Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strain accumulation along the San Andreas Fault

The patterns and rates at which strain is accumulating along the San Andreas fault in California are analyzed from geodetic data. Geodimeter and triangulation data indicate displacements near the fault that are a result of homogeneous strain to an approximation within the accuracy of the data. Both sets of data indicate that nearly pure shear with a maximum shear plane nearly parallel to the fault is accumulating at a rate of about 0.7×10−6 yr−1 from San Francisco Bay to the Transverse Ranges. The nearly east-west trending segment of the fault in the Transverse Ranges is accumulating nearly uniaxial compression normal to the fault at a rate of 1.1×10−6 yr−1, indicating a ‘locking’ mechanism. At no point, with the possible exception of the Cholame Valley, do fault creep and small earthquakes substantially release the accumulating strain. A more complete set of data in the Imperial Valley suggests that the strains accumulating there are such as would be released by fault slippage at a rate of 8.5 cm yr−1 to a depth of 25 to 40 km. Slip on the Imperial fault due to small earthquakes and creep, however, occurs at a rate of only 1.3 cm yr−1, and earthquakes occur only to a depth of approximately 10 km. Strains at greater depths must be relieved by aseismic slip or inelastic deformation.
Water surface mapping from airborne laser scanning using signal intensity and elevation data

In recent years airborne laser scanning (ALS) evolved into a state‐of‐the‐art technology for topographic data acquisition. We present a novel, automatic method for water surface classification and delineation by combining the geometrical and signal intensity information provided by ALS. The reflection characteristics of water surfaces in the near‐infrared wavelength (1064 nm) of the ALS system along with the surface roughness information provide the basis for the differentiation between water and land areas. Water areas are characterized by a high number of laser shot dropouts and predominant low backscatter energy. In a preprocessing step, the recorded intensities are corrected for spherical loss and atmospheric attenuation, and the locations of laser shot dropouts are modeled. A seeded region growing segmentation, applied to the point cloud and the modeled dropouts, is used to detect potential water regions. Object‐based classification of the resulting segments determines the final separation of water and non‐water points. The water‐land‐boundary is defined by the central contour line of the transition zone between water and land points. We demonstrate that the proposed workflow succeeds for a regulated river (Inn, Austria) with smooth water surface as well as for a pro‐glacial braided river (Hintereisfernerbach, Austria). A multi‐temporal analysis over five years of the pro‐glacial river channel emphasizes the applicability of the developed method for different ALS systems and acquisition settings (e.g. point density). The validation, based on real time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS) field survey and a terrestrial orthophoto, indicate point cloud classification accuracy above 97% with 0·45 m planimetric accuracy (root mean square error) of the water–land boundary. This article shows the capability of ALS data for water surface mapping with a high degree of automation and accuracy. This provides valuable datasets for a number of applications in geomorphology, hydrology and hydraulics, such as monitoring of braided rivers, flood modeling and mapping. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic Impact of Andong Maskdance Festival -using Regional Input-Output Model-

This paper examines the estimate the economic impact of 2008 Andong Maskdance Festival, using an Input-Output(I-O) model. For the research, the Regional Input-Output analysis was used, which makes it easy to grasp the economic impact of the tourism industry and other industries in Andong. Based on the regional I-O transactions tables which were developed by Bank of Korea(2009), the industry multipliers were derived with respect to output, income, and value-added. The results show that in 2008 Andong Maskdance Festival receipts generated output impact of 30,961 million won and 15,800 million won of income impact, 14,310 million won of value-added impact, respectively. I think the result of this study can be used as an objective indicator to help to establish and implement regional festival policies for the local government.
Tropospheric NO2 Column and AOD from Sciamachy: A Case Study on the Aerosol Effect on the NO2 Retrieval

In this work we use Tropospheric Vertical Column Density (TVCD) of NO2 from SCIAMACHY processed at ISAC with the Satellite DOAS Retrieval Processor (SDRP1.0) and simultaneous retrieved Aerosol Optical Properties (AOP) processed at ISAC/CGS by using Aerosol retrieval from SCIAMACHY data Processor (ASP2.2). For selected case studies in the year 2004 the AOP observations will be assimilated in the PROMSAR radiative transfer model to calculate an ad hoc AMF related to each of the SCIAMACHY pixel in the area of interest to improve the accuracy of the NO2 tropospheric column. The method is tested studying the correlation between NO2 TVCD and aerosol where a correlation is expected.
Impacts of Climate Change on Abies spectabilis : an approach integrating a Species Distribution Model (MaxEnt) and a Dynamic Vegetation Model (LPJ-GUESS)

Recent global warming trends, particularly in the arctic regions and Himalayas are modifying forest structure and function, notably biogeographical changes in tree species distribution together with alteration in Net Primary Production (NPP), Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Carbon biomass. These alterations are most pronounced in mountain environments, carrying significant impacts on woody species which are more sensitive to temperature changes. This study was done to elucidate the changes in the suitable habitat area, elevation shift, relative coverage, net primary production and carbon biomass for Abies spectabilis in Manaslu conservation area, Nepal. Being a dominant ecotone species in the Nepal Himalayas, Abies spectabilis is likely to bear the significant climate change impact. This study used future climate scenario output from the CCSM4 climate model (RCP 2.6) in two vegetation modeling approaches - the empirical MaxEnt (Maximum entropy) and process-based LPJ-GUESS (Lund-Postdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator). Plant occurrence data were collected through published literatures, online source and from the Herbarium records. Environmental driving data were obtained from the Worldclim- Global Climate Data and from the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). The findings show that both the models are in excellent agreement with the current distribution of [i]Abies spectabilis[/i], verified by error rate and Cohen's Kappa. The rate of species movement is predicted to be 14 meters per decade (MaxEnt) and 30 meters of altitude per decade (LPJ-GUESS). in terms of suitable habitat area, MaxEnt predicts reduction of 3 % of the suitable area by the year 2050 while LPJ-GUESS predicts the area to be reduced by 20.5 %. In addition, LPJ-GUESS predicts reducing coverage of [i]Abies spectabilis[/i] from the lower-temperate climatic zone (2000-2500 masl) and increasing coverage in lower-alpine climatic zone (4000-4500 masl) in the coming future. The species will respond to climate warming by increasing its Leaf Area Index, Net Primary Production and Carbon biomass. LPJ-GUESS predicts an increase of 64 (gC m-2 yr-1) mean net primary production by the 2050 scenario (corresponding to a 30.18 % increase relative to modelled current NPP values). Carbon biomass will increase by the mean value of 0.33 (KgCm-2) (corresponding to a 19.87 % increase relative to modelled current cmass values). It is found that annual temperature range and precipitation seasonality (MaxEnt) influence the current distribution while in the future, mean temperature of the coldest quarter will shape the geographical distribution of [i]Abies spectabilis[/i].
Sea surface effects on the sea surface temperature estimation by remote sensing

Abstract By referring to the sea surface temperature profiler buoy (SSTPB) data observed in Mutsu Bay, this study showed under calm and strong sunshine conditions, the vertical water temperature profile near the sea surface bends abruptly, and sea surface temperature detected by satellite remote sensing is not necessarily coincident to the bulk sea surface temperature. Besides the atmospheric effect, this effect causes another error in the estimation of sea surface temperature by remote sensing data known as the sea surface effect (SSE). As a sequel to a former paper, this paper is concerned with the investigation of the conditions which occur in the apparent SSE. Statistical analyses were directed to the total data set of SSTPB. The amount of SSE was evaluated by the water temperature difference between the uppermost surface and 1 m depth, and apparent SSE was identified to when the absolute value of the difference is larger than 0·5 °C. Apparent SSE was observed in the season from May to September. Its .
Strength and elasticity of ringwoodite at upper mantle pressures

The differential stress supported by a natural iron‐bearing ringwoodite was determined using energy‐dispersive synchrotron x‐ray diffraction in a radial geometry in a diamond anvil cell. The yield strength of ringwoodite was found to increase nearly linearly from 5.8(5) GPa at a pressure of 6.2 GPa to 10.2(9) GPa at a pressure of 27.0 GPa. When scaled by the shear modulus, silicate yield strengths are systematically higher than metals, oxides, and halides at pressures up to 30 GPa. For silicates, the yield strength is 5–7% of the shear modulus in this pressure range, whereas for the other classes of solids the yield strength is typically less than 2% of the shear modulus. The results show that ringwoodite has a small postive elastic anisotropy over this pressure range.
Guerrero terrane of Mexico: Its role in the Southern, Cordillera from new geochemical data

The Guerrero terrane makes up most of the western part of Mexico, is one of the largest terranes of the North American Cordillera, and is characterized by an Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous volcanic-sedimentary sequence of are affinity. Metamorphic rocks that crop out in the western area of the terrane (Arteaga complex) may represent its basement. They are mostly composed of terrigenous sediments (Varales Formation) with minor basaltic pillow lavas, chert, tuff, and limestone. Initial ϵ Nd values (+13) and rare earth element (REE) values for pillow lavas of the Arteaga complex are characteristic of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). In contrast, the Varales Formation sedimentary rocks from the Arteaga complex have negative initial ϵ Nd (-6.2 and -7.2) and are enriched in light REEs. These data indicate that the sediments of the Varales Formation were supplied from an evolved continental crust. The overlying Jurassic(? )-Cretaceous arc-related rocks have initial ϵ Nd (+7.9 to +3.9) and REE patterns similar to those of evolved intraoceanic island arcs. These data show that the evolution of the Guerrero terrane had an early pre-Cretaceous(? ) stage, which consisted of an oceanic crust receiving sediments from a continental source, and a Cretaceous stage, which was the development of an island arc.The oceanic-continental isotopic signature of the Arteaga complex is different from other western North American Cordilleran terranes (e.g., Alexander, Wrangelfia) that are more completely "oceanic" in affinity. Nevertheless, the extensive Jurassic(? ). Cretaceous arc represents additions of juvenile material to the western North American Cordillera.
Correcting GRACE gravity fields for ocean tide effects

The GRACE mission will be launch in early 2002 and will map the Earth's gravity fields and its variations with unprecedented accuracy during its 5‐year lifetime. Unless ocean tide signals and their load upon the solid earth are removed from the GRACE data, their long period aliases obscure more subtle climate signals which GRACE aims at. The difference between two existing ocean tide models can be used as an estimate of current tidal model error for the M2, S2, K1, and O1 constituents. When compared with the expected accuracy of the GRACE system, both expressed as spherical harmonic degree variances, we find that the current ocean tide models are not accurate enough to correct GRACE data at harmonic degrees lower that 35. The accumulated tidal errors may affect the GRACE data up to harmonic degree 56. Furthermore, the atmospheric (radiation) tides may cause significant errors in the ocean tide model if altimetry corrected for inverted barometer effects was used in its derivation. To study the temporal characteristics of the ocean tidal constituents when sampled by GRACE, approximate alias frequencies were derived assuming a sampling of half a sidereal day. Those results show that the ocean tide errors will not cancel in the GRACE monthly averaged temporal gravity fields. The S2 and the K2 terms have alias frequencies much longer than 30 days, so they remain almost unreduced in the monthly averages.
The formation of ferromanganese nodules in the southwest Indian Ocean; an abiotic process

Abstract Ferromanganese nodules have been recognized widely as potentially important resources for strategic metals. However it remains unclear if the formation of these nodules is purely an abiotic process or if microorganisms are involved in their formation. To determine the microbial contributions, detailed organic geochemical analyses were performed on ferromanganese nodules collected from across the southwest Indian Ocean. These analyses reveal the presence of specific terrestrial, marine and petroleum derived biomarkers, consistent with formation in a marine setting with a substantial influx of terrestrially derived (higher plant detritus) and naturally occurring petroleum-related organic matter. In contrast, only trace amounts of general bacterial biomarkers, commonly present in these types of depositional environments, were present. This indicates that the formation of these ferromanganese nodules is predominantly an abiotic process although a minor contribution from microbial mediated processes to the growth of these nodules cannot be completely ruled out.
Lipid Composition of Latex and Rubber Particles in Hevea brasiliensis and Taraxacum kok-saghyz

Natural rubber is usually synthesized in the rubber particles present in the latex of rubber-producing plants such as the Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz). Since the detailed lipid compositions of fresh latex and rubber particles of the plants are poorly known, the present study reports detailed compound lipid composition, focusing on phospholipids and galactolipids in the latex and rubber particles of the plants. In the fresh latex and rubber particles of both plants, phospholipids were much more dominant (85–99%) compared to galactolipids. Among the nine classes of phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were most abundant, at ~80%, in both plants. Among PCs, PC (36:4) and PC (34:2) were most abundant in the rubber tree and rubber dandelion, respectively. Two classes of galactolipids, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol and digalactosyl diacylglycerol, were detected as 12% and 1%, respectively, of total compound lipids in rubber tree, whereas their percentages in the rubber dandelion were negligible (< 1%). Overall, the compound lipid composition differed only slightly between the fresh latex and the rubber particles of both rubber plants. These results provide fundamental data on the lipid composition of rubber particles in two rubber-producing plants, which can serve as a basis for artificial rubber particle production in the future.
Point precipitation observation extremes in the world and Japan.

極端な大雨の頻度の増減を議論する上でこれまで観測された雨量極値記録を正しく評価する必要がある．本論文では，世界および日本における雨量極値記録の出典や観測データを遡りその信頼度や不確実性を含め再評価した．世界の雨量極値記録に関しては，WMOやNOAA/NWSによって纏められているが出典が不明確なものが多く含まれていた．また論文内の値が現地気象局のデータと異なる事例や引用論文の記載内容に基づく解釈に問題がある事例も見られ，可能な限り修正・注釈を行った．日本の雨量極値記録に関しては，様々な書籍内で気象庁以外の行政組織や民間会社の観測を含む極値記録が記述されているが，誤記載や不確実性のあるデータが含まれておりその検証・修正・注釈を行った．さらに更新した極値リストを用いて，多くの場合短い（長い）時間スケールの極値は小さい（大きい）空間スケールの気象現象によることが確認されたが，一方で単に起因現象の空間スケールではなく時空間スケールを考慮した豪雨システムに着目すべきであることが示された．現在WMO/CClによって降水量を含めた極値に関する精査が進められているが，本論文で示した信頼度や不確実性を示すことで降水極値に関する精査がより推進されることが期待される．
Photometric Method for Radiometric Correction of Multispectral Scanner Data

RESUMEPour effectuer la correction radiometrique de donnees acquises par balayeur multibande, il faut utiliser des modeles physiques expliquant les variations dues a la topographie, a l'irradiance, aux conditions atmospheriques et aux conditions de visee qui entrent en jeu lors de la formation d'images. L'equation d'equilibre de l'energie lumineuse est plus complexe dans le cas de terrains accidentes que dans le cas de terrains plats car elle doit modeliser les effets de l'elevation, de la pente et de l'orientation azimutale de celle-ci. Les auteurs presentent ici un modele simple comportant six parametres qui tiennent compte des valeurs de l'irradiance solaire, de l'irradiance du firmament et de la radiance de parcours, dans la scene. Le modele s'appuie sur l'utilisation d'une reflectance equivalente deduite d'une modulation de la radiance en fonction de l'orientation de la surface. La radiance de la scene est calculee a partir de la fonction de distribution de la reflectance bidirectionnelle (FDRB) du m.
A soil-plant-atmosphere model for transpiration and availability of soil water

In a soil-plant-atmosphere model the soil was divided into several layers with different root densities and soil water potentials, but the aboveground portion was represented by single values both of diffusive resistance and of plant water potential Ψ. The model used Cowan's theory for root uptake, Monteith's combination equation for vapor flux, constant internal resistance per unit of root length, and stomatal response to light, humidity, temperature, and Ψ. For forests, unstressed transpiration Eu, defined as the transpiration that would occur if stomatal opening were not reduced by low Ψ, may be a more useful value than potential evapotranspiration. The model simulated field data from a hardwood forest in terms of both Ψ and stomatal behavior within a day and over a summer. Stomata had a threshold type of response to Ψ, with closure only occurring as Ψ approached a critical potential Ψc. Internal resistance was high enough that when Eu was high, Ψ became low enough to cause some stomatal closure and reduce transpiration even when soil was wet. As soil dried, potential gradient decreased because plant potential could not decline further than Ψc. But internal resistance remained generally larger than rhizosphere resistance, so decrease in uptake with soil drying depended more on the decreasing soil-plant gradient than on increasing rhizosphere resistance. Simple functions, either of total soil water content or of vertical root and soil water distribution, can be used to determine the reduction of transpiration below Eu in hydrologic models.
Realistic initiation and dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation in a coarse resolution aquaplanet GCM

The main mechanisms for the initiation and propagation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) are still widely debated. The capacity of operational global climate models (GCMs) to correctly simulate the MJO is hindered by the inadequacy of the underlying cumulus parameterizations. Here we show that a coarse resolution GCM, coupled to a simple multicloud model parameterization mimicking the observed dynamics and physical structure of organized tropical convection, simulates the MJO in an idealized setting of an aquaplanet without ocean dynamics. We impose a fixed nonhomogeneous sea‐surface temperature replicating the Indian Ocean/Western Pacific warm pool. This results in a succession of MJOs with realistic phase speed, amplitude, and physical structure. Each MJO event is initiated at a somewhat random location over the warm pool and dies sometimes near the eastern boundary of the warm pool and sometimes at a random location way beyond the warm pool. Also occasionally the MJO events stall at the center of maximum heating. This is reminiscent of the fact that in nature some MJOs stall over the maritime continent while others reach the central Pacific Ocean and beyond. The initiation mechanism in the model is believed to be a combination of persistent intermittent convective events interacting with observed large‐scale flow patterns and internal tropical dynamics. The large‐scale flow patterns are associated with planetary‐scale dry Kelvin waves that are triggered by preceding MJO events and circle the globe, while congestus cloud decks on the flanks of the warm pool are believed to force Rossby gyres which then funnel moisture toward the equatorial region.
Vesiculation processes in silicic magmas

Abstract The physics of vesiculation, i.e. the process of bubble formation and evolution, controls the manner of volcanic eruptions. Vesiculation may lead to extreme rates of magma expansion and to explosive eruptions or, at the other extreme, to low rates and calm effusion of lava domes and flows. In this paper, we discuss the theory of the different stages of vesiculation and examine the results of relevant experimental studies. The following stages are discussed: (1) The development of supersaturation of volatiles in melts. Supersaturation may develop due to a decrease in equilibrium solubility following changes in ambient pressure or temperature or due to an increase in the magma volatile content (e.g. in response to crystallization of water-free or waterpoor mineral assemblages). (2) Bubble nucleation. The classical theory of homogeneous nucleation and some modern modifications, heterogeneous nucleation with emphasis on the nucleation of water bubbles in rhyolitic melts and the role of specific crystals as heterogeneous sites. (3) Bubble growth. The effect of diffusion, viscosity, surface tension, ambient pressure and inter-bubble separation on the dynamics of growth. (4) Bubble coalescence. The theory of coalescence of static foams. factors that may effect coalescence in expanding foams and shape relaxation following bubble coalescence.
Spatial Modeling of the Risk of Mosquito-borne Disease Transmission, Chesapeake, Virginia

The increase in mosquito populations following extreme weather events poses a major threat to humans because of mosquitoes' ability to carry disease-causing pathogens. In areas with reservoirs of disease, mosquito abundance information can help to identify the areas at higher risk of disease transmission. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS), mosquito abundance is predicted across the city of Chesapeake, Virginia. The mosquito abundance model uses mosquito trap counts, habitat suitability, and environmental variables to predict the abundance of the species Culiseta melanura , as well as the combined abundance of Aedes vexans and Psorophora columbiae , for the year 2003. The mosquito abundance values are compared to vulnerable population indices to determine the spatial distribution of risk of disease transmission. The goal of this project is to create a reproducible model that could be embedded in a decision support system to aid in detecting areas at high risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission.