Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond photoelectron diffraction on laser-aligned molecules: Towards time-resolved imaging of molecular structure

We demonstrate an experimental method to record snapshot diffraction images of polyatomic gas-phase molecules, which can, in a next step, be used to probe time-dependent changes in the molecular geometry during photochemical reactions with femtosecond temporal and angstrom spatial resolution. Adiabatically laser-aligned 1-ethynyl-4-fluorobenzene (C${}_{8}$H${}_{5}$F) molecules were imaged by diffraction of photoelectrons with kinetic energies between 31 and 62 eV, created from core ionization of the fluorine ($1s$) level by $\ensuremath{\approx}80$ fs x-ray free-electron-laser pulses. Comparison of the experimental photoelectron angular distributions with density functional theory calculations allows relating the diffraction images to the molecular structure.
Robust Stealthy Attacks Based on Uncertain Costs and Labeled Finite Automata With Inputs

This letter deals with the vulnerability analysis of cyber-physical systems subject to malicious actions. For this purpose, the considered system is assumed to be abstracted as a discrete event system. Labeled finite automata with inputs are used to model the system's behavior along with the information that circulates in both the input and output channels. In particular, we study here stealthy, i.e., undetectable, cyber-attacks that aim to drive the system from a given normal state to a set of forbidden states. We assume that the attacker has limited resources, i.e., a credit, to insert and delete control and sensors events. The proposed analysis evaluates the costs of such attacks on the controlled system depending on its structure, the cost of the malicious actions and possible uncertainties that may affect those costs. It provides systematic methods that aim to compute attacks of minimal cost and robust attacks that are weakly impacted by uncertainties. A case study representing a manufacturing plant is considered to illustrate the results.
Fossil Diatoms Reveal Natural and Anthropogenic History of Jackson Lake (Wyoming, USA)

Jackson Lake supplies valuable cultural and provisioning ecosystem services to the Upper Snake River watershed in Wyoming and Idaho (western USA). Construction of Jackson Lake Dam in the early 20th century raised lake level by ∼12 m, generating an important water resource supporting agriculture and ranching, as well as tourism associated with Grand Teton National Park. Outlet engineering drastically altered Jackson Lake’s surface area, morphology, and relationship with the inflowing Snake River, yet the consequences for nutrient dynamics and algae in the lake are unknown. Here, we report the results of a retrospective environmental assessment completed for Jackson Lake using a paleolimnological approach. Paleoecological (diatoms) and geochemical datasets were developed on a well-dated sediment core and compared with available hydroclimate data from the region, to assess patterns of limnological change. The core spans the termination of the Little Ice Age and extends to the present day (∼1654–2019 CE). Diatom assemblages prior to dam installation are characterized by high relative abundances of plankton that thrive under low nutrient availability, most likely resulting from prolonged seasonal ice cover and perhaps a single, short episode of deep convective mixing. Following dam construction, diatom assemblages shifted to planktic species that favor more nutrient-rich waters. Elemental abundances of sedimentary nitrogen and phosphorous support the interpretation that dam installation resulted in a more mesotrophic state in Jackson Lake after ∼1916 CE. The data are consistent with enhanced nutrient loading associated with dam emplacement, which inundated deltaic wetlands and nearshore vegetation, and perhaps increased water residence times. The results of the study highlight the sensitivity of algal composition and productivity to changes in nutrient status that accompany outlet engineering of natural lakes by humans and have implications for water resource management.
Application of improved surface fitting algorithm in digital image correlation method on concrete blasting process

To further investigate the failure process of concrete in demolition blasting, the concrete blasting experiments were conducted. The digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to measure the full field surface deformation. In the DIC method, the surface fitting sub-pixel displacement algorithm has simple structure and high computational efficiency, however, the accuracy is poor. A new surface fitting algorithm based on moving least square method with a Gaussian basis function and a 3×3 fitting window was used and the accuracy was improved to 1/200 pixel. The blasting experiment results show that the failure of concrete is driven by blasting stress wave and gas. The action time is about 4.5 ms. The formation of crack is dominated by stress wave. The maximum velocity of crack propagation is 225.95 m/s, the average velocity is 122.27 m/s, and the time is about 1.75 ms. The gas mainly makes the crack to expand, and then divides the concrete. Under explosion loading, the concrete also shows a fracture process zone, and a strain concentration is formed at the crack tip. The length of the fracture process zone is 8~9 times of the maximum aggregate size.
Stimulated Raman scattering: Unified treatment of spontaneous initiation and spatial propagation

A theory of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is presented which treats in a unified manner the buildup of SRS from spontaneous Raman scattering and the spatial propagation which leads to gain. Maxwell-Bloch equations describe the coupling between the Stokes field operator and the collective atomic operators, which are driven by a classical laser field under low-signal-gain conditions, where the atomic ground states and laser field remain undepleted. An analytic expression is derived for the forward-propagating Stokes field operator in a one-dimensional spatial approximation when the Fresnel number of the excited medium is unity. Steady-state and transient Stokes intensities are evaluated under low-gain (spontaneous) and high-gain (stimulated) conditions. The Stokes intensity is found to be exactly independent of a laser bandwidth arising solely from phase fluctuations. The power spectrum of steady-state SRS is evaluated, giving a gain-narrowed spectral profile when the laser is narrow band, and a spectrum identical to the laser spectrum when the laser is broad band. A strong analogy between SRS and two-level superfluorescence is found; in both cases the macroscopic, collective dipole moment is initiated by quantum fluctuations.
Orthogonal shape/intrinsic anisotropy toggle-mode magnetoresistance random access memory

Magnetization response to in-plane applied fields has been studied, using Stoner-Wohlfarth model, on the bilayer systems of synthetic antiferromagnet having an anisotropy configuration in which the induced intrinsic uniaxial anisotropy is set either parallel or orthogonal to the shape anisotropy. It has been found that the toggle-mode magnetoresistance random access memory operation is possible even when the shape anisotropy exceeds the intrinsic anisotropy to some extent due to the anisotropic effect of the magnetostatic coupling and that the minimum operating field and maximum relative operating field margin are attained when the two anisotropy compensate each other. The optimal operating fields increase with the increase of the absolute value of the total anisotropy constant. However, the tolerance of total anisotropy constant in the positive direction is greater than in the negative direction if zero total anisotropy is chosen to be optimal.
Deep Learning-Based Motion Style Transfer Tools, Techniques and Future Challenges

In the fourth industrial revolution, the scale of execution for interactive applications increased substantially. These interactive and animated applications are human-centric, and the representation of human motion is unavoidable, making the representation of human motions ubiquitous. Animators strive to computationally process human motion in a way that the motions appear realistic in animated applications. Motion style transfer is an attractive technique that is widely used to create realistic motions in near real-time. motion style transfer approach employs existing captured motion data to generate realistic samples automatically and updates the motion data accordingly. This approach eliminates the need for handcrafted motions from scratch for every frame. The popularity of deep learning (DL) algorithms reshapes motion style transfer approaches, as such algorithms can predict subsequent motion styles. The majority of motion style transfer approaches use different variants of deep neural networks (DNNs) to accomplish motion style transfer approaches. This paper provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of existing state-of-the-art DL-based motion style transfer approaches. The enabling technologies that facilitate motion style transfer approaches are briefly presented in this paper. When employing DL-based methods for motion style transfer, the selection of the training dataset plays a key role in the performance. By anticipating this vital aspect, this paper provides a detailed summary of existing well-known motion datasets. As an outcome of the extensive overview of the domain, this paper highlights the contemporary challenges faced by motion style transfer approaches.
Orders of Absolute Measurability

A subset A of the torus [0, 1)(k) is called absolute measurable if the value of mu>(*) over bar * (A) is the same for every finitely-additive translation-invariant probability measure mu defined on all subsets of [0, 1)(k). We define four set functions (called orders) that measure how "strongly" a set A is absolute measurable. The order o(A) equals k - dim(B)(partial derivativeA) and is connected to the Jordan measurability of A. The order delta>(*) over bar * (A) measures how small the oscillation of the average of n translates of chi (A) can be. The order tau>(*) over bar * (A) is related to the absolute inner and outer measures defined by Tarski; finally, sigma>(*) over bar * (A) is defined by the oscillation of those functions that are "scissor-congruent" to chi (A). We prove that o much less than delta much less than tau much less than sigma, that is, each of the orders o, delta, tau, sigma is "finer" than the previous one. We investigate the connection between the orders and questions of equidecomposability. We show that, under certain conditions, a set of large order is equidecomposable to a cube and present some results in the other direction as well, (C) 2000 Academic Press.
3D Gaussian bin based sparse representation for action recognition

We propose a new representation 3DGBOJ to quickly and precisely classify human action from a series of depth maps. We use Shotton et al's method to predict the best candidate of 3D skeletal joint locations from Kinect depth map. By normalizing and retargeting the human skeleton to a common skeleton, we eliminate the noisy introduced by human agent diversity and view dependent. Some impossible motions are deleted with regard to Kinematics constraint. We design a 3D Gaussian space to map each joint to a bin based sparse feature vector. To weaken the timescale variation, which occurs during the performance with different speed and style, we remove the consecutive repeated vectors. We cluster the motion feature vectors with Affinity Propagation and treat each motion exemplar as a vocabulary in bag of feature (BOF). To better handle overlapping features and contextual dependencies, we trained them over a linear CRFs model. The experiment result shows that our representation maintains appropriate adaptability to variations of different subjects of different gender and size, and with different speed and style from different view.
Expectant, Medical, and Surgical Management of Ovarian Endometriomas

Management options for ovarian endometriomas include expectant management, medical treatment, surgical treatment, in vitro fertilization (IVF), or a combination of the above. The choice of management depends on many clinical parameters that should be taken into consideration, the first of which is the main presenting symptom. Most patients are today referred to medical therapy as a first option in the case of associated pain, and to IVF in the case of associated infertility. When both symptoms are present, usually surgery is the preferred approach. Recently, however, surgical excision of an ovarian endometrioma has been associated with a postoperative reduction in the ovarian reserve, and recent guidelines suggest that the clinician should caution the patient as to the possible damage to the ovarian reserve in the case of surgery. However, evidence has been published as to a possible detrimental effect of the ovarian endometrioma on the ovarian reserve even if expectant management is followed. In this review, the current evidence on the conservative management of ovarian endometriomas, with particular focus on the issue of the ovarian reserve, is evaluated, and the different surgical techniques for the treatment of ovarian endometriomas are discussed.
On Certain K-Groups Associated with Minimal Flows

Abstract It is known that the Toeplitz algebra associated with any flow which is both minimal and uniquely ergodic always has a trivial ${{K}_{1}}$ -group. We show in this note that if the unique ergodicity is dropped, then such ${{K}_{1}}$ -group can be non-trivial. Therefore, in the general setting of minimal flows, even the $K$ -theoretical index is not sufficient for the classification of Toeplitz operators which are invertible modulo the commutator ideal.
Optimized Nonlinear PRI Variation Strategy Using Knowledge-Guided Genetic Algorithm for Staggered SAR Imaging

Staggered synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which operates with variable pulse repetition interval (PRI), staggers blind areas to solve the blind range problem caused by constant PRI in conventional high-resolution wide-swath SAR imaging. The PRI variation strategy determines the blind area distribution, and thus has a significant influence on the imaging performance in staggered mode. Generally, the existing strategies based on linear PRI variation can control the blind areas in a straightforward way, which has achieved impressive results. However, the linearity of the PRI variation imposes regularity or even periodicity on the locations of the blind areas, which limits the distribution of the blind areas. The imaging performance has the potential to be further improved by introducing much more irregularity into the PRI sequences. To this end, this article proposes an optimized nonlinear PRI variation strategy for staggered SAR mode. First, a novel objective function is defined that quantitatively measures the uniformity of the blind area distribution along the slant range and the discontinuity of the blind area distribution along the azimuth. Subsequently, the optimum nonlinear PRI variation strategy is found using an optimization problem and the proposed objective function. A knowledge-guided genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Comparisons with the existing linear variation strategies show that the proposed strategy can provide a superior imaging performance after reconstruction with a lower objective function value. Simulations and experiments on raw data generated in staggered SAR mode are performed to verify the effectiveness of the optimized nonlinear PRI variation strategy.
Effects of Piper nigrum L. Fruit Essential Oil Toxicity against Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

The efficacy of Piper nigrum L. fruit essential oil (EO) against Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), a blood-feeding fly distributed worldwide, was investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of EO based on contact and fumigant toxicity tests. Chemical analysis of the EO using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that sabinene (24.41%), limonene (23.80%), β-caryophyllene (18.52%), and α-pinene (10.59%) were the major components. The results demonstrated that fly mortality increased with increasing EO concentration and time during the first 24 h of exposure. The median lethal dose was 78.37 µg/fly for contact toxicity, while the 90% lethal dose was 556.28 µg/fly. The median lethal concentration during fumigant toxicity testing was 13.72 mg/L air, and the 90% lethal concentration was 45.63 mg/L air. Our findings suggested that essential oil extracted from P. nigrum fruit could be a potential natural insecticidal agent for control of stable fly. To examine the insecticidal properties of P. nigrum fruit EO, further field trials and investigation into the efficacy of nano-formulations are required.
Weighted Sum-Rate Maximization for Distributed RIS-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO

The feasibility of utilizing distributed reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) in a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) setup is investigated. To maximize the system-wide weighted sum rate under the minimum quality-of-service of the users and a transmit power constraint at the access points (APs), we formulate a joint optimization problem for the transmit/active beamformers at the APs and reflective/passive beamforming at the distributed RISs. We solve this optimization problem by using a fractional programming-based alternate optimization method. We present a comprehensive set of numerical results to evaluate the performance of the proposed system model and optimization framework. Moreover, the proposed algorithm’s convergence and computational complexity aspects, and our analytical and simulation results investigate the effects of the numbers of APs, RISs, and reflecting elements. Consequently, we reveal that the proposed distributed RIS-assisted cell-free mMIMO system helps to achieve high spectral efficiency gains for future wireless networks.
Neoplastic and Autoimmune Comorbidities in Patients with Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma

Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (PCBCLs) constitute a rare subset of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), with distinctive clinical and biological characteristics. The risk of autoimmune or neoplastic comorbidities in subjects with NHL has been extensively reported in the literature, but the data available are not directly applicable to PCBCLs. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of relevant medical conditions, with a primary focus on autoimmune and neoplastic disorders, in subjects with PCBCL. We performed a retrospective observational study involving 56 patients diagnosed histologically with PCBCL and 54 sex- and age-matched controls. Our results show a statistically significant association for neoplastic comorbidities in general (41.1% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.034) and hematological malignancies specifically (19.6% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.0041) with PCBCL compared to controls. We did not highlight a statistically significant difference in the frequency of autoimmune comorbidities (21.4% vs. 9.3%, p = 0.1128) and of chronic viral hepatitis (7.1% vs. 0, p = 0.1184). Finally, type 2 diabetes (19.6% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.0041) was significantly associated with PCBCL. Our preliminary data supporting the association between PCBCLs and neoplastic disorders suggest that altered immune surveillance may be a common predisposing mechanism.
Assembling Quality Genomes of Flax Fungal Pathogens from Oxford Nanopore Technologies Data

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is attacked by numerous devastating fungal pathogens, including Colletotrichum lini, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Fusarium verticillioides (Fusarium moniliforme). The effective control of flax diseases follows the paradigm of extensive molecular research on pathogenicity. However, such studies require quality genome sequences of the studied organisms. This article reports on the approaches to assembling a high-quality fungal genome from the Oxford Nanopore Technologies data. We sequenced the genomes of C. lini, A. pullulans, and F. verticillioides (F. moniliforme) and received different volumes of sequencing data: 1.7 Gb, 3.9 Gb, and 11.1 Gb, respectively. To obtain the optimal genome sequences, we studied the effect of input data quality and genome coverage on assembly statistics and tested the performance of different assembling and polishing software. For C. lini, the most contiguous and complete assembly was obtained by the Flye assembler and the Homopolish polisher. The genome coverage had more effect than data quality on assembly statistics, likely due to the relatively low amount of sequencing data obtained for C. lini. The final assembly was 53.4 Mb long and 96.4% complete (according to the glomerellales_odb10 BUSCO dataset), consisted of 42 contigs, and had an N50 of 4.4 Mb. For A. pullulans and F. verticillioides (F. moniliforme), the best assemblies were produced by Canu–Medaka and Canu–Homopolish, respectively. The final assembly of A. pullulans had a length of 29.5 Mb, 99.4% completeness (dothideomycetes_odb10), an N50 of 2.4 Mb and consisted of 32 contigs. F. verticillioides (F. moniliforme) assembly was 44.1 Mb long, 97.8% complete (hypocreales_odb10), consisted of 54 contigs, and had an N50 of 4.4 Mb. The obtained results can serve as a guideline for assembling a de novo genome of a fungus. In addition, our data can be used in genomic studies of fungal pathogens or plant–pathogen interactions and assist in the management of flax diseases.
Phase Transition and Dynamics of Defects in the Molecular Piezoelectric TMCM-MnCl3 and the Effect of Partial Substitutions of Mn

We present dielectric and anelastic spectroscopy measurements of the molecular piezoelectric TMCM-MnCl3 and TMCM-Mn0.95M0. 05Cl3 (M = Cu, Fe, Ni; TMCM = trimethylchlorometylammonium), whose powders were pressed into discs and bars and deposited as films on Si by Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE). As in other molecular ferroelectrics, the dielectric permittivity ϵ′ drops at the structural transition temperature TC, below which the number of directions that the polar TMCM molecules visit is reduced, with the formation of ferroelectric domains. Concomitantly, the Young’s modulus E starts increasing and the elastic energy loss has a step-like increase, attributable to the motion of the domain walls. Both the dielectric and elastic anomalies indicate the improper character of the ferroelectric transition, where the ordering of the molecular orientations is not driven by the cooperative interaction of their electric dipoles. Below room temperature, at least two thermally activated relaxation processes appear both in the dielectric and anelastic spectra, whose real and imaginary parts measured at several frequencies can be fit with the Havriliak–Negami formula. The microscopic parameters so-obtained indicate that they are due to point defects, and it is argued that they are Cl vacancies and their complexes with TMCM vacancies. The considerable width of these relaxation maxima is explained by the geometry of the hexagonal perovskite structure. The partial substitution of Mn with 5% Ni has little effect on the anelastic and dielectric spectra, while Cu and, especially, Fe cause a large enhancement of the losses attributed to domain wall relaxation, with substantial contributions also above TC. The condensation of water from the humidity in the powders compacted by cold pressing was observed and discussed. The piezoelectric activity of the films was assessed by PFM.