Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Skilled and Less Skilled Estimators' Strategies for Estimating Discrete Quantities

This study describes strategies that third-, fifth-, and seventh-grade students used when making estimates of discrete quantities. An estimation test was administered to 401 students from a small, rural, midwestern district to stratify the population into thirds. From each grade, 6 students who had test scores in the top one-third and 6 students with scores from the bottom third (a total of 36 students) were interviewed individually about the strategies they used to solve 20 questions involving estimation of discrete quantities. The most commonly used strategies were benchmark comparison, eyeball, and decomposition/recomposition. Interview data suggested that (a) successful estimators tended to use the decomposition/recomposition and multiple benchmark strategies; (b) less successful estimators generally used perceptually based strategies; (c) skilled estimators were more successful than less skilled estimators on to-be-estimated items that contained large numbers; and (d) skilled estimators made more acceptable estimates, tended to subdivide problems into parts, and guessed less often than less skilled estimators.
Dynamic strength of adhesion molecules: Role of rebinding and self-consistent rates

The dynamical strength of adhesion molecules under a time-dependent force is studied theoretically using analytical and numerical methods. On- and off-rates are calculated self-consistently using the full potential rather than the usual linear approximation. Rebinding events lead to a finite strength at zero loading rate with a subsequent linear increase with loading rate. In the adjacent non-linear regime, the dynamical strength increases more strongly than logarithmically with effective exponents up to about 1/2.
Pair creation above pulsar polar caps : geometrical structure and energetics of slot gaps.

A theory of pair creation over the polar caps of isolated, magnetized, rotating neutron stars with magnetic axis oblique to the rotation is developed, when steady, space charge limited flow occurs within a narrow polar flux tube bounded by regions of high conductivity and negligible flow. A quantitative calculation is given of the structure of the pair formation front which divides the low altitude, charge separated region of strong acceleration from the dense pair plasma flowing outward along the polar flux tube, including the structure and energetics of the slot gap formed between the pair plasma and the closed regions of the magnetosphere. Both the electron emission and the ion emission cases are incorporated in the electrodynamical theory. In short period objects with simple magnetic structure near the star, the particle acceleration power generated is found to be on the order of a few tenths of a percent of the total spin-down energy loss, more than enough to explain all the photon emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Most of this energy is generated in the slot gap. In dipole geometry, the energy is concentrated into two or three ''beams'' of accelerated particles with the regions of highest energymore » density filling only a small fraction of the polar flux tube. In long period objects with complex surface fields, the power generated in particle acceleration is comparable to the total spin-down energy loss rate, and is mostly created in the low altitude gap region between the star and the pair plasma. Some implications of this local particle acceleration theory for the beaming morphology of pulsars' photon emission are discussed, especially the possibility of observationally distinguishing the electron emission and the ion emission cases. « less
Robust decentralized design of power system stabilizers taking into consideration system uncertainties

In complex power systems, changes in network configurations, various loading conditions, etc., cause system uncertainties. Without considering such uncertainties in the design, the conventional power system stabilizers (PSSs) may deteriorate the system robust stability. To overcome this problem, the proposed design incorporates the uncertainty model in the system representation. Then, the PSSs in a multi‐machine power system are arranged as the decentralized controller in a multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) system. The robust stability margin of the closed‐loop control system is guaranteed in terms of the MIMO gain margin and phase margin. Control parameters of PSSs are optimized by a tabu search. Non‐linear simulation studies confirm the robustness of the designed PSSs against various uncertainties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green’s functions in an infinite transversely isotropic saturated poroelastic medium

The purpose of this article is to study Green’s functions for an infinite transversely isotropic saturated poroelastic medium. In the first part, equations of motions of such a medium are recalled according to Biot’s theory and completed by homogenization techniques, for harmonic displacements. The second part gives Green’s functions for such an infinite medium in the 3‐D Fourier‐transformed geometrical space. In the third part, a 1‐D inverse analytical Fourier transformation, followed by an inverse Hankel transformation, leads to an analytical expression of Green’s functions for harmonic motions. Some numerical methods to compute final Green’s functions in time space are listed.
Practical Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Markov chain Monte Carlo using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is a general method for the simulation of stochastic processes having probability densities known up to a constant of proportionality. Despite recent advances in its theory, the practice has remained controversial. This article makes the case for basing all inference on one long run of the Markov chain and estimating the Monte Carlo error by standard nonparametric methods well-known in the time-series and operations research literature. In passing it touches on the Kipnis-Varadhan central limit theorem for reversible Markov chains, on some new variance estimators, on judging the relative efficiency of competing Monte Carlo schemes, on methods for constructing more rapidly mixing Markov chains and on diagnostics for Markov chain Monte Carlo.
Comparison of White Dwarf Models with STIS Spectrophotometry

Computed flux distributions for four white dwarf (WD) stars with nearly pure hydrogen atmospheres are tied to the Vega flux scale with V-band Landolt photometry. With broadband photometric precision in the range 0.2%–0.4%, Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) low-dispersion spectrophotometry tightly constrains the relative continuum fluxes of the various model atmosphere computations. The set of non-LTE (NLTE) model continua has residuals that are slightly less than the residuals with respect to LTE models or with respect to a NLTE set that includes a metal line–blanketed model for G191B2B. The LTE models have Balmer line profiles that are matched to ground-based observations, while a consistent NLTE Balmer line analysis has not been published for all four stars. Residuals with respect to the LTE model continua are less than ∼1% from 2000 to 9000 Å. Total uncertainties in the adopted absolute flux distributions for the four WD standard stars decrease from 4% at 1300 Å to 2% at 5000–10000 Å and include estimates for all systematic effects. The STIS sensitivity in the broad hydrogen lines is uncertain with respect to the adjacent continuum by 2%–3% in the wings and by up to 5% in the line cores, because the flux in the wings differs among the various models and because the observed cores are contaminated by out-of-band light in the wide 52″ × 2″ calibration slit.
Estimating and Choosing: An Essay on Probability in Practice

I A Quest for Objectivity. - 0 Introduction. - 1 Monod and the Concept of Chance or How to Overstep the Limits of Objectivity. - Chance is a Metaphysical Concept. - The Parable of the Plumber and the Physician. - Polypeptide Chains. - An Apparent Paradox. - The Threshold of Realism or Objectivity. - 2 Why we do not Agree with the Etruscans or On the Objectivity of Probabilistic Models. - The Problem. - Some Anthropomorphic Illusions. - The Popperian Criterion of Objectivity. - Operational Concepts. - Subjectivity. - There is no Probability in Itself. There are Only Probabilistic Models. - Probabilistic Models. - The Model of Repeated Trials. - A Quest for a Criterion of Objectivity. - Operational Reconstruction of Probabilistic Concepts. - The Anticipatory Hypothesis and the Risk of Radical Error. - Panscopic and Monoscopic Models. - External Criteria and the Objectivity of a Methodology. - Criteria of Internal Objectivity Linked to the Concrete Character of the Space. - II Criteria of Internal Objectivity in the Case of Unique Phenomena. - 3 The Poisson Forest. - The Parameter ? : Does it Exist and is it Useful? - Three Steps in the Choice of a Model. - Some Basic Guidelines. - A Criterion of Objectivity: Regional Magnitudes. - From the Vantage Point of the Practitioner. - 4 Choice and Hierarchy of Models. - A First Criterion: Decidability Through Regionals. - The Constitutive Model. - The Generic Model: Type and Specification. - Preliminary Remarks on the Criteria of Choice. - The Primary Model. - Threshold of Robustness and Threshold of Realism. - An Example of Control of Type Robustness. - Robustness in Relation to Data. - 5 Sorting Out. - "Fluctuations" of Regionals. - Ergodicity. - Range. - Microergodicity. - Estimation in Praxi of Regional Magnitudes. - The Example of Conditional Expectation. - The Example of Kriging. - III Operational Reconstruction. - 6 Global Models. - Representations: Strictly Objective Probabilistic Models. - Transitive Representations. - Estimation of the Transitive Covariogram. - The Approximation Formulae. - The Case of an Irregular Mesh. - Changeover to the Usual Probabilistic Models. - Global Non-Stationary Models. - 7 Local Models. - Sliding Representations. - Priority of the Method. - Locally Stationary Random Functions of Order 2. - Locally Intrinsic Random Functions of Order 0. - Locally Intrinsic Random Functions of Order k. - 8 Is Conditional Expectation Operational? - After the Fact Objectivity of Conditional Laws. - Some Orders of Magnitude. - In Praxi: Estimation of Conditional Laws. - Disjunctive Estimators.
Event log modeling and analysis for system failure prediction

Event logs, commonly available in modern mechatronic systems, contain rich information on the operating status and working conditions of the system. This article proposes a method to build a statistical model using event logs for system failure prediction. To achieve the best prediction performance, prescreening and statistical variable selection are adopted to select the best set of predictor events, coded as covariates in the statistical model. In-depth discussion of the prediction power of the model in terms of false alarm and misdetection probability is presented. Using a real-world example, the effectiveness of the proposed method is further confirmed.
Textile inspired flexible metamaterial with negative refractive index

This work introduces metallo-dielectric woven fabric as a metamaterial for phase-front manipulation. Dispersion diagram as well as effective medium parameters retrieved from reflection and transmission coefficients point out negative values of refractive index. By numerical simulations, it is evidenced that a pair of meandered metallic wires, arranged in a top to bottom configuration, can yield to a textile metamaterial with simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability. While the effective negative permittivity stems from the metallic grid arrangement, resonating current loop resulting from the top to bottom configuration of two meandered metallic wires in near proximity produces magnetic activity with negative permeability. By adjusting the distance between pairs of metallic wires, the electric plasma frequency can be shifted to overlap the magnetic resonance. Finally, it is shown that the woven metamaterial is insensitive to the incident angle up to around 60°.
A simple method to identify significant effects in unreplicated two-level factorial designs

This article proposes a generalization and improvement on the method of Lenth (1989). The problem is solved by fixing outliers in highly contaminated samples. To do this a scale robust estimator is obtained and its performance is analyzed using computer simulations. The method is extremely simple to use and leads to the same results as the more complex one proposed by Box and Meyer (1986).
Extended linear hypotheses and simultaneous tests in multivariate analysis of variance

SUMMARY Linear hypotheses not necessarily in the form of the general linear hypothesis may be specified as linear constraints on the entire set of parameters regarded as a single vector; such hypotheses are named extended linear hypotheses. Circumstances in which extended linear hypotheses naturally arise are explored. Simultaneous test procedures proposed by Gabriel are generalized to families of extended linear hypotheses implied by standard maximal hypotheses; consideration is limited to a class of procedures that includes those based on Hotelling's trace and Roy's maximum-root criteria. In this extended context, all procedures considered are consonant as well as coherent, and none is preferable to any other on grounds of resolution and parsimony.
NON-GAUSSIAN NOISE- AND COUPLING-INDUCED FIRING TRANSITIONS OF NEWMAN-WATTS NEURONAL NETWORKS

In this Letter, we study firing transitions induced by a particular kind of non-Gaussian noise (NGN) and coupling in Newman-Watts small-world neuronal networks. It is found that chaotic bursting can be tamed by the coupling and evolves to regular spiking or bursting behavior as the coupling increases. As the NGN's deviation from Gaussian noise changes, the neurons exhibit firing transitions from irregular spiking to regular bursting, and the number of spikes inside per burst varies with the change of the deviation. These results show that the NGN and the coupling play crucial roles in the firing activity of the neurons, and hence are of great importance to the information processing and transmission in the neuronal networks.
Natural image matting through overlapping neighborhood propagation

The Laplacian based matting methods are attracting a lot of attention due to their elegant and high quality closedform solution. In this paper, we develop an alternative Laplacian construction for matting task by using local linear learning model, and naturally derive its nonlinear extension by incorporating Kernel Ridge Regression algorithm. Our Laplacian matrix construction approaches are based on the assumption that the alpha matte of each pixel point can be reconstructed from its neighbors' alpha values in each of overlapping windows. In this way the induced Laplacians can better exploit neighborhood intrinsic structure to constrain the propagation of foreground and background labels. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed approaches produce very high accuracy matte values, of which our nonlinear method even outperforms other Laplacian based matting methods on many test images.
Stable regions around Pluto

In a previous work, Giuliatti Winter et al. found several stable regions for test particles in orbit around Pluto associated with families of periodic orbits obtained in the circular, restricted three-body problem. They have shown that a possible eccentricity of the Pluto–Charon binary slightly reduces but does not destroy any of these stable regions. In this work, we extended their results by analysing the cases with the orbital inclination (I) equal to zero and considering the argument of pericentre (ω) equal to 90◦, 180◦ and 270◦. We explore the influence of the orbital inclination of the particles in these stable regions. In this case, the initial inclination varies from 10◦ to 170◦ in steps of 10◦. We also present a sample of results for the longitude of the ascending node = 90◦, considering the cases I = 20◦, 50◦, 130◦ and 180◦. Our results show that stable regions are present in all of the inclined cases, except when the initial inclination of the particles is equal to 110◦. A sample of 3D trajectories of quasi-periodic orbits were found related to the periodic orbits obtained in the planar case by Giuliatti Winter et al.
Assimilation of non‐native vowel contrasts to the American English vowel system.

The perceptual assimilation model (PAM) [Best et al., JEP:HPP 14, 345–360 (1988)] predicts that two non‐native sounds that are assimilated to the same nature category will be harder for listeners to discriminate between than sounds that are assimilated to two different native categories (TC contrasts); how difficult will depend on whether they are equally good (or bad) exemplars of the single native category (SC contrasts) or not (CG contrasts). PAM was based on studies of consonant perception, as were subsequent tests of the model. This study extends the model to non‐native vowels. American listeners performed keyword identification [W. Strange and T. L. Gottfried, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68, 1622–1625 (1979)] and categorical AXB discrimination tasks using six non‐native vowel contrasts, Norwegian /i–y/, /i–■/, French /o–o/, /œ–y/, /œ–■/, and Thai /■–■/. Assimilation patterns for a particular vowel contrast, inferred from keyword results, were more variable than in consonant studies but nonetheless strongly .
Invariant curves and boundedness of solutions of a class of reversible systems

In this paper, the boundedness of all solutions for the following planar reversible system Ju ′ = ∇H (u) + G (u) + h (t) is discussed, where the function H (u) ∈ C2(ℝ2, ℝ+) is positive for u ≠ 0 and positively (q, p)‐quasihomogeneous of quasi‐degree pq, G ∈ C5 is bounded, h ∈ C6 is 2π ‐periodic and J is the standard symplectic matrix. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Forces acting on particles in separated wall‐bounded shear flow

Trajectories of solid particles in laminar and turbulent flow over a backward‐facing step (BFS) were numerically computed by integrating the equation of motion for particles. The various forces acting on the particles [5],[6] were calculated for a variety of flow Reynolds numbers and for different particle characteristics such as the Stokes number and the particle‐to‐fluid density ratio. The investigation was conducted for the distinct flow regimes of the BFS flow separately. Generally, the drag and gravitation were found to be the most significant forces. The lift and history force were the next most important, mostly two orders of magnitude smaller, but in some cases closing up to the other two in importance. The pressure and virtual mass effects were very small for the majority of cases. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrically injected near-infrared light emission from single InN nanowire p-i-n diode

We report on the achievement of electroluminescence emission of single InN p-i-n nanowire devices. InN p-i-n nanowire structures were grown directly on Si substrate by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and subsequently transferred to foreign substrate for the fabrication of single nanowire light emitting diodes. Electroluminescence emission with a peak energy of 0.71 eV (1.75 μm) was observed at 77 K. The measurement of near-bandgap electroluminescence provides unambiguous evidence for the achievement of p-type conduction of InN.
Negative Bias Temperature Instability on Plasma-Nitrided Silicon Dioxide Film

The behavior of negative-bias-temperature-instability (NBTI) on ultra-thin plasma-nitrided silicon dioxide films (1.8 and 2.6 nm) has been investigated and compared with conventional thermal nitridation. Plasma-nitrided oxides shows more resistance to NBTI, as compared to thermal-nitrided oxides. This is attributed to the fact that plasma nitridation incorporates the nitrogen at the top oxide surface, thus mitigating the undesirable nitrogen-enhanced NBTI effect. Additionally, the degradation mechanism of NBTI is found to be insensitive to the nitridation process, nitrogen concentration and boron penetration.
Phenomenology of Sivers Effect with TMD Evolution

Following the TMD evolution scheme recently proposed for the unpolarized and the Sivers distribution function, we propose a simple strategy to take into account this TMD Q 2 dependence in our phenomenological extraction of the Sivers function from SIDIS data. New results are presented and possible future applications are discussed. The exploration of the 3-dimensional structure of the nucleon, both in momentum and in conguration space, is one of the major issues in high energy hadron physics. Information on this 3-dimensional structure is embedded in the Transverse Momentum Dependent distribution and fragmentation functions (TMDs). The Sivers function, which describes the number density of unpolarized quarks inside a transversely polarized proton, is particularly interesting, as it might provide information on the partonic orbital angular momentum. So far, all phenomenological ts have either neglected the QCD scale dependence of TMDs (which was unknown) or limited it to the collinear part of the unpolarized PDFs, according to the DGLAP evolution. Here, we present the rst attempt to take into account the TMD evolution as proposed by Aybat, Collins, Qiu and Rogers [1, 2, 3] in the analysis of the Sivers asymmetry data and show how these new results compare with the previous extractions. Eventually, such a scheme will provide a complete TMD factorization framework for a consistent treatment of all SIDIS data. In Ref. [4] we showed how the QCD evolution equation of the TMDs in the coordinate space proposed in Refs. [2] and [3] can be expressed in a simplied way, taking the renormalization scale 2 and the regulating parameters F and D all equal to Q 2 , as e
Hysteresis losses in superconductors with an out-of-phase applied magnetic field and current: slab geometry

We calculate the hysteresis losses in the slab geometry configuration for an applied magnetic field and current with a phase shift between them. The result leads to maximum losses with the field and current in phase and minimum losses at a phase shift of π/2. Although until now we have had no explanation of some experimental results suggesting a shift for both these extreme values, the dependence on the phase shift of the calculated ratio between the minimum and maximum losses is in good agreement with these results. Therefore, they can be used in a first approximation for designing magnetic systems with high-Tc superconductors for those AC applications in which phase shift can occur. In addition, it is emphasized that the results can be very different, depending on the form of the temporary change of the applied field and current, in contradistinction to the case of applying only the field or current. A linear temporary change is given as an example, which demonstrates that the loss decrease at non-zero phase shift can be considerably higher than for the sinusoidal field and current change.
Pressure concentration isotherms of thin films of the palladium‐hydrogen system as modified by film thickness, hydrogen cycling, and stress

We describe the results of a novel adaptation of the volumetric technique to measurement of the pressure concentration isotherms for thin films of the palladium‐hydrogen system. The isotherm shapes are comparable to bulk being steep in the alpha and beta phases and flat in the mixed phase region. However, it is noted that the concentration onset of the beta phase is smaller than bulk and drops markedly for thicknesses less than 670 A. Comparison is made with quartz crystal microbalance results. We find a thickness dependence to the number of absorption‐desorption cycles required to obtain reproducible isotherms.