Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Liver Fibrosis in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Purpose Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are frequently co-occurring diseases. Liver fibrosis (LF), with increasing incidence, has a prognostic value for NAFLD mortality. Our study aimed to investigate the relevant factors for FL in T2DM individuals with NAFLD. Patients and Methods A total of 565 T2DM patients with NAFLD from Hebei General Hospital participated in the study. Patients underwent an abdominal ultrasound, a questionnaire and laboratory tests. The fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) was used to evaluate LF, with FIB ≥1.3 indicating LF and FIB ≥2.67 indicating F3-4 fibrosis. Results Compared with NLF group, LF group had higher levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and platelets (PLT) in LF patients were lower than those without LF. Patients with LF were older than those without LF. ALT, AST, and GGT in patients with severe LF were higher than those with mild LF, while platelet was lower. Age, SBP, duration of diabetes, ALT, AST, and GGT were positively correlated with FIB-4, while eGFR, TC, LDL, and HbA1c were negatively correlated with FIB-4. Logistic regression showed that age, SBP, ALT, GGT, LDL, and PLT were independently associated with LF. Conclusion For T2DM patients combined with NAFLD, older age, higher SBP, higher ALT, higher GGT, lower LDL, and lower PLT were relevant factors for LF.
Constraining CaCO3 Export and Dissolution With an Ocean Alkalinity Inverse Model

Ocean alkalinity plays a fundamental role in the apportionment of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. The primary driver of the ocean's vertical alkalinity distribution is the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by organisms at the ocean surface and its dissolution at depth. This so‐called “CaCO3 counterpump” is poorly constrained, however, both in terms of how much CaCO3 is exported from the surface ocean, and at what depth it dissolves. Here, we created a steady‐state model of global ocean alkalinity using Ocean Circulation Inverse Model transport, biogeochemical cycling, and field‐tested calcite and aragonite dissolution kinetics. We find that limiting CaCO3 dissolution to below the aragonite and calcite saturation horizons cannot explain excess alkalinity in the upper ocean, and that models allowing dissolution above the saturation horizons best match observations. Linking dissolution to organic matter respiration, or imposing a constant dissolution rate both produce good model fits. Our best performing models require export between 1.1 and 1.8 Gt PIC y−1 (from 73 m), but all converge to 1.0 Gt PIC y−1 export at 279 m, indicating that both high‐ and low‐export scenarios can match observations, as long as high export is coupled to high dissolution in the upper ocean. These results demonstrate that dissolution is not a simple function of seawater CaCO3 saturation (Ω) and calcite or aragonite solubility, and that other mechanisms, likely related to the biology and ecology of calcifiers, must drive significant dissolution throughout the water column.
Green's functions and relative local density of states in two-dimensional lossy structured systems

The local density of states (LDOS) is a function of spatial position and frequency which governs the radiation properties of sources placed within structured optical systems. We show how the enhancement or suppression of the relative LDOS, comparing two-dimensional systems, may be computed from Green's tensors obeying the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation and electromagnetic boundary conditions, both around and within a coated, lossy, non-magnetic cylinder. We illustrate the spatial and spectral variation of this relative LDOS with numerical results for both principal cases of polarization, with either the magnetic or the electric field of the Green's function source along the cylinder axis.
Numerical investigation of response and wake characteristics of a vortex-excited cylinder in a uniform stream

Abstract The numerical solution of vortex-excited oscillations of a circular cylinder is described herein, at Reynolds numbers below 130, where the wake behind the cylinder is fully laminar. The mathematical model of the problem consists of the Navier-Stokes equations, in the formulation where the stream function and the vorticity are the field variables. The finite element technique was favoured for the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. The parameters of the cylinder-elastic support arrangement considered in the numerical computation were identical to those of an experimental investigation at similar conditions, for the sake of comparison of the results. From the numerical results, the cylinder oscillation frequency to be slightly lower than the cylinder natural frequency in air below the lock-in region, and slightly higher and above the lock-in region. Outside the lock-in region the cylinder displacement and the hydrodynamic forces are modulated, although the numerical model is two-dimensional. For all Reynolds numbers considered, the time history of the cylinder displacement and of the hydrodynamic forces acting on the cylinder were calculated. The time-dependent velocities of the fluid in the stream- and cross-flow directions were calculated at some nodal points downstream of the cylinder from the stream function values. The effect of cylinder oscillation on the vortex spacing was examined by plotting the equivorticity lines. The results of this investigation were found to be in good agreement with the experimental evidence, except at reduced velocities above the lock-in region.
Grayscale laser image formation using a programmable binary mask

Abstract. We present grayscale laser image formation from a programmable binary mask using a digital micromirror device (DMD) followed by a telescope with an adjustable pinhole low-pass filter. System performance was measured by comparing the intensity conformity with respect to the target image and by the energy conversion efficiency. A theoretical analysis of image precision proved high-precision image formation and inspired the iterative pattern refinement process based on the point spread function of a single DMD pixel to seek optimized image quality. We derived the diffraction efficiency formula of the DMD and discussed the overall system energy efficiency with operation wavelengths. Actual image precision performance was evaluated by measuring the root-mean-square (RMS) error of a series of sinusoidal-flattop profiles with different system bandwidths. We produced grayscale laser images with different spatial spectral content using intensity profiles of Laguerre-Gaussian, Hermite-Gaussian, and Lena-flattop beams. Measured RMS errors of all examples of various bandwidths were consistent with the image precision of the sinusoidal reference patterns. The ripple effect caused by the sharp-edged pinhole was the major contributor to the residual error in the output images. Error histograms had a zero-mean Gaussian distribution with standard deviation equal to the value of the RMS error.
Rules for Random Aggregation

In this paper we derive the effect of aggregation on common statistics when the geographic areas used in the analysis are equivalent to randomly formed groups of individuals. Simple rules of aggregation are provided for use when analysis of such groups is performed. The expectations of common statistics such as means, variances, regression and correlation coefficients, are not affected by aggregation. However, the variation of these statistics is affected, mainly as a result of changes in the number of groups. This variation is related solely to random fluctuations associated with the generation of variate values. Weighting by the group population sizes is shown to be important in the calculation of statistics. Generally, unweighted statistics have larger variation than the corresponding weighted version, and the variation depends not only on the number of groups but also on the distribution of group population sizes. Methods for conducting statistical analysis of aggregate data in this situation are described and statistical inferences based on unweighted statistics are shown to be invalid.
Cluster coarsening during polymer collapse: Finite-size scaling analysis

We study the kinetics of the collapse of a single flexible polymer when it is quenched from a good solvent to a poor solvent. Results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations show that the collapse occurs through a sequence of events with the formation, growth and subsequent coalescence of clusters of monomers to a single compact globule. Particular emphasis is given in this work to the cluster growth during the collapse, analyzed via the application of finite-size scaling techniques. The growth exponent obtained in our analysis is suggestive of the universal Lifshitz-Slyozov mechanism of cluster growth. The methods used in this work could be of more general validity and applicable to other phenomena such as protein folding.
Spectroscopy of the extranuclear line-emitting regions associated with the gravitational lens system 2016 + 112

Moderate-resolution slit spectroscopy of the extended emission-line objects A1 and B1 located within 5 arcsec of the triple radio source 2016 + 112 shows that at least one is physically associated with the z = 3.273 quasar thought to be multiply imaged by a foreground galaxy. The data and theoretical models unanimously favor the identification of A1 and B1 with two separate clouds of ionized gas that lie within a few kiloparsecs of the primary A/B QSO and radio source. The available evidence does not support the view that they are multiple images of a single object or their classification as separate (companion) galaxies. 9 references.
Continuum energy distribution of quasars: Shapes and origins

Continuum observations from ~0.3 nm to 6 cm (10^(9.7)-10^(18) Hz) are presented for 109 bright quasars from the Palomar-Green (PG) survey. Two-thirds of the quasars have been detected in the infrared at wavelengths between 10 and 100 μm. All of the PG quasars appear to emit the bulk of their luminosity (typically more than 90%) between 3 nm and 300 μm (10^(12)-10^(17) Hz). The total luminosity at wavelengths longer than 1 μm is typically 20%-40% of that at wavelengths shortward of 1 μm. The gross shape of the energy distributions between 3 nm and 300 μm is remarkably similar for all the quasars except the flat-spectrum radio-loud quasars like 3C 273 and can plausibly be fitted by two broad components of thermal emission. In this interpretation the emission in the spectral range ~ 10 nm to 0.3 μm, the "big blue bump," is dominated by 10,00-100,000 K thermal emission from an accretion disk. The emission between 2 μm and 1 mm, the "infrared bump," is made up of reradiation from dust in a distorted disk extending from 0.1 pc to more than 1 kpc. The fairly small range in the relative sizes of the bumps suggests that the covering factor in most of the PG quasars is similar. There is no obvious connection between the strengths of the blue and infrared peaks and whether or not the quasar is radio quiet or radio loud. The mass of infrared emitting dust is estimated to be ~0.01 M_☉ at 2 μm and ~ 10^5 M_☉ at 60 μm. The radiation from 0.5 μm is thermal emission from the portion of the disk between 0.1 and 1 pc, illuminated primarily by the clouds of the broad-line region. The radiation from 5 μm to 1 mm is reradiation from a warped disk at distances greater than 1 pc from the central source, which is heated directly by radiation from the central source. Optically thin atomic emission (free-free and partially thermalized lines and bound-free) from gas within 1 pc of the central source, whose dust has sublimated, probably contributes to the flux from 0.5 to 2 μm. We believe that there is no convincing evidence for energetically significant nonthermal radiation in the wavelength range 3 nm to 300 μm in the continua of the radio-quiet and steep-spectrum radio-loud PG quasars.
GENERALIZED CONDITIONAL INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS , CONDITIONAL CONVOLUTIONS AND FIRST VARIATIONS

We study various relationships that exist among generalized conditional integral transform, generalized conditional convolution and generalized first variation for a class of functionals defined on K[0, T ], the space of complex-valued continuous functions on [0, T ] which vanish at zero. 1. Definitions and preliminaries Let C0[0, T ] denote one-parameter Wiener space; that is, the space of all R-valued continuous functions x(t) on [0, T ] with x(0) = 0. Let M denote the class of all Wiener measurable subsets of C0[0, T ] and let m denote Wiener measure. (C0[0, T ],M,m) is a complete measure space and we denote the Wiener integral of a Wiener integrable functional F by (1.1) Ex[F (x)] = ∫ C0[0,T ] F (x)m(dx). Throughout this paper our starting point is the generalized Wiener integral (1.2) Ex[F (Zh(x, ·))] = ∫ C0[0,T ] F (Zh(x, ·))m(dx), Received September 20, 2011. Revised January 3, 2012. Accepted January 10, 2012. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 28C20.
Wideband Synthetic-Aperture Millimeter-Wave Spatial-Channel Reference System With Traceable Uncertainty Framework

This paper describes a wideband synthetic-aperture system and the associated Fourier processing for generating high-resolution spatial and temporal estimates of the signal propagation environment in wireless communication channels at millimeter-wave frequencies. We describe how to configure the synthetic aperture system for high angular resolution by sampling the progression of signal phase across a large planar area in space. We also show how to synthesize discrete measurements of the channel frequency response taken sequentially over a wide bandwidth to create power delay profiles (PDPs) in specified angular directions with high delay resolution. We provide a rigorous uncertainty analysis that can be made metrologically traceable to fundamental physical standards. This uncertainty framework can propagate the errors inherent in the measured signals through to the final channel estimates and derived parameters such as root-mean-square delay or angular spread. We illustrate use of the system in conjunction with two different analysis tools to extract both narrowband and wideband parameter estimates from the synthetic aperture, allowing its use as a stand-alone channel sounder or as a tool for verifying the performance of wireless devices.
Research on Artificial Intelligence based Fruit Disease Identification System (AI-FDIS) with the Internet of Things (IoT)

Monitoring fruit quality, volume, and development on the plantation are critical to ensuring that the fruits are harvested at the optimal time. Fruits are more susceptible to the disease while they are actively growing. It is possible to safeguard and enhance agricultural productivity by early detection of fruit diseases. A huge farm makes it tough to inspect each tree to learn about its fruit personally. There are several applications for image processing with the Internet of Things (IoT) in various fields. To safeguard the fruit trees from illness and weather conditions, it is difficult for the farmers and their workers to regularly examine these large areas. With the advent of Precision Farming, a new way of thinking about agriculture has emerged, incorporating cutting-edge technological innovations. One of the modern farmers’ biggest challenges is detecting fruit diseases in their early stages. If infections aren’t identified in time, farmers might see a drop in income. Hence this paper is about an Artificial Intelligence Based Fruit Disease Identification System (AI-FDIS) with a drone system featuring a high-accuracy camera, substantial computing capability, and connectivity for precision farming. As a result, it is possible to monitor large agricultural areas precisely, identify diseased plants, and decide on the chemical to spray and the precise dosage to use. It is connected to a cloud server that receives images and generates information from these images, including crop production projections. The farm base can interface with the system with a user-friendly Human-Robot Interface (HRI). It is possible to handle a vast area of farmland daily using this method. The agricultural drone is used to reduce environmental impact and boost crop productivity.
Variance of random walks on Cayley trees: application to the trapping problem

The authors investigate the trapping of particles on regularly multifurcating Cayley trees by using random walk methods. In order to find a good approximation for the survival probability of the walker, they use a cumulant expansion, and obtain an exact expression for the variance of the range of nearest-neighbour random walks; the expressions are corroborated to high accuracy by simulation calculations. The method may turn out to be useful for more complex problems, such as walks on ultrametric spaces.
Role of Agricultural Management in the Provision of Ecosystem Services in Warm Climate Vineyards: Functional Prediction of Genes Involved in Nutrient Cycling and Carbon Sequestration

(1) Background: Maintaining soil fertility and crop productivity using natural microbial diversity could be a feasible approach for achieving sustainable development in agriculture. In this study, we compared soils from vineyards under organic and conventional management by predicting functional profiles through metagenomic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene. (2) Methods: The structure, diversity and predictive functions of soil bacteria related to the biogeochemical cycle of the soil were analyzed, including oxidative and hydrolytic C-cycling enzymes, N-cycling enzymes and P-cycling enzymes. The inter-row spontaneous vegetation in the organic vineyards was also characterized. (3) Results: A clear effect of the farming system (organic vs. conventional) and cover management (herbicides plus tillage, mowing only and mowing plus tillage) on bacterial beta diversity and predicted functions was evidenced. While conventional viticulture increased the potential capacity of the soil to regulate the cycling of inorganic forms of N, organic viticulture in general enhanced those functions involving organic N, P and C substrates. Although the soil bacterial community responded differently to contrasting soil management strategies, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration functions remained preserved, suggesting a high bacterial functional redundancy in the soil in any case. However, most of the predicted bacterial functions related to soil organic matter turnover were enhanced by organic management. (4) Conclusions: We posit the potential for organic viticulture to adequately address climate change adaptation in the context of sustainable agriculture.
Modified Ricci flow on a principal bundle

Dedicated to my parents who always knew I could do it. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor Karen Uhlenbeck for her generosity and support throughout my graduate school career. She has offered me much guidance, both professionally and personally, and I have been truly honored to work with her these past few years. I would also like to thank Dan Knopf for all that he has taught me. He too has been immensely kind and giving with his time. Thank you as well to my committee: My parents have always provided me with unconditional love and support in pursuing my goals. They have given me the wonderful gift of knowing that I am always cared for. Without my best friend Jason, I would not even have considered moving to Texas–I guess we will once again have a long-distance friendship. Girls Girls Girls and my other friends in the improv community have given me a great creative outlet and have provided me a real family here. Finally, thanks to Eric for his love and for finally realizing that I don't actually study grouchy octopi. Let M be a Riemannian manifold with metric g, and let P be a principal G-bundle over M having connection one-form a. One can define a modified version of the Ricci flow on P by fixing the size of the fiber. These equations are called the Ricci Yang-Mills flow, due to their coupling of the Ricci flow and the Yang-Mills heat flow. In this thesis, we derive the Ricci Yang-Mills flow and show that solutions exist for a short time and are unique. We study obstructions to the long-time existence of the flow and prove a compactness theorem for pointed solutions. We represent the Ricci Yang-Mills flow as a gradient flow and derive monotonicity formulas that can be used to study breather and soliton solutions. Finally, we use maximal regularity theory and ideas of Simonett concerning the asymptotic behavior of abstract quasilinear parabolic partial differential equations to study the stability of the Ricci Yang-Mills flow in dimension 2 at Einstein Yang-Mills metrics.
Predictive Functional Control-Based Missile Autopilot Design

Predictive functional control is applied to design a missile autopilot considering control constraints. The missile nonlinear dynamics are first transformed into a linear structure with state-dependent coefficient matrices. At each sampling instant, the internal state-space model for prediction is obtained through a normal discretization procedure. Based upon this model, a predictive functional controller for the nonlinear missile autopilot is proposed. Compared with the conventional predictive control algorithms, which usually involve an online quadratic programming in the practical implementation, the new controller demands less online computation resources. Simulation results validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm.
POSSIBILITY OF PHOTOINDUCED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.

The possibility of interband electron pairing induced by the virtual exchange of quanta of two boson fields (photons and phonons) is theoretically examined. The system in question comprises two conduction bands which are, in general, separated by an energy gap E bc . Radiative transitions between states of these bands are assumed to be allowed. Through appropriate canonical transformations, effective interband electron-electron interaction terms are obtained which involve, respectively, virtual exchange of (i) one photon (one-boson process), and (ii) one photon and one phonon (two-boson process). These are found to be attractive under certain conditions. The one-photon process is, however, rendered inconsequential owing to the very small volume of momentum space spanned by "interaction quantum" (photon) exchanged. The two-boson process, on the other hand, does not suffer from the above momentum-space restriction. Moreover, this latter process contains terms linear in the photon and the phonon occupation-number densities, and the reduction in the matrix elements can be compensated by boosting the boson occupation-number densities artificially. Estimates show that the photon-occupation-number term will be significant for a value of n λ 0 /V~10 16 /cm 3 , where n λ 0 is the photon occupation number and V is the volume. The corresponding phonon occupation-number density has to be of the order of 10 20 /cm 3 . In that case, the interaction term is found to be anisotropic with respect to the direction of injected phonons. Expressions for the superconducting energy gaps at T=0°K are derived by a Green's-function technique. The transition temperature for n λ 0 /V~10 17 /cm 3 is found to be of the order of 10 2 °K.