Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

Does risk analysis help citizens and officials to decide how safe is safe enough? How should we deal with new technologies whose benefits must be balanced against possible catastrophes? The I IASA Risk Group offers some suggestions following a study of siting liquefied gas facilities in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Risk analysis has become as controversial as the new technologies it seeks t o assess. It grew, particularly in the 1970s, to provide scientific expertise required by government officials, companies , and the public, faced with having to make decisions concerning the use bf new techniques, new energy sources, and new types of installations. These promise many benefits while also being potentially devastating. Analysts were called upon to present impartial facts, particularly about the disputed safety factor, so that decisions could be made-and be seen to be made-rationally and justifiably. Risk analysts have developed techniques, models, and methods (such as event-tree analysis tracing the logical consequences of malfunctioning equipment) t o find the probability of an accident occurring, and the probable loss of life if an accident did happen. But precisely because these are new technologies, there are no historical data from which to quantify risk. Since risk analysis is a new field with few guidelines and no set formulas for how to go about it, analysts often did not agree on their assessments of the many uncertainties. Their work was used by various conflicting parties in a debate to support claims of safety or refute others' claims. The analyses did not-could not-deliver a flat answer t o settle the question. The scholars involved in the IIASA study, including the risk analysts, agree that this is as it should be. Conflicts about the distribution of benefits and risk among people cannot be "solved" by objective scientific facts. It is a polit-LEG facility being built a t Mossmorran
FEASIBILITY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN SALT LAKE CITY

Water managers in the western United States are being challenged by rapid urban growth and limited water availability. The development of new water resources is financially and ecologically expensive shortage management option. Water conservation, recycle and reuse, and increased urban water system efficiency are emerging as less costly alternatives. One alternative gaining national interest for urban water management is rainwater harvesting. Capture and reuse of rainwater near where it falls is an ancient concept practiced in many parts of the world, but it has been relatively ignored in new development in the U.S. Consequently, there is no standardized feasibility and design guidance and no standard specifications at the national level. Further, climate/development variability limits guidance available in other locations from being applied in the mountain west region of the U.S. This thesis takes the first step to address this need by presenting a feasibility study (legal, technical, and financial) of this technology for application in a semiarid mountain west metropolitan area. Using the Salt Lake City metropolitan area as a case study, the thesis explores the legal ramifications of rainwater harvesting under western water law, assesses the technical feasibility of precipitation-water use timing and capture system performance, and presents a simplified cost analysis for residential applications. A daily water balance analysis of single-family residences and a case study residential neighborhood indicates precipitation runoff from rooftops and connected impervious surfaces, respectively, on average can provide t f , , . it t lit t , t t i l t l l i i ti i t ti t t l , t t i l i ilit r i it ti t r s ti i t r s st rf r , r s ts si lifi st l sis f r r si ti l li ti s. il t r l l sis f si l -f il residences and a case study residential neighborhood indicates precipitation runoff fro rooftops and connected i pervious surfaces, respectively, on average can provide approximately 2-10% of current total residential water use. This percentage remains nearly constant if landscapes are changed to low-water use and increases to 15% for single family homes and 26% for a neighborhood if outdoor water use is eliminated and reasonable indoor conservation measures are implemented (20% reduction in indoor water use). The cost analysis shows that on a neighborhood scale savings in water use will pay for rainwater harvesting in less than a year, and nearly 30 years for a single family residential home. Collectively, the analysis supports the use of rainwater harvesting in municipal water shortage management plans.
Identifying Feasible Locations for Wetland Creation or Restoration in Catchments by Suitability Modelling Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

Wetlands play a key role in controlling flooding and non-point-source (diffuse) pollution. They are therefore an important tool for mitigating diffuse water pollution from farms. However, to use this tool, it is necessary to obtain detailed assessments and identification of potential wetland restoration or creation sites. This is complicated by the diversity of landscapes, environmental conditions, and land ownership. Site suitability for wetland restoration or creation depends on many factors: the underlying geology, soils, topography, hydrology, drainage, and land ownership. Local hydrology and soils are among the most important factors. However, the inventory and characterization of a site’s soils and hydrology often requires extensive, expensive, and time-consuming ground surveys, and it is therefore limited to small areas. Another possibility would be to consider topography, which strongly determines water movement patterns. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data provides detailed topographic information and can be acquired by remote sensing. Our study showed that terrain analysis using high-resolution topographical data can produce suitability maps for wetlands that can be easily used by decision makers and planners in watershed management. The rapid methodology reveals potential wetland creation or restoration sites at a reasonable cost; with the resulting spatially explicit suitability map, managers can plan for wetland creation or restoration without having to wait for field-data collection.
Groundwater – the disregarded component in lake water and nutrient budgets. Part 2: effects of groundwater on nutrients

Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) transports nutrients from a catchment to a lake, which may fuel eutrophication, one of the major threats to our fresh waters. Unfortunately, LGD has often been disregarded in lake nutrient studies. Most measurement techniques are based on separate determinations of volume and nutrient concentration of LGD: Loads are calculated by multiplying seepage volumes by concentrations of exfiltrating water. Typically low phosphorus (P) concentrations of pristine groundwater often are increased due to anthropogenic sources such as fertilizer, manure or sewage. Mineralization of naturally present organic matter might also increase groundwater P. Reducing redox conditions favour P transport through the aquifer to the reactive aquifer‐lake interface. In some cases, large decreases of P concentrations may occur at the interface, for example, due to increased oxygen availability, while in other cases, there is nearly no decrease in P. The high reactivity of the interface complicates quantification of groundwater‐borne P loads to the lake, making difficult clear differentiation of internal and external P loads to surface water. Anthropogenic sources of nitrogen (N) in groundwater are similar to those of phosphate. However, the environmental fate of N differs fundamentally from P because N occurs in several different redox states, each with different mobility. While nitrate behaves essentially conservatively in most oxic aquifers, ammonium's mobility is similar to that of phosphate. Nitrate may be transformed to gaseous N2 in reducing conditions and permanently removed from the system. Biogeochemical turnover of N is common at the reactive aquifer‐lake interface. Nutrient loads from LGD were compiled from the literature. Groundwater‐borne P loads vary from 0.74 to 2900 mg PO4‐P m−2 year−1; for N, these loads vary from 0.001 to 640 g m−2 year−1. Even small amounts of seepage can carry large nutrient loads due to often high nutrient concentrations in groundwater. Large spatial heterogeneity, uncertain areal extent of the interface and difficult accessibility make every determination of LGD a challenge. However, determinations of LGD are essential to effective lake management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A safe, efficient update protocol for openflow networks

We describe a new protocol for update of OpenFlow networks, which has the packet consistency condition of [? ] and a weak form of the flow consistency condition of [? ]. The protocol conserves switch resources, particularly TCAM space, by ensuring that only a single set of rules is present on a switch at any time. The protocol exploits the identity of switch rules with Boolean functions, and the ability of any switch to send packets to a controller for routing. When a network changes from one ruleset (ruleset 1) to another (ruleset 2), the packets affected by the change are computed, and are sent to the controller. When all switches have been updated to send affected packets to the controller, ruleset 2 is sent to the switches and packets sent to the controller are re-released into the network.
Enabling Multilevel Trust in Privacy Preserving Data Mining

Privacy Preserving Data Mining (PPDM) addresses the problem of developing accurate models about aggregated data without access to precise information in individual data record. A widely studied perturbation-based PPDM approach introduces random perturbation to individual values to preserve privacy before data are published. Previous solutions of this approach are limited in their tacit assumption of single-level trust on data miners. In this work, we relax this assumption and expand the scope of perturbation-based PPDM to Multilevel Trust (MLT-PPDM). In our setting, the more trusted a data miner is, the less perturbed copy of the data it can access. Under this setting, a malicious data miner may have access to differently perturbed copies of the same data through various means, and may combine these diverse copies to jointly infer additional information about the original data that the data owner does not intend to release. Preventing such diversity attacks is the key challenge of providing MLT-PPDM services. We address this challenge by properly correlating perturbation across copies at different trust levels. We prove that our solution is robust against diversity attacks with respect to our privacy goal. That is, for data miners who have access to an arbitrary collection of the perturbed copies, our solution prevent them from jointly reconstructing the original data more accurately than the best effort using any individual copy in the collection. Our solution allows a data owner to generate perturbed copies of its data for arbitrary trust levels on-demand. This feature offers data owners maximum flexibility.
Probiotic bacteria for hatchery production of Greenshell TM mussels ,

The GreenshellTM mussel (GSM), Perna canaliculus, industry in New Zealand (NZ) is the largest aquaculture sector in the country. In 2006, the export earnings were valued at US$145 million which represented 65% of NZ aquaculture earnings. Historically, and at present, GSM production involves the capture of wild mussels on ropes followed by ongrowing of these animals to market size (approximately 14 months). However, hatchery production of GSM has been developed in recent years. Hatchery production will alleviate the seasonal uncertainties of current techniques and allow the benefits of selective breeding programs. To date, efforts to produce commercial quantities of GSM in hatcheries have been hampered by unreliable larval rearing. These problems were often alleviated by antibiotic use, which implied bacterial pathogens as the cause. Yet, the ongoing use of antibiotics is not sustainable because of increasing legislative restrictions on their use and the possible emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Hence, the identification and use of novel probiotics was investigated as an alternative. Because of a lack of previous work, it was necessary to investigate the bacterial pathogenesis of GSM larvae in the initial stages and, hence, to determine the cause of disease against which the probiotics would be active. Twenty-two bacterial strains, isolated from compromised larvae, were screened for larval toxicity using a larval bioassay. Two strains were identified as potential pathogens. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified Vibrio splendidus and Vibrio sp. DO1, a Vibrio coralliilyticus/neptunius-like isolate, as pathogens of GSM larvae. These strains had the
Your trajectory privacy can be breached even if you walk in groups

The enterprise Wi-Fi networks enable the collection of large-scale users' mobility information at an indoor level. The collected trajectory data is very valuable for both research and commercial purposes, but the use of the trajectory data also raises serious privacy concerns. A large body of work tries to achieve k-anonymity (hiding each user in an anonymity set no smaller than k) as the first step to solve the privacy problem. Yet it has been qualitatively recognized that k-anonymity is still risky when the diversity of the sensitive information in the k-anonymity set is low. There, however, still lacks a study that provides a quantitative understanding of that risk in the trajectory dataset. In this work, we present a large-scale measurement based analysis of the low-diversity risk over four weeks of trajectory data collected from Tsinghua, a campus that covers an area of 4 km2, on which 2,670 access points are deployed in 111 buildings. Using this dataset, we highlight the high risk of the low diversity. For example, we find that even when 5-anonymity is satisfied, the sensitive attributes of 25% of individuals can be easily guessed. We also find that although a larger k increases the size of anonymity sets, the corresponding improvement on the diversity of anonymity sets is very limited (decayed exponentially). These results suggest that diversity-oriented solutions are necessary.
Stoichiometry and perturbation studies of the LiaFSR system of Bacillus subtilis

The response regulator/histidine kinase pair LiaRS of Bacillus subtilis, together with its membrane‐bound inhibitor protein LiaF, constitutes an envelope stress‐sensing module that is conserved in Firmicutes bacteria. LiaR positively autoregulates the expression of the liaIH‐liaGFSR operon from a strictly LiaR‐dependent promoter (PliaI). A comprehensive perturbation analysis revealed that the functionality of the LiaFSR system is very susceptible to alterations of its protein composition and amounts. A genetic analysis indicates a LiaF:LiaS:LiaR ratio of 18:4:1. An excess of LiaS over LiaR was subsequently verified by quantitative Western analysis. This stoichiometry, which is crucial to maintain a functional Lia system, differs from any other two‐component system studied to date, in which the response regulator is present in excess over the histidine kinase. Moreover, we demonstrate that LiaS is a bifunctional histidine kinase that acts as a phosphatase on LiaR in the absence of a suitable stimulus. An increased amount of LiaR – both in the presence and in the absence of LiaS – leads to a strong induction of PliaI activity due to phosphorylation of the response regulator by acetyl phosphate. Our data demonstrate that LiaRS, in contrast to other two‐component systems, is non‐robust with regard to perturbations of its stoichiometry.
Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology And Information Processing

Content Headings: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY. : 1. Overview of psychophysiology in relation to psychopathology with special reference to schizophrenia, (P.H. Venables). 2. EEG studies of schizophrenia (C. Shagass). 3. Event-related potentials: exogenous components (R. Freedman and A.F. Mirsky). 4. Endogenous scalp-recorded brain potentials in schizophrenia: a methodological review (D. Friedman). 5. Eye movement dysfunctions in schizophrenia (P.S. Holzman). 6. Brain imaging studies of cerebral activation in schizophrenia (L.E. DeLisi). 7. Possible animal models of some of the schizophrenias and their response to drug treatment (S.M. Antelman). 8. Autonomic functioning in schizophrenia: electrodermal activity, heart rate, pupillography (T.P. Zahn, C.D. Frith and S.R. Steinhauer). SENSORY/PERCEPTUAL AND PSYCHOMOTOR PROCESSES. 9. Information processing and schizophrenia (M.L. Kietzman). 10. Sequential effects in the reaction times of schizophrenics: crossover and modality shift effects (F. Rist and R. Cohen). 11. Psychomotor dysfunction in schizophrenia (H.E. King). 12. Information processing dysfunctions in schizophrenia: studies of visual backward masking, sensorimotor gating, and habituation (D.L. Braff, M.A. Geyer and D.P. Saccuzzo). 13. Span of apprehension in schizophrenia (R. Asarnow, E. Granholm and T. Sherman). 14. Selective attention in schizophrenia (B. Spring, L. Weinstein, R. Freeman and S. Thompson). 15. Vigilance (K. Nuechterlein). NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES : 16. Language and schizophrenia (B.A. Maher). 17. A behavior-analytic approach to schizophrenic verbal behavior (K. Salzinger). 18. Thought disorder in relation to brain function (W.M. Grove and N.C. Andreasen). 19. Basic approaches to neuropsychological assessment (A. Benton). 20. Comprehensive neuropsychological test batteries and research in schizophrenia (G. Goldstein). 21. Higher cortical functions in normals and in schizophrenia: a selective review (E. Goldberg and L.J. Seidman). 22. Hemispheric imbalance: syndromes of schizophrenia, premorbid personality, and neurodevelopmental influences (J.H. Gruzelier). 23. The future of neuropsychological research on schizophrenia (P. Flor-Henry).
Classroom Tales: Using Storytelling to Build Emotional, Social and Academic Skills Across the Primary Curriculum

Preface. 1. The Importance of Stories and Storytelling. 2. How to Tell Stories. 3. Traditional Tales. 4. Creating Unique Stories. 5. Children as Storytellers. 6. Stories and Thinking Skills. 7. Stories and the Environment. 8. Sacred Stories. 9. Storytelling across the Curriculum. 10. Stories and Emotional Literacy. 11. Storytelling and Reflection. Appendix 1: Sources. Appendix 2: Useful Addresses. References. Index.
A single buyer-single supplier bargaining problem with asymmetric information - theoretical approach and software implementation

This paper is focused on the coordination of order and production policy between buyers and suppliers in supply chains. When a buyer and a supplier of an item work independently, the buyer will place orders based on his economic order quantity (EOQ). However, the buyer's EOQ may not lead to an optimal policy for the supplier. It can be shown that a cooperative batching policy can reduce total cost significantly. Should the buyer have the more powerful position to enforce his EOQ on the supplier, then no incentive exists for him to deviate from his EOQ in order to choose a cooperative batching policy. To provide an incentive to order in quantities suitable to the supplier, the supplier could offer a side payment. One critical assumption made throughout in the literature dealing with incentive schemes to influence buyer's ordering policy is that the supplier has complete information regarding buyer's cost structure. However, this assumption is far from realistic. As a consequence, the buyer has no incentive to report truthfully on his cost structure. Moreover there is an incentive to overstate the total relevant cost in order to obtain as high a side payment as possible. This paper provides a bargaining model with asymmetric information about the buyer's cost structure assuming that the buyer has the bargaining power to enforce his EOQ on the supplier in case of a break-down in negotiations. An algorithm for the determination of an optimal set of contracts which are specifically designed for different cost structures of the buyer, assumed by the supplier, is presented. This algorithm was implemented in a software application, that supports the supplier in determining the optimal set of contracts.
Image-based physical unclonable functions for anti-counterfeiting

Physical Unclonable Functions or PUFs have gained importance since they appeared about a decade ago. PUFs are based on physical random features that can serve as primitives in designing security systems similarly to human biometrics. The basic idea of using random features for security applications seems very interesting since the randomness is there for free. However, it raises some important research questions to be studied. The first important question is that ``how good are PUFs? '' or in other words ``what are our expectations from them and how can we experimentally validate these expectations? ''. The second question rising after evaluating the expected properties is that ``how can we connect these physical entities to secure systems? '' or ``how cryptographic primitives can be used to fill the gap between physics and secure systems? ''. This dissertation tries to address these two main questions for a specific category of PUFs which are called Image-based PUFs and a particular secure system i.e., anti-counterfeiting. Image-based PUFs represent a category of PUFs based on random visual features of physical objects evaluated by an imaging method. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to build a unified model to deal with Image-based PUFs. The model includes all the procedures needed to evaluate and post-process the images taken from Image-based PUFs. We also provide practical implementations of system components. For example we introduce two new types of Image-based PUFs called Laser-written PUF and Crystal PUF. The relevance of the framework is further demonstrated by its accordance to these examples of Image-based PUFs. We also present two practical adaptive and non-adaptive image hashing methods called Gabor Binary Hashing and Random Binary Hashing. After building the model and instantiating its components, the second part of this thesis tries to address the first question i.e., ``how good are PUFs? ''. For that, we experimentally characterize the important properties of Image-based PUFs i.e., robustness and physical unclonability. We build datasets of some PUFs which are evaluated a number of times, and based on that, we propose a methodology to experimentally evaluate robustness and physical unclonability. We finally achieve the main interesting property of the PUF system that is the trade-off between robustness and physical unclonability. After evaluating how good PUFs are, to address the second question, we try to connect PUFs to a secure system. For that, we focus on development of an anti-counterfeiting scheme based on Image-based PUFs and use formal cryptographic analysis to connect the security of the scheme to the evaluated properties of its underlying PUF.