Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements of Rainfall Properties Using Long Optical Path Imaging

Abstract Measurements of long-path optical attenuation of visible light due to rainfall are described, from which rainfall parameters are derived. Novel aspects of the method are the use of a distant uncontrolled and broadband spotlight source, and analysis of image characteristics to obtain the distribution of drop radius a. A theory is developed that uses the image attenuation and spatial resolution to retrieve the two parameters, n0 and Λ, of the distribution n(a) = n0e−Λa. In particular, n0 is obtained to within about 20%; this error is relatively small compared to n0 jumps of more than 100% commonly observed in rainfall data. The method holds promise as an inexpensive path-averaged remotely sensed method for obtaining rainfall intensity and drop size distributions. Its validity is confirmed by a Monte Carlo model for photon scatter and imaging.
Properties of Si Nanowires Synthesized by Galvanic Cell Reaction

A galvanic cell reaction is used to synthesize Si nanowires (SiNWs) in AgNO3/HF solution at 30 °C for 60 min. The AgNO3 concentration ise varied from M=0.0001 to 0.6 mol/L in aqueous HF solution (5 mol/L). Vertically well-aligned SiNW arrays are found to be formed in the limited AgNO3 concentration range of M∼0.02–0.08 mol/L. The maximum nanowire length is ∼35 µm (M∼0.05 mol/L). The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the SiNWs exhibit a broad peak centered at ∼1.8 eV. Below M∼0.02 or above ∼0.08 mol/L, the solutions produce only roughened surfaces. No PL emission is observed from such surfaces. Passive HF etching of the SiNWs leads to the removal of the surface oxide overlayer and changes the wettability from highly hydrophilic (∼5°) to superhydrophobic (∼135°). Optical absorption and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy show that the SiNWs have an extremely large optical absorbability not only in the interband-transition region but also in the far-infrared spectral region.
The algebraic structures of isospectral Lax operators and applications to integrable equations

For a general spectral operator, the author establishes types of algebraic structures of the spaces of the corresponding isospectral Lax operators, which essentially form the theoretical basis of the Lax operator method. Furthermore the author introduces the concepts of tau -algebras and master algebras to describe time-polynomial-dependent symmetries of nonlinear integrable equations. Finally the author applies the theory of Lax operators to the KP hierarchy of integrable equations as an illustrative example, and thus obtain the master symmetry algebra of the KP hierarchy.
A Notion of Rank for Right Congruences on Semigroups

ABSTRACT We introduce a new notion of rank for a semigroup S. The rank is associated with pairs (I,ρ), where ρ is a right congruence and I is a ρ-saturated right ideal. We allow I to be the empty set; in this case the rank of (∅, ρ) is the Cantor-Bendixson rank of ρ in the lattice of right congruences of S, with respect to a topology we title the finite type topology. If all pairs have rank, then we say that S is ranked. Our notion of rank is intimately connected with chain conditions: every right Noetherian semigroup is ranked, and every ranked inverse semigroup is weakly right Noetherian. Our interest in ranked semigroups stems from the study of the class ± bℰ S of existentially closed S-sets over a right coherent monoid S. It is known that for such S the set of sentences in the language of S-sets that are true in every existentially closed S-set, that is, the theory T S of ± bℰ S , has the model theoretic property of being stable. Moreover, T S is superstable if and only if S is weakly right Noetherian. In the present article, we show that T S satisfies the stronger property of being totally transcendental if and only if S is ranked and weakly right Noetherian.
Direktzugang verglichen mit ärztlich verordneter Physiotherapie: Ein systematischer Review

In den Vereinigten Staaten verursachen muskuloskeletale Beschwerden jährliche Gesundheitskosten von 3578 US-Dollar pro betroffene Person bei einer geschätzten Zahl von 53,9 Millionen Betroffenen. Häufig werden die Beschwerden physiotherapeutisch behandelt. In der Mehrheit der Vereinigten Staaten können Patienten Physiotherapie per Direktzugang, d. h. ohne ärztliche Überweisung in Anspruch nehmen. Laut der Ergebnisse eines ersten systematischen Reviews hat der Direktzugang das Potenzial, die Gesundheitsversorgung zu verbessern, indem sich sowohl die Wartezeiten als auch die Kosten für den Patienten verringern, während die Zufriedenheit der Patienten steigt [10]. Veränderungen der Genesungszeit, der Behandlungsresultate oder der Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem konnte der Review jedoch nicht feststellen [10].
ON THE REVERSED FLOW AND OSCILLATING WAKE IN AN ASYMMETRICALLY HEATED CHANNEL

The detailed processes of flow reversal in a buoyancy-induced flow through a one-side-heated vertical channel of finite height were simulated numerically. It is of interest to note that the wake above the heated plate is oscillatory at high Rayleigh number and there exists a minimum in the transient variation of the average Nusselt number. Additionally, the predicted steady average Nusselt number and induced flow rate are correlated by empirical equations.
Fgf signalling triggers an intrinsic mesodermal timer that determines the duration of limb patterning

Complex signalling between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER - a thickening of the distal epithelium) and the mesoderm controls limb patterning along the proximo-distal axis (humerus to digits). However, the essential requirement for AER-Fgf signalling during in vivo development makes it difficult to understand the exact roles that it fulfils. To overcome this barrier, we developed an amenable ex vivo chick wing tissue explant system that faithfully replicates in vivo parameters. Using inhibition experiments and RNA-sequencing, we identify a transient role for Fgfs in triggering the distal patterning phase. Fgfs are then dispensable for the maintenance of an intrinsic mesodermal transcriptome, which controls proliferation/differentiation timing and the duration of patterning. We also uncover additional roles for Fgf signalling in maintaining AER-related gene expression and in suppressing myogenesis. We describe a simple logic for limb patterning duration, which is potentially applicable to other systems, including the main body axis.
Metabolic resource overlap impacts on the competition of phyllosphere bacteria

The phyllosphere is densely colonised by rich microbial communities, despite sparse and heterogeneously distributed resources. The limitation of resources is expected to drive bacterial competition resulting in exclusion or coexistence based on fitness differences and resource overlap between individual colonisers. We studied the impact of resource competition by determining the effects of different bacterial colonisers on the growth of the model epiphyte Pantoea eucalypti 299R (Pe299R). Resource overlap was predicted based on genome-scale metabolic modelling. By combining results of metabolic modelling and pairwise competitions in the Arabidopsis thaliana phyllosphere and in vitro, we found that ten resources sufficed to explain fitness of Pe299R. An effect of both resource overlap and phylogenetic relationships was found on competition outcomes in vitro as well as in the phyllosphere. However, effects of resource competition were much weaker in the phyllosphere when compared to in vitro experiments. When investigating growth dynamics and reproductive success at the single-cell resolution, resource overlap and phylogenetic relationships are only weakly correlated with epiphytic Pe299R reproductive success, indicating that the leaf’s spatial heterogeneity mitigates resource competition. Although the correlation is weak, the presence of competitors led to the development of Pe299R subpopulations that experienced different life histories and cell divisions. Surprisingly, in some in planta competitions, Pe299R benefitted from the presence of epiphytes despite high resource overlap to the competitor strain suggesting other factors having stronger effects than resource competition. This study provides fundamental insights into how bacterial communities are shaped in heterogeneous environments and provides a framework to predict competition outcomes.
A resurrection ecology test for the effects of ionizing radiation and other environmental correlates on Daphnia evolution

Acute exposure to ionizing radiation has well-documented, immediate negative consequences for individuals. However, the evolutionary consequences for populations exposed to ionizing radiation is unclear. For example, a meta-analysis of taxa exposed to Chernobyl fallout found some evidence for elevated mutation rates in animal and plant taxa; however, in people, de novo mutation rates in offspring of parents exposed to radiation during and after the Chernobyl accident were no higher than controls. Furthermore, whether irradiation and increased mutation rates drive adaptation to radiation also has mixed support. Ambiguity in both cases likely arises from the difficulty of studying mutation rates and adaptation after rare nuclear events whose ionizing radiation is distributed heterogeneously in time and space. Here, we report an attempt to better address this difficulty with a “resurrection ecology” study of Daphnia spp. in Utah lakes that experienced nuclear fallout from US Department of Energy weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s. The idea was to recover dormant Daphnia eggs from sediment cores that spanned the nuclear testing era in the American West. We predicted that survival and fecundity of eggs hatched in the lab would show fitness declines correlated with ionizing radiation fallout and a potential recovery once nuclear testing stopped. We successfully obtained multiple cores from three lakes that dated back to the 1800s. We isolated >4700 dormant eggs from those cores, spanning the nuclear era, but were only able to hatch a single egg in the lab. Thus, we could not conduct life history experiments to test our prediction. The purpose of this manuscript, therefore, is to describe the study and make our radioisotope core dating and sedimentation data available to other paleolimnological researchers. We also report a side study of stable isotope change through time measured from dormant eggs and the sediment.
Spatial Omics Imaging of Fresh-Frozen Tissue and Routine FFPE Histopathology of a Single Cancer Needle Core Biopsy: A Freezing Device and Multimodal Workflow

Complex molecular alterations underlying cancer pathophysiology are intensely studied with omics methods using bulk tissue extracts. For spatially resolved tissue diagnostics using needle biopsy cores, however, histopathological analysis using stained FFPE tissue and immuno-histochemistry (IHC) of few marker proteins is currently the main clinical focus. Today, spatial omics imaging using MSI or IRI are emerging diagnostic technologies for identification and classification of various cancer types. However, to conserve tissue-specific metabolomic states, fast, reliable and precise methods for preparation of fresh-frozen (FF) tissue sections are crucial. Such methods are often incompatible with clinical practice, since spatial metabolomics and routine histopathology of needle biopsies currently require two biopsies for FF and FFPE sampling, respectively. Therefore, we developed a device and corresponding laboratory and computational workflows for multimodal spatial omics analysis of fresh-frozen, longitudinally sectioned needle biopsies to accompany standard FFPE histopathology on the same biopsy core. As proof-of-concept, we analyzed surgical human liver cancer specimen by IRI and MSI with precise co-registration and, following FFPE processing, by sequential clinical pathology analysis on the same biopsy core. This workflow allowed spatial comparison between different spectral profiles and alterations in tissue histology, as well as direct comparison to histological diagnosis without the need of an extra biopsy. SIMPLE SUMMARY Routine clinical approaches for cancer diagnosis demand fast, cost-efficient, and reliable methods, and their implementation within clinical settings. Currently, histopathology is the golden standard for tissue-based clinical diagnosis. Recently, spatially resolved molecular profiling techniques like mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) or infrared spectroscopy imaging (IRI) have increasingly contributed to clinical research, e.g., by differentiation of cancer subtypes using molecular fingerprints. However, adoption of the corresponding workflows in clinical routine remains challenging, especially for fresh-frozen tissue specimen. Here, we present a novel device based on 3D-printing technology, which facilitates sample preparation of needle biopsies for correlated clinical tissue analysis. It enables combination of MSI and IRI on fresh-frozen clinical samples with histopathological examination of the same needle core after formalin-fixation and paraffin-embedding (FFPE). This device and workflow can pave the way for a more profound understanding of biomolecular processes in cancer and, thus, aid more accurate diagnosis.
Genomic Resources for Asian (Elephas maximus) and African Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Conservation and Health Research

We provide novel genomic resources to help understand the genomic traits involved in elephant health and to aid conservation efforts. We sequence 11 elephant genomes (5 African savannah, 6 Asian) from North American zoos, including 9 de novo assemblies. We estimate elephant germline mutation rates and reconstruct demographic histories. Finally, we provide an in-solution capture assay to genotype Asian elephants. This assay is suitable for analyzing degraded museum and non-invasive samples, such as feces and hair. The elephant genomic resources we present here should allow for more detailed and uniform studies in the future to aid elephant conservation efforts and disease research.
The H I absorption in NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)

The spatial structure of the H I absorption in Centaurus A was observed with the VLA in its highest resolution configuration. The deep absorption at the systemic velocity (550 km s/sup -1/) of the galaxy is seen in absorption against both the radio core and the inner 30'' section of the radio jet. The weaker absorption features at velocities higher than the systemic velocity (576 and 596 km s/sup -1/) are seen only against the core indicating that this gas is within 450 pc from the nucleus and probably falling in. We discuss the consequences of fueling a central object to power the giant radio source and place constraints on the density, temperature, and proximity to the nucleus of these gas clouds.
Intracellular replication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in epithelial cells requires suppression of the caspase-4 inflammasome

Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections can include bacterial survival inside epithelial cells. Previously, we showed this involves multiple roles played by the type three-secretion system (T3SS), and specifically the effector ExoS. This includes ExoS-dependent inhibition of a lytic host cell response that subsequently enables intracellular replication. Here, we studied the underlying cell death response to intracellular P. aeruginosa, comparing wild-type to T3SS mutants varying in capacity to induce cell death and that localize to different intracellular compartments. Results showed that corneal epithelial cell death induced by intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking the T3SS, which remains in vacuoles, correlated with activation of NF-κB as measured by p65 relocalization and TNFα transcription and secretion. Deletion of caspase-4 through CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis delayed cell death caused by these intracellular T3SS mutants. Caspase-4 deletion also countered more rapid cell death caused by T3SS effector-null mutants still expressing the TSSS apparatus that traffic to the host cell cytoplasm, and in doing so rescued intracellular replication normally dependent on ExoS. While HeLa cells lacked a lytic death response to T3SS mutants, it was found to be enabled by interferon gamma treatment. Together, these results show that epithelial cells can activate the noncanonical inflammasome pathway to limit proliferation of intracellular P. aeruginosa, not fully dependent on bacterially-driven vacuole escape. Since ExoS inhibits the lytic response, the data implicate targeting of caspase-4, an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, as another contributor to the role of ExoS in the intracellular lifestyle of P. aeruginosa. Importance Pseudomonas aeruginosa can exhibit an intracellular lifestyle within epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. The type three secretion system (T3SS) effector ExoS contributes via multiple mechanisms, including extending the life of invaded host cells. Here, we aimed to understand the underlying cell death inhibited by ExoS when P. aeruginosa is intracellular. Results showed that intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking T3SS effectors could elicit rapid cell lysis via the non-canonical inflammasome pathway. Caspase-4 contributed to cell lysis even when the intracellular bacteria lacked the entire T33S and were consequently unable to escape vacuoles, representing a naturally occurring subpopulation during wildtype infection. Together, the data show the caspase-4 inflammasome as an epithelial cell defense against intracellular P. aeruginosa, and implicate its targeting as another mechanism by which ExoS preserves the host cell replicative niche.
A Quantitative Human-Grounded Evaluation Process for Explainable Machine Learning

Methods from explainable machine learning are increasingly applied. However, evaluation of these methods is often anecdotal and not systematic. Prior work has identified properties of explanation quality and we argue that evaluation should be based on them. In this position paper, we provide an evaluation process that follows the idea of property testing. The process acknowledges the central role of the human, yet argues for a quantitative approach for the evaluation. We find that properties can be divided into two groups, one to ensure trustworthiness, the other to assess comprehensibility. Options for quantitative property tests are discussed. Future research should focus on the standardization of testing procedures.
An estimate on the eigenvalues in bifurcation for gradient mappings

Let H be a real Hilbert space and let A: H→H be a nonlinear operator such that A(0) = 0. We consider the eigenvalue problem Recall that λ0 ε ℝ is said to be a bifurcation point for (1.1) if every neighbourhood of (λ0, 0) in ℝ × H contains solutions of (1.1).
The N-vortex problem on a rotating sphere. II. Heterogeneous Platonic solid equilibria

We describe a new method of constructing point vortex equilibria on a sphere made-up of N vortices with different strengths. Such equilibria, called heterogeneous equilibria, are obtained for the five Platonic solid configurations, hence for . The method is based on calculating a basis set for the nullspace of a matrix obtained by enforcing the necessary and sufficient condition that the mutual distances between each pair of vortices remain constant. By symmetries inherent in the Platonic solid configurations, this matrix is reduced for each case and we call the dimension of the nullspace the degree of heterogeneity of the structure. For the tetrahedron (N=4) and octahedron (N=6), the degree of heterogeneity is 4 and 6, respectively, hence we are free to choose each of the vortex strengths independently. For the cube (N=8), the degree of heterogeneity is 5, for the icosahedron (N=12) it is 7, while for the dodecahedron (N=20) it is 4. Thus, the entire set of equilibria based on the Platonic solid configurations is obtained, including substructures associated with each configuration constructed by taking different linear combinations of the basis elements.
Säure-Basen-Störungen

Hafer C. Die Blutgasanalyse liefert zeitnah adäquate Informationen bezüglich Oxygenierung, Ventilation und metabolischer Situation inkl. Elektrolyten. Die ausgezeichnete Korrelation zur Klinik ermöglicht somit auch eine rasche Optimierung der Versorgung. Der Fokus dieses Artikels liegt auf einer pragmatischen Hilfestellung der klinischen Interpretation von Blutgasanalysen als effektiv nutzbares Diagnostikum.
An analysis for the magnetization mode for high density magnetic recording

By the analysis of the self-consistent magnetization and the direct observation of the remanent magnetization of a real tape, the authors discussed the obstacles which are, and will be, encountered in attaining a higher recording densities with the present magnetic recording system, which uses mainly a longitudinal magnetization mode. Then the properties of the three magnetization modes (longitudinal, circular, and perpendicular) are compared. The mode transformation is also discussed. Finally a new perpendicular magnetic recording system is proposed for high density recording. And some results of fundamental experiments are presented. The system uses the perpendicular magnetization mode which is basically free from the demagnetization in very high densities. Its realization mainly owes to the development of a perpendicular anisotropy film and perpendicular magnetic heads.
Three dualities on the integral homology of infinite cyclic coverings of manifolds

We consider a compact oriented topological n-manifold M. Let y be an element of the first integral cohomology H}(M) and M be the infinite cyclic covering space of M associated with y. The covering transformation group is infinite cyclic and denoted by with a generator t, specified by y. A subboundary, A, of M is 0 or a compact (n—l)-submanifold of the boundary dM such that A'=cldM(dM—A) is 0 or a compact (n—l)-submanifold of 3M. The pair (Af A') is called a splitting of dM. Let A be the lift of A, i.e., the preimage of A under the covering 1V[-+ M. Let Λ be the integral group ring of • The integral homology H*(M, A) forms a finitely generated Λ-module, because by [K/S] (M, A) is homotopy equivalent to a compact polyhedral pair and Λ is Noetherian. For an abelian group Hy let e H=Ext^(H; Z) (so that eH=Q for />2 and Homz(H,Z)= 3. The following Λ-submodule, DH} of H was introduced by Blanchfield [B]:
Estimate of the number of arithmetic operations required in the LU decomposition of a sparse matrix

The expected number of arithmetic operations required to compute the table of factors in the LU decomposition of an nth-order sparse symmetric incidence matrix is shown to increase quadratically with the number of branches incident at any node, but only linearly with the number of nodes. This same result is observed if the sparse incidence matrix is symmetric only in pattern. It is assumed that the same number of branches is incident at every node and that the nodes are ordered randomly.
Multivariate Time Series Regression on Seismic Data Using Adaptive Residual CNNs

Developments in Machine Learning and more specifically Deep Learning have boosted the analysis of large-scale datasets. These methods for automated learning are particularly useful for complex data originating from sensors, i.e., multivariate time series data. In this work, we present an adaptive residual CNN (ARes-CNN) that is able to process such multivariate time series data. The model utilizes an adaptive input layer that separately processes every time series (e.g., channels or sensors), learning their key individual characteristics. Furthermore, the model applies stacked residual learning throughout each layer. We compare ARes-CNN with traditional Machine Learning applications, as well as a CNN and LSTM developed for the task at hand. The models’ performance are compared on two datasets retrieved from sensors in a network of seismic stations located in Italy. Across all experiments, ARes-CNN reports a performance increase of 17% (MSE) on average compared to the best performing baseline. Therefore, processing the channels independently (by employing adaptive input layers), together with residual learning are fit for multivariate time series regression, e.g., for analysis of seismic sensor data.