Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conservation biological control.

Introduction: L.E. Ehler, Conservation Biological Control: Past, Present, and Future. D. Letourneau, Conservation Biology: Lessons for Conserving Natural Enemies. P. Barbosa, Agroecosystems and Conservation Biological Control. Influence of Habitat: Underlying Ecological Interactions: P. Barbosa and B. Benrey, The Influence of Plants on Insect Parasitoids: Implications to Conservation Biological Control. P. Barbosa and S.D. Wratten, Influence of Plants on Invertebrate Predators: Implications to Conservation Biological Control. D. Landis and F. Menalled, Ecological Considerations in the Conservation of Effective Parasitoid Communities in Agricultural Systems. Influence of Habitat: Designing Strategies: D.N. Ferro and J. McNeil, Habitat Enhancement and Conservation of Natural Enemies of Insects. W. Nentwig, T. Frank, and C. Lethmayer, Sown Weed Strips: Artificial Ecological Compensation Areas as an Important Tool in Conservation Biological Control. G. Gurr, H. van Emden, and S. Wratten, Habitat Manipulation and Natural Enemy Efficiency: Implications for the Control of Pests. Influence of Agronomic and Management Considerations on Conservation Biological Control: C. Hoy, J. Feldman, F. Gould, G. Kennedy, G. Reed, and J.A. Wyman, Naturally Occurring Biological Controls in Genetically Engineered Crops. J.R. Ruberson, N. Nemoto, and Y. Hirose, Pesticides and Conservation of Natural Enemies in Pest Management. Y. Hirose, Conservation Biological Control of Mobile Pests: Problems and Prospects. Implementation of Conservation Biological Control: Nemotodes: E.E. Lewis, J.F. Campbell, and R. Gaugler, A Conservation Approach to Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Turf and Landscapes. Insect Pathogens: J.R. Fuxa, Environmental Manipulation to Increase Levels of Microbial Control of Insects. Insects and Mites: I. Perfecto and A. Castineiras, Deployment of the Predacious Ants, and Their Conservation in Ecosystems. J.D. Dutcher, Conservation of Aphidophaga in Pecan Orchards. J. Nyrop, G. English-Loeb, and A. Roda, Conservation Biological Control of Spider Mites in Perennial Cropping Systems. Plant Pathogens: C.L. Wilson, Conserving Epiphytic Microorganisms on Fruits and Vegetables for Biological Control. P. Lucas and A. Sarniguet, Biological Control of Soil-Borne Pathogens with Resident versus Introduced Antagonists: Should Diverging Approaches Become Strategic Convergence? Weeds: R.M. Newman, D.C. Thompson, and D.B. Richman, Conservation Strategies for the Biological Control of Weeds. Subject Index.
Reindeer herding and petroleum development on Poluostrov Yamal: sustainable or mutually incompatible uses?

Abstract The Yamal Nenets have exploited reindeer via hunting and/or husbandry in northwest Siberia for several hundred years, although wild reindeer have been virtually absent on Poluostrov Yamal since the early 1900s. Nonetheless, the region retains large populations of wild animals, indicating that nomadic pastoralists, semi-domestic animals, and wildlife were not competing vigorously for resources or space prior to industrialization. Natural-gas development is a relative newcomer to the region, but has already had a significant impact on the bio-physical and socioeconomic environments. The withdrawal of lands for industrial infrastructure, in addition to direct and cumulative impacts from three decades of exploration, has led to a serious decline in the quantity and quality of the remaining tundrasuitable for reindeer pasture. Available records indicate that some preferred fur-bearing game species have been significantly reduced in recent years, primarily by non-natives. At the same time, it appears that extensive grazing by the reindeer themselves is having an overall negative effect on the area's pastures. Specifically, reindeer grazing is resulting in the thinning of the organic layer on well-drained ground and the exposure of fine-grained sands. The surfaces of these patches are highly erodable and unstable, therefore spreading easily as long as they remain unvegetated. The significant expansion of such areas is a genuine threat as long as, first, industrial development continues to degrade the land, and, second, the numbers of reindeer remain at current levels or increase.
The geoid constraint in global geodynamics: viscosity structure, mantle heterogeneity models and boundary conditions

SUMMARY The Earth's non-hydrostatic gravity field, or geoid, provides a first-order constraint on mantle density structure and dynamics. Geodynamic models for the geoid have proliferated since the advent of seismic mapping of mantle heterogeneity structure (tomography) because the geoid offers perhaps the best-measured independent constraint on mantle density heterogeneity. However, dynamic geoid models involve a number of questionable physical assumptions and uncertainties whose effects need to be evaluated before geodynamic inferences based upon the geoid can be considered sound. Troubling issues include the appropriate surface boundary conditions (free-slip, no-slip, plates? ) and parametrization of radial viscosity variations (how many layers can be resolved? ), in addition to lateral viscosity variations, possible chemical layering of the mantle, phase transitions, etc. There are also uncertainties in the density heterogeneity models used as ‘input’ to dynamic geoid models, most of which are derived from seismic tomography and require weakly constrained, empirical conversion factors to go from seismic velocity variations to density variations. Here we address several of the most straightforward problems inherent in geoid modelling, namely the issues of viscosity structure resolution, uncertainties in appropriate boundary conditions, and differences among mantle heterogeneity models. A robust feature of all models is a lower-mantle viscosity at least a factor of 30 greater than that of the upper mantle, but there is little resolution with regard to finer details such as lithospheric or uppermost mantle (‘low-viscosity zone’) viscosity. Ironically, free-slip boundary conditions result in the best fits to the geoid in all cases, but all boundary conditions exhibit predictable trade-offs with the uppermost-mantle viscosity. Models with a single viscosity layer representing the lower mantle yield similar dynamic topography estimates of the order of 700–1000 m in amplitude, regardless of the finer details of upper-mantle viscosity structure, boundary conditions or input heterogeneity models. Comparing mantle heterogeneity models based on two independent seismological determinations (Harvard and Berkeley models) and on the history of subduction, we find that these models are virtually indistinguishable regarding inferences of mantle viscosity structure and amplitude of dynamic topography, and in terms of the effects of different boundary conditions. Uncertainties concerning which type of boundary condition is appropriate are much more important than which mantle heterogeneity model is chosen. Given other uncertainties in modelling the geoid, particularly the strong effects due to lateral viscosity variations for intermediate (<10 000 km) wavelengths, we conclude that the class of dynamic geoid models explored so far cannot reliably elucidate the details of upper-mantle viscosity structure.
mapping quality scores Mapping short DNA sequencing reads and calling variants using Material Supplemental

Material Supplemental http://genome.cshlp. org/content/suppl/2008/09/26/gr.078212. 108.DC1. html References http://genome.cshlp. org/content/18/11/1851.full. html#related-urls Article cited in: http://genome.cshlp. org/content/18/11/1851.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 29 articles, 16 of which can be accessed free at: Open Access Freely available online through the Genome Research Open Access option. service Email alerting click here top right corner of the article or Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the
Indian Ocean Feedback to the ENSO Transition in a Multimodel Ensemble

AbstractObservational studies hypothesized that Indian Ocean (IO) feedback plays a role in leading to a fast transition of El Nino. When El Nino accompanies IO warming, IO warming induces the equatorial easterlies over the western Pacific (WP), leading to a rapid termination of El Nino via an oceanic adjust process. In this study, this IO feedback is reinvestigated using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) coupled GCM simulations. It is found that most of the climate models mimic this IO feedback reasonably, supporting the observational hypothesis. However, most climate models tend to underestimate the strength of the IO feedback, which means the phase transition of ENSO due to the IO feedback is less effective than the observed one. Furthermore, there is great intermodel diversity in simulating the strength of the IO feedback. It is shown that the strength of the IO feedback is related to the precipitation responses to El Nino and IO SST forcings over the warm-pool regions. Moreover.
Considerations on the origin and properties of the Antarctic aerosol

Information pertaining to aerosols and to microparticles preserved in snow and ice on the high plateau of Antarctica is assembled and interpreted with a diffusive transport model. The boundary conditions for the problem involve the existence of a two-mode microparticle size distribution function. The smaller (Aitken) mode likely consists of converted products from nucleation of trace gases; the particles are less than 2.3 days old and are produced locally over the ice caps at a production rate of 4 × 10−21 g cm−3s−1. The Aitken particles are present in concentrations of 10²–10³ cm−3 throughout the troposphere, except in the lowest few hundred meters within the turbulent boundary layer, where they are depleted. The Aitken particles are probably composed of converted sulfates and hydrocarbons. Large particles ∼0.4 µm in radius are also found in Antarctica, in concentrations of 0.5 cm−3; these particles dominate the aerosol mass. They are of great interest because they have apparently come from long distances and because they precipitate onto the surface and are incorporated into the polar ice in varying rates that can show a connection with past changes in terrestrial climate. The large particles are estimated to have come from (1) unidentified sulfate sources, (2) oceanic sources surrounding the continent, (3) arid regions in the southern hemisphere (Australia, Kalahari Desert, Atacama Desert), (4) extraterrestrial sources, and (5) oases on the continent—in that order of importance. Turbulent diffusion seems to be the primary particle transport mechanism, and diffusion models support the plausibility of the mentioned terrestrial sources and quantify their contributions. The transport by eddy diffusion from continental sources apparently is operating mainly within the middle and upper troposphere. Particles are removed over Antarctica by diffusing into the turbulent boundary region or by encountering clouds or hydrometeors. The major removal mechanisms are impaction on the surface (2.0 × 10−14 g cm−2 s−1), impaction onto snowflakes (1.6 × 10−14 g cm−2 s−1), impaction onto ice crystals (0.2 × 10−14 g cm−2 s−1), and nucleation (0.6 × 10−14 g cm−2 s−1). The Aitken particles are removed predominantly by diffusing to ice crystals (0.006 × 10−14 g cm−2 s−1) and by diffusing across the laminar layer to the surface (0.015 × 10−14 g cm−2 s−1). The many near-surface removal mechanisms deplete aerosol mass loading by a factor of 5–10 in the turbulent boundary layer (making it a poor place to collect samples from). Changes in atmospheric circulation during the last third of the latest Wisconsin ice age may have increased desertification in the southern hemispheric mid-latitude zones and caused greater amounts of dust to be deposited on the polar ice cap.
Microbial removal of hazardous organic compounds

An in-depth evaluation of the potential for microorganisms to remove anthropogenic organic compounds, mainly priority pollutants and related compounds, is presented. The evaluation indicates that use of properly selected populations of microbes, and the maintenance of environmental conditions most conducive to their metabolism, can be an important means of improving biological treatment of organic wastes. One major theme is that microorganisms not normally associated with biological waste treatment have potential advantages when the removal of anthropogenic compounds is the goal. An extensive summary of examples of anthropogenic compounds and microorganisms that can attack them is presented in tabular form. A second table lists the selective uses of microorganisms for removal of different anthropogenic compounds. (KRM)
Polycomb Proteins Control Floral Determinacy by H3K27me3-mediated Repression of Pluripotency Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Polycomb group (PcG) protein-mediated histone methylation (H3K27me3) controls the correct spatiotemporal expression of numerous developmental regulators in Arabidopsis. Epigenetic silencing of the stem cell factor WUS in floral meristems (FMs) depends on H3K27me3 deposition by PcG proteins. However, the role of H3K27me3 in silencing of other meristematic regulator and pluripotency genes during FM determinacy has not yet been studied. To this end, we report the genome-wide dynamics of H3K27me3 levels during FM arrest and the consequences of strongly depleted PcG activity on early flower morphogenesis including enlarged and indeterminate FMs. Strong depletion of H3K27me3 levels results in misexpression of the FM identity gene AGL24, which partially leads to floral reversion causing ap1-like flowers and indeterminate FMs expressing ectopically WUS and STM. Loss of STM can rescue supernumerary floral organs and FM indeterminacy in H3K27me3-deficient flowers indicating that the hyperactivity of the FMs is at least partially a result of ectopic STM expression. Nonetheless, WUS remained essential for the FM activity. Our results demonstrate that PcG proteins promote FM determinacy at multi-levels of the floral gene regulatory network, silencing initially floral regulators like AGL24 that promotes FM indeterminacy, and subsequently, meristematic pluripotency genes such as WUS and STM during FM arrest.
Antigen presentation by clonally diverse CXCR5+ B cells to CD4 and CD8 T cells is associated with durable response to immune checkpoint inhibitors

The mechanism by which ICI (immune checkpoint inhibitor) induce durable antitumor T cell activity remains inadequately defined. Tumors from melanoma patients who responded to ICI or MAPK pathway inhibitors (MAPKi) therapy generally displayed increased T cell infiltration and interferon gamma (IFNγ) pathway activation. Yet, the rate of durable tumor control after ICI is almost twice that of MAPKi. Comparing the transcriptome of cohorts of melanoma patients treated with ICI or MAPKi therapy, we discovered that response to ICI is associated with CXCL13-driven recruitment of CXCR5+ B cells with higher clonal diversity than MAPKi. Higher B cell receptor (BCR) diversity allows presentation of diverse tumor antigens by B cells, resulting in robust increases of IFNγ pathway activity and CXCL13 expression in tumor reactive CD8 T cells after ICI therapy. Accordingly, ICI-treated melanoma patients, but not MAPKi, whose tumors displayed higher BCR diversity and IFNγ pathway score, survived significantly longer than those with either one or none. Thus, response to ICI, but not to MAPKi therapy, induces the recruitment of clonally diverse antigen presenting B cells that activate tumor specific, cytotoxic CD8 T cells to effect a durable antitumor immune response. Our result suggests that enhancing B cells’ tumor antigen presentation to intratumoral CD8 T cells can increase the rate of long-term response to ICI therapy.
Conservation Status of Freshwater Mussels of the United States and Canada

Abstract The American Fisheries Society (AFS) herein provides a list of all native freshwater mussels (families Margaritiferidae and Unionidae) in the United States and Canada. This report also provides state and provincial distributions; a comprehensive review of the conservation status of all taxa; and references on biology, conservation, and distribution of freshwater mussels. The list includes 297 native freshwater mussels, of which 213 taxa (71.7%) are considered endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Twenty-one taxa (7.1%) are listed as endangered but possibly extinct, 77 (20.6%) as endangered but extant, 43 (14.5%) as threatened, 72 (24.2%) as of special concern, 14 (4.7%) as undetermined, and only 70 (23.6%) as currently stable. The primary reasons for the decline of freshwater mussels are habitat destruction from dams, channel modification, siltation, and the introduction of nonindigenous mollusks. The high numbers of imperiled freshwater mussels in the United States and Canada, which har.
A depositional model for Rogen moraine, with examples from the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland

Rogen moraine is explained by subglacial meltwater processes through a form analogy between moraine ridges and ripples produced on the underside of river ice. This mechanism for Rogen moraine formation is compatible with the meltwater hypothesis for drumlins. A unified explanation for Rogen moraines and drumlins is attractive and necessary because they are part of a continuum. The meltwater hypothesis is tested on Rogen moraine of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. Mapping shows that ice and meltwater flowed northeastwards from St. Mary's Bay and fanned out across the peninsula. The sedimentology of four moraine ridges and one moraine hummock favours deposition in subglacial cavities. Sediment in the ridges travelled only short distances, and there is abundant evidence of water sorting and deposition from debris flows. Bedding within ridges conforms with surface slopes, and clast fabrics relate to local morphology rather than to the regional ice-flow direction. Additional sedimentary observations from Qu.
Spatial and temporal variability of nonmethane hydrocarbon mixing ratios and their relation to photochemical lifetime

The relationship between temporal and spatial variability of C2-C8 nonmethane hydrocarbon mixing ratios and their HO lifetimes (τ) is presented for samples collected during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) and from other urban and remote sites. The C2-C4 alkanes, acetylene and benzene typically define a trend of the form slnx = Aτ−b where slnx is the standard deviation of the ln of the mixing ratio. The relationship extended over a wider range of hydrocarbons in winter. The exponent b ranged in value from 0.28±0.023 for winter urban data where C2-C8 hydrocarbons defined a strongly correlated trend, to 0.56±0.15 for C2-C4 hydrocarbons at a coastal site in Nova Scotia during NARE. The trends are significantly different from that given by the Junge relationship [Junge, 1974]. Data from the Azores do not display such a trend and were likely influenced by local emissions. Variance trends are a useful analytical tool for examining the validity of hydrocarbon measurements.
Thaliacea of the Bermuda area

A large number of samples of Salpidae, Doliolidae and Pyrosomatidae, collected by the U. S. Ocean Acre Project, are studied. A new record for the Bermuda area of Doliopsis rubescens (Vogt, 1817) is given. Dominant species are Iasis zonaria (Pallas, 1766), Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, 1804, and Salpa aspera Chamisso, 1819. Seasonal peak occurrences are observed for several species. The seasonal and vertical variation of the number of muscle fibres of aggregate Salpa fusiformis and aggregate Salpa aspera is studied and discussed.
Continental breakup in magmatic provinces: An Ethiopian example

Mechanical processes largely control the along-axis segmentation of continental rifts; however, asthenospheric processes strongly influence the along-axis segmentation of mid- ocean ridges. We examine the distribution of strain and magmatism in the transitional active Main Ethiopian rift. Magmatic construction, diking, and faulting during the past 1.6 m.y. have created ∼20-km-wide, ∼60-km-long magmatic segments with or without axial valleys. Magmatic segments are arranged en echelon within the ∼100-km-wide rift valley bounded by mid-Miocene border faults. Geodetic data show that magmatic segments accommodate >80% of the strain across the rift, indicating that border faults are no longer the locus of extension. Comparison with mid-ocean ridges suggests that magmatic segments, rather than detachment faults, mark the ocean-continent boundary in rifts with a ready magma supply. Magmatic margins, therefore, may contain detachments abandoned during continental breakup. The processes of localized dike intrusion with underplating would produce strips of mafic crust transitional to oceanic crust, but without coherent seafloor-spreading magnetic anomalies.
Coastal processes around the Otago Peninsula

Abstract Observations of the wave conditions around the Otago Peninsula were made during the period December 1963 to December 1964. From these observations the influence of sea and swell waves in developing the beaches and spits of this part of the Otago coastline has been assessed. The beaches, including the “southward”-pointing spits of the peninsula, have developed largely in response to a dominant southerly swell of of 10–15 sec. period, in spite of intense refraction. North of the peninsula, in an area sheltered from the swell, the dominant waves are produced by the north-easterly sea, which promotes some beach drift from north to south. The energy dominant waves and the evolution of shoreline curves on a coast of submergence are discussed.
Feasibility of steroid-free tacrolimus-basiliximab immunosuppression in pediatric liver transplantation and predictors for steroid requirement

Avoidance of steroids in pediatric liver transplantation may reduce toxicity and morbidity. The aim of this study was to analyze the feasibility of a steroid-free tacrolimus-basiliximab immunosuppression scheme, the risk factors associated with steroid requirement, and safety parameters. Patients who underwent liver transplantation for biliary atresia between 2011 and 2019 were included and followed for 6 months after transplantation. Immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus-based treatment with basiliximab induction. Steroid-free survival was estimated, and risk factors for steroid requirement were evaluated using multivariate Cox regression analysis. A total of 76 patients were included, of whom 42 (55.3%) required steroids (>14 d) due to biopsy-proven acute rejection (47.6%, n = 20), instability in liver function tests (35.7%, n = 15), tacrolimus-related adverse drug reactions (14.3%, n = 6), or other reasons (bronchospasm episode, n = 1). Steroid-free survival was 45.9% (95% CI, 35.9–58.8). Independent factors associated with steroid requirement included tortuosity in tacrolimus trough levels (≥1.76 vs. <1.76: HR 5.8, 95% CI, 2.6–12.7; p < 0.001) and mean tacrolimus trough levels (≥ 6.4 ng/mL vs. < 6.4 ng/mL: HR 0.4, 95% CI, 0.2–0.7; p = 0.002). The rate of bacterial and viral infections was comparable between patients with and without steroids, although in the former group, cytomegalovirus infection developed earlier (p = 0.03). Patients receiving steroids had higher total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels (p < 0.05) during follow-up, but no changes in the height Z-score were observed 1 year after transplantation. Basiliximab induction in combination with tacrolimus-based treatment avoided steroid requirements in 45% of the patients. Tacrolimus variability and trough levels below 6.4 ng/mL independently increased the risk of steroid requirement. Further efforts should be focused on personalizing immunosuppressive treatment.