Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional plasmonic metamaterial absorbers for high-performance wavelength selective uncooled infrared sensors

A three-dimensional plasmonic metamaterial absorber (3-D PMA) was theoretically investigated and designed for the performance enhancement of wavelength selective uncooled infrared (IR) sensors. All components of the 3-D PMA are based on thin layers of plasmonic metals such as Au. The post produces a narrow gap, such as a few hundred nanometers, between the micropatch and the metal plate. The absorption properties of the 3-D PMA were investigated by rigorous coupled-wave analysis. A strong wavelength selective absorption is realized by the plasmonic resonant mode of the micropatch and the narrow-gap resonant mode between the micropatch and the plate. The disturbance of the post for both resonance modes is negligible. The absorption wavelength is defined mainly by the size of the micropatch, regardless of the micropatch array period and is longer than the micropatch array period. The absorption mode can also be controlled by the shape of the micropatch. Through-holes can be formed on the plate area, where there is no gap resonance to the micropatch. The thickness of each component can be reduced considering the skin depth effect and there is no added absorption of materials such as SiO2. A small pixel size with reduced thermal mass can be realized using a 3-D PMA structure. The results obtained here will contribute to the development of high-performance uncooled IR sensors for multicolor imaging.
Upscaling Fractured Heterogeneous Media: Permeability and Mass Exchange Coefficient

In order to optimize oil recuperation, to secure waste storage, CO2 sequestration and describe more precisely many environmental problems in the underground, we need to improve some homogenization methods that calculate petrophysical parameters. In this paper, we discuss the upscaling of ﬂuid transport equations in fractured heterogeneous media consisting of the fractures themselves and a heterogeneous porous matrix. Our goal is to estimate precisely the ﬂuid ﬂow parameters like permeability and fracture/matrix exchange coefﬁcient at large scale. Two approaches are possible. The ﬁrst approach consists in calculating the large-scale equivalent properties in one upscaling step, starting with a single continuum ﬂow model at the local scale. The second approach is to perform upscaling in two sequential steps: ﬁrst, calculate the equivalent properties at an intermediate scale called the ”unit scale,” and, second, average the ﬂow equations up to the large scale. We have implemented the two approaches and applied them to randomly distributed fractured systems. The results allowed us to obtain valuable information in terms of sizes of representative elementary volume associated to a given fracture distribution.
Some Implications of Gravitational Superconductivity

We construct a gravitational superconducting model composed of gravitational London equations, gravitational Meissner and shielding effects, a gravitational fluxoid, and oscillation modes of a particle beam in a thin cylindrical gravitational superconductor. This model is applied to the study of neutron stars. An experiment to check the gravitational shielding in a terrestrial laboratory using the Supertrons of Matsuzawa is proposed as well.
Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in impervious surface run-off in an urban area in Shanghai, China

Rainwater and run-off from three kinds of impervious surface in the Shanghai urban area, China were sampled. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in the samples, and their sources were assessed. The mean sum of the 16 PAH concentrations measured in rainwater and run-offs from ceramic tiles, asphalt roofs, and asphalt roads were 873, 1404, 1743, and 4023 ng/L, respectively. The PAH concentrations found in this study were moderate compared to PAH concentrations found in run-offs in other studies. The main PAH components in the rainwater, roof run-off, and asphalt road run-off samples were 3-ring PAHs, 3–4-ring PAHs, and 4–6-ring PAHs, respectively. Source apportionment results indicated that combustion (47.4%–55.5%) and vehicular emissions (30.5%–33.0%) were the major contributors to PAHs in roof run-off. Vehicular emissions were the most significant contributors to asphalt road run-off (47.2%), followed by combustion (23.5%), and petroleum (16.3%). Vehicular emissions and coal and natural gas combustion are therefore the most significant sources of PAHs in run-off from impervious surfaces in the Shanghai urban area.
High-resolution reconstruction of objects from cloud-covered infrared images

FLIR images are essential for the detection and recognition of ground targets. Small targets can be enhanced using super-resolution techniques to improve the effective resolution of the target area using a sequence of low-resolution images. However, when there is significant cloud cover, several problems can arise: clouds can obscure a target (partially or fully), they can affect the accuracy of image registration algorithms, and they can reduce the contrast of the object against the background. To reconstruct an image in the presence of cloud cover, image correlation metrics from optical flow and a robust super-resolution algorithm have been used to compile a 'best' frame.
Determination of barrier height and doping density of a Schottky diode from infrared photoresponse measurements

The impurity doping concentration of a semiconductor is commonly determined by measuring the C-V profile of a Schottky diode. In this work, an alternative method is utilised to determine the impurity doping density of a moderately acceptor-doped Schottky diode using infrared photoelectric measurements. Due to the image lowering effect, the barrier is lowered with the increasing field or reverse bias. Having determined the relationship between the reverse bias and the lowered barrier, the doping density and the zero bias barrier eight from the infrared photo response measurements can be accurately determined.
Impact of urban sprawl on carbon uptake in Beijing metropolitan area

Increasing populations and economics intensify the urban growth and cropland encroachment in Beijing metropolitan area. In this paper we investigated the effects of recent urban sprawl (1991-2001) in Beijing metropolitan region, People's Republic of China on ecosystem net primary production (NPP). The analysis employed a mechanistic model of NPP in combination with satellite-derived and ecological data. Our analysis shows that urban growth in the 10-year study period significantly altered the urban ecosystem component of the regional carbon cycle. The annual amount of atmospheric carbon assimilated into phytomass through NPP was reduced by approximately 50.71×104 Mg C (-15.08%). More than half of this reduction is attributed to the loss of cultivated land. Vegetation removal and road disturbance by the expansion of urban areas reduced the amount of carbon uptake.
Counting the faces of cut-up spaces

Let us take a topological space X and "cut" it along certain subspaces H x ,. ,H n. The connected components that remain we call the regions of the topological dissection of X by the cut spaces H t ,. , H n. How many regions are there? There is a large literature on this question for particular kinds of dissections. For instance much of the study of arrangements of hyperplanes in Euclidean and projective spaces has been concerned with counting regions, bounded regions, and lower-dimensional faces. As another example: into how many pieces is the plane cut by a given set of lines or curves? Answers have been found mainly for straight cuts in low dimensions or general position, some notable exceptions being Steiner's interest in circular and spherical cuts and Winder's and our work on arbitrary arrangements of hyperplanes. (For references see [1, Chapter 18], [2], [5], [6].) What has been lacking is a unified theory and the power to handle a great variety of dissections. In a forthcoming paper [6] we hope to provide such a theory. Here we shall mention most of the principal results and some areas of application. 1. The fundamental relations. The main idea of our theory is to count regions in terms of the set L of intersections of the cuts or the set L c of connected components of intersections (we let X be in both sets but 0 be in neither). These sets are ordered by inclusion. Thus L (and similarly L c) has a Möbius function (cf. [3]), defined recursively by »(s, T) = d(s, r>-£{M(£ uy.scucT}, (s, T)e L 2. Here ô is the Kronecker delta. We also need the combinatorial Euler number of a space X, defined by K(X) = x — 1> where x means the Euler characteristic of the one-point compactification of X. If X is partitioned into n k open fc-cells (k = 0, 1,. . , d), then K(X) = n 0-n x + • • • ± n d. A dissection H of X induces a dissection of T E L^y H T = {H n T: 0 =£ H O r =£ T}. The faces of H are the regions of all the H T for T e L. R m (m > 0), and every face is a disjoint, finite union of open topological cells.
Monthly runoff forecasting by means of artificial neural networks (ANNs)

Over the last decade or so, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become one of the most promising tools formodelling hydrological processes such as rainfall runoff processes. However, the employment of a single model doesnot seem to be an appropriate approach for modelling such a complex, nonlinear, and discontinuous process thatvaries in space and time. For this reason, this study aims at decomposing the process into different clusters based onself-organizing map (SOM) ANN approach, and thereafter modelling different clusters into outputs using separatefeed-forward multilayer perceptron (MLP) and supervised self-organizing map (SSOM) ANN models. Specifically,three different SOM models have been employed in order to cluster the input patterns into two, three, and fourclusters respectively so that each cluster in each model corresponds to certain physics of the process underinvestigation and thereafter modelling of the input patterns in each cluster into corresponding outputs using feedforwardMLP and SSOM ANN models. The employed models were developed on two different watersheds, Iranianand Canadian. It was found that although the idea of decomposition based on SOM is highly persuasive, our resultsindicate that there is a need for more principled procedure in order to decompose the process. Moreover, according tothe modelling results the SSOM can be considered as an alternative approach to the feed-forward MLP.
Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology The Apportionment of Total Genetic Variation by Categorical Analysis of Variance

We wish to suggest the categorical analysis of variance as a means of quantifying the proportion of total genetic variation attributed to different sources of variation. This method potentially challenges researchers to rethink conclusions derived from a well-known method known as the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The CATANOVA framework allows explicit definition, and estimation, of two measures of genetic differentiation. These parameters form the subject of interest in many research programmes, but are often confused with the correlation measures defined in AMOVA, which cannot be interpreted as relative contributions of particular sources of variation. Through a simulation approach, we show that under certain conditions, researchers who use AMOVA to estimate these measures of genetic differentiation may attribute more than justified amounts of total variation to population labels. Moreover, the two measures can also lead to incongruent conclusions regarding the genetic structure of the populations of interest. Fortunately, one of the two measures seems robust to variations in relative sample sizes used. Its merits are illustrated in this paper using mitochondrial haplotype and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data.
Analysis of the Influence of Incremental Material Response on the Structural Stability

An unstable material behavior, which occurrs when some of the tangential moduli attain negative values, is usually associated with failure processes such as fracture, instabilities, and localization. An accurate prediction of these phenomena requires a realistic modelling of nonlinear effects in material behaviour. Therefore, in this work some relations between incremental behavior of a finitely deformed material and the stability of uniform equilibrium states for homogeneous bodies are studied. A class of materials is considered, for which a positive or negative (also referred as unstable or softening) incremental response is defined as the presence or absence of positive definiteness of the scalar product of a strain rate and the conjugated stress-rate, respectively. A novel characterization of these material states is provided by considering the stability of equilibrium configurations for a material element under deformation-dependent surface forces. As a consequence, new methods to detect material instabilities are provided, and necessary and sufficient conditions are established, which is useful to analyze the influence of a positive incremental material response on structural stability. The circumstances for which a softening material state may be attained while the equilibrium configuration is still stable, are also examined. Results are devoted to boundary conditions leading to uniform and non-uniform instability modes. A collection of representative examples characterized by prescribed loading or boundary displacements, is proposed. It serves to clarify the main aspects of the above general considerations.
Fabrication of mesoscopic devices from graphite microdisks

Structural and transport properties of individual micron-sized graphitic disks with less than one hundred graphene layers are measured. Mesoscopic devices of any arbitrary geometry can be fabricated at the center of such disks by focussed ion beam lithography, with the rest of the disk serving as low-resistance contacts. Our approach is exemplified by the fabrication and characterization of 30 to 60 nm wide point-contact devices. A size effect is revealed by the suppression of the magnetoresistance in constrictions narrower than the smallest attained cyclotron orbit for fields up to 10 T.
A voltage-tunable multi-spectral 320x256 InAs/GaAs quantum-dot infrared focal plane array (FPA)

A voltage-tunable multispectral 320×256 infrared imaging focal plane array (FPA) is reported. The multispectral FPA is based on InAs/GaAs quantum dots infrared photodetectors (QDIP) with different capping layers (i.e. GaAs and In0.20Ga0.80As), corresponding to the extended middle-wave infrared (EMIR, 5-8 μm) and long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8- 12 μm) detection bands, respectively. The FPA shows a sensitivity of 8.2 mV/C a noise equivalent temperature difference of 172 mK at the FPA operating temperature of 67 K. Thermal images were obtained at both the EMIR and the LWIR bands at a low FPA bias of -0.7V. Voltage-tunable multispectral imaging was also achieved. Since each of the detection spectral of the QD FPA can be individually tuned by engineering its QD capping layer, this approach offers greater flexibility in designing detection spectrum of a multispectral FPA.
Computational aeroacoustics - Issues and methods

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has made tremendous progress especially in aerodynamics and aircraft design over the past 20 years. An obvious question to ask is why not use CFD methods to solve aeroacoustics problems ? Most aerodynamics problems are time independent, whereas aeroacoustics problems are, by definition, time dependent. The nature, characteristics, and objectives of aeroacoustics problems are also quite different from the commonly encountered CFD problems. There are computational issues that are unique to aeroacoustics. For these reasons computational aeroacoustics requires somewhat independent thinking and development. The objectives of this paper are twofold. First, issues pertinent to aeroacoustics that may or may not be relevant to computational aerodynamics are discussed. The second objective is to review computational methods developed recently that are designed especially for computational aeroacoustics applications. Some of the computational methods to be reviewed are quite different from traditional CFD methods. They should be of interest to the CFD and fluid dynamics communities.
Relationship Between Subclinical Cardiovascular Diseases and Cardiac Morpho-Functional Parameters in Preclinical Stage A/B Heart Failure Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease which increases the risk of heart failure. This study aimed to determine whether clinical characteristics and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) features are correlated with echocardiographic morpho-functional parameters of T2DM patients. Patients and Methods: Two hundred and fifty-five T2DM patients without a history of coronary heart disease were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The demographic characteristics, glucose and lipid levels were assessed for each patient. Carotid ultrasono-graphy and peripheral artery examination were performed to measure carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid plaque, ankle-brachial index (ABI), brachial artery pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). Furthermore, echocardiography was conducted to evaluate cardiac morphology and systolic and diastolic function. The relationship between clinical characteristics, subclinical cardiovascular diseases, and cardiac morpho-functional parameters was explored with the Pearson and stepwise multivariable linear regression analyses. Results: A total of 255 subjects aged 18–80 years were enrolled in the study. Multiple regression analysis revealed that left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was correlated with age (β=0.463, p = 0.000) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β=0.179, p = 0.003). Relative wall thickness (RWT) was related to cfPWV (β=0.006, p = 0.007) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (β=0.000, p = 0.036). In contrast, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was inversely related to cIMT (β=−0.925, p = 0.019). The ratio of the peak flow velocity of early diastole to atrial contraction (peak E/A) was correlated with age (β=−0.014, p = 0.000), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β=−0.006, p = 0.001) and cfPWV (β=−0.025, p = 0.044). Conclusion: In preclinical stage A/B heart failure adults with T2DM, age, BP, HOMA-IR, cfPWV and cIMT are correlated with cardiac morpho-functional parameters.
Low-energy electron diffraction analysis of clean Fe (001)

A structure analysis of the clean (001) surface of body-centred cubic iron by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is described. The surface was cleaned by a series of argon-ion bombardments followed by annealing treatments. The intensity analysis of 16 non-degenerate beams at three angles of incidence in the energy range from about 30 to 160 eV revealed that the structure of Fe (001) essentially corresponds to simple truncation of the bulk, with a probable contraction of 1.4% in the first interlayer spacing compared to bulk. The uncertainty in this figure, however, is +or-3% of the interlayer spacing.
Morphological peculiarities of high-redshift radio galaxies : the role of relativistic electrons

High-redshift radio galaxies are very powerful, extended, double radio sources; the radio emission from these systems indicates that the relativistic electrons have a significant amount of energy. The peculiar morphologies of high-redshift radio galaxies appear to be related to the relativistic electron populations since the optical continuum and emission-line regions are elongated and aligned with the radio axes. A close connection with the relativistic electron population is also indicated by the relationships between the radio power and the emission-line luminosity and between the radio spectral index and the optical to near-infrared colors of these systems
Some Fundamental Control Theory I: Controllability, Observability, and Duality

where A is n x n and b is n x 1, be transformed to (2) by a nonsingular linear transformation of the state variable, z = Tx, where T is a constant matrix? Since z' = Tx' = (TAT-1)(Tx) + Tbu = (TAT-1)z + (Tb)u, we are led to ask: When is there a nonsingular T such that TA T-1 is a companion matrix and Tb is the n-th standard basis vector? The answer to this question is known [8, Chapter 2], although it seems not to be common knowledge outside the mathematical control community. A linear transformation of the state x that transforms (5) to (2) is not always possible, as can be seen by considering the diagonal system
The Resolvent Stability Condition for Spectra Convergence with Application to the Finite Element Approximation of Noncompact Operators

Let $T,\{ T_n \} $ be closed linear operators on a Banach space, B, and D a compact component of the spectrum of T. Under strong convergence, $T_n \xrightarrow[s]{}T$, an applicable sufficient condition (resolvent stability around D) is developed to assure that spect $(T_n ) \to D$ as $n \to \infty $. This result is applied to the finite element method for approximating linear partial differential eigenvalue problems, $Lu = \lambda Mu$ where $L^{ - 1} M$ is assumed noncompact. The application shows the finite element spectra converges to all compact spectral components of the given operator.
Shimming for High-Resolution NMR Spectroscopy

Shimming is the procedure of homogenizing a magnetic field, and is essential as a preparation for NMR measurements of high quality. This article is focused on shimming for high-resolution liquid-state NMR spectroscopy, in which the static field is created by means of superconducting magnets. Nevertheless, many of the principles and techniques described can be transferred to other situations. The commonly used type of shim system, which provides the correction fields as spherical harmonics, is derived from general considerations on electromagnetism. Being fundamental in shimming, the relationship between field inhomogeneity and spectral quality is elucidated. In this context, the shim criterion—the key parameter for shimming—is discussed in detail, and suitable optimization algorithms are described. These general principles are applied both to conventional and gradient shimming. In addition, means of providing a sufficient basic homogeneity are discussed, including magnet and probe design as well as the NMR sample itself. Keywords: field homogenization; Maxwell equations; spherical harmonics; gradient shimming; field mapping; shim criterion; line shape optimization; orthogonality; sample spinning; magnet design; probe design; magnetic materials
Clusters of galaxies from the Shane-Wirtanen counts

On a selectionne un echantillon de 646 amas de galaxies a partir des comptages de Shane-Wirtanen, en recherchant des maxima locaux de la densite. On a trouve par ce procede 70% des amas de Abell a la classe de distance 4, et 10% a la classe de distance 5, mais seulement 40% des amas de Shane-Wirtanen, sont membres du catalogue de Abell