Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The society of the Enlightenment : the rise of the middle class and Enlightenment culture in Germany

Introduction. 1. Enlightenment and Traditional Society in the Eighteenth Century. 2. Learned and Literary Societies in the Seventeenth Century. 3. The Republic of Scholars. 4. Association of a Civilizeda Men. 5. Clubs of the Enlightenment and Political Associations. 6. Societies of the Enlightenment as Media of Early Middle--class Culture. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.
Effects of verapamil on the response of the guinea‐pig tracheal muscle to carbachol

1 The effects of verapamil on the contraction of the guinea‐pig tracheal smooth muscle induced by calcium (Ca2+) or barium (Ba2+) were investigated in three different conditions: (a) in excess K solution, (b) in the presence of carbachol, and (c) in excess K solution containing carbachol. In order to clarify the contractions, the effects of removal and readdition of the divalent cations were also investigated. 2 In Ca2+‐loaded tissues, application of carbachol in Ca‐free medium produced a transient contraction, the magnitude of which decreased the longer the duration of exposure to Ca2+‐free solution. 3 In Ca2+‐depleted, Ba2+‐loaded tissues, application of carbachol in a Ba2+‐ and Ca2+‐free medium produced a transient contraction the magnitude of which decreased the longer the duration of exposure to the Ba2+‐ and Ca2+‐free solution. 4 After exposure to Ca2+‐free solution for 40 min, the sensitivity of the tissue to Ca2+ was greater in the presence of 30 μM carbachol (ED50 = 0.06 mM) than in the presence of 40 mM K+ (ED50 = 0.3 mM). The Ca2+‐sensitivity in the presence of 30 μM carbachol plus K+ (40 mM) was not different from that in the presence of 30 μM carbachol alone. 5 In Ca2+‐free solution, the sensitivity of the tissue to Ba2+ in the presence of 40 mM K+ (ED50 = 1.4 mM) was not different from that observed in the presence of 30 μM carbachol (ED50 = 1.3 mM). 6 After exposure to Ca2+‐free solution, verapamil produced a parallel rightward shift in the concentration‐response curves to added Ca2+ and Ba2+ in the presence of either 40 mM K+, 30 μM carbachol or 40 mM K+ plus 30 μM carbachol. 7 The pA2 values of verapamil against Ca2+ responses in the presence of 40 mM K+, 30 μM carbachol and 40 mM K+ plus 30 μM carbachol were 7.0, 6.5 and 6.5, respectively. The pA2 values of verapamil against Ba2+ responses under these conditions were 7.1, 7.0 and 7.1, respectively. 8 It is concluded that the sustained contraction produced by carbachol requires the influx of Ca2+ and that Ba2+ can substitute for Ca2+ in this process. Furthermore, the ionic channels which admit Ca2+ may be modified by carbachol to different degrees depending on the presence of Ca2+ or Ba2+. Such changes alter the affinity of the channel to verapamil.
Pembelajaran Fisika Berbasis Inkuiri Terbimbing Dengan Menggunakan LKS Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Ditinjau Dari Sikap Ilmiah Siswa Madrasah Aliyah Qamarul Huda Bagu Lombok Tengah

This research aimed at 1). Developing learning design of guided inquiry based physics learning using student worksheet. 2). Knowing the difference of improvement of the critical thinking between students those who learned using guided inquiry based physics learning and those who learned physics conventionally. 3). Knowing the difference of improvement of the critical thinking between students with a highly scientific attitude and those with a low one. 4) Knowing the interaction between learning physics and scientific attitude toward the improvement of students’ critical thinking skill. The research was conducted through two steps, namely: 1) Development research using Dick’s and Carey’s development model, 2) Experimental research using 2x2 factorial design. The population of this research was the students of MA Qamarul Huda Bagu, central Lombok, year eleven. The sample of the research consisted of 2 classes taken by simple random sampling technique. Data collection using questioner to know the students’ scientific attitude, and test to know the students’ critical thinking skill score. Hypothetical test for experimental research used two path ANAVA by using SPSS . The result of development research was yielded a good learning equipment of the guided inquiry based physics learning using student worksheet. The experimental research showed that: 1) There was difference of improvement of critical thinking skill between the students who got a guided inquiry physics learning using student worksheet and those who got conventional learning. This was shown by value of F test =42,480, was higher than that of F table =4,11, and the value of sig=000 was lower than 0,05; 2) There was difference of improvement of critical thinking skill between the students with a high scientific attitude and those with a low one. This was shown by value of F test =13,150, was higher than that of F table =4,11, and the value of sig=0,001 was lower than 0,05; 3). There was no interaction between the physics learning (guided inquiry based using student worksheet and that of conventionally) and scientific attitude towards the improvement of critical thinking skill. This was shown by value of F test =1,277 was lower than that of F table =4,11 and value of sig=0,265 was higher than 0,05. It was expected that the guided inquiry based physics learning using student worksheet was combined with other learning models to enhance critical thinking skill more optimal mainly for the abstract materials of physics. Key word : guided inquiry, student worksheet, scientific attitude, critical thinking skill,
Stereotyping and Social Reality

Authors. Preface and Acknowledgements. Prologue. 1. Introduction: The Social Psychology of Stereotyping. 2. Early Approaches to Stereotypes and Prejudice. 3. Stereotyping as Information Processing Error: The Cognitive Emphasis. 4. Cognition and the Group: Social Identity and Self-Categorization. 5. Categorization, Selective Perception and Stereotyping: A Critical Re-Examination. 6. The Social Contextual Basis of Stereotypic Accentuation. 7. Outgroup Homogeneity and Illusory Correlation Revisited. 8. Politics, Prejudice and Myth in the Study of Stereotypes. References.
Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning, and Emotion

dynamic nature of Islamic activism, it fails to discuss one dichotomy that appears on several places: Islam and (or should we say versus? ) the West. The dichotomy is apparent in Charles Kurzman’s (brilliant) essay, where the Western researcher is described as the agent who can describe, yet not totally grasp the actions and logic of Middle Eastern people. “In Islamic studies” he writes, “the eyes of the subjects and the researcher don’t line up” (p. 297). One is left wondering how Kurzman reached his verdict. Certainly, opportunity structures in the Middle East look different from those in many Western countries. However, as much as the focus on liberal (Western) democracies and totalitarian (Arab) regimes is useful when one is trying to understand social activism in its diversity, so can a strict focus on regional differences be misleading when the project’s intent is to look at Islamic activism(s). As a world religion, Islam draws adherents from multiple regional contexts—not only the Arab world but also South and East Asia, Europe, and the United States. Islam also links East and West. Although the transnational implication of Islamic movements is mentioned, it is inadequately explored. Here, the limited geographical focus of the study creates or continues an exotification of its subject. When reading Carrie Rosefsky Wickham’s chapter on young Islamic activists in Egypt, including her description of the youngsters’ claims to defy parental authority to practice Islam “correctly” and even to challenge and correct their parents “faulty” understanding of Islam (p. 243), I recalled my own experiences of encountering young Islamic activists in Chicago, who used similar arguments. That interesting parallels could be drawn here points to a critical chasm that still needs to be bridged within Islamic studies: the divide between studies of Islam in the traditional Islamic world, and studies of immigrant Muslim communities in the West. Just as Islamic Activism successfully bridges social movement theory and Islamic studies, it also illustrates the need for gaining new insights in our field by overcoming other boundaries. Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning, and Emotion, edited by Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. 307 pp. $75.00 cloth. ISBN: 0-7425-2595-3. $32.95 paper. ISBN: 0-7425-2596-1.
Positive nasal culture of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a risk factor for surgical site infection in orthopedics

Background Although nasal carriage of MRSA has been identified as one of the risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) with MRSA, there have been no reports of this in the orthopedics field. Methods This prospective observational cohort study included 2,423 consecutive patients who were admitted to our department over 26 months and who underwent orthopedic surgery. We examined the relationship between pre-existing nasal MRSA and subsequent occurrence of SSI with MRSA. Results 63 patients (2.6%) had a positive nasal MRSA culture. 15 patients (0.6%) developed SSI with MRSA. The occurrence of SSI with MRSA in nasal MRSA carriers was significantly higher than that in non-carriers (4 out of 63 (6.3%) vs. 11 out of 2,360 (0.5%); p < 0.001) (adjusted OR: 11; 95% CI: 3–37; p = 0.001). Interpretation We recommend appropriate treatment of patients who are nasal carriers of MRSA before orthopedic surgery.
The Physical Activity Group Environment Questionnaire: An instrument for the assessment of cohesion in exercise classes.

The purpose of this study was to develop a cohesion inventory for exercise groups. Five projects were undertaken. In Projects 1 to 3, potential items were generated, content validity was established, and preliminary psychometric testing was carried out. In Project 4, concurrent validity was established. In Project 5, hypothesized relationships between cohesion and both adherence and self-efficacy were tested using older adult exercisers (N = 60, average age = 68.9 years, SD = 6.1). Overall, the results of the 5 projects provided preliminary evidence of the utility of the Physical Activity Group Environment Questionnaire (PAGEQ) as a test of cohesion in exercise groups. The discussion centers on implications of the findings and the identification of future research necessary to continue the process of validation of the PAGEQ. Cohesion is considered to be "a dynamic
Delayed Risperidone-Induced Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

MG. Antiarrhythmic drug prescription in post-myocardial infarction patients in the last decade: the GISSI experience. Arch Intern Med 1994; 155:1041-5. 7. Kates RE. Plasma level monitoring of antiarrhythmic drugs. Am J Cardi011983;52(suppl):8C-13C. 8. Garfein OA. Pharmacology of commonly used antiarrhythmic drugs and comments on the use of therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 1982;4:1-14. 9. Pearce GA, Day RO. Compliance with criteria necessary for effective drug concentration monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 1990;12:250-7. 10. Me Innes GT. The value of therapeutic drug monitoring to the practising physician. An hypothesis in need of testing. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 27:281-4. II. Reiffel JA, Cook JR. Physician attitudes toward the use of type IC antiarrhythmics after the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1262-4.
Dynamic heterogeneity as a strategy of stem cell self-renewal

Significance In many tissues, such as intestine and skin, cells are constantly turned over throughout life. To replenish cells that are lost, new cells are generated by stem cells, which divide and differentiate to maintain tissue in a steady state. The mechanisms that allow stem cells to achieve perfect self-renewal promise fundamental insights into processes leading to diseased states. Efforts to define strategies of stem cell self-renewal have placed emphasis on models in which stem cells progress one way through a differentiation hierarchy. Here, we show that a different paradigm, in which stem cells transfer reversibly between states primed for renewal or poised for differentiation, offers a viable and robust mechanism of tissue self-renewal. To maintain cycling adult tissue in homeostasis the balance between proliferation and differentiation of stem cells needs to be precisely regulated. To investigate how stem cells achieve perfect self-renewal, emphasis has been placed on models in which stem cells progress sequentially through a one-way proliferative hierarchy. However, investigations of tissue regeneration have revealed a surprising degree of flexibility, with cells normally committed to differentiation able to recover stem cell competence following injury. Here, we investigate whether the reversible transfer of cells between states poised for proliferation or differentiation may provide a viable mechanism for a heterogeneous stem cell population to maintain homeostasis even under normal physiological conditions. By addressing the clonal dynamics, we show that such models of “dynamic heterogeneity” may be equally capable of describing the results of recent lineage tracing assays involving epithelial tissues. Moreover, together with competition for limited niche access, such models may provide a mechanism to render tissue homeostasis robust. In particular, in 2D epithelial layers, we show that the mechanism of dynamic heterogeneity avoids some pathological dependencies that undermine models based on a hierarchical stem/progenitor organization.
Decoupled Downlink-Uplink Coverage Analysis with Interference Management for Enriched Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

Heterogeneous cellular networks (HetCNets) offer a promising solution to cope with the current cellular coverage crunch. Due to the large transmit power disparity, while following maximum power received (MPR) association scheme, a larger number of users are associated with macro-cell BS (MBS) than small-cell BSs (SBSs). Therefore, an imbalance load arrangement takes place across the HetCNets. Hence, using cell range expansion-based cell association, we can balance the load across the congested MBS. However, using MPR association scheme, users' offloading leads to two challenges: 1) macro-cell interference, in which the MBS interferes with the offloaded users, and 2) coupled downlink-uplink cell association, in which a random user associates with a single tier's base station (BS) both in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) directions. This paper aims to address these problems while considering a two-tier scenario consisting of small-cell and macro-cell tiers. For the MBS interference mitigation, we employ a reverse frequency allocation (RFA) scheme. Besides coupled DL-UL association (Co-DUA), this paper also highlights the notion of decoupled DL-UL association (De-DUA). In De-DUA, a random user associates with two different tiers' BSs, i.e., with one tier's BS in the DL direction and with the other tier's BS in the UL direction. Our results illustrate that, in comparison with the Co-DUA, De-DUA with RFA employment achieves a better coverage performance.
Caregiver Stress and Well-Being as a Function of Multiple Roles.

Predictors of caregiver psychological well-being, including depression, marital satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect were examined as a function of primary and secondary stress. Measures assessing these outcomes as well as role overload, inter-role conflict and care receiver impairment were administered to 77 female caregivers of dementia patients. A comparison group of 80 females was also included. Results demonstrated that noncaregivers experienced significantly higher positive affect than caregivers. In addition, differential mediating relationships were found between primary and secondary stressors contingent upon the type of outcome examined. More specifically, inter-role conflict mediated the relationship between work overload and both positive and negative affect. Caregiver-specific stressors predicted depression and negative affect but did not predict positive affect or marital satisfaction. Finally, the domain-specific predictor of spouse inter-role conflict predicted the domain-specific outcome of marital satisfaction. Findings were discussed in terms of the caregiver stress model of Leonard Pearlin and his colleagues (Pearlin, Mullan, Semple, & Skaff, 1990) and suggest the multidimensional, dynamic nature of caregiving. INTRODUCTION Over a decade ago, Shanas (1979) dispelled the myth that families abandon their elderly relatives; in contrast, family members provide the majority of care to elders in our country. Brody (1985) describes caregiving for elders as a "normative" crisis that most individuals will encounter although the timing of the experience differs among caregivers. Caregiving of the elderly has received a great deal of attention in the past several decades, but, most researchers agree that there is still much to be learned about the process and impact of caregiving for elderly persons (George, 1990; Lawton, Kleban, Moss, Ravine, & Glicksman, 1989; Pearlin, Mullan, Semple, & Skaff, 1990). Understanding the effects of caregiving is especially relevant when one considers current demographic trends (Biegel & Blum, 1990). First, the percentage of those over age 65 in our population has increased dramatically during the twentieth century and is the fastest growing segment of the population (Taeuber, 1983; Treas, 1977). Second, there is a growing number of caregivers who are elderly themselves (Hooyman & Lustbader, 198 6; Stone, Cafferata, & Sangl, 1987). Third, changes in family structure due to declining fertility rates and increased divorce rates may add to the pressures of caregiving (Preston, 1984; Treas, 1981; Treas, 1977). Fourth, an increasing number of women,
Technology, the future of our jobs and other justified concerns

The everyday experience in the developed (post-) industnal countries is one of fast technological change and, simultaneously, one of a persisting high level of unemployment, suggesting that technology is a net job-killer. On the other hand, most economists and politicians argue that technological change has a positive overall effect on employment. The Economist, in an article on ‘Technology, the future of your job and other misplaced panics’, argues that “In the past 200 years millions of manuat workers have been replaced by machines. Over the same period, the number of jobs has grown almost continuously, as have the real incomes of most people in the industrial world. Furthermore, this growth and enrichment have come about not in spite of technological change but because of it,”l The article goes on with arguing that this will be the same in the future: “Both theory and evidence suggest that in the long run new technology should create more jobs than it destroy s,” Although senious adaptation problems may occur, and some people will suffer from [hose, the main lesson is that technological development is good for employment, and will always be so. Examples of optimistic policy statements are recent reports of European Union, like the White paper on growth, competitiveness and employment of the former EU-chairman J. Delors, and the report on Europe and (he global information society, written by a committee of captains of industry, and chaired by M. Bangemann, member of the European Commission. Also these reports express a strong belief that modem technology, especially the information superhighway, will create many possibilities for the production of new goods and services, and, consequently, for new (full) employment. Technological capacity alone, however, is not enough. To benefit optimally from the new technological possibilities, societies should remove those institutional barriers that hinder the market in tahg up the economic chances the new technology offers. According to Delor’s White Paper, European welfare states have to accomplish major social innovations, first of all a liberalization of many markets, especially the markets for telecommunication services. Other changes talked about are the privatization of (now often public) social, educational and health services, and flexibilization of European labor markets, notably a reduction of the social security arrangements, and an increase of income differences. According to Delors and Bangemann, these changes will stimulate demand for and supply of commercial electronic services over the information superhighway. The idea behind this optimistic view about the effects of technological change on employment basically comes down to the conviction that the rationalizing e&ects of technological change
Psychological Factors Linked to Self-Reported Depression Symptoms in Late Adolescence

Background: The likelihood of developing depression increases throughout adolescence. Aims: Understanding the relative contribution of psychosocial and cognitive variables to depressive symptoms during the transitional stage of late adolescence should increase the scope for effective prevention and intervention. Method: The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Adolescents' Cognitive Style (ACSQ), Relationship Rating Scales (RRS), The Life Events Checklist, and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) were completed by 140 adolescents aged 16–18 years. Results: Alienation from parents and peers, helpless attributional style, gender, and perceived criticism from teachers contributed significantly to variance in scores for depressive symptoms. Negative self-inference and helpless attributions moderated the relationship between perceived criticism and depression in male participants. Conclusions: Different approaches to intervention may be more successful for males and females.
Certainty and uncertainty: NICE guidance on ‘depth of anaesthesia’ monitoring

tive state. Archives of Neurology 2007; 64: 1098–102. 27. Monti MM, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Coleman MR, et al. Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness. New England Journal of Medicine 2010; 362: 579–89. 28. Nachev P, Hacker PM. Covert cognition in the persistent vegetative state. Progress in Neurobiology 2010; 91: 68– 76. 29. Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Ou FS, et al. The association of admission heart rate and in-hospital cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results from 135 164 patients in the CRUSADE quality improvement initiative. European Heart Journal 2010; 31: 552–60. 30. Mashour GA. Consciousness unbound: toward a paradigm of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 428–33. 31. Noreika V, Jylh€ankangas L, M or o L, et al. Consciousness lost and found: subjective experiences in an unresponsive state. Brain and Cognition 2011; 77: 327–34. 32. Avidan MS, Mashour GA. The incidence of intra-operative awareness in the UK: under the rate or under the radar? Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 334–8. 33. Woodall N, Cook TM. A national census of airway management techniques employed during anaesthesia in the UK: results of the first phase of the 4th National Audit Project at the Royal College of Anaesthetists. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011; 106: 266–7. 34. Bruchas RR, Kent CD, Wilson HD, Domino KB. Anesthesia awareness: narrative review of psychological sequelae, treatment, and incidence. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2011; 18: 257–67.