Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations of Ice Microphysics through the Melting Layer

AbstractThe detailed microphysical processes and properties within the melting layer (ML)—the continued growth of the aggregates by the collection of the small particles, the breakup of these aggregates, the effects of relative humidity on particle melting—are largely unresolved. This study focuses on addressing these questions for in-cloud heights from just above to just below the ML. Observations from four field programs employing in situ measurements from above to below the ML are used to characterize the microphysics through this region. With increasing temperatures from about −4° to +1°C, and for saturated conditions, slope and intercept parameters of exponential fits to the particle size distributions (PSD) fitted to the data continue to decrease downward, the maximum particle size (largest particle sampled for each 5-s PSD) increases, and melting proceeds from the smallest to the largest particles. With increasing temperature from about −4° to +2°C for highly subsaturated conditions, the PSD slope .
Fatal non‐accidental pediatric cranial fracture risk and three‐layered cranial architecture development

This study examines the influence of three‐layered cranial architecture development upon blunt force trauma (BFT) cranial outcomes associated with pediatric non‐accidental injury (NAI). Macroscopic and microscopic metric and morphological comparisons of subadult crania ranging from perinatal to 17 years of age chronicle the ontogenetic development and spatial and temporal variability in the emergence of a mature cranial architecture. Cranial vault thickness increases with subadult age, accelerating in the first 2 years of life due to rapid brain growth during this period. Three‐layer differentiation of the cranial tables and diploë initiates by 3–6 months but is not consistently observed until 18 months to 2 years; diploë formation is not well developed until after age 4 and does not manifest a mature appearance until after age 8. These results allow topographic documentation of cortical and diploic development and temporal and spatial variability across the growing cranium. The lateral cranial vault is identified as expressing delayed development and reduced expression of the three‐layer architecture, a pattern that continues into adulthood. Comparison of fracture locations from known BFT pediatric cases with identified cranial fracture high‐risk impact regions shows a concordance and suggests the presence of a higher fracture risk associated with non‐accidental BFT in the lateral vault region in subadults below the age of 2. The absence or lesser development of a three‐layered architecture in subadults leaves their cranial bones, particularly in the lateral vault, thin and vulnerable to the effects of BFT.
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signalling: targeted therapy in neurogenic tumours

Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), a transmembrane receptor protein, has been found to play a pivotal role in neural development. This protein is encoded by the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (NTRK2) gene, and its abnormal activation caused by NTRK2 overexpression or fusion can contribute to tumour initiation, progression, and resistance to therapeutics in multiple types of neurogenic tumours. Targeted therapies for this mechanism have been designed and developed in preclinical and clinical studies, including selective TrkB inhibitors and pan‐TRK inhibitors. This review describes the gene structure, biological function, abnormal TrkB activation mechanism, and current‐related targeted therapies in neurogenic tumours.
7.5 GHz Near-Zero Temperature Coefficient of Frequency Lithium Niobate Resonator

This work presents a low temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) and high-performance S4 mode acoustic resonator based on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$128^{\circ} \text{Y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> LiNbO3/SiO2/a-Si/Si (trap-rich layer assisted LiNbO3-on-insulator, TR-LNOI) substrate. The electromechanical coupling, quality factor, and TCF are optimized for S4 mode by adjusting the thickness ratio of stack layers and the geometry design of the inter-digital transducer. The optimized resonators exhibit a TCF of resonant frequency as low as 0.24 ppm/K, an electromechanical coupling (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${k}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 14.8%, a maximum quality factor (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q}_{\text {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 1406 at 7.43 GHz, resulting a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${k}^{{2}}\cdot {Q}_{\text {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 208. This work greatly extends the limit of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}_{s}\cdot {k}^{{2}}\cdot {Q}_{\text {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for suspended thin-film resonators to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${7.43}\times {208}={1545}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a near-zero TCF of resonant frequency.
A Gate-Level Information Leakage Detection Framework of Sequential Circuit Using Z3

Hardware intellectual property (IP) cores from untrusted vendors are widely used, raising security concerns for system designers. Although formal methods provide powerful solutions for detecting malicious behaviors in hardware, the participation of manual work prevents the methods from reaching practical applications. For example, Information Flow Tracking (IFT) represents a powerful approach to preventing leakage of sensitive information. However, existing IFT solutions either introduce hardware overheads or lack practical automatic working procedures, especially for hardware sequential logic. To alleviate these challenges, we propose a framework that fully automates information leakage detection at the gate level of hardware. This framework introduces Z3, an SMT solver, to automatically check the violation of confidentiality. On the other hand, an automatic tool is developed to remove the manual workload further. In this tool, the gate level hardware is converted to the formal model firstly, and the integrity of the model is assessed. Along with the model converting step, the property for leakage detection is generated as well. The proposed solution is tested on 25 gate-level netlist benchmarks, where sequential designs are included to validate the effectiveness. As a result, Trojans leaking information from circuit outputs can be automatically detected. The measured time consumption of the entire working procedure validates the efficiency of the proposed approach.
GESTRA - upgrading to future distributed phased array radar networks for space surveillance

More and more objects are orbiting the Earth. Especially mega-constellations lead to a big number of artificial objects in space, both active and debris. This increasing amount of space debris is becoming more and more dangerous for human spaceflight. An accurate catalogue of the debris particles orbiting the Earth enables satellites to avoid collisions. The space surveillance radar GESTRA, which was developed by Fraunhofer FHR, is a first step to create a German catalogue of objects in space. Additional transmitter and receiver units are built to create a distributed phased array radar network to increase the detection performance and accuracy of the GESTRA systems, allowing to detect even smaller debris particles with simultaniously decreased estimation uncertainity.
Pelabelan Otomatis Lexicon Vader dan Klasifikasi Naive Bayes dalam menganalisis sentimen data ulasan PLN Mobile

PT PLN (Persero) mengembangkan aplikasi PLN Mobile untuk menyediakan layanan kelistrikan melalui aplikasi mobile. Ulasan di Google Play Store diberi peringkat dari 1 hingga 5, tetapi pengguna sering memberikan peringkat yang tidak sesuai dengan ulasan mereka, jadi ini tidak cukup menggambarkan kualitas aplikasi. Aplikasi PLN Mobile berisi begitu banyak ulasan atau data ulasan yang membaca semuanya akan sulit dan memakan waktu. Sistem klasifikasi digunakan untuk mengukur sentimen publik. Analisis sentimen dilakukan terhadap 1000 sampel review yang dikumpulkan melalui PLN Mobile App antara Januari hingga Juni 2022. Langkah-langkah dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan meninjau teknik pengumpulan data seperti web scraping, machine translation, data labeling, text preprocessing, TF-IDF , klasifikasi teks, dan evaluasi model. Hasil untuk pendekatan klasifikasi teks berbasis Lexicon, yang akan menggunakan pendekatan berbasis kamus Vader Lexicon, adalah 489 sentimen positif, 145 sentimen negatif, dan 366 netral. Berdasarkan hasil perbandingan kelas positif, netral, dan negatif terhadap 1000 sampel data dari Vader Lexicon, kelas positif mendapat rating 67%, kelas netral mendapat rating 6%, dan kelas negatif mendapat rating. dari 27%. Metode Naive Bayes juga digunakan dalam proses klasifikasi. Untuk distribusi data uji dan data latih, penulis menggunakan rasio data split 90:10. Proses evaluasi matriks konfusi memiliki tingkat akurasi 70%.
Line defects in solid continua and point particles in (2 + 1)-dimensional gravity

Solutions of a topological gauge theory of the group are identified with geometries of rectilinear topological defects in solid continua. The defect solutions are classified by isolated singularities of holomorphic functions and correspond to disclinations and dislocations, both of planar and screw type. Dislocations are represented as dipoles of disclinations. The interrelationship of the defect solutions with geometries of elementary particles in (2 + 1)-dimensional gravity is discussed.
Leakage current by Frenkel–Poole emission in Ni/Au Schottky contacts on Al0.83In0.17N/AlN/GaN heterostructures

In order to determine the reverse-bias leakage current mechanisms in Schottky diodes on Al0.83In0. 17N/AlN/GaN heterostructures, the temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements were performed in the temperature range of 250–375 K. In this temperature range, the leakage current was found to be in agreement with the predicted characteristics, which is based on the Frenkel–Poole emission model. The analysis of the reverse current-voltage characteristics dictates that the main process in leakage current flow is the emission of electrons from a trapped state near the metal-semiconductor interface into a continuum of states which associated with each conductive dislocation.
Investigation of the planar and inverted structure of Cu 2 O/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ∕ PCBM perovskite solar cell with and without the CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 layer

In recent years, the intense demand, because of attitude to renewable and the non-biode-gradable energy have accelerated the transformations of solar cell technologies, especially, Pb-based halides perovskite solar cells attracted the attention of researchers. One of the advantages of these cells is the low cost due to the use of cost-effective materials -in addition to- the construction methods in their structure, but these cells face challenges such as inadequate stability and hysteresis. This paper is about investigation of the planar and inverted structure of Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) with the inorganic hole transport layer, which has relatively less vulnerability to the instability and hysteresis that show acceptable efficiency. The proposed and examined structure in the research includes two new arrangements including a layer of CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 . Initially, the power conversion efficiency in this structure was obtained 11% by using simulation which compared and validated through experimental work. Then, the simulation results have shown an increase in the power conversion efficiency by adding a CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 layer to the structure from 11.94% to 23.21%. The best power conversion efficiency has been observed by the 300 nm thickness of the CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 layer.
H ∞ observer-based sliding mode control for singularly perturbed systems with input nonlinearity

This paper considers the problem of H ∞ observer-based sliding mode control for singularly perturbed systems with input nonlinearities. First, a proper observer is designed such that the observer error system with disturbance attenuation level is asymptotically stable. Then, an observer-based sliding surface is constructed under which a criterion for the input-to-state stability (ISS) of the sliding mode dynamics with respect to the observer error is obtained via linear matrix inequality. The criterion presented is independent of the small parameter, and the upper bound for ISS can be obtained efﬁciently. In addition, a sliding mode control law is synthesized to guarantee the reachability of the sliding surface in the state estimation space. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.
The effect of the electron-phonon coupling on the effective thermal conductivity of metal-nonmetal multilayers

The metal-nonmetal interface plays a critical role in modern electronic and energy conversion devices. For example, metal-nonmetal multilayered structures have recently been proposed as promising materials for solid-state thermionic devices, which could potentially achieve an efficiency that might not be feasible for metals or semiconductors alone. In this work, the effective thermal conductivity of a metal-nonmetal multilayered system (superlattices) is studied using the two-temperature model of heat conduction. By defining the total interfacial thermal resistance, which strongly depends on the electron-phonon coupling factor, it is shown that the thermal conductivity of the system has a simple interpretation as the sum of thermal resistances in series. The role of the electron-phonon coupling and the phonon-phonon interfacial thermal resistance on the total interfacial thermal resistance is discussed. The derived analytical expressions show that the effective thermal conductivity of the multilayered str.
Array metrology system for an optical long-baseline interferometer

We describe the array metrology system of the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer, a long-baseline interferometer whose purpose is to determine precise positions of bright stars and image the surfaces and circumstellar environments of stars and stellar systems. For the astrometric array of the NPOI to achieve its design goal of wide-angle astrometric precision of 1-3 milliarcseconds on 20 m baselines, an extensive laser metrology system is employed to measure the three-dimensional motions of those baselines with respect to an Earth-fixed reference system to an accuracy of approximately 100 nm. The array metrology system is described, along with its associated data analysis software, test results, and the application of those results to the analysis of astrometric data. It is shown that at the current stage of its development, the array metrology system is capable of monitoring the variations in the geometry of the astrometric array with micron-level precision.
Brain activation to Japanese words spoken with incorrect pitch accent

In this study, brain activation when listening to spoken Japanese with incorrect pitch accents was investigated. In the event-related fMRI experiment, four kinds of stimuli were prepared. (1) NORMAL: Real words with a correct pitch accent. (2) INCORRECT: Real words with incorrect pitch accent. (3) PSEUDO: Pseudo-words, and (4) BASE: amplitude-modulated pseudo-speech noise. Fifteen normal right-handed participants were scanned by functional MRI while listening to these stimuli. Region of interest (ROI) analyses were performed. The contrast between INCORRECT and NORMAL revealed significant activation in the bilateral inferior frontal, the bilateral precentral, and the left supplementary motor area, and the right superior temporal gyrus. The result supports the view that speech perception is a sensory-motor process, and suggests that when the pitch accent of the stimulus does not match the template, silent rehearsal might be repeated to enable a lexical decision to be made.
Optical and structural properties of TiO 2 nanocomposite doped by Si and Cu at high temperature

The TiO 2 nanocomposite doped by Si and Cu were prepared via sol–gel method under process control. The effects of doping and calcination temperature on the structural and photo-catalytic properties of applied nanocomposite have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, FTIR and UV–vis absorption spectroscope. XRD results suggest that adding dopants has a great effect on the crystallinity and particle size of TiO 2 . Titania rutile phase formation was inhibited by Si 4 + and promoted by Cu 2 + addition doping. The activity of the photocatalyst was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation kinetics of aqueous methyl orange under visible radiation. The results show that the photocatalytic activity of the 20% Si doped TiO 2 nanocomposite have a larger degradation efﬁciency than 5% Cu doped TiO 2 under visible light.
Distributed robust H ∞ control of connected eco-driving system with time-varying delay and external disturbances in the vicinity of trafﬁc signals

In order to improve trafﬁc efﬁciency and reducefuelconsumptionandCO 2 emission,mostexist-ing models are considered as an optimization problem. However, these models cannot provide a satis-factory solution when nonlinear time-varying system and external disturbances are investigated for connected vehicles in the vicinity of trafﬁc signals. In this paper, connected eco-driving system with time-varying delay and external disturbances in the vicinity of trafﬁc signals is proposed from cyber-physical perspective ﬁrstly. Second, distributed robust H ∞ control of connected eco-driving system is investigated by adopting Lyapunov–Krasovskii stability theory and the feedback controller is designed to attenuate that closed-loop system is robustly stable with disturbance attenuation level. Third, the sufﬁcient conditions for the state feed-D
Numerical simulation of nonlinear kink instabilities on supersonic shear layers

Nonlinear kink instabilities of high-Reynolds-number supersonic shear layers have been studied using high-resolution computer simulations with the piecewise-parabolic-method (PPM). The transition region between the two fluids of the shear layer is spread out over many computational zones to avoid numerical effects introduced on the smallest lengthscales. Mach number, density contrast, and perturbation speed and amplitude were varied to study their effects on the growth of the kink instabilities. In response to a perturbing sound wave, a travelling kink mode grows in amplitude until enough of a disturbance on the shear layer has been created for it to roll up and rapidly grow in thickness. The time it takes for this rapid growth to be initiated is proportional to the initial shear-layer thickness and increases for increasing Mach number or decreasing perturbation amplitude. For equal density, Mach 4 shear layers, perturbed by a sound wave with a 2% amplitude at the travelling mode velocity, the growth time is τg = (546 ± 24) δ/c, where c is the sound speed and δ the half-width of the shear layer.
Research on Knowledge Change Rate-Based Attribute Importance Measure Method

For the problem of attribute importance measure, basing on the decision information system, and according to the characteristics and shortcomings of the existing measure modes, we discussed the associated features between the lower and upper approximation of decision classes and the knowledge in system. Then, we constructed an attribute importance measure mode based on the knowledge change rate, and analyzed the features of the constructing measure mode from different angles. Theoretical analysis and example calculation show that the established mode is a supplement and perfect for the existing measure modes, and it not only can effectively use the existed information to reveal the associated features among each attribute, but also have a good structural characteristic and strong interpretability. It has a broad application prospect among information fusion, fuzzy decision, comprehensive evaluation and so on.
A modified Polak–Ribière–Polyak conjugate gradient algorithm for large-scale optimization problems

Mathematical programming is a rich and well-advanced area in operations research. However, there are still many challenging problems in mathematical programming, and the large-scale optimization problem is one of them. In this article, a modified Polak–Ribière–Polyak conjugate gradient algorithm that incorporates a non-monotone line search technique is presented. This method possesses not only gradient value information but also function value information. Moreover, the sufficient descent condition holds without any line search. Under suitable conditions, the global convergence is established for non-convex functions. Numerical results show that the proposed method is competitive with other conjugate gradient methods for large-scale optimization problems.
Bi-level Optimization Model of PMU Fault Recovery Based on Observability

Aiming at the failure of PMU caused by cyber-attacks and extreme natural disasters, a bi-level optimization model of PMU fault recovery based on observability is proposed in this paper. By optimizing the sequential restoration of PMU, the control center can maximize the state observability of the system under the condition of limited recovery resources and adjust the power in real time according to the recovered observable nodes, so as to alleviate the power imbalance caused by a disturbance in the recovery process. The upper optimization model takes the maximum observable branch power flow as the optimization objective, and the lower optimization model is constructed as the DC optimal power flow model with the lowest power generation cost. The upper and lower models are coupled by the branch power flow and the node observation state. Then, the lower model is transformed into KKT conditions through Lagrange multiplication, and the nonlinear objectives and constraints are linearized so that the bi-level model can be transformed into a single-level mixed integer linear programming model for solving. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by simulation analysis of IEEE39 standard systems.
Modeling the Environment: An Introduction To System Dynamics Modeling Of Environmental Systems

"Modeling the Environment" is the first introductory textbook for a technique of rapidly growing importance. It requires little or no mathematical background, and is appropriate for undergraduate environmental students as well as professionals new to modelling. Developed from the author's own introductory course, it is classroom-tested and represents an important contribution to the field of system dynamics.Modeling techniques that allow managers and researchers to see in advance the consequences of actions and policies are becoming increasingly important to environmental management. The models produced are vital analytical tools that aid the policy-setting and implementation process, and help us to understand how environmental systems respond to management interventions. "Modeling the Environment" is a basic introduction to one of the most widely known and used modeling techniques, system dynamics. The book is designed to build the skills of students as they progress from learning fundamental ideas to constructing models of increasing complexity. Written in a clear and comprehensible style, the book: presents basic concepts of modeling using system dynamics illustrates the mechanics of model construction through a range of working models offers a rich array of exercises for students to use in applying the principles and techniques described in the text walks students through the design and application of models of specific types of environmental systemsIn addition, the book contains more than 300 figures and model illustrations, and provides a guide to an interactive website where students can use the text to "navigate" management flight simulators - models of both real and hypotheticalsystems developed by the author. The book also contains appendixes that help students review the necessary math, and which provide additional concepts and exercises for further study.