Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Urban Metabolism

The concept of urban metabolism, referring to the exchange processes that produce the urban environment, has inspired new ways of thinking about how cities can be made sustainable and has also raised criticisms about the specific social and economic arrangements in which some forms of flow are prioritized or marginalized within the city. This article explores how the concept of urban metabolism travels across disciplines, using a comparative analysis of different approaches to urban metabolism within industrial ecology, urban ecology, ecological economics, political economy and political ecology. The analysis reveals six main themes emerging within interdisciplinary boundaries in relation to urban metabolism, and how this concept enables new understandings of (1) the city as an ecosystem, (2) material and energy flows within the city, (3) economic–material relations within the city, (4) economic drivers of rural–urban relationships, (5) the reproduction of urban inequality, and (6) attempts at resignifying the city through new visions of socioecological relationships. The article suggests potential areas for cross‐disciplinary synergies around the concept of urban metabolism and opens up avenues for industrial ecology to engage with the politics and the governance of urban development by examining the city and its metabolism.
Chula Digital Collections Chula Digital Collections

Image classification models in actual applications may receive input outside the intended data distribution. For crucial applications such as clinical decision-making, it is critical that a model can recognize and describe such out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of several approaches for OOD identification in medical images. We examine three classes of OOD detection methods (Classification models, Confidence-based models
West Nile Virus Disease and Other Arboviral Diseases—United States, 2010

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes and ticks. Since West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected in the Western Hemisphere in 1999, it has become the leading cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States. However, several other arboviruses continue to cause sporadic cases and seasonal outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease (i.e., meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis). This report summarizes surveillance data reported to CDC in 2010 for WNV and other nationally notifiable arboviruses (excluding dengue, which is reported separately). In 2010, 40 states and the District of Columbia (DC) reported 1,021 cases of WNV disease. Of these, 629 (62%) were classified as WNV neuroinvasive disease, for a national incidence of 0.20 per 100,000 population. States with the highest incidence were Arizona (1.60), New Mexico (1.03), Nebraska (0.55), and Colorado (0.51). After WNV, the next most commonly reported cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease was California serogroup viruses (CALV), with 68 cases, followed by eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), 10 cases, St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), eight cases, and Powassan virus (POWV), eight cases. WNV and other arboviruses continue to cause focal outbreaks and severe illness in substantial numbers of persons in the United States. Maintaining surveillance remains important to guide arboviral disease prevention activities.
Geochemical Architecture of the Lower- to Middle-crustal Section of a Paleo-island Arc (Kohistan Complex, Jijal-Kamila Area, Northern Pakistan): Implications for the Evolution of an Oceanic Subduction Zone

The processes active in the deep crust above an oceanic subduction zone during its evolution have been constrained through a detailed geochemical study (major and trace elements and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes) of representative samples through an 30 km thick exhumed crustal section of the Cretaceous Kohistan oceanic island arc (Northern Pakistan). The use of both trace elements and radiogenic isotopes reveals two distinct geochemical suites (suites A and B) within the JijalPatanKiruKamila (JPKK) complex. Suite A is characterized by a progressive enrichment in Pb-207 and a decrease in Nd-143/Nd-144 with increasing La-N/Sm-N. Suite B has higher Pb-207/Pb-204 and lower Nd-143/Nd-144 ratios with approximately constant La-N/Sm-N. By combining trace elements with different partitioning behaviour it is demonstrated that there is an increasing contribution of the subduction component in the magmas with time. It is also possible to distinguish a slab component imprint carried by aqueous fluids from one corresponding to sediment melts. Intrusive granites are abundant in the upper levels of the JPKK section. All were generated at the arc root level (Jijal crustal section) during dehydration-melting of hornblende-rich plutonic rocks. A three-stage geodynamic model is proposed for the evolution of the arc over a period of 30 Myr. The first stage (117105 Ma) starts with the onset of subduction, which was followed by the building of the volcanic arc. The second stage (10599 Ma to 9691 Ma) corresponds to a major igneous event, which was characterized by abundant magma underplating and granulite-facies metamorphism at the arc base. Recycling of the residualcumulative lower crust into the convective asthenospheric mantle was efficient during this stage, and was probably related to thermo-mechanical erosion of the base of the crust. The last stage (9585 Ma) corresponds to a period of low magmatic activity, which marked the end of the intra-oceanic subduction. This is related to the formation of a cold blanket above the slab surface as a result of thermo-mechanical erosion of the cold walls of the subduction zone (i.e. the upper part of the slab and the base of the overriding plate), and corner flow dragging the cold material into the zone of melt generation. Ultimately, a voluminous magmatic pulse occurred around 85 Ma (forming the Chilas complex), before arccontinent collision.
Crossing properties for geophysical systems forced by Poisson noise

Threshold crossings are crucial in many geophysical processes, including soil water balance, vegetation stress, landslides, particle erosion and transport. We focus here on the crossing properties of systems with additive or multiplicative stochastic impulses having the form of a marked Poisson process. We derive exact expressions for the probability of excursions of very short duration above/below a generic threshold. These expressions, together with mean first passage times, allow for approximating the full probability density function of excursion times with two‐parameter distributions. Such approximations are effective for a wide range of stochastic processes covering relevant geophysical applications, as confirmed by the two examples provided regarding the dynamics of soil moisture content and water table depth.
Examining cognition across the bipolar/schizophrenia diagnostic spectrum.

BACKGROUND Cognitive impairments are well-established features of schizophrenia, but there is ongoing debate about the nature and degree of cognitive impairment in patients with schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. We hypothesized that there is a spectrum of increasing impairment from bipolar disorder to schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, to schizoaffective disorder depressive type and schizophrenia. METHODS We compared performance on the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery between participants with schizophrenia (n = 558), schizoaffective disorder depressive type (n = 112), schizoaffective disorder type (n = 76), bipolar disorder (n = 78) and healthy participants (n = 103) using analysis of covariance with post hoc comparisons. We conducted an ordinal logistic regression to examine whether cognitive impairments followed the hypothesized spectrum from bipolar disorder (least severe) to schizophrenia (most severe). In addition to categorical diagnoses, we addressed the influence of symptom domains, examining the association between cognition and mania, depression and psychosis. RESULTS Cognitive impairments increased in severity from bipolar disorder to schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, to schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder depressive type. Participants with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder depressive type showed equivalent performance (d = 0.07, p = 0.90). The results of the ordinal logistic regression were consistent with a spectrum of deficits from bipolar disorder to schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, to schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder depressive type (odds ratio = 1.98, p < 0.001). In analyses of the associations between symptom dimensions and cognition, higher scores on the psychosis dimension were associated with poorer performance (B = 0.015, standard error = 0.002, p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS There were fewer participants with schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder than schizophrenia. Despite this, our analyses were robust to differences in group sizes, and we were able to detect differences between groups. CONCLUSION Cognitive impairments represent a symptom dimension that cuts across traditional diagnostic boundaries.
Outdoor Recreation Trends and Futures: A Technical Document Supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment

This publication presents a national study of outdoor recreation trends as part of the Renewable Resources Planning Act Assessment by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The objectives are to review past trends in outdoor recreation participation by Americans, to describe in detail current outdoor recreation participation patterns, and to compare patterns across regional and demographic strata. Further objectives include describing recreation activity participation on public and private lands and providing projections of outdoor recreation participation out to the year 2060. One overriding national trend is quite evident: the mix of outdoor activities chosen by Americans and the relative popularity of activities overall have been evolving over the last several decades. One general category of activity that has been showing growth in the first decade of the 21st century is nature-based recreation. Between 2000 and 2009, the number of people who participated in naturebased outdoor recreation grew by 7.1 percent and the number of activity days grew about 40 percent. Among types of nature-based recreation, motorized activities showed growth up to about 2005, but then ended up toward the end of the 2000-2009 decade at about the same level as in 2000. The trend in hunting, fishing, and backcountry activities remained relatively flat during this period. Various forms of skiing, including snowboarding, declined during this decade. The clear growth area was within the overall group of activities oriented toward viewing and photographing nature. Generally, outdoor recreation activities are projected to grow in number of participants out to 2060. Population growth is projected to be the primary driver of growth in number of adult participants under each RPA Assessment scenario. The top five activities in terms of growth of number of participants are developed skiing, other skiing, challenge activities, equestrian activities, and motorized water activities. The lowest rates of participant growth are visiting primitive areas, motorized off-road activities, motorized snow activities, hunting, fishing, and floating water activities. At the same time, a number of activities are projected to decline in per-capita adult participation rates. Click here for Appendix A
From Public Access to Private Connections: Network Policy and National Advantage

From Public Access lo Private Connections: N e t w o r k Pulley anil Nations! Advantage Francois B a r Michael B o r m s Working Paper 28 September 1987 © B a r and Bonus. l 5 7 u Presented at the Fifteenth Telecuminuiikdlkjiis Policy R o L j r c h Conference* A i r l i e House, Virginia, September 27-30, 19S7
PLANTAS MEDICINAIS

Este artigo é resultado de um projeto de extensão, realizado por professores e aluno do curso de medicina, finalizado no ano de 2019, com apoio da Pró-Reitoria de Extensão, Cultura e Assuntos Comunitários da UEMS, e executado com recursos do mesmo. O foco principal deste artigo é elucidar a importância do resgate cultural quanto ao uso de plantas medicinais em aldeias indígenas, de forma a propiciar a preservação do patrimônio cultural imaterial deste povo, elencando quais os fitoterápicos mais utilizados, além de buscar compreender a percepção dos jovens indígenas sobre o tema. As informações sobre as plantas medicinais utilizadas foram obtidas por meio de entrevista, catalogando-as e criando acervo bibliográfico sobre as espécies vegetais mencionadas. Foram realizadas oficinas com os jovens aldeados, no intuito de estabelecer o conhecimento destes acerca do assunto. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios em todas as etapas citadas, elencando as plantas medicinais e verificando que há coerência dos fitoterápicos usados entre os diversos idosos da aldeia. Por ser uma aldeia próxima da urbanização, não houve diferenças marcantes entre as plantas usadas pelos indígenas e pelo restante da população da cidade. Os jovens desejaram ampliar seus conhecimentos sobre o assunto.
Express Train

ANAMOSA, Oct. 30 (AP}-The jury or ten men and two women <lellberatIr,g the case of Albert Hartwig, 69, retired Olin, 10. , [armer, on trial for t he death of Edwar<l I\! Iner, had been unable to reach a verdict shOrtly before I o'clook this morning. The case had been given them (Lt 4:30 p.m. , Wednesday, Coun.ty Attorney C, B. Paul In his Lecturing beCore 0. moving picture clOsing argument did not ask for the screon constantly filled with gl'aphic d . ath penalty, saying he would leave U1ustrnllons of his words. Captnlll the question of punishment to tlle Sir Hubert Wllkhls last night prejury. Paul accused Hartwig of beBented to more than 600 people Ing Implicated wtth Mrs. Miller, who which filled the main lounge of [OWlL J:> serving a life sentence fOr the Union an account of adventure and I same crime, In a conspiracy to kill aehlevement at the two pole8. Miner. Before beginning his reminlR· Don Barnes, who closed the argucencea, Captain Wilkins, men(iont>d menta (or the defense, sald the ! >lAte brl,f! ly a new adventure which he had not proved that Hartwig had expects to be the greatest 1n his lIr . guUty knowledge oC what Mrs, Miner -an expedillon by submarIne to the Illtended to do with polson he admit· areas surrounding the north polt> lt~ ted purchasing for her, March Of a . place on the arctic Irll or suttlcl~nt permanency to 'nuk4' It suitable for the establlshmf'nt of a station for wealher obHervalloll. HIs crnft, besides being I'Ql1ippril with hatches for underwater (,Bcape, will be furnished with drills (or plerc· Ing the 100 from undernenth . On\' or the sets o( drills wlll be 13 rept long and will enablp the explorers to hort, through the Ice (or that dl~tn ncp a hole large enough to permit tht\ pa~­ snge or a man. III the event that thicker Ice 18 encountt>red, smaller orilla wHI be uled to make hoJe. ~ fol' air renewal, and the submarine will be sailed to a better place under lhe PolieeFree Aged Killer of S. Weissman
Reply to K. Aki's “Comment on ‘microearthquake spectra from the Anza, California seismic network: Site response and source scaling’”

Abstract We analyzed spectra of local microearthquakes recorded by the Anza, California, seismic network to isolate the effects of site response and to investigate the scaling of source parameters for small earthquakes. Spectra of microearthquakes ( M M o 19 dyne-cm) at Anza have shapes characteristic of the receiver sites and are generally independent of the source region. Thus, the site response is a major conditioner of the observed spectral shape. To remove the effects of site response from the spectra of a M ∼ 3 event and isolate its source spectrum, we divided by the spectra of an adjacent aftershock used as an empirical Green9s function event. The spectral ratios indicate that the apparent corner frequencies of small earthquakes ( M o 19 dyne-cm) observed at even the high- f max stations on hard rock are much lower than the source corner frequencies. The spectral ratios are consistent with stress drop remaining constant with decreasing seismic moment, for events with moments as small as 10 18 dyne-cm. The spectral ratios display remarkable agreement between sites which showed vast differences in their original spectra, indicating that the spectral division effectively removed the site response. The source spectrum of the M ∼ 3 event has a high-frequency spectral fall-off of about ω −2 . An apparent dependence of high-frequency fall-off with seismic moment in the original spectra can also be explained by the effects of site response. The difference between the P - and S -wave corner frequencies and high-frequency roll-offs in the observed spectra for these events is the result of the site response and is not a source property. The shapes of the spectra of microearthquakes at Anza can largely be explained by attenuation at shallow depth with a frequency-independent Q . For some sites, near-surface resonances are also apparent in the spectra of microearthquakes. It is indicated by t * values determined for each site that Q p ∼ Q s for the shallow low- Q layer. Further evidence of low near-surface Q is observed in the anomalous spectra of an unusually shallow earthquake (source depth ∼ 1 km) in the network. The spectra from this shallow event are depleted in high-frequency energy at most stations, relative to those of deeper events. This observation can be explained by a low- Q surficial zone. For stations of the network situated on alluvium, this low- Q layer has a maximum thickness of about 3 km and maximum P - and S -wave Q values of 30 to 50.
The evolution of deep ocean flow speeds and δ13C under large changes in the Atlantic Overturning Circulation - Toward a more direct model-data comparison

To investigate the dynamics of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) on timescales longer than the observational records, model-data comparisons of past AMOC variability are imperative. However, this remains challenging because of dissimilarities between different proxy-based AMOC tracers and the difficulty of comparing these to model output. We present an iLOVECLIM simulation with tuned AMOC evolution and focus on AMOC tracers that are directly comparable to reconstructions: flow speeds and δ13C. We deduce their driving factors and show that they yield different but complementary information about AMOC changes. Simulated flow speed changes are only linked to AMOC changes in regions bathed by North Atlantic Deep Water; however, in those regions they do provide details on vertical migration and thickness changes of the water masses. Simulated δ13C changes in the North Atlantic Deep Water region are again related to AMOC changes. Yet in regions bathed by Antarctic Bottom Water or Antarctic Intermediate Water, the δ13C evolution is driven by Southern Hemisphere source water δ13C changes, while in the Nordic Seas and the two major overflow regions it is driven by Northern Hemisphere source water δ13C changes. This shows that AMOC changes are not necessarily recorded by δ13C and stresses the need for combining both tracers in paleoclimate studies. A preliminary model-data comparison for Last Interglacial flow speeds and δ13C changes in the Deep Western Boundary Current shows that this integrated approach is far from straightforward and currently inconclusive on the Last Interglacial AMOC evolution. Nonetheless, the approach yields potential for more direct and in-depth model-data comparisons of past AMOC changes.
Lung Surfactant The Indispensable Component of Respiratory Mechanics

Lung surfactant, a lipo-protein complex, is a highly surface-active material found in tension of the fluid as well as protection from the potential immunological attack from pathogens, allergens, and pollutants. To coun teract these problems, pulmonary surfactant is produced in the lungs to play dual functions of maintenance of normal respiratory cycle as well as protection against immunological burdens [1].
Eddy diffusivity near bubble plumes

Profiles of eddy diffusivity and the rate of dissipation of temperature variance were inferred from temperature microstructure measurements near a bubble plume at the center of a tank with a diameter of 13.7 m and a maximum depth of 8.3 m. Measurements occurred outside the bubbly part of the flow. Profiles of eddy diffusivity were estimated with two methods: one based on the equation for turbulent kinetic energy and one based on the equation for temperature variance. The eddy diffusivities showed nonmonotonic behavior with distance from the plume axis, as in numerical simulations. Eddy diffusivities estimated with the two methods match well, except for one data set with strong turbulence and weak stratification. The estimates of the eddy diffusivity allow two empirical formulas for the bulk, or tank‐averaged, effective diffusivity to be evaluated; the bulk diffusivity is within the range of values predicted by the models.
Anglicisms in Spain: Gender Assignment and Plural Formation in Touristic Texts

It is traditionally assumed that the influence of English upon Spanish is par- ticularly pervasive in the area of languages for specific purposes. In the case of the language of tourism it is more complicated than in other areas, as it covers several subfields, for example economics, history of art, marketing, sports, law, etc. We have carried out previous research on the presence of loanwords in tourism and computer language showing the increasing influence of English. The present study analyses the frequency and usage of anglicisms in the language of tourism in five different publications aimed at the general public, as well as web pages. Most of the articles and pages are related to adventure sports and rural tourism. In our analysis we examine their adaptation to the system in terms of gender assignment and plural formation to determine whether English loanwords in Spanish are governed by usual criteria regarding gender assignment. We shall see whether the English pattern prevails over the Spanish one or if there is a mix- ture of both methods. Finally, we will focus on the type of coinage that is derived once the item has been introduced in Spanish; some of the terms remain as sporadic code-switches, but others can be regarded as real borrowings that develop into derivatives or undergo other processes of word formation. This in mind, we have attempted to discover which seems to be the most common pro- cedure to fully integrate the borrowing into the Spanish system providing not only a qualitative analysis but also quantitative evidence from corpus-based driven data.