Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Newton’s gravitational constant vary sinusoidally with time? Orbital motions say no

A sinusoidally time-varying pattern of the values of Newton’s constant of gravitation G measured in Earth-based laboratories over the last few decades has been recently reported in the literature. We put to the test the hypothesis that the aforementioned harmonic variation may pertain to G itself in a direct and independent way. We numerically integrated the ad hoc modified equations of motion of the major bodies of the Solar System, finding that the orbits of the planets would be altered by an unacceptably larger amount in view of the present-day high accuracy astrometric measurements. In the case of Saturn, its geocentric right ascension α, declination δ and range ρ would be affected by up to 10 4 − 10 5 ? > milliarcseconds and 105 km, respectively; the present-day residuals of such observables are as little as about 4 milliarcseconds and 10−1 km, respectively. We analytically calculated the long-term orbital effects induced by the putative harmonic variation of G at hand, finding non-zero rates of change for the semimajor axis a, the eccentricity e and the argument of pericenter ω of a test particle. For the LAGEOS satellite, an orbital increase as large as 3.9 m yr−1 is predicted, in contrast with the observed decay of −0.203 ± 0.035 m yr−1. An anomalous perihelion precession as large as 14 arcseconds per century is implied for Saturn, while latest observations constrain it to the 10−4 arcseconds per century level. The rejection level provided by the Mercury’s perihelion rate is of the same order of magnitude.
Influence of Cu-Doping Concentration on the Structural and Optical Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles by Coprecipitation Route

Tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles doped with varying concentrations of copper were synthesized and characterized using various techniques. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that all doped and undoped SnO2 samples had a rutile-type tetragonal structure. The average crystalline size of the doped samples estimated using Scherrer’s formula and the Williamson–Hall plot decreased as dopant concentration increased. Images from scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical grains in the samples. The transmission electron microscope was used to examine the particle nature, and nearly spherical particles were discovered. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles were nearly stoichiometrically composed of the expected elements copper, oxygen, and tin. The bandgap energy of doped and undoped SnO2 nanoparticles was determined using UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra, and it was found to decrease as Cu2+ ion concentration increased. The photoluminescence study at the excitation wavelength of 300 nm revealed defect-oriented emissions between 350 and 500 nm. All the obtained results showed that the physical properties of SnO2 can be easily engineered through Cu doping for various optoelectronic applications using a low-cost coprecipitation method.
Generators and relations for the group $U_4(\mathbb{Z}[1/\sqrt{2},i])$

We give a presentation by generators and relations of the group $U_4(\mathbb{Z}[1/\sqrt{2},i])$ of unitary $4\times 4$ matrices with entries in the ring $\mathbb{Z}[1/\sqrt{2},i]$. This is motivated by the problem of exact synthesis for the Clifford+T gate set in quantum computation.
Identi ﬁ cation of a substrate-like cleavage-resistant thrombin inhibitor from the saliva of the ﬂ ea Xenopsylla cheopis

The salivary glands of the ﬂ ea Xenopsylla cheopis , a vector of the plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis , express proteins and peptides thought to target the hemostatic and in ﬂ ammatory systems of its mammalian hosts. Past transcriptomic analyses of salivary gland tissue revealed the presence of two similar peptides (XC-42 and XC-43) having no extensive similarities to any other deposited sequences. Here we show that these peptides speci ﬁ cally inhibit coagulation of plasma and the ami-dolytic activity of α -thrombin. XC-43, the smaller of the two peptides, is a fast, tight-binding inhibitor of thrombin with a dissociation constant of less than 10 pM. XC-42 exhibits similar selectivity as well as kinetic and binding properties. The crystal structure of XC-43 in complex with thrombin shows that despite its substrate-like binding mode, XC-43 is not detectably cleaved by thrombin and that it interacts with the thrombin surface from the enzyme catalytic site through the ﬁ brinogen-binding exosite I. The low rate of hydrolysis was veri ﬁ ed in solution experiments with XC-43, which show the substrate to be largely intact after 2 h of incubation with thrombin at 37 (cid:1) C. The low rate of XC-43 cleavage by thrombin may be attributable to speci ﬁ c changes in the catalytic triad observable in the crystal structure of the complex or to extensive interactions in the prime sites that may stabilize the binding of cleavage products. Based on the increased arterial occlusion time, tail bleeding time, and blood coagulation parameters in rat models of thrombosis XC-43 could be valuable as an anticoagulant.
Black hole thermodynamics in finite time

Finite-time thermodynamics provides the means to revisit ideal thermodynamic equilibrium processes in the light of reality and investigate the energetic "price of haste", i.e. the consequences of carrying out a process in finite time, when perfect equilibrium cannot be awaited due to economic reasons or the nature of the process. Employing the formalism of geometric thermodynamics, a lower bound on the energy dissipated during a process is derived from the thermodynamic length of that process. The notion of length is hereby defined via a metric structure on the space of equilibrium thermodynamics, spanned by a set of thermodynamic variables describing the system. Since the aim of finite-time thermodynamics is to obtain realistic limitations on idealized scenarios, it is a useful tool to reassess the efficiency of thermodynamic processes. We examine its implications for black hole thermodynamics, in particular scenarios inspired by the Penrose process, a thought experiment by which work can be extracted from a rotating black hole. We consider a Kerr black hole which, by some mechanism, is losing mass and angular momentum. Thermodynamically speaking, such a process is described in the equilibrium phase space of the black hole, but in reality, it is neither reversible nor infinitely slow. We thus calculate the dissipated energy due to non-ideal finite-time effects.
ALMA reveals a pseudo-disc in a proto-brown dwarf

We present the observational evidence of a pseudo-disc around the proto-brown dwarf Mayrit 1701117, the driving source of the large-scale HH 1165 jet. Our analysis is based on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 12CO (2–1) line and 1.37 mm continuum observations at an angular resolution of ∼0.4 arcsec. The pseudo-disc is a bright feature in the CO position–velocity diagram, elongated in a direction perpendicular to the jet axis, with a total (gas+dust) mass of ∼0.02 M$\odot$, size of 165–192 au, and a velocity spread of ±2 km s−1. The large velocity gradient is a combination of infalling and rotational motions, indicating a contribution from a pseudo-disc and an unresolved inner Keplerian disc. There is weak emission detected in the H2CO (3–2) and N2D+ (3–2) lines. H2CO emission likely probes the inner Keplerian disc where CO is expected to be frozen, while N2D+ possibly originates from an enhanced clump at the outer edge of the pseudo-disc. We have considered various models (core collapse, disc fragmentation, circumbinary disc) that can fit both the observed CO spectrum and the position–velocity offsets. The observed morphology, velocity structure, and the physical dimensions of the pseudo-disc are consistent with the predictions from the core collapse simulations for brown dwarf formation. From the best model fit, we can constrain the age of the proto-brown dwarf system to be ∼30 000–40 000 yr. A comparison of the H2 column density derived from the CO line and 1.37 mm continuum emission indicates that only about 2 per cent of the CO is depleted from the gas phase.
The mass fraction of AGN and the Fundamental Plane of black hole activity from a large X-ray-selected sample of LINERs

A sample of 576 X-ray selected LINERs was constructed by combining data from the 3XMM-DR4 and SDSS-DR7 catalogues. The sample was used to investigate the fraction of galaxies hosting a LINER, finding that the fraction is a strong function of both stellar mass and black hole mass (scaling to the power of 1.6 +/- 0.2 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 respectively) and that it rises close to unity at the highest black hole masses and lowest X-ray luminosities. After obtaining radio flux densities from the FIRST survey, the sample was also used to investigate the Fundamental Plane of black hole activity - a scale-invariant relationship between black hole mass, X-ray luminosity and radio luminosity that is believed to hold across at least nine orders of magnitude of mass. There are key advantages in using only LINERs for the derivation as these are the counterparts of the "low-hard" X-ray binaries for which the relationship is tightest. The Fundamental Plane was found to be log (L_R / erg/s) = (0.65 +/- 0.07) log (L_X / 10^42 erg/s) + (0.69 +/- 0.10) log (M_BH / 10^8 M_solar) + (38.35 +/- 0.10). The scatter around the plane was 0.73 +/- 0.03 dex, too large to suggest that the Fundamental Plane can be used as a tool to estimate black hole mass from the observables of X-ray and radio luminosity. The black hole mass scaling is sensitive to the slope of the mass - velocity dispersion relation and, in order to achieve consistency with X-ray binaries, the analysis favours a steep gradient for this relationship, as found in recent research.
A Case Report and Literature Review of Babesiosis-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Babesiosis, a tick-borne protozoan disease, has been increasing in frequency in recent years. Familiarity with presentations of babesiosis is important for clinicians. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rarely seen complication of severe babesiosis. In most cases, the patients with babesiosis developed ARDS several days after initiation of antibabesia therapy. We present a unique case of babesiosis without any respiratory symptoms on presentation who developed ARDS within 24 hours of babesiosis treatment initiation. Furthermore, we reviewed published cases of ARDS in babesiosis.
GAMMA-RAY UPPER LIMITS ON MAGNETARS WITH SIX YEARS OF FERMI-LAT OBSERVATIONS

We report on the search for gamma-ray emission from 20 magnetars using six years of Fermi Large Area Telescope observations. No significant evidence for gamma-ray emission from any of the currently known magnetars is found. We derived the most stringent upper limits to date on the 0.1–10 GeV emission of Galactic magnetars, which are estimated between ∼10−12 and 10−11 erg s−1 cm−2. We searched gamma-ray pulsations for the four magnetars having reliable ephemerides over the observing period, but detected none. We also report updated morphologies and spectral properties of seven spatially extended gamma-ray sources, which are most likely attributed to supernova remnants associated with or adjacent to the magnetars.
CC Sculptoris: a superhumping intermediate polar

We present high speed optical, spectroscopic and Swift X-ray observations made during the dwarf nova superoutburst of CC Scl in November 2011. An orbital period of 1.383 h and superhump period of 1.443 h were measured, but the principal new finding is that CC Scl is a previously unrecognised intermediate polar, with a white dwarf spin period of 389.49 s which is seen in both optical and Swift X-ray light curves only during the outburst. In this it closely resembles the old nova GK Per, but unlike the latter has one of the shortest orbital periods among intermediate polars.
The classification of Kleinian groups of Hausdorff dimensions at most one

In this paper we provide the complete classification of Kleinian groups of Hausdorff dimensions less than $1. $ In particular, we prove that every purely loxodromic Kleinian groups of Hausdorff dimension $<1$ is a classical Schottky group. This upper bound is sharp. As an application, the result of \cite{H} then implies that, every closed Riemann surface is uniformizable by a classical Schottky group. The prove relie on the result of Hou \cite{Hou}, and space of rectifiable $\G$-invariant closed curves.
Ion-matter interaction: the three-dimensional version of the thermal spike model. Application to nanoparticle irradiation with swift heavy ions

In the framework of swift heavy ion–matter interaction, the thermal spike has proved its worth for nearly two decades. This paper deals with the necessary refinement of the computation due to the kind of materials of interest, i.e. nanomaterials such as multilayered systems or composite films constituted of nanocylinders or nanospheres embedded in an insulating matrix. The three-dimensional computation of the thermal spike model is applied for the first time in the case of ions striking layers containing spherical nanoparticles embedded in a silica matrix. The temperature profiles calculated at each point (x, y, z) of the target for a total duration up to 10−10 s and different values of ion impact parameter allow a possible explanation of the particle shape change under irradiation with swift heavy ions having an energy of several MeV amu−1
The Born Rule Dies

The Born rule may be stated mathematically as the rule that probabilities in quantum theory are expectation values of a complete orthogonal set of projection operators. This rule works for single laboratory settings in which the observer can distinguish all the different possible outcomes corresponding to the projection operators. However, theories of inflation suggest that the universe may be so large that any laboratory, no matter how precisely it is defined by its internal state, may exist in a large number of very distantly separated copies throughout the vast universe. In this case, no observer within the universe can distinguish all possible outcomes for all copies of the laboratory. Then normalized probabilities for the local outcomes that can be locally distinguished cannot be given by the expectation values of any projection operators. Thus the Born rule dies and must be replaced by another rule for observational probabilities in cosmology. The freedom of what this new rule is to be is the measure problem in cosmology. A particular volume-averaged form is proposed.
The Origin and Detection of High‐Redshift Supermassive Black Holes

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are common in local galactic nuclei, and SMBHs as massive as several billion solar masses already exist at redshift z = 6. These earliest SMBHs may arise by the combination of Eddington‐limited growth and mergers of stellar‐mass seed BHs left behind by the first generation of metal‐free stars, or by the rapid direct collapse of gas in rare special environments where the gas can avoid fragmenting into stars. In this contribution, I review these two competing scenarios. I also briefly mention some more exotic ideas and how the different models may be distinguished in the future by LISA and other instruments.
Primary renal neuroendocrine neoplasms: A systematic literature review, report of four local cases, and original survival analysis of 63 patients from a national registry 2012–2018

Primary renal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are rare. We aimed to conduct a systematic review, present local cases, and analyse data from the England's National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS) to provide comprehensive evidence on clinical experience, incidence, and survival to better characterize these tumours. First, a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) method; second, a synthesis of local cases; and, finally, a retrospective population‐based cohort analysis of renal NEN recorded between 2012 and 2018 on NCRAS were performed. Kaplan–Meier estimator was used to calculate overall survival and Cox proportional hazard regression to identify prognostic factors. Systematic review identified 48 articles and the evidence was summarized and presented. We reported data from four local cases presenting with abdominal and back pain but without carcinoid syndrome. In population‐based analysis, we identified 63 cases of renal NEN between 2012 and 2018 from the registry. Age‐standardized incidence was 0.09–0.32 per million with a median age of 64 years (interquartile range = 48–72 years). Survival was worse in males and those aged 64 years and over. Five‐year survival for renal neuroendocrine tumours (NET) was 69.8% (95% confidence interval = 66.6–72.7) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) was 38.4% (95% confidence interval = 34.6–42.0). No independent predictive factor was identified in the multivariable analyses. We have given a systematic review of evidence, published local experience, and reported incidence and survival of renal NEN in England for the first time. We have provided clinicians with evidence on diagnosis and proposed a treatment algorithm of theses rare tumours. The incidence and median age of presentation in England is similar to other published series. Renal NET has better survival than renal NEC as expected. A uniform classification system would reduce inconsistencies in reporting and standardize treatment decisions for this neoplasia.
Glassiness induced by charge stripe order in 1/8-doped lanthanum cuprates

We report $^{139}$La nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements on La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ ($0.07\leq x \leq 0.15$) and La$_{2-x}$Ba$_x$CuO$_4$ ($x=1/8$) single crystals, focusing on the spin freezing observed in 1/8-doped lanthanum cuprates. Charge stripe order seems to induce the inhomogeneous slowing down of spin fluctuations toward spin order and compete with superconductivity.
THE GAS MASS OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT z ≈ 1.3

We report a Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope search for H i 21 cm emission from a large sample of massive star-forming galaxies at z ≈ 1.18–1.34, lying in sub-fields of the DEEP2 Redshift Survey. The search was carried out by co-adding (“stacking”) the H i 21 cm emission spectra of 857 galaxies, after shifting each galaxy’s H i 21 cm spectrum to its rest frame. We obtain the 3σ upper limit SH i < 2.5 μJy on the average H i 21 cm flux density of the 857 galaxies, at a velocity resolution of ≈315 km s−1. This yields the 3σ constraint M H I < 2.1 × 10 10 × [ Δ V / 315 km s − 1 ] 1 / 2 M ⊙ ? > on the average H i mass of the 857 stacked galaxies, the first direct constraint on the atomic gas mass of galaxies at z > 1. The implied limit on the average atomic gas mass fraction (relative to stars) is MGAS/M* < 0.5, comparable to the cold molecular gas mass fraction in similar star-forming galaxies at these redshifts. We find that the cosmological mass density of neutral atomic gas in massive star-forming galaxies at z ≈ 1.3 is ΩGAS < 3.7 × 10−4, significantly lower than ΩGAS estimates in both galaxies in the local universe and damped Lyα absorbers at z ≥ 2.2. Massive blue star-forming galaxies thus do not appear to dominate the neutral atomic gas content of the universe at z ≈ 1.3.
Teleportation in an indivisible quantum system

Abstract Teleportation protocol is conventionally treated as a method for quantum state transfer between two spatially separated physical carriers. Recent experimental progress in manipulation with high-dimensional quantum systems opens a new framework for implementation of teleportation protocols. We show that the one-qubit teleportation can be considered as a state transfer between subspaces of the whole Hilbert space of an indivisible eight-dimensional system. We explicitly show all corresponding operations and discuss an alternative way of implementation of similar tasks.
More is Different:. 50 Years of Nuclear BCS

Many of the concepts which are at the basis of the development associated with a quantitative treatment of the variety of phenomena associated with the spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetry in nuclei have been instrumental in connection with novel studies of soft matter, namely of protein evolution and protein folding. Although the route to these subjects and associated development does not necessarily imply the nuclear physics connection, such a connection has proven qualitatively and quantitatively inspiring. In particular to model protein evolution in terms of the alignment of quasispins displaying twenty different projections, one for each of the twenty amino acids occurring in nature, and the associated symmetry breaking in information (sequence) space. Emergent properties of the corresponding phase transition are domain walls which stabilize local elementary structures (LES), few groups of 10-20 aminoacids which become structured already in the denatured state provide the molecular recognition directing protein folding. In fact, their docking is closely related to the transition state of the process. While the two-step, yes or no, folding process, does not provide direct information concerning LES, one can force LES from virtual to become real, observable final state entities. Getting again inspiration from the nuclear case (virtual processes contributing to pair correlations can be forced to become real with the help of a probe which itself changes particle number by two), one would expect that to make real virtual LES, that is segments of the protein which already at an early stage of the folding process flicker in and out of their native conformation, one needs a probe which itself displays a similar behaviour. Peptides displaying a sequence identical to LES are such probes.
Tell Me What You Drink, I’ll Tell You Who You Are: Status and Fashion Effects on Consumer Conformity

ABSTRACT Consumers follow other consumers in the pursuit of social dividends through consumption, to fit in with aspiration groups, and to belong in the group. These are conformity phenomena which is the cognitive process where an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by other people. This study investigates the influence of fashion and status in creating consumer conformity. Two experiments and subsequent logistic regression analyses were carried out with craft beer as an empirical field. The results show that: fashion influences consumption conformity but status is partially supported. In both, the results point to a relevant and non-trivial effect on the choice of the treatment variable. The study expands the evidence of consumption conformity and the practical applicability of the conformity stimulus to create waves of consumption, with aggregation and understanding of the formation of the craft beer consumer market.
Using cosmic neutrinos to search for nonperturbative physics at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger (cosmic ray) Observatory provides a laboratory for studying fundamental physics at energies far beyond those available at colliders. The Observatory is sensitive not only to hadrons and photons but can in principle detect ultrahigh energy neutrinos in the cosmic radiation. Interestingly, it may be possible to uncover new physics by analyzing characteristics of the neutrino flux at the Earth. By comparing the rate for quasihorizontal, deeply penetrating air showers triggered by all types of neutrinos with the rate for slightly up-going showers generated by Earth-skimming tau neutrinos, we determine the ratio of events which would need to be detected in order to signal the existence of new nonperturbative interactions beyond the TeV scale in which the final state energy is dominated by the hadronic component. We use detailed Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the effects of interactions in the Earth and in the atmosphere. We find that observation of 1 Earth skimming and 10 quasihorizontal events would exclude the standard model at the 99% confidence level. If new nonperturbative physics exists, a decade or so would be required to find it in the most optimistic case of a neutrino flux at the Waxman-Bahcall level and a neutrino-nucleon cross section an order of magnitude above the standard model prediction.