Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of varying the DC bias stripline connection angle on terahertz coplanar stripline dipole antenna characteristics

We investigated the dependence of the input impedance and radiation characteristics on the connection angle between the DC bias stripline and the center dipole of a terahertz coplanar stripline dipole antenna in a semi-infinite substrate. Three connection angles, namely 0° (typical horizontal connection), 45° (diagonal connection), and 90° (vertical connection), were examined and an overall performance comparison was provided. The antenna with a sufficiently long bias stripline exhibited a traveling-wave behavior with stable impedance variation, regardless of the connection angle between the DC bias stripline and the center dipole. The antenna with diagonal and vertical bias connections performed much better than the typical H-shaped electrode with a horizontal bias connection in terms of radiation characteristics exhibiting flat gain and low frequency cut-off of the radiation efficiency. In addition, the antenna with a diagonal bias connection exhibited a better radiation pattern and more efficient use of a given substrate area than that with a vertical bias connection. The result indicates that in terms of the overall aspect of the terahertz stripline dipole antenna designs on a high-dielectric-constant substrate, the antenna with a diagonal bias connection is the best configuration.
Methods to Compute Probabilistic Measures of Robustness for Structural Systems

Model uncertainty, if ignored, can seriously degrade the performance of an otherwise well-designed control system. If the level of this uncertainty is extreme, the system may even be driven to instability. In the context of structural control, performance degradation and instability imply excessive vibration or even structural failure. Robust control has typically been applied to the issue of model uncertainty through worst- case analyses. These traditional methods include the use of the structured singular value (μ-analysis), as applied to the small gain condition, to provide estimates of controller robustness. However, this emphasis on the worst-case scenario has not allowed a probabilistic understanding of robust control. Because of this, an attempt to view controller robustness as a probability measure is presented. As a result, a much more intuitive insight into controller robustness can be obtained. In this context, the joint probability distribution is of dimension equal to the number of uncertain parameters, and the failure hypersurface is defined by the onset of instability of the closed-loop system in the eigenspace. A first-order reliability measure (FORM) of the system is computed and used to estimate controller robustness. It is demonstrated via an example that this FORM method can provide accurate results on the probability of failure despite the potential complexity of the closed-loop. In addition to the FORM method, a probabilistic measure of robustness is developed based on the fundamentals of μ-analysis. It is shown that the μ-analysis based method is inferior to the FORM method and can only have qualitative value when assessing control system robustness in a probabilistic framework.
Calculable resistors of coaxial design

1000 Ω and 1290.64 Ω coaxial resistors with calculable frequency dependence have been realized at PTB to be used in quantum Hall effect-based impedance measurements. In contradistinction to common designs of coaxial resistors, the design described in this paper makes it possible to remove the resistive element from the shield and to handle it without cutting the outer cylindrical shield of the resistor. Emphasis has been given to manufacturing technology and suppressing unwanted sources of frequency dependence. The adjustment accuracy is better than 10 µΩ Ω−1.
The fluid dynamics of rolling wheels at low Reynolds number

Abstract We study the fluid dynamics of rolling wheels at Reynolds number ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} \leq 1000$ (where ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} $ is the Reynolds number based on the wheel diameter), with the objective of characterizing the various regimes of steady and unsteady motion. Regardless of the Reynolds number, the flow is found to separate approximately $1{0}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $ upstream of the apex of the wheel, where a saddle point in the pseudo-streamtrace pattern is observed. Under the flow conditions here essayed, the drag coefficient steadily decreases with ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} $ , and the lift coefficient remains strictly positive. The positive lift provided by the rolling wheel is associated with the presence of a strong (positive) peak of the static pressure in the upstream proximity of the contact point with the ground, which we interpret as the result of the impingement of flow particles entrained in the boundary layer that develops on the front part of the wheel. Steady laminar flow is observed up to ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} \approx 300$ , which is characterized by a three-dimensional wake whose length increases with the Reynolds number. Unsteadiness is first observed at ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} \approx 400$ , under which conditions the flow retains planar symmetry, and is characterized by the quasi-periodic shedding of hairpin vortices. Transition to three-dimensional flow happens at ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} \approx 500$ , in which case a sinuous mode of instability in the wheel wake is established, which modulates the shedding of the hairpins, and which causes the onset of a non-zero side force. At the highest Reynolds number considered here ( ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} = 1000$ ) the wake exhibits some characters of turbulence, with wide-band frequency spectra, and its topology entirely changes, becoming split into two parts, and being much shortened compared to the lower- ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} $ cases. Despite the limitation of the study to low Reynolds numbers we find that, once significant three-dimensionality and scale separation are established in the wheel wake, the nature of the flow becomes qualitatively similar to fully developed turbulent flow. In perspective, this observation opens interesting avenues for the prediction of unsteady flow around rotating tyres at moderate computational cost.
“Too Soon” to count? How gender and race cloud notability considerations on Wikipedia

While research has explored the extent of gender bias and the barriers to women's inclusion on English-language Wikipedia, very little research has focused on the problem of racial bias within the encyclopedia. Despite advocacy groups' efforts to incrementally improve representation on Wikipedia, much is unknown regarding how biographies are assessed after creation. Applying a combination of web-scraping, deep learning, natural language processing, and qualitative analysis to pages of academics nominated for deletion on Wikipedia, we demonstrate how Wikipedia's notability guidelines are unequally applied across race and gender. We find that online presence predicts whether a Wikipedia page is kept or deleted for white male academics but that this metric is idiosyncratically applied for female and BIPOC academics. Further, women's pages, regardless of race, were more likely to be deemed “too soon” for Wikipedia. A deeper analysis of the deletion archives reveals that when the tag is used on a woman's biography it is done so outside of the community guidelines, referring to one's career stage rather than media/online coverage. We argue that awareness of hidden biases on Wikipedia is critical to the objective and equitable application of the notability criteria across race and gender both on the encyclopedia and beyond.
Application of the multiplicative regularized contrast source inversion method on 3D experimental Fresnel data

This paper presents the results of inversion of multi-frequency electromagnetic scattered field data, measured by the Institute of Fresnel, Marseille, France, from three-dimensional (3D) homogeneous objects, both for co-polarization and cross-polarization antenna orientations. The reconstructions were obtained by using the multiplicative regularized contrast source inversion (MR-CSI) method. The inversion results indicated that the MR-CSI is able to robustly and efficiently invert these 3D data sets using minimal a priori information.
Noninvasive blood glucose assay using a newly developed near-infrared system

This paper reports in vivo near-infrared (NIR) noninvasive blood glucose assay using dermis tissue spectra. We assume that the glucose content in dermis tissue traces the variations in blood glucose. For dermis spectra measurements, epidermis, especially stratum corneum, acts as an interference in skin tissue. Thus, we have developed a method for the selective measurement of dermis tissue spectra, enabling us to obtain better quality spectra for an accurate blood glucose assay. The selective measurement of the dermis spectra realized by using a newly developed fiber-optic probe that consists of source and detector optical fibers separated by 0.65 mm on a skin surface. The light path in the skin tissue for this geometry has been simulated by a Monte Carlo method. The simulation results show that detected light mainly interrogates dermis tissue. As the absorbance signal of glucose in human tissue is extremely small, the quality of the measured spectra is critical for the reliable assay. The present method for blood glucose assay has been applied to one Type 1 diabetic. The correlation coefficient between the blood glucose content predicted by NIR spectra and those measured by finger-prick was 0.928 and the standard error of prediction was 32.2 mg/dL. These results demonstrate the potential of our methodology for noninvasive NIR blood glucose assay.
The wavelet transform function to analyze interplanetary scintillation observations

Interplanetary scintillation (IPS) observations are useful to remotely sense the inner heliosphere. We present a new technique to analyze IPS observations using a wavelet transform (WT) function. This technique allows us to derive, in a straightforward way, a simple method to obtain the scintillation index (m). We tested this WT technique to analyze IPS observations obtained by the Solar‐Terrestrial Environment Laboratory (STEL) radio telescope. The analysis of the m index of the radio source 3C48 detected by STEL over the year 2012 shows the expected decrease with solar elongation reported in previous studies. The WT technique has a great potential for future solar wind studies using IPS observations from contemporary radio telescopes.
A Review to Find Elicitation Methods for Business Process Automation Software

Several organizations have invested in business process automation software to improve their processes. Unstandardized processes with high variance and unstructured data encumber the requirements elicitation for business process automation software. This study conducted a systematic literature review to discover methods to understand business processes and elicit requirements for business process automation software. The review revealed many methods used to understand business processes, but only one was employed to elicit requirements for business process automation software. In addition, the review identified some challenges and opportunities. The challenges of developing a business process automation software include dealing with business processes, meeting the needs of the organization, choosing the right approach, and adapting to changes in the process during the development. These challenges open opportunities for proposing specific approaches to elicit requirements in this context.
High resolution current profiler

A High Resolution Current Profiler (HRCP) system has been developed which employs a pulse-to-pulse coherent Doppler technique to measure ocean current profiles with high spatial, temporal, and velocity resolution. This technique is conceptually similar to the conventional single pulse incoherent Doppler technique, except that the Doppler frequency shift is computed, by comparison of sequential pulse echoes rather than from a single pulse. This method leads to a much improved current measurement precision. The developmental HRCP measures vertical profiles of water velocity over a 10 meter range, with a depth resolution of 20 cm. Velocity measurement precision is approximately 0.5 cm/sec at a 3.3 Hz sampling rate. The HRCP development has been carried out by RD Instruments under contract to Det norske Veritas, Norway.
Monitoring Growth and Removal of Pseudomonas Biofilms on Cellulose-Based Fabrics

Biofilms are often tolerant towards routine cleaning and disinfection processes. As they can grow on fabrics in household or healthcare settings, resulting in odors and serious health problems, it is necessary to contain biofilms through eradication strategies. The current study proposes a novel test model for the growth and removal of biofilms on textiles with Pseudomonas fluorescens and the opportunistic nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa as model organisms. To assess the biofilm removal on fabrics, (1) a detergent-based, (2) enzyme-based, and (3) combined formulation of both detergent and enzymes (F1/2) were applied. Biofilms were analyzed microscopically (FE-SEM, SEM, 3D laser scanning- and epifluorescence microscopy), via a quartz crystal microbalance with mass dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) as well as plate counting of colonies. This study indicated that Pseudomonas spp. form robust biofilms on woven cellulose that can be efficiently removed via F1/2, proven by a significant reduction (p < 0.001) of viable bacteria in biofilms. Moreover, microscopic analysis indicated a disruption and almost complete removal of the biofilms after F1/2 treatment. QCM-D measurements further confirmed a maximal mass dissipation change after applying F1/2. The combination strategy applying both enzymes and detergent is a promising antibiofilm approach to remove bacteria from fabrics.
Some Results on Generalized Inverses

B = S0B + (I S? S)Y, where Y is an arbitrary matrix of appropriate dimensions. The matrix S0 is called a generalized inverse of S and has the property SSgs = S. Four types of generalized inverses can be defined as follows: DEFINITION 1. Sg is said to be a generalized inverse of S if (1.1) SSgS = S. DEFINITION 2. Sr is said to be a reflexive generalized inverse of S if (1.2) SSrS = S and SrSSr = Sr. DEFINITION 3. Sn is said to be a normalized generalized inverse of S if (1.3) SS'S = , S) SS = S', and (SS')* = SS'. DEFINITION 4. St is said to be the pseudoinverse of S if
A Fixed Point Convergence Theorem in Euclidean Spaces and its Application to Non-Bayesian Learning in Social Networks

I characterize the fixed points of continuous and (neighbor-)constricting functions f:ℝ^{v}→ℝ^{v} and show that each recursively defined sequence x^{k 1}=f(x^{k}), k=0,1,2,. converges to a fixed point of f. The results are applied to generalize the existing results on convergence of beliefs of non-Bayesian agents in social networks of DeGroot (1974), DeMarzo, Vayanos and Zwiebel (2003), and Golub and Jackson (2010).
Relationship between pain, nerve injury and clinical outcomes after flexor tendon injuries in zones 1-2: a retrospective cohort study

Introduction The influence of pain and a concomitant digital nerve injury on the course of rehabilitation after flexor tendon injury remains ambiguous. The objectives of the study were to: i) analyse the evolution of pain spanning one year after a primary flexor tendon repair in zones 1–3; ii) examine the differences in pain levels in patients with and without digital nerve injury; and iii) evaluate the relationship between pain, digital nerve injury and pain medication, total active motion (TAM), DASH scores and patient satisfaction. Methods Data from 189 patients were retrieved from a flexor tendon registry between 2014 and 2020. Differences in pain, TAM, DASH and patient satisfaction were analysed. Multiple linear and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between clinical outcomes. Results Pain significantly decreased in the course of rehabilitation (p < 0.001 to 0.006). No relationship could be identified between nerve injury and pain (p = 0.21–0.97). In week 6, the presence of pain and a nerve injury were significantly associated with lower TAM scores (p = 0.001). In week 13, pain during motion (p < 0.001) and the presence of a nerve injury (p = 0.036) were significantly associated with worse DASH scores. Patient satisfaction was significantly inversely correlated to pain during motion in weeks 13 and 26 (p < 0.001). Conclusion We found a significant relationship between pain during motion and pain medication intake, TAM, DASH scores and patient satisfaction. It is therefore advisable to closely monitor this parameter after flexor tendon injuries. Study registration This multi-center cohort study is registered under https://clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04312412.
Dyadic Green's functions for general uniaxial media

The dyadic Green's functions in three dimensions are constructed for a general uniaxial medium. This is a structure whereby the presence of a distinguished axis introduces an anisotropy into the constitutive relations of the medium. All four dyadic Green's functions (which are of the electric, magnetic and mixed types) are given and some of their properties (for example, symmetries) are discussed. By specifying the source to an electric dipole it is shown how singularities of the Green's functions have to be treated. The presented results can be applied to magnetised plasmas, magnetised ferrites and other substrates for microwave and optical devices as well as for moving isotropic media.
Estimation of Interaction Potentials of Marked Spatial Point Patterns Through the Maximum Likelihood Method

The likelihood procedure in estimating interaction potentials of spatial point patterns is developed for a set of point locations with attached marks, where the potential functions depend on the marks. Approximate log likelihood functions are derived under the assumption that the point patterns do not deviate much from the Poisson pattern in some sense. Some methods examining this assumption are provided. Analyses of ecological data sets are discussed through a model selection procedure.
Identification, 3D-Reconstruction, and Classification of Dangerous Road Cracks

Advances in semiconductor technology and wireless sensor networks have permitted the development of automated inspection at diverse scales (machine, human, infrastructure, environment, etc.). However, automated identification of road cracks is still in its early stages. This is largely owing to the difficulty obtaining pavement photographs and the tiny size of flaws (cracks). The existence of pavement cracks and potholes reduces the value of the infrastructure, thus the severity of the fracture must be estimated. Annually, operators in many nations must audit thousands of kilometers of road to locate this degradation. This procedure is costly, sluggish, and produces fairly subjective results. The goal of this work is to create an efficient automated system for crack identification, extraction, and 3D reconstruction. The creation of crack-free roads is critical to preventing traffic deaths and saving lives. The proposed method consists of five major stages: detection of flaws after processing the input picture with the Gaussian filter, contrast adjustment, and ultimately, threshold-based segmentation. We created a database of road cracks to assess the efficacy of our proposed method. The result obtained are commendable and outperform previous state-of-the-art studies.
Nanopatterning by solid-state dewetting on reconstructed ceramic surfaces

We demonstrate ordered array formation of Au nanoparticles by controlled solid-state dewetting of a metal film on stepped alumina substrates. In situ transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that the dewetting process starts with nucleation of ordered dry regions on the substrate. The chemical potential difference between concave and convex surface regions induces anisotropic metal diffusion leading to the formation of nanowires in the valleys. The nanowires fragment due to Rayleigh instability forming arrays of metal nanoparticles on the substrate. The length scale of reconstruction relative to the starting film thickness is an important parameter in controlling the spatial order of the nanoparticles.
A Result on Global Existence of Solutions to the b-Family of Equations Under Periodic Initial Conditions

Wave breaking is a phenomenon well-studied in the context of shallow water waves. This paper attempts to connect wave breaking to the global existence of solutions for the periodic peakon b-family of equations. New results on existence of global strong solutions to periodic b-family equations are presented. Periodic initial profile is considered because of strong physical evidence of such behavior of ocean (shallow) waves.
Detection of curved edges at subpixel accuracy using deformable models

One approach to the detection of curves at subpixel accuracy involves the reconstruction of such features from subpixel edge data points. A new technique is presented for reconstructing and segmenting curves with subpixel accuracy using deformable models. A curve is represented as a set of interconnected Hermite splines forming a snake generated from the subpixel edge information that minimises the global energy functional integral over the set. While previous work on the minimisation was mostly based on the Euler-Lagrange transformation, the authors use the finite element method to solve the energy minimisation equation. The advantages of this approach over the Euler-Lagrange transformation approach are that the method is straightforward, leads to positive m-diagonal symmetric matrices, and has the ability to cope with irregular geometries such as junctions and corners. The energy functional integral solved using this method can also be used to segment the features by searching for the location of the maxima of the first derivative of the energy over the elementary curve set.
A CATALOG OF ULTRAVIOLET INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION EXCESSES FOR 1415 STARS

Ultraviolet interstellar extinction excesses are presented for 1415 stars with spectral types B7 and earlier. The excesses with respect to V are derived from Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) 5-channel UV photometry at central wavelengths of approximately 1550, 1800, 2500, and 3300 A. A measure of the excess extinction in the 2200-A extinction bump is also given. The data are valuable for investigating the systematics of peculiar interstellar extinction and for studying the character of UV interstellar extinction in the general direction of stars for which the extinction-curve shape is unknown.
Individual-level determinants of current trade union membership and previous trade union membership in European countries

Abstract This article aimed to explore the individual-level determinants of current and previous trade union memberships and to question if certain patterns are prevalent among European countries. Accordingly, repeated logit models across 15 European countries are applied drawing on the ninth round of the European Social Survey data. Variables are selected primarily considering the supply–demand theory, which explains the union membership based on the idea that employees are seeking to maximise the utility through cost and benefit analysis. In this context, this article offers a comprehensive analysis of the determinants of trade union membership with findings suggesting that personal, occupational and workplace characteristics affect current membership while occupational and workplace characteristics have effects with inverse directions on current membership and previous membership.