Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diversity on the Interannual Variations of Spring Monthly Precipitation in Southern China and the Associated Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

: There is a continuous and relatively stable rainy period every spring in southern China (SC). This spring precipitation process is a unique weather and climate phenomenon in East Asia. Previously, the variation characteristics and associated mechanisms of this precipitation process have been mostly discussed from the perspective of seasonal mean. Based on the observed and reanalysis datasets from 1982 to 2021, this study investigates the diversity of the interannual variations of monthly precipitation in spring in SC, and focuses on the potential influence of the tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The results show that the interannual variations of monthly precipitation in spring in SC have significant differences, and the correlations between each two months are very weak. All the interannual variations of precipitation in three months are related to a similar western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone (WNPAC), and the southwesterlies at the western flank of WNPAC bring abundant water vapor for the precipitation in SC. However, the WNPAC is influenced by tropical SST anomalies in different regions each month. The interannual variation of precipitation in March in SC is mainly influenced by the signal of El Niño-Southern Oscillation, and the associated SST anomalies in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific regulate the WNPAC through the Pacific-East Asia (PEA) tele-connection. In contrast, the WNPAC associated with the interannual variation of precipitation in April can be affected by the SST anomalies in the northwestern equatorial Pacific through a thermally induced Rossby wave response. The interannual variation of precipitation in May is regulated by the SST anomalies around the western Maritime Continent, which stimulates the development of low-level anomalous anticyclones over the South China Sea and east of the Philippine Sea by driving anomalous meridional vertical circulation.
Reliability Concerns of TSV-Based 3-D Integration: Impact of Interfacial Crack

The demands for improved performance, lower cost, and better signal integrity in 3-D packaging technology led to the development of through silicon via (TSV). However, TSV fabrication, testing, and services primarily induce undesirable thermomechanical stress during thermal cycling. It initiates microcracks (popularly known as interfacial cracks) across interfaced layers of TSV due to a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch. This article for the first time presents a comprehensive analysis of via parasitic that adversely affects the electrical characteristics of TSVs considering the heating and cooling scenario of interfacial cracks. It comprises a novel equivalent electrical circuit that includes fault modeling as well as reliability concerns in terms of crosstalk-induced delay, power dissipation, energy release rate (ERR), and S-parameter. The metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) effect is considered to model the via faults at various crack widths. Using a CMOS-based driver-via-load setup at 32-nm technology, the proposed electrical model is used to analyze the crosstalk, power, and losses considering both the heating and cooling modes. A closer validation of the obtained results demonstrates a good agreement with the experimental data for an approximate deviation of 2.5% in the scattering parameter. Furthermore, it is elucidated that the cooling mode is 14.58% more vulnerable than the heating in terms of power delay product (PDP) by considering height and crack width of 9.6 and $1.79 ~\mu \text{m}$ , respectively.
Machine Learning-Based Segmentation of the Thoracic Aorta with Congenital Valve Disease Using MRI

Subjects with bicuspid aortic valves (BAV) are at risk of developing valve dysfunction and need regular clinical imaging surveillance. Management of BAV involves manual and time-consuming segmentation of the aorta for assessing left ventricular function, jet velocity, gradient, shear stress, and valve area with aortic valve stenosis. This paper aims to employ machine learning-based (ML) segmentation as a potential for improved BAV assessment and reducing manual bias. The focus is on quantifying the relationship between valve morphology and vortical structures, and analyzing how valve morphology influences the aorta’s susceptibility to shear stress that may lead to valve incompetence. The ML-based segmentation that is employed is trained on whole-body Computed Tomography (CT). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is acquired from six subjects, three with tricuspid aortic valves (TAV) and three functionally BAV, with right–left leaflet fusion. These are used for segmentation of the cardiovascular system and delineation of four-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D-PCMRI) for quantification of vortical structures and wall shear stress. The ML-based segmentation model exhibits a high Dice score (0.86) for the heart organ, indicating a robust segmentation. However, the Dice score for the thoracic aorta is comparatively poor (0.72). It is found that wall shear stress is predominantly symmetric in TAVs. BAVs exhibit highly asymmetric wall shear stress, with the region opposite the fused coronary leaflets experiencing elevated tangential wall shear stress. This is due to the higher tangential velocity explained by helical flow, proximally of the sinutubal junction of the ascending aorta. ML-based segmentation not only reduces the runtime of assessing the hemodynamic effectiveness, but also identifies the significance of the tangential wall shear stress in addition to the axial wall shear stress that may lead to the progression of valve incompetence in BAVs, which could guide potential adjustments in surgical interventions.
The numbers and distribution of the Great Skua Stercorarius skua breeding in Iceland 1984-1985

The breeding population of the Great Skua Stercorarius slaw in Iceland was censused in the summers of 1984 and 1985. It numbered about 5400 pairs, which is about 42% of the entire North Atlantic population. The survey was based on the line-transect technique, but two outwash plains, together 1000 km in area, were covered from an aeroplane. The importance of the distribution of the colonies is discussed in relation to factors which may influence this. Other species of birds breeding in the Great Skua colonies are listed.
Current Security Threats in Applications of Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks have a broader application range in almost every field of human endeavours, which exposes them to a variety of security threats on a daily basis from cyber criminals. It is a remote monitoring system for events or phenomena in areas such as smart grids, intelligent healthcare, circular economies in smart cities, and underwater surveillance. Cybersecurity threats have long been a source of concern in the field of wireless sensor networks. The goal of cyber security in this era is to certify the authenticity of networks confidentiality, data integrity and availability of network assets. Various security mechanisms, particularly key management cryptographic, authentication mechanisms, and intrusion detection systems have been developed from several machine learning algorithms, and so on, which have been used to ensure network security. In this paper, we focused on outlining diverse application areas of wireless sensor networks with their security threats, major challenges and given some common mechanism to counter security threats for in-depth research insight on security in applications of wireless sensor networks. In addition, an analysis of the common attacks on wireless sensor networks has been provided.
Early On the use of continuous positive airway pressure during the second and third waves of the Covid-19 pandemic

Background: In a preliminary study during the first COVID-19 pandemic wave, we reported a high rate of success with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in preventing death and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). That study, however, was too small to identify risk factors for mortality, barotrauma and impact on subsequent IMV. Thus, we re-evaluated the efficacy of the same CPAP protocol in a larger series of patients during second and third pandemic waves. Methods: 281 COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-severe acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (158 full-code and 123 do-not-intubate, DNI), were managed with high-flow CPAP early in their hospitalization. IMV was considered after 4 days of unsuccessful CPAP. Results: The overall recovery rate from respiratory failure was 50% in the DNI and 89% in the full-code group. Among the latter, 71% recovered with CPAP only, 3% died under CPAP and 26% were intubated after a median CPAP time of 7 days (IQR: 5-12 days). Of the patients who were intubated, 68% recovered and were discharged from the hospital within 28 days. Barotrauma occurred during CPAP in <4% of patients. Age (OR=1.128; p <0.001) and tomographic severity score (OR=1.139; p=0.006) were the only independent predictors of mortality Conclusions: Early treatment with CPAP is a safe option for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19.
Clustering rainfall stations aiming regional frequency analysis

Reliable rainfall estimations are vital to the successful hydrological planning of a region. For this task, probabilistic models to estimate the frequency and intensity of rainfall are available, but require inputs from the target location. Hydrological monitoring networks, however, do not cover all places of interest and therefore a tool capable of transferring the information from the monitored location to that of interest is necessary. This can be accomplished by index-flood regionalization methodology, which permits to estimate quantiles, evaluate the homogeneity of a region and identify discordant stations. The study focuses on the state of Parana, Brazil, using monthly rainfall in 227 stations during 31 years (1976-2006). The study reviews various clustering methods, both hierarchical and nonhierarchical, and presents methods to validate the classifications using measures of both discordance for stations belonging to a particular cluster and homogeneity of the obtained regions. Hierarchical methodologies used were: centroid, single, average, complete and Ward linkages. Nonhierarchical methodology used was k-means. Also was utilized a hybrid form between nonhierarchical and hierarchical methodologies. Optimized number of groups was found utilizing the cophenetic correlation coefficient, Davies-Bouldin and Dunn indexes. Each group of optimum repartition was evaluated with respect their homogeneity and outlier stations. The best repartition of rainfall stations was found with hybrid form between Ward and k-means methodologies, because elimination of outlier stations allowed forming homogeneous regions with respect to L-moments. Other point observed was the effect of outlier stations in homogeneity of studied region, as well as, group’s number of stations. Finally, gamma distribution was tested with two or three parameters and showing satisfactory results.
The Dynamics of Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration in a Healthy Milieu and in Diabetes

Appropriate animal models, mimicking conditions of both health and disease, are needed to understand not only the biology and the physiology of neurons and other cells under normal conditions but also under stress conditions, like nerve injuries and neuropathy. In such conditions, understanding how genes and different factors are activated through the well-orchestrated programs in neurons and other related cells is crucial. Knowledge about key players associated with nerve regeneration intended for axonal outgrowth, migration of Schwann cells with respect to suitable substrates, invasion of macrophages, appropriate conditioning of extracellular matrix, activation of fibroblasts, formation of endothelial cells and blood vessels, and activation of other players in healthy and diabetic conditions is relevant. Appropriate physical and chemical attractions and repulsions are needed for an optimal and directed regeneration and are investigated in various nerve injury and repair/reconstruction models using healthy and diabetic rat models with relevant blood glucose levels. Understanding dynamic processes constantly occurring in neuropathies, like diabetic neuropathy, with concomitant degeneration and regeneration, requires advanced technology and bioinformatics for an integrated view of the behavior of different cell types based on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and imaging at different visualization levels. Single-cell-transcriptional profile analysis of different cells may reveal any heterogeneity among key players in peripheral nerves in health and disease.
The Southern Ocean Waves Experiment. Part I: Overview and Mean Results

The Southern Ocean Waves Experiment (SOWEX) was an international collaborative air‐sea interaction experiment in which a specially instrumented meteorological research aircraft simultaneously gathered atmospheric turbulence data in the marine boundary layer and sea surface topography data over the Southern Ocean for a wide range of wind speeds. The aim was to increase present knowledge of severe sea state air‐sea interaction. This first paper presents an overview of the experiment and a detailed discussion of the methodology and mean results. A companion paper describes the findings on variability of the wind speed and wind stress and their relationship to variations in the underlying sea surface roughness.
ARCH-COMP23 Category Report: Stochastic Models

This report is concerned with a friendly competition for formal verification and policy synthesis of stochastic models. The main goal of the report is to introduce new benchmarks and their properties within this category and recommend next steps toward next year’s edition of the competition. Given that the tools for stochastic models are at their early stages of development compared to those of non-probabilistic models, the main focus is to report on an initiative to collect a set of minimal benchmarks that all such tools can run, thus facilitating the comparison between the efficiency of the implemented techniques. This friendly competition took place as part of the workshop Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems (ARCH) in Summer 2023.
The Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Neck Pain Prevalence among Older Population: A Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: After pandemics of covid 19, world interaction has been more through social media and through virtual. With lots of benefit of the technology, there is a pitfall of this also. Because of this, usage of smart phone has increased so addiction of it occurs even in elderly population. Due to their posture of using smart phone, and its addiction, there may be chances of having additional neck pain and disabilities. So, here is the need to see whether their smart phone addiction has any role in their neck pain prevalence. Methodology: The study examined 90 elderly population from Ahmedabad by random table sampling, in the age group of 60-70 years. Participants were asked to fill a Performa with the questionnaires of smart phone addiction scale (SAS) and neck disability index (NDI). Level of significant was kept at 5%. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to correlate between both SAS and NDI. Result: From 90 participants, there was 36 females and 54 males. Mean±SD of SAS and NDI was 107.8±22.5 and 7.4±4.99 respectively. Spearman correlation coefficient showed a significant Moderate positive correlation between SAS and NDI (r=0.649, p<0.001). Conclusion: The study showed the positive correlation between smartphone addiction and musculoskeletal problems in neck in elderly population.
LA ÉTICA EN LA INVESTIGACIÓN CUALITATIVA. UNA REFLEXIÓN DESDE LOS ESTUDIOS ORGANIZACIONALES

La investigación cualitativa es una actividad profunda y compleja porque el investigador es un sujeto inserto en el objeto de estudio; al realizar la investigación simultáneamente sufre de su influencia; enfrentándose así a cuestiones éticas. Hay una influencia del contexto, que muchas veces se requiere la adopción de reglas y normas éticas por parte del investigador a la situación que se vive produciendo un dilema. La integridad ética de la investigación no sólo se limita en respetar las normas o las directivas de los comités de ética sino como parte de la responsabilidad del investigador que es indisociable de su calidad científica. El objetivo del presente trabajo es reflexionar sobre los diferentes dilemas éticos asociados al proceso de investigación dentro de los Estudios Organizacionales para lo que se eligieron tres tesis doctorales del Posgrado en Estudios Organizacionales de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa que usaron estudios de caso múltiple en microempresas en México. Se realizó una revisión documental por parte de los investigadores y se discutieron las implicaciones éticas de la investigación. Las principales conclusiones fueron que la actividad investigativa del área de estudio reflexione sobre la importancia de la ética en la aplicación de la metodología cualitativa y sus implicaciones en el proceso de investigación. La gestión de la investigación debe ser cuidadosa, amplia y abiertamente informada para las partes involucradas; desde el inicio de la investigación hasta la publicación de los resultados. Los desafíos éticos que se presentan en el ingreso a la organización deben establecer un consentimiento informado explícito y los participantes deben tener la seguridad y claridad de tomar decisiones informadas con respecto a la información que se otorgará además de su uso y difusión.
Planning in England's National Parks

The English National Parks are category V IUCN protected areas. The governance of the Parks is structured to achieve two purposes: 1) to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage and 2) to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities. There is also a secondary duty to foster the economic and social well-being of local communities within the Park areas. Planning powers have been used in relation to the two purposes throughout the sixty year history of National Parks in England. However, while historical analysis reviews Park planning limited research has been undertaken in the last two decades. This paper discusses the role that planning powers play in the pursuit of the purposes/duty.
Immune-Related Genes in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis: Based on Sex Differences

Purpose Atherosclerosis is still a global public problem with increasing incidence rate and mortality. It has been found that gender factors play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. However, few people explore gender related atherosclerosis at the level of genes and immune cells. The purpose of this study was to determine genetic and immune cell differences between male and female samples. Patients and Methods This study aims to identify differential genes between male and female samples in the GSE43292 dataset. The focus will be on identifying immune-related genes (IRGs) among these differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis will be employed to explore the enrichment of IRGs in biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components, and pathways. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for the IRGs will be constructed using Cytoscape software. To estimate the degree of immune cell infiltration, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) will be conducted. Moreover, the identified IRGs will be validated using GSE28829 dataset. Finally, we validated in atherosclerotic mice. Results Seven IRGs (CCL13, IL1RN, FPR2, S100A8, CCL19, CXCL1, CXCL8) were identified as being overexpressed in male atherosclerosis. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that these IRGs are primarily enriched in inflammatory response pathways, cytokine signaling pathways, and cytokine- cytokine receptor interactions. Notably, when compared to females, there was a significant infiltration of immune cells in male specimens. Importantly, all seven IRGs demonstrated high diagnostic value in GSE28829 dataset. The use of animal samples supports our results. Conclusion This study demonstrates the effectiveness of seven IRGs and reveal sex differences in atherosclerosis. Notably, there is a significant presence of immune cells within the atherosclerotic plaque of men compared to women. These findings have potential implications for the development of personalized treatment approaches targeting gender-related atherosclerosis.
Zonally symmetric changes in the strength and position of the Southern Westerlies drove atmospheric CO2 variations over the past 14 k.y.

Terrestrial records from 41 to 52°S across the Southern Hemisphere reveal nearly synchronous multimillennial trends in moisture derived from the Southern Westerly Winds (SWW) since 14 ka, pointing to a marked zonal symmetry in SWW changes across a broad swath of the southern middle latitudes. The data suggest a southward shift of the SWW that coincided with a rapid atmospheric CO 2 rise starting ca. 12.5 ka, a widespread decline in SWW strength between ca. 10 and 7 ka contemporaneous with an ∼8 ppm reversal in the deglacial atmospheric CO 2 rise, followed by stronger SWW and a steady multimillennial increase in CO 2 until the preindustrial maximum. We conclude that zonally symmetric changes in the intensity of the SWW at multimillennial time scales have covaried with atmospheric CO 2 variations since 14 ka, and suggest that changes in the SWW–Southern Ocean coupled system have influenced the atmospheric CO 2 concentration through wind-driven upwelling of CO 2 -rich deep waters in the high southern latitudes.
The Influence of Social Media on the Reduced Politeness of Language in Adolescents

This research is motivated by data showing the influence of social media on language politeness in adolescents. The objectives to be achieved in this study include: (1) Knowing whether social media has an effect on adolescent politeness in language through public perception (2) Knowing how social media influences adolescent language politeness (3) providing references for readers regarding the study of the influence of social media and language politeness. This research was conducted through a survey that was distributed through social media and had the participation of 45 people. The results of the study show how social media has an effect on reducing politeness in language in adolescents. From the data obtained, it can be recommended to the audience that social media can have an effect on adolescent language politeness.
Evaluation Of The Root Oil of Vetiveria Zizanioides for Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle

Between October 2020 and June 2021, 200 cows were screened for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test and the White Side test, and Ushir (Vetive-Ria zizanioides) (Linn.) was tested for its antimicrobial activity against mastitis pathogens. A positive control, namely the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, was used to compare the in vitro effectiveness of Vetiveria root oil. In the experimental investigation, the lowest bactericidal concentration against E. coli was recorded at 12.5%, whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration of E. coli and S. aureus were both observed at this level. The largest inhibitory zone was measured against S. aureus, whose lowest zone of inhibition was measured against, which had a mean diameter of 10.67 ± 0.81 mm. E. coli had a mean diameter of 10.89 mm. As a result, the antimicrobial efficacy of Vetivera root oil was found to be effective in controlling subclinical mastitis.