Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Misinformation and Its Correction

The widespread prevalence and persistence of misinformation in contemporary societies, such as the false belief that there is a link between childhood vaccinations and autism, is a matter of public concern. For example, the myths surrounding vaccinations, which prompted some parents to withhold immunization from their children, have led to a marked increase in vaccine-preventable disease, as well as unnecessary public expenditure on research and public-information campaigns aimed at rectifying the situation. We first examine the mechanisms by which such misinformation is disseminated in society, both inadvertently and purposely. Misinformation can originate from rumors but also from works of fiction, governments and politicians, and vested interests. Moreover, changes in the media landscape, including the arrival of the Internet, have fundamentally influenced the ways in which information is communicated and misinformation is spread. We next move to misinformation at the level of the individual, and review the cognitive factors that often render misinformation resistant to correction. We consider how people assess the truth of statements and what makes people believe certain things but not others. We look at people’s memory for misinformation and answer the questions of why retractions of misinformation are so ineffective in memory updating and why efforts to retract misinformation can even backfire and, ironically, increase misbelief. Though ideology and personal worldviews can be major obstacles for debiasing, there nonetheless are a number of effective techniques for reducing the impact of misinformation, and we pay special attention to these factors that aid in debiasing. We conclude by providing specific recommendations for the debunking of misinformation. These recommendations pertain to the ways in which corrections should be designed, structured, and applied in order to maximize their impact. Grounded in cognitive psychological theory, these recommendations may help practitioners—including journalists, health professionals, educators, and science communicators—design effective misinformation retractions, educational tools, and public-information campaigns.
The Welfare Gains of Age Related Optimal Income Taxation §

Using a calibrated overlapping-generations model we quantify the welfare gains of an age-dependent labor income tax. Agents face uncertainty regarding future abilities and can transfer consumption across periods through savings. The welfare gain of switching from an ageindependent to an age-dependent nonlinear tax varies between 2.4% and 4% of GDP. Part of the welfare gain is due to capital accumulation effects and part descends from relaxing incentive-compatibility constraints. The welfare gain is of about the same magnitude as the welfare gain that can be achieved by moving from a linearto a nonlinear labor income tax. Finally, the welfare loss from tax-exempting interest income is negligible under an optimal age-dependent labor income tax.
Ecotourism: impacts, potentials and possibilities

I was looking forward to this second edition after 10 years since the original, which I recalled included some aspects of ecotourism not covered comprehensively in other texts. However, I was somewhat disappointed. The book contains a number of design and content improvements, but unfortunately it has many errors and contains much outdated information. The book follows the same format as the earlier edition with the chapters and most subheadings remaining the same. The table of contents has been expanded to include subheadings and the index contains a more comprehensive listing of topics, which make it easier for readers to find required subject matter. The glossary has been updated with new terms, such as climate change and greenwashing. A list of websites for ecotourism organizations and resources has been added. This has some useful links but gives incorrect names for two wellknown organizations, Ecotourism Australia and The International Ecotourism Society. The overall structure of the book is logical, covering the emergence and nature of ecotourism, underlying environmental philosophies and various supply-side issues first, leaving marketing and demand aspects till later. The chapter containing three large case studies, which appears two-thirds through the book, would perhaps be better placed just before the closing chapter. The book is written in a style that is easy to read. However, it contains many grammatical, punctuation and typographical errors throughout, which upset this writer’s sensibilities. The preface indicates that 300 new sources have been added. In many instances this has involved simply adding updated references to existing text, which is rather disconcerting and has resulted in a somewhat outdated approach to the topic. The book tends to take an idealistic view of ecotourism as a form of alternative tourism that remains small-scale and low key, attracts people who are interested in learning about and caring for the environment and is a way of achieving conservation and social equity outcomes. As noted on the cover, the book ‘explores the impact of mainstream tourism’ and ‘highlight[s] the potential positive social and environmental benefits of ecotourism’. It does not specifically explore the impacts of ecotourism and the existence of different types of ecotourists, such as the hard/soft spectrum (Laarman and Durst in Weaver 2008), and the fact that much contemporary soft ecotourism is almost mass tourism scale. Yet it contains some very good critical analysis of environmental, Annals of Leisure Research, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2011, 390 392
Ecosystem models of Northern British Columbia for the time periods 2000, 1950, 1900 and 1750

4 Introduction. 4 Model Groups. 4 1) Sea Otters . 4 2) Mysticetae . 5 3) Odontocetae . 5 4) Seals and sea lions . 5 5) Seabirds. 6 6) Transient (migratory) salmon. 6 7-8) Coho and chinook salmon . 7 9-10) Juvenile and adult squid.8 11) Ratfish. 9 12) Dogfish . 9 13-14) Juvenile and adult pollock . 10 15-16) Forage fish and eulachon. 10 17-18) Juvenile and adult herring . 11 19-20) Pacific ocean perch: juvenile and adult . 11 21) Inshore rockfish. 12 22-23) Piscivorous rockfish: juvenile and adult . 12 24-25) Planktivorous rockfish: juvenile and adult. 13 26-27) Juvenile and adult turbot (arrowtooth flounder). 14 28-29) Juvenile and adult flatfish. 14 30-31) Juvenile and adult halibut . 15 32-33) Juvenile and adult Pacific cod . 15 34-35) Juvenile and adult sablefish . 16 36-37) Juvenile and adult lingcod. 16 38) Shallow-water benthic fish . 17 39) Skates . 17 40-41) Large and small crabs . 18 42) Commercial shrimp . 18 43-45) Epifaunal, infaunal carnivorous and detritivorous invertebrates. 18 46) Carnivorous jellyfish . 19 47-48) Euphausiids and copepods. 19 49) Corals and sponges . 20 Ecosystem Models of Northern BC, Past and Present, Page 2 50) Macrophytes . 20 51) Phytoplankton. 20 52) Discards . 20 53) Detritus. 20 Balancing the Models . 20 Acknowledgements. 21 References. 23 Appendices. 24 Appendix A. Bycatch and discards . 24 Appendix B. Parameter estimation.25 Appendix C. Parameters Used in models . 28 Appendix D. Diet matrices. 29 Appendix E. Non-market prices . 36 Appendix F. Landings.37 Appendix G. Group definitions. 40 A Research Report from ‘Back to the Future: the Restoration of Past Ecosystems as Policy Goals for Fisheries’ Supported by the Coasts Under Stress ‘Arm 2’ Project A Major Collaborative Research Initiative of the Canadian Government 41 pages © Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2002 FISHERIES CENTRE RESEARCH REPORTS ARE ABSTRACTED IN THE FAO AQUATIC SCIENCES AND FISHERIES ABSTRACTS (ASFA) Back to the Future on Canada’s West Coast, Page 3
Explorer Contrasting roles for DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases in single-item and associative recognition memory

Recognition memory enables us to judge whether we have encountered a stimulus before and to recall associatedinformation,includingwherethestimuluswasencountered.Theperirhinalcortex(PRh)isrequired for judgment of stimulus familiarity, while hippocampus (HPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are additionally involved when spatial information associated with a stimulus needs to be remembered. While gene expression is known to be essential for the consolidation of long-term recognition memory, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we investigated the roles of two epigenetic mechanisms, DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, in recognition memory. Infusion of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors into PRh impaired performance in novel object recognition and object-in-place tasks while infusions into HPC or mPFC impaired object-in-place performance only. In contrast, inhibition of histonedeacetylasesinPRh,butnotmPFC,enhancedrecognitionmemory.Theseresultssupporttheemerging role of epigenetic processes in learning and memory. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Viabilitat, eficàcia i seguretat del protocol Ultra Fast-track en octogenaris sotmesos a cirurgia de substitució valvular aòrtica

El concepte de "cirurgia cardiaca Ultra Fast-Track" inclou l'extubacio precoc al mateix quirofan i nous models de recuperacio postoperatoria. La nostra hipotesi es que el protocol UFT es tan viable, eficac i segur en pacients joves com en octogenaris. Metodologia Es tracta d'un estudi descriptiu i prospectiu realitzat en cirurgies de substitucio valvular aortica a l'Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol de Badalona. Els farmacs utilitzats a la induccio eren Midazolam 0,01mg/Kg iv, Fentanil 4-6 μg/Kg iv, Sevoflurane 2-4% i Rocuroni 0,6-1 mg/kg iv. El manteniment es realitzava amb Sevoflurane 1-2% i Remifentanil 0,05-0,5 μg/Kg/min. Com analgesia postoperatoria s'utilitzava: morfina 0,1 mg/Kg, metamizol 2g, dexketoprofe 50 mg iv i una bomba elastomerica d'anestesic local a traves d'un cateter multiperforat supraesternal. Els criteris d'extubacio eren: estabilitat hemodinamica i respiratoria, sagnat i anemia descartats, temperatura nasofaringia mantinguda i estat de consciencia comprovat. Resultats i Discussio Un total de 131 pacients menors de 80 anys i 29 majors o iguals de 80 anys van participar a l'estudi (la mitjana d'edat d'aquest treball es superior a la majoria d'estudis publicats sobre FT i UFT). No trobem diferencies estadisticament significatives entre els dos grups en el percentatge de pacients extubats (75%), en els minuts entre l'ultim punt de la cirurgia i l'extubacio (14 minuts), en les causes del fracas d'aquesta extubacio inicial ni en la necessitat d'una reintubacio. Un cop a la Unitat de Vigilancia Intensiva tampoc vam trobar diferencies significatives en el temps a ser extubats aquells que havien sortit intubats del quirofan ni en la necessitat d'una reintubacio o d'un reingres a UCI. Entre els conceptes principals dels protocols FT tampoc vam obtenir diferencies significatives (insuficiencia respiratoria, control del dolor, sagnat i comencament d'ingesta/fisioterapia respiratoria/deambulacio). La mitjana d'hores d'ingres a UCI (77,53 respecte 78,14 dels octogenaris) i l'estada total hospitalaria (7,42 respecte 8,14 dels mes ancians) no van resultar estadisticament diferents entre les dues poblacions pero la majoria d'articles FT i UFT publicats previament mostren ingressos menors. La mortalitat hospitalaria va ser 3,1 i 3,4% respectivament. Dues complicacions postoperatories, la transfusio de concentrats d'hematies i el vessament pleural diagnosticat per radiografia, van resultar ser els dos unics conceptes estadisticament diferents entre els dos grups. Les limitacions del nostre estudi son: haver tingut lloc en un unic centre hospitalari, el nombre relativament petit d'octogenaris i l'absencia d'una "n" mostral calculada previament al comencament de la investigacio. Conclusio: El protocol Ultra Fast-Track aplicat a cirurgia cardiaca es tan viable, eficac i segur en pacients joves com en octogenaris.
Hikida 1 Comparison of Thorax Responses between the Belted Elderly Occupant Human Body and THOR-50 M FE Models under Typical Frontal Crash Test Conditions

In Japan the ratio of traffic accident fatalities of elderly people has been increasing, and the main factor is thorax injury. An elderly human body model (HBM) has been developed to evaluate the vehicle safety systems. At the same time, Test device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) ATD that has high bio-fidelity is being used in frontal crash tests including lateral vehicle motion. This paper describes the comparison of the thorax response between an elderly human and THOR 50th percentile male (THOR-50M) under a simulated frontal crash including lateral vehicle motion, and clarifies whether there is the correlation between them, especially, the correlation between the rib fractures of the elderly HBM and the thorax deformation of the THOR-50M.
Removal of Arsenic by Enhanced Coagulation and Membrane Technology

The U.S. EPA is promulgating a new MCL for arsenic based on epidemiology studies. The concern from the water industry is that the new MCL will be significantly lower than the current MCL of 50 μg/L. The new MCL, some speculate may be as low as 2 μg/L or less, is expected to have a significant impact on water utilities that depend on groundwater supply or use aquifer storage and recovery technology for potable water resources. A questionnaire sent to the participants at the Arsenic Workshop (May, 1993) sponsored by Association of California Water Agencies and the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California indicated that 66% of the 50 water agencies responded will not be in compliance if the new MCL is set at 5 μg/L. The issues concern most of the water utilities are compliance cost and treatment technologies. There are very few, if any, water utilities that are treating water with the objective of removing arsenic to levels less than 2 μg/L. Some technologies such as reverse osmosis are capable of removing arsenic to a very low level, however, there is no data available due to the analytical limitation. All these information are critical to the development of treatment technologies and compliance cost.
Extracting Competitor Intelligence from News Items

Gathering data from open sources about the activities and events related to competitor organizations is a vital task. Such data be used to understand the business strategies, plans and models of the competitors. This in turn can help an organization to successfully adapt and evolve in a fast-changing market environment. In this paper, we describe an Information Extraction tool called INX that we have developed and its use to gather competitor intelligence by analyzing news items. We describe INX’s innovative multi-pronged approach to information extraction. We provide examples of information extracted by INX from news items about financial events like mergers and acquisitions as well as award of projects and contracts.
Practical problems from surprising soil behavior

In spite of our present very advanced analytical capabilities, our present ability to predict actual field behavior is, in many cases, woefully inadequate. Four cases are described to illustrate one of the reasons why actual and predicted performances are sometimes so widely divergent—namely, failure to understand how a soil might respond over time to changed conditions. The four cases are: (1) The aging of quick clay after sampling, in which the remolded strength increases in samples maintained at constant water content; (2) time effects in freshly densified or deposited sand, in which natural sand deposits can lose strength if disturbed but regain strength over time periods of weeks to months; (3) apparently sound lime‐stabilized soil that swells and disintegrates starting a few years after construction; and (4) the failure of excess pore pressures to dissipate as predicted during the consolidation of soft clays. Study of each of these problems has led to an understanding of the responsible phenomena an.
Knowledge Engineering : Principles and methods

This paper gives an overview of the development of the field of Knowledge Engineering over the last 15 years. We discuss the paradigm shift from a transfer view to a modeling view and describe two approaches which considerably shaped research in Knowledge Engineering: Role-limiting Methods and Generic Tasks. To illustrate various concepts and methods which evolved in recent years we describe three modeling frameworks: CommonKADS, MIKE and PROTI~Gt~-II. This description is supplemented by discussing some important methodological developments in more detail: specification languages for knowledge-based systems, problem-solving methods and ontologies. We conclude by outlining the relationship of Knowledge Engineering to Software Engineering, Information Integration and Knowledge Management.
Ebola Epidemic Disease : Modelling , Stability Analysis , Spread Control Technique , Simulation Study and Data Fitting

In this paper, we proposed (S-E-I-IhR) mathematical model and conducted stability analysis. Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) point of the model has been identified. Stability analysis at the disease free equilibrium point is studied. Formula for the basic reproductive number is obtained. It is shown that DFE point is locally and globally asymptotically stable for R0 < 1, whereas it is unstable for R0 > 1 . Disease spread controlling technique called ‘Isolation’ is also proposed. Isolation of exposed and infected individuals is a powerful technique and can be used to control the spreading of the epidemic. Simulation study of the model is conducted. Data fitting of Ebola epidemic is done. For this purpose the data of infected and death cases found in West African countries is taken into consideration. The best fit of cumulative infected case is computed to follow simulated curve with R0 =1.5. Further, the present study supports that the cumulative death cases due to Ebola epidemic is 65% of the infected individuals. Keywords—Ebola disease, SEIIhR model, Basic reproductive number, Stability Analysis, Simulation study
Chemical composition, sources, and aging process of submicron aerosols in Beijing: Contrast between summer and winter

To investigate the seasonal characteristics of submicron aerosol (PM1) in Beijing urban areas, a high‐resolution time‐of‐flight aerosol‐mass‐spectrometer (HR‐ToF‐AMS) was utilized at an urban site in summer (August to September 2011) and winter (November to December 2010), coupled with multiple state of the art online instruments. The average mass concentrations of PM1 (60–84 µg m−3) and its chemical compositions in different campaigns of Beijing were relatively consistent in recent years. In summer, the daily variations of PM1 mass concentrations were stable and repeatable. Eighty‐two percent of the PM1 mass concentration on average was composed of secondary species, where 62% is secondary inorganic aerosol and 20% secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In winter, PM1 mass concentrations changed dramatically because of the different meteorological conditions. The high average fraction (58%) of primary species in PM1 including primary organic aerosol (POA), black carbon, and chloride indicates primary emissions usually played a more important role in the winter. However, aqueous chemistry resulting in efficient secondary formation during occasional periods with high relative humidity may also contribute substantially to haze in winter. Results of past OA source apportionment studies in Beijing show 45–67% of OA in summer and 22–50% of OA in winter can be composed of SOA. Based on the source apportionment results, we found 45% POA in winter and 61% POA in summer are from nonfossil sources, contributed by cooking OA in both seasons and biomass burning OA (BBOA) in winter. Cooking OA, accounting for 13–24% of OA, is an important nonfossil carbon source in all years of Beijing and should not be neglected. The fossil sources of POA include hydrocarbon‐like OA from vehicle emissions in both seasons and coal combustion OA (CCOA) in winter. The CCOA and BBOA were the two main contributors (57% of OA) for the highest OA concentrations (>100 µg m−3) in winter. The POA/ΔCO ratios in winter and summer are 11 and 16 µg m−3 ppm−1, respectively, similar to ratios from western cities. Higher OOA/Ox (= NO2 + O3) ratio (0.49 µg m−3 ppb−1) in winter study than these ratios from western cities (0.03–0.16 µg m−3 ppb−1) was observed, which may be due to the aqueous reaction or extra SOA formation contributed by semivolatile organic compounds from various primary sources (e.g., BBOA or CCOA) in Beijing. The evolution of oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) with photochemical age allows to estimate an equivalent rate constant for chemical aging of OA in summer as kOH ~ 4.1 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, which is of the same order as obtained in other anthropogenic influenced areas and may be useful for OA modeling.
massiliae in the

, a tick-borne pathogen in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1504–10. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200105173442003 3. Ndip LM, Bouyer DH, Travassos Da Rosa AP, Titanji VP, Tesh RB, Walker DH. Acute spotted fever rickettsiosis among febrile patients, Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:432–7. 4. Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, et al. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:119–30. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa051331 5. Burgdorfer W, Ormsbee RA, Schmidt ML, Hoogstraal H. A search for the epidemic typhus agent in Ethiopian ticks. Bull World Health Organ. 1973;48:563–9. 6. Walker DH, Liu QH, Yu XJ, Li H, Tay-lor C, Fenq HM. Antigenic diversity of
Probabilistic versus deterministic skill in predicting the western North Pacific‐East Asian summer monsoon variability with multimodel ensembles

Based on historical forecasts of three quasi‐operational multimodel ensemble (MME) systems, this study assesses the superiority of coupled MME over contributing single‐model ensembles (SMEs) and over uncoupled atmospheric MME in predicting the Western North Pacific‐East Asian summer monsoon variability. The probabilistic and deterministic forecast skills are measured by Brier skill score (BSS) and anomaly correlation (AC), respectively. A forecast‐format‐dependent MME superiority over SMEs is found. The probabilistic forecast skill of the MME is always significantly better than that of each SME, while the deterministic forecast skill of the MME can be lower than that of some SMEs. The MME superiority arises from both the model diversity and the ensemble size increase in the tropics, and primarily from the ensemble size increase in the subtropics. The BSS is composed of reliability and resolution, two attributes characterizing probabilistic forecast skill. The probabilistic skill increase of the MME is dominated by the dramatic improvement in reliability, while resolution is not always improved, similar to AC. A monotonic resolution‐AC relationship is further found and qualitatively explained, whereas little relationship can be identified between reliability and AC. It is argued that the MME's success in improving the reliability arises from an effective reduction of the overconfidence in forecast distributions. Moreover, it is examined that the seasonal predictions with coupled MME are more skillful than those with the uncoupled atmospheric MME forced by persisting sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, since the coupled MME has better predicted the SST anomaly evolution in three key regions.