Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heat engines and heat pumps in a hydrostatic atmosphere: How surface pressure and temperature constrain wind power output and circulation cell size

The kinetic energy budget of the atmosphere’s meridional circulation cells is analytically assessed. In the upper atmosphere kinetic energy generation grows with increasing surface temperature difference ∆Ts between the cold and warm ends of a circulation cell; in the lower atmosphere it declines. A requirement that kinetic energy generation is positive in the lower atmosphere limits the poleward cell extension L of Hadley cells via a relationship between ∆Ts and surface pressure difference ∆ps: an upper limit exists when ∆ps does not grow with increasing ∆Ts. This pattern is demonstrated here using monthly data from MERRA re-analysis. Kinetic energy generation along air streamlines in the boundary layer does not exceed 40 J mol−1; it declines with growing L and reaches zero for the largest observed L at 2 km height. The limited meridional cell size necessitates the appearance of heat pumps – circulation cells with negative work output where the low-level air moves towards colder areas. These cells consume the positive work output of the heat engines – cells where the low-level air moves towards the warmer areas – and can in theory drive the global efficiency of atmospheric circulation down to zero. Relative contributions of ∆ps and ∆Ts to kinetic energy generation are evaluated: ∆Ts dominates in the upper atmosphere, while ∆ps dominates in the lower. Analysis and empirical evidence indicate that the net kinetic power output on Earth is dominated by surface pressure gradients, with minor net kinetic energy generation in the upper atmosphere. The role of condensation in generating surface pressure gradients is discussed.
A Refined Conjecture for the Variance of Gaussian Primes across Sectors

Abstract We derive a refined conjecture for the variance of Gaussian primes across sectors, with a power saving error term, by applying the L-functions Ratios Conjecture. We observe a bifurcation point in the main term, consistent with the Random Matrix Theory (RMT) heuristic previously proposed by Rudnick and Waxman. Our model also identifies a second bifurcation point, undetected by the RMT model, that emerges upon taking into account lower order terms. For sufficiently small sectors, we moreover prove an unconditional result that is consistent with our conjecture down to lower order terms.
Entanglement-based linear-optical qubit amplifier

We propose a linear-optical scheme for an efficient amplification of a photonic qubit based on interaction of the signal mode with a pair of entangled ancillae. In contrast to a previous proposal for qubit amplifier by Gisin et al., [Phys Rev. Lett. 105, 070501 (2010)] the success probability of our device does not decrease asymptotically to zero with increasing gain. Moreover we show how the device can be used to restore entanglement deteriorated by transmission over a lossy channel and calculate the secure key rate for device-independent quantum key distribution.
Acanthamoeba keratitis

Acanthamoeba is a microscopic, free-living ameba that can cause rare, but severe infections of the eye. The Acanthamoeba life cycle includes the protozoan (15–45 mm in diameter) and cyst (10–25 mm diameter) forms. The protozoa are mobile while the cysts are double walled and resistant to environmental stressors or intentional killing by freezing, desiccation, and chlorine in water supplies, swimming pools, and hot tubs. The trophozoite has an amoeboid shape with pseudopodia and feeds on small algae, bacteria, and other protozoans. The main risk factors for Acanthamoeba keratitis includes extended contact lenses use, bathing with contact lens on and cleaning them with tap water. 2 | CASE REPORT
Improving intestinal absorption and antibacterial effect of florfenicol via nanocrystallisation technology

Abstract To study the effects of nanocrystallisation technology on the intestinal absorption properties and antibacterial activity of florfenicol (FF). The florfenicol nanocrystals (FF-NC) were prepared by wet grinding and spray drying. Additionally, changes in particle size, charge, morphology, and dissolution of FF-NC in the long-term stability were monitored by laser particle sizer, TEM, SEM, paddle method, and the structure of FF-NC powder was characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test. The antibacterial activity, intestinal absorption and intestinal histocompatibility of FF-NC were investigated by the stiletto, mini broth dilution susceptibility test, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) and haematoxylin–eosin (H–E) staining. After 12 months of storage, the particle size and zeta potential of FF-NC were 280.43 ± 8.21 nm and −19.64 ± 3.45 mV, and the electron microscopy results showed that FF-NC were nearly circular with no adhesion between particles. In addition, the drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and dissolution of FF-NC did not change significantly during storage. The inhibition zone of FF-NC against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 21.37 ± 1.70 mm and 25.17 ± 2.47 mm, respectively. Compared with the FF, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of FF-NC are reduced, and the absorption rate constant (K a) and efficient permeability coefficient (P eff) of FF-NC in the three intestinal segments were increased by 1.28, 0.25, and 9.10 times and 0.59, 0.17, and 6.0 times, respectively. The results of tissue sections showed that FF-NC had little damage to the small intestinal. Nanocrystallisation technology is an effective method to increase the intestinal absorption and antibacterial activity of FF.
Use of ankle-brachial pressure index to assess patient suitability for lower limb compression.

BACKGROUND Compression therapy is a safe, effective treatment for lower leg conditions such as lymphatic insufficiency and venous hypertension. The most common method of arterial assessment is the calculation of a patient's ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI). The need for ABPI is highlighted in many best practice statement and local policies. ABPI compares the arterial flow of the arms and the legs, providing a ratio used to determine the presence and severity of peripheral artery disease and assess whether a patient is suitable for compression therapy. AIM This study critically reviews and analyses findings from contemporary literature with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of the ABPI screening tool. METHOD A structured literature review using a narrative approach was carried out. RESULTS Four studies were identified for inclusion, which involved medical, nursing and allied health professional staff in primary and secondary care, with a total of 51 patients. Analysis generated eight themes: appropriateness of the ABPI tool; clinician education; referral process; access to appropriate equipment; lack of time to conduct the assessment; competence; associated costs; and role definition. CONCLUSION It is important to undertake a holistic assessment of the patient, incorporating ABPI assessment where not contraindicated. Further research to explore patient experience and safety when assessing a patient's suitability for lower limb compression therapy is required.
The Recent Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies as Seen in their Cold Gas

Abstract I present an overview of new observations of atomic and molecular gas in early-type galaxies, focusing on the Atlas3D project. Our data on stellar kinematics, age and metallicity, and ionized gas kinematics allow us to place the cold gas into the broader context of early-type galaxy assembly and star formation history. The cold gas data also provide valuable constraints for numerical simulations of early-type galaxies.
Turbulence in the Ionized Gas of the Orion Nebula

In order to study the nature, origin, and impact of turbulent velocity fluctuations in the ionized gas of the Orion Nebula, we apply a variety of statistical techniques to observed velocity cubes. The cubes are derived from high resolving power ($R \approx 40,000$) longslit spectroscopy of optical emission lines that span a range of ionizations. From Velocity Channel Analysis (VCA), we find that the slope of the velocity power spectrum is consistent with predictions of Kolmogorov theory between scales of 8 and 22 arcsec (0.02 to 0.05 pc). The outer scale, which is the dominant scale of density fluctuations in the nebula, approximately coincides with the autocorrelation length of the velocity fluctuations that we determine from the second order velocity structure function. We propose that this is the principal driving scale of the turbulence, which originates in the autocorrelation length of dense cores in the Orion molecular filament. By combining analysis of the non-thermal line widths with the systematic trends of velocity centroid versus ionization, we find that the global champagne flow and smaller scale turbulence each contribute in equal measure to the total velocity dispersion, with respective root-mean-square widths of 4-5 km/s. The turbulence is subsonic and can account for only one half of the derived variance in ionized density, with the remaining variance provided by density gradients in photoevaporation flows from globules and filaments. Intercomparison with results from simulations implies that the ionized gas is confined to a thick shell and does not fill the interior of the nebula.
Changes in survival of patients with non–small cell lung cancer in Japan: An interrupted time series study

The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) gefitinib and erlotinib were approved for metastatic or relapsed non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Japan in 2002 and 2007, respectively. EGFR mutation testing was also approved in 2007. Although clinical trials showed efficacy in NSCLC patients harboring activating EGFR mutations, these effects have rarely been reported in real‐world practice. We evaluated changes in survival in NSCLC patients following introduction of these agents and EGFR mutation testing by extracting patients diagnosed with NSCLC from 1993 through 2011 from six prefectural population‐based cancer registries in Japan. Relative survival (RS) was calculated by sex, histological subtype, and cancer stage. We conducted interrupted time series analysis to assess survival changes following introduction of EGFR‐TKIs and EGFR mutation testing. 120,068 patients with NSCLC were analyzed. One‐ and three‐year RS gradually increased in overall NSCLC for men and women. For adenocarcinoma, among men, slopes of 1‐ and 3‐year RS increased steeply in patients diagnosed from 2007 through 2011; among women, significant level increases were seen in 1‐year RS in patients diagnosed in 2002 (4.55% [95% confidence interval: 1.76‐7.33]) and 2007 (3.40% [1.27‐5.52]). These significant level increases were particularly obvious in women with adenocarcinoma at an advanced stage. Our results suggest that recent improvements in survival in men and women with adenocarcinoma are due at least partly to introduction of EGFR‐TKIs into real‐world practice, and to prescription based on appropriate patient selection following introduction of EGFR mutation testing into real‐world practice in Japan.
Semimetallic transport properties of epitaxially stabilized perovskite CaIrO3 films

We report on the synthesis and transport properties of perovskite (Pv) CaIrO3 thin films. The Pv phase of CaIrO3 was stabilized by epitaxial growth on SrTiO3, (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7, and LaAlO3 substrates with strong tensile, weak tensile, and compressive strains, respectively. The resistivity of these films showed a poorly metallic behavior. The Hall resistivity exhibited a sign change as a function of temperature and a nonlinear magnetic-field dependence, which clearly indicated the coexistence of electrons and holes and hence supported that Pv CaIrO3 films are semimetallic. The observed robustness of the semimetallic ground state against tensile and compressive strains is consistent with the presence of symmetry-protected Dirac points (nodes) around the Fermi level that prohibits the system from becoming a band insulator.
Islands in minor-closed classes. I. Bounded treewidth and separators

The clustered chromatic number of a graph class is the minimum integer $t$ such that for some $C$ the vertices of every graph in the class can be colored in $t$ colors so that every monochromatic component has size at most $C$. We show that the clustered chromatic number of the class of graphs embeddable on a given surface is four, proving the conjecture of Esperet and Ochem. Additionally, we study the list version of the concept and characterize the minor-closed classes of graphs of bounded treewidth with given clustered list chromatic number. We further strengthen the above results to solve some extremal problems on bootstrap percolation of minor-closed classes.
A mean-field approach to the propagation of field patterns in stratified magnetorotational turbulence

Local shearing box simulations of stratified magnetorotational turbulence invariably exhibit cyclic field patterns which propagate away from the disc mid-plane. A common explanation for this is magnetic buoyancy. The recent analysis by Shi et al. however shows that the flow is buoyantly stable below one disc scaleheight H, necessitating an alternative explanation in this region. We here conduct and analyse direct numerical simulations to explain the observed behaviour by means of a mean-field description. Apart from the mean radial and azimuthal field, we monitor the small-scale current helicity, which we propose as a key indicator for saturation. Reconstructing the horizontally averaged field, we demonstrate that the problem can be reduced to a 1D induction equation. By means of the so-called test field method, we then determine the underlying closure parameters. Our analysis shows that, apart from a possible direct magnetorotational instability (MRI) dynamo, two distinct indirect dynamo mechanisms operate in the disc. This resolves the issue of the ‘wrong’ sign of the MRI dynamo effect. Finally, we use the obtained closure parameters to run a dynamically quenched dynamo model. This model approximately recovers the observed field patterns in the mean fields. Moreover, the model reproduces the prevailing parity and the distinct phase pattern in the small-scale current helicity. The latter property might open a potential route to understand the saturation of MRI induced turbulence.
Testing asteroseismic scaling relations using eclipsing binaries in star clusters and the field

The accuracy of stellar masses and radii determined from asteroseismology is not known! We examine this issue for giant stars by comparing classical measurements of detached eclipsing binary systems (dEBs) with asteroseismic measurements from the Kepler mission. For star clusters, we extrapolate measurements of dEBs in the turn-off region to the red giant branch and the red clump where we investigate the giants as an ensemble. For the field stars, we measure dEBs with an oscillating giant component. These measurements allow a comparison of masses and radii calculated from a classical eclipsing binary analysis to those calculated from asteroseismic scaling relations and/or other asteroseismic methods. Our first results indicate small but significant systematic differences between the classical and asteroseismic measurements. In this contribution we show our latest results and summarize the current status and future plans. We also stress the importance of realizing that for giant stars mass cannot always be translated to age, since an unknown fraction of these evolved through a blue straggler phase with mass transfer in a binary system. Rough estimates of how many such stars to expect are given based on our findings in the open clusters NGC6819 and NGC6791.
Ferroelectric properties of charge-orderedα−(BEDT−TTF)2I3

A detailed investigation of the out-of-plane electrical properties of charge-ordered alpha-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 provides clear evidence for ferroelectricity. Similar to multiferroic alpha-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl, the polar order in this material is ascribed to the occurrence of bond- and site-centered charge order. Dielectric response typical for relaxor ferroelectricity is found deep in the charge-ordered state. We suggest an explanation in terms of the existence of polar and nonpolar stacks of the organic molecules in this material, preventing long-range ferroelectricity. The results are discussed in relation to the formation or absence of electronic polar order in related charge-transfer salts.
Spontaneous magnon decays in planar ferromagnet

We predict that spin-waves in an easy-plane ferromagnet have a finite lifetime at zero temperature due to spontaneous decays. In zero field the damping is determined by three-magnon decay processes, whereas decays in the two-particle channel dominate in a transverse magnetic field. Explicit calculations of the magnon damping are performed in the framework of the spin-wave theory for the XXZ square-lattice ferromagnet with an anisotropy parameter λ<1. In zero magnetic field the decays occur for λ*<λ<1 with λ*≈1/7. We also discuss the possibility of experimental observation of the predicted effect in a number of ferromagnetic insulators.
Spin torque and critical currents for magnetic vortex nano-oscillator in nanopillars

We calculated the main dynamic parameters of the spin polarized current induced magnetic vortex oscillations in nanopillars, such as the range of current density, where vortex steady oscillations exist, the oscillation frequency and orbit radius. We accounted for both the non-linear vortex frequency and non-linear vortex damping. To describe the vortex excitations by the spin polarized current we used a generalized Thiele approach to motion of the vortex core as a collective coordinate. All the calculation results are represented via the free layer sizes, saturation magnetization, and the Gilbert damping. Predictions of the developed model can be checked experimentally.
Influence of bone morphology and femur preparation method on the primary stability of hip revision stems

Aseptic loosening is one of the major reasons for re‐revisions of cementless revision stems. Insufficient primary stability is associated with bone characteristics and the surgical process. This study aimed to investigate how femur morphology and preparation methods influence the primary stability of revision stems. The Femur morphology was described by the upper femoral curvature (UFC) and an individualized Dorr type classification based on the ratio between the canal‐to‐calcar ratio (CCR*) and the cortical index (CI*) introduced as the cortical‐canal shape (CCS). Manual and powered reaming in combination with helical and straight reamers were used to prepare the bone cavity of 10 cadaveric human femur pairs. Forces during stem impaction were recorded (Reclaim, Depuy Synthes). Micromotion at the bone–implant interface during cyclic axial loading and torsional load to failure was determined. The CCS and impaction forces (R2 = 0.817, p < 0.001) or torsional strength (R2 = 0.577, p < 0.001) are inversely related. CCS did not correlate with micromotion during axial loading (R2 = 0.001, p > 0.999), but proximal femoral curvature did (R2 = 0.462, p = 0.015). Powered reaming and straight reamers led to an improved torsional strength (both: p = 0.043). The Individualized Dorr classification CCS and UFC allows a good estimation of the primary stability of revision stems. For severely curved Dorr type‐C femurs, an alternative anchorage method should be considered clinically.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer: targeting the complexity of the pharmacological interconnection

ABSTRACT Introduction Many data already suggested that cancer and IPF are underlined by a number of common pathogenic biologic pathways. However, fewer data regards the interconnections, in terms of synergy or increased toxicities, of drugs used in cancer and IPF. Particularly, how the specific therapy influences the concurrent condition and prognostic factors of response in patients with both lung cancer and IPF are far to be clarified. Similarly, identification of features of IPF patients with higher risk of developing pulmonary adverse events when treated with chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, TKIs, or radiotherapy is of primary importance in clinical practice. Areas covered We will discuss the scientific rationale, based on the extensive analysis of literature data, by consulting several databases for combining anticancer and antifibrotic treatments and for the design of novel therapeutic strategies. The role of immunotherapy in cancer aroused in IPF context will be discussed with specific interested, based on the continuously increasing role of immune checkpoint inhibition against lung tumors. Expert opinion This work will help to improve knowledge, based on a multidisciplinary perspective, on IPF and cancer patients, which identify an unmet clinical need. A better management during each phase of disease progression will require the design innovative trials and the development of new drugs and molecules both in the oncologic and respiratory medicine pipeline.
Factors associated with breast cancer mammography screening and breast self-examination in Irish women: results from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)

Abstract Background BreastCheck is Ireland’s breast screening service which offers biennial mammograms to women aged 50–69. Practicing regular breast self-examination (BSE) enhances women’s awareness and increases their perception of their susceptibility to the risk of breast cancer, possibly increasing their likelihood of attending a screening programme which reduces breast cancer mortality. Research is needed to identify the promotors and barriers to both attending breast cancer screening and practicing BSE. Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the promotors and barriers associated with attending breast cancer screening and practicing BSE in Irish women. Materials and Methods Data from the participants of TILDA wave 3 (2014–2015) was used, the participant population included females only (≥50 years old), a total of 3575 women. Bivariate analysis was used to identify variables that were significantly associated with having had a mammogram since the last interview (wave 2) or regularly checking their breasts for lumps (BSE). Regression analysis was then used to determine the effect the significant variables had on predicting the likelihood of participants attending breast screening or practicing BSE. Results Over half (55%) of all women over the age of 50 had a mammogram since wave 2 was completed (2012) and two thirds reported practicing regular BSE. The factors associated with having attended for breast cancer screening were: having private health insurance (OR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.45–2.380), and practicing BSE (OR = 1.683, 95%CI = 1.344–2.107). The factors found to be associated with practicing regular BSE were: higher quality of life (OR = 1.035, 95%CI = 1.015–1.057), higher BMI (OR = 1.118, 95%CI = 1.020–1.226), being married (OR = 1.436, 95%CI = 1.190–1.732) and attending mammogram screening (OR = 1.691, 95%CI = 1.353–2.114). Conclusion Regular participation in mammography screening reduces breast cancer mortality. Women eligible for BreastCheck were significantly more likely to attend screening. BSE is associated with increased attendance at screening. Health-care professionals should encourage BSE in order to increase screening uptake.