Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Benefits without costs?: side effects of implementation intentions

Um die Erreichung wichtiger Ziele zu verbessern konnen Ziel Intentionen („Ich will Ziel Z erreichen! “) mit spezifischen Wenn-Dann Planen (Vorsatzen) ausgestattet werden, in denen man festlegt, wann, wo und wie man beabsichtigt ein Ziel zu verfolgen („Wenn Situation X auftritt, werde ich Verhalten Y ausfuhren! “). Bisherige Befunde zeigen, dass Vorsatze, auch wenn sie durch einen intentionalen Willensakt gebildet werden, automatische Effekte haben. Sie verbessern die Wahrnehmung der im Vorsatz definierten Stimuli X (z.B. Aarts, Dijksterhuis, & Midden, 1999) und fuhren zur automatischen Initiierung des festgelegten Verhaltens Y, sobald die Situation X auftritt (z.B. Brandstatter, Lengfelder, & Gollwitzer, 2001; fur eine Ubersicht, siehe Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006). Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Automatik von Vorsatzen auf nicht-intendierte Nebeneffekte hin zu untersuchen, wenn situative Stimuli X eines Vorsatzes wahrend der Verfolgung eines anderen Ziels als Ziel Z anwesend sind. In funf Studien wurden Belege fur solche nicht-intendierten Nebeneffekte von Vorsatzen gefunden. Es wird demonstriert, dass die automatischen Prozesse von Vorsatzen die Aufmerksamkeit bei der Verfolgung anderer Ziele beeinflussen konnen (Studien 1-3), und dass gruppen-bezogene Vorsatze Verhalten gegenuber unbeteiligten Fremdgruppen beeinflussen konnen (Studien 4-5). Die vorliegenden Befunde tragen zur Forschung zu automatischen Effekten von Vorsatzen wie auch zur Forschung zu Beziehungen zwischen sozialen Gruppen bei. ---
Relay selection in multi-user amplify-forward wireless relay networks

For multi-user (MU) amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative networks, their spectral efficiency can be upgraded within the orthogonal transmission of each source node to an assigned subset of all available relays while their information throughput can be improved through optimized power allocation. We consider the joint optimization in both relay assignment for each source-destination pair and power allocation, which is in fact among the hardest problems in optimization. This is the minimization of a nonconvex objective function subject to mixed integer constraints. The existing numerical algorithms could rarely address to its solutions through computationally affordable procedures. Even the conventional relaxation of the integer constraints by linear constraints does not lead to convex optimization, so the standard convexification does not work either. Nevertheless, we show that it can be effectively solved in the d.c. (difference of two convex) programming context. Numerical simulation confirms the effectiveness of our setting.
Classification of the Open Innovation Practices: the Creativity Level

The body of knowledge in open innovation (OI) has been growing and, nowadays, it is one of the most popular and debated concepts in innovation management. However, the literature on OI is fragmented, many definitions have been used across the studies and in each paper different characteristics of open innovation are assessed. This issue creates many “flavors” of OI, which in turn creates obstacles for managers to implement open innovation practices. Also, this problem is an impediment for creating a unified body of knowledge. Thus, this paper addresses part of the problem by proposing a class of open innovation practices. This class encompasses all the OI “flavors” that answer the same question, “what should we innovate? ”. Further, this class of OI practices is included in the current framework: inbound, outbound and coupled. This provides, in the product development context, a mindset that helps managers to be able to innovate more quickly, therefore the development of this classification can help companies to achieve competitive advantage.
Assessing the aesthetic quality of photographs using generic image descriptors

In this paper, we automatically assess the aesthetic properties of images. In the past, this problem has been addressed by hand-crafting features which would correlate with best photographic practices (e.g. “Does this image respect the rule of thirds? ”) or with photographic techniques (e.g. “Is this image a macro? ”). We depart from this line of research and propose to use generic image descriptors to assess aesthetic quality. We experimentally show that the descriptors we use, which aggregate statistics computed from low-level local features, implicitly encode the aesthetic properties explicitly used by state-of-the-art methods and outperform them by a significant margin.
Approximating shortest paths on a convex polytope in three dimensions

Given a convex polytope <? Pub Fmt italic>P<? Pub Fmt /italic> with<? Pub Fmt italic>n<? Pub Fmt /italic> faces in <inline-equation><f><blkbd>R<sup>3</sup></blkbd></f></inline-equation>, points <inline-equation><f>s,t∈<g>6</g>P</f></inline-equation>, and a parameter <inline-equation><f>0<<g>e</g>≤1</f></inline-equation>, we present an algorithm that constructs a path on<inline-equation><f><g>6</g>P</f></inline-equation> from <? Pub Fmt italic>s<? Pub Fmt /italic> to<? Pub Fmt italic>t<? Pub Fmt /italic> whose length is at most<inline-equation><f><fen lp="par">1+<g>e</g><rp post="par"></fen>d<inf>P</inf><fen lp="par">s,t<rp post="par"></fen></f></inline-equation>, where <inline-equation><f>d<inf>P</inf><fen lp="par">s,t<rp post="par"></fen></f> </inline-equation> is the length of the shortest path between<? Pub Fmt italic>s<? Pub Fmt /italic> and<? Pub Fmt italic>t<? Pub Fmt /italic> on <inline-equation><f><g>6</g>P</f></inline-equation>. The algorithm runs in <inline-equation><f>O<fen lp="par">n<rf>log</rf>1/<g>e</g><hsp sp="0.167">+<hsp sp="0.167">1/<g>e</g><sup>3</sup><rp post="par"></fen></f></inline-equation> time, and is relatively simple. The running time is<inline-equation><f>O<fen lp="par">n+1/<g>e</g><sup>3</sup><rp post="par"></fen></f></inline-equation> if we only want the approximate shortest pathdistance and not the path itself. We also present an extension of thealgorithm that computes approximate shortest path distances from a givensource point on <inline-equation><f><g>6</g>P</f></inline-equation> to all vertices of<? Pub Fmt italic>P<? Pub Fmt /italic>. <? Pub Caret>
Relief of Extrinsic Pathway Inhibition by the Bid-dependent Mitochondrial Release of Smac in Fas-mediated Hepatocyte Apoptosis*

The mitochondrial pathway is critical for the efficient execution of death receptor-initiated apoptosis in certain cell types. Questions remain as to why the mitochondria are required in that scenario. We investigated the molecular events that determined the need for the mitochondria by using an in vivo model of anti-Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. In wild-type mice, Fas stimulation resulted in normal activation of caspase-3, with the generation of the active p19-p12 complex. Inbid-deficient mice, caspase-3 activation was arrested after the initial cleavage at Asp175. This allowed the generation of the p12 small subunit, but the p20 large subunit could not be further processed to the p19 subunit. The p20-p12 complex generated by Fas stimulation in bid-deficient hepatocytes was inactive, arresting the death program. Failure of p20/p12 caspase-3 to mature and to exhibit activity was because of the inhibition by the inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs), such as XIAP, and also to a low caspase-8 activity. This block could be overcome in wild-type mice by two mechanisms. Smac was released from mitochondria early following Fas activation and was competitively bound to the IAPs to reverse their effects. XIAP could also be cleaved, and this occurred later and was likely mediated by enhanced caspase activities. Both mechanisms were dependent on Bid and thus were not operative inbid-deficient hepatocytes. In conclusion, mitochondrial activation by Bid is required for reversing the IAP inhibition through Smac release. It is also required for the alternative activation of caspases through cytochrome c release, as demonstrated previously. Together, these events ensure a successful progression of the death program initiated by the death receptor activation in the hepatocyte.
Unionization and the Pattern of Nonunion Wage Supplements

Negotiated standard wage policies reduce dispersion in the log earnings of union members when compared to those of otherwise equal nonunion members [5; 6]. As large as these dispersion differences are, they may underestimate the true influence of union wage policy. Kahn and Curme [14] have suggested that high degrees of unionization actually result in reduced nonunion wage dispersion. This follows from a particular model of the union threat effect in which nonunion employers tilt induced wage increases toward low-wage workers. Such tilting makes sense because lower paid workers are assumed to be more likely to support unions, ceteris paribus. This assumption fails to emphasize that low wage workers may be the least likely to be retained by a newly unionized employer and that this also influences their ultimate decision to support unionization. In the face of union avoidance strategies that routinely imply the possibility of job loss, low wage employees may recognize that the employer faces greater costs of bringing them up to a standard union wage and thus their chances for retention are lower. ' Including this realization results in ambiguous predictions about the influence of unionization on nonunion dispersion. Not only should the ambiguity of the proper theoretical prediction be highlighted, but it should be recognized that the relevant prediction from theoretical models has not yet been tested. Previous tests are inappropriate because the threat induced wage increases could be tilted toward low-wage workers without a necessary reduction in the typical measures of wage dispersion. Similarly, those measures of wage dispersion may actually decline without a general tilt of wages toward low-wage workers. This possibility exists because of the sensitivity of the usual variance measures to outliers and because of aggregation and endogeneity problems affecting previous methodologies. This paper uses 1983 and 1988 Current Population Survey (CPS) data to directly estimate the impact of unionization on the earnings of lowand high-wage nonunion workers. After controlling for traditional human capital, locational, and occupational variables, unionization increases the log-earnings of low-wage nonunion workers significantly more than those of high-wage nonunion workers. This result is found with the very data Belman and Heywood [2] used to demonstrate that
Effects of Long Term Exposure to a 2G Cell Phone Radiation (900-1900 MHz) on Mouse Testis

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate possible effects of chronic exposure to 900 1900 MHz radiations emitted from 2G cell phone on the testis of mice at the histological level. Methods: Mice were exposed to 2G ultra-high frequency radiation, 48 minutes per day for a period of 30 to 180 days. The amount of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposed was calculated by the radiation frequency meter. The sham control mice were exposed to similar conditions without 2G exposure. Each animal’s weight was recorded before sacrifice. Three animals each were sacrificed at the end of 30, 60, 90,120,150 and 180 days of exposure in the experimental group after 24 hours of last exposure. Same numbers of control animals were sacrificed on similar period. We collected blood samples to measure plasma testosterone. We measured and analyzed the size, weight and volume of the testis. Testis sections were analyzed under the light microscope for structural changes. Results: In 2G exposed group animal weight was lower at first, second and fourth month (p value ≤0.05). The mean testis weight of 2G exposed mice was significantly reduced in all months except fourth month (p value <0.05) and the mean testis volume was significantly reduced in the first three months (p value 0.02). The mean seminiferous tubule density per unit area was significantly lower (p value <0.001) in the 2G exposed testis. The mean seminiferous tubule diameter was significantly reduced in 2G exposed testis (p value is highly significant <0.001) except the second month. The mean number of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells were significantly reduced in 2G radiation exposed mice (p value is highly significant <0.001). While compared with control group, mean serum testosterone level of 2G exposed mice were significantly lower (p value 0.004). The following microscopic changes were found in the testis of 2G cell phone radiation exposed mice. 1. The interstitium appeared wide 2. Sertoli cells and spermatogonia were detached from the basal lamina. 3. Vacuolar degeneration and desquamation of seminiferous epithelium. Most of the peripheral tubules showed maturation arrest in the spermatogenesis. Seminiferous tubules scored between 8 and 9 using Johnson testicular biopsy score count. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to ultra-high frequency radiation emitted from a 2G cell phone could cause microscopic changes in the seminiferous tubules, reduction in the number of Sertoli and Leydig cells and decreased serum testosterone level. Long term use of cell phones could cause male infertility.
Purchasing Power Disparity Before 1914

Economic historians’ Divergence debates since 2000 have asked a different question from that asked by Angus Maddison. The issue has become “when did countries’ contemporaneous purchasing powers diverge? ”, not “when did countries’ productivity grow at different rates? ” The two questions have different answers, especially before 1914. Using pre-1914 prices to compare real purchasing powers on six continents, this article sketches some historical geography of the departures from the conventional Maddison estimates. One underlying reason for the divergence between projections back from 1990 and direct price comparisons from long ago is that before the great 1870-1914 wave of trade globalization, consumer staples were not traded over great distances, and regions specialized in narrow luxury trade. Inter-continental price ratios for subsistence goods thus varied more widely than since 1914. The new measures open up a new economic history of international differences in purchasing power before 1914. Northwest Europe was further ahead of Asian countries than earlier measures have shown. The discrepancy stems from a Gerschenkron effect, magnified before 1914 by Engel effects as well as by Balassa-Samuelson. Yet Northwest Europe was behind America and Australia across the nineteenth century, consistent with the same accounting framework but not with Maddison’s estimates.
The Efficacy and Safety Profile of Ocriplasmin in Vitreomacular Interface Disorders

ABSTRACT Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) describes the adhesion of the posterior hyaloid face to the inner retina in any part of the macula. This can arise after incomplete separation of the posterior vitreous cortex from the macula during vitreous liquefaction. While the VMA may resolve spontaneously, a strong and persistent adhesion can lead to a variety of anatomical changes, including vitreomacular traction (VMT) and macular hole (MH). Both conditions can present with metamorphopsia and decreased vision. In cases of symptomatic VMT and full-thickness macular hole, pars plana vitrectomy has long been the standard of care. However, due to the possible surgical complications and need for postoperative care, many have searched for non-surgical options via pharmacologic vitreolysis. Ocriplasmin (Jetrea, Thrombogenics USA, Alcon/Novartis EU) is a recombinant protease approved in October 2012 for the treatment of symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA). There have been conflicting views on the safety of Ocriplasmin with changes in the ellipsoid zone seen on OCT and changes seen on ERG indicating photoreceptor damage. This publication reviews the efficacy and safety of ocriplasmin injection for VMA based on previously published data.
[Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the AD8].

AIM The AD8 is a brief, sensitive informant interview tool for detecting dementia. However, there are no reports of a Japanese version of the AD8. Our aim was to establish the reliability and validity of the AD8 for screening for dementia in older adults 75 years of age or older in Japan. METHODS We acquired the author's permission to translate the AD8 from English to Japanese. A total of 572 community residents 75 years of age or older living in Kurihara, Northern Japan agreed to participate in this study. Of these participants, 214 scored a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0 (healthy), 289 scored a CDR of 0.5 (mild cognitive impairment) and 69 scored a CDR of 1 or above (dementia). Analysis 1. Reliability of the Japanese version of the AD8. Analysis 2. Validity of the AD8: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for nondemented (CDR 0+0.5) vs. demented (CDR 1 or above) individuals. RESULTS For the Japanese version of the AD8, the Cronbach' s coefficient alpha was 0.88 and the Guttman's split half method coefficient was 0.85. For the patients with CDR values of 0+0.5 vs. 1 or above, the area under the ROC curve was 0.89 (p<0.0001) and the cut-off score was 1/2, with a sensitivity of 88.4% and specificity of 68.4%. CONCLUSIONS We established the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the AD8 for screening for dementia in older adults 75 years of age or older in the community.
Genomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed new insights into the influence of key T6SS genes hcp and vgrG on drug resistance and interbacterial competition in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) act as a molecular weapon in interbacterial competition and play an important role in cell-cell interactions. Different species of bacteria use their T6SSs to perform a variety of functions according to ecological niche. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand the T6SS potential of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), a common clinical opportunistic pathogen. Here, we conducted a genomic analysis on the evolution, T6SS, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of 65 K. pneumoniae in patients with different infections. And we combined transcriptome analysis after knockout of key gene in T6SS of this species. Results showed that genes encoding a T6SS were present in all K. pneumoniae in this study, and there was no correlation was found between T6SS cluster and carbapenem resistance and virulence genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 1298 co-upregulated and 1714 co-downregulated were identified after hcp or vgrG deletion. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis have demonstrated common changes in quorum sensing, propionate metabolism and other pathways. And we found that the deletion of hcp or vgrG genes up-regulated of beta-lactam (blaKPC-2) and other resistance genes. Interbacterial competition experiments showed that hcp and vgrG are essential genes for competitive ability of ST11 K. pneumoniae. Taken together, the entire study provides further insight into the investigation of T6SS in K. pneumoniae through genomic and transcriptomic analysis. Importance Gram-negative bacteria use T6SS to deliver toxin effectors to interact with neighboring cells for niche advantage. K. pneumoniae is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that often carriers multiple cope T6SSs, but the function of its T6SS has not yet elucidated. Here, we performed a genomic analysis of 65 clinical K. pneumoniae strains, in order to explore the relationship between T6SS and virulence and resistance genes. We also study the repertoire after knockout of key gene in T6SS of this species by transcriptomics. It was suggested that T6SS is associated with drug resistance, and its key genes hcp and vgrG are critical for the interspecies competition of K. pneumoniae.
Survey on Generic and Biomedical Knowledge Graph

In this era where we have an immense amount of information that we are generating, every application, be it large or small, relies on the availability of a massive amount of data to dig upon, ﬁnd statistics through it and present them to user with a certain conﬁdence level. However, all of this new information comes with its own implications. One of the major concern with having such huge data warehouses is the unavailability of the ability of storing the data in an explainable manner. Knowledge Graph provides a semantically aware mechanism of doing so and has proved its worth in a number of domains like medical, music, politics etc. However, the idea behind this is not new and became popular back in 1980s with the introduction of “Word-Net”. Despite being a relatively older concept and a number of people working on it, creating a knowledge graph still is a tedious task. In this paper, we provide basics of knowledge graph and its components. We have also introduced existing knowledge graphs - both generic and domain-speciﬁc, biomedical being the domain of our concern. Finally, we have included some of the works done in this domain that highlight the creation techniques for a knowledge graph.
Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Zero-Sum Game-Based Distributed Control for Energy Management Systems With Internet of Things

Energy management systems (EMS) in smart grids provide end users with the optimal operational efficiency of power from nonsmart microgrids, including power grids, energy storage systems (ESS), and residential loads. This article proposes a novel distributed online control policy for Ambient Intelligence (AmI)-based Internet of Things (IoT) environments, optimizing a consensus utility function, including electricity cost and the lifespan of ESS. Different from the existing methods, the distributed EMS via IoT can gain cooperative $\boldsymbol {L_{2}}$ performance by rejecting external disturbances and providing consensus policies for robust optimal charging and discharging. First, consensus dynamics of AmI-agents are constructed, and the Hamilton–Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) equations are established, where the Nash equilibrium points are approximated by ADP and zero-sum game theory. Second, with the aid of an actor-critic structure, a robust optimal distributed control algorithm in an online manner for EMS is proposed. Therefore, collecting sample sets and training offline are completely avoided. Third, to deal with the unknown internal dynamics of ESS, the $Q$ -learning algorithm is employed instead of system identification techniques that require available sample sets. The algorithm guarantees that the global load is balanced and that the consensus tracking error and the function approximation error are uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for a large-scale system of nonsmart microgrids.