Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Computer as Scientist.

Phone (O): 630.252. 3017 . PAVAN BALAJI Mathematics and Computer Science (MCS) Division, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) Address: Bldg. 240, Rm. 3146, Argonne, IL 60439 Phone: 630.252. 3017 Fax: 630.252. 5986 Email: balaji@mcs.anl.gov Home Page: http://www.mcs.anl.gov/∼balaji
The Stability of a Unipolar World

The collapse of the Soviet Union produced the greatest change in world power relationships since World War II. With Moscow’s headlong fall from superpower status, the bipolar structure that had shaped the security policies of the major powers for nearly half a century vanished, and the United States emerged as the sole surviving superpower. Commentators were quick to recognize that a new “unipolar moment” of unprecedented U.S. power had arrived.1 In 1992 the Pentagon drafted a new grand strategy designed to preserve unipolarity by preventing the emergence of a global rival.2 But the draft plan soon ran into controversy, as commentators at home and abroad argued that any effort to preserve unipolarity was quixotic and dangerous.3 Ofacials quickly backed away from the idea and now eschew the language of primacy or predominance, speaking instead of the United States as a “leader” or the “indispensable nation. ”4 The rise and sudden demise of an ofacial strategy for preserving primacy lends credence to the widespread belief that unipolarity is dangerous and unstable. While scholars frequently discuss unipolarity, their focus is always on its demise. For neorealists, unipolarity is the least stable of all structures because any great concentration of power threatens other states and causes them to take action to restore a balance.5 Other scholars grant that a large
Registration of intraoperative optical image sequence

In neurosurgery, cortical warping is one of the significant sources of noises during optical imaging after the skull and the dura have been removed. The optical image sequence must be registered for further data analysis. The registration algorithms in widely used medical image tools, e.g. Automated Image Registration (AIR), Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), usually express the cortical warping as polynomials or terms of cosine basis. However, these nonlinear models do not faithfully fit the elastic warping of the cortexes, and thus can not achieve a satisfactory result. Based on the elastic model, i.e., the approximating thin-plate splines (aTPS), we propose herein an improved aTPS (iaTPS) algorithm to deal with the elasticity of the cortical warping. In the cost function of the original aTPS algorithm, landmarks with different localization uncertainties should be given different weights, however, due to the absence of a convincing method to specify these weights, a same weight value was manually set for all landmarks in practice. In our iaTPS algorithm, landmarks are categorized into several classes (usually 3~5) by their localization uncertainties, and the weights for each class are decided by an optimization process. The comparison experiment on the intraoperative optical data of human brain has shown that the new algorithm can offer better registration accuracy than the aTPS algorithm.
İnovasyonun Coğrafyası: Bilgi Türleri ile Bilgi Yayılma Kanalları Arasındaki Yapısal İlişkiler (Innovation Geography: Structural Relationships Between Knowledge Diffusion Channels With Types of Knowledge)

Turkish Abstract: Ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmanın anahtarı olan inovasyonun en önemli girdisi bilgidir. Bir üretim faktörü olarak bilgi diğer üretim faktörlerinin verimliliğini artırmakta, yeni ürün ve hizmetlerin geliştirilmesini sağlamakta ve inovasyon yoluyla ekonomik bir çıktıya dönüşmektedir. Böylece rekabetçi bir çağda belirsizliklerle dolu piyasa koşullarında bölgelerin ve firmaların risklerini azaltmaktadır. Bölgelerin ve firmaların rekabetçi piyasa koşullarındaki bu belirsizlikleri azaltmasının gereği olarak bilgiye erişim temel koşul haline gelmiştir. Farklı sektörlerde faaliyet gösteren firmaların inovasyon süreçlerinde kullandıkları bilginin türü de sektörlerin yapısına göre değişmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı ekonomik coğrafya literatüründe inovasyonun temel girdisi olarak görülen bilginin türlerini ve bu türlerin hangi kanallar yoluyla yayılma gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktır. Teorik ve kavramsal literatürün değerlendirilmesi sonucunda bilgi türlerinin yayılma kanalları bilginin yapısal özellikleri tarafından şekillendirilmektedir. Bilgi türleri ile bilginin yayılma kanalları arasında birbirini karşılıklı olarak etkileyen yapısal bir ilişki vardır. Bilgi yapısı geliştikçe bilginin yayılma kanalları da gelişmektedir. English Abstract: The most important input of innovation, which is the key to economic growth and development, is knowledge. As a production factor, knowledge increases the productivity of other production factors, enables the development of new products and services, and turns into economic output through innovation. Thus, in a competitive era, it reduces the risks of regions and firms in uncertain market conditions. Access to information has become a prerequisite for the reduction of these uncertainties of regions and firms in competitive market conditions. The forms of knowledge that firms operating in different sectors of knowledge use in the process of innovation has change according to the structure of the sectors. The aim of the study in this context is to reveal the types of knowledge seen as the basic input of innovation in economic geography literature and the channels through which these types are spread. As a result of the theoretical and conceptual literature review, the diffusion channels of information types are shaped by the structural characteristics of knowledge. There is a structural relationship between knowledge types and knowledge propagation channels that interact with each other. As the knowledge structure develops, the channels of propagation of knowledge are also evolving.
The Storm Time Response of the Inner Magnetosphere During Coronal Mass Ejection and Corotating Interaction Region Driven Storms

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Humic acid protects against oxidative damage induced by cadmium toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots through water management and the antioxidant defence system

Humic compounds like humic acid (HA) promote ecosystem health by stabilising soil structure and promoting plant development. However, the amount needed is a limiting factor. The use of biostimulants based on HA is an effective way to eliminate oxidative damage caused by heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) in plants. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of humic acid (HA; 750 and 1500 mg L-1) on growth, the osmotic potential, the antioxidant system, radical content and lipid peroxidation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots treated alone or in combination with Cd stress (100 and 200 ? M). Cadmium-treated wheat roots showed a reduction in growth (RGR) and the osmotic potential (? ) and an increase in proline content (Pro). Although 100-? M Cd stress induced the activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in roots exposed to stress was not prevented. The membrane of roots showed stress-dependent lipid peroxidation (TBARS content). Application of HA in combination with stress alleviated RGR and ? by promoting water intake. Humic acid reduced levels of H2O2 and TBARS through activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and CAT. Application of HA under stress also induced enzymes and non-enzymatic substances included in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle such as APX, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione (GSH), in addition to which it increased GSH/GSSG ratios. These results indicate that HA alleviated the negative effects of Cd-induced oxidative damage in wheat roots through regulation of growth, osmotic adjustment, radical accumulation and the action of antioxidant systems.
Integrated critical care: an approach to specialist cover for critical care in the rural setting

IN OTHER JOURNALS . 504 THE MEDICOS FROM RANDWICK RACECOURSE On a recent Sunday morning in Sydney . “There was movement at the racecourse for the word had passed around / That the colt from medical indemnity had got away / And had joined the government horses he was worth a thousand pound / So all the doctors had gathered to the fray. / All the tried and noted medicos from the nation near and far / Had mustered at the racecourse overnight”. * In an extraordinary display of purpose, nearly 4000 doctors assembled at Randwick Racecourse to voice their discontent with yet another impost — the new IBNR levy. The gathering listened patiently as their leaders railed against this new tax, but the meeting’s mood was crystal clear: enough is enough, it’s time for action! And unprecedented action followed, as surgeons withdrew their services from the public health system, prompting the yet-to-be-anointed federal health minister to propose a levy moratorium. Politicians accused the surgeons of exaggerating the indemnity burden, while doctors dismissed the moratorium as a political expedient to bridge the looming federal election. But this very public stoush has deeper roots — doctors’ growing impatience with years of political inertia and buck-passing, the absence of a blueprint for healthcare reform, a system stultified by increasingly bureaucratic red tape, and a service struggling with a waning workforce. In short, doctors have had enough of politicians playing with their professional lives. “And down by Kosciuszko . / Where the air is clear as crystal and the white stars fairly blaze . / The man from Snowy River is a household word today”. * The medicos from Randwick Racecourse may too become the stuff of legend in Australian medical folklore.
Direct Measurement of Ammonia Storage on Passive SCR Systems for Lean Gasoline NOx Reduction Using Radio Frequency Sensing

Lean gasoline engine operation provides clear efficiency benefits relative to conventional stoichiometric combustion approaches. One of the key hurdles to the widespread, practical implementation of lean gasoline combustion remains the challenge of lean NOx control. One of the potential approaches for controlling NOx emission from lean gasoline engines is the so-called passive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. In such systems, periods of rich operation generate ammonia over a three-way catalyst (TWC), which is then adsorbed on the downstream SCR and consumed during lean operation. Brief periods of rich operation must occur in response to the depletion of stored ammonia on the SCR, which requires reliable measurements of the SCR ammonia inventory. Presently, lean exhaust system controls rely on a variety of gas sensors mounted up- and downstream of the catalysts, and which only provide an indirect inference of the operation state. In this study, a radio frequency (RF) sensor was used to provide a direction measurement of the amount of ammonia adsorbed on the SCR in real-time. The RF sensor was calibrated and deployed on a BMW N43B20 4-cylinder lean gasoline engine equipped with a passive SCR system. Brief periods of rich operation performed at lambda values between 0.98 and 0.99 generated the ammonia, subsequently stored on the SCR for consumption during periods of lean operation. The experiments compared real-time measurements of SCR ammonia inventory from the RF sensor with estimates of ammonia coverage derived from exhaust gas composition measurements upstream and downstream of the catalyst. The results showed a high degree of correlation between the RF measurements and SCR ammonia storage inventory, and demonstrated NOx conversion efficiencies above 98%, confirming the feasibility of the concept. Relative to stoichiometric operation, lean-gasoline operation resulted in fuel efficiency gains of up to 10%, which may be further improved through direct feedback control from the RF sensor to optimize lean–rich cycling based on actual, measured SCR ammonia levels.
New species and combinations of cleistothecial Ascomycetes

The following new species and combinations are proposed: Albertiniella polyporicola (Jaczevski) comb. nov., Emericella aurantiobrunnea (Atkins, Hindson and Russell) comb, nov., E. fruticulosa (Raper and Fennell) comb. nov., E. heterothallica (Kwon, Raper and Fennell) comb. nov., E. parvithecia (Raper and Fennell) comb. nov., E. striata (Rai, Tewari and Mukerji) comb. nov., E. unguis sp. nov., E. violacea (Fennell and Raper) comb. nov., Eupenicillium molle sp. nov., Eurotium carnoyi sp. nov., E. cristatum (Raper and Fennell) comb. nov., E. chevalieri var. intermedium (Thom and Raper) comb. nov., E. montevidense (Talice and MacKinnon) comb. nov., E. niveo-glaucum (Thom and Raper) comb. nov., E. pseudoglaucum (Blochwitz) comb. nov., E. umbrosum (Bainier and Sartory) comb. nov., Microthecium inordinatum sp. nov., Petriellidium angustum sp. nov., Phaeotrichum benjaminii sp. nov., P. cylindrosporum sp. nov., Preussia cylindrica sp. nov., Preussia indica var. oryzetorum (Montemartini) comb. nov., Roumegueriella .
Book Reviews

When asked to review this book, my first reaction was to expect an overly optimistic, ‘the Internet will revolutionize everything and how to benefit from it’ kind of book. Not so. Overall, James Callaghan’s book provides a well-balanced, nontechnical, in-depth look into the organizational use and impact of two Internet technology-based services: intranets and extranets. The book’s structure is fairly straightforward. After an introduction and overview of the book, the literature review starts with a discussion of the role of IT in organizations (Chapter 2). This chapter first provides a somewhat descriptive discussion of some of the key issues from the ‘traditional’ IT literature such as integration of IT into corporate strategy, planning and implementing IT and evaluation of IT. While clearly covering key contributions and contributors in the field, the absence of an explicit review of IT theories (e.g. theories such as the behavioural theory of organizational IT use by Seddon, 1997) is surprising taking into consideration that this book is based on Callaghan’s PhD thesis. Yet this lack might be excused by the author’s interpretive epistemological stance, which, in his view, seems to imply that theory as an initial guide to data collection is inconsistent with such an approach (p. 62). The chapter then moves on to review the groupware literature, considered by the author to be closer and, thus, more relevant to intranet and extranet research than the ‘traditional’ IT literature. Although this represents a valid approach, and the argument that traditional IT is not congruent with Internet-based IT is a widely acknowledged view, it is nevertheless surprising that Callaghan ignores related Internet-based research (e.g. research published in the journal Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy). Chapter 2 finishes – this time including theoretical perspectives – with a discussion of the role and effect of IT, its strongest part. Drawing on the influential work of Markus and Robey (1988), Callaghan discusses the causal agencies of technological determinism, social determinism and the emergent perspective, he reviews the specifics of communication technologies and organizational change, and he finishes by discussing power and politics in IT implementation. While again covering key contributions and contributors in the field, a lack of personal synthesis was puzzling. A telling passage is the following: ‘. none of these approaches are perfect and the debate over the relative merits of each will continue. ’ (p. 22). Before describing his research methodology and giving an overview of the selected three cases and the data collection methods in Chapter 4 – which,
Validation of family history in subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In 6% to 9% of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), familial aggregation occurs; truly familial cases carry a worse prognosis than sporadic cases and raise the question of screening. If relatives have died from SAH, the family history is often the only available clue to the diagnosis, but the sensitivity and predictive value of such a history for SAH are unknown. METHODS We contacted a next of kin for a consecutive series of patients who had died in the hospital of subarachnoid hemorrhage (n=20), intracerebral hemorrhage (n=22), or ischemic stroke (n=23) between 3 and 5 years previously, and we compared the diagnosis based on the history from this next of kin with the medical diagnosis confirmed by a CT scan. RESULTS The positive predictive value of the diagnosis of "probable SAH" from the history in our study sample was 0.7; when adjusted for incidence rates in the general population it was 0.6 (95% confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.8). The sensitivity of the diagnosis based on the history was 0.5 (95% confidence interval. 0.3 to 0.7); 10 of the 20 cases of SAH were not identified. CONCLUSIONS The family history of SAH, without confirmation from medical documents, is an insufficiently accurate tool to prove or disprove the diagnosis of familial SAH.
The Arbitration Commission: Prime Mover or Facilitator?

* Department of Economics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052. This address was delivered as the Tenth Sir Richard Kirby Lecture in Industrial Relations at the University of Wollongong on 5 October 1988. Since then the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission has been renamed the Australian Industrial Relations Commission. I confess to embarrassment when I recall my early prattling on industrial relations, and the forbearance and generosity with which Sir Richard Kirby treated that bumptious academic who, although innocent of the rough and tumble of industrial life, had the audacity to tell the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission what it should be doing. Let me confess, too, that since then, I have come under Sir Richard’s spell; for what I have to say this evening draws on his writings, his decisions and his wisdom imparted in personal discussion. However, I have extended what I have learnt from him to events and developments beyond the time of his retirement from the commission in 1973. And he may well disagree with my extrapolation. He is, therefore, not responsible for what I have to say. The theme of my paper is reflected in its title. I come to the conclusion that the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission, like its predecessor, the Conciliation and Arbitration Court, is essentially a facilitator rather than a prime mover or an innovator, reactive rather than proactive, in the formulation and application of industrial principles. This conclusion may not seem obvious from a reading of tribunal decisions, particularly the earlier ones, or from media commentaries or indeed from the expositions of some academic writers. The impression is easily drawn from the announcement of a new principle or a new approach to wage fixing that, in some sense, the tribunal is its author or creator. And credit or blame is heaped on the tribunal, usually on its president, as the genius, benign or evil, rather than on the parties which appear before the tribunal. It is assumed that the tribunal has a kind of magic wand, with the aid of which it can do this or that as it wishes, based on its own philosophy of what is good, a free agent able to take initiatives against the tide of forces in the labour market and beyond,
Early Indicators of Dysmetabolic Syndrome in Young Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood as a Target for Preventing Disease

Purpose To investigate the presence of early indicators of the dysmetabolic syndrome (DS) in young survivors with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in childhood. Patients and Methods We enrolled 80 patients with ALL (50 males, median age 13.9 y, median interval since completion of chemotherapy 6.3 y). Sixty-two patients (group A) received chemotherapy only, whereas 18 patients (group B) received chemotherapy and cranial irradiation (18 Gy). Results Frank obesity [25%; confidence interval (CI) 95%, 16.7%-35.6%], increased blood pressure (21%; CI 95%, 13.6%-31.5%), increased serum triglycerides (21%; CI 95%, 13.6%-31.5%), reduced serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (12%; CI 95%, 6.7%-21.7%), increased fasting insulin (8%; CI 95%, 3.2%-15.7%), and osteopenia (71%; CI 95%, 60.5%-80.1%) were detected in groups A and B. Reduced IGF-1 (15%; CI 95%, 8.6%-24.6%) and thyroid hormone abnormalities (11%; CI 95%, 5.8%-20.2%) were detected only in group B. In group B, there was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of obesity (P=0.024), hyperinsulinemia (P=0.004), and the full DS (22%; CI 95%, 8.6%-45.9% vs. 8%; CI 95%, 3.1%-18.0%; P=0.017) compared with group A. Conclusions Young survivors of childhood ALL, especially those treated with cranial irradiation, are at risk for obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and the full DS early after the completion of therapy.
Appropriate cut-off values of waist circumference to predict cardiovascular outcomes: 7-year follow-up in an Iranian population.

OBJECTIVE Due to the lack of compelling evidence for waist circumference (WC) as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor in many ethnic groups, the need for local research has been expressed by international authorities. This study was undertaken to determine the optimal cut-off points of WC for predicting incident CVD and metabolic syndrome in an Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 6,504 participants from three areas in central Iran were followed over 7 years. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were used to identify the maximum value of sensitivity and specificity combinations corresponding to the appropriate cut-off points of WC for the detection of the metabolic syndrome and CVD events. The optimal cut-off values were defined as the point at which the value of "sensitivity+specificity-1" reached the maximum value. Finally, Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to determine which cut-off point was better fit in the CVD risk prediction model. RESULTS After 394,418 person-years of follow-up, 427 incident primary CVD events (233 men) were identified. Considering CVD, the optimum cut-off points were 99/103.5 cm (men/women) but these had a low sensitivity (AUC: 0.59, 95%CI 0.55-0.63 in both men and women). The second highest values for discriminating CVD were 93/97 cm that resulted in acceptable sensitivity. Regarding the metabolic syndrome, 92.6/97.8 cm were identified as optimum (AUC: 0.67, 95%CI 0.65-0.69 in men and 0.65, 95%CI 0.63-0.67 in women). The best cut-off values that fit in the Cox regression model were 90/97 cm. CONCLUSION International recommended WC cut-off values for the Middle East are not appropriate compared to the locally defined cut-off values in Iran.