Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations of Nine Millisecond Pulsars at 8600 MHz Using the TMRT

We report detection results of nine millisecond pulsars (MSPs) at 8600 MHz using simultaneous 2250 and 8600 MHz observations conducted with the Shanghai Tian Ma Radio Telescope. Mainly benefiting from updated ephemerids with 2250 MHz observations, integrated profiles of all nine MSPs at 8600 MHz are successfully obtained by coherently adding multi-epoch (3–83 epochs) observation data spanning from 19–1210 days, which significantly increases the number of MSPs with published profiles (from 4 to 11) above 8000 MHz, as seven of our target MPSs had no related results previously. Combining our new flux density and pulse width measurements with previous low-frequency results, we study their integrated profile evolution and spectral behaviors in a wider frequency range. We find their component separations and pulse widths remain almost constant, which is consistent with previous findings. While dramatic evolution of integrated profiles exists at low frequencies, we observe a potential end of the related evolution around 5 GHz in eight MSPs. The spectra of four MSPs are found to deviate from a single power law, and we fit them with a broken power law. The change in the profile of PSR J1713+0747, which started around MJD 59320−59321, seems to be more prominent as the observation frequency increases. Compared with the effects of the interstellar medium, we prefer to explain this event as some changes in the magnetosphere. We also find its integrated profile possibly had not recovered to the pre-event state until MJD 59842–59857.
Fine-structure Transitions of Ne+, Ar+, Ne2+, and Ar2+ Induced by Collisions with Atomic Hydrogen

We calculate cross sections for fine-structure transitions of Ne+, Ar+, Ne2+, and Ar2+ in collisions with atomic hydrogen by using quantum-mechanical methods. Relaxation rate coefficients are calculated for temperatures up to 10,000 K. The temperature-dependent critical densities for the relaxation of Ne+, Ar+, Ne2+, and Ar2+ in collisions with H have been determined and compared to the critical densities for collisions with electrons. The present calculations will be useful for studies utilizing the infrared lines [Ne ii] 12.8, [Ne iii] 15.6, [Ne iii] 36.0, [Ar ii] 6.99, [Ar iii] 8.99, and [Ar iii] 21.8 μm as diagnostics of, for example, planetary nebulae and star formation.
Reduced functional connectivity of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at rest in obsessive–compulsive disorder

Abstract Background Neuroimaging studies have revealed the role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the neurobiological mechanism of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, only a few studies have examined the functional connectivity (FC) pattern of the right DLPFC at rest in OCD. Objective The aim of this research is to examine the FC patterns of the right DLPFC at rest in OCD. Methods Twenty‐eight medication‐free patients with OCD and 20 healthy controls underwent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Seed‐based FC and support vector machine (SVM) were used to analyze the imaging data. Results The patients with OCD showed reduced FC values in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), right superior temporal gyrus, right ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), and left Crus II. No brain regions showed a remarkable difference in FC values in patients with OCD after 8 weeks of medication treatment. The reduced right DLPFC–right MTG and right DLPFC–right vACC connectivities were correlated with the clinical symptoms of OCD. SVM results showed that reduced right DLPFC–right MTG connectivity at rest could predict the therapeutic response to OCD medication. Conclusions The findings highlight the important role of the right DLPFC in the pathophysiological mechanism of OCD.
Unveiling intra-person fingerprint similarity via deep contrastive learning

Fingerprint biometrics are integral to digital authentication and forensic science. However, they are based on the unproven assumption that no two fingerprints, even from different fingers of the same person, are alike. This renders them useless in scenarios where the presented fingerprints are from different fingers than those on record. Contrary to this prevailing assumption, we show above 99.99% confidence that fingerprints from different fingers of the same person share very strong similarities. Using deep twin neural networks to extract fingerprint representation vectors, we find that these similarities hold across all pairs of fingers within the same person, even when controlling for spurious factors like sensor modality. We also find evidence that ridge orientation, especially near the fingerprint center, explains a substantial part of this similarity, whereas minutiae used in traditional methods are almost nonpredictive. Our experiments suggest that, in some situations, this relationship can increase forensic investigation efficiency by almost two orders of magnitude.
Neural sensitivity to translational self‐ and object‐motion velocities

The ability to detect and assess world‐relative object‐motion is a critical computation performed by the visual system. This computation, however, is greatly complicated by the observer's movements, which generate a global pattern of motion on the observer's retina. How the visual system implements this computation is poorly understood. Since we are potentially able to detect a moving object if its motion differs in velocity (or direction) from the expected optic flow generated by our own motion, here we manipulated the relative motion velocity between the observer and the object within a stationary scene as a strategy to test how the brain accomplishes object‐motion detection. Specifically, we tested the neural sensitivity of brain regions that are known to respond to egomotion‐compatible visual motion (i.e., egomotion areas: cingulate sulcus visual area, posterior cingulate sulcus area, posterior insular cortex [PIC], V6+, V3A, IPSmot/VIP, and MT+) to a combination of different velocities of visually induced translational self‐ and object‐motion within a virtual scene while participants were instructed to detect object‐motion. To this aim, we combined individual surface‐based brain mapping, task‐evoked activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging, and parametric and representational similarity analyses. We found that all the egomotion regions (except area PIC) responded to all the possible combinations of self‐ and object‐motion and were modulated by the self‐motion velocity. Interestingly, we found that, among all the egomotion areas, only MT+, V6+, and V3A were further modulated by object‐motion velocities, hence reflecting their possible role in discriminating between distinct velocities of self‐ and object‐motion. We suggest that these egomotion regions may be involved in the complex computation required for detecting scene‐relative object‐motion during self‐motion.
Effect of Evaluation of Various Emission Control Policies on PM2.5 Reduction

In previous work, a methodology was developed to discuss the influence of meteorological factors, policies, and surrounding cities on PM2.5 concentrations in a city. Two models were constructed using Zibo City, Shandong Province, as the target city. Initially, we improved the established PM2.5-Meteorological-Policy (PMP) model and applied it to six other target cities in Shandong Province. Concurrently, a novel model named the PM2.5-Interregional (PI) model was further developed in each city to directly express the influence of surrounding cities on the target cities. The model construction period was from January 2014 to August 2022, with the extended prediction period until November 2022. The results confirmed that disparities in the spatial distribution in seasons became smaller after the implementation of environmental policies. Moreover, two models in each city revealed good interpretation with high adjusted R2 values (>0.7) and lower MAPE and RMSE values (the lowest was 5.53% and 2.57), suggesting reasonable short-term prediction. Additionally, meteorological factors and the combined implementation of different policy types played crucial roles in reducing PM2.5 concentrations in all cities. Specifically, the temperature and wind speed were negatively correlated with PM2.5 concentrations in all models, with temperature having a stronger influence. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution (LAPAP), implemented in 2016, had a clear influence on reducing PM2.5 concentrations, with the highest absolute fitted coefficient in most cities (−0.166 to −0.344). On the contrary, the influence of temperature seemed to be more significant compared to policies, due to the larger standardized coefficient in each city (−0.606 to −0.864).
Compensation for coarticulation despite a midway speaker change: Reassessing effects and implications

Accounts of speech perception disagree on how listeners demonstrate perceptual constancy despite considerable variation in the speech signal due to speakers’ coarticulation. According to the spectral contrast account, listeners’ compensation for coarticulation (CfC) results from listeners perceiving the target-segment frequencies differently depending on the contrastive effects exerted by the preceding sound’s frequencies. In this study, we reexamine a notable finding that listeners apparently demonstrate perceptual adjustments to coarticulation even when the identity of the speaker (i.e., the “source”) changes midway between speech segments. We evaluated these apparent across-talker CfC effects on the rationale that such adjustments to coarticulation would likely be maladaptive for perceiving speech in multi-talker settings. In addition, we evaluated whether such cross-talker adaptations, if detected, were modulated by prior experience. We did so by manipulating the exposure phase of three groups of listeners by (a) merely exposing them to our stimuli (b) explicitly alerting them to talker change or (c) implicitly alerting them to this change. All groups then completed identical test blocks in which we assessed their CfC patterns in within- and across-talker conditions. Our results uniformly demonstrated that, while all three groups showed robust CfC shifts in the within-talker conditions, no such shifts were detected in the across-talker condition. Our results call into question a speaker-neutral explanation for CfC. Broadly, this demonstrates the need to carefully examine the perceptual demands placed on listeners in constrained experimental tasks and to evaluate whether the accounts that derive from such settings scale up to the demands of real-world listening.
Development of implicit and explicit attentional modulation of the processing of social cues conveyed by faces and bodies in children and adolescents

Emotions and sex of other people shape the way we interact in social environments. The influence of these dimensions on cognitive processing is recognized as a highly conditional phenomenon. While much of researches on the topic focused on adults, less evidence is available for the pediatric population. This study aimed at examining the development of the modulation of attention control on emotion and sex processing using facial and body expressions in children and adolescents (8–16 years old). In Experiment 1a, participants performed a Flanker task (probing space-based attention) in which they had to indicate either the emotion (happy/fearful) or the sex of the target stimulus while ignoring the distracting stimuli at the side. We found evidence for intrusion of the sex, but not emotion, of the stimuli during both sex and emotion recognition tasks, thus both at an explicit (i.e., task relevant) and implicit (i.e., task irrelevant) level. A control experiment consisting of an emotional Flanker task confirmed that, in contrast with previous findings in adults, emotion did not modulate attention control in children and adolescents even when task relevant (Experiment 1b). In Experiment 2 participants performed a same-or-different judgment task (probing feature-based attention) in which they indicated whether the central stimulus matched the lateral ones for emotion or sex. Results showed that emotional features exerted an implicit influence during sex judgements; likewise, sex features intruded on the processing of both faces and bodies during emotion judgments. Finally, Experiment 3 explored the development of the explicit attention modulation exerted by the sex dimension on the processing of faces and bodies. To this aim, participants performed a Flanker task in which they were asked to recognize the sex of faces and bodies. The results indicated that, while younger participants showed a task-relevant influence of sexual features when processing faces, older participants showed such influence when processing bodies. These findings point to a greater attentional modulation exerted by sex, as compared to emotion, during social processing in children and adolescents and suggest a developmental trend of the saliency of facial and bodily cues for the perception of others’ sex.
Vertical transmission of the entomopathogenic soil fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis as a contaminant of eggs in the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus, collected from calf moose (New Hampshire, USA)

ABSTRACT Moose naturally acquire soil fungi on their fur that are entomopathogenic to the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus. Presumed to provide a measure of on-host tick control, it is unknown whether these soil fungi impact subsequent off-host stages of the tick. Eggs and resultant larvae originating from engorged, adult female winter ticks collected from dead calf moose (Alces alces) were used to investigate the presence and extent of fungal infection. Approximately 40% of eggs and larvae were infected, almost exclusively by the fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (teleomorph Microascus brevicaulis: Microascaceae, Ascomycota). Eggs analysed on the day of oviposition and day of hatching had high frequency (40%) of S. brevicaulis, whereas the frequency in eggs harvested in utero was minimal (7%); therefore, exposure occurs pre-oviposition in the female’s genital chamber, not by transovarial transmission. At hatching, larvae emerge containing S. brevicaulis indicating transstadial transmission. Artificial infection by topical application of eggs and larvae with a large inoculum of S. brevicaulis spores caused rapid dehydration, marked mortality; pathogenicity was confirmed by Koch’s postulates. The high hatching success (>90%) and multi-month survival of larvae imply that S. brevicaulis is maintained as a natural pathobiont in winter ticks.
Fully Magnetically Polarized Ultrathin La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 Films

We report the observation of fully magnetically polarized ultrathin La0.8Sr0. 2MnO3 films by using LaMnO3 and La0.45Sr0. 55MnO3 buffer layers grown epitaxially on SrTiO3(001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Specifically, we show that La0.8Sr0. 2MnO3 films grown on 12-unit-cell LaMnO3 have bulk-like magnetic moments starting from a single unit cell thickness, while for the 15-unit-cell La0.45Sr0. 55MnO3 buffer layer, the La0.8Sr0. 2MnO3 transitions from an antiferromagnetic state to a fully spin-polarized ferromagnetic state at 4 unit cells. The magnetic results are confirmed by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, while linear dichroic measurements carried out for the La0.8Sr0. 2MnO3/La0.45Sr0. 55MnO3 series show the presence of an orbital reorganization at the transition from the antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic state corresponding to a change from a preferred in-plane orbital hole occupancy, characteristic of the A-type antiferromagnetic state of La0.45Sr0. 55MnO3, to preferentially out of plane. We interpret our findings in terms of the different electronic charge transfers between the adjacent layers, confined to the unit cell in the case of insulating LaMnO3 and extended to a few unit cells in the case of conducting La0.45Sr0. 55MnO3. Our work demonstrates an approach to growing ultrathin mixed-valence manganite films that are fully magnetically polarized from the single unit cell, paving the way to fully exploring the unique electronic properties of this class of strongly correlated oxide materials.
Dairy producers' colostrum practices, marketing, and attitudes toward male dairy calves.

Optimal early-life care of surplus calves born on dairy farms is critical for health and welfare. This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the marketing practices of male dairy calves, differences in the colostrum management between male and female calves on dairy farms, and the relationship between discrepant colostrum practices and dairy producers' attitudes toward male calf care. US dairy producers (n = 1,000) in the states of Florida, Michigan, Ohio, Vermont, and Wisconsin were selected using stratified random sampling. A questionnaire containing questions about farm demographics, colostrum management (including quantity and timeliness of colostrum delivery), and producers' attitudes toward male calf care was mailed in February 2021. Attitudes toward male calf care were assessed using 5-point Likert scales for 10 statements regarding perceptions of the value of male calves and barriers in providing optimal care. Producer responses to questions about the quantity and timeliness of colostrum delivery between male and female calves were compared using a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between differences in colostrum management and producers' attitudes. By May 2021, 953 surveys were delivered and 315 (33.1%) were returned with complete responses. Most producers (>90%) reported feeding equal volumes of colostrum and performing the first post-birth feeding within a similar time frame for male and female calves. However, compared with females, male calves had a longer delay to the first colostrum feeding. Approximately 40% of producers marketed their male calves through auctions, and over half (54.6%) of farms sold the male calves between 3 and 10 d of age. Large farms (≥500 lactating cows) were found to market male calves at a younger age (≤3 d of age). Most producers (>78%) believed their male calves were receiving optimal care and did not consider the workload and financial costs as obstacles to providing good care to male calves. However, those who viewed the workload as an obstacle to good care and produced organic products were marginally more likely to feed a lower volume of colostrum to male calves in the first feeding after birth. These findings suggest that interventions to improve colostrum practices should be more broadly targeted to all calves born on dairy farms, and that age at transport is markedly different between large and small farms.
A new method to assess long‐term sea‐bottom vertical displacement in shallow water using a bottom pressure sensor: Application to Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy

We present a new methodology using bottom pressure recorder (BPR) measurements in conjunction with sea level, water column, and barometric data to assess the long‐term vertical seafloor deformation to a few centimeters accuracy in shallow water environments. The method helps to remove the apparent vertical displacement on the order of tens of centimeters caused by the BPR instrumental drift and by seawater density variations. We have applied the method to the data acquired in 2011 by a BPR deployed at 96 m depth in the marine sector of the Campi Flegrei Caldera, during a seafloor uplift episode of a few centimeters amplitude, lasted for several months. The method detected a vertical uplift of the caldera of 2.5 ± 1.3 cm achieving an unprecedented level of precision in the measurement of the submarine vertical deformation in shallow water. The estimated vertical deformation at the BPR also compares favorably with data acquired by a land‐based GPS station located at the same distance from the maximum of the modeled deformation field. While BPR measurements are commonly performed in deep waters, where the oceanic noise is relatively low, and in areas with rapid, large‐amplitude vertical ground displacement, the proposed method extends the capability of estimating vertical uplifts from BPR time series to shallow waters and to slow deformation processes.
Declining Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosed by Wet Mount in a Cohort of U.S. Women With and Without HIV

Background: Women living with HIV (WLWH) are often coinfected with Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), and annual screening is recommended. Our goal was to assess differences in TV prevalence at study entry and over time in enrollment cohorts of the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Methods: In a multisite study, TV was diagnosed by wet mount microscopy. Prevalence was determined across four enrollment waves: 1994–1995, 2001–2002, 2011–2012, and 2013–2015. Generalized estimating equation multivariable logistic regression models assessed changes in visit prevalence across waves after controlling for HIV disease severity and other risks. Results: At 63,824 person-visits (3,508 WLWH and 1,262 women without HIV), TV was diagnosed by wet mount at 1979 visits (3.1%). After multivariable adjustment, HIV status was not associated with TV detection, which was more common among younger women, women with multiple partners, and irregular condom use. All enrollment waves showed a decline in TV detection over time, although p-value for trend did not reach significance for most recent waves. To explore the potential utility of screening among WLWH, we assessed rates of TV detection among women without appreciable vaginal discharge on examination. Initial TV prevalence among asymptomatic women was 3.5%, and prevalence decreased to 0.5%–1% in the most recent wave (2013–2015) (p-trend <0.0001). Conclusions: In this cohort, TV rates are low among WLWH, and HIV does not increase TV risk. Screening may benefit newly diagnosed WLWH, women with risk factors, or those receiving care sporadically but is unlikely to further reduce the low rate of TV among women in care, especially older women without multiple partners. The clinical trials registration number for WIHS is NCT00000797.
Radioactive waste microbiology: predicting microbial survival and activity in changing extreme environments

Abstract The potential for microbial activity to occur within the engineered barrier system (EBS) of a geological disposal facility (GDF) for radioactive waste is acknowledged by waste management organizations as it could affect many aspects of the safety functions of a GDF. Microorganisms within an EBS will be exposed to changing temperature, pH, radiation, salinity, saturation, and availability of nutrient and energy sources, which can limit microbial survival and activity. Some of the limiting conditions are incorporated into GDF designs for safety reasons, including the high pH of cementitious repositories, the limited pore space of bentonite-based repositories, or the high salinity of GDFs in evaporitic geologies. Other environmental conditions such as elevated radiation, temperature, and desiccation, arise as a result of the presence of high heat generating waste (HHGW). Here, we present a comprehensive review of how environmental conditions in the EBS may limit microbial activity, covering HHGW and lower heat generating waste (LHGW) in a range of geological environments. We present data from the literature on the currently recognized limits to life for each of the environmental conditions described above, and nutrient availability to establish the potential for life in these environments. Using examples where each variable has been modelled for a particular GDF, we outline the times and locations when that variable can be expected to limit microbial activity. Finally, we show how this information for multiple variables can be used to improve our understanding of the potential for microbial activity to occur within the EBS of a GDF and, more broadly, to understand microbial life in changing environments exposed to multiple extreme conditions.