Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inquiries Into Homicides and Serious Violence Perpetrated by Psychiatric Patients in New Zealand: Need for Consistency of Method and Result Analysis

Background: The violent action of mentally ill people is a source of considerable public and professional concern. At times such incidents are subject to inquiry. In England and Wales, homicides by people suffering from mental illness are subject to mandatory external inquiry. Further, the Royal College of Psychiatrists coordinates a confidential research study into homicide and suicide by people in contact with mental health services. Inquiries have raised concern regarding widespread problems in mental health service delivery. Within New Zealand, similar concerns have been raised, but inquiries have been irregular and not of consistent methodology. The paper aims to review 10 years of inquiries into violent incidents to describe their methods, structure and findings. Method: All inquiries into violent actions perpetrated by patients in contact with mental health services between 1988 and 1998 and held by the Ministry of Health were reviewed. The nature of the inquiry, the incident, findings and recommendations were summarized. For each inquiry, an assessment was made as to whether the incident was predictable or preventable. Results: There were 11 incidents leading to 13 inquiries, six of homicide, two of rape, one of the release of a dangerous patient and two in which a patient was shot by police. Two internal inquiries were followed by external inquiries. All inquiries found deficiencies of varying severity, the degree of deficiency being greater with external inquiries. Consistent criticisms related to skill, resource, coordination and communication failures. Two of the 11 inquiries found the incident to be ‘predictable’, and eight to have been ‘preventable’. Conclusions: The problems in New Zealand are similar to those noted in England and Wales. Small numbers of inquiries make firm conclusions difficult, but the authors feel that a mandatory process of independent review of serious incidents is wise.
Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection

Cytomegalovirus establishes a lifelong latent infection following primary infection that can periodically reactivate with shedding of infectious virus. Primary infection, reactivation and reinfection during pregnancy can all lead to in utero transmission to the developing fetus. Congenital CMV infections are a major cause of permanent hearing loss and neurological impairment. In this literature review, we found that CMV infection was relatively common among women of reproductive age, with seroprevalence ranging from 45 to 100%. CMV seroprevalence tended to be highest in South America, Africa and Asia and lowest in Western Europe and United States. Within the United States, CMV seroprevalence showed substantial geographic variation as well, differing by as much as 30 percentage points between states, though differences might be explained by variation in the types of populations sampled. Worldwide, seroprevalence among non‐whites tended to be 20–30 percentage points higher than that of whites (summary prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.57–1.61). Females generally had higher seroprevalences than males, although in most studies the differences were small (summary PR = 1.13, 95% CI=1.11–1.14). Persons of lower socioeconomic status were more likely to be CMV seropositive (summary PR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.32–1.35). Despite high seroprevalences in some populations, a substantial percentage of women of reproductive age are CMV seronegative and thus at risk of primary CMV infection during pregnancy. Future vaccine or educational campaigns to prevent primary infection in pregnant women may need to be tailored to suit the needs of different populations. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallelising Control Flow in Dynamic-scheduling High-level Synthesis

Recently, there is a trend to use high-level synthesis (HLS) tools to generate dynamically scheduled hardware. The generated hardware is made up of components connected using handshake signals. These handshake signals schedule the components at runtime when inputs become available. Such approaches promise superior performance on “irregular” source programs, such as those whose control flow depends on input data. This is at the cost of additional area. Current dynamic scheduling techniques are well able to exploit parallelism among instructions within each basic block (BB) of the source program, but parallelism between BBs is under-explored, due to the complexity in runtime control flows and memory dependencies. Existing tools allow some of the operations of different BBs to overlap, but to simplify the analysis required at compile time they require the BBs to start in strict program order, thus limiting the achievable parallelism and overall performance. We formulate a general dependency model suitable for comparing the ability of different dynamic scheduling approaches to extract maximal parallelism at runtime. Using this model, we explore a variety of mechanisms for runtime scheduling, incorporating and generalising existing approaches. In particular, we precisely identify the restrictions in existing scheduling implementation and define possible optimisation solutions. We identify two particularly promising examples where the compile-time overhead is small and the area overhead is minimal and yet we are able to significantly speed up execution time: (1) parallelising consecutive independent loops; and (2) parallelising independent inner-loop instances in a nested loop as individual threads. Using benchmark sets from related works, we compare our proposed toolflow against a state-of-the-art dynamic-scheduling HLS tool called Dynamatic. Our results show that, on average, our toolflow yields a 4× speedup from (1) and a 2.9× speedup from (2), with a negligible area overhead. This increases to a 14.3× average speedup when combining (1) and (2).
PLDS-SLAM: Point and Line Features SLAM in Dynamic Environment

Visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), based on point features, achieves high localization accuracy and map construction. They primarily perform simultaneous localization and mapping based on static features. Despite their efficiency and high precision, they are prone to instability and even failure in complex environments. In a dynamic environment, it is easy to keep track of failures and even failures in work. The dynamic object elimination method, based on semantic segmentation, often recognizes dynamic objects and static objects without distinction. If there are many semantic segmentation objects or the distribution of segmentation objects is uneven in the camera view, this may result in feature offset and deficiency for map matching and motion tracking, which will lead to problems, such as reduced system accuracy, tracking failure, and track loss. To address these issues, we propose a novel point-line SLAM system based on dynamic environments. The method we propose obtains the prior dynamic region features by detecting and segmenting the dynamic region. It realizes the separation of dynamic and static objects by proposing a geometric constraint method for matching line segments, combined with the epipolar constraint method of feature points. Additionally, a dynamic feature tracking method based on Bayesian theory is proposed to eliminate the dynamic noise of points and lines and improve the robustness and accuracy of the SLAM system. We have performed extensive experiments on the KITTI and HPatches datasets to verify these claims. The experimental results show that our proposed method has excellent performance in dynamic and complex scenes.
Embodied Question Answering

We present a new AI task - Embodied Question Answering(EmbodiedQA) - where an agent is spawned at a random location in a 3D environment and asked a question ('What color is the car? '). In order to answer, the agent must first intelligently navigate to explore the environment, gather necessary visual information through first-person (egocentric) vision, and then answer the question ('orange'). EmbodiedQA requires a range of AI skills - language understanding, visual recognition, active perception, goal-driven navigation, commonsense reasoning, long-term memory, and grounding language into actions. In this work, we develop a dataset of questions and answers in House3D environments [1], evaluation metrics, and a hierarchical model trained with imitation and reinforcement learning.
Verification of intellectual equality : a case study of Chinese modes of critical thinking

1 CHAPTER ONE . 3 INTRODUCTION . 3 1.0 Introduction . 3 1.1 The research problem . 6 1.2 Research context . 8 1.3 Research focus . 9 1.4 Delimitations of this study . 10 1.5 Research questions . 13 1.6 Working definitions of key concepts . 14 1.6. 1 Critical thinking . 14 1.6. 2 'Western Anglophone modes of critical thinking' . 16 1.6. 3 Chinese modes of critical thinking . 17 1.6. 4 Anglophone universities . 19 1.6. 5 Multilingual education and multilingual students . 20 1.6. 6 Critical actors . 21 1.7 Note on research method . 21 1.8 Thesis statement . 23 1.9 The significance of this study . 24 1.10 Overview of thesis structure . 26 CHAPTER TWO . 29 DEBATES OVER CHINESE INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS’ CAPABILITIES FOR CRITICAL THINKING . 29 2.0 Introduction . 29 2.1 Critical thinking in higher education . 30 2.2 The construction of Chinese students as uncritical and disengaged. 32 2.2.1 An educationally deficient system . 33
Rethinking Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning-Based Automated Driving Systems: A Review

Automated driving has the potential to revolutionize personal, public, and freight mobility. Besides the enormous challenge of perception, i.e. accurately perceiving the environment using available sensor data, automated driving comprises planning a safe, comfortable, and efficient motion trajectory. To promote safety and progress, many works rely on modules that predict the future motion of surrounding traffic. Modular automated driving systems commonly handle prediction and planning as sequential separate tasks. While this accounts for the influence of surrounding traffic on the ego-vehicle, it fails to anticipate the reactions of traffic participants to the ego-vehicle's behavior. Recent works suggest that integrating prediction and planning in an interdependent joint step is necessary to achieve safe, efficient, and comfortable driving. While various models implement such integrated systems, a comprehensive overview and theoretical understanding of different principles are lacking. We systematically review state-of-the-art deep learning-based prediction, planning, and integrated prediction and planning models. Different facets of the integration ranging from model architecture and model design to behavioral aspects are considered and related to each other. Moreover, we discuss the implications, strengths, and limitations of different integration methods. By pointing out research gaps, describing relevant future challenges, and highlighting trends in the research field, we identify promising directions for future research.
Is HPV-negative cervical carcinoma a different type of cervical cancer?

OBJECTIVE Human papillomavirus (HPV), which is known to play a very important role in genital area (vulva, vagina, and cervix) cancers in women, is responsible for almost all cervical cancers. However, a significant proportion of cervical carcinomas (approximately 7%) is HPV-negative. Therefore, there are still two important questions to be answered: 1. Why is HPV Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) not found in all cervical carcinomas? 2. Are HPV-DNA-negative cervical cancers a specific subgroup of cervical cancers with different biological behavior (worse prognosis)? In this article, we aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and survival of patients with confirmed HPV-negative tumors in order to answer these two questions. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 97 patients who underwent HPV-DNA testing and received a histological diagnosis of cervical cancer were included in the study. 14 HPV-DNA negative and 83 HPV-DNA positive cervical carcinoma patients were detected. Demographic profiles, clinicopathological characteristics, progression-free, and overall survival of all patients were analyzed. RESULTS Women with HPV-negative tumors were diagnosed at an older age range (p=0.05), and their demographic data other than age range were similar to HPV-positive tumors. P16 staining pattern was not observed in any of the HPV-negative tumors (p=0.001), and a positive P53 staining pattern was detected in 35.7% of the HPV-negative tumors. Although disease-free survival (PFS) (p=0.224) and overall survival (OS) (p=0.219) were worse in the HPV-negative patient group, this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS HPV-negative cervical cancers do not have a poor prognosis unlike their counterparts in other anatomical regions where HPV-associated tumors are present.
Comparing two methods for predicting opinions using social structure

We explore the inﬂuence of social structure on opinions about contemporary political issues. We use Aggregated Relational Data (ARD), introduced by Killworth et al. (1998a) as “How many x’s do you know? ” questions, on an internet survey provided by the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES). Here, “x” represents a subpopulation of interest such as individuals in prison or those serving in the military. We measure the social distance between respondents and these subpopulations in two ways: (i) based on exposure and (ii) based on social closeness. In deﬁning social closeness we use residuals from the overdispersed Poisson model presented in Zheng et al. (2006). We explore the information about social structure these measures contain and examine their implications for respondents’ political opinions. As a byproduct of our analysis, we also propose a method for detecting sampling bias in internet surveys using ARD.
Interfacial electric field effects on a carbene reaction catalyzed by Rh porphyrins.

An intramolecular reaction catalyzed by Rh porphyrins was studied in the presence of interfacial electric fields. 1-Diazo-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylhex-5-en-2-one (2) reacts with Rh porphyrins via a putative carbenoid intermediate to form cyclopropanation product 3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylbicyclo[3.1. 0]hexan-2-one (3) and insertion product 3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4(1H)-one (4). To study this reaction in the presence of an interfacial electric field, Si electrodes coated with thin films of insulating dielectric layers were used as the opposing walls of a reaction vessel, and Rh porphyrin catalysts were localized to the dielectric-electrolyte interface. The charge density was varied at the interface by changing the voltage across the two electrodes. The product ratio was analyzed as a function of the applied voltage and the surface chemistry of the dielectric layer. In the absence of an applied voltage, the ratio of 3:4 was approximately 10:1. With a TiO2 surface, application of a voltage induced a Rh porphyrin-TiO2 interaction that resulted in an increase in the 3:4 ratio to a maximum in which 4 was nearly completely suppressed (>100:1). With an Al2O3 surface or an alkylphosphonate-coated surface, the voltage caused a decrease in the 3:4 ratio, with a maximum effect of lowering the ratio to 1:2. The voltage-induced decrease in the 3:4 ratio in the absence of TiO2 was consistent with a field-dipole effect that changed the difference in activation energies for the product-determining step to favor product 4. Effects were observed for porphyrin catalysts localized to the electrode-electrolyte interface either through covalent attachment or surface adsorption, enabling the selectivity to be controlled with unfunctionalized Rh porphyrins. The magnitude of the selectivity change was limited by the maximum interfacial charge density that could be attained before dielectric breakdown.
Errors-In-Variables-Based Approach for the Identification of AR Time-Varying Fading Channels

This letter deals with the identification of time-varying Rayleigh fading channels using a training sequence-based approach. When the fading channel is approximated by an autoregressive (AR) process, it can be estimated by means of Kalman filtering, for instance. However, this method requires the estimations of both the AR parameters and the noise variances in the state-space representation of the system. For this purpose, the existing noise compensated approaches could be considered, but they usually require a long observation window and do not necessarily provide reliable estimates when the signal-to-noise ratio is low. Therefore, we propose to view the channel identification as an errors-in-variables (EIV) issue. The method consists in searching the noise variances that enable specific noise compensated autocorrelation matrices of observations to be positive semidefinite. In addition, the AR parameters can be estimated from the null spaces of these matrices. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of this approach, especially in presence of a high amount of noise.
The Defects Chemsitry in La Filled CoSb3 Skutterudites Explored by Thermoelectric Study and Density Functional Theory Calculations

With the ever increasing consumption rate of energy, we will run out of fossil fuel resources sooner than we expect. Also the environmental concerns associated with the use of fossil fuel become a severe issue. As such, the need for alternative energy becomes extremely impending. Thermoelectricity is the simplest technology applicable to direct heat-electricity energy conversion with electricity being the best quality form of energy and heat being the lowest. However, comparing to the front row candidates such as wind, photovoltaics, solar heat and biofuel that is possible to replace fossil fuel, thermoelectrics has received less heed due to its low conversion efficiency. Nonetheless, its ability to directly convert heat into electricity in an all solid-state manner still makes it pretty tempting for application as one of the energy sources. This can be well-justified by the fact that a huge amount of heat exhausted from a car, a power station or an industrial process is all amendable to thermoelectric (TE) conversion. What’s more, TE energy conversion is green and environmentally friendly, the TE devices have no movable parts and are susceptible to be miniaturized, so they can be shaped as needed and maintenance is minimized. Since modern TE study is efficiency driven and material oriented fundamental research, developing higher performance TE materials has thus become the ultimate goal so as to make thermoelectricity a crucial part in this big energy picture. Among the state of art TE materials, Co4Sb12 based skutterudites have become in-
SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES: A REVIEW ON CONVENTIONAL AND NOVEL APPROACHES

Most of the drugs in the developmental pipeline are emerging from the HighThroughput Screening methodology resulting in increased molecular weights and thus consequential bioavailability problems. The bioavailability issue can be due to insufficient solubility of permeability. Most compounds face the solubility problems. Hence, with the advancement of chemical science, the need of development of pharmaceutical technologies is also increasing. Pharmaceutical approaches to correct the bioavailability are definitely being cost-effective in comparison with chemical approaches which are also timeconsuming. Hence various methods of solubility enhancement are being developed. Each technique is with several merits and demerits. To tackle the disadvantages of conventional approaches, newer techniques are developed by many researchers. In this review, an attempt of comparing the conventional and novel techniques is done. INTRODUCTION: As a most discussed but still not completely resolved issue, solubility or dissolution enhancement techniques remain a most vibrant field for the researchers in formulation science. Solubility and dissolution are the core concepts of any physical or chemical science including biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic considerations in therapy of any medicine. But as the synthetic approach is growing successfully to deliver many promising lead compounds for most of the pharmacological categories, they are also taking the molecules towards bulkier structures. As a result, more than 40% of new candidates entering drug development pipeline fail because of non-optimal biopharmaceutical properties . These properties e.g. rate and extent of absorption, rate of distribution, dose to achieve minimum effective concentration and to avoid side effects can exert a significant influence on the drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity. Over the years, tools of drug discovery have caused a perceptible shift in biopharmaceutical properties. Pharmaceutical companies have been primarily employing two strategies: rational drug design (RDD) and high throughput screening (HTS) for drug discovery. In both, lead compounds are identified according to screening in an environment in relation to biological system. RDD generally lead to compounds with higher molecular weight which ultimately result in to poorer permeability. On the other hand, HTS has led to compounds with increased lipophilicity and molecular weight; this consequently gives poorer solubility characteristics. Drugs have this property of lipophilicity too little or too much is a bad thing. When this property expressed as Log P gets above about 5, the drug is getting too lipophilic .
Hemodynamic Instability during Dialysis: The Potential Role of Intradialytic Exercise

Acute haemodynamic instability is a natural consequence of disordered cardiovascular physiology during haemodialysis (HD). Prevalence of intradialytic hypotension (IDH) can be as high as 20–30%, contributing to subclinical, transient myocardial ischemia. In the long term, this results in progressive, maladaptive cardiac remodeling and impairment of left ventricular function. This is thought to be a major contributor to increased cardiovascular mortality in end stage renal disease (ESRD). Medical strategies to acutely attenuate haemodynamic instability during HD are suboptimal. Whilst a programme of intradialytic exercise training appears to facilitate numerous chronic adaptations, little is known of the acute physiological response to this type of exercise. In particular, the potential for intradialytic exercise to acutely stabilise cardiovascular hemodynamics, thus preventing IDH and myocardial ischemia, has not been explored. This narrative review aims to summarise the characteristics and causes of acute haemodynamic instability during HD, with an overview of current medical therapies to treat IDH. Moreover, we discuss the acute physiological response to intradialytic exercise with a view to determining the potential for this nonmedical intervention to stabilise cardiovascular haemodynamics during HD, improve coronary perfusion, and reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in ESRD.