Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE MOSDEF SURVEY: AGN MULTI-WAVELENGTH IDENTIFICATION, SELECTION BIASES, AND HOST GALAXY PROPERTIES

We present results from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey on the identification, selection biases, and host galaxy properties of 55 X-ray, IR, and optically selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at . We obtain rest-frame optical spectra of galaxies and AGNs and use the BPT diagram to identify optical AGNs. We examine the uniqueness and overlap of the AGNs identified at different wavelengths. There is a strong bias against identifying AGNs at any wavelength in low-mass galaxies, and an additional bias against identifying IR AGNs in the most massive galaxies. AGN hosts span a wide range of star formation rates (SFRs), similar to inactive galaxies once stellar mass selection effects are accounted for. However, we find (at ∼2–3σ significance) that IR AGNs are in less dusty galaxies with relatively higher SFR and optical AGNs in dusty galaxies with relatively lower SFR. X-ray AGN selection does not display a bias with host galaxy SFR. These results are consistent with those from larger studies at lower redshifts. Within star-forming galaxies, once selection biases are accounted for, we find AGNs in galaxies with similar physical properties as inactive galaxies, with no evidence for AGN activity in particular types of galaxies. This is consistent with AGNs being fueled stochastically in any star-forming host galaxy. We do not detect a significant correlation between SFR and AGN luminosity for individual AGN hosts, which may indicate the timescale difference between the growth of galaxies and their supermassive black holes.
A content analysis on the perceptions of LGBTQ+ (centred) health care on Twitter

LGBTQ+ individuals have experienced many barriers to receiving quality health care, but the worldwide implementation of person‐centred care should make a positive change. However, as forthright disclosures are difficult to find using traditional methods, novel approaches should be utilized to uncover opinions and experiences on LGBTQ+ health care. Twitter could be a place where people post on this topic.
THE SPATIAL AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF HYPERVELOCITY STARS

Hypervelocity stars (HVSs) found in the Galactic halo are believed to be the dynamical products of interactions between (binary) stars and the massive black hole(s) (MBH) in the Galactic center (GC). In this paper, we investigate how the spatial and velocity distributions of HVSs are connected with their originations, ejecting mechanisms, and the dynamical environment in the GC. It has been shown that the detected HVSs are spatially consistent with being located on two thin disks (Lu et al.), one of which has the same orientation as the clockwise rotating stellar disk in the GC. Here, we perform a large number of three-body experiments of the interactions between the MBH and binary stars bound to it; and we find that the probability of ejecting HVSs is substantially enhanced by multiple encounters between the MBH and binary stars at a distance substantially larger than their initial tidal breakup radii. Assuming that the HVS progenitors are originated from the two thin disks, our simulations show that the distributions of the HVS inclination relative to the disk planes can be well reproduced by either the mechanism of tidal breakup of binary stars or the mechanism of ejecting HVSs by a hypothetical binary black hole (BBH) in the GC. However, an isotropical origination of HVS progenitors is inconsistent with the observed inclination distribution. Assuming that the detected HVSs were ejected out by tidal breakup of binary stars, its velocity distribution can be reproduced if their progenitors diffuse onto low angular momentum orbits slowly and most of the progenitors were broken up at relatively large distances because of multiple encounters. Assuming that the HVSs were ejected out by a BBH within the allowed parameter space in the GC, our simulations produce relatively flatter spectra at the high-velocity end compared with the observed ones; however, the BBH mechanism cannot be statistically ruled out, yet. Future deep surveys of HVSs and better statistics of the HVS spatial and velocity distributions should enable the ejection mechanisms of HVSs to be distinguished and shed new light on the dynamical environment surrounding the central MBH.
HERBIG Ae/Be CANDIDATE STARS IN THE INNERMOST GALACTIC DISK: QUARTET CLUSTER

In order to investigate the Galactic-scale environmental effects on the evolution of protoplanetary disks, we explored the near-infrared (NIR) disk fraction of the Quartet cluster, which is a young cluster in the innermost Galactic disk at the Galactocentric radius R g ∼ 4 kpc ? > . Because this cluster has a typical cluster mass of ∼103 M ⊙ ? > as opposed to very massive clusters, which have been observed in previous studies (>104 M ⊙ ? > ), we can avoid intra-cluster effects such as strong UV field from OB stars. Although the age of the Quartet is previously estimated to be 3–8 Myr old, we find that it is most likely ∼3–4.5 Myr old. In moderately deep JHK images from the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Infrared Deep Sky Survey, we found eight HAeBe candidates in the cluster, and performed K-band medium-resolution ( R ≡ Δ λ / λ ∼ 800 ? > ) spectroscopy for three of them with the Subaru 8.2 m telescope. These are found to have both Brγ absorption lines as well as CO bandhead emission, suggesting that they are HAeBe stars with protoplanetary disks. We estimated the intermediate-mass disk fraction (IMDF) to be ∼25% for the cluster, suggesting slightly higher IMDF compared to those for young clusters in the solar neighborhood with similar cluster age, although such a conclusion should await future spectroscopic study of all candidates of cluster members.
A PERTURBATIVE ANALYSIS OF SYNCHROTRON SPECTRAL INDEX VARIATION OVER THE MICROWAVE SKY

In this paper, we implement a perturbative approach, first proposed by Bouchet & Gispert, to estimate the variation of the spectral index of galactic polarized synchrotron emission, using a linear combination of simulated Stokes Q polarization maps of selected frequency bands from WMAP and Planck observations on a region of sky dominated by the synchrotron Stokes Q signal. We find that a first order perturbative analysis recovers the input spectral index map well. Along with the spectral index variation map, our method provides a fixed reference index, , over the sky portion being analyzed. Using Monte-Carlo simulations, we find that , which matches very closely with the position of a peak at of the empirical probability density function of input synchrotron indices obtained from the same sky region. For thermal dust, the mean recovered spectral index from simulations, matches very well with the spatially fixed input thermal dust spectral index . As accompanying results of the method, we reconstruct cosmic microwave background, thermal dust, and a synchrotron template components with fixed spectral indices over the entire sky region. We use, in our analysis, full pixel–pixel noise covariance matrices of all frequency bands, estimated from the sky region being analyzed. The perturbative technique of this work (1) can build a model with an arbitrary but sufficient degree of accuracy (and precession) as allowed by the data and (2) can produce maximum likelihood estimators for reference indices and templates asymptotically.
Association Between Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Therapy and Incidence of Epilepsy in Patients With Hypertension.

Importance Arterial hypertension is associated with an increased incidence of epilepsy. Results from animal studies suggest that angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy could inhibit epileptic seizures. However, there is a lack of clinical data to support the use of ARB therapy in humans. Objective To assess whether ARB therapy is associated with a decreased incidence of epilepsy in patients with hypertension. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study obtained data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) on patients aged 18 years or older who had hypertension and at least 1 antihypertensive drug prescription. Patients were treated at 1274 general practices between January 2010 and December 2020 in Germany. Data were available for 1 553 875 patients who had been prescribed at least 1 antihypertensive drug. Patients diagnosed with epilepsy before or up to 3 months after the index date were excluded. A total of 168 612 patients were included in propensity score matching. Patients treated with 1 of 4 antihypertensive drug classes (β-blockers, ARBs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers [CCBs]) were matched to each other using propensity scores. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome of the study was the incidence of epilepsy associated with ARB therapy compared with other antihypertensive drug classes. Cox regression models were used to study the association between the incidence of epilepsy and ARBs compared with all other antihypertensive drug classes as a group. Results The study included a total of 168 612 patients, with 42 153 in each antihypertensive drug class. The mean [SD] age of patients was 62.3 [13.5] years, and 21 667 (51.4%) were women. The incidence of epilepsy within 5 years was lowest among patients treated with ARBs (0.27% at 1 year, 0.63% at 3 years, 0.99% at 5 years) and highest among patients receiving β-blockers and CCBs (0.38% for both β-blockers and CCBs at 1 year; 0.91% for β-blockers and 0.93% for CCBs at 3 years; β-blockers, 1.47%; and CCBs, 1.48% at 5 years). Angiotensin receptor blocker therapy was associated with a significantly decreased incidence of epilepsy (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65-0.90) compared with the other drug classes as a group. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of patients with hypertension, ARB therapy was associated with a significantly decreased incidence of epilepsy. The findings suggest antihypertensive drugs could be used as a novel approach for preventing epilepsy in patients with arterial hypertension.
Prostaglandin EP3 receptor activation is antinociceptive in sensory neurons via PI3Kγ, AMPK and GRK2

Prostaglandin E2 is considered a major mediator of inflammatory pain, by acting on neuronal Gs protein‐coupled EP2 and EP4 receptors. However, the neuronal EP3 receptor, colocalized with EP2 and EP4 receptor, is Gi protein‐coupled and antagonizes the pronociceptive prostaglandin E2 effect. Here, we investigated the cellular signalling mechanisms by which the EP3 receptor reduces EP2 and EP4 receptor‐evoked pronociceptive effects in sensory neurons.
A chronicle of the pancreatoduodenectomy technique development – from the surgeon’s hand to the robotic arm

Abstract Background Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) remains one of the most challenging abdominal surgical procedures. Methods A review of the literature regarding the history of PD, starting from the pioneers, Walter Kausch and Alan Whipple, through the great surgeons of the last century, up to the present day. Results The greatest development of the PD technique took place at the end of the twentieth century. Over the last 40 years, there have been huge technological advances in medicine, which have resulted in the introduction of laparoscopic and robotic techniques for abdominal surgery. However, it turns out that PD is still performed as it used to be "by the surgeon’s hand" via laparotomy rather than using the most modern robot or laparoscope and is currently recommended by experts for treatment of pancreatic head cancer (PHC). This is mainly caused by not many data comparing these three PD methods. Moreover, increasingly the results achieved by surgeons advanced in minimally invasive pancreatic resections are comparable to or even better than those achieved by the open method in reference centres. Robot-assisted PD appears to be gaining an advantage over laparoscopic technique in the efficacy of PHC treatment. The obstacles most inhibiting the use of surgical robotics are the high cost of the device and procedure, and the long learning curve. A bright future lies ahead for both methods, with the robotic technique in the forefront. Conclusions Despite significant advances in access and surgical technique, PD remains a challenging surgical procedure requiring a big surgeon’s experience.
Expert Panel Consensus on Clinical Assertion Statements Describing Noninvasive Tools for Diagnosing Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Goals and Background: A panel of 9 experts in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis gathered to assess multiple components of the diagnostic process. Materials and Methods: The Clinical Assertion Statements covered screening of patients with type 2 diabetes for high-risk nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which—if any—noninvasive tests could determine whether to delay or defer biopsy, whether primary care providers and endocrinologists should routinely calculate Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or those at risk for it, optimal noninvasive tests to stage fibrosis, the need to consider fibrosis in patients with normal transaminase levels, periodic monitoring for progressive fibrosis, whether patients should undergo biopsy before pharmacotherapy, and the clinical utility of genetic testing. Results and Conclusions: Evidence was presented to support or refute each Clinical Assertion Statement; the panel voted on the nature of the evidence, level of support, and level of agreement with each Statement. Panel level of agreement and rationale of each Clinical Assertion Statement are reported here.
Optimal noise level for coding with tightly balanced networks of spiking neurons in the presence of transmission delays

Neural circuits consist of many noisy, slow components, with individual neurons subject to ion channel noise, axonal propagation delays, and unreliable and slow synaptic transmission. This raises a fundamental question: how can reliable computation emerge from such unreliable components? A classic strategy is to simply average over a population of N weakly-coupled neurons to achieve errors that scale as 1/N. But more interestingly, recent work has introduced networks of leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurons that achieve coding errors that scale superclassically as 1/N by combining the principles of predictive coding and fast and tight inhibitory-excitatory balance. However, spike transmission delays preclude such fast inhibition, and computational studies have observed that such delays can cause pathological synchronization that in turn destroys superclassical coding performance. Intriguingly, it has also been observed in simulations that noise can actually improve coding performance, and that there exists some optimal level of noise that minimizes coding error. However, we lack a quantitative theory that describes this fascinating interplay between delays, noise and neural coding performance in spiking networks. In this work, we elucidate the mechanisms underpinning this beneficial role of noise by deriving analytical expressions for coding error as a function of spike propagation delay and noise levels in predictive coding tight-balance networks of LIF neurons. Furthermore, we compute the minimal coding error and the associated optimal noise level, finding that they grow as power-laws with the delay. Our analysis reveals quantitatively how optimal levels of noise can rescue neural coding performance in spiking neural networks with delays by preventing the build up of pathological synchrony without overwhelming the overall spiking dynamics. This analysis can serve as a foundation for the further study of precise computation in the presence of noise and delays in efficient spiking neural circuits.
Denoising of gravitational-wave signal GW150914 via total-variation methods

We apply a regularized Rudin-Osher-Fatemi total variation (TV) method to denoise the transient gravitational wave signal GW150914. We have previously applied TV techniques to denoise numerically generated grav- itational waves embedded in additive Gaussian noise, obtaining satisfactory results irrespective of the signal morphology or astrophysical origin. We find that the non-Gaussian, non-stationary noise from the gravitational wave event GW150914 can also be successfully removed with TV-denoising methods. The quality of the de- noised waveform is comparable to that obtained with the Bayesian approach used in the discovery paper [1]. TV-denoising techniques may thus offer an additional viable approach for waveform reconstruction.
Drug safety evaluation of ixekizumab for psoriasis: a review of the current knowledge

ABSTRACT Introduction Since Anti-IL-17s availability, concerns about their safety have been raised due to the inhibition of physiological activities that IL-17A plays in the immune response against infections. Ixekizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody specifically targeting IL-17A approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Areas covered The aim of this review is to evaluate the safety profile of ixekizumab in moderate-to-severe psoriasis patients. A compressive literature review has included articles since March 2022. Expert opinion In our analysis, most of the reported AEs were mild or moderate and rarely required treatment discontinuation. Among the class-specific AEs to consider during ixekizumab treatment, there are the risk of Candida infections and the risk of IBD, both of which were reported more frequently than placebo or other biologics (etanercept, ustekinumab, and guselkumab). However, the reported candidiasis resulted in mild-to-moderate and easily managed. The risk of IBD (both exacerbation and de novo diagnosis) represents a class effect of IL-17 inhibitors, which should be well evaluated before considering starting ixekizumab treatment. The most common AEs were represented by nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and injection-site reactions. The analyzed studies confirmed the favorable safety profile of ixekizumab even in more recently published studies.
Trajectories to a cancer diagnosis: Why and when women seek help for breast symptoms in Vietnam

Abstract Women in low‐ and middle‐income countries where the prevalence and mortality of breast cancer are growing rapidly are more likely to be diagnosed at advanced stages, which negatively affects their treatment outcomes and chance of survival. The current literature in those settings tends to focus largely on explaining patient delay in seeking medical attention for breast symptoms. Meanwhile, little is known as to what prompts women to attend screening and diagnostic services after discovering symptomatic breasts. Drawn upon the data from in‐depth interviews with 33 breast cancer patients in Central Vietnam conducted in 2019, this paper examines the context of women's decisions about breast screening and how the practice of seeking cancer diagnosis occurred. Our findings reveal an absence of a national screening program and that seeking medical advice was conducted on an ad hoc basis after self‐detection of breast symptoms. Women's interpretations of symptomatic breasts as suspicious signs of cancer, the co‐occurrence of important life events, or encouragement by people in their social network motivated women to seek medical attention at different public and private health facilities. Their encounters with the health sector often involved multiple visits across time and space in which they experienced various forms of diagnosis delay produced by the health system. Our study carries implications for interventions to encourage women's awareness of early cancer symptoms and prompt medical presentation after self‐discovery of symptomatic breasts.
Saas-Fee Lecture Notes: Multi-messenger Astronomy and Dark Matter

Notes of lectures given at the Saas-Fee School 2010 in Les Diablerets, Switzerland. These notes are of introductory nature and should be suitable for graduate students and postdocs wanting to learn the basics of astroparticle physics and cosmology, with special focus on the question of the nature and detection methods of particle dark matter.
Effects of the GABA(B) agonist baclofen on volitional swallowing in normal subjects

The GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen is known to suppress the rate of spontaneous swallowing but not pharyngeal muscle contraction. The extent to which baclofen may alter volitional swallowing is not currently known. We investigated the effects of baclofen in healthy subjects, hypothesizing that baclofen exposure would alter volume‐regulation and/or piecemeal deglutition behaviors during volitional swallowing attempts. Pharyngeal high‐resolution manometry impedance (P‐HRM‐I) protocol was used to assess swallowing function of 22 healthy adult volunteers (median 29 years) who were investigated on two occasions, receiving 40 mg baclofen (oral) 1 h before study, or placebo (randomized). Standard swallow function variables recommended by the pharyngeal HRM Working Group were derived for 5 ml, 10 ml, and 20 ml volumes of thin and extremely thick liquid challenges. Multiple swallow behaviors, comprising two swallows <5 s apart, were characterized. The spontaneous swallow rate was also determined. Baclofen exposure had no overall significant effect on swallow variables. Upper esophageal sphincter pressure was weaker during exposure to baclofen, during both the pre‐deglutitive and post‐deglutitive phases of the swallow (p < 0.05 during thick liquid swallows). Piecemeal swallows, where the bolus is separated in two potions, were significantly more common during 20 ml boluses (p = 0.002). Baclofen decreased the frequency of piecemeal deglutition overall. Baclofen has limited to no effect on volitional swallowing measures, however, does reduce the likelihood of initiation of piecemeal deglutition to large volume challenges.
Bile Acid and Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Gut microbiota and their metabolites like bile acid (BA) have been investigated as causes of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Primary BAs are synthesized and conjugated in the liver and released into the duodenum. BA biotransformation by gut microbiota begins in the intestine and results in production of a broad range of secondary BAs. Deconjugation is considered the gateway reaction for further modification and is mediated by bile salt hydrolase, which is widely expressed by the gut microbiota. However, gut bacteria that convert primary BAs to secondary BAs belong to a limited number of species, mainly Clostridiales. Like gut microbiota modify BA profile, BAs can shape gut microbiota via direct and indirect actions. BAs have prosecretory effects and regulates gut motility. BAs can also affect gut sensitivity. Because of the vital role of the gut microbiota and BAs in gut function, their bidirectional relationship may contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. Individuals with IBS have been reported to have altered microbial profiles and modified BA profiles. A significant increase in fecal primary BA and a corresponding decrease in secondary BA have been observed in IBS with predominant diarrhea. In addition, primary BA was positively correlated with IBS symptoms. In IBS with predominant diarrhea, bacteria with reduced abundance mainly belonged to the genera in Ruminococcaceae and exhibited a negative correlation with primary BAs. Integrating the analysis of the gut microbiota and BAs could better understanding of IBS pathophysiology. The gap in this field needs to be further filled in the future.