Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Depth-dependent structure of the Landers fault zone from trapped waves generated by aftershocks

We delineate the internal structure of the Johnson Valley and Kickapoo faults (Landers southern rupture) at seismogenic depth using fault zone trapped waves generated by aftershocks. Trapped waves recorded at the dense linear seismic arrays deployed across and along the surface breaks of the 1992 M7.5 Landers earthquake show large amplitudes and dispersive wave trains following the S waves. Group velocities of trapped waves measured from multiple band-pass-filtered seismograms for aftershocks occurring at different depths between 1.8 km and 8.2 km show an increase in velocity with depth. Velocities range from 1.9 km/s at 4 Hz to 2.6 km/s at 1 Hz for shallow events, while for deep events, velocities range from 2.3 km/s at 4 Hz to 3.1 km/s at 1 Hz. Coda-normalized amplitude spectra of trapped waves peak in amplitudes at 3–4 Hz for stations located close to the fault trace. The amplitude decays rapidly with the station offset from the fault zone. Normalized amplitudes also decrease with distance along the fault, giving an apparent Q of 30 for shallow events and 50 for deep events. We evaluated depth-dependent fault zone structure and its uncertainty from these measurements plus our previous results from near-surface explosion-excited trapped waves [Li et al., 1999] in a systematic model parameter-searching procedure using a three-dimensional (3-D) finite difference computer code [Graves, 1996]. Our best model of the Landers fault zone is 250 m wide at the surface, tapering to 100–150 m at 8.2 km depth. The shear velocity within the fault zone increases from 1.0 to 2.5 km/s and Q increases from 20 to 60 in this depth range. Fault zone shear velocities are reduced by 35 to 45% from those of the surrounding rock and also vary along the fault zone with an increase of ∼10% near ends of the southern rupture zone.
A reexamination of the role of solar heating in the O2 atmospheric and infrared atmospheric bands

The role of heating due to absorption of solar radiation by molecular oxygen (O2) in the A, B, and γ atmospheric bands and in the infrared atmospheric band is reviewed. Prior studies have demonstrated the importance of heating by these O2 bands in the vicinity of the tropopause. In the middle mesosphere, the heating associated with O2 atmospheric bands is shown to rival that of the numerous individual solar and chemical heat sources. We show that heating in the O2 atmospheric bands increases the total diabatic (i.e., solar plus exothermic chemical reaction) heating by 5 to 15 percent between 60 and 80 km.
Response to Comments on "Correlation between Radiologic Sign of Lumbar Lordosis and Functional Status in Patients with Chronic Mechanical Low Back Pain"

Dear Editor, We appreciate the interest in our work and for the opportunity to focus on detailed aspects of chronic mechanical low back pain. The reader attempted to emphasize the importance of pelvic incidence as a predictive factor for chronic low back pain. We should mention that concordant with this valuable comment there are several studies considering sagittal imbalance as a potential contributing factor for developing low back pain [1,2,3]. Pelvic incidence, a pelvic anatomic parameter that is specific and constant for each person determines the size of lumbar lordosis. Changes in this parameter either through relation with back muscle degeneration or other spine conditions might play a role in chronic mechanical low back pain [2,3,4]. The main focus of our study was lumbar lordosis and its effect on functional status measured by Oswestry disability index (ODI) that is not a simple pain score. According to this index, no significant correlation between the degree of lumbar lordosis and the score of functional disability was found [5]. Also, in a recent study using ODI, osteoarthritis of the facet joints as specific locations of degenerative changes to the lumbar spine, was not definitely correlated with ODI scores [6]. On the other hand, 2 studies investigating the relationship between spinopelvic parameters and clinical symptoms of severe isthmic spondylolisthesis used ODI and found a significant correlation between degree of lumbar lordosis and the Oswestry score. However, there was no correlation between pelvic incidence and the Oswestry score [7,8]. Disability is the main consequence of low back pain that should be prevented or treated once occurred. Thus, for more clarification we suggest randomized trials to evaluate possible relationships between the various spinopelvic alignment parameters such as pelvic incidence and the level of functional disability in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain.
North Pacific marine background aerosol: Average ammonium to sulfate molar ratio equals 1

Measurements of the chemical composition of marine aerosol were made at a location on the north-west coast of the continental United States. The average concentration of sulfate ion in submicrometric aerosol particles was 0.4 μg m−3. The average ammonium ion to sulfate ion molar ratio was 1.0 and was nearly the same as the ratio of 1.1 for concurrently collected rain samples. There was a large variability in these parameters on the 3-hour basis of the measurement method.
Micro-structure imaging and measurement based on digital holographic system

Based on the phase reconstruction method which is combined digital holography (DH) with digital lateral shearing interferometry (LSI) and the idea of the automatic aberration compensation (AAC), a method to eliminate the linear term of the sheared phase map is proposed. The procedures for reconstruction phase image using the LSI-DH method have been analyzed in detail, which indicates that one-dimensional phase unwrapping must be applied to the original phase map before lateral shearing. Moreover, the condition to obtain correct phase image is that the phase difference between the two adjacent pixels of the shearogram map is less than 2π. One of the prominent advantages of this method is that when the small amount of shearing is applied the two-dimensional phase unwrapping can be avoided. The computer simulations, which are based on the lensless Fourier transform holographic system, demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. It also indicates that the method has large tolerance to noise.
Working Papers / Documents de travail WP 2012-Nr 07 Rational Bubbles and Macroeconomic Fluctuations The ( De-) Stabilizing Role of Monetary Policy

We are interested in the occurrence of expectation-driven fluctuations of a rational bubble and the (de-)stabilizing role of monetary policy. Our explanation of fluctuations is based on credit market imperfections. For this purpose, we consider an overlapping generations exchange economy where households realize a portfolio choice between money and bubble. Money is held because of a partial cash-in-advance constraint affected by the bubble. Bubble acts as a store of value, but also as a collateral. Indeed, a higher value of the bubble implies a higher amount of collateral, which, in turn, reduces the need of cash, and thus increases consumption purchased on credit. Under these credit market features, expectation-driven fluctuations and the multiplicity of steady-states occur, in particular for arbitrarily small market distortions. Investing the stabilizing role of monetary policy, we show that when the monetary policy rule depends on expected inflation only, a more active rule stabilizes only if collateral has a large effect on consumption financed on credit. Finally, we enrich this rule by including asset prices. A policy which depends on asset prices can stabilize whatever the effect of collateral and can also rule out the multiplicity of steady states. More generally, this paper emphasizes the ∗We would like to thank Edouard Challe, Jean-Michel Grandmont, Takashi Kamihigashi, Hubert Kempf, Olivier Loisel, Carine Nourry, Yiannis Vailakis, Alain Venditti and Bertrand Wigniolle for useful suggestions. We also thank participants to the Bilkent University macroeconomic seminar, to the Conference in honor of Cuong Le Van held in University Paris 1 on December 2011, to the workshop OLG Days held in Aix-Marseille University on May 2012, to the Conference PET 2012, to the Conference 11th “Journées Louis-André Gérard-Varet”, to the Conference SAET 2012. Any remaining errors are our own. †Corresponding author. Aix-Marseille University (Aix-Marseille School of Economics), CNRS-GREQAM and EHESS, Centre de la Vieille Charité, 2 rue de la Charité, 13236 Marseille CEDEX 02, France. E-mail: lise.clain-chamosset-yvrard@univ-amu.fr. ‡Aix-Marseille University (Aix-Marseille School of Economics), CNRS-GREQAM and EHESS, Centre de la Vieille Charité, 2 rue de la Charité, 13236 Marseille CEDEX 02, France. E-mail: thomas.seegmuller@univ-amu.fr. 1 ha ls hs -0 07 93 06 3, v er si on 2 17 M ay 2 01 3 key role of consumers’ credit market imperfections to explain bubble fluctuations and exhibits the stabilizing power of monetary rules including asset prices. JEL classification: D91, E32, E52.
Tsunami earthquakes: Slow thrust‐faulting events in the accretionary wedge

The November 20, 1960, Peru, October 20, 1963, Kurile and June 10, 1975, Kurile earthquakes are classified as tsunami earthquakes based on anomalously large tsunami excitation relative to earthquake magnitude. Long-period surface wave analysis indicates double-couple (faulting) mechanisms for all three events rather than single-force mechanisms indicative of submarine landslides. The earthquakes have shallow depths (< 15 km) and are located near the trench axis and seaward of most other thrust zone events beneath the accretionary prism. Body waveform inversion indicates very shallowly dipping thrust faulting mechanisms for the three events, with dip angles of 6°–8°. Surface wave spectral amplitudes and deconvolution of SH waveforms suggests anomalously long source durations and large seismic moments relative to MS. Specifically, the 1963 Kurile event (MS 7.2) shows a duration of 85 s and a moment of 6.0 × 1027 dyn cm (MW 7.8), the 1975 Kurile event (MS 7.0) shows a duration of 60 s and a moment of 2.0 × 1027 dyn cm (MW 7.5), and the 1960 Peru event (MS 6.75) shows a time function consisting of four subevents with a total duration of 110–130 s and a seismic moment of 3.4 × 1027 dyn cm (MW 7.6). Estimated rupture velocities are about 1 km/s or less, but there is no evidence of unusually low stress drops. The August 1, 1968, Philippines event, previously classified as a tsunami earthquake, shows none of the anomalous source properties, and teleseismic tsunami height measurements are sparse; we do not consider this event a tsunami earthquake. Most of the “anomalous” tsunami excitation results from underestimation of earthquake size by MS due to the long source duration; the tsunami heights are not significantly anomalous relative to seismic moment. The slow nature of these events may result from rupture through the sedimentary rock along the basal decollement of the accretionary prism. Standard scaling laws when adjusted for the slow seismic velocity in the source region show an MW - MS relationship similar to that observed for the tsunami earthquakes and predict MS saturation at about 7.3 rather than 8.0 for typical events.
Shale-hosted Ni–(Cu–PGE) mineralisation: A global overview

Shale-hosted Ni–Cu–platinum group element (PGE) sulphide occurrences represent significant resources of not only Ni, Cu and the PGEs but also, in some cases, other elements such as Mo, Zn, Mn, V and U. The largest known deposit of this type that is currently being mined is the Talvivaara Zn–Ni–Cu–Mn–U shale deposit in Finland. The total resource of this deposit is ∼1·550 Bt of ore, at 0·22%Ni, 0·13%Cu, 0·49%Zn, 200 ppm Co and 17 ppm U, all of which can be extracted using a bioheapleaching mineral processing approach. Other significant examples of this deposit type are the Mo–Ni–Zn–Au–PGE deposits of the Niutitang Formation in China and the Ni–PGE–Zn–Mo–Re–Ag mineralisation of the Nick deposit in the Selwyn Basin, Yukon, Canada. However, although they provide insights into the processes responsible for mineralisation in shale-hosted Ni deposits, the Chinese and Selwyn Basin deposits are of too low a tonnage to make them high priority exploration targets. Other potential resources discussed here include the Okcheon shales in Korea, the European Alum Shale and the Chattanooga Shale of the Appalachian Basin. Possible modern analogues for the shale-hosted Ni–Cu–PGE deposits at Talvivaara, Nick, and in China include the Rainbow and Logatchev vent fields of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where hydrothermal fluids interact with ultramafic rocks, stripping them of metals before venting them at the seawater–ocean floor boundary, and sapropel formation in the Mediterranean, where organic carbon-rich sediments are interlayered with organic carbon-poor sediments. These organic carbon-rich layers are associated with significantly elevated base metal and sulphur concentrations when compared to the carbon-poor layers, indicating preferential deposition of base metals during sapropel sedimentation. Two genetic models for shale-hosted Ni–Cu–PGE mineralisation are currently favoured: synsedimentary mineralisation, with metals being scavenged from the overlying water column, and exhalative hydrothermal mineralisation, with metals being deposited into sedimentary basins from hydrothermal vents. This paper focuses on shale-hosted Ni mineralisation and the potential for these shales as an economic source of unconventional Ni, Cu and the PGEs.
A baroclinic western boundary current over a continental slope

Baroclinic flow over a western continental slope is investigated using a simple model in which inertia is completely neglected and the temperature of the ocean depends only on horizontal position. Solutions of this model are also solutions of the three-dimensional equations without inertia. This model is arguably the simplest model in which the Joint Effect of Baroclinicity and Relief (JEBAR) can affect the mass transport on the slope. Offshore, we suppose that a classical double-gyre circulation exists, in which the subpolar gyre is colder than the subtropical gyre. Using asymptotic expansions based on small viscosity and small thermal diffusivity, we show analytically that a thin baroclinic current, or front, forms on the slope. The baroclinic current flows across the slope from south to north and shallow to deep. Recirculating gyres are formed on both flanks of the current, and the extent to which both the baroclinic current and the gyres resemble the observed flow in the Western North Atlantic is discussed.
A glimpse beneath earth's surface: GLobal HYdrogeology MaPS (GLHYMPS) of permeability and porosity

The lack of robust, spatially distributed subsurface data is the key obstacle limiting the implementation of complex and realistic groundwater dynamics into global land surface, hydrologic, and climate models. We map and analyze permeability and porosity globally and at high resolution for the first time. The new permeability and porosity maps are based on a recently completed high‐resolution global lithology map that differentiates fine and coarse‐grained sediments and sedimentary rocks, which is important since these have different permeabilities. The average polygon size in the new map is ~100 km2, which is a more than hundredfold increase in resolution compared to the previous map which has an average polygon size of ~14,000 km2. We also significantly improve the representation in regions of weathered tropical soils and permafrost. The spatially distributed mean global permeability ~10−15 m2 with permafrost or ~10−14 m2 without permafrost. The spatially distributed mean porosity of the globe is 14%. The maps will enable further integration of groundwater dynamics into land surface, hydrologic, and climate models.
Salt Dispersion in the Hudson Estuary

Abstract The seaward transport of salt by river discharge through an estuary is balanced under steady conditions by landward dispersion effected by various physical mixing processes. Observations of current and salinity in the lower Hudson estuary provide a basis for assessing the relative importance of these different dispersion processes. Wind effects were estimated from two moored current meter records of 1- and 2-months length. There was a significant but weak correlation between wind and currents. Three cross-sectional surveys each lasting 25 h provide estimates of salt dispersion by other processes. Current and salinity data from the surveys were decomposed into various temporal and spatial means and departures from these means. Covariances between the various quantities are interpreted in terms of physical dispersion processes. The largest contributor to salt dispersion in the Hudson is the steady shear of gravitational circulation. Steady shear dispersion varies by a factor of 5 between spring hig.
The use of night-time lights satellite imagery as a measure of Australia's regional electricity consumption and population distribution

Satellite imagery of night-time lights provided by the US Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), using the Operational Linescan System (OLS), has been used to estimate the spatial distribution of electricity consumption throughout Australia. For the period 1997 to 2002, there was very high correlation between state electricity consumption and night-time lights with an R 2 value of 0.9346 at the state and territory spatial resolution. To increase the accuracy at which electricity consumption can be estimated at greater spatial resolution, an Overglow Removal Model (ORM) was developed to overcome the overglow effect caused by the dispersion of light into surrounding areas. The ORM makes use of the relationship between light source strength and the overglow/dispersion distance from the light source. As electricity consumption statistics at a greater spatial resolution than the state or territory level are not publically available in Australia, population statistics at the statistical local area (SLA) were used to demonstrate the increased accuracy of the ORM at returning the overglow light to its source, and, in turn, the accuracy of measuring electricity consumption. The ORM enabled an estimation of the electricity consumption of SLAs, greater than 10 km2, with an R 2 value of 0.8732, which is a 25.4% increase in accuracy over untreated data before applying the ORM. The increase in accuracy of the location of the origin of night-time lights can enable better georeferencing of satellite imagery of night-time lights and greater accuracy in locating population centres and centres of economic development, and assist with electricity infrastructure planning in regions of the world where statistics are not readily available. The result of the ORM is a map of Australian electricity consumption, and an estimation of the regional electricity consumption for all SLAs greater than 10 km2 in size is included.
Measurements of Head Variations within Observation Boreholes and their Implications for Groundwater Monitoring

As part of several groundwater investigations of the Permo-Triassic Sandstone aquifers in north west England, a detailed measurement of piezometric heads and groundwater flow within observation boreholes was made which showed that vertical differences of groundwater heads persist within aquifers. A number of case histories of these studies are presented, which are used to consider the impact of head variations on typical groundwater level and groundwater quality measurements taken in observation boreholes, with a view to recommending design criteria for observation boreholes and groundwater monitoring programmes.
An Overview of "Chronostratigraphy of Cenozoic Terrestrial Sediments and Faunas"

During the last several decades there has been a significant increase in our ability to calibrate geological time. This has principally resulted from technological advances in geophysical and geochemical instrumentation, i.e., magnetometers and mass spectrometers. Using radioisotopically dated magnetic reversals from volcanic rocks on land to calibrate sea-floor spreading, these techniques were essential in providing the empirical foundation for the plate tectonic paradigm during the 1960s. In the last two decades, many of these same techniques have been applied to an enhanced chronology of terrestrial sediments, including many containing key faunas and floras. The pursuit of a more precisely calibrated geological time scale has resulted in major advances in the kinds of questions we can ask about sedimentary and evolutionary rates and processes revealed from the rock record. In this volume we have collected a series of research contributions to honor the memory of Noye M. Johnson (1930-1987). Noye was an intellectual leader in the development and application of magnetic polarity stratigraphy (also termed magnetostratigraphy) to terrestrial, mammal-bearing Cenozoic sediments.
Rethinking Internet Communication Through LLMs: How Close Are We?

In this paper, we rethink the way that communication among users over the Internet, one of the fundamental outcomes of the Internet evolution, takes place. Instead of users communicating directly over the Internet, we explore an architecture that enables users to communicate with (query) Large Language Models (LLMs) that capture the cognition of users on the other end of the communication channel. We present an architecture to achieve such LLM-based communication and we perform a reality check to assess how close we are today to realizing such a communication architecture from a technical point of view. Finally, we discuss several research challenges and identify interesting directions for future research.
Detection of superimposed ice on the glaciers Kongsvegen and midre Lovénbreen, Svalbard, using SAR satellite imagery

Abstract Superimposed ice forms when meltwater refreezes onto a sub-freezing glacier surface. The accumulation zones of many Arctic glaciers include large areas of superimposed ice, which for mass-balance purposes have to be distinguished from the ablation zone consisting of glacier ice. We examine the ability of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite sensors to detect superimposed ice on the glaciers Kongsvegen and midre Lovénbreen on Svalbard. Structural analysis of ice cores as well as surface observations from these glaciers in 1999 and 2000 provide a spatial record of superimposed ice. Winter SAR images show three distinct zones, which correspond closely to areas of glacier ice, superimposed ice and firn. This is seen very clearly on Kongsvegen, but not as clearly on the much smaller midre Lovénbreen. One possible explanation for the contrasting SAR signal may relate to the differing air-bubble content of firn, superimposed ice and glacier ice. Thin layers of winter-formed superimposed ice (510 cm) in some places are not seen on the SAR images, indicating that a certain thickness is needed for detection. The equilibrium-line altitude cannot be detected since the SAR cannot differentiate old superimposed ice, superimposed ice formed currently in the accumulation area in summer and superimposed ice formed currently in the ablation zone in autumn and winter.