Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Data Protection Law and Multi-Party Computation: Applications to Information Exchange between Law Enforcement Agencies

Pushes for increased power of Law Enforcement (LE) for data retention and centralized storage result in legal challenges with data protection law and courts-and possible violations of the right to privacy. This is motivated by a desire for better cooperation and exchange between LE Agencies (LEAs), which is difficult due to data protection regulations, was identified as a main factor of major public security failures, and is a frequent criticism of LE. Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC) is often seen as a technological means to solve privacy conflicts where actors want to exchange and analyze data that needs to be protected due to data protection laws. In this interdisciplinary work, we investigate the problem of private information exchange between LEAs from both a legal and technical angle. We give a legal analysis of secret-sharing based MPC techniques in general and, as a particular application scenario, consider the case of matching LE databases for lawful information exchange between LEAs. We propose a system for lawful information exchange between LEAs using MPC and private set intersection and show its feasibility by giving a legal analysis for data protection and a technical analysis for workload complexity. Towards practicality, we present insights from qualitative feedback gathered within exchanges with a major European LEA.
Operator control of a Heisenberg chain by locally acting on a single end qubit

As recently proved by Burgarth et al. [Phys. Rev. A 79, 060305(R) (2009)], a Heisenberg spin chain can be controlled completely by acting locally on one of the spins at its ends. This is the starting point for the present thesis. We consider mainly an isotropic spin12 Heisenberg chain of length three and apply a control field to the first spin. The control is chosen to be an element of the set of piecewise constant functions. Controlling the field in xand y-direction is sufficient for universal quantum computation. We perform operator control, i.e. we find control functions such that the time evolution operator of the system reaches a specified target unitary at some fixed final time, and analyse the time dependence of the control fields found for some concrete gates. The implementation is performed by maximizing the fidelity between the respective target gate and the dynamic time evolution of the system. Throughout this work we use as standard gate a spin-flip gate which flips the last spin in the chain and is achievable by control of the x-field only, but we implement as well entangling gates like the controlled-NOT and square root of SWAP. We analyse the sensitivity of the fidelity to random noise and search for smooth optimal control fields by applying filtering techniques in the Fourier space. Concretely, we make use of two different filters having a smoothing effect, namely of an ideal low-pass and a Gaussian filter. Furthermore, we extend the three-spin system adding one more spin to the chain and estimate a minimal time for the implementation of the spin-flip and CNOT gate depending on the number of spins whereas we include results stemming from a chain of two, three, and four spins. Finally, we describe how a quantum error correction circuit consisting of five qubits may be implemented by local control of a Heisenberg spin chain of length five.
Grafting, harmonic maps and projective structures on surfaces

Grafting is a surgery on Riemann surfaces introduced by Thurston which connects hyperbolic geometry and the theory of projective structures on surfaces. We will discuss the space of projective structures in terms of the Thurston's geometric parametrization given by grafting. From this approach we will prove that on any compact Riemann surface with genus greater than $1$ there exist infinitely many projective structures with Fuchsian holonomy representations. In course of the proof it will turn out that grafting is closely related to harmonic maps between surfaces.
Electrical properties of the ( V 1 − x Cr x ) 2 O 3 system

Extensive electrical resistivity and Seebeck-coefficient measurements are reported for ${({\mathrm{V}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{x})}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ single-crystal alloys in the range $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.1$. For $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.005$ a metal-insulator transition is encountered at 150-170 K which coincides with the onset of antiferromagnetic ordering. Above room temperature there is a gradual transition to a second metallic phase. The resistivity of the metallic phase at a fixed temperature increases by three orders of magnitude on changing the Cr content from 0 to 1.8 at. %, while the Seebeck coefficient remains virtually unaltered. For fixed alloy composition $0.005lxl0.018$, increasing temperature produces three transitions: The alloy is an antiferromagnetic insulator (AFI) at low temperatures, a metal ($M$) at intermediate temperatures, a paramagnetic insulator ($I$) at higher temperature, and then reverts back to a quasimetallic state (${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) at elevated temperatures. The $M\ensuremath{-}I$ transformation is accompanied by unusually large hysteresis effects. For $0.018\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.1$ only the AFI, $I$, and ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phases are encountered. These findings can be accounted for in a semiempirical manner in terms of a Fermi level for the $M$ phase that intersects a local minimum in the density of states, which deepens further and ultimately gives rise to a band gap, either as $x$ is increased past the critical value of 0.0177 at fixed temperature $T$, or as $T$ is changed at constant $x$. The band gap, generated when the $I$ phase appears, is probably due to a Hubbard-type transition that is strongly affected by electron-phonon interactions; it then closes self-consistently with a further increase in $T$. The band gap obtained on cooling is associated with the onset of antiferromagnetic ordering. The generally accepted phase diagram for the system has been amended to include the existence above 450 K of another phase (${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) which is either a metal or a highly degenerate semiconductor.
DNA methylation at birth and lateral ventricular volume in childhood: a neuroimaging epigenetics study

Background Lateral ventricular volume (LVV) enlargement has been repeatedly linked to schizophrenia; yet, what biological factors shape LVV during early development remain unclear. DNA methylation (DNAm), an essential process for neurodevelopment that is altered in schizophrenia, is a key molecular system of interest. Methods In this study, we conducted the first epigenome‐wide association study of neonatal DNAm in cord blood with LVV in childhood (measured using T1‐weighted brain scans at 10 years), based on data from a large population‐based birth cohort, the Generation R Study (N = 840). Employing both probe‐level and methylation profile score (MPS) approaches, we further examined whether epigenetic modifications identified at birth in cord blood are: (a) also observed cross‐sectionally in childhood using peripheral blood DNAm at age of 10 years (Generation R, N = 370) and (b) prospectively associated with LVV measured in young adulthood in an all‐male sample from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, N = 114). Results At birth, DNAm levels at four CpGs (annotated to potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 3, KCTD3; SHH signaling and ciliogenesis regulator, SDCCAG8; glutaredoxin, GLRX) prospectively associated with childhood LVV after genome‐wide correction; these genes have been implicated in brain development and psychiatric traits including schizophrenia. An MPS capturing a broader epigenetic profile of LVV – but not individual top hits – showed significant cross‐sectional associations with LVV in childhood in Generation R and prospectively associated with LVV in early adulthood within ALSPAC. Conclusions This study finds suggestive evidence that DNAm at birth prospectively associates with LVV at different life stages, albeit with small effect sizes. The prediction of MPS on LVV in a childhood sample and an independent male adult sample further underscores the stability and reproducibility of DNAm as a potential marker for LVV. Future studies with larger samples and comparable time points across development are needed to further elucidate how DNAm associates with this clinically relevant brain structure and risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, and what factors explain the identified DNAm profile of LVV at birth.
Problems for Modified Newtonian Dynamics in Clusters and the Lyα Forest?

The observed dynamics of gas and stars on galactic and larger scales cannot be accounted for by self-gravity, indicating that there are large quantities of unseen matter or that gravity is non-Newtonian in these regimes. Milgrom's modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) postulates that Newton's laws are modified at very low acceleration, and can account for the rotation curves of galaxies and some other astrophysical observations, without dark matter. Here we apply MOND to two independent physical systems: Lyα absorbers and galaxy clusters. While physically distinct, both are simple hydrodynamical systems with characteristic accelerations in the MOND regime. We find that, because MOND violates the strong equivalence principle, the properties of Lyα absorbers depend strongly on the (unknown) background acceleration field in which they are embedded. If this field is small compared to their internal accelerations, then the absorbers are more dense and about 10 times smaller than in Newtonian gravity with dark matter, in conflict with sizes inferred from quasar pair studies. If, however, the background field is rather large, then the absorbers take on properties similar to those predicted in the cold dark matter picture. In clusters MOND appears to explain the observed (baryonic) mass-temperature relation. However, given observed gas density and enclosed mass profiles and the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium, MOND predicts radial temperature profiles that disagree badly with observations. We show this explicitly for the Virgo, Abell 2199, and Coma Clusters, but the results are general and seem very difficult to avoid. If this discrepancy is to be resolved by positing additional (presumably baryonic) dark matter, then this dark matter must have ~1-3 times the cluster gas mass within 1 Mpc and about 10 times the gas mass within 200 kpc. This result strongly disfavors MOND as an alternative to dark matter.
Visualizing the Evolution of Multi-agent Game-playing Behaviors

Analyzing the training evolution of AI agents in a multi-agent environment helps to understand changes in learned behaviors, as well as the sequence in which they are learned. We train an existing Pommerman team from scratch and, at regular intervals, let it battle against another top-performing team. We define thirteen game-specific behaviors and compute their occurrences in 600 matches. To investigate the evolution of these behaviors, we propose a visualization approach and showcase its usefulness in an application example.
HECTOR: A Hybrid TExt SimplifiCation TOol for Raw Texts in French

Reducing the complexity of texts by applying an Automatic Text Simplification (ATS) system has been sparking interest inthe area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) for several years and a number of methods and evaluation campaigns haveemerged targeting lexical and syntactic transformations. In recent years, several studies exploit deep learning techniques basedon very large comparable corpora. Yet the lack of large amounts of corpora (original-simplified) for French has been hinderingthe development of an ATS tool for this language. In this paper, we present our system, which is based on a combination ofmethods relying on word embeddings for lexical simplification and rule-based strategies for syntax and discourse adaptations. We present an evaluation of the lexical, syntactic and discourse-level simplifications according to automatic and humanevaluations. We discuss the performances of our system at the lexical, syntactic, and discourse levels
ROS Based Attack Tool for Verification of Robotic System Security

Robot Operating System (ROS) is a middleware that is widely used in industry and academia. Despite its increasing use, it lacks cyber security measurements. Although it is open source and free software, it increases the preference for ROS, but users need to produce their solutions for security. In this study, the proposed tool is a ROS attack tool focused on performing easy validation tests. The process of developing security methods, which is one of the weaknesses of ROS, is accelerated. Thanks to the modular structure, desired attack methods can be integrated. Therefore, it can be more comprehensive as needed. Attack scenarios can be defined in the attack tool. ROS developers can perform the same consistency every time, according to the defined attack scenarios, how their robotic systems react under an attack, and how well the security measures work. Time is saved thanks to consistent observable test results and automatic testing.
Efficient comparison of evolutionary trees during phylogenetic reconstruction

S1 Recent developments in LVB In addition to specific developments for tree comparison described in the main text, the LVB software package has undergone a range of changes since it was first described in [1] and [2]. There have been 10 numbered releases plus three Beta releases from the version used in [2] to LVB 4.0, the version used in the current paper. Notable changes during this time, not described in the main text, include addition of:
The time series forecasting: from the aspect of network

Forecasting can estimate the statement of events according to the historical data and it is considerably important in many disciplines. At present, time series models have been utilized to solve forecasting problems in various domains. In general, researchers use curve fitting and parameter estimation methods (moment estimation, maximum likelihood estimation and least square method) to forecast. In this paper, a new sight is given to the forecasting and a completely different method is proposed to forecast time series. Inspired by the visibility graph and link prediction, this letter converts time series into network and then finds the nodes which are mostly likelihood to link with the predicted node. Finally, the predicted value will be obtained according to the state of the link. The TAIEX data set is used in the case study to illustrate that the proposed method is effectiveness. Compared with ARIMA model, the proposed shows a good forecasting performance when there is a small amount of data.
Revealing Magnetic Fields in the Neutral ISM: Outlook and Goals for the Next Decade

Figure 1: Simulated far-IR flux density and polarization map from 512 3-element numerical model of the turbulent, magnetized ISM (Falceta-Gonçalves et al. 2008). Simulations such as these have shown that the mean magnetic field strength can be derived from high-quality maps of polarization with accuracy as good as ∼20%. Measuring such polarization maps and therefore revealing the magnetic fields in neutral in-terstellar clouds is a high priority for the next decade and beyond.
Diagnostics of the molecular component of photon-dominated regions with mechanical heating. II. Line intensities and ratios

CO observations in active galactic nuclei and starbursts reveal high kinetic temperatures. Those environments are thought to be very turbulent due to dynamic phenomena, such as outflows and high supernova rates. We investigate the effect of mechanical heating on atomic fine-structure and molecular lines and on their ratios. We try to use those ratios as a diagnostic to constrain the amount of mechanical heating in an object and also study its significance on estimating the H2 mass. Equilibrium photodissociation models (PDRs hereafter) were used to compute the thermal and chemical balance for the clouds. The equilibria were solved for numerically using the optimized version of the Leiden PDR-XDR code. Large velocity-gradient calculations were done as post-processing on the output of the PDR models using RADEX. High-J CO line ratios are very sensitive to mechanical heating (Γmech hereafter). These emission becomes at least one order of magnitude brighter in clouds with n ~ 105 cm-3 and a star formation rate of 1 M⊙ yr-1 (corresponding to Γmech = 2 × 10-19 erg cm-3 s-1). The emission of low-J CO lines is not as sensitive to Γmech, but they do become brighter in response to Γmech. Generally, for all of the lines we considered, Γmech increases excitation temperatures and decreases the optical depth at the line centre. Hence line ratios are also affected, strongly in some cases. Ratios involving HCN are a good diagnostic for Γmech, where the HCN(1-0)/CO(1-0) increases from 0.06 to 0.25, and the HCN(1-0)/HCO+(1-0) increase from 0.15 to 0.5 for amounts of Γmech that are equivalent to 5% of the surface heating rate. Both ratios increase to more than 1 for higher Γmech, as opposed to being much less than unity in pure PDRs. The first major conclusion is that low-J to high-J intensity ratios will yield a good estimate of the mechanical heating rate (as opposed to only low-J ratios). The second one is that the mechanical heating rate should be taken into account when determing AV or, equivalently, NH, and consequently the cloud mass. Ignoring Γmech will also lead to large errors in density and radiation field estimates. Appendices are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda. orgThe data used to generate all the grids are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat? J/A+A/574/A127
Large unsaturated magnetoresistance of 2D magnetic semiconductor Fe-SnS2 homojunction

A magnetic semiconductor whose electronic charge and spin can be regulated together will be an important component of future spintronic devices. Here, we construct a two-dimensional (2D) Fe doped SnS2 (Fe-SnS2) homogeneous junction and investigate its electromagnetic transport feature. The Fe-SnS2 homojunction device showed large positive and unsaturated magnetoresistance (MR) of 1800% in the parallel magnetic field and 600% in the vertical magnetic field, indicating an obvious anisotropic MR feature. In contrast, The MR of Fe-SnS2 homojunction is much larger than the pure diamagnetic SnS2 and most 2D materials. The application of a gate voltage can regulate the MR effect of Fe-SnS2 homojunction devices. Moreover, the stability of Fe-SnS2 in air has great application potential. Our Fe-SnS2 homojunction has a significant potential in future magnetic memory applications.
Hydrothermal coupling in a rough fracture

Heat exchange during laminar flow is studied at the fracture scale on the basis of the Stokes equation. We used a synthetic aperture model (a self-affine model) that has been shown to be a realistic geometrical description of the fracture morphology. We developed a numerical modelling using a finite difference scheme of the hydrodynamic flow and its coupling with an advection/conduction description of the fluid heat. As a first step, temperature within the surrounding rock is supposed to be constant. Influence of the fracture roughness on the heat flux through the wall, is estimated and a thermalization length is shown to emerge. Implications for the Soultz-sous-For\^{e}ts geothermal project are discussed.
Randomized ensemble methods for classification trees

Abstract : We propose two methods of constructing ensembles of classifiers, One method directly injects randomness into classification tree algorithms by choosing a split randomly at each node with probabilities proportional to the measure of goodness for a split We combine this method with a stopping rule which uses permutation of the outputs The other method perturbs the output and constructs a classifier using the perturbed data, In both methods, the final classifier is given by an unweighted vote of the individual classifiers, These methods are compared with bagging, Adaboost, and random forests on thirteen commonly used data sets, The results show that our methods perform better than bagging, and comparably to Adaboost and random forests on average, Additional computation shows that our perturbation method could improve its performance by perturbing both the inputs and with the outputs, and combining a sufficiently large number of trees, Plots of strength and correlation show an interesting relationship, We also explore combining sampling subsets of the training set with our proposed methods, The results of a few trials show that the performance of our proposed methods could be improved by combining sampling subsets of the training set,
Encoding expert opinion on skewed non-negative distributions

Often only limited information can be elicited from experts about a distribution, such as quantiles or other summary statistics. Skewed non-negative distributions often arise in practice, and present a particular challenge for elicitation due to their asymmetry. This paper provides a range of simple approaches to encoding these types of distributions. We consider the popular two-parameter gamma and lognormal distributions, as well as the three-parameter location-shifted lognormal and quantile-speciﬁed Davies distribution. Equations are provided for moment-matching approaches, each depending on a different though minimal set of summary statistics that have been elicited from experts. When additional information has been elicited, regression can be applied to these moment-matching equations. A simulation study and case study illustrate the varying accuracy that can be achieved, depending on the encoding method (which summary statistics are used), the distributional choice and the expert. More broadly this research emphasizes the need to question distributional choice when distributions, such as priors, are encoded using few summary statistics.
Mixing layers in flows in star forming regions.

There are now many observations of high velocity, molecular emission associated with outflows from young stars. This emission might come from molecules that are formed in the outflowing material, or from entrained, ambient molecular gas. The present paper explores the latter possibility, describing the efforts that have been made to model the “lateral entrainment” that occurs in the turbulent mixing layer formed along the edges of a jet-like flow (or, equivalently, at any interface between a fast moving flow and the surrounding environment). A simple, analytic approach based on model equations is used to provide a qualitative picture of the dynamical, thermal and chemical structure of such a turbulent mixing layer. Finally, a review of the efforts up to date of modelling the dynamics and chemistry of turbulent mixing layers is presented.