Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can Global De-Carbonization Inhibit Developing Country Industrialization?

Most economic analyses of climate change have focused on the aggregate impact on countries of mitigation actions. The authors depart first in disaggregating the impact by sector, focusing particularly on manufacturing output and exports because of the potential growth consequences. Second, they decompose the impact of an agreement on emissions reductions into three components: the change in the price of carbon due to each countrys emission cuts per se; the further change in this price due to emissions tradability; and the changes due to any international transfers (private and public). Manufacturing output and exports in low carbon intensity countries such as Brazil are not adversely affected. In contrast, in high carbon intensity countries, such as China and India, even a modest agreement depresses manufacturing output by 6-7 percent and manufacturing exports by 9-11 percent. The increase in the carbon price induced by emissions tradability hurts manufacturing output most while the Dutch disease effects of transfers hurt exports most. If the growth costs of these structural changes are judged to be substantial, the current policy consensus, which favors emissions tradability (on efficiency grounds) supplemented with financial transfers (on equity grounds), needs re-consideration.
Presynaptic regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission

The development of electrochemical recordings with small carbon‐fiber electrodes has significantly advanced the understanding of the regulation of catecholamine transmission in various brain areas. Recordings in vivo or in slice preparations monitor diffusion of catecholamine following stimulated synaptic release into the surrounding tissue. This synaptic ‘overflow’ is defined by the amount of release, by the activity of reuptake, and by the diffusion parameters in brain tissue. Such studies have elucidated the complex regulation of catecholamine release and uptake, and how psychostimulants and anti‐psychotic drugs interfere with it. Moreover, recordings with carbon‐fiber electrodes from cultured neurons have provided analysis of catecholamine release and its plasticity at the quantal level.
Blue whiting - A key species in the mid-water ecosystems of the north-eastern Atlantic

Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) is a mesopelagic gadoid that is widely distributed in northeastern Atlantic from the Canary Island to Spitsbergen. It is abundant and commercially exploited in the Norwegian Seas, off Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Hebrides and Ireland, and in the Bay of Biscay. Blue whiting is a highly migratory species. During the spawning season (March-April), blue whiting concentrates to dense aggregations on the well-known spawning locations along the shelf edge west of Ireland and Hebrides and in the Rockall area. Other spawning areas also exist, but stock structure, distribution and migration of this abundant species are insufficiently known. The oceanic distribution of blue whiting westward, towards the mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), has not been thoroughly investigated. Scattered observations show that the species occurs along the MAR from the Azores in the south to the Reykjanes Ridge in the north. The possibility that blue whiting is a key species in the mi-water community of the MAR should not be dismissed. Where present, blue whiting is often highly abundant, and plays an important role in the pelagic ecosystems, both as a consumer of zooplankton and small mesopelagics, and as a prey for larger fish and cetaceans. Is there a 'stock' of blue whiting over the MAR? If yes, is this stock separate from the stock(s) in the northeastern Atlantic? Institute of Marine Research in Bergen has proposed a component project of MAR-ECO that combines routine monitoring information with observations from the MAR-ECO surveys to evaluate the significance of blue whiting in the pelagic ecosystem of the MAR. We present the available background information, along with hypotheses being tested. We also describe some of the methodological and technological challenges.
The Flash Crash: The Impact of High Frequency Trading on an Electronic Market⇤

This study o↵ers an empirical analysis of the events of May 6, 2010, that became known as the Flash Crash. We show that High Frequency Traders (HFTs) did not cause the Flash Crash, but contributed to it by demanding immediacy ahead of other market participants. Immediacy absorption activity of HFTs results in price adjustments that are costly to all slower traders, including the traditional market makers. Even a small cost of maintaining continuous market presence makes market makers adjust their inventory holdings to levels that can be too low to o↵set temporary liquidity imbalances. A large enough sell order can lead to a liquidity-based crash accompanied by high trading volume and large price volatility – which is what occurred in the E-mini S&P 500 stock index futures contract on May 6, 2010, and then quickly spread to other markets. Based on our results, appropriate regulatory actions should aim to encourage HFTs to provide immediacy, while discouraging them from demanding it, especially at times of significant, but temporary liquidity imbalances. In fast automated markets, this can be accomplished by a more diligent use of short-lived trading pauses that temporarily halt the demand for immediacy, especially if significant order flow imbalances are detected. These short pauses followed by coordinated re-opening procedures would force market participants to coordinate their liquidity supply responses in a pre-determined manner instead of seeking to demand immediacy ahead of others. ⇤We thank participants at numerous seminars and conferences for very helpful comments and suggestions. The views presented in this paper are our own and do not represent a position of any o cial agency, its management or sta↵.
Year : 2008 Signal transduction in cells of the immune system in microgravity

Life on Earth developed in the presence and under the constant influence of gravity. Gravity has been present during the entire evolution, from the first organic molecule to mammals and humans. Modern research revealed clearly that gravity is important, probably indispensable for the function of living systems, from unicellular organisms to men. Thus, gravity research is no more or less a fundamental question about the conditions of life on Earth. Since the first space missions and supported thereafter by a multitude of space and ground-based experiments, it is well known that immune cell function is severely suppressed in microgravity, which renders the cells of the immune system an ideal model organism to investigate the influence of gravity on the cellular and molecular level. Here we review the current knowledge about the question, if and how cellular signal transduction depends on the existence of gravity, with special focus on cells of the immune system. Since immune cell function is fundamental to keep the organism under imnological surveillance during the defence against pathogens, to investigate the effects and possible molecular mechanisms of altered gravity is indispensable for long-term space flights to Earth Moon or Mars. Thus, understanding the impact of gravity on cellular functions on Earth will provide not only important informations about the development of life on Earth, but also for therapeutic and preventive strategies to cope successfully with medical problems during space exploration. BioMed Central Cell Communication and Signaling
Paleozoic coral reefs

Introduction During the prosecution of field work in the Hamilton limestones of Michigan, I became aware of the existence of well marked isolated coral mounds or hillocks in the otherwise stratified and almost unfossiliferous limestones. These coral hillocks are particularly well exposed in the vicinity of Alpena, where several quarries have been opened in them. In his survey of the region Rominger spoke of them as “bubble-like” upheavals of the strata. Recent favorable sections in the quarries permitted the study of these hillocks in detail, when their reef character became apparent. A brief account of the reefs was published in the American Geologist, September,* and a more extended one, with a cross-section, in the annual report of the Geological Survey of Michigan 1901. * Since then I have received from Dr Carl Wiman a copy of his paper on Siluric coral reefs in Gotland, published in 1897, in which he describes .
The Martian Enigmas: A Closer Look: The Face, Pyramids, and Other Unusual Objects on Mars

From the Publisher: Opinions about the possibility of life on Mars have changed over the years - from Percival Lowells' canals, to the dead planet image by the early Mariner missions to Mars, to the enormous volcanoes, great canyon systems, and channels carved by water seen by Mariner 9 and Viking. Among Viking's lesser-known discoveries was the "Face on Mars" - a mile-long formation resembling a humanoid head staring straight up into space. With NASA's recent announcement concerning the possible discovery of fossilized micro-organisms, opinions about life on Mars are changing once again. If microbes are now considered within the realm of possibility, why not intelligent life? Could the Face and other nearby objects have been built by an ancient technological civilization that vanished long ago, seemingly without a trace? In the first edition of The Martian Enigmas, Dr. Mark J. Carlotto presented a detailed analysis of the controversial Viking photographs. The revised edition greatly expands on his early work containing new research results that add further support to the claim that these objects may be precisely what many scientists have sought for decades: the first hard evidence that we are not alone.
Discovering Scenic Roads Using Neural Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) coupled with novel large image datasets offer ample hope for building a computational understanding of the relationship between humans and environment. CNNs are also particularly effective at learning complex sets of rules, such as the ones governing aesthetics. Here I present one potential application of computational aesthetics to the detection of scenic byways. To do so I use a dataset of Google Streetview images collected alongside California State Highways, with labels derived from the California Department of Transportation official “scenic byway” designation. A CNN is trained on a dataset of order-10 Streetview images, achieving moderate accuracy against a validation set. The CNN is then integrated in an ensemble model, where training data is augmented with data from two additional sources, the YFCC 100M dataset, as well as a dataset compiled from traditional GIS sources. With suitable refinement the approach shows promise in quantifying the degree to which roadways are aesthetically pleasing, a measure with potential applications in tourism, transportation, and urban planning.
Meeting Strangers and Friends of Friends: How Random are Social Networks?

We present a dynamic model of network formation where nodes find other nodes with whom to form links in two ways: some are found uniformly at random, while others are found by searching locally through the current structure of the network (e.g., meeting friends of friends). This combination of meeting processes results in a spectrum of features exhibited by large social networks, including the presence of more high- and low-degree nodes than when links are formed independently at random, having low distances between nodes in the network, and having high clustering of links on a local level. We fit the model to data from six networks and impute the relative ratio of random to network-based meetings in link formation, which turns out to vary dramatically across applications. We show that as the random/network-based meeting ratio varies, the resulting degree distributions can be ordered in the sense of stochastic dominance, which allows us to infer how the formation process affects average utility in the network. (JEL D85, Z13)
Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks?

Background Although from a societal point of view a modal shift from car to bicycle may have beneficial health effects due to decreased air pollution emissions, decreased greenhouse gas emissions, and increased levels of physical activity, shifts in individual adverse health effects such as higher exposure to air pollution and risk of a traffic accident may prevail. Objective We describe whether the health benefits from the increased physical activity of a modal shift for urban commutes outweigh the health risks. Data sources and extraction We have summarized the literature for air pollution, traffic accidents, and physical activity using systematic reviews supplemented with recent key studies. Data synthesis We quantified the impact on all-cause mortality when 500,000 people would make a transition from car to bicycle for short trips on a daily basis in the Netherlands. We have expressed mortality impacts in life-years gained or lost, using life table calculations. For individuals who shift from car to bicycle, we estimated that beneficial effects of increased physical activity are substantially larger (3–14 months gained) than the potential mortality effect of increased inhaled air pollution doses (0.8–40 days lost) and the increase in traffic accidents (5–9 days lost). Societal benefits are even larger because of a modest reduction in air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and traffic accidents. Conclusions On average, the estimated health benefits of cycling were substantially larger than the risks relative to car driving for individuals shifting their mode of transport.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Which regions of the electromagnetic spectrum do plants use to drive photosynthesis? In the past, plant physiologists used green light as a safe light during experiments that required darkness. It was assumed that plants reflected most of the green light and that it did not induce photosynthesis. Yes, plants do reflect green light but human vision sensitivity peaks in the green region at about 560 nm, which allows us to preferentially see green. Plants do not reflect all of the green light that falls on them but they reflect enough for us to detect it. Read on to find out what the role of green light is in photosynthesis. Visible light ranges from low blue to far-red light and is described as the wavelengths between 380 nm and 750 nm, although this varies between individuals. The region between 400 nm and 700 nm is what plants use to drive photosynthesis and is typically referred to as Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). There is an inverse relationship between wavelength and quantum energy, the higher the wavelength the lower quantum energy and vice versa. Plants use wavelengths outside of PAR for the phenomenon known as photomorphogenesis, which is light regulated changes in development, morphology, biochemistry and cell structure and function. The effects of different wavelengths on plant function and form are complex and are proving to be an interesting area of study for many plant scientists. The use of specific and adjustable LEDs allows us to tease apart the roles of specific areas of the spectrum in photosynthesis. Furthermore, the synergy between photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis can be more accurately examined now. This paper focuses on photosynthesis. Photomorphogensis will be covered in the future.
The study of coastal meromictic water basins in the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea by spectral and physicochemical methods

Research is initiated to study water samples from stratified water basins in the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea at different stages of their separation from the sea. The objects of research are lakes Elovoe and Nizhnee Ershovskoe located close to the Nikolai Pertsov White Sea Biological Station. Depth profiles of physico-chemical characteristics such as temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen were measured. Brightly colored green water layers were found in both lakes. Concentrations of photosynthetic organisms were estimated using absorption and fluorescence spectra of water samples from various depths.
0189-6016 © 2007 APOPTOSIS INDUCING EFFECT OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE ON CANCER CELL

Andrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata Ness (A and 1.40 mM induced DNA fragmentation and increased the percentage o breast cancer cell line was treated for 24 , 48 and 72 h. The results de induce apoptosis in TD-47 human breast cancer cell line in a time and increase expression of p53, bax , caspase-3 and decrease ex immunohistochemical analysis.
Discussion Papers in Economics Dynamics of Output Growth, Consumption and Physical Capital in Two-Sector Models of Endogenous Growth Job Reallocation and Average Job Tenure: Theory and Workplace Evidence from Australia

We explore determinants of job reallocation and the implications for employment change and average job tenure in this paper. A model which associates technological advances with the process of economic growth is modified and analysed. Data on average job tenure within workplaces and gross job flows across workplaces in Australia are constructed by us from a single panel of workplace data and examined. Substantial simultaneous job creation and destruction are found in a year of strong job growth, suggesting that workplace heterogeneity is an important feature of the Australian labour market. The predictions generated from the theoretical model are examined with the data for job flows and average job tenure. Our results support the key features of the model. in which job reallocation is concentrated. We find
Development of the Sorong Fault Zone North of Misool, Eastern Indonesia

The part of Sorong Fault Zone studied here is located to the north of Misool between Obi and Batanta. The fault zone cuts an Early Miocene collision suture between the Philippine Sea Plate and the northern Australian margin. Its complex geometry and tectonic history are important for hydrocarbon exploration and to the south of the fault zone are the major oil fields of the Salawati Basin in the Bird’s Head region of Papua. 2D seismic and multibeam seafloor bathymetry data demonstrate the characteristics of the fault zone and basins in the subsurface and at the surface. Three major fault strands of the Sorong Fault Zone are identified: the E–W striking Molucca-Sorong Fault to the north, the NE–SW striking North Sula-Sorong Fault in the middle and NE–SW striking North Misool-Sorong Fault to the south. These faults separate basinal areas which formed by different mechanisms, and as a result have different geomorphological, stratigraphic and structural characteristics. There are significant difficulties in correlating between the basinal areas which have different basement types. An intriguing feature of the fault zone is the variation in seabed expression of different segments. The western Sorong Fault Zone was active very recently although there is currently little seismic activity. There is evidence of both transpression and transtension at different places along the sinistral strike-slip system area. The Kofiau Basin has several features suggesting it could be the northern part of the Salawati Basin displaced to the west on the Molucca-Sorong Fault during the Pliocene.
Just so Stories Experiments in Neo-darwinism

In recent years the neo-Darwinian paradigm has come under increasing attack, variously on epistemological, socio-political and methodological (not to say theological) grounds. In this essay we argue that neo-Darwinism should stand, fall, (or indeed evolve) on the same evidential basis as any other scientiic theory. We thus propose several practicable experiments to test some fundamental claims of the theory.
Validation of HNO3, C1ONO2, and N2O5 from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)

The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite was launched on 12 August 2003. Its two instruments measure vertical profiles of over 30 atmospheric trace gases by analyzing solar occultation spectra in the ultraviolet/visible and infrared wavelength regions. The reservoir gases HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 are three of the key species provided by the primary instrument, the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). This paper describes the ACE-FTS version 2.2 data products, including the N2O5 update, for the three species and presents validation comparisons with available observations. We have compared volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles of HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O5 with measurements by other satellite instruments (SMR, MLS, MIPAS), aircraft measurements (ASUR), and single balloon-flights (SPIRALE, FIRS-2). Partial columns of HNO3 and ClONO2 were also compared with measurements by ground-based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. Overall the quality of the ACE-FTS v2.2 HNO3 VMR profiles is good from 18 to 35 km. For the statistical satellite comparisons, the mean absolute differences are generally within ±1 ppbv ±20%) from 18 to 35 km. For MIPAS and MLS comparisons only, mean relative differences lie within±10% between 10 and 36 km. ACE-FTS HNO3 partial columns (~15–30 km) show a slight negative bias of −1.3% relative to the ground-based FTIRs at latitudes ranging from 77.8° S–76.5° N. Good agreement between ACE-FTS ClONO2 and MIPAS, using the Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung and Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IMK-IAA) data processor is seen. Mean absolute differences are typically within ±0.01 ppbv between 16 and 27 km and less than +0.09 ppbv between 27 and 34 km. The ClONO2 partial column comparisons show varying degrees of agreement, depending on the location and the quality of the FTIR measurements. Good agreement was found for the comparisons with the midlatitude Jungfraujoch partial columns for which the mean relative difference is 4.7%. ACE-FTS N2O5 has a low bias relative to MIPAS IMK-IAA, reaching −0.25 ppbv at the altitude of the N2O5 maximum (around 30 km). Mean absolute differences at lower altitudes (16–27 km) are typically −0.05 ppbv for MIPAS nighttime and ±0.02 ppbv for MIPAS daytime measurements.
Toward the reconciliation of seismological and petrological perspectives on oceanic lithosphere heterogeneity

The character of the high‐frequency seismic phases Po and So, observed after propagation for long distances in the oceanic lithosphere, requires the presence of scattering from complex structure in 3‐D. Current models use stochastic representations of seismic structure in the oceanic lithosphere. The observations are compatible with quasi‐laminate features with horizontal correlation length around 10 km and vertical correlation length 0.5 km, with a uniform level of about 2% variation through the full thickness of the lithosphere. Such structures are difficult to explain with petrological models, which would favor stronger heterogeneity at the base of the lithosphere associated with underplating from frozen melts. Petrological evidence mostly points to smaller‐scale features than suggested by seismology. The models from the different fields have been derived independently, with various levels of simplification. Fortunately, it is possible to gently modify the seismological model toward stronger basal heterogeneity, but there remains a need for some quasi‐laminate structure throughout the mantle component of the oceanic lithosphere. The new models help to bridge the gulf between the different viewpoints, but ambiguities remain.