Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of hydroelectric power generation on the body composition of juvenile Atlantic salmon

The fat and protein content, and thus energy resources of young (parr) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were examined in a temperate river. Juvenile salmon exhibited distinct seasonal patterns of energy storage and use. The lowest levels of energy were found towards the end of winter (mean mass specific energy about 4.3 kJ·g−1). There was a rapid accumulation of fat in spring/early summer in spite of low‐water temperatures (highest mean content of mass specific energy of about 5.0 kJ·g−1 in June). By early autumn (August) there was a rapid depletion of fat and energy resources. The decline in specific energy during late summer was of the same magnitude as the corresponding winter decline. Furthermore, total fat and protein content, and thus energy resources of juveniles below a hydroelectric power plant (hydrostation (HS)) differed from those at a (lower) reference station (RS). The younger fish exhibited higher gains, but also larger losses of energy resources compared to corresponding values at the RS. Specifically during the summer, young of year (YOY) had 31% lower total energy content at the regulated site (mean 1.27 kJ per individual) than the RS (mean 1.84 kJ). Higher mortality may occur at the site most affected by the hydroelectric plant, where energy resources on average were higher, but where depletion was also most severe. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organization of Areal Connectivity in the Monkey Frontoparietal Network

Anatomical connectivity between cortical areas condition the set of observable functional activity in a neural network. The large-scale cortical monkey frontoparietal network (FPN) has been shown to facilitate complex cognitive functions. However, the organization of anatomical connectivity between areas in the FPN supporting such function is unknown. Here, a new connectivity matrix is proposed which shows the FPN utilizes a small-world architecture with an over-reliance on the M9 dynamical relay 3-node motif and degree distributions which can be characterized as single scale. The FPN uses its small-world architecture to achieve the kind of simultaneous integration and specialization of function which cognitive functions like attention and working memory require. Contrary to many real-world networks, the in and out single scale degree distributions illustrate the relatively homogeneous connectivity of each area in the FPN, suggesting an absence of hubs. Crucially, the M9 dynamical relay motif is the optimal arrangement for previously reported near-zero and non-zero phase synchrony to propagate through the network, serving as a candidate topological mechanism. These results signify the impact of the organization of anatomical connectivity in the FPN. They can serve as a benchmark to be used in the network-level treatment of neurological disorders where the types of cognition the FPN supports are impaired. Additionally, they can inform future neuromorphic circuit designs which aim to perform aspects of cognition.
The effect of the transition to parenthood on the marriage relationship: a longitudinal study.

A longitudinal study of newlyweds explored the impact of parenthood on marriages. Couples who became parents during the 1st year of marriage were compared with couples who remained childless during the year. The sample for the 3-year longitudinal study from which these data were drawn included 168 couples who married between December 1980 and June 1981. The couples resided in 4 predominantly rural counties in Pennsylvania, were all in their 1st marriages, and were all interviewed about 2 months after the couples' weddings and again about 1 year later. Data concerning the behavioral properties of marriage were gathered by phone interviews; data pertaining to the partners' satisfaction were obtained during face-to-face interviews. The results confirmed earlier research in showing that the transition to parenthood affects companionship and marital role patterns, but no evidence was found to support the idea that parenthood is associated with a decline in the partners' evaluations of one another (love) or their marriage (marital satisfaction). Both the parent and nonparent groups showed significant declines in love and satisfaction. Parents and nonparents not only evaluate their marriage less favorably but they also reduce by about 1/3 the extent to which they say and do things that bring pleasure to one another. Across the 1st year, the overall amount of marital companionship does not change, but it starts to become more incidental to instrumental activity rather than the focus of activity. The overall pattern of results is generally consistent with the idea that marriage change over the 1st year away from having a predominantly recreational character to having a quality more like that of a working partnership. The data indicate the importance of using comparison groups of nonparents in research on the transition to parenthood.
Metamorphic core complexes of Cordilleran type in the Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece

The islands of Ios and Naxos in the Cycladic archipelago, Greece, contain elongate domes over which a pervasive north- to north-northeast–stretching lineation is warped. These islands may be metamorphic core complexes of Cordilleran type, involving middle-crustal rocks drawn upward and outward from underneath the sedimentary basins now 100 km to the south. From ca. 25 Ma onward, during uplift, the crystalline rocks now exposed on the islands were deformed noncoaxially in the deeper levels of a major shallow-dipping ductile shear zone. This shear zone may have connected with low-angle normal faults in its upper levels, because it is probable that its later history involved the metamorphic complexes being dragged out from under a stretching and fracturing upper plate composed mainly of unmetamorphosed sedimentary and ophiolite suite rocks. This model can be extended to explain the exhumation of the high-pressure–low-temperature metamorphic rocks on Crete, which, with the Cyclades, forms a distended paired metamorphic belt separated by an active sedimentary basin.
Japanese two-year-olds use morphosyntax to learn novel verb meanings*

ABSTRACT Previous research has found that children who are acquiring argument-drop languages such as Turkish and Chinese make use of syntactic frames to extend familiar verb meanings (Göksun, Küntay & Naigles, 2008; Lee & Naigles, 2008). This article investigates whether two-year-olds learning Japanese, another argument-drop language, make use of argument number and case markings in learning novel verbs. Children watched videos of novel causative and non-causative actions via Intermodal Preferential Looking. The novel verbs were presented in transitive or intransitive frames; the NPs in the transitive frames appeared ‘bare’ or with case markers. Consistent with previous findings of Morphosyntactic Bootstrapping, children who heard the novel verbs in the transitive frame with case markers reliably assigned those verbs to the novel causative actions.
DEOXYNIVALENOL AND DON-PRODUCING FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM ISOLATES IN WHEAT AND BARLEY CROPS IN NORTH AND NORTHWEST AREAS OF IRAN

Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of 227 wheat samples from Golestan, Ardabil, Azarbaijan, a nd 154 barley samples from Golestan province all located in the north and northwest of Iran produced in 2006 were determined using ELISA method. DON was detected in 44.97 % of the wheat samples collected from Golestan province at levels from 18.53 to 192.81 ng g -1 , with the a verage level of 40.99 ng g -1 . Also 78.36 percent of Golestan's barley samples were contaminated to D ON with the average level of 57.60 ng g -1 and at levels from 15.19 to 280.6 ng g -1 . DON was not f ound in wheat samples of west Azarbaijan and only one sample from East Azarbaiejan was contaminated in this year, while it was detected in 92.30% of Ardabil's samples at levels from 32 to 316 ng g -1 with the average level of 130.23 ng g -1 . DON contamination of wheat and barley pr oduced at north and northwest of Iran in 2006 was much lower than the world regulatory limit for cereals. Thirty five wheat samples collected from Parsabad Moqan area to determine frequency of F usarium graminearum incidence and natural DON contamination levels in 2011 using HPLC IAC. Mean of the incidence of F. graminearum was 70. 91% in irrigated system cultivars and DON was detected in 90% of samples ranged from 1.06 to 2.06 µg g -1, at harvest time and 3.08 to 7.49 µg g -1 after storing. DON potential production of 29 F . graminearum isolates obtained from wheat of north and northwest ranged from 17.82 to 2397.33 ng g -1 .
Boulder dislodgement and transport by solitary waves: Insights from three‐dimensional numerical simulations

The analysis of boulder motion and dislodgement provides important insights into the physics of the causative processes, i.e., whether or not a boulder was moved during a storm or tsunami and the magnitude of the respective event. Previous studies were mainly based on simplified models and threshold considerations. We employ three‐dimensional numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics coupled with rigid body dynamics to study boulder dislodgement and transport by solitary waves. We explore the effects of three important nondimensional parameters on the boulder transport problem, the Froude number Fr, the aspect ratio in logarithmic scale α, and the submergence factor, β. Our results indicate that boulder motion is complex, and small changes in one of the nondimensional parameters result in significantly different behavior during the transport process and the final resting place of boulders. More studies are needed to determine the role of boulders in tsunami and storm hazard assessments.
Interannual waves in the sea surface temperatures of the Pacific Ocean

Various oscillatory modes of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) observed over a period of 8.8 years with the NASA Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and for 13 years with the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the latter sensing in the thermal infrared band, are described for the Pacific Ocean. The various modes are isolated by a combination of techniques designed also to accommodate non-stationary phenomena. After detrending and removing the seasonal cycle from each grid map element of the data, singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to separate the data into spatial and temporal parts to facilitate the modal analysis. Empirical Mode Decomposition is then used to separate the temporal parts of the data into approximately seven intrinsic modal functions (IMFs) for the temporal parts of the first five principal components (PCs) resulting from the SVD. A filtered time sequence of SST grids is then obtained by selecting IMFs with periods longer than 1.5 years and then reconstructing the SST grid maps from the filtered PCs. The time sequence of SMMR SSTs in the Pacific Ocean shows El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) oscillations not only along the Equator, but also in both the North and South Pacific, with, in fact, even larger amplitudes than along the Equator. A similar analysis was applied to the SST record from the AVHRR instrument. During the period of overlap with the SMMR record, similarities occur in the equatorial region, but the records are by no means identical. The AVHRR SSTs do not show any strong oscillations in the South Pacific.
Nutritional Management of Idiopathic Epilepsy in Dogs

todaysveterinarypractice.com MAY/JUNE 2019 27 Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurologic disorder encountered in small animal practice and is estimated to affect up to 0.75% of dogs in the general population. Idiopathic epilepsy, a clinical syndrome characterized by recurrent seizures for which there is no underlying cause other than a presumed genetic predisposition, is diagnosed in most affected dogs. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the cornerstone of therapy for idiopathic epilepsy, and treatment is often lifelong.
Early clinical results of proton spatially fractionated GRID radiation therapy (SFGRT).

OBJECTIVES Approximately 70 patients with large and bulky tumors refractory to prior treatments were treated with photon spatially fractionated GRID radiation (SFGRT). We identified 10 additional patients who clinically needed GRID but could not be treated with photons due to adjacent critical organs. We developed a proton SFGRT technique, and we report treatment of these 10 patients. METHODS Subject data were reviewed for clinical results and dosimetric data. 50% of the patients were metastatic at the time of treatment and five had previous photon radiation to the local site but not via GRID. They were treated with 15-20 cobalt Gray equivalent (CGE) using a single proton GRID field with an average beamlet count of 22.6 (range 7-51). 80% received an average adjuvant radiation dose to the GRID region of 40.8Gy (range 13.7-63.8Gy). Four received subsequent systemic therapy. RESULTS The median follow up time was 5.9 months (1.1-18.9). At last follow up, seven patients were alive and three had died. Two patients who had died from metastatic disease had local shrinkage of tumor. Of those alive, four had complete or partial response, two had partial response but later progressed, and one had no response. For all patients, the tumor regression/local symptom improvement rate was 80%. 50% had acute side-effects of grade1/2 only and all were well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS In circumstances where patients cannot receive photon GRID, proton SFGRT is clinically feasible and effective, with a similar side-effect profile. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Proton GRID should be considered as a treatment option earlier in the disease course for patients who cannot be treated by photon GRID.
Signature of a tropical Pacific cyclone in the composition of the upper troposphere over Socorro, NM

We present a case study based on balloon‐borne ozone measurements during the SouthEast American Consortium for Intensive Ozonesonde Network Study in August–September 2013. Data from Socorro, NM (34°N, 107°W) show a layer of anomalously low ozone in the upper troposphere (UT) during 8–14 August. Back trajectories, UT jet analyses, and data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite indicate that this feature originated from the marine boundary layer in the eastern/central tropical Pacific, where several disturbances and one hurricane (Henriette) formed within an active region of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in early August 2013. The hurricane and nearby convection pumped boundary layer air with low ozone (20–30 ppbv) into the UT. This outflow was advected to North America 3–5 days later by a strong subtropical jet, forming a tongue of low ozone observed in MLS fields and a corresponding layer of low ozone in Socorro vertical profiles.
The Sum-over-Forests density index: identifying dense regions in a graph

This work introduces a novel nonparametric density index defined on graphs, the Sum-over-Forests (SoF) density index. It is based on a clear and intuitive idea: high-density regions in a graph are characterized by the fact that they contain a large amount of low-cost trees with high outdegrees while low-density regions contain few ones. Therefore, a Boltzmann probability distribution on the countable set of forests in the graph is defined so that large (high-cost) forests occur with a low probability while short (low-cost) forests occur with a high probability. Then, the SoF density index of a node is defined as the expected outdegree of this node on the set of forests, thus providing a measure of density around that node. Following the matrix-forest theorem and a statistical physics framework, it is shown that the SoF density index can be easily computed in closed form through a simple matrix inversion. Experiments on artificial and real data sets show that the proposed index performs well on finding dense regions, for graphs of various origins.
Concession Stands: How Foreign Investment Incites Protest in Africa

Why do foreign investments that can improve economic welfare also induce protest? Using a newly compiled dataset on commercial mining, commodity prices, and protest in Africa, I first establish that foreign investment projects increase the probability of protest. I then develop a theoretical model to explain these conflicts. I argue that communities have to strike a bargain with companies but have limited information about the value of the project they are hosting. When communitiesâ€™ expectations exceed what companies are willing to pay, protests result. I marshal two pieces of empirical evidence consistent with this model: first, protests are more likely when mineral prices are elevated and, thus, communities hold inflated expectations about mining projectsâ€™ margins; and second, this relationship between mineral prices and protests is mitigated by policies that increase transparency and, thus, help correct the informational asymmetry that generates conflict. I do not find empirical support for common alternative explanations for protest related to environmental risks, in-migration, inequality within mining communities, corruption, or reporting bias. Despite claims that resource extraction fuels armed conflict, I also do not find that these commercial mining projects increase the likelihood of rebel activity at or near mine sites. The conflicts we observe in mining communities are better understood as a consequence of conflictual bargaining over profits than instances of predation by insurgents.
Microbial methane oxidation processes and technologies for mitigation of landfill gas emissions

Landfill gas containing methane is produced by anaerobic degradation of organic waste. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas and landfills are one of the major anthropogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Landfill methane may be oxidized by methanotrophic microorganisms in soils or waste materials utilizing oxygen that diffuses into the cover layer from the atmosphere. The methane oxidation process, which is governed by several environmental factors, can be exploited in engineered systems developed for methane emission mitigation. Mathematical models that account for methane oxidation can be used to predict methane emissions from landfills. Additional research and technology development is needed before methane mitigation technologies utilizing microbial methane oxidation processes can become commercially viable and widely deployed.
Teleconnections between ENSO and North Atlantic in an ECHO‐G simulation of the 1000–1990 period

The North Atlantic sea level pressure anomalies (SLPA) associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have been analyzed in a quasi‐millennial (1000–1990) simulation with the ECHO‐G model. In November–December, the ENSO‐related SLPA over the North Atlantic area are weak, while a realistic pattern already appears over the North Pacific and North America. In January–March, the SLPA over North Atlantic are stronger and realistic from the North Pacific to Europe: the Aleutian low is strengthened (weakened), SLPA are positive (negative) over the north‐central and north‐eastern parts of North America, and SLPA display a negative (positive) NAO‐like pattern over North‐Atlantic during warm (cold) ENSO events, as in observations. The results also confirm the existence of a strong inter‐event SLPA associated with warm and cold ENSO events, especially over the North Atlantic, while the relationship is stationary at multidecadal timescales. It seems that neither the intensity nor geographical longitude of the equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and intensity of tropical Atlantic SSTA, nor the volcanic forcing, simply introduced here as a decrease of the solar constant, significantly induce an inter‐event variability, which seems, in this run, mostly of atmospheric origin.
Dopamine in Pediatric Fluid-Refractory Septic Shock: Too Early to Sound the Death Knell?

To the Editor: In a recent issue of Critical Care Medicine, Ventura et al (1) have addressed an important research question related to management of children with fluid-refractory septic shock. They compared dopamine and epinephrine as first-line vasoactive agents and found epinephrine to be significantly better. However, there are a few genuine concerns, which if clarified could be of immense benefit to the readers. The comparability of dose ranges of the two vasoactive agents appears questionable (2). Although the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines (2012) recommend dopamine dose The authors reply: We read the additional findings and data presented by Burnham and Kollef (1) and Burnham et al (1, 2) with particular interest. In their retrospective analysis of over 500 patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock due to Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia, they found no significant association between timing of antibiotics and 30-day mortality. These findings are consistent with the data recently published in our meta-analysis, which also found no mortality benefit of administering antibiotics within 3 hours of emergency department triage or within 1 hour of severe sepsis or septic shock onset (3). A particular strength of the study by Burnham et al (2, 3) is a far more homogenous study population, limited to a single, welldefined microorganism. This focus allows for the elimination of a major source of heterogeneity in patients in many clinical studies of the topic, namely variable and sometimes unclear sources of infection, which lends additional validity to their results. Given the total available evidence base to date, we agree that the potential but unclear benefits of early, broad spectrum antibiotic administration must be weighed versus the similarly important goal of antibiotic stewardship. Dr. Puskarich’s institution received funding from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences: K23GM113041-01 (salary support). The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.
Differentiation between Human Clc-2 and Cftr Cl Ϫ Channels with Pharmacological Agents

Differentiation between human ClC-2 and CFTR Cl Ϫ channels with pharmacological agents. been difficult to separate/identify the roles of ClC-2 and CFTR in Cl Ϫ transport studies. Using pharmacological agents, we aimed to differentiate functionally between ClC-2 and CFTR Cl Ϫ channel currents. Effects of CFTR inhibitor 172 (CFTRinh172),
Sandbox models of downward-steepening normal faults

Two deformational styles resulted from sandbox experiments examining the hanging-wall deformation above a downward-steepening normal-fault bend comprised of two planar segments dipping at 40 and 60. In the first, hanging-wall layer-parallel extension dominated, with synthetic normal faults forming an upward-widening fault-bound wedge above the fault bend. Early forming, arcuate, vertical-to-reverse faults bound the wedge on its downthrown side and were followed by a planar, large-displacement synthetic normal fault bounding the wedge on the upthrown side. This later fault accommodated almost all of the subsequent displacement that occurred on the underlying 60 fault. Slip variably occurred along the 40 segment of the fault. Good analogs in nature exist for this deformation geometry. In the second deformational style, hanging-wall layer-parallel compression dominated, forming a monocline with antithetic hinge surfaces dipping downward to the fault-bend surface. Antithetic reverse faults formed in the limb of the monocline. The upper hinge of the monocline intersected the footwall at the fault bend, whereas its lower hinge intersected the 60 fault below the fault bend. The lower hinge was older and formed near the location of the fault bend prior to its being translated down the 60 master fault as part of the hanging wall. Elements of this geometry correlate well with the results of some geometric-based numerical models, but strong analogs in nature are elusive.