Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Driver sleepiness and risk of serious injury to car occupants: population based case control study

Abstract Objectives: To estimate the contribution of driver sleepiness to the causes of car crash injuries. Design: Population based case control study. Setting: Auckland region of New Zealand, April 1998 to July 1999. Participants: 571 car drivers involved in crashes where at least one occupant was admitted to hospital or killed (“injury crash”); 588 car drivers recruited while driving on public roads (controls), representative of all time spent driving in the study region during the study period. Main outcome measures: Relative risk for injury crash associated with driver characteristics related to sleep, and the population attributable risk for driver sleepiness. Results: There was a strong association between measures of acute sleepiness and the risk of an injury crash. After adjustment for major confounders significantly increased risk was associated with drivers who identified themselves as sleepy (Stanford sleepiness score 4-7 v 1-3; odds ratio 8.2, 95% confidence interval 3.4 to 19.7); with drivers who reported five hours or less of sleep in the previous 24 hours compared with more than five hours (2.7, 1.4 to 5.4); and with driving between 2 am and 5 am compared with other times of day (5.6, 1.4 to 22.7). No increase in risk was associated with measures of chronic sleepiness. The population attributable risk for driving with one or more of the acute sleepiness risk factors was 19% (15% to 25%). Conclusions: Acute sleepiness in car drivers significantly increases the risk of a crash in which a car occupant is injured or killed. Reductions in road traffic injuries may be achieved if fewer people drive when they are sleepy or have been deprived of sleep or drive between 2 am and 5 am. What is already known on this topic Driver sleepiness is considered a potentially important risk factor for car crashes and related injuries but the association has not been reliably quantified Published estimates of the proportion of car crashes attributable to driver sleepiness vary from about 3% to 30% What this study adds Driving while feeling sleepy, driving after five hours or less of sleep, and driving between 2 am and 5 am were associated with a substantial increase in the risk of a car crash resulting in serious injury or death Reduction in the prevalence of these three behaviours may reduce the incidence of injury crashes by up to 19%
Fear of SARS thwarts medical education in Toronto

As the BMJ went to press, the 10th death in Canada from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was reported in Toronto, and clinical staff and students were being told to continue restricting their presence at the University of Toronto and its teaching hospitals. To contain a possible spread of the syndrome from clinical environments the University of …
Chronic Morphine-Induced Changes in (cid:1) -Opioid Receptors and G Proteins of Different Subcellular Loci in Rat Brain

Prolonged exposure to opioid agonists can induce adaptive changes resulting in tolerance and dependence. Here, rats were rendered tolerant by subcutaneous injections of increas- ing doses of morphine from 10 to 60 mg/kg for 3, 5, or 10 consecutive days. Binding parameters of the (cid:1) -opioid receptor in subcellular fractions were measured with [ 3 H]DAMGO ([ D Ala 2 , N -Me-Phe 4 ,Gly 5 -ol]-enkephalin). Although the density of surface (cid:1) -sites did not change after the 5-day morphine treatment, up-regulation of synaptic plasma membrane binding was detected after the 10-day drug administration. In contrast, the number of (cid:1) -binding sites in a light vesicle or microsomal fraction (MI) was elevated by 68 and 30% after 5 and 10 days of morphine exposure, respectively. The up-regulated MI (cid:1) -sites displayed enhanced coupling to G proteins compared with those detected in saline-treated controls. Pertussis toxin catalyzed ADP ribosylation, and Western blotting with specific antisera was used to quantitate chronic morphine-induced changes in levels of various G protein (cid:2) -subunits. Morphine treatment of 5 days and longer induced significant increases in levels of G (cid:2) o , G (cid:2) i1 , and G (cid:2) i2 in MI fractions that are part of an adaptation process. Up-regulation of intracellular (cid:1) -sites may be the result of post-translational changes and in part de novo synthesis. The results provide the first evidence that distinct regulation of intracellular (cid:1) -opioid receptor G protein coupling and G protein levels may accompany the development of mor- phine tolerance.
The Coverage of Ethiopia in BBC and CNN News Websites

This study evaluated the coverage of Ethiopia in BBC and CNN news websites. The 2011 edition of the two news websites concerning Ethiopia were selected and content analysed. The analyses were made focusing on the extent of coverage, theme, tone and sources of stories. The findings show that although the two news websites gave reasonable coverage on issues of Ethiopia, stories that focus on positive developments were relatively limited. The overreliance of the websites (especially BBC), on higher officials of the Ethiopian government and NGOs as main sources and their focus on some limited news worthiness criteria seem to show that the news websites were skewed towards one side.
Activation of αIIbβ3 is a sufficient but also an imperative prerequisite for activation of α2β1 on platelets

Platelet integrins α2β1 and αIIbβ3 play critical roles in platelet adhesion and thrombus formation after vascular injury. On resting platelets, both integrins are in a low-affinity state. However, agonist stimulation results in conformational changes that enable ligand binding that can be detected with conformation dependent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). By using such conformation-dependent mAbs, we could demonstrate that activation of integrin αIIbβ3 is not only sufficient, but also a prerequisite for α2β1 activation. Compared with platelets in plasma, stimulation of washed platelets resulted in only a minor activation of α2β1, as detected with the activation-sensitive mAb IAC-1. Addition of fibrinogen to stimulated washed platelets greatly potentiated activation of this integrin. Also, treatment of αIIbβ3 with the ligand-mimetic peptide RGDS, resulting in outside-in signaling, led to a powerful α2β1 activation, even in the absence of overall platelet activation, involving tyrosine kinase activity but no protein kinase C activation. The absolute necessity of αIIbβ3 for proper α2β1 activation on platelets was demonstrated by using the αIIbβ3 antagonist aggrastat, which was able to completely abolish α2β1 activation, both under static and flow conditions. In addition, analogous experiments with Glanzmann platelets lacking αIIbβ3 confirmed the indispensability of αIIbβ3 for α2β1 activation.
University of Memphis Digital Commons University of Memphis Digital Commons

Some non-human animals may possess the ability to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event. We tested the hypothesis that male meadow voles posses the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event associated with mate selection in two experiments. Brie X y, male voles were allowed to explore an apparatus that contained two chambers. One chamber contained a day-20 pregnant female (24 h prepartum). The other chamber contained a sexually mature female that was neither pregnant nor lactating (REF female). Twenty-four hour after the exposure, the males were placed in the same apparatus, which was empty and clean. At this time, the pregnant female would have entered postpartum estrus (PPE), a period of heightened sexual receptivity. Males initially chose and spent signi W cantly more time investigating the chamber that originally housed the pregnant female (now a PPE female) than the chamber that originally housed the REF female. Male voles also explored an apparatus containing a chamber with a PPE female and one chamber containing a REF female. Twenty-four hour later, males were placed into an empty and clean apparatus. The males did not display an initial choice and they spent similar amounts of time investigating the chamber that originally housed the PPE female (now a lactating female) and the chamber that originally housed the REF female. The results of these and additional experiments suggest that male voles may have the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event, which may allow males to remember the location of females who would currently be in heightened states of sexual receptivity
Public health programmes will have to prove they are cost effective

Public health programmes will have to prove they are working—and providing good value for taxpayers' money—when a new inspection regime is launched in the NHS next year. This warning came from Professor Ian Kennedy, chairman of the Healthcare Commission (previously the Commission for Healthcare Improvement). The commission, which monitors clinical quality in the NHS, also has a duty to ensure cost effectiveness. “You will have to persuade the least readily persuadable people in the land—the Treasury—that this is money well spent,” he told public health experts meeting last week at the King's Fund, an independent healthcare think tank. Professor Kennedy …
Inhibition by Naloxone Stereoisomers of (cid:1) -Amyloid Peptide (1– 42)-induced Superoxide Production in Microglia and Degeneration of Cortical and Mesencephalic Neurons

Previously we reported that naloxone stereoisomers, in an opi- oid receptor-independent manner, attenuated the inflamma-tion-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by inhi- bition of the activation of microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain. Recently we discovered that (cid:1) -amyloid peptide A (cid:1) (1–42) exhibited enhanced neurotoxicity toward both cortical and mesencephalic neurons through the activation of microglia and production of superoxide. The purpose of this study was to determine whether naloxone isomers had any effect on A (cid:1) (1–42)-induced neurodegeneration. Pretreatment of either cor- tical or mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures with 1 to 10 (cid:2) M ( (cid:1) )-naloxone, prior to treatment for up to 11 days with 0.1 to 3 (cid:2) M A (cid:1) (1–42), afforded significant neuroprotection as judged by neurotransmitter uptake, immunocytochemical analysis, and cell counting. More importantly, ( (cid:2) )-naloxone, the ineffective enantiomer of ( (cid:1) )-naloxone in binding opioid receptors, was equally effective in affording neuroprotection. Mechanistically, inhibition of A (cid:1) (1–42)-induced production of superoxide in microglia underlay the neuroprotective effect of naloxone ste- reoisomers. Moreover, neuroprotection and inhibition of A (cid:1) (1–42)-induced superoxide production was also achieved with naloxone methiodide, a charged analog with quaternary amine, suggesting that the site of action for naloxone isomers is at the cell surface of microglia. These results demonstrated that naloxone isomers, through mechanisms unrelated to the opioid receptors, were capable of inhibiting A (cid:1) (1–42)-induced microglial activation and degeneration of both cortical and mesen- cephalic neurons. Combined with our previous observations with inflammagen-induced neurodegeneration, naloxone ana- logs, especially ( (cid:2) )-naloxone, may have potential therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s dis- ease. (1–42)-induced degeneration through inhibition of superoxide production in microglia.
Intuition: The Bay Leaf of the Therapeutic Stew

Definitions of intuition are explored and compared with various spiritual understandings. An attempt is made at integration, drawing from Wilbur’s integral spirituality, certain Abrahamic mystics, and Baylor’s U-shaped model of intuition. Potential risks of relying on intuition are discussed, and ways of testing it are explored, including the process of differentiating it from impulses. Specific clinical examples are given to illustrate this work. Suggestions are given to assist clinicians and clients to more readily acknowledge and utilize intuition. This allows intuition, like the flavor of the bay leaf, to permeate their lives and move them a little closer to their own dreams and preferences. The goal of integrating spiritual experiences into the secular setting of the consulting room is achieved.
Pressure-overload-induced subcellular relocalization/oxidation of Pressure-overload-induced subcellular relocalization/oxidation of soluble guanylyl cyclase in the heart modulates enzyme soluble guanylyl cyclase in the heart modulates enzyme stimulation. stimulation.

Rationale: Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) generates cyclic guanosine monophophate (cGMP) upon activation by nitric oxide (NO). Cardiac NO–sGC-cGMP signaling blunts cardiac stress responses, including pressure-overload–induced hypertrophy. The latter itself depresses signaling through this pathway by reducing NO generation and enhancing cGMP hydrolysis. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that the sGC response to NO also declines with pressure-overload stress and assessed the role of heme-oxidation and altered intracellular compartmentation of sGC as potential mechanisms. Methods and Results: C57BL/6 mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) developed cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. NO-stimulated sGC activity was markedly depressed, whereas NO-and heme-independent sGC activation by BAY 60–2770 was preserved. Total sGC (cid:1) 1 and (cid:2) 1 expression were unchanged by TAC; however, sGC (cid:2) 1 subunits shifted out of caveolin-enriched microdomains. NO-stimulated sGC activity was 2-to 3-fold greater in Cav3-containing lipid raft versus nonlipid raft domains in control and 6-fold greater after TAC. In contrast, BAY 60–2770 responses were > 10 fold higher in non-Cav3 domains with and without TAC, declining about 60% after TAC within each compartment. Mice genetically lacking Cav3 had reduced NO-and BAY-stimulated sGC activity in microdomains containing Cav3 for controls but no change within non–Cav3-enriched domains. Conclusions: Pressure overload depresses NO/heme-dependent sGC activation in the heart, consistent with enhanced oxidation. The data reveal a novel additional mechanism for reduced NO-coupled sGC activity related to dynamic shifts in membrane microdomain localization, with Cav3-microdomains protecting sGC from heme-oxidation and facilitating NO responsiveness. Translocation of sGC out of this domain favors sGC oxidation and contributes to depressed NO-stimulated sGC activity. ( Circ Res . 2012;110:295-303.)
Short term Outcome of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Short term Outcome of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Patients with Impaired Left Ventricular Systolic Function Patients with Impaired Left Ventricular Systolic Function

Background: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in patients with left ventricular dysfunction was associated with improved survival compared to medical treatment and coronary stenting. However, the risk of surgery is still high. We aimed to evaluate the short-term outcome of CABG in patients with an ejection fraction of ≤ 40%
Predictors of Online and Offline Sexual Activities and Behaviors Predictors of Online and Offline Sexual Activities and Behaviors Among Adolescents Among Adolescents

Despite the fact that many adolescents spend much time on the Internet, it is unknown who engages in sexually related online activities (SROA) and how these affect adolescent sexual development. The present longitudinal study on 323 adolescents (51.1% girls) aimed to explore how peer attachment processes predicted both SROA and ofﬂine sexual behaviors at the age of 17, while also considering puberty and prior ofﬂine sexual experiences in order to elucidate potential similarities or differences. Findings based on hierarchical, binary logistic regression analyses revealed that SROA were predicted by alienation attachment to peers (OR = 3.36, p < 0.05), puberty (OR = 1.03, p < 0.05), and prior SROA (OR = 0.56, p < 0.001), while only previous ofﬂine sexual experiences at the age of 15 increased the likelihood of ofﬂine sexual behaviors at the age of 17 (OR = 6.04, p < 0.001). Study ﬁndings indicate that the Internet provides an additional context for acquiring sexual experiences during adolescence.
Orion: Interference-aware, Fine-grained GPU Sharing for ML Applications

GPUs are critical for maximizing the throughput-per-Watt of deep neural network (DNN) applications. However, DNN applications often underutilize GPUs, even when using large batch sizes and eliminating input data processing or communication stalls. DNN workloads consist of data-dependent operators, with different compute and memory requirements. While an operator may saturate GPU compute units or memory bandwidth, it often leaves other GPU resources idle. Despite the prevalence of GPU sharing techniques, current approaches are not sufficiently fine-grained or interference-aware to maximize GPU utilization while minimizing interference at the granularity of 10s of 𝜇 s. We propose Orion, a system that transparently intercepts GPU kernel launches from multiple clients sharing a GPU. Orion schedules work on the GPU at the granularity of individual operators and minimizes interference by taking into account each operator’s compute and memory requirements. We integrate Orion in PyTorch and demonstrate its benefits in various DNN workload collocation use cases. Orion significantly improves tail latency compared to state-of-the-art baselines for a high-priority inference job while collocating best-effort inference jobs to increase per-GPU request throughput by up to 7.3 × , or while collocating DNN training, saving up to 1.49 × in training costs compared to dedicated GPU allocation.
Study of the effect of the opioid antagonist "Naltrexone" on acetic Study of the effect of the opioid antagonist "Naltrexone" on acetic acid-induced enteritis in rats acid-induced enteritis in rats

ABSTRACT Background: Crohn's disease is a transmural, relapsing inflammatory condition affecting the digestive tract. Opioid signaling was known to affect secretion and motility in the gut and may be implicated in the inflammatory cascade of Crohn's disease. Endogenous Opioid peptides modulate inflammatory cytokine production. Opioid antagonists have been shown to play a role in healing and repair of tissues. Aim of the study: to detect the possible beneficial effects of opioid antagonist naltrexone in acetic acid-induced enteritis in rats. Animals and Methods: Mature rats are allocated into 9 groups (6 rats each). Enteritis was induced by2trans-rectal injection of acetic acid 4%(2 mg/kg). Salfasalazine (500mg/kg/day), naltrexone (0.05,0.5and one mg/kg/day), and their combination were administered orally from day 1 to day 10. Disease activity index (DAI), biochemical parameters including serum levels of CRP and TNFα, macroscopic and microscopic pathological scores, and in vitro experimental motility studies were used to evaluate the effects of the tested drugs on normal as well as model groups. Results: Induction of enteritis with acetic acid resulted in significant deterioration of DAI, significant elevation of the measured biochemical parameters, and significant deterioration of pathological scores. Treatment with sulfasalazine, low dose of naltrexone, high dose of naltrexone as well as treatment with combination of salfasalazine and naltrexone in both used doses resulted in significant improvement of all measured parameters. Also, Ach-induced contraction of isolated ileal segment showed significant decrease in untreated ones. Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that naltrexone has the potential to ameliorate the inflammatory response to acetic acid. So opioid antagonist.
Single dominant left coronary artery: An autopsy case report with review of literature

Coronary artery anomalous course is rare, reported incidence is approximately 0.3–1.3% of patients undergoing coronary angiography and approximately 1% of routine autopsy examinations. A single coronary artery is an unusual congenital anomaly where only one coronary artery arises from the aortic trunk from a single coronary ostium, supplying the entire heart. We describe here a rare case with an unusual dominant left circumflex artery and absent right coronary artery.
Construction of an intergranular volume compaction curve for evaluating and predicting compaction and porosity loss in rigid-grain sandstone reservoirs

To evaluate compaction as a factor in porosity evolution, a plot of intergranular volume vs. depth was constructed using data from relatively uncemented reservoir sandstones from a variety of depths, ages, and geographic locations. The resulting intergranular-volume-decline curve reveals that sands compact mechanically and intergranular volume declines rapidly, from about 40 to 42% at the surface, to about 28% at 1500 m. Between about 1500 and 2500 m, intergranular volume continues to decline slowly, until the framework stabilizes at around 26% (maximum potential porosity in the absence of cement or matrix). No further significant decrease in intergranular volume is observed to the depth limits of the data set at 6700 m. Comparison of intergranular volume and volume of quartz cement for different formations reveals no obvious balance between intergranular pressure solution (as monitored by intergranular volume) and quartz cementation. This indicates that grain-to-grain pressure solution and quartz cement precipitation do not proceed concomitantly on the thin-section scale. Moreover, grain compaction is limited (to about 26% intergranular volume) in rigid-grain sandstones, which suggests that the occurrence and distribution of deep porosity is a function of the volume of cement available to fill the intergranular pores. Therefore, deep, porous sandstones are relatively uncemented rather than undercompacted.
Temperature Acclimation of Photosystem II Efficiency across Plant Functional Types and Climate

Modelling terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) is central to predicting the global carbon cycle. Much interest has been focused on the environmentally induced dynamics of photosystem energy partitioning and how improvements in the description of such dynamics assist the prediction of light reactions of photosynthesis and therefore GPP. The maximum 10 quantum yield of photosystem II (Φ PSIImax ) is a key parameter of the light reactions that influence the electron transport rate needed for supporting the biochemical reactions of photosynthesis. Φ PSIImax is generally treated as a constant in biochemical photosynthetic models even though a constant Φ PSIImax is expected only for non-stressed plants. We synthesized reported Φ PSIImax values from Pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometry measurements in response to variable temperatures across the globe. We found that Φ PSIImax is strongly affected by prevailing temperature regimes with declined values in both hot and cold 15 conditions. To understand the spatiotemporal variability of Φ PSIImax , we analysed the dependence of the temperature acclimation of Φ PSIImax on plant functional type (PFT) and habitat climatology. The analysis showed that temperature acclimation of Φ PSIImax is shaped more by climate than by PFT for plants with broad latitudinal distributions or in regions with extreme temperature variability. There is a trade-off between the temperature range within which Φ PSIImax remains maximal and the overall rate of decline of Φ PSIImax outside the temperature range such that species cannot be simultaneously tolerant and 20 resilient to extreme temperatures. Our study points to a quantitative approach for improving electron transport and