Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RMS accelerations and spectral amplitudes of strong ground motion during the San Fernando, California earthquake

An estimate of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of horizontal shear-wave motion is obtained using the Brune seismic source model in the presence of anelastic attenuation, from which the root-mean-square acceleration ( a rms) can be calculated. Predicted spectral amplitudes and values of a rms are compared to observations for 160 free-field or basement-level components of horizontal acceleration of the San Fernando earthquake. For a stress drop of 50 bars and a faulting duration of 10 sec, observed and predicted spectral amplitudes and values of a rms are in reasonable agreement: the observations conform to the predicted attenuation with distance (which is frequency-dependent for spectral amplitudes and proportional to R −3/2 for a rms), but exceed predicted values by an average factor of about 3. Some of this difference is attributable to azimuthal variation in source excitation and the highly nonuniform distribution of stations with azimuth; the remainder results from the high-stress drop associated with the initial rupture for this earthquake. Predictions made by the model are nonetheless in agreement, both in terms of attenuation and amplitude, with spectral amplitudes estimated by empirical models calibrated with records from a wide variety of earthquakes.
A Novel HARQ Design for RSMA Networks

Rate splitting multiple access (RSMA) has a variety of advantages, including higher throughput, enhanced capacity, and network efficiency, which makes it suitable for beyond fifth generation (5G) networks. Since the combining and splitting operations are performed on the transmitter side, one of the challenging aspects of RSMA is how a retransmission can be accomplished. In this article, an efficient hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) design for RSMA networks is presented in which three novel retransmission strategies are developed. More specifically, the main idea is choosing among RSMA, nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and space division multiple access (SDMA) during the HARQ retransmission round, respectively, to do the retransmission. Therefore, a new link adaptation approach is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed design is analyzed in terms of the average number of retransmissions, energy efficiency (EE), and achievable sum rate. Simulation results confirm the superiority of the proposed protocol in terms of packet error rate, EE, and sum-rate improvement up to 70%, 81%, and 76%, respectively, as compared to the conventional RSMA.
Factors controlling large scale variations in methane emissions from wetlands

Global wetlands are, at estimate ranging 115–237 Tg CH4/yr, the largest single atmospheric source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4). We present a dataset on CH4 flux rates totaling 12 measurement years at sites from Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia and Siberia. We find that temperature and microbial substrate availability (expressed as the organic acid concentration in peat water) combined explain almost 100% of the variations in mean annual CH4 emissions. The temperature sensitivity of the CH4 emissions shown suggests a feedback mechanism on climate change that could validate incorporation in further developments of global circulation models.
Rice residue burning trajectories in Eastern India: current realities, scenarios of change, and implications for air quality

In 2019, the Government of India launched the National Clean Air Program to address the pervasive problem of poor air quality and the adverse effect on public health. Coordinated efforts to prevent agricultural burning of crop residues in Northwestern IGP (Indo-Gangetic Plain) have been implemented, but the practice is rapidly expanding into the populous Eastern IGP states, including Bihar, with uncertain consequences for regional air quality. This research has three objectives: (1) characterize historical rice residue burning trends since 2002 over space and time in Bihar State, (2) project future burning trajectories to 2050 under ‘business as usual’ and alternative scenarios of change, and (3) simulate air quality outcomes under each scenario to describe implications for public health. Six future burning scenarios were defined as maintenance of the ‘status quo’ fire extent, area expansion of burning at ‘business as usual’ rates, and a Northwest IGP analogue, of which both current rice yields and plausible yield intensification were considered for each case. The Community Earth System Model (CESM v2.1.0) was used to characterize the mid-century air quality impacts under each scenario. These analyses suggest that contemporary Bihar State burning levels contribute a small daily average proportion (8.1%) of the fine particle pollution load (i.e. PM2.5, particles ⩽2.5 μm) during the burning months, but up to as much as 62% on the worst of winter days in Bihar’s capital region. With a projected 142% ‘business as usual’ increase in burned area extent anticipated for 2050, Bihar’s capital region may experience the equivalent of 30 PM2.5 additional exceedance days, according to the WHO standard (24 h; exceedance level: 15 µg m−3), due to rice residue burning alone in the October to December period. If historical burning trends intensify and Bihar resembles the Northwest States of Punjab and Haryana by 2050, 46 d would exceed the WHO standard for PM2.5 in Bihar’s capital region.
Impact of Competitive Strategies on Market Entry and Growth in Emerging Economies in Japan

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the impact of competitive strategies on market entry and growth in emerging economies in Japan Materials and Methods: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library Findings: the study on competitive strategies in emerging economies in Japan revealed that cost leadership strategies facilitated successful market entry, while differentiation strategies promoted long-term growth. Strategic alliances with local firms were crucial for overcoming barriers, and early entry provided a competitive edge. Adapting strategies to Japan's unique cultural and regulatory context was deemed essential for success in emerging markets. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends fosters a win-win scenario where foreign firms can thrive, and the host economy benefits from increased investments and job opportunities. Developing local talent and transferring knowledge to the local workforce is crucial for long-term growth. Both firms and governments should invest in skill development programs and knowledge transfer initiatives. Firms should prioritize hiring and training local talent, while governments can incentivize such efforts through grants and tax incentives. This practice-policy collaboration ensures that emerging economies can benefit not only from the capital but also from the knowledge and expertise brought by foreign firms.
Inadvertent changes in magnitude reported in earthquake catalogs: Their evaluation through b-value estimates

A simple procedure is presented for analyzing magnitudes and seismicity rates reported in earthquake catalogs in order to discriminate between inadvertently introduced changes in magnitude and real seismicity changes. We assume that the rate and the frequency-magnitude relation of the independent background seismicity do not change with time. Observed differences in the frequency-magnitude relation (a and b values) between data from two periods are modeled as due to a transformation of the magnitude scale. The transformation equation is found by a least-squares-fitting process based on the seismicity data for earthquakes large enough to be reported completely and by comparing the linear relation of one period to the other. For smaller events, an additional factor accounting for increased (decreased) detection is allowed. This fitting technique is tested on a data set from Parkfield for which two types of magnitudes, amplitude and duration, were computed for each earthquake. We found that the b-value fitting technique yielded virtually the same result as a linear regression assuming the same errors in the two magnitudes. The technique is also applied to interpret the nature of reporting rate changes in a local (Guerrero, Mexico) and a regional (Italy) earthquake catalog. In Guerrero, a magnitude change in 1991.37 can be modeled about equally well by Mnew = Mold + 0.5 or by Mnew = 1.02 Mold + 0.38, but residuals with the latter transformation are smaller. In Italy, a magnitude change in 1980.21 cannot be modeled satisfactorily by a simple magnitude shift but is well described by a compression of the magnitude scale given by Mnew = 0.67 Mold + 1.03. The proposed b-slope fitting method provides a means to interpret quantitatively, and in some cases correct for, artificial reporting rate changes in earthquake catalogs.
Water erosion in the high basin of the Moche river

The objective of this work was to study soil loss and incidence of pluvial precipitation as a factor in erosion. Surface runoff and soil loss under the terms of land use in the Huangamarca and Pollo watersheds of the river Moche were quantified. For this purpose, the rivers’ discharge using rainfall records over a period of 24 years (1988-2011) as registered by the SENAMHI weather station were determined. Data allowed the estimation of the erosive power of rainfall as a determinant of erosion in terms of specific degradation in t/ha/year. The Fournier method, based on the fundamental role of the p 2 /P ratio, where p is the precipitation of the wettest month and P is the annual total precipitation, was used. Soil losses by water erosion were obtained in the order of 7.29 and 33.40 t/ha at Huangamarca and Pollo basins, respectively. These losses by erosion are considered as high values, compared to the permissible range by FAO (0, 4-1, 8 t/ha/yr), that affect agro-ecosystems.
Application of MODIS NDVI Time Series to Extracting Wetland Vegetation Information in the Sanjiang Plain

The Sanjiang Plain has ever been the largest freshwater wetland in China.It has become an important commodity grain base in China after more than 40 years exploitation.At the same time,its wetland area has decreased sharply.Destruction of wetlands and some environmental problems are attracting more and more attention.To conserve and manage wetland resources,it is important to investigate and monitor wetlands and their adjacent uplands.The principal advantage of remote sensing data compared to traditional observations in the field is the possibility they offer to gather synoptic information at regular time intervals over large areas.Repeated observations from satellite-borne sensors can be used to identify wetlands and separate them from other land cover types.A variety of remote-sensing techniques could be used to identify,investigate and monitor wetlands.On the basis of multi-temporal MODIS data,a kind of supervised classification method to extract wetlands' vegetation of the Sanjiang Plain was used in this paper.The MODIS NDVI time series data were got from 16-day MODIS NDVI data after processing by Harmonic Analysis of Time Series(HANTS). The curve shape of NDVI time series,which is diagnostic for certain vegetation phenology,was the primary classifier.A Discrete Fourier Filter was applied to NDVI time series data in order to minimize the influence of high-frequency noise on class assignments.A similarity measure based directly on the components of the Discrete Fourier Transform that introduced by Evans J P was used to determine a pixels class membership.Based on the difference between vegetation phenology,7 kinds of vegetation had been classified from marsh,marshy meadow,bottomland,paddy field,farmland,bush and woodland.The spatial distribution of natural wetland(marsh,marshy meadow,open water) and man-made wetland(paddy field) were extracted.Results showed that total classification accuracy is 79.67% and Kappa coefficient is 0.752 5.The analysis of terrain showed the correlation to distribution of wetland vegetation and geography.Results indicated that this Fourier component similarity measure produced an objective,computationally inexpensive and rapid method of wetlands classification.Results also showed that the accuracies for vegetation of forest,farmland and paddy field are 89.36%,83.33% and 74.19% respectively.The accuracies for that of marsh and marshy meadow are 70% and 61.53% respectively.The main reason for the low classification accuracies for vegetation of marsh and marshy meadow was the high similarity of phenology characteristics between marsh and marshy meadow.Therefore future research should pay attention to the phenophases when the differences of NDVI values between marsh and marshy meadow are significant.Assistant data including water depth and terrain would be used to enhance the accuracy for vegetation of marsh and marshy meadow.
LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF ZHUMA FAULT ON THE NORTH SEGMENT OF DALIANGSHAN FAULT ZONE

Daliangshan Fault Zone( DFZ) constitutes a significant part of the eastern boundary of SichuanYunnan Active Block( SYAB). Studying the activity and slip rate of this fault zone is not only of great significance in understanding the movement of tectonic blocks and crustal deformation at the southeastern margin of Tibetan plateau,but also valuable in seismic hazard assessment and mid- and long-term forecasting of earthquake in west Sichuan. Zhuma Fault is the east branch of northern segment of DFZ which consists of six branch faults. Based on the detailed field investigations and through the accurate RTK( GPS) surveying and dating of the displaced landforms,we find that Zhuma Fault has been active since Holocene with a dominant left-lateral movement pattern and constrain its slip rate to be 1.5 ~ 3.1mm / a. Furthermore,a trench was excavated which reveals two paleoearthquakes occurring within( 50.3 ± 5.7) ~ 30 ka BP and 30 ~( 17.4 ± 1.2) ka BP,respectively from the stratigraphic evidence and OSL dating data. Although the slip rate on the Zhuma Fault is a little smaller than that on the southern segment of DFZ,we suggest uniform slip rates on the DFZ in consideration of the existence of another branch faults on the northern segment. The similar slip rate on DFZ to those on Anninghe Fault Zone( AFZ) and Zemuhe Fault Zone( ZFZ) implies that DFZ possesses a comparable partitioning component of displacement of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault System( XXFS) to AFZ and ZFZ. Further,the sum of slip rates on central segment of XXFS shows a good agreement with that on northern or southern segment. Thus,it is suggested that the DFZ not only patches the gap generated by the deviation of the strikes of AFZ and ZFZ from the average strike of XXFS,thus,making it a perfect small arc on earth,but also covers the deficiency in displacement and slip rate between central segment and northern or southern segment to maintain the XXFS to be harmonious. Moreover,according to the sedimentary characteristics and dating data,it is revealed that the alluvial-proluvial fans along the Zhuma Fault are formed by the glacial melt water in the last deglaciation after the Younger Dryas cooling event and such landforms could be widely developed in this region.
Selected information technology tools supporting maintenance and operation management electrical grids

The paper presents the main issues of management of electrical grids. Selected information technology tools supporting for electrical grids maintenance are presented. In electrical infrastructure maintenance of power companies the geographic information systems are increasingly used to support the management of theirs resources. Their functionalities in terms creating comprehensive databases for electrical infrastructure of power sector are described. The important information technology tools regarding spatial systems for supporting maintenance and operation management electrical grids and the conditions of their implementation are presented. This paper also attempts to innovative multidimensional evaluate the technical and economic benefits resulting from the use of modern information technology tools for the management of energy infrastructure.
Low-Pass Image Filtering to Achieve Adversarial Robustness

In this paper, we continue the research cycle on the properties of convolutional neural network-based image recognition systems and ways to improve noise immunity and robustness. Currently, a popular research area related to artificial neural networks is adversarial attacks. The adversarial attacks on the image are not highly perceptible to the human eye, and they also drastically reduce the neural network’s accuracy. Image perception by a machine is highly dependent on the propagation of high frequency distortions throughout the network. At the same time, a human efficiently ignores high-frequency distortions, perceiving the shape of objects as a whole. We propose a technique to reduce the influence of high-frequency noise on the CNNs. We show that low-pass image filtering can improve the image recognition accuracy in the presence of high-frequency distortions in particular, caused by adversarial attacks. This technique is resource efficient and easy to implement. The proposed technique makes it possible to measure up the logic of an artificial neural network to that of a human, for whom high-frequency distortions are not decisive in object recognition.
Evaluating machine and deep learning techniques in predicting blood sugar levels within the E-health domain

This paper focuses on exploring and comparing different machine learning algorithms in the context of diabetes management. The aim is to understand their characteristics, mathematical foundations, and practical implications specifically for predicting blood glucose levels. The study provides an overview of the algorithms, with a particular emphasis on deep learning techniques such as Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Efficiency is a crucial factor in practical machine learning applications, especially in the context of diabetes management. Therefore, the paper investigates the trade-off between accuracy, resource utilisation, time consumption, and computational power requirements, aiming to identify the optimal balance. By analysing these algorithms, the research uncovers their distinct behaviours and highlights their dissimilarities, even when their analytical underpinnings may appear similar.
Seismicity and P-wave velocity image of the Southern Tyrrhenian subduction zone

SUMMARY This paper focuses on the deep Earth structure and earthquake distribution within the Southern Tyrrhenian subduction zone. We discuss seismological observations which provide insight into the mechanics of subduction processes for an unusual compressional margin. The motivation for this work derives from the recognition that little is known about one of the most intriguing geodynamic features of the Italian Peninsula, and the fact that a large amount of information can be extracted from data collected by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica National Seismic Network. We show that the hypocentres of intermediate and deep earthquakes that have occurred since 1988 image a NW-dipping plane, continuous from the Ionian Sea to the Tyrrhenian, down to 450 km depth. We also present a 3-D model of the deep structure beneath southern Italy, derived using deep earthquake seismic tomography. Tomographic images reveal a high-velocity body dipping from the Apulian and Iblean forelands towards the Tyrrhenian Basin in the crust and upper mantle (at least down to 320 km depth). This high-velocity body may be related to the cold, subducted Ionian lithosphere. Earthquake hypocentres are confined within the high-velocity body, delineating the subduction beneath the Calabrian Arc.
Influencia de la familiaridad con una ciudad en su conocimiento Influence of familiarity with a city in its knowledge

This work aimed to analyze whether the gender of the individuals and the years spent in a city significantly influence the knowledge of urban landmarks. A group of 88 students of the Degree in Business Administration from the city of A Coruna was selected for the study. The gender of the participants did not influence the knowledge of urban landmarks; however, people who had been in the city for more than 10 years recalled more names of representative buildings than those who were in the city less than 10 years.
Group A Streptococcus Infection in Neonatal Population: A Systematic Review of The Literature

(1) Background: The importance of group A streptococcus (GAS) infection severity has been recognized in children and adults. However, to our knowledge, there have been no systematic reviews or pooled assessments of the incidence and outcome of invasive GAS (iGAS) disease in neonates, a potentially high-risk population. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of available data regarding the risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcome of GAS infection in neonates. (2) Methods: An electronic search of the existing literature was carried out during the period July 2023–September 2023 in the PubMed and Scopus databases, considering studies referring to GAS infection in the neonatal population. (3) Results: Overall, 39 studies met all the inclusion criteria and were included in this review, evaluating data from 194 neonates. Unfortunately, there were a lot of missing data among the retrieved studies. Our systematic review highlighted the presence of differences with regards to clinical presentation, infection sites, and outcome of GAS invasive disease between neonates with early-onset (EOS) or late-onset sepsis (LOS). Common characteristics of EOS included respiratory distress, rapid deterioration, and high mortality rate irrespective of the infection site, while rash, gastrointestinal tract symptoms, and fever appeared to be the most frequent symptoms/clinical signs and manifestations of LOS disease. The management of severe invasive iGAS disease consists mainly of specific antimicrobial treatment as well as supportive care with fluids and electrolyte supplementation, minimizing or counteracting the effects of toxins. Furthermore, a mortality rate of approximately 14% was recorded for iGAS disease in the total of all studies’ neonates. (4) Conclusions: Although iGAS is a rare entity of neonatal infections, the potential severity of the disease and the rapid deterioration requires the development of quick analysis methods for the detection of GAS allowing the prompt diagnosis and administration of the indicated antibiotic treatment. Furthermore, given the exceptional risk for both the pregnant woman and the neonate, it is very important to raise awareness and create easily accessible guidelines that could facilitate the prevention and management of maternal as well as the subsequent neonatal severe iGAS disease.