Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Generation and Optimization of Combinatorial Test Cases from UML Activity Diagram Using Particle Swarm Optimization

Generation of test cases is one of the essential activities of the software testing process. The process of executing a programme to identify defects to improve the system's quality is known as software testing. Manually writing test cases takes time, effort, and money. On the other hand, generating test cases automatically is the solution to this problem. For this automation process, a model-based test case generation technique would be acceptable. A model is usually required to generate test cases in the model-based testing technique. Nowadays, researchers have relied on the activity diagram to generate test cases. Test cases for combinatorial logic systems are required. Combinatorial testing is essential for producing a small number of test cases and identifying errors occurred by interactions between system input parameters. Information about constraints, parameters and its values are required for generation of test cases. It is difficult to extract information regarding constraints, parameters, its values, and interactions between parameters from an Activity Diagram. A novel approach is proposed to extract this information from an Activity Diagram. The authors created a tool that automatically generates combinatorial test cases using UML Activity Diagrams. The proposed tool has two main parts. First, the combinatorial test design model is developed for extraction of input parameters. Second part is generation of optimized number of combinatorial test cases using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. Finally, the authors experimented on a real-world case study namely viz. Railway Reservation using the proposed tool, and it is shown that the proposed tool generated optimum number of combinatorial test cases.
Consequences of diabetes and pre-diabetes and the role of biochemical parameters of carbohydrate metabolism for the functioning of the prefrontal cortex in obese patients.

BACKGROUND The role of executive functions (EF) is to maintain particular behaviours in order to achieve intended goals. EF are crucial in management of pre-diabetes, diabetes and obesity which are grievous diseases and can lead to severe complications. The aims of our study were to: assess EF in group of obese subject with carbohydrate disorders, evaluate whether biochemical factors and comorbidities related to metabolic disorders have adverse effect on EF in this group of patients. METHODS The study included 185 obese patients (146 women; 39 men) who were divided on three groups: pre-diabetic, diabetic and control subgroup. Patient underwent Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to evaluate EF. Assessed biochemical factors included C-peptide, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). RESULTS Diabetic patients showed the worst WCST scores among the rest of groups. Pre-diabetic individuals did not differ in EF performance from control subgroup. We observed significant correlations between FPG and HbA1c and worse WCST scores in pre-diabetic subgroup. In diabetic patients C-peptide correlated with poorer EF. Depressive symptoms and hypertension significantly correlated with non-perseverative errors in WCST. CONCLUSIONS The subgroup of diabetic patients were the most obese and had the worst glycemia parameters. They also showed the worst EF in WCST. According to obtained results, hyperglycemia positively correlated with poor EF in pre-diabetes. However, in diabetic subjects cognitive deterioration may results from insulin resistance rather than hyperglycemia. In obese individuals with carbohydrate disorders both hypertension and depressive symptoms significantly contributed to EF dysfunction.
Chevron plate heat exchanger optimization using efficient approximation-assisted multi-objective optimization techniques

This article presents a comparison between different multi-objective optimization approaches that can be used to efficiently optimize the design of different thermal systems and components. Plate heat exchanger optimization is taken as case study to compare the different optimization techniques. The plate heat exchanger flow channel geometry is optimized to maximize the thermal-hydraulic performance of the heat exchanger. The thermal-hydrodynamic characteristics of single phase turbulent flow in chevron-type plate heat exchangers with sinusoidal-shaped corrugations have been analyzed using a commercially available computational fluid dynamics tool. The computational domain consists of a corrugation channel, and the simulations adopted the shear-stress transport κ-ω model as the turbulence model. The analysis of even a single design is computationally expensive, and hence, approximation techniques are used to speed up the optimization process. Exhaustive search, offline approximation-assisted optimization, and online approximation-assisted optimization are compared to optimize plate heat exchanger design. For both approximation techniques (offline and online), design optimization is performed using the multi-objective genetic algorithm based on metamodels that are built to represent the entire design space. In offline approximation, globally accurate metamodels are built, which requires adding samples in the entire design space. However in online approximation-assisted optimization, samples are added just to improve metamodel performance in the expected optimum region. Approximated optimum designs are verified using computationally expensive actual computational fluid dynamics simulations. Finally, a comparison between exhaustive search and offline/online approximation-assisted optimization is presented with guidelines to apply both approaches in the area of heat exchanger design optimization. The methods presented in this article are generic and can be applied to optimize different types of heat exchangers, electronic cooling devices, and other thermal system components.
Facile green synthesis and biological evaluation of biogenic silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Alchornea laxiflora leaf

Abstract We report on the facile synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Alchornea laxiflora for threefold applications in antibacterial screening, tyrosinase inhibition and photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye solution experiments. Silver nanoparticles of an average size range of 20–52 nm and of spherical morphologies were obtained. The nanoparticles showed localized surface resonance bands within the range of 424 − 435 nm. The results of photocatalytic degradation experiment depict rapid photo-inspired degradation of 86% of the dye solution in less than a min and at a reaction rate of 0.136 min−1. The silver nanoparticles showed enhanced antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to the precursors. Complementary, dose-dependent tyrosinase inhibition activity with IC50 of 20.83 µg/mL and a competitive mode of inhibition was confirmed for the antityrosinase experiment involving the silver nanoparticles.
A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACH ABOUT A LUDIC STRATEGY FOR TEACHING-LEARNING: THE TRIOMINOES OF GENETICS.

Learning is a systematic and interactive process that involves the exchange of information between pupils and teachers. The knowledge constructed during the learning process represents the basis for the cognitive, emotional and psychomotor education of the student, further contributing to the teacher's formation. Among the different subjects approached during basic education, and especially secondary school, Genetics is one that presents complex concepts, making it difficult for pupils to comprehend and therefore learn. With the aim of facilitating the process of teaching-learning the basic concepts of Genetics, the present study elaborated and applied a new ludic proposal, the game Triominoes. In this scope, Triominoes was created with 40 triangular tiles containing, on each face, complementary terms and concepts. Based on the answers to a questionnaire applied after the activity, this ludic strategy was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Through these analyses, the Triominoes helped in the teaching-learning process, the development of logical-deductive reasoning, exploring the cognitive, emotional and psychomotor abilities of the learners. Therefore, Triominoes can be considered an innovative, viable and low-cost pedagogical material, which could be routinely employed for the teaching of Genetics as well as other contents from different subjects of the basic, secondary and higher education.
Ubiquitin Fusion Degradation 1 like Protein Expression in Gastric Cancer and its Clinical Significance

To investigate the expression of ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein in gastric cancer and its relationship with the clinicopathological characteristics. Analyzed the data of ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein in gastric cancer and normal tissues in the Cancer Genome Atlas database and the University of Alabama Cancer database. The expression of ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein from fresh samples was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, the expression of ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein from paraffin samples was detected by immunohistochemistry. Observed the relationship between the expression level of ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein and clinicopathological characteristics of patients. Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas and the University of Alabama Cancer Databases suggested that ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein messenger ribonucleic acid expression in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in normal gastric tissues (p<0.05); Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed that ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein and messenger ribonucleic acid expression in fresh gastric cancer tissues were significantly higher in adjacent tissues (p<0.05). Immunohistochemistry results showed that 88 cases of gastric cancer had positive protein expression in 71 cases and negative expression in 17 cases. The expression difference of ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein in gastric cancer and non-tumor tissues adjacent to the cancer was statistically significant (p<0.05) and it was significantly correlated with tumor, nodes and metastases stage and differentiation degree (p<0.05). The expression level of ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein in gastric cancer tissues is significantly increasing and associated with disease progression, suggesting ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like protein may be involved in the development and progression of gastric cancer.
Effect of phytoneering remedy BNO 2103 on the course of experimental exudative inflammation caused by different phlogogens

Kidney and urinary tract diseases play an important role in the disease distribution in most countries of the world. The pharmaceutical industry offers many means for the treatment and prevention of these diseases, but there is a trending tendency to pay more attention to herbal medicines, their empirical application and scientific study. The aim of this research is to study anti-inflammatory properties of standardized herbal composition BNO 2103 in a model of paw inflammation in rats caused by different phlogogens to justify the use of it in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and methods. The experimental study was performed using 90 male white outbreed rats weighing 150–200 g, which were divided into 3 series of 30 animals each, each series included 3 groups. Inflammation of the paw was induced by subplantar administration of phlogogens – zymosan, histamine and serotonin. The study agent and the reference drug, diclofenac sodium, were administered intragastrically (i. g.) once. Edema was observed and recorded, and anti-inflammatory activity (AIA) was assessed in 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 6.0 hours after phlogogen injection. Results. BNO 2103 showed a remarkable anti-exudative effect in the model of zymosan and histamine edema, being significantly superior to diclofenac sodium. In the serotonin edema model, BNO 2103 was significantly superior to the comparator by the endpoints, showing the moderate but prolonged anti-exudative effect. Conclusions. BNO 2103 has the significant anti-inflammatory effect, exerting an inhibitory effect on exudative inflammation caused by various phlogogens (zymosan, histamine, serotonin), mainly acting on the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid conversion, which is most likely due to the presence of flavonoids. This allows us to consider BNO 2103 as a promising drug for the treatment of CKD.
Exosomes as Promising Nanostructures in Diabetes Mellitus: From Insulin Sensitivity to Ameliorating Diabetic Complications

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the chronic metabolic disorders that its incidence rate has shown an increase in developed and wealthy countries due to lifestyle and obesity. The treatment of DM has always been of interest, and significant effort has been made in this field. Exosomes belong to extracellular vesicles with nanosized features (30–150 nm) that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and preserving homeostasis. The function of exosomes is different based on their cargo, and they may contain lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The present review focuses on the application of exosomes in the treatment of DM; both glucose and lipid levels are significantly affected by exosomes, and these nanostructures enhance lipid metabolism and decrease its deposition. Furthermore, exosomes promote glucose metabolism and affect the level of glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters in DM. Type I DM results from the destruction of β cells in the pancreas, and exosomes can be employed to ameliorate apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in these cells. The exosomes have dual functions in mediating insulin resistance/sensitivity, and M1 macrophage-derived exosomes inhibit insulin secretion. The exosomes may contain miRNAs, and by transferring among cells, they can regulate various molecular pathways such as AMPK, PI3K/Akt, and β-catenin to affect DM progression. Noteworthy, exosomes are present in different body fluids such as blood circulation, and they can be employed as biomarkers for the diagnosis of diabetic patients. Future studies should focus on engineering exosomes derived from sources such as mesenchymal stem cells to treat DM as a novel strategy.
Performance of temperature and productivity proxies based on long-chain alkane-1, mid-chain diols at test: a 5-year sediment trap record from the Mauritanian upwelling

Abstract. Proxies based on long-chain alkane-1, mid-chain diols (diol for short) are obtaining increasing interest to reconstruct past upper ocean temperature and productivity. Here we evaluate performance of the sea surface temperature proxies (long-chain diol index (LDI), diol saturation index (DSI), and diol chain length index (DCI)), productivity and upwelling intensity proxies (two diol indices DIR and DIW and the combined diol index (CDI)), and the nutrient diol index (NDI) as a proxy for phosphate and nitrate levels. This evaluation is based on comparison of the diols in sediment trap samples from the upwelling region off NW Africa collected at 1.28 km water depth with daily satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs), subsurface temperatures, productivity, the plankton composition from the trap location, monthly phosphate and nitrate concentrations, wind speed, and wind direction from the nearby Nouadhibou airport. The diol-based SST reconstructions are also compared the long-chain-alkenone-based SST reconstructions. The alkenone SSTs correlate best with satellite SST (r2= 0.60). Amplitude and absolute values agree very well as do the flux-corrected time series averages. For the diol proxies the situation is more complicated. Diol proxies including 1,14 diols lag trade wind speed by 30 d. Since wind is nearly always from the NNE to NNW and induces the upwelling, we relate the variability in these proxies to upwelling-induced processes. Correlation with the abundance of upwelling species and wind speed is best for the NDI and the 1,14 diol-based DCI and DSI. The DIR, DIW, and CDI perform comparatively poorly. A negative correlation between DSI and wind speed may suggest that the DSI reflects wind-speed-forced upwelling-related reductions in temperature rather than irradiation-induced temperatures. The nutrient proxy NDI shows no significant correlation to monthly phosphate and nitrate concentrations in the upper waters and a negative correlation with both wind-induced upwelling (r2=0.28 and lagging 32 d) and the abundance of upwelling species (r2=0.38). It is suggested that this proxy reflects upwelling intensity rather than upper ocean nutrient concentrations. At the trap site, satellite SST lags wind-speed-forced upwelling by about 4 months. The 1,13 and 1,15 diol-based LDI-derived SSTs lag satellite SSTs by 41 d but correlate poorly (r2= 0.17). Absolute as well as flux-corrected LDI SSTs are on average 3 ∘C too high and rather reflect values prevailing during the more oligotrophic summer period. We attribute outliers to low LDI SST to 1,13 diols added during short upwelling-related events. The use of the LDI in regions with higher productivity is therefore not recommended. It appears thus that at the trap site the 1,14 diols primarily reflect conditions relating to upwelling whereas the 1,15C30 and to a lesser extent the 1,13 diols seem to reflect the conditions of the more oligotrophic ocean.
PAPER PHYSICS: Modeling spatial reflection from an uncoated printing paper using Monte Carlo simulation

The article deals with Monte Carlo modeling of uncoated printing paper surface based on light reflectance from the surface and on subsurface scattering. The paper surface was simulated using randomly oriented microfacets characterized by a specific parameter, critical azimuthal angle ϑc. Determination of the value of ϑc was based on the idea that the standard deviation of the light reflected from a paper surface is not equal to zero, and can be recognized as noise. Noise, i.e. standard deviation of the reflectance measured on actual paper samples, was used for calculating ϑc and, consequently, for obtaining theoretical surface models. The results show a satisfactory agreement with the real paper surfaces and indicate that ϑc can be one of the important parameters in future simulations of this kind.
Development status and prospect of quadruped robots

In nature, there are many types of terrains on which traditional wheeled and tracked vehicles can not move, but mammals can freely. This has fully shown the advantages of the four legged moving method. Inspired by these animals, researchers have done much indepth study on quadruped robots, and have made substantial achievements. This paper reviews the development status of quadruped robots in domestic and abroad, summarizes the key technologies in this field, and points out the development tendency.
Improved rapid diagnostic tests to detect syphilis and yaws: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Current rapid tests for syphilis and yaws can detect treponemal and non-treponemal antibodies. We aimed to critically appraise the literature for rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) which can better distinguish an active infection of syphilis or yaws. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching five databases between January 2010 and October 2021 (with an update in July 2022). A generalised linear mixed model was used to conduct a bivariate meta-analysis for the pooled sensitivity and specificity. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. We used the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) to assess the risk of bias and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) to evaluate the certainty of evidence. Results We included 17 studies for meta-analyses. For syphilis, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the treponemal component were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.86 to 0.97) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96 to 0.99), respectively. For the non-treponemal component, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.82 to 0.95) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.92 to 0.99), respectively. For yaws, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the treponemal component were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.66 to 0.95) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94 to 0.99), respectively. For the non-treponemal component, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.55 to 0.93) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92 to 0.98), respectively. Conclusions RDTs that can differentiate between active and previously treated infections could optimise management by providing same-day treatment and reducing unnecessary treatment. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021279587.
Not just money. How organised crime, violence, and insecurity are shaping emigration in Mexico, El Salvador, and Guatemala

ABSTRACT This article utilises logistic regression analysis to determine the factors that influence people from Mexico, El Salvador, and Guatemala deciding to flee to other countries. By broadening the traditional migration literature, we argue that organised crime, violence, and insecurity, not purely economic calculations, play a crucial role in one’s decision to emigrate to the U.S. Although concretely economic motivations, such as the household’s wage level, and social capital-related factors like having family ties in the destination country, are strong correlates in our models, we show that victimisation and fear of crime also affect the decision to live or work abroad. We contend that these factors are directly related to the presence of gangs and other criminal organisations in all three countries.
Clustering algorithm for minimizing vehicle number of airport pickup and delivery service

Under the background of pickup and delivery service in flight ticket sales company,vehicle routing and scheduling problem was characterized by its multi-batch,small capacity,tight service time constraints and individualized requirements.A mathematical model of minimum vehicle number was established in vehicle-rental mode.With this model,customers' satisfaction and vehicles' circumvention were considered as constraints.To solve this model,a two-stage heuristic algorithm was proposed.The initial number of vehicles and the visit order of customer locations were generated in the first stage of this algorithm,which was based on clustering algorithm of time windows reversed permutation.In the second stage,the initial solution was improved and optimized via an insertion heuristic.Finally,effectiveness of this model and algorithm was verified through the simulation experiment and results analysis.
Life Cycle Surplus and Life Cycle Deficit of Immigrants versus Natives

Recently, immigration and its socio-economic aspects have been in the centre of the European Union leaders’ agenda. In this paper, we apply the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology to calculate the complete set of NTA results for immigrants and natives in five EU countries. We find that due to the lower labour income, which cannot be offset by the lower consumption, immigrants experience a shorter independence period and a much lower aggregate life cycle surplus than natives. The identified cross country differences between immigrants and natives could be used as a proxy of the achieved level of integration of immigrants.