Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-help Groups as Drivers of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Karnataka and Odisha States

This paper has conceptualised and measured the graduation of a self-help group member as a two-dimensional index, combining savings and enterprise dimensions, that reflects the ability of SHG members to start their own enterprises/income-generating activities. The study has covered a sample of 240 SHG members drawn from four districts, viz. Khordha and Sambalpur (Odisha) and Dakshina Kannada and Koppal (Karnataka). It was found that about 27 per cent of the SHGs did not have any member having individual savings bank account. The less-developed districts (Sambalpur and Koppal) fared better compared to the developed districts (Khordha and Dakshina Kannada) in terms of savings bank account penetration. The SHG members opened savings bank accounts, mostly for pro-entrepreneurial purposes. They undertook multiple activities ranging from mere wage labour to income-generating/microenterprises. The membership in SHG helped about 40 per cent of the people in taking up two or more additional activities than before. Farming followed by wage labour have been found the primary activities among SHG members. The tendency for taking up additional activities was higher among members from less-developed districts. The members with higher accumulated savings and possessing a mobile phone or belonging to younger groups have shown higher probability of going for additional activity. The paper has identified personal factors, SHG-related aspects and environment-related factors that helped the graduation process. Savings have shown positive influence on graduation index. However, borrowings did not emerge as a positive factor behind graduation. Nor it stimulated members to take up additional activities. However, using loan for non-consumption use has encouraged higher level of graduation. The paper has suggested scale, scope, convergence of efforts by different agencies and training as important aspects for consideration and has recommended to start a registry to avoid duplication of efforts.
Performance of a 512 x 512 gated CMOS imager with a 250 ps exposure time

We describe the performance of a 512x512 gated CMOS read out integrated circuit (ROIC) with a 250 ps exposure time. A low-skew, H-tree trigger distribution system is used to locally generate individual pixel gates in each 8x8 neighborhood of the ROIC. The temporal width of the gate is voltage controlled and user selectable via a precision potentiometer. The gating implementation was first validated in optical tests of a 64x64 pixel prototype ROIC developed as a proof-of-concept during the early phases of the development program. The layout of the H-Tree addresses each quadrant of the ROIC independently and admits operation of the ROIC in two modes. If “common mode” triggering is used, the camera provides a single 512x512 image. If independent triggers are used, the camera can provide up to four 256x256 images with a frame separation set by the trigger intervals. The ROIC design includes small (sub-pixel) optical photodiode structures to allow test and characterization of the ROIC using optical sources prior to bump bonding. Reported test results were obtained using short pulse, second harmonic Ti:Sapphire laser systems operating at λ~ 400 nm at sub-ps pulse widths.
High efficiency and high output power fiber-optic parametric amplifier

A highly efficient fiber-optic parametric amplifier (FOPA) is presented. A nearly complete pump depletion of 99.92% in a single-pumped FOPA is experimentally demonstrated with a pump power of 1W. In addition, a high signal output power of 0.53W is presented, corresponding to a power conversion efficiency of 53%, which is believed to be the highest efficiency ever reported for an FOPA.
VCSELs and silicon light sources exploiting SOI grating mirrors

In this talk, novel vertical-cavity laser structure consisting of a dielectric Bragg reflector, a III-V active region, and a high-index-contrast grating made in the Si layer of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer will be presented. In the Si light source version of this laser structure, the SOI grating works as a highly-reflective mirror as well as routes light into a Si in-plane output waveguide connected to the grating. In the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) version, there is no in-plane output waveguide connected to the grating. Thus, light is vertically emitted through the Bragg reflector. Numerical simulations show that both the silicon light source and the VCSEL exploiting SOI grating mirrors have superior performances, compared to existing silicon light sources and long wavelength VCSELs. These devices are highly adequate for chip-level optical interconnects as well as conventional short-distance optical connections. In the talk, device physics will be discussed in detail.
Weakly compact cardinals and nonspecial Aronszajn trees

LEMMA 1. If A is a cardinal with cf A > w, then E\ implies that there is a A\+-Aronszajn tree with an w-ascent path, i.e. a sequence (xtc: a +) with each = (Xa: n +, Xn precedes 4 in the tree order for sufficiently large n. LEMMA 2. If A is a cardinal with cf A = w v+ is a monotone increasing function of a, then T is nonspecial. THEOREM 4. If A is uncountable, then 0Z implies that there is a nonspecial A+ -Aronszajn tree. THEOREM 5. If AK is an uncountable cardinal, ,c = A+, and r, is not (weakly compact) L, then there is a nonspecial rc-Aronszajn tree. Notation. CH is the continuum hypothesis. Souslin trees are S-trees; ic-Souslin trees are ic-S-trees. Aronszajn trees are A-trees; ic-Aronszajn trees are ic-A-trees. A ic-wide tree is a tree of height ic with node set a subset of ic, with no ic-branches. SH,K is the ic-Souslin Hypothesis: there are no ic-Souslin trees. If ic = A+ and T is a ic-wide-tree, then T is ic-special iff there is f: T -* A, such that for any chain C of T, f IC is one-to-one (a more general formulation of this allows us to generalize the notion to regular limit cardinals, but we have no use for the generalization here). SAH,I is the ic-special-Aronszajn Hypothesis: all ic-A-trees are ic-special. Thus, SAH,I = SH,. BA is Baumgartner's Axiom and BACH is the conjunction of BA and CH; see [8 and 9, or 10]. Other notation will be introduced as needed or is intended to be standard or else have a clear meaning. Introduction. In [7] we proved that CH + SHN2 is a large cardinal hypothesis: we obtained consistency strength at least that of the existence of an inaccessible (we will write inaccessible <,O.s CH + SHN2, and similar expressions; equiconsistency statements will use ) In [4], Laver and Shelah showed that CH + SH 2 <cons weakly compact; in fact their methods show that BACH + SAH 2 <cons weakly Received by the editors July 16, 1986 and, in revised form, March 10, 1987. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 03E05, 03E45, 03E55, 03E99, 04A20, 04A99. The first author was partially supported by a BSF grant. Both authors were partially supported
Vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers: comparison of Fabry-Perot and rate equation approaches

Accurate calculation of gain saturation properties of vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers (VCSOAs) relies on correct calculation of the average photon density in the amplifier. The most popular methods to study optical amplifiers are based on Fabry-Perot and rate equation approaches. However, they are known to give significantly different results. This paper shows that using the general Poynting theorem, it is possible to reconciliate the two methods by reconsidering the calculation of the mirror losses in the rate equation approach.
Electron scattering in Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors

The electron mobility of n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors using Ge/GeO2/Al2O3 gate stack on (001) Ge substrates is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Phonon scattering, Coulomb scattering, and interface roughness scattering are taken into account. The Ge peak mobility exceeding Si universal in our device by a factor of 1.3 is due to the reduction of Coulomb scattering of the interface states. As compared to Si, the faster roll-off of the Ge mobility at the effective field larger than 0.3 MV/cm is due to larger interface roughness scattering.
The Reality of the Twin Paradox Effect

We discuss the assumption put forth recently by Sachs, that the proper time of a particle is a single-valued function of the space-time coordinates. We demonstrate that while it eliminates the age difference between the twins in the twin paradox, it also eliminates every other relativistic effect and implies Newtonian physics. We then discuss exactly how the nature of this assumption runs counter to the existence of a geometrical space-time manifold, and point out that the twin paradox is an integral part of relativistic physics, and that to deny its reality is to deny relativity.
MEASUREMENT OF PICOSECOND PULSE SUBSTRUCTURE USING COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES

A grating pair, which is capable of detecting the quadratic phase term (linear frequency sweep) and compressing the ultrashort pulses from a mode‐locked Nd‐glass laser has been used in conjunction with second harmonic generation techniques to reveal a periodic wobble of the consecutive pulse envelopes. An asymmetry in the picosecond pulse envelope has been detected by scanning the pulses with their compressed counterparts in a fluorescing dye cell excited by two‐photon absorption.
Current imaging in quantum point contacts

The experimental imaging of microscopic currents in two‐dimensional electron gas based systems has been recently realized exploiting an ingenious use of scanning microscope tips. By means of the Keldysh Green's function formalism in a tight‐binding framework, I study the electron transport in a model quantum point contact device, obtaining detailed maps of the local current distribution. The results are then compared with those obtained by a direct simulation of the experimental process, i.e. introducing a suitable external potential to reproduce the effect of the coupled microscopic tip on the overall conductance and the electron flow. The analysis of the differences between the two calculations helps to interpret the experimental maps and sheds light on the interference effects of the tip. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mud, Marine Snow and Coral Reefs

Worldwide degradation of coral reefs is widely recognized, but the exact causes have proved elusive. The authors have studied reefs in Australia and Guam for 10 to 20 years, amassing data about threats to reef welfare and developing computer models from those data to predict the effectiveness of remedial actions. Their findings suggest that control of runoff from adjoining land areas, which affects reef health in several ways, may be key to reef recovery.
Occurrence of Chaos and AT Line in Random Neural Networks

By using a local-chaos hypothesis, we obtain the static mean-field equations giving the distribution for the fixed points of asymmetric random neural networks in the presence of an external field. These equations are the SK solutions for the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model. We then study the critical value for the destabilization of the network, vs. the external field, and find it follows the De Almeida-Thouless line. We numerically compute the critical value for the entry into the chaotic regime and observe that, for increasing size, the destabilization line and the chaotic line collapse onto the AT line.
Iterative Reclassification Procedure for Constructing An Asymptotically Optimal Rule of Allocation in Discriminant-Analysis

Abstract The construction of a suitable rule of allocation in the two-population discrimination problem is considered in the case where there are initially available from the populations II1, II2, n 1, n 2 observations and M unclassified observations. An iterative reclassification procedure based on the n 1 + n 3 + M observations is proposed and found asymptotically optimal when M → ∞ and n 1 and n 2 are moderately large. The case of finite M is evaluated by a Monte Carlo experiment which suggests that the proposed procedure, after only one iteration, gives a rule with smaller average risk than the usual rule based on just the n 1 + n 2 classified observations.
A modified finite difference sensitivity analysis method allowing remeshing in large strain path‐dependent problems

Finite difference sensitivity analysis is simple and general yet usually inefficient and inaccurate compared to the analytical sensitivity approach. Although its high computational cost is not an issue in iteratively solved problems, its inaccuracies are critical in path‐dependent problems when remeshing is required. In this case, the errors caused by parametric inversion and interpolation in variables transfer to the new mesh can be as large as the gradient components. This paper presents an efficient modified finite difference approach that allows remeshing either in path‐independent or path‐dependent problems, not being affected by the aforementioned errors. The strategy to cope with remeshing is extensive to the semi‐analytical method which, for non‐linear analyses, is shown to be a particular case of the proposed finite difference sensitivity approach. With this implementation, the finite difference, the semi‐analytical and the analytical sensitivity methods all have comparable computational costs. The perturbation of unstructured meshes is performed with an inverse power Laplacian smoothing. The low cost and the accuracy of the sensitivity fields obtained after remeshing are shown in two examples, considering shape and constitutive design variables. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement and Structural Model Class Separation in Mixture CFA: ML/EM Versus MCMC

Parameter recovery was assessed within mixture confirmatory factor analysis across multiple estimator conditions under different simulated levels of mixture class separation. Mixture class separation was defined in the measurement model (through factor loadings) and the structural model (through factor variances). Maximum likelihood (ML) via the EM algorithm was compared to a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimator condition using weak priors and a condition using tight priors. Results indicated that the MCMC weak condition produced the highest bias, particularly with a weak Dirichlet prior for the mixture class proportions. Specifically, the weak Dirichlet prior affected parameter estimates under all mixture class separation conditions, even with moderate and large sample sizes. With little knowledge about parameters, ML/EM should be used over MCMC weak. However, MCMC tight produced the lowest bias under all mixture class separation conditions and should be used if tight and accurate priors can be placed on parameters.
On the semiclassical limit of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation

The authors continue their investigation of approximation schemes for obtaining semiclassical Einstein equations with a backreaction, starting from the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. The analysis is carried out using a toy model with two degrees of freedom, which represents a matter field interacting with gravity. They argue that the backreaction is to be found using the phase of the matter part of the wavefunction. Using a semiclassical Wigner function they find the general condition for the validity of a semiclassical theory: the dispersion in the metric derivative of the phase of the matter wavefunction should be negligible. They then consider a special case of the toy Lagrangian, that of a time-dependent harmonic oscillator, and show that the backreaction is equal to the expectation value of the matter Hamiltonian only if the background 'metric' varies slowly with time. The Wigner function, when applied to a semiclassical cosmological model, shows that the semiclassical approximation is valid only when the quantum contribution to the energy-momentum tensor is small compared to the classical contribution.
A nonlinear analysis of a mechanical model for biological pattern formation

This paper studies a simplified but biologically relevant version of a mechanical model for morphogenesis proposed by Oster, Murray, and Harris [J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. , 78 (1983), pp. 83–125]. A nonlinear bifurcation analysis of the partial differential system is presented. In the one-dimensional version, the derivation of the amplitude equation involves a nonstandard element. The analysis of a caricature of the two-dimensional system predicts the formation of rolls and hexagons. The biological significance of these results to feather germ formation is briefly discussed.
Electrostatic‐spray theory

The statistical equilibrium model for the electrostatic spraying of liquids, previously described by the author, is compared with the available experimental data for Woods’s metal, octoil, and glycerine. The model’s Lagrangian multipliers α′, β′, and δ′ have been evaluated for these fluids. In the two instances where the ratio α′/β′ could be determined (Woods’s metal and octoil), the same value −10−17±15% J was obtained. A tentative expression for this ratio is presented and it is proposed that all practical electrostatic‐spray systems are dominated by electron‐emission‐limited processes. Discontinuities in mean specific charge as a function of droplet radius are predicted and shown to be consistent with the available data. Best correspondence with limited data indicates α′ to be proportional to an inverse fluid property capillary number. In addition, an expression for the pulsed system Lagrangian multiplier δ′ is developed for steady‐state systems. The detailed characteristics of a pulsed benzene spray appropriate for use in internal‐combustion engines are described.
Prompt gamma measurements for locating the dose falloff region in the proton therapy

The location of the distal falloff in the proton therapy is an important but often uncertain parameter as different tissue elements are traversed by the beam. A multilayered collimator system has been constructed as a practical means to locate the dose ends by measuring prompt gammas. The collimator is designed to moderate and capture fast neutrons and to prevent unwanted gammas from reaching the scintillation detector. The system has been studied using Monte Carlo technique and has been tested in the beam energy range of 100–200MeV. Measurements clearly indicated correlations between the gamma distributions and the distal falloff regions.
Near-threshold resonances in electron elastic scattering cross sections for Au and Pt atoms: identification of electron affinities

The recent Regge-pole methodology has been employed together with a Thomas–Fermi type potential which incorporates the vital core-polarization interaction to investigate the near-threshold electron attachment in Au and Pt as Regge resonances. The resultant stable negative ion states are found to have the discernible characteristic of very small imaginary parts of the Regge poles, which translate into long-lived resonances. The near-threshold electron elastic total cross sections are characterized by multiple resonances from which we extract the electron affinity (EA) values through the scrutiny of the imaginary part of the relevant complex angular momentum. For the Au− and Pt− negative ions the extracted binding energies of 2.262 eV and 2.163 eV, respectively are in excellent agreement with the most recently measured EA values for Au and Pt. Ramsauer–Townsend minima, shape resonances and the Wigner threshold behaviour are identified in both Au− and Pt− ions.
Anchorage Windstorm of 1 December 1992

Abstract On 1 December 1992 a strong downslope windstorm with an atypical damage pattern hit Anchorage. Downslope windstorms are common in Anchorage from September through April. Typically damaging winds from these storms are confined to the foothills of the Chugach Mountains and east Anchorage within 5 km of the edge of the foothills. In the 1 December storm, moderate wind damage occurred across the entire city in areas where wind damage is a rarity during downslope windstorms. Anchorage forecasters use an empirically derived automated technique to forecast downslope windstorms. The technique works very well. It is the purpose of this study to add to this technique so that atypical storms like the 1 December storm can be detected in advance. Historical records were searched and two storms with similar atypical damage patterns were found. In this study the 1 December windstorm is described, the two historical storms with similar atypical damage patterns are described, and a forecast tool is devised using .
Optimal designs for the identification of the order of a Fourier regression

For the Fourier regression model, we determine optimal designs for identifying the order of periodicity. It is shown that the optimal design problem for trigonometric regression models is equivalent to the problem of optimal design for discriminating between certain homo- and heteroscedastic polynomial regression models. These optimization problems are then solved using the theory of canonical moments, and the optimal discriminating designs for the Fourier regression model can be found explicitly. In contrast to many other optimality criteria for the trigonometric regression model, the optimal discriminating designs are not uniformly distributed on equidistant points.
The precision of different experimental designs for a random field

SUMMARY Various experimental designs can be used to study the effects of several treatments on a field. The variation of yield in the field will be represented by a realization of a stationary process with isotropic covariance. The variance of an estimator of a treatment effect can be divided into two parts, the first part due to experimental errors and the second part involving the process as well as randomization. This second component will be studied in order to find an optimal experimental design.
BINGHAM AWARD LECTURE—1994 Shear‐induced particle diffusion in concentrated suspensions of noncolloidal particles

The flow of concentrated suspensions of noncolloidal particles in viscous Newtonian fluids gives rise to shear‐induced particle diffusion which can generate a nonuniform particle concentration profile within the sample being sheared even under creeping flow conditions. This diffusive process owes its existence to the fact that the motion of a given particle within the suspension acquires a random component, as a result of the hydrodynamic interactions among the particles the positions of which are also random. We distinguish three such diffusive phenomena; (a) self‐diffusion of a marked particle in a suspension of uniform concentration; (b) diffusion from regions of high concentration to low; and (c) diffusion from regions of high shear to low. As a consequence of (b) and (c), when a well‐mixed suspension of neutrally buoyant particles is made to flow in a long tube or channel, a fully developed particle concentration profile is attained in which the concentration increases monotonically from the wall to the center. The effective viscosity of the suspension adjacent to the wall is thereby reduced and hence, for a given volumetric flow rate, the pressure drop in such a system is significantly lower than if the particles were uniformly distributed. These diffusive effects are also responsible for the phenomenon of viscous resuspension whereby an initially settled bed of heavy particles in contact with a clear fluid above it can be resuspended under the action of a shear flow. Several additional consequences of shear‐induced particle diffusion in flowing concentrated suspensions are presented and then discussed.
On the effect of friend feedbacks

Given 𝒮 an (A,B)‐invariant subspace, we prove that the set of friend feedbacks is a linear variety, which can be considered as the direct sum of the feedbacks of the restriction to 𝒮 and the co‐restriction to 𝒮⊥. In particular, when the natural controllability hypothesis hold, both pole assignments are simultaneously possible by means of a convenient friend feedback. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.