Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CONTENTS 4_07

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, presenting with different clinical phenotypes, all involving the extrapyramidal system. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a common symptom of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. OH is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg and/or a fall in diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mmHg on standing or head-up tilt. In this pilot study, we tested the feasibility and efficacy of the ERIGO® device in managing OH non-responsive to conventional treatments in a sample of patients with PSP. OH was chosen as the primary outcome, as the symptom is a serious complication in neurodegenerative disorders, challenging the rehabilitation treatment. Six patients received intensive training using ERIGO®, a robot-assisted tilt table with an integrated leg movement system that allows progressive verticalization of the patient, and application of functional electrical stimulation. In all the participants, OH improved after the training with the device, suggesting that robotic verticalization may be a feasible and effective tool in improving blood pressure stability in patients with PSP. Further studies in larger samples, also including patients with other neurodegenerative disorders associated with OH, are needed to confirm these promising results.
Exploring the Role of the Rock and Water Programme in the Improvement of Māori and Pacifika Boys' Engagement with School

The aim of this study is to explore boys’ achievement within a New Zealand secondary school. More specifically the focus of this research has been to look at the impact that an intervention programme – Rock and Water, has in improving boys’ engagement within a school. This study has explored how school engagement is defined and how it has an effect on boys. This research looked at how the school experience differs for Māori and Pasifika boys. Using secondary sources of data, this study examined how education fits within society as a form of social control and has attempted to position the school experience within containment theory. Factors considered were the dynamics within these programmes and the role teachers’ play in improving engagement. This research has specifically identified how intervention programmes might be used as a tool with schools pedagogy to raise Māori and Pasifika boys’ participation and engagement with school. A qualitative methodology was employed for this research, focusing on one New Zealand College. Primary sources of data were student questionnaires and individual student interviews. Questionnaires and interviews were also carried out with two of the teachers/facilitators delivering the programme. This study found that student engagement was improved as a consequence of their participation in the Rock and Water programme. For Māori boys, the opportunity to have fun and to connect with their peers was significant and identified by the participants in this study. For Pasifika boys, the results were mixed, those participating enjoyed it and said that it improved their engagement with school, the reasons behind why were not revealed in significant detail for this group. The pedagogies incorporated in the intervention programme (Rock and Water) had similarity with those advocated as part of Te Kōtahitanga. The weaving of Maori tikanga such as Ako, Manaakitanga and cultural performance helped in creating an environment whereby the boys participating were valued as being culturally located. For the teacher/facilitators, the initial aim of participating in the Rock and Water programme was to introduce an intervention that addressed issues of behaviour management. However as the programme grew in popularity and a space was created within the curriculum, the teacher/facilitators commented on the changing dynamic within the group. An identity based around shared values and experiences in the group was evolving. Over time this was utilised to promote participants into tuākana roles. Similarly, the embedding of the Rock and Water into the school curriculum led to it becoming part of the schools kaupapa or vision. Future challenges based on this study are to examine in greater detail the impact that the programme has in improving academic outcomes for Māori and Pasifika boys. The link between improved engagement and achievement is implied in participant responses, but quantitative data was not produced or explored due to the methodology chosen.
Twentieth-Century Sea Surface Temperature Patterns in the Pacific during Decadal Moisture Regimes over the United States*

Abstract Three great moisture anomalies were observed during the twentieth century over the western United States: a pluvial from 1905 to 1917, the Dust Bowl drought (1929–40), and the Southwestern drought of 1946–56. A composite analysis of the concurrent Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) field is used to infer the atmospheric circulation that may have been associated with these objectively defined decadal dry and wet periods. The early-twentieth-century pluvial occurred during a 13-yr SST regime with unusually cold water in the northern and northwestern North Pacific and in the eastern North Pacific. This pattern would favor a “Pineapple Express–like” mean storm track into the west. Warm ENSO-like conditions also observed during the pluvial would have favored an enhanced subtropical jet stream into the southwestern United States. The 11-yr Dust Bowl drought occurred during a poorly defined Pacific SST regime, although unusually cold water was present in the far western North Pacific. Weak warm SST c.
The New Brain Sciences: Perils and Prospects

List of contributors Part I. Introduction: the new brain sciences Steven Rose Part II. Freedom to Change: 1. Do we ever really act? Mary Midgley 2. The definition of human nature Merlin W. Donald 3. Consciousness and the limits of neurobiology Hilary Rose 4. Mind metaphors, neurosciences and ethics Regine Kollek 5. Genetic and generic determinism, a new threat to free will? Peter Lipton Part III. Neuroscience and the Law: 6. Human action, neuroscience and the law Alexander McCall Smith 7. Responsibility and the law Stephen Sedley 8. Programmed or licensed to kill? The new biology of femicide Lorraine Radford 9. Genes, responsibility and the law Patrick Bateson Part IV. Stewardship of the New Brain Sciences: 10. The neurosciences: the danger that we will think we have understood it all Yadin Dudai 11. On dissecting the genetic basis of behaviour and intelligence Angus Clarke 12. Prospects and perils of stem cell repair of the central nervous system: a brief guide to current science Helen Hodges, Iris Reuter and Helen Pilcher 13. The use of human embryonic stem cells for research: an ethical evaluation Guido de Wert 14. The Prozac story John Cornwell 15. Psychopharmacology at the interface between the market and the new biology David Healy 16. Education in the age of Ritalin Paul Cooper Part V. Conclusion: Conclusion Dai Rees and Barbro Westerholm References Index.
The Linear Stability of Time-Dependent Baroclinic Shear

This article aims to advance the understanding of inherent randomness in geophysical fluids by considering the particular example of baroclinic shear flows that are spatially uniform in the horizontal directions and aperiodic in time. The time variability of the shear is chosen to be the Kubo oscillator, which is a family of time-dependent bounded noise that is oscillatory in nature with various degrees of stochasticity. The author analyzed the linear stability of a wide range of temporally periodic and aperiodic shears with a zero and nonzero mean to get a more complete understanding of the effect of oscillations in shear flows in the context of the two-layer quasigeostrophic Phillips model. It is determined that the parametric mode, which exists in the periodic limit, also exists in the range of small and moderate stochasticities but vanishes in highly erratic flows. Moreover, random variations weaken the effects of periodicity and yield growth rates more similar to that of the time-averaged steady-state analog. This signifies that the periodic shear flows possess the most extreme case of stabilization and destabilization and are thus anomalous. In the limit of an f plane, the linear stability problem is solved exactly to reveal that individual solutions to the linear dynamics with time-dependent baroclinic shear have growth rates that are equal to that of the time-averaged steady state. This implies that baroclinic shear flows with zero means are linearly stable in that they do not grow exponentially in time. This means that the stochastic mode that was found to exist in the Mathieu equation does not arise in this model. However, because the perturbations grow algebraically, the aperiodic baroclinic shear on an f plane can give rise to nonlinear instabilities.
Collapse and reconstruction of Monowai submarine volcano, Kermadec arc, 1998–2004

Monowai submarine volcano is one of the three most historically active volcanoes of the Kermadec arc. Repeat multibeam surveys of Monowai Cone from September 1998 and September 2004 and T wave data recorded by the Reseau Sismique Polynesien network for the same period document the collapse and subsequent regrowth of the cone within this 6-a period. Grid differencing of the two bathymetric data sets, acquired 6 a apart, reveals that a landslide ∼2230 m long occurred between the surveys, within which a postcollapse cone and talus ridge (∼0.023 km3 in volume) subsequently formed. The volume of this collapse, minus postcollapse construction, is ∼0.085 km3. We interpret an unusual, strong-amplitude T wave event on 24 May 2002 as recording “hot landsliding”, where the 100- to 160-m-thick collapse has “unroofed” the uppermost parts of the vent conduit, with the subsequent explosive interaction, and cooling, of hot magma and volcaniclastic rubble with ambient seawater. This interpretation is consistent with the lack of emergent events, sharp onset, and large amplitude of the 24 May 2002 T waves. The subsequent >2500 T wave events, between November 2002 and September 2004, occurred in swarms with emerging and waning activity and with typical explosive volcanic acoustic signatures, which are interpreted as recording the regrowth of an ∼90-m-high cone back to a near-1998 elevation, at an average rate of 47 m a−1. This study provides (1) a lower bound for frequency-magnitude relationships of landsliding for submarine arc volcanoes and (2) estimates of 0.013 km3 a−1 of submarine cone growth during eruptive cycles.
Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing World: Finding Solutions in Cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America

Cities can provide health safe and stimulating environments for their inhabitants without imposing unsustainable demands on natural resources ecosystems and global cycles. A successful city in this sense is one that meets multiple goals. Such goals include: healthy living and working environments for the inhabitants; water supply provision for sanitation rubbish collection and disposal drains paved roads and footpaths and other forms of infrastructure and services that are essential for health (and important for a prosperous economic base) available to all; an ecologically sustainable relationship between the demands of consumers and businesses and the resources waste sinks and ecosystems on which they draw. (excerpt)
Seasonal variation of ice ablation at the margin of the Greenland ice sheet and its sensitivity to climate change, Qamanârssûp sermia, West Greenland

Abstract Monthly ice ablation was measured at the margin of the Greenland ice sheet for June, July and August over 7 years (1980–86). The total winter ablation (September-May) has also been measured, and a simple ablation-temperature model used to assign ablation values to individual months. Under the present climate, the most ablation occurred in June-August (on average 81% of annual ablation), moderate ablation took place in May and September (17%) and very little ablation occurred in October-April (2%). The effect of climate change on ice ablation is simulated using the ablation model to recalculate ablation for higher temperatures. Summer ice ablation increases with temperature in the model, but there is proportionally greater increase for May and September, whereas the period from October to April is presently so cold that even a temperature rise of +5 °C will hardly increase ablation. The difference in annual ice ablation caused by future climate change will therefore depend upon the seasonal distribution of the temperature change. Changes in precipitation and accumulation will further modify the seasonal variation of ablation.
Contribuição de uma seção gravimétrica transversal ao estudo da estruturação litosférica na porção setentrional da Província Borborema, NE do Brasil

This paper presents a 2.5D gravimetric model generated from 315 new gravity stations obtained along a NW-SE 750 km geophysical transect in the northeastern portion of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. The regional and residual components of the gravity field were modeled separately. Modeling of the regional anomalies revealed a crustal thickness variation from 28 to 32 km, considering the average densities of about 2.8 g/cm3 for the continental crust and 3.3 g/cm3 for lithospheric mantle. High frequency residual anomalies were interpreted on the density contrasts between a 10 km thick upper crust and a broad assembly of supracrustal covers and basement units, which show density values between 2.55 to 2.9 g/cm3. The current configuration of the Borborema Province lithosphere is clearly the result of the Mesozoic South American - African breakup of West Gondwana, which overprinted the Brasiliano-Pan African orogenic structures.
Spatial epidemiology: methods and applications.

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION: HEALTH AND POPULATION DATA 1. Spatial epidemiology: methods and applications 2. Health event data 3. The use of population data in spatial epidemiology 4. Socio-economic factors at area level and their relationship with health 5. Bias and confounding in spatial epidemiology SECTION 2 - STATISTICAL METHODS 6. Overview of statistical methods for disease mapping and its relationship to cluster detection 7. Bayesian approaches to disease mapping 8. Clustering, cluster detection and spatial variation in risk 9. Assessment of disease risk in relation to a pre-specified source 10. Geostatistical methods for mapping environmental exposures 11. Ecological correlation studies SECTION 3 - DISEASE MAPPING AND CLUSTERING 12. Disease mapping: a historical perspective 13. Mapping mortality data in the United States 14. Geographical analysis of communicable disease data 15. Bayesian mapping of Hodgkin's disease in France 16. Investigating the genetic association between diabetes and malaria: an application of Bayesian ecological regression models with errors in covariates 17. Do cancers cluster? 18. Geographical variations in childhood leukaemia incidence SECTION 4 - EXPOSURE DATA AND THE LINK TO HEALTH 19. Exposure assessment 20. Personal exposure monitoring in environmental epidemiology 21. Dispersion modelling 22. Combining models of health and exposure data: the SAVIAH study 23. The role of geographical studies in risk assessment 24. Water quality and health 25. Climate change and human health: mapping and modelling potential impacts
The Zero Bound in an Open Economy: A Foolproof Way of Escaping from a Liquidity Trap

The paper examines the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in an open economy with and without a binding zero bound on nominal interest rates. In particular, a foolproof way of escaping from a liquidity trap is presented, consisting of a price-level target path, a devaluation of the currency and a temporary exchange rate peg, which is later abandoned in favor of price-level or inflation targeting when the price-level target has been reached. This will jump-start the economy and escape deflation by a real depreciation of the domestic currency, a lower long real interest rate, and increased inflation expectations. The abandonment of the exchange-rate peg and the shift to price-level or inflation targeting will avoid the risk of overheating. Some conclusions for Japan are included.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ENDOLITHIC ALGAE AND FUNGI USING A MULTIPURPOSE CASTING‐EMBEDDING TECHNIQUE

An embedding-casting method was developed to preserve endolithic algal and fungal structures in situ and to make them optically accessible by removal of carbonate matrix. A slow penetration of Epon-812 resin was applied to fill fine boring tunnels and to embed the organisms within the rock. Fixed, dehydrated, embedded organisms were protected from structural damage during the dissolution of the matrix. Remaining Epon-cast reflects boring patterns and surface details. Casts were studied by a scanning electron-microscope and interpreted by an incident light microscope. After being reembedded in Epon-812, the preparations were sectioned, thin-ground and mounted for study by regular light and electron microscopy.
The Observed Dispersion Relationship for North Pacific Rossby Wave Motions

Abstract The phase speeds of ocean surface height variability obtained by analyzing the time–longitude sections of altimetric anomalies have been widely reported as being generally faster than those of free, first baroclinic linear mode flat-bottom Rossby (planetary) waves. In contrast to previous analyses, extraction of the different signals in the time–longitude domain is performed here by array processing methods better able to separate different frequency and wavenumber bands. Although an incomplete description of oceanic variability in the North Pacific, real oceanic motions with energy levels varying from about 10% to 40% of the total in each frequency band are indistinguishable from the simplest theoretical description. At higher latitudes, as the linear waves slow, they disappear altogether. Nonequatorial latitudes display some energy with frequencies too high for consistency with linear theory; this energy produces a positive bias if a lumped average westward phase speed is computed for all the m.
Cemented Shales and their Impact on Exploration, Offshore Newfoundland and Labrador - Identification and Implications

In shale formations, the amount of pore space is representative of porosity and permeability, which are highly dependent on mineralogy, depth of burial, and the history of diagenesis. In the case of cemented shales, the overburden pressure can decrease permeability further than mechanical compaction such that the porosity and permeability are not proportional to the depth of burial. The impact of this process is that the cemented shales appear ‘artificially’ fast for any given depth such that the true pore pressure can be underestimated. Moreover, the uncertainties in the pore pressure model, as a direct function of the cemented shales, not only propagates into the well planning and well design stages but also into the overall de-risking of any prospect as these effective stress relationships are used as input for both rock physics modelling and geomechanical modelling. This paper demonstrates the importance of building robust pore pressure models in areas affected by cementation, such as offshore Newfoundland and Labrador. We will demonstrate the importance of identifying these intervals in rock physics modelling by integrating temperature and pore pressure data. Finally, we will attempt to explain the formation of these cemented shales by viewing the local data on a regional scale.
A multicentury stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral: Interannual and decadal sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific since 1657 A.D

A 335 year stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral (22°S, 166°E) helps fill a large gap in historical climate reconstructions. Although the long-term coral δ18O-based sea surface temperature (SST) trend is one of warming, there are notable decadal fluctuations, especially in the early 18th and early 19th centuries. Mean annual SSTs between 1658 and 1900 are estimated to be ∼0.3°C lower than the 20th century average, with interdecadal excursions of 0.5°–0.8°C. Time series analyses of the coral isotope record reveals significant concentrations of variance in the El Nino band; an inderdecadal spectral peak is present, but its robustness requires additional statistical evaluation. A secular but irregular decrease in coral δ13C values begins in the mid-1800s and may reflect the anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon reservoir. These and other results indicate that the New Caledonia coral isotope record is a valuable source of information on southwest Pacific climate history.
Observations of tidal and storm surge attenuation in a large tidal marsh

Tidal wetlands are increasingly valued for their role in coastal defense. Nevertheless, in situ observations of storm surge attenuation within wetlands are still scarce. We present water level measurements along a 4 km intertidal channel and on the surrounding marsh platform for regular spring to neap tides and two major storm surge tides, showing the effects of flood wave height and marsh geomorphology on the amount of flood wave attenuation. Undermarsh tides with peak water levels below marsh platform elevation are mostly amplified (up to 4 cm/km) within the channels. Overmarsh tides with peak water levels above the marsh platform are generally attenuated along the channels, with maximum attenuation rates of 5 cm/km for tides that inundate the marsh platform by 0.5–1.0 m. For lower or higher flood waves, including storm surges, attenuation rates decrease. Furthermore, the observations show that the maximum attenuation occurs along narrow channel transects where the width of the platform is larger, whereas attenuation rates are lower along wider channels with smaller adjacent marsh platforms. These observations are confirmed by an analytical approximation of tidal wave propagation through convergent channels. The analytical model indicates that differences in attenuation rates are induced by variations in the cross‐channel averaged friction between channel sections and between tides with varying peak water levels. Finally, the highest attenuation rates of up to 70 cm/km are observed over short distances on the vegetated marsh platform. We conclude that this study provides an empirical basis for the wider implementation of nature‐based flood defense strategies.