Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variation of stream power with seepage in sand-bed channels

Downward seepage (suction) increases the mobility of the channel. In this study, experimental investigations were carried out to analyse the suction effect on stream power along the downstream side of the flume. It was observed that stream power has a major influence on the stability and mobility of the bed particles, due to suction. Stream power is found to be greater at the upstream side and lower at the downstream side. This reduces the increment in the mobility of the sand particles due to suction at the downstream side. Thus, there is more erosion at the upstream side than the downstream side. It was also found that the amount of deposition of sand particles at the downstream side, because of the high stream power at the upstream side, is greater than the amount of erosion of sand particles from the downstream side.
The red edge position and shape as indicators of plant chlorophyll content, biomass and hydric status.

Abstract Some red edge parameters in the first derivative reflectance curve (wavelength, amplitude and area of the red edge peak) were studied to evaluate plant chlorophyll content, biomassand RelativeWater Content (RWC). Plants of Capsicum annuum and Phaseolus vulgaris under different nitrogen and water availabilities, and plants of Gerbera jamesonii with different hydric status were studied. A high correlation was found between chlorophyll content and the wavelength of the red edge peak (λre ), and between LAI (leaf area index)and the amplitude of the red edge peak (drr e ), but the area of the red edge peak (σ680–780 nm) was the best estimator of LAI. Thus, red edge was found valuable for assessment of plant chlorophyll concentration and LAI, and therefore nutritional status. Water stress also affected drre, but only when the stress was well developed.
Hydraulic and hydrological simulations of the sewer system in the Majorna area, Gothenburg

As long as cities and urban life have been developed during the centuries, the conveying of wastewater and sewage have been important issues for municipalities and other authorities. The goal of municipalities is to convey, treat and reuse the wastewater in a way that does not harm public health and the environment. In the year 2010, Gothenburg Water utility decided to study and improve the sewer network system of the Majorna region, with a total area of 130 hectares, located in Gothenburg city. Hydraulic and hydrological properties of the sewer system were measured, modelled and simulated. Most of the input data needed for simulation was provided by the Gothenburg Water utility databases and a GIS-based map of Gothenburg sewer systems. The site measurements were taken between October and December 2010 and at two manholes where the measuring devices have been installed. The calibration of the model has shown that although there is a good correlation between the model results and the measured values at one of the measuring nodes at the area, there is a difference in the other one; the reason for which should be studied and investigated in another study. Finally, the tests and comparisons between the sewer system in this area and the standard values have shown that pipe leakages are the most problematic matter of the system and solving this problem will improve the system considerably.
Web mapping 2.0: The neogeography of the GeoWeb

The landscape of Internet mapping technologies has changed dramatically since 2005. New techniques are being used and new terms have been invented and entered the lexicon such as: mash-ups, crowdsourcing, neogeography and geostack. A whole range of websites and communities from the commercial Google Maps to the grassroots OpenStreetMap, and applications such as Platial, also have emerged. In their totality, these new applications represent a step change in the evolution of the area of Internet geographic applications (which some have termed the GeoWeb). The nature of this change warrants an explanation and an overview, as it has implications both for geographers and the public notion of Geography. This article provides a critical review of this newly emerging landscape, starting with an introduction to the concepts, technologies and structures that have emerged over the short period of intense innovation. It introduces the non-technical reader to them, suggests reasons for the neologism, explains the terminology, and provides a perspective on the current trends. Case studies are used to demonstrate this Web Mapping 2.0 era, and differentiate it from the previous generation of Internet mapping. Finally, the implications of these new techniques and the challenges they pose to geographic information science, geography and society at large are considered.
Dinosaur teeth from the Barremian of Uña, Province of Cuenca, Spain

Abstract The dinosaur fauna from the Barremian locality of Una, east-central Spain, is described on the basis of isolated teeth. Apart from an unidentified sauropod and a probably new basal euornithopod, the fauna is noteworthy for its high diversity of theropods. The latter clade is represented by teeth of velociraptorine and dromaeosaurine dromaeosaurids, as well as Richardoestesia -like and Paronychodon -like teeth, making the theropod tooth fauna from Europe strikingly similar to the Late Cretaceous faunas from North America. However, the reported presence of more basal theropods from other Early Cretaceous localities in Europe indicate that this was a transitional fauna between the typical Late Jurassic and the typical Late Cretaceous theropod faunas of the Northern Hemisphere.
Invasion and maintenance of spore killing in ascomycete fungi

10 Meiotic drivers are common selfish genetic elements that have the ability to become over11 represented among the products of meiosis, a transmission advantage that allows them to 12 spread in a population even when they impose fitness costs on their host organisms. The 13 ability of a meiotic driver to invade a population, and to subsequently reach fixation or 14 coexist in a stable polymorphism can be affected by features of the life-cycle, behavior, and 15 population structure of their host organism. Here, we present a mathematical model that 16 addresses several unexplored aspects of meiotic drive population genetics, by focusing on 17 spore killing, a type of drive specific to fungi. Our model can be adapted to different fungal 18 life-cycles, and is used here to specifically analyze the cases of two well-studied genera of 19 filamentous ascomycetes known to harbor spore killing elements, Podospora and Neurospora. 20 We show how ploidy level, rate of selfing, and efficiency of spore killing affect the invasion 21 probability of a driving allele and conditions for its coexistence in a stable polymorphism. Our 22 theoretical findings are discussed in light of recent empirical findings in these two systems. 23
Biome Q10 and Dryness

Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q10) is a critical parameter in carbon cycle models with important implications for climate-carbon feedbacks in the 21st century. The common assumption of a constant Q10, usually with a value of 2.0, was shown to be invalid by a previous model-data fusion study that reported biome-specific values of this parameter. We extend the previous analysis by demonstrating that these biome-level values of Q10 also are a function of dryness (R 2 = 0.54). When tundra and cultivated lands are excluded, the correlation is much stronger (R 2 = 0.92). Therefore dryness is the primary driver for variability in respiration-temperature sensitivity in forest and grassland ecosystems. This finding has important implications for the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to climate change, as it implies that the increasing dryness would potentially accelerate the respiration temperature sensitivity feedback.
A nondestructive method for estimating the root mass of young peach trees after root pruning using electrical capacitance measurements

The objective of this study was to estimate the root mass of young ornamental peach seedlings using nondestructive measurements of electrical capacitance (EC). We measured the root mass of peach seedlings to determine the relationship between EC and the root mass. Ornamental peach seedlings grown the field in Andosol showed good linear correlations between EC and root dry mass (R2=0.896), and EC and fresh mass (R2=0.897). Similar correlations (R2=0.806 for dry mass) were observed in an experiment with Japanese pear rootstocks. A study of the root mass and the root EC before and after root pruning treatment showed that this technique can detect the reduction in root mass in young peach trees (R2=0.669). The study results also indicate that the EC method may be a feasible, repeatable, and useful nondestructive means of estimating the root mass (fresh or dry) of peach trees.
Changes in the Western Boundary Undercurrent Outflow since the Last Glacial Maximum, from smectite/illite ratios in deep Labrador Sea sediments

High-resolution mineralogical studies were performed on late glacial and deglacial sediments from two deep piston cores from the Labrador Sea, located at the inlet (SW Greenland Rise) and outlet (Labrador Rise) of the Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC) gyre. At the two sites, smectites transported from the eastern Iceland and Irminger basins by the WBUC are observed. Clay mineral changes are used as proxies for the paleointensity reconstruction of the WBUC. On the Greenland Rise, a clay mineral index (smectite/illite (S/I) ratio) is defined. A S/I ratio of ∼1 characterized the Last Glacial Maximum. It increased after ∼17 ka. and reached a maximum value of 4 during the early Holocene. The mineralogical changes are gradual and do not show any reversal during the Younger Dryas. This pattern, which is confirmed by first-order estimations of smectite and illite fluxes, suggests gradually increasing sedimentary fluxes and WBUC intensity since the Last Glacial Maximum. A peak in the velocity of the WBUC at ∼9 ka, as recorded by clay assemblages, is consistent with other regional studies based on pollen, foraminifera, or grain-size measurements. A massive dilution of smectites by illite and chlorite (S/I ≈ 3) occurs at ∼8.5 ka. It corresponds to a period of rapid sediment accumulation and reflects an intensified illite-rich detrital supply by meltwaters from the southern Greenland Ice Margin. On the Labrador Rise, the smectite content varies between 20 and 60% with no obvious trend through time. The mineralogical composition is strongly influenced by ice-rafted deposition and by the abundance of fast deposit units (cf. Heinrich layers in the North Atlantic) which contain abundant detrital carbonates spilled-over from the North-West Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel. In such layers, smectites are present but are diluted by the addition of illites, chlorites, and kaolinites. This provides evidence for a discrete and continuous WBUC supply of fine particles from the Irminger and Iceland Basins as far as the southeastern part of the Labrador Basin. Early deglacial smectite-rich layers (up to 60%) are also observed at this site. They indicate an increase in the outflow of the WBUC at ∼13.5 ka. (Bolling-Allerod), as previously reported from grain size or foraminiferal assemblage studies.
Enhanced Depolarization Drive in Failing Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

March 2019 1 BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is characterized by electrophysiological remodeling resulting in increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Previous reports suggest that elevated inward ionic currents in HF promote action potential (AP) prolongation, increased short-term variability of AP repolarization, and delayed afterdepolarizations. However, the underlying changes in late Na+ current (INaL), L-type Ca 2+ current, and NCX (Na+/Ca2+ exchanger) current are often measured in nonphysiological conditions (square-pulse voltage clamp, slow pacing rates, exogenous Ca2+ buffers).
Title: Reconstructing the evolutionary origins of extreme halophilic Archaeal lineages

Interest and controversy surrounding the evolutionary origins of extremely halophilic Archaea has increased in recent years, due to the discovery and characterization of the Nanohaloarchaea and the Methanonatronarchaeia. Initial attempts in explaining the evolutionary placement of the two new lineages in relation to the classical Halobacteria (also referred to as Haloarchaea) resulted in hypotheses that imply the new groups share a common ancestor with the Haloarchaea. However, more recent analyses have led to a shift: the Nanohaloarchaea have been largely accepted as being a member of the DPANN superphylum, outside of the euryarchaeota; while the Methanonatronarchaeia have been placed near the base of the Methanotecta (composed of the class II methanogens, the halobacteriales, and archaeoglobales). These opposing hypotheses have far-reaching implications on the concepts of convergent evolution (unrelated groups evolve similar strategies for survival), genome reduction, and gene transfer. In this work, we attempt to resolve these conflicts with phylogenetic and phylogenomic data. We provide a robust taxonomic sampling of Archaeal genomes that spans the crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and the DPANN superphylum. In addition, we sampled and assembled 7 new representatives of the Nanohaloarchaea, from distinct geographic locations. Phylogenies derived from these data imply the highly conserved ATP synthase catalytic/non-catalytic subunits of Nanohaloarchaea share a sisterhood relationship with the Haloarchaea. This relationship, with strong support, was also observed for several other gene families. In addition, we present and evaluate data that argue for and against the monophyly of the DPANN superphylum. We employed phylogenetic reconstruction, constrained topology tests, and gene concordance factors to explore the support for and against the monophyly of the Haloarchaea, Nanohaloarchaea, and Methanonatronarchaeia.
Modification of the functional properties of zein and kafirin protein films by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide

Protein bioplastics have inferior functional properties compared to synthetic plastics due to their protein complexity. Modification of protein bioplastic film properties is necessary to improve film functionality over a diverse range of applications. This study showed that oxidising commercial zein, total zein and total kafirin with hydrogen peroxide increased the aqueous buffer uptake by the films as well as film physical stability. However, addition of a copper catalyst with hydrogen peroxide reduced film buffer uptake. Film colour intensity increased with increase in hydrogen peroxide concentration. SEM indicated that preparation of films with hydrogen peroxide promotes protein interaction giving a compact even structure to the films. SDS-PAGE revealed disulphide bond polymerisation of total zein and total kafirin films prepared with hydrogen peroxide. However, there was no evidence of polymerisation of commercial zein films prepared with hydrogen peroxide. This is due to the essential absence of cysteine rich βand γ-subclasses in commercial zein. The changes in the properties of commercial zein films with the inclusion of hydrogen peroxide were probably due to hydroxylation. FTIR indicated similarities in protein secondary structure of commercial zein and total zein films and an increase in α-helical conformation of commercial zein and total zein films with preparation with hydrogen peroxide. In contrast, there was an increase in β-sheet conformation of total kafirin films with hydrogen peroxide preparation. It is concluded that cross-linking of commercial zein, total zein and total kafirin films with hydrogen peroxide promotes the protein to protein interaction resulting in a continuous film network.
Phase-variance optical coherence tomography: a technique for noninvasive angiography.

Purpose: Phase-variance optical coherence tomography (PV-OCT) provides volumetric imaging of the retinal vasculature without the need for intravenous injection of a ﬂ uorophore. We compare images from PV-OCT and ﬂ uorescein angiography (FA) for normal individuals and patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. Design: This is an evaluation of a diagnostic technology. Participants: Four patients underwent comparative retinovascular imaging using FA and PV-OCT. Imaging was performed on 1 normal individual, 1 patient with dry AMD, 1 patient with exudative AMD, and 1 patient with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Fluorescein angiography imaging was performed using a Topcon Corp (Tokyo, Japan) (TRC-50IX) camera with a resolution of 1280 (H) (cid:1) 1024 (V) pixels. The PV-OCT images were generated by software data processing of the entire cross-sectional image from consecutively acquired B-scans. Bulk axial motion was calculated and corrected for each transverse location, reducing the phase noise introduced from eye motion. Phase variance was calculated through the variance of the motion-corrected phase changes acquired within multiple B-scans at the same position. Repeating these calculations over the entire volumetric scan produced a 3-dimensional PV-OCT representation of the vasculature. Main Outcome Measures: Feasibility of rendering retinal and choroidal microvasculature using PV-OCT was compared qualitatively with FA, the current gold standard for retinovascular imaging. Results:
Isotopic studies of the nitrogen balance in a cracking clay. II. Recovery of nitrate 15N added to columns of packed soil and microplots growing wheat in the field

In a series of experiments, 15N-labelled nitrate fertilizer was used to study the nitrogen balance of a heavy clay soil. Two of the experiments employed 60-cm deep, 16-cm diameter columns of packed soil. In the first, no added 15N was lost until heavy rain saturated the soil in the undrained columns. Subsequently, fallow and planted columns lost 25% of the 15N added. While denitrification appeared primarily responsible for these losses, some of the 15N may have been lost by weathering of the plants during senescence. This experiment was repeated with precautions to prevent excessive rain saturating the soil. After 16 weeks, only 6 ± 4.5% of the added 15N was not accounted for by soil and plant analysis. In the third experiment, I5N was added to 16-cm diameter confined microplots in situ. The microplots were fallow and were confined by 60-cm deep plastic pipe. After 16 weeks, during which 190 mm of rain fell, 97.7 ± 2.4% of the added 15N was recovered.
Decentralized multi-site VBM analysis during adolescence shows structural changes linked to age, body mass index, and smoking: A COINSTAC analysis

In the recent past, there has been an upward trend in developing frameworks that enable neuroimaging researchers to address challenging questions by leveraging data across multiple sites all over the world. One such framework, Collaborative Informatics and Neuroimaging Suite Toolkit for Anonymous Computation (COINSTAC), provides a platform to analyze neuroimaging data stored locally across multiple organizations without the need for pooling the data at any point during the analysis. In this paper, we perform a decentralized voxel-based morphometry analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging data across two different sites to understand the structural changes in the brain as linked to age, body mass index and smoking. Results produced by the decentralized analysis are contrasted with similar findings in literature. This work showcases the potential benefits of performing multi-voxel and multivariate analyses of large-scale neuroimaging data located at multiple sites.
Impact of Electronic versus Paper-Based Recording before EHR Implementation on Health Care Professionals' Perceptions of EHR Use, Data Quality, and Data Reuse

Abstract Background The implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) with structured and standardized recording of patient data can improve data quality and reusability. Whether and how users perceive these advantages may depend on the preimplementation situation. Objective To determine whether the influence of implementing a structured and standardized EHR on perceived EHR use, data quality, and data reuse differed for users working with paper-based records versus a legacy EHR before implementation. Methods We used an electronic questionnaire to measure users' perception before implementation (2014), expected change, and perceived change after implementation (2016) on three themes. We included all health care professionals in two university hospitals in the Netherlands. Before jointly implementing the same structured and standardized EHR, one hospital used paper-based records and the other a legacy EHR. We compared perceptions before and after implementation for both centers. Additionally, we compared expected benefit with perceived benefit. Results We received 7,611 responses (4,537 before and 3,074 after implementation) of which 5,707 (75%) were from professionals reading and recording patient data. A total of 975 (13%) professionals responded to both before and after implementation questionnaires. In the formerly paper-based center staff perceived improvement in all themes after implementation. The legacy EHR center experienced deterioration of perceived EHR use and data reuse, and only one improvement in EHR use. In both centers, for half of the aspects at least 45% of responders experienced results worse than expected preimplementation. Conclusion Our results indicate that the preimplementation recording practice impacts the perceived effect of the implementation of a structured and standardized EHR. For almost half of the respondents the new EHR did not meet their expectations. Especially legacy EHR centers need to investigate the expectations as these might be different and less clear cut than those in paper-based centers. These expectations need to be addressed appropriately to achieve a successful implementation.
An Overview of Noble Gas Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry

A wealth of fundamental information regarding the Earth and solar system is based upon observations of the highly volatile elements He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. At first, this may seem surprising, considering that these elements are generally thought to reside almost entirely in the atmosphere, and so are considered strongly ‘atmophile. ’ However, increasingly sophisticated analytical techniques have provided the means for precisely measuring their abundances in a wide range of geological and cosmochemical materials. Fittingly, these elements are known collectively as the rare gases, reflecting their general scarcity in geological materials. It is this feature that continues to provide challenges for analysts. These elements are also the noble gases, in tribute to their disdain for engaging in chemical consort with other species. Such behavior has been responsible for the early difficulties in their detection, and facilitates their continuing migration to the atmosphere. However, others refer to these as ‘the inert gases,’ which seems to imply that their behavior is dictated by a lack of interest in chemical reaction, a deficiency in chemical drive. Overall, the choice of appellation depends upon whether scarcity, nobility, or inertness is considered the most important characteristic. Regardless of their motivations, these noble gases can be profitably considered together, because physical and chemical properties vary systematically with atomic weight. However, much of the utility of noble gases is based on the widespread variations in their isotopic compositions. This is related to their overall depletion, which has made these elements vulnerable to isotopic modification from nuclear processes involving relatively more abundant parent elements. The wide applicability of noble gas systematics is due to the range of such processes. In cosmochemistry, fundamental contributions have been made to understanding the sources and distributions of volatiles throughout the solar system, to identifying the preservation of nucleosynthetic anomalies in meteorites, …