Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Total Photonic and Hadronic Cross-sections 1

We discuss total cross-sections within the context of the QCD calculable mini-jet model, highlighting its successes and failures. In particular we show its description of γγ → hadrons and compare it with OPAL and L3 data. We extrapolate this result to γ p total cross-sections and propose a phenomenological ansätz for virtual photon cross-sections. We point out that the good agreement with data obtained with the Eikonal Minijet Model should not hide the many uncertainties buried in the impact parameter distribution. A model obtained from Soft Gluon Summation is briefly discussed and its application to hadronic cross-sections is shown. 1) Talk presented by G.P. at Photon-2000, Ambelside, U.K., Aug 26-31, 2000 Total Photonic and Hadronic Cross-sections R.M. Godbole∗, A. Grau†, G. Pancheri∗∗ Centre for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India † Departamento de F́ısica Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Spain ∗∗ INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 40, I00044 Frascati, Italy Abstract. We discuss total cross-sections within the context of the QCD calculable mini-jet model, highlighting its successes and failures. In particular we show its description of γγ → hadrons and compare it with OPAL and L3 data. We extrapolate this result to γ p total cross-sections and propose a phenomenological ansätz for virtual photon cross-sections. We point out that the good agreement with data obtained with the Eikonal Minijet Model should not hide the many uncertainties buried in the impact parameter distribution. A model obtained from Soft Gluon Summation is briefly discussed and its application to hadronic cross-sections is shown. We discuss total cross-sections within the context of the QCD calculable mini-jet model, highlighting its successes and failures. In particular we show its description of γγ → hadrons and compare it with OPAL and L3 data. We extrapolate this result to γ p total cross-sections and propose a phenomenological ansätz for virtual photon cross-sections. We point out that the good agreement with data obtained with the Eikonal Minijet Model should not hide the many uncertainties buried in the impact parameter distribution. A model obtained from Soft Gluon Summation is briefly discussed and its application to hadronic cross-sections is shown.
Two-point attack on the two nonorthogonal states QKD protocol over a fiber optic channel

We suggest here a two-point eavesdropping strategy aimed at a two nonorthogonal states protocol of quantum key distribution over a fiber-optic channel. When the single-photon sources and detectors of Alice, Bob and the two Eve are all ideal, the two-point attack can break the two nonorthogonal states protocol if the distance between Alice and Bob is longer than 30 km. However, Bennett's original multi-photon protocol is secure against both two-point and beam splitting attacks, though the protocol is realized with a weak pulsed source.
Nuclear Modification of Electron Spectra and Implications for Heavy Quark Energy Loss in Au + Au Collisions at ¿S~N~N = 200 GeV

The PHENIX experiment has measured midrapidity (|η| T NN =200 GeV. Contributions from photon conversions and from light hadron decays, mainly Dalitz decays of π 0 and η mesons, were removed. The resulting nonphotonic electron spectra are primarily due to the semileptonic decays of hadrons carrying heavy quarks. Nuclear modification factors were determined by comparison to nonphotonic electrons in p+p collisions. A significant suppression of electrons at high p T is observed in central Au+Au collisions, indicating substantial energy loss of heavy quarks.
Chapter 8. PLANT GROWTH COMPONENT

A continuous simulation erosion model, such as WEPP, requires a plant growth component in order to simulate the growth of plants and their impact on the hydrologic and erosion processes. This chapter describes the growth models used within the WEPP computer program to predict the development of cropland and rangeland plants. The purpose of the growth models is to predict temporal changes in plant and residue variables such as canopy cover, canopy height, root development, and biomass produced by the plants which is removed during a harvest operation or ends up as surface residue material. Cropland and rangeland plant growth are simulated in separate submodels of the WEPP model. The plant growth component provides information to the water balance component (Chapter 5) which allows estimation of daily water use by the plants and extraction of water from the soil layers. Canopy cover and height information are passed to the erosion component (Chapter 11) for use in estimation of interrill soil detachment. The amount of residue remaining after harvest, or residue created by leaf drop during senescence is sent to the residue decomposition and management component (Chapter 9) of the WEPP model. Crop yield predicted by the plant growth component is available as a model output, and the user may alter the biomass production and predicted crop yield through cautious adjustment of the plant-specific input parameters. Several plant management options are available to the user, including harvesting for grain or silage for cropland annual plants, hay harvest and livestock grazing for cropland perennial plants, and burning, herbicide application and livestock grazing for rangeland situations. Management options related to residues produced by a plant are discussed in the following chapter (Chapter 9). This chapter has been organized into five sections. Sections 8.2 and 8.3 discuss plant growth and management options for cropland simulations, respectively. Sections 8.4 and 8.5 discuss plant growth and management options for rangeland simulations. Management and decomposition of residues resulting from the plant growth described in this chapter are discussed in Chapter 9.
Supergravity on Ads 4/7 × S 7/4 and M Branes

We calculate the dimensions of operators in three and six dimensional superconformal field theories by using the duality between these theories at large N and D = 11 supergravity on AdS4/7 × S 7/4. We find that for the duality relations to work the Kaluza–Klein masses given in the supergravity literature must be rescaled and/or shifted. ∗ e–mail address: halyo@dormouse.stanford. edu
Development of microbial fatty and analysis as a monitoring tool for biological wastewater treatment systems

The development of culture-independent methods for the identification of microbial community has opened a new era of study into real microbial populations and their dynamics. Although many attempts have been made to link such dynamics to system performance, few have been successful. In this research, a microbial fatty acid analysis technique was developed and evaluated for the detection of changes in microbial community populations associated with system performance. For the evaluation, three phases of experiments were executed. In Chapter 2, operating parameters such as pH, organic loading and chlorine addition, were varied in two identical laboratory-scale conventional activated sludge systems. Daily and cumulative similarity indices based on microbial fatty acid analysis were used to express the stability of microbial community populations in the systems. It was found that microbial compositions changed daily even under constant operating conditions and that the rate of change increased under dynamic operating conditions. The analyses of microbial fatty acids (MFA) also conveyed additional information: i f they are routinely executed as a monitoring tool for biological wastewater treatment systems, MFA analyses could be used for the calculation of biomass concentrations in a wastewater treatment system. The total fatty acid concentrations were estimated to be about 6.1% of the biomass concentration, measured as mixed liquor volatile suspended solids concentrations in this research. In Chapter 3, the new monitoring technique developed in Chapter 2, was applied to bioreactors with real municipal wastewater. The experiments demonstrated that the M F A analysis technique was also applicable to the reactors fed with real municipal wastewater. From the results, it was found that changes in operating factors such as pH, DO, chlorine addition impacted more significantly on the microbial community population and system performance in real municipal wastewater and the monitoring method developed was also applicable to a system subject to more dynamic operating conditions, suggesting that that this technique could be used for pilot-scale or full-scale wastewater treatment monitoring. The M F A monitoring technique was also evaluated using a lab-scale simplified University of Cape Town (UCT) reactor, to determine whether the technique was applicable for
Evaluation of enzymatic activity of CYP3A4/5 in population belonging to western part of India: A study with artemether

The enzymatic activity of hepatic and gastrointesti nal CYP3A4/5 enzymes was evaluated by studying the pharmacokinetics of artemether and its active metab olite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in healthy Indian su bjects at Accutest Research Laboratories Ltd., Navi Mumbai, M aharashtra, India and Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, be tween January 2009 to October 2010. The pharmacokinetic dof artemether and DHA obtained from 564 healthy Indian subjects participating in 8 different bioequivalenc e studies for artemether and lumefantrine fixed dos e combination. The conversion of artemether to DHA mediated by CYP 3A4/5 enzymes was studied by calculating the artemether/DHA AUC 0-24 ratio in each subject. The mean artemether/DHA AUC 0-24 ratio was compared individually to the corresponding values from various published data by one sample‘t’ test. The pharmacokinetic par ameters Cmax , T max and t 1/2 for artemether and DHA were in line with the publis hed data. The artemether/DHA AUC 0-24 ratio was relatively low in Indian population compared to other Asian and non Asian population. The ‘p’ valu e was < 0.001 for all the individual comparisons. The small artemether/DHA AUC 0-24 ratio in Indian population was a result of high first pass metabolism of artemether due to increased enzymatic activity of hepatic and gastroi ntestinal CYP3A4/5. Further genetic studies are required to c onfirm this observation.
New tools for low energy dynamical supersymmetry breaking.

We report the construction of large new classes of models which break supersymmetry dynamically. We then turn to model building. Two of the principal obstacles to constructing simple models of dynamical supersymmetry breaking are the appearance of Fayet-Iliopoulos {ital D} terms and difficulties in generating a {mu} term for the Higgs fields. Among the new models are examples in which symmetries prevent the appearance of Fayet-Iliopoulos terms. A gauge singlet field, which may play a role in explaining the hierarchy in quark and lepton parameters, can generate a suitable {mu} term. The result is a comparatively simple model, with a low energy structure similar to that of the MSSM, but with far fewer arbitrary parameters. We begin the study of the phenomenology of these models. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society. }
A 2-coloring of [1, N] Can Have

We solve a problem posed by Ronald Graham about the minimum number, over all 2-colorings of [1, n], of monochromatic (x, y, x + ay) triples, a ≥ 2. We show that the minimum number of such triples is n 2 2a(a2+2a+3) + O(n). We also find a new upper bound for the minimum number, over all r-colorings of [1, n], of monochromatic Schur triples, for r ≥ 3.
An Novel Algorithm to Remove the Thin Cloud from Remote Sensing Images Based on High-Dimensional Space Geometrical Informatics

The presence of thin cloud in remote sensing images has brought great impact for follow-up image interpretation.An novel algorithm was proposed to remove the thin cloud from remote sensing images based on the theory of High-dimensional space geometrical informatics(HDSGI). One Image is mapped into an original point (vector) of a high-dimensional space by the theory of HDSGI,namely,a remote sensing image including of cloud is an point of high-dimensional space.In this new algorithm,through homomorphic filter,this high-dimensional space point is geometrically decomposed into two individual sub-spaces of different scales,decomposition components is done "restraining\enhancing transformation" separately,the transformed sub-space components had been maken final synthesis be the required remote sensing image without the cloud.Using by actual satellite image and aviation image,experimental results have shown that the algorithm can not only remove the noisy of cloud but also is efficient for enhancing the edge information contrasting to the homomorphic filter and wavelet transform algorithms.
SRTM Error Distribution and its Associations with Landscapes across China

Abstract In this paper the distribution of 3-second elevation error in the data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) over the whole of China and its associations with topographic and land cover factors were systematically evaluated. The landscape features extracted from different datasets at more than 500,000 sites were used to determine the variation pattern in the errors by the method of single factor analysis. The results showed that the topographic attributes derived from SRTM data could adequately represent the terrain of China. However, there were extended and observable areas with abnormalities in a small proportion of the data. Slope was the dominant factor affecting elevation error compared with other landscape features (aspect, vegetation, etc.). The mean errors in glaciers, deserts and wetlands were −1.05 m, −2.03 m and −2.43 m, and 1.05 m in built-up areas. In general the elevation errors in the SRTM data formed a complex pattern of variation across China.
Who lives in forgotten places? : Age structure and socio-economic development in Hungary

Socioeconomic development and the age structure of a population are often linked together in the public discourse. It is generally accepted that in industrial societies the populations of more developed regions have both younger age structures and higher levels of education. Consequently, less developed regions or places have older age structures. In this study, we examine the evidence behind this general perception, and discuss the links between age structure and socioeconomic development. There are not very many studies devoted to this particular subject, and while regional development inequalities have a substantial literature, its relation to age structure is less extensively studied (Brunow & Hirte 2006, Voss 2007). One particular example is the case of Scotland (Lisenkova et al. 2010) where the authors examined the impact of age structure on economic development. Their conclusion was that positive net migration is needed to counterbalance the negative economic impact of an older age structure. Scholars from various disciplines, such as sociology, regional economics, political science and anthropology often argue that regional inequalities do not decline, rather increase over time (Speder 2002, Kulcsar 2009, Bodi 2010). In many countries, including Hungary, a significant portion of the population lives in lagging, or so called “forgotten” places (Lyson & Falk 1993, Ritter 2010). The age structures of these places, however, are not uniform. Some do experience aging in place and negative net migration, while others do not. Therefore, it is not entirely true that in less developed regions and places we can only find aging populations, while in more developed places the populations are always young and increasing due to migration
Losses Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus of Economic Forest in the Slope of Red Soil Hilly Region of South China

In order to explore the time distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of economic forest in slope of red soil hilly region,as well as the influence of terrain slope and forest management practices on nitrogen and phosphorus loss.The economic forest in Yongkang was took as experimental area and set on seven standard runoff plots with variable contrast.Each runoff plots had a grit chamber to collect the runoff.In a hydrological year,a located monitoring of nitrogen and phosphorus loss was conducted.Results showed that:(1)Obvious differences existed among crest,convex and concave slope in nitrogen and phosphorus losses of runoff.The influence on nitrogen and phosphorus losses of different slopes conditions met the critical gradient law.The critical slope was between 10.22°and 18.55°. The relationship of losses on TN and NO-3-N was crestconcaveconvex.And the relationship of losses on NH+4-N and TP was concavecrestconvex.Losses of TP,TN,NH+4-N and NO-3-N had typical power function increase in the hydrological year. (2)Nitrogen and phosphorus losses were seasonal.Most losses occurred in the rainy and typhoon season.The TN,TP,NO-3-N and NH+4-N losses of these 3months respectively accounted for about 50%of the year. (3)Through monitoring of the contrast grit chamber,it indicated that grass coverage made obvious effects on reducing nitrogen and phosphorus losses of the runoff plots.TN,NH+4-N,NO-3-N and TP content of runoff losses in the No.7plot decreased by 9.0%,34.7%,25.5%and 8.6%,respectively compared with those in No.6plot.
Minimal supersymmetric Higgs boson self-couplings: Two-loop O ð α t α s Þ corrections

We analyze the minimal supersymmetric Higgs self-couplings at O ð α t α s Þ within the effective potential approach. The two-loop corrections turn out to be of moderate size in the DR scheme of dimensional reduction (DR) if the central scale is chosen as half the supersymmetry scale. The inclusion of the two-loop correctionsreducestherenormalization scale dependencetothepercent level.Theseresults haveasignificant impact on measurements of the trilinear Higgs self-couplings at the LHC and a future e þ e − collider.
Wide-Field InfrarRed Survey Telescope-Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets WFIRST-AFTA 2015 Report

This report describes the 2014 study by the Science Definition Team (SDT) of the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) mission. It is a space observatory that will address the most compelling scientific problems in dark energy, exoplanets and general astrophysics using a 2.4-m telescope with a wide-field infrared instrument and an optical coronagraph. The Astro2010 Decadal Survey recommended a Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope as its top priority for a new large space mission. As conceived by the decadal survey, WFIRST would carry out a dark energy science program, a microlensing program to determine the demographics of exoplanets, and a general observing program utilizing its ultra wide field. In October 2012, NASA chartered a Science Definition Team (SDT) to produce, in collaboration with the WFIRST Study Office at GSFC and the Program Office at JPL, a Design Reference Mission (DRM) for an implementation of WFIRST using one of the 2.4-m, Hubble-quality telescope assemblies recently made available to NASA. This DRM builds on the work of the earlier WFIRST SDT, reported by Green et al. (2012) and the previous WFIRST-2.4 DRM, reported by Spergel et. (2013). The 2.4-m primary mirror enables a mission with greater sensitivity and higher angular resolution than the 1.3-m and 1.1-m designs considered previously, increasing both the science return of the primary surveys and the capabilities of WFIRST as a Guest Observer facility. The addition of an on-axis coronagraphic instrument to the baseline design enables imaging and spectroscopic studies of planets around nearby stars.
PR ] 3 1 O ct 2 01 5 SAMPLE COVARIANCE MATRICES CONVERGE TO COMPOUND FREE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

1. Main result Marchenko and Pastur [2] showed that the empirical distribution of the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix of a random vector uniformly distributed on the unit sphere converges weakly to the Marchenko-Pastur law. There has been many generalizations to general random vectors (see [1]). The main result of this paper is Theorem 1.1. Suppose that f1, . , fN are independent random vectors on C n such that sup x∈Sn−1 E|(fj, x)| ≤ L n2 and E‖fj‖ ≤ Lk, j = 1, . , N, k ≥ 1 for some L > 0 and Lk > 0, k ≥ 1 independent of n and N . If n,N → ∞ in such a way that n N → λ ∈ (0,∞) and
The pathwise uniqueness of solution to a SPDE driven by -stable noise

In this paper we study the pathwise uniqueness of solution to the following stochastic partial differential equation @Xt(x) @t = 1 2 �Xt(x) +Xt−(x) � u Lt(x), X0 ≥ 0, t > 0, x ∈ R, where 1 < � < 2, 0 < � < 1 and u L denotes an �-stable white noise on R+×R without negative jumps. In the special case of �� = 1, where solution to the above equation is the density of a super-Brownian motion with �-stable branching (see Mytnik (2002)), our result leads to its pathwise uniqueness for 1 < � < 4 − 2 √ 2. The local Holder
Sequence stratigraphy of the Late Cambrian strata on the North China platform and the correlation of the sea-level changes with the North America platform

The North China platform appeared as a typical ramp platform during the Late Cambrian. The strata in the northern part of the platform consisting of the Gushan and Changshan Formations are known for the storm calcarenite and biohermal limestone, of which the deep ramp mudstone and marl and shallow ramp grainstone and packstone constitute a number of meter-scale subtidal carbonate cycles. The vertical ordered stacking patterns of these meter-scale cycles within the long-term third-order cycles have reflected that the third-order (sequences) represent, in turn, the sedimentary facies sequences deposited during the deepening and shallowing processes and constrained by the third-order sea-level changes. Four third-order sequences may be identified for the Late Cambrian strata in the study area, in which the tidal-flat dolostones and their circum-tidal flat carbonate meter-scale cycles are well developed in the highstand systems tract. These sequences are characterized by the drowned unconformity as sequence boundary and "deep to shallow ramp facies sequences" consisting of the "condensed sections () + highstand systems tract" ("CS() + HST") sequences. In the southern part of the North China platform, the sequence boundaries are mostly represented by the exposed hiatal surfaces. The facies sequences comprise the "ramp facies-tidal-flat facies". The strata in the northern and the southern parts are both involved a regular sequence stratigraphic framework. The sequence stratigraphic examination based on the cycles and sequences, and lithofacies and sedimentary facies shows that the meter-scale cycles as the basic units actually may be interpreted as the lithofacies sequences resulted from the "hiatal-aggradational" cyclic mechanisms. The sea-level curves for the Late Cambrian strata on the North China platform may be qualitatively and synthetically constructed on the basis of palaeobathymetric curves for various sections. The similarities and differences of the sea-level curves for both the study area and the North America platform have mirrored that the long-period sea-level changes are controlled by both the global and local changes in the study area.