Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A unified approach to mean field electrodynamics

Mit Hilfe der Korrelationsapproximation zweiter Ordnung und einer neuen Technik (doppelte Fouriertransformation und -entwicklung) wird eine Reihe von neuen und alten Ergebnissen in der Theorie der Elektrodynamik gemittelter Felder und der Magnetohydrodynamik durch eine systematische und allgemeine Ableitung dargestellt. Sie werden in Formen gebracht, die die Rolle des Helicity-Spektrums in Induktionsprozessen in neuem Licht erscheinen lassen. Die Situationen, in denen die Ergebnisse exakt gultig sind, werden angegeben. Neue Ausdrucke fur die Bestimmung der mittleren elektromotorischen Kraft, die durch die Wirkung der LORENTZ-Krafte auf die Turbulenz hervorgerufen werden, werden mitgeteilt. Using the first order smoothing approximation and a novel technique (double Fourier transformation and expansion) a number of results, new and old, in the theory of mean field electrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics are given a systematic and general derivation. They are cast into forms which bring into new prominence the role of the helicity spectrum in induction processes. The situations in which the results may be expected to be accurate are delineated. New expressions are given for the reduction in the mean electromotive force created by the LORENTZ forces acting on the microscale turbulence.
Polarization observations of the radio cores of AGN — I. A sample of quasars

ABSTRA C T We present total-intensity and linear-polarization observations at a single epoch for a sample of 11 quasars and one BL Lac object. The data were taken with the VLA A array at ll 20, 18, 6 and 2 cm. We examine the variation of the degree of polarization, p, and polarization position angle, PA, with wavelength, and attempt to determine the rotation measure, RM, of the cores in these sources. The degree of polarization does not exhibit any systematic variation with wavelength, the median values ranging from 2.3 to 3.5 per cent at the different wavelengths. The variation of PA with l 2 is not linear over the entire wavelength range. However, for most sources the ll 20-, 18- and 6-cm PAs do follow such a linear relationship, yielding a median jRMj of about 15 rad m π2 . In contrast, the ll 6- and 2-cm observations give a median jRMj of about 129 rad m π2 . The long-wavelength emission is likely to originate from a spatially different part of the milliarcsec-scale jet from the l 2-cm emission, which could turn over at a higher frequency and is likely to be more compact and located closer to the quasar nucleus. We have attempted to obtain linear fits over the entire wavelength range allowing for np ambiguities in the PAs, but the fits are not statistically significant. The low values of RM for these core-dominated sources suggest that either the radio emission from the jet intercepts few of the emission-line clouds and their confining medium, or the clouds have a small filling factor and are possibly magnetically confined.
Factors influencing the learning of classical mechanics

The study described in this paper investigates the combined effect of certain variables on student achievement in classical mechanics. Our purposes are (1) to describe the preinstructional knowledge of mechanics, mathematical skills, and reasoning skills of a sample of college physics students, (2) to correlate these variables with the student’s success in learning classical mechanics, and (3) to develop an hypothesis about the relationships between these variables and student achievement in mechanics. We also offer some proposals for improving the teaching of classical mechanics.
Application of LUM filters with automatic parameter selection to edge detection

This paper examines the use of nonlinear order-based filter, LUM filter as a prefilter for gradient edge detectors. The output of this filter is an order statistic from an observation vector. Wide range of characteristics can be achieved with the same filter structure by changing its parameters. Its ability to suppress impulse noise and enhance edges leads to significant improvement in edge map. An algorithm for automatic filter parameters adjustment is proposed based on the impulse noise level identification. Algorithm efficiency to set optimal parameters is demonstrated. Its accuracy in determining noise level is evaluated and drawbacks are discussed.
On the Inference of Magnetic Field Vectors from Stokes Profiles

The range of applicability of the weak-field approximation for the inference of magnetic field vectors is studied from the profiles of the Stokes parameters. It is shown that, for typical solar lines in the visible, this approximation may be applied to an accuracy of ∼ 20% for field strengths as great as 3500/g L G, where g L is the Lande factor, provided that the work is realised in the line wings. A systematic underestimate of the field strength seems to occur for strong fields, observations in several related spectral lines may allow a calibration of this effect, and so for an increase in accuracy of the inferences
Plasma drift in a low-pressure magnetized radio frequency discharge

A bright strip-like structure is observed in a low-pressure capacitively coupled radio frequency discharge with a magnetic field perpendicular to the plasma flow. The structure forms for a broad set of operating conditions in different gases. Measurements indicate that the strip acts as a path for the electrons to cross the magnetic field, which makes the discharge inhomogeneous and non-symmetrical. The strip intensity is strongly reduced when switching from a capacitive to an inductive discharge. A theoretical analysis shows that the strip results from a drift of the magnetized electrons perpendicular to the magnetic and electric fields, which is intercepted by the dielectric walls of the discharge tube. In capacitive mode, the drift is mostly governed by the electric field whereas the pressure dominates in inductive mode.
Limit shapes of Gibbs distributions on the set of integer partitions: The expansive case

Nous trouvons des formes limites pour une famille de mesures multiplicatives sur l’ensemble des partitions, induites par des fonctions generatrices exponentielles avec des parametres d’expansion ak∼Ckp−1, k→∞, p>0, ou C est une constante positive. Les mesures considerees sont associees aux modeles Maxwell–Boltzmann generalises de la mecanique statistique, des processus de coagulation–fragmentation reversibles et des structures combinatoires connues sous le nom d’assemblees. Nous prouvons un theoreme de limite centrale pour les fluctuations d’une partition qui est mise a l’echelle convenablement et choisie aleatoirement selon la mesure ci-dessus. Nous demontrons que, quand la taille des composantes depasse la valeur seuil, l’independance des nombres de composants se transforme en leur independance conditionnelle. Entre autres, cet article traite, dans un cadre general, des relations entre la forme limite, le seuil et la congelation.
Effects of visual restoration on gait performance and kinematics of lower extremities in patients with age-related cataract

Abstract Background: Visual inputs are critical for locomotor navigation and sensorimotor integration in the elderly; however, the mechanism needs to be explored intensively. The present study assessed the gait pattern after cataract surgery to investigate the effects of visual restoration on locomotion. Methods: The prospective study recruited 32 patients (70.1 ± 5.2 years) with bilateral age-related cataracts in the Department of Ophthalmology at Peking University Third Hospital from October 2016 to December 2019. The temporal-spatial gait parameters and kinematic parameters were measured by the Footscan system and inertial measurement units. Paired t-test was employed to compare data normally distributed and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for non-normally distributed. Results: After visual restoration, the walking speed increased by 9.3% (1.19 ± 0.40 m/s vs. 1.09 ± 0.34 m/s, P=0.008) and exhibited an efficient gait pattern with significant decrease in gait cycle (1.02 ± 0.08 s vs. 1.04 ± 0.07 s, P=0.012), stance time (0.66 ± 0.06 s vs. 0.68 ± 0.06 s, P=0.045), and single support time (0.36 ± 0.03 s vs. 0.37 ± 0.02 s, P=0.011). High amplitude of joint motion was detected in the sagittal plane in the left hip (37.6° ± 5.3° vs. 35.5° ± 6.2°, P=0.014), left thigh (38.0° ± 5.2° vs. 36.4° ± 5.8°, P=0.026), left shank (71.9° ± 5.7° vs. 70.1° ± 5.6°, P=0.031), and right knee (59.1° ± 4.8° vs. 56.4° ± 4.8°, P=0.001). The motor symmetry of thigh improved from 8.35 ± 5.30% to 6.30 ± 4.73% (P=0.042). Conclusions: The accelerated gait in response to visual restoration is characterized by decreased stance time and increased range of joint motion. Training programs for improving muscle strength of lower extremities might be helpful to facilitate the adaptation to these changes in gait.
Relationships between Rain Characteristics and Environment. Part I: TRMM Precipitation Features and the Large-Scale Environment over the Tropical Pacific

AbstractDifferences in the characteristics of rain systems in the eastern Pacific (EP) intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the western Pacific (WP) warm pool are quantitatively examined in relation to the large-scale environment. This study mainly uses precipitation feature (PF) data observed by the precipitation radar (PR) on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The PFs are classified into four types according to their areas and maximum heights. Rain from tall unorganized systems and very tall organized systems tends to be dominant in high-SST regions such as the WP. On the other hand, the EP has more rain from congestus and organized systems with moderate heights than the WP. It is shown that shallow rain from congestus and moderately deep rain from organized systems are highly correlated with shallow (1000–925 hPa) convergence fields with coefficients of 0.75 and 0.66, respectively. These relationships between characteristics of rain systems and the large-scale environment are ro.
Wind structure in the atmospheric boundary layer

The semi-empirical laws for the variation of mean wind speed with height and for the statistical properties of the turbulent fluctuations are briefly outlined. Similarity considerations provide some useful ordering of the mean wind profile characteristics in relation to surface roughness and thermal stratification. Appreciable uncertainties prevail, however, especially as a consequence of the effect of thermal stratification and of variable terrain roughness. Some generalization on similarity grounds can also be made regarding the fluctuations of horizontal wind speed as a function of roughness and stability, but there are wide variations of spectral density and scale which are not immediately explicable and which at present preclude anything more than a relatively coarse specification of the spectrum. Features which are of special relevance to architectural aerodynamics and which are discussed briefly are: (a) the difficulty of generalizing about the wind profile and turbulence above an urban complex; (b) the requirement for estimating the magnitudes of extreme gusts as a function of mean wind speed, averaging time and height; (c) the problem of generalizing about flow properties below roof level; (d) the effect of urban airflow on the travel and dispersion of pollutants
Two-phase Couette–Taylor flow: Arrangement of the dispersed phase and effects on the flow structures

This study investigates the mutual interactions between a continuous and a dispersed phase (noncondensable or condensable) in the well-known Couette–Taylor flow between two concentric cylinders at low Reynolds numbers, where the outer cylinder is immobilized. In this experiment, the turbulent structures take place progressively. The noncondensable dispersed phase (air) is introduced either by ventilation, generated by agitation of a free surface situated at the top of the gap between the two cylinders. The condensable dispersed phase is generated by cavitation due to a drop in pressure. Comparisons are made between the single phase flow patterns and those observed in ventilated or cavitating flow. Two particular arrangements of the dispersed phase are experimentally evident, according to the Reynolds number of the flow. For low Reynolds numbers, bubbles are trapped in the core of the Taylor cells, whereas they migrate to the outflow regions near the inner cylinder for higher Reynolds numbers. Assessment of the forces applied to the bubbles and computation of their equilibrium position can act as a base in describing the bubble capture. When bubbles are located near the wall in the outflow region, it is found that the three first instabilities are strongly influenced by the dispersed phase. The cavitating flow is also characterized by an earlier appearance of the third instability.
A decade of liver organoids: Advances in disease modeling

Liver organoids are three-dimensional cellular tissue models in which cells interact to form unique structures in culture. During the past 10 years, liver organoids with various cellular compositions, structural features, and functional properties have been described. Methods to create these advanced human cell models range from simple tissue culture techniques to complex bioengineering approaches. Liver organoid culture platforms have been used in various research fields, from modeling liver diseases to regenerative therapy. This review discusses how liver organoids are used to model disease, including hereditary liver diseases, primary liver cancer, viral hepatitis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Specifically, we focus on studies that used either of two widely adopted approaches: differentiation from pluripotent stem cells or epithelial organoids cultured from patient tissues. These approaches have enabled the generation of advanced human liver models and, more importantly, the establishment of patient-tailored models for evaluating disease phenotypes and therapeutic responses at the individual level.
Blueprint for antibody biologics developability

ABSTRACT Large-molecule antibody biologics have revolutionized medicine owing to their superior target specificity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and toxicity profiles, and amenability to versatile engineering. In this review, we focus on preclinical antibody developability, including its definition, scope, and key activities from hit to lead optimization and selection. This includes generation, computational and in silico approaches, molecular engineering, production, analytical and biophysical characterization, stability and forced degradation studies, and process and formulation assessments. More recently, it is apparent these activities not only affect lead selection and manufacturability, but ultimately correlate with clinical progression and success. Emerging developability workflows and strategies are explored as part of a blueprint for developability success that includes an overview of the four major molecular properties that affect all developability outcomes: 1) conformational, 2) chemical, 3) colloidal, and 4) other interactions. We also examine risk assessment and mitigation strategies that increase the likelihood of success for moving the right candidate into the clinic.
Fat mass index and airway hyperresponsiveness in Korean adults

ABSTRACT Objective Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is associated with asthma and obesity, which is defined as a high body mass index. Body mass mainly comprises fat mass (FM) and muscle mass (MM), which are independent of each other. We investigated the effect of changes in FM over time on the development of asymptomatic AHR in adults. Methods This long-term longitudinal study included adults who were underwent health checkups at the Seoul National University Hospital Gangnam Center. The participants underwent two methacholine bronchial provocation tests with a follow-up period (between the first and second tests) of more than 3 years and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at all visits. FM index (FMI; FM normalized for height) and MM index (MMI; MM normalized for height) were calculated using BIA. Results The study included 328 adult participants (61 women and 267 men). The mean number of BIA measurements was 6.96 and the follow-up duration was 6.69 years. In total, 13 participants showed a positive conversion of AHR. Multivariate analysis indicated that a high rate of change in FMI ([g/m2]/year), not MMI, was significantly associated with the risk of AHR development (P = 0.037) after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, and FEV1 predicted. Conclusion A rapid gain of FM over time may be a risk factor for developing AHR in adults. Prospective studies are needed to confirm our results and evaluate the role of FM reduction in preventing AHR development in obese adults.
Jasmonate signaling controls negative and positive effectors of salt stress tolerance in rice.

Plant responses to salt exposure involve large reconfiguration of hormonal pathways that orchestrate physiological changes towards tolerance. Jasmonate (JA) hormones are essential to withstand biotic and abiotic assaults, but their roles in salt tolerance remain unclear. Here we describe the dynamics of JA metabolism and signaling in root and leaf of rice, a plant species that is highly exposed and sensitive to salt. Roots activate the JA pathway in an early pulse, while 2 nd leaf displays a biphasic JA response with peaks at 1 hour and 3 days post-exposure. Based on higher salt tolerance of a rice JA-deficient mutant (aoc), we examined through kinetic transcriptome and physiological analysis the salt-triggered processes that are under JA control. Profound genotype-differential features emerged that could underlie observed phenotypes. ABA content and ABA-dependent water deprivation responses were impaired in aoc shoots. Moreover, aoc accumulated more Na + in roots, and less in leaf, with reduced ion translocation correlating with root derepression of the HAK4 Na + transporter. Distinct reactive oxygen species scavengers were also stronger in aoc leaf, along with reduced senescence and chlorophyll catabolism markers. Collectively, the data identify contrasted contributions of JA signaling to different sectors of the salt stress response in rice.
Quantitative theory for the imaging of conducting objects in electrostatic force microscopy

A theoretical method for the imaging of metallic objects in electrostatic force microscopy is presented. The technique, based on the generalized image charge method, includes intrinsically the mutual polarization between the tip, the sample, and the metallic objects. Taking also into account the cantilever and macroscopic shape of the tip, the theory gives us a quantitative value for the electrostatic interaction between the tip and the objects over the surface. Experimental data of frequency shifts in an oscillating tip induced by grounded and isolated nanotubes are analyzed finding an excellent quantitative agreement between experimental data and numerical calculations.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Poor Postoperative Visual Outcome After Excision of Orbital Cavernous Venous Malformations

Aims: To determine the incidence and risk factors for poor postoperative visual outcome (PPVO) after removal of orbital cavernous venous malformations (OCVMs). Methods: Retrospective case-note and imaging review for patients undergoing excision of OCVMs, with estimation of odds-ratios (ORs) and relative risks (RRs) for visual loss in relation to the position of the mass, surgical approach, and patient factors. Results: The 290 patients (179 female; 62%) presented at a mean age of 46.4 years: 243/287 (85%) OCVMs were intraconal, with 213/243 (88%) located freely in the posterior two-thirds of the orbit, and 30/243 (12%) wedged tightly in the apex. PPVO was observed in 6.9% (20/290) patients, solely after removal of intraconal lesions, Univariate analysis showed increased risk with preoperative relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) (14/107 [13%]; RR 2.9; P = 0.011), apical lesions (9/30 [30%]; RR 5.8; P < 0.001), situated below optic nerve (15/115 [13%]; RR 3.3; P = 0.007), fibrous masses (14/78 [18%]; RR 6.7; P = 0.005), or intraoperative diastolic blood pressure below 50mmHg (10/64 [16%]; RR 2.8; P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis found apical extension (OR 4.9; P = 0.036) and fibrous lesions (OR 10.0; P = 0.035) as strongest predictors for PPVO. The incidence of complete visual loss (no light perception) was 4.1% (12/290); half of these patients had preoperative acuity of counting fingers or worse, 8 (67%) had RAPD, 7 (58%) wedged apical lesions, and 8 (67%) were below the optic nerve. Conclusion: PPVO after excision of OCVMs can occur in up to 5% of “free” retrobulbar intraconal lesions and in approximately one-third of apical lesions. Poor vision occurs in 7% after excision of orbital cavernous venous malformations, risk factors including apical “pea-like” lesions (relative risk ~5.8), those inferior to the optic nerve (relative risk ~3.3), and “fibrous” masses (relative risk ~6.7).
Aquatic Exercise Impact on Pain Intensity, Disability and Quality of Life in Adults with Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background Low back pain is a common, multifaceted disorder that directly affects diverse aspects of people’s lives in terms of health, personal and social lives. A variety of pathological disorders, including low back pain, may benefit from hydrotherapy. Objective This study aimed to systematically analyze the efficacy of aquatic exercise on pain intensity, disability, and quality of life among adults with low back pain. Data sources A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus up to February 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that which examined the impact of aquatic exercise. The most relevant articles were selected based on research criteria. The PEDro scale was applied to assess the quality of the included studies. Review Manager 5.3 was used for conducting all analyses. Study selection Out of 856 articles, 14 RCTs (n = 484 participants; 257 in the experimental groups and 227 in the control groups) met our inclusion criteria. Results Pooled results illustrated that aquatic exercises significantly reduced pain (mean differences (MD): −3.82; p < 0.00,001), improved disability (standardized mean differences (SMD): 1.65; p < 0.00,001), and improved quality of life in both the physical component score (mean difference (MD), 10.13; p < 0.00,001) and the mental component score (MD, 6.45; p < 0.0001) when compared with a control group. Conclusion The current review showed that aquatic exercise regimens were effective among adults with low back pain. High-quality clinical investigations are still needed to support the use of therapeutic aquatic exercise in a clinical setting.
Controllability and observability of linear systems: some noninvariant aspects

Most textbooks in linear systems present controllability and observability as being invariant under coordinate transformations. Although this concept is correct from a certain viewpoint, in a more general sense it could be misleading. This latter viewpoint is not usually emphasized in basic courses and the gap left has often proved to be difficult for students to overcome. This paper addresses both viewpoints and special attention is devoted to the one which is often neglected. The controllability/observability of transfer functions is also discussed and important links with the state space representation are pointed out. >