Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Massive neutrinos and the large-scale structure of the Universe

If neutrinos dominate the mass density of the Universe, they play a critical role in the gravitational instability theory of galaxy formation. For neutrinos of mass 30m/sub 30/ eV, a maximum Jeans mass M/sub num/approx. =4 x 10/sup 15/m/sub 30/ /sup -2/M/sub sun/ is derived. On smaller scales, neutrino fluctuations are damped, and the growth of baryon fluctuations is greatly inhibited. Structures on scales >M/sub num/ may collapse, forming galaxies as in Zel'dovich's ''pancake'' theory.
Evaluation of probabilistic prediction systems for a scalar variable

A systematic study is performed of a number of scores that can be used for objective validation of probabilistic prediction of scalar variables: Rank Histograms, Discrete and Continuous Ranked Probability Scores (DRPS and CRPS, respectively). The reliability‐resolution‐uncertainty decomposition, defined by Murphy for the DRPS, and extended here to the CRPS, is studied in detail. The decomposition is applied to the results of the Ensemble Prediction Systems of the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Comparison is made with the decomposition of the CRPS defined by Hersbach. The possibility of determining an accurate reliability‐resolution decomposition of the RPSs is severely limited by the unavoidably (relatively) small number of available realizations of the prediction system. The Hersbach decomposition may be an appropriate compromise between the competing needs for accuracy and practical computability. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
COMPARISON OF LDV MEASUREMENTS AND NAVIER- STOKES SOLUTIONS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL 180-DEGREE TURN-AROUND DUCT

Results from an experimental and numerical investigation of turbulent subsonic flow inside a two-dimensional, strongly curved, 180 deg turn-around duct are presented. Data measured with a two-component, two-color laser Doppler velocimeter include profiles of mean axial velocity and local flow angle. Static pressure distributions are also measured. Results are obtained at a Mach number of 0.1, and at Reynolds numbers of 100,000 and a million based on channel height. Numerical calculations are performed using the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with a Prandtl mixing length zero-equation turbulence model modified for internal flows. Theory and experiment are compared to evaluate the ability of the turbulence model to predict this class of internal flows with strong curvature.
The influence of distributed rare earth dopant on the performance of waveguide lasers fabricated by the femtosecond laser direct-write technique

The development of an Yb-doped distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) waveguide laser fabricated in phosphate glass using the femtosecond laser direct-write technique is reported. The laser has the slope efficiency of 31% with the output power up to 81 mW at a pump power level of 378 mW. A theoretical model for the waveguide laser (WGL) is presented which gives emphasis to transverse integrals to investigate the energy distribution in a homogenously doped glass which is opposed to the fiber laser. The model was validated with experiments comparing a DBR WGL, and then used to study the influence of distributed rare earth dopants on the performance of such lasers. Approximately 15% of the pump power was absorbed by the doped “cladding” in the femtosecond laser inscribed Yb doped WGL case.
Explicit finite element perfectly matched layer for transient three‐dimensional elastic waves

The use of a perfectly matched layer (PML) model is an efficient approach toward the bounded‐domain modelling of wave propagation on unbounded domains. This paper formulates a three‐dimensional PML for elastic waves by building upon previous work by the author and implements it in a displacement‐based finite element setting. The novel contribution of this paper over the previous work is in making this finite element implementation suitable for explicit time integration, thus making it practicable for use in large‐scale three‐dimensional dynamic analyses. An efficient method of calculating the strain terms in the PML is developed in order to take advantage of the lack of the overhead of solving equations at each time step. The PML formulation is studied and validated first for a semi‐infinite bar and then for the classical soil–structure interaction problems of a square flexible footing on a (i) half‐space, (ii) layer on a half‐space and (iii) layer on a rigid base. Numerical results for these problems demonstrate that the PML models produce highly accurate results with small bounded domains and at low computational cost and that these models are long‐time stable, with critical time step sizes similar to those of corresponding fully elastic models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the so-called future-progressive construction1

This article aims to systematically explain linguistic facts concerning the will + be -ing construction (WBI construction) in terms of a general theory of tense. For this purpose, temporal structures of the WBI construction are constructed based on the tense theory of Wada (2001, 2009, 2011) by combining temporal structures of sentences containing will with temporal structures of sentences containing present-progressive forms. It is shown that the temporal structure-based analysis not only addresses problems with previous studies, but also illuminates the characteristics of the WBI construction in a unified way.
Three‐dimensional convective flows of energetic ions in Jupiter's equatorial magnetosphere

From 1995 to 2003, the Galileo Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) measured the three‐dimensional distribution of protons, oxygen, and sulfur ions with total energies between 0.1 and 1 MeV throughout the equatorial Jovian magnetosphere. We perform a spherical harmonics expansion of the measured distributions through the second order and use the resulting anisotropy coefficients to identify purely convecting distributions and derive ion flow velocities via the Compton‐Getting effect. We demonstrate that the second‐order harmonic terms are an essential diagnostic in excluding spurious gradient anisotropies in the velocity derivation. This analysis unambiguously confirms that energetic ion flows in the azimuthal direction are significantly slower than rigid planetary corotation by an amount that is local time dependent, a phenomenon that is qualitatively consistent with expectations of plasma mass loading within an asymmetric magnetic field configuration. However, both the polar and radial components of the ion flows exhibit unexpected and poorly understood global morphology. Consistently northward and inward flows are observed near the dayside and predusk sectors of the equatorial inner magnetosphere, while southward and outward flows are observed within the plasma sheet in the predawn middle magnetosphere. The persistence of southward convection in this region, which is operative regardless of whether the spacecraft was transiting the plasma sheet from the northern magnetic lobe or from the southern lobe, is inconsistent with contemporary models of dynamical plasma sheet motion, while the distinctive local time asymmetries imply that the solar wind is a significant driver of plasma convection at radial distances as small as 15 RJ.
Classification method based on Siamese‐like neural network for inter‐species blood Raman spectra similarity measure

Analysis of blood species is an extremely important part in customs inspection, forensic investigation, wildlife protection and other fields. In this study, a classification method based on Siamese‐like neural network (SNN) for interspecies blood (22 species) was proposed to measure Raman Spectra similarity. The average accuracy was above 99.20% in the test set of spectra (known species) that did not appear in the training set. This model could detect species not represented in the dataset underlying the model. After adding new species to the training set, we can update the training based on the original model without retraining the model from scratch. For species with lower accuracy, SNN model can be trained intensively in the form of enriched training data for that species. A single model can achieve both multiple‐classification and binary classification functions. Moreover, SNN showed higher accuracy rates when trained with smaller datasets compared to other methods.
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii healthcare-associated infections: antimicrobial resistance and its spread as a global threat

Carbapenems are a class of antibiotics that are effective against a wide variety of bacteria because of their distinctive structure, which consists of a carbapenem coupled to β -lactam ring that provides resistance to most lactamases, including metallo-lactamase (MBL) and extended-spectrum-lactamases. Furthermore, carbapenems are among the most effective medications used to treat bacterial infections [1] . Acinetobacter baumannii is now recognized as a signi ﬁ cant threat to many facilities worldwide. Its enormous capacity to acquire or upregulate antibiotic drug resistance determinants has deservedly catapulted it to the forefront of scienti ﬁ c interest . Infections caused by A. baumannii are a common source of complications for patients in the ICU [2] .
Galleria mellonella–intracellular bacteria pathogen infection models: the ins and outs

Abstract Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) larvae are used widely as surrogate infectious disease models, due to ease of use and the presence of an innate immune system functionally similar to that of vertebrates. Here, we review G. mellonella–human intracellular bacteria pathogen infection models from the genera Burkholderia, Coxiella, Francisella, Listeria, and Mycobacterium. For all genera, G. mellonella use has increased understanding of host–bacterial interactive biology, particularly through studies comparing the virulence of closely related species and/or wild-type versus mutant pairs. In many cases, virulence in G. mellonella mirrors that found in mammalian infection models, although it is unclear whether the pathogenic mechanisms are the same. The use of G. mellonella larvae has speeded up in vivo efficacy and toxicity testing of novel antimicrobials to treat infections caused by intracellular bacteria: an area that will expand since the FDA no longer requires animal testing for licensure. Further use of G. mellonella–intracellular bacteria infection models will be driven by advances in G. mellonella genetics, imaging, metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomic methodologies, alongside the development and accessibility of reagents to quantify immune markers, all of which will be underpinned by a fully annotated genome.
Bacterial, but not fungal, communities show spatial heterogeneity in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) deadwood

Abstract Deadwood decomposition and other environmental processes mediated by microbial communities are generally studied with composite sampling strategies, where deadwood is collected from multiple locations in a large volume, that produce an average microbial community. In this study, we used amplicon sequencing to compare fungal and bacterial communities sampled with either traditional, composite samples, or small, 1 cm3 cylinders from a discrete location within decomposing European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree trunks. We found that bacterial richness and evenness is lower in small samples when compared to composite samples. There was no significant difference in fungal alpha diversity between different sampling scales, suggesting that visually defined fungal domains are not restricted to a single species. Additionally, we found that composite sampling may obscure variation in community composition and this affects the understanding of microbial associations that are detected. For future experiments in environmental microbiology, we recommend that scale is explicitly considered as a factor and properly selected to correspond with the questions asked. Studies of microbial functions or associations may require samples to be collected at a finer scale than is currently practised.
Turbo code tree and code performance

A code tree for a rate 1/3, memory-2 turbo code is developed and shown to have a nonuniform branch structure due to the effect of the interleaver. The tree is used to compute the weight spectrum, and the number of terms required for an accurate upper bound to the bit error rate are identified.
A Monte Carlo study of the dose enhancement effects of high-z foils in proton therapy

Abstract Background: This investigation quantifies the dose enhancement effect and dose distribution modifications due to the presence of high-z nanospheres in a proton beam. Methods: Various proton pencil beams of therapeutic energies (60–226 MeV) and spatial distribution of 2·7 mm spot size diameter were simulated onto a water phantom utilising the TOPAS Monte Carlo toolkit version 3.6. 1. The simulation modelled either water or nanospheres of high-z materials (gold, silver or platinum) at the location of the Bragg Peak (BP) to compare the differences of the resulting dose distributions. Results: The introduction of the nanospheres increases the maximum dose, narrows the BP and shifts the BP location upstream compared to the water phantom with no nanospheres. Conclusions: This work shows that the local dose can be enhanced with the use of high-z nanoparticles in proton therapy, thereby increasing patient safety and decreasing side effects with the same amount of delivered radiation.
Sustainable and regenerative agriculture: Tools to address food insecurity and climate change

The United States plays an important role in addressing both food insecurity and climate change. Agriculture sits at the nexus of these two issues, which some have called “wicked problems” due to their pernicious effects and the complexity of their causes and their solutions (Rittel and Webber 1973). While public and policy discussion often concentrate on the role agriculture may play in contributing to climate change, it also has great potential for climate adaptation and mitigation. This is because some agriculture systems have the potential to adapt to climate change using selective management approaches, while also providing mitigation benefits (Shakoor et al. 2022). Through agriculture we have unique opportunities to help mitigate climate change in ways not possible in other industries or systems.
Estudo do modelo XY diluído na rede Kagomé utilizando simulação Monte Carlo

The present investigation assessed the influence of quenched non-magnetic impurities over XY model in Kagome lattice. This study was performed using the Monte Carlos method and finite size scale theory in order to estimate BKT transition points with accuracy. The phase transition diagram obtained exhibits a region of topological order and a disordered region separated by a BKT transition line. The initial slope of the temperature with dilution outperformed value found for the square lattice.
Relationships Between Competitive Asymmetry OfIndividuals And Local Size Distributions In PlantCommunities

The effects of the mode of competition between individual plants (symmetric vs. asymmetric) and the gap formation caused by natural disturbances on the dynamics of spatial configuration size pattern of individuals were investigated theoretically based on an individual growth model incorporating competitive effects of neighbouring individuals. The degree of spatial heterogeneity in local size distribution was represented by the CV of averages of local size distributions (CVav) and the average of CVs of local size distributions (AVcv). Without gap formation, both the CVav and AVcv were larger under asymmetric competition than under the symmetric one, suggesting a fine-scale mosaic spatial pattern in the asymmetrically competing population. With gap formation, the CVav and AVcv, under symmetric competition, approached those values under asymmetric competition. Gap formation therefore increased spatial heterogeneity in local size distribution especially under symmetric competition, but there was still a difference in spatial heterogeneity between the two modes of competition even in the gap formation case. The effects of gap formation on spatial pattern dynamics were larger under symmetric competition than under asymmetric one; under the latter, the spatial pattern dynamics were similar in both gap and non-gap cases. Therefore, against spatial disturbances (i.e. gap formation), symmetric competition produces a more variable system than asymmetric competition. Both the disturbance regime (gap formation process) and the mode of competition between individuals should be investigated to study the spatial pattern dynamics and species diversity of plant communities. The implications of the mode of between-individual competition for conservation biology are discussed. It is suggested that symmetrically competing plant communities should be preserved in larger areas than asymmetrically competing ones if plant communities are subject to frequent natural disturbances.
Entropie en traitement du signal

Le principal objet de cette communication est de faire une retro-perspective succincte de l'utilisation de l'entropie et du principe du maximum d'entropie dans le domaine du traitement du signal. Apres un bref rappel de quelques definitions et du principe du maximum d'entropie, nous verrons successivement comment l'entropie est utilisee en separation de sources, en modelisation de signaux, en analyse spectrale et pour la resolution des problemes inverses lineaires.
(Re)naming the Cantons, Re-exerting Authority: Ambiguous Decentralization Reforms and the Nature of Power in Rural Chad

Abstract:In Chad, 1990s decentralization reforms increased the number and importance of customary authorities. The official purpose of these reforms was to decentralize power, but among customary authorities and local elites they triggered political competitions that ended up reasserting the role and legitimacy of the central state. Examining the renaming of a canton in central Chad, this article analyzes the reasons that make state recognition important for customary authorities and the people they represent. It shows how customary authorities need constantly to reassert their legitimacy to secure access to rights and resources for their inhabitants; this need creates a local political arena where customary actors mainly compete among themselves for recognition, rather than critically challenging the authoritarian modalities of state governance.
ESTIMATION of 3-D TRANSFORMATION FROM 2-D OBSERVING IMAGE USING DUAL QUATERNION

Abstract In this thesis, we use dual quaternion to replace rotation matrix R and translation vector which expressed object's transformation in usual. The best benefit of dual-quaternion is that it is able to handle rotation and translation simultaneously and apply continuous product of dual quaternion operating with a kind of special vector–dual vector to express a serious of rotation and translation. We find that dual quaternion has special relationship in 3-D transformation and 2-D image plane, and use this relationship to estimate object's transformation from 2-D observing image. Because of the benefit of dual quaternion–easily to handle and express a serious of transformation, we make above estimation more practically and reality using dual-quaternion. At last, we design a simulation to prove our method has better practicality and is more convenient to estimate 3-D transformation.
Hole-assisted lightguide fiber for dispersion tailoring

The exploitations of air holes in optical fiber design have been receiving growing research interest since the first photonic crystal fiber (PCF) was demonstrated. Many peculiar optical properties are achievable with the flexible control of the geometry of the air holes in the microstructured cladding. Different from the complex geometry of microstructured cladding in the holey PCF, hole-assisted lightguide fiber (HALF) is based on conventional optical fiber design and therefore guides light by total internal reflection. The existence of the assisting air holes in the cladding helps to tailor the optical properties of the fiber. In this work, the dispersion tailoring is demonstrated by varying the structural parameters and material properties of the fiber. Additional tunability is achieved by infiltrating substance with tunable refractive index into the assisting holes.
Right Angles in (F_q)^d

Here we examine some Erdos-Falconer-type problems in vector spaces over finite fields involving right angles. Our main goals are to show that a) a subset A of F_q^d of size >> q^[(d+2)/3] contains three points which generate a right angle, and b) a subset A of F_q^d of size >> q^[(d+2)/2] contains two points which generate a right angle with the vertex at the origin. We will also prove that b) is sharp up to constants and provide some partial results for similar problems related to spread and collinear triples.
Metastable states in disordered ferromagnets

One-, two-, and three-dimensional Ising spin-glass systems with Gaussian nearest-neighbour couplings, Jij, are compared to their corresponding ferromagnetic systems in which the couplings are taken as mod Jij mod . The local energy minima of systems consisting of not more than 16 spins are studied exactly. The larger systems are studied by a Monte Carlo method. Both systems have an exponentially growing number of minima. The authors analyse the energy and magnetisation distribution across these minima. In the ferromagnetic case a significant portion of the minima is only slightly magnetised. In the spin-glass case the absolute value of magnetisation, when averaged over the minima, shows a universal behaviour.
A Crisis after the Crisis: Postconflict Stigmatization of Boko Haram’s Sexual-Violence Victims in Northeastern Nigeria

Abstract:Victimization and stigmatization are emerging as social rubrics against victims of Boko Haram’s sexual violence in the victims’ quest to reintegrate back into their societies. These victims were used as weapons of war, as young brides, or as sex slaves. After their release, they often experience victimization once more, this time by their communities. They are tainted as so-called Boko Haram wives and feared for assumptions that they carry with them certain ideologies, beliefs, and connotations reflective of the insurgent group. Their children (born to Boko Haram fighters) are cast off, not to be touched and not allowed to associate with other children. The processes of secondary victimization bring to light localized notions of morality and purity, sometimes in unexpected settings, such as camps for internally displaced persons.
The Photoelectric Effects: Radiation Based With Atomic Model

A Radiation Magnetic Force ( ) frequency controlled formula is derived, signifying the embaddement of magnetic force in Electromagnetic Radiation (EM-R) similar in nature to Radiation Magnetic Energy ( )‎ or‎ Planck’‎ formula‎ (hf); both formulas derived and identified the Excited Force and Energy , the Interatomic Resistance Force ( ) and Energy , (or the work function), the Photoelectric Effect Force ( ) and Energy ( ); this identifications is the realization of forces and energies bestowed in EM-wave expressed by and ; the derived Orbital Magnetic Force ( ) and established the interatomic forces and energies for different atoms; both formulas produced various interatomic parameters, an example of potassium atom is given, also the related spectral line for each of the 19 electrons, regulated by formulas deriving each stage; the paper helped in reestablishing the wave nature of EM-R, which could forged the way for a better understanding to the microscopic-world.