Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthetic diamond films : preparation, electrochemistry, characterization, and applications

Preface. PREFACE TO THE WILEY SERIES ON ELECTROCATALYSIS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY. List of Contributors. Part I. Synthesis of Diamond Films. 1. Electrochemistry on Diamond: History and Current Status (John C. Angus). 2. Synthesis of Diamond Films (Vadali V. S. S. Srikanth and Xin Jiang). 3. Types of Conducting Diamond Materials and their Properties (Marco A. Quiroz and Erick R. Bandala). Part II. Electrochemistry of Diamond Films. 4. Electrochemistry of Diamond (Yuri Pleskov). 5. Applications of Polycrystalline and Modified Functional Diamond Electrodes (Yasuaki Einaga and Akira Fujishima). 6. Diamond Ultramicroelectrodes and Nanostructured Electrodes (Katherine B. Holt). Part III. Electroanalytical Applications. 7. Electroanalytical Applications of Diamond Films (Weena Siangproh, Amara Apilux, Pimkwan Chantarateepra and Orawon Chailapakul). 8. Cathodic Pretreatment of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes and Their Use in Electroanalysis (Leonardo S. Andrade, Giancarlo R. Salazar-Banda, Romeu C. Rocha-Filho and Orlando Fatibello-Filho). Part IV. Industrial Applications. 9. Use of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode in Electrochemical Generation and Applications of Ferrate (Virender K. Sharma, Enric Brillas, Ignasi Sires and Karel Bouzek). 10. Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Compounds Induced by Electro-generated Free Hydroxyl Radicals on BDD Electrode (Agnieszka Kapalka, Helmut Baltruschat and Christos Comninellis). 11. Modeling of Electrochemical Process for Water Treatment using Diamond Films (Onofrio Scialdone). 12. Production of Strong Oxidizing Substances with BDD Anodes (Ana Sanchez-Carretero, Cristina Saez, Pablo Canizares, and Manuel A. Rodrigo). 13. Ozone Generation Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes (Yunny Meas, Luis A. Godinez and Erika Bustos). 14. Application of Synthetic Diamond Films to Electro-Oxidation Processes (Marco Panizza). 15. Fabrication and Application of Ti/BDD for Wastewater Treatment (Xueming Chen and Guohua Chen). 16. Application of Diamond Films to Water Disinfection (Jessica H. Bezerra Rocha and Carlos A. Martinez-Huitle). 17. Fenton-Electrochemical Treatment of Wastewaters for the Oxidation of Organic Pollutants using BDD (Enric Brillas). 18. Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion Systems with Diamond Films (Juan M. Peralta-Hernandez, Aracely Hernandez-Ramirez, Jose L. Guzman-Mar, Luis Hinojosa-Reyes, Giancarlo R. Salazar-Banda and Carlos A. Martinez-Huitle). 19. Use of Diamond Films in Organic Electrosynthesis (Siegfried R. Waldvogel, Axel Kirste and Stamo Mentizi). Part V. Bioelectrochemical Applications. 20. Diamond Sensors for Neurochemistry (Bhavik Anil Patel). 21. DNA Modified Diamond Films (Nianjun Yang and Christoph E. Nebel). Index.
Introduction to Korteweg ’ s theory of capillarity 1 . 1

The aim is to give an overview of recent advancements in the theory of Euler–Korteweg model for liquid-vapour mixtures. This model takes into account the surface tension of interfaces by means of a capillarity coefficient. The interfaces are not sharp fronts. Their width, even though extremely small for values of the capillarity compatible with the measured, physical surface tension, is nonzero. We are especially interested in nondissipative isothermal models, in which the viscosity of the fluid is neglected and therefore the (extended) free energy, depending on the density and its gradient, is a conserved quantity. From the mathematical point of view, the resulting conservation law for the momentum of the fluid involves a third order, dispersive term but no parabolic smoothing effect. We present recent results about well-posedness and propagation of solitary waves. Acknowledgements These notes have been prepared for the International Summer School on “Mathematical Fluid Dynamics”, held at Levico Terme (Trento), June 27th-July 2nd, 2010. They are based for a large part on a joint work with R. Danchin (Paris 12), S. Descombes (Nice), and D. Jamet (physicist at CEA Grenoble), on the doctoral thesis of C. Audiard (Lyon 1), and on discussions with J.-F. Coulombel (Lille 1), F. Rousset (Rennes), and N. Tzvetkov (Cergy-Pontoise).
The Role of Adhesion Receptors in Melanoma Metastasis and Therapeutic Intervention Thereof

The metastatic spread of solid tumors is the most fatal complication in malignant diseases and the major cause of tumor-related mortality. This is of high relevance for malignant melanoma which are highly proliferating tumors with aggressive metastatic tendency. The majority of melanoma cells tend to metastasize primary via the lymph system and secondary into different organs, most likely distant skin regions, liver, lungs, brain, and heart via hematogenous distribution, which is associated with bad prognosis. The molecular mechanisms of the metastatic processes are complex and not fully elucidated. Although cytostatic agents or anti-angiogenetic drugs (e.g. Avastin/bevacizumab) affect, beside their effects on the primary tumors, also the growth and development of metastases, there is at present no antimetastatic pharmacological strategy in the clinics to interfere with tumor cell dissemination or spread. Adhesion receptors are strongly involved in the process of tumor cell metastasis, either by deregulation of adhesive functions and subsequently the detachment of tumor cells from the primary tumor and the overcoming of tissue borders, or by mediating manifold cell contacts with blood components in the phase of hematogenous distribution. An intensive and ongoing preclinical research provided essential insight and several postulated factors and mechanisms for the hematogenous dissemination, i.e. the interaction of tumor cells with the different blood elements, soluble factors and cells. Pand L-selectin, members of a family of carbohydrate binding adhesion receptors are regarded as functional key players in the contact formation of tumor cells with platelets and leukocytes, thus facilitating microemboli formation and accelerating metastatic dissemination. The antimetastatic activities of heparin, confirmed by a number of prospective clinical trials, are to a large extent ascribed to the inhibition of these two selectins. Besides the important role of selectins, integrins as ubiquitary cell adhesion receptors are also involved in the mediation of manifold adhesive interactions in the metastasis of tumor cells. Integrins bind ligands of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin and vitronectin to stabilize cell attachment with the surrounding tissues or to
Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans

Significance Cognitive flexibility is hypothesized to require dynamic integration between brain areas. However, the time-dependent nature and distributed complexity of this integration remains poorly understood. Using recent advances in network science, we examine the functional integration between brain areas during a quintessential task that requires executive function. By linking brain regions (nodes) by their interactions (time-dependent edges), we uncover nontrivial modular structure: groups of brain regions cluster together into densely interconnected structures whose interactions change during task execution. Individuals with greater network reconfiguration in frontal cortices show enhanced memory performance, and score higher on neuropsychological tests challenging cognitive flexibility, suggesting that dynamic network reconfiguration forms a fundamental neurophysiological mechanism for executive function. The brain is an inherently dynamic system, and executive cognition requires dynamically reconfiguring, highly evolving networks of brain regions that interact in complex and transient communication patterns. However, a precise characterization of these reconfiguration processes during cognitive function in humans remains elusive. Here, we use a series of techniques developed in the field of “dynamic network neuroscience” to investigate the dynamics of functional brain networks in 344 healthy subjects during a working-memory challenge (the “n-back” task). In contrast to a control condition, in which dynamic changes in cortical networks were spread evenly across systems, the effortful working-memory condition was characterized by a reconfiguration of frontoparietal and frontotemporal networks. This reconfiguration, which characterizes “network flexibility,” employs transient and heterogeneous connectivity between frontal systems, which we refer to as “integration. ” Frontal integration predicted neuropsychological measures requiring working memory and executive cognition, suggesting that dynamic network reconfiguration between frontal systems supports those functions. Our results characterize dynamic reconfiguration of large-scale distributed neural circuits during executive cognition in humans and have implications for understanding impaired cognitive function in disorders affecting connectivity, such as schizophrenia or dementia.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACi) Cause the Selective Depletion of Bromodomain Containing Proteins (BCPs)*

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and acetyltransferases control the epigenetic regulation of gene expression through modification of histone marks. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are small molecules that interfere with histone tail modification, thus altering chromatin structure and epigenetically controlled pathways. They promote apoptosis in proliferating cells and are promising anticancer drugs. While some HDACi have already been approved for therapy and others are in different phases of clinical trials, the exact mechanism of action of this drug class remains elusive. Previous studies have shown that HDACis cause massive changes in chromatin structure but only moderate changes in gene expression. To what extent these changes manifest at the protein level has never been investigated on a proteome-wide scale. Here, we have studied HDACi-treated cells by large-scale mass spectrometry based proteomics. We show that HDACi treatment affects primarily the nuclear proteome and induces a selective decrease of bromodomain-containing proteins (BCPs), the main readers of acetylated histone marks. By combining time-resolved proteome and transcriptome profiling, we show that BCPs are affected at the protein level as early as 12 h after HDACi treatment and that their abundance is regulated by a combination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Using gene silencing, we demonstrate that the decreased abundance of BCPs is sufficient to mediate important transcriptional changes induced by HDACi. Our data reveal a new aspect of the mechanism of action of HDACi that is mediated by an interplay between histone acetylation and the abundance of BCPs. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001660 and NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus with identifier GSE64689.
N-acetyl-l-histidine, a Prominent Biomolecule in Brain and Eye of Poikilothermic Vertebrates

N-acetyl-l-histidine (NAH) is a prominent biomolecule in brain, retina and lens of poikilothermic vertebrates. In fish lens, NAH exhibits an unusual compartmentalized metabolism. It is synthesized from l-histidine (His) and acetyl Co-enzyme A. However, NAH cannot be catabolized by lens cells. For its hydrolysis, NAH is exported to ocular fluid where a specific acylase cleaves His which is then actively taken up by lens and re-synthesized into NAH. This energy-dependent cycling suggested a pump mechanism operating at the lens/ocular fluid interface. Additional studies led to the hypothesis that NAH functioned as a molecular water pump (MWP) to maintain a highly dehydrated lens and avoid cataract formation. In this process, each NAH molecule released to ocular fluid down its gradient carries with it 33 molecules of bound water, effectively transporting the water against a water gradient. In ocular fluid the bound water is released for removal from the eye by the action of NAH acylase. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time the identification of NAH in fish brain using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and describe recent evidence supporting the NAH MWP hypothesis. Using MRS, we also document a phylogenetic transition in brain metabolism between poikilothermic and homeothermic vertebrates.
Psychological characteristics of adolescents from functional and dysfunctional families with fathers' alcoholism

Introduction. Growing up in dysfunctional alcoholic families is associated with the psychosocial development of children. Furthermore, family alcoholism rarely occurs without many forms of violence and aggression in the home. Family alcoholism is associated with mental health and parenting problems, and children experience a wide variety of long-term social adjustment and emotional difficulties, including behavioral problems. Objective. The aim of the study is to determine whether growing up in a dysfunctional family, caused by father's alcoholism, is related to the achieved psychological maturity, achievement at school, internalizing, externalizing and behavioral problems and specific psychological characteristics of the adolescents (COAs) in comparison to the psychological characteristics of the adolescents from functional, non-alcoholic families (nonCOAs). Secondary School "Bora Stanković" Vranje, Serbia
On adaptive distributed storage systems

In a distributed storage system (DSS), high data reliability is obtained by dispersing the data over a number of nodes over a network. In an (n, k) erasure code based DSS, a data file is first divided into k packets and then these k packets are encoded into n packets using an MDS code, and finally these n packets are distributed over n nodes so that each node stores one encoded packet. A fixed value of n and k provides certain level of reliability (an (n, k) erasure code based DSS can tolerate n - k node failures) and costs certain storage space. Considering the storage cost and required reliability, we might require to change an existing (n, k) erasure code based DSS to an (n', k') erasure code based DSS. However, for converting an (n, k) erasure code based DSS into an (n', k') erasure code based DSS, a naive way would be to to download the whole data, re-encode, and disperse the encoded data again. In practical situations, where we have huge amount of data, this process requires huge download bandwidth and thus it is not appreciable. In this paper, we present adaptive coding schemes for erasure code based DSS to adapt to another parameters with the minimum amount of data download. We first introduce a repair scheme for the partially failed nodes in a DSS by downloading the minimum amount of data. The concept of repairing partially failed nodes might be of independent interest. In most cases, our adaptive coding schemes view the problem of converting an (n, k) erasure code based DSS into an (n', k') erasure code based DSS with the minimum download as an instance of the repairing scheme of partially failed nodes in a DSS with the minimum download.
The Valuation of the Alberta Oil Sands

The Alberta oil sands reserves represent a very valuable energy resource for Canadians. In 2007, Statistics Canada valued the oil sands at $342.1 billion, or 5 per cent Canada's total tangible wealth of $6.9 trillion. Given the oil sands' importance, it is essential to value them appropriately. In this report, we critically review the methods used by Statistics Canada in their valuation of the Alberta oil sands. We find that the official Statistics Canada estimates of the reserves (22.0 billion barrels) of Alberta's oil sands are very small compared to those obtained using more appropriate definitions, which results in an underestimation of the true value of the oil sands. Moreover, the failure to take into account the projected growth of the industry significantly magnifies this underestimation. We provide new estimates of the present value of oil sands reserves based on a set of alternative assumptions that are, we argue, more appropriate than those used by Statistics Canada. We find that the use of more reasonable measures of the total oil sands reserves (172.7 billion barrels), extraction rate (a linear increase from 482 million barrels per year in 2007 to 1,350 million barrels in 2015, and constant thereafter) and price ($70 per barrel, 2007 CAD) increases the estimated present value of the oil sands to $1,482.7 billion (2007 CAD), 4.3 times larger than the official estimate of $342.1 billion. Using our preferred estimate, Canada’s total tangible wealth increases by $1.1 trillion (17 per cent), and reaches $8.0 trillion with oil sands now accounting for 18 per cent of Canada’s tangible wealth. The importance of these revisions is also demonstrated by their impact on the per-capita wealth of Canadians, which increases from $209,359 to $243,950, or by $34,591 (or 17 per cent). Given the importance of the oil sands for Canada, Statistics Canada should undertake a review of its methodology. In light of the growing body of climatologic literature supporting an association between anthropogenic GHG emissions and global climate change, no analysis of the „true value? of the oil sands would be complete without an accounting of the social costs of the GHG emissions that arise from oil sands development. According to our baseline estimates, the oil sands impose a total social cost related to GHG emissions of $69.4 billion. In making this estimate, we assume that each barrel of oil sands output imposes a social cost of $2.25 (based on a cost of $30/tCO2-e and an intensity of 0.075 tCO2-e/bbl). Our preferred estimate of the net present value of oil sands wealth net of GHG cost is thus $1,413.3 billion, 4.1 times greater than the Statistics Canada estimate which does not account for any environmental costs. This report does not account for non-GHG related environmental and social costs. A comprehensive valuation of all environmental costs are needed to assess whether future benefits derived from oil sands development are outweighed by even larger environmental costs.
One-Channel Surface Electromyography Decomposition for Muscle Force Estimation

Estimating muscle force by surface electromyography (sEMG) is a non-invasive and flexible way to diagnose biomechanical diseases and control assistive devices such as prosthetic hands. To estimate muscle force using sEMG, a supervised method is commonly adopted. This requires simultaneous recording of sEMG signals and muscle force measured by additional devices to tune the variables involved. However, recording the muscle force of the lost limb of an amputee is challenging, and the supervised method has limitations in this regard. Although the unsupervised method does not require muscle force recording, it suffers from low accuracy due to a lack of reference data. To achieve accurate and easy estimation of muscle force by the unsupervised method, we propose a decomposition of one-channel sEMG signals into constituent motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) in two steps: (1) learning an orthogonal basis of sEMG signals through reconstruction independent component analysis; (2) extracting spike-like MUAPs from the basis vectors. Nine healthy subjects were recruited to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed approach in estimating muscle force of the biceps brachii. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach based on decomposed MUAPs explains more than 80% of the muscle force variability recorded at an arbitrary force level, while the conventional amplitude-based approach explains only 62.3% of this variability. With the proposed approach, we were also able to achieve grip force control of a prosthetic hand, which is one of the most important clinical applications of the unsupervised method. Experiments on two trans-radial amputees indicated that the proposed approach improves the performance of the prosthetic hand in grasping everyday objects.
Who Rules Britain

Preface. 1. What is a Capitalist Class? 2. What is a Ruling Class? 3. The Making of the Ruling Class. 4. Is There Still a Capitalist Class? 5. Is There Still an Upper Circle? 6. Is There Still a Ruling Class?
What's in a Bond Rating

The question “What's in a bond rating? ” has been asked at least since 1909 when such ratings were started in the United States. Informed persons who answer this question typically admit that ratings depend in part on readily available statistics on a firm's operations and financial condition. Examples of such statistics are earnings coverage, leverage ratios, and profit rates.
The equilibrium problem and applications

Investing in people! PhD scholarship, Project co-financed by the SECTORAL OPERATIONAL PROGRAMME HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 2007 2013 Priority Axis 1 ”Education and training in support for growth and development of a knowledge based society” Key area of intervention 1.5: Doctoral and post-doctoral programmes in support of research. Contract POSDRU 6/1.5/S/3 Doctoral studies: through science towards society”
A Generalized Model of PAC Learning and its Applicability

We combine a new data model, where the random classification is subjected to rather weak restrictions which in turn are based on the Mammen−Tsybakov [E. Mammen and A.B. Tsybakov, Ann. Statis. 27 (1999) 1808–1829; A.B. Tsybakov, Ann. Statis. 32 (2004) 135–166. ] small margin conditions, and the statistical query (SQ) model due to Kearns [M.J. Kearns, J. ACM 45 (1998) 983–1006] to what we refer to as PAC + SQ model. We generalize the class conditional constant noise (CCCN) model introduced by Decatur [S.E. Decatur, in ICML ’97: Proc. of the Fourteenth Int. Conf. on Machine Learn. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA (1997) 83–91] to the noise model orthogonal to a set of query functions. We show that every polynomial time PAC + SQ learning algorithm can be efficiently simulated provided that the random noise rate is orthogonal to the query functions used by the algorithm given the target concept. Furthermore, we extend the constant-partition classification noise (CPCN) model due to Decatur [S.E. Decatur, in ICML ’97: Proc. of the Fourteenth Int. Conf. on Machine Learn. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA (1997) 83–91] to what we call the constant-partition piecewise orthogonal (CPPO) noise model. We show how statistical queries can be simulated in the CPPO scenario, given the partition is known to the learner. We show how to practically use PAC + SQ simulators in the noise model orthogonal to the query space by presenting two examples from bioinformatics and software engineering. This way, we demonstrate that our new noise model is realistic.
Querying Minimal Steiner Maximum-Connected Subgraphs in Large Graphs

Given a graph G and a set Q of query nodes, we examine the Steiner Maximum-Connected Subgraph (SMCS). The SMCS, or G's induced subgraph that contains Q with the largest connectivity, can be useful for customer prediction, product promotion, and team assembling. Despite its importance, the SMCS problem has only been recently studied. Existing solutions evaluate the maximum SMCS, whose number of nodes is the largest among all the SMCSs of Q. However, the maximum SMCS, which may contain a lot of nodes, can be difficult to interpret. In this paper, we investigate the minimal SMCS, which is the minimal subgraph of G with the maximum connectivity containing Q. The minimal SMCS contains much fewer nodes than its maximum counterpart, and is thus easier to be understood. However, the minimal SMCS can be costly to evaluate. We thus propose efficient Expand-Refine algorithms, as well as their approximate versions with accuracy guarantees. Extensive experiments on six large real graph datasets validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approaches.