Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overview of the prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

: More than one third of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety. This review aims to provide an overview of the burden of depression and anxiety in those with COPD and to outline the contemporary advances and challenges in the management of depression and anxiety in COPD. Symptoms of depression and anxiety in COPD lead to worse health outcomes, including impaired health-related quality of life and increased mortality risk. Depression and anxiety also increase health care utilization rates and costs. Although the quality of the data varies considerably, the cumulative evidence shows that complex interventions consisting of pulmonary rehabilitation interventions with or without psychological components improve symptoms of depression and anxiety in COPD. Cognitive behavioral therapy is also an effective intervention for managing depression in COPD, but treatment effects are small. Cognitive behavioral therapy could potentially lead to greater benefits in depression and anxiety in people with COPD if embedded in multidisciplinary collaborative care frameworks, but this hypothesis has not yet been empiri-cally assessed. Mindfulness-based treatments are an alternative option for the management of depression and anxiety in people with long-term conditions, but their efficacy is unproven in COPD. Beyond pulmonary rehabilitation, the evidence about optimal approaches for managing depression and anxiety in COPD remains unclear and largely speculative. Future research to evaluate the effectiveness of novel and integrated care approaches for the management of depression and anxiety in COPD is warranted.
Cacna1c Hemizygosity Results in Aberrant Fear Conditioning to Neutral Stimuli

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Cacna1c Hemizygosity Results in Aberrant Fear Conditioning to Neutral Stimuli
MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME PATIENTS

Background: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) patients often report memory problems. Prior research has produced conflicting results on this topic. Episodic memory impairments appear to be robust, but tasks assessing other aspects of memory (e.g., working and semantic memory) show slower speed but no decrease in accuracy. This study examined whether the memory problems of CFS patients reflect slower responses. Methods: CFS patients were recruited from a specialist clinic. Sixty-seven patients carried out tasks measuring immediate recall, delayed recognition memory, logical reasoning and semantic processing. The control group were 126 healthy volunteers recruited from the general population. Results: The CFS patients recalled fewer words and had poorer delayed recognition. The other tasks showed slower speed but no effect on accuracy. Conclusions: CFS patients have poorer immediate recall and delayed recognition memory. The delayed recognition memory probably reflected the poorer immediate recall. Slower responding was present in three of the tasks, and it is possible that this also accounted for the reduced immediate recall.
Subsidizing Job Search Considered Harmful: Evidence from a Field Experiment (Preliminary

New entrants to a labor market had their job search eﬀorts subsidized, with the sub-sidy amount varying randomly. The subsidy was highly eﬀective at increasing job search intensity and subsequent average earnings. At the best-performing subsidy level, $ 1 in subsidy leads to $ 16 in additional job-seeker earnings, even accounting for crowd-out. However, the increase in the non-ﬁnancial cost of job search more than dissipates the welfare beneﬁts, making the subsidy ineﬃcient unless the social planner puts a very high weight on novice worker earnings—which they might want to do
Complement C1q subcomponent subunit A

Complement C1q subcomponent subunit A (C1qA) is one of the three components of C1q molecule. Functional C1q is composed of eighteen polypeptide chains: six C1qA chains, six C1qB chains, and six C1qC chains, which are arranged as six heterotrimers of ABC: (ABC)6. Each of the individual C1q polypeptide chain consists of a N-terminal region and a C-terminal globular region (gC1q), of ~135 residues. Each N-terminal consists of 2-11 amino acid segments containing a half-cysteine residue that is involved in formation of inter-chain disulphide bonds, followed by a collagen-like region (CLR) consisting of ~81 residues. The collagen-like regions in A, B and C chains of each heterotrimer come together to form a triple helical collagen like structure. Further, A and B chains in each heterotrimer are bound by a disulphide bond, while C chain forms a disulphide bond with a C chain from the adjoining heterotrimer. Therefore the eighteen subunits come together to form six globular heads (gC1q), which are clusters of 3 independently folded C-terminal domains of the A, B and C chain. These globular domains recognize an array of self, non-self and altered-self ligands. C1q associates with the proenzymes C1r and C1s (2 molecules of each, in the molar ratio of 1:2:2 in a calcium dependent manner) to yield an active C1 complex, the first component of the serum complement system. C1r, upon binding of gC1q to an inciting stimulus, autoactivates itself and catalyzes breakage of a C1s ester bond, resulting in C1s activation and subsequent cleavage of C2 and C4 into their respective “a” and “b” fragments. Recognition of ligands by C1q molecule also defines C1q as a pattern recognition molecule (PRM). C1q recognizes distinct structures either directly on microbial structures and apoptotic cells, or indirectly after their recognition by antibodies or C-reactive protein (CRP). C1q in turn binds to multiple receptors (such as cC1qR (calreticulin), integrin α2β1 or other molecules on the surface of specific cell types of either myeloid or endothelial cell orgin) and shows regulated broad physiological functions beyond complement activation.
After Disaster: Agenda Setting, Public Policy, and Focusing Events

Disasters like earthquakes are known as focusing events - sudden calamities that cause both citizens and policymakers to pay more attention to a public problem and often to press for solutions. This book, the first comprehensive analysis of these dramatic events, explains how and why some public disasters change political agendas and, ultimately, public policies. Thomas A. Birkland explores important successes and failures in the policy process by analyzing the political outcomes of four types of events: earthquakes, hurricanes, oil spills, and nuclear accidents. Using this empirical data to go beyond an intuitive understanding of focusing events, he presents a theory of where and when these events will gain attention and how they trigger political reactions. Birkland concludes that different types of disasters result in different kinds of agenda politics. Public outrage over the highly visible damage caused by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, for example, ended a fourteen-year logjam holding back Congressional legislation to regulate oil spill cleanups. On the other hand, the intangible effects of Three Mile Island had less concrete results in a political arena that was already highly polarized. Integrating a variety of theories on the policy process, including agenda setting, policy communities, advocacy coalitions, the political aspects of the news media, and the use of symbols in political debate, Birkland illuminates the dynamics of event-driven policy activity. As the first extensive study of its kind, this book offers new insights into the policy process.
Challenges conducting comparative effectiveness research: the Clinical and health Outcomes initiative in Comparative Effectiveness (ChOiCE) experience

: The Clinical and Health Outcomes Initiative in Comparative Effectiveness (CHOICE) program, which includes 12 ongoing comparative effectiveness research (CER) trials funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, has had firsthand experience in dealing with the unique challenges of conducting CER since the trials started in the fall of 2010. This paper will explore the collective experience of the CHOICE program and discuss common challenges and successes the CHOICE investigators have experienced conducting CER research in the United States. The specific aims of this paper are to describe the common features of the CHOICE award studies (observational studies and trials), to summarize the strategies undertaken to address the challenges in conducting comparative effectiveness pragmatic trials and observational studies from the patient, physician, and administrative perspective, and to provide recommendations for improving the efficiency and feasibility of conducting prospective CER studies in the future.
Exploration of Large, Rare CNVs Associated with Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious and heritable psychiatric disorder. To date, studies of copy number variants (CNVs) have been limited and inconclusive because of small sample size. We conducted a case-only genome-wide CNV survey in 1,983 female AN cases included in the Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa (GCAN). Following stringent quality control procedures, we investigated whether pathogenic CNVs in regions previously implicated in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders were present in AN cases. We observed two instances of the well-established pathogenic CNVs in AN cases. Additionally, one case had a deletion in the 13q12 region, overlapping with a deletion previously reported in two AN cases. As a secondary aim, we also examined our sample for CNVs over 1 Mb in size. Out of the 40 instances of such large CNVs which were not previously implicated for AN or neuropsychiatric phenotypes, two of them contained genes with previous neuropsychiatric associations, and only five of them had no associated reports associated in public CNV databases. Although ours is the largest study of its kind in AN, larger datasets are needed to comprehensively assess the role of CNVs in the etiology of AN.
Highly Efficient GaN Doherty Power Amplifier for N78 Sub-6 GHz Band 5G Applications

In this paper, a high-efficiency GaN Doherty power amplifier (DPA) for 5G applications in the N78 sub-6 GHz band is introduced. The theoretical analysis of the matching networks for the peak and carrier transistors is presented, with a focus on the impact of unequal power splitting for both transistors and the recommendation of a post-harmonic suppression network. The proposed design features an unequal Wilkinson power divider at the input and a post-harmonic suppression network at the output, both of which are crucial for achieving high efficiency. The Doherty power amplifier comprises two GaN 10 W HEMTs, measured across the 3.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz band (the N78 band), and the results reveal significant improvements in gain, output power, drain efficiency, and power-added efficiency. Specifically, the proposed design achieved a power gain of over 12 dB and 42 dBm saturated output power. It also achieved a drain efficiency of 80% at saturation and a power-added efficiency of 75.2%. Furthermore, the proposed harmonic suppression network effectively attenuated the harmonics at the output of the amplifier from the second to the fourth order to more than −50 dB, thus enhancing the device’s linearity.
Cretaceous and Cenozoic vegetation of Antarctica integrating the fossil wood record

Abstract A compilation of data for Cretaceous and Cenozoic Antarctic fossil wood floras, predominantly from the James Ross Island Basin, provides a different perspective on floristic and vegetation change when compared with previous studies that have focused on leaf macrofossils or palynology. The wood record provides a filtered view of tree-forming elements within the vegetation, something that cannot be achieved from studies focusing on regional palynology or leaf floras. Four phases of vegetation development in the over-storey are recognized in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic of the Antarctic Peninsula based on the distribution and taxonomic composition of wood floras: Aptian-Albian coniferous forests; ? Cenomanian-Santonian mixed angiosperm forests; Campanian-Maastrichtian southern temperate forests; and Palaeocene-Eocene reduced diversity Nothofagus forests. Comparisons between the wood record and information derived from palynological and leaf floras have important implications for our understanding of the spatial composition of the vegetation. There is no doubt that climate change during the Cretaceous and Tertiary influenced the vegetational composition, but evolving palaeoenvironments in the Antarctic Peninsula region were probably of equal, if not greater, importance.
Accident Analysis and Prevention

Road safety research in lowand middle-income countries is limited, even though ninety percent of global road traffic fatalities are concentrated in these locations. In Colombia, road traffic injuries are the second leading source of mortality by external causes and constitute a significant public health concern in the city of Bogotá. Bogotá is among the top 10 most bike-friendly cities in the world. However, bicyclists are one of the most vulnerable road-users in the city. Therefore, assessing the pattern of mortality and understanding the variables affecting the outcome of bicyclists’ collisions in Bogotá is crucial to guide policies aimed at improving safety conditions. This study aims to determine the spatiotemporal trends in fatal and nonfatal collision rates and to identify the individual and contextual factors associated with fatal outcomes. We use confidence intervals, geostatistics, and generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) corrected for spatial correlation. The collisions’ records were taken from Bogotá’s Secretariat of Mobility, complemented with records provided by non-governmental organizations (NGO). Our findings indicate that from 2011 to 2017, the fatal bicycling collision rates per million kilometers traveled have decreased by 50 % for females and 54 % for males. Additionally, we identified high-risk areas located in the west, southwest, and southeast of the city, where the rate of occurrence of fatal events is higher than what occurs in other parts of the city. Finally, our results show associated risk factors that differ by sex. Overall, we find that fatal collisions are positively associated with factors including collisions with large vehicles, the absence of dedicated infrastructure, steep terrain, and nighttime occurrence. Our findings support policy-making and planning efforts to monitor, prioritize, and implement targeted interventions aimed at improving bicycling safety conditions while accounting for gender differences.
Transport Layer

The Internet has evolved into an extremely large complex system and changed many important aspects of our lives. Like any complex engineering system, the design of the Internet is carried out in a modular way, where each main functional module is called a “layer”. One of the layering structures often used is the five-layer model consisting of the physical layer, the link layer, the network layer, the transport layer and the application layer1. See Figure 1 for a simple illustration. The sending and receiving computers each run analogous stacks, with data being passed down the stack from the sending application, and then up the receiver’s stack to the receiving application. The physical layer is the part which actually moves information from one place to another, such as by varying voltages on wires, or generating electromagnetic waves. The application layer is the part with which users interact, such as the hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) used to browse web, or the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) used to send email. Each layer consists of protocols to specify such things as the data format, the procedure for exchanging data, the allocation of resources, and the actions that need to be taken in different circumstances. This protocol can be implemented in either software or hardware or both. This article concerns transport layer protocols and their associated algorithms, mainly focusing on the wireline Internet but also discussing some other types of networks such as wireless ones. The transport layer manages the end-to-end transportation of packets across a network. Its role is to connect application processes running on end hosts as seamlessly as possible, as if the two end applications were connected by a reliable dedicated link, thus making the network “invisible”. To do this, it must manage several non-idealities of real networks: shared links, data loss and duplication, contention for resources, and variability of delay. By examining these functionalities in turn in sections II to V, we will provide a brief introduction to this important layer, including its functions and implementation, with an emphasis on the underlying ideas and fundamentals. We will also discuss possible directions for the future evolution of the transport layer and suggest some further reading in sections VI and VII.
A simple model for the fault‐generated morphology of slow‐spreading mid‐oceanic ridges

We postulate that fluctuations in magmatic activity at mid-oceanic ridges perturb the horizontal least principal stress across rift-bounding normal faults, leading to alternating phases of magmatic accretion, which increases valley width, and tectonic extension, which results in the growth of inner rift wall topography. Fine-scale bathymetrie surveys and earthquake fault plane solutions show that active normal faults at slow-spreading ridges are moderately dipping (approximately 45°) planar features throughout the seismogenic oceanic lithosphere. A simple quantitative model that includes flexural deformation of a 10-km-thick elastic plate by slippage on 45° dipping normal faults can match the bathymetrie profiles across several slow-spreading ridge segments. Comparison among dip distributions of normal-faulting earthquakes at mid-ocean ridges, in the trench-outer rise region, and on continents suggests that most events from these three tectonic environments initiated at dips close to 45°, raising unanswered questions about the mechanical conditions under which the faults originated.
Martian Impact Craters as Revealed by MGS and Odyssey

A variety of ejecta and interior morphologies were revealed for martian impact craters by Viking imagery. Numerous studies have classified these ejecta and interior morphologies and looked at how these morphologies correlate with crater diameter, latitude, terrain, and elevation [1, 2, 3, 4]. Many of these features, particularly the layered (fluidized) ejecta morphologies and central pits, have been proposed to result when the crater formed in target material containing high concentrations of volatiles. The Catalog of Large Martian Impact Craters was originally derived from the Viking 1:2,000,000 photomosaics and contains information on 42,283 impact craters 5-km diameter distributed across the entire martian surface. The information in this Catalog has been used to study the distributions of craters displaying specific ejecta and interior morphologies in an attempt to understand the environmental conditions which give rise to these features and to estimate the areal and vertical extents of subsurface volatile reservoirs [4, 5]. The Catalog is currently undergoing revision utilizing Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Odyssey data [6]. The higher resolution multispectral imagery is resulting in numerous revisions to the original classifications and the addition of new elemental, thermophysical, and topographic data is allowing new insights into the environmental conditions under which these features form. A few of the new results from analysis of data in the revised Catalog are discussed below.
Content-Centric Wireless Networks With Limited Buffers: When Mobility Hurts

We analyze throughput-delay scaling laws of mobile ad hoc networks under a content-centric traffic scenario, where users are mainly interested in retrieving contents cached by other nodes. We assume limited buffer size available at each node and Zipf-like content popularity. We consider nodes uniformly visiting the network area according to a random-walk mobility model, whose flight size varies from the typical distance among the nodes (quasi-static case) up to the edge length of the network area (reshuffling mobility model). Our main findings are: (1) the best throughput-delay tradeoffs are achieved in the quasi-static case: increasing the mobility degree of nodes leads to worse and worse performance; (ii) the best throughput-delay tradeoffs can be recovered by power control (i.e., by adapting the transmission range to the content) even in the complete reshuffling case.
Validation of MSG vegetation products: part I. Field retrieval of LAI and FVC from hemispherical photographs

The Satellite Application Facilities on Land Surface Analysis (LSA SAF) is aimed to produce and disseminate geophysical products using data from EUMETSAT satellites such as the geostationary MSG1 and the polar orbiting METOP. One of the main scientific objectives for LSA SAF validation activities is to provide the User Community with measures of uncertainty for all derived products. In this context, this document is the first of a two-part set which proposes a consistent methodology for the validation of the LSA SAF vegetation products (LAI/FVC/fAPAR) derived from SEVIRI /MSG . The methodology includes (1) an appropriate field data sampling strategy over different test sites, (2) derivation of high-resolution biophysical variable maps over a larger area (approximately the same size as the SPOT4-HRVIR2 multispectral image) along with an associated uncertainty, and (3) up-scaling to medium and coarse (MSG) resolution scales. This paper aims at developing the stage (1) of the methodology at the specific test site of Barrax, an agricultural area in Central Spain (39°3'N, 2°12'W), whereas the part (2) is addressed in a second document (this issue) and the part (3) will be addressed for future tasks. This work includes a detailed description along with an exhaustive analysis of the vegetation product estimates by the hemispherical camera during the SPARC'03 field campaign, which took place in July 2003 at Barrax test site. The hemispherical photographs have proved to provide accurate estimates of biophysical parameters in crop canopies with significant advantages such as the possibility to evaluate the gap fraction in all viewing direction. On the other hand, a test analysis of the (CAN-EYE) software package used for the hemispherical photographs processing was undertaken. This paper also includes the intercomparison with another ground data set collected by the optical instrument LI-COR LAI2000 during the same campaign.