Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Promoting Investment Under International Capital Mobility: An Intertemporal General Equilibrium Analysis

This paper uses a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to compare, in an economy open to international capital flows, the effects of two U.S. policies intended to promote domestic capital formation. The two policies -- the introduction of an investment tax credit (ITC) and a reduction in the statutory corporate income tax rate -- differ in their treatment of old (existing) and new capital. The model features adjustment dynamics, intertemporal optimization by U.S. and foreign households and firms endowed with model-consistent expectations, imperfect substitution between domestic and foreign assets in portfolios, an integrated treatment of the current and capital accounts of the balance of payments, and industry disaggregation in the United States. We find that the two policies (scaled to imply the same revenue cost) differ in their consequences for foreign and domestic welfare, the balance of payments accounts, international competitiveness, and U.S. industrial structure. The ITC produces larger domestic welfare gains because it is more effective in reducing intertemporal distortions, while the two policies have similar implications for intersectoral efficiency. From the point of view of domestic welfare, the relative attractiveness of the ITC is enhanced when international capital mobility is taken into account, a reflection of international transfers of wealth associated with foreign ownership of part of the U.S. capital stock. Whereas reducing the corporate tax rate improves the trade balance initially, introducing the ITC causes a deterioration of the trade balance in the short run. Reflecting a lower real exchange rate, export-oriented sectors perform better relative to non-tradable industries under a lower corporate tax rate than in the presence of the lTC, especially in the short run.
Effect of octreotide on oxidative stress in the erythrocyte and kidney tissue in adriamycin-induced experimental nephrotic syndrome model

Abstract Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the reasons of end-stage kidney disease, and elucidating the pathogenesis and offer new treatment options is important. Oxidative stress might trigger pathogenesis systemically or isolated in the kidneys. Octreotide (OCT) has beneficial antioxidant effects. We aimed to investigate the source of oxidative stress and the effect of OCT on experimental NS model. Methods: Twenty-four non-uremic Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Control group, 2 mL saline intramuscular (im); NS group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg intravenous (iv); NS treatment group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg (iv) and OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) were administered at baseline (Day 0). At the end of 21 days, creatinine and protein levels were measured in 24-hour urine samples. Erythrocyte and renal catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were measured. Renal histology was also evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference among the 3 groups in terms of CAT and TBARS in erythrocytes. Renal CAT level was lowest in NS group, and significantly lower than the control group. In treatment group, CAT level significantly increased compared with NS group. In terms of renal histology, tubular and interstitial evaluations were similar in all groups. Glomerular score was significantly higher in NS group compared with control group and it was significantly decreased in treatment group compared to NS group. Conclusions: Oxidative stress in NS might be due to the decrease in antioxidant protection mechanism in kidney. Octreotide improves antioxidant levels and histology in renal tissue and might be a treatment option.
bservational Study of a Monsoon Depression Developed Over the Bay of Bengal during Summer MONEX

Three dimensional structure of a monsoon depression developed over the Bay of Bengal during summer MONEX is examined by the use of aircraft dropwindsonde and conventional upper-air observations. Wind, temperature and relative humidity data are interpolated objectively at 1* latitude/longitude grid points over the area of 11*-24*N and 80*-93*E and at 25mb pressure levels from the surface to the 500mb level for the period 3-8 July 1979. The depression formed over the Bay of Bengal at about 19*N and 90*E on July 6 and moved westward with about 2* day-1 speed and reached a coast line of India on July 8. The developed depression has the maximum vorticity of about 1.5*10-4s-1 and a warm core slightly to the east of the depression center. Horizontal convergence and rising motion occur to the west of the depression center where active convective clouds exist. The horizontal axis of the depression is inclined from southwest to northeast. The depression transports heat and momentum northward and gains its kinetic energy from the mean tonal flow. The analysis during the pre-formation period shows that there exists large positive vorticity of about 5*10-5 s-1 in the area over the bay which is close to the area of depression formation. This large positive vorticity is caused by both the existence of a weak trough and the meridional gradient of the zonal flow. The latitude-height distribution of the zonal wind averaged over the Bay of Bengal for the pre-formation period shows that the necessary condition for instability of the zonal flow is satisfied. A stability analysis of the zonal flow averaged in the lower troposphere below 500mb indicates that the flow is barotropically unstable with the maximum, growth rate at about 3,500km. The unstable wave has several similar characteristic features to those observed.
Stress in the social context: a behavioural and eco-evolutionary perspective

ABSTRACT The social environment is one of the primary sources of challenging stimuli that can induce a stress response in animals. It comprises both short-term and stable interactions among conspecifics (including unrelated individuals, mates, potential mates and kin). Social stress is of unique interest in the field of stress research because (1) the social domain is arguably the most complex and fluctuating component of an animal's environment; (2) stress is socially transmissible; and (3) stress can be buffered by social partners. Thus, social interactions can be both the cause and cure of stress. Here, we review the history of social stress research, and discuss social stressors and their effects on organisms across early life and adulthood. We also consider cross-generational effects. We discuss the physiological mechanisms underpinning social stressors and stress responses, as well as the potential adaptive value of responses to social stressors. Finally, we identify outstanding challenges in social stress research, and propose a framework for addressing these in future work.
Investigating the Dynamics of Canonical Flux Tubes

Observations indicate that the dynamics of plasmas in our cosmos, the heliosphere, and terrestrial experiments can involve conversions between magnetic and kinetic energies over a wide range of plasma scales, such as in reconnection and dynamos. Canonical flux tubes present the distinct advantage of reconciling all plasma regimes, e.g. single particle, kinetic, two-fluid, and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), with the topological concept of helicity: twists, writhes, and linkages. This thesis presents the first application of the theory of canonical helicity transport to design a laboratory canonical flux tube experiment, develop methods to measure a large volumetric dataset of magnetic field and ion flow, reconstruct the 3D dynamics of canonical flux tubes, and determine the canonical helicity evolution. Newcomb’s variational ideal MHD stability analysis is used to identify the possibility of a lengthening current-carrying magnetic flux tube undergoing a sausage-kink instability cascade. The instability cascade may couple to smaller scales at which conversions between species helicities are expected to occur. Experiment control and high-throughput field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based digitizers provide the means to measure the large datasets. Ion and electron canonical flux tubes are visualized from a dataset of Mach, triple, and Ḃ probe measurements at over 10,000 spatial locations of a gyrating kinked plasma column. The flux tubes co-gyrate with the peak density and electron temperature in and out of a measurement subvolume. The electron and ion flux tubes twist with opposite handedness and the ion canonical flux tube writhes around the electron canonical flux tube. Videos of the canonical flux tube reconstructions are available as supplemental material in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. The cross helicity between the magnetic and ion flow vorticity flux tubes dominates the ion canonical helicity and is anticorrelated with the magnetic helicity. The methods developed in this thesis can be applied to other laboratory experiments to improve the understanding of canonical helicity transport; which could help identify how destabilizing magnetic twist is converted to stabilizing shear flows in astrophysical jets and could aid in developing methods for driving shear flow transport barriers in fusion devices.
On enumeration sequences generalising Catalan and Baxter numbers

The study carried out along this dissertation fits into the field of enumerative combinatorics. The structures that have been investigated are families of discrete objects which display combinatorial properties. They are mainly subfamilies of well-known combinatorial structures, such as lattice paths, pattern-avoiding permutations, polyominoes (more specifically, parallelogram polyominoes), or inversion sequences. Furthermore, these combinatorial families are closely related to two famous number sequences known in the literature as the Catalan and Baxter numbers. We start defining and studying the properties of a combinatorial class whose elements appear as tilings of parallelogram polyominoes, and thus are called slicings of parallelogram polyominoes. This first combinatorial class results to be enumerated by Baxter numbers, and shows relations with Catalan and Schröder numbers. Then, we turn to two families of pattern-avoiding permutations. First, we study the semi-Baxter permutations, which reveal a natural generalisation of the Baxter numbers. Next, we deal with the strong-Baxter permutations, which are defined by restricting the Baxter numbers. Thereafter, some generalisations of Catalan numbers are presented. A first generalisation involves families of inversion sequences and lattice paths among the combinatorial structures enumerated, and is shown to be related to the sequence of Baxter numbers as well. Meanwhile, the family of fighting fish provide another generalisation of the Catalan numbers that appears to be independent from the Baxter numbers. These objects generalise the family of parallelogram polyominoes, and display remarkable probabilistic and enumerative properties. In this dissertation we tackle the problem of enumerating these combinatorial classes and exhibiting their combinatorial properties, resolving some conjectures and open problems. The methods used are rather diverse: for instance, establishing one-to-one correspondences with other structures, or combining the use of generating functions and succession rules. A succession rule is a powerful tool for counting discrete objects, and moreover it allows to generate them exhaustively. Owing to this remarkable fact succession rules, and equivalently generating trees, are largely used in our study of combinatorial structures.
Trimetazidine in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized controlled cross‐over trial

Impaired myocardial energy homeostasis plays an import role in the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Left ventricular relaxation has a high energy demand, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction has been related to impaired energy homeostasis. This study investigated whether trimetazidine, a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, could improve myocardial energy homeostasis and consequently improve exercise haemodynamics in patients with HFpEF.
Expression of protein phosphatase 4 in different tissues under hypoxia

Relevant research data shows that there is a certain degree of energy metabolism imbalance in highland residents. Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) has been found as a new factor in the regulation of sugar and lipid metabolism. Here, we investigate the differential expression of PP4 at a simulated altitude of 4,500 m in the heart, lung, and brain tissues of rats. A hypoxic plateau rat model was established using an animal decompression chamber. A blood routine test was performed by an animal blood cell analyzer on rats cultured for different hypoxia periods at 4,500 m above sea level. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot were used to detect the changes of protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit (PP4C) gene and protein in heart, lung, and brain tissues. The PP4C gene with the highest expression level found in rats slowly entering the high altitude area (20 m-2200 m-7 d-4500 m-3 d) was about twice as high as the low elevation group (20 m above sea level). The simulated high-altitude hypoxia induced an increase of PP4C expression level in all tissues, and the expression in the lung tissue was twice as expressed as heart and brain tissue at high altitude (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the PP4 phosphatase complex is ubiquitously expressed in rat tissues and likely involved in adaptation to or disease associated with high-altitude hypoxia.
Understanding who benefits most from cognitive rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis: A secondary data analysis

Background: Up to 70% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive difficulties. Cognitive rehabilitation is a type of therapy that helps manage cognitive problems. Objective: The Cognitive Rehabilitation for Attention and Memory in MS (CRAMMS) trial showed some evidence of effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation in improving cognitive function, with some participants benefitting more than others. We therefore conducted a secondary analysis of the CRAMMS data to understand who benefits most. Methods: We grouped baseline data into four categories of possible predictors. We used regression models to identify specific factors/characteristics that could predict the likelihood that an individual will benefit from cognitive rehabilitation. Results: The models predicted whether a participant improved or did not improve in neuropsychological function following cognitive rehabilitation in up to 86% of participants. Results suggest that younger participants with medium to high education, diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) who have not experienced any recent relapses, with mild to moderate cognitive difficulties were most likely to benefit from cognitive rehabilitation. Conclusion: We can predict which participants are most likely to demonstrate significant improvements in neuropsychological function following group-based cognitive rehabilitation. Clinically, this allows us to optimise limited neuropsychology resources by offering such cognitive rehabilitation to those most likely to benefit.
Vortex beam generation based on a fiber array combining and propagation through a turbulent atmosphere

We suggest a technique for generation of optical vortex beams with a variable orbital angular momentum based on a fiber laser array. The technique uses the phase control of each single subbeam. Requirements for the number of subbeams and the spatial arrangement for the vortex beam generation are determined. The propagation dynamics of a vortex beam synthesized is compared with that of a continuous Laguerre–Gaussian beam in free space and in a turbulent atmosphere. Spectral properties of a beam synthesized, which is represented as a superposition of different azimuth modes, are determined during its free-space propagation. It is shown that energy and statistical parameters coincide for synthesized and continuous vortex beams when propagating through a turbulent medium. Probability density functions of the beam intensity fluctuations are well approximated to a gamma distribution in the cases where the scintillation index is lower than unity independently of the beam type and observation point position relative to the propagation axis.
The predictive role of pain catastrophising following genicular arterial embolisation for the treatment of mild and moderate knee osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of OA and is not currently considered to be a curable disease. Specifically, mild-to-moderate knee OA that is resistant to conservative treatment, but does not warrant joint replacement, poses a significant clinical problem. Genicular arterial embolisation (GAE) is an interventional radiological technique designed to subvert neoangiogenesis within the joint, in turn reducing pain and improving function. Preliminary data has identified a subset of patients who do not respond, despite a technically successful procedure. We therefore investigated individual differences in pain and pain perception to identify predictive pre-surgical markers for clinical outcomes. Specifically, we investigated pain catastrophising (PC) and its neural correlates using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Thirty patients participated in a presurgical assessment battery during which they completed psychometric profiling and quantitative sensory testing. A subset of seventeen patients also completed an rs-fMRI session. Patients then recorded post-surgical outcomes at 6-weeks, 3-months, 12-months and 24-months. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) served as a seed for whole-brain voxel-wise connectivity with pain catastrophising scores entered as a regressor in group analysis. Pain catastrophising was associated with a myriad of aversive psychological/lifestyle variables at baseline, as well as a predisposition for attending to pain. Surprisingly, high pain catastrophisers stood to gain the best improvements from GAE, with PC scores predicting the higher reductions in pain across all time-points. Seed-based whole-brain connectivity revealed that PCS was associated with higher connectivity between the DLPFC and areas of the brain associated with pain processing, suggesting more frequent engagement of top-down modulatory processes when experiencing pain. These results are an early step towards understanding outcomes from novel interventional treatments for mild-to-moderate knee OA. Data suggests that improvements in pain and function via GAE could help high catastrophisers manage their pain, and in turn, the negative associations with pain that were identified at baseline.
Loss of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection-associated antibody function during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures

Studies have linked reduced respiratory syncytial virus-specific Fc-mediated phagocytic function and complement deposition to more severe infection. This study shows a loss of these functions during the first year of COVID-19 pandemic. These findings corroborate other data supporting a general waning of RSV antibody functions in absence of viral circulation.
Stable perceptual phenotype of the magnitude of history biases even in the face of global task complexity

According to a Bayesian framework, visual perception requires active interpretation of noisy sensory signals in light of prior information. One such mechanism, serial dependence, is thought to promote perceptual stability by assimilating current percepts with recent stimulus history. Combining a delayed orientation-adjustment paradigm with predictable (study 1) or unpredictable (study 2) task structure, we test two key predictions of this account in a novel context: first, that serial dependence should persist even in variable environments, and, second, that, within a given observer and context, this behavioral bias should be stable from one occasion to the next. Relying on data of 41 human volunteers and two separate experimental sessions, we confirm both hypotheses. Group-level, attractive serial dependence remained strong even in the face of volatile settings with multiple, unpredictable types of tasks, and, despite considerable interindividual variability, within-subject patterns of attractive and repulsive stimulus-history biases were highly stable from one experimental session to the next. In line with the hypothesized functional role of serial dependence, we propose that, together with previous work, our findings suggest the existence of a more general individual-specific fingerprint with which the past shapes current perception. Congruent with the Bayesian account, interindividual differences may then result from differential weighting of sensory evidence and prior information.
Artificial intelligence and digital pathology: clinical promise and deployment considerations

Abstract. Artificial intelligence (AI) presents an opportunity in anatomic pathology to provide quantitative objective support to a traditionally subjective discipline, thereby enhancing clinical workflows and enriching diagnostic capabilities. AI requires access to digitized pathology materials, which, at present, are most commonly generated from the glass slide using whole-slide imaging. Models are developed collaboratively or sourced externally, and best practices suggest validation with internal datasets most closely resembling the data expected in practice. Although an array of AI models that provide operational support for pathology practices or improve diagnostic quality and capabilities has been described, most of them can be categorized into one or more discrete types. However, their function in the pathology workflow can vary, as a single algorithm may be appropriate for screening and triage, diagnostic assistance, virtual second opinion, or other uses depending on how it is implemented and validated. Despite the clinical promise of AI, the barriers to adoption have been numerous, to which inclusion of new stakeholders and expansion of reimbursement opportunities may be among the most impactful solutions.
Urinary incontinence‐related effects on functional connectivity circuits in persons with Parkinson's disease

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common and disruptive symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to identify neural correlates associated with UI among PD patients with UI (UI‐PD) compared to those PD patients without UI (nonUI‐PD) with the expectation of demonstrating increased functional connectivity (FC) between areas in the striatum and limbic system and decreased FC in executive areas.
Fifty years of research on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders: The remaining challenges

Since the identification of the first disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects (FAOD) in 1973, more than 20 defects have been identified. Although there are some differences, most FAOD have similar clinical signs, which are mainly due to energy depletion and toxicity of accumulated metabolites. However, some of them have an unusual clinical phenotype or specific clinical signs. This manuscript focuses on what we have learnt so far on the pathophysiology of these disorders, which present with clinical signs that are not typical of categorical FAOD. It also highlights that some disorders have not yet been identified and tries to make assumptions to explain why. It also deals with new treatments under consideration in FAOD, including triheptanoin and similar anaplerotic substrates, ketone body treatments, RNA and gene therapy approaches. Finally, it suggests challenges for the diagnosis of FAOD in the coming years, both for symptomatic patients and for those diagnosed through newborn screening. The ultimate goal would be to identify all the patients born with FAOD and ensure for them the best possible quality of life.