Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A hybrid mechanism for the initiation and expansion of loess caves across the Chinese Loess Plateau

Loess caves are a distinctive and widespread landform on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Their formation contributes considerably to the soil erosion and land degradation; however, quantitative studies that improve the mechanistic understanding of their formation are still lacking. We aimed to explore the formation mechanism of loess caves and selected nine study sites across the CLP with different degrees of cave development and varied environmental conditions. We surveyed the study sites (~9.6 km2) using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). We mapped the loess caves using high‐resolution UAV images and quantified their degree of development (i.e., density and area). We then analyzed the topographic characteristics of loess caves at individual sites and examined the environmental controls (i.e., climatic factors and soil properties) on the degree of loess cave development at different sites. The results show that loess caves are predominantly distributed in gullies and high topographic wetness index areas with clear topographic preferences, which suggests that cave initiation is accomplished by mechanical scouring. The average area correlated negatively with density but positively with saturated hydraulic conductivity, indicating loess cave expansion is a dissolution process caused by infiltrated water. Finally, we proposed a hybrid mechanism for loess cave development, where mechanical scouring dominates the initiation and dissolution expansion drives their expansion. Both initiation and expansion need, but compete for, surface runoff, and hydrologically relevant processes dominate loess cave development. Based on the non‐linear relationship between loess cave development and precipitation (NDVI), we proposed that the impact of vegetation rehabilitation on loess cave development needs to be assessed on a sub‐regional basis.
Teicoplanin and vancomycin as treatment for glycopeptide-susceptible Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia: a propensity score-adjusted non-inferior comparative study

Abstract Objectives Limited evidence is available regarding alternative therapeutic agents to vancomycin in treating glycopeptide-susceptible Enterococcus faecium (GSEF) bacteraemia. This study assessed the effectiveness and safety of teicoplanin compared with vancomycin for treating GSEF bacteraemia. Patients and methods This was a retrospective, non-inferiority cohort study. Patients aged ≥18 years who developed GSEF bacteraemia and received either teicoplanin or vancomycin were included. The primary effectiveness outcome was the clinical success at the end of treatment, with a generalized linear model using the propensity score for selecting the agent as a covariate. We used an absolute difference of 20% in clinical success as the non-inferiority margin. Using multivariable logistic regression, the primary safety outcome was the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). Results In total, 164 patients (74 and 90 in the teicoplanin and vancomycin groups, respectively) were included. Overall, 64.9% (48/74) and 48.9% (44/90) of patients in the teicoplanin and vancomycin groups, respectively, achieved the primary effectiveness outcome. A generalized linear analysis showed an adjusted effectiveness difference of 9.9% (95% CI, −0.9% to 20.0%; P = 0.07), indicating non-inferiority of teicoplanin versus vancomycin. The incidence of AKI was 8.1% (6/74) and 24.4% (22/90) in the teicoplanin and vancomycin groups, respectively, with an adjusted OR of 0.242 (95% CI, 0.068 to 0.864; P = 0.029), indicating significantly lower AKI risk in the teicoplanin than in the vancomycin group. Conclusions Teicoplanin is a safe and useful alternative therapeutic agent for treating GSEF bacteraemia.
Error Estimates for Doubly-Generalized Tikhonov-Phillips Regularization

In this work, error estimates are presented for the case in which the regularized solution is obtained by minimizing doubly-generalized Tikhonov-Phillips functionals. The first result is based mainly on an assumption given by a source condition. It is proved that it is possible to replace this assumption by a variational inequality, obtaining analogous result of the error estimate. Finally, relationships are established between the optimality condition associated with the problem, the source condition and the variational inequality. On the other hand, it is known that, in certain cases, the use of two or more penalizing terms is useful. For this reason, generalizations of the results of error estimates are presented for cases in which the regularized solution is a minimizer of doubly-generalized Tikhonov-Phillips functionals with multiple penalizers.
Global phase insensitive loss function for deep learning in holographic imaging and projection applications

Holographic imaging and projection are increasingly used for important applications such as augmented reality,1 3D microscopy2 and imaging through optical fibres.3 However, there are emerging applications that require control or detection of phase, where deep learning techniques are used as faster alternatives to conventional hologram generation algorithms or phase-retrieval algorithms.4 Although conventional mean absolute error (MAE) loss function or mean squared error (MSE) can directly compare complex values for absolute control of phase, there is a class of problems whose solutions are degenerate within a global phase factor, but whose relative phase between pixels must be preserved. In such cases, MAE is not suitable because it is sensitive to global phase differences. We therefore develop a ‘global phase insensitive’ loss function that estimates the global phase factor between predicted and target outputs and normalises the predicted output to remove this factor before calculating MAE. As a case study we demonstrate ≤ 0.1% error in the recovery of complex-valued optical fibre transmission matrices via a neural network. This global phase insensitive loss function will offer new opportunities for deep learning-based holographic image reconstruction, 3D holographic projection for augmented reality and coherent imaging through optical fibres.
Luminescent thermometry for aerodynamic measurements

A luminescent temperature sensitive paint containing the molecule rhodamine B base in a silicone polymer paint has been developed that utilizes video imaging detection to produce temperature maps of an entire surface from luminescence intensity measurements. The luminescent thermometry system has been calibrated in the laboratory to have an intensity loss of 2.30% per °C, in the range of 10 to 46 °C, with a root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) of 0.26 °C. To evaluate the technique, transient temperature field measurements have been made on a copper plate with a heater at one end. In spite of a loss in sensitivity of the paint due to aging effects that reduced sensitivity to 1.39% intensity loss per °C, the calculated RMSPE was 0.25 °C and the time series of temperature profiles predicted from luminescence agree with those predicted by a numerical solution to the heat flow equation. Data was also collected from the surface of an airfoil in a wind tunnel experiment. In spite of systematic temperature d.
Social justice leadership: a tribute to Kadir Beycioglu

ABSTRACT This article is a tribute to Kadir Beycioglu, a Turkish academic who passed away prematurely in August 2021 due to a terrible illness. His death was met with a deep shock and great sadness by all who knew him. The different sections of this article summarise his influential work in the field of educational leadership and social justice and invite the reader to take a brief journey through his relentless struggle to improve the rights of children and youth, both in his home country and abroad. The text discusses the pillars underpinning social justice and the steps to be taken for its implementation in schools. The article relies on the principle that every child’s dream matters, emphasising the need to eradicate the scourge of segregation and exclusion from schools to which Kadir so often referred in his work. The conclusion reflects on the evolution that social justice leadership has taken so far and looks to the future by considering the emergence of networking as a useful ally at the service of education for social justice, which is making a true difference on the road to a more socially just school.
Vertical GaN Transistor with Semi‐Insulating Channel

Herein, vertical GaN transistors with a semi‐insulating (SI) 1.3 μm thick channel layer and C doping of 1 × 1017 cm−3 are studied. Structures are grown using a metal–organic chemical vapor deposition on conductive GaN substrates. SI GaN is sandwiched between 2.5 μm thick n‐GaN drift layer (Si doping of ≈ 1 × 1017 cm−3) and a top n‐GaN contact layer. A circular mesa region with a diameter of 180 μm is patterned using a deep dry etching. The gate contact formed on the mesa sidewall is insulated from the vertical channel using a 20 nm thick Al2O3 grown by an atomic layer deposition. Despite a robust layout, transistors transfer characteristics indicate normally off behavior if extracted from the linearly scaled current–voltage characteristics and an open channel drain current of 30 mA at the gate bias of 4 V. Achieved on/off ratio is 107 at −2 V subthreshold gate bias when the full channel depletion is reached. And, 200 ns long gate pulse characteristics show only a marginal trapping even though no post‐metallization annealing is performed. By comparing experimental results with modeling, mobility of free electrons in the channel is found to be about 45 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Multilevel Item Response Models: An Approach to Errors in Variables Regression

In this article we show how certain analytic problems that arise when one attempts to use latent variables as outcomes in regression analyses can be addressed by taking a multilevel perspective on item response modeling. Under a multilevel, or hierarchical, perspective we cast the item response model as a within-student model and the student population distribution as a between-student model. Taking this perspective leads naturally to an extension of the student population model to include a range of student-level variables, and it invites the possibility of further extending the models to additional levels so that multilevel models can be applied with latent outcome variables. In the two-level case, the model that we employ is formally equivalent to the plausible value procedures that are used as part of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), but we present the method for a different class of measurement models, and we use a simultaneous estimation method rather than two-step estimation. In our application of the models to the appropriate treatment of measurement error in the dependent variable of a between-student regression, we also illustrate the adequacy of some approximate procedures that are used in NAEP.
Self-aligned self assembly of multi-nanowire silicon field effect transistors

We demonstrate the efficacy of diblock copolymer self assembly for solving key fabrication challenges of aggressively scaled silicon field effect transistors. These materials spontaneously form nanometer-scale patterns that self-align to larger-scale lithography, enabling construction of sub-lithographic semiconducting transistor channels composed of arrays of parallel nanowires with critical dimensions (15 nm width, 40 nm pitch) defined by self assembly. The number of nanowires in the arrays is readily adjusted, greatly reducing the complexity associated with width-scaling of nanowire transistors. We measured Schottky source/drain multi-nanowire n-channel devices comprised of 6, 8, 10, and 16 nanowires, with current drives of ∼5μA∕wire and current on/off ratios of ∼105.
Defect gap solitons in self-focusing Kerr media with parity-time symmetric linear superlattices and modulated nonlinear lattices

We report the existence and stability of defect solitons (DSs) in a dissipative system with a parity-time (PT) symmetric linear superlattice and modulated periodical nonlinearity based on self-focusing Kerr media. It is found that for positive defects, the DSs can exist stably in the semi-infinite gap. For negative defects, the DSs can exist stably in both the semi-infinite and the first gap. The DSs in high power regions are unstable. If the defect strength increases, the stable regions shrink rapidly and eventually disappear. If the PT-symmetry is broken, all DSs are unstable.
Collapse and rebound of a spherical bubble in water

Some numerical solutions are presented which describe the flow in the vicinity of a collapsing spherical bubble in water. The bubble is assumed to contain a small amount of gas and the solutions are taken beyond the point where the bubble reaches its minimum radius up to the stage where a pressure wave forms which propagates outwards into the liquid. The motion during collapse, up to the point where the minimum radius is attained, is determined by solving the equations of motion both in the Lagrangian and in the characteristic form. These are found to be in good agreement with each other and also with the approximate theory of Gilmore which is shown to be accurate over a wide range of Mach number. The liquid flow during the rebound, which occurs after the minimum radius has been attained, is determined from a solution of the Lagrangian equations. It is shown that an acoustic approximation is valid even for fairly high pressures, and this fact is used to determine the peak intensity of the pressure wave as it moves outwards at a distance from the center of collapse. It is estimated in the case of typical cavitation bubbles that such intensities are sufficient to cause cavitation damage.
A Cephalometric Analysis Assessing the Validity of Camper’s Plane to Establishing the Occlusal Plane in Edentulous Patients

Complete denture fabrication requires multiple clinical and laboratory steps. One of the most critical clinical steps is establishing an anatomical occlusal plane based on hard and soft tissue references. The aim of this study was to determine whether age or gender affects the level of the Ala-Tragus plane to establish which reference point on the Tragus should be used when fabricating the occlusal plane in edentulous patients. Clinical photographs and lateral cephalometric radiographs with complete dentitions were taken from 58 volunteers at the DMD clinic at the University of Kentucky. Each photograph was superimposed over its corresponding cephalometric image. An analysis was conducted to establish the angle of the occlusal plane relative to the Ala-Tragus landmarks; this data was then grouped according to age and gender. The analysis shows that age and gender did not significantly affect where the Camper’s plane should be approximated for complete denture treatment. However, it was found that the most parallel line to the occlusal plane was Ala’s inferior border to the ‘Tragus’s inferior border. It should be noted that the volunteers’ skeletal classification was significantly related to a Cl III malocclusion tendency. Still, with this new information, functionality and esthetics can be more adequately addressed for patients undergoing complete denture treatment. Given our results, we suggest redefining the ‘Camper’s plane with a line extending from ‘Ala’s inferior border to the ‘Tragus’s inferior border instead of the superior border. Further consideration should be taken if the patient is a skeletal CL III malocclusion.
Smartvessel: A New Extinguisher Prototype Based on New Materials and IoT Sensors

Smartvessel is an innovative fire extinguisher prototype supported by new materials and IoT technology that seeks to improve the functionality and efficiency of conventional fire extinguishers. Storage containers for gases and liquids are essential for industrial activity as they enable higher energy density. The main contributions of this new prototype are (i) innovation in the use of new materials that provide lighter and more resistant extinguishers, both mechanically and against corrosion in aggressive environments. For this purpose, these characteristics are directly compared in vessels made of steel, aramid fiber and carbon fiber with the filament winding technique. (ii) The integration of sensors that allow its monitoring and provide the possibility of predictive maintenance. The prototype is tested and validated on a ship, where accessibility is complicated and critical. For this purpose, different data transmission parameters are defined, verifying that no data are lost. Finally, a noise study of these measurements is carried out to verify the quality of each data. Acceptable coverage values are achieved with very low read noise, on average less than 1%, and a weight reduction of 30% is obtained.
Diet Quality, Microbial Lignan Metabolites, and Cardiometabolic Health among US Adults

The gut microbiome has been shown to play a role in the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic health. We sought to examine the degree to which key microbial lignan metabolites are involved in the relationship between diet quality and cardiometabolic health using a multidimensional framework. This analysis was undertaken using cross-sectional data from 4685 US adults (age 43.6 ± 16.5 years; 50.4% female) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1999–2010. Dietary data were collected from one to two separate 24-hour dietary recalls and diet quality was characterized using the 2015 Healthy Eating Index. Cardiometabolic health markers included blood lipid profile, glycemic control, adiposity, and blood pressure. Microbial lignan metabolites considered were urinary concentrations of enterolignans, including enterolactone and enterodiol, with higher levels indicating a healthier gut microbial environment. Models were visually examined using a multidimensional approach and statistically analyzed using three-dimensional generalized additive models. There was a significant interactive association between diet quality and microbial lignan metabolites for triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, oral glucose tolerance, adiposity, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (all p < 0.05). Each of these cardiometabolic health markers displayed an association such that optimal cardiometabolic health was only observed in individuals with both high diet quality and elevated urinary enterolignans. When comparing effect sizes on the multidimensional response surfaces and model selection criteria, the strongest support for a potential moderating relationship of the gut microbiome was observed for fasting triglycerides and oral glucose tolerance. In this study, we revealed interactive associations of diet quality and microbial lignan metabolites with cardiometabolic health markers. These findings suggest that the overall association of diet quality on cardiometabolic health may be affected by the gut microbiome.
Improving the efficiency of polymer solar cells by incorporating gold nanoparticles into all polymer layers

We demonstrate efficiency improvement in polymer solar cells (PSCs) by ∼22% through incorporating Au nanoparticles (NPs) into all polymer layers. Au NPs are found to have distinct mechanisms in improving device performance when incorporated in different polymer layers. Au NPs in poly‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) mainly contribute to better hole collection while Au NPs in active layer contributes to the enhanced optical absorption and more balanced charge‐transport. Our theoretical result shows that the absorption enhancement at the active layer is attributed to plasmon resonances with strong near‐field distributions penetrated into absorption polymers. These findings can be applied to design high‐efficiency metallic NPs‐incorporated PSCs.
Clustering with kernel-based equiprobabilistic topographic maps

A new unsupervised competitive learning rule is introduced which performs equiprobabilistic topographic map formation. The receptive fields are overlapping radially-symmetric kernels of which the radii are adapted to the local input density, together with the weight vectors which define the kernel centers. The application envisaged is density-based clustering.
Improving Log-Based Anomaly Detection by Pre-Training Hierarchical Transformers

Pre-trained models, such as BERT, have resulted in significant pre-trained models, such as BERT, have resulted in significant improvements in many natural language processing (NLP) applications. However, due to differences in word distribution and domain data distribution, applying NLP advancements to log analysis directly faces some performance challenges. This paper studies how to adapt the recently introduced pre-trained language model BERT for log analysis. In this work, we propose a pre-trained log representation model with hierarchical bidirectional encoder transformers (namely, HilBERT). Unlike previous work, which used raw text as pre-training data, we parse logs into templates before using the log templates to pre-train HilBERT. We also design a hierarchical transformers model to capture log template sequence-level information. We use log-based anomaly detection for downstream tasks and fine-tune our model with different log data. Our experiments demonstrate that HilBERT outperforms other baseline techniques on unstable log data. While BERT obtains performance comparable to that of previous state-of-the-art models, HilBERT can significantly address the problem of log instability and achieve accurate and robust results.
A New Definition of the Virtual Temperature, Valid for the Atmosphere and the CO2-Rich Air of the Vadose Zone

Abstract In speleological environments, partial pressures of carbon dioxide (CO2) are often large enough to affect overall air density. Excluding this gas when defining the gas constant for air, a new definition is proposed for the virtual temperature Tυ that remains valid for the atmosphere in general but furthermore serves to examine the buoyancy of CO2-rich air in caves and other subterranean airspaces.
Anisotropic model for resonant heating of ions by Alfvén waves

Abstract Anisotropic heating of ions by Alfvén waves with frequency in the ion–cyclotron frequency range and propagation parallel to the magnetic field lines is investigated. First, particle–Alfvén wave interactions are quasilinearly examined from the kinetic theory in a hot multi-ion-magnetized plasma. As a result, the parallel and perpendicular heating rates of ions are derived analytically. Then, in terms of this anisotropic heating model and the dispersion relation of magnetic field-aligned left-hand polarized electromagnetic ion–cyclotron–Alfvén (EMICA) waves, the resonant heating of H, 2H, 3H, 3He, and 4He ions in a typical preheated laboratory plasma is numerically studied. It is shown that the EMICA waves can efficiently heat ions through cyclotron resonances primarily in the perpendicular direction. The perpendicular temperatures of H, 2H, 3H, 3He, and 4He increase much faster than the parallel ones. In comparison with the result from the previously developed isotropic heating model, the parallel heating by the EMICA waves is about much weaker, while the perpendicular heating is more efficient. Parameters such as density, temperature, magnetic field, wave-energy density, and ion species can affect the efficiency of the Alfvén wave heating in a similar way as shown in the isotropic heating model. The anisotropic model can be applied to explain the measurements of why O+5 and Mg+9 are heated extreme perpendicularly in solar coronal holes.