Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On percolation as a cosmological test

Difficulties in the use of percolation as a complementary statistic for the galaxy clustering pattern are pointed out by studying simple toy models and dynamical N-body models that represent the competing clustering scenarios. The percolation properties are found not to be very sensitive to the presence of pancakes and strings once they are clumpy, and hence they do not distinguish properly between models that are very different. In the case of very smooth pancakes, the ability to percolate depends on sampling parameters, such as the mean number density and the volume, in a way which is unknown a priori because it depends on the same properties that the test ought to measure. This problem could, in principle, be eased by using volume-limited samples of high mean number density (an order of magnitude denser than the CfA redshift survey volume limited at 4000 km/s) and by comparing to models of identical number density and volume. An alternative approach, based on the sampling effects themselves, may provide a qualitative test for pancakes in samples of lower densities.
Ground‐based microwave radiometry and long‐term observations of atmospheric water vapor

Microwave radiometer data and radiosonde data from the time period 1981–1995 have been used to study long‐term trends in the integrated precipitable water vapor (IPWV). The two instruments have operated 37 km apart on the Swedish west coast. Model parameters are estimated for the entire data sets as well as for subsets of the data. The IPWV model parameters are a mean value, a linear drift with time, and the amplitude and phase of an annual component. The radiosonde data, which are uniformly sampled in time, show an increase in the IPWV of 0.03 mm/yr with a statistical standard deviation of 0.01 mm. The microwave radiometer data, which are not at all uniformly sampled in time, show −0.02±0.01 mm/yr. We show that the disagreement is caused by the different sampling of the data for the two instruments. When the two data sets are reduced to include only data that are sampled simultaneously, we find an agreement between all estimated model parameters, given their statistical uncertainties. This suggests that if the microwave radiometer had also been operating continuously over the 15‐year period, its data would have implied a linear trend similar to the result obtained from the radiosonde data. The general quality of the data, in terms of the short time scatter, has been improved over the time period. The root mean square (RMS) difference between the IPWV measured by the radiometer and by the radiosondes was 2.1 mm during the first 5 years and was reduced to 1.6 mm during the last 4 years. These values include the real difference in the IPWV between the two sites. The bias, radiometer‐radiosonde, was 0.1 mm for the whole data set and varied between −0.2 and 0.9 mm for smaller data sets of a few years.
Magnetic Phase Transition of the Triangular Lattice Antiferromagnet CsMnI3

The universality class of successive magnetic phase transitions in the triangular lattice antiferromagnet CsMnI 3 is studied by measuring the critical exponent β using neutron scattering. A weak Ising anisotropy brings about two successive transitions at T N1 =11.2 K and T N2 =8.2 K which correspond to ordering of magnetic moments parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis, respectively. The critical exponents for the parallel and perpendicular components of the sublattice magnetization, β // }=0.32±0.01 and β ⊥ =0.35±0.01, are close to or in excellent agreement with the exponent for the three dimensional XY symmetry of the order parameter in spite of the fact that the system has the Ising spin symmetry, in accord with a prediction. They remarkably differ from β=0.25±0.01 for CsMnBr 3 which has an XY anisotropy and belongs to the three dimensional Z 2 × S 1 universality.
Thermal Physics and Critical Heat Flux Characteristics of Al2O3–H2O Nanofluids

This study investigates the influence of the thermal physics of nanofluids on the critical heat flux (CHF) of nanofluids. Thermal physics tests of nanoparticle concentrations ranged from 0 to 1 g/L. Pool boiling experiments were performed using electrically heated NiCr metal wire under atmospheric pressure. The results show that there was no obvious change for viscosity and a maximum enhancement of about 5 to 7% for thermal conductivity and surface tension with the addition of nanoparticles into pure water. Consistently with other nanofluid studies, this study found that a significant enhancement in CHF could be achieved at modest nanoparticle concentrations (<0.1 g/L by Al2O3 nanoparticle concentration). Compared to the CHF of pure water, an enhancement of 113% over that of nanofluids was found. Scanning electron microscope photos showed there was a nanoparticle layer formed on the heating surface for nanofluid boiling. The bubble growth was photographed by a camera. The coating layer makes the nucleation of vapor bubbles easily formed. Thus, the addition of nanoparticles has active effects on the CHF.
Wind structure and evaporation in a turbulent atmosphere

1-It is now generally recognized that in a turbulent medium, such as the lower atmosphere, the processes of the diffusion of mass, heat, and momentum are dominated by the action of eddies in the wind. The exact mechanism by which the typical frictional and diffusion effects are set up by the turbulence is still obscure, and at the present time there appears to ire little hope of the presentation of a comprehensive theory of turbulent motion. The object of the present paper is to set forth a theory which, while admittedly non-exact and based partly upon an empirical assumption, appears to afford a satisfactory basis for the preliminary consideration of the allied problems of wind structure and the natural evaporation from a freely exposed plane surface in the lower atmosphere. 2-It is noticeable that most of the theories of turbulence which have been advanced treat the diffusion phenomena by means of a model which is suggested by the kinetic theory of gases. The eddies are regarded as distinct masses of fluid which behave like the molecules of the kinetic theory in that they are assumed to move along a hind of "free path," and thereby to transfer mass, heat momentum from one layer of the fluid to another by a process which is regarded as being substantially identical with that described by the collision dynamics of the kinetic theory. Briefly, it is assumed that a certain mass of fluid, of dimensions small compared with those of the total volume of fluid under consideration, breaks away from its surroundings under the influence of some mechanical or thermal disturbing force, and moves to another region of the medium, carrying with it a content of mass, heat, and momentum topical of the layer from which it originated. Having moved a certain distance (the Mischungsweg of Prandtl) the eddy is then conceived to mix instantaneously with the surrounding fluid, much in the same manner as a molecule transfers a portion of its energy when it comes into collision with another molecule.
Low-Temperature Synthesis Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition Using CH4–CO2 Gas Mixture

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with multiwalled structures were successfully grown on a Fe-deposited Si substrate at low temperatures below 300°C by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition using of a CH4–CO2 gas mixture. The low temperature would be beneficial for reducing the diameter of CNTs but it will also decrease the growth rate on the substrate. The low-temperature growth of CNTs was achieved by decreasing both the microwave power and the total gas pressure. The constituents of the gas mixture are also key factors in chemical vapor deposition. After deposition, the microstructure morphology of CNTs was observed by using scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission microscope. The results showed that even at low temperature a high yield of carbon nanotubes with a high emission current density and a small diameter is obtained. Vertically aligned multiwalled CNTs with a diameter about 12 nm were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM).
Towards an Optimized Ensemble Feature Selection for DDoS Detection Using Both Supervised and Unsupervised Method

With recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and next-generation communication technologies, the demand for Internet-based applications and intelligent digital services is increasing, leading to a significant rise in cyber-attacks such as Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS). AI-based DoS detection systems promise adequate identification accuracy with lower false alarms, significantly associated with the data quality used to train the model. Several works have been proposed earlier to select optimum feature subsets for better model generalization and faster learning. However, there is a lack of investigation in the existing literature to identify a common optimum feature set for three main AI methods: machine learning, deep learning, and unsupervised learning. The current works are compromised either with the variation of the feature selection (FS) method or limited to one type of AI model for performance evaluation. Therefore, in this study, we extensively investigated and evaluated the performance of 15 individual FS methods from three major categories: filter-based, wrapper-based, and embedded, and one ensemble feature selection (EnFS) technique. Furthermore, the individual feature subset’s quality is evaluated using supervised and unsupervised learning methods for extracting a common best-performing feature subset. According to our experiment, the EnFS method outperforms individual FS and provides a universal best feature set for all kinds of AI models.
Enhanced dissipation of short gravity and gravity capillary waves due to parasitic capillaries

The dissipation rate of short, mechanically generated, monochromatic surface waves was measured in order to determine the increased dissipation due to the generation of parasitic capillary waves. As the surface waves propagate freely, the decaying wave elevations were measured by an ultra-thin capacitance wire. Measurements indicate that the dissipation rate increases approximately with the square of the wave slope, AK, and the generation of parasitic capillaries depends on the wavelength of the surface waves. The maximum generation of parasitic capillaries coincides with a surface wave wavelength near 7 cm. Measured data fits a simple parameterized model of the dissipation rate reasonably well.
H-joint numerical ranges

The notion of the joint numerical range of several linear operators with respect to a sesquilinear form is introduced. Geometrical properties of the joint numerical range are studied, in particular, convexity and angle points, in connection with the algebraic properties of the operators. The main focus is on the finite dimensional case.
Measurement uncertainty in a national forest inventory: results from the Northern Region of the USA

Statistical confidence in estimates of timber volume, carbon storage, and other forest attributes depends, in part, on the uncertainty in field measurements. Surprisingly, measurement uncertainty is rarely reported, even though national forest inventories routinely repeat field measurements for quality assurance. We compared measurements made by field crews and quality assurance crews in the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the US Forest Service, using data from 2,790 plots and 51,740 trees and saplings across the 24 states of the Northern Region. We characterized uncertainty in 12 national core tree-level variables; 7 tree crown variables used in forest health monitoring; 3 variables describing seedlings; and 11 variables describing the site, such as elevation, slope, and distance from a road. Discrepancies in measurement were generally small but were higher for some variables requiring judgment, such as tree class, decay class, and cause of mortality. When scaled up to states, forest types, or the region, uncertainties in basal area, timber volume, and aboveground biomass were negligible. Understanding all sources of uncertainty is important to designing forest monitoring systems, managing the conduct of the inventory, and assessing the uncertainty of forest attributes required for making regional and national forest policy decisions.
Nonabelian Toda Theories from Parafermionic Reductions of the WZW Model

Abstract We investigate a class of conformal nonabelian-Toda models representing noncompact SL(2, R)/U(1) parafermions (PF) interacting with specific abelian Toda theories and having a global U(1) symmetry. A systematic derivation of the conserved currents, their algebras, and the exact solution of these models are presented. An important property of this class of models is the affine SL(2, R)q algebra spanned by charges of the chiral and antichiral nonlocal currents and the U(1) charge. The classical (Poisson brackets) algebras of symmetries VGn of these models appear to be of mixed PF-WGn type. They contain together with the local quadratic terms specific for the Wn-algebras the nonlocal terms similar to the ones of the classical PF-algebra. The renormalization of the spins of the nonlocal currents is the main new feature of the quantum VAn-algebras. The quantum VA2-algebra and its degenerate representations are studied in detail
Micro and Nano Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA)-Based MEMS/NEMS as Electrochemical Transducers: A Review

Micro and nano interdigitated electrode array (µ/n-IDEA) configurations are prominent working electrodes in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors/biosensors, as their design benefits sensor achievement. This paper reviews µ/n-IDEA as working electrodes in four-electrode electrochemical sensors in terms of two-dimensional (2D) planar IDEA and three-dimensional (3D) IDEA configurations using carbon or metal as the starting materials. In this regard, the enhancement of IDEAs-based biosensors focuses on controlling the width and gap measurements between the adjacent fingers and increases the IDEA’s height. Several distinctive methods used to expand the surface area of 3D IDEAs, such as a unique 3D IDEA design, integration of mesh, microchannel, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT), and nanoparticles, are demonstrated and discussed. More notably, the conventional four-electrode system, consisting of reference and counter electrodes will be compared to the highly novel two-electrode system that adopts IDEA’s shape. Compared to the 2D planar IDEA, the expansion of the surface area in 3D IDEAs demonstrated significant changes in the performance of electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the challenges faced by current IDEAs-based electrochemical biosensors and their potential solutions for future directions are presented herein.
An Experimental Determination of the Efficiency with Which Aerosol Particles are Collected by Water Drops in Subsaturated Air

Abstract Experiments have been carried out to determine the efficiency with which aerosol particles of 0.25 μm radius are collected due to Brownian diffusion, and due to hydrodynamic, phoretic and electrical effects by water drops of 150 to 2500. μm equivalent radius falling in subsaturated air. In the absence of electrical effects it was found that with increasing drop size the collection efficiency decreases to a minimum and then rises again as the collection due to phoretic forces is overcompensated by the collection due to hydrodynamic forces. With further increase in drop size the collection efficiency was found to rise to a maximum, This rise was attributed to hydrodynamic effects in the rear of the drop which increase as the stagnant eddy at the downstream end of the falling drop increases in size, but progressively decrease as the drop assumes a size, and thus a Reynolds number, large enough for turbulent eddies to be shed from the rear of the drop. The present results are qualitatively consistent .
Effect of Bandwidth of Masking Noise on Detection of Homophasic and Antiphasic Tonal Signals

Langford and Jeffress [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 1455–1458 (1964)] report evidence that the bandwidth involved in masking an antiphasic signal, N0 Sπ, is considerably wider than that involved in monaural or homophasic masking. The present paper describes a study of the effect of narrowing the noise band used for masking a 500‐cps tonal signal from 100–3000 cps to about 10 cps in width. The same band of noise was employed for both the diotic conditions N0 S0 and the antiphasic N0 Sπ. In the former case, no improvement in detection occurred until the bandwidth was less than about 150 cps, but in the latter substantially increased MLD's were found for bandwidths as great as 300 cps. The rate of improvement of detection under the antiphasic condition was much more rapid as the bandwidth was narrowed than was the case for the diotic condition. The findings support von Bekesy's idea that some kind of neural “funneling” assists in narrowing the band of frequencies involved in monaural detection. In antiphasic dete.
Field and Impedance of an Oscillating Sphere in a Viscoelastic Medium with an Application to Biophysics

With an application to human tissue in view, a theoretical analysis of the behavior of mechanical vibrations in a medium with elastic, viscous, and relaxational properties is made. For this purpose, the equations of wave motion in a viscoelastic medium are discussed in general and solved for two problems, which are significant for the propagation and the transfer of vibrational energy: (1) energy propagation and absorption in plane waves, (2) field and impedance of an oscillating sphere.The results show that the energy is propagated in two kinds of waves, the relative intensities of which change strongly with frequency: transverse waves, owing to the shear elasticity and viscosity, and compression (acoustical) waves, owing to the volume compressibility of the medium. A more detailed treatment is then accomplished for human muscle tissue by inserting the approximate values of its elastic constants into the general formulas, thus explaining the behavior in a frequency range from 0 up to several hundred kc.
Impact of smoking on oral health

Introduction: Smoking kills more than 8 million people each year worldwide. The rate of morbidity from illnesses linked to smoking is increasing steadily. The adverse effects of smoking on oral health are well documented. The ability of medical and dental students to assist people in quitting smoking is crucial. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate smoking habits, the level of knowledge and attitudes of medical and dental students towards smoking, as well as the role of dental professionals in prevention of smoking. Methodology: A cross-sectional study, including 150 medical and dental students from the Khyber Medical University, housing officers and dentists from the Hayatabad Medical Complex and Peshawar Dental College, was conducted and data was collected by a pre-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire asked about the patient's smoking and quitting habits, their medical and dentists' experiences with smoking cessation and their readiness to follow dentists' recommendations for quitting. Results: Most of the participants were medical students (81/150) and males (99/150). Majority of them were from 18-30 years old.
Role of Goats in the Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii

Simple Summary This review article aims to compile the information published in the scientific literature regarding Coxiella burnetii infection in goats and their role in the epidemiology of infection, namely their association with the occurrence of Q fever in humans. Q fever presents a worldwide occurrence and the risk that it represents to humans has been recognized since its first description. The characteristics of C. burnetii justify its classification as a category B biological threat agent. International public health authorities strongly recommend global monitoring of C. burnetii, especially after large-scale Q fever epidemics occurred in The Netherlands, which originated from goat infection. An approach with the characterization of the bacterium, its strategies of infection, and clinical patterns in goats will help to understand the dynamics of infection in an epidemiological analysis and to analyze the role of goats in Q fever. Abstract Since its first description in the late 1930s, Q fever has raised many questions. Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent, is a zoonotic pathogen affecting a wide range of hosts. This airborne organism leads to an obligate, intracellular lifecycle, during which it multiplies in the mononuclear cells of the immune system and in the trophoblasts of the placenta in pregnant females. Although some issues about C. burnetii and its pathogenesis in animals remain unclear, over the years, some experimental studies on Q fever have been conducted in goats given their excretion pattern. Goats play an important role in the epidemiology and economics of C. burnetii infections, also being the focus of several epidemiological studies. Additionally, variants of the agent implicated in human long-term disease have been found circulating in goats. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest research on C. burnetii infection and the role played by goats in the transmission of the infection to humans.
A new approach to tackle noise issue in miniature directional microphones: bio-inspired mechanical coupling

When using microphone array for sound source localization, the most fundamental step is to estimate the time difference of arrival (TDOA) between different microphones. Since TDOA is proportional to the microphone separation, the localization performance degrades with decreasing size relative to the sound wavelength. To address the size constraint of conventional directional microphones, a new approach is sought by utilizing the mechanical coupling mechanism found in the superacute ears of the parasitic fly Ormia ochracea. Previously, we have presented a novel bio-inspired directional microphone consisting of two circular clamped membranes structurally coupled by a center pivoted bridge, and demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that the fly ear mechanism is replicable in a man-made structure. The emphasis of this article is on theoretical analysis of the thermal noise floor of the bio-inspired directional microphones. Using an equivalent two degrees-of-freedom model, the mechanical-thermal noise limit of the structurally coupled microphone is estimated and compared with those obtained for a single omni-directional microphone and a conventional microphone pair. Parametric studies are also conducted to investigate the effects of key normalized parameters on the noise floor and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Objective Estimates of Airborne Snow Properties

Abstract A mensuration and description method is proposed that allows objective and simultaneous expression of the physical properties of snow crystals, rime drops, and aerosol particles. It is based on the statistics of Hatch and Choate, which are commonly used to describe “dusts” and supermicrometer aerosol particles with irregular shape. These statistics simplify integration of physical properties of snowflakes over their diameter distribution and facilitate expression of simultaneous formulas that can be used to calculate the contribution of riming to airborne snow mass and the contribution of rime nuclei to airborne snow chemistry. These formulated expressions are combined with tabulations of size properties of snowflakes, cloud droplets, and aerosol to provide the skeleton of a calculation program. These calculations can transform the area, mass, or number concentration of snow fluxes into other parameters when one flux parameter and the snow-crystal habit are specified. Other size-dependent paramet.