Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MARTINGALE MEASURES FOR DISCRETE‐TIME PROCESSES WITH INFINITE HORIZON

Let (St)teI be an Rd-valued adapted stochastic process on (Ω, ? , (? t)teI, P). A basic problem occurring notably in the analysis of securities markets, is to decide whether there is a probability measure Q on ? equivalent to P such that (St)teI is a martingale with respect to Q. It is known (see the fundamental papers of Harrison and Kreps 1979; Harrison and Pliska 1981; and Kreps 1981) that there is an intimate relation of this problem with the notions of “no arbitrage” and “no free lunch” in financial economics. We introduce the intermediate concept of “no free lunch with bounded risk. ” This is a somewhat more precise version of the notion of “no free lunch. ” It requires an absolute bound of the maximal loss occurring in the trading strategies considered in the definition of “no free lunch. ” We give an argument as to why the condition of “no free lunch with bounded risk” should be satisfied by a reasonable model of the price process (St)teI of a securities market. We can establish the equivalence of the condition of “no free lunch with bounded risk” with the existence of an equivalent martingale measure in the case when the index set I is discrete but (possibly) infinite. A similar theorem was recently obtained by Delbaen (1992) for continuous-time processes with continuous paths. We can combine these two theorems to get a similar result for the continuous-time case when the process (St)teR+ is bounded and, roughly speaking, the jumps occur at predictable times. In the infinite horizon setting, the price process has to be “almost a martingale” in order to allow an equivalent martingale measure.
Reactive Turing Machine with Infinite Alphabets

The notion of Reactive Turing machines (RTM) was proposed as an orthogonal extension of Turing machines with interaction. RTMs are used to define the notion of executable transition system in the same wa y as Turing machines are used to define the notion of computable function on atural numbers. RTMs inherited finiteness of all sets involved from Turing ma chines, and as a consequence, in a single step, an RTM can only communicate el ements from a finite set of data. Some process calculi such as, e.g., the π-calculus, essentially use a form of infinite data in their definition and hence it imme diately follows that transition systems specified in these calculi are not ex ecutable. On closer inspection, however, the π-calculus does not appear to use the infinite data in a non-computable manner. In this paper, we investigate several ways to relax the finite ness requirement. We start by considering a variant of RTMs in which all sets are al lowed to be infinite, and then refine by adding extra restrictions. The most restri cted variant of RTMs in which the sets of action and data symbols are still allowed to be infinite is the notion of RTM with atoms. We propose a notion of transition sy stems with atoms, and show that every e ffective legal transition system with atoms is executable by RTM with atoms. In such a way, we show that processes specifi ed in theπcalculus are executable by RTM with atoms.
SigM, an Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factor of Bacillus subtilis, Is Activated in Response to Cell Wall Antibiotics, Ethanol, Heat, Acid, and Superoxide Stress

ABSTRACT The extracytoplasmic function sigma M of Bacillus subtilis is required for normal cell growth under salt stress. It is expressed maximally during exponential growth and is further induced by the addition of 0.7 M NaCl. The promoter region of the sigM operon contains two promoters; one (PA) is sigma A dependent, and the other (PM) is sigma M dependent. These have been placed separately at the amy locus, directing expression of a lacZ reporter gene. Only the PM fusion responded to salt induction. This promoter, which was responsive to the level of active sigma M in the cell, was also induced by 5% ethanol, by vancomycin, bacitracin, or phosphomycin (inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis; 2 μg per ml), and by heat shock of 50°C for 10 min. It was very strongly induced by acid (pH 4.3) and 80 μM paraquat, but after a 15- to 30-min delay. There was no induction by alkali (pH 9), 5 mM H2O2, the detergents 0.1% Triton X-100 and 0.1% Tween 20, or 50 μM monensin. In addition to their reduced tolerance to salt, null mutants of sigM were unable to grow at pH 4.3 and lysed after exposure to 5% ethanol. Genes regulated by SigM were also tested for their response to pH 4.3, 5% ethanol, and 2 μg of vancomycin per ml. Expression of the genes may have been activated by increased levels of sigma M, but at least some were also subject to additional controls, as they responded to one type of stress but not another. Expression of yrhJ, which encodes a cytochrome P450/NADPH reductase, was induced in response to acid and vancomycin. yraA expression was acid, ethanol, and vancomycin induced, whereas yjbD showed only ethanol induction. YraA protein was extremely important to acid survival—a mutation in yraA, like a sigM mutation, resulted in the failure of B. subtilis to grow at pH 4.3. Sigma M is therefore involved in maintaining membrane and cell wall integrity in response to several different stresses in exponential growth phase and is activated by such stresses.
Mitochondrial division in T. gondii: analysis of the Dynamin-related protein C and of its putative interactors

Apicomplexa parasites such as Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are characterised by a single, lasso-shaped mitochondrion. This organelle is critical during all phases of the parasite life cycle, and is a validated drug target against parasites of the Apicomplexa phylum. In contrast to other eukaryotes, replication of the mitochondrion in these parasites is tightly linked to the cell cycle. A key step in mitochondrial segregation is the fission event, which in many eukaryotes requires the action of Dynamin-related proteins: these mechanochemical enzymes are recruited at the outer membrane of the mitochondria and mediate membrane constriction. To date, none of the components of the apicomplexan fission machinery have been identified and validated. In this work, I investigated the role of DrpC, a highly divergent, Apicomplexa-specific putative Dynamin-related protein, in T. gondii. Endogenous tagging showed that DrpC is adjacent to the mitochondrion, and is localised both at its periphery and at its basal part, where fission is expected to occur. Depletion and dominant negative expression of DrpC results in interconnected mitochondria and ultimately in drastic changes in mitochondrial morphology, leading to parasite death. These data indicate that DrpC is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis in T. gondii. To better understand the fission mechanism, DrpC potential interactors were investigated in this study; intriguingly, it is here shown that the conserved mitochondrial protein Fis1, which in other eukaryotes recruits the Dynamin-related protein during fission, is not required for mitochondrial fission in T. gondii. Conversely, immunoprecipitation data suggest an interaction between DrpC and the microtubule scaffold; as DrpC is also seen at the periphery of the parasite, these data could suggest a second role for this atypical Dynamin-related protein.
Approximate Distributed Joins in Apache Spark

The join operation is a fundamental building block of parallel data processing. Unfortunately, it is very resource-intensive to compute an equi-join across massive datasets. The approximate computing paradigm allows users to trade accuracy and latency for expensive data processing operations. The equi-join operator is thus a natural candidate for optimization using approximation techniques. Although sampling-based approaches are widely used for approximation, sampling over joins is a compelling but challenging task regarding the output quality. Naive approaches, which perform joins over dataset samples, would not preserve statistical properties of the join output. To realize this potential, we interweave Bloom filter sketching and stratified sampling with the join computation in a new operator, ApproxJoin, that preserves the statistical properties of the join output. ApproxJoin leverages a Bloom filter to avoid shuffling non-joinable data items around the network and then applies stratified sampling to obtain a representative sample of the join output. Our analysis shows that ApproxJoin scales well and significantly reduces data movement, without sacrificing tight error bounds on the accuracy of the final results. We implemented ApproxJoin in Apache Spark and evaluated ApproxJoin using microbenchmarks and real-world case studies. The evaluation shows that ApproxJoin achieves a speedup of 6-9x over unmodified Spark-based joins with the same sampling rate. Furthermore, the speedup is accompanied by a significant reduction in the shuffled data volume, which is 5-82x less than unmodified Spark-based joins.
Stereotype threat in intergroup relations.

In 1994, a controversial book hit newsstands. Its claim was that the consistent gap in intelligent quotient (IQ) scores between Black and White students was the result of genetic differences between the races. This proposition that one class of people is intellectually inferior to another was not a new claim. In the 1800s, Sir Francis Galton was one of the early psychologists to study intelligence and held the hypothesis that members of the British upper crust were, by birth, intellectually superior to those on lower rungs of the socioeconomic ladder. In the early 20th century, racial differences in scores on intelligence tests were used to support efforts to restrict immigration from certain regions of the world. But the civil rights movement of the 1960s marked a growing emphasis on ensuring equal opportunity, which called into question these earlier notions of racial differences in intelligence. When Herrnstein and Murray published The Bell Curve in 1994, their hypothesis that race differences in test scores could be traced to genetic factors was reminiscent of what many hoped was a bygone era. At the same time that The Bell Curve (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994) was raising a firestorm of controversy, two scientists at Stanford University were carrying out research that would yield empirical support for a very different explanation of the race gap in intellectual performance. Those two researchers, Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson, published their work in 1995 showing that performance differences between groups are more about culture than genetics. Their ground-breaking theory claimed that the mere knowledge that one might be targeted by negative stereotypes (negative beliefs and expectations about one’s group) can create a psychological burden that prevents ethnic minority students from performing up to their potential on tests of intellectual ability. They called this phenomenon stereotype threat. Steele and Aronson further argued that it is the situation itself that brings these stereotypes to mind. By extension, if the situation can be altered to remove anything that could cue racial stereotypes, the racial gap on achievement tests should be reduced. Steele and Aronson (1995) tested this hypothesis with a now-classic set of experiments. When a series of verbal problems was described as a diagnostic test of intelligence, African American college students underperformed relative to their European American counterparts, consistent with the often-observed gap in performance on achievement tests. But when the other half of the sample completed the same problems described only as a laboratory exercise, African American students performed as well as their White peers after controlling for prior test scores (Steele & Aronson, 1995). In another study, simply having Black students indicate their race on a demographic sheet before beginning a test was enough to produce lower scores than when race was not salient (see Figure 17.1). Although these initial studies offered no conclusive evidence of the psychological processes underlying this performance
DETECTION OF CHROMOSOME-SPECIFIC ANEUSOMY AND TRANSLOCATION BY BENZENE METABOLITES IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES USING FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION WITH DNA PROBES FOR CHROMOSOMES 5, 7, 8, AND 21

Benzene is a widespread human carcinogen, inducing leukemia and hematotoxicity. Exposure of human lymphocytes to benzene metabolites has been shown to cause genetic damage, including aneusomy and chromosome aberrations. In order to detect the specific chromosomal changes in chromosomes 5, 7, 8, and 21 induced by benzene metabolites, 1,2,4-benzenetriol (BT), hydroquinone (HQ), and trans,trans -muconic acid ( t,t -MA), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure in the metaphase spread of human lymphocytes was employed. Treatment with BT, HQ, and t,t -MA resulted in the induction of monosomy 5, 7, 8, and 21 in human lymphocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. All of these metabolites also induced trisomy 5, 7, 8, and 21, but no correlation between frequencies of trisomy and concentration was found. Translocations between chromosome 8 and another unidentified chromosome [t(8:? )] and between chromosome 21 and another unidentified chromosome [t(21:? )] were found. However, translocation between chromosome 8 and 21 [t(8:21)] was not found. Results indicate that the benzene metabolites BT, HQ, and t,t -MA induce chromosome-specific numerical and structural aberrations, and the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach may be a useful and powerful technique for detection of aneuploidy.
Bandwidth-efficient Display Controller for Low Power Devices in Presence of Occlusion

Traditional image composition for output display involves accessing discrete overlay images and blending them together as per the requirement of the application. Increased display sizes and number of overlays increases the memory bandwidth. For low power SOCs with integrated display controllers display traffic has an adverse effect on the application's performance and power consumption. Based on the overlay positions and blending method used for output image composition only one overlay may occlude another fully or partially. Hardware display accelerators can take advantage of such occlusion to reduce memory bandwidth without compromising image quality. This paper presents strategies for such reduction for some of the popular blending algorithms. A bandwidth efficiency metric n is defined and is evaluated for each of the presented schemes. Savings in memory bandwidth leads to higher performance of applications and also reduced power at the memory interface and hence increasing battery lifetime.
Deep Decarbonisation from a Biophysical Perspective: GHG Emissions of a Renewable Electricity Transformation in the EU

In light of climate change and security concerns, decarbonisation has become a priority for industrialised countries. In the European Union (EU), decarbonisation scenarios used to support decision-making predict a steady decrease in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mostly driven by changes in production mixes and improvements in efficiency. In the EU’s decarbonisation pathways, the power sector plays a large role, reaching zero emissions by 2050. From a biophysical perspective, decarbonisation becomes not just a matter of replacing carbon-intensive with carbon-neutral electricity flows, but also a matter of building and maintaining new infrastructure (funds) which, in turn, is associated with GHG emissions. By not accounting for the emissions associated with funds, particularly those required to increase grid flexibility, scenarios used to inform decarbonisation narratives in the EU are missing a key part of the picture. We show that a rapid and deep decarbonisation of the EU’s power sector through a production-side transition between the years 2020 and 2050 leads to cumulative emissions of the order of 21–25 Gt of CO2 equivalent, within a range of approximately 35–45%. The results are obtained by modelling two decarbonisation pathways where grid flexibility increases either through storage or through curtailment. The analysis suggests that scenarios informing decarbonisation policies in the EU are optimistic and may lead to a narrow focus on sustainable production transformations. This minimises the perceived urgency of reducing overall energy consumption to stay within safe carbon budgets.
Combined hormonal contraceptives: prescribing patterns, compliance, and benefits versus risks

Combined hormonal contraceptives [combined oral contraceptives (COCs)] have been available for over 50 years and the impact of this invention may not be overestimated. Today over 100 million women are current users and in Western Europe and the United States approximately 80% of women of fertile ages can be considered as ever-users. Over the years several drawbacks have been identified and media alarms on risks are frequently presented, resulting in suboptimal compliance and low compliance and continuation rates. Poor compliance and discontinuation is a big problem and is not generally identified by prescribers. During ideal use COCs offer very good protection against unwanted pregnancies, however there is a big problem with compliance and continuation and thus the ‘real-life’ efficacy is much lower. Reasons for poor compliance include side effects and fear of side effects and it is crucial that the prescriber gives the individual woman thorough and balanced information on the benefits and risks. Most well known is the increased risk of venous thromboembolism, but also an elevated risk of arterial thrombosis and several types of cancer has been reported. The risk estimates are low but according to the large number of users a substantial number of extra cases will occur. However, use of COCs also offers several additional health benefits with significant impact on morbidity and quality of life. COC use is associated with a substantial decrease in the risk of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and colorectal cancer. Moreover, COCs are a major option of treatment for women suffering from heavy menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea as well as hirsutism and acne vulgaris. The net effect of the additional health effects of COC- use may very well be positive, i.e. a slight increase in life expectancy.
Aponomma (Bothriocroton) glebopalma, n. subgen., n. sp., and Amblyomma glauerti n. sp. (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae), parasites of monitor lizards (Varanidae) in Australia.

Aponomma (Bothriocroton) glebopalma, n. subgen. , n. sp. , and Amblyomma glauerti, n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), are described from the monitor lizards Varanus glebopalma Mitchell and Varanus glauerti Mertens in Western Australia and the Northern Territory, Australia. The new subgenus is erected to accomodate A. (Bothriocroton) glebopalma, a new species with a deeply pitted and pilose scutum in both the adult and immature stages, unlike all other described species of Aponomma. This new species is found in an area where Aponomma fimbriatum Koch, a parasite of varanid lizards and various species of snakes, was the only known member of the genus found in both Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Amblyomma glauerti n. sp. , an ornate Australian reptile tick found on the same two hosts in Western Australia and the Northern Territory, is also described. These two new species were recovered from formalin-preserved lizard specimens; therefore, nothing is known of their life cycles, except that all stages parasitize varanid lizards.
Molecular Markers for Risk Stratification in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Normal Cytogenetics

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a broad range of disorders that are all characterized by a block in the differentiation and by uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. AML is the most frequent hematological malignancy in adults, with an annual incidence of three to four cases per 100 000 individuals. Specific recurrent chromosomal abnormalities can be identified in approximately 55% of cases by cytogenetic analysis. These detected chromosomal aberrations are the most important tool to classify patients at their initial diagnosis and to divide them into favorable, intermediate and unfavorable subgroups. The age of the patient is also an important prognostic factor (Juliusson et al., 2009; Szotkowski et al., 2010). However, approximately 45% of adult patients with AML have normal karyotype (cytogenetically normal /CN/-AML patients) and are usually classified as an intermediate risk group (Mrozek et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2011). These patients have a 5-year overall survival rate between 24% and 42%, but clinical outcome may vary greatly. The prognosis of AML with normal cytogenetics may be further subdivided based on genetic lesions. Even though a growing number of genetic lesions have been identified in CN-AML, about 25% CN-AML patients do not carry any of the currently known mutations. Therefore, many research groups conducted retrospective studies to find some candidate molecular markers that could identify good and poor risk AML patients with normal karyotype. In recent years, a number of gene mutations (NPM1 /nucleophosmin/, FLT3 /Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3/, MLL-PTD /mixed lineage leukemia-partial tandem duplications/, C/EBP┙ /CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha/CEBPA/, WT1 /Wilms tumor 1/, DNMT3A /DNA methyltransferase 3A/, IDH1 and IDH2 /isocitrate dehydrogenase/, CBL /Casitas B-lineage lymphoma/and others), as well as deregulated expression of genes (BAALC /brain and acute leukemia cytoplasmic/, ERG /ETS-related gene/, MN1 /meningioma 1/, EVI1 /ecotropic virus integration 1/, AF1q /ALL1-fused gene chromosome 1q/, PRAME /preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma/, WT1) have been found and further molecular markers (gene expression profiles and microRNA expression signatures) are studied and incorporated into clinical practice (Baldus & Bullinger, 2008; Bullinger & Valk, 2005; Bullinger 2006; Kohlmann et al, 2010; Marcucci et