Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dielectric properties of thawed active layers overlying permafrost using radar at VHF

Field measurements of the dielectric constant of thawed active layers of up to 1 m in depth at four sites in Alaska have been made using short-pulse ground radar whose returns were received in the near-field radiation zone. Three sites consisted of saturated silts with varying amounts of organic material, and the fourth site was a moist sand. The reflector returning the radar signals was the active layer/permafrost interface. Analysis of the waveforms showed that all the materials were nondispersive over the radar pulse bandwidth (75–225 MHz), and this was confirmed by time domain reflectometry (TDR) studies of field samples. The average dielectric constants were between 23 and 34 for the silts, which averaged between 45 and 50% water by volume, while the sandy site gave an average value of about 12 for a probable water content of about 23% by volume. These values are very similar to the laboratory work of others and were also confirmed by TDR. The high dielectric constants of the saturated materials allowed accurate profiling of active layer depth, and an example is presented. More detail would probably be achieved with a higher-frequency radar.
On a highly robust spurious‐mode filtering method for uniformly reduced‐integrated shell elements

SUMMARY In structural elements that allow shear deformation, uniformly reduced integration is used to avoid shear and membrane locking. The spurious modes of an underintegrated stiffness matrix can be filtered using perturbation methods. Although finite elements with perturbed stiffness show very good results, the displacements still conceal a component of spurious modes, albeit with very small magnitude depending on the perturbation factor. To desensitize the numerical results completely from the perturbation factor, a projection of the applied force is proposed to complement the perturbation of the stiffness such that spurious modes are not excited, thus providing robustness to the filtering of spurious modes. The proposed methodology is general in nature, but is applied in this paper to a 9-node shell element with uniformly reduced integration as an illustration. The perturbation of the stiffness matrix and the projection of the force vector are performed at the element level, avoiding expensive local-global transformations. As a consequence of the force projection, the perturbation factor for the stiffness can be arbitrarily small, and the element yields accurate results for a wide range of shell thickness.
Evidence for a soft x-ray excess in the spectrum of GRS 1758-258

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Comparison of Placental HSD17B1 Expression and Its Regulation in Various Mammalian Species

Simple Summary 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type1 (HSD17B1) is responsible for converting estrone, a weak estrogen, into the more potent estradiol in the ovaries of vertebrates ranging from teleosts to mammals. We evaluated its expression in the placentae of various eutherian species and demonstrated that it was only expressed in the human placenta. The ubiquitous transcription factor SP1-binding site was conserved in the promoter region of the HSD17B1/Hsd17b1 gene across the species. This region conferred the promoter activities both in human and ovine HSD17B1. However, in the ovine placenta, cytosine residues of this SP1 site in the HSD17B1 promoter region were completely methylated. Human HSD17B1 had high activity for testosterone production, similar to its homologs in other species. On the basis of this fact, the significance of placental HSD17B1 expression is discussed. Abstract During mammalian gestation, large amounts of progesterone are produced by the placenta and circulate for the maintenance of pregnancy. In contrast, primary plasma estrogens are different between species. To account for this difference, we compared the expression of ovarian and placental steroidogenic genes in various mammalian species (mouse, guinea pig, porcine, ovine, bovine, and human). Consistent with the ability to synthesize progesterone, CYP11A1/Cyp11a1, and bi-functional HSD3B/Hsd3b genes were expressed in all species. CYP17A1/Cyp17a1 was expressed in the placenta of all species, excluding humans. CYP19A/Cyp19a1 was expressed in all placental estrogen-producing species, whereas estradiol-producing HSD17B1 was only strongly expressed in the human placenta. The promoter region of HSD17B1 in various species possesses a well-conserved SP1 site that was activated in human placental cell line JEG-3 cells. However, DNA methylation analyses in the ovine placenta showed that the SP1-site in the promoter region of HSD17B1 was completely methylated. These results indicate that epigenetic regulation of HSD17B1 expression is important for species-specific placental sex steroid production. Because human HSD17B1 showed strong activity for the conversion of androstenedione into testosterone, similar to HSD17B1/Hsd17b1 in other species, we also discuss the biological significance of human placental HSD17B1 based on the symptoms of aromatase-deficient patients.
Dynamic response of optical-fiber modulator by using magnetic fluid as a cladding layer

An in-line optical-fiber modulator that uses magnetic fluid as a cladding layer has been developed to control transmission loss generated from external magnetic fields. In this work, we investigate the instant variation in the transmission loss of an optical-fiber modulator after an external magnetic field has been turned on (referred to as the charging operation) or turned off (referred to as the discharging operation). Research showed that when the external field was turned on∕off, the transmission loss of the optical-fiber modulator did not change until after 10ms. Successively, the transmission loss varied exponentially. Thus, two kinds of characteristic time were observed to describe quantitatively the instant variation in the transmission loss: retarding time and response time. It was found that both the retarding time in a charging∕discharging operation increased with the length of the magnetic-fluid cladding over a critical level, whereas the response time in a charging∕discharging operation was c.
Clipping-off gradient algorithms to compute optimal controls with constrained magnitude

Abstract This paper presents a clipping-off technique which, when used in association with gradient methods in function space, can be used to solve non-linear optima control problems with magnitude constraint on the control inputs. The proposed clipping-off gradient algorithms are simple to implement on a digital computer and preserve the large range of convergence of first-variational methods. Several numerical examples are included, one of which contains two state-variable inequality constraints and a magnitude constraint on the control input
Maximum likelihood identification of Wiener models with a linear regression initialization

Many parametric identification routines suffer from the problem with local minima. This is also true for the prediction-error approach to identifying Wiener models, i.e., linear models with a static nonlinearity at the output. We here suggest a linear regression initialization that secures a consistent and efficient estimate, when used in conjunction with a Gauss-Newton minimization scheme.
Mathematical Analysis of a Bacterial Competition in a Continuous Reactor in the Presence of a Virus

In this paper, we discuss the competition of two species for a single essential growth-limiting nutriment with viral infection that affects only the first species. Although the classical models without viral infection suggest competitive exclusion, this model exhibits the stable coexistence of both species. We reduce the fourth-dimension proposed model to a three-dimension one. Thus, the coexistence of the two competing species is demonstrated using the theory of uniform persistence applied to the three-variable reduced system. We prove that there is no coexistence of both species without the presence of the virus and the satisfaction of some assumptions on the growth rates of species. Finally, we give some numerical simulations to confirm the obtained theoretical findings.
Research on Information Applied Technology with Swarm Intelligence for the TSP Problem

As a swarm intelligence algorithm, particle swarm optimization (PSO) has received increasing attention and wide applications in information applied technology. This paper investigates the application of PSO algorithm to the traveling salesman problem (TSP) on applied technology. Proposing the concepts of swap operator and swap sequence, we present a discrete PSO algorithm by redefinition of the equation for the particles velocity. A computational experiment is reported. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can achieve good results.
Novel infrastructure for coral gardening and reefscaping

Since 1950, coral abundance has declined worldwide by an estimated 60%, and further dramatic declines are predicted. Although global reductions in carbon emissions are essential to prevent further loss, coral reef restoration has become imperative to maintain the ecosystem services that coral reefs provide to humans at local scales. Yet, currently coral restoration and gardening efforts are too expensive to scale up due to the labor-intensive nature of the methods and low success rates. Here, we present a suite of technologies that improve coral reef restoration and rehabilitation’s scalability, efficiency, and effectiveness. Our modular technologies are designed to streamline in and ex situ nursery workflows, reduce maintenance times, solve problems in transporting corals to outplanting sites, and enable rapid outplanting on natural and artificial substrates. These novel structures can act as coral seeding hubs, which placed strategically, can have the capacity to enhance coral reproduction and replenish degraded nearby reefs with larvae. They can be applied to coral restoration and reefscaping, complemented by unique eco-friendly, low-carbon-emission structures for the creation of architecturally and visually appealing habitats and underwater landscapes. Our technologies integrate novel monitoring approaches that support intelligent solutions to track genotypes, optimize and control stock management, apply assisted evolution approaches, and adaptive management through long-term monitoring.
Micromagnetic calculation of spin wave propagation for magnetologic devices

The propagation of magnetic wave packets in magnetic nanowires was calculated as a function of wire width, field strength, field ramp time, field area size, and geometry of a magnetic nanowire. Spin waves are excited locally by applying a small perturbation in the magnetization in a 20nm wide region. A wave packet is emitted from the input region and travels along the wire with a velocity of 740m∕s. The finite element micromagnetic simulations show that wave packets can be guided along a bent nanostructure without losses due to geometry; amplitude and frequency are exactly the same as in a straight wire with equal distance between excitation point and probe. The wave amplitude was found to decrease with increasing rise time of the excitation field with an upper limit of 100ps. For a Permalloy wire with a thickness of 10nm, the frequency peak changes from 10GHz in a wire with 60nm width to 6GHz in a wire with 140nm width.
Polyphenol Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Highland Barley Bran

Five different solvent extracts of highland barley bran were analyzed and compared for their polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The highland barley bran acetone extract had the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity. It was followed by the methanol and ethanol extracts, while n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited lower measured values. Diosmetin, luteolin, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, phlorogucinol, diosmin, isoquercitrin, catechin, and isovitexin were among the most abundant phenolic compounds identified in different solvent extracts, and their concentrations varied according to the solvent used. The highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity were observed in the ethyl acetate extract of highland barley bran, followed by the acetone and methanol extracts. In contrast, n-butanol and ethanol extracts exhibited lower measured values. The different solvent extracts were effective inhibitors for α-glucosidase and α-amylase with activity reaching to 34.45–94.32% and 22.08–35.92% of that of positive control acarbose, respectively. There were obvious correlations between the phenolic content and composition of different solvent extracts and their in vitro antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition activity and α-amylase inhibition activity. Black barley bran is an excellent natural raw material for developing polyphenol-rich functional foods and shows good antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential to benefit human health.
Calculation of polychotomous logistic regression parameters using individualized regressions

SUMMARY The use of individualized logistic regression, in which a series of separate simple logistic regression analyses are performed as a replacement for polychotomous logistic regression, is studied. The asymptotic relative efficiencies of the individual parameter estimates are observed to be generally high, as are the efficiencies of predicted probability estimates and, to a somewhat lesser extent, joint tests of parameters from different regressions.
The exchange of atmospheric ammonia with vegetated surfaces. II: Fertilized vegetation

Measurements of the exchange of gaseous ammonia (NH3) have been made over fertilized plant canopies using micrometeorological techniques. The NH3 exchange over ungrazed grassland and arable crops was examined in a range of environmental conditions: a bidirectional exchange of ammonia was observed, with warm dry conditions favouring emission (NH3 fluxes up to 24 ng m−2s−1) and cool wet conditions favouring deposition (fluxes in the range 1–35 ng m−2s−1). Limited measurements made when the ground was frozen suggest an increased surface resistance may occur in these conditions (Measured Rc up to 80 s m−1), resulting in reduced rates of deposition. The fluxes are contrasted with measurements over unfertilized vegetation, and it is suggested that the net canopy exchange is the combined result of leaf surface, stomatal and soil exchange processes; the increased tendency of fertilized vegetation to emit ammonia is attributed to the larger fixed nitrogen concentrations in these ecosystems. The bidirectional fluxes may be related to the existence of ammonia compensation points. Estimates of the stomatal compensation point for fertilized croplands were in the range 1-7 μg NH3m−3, though because of deposition to leaf surfaces, this frequently does not control net fluxes. The Mean surface concentration of ammonia X(z'o), or canopy compensation point, was therefore also estimated and found to vary, with environmental conditions, in the range 0-3 μg m−3. A simplified procedure is used to estimate the net annual exchange of ammonia over an example fertilized crop in the British Isles. This predicts an emission of fixed nitrogen of less than 1 kg per hectare, which is the net result of emission and deposition throughout the year.
Explainable AI for Estimating Pathogenicity of Genetic Variants Using Large-Scale Knowledge Graphs

Simple Summary To treat diseases caused by genetic mutations, such as mutations in genes and cancer cells, genomic medicine is being promoted to identify disease-causing variants in individual patients using comprehensive genetic analysis (next-generation sequencing, or NGS) for diagnosis and treatment. However, clinical interpretation of the large amount of variant data output by NGS is a time-consuming task and has become a bottleneck in the promotion of genomic medicine. Although AI development to support this task has been conducted in various fields, none has yet been realized that has both high estimation accuracy and explainability at the same time. Therefore, we propose an AI with high estimation accuracy and explanatory power, which will eliminate the bottlenecks in genomic medicine. Abstract Background: To treat diseases caused by genetic variants, it is necessary to identify disease-causing variants in patients. However, since there are a large number of disease-causing variants, the application of AI is required. We propose AI to solve this problem and report the results of its application in identifying disease-causing variants. Methods: To assist physicians in their task of identifying disease-causing variants, we propose an explainable AI (XAI) that combines high estimation accuracy with explainability using a knowledge graph. We integrated databases for genomic medicine and constructed a large knowledge graph that was used to achieve the XAI. Results: We compared our XAI with random forests and decision trees. Conclusion: We propose an XAI that uses knowledge graphs for explanation. The proposed method achieves high estimation performance and explainability. This will support the promotion of genomic medicine.
Mixed projection inequalities

A number of sharp geometric inequalities for polars of mixed projection bodies (zonoids) are obtained. Among the inequalities derived is a polar projection inequality that has the projection inequality of Petty as a special case. Other special cases of this polar projection inequality are inequalities (between the volume of a convex body and that of the polar of its ¿th projection body) that are strengthened forms of the classical inequalities between the volume of a convex body and its projection measures (Quermassintegrale). The relation between the Busemann-Petty centroid inequality and the Petty projection inequality is shown to be similar to the relation that exists between the Blaschke-Santaló inequality and the affine isoperimetric inequality of affine differential geometry. Some mixed integral inequalities are derived similar in spirit to inequalities obtained by Chakerian and others.
Robust polynomial fitting method for regional gravity estimation

Standard polynomial fitting methods are inconsistent in their formulation. The regional field is approximated by a polynomial fitted to the observed field. As a result, in addition to the nonuniqueness in the definition of the regional field, the fitted polynomial is strongly influenced by the residual field (observed field minus regional field). We present a regional‐residual separation method for gravity data which uses a robust procedure to determine the coefficients of a polynomial fitted to the observations. Under the hypothesis that the regional can be modeled correctly by the polynomial surface, the proposed method minimizes the influence of the residual field in the fitted surface. The proposed method was applied to real gravity data from Ceara state, Brazil, and produced information on zones of possible crustal thickening and the occurrence of lower‐crustal granulitic rocks thrust into the shallow subsurface.
Acceleration of Electrospun PLA Degradation by Addition of Gelatin

Biocompatible polyesters are widely used in biomedical applications, including sutures, orthopedic devices, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Blending polyesters with proteins is a common method of tuning biomaterial properties. Usually, it improves hydrophilicity, enhances cell adhesion, and accelerates biodegradation. However, inclusion of proteins to a polyester-based material typically reduces its mechanical properties. Here, we describe the physicochemical properties of an electrospun polylactic acid (PLA)–gelatin blend with a 9:1 PLA:gelatin ratio. We found that a small content (10 wt%) of gelatin does not affect the extensibility and strength of wet electrospun PLA mats but significantly accelerates their in vitro and in vivo decomposition. After a month, the thickness of PLA–gelatin mats subcutaneously implanted in C57black mice decreased by 30%, while the thickness of the pure PLA mats remained almost unchanged. Thus, we suggest the inclusion of a small amount of gelatin as a simple tool to tune the biodegradation behavior of PLA mats.
A Multilevel birth-death particle system and its continuous diffusion

In this paper we introduce a multilevel birth-death particle system and consider its diffusion approximation which can be characterized as a M([R+)-valued process. The tightness of rescaled processes is proved and we show that the limiting M(R+)-valued process is the unique solution of the M([R+)-valued martingale problem for the limiting generator. We also study the moment structures of the limiting diffusion process.
Various topological phases and their abnormal effects of topological acoustic metamaterials

The last 20 years have witnessed growing impacts of the topological concept on the branches of physics, including materials, electronics, photonics, and acoustics. Topology describes objects with some global invariant property under continuous deformation, which in mathematics could date back to the 17th century and mature in the 20th century. In physics, it successfully underpinned the physics of the Quantum Hall effect in 1984. To date, topology has been extensively applied to describe topological phases in acoustic metamaterials. As artificial structures, acoustic metamaterials could be well theoretically analyzed, on‐demand designed, and easily fabricated by modern techniques, such as three‐dimensional printing. Some new theoretical topological models were first discovered in acoustic metamaterials analogous to electronic counterparts, associated with novel effects for acoustics closer to applications. In this review, we focused on the concept of topology and its realization in airborne acoustic crystals, solid elastic phononic crystals, and surface acoustic wave systems. We also introduced emerging concepts of non‐Hermitian, higher‐order, and Floquet topological insulators in acoustics. It has been shown that the topology theory has such a powerful generality that among the disciplines from electron to photon and phonon, from electronic to photonics and acoustics, from acoustic topological theory to acoustic devices, could interact and be analogous to fertilize fantastic new ideas and prototype devices, which might find applications in acoustic engineering and noise‐vibration control engineering in the near future.