Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fluctuations in methane emission in response to feeding pattern in lactating dairy cows

Methane from enteric fermentation of organic matter by ruminants is considered a key contributor to climate change. This study examined the effect of feeding a total mixed ration at different intervals, either once, twice or four times daily, on pattern of methane emission by lactating dairy cows and developed a response function based on exponentials to describe the observed patterns of methane emission. The function describes an asymmetrical shape exhibiting a continuous rise to a peak followed by a period of linear decline. There were differences between treatments in terms of total methane output and the pattern of emission, with peaks observed following feedings. The rate of decline in methane production post-prandially was linked to amount of dry matter consumed following each feeding. The simple model fitted the data satisfactorily and provides a biological description for fluctuations in methane release in response to changes in feeding pattern. The response function could be applied more widely as part of methane emission inventories following further work to examine the differences in eating behaviour and methane emission across different production systems.
Maintaining a Local Data Integration System in Support of Weather Forecast Operations

Since 2000, both the National Weather Service in Melbourne, FL (NWS MLB) and the Spaceflight Meteorology Group (SMG) have used a local data integration system (LDIS) as part of their forecast and warning operations. Each has benefited from 3-dimensional analyses that are delivered to forecasters every 15 minutes across the peninsula of Florida. The intent is to generate products that enhance short-range weather forecasts issued in support of NWS MLB and SMG operational requirements within East Central Florida. The current LDIS uses the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) Data Analysis System (ADAS) package as its core, which integrates a wide variety of national, regional, and local observational data sets. It assimilates all available real-time data within its domain and is run at a finer spatial and temporal resolution than current national- or regional-scale analysis packages. As such, it provides local forecasters with a more comprehensive and complete understanding of evolving fine-scale weather features. Recent efforts have been undertaken to update the LDIS through the formal tasking process of NASA's Applied Meteorology Unit. The goals include upgrading LDIS with the latest version of ADAS, incorporating new sources of observational data, and making adjustments to shell scripts written to govern the system. A series of scripts run a complete modeling system consisting of the preprocessing step, the main model integration, and the post-processing step. The preprocessing step prepares the terrain, surface characteristics data sets, and the objective analysis for model initialization. Data ingested through ADAS include (but are not limited to) Level II Weather Surveillance Radar- 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data from six Florida radars, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) visible and infrared satellite imagery, surface and upper air observations throughout Florida from NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory/Global Systems Division/Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS), as well as the Kennedy Space Center ICape Canaveral Air Force Station wind tower network. The scripts provide NWS MLB and SMG with several options for setting a desirable runtime configuration of the LDIS to account for adjustments in grid spacing, domain location, choice of observational data sources, and selection of background model fields, among others. The utility of an improved LDIS will be demonstrated through postanalysis warm and cool season case studies that compare high-resolution model output with and without the ADAS analyses. Operationally, these upgrades will result in more accurate depictions of the current local environment to help with short-range weather forecasting applications, while also offering an improved initialization for local versions of the Weather Research and Forecasting model.
Self-supervised Deep Image Restoration via Adaptive Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics

While supervised deep learning has been a prominent tool for solving many image restoration problems, there is an increasing interest on studying self-supervised or un-supervised methods to address the challenges and costs of collecting truth images. Based on the neuralization of a Bayesian estimator of the problem, this paper presents a self-supervised deep learning approach to general image restoration problems. The key ingredient of the neuralized estimator is an adaptive stochastic gradient Langevin dy-namics algorithm for efficiently sampling the posterior distri-bution of network weights. The proposed method is applied on two image restoration problems: compressed sensing and phase retrieval. The experiments on these applications showed that the proposed method not only outperformed existing non-learning and unsupervised solutions in terms of image restoration quality, but also is more computationally efficient.
Brasil: gobernanza regulatoria del sector energético y desarrollo social

The discovery of new oil fields and the bid for ecological fuels make Brazil world energy leader. However, this achievement cannot only be maintained thanks to the country's wealth of natural resources but rather it requires a model based on efficient and sustainable energy policies. Brazil's energy model seems to meet these criteria, on the one hand with a new hydrocarbons law that gives the government control of these resources and on the other hand with the production of biofuels and ethanol. Although we could consider that the cause of success in the case of Brazil is the availability of natural resources, in this study we argue that the regulatory governance of the energy sector developed in the 1990s in Brazil is a direct, explicative factor, giving the country a strategic position in Latin America. Finally, we will try to explain how energy development can influence the social development through one of the most unequal countries in Latin America.
Hosts' Perception of Economic and Socio-Cultural Tourism Impacts

Analyzing tourism perceptions of host communities and residents’ attitudes toward tourism development has been gaining increasing attention in the tourism research. This paper examines how residents perceive positive and negative economic and socio-cultural impacts of tourism. The authors identify several differences between two groups of respondents: residents employed in tourism and other residents. The study provides tourism planners with useful information concerning specific elements associated with residents’ positive and negative perception of the impact of tourism.
Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions

The relationship between O3 and NOx (NO + NO2) which was measured during summer and winter periods at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, has been analyzed and compared to model calculations. Both model calculations and observations show that the daily O3 production per unit of NOx is greater for lower NOx. Model calculations without nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) tend to underestimate the O3 production rate at NOx higher than 1.5 parts per billion by volume and show the opposite dependence on NOx. The model calculations with NMHC are consistent with the observed data in this regime and demonstrate the importance of NMHC chemistry in the O3 production. In addition, at eight other rural stations with concurrent O3 and NOx measurements in the central and eastern United States the daily O3 increase in summer also agrees with the O3 and NOx relationship predicted by the model. The consistency of the observed and model-calculated daily summer O3 increase implies that the average O3 production in rural areas can be predicted if NOx is known. The dependence of O3 production rate on NOx deduced in this study provides the basis for a crude estimate of the total O3 production. For the United States an average summer column O3 production of about 1×1012Cm−2S−1 from anthropogenically emitted NOx and NMHC is estimated. This photochemical production is roughly 20 times the average cross-tropopause O3 flux. Production of O3 from NOx that is emitted from natural sources in the United States is estimated to range from 1.9×1011 to 12×1011 cm−2 s−1, which is somewhat smaller than ozone production from anthropogenic NOx sources. Extrapolation to the entire northern hemisphere shows that in the summer, 3 times as much O3 is generated from natural precursors as those of anthropogenic origin. The winter daily O3 production rate was found to be about 10% of the summer value at the same NOx level. However, because of longer NOx lifetime in the winter, the integrated O3 production over the lifetime of NOx may be comparable to the summer value. Moreover, because the natural NOx sources are substantially smaller in the winter, the wintertime O3 budget in the northern hemisphere should be dominated by ozone production from anthropogenic ozone precursors. The photochemical lifetime of O3 in the winter in the mid-latitude is approximately 200 days. We propose that this long lifetime allows anthropogenically produced O3 to accumulate and contribute substantially to the observed spring maximum that is usually attributed to stratospheric intrusion. Furthermore, the anthropogenic O3 may be transported not only zonally but also to lower latitudes. Thus the long-term interannual increase in O3, observed in the winter and spring seasons at Mauna Loa, may be due to the same anthropogenic influences as the similar winter trend observed at Hohenpeissenberg, Germany.
A Moral Framework for Understanding Fair ML through Economic Models of Equality of Opportunity

We map the recently proposed notions of algorithmic fairness to economic models of Equality of opportunity (EOP)---an extensively studied ideal of fairness in political philosophy. We formally show that through our conceptual mapping, many existing definition of algorithmic fairness, such as predictive value parity and equality of odds, can be interpreted as special cases of EOP. In this respect, our work serves as a unifying moral framework for understanding existing notions of algorithmic fairness. Most importantly, this framework allows us to explicitly spell out the moral assumptions underlying each notion of fairness, and interpret recent fairness impossibility results in a new light. Last but not least and inspired by luck egalitarian models of EOP, we propose a new family of measures for algorithmic fairness. We illustrate our proposal empirically and show that employing a measure of algorithmic (un)fairness when its underlying moral assumptions are not satisfied, can have devastating consequences for the disadvantaged group's welfare.
Multispectral imaging systems on tethered balloons for optical remote sensing education and research

Abstract. A set of low-cost, compact multispectral imaging systems have been developed for deployment on tethered balloons for education and outreach based on basic principles of optical remote sensing. They have proven to be sufficiently capable, and they are now being used in research as well. The imagers use tiny complementary metal-oxide semiconductor cameras with low-cost optical filters to obtain images in red and near-infrared bands, and a more recent version includes a blue band. The red and near-infrared bands are used primarily for identifying and monitoring vegetation through the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), while the blue band can be used for studying water turbidity and so forth. The imagers are designed to be carried by tethered balloons to altitudes currently up to approximately 50 m. These undergraduate-student-built imaging systems are being used by university and college students for a broad range of applications in multispectral imaging, remote sensing, and environmental science.
A statistical investigation of dayside magnetosphere erosion showing saturation of response

[1] We present a statistical investigation of dayside magnetospheric erosion based on a survey of 316 cases in 1996–2004. We monitor erosion through the depression in the strength of the terrestrial magnetic field at geostationary heights using magnetic field observations acquired by four GOES spacecraft 2 hours on either side of local magnetic noon. The southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the solar wind dynamic pressure, quantities which are responsible for opposing effects on the geostationary field, are obtained from the Wind and ACE spacecraft. We extend our previous work to encompass the Bz range [0, −35] nT. We find that dayside erosion saturates when IMF Bz is in the range [−12, −16] nT. This result is consistent with global simulations. With the measured solar wind velocity, this corresponds to an interplanetary electric field (IEF) of 6.2 ± 1.6 mV m−1. We discover that the maximum depression of the geostationary field at saturated erosion is ∼26 nT. In addition, we reveal a direct relation between the saturation of flux erosion of the dayside magnetosphere and that of the cross-polar cap potential (CPCP), both of which occur at approximately the same electric field. For the latter, we apply the Hill-Siscoe model for the calculation of CPCP to our data set. We find the CPCP to deviate from a linear increase with IEF at ∼4 and 7 mV/m, which correspond closely to the IEF range at which we find saturation of dayside erosion to start to manifest itself.
Exogenous approach to improve topic segmentation

Purpose – Topic segmentation is one of the active research fields in natural language processing. Also, many topic segmenters have been proposed. However, the current challenge of researchers is the improvement of these segmenters by using external resources. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to integrate study and evaluate a new external semantic resource in topic segmentation. Design/methodology/approach – New topic segmenters (TSS-Onto and TSB-Onto) are proposed based on the two well-known segmenters C99 and TextTiling. The proposed segmenters integrate semantic knowledge to the segmentation process by using a domain ontology as an external resource. Subsequently, an evaluation is made to study the effect of this resource on the quality of topic segmentation along with a comparative study with related works. Findings – Based on this study, the authors showed that adding semantic knowledge, which is extracted from a domain ontology, improves the quality of topic segmentation. Moreover, TSS-Ont out.
Bedload and Size Distribution in Paved Gravel-Bed Streams

Field data are used to study the size distribution of bedload in paved gravel-bed streams. Similarity analysis yields the results that all grain size ranges are of approximately equal transportability when the critical condition for breaking the pavement is exceeded. This result is only approximately correct due to deviations from similarity. However, it is adequate to justify development of a method for calculating total bedload, which requires only the subpavement median grain size rather than the size distribution. A method for calculating bedload size distribution that accounts for deviation from similarity is also developed.
Quantifying high‐resolution impervious surfaces using spectral mixture analysis

Impervious surface distribution and its temporal changes are considered key urbanization indicators and are utilized for analysing urban growth and influences of urbanization on natural environments. Recently, urban impervious surface information was extracted from medium/coarse resolution remote sensing imagery (e.g. Landsat ETM+ and AVHRR) through spectral analytical methods (e.g. spectral mixture analysis (SMA), regression tree, etc.). Few studies, however, have attempted to generate impervious surface information from high resolution remotely sensed imagery (e.g. IKONOS and Quickbird). High resolution images provide detailed information about urban features and are, therefore, more valuable for urban analysis. The improved spatial resolution, however, also brings new challenges when existing spectral analytical methods are applied. In particular, a higher spatial resolution leads to reduced boundary effects and increased within‐class variability. Taking Grafton, Wisconsin, USA as a study site, this paper analyses the spectral characteristics of IKONOS imagery and explores the applicability of SMA for impervious surface estimation. Results suggest that with improved spatial resolution, IKONOS imagery contains 40–50% of mixed urban pixels for the study area, and the within‐class variability is a severe problem for spectral analysis. To address this problem, this paper proposes two approaches, interior end‐member set selection and spectral normalization, for SMA. Analysis of results indicates that these approaches can reasonably reduce the problems associated with boundary effects and within‐class variability, therefore generating better impervious surface estimates.
Automatic Demographic Classification of Indonesian Twitter Users

Demographic Classification is a method to classify people by its demographic. Twitter has become one of largest social media which there are millions of tweets posted every day. Indonesia also becomes one of major country who uses Twitter. In Twitter there is no way to know how to classify each user into its demographic attributes. Because in Twitter profile there’s no demographic attributes like gender or age. This research will focus on how to classify Indonesian Twitter users based on their gender, age and occupation. This research will use Naive Bayes and K-Nearest Neighbor as its classifier algorithm. According to the result, Naive Bayes performs well only in gender classification while K-Nearest Neighbor does not perform well in any demographic classification. Testing set successfully classified gender but failed with age and occupation
FIELD-SCALE VARIABILITY OF SOIL PROPERTIES IN CENTRAL IOWA SOILS

Spatial distributions of soil properties at the field and watershed scale may affect yield potential, hydrologic responses, and transport of herbicides and NO to surface or groundwater. Our research describes field-scale distributions and spatial trends for 28 different soil parameters at two sites within a watershed in central Iowa. Two of 27 parameters measured at one site and 10 of 14 parameters measured at the second site were normally distributed. Spatial variability was investigated using semivariograms and the ratio of nugget to total semivariance, expressed as a percentage, was used to classify spatial dependence. A ratio of 75% indicated weak spatial dependence. Twelve parameters at Site one, including organic C, total N, pH, and macroaggregation, and four parameters at Site two, including organic C and total N, were strongly spatially dependent. Six parameters at Site one, including biomass C and N, bulk density, and denitrification, and 9 parameters at Site two, including biomass C and N and bulk density, were moderately spatially dependent. Three parameters at Site one, including NO N and ergosterol, and one parameter at Site two, mineral-associated N, were weakly spatially dependent. Distributions of exchangeable Ca and Mg at Site one were not spatially dependent. Spatial distributions for some soil properties were similar for both field sites. We will be able to exploit these similarities to improve our ability to extrapolate information taken from one field to other fields within similar landscapes.
A Comparison of Summer Current Measurements in the Drake Passage

Abstract During the austral summer of 1974–75 direct measurements of currents in the Drake Passage were made. One data set was collected by the Soviet Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute while another set was collected by Oregon State University as a part of the IDOE/ISOS program. The Soviet data from 61°11′S, 62°31′W beginning on 25 December and ending on 10 January are compared with the U. S. data collected at 60°45′S, 62°15′W. While there is a spatial separation of 44 km and a time separation of 47 days, there are significant similarities in the energy spectra and in the trends of the velocity components. Comparison between moorings at 59°03′S, 63°24′W and 58°46.5′S, 64°24′W yields similar results.
Applications of the generalized radon transform

The generalized Radon transform had been found successful in incoherent noire suppression, long-period multiple elimination (Hampson, 1986) and in resampling or interpolation of the missing offsets (Darche, 1990). The motivation for restoring missing data crises from the need to present to any subsequent processing steps a complete, evenly sampled data set (Thorson, 1984). Application of the parabolic Radon Transform (RT) has been found successful in the spatial interpolation of the seismic data (Darche, 1990) . The near-offset gap bas the largest influence on multi-channel multiple elimination (Verschuur, 1991). In our paper, we will demonstrate the successful application of the parabolic RT in restoring near offset missing traces. Unlike Hampson (1986), we propose the processing of the two sides of the split-spread simultaneously; this eliminates the problem of discontinuity at the centre .
Image database design based on 9D-SPA representation for spatial relations

Spatial relationships between objects are important features for designing a content-based image retrieval system. We propose a new scheme, called 9D-SPA representation, for encoding the spatial relations in an image. With this representation, important functions of intelligent image database systems such as visualization, browsing, spatial reasoning, iconic indexing, and similarity retrieval can be easily achieved. The capability of discriminating images based on 9D-SPA representation is much more powerful than any spatial representation method based on minimum bounding rectangles or centroids of objects. The similarity measures using 9D-SPA representation provide a wide range of fuzzy matching capability in similarity retrieval to meet different user's requirements. Experimental results showed that our system is very effective in terms of recall and precision. In addition, the 9D-SPA representation can be incorporated into a two-level index structure to help reduce the search space of each query processing. The experimental results also demonstrated that, on average, only 0.1254 percent /spl sim/ 1.6829 percent of symbolic pictures (depending on various degrees of similarity) were accessed per query in an image database containing 50,000 symbolic pictures.