Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NATURE, OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN OF DRY PERMAFROST

Dry permafrost may be defined as a material that remains below 0iC for two or more years in succession but that has insufficient interstitial ice to become cemented. Dry permafrost has a very low moisture (ice) content (²5% volumetric basis) and occurs in areas receiving <100 mm annual precipitation and where sublimation and evaporation exceed the water-equivalent precipitation. Likely restricted to ice-free area of Antarctica (e.g., the Odry valleysO), dry permafrost may be confused with a deep active layer in coarse-textured sediments, especially in the High Arctic, central Yakutia, and in cold-arid alpine environments. The thickness of dry permafrost ranges from a few decimeters to at least 5 m. Although the origin of dry permafrost is unknown, it likely originates from sublimation of moisture from ice-cemented permafrost in cold-dry environments over periods of excess of 18,000 yr.
Four decades urban growth and land use change in Samara Russia through remote sensing and GIS techniques

This study illustrates the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban growth and land use changes in Samara city, Russia from 1975 to 2015. Landsat satellite imageries of five different time periods from 1975 to 2015 were acquired and quantify the changes with the help of ArcGIS 10.1 Software. By applying classification methods to the satellite images four main types of land use were extracted: water, built-up, forest and grassland. Then, the area coverage for all the land use types at different points in time were measured and coupled with population data. The results demonstrate that, over the entire study period, population was increased from 1146 thousand people to 1244 thousand from 1975 to 1990 but later on first reduce and then increase again, now 1173 thousand population. Built-up area is also change according to population. The present study revealed an increase in built-up by 37.01% from 1975 to 1995, than reduce -88.83% till 2005 and an increase by 39.16% from 2005 to 2015, along with the increase in population, migration from rural areas owing to the economic growth and technological advantages associated with urbanization. Information on urban growth, land use and land cover change study is very useful to local government and urban planners for the betterment of future plans to sustainable development of the city.
Strategies of Mexican Cultural Industry for Regional Development of Northern Jalisco: The Case of Huichol Handcrafts

Cultural industries have taken a very important role in the preservation of culture and national identity, so that the momentum of these is a factor to consider as part of the country's economic growth. In addition to the craft as part of the culture industry plays a key role in modern economies. The present study aims to analyze the importance of craft production in the northern state of Jalisco to be promoted for the purpose of regional attraction, for cultural, economic and social. This work will be announced strategic alternatives that both the State and other institutions can implement to promote regional development by implementing projects involving the promotion of culture and crafts of the northern region of Jalisco.
Products in Boreal Forests of Alaska

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation ( ) products covering the boreal forest of interior Alaska were analyzed and compared with field measure- ments of canopy light harvesting over a multiyear period (2001 to 2004), as well as to high-resolution maps derived from IKONOS and Landsat ETM+ imagery. The spatial variability of within the MODIS products was examined by incorpo- rating the field measurements and aggregating the high-resolution maps to the MODIS scale. Characterization of the tem- poral accuracy of the MODIS products was conducted through comparisons with continuously operating canopy light interception measurements. The MODIS product tended to over- estimate relative to both ground-based measurements and Landsat-derived estimates of , particularly in the more sparsely vegetated burn scars on which we focus related research, but adequately captured seasonal variability associated with veg- etation phenology. A combination of canopy closure and ground cover vegetation was identified as the source of most of the discrep- ancies between the MODIS estimated and field measured values. Neither the field measurements nor the high resolution image maps based on the field measurements characterized the light environment of the ground cover vegetation (i.e., 10 cm height); thus, absolute validation of the MODIS products was incomplete—despite the extensive spatial and temporal charac- terization of dynamics in the study region. We discuss these results, explore some other possible sources for observed differences between the MODIS, field, and high-resolution maps, and consider possible ways to address these issues in future work. Index Terms—Boreal, fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation ( ), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), satellite remote sensing, validation.
Security Failure in Electronic Health Record Systems: The Influence of Meaningful-use and IT Security Investment

This research draws upon the institutional theory and strategic IT adoption of organizations to examine the influence of meaningful-use of EHR systems and IT security investments on the likelihood of data breaches in hospitals. We expect that the intensity of such a relationship depends on hospitals symbolic or substantive adoption approaches. Mainly, we believe that organizations with symbolic adoption approach face a higher risk of security failures. Hospitals with (i) more complementary IT applications such as financial systems, scheduling systems, and HR systems, (ii) not-for-profit, and (iii) teaching and faithoriented hospitals are less likely to classify as symbolic adopters. For that purpose, this paper takes advantage of unique data sets which provides detailed information on EHR system adoption by hospitals as well as the majority of data breaches. Further, we identify changes in the likelihood of breach performance consequent to meaningful-use and IT investment by employing Fixed-effect panel analysis and propensity score matching approach.
Downdip variations in seismic reflection character: Implications for fault structure and seismogenic behavior in the Alaska subduction zone

Seismic reflection data collected offshore of Alaska Peninsula across the western edge of the Semidi segment show distinctive variations in reflection characteristics of the megathrust fault with depth, suggesting changes in structure that may relate to seismic behavior. From the trench to ~40 km landward, two parallel reflections are observed, which we interpret as the top and bottom of the subducted sediment section. From ~50 to 95 km from the trench, the plate interface appears as a thin (<400 ms) reflection band. Deeper and farther landward, the plate interface transitions to a thicker (1–1.5 s) package of reflections, where it appears to intersect the fore‐arc mantle wedge based on our preferred interpretation of the continental Moho. Synthetic waveform modeling suggests that the thin reflection band is best explained by a single ~100 to 250 m thick low‐velocity zone, whereas the thick reflection band requires a 3 to 5 km thick zone of thin layers. The thin reflection band is located at the center of the 1938 Mw 8.2 Semidi earthquake rupture zone that now experiences little interplate seismicity. The thick reflection band starts at the downdip edge of the rupture zone, correlates with a dipping band of seismicity, and projects to the location of tremor at greater depth. We interpret the thin reflection band as a compacted sediment layer and/or localized shear zone. The thick reflection band could be caused by a wide deformation zone with branching faults and/or fluid‐rich layers, representing a broad transition from stick‐slip sliding to slow slip and tremor.
Simulating propagation of decomposed elastic waves using low-rank approximate mixed-domain integral operators for heterogeneous transversely isotropic media

The first author would like to thank Sergey Fomel for sharing his experience in designing low-rank approximate algorithm, and Chenlong Wang and Tengfei Wang for helpful discussion. We thank KAUST for it’s support. We thank the authors of Madagascar for providing this software platform for reproducible computational experiments.
Automatic feedback control in electron beam melting using infrared thermography

An infrared (IR) camera has been installed in an Arcam A2 Electron Beam Melting (EBM) system for improved layer-by-layer monitoring and feedback control of the EBM build process. Previous work has demonstrated the temperature variations possible during a build (e.g., part/powder bed temperature elevates as build height increases) that have been shown to produce microstructural changes as well as a range of defects that can be detected (e.g., temperature anomalies and porosity). A stabilization of temperature during a build can lead to more uniform microstructure and mechanical properties throughout the fabricated part. Further, full spatial and temporal control of temperature could lead to controlled microstructural architectures in EBM-fabricated parts. An automatic feedback control system was developed to acquire a temperature matrix of the current layer and used as an input to a ‘ghost operator’ that modifies the necessary parameters (speed function, beam current, melt cycle’s post-heating time) for temperature stabilization to minimize microstructural variations. Introduction The Electron Beam Melting (EBM) process has been a promising technology for the rapid manufacturing of end-use metal components. Several materials have been processed using EBM (e.g. Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 625, and Inconel 718) that are of interest in the aerospace industry for flight-ready part fabrication (Rodriguez et al., 2012, Murr et al., 2011). Although part fabrication using Ti-6Al-4V has resulted in dense parts with mechanical properties comparable to wrought titanium, several anomalies in microstructure still exist, namely differences in microstructure throughout a part that are due to a thermal gradient within the build chamber during fabrication (Murr et al., 2009; Puebla et al., 2012). Such uncontrolled variations are not suitable when mechanically isotropic parts are needed. Furthermore, if a higher level of control is present in EBM, it may be possible to fabricate mechanically isotropic parts or parts with prescribed anisotropy, ensure manufacturing repeatability and reproducibility, and meet an adequate level of quality. A FLIR SC645 infrared (IR) camera was installed in an Arcam A2 EBM system for the purpose of layer-by-layer monitoring and feedback (Rodriguez et al., 2012). Studies were performed observing parts produced using Ti-6Al-4V and results included the detection of defects such as porosity, non-uniform temperature between parts in a single build, non-uniform temperature within a single part, and over-melt of powder. Using the improved feedback from the IR system, an operator was able to manually modify parameters to achieve a more uniform build temperature (Rodriguez, 2012). The current research focuses on developing an automatic feedback control method in an attempt to achieve a uniform build temperature to attain microstructural uniformity, detect defects, and achieve a layer-by-layer control of parameters to change grain size in Ti-6Al-4V microstructure.
Optoelectronic Devices: Design, Modeling, and Simulation

1. Introduction 2. Optical models 3. Material model I - semiconductor band structures 4. Material model II - the optical gain 5. Carrier transport and thermal diffusion models 6. Solution techniques for optical equations 7. Solution techniques for material gain equations 8. Solution techniques for carrier transport and thermal diffusion equations 9. Numerical analysis of device performance 10. Design and modeling examples of semiconductor laser diodes 11. Design and modeling examples of other solitary optoelectronic devices 12. Design and modeling examples of integrated optoelectronic devices Appendices.
Role of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms in regulating the expression of nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNA levels in embryonic cutaneous cells at different stages of development.

We have investigated if transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) isoforms influence the level of expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA in embryonic tissues innervated by neurons that depend on NGF and NT-3 for survival. Presumptive dermal and epidermal cells from the maxillary territory of the embryonic mouse trigeminal ganglion were cultured in defined medium during the early stages of innervation when trigeminal neurons switch their survival dependence from NT-3 to NGF. In E11 and E12 cultures, when the in vivo levels of NGF mRNA and NT-3 mRNA are increasing, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 each increased the level of NGF mRNA but had no effect on NT-3 mRNA. In E13 cultures, when the in vivo levels of NGF mRNA and NT-3 mRNA reach a peak (relative to actin mRNA) prior to a marked fall in the level of NT-3 mRNA and a gradual decrease in the level of NGF mRNA, TGF-beta s promoted further increases in the level of NGF mRNA but caused a decrease in the level of NT-3 mRNA. All three TGF-beta mRNAs were detected in the maxillary territory in vivo before the arrival of the earliest axons and their levels rose throughout the period in which sensory axons reach this territory. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Forward Error Correction

In modern telecommunication systems, FEC has been widely used. The emergence and development of this technology is the need of the telecommunication system itself. In the engineering practice, the ideal digital channel does not exist, which results from distortion and non-isochronous delay. Such result means generating error and jitter, which finally can be reflected in the error code of the system. Adopting FEC technology is to improve the error code more efficiently, and such technology can be realized by hardware as well as software. Therefore, we will introduce some relevant knowledge in this article, ranging from its principle, how it works, to different types and its applications. This paper interprets the principle and types of FEC and also gives some examples of FECs and their applications. It evaluates research work and discusses about the security of FECs in the end.
Inside Game Outside Game: Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America

For the past three decades, the federal government has targeted the poorest areas of American cities with a succession of antipoverty initiatives, yet these urban neighborhoods continue to decline. According to David Rusk, focusing on programs aimed at improving inner-city neighborhoods--playing the "inside game"--is a losing strategy. Achieving real improvement requires matching the "inside game" with a strong "outside game" of regional strategies to overcome growing fiscal disparities, concentrated poverty, and urban sprawl. In this persuasive book filled with personal observations as well as his trademark mastery of census statistics, Rusk argues that state legislatures must set new "rules of the game. " He believes those rules require regional revenue or tax base sharing to reduce fiscal disparity, regional housing policies to ensure that all new developments have their fair share of low- and moderate-income housing to dissolve concentrations of poverty, and regional land-use planning and growth management to control urban sprawl. State government action, Rusk argues, is particularly crucial where regions are highly fragmented by many competing city, village, and township governments. He provides vivid success stories that demonstrate best practices for these regional strategies along with recommendations for building effective regional coalitions. A Century Foundation Book
A study on the pattern of prospective somites in the presomitic mesoderm of mouse embryos

Consistently six to seven soniites were formed in explants of presomitic mesoderm of 8·5-day to 11·5-day mouse embryos and this number correlated well with the number of somitomeres previously identified in the same tissue by stereo SEM (Tam, Meier & Jacobson, 1982). During this period of development, the size of the presomitic mesoderm varied up to two-fold but the number of prospective somites remained unchanged. This pattern in the presomitic mesoderm was stable with respect to the number and the position of somites that were formed, the craniocaudal sequence and the rate of segmentation. The prospective somite also went through an orderly sequence of expansion and cellular rearrangement prior to segmentation. During the differentiation of the presomitic mesoderm, somites were formed at the expense of somitomeres, suggesting that the somitomere was a morphological manifestation of the prospective somite.
Body-Force Equivalent Calculations Deformation in the Near

Summary The body-force equivalents that reproduce the permanent deformation around seismic events need not coincide with those deduced from dynamic properties of the radiation. The differences can be ascribed to creep-like phenomena and the relaxation of a regional stress pattern. Solutions for the body-force equivalents around both the Dixie Valley earthquakes of Nevada and the Faultless explosion event yield an unambiguous indication of a single-couple body-force equivalent. Although the data are not as clear, a solution of the Tango earthquake in Japan suggests the possibility of a deep-seated monopole source of uplift. The distribution of body-force equivalent for near-field deformation can be used as a guide to the behaviour of blocks of formations in the near field. This is demonstrated in the solution of the Dixie Valley earthquakes in Nevada. Quasi-static phenomena such as the permanent deformation in the near field can be modelled by sources which have a net moment in the vicinity of the focal volume. This does not mean that the net mechanism associated with quasi-static phenomena has net moment. In order to conserve angular momentum in the Earth, it is necessary for adjustments to occur at considerable distances from the source.
Changes in the prevalence of U.S. adults using diet, exercise, pharmaceuticals and diet products for weight loss over time: Analysis of NHANES 1999–2018

To examine changes in the use of diet, exercise, and pharmacological/diet product weight loss (WL) practices over time, and differences in these trends by sex and obesity status, data from the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES Continuous 1999–2018) was used. The prevalence of diet, exercise and use of WL drugs and products over time were examined in men and women with and without obesity in a series of cross-sectional nationally representative samples (n = 43,020). Women and those with obesity were more likely to engage in WL practices over the past year, with an increased prevalence of WL efforts over time (38.4 to 43.2%). Amongst those who engaged in WL attempts, diet-related WL was most common (87–93%), followed by exercise-related WL (47–68%), whereas use of WL drugs and products was the least common (5–21%). There were modest differences in the prevalence of diet or exercise WL over time, with some differences by sex and obesity status. Most notable was the increase in the prevalence of exercise WL practices in women with obesity, with no differences among men or women without obesity. When examining specific types of diets, there were more clear differences in the adoption of diets over time, with the use of more traditional calorie/portion/fat restriction diets becoming less prevalent, and sugar/carbohydrate restriction becoming more prevalent over time (P<0.005). Changes over time in the use of diets were, were however, similar in men and women with and without obesity. Use of pharmacotherapy/diet products tended to decline in prevalence over time but was consistently highest in women with obesity. Thus, there are differences in the types of WL strategies individuals have employed over time, with variations in their popularity of use by sex and obesity status. However, the pattern of changes over time were quite similar in men and women with and without obesity.
Katdetectr: an R/bioconductor package utilizing unsupervised changepoint analysis for robust kataegis detection

Background Kataegis refers to the occurrence of regional genomic hypermutation in cancer and is a phenomenon that has been observed in a wide range of malignancies. A kataegis locus constitutes a genomic region with a high mutation rate, i.e., a higher frequency of closely interspersed somatic variants than the overall mutational background. It has been shown that kataegis is of biological significance and possibly clinically relevant. Therefore, an accurate and robust workflow for kataegis detection is paramount. Findings Here we present Katdetectr, an open-source R/Bioconductor-based package for the robust yet flexible and fast detection of kataegis loci in genomic data. In addition, Katdetectr houses functionalities to characterize and visualize kataegis and provides results in a standardized format useful for subsequent analysis. In brief, Katdetectr imports industry-standard formats (MAF, VCF, and VRanges), determines the intermutation distance of the genomic variants and performs unsupervised changepoint analysis utilizing the Pruned Exact Linear Time search algorithm followed by kataegis calling according to user-defined parameters. We used synthetic data and an a priori labeled pan-cancer dataset of Whole Genome Sequenced malignancies for the performance evaluation of Katdetectr and five publicly available kataegis detection packages. Our performance evaluation shows that Katdetectr is robust regarding tumor mutational burden (TMB) and shows the fastest mean computation time. Additionally, Katdetectr reveals the highest accuracy (0.99, 0.99) and normalized Matthews Correlation Coefficient (0.98, 0.92) of all evaluated tools for both datasets. Conclusions Katdetectr is a robust workflow for the detection, characterization, and visualization of kataegis and is available on Bioconductor: https://doi.org/doi:10.18129/B9.bioc. katdetectr