Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Range of Timescales on Which the Geodynamo Operates

We consider the range of timescales found in the Earth's core. We begin by reviewing the observational data, from geomagnetic jerks on annual timescales to variations in the average reversal rate on timescales of tens and hundreds of millions of years. We then turn to the theoretical origins of some of these timescales. By considering the relevant dispersion relations, we show why filtering out some of the shorter timescales is unlikely to succeed. We must simply accept that the geodynamo equations are intrinsically stiff. We therefore include a brief digression on stiff systems in general, and discuss why the standard methods for dealing with them are unfortunately extremely difficult to apply to the geodynamo system in particular. As a result, numerically attainable Rossby and/or Ekman numbers will continue to be many orders of magnitude too large. We conclude with a brief discussion of some of the implications of this, in terms of the interpretation, and even relevance, of the currently attainable numerical results.
Growing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change

This book describes how specific modifications in patterns of land development could help reduce greenhouse exhaust gases from vehicles. The book is based on a thorough review of dozens of studies by leading researchers in urban planning. It finds that urban development is both a major contributor to climate change and an essential factor in conquering it. The authors argue the premise that one of the best methods of reducing vehicle travel is development that is compact and condensed in nature. Such development would construct places in which people can navigate from place to place without driving. This kind of development includes pedestrian friendly development and mixed use development. There is a developing demand for smaller lots and homes, and condominiums and townhouses nears jobs and activity centers, which are fueled by rising gasoline prices, shrinking households, lengthening work trip commuting, and changing demographics. Existing government regulations and policies reward automobile dependent and sprawling development. The book offers recommendations for making green neighborhoods more affordable and available.
Happiness index of medical students and related factors in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

BACKGROUND: Happiness is an important factor for everyone's good health and general well-being. Medical students need to manage a lengthy medical curriculum, clinical postings, and the stressful environment of hospital setting, which may have considerable effects on their happiness. No such studies have been conducted in the remotely located Andaman and Nicobar (A and N) islands. Hence, the current study was conducted to determine the level of happiness and associated factors among medical college students of the Andaman and Nicobar islands. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 315 medical students of the A and N islands. The happiness of students was measured using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Among all the students, 42.5% were happy. There was a significant association between happiness and the relationship of students with family and friends, physical exercise, spiritual beliefs, the presence of stress, and traumatic events. The multiple logistic regression revealed that good relationship with friends increased the odds of happiness of students significantly with an adjusted odd ratio (OR) of 3.204 (1.641–6.257), whereas the presence of stress decreased the happiness of students significantly with an adjusted OR of 0.430 (0.254–0.730). CONCLUSION: Good relations with friends emerged as a positive predictor of happiness, whereas stress emerged as a negative predictor of happiness among the students. Hence, human relationships, stress management, physical exercise or sports, and orientation to spiritual health should be given emphasis in the medical curriculum.
Heterogeneous Mixture Distributions for Modeling Multisource Extreme Rainfalls

AbstractFrequency analysis has been widely applied to investigate the behavior and characteristics of hydrometeorological variables. Hydrometeorological variables occasionally show mixture distributions when multiple generating phenomena cause the extreme events to occur. In such cases, a mixture distribution should be applied. Past studies on mixture distributions assumed that they are drawn from the same probability density functions. In fact, many hydrometeorological variables can consist of different types of probability density functions. Research on heterogeneous mixture distributions can lead to improvements in understanding the behavior and characteristics of hydrometeorological variables and in the capacity to model them properly. In the present study heterogeneous mixture distributions are developed to model extreme hydrometeorological events. To fit heterogeneous mixture distributions, the authors present an extension of the metaheuristic maximum likelihood approach. The performance of the para.
The Impact of Space Radiation on Brains of Future Martian and Lunar Explorers

Astronauts will be facing many risks when they are away from Earth's environment, among which radiation is one of the most vital and troublesome issues. Space radiation exposure from energetic particles of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) can adversely impact the Central Nervous System (CNS) by inducing acute (i.e., mission critical) and chronic (i.e., post‐mission) effects, respectively. Recently, Brain Response Functions (BRFs) based on a realistic brain structure have been developed to model cosmic‐ray induced dose in the brain (Khaksarighiri et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2020.07.003). In this study, to quantify the radiation induced dose and evaluate the radiation risk to the CNS of the astronauts on the surface of Mars and Moon and in deep space, we use GCR/SEP spectral models together with Mars/Moon radiation transport codes to obtain the radiation field to which astronauts are exposed, and derive the absorbed dose in the brain with BRFs. Our calculations show that GCR induced absorbed dose per month in the brain does not reach the 30‐day limit for CNS (500 mGy) as defined by NASA on either Martian or lunar surface. Based on the spectra and frequency of historical extreme SEP events recorded at Earth as ground‐level enhancement events over past five solar cycles, our results suggest that the CNS of astronauts will be generally “safe” on the Martian surface, but those on the lunar surface or in deep space may face radiation risks in their CNS if not well shielded during such extreme events.
Molecular preservation in halite‐ and perchlorate‐rich hypersaline subsurface deposits in the Salar Grande basin (Atacama Desert, Chile): Implications for the search for molecular biomarkers on Mars

Similarities between the Atacama Desert (Chile) and Mars include extreme aridity, highly oxidizing chemistry, and intense ultraviolet radiation that promoted the photochemical production of perchlorates and nitrates. Concentration of these ions under hyperarid conditions led to the formation of nitrate‐ and perchlorate‐bearing deposits in ephemeral lakes, followed by later deposition of chlorides and sulfates. At some locations, such as the Salar Grande, hypersaline deposits have remained unaltered for millions of years. We conducted a drilling campaign in deposits of the Salar to characterize the preservation state of biological molecules. A 5 m deep discontinuous core was recovered and subjected to multitechnique analysis including the antibody microarray‐based biosensor LDChip300 and the SOLID (Signs Of Life Detector) instrument, complemented by geophysical, mineralogical, geochemical, and molecular analysis. We identified two units based on the mineralogy: the upper one, from the surface to ~320 cm depth characterized by a predominance of halite and anhydrite, and the lower one, from 320 to 520 cm, with a drop in halite and anhydrite and an enrichment in nitrate and perchlorate. Organic compounds including biomolecules were detected in association with the different depositional and mineralogical units, demonstrating the high capacity for molecular preservation. Hypersaline environments preserve biomolecules over geologically significant timescales; therefore, salt‐bearing materials should be high‐priority targets for the search for evidence of life on Mars.
Efficacy and safety of caffeic acid tablets in the treatment of thrombocytopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Caffeic acid tablets (CFA) are a proprietary Chinese medicine in treating thrombocytopenia. The efficacy and safety of CFA compared with other platelet-raising drugs for the treatment of thrombocytopenia have been widely reported in the literature, but there is no systematic evaluation. Therefore, we designed this meta-analysis to further establish the efficacy and safety of CFA in treating thrombocytopenia. Methods: A computerized search was conducted in the Chinese biomedical database (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP), PubMed, and Web of Science databases using the keywords “caffeic acid tablets” and “thrombocytopenia. ” All randomized controlled trials were selected for the timeframe of build to 02/2023 and then screened and analyzed using RevMan 5.4 and stata17.0 software. Results: A total of 35 publications with an overall 2533 patients were included in the study. The results of the meta-analysis showed that CFA were effective in the treatment of thrombocytopenia with a statistically significant difference [relative risk ratio (RR) = 1.24, 95% CI (1.17, 1.31), P < . 00001] and in increasing platelet counts [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.50, 95% CI (1.09, 1.91), P < . 00001], white blood cell count [SMD = 1.08, 95% CI (0.77, 1.39), P < . 00001], and neutrophil count [SMD = 0.73, 95% CI (0.19, 1.28), P = . 009], and CFA reduced myelosuppression [RR = 0.19, 95% CI (0.1, 0.37), P < . 00001] and adverse effects [RR = 0.75, 95% CI (0.58, 0.96), P = . 02]. Conclusion: CFA can effectively improve the clinical outcome of patients with thrombocytopenia with a good safety profile and are worth promoting. However, due to the low quality and small sample size of the included literature, a larger sample size and more standardized, high-quality studies are needed to validate these results.
The Formulation and Evaluation of Deep Eutectic Vehicles for the Topical Delivery of Azelaic Acid for Acne Treatment

The current work was aimed at the development of a topical drug delivery system for azelaic acid (AzA) for acne treatment. The systems tested for this purpose were deep eutectic systems (DESs) prepared from choline chloride (CC), malonic acid (MA), and PEG 400. Three CC to MA and eight different MA: CC: PEG400 ratios were tested. The physical appearance of the tested formulations ranged from solid and liquid to semisolid. Only those that showed liquid formulations of suitable viscosity were considered for further investigations. A eutectic mixture made from MA: CC: PEG400 1:1:6 (MCP 116) showed the best characteristics in terms of viscosity, contact angle, spreadability, partition coefficient, and in vitro diffusion. Moreover, the MCP116 showed close rheological properties to the commercially available market lead acne treatment product (Skinorin®). In addition, the formula showed synergistic antibacterial activity between the MA moiety of the DES and the AzA. In vitro diffusion studies using polyamide membranes demonstrated superior diffusion of MCP116 over the pure drug and the commercial product. No signs of skin irritation and edema were observed when MCP116 was applied to rabbit skin. Additionally, the MCP116 was found to be, physically and chemically, highly stable at 4, 25, and 40 °C for a one-month stability study.
Die Personzentrierte Psychotherapie im humanistischen Paradigma: Eine Standortbestimmung

National und international wird in den letzten Jahren vermehrt die „Humanistische Psychotherapie“ als ein Sammelbegriff für psychotherapeutische Ansätze mit gemeinsamen Wurzeln vorgeschlagen. Wir versuchen mit diesem Beitrag eine Standort-bestimmung zu dieser Entwicklung aus der Perspektive der Personzentrierten Psychotherapie: Die verschiedenen humanistischen Psychotherapien weisen theoretische Gemeinsamkeiten auf und sie teilen identitätsbildende Merkmale. Die Personzentrierte Psychotherapie kann dabei als zentraler Ansatz innerhalb der humanistischen Psychotherapien verstanden werden. Analog sind Varianten innerhalb der Personzentrierten Psychotherapie als mehr oder weniger eigenständige Entwicklungen innerhalb des Ansatzes zu verstehen. Die Entwicklung der Psychotherapie lebt von diesem Spannungsfeld von Identitätsbildung über Abgrenzung und Gemeinsamkeit. Diesem Spannungsfeld wird nachgegangen, woraus abschließend Thesen gebildet werden, darunter dass eine Humanistische Psychotherapie als methodenintegratives Projekt kritisch betrachtet wird.
Ecosystem Impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption in Late Pleistocene Europe

Abstract The dating of the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption to ∼37,000 cal yr B.P. draws attention to the coincidence of this volcanic catastrophe and the suite of coeval, Late Pleistocene biocultural changes that occurred within and outside the Mediterranean region. These included the Middle to Upper Paleolithic cultural transition and the supposed change from Neanderthal to “modern” Homo sapiens anatomy, a subject of sustained debate. No less than 150 km3 of magma were extruded in the CI eruption, the signal of which can be detected in Greenland ice cores. As widespread discontinuities in archaeological sequences are observed at or following the CI event, a significant interference with ongoing human processes in Mediterranean Europe is hypothesized.
Study on the carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes in the Ailaoshan gold deposit zone, Yunnan Province

Three carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes have been found in the Laowangzhai and Beiya gold orefields in the northern sector of the Ailaoshan gold deposit zone, Yunnan Province. Ocelli in the lamprophyre dykes are carbonates composed mainly of dolomite and calcite. Their trace elements, REE and C isotopic compositions are characteristic of carbonatite and the main mineral assemblages, major elements, trace elements and REE in the matrix are similar to those in the carbonate ocelli-barren lamprophyre dykes in the orefields, which are calc-alkaline lamprophyres that derived from the fertile mantle. The results indicate that the carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes in this area were produced at the time when the Himalayan lamprophyre magma evolved to a relatively late stage of silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility. In the process of magmatic evolution there took place magmatic degassing with CO2 and H2O as the dominant released gases.
H2O and CO2 in magmas from the Mariana arc and back arc systems

We examined the H2O and CO2 contents of glasses from lavas and xenoliths from the Mariana arc system, an intraoceanic convergent margin in the western Pacific, which contains an active volcanic arc, an actively spreading back arc basin, and active behind‐the‐arc cross‐chain volcanoes. Samples include (1) glass rims from Mariana arc, Mariana trough, and cross‐chain submarine lavas; (2) glass inclusions in arc and trough phenocrysts; and (3) glass inclusions from a gabbro + anorthosite xenolith from Agrigan (Mariana arc). Glass rims of submarine arc lavas contain 0.3–1.9 wt % H2O, and CO2 is below detection limits. Where they could be compared, glass inclusions in arc phenocrysts contain more H2O than their host glasses; most arc glasses and phenocryst inclusions contain no detectable CO2, with the exception of those from a North Hiyoshi shoshonite, which contains 400–600 ppm. The glass inclusions from the Agrigan xenolith contain 4–6% H2O, and CO2 is below the detection limit. Glasses from the cross‐chain lavas are similar to those from the arc: H2O contents are 1.4–1.7 wt %, and CO2 is below detection limits. Volatile contents in Mariana trough lava glass rims are variable: 0.2–2.8 wt % H2O and 0–300 ppm CO2. Glass inclusions from trough phenocrysts have water contents similar to the host glass, but they can contain up to 875 ppm CO2. Volatile contents of melt inclusions from trough and arc lavas and from the xenolith imply minimum depths of crystallization of ∼1–8 km. H2O and CO2 contents of Mariana trough glasses are negatively correlated, indicating saturation of the erupting magma with a CO2‐H2O vapor at the pressure of eruption (∼400 bars for these samples), with the vapor ranging from nearly pure CO2 at the CO2‐rich end of the glass array to nearly pure H2O at the H2O‐rich end. Degassing of these magmas on ascent and eruption leads to significant loss of CO2 (thereby masking preeruptive CO2 contents) but minimal disturbance of preeruptive H2O contents. For submarine Mariana arc magmas, depths were low enough that degassing on ascent and eruption led to loss of both H2O and CO2; as a result, H2O contents are positively correlated with water depth for these samples. The H2O contents of primitive Mariana trough magmas richest in the slab‐derived component (i.e., the most “arc‐like” magmas) are ∼2 wt %. Although evolved glasses with up to 4–6 wt % H2O are present among Mariana arc samples, we interpret the glass inclusion data as indicating that primitive Mariana arc liquids contain 1–3 wt % H2O. The preeruptive H2O contents of primitive cross‐chain seamount liquids are >1–2 wt %.
Surface water‐groundwater interface geomorphology leads to scaling of residence times

We know little regarding how geomorphological features along the surface‐groundwater interface collectively affect water quality and quantity. Simulations of surface water‐groundwater exchange at increasing scales across bed forms, bars and bends, and basins show that groundwater has a power‐law transit time distribution through all these features, providing a purely mechanistic foundation and explanation for temporal fractal stream chemistry. Power‐law residence time distributions are almost always attributed to spatial variability in subsurface transport properties‐ something we show is not necessary. Since the different geomorphological features considered here are typical of most landscapes, fractal stream chemistry may be universal and is a natural consequence of water exchange across multifaceted interfaces.
Efficacy and safety of Xiao-ai-ping injection add-on therapy to chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Xiao-ai-ping injection (XAPI) combined with chemotherapy has potential efficacy and less side effects in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). At present, there are many clinical studies on XAPI combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of NSCLC, but the results are different. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of XAPI combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of NSCLC by meta-analysis system. Methods: The databases to be searched include PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Wanfang database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, and so on. In addition, relevant journals and magazines will manually search in various fields as supplements. The search date is set from the establishment of the database until July 8, 2023. The 2 researchers will use Endnote X9 software for literature screening and data extraction and independently evaluate the quality. We then assessed the quality and risk of inclusion in the study and observed outcome indicators. Results: A total of 28 trials were included in this study, 1947 patients with NSCLC (974 receiving XAPI combined chemotherapy and 973 receiving chemotherapy alone). The results of meta-analysis showed that: Objective tumor response rate of NSCLC (P < .00001). Improvement in Karnofsky performance score of NSCLC (P < .00001). Quality of life score of NSCLC (P < .00001). The result of CD3 + (P < .00001). The result of CD4 + (P < .00001). The result of CD8 + (P < .00001). The result of CD4+/CD8 + (P = .0001). Leukopenia (P < .00001). Thrombocytopenia (P < .00001). Hemoglobin decrease (P < .00001). Liver function (P = .04). Nausea and vomiting (P < .00001). Conclusion: Our meta-analyses demonstrated that XAPI adjunct with chemotherapy can improve the patient quality of life, reduce adverse reactions, and enhanced immune function, the treatment is effective and high safety. Which suggests that it might be used for NSCLC. However, a large sample of randomized controlled trials are needed to further study the long-term efficacy of XAPI.
On constructing accurate confidence bands for ROC curves through smooth resampling

This paper is devoted to thoroughly investigating how to bootstrap the ROC curve, a widely used visual tool for evaluating the accuracy of test/scoring statistics s ( X ) in the bipartite setup. The issue of conﬁdence bands for the ROC curve is considered and a resampling procedure based on a smooth version of the empirical distribution called the ”smoothed bootstrap” is introduced. Theoretical arguments and simulation results are presented to show that the ”smoothed boot-strap” is preferable to a ”naive” bootstrap in order to construct accurate conﬁdence bands.
Melt flow in a variable viscosity matrix

It is often assumed that the molten regions of planetary interiors can be modeled as a compacting viscous matrix permeated by a less viscous melt phase. In order to assess the true behaviour, it is important to test as many different aspects of these models as possible. In the calculations presented here, the matrix viscosity is made to decrease as the proportion of melt increases. New results in two dimensions show that if only gravity drives the flow, pockets of melt travel upwards as solitary waves, and the behaviour is similar to the well known constant viscosity case. However, when an external shear strain is applied, an instability occurs and melt flows into elongated pockets, or veins, perpendicular to the least compressive stress. Whilst veins much greater than a compaction length in width are suppressed, their minimum width is not clearly constrained. The growth rate of veins is directly proportional to the applied strain rate, so that their degree of development is proportional to the total strain. It is suggested that under mid‐ocean ridges, the total strain may be enough for such veins to be important.