Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Graph Theory and Probability

A well-known theorem of Ramsay (8; 9) states that to every n there exists a smallest integer g(n) so that every graph of g(n) vertices contains either a set of n independent points or a complete graph of order n, but there exists a graph of g(n) — 1 vertices which does not contain a complete subgraph of n vertices and also does not contain a set of n independent points. (A graph is called complete if every two of its vertices are connected by an edge; a set of points is called independent if no two of its points are connected by an edge.) The determination of g(n) seems a very difficult problem; the best inequalities for g(n) are (3) It is not even known that g(n)1/n tends to a limit. The lower bound in (1) has been obtained by combinatorial and probabilistic arguments without an explicit construction.
CONDITIONAL EXPECTATION FORMULAE FOR COPULAS

Not only are copula functions joint distribution functions in their own right, they also provide a link between multivariate distributions and their lower‐dimensional marginal distributions. Copulas have a structure that allows us to characterize all possible multivariate distributions, and therefore they have the potential to be a very useful statistical tool. Although copulas can be traced back to 1959, there is still much scope for new results, as most of the early work was theoretical rather than practical. We focus on simple practical tools based on conditional expectation, because such tools are not widely available. When dealing with data sets in which the dependence throughout the sample is variable, we suggest that copula‐based regression curves may be more accurate predictors of specific outcomes than linear models. We derive simple conditional expectation formulae in terms of copulas and apply them to a combination of simulated and real data.
Factors Affecting Relative Weights: The Influence of Sampling and Measurement Error

Relative weights are used to interpret a regression equation when the researcher is interested in the relative importance of the predictor variables. Like other statistics, relative weights are influenced by sampling and measurement error. To assess the influence of sampling error, a bootstrapping approach to computing confidence intervals around relative weights is described. To assess the influence of measurement error, a Monte Carlo study was conducted in which relative weights were computed before and after correcting correlation matrices for unreliability. The influence of measurement error was generally small but can be substantial in some cases. Correcting for unreliability tended to make the biggest difference when criterion correlations were small, predictor reliabilities were low, and the number of predictors was large.
A general theory for the motion of a body through a fluid at low Reynolds number

The motion of a body through a viscous fluid at low Reynolds number is considered. The motion is steady relative to axes moving with a linear velocity, Ua, and rotating with an angular velocity, Ωa. The fluid motion depends on two (small) Reynolds numbers, R proportional to the linear velocity and T proportional to the angular velocity. The correction to the first approximation (Stokes flow) is a complicated function of R and T; it is O(R) for T½ ≪ R and O(T½)for T½ ≫ R. General formulae are derived for the force and couple acting on a body of arbitrary shape. From them all the terms O(R + T) or larger can be calculated once the Stokes problem has been solved completely. Some special cases are considered in detail.
MAGNUM (multicolor active galactic nuclei monitoring) Project

The MAGNUM Project is designed to carry out multi color monitoring observations of hundreds of AGNs over several years in order to measure the distance of these far away objects using simple physical principles and thereby determine cosmic parameters. The project has been funded by the Research Center of Early Universe. This project started in 1995 and observations are planned to begin in 1998. For the project, we are building a new remote controlled observatory with a 2 m automated telescope as well as new infrared and optical instruments. The telescope is optimized for infrared observations and for obtaining monitoring observations over many years. Our plane is to operate the observatory at the Haleakala summit on the Island of Maui, a suitable place for long time monitoring observations. The telescope is 2 m in diameter and has an alt-azimuth mount. The observatory will be equipped with such facilities as an automated instrument changer, weather monitor, environmental monitor and cloud cover monitor, making it easier to operate the telescope automatically and remotely. Observations will be carried out using an on-site scheduler, which will be commanded through a networked remote computer. Two observatory instruments are being built for the MAGNUM Project. The first is an infrared and optical imaging photometer which incorporates a dichroic beam-splitter and has an imaging capability over a wide wavelength range from 0.3 micrometers to 4 micrometers . It will be primarily used for AGN monitoring. The other is a wide field (33' field of view) 8K X 8K mosaic CCD camera.
The NagY regulator: A member of the BglG/SacY antiterminator family conserved in Enterococcus faecalis and involved in virulence

Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium of the gastrointestinal tract but also a major nosocomial pathogen. This bacterium uses regulators like BglG/SacY family of transcriptional antiterminators to adapt its metabolism during host colonization. In this report, we investigated the role of the BglG/SacY family antiterminator NagY in the regulation of the nagY-nagE operon in presence of N-acetylglucosamine, with nagE encoding a transporter of this carbohydrate, as well as the expression of the virulence factor HylA. We showed that this last protein is involved in biofilm formation and glycosaminoglycans degradation that are important features in bacterial infection, confirmed in the Galleria mellonella model. In order to elucidate the evolution of these actors, we performed phylogenomic analyses on E. faecalis and Enterococcaceae genomes, identified orthologous sequences of NagY, NagE, and HylA, and we report their taxonomic distribution. The study of the conservation of the upstream region of nagY and hylA genes showed that the molecular mechanism of NagY regulation involves ribonucleic antiterminator sequence overlapping a rho-independent terminator, suggesting a regulation conforming to the canonical model of BglG/SacY family antiterminators. In the perspective of opportunism understanding, we offer new insights into the mechanism of host sensing thanks to the NagY antiterminator and its targets expression.
Tyrosinase Immobilization Strategies for the Development of Electrochemical Biosensors—A Review

The development of enzyme biosensors has successfully overcome various challenges such as enzyme instability, loss of enzyme activity or long response time. In the electroanalytical field, tyrosinase is used to develop biosensors that exploit its ability to catalyze the oxidation of numerous types of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and neurotransmitter roles. This review critically examines the main tyrosinase immobilization techniques for the development of sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Immobilization strategies are mainly classified according to the degree of reversibility/irreversibility of enzyme binding to the support material. Each tyrosinase immobilization method has advantages and limitations, and its selection depends mainly on the type of support electrode, electrode-modifying nanomaterials, cross-linking agent or surfactants used. Tyrosinase immobilization by cross-linking is characterized by very frequent use with outstanding performance of the developed biosensors. Additionally, research in recent years has focused on new immobilization strategies involving cross-linking, such as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs). Therefore, it can be considered that cross-linking immobilization is the most feasible and economical approach, also providing the possibility of selecting the reagents used and the order of the immobilization steps, which favor the enhancement of biosensor performance characteristics.
Identification of time-varying joint dynamics using wavelets

A wavelet-based method was investigated to identify time-varying properties of joint dynamics. Wavelet decomposition was used to expand each time-varying coefficient of an autoregressive with exogenous input (ARX) model into a finite set of basis sequences, and singular value decomposition was used to obtain more robust parameter estimates of the expansion. With a set of well-selected basis, the time-varying ARX coefficients could be well approximated by a combination of a small number of basis sequences, which simplified the identification of the time-varying parameters. The estimated time-varying ARX parameters were converted to a second-order continuous-time system characterizing joint dynamics with joint stiffness, viscosity and limb inertia. Simulation based on a time-varying joint dynamics model showed that the method tracked the time-varying system parameter closely.
Avoidance and intersection in the complex plane, a tool for simultaneous stabilization

The authors study the following problem: 'under what condition(s) is it possible to find a single controller which stabilizes k single-input-single-output (SISO) linear time-invariant plants p/sub i/(s) (i=l,. . .,k)? '. They show that the problem admits a solution if and only if an avoidance condition in the complex plane is satisfied, and this result is used to derive a sufficient condition for k plants to be simultaneously stabilizable. <<ETX>>
Unified framework for the synthesis of synthetic discriminant functions with reduced noise variance and sharp correlation structure

An inherent implementational limitation of the recently developed minimum average correlation energy (MACE) filters arises from the circular correlation implicit in the discrete frequency domain approach followed. An alternative methodology that uses space domain computations to overcome these limitations is presented. An improved synthetic discriminant function (SDF) that satisfies the conflicting requirements of reduced noise variance and sharp correlation peaks to facilitate ease of detection is developed by employing a unified framework for design. A quantitative evaluation of the performance characteristics of the new filter is conducted and is shown to compare favorably with the well known minimum variance SDF and the space domain MACE filter, which are special cases of the present design.
Measures supported on the set of uniquely ergodic directions of an arbitrary holomorphic 1-form

We introduce a set, $Q({\bf T})$, of Borel probability measures on the circle such that each $\mu\in Q({\bf T})$ obeys the conclusion of the Kerckhoff–Masur–Smillie theorem [3]: if $q$ is a meromorphic quadratic differential with at worst simple poles on a closed Riemann surface, then for each $\mu\in Q({\bf T})$ and $\mu$-a.e. $\zeta\in{\bf T}$, $\zeta q$ has uniquely ergodic vertical foliation. As an example, the normalized Cantor–Lebesgue measure belongs to $Q({\bf T})$. The analysis also yields an analogue, for the Teichmüller horocycle flow, of a theorem of Dani: every locally finite ergodic invariant measure for the Teichmüller horocycle flow is finite.
Hydrologic complexity and classification: a simple data reconstruction approach

Technological advances, by facilitating extensive data collection, better data sharing, formulation of sophisticated methods, and development of complex models, have brought hydrologic research to a whole new level. Despite these obvious advances, there are also concerns about their general use in practice. On the one hand, it is natural to develop more complex models than perhaps needed (i.e. representations having too many parameters and requiring too much data); on the other hand, it is often difficult to ‘translate’ results from one specific situation to another. Recent studies have addressed these concerns, albeit in different forms, such as dominant processes, thresholds, model integration, and model simplification. A common aspect in some of these studies is that they recognize the need for a globally agreed upon ‘classification system’ in hydrology. The present study explores this classification issue further from a simple phase‐space data reconstruction perspective. The reconstruction involves representation of the given multidimensional hydrologic system using only an available single‐variable series through a delay coordinate procedure. The ‘extent of complexity’ of the system (defined especially in the context of variability of relevant data) is identified by the ‘region of attraction of trajectories’ in the phase space, which is then used to classify the system as potentially low‐, medium‐ or high‐dimensional. A host of river‐related data, representing different geographic and climatic regions, temporal scales, and processes, are studied. Yielding ‘attractors’ that range from ‘very clear’ ones to ‘very blurred’ ones, depending on data, the results indicate the usefulness of this simple reconstruction concept for studying hydrologic system complexity and classification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Massive MIMO Systems with Low-Resolution ADCs: Achievable Rates and Allocation of Quantization Bits

In massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, the large number of high-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) lead to high hardware cost and power consumption. In this work, the uplink achievable rates of massive MIMO systems with low-resolution ADCs are studied with consideration of both “Uniform-ADC” that uses ADCs with the same number of quantization bits and “Mixed-ADC” that allows the use of ADCs with different resolutions. By leveraging an additive quantization noise model (AQNM), the asymptotic achievable rates are obtained for maximum ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing (ZF), and linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) receivers in very simple forms. Taking advantages of the theoretical results, we propose two criteria for allocation of quantization bits. It is found that the optimal quantization bits allocation for LMMSE is Mixed-ADCs with number of quantization bits that are polarized, while Uniform-ADC is optimal for MRC and ZF. When there is a constraint on the total ADC power consumption, the proposed quantization-bit allocation scheme for LMMSE becomes Uniform-ADC when the transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is below a threshold, which is related to the system scale and the ADC power consumption. The theoretical results are verified by Monte-Carlo simulations.
The Theorizing of Terrorism Within Criminology

Objectives: While terrorism studies were once castigated as atheoretical and unempirical, criminology has been well suited to apply theories of crime to terrorism and to then test those theories with rigorous methods and robust data. The present study takes stock of how criminologists have theorized about terrorism and tested those theories over time in 13 of the discipline's leading journals. Methods: The study systematically examines theoretical framing, hypotheses, methodological approach, focus within criminology and criminal justice, and policy recommendations in terrorism-focused articles. Results: While terrorism has become more central within top journals, sparse attention has been paid to many criminological theories that could help us understand terrorism. Additional qualitative, theoretical, and mixed-methods research is needed. Further, few articles address the making of terrorism laws. We identify other systematic strengths and weaknesses across the literature and highlight domains for future research. Conclusions: Criminological research on terrorism has engaged theories within and beyond the discipline and employed a range of methodologies with diverse data sources to make contributions to both our broader field and to the larger body of scholarship on terrorism. Yet, many opportunities exist for criminologists to expand research on the making, breaking, and reaction to break laws regarding terrorism.
New entropy operator for edge abstraction

This paper presents a new exponential behavior based entropy operator for extracting image edges. Edges can be detected by computing the entropy of brightness or hue in a local region of a picture. The entropy depends not only on the rate of change of brightness or hue, but also on the average brightness or hue. The experimental result verifies the efficiency of the new entropy operator.
Complaint and Severity Identification From Online Financial Content

The automatic detection of financial complaints (FINCORP) can benefit businesses and online merchants. Compared with manually tagged complaints, they can use this information to monitor and address issues and effectively route them to appropriate teams. This can also promote greater transparency and accountability when dealing with consumer financial products and services, strengthening the firm’s brand value. In linguistic studies, complaints have been classified into severity categories based on the level of risk the complainant is prepared to accept. Furthermore, since emotions influence every speech act, an individual’s emotional state considerably impacts the complaint expression. In this article, we introduce a FINCORP resource, a collection of annotated complaints arising between financial institutions and consumers expressed in English on Twitter. The dataset has been enriched with the associated emotion, sentiment, and complaint severity classes. The dataset comprises 3149 complaint and 3133 noncomplaint instances spanning over ten domains (e.g., credit cards, mortgages). For a comprehensive evaluation of our dataset, we develop a multitask framework for complaint detection and severity classification with emotion recognition (ER) and sentiment classification as the additional tasks and compare it with several existing baselines. The corpus and code are available here: https://github.com/RohanBh23/FINCORP.
Improved stability and stabilization approach to linear interconnected time‐delay systems

In this paper, we investigate the problems of delay‐dependent analysis and state‐feedback synthesis for a class of linear continuous‐time interconnected systems with time‐varying delays. An augmented Lyapunov functional is properly constructed for the individual subsystems and an improved free‐weighting method is deployed to exhibit the delay‐dependent dynamics. Delay‐dependent stability analysis is then performed to develop linear matrix inequalities (LMIs)‐based conditions under which the family of linear delay subsystems is asymptotically stable with a γ‐level ℒ︁2‐gain for the nominal model. Extension to systems with convex bounded parameter uncertainties in all system matrices is also provided. All the required numerical computations are performed on the subsystem level. By delay‐dependent stabilization, we design a family of local state‐feedback schemes to guarantee that the closed‐loop subsystem enjoys the delay‐dependent asymptotic stability with a prescribed γ‐level ℒ︁2‐gain. The developed results are tested on a representative example to illustrate the theoretical developments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Convenience or Saving Face? An Empirical Analysis of the Use of Facial Recognition Payment Technology in Retail

Facial recognition payment technology (FR) has the potential to disrupt the offline retailing industry by automating the payment process. However, some firms that adopted FR payment technology have experienced only moderate success, and many customers have expressed frustration using FR payment technology. By utilizing data sets from three retail chains, we find that customers are less likely to use FR payment technology during self-checkouts when more customers are in line behind them, waiting and watching (the social presence effect), and when more preceding customers use the other payment technology (the herding effect). These findings imply that (1) the design of FR technology can be improved to alleviate the social presence effect (such as adding a privacy screen filter or beautify the appearance of the consumer’s image), and (2) monetary incentives may be used to attract more users by leveraging the herding effect.
Numerical and Experimental Study of the Propulsive Speed of the Three Joint Bending Propulsion Mechanism

The three joint bending propulsion mechanism as a simplified model of fish propulsion is investigated. A numerical method for a coupled system of the bending propulsion mechanism and the fluid is developed, based on the two-dimensional discrete vortex method. The characteristics of the propulsive speed of the three joint bending propulsion mechanism are numerically and experimentally investigated. It is found that the propulsive speed has a maximum numerical and experimental value when all the phase differences of the joints are about zero for four amplitude patterns. The experimental propulsive speeds are found to be 65 ∼ 80 percent of the numerical ones.
Facile construction of nanofibrous ZnO photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cell applications

A facile method to prepare nanofibrous ZnO photoelectrodes with tunable thicknesses by electrospinning is reported. A “self-relaxation layer” is formed spontaneously between ZnO nanofibers and fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO) substrate, which facilitates the release of interfacial tensile stress during calcination, resulting in good adhesion of ZnO film to FTO substrate. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on the nanofibrous ZnO photoelectrodes are fabricated and an energy conversion efficiency of 3.02% is achieved under irradiation of AM 1.5 simulated sunlight with a power density of 100 mW cm−2, which shows good promise of electrospun nanofibrous ZnO as the photoelectrode in DSSCs.
Near Death Experiences in End of Life Conditions: Need for Nursing Perspectives

End of life (EOL) conditions are very complicated situations for several reasons. It is the phase of one’s life where physical, emotional and spiritual vulnerabilities as well as insecurities are at their peaks. End of life visions and dreams are a very complex group of experiences. End of life dreams and visions (ELDVs) are one of these integral components of end of life condition. These altered states of consciousness are as baffling as death itself. More important are the challenges that they present to the observer. More important is their tendency to become overlapped by awake and dream states and a poor cognitive ability of the patient to report them. Thus the role of an around the clock nursing staff becomes especially significant to judge the situation and provide objective inputs to the reports which are being recorded as ELDVs. Thus the role of a nursing staff in ELDVS is indispensable and should be incorporated in the studies of ELDVs as much as possible.