Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Deep Hypothermia in Cardiac Surgery

Hypothermia is defined as a decrease in body core temperature to below 35 °C. In cardiac surgery, four stages of hypothermia are distinguished: mild, moderate, deep, and profound. The organ protection offered by deep hypothermia (DH) enables safe circulatory arrest as a prerequisite to carrying out cardiac surgical intervention. In adult cardiac surgery, DH is mainly used in aortic arch surgery, surgical treatment of pulmonary embolism, and acute type-A aortic dissection interventions. In surgery treating congenital defects, DH is used to assist aortic arch reconstructions, hypoplastic left heart syndrome interventions, and for multi-stage treatment of infants with a single heart ventricle during the neonatal period. However, it should be noted that a safe duration of circulatory arrest in DH for the central nervous system is 30 to 40 min at most and should not be exceeded to prevent severe neurological adverse events. Personalized therapy for the patient and adequate blood temperature monitoring, glycemia, hematocrit, pH, and cerebral oxygenation is a prerequisite and indispensable part of DH.
Safety of elobixibat and lubiprostone in Japanese patients with chronic constipation: a retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Background We aimed to discuss and compare reported adverse reactions and drug add-ons associated with elobixibat and lubiprostone use in chronic constipation treatment, as the safety of these drugs has not been well examined in post-marketing clinical settings. Research Design and Methods In this retrospective cohort study, using records of community pharmacies in Japan, we identified new users of elobixibat and lubiprostone. The Japan Pharmaceutical Association sent questionnaires regarding baseline and event data to community pharmacists. The incidence of events and hazard ratio (HR) associated with the study drugs were evaluated. Results New users of elobixibat (n = 979) and lubiprostone (n = 829) were identified (mean age: 74 and 77 years; females: 59% and 53%, respectively). Although the crude risk ratio of adverse events for elobixibat was 0.79 (95% confidence interval: 0.63–0.99), there was no significant difference in the HR for any of the common events, including drug add-ons (n ≥ 5), compared with those for lubiprostone. Conclusion No new safety concerns have been raised in relation to elobixibat and lubiprostone use for treating chronic constipation, although the HR of different events varied. Further larger-scale study is needed as the estimates for events of small numbers were unstable
Surgical Management of Missed Pediatric Monteggia Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Objectives: To review surgical management and outcomes of missed pediatric Monteggia fractures. Data Sources: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and the Cochrane Library from inception through March 2, 2020. The keywords were “Monteggia fracture,” “missed Monteggia,” “neglected Monteggia,” “chronic Monteggia,” and “chronic radial head dislocation. ” Study Selection: All original human studies on missed pediatric Monteggia fractures were included. Congenital Monteggia fractures and isolated radial head dislocations were excluded. Data Extraction: The revised Methodological Index for Nonrandomised Studies tool was used to assess the quality of studies. Data Synthesis: Each patient's data were retrieved individually. The χ2 test and Fisher exact test were used to analyze the difference in outcomes for different surgical managements. Multivariate analysis was performed for variables that were significant on univariate analysis. Conclusions: Thirty studies with 600 patients were included. Proximal ulnar osteotomies (P = 0.016) and the absence of transcapitellar pinning (P = 0.001) were the most significant predictors for eventual reduction of radial head. Other surgical management variables were not significant predictors. These include open or closed reduction approach of radial head reduction; presence or absence of ulnar osteotomy; presence or absence of lengthening, angular correction, overcorrection, or bone grafting of ulnar osteotomy; type of fixation for ulnar osteotomy; presence or absence of radial osteotomy; presence or absence of annular ligament repair or reconstruction; and repair or reconstruction of annular ligament. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Insect-mediated apparent competition between mammals in a boreal food web

Significance Despite the growing recognition that indirect interactions within species networks can determine food web dynamics, empirical evidence remains rare. We demonstrate how the impact of insects on forest structure and composition can reverberate across trophic levels by altering apparent competition in a large-mammal food web subjected to timber extraction. Spruce budworm outbreaks initiated a flush in deciduous vegetation that benefited moose, which translated into apparent competition between moose and boreal caribou through wolf predation. Mortality risk of caribou became indirectly related to patterns of insect and human activities, with the ungulate experiencing higher risk when selecting stands severely infested by budworms and subsequently logged. We expose cascading effects of insect–forest interactions on large-mammal relations in human-altered ecosystems. While the important role of animal-mediated interactions in the top-down restructuring of plant communities is well documented, less is known of their ensuing repercussions at higher trophic levels. We demonstrate how typically decoupled ecological interactions may become intertwined such that the impact of an insect pest on forest structure and composition alters predator–prey interactions among large mammals. Specifically, we show how irruptions in a common, cyclic insect pest of the boreal forest, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), modulated an indirect trophic interaction by initiating a flush in deciduous vegetation that benefited moose (Alces alces), in turn strengthening apparent competition between moose and threatened boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) via wolf (Canis lupus) predation. Critically, predation on caribou postoutbreak was exacerbated by human activity (salvage logging). We believe our observations of significant, large-scale reverberating consumer–producer–consumer interactions are likely to be common in nature.
LAMR1 restricts Zika virus infection by attenuating the envelope protein ubiquitination

ABSTRACT Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can cause severe neurological disorders, including Guillain–Barre syndrome and meningoencephalitis in adults and microcephaly in fetuses. Here, we reveal that laminin receptor 1 (LAMR1) is a novel host resistance factor against ZIKV infection. Mechanistically, we found that LAMR1 binds to ZIKV envelope (E) protein via its intracellular region and attenuates E protein ubiquitination through recruiting the deubiquitinase eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 5 (EIF3S5). We further found that the conserved G282 residue of E protein is essential for its interaction with LAMR1. Moreover, a G282A substitution abolished the binding of E protein to LAMR1 and inhibited LAMR1-mediated E protein deubiquitination. Together, our results indicated that LAMR1 represses ZIKV infection through binding to E protein and attenuating its ubiquitination.
Educational disparities in hypertension, diabetes, obesity and smoking in Brazil: a trend analysis of 578 977 adults from a national survey, 2007–2018

Objectives Our study aimed to assess social inequality trends for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity from 2007 to 2018 in adults from Brazilian capitals. Setting Data from the Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey study, a cross-sectional telephone survey, conducted annually from 2007 to 2018. Participants We used data from 578 977 Brazilian adults (≥18 years). Design Cross-sectional surveys conducted annually from 2007 to 2018. Primary outcome measures Participants responded to a questionnaire about medical diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes, smoking status, weight and height. Educational inequalities (0–3, 4–8, 9–11 and 12 or more years of study) by sex and skin colour were assessed trough absolute, Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and relative measures of inequality, Concentration Index and trends were tested by Prais-Winsten. Results All outcomes were more prevalent in the least educated. The largest absolute educational inequality was observed for hypertension (SIItotal=−37.8 in 2018). During 2007–2018, the total educational disparity remained constant for hypertension, increased for diabetes and smoking, and decreased for obesity. Overall, inequality was higher among women and non-whites, compared with men and whites. We found a reduction in absolute inequality for hypertension among non-whites, an increase for diabetes in all strata, and an increase for smoking in women and non-whites. The relative inequality decreased in women and whites and increased for smoking in all strata, except among men. Conclusion The educational inequality reduced for obesity, remained constant for hypertension and increased for diabetes and smoking from 2007 to 2018 in Brazilian adults.
Evolution, systematics and historical biogeography of sand flies of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) inferred using restriction-site associated DNA markers

Phlebotomine sand flies are the main natural vectors of Leishmania, which cause visceral and tegumentary tropical diseases worldwide. However, their taxonomy and evolutionary history remain poorly studied. Indeed, as for many human disease vectors, their small size is a challenge for morphological and molecular works. Here, we successfully amplified unbiased copies of whole genome to sequence thousands of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) markers from single specimens of phlebotomines. RAD markers were used to infer a fully resolved phylogeny of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (11 species + 5 outgroups, 32 specimens). The subgenus was not recovered as monophyletic and we describe a new subgenus Artemievus subg. nov. Depaquit for Phlebotomus alexandri. We also confirm the validity of Ph. riouxi which is reinstated as valid species. Our analyses suggest that Paraphlebotomus sensu nov. originated ca 12.9–8.5 Ma and was possibly largely distributed from peri-Mediterranean to Irano-Turanian regions. Its biogeographical history can be summarized into three phases: i) a first split between Ph. riouxi + Ph. chabaudi and other species that may have resulted from the rise of the Saharan belt ca 8.5 Ma; ii) a Messinian vicariant event (7.3–5.3 Ma) during which the prolonged drought could have resulted in the divergence of main lineages; iii) a recent radiation event (3–2 Ma) that correspond to cycles of wet and dry periods in the Middle East and the East African subregions during the Pleistocene. Interestingly these cycles are also hypothetical drivers of the diversification of rodents, in the burrows of which Paraphlebotomus larvae develop. By meeting the challenge of sequencing pangenomics markers from single, minute phlebotomines, this work opens new avenues for improving our understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniases and possibly other human diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors.
Assessment of Irrigation Potential of Groundwater using Water Quality Index Tool

Transforming parametric concentrations into qualitative scores irrespective of unit has made the Water Quality Index a comprehensive and easy to use tool to the decision makers. As criteria of water quality vary with purpose of use of the ground water, selection of water quality parameters, involved in working out quality index for specific use, also differs. Use of Ground Water Quality Index (GWQI) technique to assess irrigation water quality is innovative in this study. Electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC), judged as the three most important parameters to determine irrigation quality of ground water, have been used to work out GWQI in this study. Preparation of iso index maps using water quality scores, derived through GWQI tool, vividly portray the irrigation water quality status of the study area where most of the area fall under excellent and good categories. The marked difference in water quality with respect to season in some areas of southeastern and southwestern parts of the study area may be correlatable to the recharge and discharge zones of ground water respectively.
Chlorhexidine Mouthwash Fails to Eradicate Oropharyngeal Gonorrhea in a Clinical Pilot Trial (MoNg)

In this single-arm open-label pilot trial in Antwerp, Belgium, a chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthwash failed to eradicate Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the oropharynx of 3 asymptomatic men who have sex with men. Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Abstract This single-arm open-label pilot trial in Antwerp, Belgium, was ended early in accordance with the protocol because twice-daily gargling with chlorhexidine 0.2% for 6 days failed to eradicate Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the oropharynx of asymptomatic men who have sex with men (n = 3; efficacy of 0%; 95% confidence interval, 0%–56.1%).
A Systematic Review of the Current Measures of Theory of Mind in Adults with Schizophrenia

Adults with schizophrenia usually have impairments in theory of mind (ToM), which subsequently cause them problems in social interaction. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to assess their ToM using adequate measures. This systematic review evaluated current ToM measures (or ToM tasks) for adults with schizophrenia and summarized their specific characteristics, including the concept and construct, administration, and psychometric properties. From a review of 117 articles, 13 types of ToM tasks were identified, and the findings from these articles were qualitatively synthesized. The results showed that ToM tasks are diverse in their presentation modalities, answer modes, strategies of controlling cognitive confounders, and scoring. Most tasks employ cognitive and affective dimensions and target a specific, single ToM concept. The present systematic review found that psychometric evidence supporting the ToM tasks, such as internal consistency, test–retest reliability, unidimensionality, and convergent, criterion, and ecological validities, is insufficient. Based on the results, we propose several principles for selecting appropriate ToM tasks in practice, e.g., selecting a task with multiple ToM concepts, or an exclusive ToM construct containing the cognitive and affective dimensions. Moreover, future studies are needed to provide more psychometric evidence on each type of ToM task applied in people with schizophrenia.
Determinants of Preterm Births at a National Hospital in Zambia: Application of Partial Proportional Odds Model

Background: Preterm birth (PTB), the delivery of a baby before 37 completed weeks of gestation, is responsible for increased childhood morbidity and mortality globally. However, in most developing countries, the determinats of PTB are usually underestimated and content-specific. Therefore, we assessed the determinants of ordered preterm birth levels at the Women and Newborn Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. Methods: We reviewed admission and delivery registers from 1st January 2018 to 30th September 2019 for birth records. Preterm births were in four categories; term, moderate, late preterm and very preterm. We assessed the determinants of ordered levels of preterm birth using the partial proportional odds regression model. Data were analysed using Stata version 16, and statistical tests were done using 5% significance level and 95% confidence interval. Results: The study included a total of 3243 case records of women with a median age of 26 years (IQR, 22-33), of whom 399 (12.3%) delivered very preterm infants, 914 (28.18%) delivered moderate-term infants, 957 (29.51%) delivered late-term infants and 973 (30%) delivered term infants. There were disparities across infants born to HIV uninfected and HIV infected women, with the latter being more likely to be on the lower levels of preterm birth. However, attending antenatal clinic and a unit increase in maternal age were more likely to be on the higher levels of preterm birth. Pre-eclampsia's effect was not constant across the binary logistic regression models but generally showed a reduced odds of being in higher preterm birth levels for women with the condition. Conclusion: HIV infection and pre-eclampsia predict lower preterm birth levels while attending antenatal care (ANC), and increased maternal age is protective. Pregnant women presenting with pre-eclampsia and HIV infection should receive special considerations. Our findings support interventions aimed at increasing ANC uptake in the Zambian and other sub-Saharan Africa settings.
S0033291720002056jra 1..10

Background. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adolescence and adulthood, but the processes underlying persistence and remission remain poorly understood. We previously found that reaction time variability and event-related potentials of preparation-vigilance processes were impaired in ADHD persisters and represented markers of remission, as ADHD remitters were indistinguishable from controls but differed from persisters. Here, we aimed to further clarify the nature of the cognitive-neurophysiological impairments in ADHD and of markers of remission by examining the finer-grained ex-Gaussian reaction-time distribution and electroencephalographic (EEG) brain-oscillatory measures in ADHD persisters, remitters and controls. Methods. A total of 110 adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD (87 persisters, 23 remitters) and 169 age-matched controls were compared on ex-Gaussian (mu, sigma, tau) indices and time-frequency EEG measures of power and phase consistency from a reactiontime task with slow-unrewarded baseline and fast-incentive conditions (‘Fast task’). Results. Compared to controls, ADHD persisters showed significantly greater mu, sigma, tau, and lower theta power and phase consistency across conditions. Relative to ADHD persisters, remitters showed significantly lower tau and theta power and phase consistency across conditions, as well as lower mu in the fast-incentive condition, with no difference in the baseline condition. Remitters did not significantly differ from controls on any measure. Conclusions. We found widespread impairments in ADHD persisters in reaction-time distribution and brain-oscillatory measures. Event-related theta power, theta phase consistency and tau across conditions, as well as mu in the more engaging fast-incentive condition, emerged as novel markers of ADHD remission, potentially representing compensatory mechanisms in individuals with remitted ADHD.
Silicon Nanocrystals and Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Applied to Photovoltaic Cells

We demonstrate the feasibility of bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic solar cells, which consist of surfactant-free silicon nanocrystals (size ∼3 nm) and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (diameter ∼1 nm) sandwiched between Al and ITO electrodes. In particular, we demonstrate that BHJ cells composed of p-type doped Si-ncs, in contrast with n-type, show a diode-like behavior, short-circuit current, and open-circuit voltage because the energy levels between p-type Si-ncs and semiconducting SWCNTs are adequate for exciton dissociation and carrier generation. Prototype BHJ cells made of p-type doped Si-ncs and semiconducting SWCNTs harvest sun light in broad spectral range 300–1400 nm.
Optimizing anodization conditions for the growth of titania nanotubes on curved surfaces

Titania nanotubes (TNTs), fabricated by electrochemical anodization due to their outstanding properties, have been widely explored for solar cells, catalysis, electronics, drug delivery, biosensing, and medical implants. Rational design of the anodization conditions is the key to obtaining high quality TNTs that are well aligned and strongly adherent onto the underlying titanium substrate. With the development of many anodization procedures on a substrate with various shapes and sizes, catering to various applications, the mechanical stability of anodic layers is often neglected. Here we consider the factors that lead to unstable and poorly adherent nanotube arrays produced upon anodization of curved titanium surfaces. The role of electrolyte aging, water content, voltage/time of anodization, and the substrate dimensions were investigated for optimization of the fabrication of nanotubes on curved surfaces such as Ti wires. Finally, the most optimal fabrication procedure and anodization parameters are pres.
Novel adamantane derivatives as multifunctional neuroprotective agents

i CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Multifunctional neuroprotective agents . 3 1.3 Rationale of this study . 5 1.4 Aim of study . 7 1.5 Conclusion . 11 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.
DETECTION OF DDOS ATTACKS USING HYBRID MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

: With great development in Science and Technology, the privacy and security of various organizations are condensed. Computer Intrusion and attack detection has always been a significant issue in networked environment. In most cases, there are two levels in which an intrusion may takes place i.e., in system level and the network level. Distributed Denial of Service is one of the network level attack. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack results in non-availability of services to the user. In case of organizations, this attack can result in a huge loss in terms of money or reputation since the clients of the organization cannot utilize the resources provided by that particular organization. The proposed solution to overcome this kind of attacks is, to monitor the network that is being attacked. The monitored network is analyzed and few parameters are considered from the analyzed network. These parameters are given as input data sets to machine learning algorithms for the classification of the data set. The algorithm classifies the data sets for the packets, causing the attack. These packets are then identified and terminated from the network that is being monitored.
Pension Economics

Three Essays in Financial EconomicsThe Problems and Prospects Faced by Pay-as-you-go Pension SystemsPensions: More Information, Less IdeologyPension FinancePension EconomicsThe Calculus of Retirement IncomeEuropean Pensions & Global FinancePublic Pension EconomicsThe Economics of Pension ReformsThe Political Economy of Pension Policy Reversal in Post-Communist CountriesRetirement, Pensions, and Social SecurityModelling Longevity Dynamics for Pensions and Annuity BusinessPension Design and StructurePension Strategies in Europe and the United StatesEssentials of Pension EconomicsPension ReformPension SystemsThe Economics of PensionsSuggestions for Research in the Economics of PensionsAgeing, Health and Pensions in EuropePensions in the American EconomyPolitical Preferences and the Aging of PopulationsHandbook of the Economics of Population AgingOlder and WiserPublic Pension EconomicsLabor's CapitalReforming Pensions: Principles and Policy ChoicesPension Reform and Economic TheoryIssues in Pension EconomicsWhat Drives China’s EconomyThe Future of MultiPillar PensionsThe Economics of Pensions and Variable Retirement SchemesPension Fund Risk ManagementFinance and Occupational PensionsPension Incentives and Sorting EffectsEconomics and AgeingAnnuity MarketsWhen I'm Sixty-FourPension Fund Economics and FinanceThe Economics of Private Pensions