Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-resolution spectra of solar magnetic features. I. Analysis of penumbral fine structure

The Swedish Vacuum Telescope on La Palma was used to obtain spectra of the magnetic-sensitive Fe I 630.25 nm line under conditions of exceptional angular resolution (0.32 arcsec) and high spectral resolution (FWHM 2.5 pm). Simultaneous 0.02 s CCD exposures of both the spectrum and the slit-jaw image effectively 'freeze' the atmospheric seeing motions and permit unambiguous identification of the spectra of the various penumbral structures. These spectra reveal the magnetic field strength in penumbral filaments through an intensity fit of the Zeeman splitting of this line. The observations show that: (1) the field strength varies from about 2100 G near the umbra-penumbra boundary to about 900 G at the outer edge of the penumbra, (2) the observed fluctuation of penumbral magnetic field is much less dramatic than the fluctuation in intensity, (3) there is a suggestion of a rapid change in field inclination between some light and dark filaments near the edge of the penumbra, and (4) there is no obvious correlation between Doppler shift (in part due to the Evershed flow) and filament intensity. 43 refs.
Alternative architectures for bidirectional single-mode fiber SuperPON 512 ONU, 100 km

This paper presents alternative architectures for high split and long range bidirectional single mode fiber (SMF) super passive optical networks (SuperPONs). The erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is introduced to enhance power budget. Three different alternative architectures are studied: 1) using transmission speed of 10 Gbit/s and 2.5 Gbit/s at same wavelength of 1550 nm; 2) using same transmission speed of 10 Gbit/s at wavelength of 1550 nm for downstream and 1530 nm for upstream; 3) using bidirectional EDFA at transmission speed of 10 Gbit/s and 2.5 Gbit/s with same wavelength of 1550 nm. The elaboration of architectures together with their advantages and disadvantages are included. The feasibility of deploying a SuperPON with 512 optical network units (ONUs) at transmission length of 100 km was observed from power budget studies.
Stratospheric-Tropospheric Exchange Based on Radioactivity, Ozone and Potential Vorticity

Abstract Vertical cross sections of potential vorticity, computed and contoured by band, and hemispheric distributions of potential vorticity, computed and contoured by machine, are compared to both discrete and continuous measurements of radioactivity made during Project Springfield. Comparisons made in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere show a positive correlation between potential vorticity and radioactivity of stratospheric origin. The radioactivity measurements and machine-computed isentropic trajectories prove that stratospheric air from high latitudes is transported southward and downward into the troposphere as the tropopause folds. Changes in potential vorticity and the concentration of radioactivity along the trajectories also prove that subsynoptic-scale mixing destroys the extruded stratospheric layer in the troposphere. The mass outflow from stratosphere to troposphere associated with tropopause folding is compensated by a quasi-steady inflow along the tropopause. This inflow is nec.
Humidity-dependent stability of amorphous germanium nitrides fabricated by plasma nitridation

We have investigated the stability of amorphous germanium nitride (Ge3N4) layers formed by plasma nitridation of Ge(100) surfaces using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. We have found that humidity in the air accelerates the degradation of Ge3N4 layers and that under 80% humidity condition, most of the Ge–N bonds convert to Ge–O bonds, producing a uniform GeO2 layer, within 12h even at room temperature. After this conversion of nitrides to oxides, the surface roughness drastically increased by forming GeO2 islands on the surfaces. These findings indicate that although Ge3N4 layers have superior thermal stability compared to the GeO2 layers, Ge3N4 reacts readily with hydroxyl groups and it is therefore essential to take the best care of the moisture in the fabrication of Ge-based devices with Ge3N4 insulator or passivation layers.
The Structure Theorem of Weak Comodule Algebras

This article mainly gives the structure theorem of weak comodule algebras, that is, assume that H is a weak Hopf algebra, and B a weak right H-comodule algebra, if there exists a morphism φ: H → B of a weak right H-comodule algebras, then there exists an algebra isomorphism: B ≅ B coH #H, where B coH denotes the coinvariant subalgebra of B, and B coH #H denotes the weak smash product.
An investigation of transmission properties of Xia pulses

A family of pulses has been reported by Xia (see IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol.45, no.10, p.1157-8, 1997) that are intersymbol interference (ISI)-free with and without matched filtering. Reportedly, such pulses are important for systems where both matched filter and unmatched receivers are used. The transmission characteristics of these pulses are compared to the more commonly used raised cosine pulse for three different receiver scenarios. Comparisons between the two families of pulses are made with eye diagrams and by determining the average probability of bit error accounting for noise, intersymbol interference (ISI), and timing error.
The Filtered Mode Tree

Abstract The mode tree is a useful tool for visualizing the modal structure of a density. Locations of modes of the density are plotted as a function of the bandwidth used in the kernel estimate of the density. Because the mode tree uses a single bandwidth in the kernel estimator, it exhibits all the drawbacks that a single bandwidth kernel estimator has, particularly for densities with large tails or differences in the scales of the modes. A modification is presented that uses the filtered kernel estimator, a version of the kernel estimator using a small number of bandwidths. The two mode trees are compared on some synthetic data, and on a data set from DNA flow cytometry.
Large Scale Analysis Of Tick Infestation And Physiological Responses In Native And Cross Bred Cattle Populations Reared In Central Plains Of Uttar Pradesh, India International of Zoological

: Tick and tick-borne diseases cause major economic losses to world s dairy sector. India, being tropical country also faces tremendous challenges from wide arrays of ticks that infest all kind of dairy animals. As we understand that any kind of stresses can disturb the physiological parameters of dairy animals that can impact the animal productivity and over-all performance. In this study therefore, an effort was made to evaluate the physiological responses of tick infested and non-infested native (Sahiwal) and cross bred cattle populations in the central plains area of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 3570 animals of indigenous and crossbred cattle from organized and unorganized cattle farm located in and around Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh area was surveyed across seasons (winter, hot summer and hot humid) to assess the prevalence of tick infestation and their effect on physiological responses. The present study revealed that the crossbred cattle were most susceptible to tick infestations. The prevalence of tick infestation was significantly (P<0.05) higher in humid season in both indigenous (Sahiwal) and crossbred cattle. The tick infestation rate (%) in Sahiwal cows were 5.2 and 7.52 in hot summer and humid seasons, respectively. However, in crossbred cattle, the tick infestation rate was 59 (±0.25) and 69.24 (±1.60) in hot summer and humid season, respectively. In the cattle maintained at unorganized farm, the prevalence rate (%) of tick infestation in non-descript cattle was found to be 39.27±1.57, 45.08±1.12 and 27.47±2.01, during hot summer, humid and winter season, respectively. Whereas in the crossbred cattle from unorganized cattle farms, tick infestation rate was 58.93±1.07, 69.05±4.09 and 47.78±6.71 during hot summer, humid and winter season, respectively. The physiological responses in tick-infested cattle were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different in the present study. In tick non-infested Sahiwal cattle, the RT decreased significantly (P<0.05) in winter season. Likewise, PR of tick-infested and non-infested cattle significantly (P<0.05) decreased in winter season. While the RR significantly increased in tick-infested cross bred cattle in humid season, followed by a significant (P<0.05) decrease in winter season. Furthermore, the respiration rate was significantly higher in tick-infested cross breed and non-descriptive cattle. In conclusion, the prevalence of tick infestation was higher in the crossbred cows, followed by non-descript cattle and indigenous Sahiwal cattle.
State space identification of bilinear continuous-time canonical systems via batch scheme Hartley modulating functions approach

This paper deals with the state space identification of bilinear continuous-time dynamic systems represented in canonical forms based on the evaluation of input and noise corrupted output batch data. Bilinear continuous-time canonical forms are an important class of nonlinear systems which may be found in a wide variety of applications and they are suitable for solving analysis and synthesis problems of dynamic systems. The batch scheme Hartley modulating functions (1942) identification method starts from a priori knowledge of the bilinear system structure with unknown parameters. The unknown system parameters can then be estimated by shifting a batch data one step forward at each sampling time applying a frequency weighted least squares algorithm. Simulation studies are considered to examine the performance of the algorithm.
Absorbing processes in Richardson diffusion: Analytical results

We consider the recently addressed problem of a passive particle (a predator), being the center of a “sphere of interception” of radius R and able to absorb other passive particles (the prey) entering the sphere. Assuming that all the particles are advected by a turbulent flow and that, in particular, the Richardson equation properly describes the relative dispersion, we calculate an analytical expression for the flux into the sphere as a function of time, assuming an initial constant density of prey outside the sphere. In the same framework, we show that the distribution of times of first passage into the sphere has a t−5∕2 power-law tail, seen in contrast to the t−3∕2 appearing in standard 3D diffusion. We also discuss the correction due to the integral length scale on the results in the stationary case.
Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction

SUMMARY Bayesian probabilistic arguments are used to derive idealized equations for finding the best analysis for numerical weather prediction. These equations are compared with those from other published methods in the light of the physical characteristics of thc NWP analysis problem; namely the predetermined nature of the basis for the analysis, the need for approximation because of large-order systems, the undcrdctcrminacy of the problem when using observations alone, and the availability of prior relationships to resolve the underdeterminacy . Prior relationships result from (1) knowledge of the time evolution of the model (which together with the use of a time distribution of observations constitutes four-dimensional data assimilation); (2) knowledge that the atmosphere varies slowly (leading to balance relationships); (3) other nonlinear relationships coupling parameters and scales in the atmosphere. Methods discussed include variational techniques, smoothing splines, Kriging, optimal interpolation, successive corrections, constrained initialization, the Kalman-Bucy filter, and adjoint model data assimilation. They are all shown to relate to the idealized analysis, and hence to each other. Opinions are given on when particular methods might he more appropriate. By comparison with the idealized method some insight is gained into appropriate choices of parameters in the practical methods.
Abbe-PCA-SMO: microlithography source and mask optimization based on Abbe-PCA

Simultaneous source and mask optimization (SMO) has been shown to be an effective method to improve the quality of microlithography aerial imaging. However, the increasing computational complexity is also serious given that current optical proximity correction (OPC) runtime has already been very long. In this paper, we show that SMO can be done efficiently in our previous proposed Abbe-PCA method framework. Different from the Hopkins method, Abbe-PCA directly perform eigen-decomposition on the Abbe sources. In this framework, source modification is easy and efficient. Experimental results show that more than 10X runtime improvement is observed.
Excited states at deep centers in Si:S and Si:Se

The spectral distributions of the photoionization cross sections for the dominant sulfur- and selenium-related donor centers in silicon are presented. The measurements have been performed at different temperatures using junction space-charge techniques. The spectra of the electron transitions to the conduction band are best understood in terms of excited states. Two types of excited states are involved: those which are generally referred to as the Rydberg series and those which originate from the multivalley nature of the conduction band. The latter contain sharp peaks with half-widths of the order of 10 meV for the deeper donor levels and 2 meV for the shallower centers. The energy positions of these peaks are independent of temperature. The assignments of the ground states and the excited states are discussed and the results compared with previous data obtained from thermal measurements in Si:S and Si:Se.
A study on solving the nonlinear seepage flow model of three-region composite reservoir

This paper builds a seepage model of three-region composite reservoir, in which quadratic-gradient effect, well-bore storage, effective radius and three kinds of outer boundary conditions (constant pressure boundary, closed boundary and infinity boundary) are considered. With Laplace transformation, the seepage flow model is transformed into a boundary value problem of three-region composite zero-order modified Bessel equation by the substitution of variables and introduction of dimensionless variables. Based on the similar structure of the solution of the boundary value problem of differential equation, this paper obtains solutions of dimensionless reservoir pressure and dimensionless bottom-hole pressure of three-region composite reservoir in Laplace space. This research not only contributes to further analyse the inherent law of the solution and compile corresponding well test analysis software, but also solves corresponding mathematical model of reservoir and supplements the study on composite reservoir. Keywords-composite reservoir; non-linear seepage; quadratic-gradient term; well-bore storage; effective radius; similar structure of solution; similar kernel function
Hasse principle and weak approximation for pencils of Severi-Brauer and similar varieties.

Classes of varieties satisfying this principle are known other than quadrics (e.g. SeveriBrauer varieties and more generally complete varieties which are homogeneous spaces under a connected linear algebraic group). However counterexamples to the Hasse principle are known already in the class of rational varieties (varieties which become birational to projective space over a finite extension of the ground field). In 1970, Manin ([Ma71], [Ma86]) showed how most known counterexamples could be accounted for in terms of an obstruction based on the Brauer group of varieties. Further work (see [CT92] for a survey) has shown that for some classes of rational varieties this obstruction, henceforth referred to äs the Brauer-Manin obstruction, is the only obstruction to the Hasse principle. A reasonable class to investigate in this respect is that of varieties which are geometrically unirational, and also that of varieties which are geometrically birational to Fano varieties (a Fano variety is a smooth projective variety whose anticanonical class is ample; it is an open question whether such a variety is geometrically unirational).
Company Based on Fairness Concerns Farmers Type Order Contract Mechanism Research

Under the "order contract mechanism of company + farmer" of supply chain of agricultural products and introduce the fair system, studies the influence on the supply chain and the coordination contract as farmers with behavior of fairness concerns This paper establishes two echelon supply chain system composed of the farmers and corporations, analyses the influence on optimal decision as farmers with behavior of fairness concerns in farmers. Keywordssupply chain of agricultural products, fairness concerns, supply chain contract
The Galactic Center He I Stars: Remains of a Dissolved Young Cluster?

A massive young star cluster, initially embedded in its parent molecular cloud, will spiral into the Galactic center from ≲30m pc during the lifetime of its most massive stars, if the combined total mass is ~106m6 M☉. On its way inward, the system loses most of its mass to the strong tidal field, until the dense cluster core of high-mass stars is finally disrupted near the central black hole. A simple model is presented to argue that this scenario may, under plausible conditions, explain the observed location and rotation of the Galactic center He I stars. Accretion of star clusters into the Galactic center could be recurrent and could play an important role in regulating the activity of Sagittarius A*.
Interannual Environmental Variation and North American Fisheries

Abstract The problem of formulating optimal-regulation strategies for commercial fisheries is complicated by the large interannual fluctuations often observed in the numbers and locations of various fish populations. Much of the interannual variance seen in particular cases can be attributed to the effects of environmental variability. The article reviews three examples of research showing that environmental variations can have important systematic effects on fish stocks. The three examples are all from North America and have been chosen to illustrate the biological significance of meteorological and oceanographic phenomena on a wide range of space and time scales.
Near-field images of the AgOx-type super-resolution near-field structure

As a promising disk structure for ultrahigh density optical data storage, super-resolution near-field structure of AgOx type has been studied by the tapping-mode tuning-fork near-field scanning optical microscope as well as the transmission electron microscope. This structure presents strong near-field intensity enhancement and nonlinear optical effect, compared with the ordinary material. Numerical calculations confirm that the localized surface plasmon and the nonuniform material structures are the main causes for these unusual characteristics.
Meridional circulation versus diffusion in stellar envelopes

Tassoul and Tassoul have recently obtained self-consistent solutions for meridional circulation throughout chemically homogeneous stars. The meridional circulation velocities they determined are here compared to diffusion velocities of helium below the He II convection zone. It is shown that the He II convection zone can disappear only in stars with equatorial rotational velocities smaller than 90 km s/sup -1/. This is in agreement with the cutoff velocity observed for the MgMn stars. This maximum velocity for the disappearance of the He II convection zone depends sensitively on gravity so that there is not one equatorial rotational velocity below which all stars should become HgMn. It depends on the evolutionary status and on how the star was slowed down. On the other hand, the rotational motion is turbulent, and the effect this turbulence has on chemical separation is poorly known.
Application of classical statistical mechanics to multifractals and dynamical systems

Classical, self-consistent theory of statistical mechanics was developed for the thermodynamic and conservative Hamiltonian systems. Later there were many attempts (Sinai-Bowen-Ruelle's temperature, Tsallis' non-extensive theory) to apply similar formalism to non-Hamiltonian dynamical systems. Although these theories reveal aspects of complex behavior, they have limited applicability. This paper applies the classical Gibbs-Boltzmann statistical mechanics to complex systems such as i.i. d. processes, multifractals, and non-Hamiltonian dynamical systems with strange attractors. The effective thermolization of stochastic noise in the system is introduced and the formalism of a ruling (governing, free energy) potential is developed.
Examination of parameter variations in the U. S. Navy Global Ensemble

The impact of parameter variations on the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System ensemble performance is examined, and subsets of ensemble members are used to identify the relative impact of the individual parameters. Two sets of parameter variations are considered. The first set has variations in the parametrization of cumulus convection only. The second set has variations in both convection and boundary layer parametrizations. In the tropics, parameter variations significantly increase ensemble spread in wind and temperature fields, and significantly reduce Brier scores for low-level wind speed and temperature, primarily through improvements to the resolution (the impact in the extratropics is negligible). There are also small but significant improvements in the ensemble mean tropical cyclone track forecasts. For the metrics considered here, the second set of parameter variations outperforms the first set. Examination of the spread within ensemble subsets suggests that the parameter with the biggest overall impact is one that helps to control the convective updraft parcel temperature deficit at cloud base level. Variations in the von K´arm´an constant significantly increase ensemble spread in the low-level tropical winds near the date line, and in the low-level temperature field throughout the tropics and subtropics.
Detection of 130nm magnetic particles by a portable electronic platform using spin valve and magnetic tunnel junction sensors

An integrated biosensor with magnetic tunnel juntions (MTJs) and spin valve (SV) sensor was used for 130nm particle detection. A platform drives an external magnet generating an in-plane dc+ac magnetic field on the sensor at frequencies up to 375Hz, provides a current to bias the sensor, and performs the signal acquisition and treatment. The signal-to-noise ratio of the SV and MTJ was characterized. Bead detection (130nm in diameter) was performed using both sensors leading to a detection limit of 3×108particles∕ml for SV and 3×1010particles∕ml for MTJ.
Closed-loop results of a compact high-speed adaptive optics system with H∞

We report on the results of experiments that demonstrate a robust control system for a general-purpose adaptive optics system and provide robust stability analysis for such a system. Using a commercially available high-speed CCD camera in the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and a 37-actuator Xinetics deformable mirror, we are able to achieve closed-loop performance sufficient for many astronomical, vision science, or laser communications applications. The control system must be robust for the various applications and the entire system must be easily set-up, calibrated, and run by a minimally-trained operator. An H-infinity controller, which optimizes the closed-loop stability of a system, is implemented and analyzed.