Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sample injection for pulsed x-ray sources

The high intensity of free-electron lasers now allows for the possibility of obtaining measurable diffraction from biological samples with a single X-ray pulse. An important consequence of diffract-before-destroy imaging is that the sample is destroyed and therefore must be replaced preferably at the repetition rate of the FEL. This presents an interesting challenge; the sample must be rapidly replaced within the X-ray focus at the proper particle density and degree of hydration without damaging or denaturing the sample. If particle number density is too high, for example due to clustering or evaporation, the diffraction pattern resulting from coherent illumination of multiple particles may be discarded when sorting for 3D reconstruction. If number density is too low the hit rate, percentage of pulses with measurable scattered intensity, may also be too low to collect a complete data set. Evaporation will also leave behind less volatile material and this change of concentration may be damaging to the sample. On the other hand the similarity in electron density for water and biological material provides poor contrast for fully hydrated material. It is often also necessary to consider sample consumption. While high, near unity, hit rate can be obtained using liquid jets, a liquid flow rate greater then 1 microliter per minute must be maintained. Several sample injection possibilities, drop on demand, aerosols, liquid jets, aerodymamic lenses, have been explored and a review of these results is presented.
Molecular gas mass and far-infrared emission from distant luminous galaxies

Molecular line observations suggest the central few hundred parsecs of ultraluminous infrared galaxies have high mean gas densities, n(H 2 )∼3×10 3 to 10 4 cm -3 , unlike the centers of normal galaxies and very different from the disks of spiral galaxies. The CO line emission may not trace an ensemble of gravitationally bound gas clouds but instead a medium bound by the total potential of the Galactic center (gas and stars). This means the CO luminosity no longer measures gas mass alone, as in normal galaxies, but instead the geometric mean of the gas mass and the dynamical mass
Depression in Diabetes—The Hidden Bane

Background In India, a number of diabetes patients are rising, around 41 million Indians are suffering from diabetes. The depressed mood of an individual restricts the performance of that individual—socially, financially, and health-wise. Purpose Patients with diabetes having depression have shown worst diabetes outcomes in contrast to those suffering from type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) only, perhaps due to neglect at retaining a specific dietary regimen to control blood sugar levels, and/or not complying with regular exercise, consistent lifestyle, and treatment course. Our study aimed to analyze the presence of undiagnosed depression among adult diabetes patients and correlate complications and duration of T2DM with depression. Methods This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on diabetes cases visiting Out Patient Department (OPD) at Tertiary Care Hospital in South India. After obtaining ethics committee clearance, known diabetes adult patients on regular treatment fulfilling selection criteria, and willing to join in the study were randomly selected. Participants were interviewed, clinically examined and data pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, clinical parameters etc., were collected. Depression was judged using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17) questionnaire. The association of depression with glycemic control, duration, and comorbidities associated with T2DM was studied. Results Of 224 T2DM patients studied, the average age was 58 years, with a Male-to-Female ratio 2:1. In total, 49 (22%) had undiagnosed depression, and 175 (78%) were not having clinically obvious depression. In our study, depression was significantly associated with older age, occurrence of complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and heart disease, and duration of diabetes (p < .005). Conclusion Almost a fifth of diabetes individuals had undiagnosed depression. Proper diagnosis of depression among T2DM patients and intervention at right time can change the prognosis for patients, preventing further morbidities.
Adaptive finite‐time attitude stabilization for rigid spacecraft with actuator faults and saturation constraints

The attitude stabilization problem for rigid spacecraft in the presence of inertial uncertainties, external disturbances, actuator saturations, and actuator faults is addressed in this paper. First, a novel fast terminal sliding mode manifold is designed to avoid the singularity problem while providing high control ability. In addition, fast terminal sliding mode control laws are proposed to make the spacecraft system trajectory fast converge onto the fast terminal sliding mode surface and finally evolve into small region in finite time, which cannot be achieved by the previous literatures. Based on the real sliding mode context, a practical adaptive fast terminal sliding mode control law is presented to guarantee attitude stabilization in finite time. Also, simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the control strategies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leveraging Computational Intelligence Techniques for Diagnosing Degenerative Nerve Diseases: A Comprehensive Review, Open Challenges, and Future Research Directions

Degenerative nerve diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases have always been a global issue of concern. Approximately 1/6th of the world’s population suffers from these disorders, yet there are no definitive solutions to cure these diseases after the symptoms set in. The best way to treat these disorders is to detect them at an earlier stage. Many of these diseases are genetic; this enables machine learning algorithms to give inferences based on the patient’s medical records and history. Machine learning algorithms such as deep neural networks are also critical for the early identification of degenerative nerve diseases. The significant applications of machine learning and deep learning in early diagnosis and establishing potential therapies for degenerative nerve diseases have motivated us to work on this review paper. Through this review, we covered various machine learning and deep learning algorithms and their application in the diagnosis of degenerative nerve diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, we also included the recent advancements in each of these models, which improved their capabilities for classifying degenerative nerve diseases. The limitations of each of these methods are also discussed. In the conclusion, we mention open research challenges and various alternative technologies, such as virtual reality and Big data analytics, which can be useful for the diagnosis of degenerative nerve diseases.
Wind-accretion induced rapid rotation and a new class of active star

A physical model is presented to explain the occurrence of wide binary systems discovered at EUV wavelengths, such as 2RE J0044 + 093, which consist of a hot white dwarf and an ultra-rapidly rotating K-dwarf. It is difficult to explain the rapid rotation of the K-dwarf as a consequence of either youth or close binarity because of the length of the evolutionary and cooling time-scales for the white dwarf and the lack of any radial velocity variations. It is proposed that accretion of the slow, massive wind from the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) progenitor of the white dwarf, by the low-mass secondary in a detached configuration, can transfer sufficient angular momentum to produce these systems. For a range of AGB masses, and wind velocities of 10-20 km s-\ it is found that secondary spin up to periods of less than 10 h can take place for final orbital separations of up to 100 au. If the secondaries are wind-accretion induced, rapidly rotating stars (or WIRRing stars), they could show signs of chemical enrichment in carbon and s-process elements, such as barium, that were present in the AGB wind. The detection of such overabundances would lend firm support for this hypothesis and provide an evolutionary link between WIRRing stars and Barium giants. It is also suggested that the rapidly rotating, late-type central stars of planetary nebulae, such as Abell 35, are the progenitors of WIRRing stars, seen shortly after the mass accretion phase.
Auditory events in language and music

Perceptual organization of both language and music is based on temporal units that can be called auditory events. Speech syllables and musical notes correspond typically to auditory events. The listener categorizes these events in various ways in order to extract information. We are at a preliminary stage of searching for acoustic cues that the auditory system can utilize to determine auditory events. Averaged intensity of a speech signal within a moving Gaussian temporal window of 15 ms gives cues of syllable boundaries, especially when this averaged intensity is compared with the intensity change obtained with a Gaussian temporal window of 200 ms. The change of intensity obtained through a filter of about 600–2200 Hz compared with the intensity change obtained through an almost flat filter also gives cues of syllable boundaries. Thus, intensity cues and spectral cues both work to mark syllables. This holds both in Japanese and in English. Such intensity cues may work when applied to monophonic or homophonic music, but spectral changes do not correspond clearly to musical notes. Thus, the perceptual mechanisms that determine speech syllables and musical notes can be different. [Work supported by JSPS and 21st Century COE, Kyushu University. ]
Cross-Machine Transfer Fault Diagnosis by Ensemble Weighting Subdomain Adaptation Network

Many domain adaptation models have been explored for fault transfer diagnosis. However, most of them only consider the global domain adaptation of two domains while neglecting the fine-grained class-wise distribution alignment between the source and target domains. Thus, these models cannot satisfy the diagnostic requirement in some cases. In this article, a new ensemble weighting subdomain adaptation network (EWSAN) diagnostic model is established to improve the degree of domain confusion. In EWSAN, an enhanced joint distribution alignment (EJDA) mechanism is proposed. A multiscale top classifier with multiple diverse branches is designed based on ensemble learning to better achieve EJDA. Ensemble voting with the multiscale top classifier can obtain more reliable pseudolabels in the EJDA mechanism. An ensemble weighting maximum mean discrepancy with the class weight is constructed to enhance the fine-grained domain confusion. Moreover, the closed and partial transfer diagnostic tasks are made available. Furthermore, the information entropy is introduced to increase the confidence coefficient of the pseudo label. The proposed EWSAN diagnostic model is evaluated via multiple closed and partial fault transfer diagnosis experiments cross machines. The experimental results validate its effectiveness and superiority.
Tone Systems in New Guinea

After a short survey of cxisting classificatory Scheines for tonal languages, tonal Information from representative langnages in the New Guinea area is examined, illustrating many ofthe complicated tonal pattcrns encounlered. Different classes of tonal behaviour are identified on the basis ofthe domain of tonal contrast, rather than the shape ofthe tones (äs in earlier analyses). Other grammatical or arealfeatures that correlate with thepresence ofthese different classes oftone Systems are identified, and a classificatory scheme is proposed to handle the ränge of data. Because of the behaviour of some "intermediate" languages, a continuum of tonal Variation is proposed, rather than afinite number ofdiscrete categories.
Energy stability of a temporal variable-step difference scheme for time-fractional nonlinear fourth-order reaction–diffusion equation

In this paper, we propose a nonuniform numerical formula for the Caputo fractional derivative at the half-grid based on the piecewise linear interpolation and construct a difference scheme for the time-fractional nonlinear fourth-order reaction–diffusion equation. By virtue of two discrete tools: the discrete orthogonal convolution kernels and the discrete complementary convolution kernels, we obtain the positive definiteness of the discrete time-fractional derivative. Then, a discrete variational energy dissipation law of the proposed difference scheme is established for the time-fractional nonlinear fourth-order reaction–diffusion equation, which is asymptotically compatible with the associated energy dissipation law for the classical equation as the value of fractional order approaches to one. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and the energy dissipation of the proposed difference scheme with an adaptive time-stepping strategy.
Active turbulence control for drag reduction in wall-bounded flows

The objective of this study is to explore concepts for active control of turbulent boundary layers leading to skin-friction reduction using the direct numerical simulation technique. Significant drag reduction is achieved when the surface boundary condition is modified to suppress the dynamically significant coherent structures present in the wall region. The drag reduction is accompanied by significant reduction in the intensity of the wall-layer structures and reductions in the magnitude of Reynolds shear stress throughout the flow. The apparent outward shift of turbulence statistics in the controlled flows indicates a displaced virtual origin of the boundary layer and a thickened sublayer. Time sequences of the flow fields show that there are essentially two drag-reduction mechanisms. Firstly, within a short time after the control is applied, drag is reduced mainly by deterring the sweep motion without modifying the primary streamwise vortices above the wall. Consequently, the high-shear-rate regions on the wall are moved to the interior of the channel by the control schemes. Secondly, the active control changes the evolution of the wall vorticity layer by stabilizing and preventing lifting of the spanwise vorticity near the wall, which may suppress a source of new streamwise vortices above the wall.
Fluctuation theorems for non-linear generalized Langevin systems

The fluctuation theorems obtained in a stochastic Markovian process are generalized to a non-Markovian system governed by the non-linear generalized Langevin equation with a Gaussian colored noise. We derive the non-Markovian version of the Crooks fluctuation theorem that relates the statistical averages of the two different dynamics characterized by the forward process and the reverse process. In contrast to the similar study by Zamponi et al, ours does not assume a stationary state asymptotically in time so that the present fluctuation theorem can deal explicitly with the dependence of the initial condition and the transient behavior. The Jarzynski equality for the non-equilibrium work relation and the representation of the linear response in the non-equilibrium steady state are also discussed. The conditions for the memory kernel that the fluctuation theorems hold are examined by analyzing a solvable model and are confirmed by a direct derivation of the fluctuation theorems for the cases of an exponential decay and a power law decay of the memory kernel.
Percolation models for gate oxide breakdown

Computer calculations of the formation of a percolation path across a finite lattice are used to model dielectric breakdown. The classical scaling relations for percolation are expected to be valid only for large (finite) systems near pc. We investigate the opposite limit of very small samples, comparable to the lattice spacing. It is shown that relatively simple numerical calculations can quantitatively describe the statistics and thickness dependence of oxide breakdown in thin samples. The critical defect density for breakdown shows a strong decrease with thickness below about 5 nm, then becomes constant below 3 nm. Both of these features can be quantitatively explained by percolation on a finite lattice. The effective defect “size” of about 3 nm is obtained from the thickness dependence of the breakdown distributions. The model predicts a singular behavior when the oxide thickness becomes less than the defect size, because in this limit a single defect near the center of the oxide is sufficient to crea.
Local density of states from transmission amplitudes in multichannel systems

We consider phase-coherent electron transport in the multichannel case with time-reversal symmetry. The two-terminal conduction, as described by the Landauer-B\"uttiker theory, can be considered to take place in parallel in independent channels: the so-called eigenchannels. We extend the known relationship between the local density of states (LDOS) and phase of the transmission amplitude in one dimension to the multichannel case, and derive a simple explicit expression for the LDOS as a sum of individual eigenchannel contributions. A simple expression for the LDOS that can be used for numerical calculations is given. We show how this formalism can be useful in the description of the electronic states and conductance of metallic nanocontacts.
Spectral properties for 1D multilayer systems and application to super resolution

The spectral properties of one-dimensional multilayer structures for the two polarizations TE and TM are investigated and a physical explanation for the large spatial transmission band that can be obtained with this kind of system is given together with a discussion of the correlated super resolution effect. A designing approach to build 1D metal-dielectric multilayer structures that have super resolution is also suggested
X-ray outburst of the quasar 3C 279

A large X-ray flare-up of the quasar 3C 279, coinciding with an unusual multifrequency outburst, was detected with X-ray astronomy satellite Ginga. Observations carried out on two occasions indicate that the 2-20 keV flux has increased by a factor of more than 4, from 1.2 to 5.3 micro-Jy at 2 keV, within about a year. During the outburst, the X-ray spectrum became slightly harder than that in the quiet period, the photon index changing from Gamma = 1.70 + or - 0.06 to 1.58 + or -0.03. The X-ray flux varied by 20 percent during the outburst within a period as short as 45 minutes, which indicates Delta L/Delta t greater than 2 x 10 to the 42nd ergs/sq s for H(0) = 100 km/s mpc and q(0) = 0.5, the largest value ever observed for a quasar. The observed Delta L/Delta t suggests that the X-ray-emitting region is moving with a relativistic velocity toward us. These results suggest that a relativistic jet is being formed. 33 refs.
Relationship between Kinesiophobia, Foot Pain and Foot Function, and Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study

The main objective of the present study was to determine the relationship between kinesiophobia and pain (general and foot pain), foot function, and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 124 interviews were carried out with participants with RA. Participants were recruited from the Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada in Spain. Interviews took place in January 2021. Participants completed the following questionnaires during an appointment with their rheumatologist: Foot Function Index (FFI), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11), and the Visual Analogue Scale Pain foot (VAS Pain). Furthermore, the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) was used to measure disease activity. Of the 124 participants, 73% were women, and their mean age was 59.44 years (SD 11.26 years). In the statistical analysis, positive linear correlations (p < 0.001) were obtained between the variables TSK-11 and VAS (related to general pain or foot pain) and FFI (in its three subscales). Additionally, a negative correlation between the TSK-11 and the educational background was shown. This study provided information about the relationship between foot function and pain with different levels of kinesiophobia in patients with RA. Additionally, the educational background of the patient was considered a predictor of whether or not a patient suffered from kinesiophobia.
Scanning exposures with a MAPPER multibeam system

Currently, three MAPPER multi-electron beam lithography tools are operational. Two are located at customers, TSMC and LETI, and one is located at MAPPER. The tools at TSMC and LETI are used for process development. These tools each have 110 parallel electron beams and have demonstrated sub-30 nm half pitch resolution in chemically amplified resists. One important step towards the high volume tool is the capability to stitch the exposure of one electron beam to the next. The pre-alpha tool at MAPPER has been upgraded with an interferometer to enable exposures with a scanning stage and demonstrate first beam-to-beam stitching. A scan of 200 micrometers has been used to create a stitch area of 50 x 3 microns. The stitch error over all stitches was found to be below 25 nm. The electron beam position stability during the 10 seconds required for beam-to-beam stitching showed a contribution to the stitch error of 2.3 nm. The beam separation measurement, used to correct the static error, adds about 2.2 nm and the stage stability and linearity adds another 5 nm in the scan (interferometer) direction. In the perpendicular direction the stage instability gives the largest contribution to the stitch error (15 nm) due to the use of capacitive sensors. Overall, the electron beam stability and the beam position correction method work correctly and with sufficient accuracy for the high volume tool, 'Matrix'. The wafer stage for the Matrix system will incorporate full interferometer control to attain the needed positioning accuracy and stability.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Pruritus Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease and Cholestasis

Itching is an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch. In general, itching is caused by dermatologic diseases, but it can also be caused by systemic diseases. Since itching hampers patients’ quality of life, it is important to understand the appropriate treatment and pathophysiology of pruritus caused by systemic diseases to improve the quality of life. Mechanisms are being studied through animal or human studies, and various treatments are being tested through clinical trials. We report current trends of two major systemic diseases: chronic kidney disease and cholestatic liver disease. This review summarizes the causes and pathophysiology of systemic diseases with pruritus and appropriate treatments. This article will contribute to patients’ quality of life. Further research will help understand the mechanisms and develop new strategies in the future.