Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Indentation stress dependence of the temperature range of microscopic superelastic behavior of nickel-titanium thin films

The microscopic superelastic behavior of thin-film NiTi is investigated by instrumented indentation experiments conducted at different temperatures. The indentation-induced superelastic effect is found to be persistent to about 100K above the austenite transformation finish temperature (Af). In contrast, the upper temperature where superelastic effect exists is only around Af plus 40K in uniaxial tension and compression tests, beyond which the plasticity of the austenite phase overwhelms the transformation-induced superelasticity. By combining the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and spherical cavity model for indentation, we show that the high hydrostatic pressure under the indenter is capable of elevating the transformation temperatures and increase the upper temperature limit of indentation-induced superelastic behavior.
Note: NMR imaging of shear‐induced diffusion and structure in concentrated suspensions undergoing Couette flow

This note describes nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of two concentrated suspensions undergoing flow between rotating concentric cylinders (wide‐gap, annular Couette flow). Suspensions of both monodisperse (50% by volume) and bidisperse (60% by volume) spheres are studied. We find that particles migrate from the higher shear rate regions near the rotating inner cylinder to the lower shear rate regions near the stationary outer wall, establishing large concentration gradients after only a short time. In addition, the large particles in the bimodal suspension form concentric cylindrical sheets, parallel to the axis of the Couette device, which rotate relative to each other. In the Couette devices used in these studies, no significant axial migration of the particles is observed: the dispersion of particles is almost entirely in the radial direction. This particle migration and structure formation is believed responsible for torque reductions and other anomalous behavior witnessed during rheological .
Parallel-beam coupling into channel-cut monochromators using curved graded multilayers

Parabolically bent multilayers with laterally graded period were applied as condensing reflectors to convert divergent X-rays from laboratory X-ray sources into a parallel beam. Two different modes of coupling such a collimated beam into multi-reflection channel-cut monochromators for high-resolution X-ray diffractometry were tested. (i) Parallel coupling (the scattering vector of the mirror reflection is in the plane of the scattering vectors of the monochromator and the sample) enables one to exploit a wider solid angle range of the X-ray source and to gain nearly two orders of magnitude in intensity. (ii) Crossed coupling (the scattering vector of the mirror reflection is perpendicular to the scattering vectors of the monochromator and the sample) delivers a beam with much reduced vertical divergence. This eliminates the line broadening in rocking curve measurements even for strongly tilted samples.
High-Energy Properties of Pulsed Emission from Millisecond Pulsars

We make a modification of our previous outer gap model of high-energy emission from millisecond pulsars (MSPs) by taking the effects of the magnetic inclination angles and magnetic geometry into account. In the revised version of our outer gap model, a strong multipole magnetic field exists near the stellar surface, and the X-rays are produced by the backflow current of the outer gap and consist of one power-law and two thermal components. These X-rays collide with high-energy photons inside the outer gap to sustain the outer gap, and then high-energy γ-rays are produced in the outer gap. The fractional size of the outer gap is a function of the radial distance to the neutron star and the magnetic inclination angle for a given millisecond pulsar. We have applied this model to account for the pulsed X-ray emission from the MSPs outside of and in the globular cluster 47 Tuc, and our results indicate that the relation between the pulsed component of X-ray luminosity (L) and the pulsar spin-down power (Lsd) satisfies L ∝ L for the MSPs outside of 47 Tuc and L ∝ L for the MSPs in 47 Tuc, which is consistent with the relation between the observed pulsed component of X-ray luminosity (L) and Lsd: L ∝ L for the MSPs outside of 47 Tuc and L ∝ L for the MSPs in 47 Tuc. We also applied our model to predict the averaged high-energy γ-ray fluxes and to compare them with the sensitivity of AGILE and GLAST.
Cournot and Stackelberg equilibrium in mixed duopoly models

We investigate Cournot and Stackelberg mixed duopoly models where a state-owned public firm maximizing domestic social surplus, and a foreign firm searching to maximize its own profit, compete. First, we establish the existence and uniqueness results for the Cournot scheme, and propose the agents’ classification as strong or weak according to the agent's optimal reaction function properties at the Cournot equilibrium. Then we examine a desirable role (either leader or follower) of both firms in the Stackelberg schemes and compare the profits and domestic social surplus and the production volumes at each type of Stackelberg equilibrium.
An Optoelectronic Logic Gate Monolithically Integrating Resonant Tunneling Diodes and a Uni-Traveling-Carrier Photodiode

InP-based InGaAs/AlAs/InAs resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) and a uni-traveling-carrier photodiode (UTC-PD) are monolithically integrated to construct an optoelectronic logic gate. RTD structures are regrown by molecular beam epitaxy on the top of UTC-PD structures grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The characteristics of the regrown RTDs are almost the same as those of conventional RTDs directly grown on semi-insulating InP substrates. The UTC-PD provides a sufficient current drivability along with a high-speed operation demonstrated by the 3-dB bandwidth of 80 GHz, even at the low bias voltage corresponding to the peak voltage of the RTD. An optoelectronic logic gate using two RTDs and one UTC-PD was fabricated. This simple optoelectronic logic gate exhibited high-speed delayed flip-flop operation of 40 Gbit/s at a small power consumption of 7.75 mW. These results suggest that an optoelectronic logic gate using RTDs and a UTC-PD is suitable for the construction of ultrahigh-speed and low-power optoelectronic circuits.
The Role of Magnetic Fields in Gamma-Ray Bursts from SNeII

Data from a recently discovered long Gamma Ray Burst (GRB 090102) by NASA’s Swift satellite revealed that such GRBs may not be fireballs as usually presumed, but instead they are powered and collimated by organized strong magnetic fields (≧ 1015 G) generated by the compact object, a neutron star (NS) created at the core of the associated supernova explosion (SNeII). A mechanism for the generation of such strong surface magnetic fields where power NSs result from the deaths of massive progenitor stars is described based on a non-conventional model for pulsar magnetic fields, namely, spinning polarization charge that I recently developed in [1]. I show that this could give rise to scenarios involving long GRB events as the one captured by the Swift satellite during GRB 090102 in January 2, 2009. The model predicts that the magnetic moment of a NS has a dynamical feature which makes it different from that of a simple pulsar. I show this could have serious consequences on the statistics of observing long GRBs and also help explain such scenarios as the steep decline in the photon count-rate and the subsequent shutoff in the Swift/XRT X-ray data from GRB 070110.
Statistical approach utilizing neural networks for CD error prediction

We studied a three-layer backpropagation neural network to describe nonlinear relationships between inputs (error sources/control knobs) and output CDs. The application of the neural network to modeling of optical proximity effect for a 65nm node CMOS gate layer was investigated. The prediction accuracy of the neural network was improved with the increase in the training data size, becoming higher than that of a conventional lithography simulation with a lumped parameter model. The result suggests that neural networks trained with a sufficient amount of data can provide the same or higher accuracy for the CD error prediction than physical model-based approaches. The use of information of aerial images as input parameters improved the accuracy. Also, pattern density effects, which are difficult to treat by a conventional lithography simulation, could be successfully reflected in the CD error prediction. Using lot data over a period of time, we trained a neural network in which the exposure parameters and lot mean CDs were inputs and outputs, respectively. From the network, lot mean CDs for successive periods were able to be predicted. From these results, we conclude that the application of neural networks for CD control in advanced lithography is worth developing.
Fréchet Algebra Techniques for Boundary Value Problems on Noncompact Manifolds: Fredholm Criteria and Functional Calculus via Spectral Invariance

A Boutet de Monvel type calculus is developed for boundary value problems on (possibly) noncompact manifolds. It is based on a class of weighted symbols and Sobolev spaces. If the underlying manifold is compact, one recovers the standard calculus. The following is proven: 1 The algebra G of Green operators of order and type zero is a spectrally invariant Fréchet subalgebra of L(H), H a suitable Hilbert space, i. e. , 2 Focusing on the elements of order and type zero is no restriction since there are order reducing operators within the calculus. 3 There is a necessary and sufficient criterion for the Fredholm property of boundary value problems, based on the invertibility of symbols modulo lower order symbols, and 4 There is a holomorphic functional calculus for the elements of G in several complex variables.
A Bayesian nonparametric goodness of fit test for right censored data based on approximate samples from the beta‐Stacy process

In recent years, Bayesian nonparametric statistics has received extraordinary attention. The beta‐Stacy process, a generalization of the Dirichlet process, is a fundamental tool in studying Bayesian nonparametric statistics. In this article, we derive a simple, yet efficient, way to simulate the beta‐Stacy process. We compare the efficiency of the new approximation to several other well‐known approximations, and we demonstrate a significant improvement. Using the Kolmogorov distance and samples from the beta‐Stacy process, a Bayesian nonparametric goodness of fit test is proposed. The proposed test is very general in the sense that it can be applied to censored and non‐censored observations. Some illustrative examples are included. 41: 466–487; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Estimation of Area-Averaged Rainfall over Tropical Oceans from Microwave Radiometry: A Single Channel Approach

Abstract This paper presents a new simple retrieval algorithm for estimating area-time averaged rain rates over tropical oceans by using single channel microwave measurements from satellites. The algorithm was tested by using the Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR-5) and a simple microwave radiative transfer model to retrieve seasonal 5° × 5° area averaged rainrate over the tropical Atlantic and Pacific from December 1973 to November 1974. The brightness temperatures were collected and analyzed into histograms for each season and in each grid box from December 1973 to November 1974. The histograms suggest a normal distribution of background noise plus a skewed rain distribution at the higher brightness temperatures. By using a statistical estimation procedure based upon normally distributed background noise, the rain distribution was separated from the raw histogram. The radiative transfer model was applied to the rain-only distribution to retrieve area-time averaged rainrates throu.
Optimal enforcement policies (crackdowns) on an illicit drug market

In this paper an optimal control model is presented to design enforcement programs minimizing the social costs from both the market and crackdown. The model is built around a dynamic equation proposed by Caulkins in which the development of the number of dealers in a particular illicit drug market depends on market sales and police enforcement. By using the maximum principle we show that, due to the positive feedback effect hypothesized by Kleiman, performing an enforcement policy that leads to a collapse of the drug market is more likely to be optimal when the sales volume depends on the number of dealers. In case of a buyers market, which means that the total of sales completely depends on the number of buyers, the optimal enforcement policy leads to a saddle-point equilibrium where the enforcement rate is fixed such that the number of dealers is kept constant at a positive level.
THREE INTERESTING SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES

The three stars, HD 177230, BD+40°4220, and HD 197406, have been found to be spectroscopic binaries from spectrograms, obtained with the one-prism spectrograph at the 60-inch telescope, dispersion 80 A/mm at Hy. Each of the stars is noteworthy because of the emission features visible in its spectrum. It will probably require some time to derive orbits for these stars ; in the meantime they might prove of interest to photometric observers. 1. HD 177230. —This star has been chosen by Beals as a typical object of class WN8. Several spectrograms indicate variable velocity, with extreme values of -f-220 km/sec and —j—37 km/sec derived from À 4686 He n. The relative displacement can be seen best on the comparator in the rather welldefined absorption to the violet of the À 4471 emission band of He i which shifts in the same sense as k 4686. Although no trace of a secondary spectrum has been seen, the most probable explanation is that the star is a binary. 2. BD-|-404220. —Here the emission component is of type Of, i.e., the most conspicuous emissions are kk 4634, 4640 N hi and k 4686 He n. Weaker emission is present near Hß and Hy. In addition to the emission bands, a number of moderately vStrong absorption lines due to He n, He i, and H and N m are visible. Available measures show a total amplitude of about 350 km/sec for the emission and about 150 km/sec for the absorption, with the two sets of lines out of phase as in a doubleline binary. The situation is somewhat confused as both the emission and absorption components, especially the latter, give the impression of varying considerably in visibility. A very rough estimate of the period would be one week. The star is very red for its type and has a strong, broad interstellar absorption at k 4430.
Optimal experimental design with R

to follow most if not all of what is in the book. The book contains 15 chapters – two of them are new compared to the second edition of the book – and all but one chapter ends with a collection of exercises. The book will be useful as a textbook on mathematical finance and I have little doubt that this is its intended use. It may also be quite suitable for self-study if one wishes to learn the basic ideas of mathematical finance. The first three chapters of the book cover the basic prerequisites from probability calculus: Discrete probability (finite sample spaces), the normal distribution and then Brownian motion. Obviously, the material on Brownian motion is a lot more advanced than the material in the first two chapters, but a lot of the following material does not depend on results for Brownian motion. The author manages to prove (even if a bit heuristically) some quite difficult results concerning Brownian motion in an intuitive and easily comprehensible way by approximating Brownian motion by a random walk. By the way this chapter contains one of the very few examples where the reader actually needs to know something (how to find a probability by conditioning on a continuous random variable and integrating) beyond basic mathematics which is not explained in the book, to follow every detail of a proof. More probability theory pops up along the way; the Poisson process is introduced when needed and there is also a chapter on stochastic order relations. Mathematical finance is very much about the pricing and valuation of different options, and a key result is the Black–Scholes formula. This is proved in an elementary manner after discussing present value analysis and the idea of (no) arbitrage. More complicated options are discussed and priced using tools such as expected utility, optimisation, stochastic programming and Monte Carlo methods. There is very little in terms of statistics in the book apart from the final two chapters, which look at whether the geometric Brownian motion, the basis of the Black–Scholes formula, actually fits observed data and discuss an alternative to this model. All in all, the book covers a lot of interesting material in a very accessible manner for anyone interested in the mathematical theory of finance.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Reply to Cohen's letter on `The potential for bias in Cohen's ecological analysis of lung cancer and residential radon'

Cohen's ecological analysis of US lung cancer mortality rates and mean county radon concentration shows decreasing mortality rates with increasing radon concentration (Cohen 1995 Health Phys. 68 157-74). The results prompted his rejection of the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model for radon and lung cancer. Although several authors have demonstrated that risk patterns in ecological analyses provide no inferential value for assessment of risk to individuals, Cohen advances two arguments in a recent response to Darby and Doll (2000 J. Radiol. Prot. 20 221-2) who suggest Cohen's results are and will always be burdened by the ecological fallacy. Cohen asserts that the ecological fallacy does not apply when testing the LNT model, for which average exposure determines average risk, and that the influence of confounding factors is obviated by the use of large numbers of stratification variables. These assertions are erroneous. Average dose determines average risk only for models which are linear in all covariates, in which case ecological analyses are valid. However, lung cancer risk and radon exposure, while linear in the relative risk, are not linearly related to the scale of absolute risk, and thus Cohen's rejection of the LNT model is based on a false premise of linearity. In addition, it is demonstrated that the deleterious association for radon and lung cancer observed in residential and miner studies is consistent with negative trends from ecological studies, of the type described by Cohen.
Copula-Based Models for the Power of Independence Tests

ABSTRACT We consider independence tests and the methods to evaluate their efficiency. First, we observe that many of the most used independence tests are functions of the empirical copula, which is a sufficient statistic. Hence, the power of these tests, such as the tests based on Spearman's ρ, on Kendall's τ, and on Gini's γ, depend solely on the theoretical copula, and not on the marginal distributions. Then, we consider monotone dependence tests and we propose a parametric model to define the power function. Such a model is based on a path of copulas, from the copula of discordance to the copula of concordance, and can be characterized by the copula of the underlying joint distribution. Moreover, we introduce a consistent estimator of the path of copulas. Finally, we provide some examples of applications, and in particular, a bootstrap-plug-in estimator of the power curve, all useful for power comparison.
The Parameter Inference for Nearly Nonstationary Time Series

Abstract A first-order autoregressive (AR) time series Yt = βY t-1 + et is said to be nearly nonstationary if β is close to 1. For a nearly nonstationary AR(1) model, it is shown that the limiting distribution of the least squares estimate of β obtained by Chan and Wei (1987) can be expressed as a functional of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. This alternative expression provides a simple and efficient means to tabulate the percentiles of the limiting distribution that furnishes a useful procedure to test for near nonstationarity. Based on the eigenvalue-eigenfunction consideration, it is shown that the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck formulation possesses an infinite series expansion that extends the result of Dickey and Fuller (1979) to the nearly nonstationary model. Numerical calculations based on different representations of the limiting distribution are performed and compared. It is found that the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck expression provides a better algorithm for tabulating the percentiles. Applications to other time .
Problem Formulations and Treatment of Uncertainties in Aerodynamic Design

Recently, optimization has become an integral part of the aerodynamic design process chain. Besides standard optimization routines, which require some multitude of the computational effort necessary for the simulation only, fast optimization methods based on one-shot ideas are also available, which are only 4 to 10 times as costly as one forward flow simulation computation. However, the full potential of mathematical optimization can only be exploited, if optimal designs can be computed, which are robust with respect to small (or even large) perturbations of the optimization set-point conditions. That means the optimal designs computed should still be good designs, even if the input parameters for the optimization problem formulation are changed by a nonnegligible amount. Thus even more experimental or numerical effort can be saved. In this paper, we aim at an improvement of existing simulation and optimization technology, developed in the German collaborative effort MEGADESIGN, so that numerical uncertainties are identified, quantized, and included in the overall optimization procedure, thus making robust design in this sense possible. These investigations are part of the current German research program MUNA.
Future Occurrence of Threshold-Crossing Seasonal Rainfall Totals: Methodology and Application to Sites in Africa

Abstract A statistical simulation framework is developed to explore the future frequencies of threshold-crossing events, focusing here on low seasonal rainfall totals. Global change (GC) is represented by a trend on the seasonal mean rainfall total. Natural decadal to multidecadal variability (MDV) is represented by an autoregressive process. Interannual variability (IV) of seasonal totals is represented by white noise with either a normal or skew normal distribution consistent with parameters observed in the historical record at the location being modeled. Monte Carlo simulations are undertaken for various combinations of the above components, and the authors evaluate the extent to which future event frequencies can be estimated from the statistics of previous years. The sample of four study locations used to illustrate the approach is drawn from the Millennium Villages Project in Africa, where the potential of index insurance as a development and adaptation tool has been considered, thereby bringing a t.