Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
USE OF AN ARTIFICIAL NESTLING FOR DETERMINING THE DIET OF NESTLING TREE SWALLOWS

--Accurate determination of the diet composition of nestling swallows can be difficult because of the small size and large numbers of food items delivered per visit. We describe a method for determining the diets of nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) using artificial nestling puppets constructed of the skins from salvaged nestlings mounted on crucible tongs. By obtaining multiple samples from individual nests while keeping prey size bias to a minimum, this method eliminates some of the sources of possible rror associated with other means of determining diet composition. UTILIZACION DE POLLUELOS ARTIFICIALES PARA DETERMINAR LA DIETA DE PICHONES DE TACHYCINETA BICOLOR Sinopsis. --El determinar con exactitud la composici6n de la dieta de polluelos de golondrinas puede ser muy diffcil debido al tamafio tan pequefio de los arffculos alimenticios y el nfimero de •stos que son 11evados por los adultos al nido. Describimos un m•todo para determinar la dieta de polluelos de Tachycineta bicolor utilizando modelos artificiales construedos con la piel de polluelos que perecieron, montados obre pinzas. Mediante la obtenci6n de muestras mfiltiples de diferentes nidos, mientras mantenemos al m•nimo el sesgo sobre el tamafio de los articulos alimenticios, eliminamos algunas de las posibles fuentes de error asociadas a otras formas de determinar la composici6n de la dieta en este grupo de aves. Several methods have been used to obtain samples for the determination of diet composition in nestling birds. To conduct a detailed study of the foraging ecology of Tree Swallows (Tachycir•eta bicolor), we needed a method that would provide us with high quality samples without disrupting reproduction. Direct analysis of stomach contents (Beal 1918, Johnston 1967) can be rejected for most studies of behavioral ecology since it requires killing the individual to be sampled. The use of emetics to force regurgitation of stomach contents is highly stressful, and the fatality rate is too high for use in long-term behavior and ecology studies (Prys-Jones et al. 1974, Radke and Frydendall 1974). Analysis of fecal samples is difficult, since only small parts of food items are passed, making identification difficult and determination of quantity ingested impossible (Bryant 1973, Ralph et al. 1985). In addition, diets determined from fecal or stomach-content samples may be biased towards hard bodied prey (Blancher et al. 1987). Methods that obtain samples before they are ingested by the nestlings provide more satisfactory results. High quality samples can be obtained by removing boll from the mouths of trapped adults (Quinney and Ankney 1985), and if a number of nests are sampled this method can provide a good measure of the diet of a population. Unfortunately, the number of samples that can be obtained from any one nest by this method without severely disrupting nesting is low. The ligature method (Bryant and
On the group of fibre homotopy equivalences

Let (£, p, B, F) denote a Hurewicz fibration with projection p\ E-+B and fibre F. Then the set of all free fibre homotopy classes of free fibre homotopy equivalences of E to itself forms a group under the multiplication defined by the composition of maps. This group is called the group of fibre homotopy equivalences of a Hurewicz fibration (£, p, B, F)9 and we denote it by &(E). The group <? (E) has been studied by several authors, e.g., [5], [6], [15], [16], [19], [21], [24] and [33]. We notice that for any covering space, this is the group of all covering transformations. The purpose of this paper is to study the group JS? (£) of a Hurewicz fibration (£, p, S", F) over the n-sphere S " ( n ^ l ) , where the fibre F is assumed to be a locally compact C W-complex. Let aut F denote the /f-space of all free homotopy equivalences of F to itself with the identity map 1: F-+F as the base point. Then we may consider a Hurewicz fibration
From the microstructure to diffusion MRI, and back

3 Theoretical approaches 16 3.1 Narrow-pulse approximation . 16 3.2 Gaussian phase approximation . 20 3.2. 1 Apparent diffusion coefficient . 22 3.2. 2 Short-time asymptotics . 25 3.2. 3 Long-time asymptotics: isolated pores . 26 3.2. 4 Long-time asymptotics: connected pores . 27 3.3 Diffusion in multi-compartmental tissue . 30 3.3.1 Multi-exponential and distributed signals . 30 3.3.2 Bi-exponential model . 32 3.3.3 Kärger model . 33 3.3.4 Anomalous diffusion models . 37 3.3.5 Effective medium theory . 38 3.4 Towards microscopic geometric models . 39 3.5 Towards high gradients . 40
Atypical Manifestations of Syphilis: A 10-Year Retrospective Study

Background: The incidence of syphilis has increased in high-income countries in the past few decades, especially among men who have sex with men. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the correlations between atypical syphilis manifestations and the demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of patients and to review unusual presentations of syphilis reported in the literature. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 307 patients with syphilis diagnosed between 1 January 2013 and 31 October 2023 at the sexually transmitted infection (STI) centers of the University of Genoa and University of Foggia with both typical and atypical manifestations of disease. Results: In our series, atypical manifestations were detected in 25.8% of the patients, especially in the secondary stage of the disease. Lesions with annular morphology and lesions presenting as itchy erythematous scaly plaques with a psoriasiform appearance were the most common atypical presentations of secondary syphilis. A statistical analysis revealed that homosexual orientation, syphilis reinfection, and venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) titers > 1:32 were correlated with atypical manifestations. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the spectrum of syphilis manifestations, in all the stages of the disease, is wide; atypical manifestations often pose diagnostic challenges, may delay the provision of appropriate treatment, and facilitate the spread of the infection.
The weight loss experience: A descriptive analysis

Background: Six months of loss followed by gradual regain to baseline is descriptive of most weight loss attempts.Purpose: This study sought to identify thoughts and feelings accompanying weight loss that might explain the phenomenon.Methods: Thoughts, feelings, and body weight were measured weekly for 6 months in 41 women receiving behavioral treatment for obesity.Results: Overall, the weight loss experience of these women was positive, requiring modest time and effort and being associated with more positive than negative thoughts and experiences. Over time, however, positive but not negative reactions to the weight loss experience decreased, as did the strength of beliefs that the benefits of weight loss were worth the effort. In addition, we found no relation between the women’s perception of effort and weight loss results.Conclusions: Inadequate long-term rewards for behaviors needed for weight control may be an important cause of frequent weight loss failures.
Holocene peatland and ice-core data constraints on the timing and magnitude of CO2 emissions from past land use

Significance Timing, extent, and impacts of preindustrial agricultural expansion are uncertain, yet crucial for understanding the role of humans in the Earth’s environmental history. The buildup of northern peatlands, initiated after ice-age conditions, was a major carbon sink and could have compensated large CO2 emissions from land use, given timing matches. We present observation- and model-based reconstructions of past peatland carbon and land-use CO2 emission estimates based on all published scenarios. Our analyses of the terrestrial carbon balance reveal a large nonpeatland land carbon source after the Mid-Holocene climate optimum, not explained by land use, and we find that previously suggested links between CO2 and population and land-use history are not supported. CO2 emissions from preindustrial land-use change (LUC) are subject to large uncertainties. Although atmospheric CO2 records suggest only a small land carbon (C) source since 5,000 y before present (5 kyBP), the concurrent C sink by peat buildup could mask large early LUC emissions. Here, we combine updated continuous peat C reconstructions with the land C balance inferred from double deconvolution analyses of atmospheric CO2 and δ13C at different temporal scales to investigate the terrestrial C budget of the Holocene and the last millennium and constrain LUC emissions. LUC emissions are estimated with transient model simulations for diverging published scenarios of LU area change and shifting cultivation. Our results reveal a large terrestrial nonpeatland C source after the Mid-Holocene (66 ± 25 PgC at 7–5 kyBP and 115 ± 27 PgC at 5–3 kyBP). Despite high simulated per-capita CO2 emissions from LUC in early phases of agricultural development, humans emerge as a driver with dominant global C cycle impacts only in the most recent three millennia. Sole anthropogenic causes for particular variations in the CO2 record (∼20 ppm rise after 7 kyBP and ∼10 ppm fall between 1500 CE and 1600 CE) are not supported. This analysis puts a strong constraint on preindustrial vs. industrial-era LUC emissions and suggests that upper-end scenarios for the extent of agricultural expansion before 1850 CE are not compatible with the C budget thereafter.
Correlates of Therapeutic Alliance and Treatment Outcomes Among Israeli Female Methadone Patients

Objectives: This study examines potential predictors (e.g., attachment style, frequency of therapeutic treatment sessions) of client-rated therapeutic alliance between the social worker and client. The relationship between therapeutic alliance and client’s psychological outcomes (hope and posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTS’s]) was also assessed. Methods: The study sample included 95 of 193 female clients (average age = 39.35, SD = 8.66) at four methadone clinics in Israel. Results: Clients reported a strong therapeutic alliance with their social workers. Stepwise hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that only the frequency of treatment sessions, the avoidance dimension of attachment, and less frequent opiate use were significant predictors of therapeutic alliance. Therapeutic alliance significantly predicted hope but did not predict reduced PTS. Conclusions: Implications for social work practice and future research are discussed.
E-marketing motivators, inhibitors and critical success factors: a study of small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs) in Mauritius and Andaman islands, India

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The crystal structure of a novel glucosamine‐6‐phosphate deaminase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus

Introduction. N-acetylglucosamine is an important building block for structural polysaccharides in several organisms. In the metabolism of amino sugar, the conversion between glucosamine 6-phosphate (GlcN6P) and fructose 6-phosphate (Fru6P) is a key step in both anabolic and catabolic directions. The anabolic pathway reaction is mediated by GlcN6P synthase (GlmS) that catalyzes an irreversible formation of GlcN6P. GlmS is a glutamine-dependent amidotransferase family member, which consists of an N-terminal glutamine amide transferase domain and a C-terminal isomerase domain that utilizes ammonia for the amination of Fru6P and isomerizes to give GlcN6P. It is known that GlmS cannot utilize free ammonia as a nitrogen donor. It has been reported that the C-terminal isomerase domain alone does not show ammonia-dependent glucosamine synthesis activity. On the other hand, the catabolic degradation of GlcN6P is mediated by GlcN6P deaminase (GlmD). GlmD catalyzes the deamination and isomerization reactions from GlcN6P to Fru6P with the concomitant release of ammonia, and the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction in the presence of a high concentration of ammonia. Although, GlmS and GlmD display similar catalytic reactions, there is no relationship between the primary structures of GlmS and GlmD. There have been many studies on GlmD from eukarya and bacteria. The corresponding enzyme from archaea; however, has not been reported. Archaeal genomes do not harbor any genes homologous to GlmD. Recently, a gene cluster responsible for chitin degradation was cloned from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis, and gene encoding for GlcN6P deamination was found within the cluster. This archaeal GlmD shows a novel type of GlmD distinct from previously known enzymes. It functions as a dimer and displays a certain sequence which is similar to the sugar isomerase domain of GlmS rather than other GlmDs, which have hydrogenase-like, six-stranded fold and act as a hexamer. Although, this archaeal GlmD is similar to the isomerase domain of GlmS, it kinetically prefers the deamination of GlcN6P rather than the reverse ammonia-dependent amination of Fru6P. A complete genome of another hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus DSM 3638, has been sequenced and a conserved gene cluster for chitin degradation and an archaeal GlmD gene homologue have been found. Therefore, this type of GlmD would be common in archaebacteria and its molecular structure could be helpful in understanding the functional differences of archaeal GlmDs to those from eukarya and bacteria. Here we present the crystal structure of GlmD from P. furiosus determined by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) and show its putative active site.
ABC transporters: from microorganisms to man.

INTRODUCTION . 67 DOMAIN ORGANIZATION: The Typical ABC Transporter . 73 THE TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAINS . 76 The "Two-Times-Six" Helix Paradigm . 76 Sequence Similarities . 78 THE ATP-BINDING DOMAINS . 79 PERIPLASMIC-BINDING PROTEINS . 84 SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY . 86 THE ROLE OF ATP : Coupling Energy to Transport . " . 88 COVALENT MODIFICATION . 91 CELLULAR FUNCTIONS OF ABC TRANSPORTERS . 9 1 Nutrient Uptake . 9 1 Protein Export . 93 Intracellular Membranes . 93 Regulation of ABC Transporters . 94 Regulation by ABC Transporters . 95 Drug and Antibiotic Resistance . 95 Channel Functions: CFTR and P-glycoprotein . 97 MECHANISMS OF SOLUTE TRANSLOCATION . 98 Structure of the Transmembrane Complex . 99 Channels and Transporters . 1 0 I Energy Coupling andlor Gating . 102 CONCLUDING REMARKS . 103
Multicentre validation of 4-well azole agar plates as a screening method for detection of clinically relevant azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus.

Objectives: Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus is emerging worldwide. Reference susceptibility testing methods are technically demanding and no validated commercial susceptibility tests for moulds currently exist. In this multicentre study a 4-well azole-containing screening agar method was evaluated using clinically relevant isolates. Methods: Forty WT and 39 cyp51A mutant A. fumigatus [G54 (n = 10), M220 (n = 10), TR34/L98H (n = 9) and TR46/Y121F/T289A (n = 10)] were tested individually and as simulated mixed samples (sampling 4 WT and 1 mutant colonies). EUCAST MICs were determined following E.Def 9.3. In-house and commercial 4-well plates containing agars supplemented with 4 mg/L itraconazole, 1 mg/L voriconazole, 0.5 mg/L posaconazole and no antifungal, respectively, were evaluated. Growth was scored (0-3) by two independent observers in three laboratories. Inter-plate, inter-observer, essential and categorical agreement, sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results: CYP51A genotype and antifungal compound-specific MICs and growth patterns were documented. The inter-observer agreement was excellent with 86%-99% identical scores (range 80%-100%) for both plates. The qualitative agreement (no growth versus growth) was excellent (median 95%-100%, range 87%-100%, overall). The overall sensitivity and specificity for the 4-well plate (no growth versus growth) was 99% (range 97%-100%) and 99% (95%-100%), respectively. The sensitivity for simulated WT/mutant specimens was 94% (range 83%-100%) for the WT-TR34/L98H combination, but 100% for the WT/G54W combination. The performance remained unchanged using only itraconazole- and voriconazole-containing agars, but was lower for the other combinations. Conclusions: Implementation of the 4-well screening plate in routine laboratories will allow easy and reliable detection of the most common azole-resistant A. fumigatus.
Convergence bounds for nonlinear least squares and applications to tensor recovery

We consider the problem of approximating a function in general nonlinear subsets of $L^2$ when only a weighted Monte Carlo estimate of the $L^2$-norm can be computed. Of particular interest in this setting is the concept of sample complexity, the number of samples that are necessary to recover the best approximation. Bounds for this quantity have been derived in a previous work and depend primarily on the model class and are not influenced positively by the regularity of the sought function. This result however is only a worst-case bound and is not able to explain the remarkable performance of iterative hard thresholding algorithms that is observed in practice. We reexamine the results of the previous paper and derive a new bound that is able to utilize the regularity of the sought function. A critical analysis of our results allows us to derive a sample efficient algorithm for the model set of low-rank tensors. The viability of this algorithm is demonstrated by recovering quantities of interest for a classical high-dimensional random partial differential equation.
WHO: Need for Global Dementia Care Planning Is Urgent.

Planning Is Urgent A sharp climb in the projected number of people living with dementia—from 55 million in 2019 to 139 million worldwide by 2050—has created an urgent need for countries to plan for their care, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) global status report. Dementia affects about 8% of women and 5% of men older than 65 years. The condition’s estimated global societal costs were $1.3 trillion in 2019 and are expected to grow to at least $1.7 trillion by 2030. Yet only about one-quarter of countries have a national plan to address this growing concern, the report noted. Although family members or unpaid caregivers, most of whom are women, devote an average of 5 hours a day to caring for people with dementia, the condition creates complex clinical care needs. A variety of services ranging from primary care to specialty care, long-term care, and palliative care is required. The report noted that diagnosis is the first step in obtaining care, but fewer than half of the countries that contributed data for it are able to provide their dementia diagnosis rates—a serious shortcoming. After a diagnosis, however, the report indicated that having a primary care clinician involved can help decrease hospital costs and improve informal caregivers’ mental health. Primary care clinicians can also play an important role in delivering risk reduction strategies, according to the report. For example, the WHO’s guidelines recommend treatment for hypertension, high cholesterol, depression, diabetes, and hearing loss to help prevent dementia. The guidelines also recommend that people adopt lifestyle interventions including increased physical activity, smoking cessation, and a healthful diet to reduce their risks.
Aerodynamic Drag Prediction using Unstructured Mesh Solvers

3 Grid Resolution and Discretization Issues 12 3.1 Choice of Discretization and E ect of Dissipation . 12 3.1. 1 Cells versus Points . 12 3.1. 2 Discretization Formulations . 15 3.2 Grid Resolution Requirements . 24 3.2. 1 Choice of Element Type . 25 3.2. 2 Grid Resolution Issues . 27 3.3 Grid Convergence . 30
Implementing research findings into practice: frameworks and guidance.

BACKGROUND Health services across the world are constantly introducing changes into their workplaces and these affect many people. As new robust and reliable evidence becomes available, it is important that changes to practice are made. As health professionals, we have to be flexible and accommodate this change; for some this means disruption, challenge and having to learn new ways of doing things. Barriers exist that prevent or delay changes being made to established practice in all organizations, whatever the culture. This is a world-wide problem. It is important to understand the barriers to change so that solutions can be found. Some changes that are needed don't occur, because clinicians are unaware of the new evidence, while for others there needs to be something introduced to drive forward the change. This process is not a passive one; active involvement is needed for the change to be successful. Individual attitudes and beliefs play a significant part in change, and their influences are often underestimated, so these also need to be explored. Practice change may require new skills to be learnt - another obstacle for change. AIM In this short communication, the science behind evidence implementation is introduced and then some of the factors that impact on change are explored, drawing on three useful models and frameworks. CONCLUSION Ultimately there remains a gap between interventions that research has shown to be effective and their translation into practice; this has to be closed.
Lecture notes for STAT 547S: Topics in Symmetry in Statistics and Machine Learning (draft; in progress)

1 Equivariant statistical analysis for a location parameter 4 1.1 Location families . 4 1.2 Equivariant estimation in a location family . 6 1.3 A Bayesian connection . 9 1.4 Minimaxity of location MRE estimators . 10 1.5 Additional exercises . 11
Effects and acceptability of implementing improved cookstoves and heaters to reduce household air pollution

van Gemert, Frederik; de Jong, Corina; Kirenga, Bruce; Musinguzi, Patrick; Buteme, Shamim; Sooronbaev, Talant; Tabyshova, Aizhamal; Emilov, Berik; Mademilov, Maamed; Pham Le An; Nguyen Nhat Quynh; Tran Ngoc Dang; Le Huynh Thi Cam Hong; Chartier, Ryan; Brakema, Evelyn A. ; van Boven, Job F. M. ; Kocks, Janwillem; Nantanda, Rebecca; Katagira, Winceslaus; Ndeezi, Grace; Tumwine, James; Walusimbi, Simon; Akylbekov, Azamat; Pham Duong Uyen Binh; Tran Diep Tuan; Le Thi Tuyet Lan; Tran Thanh Duv Linh; Loan, Kim Xuan; Le Thanh Van; Nguyen Nhu Vinh; Chavannes, Niels H. ; van der Kleij, Rianne M. J. J.; Poot, Charlotte; Anastasaki, Marilena; Bertsias, Antonios; Chatzea, Vasiliki E. ; Lionis, Christos; Papadakis, Sophia; Sifaki-Pistolla, Dimitra; Tsiligianni, Ioanna; Singh, Sally; Burges, Dennis; Hedrick, Ben; Stout, James; Warren, Louise; Ferarrio, Irene; Powell, Pippa; Barton, Andy; Cartwright, Lucy; van Kampen, Sanne; Jones, Rupert; Pooler, Jillian; Poulsen, Anja; Kjærgaard, Jesper; Hopkinson, Nick; Cragg, Liza; Pinnock, Hilary; Williams, Sian; McEwen, Andy; Reventlow, Susanne; Stubbe-Ostergaard, Marianne; Postma, Maarten J.; de Sousa, Jaime Correia