Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (review)

ERIKA LEE Why did the United States pass the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882? This is the question that Gyory seeks to answer in Closing the Gate. The Act, which marks the arst time that an immigrant group was excluded on the basis of race or nationality, has long been recognized as a major turning point in American immigration history. The question itself is not new; other historians have written extensively on the subject.1 They have generally explained the passage of the Exclusion Act by focusing on three factors: pressure from workers, politicians, and others in California, where most Chinese had settled; a racist atmosphere that pervaded the nation in the nineteenth century; and persistent support and lobbying by the national labor movement. Taking issue with these widely accepted interpretations, Gyory argues that the arst two forces were “important, but not decisive,” and the third was “nonexistent” (1). Instead, Gyory asserts that national politicians “seized and manipulated the issue in an effort to gain votes. ” While claiming to speak for the American working class, congressional leaders passed Chinese exclusion, and, from Gyory’s perspective, workers have been blamed for it ever since. For Gyory, the “double tragedy” of the Chinese Exclusion Act is that “not only did politicians close the gate on an entire race of people, but they also blamed this act on a group that did not seek it” (16). At the heart of Closing the Gate is an attempt to explain the political process by which the anti-Chinese movement in California came to occupy the national stage and result in the Chinese Exclusion Act. This is a most important contribution to the historiography of Chinese exclusion, and Gyory does an admirable job of sifting through almost two dozen eastern newspapers, as well as numerous testimonies in the Congressional Record. The result is the most detailed account available of Chinese exclusion as a national issue.2
Trichomonosis in cats with diarrhoea in Hong Kong, China, between 2009 and 2014

Case series summary Infection of the domestic cat by Tritrichomonas blagburni, previously referred to as T foetus, may lead to a disease called feline trichomonosis, which manifests clinically as large bowel diarrhoea. The disease has a wide geographical distribution, including numerous countries in Europe, North America and Australia/Oceania. Nevertheless, it has occasionally been reported in Asia, South Korea and Japan. A retrospective study was carried out to include all domestic cats with diarrhoea, presented to two veterinary clinics in Hong Kong, China, between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2014. A total of 29 cats with diarrhoea were diagnosed with Tritrichomonas species infection by means of quantitative PCR and direct microscopy. Tritrichomonas species was more frequently found in young (median age 10 months), male (66%) and purebred cats (86%). Giardia species was found in 31% of Tritrichomonas species-positive cats. The recommended dose of ronidazole (30 mg/kg q24h for 14 days) resolved clinical signs in 83% of diagnosed cats. Relevance and novel information This case series describes Tritrichomonas species as a cause for feline chronic diarrhoea in cats in China. The high rate of failure (17%) in those cats receiving a standard regimen of ronidazole might be due to owner or patient compliance rather than protozoal resistance to the drug.
A theory to guide families and carers of people who are at risk of suicide.

AIMS The aim of this study was to explore family members' and ex-patients' perceptions of caring for people who had previously attempted suicide. BACKGROUND Suicide is a major public health problem in Taiwan. Official figures demonstrate that suicide was one of the top 10 causes of death in the last eight years, with 18.8 per 100,000 people taking their own lives in 2005. The Taiwanese Government has set targets to reduce this rate. All members of the population play a role in the prevention of suicide, including families and carers of those at risk. Evidence is sparse on the role that families take in caring for members who have been discharged from hospital following a suicide attempt. METHODS Grounded theory using one-to-one tape-recorded interviews were conducted with patients who had just been discharged from hospitals following a suicide attempt (n = 15) and family members (n = 15). Data were analysed using open, axial and selective coding. RESULTS The core category that emerged was 'Impending burnout', depicting family members' experience of caring for people who had attempted suicide. Other key categories linked to and embraced within this core category were: on guard day and night, maintaining activities of daily living and creating a nurturing environment. CONCLUSION Families and carers could use the emergent theory as a guide to caring for people at risk of suicide. Psychiatric nurses could use the theory as a framework to educate family members on enhancing the quality of care provided to this group of people. The theory could go some way towards reducing suicidal attempts and decreasing re-hospitalisation rates. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The finding indicated that family members experienced difficulties when caring for those who had previously attempted suicide. Consequently, nurses have a pivotal role in educating families and carers on preventive strategies before suicidal patients are discharged from hospitals.
CULTURE, FACE MAINTENANCE, AND STYLES OF HANDLING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT: A STUDY IN FIVE CULTURES

The objective of this study was to test Ting‐Toomey's (1988a) theory on conflict face‐negotiation. More specifically, the study examined the relationship between face maintenance dimensions and conflict styles in Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States. The results were summarized as follows: (1) Cultural variability of individualism‐collectivism influences two face maintenance dimensions—self‐face concern and other‐face concern; (2) Cultural variability influences conflict styles, with U.S. members using a higher degree of dominating conflict style than their Japanese and Korean cohorts, and the Chinese and Taiwanese members using a higher degree of obliging and avoiding conflict management styles than their U.S. counterparts; (3) Overall, face maintenance dimensions served as better predictors to conflict styles rather than conflict styles to face dimensions; (4) Self‐face maintenance was associated strongly with dominating conflict style, and other‐face maintenance was associated strongly with avoiding, integrating, and compromising styles of conflict management. Directions for future testing of the conflict face‐negotiation theory were proffered.
Heterosexual genital sexual activity among adolescent males: 1988 and 1995.

CONTEXT Researchers have paid little attention to adolescents' experience with genital sexual activity other than vaginal intercourse, even though oral and anal intercourse expose youth to the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. METHODS Males aged 15-19 interviewed in 1988 and 1995 as part of the National Survey of Adolescent Males were asked questions about whether they had ever engaged in a series of genital sexual activities. These data were collected in a self-administered questionnaire that respondents completed at the end of the interview. RESULTS In 1995, 55% of males aged 15-19 reported that they had ever engaged in vaginal intercourse, 53% that they had ever been masturbated by a female, 49% that they had ever received oral sex, 39% that they had ever given oral sex and 11% that they had ever engaged in anal sex. More than three-quarters of males who had had vaginal intercourse reported experience with masturbation or oral sex by a female. Moreover, one in five males who had never had vaginal intercourse reported having been masturbated by a female, and one in seven said they had received oral sex. Between 1988 and 1995, the proportion of males who reported having ever been masturbated by a female increased significantly, from 40% to 53%. There were less sizable shifts in the proportions who had received oral sex: Overall proportions were similar in both years, although levels more than doubled among black teenagers, an increase that brings them in line with levels of oral sex reported by white and Hispanic adolescent males in 1995. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from the National Survey of Adolescent Males showing that a substantial share of male teenagers engage in genital sexual activity beyond vaginal sexual intercourse underlines the importance of monitoring a broad spectrum of sexual behaviors among teenagers. More detailed data with larger samples of both males and females are needed to determine the frequency and timing of these behaviors. Measuring risk for STD infections among teenagers requires attention to all forms of genital sexual activity.
Lamivudine-zidovudine combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1.

CONTEXT Zidovudine reduces maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection by two thirds. Combination antiretroviral therapies are potentially more effective prevention. OBJECTIVES To assess the safety of perinatal lamivudine-zidovudine therapy, especially in children, and its effects on viral load, acquisition of drug resistance, and maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1 in a nonbreastfeeding population. DESIGN AND SETTING The Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA (ANRS) 075 Study, an open-label, nonrandomized intervention trial conducted in the context of an ongoing observational cohort study in 48 sites in France. PATIENTS A total of 445 HIV-1-infected pregnant women were enrolled as the study cohort from February 1997 to September 1998; controls consisted of 899 pregnant women who had received zidovudine monotherapy in May 1994 to February 1997 as standard care. INTERVENTION The study cohort received lamivudine in addition to the standard Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group 076 Study zidovudine prophylaxis regimen. Lamivudine was initiated in women at 32 weeks' gestation through delivery at 150 mg twice per day orally; children received lamivudine, 2 mg/kg twice per day for 6 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES HIV-1 infection status and tolerance of therapy in children through age 18 months; maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA levels through 6 weeks after delivery. RESULTS The transmission rate in the study group was 1.6% (7/437; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7%-3.3%). In a multivariable analysis, transmission in the study group was 5-fold lower than in controls. In the study group, maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA level was less than 500 copies/mL at delivery in 74%; the median decrease was 1.24 (range, -1.63 to 3.40) log(10) copies/mL. The M184V lamivudine resistance mutation was detected at 6 weeks after delivery in specimens from 52 of 132 women. The most frequent serious adverse events in children were neutropenia and anemia, requiring blood transfusion in 9 children and premature treatment discontinuation in 19. Two uninfected children died at age 1 year from neurologic complications related to mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Lamivudine-zidovudine may be effective in preventing maternal-infant HIV transmission. However, severe adverse effects and emergence of resistance to lamivudine occurred. Thus, the role of this combination therapy in this setting is as yet unclear, and further research involving a variety of strategies is needed to definitively ascertain its utility for preventing maternal-infant HIV transmission.
The integration of direct real estate and stock markets in Asia

Currently, there exists relatively little research investigating the long-term association between stock and direct real estate markets. Using appropriate transaction-based property indices, this study focuses on the relationship between stock and direct real estate markets in nine Asian countries from the period 1980 to 2012 through both linear and nonlinear cointegration techniques. We find empirical evidence of linear cointegration of stock and property markets in Taiwan, fractional cointegration in Singapore and Hong Kong and no evidence of cointegration in China, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and South Korea. It is concluded that segmentation of property markets from stock markets does not appear to be linked to the differences in the maturity of national financial markets and that the differing degrees of integration across Asia may instead be reflective of a range of factors impacting upon the underlying economic structures in each country.
The New DEEL (Democratic Ethical Educational Leadership) and the Work of Reclaiming a Progressive Alternative in Educational Administration from PreK-20.

Facing repressive accountability regimes and high-stakes testing in the US and beyond, university and practitioner educators around the world decided to take action. Inspired by the democratic administration movement of the 1930‘s and 1940‘s and current scholarship in ethics, we started a movement called the New DEEL (Democratic Ethical Educational Leadership). Our mission is to create an action-oriented partnership, dedicated to inquiry into the nature and practice of democratic, ethical educational leadership through sustained processes of open dialogue, right to voice, community inclusion, and responsible participation toward the common good. New DEEL leaders include faculty, students, staff, parents, administrators and community members. Since our inception in 2004, we have grown to include colleagues from over thirty universities as well as numerous school districts in the U.S., Canada, U.K., Hong Kong, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan and Jamaica. Results from our work include scholarship, new graduate programs, 6 successful international conferences, and support for emerging Progressive leaders in the K-12 system and in higher education. Our article will illustrate the difference our international movement is making in the lives of students, families, practitioners, and university faculty as we strive to reclaim a Progressive alternative in our field of educational administration. We are presenting a descriptive account of our recent history along with an agenda for future development. We think our example will be useful in an era when Progressive Education is under direct attack in most of the world‘s developed economies.
Sustaining Collective Action in Urbanizing

In recent years there has been a proliferation of scholarship on protests and other forms of collective action in China. Important insights have been gained into how conflicts between social groups and local governments begin, which strategies and instruments protesters apply, and under which circumstances protests are likely to succeed or fail. However, comparatively little is known about the mobilizing structures and how such collective action can be sustained over a long period of time, in some instances over several years. Such perseverance would be remarkable even in a democracy, but it is more so in an authoritarian system where the risks of participating in collective action are higher and the chances to succeed much smaller. This article compares the development of public protests in two research locations and identifies four factors instrumental to overcoming the formidable challenges of sustaining collective action in China: the continuing existence of substantial grievances; the re-activation of strong social ties; the presence of unifying frames; and an adaptive protest leadership. The comparison shows that the last factor is particularly crucial: while the two villages were similar in all other respects, leadership in village B was far more adaptive than in village A, which goes a long way towards explaining why collective action could be sustained twice as long in village B.
Efficient detection and long-term persistence of the carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The natural history of the carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was examined in a 9-year retrospective cohort study of 102 known carriers. The populations studied consisted of patients admitted to a university hospital from 1989 through 1991; a review extending back to January 1983 was conducted. The focuses of the study included the duration of carriage among patients who were known to have carried MRSA previously and who were readmitted to the hospital (36 patients) and the optimal anatomic site for screening (66 patients). Cultures of the nares (sensitivity, 93%; negative predictive value, 95%) were considerably more valuable for the detection of MRSA colonization than were cultures of cutaneous sites of the axilla, groin, and perineum (sensitivity, < or = 39%; negative predictive value, < or = 69%). The estimated half-life of MRSA colonization in this special population of patients was approximately 40 months. Restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid types of paired isolates from the 12 patients with MRSA carriage persisting for > 12 months revealed five instances (42%) in which both isolates were of the same type. In summary, our results indicate that the majority of readmitted carriers harbor MRSA for > 3 years and that, in this population, culture of the anterior nares alone (with culture of wound or sputum, when present) is a valid and efficient method for the detection of persistent MRSA carriage.
A cross-country comparison of green initiatives, green performance and financial performance

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between green initiatives, green performance, and a firm’s financial performance in the world. The existing literature on environmental initiatives and their impacts is limited to the context of a particular country. This gap points to a lack of clarification of variations in environmental regulation and in economic disparity which may affect the impact of green initiatives on green performance and on financial performance. Design/methodology/approach Data on the world top 500 publicly traded companies are collected from Compustat, a database of financial, statistical and market information on global companies, and from Newsweek, an information gatekeeper that enables consumers to access a list of environmentally friendly companies. The paper adopts linear regression to test the relationships between variables. Findings The results show that green initiatives have a positive impact on green performance, which in turn has a positive impact on financial performance. However, the impact of green initiatives varies by country. The study revealed that companies in European countries and Canada lead in the green initiatives and green performance, followed by the USA and Japan. China and Hong Kong lag behind compared to other countries. Research limitations/implications The small sample size in some of the countries used in this study may impact the validity of the results. Practical implications This study suggests that companies that seek financial benefits of pursuing green initiatives should have a long-term orientation when implementing these initiatives and should consider the country where they operate. Originality/value The current study provides a global understanding of the relationship between green initiatives, green performance, and financial performance, and contributes to the literature by highlighting variation among countries and by year.
Catabolismo proteico en el paciente politraumatizado

El catabolismo proteico ha ganado importancia por la perdida de la masa celular corporal que produce y porque se relaciona con la morbilidad y la mortalidad de los pacientes sometidos a estres. Se estudiaron 50 pacientes quirurgicos graves, ingresados en la sala de Terapia Intensiva del Instituto Superior de Medicina Militar "Dr Luis Diaz Soto" que presentaron una estadia minima de 15 d y a los cuales se les midio circunferencia muscular del brazo, nitrogeno y creatinina urinaria, urea y albumina serica. Las determinaciones se realizaron al ingreso, a los 7 y 15 d de estadia. La circunferencia muscular del brazo y la albumina serica presentaron un descenso progresivo y correspondieron las cifras menores a los pacientes fallecidos; la albumina serica en los pacientes fallecidos a los 15 d fue de 31,6 g/L y en los que sobrevivieron de 34,1 g/L. La proteina oxidada por kilogramo en los que fallecieron fue de 2,1 y en los que sobrevivieron de 1,7 g/kg. La mortalidad total de la serie fue del 28 %.
Short-term use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors increases risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in men with psychiatric diagnoses.

STAFF OF CONTRIBUTORS Joseph Anderson, White River Junction, VT Darren M. Brenner, Chicago, IL Andrew T. Chan, Boston, MA Francis K. L. Chan, Hong Kong, China Massimo Colombo, Milan, Italy Gregory A. Cote, Indianapolis, IN B. Joseph Elmunzer, Ann Arbor, MI Alex Ford, Leeds, United Kingdom Timothy B. Gardner, Lebanon, NH Lauren B. Gerson, San Francisco, CA Michelle Kang Kim, New York, NY W. Ray Kim, Rochester, MN Paul Y. Kwo, Indianapolis, IN Edward V. Loftus, Rochester, MN Uma Mahadevan, San Francisco, CA Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France Mark Pimentel, Los Angeles, CA Jesus Rivera-Nieves, San Diego, CA Joel H. Rubenstein, Ann Arbor, MI Sameer Saini, Ann Arbor, MI Ekihiro Seki, La Jolla, CA Shamita B. Shah, Stanford, CA Pratima Sharma, Ann Arbor, MI Amit Singal, Dallas, TX Jan Tack, Leuven, Belgium Akbar Waljee, Ann Arbor, MI Alastair J. M. Watson, Norwich, United Kingdom
The forecasting model's establish and analyze of the demand of traveling between mini-three links

The mini-three links has become the most important transportation mode for the Taiwan's businessmen of traveling between Taiwan and China. Therefore, to develop the mini-three links' forecasting model can provide the traveling information of mini-three links to the air carriers, it would be helpful for the air carriers to devise operation plan. This study will combine ARIMA model and backpropagation neural network (BNN) of Artificial intelligence, which just developed recent years, to apply to forecasting mini-three links' traveling requirement and establish suitable forecasting model. Through mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) measure forecasting achievement found out that the result of combine ARIMA and BNN mode is superior to individual forecasting mode of ARIMA and BNN. As a result, to combine ARIMA and BNN mode to set the forecasting of traveling between mini-three links is very accurate.
Diagnostic and predictive value of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review

Objective: To evaluate the two generations of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein (CCP) antibodies as a diagnostic marker of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and as a predictor of future development of RA in healthy subjects and in patients with early undifferentiated arthritis. Methods: A systematic analysis of the literature published between 1999 and February 2006 was conducted. Data were collected on the sensitivity and specificity of the two generations of anti-CCP antibodies for diagnosing RA and predicting future development of the disease. Results: Among 107 studies initially identified, 68 had interpretable data and were analysed. Diagnostic properties were assessed in 58 studies: mean (SD) sensitivity was 53 (10)% (range 41–68) and 68 (15)% (range 39–94) for anti-CCP1 and anti-CCP2, respectively; mean (SD) specificity was 96 (3)% (range 90–99) and 95 (5)% (range 81–100) for anti-CCP1 and anti-CCP2, respectively. Predictive properties were assessed in 14 studies; odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of anti-CCP1 and anti-CCP2 for the future development of RA were 20 (14 to 31) and 25 (18 to 35), respectively, among patients with early undifferentiated arthritis and 64.5 (8.5 to 489) and 28 (8 to 95), respectively, among healthy subjects. Conclusion: Sensitivity of the second generation of anti-CCP is close to that of rheumatoid factor, with a higher specificity, for distinguishing RA from other rheumatic diseases. Moreover, anti-CCP antibodies appear to be highly predictive of the future development of RA in both healthy subjects and patients with undifferentiated arthritis.