Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Land for flood risk management: A catchment‐wide and cross‐disciplinary perspective

River floods are currently among the most devastating natural hazards. In the last two decades, much research has been conducted in the field of flood risk management, but the role of land has received little attention explicitly; important questions are: How do different kinds of land use and land management influence flood risk generation? Whose land should be used to retain water or mitigate vulnerability? Which policy instruments allow for accessing and governing the land? This special issue is an endeavour to explore the various meanings of land for flood risk management with the specific lenses of relevant disciplines ranging from natural sciences to policy science and economics. In general, flood hazard generation mainly depends on the retention capacity of the land, where vulnerability and risk result from exposure of receptors as well as from their susceptibility, value or function, and coping capacity (e.g., Blanco-Vogt & Schanze, 2014). Accordingly, there are three primary risk reduction options for river floods: first, to retain runoff in the headwaters of catchments through decentralised water retention before it reaches the river network; second, to slow the flood propagation down and cut the peak discharge in the river network upstream of areas prone to flood impacts through modifying flood conveyance, centralised water retention, and flood defence; and third, to foster resilient settlements through mitigation of their exposure and vulnerability. Each of these options has specific effects on flood risks also depending on the size of a catchment and the nature of the flood. Moreover, it may involve various side-effects and interdependencies. Hence, the relevance of land for these options significantly varies. The three options are not entirely new. However, their appropriate combination and effective implementation on the catchment scale seem still to be hampered by a lack of knowledge on the site-specific multifunctionality of land, catchment-wide interrelations, and coordinated land governance (Hartmann & Juepner, 2014; Klijn, Samuels, & van Os, 2008). Many existing studies on flood risk management focus on selected hydro-meteorological aspects, vulnerability with resilience of constructions, or management strategies and the governance context. A catchment-wide and consistent view on land from the biophysical processes to the institutional arrangements is lacking and thus likely to remain a major hurdle for effective risk reduction. This special issue frames the respective field with key contributions from relevant disciplines ranging from hydrology to planning science and economics. It starts with articles on the three options and then provides contributions on crosscutting topics.
Factors Influencing Duration of Breastfeeding: Insights from a Prospective Study of Maternal Health Literacy and Obstetric Practices

Numerous factors concerning early breastfeeding abandonment have been described, including health literacy (HL). This study’s objective was to analyze factors related to early breastfeeding abandonment (<6 months). This prospective multicentric study examined the duration of breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum and was conducted in four different regions of Spain from January 2021 to January 2023. A total of 275 women participated in this study, which focused on maternal HL and obstetric practices. A decrease in the breastfeeding rate was observed from hospital discharge (n = 224, 81.5%) to the sixth month postpartum (n = 117, 42.5%). A Cox regression analysis revealed that inadequate HL levels, lack of mobilization during labour, and induced labour were significantly associated with early breastfeeding cessation (p = 0.022, p = 0.019, and p = 0.010, respectively). The results highlight that women with adequate HL had a 32% lower risk of early breastfeeding abandonment. In comparison, mobilization during labour and induction of labour were linked to a 32.4% reduction and a 53.8% increase in this risk, respectively. These findings emphasize the importance of considering obstetric and HL factors when addressing the breastfeeding duration, indicating opportunities for educational and perinatal care interventions.
Deformation mechanisms in nanocrystalline aluminum thin films: An experimental investigation

Materials consisting of grains or crystallites with sizes below a hundred nanometers have exhibited unprecedented physical and mechanical properties in comparison to their coarse-grained counterparts. As a result, nanocrystalline materials have garnered considerable interest and a quest to uncover the new deformation mechanisms that give rise to this superior response has revealed that nanoscale behavior is quite different from that described by continuum plasticity. While the production of nanocrystalline materials with reasonable sizes for structural applications remains a challenge, thin metallic films used in next-generation MEMS and NEMS devices can be nanostructured by virtue of their limited dimensions. Ultimately, the reliability and lifetime prediction of these devices will hinge on the accurate modeling of their mechanical response. This dissertation describes efforts to elucidate the deformation mechanisms operating in nanocrystalline aluminum freestanding submicron thin films. Results obtained from these films demonstrate unique mechanical behavior, where discontinuous grain growth results in a fundamental change in the way in which the material deforms. In contrast to the low tensile ductility generally associated with nanocrystalline metals, these nanocrystalline films demonstrate extended tensile ductility. In situ X-ray diffraction and post-mortem transmission electron microscopy point to the importance of stress-assisted room temperature grain growth in transforming the underlying processes that govern the
A Branched Magma Feeder System during the 1669 Eruption of Mt Etna: Evidence from a Time-integrated Study of Zoned Olivine Phenocryst Populations

The 1669 eruption of Mt Etna was one of the most voluminous and devastating of its flank eruptions in historical times. Despite a large body of relevant research, knowledge of the timing and duration of magma transfer and magma recharge through the internal plumbing system preceding and during the eruption is still limited. To address that lack of knowledge, we apply a three-way integrated method, linking systems analysis of crystals, a time-integrated study of zoned olivine populations, and a forward-modelling approach using thermodynamic calculations. Analysis of 202 olivine crystals erupted during the initial (pre-March 20, i.e. SET1) and the final (post-March 20;i.e. SET2 and MtRs) stages of the eruption reveals the existence of three magmatic environments (MEs) in which the majority of the olivine cores [M-1 (= Fo(75-78))] and rims [i.e. M-5 (= Fo(51-59)) and M-3 (= Fo(65-69))] formed. Application of the rhyolite-MELTS software allowed us to constrain the key intensive variables associated with these MEs. We find that temperature, water content and oxidation state vary between these MEs. Application of diffusion modelling to the zoned olivine crystals allowed us to reconstruct the timing and chronology of melt and crystal transfer prior to and during the 1669 flank eruption. We find that, following the formation of the olivine cores [M-1 (= Fo(75-78))], the reservoir M-1 was intruded by batches of more evolved, degassed and possibly aphyric M-5-type magma, commencing 1 center dot 5 years prior to eruptive activity. This is the origin of the SET1 olivine rims (i.e. Fo(51-59)). In the months prior to eruption, timescale data show that recharge activity along the newly established pathway M-1-M-5 increased notably. Starting in November 1668, only a few weeks after the first intrusive episode into the M-1 reservoir, a second pulse of magma injections (M-3-type magma) occurred and a new pathway M-1-M-3 opened;this is how the SET2 olivine rims (i.e. Fo(65-69)) formed. For several weeks a bifurcated transport system with two dominant magma pathways developed along M-1-M-5 and M-1-M-3 dyke injections. Accompanied by vigorous seismicity, in the days immediately before eruption the local magma transfer dynamics changed and the M-1-M-5 recharge activity slowed down, as shown by a relative lack of crystals recording shorter timescales. M-1-M-3 recharge, however, remained high and persisted following the eruption onset on March 11, during which the SET1 lavas were drained. We propose that the change of the local magma transfer dynamics might be linked to changes in the local stress field brought on during eruption. This may potentially have been due to repeated dyke injections into Etna's shallow plumbing system disrupting the early M-1-M-5 pathway and at the same time stabilizing the M-1-M-3 route as a dominant feeder. This transfer of system feeding would reproduce the observed syn-eruptive recharge and mixing in the weeks following eruption onset, culminating in the eruption of the later SET2 lavas.
The State of U.S. Urban Water: Data and the Energy‐Water Nexus

Data on urban water resources are scarce, despite a majority of the U.S. population residing in urban environments. Further, information on the energy required to facilitate the treatment, distribution, and collection of urban water are even more limited. In this study, we evaluate the energy‐for‐water component of the energy‐water nexus by providing and analyzing a unique primary database consisting of drinking water and wastewater utility flows and energy. These anthropogenic fluxes of water through the urban environment are used to assess the state of the U.S. urban energy‐water nexus at over 160 utilities. The average daily per person water flux is estimated at 560 L of drinking water and 500 L of wastewater. Drinking water and wastewater utilities require 340 kWh/1,000 m3 and 430 kWh/1,000 m3 of energy, respectively, to treat these resources. The total national energy demand for water utilities accounts for 1.0% of the total annual electricity consumption of the United States. Additionally, the water and embedded energy loss associated with non‐revenue water accounts for 9.1 × 109 m3 of water and 3,100 GWh, enough electricity to power 300,000 U.S. households annually. Finally, the water flux and embedded energy fluctuated monthly in many cities. As the nation's water resources become increasingly scarce and unpredictable, it is essential to have a set of empirical data for continuous evaluation and updates on the state of the U.S. urban energy‐water nexus.
Impact of CAD/CAM Material Thickness and Translucency on the Polymerization of Dual-Cure Resin Cement in Endocrowns

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the thickness and translucency of various computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials on the polymerization of dual-cure resin cement in endocrown restorations. Three commercially available CAD/CAM materials—lithium disilicate glass (e.max CAD), resin composite (CERASMART), and a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (ENAMIC)—were cut into plates with five different thicknesses (1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, and 9.5 mm) in both high-translucency (HT) and low-translucency (LT) grades. Panavia V5, a commercial dual-cure resin cement, was polymerized through each plate by light irradiation. Post-polymerization treatment was performed by aging at 37 °C for 24 h under light-shielding conditions. The degree of conversion and Vickers hardness measurements were used to characterize the polymerization of the cement. The findings revealed a significant decrease in both the degree of conversion and Vickers hardness with increasing thickness across all CAD/CAM materials. Notably, while the differences in the degree of conversion and Vickers hardness between the HT and LT grades of each material were significant immediately after photoirradiation, these differences became smaller after post-polymerization treatment. Significant differences were observed between samples with a 1.5 mm thickness (conventional crowns) and those with a 5.5 mm or greater thickness (endocrowns), even after post-polymerization treatment. These results suggest that dual-cure resin cement in endocrown restorations undergoes insufficient polymerization.
Indirect Bibliometrics by Complex Network Analysis

As a generalist geographical journal, cybergeo has for a purpose, among with the participation to the construction of an Open Science, to reach a large disciplinary audience. We propose to explore its disciplinary context by combining citation network exploration with semantic analysis. A database of citation neighbors of cybergeo articles is constructed through an automated data collection resulting in around 2.10^6 articles with abstracts. The extraction of relevant n-grams among the whole corpus allows to construct a semantic network by co-occurrences analysis. The optimisation of its size and modularity on construction parameters yields consistent disciplines by community detection, confirming the very rich scientific environment of cybergeo, that extends for example from economic geography and political sciences to biogeography and physical geography. We finally unveil epistemological informations such as occurrence proximities or citation links between disciplines, by the computation of community and article-level interdisciplinarity measures at the first order (abstract content) and second order (citation content).
The effect of airborne mercury and peatland drainage on sediment mercury contents in some Finnish forest lakes

Jari Leskinen, Ossi V. Lindqvist, Jari Lehto & Pekka Koivistoinen: Selenium and mercury contents in northern pike (Esox Iucius, L.) of Finnish man-made and natural lakes Tiivistelmä: Seleenin ja elohopean pitoisuus Suomen tekoaltaiden ja luonnonjärvien hauissa 72 Vappu Pennanen, Pirkko Kortelainen 8 Jaakko Mannio: Comparative study on the estimation of humic matter in natural waters Tiivistelmä: Luonnonvesien humuspitoisuuden arviointi eri menetelmillä 80
Dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone hinders aging progression in male mice and D-galactose-induced cells

Background: Understanding and promoting healthy aging has become a necessity in the modern world, where life expectancy is rising. The prospective benefits of the antioxidant pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in healthy aging are promising. However, its role in aging remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of PQQ on preventing the progression of aging and to explore its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Naturally aged C57BL/6J male mice were fed a normal diet with or without PQQ (20 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. Body composition was measured by bioimpedance at weeks 0 and 8. The integument conditions were evaluated at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Muscle strength and function were examined at week 8. At the ninth week, computed tomography images of the mice were captured, and blood and tissue samples were collected. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the gastrocnemius muscle were measured, and the muscle fiber cross-sectional area in the soleus muscle was examined. Additionally, a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced cell aging model was used to study the effects of PQQ intervention on cell proliferation, senescence, differentiation, ROS levels, and mitochondrial function in myoblasts (C2C12). Cell proliferation and monolayer permeability of D-gal-induced intestinal epithelial cells (IEC6) were also examined. Results: Aged mice suffered from malnutrition; however, PQQ supplementation ameliorated this effect, possibly by improving metabolic dysfunction and small intestinal performance. PQQ prevented rapid loss of body fat and body fluid accumulation, attenuated muscle atrophy and weakening, reduced chronic inflammation in skeletal muscles, and improved skin and coating conditions in aged mice. Furthermore, PQQ intervention in D-gal-treated C2C12 cells improved mitochondrial function, reduced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and senescence, and enhanced cell differentiation, consequently preventing age-related muscle atrophy. In addition, PQQ increased cell proliferation in D-gal-treated IEC6 cells and consequently improved intestinal barrier function. Conclusion: PQQ could hinder the aging process and particularly attenuate muscle atrophy, and muscle weakness by improving mitochondrial function, leading to reduced age-related oxidative stress and inflammation in muscles. PQQ may also ameliorate malnutrition caused by intestinal barrier dysfunction by enhancing IEC proliferation. This study provides evidence for the role of PQQ in aging and suggests that PQQ may be a potential nutritional supplementation that can be included in healthy aging strategies.
Latitudinal variation of ionospheric TEC at Northern Hemispheric region

This paper includes the study of diurnal, monthly, annual and seasonal variation of total electron content (TEC) at low, mid and high latitude in the Northern Hemispheric region. We have also correlated the TEC variation with the solar proxies (viz. Dst, Kp index, F10.7 cm and sunspot number). This study was carried out during low solar activity period of 24th solar cycle i.e. from January 2016 to December 2016, at the three latitudes namely Mangilao, US (GUUG) at 13.44∘N, 144.80∘E, Urumqi, China (URUM) at 43.82∘N, 87.60∘E, and Ny-Alesund, Norway (NYAL) at 78.92∘N, 11.86∘E. We observed some unique feature like sinusoidal pattern of diurnal TEC and semiannual oscillation of seasonal TEC. We also observed that the highest values of diurnal and monthly TEC were obtained at low latitude station GUUG Mangilao. It is also seen that maximum seasonal TEC at low, mid and high latitudes was obtained during equinox.
Tera Introduction to Post-Quantum Cryptography in scope of NIST ' s Post-Quantum Competition

Nowadays, information security is essential in many fields, ranging from medicine and science to law enforcement and business, but the developments in the area of quantum computing have put the security of current internet protocols at risk. Since quantum computers will likely be able to break most of our current cryptostandards in trivial time, a need for stronger and quantum-resistant encryption algorithms has arisen. During the last decades, a lot of research has been conducted on the topic of quantum-resistant cryptography, yet none of the post-quantum algorithms have yet been standardized. This has encouraged NIST to start a program to select the future post-quantum cryptography standards. This thesis gives an overview of different types of quantum-resistant algorithms for public key encryption and signature schemes, using the examples from NIST’s postquantum cryptography standardization program. The aim of this paper is to compose a compact material, which gives a person with computer science background a basic understanding of the main aspects of post-quantum cryptography.
Simulation of the Water Dynamics and Root Water Uptake of Winter Wheat in Irrigation at Different Soil Depths

Soil water content (SWC) distribution plays an important role in root water uptake (RWU) and crop yield. Reasonable deep irrigation can increase the yield of winter wheat. The soil water movement model of winter wheat was established by considering the root water uptake and the different soil depths of irrigation and using the source term of the soil water movement equation to simulate irrigation at different soil depths. For model verification, experiments on three treatments of winter wheat growth were conducted at irrigation soil depths of 0% (T1), 40% (T2), and 70% (T3) of the distribution depth of the winter wheat root system. The SWC calculated by the model is in accordance with the dynamic change trend of the measured SWC. The maximum absolute error of the model was 0.022 cm3/cm3. The maximum average relative error was 7.95%. The maximum root mean square error was 0.28 cm3/cm3. Therefore, the model has a high simulation accuracy and can be used to simulate the distribution and dynamic changes of SWC of winter wheat in irrigation at different soil depths. The experimental data showed that irrigation soil depth has a significant effect on the root distribution of winter wheat (p < 0.05), and deep irrigation can reduce the root length density (RLD) in the upper soil layers and increase the RLD in the deeper soil layers. The dynamic simulation of RWU and SWC showed that deep irrigation can increase the SWC and RWU in deep soil and decrease the SWC and RWU in upper soil. Consequently, deep irrigation can increase the transpiration of winter wheat, reduce evaporation and evapotranspiration, and increase the yield of winter wheat.
Study and Characterization of Copper and Titanium Oxides Nanostructures for Some Molecular and Biological Applications

In this work, Copper and Titanium nanocomposites (NPs) were prepared by mixture exchange process with ratios (25, 50 and 75 % CuO-TiO2). The biological activity was studied, and it was found that the concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL of 50 and 75 % CuO-TiO2 were the best concentrations, Low concentrations of the nanoparticle mixture at 25 µg/mL also stimulated the growth of symbiotic bacteria. The mixture of nanoparticles was easier to prepare and more effective in inhibiting bacterial growth. biochemical test and PCR were performed to confirm the identity of the studied bacteria. While isolating the bacteria, a new type of bacteria was detected and registered in the Global Gen Bank under accession No. OP942239. Surface and structure properties have been studied using FESEM, EDS analysis, XRD and FTIR respectively. It can be seen that the size and diameter of the nanocomposite increase with the weight ratio of CuO-TiO2. The aggregated CuO-TiO2 nanostructures with different ratios were transformed gradually into a uniform spherical shape. The average size of the CuO/TiO2 composite was found to be about 32.122, 29.865 and 27.607 nm at 25, 50 and 75 % CuO-TiO2 respectively. While the mean sizes of CuO and TiO2 were 25.35 and 34.38 nm respectively. The crystalline size decreases after the ion exchange process, which could be due to the diffraction peaks being broad in all the samples of Copper Titanate at the surface. Subsequently, adding Copper particles to the TiO2 film can improve the performance of the material. HIGHLIGHTSThe nanostructure CuO-TiO2 was created through various loading ratios. These NPs’ efficiency was calculated using a number of techniques, including FTIR, X-ray diffraction, EDS spectra, and FESEM. The observations indicate that molecular transition parameters play an essential role in determining the size, shape, and functionality of CuO- TiO2 NPs. The sharp peaks observed in the composites indicated higher crystallinity in CuO. In addition, two types of NPs have shown promising effects in inhibiting NPs aggregation and enhancing biological effects but the potential of these NPs against different bacteria may differ. Thus, further research and testing is needed to assess its efficacy and human health and environmental impact before considering its use. In conclusion, copper and titanium NPs have their distinct advantages in bacterial inhibition, and the choice between them should be based on specific conditions and environmentally friendly factors. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT