Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sound source localization using phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry

Partial discharge often occurs in power equipment, which erodes insulation and eventually results in insulation failure. As partial discharge will generate sound such as acoustic or ultrasonic waves, a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) is used to measure these signals. Then the number and locations of sound sources can be calculated using array signal processing methods such as Gerschgorin circle theorem and MUSIC (multiple signal classification) algorithm. In the experiment, several sound sources with frequencies below 600 kHz are used to simulate the partial discharges. Our system shows a high sensitivity and strong noise resistance performance. Accurate number estimation is realized with positioning errors less than 3 cm
Longshore Coherence of Currents on the Southern California Shelf During the Summer

Abstract Observations of horizontal currents and temperature made along a mid-shelf isobath during the summer on the Southern California shelf are used to determine longshore coherent length scales. The observations are characterized by weak atmospheric forcing and strong density stratification of the water column. For periods longer than a day, coherent longshore length scales of currents are around 25 km, while coherent length scales of temperature were longer than the instrumental array (57.5 km). For periods ranging from a day to an hour, near-surface motions were dominated by diurnal fluctuations which were coherent over lengths of 5 km, whereas near-bottom motions, dominated by semidiurnal fluctuations, showed evidence of a signal propagating up coast at phase speeds of order 1 m s−1. The observed scales of motion in different frequency bands are used to estimate the dispersive properties of the shelf motions. The dispersion coefficient is found to vary with scale, as the current variance associated.
Stem base rot of winter wheat by Fusarium spp. - causes and effects

The aim of the work was to determine the influence of weather conditions and a degree of weed infestation on the incidence of stem bases rot ( Fusarium spp.) of winter wheat cultivars as well as their yield. The winter wheat cultivars (Kobra, Korweta, Mikon, Zyta) were investigated (2000-2002) in the field where the following herbicides: Apyros 75 WG + Atpolan, Affinity 50,75 WG, Attribut 70 WG were applied. It has been shown the occurrence of stem base rot ( Fusarium spp.) depended mainly on weather conditions. The application of the herbicides improved the plant health. The stem base rot on winter wheat was caused by Fusarium spp. , specially F. culmorum . The decrease in winter wheat yield depended on weather conditions, weed infestation and the occurrence of stem base rot ( Fusarium spp.).
Can soil moisture be mapped onto the terrain

Abstract. Soil moisture heterogeneity has an effect on the rainfall–runoff characteristics of a landscape. The aggregate effect on the mean water balance over an area can be quantified successfully using models such as the PDM (Moore, 1986) and TOPMODEL (Beven and Kirkby, 1979). These rainfall–runoff models have been embedded in the large-scale land surface schemes used in meteorological models. However, there is also a requirement (e.g. model validation) to identify the spatial structure of the fine-scale soil moisture heterogeneity that makes up these aggregate models. In some types of landscape, this will be dictated by topography, in others by soil characteristics, or by a combination of both. A method to distribute area-average soil moisture according to the likely effect of local topography is presented and tested. The heterogeneity of the soil moisture is described by the Xinanxiang distribution (Zhao et al., 1980), commonly used to describe the natural spatial heterogeneity of the landscape. This distribution is then mapped onto the terrain using a topographic index to locate the wettest and driest areas. Soil moisture data from the Wye catchment in Wales and from the Pang catchment in Berkshire, England, are used to test the method. It is found that soil moisture data from the Wye catchment follow the topographic index reasonably well, whereas data from the quick-draining, chalky Pang catchment do not. The conclusion that topographic index is a useful indicator only in some landscapes applies equally to using this mapping method and those models that use topographic index directly. Keywords: soil moisture, heterogeneity, topographic index, data
A Laboratory and Computer Model Evaluation of Immiscible CO2 Flooding in a Low-Temperature Reservoir

This paper describes the procedures used in evaluating CO/sub 2/ for immiscible displacement of a 2224 API oil saturated at its bubble point of 1650 psi (11373 kPa). The oil is contained in the low temperature 95.9/sup 0/ F (35.5/sup 0/ C) Glauconitic sand of the Retlaw Mannville V Pool located in South Eastern Alberta. A combination of laboratory experimental data and computer model studies used in the evaluation are discussed. Phase behaviour and multiphase flow characteristics are examined for the CO/sub 2/ - reservoir oil system at conditions where liquid/liquid and liquid/liquid/vapour phases exist. Measured experimental equilibrium phase, compositions, densities and viscosities are reported for single contact and multiply-contacted mixtures of recombined oil and CO/sub 2/. Measurement of composition profiles obtained during slim tube displacement of recombined oil by CO/sub 2/ at L/L and L/L/V conditions of temperature and pressure are also reported. The high displacement efficiencies that occur are attributed to the solvency of the CO/sub 2/ rich phase that forms in the flood front after methane and nitrogen have been stripped from the oil. The effects of swelling and viscosity reduction on displacement efficiency are also discussed. A 1-D model, calibrated with the experimental data was usedmore » to predict the effect of using a 25% PV CO/sub 2/ slug before waterflood on recovery in swept portions of the pool. The results suggest that the use of CO/sub 2/ followed by waterflood will result in high microscopic displacement efficiencies in swept portions of the reservoir even though miscibility between oil and CO/sub 2/ does not develop. « less
Flux-based estimation of field capacity

Field capacity has been defined as the water content at which the drainage flux from a soil ceases, or becomes negligible. Field capacity is most commonly estimated as the water content at a pressure head of 1/3 bar, which ignores its flux-based nature. A number of authors have proposed estimating field capacity as the water content at a given (negligible) flux, assuming unit gradient conditions. This flux-based method of estimating field capacity is discussed and the differences between this method and the more common pressure-based method are illustrated. The drainage flux considered to be negligible will depend on the particular application; values between 10\u–\u6 and 10\u–\u8 cm/s were considered here. The observed differences in field capacity resulting from the negligible flux range considered produce significant differences in the available water capacity. These differences directly impact the calculated drainage. The effect of available water capacity on the water budget for waste disposal facility covers at an arid and humid site was illustrated using the HELP code. At the arid site, drainage decreased by a factor of 4 (from 25 to 6 mm/year) as the available water capacity increased from 0.101 to 0.199. At the humid site, drainage decreased from 190 to 173 mm/year over the same range of available water capacity. Finally, a simple procedure for the determination of an appropriate value for the negligible flux is discussed. Analysis of data from a lysimeter at Coshocton, Ohio, indicated that field capacity for the lysimeter soils was associated with a negligible drainage flux of about 3 X 10\u–\u7 cm/s.
Human Papillomavirus Genotype Richness and the Biodiversity of Squamous and Glandular Cervical Dysplasias: A Cross-Sectional Study

The impact of multiple infections on the risk of cervical lesions is a subject of ongoing debate. This study aims to explore whether the richness of HPV genotype infections and the biodiversity of squamous and glandular cervical dysplasias could influence the progression of precancerous lesions. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis involving 469 women who attended the Colposcopy Unit at the European Institute of Oncology in Milan, Italy, from December 2006 to December 2014. HPV type richness was measured as the number of different genotypes per patient. We calculated the associations between richness and age, as well as histologic grade, along with Simpson’s biodiversity index for cervical dysplasias. We observed significant inverse relationships between the richness of high-risk (HR) genotypes and both age (p = 0.007) and histologic grade (p < 0.001). Furthermore, as the histologic grade increased, the mean biodiversity index of cervical dysplasias decreased, with exceptions noted in cases of normal histology and adenocarcinoma in situ. Different histologic grades formed five clusters with distinct mean ages and mean biodiversity indices. These findings suggest that HPV genotype richness and the biodiversity of cervical dysplasias may play a crucial role in predicting the risk of high-grade cervical lesions, enabling personalized management of precancers.
Variability in daily, zonal mean lower-stratospheric temperatures

Abstract Satellite data from the microwave sounding unit (MSU) channel 4, when carefully merged, provide daily zonal anomalies of lower-stratosphere temperature with a level of precision between 0.01° and 0.08°C per 2.5° latitude band. Global averages of these daily zonal anomalies reveal the prominent warming events due to volcanic aerosol in 1982 (El Chichon) and 1991 (Mt. Pinatubo), which are on the order of 1°C. The quasibiennial oscillation (QBO) may be extracted from these zonal data by applying a spatial filter between 15°N and 15°S latitude, which resembles the meridional curvature. Previously published relationships between the QBO and the north polar stratospheric temperatures during northern winter are examined but were not found to be reproduced in the MSU4 data. Sudden stratospheric warmings in the north polar region are represented in the MSU4 data for latitudes poleward of 70°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, there appears to be a moderate relationship between total ozone concentration and MSU.
Carbon budget of coral reef systems: an overview of observations in fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls in the Indo-Pacific regions

The seawater CO2 system and carbon budget were examined in coral reefs of wide variety with respect to topographic types and oceanographic settings in the Indo-Pacific oceans. A system-level net organic-to-inorganic carbon production ratio (ROI) is a master parameter for controlling the carbon cycle in coral reef systems, including their sink/source behavior for atmospheric CO2. A reef system with ROI less than approximately 0.6 has a potential for releasing CO2. The production ratio, however, is not easy to estimate on a particular reef. Instead, observations planned to detect the offshore—lagoon difference in partial pressure of CO2 (p CO2) and a graphic approach based on a total alkalinity—dissolved inorganic carbon diagram can reveal system-level performance of the carbon cycle in coral reefs. Surface pCO2 values in the lagoons of atolls and barrier reefs were consistently higher than those in their offshore waters, showing differences between 6 and 46 µatm, together with a depletion in total alkalinity up to 100 µmol kg−1, indicating predominant carbonate production relative to net organic carbon production. Reef topography, especially residence time of lagoon water, has a secondary effect on the magnitude of the offshore—lagoon pCO2 difference. Terrestrial influence was recognized in costal reefs, including the GBR lagoon and a fringing reef of the Ryukyu Islands. High carbon input appears to enhance CO2 efflux to the atmosphere because of their high dissolved C:P ratios. Coral reefs, in general, act as an alkalinity sink and a potentially CO2-releasing site due to carbonate precipitation and land-derived carbon.
Hyperspherical direction cosine change vector analysis

Change vector analysis (CVA) partitions spectral change into magnitude and direction components. Although recognized as an effective change detection method, CVA has two limitations. First, it is usually applied to only two bands, and secondly, the selection of a threshold for the magnitude of change can be difficult. These limitations have been addressed through recent research. Hyperspherical direction cosine (HSDC) CVA is an extension of conventional two‐band CVA to many dimensions. Training areas can be used to guide the selection of the change magnitude threshold for discriminating Change and No Change classes. This paper provides a discussion on previous uses of HSDC approaches, and develops a simple procedure for selecting the change magnitude threshold automatically. The application of HSDC CVA and conventional CVA to a Landsat multiSpectral scanner (MSS) Las Vegas, Nevada, dataset is used to demonstrate the application of the approach, and quantify the accuracy gained by incorporating multiple bands in the change analysis. Conventional CVA resulted in an overall accuracy of 69% (Kappa = 0.60), compared to 74% for HSDC CVA (Kappa = 0.68).
Total Lightning as an Indicator of Mesocyclone Behavior

"" ": Studies have documented the relationship between severe weather and total (in-cloud and cloud-toground) lightning activity, indicating that total lightning in particular may have utility for nowcasting severe weather. In order to maximize its potential in operations, total lightning data is best integrated through fusion with proven tools. As such, this study lays some of the groundwork for fusing total lightning with radar into a multi-sensor algorithm for severe weather detection and forecasting. Specifically, Weather Surveillance Radar-1998 Doppler (WSR-88D) and Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) data are analyzed for supercell thunderstorm events as an initial investigation of the concept. In supercells, the updraft plays a pivotal role in the production of both total lightning and the storm’s mesocyclone, a key signature for the prediction of severe phenomena observed at the ground. Specifically, a low-to-mid-level updraft that is responsible for cloud electrification and flash production could also contribute to the tilting of environmental horizontal vorticity into the vertical, the subsequent stretching of this vertical vorticity, and the development and intensification of a mesocyclone. Because of this physicaldynamical connection, lightning may provide an early indication of changes in updraft strength that can herald the imminent development or strengthening of a storm's mesocyclone. In turn, the mesocyclone may be used as a signal of impending severe events, as it is an indication of a storm’s dynamic strength and its capability to produce hail, damaging winds, and possibly tornadoes. Better understanding of this relationship between total lightning, mesocyclogenesis, and severe weather could assist forecasters by tipping the scales in favor of or against issuing a severe or tornado warning early in an event. Case studies of supercell storms are used to explore the hypothesis that total lightning activity can offer additional, perhaps early, insight into mesocyclone development and subsequent severe phenomena. These studies include analysis of LMA data, WSR-88D mesocyclone detection output from the operational National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) Mesoscyclone Detection Algorithm (MDA), products from the Warning Decision Support Systems - Integrated Information (WDSS-II) tool, and dual-polarization radar data. Flash rates and trends from the lightning jump algorithm, a tool used to identify rapid increases in lightning, are observed alongside occurrence, strengthening, and rotational characteristics of mesocyclones and other radar-inferred properties. Using these attributes, preliminary results indicate that some relationship does exist between lightning jumps, local maxima in lightning flash rates, and development or strengthening of a storm mesocyclone that can be associated with storm severity.
Book Review: Classification methods for remotely sensed data

treated in such a general manner. The book ends with some personal reflections by the author, some of which might have been better placed in the Preface. Overall I was disappointed by Smol’s book. I had been expecting an authoritative text providing in-depth coverage, paleolimnological research (including its methods) within an appropriate scientific context (plus coverage of allied sedimentary settings such as peatlands or salt marshes). However, in seeking too wide a coverage, the depth of scientific analysis is lost. There is fairly little about rivers, despite the book’s title, and related research (e.g., peat, Holocene coastal sediments) gets relatively little attention. The editors may well be pleased at the breadth of coverage, but I would have preferred a narrower focus. Undergraduates will probably not start here for a general introduction to an environmental issue and will certainly need to look elsewhere for necessary technical detail. For me, Smol’s book is neither one thing nor the other, which is a pity, a missed opportunity to produce something really significant in terms of environmental change from an interesting scientific perspective.
Modeling the field‐scale relationship between dielectric constant and water content in heterogeneous systems

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) can be used to obtain information about the variation in the dielectric constant of the subsurface. The sensitivity of a soil's dielectric constant to the presence of water therefore makes water content estimation by GPR possible. The dielectric constant derived from GPR data, however, is also influenced by the geometric distribution of water in the subsurface. We show that this causes the relationship between the dielectric constant and water content to become scale dependent in complex geologic systems. We have derived dielectric constant‐water content relationships that account for subsurface geometries in spatially correlated random media that can be characterized using geostatistics. From these relationships we illustrate that the importance of scale effects are strongly dependent on the variance and the anisotropy of the water content in the subsurface; in some cases, ignoring scale effects will not significantly impact the estimation of water content, while in other cases, large biases can occur. This work provides a conceptual framework for the predictive modeling of field‐scale dielectric constant‐water content relationships.
Fractal-Cluster Theory and Its Applications for the Description of Biological Organisms

This article presents an overview of an alternative approach to the systematization and evolution of biological organisms on the basis of the fractal-cluster theory. It presents the foundations of the fractal-cluster theory for the self-organizing systems of the organism class. Static and dynamic efficiency criteria based on the fractal-cluster relations and the analytical apparatus of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are presented. We introduce a highly sensitive static criterion, D, which determines the deviation in the value of the clusters and subclusters of the fractal-cluster system structures from their reference values. Other static criteria are the fractal-cluster entropy H and the free energy F of an organism. The dynamic criterion is based on Prigogine’s theorem and is determined by the second differential of the temporal trend of the fractal-cluster entropy H. By using simulations of the cluster variations for biological organisms in the (H, D, F)-space, the criteria for the fractal-cluster stochastics as well as for energy and evolution laws are obtained. The relationship between the traditional and fractal-cluster approaches for identifying an organism is discussed.
Relevance of mountain waves for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds over Scandinavia: A 20 year climatology

A climatology of meteorological conditions necessary for the existence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) over Scandinavia is presented. The frequency of low enough temperatures for synoptic-scale PSCs is compared with the frequency of additional events when mesoscale PSCs might be induced by the adiabatic cooling in mountain waves. The climatology is based on European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses of the 20 winter seasons 1979-1980 to 1998-1999 and a simple parameterization of mesoscale stratospheric mountain wave activity. The synoptic-scale formation potential of stratospheric clouds is determined as the fraction of time when the stratospheric minimum temperature is less than the thresholds T NAT (PSC of type I) and T frost (PSC of type II). The potential of additional mesoscale formation is computed by reducing the synoptic-scale temperature on dates when stratospheric mountain wave activity is predicted. This simple approach allows an estimate of the climatological relevance of mountain waves for the existence conditions of PSCs above Scandinavia. In the climatological mean, maximum stratospheric mountain wave activity is found in January, and the maximum seasonal winter average for various levels amounts to 11% of all analysis times (i.e., approximately 3 days per month). Based on the temperature analyses the existence conditions for PSCs of type I are dominated by synoptic-scale processes (maximum 36% of all analysis times are conducive to their existence) whereas the additional mesoscale fraction is less than 6%. Suitable conditions of ice PSCs occur less frequently. It is found that episodes of temperatures low enough for the existence of PSC of type II are controlled by mesoscale temperature anomalies induced by stratospheric mountain waves; on the synoptic scale the stratosphere above Scandinavia is almost always warmer than the threshold T frost .
Gaussian Embedding of Temporal Networks

Representing the nodes of continuous-time temporal graphs in a low-dimensional latent space has wide-ranging applications, from prediction to visualization. Yet, analyzing continuous-time relational data with timestamped interactions introduces unique challenges due to its sparsity. Merely embedding nodes as trajectories in the latent space overlooks this sparsity. However, a natural way to account for this sparsity is to model the uncertainty around the latent positions. In this paper, we propose TGNE (Temporal Gaussian Network Embedding), an innovative method that bridges two distinct strands of literature: the statistical analysis of networks via Latent Space Models (LSM) and temporal graph machine learning. TGNE embeds nodes as piece-wise linear trajectories of Gaussian distributions in the latent space, capturing both structural information and uncertainty around the trajectories. We evaluate TGNE’s effectiveness in reconstructing the original graph and modelling uncertainty. The results demonstrate that TGNE generates time-varying embedding locations that can accurately reconstruct missing parts of the network based on observed ones. Furthermore, the uncertainty estimates align experimentally with the time-varying degree distribution in the network, providing valuable insights into the temporal dynamics of the graph. To facilitate reproducibility, we provide an open-source implementation of TGNE at https://github.com/aida-ugent/tgne/.