Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
There ’ s something about MRAI : Timing diversity exponentially worsens BGP convergence

To better support interactive applications, individual network operators are decreasing the timers that affect BGP convergence, leading to greater diversity in the timer settings across the Internet. While decreasing timers is intended to improve routing convergence, we show that, ironically, the resulting timer heterogeneity makes routing convergence substantially worse. We examine the widely-used Min Route Advertisement Interval (MRAI) timer that rate-limits update messages to reduce router overhead. We show that, while routing systems with homogeneous MRAI timers have linear convergence time, diverse MRAIs can cause exponential increases in both the number of BGP messages and the convergence time (as measured in “activations”). We prove tight upper bounds on these metrics in terms of MRAI timer diversity in general dispute-wheel-free networks and economically sensible (Gao-Rexford) settings. We also demonstrate significant impacts on the data plane: blackholes sometimes last throughout the route-convergence process, and forwarding changes, at best, are only polynomially less frequent than routing changes. We show that these problems vanish in contiguous regions of the Internet with homogeneous MRAIs or with next-hop-based routing policies, suggesting practical strategies for mitigating the problem, especially when all routers are administered by one institution.
Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff for the Interference Channel With a Relay

We study the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) for the slow fading interference channel with a relay (ICR). We derive four inner bounds on the DMT region: the first is based on the compress-and-forward (CF) relaying scheme, the second is based on the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme, and the last two bounds are based on the half-duplex (HD) and full-duplex (FD) amplify-and-forward (AF) schemes. For the CF and DF schemes, we find conditions on the channel parameters and the multiplexing gains, under which the corresponding inner bound achieves the optimal DMT region. We also identify the cases in which the DMT region of the ICR corresponds to that of two parallel slow fading relay channels, implying that interference does not decrease the DMT for each pair, and that a single relay can be DMT-optimal for two pairs simultaneously. For the HD-AF scheme, we derive conditions on the channel coefficients under which the proposed scheme achieves the optimal DMT for the AF-based relay channel. Finally, we identify the conditions under which adding a relay strictly enlarges the DMT region relative to the interference channel without a relay.
Exponential separations for one-way quantum communication complexity, with applications to cryptography

We give an exponential separation between one-way quantum and classical communication protocols for a partial Boolean function (a variant of the Boolean Hidden Matching Problem of Bar-Yossef et al.) Earlier such an exponential separation was known only for a relational problem. The communication problem corresponds to a \emph{strong extractor} that fails against a small amount of \emph{quantum} information about its random source. Our proof uses the Fourier coefficients inequality of Kahn, Kalai, and Linial. We also give a number of applications of this separation. In particular, we show that there are privacy amplification schemes that are secure against classical adversaries but not against quantum adversaries; and we give the first example of a key-expansion scheme in the model of bounded-storage cryptography that is secure against classical memory-bounded adversaries but not against quantum ones.
Migration Behaviour and Duration of Residence Spells of Graduating Students in Finland in 1987-2002

An interesting, but yet largely unstudied question concerns migration behaviour in different labour markets from the point of view of duration. How long are residenece spells? Why do some migrants move quite soon after the move, while others stay for a long time? How do personal and family characteristics account for differences in residence spells and repeat migration? Does earlier migration experience or other prior activity or experience explain for this? What is the role of labour market conditions and other region-specific factors? This paper deals with migration behaviour in Finland in 1987-2002. Migration will be analyzed in a duration-model context where movement is seen as terminating an observed residence spell. The data set is based on a Longitudinal Census File and the Longitudinal Employment Statistics File constructed by Statistics Finland. Since 1987, the two basic files are updated annually. These two register-based data sets, together with some other registers, provide panel data on each resident of Finland, from which a 7 per cent random sample bas been taken for this study. The longitudinal data allow us to observe changes of residence and the length of spells remaining in new location. The data set is very rich including hundreds and hundreds of variables for each year. The individual level panel data will be transformed and pooled into a sample of residence spells that began during the period 1988-2001. The maximum of the observed duration of possibly right-censored residence spells if fourteen years. The duration data is interval censored (grouped) â€“ the status of residence spell is only observed at the end of each year. Therefore, discrete time representation for the hazard rate is used. Duration dependence is measured with a set of covariates. Depending on the character of the covariate, the measurement time varies among the variables: some covariates such as sex or parental variables do not change in time, some are measured on year before the residence spell or at the outset of the spell, and the rest such as age, level of education, marital status, family size and regional unemployment are treated as time-varying.
Relocating and orientating cores by the integration of electrical and optical images: a case study from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 735B

While the dip of structural features on recovered rotary-drilled core can be accurately measured, the azimuth of such features in a geographical reference frame is not known. Scribing techniques and analysis of magnetic signatures have been used in attempts to solve this problem, but scribing has so far failed in deep-sea drilling operations and magnetic signatures cannot always be easily resolved. Here, we demonstrate a method for core reorientation and accurate location within a borehole using a comparison between borehole electrical images and whole-core digital images. ODP Hole 735B penetrates a 1500 m section of lower oceanic crustal (gabbroic) rocks with an average core recovery of 86.6%. The absence of orientated core pieces severely restricts the interpretation of these data. In this study, the entire outer surface of individual core pieces was scanned using the DMT Digital Colour CoreScan™ system. Structural features on these unrolled digital images are correlated with images of the same features on Formation Microscanner logs obtained during the wireline-logging programme. Using this approach it is possible to reorientate and accurately locate core pieces within the drilled section.
Laboratory Consolidation of Some Normally Consolidated Soils

A theory of consolidation is developed assuming:Solutions are given for the case of a thin bed of clay subjected to an instantaneous load increment. It is shown how the soil parameters may be obtained from standard laboratory consolidation tests. It is intended to discuss the application of the theory to field cases in a later paper.One-dimensional drainage tests performed in both the oedometer and triaxial cell are presented. The tests in the triaxial cell were performed using hydrostatic loading. The laboratory work was conducted on some remoulded New South Wales soils, some artificially deposited North American soils, and some undisturbed Ontario soils using instantaneous loading and large load ratios. Discussion is mainly illustrated with the tests performed on the artificially deposited soils.The propounded theory was found to be in reasonable but not complete agreement with the test results.D'Arcy's law was found to be valid for the soils tested.
The Resilience of WDM Networks to Probabilistic Geographical Failures

Telecommunications networks, and in particular optical WDM networks, are vulnerable to large-scale failures in their physical infrastructure, resulting from physical attacks (such as an electromagnetic pulse attack) or natural disasters (such as solar flares, earthquakes, and floods). Such events happen at specific geographical locations and disrupt specific parts of the network, but their effects cannot be determined exactly in advance. Therefore, we provide a unified framework to model network vulnerability when the event has a probabilistic nature, defined by an arbitrary probability density function. Our framework captures scenarios with a number of simultaneous attacks, when network components consist of several dependent subcomponents, and in which either a 1+1 or a 1:1 protection plan is in place. We use computational geometric tools to provide efficient algorithms to identify vulnerable points within the network under various metrics. Then, we obtain numerical results for specific backbone networks, demonstrating the applicability of our algorithms to real-world scenarios. Our novel approach allows to identify locations that require additional protection efforts (e.g., equipment shielding). Overall, the paper demonstrates that using computational geometric techniques can significantly contribute to our understanding of network resilience.
Reverse-mode AD in a functional framework: Lambda the ultimate backpropagator

We show that reverse-mode AD (Automatic Differentiation)—a generalized gradient-calculation operator—can be incorporated as a first-class function in an augmented lambda calculus, and therefore into a functional-programming language. Closure is achieved, in that the new operator can be applied to any expression in the augmented language, yielding an expression in that language. This requires the resolution of two major technical issues: (a) how to transform nested lambda expressions, including those with free-variable references, and (b) how to support self application of the AD machinery. AD transformations preserve certain complexity properties, among them that the reverse phase of the reverse-mode AD transformation of a function have the same temporal complexity as the original untransformed function. First-class unrestricted AD operators increase the expressive power available to the numeric programmer, and may have significant practical implications for the construction of numeric software that is robust, modular, concise, correct, and efficient.
Family Size and Domestic Violence in a High-Fertility Society

Does family size affect the prevalence of domestic violence? Using nationally representative survey data from Samoa, which has among the world’s highest fertility rates, I extend the classic work on child quantity-quality trade-offs to also consider domestic violence. Identification is based on instrumental variable (IV) strategies exploiting three distinct and plausibly exogenous drivers of additional fertility: (1) same-sex sibling pairs in families with two or more children, (2) multiple births (twin), and (3) a female firstborn. I find evidence of a direct causal link between family size and an increased prevalence of intimate partner violence by, on average, 5 percentage points, equivalent to a 13 percent increase from the mean. This significant effect is largely driven by physical or sexual abuse often associated with serious victim injuries. The IV estimates also suggest that larger families tend to have attitudes that condone violent behaviour. The normalisation of violent behaviour in larger families may be linked to a lack of resources available to effectively address and resolve conflicts, ultimately contributing to an increased likelihood of violent incidents. These findings highlight the need for greater awareness of the potential victimisation risks for larger families and the importance of integrated family planning and domestic violence prevention efforts.
Arithmetization: a New Method in Structural Complexity Theory

We introduce a technique of arithmetization of the process of computation in order to obtain novel characterizations of certain complexity classes via multivariate polynomials. A variety of concepts and tools of elementary algebra, such as the degree of polynomials and interpolation , becomes thereby available for the study of complexity classes. The theory to be described provides a uniied framework from which powerful recent results follow naturally. The central result is a characterization of ]P in terms of arithmetic straight line programs. The consequences include a simpliied proof of Toda's Theorem that PH P ]P ; and an innnite class of natural and potentially inequivalent functions, checkable in the sense of Blum et al. Similar characterizations of PSPACE are also given. The arithmetization technique was independently discovered by Adi Shamir. While this simultaneous discovery was driven by applications to interactive proofs, the present paper demonstrates the applicability of this technique to classical complexity classes.
Improved State Estimation in Quadrotor MAVs: A Novel Drift-Free Velocity Estimator

quadrotor microaerial vehicles (MAVs) are simple robotic platforms with regard to their construction. In their basic form, they are no more than two counterrotating propeller pairs attached symmetrically to a rigid crosslike frame, along with the means to control the speed of each individual propeller. This symmetric design has enabled the quadrotor to become a simple but powerful vertical takeoff and landing aerial platform popular among the robotics community.
Apparent recent trends in hydrologic response in permafrost regions of northwest Canada

Yukon air temperature trends have been observed to change over the last several decades with an increase in both summer and winter air temperatures. An assessment of streamflow response was carried out to determine if there are apparent trends in permafrost regions as a result of the observed temperature changes. Degrading permafrost places a greater reliance on the interaction between surface and subsurface processes. Annual mean, maximum and minimum flows were assessed using the Mann-Kendall test to statistically validate observed trends. Annual mean flows are observed to have slight positive trends over the last three decades within continuous and discontinuous permafrost zones, with variable results within sporadic permafrost regions. These results are generally in keeping with similar trends in annual precipitation, which has increased slightly. Though not generally statistically significant, annual peak flows have largely decreased within continuous permafrost regions, and lesser so within discontinuous regions. Results are variable within sporadic permafrost zones. These trends are likely associated with increased annual precipitation; however, it is conceivable that there may be increased infiltration amounts as a result of degrading permafrost. Winter low flows have experienced significant apparent changes over the last three decades. The greatest changes in winter low flows appear to be occurring within the continuous permafrost zone, where flows from the majority of sampled streams have increased. Winter low flows trends in streams within the discontinuous permafrost zone generally exhibit positive significant trends, but are more variable. Winter streamflow trends within the sporadic permafrost zone are not consistent.
Steerable pyramids and tight wavelet frames in L 2 ( R d )

We present a functional framework for the design of tight steerable wavelet frames in any number of dimensions. The 2D version of the method can be viewed as a generalization of Simoncelli’s steerable pyramid that gives access to a larger palette of steerable wavelets via a suitable parametrization. The backbone of our construction is a primal isotropic wavelet frame that provides the multiresolution decomposition of the signal. The steerable wavelets are obtained by applying a one-to-many mapping (N th-order generalized Riesz transform) to the primal ones. The shaping of the steerable wavelets is controlled by an M × M unitary matrix (where M is the number of wavelet channels) that can be selected arbitrarily; this allows for a much wider range of solutions than the traditional equiangular configuration (steerable pyramid). We give a complete functional description of these generalized wavelet transforms and derive their steering equations. We describe some concrete examples of transforms, including some built around a Mallat-type multiresolution analysis of L2(R), and provide a fast FFT-based decomposition algorithm. We also propose a principal-component-based method for signal-adapted wavelet design. Finally, we present some illustrative examples together with a comparison of the denoising performance of various brands of steerable transforms. The results are in favor of an optimized wavelet design (equalized PCA) which consistently performs best.
Performance Analysis of Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using Machine Learning

: There is some most extensively planted vegetable crop in India's agricultural lands. Although the tropical environment is favorable for its growth, specific climatic conditions and other variables influence plant growth. In addition to these environmental circumstances and natural disasters, plant disease is a severe agricultural production issue that results in economic loss. Therefore, early illness detection can provide better outcomes than current detection algorithms [2]. As a result, deep learning approaches based on computer vision might be used to detect diseases early. This study thoroughly examines the disease categorization and detection strategies used to identify plant leaf diseases. The pros and limitations of the approaches provided are also discussed in this study. Finally, employing hybrid deep-learning architecture, this research provides an early disease detection approach for detecting plant leaf disease [1].
Influence of the St. Lawrence Island Polynya upon the Bering Sea benthos

The influence of a polynya, a persistent ice-free region, on water column production and subsequent transport to the shallow continental shelf benthos of the Bering Sea was evaluated by studying spatial patterns of organic material deposition, benthic biomass, community sediment metabolism, benthic population structure, and other potential indicators of enhanced organic carbon transport to benthic communities underlying the St. Lawrence Island Polynya. Despite suggestions that polynyas may be important localized centers of primary production in polar waters, we found that the St. Lawrence Island Polynya does not obviously enhance the biomass of benthic communities directly below the polynya. However, southward flowing, baroclinic currents generated as a result of brine injection at the polynya edge do appear to have an influence on the biomass and ecological structure of Bering Sea benthic communities south of St. Lawrence Island. These currents appear to affect mean sediment oxygen consumption, surface organic carbon/nitrogen ratios, total organic content, and bottom water ammonia by sweeping phytodetrital matter south and to the west of the island. A particle-reactive, short-lived, natural radioisotope, 7Be, used as an indicator of rapid (days to weeks) deposition of particulate material from the water column, was detected only in surface sediments to the southwest of the island, indicating enhancement of particle deposition to the southwest of the island. Finally, the 18O content of tunicate cellulose was highest in the polynya region, consistent with increased filter feeding in the late winter when the polynya is present, and presumably promoting primary production in the open water. The Anadyr Current, consisting of nutrient-rich, deeper Bering Sea water that is upwelled onto the shelf in the Gulf of Anadyr, flows west to east in the region south of St. Lawrence Island throughout the year and is the major forcing function for high production in the region. The interaction of Anadyr Water with the winter/spring ephemeral polynya and associated baroclinic currents combine to positively influence benthic communities.
Efficient protocols for private record linkage

Record linkage allows data from different sources to be integrated to facilitate data mining tasks. However, in many cases, records have to be linked by personally identifiable information. To prevent privacy breaches, ideally records should be linked in a private way such that no information other than the matching result is leaked in the process. In this paper, we present an exact Private Record Linkage (PRL) protocol and an approximate PRL protocol. The exact PRL protocol is based on Oblivious Bloom Intersection, which is an efficient private set intersection protocol. The approximate PRL protocol extends the exact PRL protocol by incorporating Locality Sensitive Hash functions. Both protocols are secure in the semi-honest model. We also report the evaluation results based on our C implementation of the protocols. The results show that our protocols are efficient and effective.
Identification of physical processes inherent in artificial neural network rainfall runoff models

The emergence of artificial neural network (ANN) technology has provided many promising results in the field of hydrology and water resources simulation. However, one of the major criticisms of ANN hydrologic models is that they do not consider/explain the underlying physical processes in a watershed, resulting in them being labelled as black‐box models. This paper discusses a research study conducted in order to examine whether or not the physical processes in a watershed are inherent in a trained ANN rainfall‐runoff model. The investigation is based on analysing definite statistical measures of strength of relationship between the disintegrated hidden neuron responses of an ANN model and its input variables, as well as various deterministic components of a conceptual rainfall‐runoff model. The approach is illustrated by presenting a case study for the Kentucky River watershed. The results suggest that the distributed structure of the ANN is able to capture certain physical behaviour of the rainfall‐runoff process. The results demonstrate that the hidden neurons in the ANN rainfall‐runoff model approximate various components of the hydrologic system, such as infiltration, base flow, and delayed and quick surface flow, etc., and represent the rising limb and different portions of the falling limb of a flow hydrograph. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transfer learning for reducing health disparity arising from data inequality

As artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly involved in biomedical research and clinical decisions, developing unbiased AI models that work equally well for all racial and ethnic groups is of crucial importance to health disparity prevention and reduction. However, the long-standing data inequality between different racial/ethnic groups is generating new health disparities through data-driven, algorithm-based biomedical research, and clinical decisions. Here we found from a large set of machine learning experiments on cancer omics data that the current prevalent schemes of multiethnic machine learning are prone to generate significant model performance disparities between racial groups. We showed that this performance disparity is caused by data inequality and data distribution discrepancy between racial groups. We also found that transfer learning can improve the machine learning model performance on the data-disadvantaged racial groups, and thus, provides an approach to reduce the health disparities arising from the long-standing data inequality among racial groups.