Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction: What is multilevel governance?

Over the last decades, the concept of multilevel governance (MLG) has stimulated fascinating research on the changing nature of political authority. Scholars have discovered the complexity, variety and dynamics of governance in multilevel settings within and beyond nation states, probed the merits of different explanations of these changes and, eventually, studied the consequences for politics, policymaking and democratic legitimacy. Thanks to this research, we have a good understanding of the underlying theoretical foundations of MLG, its historical evolution, its varieties and political dimensions. Yet the advancement of scientific research has come at a price. On the one hand, highly sophisticated and empirically rich research has revealed various patterns of MLG and many intricate details regarding their evolution, operation and consequences (Bache and Flinders 2015; Enderlein, Wälti and Zürn 2010; Piattoni 2010). On the other hand, the concept has lost its analytical clarity and tends to become a catch-all category (Stephenson 2013: 817–818). There is obviously need for a conceptual framework that does not conceal but explicates different aspects covered by the term. Such a framework is essential to guide comparative research that reflects varieties of MLG and contributes to advance theoretical reasoning on the causes, operation and consequences for politics and policymaking.
Fault Diagnosis and Reliability Growth for Information System

This paper aiming at the zero-failure data and uncertain-decision problems exist in the information system reliability growth process, it proposes to build the Bayesian network topology of FMEA. It adopts Leaky Noisy-OR model, and it analyses the probability that the subsystem functional module will go wrong in quantity. It solves the problem of identifying the vague and incomplete information exists in the complex system rapidly and accurately, laying the foundation for further study of the reliability growth comprehensive ability assessment of system based on the Bayesian network. In this paper, on the background of Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) engineering, aimed at research on models and evaluation methods of reliability growth for MES, enclosing reliability of MES task and design target, reliability growth test and analysis methods, it proposes the goal of MES reliability growth planning.
Analysis of APC characteristics of control mode switching induced by active side stick

In this investigation the flight control mode switching from cruise mode to air fight mode was studied. The active side stick was used to lead pilot control behavior in this process. And the characteristics of aircraft-pilot coupling of control mode switching were discussed. Firstly, based on the Hess structural pilot model and the Unified Theory, the models of aircraft-pilot system with cruise mode, with air fight mode and with multi-mode switching from cruise mode to air fight mode are constructed and exercised. Pilots' behaviors with above three control modes were induced by active side stick. When the control modes of the F16 aircraft were switched, the pilot models were also changed after an adaptive time. The adaptive time of pilot was got hold of abundant flight simulation in longitudinal pitch tracking task. Secondly, from the closed-loop aircraft-pilot system simulation with control mode switching, the effect of the tactile cueing information was analyzed. And the results showed that the tactile cueing information of active side stick can impact the pilots' tracking performance. Finally, based on the Unified Theory, a method for estimating the nonlinear closed-loop system handling qualities and pilot induced oscillation were provided. To the question of using Hess Unified Theory to estimate multi-mode switching systems, this article gives the suggestion to deal with it.
Toolbox for Distance Estimation and Cluster Validation on Data With Missing Values

Missing data are unavoidable in the real-world application of unsupervised machine learning, and their nonoptimal processing may decrease the quality of data-driven models. Imputation is a common remedy for missing values, but directly estimating expected distances have also emerged. Because treatment of missing values is rarely considered in clustering related tasks and distance metrics have a central role both in clustering and cluster validation, we developed a new toolbox that provides a wide range of algorithms for data preprocessing, distance estimation, clustering, and cluster validation in the presence of missing values. All these are core elements in any comprehensive cluster analysis methodology. We describe the methodological background of the implemented algorithms and present multiple illustrations of their use. The experiments include validating distance estimation methods against selected reference methods and demonstrating the performance of internal cluster validation indices. The experimental results demonstrate the general usability of the toolbox for the straightforward realization of alternate data processing pipelines. Source code, data sets, results, and example macros are available on GitHub. https://github.com/markoniem/nanclustering_toolbox
Effect of Real-Time Online High-Intensity Interval Training on Physiological and Physical Parameters for Abdominally Obese Women: A Randomized Pilot Study

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of online high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in abdominally obese women experiencing health complications due to COVID-19. Methods: Sixteen participants were enrolled and divided into the HIIT group (n = 8) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT, n = 8) group. The HIIT group underwent 20 min of exercise consisting of 20 s of high-intensity (85–90% HRmax) exercise followed by 30 s of exercise at 60% HRmax using only body weight. The main exercise program for the MICT group included 40 min of stationary bike pedaling at 65–70% HRmax. Exercise was performed three days a week for eight weeks using a smart device and application that enables bidirectional communication. Results: The HIIT group showed reduced body fat (p = 0.036), BMI (p = 0.021), and visceral fat (p = 0.003) compared to the MICT group. Further, the HIIT group also had reduced insulin (p = 0.021) and LDL levels (p = 0.024), increased grip strength (left p = 0.012, right: p = 0.002), and a substantial drop in total stress index (p = 0.004) compared to the MICT group. Conclusions: Thus, online HIIT is a useful means to reduce abdominal fat, improve blood lipid profile and muscle strength, and relieve stress caused by COVID-19.
CONSIDERATIONS WHEN APPLYING THE REVISED TOXICANT GUIDELINES

The risk-based decision scheme devised for deriving site-specific water quality guidelines allows the national trigger values for toxicants to be adjusted to take into account the characteristics of the particular site under study. The scheme provides the opportunity to apply the guidelines in a more realistic manner to take into account the variety of factors that can potentially modify the toxicity of a chemical. It enhances confidence in the use of guidelines at particular sites. It is usually not necessary to proceed through each step in turn at each site, as the approach can be tailored to deal with the significant issues and water quality parameters at that site. For many chemicals, apart from metals, there are limited quantitative data available to enable users to make better estimates of bioavailable concentrations or to adjust trigger values to account for the water quality conditions at the study site. Where only general trends are available, users can only make estimates of increased or decreased risk under the specific conditions. This paper provides some examples, where data are available, of these quantitative relationships for specific chemicals. When data sets were robust, such as for pentachlorophenol, simple overall quantitative adjustments for factors that affect toxicity (in this case, pH) gave as good estimates of changes in the guideline values as more complex manipulations of each data point, followed by recalculation of the guideline value. Background information is given that may assist with qualitative estimates of risk, and other approaches to the decision scheme are discussed, including use of a weight-of-evidence approach to deal with different types of site-specific direct toxicity assessment data. These can assist users of the guidelines to apply the decision scheme as effectively as currently possible, and to focus future research to fill gaps in knowledge.
Ramptime Current -Controlled APF for Harmonic Mitigation, Power Factor Correction and Load Balancing

This paper presents a simulation for a shunt active power filter aimed at mitigation of harmonics, power factor correction and balancing of unbalanced three-phase system. The system consists of load fed though a six pulse bridge rectifier. The active power filter consists of a three-phase current- controlled voltage source inverter (CC-VSI) with a filter inductance at the ac output and a dc-bus capacitor. The CC-VSI is operated to directly control the ac source current to be sinusoidal and in phase with the ac source voltage. The inverter switching is controlled using ramptime current control being based on the concept of zero average current error (ZACE). The active power filter reference currents are generated using perfect harmonic cancellation (PHC) control method. The proposed filter successfully succeeded in reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) to less than unity, correcting power factor to unity and balancing of unbalanced currents under sinusoidal and distorted supply voltages. The dynamic performance of the proposed filter is so fast to meet the dynamic load conditions.
Forensic Value of Genetic Variants Associated with Anti-Social Behavior

Insanity defense is sometimes invoked in criminal cases, and its demonstration is usually based on a multifactorial contribution of behavioural, clinical, and neurological elements. Neuroradiological evidence of structural alterations in cerebral areas that involve decision-making and moral reasoning is often accepted as a useful tool in these evaluations. On the other hand, the genetic predisposition to anti-social behavior is still controversial. In this paper, we describe two cases of violent crimes committed by young carriers of genetic variants associated with personality disorder; both the defendants claimed to be insane at the time of the crime. We discuss these cases and review the scientific literature regarding the relationship between legal incapacity/predisposition to criminal behavior and genetic mutations. In conclusion, despite some genetic variants being able to influence several cognitive processes (like moral judgement and impulse control), there is currently no evidence that carriers of these mutations are, per se, incapable of intentionally committing crimes.
A heuristic underlies the search for relief in Drosophila melanogaster

Humans rely on multiple types of sensory information to make decisions, and strategies that shorten decision‐making time by taking into account fewer but essential elements of information are preferred to strategies that require complex analyses. Such shortcuts to decision making are known as heuristics. The identification of heuristic principles in species phylogenetically distant to humans would shed light on the evolutionary origin of speed–accuracy trade‐offs and offer the possibility for investigating the brain representations of such trade‐offs, urgency and uncertainty. By performing experiments on spatial learning in the invertebrate Drosophila melanogaster, we show that the fly's search strategies conform to a spatial heuristic—the nearest neighbor rule—to avoid bitter taste (a negative stimulation). That is, Drosophila visits a salient location closest to its current position to stop the negative stimulation; only if this strategy proves unsuccessful does the fly use other learned associations to avoid bitter taste. Characterizing a heuristic in D. melanogaster supports the view that invertebrates can, when making choices, operate on economic principles, as well as the conclusion that heuristic decision making dates to at least 600 million years ago.
Corporate Reporting Framework (CRF): Benchmarking Tata Motors against AB Volvo and Exploring Future Challenges

Historically, corporate houses never felt the need for disclosing their different practices to the world. However, during the 1920s, unprecedented growth in companies like AT & T, General Motors, Standard Oil and United States Rubber etc. led to monopolistic markets with deplorable labor practices. It took three more decades to standardize various regulations, corporate reporting and disclosure (Anwar and Tang, 2003, Thomas, Gietzman and Shyla, 2002). Mandatory disclosure of financial information through annual reports was started as a requirement of acts and regulations in the corporate sector. In India, this is regulated by the Companies Act 1956, the Securities Contracts Act 1956, the Capital Issues Act 1947, the Income Tax Act 1961 etc. With the passage of time there is a growing urge for disclosure of non-financial information which gives valuable guidance to stakeholders. While complying with mandatory requirements, a company may disseminate information voluntarily as well and the degree of openness is defined as corporate transparency. There has been a paradigm shift in handling corporate transparency – this is no longer a destination but a journey that is evolving over the passage of time (Thomas, Gietzman and Shyla, 2002; Tomorrow’s Value, 2006). Corporate Reporting Framework (CRF): Benchmarking Tata Motors against AB Volvo and Exploring Future Challenges
A retrospective study (2015-2019) of avian salmonellosis diagnosed at the Central Diagnostic Laboratory of the National Veterinary Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria

Salmonella organisms are widely distributed in nature and survive well in a variety of food and contamination and can occur at multiple steps along the food chain. The study was conducted at the Central Diagnostic Laboratory of the National Veterinary Research Institute (N.V.R.I) located in Vom Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State Nigeria. Information was obtained via postmortem records and laboratory results that isolated Salmonella species were retrieved and analyzed retrospectively in the study area for five years. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data while tables were used for result proportions presented in percentages. A total of 2512 cases of poultry diseases were documented for a period of five years from 2015 to 2019 with an average of 502.4 cases annually. A total of 436 of salmonellosis was documented during the period under review and an average of 87.2 cases annually. 24.4% prevalence was recorded in 2018 and 12.4% in 2015. 2019 had the highest prevalence of 28.4 with an average avian salmonellosis prevalence of 19%. 24.6% avian salmonellosis was recorded in the age bracket of 5 to 8 weeks, 29.5% was documented in the age bracket of 9 to 12 weeks which was the second highest and 33.3% in the age bracket of 0 to 4 which was the highest. Avian salmonellosis affects all types of birds. Out of 436 positive avian salmonellosis cases recorded in the period under review, 251 were layers while 156 were broilers with 29 being local birds and cockerels. This study does explicitly indicate that avian salmonellosis is highly prevalence in the study area and this could play a great role in lowering poultry productivity in the study area, thereby highlighting the need for effective health programs like good biosecurity practices and vaccination in order to boost poultry production.
High-mode resonant piezoresistive cantilever sensors for tens-femtogram resoluble mass sensing in air

According to the demand for an ultrasensitive mass sensor for bio/chemical molecular detection, resonant cantilever sensors are developed for detection in an air environment. Both a piezoresistive bridge and a metal coil are integrated in the cantilever for signal sensing and Lorentz-force resonance excitation, respectively. Compared with conventional first flexure mode resonance, measurement results for the second mode resonance show an improved mass-sensing resolution from 0.17 pg to 0.06 pg due to the higher quality factor. For further improving the resolution, an optimized electromagnetic excitation method specifically for the second resonant mode is proposed and developed. The optimized method provides a two-point excitation that matches the second mode shape function of the cantilever deflection and excites the second mode more efficiently. Compared to a cantilever with a conventional excitation method, the optimally excited cantilever improves the quality factor from 307 to 857. Based on the experimental results for the optimally excited second mode resonant sensor, 29 × 10−15 g resolution for in-air mass sensing is achieved. The developed second mode resonant cantilever sensor with piezoresistive sensing element integrated on-chip is promising for use in high-performance portable biological/chemical sensing applications.
Adolescents’ Attachment to Parents and Reactive–Proactive Aggression: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia

Aggressive behaviors can serve different functions, which might be understood by distinguishing between reactive (RA) and proactive (PA) aggression. Few studies were conducted on adolescents’ family precursors and emotional processes associated with RA or PA. Accordingly, the current study compared RA and PA by evaluating their association with adolescents’ attachment to parents and alexithymia. N = 453 Italian adolescents aged 15–19 years (Mage = 16.48; SD = 0.69; 33.6% males) participated in the study filling in self-report measures. Results showed that PA and RA are significantly associated and that PA was higher among males. Moreover, four mediational models were performed to assess the influence of adolescents’ attachment to mothers vs. fathers on RA or PA, considering the mediating role of alexithymia. Gender was included as a covariate. Mediational models’ results showed a direct and indirect effect, through lower alexithymia, of adolescents’ attachment to mothers and fathers on RA. Differently, only attachment to mothers showed a direct effect on PA, while attachment to fathers only an indirect effect, mediated by lower alexithymia, on PA was shown. Findings support the greater relevance of emotional processes for RA while highlighting the differential contribution of adolescents’ attachment to mothers vs. fathers upon PA. Implications are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided.
Estimating Highway Pavement Damage Costs Attributed to Truck Traffic

Kansas is one of the leaders in meat production in the United States. In the southwest Kansas region, there are more than three hundred feed yards and several of the biggest meat processing plants in the nation. Heavy trucks (e.g., tractor-trailers) have been used primarily for transporting processed meat, meat byproducts, grain, and other related products. With the continuous growth of these industries, there will be more trucks on highways transporting meat and meat-related products in southwest Kansas. These trucks cause noteworthy damage to Kansas highway pavements, which in turn leads to more frequent maintenance actions and ultimately more traffic delays and congestion. The primary objective of this research was to estimate the highway damage costs attributed to the truck traffic associated with the processed meat (beef) and related industries in southwest Kansas. The researchers developed a systematic pavement damage estimation procedure that synthesized several existing methodologies including Highway Economic Requirements System (HERS) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) methods. In this research project, the highway section of US 50/400 between Dodge City and Garden City in Kansas was selected and its pavement data were collected for analysis. Outcomes of this research will be beneficial for the selection of cost-effective transportation modes for the meat processing and related industries in southwest Kansas. It will also help government agents to assess highway maintenance needs and to set up maintenance priorities. Meanwhile, the analysis results will be valuable for the determination of reasonable user costs. Based on findings of this research, recommendations on the selection of transportation modes are provided and promising future research tasks are suggested as well.
Understanding the transmission dynamics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 super-shedding infections in feedlot cattle

Background The presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) super-shedding cattle in feedlots has the potential to increase the overall number (bio-burden) of E. coli O157:H7 in the environment. It is important to identify factors to reduce the bio-burden of E. coli O157 in feedlots by clarifying practices associated with the occurrence of super-shedders in feedlot cattle. Methods The objective of this study is to (1) identify host, pathogen, and management risk factors associated with naturally infected feedlot cattle excreting high concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 in their feces and (2) to determine whether the ingested dose or the specific strain of E. coli O157:H7 influences a super-shedder infection within experimentally inoculated feedlot cattle. To address this, (1) pen floor fecal samples and herd parameters were collected from four feedlots over a 9-month period, then (2) 6 strains of E. coli O157:H7, 3 strains isolated from normal shedder steers and 3 strains isolated from super-shedder steers, were inoculated into 30 one-year-old feedlot steers. Five steers were assigned to each E. coli O157:H7 strain group and inoculated with targeted numbers of 102, 104, 106, 108, and 1010 CFU of bacteria respectively. Results In the feedlots, prevalence of infection with E. coli O157:H7 for the 890 fecal samples collected was 22.4%, with individual pen prevalence ranging from 0% to 90% and individual feedlot prevalence ranging from 8.4% to 30.2%. Three samples had E. coli O157:H7 levels greater than 104 MPN/g feces, thereby meeting the definition of super-shedder. Lower body weight at entry to the feedlot and higher daily maximum ambient temperature were associated with increased odds of a sample testing positive for E. coli O157:H7. In the experimental inoculation trial, the duration and total environmental shedding load of E. coli O157:H7 suggests that the time post-inoculation and the dose of inoculated E. coli O157:H7 are important while the E. coli O157:H7 strain and shedding characteristic (normal or super-shedder) are not. Discussion Under the conditions of this experiment, super-shedding appears to be the result of cattle ingesting a high dose of any strain of E. coli O157:H7. Therefore strategies that minimize exposure to large numbers of E. coli O157:H7 should be beneficial against the super-shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in feedlots.