Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Demographic changes and life‐history strategies predict the genetic diversity in crabs

Uncovering what predicts genetic diversity (GD) within species can help us access the status of populations and their evolutionary potential. Traits related to effective population size show a proportional association to GD, but evidence supports life‐history strategies and habitat as the drivers of GD variation. Instead of investigating highly divergent taxa, focusing on one group could help to elucidate the factors influencing the GD. Additionally, most empirical data is based on vertebrate taxa; therefore, we might be missing novel patterns of GD found in neglected invertebrate groups. Here, we investigated the predictors of the GD in crabs (Brachyura) by compiling the most comprehensive cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) available. Eight predictor variables were analysed across 150 species (16 992 sequences) using linear models (multiple linear regression) and comparative methods (PGLS). Our results indicate that population size fluctuation represents the most critical trait predicting GD, with species that have undergone bottlenecks followed by population expansion showing lower GD. Egg size, pelagic larval duration and habitat might play a role probably because of their association with how species respond to disturbances. Ultimately, K‐strategists that have undergone bottlenecks are the species showing lower GD. Some variables do not show an association with GD as expected, most likely due to the taxon‐specific role of some predictors, which should be considered in further investigations and generalizations. This work highlights the complexity underlying the predictors of GD and adds results from a marine invertebrate group to the current understanding of this topic.
Comparison of Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Onto the Tooth Enamel of 120 Freshly Extracted Adult Bovine Medial Lower Incisors Using 4 Adhesives: A Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Adhesive, a Composite Adhesive, a Liquid Composite Adhesive, and a One-Step Light-Cured Adhesive

Background This study aimed to compare the bond strength of orthodontic brackets onto the tooth enamel of 120 freshly extracted adult bovine medial lower incisors using 4 adhesives: a resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive, a composite adhesive, a liquid composite adhesive, and a one-step light-cured adhesive. Material/Methods The study group (120 freshly extracted bovine medial lower incisors) was divided into equal subgroups depending on the type of adhesive used to fix the brackets to the tooth enamel (n=30), and then according to the observation time (n=10). Orthodontic brackets were fixed onto the tooth enamel for 24 hours (T1), 3 months (T2), and 6 months (T3) using 4 types of adhesives: resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive Fuji Ortho LC, composite adhesive Transbond Plus Light Cure Band, flowable composite adhesive Transbond Supreme Low Viscosity, and a one-step light-cured adhesive GC Ortho Connect. Shear tests and fracture plane analyses were performed. Results Statistically significant differences at time T1 were noted in the comparison of shear stress values when brackets were fixed with GC Ortho Connect adhesive compared to other adhesives (P<0.05), except for the Transbond Plus adhesive (P>0.05). At time T3, significant statistical differences occurred between GC Fuji Ortho LC and the other 3 adhesives (P<0.05). The fracture analysis showed that, regardless of the time function, adhesive-cohesive fractures without damage to the enamel were the most common for all the assessed materials. Conclusions Of the adhesives evaluated, GC Ortho Connect appears to be the most appropriate choice for bonding orthodontic brackets to the enamel surface.
Increasing exposure of geosynchronous orbit in solar wind due to decay of Earth's dipole field

The Earth's dipole moment has been decaying over the past 1.5 centuries. The magnetosphere thus has been shrinking and the chance of geosynchronous magnetopause crossings has been increasing. We quantitatively evaluate the increasing exposure of geosynchronous orbit in the solar wind caused by the decay of dipole moment and the variation of solar wind condition and study the possible situation if such decay persists for several more centuries. The results show that the average subsolar magnetopause distance would move earthward by ~0.3 RE per century, assuming the linear decreasing of the Earth's dipole moment at present rate. The minimum solar wind dynamic pressure required for geosynchronous magnetopause crossings will decrease by ~4 nPa (2 nPa) in the next 100 years under northward (southward) interplanetary magnetic field. Under normal solar wind conditions, the noon region of the geosynchronous orbit will be exposed to the solar wind in the next few centuries. These results suggest that the secular variations of geomagnetic field are of paramount importance for our understanding of space climate.
A multisolution method of phase determination by combined maximization of entropy and likelihood. I. Theory, algorithms and strategy

A new multisolution method for direct phase determination [Bricogne (1984). Acta Cryst. A40, 410-445] has been implemented and tested on small crystal structures. It consists of an organized search for those combinations of phases associated with a 'basis set' of reflexions which have maximum likelihood, i.e. which lead to the assignment of the highest conditional probability to the observed moduli belonging to reflexions outside the basis set. Phase choices are made sequentially, progressively enlarging the basis set, and the book-keeping involves a 'multisolution tree' which summarizes the parentage relations between them. The conditional probability distributions (c.p.d.'s) of structure factors used in evaluating the likelihood are derived from joint distributions obtained by the saddlepoint method. The latter involves distributions of atoms which have the maximum entropy compatible with all phase choices made, and hence are different for each node of the multisolution tree. These distributions qME are constructed numerically by exponentially modelling, coupled with a very robust plane search which often simplifies to a line search. C.p.d. 's of small numbers of structure factors not in the basis set are readily calculated from qME, with correct representation of their multimodality. A further 'diagonal' approximation of these c.p.d. 's allows the log-likelihood to be written as a sum of contributions from individual non-basis reflexions. The phasing process is initiated by specifying the origin-fixing and enantiomorph-defining phases, and forming the corresponding qME. It progresses by roughly locating the maxima of the c.p.d. 's of additional structure factors by a magic- integer technique, updating qME separately for each such maximum, and evaluating their respective likelihoods. The most likely phase sets are further refined by numerically maximizing their likelihood and are accepted as enlarged basis sets. This is a first approximate implementation of a general Bayesian theory of phase determination [Bricogne (1988). Acta Cryst. A44, 517-545]. A companion paper [Gilmore, Bricogne & Bannister (1990). Acta Cryst. A46, 297-308] describes successful applications to the ab initio phasing of small molecules, which demonstrate the viability of this new method and show that likelihood is far superior to any existing figure of merit in discriminating between correct and incorrect phases.
Plasma resistivity in the presence of a reversed‐field pinch dynamo

A global calculation of reversed‐field pinch (RFP) plasma resistivities, ηw∥ and ηk∥, based on power balance and magnetic helicity balance, respectively, is discussed. For reasonable RFP beta values (β<0.1), ηk∥ provides an estimate of plasma resistivity parallel to the magnetic field, and agrees with the Spitzer resistivity within a factor of two. The expression (1−ηk∥/ηw∥) indictes the fraction of ohmic heating power absorbed by fluctuations in the discharge. An examination of 180 kA discharges on the Los Alamos ZT‐40M experiment suggests that approximately one‐third of the ohmic heating power drives fluctuations, including the dynamo effect, during discharge sustainment.
Fitting of data to a Frenkel‐effect model of conduction in insulators

In some published work, the omission of the voltage from the preexponential factor in the current expression derived from the Frenkel effect has resulted in error in constants calculated from the data. This is illustrated with an example from the literature in which the data fit a Schottky model much more closely than the Frenkel model.
TEORI MANAJEMEN RESIKO BANK SYARIAH

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat kembali konsep teori manajemen resiko bank syariah yang sesuai dengan Al-Quran dan Hadis. Penelitian ini pelu dilakukan mengingat bahwa manajemen resiko memberikan gambaran kepada pengelola bank sebagai potensi kerugian dimasa mendatang, serta memberikan informasi untuk membuat keputusan yang tepat sehingga dapat membantu pengelolaan bank untuk meningkatkan daya saing. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data kualitatif dan sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep teori manajemen resiko bank syariah yang dilakukan oleh bank syariah berdasarkan syariah Islam dapat dilakukan dengan benar apabila mempunyai fondasi berupa akidah yang benar dan mentalitas pegawai bank seperti sifat Rasulullah Shallallahu’alaihi Wasallam yang terdiri dari Shidiq, Fathonah, Amanah dan Tabligh. Selanjutnya untuk mencapai pengendalian manajemen resiko bank syariah yang baik maka diperlukan motode yang terdiri dari pengendalian internal pemantauan resiko, pengukuran resiko dan kebijakan manajemen.
Electroencephalography (EEG) Frontal Alpha Asymmetry Index as an Indicator of Children’s Emotions in the Three Quran Learning Methods: Visual, Auditory, and Memory

Objective: Quran memorization is familiar in Indonesia since early childhood (EC) education level and it is reported to have a positive effect on children’s emotional state. This study investigates how Quran memorization influences children’s emotions in a certain condition using Frontal Alpha Asymmetry (FAA) index. Method : The participants were 4 children aged 5-7 years, studying at Islamic-based schools in Surakarta. The tasks included three methods of Quran learning: visual, by watching videos; auditory, by listening to murattal recitations of the Quran; and memory, by repeating rote. The FAA index measurement used absolute power data obtained from Electroencephalography (EEG) by calculating the natural logarithm (ln [right alpha power] – ln [left alpha power]) from channel F8 and channel F7 respectively. Results: The majority of participants showed a positive FAA index in almost all tasks. The FAA index of various tasks were not significantly different from each other, with P = 0.592 based on Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. The post hoc Mann-Whitney U test does not find any intervention that stands out among the others. Conclusion: Learning the Quran with methods that involve visual, auditory, and memory activities results in positive, happy, motivated and excited feelings in children’s emotional state based on the FAA index assessment.
Pressure transducer for measuring acoustic radiation force based on a magnetic sensor

This work presents a pressure transducer based on a magnetic sensor to measure acoustic radiation force (ARF) and small displacements. The methodology presented in this paper allowed this transducer to be calibrated for use as an acoustic pressure and intensity meter. It can control the acoustic intensity emitted by ultrasound used, for example, in ARF impulse imaging, vibro-acoustography and high-intensity focused ultrasound techniques. The device comprises a magnet, a membrane, a magnetoresistive sensor and a coil to cancel the external magnetic field. When ARF is applied to the membrane, the magnetic field on the sensor changes due to the magnetic target displacement. The variation of the output signal from the magnetic transducer is proportional to the acoustic pressure applied to the membrane. A focused ultrasound transducer with a central frequency of 3 MHz was used to apply a continuous ARF. The sensitivities of the magnetic transducer as an acoustic pressure and intensity meter, evaluated in water, were respectively 0.597 µV MPa−1 and 0.073 µV (W cm−2)−1/2, while those of the needle hydrophone (Onda model HNP-0400) used in the magnetic transducer calibration were respectively, 0.5024 mV MPa−1 and 6.153 mV (W cm−2)−1/2. The transducer resolution to displacement is 5 nm and 6 dB of signal attenuation occurs for 7° of misalignment. The transducer responded well to acoustic pressure in water above 200 kPa.
Problems and Mysteries of the Many Languages of Thought

"What is the structure of thought? " is as central a question as any in cognitive science. A classic answer to this question has appealed to a Language of Thought (LoT). We point to emerging research from disparate branches of the field that supports the LoT hypothesis, but also uncovers diversity in LoTs across cognitive systems, stages of development, and species. Our letter formulates open research questions for cognitive science concerning the varieties of rules and representations that underwrite various LoT-based systems and how these variations can help researchers taxonomize cognitive systems.
A Threat Model for Vehicular Fog Computing

Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC) facilitates the deployment of distributed, latency-aware services, residing between smart vehicles and cloud services. However, VFC systems are exposed to manifold security threats, putting human life at risk. Knowledge on such threats is scattered and lacks empirical validation. We performed an extensive threat assessment by reviewing literature and conducting expert interviews, leading to a comprehensive threat model with 33 attacks and example security mitigation strategies, among others. We thereby synthesize and extend prior research; provide rich descriptions for threats; and raise awareness of physical attacks that underline importance of the cyber-physical manifestation of VFC.
A Modified Brush-Less DC Motor Having High Torque Density and Its Simplified Current Control Technique

In this article, a modified BLdc motor having a wide flat-topped back EMF waveform of around 169$^{0}$ is designed and presented. This motor when excited with an appropriate current waveform as proposed in this article provides around 13.8% improvement in torque density while ensuring that the torque ripple remains the same as that of a conventional BLdc motor drive. Further, the proposed drive can be realized by employing only three hall sensors, and the control configuration remains to be simple as that of a conventional BLdc motor drive involving two-phase conduction. The proposed motor of a 3.6 kW rating has been designed, and its various design parameters are verified on an FEM-based platform, MAGNET. A 3.6 kW motor has been fabricated and a conventional three-leg inverter is employed to drive the motor. The controller for the drive has been realized by utilizing a TMS320F28335 dsp board. The efficacy of the proposed drive is verified by performing detailed simulation and experimental studies.
XMM-Newton study of the very young stellar cluster IC 348

We analyze a XMM-Newton X-ray imaging observation of the very young stellar cluster IC 348 with an observing time of 12 h and a corresponding total (all detector) MOS-equivalent exposure time of 207 ks. Our observation is strongly affected by a very intense solar particle flare, due to which only the first half of the exposure time can be used for scientific analysis. We compare the X-ray sources seen by XMM-Newton with those found in our previous Chandra study of IC 348 and find that XMM-Newton reveals 71 new X-ray sources, most of which are located outside the field-of-view of the Chandra observation. 20 of these new X-ray sources can be identified with known cluster members, and 19 sources are likely to be new low-mass members of the cluster. The lightcurves of the XMM-Newton sources show at most moderate levels of variability, but no large flares. We compare the spectral fitting results for 10 stars for which we have good spectra from both Chandra and XMM-Newton , and find good agreement in the fitted plasma temperatures, but a systematic difference in the fitted values of the hydrogen column density (extinction). We finally discuss the X-ray properties of the optically bright B1 star o Per and the X-ray detections among the deeply embedded young stellar objects to the south of the optical cluster center (including HH 211-mm), and find that none of the 23 spectroscopically identified brown dwarfs in IC 348 is detected in our XMM-Newton data.
Cross Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Short Version of Smart Phone Addiction Scale in the Persian Language

Objective: The addiction pattern of smartphone usage has increased concerns about potential complications. The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), a self-administered questionnaire, evaluates smartphone usage and dependency. The study’s purpose was to translate and culturally adapt the SAS short-version into the Persian language (SAS-SV-Pr), and evaluate its psychometric properties. Method : The SAS-SV translation used standardized procedures that involved double-forward and backward translations. A convenience sample, from three medical universities in the city of Teheran (n = 250 students), was recruited to complete the SAS-SV and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). The content validity index (CVI) and the floor and ceiling effect were considered to evaluate content validity. To evaluate internal consistency and test-retest reliability, Cronbach’s Alpha and the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC2.1) were utilized respectively. Criterion validity was measured by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the total scores of SAS-SV-Pr and IAT (Pearson’s r correlation coefficient). Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and ratified with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: During translation and cultural adaptation, only minor wording changes were performed. The correlation between the SAS-SV-Pr and IAT was good (r = 0.57), which determined validity. There was high internal consistency (α = 0.88), split-half reliability (0.84), composite reliability (CR) (0.78) and test-retest reliability (ICC (2.1) = 0.89). Subsequent EFA demonstrated an ambiguous factor structure, being border-line between one- and two-factors, which explained 50.28% of total variance. The CFA confirmed that the two-factor solution was preferred. Our data did not show floor or ceiling effects. Conclusion: The Persian SAS-SV is a two-factor structure outcome measure to evaluate the dependency of smartphone users. It has demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties for validity, reliability and factor structure, and is suitable for screening and research aims among Persian subjects.
COMMODITY FUTURES TERM STRUCTURE MODEL

Abstract. A new approach to the commodity futures term structuremodel is introduced. The most salient feature of this model is that, oncethe interest rate model is given, the commodity futures price volatilityis the only quantity that completely determines the model. As a conse-quence this model enables one to do away with the drudgeries of havingto deal with the convenience yield altogether, which has been the mostthorny point so far. 1. IntroductionModelling the commodity futures price has been a notoriously elusive task.The reason is that unlike its purely ﬁnancial counterpart that has only to relatethe spot price with the cost of capital, namely, the interest rate, the commodityfutures price model must also take into account various costs and gains arisingfrom the peculiarities of handling the physical asset such as storage, insuranceand transportation costs, and the loss or gain incurred in securing the futuredelivery of the commodity. All these extraneous costs and gains are usuallydubbed as the convenience yield. The trouble is that this convenience yield isnot a quantity that can be readily observed per se in the market.Nonetheless most authors traditionally treat the convenience yield as oneof the primary quantities that constitute the building block of the commodityfutures price model. So a typical approach goes as follows: one sets up adynamic model for the convenience yield and also a dynamic model for thespotprice from which, together with the interest rate model, the dynamics ofthe commodity futures price is constructed. The trouble with this approachis how to calibrate various parameters associated with the model, especiallythose governingthe dynamics ofthe convenienceyield. As the convenienceyield
Time-Frequency Analysis of Somatosensory Evoked High-Frequency (600 Hz) Oscillations as an Early Indicator of Arousal Recovery after Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

Cardiac arrest (CA) remains the leading cause of coma, and early arousal recovery indicators are needed to allocate critical care resources properly. High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) have been shown to indicate responsive wakefulness days following CA. Nonetheless, their potential in the acute recovery phase, where the injury is reversible, has not been tested. We hypothesize that time-frequency (TF) analysis of HFOs can determine arousal recovery in the acute recovery phase. To test our hypothesis, eleven adult male Wistar rats were subjected to asphyxial CA (five with 3-min mild and six with 7-min moderate to severe CA) and SSEPs were recorded for 60 min post-resuscitation. Arousal level was quantified by the neurological deficit scale (NDS) at 4 h. Our results demonstrated that continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of SSEPs localizes HFOs in the TF domain under baseline conditions. The energy dispersed immediately after injury and gradually recovered. We proposed a novel TF-domain measure of HFO: the total power in the normal time-frequency space (NTFS) of HFO. We found that the NTFS power significantly separated the favorable and unfavorable outcome groups. We conclude that the NTFS power of HFOs provides earlier and objective determination of arousal recovery after CA.