Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BRANCHES IN BUCKET RECURSIVE TREES WITH VARIABLE CAPACITIES OF BUCKETS

Trees are defined as connected graphs without cycles, and their properties are basics of graph theory. A tree on n nodes labeled 1, 2,. , n is a recursive tree if the node labeled 1 is distinguished as the root, and for each 2 ≤ k ≤ n, the labels of the nodes in the unique path from the root to the node labeled k form an increasing sequence [6]. Bucket trees are a generalization of the ordinary trees where buckets (or nodes) can hold up to b ≥ 1 labels. Mahmoud and Smythe [5] introduced bucket recursive trees as a generalization of ordinary recursive trees. In this model the capacity of buckets is fixed. They applied a probabilistic analysis for studying the height and depth of the largest label in these trees and Kuba and Panholzer [4] analyzed these trees as a special instance of bucket increasing trees which is a family of some combinatorial objects. Kazemi [2] introduced a new version of bucket recursive trees where the nodes are buckets with variable capacities labelled with integers 1, 2, . , n. In fact, the capacity of buckets is a random variable in these models. He studied the depth quantity and the first Zagreb index in these models [3]. A bucket recursive tree with variable capacities of buckets (BRT-VCB) starts with the root labelled by 1 that has r ≥ 0 descendants each of them making a subtree. The nodes in the subtrees have capacities c < b or c = b. The nodes with capacities c < b are connected together with 1 edge and the nodes with capacities b have descendants ≥ 0 again each of them making a subtree such that the labels within these nodes are arranged in increasing order. The tree is completed when the label n is inserted in the tree. Figure 1 illustrates such a tree of size 19 with b = 3. For constructing a tree of size n+1 (attracting label n+1 to a tree of size n), if a leaf v has the capacity c < b, then we add the label n+1 to this node and make a node with capacity c+1 or produce a node n+1. But for a node with capacity b, we only produce a new node n + 1. The last nodes with c ≤ b labels at the end of subtrees are called leaves and other nodes are called non-leaves. The probability p, which gives the probability that label n+ 1 is attracted by node v in the model is c(v) n−|γ| , where γ = {v ∈ T ; c = c(v) = k < b, and v is a non-leaf}.
DNA Barcoding of Malagasy Rosewoods: Towards a Molecular Identification of CITES-Listed Dalbergia Species

Illegal selective logging of tropical timber is of increasing concern worldwide. Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot and home to some of the world’s most sought after tropical timber species. Malagasy rosewoods belong to the genus Dalbergia (Fabaceae), which is highly diverse and has a pantropical distribution, but these timber species are among the most threatened as a consequence of intensive illegal selective logging and deforestation. Reliable identification of Dalbergia species from Madagascar is important for law enforcement but is almost impossible without fertile plant material, which is often unavailable during forest inventories or when attempting to identify logged trees of cut wood. DNA barcoding has been promoted as a promising tool for species identification in such cases. In this study we tested whether DNA barcoding with partial sequences of three plastid markers (matK, rbcL and trnL (UAA)) can distinguish between Dalbergia from Madagascar and from other areas of its distributional range, and whether Malagasy species can be distinguished from one another. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Malagasy Dalbergia species studied form two monophyletic groups, each containing two subgroups, only one of which corresponds to a single species. We characterized diagnostic polymorphisms in the three DNA barcoding markers that allow rapid discrimination between Dalbergia from Madagascar and from other areas of its distribution range. Species identification success based on individual barcoding markers or combinations was poor, whereas subgroup identification success was much higher (up to 98%), revealing both the value and limitations of a DNA barcoding approach for the identification of closely related Malagasy rosewoods.
B cell homeostasis in chronic hepatitis C virus–related mixed cryoglobulinemia is maintained through naïve B cell apoptosis

Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is the most common extrahepatic manifestation of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Although the formation of inflammation‐triggering immune complexes is driven by clonal expansions of autoreactive B cells, we found total B cell numbers paradoxically reduced in HCV‐infected patients with MC. HCV patients with MC (n = 17) also displayed a reduced number and a reduced frequency of naïve B cells compared with HCV‐infected patients without MC (n = 19), hepatitis B virus–infected patients (n = 10), and uninfected controls (n = 50). This was due to an increased sensitivity of naïve B cells to apoptosis resulting in a reduction in the size of the naïve B cell subset. In addition, 4‐fold expansion and skewing (lower T1/T2‐ratio) of the immature B cell subset was noted in MC patients, suggesting that apoptosis of naïve B cells triggered the release of B cell precursors from bone marrow in an attempt to maintain normal B cell numbers. Following treatment of MC with the B cell–depleting antibody rituximab, the size of all B cell subsets, the T1/T2‐ratio, and the cyroglobulin levels all normalized. Cryoglobulin levels correlated with in vivo proliferation of T2 B cells, suggesting a link between the skewing of the T1/T2 ratio and the formation of immune complexes. Conclusion: This study provides insight into the mechanisms maintaining B cell homeostasis in HCV‐induced MC and the ability of rituximab therapy to restore normal B cell compartments. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:1602–1610)
Grasp Pose Detection in Point Clouds

Recently, a number of grasp detection methods have been proposed that can be used to localize robotic grasp configurations directly from sensor data without estimating object pose. The underlying idea is to treat grasp perception analogously to object detection in computer vision. These methods take as input a noisy and partially occluded RGBD image or point cloud and produce as output pose estimates of viable grasps, without assuming a known CAD model of the object. Although these methods generalize grasp knowledge to new objects well, they have not yet been demonstrated to be reliable enough for wide use. Many grasp detection methods achieve grasp success rates (grasp successes as a fraction of the total number of grasp attempts) between 75% and 95% for novel objects presented in isolation or in light clutter. Not only are these success rates too low for practical grasping applications, but the light clutter scenarios that are evaluated often do not reflect the realities of real-world grasping. This paper proposes a number of innovations that together result in an improvement in grasp detection performance. The specific improvement in performance due to each of our contributions is quantitatively measured either in simulation or on robotic hardware. Ultimately, we report a series of robotic experiments that average a 93% end-to-end grasp success rate for novel objects presented in dense clutter.
Influence of Covering Reused Broiler Litter with Plastic Canvas on Litter Characteristics and Bacteriology and the Subsequent Immunity and Microbiology of Broilers

ABSTRACT In broiler production, the litter is reused for consecutives flocks, and it is treated during down time between flocks to reduce its microbial load. Although covering the litter with a plastic canvas is a common litter treatment in the field, there is little scientific information available on its efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of covering broiler litter with a plastic canvas for eight days on litter microbiological, physical, and chemical parameters, and on the intestinal microbiota and immunity of broilers. In the first trial, reused litter from a previous flock was distributed into three treatments, with six replicates each: L1 (negative control, litter free from Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Eimeria maxima (EM) and not covered), L2 (positive control, litter with SE and EM, and not covered), and L3 (litter with SE and EM, and covered with plastic canvas for eight days). Litter total bacteria, Enterobacteria, Lactobacillus , SE, and EM counts, and litter pH, temperature, moisture, and ammonia emission were determined on days 1 and 8. In the second trial, broilers were housed on those litters according to the treatments described above, and their intestinal microbiota, gut CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and macrophages, and liver and intestinal pro-inflammatory interleukin (IFN-
Types for atomicity

Ensuring the correctness of multithreaded programs is difficult, due to the potential for unexpected and nondeterministic interactions, between threads. Previous work addressed this problem by devising tools for detecting race conditions, a situation where two threads simultaneously access the same data variable, and at least one of the accesses is a write. Unfortunately, verifying the absence of such simultaneous-access race conditions is neither necessary nor sufficient to ensure the absence of errors due to unexpected thread interactions.We propose that a stronger non-interference property is required, namely the atomicity of code blocks, and we present a type system for specifying and verifying such atomicity properties. The type system allows statement blocks and functions to be annotated with the keyword atomic. If the program type checks, then the type system guarantees that for any arbitrarily-interleaved program execution, there is a corresponding execution with equivalent behavior in which the instructions of each atomic block executed by a thread are not interleaved with instructions from other threads. This property allows programmers to reason about the behavior of well-typed programs at a higher level of granularity, where each atomic block is executed "in one step", thus signi . cantly simplifying both formal and informal reasoning.Our type system is sufficient to verify a number of interesting examples. For example,it can prove that many methods of java.util. Vector are atomic, even though some methods have benign race conditions, and would be rejected by earlier type systems for race detection.
Exposure to interparental violence and psychosocial maladjustment in the adult life course: advocacy for early prevention

Background: Early family-level and social-level stressors are both assumed to be the components of two main path models explaining the association between exposure to interparental violence in childhood and its long-term consequences on mental health explored through life-course epidemiological studies. Aims: To investigate the association between exposure to interparental violence in childhood and mental health outcomes in adulthood when taking into account early family and social stressors. Methods: A retrospective French cohort study of 3023 adults representative of the general population in the Paris metropolitan area was conducted in 2005 through at-home, face-to-face interviews. The outcomes measures were current depression and lifetime suicide attempt, intimate partner violence, violence against children and alcohol dependence. Results: The adults exposed to interparental violence during childhood had a higher risk of psychosocial maladjustment. After adjusting for family- and social-level stressors in childhood, this risk was, respectively, 1.44 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.00) for depression, 3.17 (1.75 to 5.73) for conjugal violence, 4.75 (1.60 to 14.14) for child maltreatment and 1.75 (1.19 to 2.57) for alcohol dependence. Conclusions: The adult consequences of parental violence in childhood—and this independently of the other forms of domestic violence and the related psychosocial risks—should lead to intensifying the prevention of and screening for this form of maltreatment of children.
Discovering Verbs Through Multiple-Cue Integration

Before children can ride a bicycle or tie their shoes, they have learned a great deal about how words are combined to form complex sentences. This achievement is especially impressive because children acquire most of this syntactic knowledge with little or no direct instruction. Nevertheless, mastering natural language syntax may be among the most difficult learning tasks that children face. In adulthood, syntactic knowledge can be characterized by constraints governing the relationship between grammatical categories of words (such as noun and verb) in a sentence. However, acquiring this knowledge presents the child with a " chicken-and-egg " problem: The syntactic constraints presuppose the existence of grammatical categories because syntactic knowledge is generally couched in terms of categories of words and not in terms of individual words. On the other hand, grammatical categories have little value in and by themselves, rather they are only useful insofar as they support syntactic constraints. A similar " bootstrapping " problem faces a student learning an academic subject such as physics: understanding momentum or force presupposes some understanding of the physical laws in which they figure, yet these laws presuppose the very concepts they interrelate. But the bootstrapping problem solved by young children seems vastly more challenging, both because the constraints governing natural language are so intricate, and because young children do not have the intellectual capacity or explicit instruction available to the academic student. So how does the child solve the bootstrapping problem in language acquisition? In this chapter, we pursue a possible solution in the form of multiple-cue integration. By one year, infants will have learned a great deal about the sound structure of their Thus, when they face the problem of bootstrapping syntax at the beginning of their second year, they are already well acquainted with the phonological and prosodic regularities of their native language. The multiple-cue integration hypothesis suggests that this perceptual attunement provides an essential scaffolding for later learning by biasing 3 children toward aspects of the input that are particularly informative for acquiring syntactic information (e. probabilistic cues derived from the co-occurrence of words (distributional), their sound properties (phonological), and their intonational (prosodic) as well as situational (semantic) context by perceptually attuned general-purpose learning mechanisms may hold the key to how children solve the bootstrapping problem. In this way multiple cues can provide reliable evidence about linguistic structure that is unavailable from any single source of information. A further …
Why KM projects fail: a multi-case analysis

Purpose – This paper attempts to understand the reasons for knowledge management (KM) project failure.Design/methodology/approach – Five well‐documented cases of KM project failure in the current literature are reviewed. For each case, the authors examine the circumstantial elements of the failure, including the rationale and intended objectives of the KM project, the outcomes of the project and the reasons that led to project failure.Findings – From the review, two observations are made. First, KM failure factors fall into four distinct categories, namely, technology, culture, content, and project management. Second, KM projects can be traced along a three‐stage lifecycle, comprising initiation, implementation, and integration.Research limitations/implications – The findings are discussed and finally synthesized into a model of KM project failure. The model serves as a starting‐point for future research in KM project implementation.Practical implications – Practitioners may use the model as a risk identi.
Optimal Execution and Price Manipulations in Time-varying Limit Order Books

Abstract This paper focuses on an extension of the limit order book (LOB) model with general shape introduced by Alfonsi, Fruth and Schied ((2010). Optimal execution strategies in limit order books with general shape functions. Quantitative Finance, 10(2), 143–157). Here, the additional feature allows a time-varying LOB depth. We solve the optimal execution problem in this framework for both discrete and continuous time strategies. This gives in particular sufficient conditions to exclude price manipulations in the sense of Huberman and Stanzl ((2004). Price manipulation and quasi-arbitrage. Econometrica, 72(4), 1247–1275) or transaction-triggered price manipulations (see Alfonsi, A., Schied, A., & Slynko, A. (2012). Order book resilience, prince manipulation, and the positive portfolio problem. SIAM Journal of Financial Mathematics, 3, 511–533. ). These conditions give interesting qualitative insights on how market makers may create or not price manipulations.
5) Review of the Biology and Ecology of Adult Blackflies in Relation to the Transmission of Onchocerciasis in Guatemala

Recent studies on the biology and ecology of adult blackflies in relation to the transmission of human onchocerciasis in Guatemala are reviewed. First, earlier studies on the transmission of the disease since its discovery by Dr. R. Robles in 1915 are outlined. Second, eleven blackfly species caught on humans are evaluated for vector status on the basis of their natural and experimental infections with third-stage larvae of Onchocerca volvulus, and Simulium ochraceum,* S. metallicum* and S. callidum are confirmed as natural vectors of the disease in Guatemala in descending order of importance, whereas S. gonzalezi, S. haematopotum, S. veracruzanum and S. horacioi are potential vectors. Third, the migration and fate of O. volvulus microfilariae ingested by female blackflies are highlighted on the basis of the findings of the cibarial armature of S. ochraceum and physiological incompatibility of S. metallicum as main barriers against microfilariae, both of which greatly decrease the number of ingested O. volvulus microfilariae developing to the third-stage larvae per female. Fourth, among many ecological factors of female blackfly populations, geographical and altitudinal distributions, habits of blood feeding, host preferences for blood feeding, preference for human body parts, parous rates, daily and seasonal fluctuations of biting activities, in particular, of parous females, gonotrophic cycle, longevity, flight range, and annual transmission potential are reviewed, and their influences on the transmission dynamics of the disease agents are considered. Fifth, effects of air temperatures on the O. volvulus–S. ochraceum complex are examined, with a special reference to the characteristic altitudinal distributions of the disease. The importance of reliable identification of both the vector blackfly species and filarial larvae found in female blackflies is emphasized to understand the transmission of the disease. [*It is now known that these two species are actually species complexes. ]
Performance Evaluation of Multi-Rate Communication in Wireless LANs

In IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless LAN, STAs (Stations) can select an appropriate transmission rate based upon the received signal strength in order to achieve high throughput. In such a multi-rate environment, however, the total throughput is degraded if an AP (access point) is shared by STAs at both high and low transmission rates simultaneously. This problem is identified as the performance anomaly problem in only IEEE 802.11b [1], and we closely examine it under the IEEE 802.11a multi-rate environment. Although earlier studies have assumed that this performance anomaly always occurs, we show that it does not occur under a certain environment. First, we describe the mechanism of the performance anomaly, then illustrate the condition under which the performance anomaly does not occur. Finally, we show, through simulation results, the condition under which a performance anomaly may and may not occur in a multi-rate environment.
A STUDY OF CORTICOTROPH ADENOMAS IN CUSHING'S DISEASE: NO EVIDENCE OF INTERMEDIATE LOBE ORIGIN

There is little evidence for a separate functional or anatomical intermediate lobe in the adult human pituitary gland. Nevertheless, Lamberts et al. (1982) proposed that a subgroup of corticotroph adenomas in Cushing's disease arise in that lobe and can be identified by the presence of argyrophil (? neural) fibres, and that these tumours are more often associated with corticotroph hyperplasia and hyperprolactinaemia than those arising in the anterior lobe. We have examined a series of corticotroph adenomas from patients with Cushing's disease for evidence of argyrophil fibres, and have correlated this with tumour site, corticotroph distribution in the para‐adenomatous gland, serum PRL levels and PRL immunoreactive cells in the tumour. Argyrophil fibres were identified not only in tumours adjacent to the posterior lobe, but also in tumours situated deep in the anterior lobe. There was no correlation between the presence of fibres or the site of the tumour and corticotroph hyperplasia. Whilst the two patients with the highest serum PRL levels did have argyrophil fibres they also had a subpopulation of PRL immunoreactive cells in the tumour. On the basis of these results, we propose that the ‘intermediate lobe’ hypothesis as outlined above should not be accepted.
ON FISCAL ILLUSION IN LOCAL PUBLIC FINANCE: RE-EXAMINING RICARDIAN EQUIVALENCE AND THE RENTER EFFECT

We reevaluate fiscal illusion in local public finance. The Ricardian Equivalence Theorem suggests that the financing of a public program using either taxation or debt shouldn't affect outcomes, because debt is capitalized into property values. In contrast, we show individuals may rationally prefer public debt if governments can borrow on more favorable terms. We also propose a new test for the renter effect: controlling for differences in demand, the renter effect suggests renters prefer property taxes to sales taxes. Using data from U.S. open space referenda, we find that households do prefer debt financing, but find no evidence of the renter effect.