Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geodetic slip solutions for the Mw = 7.4 Champerico (Guatemala) earthquake of 2012 November 7 and its postseismic deformation

As the first large subduction thrust earthquake off the coast of western Guatemala in the past several decades, the 2012 November 7 M w = 7.4 earthquake offers the first opportunity to study coseismic and postseismic behaviour along a segment of the Middle America trench where frictional coupling makes a transition from weak coupling off the coast of El Salvador to strong coupling in southern Mexico. We use measurements at 19 continuous GPS sites in Guatemala, El Salvador and Mexico to estimate the coseismic slip and postseismic deformation of the November 2012 Champerico (Guatemala) earthquake. An inversion of the coseismic offsets, which range up to ∼47 mm at the surface near the epicentre, indicates that up to ∼2 m of coseismic slip occurred on a ∼30 × 30 km rupture area between ∼10 and 30 km depth, which is near the global CMT centroid. The geodetic moment of 13 × 10 19 N m and corresponding magnitude of 7.4 both agree well with independent seismological estimates. Transient postseismic deformation that was recorded at 11 GPS sites is attributable to a combination of fault afterslip and viscoelastic flow in the lower crust and/or mantle. Modelling of the viscoelastic deformation suggests that it constituted no more than ∼30 per cent of the short-term postseismic deformation. GPS observations that extend six months after the earthquake are well fit by a model in which most afterslip occurred at the same depth or directly downdip from the rupture zone and released energy equivalent to no more than ∼20 per cent of the coseismic moment. An independent seismological slip solution that features more highly concentrated coseismic slip than our own fits the GPS offsets well if its slip centroid is translated ∼50 km to the west to a position close to our slip centroid. The geodetic and seismologic slip solutions thus suggest bounds of 2-7 m for the peak slip along a region of the interface no larger than 30 × 30 km.
Self-ordering and complexity in epizonal mineral deposits

Epizonal base and precious metal deposits makeup a range of familiar deposit styles including porphyry copper-gold, epithermal veins and stockworks, carbonate-replacement deposits, and polymetallic volcanic rock-hosted (VHMS) deposits. They occur along convergent plate margins and are invariably associated directly with active faults and volcanism. They are complex in form, variable in their characteristics at all scales, and highly localized in the earth's crust. More than a century of detailed research has provided an extensive base of obser- vational data characterizing these deposits, from their regional setting to the fluid and isotope chemistry of mineral deposition. This has led to a broad understanding of the large-scale hydrothermal systems within which they form. Low salinity vapor, released by magma crystallization and dispersed into vigorously convecting ground- water systems, is recognized as a principal source of metals and the gases that control redox conditions within systems. The temperature and pressure of the ambient fluid anywhere within these systems is close to its vapor-liquid phase boundary, and mineral deposition is a consequence of short timescale perturbations generated by localized release of crustal stress. However, a review of occurrence data raises questions about ore formation that are not addressed by traditional genetic models. For example, what are the origins of banding in epithermal veins, and what controls the frequency of oscillatory lamina- tion? What controls where the phenomenon of mineralization occurs, and why are some porphyry deposits, for example, so much larger than others? The distinctive, self-organized characteristics of epizonal deposits are shown to be the result of repetitive coupling of fracture dilation consequent on brittle failure, phase separation (''boiling''), and heat transfer between fluid and host rock. Process cou- pling substantially increases solute concentrations and triggers fast, far-from-equilib- rium depositional processes. Since these coupled processes lead to localized transient changes in fluid characteristics, paragenetic, isotope, and fluid inclusion data relate to conditions at the site of deposition and only indirectly to the characteristics of the larger-scale hydrothermal system and its longer-term behavior. The metal concentra- 1 The US Government has the right to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this paper.
Regimes de precipitação na América do Sul: uma revisão bibliográfica

Como a America do Sul se estende por diferentes latitudes e possui formas de relevo variadas, proporciona a atuacao e o desenvolvimento de diferentes sistemas atmosfericos, os quais contribuem para a nao homogeneidade climatica da regiao. Portanto o objetivo deste estudo e apresentar uma revisao dos sistemas atmosfericos que atuam nos diferentes setores do continente sul-americano e que contribuem para a precipitacao.
Isolation and drought-tolerant function analysis of ZmPti 1-1 , a homologue to Pti 1 , from maize ( Zea mays L . )

Pto-interacting 1(Pti1) has been well established to play important roles in plant disease and salt response, but its potential roles in the response to drought stress is unknown. In this study, the Pti1like gene named as ZmPti1-1 was cloned from maize, sequence analysis showed that ZmPti1-1 encodes a polypeptide of 363 amino acids with predicted molecular mass of 39.0 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.14. ZmPt1-1 is dramatically induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and mannitol (data not shown). In order to analyze the further drought tolerant functions, ZmPti1-1 was over-expressed in Arabidopsis. Under drought stress, compared with wild type, survival rate of the three transgenic lines, which was 70, 76 and 87%, respectively, was significantly higher than that of wild type which was 29%; there were lower water loss, lower cell membrane damage, higher relative water content, higher total soluble sugars, higher proline content and higher yield for transgenic plants. Based on the present knowledge, this is the first report that over-expression of Pti1-like gene improved drought tolerance in plants.
The Ætiology of Swimmer's Exostoses of the External Auditory Canals and of Associated Changes in Hearing

THE aetiology of exostoses of the external auditory canals both of the cancellous and ivory types, has received attention since Otology became a specialized subject of study ; and among the many causes which have been advanced for their appearance we find the suggestion of a traumatic fracture of the walls of the canal whereby a circumscribed periostitis is excited which finally results in the formation of a bony mass or tumour, while chronic suppuration of the middle ear has been thought to excite a secondary inflammation of the membranous canal and cause a fibrous or connective tissue thickening, which after a long period of time may be metamorphosed into osseous tissue. syphilis :
The Effect of Music on Social Attribution in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

High-functioning adolescents with ASD and matched controls were presented with animations that depicted varying levels of social interaction and were either accompanied by music or silent. Participants described the events of the animation, and we scored responses for intentionality, appropriateness, and length of description. Adolescents with ASD were less likely to make social attributions, especially for those animations with the most complex social interactions. When stimuli were accompanied by music, both groups were equally impaired in appropriateness and intentionality. We conclude that adolescents with ASD perceive and integrate musical soundtracks with visual displays equivalent to typically developing individuals.
A practical scalable distributed B-tree

We propose a new algorithm for a practical, faulttolerant, and scalable B-tree distributed over a set of servers. Our algorithm supports practical features not present in prior work: transactions that allow atomic execution of multiple operations over multiple B-trees, online migration of B-tree nodes between servers, and dynamic addition and removal of servers. Moreover, our algorithm is conceptually simple: we use transactions to manipulate B-tree nodes so that clients need not use complicated concurrency and locking protocols used in prior work. To execute these transactions quickly, we rely on three techniques: (1) We use optimistic concurrency control, so that B-tree nodes are not locked during transaction execution, only during commit. This well-known technique works well because B-trees have little contention on update. (2) We replicate inner nodes at clients. These replicas are lazy, and hence lightweight, and they are very helpful to reduce client-server communication while traversing the B-tree. (3) We replicate version numbers of inner nodes across servers, so that clients can validate their transactions efficiently, without creating bottlenecks at the root node and other upper levels in the tree. We implemented our approach and show that its performance and scalability are comparable to previous schemes, yet it offers many additional practical features. We believe that our approach is quite general and can be used to implement other distributed data structures easily.
Escherichia coli 0157:H7

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 has been associated with diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, hemorrhagic cystitis, and balanitis; the pathogenesis of these diseases probably results from the production of Verotoxin, or Shiga-like toxin (1, 2, 4-12). The failure to ferment sorbitol within 24 h has been used as a relatively nonspecific screening test for this organism (3-5). We describe supplementary biochemical markers which improved the specificity of the basic sorbitol screen and are appropriate for small clinical laboratories. All stool specimens were inoculated onto a conventional battery of media for the detection of enteric pathogens and onto a modified MacConkey medium containing sorbitol (0.5% [wt/vol]) in place of lactose (Prepared Media Laboratories, Tualatin, Oreg.). Sorbitol-negative organisms were identified by both the API 20E (API Products Ltd., St. Laurent, Quebec, Canada) and an in-house multiple-point agar plate replicator systemn. Sorbitol-negative organisms which proved to be E. coli were serotyped by a slide agglutination test using E. coli 0157 antiserum donated by W. A. Black of the British Columbia Provincial Health Laboratory. All E. coli oi57 strains isolated in this study were subsequently confirmed to be Verotoxin-producing 0157:H7 serotypes by the National Centre for Enteric Bacteriology, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In a 28-month period beginning in September 1983, 327 sorbitol-negative isolates of E. coli were obtained from stools. Thirty-seven (11.3%) of these organisms proved to be 0157:H7 Verotoxin-producing serotypes. Most (86.5%) cases were sporadic, i.e., the patients had different last names and addresses and no known contact with each other. All 0157:H7 strains decarboxylated both ornithine and lysine in both identification systems. The inclusion of these markers would have reduced the number of organisrns to be serotyped to 110 and improved the specificity of the biochemical screen to 33.6%. Most (91.9%) of the organisms had the same biotype (API 20E numnerical taxonomic profile 5144172). A few failed to ferment either saccharose (2.7%) or rhamnose (5.4%) and thus had diferent penultimate digits in the API 20E profile (5144152 and 5144162, respectively).
Intergenerational Economic Mobility in New Zealand

This paper, which briefly summarises recent research by Treasury, tentatively quantifies intergenerational economic mobility in New Zealand using income data from a cohort study of people born in Dunedin in 1972-1973, and occupation data from the 1996 Election Study's post-election survey. The intergenerational income elasticity point estimate for all Dunedin Study participants was . 26 when using fathers' incomes to explain children's incomes, with the 95% confidence interval stretching from . 14 to . 39. Even with controls for the gender of participants and their father's age, the proportion of variance explained was only 13%. For the nation-wide Election Study the point estimate for the effect of father's socio-economic status (SES) on the SES of respondents was . 20 for respondents aged 25 years and older, with a 95% confidence interval of . 16 to . 24. However, father's SES and the age and gender of respondents explained only 5% of the variance in respondents’ SES. We have to be cautious when interpreting our results because both datasets contain proportionately fewer Maori and Pacific peoples than the New Zealand population, the Election Study data is now almost 13 years old, and the Dunedin Study participants have not reached their peak earning years. Our intergenerational income mobility estimate for New Zealand has wide confidence intervals, while confidence intervals for estimates of intergenerational occupational mobility are not available for most countries. As a result, we reached few firm conclusions about New Zealand's relative position compared to other countries.
Interactive comment on “ Relationship between climate change and wars between nomadic and farming groups from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty period ” by Y .

The conflict or warfare between nomadic groups and settled agrarian societies is of great signification for the history across much of the vast Eurasian continent, the reason is simple: such conflicts have shaped or even changed the destiny of nations involved in this area. The known examples include the Xiongnu (Huns) invasion of the Europe and resultant collapse of the grand Roman Empire and the Mongolian sweeping conquest of Eurasian continent. Therefore, this subject have attracted the attentions of various scholars with various disciplines for a long time. To cite few of them, the
Selectins E and P in the plasma of patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Background: The role of the vascular endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of post-perfusion syndrome is controversial. The aim of the study was to evaluate selected adhesive proteins — selectins E and P as markers of the activation of vascular endothelial cells in the blood plasma of patients undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Material and methods: The study was performed in the group of 32 patients (M/F 23/9) with ischaemic heart disease, undergoing coronary artery surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. In the blood plasma obtained in several time points during the perioperative period the following determinations were done: the concentrations of selectin E, selectin P and fibrinogen and amount of platelets as well. The control group consisted of 29 healthy volunteers sex and age matched. Results: In patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease before surgery the increased concentrations of selectins E, P and fibrinogen but diminished amount of platelets were detected in the blood. The concentrations of selectins E and P fluctuated in the perioperative period but always were significantly higher than observed in the control group. During surgery decreased platelet count was observed. Conclusions: In the blood of patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass evidence of vascular endothelium stimulation and activation of inflammatory mechanisms were observed. Decreased amount of platelets during coronary artery bypass could be the reason of intraoperative and postoperative bleeding. (Folia Cardiol. 2004; 11: 733–739) extracorporeal circulation, selectins
Spatial-Temporal Variability in Turbulent Fluxes during Spring Snowmelt

Abstract Turbulent sensible and latent heat exchanges play an important role in melting snow covers, contributing 30–40% of overall melt energy with daily values reaching over 50% on warm, cloudy days (Morris, 1989). The spatial variability of these turbulent fluxes across a basin and the relative importance of the differences is not well known. This paper specifically addresses small-scale variabilities in sensible and latent energy fluxes related to topographically induced wind speed variations. A simple wind model was used to simulate topographic effects on the surface wind field. Hourly wind observations were areally distributed by the model and used to calculate spatially variable sensible and latent turbulent heat fluxes for a small (63 km2) research catchment dominated by open tundra vegetation. Simulations showed that, even though the study area is characterized by relatively low relief (average slope 3°), the small-scale sensible and latent heat fluxes varied considerably throughout the basin. The resulting variations in snowmelt rates play an important role in the development of a patchy snow cover. Overall, turbulent fluxes within the research area varied by as much as 20% from the mean, leading to differences in potential snowmelt of up to 70 mm snow water equivalent over the entire melt period.
Rates of shortening, propagation, underthrusting, and flexural wave migration in continental orogenic systems

The rate of horizontal shortening in an orogenic wedge is the rate at which the length of undeformed crust decreases as it is incorporated into the orogen. This rate equals the rate of convergence of the foreland lithosphere toward the central surface of the orogenic belt and the rate of subduction of foreland lithosphere beneath the central surface. The rate of propagation of an orogenic wedge is the rate at which it elongates in the direction of horizontal shortening. This rate is controlled by the rates of mass accretion to the orogenic wedge and erosion. The orogenic belt drives a flexural isostatic wave through the foreland lithosphere at a velocity equal to the rate of propagation plus the rate of subduction (or convergence or shortening). In orogenic belts where the total amount of shortening cannot be reliably estimated from balanced regional cross sections, it may be possible to determine total shortening from the distance of flexural wave migration in the foreland basin and the width of the orogenic wedge. In addition, orogenic wedges may accelerate solely in response to a reduction in taper.
SERIES 0CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY MONOGRAPH0 Edited by M. Decramer and A. Rossi Number 8 in this Series

The public health relevance of air pollution abatement. N.Kunzli. #ERS Journals Ltd 2002. ABSTRACT: Assuming a causal relationship between current levels of air pollution and morbidity/mortality, it is crucial to estimate the public health relevance of the problem. The derivation of air pollution attributable cases faces inherent uncertainties and requires influential assumptions. Based on the results of the trinational impact assessment study of Austria, France, and Switzerland, where prudent estimates of the air pollution attributable cases (mortality, chronic bronchitis incidence, hospital admissions, acute bronchitis among children, restricted activity days, asthma attacks) have been made, influential uncertainties are quantified in this review. The public health impact of smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and air pollution on the prevalence of chronic cough/phlegm are outlined. Despite all methodological caveats, impact assessment studies clearly suggest that public health largely benefits from better air quality. The studies are selective underestimates as they are strongly driven by mortality, but do not include full quantification of the impact on morbidity and their consequences on quality of life among the diseased and the caregivers. Air pollution abatement strategies are usually political in nature, targeting at policies, regulation and technology in mobile or stationary sources rather than at individuals. It is of note that key clean air strategies converge into abatement of climate change. In general, energy consumption is very closely related to both air pollution and greenhouse gases. The dominant causes of both problems are the excessive and inefficient combustion of fossil fuel. Thus, for many policy options, the benefit of air pollution abatement will go far beyond what prudent health-impact assessments may derive. From a climate change and air pollution perspective, improved energy efficiency and a strong and decisive departure from the "fossil fuel" combustion society is a science-based must. Health professionals must raise their voices in the political decision process to give strong support for clean air policies, both on a national and international level. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 198-209.
The Impact of Minimum Quality Standards on Firm Entry, Exit and Product Quality: The Case of the Child Care Market *

We examine the impact of minimum quality standards on the supply side of the child care market, using a unique panel data set merged from the Census of Services Industries, state regulation data, and administrative accreditation records from the National Association of Education for Young Children. We control for state-specific and time-specific fixed effects in order to mitigate the biases associated with policy endogeneity. We find that the effects of quality standards specifying the labor intensiveness of child care services are strikingly different from those specifying staff qualifications. Higher staff-child ratio requirements deter entry and reduce the number of operating child care establishments. This entry barrier appears to select establishments with better quality into the market and alleviates competition among existing establishments: existing establishments are more likely to receive accreditation and higher profits, and are less likely to exit. By contrast, higher staff-education requirements do not have entry-deterrence effects. They do have the unintended effects of discouraging accreditation, reducing owners’ profits, and driving firms out of businesses.
The Impact of Minimum Wage Rates on Body Weight in the United States

Growing consumption of increasingly less expensive food, and especially "fast food", has been cited as a potential cause of increasing rate of obesity in the United States over the past several decades. Because the real minimum wage in the United States has declined by as much as half over 1968-2007 and because minimum wage labor is a major contributor to the cost of food away from home we hypothesized that changes in the minimum wage would be associated with changes in bodyweight over this period. To examine this, we use data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 1984-2006 to test whether variation in the real minimum wage was associated with changes in body mass index (BMI). We also examine whether this association varied by gender, education and income, and used quantile regression to test whether the association varied over the BMI distribution. We also estimate the fraction of the increase in BMI since 1970 attributable to minimum wage declines. We find that a $1 decrease in the real minimum wage was associated with a 0.06 increase in BMI. This relationship was significant across gender and income groups and largest among the highest percentiles of the BMI distribution. Real minimum wage decreases can explain 10% of the change in BMI since 1970. We conclude that the declining real minimum wage rates has contributed to the increasing rate of overweight and obesity in the United States. Studies to clarify the mechanism by which minimum wages may affect obesity might help determine appropriate policy responses.