Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Le coût du capital des entreprises à base de connaissance au Canada

The aim of this study is to measure the cost of capital of the Canadian knowledge based firms in order to compare it with other Canadian firms' cost of capital. To determine which firms are based on knowledge, we use the research and development ratio. Estimations are achieved with several models: historical return model, capital asset pricing model, and Fama-French (1993) three factor asset pricing model. We find that knowledge based firms have a cheaper cost of capital than others firms. This result raises heavy economical issues and may be linked with a research and development overinvestment problem. Encouraged by tax credits, firms could be induced to overstep their optimal research and development levels. Cette etude propose une estimation du cout du capital-actions des entreprises a base de connaissance et une comparaison avec celui des entreprises qui n'appartiennent pas a cette categorie, au Canada. La repartition dans les differentes categories repose sur l'analyse des depenses de R&D. Les estimations sont faites a l'aide de divers modeles, dont les taux de rendement historiques, le CAPM et le modele a trois facteurs. La mise en evidence de rendements boursiers moins eleves des entreprises intensives en R&D et leur cout du capital generalement inferieur a celui des entreprises a bas niveau de R&D soulevent d'importantes questions en terme de politiques economiques. Il est en effet possible que ces resultats soient lies a un surinvestissement en R&D, stimule par les credits d'impot, qui conduirait les entreprises au-dela de leur optimum de R&D.
The molecular structure and function of fibrocystin, the key gene product implicated in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is an early onset inherited hepatorenal disorder affecting around 1 in 20,000 births with no approved specific therapies. The disease is almost always caused by variations in the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 gene, which encodes fibrocystin (FC), a very large, single‐pass transmembrane glycoprotein found in primary cilia, urine and urinary exosomes. By comparison to proteins involved in autosomal dominant PKD, our structural and molecular understanding of FC has lagged far behind such that there are no published experimentally determined structures of any part of the protein. Bioinformatics analyses predict that the ectodomain contains a long chain of immunoglobulin‐like plexin‐transcription factor domains, a protective antigen 14 domain, a tandem G8‐TMEM2 homology region and a sperm protein, enterokinase and agrin domain. Here we review current knowledge on the molecular function of the protein from a structural perspective.
Focal ictal direct current shifts by a time constant of 2 seconds were clinically useful for resective epilepsy surgery

Ictal direct current shifts (icDCs) and ictal high‐frequency oscillations (icHFOs) have been reported as surrogate markers for better surgical outcomes in epilepsy surgery. icDCs have been classified into two types: rapid and slow development. icDCs have been investigated with a time constant of 10 s (TC10s); however, many institutes use electroencephalography with a time constant of 2 s (TC2s). This study aimed to evaluate whether icDCs can be observed adequately with TC2s; moreover, it examined the relationship between the resected core area of icDCs or icHFOs and surgical outcomes, occurrence rate of each type of icDCs, and relationship between each type of icDCs and pathology.
Distributed leadership in health quality improvement collaboratives

Background and Purpose Distributed leadership has been suggested for describing patterns of influence in collaborative settings where public services are performed across professions and organizations. This study explores how leadership in health quality improvement collaboratives (QICs) is characterized by aligned distributed leadership practices, and how these practices relate with experienced progress and achievements in the quality improvement (QI) work. Methods The analysis relied on a qualitative, multicase study of two nationwide Danish QICs. Data consisted of 12 single-person and 21 group interviews with local QI teams and local and regional QIC coordinators (85 informants in total), participant observations of 34 meetings within the QICs, and a collection of documentary material. The collected data were analyzed thematically with NVivo. Results Leadership practices in local QI teams are characterized by aligned distributed leadership, with leadership activities being widely distributed based on negotiated, emergent practices regarding the aims, roles, and scope of the QI work. However, local quality coordinators play a pivotal role in driving the QI activities, and hierarchical support from hospital/municipal management is a precondition for the contribution of aligned distributed leadership to experienced progress and QIs. Practice Implications Emergent distributed leadership should be balanced by thorough consolidation of the practices to provide the best circumstances for robust QI. The active participation of formal managers and local coordinators plays a pivotal role in this consolidation and is decisive for the increased potential for long-term success and sustainability of the QI work, particularly within complex QICs.
Complex dynamics of coral gene expression responses to low pH across species

Coral capacity to tolerate low pH affects coral community composition and, ultimately, reef ecosystem function. Low pH submarine discharges (‘Ojo’; Yucatán, México) represent a natural laboratory to study plasticity and acclimatization to low pH in relation to ocean acidification. A previous >2‐year coral transplant experiment to ambient and low pH common garden sites revealed differential survivorship across species and sites, providing a framework to compare mechanistic responses to differential pH exposures. Here, we examined gene expression responses of transplants of three species of reef‐building corals (Porites astreoides, Porites porites and Siderastrea siderea) and their algal endosymbiont communities (Symbiodiniaceae) originating from low pH (Ojo) and ambient pH native origins (Lagoon or Reef). Transplant pH environment had the greatest effect on gene expression of Porites astreoides hosts and symbionts and P. porites hosts. Host P. astreoides Ojo natives transplanted to ambient pH showed a similar gene expression profile to Lagoon natives remaining in ambient pH, providing evidence of plasticity in response to ambient pH conditions. Although origin had a larger effect on host S. siderea gene expression due to differences in symbiont genera within Reef and Lagoon/Ojo natives, subtle effects of low pH on all origins demonstrated acclimatization potential. All corals responded to low pH by differentially expressing genes related to pH regulation, ion transport, calcification, cell adhesion and stress/immune response. This study demonstrates that the magnitude of coral gene expression responses to pH varies considerably among populations, species and holobionts, which could differentially affect acclimatization to and impacts of ocean acidification.
Chapter 145 Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy

The occurrence of venous and arterial thromboembolism has had a large impact on medical care and is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality. Arterial thromboembolism, commonly implicated in myocardial infarctions (MIs), stroke, and limb ischemia, is responsible for more deaths each year than the next seven leading causes of death combined (1,2). Venous thrombosis may lead to pulmonary embolism, right heart dysfunction, venous insufficiency, and postthrombotic syndrome (3). The incidence of patients in the intensive care unit developing venous thromboembolism ranges from 5% to 33% (4–6). There are an estimated 2 million cases of venous thromboembolism each year in the United States alone, with an annual estimated mortality of about 60,000 from pulmonary embolism (7–9). The ability to rapidly diagnose and initiate effective therapy is paramount. This chapter will briefly review the formation of arterial and venous thrombi, regulation of the coagulation cascade, and current antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapies.
Report from China: Health Insurance in China—Evolution, Current Status, and Challenges

The authors review the evolution of health insurance in China and analyze how it has been shaped to its current form by political and economic dynamics. They summarize the current status of health insurance in terms of population coverage, benefit design, scope of service, and its interaction with providers; address challenges regarding future health insurance reform; and propose policy recommendations. Although the recent health insurance reform has made major breakthroughs in population coverage, it is still too early to judge whether the political willingness to appease social unrest can be translated into concrete health care protections for the population.
Ocean Renewable Energy’s Potential Role in Supplying Future Electrical Energy Needs

Future eNergy pOrtFOliO. ” Th is aticle as been pulished in O ceagraphy, Vlum e 3, N um er 2, a qurterly jornal of Th e O ceagraphy Soiety. © 2010 by Th e O ceagraphy Soiety. a ll rhts rerved. perm ision is gnted to cpy his aticle or se in teching nd rearch. replication, sstem m tic repruction, or coective redirbution of ny prtion of his aticle by phocopy m acine, repsting, or oher m eans is perm ited only w ith he aproval of Th e O ceagraphy Soiety. Send ll corrondence o: ifo@ tos.org or Th
Evaluation of Patient and Staff Doses in Brain Intervential Radiography

Interventional Radiology (IR) improved the diagnosis and treatment of many of pathologies. This study aimed to evaluate the patient ESAK in brain IR procedures. A total of 100 patients were examined in Royal Care hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. Patients ESAK was calculated using patients imaging parameters and X ray tube output. Patient individual exposure parameters were recorded. The mean exposure parameters values were 70.0 kV for the tube voltage, mAs=10.3 for the tube current time product. The mean patient age was 41.0. The mean ESAK was 11.5 and dose value in terms of dose area product (DAP) was 1238.8 and the mean fluoroscopic time (f.t) was 4.22±. 86 minute. and D.O. P (32.75±1.893, 34.50±6.05). The correlation coefficient which is defined as a measure of the degree of linear relationship between two variables, usually labeled X and Y used in this study to describe the relation between two variables affect patient dose ESD(mGy) against tube current time product(mAs) and floro time(f.t) and dose area product (DAP) . And (DAP) against duration of procedure (D.O.P) Positive correlation coefficients were obtained between these values. This means if the value of mAs or kV increases the value of the ESD increases.
Guidelines for the Use of Botulinum Toxin in Otolaryngology From the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics Guideline Task Force

The Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics created a task force to establish clinical practice guidelines for the use of botulinum toxin (BT) in otolaryngology. We selected 10 disease categories: spasmodic dysphonia, essential vocal tremor, vocal fold granuloma, bilateral vocal fold paralysis, Frey’s syndrome, sialocele, sialorrhea, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, chronic sialadenitis, and first bite syndrome. To retrieve all relevant papers, we searched the CORE databases with predefined search strategies, including Medline (PubMed), Embase, the Cochrane Library, and KoreaMed. The committee reported 13 final recommendations with detailed evidence profiles. The guidelines are primarily aimed at all clinicians applying BT to the head and neck area. In addition, the guidelines aim to promote an improved understanding of the safe and effective use of BT by policymakers and counselors, as well as in patients scheduled to receive BT injections.
Silica nanoparticles for brain cancer

ABSTRACT Introduction Brain cancer is a debilitating disease with a poor survival rate. There are significant challenges for effective treatment due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–tumor barrier (BTB) which impedes drug delivery to tumor sites. Many nanomedicines have been tested in improving both the survival and quality of life of patients with brain cancer with the recent focus on inorganic nanoparticles such as silica nanoparticles (SNPs). This review examines the use of SNPs as a novel approach for diagnosing, treating, and theranostics of brain cancer. Areas covered The review provides an overview of different brain cancers and current therapies available. A special focus on the key functional properties of SNPs is discussed which makes them an attractive material in the field of onco-nanomedicine. Strategies to overcome the BBB using SNPs are analyzed. Furthermore, recent advancements in active targeting, combination therapies, and innovative nanotherapeutics utilizing SNPs are discussed. Safety considerations, toxicity profiles, and regulatory aspects are addressed to provide an understanding of SNPs’ translational potential. Expert opinion SNPs have tremendous prospects in brain cancer research. The multifunctionality of SNPs has the potential to overcome both the BBB and BTB limitations and can be used for brain cancer imaging, drug delivery, and theranostics. The insights provided will facilitate the development of next-generation, innovative strategies, guiding future research toward improved diagnosis, targeted therapy, and better outcomes in brain cancer patients.
European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS)

The European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS), developed according to ESO standard operating procedures (SOP) and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, was elaborated to assist clinicians in the diagnostic and treatment pathway of patients with PACNS in their decision making. A working group involving vascular neurologists, neuroradiologists, rheumatologists, a neuropathologist and a methodologist identified 17 relevant clinical questions; these were addressed according to the patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes (PICO) framework and systematic literature reviews were performed. Notably, each PICO was addressed with respect to large vessel (LV)-PACNS and small vessel (SV)-PACNS. Data to answer many questions were scarce or lacking and the quality of evidence was very low overall, so, for some PICOs, the recommendations reflect the ongoing uncertainty. When the absence of sufficient evidence precluded recommendations, Expert Consensus Statements were formulated. In some cases, this applied to interventions in the diagnosis and treatment of PACNS which are embedded widely in clinical practice, for example patterns of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) abnormalities. CSF analysis for hyperproteinorrachia and pleocytosis does not have evidence supporting their use as diagnostic tools. The working group recommended that caution is employed in the interpretation of non-invasive vascular imaging due to lack of validation and the different sensitivities in comparison with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and histopathological analyses. Moreover, there is not a neuroimaging pattern specific for PACNS and neurovascular issues are largely underreported in PACNS patients. The group’s recommendations on induction and maintenance of treatment and for primary or secondary prevention of vascular events also reflect uncertainty due to lack of evidence. Being uncertain the role and practical usefulness of current diagnostic criteria and being not comparable the main treatment strategies, it is suggested to have a multidisciplinary team approach in an expert center during both work up and management of patients with suspected PACNS. Highlighting the limitations of the currently accepted diagnostic criteria, we hope to facilitate the design of multicenter, prospective clinical studies and trials. A standardization of neuroimaging techniques and reporting to improve the level of evidence underpinning interventions employed in the diagnosis and management of PACNS. We anticipate that this guideline, the first comprehensive European guideline on PACNS management using GRADE methodology, will assist clinicians to choose the most effective management strategy for PACNS.
A blueprint for process‐based modeling of uncertain hydrological systems

We present a probability based theoretical scheme for building process‐based models of uncertain hydrological systems, thereby unifying hydrological modeling and uncertainty assessment. Uncertainty for the model output is assessed by estimating the related probability distribution via simulation, thus shifting from one to many applications of the selected hydrological model. Each simulation is performed after stochastically perturbing input data, parameters and model output, this latter by adding random outcomes from the population of the model error, whose probability distribution is conditioned on input data and model parameters. Within this view randomness, and therefore uncertainty, is treated as an inherent property of hydrological systems. We discuss the related assumptions as well as the open research questions. The theoretical framework is illustrated by presenting real‐world and synthetic applications. The relevant contribution of this study is related to proposing a statistically consistent simulation framework for uncertainty estimation which does not require model likelihood computation and simplification of the model structure. The results show that uncertainty is satisfactorily estimated although the impact of the assumptions could be significant in conditions of data scarcity.
Higher caffeine consumption is associated with insufficient sleep time in Brazilian adults (CUME study)

Abstract We aimed to evaluate the association between caffeine intake and sleep time in Brazilian adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 6,356 participants from the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Study). Data was collected through an online self-report questionnaire. Of the total, 31.9% of the participants had insufficient sleep. Women were found to sleep less than men (64.1 vs. 35.9%; p < 0.001), as well as being more likely to consume higher doses of caffeine (55.2%, p < 0.001). Coffee (35.7%), dark chocolate (25.2%), milk chocolate (15.2%), and diet soda (11.0%) were the foods that more contributed to caffeine intake. Individuals in the highest quartile of caffeine intake (87.0 − 572.0 mg/day) had a 19% higher prevalence of insufficient sleep compared with the lowest quartile (PR: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.08 − 1.31). Future studies are needed to investigate the genetic and hormonal factors involved in the interindividual response in this population.
Preclinical support for tumor protein D52 as a cancer vaccine antigen

ABSTRACT Overexpressed tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are a large group that includes proteins found at increased levels in tumors compared to healthy cells. Universal tumor expression can be defined as overexpression in all cancers examined as has been shown for Tumor Protein D52. TPD52 is an over expressed TAA actively involved in transformation, leading to increased proliferation and metastasis. TPD52 overexpression has been demonstrated in many human adult and pediatric malignancies. The murine orthologue of TPD52 (mD52) parallels normal tissue expression patterns and known functions of human TPD52 (hD52). Here in we present our preclinical studies over the past 15 years which have demonstrated that vaccine induced immunity against mD52 is effective against multiple cancers in murine models, without inducing autoimmunity against healthy tissues and cells.
LA STRUCTURE DE LA FIBRE NERVEUSE: UN PROJET OPTIMAL

La structure de la fibre nerveuse des animaux vertebres, comprend une suite periodique de troncons passifs , de meme longueur (des segments d'axone entoures par des gaines isolantes de myeline) qui sont separes par des courtes portions actives les noeuds de Ranvier ou la membrane de l'axone est mise a nu et le signal nerveux est refait a son amplitude initiale. Dans cette note on propose une methode de calcul analytique de la vitesse moyenne V des impulsions nerveuses et on demontre que les proportions geometriques des troncons passifs ont des valeurs optimales qui assurent le maximum de cette vitesse. Ces valeurs sont proches de celles fournies par l'experience.
Improving Auditory Filter Estimation by Incorporating Absolute Threshold and a Level-dependent Internal Noise

Auditory filter (AF) shape has traditionally been estimated with a combination of a notched-noise (NN) masking experiment and a power spectrum model (PSM) of masking. However, there are several challenges that remain in both the simultaneous and forward masking paradigms. We hypothesized that AF shape estimation would be improved if absolute threshold (AT) and a level-dependent internal noise were explicitly represented in the PSM. To document the interaction between NN threshold and AT in normal hearing (NH) listeners, a large set of NN thresholds was measured at four center frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) with the emphasis on low-level maskers. The proposed PSM, consisting of the compressive gammachirp (cGC) filter and three nonfilter parameters, allowed AF estimation over a wide range of frequencies and levels with fewer coefficients and less error than previous models. The results also provided new insights into the nonfilter parameters. The detector signal-to-noise ratio ( K ) was found to be constant across signal frequencies, suggesting that no frequency dependence hypothesis is required in the postfiltering process. The ANSI standard “Hearing Level-0dB” function, i.e., AT of NH listeners, could be applied to the frequency distribution of the noise floor for the best AF estimation. The introduction of a level-dependent internal noise could mitigate the nonlinear effects that occur in the simultaneous NN masking paradigm. The new PSM improves the applicability of the model, particularly when the sound pressure level of the NN threshold is close to AT.
Multi-Look Stripmap SAR Processing Algorithm with Built-In Correction of Geometric Distortions

SAR systems installed on small aircrafts suffer from trajectory deviations and instabilities of antenna orientation. These kinds of motion errors lead to significant geometric distortions in SAR images. In the paper, we describe a time-domain multi-look stripmap SAR processing algorithm with built-in correction of geometric distortions. In the algorithm, the azimuth reference functions and range migration curves are specially designed to produce SAR images directly on a correct rectangular grid on the ground plane. The proposed technique has been successfully tested by using a Ku-band airborne SAR system.
Review of governmental policies and techniques for keeping farmers farming

Several themes emerge in this review of why farmers convert their land to nonagricultural uses ad the kinds of government efforts that have been made to forestall the loss of farm land. The primary loss, that of farmers to other types of work, will require that farming be kept a profitable vocation. Local and state land-sue policies must coordinate the protection of farm lands and the management of urban growth, with the greatest effort made on urban fringe areas and with the states assuming leadership in designating farm land to protected. Farmers must become receptive to some government control in order to retain the desired balance of farm and developed land at a price that is acceptable to the public. Judicial doctrines and environmental laws must be re-evaluated in light o these goals and the taxpayers must be willing to absorb the costs. (DCK)