Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UTILIZAÇÃO DE ÁGUAS SALOBRAS NO CULTIVO HIDROPÔNICO DA ALFACE

A salinidade e um problema serio para a agricultura, pois limita o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas sensiveis. A tolerância das culturas a salinidade e influenciada por diversos fatores, incluindo estagio de crescimento, condicoes ambientais, especies e cultivares de uma mesma especie. Foram testados tres salinidades da agua no preparo da solucao nutritiva (0,5; 3,0 e 6,0 dS m -1 ) em tres cultivares de alface (Baba de verao, Veronica e Quatro estacoes) em sistema hidroponico sob condicoes protegidas com a finalidade de avaliar a tolerância das cultivares a salinidade. Nao foram observados diferencas entre as cultivares estudadas quanto a salinidade da agua de irrigacao. O aumento da salinidade da agua de irrigacao provocou reducao do numero de folhas e da materia seca da parte aerea. UNITERMOS: Lactuca sativa L. , solucao nutritiva, condutividade eletrica. SANTOS, R. S. ; DANTAS, D. C. ; NOGUEIRA, F. P.; DIAS, N. S. ; FERREIRA NETO, M. ; GURGEL. M. T. BRACKISH WATER USE ON HYDROPONIC LETTUCE 2 ABSTRACT Salinity is a serious problem for agriculture because it can limit the growth and development of salt-sensitive plants. Salt tolerance is affected by several factors, including the growth stage, environmental conditions, species and cultivar variation for each species. In order to compare salt tolerance, three water salinity levels were used to prepare nutrient solutions (0.5; 3.0 and 6.0 dS m -1 ) and were applied on three different lettuce cultivars in a hydroponic system under greenhouse (cvs. Baba de verao, Veronica and Quatro estacoes). Differences in salt tolerance of the nutrient solutions were not observed for the studied cultivars. The salinity increase in the nutrient solutions reduced the leaf number and dry matter biomass. KEYWORDS: Lactuca sativa L. , soil solution, electric conductivity.
Atomic and molecular emissions in the middle ultraviolet dayglow

Dayglow spectra in the middle ultraviolet, obtained during a sounding rocket flight from White Sands Missile Range in 1992, have been analyzed to determine the altitude distributions of thermospheric atomic and molecular species and to address a number of problems related to airglow excitation mechanisms. Among the atomic and molecular profiles retrieved are the N2 second positive, N2 Vegard-Kaplan and NO gamma band systems, and the OI 297.2 nm, OII 247.0 nm, and NII 214.3 nm emissions. A self-consistent study of the emission profiles was conducted by comparing observed intensities with one another and to forward models. Model photoelectron and photon fluxes were generated by the field line interhemispheric plasma model (FLIP) and two solar flux models. Neutral densities were obtained from mass-spectrometer/incoherent scatter (MSIS)-90. The results from the data analysis suggest that the major species' densities are within 40% of MSIS values. Evidence for the accuracy of the modeled densities and fluxes is seen in the close agreement between the calculated and observed intensities of the N2 second positive emission. Analysis of the OI 297.2 nm emission shows that the reaction N2(A) + O is the dominant source of O(1S) in the daytime thermosphere. The data imply that the vibrationally averaged yield of 0(1S) from the reaction is 0.43±0.12, which is smaller than the laboratory value measured for the N2(A, v′ = O) level. The cause of a disagreement between model and data for the Vegard-Kaplan emission is unclear, but the discrepancy can be eliminated if the N2(A)+O quenching coefficient or the A state lifetime is increased by a factor between 2 and 4. The observed intensity of OII 247.0 nm is greater than expected by a factor of 2, implying possible inadequacies in the EUVAC and/or EUV91 solar models used in the analysis.
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

1.0 PHARMACOLOGIC CATEGORY Progestogen/Sex Hormone 2.0 DESCRIPTION Provera contains medroxyprogesterone acetate, a derivative of progesterone, as its active ingredient. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is active by the parenteral and oral routes of administration. It is a white to off-white, odorless crystalline powder that is stable in air and that melts between 200 C and 210 C. It is freely soluble in chloroform, soluble in acetone and dioxane, sparingly soluble in alcohol and methanol, slightly soluble in ether, and insoluble in water. The chemical name for medroxyprogesterone acetate is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. 17-(acetyloxy)-6-methyl-, (6 ). The structural formula is:
In vitro activity of eight antifungal drugs against Chaetomiaceae.

The incidence of infections caused by uncommon Chaetomiaceae (Chaetomium and related species) in humans has increased in recent years. The in vitro activity of eight antifungal drugs (amphotericin B, five azoles, two echinocandins) against 42 morphologically identified Chaetomium strains was determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. The strains were subsequently identified based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 including the intervening 5.8S nrDNA region (ITS) and the partial β tubulin gene (tub2). Chaetomium globosum (n = 24), was the most frequently isolated species, followed by Amesia atrobrunnea (syn. Chaetomium atrobrunnea, n = 6), Dichotomopilus dolichotrichus (syn. Chaetomium dolichotrichum, n = 2) and Acrophialophora jodhpurensis, Chaetomium coarctatum, C. elatum, C. gracile, C. subaffine, C. tarraconense, C. unguicola, Dichotomopilus sp. , Dichotomopilus variostiolatus, Ovatospora brasiliensis (all represented by a single strain). The geometric mean of the minimum inhibitory concentrations/minimum effective concentrations (MICs/MECs) of the antifungals across all strains were (in increasing order): micafungin 0.12 µg/mL, itraconazole and posaconazole 0.21 µg/mL, amphotericin B 0.25 µg/mL, voriconazole 0.45 µg/mL, isavuconazole 0.54 µg/mL, caspofungin 2.57 µg/mL, and fluconazole 45.25 µg/mL. Micafungin had the lowest geometric mean followed by amphotericin B which had the largest range against tested isolates. All examined C. globosum strains had a similar antifungal susceptibility patterns. Fluconazole and caspofungin could not be considered as an option for treatment of infections caused by Chaetomium and chaetomium-like species.
The Urban Environmental Gradient: Anthropogenic Influences on the Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Lead and Zinc in Sediments

Urban settings are a focal point for environmental contamination due to emissions from industrial and municipal activities and the widespread use of motor vehicles. As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, streambed-sediment and dated reservoir-sediment samples were collected from the Chattahoochee River Basin and analyzed for total lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) concentrations. The sampling transect extends from northern Georgia, through Atlanta, to the Gulf of Mexico and reflects a steep gradient in population density from nearly 1000 people/km2 in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area to fewer than 50 people/km2 in rural areas of southern Georgia and northern Florida. Correlations among population density, traffic density, and total and anthropogenic Pb and Zn concentrations indicate that population density is strongly related to traffic density and is a predictor of Pb and Zn concentrations in the environment derived from anthropogenic activities. Differences in the dis.
A Late Pleistocene record of climate and environmental change from the northern and southern Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo

A late Pleistocene vegetation record is presented, using multi‐proxy analysis from three palaeochannels in the northern (Bario) and southern (Pa'Dalih) Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Before 50 000 cal a BP and until ∼47 700 cal a BP [marine isotope stage 3 (MIS3)], two of the sites were probably being influenced by energetic fluvial deposition, possibly associated with strong seasonality. Fluvial activity declines between 47 700 and 30 000 cal a BP (MIS3), and may be associated with a reduction in seasonality with overall stability in precipitation. The pollen record between 47 700 and 30 000 cal a BP generally shows much higher representation of upper‐montane taxa compared with the Holocene, indicating often significantly reduced temperatures. After 35 000–30 000 cal a BP and until the mid‐Holocene, hiatuses appear in two of the records, which could be linked to fluvial down‐cutting during the late/mid Holocene. Despite the jump in ages, a pronounced representation of Ericaceae and upper‐montane taxa, represented both at Bario and at Pa'Dalih, corresponds to a further lowering of temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum (MIS2). Thick charcoal bands in the PDH 210 record also suggest periods of extreme aridity between 30 200 and 12 700 cal a BP. This is followed by energetic fluvial deposition of sands and gravels, and may reflect a significant increase in seasonality.
An in situ sequencing approach maps PLASTOCHRON1 at the boundary between indeterminate and determinate cells.

The plant shoot apex houses the shoot apical meristem, a highly organized and active stem-cell tissue where molecular signaling in discrete cells determines when and where leaves are initiated. We optimized a spatial transcriptomics approach, in situ sequencing, to colocalize the transcripts of 90 genes simultaneously on the same section of tissue from the maize (Zea mays) shoot apex. The RNA in situ sequencing technology reported expression profiles that were highly comparable with those obtained by in situ hybridizations and allowed the discrimination between tissue domains. Furthermore, the application of spatial transcriptomics to the shoot apex, which is inherently comprised of phytomers that are in gradual developmental stages, provided a spatiotemporal sequence of transcriptional events. We illustrate the power of the technology through PLASTOCHRON1 (PLA1), which was specifically expressed at the boundary between indeterminate and determinate cells and partially overlapped with ROUGH SHEATH1 and OUTER CELL LAYER4 transcripts. Also, in the inflorescence, PLA1 transcripts localized in cells subtending the lateral primordia or bordering the newly established meristematic region, suggesting a more general role of PLA1 in signaling between indeterminate and determinate cells during the formation of lateral organs. Spatial transcriptomics builds on RNA in situ hybridization, which assays relatively few transcripts at a time and provides a powerful complement to single cell transcriptomics that inherently removes cells from their native spatial context. Further improvements of resolution and sensitivity will greatly advance research in plant developmental biology.
Coupled ocean‐atmospheric waves on the equatorial front

Striking 20–30‐day sea surface temperature waves observed along the equatorial front in the later half of the year are generally believed to be of an oceanic origin. Here we report the detection of atmospheric waves that are unambiguously tied to these oceanic waves, using new satellite measurements of surface winds. A general circulation model simulation reveals that these atmospheric waves have a shallow vertical structure trapped in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), unlike El Nino/Southern Oscillation where changes in deep convection are the cause of anomalous winds. Vertical wave motion penetrates well above the PBL and is likely to impact the distribution and transport of climatically important gas species such as ozone and dimethyl sulfide.
Supporting Text : Fundamental limits on persistent activity in networks of noisy neurons

To formally derive the dynamic equations in the large N limit, we consider a network with M sub-populations, each containing n neurons, so that the total number of neurons is N = nM . Within each sub-population, all neurons share the same incoming and outgoing weights, as well as the same bias. We scale the weights with n such that the total synaptic input to a neuron in each population is independent of n:
Supporting Text

The architecture of the full prefrontal cortex (PFC) model is shown in Fig. 1. All models contained the same input/output layers (two Stimulus locations, Task and Dimension Cue inputs, and Response output). The full model has three hidden layers (Task and Cue Hidden, each 16 units, and main Hidden layer with 83 units), which serve to encode the relevant stimuli and map them onto the appropriate responses. These are thought to correspond to association areas in the posterior cortex. The Task and Cue hidden layers enable the network to develop internal representations of these inputs that are influenced by the other layers of the network, in particular the PFC. For example, the PFC representation of a stimulus dimension can activate the Cue hidden layer with a corresponding representation during the uninstructed task (when there is no dimension cue input), and this helps to support the network in focusing on the appropriate dimension, through weights that were trained on the instructed cases when a dimension cue is present. We think of this as analogous to the process of subvocalization (inner speech), where people generate internal verbal representations to support task performance (1–3). As described, the PFC and associated adaptive gating (AG) unit support robust active maintenance that is also capable of rapid updating. Note that the PFC layer (30 units) had full self connectivity (each unit connected to all other units in the layer), which supported maintenance in conjunction with intrinsic bistability as described in detail below. The PFC layer projects to the hidden layer (posterior cortex) and the Response layer, to enable the maintained rule information to influence both internal processing and overt responding. This is also in accord with anatomical data (4, 5). As noted in Fig. 1, all of the synaptic weights in the model were trained, with those into the AG unit being trained through the temporal differences (TD) mechanism, and the rest being trained via the standard Leabra learning mechanisms as described in detail below. We tested a number of variations on this basic architecture to determine the importance of different features. In all cases, the total number of internal (hidden + PFC) units was the same, to rule out changes in overall representational power as a confounding factor. In all cases, we found that these alternative architectures generalized significantly worse than the full PFC model (Fig. 1b). This is despite the fact that all network architectures were capable of learning the training patterns to a similarly high level of performance.
Total alkalinity of surface waters: a map of the western region

The map of total alkalinity of surface waters in the western region illustrates the general patterns of the relative potential sensitivity of surface waters to acidic deposition. As with geology and physiography, surface-water alkalinity in the West varies widely. Most all low-alkalinity lakes and streams occur in the glaciated, high-elevation alpine and sub-alpine zones of the numerous mountain ranges. These watersheds are small with steep slopes and thin acidic soils. The lowest-alkalinity waters are associated most often with granitic and gneissic rock types, but may also be found in volcanic and certain sedimentary areas. Alkalinity concentrations are generally greater in surface waters at lower elevations and often are extremely high in the intermountain valleys, basins, and plateau areas.
Shared and Distinct Functional Architectures of Brain Networks Across Psychiatric Disorders Mingrui Xia1–3, Fay Y. Womer4, Miao Chang5,6, Yue Zhu6,7, Qian Zhou6,7, Elliot Kale Edmiston6, Xiaowei Jiang5,6, Shengnan Wei5,6, Jia Duan6,7, Ke Xu5, Yanqing Tang6,7, Yong He1–3, and Fei Wang*,5–7

1National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China; 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China; 3IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China; 4Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; 5Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; 6Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; 7Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
In-channel cancellation: a model of early auditory processing

A model of early auditory processing is proposed in which each peripheral channel is processed by a delay-and-subtract cancellation filter, tuned independently for each channel with a criterion of minimum power. For a channel dominated by a pure tone or a resolved partial of a complex tone, the optimal delay is its period. For a channel responding to harmonically-related partials, the optimal delay is their common fundamental period. Each peripheral channel is thus split into two subchannels, one that is cancellation-filtered and the other not. Perception can involve either or both, depending on the task. The model is illustrated by applying it to the masking asymmetry between pure tones and narrowband noise: a noise target masked by a tone is more easily detectable than a tone target masked by noise. The model is one of a wider class of models, monaural or binaural, that cancel irrelevant stimulus dimensions so as to attain invariance to competing sources. Similar to occlusion in the visual domain, cancellation yields sensory evidence that is incomplete, thus requiring Bayesian inference of an internal model of the world along the lines of Helmholtz’s doctrine of unconscious inference.
Detection of Water Quality Trends in The Rivers of the Susurluk Basin

In recent years, some non-parametric tests to determine trends of surface water quality have been proposed due to the fact that assumptions in the classical parametric tests (i.e., normality, linearity, independence) are usually not met by a typical surface water quality data. At the same time, statistical tests for trends of water quality are commonly confounded by several of the following problems: missing values, censored data (i.e., values reported as less than a specified quantity), flow relatedness and seasonality. For these reasons, several non-parametric tests (Sen's T, Spearman's Rho, Mann-Kendall, Seasonal Kendall, Mann-Whitney and Kruskall-Wallis'H Tests) have been used or developed in the last two decades. In this study, the surface water quality data of rivers in the Susurluk Basin were used. Four different non-parametric trend tests were selected to detect linear trends of surface water quality. These tests are the Sen's T test, the Spearman's Rho test, the Mann-Kendall test and the Seasonal Kendall test. The linear slopes (change per unit time) of trends are calculated by using a non-parametric estimator. In addition, the homogeneity in monthly trends are tested by using a method developed by Van Belle and Hughes. The results of non-parametric tests indicate that discharge and concentration of sediment have downward trends while temperature and concentrations of specific conductance, sodium, potassium, calcium+magnesium, bicarbonate and chloride generally have upward trends. However concentrations of carbonate, pH, sulfate, organic matter, and boron show no trends.
Eléments d'analyse sur les crues éclair

Flash floods (i.e.floods produced by severe thunderstorms of limited areal extent) are certainly the most destructive natural hazard in France. They also give rise to numerous questions but no systematic studies have been conducted in the past on such events. The relatively poor hydrological knowledge about this type of flood is not in accordance with the risk that they represent or with the ambitious prevention policy objectives of the stake holders in France. In the first part of this document, a post flood investigation methodology is proposed and tested on five case studies. Besides the analysis of the available rainfall data and the estimations of peak discharges on the basis of high water marks, elements concerning the timing of the floods given by eyewitnesses were gathered. The first results obtained are hopeful and reveal some original aspects of the rainfall-runoff relationship during flash floods : 1) the watershed response to the intense storm bursts is late and relatively sudden, 2) a large amount of rainwater (150 to 200 millimetres in the present case studies) is retained on the catchments and does not contribute to the flood flow, 3) no significant effects of the land use type could be identified. The second part of the document, is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the flood peak distributions. The potential of the so called derived distribution methods consisting in coupling a stochastic rainfall simulator and a mathematical rainfall-runoff model is assessed. It appears that, due to the properties of the rainfall-runoff process, flood peak distributions (FPD) belong most probably to none of the three extreme value distribution types. The asymptotic behaviour of the FPD is controlled by the maximum rainfall intensities measured over a duration characteristic of the studied watershed. The shape of the FPD depends on the rainfall-runoff model used for the intermediate range of return periods - typically 10 to 106 years. Some realistic hypothesis, according to the results of the post flood investigations, lead to multi modal distributions, which local gradient on a Gumbel paper can be much larger than the Gradex of the rainfall intensities over a limited range of return periods.
Spectrophotometric properties of surface water dissolved organic matter in an afforested upland peat catchment

Many upland catchments in the UK have undergone afforestation; their characteristic waterlogged soils require extensive pre‐plantation ground drainage to allow tree establishment. In peatland areas this can result in very highly coloured runoff and enhanced dissolved organic matter (DOM) export in rivers of naturally high concentrations. In 1966, the Coalburn Experimental Catchment, northern England, was established to investigate the impact of afforestation on an upland peat catchment. Here we report the variations in DOM spectrophotometric properties of streamflow in the catchment at canopy closure, especially with respect to potential carbon sources within the artificial drainage ditches. Drainage ditches are characterized by water that has higher absorption coefficients and which is more highly coloured than in the catchment tributaries. Ditched, afforested areas produce more highly‐coloured runoff waters that are more fluorescent and absorbent normalized to carbon concentration compared to ditches in open moorland. Ditches that had been experimentally re‐excavated have organic matter of different spectrophotometric character, with higher dissolved organic carbon concentration and less aromatic or lower molecular weight material. It is hypothesized that this is due to the exposure of bare peat faces within and adjacent to the ditches that are more susceptible to drying compared to vegetated areas. The large extent of this drainage network acts as both a rapid transport network increasing hydrological connectivity and a pool for the storage of DOM, which is of different spectrophotometric character under low flow conditions, depending on management conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.