Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ionization cones and radio ejecta in active galaxies

We report radio mapping at three frequencies of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 5252, which is known to exhibit a spectacular pair of 'ionization cones' in optical emission-line images. The radio structure of the galaxy comprises an unresolved (less than 50 pc) source coincident with the optical nucleus, weak, narrow features extending approximately equal to 900 pc to north and south from the nucleus, and an unresolved radio source some 10 kpc from the nucleus. The inner parts of the extended radio structure and the off-nuclear source align well with the axis of the ionization cones. There are currently 11 Seyfert galaxies known to possess an ionization cone or a bi-cone; 8 of these galaxies also contain a linear (double, triple, or jet-like) nuclear radio structure. For this limited, incomplete sample, there is a tight alignment between cone and radi axes: the formal mean difference between the measured projections of these axes on the sky is only 6 deg, and the alignment may well be better than this at the location(s) closer to the nucleus where the collimation occurs. Although the degree of collimation is much worse for the ionizing photons than for the radio plasma, it is clear that they are collimated by the same, or coplanar, nulcear disks or tori. In particular, if the ionization cones result from absorption by dusty tori on the pc scale and the radio ejecta from accretion disks around the central black hole, the absence of differential precession indicates that either the gravitating mass distribution is close to spherical or the dusty torus has settled into a preferred plane. The cones currently known in late-type (but not early-type) spirals show a trend to align with the axis of the galaxy stellar disk. We argue that this alignment is either an observational selection effect or indicates that the gas accreted to power the nuclear activity has an internal origin in late-type spirals, but may have an external origin (e.g., a galaxy merger) in early-types.
High operating temperature midwave infrared photodiodes and focal plane arrays based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices

The dominant dark current mechanisms are identified and suppressed to improve the performance of midwave infrared InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice photodiodes at high temperatures. The optimized heterojunction photodiode exhibits a quantum efficiency of 50% for 2 μm thick active region without any bias dependence. At 150 K, R0A of 5100 Ω cm2 and specific detectivity of 1.05×1012 cm Hz0.5/W are demonstrated for a 50% cutoff wavelength of 4. 2μm. Assuming 300 K background temperature and 2π field of view, the performance of the detector is background limited up to 180 K, which is improved by 25 °C compared to the homojunction photodiode. Infrared imaging using f/2.3 optics and an integration time of 10.02 ms demonstrates a noise equivalent temperature difference of 11 mK at operating temperatures below 120 K.
Structurally Nonlinear Fluttering Airfoil in Turbulent Flow

The dynamics and response of a structurally nonlinear two-dimensional airfoil in turbulent flow are investigated numerically. The solution is analyzed in terms of probability density function (PDF), response mean square, power spectral density, and Lyapunov exponent. Both the longitudinal and vertical components of turbulence are considered. It is shown that turbulent flow, due to its longitudinal component, diminishes the stability of the aeroelastic system by advancing the flutter point and decreasing the damping, thus confirming results from previous work where only the longitudinal component was modeled. Furthermore, the shift in flutter airspeed is strongly dependent on the random stiffness terms. It is also observed that turbulence may advance the airspeed at which the pitch angle marginal PDF changes from uni- to bimodal compared with the nonexcited deterministic case, whereas the heave transition appears to be postponed. This observation is attributed to the nonlinearity considered, a cubic stiffness in torsion. Finally, in terms of response mean square, the system appears to he more sensitive to the presence of the longitudinal excitation component at pre- rather than at postinstability airspeeds.
Multivariable saturation compensator designs through singular value decompositions

Using a general saturation compensation framework for multi-input multi-output control systems subject to actuator constraints, a simple expression relating the singular values of the uncompensated system, the compensator and the compensated system is established. This singular value decomposition offers numerous possibilities in shaping the desired responses for the saturation compensated system. Two specific practical designs are proposed from the SVD analysis. Another two possibilities are exposed for further theoretical development. A simulated example demonstrates the feasibility and practicality of the proposed designs.
Bridge Diagnosis by Using Nonlinear Independent Component Analysis and Displacement Analysis

A daily diagnosis system for bridge monitoring and maintenance is developed based on wireless sensors, signal processing, structure analysis, and displacement analysis. The vibration acceleration data of a bridge are firstly collected through the wireless sensor network by exerting. Nonlinear independent component analysis (ICA) and spectral analysis are used to extract the vibration frequencies of the bridge. After that, through a band pass filter and Simpson's rule the vibration displacement is calculated and the vibration model is obtained to diagnose the bridge. Since linear ICA algorithms work efficiently only in linear mixing environments, a nonlinear ICA model, which is more complicated, is more practical for bridge diagnosis systems. In this paper, we firstly use the post nonlinear method to change the signal data, after that perform linear separation by FastICA, and calculate the vibration displacement of the bridge. The processed data can be used to understand phenomena like corrosion and crack, and evaluate the health condition of the bridge. We apply this system to Nakajima Bridge in Yahata, Kitakyushu, Japan.
The Optimization Algorithm of Association Rules Mining

Frequent itemsets mining is the core part of association rule mining. At present most of the research on association rules mining is focused on how to improve the efficiency of mining frequent itemsets , however, the rule sets generated from frequent itemsets are the final results presented to decision makers for making, so how to optimize the rulesets generation process and the final rules is also worthy of attention. Based on encoding the dataset, this paper proposes a encoding method to speed up the generation process of frequent itemsets and proposes a subset tree to generate association rules which can simplify the generation process of rules and narrow the rulesets presented to decision makers.
Finite‐difference modeling of the piano

The construction of a complete computational model of the piano is described. This model treats the three major subsystems of the instrument: the hammers and strings, the soundboard, and the air (the sound radiation). Hammer nonlinearities and hysteresis are included, along with realistic stiff strings with frequency‐dependent damping, following the work of Chaigne and Askenfelt. [Chaigne and A. Askenfelt, ‘‘Numerical simulations of piano strings. I. A physical model for a struck string using finite difference methods,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1112–118 (1994); A. Chaigne, J. Acoust. 5, 181 (1992)]. The strings are coupled to a soundboard model that includes the added thickness and stiffness of ribs and bridges. The vibrating soundboard drives the room air, with walls modeled through a complex acoustic impedance following Botteldooren. [D. Botteldooren, ‘‘Acoustical finite‐difference time‐domain simulation in a quasi‐Cartesian grid,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95 2313–2319 (1994); 98, 3302 (1995)]. All of the c.
On the Radiative Balance of the Stratosphere

Abstract The zonally averaged radiative balance of the stratosphere based on the measured temperature structure and gas concentrations available from the LIMS instrument is examined in detail. These data are extant for seven months (November 1978 to May 1979). The contribution to the net radiative balance due to the individual components of solar heating and longwave cooling is discussed. These components are further broken down by individual gas constituent to understand the role each gas plays in determining the total radiative heating/cooling. The deficiencies of employing a latitudinally and temporally independent Newtonian damping coefficient are also explored. In particular, the Newtonian damping time is shown to vary by a factor of two in both latitude and season. Net zonally averaged stratosphere radiative heating for the seven months of LIMS data are presented. These net heating rates are important in determining the role of advective transport of chemical constituents. An important feature that .
A residual correction method based on finite calculus

In this paper, a residual correction method based upon an extension of the finite calculus concept is presented. The method is described and applied to the solution of a scalar convection‐diffusion problem and the problem of elasticity at the incompressible or quasi‐incompressible limit. The formulation permits the use of equal interpolation for displacements and pressure on linear triangles and tetrahedra as well as any low order element type. To add additional stability in the solution, pressure gradient corrections are introduced as suggested from developments of sub‐scale methods. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the performance of the method when applied to typical test problems.
On the redox origin of surface trapping in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

Water-related redox couples in ambient air are identified as an important source of the surface trapping states, dynamic on-resistance, and drain current collapse in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Through in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), direct signature of the water-related species—hydroxyl groups (OH) was found at the AlGaN surface at room temperature. It was also found that these species, as well as the current collapse, can be thermally removed above 200 °C in vacuum conditions. An electron trapping mechanism based on the H2O/H2 and H2O/O2 redox couples is proposed to explain the 0.5 eV energy level commonly attributed to the surface trapping states. Finally, the role of silicon nitride passivation in successfully removing current collapse in these devices is explained by blocking the water molecules away from the AlGaN surface.
Calibration of spaceborne scatterometers using the Amazon tropical rainforest

Spaceborne scatterometers are radar systems designed specifically to measure the normalized radar backscatter coefficient ((sigma) 0) of the ocean's surface in order to determine the near-surface wind vector. Precise calibration of the instrument sensor is required to determine (sigma) 0 accurately (of the order of a few tenths of a dB). Although careful calibration of the instrument is performed before launch, a post-launch calibration must also be performed. Post-launch calibration may be performed using ground stations and/or extended-area natural targets. The most commonly used extended area target has been the Amazon tropical rainforest which exhibits a remarkably high degree of homogeneity in its radar response over a very large area. However, the rainforest does exhibit some spatial and temporal variability. In this paper we present a simple technique for post-launch calibration of spaceborne scatterometer data using tropical rainforests which accounts for the temporal and spatial variability of the forest response. We first illustrate the technique with Seasat scatterometer (SASS) data then apply the technique to ERS-1 Active Microwave Instrument (AMI) scatterometer data. Gains corrections of up to several tenths of a dB are estimated for SASS. ERS-1 data was found to be well calibrated so that no corrections are required.
Effect of cubic Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction in a persistent spin helix state including phonon scattering in semiconductor quantum wells

We performed a numerical simulation of the spatial behavior of spin precession in a persistent spin helix (PSH) state at high temperatures (>150 K) in a two-dimensional electron gas of GaAs and InGaAs (001)-semiconductor quantum wells (QWs). To describe the spin dynamics of the PSH state at high temperatures, the effect of a cubic Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction (SOI) that destroys the PSH state was added to the balanced Rashba and linear Dresselhaus SOI. Furthermore, longitudinal optical and acoustic phonon scattering were taken into account in the momentum scattering calculations. The simulation results indicate that the PSH state in the InGaAs QW persists for over 500 ps because of the small effective mass of the electron, even at room temperature. We also reveal that it is closer to the ideal PSH state when the Rashba strength ( α) is controlled to the renormalized linear Dresselhaus SOI strength ( −β) rather than the linear Dresselhaus SOI strength ( −β).
A new X-ray pulsar with a 67-millisecond period in the constellation Equuleus

On 1977 November 18 and 19, the large area detector on the HEAO satellite pointed for 96 minutes toward one direction (centered at R. A. 21/sup h/3/sup m/ and decl.+9/sup 0/30'). At that time the 5 ms mode was employed, and 5 ms data accumulations were transmitted. Some 753,000 data points were epoch-folded to search for periods between 10 ms and 100 ms, and one period showed a very low expectation for random occurrences. This period was persistent for a long enough time to permit us to epoch-fold a large body of data and determine it precisely (to 0.1 .mu.s), and see its light curve. All the tests which we performed indicate the existence of a pulsar in this place. The period of this pulsar is 67.5492 ms corrected for heliocentric coordinates (its local period is 67.55328 ms). Its expectation for random occurrence is lower than 5 x 10/sup -9/.
A Model for the X-Ray Transition in Galactic Black Hole Candidate Objects

Stellar mass black hole candidates (BHCs) have long been known to exhibit the soft and hard spectral states. Occasional state transitions are observed in some BHCs, although their mechanisms are not yet known. We perform the time evolutionary calculations of the standard-type accretion disks in order to see how they evolve when mass flow rates are close to the critical rate, Ṁ ~LEdd/c2 (with LEdd being the Eddington luminosity and c being the speed of light). Interestingly, we find that for moderately large viscosity parameters (α ≳ 0.3), the inner parts make a transition from the standard branch to the optically thin, advection-dominated branch. This is true for the following reason: the standard branch is not connected to the optically thick, advection-dominated branch at small radii for α ≳ 0.3, so the disk should soon become optically thin. The consequence is a composite disk configuration, in which the inner, optically thin, hot part is separated by the outer, optically thick, cool part. In contrast, when α is smaller (α ≲ 0.1), we basically confirmed the previous claim by F. Honma and others; the disks undergo limit-cycle oscillations between the standard branch and the optically thick, advection-dominated branch, thereby producing burstlike X-ray variations. Such limit-cycle oscillations are not generally observed in the usual BHCs (except for the microquasar GRS 1915+105), implying that α is relatively large in the usual hot disks.
Image-guided radiation therapy: emergence of MR-guided radiation treatment (MRgRT) systems

Radiation therapy has been on the march toward highly conformal and precise placement of radiation dose within the human body. Development of image-guidance systems based upon x-ray and ultrasound have advanced our capabilities to the level of a few millimeters of uncertainty in many sites. However, there are a subset of existing applications, and potentially many new applications that could be improved upon or pursued if greater targeting accuracy could be achieved. This is motivating the creation of magnetic resonance image-guided radiation treatment units (MRgRT) that either operate simultaneously or provide pre-treatment MR-based targeting capabilities. In this review, the motivation for these pursuits, an overview of recent developments, and a commentary on the challenges they face is presented.
The 35 day dependence of the pulse shape of Hercules X-1

This paper reports an interesting finding regarding the pulse shape change of Hercules X-1. By inspecting Her X-1 observations made by various detectors over various epochs, I have found that during the decay phase of the 35/sup d/ cycle high state the first-peak flux (of the double-peaked main pulse) is attenuated more then the second-peak flux. Accepting that the 35/sup d/ cycle is due to the wobbling of the accretion disk, I propose a model in which the first-peak emission and the second-peak emission emanate from two different emitting regions (two magnetic poles). According to this model, during the decay phase of the 35/sup d/ cycle the column density of the coronal gas (on both faces of the inner part of the accretion disk) along the line of sight to the first-peak emission region is larger than that to the second-peak emission region, and thus the Compton scattering attenuation of the first peak is larger at a given moment during the decay phase. Implications of the model are also discussed.
A Method to Decide the Number of Additional Edges to Integrate the Communities in Social Network by Using Modularity

In this paper, a method to decide the number of additional edges to integrate two communities in social network by using modularity is studied. The modularity is a measure to be used to describe the quality of the community. By adding additional edges to the communities, the quality of the communities is enhanced, To integrate two communities, we propose methods to decide the number of additional edges by calculating the modularity. Also, the conditions that the proposed method is valid is investigated in a simple test graph and the efficiency of the proposed method is approved by integrating two communities in Zachary Karate Club network.
Issues in Spatial Data Analysis

Misspecified functional forms tend to produce biased estimates and spatially correlated errors. Imposing less structure than standard spatial lag models while being more amenable to large datasets, nonparametric and semiparametric methods offer significant advantages for spatial modeling. Fixed effect estimators have significant advantages when spatial effects are constant within well-defined zones, but their flexibility can produce variable, inefficient estimates while failing to account adequately for smooth spatial trends. Though estimators that are designed to measure treatment effects can potentially control for unobserved variables while eliminating the need to specify a functional form, they may be biased if the variables are not constant within discrete zones. Copyright (c) 2010, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fuzzy cluster analysis by simulated annealing

In this paper a novel fuzzy cluster analysis algorithm based on simulated annealing (FCASA) is proposed. Instead of the perturbation criterion of the literature in which membership grades of several samples may be changed simultaneously in each perturbation or perhaps each sample has unequal probability of perturbation, the present method changes the membership grades of several samples among all samples in each perturbation cycle at first, then only the membership grade of one sample in each perturbation cycle is changed when the number of iterations at a given temperature (see the Theory section for details) equals half of the desired number (i.e. the Metropolis sampling number). The algorithm is first tested with the Fisher data set and a simulated data set, then it is used for the classification of phenolic compounds, based on their parameters of molecular connectivity index and partition coefficient calculated by the present authors, and Chinese tea samples. The results obtained from both simulated data and practical samples show that the proposed algorithm is more feasible than the general fuzzy cluster analysis (GFCA) algorithm in obtaining a global or near‐global optimum. Besides, the present method based on the modified perturbation criterion can save much time in getting the optimal solution of a particular problem.
Synthesis of MVL functions using input and output assignments

A number of decomposition based mapping techniques are proposed. In these techniques, the synthesis problem is formulated as a mapping from an input matrix to an output matrix. The minimisation is obtained by constructing a 'matching-count matrix'. The entries of the matching-count matrix MC ij represent the number of entry matches between the input variable number i in the input matrix (X) and the output function number j in the output matrix (Y). It then selects those input-output pairings that give the maximum matching count, thus maximising the number of switching operations which can be eliminated in the realisation of multiple-valued logic (MVL) functions. The proposed techniques are classified as: output-phase with complement, input-phase with and without complement. Numerical results are presented to show that the proposed techniques result in significant reduction in the number of switching operators required for the implementation of 5000 randomly generated r-valued functions (for r = 3, 4 and 5). It is also shown that the input-phase assignment techniques do not require any additional hardware circuitry at the output to restore the original function. This may give this technique an edge over other techniques.
Coarticulation and the identification of initial and final plosives

Natural CVt and tVC utterances (V = |i,u,α|; C = |p,t,k,b,d,g|) of one American English male speaker were used to evaluate which information in CV and VC syllables is perceptually relevant for the identification of initial and final plosives. Different initial or final parts of the utterances were deleted and replaced by silence or by a 300‐ms burst of noise. Subjects were asked to identify the (deleted) plosives. The noise paradigm was introduced to make the incomplete (C)Vt or tV(C) syllables sound more natural: it improved the correct score for initial plosives. Identification results are interpreted in articulatory and spectral terms. For initial unvoiced plosives most coarticulation takes place in the aspiration part and hardly any information about the preceding plosive is preserved in the vowel (transition) part. For the heavily truncated (C)ut stimuli, subjects give mainly |b| responses, while |p| is the favorable response for all heavily truncated tV(C) stimuli. [Research carried out at Speech Co.