Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mobile based GeoAI Framework for Plant Leaf Classification & Geotagging: A Systematic Analysis

Plants are critical for sustaining life on earth by providing food and oxygen necessary for living things. Earth is abundant with different species of plants, which are being continuously studied and analysed by biologists, researchers and nature lovers. From time immemorial, plants are source of medicines and food for human being. The medicinal values of plants are always been an area of research for discovery of new potential drugs. Moreover, the usage of leaf for food is always a promising idea for many critical civil and military situations where food availability is a matter of concern. Edible leaf is quite helpful in many situations like military operations for soldiers for longer survivability. The same is also applicable for civilian activities like mountain trekking, forest touring etc.Plant Leaf is one key part that carries crucial information for characterizing and identification of a plant. Apart from leaf, other parts such as flower, fruits etc. are also being studied, but in a lesser extent. Leaf classification is essential for characterization of plant and building a central database comprising a comprehensive plant related information. There are numerous efforts for collecting and building such plant database through various means. The modern approaches for plant identification comprises machine learning and deep learning-based methods to expediate plant data collection, identification and management. This necessitates to build and design a modular and usable system which can be easily used by a user for leaf-based plant identification. Mobile based Leaf classification system is a promising solution that capture leaf image from a mobile and processes these images using deep learning techniques in backend servers.This paper explores the design structure of a mobile based GeoAI system where the user can capture an image of a leaf through a mobile device and finds out the characteristics of leaf on the device instantly. The paper explains a thorough study, implementation and analysis of a GeoAI framework starting from an android app to a server module. It makes a detailed investigation of establishing a real-time storage of leaf data and analysis of leaf data using deep learning methods. A prototype system has been built to understand the complete workflow of a GeoAI system. A detailed analysis of various CNN models for leaf data classification was also carried out in the paper.
Twenty (simple) questions

A basic combinatorial interpretation of Shannon's entropy function is via the "20 questions" game. This cooperative game is played by two players, Alice and Bob: Alice picks a distribution Π over the numbers {1,…,n}, and announces it to Bob. She then chooses a number x according to Π, and Bob attempts to identify x using as few Yes/No queries as possible, on average. An optimal strategy for the "20 questions" game is given by a Huffman code for Π: Bob's questions reveal the codeword for x bit by bit. This strategy finds x using fewer than H(Π)+1 questions on average. However, the questions asked by Bob could be arbitrary. In this paper, we investigate the following question: *Are there restricted sets of questions that match the performance of Huffman codes, either exactly or approximately? Our first main result shows that for every distribution Π, Bob has a strategy that uses only questions of the form "x < c? " and "x = c? ", and uncovers x using at most H(Π)+1 questions on average, matching the performance of Huffman codes in this sense. We also give a natural set of O(rn1/r) questions that achieve a performance of at most H(Π)+r, and show that Ωrn1/r) questions are required to achieve such a guarantee. Our second main result gives a set Q of 1.25n+o(n) questions such that for every distribution Π, Bob can implement an optimal strategy for Π using only questions from Q. We also show that 1.25n-o(n) questions are needed, for infinitely many n. If we allow a small slack of r over the optimal strategy, then roughly (rn)Θ(1/r) questions are necessary and sufficient.
Absence of Calsequestrin 2 Causes Severe Forms of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

Abstract— Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare arrhythmogenic disorder characterized by syncopal events and sudden cardiac death at a young age during physical stress or emotion, in the absence of structural heart disease. We report the first nonsense mutations in the cardiac calsequestrin gene, CASQ2, in three CPVT families. The three mutations, a nonsense R33X, a splicing 532+1 G>A, and a 1-bp deletion, 62delA, are thought to induce premature stop codons. Two patients who experienced syncopes before the age of 7 years were homozygous carriers, suggesting a complete absence of calsequestrin 2. One patient was heterozygous for the stop codon and experienced syncopes from the age of 11 years. Despite the different mutations, there is little phenotypic variation of CPVT for the CASQ2 mutations. Of the 16 heterozygous carriers of these various mutations, 14 were devoid of clinical symptoms or ECG anomalies, whereas 2 of them had ventricular arrhythmias at ECG on exercise tests. In line with this, the diagnosis of the probands was difficult because of the absence of a positive family history. In conclusion, these additional three CASQ2 CPVT families suggest that CASQ2 mutations are more common than previously thought and produce a severe form of CPVT. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha. org.
Reconstructible Phylogenetic Networks: Do Not Distinguish the Indistinguishable

Phylogenetic networks represent the evolution of organisms that have undergone reticulate events, such as recombination, hybrid speciation or lateral gene transfer. An important way to interpret a phylogenetic network is in terms of the trees it displays, which represent all the possible histories of the characters carried by the organisms in the network. Interestingly, however, different networks may display exactly the same set of trees, an observation that poses a problem for network reconstruction: from the perspective of many inference methods such networks are indistinguishable. This is true for all methods that evaluate a phylogenetic network solely on the basis of how well the displayed trees fit the available data, including all methods based on input data consisting of clades, triples, quartets, or trees with any number of taxa, and also sequence-based approaches such as popular formalisations of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood for networks. This identifiability problem is partially solved by accounting for branch lengths, although this merely reduces the frequency of the problem. Here we propose that network inference methods should only attempt to reconstruct what they can uniquely identify. To this end, we introduce a novel definition of what constitutes a uniquely reconstructible network. For any given set of indistinguishable networks, we define a canonical network that, under mild assumptions, is unique and thus representative of the entire set. Given data that underwent reticulate evolution, only the canonical form of the underlying phylogenetic network can be uniquely reconstructed. While on the methodological side this will imply a drastic reduction of the solution space in network inference, for the study of reticulate evolution this is a fundamental limitation that will require an important change of perspective when interpreting phylogenetic networks.
What's going on in SNS and social commerce?: Qualitative approaches to narcissism, impression management, and e-WOM behavior of consumers

This study aims to examine consumers' narcissism, impression management, and e-WOM behavior in social networking sites (SNS) and social commerce. Focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted and a diverse pool of information on experiences and perspectives on social commerce and SNS was collected. As a result, impression management to fulfill their narcissism on SNS was found to exist and this was found to affect the users' e-WOM behavior regarding social commerce products. This research explores the narcissistic phenomenon of SNS and social commerce users through the use of qualitative approaches. 随着网络购物市场的显著增长，市场结构与消费特征逐日变化。 社交网站服务（SNS）也随着网络购物市场的增长而增长。 过去社交网站仅仅用于社交与娱乐的目的，例如UCC与网络游戏。 但如今，从商业角度来看，社交网站已经成为提高自身生产力的重要工具。 社会化商务是电子商务下的子集，它使用社交网站来促进销售。 社会化商务提供在线与离线市场的产品与服务，消费者在线交流行为已经成为社会化商务营销的核心资源。 最初进行社会化商务交易的消费者会逐渐显现出陷入“自我陶醉”的倾向。 自我陶醉是由于自我意识紊乱而产生的一种心理欲望，会引起自恋与不健康的自我沉醉。 自我陶醉在网络中演化为电子自我陶醉。 人们可以通过网络构建自己理想化的形象。 社交网站服务（SNS）的根本就是带给人们归属感，增强旁人的关注度并且能够让人们通过信息控制在虚拟网络中展现自我最完美的形象。 印象管理与使用者如何自主管理在线形象息息相关。 自我信息管理运用于印象管理的研究中。 当人们与他们交流时需要得到认可。 自我展示的核心目的不是给别人良好的印象，而是能够使他人接受自己的思维方式。 本研究旨在探讨社交网站与社会化商务消费者自我陶醉现象，印象管理与网络口碑行为。 本文运用小组讨论与深度访谈的研究方法。 结果显示，社交网站中的电子自我陶醉行为是利用社交网站作为交流工具来展现自我存在。 他们力争有效地向他人展示自己的真实可靠，从中他们不会感到挫败或者尴尬。 他们追求在现实中难以实现的理想形象。 看到他人对帖子的关心及热烈的评论会让他们产生满足感，找到在现实中不曾有的归属感。 同时研究还发现，人们都会具有向他人展示的欲望。 印象管理中对自我相关信息的控制具体表现为网络发布的信息会对自我展示会产生消极影响。 人们处理自我相关信息来表达自己在公众与保持一致性中，在帖子与理想形象之间展示自己喜欢的一面。 在网络公布之前他们同时也预测别人的反应。 社会化商务产品中网络口碑相关的行为如下所示：有分享有用信息与知识的意图，通过分享信息得到他人的尊敬和信任。 他们渴望成为信息先知者或者引领人，并且乐于沉浸在自我赞颂的感受中。 一些人热衷于与他人共享，当他们有了好东西而不分享会有罪恶感。 此外，人们通过网络口碑行为在交易中实现价格的优惠。
Evaluation in context: ATC automation in the field

IntroductionCertification is defined as "attesting as certain" (Flexner & Hauck, 1983). "Certainty" howevermay be a rare commodity when the introduction of new technology into an existing system can". destroy the blanket of established know-how" (Rasmussen & Goodstein, 1988; p. 179). Itis impossible to foresee all emergent properties and interactions between system componentsand their implications. A complete set of requirements and criteria for safe and efficient systemfunctioning is difficult, if not impossible, to define in advance of system implementation. Oncethe system is in an operational environment, requirements may need to be rejuvenated due toour imperfect foresight and lack of understanding. Christensen (1958) has referred to thisdilemma as the "omnipresent criterion problem. "One way to tackle this dilemma is to incorporate field testing early in the systemdevelopment cycle. This paper describes the field assessment process that has been applied tothe development of an advanced ATC automation system, the Center/TRACON AutomationSystem (CTAS). Field testing provides insight into the true characteristics of the system; that is,how it actually operates and any emergent properties as a function of being integrated into theoperational environment. Such insight provides guidance for capturing and refining meaningfulrequirements for system verification and certification. By delaying field testing until late stagesof development, solutions to design problems are likely to be technology driven withvalidation, verification, and certification relying on context-free guidelines for human-computerinteraction.Field testing conducted early during the development and demonstration phase of systemdevelopment affords exploration of the user's experiences with the system in the context oftheir work domain. It provides the opportunity to understand the implications for system designof the interdependencies between the physical environment (lighting workplace layout), taskdomain (goals/functions of the domain) and work activities (social aspects of team coordination;sources of motivation and job satisfaction). The richness and complexity of these context-basedfactors and the relationships between them is not accessible through design guidelines orstandards. Guidelines and standards cannot provide insight into effective design solutionswhen system performance is highly contingent on context (Meister, 1985; Gould, 1988). Earlyfield testing promotes the development and validation of a tool as a problem-solving instrument(Woods, Roth, & Bennett, 1990), thereby increasing the likelihood of a match between thesystem's capabilities and its context of operation (Rasmussen & Goodstein, 1988; Bentley etal., 1992).
A history of pulmonary rehabilitation: back to the future.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is defined as “an evidence-based, multidisciplinary, and comprehensive intervention for patients with chronic respiratory diseases who are symptomatic and often have decreased daily life activities. Integrated into the individualized treatment of the patient, pulmonary rehabilitation is designed to reduce symptoms, optimize functional status, increase participation, and reduce health care costs through stabilizing or reversing systemic manifestations of the disease” [. ]
Utsjoki: An Example of Implementing ICT in School Environment in Lapland

As to information and communication techology, Finland is in the front row in international comparison. The Finnish Parliament and the Ministry of Education emphasize lifelong learning and information society. Universities and institutions develop newlearning environments and a wide range of learning opportunities are available in our country. Schools are encouraged to exploit information and technology to the full. Within Finland Utsjoki is an Ultima Thule. It is the northernmost municipality on thetop of Finland and the whole EU. In the beginning of 1990s we had the opportunity of experimenting modern techology in education as a result of innovative experiments and projects which initiated first in the field of space physics and the study of atmosphere and later especially in observation of the northern ozone layer. We were lucky to be able to participate in the activities of association EURISY (The European Space Year) which offered our pupils challenging activities and international contacts including annual meetings abroad. Simultaneously information techology took long leaps and we could sense how the world shrinked: one of our very first international videoconferences was between Utsjoki and Noordwijk in the Netherlands where two students represented our school. We took part in the Forum by videoconferencing in Utsjoki, we could state questions to the speakers and interview our students there. All this gave us great expectations: ICT meant new opportunities, a way out to the world. Theseviews and optimism acted as a spur to the present Utsjoki project which is financed by the National Board of Education, the Ministry of Education, the Regional Council of Lapland/EU (ESF, objective 6) and the municipality of Utsjoki. The project is at the moment in its second phase and it has benefitted our school a lot.
El cáncer de cabeza y cuello: un problema social

El cáncer ha entrado al siglo XXI con una incidencia global de aproximadamente 12.7 millones de casos nuevos diagnosticados cada año; más de la mitad de estos pacientes vive en países en vías de desarrollo. Según señala un importante estudio de la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación sobre el cáncer, íntimamente vinculada a la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), solo en el año 2012 el cáncer tuvo una incidencia global de 14 millones de casos y, probabilísticamente, se espera que aumente a 22 millones de casos nuevos anuales dentro de las próximas dos décadas, lo que supondrá un incremento en las defunciones por esta causa desde la cifra actual de 8.2 millones hasta 13 millones al año. Alrededor de un tercio de estas muertes son evitables a través del diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoz de la enfermedad, además se estima que tres cuartas partes de los fallecimientos ocurrirán en países subdesarrollados donde los recursos para prevenir, tratar y diagnosticar el cáncer son muy limitados o inexistentes; no obstante, los países desarrollados también presentarán tasas crecientes causadas por estilos de vida “industrializados”. Según datos de la American Cancer Society para 2014 se espera que en los Estados Unidos fallezcan cada año, por esta causa, 585 720 personas, para un aproximado de 1 600 cada día. El cáncer en Cuba es la primera causa de muerte, seguida por las enfermedades cardíacas y las cerebrovasculares. En 2013 los tumores malignos fueron responsables de 22 868 muertes en el país, lo que representa el 25% del total de defunciones y, de estas, 1 605 ocurrieron en la Provincia de Villa Clara. El sexo masculino fue el más afectado; entre los territorios anatómicos que pueden presentar esta enfermedad ostenta un lugar preponderante el de cabeza y cuello. El cáncer de cabeza y cuello es la sexta causa de muerte a nivel mundial, se diagnostican 560 000 casos nuevos y ocurren 300 000 muertes anualmente, se estima que para el año 2020 el crecimiento y el envejecimiento poblacional dará lugar a una duplicación de estas cifras, con más de un millón de casos nuevos y más de medio millón de defunciones cada año. Su incidencia es dos veces mayor en el sexo masculino que en el femenino y existen disparidades étnicas según algunos estudios (esta enfermedad posee una mayor incidencia y mortalidad en individuos de piel negra). Este territorio comprende varios sitios como la cavidad oral, la faringe, la laringe, las fosas nasales, los senos paranasales y las glándulas salivales. El 95% de los tumores que aquí se presentan son carcinomas epidermoides y más del 90% sobre-expresan el factor de crecimiento epidérmico,
33 Bits of Entropy: Myths and Fallacies of "Personally Identifiable Information"

Data is the currency of the digital economy, but increasing data collection by companies and sharing with third parties threatens privacy. \Anonymization" is the usual answer to privacy concerns, typically implemented via removal of \personally identiable information. " Sweeney’s work on reidentication of Massachusetts hospital records showed that naive deidentication via PII removal can be reversed [3]. That led to a cat-and-mouse game between deidentication
Reducing Inter-Session Variability With Transitional Spectral Information

In this paper, we explore the use of transitional spectral in- formation as a means of reducing the effect of inter-sessional variation on automatic speaker recognition performance. We discuss the use of a system based feature and outline the use of an orthogonal polynomial approxima- tion of the derivative used to represent transitional information. A verifi- cation and identification system based on the Gaussian Mixture Model is used as the classifier and experiments are carried out using the digit-spl database. Experiments showed that inter-session variability causes a sig- nificant degradation in the performance of an ASR system. The use of transitional information helps in overcoming the effect of inter-sessional variability. I. INTRODUCTION UTOMATIC Speaker Recognition (ASR) systems are use- ful for verifying the identity of a person; allow automated control of services by voice, such as banking transactions and also control the flow of confidential information. While reti- nal scans and fingerprints are considered more reliable means of identification, speech can be seen as a non-invasive biometric that can be collected with or without the speakers' knowledge and transmitted over long distances via telephone lines. Modern day ASR systems are divided into two classes de- pending on their desired function: Automatic Speaker Identi- fication (ASI) and Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV). ASI systems attempt to answer the question "who are you? ", while ASV systems ask the question "are you who you claim to be? " (1). An ASV system decides on the identity claim made by the speaker and the output of the system is in the form of a binary result, accept or deny. An ASI system returns the identity of the most likely speaker, from those enrolled in the system. Currently available ASR systems have a number of prob- lems. The performance of any ASR system can be affected by: background noise, cocktail party effect, channel distortion, in- sufficient training, inter-session variability and changes in the speaker's voice due to stress or illness. The goal of this paper is to address the problem of inter-session variability, which can be caused by model drifts and changes in the recording equip- ment/environment, when there is a significant time lapse be- tween recording sessions. In this paper we explore the use of transitional information of a system based feature as a possi- ble direction to solving this problem. The paper is organised as follows. In section II, we give a brief overview of short-time spectral representations. Section III covers the speaker verifica- tion and identification systems used in this paper, highlighting, the database, feature extraction, and speaker modeling and clas- sification. Section IV outlines the experiments conducted and the results achieved. The paper is concluded in Section V.
Dynamic weaving of aspects for business process management systems

Reducing complexity in Information Systems is a main concern in both research and industry. One strategy for reducing complexity is separation of concerns. This strategy advocates separating various concerns, like security and privacy, from the main concern. It results in less complex, easily maintainable, and more reusable Information Systems. Separation of concerns is addressed through the Aspect Oriented paradigm. This paradigm has been well researched and implemented in programming, where languages such as AspectJ have been developed. However, the rsearch on aspect orientation for Business Process Management is still at its beginning. While some efforts have been made proposing Aspect Oriented Business Process Modelling, it has not yet been investigated how to enact such process models in a Workflow Management System. In this paper, we define a set of requirements that specifies the execution of aspect oriented business process models. We create a Coloured Petri Net specification for the semantics of so-called Aspect Service that fulfils these requirements. Such a service extends the capability of a Workflow Management System with support for execution of aspect oriented business process models. The design specification of the Aspect Service is also inspected through state space analysis.