Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of the nonlinear physical constants in a piezoelectric AlN film

Recent models vary widely as to the mechanism in the piezoelectric AlN film that gives rise to the measured 2nd and 3rd order nonlinear behavior in BAW resonators. As an example one model suggests that a strain dependence of the bulk modulus in a piezoelectric AlN film is responsible for both the 2nd and 3rd order response of BAW and FBAR resonators [Collado]. We call this model the "bulk-bulk" model since the bulk modulus depends on the strain in each order respectively. We find that this "bulk-bulk" model is not capable of modeling our measured second harmonic (H2), and intermodulation distortion (IMD3) data simultaneously. When the 2nd order coefficient is chosen to match the measured 2nd harmonic response, it generates an IMD3 response through a process of remixing at a frequency 2F1-F0 which is larger than our measured data by ∼45 dBs when two +24 dBm tones are applied. It appears the authors did not fully incorporate their chosen non-linearity into their model. As a result the "bulk-bulk" non-linear model of the AlN film must be abandoned in favor of a new model — a "general" nonlinear Mason model, in which a complete set of 2nd and 3rd order nonlinear mechanisms can be evaluated to see which are consistent with the data. Such a model is described in this work and in a companion paper. Using this model we show that a strain dependent piezoelectric coefficient must be employed to model the H2 behavior without modeling an IMD3 response that is much larger than what is measured. To fit the IMD3 data a 3rd order strain dependent bulk modulus must also be incorporated. The resulting model is a "piezo-bulk" model for suggesting that the piezo coefficient and the bulk modulus have a 2nd and 3rd order dependence on strain, respectively. We also show that another recent model [Ueda] is not suitable for evaluating the underlying nonlinear physics because it violates conservation of energy and does not allow for remixing.
The pheromone response pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

INTRODUCTION . 147 OVERVIEW OF PATHWAY . 149 Pheromones . 149 Pheromone Receptors . ISO G Protein. 1 5 1 Kinases . 153 SteJ2p Transcription Factor . 154 Inhibition of Gl CyclinlCdc28 Kinase Leads to Cell Cycle Arrest . 154 Recovery and Desensitizatiofl . ISS IDENTIRCATION OF EFFECTOR CANDIDATES . ISS MAP KINASE CASCADE . 159 Action and Order of Kinases . 1 59 Heterologous MAP Kinase Cascades . 166 . FUflctional Conservation of MAP Kinase Cascade Componeflls . 167 Other MAP Kinase Cascades in S. cerevisiae . 168 CELL CYCLE ARREST . 170 DOES CALCINEURIN PLAY A ROLE IN RECOVERY? 1 7 1 PROSPECTS . 173
Discrete-Time Markov Chain Analysis of Energy Efficiency in a CR Network Regarding Primary and Secondary Traffic With Primary User Returns

In cognitive radio (CR) networks coexistence between primary and secondary networks is allowed to exploit the spectrum bands more efficiently. To have a green CR network, energy efficiency (EE) as well as collision probability between such networks are vital key performance. While, it is desired to improve EE, the latter should be decreased as much as possible. Therefore, interference between the primary user (PU) and secondary user (SU) is of high importance. Two kinds of interference are unavoidable. They are sensing error and PU re-occupancies interferences. While most studies focus on the sensing error interference, with the dynamic PU, the latter is also quite intense. Moreover, a precise investigation on the effect of such interference necessitates considering the PU and SU traffic behavior. Therefore, in this paper a new analytical framework is proposed in which the EE and collision probability are formulated. The traffic behaviors of PU and a general SU traffic are also considered. Using renewal reward theory, EE, and collision probability are then extracted and investigated for different dynamic rates of the PU traffic. For this, sensing error interference, PU-re-occupancy interference, and total energy consumption are derived in closed form expressions. The queue stability of SU’s buffer is also investigated. Finally, simulation results are provided to justify the theoretical results. Suitable values for sensing and transmission times are obtained to maximize the EE under collision and queue stability constraints.
Nontariff Measures and Developing Countries: Has the Uruguay Round Leveled, the Playing Field?

In the policy environment prevailing before implementation of the Uruguay Round results, exports from developing countries face significant nontariff measures in industrial countries. Based on 1992 trade flows, the import coverage ratio of nontariff measures on this trade was more than 18 percent, compared with less than 11 percent for trade among industrial countries. Trade liberalization measures agreed to in the Uruguay Round will dramatically reduce the incidence of nontariff measures on developing country exports: the coverage ratio will drop to less than 4 percent on nonoil exports. This change has the dual effect of increasing export market opportunities for developing countries and of substantially reducing - if not eradicating - the relatively negative bias against developing country exports. These impressive results from the Uruguay Round are attributed to"tariffication"in agriculture, the abolition of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), and the elimination of voluntary export restraints (VERs) under the safeguards agreement. But all these aspects of liberalization will not happen instantaneously when the Uruguay Round results come into force. Agricultural tariffication will occur immediately, but the MFA will be phased out over ten years and VERs will be eliminated over four years. Considering the extent of the liberalization presaged by these policy changes, the authors speculate about likely sources of pressure for measures to mitigate the effects of removing nontariff measures. They conclude that the greatest risks will probably come from safeguards and antidumping. The new safeguards agreement permits the use of quantitative restrictions to stem the flow of injurious imports, and although the agreement tightens existing GATT rules in some respects, it loosens them in others. The antidumping instrument has been used with increasing frequency by an increasing number of countries in the past two decades or more. The efforts of several governments in the Uruguay Round to impose additional controls on antidumping met with little success, and antidumping continues to offer considerable scope for imposing protectionist trade measures.
Effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Dacogen) on covalent histone modifications of chromatin associated with the epsilon-, gamma-, and beta-globin promoters in Papio anubis.

OBJECTIVE Treatment with the DNA demethylating drug 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Dacogen; DAC) increased fetal hemoglobin and F cells to therapeutically significant levels in patients with sickle cell disease. To gain more insight into the mechanism of action of this drug and to increase our understanding of the relationship between DNA methylation and chromatin structure, we have determined the effect of DAC on covalent histone modifications of chromatin associated with the epsilon, gamma-, and beta-globin promoters in purified bone marrow erythroid cells of four baboons (P. anubis) pre- and posttreatment. RESULTS Fetal hemoglobin increased from 6.45%+/-1.75% in pretreatment samples to 62.1%+/-7.94% following DAC. DNA methylation of three CpG sites within the epsilon-globin promoter and 5 CpG sites within the gamma-globin promoter decreased more than 50% following DAC treatment. Levels of RNA polymerase II, acetyl-histone H3, acetyl-histone H4, dimethyl-histone H3 (lys4), dimethyl-histone H3 (lys36), and dimethyl-histone H3 (lys79) associated with the epsilon-, gamma-, and beta-globin promoters were determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation of formaldehyde-fixed chromatin followed by real-time PCR. Dacogen treatment increased the association of RNA polymerase II, acetyl-histone H3, and acetyl-histone H4 with the gamma-globin promoter but did not significantly affect the association of dimethyl-histone H3 (lys4), dimethyl-histone H3 (lys36), and dimethyl-histone H3 (lys79) with the epsilon-, gamma-, and beta-globin gene promoters. CONCLUSION These experiments illustrate the usefulness of the baboon model to investigate the mechanism of pharmacologic reactivation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis at the molecular level.
Concerning the angles and the angular determination of planes in 4–space

I. Introductory : Angles of Two Planes. I T has been established by Jordan * that, if two linear point spaces Sa and Sa', each of n — a dimensions, in a linear point space of n dimensions, have one and but one point in common, Sa and Sa' form a angles. In the special case where n = 4 and a = 2, S and S' denote two planes of 4space, and, as two planes in 4-space have one and in general but one common point, it follows that two planes of 4-spaee form two angles. That such is the case can be readily seen independently of the general theorem mentioned, in either of the following reciprocal ways : Two planes n and n' may be conceived as two flat pencils of lines having the common point P of the planes as common vertex. Of all the angles formed by lines of the one pencil with lines of the other there is a least angle 0, and this is not zero since by hypothesis the pencils have no line in common. Denote by V the plane determined by the lines I and V where the latter belong respectively to n and w' and form the angle 0. As the planes ? r' and TZ" have the line V in common, they form an ordinary angle «. In order to bring n and n' into coincidence, it is sufficient to turn V in n" through the angle 6 and then, as I and V now coincide and n and n' have a common line, to rotate n or iz' through the ordinary angle w formed by n with n' in its new position. Reciprocally, ̂ and w' may be regarded as pencils of lineoids f (ordinary 3-spaces). Either plane will accordingly be determined by any pair of its generating lineoids, i.e., the lineoids enveloping or containing it. The planes n and w' have no common lineoid, for otherwise they would have, contrary to hypothesis, a common line. Accordingly there is a minimal angle <p, not zero, in the assemblage of angles formed by lineoids of the one plane with those of the other. Denote by TT" the plane determined by Zand Z/, where L and L' are lineoids of TT and n' respectively and
Similar organization of the nusA-infB operon in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli

We reported previously the cloning and sequence of the Bacillus subtilis infB gene which encodes the essential IF2 factor required for initiation of translation (K. Shazand, J. Tucker, R. Chiang, K. Stansmore, H. U. Sperling-Petersen, M. Grunberg-Manago, J. C. Rabinowitz, and T. Leighton, J. Bacteriol. 172:2675-2687, 1990). The location of the 5' border of the infB operon was investigated by using integrative plasmids carrying various DNA fragments from the region upstream of the infB gene. The lethal effect of disruption of the infB transcriptional unit could be suppressed when the integrated plasmid introduced the spac promoter upstream of the infB operon and transformants were selected in conditions of induction of spac expression. Such an integrated plasmid was used as a starting point to clone the promoter of the infB operon. Primer extension mapping suggests that a single sigma A-type promoter controls transcription of the infB operon. The sequence of a 5,760-bp region encompassing the infB gene was determined. The infB operon is located immediately downstream of the polC gene and comprises seven open reading frames, four of which appear to be the homologs of genes present in the same order in the Escherichia coli infB operon, including nusA. The striking similarity between the E. coli and B. subtilis infB operons suggests that the function of each gene pair is conserved and that the B. subtilis NusA homolog, which is 124 residues shorter than its E. coli counterpart, could play a role similar to its role in E. coli.
Population Pharmacokinetic Model for Adherence Evaluation Using Lamivudine Concentration Monitoring

Background: Interpretation of antiretroviral drug concentration measurements could be aided by information about adherence to recent doses. We developed a population pharmacokinetic model of lamivudine in young children to propose reference lamivudine concentrations for evaluation of adherence to recent treatment doses. Methods: The steady state pharmacokinetics of lamivudine were evaluated in 68 young HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral treatment twice daily. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using NONMEM 7. Results: A 2-compartment model with transit absorption best described lamivudine pharmacokinetics. After adjustment for maturation and body weight (using allometric scaling), the variability of clearance was small, hence simulations could accurately predict lamivudine concentrations. Higher lamivudine trough concentrations were detected before the morning dose, possibly owing to slower overnight clearance. Reference values for lamivudine concentrations that can be used to evaluate adherence to recent doses are proposed. Conclusions: Lamivudine concentration measurement can be used to assess recent treatment adherence.
Musculoskeletal injuries in British Army recruits: a prospective study of incidence in different Infantry Regiments

Background Musculoskeletal injuries and attrition incurred during basic military training are a significant socioeconomic burden across many Defence Forces. In order to plan an injury prevention strategy, the purpose of this study was to quantify the regiment-specific musculoskeletal injury patterns and training outcomes. Methods This was a prospective observational study of the Parachute (n=734), Guards (n=1044), Line (n=3472) and Gurkha (n=458) Regiments of the British Army recruits during a 26-week basic military training programme over a 2-year period. The participant demographic characteristics were: age 18.9 years (SD±2.3), height 176.5 cm (SD±7.80), mass 69 kg (SD±9.7) and body mass index 22.14 kg/m2 (SD±2.5). Results The incidence of injuries (86%, 46%, 48% and 10%) was significantly different (p<0.001) as were the first time pass out rates (p=0.02) of 38%, 51%, 56% and 98% for Parachute, Guards, Line and Gurkha, respectively. Overuse injuries were more frequently reported than both acute and recurrent injuries in all regiments (X2=688.01, p<0.01). Conclusions The disparity in injury incidence and training outcome between Infantry Regiments suggests that the demands of training be taken into account when devising injury prevention strategies.
On the Chemical Stabilities of Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids are novel solvents of interest as greener alternatives to conventional organic solvents aimed at facilitating sustainable chemistry. As a consequence of their unusual physical properties, reusability, and eco-friendly nature, ionic liquids have attracted the attention of organic chemists. Numerous reports have revealed that many catalysts and reagents were supported in the ionic liquid phase, resulting in enhanced reactivity and selectivity in various important reaction transformations. However, synthetic chemists cannot ignore the stability data and intermolecular interactions, or even reactions that are directly applicable to organic reactions in ionic liquids. It is becoming evident from the increasing number of reports on use of ionic liquids as solvents, catalysts, and reagents in organic synthesis that they are not totally inert under many reaction conditions. While in some cases, their unexpected reactivity has proven fortuitous and in others, it is imperative that when selecting an ionic liquid for a particular synthetic application, attention must be paid to its compatibility with the reaction conditions. Even though, more than 200 room temperature ionic liquids are known, only a few reports have commented their effects on reaction mechanisms or rate/stability. Therefore, rather than attempting to give a comprehensive overview of ionic liquid chemistry, this review focuses on the non-innocent nature of ionic liquids, with a decided emphasis to clearly illuminate the ability of ionic liquids to affect the mechanistic aspects of some organic reactions thereby affecting and promoting the yield and selectivity.
Evidence That Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor Delta Influences Cholesterol Metabolism in Men

Objective—The objective of this work was to explore the role of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor delta (PPARD) in lipid metabolism in humans. Methods and Results—PPARD is a nuclear receptor involved in lipid metabolism in primates and mice. We screened the 5′-region of the human gene for polymorphisms to be used as tools in association studies. Four polymorphisms were detected: −409C/T in the promoter region, +73C/T in exon 1, +255A/G in exon 3, and +294T/C in exon 4. The frequencies of the rare alleles were 4.2%, 4.2%, 1.2% and 15.6%, respectively, in a population-based group of 543 healthy men. Only the +294T/C polymorphism showed significant association with a metabolic trait. Homozygotes for the rare C allele had a higher plasma LDL–cholesterol concentration than homozygotes for the common T allele, which was verified in an independent cohort consisting of 282 healthy men. Transfection studies showed that the rare C allele had higher transcriptional activity than the common T allele. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that the +294T/C polymorphism influenced binding of Sp-1. An interaction with the PPAR alpha L162V polymorphism was also detected for several lipid parameters. Conclusions—These findings suggest that PPARD plays a role in cholesterol metabolism in humans.
Understanding the halo-mass and galaxy-mass cross-correlation functions

We use the Millennium Simulation (MS) to measure the cross-correlation between halo centres and mass (or equivalently the average density profiles of dark haloes) in a Lambda cold dark matter (ACDM) cosmology. We present results for radii in the range 10 h -1 kpc < r < 30 h -1 Mpc and for halo masses in the range 4 x 10 10 < M 200 < 4 x 10 14 h -1 M ⊙ . Both at z = 0 and at z = 0.76 these cross-correlations are surprisingly well fitted if the inner region is approximated by a density profile of NFW or Einasto form, the outer region by a biased version of the linear mass autocorrelation function, and the maximum of the two is adopted where they are comparable. We use a simulation of galaxy formation within the MS to explore how these results are reflected in cross-correlations between galaxies and mass. These are directly observable through galaxy-galaxy lensing. Here also we find that simple models can represent the simulation results remarkably well, typically to ≤10 per cent. Such models can be used to extend our results to other redshifts, to cosmologies with other parameters, and to other assumptions about how galaxies populate dark haloes. Our galaxy formation simulation already reproduces current galaxy-galaxy lensing data quite well. The characteristic features predicted in the galaxy-galaxy lensing signal should provide a strong test of the ACDM cosmology as well as a route to understanding how galaxies form within it.
U.K. Linesmen's Experience of Microshocks on HV Overhead Lines

Linesmen working on high voltage equipment occasionally report unpleasant discharges from equipment. The sensation is known as microshocks, which result from capacitive coupling of the linesmen to high voltage sources and subsequent discharging when in very close proximity to grounded objects. Often, this is just an annoyance, but the levels can become such that work has to cease. Microshocks are unpredictable, and therefore, planning maintenance work around them has not been possible. A survey has been developed to investigate and quantify different factors that may have a direct influence on the frequency and intensity of discharges. Transmission line workers (N = 102) from England and Wales participated in the survey and provided details of personal body characteristics as well as their experiences of microshocks. Survey results suggest a correlation between body mass index and certain work activities to the likelihood of a person experiencing microshocks, and their severity. Higher body mass index reduces the likelihood of experiencing painful microshocks. Climbing lattice towers adjacent to energized conductors is the area most associated with the phenomenon. Microshock incidents have increased or are occurring at the same rate as 5 years ago. Results presented will aid the development of policy statements and mitigation techniques that minimize linesmen's exposure to microshocks. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resources: a PDF file containing survey questions. ]
CLONAL ANALYSIS USING X‐LINKED DNA POLYMORPHISMS

The clonality of cell populations has important significance both for the diagnosis and for subsequent studies of disease progression of haematological malignancies. A variety of different methods for clonality analysis may be employed (Wainscoat & Fey, 1990). In some cases the studies can be directed towards the analysis of specific abnormalities, e.g. characteristic karyotypes, gene rearrangements, deletions or point mutations. However, in many disorders, particularly those of myeloid origin, specific abnormalities are not known and it is necessary to use a more indirect approach based on X-chromosome inactivation. A number of questions are being pursued in haematological neoplasms by such methods. For example the cell of origin in the myelodysplastic syndromes Uanssen et al, 1989; Tefferi et al. 1990; Abrahamson et al, 1991; Culligan et al, 1992; van Kamp et al, 1992), paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and aplastic anaemia (Josten et al. 1991; van Kamp et al. 1991b; Bessler et al. 1992) and the nature of remission in acute myeloid leukaemia (Fearon et al, 1986; Fialkow et aI, 1987, 1991; Bartram ct al, 1989; Gale et al, 1993). The results ofpublished studies sometimes seem to be inconsistent. However, whilst some of these differences may represent biological differences between patients from different studies, it is likely that they could also relate to technical difficulties in the performance and interpretation of the tests. This account of X-chromosome inactivation clonality studies focuses on the various approaches available and discusses some of their inherent advantages and disadvantages. During early female embryonic development one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated in every cell (Lyon, 1961). This event is random for each cell and is passed on to the progeny of the cell in a stable manner (Gartler & Riggs, 1983). Females heterozygous for polymorphisms in X-chromosome genes are therefore mosaics with respect to X-chromosome expression. Early studies depended on the use of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) isoenzyme analysis (Beutler et al, 1962: Linder & Gartler, 1965; Fialkow, 1972). Since a neoplasm arising from the clonal expansion of a single cell shows only a single G6PD isoenzyme phenotype in a known heterozygote, it has been possible to apply analysis of Xchromosome inactivation patterns to the study of the cellular origin and development of a number of different tumours (Beutler et al, 1967; Fialkow, 1976; Raskind & Fialkow, 1987). As the protein product from a ’housekeeping gene’, necessary for the normal function of all cells, G6PD analysis can be used for any cell type, including red cells and platelets which have no nucleus, and reflects the pattern of expression for that particular cell population. However, this polymor-