Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wind Field Prediction in Coastal Zone: Operational Mesoscale Model Evaluation and Simulations with Increased Horizontal Resolution

Abstract Two different versions of the operational setup of HIRLAM (High-Resolution Limited-Area Model) at the Finnish Meteorological Institute are exploited in order to verify wind forecasts in the eastern coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. Two cases of interest are studied in detail by also making use of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)–Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model (MM5) and a nonhydrostatic version of HIRLAM. Simulations are carried out in both models applied at three horizontal resolutions. The models' sea-land distributions play an essential role in the interpretation of the accuracy of wind speed forecasting. Considering wind direction, all experiments display similar systematic discrepancies.
Long-Term Demographic Change: a Perspective from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico

Abstract Based on the findings of more than 10 years of regional archaeological survey, the prehispanic settlement history of the Valley of Oaxaca in Southern Mexico is presented for the 3,OOO-year period prior to Spanish Conquest. The process of long-term demographic change is examined at several analytical scales and discussed in relation to political and economic transitions. Specific emphasis is given to the discussion of those parts of the Valley that have been surveyed most recently and the new information and interpretations that have been generated by this work.
Hybrid: A Definitional Two-Level Approach to Reasoning with Higher-Order Abstract Syntax

Combining higher-order abstract syntax and (co)induction in a logical framework is well known to be problematic. Previous work described the implementation of a tool called Hybrid, within Isabelle HOL, which aims to address many of these difficulties. It allows object logics to be represented using higher-order abstract syntax, and reasoned about using tactical theorem proving and principles of (co)induction. In this paper we describe how to use it in a multi-level reasoning fashion, similar in spirit to other meta-logics such as Twelf. By explicitly referencing provability in a middle layer called a specification logic, we solve the problem of reasoning by (co)induction in the presence of non-stratifiable hypothetical judgments, which allow very elegant and succinct specifications of object logic inference rules.
First Stars II. Elemental abundances in the extremely metal-poor star CS 22949-037 ? A diagnostic of early massive supernovae

CS 22949-037 is one of the most metal-poor giants known ((Fe=H) 4:0), and it exhibits large overabundances of carbon and nitrogen (Norris et al.). Using VLT-UVES spectra of unprecedented quality, regarding resolution and S=N ratio, covering a wide wavelength range (from= 350 to 900 nm), we have determined abundances for 21 elements in this star over a wide range of atomic mass. The major new discovery is an exceptionally large oxygen enhancement, (O=Fe)= 1:97 0:1, as measured from the (O I) line at 630.0 nm. We find an enhancement of (N/Fe) of 2:56 0:2, and a milder one of (C=Fe)= 1:17 0:1, similar to those already reported in the literature. This implies Z? = 0:01 Z. We also find carbon isotopic ratios 12 C/ 13 C= 42: 0a nd 13 C/ 14 N= 0:03 +0:035 0:015 , close to the equilibrium value of the CN cycle. Lithium is not detected. Na is strongly enhanced ((Na=Fe)=+2:1 0:2), while S and K are not detected. The silicon-burning elements Cr and Mn are underabundant, while Co and Zn are overabundant ((Zn=Fe)=+0:7). Zn is measured for the first time in such an extremely metal-poor star. The abundances of the neutron-capture elements Sr, Y, and Ba are strongly decreasing with the atomic number of the element: (Sr=Fe) +0:3, (Y=Fe) 0:1, and (Ba=Fe) 0:6. Among possible progenitors of CS 22949-037, we discuss the pair- instability supernovae. Such very massive objects indeed produce large amounts of oxygen, and have been found to be possible sources of primary nitrogen. However, the predicted odd/even eect is too large, and the predicted Zn abundance much too low. Other scenarios are also discussed. In particular, the yields of a recent model (Z35Z) from Heger and Woosley are shown to be in fair agreement with the observations. The only discrepant prediction is the very low abundance of nitrogen, possibly curable by taking into account other eects such as rotationally induced mixing. Alternatively, the absence of lithium in our star, and the values of the isotopic ratios 12 C/ 13 Ca nd 13 C/ 14 N close to the equilibrium value of the CN cycle, suggest that the CNO abundances now observed might have been altered by nuclear processing in the star itself. A 30-40 M supernova, with fallback, seems the most likely progenitor for CS 22949-037.
Combining shrinkage and sparsity in conjugate vector autoregressive models

Summary Conjugate priors allow for fast inference in large dimensional vector autoregressive (VAR) models. But at the same time, they introduce the restriction that each equation features the same set of explanatory variables. This paper proposes a straightforward means of postprocessing posterior estimates of a conjugate Bayesian VAR to effectively perform equation‐specific covariate selection. Compared with existing techniques using shrinkage alone, our approach combines shrinkage and sparsity in both the VAR coefficients and the error variance–covariance matrices, greatly reducing estimation uncertainty in large dimensions while maintaining computational tractability. We illustrate our approach by means of two applications. The first application uses synthetic data to investigate the properties of the model across different data‐generating processes, and the second application analyzes the predictive gains from sparsification in a forecasting exercise for U.S. data.
A Case Study of the Introduction of Computer Science in NZ Schools

For many years computing in New Zealand schools was focused on teaching students how to use computers, and there was little opportunity for students to learn about programming and computer science as formal subjects. In this article we review a series of initiatives that occurred from 2007 to 2009 that led to programming and computer science being made available formally as part of the National Certificate in Educational Achievement (NCEA), the main school-leaving assessment, in 2011. The changes were phased in from 2011 to 2013, and we review this process using the Darmstadt model, including describing the context of the school system, the socio-cultural factors in play before, during and after the changes, the nature of the new standards, the reactions and roles of the various stakeholders, and the teaching materials and methods that developed. The changes occurred very quickly, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having such a rapid process. In all these changes, teachers have emerged as having a central role, as they have been key in instigating and implementing change.
Constraints on kinematics and strain from feldspar porphyroclast populations

Abstract We develop a method for constraining the kinematics and finite strain of deformation in shear zones based on a three-dimensional numerical model of the rotation populations of rigid clasts. The results of the model are characterized in terms of a fabric ellipsoid, which is directly measurable from field data. Fabric ellipsoids measured from populations of prolate clasts have anisotropies that increase steadily and plateau; the shape of the fabric ellipsoid becomes increasingly more prolate with progressive deformation. The behaviour of populations of oblate clasts is much more complex because the stability of individual oblate clasts depends on their aspect ratio and the vorticity of deformation. Populations of oblate clasts may produce fabric ellipsoids with oscillating anisotropies and shapes if their aspect ratio is low enough for a continuous rotation. For either prolate or oblate clasts, the maximum anisotropy that a fabric ellipsoid will reach is governed by the aspect ratio of the individual clasts of that population. The theoretical maximum anisotropy is achieved when all of the clasts are perfectly aligned. The shape of the fabric ellipsoid, in conjuncture with the anisotropy, can be used to constrain the vorticity and finite strain of deformation. The numerical model suggests that there is no consistent relationship between the asymmetrical orientation of a population of rigid markers and the simple shear component of deformation. Therefore, the asymmetrical alignment of a population of porphyroclasts is not a reliable shear sense indicator. Additionally, there is no direct correlation between the fabric ellipsoid and the strain ellipsoid. Model results are applied to shape preferred orientation data collected from a feldspar megacrystic granite in the western Idaho shear zone (USA). Three-dimensional fabric ellipsoids are calculated from two-dimensional sectional measurements of oblate-shaped, unmantled, potassium feldspar porphyroclasts. Comparison of these data with the results of the numerical model suggests that transpressional deformation had an intermediate angle of oblique convergence (30°–60°). This implies that deformation in the western Idaho shear zone was characterized by a large component of convergent motion.
The contribution of cloud and radiation anomalies to the 2007 Arctic sea ice extent minimum

Reduced cloudiness and enhanced downwelling radiation are associated with the unprecedented 2007 Arctic sea ice loss. Over the Western Arctic Ocean, total summertime cloud cover estimated from spaceborne radar and lidar data decreased by 16% from 2006 to 2007. The clearer skies led to downwelling shortwave (longwave) radiative fluxes increases of +32 Wm−2 (−4 Wm−2) from 2006 to 2007. Over three months, simple calculations show that these radiation differences alone could enhance surface ice melt by 0.3 m, or warm the surface ocean by 2.4 K, which enhances basal ice melt. Increased air temperatures and decreased relative humidity associated with an anti‐cyclonic atmospheric circulation pattern explain the reduced cloudiness. Longer‐term observations show that the 2007 cloudiness is anomalous in the recent past, but is not unprecedented. Thus, in a warmer world with thinner ice, natural summertime circulation and cloud variability is an increasingly important control on sea ice extent minima.
Open‐Channel Flow of Bingham Fluids: Applications in Debris‐Flow Research

The results of a numerical simulation of open‐channel flow of Bingham fluids provide improved capabilities for analyzing muddy debris flows and their depositis, and for routing debris flows. Because of limitations of the phenomenonological Bingham model, results are deemed applicable to mud‐rich debris flows only. Most published field estimates of debris‐flow rheological (Bingham) properties depend on application to natural channels of analytical solutions for flow through channels with either circular or very wide channel cross‐sections. Lack of a general solution for flow of Bingham fluids in channels with realistic shapes has restricted capabilities in debris‐flow modeling and field data analysis. Numerical solutions permit generalization and extension of analytical solutions to channels of arbitrary cross‐sectional form without loss of accuracy. The numerical model (FIDAP) utilizes a well established finite‐element formulation of the non‐Newtonian fluid flow problem and reproduces available analytical solutions nearly exactly. A regression analysis of model results constrains general, easily applied equations that give discharge and plug velocity as functions of channel geometry, channel slope, debris bulk density, viscosity, and yield strength. These empirical equations are suitable for back‐calculation of debris‐flow viscosity from field data, engineering analysis, and for incorporation into one‐ and two‐dimensional debris‐flow routing models. An analysis of debris‐flow rheology on the basis of new field observations in Owens Valley, California, utilizing this method yields the most reliable field estimates of debris‐flow yield strength‐viscosity pairs to date. These new field estimates corroborate trends seen in recent laboratory studies and suggest that these trends may be extrapolated to field scale.
A comparison of targeted and systematic fire-scar sampling for estimating historical fire frequency in south-western ponderosa pine forests

Fire history researchers employ various forms of search-based sampling to target specimens that contain visible evidence of well preserved fire scars. Targeted sampling is considered to be the most efficient way to increase the completeness and length of the fire-scar record, but the accuracy of this method for estimating landscape-scale fire frequency parameters compared with probabilistic (i.e. systematic and random) sampling is poorly understood. In this study we compared metrics of temporal and spatial fire occurrence reconstructed independently from targeted and probabilistic fire-scar sampling to identify potential differences in parameter estimation in south-western ponderosa pine forests. Data were analysed for three case studies spanning a broad geographic range of ponderosa pine ecosystems across the US Southwest at multiple spatial scales: Centennial Forest in northern Arizona (100ha); Monument Canyon Research NaturalArea(RNA)incentralNewMexico(256ha);andMicaMountaininsouthernArizona(2780ha). Wefoundthatthe percentage of available samples that recorded individual fire years (i.e. fire-scar synchrony) was correlated strongly between targeted and probabilistic datasets at all three study areas (r ¼0.85, 0.96 and 0.91 respectively). These strong positive correlations resulted predictably insimilar estimates of commonlyused statistical measures of fire frequency and cumulative area burned, including Mean Fire Return Interval (MFI) and Natural Fire Rotation (NFR). Consistent with theoretical expectations, targeted fire-scar sampling resulted in greater overall sampling efficiency and lower rates of sample attrition. Our findings demonstrate that targeted sampling in these systems can produce accurate estimates of landscape-scale fire frequency parameters relative to intensive probabilistic sampling. Received 16 February 2013, accepted 3 April 2013, published online 6 September 2013
Data-Driven Continuum Dynamics via Transport-Teleport Duality

In recent years, machine learning methods have been widely used to study physical systems that are challenging to solve with governing equations. Physicists and engineers are framing the data-driven paradigm as an alternative approach to physical sciences. In this paradigm change, the deep learning approach is playing a pivotal role. However, most learning architectures do not inherently incorporate conservation laws in the form of continuity equations, and they require dense data to learn the dynamics of conserved quantities. In this study, we introduce a clever mathematical transform to represent the classical dynamics as a point-wise process of disappearance and reappearance of a quantity, which dramatically reduces model complexity and training data for machine learning of transport phenomena. We demonstrate that just a few observational data and a simple learning model can be enough to learn the dynamics of real-world objects. The approach does not require the explicit use of governing equations and only depends on observation data. Because the continuity equation is a general equation that any conserved quantity should obey, the applicability may range from physical to social and medical sciences or any field where data are conserved quantities.
Between continuity and change in local restructuring: Facilitating path creation in local development in Vennesla, Norway

The article discusses an alternative restructuring process in Vennesla, a municipality in southern Norway. As part of the local discourse about the decline of workplaces in manufacturing industries and the threatened closure of a symbolic factory, municipal politicians and administration mobilized support and applied to the national government for funding for a restructuring project. The project failed to receive funding and an alternative restructuring process was launched, aiming to support the local capacity for collective action and learning to support restructuring. An action research project became central in the work of reorganizing local development. For the analyses, central concepts from evolutionary economic geography were adopted to address the role of ‘path dependency’ in regional development. The presented case is an example of how a development coalition, engaged in a learning process to create new paths for an industrial community, bridged the gap between continuity and change in the evolution of economic activity through a focus on action and reflection.
Surface enhanced raman spectroscopy using a single mode nanophotonic-plasmonic platform

We demonstrate the generation of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) signals from integrated bowtie antennas, excited and collected by the fundamental TE mode of a single mode silicon nitride waveguide. Due to the integrated nature of this particular single mode SERS probe one can rigorously quantify the complete enhancement process. The Stokes power, generated by a 4-nitrothiophenol-coated antenna and collected into the fundamental TE mode, exhibits an 8 × 106 enhancement compared to the free space Raman scattering of a 4-nitrothiophenol molecule. Furthermore, we present an analytical model which identifies the relevant design parameters and figure of merit for this new SERS-platform. An excellent correspondence is obtained between the theoretically predicted and experimentally observed absolute Raman power. This work paves the way toward a new class of fully integrated lab-on-a-chip systems where the single mode SERS probe can be combined with other photonic, fluidic, or biological functionalities.
Matters of Gravity, The Newsletter of the Division of Gravitational Physics of the American Physical Society, Volume 51, June 2018

DGRAV News: We hear that. DGRAV Student Travel Grants Town Hall Meeting GRG Society Research Briefs: What's new in LIGO Conference Reports: Christodoulou Conference Obituaries: Stephen Hawking (1942-2018) Joseph Polchinski (1954-2018)
Rheological behavior of fine and large particle suspensions

A new rheometric system, the ball measuring system, is used to determine the rheological behavior of fluids with large particles. To assess the applicability of the new system for debris flow material, artificial fine particle suspensions are investigated with the ball measuring system and a conventional concentric cylinder system. The agreement between the flow curves obtained by both systems is good. In a second step, defined amounts of coarser grains are added stepwise to the fine particle suspension to obtain different large particle suspensions. There is an increase in data scattering with an increase in large particle concentration. Thus, the question is raised for which grain size distribution, sediment concentration, and which process the traditional rheological approach is still appropriate when describing the flow process of debris flow mixtures. The curve fitting for the different fine and large particle suspensions is described using the Herschel–Bulkley model. Finally, the range of application for the ball measuring system is discussed. Today it is a suitable new rheometric system for fluids with particle sizes up to 10 mm and for measurements in the laminar flow field. The application for this system could potentially be expanded, for example, to measure fluids with particles sizes up to 200 mm with a large scale device.
Debris flows on Earth and Mars

This thesis explores the morphology of debris flows and their role in shaping planetary surfaces. The primary objective is to assess the scale of the present martian near-surface water budget by studying recent gullies visually similar to water-carved gullies on Earth. The potential involvement of debris flow in forming these gullies is important, because it implies the action of liquid water. To assess the role of debris flow in forming martian gullies requires a better understanding of debris flows on Earth. I first performed a detailed study of unconfined debris flows in NW Iceland and developed a model to predict their path and deposition thickness using only the morphology of the previous deposits. I used this model to define areas at risk from debris flow inundation. Secondly I have used quantitive geomorphological methods to study long profiles and digital elevation models and have successfully ascertained the geomorphic “fingerprint” of mass wasting, debris flow and pure water flow on Earth. Using these methods, I then confirmed that gullies on Mars contain the signature of debris flow. In addition, these investigations revealed a strong climatic signal in gully development. Laboratory simulation experiments showed that under present martian climate liquid water can not only survive for appreciable time-scales, but can perform significant geomorphic work. Freezing at the base of the flow not only decreases infiltration, but increases the runout of the flow. These results indicate that gullies are a product of the recent action of thaw of ice on Mars. I suggest that moderate orbital spin obliquity is required to form gullies (rather than high obliquity suggested previously), because this is consistent with their distribution, the time needed for their development, and their relative youth. Thus the surface of Mars has been wetter, more recently than previously thought.
DIAGENESIS OF THE WINNIPEG FORMATION IN MANITOBA: A REGIONAL PETROGRAPHIC STUDY

ABSTRACT Despite the widespread extent of the Winnipeg Formation in the Williston Basin and its importance as a source of silica sand in outcrop and a potential oil and gas reservoir in the subsurface, surprisingly little is known of the petrography and diagenesis of this Ordovician siliciclastic unit. The Black Island Member, the lower coarse-grained clastic unit of the formation, was sampled from subsurface core and outcrop in Manitoba, and examined using thin sections, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. A surprisingly diverse suite of authigenic minerals exists, including: quartz, K-feldspar, Na-Ca plagioclase, Ca-plagioclase, anhydrite, calcite, dolomite, ankerite, halite, illite, kaolinite, and pyrite. Although there is considerable regional variation in southern Manitoba, the generalized paragenetic sequence recognized is: 1) Quartz formation as encrusting and terminated (euhedral) overgrowths; 2) Formation of anhydrite cement and neoformed crystals; 3) Precipitation of euhedral, 5 to 50 Jim-sized feldspars; 4) Formation of anhydrite cement and neoformed crystals; 5) Dolomite precipitation; 6)Dedolomitization and formation of calcite crystals and cement; 7)Feldspar dissolution and clay mineral authigenesis; and 8) Formation of pyrite. These results show that the history of pore water solutions leading to the development of this diagenetic mineral suite is complex.