apply our methodology to produce an expressiveness hierarchy of nominal corecursors, which are principles for defining functions targeting infinitary non-well-founded terms (which underlie lambda-calculus semantics concepts such as Böhm trees). Our results are validated with the Isabelle/HOL theorem prover.
Estimating Distributions with Low-dimensional Structures Using Mixtures of Generative Models

There has been a growing interest in statistical inference from data satisfying the so-called manifold hypothesis, assuming data points in the high-dimensional ambient space to lie in close vicinity of a submanifold of much lower dimension. In machine learning, encoder-decoder pair based generative modelling approaches have been successful in learning complicated high-dimensional distributions such as those over images and texts by explicitly imposing the low-dimensional manifold structure. In this work, we introduce a new approach for estimating distributions on unknown submanifolds via mixtures of generative models. We show that conventional generative modeling approaches using a single encoder-decoder pair are generally unable to capture data distributions under the manifold hypothesis, unless the underlying manifold admits a global parametrization; however, this issue can be solved by using a collection of encoder-decoder pairs for learning different local patches of the data supporting manifold. A rigorous theoretical analysis is developed to demonstrate that the proposed estimator attains the minimax-optimal rate of convergence for the implicit estimation of data distributions with manifold structures. Our experiments show that, by utilizing parameter sharing, the proposed method can significantly improve the performance of conventional auto-encoder based generative modelling approaches with minimal additional computational efforts.
A Survey On Few-shot Knowledge Graph Completion with Structural and Commonsense Knowledge

Knowledge graphs (KG) have served as the key component of various natural language processing applications. Commonsense knowledge graphs (CKG) are a special type of KG, where entities and relations are composed of free-form text. However, previous works in KG completion and CKG completion suffer from long-tail relations and newly-added relations which do not have many know triples for training. In light of this, few-shot KG completion (FKGC), which requires the strengths of graph representation learning and few-shot learning, has been proposed to challenge the problem of limited annotated data. In this paper, we comprehensively survey previous attempts on such tasks in the form of a series of methods and applications. Specifically, we first introduce FKGC challenges, commonly used KGs, and CKGs. Then we systematically categorize and summarize existing works in terms of the type of KGs and the methods. Finally, we present applications of FKGC models on prediction tasks in different areas and share our thoughts on future research directions of FKGC.
Correct-by-Design Teamwork Plans for Multi-Agent Systems

We propose Teamwork Synthesis, a version of the distributed synthesis problem with application to teamwork multi-agent systems. We reformulate the distributed synthesis question by dropping the fixed interaction architecture among agents as input to the problem. Instead, our synthesis engine tries to realise the goal given the initial specifications; otherwise it automatically introduces minimal interactions among agents to ensure distribution. Thus, teamwork synthesis mitigates a key difficulty in deciding algorithmically how agents should interact so that each obtains the required information to fulfil its goal. We show how to apply teamwork synthesis to provide a distributed solution.
Spin-orbit torque for field-free switching in C_{3v} crystals

Spin-orbit torques in noncentrosymmetric polycrystalline magnetic heterostructures are usually described in terms of field-like and damping-like torques. However, materials with a lower symmetry point group can exhibit torques whose behavior substantially deviates from the conventional ones. In particular, based on symmetry arguments it was recently proposed that systems belonging to the C_{3v} point group display spin-orbit torques that can promote field-free switching [Liu et al. Nature Nanotechnology 16, 277 (2021)]. In the present work, we analyze the general form of the torques expected in C3v crystals using the Invariant Theory. We uncover several new components that arise from the coexistence of the three-fold rotation and mirror symmetries. Using both tight binding model and first principles simulations, we show that these unconventional torque components arise from the onset of trigonal warping of the Fermi surface and can be as large as the damping-like torque. In other words, the Fermi surface warping is a key indicator to the onset of field-free switching in low symmetry crystals.