Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental Stewardship Pathways to Community Cohesion and Cultivating Meaningful Engagement

What pathways do people take on the journey to stewardship and what rewards do they reap? Numerous studies emphasize the underlying values, whether moral, spiritual, or religious, which provide the foundation for engaging in environmental behavior. Yet, many cases of stewardship are founded not on lofty environmental ideals but on pragmatic, localized ambitions. As cities work to rectify historical inequities in access to environmental assets like trees and green spaces in low-income communities of color across the United States, it is important to understand the cultural and socioeconomic dimensions of environmental stewardship and the distinct pathways to stewardship. Understanding these can lead to policy and programmatic changes, helping city foresters and environmental advocacy groups better engage and serve marginalized communities. In this S. Arakawa (*) · V. Shandas Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA e-mail: sachi@pdx.edu; vshandas@pdx.edu S. Sachdeva Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Evanston, IL, USA e-mail: sonyasachdeva@fs.fed. us # Springer International Publishing AG 2018 S. Dhiman, J. Marques (eds.), Handbook of Engaged Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53121-2_37-1 1 review, we use several cases from our work and others’ to illustrate the possible barriers to engaging low-income communities and communities of color in environmental stewardship, how notions of identity, power, and agency impact the ways in which underserved communities respond to environmental issues, and finally, what paths stewards take in finding meaning in their work.
Collagen COL22A1 maintains vascular stability and mutations in COL22A1 are potentially associated with intracranial aneurysms

ABSTRACT Collagen XXII (COL22A1) is a quantitatively minor collagen, which belongs to the family of fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices. Its biological function has been poorly understood. Here, we used a genome-editing approach to generate a loss-of-function mutant in zebrafish col22a1. Homozygous mutant adults exhibit increased incidence of intracranial hemorrhages, which become more prominent with age and after cardiovascular stress. Homozygous col22a1 mutant embryos show higher sensitivity to cardiovascular stress and increased vascular permeability, resulting in a greater percentage of embryos with intracranial hemorrhages. Mutant embryos also exhibit dilations and irregular structure of cranial vessels. To test whether COL22A1 is associated with vascular disease in humans, we analyzed data from a previous study that performed whole-exome sequencing of 45 individuals from seven families with intracranial aneurysms. The rs142175725 single-nucleotide polymorphism was identified, which segregated with the phenotype in all four affected individuals in one of the families, and affects a highly conserved E736 residue in COL22A1 protein, resulting in E736D substitution. Overexpression of human wild-type COL22A1, but not the E736D variant, partially rescued the col22a1 loss-of-function mutant phenotype in zebrafish embryos. Our data further suggest that the E736D mutation interferes with COL22A1 protein secretion, potentially leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Altogether, these results argue that COL22A1 is required to maintain vascular integrity. These data further suggest that mutations in COL22A1 could be one of the risk factors for intracranial aneurysms in humans. Summary: Collagen COL22A1 is expressed in perivascular fibroblast-like cells and is required to maintain vascular stability in a zebrafish model. Mutations in COL22A1 are likely to be associated with intracranial aneurysms.
Europe's Digital Revolution: Broadcasting Regulation, the EU and the Nation State

Preface and Acknowledgements. Introduction. List of Abbreviations. Section 1: The Impact of Convergence. 1. Converging Technologies, Changing Markets. Section 2: Regulating Analogue Broadcasting. 2. National Regulatory Traditions in France, Germany and the UK. 3. European Regulation of Analogue Broadcasting. Section 3: National and European Responses to Digital Broadcasting . 4. Regulating Access to Digital Broadcasting: The Advanced Television Standards Directive. 5. The Impact of European Competition Policy on Digital Broadcasting. 6. National Approaches to Digital Regulation. 7. From the European Information Society to Convergence: Co-ordinating or transcending National responses to digital broadcasting? Section 4: Conclusions. 8. Convergence: New Approaches. 9. Broadcasting Regulation, the Nation State and the European Policy Process. Bibliography
The Future of South Asia: Population Dynamics, Economic Prospects, and Regional Coherence

What do we foresee for South Asia in 2060, in light of the significant changes it has undergone in the past few decades? India has experienced rapid economic growth, but continues to suffer widespread, extreme poverty as well. Afghanistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka have seen major conflicts, with Pakistan always seeming on the verge of a major eruption. Nepal and Sri Lanka finally seem to have moved toward peace. As elsewhere, the region's many developments and crosscurrents make reliable predictions difficult, but one relatively neglected set of factors – demographic change – may shed some light on the region's future. Throughout the world, falling mortality rates and declining birth rates have been predictive of growing per-capita incomes, and theoretical reasoning and related evidence are sufficiently compelling to think that the links may indeed be causal. In this vein, this essay explores South Asia's economic prospects through a demographic lens. In addition, as we will see, there are some similar demographic trends across the countries of South Asia, but there are also a number of extreme differences. Regional heterogeneity bears on the question, "to what extent is South Asia a coherent region? "
Gender differences in commute time and accessibility in Sofia, Bulgaria: a study using 3D geovisualisation

Much research on human mobility patterns and accessibility to date has been conducted largely in Western European and North American countries, where the private vehicle is the main means for commuting. As a result, most studies focused largely on car-based mobility (automobility) and accessibility, and relatively little is known about countries in other regions of the world. Based on an activity-travel dataset collected in Sofia, Bulgaria and using 3D geovisualisation, this study attempts to fill this gap through examining gender differences in commute time and potential access to urban opportunities. The results reveal important gender differences in commute time and individual accessibility. Among the surveyed participants, women tend to spend more time on their commute trips and have more restrictive spatial reach to urban opportunities compared with men, largely as a result of their reliance on public transit as their primary mode of transport. Further, women have lower accessibility compared with men who used the same travel mode. This case study adds important new knowledge about a geographical area that has been under-studied by Anglophone geographers. It also shows that GIS-based geovisualisation and analysis are powerful tools for uncovering gender differences in the geographical distribution of commute time, which conventional quantitative methods cannot reveal.
Wave‐driven sea level anomalies at the Midway tide gauge as an index of North Pacific storminess over the past 60 years

Sixty years of sea‐level data collected in the interior lagoon of Midway Atoll in the northern Hawaiian Islands are used to examine short‐term (<2 days), high amplitude (up to 1 m) sea level anomaly (SLA) events that occur during the winter months. A combination of wind and wave model hindcasts, satellite altimetry product and in‐situ water level data confirms that these high SLA events are driven primarily by the arrival of energetic swell waves generated by storms in the North Pacific as breaking waves on the northwest side of the atoll lead to the setup of the lagoon. The number of high SLA events recorded in Midway during each winter season correlates well with the storminess in the Central North Pacific, defined as the mean seasonal wave height. This leads us to conclude that the seasonal number of high SLA events measured at this specific tide gauge in Midway can be used as an index of storminess in the Central North Pacific over climatic time‐scales. Our Midway‐based index of storminess correlates well with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, and its observed increase over the past 60 years is attributed to variability associated with the PDO rather than a long‐term trend.
Unsaturated Zone Hydrology for Scientists and Engineers

A thin layer of soil at the surface of the unsaturated zone supports much of the life on Earth. Processes occurring in the unsaturated zone affect the environment on a global scale. For instance, modifications to the soil nitrogen and carbon cycles may contribute to global climatic change. Characterizing flow and transport in the unsaturated zone is vital to understanding the hydrologic cycle. A wide variety of scientists and engineers ply their trades within the unsaturated zone. Interests range from studying agricultural sustainability to bioremediation of contaminated soils. Regardless of their discipline, all workers in this field require a solid background in the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of unsaturated zone hydrology.
Efecto de las herramientas facilitadoras del aprendizaje sobre los resultados empresariales

RESUMEN: Los objetivos de esta investigacion son analizar la influencia de las herramientas facilitadoras del aprendizaje sobre los resultados empresariales: resultados financieros, operativos y satisfaccion y motivacion del personal; y estudiar el efecto que ciertos factores como la antiguedad, el tamano de las empresas, la flexibilidad y la incertidumbre ante el entorno tienen sobre el desarrollo de tales instrumentos. La metodologia utilizada para la consecucion de ambos fines implica el establecimiento de un modelo teorico y un estudio empirico construido sobre una poblacion de 113 empresas del sector agroalimentario de la Region de Murcia, para el que se recurre al metodo jerarquico del analisis de regresion lineal. Los resultados alcanzados muestran relaciones significativas entre las herramientas del aprendizaje y el volumen de ventas de la empresa (resultado financiero), los resultados operativos y la motivacion del personal. La principal aportacion de esta investigacion es la deteccion de los factores influyentes y efectos mas importantes de las herramientas del aprendizaje.
Auroral observations at the Mario Zucchelli Base (Antarctica). Morphological features.

Auroral displays are the visible manifestation of the solar wind-magnetosphereionosphere interaction at the high latitude polar regions. The study of this phenomenon is very relevant for both the investigation of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling and the comprehension of the overall magnetospheric dynamics during the so-called magnetic substorms. Here, we present some preliminary results on the morphological features of the auroral emission as observed at the Mario Zucchelli station in Antarctica during a recent winter campaign. In particular, we are going to show how the morphology of the auroral emission changes with the wavelength (630.0 nm, 557.7 nm and 427.8 nm).
Depression and human immunodeficiency virus infection are risk factors for incident heart failure among veterans: Veterans Aging Cohort Study.

is the first to suggest that MDD is an independent risk factor for HF in HIV+ adults. These results reinforce the importance of identifying and managing MDD among HIV+ patients. Future studies must clarify mechanisms linking HIV, MDD, antidepressants, and HF and identify interventions to reduce HF morbidity and mortality in those with both HIV and MDD. ( Circulation . 2015;132:00-00. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014443.) Among rates person-years and adjusted ratios (aHRs) were calculated by HIV and antidepressant use. In a second analysis, we used Cox regression to model the association of MDD and incident HF among the HIV+ participants. This analysis included additional adjustments for and recent CD4 counts, HIV-1 RNA, and ART use. We included only participants with a diagnosis of MDD in our third analysis, which explored the association between antidepressant use and incident HF among HIV+ and HIV− participants.
A multi‐source precipitation estimation approach to fill gaps over a radar precipitation field: a case study in the Colorado River Basin

The present work develops an approach to seamlessly blend satellite, available radar, climatological and gauge precipitation products to fill gaps in ground‐based radar precipitation field. To mix different precipitation products, the error of any of the products relative to each other should be removed. For bias correction, the study uses an ensemble‐based method that aims to estimate spatially varying multiplicative biases in SPEs using a radar precipitation product. A weighted successive correction method (SCM) is used to make the merging between error corrected satellite and radar precipitation estimates. In addition to SCM, we use a combination of SCM and Bayesian spatial model for merging the rain gauges (RGs) and climatological precipitation sources with radar and SPEs. We demonstrated the method using a satellite‐based hydro‐estimator; a radar‐based, stage‐II; a climatological product, Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model and a RG dataset for several rain events from 2006 to 2008 over an artificial gap in Oklahoma and a real radar gap in the Colorado River basin. Results show that: the SCM method in combination with the Bayesian spatial model produced a precipitation product in good agreement with independent measurements. The study implies that using the available radar pixels surrounding the gap area, RG, Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model and satellite products, a radar‐like product is achievable over radar gap areas that benefit the operational meteorology and hydrology community. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Holocene resource intensification in the Sacramento Valley

Abstract Late Holocene archaeological vertebrate faunas from the Sacramento Valley of north-central California document dramatic changes through time in the relative abundances of large- and small-sized species. The abundances of medium and large mammals decrease significantly through time relative to small resident fishes. When seasonal and spatial variability is held constant, significant decreases also exist in the abundances of large anadromous fishes relative to small resident fishes. These patterns support models of resource intensification posited for central California, which suggest that substantial decreases in foraging efficiency occurred during the late Holocene.
A relationship describing the shear strength of unsaturated soils

A relationship describing the shear-strength profile of a desiccating soil deposit is essential for the purpose of analysis, especially when a numerical method is adopted where each zone in a discretised grid is assigned an elevation-dependent shear-strength value. The matric-suction profile of a desiccating soil deposit is nonlinear. Up to the air-entry value, an increase in matric suction is associated with a linear increase in shear strength. Beyond air entry, as the soil starts to desaturate, a nonlinear increase in shear strength occurs. The soil-water characteristic curve is stress dependent, as is the shear-strength gain as matric suction increases. In this paper, a three-dimensional, nonlinear regression analysis showed that a power-additive function is suitable to describe the variation of the shear strength of unsaturated soils with matric suction. The proposed function incorporates the effect of normal stress on the contribution of matric suction to the shear strength.Key words: air-entry value.
Origin and characteristics of excess Fe metal in lunar glass welded aggregates

We show that the characteristic features of lunar glass welded aggregates including their irregular shapes, vesicularity, and content of submicron Fe metal in the welding glass can be explained by a model in which they are predominantly formed by micrometeorite impacts into the solar wind saturated topmost surface of the regolith. The Fe metal is reduced from silicates by the solar wind gases. Other possible mechanisms of Fe metal formation are discussed and shown to play at most minor roles. It is shown that surface tension forces control vesicularity and that the low gravity and high vacuum conditions prevailing on the moon are unimportant. Consequences of this surface tension control to possible lunar eruptive volcanism and to the Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of impact events are discussed.
Changing cold environments : a Canadian perspective

The book was written by 17 authors co-ordinated by two experienced editors. The author s team consisted of specialists dealing systematically with numerous topics forming a rich mosaic of recent polar ecology. In spite of the fact that the book presents results of Canadian research in majority of cases, it brings an excellent background for understanding the specificities of both northern polar region and global environmental issues.
Exhaled nitric oxide in extreme environments

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a useful marker for lower airway inflammation. Since NO was found to be a component of an exhaled breath in the early 1990 s, the Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FENO 50) measurement is now well accepted among clinicians as a complementary test in the management of asthma. It is also used to some extent as a marker for other airway diseases, e.g. to map inflammation in the peripheral parts of the airway tree. The first study in this thesis reports the development of a novel hand-held and highly portable instrument for exhaled NO measurement. It is principally intended for clinical use, but also potentially suitable for use in extreme environments, such as high altitude and spaceflight. A second study investigated the effects of microgravity on exhaled NO and was based on results from cosmonauts and astronauts stationed on the International Space Station (ISS). It was concluded that the 45 % decrease in exhaled NO levels found in microgravity might be due to an increased backdiffusion of NO in the peripheral airways. The underlying mechanism leading to this increase is likely more homogenous distributions of the lung parenchyma and pulmonarycapillary blood. This would provide a more optimised airway caliber/length ratio which in turn would facilitate the gas diffusion from conducting airways to the alveoli. At the same time, the uptake of NO to the blood is likely to be enhanced due to an increased contact area between alveolar gas and pulmonary-capillary blood in microgravity. In the third study, two instruments designed to measure exhaled NO were investigated at altitude. Because of decreased gas density and increased gas diffusivity at altitude, they behaved differently with regard to flow control and detector sensitivity. The readings at, for example an altitude of 4000 m, became 60 % too high in one of the instruments. Procedures were recommended for correction of the instrument output, so that it becomes comparable to sea level use. It is also recommended that exhaled NO measurements are quantified as partial pressure of NO (PENO), which would make comparison of readings over a range of altitudes more simple. In the final study reported in this thesis, exhaled NO was studied in healthy humans at altitude. Measurements were performed at different levels of hypoxia down to an inspired PO2 of 10.7 kPa at simulated high altitude in a hypobaric chamber and were compared to similar levels of hypoxia at sea level. After corrections for the above instrument deviations, the exhaled NO levels at altitude were decreased with up to 33 % at 5000 m. The lowering of PENO could be related to the lower density and the higher binary diffusivity for NO in air at altitude. It is therefore proposed that the decrease was due to an increased backdiffusion of NO with increased uptake in pulmonary-capillary blood. The overall conclusion of the thesis is that changes in the physical environment (gravity, pressure) have profound effects on the measurements of exhaled NO.
Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, or both in HIV-positive patients with 200 to 500 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter. North American HIV Working Party.

BACKGROUND The reverse-transcriptase inhibitor lamivudine has in vitro synergy with zidovudine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We studied the activity and safety of lamivudine plus zidovudine as compared with either drug alone as treatment for patients with HIV infection, most of whom had not previously received zidovudine. METHODS Three hundred sixty-six patients with 200 to 500 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter who had received zidovudine for four weeks or less were randomly assigned to treatment with one of four regimens: 300 mg of lamivudine every 12 hours; 200 mg of zidovudine every 8 hours; 150 mg of lamivudine every 12 hours plus zidovudine; or 300 mg of lamivudine every 12 hours plus zidovudine. The study was double-blind and lasted 24 weeks, with an extension phase for another 28 weeks. RESULTS Over the 24-week period, the low-dose and high-dose regimens combining lamivudine and zidovudine were associated with greater increases in the CD4+ cell count (P = 0.002 and P = 0.015, respectively) and the percentage of CD4+ cells (P < 0.001 for both) and with greater decreases in plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA (P < 0.001 for both) than was treatment with zidovudine alone. Combination therapy was also more effective than lamivudine alone in lowering plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and increasing the percentage of CD4+ cells (P < 0.001 for all comparisons), and these advantages persisted through 52 weeks. Adverse events were no more frequent with combination therapy than with zidovudine alone. CONCLUSIONS In HIV-infected patients with little or no prior antiretroviral therapy, treatment with a combination of lamivudine and zidovudine is well tolerated over a one-year period and produces more improvement in immunologic and virologic measures than does treatment with either agent alone.
Sources and Pathway of Environmental Pollutants into Surface Water Resources: A Review

Surface water pollution could threaten human, animal and ecosystem. Global human population and urban development are increasing at unprecedented rates, thereby creating havoc to the surface water quality. This study aims at reviewing some recent studies on sources and pathway of environmental pollutants into surface water resources. The review discusses point and non-point, natural and anthropogenic sources of surface water pollution. Further, it highlighted some influence of land use and land cover changes on the surface water resources. This review recommended that Public should be enlightened and educated by the regulatory authority regarding the danger of rampant disposal of domestic and industrial wastes into surface water resource which will help to reduce the pollutant loads.