Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparison of machine learning methods to find clinical trials for inclusion in new systematic reviews from their PROSPERO registrations prior to searching and screening

Searching for trials is a key task in systematic reviews and a focus of automation. Previous approaches required knowing examples of relevant trials in advance, and most methods are focused on published trial articles. To complement existing tools, we compared methods for finding relevant trial registrations given a International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) entry and where no relevant trials have been screened for inclusion in advance. We compared SciBERT‐based (extension of Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) PICO extraction, MetaMap, and term‐based representations using an imperfect dataset mined from 3632 PROSPERO entries connected to a subset of 65,662 trial registrations and 65,834 trial articles known to be included in systematic reviews. Performance was measured by the median rank and recall by rank of trials that were eventually included in the published systematic reviews. When ranking trial registrations relative to PROSPERO entries, 296 trial registrations needed to be screened to identify half of the relevant trials, and the best performing approach used a basic term‐based representation. When ranking trial articles relative to PROSPERO entries, 162 trial articles needed to be screened to identify half of the relevant trials, and the best‐performing approach used a term‐based representation. The results show that MetaMap and term‐based representations outperformed approaches that included PICO extraction for this use case. The results suggest that when starting with a PROSPERO entry and where no trials have been screened for inclusion, automated methods can reduce workload, but additional processes are still needed to efficiently identify trial registrations or trial articles that meet the inclusion criteria of a systematic review.
Past 220 year bipolar volcanic signals: remarks on common features of their source volcanic eruptions

Abstract During the past 220 years, prominent signals of non-sea salt sulfate ion (nssSO4 2–) concentration exceeding the background level, including both marine biogenic and anthropogenic SO4 2–, were found in shallow ice cores from site H15 in East Antarctica and Site-J in southern Greenland. They were mostly correlated with past explosive volcanic eruptions. on the basis of this result and published results of shallow ice cores and snow pits at various locations on the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, eight common signals were found, of which six were assigned to the following explosive eruptions: El Chichόn, Mexico, in 1982; Agung, Indonesia, in 1963; Santa Maria, Guatemala, in 1902; Krakatau, Indonesia, in 1883; Cosiguina, Nicaragua, in 1835; an unknown volcano between 1831 and 1834; Tambora, Indonesia, in 1815; and an unknown volcano in 1809. Volcanic eruptions which have a potential to imprint their signals in both the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets were characterized by (1) location in low latitudes between 20˚N and 10˚ S, and (2) eruption column height ≥25 km, corresponding to a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) ≥5.
A study of metalloproteinases in fifty joint fluid specimens.

OBJECTIVES To study the activity and concentrations in joint fluid of gelatinases (A or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and B or MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3). METHODS Synovial fluid specimens obtained as part of a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure were studied. Protein levels were determined, cells counted, crystals looked for and microbiological studies done. Gelatinolytic activity was determined quantitatively using computerized zymography. Proteins were identified by electrotransfer and immunorevelation. TIMP-1 and stromelysin-1 were assayed using an ELISA. Results were confronted with laboratory test and clinical findings. RESULTS Of the 50 specimens studied, 25 were from joints with mechanical disorders and 25 from joints with inflammatory disorders. Activated MMP-2 was found in all the specimens, with no differences between the two groups. MMP-9 was found only in its inactive form. MMP-9, TIMP-1 and MMP-3 were found more often in inflammatory than in mechanical fluids and the levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were correlated with neutrophil counts. In the 16 fluids from rheumatoid arthritis patients, levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were closely correlated with serum C-reactive protein levels. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9, TIMP-1, and MMP-3 levels show striking differences between inflammatory and mechanical joint fluids.
The response of stratospheric water vapor to a changing climate: Insights from in situ water vapor measurements

Stratospheric water vapor plays an important role in the Earth system, both through its role in stratospheric ozone destruction and as a greenhouse gas contributing to radiative forcing of the climate. Highly accurate water vapor measurements are critical to understanding how stratospheric water vapor concentrations will respond to a changing climate. However, the past disagreement among water vapor instruments on the order of 1 – 2 ppmv hinders understanding of the mechanisms which control stratospheric humidity, and the reliable detection of water vapor trends. In response to these issues, we present a new dual axis water vapor instrument that combines the heritage Harvard Lyman-α hygrometer with the newly developed Harvard Herriott Hygrometer (HHH). The Lyman-α instrument utilizes ultraviolet photo-fragment fluorescence detection, and its accuracy has been demonstrated though rigorous laboratory calibrations and in situ diagnostic procedures. HHH employs a tunable diode near-IR laser to measure water vapor via direct absorption in a Herriott cell; it demonstrated in-flight precision of 0.1 ppmv (1-sec) with accuracy of 5%±0.5 ppmv. We describe these two measurement techniques in detail along with our methodology for calibration and details of the measurement uncertainties. We also examine the recent flight comparison of the two instruments with several other in situ
Chryse Planitia, Mars: Topographic configuration, outflow channel continuity and sequence, and tests for hypothesized ancient bodies of water using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data

Many of the largest and most prominent outflow channels on Mars debouch into Chryse Planitia. Pre-Mars Global Surveyor topographic data show Chryse to be a closed depression almost 2000 km in diameter. New Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data reveal the following: (1) Chryse is not a locally closed basin but instead opens into the North Polar basin. (2) The highly distinctive morphology of the six largest predominantly Hesperian-aged channels (Kasei, Maja, Simud, Tiu, Ares, and Mawrth) disappears into the northern lowlands at average elevations that all occur within less than ∼170 m of a mean elevation of −3742 (SD = 153 m), over a lateral distance in excess of 2500 km. (3) The elevations where the distinctive morphology of each channel disappears all fall within ∼190 m of Contact 2, a boundary mapped by Parker et al. [1993] and interpreted to represent an ancient shoreline, and the mean elevation values of Contact 2 and circum-Chryse channel termini fall within 18 m of each other. In contrast, the termini of seven later Amazonian-aged channels emerging from Elysium into Utopia Planitia are spread over a vertical range of >1500 m. (4) Topographic evidence of the continuation of some of the outflow channels can be observed for distances of 250–450 km into the North Polar basin, but the morphology is subdued and distinctly different. (5) The nature of this less distinctive topography and its crosscutting relationships show that Simud and Tiu are likely to represent the youngest activity (specifically crosscutting Ares Valles). (6) The distinctive change in channel morphology is consistent with rapid loss of energy encountered at base level (subaerial/submarine boundary) and emplacement into a shallow submarine environment. Channel characteristics, lack of distinctive deltas or lobes, and continuation of subdued channel morphology suggest hyperpychnal flow and the possibility of density/turbidity currents. Estimates of the volumes of individual channel events are wide-ranging. The minimum volume estimates of Carr [1996] suggest that 46 such events would be required to fill the basin to the level of Contact 2 and thus that the channels may have emptied into an existing standing body of water. Volume estimates of Baker et al. [1991] assume that single individual events may have filled the basin to the level of Contact 2, thus requiring significant water loss between events and refilling during subsequent events to essentially the same level. In both end-member cases these observations are consistent with the presence of large standing bodies of water in the northern lowlands in Hesperian-Early Amazonian times.
Dust deposition pulses to the eastern subtropical North Atlantic gyre: Does ocean's biogeochemistry respond?

Enhancement of primary and export production following dust deposition pulses is well established for High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll regions, but the effect of atmospheric dust on the biogeochemistry of oligotrophic gyre regions remains unclear. Here we report atmospheric dust concentrations measured on Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, concomitantly with upper water biogeochemistry at the oligotrophic time series station ESTOC (European Station for Time series in the Ocean, Canary Islands) during a 2‐year period from winter 1997 to 1999. ESTOC is located in the eastern subtropical Atlantic gyre about 100 km north of Gran Canaria and 500 km west of the Sahara, and receives aeolian dust episodically mainly in winter and summer. We found a close correlation of the magnitude of atmospheric dust concentration in winter with the magnitude of downward particle flux at ESTOC, mainly due to a relative increase in lithogenic matter and carbonate sedimentation. Higher aerosol concentration was not accompanied by higher primary or export production, however, indicating that phytoplankton production remained unaffected by atmospheric nitrogen supply on a seasonal or yearly timescale. However, by estimating bioavailable iron input and the need of the phytoplankton population, we found that the highly episodic dust pulses might exert a feast and famine effect on the phytoplankton. Despite the high lithogenic matter input, carbonate, mainly stemming from coccolithophorids, exceeded in importance the role of lithogenic matter as ballasting agent of sinking organic matter.
II.—The Subdivisions of the Chalk

The earliest attempt to describe the component beds of the English Chalk was made by W. Phillips in 1819: this is his well-known account of the cliffs between Dover and Folkestone, which is reproduced in Conybeare and Phillips' Geology (1822). He recognizes four divisions as follows:—
A new analysis method for determining polar ionosphere and upper atmosphere characteristics from ESR data: Illustration with IPY period

[1] The one-year incoherent scatter (IS) data set recorded at the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) during the International Polar Year (IPY) is an opportunity for studies on long-term variations in the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere. Such studies place severe requirements on the analysis of any IS observations which result in two major difficulties. First, concerning the ionosphere, the challenge is to make accurate measurements of the temperature profiles in the F 1 -region, where the ion composition is changing, highly variable, and unknown. Changes in ion mass and temperature affect the received spectra in almost identical ways, and ambiguities in one present insurmountable difficulties in the determination of the other. The second difficulty, concerning the neutrals, is that it is necessary to separate the contributions from the neutral atmosphere and from frictional heating. In the F 1 -region, differential drift induces differential heating of the atomic and molecular ions which can be used to distinguish between frictional and neutral atmosphere coupling. In this paper, we present in detail a method to solve these two difficulties: 13-moment, parallel, two-ion (atomic and molecular) energy equations are used to fit the full IS profile along the magnetic field. The molecular-atomic ion composition transition is assumed to follow an analytical hyperbolic tangent function, and the full altitude profile of the measured ion temperature is then used to fit the desired parameters. The results are validated against simulated data from a numerical model, and then against real measurements. A 36-hour data set was compared with the numerical model TRANSCAR, making some unknowns available from the numerical model (ion composition, frictional heating, neutral temperature), providing a convincing demonstration of the validity of the method. In particular, this "full profile" method is sufficiently robust for routine use, even for periods with relatively high convection electric fields. Finally, the application of the method to the IPY ESR data set is presented and some initial trends are identified.
Adding Intuitive Physics to Neural-Symbolic Capsules Using Interaction Networks

Many current methods to learn intuitive physics are based on interaction networks and similar approaches. However, they rely on information that has proven difficult to estimate directly from image data in the past. We aim to narrow this gap by inferring all the semantic information needed from raw pixel data in the form of a scene-graph. Our approach is based on neural-symbolic capsules, which identify which objects in the scene are static, dynamic, elastic or rigid, possible joints between them, as well as their collision information. By integrating all this with interaction networks, we demonstrate how our method is able to learn intuitive physics directly from image sequences and apply its knowledge to new scenes and objects, resulting in an inverse-simulation pipeline.
Analysis of (cid:127)180 in tree rings: Wood-cellulose comparison and method dependent sensitivity

During recent years, new on-line methods in mass spectrometry have been developed for measuring b(cid:127)SO in organic material. They allow a much higher sample throughput than off-line methods with the result that sample preparation becomes the time-limiting factor. Therefore we tested whether analysis of tree ring samples can be made on whole wood instead of pure cellulose, which until now was commonly used in almost all (cid:127)80 tree ring studies. Measurements with an on-line method based on pyrolysis in an elemental analyzer show that the tree ring b(cid:127)80 time series of wood and cellulose from an oak of the Swiss Mittelland are similar (r 2 = 0.65). However, there are significant differences, and some climatic information may be lost if bulk wood is analyzed instead of cellulose. This can partly be balanced by an increased sample throughput, resulting in the averaging Of more data. Further, we improved an off-line method (pyrolysis in a nickel tube followed by catalytic CO to CO2 conversion on nickel powder) by adding a CO2 trap to enhance the CO to CO2 conversion. The best reproducibility associated with this method is better than 0.1%o. We also found a strong memory effect linked with this method, causing a dampening of the signal of 30-40%. Therefore published climatic interpretation of b(cid:127)80 data measured using similar methods may require revision.
WHAT INFORMATION ON THE EARTH MODEL DO REFLECTION TRAVEL TIMES PROVIDE

Inversion of reflection travel times (or reflection tomography or tomographic inversion) allows determination of the structure of the subsurface from arrival times of reflected waves. Because the solution of a tomographic inversion is often underdetermined, it is essential to carry out an uncertainty analysis on the solution, which is classically done by linearizing the problem at the vicinity of the computed solution. Earlier uncertainty analyses gave results which strongly depend on the chosen discretization interval: they have no physical meaning. Our goal is to compute numerical uncertainties that approximate the physical uncertainties. Limiting our study to Hilbertian model spaces, we theoretically derive a necessary and sufficient condition which yields the desired result: the norm chosen in model space has to bind the Frechet derivative of the forward map. Physically, this requires the velocity distribution and the reflectors to be smooth functions, an assumption which is quite compatible with the smoothness imposed to make use of ray theory. The required degree of smoothness depends on the space dimension (two- or three-dimensional). This theoretical study yields a new method which allows, in the classical framework of a linearization, calculation of uncertainties that are almost independent of the chosen model discretization interval: they are thus intrinsically related to travel time information. Hence we can predict how travel times determine the slowness distribution and the reflector geometries. Our method is validated for a simple example. As a result, a very fine parameterization of the model is needed for an accurate estimate of the uncertainties on the solution.
Oceanic micropaleontology: Progress and prospect

The seventies were marked by explosive development of oceanic micropaleontology and drastic changes in emphasis. The main impetus for expansion came from deep-sea drilling. Global sampling made possible a global approach to paleoceanography and biostratigraphy. Scanning electron microscopy extended routine study to extremely small particles. The use of computers aided in quantifying paleoenvironmental reconstruction and in refining stratigraphic resolution. Integration of micropaleontologic information with physical and chemical oceanography has helped to make micropaleontology the mainstay of paleoceanographic research. The biogeography of planktonic foraminifera and of the paleontologically important coccoliths is now well documented. This is not yet true for radiolarians and diatoms. Much progress has been made in mapping distributions on the sea floor, in all groups, and in relating such distributions to supply, dissolution, and redeposition. Two major problems have been identified. One is the role of fecal pellets in the transfer of coccoliths and diatoms to the sea floor. The other is the relationship between preburial preservation states of microfossil assemblages and their postburial diagenesis (‘diagenetic potential’ of an assemblage). Important advances in Quaternary research include increased stratigraphic resolution, quantitative temperature determination (accuracy about 2°–3°C), and isotopic evidence for glacial-interglacial fluctuations. Changes in productivity and preservation patterns remain major questions. Pre-quaternary paleoceanography has largely been concerned with establishing biogeographic patterns through time and their correlation with changing geography due to plate tectonics. The mechanisms of cause and effect (surface currents, bottom water flow, water mass stratification, etc., versus biogeography and sedimentation patterns) remain speculative on the whole. The question of the origin of diversity and its variations through time continue to attract attention. There appears to be a positive correlation between diversity and isotopic temperature through time. Causes for major extinctions are unknown and are likely to remain so until the fundamental question of which processes control the overall productivity of the ocean is resolved. A model is developed, proposing a control of present microplankton assemblages by successive change of the limiting nutrient (silica-bionitrogen-phosphate). It is argued that a low-fertility ocean should be characterized by high silica and phosphate concentrations and that this should be recognizable in the record. Stratigraphic work has greatly benefited from DSDP results, especially when care was taken to recover long sequences. Zonations, in part preliminary, are now available for all major groups, for Cretaceous and Cenozoic sequences. Attempts to correlate some of these sequences with the less complete standard sections reveal a fundamental weakness in the concept of stratigraphic standard.
Water Pressure under a Glacier

Abstract Observations in a deep mine working which reached the base of a valley glacier some 150 m. below the ice surface indicated an initial cold and impervious condition at and near the ice–rock contact. Later, however, an excellent hydraulic connection with free water in the upper layers of the glacier was established, perhaps by the thawing of a passage upward through the ice by warm water escaping from the mine. Subsequent records of water levels, or of water pressures, within the mine, reflecting conditions in the upper part of the glacier, show periods of moderately steady conditions, at times showing slight diurnal fluctuations, interrupted by irregular and catastrophic surges, particularly during periods of rapid snow melt and heavy rains. A seasonal cycle in pressure is suggested by the record.
Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: An Aspect of Air Pollution in Fairbanks, Alaska

Quantitative analysis of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in Fairbanks, Alaska revealed significant levels of representative components. A fairly constant PAH pattern was observed throughout the winter of 1976-77, and the absolute PAH level correlated with air stagnation. Consideration of relative levels of individual PAH components reveals vehicular emissions as the major source but also provides evidence for contributions from power plant emissions. Fairbanks' PAH levels approach those of major cities in more moderate climates, and this situation emphasizes the importance of air quality problems in development of the Arctic.
A quiet sampler for the collection of semivolatile organic pollutants in indoor air

Conception et construction d'un appareil d'echantillonnage silencieux et transportable pour controler l'air ambiant. Il combine un filtre et des adsorbants en serie et peut fonctionner a des vitesses de flux suffisantes pour collecter assez de materiaux organiques afin d'effectuer des analyses chimiques et des essais microbiologiques
Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results

We combine global distributions of aerosol loading resulting from transport models for soil dust, sulfate, sea salt, and carbonaceous aerosol. From the aerosol distributions we estimate optical thicknesses and compare them with Sun photometer measurements and satellite retrievals, thereby revealing problems with both model results and comparisons with such measurements. Globally, sulfate, dust, and carbonaceous particles appear to contribute equally to the total aerosol optical thickness. Owing to the different optical properties of different aerosol types, aerosol composition should be taken into consideration for estimating the aerosol climate effect as well as for aerosol retrievals from satellite measurements.
Limitations to the Use of Effective Stresses in Partly Saturated Soils

Synopsis Terzaghi's effective stress principle may be stated in the form of two propositions:— (i) Changes in volume and shearing strength of a soil are due exclusively to changes in effective stress. (ii> The effective stress σ′ in a soil is defined as the excess of the total applied stress σ over the pore pressure u. The validity of this principle for fully saturated soils is now well established and has proved invaluable in the prediction of the behaviour of such soils. In recent years workers have attempted to extend the principle to cover the case of partly saturated soils and to date most of this work has been concerned with deriving a suitable form of effective stress equation, Up till now the validity of the first proposition, upon which the main practical significance of the effective stress principle relies, does not appear to have been questioned. In this Paper the results of a series of oedometer and all-round compression tests on partly saturated and fully saturated soils are presented. The s.