Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Air mass trajectories to Summit, Greenland: A 44‐year climatology and some episodic events

The seasonal variation in atmospheric transport patterns to Summit, Greenland, is examined using a 44-year record of daily, 10-day, isobaric back trajectories at the 500-hPa level. Over 24,000 modeled trajectories are aggregated into distinct patterns using cluster analysis. Ten-day trajectories reaching Summit are longest during winter, with 67% extending upwind (westward) as far back as Asia or Europe. Trajectories are shortest during summer, with 46% having 10-day origins over North America. During all seasons a small percentage (3–7%) of trajectories originate in west Asia/Europe and follow a meridional path over the Arctic Ocean before approaching Summit from the northwest. Trajectories at the 700-hPa level tend to be shorter than at 500 hPa, with many of the 700-hPa trajectories from North America tracking over the North Atlantic and approaching Summit from the south. The long-range transport climatology for Summit is similar to a year-round climatology prepared for Dye 3, located 900 km to the south [Davidson et al., 1993b]. An analysis of several aerosol species measured at Summit during summer 1994 reveals examples of the usefulness and also the limitations of using long-range air trajectories to interpret chemical data.
Interaction between the Brewer–Dobson Circulation and the Hadley Circulation

Abstract Interannual changes of the stratospheric circulation are studied in relation to coherent changes of the tropospheric circulation. Emerging over the winter pole is a clear signature of adiabatic warming and anomalous downwelling. Reflecting an intensification of the Brewer–Dobson circulation, the signature of anomalous downwelling extends from stratospheric levels into the troposphere. Compensating for it at subpolar latitudes is a signature of adiabatic cooling and anomalous upwelling. Equally coherent, the signature of anomalous upwelling occupies the same levels as the signature of anomalous downwelling. Inside the tropical troposphere, anomalous cooling is replaced by anomalous warming. It reflects an intensification of organized convection and the Hadley circulation, one that accompanies the intensification of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. These signatures of anomalous vertical motion represent changes that operate coherently in the stratosphere and troposphere. They share major features wit.
Interaction between polarization and response vs. scan angle in the calibration of imaging radiometers

Recent efforts in Earth remote sensing have focused on accurately measuring top-of-atmosphere and surface leaving radiances. Imaging radiometers such as GOES and MODIS have observed response vs. scan angle variations that are related to the polarization response of the instrument and must be accounted for in the calibration of the instrument. This paper presents the mathematical relationship between the polarization response of an instrument an its response vs. scan angle. It demonstrates the correlation between the two using MODIS pre-launch system level polarization and response vs. scan angle measurements. The ability to determine an instrument's polarization response post-launch from response vs. scan angle data is discussed.
Opposite effects of absorbing aerosols on the retrievals of cloud optical depth from spaceborne and ground‐based measurements

Absorbing aerosols above or within cloud layers have drawn much attention in recent years due to substantially enhanced absorption of solar radiation that may affect reflection at the top of the atmosphere. The retrieval of cloud properties is usually conducted without any regard to aerosols. This study illustrates that retrievals of cloud optical depth (τc) from spaceborne and ground‐based sensors are both affected by such aerosols and lead to opposite biases. A ground‐based retrieval algorithm is developed for the simultaneous retrieval of τc and cloud droplet effective radius using spectral irradiance measurements from a multifilter rotating spectroradiometer and liquid water path (LWP) data from a microwave radiometer deployed in China. The algorithm is applied to data acquired from 17 May 2008 to 12 May 2009 at a heavily polluted site in the heart of the Yangtze delta region in China. The ground‐based retrieval of cloud droplet effective radius increases with increasing LWP. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer retrievals tend to overestimate (underestimate) LWP when cloud LWP is less (greater) than about 200 g/m2. Model tests show strong sensitivities to the retrieval of τc from ground and spaceborne sensors under varying absorption, loading, and vertical distribution conditions. For absorbing aerosol mixed with cloud, τc tends to be underestimated from space, but overestimated from the ground, leading to very poor agreement between ground‐based and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer retrievals. Their differences increase with increasing τc. This finding suggests that in a turbid atmosphere with absorbing aerosols, the aerosol effect should be considered, or it would mislead any validation using satellite and ground‐based retrievals.
Transforming growth factor-beta(1) increases the expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1.

Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a novel cell-surface receptor for Ox-LDL, which can be expressed by vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. On the other hand, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1), which plays crucial roles in vascular remodeling and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, has been shown to inhibit expression of class A scavenger receptors and CD36 in macrophages. Here we provide the evidence that TGF-beta(1) (0.1-10 ng/mL) induces LOX-1 protein and mRNA expression in both bovine aortic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, probably at the transcriptional level. TGF-beta(1) also upregulates LOX-1 mRNA expression in murine peritoneal macrophages. Thus TGF-beta(1) can highly induce LOX-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, suggesting that TGF-beta(1) appears one of the key regulators that modulates expression of scavenger receptors.
Mothers Produce Less Aggressive Sons with Altered Immunity When There Is a Threat of Disease during Pregnancy

Maternal experience before and during pregnancy is known to play a key role in offspring development. However, the influence of social cues about disease in the maternal environment has not been explored. We indirectly exposed pregnant mice to infected neighbours by housing them next to non-contagious conspecifics infected with Babesia microti. We examined the effect of this indirect immunological exposure on both the females and their adult offspring. Exposed females had higher levels of serum corticosterone and increased kidney growth compared with those with uninfected neighbours. These exposed females subsequently produced offspring that as adults showed an accelerated immune response to B. microti and less aggression in social groups. We suggest that ambient information regarding disease is used adaptively to maximize offspring survival and reproductive success in a challenging environment. Our results shed light on the impact of social information and maternal effects on life histories, and have important consequences for our understanding of epidemiology and individual disease susceptibility in humans and other animals. They also lead us to question the suitability of some laboratory housing conditions during experimental procedures, which may impact negatively upon both animal welfare and the validity of animal science. 1. INTRODUCTION Ambient immunological information, such as that detected from the odours and behaviour of diseased individuals, is increasingly understood to play a key role in both immunity and behaviour (Zinkernagel 2000; Kilpimaa et al. 2004; Brennan & Zufall 2006; Zala et al. 2008b). The presence of diseased individuals is shown to cause dramatic and wide-ranging behavioural and physiological responses in neighbouring conspecifics (Kavaliers et al. 2003; Gelperin 2008). For example, female mice show preferences for the odours of unpara-sitized males in mate choice experiments (Penn et al. 1998; Ehman & Scott 2002; Kavaliers et al. 2003), while healthy rats (Rattus norvegicus) mimic the organ growth and hormone production of immunologically challenged neighbours (Fernandes 2000). In humans, body odour has long been used by physicians to diagnose diseases such as typhoid (baked bread odour) and yellow fever (meaty odour) (Penn & Potts 1998). It is known that many species of animals, including ourselves, are able to detect disease status in others, particularly in social odours (Kavaliers et al. 2005; Zala et al. 2008a). It is not known, however,
USING OF SPECTROMETRY TO MANAGE TERMS OF IRRIGATION DURING WINTERIZING

The aim of this work is monitoring of the changes of spectrometry leaves Citrus x limon at different times of irrigation and exposure to stress caused by drought or excessive watering for winterizing. The changes were monitored at the plant at different times of irrigation (everyday, each second day, each third day, and once a week). They monitor the changes in the visible spectrum and compared with leaves shed in order to monitor changes spectrometry, choose the correct term irrigation and compare them with stress exposed plants.
Music Therapy Modulates FrontoTemporal Activity in Rest-EEG 3 in Depressed Clients 4

7 Abstract Fronto-temporal areas process shared elements 8 of speech and music. Improvisational psychodynamic 9 music therapy (MT) utilizes verbal and musical reflection 10 on emotions and images arising from clinical improvisa11 tion. Music listening is shifting frontal alpha asymmetries 12 (FAA) in depression, and increases frontal midline theta 13 (FMT). In a two-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT) 14 with 79 depressed clients (with comorbid anxiety), we 15 compared standard care (SC) versus MT added to SC at 16 intake and after 3 months. We found that MT significantly 17 reduced depression and anxiety symptoms. The purpose of 18 this study is to test whether or not MT has an impact on 19 anterior fronto-temporal resting state alpha and theta 20 oscillations. Correlations between anterior EEG, Mont21 gomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and 22 the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Anxiety 23 Subscale (HADS-A), power spectral analysis (topography, 24 means, asymmetry) and normative EEG database com25 parisons were explored. After 3 month of MT, lasting 26 changes in resting EEG were observed, i.e., significant 27 absolute power increases at left fronto-temporal alpha, but 28 most distinct for theta (also at left fronto-central and right 29 temporoparietal leads). MT differed to SC at F7–F8 30 (z scored FAA, p\ .03) and T3–T4 (theta, p\ .005) 31 asymmetry scores, pointing towards decreased relative left32 sided brain activity after MT; pre/post increased FMT and 33 decreased HADS-A scores (r = .42, p\ .05) indicate 34 reduced anxiety after MT. Verbal reflection and impro35 vising on emotions in MT may induce neural reorganiza36 tion in fronto-temporal areas. Alpha and theta changes in 37 fronto-temporal and temporoparietal areas indicate MT 38 action and treatment effects on cortical activity in depres39 sion, suggesting an impact of MT on anxiety reduction. 40 41
Maresin 1 attenuates NAFLD by suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress via AMPK–SERCA2b pathway

Maresin 1 (MAR1), which is derived from docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesized by macrophages, has been reported to improve insulin resistance. Recently, it has been documented that MAR1 could ameliorate inflammation and insulin resistance in obese mice. These findings led us to investigate the effects of MAR1 on hepatic lipid metabolism. We found that MAR1 could stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby augmenting sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca 2 (cid:2) -ATPase 2b (SERCA2b) expression. This stimulation suppressed lipid accumulation by attenuating the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in hepatocytes under hyperlipidemic conditions. Attenuation was mitigated by knockdown of AMPK or thapsigargin, a SERCA2b inhibitor. We also demonstrated that MAR1 administration resulted in increased hepatic AMPK phosphorylation and Serca2b mRNA expression, whereas hepatic ER stress was reduced in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed stimulator sub-stance gene prevents hepatic cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis.
Activation of Vascular Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in Diabetes Mellitus

Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is frequently complicated by cardiovascular disease, such as vascular calcification and endothelial dysfunction, which have been associated with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Objective: To determine whether hyperglycemia in vitro and diabetes in vivo promote vascular BMP activity and correlate with vascular calcification. Methods and Results: Increased glucose augmented expression of BMP-2 and BMP-4; the BMP inhibitors matrix Gla protein (MGP) and Noggin; activin-like kinase receptor (ALK)1, -2, -3 and -6; the BMP type 2 receptor; and the vascular endothelial growth factor in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Diabetes induced expression of the same factors in the aortic wall of 3 animal models of diabetes, Ins2Akita/+ mice, db/db mice, and HIP rats (rats transgenic for human islet amyloid polypeptide), representative of types 1 and 2 diabetes. Conditioned media from glucose-treated HAECs increased angiogenesis in bovine aortic endothelial cells, as mediated by BMP-4, and osteogenesis in calcifying vascular cells, as mediated by BMP-2. BMP-4, MGP, ALK1, and ALK2 were predominantly expressed on the endothelial side of the aorta, and small interfering RNA experiments showed that these genes were regulated as a group. Diabetic mice and rats showed a dramatic increase in aortic BMP activity, as demonstrated by SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation. This was associated with increased osteogenesis and calcium accumulation. These changes were prevented in the Ins2Akita/+ mice by breeding them with MGP transgenic mice, which increased aortic BMP inhibition. Conclusions: Hyperglycemia and diabetes activate vascular BMP activity, which is instrumental in promoting vascular calcification and may be limited by increasing BMP inhibition.
Origin of migmatites by deformation‐enhanced melt infiltration of orthogneiss: a new model based on quantitative microstructural analysis

A detailed field study reveals a gradual transition from high‐grade solid‐state banded orthogneiss via stromatic migmatite and schlieren migmatite to irregular, foliation‐parallel bodies of nebulitic migmatite within the eastern part of the Gföhl Unit (Moldanubian domain, Bohemian Massif). The orthogneiss to nebulitic migmatite sequence is characterized by progressive destruction of well‐equilibrated banded microstructure by crystallization of new interstitial phases (Kfs, Pl and Qtz) along feldspar boundaries and by resorption of relict feldspar and biotite. The grain size of all felsic phases decreases continuously, whereas the population density of new phases increases. The new phases preferentially nucleate along high‐energy like–like boundaries causing the development of a regular distribution of individual phases. This evolutionary trend is accompanied by a decrease in grain shape preferred orientation of all felsic phases. To explain these data, a new petrogenetic model is proposed for the origin of felsic migmatites by melt infiltration from an external source into banded orthogneiss during deformation. In this model, infiltrating melt passes pervasively along grain boundaries through the whole‐rock volume and changes completely its macro‐ and microscopic appearance. It is suggested that the individual migmatite types represent different degrees of equilibration between the host rock and migrating melt during exhumation. The melt topology mimicked by feldspar in banded orthogneiss forms elongate pockets oriented at a high angle to the compositional banding, indicating that the melt distribution was controlled by the deformation of the solid framework. The microstructure exhibits features compatible with a combination of dislocation creep and grain boundary sliding deformation mechanisms. The migmatite microstructures developed by granular flow accompanied by melt‐enhanced diffusion and/or melt flow. However, an AMS study and quartz microfabrics suggest that the amount of melt present did not exceed a critical threshold during the deformation to allow free movements of grains.
Europe's Grand Canyon Nazare Submarine Canyon

The Nazare submarine canyon extends similar to 210 km westward from the coast of Portugal, down to a water depth of > 4300 m. The considerable habitat heterogeneity found throughout the canyon is affected by strong currents and high turbidity, especially in the upper parts of the canyon. The canyon morphology comprises steep slopes, scarps, terraces, and overhangs, and a deeply incised thalweg is found in the lower part of the canyon. The seabed within the canyon is composed of varying proportions of rock and sediments that range from sand to fine mud. This great variation in physical environment is reflected by the varied fauna inhabiting the canyon. Diversity tends to decrease with depth, but there is also continual replacement of species with increasing water depth. Certain groups, such as the gorgonians and sea lilies, tend to be found on rocky surfaces, while large protozoans dominate the sediments at 3400-m depth. In addition to describing the fauna of Nazare Canyon, we discuss experiments undertaken as part of the HERMES project to elucidate the ecosystem function processes operating in the deeper parts of the canyon.
Establishment of Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) for biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid

Laricobius nigrinus is a natural predator of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), native to the western hemlock forests of North America. Research over the past 8 years at Virginia Tech has shown that this prey-specific predator is highly adapted to HWA. Several ongoing studies were reported on and will briefly be mentioned here.
Effects of the decoupling of the subsidies on agricultural water productivity

In this work several performance indicators such as the Annual Relative Irrigation Supply (ARIS) and the Irrigation Water Productivity (IWP), have been considered to evaluate the changes in the cotton irrigation management due to the decoupling of the European Union Subsidies. For this purpose, a modern irrigation scheme, the Genil–Cabra Irrigation Scheme (GCIS) located in Southern Spain, has been selected. The total irrigated area is 6,900 ha with wheat, olive and cotton as the main crops. The irrigation season 2004/05 was the period when the crop pattern and water management trend changed dramatically. From this year to the present the area cultivated with crops with high water requirements like cotton, sugar beet and maize has been reduced almost by half, while the area with low irrigation requirement crops (winter cereals, sunflower or olive) has increased of 37%. After the decoupling of the EU cotton subsidies in 2006, the cotton agricultural practices have changed toward a less intensive production system, including both, lower water application (ARIS for cotton decreased from values higher than 0.8 to 0.5 in the irrigation season 2006/07) and less agrochemical usage. In terms of sustainability, the reform has increased the cotton irrigation efficiency (IWP for cotton increased from around 0.7 €/m3 to 1.0 €/m3 in the irrigation season 2006/07) and has reduced its environmental impact.
A BROAD PERSPECTIVE ON CURRENT AND FUTURE RESEARCH ON URBAN COYOTES

A change in wildlife management appears to be occurring. Previous efforts needed to be focused on producing more game species or endangered animals; now, however, tools and training must resolve issues of overabundance and conflict with predators, especially species such as coyotes (Canis latrans) in urban areas. Urban conflicts with coyotes may be growing because of urban development of land and human intrusion, but alteration of habitats that attract coyotes is also a likely factor. Research that will describe basic coyote biology in urban areas will be needed, but managers will also need applied research and development of new tools and techniques that can be used where current methods are not appropriate or desirable. Lastly, communication of research results and the objective assessment of the costs and benefits of urban coyotes will be important.
Surface albedo retrieval from Meteosat: 1. Theory

Land surface albedo constitutes a critical climatic variable, since it largely controls the actual amount of solar energy available to the Earth system. The purpose of this paper is to establish a theory for the exploitation of space observations to solve the atmosphere/surface radiation transfer problem on an operational basis and to generate surface albedo, aerosol load, and possibly land cover change products. Surface albedo is rather variable in space and time and depends both on the structure and on the radiative characteristics of the surface, as well as on the angular and spectral distribution of radiation at the bottom of the atmosphere. Weather and climate models often use preset distributions or simple parameterizations of this environment variable, even though such approaches do not accurately account for the actual effect of the underlying surface. From a mathematical point of view, the determination of the surface albedo corresponds to the estimation of a boundary condition for the radiation transfer problem in the coupled surface-atmosphere system. A relatively large database of 10 years or more of Meteosat data has been accumulated by EUMETSAT. These data, collected at half-hour intervals over the entire Earth disk visible from longitude 0°, constitute a unique resource to describe the anisotropy of the coupled surface-atmosphere system and provide the opportunity to document changes in surface albedo which may have occurred in these regions over that period. In addition, since the coupled surface-atmosphere radiation transfer problem must be solved, the proposed procedure also yields an estimate of the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The proposed inversion procedure yields a characterization of surface radiative properties that may also be used to document and monitor land surface dynamics over the portion of the globe observed by Meteosat. Results from preliminary applications and an error budget analysis are discussed in a companion paper [Pinty et al., this issue].