Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 1978 Yellowstone‐Eastern Snake River Plain Seismic Profiling Experiment: Data and upper crustal structure of the Yellowstone Region

Eleven in-line refraction profiles, recorded to distances of 300 km, and one azimuthal fan plot were constructed from data recorded with a 150-station array in the Yellowstone National Park area during the 1978 Yellowstone-Snake River Plain seismic experiment. Interpretations of the data suggest that the crustal P wave velocity model for the Yellowstone region is characterized by (1) an averaged 10-km-thick upper crustal layer, V/sub p/ = 6.0 km/s, (2) an average crustal velocity of 6.3 km/s, and (3) a total crustal thickness of 44 km. Velocity models are presented for profiles that emphasize the upper crust and show (1) a decrease in the depth to the top of the upper crustal crystalline basement from 5 km in southwestern Yellowstone near Island Park to 1 km at the northeast side of the Yellowstone Plateau that is interpreted as a progressive thinning of the silicic surface volcanic layer to the northeast and (2) evidence for a large lateral inhomogeneity interpreted to be a low-velocity body, with a decrease of at least 10% in P wave velocity, located beneath the northeast corner of the Yellowstone Plateau. The low-velocity zone coincides with a local -30-mgal residual gravity anomaly and is located beneath partmore » of the Sour Creek resurgent dome and part of the Hot Springs Basin, the largest hydrothermal system in Yellowstone. The low-velocity body has a maximum depth to the top of 3 km and a minimum depth to the bottom of 9 km and may represent a zone of partial melt. In comparison to the thermally undisturbed upper crust of the surrounding Rocky Mountains the upper crust of the northeastern Yellowstone plateau appears laterally inhomogeneous in velocity and layer thickness, suggesting effects of thermal and magma intrusion, whereas the lower crust appears relatively homogeneous. « less
A Coupled Electrical Resistivity–Infiltration Model for Wetting Front Evaluation

A coupled resistivity–infiltration model was developed. The infiltration model relies on the analytical solution of a fully developed and sharp wetting front using the Green–Ampt approximation, thereby reducing the resistivity model to the simple two‐layer case. The Green–Ampt approximation is a highly simplistic soil model that has limited applicability to real soils. The forward model demonstrates the effects of a voltage drop with time for a pole–pole, Wenner, and dipole–dipole electrode arrangement for a moving wetting front. The velocity of the wetting front can be obtained directly from the time series curve by normalizing the measured apparent resistivity to the resistivity of the wet layer (estimated from the voltage at time t = ∞) and plotting against the reciprocal of time multiplied by the electrode separation. Furthermore, if the cumulative infiltration or other parameters are known, then the hydraulic conductivity can be calculated.
A modeling study of boundary layer processes associated with ozone layers observed during the 1993 North Atlantic regional experiment

Boundary layer processes associated with three pollution events during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) 1993 field campaign are examined using airborne measurements and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model in conjunction with a mesoscale model employing four-dimensional data assimilation. This nonphotochemical modeling system was able to qualitatively reproduce many of the observed features during a 15-day period of the NARE field campaign. Simulated particle releases from urban regions within the daytime convective boundary layer were transported to heights up to 2 km above ground level. Particles located in the upper part of the residual layer in the early evening hours were quickly advected by higher wind speeds aloft to the sampling domain; however, particles released within the nocturnal stable boundary layer or the marine boundary layer remained within 200 m of the surface and often exhibited complex circulation patterns. As a consequence of the diurnal boundary layer characteristics, emissions released within a relatively close time interval were often found to have significantly different trajectories. Mixing of particles from various source regions results in a plume that does not have a unique age but is better characterized by a distribution of ages which vary with altitude. It is shown that much of the layering over Yarmouth is well established by convective boundary layer processes and vertical wind shears prior to the air masses leaving land. As expected, sea surface temperatures were found to play an important role in defining the vertical gradient of potential temperature and hence the amount of vertical mixing over the Gulf of Maine. Peak particle concentrations within 1 km of the ocean were often associated with a low-level jet over the Gulf of Maine. A common feature during the analysis period is synoptic-scale lifting in advance of low-pressure systems which appears to be partially responsible for lifting particles to the heights observed over Yarmouth.
Primeras jornadas Iperinas: presentación de nuevas líneas de investigación del Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC)

In December 2012, the first Jornadas IPErinas took place at the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC). The aim of this meeting was to show many of the new research topics that nowadays are being developed in the Institute. This workshop grew out of the need to disseminate the main new research lines developed at the center, as a fundamental part of scientific communication and knowledge transfer to society. In this paper, we briefly review the topics presented in the first meeting Jornadas IPErinas, summarizing the oral contributions.
Life-cycle assessment: using input-output analysis to estimate economy-wide discharges

Los modelos de evaluacion del ciclo de vida, intentan cuantificar las implicancias ambientales de procesos y productos alternativos senalando acciones de polucion y el uso de recursos a traves de una cadena de productores y consumidores. Senala que la evaluacion del ciclo de vida debe marcar la frontera que limita las consideraciones para unos pocos productores en la cadena desde la materia prima hasta el producto final. Propone una aproximacion para el uso del analisis economico de entrada-salida y los datos de la descarga contaminante, y aplicar el modelo a los automoviles, refrigeradoras, y compradores de computadores y hacer una comparacion con tazas de plastico y papel
An investigation of the Annual Cycle of Convective Activity over the Tropical Americas.

Abstract Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) is used to describe the annual cycle of convection that resides over the Amazon Basin during austral summer and over Central America and the adjacent waters of the Pacific during austral winter. The preferred locations of the convective activity during the wet season in the respective hemispheres are determined, and the beginning and ending of these seasons is specified. The onset of the wet season over Amazonia usually occurs within a single month, while the onset of the wet season over Central America typically requires from one to three months. The annual cycle of convective activity in this regime is shown to exhibit a seasonal regularity and degree of symmetry with respect to the equator which exceeds those characterizing the other two annually varying regimes in the tropical belt. Analyses produced by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are superimposed upon OLR fields to illustrate features of the atmospheric circulation in the v.
Improving the parameterizations of cold region processes in a land surface model

JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) is a land surface model developed by the UK Met Office and the CEH with the aim of serving a wide range of disciplines within the scientific community. It comprises an implicit snow scheme, meaning that when snow is present, the snow cover is represented as an extension of the top soil surface layer rather than being a separate entity. This changes the thermal properties of the “hybrid” layer and, as a consequence, the thermal conductivity is re-calculated.
Recent Investigations at the Cedar Creek Earthworks (AaHq-2), Essex County, Ontario

This paper presents and contextualizes the results of recent research at the Cedar Creek Earthworks (AaHq-2) in Essex County, Ontario, one of the few remaining Late Prehistoric earthen enclosures in the western Lake Erie region. First documented in the 1930s, the site consists of a unique semicircular berm and ditch feature to which has been appended three earthen projections or “nodes. ” Despite a combination of remote sensing, testpitting, and targeted test excavations both within and beyond the earthworks, a dearth of material culture remains and subsurface features (including evidence for a palisade) suggests the site did not serve as a village and raises questions regarding the role(s) Cedar Creek played in the lifeways of past aboriginal populations.
Water and Solute Movement under Conventional Corn in Central Spain: I. Water Balance

Partitioning temporal changes in soil water storage to water balance components (evapotranspiration [ET], drainage) under field conditions remains a vexing task. An in situ protocol using neutron probes and tensiometers was established on a sandy loam (Typic Xerofluvent) under irrigated, conventional corn (Zea mays L.) with the objectives to separate ET from deep drainage and to improve the accuracy of estimating the water balance components. An experimental research site (0.4 ha) at La Poveda Field Station near Madrid (Spain) was divided into 24 plots of 9 by 11.1 m each. The heterogeneity of the research site had been previously determined and the experimental field was instrumented accordingly. Vacuum soil-water extractors were placed in all plots, but neutron probe and tensiometers were installed in only eight plots based on soil texture. Plot management included nine furrow irrigations of 404 mm and rainfall of 250 mm throughout the growing season. Measurements of water flow and soil water storage for periods of a few days allowed the determination of ET and drainage with the soil water balance equation. Four water flow patterns and six water balance cases were identified. Results showed a cumulative ET of 532 ± 70 mm and total drainage of 75 ± 22 mm below the 1.4-m soil depth. Peak drainage took place 20 d before maximum ET and represented 19% of total irrigation water.
Understanding landscape change using historical maps. Case study Sinaia, Romania

Abstract Please click here to download the map associated with this article. The aim of this study is to produce a long term analysis of land cover change in Sinaia (Romanian Southern Carpathians), based on a time series of five maps, realised in the years 1790, 1912, 1970, 1990 and 2009. The maps were digitised and for each of the corresponding time periods, the binary change map and the trajectory of change were generated. The maps were produced within a Geographical Information System (GIS) based on a land cover change derived from cartographic digitisation. The scale of the maps created is 1:100,000 and the area is 5727 ha. The comparison of the maps was completed by using appropriate quantitative techniques and documentary sources or subsequent studies. At a historical scale, the main phenomenon was that of forestation, which mainly occurred during the 19th century. In the first part of the 20th century, Sinaia developed as an elegant tourist location and during the second part of the century it became an urban centre, and this evolution left its mark on the landscape structure. Today, an increasing urban pressure can be identified, due to residential expansion and mass-tourism.
Spatio-temporal statistics for exploratory NDVI image analysis

In this paper, spatio-temporal changes of vegetation in Jilin are explored with MODIS NDVI images time series from 2000 to 2006. MODIS NDVI images time series are organized into a spatio-temporal data cube. We build a linear regression model of NDVI time series at each pixel of the MODIS image. The slope of the linear regression model indicates the change trend of vegetation. Using these change trends data, we further develop three advanced spatio-temporal statistics of regional statistics, the center of gravity, and spatial autocorrelation for exploring spatiotemporal changes of Jilin vegetation. Three method results have commonly showed that Jilin vegetation change is generally stationary and slightly increasing in space. Meanwhile, Jilin vegetation changes are spatially heterogeneous in local regions. In particular, vegetation change is stationary in eastern Jilin, and is increasing in western Jilin. Vegetation change is decreasing in southwestern Jilin, northwestern Jilin, riverside and lakeside regions, and Changchun downtown. Positive spatial autocorrelation of Jilin vegetation changes is significant. Besides, the regions with a similar vegetation change trend are spatially clustered. Three given methods of exploratory NDVI image analysis have emphasized separable spatio-temporal interaction modeling, that is, a twophrase combination of modeling temporal changes firstly and modeling spatial changes secondly.
Analys av tillväxt för enskilda träd efter gallring i ett blandbestånd av gran och tall, Sverige

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth of individual trees and the effects of thinning in a stand of spruce and pine. This was made through tests of regression between a competition index (CI), which depended on distance and diameter of neighbouring trees, and needle mass (NM), compared to basal area growth (BA growth) and dry-weight. The data used in this study was collected over the time-period 1998 to 2003 and can be said to be continuation of the work done by Lagergren och Lindroth (2004). The thinning was performed in 1998, and ca 25% of the basal area in the thinning plot was removed. Other factors, such as strip-roads, were also investigated and were concluded to have an effect on the results given. Generally, NM was the variable that explained growth best. CI was however an almost as good indicator of growth, if trees close to the strip-roads were excluded. In the thinned stand, CI was almost as good of an indicator as NM. Even with these results, there can be certain advantages in using a CI. When thinning is preformed, the CI can adapt a new value immediately after, if it is recalculated without the thinned trees. So for a longer period of time, the CI might be the best way to explain growth. Of the results can also be said that the trees within the thinned area had a lower rate of growth compared to the reference stand during the beginning of the time-period. During the later years, the relationship was reversed and the thinned plot had a higher rate of growth. This was true for both basal area growth and the growth in dry-weight. The growth of trees always decreases somewhat after a thinning, although the effect is said to be less noticed in stands of spruce. The results in this study show that this effect is reversed and pine seems to be less sensitive with increased growth close after the thinning. The overall growth is somewhat lower than expected, compared to studies of similar stands.
Patterns of Suspended Sediment Transport in a Coastal Alaska Stream

Suspended sediment data from a 154 ha watershed on northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska, were collected over three fall storm seasons from 1980 to 1982. Sediment rating curves for nine pooled storms explained less than 34 percent of the variation in total suspended solids (TSS). Significantly higher concentrations of suspended sediment occurred during the rising limb of storm hydrographs than for similar flows on the falling limb, accounting for hysteresis loops in TSS versus streamflow plots for individual storms. These hysteresis loops were wider during early season storms, indicating that easily transportable fine sediment may have been flushed from the upper portion of channel banks and from behind large organic debris during early season peak flows. Regression relationships (TSS versus Q) developed for the highest stormflows (> 1 m3/s) had steeper slopes than the lower stormflows (< 1 m3/s). Turbidity correlated well (r=0.94) with TSS for all storm-flow data combined. Organic matter constituted an average of 35 percent (by weight) of TSS for all water quality samples.
Aerosol concentration statistics for the Northern Tropical Atlantic

During July, August, and September of 1974, daily aerosol measurements were made at three stations in the tropical North Atlantic: Sal Island, Cape Verde Islands; Barbados, West Indies; and Miami, Florida. The two major components at all stations were mineral aerosol, composed of Saharan dust, and sea-salt aerosol. The distribution of the mass concentration of each component is accurately described as the composite of two log normal distributions, usually with one mode decidedly dominant. At Sal Island and Barbados, which experience winds of nearly constant direction, the dominant modes for sea-salt aerosol were similar: for Sal Island, geometric mean GM = 24.9 μg m−3, standard geometric deviation SGD = 1.24 and for Barbados, GM = 17.3 μg m−3, SGD = 1.31. The lower GM at Barbados is attributable to a lower mean wind speed. At Miami the highly variable wind and air mass characteristics result in a unimodal distribution with a substantially lower GM of 5.94 μg m−3 and a significantly higher SGD of 1.77. At Barbados the secondary mode is very high (GM = 51.3, SGD = 1.23) and is mainly attributable to the long-range effects of two tropical storms and a hurricane, which passed well to the east and north of the island but which did not result in any increase in wind speeds at the island. The dominant mode in the mineral aerosol distributions at Sal, Barbados, and Miami is attributable to Saharan dust. The SGD for this mode was approximately 2.4 at each location, while the GM decreased from 21 μg m−3 at Sal to 19 at Barbados and 10 at Miami. The secondary modes may be due to the influence of background aerosols and local inputs.
Toxicological Benchmarks for Screening Potential Contaminants of Concern for Effects on Terrestrial Plants

One of the initial stages in ecological risk assessment for hazardous waste sites is screening contaminants to determine which of them are worthy of further consideration as contaminants of potential concern. This process is termed contaminant screening. It is performed by comparing measured ambient concentrations of chemicals to benchmark concentrations. Currently, no standard benchmark concentrations exist for assessing contaminants in soil with respect to their toxicity to plants. This report presents a standard method for deriving benchmarks for this purpose (phytotoxicity benchmarks), a set of data concerning effects of chemicals in soil or soil solution on plants, and a set of phytotoxicity benchmarks for 38 chemicals potentially associated with United States Department of Energy (DOE) sites. In addition, background information on the phytotoxicity and occurrence of the chemicals in soils is presented, and literature describing the experiments from which data were drawn for benchmark derivation is reviewed. Chemicals that are found in soil at concentrations exceeding both the phytotoxicity benchmark and the background concentration for the soil type should be considered contaminants of potential concern.
Effects of Temperature on Measurements of Soil Water Content with Time Domain Reflectometry

This paper analyses the effects of temperature on the quantification of soil water content by means of time domain reflectometry (TDR) method. For this purpose, the dielectric constant of soil specimens with known water content was measured at different temperatures in a range of 20–80°C. The soil types used in the present study were fine sand, sand-bentonite mixture (SBM), and sandy loam. For each soil type, the dielectric constant of at least three specimens having identical dry density but varying initial water content was measured at temperatures ranging from 20 to 80°C. The results obtained agree with previous studies showing that there are two competing phenomena during the measurement of soil water content by means of TDR: (i) The soil bulk dielectric constant increases with increasing temperature due to the release of bound water from soil solid particles and (ii) the soil bulk dielectric constant decreases with increasing temperature due to the temperature effect of free water molecules. Moreover, it has an existing equilibrium water content at which both competing phenomena compensate each other. However, for the SBM no equilibrium water content was found, but the dielectric constant increased significantly with the temperature for the whole water content range. This can be explained by the significant clay content and the high specific surface area, which leads to a dominating effect of the increase of soil bulk dielectric constant with increasing temperature.
A simulated-annealing algorithm for retrieving water optical properties from above-water remote-sensing reflectance

In this study, a simulated-annealing algorithm is combined with well known semi-analytical model for deep water's inherent optical properties (IOPs) parameters. The IOPs is an important factor in considering and evaluating water type, subsurface light field, turbidity and pigment concentration. A simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is a global optimum process that could be applied for non-linear optimization problem in which multiparameter are present. In this work, four parameters are presented: Chl, ag440, S and bbp550. We evaluate our approach with self-computed data and IOCCG data set. The comparison between the retrieved results and the measured coefficients suggests that the differences are close to the accuracy limitations, and the two sets of results are in nice agreement, so the inversion results can be accepted.
Temporal variation of relations between New South Wales rainfall and the Southern Oscillation

Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was used to identify major spatial patterns of New South Wales (eastern Australia) district rainfalls in each season. Four spatial patterns of the principal components of rainfall, each dominant in a subregion of the State, were evident. Plots of correlation coefficients between the amplitudes of the spatial patterns and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) revealed temporal instability of the relationships. Results show that the relationships have changed dramatically with time and that they have changed differently from region to region. Over the 55 years (1933–1987) for which data were available, in some regions the correlation coefficients changed from being highly significant, to showing no relationship, in others the reverse was the case, and in some very little change occurred. This meant that over time the spatial pattern of relationships for a given season also changed quite dramatically. These findings have profound implications for studies based on assumptions of stationarity of geophysical phenomena and relationships and suggest there are other, as yet unrecognized, phenomena influencing rainfall in the long-term.