Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermal thin shell approximation towards finite element quench simulation

Superconducting electromagnets commonly exhibit thin layers with high aspect ratio such as insulation layers or turn-to-turn contacts. A finite element (FE) analysis of these devices can lead to unfavorable meshes in these thin layers, either because of a high number of degrees of freedom or mesh elements of poor quality which decrease the accuracy of the simulation results. To mitigate these issues when conducting a thermal FE analysis solving the heat equation, this work proposes to collapse thin volume layers into surfaces by using a thermal thin shell approximation (TSA). The proposed method uses one-dimensional Lagrange elements across the thickness of the thin layer and can handle a variety of interface conditions, multi-layered structures, heat sources, nonlinear material behavior or coupling to physics other than heat transfer. The efficiency of the proposed approximation is highlighted by comparison with a reference model with a conventionally meshed insulation for a model problem exhibiting a brick wall structure where a stationary heat equation is solved. The formulation is then verified against reference models with meshed insulation solving a transient heat equation for an insulated high-temperature superconductor pancake coil exhibiting a local defect which causes a thermal runaway. The benefit of using the model with the TSA is studied by analyzing pancake coils with different ratios of the insulation layer to the coated conductor thickness. It is shown that the smaller the ratio, the shorter the solution time and the lower the number of unknowns of the thin shell model when compared to the conventionally meshed insulation in order to reach the same numerical accuracy. The method is implemented in an open-source FE framework and a reference implementation for a simple model problem is shared alongside this paper.
Retrieval of Cloud Ice Water Path from Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS)

AbstractThe Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F-16 spacecraft measures the Earth-emitted radiation at frequencies from 19 to 183 GHz. From its high-frequency channels at 91 and 150 GHz, cloud microphysical parameters can be observed at a spatial resolution of 15 km. In this study, a simplified two-stream radiative transfer model is applied for microwave applications as a three-parameter equation and then used to retrieve the ice cloud water path (IWP) and ice particle effective diameter De. Since SSMIS is a conically scanning instrument, the retrieved IWP is less dependent on scan position and is a useful product for imaging atmospheric ice-phase clouds related to precipitation. Thus, IWP is also used to estimate surface rainfall rate through the same relationship derived previously and used in Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder applications. The SSMIS-derived ice cloud products are compared with those .
A Cross Talk between the Endocannabinoid System and Different Systems Involved in the Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Retinopathy

The prognosis of hypertension leads to organ damage by causing nephropathy, stroke, retinopathy, and cardiomegaly. Retinopathy and blood pressure have been extensively discussed in relation to catecholamines of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and angiotensin II of the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) but very little research has been conducted on the role of the ECS in the regulation of retinopathy and blood pressure. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a unique system in the body that can be considered as a master regulator of body functions. It encompasses the endogenous production of its cannabinoids, its degrading enzymes, and functional receptors which innervate and perform various functions in different organs of the body. Hypertensive retinopathy pathologies arise normally due to oxidative stress, ischemia, endothelium dysfunction, inflammation, and an activated renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and catecholamine which are vasoconstrictors in their biological nature. The question arises of which system or agent counterbalances the vasoconstrictors effect of noradrenaline and angiotensin II (Ang II) in normal individuals? In this review article, we discuss the role of the ECS and its contribution to the pathogenesis of hypertensive retinopathy. This review article will also examine the involvement of the RAS and the ANS in the pathogenesis of hypertensive retinopathy and the crosstalk between these three systems in hypertensive retinopathy. This review will also explain that the ECS, which is a vasodilator in its action, either independently counteracts the effect produced with the vasoconstriction of the ANS and Ang II or blocks some of the common pathways shared by the ECS, ANS, and Ang II in the regulation of eye functions and blood pressure. This article concludes that persistent control of blood pressure and normal functions of the eye are maintained either by decreasing systemic catecholamine, ang II, or by upregulation of the ECS which results in the regression of retinopathy induced by hypertension.
A laser-locked cavity ring-down spectrometer employing an analog detection scheme

A system is described that employs a diode-pumped Nd:YAG continuous-wave laser source servolocked to a three-mirror optical cavity and an analog detection circuit that extracts the ring-down rate from the exponentially decaying ring-down waveform. This scheme improves on traditional cavity ring-down spectroscopy setups by increasing signal acquisition rates to tens of kilohertz and reducing measurement noise sources. For example, an absorption spectrum of a weak CO2 transition at 1064 nm is obtained in less than 10 s at a spectral resolution of 75 kHz employing a cavity with an empty-cavity ring-down decay lifetime of 2.8 μs and a total roundtrip path length of 42 cm. The analog detection system enables laser frequency scan rates greater than 500 MHz/s. The long-term sensitivity of this system is 8.8×10−12 cm−1 Hz−1/2 and the short-term sensitivity is 1.0×10−12 cm−1 Hz−1/2.
Use of Toxicity Indexes in Reference to Carbon Dioxide for a Vehicle Equipped with a Two-Stroke Engine Without an Exhaust Aftertreatment System

Research work on the new assessment of environmental indicators using equipment from the PEMS group (Porta-ble Emission Measurement Systems) with motor vehicles is being developed. Due to the miniaturization of equipment, there are new measurement possibilities for more and more numerous groups of vehicles, including two-wheelers. The article presents the research and a summary of the results of a moped equipped with a two-stroke engine, approved in accordance with the Euro 3 standard. The research object is mainly used for driving in urban traffic. Therefore, the research route was created as the first communication frame in the Poznań agglomeration. In the analysis of the results, the author’s M toxicity index was proposed, which is based on the assumption that CO 2 emission is a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The equipment from the PEMS-AxionR/ S+ group, characterized by small dimensions and low weight, was used to determine the actual motion parameters and the emission of toxic compounds. In the analysis of the measurement results, dimensionless indicators of toxicity M of gaseous compounds were determined and a comparative analysis was made with the values of other objects obtained in the course of previous research (motorcycle, passenger car, off-road vehicle, hybrid bus and agricultural tractor). Due to the engine design (two-stroke type), the worst environmental indicators were obtained for CO and HC compared to other tested vehicles.
A Periodic Boundary Value Problem for Functional Differential Equations of Higher Order

Abstract On the interval [0,ω], consider the periodic boundary value problem where 𝑛 ≥ 2, 𝑙𝑖 : 𝐶([0,ω];𝑅) → 𝐿([0,ω];𝑅) (𝑖 = 0,…,𝑛 – 1) are linear bounded operators, 𝑞 ∈ 𝐿([0,ω];𝑅), 𝑐𝑗 ∈ 𝑅 (𝑗 = 0,…,𝑛 – 1). The effective sufficient conditions guaranteeing the unique solvability of the considered problem are established.
The transient behaviour of the queueing system Gi/M/1

SUMMARY We consider a single server queue for which the interarrival times are identically and independently distributed with distribution function A(x) and whose service times are distributed independently of each other and of the interarrival times with distribution function B(x) = 1 − e−x, x ≧ 0. We suppose that the system starts from emptiness and use the results of P. D. Finch [2] to derive an explicit expression for qnj, the probability that the (n + 1)th arrival finds more than j customers in the system. The special cases M/M/1 and D/M/1 are considerend and it is shown in the general case that qnj is a partial sum of the usual Lagrange series for the limiting probability .
H0414 + 009 – an X-ray bright BL Lac with a radio tail in a distant cluster of galaxies

VLA observations of the X-ray selected BL Lac H0414+009 at 6, 20 and 90 cm show that it has a steep-spectrum radio tail. The tail extends ∼40 arcsec from the core, in a gentle curve. There is no evidence of extended emission on the opposite side of the core. This is by far the clearest example of a single-sided radio tail associated with a BL Lac source. The low radio luminosity and morphology of the extended emission strengthens the proposed association of BL Lacs with Fanaroff-Riley type I (FR I) radio sources. Deep V, R and I CCD images show that the BL Lac is located in a galaxy whose surface brightness and colours are best fitted by an elliptical model with absolute total magnitude M V = 23.53. The elliptical host galaxy is the brightest of a poor cluster
Balanced-to-Unbalanced Filtering In-Phase Power Divider Based on 2-D Patch Resonator

In this letter, a new balanced-to-unbalanced (BTU) in-phase power divider with bandpass filtering response is proposed based on 2-D patch resonators. With resorting to the electric field distribution of the fundamental TM01 mode in a square patch cavity, the desired out-of-phase input signal and in-phase output signal can be generated and applied for BTU power divider design. In order to attain good bandpass filtering response, two coupled patch resonators with a proper coupling strength in a stacked form are adopted. As such, high isolation between two output ports can be well achieved with the help of two grounded isolation resistors. For verification, a prototype of BTU filtering in-phase power divider working at 4.0 GHz with a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 13.7% is implemented. Measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones, confirming the design concept experimentally.
‘It was like navigating uncharted waters’: exposing the hidden capitals and capabilities of the graduate marketplace

ABSTRACT Differentials in graduate employment outcomes are pervasive across Australian higher education. Workforce participation is not evenly distributed across student cohorts, and learners disadvantaged by material resources or geographic location remain under-represented in overall employment rates. This inequity demands in-depth and systematic analysis that considers lived experience of navigating the transition between university and the workplace. This article reports on findings from a 2019 study with Australian graduates, which focused on those learners who were the first in their immediate family to participate in university. The findings point to the diversity of capitals and capabilities that participants drew upon to successfully navigate the postgraduate market. Drawing upon a capital/capability theoretical framing provides insight into the ways in which university staff and policymakers can recognise and leverage the existing strengths of learners to better prepare individuals to achieve their ‘fertile’ functioning within the contemporary graduate landscape.
Pitch control of multi-channel graded-index core polymer waveguide for optical PCB using the Mosquito method

We successfully fabricate multi-channel GI circular-core polymer waveguides with precisely controlled pitches utilizing the Mosquito method. The Mosquito method is a very simple method for fabricating GI-core polymer optical waveguides that utilizes a micro dispenser. In this method, a viscous core monomer is directly dispensed into a cladding monomer layer before UV cured, and circular cores are formed by curing both the core and cladding under a UV exposure. Here, it is a concern that a needle position accuracy influences on the interchannel pitch when parallel cores are fabricated by parallel repetitive scan of a single needle. However, we succeeded in controlling the pitch with the Mosquito method and then, GI-core waveguides with 250.7±5.2 μm, 126.7±2.6 μm and 61.7±3.4 μm are successfully fabricated for the pre-set values of 250 μm, 125 μm and 62.5 μm, respectively. Then, we demonstrate a 4 × 10 Gbps transmission over the fabricated GI-core waveguide by connecting the waveguide to an MMF ribbon with a 250-μm pitch, which is realized because the pitch of the fabricated waveguide is accurately controlled to 250 μm.
L-arginine and Its Derivatives Correlate with Exercise Capacity in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure

Methylated arginine metabolites interrupt nitric oxide synthesis, which can result in endothelium dysfunction and inadequate vasodilation. Since little is known about the dynamics of arginine derivatives in patients with heart failure (HF) during physical exercise, we aimed to determine this as well as its impact on the patient outcomes. Fifty-one patients with HF (left ventricle ejection fraction-LVEF ≤ 35%, mean 21.7 ± 5.4%) underwent the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Plasma concentrations of L-arginine, citrulline, ornithine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) were measured before and directly after CPET. All patients were followed for a mean of 23.5 ± 12.6 months. The combined endpoint was: any death, urgent heart transplantation, or urgent LVAD implantation. L-arginine concentrations increased significantly after CPET (p = 0.02), when ADMA (p = 0.01) and SDMA (p = 0.0005) decreased. The parameters of better exercise capacity were positively correlated with post-CPET concentration of L-arginine and inversely with post-CPET changes in ADMA, SDMA, and baseline and post-CPET SDMA concentrations. Baseline and post-CPET SDMA concentrations increased the risk of endpoint occurrence (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.009–1.03, p = 0.04 and HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, p = 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, in patients with HF, extensive exercise is accompanied by changes in arginine derivatives that can reflect endothelium function. These observations may contribute to the explanation of the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in HF.
Optimal network design for an on-demand transport system

The design of an on-demand transport system with origin and destination matrices is studied. Two objectives are considered; one is to minimize the sum (over all users) of travel time per unit time and the other is to minimize the sum of the total cost of track built. Firstly, we show that even the minimum total cost problem without consideration of the travel time is not a simple minimum spanning tree problem. Then, for the bi-objective problem, we transform one objective to a constraint condition. With this transformation, we transform the bi-objective problem to a single-objective problem and give the optimal solution by the branch and bound method. Finally, we propose a fast approximate algorithm and analyze its complexity.
Carbon Fixation in the Chemolithoautotrophic Bacterium Aquifex aeolicus Involves Two Low-Potential Ferredoxins as Partners of the PFOR and OGOR Enzymes

Aquifex aeolicus is a microaerophilic hydrogen- and sulfur -oxidizing bacterium that assimilates CO2 via the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle (rTCA). Key enzymes of this pathway are pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) and 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (OGOR), which are responsible, respectively, for the reductive carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to pyruvate and of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, two energetically unfavorable reactions that require a strong reduction potential. We have confirmed, by biochemistry and proteomics, that A. aeolicus possesses a pentameric version of these enzyme complexes ((αβγδε)2) and that they are highly abundant in the cell. In addition, we have purified and characterized, from the soluble fraction of A. aeolicus, two low redox potential and oxygen-stable [4Fe-4S] ferredoxins (Fd6 and Fd7, E0 = −440 and −460 mV, respectively) and shown that they can physically interact and exchange electrons with both PFOR and OGOR, suggesting that they could be the physiological electron donors of the system in vivo. Shotgun proteomics indicated that all the enzymes assumed to be involved in the rTCA cycle are produced in the A. aeolicus cells. A number of additional enzymes, previously suggested to be part of a putative partial Wood-Ljungdahl pathway used for the synthesis of serine and glycine from CO2 were identified by mass spectrometry, but their abundance in the cell seems to be much lower than that of the rTCA cycle. Their possible involvement in carbon assimilation is discussed.
A Compact W-Band Power Amplifier With a Peak PAE of 21.1% in 65-nm CMOS Technology

This letter presents a high-gain and high-efficiency <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band power amplifier (PA) fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology. By elaborating the matching loss (ML) of the conventional transformer-based interstage matching network, an inductor-enhanced high-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (IEH-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${k}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) transformer-based interstage matching network is proposed to reduce the ML and, hence, promote the gain and power efficiency of the PA with a small chip area cost. The proposed network improves the ML by 1.1 dB and is demonstrated in a single-path three-stage PA. The measurement results exhibit that the PA achieves a peak gain of 20.0 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth from 92.5 to 98.5 GHz. The saturated output power (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${P} _{\textrm {sat}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), output-referred 1-dB compression point (OP<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\textrm {1 dB}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), and peak power-added efficiency (PAEmax) are 13.0 dBm, 12.8 dBm, and 21.1% at 98 GHz, respectively.
A Method for Similarity-based Lexical Disambiguation

This paper describes a method for word sense disambiguation using a similarity metric. In this method, we first obtain context-similarity vectors for the senses of a polysemous word using a corpus and also define the context representation for the same polysemous word appearing in text. We then calculate distributional matrix between each context-similarity vector and the context representation for the word to be disambiguated. Finally, comparing the values of distributional matrices, we select the sense with the highest value as the meaning of the polysemous word. An experiment with 682 instances for 10 polysemous words shows that we are able to disambiguate at a rate of almost 92%.
The effect of hydrodynamic interactions on the tracer and gradient diffusion of integral membrane proteins in lipid bilayers

Biological membranes can be considered two-dimensional fluids with suspended integral membrane proteins (IMPs). We have calculated the effect of hydrodynamic interactions on the various diffusion coefficients of IMPs in lipid bilayers. The IMPs are modelled as hard cylinders of radius a immersed in a thin sheet of viscosity μ and thickness h bounded by a fluid of low viscosity μ′. We have ensemble averaged the N-body Stokes equations to the pair level and have renormalized them following the methods of Batchelor (1972) and Hinch (1977). The lengthscale for the hydrodynamic interactions is λa = μh / μ′, Which is O (100a), and the slow decay of the interactions introduces new features in the renormalizations compared to the analogous analyses for three-dimensional suspensions of spheres. We have calculated the asymptotic limits for the short- and long-time tracer diffusivities, Ds and Dl, respectively, and for the gradient diffusivity, Dg, for ϕ [Lt ] 1 and λ [Gt ] 1, where ϕ is the IMP area fraction and λ = μh / (μ′a). The diffusivities are \begin{eqnarray*} D_s/D_0 &=& 1-2\phi[1-(1+\ln (2)-9/32)/(\ln(\lambda)-\gamma)], D_l/D_0 &=& D_s/D_0 - 0.07/(\ln(\lambda)-\gamma), D_g/D_0 &=& 1+\phi[-7+(6\ln(2)+7/16+0.37)/(\ln(\lambda)-\gamma)], \end{eqnarray*} where D0 is the diffusivity in the limit of zero area fraction, and γ = 0.577216 is Euler's constant. The results for Dl and Ds differ only slightly. The decrease in Dg/Do as ϕ increases contrasts with the result for spheres for which Dg/Do > 1.
The density matrix in many-electron quantum mechanics I. Generalized product functions. Factorization and physical interpretation of the density matrices

Many-electron wave functions are usually constructed from antisymmetrized products of one-electron orbitals (determinants) and energy calculations are based on the matrix element expressions due to Slater (1931). In this paper, the orbitals in such a product are replaced by ‘group functions’, each describing any number of electrons, and the necessary generalization of Slater’s results is carried out. It is first necessary to develop the density matrix theory of N-particle systems and to show that for systems described by ‘generalized product functions’ the density matrices of the whole system may be expressed in terms of those of the component electron groups. The matrix elements of the Hamiltonian between generalized product functions are then given by expressions which resemble those of Slater, the ‘coulomb’ and ‘exchange’ integrals being replaced by integrals containing the one-electron density matrices of the various groups. By setting up an ‘effective’ Hamiltonian for each electron group in the presence of the others, the discussion of a many-particle system in which groups or ‘shells’ can be distinguished (e. g. atomic K, L, M, ., shells) can rigorously be reduced to a discussion of smaller subsystems. A single generalized product (cf. the single determinant of Hartree—Fock theory) provides a convenient first approximation; and the effect of admitting ‘excited’ products (cf. configuration interaction) can be estimated by a perturbation method. The energy expression may then be discussed in terms of the electon density and ‘pair’ functions. The energy is a sum of group energies supplemented by interaction terms which represent (i) electrostatic repulsions between charge clouds, (ii) the polarization of each group in the field of the others, and (iii) ‘dispersion’ effects of the type defined by London. All these terms can be calculated, for group functions of any kind, in terms of the density matrices of the separate groups. Applications to the theory of intermolecular forces and to π-electron systems are also discussed.