Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and attitudes of Turkish young adult men regarding HPV and HPV related diseases

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and majority of cervical cancers are attributed to HPV. Men’s sexual behavior plays a large role in the transmission of HPV and consequently cervical cancer. Awareness among men of HPV and the risks it poses for their female partners is therefore crucial especially because HPV is asymptomatic, and men are unlikely to know if they have been infected. In this study, it is aimed to identify the knowledge and attitudes of young male adults about HPV. Methods: The research was conducted in Gulhane Military Medical Academy in Ankara during April 2010-May 2011. Research group consisted of 874 private participants who agreed to participate. Data were collected with a form developed by the researchers including socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge level about HPV. In statistical analysis; frequencies and chi-square tests were utilized. For all the analysis, 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Participants had an average age of 23.4+2.9 and the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.6+2.2. Three quarters of the participants (70.8%) didn’t hear HPV, 71.3% didn’t know that sexual partner can spread HPV without warts and 70.9% didn’t know that HPV causes cervical cancer in women and penile cancer in men. However, 6.1% of the respondents stated to have genital warts at any one time. 57.6% of the respondents stated that HPV spread through sexual intercourse. 17.3% of the respondents stated that they did not know whether they had HPV suspected sexual partners. Conclusions: As a result, knowledge level of the respondents was found to be quite low and three of every four respondents were found to have no idea about HPV. In this context, nurses are believed to have an important role in informing young male adults about HPV.
Democratization and the Media

The news media and democracy in the United States, Vicky Randall the media and the public sphere in fifth republic France, Raymond Kuhn the media and intra-party democracy - "new" Labour and the Clause Four debate in Britain, Dominic Wring privacy and media intrusion in a democratic society - Britain and the Calcutt reports, Martin Cloonan democratization and the media in Poland, 1989-97, France Millard regime transition and the media in Taiwan, Gary D. Rawnsley, Ming-Yeh T. Rawnsley Asia and the international press - the political significance of expanding markets, Garry Rodan seeking theory from experience - media regulation in China, Richard Cullen, Hua Ling Fu the media and democratization in the Middle East - the strange case of television, Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi the promotion of democracy at the grass-roots - the example of radio in Mali, Mary Myers democracy and the information superhighway, Mark Wheeler concluding comments, Vicky Randall.
Presence of Human Papillomavirus in Pterygium in Taiwan

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence and possible role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the formation of pterygia in patients in Taiwan, a tropical country with high prevalence of pterygium. Methods: A total of 62 patients with 65 pterygia were retrospectively examined. Ten normal conjunctiva, 8 conjunctival nevi, and 2 malignant conjunctival melanomas served as controls. HPV detection and typing were accomplished using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the viral sequences. HPV-positive specimens underwent further investigation with fluorescence in situ hybridization. Clinical histories were recorded for each patient. Results: Based on polymerase chain reaction analysis, 2 of 65 pterygia harbored HPV type 18, and they were also fluorescence in situ hybridization positive. No conjunctival control had HPV. There was no statistically significant correlation between pterygium and the presence of HPV. The presence of HPV was not significantly different between primary and recurrent pterygia. Conclusions: The limited presence of HPV DNA in pterygium does not conclude that HPV is necessary or acting alone in the formation of pterygium, but HPV may still be implicated to play a role in some pterygia in Taiwan.
Risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury: a retrospective population-based cohort study

Objective To investigate the associated risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a population-based retrospective cohort study. Methods Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database of reimbursement claims, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 19 336 TBI patients and 540 322 non-TBI participants aged ≥15 years as reference group. Data on newly developed epilepsy after TBI with 5–8 years’ follow-up during 2000 to 2008 were collected. HRs and 95% CIs for the risk of epilepsy associated with TBI were analysed with multivariate Cox proportional hazards regressions. Results Compared with the non-TBI cohort, the adjusted HRs of developing epilepsy among TBI patients with skull fracture, severe or mild brain injury were 10.6 (95% CI 7.14 to 15.8), 5.05 (95% CI 4.40 to 5.79) and 3.02 (95% CI 2.42 to 3.77), respectively. During follow-up, men exhibited higher risks of post-TBI epilepsy. Patients who had mixed types of cerebral haemorrhage were at the highest risk of epilepsy compared with the non-TBI cohort (HR 7.83, 95% CI 4.69 to 13.0). The risk of post-TBI epilepsy was highest within the first year after TBI (HR 38.2, 95% CI 21.7 to 67.0). Conclusions The risk of epilepsy after TBI varied by patient gender, age, latent interval and complexity of TBI. Integrated care for early identification and treatment of post-trauma epilepsy were crucial for TBI patients.
Five-Year Plans, China Finance and Their Consequences

Economic growth of developing countries often relies on strategic support from their governments, who have the ability to utilize their late developing advantages and reduce transaction cost. An important factor influencing corporate finance and economic growth in China lies in its government sponsored industrial policies. Examining China’s strategic five-year plans during 1991-2010, we find that state-owned firms in government supported industries enjoy faster growth in initial public offerings and higher offer prices. Further, they enjoy faster growth in loans granted by major national banks. However, this preferential access to capital by state-owned firms appears to be achieved at the expense of non-state-owned firms which are crowded out. Government support induces moreinvestment but also brings more overinvestment, which mainly comes from the non-state sector. Finally, supported industries have higher stock market returns and cash flow growth that dampen when state ownership increases. However, government supported industries have a higher ratio of non-performing loans.
Technological Dynamism in Asia

We analyze innovation in emerging and newly industrialized economies over the past 30 years, with the emphasis being on Asian economies. We use US patent data to study how the innovative capabilities of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore have expanded in relation to emerging economies in Asia and Latin America. We then carry out a sector-level analysis of innovation for South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, India and China. We also study the relative importance of foreign multinationals, business groups, individuals, domestic firms and research institutes in innovation. Finally, we study the overall concentration of innovative activity in Asian economies.
Floral sexual dimorphism and flower choice by pollinators in a nectarless monoecious vine Akebia quinata (Lardizabalaceae)

We investigated the pollination system and movement patterns of pollinators among flowers of the nectarless, monoecious vine Akebia quinata in natural populations and experimental floral arrays. Female flowers did not offer any rewards for pollinators and were larger than male flowers. Pollinators of A. quinata , such as small solitary bees and hoverflies, clearly discriminated between male and female flowers. Hoverflies always visited male flowers and rarely visited female flowers. In contrast, solitary bees tended to visit female flowers first when entering the array, but then switched to male flowers within the same foraging bout. This tendency disappeared when the sepal size of female flowers was experimentally reduced to the size of male flowers. Thus, observed non-randomness in flower choice by solitary bees may be caused by female > male sexual dimorphism and may increase the chance of cross-pollination and lower the probability of geitonogamous pollination in a single visit to a plant. Therefore, floral sexual dimorphism in A. quinata is considered to be an adaptation for deceptive pollination associated with discriminating pollinators.
Intratracheal Administration of Budesonide/Surfactant to Prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

RATIONALE Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is an important complication of mechanical ventilation in preterm infants, and no definite therapy can eliminate this complication. Pulmonary inflammation plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis, and glucocorticoid is one potential therapy to prevent BPD. OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of intratracheal administration of surfactant/budesonide with that of surfactant alone on the incidence of death or BPD. METHODS A clinical trial was conducted in three tertiary neonatal centers in the United States and Taiwan, in which 265 very-low-birth-weight infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome who required mechanical ventilation and inspired oxygen (fraction of inspired oxygen, ≥50%) within 4 hours of birth were randomly assigned to one of two groups (131 intervention and 134 control). The intervention infants received surfactant (100 mg/kg) and budesonide (0.25 mg/kg), and the control infants received surfactant only (100 mg/kg), until each infant required inspired O2 at less than 30% or was extubated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The intervention group had a significantly lower incidence of BPD or death (55 of 131 [42.0%] vs. 89 of 134 [66%]; risk ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.77; P < 0.001; number needed to treat, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.8-7.8). The intervention group required significantly fewer doses of surfactant than did the control group. The intervention group had significantly lower interleukin levels (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) in tracheal aspirates at 12 hours and lower IL-8 at 3-5 and 7-8 days. CONCLUSIONS In very-low-birth-weight infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome, intratracheal administration of surfactant/budesonide compared with surfactant alone significantly decreased the incidence of BPD or death without immediate adverse effect. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials. gov (NCT-00883532).
[The application of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and 7 joints ultrasonic score in assessment of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the significance of serum matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and joint ultrasonography in assessing the activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by comparing MMP-3 level and the ultrasonic 7 joints (US7) score in RA patients. METHODS Serum MMP-3 level and US7 score were measured in 133 RA patients by immune turbidity and Doppler ultrasound. Synchronous 53 healthy subjects were recruited as controls. Clinical data were collected. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum level of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody, health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) and disease activity score 28 (DAS28) were measured. The level of disease activity is interpreted as remission(DAS28<2.6), low(DAS 28≥2.6-<3.2), moderate(DAS 28≥3.2-<5.1), high(DAS28≥5.1). The discriminating validity of MMP-3 and US7 score in disease was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with DAS28 as the reference standard. RESULTS Compared with that in healthy controls [35.20(25.90, 48.90) μg/L] and remission patients[33.40(22.60, 678.40) μg/L], the MMP-3 level in moderate [105.1(61.70, 172.70) μg/L] and high [363.1(161.50, 475.90) μg/L] groups increased dramatically. US7 score in patients with high disease activity was significantly higher than that in other groups. The level of MMP-3 was significantly correlated with DAS28, HAQ, US7 score, yet did not have correlation with anti-CCP antibody. Serum level of MMP-3 was positively correlated with US7 score(r=0.566, P<0.001). In evaluating the disease activity, US7 score combined with MMP-3 (AUC 0.863 2) was not superior to MMP-3 alone (AUC 0.854 3), but significantly better than single US7 score (AUC 0.764 3, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS MMP-3 is an effective and simple index in evaluating RA disease activity. The combination of MMP-3 and US7 score does not further improve the efficacy to evaluate disease activity than MMP-3 alone in patients with RA.
Epidemiology and Genotype Analysis of Emerging Sapovirus-Associated Infections across Europe

ABSTRACT Sapoviruses (SaVs) belong to the Caliciviridae family and can cause gastroenteritis in humans and swine. Despite extensive testing, human sapoviruses have been found only in sporadic cases and in one mixed outbreak in children between 1994 and 2007 in the Netherlands. Here we describe a change in sapovirus epidemiology in the Netherlands resulting in sapovirus outbreaks and infections in adults. From November 2007 to January 2009, 478 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were reported to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in the Netherlands as a part of ongoing surveillance. Sapoviruses were found to be the most likely cause of 19 outbreaks (4%). During the same 2-year period, sapovirus infections were reported in Sweden, Slovenia, and Hungary. In the Netherlands, further characterization of outbreak strains showed that 12 (63%) sapovirus outbreaks were caused by genotype I.2 viruses. Most patients were adults older than 60 years (range, 1 to 100 years). Phylogenetic analysis using all presently available SaV sequences showed high homology between genotype I.2 strains detected in different geographical regions (Sweden, Slovenia, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia) since 2007. These first reported outbreaks of sapovirus infections in adults in the Netherlands were remarkable. Detection of identical genotypes in many samples might suggest that these viruses have the same origin, and since the infection is spreading fast, the prevalence of sapovirus infection may be increasing. The incidence of sapovirus infections in these countries suggests that a substantial part of Europe is affected by this virus.
Couple Relationship Standards and Migration: Comparing Hong Kong Chinese with Australian Chinese.

Rates of international migration are increasing, which raises the question of how migration might influence couple relationship standards and impact on the standards of migrants forming intercultural relationships. We compared relationship standards in n = 286 Chinese living in Hong Kong, China, with standards in n = 401 Chinese migrants to a Western country (Australia) by administering the Chinese-Western Intercultural Couple Standards Scale (CWICSS). We also compared these two groups to n = 312 Westerners living in Australia. We first tested the structural invariance of the CWICSS across the three samples with a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. There was marginal but acceptable fit of a model of two positively correlated latent factors: Couple Bond (with four indicators, such as demonstration of love and caring) and Family Responsibility (also with four indicators, such as extended family relations and preserving face). Within the limitations of the study, results suggest migration is associated predominantly with differences in women's, but not men's, relationship standards. Migrant Chinese women show alignment of Couple Bond standards with Western standards, and divergence of Family Responsibility standards from Western standards. Discussion focused on how migration and intercultural relationship experiences might differentially influence various domains of relationship standards, gender differences in migration effects on standards, and the implications for working with culturally diverse couples.
RESOURCE INFLUENCED SEX ROLES OF ZAPROCHILINE TETTIGONIIDS (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)

Male tettigoniids donate nutrients to females at mating in the form of a spermatophylax. Male‐donated nutrients function as paternal investment leading to a reversal in the sex roles of males and females. Reversal in the behavioral sex roles of a zaphrochiline tettigoniid was found to be directly related to the current availability of food resources in the environment. When resource availability was low, females were less fecund and males had lower and more variable accessory gland weights (the spermatophylax producing gland) than when resource availability was high. When resources were scarce, larger individuals had a reproductive advantage having more eggs or heavier accessory glands. All individuals were equally fecund or had equal accessory gland weights when resources were plentiful. During low resource availability males that had a spermatophylax to offer were choosy of their mates, and females were competitive. When resources were plentiful, males were less discriminative and females showed signs of discrimination. There was evidence that female sexual motivation decreased when environmental resources were plentiful (as indicated by mating frequency) and that only females of low nutritional status continued to mate. When resources were scarce, females achieved fecundities equivalent to those achieved during high resource availability through spermatophylax consumption. These data support the hypothesis that females continue to mate to compensate for low resource availability and that male parental investment may be important only in poor quality habitats. When resources are plentiful females do not need to remate. Thus resource availability may directly influence the number of sexually active males and females (operational sex ratio) and the form of sexual selection.
Impact of service error type on negative emotion and negative consumer response

From the perspectives of social-emotional selectivity theory, service error type, and cultural values differences, this study proposes a theoretical framework and explores the impact of service error type on negative emotion and negative consumer response as well as moderating variables such as product involvement and consumer age. In addition, due to differences in the ethnicity and religion of consumers in Western countries, their consumption cultures and values are greatly different. Given this, the application of conclusions and management implications may be limited. Thus, this study explores consumers in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore who have related languages and cultures, to compare the similarities and differences that affect the negative consumer response after service error. The empirical study was conducted in two stages. In Stage I, the critical incident technique was applied and the data obtained by using the critical incident technique were used as the reference for the design of questionnaire data to be empirically confirmed by a quantitative data analysis method. With consumers of major department stores in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore as the sample, the consumers’ response to service errors was explored by the historical consumption experience. The purposive sampling method was applied for sampling and the effective recovery rate was 38.9%. The empirical results suggest that (1) consumers are more likely to perform negative consumer response in the case of process error than with outcome error; (2) when outcome error occurs, consumers of individualistic propensities are more likely to perform drastic negative consumer response than consumers with collectivistic propensities; (3) when process error occurs, consumers with collectivistic propensities are more likely to perform drastic negative consumer response than consumers with individualistic propensities; and (4) process error can generate more negative emotions than outcome error. In general, when consumer age increases, the intensity of the negative emotion decreases. Consumer age appears to moderate the relationship between service error type and negative emotion. When consumers are older, process error increases negative emotion more strongly than outcome error. Finally, when service error occurs, consumers with a higher degree of product involvement are more likely to perform drastic negative consumer response.
Differential association of HLA-DRB1 alleles in Japanese patients with early rheumatoid arthritis in relationship to autoantibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of HLA-DRB1 genotypes and antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP antibodies) in the development and radiographic progression of Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS One hundred and ten patients with early RA (88 female, 22 male) who visited our clinic within 1 year of symptom onset were examined for anti-CCP antibody levels and HLA-DRB1 genotypes. HLA-DRB1 genotypes were also determined in 265 healthy controls. Radiographic progression over a 2-year interval was evaluated using the Larsen's method in 66 patients. RESULTS Among the 110 patients with early RA, 82 patients (74.5%) were anti-CCP positive. Carrier frequency of HLA-DRB1*0405 was significantly increased in RA patients with anti-CCP antibodies compared with controls and RA patients without anti-CCP antibodies (odds ratio [OR] 3.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.0-5.7 and OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.3-8.6, respectively). Carriership of one or two SE alleles was significantly associated with production of anti-CCP antibodies (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.7 and OR 9.3, 95% CI 1.1-78.2, respectively). On the other hand, allele frequency of HLA-DRB1*0901 was significantly increased in RA patients without anti-CCP antibodies compared with controls and RA patients with anti-CCP antibodies (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.1 and OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.4, respectively). CONCLUSION In Japanese patients with RA, HLA-DRB1 SE alleles are associated with production of anti-CCP antibodies and HLA-DRB1 alleles appear to be differently associated with early RA depending on anti-CCP positivity as in Caucasian patients with RA.
The interleukin-1 family gene polymorphisms in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective: The interleukin (IL)-1 family and its related family members are primary inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to assess the possible association between nine IL-1 family gene polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: To investigate the genetic association between IL-1 family gene polymorphisms and the risk of RA in a Korean population, 69 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the nine IL-1 family gene regions were selected. A total of 806 subjects (498 controls and 308 RA patients) were included in the study. The genotypes of the selected SNPs in the IL-1 family genes were determined using Illumina Sentrix Array Matrix chips. SNP Stats, Haploview, and SNP Analyzer, and Helixtree programs were used for the analysis of the genetic data. Results: We observed statistically significant associations between the SNPs of IL1F10 and IL1RN among the IL-1 family genes in the RA patients and the control population. When the patients were divided into two groups according to the parameters of disease activity, including C-reactive protein (CRP) level (≥ 0.5 or < 0.5 mg/dL), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (≥ 30 or < 30 mm/h), and parameters of severity, including rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), and bone erosion (positive or not), we found significant associations between the parameters, including CRP, ESR, and bone erosion, and SNPs of the IL-1 family genes in RA. Conclusion: This study suggests that IL-1 family gene (IL1F10 and IL1RN) polymorphisms may play an important role in the susceptibility to developing RA.