Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of robustness of BERT model under attack

With the aim of testing the robustness of machine learning models, this paper tests the performance of five classification models based on IMDB datasets. Furthermore, in this work, two types of sentence embeddings generated by word2vec and BERT are added with the noise of the normal distribution with different intensities. They are fed into the Support Vector Machine for testing. The experimental results show that the performance of the model slowly decreases as the noise intensity is increased. BERT-based sentiment embedding reduces less than Word2vec-based sentiment embedding. This paper believes that this experimental phenomenon can be used as a basis to support the robustness of BERT representation learning. At the same time, this paper also noted that the previous work experimented with perturbating the BERT model by replacing the words in the original text of the IMDB dataset, causing the BERT model performance to drop sharply. However, the experiment in this paper tested the robustness of the BERT model by embedding tampering, and the experimental results were stable. In this paper, it is assumed that word substitution and embedding interference are possible situations when operating the model. Therefore, for the two different experimental phenomena, this paper plans to design more detailed experiments in the next work to check the robustness of the model.
Aftermath of Hurricane Fran in North Carolina; preliminary data on flooding and water quality

August 1996 rainfall amounts were above average throughout much of central North Carolina. August rainfall was 1.34 inches above average at Greensboro; 3.08 inches above average at Burlington, and 2.10 inches above average at Fayetteville. Moreover,July rainfall was above average at many reporting stations in the eastern part of the State. Immediately prior to the hurricane on September 1-4, most stations east of Greensboro reported significant rainfall, including Greensboro (5-61 inches), Burlington (0.90 inch), Siler City (3-25 inches), Fayetteville (1.94 inches), New Bern (3-76 inches), and Wilmington (2.55 inches). Consequently, soils in these areas were at or near saturation and had limited capacity for storing the rainfall that fell during the passage of Hurricane Fran.
Treatment of Clival Chordomas: A 20-Year Experience and Systematic Literature Review

Simple Summary We report the experience of our institution in treating clival chordomas over 20 years and systematically review the recent literature, highlighting factors associated with outcome (age < 50 years, Ki67 ≤ 5%, and adjuvant radiotherapy are associated with better overall survival) and clues for new therapies. Recurrence in clival chordomas remains part of the disease history despite maximal treatment. Still, significant variations are evident in overall and progression-free survival, highlighting the need to develop efficient treatment strategies and recognize which factors reliably predict a more aggressive behavior of clival chordomas. Abstract Clival chordomas are rare but aggressive skull base tumors that pose significant treatment challenges and portend dismal prognosis. The aim of this study was to highlight the advantages and limitations of available treatments, to furnish prognostic indicators, and to shed light on novel therapeutic strategies. We conducted a retrospective study of clival chordomas that were surgically treated at our institution from 2003 to 2022; for comparison purposes, we provided a systematic review of published surgical series and, finally, we reviewed the most recent advancements in molecular research. A total of 42 patients underwent 85 surgeries; median follow-up was 15.8 years, overall survival rate was 49.9% at 10 years; meanwhile, progression-free survival was 26.6% at 10 years. A significantly improved survival was observed in younger patients (<50 years), in tumors with Ki67 ≤ 5% and when adjuvant radiotherapy was performed. To conclude, clival chordomas are aggressive tumors in which surgery and radiotherapy play a fundamental role while molecular targeted drugs still have an ancillary position. Recognizing risk factors for recurrence and performing a molecular characterization of more aggressive lesions may be the key to future effective treatment.
Frailty and Diminished Human Relationships Are Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in Japanese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between sleep quality, frailty, and human relationships in Japanese older adults (aged 65 years and above, excluding those certified as requiring long-term care). This cross-sectional study used a questionnaire survey to gather demographic information, data on frequency of conversation and conversation partners, and employed the following validated instruments: Kihon Checklist (KCL), a Japanese instrument used to determine the care needs and frailty of older adults; the Dysphagia Risk Assessment for Community-Dwelling Elderly (DRACE) scale; Japanese versions of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-J); the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15-J); and the University of California Los Angeles Scale (UCLA-J), an instrument to assess loneliness in older adults. The 500 respondents were divided into two groups based on sleep quality (PSQI-J): low sleep quality group (n = 167, 33.4%) and high sleep quality group (n = 333, 66.6%). Our analyses showed that the low sleep quality group had a KCL score of 5.55 ± 2.47, which indicated frailty. Binomial logistic regression analysis identified age, number of diseases under treatment, DRACE, GDS-15-J, and conversation frequency and discussion partner for important matters as factors (p < 0.05) associated with poor sleep quality. These factors could help enhance the detection of frailty and predictability of caregiving needs.
Deep Bayesian Blind Color Deconvolution of Histological Images

Histological images are often tainted with two or more stains to reveal their underlying structures and conditions. Blind Color Deconvolution (BCD) techniques separate colors (stains) and structural information (concentrations), which is useful for the processing, data augmentation, and classification of such images. Classical BCD methods rely on a complicated optimization procedure that has to be carried out on each image independently, i.e., they are not amortized methods. In contrast, once they have been trained, deep neural networks can be used in a fast, amortized manner on unseen inputs. Unfortunately, the lack of large databases of ground truth color and concentrations has limited the development of deep models for BCD. In this work, we propose a deep variational Bayesian BCD neural network (BCD-Net) for stain separation and concentration estimation. BCD-Net is trained by maximizing the evidence lower bound of the observed images, which does not require the use of ground truth examples of stains and concentrations. Results obtained using two multicenter databases (Camelyon-17 and a stain separation benchmark) demonstrate the effectiveness of BCD-Net in the stain separation tasks, while drastically reducing the computation time compared to classical non-amortized methods.
Determination of the Optimal Wavelength of the Hemolysis Index Measurement

Many biochemical auto-analyzers have methods that measure the hemolysis index (HI) to quantitatively assess the degree of hemolysis. Past reports on HI are mostly in vitro studies. Therefore, we evaluated the optimal wavelength of HI measurement ex vivo using clinical samples. Four different wavelengths (410/451 nm: HI-1, 451/478 nm: HI-2, 545/596 nm: HI-3 and 571/596 nm: HI-4) were selected for HI measurement, and correlations were examined from the measurement results of 3890 clinical samples. Another set of 9446 clinical samples was used to examine the correlation of HI with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and potassium (K). Strong correlations were found between HI-4 and HI-1 and between HI-4 and HI-3. HI-1 and HI-2 cannot correctly assess hemolysis for high bilirubin samples, and HI-3 cannot correctly assess hemolysis for high triglyceride samples. LDH, AST and K correlated positively with HI-4 in clinical samples. For every 1-unit increase in HI-4, LDH increased by 19.51 U/L, AST by 1.03 U/L and K by 0.061 mmol/L, comparable to reports of other studies. In clinical samples, HI-4 was less susceptible to bilirubin and chyle and reflected well the changes in LDH, AST and K caused by hemolysis. This suggested that the optimal wavelength for HI measurement is 571 nm.
SPAG17 mediates nuclear translocation of protamines during spermiogenesis

Protamines (PRM1 and PRM2) are small, arginine-rich, nuclear proteins that replace histones in the final stages of spermiogenesis, ensuring chromatin compaction and nuclear remodeling. Defects in protamination lead to increased DNA fragmentation and reduced male fertility. Since efficient sperm production requires the translocation of protamines from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, we investigated whether SPAG17, a protein crucial for intracellular protein trafficking during spermiogenesis, participates in protamine transport. Initially, we assessed the protein-protein interaction between SPAG17 and protamines using proximity ligation assays, revealing a significant interaction originating in the cytoplasm and persisting within the nucleus. Subsequently, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry (IP/MS) assays validated this initial observation. Sperm and spermatids from Spag17 knockout mice exhibited abnormal protamination, as revealed by chromomycin A3 staining, suggesting defects in protamine content. However, no differences were observed in the expression of Prm1 and Prm2 mRNA or in protein levels between testes of wild-type and Spag17 knockout mice. Conversely, immunofluorescence studies conducted on isolated mouse spermatids unveiled reduced nuclear/cytoplasm ratios of protamines in Spag17 knockout spermatids compared to wild-type controls, implying transport defects of protamines into the spermatid nucleus. In alignment with these findings, in vitro experiments involving somatic cells, including mouse embryonic fibroblasts, exhibited compromised nuclear translocation of PRM1 and PRM2 in the absence of SPAG17. Collectively, our results present compelling evidence that SPAG17 facilitates the transport of protamines from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
University of Birmingham The dissociable effects of punishment and reward on motor learning

A common assumption regarding human error-based motor learning (motor adaptation) is that its underlying mechanism is automatic and insensitive to reward or punishment. Contrary to this hypothesis, we show in a double-dissociation that the two have independent effects on the learning and retention components of motor adaptation. Negative feedback, whether graded or binary, accelerated learning. While it was not necessary for the negative feedback to be coupled to monetary loss, it had to be clearly related to the actual performance on the preceding movement. Positive feedback did not speed up learning, but increased retention of the motor memory when performance feedback was withdrawn. These findings reinforce the view that independent mechanisms underpin learning and retention in motor adaptation, reject the assumption that motor adaptation is independent of motivational feedback, and open new research questions regarding the neural basis of negative and positive motivational feedback in motor learning.
Do Leadership Style and Work Culture Influence School Achievement?

This study explores differences in school achievement levels regarding leadership and work culture in public elementary schools in Pekanbaru. This study took a population of public elementary schools comprising achieving and non-achieving schools with 58 samples of teachers and staff. This study compares the achievements of elementary schools consisting of the National Student Art Contest Festival, the National Student Sports Olympiad, and the National Science Olympiad. The variables measured are moral leadership, change leadership, and work culture in schools using a questionnaire instrument, quantitative approach design survey type (Creswell & Creswell, 2018), and school achievement is used on documentation with comparative descriptive analysis. The results of the study found that moral leadership, change leadership, and work culture differed significantly Sig. (2-tailed) 0.0017, 0.027, and 0.015< 0.05 in of high-achieving schools and non-achieving. The analysis shows that the application of moral leadership, change leadership, and work culture in high-achieving schools is betterthan non-achieving schools. The implication is that schools need to apply moral leadership, change leadership and work culture properly.
Fullerenes: Chemistry and Reactions

Foreword. Preface of "The Chemistry of the Fullerenes" by Andreas Hirsch (1994). Abbreviations. 1 Parent Fullerenes. 1.1 Fullerenes: Molecular Allotropes of Carbon. 1.2 Discovery of the Fullerenes. 1.3 Fullerene Production. 1.4 Separation and Purification. 1.5 Properties. References. 2 Reduction. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fulleride Anions. 2.3 Reductive Electrosynthesis. 2.4 Reduction with Metals. 2.5 Reduction with Organic Donor Molecules. References. 3 Nucleophilic Additions. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles. 3.3 Addition of Amines. 3.4 Addition of Hydroxide and Alkoxides. 3.5 Addition of Phosphorus Nucleophiles. 3.6 Addition of Silicon and Germanium Nucleophiles. 3.7 Addition of Macromolecular Nucleophiles - Fullerene Polymers. References. 4 Cycloadditions. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 [4+2] Cycloadditions. 4.3 [3+2] Cycloadditions. 4.4 [2+2] Cycloadditions. 4.5 [2+1] Cycloadditions. References. 5 Hydrogenation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Oligohydrofullerenes C60Hn and C70Hn (n = 2-12). 5.3 Polyhydrofullerenes C60Hn and C70Hn (n = 14-60). References. 6 Radical Additions. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 ESR Investigations of Radical Additions. 6.3 Addition of Tertiary Amines. 6.4 Photochemical Reaction with Silanes. 6.5 Metalation of C60 with Metal-centered Radicals. 6.6 Addition of bis(Trifluoromethyl)nitroxide. References. 7 Transition Metal Complex Formation. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 (eta2-C60) Transition Metal Complexes. 7.3 Multinuclear Complexes of C60. 7.4 Hydrometalation Reactions. 7.5 Organometallic Polymers of C60. References. 8 Oxidation and Reactions with Electrophiles. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Electrochemical Oxidation of C60 and C70. 8.3 Oxygenation. 8.4 Osmylation. 8.5 Reactions with Strong Oxidizing Reagents and Acids. 8.6 Reactions with Lewis Acids and Fullerylation of Aromatics and Chloroalkanes. References. 9 Halogenation. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Fluorination. 9.3 Chlorination. 9.4 Bromination. 9.5 Reaction with Iodine. References. 10 Regiochemistry of Multiple Additions. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Addition of Segregated Addends - The Inherent Regioselectivity. 10.3 Concepts for Regio- and Stereoselective Multiple Functionalization of C60. References. 11 Cluster Modified Fullerenes. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Cluster Opened Fullerene Derivatives. 11.3 Quasi-fullerenes. 11.4 Outlook. References. 12 Heterofullerenes. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterofullerenes from Exohedral Imino Adducts of C60 and C70. 12.3 Chemistry of Azafullerenes. 12.4 Outlook. References. 13 Chemistry of Higher Fullerenes. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Exohedral Reactivity Principles. 13.3 Adducts of C70. 13.4 Adducts of C76, C78 and C84. References. 14 Principles and Perspectives of Fullerene Chemistry. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Reactivity. 14.3 Regiochemistry of Addition Reactions. 14.4 Aromaticity of Fullerenes. 14.5 Seven Principles of Fullerene Chemistry: a Short Summary. 14.6 The Future of Fullerene Chemistry. 14.7 Fullerenes as Building Blocks for Molecular Engineering (Nanotechnology) and Practical Applications. References. Subject Index.
A Customized IMOEA/D for Bi-Objective Single-Machine Scheduling with Adaptive Preventive Maintenance

The prolonged operation of machines in the production process can lead to continuous deterioration or even failure, and the necessary maintenance measures can alleviate the above negative effects. For this reason, this study investigates a joint optimization problem of single-machine production and preventive maintenance (PM) considering linear deterioration effects. The objective is to obtain an integrated sequence of degrading jobs and PM activities in order to simultaneously minimize the makespan and the total cost. Based on the problem characteristics, an adaptive PM strategy is first designed. To efficiently solve the problem, an improved multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (IMOEA/D) is tailored, where the biased-distribution weight vector is proposed to enhance the search capability at both ends of the Pareto front. Five instances are used to evaluate the performance of the customized IMOEA/D and two classical multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. Numerical studies show that the IMOEA/D can substantially improve the hypervolume metric, the maximum spread metric, and the distributivity of the Pareto front at a slight sacrifice of the spacing metric.
Examining 1 Running head: EXAMINING THE ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY Examining the Ecological Validity of the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire

It is clear that high class expertise and effective practice exists within many talent development environments across the world. However, there is also a general consensus that wide-spread evidence based policy and practice is lacking. As such, it is crucial to develop solutions which can facilitate effective dissemination of knowledge and promotion of evidence based talent development systems. While the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (Martindale et al., 2010) provides a method through which this could be facilitated, its ecological validity has remained untested. As such, this study aimed to investigate the real world applicability of the questionnaire through discriminant function analysis. Athletes across ten distinct regional squads and academies were identified and separated into two broad levels, ‘higher quality’ (n=48) and ‘lower quality’ (n=51) environments, based on their process quality and productivity. Results revealed that the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire was able to discriminate with 77.8% accuracy. Furthermore, in addition to the questionnaire as a whole, two individual features, ‘quality preparation’ (p<0.01) and ‘understanding the athlete’ (p<0.01), were found to be significant discriminators. In conclusion, the results indicate robust structural properties and sound ecological validity, allowing the questionnaire to be used with more confidence in applied and research settings.
Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project: the experiment

Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP) is a unique experiment to learn about the impacts of management practices on a forest system. Three forest management practices (uneven-aged management, even-aged management, and no-harvest management) as practiced by the Missouri Department of Conservation were randomly assigned to nine forest management sites using a randomized complete block design. Unique features of the MOFEP experimental design include collection of pre-treatment information, use of replicate forest management units, and the long-term nature of the project. In the case of MOFEP, pre-treatment data were collected up to 5 years before the harvest treatments were applied in 1996-1997. The design of MOFEP also allows for three complete rotations of harvest treatments with each site. Since the periods between the application of even-aged and uneven-aged harvest practices will be 10 to 15 years and the rotation length will be about 100 years, we expect the life of MOFEP to be at least 300 years. Throughout this project, results will provide information valuable to understanding and designing forest management practices that will benefit forest ecosystem health. Through MOFEP's example, lessons can be learned about the application of large-scale (spatially and temporally) experiments in natural resources management. The MOFEP experience has demonstrated that learning about the impacts of management on natural ecosystems can be accomplished on a scale relevant to managers and researchers.
Learning additional latent representations using variational autoencoders

A noticeable trend of machine learning is to deal with data of various modalities. Besides multimodal motivation, learning more from general information without forgetting the prior, or incremental learning, could also benefit unimodal machine learning. Human understanding often starts from a simplistic, generic view of the whole problem and then fills in the details and nuances. Incremental learning could enable imitation of such a learning process to learn more and potentially faster. This paper examines the possibility of learning additional latent variables from known latent variables for variational autoencoders. A method is proposed to facilitate learning additional information based on a modified β-TCVAE loss function that incorporates known general mutual information. A qualitative comparison is conducted on the dSprites dataset to evaluate the effect of this modification and the change of network structures on the learned latent, which hints at the structural tendency for β-TCVAE to learn new information from explicit known latent.
ARGONAUT: A ROBOTIC SYSTEM FOR CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS*

Fermilab and the HEP community invest significant resources into liquid argon detectors. The largest and most expensive of these detectors will be located in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). However, recent experiences have shown that there are limited avenues of monitoring, intervention, and interaction in the internal liquid environment. This proposal shows a technological path that could provide a valuable tool to ensure or at least improve management of these HEP detectors. The development of a robotic system named Argonaut will demonstrate several technologies including:
A survey on deep learning for surgical planning

Deep learning-based surgical planning is currently a promising area of research. Unlike the traditional way of surgical planning through computer systems that assist physicians, deep learning methods enhance the robustness and accuracy of surgical planning systems through a data-driven approach with the great advantage it possesses in processing images. In this work, we have put together a review that presents the application of deep learning in three separate aspects of surgical planning systems, namely, surgical scene understanding, surgical scene reconstruction and automated assessment of surgical skills. This article covers multiple scopes, such as semantic segmentation, depth estimation, SLAM systems, etc. We present the relevance of these three applications for the current surgical and medical field and show how the problem can be solved by the techniques in the mentioned topics. We hope that this work will link emerging research results in the field of deep learning and surgical planning, and provide guidance to future researchers using deep learning techniques for surgical planning when it comes to understanding feasible approaches to related problems.