Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulated Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Alters Actinobacterial Community Composition in Forest Soils

Anthropogenic N deposition can slow the decay of plant detritus, leading to an accumulation of soil organic matter and the production of phenolic dissolved organic C (DOC), which can leach from soil to ground and surface waters. Actinobacteria are one of the few groups of saprotrophic microorganisms that oxidatively depolymerize lignin, producing substantial soluble polyphenolics in the process. In combination, these observations present the possibility that lignolytic Actinobacteria may become more important agents of lignin decay as atmospheric N deposition continues to increase during the next decade. To test this idea, we quantified actinobacterial abundance andcommunity composition in a well-replicated field study in which atmospheric N deposition has been experimentally increased since 1994. Actinobacterial abundance was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction of 16S rRNA and community composition was evaluated using clone libraries and phylogenetic community analyses (i.e., LIBSHUFF and UniFrac). Contrary to our expectation, experimental atmospheric N deposition had no effect on actinobacterial abundance in the forest floor (∼10 10 gene copies kg -1 ); however, it significantly decreased actinobacterial abundance by 47% and total DNA by 31% in surface soil. Our analyses revealed that experimental N deposition further elicited a significant membership change in forest floor and surface soil communities, as well as significant differences in the phylogenetic diversity of forest floor Actinobacteria. This shift in community composition occurred in concert with a slowing of plant litter decay, accumulation of soil organic matter, and a greater production of phenolic DOC. These observations are consistent with the idea that changes in actinobacterial community composition may underlie biogeochemical responses to experimental N deposition.
The Link between Summertime Cloud Radiative Forcing and Extratropical Cyclones in the North Pacific

Abstract This paper examines the role of extratropical cyclones in determining the cloud radiative forcing over the North Pacific during summer. Specifically, this study uses daily and monthly ERBE cloud radiative forcing, monthly ISCCP cloud-type distributions and optical depth, daily ECMWF meteorological analyses, and a climatology of cloud-type distributions based on surface observations. The geographic correspondence between monthly mean fields of cloud radiative forcing, cloud type and optical depth, and quantities such as baroclinicity and transient eddy flux suggests that large-scale, stratiform cloud systems associated with traveling cyclones are largely responsible for the band of strongly negative shortwave cloud forcing (Cs) over the Pacific between 40° and 60°N. Analysis of daily ERBE cloud forcing for July 1985, in conjunction with daily ECMWF geopotential, demonstrates the evolution of highly reflective cloud systems associated with several traveling, closed lows. The southwest to northeast .
Lithospheric mantle structure beneath the Trans-Hudson Orogen and the origin of diamondiferous kimberlites

An array of seismographs was deployed over the central Trans-Hudson Orogen from July 1991 to January 1992 and from October 1994 to July 1996 with the objective of characterizing subcrustal lithospheric structure in a region of diamondiferous kimberlite occurrence using tomographic imaging techniques. The two-dimensional array was located in south central Saskatchewan and consisted of 17 stations with an average spacing of 100 km. We obtained relative travel time residuals for 321 teleseismic events and inverted them for subcrustal velocity variations. The ray coverage affords resolution from 60 to 400 km depth. Our results reveal heterogeneities in mantle velocity that deviate by up to ±1.5% from the iasp91 Earth model. The most pronounced low-velocity anomaly is quasi-cylindrical, 120 km in diameter and extends to ∼220 km depth. This feature is partly surrounded by a region of high velocity which penetrates to slightly greater depths. Cretaceous diamondiferous kimberlites and high concentrations of kimberlitic minerals in glacial tills occur above or near the rims of the low velocity anomalies. In addition, correlations exist between a long-wavelength gravity low and the high-velocity region, as well as between high heat flow and low mantle velocities in the southern portions of the study area. Taken together, these observations are consistent with the interpretation of the imaged anomalies as due to thermomechanical erosion of the lithospheric keel of the Sask craton during the Cretaceous by plume activity or Rayleigh-Taylor-like instability within the asthenosphere. The diamondiferous kimberlites are viewed as a direct consequence of this process. Low levels of heterogeneity below 250 km depth are interpreted to be indicative of effective homogenization in a convecting asthenosphere.
Currents and mixing in the Irminger Sea and in the Iceland Basin

On the basis of a hydrographic section from the Faeroe Islands toward Greenland along 62M-0N and the deployment of about 20 satellite-tracked buoys, it is shown that the Irminger Current branches at the Reykjanes Ridge. Its total transport amounts to 17-18 Sv. The eastern branch of the Irminger Current (8 Sv) turns east and enters the Norwegian Sea both through the Faeroe-Shetland Channel (3 Sv) and by passing northeast of the Faeroe Islands. Maximum speeds of 70 cm s -1 are reached at the outer edge of the East and West Greenland Current. Very intensive mixing is observed between the four water masses that flow into the Irminger Basin. Stirring by eddies plays a dominant role for strong interleaving, subsequent salt fingering, and double-diffusive layering. Conditions for these processes are optimal nearly everywhere in the Irminger Sea.
Reproduction of Hysteresis in Rating Curves

The well-known Jones formula has long been used to convert a stage hydrograph to a discharge hydrograph under many unsteady flow situations. The logic behind the formula can be explained with the use of the approximate convection–diffusion equation in its development. However, its applicability criterion has not yet been quantified. Assessment of the applicability of the Jones formula is studied herein. In addition, two variations of the Jones formula have been developed: one, incorporating the inertial forces of the one-dimensional momentum equation and the other, incorporating a refined estimate of ∂y/∂x, the longitudinal gradient of the water depth, accounting approximately for the parabolic variation of the water surface. The suitability of these three formulas in converting a given hypothetical stage hydrograph to a discharge hydrograph is assessed under varying channel conditions. The study shows, that the Jones formula and its variants developed in this study, indicate a limit of |(1/S0)∂y/∂x|<0.5,.
A comparative assessment on the use of SAR and high-resolution optical images in ocean dynamics studies

A comparison of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by the ERS-2 and RADARSAT-1 satellites with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired close in time is presented. Similarities and differences on the kind of ocean information they provide are discussed. The images were acquired over the Brazil–Malvinas (Falkland) Confluence under different solar elevation and azimuth angles. Ocean features observed by both types of sensors are discussed. These observations show that (1) at high solar angles, sun glint prevails over upwelled water-leaving radiance resulting in optical images that tend to provide dynamical information similar to that obtained from SAR imagery and (2) at low solar zenith and azimuth angles, upwelled radiation tends to prevail over sun glint, providing typical ocean colour and water quality information that can still complement and aid in the interpretation of SAR observations.
Magnetic mineral diagenesis in the post-glacial muddy sediments from the southeastern South Yellow Sea: Response to marine environmental changes

Core YSDPlO3 was retrieved in the muddy deposit under the cold eddy of the southeastern South Yellow Sea, and the uppermost 29.79 m core represents the muddy sediments formed in the shelf since about 13 ka BP. The lower part from 29.79 to 13.35 in, called Unit A2, was deposited during the period from the post-glacial transgression to the middle Holocene (at about 614c ka BP) when the rising sea level reached its maximum, while the upper part above 13.35 m (called Unit Al) was deposited in a cold eddy associated with the formation of the Yellow Sea Warm Current just after the peak of post-glacial sea level rise. Rock-magnetic properties of the uppermost 29.79 m core were investigated in detail. The experimental results indicate that the magnetic mineralogy of the core is dominated by magnetite, maghemite and hematite and that, except for the uppermast 2.35 m, the magnetic minerals were subject to reductive diagenesis leading to significant decline of magnetic mineral content and the proportion of low-coercivity component. More importantly, ferrimagnetic iron sulphide (greigite) is found in Unit A2 but absent in Unit Al, suggesting the control of marine environmental conditions on the magnetic mineral diagenesis. Magnetic parameters show abrupt changes across the boundary between Units A1 and A2, which reflects a co-effect of environmental conditions and primary magnetic components of the sediments on the diagenesis. Alternating zones of high and low magnetic parameters are observed in Unit A2, which is presumably due to periodic changes of the concentration and/or grain size of magnetic minerals carried into the study area.
Tsunami Travel Time Computation and Skill Assessment for the 26 December 2004 Event in the Indian Ocean

Tsunami waves are considered the most dangerous natural hazard affecting the population of the world living near the coastal belts. With the increasing intensity of economic exploitation of coasts there is also an increase in socio-economic consequences resulting from the hazardous action of tsunami waves generated from submarine seismic activity and other causes. On 26 December 2004, the countries within the vicinity of East Indian Ocean experienced the most devastating tsunami in recorded history. This tsunami was triggered by an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale at 3.4°N, 95.7°E off the coast of Sumatra in the Indonesian Archipelago at 06:29 hrs IST (00:59 hrs GMT). As of now (September, 2005), the only Tsunami Warning System (TWS) that is in existence is the one for the Pacific Ocean, which began in the late 1940s. Following the recent disastrous tsunami of 26 December 2004 in the Indian Ocean, the nations around the Indian Ocean rim are now working together to establish a tsunami warning system which should become operational in the near future. One of the most basic information that an Indian Ocean tsunami warning center should have at its disposal, is information on tsunami travel times to various coastal locations surrounding the Indian Ocean rim, as well to several island locations. Devoid of this information, no ETA's (expected times of arrival) can be included in the real-time tsunami warnings. The importance of ETA for tsunami warning system motivated the computation of arrival times comprising 250 representative coastal locations from 35 countries, showing the feasibility of developing a TWS in a relatively short time-span. Numerical accuracy in computating arrival times for this energetic event has been verified from in situ tide gauge data and satellite track data from Jason-I and Topex/Poseidon in the Indian Ocean and also from coastal stations off South Africa. The expected outcome of this work is to develop a widely distributed tsunami travel time (TTT) atlas which can serve as a valuable information database to reduce warning time in the event of tsunamis in the Indian Ocean and promote awareness among the population dwelling in the littoral belts of the South-Asian countries.
Adolescence Risk Factors Are Predictive of Coronary Artery Calcification at Middle Age The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Olli Hartiala, BM,* Costan G. Magnussen, PHD,*†‡ Sami Kajander, MD, PHD,§ Juhani Knuuti, MD, PHD,§ Heikki Ukkonen, MD, PHD, Antti Saraste, MD, PHD,§ Irina Rinta-Kiikka, MD, PHD,¶ Sakari Kainulainen, MD,# Mika Kähönen, MD, PHD,** Nina Hutri-Kähönen, MD, PHD,†† Tomi Laitinen, MD, PHD,¶ Terho Lehtimäki, MD, PHD,‡‡ Jorma S.A. Viikari, MD, PHD, Jaakko Hartiala, MD, PHD,§ Markus Juonala, MD, PHD,* Olli T. Raitakari, MD, PHD*§§
A satellite-based climatology of UV-B irradiance for Antarctic coastal regions

A technique is described to map surface UV-B irradiance (erythemal ultraviolet irradiance) for a section of the Antarctic coast bounded by latitudes 54°-69°S; 140°-160°E. Daily NOAA/AVHRR images have been acquired for this region over four consecutive austral spring, summer and autumn season (November-April), starting in 1990. A model developed by Green et al. is applied to estimate cloudless erythemal irradiances using cosine estimates from TOMS and surface albedo from NOAA/AVHRR. Cloudy irradiances are estimated as the product of the cloudless irradiance and a cloud transmittance derived from satellite imagery. When the model estimates were compared with surface measurements at Hobart, Tasmania and Davis, Antarctica, it was found that the root mean square (RMS) differences (model - measurements) for clear skies were equal to 5.7 per cent of the mean measured value, whereas for cloudy skies the RMS differences were 13.6 per cent of the mean for daily totals; and 4.2 per cent of the mean for monthly averages. Monthly statistics are presented as average monthly cloudless irradiance, average monthly cloudy irradiance and a 'worst case' monthly irradiance. Considerable interannual variability is observed in the 'worst case' monthly irradiance. Depletion by clouds is very significant and is larger than interannual variability in ozone depletion. The effect of clouds is minimum at 55°S and increases polewards to reach maximum values at the edge of the pack ice. Further to the south, cloud depletion decreases due to the moderating effect of the high surface albedo for snow and ice. © 1997 by the Royal Meteorological Society.
Appearance of as-grown c face in the internal texture of high-quartz crystals collected from Nagatani, Nose-town, Osaka Prefecture

Natural quartz crystals are composed of the rhombohedral r {10.1}, z {01.1} and prizm m {10.0} faces. High quartz exhibits a hexagonal bipyramidal habit with no prism faces or rarely small prism faces. In either low quartz or high - quartz, the appearance of a basal c {00.1} faces is extremely rare. It has been shown that the faces from the exceptional localities where quartz crystals with basal faces occur have developed by dissolution or overgrowth on the mechanically - broken surface. In the present study, high - quartz crystals with a basal pinacoid from Nagatani, Nose - town, Osaka Prefecture were investigated by means of SEM - CL, and the growth band implying that the c - faces should be directly developed by an original growth process, neither by a dissolution process nor by overgrowth on the broken surface, was first found.
Predicting the mean annual flood from basin characteristics in Scotland

ABSTRACT Flood data were assembled for 168 Scottish basins containing 3071 station-years of record. Multiple regression techniques were used to produce equations for predicting mean annual flood from physiographic and climatological basin characteristics. Mean annual rainfall (SAAR) gave better results than measures of extreme rainfall (M52D and RSMD). Percentage area of lake storage (LOCH) was found to be a better predictor than fraction of the basin draining through a lake (LAKE). Apart from SAAR and LOCH, the recommended equation requires the basin area (AREA), stream frequency (STMFRQ) and an index of the soil type (SOIL). Measures of average basin slope (AVES) and main stream slope (S1085) were not statistically significant. The standard error of the estimate of the predicted mean annual flood is 0.147. The equation has a coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.914 and appears robust over a wide range of basin types without requiring regionally derived multipliers or coefficients. No significant impro.
Association Between Cancer Screening Results Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Cancer Incidence Rate in Korean Women

: In this study, we investigated the usefulness of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) testing in assessing cancer susceptibility in women by evaluating correlations between SNP testing results and cancer incidence rates. SNP testing was conducted on blood samples of women who underwent health examinations commissioned by medical institutions in the Republic of Korea in 2017 using real-time polymerase chain reaction with OpenArray testing. The SNP panel included susceptibility testing for lung, stomach, colorectal, breast, and thyroid cancers. By comparing the proportions of the normal, cautionary, and warning ranges for these five types of cancer obtained from OpenArray testing with the cancer incidence rates for women in 2017, as reported by the national cancer information center, the practical preventive potential of SNP-based testing was evaluated. Cancer susceptibility in women was the highest for breast cancer, followed by thyroid, colorectal, gastric, and lung cancers. These five types of cancer showed the same trend for cancer incidence in 2017. Based on cumulative percentages of the 5-year cancer prevalence (2013-2017) in Korean women, thyroid cancer ranked first, followed by breast, colon, gastric, and lung cancers. Although the breast and thyroid cancer ordinals differed, their proportion was 49.4% higher than that of the other three cancer types for both the 2017 and 5-year incidence. The high rate of 95.3% in the caution and warning intervals for breast and thyroid cancers in the OpenArray test results suggests a correlation with the reported cancer incidence in 2017. These results indicate that SNP testing, although not aimed directly at diagnosing specific diseases in direct-to-consumer tests or health check-ups, can help individuals identify their genetic susceptibility to cancer, thus allowing them to implement preventive measures.
ACTIVIDADES FRUGIVORAS DE TYRANNUS FORFICATUS EN UN MOSAICO DE VEGETACION DURANTE LA MIGRACION

En la zona hay cuatro tipos de vegetaci6n contiguos: selva mediana subcaducifolia, selva baja caducifolia, matorrales sobre dunas de arena y pastizales inducidos con árboles en pie (OrtizPulido 1994). En los dos primeros se ha registrado un mayor número de especies de plantas con frutos consumidos por aves (Ortiz-Pulido 1994). 7:' forficatus es un ave altamente frugívora en el neotropico (Stiles & Skutch 1991, Ortiz-Pulido 1994). Por ello esperaría que esta especie usara más frequentemente las selvas de la zona que las dunas y el pastizal. 7:' forficatus fue registrado 88 veces en la wna: 52 veces en la selva baja, 28 en el pastizal y ocho en los matorrales de dunas y selva mediana. Existen diferencias significativas entre los valores observados (Chi2=71.9, P<O.OOl). Las diferencias detectadas pueden deberse a probabilidades de detectabilidad distintas para cada hábitat o a un uso diferencial del hábitat. 7:' forficatus consumi6 los frutos de cinco especies de árboles (Ficus cotinifolia, Moraceae; Bursera simaruba, Burseraceae; Coccoloba barbadensis, Polygonaceae; Brosimum alicastrum, Moraceae; y Eugenia acapulcensis, Myrtaceae). Los frutos fueron comúnmente ingeridos enteros y al vuelo. Esta ave también fue observada sobre otras tres especies de árboles (Dendropanax arboreus, Araliaceae; Karwinskia humboldtiana, Rhamnaceae; y Trophis racemosa, Moraceae), y sobre un arbusto parásito (Psittacanthus calyculatus, Lorantaceae). No se pudo determinar si consumi6 frutos de estas plantas, sin embargo, se encontraLas aves mlgratorias constituyen un recurso mternacional compartido. Asímismo, se ha comprobado que muchas de sus poblaciones están disminuyendo, posiblemente debido a la destrucci6n del hábitat en sus áreas de invernaci6n (Robbins et al. 1993, Rappole et al. 1993). Diversos esfuerzos han sido realizados para entender los hábitos y conductas de las especies migratorias durante su estancia en los sitios de invernaci6n (Finch & StangeI1993). Sin embargo, ninguna de las organizaciones que realizan estos esfuerzos contempla dentro de sus objetivos principales el estudio de la dieta de las aves migratorias (Sauer 1993, Manley 1992). Este aspecto es primordial si se intenta comprender la conducta y selecci6n del hábitat (entre otras cosas) durante su invernaci6n. En este trabajo se reporta la alimentaci6n a base de frutos que realizaron individuos de Tyrannus forficatus en varios hábitats tropicales localizados en la planicie costera central del estado de Veracruz, México (Centro de Investigaciones Costeras La Mancha, CICOLMA, 96°22' W, 19°36'N; altitud < 50 m). T fo¡ficatus es un visitante no anidante en la vertiente del Golfo de México y parte del altiplano central (hasta el Istmo de Tehuantepec) (AOU 1983, Howell & Webb 1995). En la zona de estudio esta especie fue registrada en grupos de aproximadamente 10 individuos, desde agosto de 1992 hasta mayo de 1993. En enero no se le registr6 pero probablemente estuvo presente en el área (tal vez en muy baja abundancia).
Terrestrial Impact Structures

Impact structures are the dominant landform on planets that have retained portions of their earliest crust. The present surface of the Earth, however, has comparatively few recognized impact structures. This is due to its relative youthfulness and the dynamic nature of the terrestrial geosphere, both of which serve to obscure and remove the impact record. Although not generally viewed as an important terrestrial (as opposed to planetary) geologic process, the role of impact in Earth evolution is now receiving mounting consideration. For example, large-scale impact events may have been responsible for such phenomena as the formation of the Earth's moon and certain mass extinctions in the biologic record. The importance of the terrestrial impact record is greater than the relatively small number of known structures would indicate. Impact is a highly transient, high-energy event. It is inherently difficult to study through experimentation because of the problem of scale. In addition, sophisticated finite-element code calculations of impact cratering are gen­ erally limited to relatively early-time phenomena as a result of high com­ putational costs. Terrestrial impact structures provide the only ground truth against which computational and experimental results can be com­ pared. These structures provide information on aspects of the third dimen­ sion, the preand postimpact distribution of target lithologies, and the nature of the lithologic and mineralogic changes produced by the passage of a shock wave. They also provide data for cratering rate estimates and, in some cases, on the nature of the impacting body. In this review, emphasis is placed on the nature of terrestrial impact structures, the criteria for their identification, and their contribution to
Leadership and Followership: The Yin & Yang to Building Professional Capacity

Structured organizational groups are composed of two primary groups, leaders and followers. Of the two groups, the success or failure of organizations, such as schools, are dependent on the leader and his or her leadership abilities. Effective leadership and followership in the educational setting is essential to improving and sustaining academic success. With the ever-increasing pressures in education from national, state, and district accountability standards, school organizations should also focus on fostering relationships between the leaders and followers.