Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A EROSOL DISTRIBUTION OVER MUNICH USING CALIPSO LEVEL 2 DATA AND COMPARISON WITH MODIS , AERONET AND MULIS DATA

The dataset of the backscatter lidar CALIOP onboard the satellite CALIPSO is most valuable, because it is at present the best source of information for the global, vertical resolved distribution of aerosols. Using the CALIOP level 2 data several aerosol related parameters can be investigated as e.g. the average PBL height, the occurrence of aerosol types, or the extent of elevated layers. The Meteorological Institute Munich (MIM) operating the ground based Raman lidar MULIS and an AERONET Sunphotometer is well suited to review the information content and the limitations of the dataset. A comparison of the aerosol optical depth with the independent datasets of AERONET and MODIS shows significantly smaller values of the CALIPSO dataset. Thorough studies of CALIPSO data and first comparisons with MULIS suggest that one reason for this discrepancy is that CALIPSO fails to detect optical thin layers. Also, the distinction of ground near layers from the strong surface return can lead to a loss of aerosol information. The use of a too small lidar ratio would cause too low extinction coefficients for optical thin and medium aerosol layers and as a consequence underestimate the AOD.
Energy spectra in a helical vortex breakdown

Using spectrally accurate, direct numerical simulations, we show that vortices with axial flows (without an imposed strain) generate small scales, i.e., breakdown, when they are randomly perturbed. We show that the breakdown that occurs without the necessity of a stagnation point in the flow is nonlinear and that energy spectra of the breakdown present a range of a k−5/3 scaling (k being a wavenumber). These features are the same for centrifugally stable and unstable azimuthal velocities. However, centrifugally unstable azimuthal velocities promote mixing in vortices with an axial flow. We also find that vortex breakdown could be a physical mechanism against a finite time singularity in Navier–Stokes equations. Contrarily, we do not observe a breakdown using spectrally truncated Euler equations. For these equations we find a scaling of the energy spectra compatible with the existence of a finite time singularity.
Caustics of developable surfaces

While considering a mirror and light rays coming either from a point source or from infinity, the reflected light rays may have an envelope, called a caustic curve. In this paper, we study developable surfaces as mirrors. These caustic surfaces, described in a closed form, are also developable surfaces of the same type as the original mirror surface. We provide efficient, algorithmic computation to find the caustic surface of each of the three types of developable surfaces (cone, cylinder, and tangent surface of a spatial curve). We also provide a potential application of the results in contemporary free-form architecture design.
Stability of 3D-object grasping under non-holonomic constraints and the gravity effect

Abstract This paper derives a mathematical model of motion of a pair of multi-DOF fingers grasping a 3D-object with rolling contacts under the gravity effect. Even if the instantaneous axis of rotation of the object is time-varying and spinning around the opposition axis stops (this induces another non-holonomic constraint), it is shown that Lagrange's equation of motion of the overall fingers-object system can be expressed with an explicit form of contact and rolling constraint force terms. The overall system equation is accompanied with the non-holonomic constraint expressed as a linear differential equation of an orthogonal matrix belonging to SO(3) without violating causality. A simple control signal constructed from finger-thumb opposition for precision prehension is proposed and shown to realize stable grasping in a dynamic sense under the gravity effect without using object information or external sensing (this is called “blind grasping” in this paper). A sketch of the proof of stability of the closed-loop dynamics is presented together with some results of numerical simulation.
Ultra-low-power backscatter-based software-defined radio for intelligent and simplified IoT network

The recent decade has witnessed an upsurge in the demands of intelligent and simplified Internet of Things (IoT) networks that provide ultra-low-power communication for numerous miniaturized devices. Although the research community has paid great attention to wireless protocol designs for these networks, researchers are handicapped by the lack of an energy-efficient software-defined radio (SDR) platform for fast implementation and experimental evaluation. Current SDRs perform well in battery-equipped systems, but fail to support miniaturized IoT devices with stringent hardware and power constraints. This paper takes the first step toward designing an ultra-low-power SDR that satisfies the ultra-low-power or even battery-free requirements of intelligent and simplified IoT networks. To achieve this goal, the core technique is the effective integration of µW-level backscatter in our SDR to sidestep power-hungry active radio frequency chains. We carefully develop a novel circuit design for efficient energy harvesting and power control, and devise a competent solution for eliminating the harmonic and mirror frequencies caused by backscatter hardware. We evaluate the proposed SDR using different modulation schemes, and it achieves a high data rate of 100 kb/s with power consumption less than 200 µW in the active mode and as low as 10 µW in the sleep mode. We also conduct a case study of railway inspection using our platform, achieving 1 kb/s battery-free data delivery to the monitoring unmanned aerial vehicle at a distance of 50 m in a real-world environment, and provide two case studies on smart factories and logistic distribution to explore the application of our platform.
One‐step separation of high‐purity (6,5) carbon nanotubes by multicolumn gel chromatography

We investigated the separation of the (6,5) chirality from a commercially available (6,5)‐enriched CoMoCAT single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by the multicolumn gel chromatography method. Results show that several (6,5) fractions with different purities were sorted across the different gel columns. The metallic SWCNTs were collected as the finally unbound SWCNTs. The highest chirality purity of the (6,5) fractions after one‐step separation was 74.5%, which is much higher than that (∼53.8%) of the (6,5) fraction separated from HiPco SWCNTs which contain a broad chirality distribution. This result indicates that the multicolumn method can highly improve the separation yield and efficiency of a specific (n,m) species if it is present at a high level in the starting material.
Integer‐Valued GARCH Process

Abstract. An integer‐valued analogue of the classical generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) (p,q) model with Poisson deviates is proposed and a condition for the existence of such a process is given. For the case p = 1, q = 1, it is explicitly shown that an integer‐valued GARCH process is a standard autoregressive moving average (1, 1) process. The problem of maximum likelihood estimation of parameters is treated. An application of the model to a real time series with a numerical example is given.
Distribution of the electrostatic potential barrier in the n-p, amorphous-crystalline silicon heterojunction

The built‐in potential, the distribution of the potential barrier between both semiconductors, the depletion widths, and the electric field at the interface have been evaluated in an n‐amorphous/p‐crystalline silicon heterojunction. V‐shaped and U‐shaped distributions have been adopted to approximate the density of states in the gap of amorphous silicon. Flat Fermi levels were assumed across both depletion regions. The results were compared to those of crystalline silicon homojunctions with identical doping levels.
Methods for UGV teleoperation with high latency communications

In this project, we developed and demonstrated complementary UGV control methods for teleoperation with highlatency communications. The methods included latency protection, predictive displays, and supervisory control. Latency protection mitigate against typical types of high-latency teleoperation input errors. The Phase I latency protection methods included filtering the joysick commands, limiting the commanded rates as a function of latency, and emergency stop when the operator commands and OCU navigation video were out of phase. Predictive displays indicate to the operator the current state of the UGV, i.e., the state after all of the latent commands are executed (latent commands are those that have been issued but whose effects do not yet appear in the OCU display). We implemented two alternative predictive display methods: augmented reality using iconography to indicate the effects of the latent commands, and virtual reality which warps the image to show the view to reflect the latent commands. Supervisory control allows the operator to specify simple, short-range objectives that the UGV can accomplish on its own, without advanced sensing, path planning, etc. We implemented an effective "point-and-go" supervisory control system. We successfully implemented and demonstrated these methods on a Packbot© 510 EOD robot (made by iRobot Corporation), currently being used in-theater.
Further Views on the Succession‐Concept

There are few features of ecology which so challenge the interest as the development of vegetation in time, commonly termed succession, since by it we are enabled to look beyond our present period into either the past or the future and to construct a mental image of vegetation which we shall personally never see. Demanding for its elucidation a careful correlation of cause and effect, and a knowledge of physiography, geology, and climatology, as well as a thorough understanding of plant behavior, it becomes the most abstruse phase of ecology as well, although scarcely complicated by the statistical mathematics of plant sociology. Numerous American ecologists have given it their attention, following the early example of Cowles and Clements, either discussing succession in a concrete way, as exemplified in the vegetation under their observation, or attempting to deduce laws and principles which may be of general application to successional phenomena. It is the latter phase which I wish to discuss in the following pages, since it appears entirely possible that our deductions, however praiseworthy in their purpose, may sometimes have gone too far into a rigidity of concept and a formalism of expression and classification not fully justified by the facts in hand. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to show the difficulties, and possibly even some inaccuracies, which may follow a too strict formalism, and to convey the idea that succession is an extraordinarily mobile phenomenon, whose processes are not to be stated as fixed laws, but only as general principles of exceedingly broad nature, and whose results need not and frequently do not ensue in any definitely predictable way.
Optical Monitoring of Markarian 335 from 1994 to 2001 and Its Historical Light Curve

Photometric CCD observations (V, R, and I) of Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 335 (Mrk 335) were carried out from 1994 to 2001. During this monitoring period, the source was generally quiescent, but possible microvariation was found for 1999 November 20. If a hot spot on the accretion disk was responsible for this microvariation, then there is probably a supermassive black hole of around 3 × 107 M⊙ at the center of the source. The historical light curve from 1974 to 2000 was also compiled, and a possible period of 6.3 yr was found using the Jurkevich method.
Multiple-Parameter Radar Observations of Isolated Florida Thunderstorms during the Onset of Electrification

Abstract A prime objective of the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification experiment was to Study the electrification of Florida thunderstorms in greater depth using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/United States Air Force electric field mill network; a small fleet of aircraft; the dual-frequency, dual-polarization CP-2 radar of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and other radars including the NCAR Doppler CP-3 and CP-4. Analyses of three small, isolated storms on 19 July 1991 suggest that the onset of electrification coincides with the appearance of significant volumes of differential reflectivity, indicative of liquid raindrops larger than 2-mm diameter, above the −7°C level accompanied by the nearly simultaneous appearance of significant depolarization, initially associated with the freezing of these drops. Although the relationship of the onset of electrification to various aspects of the radar reflectivity factor Z are more ambiguous, a rapid increase in the al.
A Causal Replication Framework for Designing and Assessing Replication Efforts

Abstract. Replication has long been a cornerstone for establishing trustworthy scientific results, but there remains considerable disagreement about what constitutes a replication, how results from these studies should be interpreted, and whether direct replication of results is even possible. This article addresses these concerns by presenting the methodological foundations for a replication science. It provides an introduction to the causal replication framework, which defines “replication” as a research design that tests whether two (or more) studies produce the same causal effect within the limits of sampling error. The framework formalizes the conditions under which replication success can be expected, and allows for the causal interpretation of replication failures. Through two applied examples, the article demonstrates how the causal replication framework may be utilized to plan prospective replication designs, as well as to interpret results from existing replication efforts.
Monopulse transmitarray antenna fed by aperture-coupled microstrip structure

An X-band monopulse antenna based on trans‐ mitarray with light-weight and low-cost features is designed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed antenna is composed of a transmitarray lens, a feed source which combines aperture-coupled microstrip antennas, and a sum-difference (SUM-DIFF) compar‐ ator. According to simulation and measurement results of the transmitarray based monopulse antenna, gain of sum beam reaches 21.5 dBi. The sidelobe level is below − 13.4 dB, and the cross polarization level is below − 20 dB. In addition, the gain ratios between the sum beam and difference beam in E-plane and H-plane are 5.6 dB and 4 dB, respectively. The trans‐ mitarray based monopulse antenna could be applied in low-cost SATCOM on the move (SOTM) system.
The ‘Indian rope trick’ for a parametrically excited flexible rod: linearized analysis

It is well known that if a column exceeds a certain critical length it will, when placed upright, buckle under its own weight. In a recent experiment Mullin has demonstrated that a column that is longer than its critical length can be stabilized by subjecting its bottom support point to a vertical vibration of appropriate amplitude and frequency. This paper proposes a theory for this phenomenon. Geometrically nonlinear dynamical equations are derived for a stiff rod (with linearly elastic constitutive laws) held vertically upwards via a clamped base point that is harmonically excited. Taking the torsion–free problem, the equations are linearized about the trivial response to produce a linear non–autonomous inhomogeneous partial differential equation (PDE). Solutions to this PDE are examined using two–timing asymptotics and numerical Floquet theory in an infinite–dimensional analogue of the analysis of the Mathieu equation. Good agreement is found between asymptotics and numerics for the conditions on amplitude and frequency of vibration for stabilizing an upside–down column that is longer than the critical length. A simple condition is derived for the lower bound on frequency for stability in terms of amplitude and the column's length. An upper bound is more subtle, due to the presence of infinitely many resonance tongues inside the stability region of parameter space.
High power blue light generation by frequency doubling of a laser diode in a periodically domain‐inverted LiTaO3 waveguide

We report high power and stable blue‐light generation by frequency doubling a laser diode, stabilized by a grating feedback technique, in a periodically domain‐inverted LiTaO3 waveguide. Due to the deep domain‐inverted regions and strong waveguide confinement formed by proton‐exchange and a quick heat treatment, high efficiency second harmonic generation (SHG) has been obtained. Locking the oscillation wavelength of a laser diode through the waveguide by a grating feedback technique, 8 mW of stable blue SHG has been demonstrated.
Numerical Investigation of Viscous Dissipation in Elliptic Microducts

In this work a numerical analysis of heat transfer in elliptical microchannels heated at constant and uniform heat flux is presented. A gaseous flow has been considered, in laminar steady state condition, in hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed forced convection, accounting for the rarefaction effects. The velocity and temperature distributions have been determined in the elliptic cross section, for different values of aspect ratio, Knudsen number and Brinkman number, solving the Navier-Stokes and energy equations within the Comsol Multiphysics® environment. The numerical procedure has been validated resorting to data available in literature for slip flow in elliptic cross sections with Br =0 and for slip flow in circular ducts with Br > 0. The comparison between numerical results and data available in literature shows a perfect agreement. The velocity and temperature distributions thus found have been used to calculate the average Nusselt number in the cross section. The numerical results for Nusselt number are presented in terms of rarefaction degree (Knudsen number), of viscous dissipation (Brinkman number), and of the aspect ratio. The results point out that the thermal fluid behavior is significantly affected by the viscous dissipation for low rarefaction degrees and for aspect ratios of the elliptic cross-section higher than 0.2.
Influence of pressure on the Pt nanoparticle growth modes during pulsed laser ablation

Pulsed laser deposition of a platinum target was performed in solution and in a He background gas atmosphere at pressures ranging from 10−5 to 11 Torr. The influence of the plasma dynamics on the structural properties of the nanostructured Pt films was investigated by time-of-flight and space-resolved emission spectroscopy (velocity measurements). It is shown that two different growth modes exist. In the first, formation of nanoparticle is occurring in the surrounding media (gas or solution), while in the second one, diffusion and reorganization of atomic species at the substrate surface is favored. In a gaseous environment, the transition between both modes is occurring at He pressure of ∼0.5 Torr, which corresponds to a velocity of ∼5.8×103 m s−1.
The temporal evolution of the ratio HNO3/NOy in the Arctic lower stratosphere from January to March 1997

Aircraft‐based measurements of HNO3, NOy, N2O, and O3 have been performed in the Arctic lower stratosphere in January (POLSTAR I) and March (STREAM III) of 1997. The two projects employed different aircraft platforms. In addition, NOy and O3 were measured using different instruments in the two campaigns. HNO3 and NOy were found strongly correlated with correlation coefficients of 0.84 (POLSTAR I) and 0.69 (STREAM III), respectively. The fraction of HNO3 within NOy decreased from 96% in January to 59% in March. The decrease is consistent with the lifetime of HNO3 due to photolysis after polar sunrise. The relationship of NOy and HNO3 with N2O shows that in January NOy and HNO3 values were markedly higher than expected, which may indicate nitrification by PSC‐II particle sedimentation and evaporation. Contradictory, the ratios NOy/O3 observed in January are only slightly elevated. In March, NOy‐N2O and NOy‐O3 relations agree well with others reported in the literature. The difference between the NOy‐O3 and NOy‐N2O relationships is partly explained by an observed O3 decrease of about 30% between January and March.
Dynamics of strongly confined self propelled particles in non convex boundaries

We study the dynamics of non-aligning, non-interacting self-propelled particles confined to a box in two dimensions. In the strong confinement limit, when the persistence length of the active particles is much larger than the size of the box, particles stay on the boundary and align with the local boundary normal. It is then possible to derive the steady-state density on the boundary for arbitrary box shapes. In non-convex boxes, the non-uniqueness of the boundary normal results in hysteretic dynamics and the density is non-local, i.e. it depends on the global geometry of the box. These findings establish a general connection between the geometry of a confining box and the behavior of the active suspension it confines, thus providing a powerful tool to understand and design such confinements.
Effect of Shenfu injection on lung injury after intestinal ischemia / reperfusion in rats

Growing evidence has highlighted the contribution of gastrointestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in the process of acute lung injury. This study aims to investigate effect of Shenfu injection on preventing and treating lung injury caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Effect of Shenfu injection on levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was also determined. An intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion model was established. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into ischemia/reperfusion, normal control, and Shenfu groups. Blood gases and blood lactate, lung wet/dry weight ratio, and myeloperoxidase activity were detected. Mean arterial pressure was monitored before and after reperfusion. The amount of tumor necrosis factor-α in plasma and lung tissue was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in lung and intestinal tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. Shenfu injection significantly attenuated pathological damage in lung caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, improved oxygenation in lungs, and reduced lung wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity. After Shenfu injection, tumor necrosis factor-α contents in plasma and lung tissue, and expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, were inhibited. The mean arterial pressure in ischemia/reperfusion group after reperfusion was significantly decreased compared to Shenfu group. In conclusion, Shenfu injection could prevent occurrence of lung injury caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion and accordingly prevented development of multiple organ dys-function. This effect is achieved through inhibiting release of tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase and intercellular adhesion molecule-1.
Analytical model for saturable aging in semiconductor lasers

We present an expression for the change in threshold current of a semiconductor laser diode as a function of the aging time under constant thermal and current aging. The expression forms a sigmoidal shape with the aging time, and is accurate in describing the increase of threshold current during aging. In the case where nonlinearities or “knees” occur in the threshold current aging curve, a multicomponent defect model is utilized to explain the observation. This multicomponent defect model allows multiple sigmoidal curves to be incorporated into the description. Each sigmoidal curve is thought to represent the growth of one type of defect complex. The parameters in the model are designed to have physical meaning that corresponds to the properties of the laser material. The model is compared to five popular models used to describe the threshold current aging characteristics.