Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian inference in measurement error models for replicated data

This paper deals with Bayesian inference in measurement error models with unknown error covariances. Our formulation covers heteroscedastic and homoscedastic models for replicated data. Both equation‐error and no‐equation‐error models are included in our proposal. Resorting to data augmentation, we present a simulation‐based framework using the Gibbs sampler. Model selection is also briefly discussed. Results from a simulation study are reported. We work out an illustrative example with a real data set on measurements of mineral element contents in pottery samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultraviolet high-resolution spectroscopy of the X-ray binary Sk 160/SMC X-1

High-resolution IUE spectra of Sk 160, the optical counterpart of the X-ray source SMC X-1, show substantial variations with orbital phase of the resonance P Cygni profiles. These variations are ascribed to the changing ionization state in the stellar wind caused by the X-rays emitted by the companion, as suggested by Hatchett and McCray and first established for the galactic X-ray binary Vela X-1. Furthermore, the profile observed during X-ray eclipse differs significantly from profiles of similar stars in the absence of X-ray ionization.
U-Net Architecture for Prostate Segmentation: The Impact of Loss Function on System Performance

Segmentation of the prostate gland from magnetic resonance images is rapidly becoming a standard of care in prostate cancer radiotherapy treatment planning. Automating this process has the potential to improve accuracy and efficiency. However, the performance and accuracy of deep learning models varies depending on the design and optimal tuning of the hyper-parameters. In this study, we examine the effect of loss functions on the performance of deep-learning-based prostate segmentation models. A U-Net model for prostate segmentation using T2-weighted images from a local dataset was trained and performance compared when using nine different loss functions, including: Binary Cross-Entropy (BCE), Intersection over Union (IoU), Dice, BCE and Dice (BCE + Dice), weighted BCE and Dice (W (BCE + Dice)), Focal, Tversky, Focal Tversky, and Surface loss functions. Model outputs were compared using several metrics on a five-fold cross-validation set. Ranking of model performance was found to be dependent on the metric used to measure performance, but in general, W (BCE + Dice) and Focal Tversky performed well for all metrics (whole gland Dice similarity coefficient (DSC): 0.71 and 0.74; 95HD: 6.66 and 7.42; Ravid 0.05 and 0.18, respectively) and Surface loss generally ranked lowest (DSC: 0.40; 95HD: 13.64; Ravid −0.09). When comparing the performance of the models for the mid-gland, apex, and base parts of the prostate gland, the models’ performance was lower for the apex and base compared to the mid-gland. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the performance of a deep learning model for prostate segmentation can be affected by choice of loss function. For prostate segmentation, it would appear that compound loss functions generally outperform singles loss functions such as Surface loss.
Observations of low‐frequency electromagnetic plasma waves upstream from the Martian shock

[1] We have analyzed magnetic field data returned from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) for signatures of electromagnetic plasma waves upstream from the Martian bow shock. We discuss two recurring wave features in the data. Left-hand polarized waves (0.04–0.10 Hz) observed near the local proton gyrofrequency (PCWs) propagate at small to moderate angles to the magnetic field and have amplitudes that decrease with distance from Mars. They are concentrated in two locations upstream of the Martian shock. PCWs were reported from Phobos 2 observations and can be attributed to solar wind pickup of Mars' hydrogen exosphere. Higher-frequency waves (0.4–2.3 Hz) are observed when MGS is magnetically connected to the Martian shock. These waves have not been reported at Mars before, but have been reported at many solar system bodies, and are attributed to whistler waves generated at the shock and propagating upstream. The sense of polarization (left-handed or right-handed) of the whistler waves observed in the spacecraft frame depends upon the angle between the magnetic field and the solar wind flow direction. The whistler waves at Mars follow the trends in frequency, amplitude, propagation angle, and eccentricity observed at other solar system bodies.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS IN ONE-SIDED LID-DRIVEN SQUARE CAVITY BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Rashid M, Kaish ABMA, Islam MM, Islam MT (2011) Numerical simulation of incompressible flows in one-sided lid-driven square cavity by finite element method. J. Innov. Dev. Strategy. 5(3), 114-119. The paper computes the two-dimensional incompressible flow through one-sided lid driven square cavity based on finite element method (FEM). Unlike the existing finite element method for incompressible flow simulation, which was based on primitive-variables Navier–Stokes equations, the target macroscopic equations of the present model are vorticity-stream function equations. In this investigation, we have tried to present one-sided lid driven square cavity by finite element method with a clear and simple statement using ANSYS 11.0 finite element software. Numerical simulations of one-sided lid-driven square cavity are performed for a range of Reynolds number of 100 to 2000. The results obtained from ANSYS finite element simulation confirm that the present model is acceptable, efficient, stable and simple for two-dimensional incompressible flow. The ANSYS finite element program is useful in this study as well as varieties of enclosed fluid flows.
Large eddy simulations of incompressible turbulent flows using parallel computing techniques

This paper presents a detailed procedure to solve incompressible high Reynolds number turbulent flows using large eddy simulations (LES) on distributed memory machines. The filtered Navier–Stokes equations are discretized using a partial‐staggered variable arrangement and solved using a finite difference grid. A second‐order central difference scheme and sixth‐order compact scheme are employed for the spatial derivatives. A third‐order low storage Runge–Kutta method is used for the temporal derivatives. Validation of the numerical scheme is performed first by simulating a driven cavity flow and flow over a backward‐facing step. The dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid turbulence model is then validated for flow in a channel. Simulations are validated with relevant data available in literature. Since LES is computationally expensive, the solver is parallelized using message passing interface. An efficient parallel linear equation solver is utilized for solving the elliptical pressure Poisson equation. The parallel program is tested for solutions of flow in a complex flow configuration and preliminary results are compared with experimental data. Performance of the program for the same geometry is tested on a parallel cluster up to 256 processors. The novel approach in this work is the use of a partial‐staggered variable arrangement for LES of turbulent flows, obviating the need for any form of artificial dissipation that might mask the subgrid effect on the solution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of Foreign Object Debris Material Recognition using Deep Learning and Machine Learning

Foreign Object Debris (FOD) is considered one of the significant problems in the airline maintenance industry, reducing the levels of safety. A foreign object may result in causing severe damage to airplanes, including engine problems and personal safety risks. Therefore, it is critical to detect FOD in place to guarantee the safety of airplane flying. This paper proposes an FOD model using a variety of feature extraction approaches, including Convolution Neural Network (CNN) with VGG16, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Gray-level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) to extract FOD images' features. Moreover, two machine learning algorithms are used, namely Logistic Regression (LR) and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), for classification purposes. The data for this research was taken from the Shanghai International Airport runways. The performance measures utilized in this paper are precision, accuracy, F-score, and recall. The experimental results obtained after implementation and testing the accuracy of 100%, the precision of 100%, recall of 100%, and F1-score of 100% for LR and SGD. The experiments demonstrate that the suggested technique has excellent detection accuracy. In addition, the suggested method should enable aircraft manufacturers to forecast the sort of FOD that will occur under specific conditions. In the proposed system, deep learning and machine learning methods will be utilized to deliver an accurate recognition result with as few FOD images as possible with a low error rate.
Comparative Study of Different Condition Indices Using Michigan Department of Transportation’s Flexible Distress Data

The condition of a country’s roadway infrastructure significantly affects its economic development. Highway agencies that manage pavements often communicate their road network condition by using single or multiple composite condition indices. Each agency relies on its condition index to make maintenance decisions and perform budget allocation. Generally, these condition indices follow a similar level of the rating scale (100 to 0, where 100 denotes perfect condition). However, because of different numbers of distress inputs with different units, different severity levels, and different deduct points and mathematical formulas, condition indices are often incomparable. Consequently, research focused on comparing different distress indices using a highway agency’s pavement distress data is lacking. The objective of this study is to provide a comparative analysis of different condition indices using Michigan Department of Transportation’s (MDOT) flexible distress data, as part of an effort to develop a new index for Michigan. In this process, 2,081 flexible pavement sections were identified from MDOT’s Pavement Management System database, and five different condition indices were evaluated and compared against MDOT’s Distress Index. Comparison results were presented through scatter plots and statistical analysis results. MDOT’s maintenance records were also used to compare the ranges of magnitudes of various indices computed at the time when various types of maintenance activities took place. Finally, this study resulted in recommendations for selecting a new condition index and calibration needs of deduct points and equations.
Non‐linear seismic response analysis using vector superposition methods

Computational algorithms based on the pseudo-force method (PFM) and the tangent spectrum method (TSM) for the seismic analysis of elasto-plastic MDOF structures by mode superposition are presented. The emphasis is put on the effect of the truncation of higher modes on the convergence of the ductility demand and energy dissipated during the earthquake. Eigenvectors and load-dependent vectors have been used in comparative analyses. Applications on a flexible 25-storey building and a stiff, 5-storey shear building indicate that, for a flexible structure, the ductility demand computed from the PFM is more sensitive to basis truncation than that computed from the TSM. However, for the stiff structure, the opposite behaviour is observed. The results indicate that the use of load-dependent vectors in inelastic analyses maintains the computational advantages found for elastic analyses in previous investigations. Although the PFM is more stable and computationally more effective than the TSM, it does not provide any information on the evolution of tangent modal properties in time that reflects dynamic response modification as the structure becomes inelastic.
THE SCATTERING OF ELECTRONS BY ATOMS AND CRYSTALS. III. SINGLE-CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION PATTERNS

Some aspects of the diffraction of electrons by single crystals are discussed using low-order approximations to the general theory developed in the first paper of this series (Cowley & Moodie, 1957) and some qualitative arguments concerning general results are presented. The first-order approximation involves the treatment of a crystal as a phase object for electrons. This leads to a complex form for the atomic scattering factor and the structure factor which introduces complications to, but opens up new possibilities for, the process of structure analysis from single-crystal electron diffraction patterns. It is shown that forbidden reflections cannot be generated by dynamic scattering effects in the symmetrical spot patterns obtained when the electron beam is parallel to a principal crystal axis, but lattice defects can give rise to forbidden rcflections in such pattcrns from thick crystals. (auth)
Particle Methods and Waves, with Emphasis on SPH

The purpose of this section is to examine the numerical model of water waves, particularly with a method of meshless methods, such as Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This part of the course will deal with numerical models, numerical interpolation, and meshfree method, with application to SPH for waves. 1 Numerical Modeling The study of water waves has taken the usual scientific paths–experimentation, laboratory studies, theoretical work, and now numerical methods. One of the earliest theoretical models was the linear wave theory due to Airy (1845). This model (described completely in Dean and Dalrymple (1991)) assumed that the water was incompressible and the flow irrotational, meaning that the viscosity of the fluid was neglected. These assumptions allowed the use of a velocity potential, φ(x, t), from which wave-induced velocities could be obtained via −∇φ = u (note the use of the arbitrary minus sign.) The equation for the velocity potential is the Laplace equation: ∇φ(x, t) = 0 (1) Associated with this governing equation for the fluid domain are boundary conditions that exist at the bottom, the free surface, and the lateral sides of the domain. The domain will be taken as a rectangle, with the coordinate system consisting of x and y in the horizontal plane and z in the vertical. The rectangle’s base is the ocean bottom at z = −h(x, y) and a free surface, denoted by z = η(x, y, t), is the top. At the bottom, the flow is usually taken as zero through the boundary, or −∇φ · n = 0 on the bottom, z = −h(x, y). The free surface, which moves in response to pressure in the fluid, requires two boundary conditions; one to locate the boundary and one to prescribe constant pressure. These are the Kinematic Free Surface Boundary Condition (KFSBC) and that Dynamic Free Surface Boundary Conditions (DFSBC). A variety of analytical models have been developed for waves of permanent form propagating over horizontal bottoms. The linear Airy theory, which provided the dispersion relationship relating the wave period, the wave length, and the water depth. ω = gk tanh kh where the angular frequency ω = 2π/T , where T is the wave period, and the wave number k = 2π/L. This equation is a transcendental equation and has to be iteratively. Stokes (1847) extended the Airy theory to include nonlinear terms. The Stokes wave theory is still used in offshore design. In shallow water, the Stokes theory breaks down, and the theory of Boussinesq (1872) is preferred. There has been a tremendous resurgence of this theory recently due to the ability to extend the model from shallow water into deeper water. The advent of computers allowed the extension of Stokes-type models to very high order Dean (1965) Craik (2004) presents an early history of water wave theory. He indicates that Airy’s chapter was likely published in 1841.
Analysing the Need for 5G Networks based on Smartphone Market Penetration

The term “5G” refers to the latest advancements in mobile technology. The next key stage of mobile communications standards after the soon-to-be-implemented 4G standards is 5G. Due to the development of 5G technology, the bulk of high bandwidth users will change how they access their phones. With 5G pushed via a VOIP-equipped smartphone, people would experience a volume of calls and data transfer unlike anything else. [1] The word “5G” relates to the generation of wireless telecommunications, which will change multiple areas of our daily life. Due to emerging mobile technologies like virtual reality applications, HD video consumption, and cloud-based entertainment, mobile users and their usage is expanding very quickly. The rate of increase in demand and the predicted trends of new technologies, such as driverless vehicles and virtual reality, will far exceed the capacity of 4G networks in a few years Consequently, multiple attempts have been made by industry experts and research associations to make 5G networks a reality soon. Academicians and thought leaders have agreed that these new network systems would employ highly exciting, developed technologies like SDN and NFV to realize their objectives. The transmission speed of 5G is a lot greater than that of the present network Data transmission speeds up to 10Gbps, which are 10 to 100 times faster than 4G and 4G- LTE will be available with 5G. To facilitate the development of new services, 5G is anticipated to merge ultra-broadband networks and incorporate new-age technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning and cloud computing.
A SOC-Based Fast Charging Optimization Strategy with Coupled Electro-Thermal-Aging Model for Lithium-ion Batteries

Enabling fast charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) may accelerate the commercial application of electric vehicles (EVs). This paper proposes a SOC-based fast charging optimization strategy with the coupled electro-thermal-aging model. The state of charge (SOC), instead of charge cut-off voltage Ut, max, is employed to govern the multi-stage constant current (MSCC) charging process. The optimal charging current sequence of MSCC is determined by the dynamic programming (DP). And the Pareto curve is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed strategy. Considering the tradeoff between optimization effect and computational complexity, the optimal number of charging stages is selected as 4. The Pareto curve illustrates that the proposed SOC-based fast charging strategy dominates the equivalent CCCV charging method in shortening the charging time, reducing the energy loss and capacity loss. Moreover, the impacts of maximum charging voltage and aging on the optimization results are analysed in detail.
Efficacy of the HPV Vaccine in the Secondary Prevention of Cervical Dysplasia in Patients Undergoing Surgery

leading cause of cervical cancer. Patients continue to suffer from relapse or residual disease despite major advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as colposcopy, loop electrosurgical excision procedure, and surgical conization. The most effective way to prevent cervical cancer is to avoid HPV infection. There are no definitive data on the administration of an adjuvant HPV vaccine to patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia who have undergone local surgical procedures. In addition, it is believed that administering an adjuvant vaccine to this patient population might very well reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Vaccines are believed to provide protection against reinfection or reactivation for seropositive individuals whose infection has been cleared. The use of adjuvant HPV vaccine in high-risk individuals with HPV infection and HPV-related lesions is not supported by strong evidence. In this systematic review, we sought to determine the effect of HPV vaccination on the risk of HPV infection and the recurrence of pre-invasive disease associated with HPV infection after local surgical intervention for cervical disease or other HPV-associated diseases.
Unterstützte Kommunikation – ein Angebot für alle?

Zusammenfassung. Partizipation und soziale Teilhabe hängen maßgeblich von erfolgreicher Kommunikation ab. Um den heterogenen kommunikativen Bedürfnissen von Kindern in inklusiven Kitagruppen gerecht zu werden, wurden pädagogische Fachkräfte in der Verwendung von lautsprachunterstützenden Gebärden fortgebildet. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht das Gebärdenlernverhalten der Kinder im Längsschnitt. Mit Fragebögen wurden 18 Monate nach Beginn der Implementierung Daten von 124 Kindern im Alter von 17 bis 70 Monaten erhoben. Es zeigte sich für lebensweltlich einsprachige bzw. lebensweltlich deutschsprachige (L1) und für bilingual aufwachsende Kinder (2L1) ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Sprachentwicklungsstand im Deutschen und der Anzahl der erlernten Gebärden: Höhere Punktzahlen in einem standardisierten Sprachscreening gingen mit einem größeren Gebärdenwortschatz einher. Zudem erlernten Kinder mit einem frühen Zweitspracherwerb des Deutschen im Durchschnitt mehr Gebärden als L1- und 2L1-Kinder mit einem vergleichbaren deutschen Sprachniveau. Folglich erwerben Kinder sowohl mit geringen als auch guten Sprachkompetenzen in inklusiven Kitagruppen durch Modeling Gebärden. So kann die Basis für eine weitere gemeinsame Kommunikationsform geschaffen werden, von der auch Kinder, die Deutsch als frühe Zweitsprache erwerben, profitieren könnten.
Low- and High-Fidelity Aerodynamic Simulations of Box Wing Kites for Airborne Wind Energy Applications

High aerodynamic efficiency is a key design driver for airborne wind energy systems as it strongly affects the achievable energy output. Conventional fixed-wing systems generally use aerofoils with a high thickness-to-chord ratio to achieve high efficiency and wing loading. The box wing concept suits thinner aerofoils as the load distribution can be changed with a lower wing span and structural reinforcements between the upper and lower wings. This paper presents an open-source toolchain for reliable aerodynamic simulations of parameterized box wing configurations, automating the design, meshing, and simulation setup processes. The aerodynamic tools include the steady 3D panel method solver APAME and the CFD-solver OpenFOAM, which use a steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes approach with k-ω SST turbulence model. The finite-volume mesh for the CFD-solver is generated automatically with Pointwise using eight physical design parameters, five aerofoil profiles and mesh refinement specifications. The panel method provided accurate and fast results in the linear lift region. For higher angles of attack, CFD simulations with high- to medium-quality meshes were required to obtain good agreement with measured lift and drag coefficients. The CFD simulations showed that the upper wing stall lagged behind the lower wing, increasing the stall angle of attack compared to conventional fixed-wing kites. In addition, the wing tip boundary layer separation was delayed compared to the wing root for the straight rectangular box wing. Choosing the design point and operational envelope wisely can enhance the aerodynamic performance of airborne wind energy kites, which are generally operated at a large angle of attack to maximise the wing loading and tether force, and through that, the power output of the system.