Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observational signatures of massive star formation : an investigation of the environments in which they form, and the applicability of the paradigm of low-mass star formation

This thesis presents both a study of the cluster-scale environments in which massive stars form, investigating in particular how the ionized gas in these regions relates to the molecular star-forming material, as well as detailed studies of two luminous forming stars, AFGL 2591 and IRAS 20126+4104, to determine whether they are forming similarly to their low-mass counterparts. The results of this work include the identification of 35 HII regions (20 newly discovered) via a radio continuum survey of ionized gas towards 31 molecular cluster-forming clumps. The observed ionized gas was found to be preferentially associated with the clumps, which were shown to have a range of evolutionary stages. The massive star formation efficiency was determined for the clumps with associated ionized gas, and a relationship was found between the mass of the clumps and the mass of their embedded massive stars. By modeling the SEDs and images of AFGL 2591 and IRAS 20126+4104, it was found that the geometry of their circumstellar material was generally consistent with an envelope plus disk, similar to that expected for low-mass protostars. However, within the central ∼1800 AU, the mid-IR images of IRAS 20126+4104 were better described by only a flattened envelope, suggesting that the radiation from IRAS 20126+4104 may be affecting the regions closest to the star. Observations of the ionized and molecular gas towards AFGL 2591 were carried out, and a photoionization code was developed to interpret these observations. The results showed that the observed 3.6 cm emission is likely to be produced by both a shock-ionized jet and a hypercompact HII region that does not appear to have disrupted the jet or the large-scale circumstellar environment. In addition, the C18O(1-0) emission observed towards AFGL 2591 traces the densest parts of the outflow, with the blue-shifted emission exhibiting many of the properties of the outflows from low-mass protostars.
Spectral and spatial properties of the spontaneous emission enhancement in photonic crystal cavities

Although the theory of photonic crystal cavities has been widely investigated, the interpretation of the experimental emission spectra still creates a challenge because the spontaneous emission enhancement is a spatially and spectrally varying property. We present a comprehensive simulation and analysis of the emission spectrum of photonic crystal cavities, considering the spatially and spectrally varying spontaneous emission enhancement, the material loss, and the coupling efficiency to the detection system. The simulations have been performed with a 3D finite-element Maxwell solver and an efficient mode expansion scheme. They have been compared to measured spectra and show very good agreement.
Multifractal formalism for self-similar bridges

We derive the thermodynamics of self-similar paths (or bridges) joining the two points and of the plane. These paths may be constituted with both macroscopic and microscopic fragments, each deserving its specific statistics, while remaining continuous. Such discontinuous paths are also studied with some information related to the statistics of their jumps. If the bridges under study are bound to be non-decreasing -paths, this study coincides with the one of multifractal measures on the unit interval. Relaxing this condition leads to an extension of the multifractal formalism whose main lines are derived here.
Some remarks on absolute continuity on groups

The Tam-Larsen result that Radon measures with separable orbits are absolutely continuous is extended somewhat. A consequence is a characterization among finite measures of the absolutely continuous ones as those whose orbits are equi-regular. Let G be a locally compact group. Some time ago Tam [5], improving on a result of Larsen [4], showed that any Radon2 measure p on G with a separable orbit under translation is necessarily absolutely continuous. Tarn's argument was a natural application of Baire category, and our purpose here is to point out another natural but more measure-theoretic argument which yields a stronger result: (1) If {xn} is a sequence in G for which {\p\(xnE)} is dense in {\p\(xE):x e G} for each compact \p\-null E<^G, then p. is absolutely continuous. A consequence of the argument is the following characterization of the absolutely continuous finite measures: (2) X e M(G) is absolutely continuous iff its left translates are equiregular, i.e., for any compact K<^G and e>0 there is an open W^K with \X\(xW\xK)=\X\(x(W\K))<e for all x in G. (In fact we only need this for \X\-null K.) In proving (1) we may as well take p^O. It suffices to see p is absolutely continuous on the cosets of some open o--compact subgroup, hence on any open cr-compact subgroup H containing {x„}. So we may as well take G c-compact. Clearly we may add the identity as an element of {x„}, and thus take xx=l. The main complication in our proof is the following reduction to finite measures; for a finite measure p the proof is almost trivial. We can find an increasing sequence of compacta Kn with union G and K\<^Kn+x, and if we set c„— 1 +p(Kn) and/= 2? (^In2cn+X)XK tnenfrlx 's a finite measure Received by the editors October 11, 1972. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970) Primary 43A05, 28A70.
Atmospheric transmission at ~1.55 μm for free-space optical communication

Free-space optics (FSO) holds the potential for high bandwidth communication, but atmospheric conditions can significantly affect the capability of a communication system to transfer information successfully. The effects of atmosphere on FSO communication and consequent optimal wavelength range for transmission are investigated through MODTRAN-based modeling of 1.55 μm transmission for multiple elevation angles in atmospheric conditions including clear maritime, desert extinction, and various levels of rain and fog. Beam transmission was also simulated for different relevant elevations for surface-to-surface and surface-to-air free-space optical communication networks. The atmospheric, free-space, and scintillation losses are investigated for optical path lengths of 2 km to determine transmit power required for successful data reception. In addition, FSO transmitter and receiver circuits were designed to optically relay an analog video signal and tested at path distances of up to 130 m. Using advanced tunable laser sources to provide illumination across wavelength ranges, particularly around the eye-safe 1.55 μm wavelength, it should be possible to overcome transmission limitations associated with adverse weather and atmospheric conditions.
Some numerical results using a sparse matrix updating formula in unconstrained optimization

This paper presents a numerical comparison between algorithms for unconstrained optimization that take account of sparsity in the second derivative matrix of the objective function. Some of the methods included in the comparison use difference approximation schemes to evaluate the second derivative matrix and others use an approximation to it which is updated regularly using the changes in the gradient. These results show what method to use in what circumstances and also suggest interesting future developments.
ALS-Mimics

Zusammenfassung Die amyotrophe Lateralsklerose (ALS) ist eine degenerative Erkrankung des motorischen Nervensystems, die mangels kurativer Therapieansätze binnen 3 – 5 Jahren letal verläuft. Eine definitive Diagnosestellung wird aufgrund des oft erst spät im Krankheitsverlauf zur Ausprägung kommenden klassischen Bildes einer ALS häufig verzögert. Einige Krankheitsentitäten können insbesondere in den Anfangsstadien mit einer ALS verwechselt werden. Eine sichere Unterscheidung ist jedoch aufgrund der – im Gegensatz zur ALS – teilweise vorliegenden kausalen Therapiemöglichkeiten essenziell. Da die ALS durch das Vorliegen von Schädigungszeichen des ersten und zweiten Motoneurons charakterisiert ist, sind insbesondere Krankheiten, die diese Merkmale mit der ALS teilen, von Bedeutung. Als Differenzialdiagnose einer ALS mit Betonung des zweiten Motoneurons zu nennen sind: Die immunvermittelten Neuropathien wie die multifokale motorische Neuropathie (MMN) mit ausgeprägten, v. a. distalen Paresen ohne starke Atrophie und dem Nachweis von proximalen Leitungsblöcken in der Elektroneurografie sowie die chronisch inflammatorische demyelinisierende Polyradikuloneuropathie (CIDP), bei der sich im Gegensatz zur ALS häufig Sensibilitätsstörungen und eine Areflexie finden sowie als liquordiagnostisches Merkmal eine zytoalbuminäre Dissoziation vorliegt. Weiterhin die sporadische Einschlusskörperchenmyositis (sIBM), bei der sich typische Biopsiebefunde sowie klinisch ein hauptsächlicher Befall der Fingerflexoren finden und die spinobulbäre Muskelatrophie Typ Kennedy (SBMA), bei der durch die Bestimmung des Androgenrezeptor-(AR-)Gens eine klare Abgrenzung zur ALS getroffen werden kann sowie klinisch Zeichen einer peripheren Androgenresistenz imponieren. Die monomelische Amyotrophie Hirayama zeigt Kälteparesen, ein MRT der HWS sowie eine unauffällige Neurografie sichern die Diagnose. Bei den benignen Faszikulationen fehlen Paresen und Atrophien, im EMG zeigt sich im Gegensatz zur ALS keine pathologische Spontanaktivität. Bei der spinalen Muskelatrophie (SMA) hilft die SMN-Gen-Diagnostik bei der Differenzierung, zudem ist die Erkrankung im Erwachsenenalter sehr selten. Differenzialdiagnosen einer ALS mit z. T. nebeneinander vorkommender Affektion des ersten und zweiten Motoneurons sind metabolische Erkrankungen (Adrenoleukodystrophie, metachromatische Leukodystrophie, Tay-Sachs-Syndrom), hier stellt die Bestimmung der jeweiligen Laborparameter den wichtigsten diagnostischen Schritt dar. Auch eine zervikale Myelopathie kann Zeichen des ersten und zweiten Motoneurons bedingen, kann jedoch mittels MRT der HWS gut unterschieden werden. Als Differenzialdiagnose einer ALS mit Betonung des ersten Motoneurons behandeln wir zudem die hereditäre spastische Paraparese (HSP), die klinisch durch eine symmetrische Spastik der Beine auffällt, im MRT meist eine Atrophie des Myelons zeigt und mittels SPG-Gendiagnostik von der ALS differenziert werden kann.
Quantum Theory of Solids

Mathematical Introduction. Acoustic Phonons. Plasmons, Optical Phonons, and Polarization Waves. Magnons. Fermion Fields and the Hartree--Forck Approximation. Many--Body Techniques and the Electron Gas. Polarons and the Electron--Phonon Interaction. Superconductivity. Bloch Funcations----General Properties. Brillouin Zones and Crystal Symmetry. Dynamics of Electronics in a Magnetic Field: de Hass--van Alphen Effect and Cyclotron Resonance. Magnetoresistance. Calculation of Energy Bands and Fermi Surfaces. Semiconductor Crystals: I. Energy Bands, Cyclotron Resonance and Impurity States. Semiconductor Crystals: II. Optical Absorption and Excitons. Electrodynamics of Metals. Acoustic Attenuation in Metals. Theory of Alloys. Correlation Functions and Neutron Diffraction by Crystals. Recoilless Emission. Greena s Functions----Application to Solid State Physics. Appendixes.
Brain Food

Zusammenfassung Demenz zählt zu den häufigsten Erkrankungen im höheren Alter und belastet die Volkswirtschaft enorm. In der Schweiz leben zwischen 107 000 und 125 000 demenzkranke Menschen und die Zahl der Erkrankten steigt weiter. Niemand kann sich vollständig vor dieser Erkrankung schützen. Allerdings gibt es vielversprechende Hinweise, dass bestimmte Lifestylefaktoren das Risiko einer Demenzerkrankung verringern. Die Ernährung zählt zu den wichtigen, modifizierbaren Präventionsfaktoren. Beobachtungsstudien zeigen, dass gewisse Ernährungsmuster deutlich häufiger mit dem Auftreten einer Demenz einhergehen als andere. Die Supplementierung einzelner Nährstoffe erwies sich allerdings in klinischen kontrollierten randomisierten doppelblinden Studien gar nicht oder nur sehr begrenzt als wirksam. Vielversprechender bei der Prävention scheint ein ganzheitlicher und frühzeitiger Ansatz: Die mediterrane Ernährungsweise mit ihrer Kombination aller als potenziell präventiv angesehener Substanzen – Antioxidanzien, mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren und Vitamine – hat sich in verschiedenen Studien als effektiv erwiesen. In einer amerikanischen Studie ergab sich ein um ein Drittel reduziertes Demenzrisiko mit dieser Ernährungsform. Übereinstimmend zeigten Studien mit einer frühzeitigen Behandlung (Patienten mit einer leichten kognitiven Beeinträchtigung) und einem ganzheitlichen Ansatz (Nährstoffcocktail) vorsichtig positive Ergebnisse.
Computer Program for Calculating Average Lengths of Weather Radar Echoes and Pattern Bandedness

Abstract The average length of echoes and a measure of pattern bandedness in digitized PPI displays are estimated from exponential-function approximations to the pattern autocorrelation coefficients. Average echo lengths estimated by the computer are correlated to actual lengths in 39 cases with a coefficient of 0.9. This processing of radar weather data may be useful for characterizing mesoscale transport processes and for operational problems such as air traffic control.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (Acne inversa) – Aktuelles zu Komorbidität und Therapie

Zusammenfassung Lange unter der Rubrik „orphan disease“ gelistet, erfuhr die Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) zuletzt mit der Zulassung von Adalimumab neue Aufmerksamkeit. Was mit einzelnen Knoten und Abszessen anfängt, endet unter mangelnder Behandlung nicht selten in ausgedehnter Fistelbildung und Vernarbung, die zum Teil mit erheblichen Bewegungseinschränkungen, sozialem Rückzug und Isolation einhergehen. In Deutschland geht man derzeit von einer Prävalenz von etwa 1 % aus 1 2. Somit kommt diese multifaktoriell bedingte Erkrankung ähnlich häufig vor wie die Psoriasis, doch bekommt sie bei weitem nicht die gleiche Aufmerksamkeit. Vielleicht ist dies auch der Tatsache geschuldet, dass das Therapieangebot mit (noch) nur einer zugelassenen medikamentösen Therapie (Adalimumab) sehr viel kleiner ausfällt als beispielsweise das der Psoriasis.
Absolute stability of positive systems with differential constraints

We consider discrete-time systems x(k + 1) = Ax(k) + f(x(k)) where the matrix A of the linear part is known and positive, the non-linearity f is unknown but belongs to a class for which A + f(x) is positive with spectral radius < 1 for all x Rn. This, with the additional property that x - Ax - f (x) is proper, is sufficient for global stability of the system. The results are applied to the continuous system x. = Ax + B phialt(CT x) by considering the translation operator along trajectories and studying the resulting discrete system.
A Comparison Of Growing And Pruning Balanced And Unbalanced Tree-structured Vector Quantizers

We examine the question of whether growing and optimally pruning balanced or unbalanced tree-strnctured vector quantizers will result in lower average distortion. It is shown that growing an unbalanced tree will not always lead to lower distortion than growing a balanced tree, even though the balanced tree has more structure. Conditions are presented under which it is guaranteed that pruning an unbalanced tree will always outperform pruning a balanced tree of the same initial average bit rate. Finally, we present a case where pruning a balanced tree may outperform, at some bit rates, pruning an unbalanced tree of lower initial distortion.
Geburtshilfliche Anästhesie und postoperative Überwachung

Zusammenfassung Die von ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) und SOAP (Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology) für das Jahr 2016 aktualisierten Leitlinien sind eine Handlungsempfehlung in erster Linie für Anästhesisten, die auf das anästhesiologische Management Gebärender, nicht operative und operative Entbindung sowie auf die postpartale Versorgung und Analgesie fokussiert.
Synchrotron aging in the lobes of luminous radio galaxies.

On a etudie le gradient de l'indice spectral 1,4-5,0 GHz observe dans 5 radiogalaxies 3C lumineuses. Les observations ont ete comparees a un modele dans lequel la radiation est due a un ensemble isotrope d'electrons subissant des pertes par rayonnement synchrotron. On en deduit l'âge des electrons en divers points des lobes et par suite les vitesses de separation des points chauds et du materiau des lobes
Klinische Ernährung in der Gastroenterologie (Teil 4) – Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen

ei-Abstract ! Purpose: The importance of nutrition in the development and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is partially controversial. It is clear that in IBD, the prevalence of malnutrition is increased and that malnutrition worsens the prog-nosis. In the present guideline evidence-based recommendations for nutritional diagnostics and therapy in IBD are presented. Methods: The guideline is based on the previous guidelines of DGEM (2006/2007), ESPEN (2006, 2009), ECCO (2010) and NICE (2012). We performed a systematic review of the literature 2007 – 2013 on oral, enteral and parenteral nutrition in IBD and we extended the earlier guidelines on the topics of prevention and screening of malnutrition in IBD. The recommendations were ap-proved at a consensus conference on October 18th, 2013. Results: The guideline includes 24 recommendations for clinical nutrition in IBD. Screening for malnutrition/undernutrition and micronutrient
Unsteady boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet: heat flux case

Unsteady two-dimensional boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a stretching flat plate in a viscous and incompressible fluid of uniform ambient temperature is investigated in this paper. It is assumed that the velocity of the stretching sheet and the heat flux from the surface of the plate vary inverse proportionally with time. Two equal and opposite forces are impulsively applied along the plate so that the plate is stretched keeping the origin fixed. Using appropriate similarity variables, the basic partial differential equations are transformed into a set of two ordinary differential equations. These equations are solved numerically for some values of the governing parameters using the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order. Flow and heat transfer characteristics are determined and represented in some tables and figures. It is found that the structure of the boundary layer depends on the ratio of the velocity of the potential flow near the stagnation point to that of the velocity of the stretching surface. In addition, it is shown that the heat transfer from the plate increases when the Prandtl number increases. The present results include also the steady situation as a special case considered by other authors. Comparison with known results is very good.
The ketogenic diet: its impact on human gut microbiota and potential consequent health outcomes: a systematic literature review

Aim: This systematic review examined the diet’s impact on the human gut microbiota to identify potential consequent health outcomes. Background: The extreme macronutrient profile of the ketogenic diet (KD) instigates compositional shifts in the gut’s microbial community. Methods: In this systematic literature review, an evidence-based and methodical approach was undertaken, which involved systematic searches of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases, generating a total of 263 relevant research papers. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight papers were deemed suitable for inclusion. These papers were critically appraised using a checklist tool adapted from the National Institute of Care and Excellence (NICE). The findings were analysed using a simplified thematic analysis. Results: The results provide strong evidence for a persistent reduction in Bifidobacterium abundance following KD adherence. A reduced abundance of key Firmicutes butyrate-producing bacteria was found to be a likely impact, although two studies with extended intervention periods indicate this may be time-limited. Studies investigating short-chain fatty acids (SCFA’s) indicate KD reduces total faecal SCFA’s, acetate, and butyrate. Conclusion: Changes to microbial communities resulting from KD adherence are potentially detrimental to colonic health. The persistent reduction in Bifidobacterium abundance was concerning, with obesity, type-2 diabetes, and depression highlighted as potential consequent risks. For nutrition and healthcare professionals, the findings emphasize the importance of considering KDs microbial effects and resulting health implications at an individual level.
Terrestrial amplification of past, present, and future climate change

Terrestrial amplification (TA) of land warming relative to oceans is apparent in recent climatic observations. TA results from land-sea coupling of moisture and heat and is therefore important for predicting future warming and water availability. However, the theoretical basis for TA has never been tested outside the short instrumental period, and the spatial pattern and amplitude of TA remain uncertain. Here, we investigate TA during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~20 thousand years) in the low latitudes, where the theory is most applicable. We find remarkable consistency between paleotemperature proxies, theory, and climate model simulations of both LGM and future climates. Paleoclimate data thus provide crucial new support for TA, refining the range of future low-latitude, low-elevation TA to 1.37−0.23+0.27 (95% confidence interval), i.e., land warming ~40% more than oceans. The observed data model theory agreement helps reconcile LGM marine and terrestrial paleotemperature proxies, with implications for equilibrium climate sensitivity.
The Timing of Sensations: Reply to Libet

Evidently Libet would prefer that philosophers just accept as correct his hypothesis that there is backwards referral of experiences, and that we restrict our attention to sorting out the 'philosophical' consequences for the mind-body problem. But matters cannot be divided and despatched with such simplicity, for if we are to understand the implications of the hypothesis, we must first understand the hypothesis itself, which in turn necessitates understanding how it is supported, whether the data are better explained by alternate hypotheses, and so forth. The boundaries between science and philosophy cannot be sharply drawn, and qua philosopher, one is sometimes obliged to decline to simply take the word of a scientist that his hypothesis is so well supported as to be accepted, and hence obliged to examine carefully and thoroughly the basis of the case. My analysis (1981, pp. 165-81) of Libet's work focused both on his experimental results, and also on whether his results, if interpreted as showing backwards referral, imply anything significant for the mind-brain identity thesis. My evaluation was harsh, in that I found much to criticize on both counts. In studying Libet's reply (Libet 1981, pp. 182-97) to that analysis, I do not find anything to assuage my misgivings, nor anything which would incline me to revise my judgment. There are however, several matters raised in his reply to which a response is necessary. In what follows, I shall discuss briefly his results from medial lemniscus stimulation, and the matter of "adding 100msec. " to establish 500msec. as the period of neuronal adequacy for skin stimuli. In the appendix is the data table for the reaction time experiment conducted by David Martin and me. Accompanying the table is a brief description of the methods. The version of my paper presented viva voce in Ann Arbor contained a discussion of Libet's data from medial lemniscus (LM) stimulation, and of why, in my view, it did not lend significant support to the retroactive