Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A REVIEW ON DEVELOPMENT OF COLON TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

The purpose of this review was to select a promising drug delivery system for colon diseases. This review covers the development of Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System (CTDDS) using 36 y (1986-2022) data from various research and review articles. All fig. designed using by BioRender website. vThe colon-targeted drug delivery systems developed for the specific site drug delivery which applied for both local and systemic actions of the drug; since the drug targeted to be release within the colon, the unwanted systemic side effects are reduced along with it. Systemic side effects include organ damage, respiratory diseases and, cardiovascular damage and other illnesses. Colon-targeted drug delivery system used in the treatment of diseases in the colon, including ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and colorectal cancer. The benefit of colon-targeted drug delivery besides the reduction of side effects also include protection from premature drug release or burst in the stomach or small intestine before reaching the colon. For the development of drugs with such benefits and advantages, drug delivery systems and approaches have used for Colon targeted drug delivery systems, varying from conventional colon-targeting drug delivery systems to novel approaches for Colon-targeted drug delivery systems. Conventional drug delivery includes the use of prodrugs, pH-dependent, time-dependent, matrix-based systems, polysaccharides-derived systems, and bio-adhesive system while novel approaches include types such as port system, pulsincap system, pressure-controlled system, osmotic controlled system, CODES, and the newest approach wish is the use of nanotechnology in colon targeted drug delivery. In this research both techniques reviewed, and their types discussed as well. The limitation of their uses and the advantage of each system discussed with a breakdown of the different mechanisms used to formulate such systems. A successful colon targeting delivery can release the drug to a specific segment in colon due to presence of different colonic enzymes formed by microorganisms that metabolize drug carrier linkage. Use of combined approaches i.e., conventional systems and newer approaches may be the best way to cure colon diseases using an optimized colon drug delivery system.
O grande debate sobre a estrutura do Universo

Em 1920, a Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos organizou um debate entre Heber Curtis e Halow Shapley sobre a escala do Universo. Haviam várias questões em jogo, mas sobressaem-se dois assuntos centrais: o tamanho da Via Láctea e a possibilidade das nebulosas espirais serem ou não galáxias externas à Via Láctea. Este episódio ficou conhecido como o grande debate e foi registrado em duas publicações em 1921 no Bulletin of the National Research Council. Além de sua importância histórica, o grande debate mostra os detalhes da construção do nosso conhecimento sobre o Universo.
Hotspots of seabirds and marine mammals between New Zealand and the Ross Gyre: importance of hydrographic features

This article is part of our long-term study on the quantitative at-sea distribution of the marine “upper trophic levels”—seabirds and marine mammals—in polar ecosystems, aiming at quantifying the factors influencing their distribution as well as detecting possible spatial and temporal changes, with special attention to hydrography and to global climate changes. During an expedition of icebreaking RV Polarstern in February 2010, along the North–South transect between New Zealand and the Ross Gyre, off the Ross Sea, 3200 seabirds belonging to 22 identified pelagic species were recorded during 338 half-hour transect counts. Four major hotspots were identified. These were in Sub-tropical Water off New Zealand (up to 300 birds per count), and at the main Southern Ocean fronts: the Sub-Antarctic Front (up to 240 per count), the Antarctic Front (up to 150 per count) and the Polar Front (up to 200 per count), representing the vast majority of recorded seabirds. The most numerous species in the three frontal zones were: prions—mainly slender-billed Pachyptila belcheri—and Salvin’s albatross Thalassarche [cauta ] salvini. The eight more abundant species represented 2650 birds, i.e. more than 80% of the total. A random forest clustering method identified four groups of seabird species occupying similar oceanographic niches. Citation: Joiris C R, Humphries G R W. Hotspots of seabirds and marine mammals between New Zealand and the Ross Gyre: importance of hydrographic features. Adv Polar Sci, 2018, 29 (4): 254-261, doi: 10.13679/j.advps. 2018.4. 00254
ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES ON A SET OF DISCRETE DYNAMICAL SYSTEM AND A SET OF PROFILE

A discrete dynamical system is represented as a directed graph with graph nodes called states that can be seen on the dynamical map. This discrete dynamical system is symbolized by , where is a finite set of states and the function g is a function from to . In the dynamical map, the discrete dynamical system has a height where the number of states in each height is called a profile. The set of discrete dynamical systems has an addition operation defined as a disjoint union on the graph and a multiplication operation defined as a tensor product on the graph. The set of discrete dynamical systems and the set of profiles are very interesting to observe from the algebraic point of view. Considering operation on the set of discrete dynamical systems and the set of profiles, we can see their algebraic structure. By recognizing the algebraic structure, it will be easy to solve the polynomial equation in the discrete dynamical system and in the profile. In this research, we will investigate the algebraic structure of discrete dynamical systems and the set of profiles. This research shows that the set of discrete dynamical system has an algebraic structure, which is a commutative semiring and the set of profiles has an algebraic structure, which is a commutative semiring and -semimodule. Moreover, both sets have the same property, which is isomorphic to the set of non-negative integers.
¿Existen diferencias en la percepción del cambio climático por parte de los agricultores? Evidencia empírica en la cuenca mediterránea.

El sector agrario en latitudes mediterráneas es uno de los más castigados por el cambio climático, caracterizado principalmente por la incidencia de sequías prolongadas que ponen en riesgo la productividad de las cosechas. El presente trabajo persigue como principal objetivo analizar las percepciones acerca del cambio climático de agricultores de regadío ubicados en la cuenca mediterránea. Mediante análisis estadístico por conglomerados jerárquicos, se obtuvieron tres tipologías de agricultores entre los que se evidenciaron diferencias en cuanto a tres modalidades de factores: (1) conciencia de situaciones climatológicas extraordinarias adversas que en los últimos años han provocado daños en sus cultivos, (2) características sociodemográficas del agricultor y (3) atributos de su explotación. Los resultados deberían ser considerados, con objeto de mejorar la comprensión de las percepciones del agricultor, a la hora de formular políticas gubernamentales y ante posibles adaptaciones relacionadas con el cambio climático y la agricultura.
Identification of Three Novel Linear B-Cell Epitopes in Non-Structural Protein 3 of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic swine coronavirus that causes diarrhea and high mortality in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses within the global swine industry. Nonstructural protein 3 (Nsp3) is the largest in coronavirus, playing critical roles in viral replication, such as the processing of polyproteins and the formation of replication-transcription complexes (RTCs). In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 7G4, 5A3, and 2D7, targeting PEDV Nsp3 were successfully generated, and three distinct linear B-cell epitopes were identified within these mAbs by using Western blotting analysis with 24 truncations of Nsp3. The epitope against 7G4 was located on amino acids 31-TISQDLLDVE-40, the epitope against 5A3 was found on amino acids 141-LGIVDDPAMG-150, and the epitope against 2D7 was situated on amino acids 282-FYDAAMAIDG-291. Intriguingly, the epitope 31-TISQDLLDVE-40 recognized by the mAb 7G4 appears to be a critical B-cell linear epitope due to its high antigenic index and exposed location on the surface of Nsp3 protein. In addition, bioinformatics analysis unveiled that these three epitopes were highly conserved in most genotypes of PEDV. These findings present the first characterization of three novel linear B-cell epitopes in the Nsp3 protein of PEDV and provide potential tools of mAbs for identifying host proteins that may facilitate viral infection.
Observation study of aerosol spectrum and meteorological conditions under dust weather in Nanjing

In this paper, the characteristic of aerosol spectrum and meteorological conditions of a dust storm was analyzed on May 2011. To compared with different weather background, another 3 day of aerosol properties were discussed. The results showed that the dust storm was originated in southern Mongolia and central Inner Mongolia, influenced Nanjing through Beijing and Shandong from the direction of southeast. The local pollution was serious before the dust intrusion and the ultrafine particles mainly ≤0. 08μm. The coarse particles ≥0. 5μm mainly occurred during and after the dust intrusion. Compared with other pollution and clean days in the same season, the aerosol concentration affected by dust storm and local pollution was five times higher than that in the clean days in Nanjing. By the influence of local pollution, the diurnal variation of aerosol showed double peaks which located at about 10:00 and around 20:00, respectively. Dust and precipitation had great influence on aerosol diurnal variation. The dry and wet removal process affected the time of the aerosol concentration peaks.
Influence of Sperm Number and Antioxidant Melatonin in Extender on the Quality of Post-Thawing Sheep Spermatozoa

This study aimed to examine the effect of spermatozoa concentration and the effectiveness of melatonin supplementation in diluent on the quality of post-thawing semen. Â Ejaculated semen was collected using the artificial vaginal method (MVB). Â The study was carried out in two stages, firstly semen was frozen in andromed diluent with different concentrations in one straw (50, 100, 200 million per straw), and the second was frozen semen in diluent supplemented with melatonin with different doses (0, 0,5, 1, 0 and 1.5 mM melatonin). Â Parameters observed were the movement of spermatozoa using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity. Â Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further tested using Duncan's test. Â The results showed no significant difference in the quality and movement pattern of sheep semen when frozen at concentrations of 50, 100, or 200 million per straw (P 0.05). Â Furthermore, adding melatonin to the diluent in this study affected spermatozoa's total motility and progressive motility at a concentration of 1.0 mM (P0.05) but did not significantly affect the percentage of spermatozoa motility pattern characteristics. Â From the results, it can be concluded that the concentration of per straw spermatozoa does not affect the quality of sheep semen, and melatonin supplementation in diluent can reduce the effects of the frozen-thawed process on motility, acrosome cap, and plasma membrane integrity in sheep semen. Â Melatonin supplementation with a concentration of 1 mM in the extender was the highest quality concentration in this study.
Porous polymers for repair and replacement of the knee joint meniscus and articular cartilage

The studies presented here were initiated to answer a variety of questions concerning firstly the repair and replacement of the knee joint meniscus and, secondly, the repair of full-thickness defects of articular cartilage. AIMS OF THE STUDIES I To assess the effect of implantation of a porous polymer implant on the healing of an experimental longitudinal lesion in the avascular part of the meniscus. (Chapter 2) II To determine the histological, biochemical, and immunohistological nature of the meniscal repair tissue with and without implantation of a porous polymer. (Chapters 2 and 3) III To visualize the vascular reaction and increase in vascularity of the meniscus after implantation of a porous polymer and during the process of fibrocartilage formation. (Chapter 4) IV To determine optimal pore sizes and implant structure for ingrowth and differentiation of meniscal fibrocartilage into a porous implant. (Chapter 5) V To develop a prosthesis suitable for replacement of a complete meniscus. (Chapter 6) VI To develop a suitable surgical technique to repair meniscal lesions by implantation of porous polymers. (Chapter 7) VII To assess the influence of the implant's biomechanical properties on fibrocartilage formation. (Chapter 7) VIII To develop an in vivo test system to assess the suitability of biomaterials used for cartilage repair. (Chapter 8)
Promoting latrine use in India

Only: 3 Unable to locate full text: 4 Related to development of methods or tools: 3 Not a quantitative study (essays, oral presentations, qualitative, etc.): 25 Not related to latrine use: 23 Not rural India: 2 Previous version of included study: 3 Included studies n = 11
Monazite as a monitor for melt‐rock interaction during cooling and exhumation

Granulite facies cordierite–garnet–biotite gneisses from the southeastern Reynolds Range, central Australia, contain both orthopyroxene‐bearing and orthopyroxene‐free quartzofeldspathic leucosomes. Mineral reaction microstructures at the interface of gneiss and leucosome observed in outcrop and petrographically, reflect melt‐rock interaction during crystallization. Accessory monazite, susceptible to fluid alteration, dissolution and recrystallization at high temperature, is tested for its applicability to constrain the chemical and P–T–time evolution of melt‐rock reactions during crystallization upon cooling. Bulk rock geochemistry and phase equilibria modelling constrain peak pressure and temperature conditions to 6.5–7.5 kbar and ~850°C, and U–Pb geochronology constrains the timing of monazite crystallization to 1.55 Ga, coeval with the Chewings Orogeny. Modelling predicts the presence of up to 15 vol.% melt at peak metamorphic conditions. Upon cooling below 800°C, melt extraction and in situ crystallization of melt decrease the melt volume to less than 7%, at which time it becomes entrapped and melt pockets induce replacement reactions in the adjacent host rock. Replacement reactions of garnet, orthopyroxene and K‐feldspar liberate Y, REE, Eu and U in addition to Mg, Fe, Al, Si and K.
Dynamic properties of railway track and its components : a state-of-the-art review

Recent findings indicate one of major causes of damages, which is attributed to the resonant behaviours, in a railway track and its components. Basically, when a railway track is excited to generalised dynamic loading, the railway track deforms and then vibrates for certain duration. Dynamic responses of the railway track and its components are the key to evaluate the structural capacity of railway track and its components. If a dynamic loading resonates the railway track’s dynamic responses, its components tend to have the significant damage from excessive dynamic stresses. For example, a rail vibration could lead to defects in rails or wheels. The track vibrations can cause the crack damage in railway sleepers or fasteners, or even the breakage of ballast support. Therefore, the identification of dynamic properties of railway track and its components is imperative, in order to avoid any train operation that might trigger such resonances. This chapter deals with the vibration measurement techniques and the dynamic behaviours of ballasted railway tracks, and in particular their major components. It describes the concept of vibration measurements and the understanding into the dynamic behaviour of ballasted railtrack sleepers. It discusses briefly on the track structures and track components in order to provide the foundation of understanding ballasted railway tracks. The highlight in this paper is the state-of-theart review of dynamic properties of railway track and its components. It summarises the nondestructive acoustic methods, the identification processes, and the properties of each rail track element. * Corresponding author. Tel. : +61 7 3308 7608; fax. : +61 7 3308 7881. E-mail addresses: skaewunruen@austrak.com (S. Kaewunruen), alexrem@uow.edu. au (A.M. Remennikov)
Basal Complex and Basal Venation of Odonata Wings: Structural Diversity and Potential Role in the Wing Deformation

Dragonflies and damselflies, belonging to the order Odonata, are known to be excellent fliers with versatile flight capabilities. The ability to fly over a wide range of speeds, high manoeuvrability and great agility are a few characteristics of their flight. The architecture of the wings and their structural elements have been found to play a major role in this regard. However, the precise influence of individual wing components on the flight performance of these insects remains unknown. The design of the wing basis (so called basal complex) and the venation of this part are responsible for particular deformability and specific shape of the wing blade. However, the wing bases are rather different in representatives of different odonate groups. This presumably reflects the dimensions of the wings on one hand, and different flight characteristics on the other hand. In this article, we develop the first three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models of the proximal part of the wings of typical representatives of five dragonflies and damselflies families. Using a combination of the basic material properties of insect cuticle, a linear elastic material model and a nonlinear geometric analysis, we simulate the mechanical behaviour of the wing bases. The results reveal that although both the basal venation and the basal complex influence the structural stiffness of the wings, it is only the latter which significantly affects their deformation patterns. The use of numerical simulations enabled us to address the role of various wing components such as the arculus, discoidal cell and triangle on the camber formation in flight. Our study further provides a detailed representation of the stress concentration in the models. The numerical analysis presented in this study is not only of importance for understanding structure-function relationship of insect wings, but also might help to improve the design of the wings for biomimetic micro-air vehicles (MAVs).
State-Dependent Probability Distributions in Non Linear Rational Expectations Models

Dans ce papier, nous proposons une methode de resolution de modeles non lineaires a anticipations rationnelles dans lesquels les changements de regimes ou les chocs eux-meme peuvent etre "endogenes", c'est-a-dire suivre des distributions de probabilites dependant de l'etat de l'economie. Par une methode de perturbation, nous trouvons des conditions de determination, i.e. des conditions d'existence d'un unique equilibre stable. Nous montrons que ces conditions decoulent directement des conditions correspondantes dans le modele a changements de regimes exogenes. Bien que ces conditions soient difficiles a verifier dans le cas general, nous donnons, dans le cas des modeles a changements de regimes purement tournes vers le futur, des conditions de determination faciles a calculer et une approximation au premier ordre de la solution. Enfin, nous illustrons nos resultats avec un modele de Fisher de determination d'inflation dans lequel la regle de politique monetaire change entre les regimes selon une matrice de transition dependant de l'etat de l'economie.
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) for Differential Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Introduction: Soft tissue sarcomas are rare tumors comprising 1 percent of solid malignancies. The latest edition of WHO soft tissue pathology lists 94 benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. Many of these show a large degree of morphological overlap. Immunohistochemistry has been shown to be reliable in many cases for differential diagnosis of lesions, although cytogenetic tests are considered the gold standard for many entities.Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome which have a high degree of sequence complementarity. Many soft tissue tumors show recurrent genetic mutations that are now being used as diagnostic markers. Knowledge of the molecular identity allows prediction of behavior, prognosis and treatment response. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify genetic mutations in soft tissue sarcomas using FISH testing and to assess correlations with histological diagnosis. Material and methods: A total of 25 cases of different soft tissue sarcomas diagnosed on histology with the help of immunohistochemical staining and for which FISH studies were requested were included in this study. Three pathologists with a special interest in soft tissue sarcomas reviewed the cases. FISH tests for EWS, the X:18 translocation, FOXO1 and MDM2 were respectively applied for 8 cases of Ewing sarcoma, 8 cases of synovial sarcoma, 2 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma and 7 cases of dedifferentiated liposarcoma and atypical lipomatous tumors/well differentiated liposarcomas. Results: EWS gene fusion was detected in 7 out of 8 cases of Ewing sarcoma and the X: 18 translocation was positive in 3 of the 8 cases of synovial sarcoma. FOXO1 was not detected in either of the two rhabdomyosarcomas. MDM2 by FISH was detected in only one out of 5 cases of atypical lipomatous tumors and 1 out of 2 dedifferentiated liposarcomas. Conclusion: FISH is a useful adjunct in the diagnostic assessment of different types of soft tissue sarcomas. It is easy to set up, is relatively inexpensive and has the ability to diagnose sarcomas with great accuracy, especially in cases which can not be accurately classified even after thorough histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. It may play a very important role in the accurate diagnosis and correct management of patients.
Identification of Aeromonas hydrophila Genes Preferentially Expressed after Phagocytosis by Tetrahymena and Involvement of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases

Free-living protozoa affect the survival and virulence evolution of pathogens in the environment. In this study, we explored the fate of Aeromonas hydrophila when co-cultured with the bacteriovorous ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila and investigated bacterial gene expression associated with the co-culture. Virulent A. hydrophila strains were found to have ability to evade digestion in the vacuoles of this protozoan. In A. hydrophila, a total of 116 genes were identified as up-regulated following co-culture with T. thermophila by selective capture of transcribed sequences (SCOTS) and comparative dot-blot analysis. A large proportion of these genes (42/116) play a role in metabolism, and some of the genes have previously been characterized as required for bacterial survival and replication within macrophages. Then, we inactivated the genes encoding methionine sulfoxide reductases, msrA, and msrB, in A. hydrophila. Compared to the wild-type, the mutants ΔmsrA and ΔmsrAB displayed significantly reduced resistance to predation by T. thermophila, and 50% lethal dose (LD50) determinations in zebrafish demonstrated that both mutants were highly attenuated. This study forms a solid foundation for the study of mechanisms and implications of bacterial defenses.