Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Craters and basins on Ganymede and Callisto - Morphological indicators of crustal evolution

The morphologic characteristics of craters and palimpsests on Ganymede and Callisto are surveyed, and the crustal properties of these satellites and the evolution of the properties are studied. The morphology of bowl-shaped craters, smooth-floored craters, craters without central peaks, craters with central pits, chain craters on Callisto, the Gilgamesh and Western Equatorial Basins on Ganymede, crater palimpsests and penepalimpsests, multiring structures on Callisto, and the Galileo Regio rimmed furrow system on Ganymede are described individually. The crustal evolution is addressed by examining the development of the Galileo Regio system, the distribution of crater retention ages, the record of ray clusters, the thermal history of the lithosphere of Ganymede, and the origin of the central pits. It is suggested that as the lithosphere of each satellite cooled and thickened, crater retentivity spread as a wave from the polar regions and the antapex toward the apex; at any given location, progressively larger craters were retained with the passage of time.
An exceptional rocky shore preserved during Oligocene (Late Rupelian) transgression in the Upper Rhine Graben (Mainz Basin, Germany)

The Early Oligocene (Late Rupelian) Alzey Formation (Mainz Basin, Upper Rhine Graben, Germany) records the development of a rocky coast depositional system during transgression. The formation unconformably overlies Permian bedrock across a composite transgressive ravinement surface. Exposure of the surface shows a succession of subplanar bedrock terraces, separated by near‐vertical risers. Terraces show a broad staircase geometry and display wave‐erosional features (notches, sea stacks, furrows). Detailed sedimentological and palaeoecological investigations reveal prograding beachface and shoreface depositional units that overlie terraces and are adjacent to risers.
Impounded-induced seismicity associated with large reservoirs

Included is a diagram showing the relationship between water depth and the reservoir capacity of all large reservoirs listed in the World Registry of Dams which were associated with impoundment-induced seismicity. For 33 reservoirs, symbols indicate the maximum Richter magnitude of induced earthquakes. Also included is a histogram showing the relationship between observed frequency of induced seismicity in percent and reservoir water depth in meters. References are given.
Alluvial Fans on Dunes in Kaiser Crater Suggest Niveo-Aeolian and Denivation Processes on Mars

On Earth, cold region sand dunes often contain inter-bedded sand, snow, and ice. These mixed deposits of wind-driven snow, sand, silt, vegetal debris, or other detritus have been termed Niveo-aeolian deposits. These deposits are often coupled with features that are due to melting or sublimation of snow, called denivation features. Snow and ice may be incorporated into dunes on Mars in three ways. Diffusion of water vapour into pore spaces is the widely accepted mechanism for the accretion of premafrost ice. Additional mechanisms may include the burial by sand of snow that has fallen on the dune surface or the synchronous transportation and deposition of snow, sand and ice. Both of these mechanisms have been reported for polar dunes on Earth. Niveo-aeolian deposits in polar deserts on Earth have unique morphologies and sedimentary structures that are generally not found in warm desert dunes. Recent analysis of MOC-scale data have found evidence for potential niveo-aeolian and denivation deposits in sand dunes on Mars.
Paleoceanographic reconstructions from planktonic foraminifera off the Iberian Margin: Temperature, salinity, and Heinrich events

A quantitative analysis of planktonic foraminifera in a core from the Iberian Margin allows a reconstruction of the evolution of oceanographic parameters during the last glacial cycle with a resolution of ∼1000 years. A principal component analysis performed on 19 species allows the identification of 11 intervals characterized by increased abundances of the subpolar species. The youngest six of these intervals are correlated with the last 6 Heinrich events (HEs). The five cold events older than stage 4 are dated at 81, 90, 110, 129, and 140 ka, respectively. Paleotemperatures reconstructed using the modern analog technique indicate 4°C decreases during all even-numbered isotopic stages and stage 3. During the HEs, temperature decreases reach ∼10°C and seawater δ18O anomalies reach ∼1‰. Temperature and salinity reconstructions indicate that the environment of the Iberian Margin has been under the combined influence of global factors such as the migration of the polar front and iceberg discharge and of regional factors such as the precipitation/evaporation regime on both oceanic and continental area.
Absolute dune ages and implications for the time of formation of gullies in Nirgal Vallis, Mars

[1] Transverse dunes cover the valley floor of Nirgal Vallis, a 670 km long valley network at 318°E and 29°S. The dunes are superposed by small undeformed impact craters, which implies that the dunes are inactive under present atmospheric conditions. The last active phase of dune movement (absolute age) can be determined by crater size frequency distributions. The derived absolute ages from high-resolution Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera imagery range from approximately 300,000 years to 1.4 Myr B.P. (error of factor of 2). The dunes are also superposed by gully deposits (aprons), which implies a younger age of the gullies. These superposition relationships show that the gullies in this midlatitude region are at the most 3 Myr old but might be even younger than 300,000 years.
Lower crustal extension across the Northern Carnarvon basin, Australia: Evidence for an eastward dipping detachment

Asymmetry and strain partitioning along conjugate margins are often explained in terms of detachment faults. Nevertheless, cogent evidence for their existence remains limited. Furthermore, even when inferred detachment faults are imaged seismically, it is difficult to demonstrate that differential displacement has occurred across these surfaces. We present tectonic and stratigraphic evidence from the Northern Carnarvon basin, northwest Australia, that documents the existence of an intracrustal eastward dipping detachment. By integrating sequence stratigraphy with kinematic and isostatic models of basin development, we conclude that the Northern Carnarvon basin was formed as a consequence of four extension events: (1) a broadly distributed late Permian event, (2) a predominantly localized Rhaetian event responsible for the inception of the Barrow and Dampier subbasins, (3) a localized Callovian fault reactivation within the Barrow-Dampier subbasins, and (4) a Tithonian-Valanginian event that generated large post-Valanginian regional subsidence across the Northern Carnarvon basin with only minor accompanying brittle deformation and erosional truncation. The regional distribution and amplitude of the post-Valanginian subsidence are not consistent with the minor amounts of Tithonian-Valanginian brittle upper crustal extension observed on the margin. Large portions of the platform were emergent or at very shallow water depths prior to the Tithonian-Valanginian extension. To match the distribution and magnitude of the post-Valanginian “thermal-type” subsidence requires significant lower crustal and mantle extension across the Northern Carnarvon basin. Such a distribution of extension implies the existence of an eastward dipping, intracrustal detachment having a ramp-flat-ramp geometry that effectively thinned the lower crust and lithospheric mantle. The detachment breached the surface close to the position of the continent-ocean boundary, west of the Exmouth Plateau. The flat component of the detachment occurred at midcrustal depths (∼15 km) across the plateau and ramped beneath the Australian continent. Lower crustal ductile extension provides a viable mechanism to generate large regional subsidence with little attendant brittle deformation, which may explain the paradox that both sides of many conjugate margins appear to be the “upper plate”.
Stratigraphic Section at Honaker Trail, San Juan Canyon San Juan County, Utah

Abstract Honaker Trail, along the San Juan Canyon, is cut through Pennsylvanian strata of the Honaker Trail formation and part of the Paradox formation. Lowermost Paradox. Pinkerton Trail, and Molas strata lie beneath San Juan river level. The Honaker Trail is located near the axis of the Cedar Mesa anticline on the Monument upwarp. Fusulinid zones, biohermal sections, and important disconformities are well exposed along the canyon walls. Recent specific correlations with the Aneth field stratal sections suggest that the two upper bioherms are correlative with the Akah (salt) section, and the lower bioherm is of Barker Creek age. These later correlations of the bioherms are somewhat different from those offered in the body of this paper.
Sampling and illumination aspects of seismic interferometry in horizontally layered media

SUMMARY Seismic Green's function retrieval or seismic interferometry (SI) refers to the principle of generating new seismic responses by crosscorrelating seismic observations at different receiver locations. We consider retrieving a reflection response between receivers at an (approximately) horizontally layered medium. Only transmission responses due to sources that are, in a Fresnel sense, inline with the receivers are needed as an input for the SI relation. The sampling criterion for the sources is much more relaxed than Nyquist. Sources at the edges of the source distribution will cause distortion of the retrieved reflections or even spurious events. Based on a tau-p transform of the transmission responses, a filter can be designed to remove kinematically wrong events from the retrieved results.
The West African Monsoon Dynamics. Part III: The Quasi-Biweekly Zonal Dipole

Abstract This paper presents an investigation of the mechanisms giving rise to the main intraseasonal mode of convection in the African monsoon during northern summer, here identified as the quasi-biweekly zonal dipole (QBZD). The QBZD is primarily characterized by a quasi-stationary zonal dipole of convection whose dimension is larger than the West African monsoon domain, with its two poles centered along the Guinean coast and between 30° and 60°W in the equatorial Atlantic. The QBZD dynamical processes within the Atlantic–Africa domain are examined in some detail. The QBZD has a dipole pattern associated with a Walker-type circulation in the near-equatorial zonal plane. It is controlled both by equatorial atmospheric dynamics through a Kelvin wave–like disturbance propagating eastward between its two poles and by land surface processes over Africa, inducing combined fluctuations in surface temperatures, surface pressure, and low-level zonal winds off the coast of West Africa. When convection is at a min.
Mesoscale airborne in situ and lidar observations of variance and spatial structure in the troposphere and stratosphere regions

Observations over the Canadian terrain of the Rocky Mountains and the Plains by airborne in situ and lidar measurements during two flights of the ALOHA/ANLC-93 campaign were used to study orographic effects on the tropospheric and stratospheric dynamics. The variance of the tropospheric vertical wind at 6 km altitude is found to be about 2.6 times larger for the air above rough terrain than for the air over the Plains. The amplitudes of the zonal wavenumber spectra of the tropospheric horizontal and vertical wind components were considerably larger for data collected over the Rocky Mountain area than that collected over the Plains with much higher energy at wavenumbers <10−5 cycles/m. Comparison of the 589 nm Rayleigh lidar data observed for the two flights for altitudes between 30 and 45 km showed higher root-mean-square amplitudes of atmospheric density fluctuations between 30 to 35 km over rough terrain. No significant difference between the two flights was seen for heights above 35 km.
In Vitro Propagation of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) “Lakramat” Date Palms in Aswan Governorate

Lakramat cultivar is mainly cultivated in the Siwa Oasis. It is one of the promising Egyptian date palm cultivars, and its good traits make it appropriate for export. This paper describes the micropropagation process utilizing Lakramat cv. shoot tip explants. Explants were grown for 36 weeks on MS medium supplemented with picloram at 2.0 mg/l mixed with 2iP at 0.5 mg/l and 0.5 g/l AC for initiation stage. The obtained embryonic cultures were placed for further development and embryo formation in maturation media containing 0.25 mg/l picloram in combination with 2iP at 1.0 mg/l. The obtained somatic embryos were shifted to multiplication medium containing putrescine at the concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/l to study its effect on multiplication rate. Various levels of light intensity during germination stage were also investigated. Indeed, a new system of acclimatization was discussed. Date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) ―Lakramat‖ direct globular somatic embryos spontaneously formed on shoot tip sections. The most successful somatic embryo multiplication was produced during treatment with 100 mg/l Putrescine. On the other side, the higher intensity (6000 lux) promoted germination and shoot formation. During rooting stage, the addition of 1.5 mg/l IBA and 1mg/l NAA in rooting medium achieved the highest significant root number. New system of acclimatization used in the present protocol surpassed the traditional methods of acclimatization. The maximum levels of ex vitro plant growth vigor, leaf number/plant, leaf width, root number, and root thickness were stimulated by irrigation with the MS full strength solution.
Fluid evolution in an Oceanic Core Complex: A fluid inclusion study from IODP hole U1309 D—Atlantis Massif, 30°N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

In the detachment mode of slow seafloor spreading, convex‐upward detachment faults take up a high proportion of the plate separation velocity exposing gabbro and serpentinized peridotite on the seafloor. Large, long‐lived hydrothermal systems such as TAG are situated off axis and may be controlled by fluid flow up a detachment fault, with the source of magmatic heat being as deep as 7 kmbsf. The consequences of such deep circulation for the evolution of fluid temperature and salinity have not previously been investigated. Microthermometry on fluid inclusions trapped in diabase, gabbro, and trondjhemite, recovered at the Atlantis Massif Oceanic Core Complex (30°N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge), reveals evidence for magmatic exsolution, phase separation, and mixing between hydrothermal fluids and previously phase‐separated fluids. Four types of fluid inclusions were identified, ranging in salinity from 1.4 to 35 wt % NaCl, although the most common inclusions have salinities close to seawater (3.4 wt % NaCl). Homogenization temperatures range from 160 to >400°C, with the highest temperatures in hypersaline inclusions trapped in trondjhemite and the lowest temperatures in low‐salinity inclusions trapped in quartz veins. The fluid history of the Atlantis Massif is interpreted in the context of published thermochronometric data from the Massif, and a comparison with the inferred circulation pattern beneath the TAG hydrothermal field, to better constrain the pressure temperature conditions of trapping and when in the history of exhumation of the rocks sampled by IODP Hole U1309D fluids have been trapped.
Wideband Tripolarized MIMO Antenna With Pattern Diversity for 5G Application

A compact wideband tripolarized multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with pattern diversity is proposed and measured. A monopole-equivalent structure with a large gap is designed for vertically polarized (VP) omnidirectional radiation pattern, while circular and ring patches are designed for two horizontally polarized broadside radiation patterns. The three polarizations are mutually orthogonal. Shorting pins are uniformly distributed under the ring patch, bringing the resonant frequencies of TM01 and TM02 modes closer together and increasing the bandwidth of the monopole mode. For patch mode, the circular and ring patches can generate three adjacent resonant frequencies by using a pair of metal strips with equal amplitude inverted signal, resulting in a broader bandwidth. The measured S-parameters and radiation patterns are consistent with the simulated ones. The proposed antenna exhibits an overlapped bandwidth of 45.8% (2.98–4.75 GHz) with a low profile (0.125λ0). Within the operational impedance bandwidth, the peak gains are 5.1 and 9 dBi for the omnidirectional and broadside modes, respectively.
A study of the 2006 and 2007 earthquake sequence of Pisco, Peru, with InSAR and teleseismic data

We combine interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and teleseismic body waves to study the largest earthquake (Mw 8.1) in a sequence of events on the subduction megathrust near Pisco, Peru. Our analysis includes some of the first InSAR data from the ALOS satellite and wide swath data from the Envisat satellite. The teleseismic data indicate the slip maximum occurred 60–90 seconds after the mainshock started. The InSAR data constrain the main slip patch to be about 70 km from the hypocenter, suggesting an extremely low rupture velocity (<1.5 km/s) or long slip rise time. No large earthquake has occurred in the 2007 rupture area since at least 1746 and possibly 1687, suggesting significant aseismic deformation in the area. The slip deficit apparently cannot be filled with rapid after‐slip. In addition, the area where the Nazca Ridge is subducting appears to be either a seismic gap or a persistent area of aseismic slip.
Balloon-Borne Measurements of Total Reactive Nitrogen, Nitric Acid, and Aerosol in the Cold Arctic Stratosphere

Total reactive nitrogen (NOy) between 15 and 29 km was measured for the first time on board a balloon within the Arctic cold vortex. Observations of HNO3, aerosol, and ozone were made by instruments on the same balloon gondola which was launched from Esrange, Sweden (68°N, 20°E) on January 23, 1989. The N0y mixing ratio was observed to increase very rapidly from 6 ppbv at 18 km altitude to a maximum of 21 ppbv at 21 km, forming a sharp layer with a thickness of about 2 km. A minimum in the NOy mixing ratio of 5 ppbv was found at 27 km. The measured HNO3 profile shows broad similarities to that of NOy. This observation, together with the observed very low column amount of NO2, shows that NOx had been almost totally converted to HNO3, and that NOy was composed mainly of HNO3. The enhanced aerosol concentration between 19 and 22 km suggests that the maximum abundance of HNO3 trapped in the form of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) was about 6 ppbv at 21 km. The sampled air parcels were highly supersaturated with respect to NAT. Although extensive denitrification throughout the stratosphere did not prevail, an indication of denitrification was found at altitudes of 27 and 22 km, and between 18 and 15 km.
Marketing Tourism Places

1. Can Places Be Sold For Tourism? Gregory Ashworth and Henk Voogd 1. Theory and Concept 2. The Concept of Opportunity Sets As A Methodological Framework For The Analysis Of Selling Tourism Places: The Industry View Mike Stabler 3. People, Places and Priorities: Opportunity Sets And Consumers' Holiday Choices Peter Kent 4. Opportunity Sets As Analytical Marketing Investments: A Destination Area View Brian Goodall 5. Hedonic Prices And The Marketing Of Package Holidays: The Case Of Tourism Resorts In Malaga M. Thea Sinclair, Ann Clewer and Alan Pack 6. Strategies For Tourism Destination Development: An Investigation Of The Role Of Small Businesses Luiz Moutinho 2. Shaping The Product 7. Leisure + Shopping = Tourism Product Mix Myriam Jansen-Verbeke 8. The Historic Cities Of Groningen: Which Is Sold To Whom? Gregory Ashworth 9. The Tourist Destination As Product: The Case Of Languedoc Theo de Haan, Gregory Ashworth and Mike Stabler 10. Destinations - As Marketed In Tour Operators' Brochures Brian Goodall and Jan Bergsma 3. From Product To Organisation 11. The Organisation Of Tourism In Austria: Marketing At The Provincial Level Friedrich Zimmerman 12. Place Promotion By Tourist Boards: The Example Of 'Beautiful Berkshire' Gill Pattinson 13. Research Into Tourism Markets: Some Frisian Experiences Ed C. van der Knijff 14. Marketing Through Travel Agencies Mark Radburn and Brian Goodall 4. Selling Tourism Places 15. The Dynamics Of Tourism Place Marketing Brian Goodall. Index.
A single‐potential solution for regional interface problems in coastal aquifers

An analytic technique for solving three-dimensional interface problems in coastal aquifers is presented in this paper. Restriction is made to cases of steady state flow with homogeneous isotropic permeability where the vertical flow rates can be neglected in relation to the horizontal ones (the Dupuit-Forchheimer assumption). The aquifer is divided into zones defined by the type of flow occurring. These types of flow may be either confined, unconfined, confined interface, or unconfined interface flow, where the interfaces separate freshwater from salt water at rest. The technique is based upon the use of a single potential which is defined throughout all zones of the aquifer. This potential in each zone can be represented in a way similar to that suggested by Girinskii in 1946 and 1947. The potential introduced in this paper is single valued and continuous throughout the multiple-zone aquifer, and its application does not require that the boundaries between the zones be known in advance. The technique thus avoids the difficulties that result from the discontinuity of both the velocity gradients and the Girinskii potentials at the boundaries between the zones and from the unknown locations of these boundaries. The use of the single-valued potential is illustrated in this paper for an analytic technique, but it may be used with some advantage in numerical methods such as finite difference or finite element techniques. Applications discussed in this paper involve two interface flow problems in a shallow coastal aquifer with a fully penetrating well. The first problem is one of unconfined interface flow where the upper boundary is a free water table. The second is one of confined interface flow where the upper boundary is horizontal and impervious. Each problem involves two zones. One zone is adjacent to the coast and is bounded below by an interface between freshwater and salt water at rest. The other zone is bounded below by an impervious bottom. It is shown that saltwater intrusion in the well occurs when the discharge of the well surpasses a certain value for which the interface becomes unstable. The conditions that must be met to prevent such saltwater intrusion are established for each problem and are represented graphically.
Diagnosing Machine Learning Problems in Federated Learning Systems: A Case Study

The proliferation of digital artifacts with various computing capabilities, along with the emergence of edge computing, offers new possibilities for the development of Machine Learning solutions. These new possibilities have led to the popularity of Federated Learning (FL). While there are many existing works focusing on various aspects of the FL process, the issue of the effective problem diagnosis in FL systems remains largely unexplored. In this work, we have set out to artificially simulate the training process of four selected approaches to FL topology and compare their resulting performance. After noticing concerning disturbances throughout their training process, we have successfully identified their source as the problem of exploding gradients. We have then made modifications to the model structure and analyzed the new results. Finally, we have proposed continuous monitoring of the FL training process through the local computation of a selected metric.