Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Access, Choice and Participation in Higher Education Access, Choice and Participation in Higher Education

The Centre for the Economics of Education is an independent research centre funded by the Department for Children, Schools and Families. The views expressed in this work are those of the author and do not reflect the views of the DCSF. All errors and omissions remain the authors. Executive Summary Commuting or re-location costs could be an in important influence on students " university choices and might even deter some from going to university. The barriers presented by these costs may be high for lower-income students, and students for whom there are cultural incentives to remain in or close to the parental home. If this is the case, then the geographical accessibility of universities has an important bearing on differences in higher education choices for different income and ethnic groups, and, in turn, on their earnings and life chances. Existing evidence has shown that university places are not evenly spatially distributed in Britain. Research has also found that " non-traditional " students – those from backgrounds in which higher-education participation is emerging – cite the location of institutions as a factor affecting their decision to go in to higher education. However, it is easy to make the mistake of attributing behaviour to ethnicity, gender or income when these behaviours are really due to other differences, like academic achievement, or home location which will have strong bearing on if and where students go to university. In fact, there is no large scale, systematic evidence for the UK that shows that proximity to a university really matters for higher education participation or choice amongst universities, or that it matters more for specific ethnic or income groups. Our research looks at these questions using administrative data on the population of school leavers and university entrants in England. These data allow us to link the choices of students from different ethnic and income backgrounds to distances between home and university, whilst accounting for schooling, neighbourhood and other background characteristics. Our key findings are: Universities are not evenly distributed around the country but 90% of locations have three institutions and 4000 first degree places within 100km. Non-white ethnic groups and low-income students actually live closer to their nearest three higher education institutions and closer to their nearest three high-quality research institutions than their white and high-income counterparts. These facts suggest that disparities in geographical access are unlikely to be a source of disadvantage to ethnic …
Influence of aerosol dry deposition on photosynthetically active radiation available to plants: A case study in the Yangtze Delta Region of China

In this paper, a new mechanism is proposed by which aerosols decrease the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) available to plants for photosynthesis. The mechanism involves the scattering and absorption of PAR by water insoluble aerosol particles (WIA) which deposit on leaves and are not washed off by precipitation. A simple model is developed that predicts the change in the transmittance of PAR, TPAR, for plant leaves due to WIA dry deposition as a function of aerosol chemical, physical, and optical properties. Model estimates for the agricultural Yangtze delta region of China indicate that over a 2‐month period during a growing season, dry deposition of WIA may account for a ∼35% reduction in PAR available for plant photosynthesis. Although, the estimate is sensitive to several factors that are uncertain including aerosol dry deposition velocity, leaf area index, and removal rate of particles by precipitation. Results suggest that impacts on crop yields due to aerosol dry deposition could be considerable in this region and suggest a previously neglected economic incentive for China to mitigate air pollution. Additionally, WIA dry deposition may influence carbon uptake by plants in other locations that experience regional haze.
Cassiterite: Potential for direct dating of mineral deposits and a precise age for the Bushveld Complex granites

U-Pb and Pb isotopic measurements of cassiterite from the ∼200 Ma tin deposits of Belitung, Indonesia, and ∼2100 Ma Zaaiplaats deposit in South Africa demonstrate that cassiterite can be used to directly date mineral deposits, rather than associated minerals such as zircon and rutile. A precise U-Pb age of 2099 ±3 Ma has been determined for cassiterites hosted in granites from the Bushveld Complex. On conventional 207 Pb/ 204 Pb- 206 Pb/ 204 Pb plots, the data for the Indonesian deposits give an age apparently older than that obtained from U-Pb plots, perhaps indicative of inheritance of Pb from an older source.
Analysis of year‐to‐year ozone variation over the subtropical western Pacific region using EP_TOMS data and CCSR/NIES nudging CTM

[1] The year-to-year ozone variation over the subtropical western Pacific region is studied, especially the ozone lows in the 1996/1997, 1998/1999, and 2001/2002 winters, using the Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EP_TOMS) ozone data from August 1996 to July 2002. Regression analyses show that dynamical signals, such as the quasi-biennial oscillation, play an important role in determining total ozone variation. A nudging chemical transport model (CTM) is used to simulate the year-to-year ozone variation and explain the mechanism for producing ozone lows in a three-dimensional distribution of ozone. The CTM was developed using the Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for Environmental Studies (CCSR/NIES) atmospheric general circulation model and introducing a nudging process for temperature and horizontal wind velocity. The year-to-year ozone variation, especially the winter ozone low, is well simulated by the model excluding heterogeneous reaction processes between 45°S and 45°N latitude. Results show that the year-to-year ozone variation is mainly controlled by dynamical transport processes.
Marine Mollusk Fauna of Kosrae Island, Federated States of Micronesia

The Federated States of Micronesia consists of four states of Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae, which are located in the West Pacific Ocean. In order to investigate molluscan fauna of Kosrae Island, field survey was made twice from 21st to 30th of January, 2011 and from 6th to 17th of January, 2012 for four localities including 10 intertidal and 14 subtidal zones of Kosrae Island. The mollusk samples collected were identified based on their morphological characteristics, comprising a total of 120 species from 30 families through this survey. In this study, we provided species list and illustrations for 120 species identified, and combined these with the previous record, resulting in a total of 208 species from 47 families in Kosrae Island.
An advanced Navstar GPS multiplex receiver/navigator for geophysical exploration applications

The program used in the JMR-2000, called GP1 S, is a semishort arc program which allows three degrees of freedom for orbit relaxation, a lock-on time adjustment and a refraction correction adjustment. An evaluation of its performance in multistation positioning is shown in Figure 5. The data used in this evaluation were gathered at 8 sites in Quebec, Canada, by Sheltech for the Quebec Ministere de 1’Engergie et des Resources, using JMR receiving equipment. This data set is considered to be representative of a real-world situation and has been processed by a number of wellknown programs. A user of a JMR survey system can use the results documented to estimate with confidence what accuracy can be achieved.
Gamma-rays from the pulsar wind nebulae

We investigate the radiation processes inside supernova remnants which are powered by young pulsars. Using a recent model for particle acceleration by the pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), in which positrons gain energy in the process of resonant scattering by the heavy nuclei, we construct a time-dependent radiation model for the PWNe. In this model, the spectra of relativistic particles, injected inside the nebula, depend on time due to the evolution of the pulsar parameters. Applying a simple model for the evolution of the PWNa, the equilibrium spectra of leptons and nuclei inside the nebula are determined as a function of time, taking into account the energy losses of particles on dierent processes and their escape from the nebula. We calculate the multiwavelength photon spectra produced by leptons and nuclei and compare them with the observations of the PWNe for which TeV-ray emission has been reported, i.e. the Crab Nebula, the Vela Supernova Remnant, and the nebula around PSR 1706-44. It is found that the emission from the Crab Nebula can be well fitted by the composition of the -ray emission produced by leptons (below10 TeV) and nuclei (10 TeV). The model is further tested by successful fitting of the high energy spectrum from the Vela SNR. In this case, the observed-ray emission is mainly due to leptons and the contribution of-rays from decay of neutral pions, produced in collision of nuclei, is significantly lower. However, the considered model does not give good fitting to the emission from PSR1706-44 for the likely parameters of this source, unless an additional target for relativistic leptons is present inside the nebula, e.g. the thermal infrared emission. Based on the knowledge obtained from these fittings, we predict the -ray fluxes in the TeV energy range from other PWNe, which are promissing TeV-ray sources due to their similarities to the -ray nebulae, i.e. MSH15-52 (PSR 1509-58), 3C58 (PSR J0205+6449), and CTB80 (PSR 1951+32). Possible detection of these sources by the new generation of Cherenkov telescopes is discussed.
Revisiting the Mechanics of Onset of Scour Below Subsea Pipelines in Steady Currents

This paper summarizes the results of a series of experiments performed in a recirculating flume (namely the mini O-tube) to investigate the onset of scour below pipelines in steady currents. The experiments were performed on model seabed with two different lengths, to assess the effects of sediment supply on the potential for onset of scour.In each experiment the flow velocity and pipeline embedment were recorded continuously. These measurements have been compared with an empirical formula proposed by Sumer et al. (2001) which predicts the onset velocity of a pipeline partially buried in a flat seabed. In general, present experimental results show that when the upstream sediment supply is limited, onset of scour may happen due to piping at a velocity well below that predicted by the empirical formula, but following significant local scouring around the pipe. This result, although only preliminary, suggests the potential for tunnel erosion beneath deeply embedded pipelines in the field where the sediment supply upstream of the pipe may be interrupted by rock outcrops or seabed slopes.A series of numerical simulations have also been conducted to investigate the dynamic pressure difference between upstream and downstream of the pipeline prior to onset of scour. The numerical results show that despite local scour significantly alters the surrounding seabed for a deeply embedded pipe, the pressure gradient across the pipe is similar in magnitude to that measured for a flat seabed and is of sufficient size to cause piping.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Identification of quarry area based on CHRIS/Proba data

Satellite hyperspectral imagery and especially missions like CHRIS Proba provide new capabilities for environmental and geological studies since they offer high spectral and spatial resolution. This work exploits the potential of CHRIS Proba data to be used for classification purposed of areas with high geological interest. For this purpose different classification methods are employed while the matched filtering (PCT-BSS) approach seems to be the most promising. The approach is tested in the area of Araxos peninsula in Greece, which is an area of high environmental and geological interest.
Finite Volume Method for Modelling Gas Flow in Shale

Gas flow in shale is a complex phenomenon and is currently being investigated using a variety of modelling and experimental approaches. A range of flow mechanisms need to be taken into account when describing gas flow in shale including continuum, slip, transitional flow and Knudsen diffusion. A finite volume method (FVM) is presented to mathematically model these flow mechanisms. The approach incorporates the Knudsen number as well as the gas adsorption isotherm, allowing different flow mechanisms to be taken into account as well as methane sorption on organic matter. The approach is applicable to non-linear diffusion problems, in which the permeability and fluid density both depend on the scalar variable, the pressure. The FVM is fully conservative, as it obeys exact conservation laws in a discrete sense integrated over finite volumes. The method is validated first on unsteady-state problems for which analytical or numerical solutions are available. The approach is then applied for solving pressure-pulse decay tests and a comparison with an alternative finite element numerical solution is made. Results for practical laboratory pressure-pulse decay tests of samples with very low permeability are also presented.
A new facies model for the Upper Gypsum of Sicily (Italy): chronological and palaeoenvironmental constraints for the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean

The Upper Gypsum unit of the Caltanissetta Basin (Sicily) records the last phase of the Messinian salinity crisis comprising the so‐called ‘Lago Mare’ event. A new facies analysis study recognizes nine to ten depositional cycles consisting of seven rhythmically interbedded primary gypsum bodies, and two to three sandstone bodies separated by marly terrigenous horizons showing laterally persistent vertical organization. A basal thin gypsum bed is overlain by a cluster of five thicker gypsum bodies. A marly interval containing two distinct sandstone horizons separates this cluster from the overlying uppermost (seventh) gypsum body. The terrigenous Arenazzolo Formation, in turn followed by the lower Pliocene Trubi Formation, is considered here to form the uppermost part of the Upper Gypsum unit. The rhythmic alternation in the sandy marls and gypsum/sandstone bodies records the response of sediments from shelfal to deltaic systems to precession‐driven arid‐wet climate fluctuations causing cyclical changes of both base‐level and water concentration. During wet climate phases (at insolation maxima) marl and sandstone were deposited in a hypohaline environment as suggested by: (i) the typical Lago Mare faunal assemblage and (ii) the negative δ18O values. During arid phases (at insolation minima) the reduced meteoric supply, recorded by higher δ18O values in the carbonate, caused the development of a negative hydrological budget leading to evaporite precipitation. At a basinal scale the Upper Gypsum unit unconformably overlies a mainly clastic evaporite unit containing carbonate breccia (the so‐called ‘Calcare di Base’) and/or clastic gypsum. Towards the basin centres, where the basal contact becomes conformable, a primary gypsum cumulate horizon is present. This layer is interpreted as a possible lateral equivalent of the Halite unit present only in the deepest depocentres. Based on astronomical calibration of the depositional cycles, the Upper Gypsum unit, including the Arenazzolo Formation, spans the interval between 5·33 and 5·53 Ma. This new age calibration allows the deposition of the Halite unit to be dated between 5·6 Ma (top of the Lower Evaporites) and 5·55 Ma (base of the Upper Evaporites) corresponding to isotopic stages TG12 and/or TG14.
Evolution of a Mediterranean Salt Lens: Scalar Properties

Abstract The evolution of a Mediterranean salt lens (Meddy) over a two year period is examined. Several nondimensional numbers can be used to describe the overall decay in the structure of the Moddy. Two Rossby numbers, one using the central relative vorticity and another using the radius and velocity of the azimuthal velocity maximum, did not change over the two year period. However, the Burger number N2H2/(f2L2) increased as the Meddy decayed. Another Burger number, the ratio of total kinetic energy to total available potential energy, decreased from 1.1 to 0.6 over a one year period. The rates at which the Meddy lost salt and heat are consistent with estimates of horizontal fluxes by intrusions. A horizontal diffusivity of O(5 m2 s−1) is needed if this flux by intrusions is parameterized by an eddy coefficient. Simple models of the evolution of an isolated eddy by horizontal and vertical mixing of mass and momentum are examined. These simple attempts to explain the evolution of the Meddy suggest more c.
A Global Urban Risk Index

Which cities have the highest risk of human and economic losses due to natural hazards? And how will urban exposure to major hazards change over the coming decades? This paper develops a global urban disaster risk index that evaluates the mortality and economic risks from disasters in 1,943 cities in developing countries. Concentrations of population, infrastructure, and economic activities in cities contribute to increased exposure and susceptibility to natural hazards. The three components of this risk measure are urban hazard characteristics, exposure, and vulnerability. For earthquakes, cyclones, floods, and landslides, single hazard risk indices are developed. In addition, a multi-hazard index gives a holistic picture of current city risk. Demographic-economic projection of city population growth to 2050 suggests that exposure to earthquake and cyclone risk in developing country cities will more than double from today's levels. Global urban risk analysis, as presented in this paper, can inform the prioritization of resources for disaster risk management and urban planning and promote the shift toward managing risks rather than emergencies.
Groundwater management and salinity control

A management model is presented that may be useful in analyzing decision rules for the conjunctive management of groundwater reserves for use in irrigation and salinity control. Alternative schemes for decentralized management via taxes and bribes are discussed. Taxes are described that bring about intradistrict efficiency in terms of water use and salinity control when downstream externalities are ignored. When externalities are considered, it is shown that a unique pattern of resource use requires a given institutional structure for the management of bribes.
Relationship between ground‐based particle component and column aerosol optical property in dusty days over Beijing

The relationship between ground‐based particle chemical component and column aerosol optical property in dusty days over Beijing is analyzed. Typical element contained in particles either of Si, Fe, Ti, K, etc. shows a strong correlation with part column aerosol optical properties such as aerosol optical thickness, radiative forcing, and so on. Based on the fine‐to‐coarse elemental ratio, as well as the individual elemental percentage relative to the sum concentration of main elements, simple linear relationships can be established between the ground particle component and the daily averages of retrieved column aerosol optical factors. This method is available to establish a retrieval algorithm to derive the ground aerosol distribution on a larger scale from the column aerosol optical measurements of satellite.
Lexical Functional Grammar A Formal System for Grammatical Representation

In learning their native language children develop a remarkable set of capabilities They acquire knowledge and skills that enable them to pro duce and comprehend an inde nite number of novel utterances and to make quite subtle judgments about certain of their properties The ma jor goal of psycholinguistic research is to devise an explanatory account of the mental operations that underlie these linguistic abilities In pursuing this goal we have adopted what we call the Competence Hypothesis as a methodological principle We assume that an explana tory model of human language performance will incorporate a theoreti cally justi ed representation of the native speaker s linguistic knowledge a grammar as a component separate both from the computational mech anisms that operate on it a processor and from other nongrammatical processing parameters that might in uence the processor s behavior To a certain extent the various components that we postulate can be studied independently guided where appropriate by the well established methods and evaluation standards of linguistics computer science and experimen tal psychology However the requirement that the various components ultimately must t together in a consistent and coherent model imposes even stronger constraints on their structure and operation
Observation of the Dirac fluid and the breakdown of the Wiedemann-Franz law in graphene

Electrons that flow like a fluid Electrons inside a conductor are often described as flowing in response to an electric field. This flow rarely resembles anything like the familiar flow of water through a pipe, but three groups describe counterexamples (see the Perspective by Zaanen). Moll et al. found that the viscosity of the electron fluid in thin wires of PdCoO2 had a major effect on the flow, much like what happens in regular fluids. Bandurin et al. found evidence in graphene of electron whirlpools similar to those formed by viscous fluid flowing through a small opening. Finally, Crossno et al. observed a huge increase of thermal transport in graphene, a signature of so-called Dirac fluids. Science, this issue p. 1061, 1055, 1058; see also p. 1026 Thermal transport is enhanced near the charge-neutrality point in graphene, owing to the dominant interelectron interactions. [Also see Perspective by Zaanen] Interactions between particles in quantum many-body systems can lead to collective behavior described by hydrodynamics. One such system is the electron-hole plasma in graphene near the charge-neutrality point, which can form a strongly coupled Dirac fluid. This charge-neutral plasma of quasi-relativistic fermions is expected to exhibit a substantial enhancement of the thermal conductivity, thanks to decoupling of charge and heat currents within hydrodynamics. Employing high-sensitivity Johnson noise thermometry, we report an order of magnitude increase in the thermal conductivity and the breakdown of the Wiedemann-Franz law in the thermally populated charge-neutral plasma in graphene. This result is a signature of the Dirac fluid and constitutes direct evidence of collective motion in a quantum electronic fluid.
Correction to "The Deformation, Gravity, and Potential Changes due to Volcanic Loading of the Crust"

Rundle (Journal of Geophysical Research, 87(B 13), 10,729- 10,744, 1982) it has become evident to me that some prob- lems exist with some of the gravity changes shown in Figures 4-! 4 of Rundle [1982]. However, calculations shown for deformation, potential change, and sea surface displacement are not in error. The problem with the calculated values of gravity stem from a minor numerical error and, more impor- tantly, from an incorrect interpretation of the meaning of the internal gravitational potential •b. Equations (20)-(21) of