Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nursing Shortage: A Comparative Analysis

Lauren Littlejohn © 2012 International Journal of Nursing This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Lauren Littlejohn et al.| Nursing Shortage: A Comparative Analysis International Journal of Nursing 1(1), 2012 23 Introduction: According to the International Council of Nurses (ICN) (2004), the dearth of healthcare professionals is one of the major obstacles to achieving the United Nation‟s Millennium Development Goals (Buchan A Hancock, 2008). The United Nation‟s Millennium Development Goals are to: “1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 2) achieve universal primary education, 3) promote gender equality and empower women, 4) reduce child mortality, 5)improve maternal health, 6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, 7) ensure environmental sustainability, and 8)develop a global partnership for development” (2011). According to the High Level Forum on Health Millennium Development Goal stated, “There is ahuman resources crisis in health, which must be urgently addressed” (High Level Forum on the Health MDG, 2004, p.4). The global health care workforce is experiencing a major nursing shortage (Buchan & Aiken, 2008; Institute of Medicine, 2011; Oulton, 2006; Institute of Medicine, 2011; Solidarity Research Report, 2009). A nursing shortage is usually defined and measured in relation to a country‟s historical staffing levels, resources and estimates of demand for healthcare services (Buchan & Aiken, 2008). Thus, nursing shortages are not easily quantifiable, and they may be defined in terms of professional capacity standards (shortage of nurses that are needed to provide quality services)or from an economical perspective (not enough nurses available to fill open positions) (Buchan & Aiken, 2008; Institute of Medicine, 2011; Oulton, 2006; Fox & Abrahamson, 2009; Zurn, Dal Poz, Stilwell,& Adams, 2002). However, within each country, United States (US), Philippines, and South Africa, there is a difference in the definition of nursing shortage and how it plays a role in the production of health care workers.
Effect of mining subsidence on soil moisture dynamic changes of sandy land

Based on the importance of soil water on sandy vegetation,by the method of Ovendrying and Time domain reflectrometry,two-years field soil moisture monitoring experiment on Artemisia ordosica in Bulianta mining area of southeast Mu Us Sandy Land in the Shendong Coalfield was carried out to analyze the effects of different mining subsidence stages(stage before mining,fracture development stage,stage during mining,subsidence stage,stabilization stage)on the spatial and vertical distribution of soil water.Results showed that:in the aspect of soil water spatial distribution,differences of soil moisture between Artemisia ordosica individuals were small before mining,and affected by the micro-topography,the soil moistures were higher at the flat top of gentle slope;affected by mining,soil moisture turned to be seriously deficit in the fracture development stage and summer of stabilization stage,and then were restored in the fall of stabilization stage;in the aspect of soil water vertical distribution,compared with other stages,soil moistures of different depth in fracture development stage and summer of stabilization stage were lower in 0~100cm soil layers,mainly due to mining subsidence and season;in the aspect of ecological effect of soil water,consistent with the soil moisture changes,the plant height and crown width became lower in fracture development stage,and the root system severely damaged in the stage during mining gradually restored with the recovery of soil moisture condition.
International Cancer Genome Consortium Data Portal—a one-stop shop for cancer genomics data

The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) is a collaborative effort to characterize genomic abnormalities in 50 different cancer types. To make this data available, the ICGC has created the ICGC Data Portal. Powered by the BioMart software, the Data Portal allows each ICGC member institution to manage and maintain its own databases locally, while seamlessly presenting all the data in a single access point for users. The Data Portal currently contains data from 24 cancer projects, including ICGC, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Johns Hopkins University, and the Tumor Sequencing Project. It consists of 3478 genomes and 13 cancer types and subtypes. Available open access data types include simple somatic mutations, copy number alterations, structural rearrangements, gene expression, microRNAs, DNA methylation and exon junctions. Additionally, simple germline variations are available as controlled access data. The Data Portal uses a web-based graphical user interface (GUI) to offer researchers multiple ways to quickly and easily search and analyze the available data. The web interface can assist in constructing complicated queries across multiple data sets. Several application programming interfaces are also available for programmatic access. Here we describe the organization, functionality, and capabilities of the ICGC Data Portal. Database URL: http://dcc.icgc. org
D ifferences in growth anD Development velocity between boys anD girls from K osovo , ageD 6-18 years

Background: Human growth and development is a complex process of bio-psycho-social changes in children and adolescents. The evaluation of these two processes is of high importance in clinical and anthropological contexts. The present study aimed to find out and to evaluate the velocity of the biological growth and development during different ages of Kosovo children and adolescents of both genders. Materials and methods: Body Height, Body Weight, and Ideal Body Weight were measured in 68762 children and adolescents from Kosovo (66264 boys, 2498 girls). Age groups were classified into 13 categories, ages 6.0-18.9 years old. There have been analyzed the systematic differences between males and females in the annual changing of Body Height, Body Weight, and Ideal Body Weight. Results: Based on the results of the present study growth and development in boys can be divided into three stages that are distinct from one another, compared with the girls’ growth and development that can be divided into four stages. Boys have reached the Peak Height Velocity (PHV=7.8cm), respectively the Peak Weight Velocity (PWV=6.6kg) at the age-group of 14 years old, while girls have reached the Peak Height Velocity (PHV=8.4cm) and the Peak Weight Velocity (PWV=12.6kg) at the age-group of 11 years old. Conclusion: The puberty stage occurs approximately three years earlier in girls (11yrs) compared with the boys (14yrs). Although the boys experience a later achievement of PHV, their growth, and development, with reduced intensity, it continues even after the age of 18th. The girls’ body growth and development commence earlier in age, and it reaches the maximal values earlier. This fact suggests that males will grow more during the late stage of the adolescence compared with females; therefore, in general males’ morphometric features tend to be larger.
Use of internist's free time by ambulatory care Electronic Medical Record systems.

Methods | The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey is a nationally representative longitudinal household survey of health care use and expenditures for noninstitutionalized US civilians.2 The present study used 2010 Household Component and Prescribed Medicines files, which included information on the drug name, days of supply, and amount paid. Information on days of supply was not available before 2010. The institutional review board of the University of Tennessee Health Science Center approved the study and waived the need for informed consent. The study evaluated adults (aged >18 years) who had received at least 1 prescription drug in 2010. Users of the GDDP were defined as individuals who had used the GDDP at least once. If a prescribed medicine event had the total amount paid and days of supply equivalent to any GDDP offerings, the GDDP was coded as 1 (the coding was otherwise 0). Typical GDDP offerings were $4 for 30-day supplies and $10 for 90-day supplies as provided by Walmart, Target, and Kroger. Rite Aid, CVS, Walgreens, and Kmart had other GDDP offerings. Andersen’s3 behavioral model was used to identify factors associated with use of the GDDP. The logistic regression procedure in SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc), was used to predict probabilities for different patient groups while controlling for complex survey sampling. We assumed that all prescription drug users had an opportunity to use the GDDP. We also assumed that physician prescribing behaviors, pharmacist practice styles, and pharmacy benefit designs occurred independently of each factor affecting use of the GDDP.
Towards an Approach for Improved Security in Wireless Networks

Wireless sensor networks are now widely used in military surveillance, industrial applications and civilian uses such as pollution control, forest fire detection, farming etc. Their emergence has posed many unique challenges to researchers. The security of such networks is of utmost importance and as such has been extensively researched. These networks are vulnerable to external threats that may try to gain unauthorized access with malicious intent. In this paper we look at a few security algorithms used on wireless sensor networks. These include SPINS, TinySec, LEAP (Localized Encryption and Authentication Protocol) and PADS (Practical Algorithm for Data Security). Areas that are covered include: architectures and routing protocols, security issues, algorithms, and performance issues for wireless sensor network design
A review of the South American monsoon history as recorded in stable isotopic proxies over the past two millennia

We review the history of the South American sum- mer monsoon (SASM) over the past 2000 yr based on high-resolution stable isotope proxies from speleothems, ice cores and lake sediments. Our review is complemented by an analysis of an isotope-enabled atmospheric general circula- tion model (GCM) for the past 130 yr. Proxy records from the monsoon belt in the tropical Andes and SE Brazil show a very coherent behavior over the past 2 millennia with sig- nificant decadal to multidecadal variability superimposed on large excursions during three key periods: the Medieval Cli- mate Anomaly (MCA), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the cur- rent warm period (CWP). We interpret these three periods as times when the SASM's mean state was significantly weak- ened (MCA and CWP) and strengthened (LIA), respectively. During the LIA each of the proxy archives considered con- tains the most negative 18 O values recorded during the en- tire record length. On the other hand, the monsoon strength is currently rather weak in a 2000-yr historical perspective, rivaled only by the low intensity during the MCA. Our cli- matic interpretation of these archives is consistent with our isotope-based GCM analysis, which suggests that these sites are sensitive recorders of large-scale monsoon variations. We hypothesize that these centennial-scale climate anoma- lies were at least partially driven by temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere and in particular over the North At- lantic, leading to a latitudinal displacement of the ITCZ and a change in monsoon intensity (amount of rainfall upstream over the Amazon Basin). This interpretation is supported by several independent records from different proxy archives and modeling studies. Although ENSO is the main forcing for 18 O variability over tropical South America on interan- nual time scales, our results suggest that its influence may be significantly modulated by North Atlantic climate variability on longer time scales. Finally, our analyses indicate that isotopic proxies, be- cause of their ability to integrate climatic information on large spatial scales, could complement more traditional prox- ies such as tree rings or documentary evidence. Future cli- mate reconstruction efforts could potentially benefit from in- cluding isotopic proxies as large-scale predictors in order to better constrain past changes in the atmospheric circulation.
Interactive comment on “ Monitoring of inorganic ions , carbonaceous matter and mass in ambient aerosol particles with online and offline methods ” by H

We would like to thank reviewer #3 for the well done review and valuable comments concerning the manuscript. Based on review and the fully addressable concerns of the referee, the authors have revised the manuscript and have made the changes as suggested. The amount of statistical analysis is increased to include correlations, slopes and intercepts between different methods and statistical parameters (median,
Seismic demigration/migration in the curvelet domain

Curvelets can represent local plane waves. They efficiently decompose seismic images and possibly imaging operators. We study how curvelets are distorted after demigration followed by migration in a different velocity model. We show that for small local velocity perturbations, the demigration/migration is reduced to a simple morphing of the initial curvelet. The derivation of the expected curvature of the curvelets shows that it is easier to sparsify the demigration/migration operator than the migration operator. An application on a 2D synthetic data set, generated in a smooth heterogeneous velocity model and with a complex reflectivity, demonstrates the usefulness of curvelets to predict what a migrated image would become in a locally different velocity model without the need for remigrating the full input data set. Curvelets are thus well suited to study the sensitivity of a prestack depth-migrated image with respect to the heterogeneous velocity model used for migration.
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Modelling Microbiological Water Quality in the Seine River Drainage Network: Past, Present and Future Situations

The Seine river watershed is characterized by a high population density and intense agricultural activities. Data show low microbiological water quality in the main rivers (Seine, Marne, Oise) of the watershed. Today, there is an increasing pressure from different social groups to restore microbiological water quality in order to both increase the safety of drinking water production and to restore the possible use of these rivers for bathing and rowing activities , as they were in the past. A model, appended to the hydro-ecological SENEQUE/Riverstrahler model describing the functioning of large river systems, was developed to describe the dynamics of faecal coliforms (FC), the most usual faecal contamination indicator. The model is able to calculate the distribution of FC concentrations in the whole drainage network resulting from land use and wastewater management in the watershed. The model was validated by comparing calculated FC concentrations with available field data for some well-documented situations in different river stretches of the Seine drainage network. Once validated, the model was used to test various predictive scenarios, as, for example, the impact of the modifications in wastewater treatment planned at the 2012 horizon in the Seine watershed in the scope of the implementation of the european water framework directive. The model was also used to investigate past situations. In particular, the variations of the microbiological water quality in the Parisian area due to population increase and modifications in wastewater management were estimated over the last century. It was shown that the present standards for bathing and other aquatic recreational activities are not met in the large tributaries upstream from Paris since the middle of the 1950's, and at least since the middle of the XIXth century in the main branch of the Seine river downstream from Paris. Efforts carried out for improving urban wastewa-ter treatment in terms or organic matter and nutrient loading resulted in a sensible reduction of microbiological contamination , but were not specific enough toward bacteriological contamination for achieving the objective of restoring levels compatible with bathing activities in the Parisian area.
A bibliometrical analysis of regular SASTA authors between 2000 and 2010.

Bibliometrics involve the mapping of literature to extract, among other, research collaboration structures. In this submission a soci al network of all regular SASTA authors and their co-authors for the period 2000 to 2010 wa s generated. The social network was energised and quantitative indexes of author impact were calculated. Two distinctive clouds of authors, one for milling and one for agri culture, are visible. Smaller subgroupings can be identified in the agricultural aut hor cloud. It may be valuable to the sugar industry if future publications could include more milling and agriculture coauthors, especially in the fields of breeding and e gineering.
First nesting observations of the Negros bleeding-heart Gallicolumba keayi from Panay, Philippines

in the Philippines: Luzon Bleeding-heart Gallicolumba luzonica, Mindoro Bleeding-heart G. platenae, Mindanao Bleeding-heart G. criniger, Sulu Bleedingheart G. menagei and Negros Bleeding-heart G. keayi. Previously, lumped as a single species, the five forms are now classified as closely related allospecies which evolved on separate islands (Gibbs et al. 2001). Bleeding-heart doves are characterised by a golden or red patch on the breast. All are terrestrial, living singly or in pairs, and feeding on seeds, berries and invertebrates (Gibbs et al. 2001). Negros Bleeding-heart, once thought to be endemic to Negros, was discovered on the neighbouring island of Panay in 1996 by the Philippine Endemic Species Conservation Project (PESCP; Klop et al. 1998). The first behavioural observations of the Panay birds, made largely in captivity, suggested that there where no morphological differences between the Negros and Panay forms (Curio 2001). The species is shy and secretive, and thus is very difficult to observe in the wild. Populations on both Negros and Panay are thought to be small and decreasing owing to extensive deforestation and destruction of forest habitat, which is exacerbated by hunting. The species is listed as Critically Endangered (BirdLife International 2004). Only described in 1900, Negros Bleeding-heart was the last of the five Philippine endemic bleeding-hearts to be discovered (Clarke 1900, Dickinson et al. 1991). Thus, data for this species are scarce and there have been few observations in the wild, with the only detailed observations coming from a wild bird, caught during banding operations by PESCP, and held in a rehabilitation cage in the Panay forest for one and a half years (Curio 2001). The only previous nest of Negros Bleeding-heart was found in the north-west Panay peninsula in March 1999, but the two eggs were depredated within a day of discovery (Curio 2001). Here we report on the first observations of a successful nest.
Geopolymer concrete: the green alternative with suitable structural properties

Concrete is the most widely used building material around the world because of the availability of raw materials, the simplicity in preparation and the moulding into different shapes. One of the main ingredients in a normal concrete mixture is Portland cement. However recent literature reveals that cement industry accounts for approximately 5 % of the current man made carbon dioxide (CO2) emission worldwide. World cement demand and production are ever increasing with the expected growth is from approximately 2836 million tons in 2010 to between 3680 (low estimate) and 4380 million tons (high estimate) by 2050. Knowing that about 1.5 tons of raw materials are needed in the production of every ton of Portland cement concrete and about one ton of CO2 is released in to the environment during the production, developing alternative construction materials is required. This paper will review the utilization of geopolymer concrete as an alternative for Ordinary Portland Cement concrete. The use of new greener material instead of concrete requires two main characteristics: reduced environmental impact which is a main concern in the world and better structural performance. This paper aims at investigating these characteristics using the available literature.
Development of the prediction method of the sediment yield from fault rocks.

This paper deals with the definition of a methodology for the characterisation of areas sensitive to mountain erosion. In order to assess the sediment yield of catchments, in particular for alpine areas, the contribution of specific sediment sources – the fault rocks – is evaluated. Previous studies show the importance of fault rocks as potential sediment sources. There are many difficulties in defining the fractured state of the rocks and so applying a physical method can be impossible. This paper proposes a different approach. After numerous studies in alpine areas rich in these rocks, it is believed that multi-criteria analysis is the best way to define the characteristics of these zones and to enable the use of available data. In such a context the sample areas studied show the advantages in using a decision support system and not a physical method. In this field, only a method requiring easily available data could provide results. Below, the decision support system for evaluating fault rocks that have the most potential in contributing to erosion and consequently sediment transport is described. This is a first approach in order to then delve into the composite problem of sediment yield. This method deals with the most important sediment sources to take into account among these zones. The method is often better used in tandem with existing ones in order to evaluate all the sediment sources and so to define total sediment delivered from the slopes.
Consensus method for determining groundwaters under the direct influence of surface water using microscopic particulate analysis (MPA)

The Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA) is a consensus methodology developed for the purpose of identifying those drinking water supplies that are under the direct influence of surface water. The method describes in detail sample collection, equipment and supplies needed, sample processing, analyst qualifications and interpretive analysis. Once this determination has been made, those ground waters directly influenced by surface water will be required to comply with the requirements as set forth in the US Environmental Protection Agency Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR).