Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Bounded Checking to Verification of Equivalence via Symbolic up-to Techniques

We present a bounded equivalence veriﬁcation technique for higher-order programs with local state. This technique combines fully abstract symbolic environmental bisimulations similar to symbolic game semantics, novel up-to techniques , and lightweight state invariant annotations . This yields an equivalence veriﬁcation technique with no false positives or negatives. The technique is bounded-complete, in that all inequivalences are automatically detected given large enough bounds. Moreover, several hard equivalences are proved automatically or after being annotated with state invariants. We realise the technique in a tool prototype called Hobbit and benchmark it with an extensive set of new and existing examples. Hobbit can prove many classical equivalences including all Meyer and Sieber examples. abstract parts of the state and make ﬁnite the number of explored conﬁgurations by introducing state invariant predicates in conﬁgurations.
3G Multimedia Network Services, Accounting, and User Profiles

3G Multimedia Services - Introductions and Definitions. Mobile Services, Relation Fixed And Mobile Services, Messaging, Picture Services, Multimedia Services, E-commerce, M-commerce, micro-payments, Entertainment Services, Service Discovery, Remote Services, Ambient Intelligence, Communities, Value Added Services Technology Evaluation. Service Architecture, Business Model, 3G Network Architecture, Service Architecture Challenges, 3GPP Standard Triggering Mechanism, OSA-Parlay Gateway, Business Model For Content Distribution. Charging/Accounting for Multimedia Services - Revenue Generation. Charging Methods and Consequences. Standardized Charging Models and Protocols. User Profiles in 3G Fixed and Mobile Networks - Introduction. Rationale. Modelling Concepts and User Model as Root for UP. Logical Model, Data Description Methods, Ownership of UP. UP Access Server Architectures, Use Case, Resilience of UP. Management of UP. UP Access Charging. Integration of different Networks and their UP, Migration Paths from 2G to 3G Networks, Examples of 3G Applications in UP. References and Standards.
Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Earthquake Dynamics: Case Study of the Mw 8.3 Illapel Earthquake, Chile

We develop a methodology that combines compressive sensing backprojection (CS‐BP) and source spectral analysis of teleseismic P waves to provide metrics relevant to earthquake dynamics of large events. We improve the CS‐BP method by an autoadaptive source grid refinement as well as a reference source adjustment technique to gain better spatial and temporal resolution of the locations of the radiated bursts. We also use a two‐step source spectral analysis based on (i) simple theoretical Green's functions that include depth phases and water reverberations and on (ii) empirical P wave Green's functions. Furthermore, we propose a source spectrogram methodology that provides the temporal evolution of dynamic parameters such as radiated energy and falloff rates. Bridging backprojection and spectrogram analysis provides a spatial and temporal evolution of these dynamic source parameters. We apply our technique to the recent 2015 Mw 8.3 megathrust Illapel earthquake (Chile). The results from both techniques are consistent and reveal a depth‐varying seismic radiation that is also found in other megathrust earthquakes. The low‐frequency content of the seismic radiation is located in the shallow part of the megathrust, propagating unilaterally from the hypocenter toward the trench while most of the high‐frequency content comes from the downdip part of the fault. Interpretation of multiple rupture stages in the radiation is also supported by the temporal variations of radiated energy and falloff rates. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms, either from prestress, fault geometry, and/or frictional properties to explain our observables. Our methodology is an attempt to bridge kinematic observations with earthquake dynamics.
An Approach to Identifying Beneficial Collaboration Securely in Decentralized Logistics Systems

Sharing capacity can lead to significant logistics improvements. Sharing the information needed to determine if capacity can be shared poses problems. "Ve present a method that addresses both issues, specifically finding opportunities to swap loads without revealing any information except the loads swapped. The paper includes proofs of the security of this method, as well as an analysis of the cost reduction based on real-world transportation data. 1. Introduction In a competitive market for operational capacity, there are numerous instances where individual companies would like to swap tasks or loads to gain operational efficiencies. Trucking companies face the problem of inefficiencies deriving from contracts that require them to deliver to all locations required by a shipper. Paper companies facing the need to do special setups or required to deliver to out-of-the-way locations would prefer to trade loads to improve the efficiency of production and delivery of rolls of paper. Steel companies face similar problems of dealing with surplus inventories with specific properties (Kalagnanam, Trumbo & Lee 2000). In such markets, the broker plays the role of market maker by collecting and distributing loads. Often, barter companies act as independent brokers to facilitate these transactions across competitors. One reason for use of such a broker is that it prevents disclosure of proprietary information to competitors. However, this information must still be revealed to the broker. The cryptographic community has shown that a trusted third party is not required-it is possible to compute functions without either disclosing private data to any other party(Yao 1986, Gol-dreich, Micali & vVigderson 1987). The result is that no party learns more than they would 1 if a broker arranged the transactions, and no broker is required. Our goal is to apply state of the art techniques from data encryption to logistic," problems to automate the task performed by the broker. Companies learn no more than with an honest broker. However, the broker is eliminated. In fact, for the specific problem and solution given in this paper, we prove that no party learns more than the minimum they must know to accomplish the desired efficiency gains. The benefit to shipping companies and shippers is the ability to reduce the costs associated with collaborating and thus improve the efficiency of the overall system. In order to provide a complete treatment of our approach, we examine a specific problem context involving truck routing. Truck transport is a $481 billion …
THE 'BACKBENCHERS' OF THE CLASSROOM: The Case of an ESL Classroom

Many ESL students are reluctant to speak in class because they feel that they cannot master the correct form of the language and hence remain passive during the lesson. Some of these students choose to remain low profile in the class so that the instructor will not notice them and thus, will not ask them questions in class. These low profile students would usually sit at the back row of the classroom so that they are far from the instructor. This is especially so in a class with a large group of students.
Ketepatan Pasar Modal dalam Memprediksi Kondisi Ekonomi (Studi di Bursa Efek Indonesia)

Penelitian ini menguji ketepatan pasar saham Indonesia dalam memprediksi kondisi ekonomi Indonesia di masa mendatang. Kondisi ekonomi diwakili oleh perubahan tingkat Produk Domestik Bruto dan tingkat Inflasi untuk masa 3 bulan, 6 bulan dan 12 bulan. Perubahan ekonomi dunia diwakili oleh perubahan indeks saham Amerika Serikat, S&P 500, dan indeks saham Jepang, Nikkei 225. Waktu penelitian mencakup tahun 2005 sampai dengan tahun 2013. Sebelum diolah lebih lanjut dilakukan uji stationer untuk masing-masing variabel dan ditemukan bahwa seluruh variabel stationer. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pasar saham Indonesia tidak mampu digunakan untuk memprediksi kondisi Ekonomi Indonesia masa mendatang (sampai dengan 12 bulan) namun justru lebih dipengaruhi oleh kondisi ekonomi dunia yang tercermin dari perubahan pasar saham Amerika Serikat. Penelitian berikutnya dapat diarahkan untuk mencari penyebab ketidak mampuan pasar saham Indonesia dalam mencerminkan situasi ekonomi di masa mendatang.
Tagging Portuguese with a Spanish Tagger Using Cognates

This paper presents the automatic extension to other languages of TERSEO, a knowledge-based system for the recognition and normalization of temporal expressions originally developed for Spanish1. TERSEO was first extended to English through the automatic translation of the temporal expressions. Then, an improved porting process was applied to Italian, where the automatic translation of the temporal expressions from English and from Spanish was combined with the extraction of new expressions from an Italian annotated corpus. Experimental results demonstrate how, while still adhering to the rule-based paradigm, the development of automatic rule translation procedures allowed us to minimize the effort required for porting to new languages. Relying on such procedures, and without any manual effort or previous knowledge of the target language, TERSEO recognizes and normalizes temporal expressions in Italian with good results (72% precision and 83% recall for recognition).
Multi-Label Hierarchical Classification using a Competitive Neural Network for protein function prediction

Hierarchical classification is a problem with applications in many areas as protein function prediction where the dates are hierarchically structured. Therefore, it is necessary the development of algorithms able to induce hierarchical classification models. This paper presents an algorithm for hierarchical classification using the global approach, called Multilabel Hierarchical Classification using a Competitive Neural Network (MHC-CNN). It was tested on some datasets from the bioinformatics field and its results are promising.
Development of Micro Wireless Sensor Platforms for Collecting Data on Passenger-Freight

Traditionally, pavement inductive loop sensors are used to collect real time traffic data for passenger-freight movement in roadways. This method, however, is expensive to install and maintain, and also requires an electronic control unit connected to the induction loop. In the last decade, significant improvements have been achieved in Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) sensors domain with respect to size, cost and accuracy. Moreover, extreme miniaturization of RF transceivers and low power micro-controllers motivated the development of small and low power sensors and radio-equipped modules, which are now replacing traditional wired sensor systems. These modules can communicate with other similar modules to build an intelligent sensing network. Due to process miniaturization and low power consumption, these “sensor nodes” can potentially remain functional years. Motivated by these novel advances, we propose a wireless MEMS sensor based passenger-freight interaction detection framework for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The proposed system is mainly composed of two parts: the sensor nodes that contain wireless Magneto-Resistive (MR) sensors to detect passengerfreight vehicles and an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) to collect and generate the traffic data from sensor nodes’ data such as vehicle detection, speed, and most importantly, classification. The sensor’s primary function is to classify vehicles, which inherently includes detection. Through the use of machine learning algorithms, ECU can produce correct classification rates nearing 100%. Through the use of multiple sensors, the ECU can calculate and extrapolate the speed and level of congestion of the area where the sensors are installed. Our proposed solution will be significantly more cost effective than the traditional induction loop approach and is scalable to cover millions miles of roadways all over the US.
Assessment of Faecal Contamination in the Karachi Harbour Waters

This paper gives the estimation of the bacterial density in the Karachi Harbour region. The study was conducted recently to determine the coliform pollution level of waters in the Karachi harbour. Twenty one stations were selected, analysis was conducted for pH, temperature, salinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and turbidity. The bacteriological quality was monitored by using Total Coliform Count (TCC) and Total Faecal Coliform (TFC). The excessive level of faecal indicators noticed in the harbour waters showed high contamination by indiscriminate discharge of crudely treated and non-treated wastewater of domestic and industrial origin. The flora and fauna is on threat by the faecal pollution, ultimately affecting the human health and economic situation. By proper resource management the grave marine pollution can be harnessed by implementation of stringent policies. The higher dilution rate in the offshore waters of Karachi can help to dilute and disperse sewage quickly and semidiurnal tidal behaviour transports the diluted sewage water to open sea without harming the coastal community.
Using tags to evolve trust and cooperation between groups

Tags [2] are externally visible markers that are determined by an individual's genes. We study a simple model of interactions between large groups of boundedly rational players playing the prisoner's dilemma [1], who are allowed to see one another's tags prior to choosing an action, but may not choose their opponent. Since tags are genetically determined, they are correlated with the behavior of the tagged individual, and possessing a similar tag implies similar behavior. Our tag model exploits this correlation so as to enable beneficial interactions between groups of players. Computer simulations show that with the tag mechanism in place, cooperation between different groups of players can become common.
Saving Lives in Thoracic Surgery: Balancing Oncological Radicality and Functional Preservation, Transitioning from Standard Pneumonectomy to Targeted Sublobar Resection

Simple Summary This manuscript provides a detailed analysis of the advancements in thoracic surgery. It traces the journey from the standard pneumonectomy to the precise approach of sublobar resections. The manuscript emphasizes the emergence and acceptance of advanced techniques such as robotic-assisted surgery. It also highlights the pivotal role of preserving organ functionality while ensuring oncological radicality, which is especially important when treating early-stage lung cancer. Through a comprehensive review of contemporary surgical methods and their clinical outcomes, this paper explains the delicate balance that modern thoracic surgeons must achieve between aggressive cancer removal and preserving the quality of life. It thereby contributes to the ongoing refinement of the field. Abstract This review chronicles the evolution of thoracic surgical interventions, from the standardized pneumonectomy to the precise approach of sublobar resections. It discusses the emergence and acceptance of minimally invasive and robot-assisted surgical techniques, highlighting their impact on improving outcomes beyond cancer and their influence on the surgical management of early-stage lung cancer. Evaluating historical developments alongside present methodologies, this review underscores the critical need for meticulous surgical planning and execution to optimize both oncological radicality and functional preservation. This evolution portrayed not only technical advancements but also a shift in the clinical approach towards tailored, organ-preserving methodologies, culminating in a contemporary framework promoting sublobar resections as the standard for specific patient profiles, signifying a new era of precision in thoracic surgery.
Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease: Epidemiological Analysis in a NorthEastern District of Italy Focusing on Access to Nephrological Care

Background: We conducted a retrospective epidemiological study about the prevalence of stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a high-income district, comparing some demographic characteristics and outcomes of those patients who had nephrological consultations and those who had not. Results: In a district of 400,000 adult subjects in 2020, 925 patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) under 15 mL/min and CKD. In the same period, 747 (80.4%) patients were assessed by nephrologists, while 178 (19.6%) were not. Age (88 vs. 75, p < 0.0001), female gender (66.3% vs. 47%, p < 0.001), and eGFR (12 vs. 9 mL/min, p < 0.001) were significantly different in the patients assessed by a nephrologist as compared those who did not have nephrological care. Furthermore, unfollowed CKD patients had a significantly higher death rate, 83.1% versus 14.3% (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: About 20% of ESKD patients did not receive a nephrologist consultation. Older people and women were more likely not to be referred to nephrology clinics. Unfollowed patients with stage 5 CKD had a significantly higher death rate.
Long-Term Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation and Epiretinal Membrane in Patients with Glaucoma or Glaucoma Suspect

Background: A relationship between glaucoma and epiretinal membrane (ERM) has been suggested previously. We investigated the association between intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation and idiopathic ERM in patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect. Methods: Among patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect, data from 43 patients with ERM and 41 patients without ERM were reviewed and analyzed in this retrospective study. The long-term fluctuation of IOP was defined based on the standard deviation of IOP across all visits. Results: Patients with ERM were older and had a higher SD of IOP and a higher proportion of having a history of cataract surgery and greater macular thickness (p = 0.018, 0.049, 0.013, and <0.001, respectively). In multiple logistic regression analysis, the high-IOP-fluctuation group was associated with the presence of ERM (p = 0.047). Among patients with ERM, eyes with stage-3 or -4 ERM had worse visual field defects based on mean deviation than those with stage-1 or -2 ERM (p = 0.025). Conclusions: Long-term IOP fluctuation was associated with idiopathic ERM in patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect. Idiopathic ERM could serve as a biomarker for long-term IOP fluctuation in glaucoma patients, particularly in clinics where measuring long-term IOP fluctuation during the first visit is not feasible due to its time-consuming nature.
Immunoinformatic Identification of Multiple Epitopes of gp120 Protein of HIV-1 to Enhance the Immune Response against HIV-1 Infection

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and a significant number of fatalities occur annually. There is a dire need to develop an effective vaccine against HIV-1. Understanding the structural proteins of viruses helps in designing a vaccine based on immunogenic peptides. In the current experiment, we identified gp120 epitopes using bioinformatic epitope prediction tools, molecular docking, and MD simulations. The Gb-1 peptide was considered an adjuvant. Consecutive sequences of GTG, GSG, GGTGG, and GGGGS linkers were used to bind the B cell, Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL), and Helper T Lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes. The final vaccine construct consisted of 315 amino acids and is expected to be a recombinant protein of approximately 35.49 kDa. Based on docking experiments, molecular dynamics simulations, and tertiary structure validation, the analysis of the modeled protein indicates that it possesses a stable structure and can interact with Toll-like receptors. The analysis demonstrates that the proposed vaccine can provoke an immunological response by activating T and B cells, as well as stimulating the release of IgA and IgG antibodies. This vaccine shows potential for HIV-1 prophylaxis. The in-silico design suggests that multiple-epitope constructs can be used as potentially effective immunogens for HIV-1 vaccine development.
Concept Logics

: Concept languages (as used in BACK, KL-ONE, KRYPTON, LOOM) are employed as knowledge representation formalisms in Artificial Intelligence. Their main purpose is to represent the generic concepts and the taxonomical hierarchies of the domain to be modeled. This paper addresses the combination of the fast taxonomical reasoning algorithms (e.g. subsumption, the classifier etc.) that come with these languages and reasoning in first order predicate logic. The interface between these two different modes of reasoning is accomplished by a new rule of inference, called constrained resolution . Correctness, completeness as well as the decidability of the constraints (in a restricted constraint language) are shown.
Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of Novel Anthranilic Diamide Insecticides Containing Indane and Its Analogs

Diamide insecticides have always been a hot research topic in the field of pesticides. To further discover new compounds with high activity and safety, indane and its analogs were introduced into chlorantraniliprole, and a battery of chlorfenil derivatives, including indane and its analogs, were designed and prepared for biological testing. Their characterization and verification were carried out through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Biological detection showed that all the compounds exhibited good insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata. At 0.8 mg/L, the insecticidal activity of compound 8q against Mythimna separata was 80%, which was slightly better than that of chlorantraniliprole. The results of the structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that the indane moiety had a significant effect on insecticidal activity, especially in the R-configuration. The results indicated that chlorantraniliprole derivatives containing indane groups could serve as pilot compounds for the further development of new insecticides.
Diagnostic Value of Ileal Lesions Found during Colonoscopy with Reference to Endoscopic Indications and Findings

The diagnostic value of ileoscopy is not well established, and its routine practice is controversial. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of biopsy for macroscopically abnormal lesions in the terminal ileum and to identify the association between endoscopic indications and findings and the presence of significant disease. This retrospective study included 551 patients who underwent biopsy of abnormal lesions in the terminal ileum (TI) during colonoscopy between February 2000 and June 2019. Biopsy results were analyzed in relation to the endoscopic indications and gross findings. Significant disease was defined as a case in which a specific disease was suspected or confirmed by the biopsy results, requiring additional examination or treatment. Among the 551 biopsies from macroscopically abnormal lesions in the TI, 44 (8.0%) had significant diseases. The frequency of significant disease was high in patients with clinically suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (50.0%), anemia (31.6%), right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain (28.6%), and radiological abnormalities in the TI (27.5%). The frequency of Crohn’s disease (CD) was high in patients with clinically suspected IBD. A concurrent abnormality in the ileocecal valve (ICV) (14.3%) and the presence of an ulcer (14.2%), mass, or polyp (25.4%) correlated with a high incidence of significant disease, particularly CD. In cases of suspected IBD, anemia, RLQ pain, and radiologic abnormalities in the TI, there is a high possibility of significant disease. Ulcers, masses, polyps, and concurrent abnormalities in the ICV were also associated with significant disease.