Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ournal of C osmology and A stroparticle hysics J Computation of the halo mass function using physical collapse parameters: application to non-standard cosmologies

In this article we compare the halo mass function predicted by the excursion set theory with a drifting diﬀusive barrier against the results of N-body simulations for several cosmological models. This includes the standard ΛCDM case for a large range of halo masses, models with diﬀerent types of primordial non-Gaussianity, and the Ratra-Peebles quintessence model of Dark Energy. We show that in all those cosmological scenarios, the abundance of dark matter halos can be described by a drifting diﬀusive barrier, where the two parameters describing the barrier have physical content. In the case of the Gaussian ΛCDM, the statistics are precise enough to actually predict those parameters at diﬀerent redshifts from the initial conditions. Furthermore, we found that the stochasticity in the barrier is non-negligible making the simple deterministic spherical collapse model a bad approximation even at very high halo masses. We also show that using the standard excursion set approach with a barrier inspired by peak patches leads to inconsistent predictions of the halo mass function.
Entanglement entropy of squeezed vacua on a lattice

We derive a formula for the entanglement entropy of squeezed states on a lattice in terms of the complex structure J. The analysis involves the identification of squeezed states with group-theoretical coherent states of the symplectic group and the relation between the coset Sp(2N,R)/Isot(J_0) and the space of complex structures. We present two applications of the new formula: (i) we derive the area law for the ground state of a scalar field on a generic lattice in the limit of small speed of sound, (ii) we compute the rate of growth of the entanglement entropy in the presence of an instability and show that it is bounded from above by the Kolmogorov-Sinai rate.
Ni(111)|graphene|h-BN junctions as ideal spin injectors

Deposition of graphene on top of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was very recently demonstrated, while graphene is now routinely grown on Ni. Because the in-plane lattice constants of graphite, h-BN, graphitelike BC 2 N, and of the close-packed surfaces of Co, Ni, and Cu match almost perfectly, it should be possible to prepare ideal interfaces between these materials which are, respectively, a semimetal, an insulator, a semiconductor, and ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic metals. Using parameter-free energy minimization and electronic transport calculations, we show how h-BN can be combined with the perfect spin filtering property of Ni|graphite and Co|graphite interfaces to make perfect tunnel junctions or ideal spin injectors with any desired resistance-area product.
Fiducial cross-section measurements of the production of a prompt photon in association with a top-quark pair at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

The cross sections for top-quark pair production in association with a photon are measured in a fiducial volume with the ATLAS detector at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Results are presented using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHC during 2015 and 2016, amounting to a total of 36.1 fb$^{-1}$. This also presents the first $t\bar{t}\gamma$ cross-section measurements performed in the dilepton channels. Exactly one photon is required to have $p_{\text{T}} > 20$ GeV and be isolated based on track and calorimeter information. At least two (four) jets are required in the dilepton (single-lepton) channels, with at least one jet originating from a $b$-quark. Two separate neural network algorithms are used to help reduce the impact backgrounds play in the final measurements. The Prompt Photon Tagger is trained on information from energy deposits in the calorimeters to distinguish prompt photons from hadronic fake photons. The output of this neural network is fed into the Event-level Discriminator that uses event information to classify signal from the sum of all backgrounds. A maximum likelihood fit is performed on the output of the Event-level Discriminator to determine the fiducial cross section of the signal process. The fiducial cross section for the single-lepton and dilepton channel are measured to be $521 \pm 9 \text{(stat.)} \pm 41 \text{(sys.)}$ fb and $69 \pm 3 \text{(stat.)} \pm 4\text{(sys.)}$ fb, respectively. In total, eight cross-section measurements are performed and all agree with theoretical next-to-leading-order predictions.
PhishX: An Empirical Approach to Phishing Detection

Yearly unique phishing attacks exceeded 1 million in 2015 and have been on the rise ever since. With the introduction of money-spinning ransomware attacks, phishing has become much more lucrative in order to make the first breach in a network. A report by RSA assessed that worldwide associations endured losses adding up to $9 billion just due to phishing attacks in the year 2016. Technology companies offer products ranging from blacklists to heuristics which can often prove ineffective when pinned against semantics-based attack structures. In this paper, we take an empirical approach towards phishing detection by proposing a data set taking into account 198 features extracted from more than 73,000 phishing websites. All the features extracted don’t require human intervention and are fully automated to help capture vast distribution. We also provide detailed analysis using Machine Learning and Deep Learning models; out of which Random Forest makes 93.09% accurate detection of phishing pages with an FPR of 0.02 when paired with the same features extracted from random 52,000 websites from the top Alexa list.
Computing weights for high order Whitney edge elements ∗

The interpolation of differential forms is a challenging problem that is getting increasing attention. The issue of ﬁnding unisolvent degrees of freedom to describe a differential form in terms of high-order Whitney forms is an active area of research nowadays. In this paper we deal with a family of such degrees of freedom, called weights, that ﬁts with the physical and geometrical nature of the ﬁeld to interpolate. These weights play the role of interpolation coefﬁcients when reconstructing scalar / vector ﬁelds in terms of a set of selected multivariate polynomial forms. Weights are a generalization of the evaluations of a scalar function at a set of nodes in view of its reconstruction on multivariate polynomial bases. As in the nodal case, different sets of such weights are compared in terms of a Lebesgue constant. In this contribution, we brieﬂy recall their deﬁnition and provide examples of algorithms in low dimension to compute their associated Lebesgue constant value. Insights to greater dimensions are offered as well.
Universal optimal estimation of the polarization of light with arbitrary photon statistics

A universal and optimal method for the polarimetry of light with arbitrary photon statistics is presented. The method is based on the continuous maximum-likelihood positive operator-valued measure (ML-POVM) for pure polarization states over the surface of the Bloch sphere. The success probability and the mean fidelity are used as the figures of merit to show its performance. The POVM is found to attain the collective bound of polarization estimation with respect to the mean fidelity. As demonstrations, explicit results for the N photon Fock state, the phase-randomized coherent state (Poisson distribution), and the thermal light are obtained. It is found that the estimation performances for the Fock state and the Poisson distribution are almost identical, while that for the thermal light is much worse. This suggests that thermal light leaks less information to an eavesdropper and hence could potentially provide more security in polarization-encoded quantum communication protocols than a single-mode laser beam as customarily considered. Finally, comparisons against an optimal adaptive measurement with classical communications are made to show the better and more stable performance of the continuous ML-POVM.
PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFTS AND SYSTEMATIC VARIATIONS IN THE SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF LUMINOUS RED GALAXIES FROM SDSS DR7

We describe the construction of a template set of spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for the estimation of photometric redshifts of luminous red galaxies (LRGs) with a Bayesian template fitting method. By examining the color properties of several publicly available SED sets within a redshift range of 0 < z ≲ 0.5 and comparing them to Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7 data, we show that only some of the investigated SEDs approximately match the colors of the LRG data throughout the redshift range, however not at the quantitative level required for precise photometric redshifts. This is because the SEDs of galaxies evolve with time (and redshift) and because at fixed redshift the LRG colors have an intrinsic spread such that they cannot be matched by one SED only. We generate new SEDs by superposing model SEDs of composite stellar populations with a burst model, allowing both components to be reddened by dust, in order to match the data in five different redshift bins. We select a set of SEDs which represents the LRG data in color space within five redshift bins, thus defining our new SED template set for photometric redshift estimates. The results we obtain with the new template set and our Bayesian template fitting photometric redshift code (PhotoZ) are nearly unbiased, with a scatter of σΔz = 0.027 (including outliers), a fraction of catastrophic outliers (|zphot − zspec|/(1 + zspec) > 0.15) of η = 0.12%, and a normalized median absolute rest frame deviation (NMAD) of σNMAD = 1.48 × MAD = 0.017 for non-outliers. We show that templates that optimally describe the brightest galaxies (−24.5 ⩽ MR ⩽ −22.7) indeed vary from z = 0.1 to z = 0.5, consistent with aging of the stellar population. Furthermore, we find that templates that optimally describe galaxies at z < 0.1 strongly differ as a function of the absolute magnitude of the galaxies, indicating an increase in star formation activity for less luminous galaxies. Our findings based on the photometry of the SDSS LRGs and our SED template fitting are supported by comparison to the average SDSS LRG spectra in different luminosity and redshift bins.
Multiband optical variability of the blazar S5 0716+714 in outburst state during 2014–2015

We analyzed the multi-band optical behaviour of the BL Lacertae object, S5 0716+714, during its outburst state from 2014 November - 2015 March. We took data on 23 nights at three observatories, one in India and two in Bulgaria, making quasi-simultaneous observations in B, V, R, and I bands. We measured multi-band optical fluxes, colour and spectral variations for this blazar on intraday and short timescales. The source was in a flaring state during the period analyzed and displayed intense variability in all wavelengths. R band magnitude of 11.6 was attained by the target on 18 Jan 2015, which is the brightest value ever recorded for S5 0716+714. The discrete correlation function method yielded good correlation between the bands with no measurable time lags, implying that radiation in these bands originate from the same region and by the same mechanism. We also used the structure function technique to look for characteristic timescales in the light curves. During the times of rapid variability, no evidence for the source to display spectral changes with magnitude was found on either of the timescales. The amplitude of variations tends to increase with increasing frequency with a maximum of $\sim$ 22% seen during flaring states in B band. A mild trend of larger variability amplitude as the source brightens was also found. We found the duty cycle of our source during the analyzed period to be $\sim$ 90%. We also investigated the optical spectral energy distribution of S5 0716+714 using B, V, R, and I data points for 21 nights. We briefly discuss physical mechanisms most likely responsible for its flux and spectral variations.
A multi-decade micro-model of entry and exit in advanced wholesale markets

Electricity markets worldwide are undergoing a many‐decade transition in the way electricity is generated and consumed. The success of this transition depends critically on climate policy and market design. We model the most advanced electricity markets in the world to evaluate the impact of alternative policies on electricity market outcomes over the next 40 years, including costs, profits, social welfare, risks, and reliability. Each year, investors decide which resources enter and exit given forward‐looking consistent expectations about energy profits, prices, and costs. The model is unique in modeling investment decisions at the individual unit level based on precisely calculated profits from energy, reserves, and capacity markets. These profits depend critically on the resource structure, which changes each year with investor decisions. New and essential elements of electricity markets, such as battery storage and price responsive demand are fully integrated. The model provides detailed insights into how policies such as carbon pricing impact the transition to renewable energy.
AND COMMITMENT IN COMMUNICATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS”

IN THIS SECTION, we test a different comparative static result: instead of varying the degree of commitment or the communication rules, we change the alignment between the sender’s and the receiver’s preferences. More precisely, we increase the persuasion threshold q. As we explain below, this can be done experimentally by changing the preferences of the receiver. Formally, the prediction that we test is the following.
Annular cracks in thin films of nanoparticle suspensions drying on a fiber

We report an experimental study of the crack pattern formed during the drying of a colloidal suspension. A horizontal fiber, which provides a one-dimensional, boundary-free substrate, is coated by a film of micronic thickness. The geometry imposes a remarkable annular crack pattern and allows precise measurements of the crack spacing over a short range of film thickness (between 2 and 10 μm) which varies linearly with the film height. We compare our experimental data with a model proposed by Kitsunezaki which suggests that the variation of the crack spacing with the film thickness depends on the ratio between a critical stress at cracking and a critical stress for slipping on the substrate. By measuring the friction force of the colloidal gels on a hydrophobic surface through a cantilever technique, we can deduce the critical crack stress for these colloidal gels simply by measuring the crack spacing of the pattern.
Measurements of Forces on a Flapping Wing Micro Aerial Vehicle Measurements of Forces on a Flapping Wing Micro Aerial Vehicle

The interest for the development of micro air vehicles (MAVs ) with the capability of desirable flight characteristics has been steadily increasing over the past decade. The ability of a MAV to successfully fly has implications for improving military and commercial operations, possibly space exploration as well. An understanding of the forces generated by MAVs is an important step in achieving desirable flight. The objective of this research project is to measure and analyze the forces generated by a flapping wing MAV. It was achieved by using an ATI Nano17 Titanium Force/Torque transducer by measuring and recording the forces generated by the flapper in the x, y, and z directions. The recorded forces were processed using a low pass filter created in MATLAB and the average forces in the z and x direction were plotted for specific applied voltages. Additionally, a Fast Fourier Transform was also executed in MATLAB to determine the flapping frequency of the MAV; it was plotted against the maximum and average forces. The results of the data analysis concluded that lift increases with flapping frequency but drops off at higher frequencies. The flapper can lift a weight of approximately 14 grams at a flapping frequency of approximately 22 Hertz.
Functional truncations in asymptotic safety for quantum gravity

Finite dimensional truncations and the single field approximation have thus far played dominant roles in investigations of asymptotic safety for quantum gravity. This thesis is devoted to exploring asymptotic safety in infinite dimensional, or functional, truncations of the effective action as well as the effects that can be caused by the single field approximation in this context. It begins with a comprehensive analysis of the three existing flow equations of the single field f(R) truncation by determining their spaces of global fixed point solutions and, where applicable, of corresponding eigenoperator solutions. As a second result, it is then shown that one incarnation of the single field f(R) approximation actually breaks down in the sense that there is no physical content left to explore. In order to clarify whether such drastic findings can be caused by the approximations used in setting up the renormalisation group flow, we identify the single field approximation as a prime candidate and show in the more familiar context of scalar field theory that it can indeed lead to many types of non-physical results. As a way to avoid such non-physical behaviour we highlight the importance of the previously known split Ward identity and exemplify its usefulness by fully restoring the correct physical picture in scalar field theory. Taking this result as evidence that the split Ward identity may lead to well behaved functional truncations also in gravity, we derive the flow equations of conformal gravity in a bi-field truncation of the effective action that goes beyond the local potential approximation in the fluctuation field. It is found that the split Ward identity leads to a simplified set of renormalisation group equations for the conformal factor that, while differing at crucial points, bear close resemblance to flow equations obtained in scalar field theory.
A high-resolution spectropolarimetric survey of herbig Ae/Be stars - II. rotation

We report the analysis of the rotational properties of our sample of Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) and related stars for which we have obtained high-resolution spectropolarimetric observations. Using the projected rotational velocities measured at the surface of the stars, we have calculated the angular momentum of the sample and plotted it as a function of age. We have then compared the angular momentum and the v sin i distributions of the magnetic to the non-magnetic HAeBe stars. Finally, we have predicted v sin i of the non-magnetic, non-binary ('normal') stars in our sample when they reach the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS), and compared them to various catalogues of v sin i of main-sequence stars. First, we observe that magnetic HAeBe stars are much slower rotators than normal stars, indicating that they have been more efficiently braked than the normal stars. In fact, the magnetic stars have already lost most of their angular momentum, despite their young ages (lower than 1 Myr for some of them). Secondly, our analysis suggests that the low-mass (1.5 5 M⊙) are losing angular momentum. We propose that winds, which are expected to be stronger in massive stars, are at the origin of this phenomenon.
On Algebraic Dependence

1 Notation 2 2 Introduction 3 3 Previous Work 3 3.1 Computability in PSPACE . 3 3.2 Jacobian Criterion . 4 3.3 Witt-Jacobian Criterion . 4 3.4 Algebraic Independence in AM ∩ CoAM . 4 3.5 Functional Dependence . 5 4 Bounded Degree Polynomials 6 4.1 Reduction to Trinomials . 6 4.2 Towers of Certificates . 7 5 Conclusion and Future Work 8
Werner-like States and Strategic Form of Quantum Games

We quantize prisoners dilemma, chicken game and battle of sexes to explore the effect of quantization on their strategic form. The games start with Werner-like state as an initial state. We show that for the measurement in entangled basis the strategic forms of these games remain unaffected by quantization. On the other hand when measurement is performed in product basis then these games could not retain their strategic forms.
The non-resonant, relativistic dynamics of circumbinary planets

We investigate a non-resonant, three-dimensional (spatial) model of a hierarchical system composed of a point-mass stellar (or substellar) binary and a low-mass companion (a circumbinary planet or a brown dwarf). We take into account the leading relativistic corrections to the Newtonian gravity. The secular model of the system relies on the expansion of the perturbing Hamiltonian in terms of the ratio of semi-major axes α, averaged over the mean anomalies. We found that a low-mass object in a distant orbit may excite a large eccentricity of the inner binary when the mutual inclination of the orbits is larger than about 60°. This is related to the strong instability caused by a phenomenon that acts similarly to the Lidov-Kozai resonance (LKR). The secular system may be strongly chaotic and its dynamics unpredictable over long-term time-scales. Our study shows that in the Jupiter- or brown-dwarf-mass regime of the low-mass companion, the restricted model does not properly describe the long-term dynamics in the vicinity of the LKR. The relativistic correction is significant for the parametric structure of a few families of stationary solutions in this problem, in particular for direct orbit configurations (with mutual inclination less than 90°). We found that the dynamics of hierarchical systems with small α ~ 0.01 may be qualitatively different in the realms of Newtonian (classic) and relativistic models. This holds true even for relatively large masses of the secondaries.