Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induce phosphorus limitation in herbivorous insects?

Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition has shifted many ecosystems from nitrogen (N) limitation to phosphorus (P) limitation. Although well documented in plants, no study to date has explored whether N deposition exacerbates P limitation at higher trophic levels, or focused on the effects of induced plant P limitation on trophic interactions. Insect herbivores exhibit strict N : P homeostasis, and should therefore be very sensitive to variations in plant N : P stoichiometry and prone to experiencing deposition‐induced P limitation. In the current study, we investigated the effects of N deposition and P availability on a plant‐herbivorous insect system. Using common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) and two of its specialist herbivores, the monarch caterpillar (Danaus plexippus) and milkweed aphid (Aphis asclepiadis) as our study system, we found that experimental N deposition caused P limitation in milkweed plants, but not in either insect species. However, the mechanisms for the lack of P limitation were different for each insect species. The body tissues of A. asclepiadis always exhibited higher N : P ratios than that of the host plant, suggesting that the N demand of this species exceeds P demand, even under high N deposition levels. For D. plexippus, P addition increased the production of latex, which is an important defense negatively affecting D. plexippus growth rate. As a result, we illustrate that P limitation of herbivores is not an inevitable consequence of anthropogenic N deposition in terrestrial systems. Rather, species‐specific demands for nutrients and the defensive responses of plants combine to determine the responses of herbivores to P availability under N deposition.
Reply to “Placenta Previa Accreta and Previous Cesarean Section: Some Clarifications”

1505 study. Chin Med J 2018;131:672‐6. doi: 10.4103/0366‐6999.226902. 2. Kamara M, Henderson JJ, Doherty DA, Dickinson JE, Pennell CE. The risk of placenta accreta following primary elective caesarean delivery: A case‐control study. BJOG 2013;120:879‐86. doi: 10.1111/1471‐0528.12148. 3. Downes KL, Hinkle SN, Sjaarda LA, Albert PS, Grantz KL. Previous prelabor or intrapartum cesarean delivery and risk of placenta previa. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:669.e1‐6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog. 2015.01. 004. 4. Jastrow N, Gauthier RJ, Gagnon G, Leroux N, Beaudoin F, Bujold E, et al. Impact of labor at prior cesarean on lower uterine segment thickness in subsequent pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:563.e1‐7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog. 2009.10. 894. 5. Abdelazim I, Farghali MM, Elbiaa AA, Abdelrazak KM, Hussain M, Yehia AH, et al. Impact of antenatal oxytocin infusion on neonatal respiratory morbidity associated with elective cesarean section. Arch Med Sci 2017;13:629‐34. doi: 10.5114/ aoms.2017. 67292.
Production of a Soybean Meal with High-Protein and Low Anti-Nutritional Factors for Fish Feed

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing areas of the food production system. According to the FAO, its rise is expected to continue through the year 2030 in order to maintain per-capita consumption levels required for the increasing population. Fishmeal—obtained from wildharvested fish—has been the source of protein for fish feed. However, data indicates that these fish harvests are in decline, which could restrain that growth. The possibility of a shortage of fishmeal prompted the industry to look into possible alternatives. Soybean meal appears as a promising substitute since it is an affordable high quality source of protein. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors—trypsin inhibitors, lectins, glycinin, β-conglycinin, saponins, phytates, and oligosaccharides—can negatively affect the growth and the general health of fish, limiting its inclusion as fish food. Several studies have been done in order to reduce these antinutritional factors. However, there is no method that eliminates all of them while preserving the protein content of the soybean meal. The aim of this work was to obtain a protein-rich soybean meal with low anti-nutritional factors and a greater protein digestibility to be used for fish food. To accomplish this, the deactivation kinetics (D and Z-values) of glycinin and β-conglycinin at different temperatures were studied using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The reduction in the content of phytate was evaluated by pre-treatment of soybean meal with phytase. And lastly, Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was employed to determine the best combination of factors (temperature, time, pH, and ethanol concentration) that maximizes the extraction of soluble sugars, saponins, and phytate while increasing protein content and digestibility. Results indicated that the inclusion of phytase under different conditions reduced the phytate content. The CCRD determined that a pH of 4.5 at 59C, 35% ethanol concentration for 65 minutes are the optimal conditions for the highest extraction of soluble anti-nutritional factors, which increased the content of total protein and digestibility of the soybean meal. However, according to the kinetics studies, the deactivation of glycinin—the more resistant of the two proteins—at this temperature is not complete.
Survey on UAV Cellular Communications: Practical Aspects, Standardization Advancements, Regulation, and Security Challenges

The rapid growth of consumer unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is creating promising new business opportunities for cellular operators. On the one hand, UAVs can be connected to cellular networks as new types of user equipment, therefore generating significant revenues for the operators that can guarantee their stringent service requirements. On the other hand, UAVs offer the unprecedented opportunity to realize UAV-mounted flying base stations (BSs) that can dynamically reposition themselves to boost coverage, spectral efficiency, and user quality of experience. Indeed, the standardization bodies are currently exploring possibilities for serving commercial UAVs with cellular networks. Industries are beginning to trial early prototypes of flying BSs or user equipments, while academia is in full swing researching mathematical and algorithmic solutions to address interesting new problems arising from flying nodes in cellular networks. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of all of these developments promoting smooth integration of UAVs into cellular networks. Specifically, we survey: 1) the types of consumer UAVs currently available off-the-shelf; 2) the interference issues and potential solutions addressed by standardization bodies for serving aerial users with the existing terrestrial BSs; 3) the challenges and opportunities for assisting cellular communications with UAV-based flying relays and BSs; 4) the ongoing prototyping and test bed activities; 5) the new regulations being developed to manage the commercial use of UAVs; and 6) the cyber-physical security of UAV-assisted cellular communications.
Novel topical therapy for corneal blood staining

severity of retinopathy (if present), the presence of macular pathology and the eye(s) affected. Results showed that when retinopathy is present, 16.2% of O‐O&O did not clearly differentiate vision‐threatening retinopathy from milder forms of retinopathy and 38.3% of correspondence did not comment on the presence of macular pathology. If retinopathy was reported, only 53.3% of letters from O‐O&O specified the affected eye(s). Information in the report from O‐O&O as well as its dissemination to appropriate clinicians can have significant implications for a patient’s diabetes care. Treating doctors often rely on it when individualizing a patient’s glycaemic target. With the current strain on healthcare resources, public eye clinic appointments can be utilized more efficiently so that patients in whom vision‐threatening threating retinopathy is identified can access prompt intervention. Some patients with significant retinopathy fail to have regular follow‐up eye consultations because of the time and costs involved. If the treating doctor knows that a patient has vision‐ threatening retinopathy likely to require intervention (rather than just monitoring) and conveys this message clearly, the patient may be more prepared to attend follow‐up. Our findings could serve as a stimulus for generating a dialogue between healthcare providers on what is the optimal format to convey pertinent eye care information in correspondence. A standardized reporting format and pathway would likely improve the chance of information being appropriately directed and acted upon. This is consistent with the stated aim of the National Diabetes Strategy. We would advocate using a numerical grading approach similar to the National Health Service Diabetes Eye Screening Programme of R0, R1, R2, M1 and M2 and so on. The now widely adopted numerical Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytology has greatly facilitated the interpretation of biopsy results. The adoption of a numerical format should not undermine the importance of a more descriptive report with recommendations, but it will minimize ambiguity in what the eye care professionals think should be undertaken. Similarly, this framework is not intended to replace ongoing professional training or override local guidelines for referral but should ideally facilitate both processes. Another advantage of a numerical reporting system is the ability to foster the collection of uniform diabetes eye data for research. We propose that a working party of ophthalmologists, optometrists, endocrinologists, diabetes educators, general practitioners and other interested parties be assembled to discuss the feasibility of moving in this direction. Eddy J Tabet MBBS(Hons), Maria I Constantino BInfoTech, Jencia Wong PhD and Dennis Yue PhD Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney, and Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Received 13 November 2016; accepted 17 November 2016.
Logic synthesis for vlsi design

Very Large Scale Integration (scVLSI) currently allows hundreds of thousands of transistors in a single application-specific integrated circuit. The trend of increasing levels of integration has stressed the ability of the designer to keep pace. Traditional integrated circuit design has relied on analysis tools to measure the quality and correctness of a circuit before fabrication. However, only recently have synthesis tools been used to assist in the design process. The advantages of automatic synthesis include reduced design time, reduced probability of design error, and higher quality designs because more effort is focused at higher-levels in the design. Automatic placement and routing, a form of physical design synthesis, has become widely accepted over the last five years; however, logic design has, for the most part, remained a manual task. Logic synthesis is the automation of the logic design phase of scVLSI design; that is, choosing the specific gates and their interconnection to build a desired function. For digital integrated circuits which are partitioned into control and data-path portions, design of the control logic is often the most time-consuming. It is generally on the critical path for timing, and, because of the complexity of producing a correct description of the control, it is often on the critical path for completion of the design. Therefore, tools to assist in logic design will have a large impact on the design of integrated circuits. However, the benefits of automatic logic design are lost if the result does not meet its area, speed, or power constraints. Therefore, a critical aspect of automatic logic synthesis is the optimization problem of deriving a high-quality design from an initial specification. This thesis provides a set of logic optimization algorithms which together form a complete system for logic synthesis in a scVLSI design environment. Efficient, optimal algorithms are proposed for two-level minimization, multiple-level decomposition, and technology mapping. The techniques described in this thesis have been implemented in a software program called scMIS. The design of a complex digital circuit is included as part of this thesis to demonstrate the application of logic synthesis to a realistic design problem.
Argument / Adjunct Distinction Criteria in Japanese å , kJQ Å û o ! Ü : % ̄ é ¤ Æê ¢

This paper tackles the problem of distinguishing, among verbal complements, between arguments and adjuncts (hereafter AAD for “argument/adjunct distinction”). This topic has been studied extensively in natural language processing, notably in dependency analysis, predicate frame acquisition, and semantic role labeling. However, only a few works tried to account for the existence of a continuum between arguments and adjuncts. In this paper, we introduce two linguistically motivated AAD criteria developed for the case of Japanese, with respect to the continuum between arguments and adjuncts, and compared them to a baseline, following different evaluation methods, on more than 30,000 predicative structures.
On consistency and sparsity for sliced inverse regression in high dimensions

We provide here a framework to analyze the phase transition phenomenon of slice inverse regression (SIR), a supervised dimension reduction technique introduced by \cite{Li:1991}. Under mild conditions, the asymptotic ratio $\rho= \lim p/n$ is the phase transition parameter and the SIR estimator is consistent if and only if $\rho= 0$. When dimension $p$ is greater than $n$, we propose a diagonal thresholding screening SIR (DT-SIR) algorithm. This method provides us with an estimate of the eigen-space of the covariance matrix of the conditional expectation $var(\mathbf{E}[\boldsymbol{x}|y])$. The desired dimension reduction space is then obtained by multiplying the inverse of the covariance matrix on the eigen-space. Under certain sparsity assumptions on both the covariance matrix of predictors and the loadings of the directions, we prove the consistency of DT-SIR in estimating the dimension reduction space in high dimensional data analysis. Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate superior performances of the proposed method in comparison to its competitors.
Literacy instruction in multicultural settings

Preface. 1. An Invitation to History and Exploration. 2. Principles and Actions of Strategic Readers and Writers: Conditions for Fostering Literacy. 3. The Role of Reading, Writing, and Discussion in Conceptual Learning. 4. Considerations for Selecting and Using Textbooks. 5. Literature-Based Instruction in Content Areas. 6. Possibilities for Literacy Instruction in the Content Areas. 7. Creating a Classroom for Literacy Instruction in the Content Areas. References. Index.
Behavioral thermoregulation in a tropical gastropod: links to climate change scenarios

Tropical species are vulnerable to global warming because they live at, or near to, their upper thermal threshold limits. Therefore, the predicted increase in the frequency of warming events in the tropics is expected to be critical for the survival of local species. This study explored the major environmental variables which were thought to be correlated with body temperatures (BTs) of the tropical snail Littoraria scabra at the niche level. A correlation between BT and substrate temperature (ST) was detected from field observations which suggests a possible causal relationship between both substrate and BTs. In contrast, there was no correlation between BT and air temperature. Field observations suggest that 33.4 °C may be L. scabra upper limit of substrate surface temperature, although further experiments are needed to assess if the upper limit of physiological tolerance is actually different. As L. scabra individuals were free to choose their substrata, the observed distribution pattern at the niche level is related to L. scabra's behavior. Additionally, substrate surface temperatures were very heterogeneous at centimeter scale (i.e. from 22.5 to 53.1 °C) and L. scabra was shown to select specific STs (i.e. between 22.5 and 33.4 °C) rather than microhabitat type. Therefore, L. scabra did not seem to behaviorally thermoregulate through microhabitat selection nor aggregation. In contrast, behavioral experiments showed that L. scabra has the ability to actively select a thermally favorable site over short temporal scale (i.e. individual average speed of 1.26 cm min−1) following exposure to high temperatures above 33.4 °C. Hence, this study supports the crucial need to integrate intertidal invertebrate behavioral responses to thermal constraints in climate change studies.
Rocker-Bottom, Profile-Type Shoes Do Not Increase Lower Extremity Muscle Activity or Energy Cost of Walking

Abstract Santo, AS, Roper, JL, Dufek, JS, and Mercer, JA. Rocker-bottom, profile-type shoes do not increase lower extremity muscle activity or energy cost of walking. J Strength Cond Res 26(9): 2426–2431, 2012—The purpose of this study was to determine if wearing rocker-bottom shoes with compliant midsoles (RB) influences muscle activity and metabolic cost of walking. Furthermore, we sought to determine if weight differences between shod conditions accounted for any potential change. Twenty-eight subjects (17 women, 11 men, age 22.8 ± 6.6 years; weight 72 ± 20 kg; height 170 ± 6.7 cm; percent body fat 23.0 ± 11.7) walked on a treadmill (0% grade) for 10 minutes at a self-selected speed plus 10% (1.3 ± 0.2 m·s−1) in each of the following laboratory-provided shoes: flat-bottomed shoe (W), flat-bottomed shoe weight-matched to RB (WM), and RB. Muscle activity of the right side biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), gastrocnemius (GA), and tibalis anterior (TA) was recorded for 30 seconds at the beginning, middle, and ending of the 10-minute walk using an electromyography (EMG) system. The average (AVG) and root mean square (RMS) were calculated from full-wave rectified EMG data at each interval. The rate of oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) was measured for 10 minutes during each condition. A 3 (shoe) × 3 (time) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare each EMG-dependent variable (AVG and RMS EMG of each muscle), and repeated measures ANOVA was used to test V[Combining Dot Above]O2. Muscle activity (for any muscle) was not influenced by the interaction of shoe and time (p > 0.05). The AVG and RMS for RF, BF, and GA, including V[Combining Dot Above]O2, were not different among shod conditions (W: 9.7 ± 0.6 ml·kg−1·min−1; WM: 10.0 ± 0.5 ml·kg−1·min−1; RB: 10.1 ± 0.5 ml·kg−1·min−1), whereas TA AVG and RMS were lower during RB (p < 0.05). It seems that there is no increase in muscle activity or metabolic cost while wearing RB beyond the flat-bottomed shoe despite there being the rocker-profile design and mass differences.
Calcium salts yield highest digestibility

E. Block is senior manager of research and technical services with Church & Dwight Co. Inc.'s ARM & HAMMER Animal Nutrition group. W. Chalupa is professor of animal nutrition with the faculty of veterinary medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square. E. Evans is chief executive officer of Technical Advisory Services, Bowmanville, Ont. T. Jenkins is professor of animal and veterinary sciences at Clemson University. P. Moate is research coordinator for the faculty of veterinary medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square. D. Palmquist is professor emeritus of OARDC/The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio. C. Sniffen is president of Fencrest LLC, Holderness, N.H.
Unified spatial scaling of species and their trophic interactions

Canada, Vancouver, 1987). 23. Hyndman, R. D. Dipping reflectors, electrically conductive zones and free water beneath a subduction zone. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 13391–13405 (1988). 24. Dragert, H. , Wang, K. & James, T. S. A silent slip event on the deeper Cascadia subduction interface. Science 292, 1525–1528 (2001). 25. Rogers, G. & Dragert, H. Episodic tremor and slip on the Cascadia subduction zone: The chatter of
Cxcl12 Deletion in Mesenchymal Cells Increases Bone Turnover and Attenuates the Loss of Cortical Bone Caused by Estrogen Deficiency in Mice

CXCL12 is abundantly expressed in reticular cells associated with the perivascular niches of the bone marrow (BM) and is indispensable for B lymphopoiesis. Cxcl12 promotes osteoclastogenesis and has been implicated in pathologic bone resorption. We had shown earlier that estrogen receptor α deletion in osteoprogenitors and estrogen deficiency in mice increase Cxcl12 mRNA and protein levels in the BM plasma, respectively. We have now generated female and male mice with conditional deletion of a Cxcl12 allele in Prrx1 targeted cells (Cxcl12∆Prrx1) and show herein that they have a 90% decrease in B lymphocytes but increased erythrocytes and adipocytes in the marrow. Ovariectomy increased the expression of Cxcl12 and B‐cell number in the Cxcl12f/f control mice, but these effects were abrogated in the Cxcl12∆Prrx1 mice. Cortical bone mass was not affected in Cxcl12∆Prrx1 mice. Albeit, the cortical bone loss caused by ovariectomy was greatly attenuated. Most unexpectedly, the rate of bone turnover in sex steroid–sufficient female or male Cxcl12∆Prrx1 mice was dramatically increased, as evidenced by a more than twofold increase in several osteoblast‐ and osteoclast‐specific mRNAs, as well as increased mineral apposition and bone formation rate and increased osteoclast number in the endosteal surface. The magnitude of the Cxcl12∆Prrx1‐induced changes were much greater than those caused by ovariectomy or orchidectomy in the Cxcl12f/f mice. These results strengthen the evidence that CXCL12 contributes to the loss of cortical bone mass caused by estrogen deficiency. Moreover, they reveal for the first time that in addition to its effects on hematopoiesis, CXCL12 restrains bone turnover—without changing the balance between resorption and formation—by suppressing osteoblastogenesis and the osteoclastogenesis support provided by cells of the osteoblast lineage. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Severe dental fluorosis in children consuming fluoride containing magadi salt

Denal fluorosis' In chilcRn has been reported In East Afi1ca illldhs pn! V3Ience illldseverfty 1n5eV1! 131 areas was hl&f. ,-dunwould be expected Ii'om the ftuortde content In W3b! 1'SUppleS. Thk swdy aimed CO measure denal fluorosis In SOr.ll1Cbnly selected 12 CO 15ys--oId chndren wfto were born and r.ised In an endemk fluorosis a'ea In northern Tarwnla, and 3IriIed CO I"eIare the prev.JIeiKe and severity of their denal Ouorosls CO F". exposure. BuOCaI surfaces of all permanent teeth were scored for fluorosis acconIng CO the· ThyIsUup Fejentov Index (TFI). OtIIcRn illldtheir mothers were Interviewed with aid of a (JIe5IIonnaire about cJeC.y habIIs·iIIId methods of food preparation. 96% of the ~Ined children exhibited ftuorosis of TFI ) 4 on more dian 2 teeth. The W3b! I' soun:es used since birth had a low F" content of 15 dian 0.4 ppm F". Resuhs of the interviews revealed the fi'eqUent use of -map! -, a poI35h (U'OiIa) salt. which k added cobN. 'i ali a tenderizer. The F" aJI1CefItr.Itio In map! SarIlpies coIleaed Ii'om 25 clffinnt house hold! ; rai1&ed Ii'om 760 co 6800 ppm (mean 2776'PIJI1l). It was alculated mat amhs In chis conununlty ainsumed appruxImab! Iy 34l1li F" per week Ihrough m . conalnlng meals. Although InranlS started co Ingest Ooortde ~rnapdI containing meals In the ftrst ysafter birth, an accurate estimate of F" consumption cluing period of tooth formation was not possI)le on the balik of the present data. The lack of an auodation between denal Ouorosis and F" exposure In some of the previous reports Ii'om Afiican communldes may be explained by Il1adequare Identification of available F" sources. Many areali In Tarwnla endemic fluorosis may.occur ali a result of high F" supplementadon CO food rather dian exposure.co F" in minting water. This u~ fuRher' researdI.