Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraints on abundance, composition, and nature of X‐ray amorphous components of soils and rocks at Gale crater, Mars

X‐ray diffraction patterns of the three samples analyzed by Curiosity's Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument during the first year of the Mars Science Laboratory mission—the Rocknest sand, and the John Klein and Cumberland drill fines, both extracted from the Sheepbed mudstone—show evidence for a significant amorphous component of unclear origin. We developed a mass balance calculation program that determines the range of possible chemical compositions of the crystalline and amorphous components of these samples within the uncertainties of mineral abundances derived from CheMin data. In turn, the chemistry constrains the minimum abundance of amorphous component required to have realistic compositions (all oxides ≥ 0 wt %): 21–22 wt % for Rocknest and 15–20 wt % for Cumberland, in good agreement with estimates derived from the diffraction patterns (~27 and ~31 wt %, respectively). Despite obvious differences between the Rocknest sand and the Sheepbed mudstone, the amorphous components of the two sites are chemically very similar, having comparable concentrations of SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Cr2O3, FeOT, CaO, Na2O, K2O, and P2O5. MgO tends to be lower in Rocknest, although it may also be comparable between the two samples depending on the exact composition of the smectite in Sheepbed. The only unambiguous difference is the SO3 content, which is always higher in Rocknest. The observed similarity suggests that the two amorphous components share a common origin or formation process. The individual phases possibly present within the amorphous components include: volcanic (or impact) glass, hisingerite (or silica + ferrihydrite), amorphous sulfates (or adsorbed SO42−), and nanophase ferric oxides.
Protected areas: necessary but not sufficient

The changing paradigm of protected area management has evolved quite significantly from the pleasuring-ground of Yellowstone through a strong emphasis on wildlife protection to a more recent acknowledgement that protected areas alone cannot guarantee the conservation of biodiversity. With strong endorsement from IUCN there have been many complementary developments that address this gap in capacity for any protected area system. While there may be concerns about the prospect of undervaluing traditional protected areas (mostly unfounded), the new directions are widely embraced as value adding the system. They come with a price. Adopting a more inclusive framework for biodiversity conservation creates many challenges for managers of traditional protected areas. This paper explores the experiences of protected area managers in adapting to the new framework and identifies the ways in which new management has to change.
Radium isotopes as tracers of coastal circulation pathways in the Mid-Atlantic Bight

Abstract : Pathways of exchange between the shelf and slope in the Mid-Atlantic Bight were investigated using radiochemical tracer and hydrographic measurements. The four naturally occuring radium isotopes were used as coastal water mass tracers. The final study included data from 4 cruises with a total of 8 cross-shelfbreak transects. In addition, data were collected from the shelfbreak at Cape Hatteras crossing the western wall of the Gulf Stream to help determine sources of anomalous Ra-224 enrichments in high salinity water which were observed on several of the shelfbreak transects. Combined with the hydrographic data, radium measurements did not show evidence of direct advection of shelf water across the shelfbreak front. While cross-shelf transport appeared to be minimal, hydrographic observations did show large alongshelf volume transport. Furthermore, patterns of short-lived Ra-224 activity in this region are consistent with a rapid transport pathway for water from the Cape Hatteras shelf via the Gulf Stream onto the Mid-Atlantic Bight slope. The combined radiochemical and hydrographic evidence suggests that recirculation around the slope sea gyre may be a more important pathway than direct cross-shelf transport.
Economic aspects of urban green space: a survey of perceptions and attitudes

Urban green space constitutes a crucial element of all cities. It affects the overall physical and built environment of the city, making cities attractive places not only to their own citizens, but also to external visitors and investment. In this respect, urban green space may have a role to play for economic development in terms of improving the quality of urban life, building a desirable 'city image' and advancing the position of the city in respect to its competitiveness. This article draws on a questionnaire survey conducted in 11 European cities in order to explore positions and perceptions with regard to urban green space. Emphasis is given to issues related to the economic aspects of urban green, including an evaluation of the demand for urban green and its importance for economic development. The survey explores attitudes towards alternative uses of urban green space and addresses the – critical for land use policy – issue of financing its provision, maintenance and expansion.
Effects of Subgrid-Scale Mixing Parameterizations on Simulated Distributions of Natural 14C, Temperature, and Salinity in a Three-Dimensional Ocean General Circulation Model

Abstract The effects of parameterizations of subgrid-scale mixing on simulated distributions of natural 14C, temperature, and salinity in a three-dimensional ocean general circulation model are examined. The parameterizations studied are 1) the Gent–McWilliams parameterization of lateral transport of tracers by isopycnal eddies; 2) horizontal mixing; 3) a parameterization of vertical mixing in which the amount of mixing depends on the local vertical density gradient; and 4) prescribed vertical mixing. The authors perform and analyze four ocean GCM simulations that use different combinations of these parameterizations. It is confirmed that the Gent–McWilliams parameterization largely eliminates the tendency of GFDL-based models to overestimate temperatures in the thermocline. However, in the authors’ simulations with the Gent–McWilliams parameterization the deep ocean is too cold, in places by more than 3 degrees. Our results are the first known to assess the effects of the Gent–McWilliams parameterization.
Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution

Introduction Marine Pollution Defined Types of Contaminants Legislative Control of Marine Pollution International Initiatives Plan of the Volume Eutrophication and Organic Loading Oxygen Depletion Nutrients Organic Loading Case Studies Oil Pollution Composition and Characteristics Oil Toxicity Environmental Fate Biological Effects Oil Cleanup Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemical Structure Transformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pathways Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Biota Case Studies Halogenated Hydrocarbons Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds High-Molecular-Weight Compounds Pesticides Herbicides Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans Heavy Metals Sources Chemical Forms Distribution Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation Concentrations in Seawater Concentrations in Sediments Concentrations in Biota National Monitoring Surveys National Status and Trends Program National Benthic Surveillance Project Mussel Watch Project Radioactive Waste Sources of Ionizing Radiation Types of Radioactive Waste Regulatory Controls Behavior of Radionuclides in Estuarine and Marine Environments Radiation Effects on Estuarine and Marine Organisms Dredging and Dredged-Spoil Disposal Dredging Dredged-Spoil Disposal Sites Evaluative Requirements Impacts of Dredged-Material Disposal Habitat Creation, Protection, and Restoration Effects of Electric Generating Stations Thermal Discharges Biocides Impingement Entrainment Assessment Impacts Index Each chapter begins with an introduction and concludes with a reference section, tables, and figures
Segregación residencial, concepciones espaciales subjetivas y xenofobia en Sevilla. Determinando el umbral para la intervención social

The evaluation of residential segregation of foreigners has been traditionally focused on the analysis of localization, distribution and concentration of foreigners’ populations within urban areas. Nevertheless, those parameters alone are poorly useful to uncover the social consequences associated to residential segregation. Here, we have studied spatial segregation to identify a threshold from which social intervention should be required to properly manage ethnic and cultural diversity. Based on the people’s attitudes toward the foreigners, we have investigated the relationship between segregation and xenophobia. We have found that residential segregation is caused, not only by economic and housing factors, but by subjective social and spatial factors tightly related with the appearance of xenophobia. Such a phenomenon is crucial to analyze how citizens themselves generate the social image of segregated areas. Indeed, the generation of that image is a key element to initiate and to develop the segregation process. Particularly in Seville, our methodology have identified three different segregation types. Neighborhoods where the foreigner is clearly segregated, marginal and segregated neighborhoods and neighborhoods where the foreigner turns out to be invisible.
The Effects of Wind on δ(18O) and Accumulation Give an Inferred Record of Seasonal δ Amplitude From the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, Canada

Wind plays an important role in determining accumulation and δ(18O) on some ice caps. Three surface-to-bed cores spaced about 1 km apart have been taken on a flow line of the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island. The A84 core comes from the top of a local dome. The A79 core is 1200 m down the flow line, but very close to the ridge through the local dome. The A77 core is 1100m from A79 and well away from the ridge. The ridge causes wind turbulence, which removes or scours the soft winter snow from the A84 and A79 sites. No snow is scoured from the A77 site. Because of scour the retained accumulation and average δ(l8O) are different. The accumulations are 17.5, 11.5, 9.7 cm/a (ice equivalent) at A77, A79 and A84 respectively and the corresponding surface δs are –30.40, -27.90 and –27.05‰. The core records were dated by annual layer thicknesses and by identification of electrical conductivity measurement (ECM) acid peaks. With the three cores accurately aligned we examine the (δA84-δA77) and (δA84-δA79) time series. Significant variations in these difference series are interpreted as being caused by changes in the seasonal δ amplitude, which is then explained by changes in sea-ice cover. A seasonal δ amplitude series independently obtained from the Devon Island ice cap δ noise record is consistent with that from the Agassiz Ice Cap sites.
Testability Evaluation for Local Design Modifications

Iterative synthesis consists of local design modifications to improve design parameters or correct design errors. Incremental test generation was suggested for evaluating the effects of the modifications on the testability of the design. This brief suggests that a fast (incomplete) procedure for identifying undetectable faults is effective in identifying that the testability will deteriorate because of a local design modification without performing test generation. Two experiments are carried out using a procedure that performs successive local design modifications. A modification is accepted only if it does not result in new undetectable faults, and other modifications are eliminated. The results for single stuck-at faults in benchmark circuits demonstrate that fast identification of undetectable faults is typically sufficient for preventing the fault coverage from decreasing because of the modifications.
Application of knowledge for automated land cover change monitoring

This paper outlines an approach for updating baseline land cover datasets. Knowledge about land cover, as used during manual mapping, is combined with simple remote sensing analyses to determine land cover change direction. The philosophy is to treat reflectance data as one source of information about land cover features. Applying expert knowledge with reflectance and biogeographical data allows generic solutions to the problem. The approach is demonstrated in areas of semi-natural vegetation and shown to differentiate ecologically subtle but spectrally similar land cover classes. Further, the advantages of manual mapping techniques and of high resolution remotely sensed imagery are combined. This approach is suitable for incorporation into automated approaches: it makes no assumption about the distribution of land cover features, can be applied to different remotely sensed data and is not classification specific. It has been incorporated into SYMOLAC, an expert system for monitoring land cover change.
On the nonlinear mapping of an ocean wave spectrum into a synthetic aperture radar image spectrum and its inversion

A new, closed nonlinear integral transformation relation is derived describing the mapping of a two-dimensional ocean wave spectrum into a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image spectrum. The general integral relation is expanded in a power series with respect to orders of nonlinearity and velocity bunching. The individual terms of the series can be readily computed using fast Fourier transforms. The convergence of the series is rapid. The series expansion is also useful in identifying the different contributions to the net imaging process, consisting of the real aperture radar (RAR) cross-section modulation, the nonlinear motion (velocity bunching) effects, and their various interaction products. The lowest term of the expansion with respect to nonlinearity order yields a simple quasi-linear approximate mapping relation consisting of the standard linear SAR modulation expression multiplied by an additional nonlinear Gaussian azimuthal cutoff factor. The cutoff scale is given by the rms azimuthal (velocity bunching) displacement. The same cutoff factor applies to all terms of the power series expansion. The nonlinear mapping relation is inverted using a standard first-guess wave spectrum as regularization term. This is needed to overcome the basic 180° mapping ambiguity and the loss of information beyond the azimuthal cutoff. The inversion is solved numerically using an iteration technique based on the successive application of the explicit solution for the quasi-linear mapping approximation, with interposed corrections invoking the full nonlinear mapping expression. A straightforward application of this technique, however, generally yields unrealistic discontinuities of the best fit wave spectrum in the transition region separating the low azimuthal wave number domain, in which useful SAR information is available and the wave spectrum is modified, from the high azimuthal wave number region beyond the azimuthal cutoff, where the first-guess wave spectrum is retained. This difficulty is overcome by applying a two-step inversion procedure. In the first step the energy level of the wave spectrum is adjusted, and the wave number plane rotated and rescaled, without altering the shape of the spectrum. Using the resulting globally fitted spectrum as the new first-guess input spectrum, the original inversion method is then applied without further constraints in a second step to obtain a final fine-scale optimized spectrum. The forward mapping relation and inversion algorithms are illustrated for three Seasat cases representing different wave conditions corresponding to weakly, moderately, and strongly nonlinear imaging conditions.
Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity

It is possible to use the waveform data not only to derive the source mechanism of an earthquake but also to establish the hypocentral coordinates of the ‘best point source’ (the centroid of the stress glut density) at a given frequency. Thus two classical problems of seismology are combined into a single procedure. Given an estimate of the origin time, epicentral coordinates and depth, an initial moment tensor is derived using one of the variations of the method described in detail by Gilbert and Dziewonski (1975). This set of parameters represents the starting values for an iterative procedure in which perturbations to the elements of the moment tensor are found simultaneously with changes in the hypocentral parameters. In general, the method is stable, and convergence rapid. Although the approach is a general one, we present it here in the context of the analysis of long-period body wave data recorded by the instruments of the SRO and ASRO digital network. It appears that the upper magnitude limit of earthquakes that can be processed using this particular approach is between 7.5 and 8.0; the lower limit is, at this time, approximately 5.5, but it could be extended by broadening the passband of the analysis to include energy with periods shorter that 45 s. As there are hundreds of earthquakes each year with magnitudes exceeding 5.5, the seismic source mechanism can now be studied in detail not only for major events but also, for example, for aftershock series. We have investigated the foreshock and several aftershocks of the Sumba earthquake of August 19, 1977; the results show temporal variation of the stress regime in the fault area of the main shock. An area some 150 km to the northwest of the epicenter of the main event became seismically active 49 days later. The sense of the strike-slip mechanism of these events is consistent with the relaxation of the compressive stress in the plate north of the Java trench. Another geophysically interesting result of our analysis is that for 5 out of 11 earthquakes of intermediate and great depth the intermediate principal value of the moment tensor is significant, while for the remaining 6 it is essentially zero, which means that their mechanisms are consistent with a simple double-couple representation. There is clear distinction between these two groups of earthquakes.
Behavioral Model for High-Speed SAR ADCs With On-Chip References

This article proposes a behavioral model, based on closed-form equations, of the dynamic errors in high-speed high-accuracy successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with charge-redistribution capacitor-based digital-to-analog converters (CDACs). To deal with incomplete settling of references and overcoming $LC$ package parasitics, on-chip generation of the references must be considered in high-performance applications. This architecture, in combination with a bit-redundant conversion scheme, improves conversion speed while relaxing power consumption. The main challenge in this approach is that the reference settling and the resulting redundancy tolerance are signal-dependent, not only on the current error magnitude but also on the previous conversion cycle history and parasitics. This requires costly postlayout transistor-level simulations for performance evaluation (in the order of days), making not always feasible a systematic exploration of design space before integration due to computation time. To overcome this bottleneck, this work will show that the dynamic behavior can be theoretically predicted using a time-varying effective reference, the behavior of which is analytically described compactly. The accuracy of the proposed dynamic model is verified with a comparison with a 1.2-V 13-bit 65-nm SAR ADC characterized between 10 and 60 Msps at the postlayout level.
Viscous flow and deformation of regional metamorphic belts at convergent plate boundaries

[1] Viscous flow and deformation of a Newtonian fluid between rigid boundaries have been modeled for investigating deformation of a forearc wedge and a regional metamorphic belt as a weak deforming zone between the plates at convergent boundaries. Three types of analytic formulations together with numerical formulations for a Newtonian fluid with a constant viscosity are used for investigating various flows and deformation: (1) flows induced by squeezing between two parallel boundaries, (2) flows induced by squeezing and heterogeneous mass influx in the wedge between two oblique boundaries (e.g., accretionary wedge over the subducting plate with the continental plate as a backstop), and (3) flows induced by dragging along the boundaries and by homogeneous mass influx in the wedge as in type 2. All cases include strike-slip movements of the boundaries, which allows us to investigate three-dimensional (3-D) deformation (e.g., 3-D corner flow). The corresponding flow, deformation of infinitesimal and finite elements, and the timescale of flow are calculated for each configuration with various mechanical boundary conditions. The model results show that configuration and mechanism of the flow can be inferred from the spatial variation of finite deformation (e.g., deformed radiolarians as a strain marker and geometry of folding as finite deformation of a large block). In particular, prolate strain nearly parallel to the strike of subduction zone, together with a large-scale folding, can be a good indicator for deformation in the forearc wedge associated with 3-D corner flow induced by oblique subduction. Deformation observed in the Cretaceous regional metamorphic belts in southwest Japan can be explained by this mechanism.
Zero-shot voice conversion with HuBERT

This study introduces an innovative model for zero-shot voice conversion that utilizes the capabilities of HuBERT. Zero-shot voice conversion models can transform the speech of one speaker to mimic that of another, even when the model has not been exposed to the target speaker's voice during the training phase. Comprising five main components (HuBERT, feature encoder, flow, speaker encoder, and vocoder), the model offers remarkable performance across a range of scenarios. Notably, it excels in the challenging unseen-to-unseen voice-conversion tasks. The effectiveness of the model was assessed based on the mean opinion scores and similarity scores, reflecting high voice quality and similarity to the target speakers. This model demonstrates considerable promise for a range of real-world applications demanding high-quality voice conversion. This study sets a precedent in the exploration of HuBERT-based models for voice conversion, and presents new directions for future research in this domain. Despite its complexities, the robust performance of this model underscores the viability of HuBERT in advancing voice conversion technology, making it a significant contributor to the field.