Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Research on Fuzzy Clustering Method Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm in Intrusion Detection

Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm (FCM) is widely applied to the intrusion detection. To acquire a better division for intrusion data, a new method (DEFCM) presented in the paper which combines FCM and differential evolution algorithm (DE) is found application. As a start, several randomly initiated partitions are optimized by FCM, and then the result is provided to differential evolution algorithm. After that, the combined result is sent to FCM again to adjust the partition and obtain the final answer. The method can improve detection performance effectively. The KDDCUP1999 data set is used in the simulation experiment, and the result proves that the DEFCM algorithm has a comparatively high detection rate in intrusion detection.
Stochastic Learning in Potential Games: Communication and Payoff-Based Approaches

Game theory serves as a powerful tool for distributed optimization in multi-agent systems in different applications. In this paper we consider multi-agent systems that can be modeled by means of potential games whose potential function coincides with a global objective function to be maximized. In this approach, the agents correspond to the strategic decision makers and the optimization problem is equivalent to the problem of learning a potential function maximizer in the designed game. The paper deals with two different information settings in the system. Firstly, we consider systems, where agents have the access to the gradient of their utility functions. However, they do not possess the full information about the joint actions. Thus, to be able to move along the gradient toward a local optimum, they need to exchange the information with their neighbors by means of communication. The second setting refers to a payoff-based approach to learning potential function maximizers. Here, we assume that at each iteration agents can only observe their own played actions and experienced payoffs. In both cases, the paper studies unconstrained non-convex optimization with a differentiable objective function. To develop the corresponding algorithms guaranteeing convergence to a local maximum of the potential function in the game, we utilize the idea of the well-known Robbins-Monro procedure based on the theory of stochastic approximation.
Weak Solution of a Doubly Degenerate Parabolic Equation

This paper studies a fourth-order, nonlinear, doubly-degenerate parabolic equation derived from the thin film equation in spherical geometry. A regularization method is used to study the equation and several useful estimates are obtained. The main result of this paper is to prove the existence of a weak solution of the equation in a weighted Sobolev space.
Prednisolone pharmacokinetics after oral prednisone administration in paediatric patients with kidney transplant

Glucocorticoids are 1 of the primary treatments in paediatric kidney transplantation. The aims of this study were: (i) to build a population pharmacokinetics (PPK) model of free prednisolone, which is the active form of prednisone, in paediatric kidney transplant recipients; (ii) to identify covariates accounting for interindividual variability (IIV) of pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters; and (iii) to investigate drug exposure–safety relationships.
An explicit upper bound of the argument of Dirichlet $L$-functions on the generalized Riemann hypothesis

We prove an explicit upper bound of the function $S(t,\chi)$, defined by the argument of Dirichlet $L$-functions. An explicit upper bound of the function $S_1(t)$, defined by the integral of the argument of the Riemann zeta-function, have already been obtained by A. Fujii. Our result is obtained by applying an idea of Fujii's result on $S_1(t)$. The constant part of the explicit upper bound of $S(t,\chi)$ in this paper does not depend on a primitive Dirichlet character $\chi\pmod {q>1}$.
VLA Observations of the Herbig-Haro 1-2 System

A detailed VLA multiconfiguration and multifrequency study of Herbig-Haro (HH) objects 1 and 2 and their central source of energy is presented. It is found that the central radio source is elongated with its major axis pointing to the brightest condensations in HH 1 and HH 2. The flux and angular size of the central source have a frequency dependence consistent with that expected for a bipolar, confined jet. The ionized outflow observed in association with the central source appears to be insufficient to drive HH 1 and 2. The dominant radio condensation in HH 1 and HH 2 and four additional sources in the field are detected. 30 refs.
On the regularity of stationary points of a nonlocal isoperimetric problem

In this article we establish C-regularity of the reduced boundary of stationary points of a nonlocal isoperimetric problem in a domain Ω ⊂ R. In particular, stationary points satisfy the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation classically on the reduced boundary. Moreover, we show that the singular set has zero (n − 1)dimensional Hausdorff measure. This complements the results in [4] in which the Euler-Lagrange equation was derived under the assumption of C-regularity of the topological boundary and the results in [27] in which the authors assume local minimality. In case Ω has non-empty boundary, we show that stationary points meet the boundary of Ω orthogonally in a weak sense, unless they have positive distance to it.
Theory on the Structure and Coloring of Maximal Planar Graphs (1)Recursion Formulae of Chromatic Polynomial and Four-Color Conjecture

In this paper, two recursion formulae of chromatic polynomial of a maximal planar graph G are obtained. Moreover, the application of these formulaes to the proof of Four-Color Conjecture is investigated. By using these formulae, the proof of Four-Color Conjecture boils down to the study on a special class of graphs, viz., 4-chromatic-funnel pseudo uniquely-4-colorable maximal planar graphs.
Finite-size and Fluctuation Effects on Phase Transition and Critical Phenomena using Mean-Field Approach Based on Renormalized $\phi^{4}$ Model: I. Theory

An investigation of the spatial fluctuations and their manifestations in the vicinity of the quantum critical point within the framework of the renormalized $\phi^{4}$ theory is proposed. Relevant features are reported through the Ginzburg-Landau-Wilson (GLW)-based calculations, combined with an efficient non perturbative technique. Both the dimension and size, but also microscopic details of the system, leading to critical behavior, and strongly deviating from the classical mean-field approach far from the thermodynamic limit, are taken into account. Further, the important role that harmonic and anharmonic fluctuations and finite-size effects can play in the determination of the characteristic properties of corresponding various systems, involving phase transitions and critical phenomena, is then discussed in detail with emphasis on the qualitative validity of the analysis
From the free boundary condition for Hele-Shaw to a fractional parabolic equation

We propose a method to determine the smoothness of sufficiently flat solutions of one phase Hele-Shaw problems. The novelty is the observation that under a flatness assumption the free boundary --represented by the hodograph transform of the solution- solves a nonlinear integro-differential equation. This nonlinear equation is linearized to a (nonlocal) parabolic equation with bounded measurable coefficients, for which regularity estimates are available. This fact is used to prove a regularity result for the free boundary of a weak solution near points where the solution looks sufficiently flat. More concretely, flat means that in a parabolic neighborhood of the point the solution lies between the solutions corresponding to two parallel flat fronts a small distance apart --a condition that only depends on the the local behavior of the solution. In a neighborhood of such a point, the free boundary is given by the graph of a function whose spatial gradient enjoys a universal H\"older estimate in both space and time.
Oxytocin Reactivity during a Wilderness Program without Parents in Adolescents

While wilderness programs are recognized as a feasible intervention to promote psychological independence in adolescence, little is known about physiological changes. The present study focused on oxytocin, a key hormone for social cognition and behavior, and investigated changes in OT concentrations during a wilderness program among adolescents. Twenty-one 4th–7th graders were separated from parents and immersed with adventures and challenges in the woodlands of Motegi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan for 31 days, and dataset of 20 boys aged 9–13 years-old were used for analysis. OT concentrations in early morning saliva samples on days 2, 5, 8, 13, 18, 20, 21, 22 and 30 were determined using ELIZA. We performed multi-level regression analyses to compare the OT concentrations before and after solo and team-based survival challenges, and across the nine observational points, adjusting for potential covariates. We found that adolescents increased OT level in a situation where they needed others’ cooperation and support for survival (coefficient: 2.86, SE: 1.34, p = 0.033). Further, we found that adolescents gradually decreased their basal OT level during a long separation from parents (coefficient: −0.083, SE: 0.034, p = 0.016). A combination of these findings suggest the OT level may be a marker for psychological independence.
The burden of diabetic complications in subjects with type 2 diabetes attending the diabetes clinic of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria - a cross-sectional study

Introduction the increasing prevalence of diabetes (DM) worldwide has resulted in an increase in the morbidity and mortality of DM. This burden is as a result of the development of the chronic complications associated with it. This study determined the burden of occurrence of microvascular and macrovascular complications of subjects with type 2 diabetes attending the out -patient clinic of a tertiary hospital in south west Nigeria. Methods this cross-sectional study involved 400 consecutive subjects with type 2 diabetes. A study proforma was used to document the socio demographic data. While clinical assessment for anthropometric measurement, blood pressure was done. Laboratory measurement of blood glucose control and lipids were done. Assessment of the occurrence of microvascular and macrovascular complications were performed and documented. Results four hundred type 2 DM participants made up of 190 males and 210 females with a mean age of 60.35±9.53 years, with a mean age of 60.35(SD 9.53) years for males and 60.81(SD10.29) years for females. Median duration of DM for all subjects was 6.00(IQR 3.00 - 11.00) years. Majority (45%) of the participants were overweight. The prevalence of hypertension was 78% and poor glycaemia using HBA1C was 75.5% and 59.8% had dyslipidaemia. The occurrence of microvascular complications (diabetic neuropathy - 82%, diabetic retinopathy - 46% and diabetic nephropathy - 44%) 69.3% while macrovascular complications (peripheral arterial disease - 42.5%, stroke - 4%, electrocardiographic changes if ischaemic heart disease -9.3% and left ventricular hypertrophy - 22%) in 49%. Regression analyses showed advancing age aOR (1.18 [95%CI 1.01 - 1.38]) and waist circumference (aOR 1.17 [95% CI 1.00 - 1.36]), as significant contributors to the presence of diabetes complications. Conclusion the risk factors of both microvascular and macrovascular complications remain high in our clinic and this is linked to the high burden of diabetes mellitus and its long duration.
Use of Reduced Gaussian Grids in Spectral Models

Abstract Integrations of spectral models are presented in which the “Gaussian” grid of points at which the nonlinear terms are evaluated is reduced as the poles are approached. A maximum saving in excess of one-third the number of points covering the globe is obtained by requiring that the grid length in the zonal direction does not exceed the grid length at the equator, and that the number of points around a latitude circle enables the use of a fast Fourier transform. Tests are reported for Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian barotropic models, mostly at T106 resolution, and a summary is given of experiments based on the T106 primitive-equation model used for operational forecasting at ECMWF. The results show that such a reduced grid can be used for short- and medium-range prediction (and presumably also for climate studies) with no significant loss of accuracy compared with use of a conventional grid, which is uniform in longitude. The saying in computational time is between 20% and 25% for the T1O6 forecast m.
Neutral umpires and leg before wicket decisions in test cricket

Summary. The proportions of dismissals which were leg before wicket in test cricket matches during 1978–2004 are analysed by using generalized linear and mixed models to assess the effect of location, team and the presence or otherwise of neutral umpires. The location and the team batting are clearly significant. There is also clear evidence of an interaction showing that some teams’ players are out leg before wicket less often at home but there is no further interaction with neutral umpires, suggesting that this is not caused simply by home umpires favouring the home team.
Rydberg decelerator using a travelling electric-field gradient

We propose a novel Stark decelerator for atoms or molecules excited in Rydberg states, in which the electric field continuously follows the motion of particles. Using moderate m Rydberg states (m > 2) in low-field seeker Stark levels, the evolution in the decelerator field should be hydrogen-like. Furthermore, the electric field seen by the particles is roughly constant; this greatly reduces the losses due to electric field induced transitions. We show that this decelerator fulfils the requirement of phase-space stability, since it is equivalent to a smoothly travelling well. This kind of decelerator should provide a new tool to obtain cold molecules, and is applicable to a very large range of molecules. Numerical simulation shows that within times compatible with Rydberg lifetimes, a cloud of sodium atoms can be stopped in the laboratory frame from a supersonic beam.
Impact of Zeolite on Protein, Mg and Zn Content of Triticum aestivum L. Wheat in Contaminated Soils of War Zones

Background: Nowadays, the use of unconventional weapons has made a serious damage to the environment. The use of zeolite is one of the solutions in soil pollution management. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of natural zeolite on grain protein, Mg and Zn uptake in the wheat in contaminated soils by war weapons. Methods: The experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement in a randomized complete design with three replications in a pot. The studied treatments were four levels of zeolite as zero, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5% based on weight of soil and two types of soils including non-contaminated and contaminated soil by mines and war explosives. Contaminated and non-contaminated soil samples were taken from the southern region of Dehloran city. Results: The results showed that the amount of grain protein and Mg in contaminated soils were significantly higher than non-contaminated soils. The use of zeolite in both soils caused a significant increase in either of them. In this study, the Zn concentration of grain in contaminated soils was higher than non-contaminated. In addition, the concentration of Zn was significantly decreased when zeolite consumption was increased. Conclusion: The results showed that the use of zeolite in contaminated and non-contaminated soils had a positive effect in terms of grain protein and Mg. In addition, the use of zeolite can prevent the excessive increase in Zn due to war weapons and can be effective in plant and community health.
On the Rayleigh–Taylor Instability for the Incompressible Viscous Magnetohydrodynamic Equations

We study the Rayleigh-Taylor instability problem for two incompressible, immiscible, viscous magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows with zero resistivity and surface tension (or without surface tension), evolving with a free interface under presence of a uniform gravitational field. First, we reformulate the MHD free boundary problem in an infinite slab as a Navier-Stokes system in Lagrangian coordinates with a force term induced by the fluid flow map. Then, we analyze the linearized problem around the steady state which describes a denser immiscible fluid lying above a light one with a free interface separating the two fluids, and both fluids being in (unstable) equilibrium. By studying a family of modified variational problems, we construct smooth (when restricted to each fluid domain) solutions to the linearized problem that grow exponentially fast in time in Sobolev spaces, thus leading to an global instability result for the linearized problem. Finally, using these pathological solutions, we prove the global instability for the corresponding nonlinear problem in an appropriate sense. Moreover, we evaluate that the so-called critical number indeed is equal to , and analyze the effect of viscosity and surface tension on the instability.
On the Global Solution of a 3‐D MHD System with Initial Data near Equilibrium

In this paper, we prove the global existence of smooth solutions to the three‐dimensional incompressible magnetohydrodynamical system with initial data close enough to the equilibrium state, (e3,0). Compared with previous works by Lin, Xu, and Zhang and by Xu and Zhang, here we present a new Lagrangian formulation of the system, which is a damped wave equation and which is nondegenerate only in the direction of the initial magnetic field. Furthermore, we remove the admissible condition on the initial magnetic field, which was required in the earlier works. By using the Frobenius theorem and anisotropic Littlewood‐Paley theory for the Lagrangian formulation of the system, we achieve the global L1‐in‐time Lipschitz estimate of the velocity field, which allows us to conclude the global existence of solutions to this system. In the case when the initial magnetic field is a constant vector, the large‐time decay rate of the solution is also obtained. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Finiteness Properties of Non-Uniform Lattices on CAT(0) Polyhedral Complexes

We show that the homological finiteness length of a non-uniform lattice on a locally finite CAT(0) n-dimensional polyhedral complex is less than n. As a corollary, we obtain an upper bound for the homological finiteness length of arithmetic groups over function fields. This gives an easier proof of a result of Bux and Wortman that solved a long-standing conjecture.
Pharmacophore Synergism in Diverse Scaffold Clinches in Aurora Kinase B

Aurora kinase B (AKB) is a crucial signaling kinase with an important role in cell division. Therefore, inhibition of AKB is an attractive approach to the treatment of cancer. In the present work, extensive quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) analysis has been performed using a set of 561 structurally diverse aurora kinase B inhibitors. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines were used to develop a QSAR model that has high statistical performance (R2tr = 0.815, Q2LMO = 0.808, R2ex = 0.814, CCCex = 0.899). The seven-variable-based newly developed QSAR model has an excellent balance of external predictive ability (Predictive QSAR) and mechanistic interpretation (Mechanistic QSAR). The QSAR analysis successfully identifies not only the visible pharmacophoric features but also the hidden features. The analysis indicates that the lipophilic and polar groups—especially the H-bond capable groups—must be present at a specific distance from each other. Moreover, the ring nitrogen and ring carbon atoms play important roles in determining the inhibitory activity for AKB. The analysis effectively captures reported as well as unreported pharmacophoric features. The results of the present analysis are also supported by the reported crystal structures of inhibitors bound to AKB.
A 2-categorical state sum model

It has long been argued that higher categories provide the proper algebraic structure underlying state sum invariants of 4-manifolds. This idea has been refined recently, by proposing to use 2-groups and their representations as specific examples of 2-categories. The challenge has been to make these proposals fully explicit. Here we give a concrete realization of this program. Building upon our earlier work with Baez and Wise on the representation theory of 2-groups, we construct a four-dimensional state sum model based on a categorified version of the Euclidean group. We define and explicitly compute the simplex weights, which may be viewed a categorified analogue of Racah-Wigner 6$j$-symbols. These weights solve an hexagon equation that encodes the formal invariance of the state sum under the Pachner moves of the triangulation. This result unravels the combinatorial formulation of the Feynman amplitudes of quantum field theory on flat spacetime proposed in [1], which was shown to lead after gauge-fixing to Korepanov's invariant of 4-manifolds.
YOLO-T: Multitarget Intelligent Recognition Method for X-ray Images Based on the YOLO and Transformer Models

X-ray security inspection processes have a low degree of automation, long detection times, and are subject to misjudgment due to occlusion. To address these problems, this paper proposes a multi-objective intelligent recognition method for X-ray images based on the YOLO deep learning network and an optimized transformer structure (YOLO-T). We also construct the GDXray-Expanded X-ray detection dataset, which contains multiple types of dangerous goods. Using this dataset, we evaluated several versions of the YOLO deep learning network model and compared the results to those of the proposed YOLO-T model. The proposed YOLO-T method demonstrated higher accuracy for multitarget and hidden-target detection tasks. On the GDXray-Expanded dataset, the maximum mAP of the proposed YOLO-T model was 97.73%, which is 7.66%, 16.47%, and 7.11% higher than that obtained by the YOLO v2, YOLO v3, and YOLO v4 models, respectively. Thus, we believe that the proposed YOLO-T network has good application prospects in X-ray security inspection technologies. In all kinds of security detection scenarios using X-ray security detectors, the model proposed in this paper can quickly and accurately identify dangerous goods, which has broad application value.
On the existence of minimizers for the neo-Hookean energy in the axisymmetric setting

Let $\Omega$ be a smooth bounded axisymmetric set in $\R^3$. In this paper we investigate the existence of minimizers of the so-called neo-Hookean energy among a class of axisymmetric maps. Due to the appearance of a critical exponent in the energy we must face a problem of lack of compactness. Indeed as shown by an example of Conti-De Lellis, a phenomenon of concentration of energy can occur preventing the strong convergence in $W^{1,2}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^3)$ of a minimizing sequence along with the equi-integrability of the cofactors of that sequence. We prove that this phenomenon can only take place on the axis of symmetry of the domain. Thus if we consider domains that do not contain the axis of symmetry then minimizers do exist. We also provide a partial description of the lack of compactness in terms of Cartesian currents. Then we study the case where $\Omega$ is not necessarily axisymmetric but the boundary data is affine. In that case if we do not allow cavitation (nor in the interior neither at the boundary) then the affine extension is the unique minimizer, that is, quadratic polyconvex energies are $W^{1,2}$-quasiconvex in our admissible space. At last, in the case of an axisymmetric domain not containing its symmetry axis, we obtain for the first time the existence of weak solutions of the energy-momentum equations for $3$D neo-Hookean materials.