Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mediterranean extension and the Africa‐Eurasia collision

A number of tectonic events occurred contemporaneously in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East 30–25 Myr ago. These events are contemporaneous to or immediately followed a strong reduction of the northward absolute motion of Africa. Geological observations in the Neogene extensional basins of the Mediterranean region reveal that extension started synchronously from west to east 30–25 Myr ago. In the western Mediterranean it started in the Gulf of Lion, Valencia trough, and Alboran Sea as well as between the Maures massif and Corsica between 33 and 27 Ma ago. It then propagated eastward and southward to form to Liguro‐Provençal basin and the Tyrrhenian Sea. In the eastern Mediterranean, extension started in the Aegean Sea before the deposition of marine sediments onto the collapsed Hellenides in the Aquitanian and before the cooling of high‐temperature metamorphic core complexes between 20 and 25 Ma. Foundering of the inner zones of the Carpathians and extension in the Panonnian basin also started in the late Oligocene‐early Miocene. The body of the Afro‐Arabian plate first collided with Eurasia in the eastern Mediterranean region progressively from the Eocene to the Oligocene. Extensional tectonics was first recorded in the Gulf of Aden, Afar triple junction, and Red Sea region also in the Oligocene. A general magmatic surge occurred above all African hot spots, especially the Afar one. We explore the possibility that these drastic changes in the stress regime of the Mediterranean region and Middle East and the contemporaneous volcanic event were triggerred by the Africa/Arabia‐Eurasia collision, which slowed down the motion of Africa. The present‐day Mediterranean Sea was then locked between two collision zones, and the velocity of retreat of the African slab increased and became larger than the velocity of convergence leading to backarc extension. East of the Caucasus and northern Zagros collision zone the Afro‐Arabian plate was still pulled by the slab pull force in the Zagros subduction zone, which created extensional stresses in the northeast corner of the Afro‐Arabian plate. The Arabian plate was formed by propagation of a crack from the Carlsberg ridge westward toward the weak part of the African lithosphere above the Afar plume.
Impact of AMD processes on the public water supply: hydrochemical variations and application of a classification model to a river in the Iberian Pyritic Belt S.W. Spain

The aim of this work is to formulate a rapid method for finding out the degree of water pollution in the field, based on the toxicity produced by sulfates and metals dissolved in solution, using simple pH measurement in rivers that undergo AMD processes and which flow into public water supply dams. A classification model based on the degree of the impact is proposed, which is applied to a river affected by AMD in the Iberian Pyritic Belt, and which might serve as a reference for other dams that have to tolerate the arrival of mine water. Application of the proposed method will allow the approximate state of the water quality to be learned by simply measuring its pH. This may prove very useful during the design of hydrochemical control networks. Weighting and standardizing values allows the relative extent of the pollution to be quantified simply, still within the framework of the permitted limits for the public water supply, while the proposed graphical representation makes it significantly easier to understand the phenomenon and proves useful for comparing temporal or spatial variations over the course of a river.
Market structure and innovation

Technical advance requires resources and is motivated by the quest for profits; therefore, the rate and direction of advance is determined by the economic system. Recognition of this fact has focused attention on the performance of the market economy in the allocation of resources to technical advance, and the consequent body of research is surveyed and synthesised in this book. The theories of market structure and innovation proposed by Schumpeter, Galbraith, Arrow, Schmookler, Scherer, Mansfield, Phillips, Barzel, Kamien and Schwartz, Loury, Nelson and Winter, Grabowski, Dasgupta and Stiglitz, and others are presented in an integrated form. These theories deal with the nature of competition, the incentives to innovate and the pace of innovative activity under different market structures, and the existence of a market structure that yields the most rapid rate of innovation. In addition, the findings of seventy empirical studies dealing with various facets of the microeconomics of technical innovation are presented. The book is designed to be accessible to economists working in a variety of situations - in universities, business and government - and who are concerned with questions of technical innovation. It is also suitable for senior-level undergraduates and first year graduate students approaching the subject in a comprehensive way for the first time.
Isotopic measurements of stratospheric ozone

Isotope ratios of stratospheric ozone samples collected during four balloon flights are reported. In an altitude range between 22 and 33 km all ratios show enrichments between 7 and 11%, somewhat lower for 49O3 than for 50O3. Those enrichments are in very good agreement with results from laboratory isotope studies when stratospheric pressure and temperatures are included. The new data presented do raise questions about past stratospheric ozone isotope measurements which sometimes showed high values never observed in the laboratory or tropospheric environment.
Relationships between early Paleozoic facies patterns and structural trends in the Saltville thrust family, Tennessee Valley and Ridge, southern Appalachians

Structural style variations across the Tennessee segment of the Valley and Ridge thrust belt are correlated with two facies changes in important structural/stratigraphic units. The Middle and Upper Cambrian Conasauga Group and the Middle Ordovician Chickamauga Group change their internal stratigraphy regionally at oblique angles to the trend of this segment of the thrust belt. These stratigraphic variations correlate geographically with structural style changes within individual thrust sheets, whereas other variables, such as temperature, pressure, and magnitude of tectonic transport, do not. In the Conasauga, the east to west, limestone to shale facies transition coincides with areas where structural styles change along thrusts at the Conasauga level. The shale-dominated and carbonate-dominated facies show simple frontal imbricate thrusts, whereas in the shale/carbonate zone of interlayering, duplexes occur. In the Chickamauga, an east-west change from basinal shale to shelfal limestone controlled the regional presence of a middle-level glide zone in the paths of eastern thrusts and its absence to the west. This stratigraphic inhomogeneity also controlled a change in the Knoxville area from surficial folding in the northeast to surficial thrusting in the southwest. The terminology of structural lithic units and their subsidiary predominant and conforming members is applied in dividing the stratigraphic section into structurally significant packages.
The new single-channel approaches for retrieving land surface temperature and the preliminary results

Two satellites named HJ-1A and HJ-1B were launched on 6 September 2008, which are intended for environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting. The infrared scanner (IRS) onboard HJ-1B has one thermal infrared band. Currently, for sensors with one thermal band (e.g. Landsat TM/ETM+ and HJ-1B), several empirical algorithms have been developed to estimate land surface temperature (LST). However, surface emissivity and atmospheric parameters which are not readily accessible to general users are required for these empirical methods. To resolve this problem, particularly for HJ-1B, new retrieval methodology is desired. According to proper assumptions, two approaches were proposed, which included the single-channel method based on temporal and spatial information (MTSC) and the image based single-channel method (IBSC). The newly developed methods are mainly for estimating LST accurately from one thermal band, even without any accurate information related to the atmospheric parameters and land surface emissivity. In this paper, we introduce and give preliminary assessments on the new approaches. Assessments generally show good agreement between the HJ-1B retrieved results and the MODIS references. Especially, over sea and water areas the biases were less than 1K while the root mean square errors were about 1K for both MTSC and IBSC methods. As expected, the MTSC method did superiorly to the IBSC method, owning to spatiotemporal information is incorporated into the MTSC method, although more experiments and comparisons should be conducted further.
Maule Mw 8.8 Earthquake:A Seismological Review

Chile is one of the seismically most active countries in the world with an earthquake of magnitude 8 or larger ( M ≥ 8) occurring every 10 years. The most recent 27 February 2010 ( M w = 8.8) earthquake released the energy accumulated in the Concepción–Constitución seismic gap contained since the last earthquake in 1835. The hypocentre (36 ◦ 17 (cid:3) 23 (cid:3)(cid:3) S; 73 ◦ 14 (cid:3) 20 (cid:3)(cid:3) W) was located at the subduction interface of the Nazca plate under the South American plate, near the coasts of Talcahuano, at a depth of 30 km. The rupture area extended for ∼ 450 km along the Paciﬁc coast, from theArauco Peninsula northwards to Pichilemu, and showed slip displacements up to 10 m. Hundreds of aftershocks have taken place in the rupture area, the largest and most remarkable of which was the Pichilemu M = 6.9 earthquake on 11 March 2010. The Maule earthquake has shown surprising seismic phenomena, such as the fact that no aftershocks over M = 7 have occurred. Also, given the amount of energy released, some cities have experienced displacements of the order of metres caused by the re-accommodation of the South American plate, and some shores have been permanently uplifted. Studies of the aftershocks are being performed for a better understanding of the subduction processes and to improve the knowledge of earthquake-resistant construction.
Thermomechanical models for the dynamics and melting processes in the Mariana subduction system

[1] Melt generation in the arc-basin system of the subduction zones depends not only on fluid distribution and detailed temperature and pressure conditions, but also on melting mechanism and melting history. These factors are closely linked to the lithospheric extension, the proximity of the back-arc basin to the arc, and the migration of the spreading center. In this study the evolution of the back-arc basin is incorporated to explore the first-order features of the dynamics and melting processes in the Mariana subduction zone, using coupled thermomechanical numerical experiments. In the models continuous stretching thins the lithosphere, ultimately resulting in breakup of the lithosphere. The spreading center develops and migrates subsequently to form the new ocean basin in the back-arc region. Potential flux melting and decompression melting regimes are delineated based on the resultant thermal models, experimentally determined solidi, and phase diagrams. The results predict an overlap between the two regimes for several million years, suggesting that both melting mechanisms contribute to arc magma and back-arc basin basalts during the rifting phases and the earlier stages of spreading. The decompression melting regime progressively separates from the flux melting regime as the ridge migrates along. The mantle flow field driven by subduction and spreading, together with the ridge migration, generate intricate particle paths. This could lead to multiphase melt extraction for both the arc magma and the back-arc basin basalts and thus cause complex geochemical signatures. These processes may explain the first-order geochemical characteristics observed in most of the Mariana arc-basin system.
Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: Results from Mars Pathfinder

Mars Pathfinder obtained multispectral, elemental, magnetic, and physical measurements of soil and dust at the Sagan Memorial Station during the course of its 83 sol mission. We describe initial results from these measurements, concentrating on multispectral and elemental data, and use these data, along with previous Viking, SNC meteorite, and telescopic results, to help constrain the origin and evolution of Martian soil and dust. We find that soils and dust can be divided into at least eight distinct spectral units, based on parameterization of Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) 400 to 1000 nm multispectral images. The most distinctive spectral parameters for soils and dust are the reflectivity in the red, the red/blue reflectivity ratio, the near-IR spectral slope, and the strength of the 800 to 1000 nm absorption feature. Most of the Pathfinder spectra are consistent with the presence of poorly crystalline or nanophase ferric oxide(s), sometimes mixed with small but varying degrees of well-crystalline ferric and ferrous phases. Darker soil units appear to be coarser-grained, compacted, and/or mixed with a larger amount of dark ferrous materials relative to bright soils. Nanophase goethite, akaganeite, schwertmannite, and maghemite are leading candidates for the origin of the absorption centered near 900 nm in IMP spectra. The ferrous component in the soil cannot be well-constrained based on IMP data. Alpha proton X-ray spectrometer (APXS) measurements of six soil units show little variability within the landing site and show remarkable overall similarity to the average Viking-derived soil elemental composition. Differences exist between Viking and Pathfinder soils, however, including significantly higher S and Cl abundances and lower Si abundances in Viking soils and the lack of a correlation between Ti and Fe in Pathfinder soils. No significant linear correlations were observed between IMP spectral properties and APXS elemental chemistry. Attempts at constraining the mineralogy of soils and dust using normative calculations involving mixtures of smectites and silicate and oxide minerals did not yield physically acceptable solutions. We attempted to use the Pathfinder results to constrain a number of putative soil and dust formation scenarios, including palagonitization and acid-fog weathering. While the Pathfinder soils cannot be chemically linked to the Pathfinder rocks by palagonitization, this study and McSween et al. [1999] suggest that palagonitic alteration of a Martian basaltic rock, plus mixture with a minor component of locally derived andesitic rock fragments, could be consistent with the observed soil APXS and IMP properties.
Mycorrhizae, Phosphorus Absorption, and Yield of Maize in Response to Tillage

Maize (Zea mays L.) in the early season in no-till (NT), compared with conventional tillage (CT), has reduced dry matter due to cooler temperatures near the seed, in spite of increased plant P absorption caused by more effective mycorrhizae in the less-disturbed soil. We grew maize under NT and CT in a soil with 1.6 mg k -1 NaHCO 3 - extractable P, adding, 0, 25, 50, or 100 kg P ha -1 . A rotary cultivator (ROTO) soil-disturbance treatment gave plots more severe disturbance than CT, and a no-till hand-plant (NTHP) treatment gave plots with minimal soil disturbance. Early season P uptake and mycorrhizal colonization were stimulated in the NT and NTHP treatments. The reverse was true for shoot dry mass. Early season responses to tillage treatments were the same at each of the fertilizer rates. Yields increased with increasing fertilization. At all rates of P, yields with the CT and ROTO treatments were similar to each other, as were yields with the NT and NTHP treatments. At low soil-P fertility, NT and CT gave similar yields. However, at and above 50 kg P ha -1 , yields in CT exceeded those in NT by 1000 kg ha -1 . We expect that under P-limiting conditions, NT could give increases in yield over CT, or similar yields could be achieved in NT and CT but at lower soil-P availability in NT, but only if the early season growth depression in NT can be overcome.
Satellite sensing of aerosol absorption

A method is developed for remote sensing of aerosol absorption from satellite images of the earth's surface. The method is based on the measurement of the change in the upward radiances between a clear and a hazy day over a varying surface reflectance. For a zero change a balance between brightening due to scattering and darkening due to absorption and scattering is reached. This balance is utilized via a radiative transfer model to derive the aerosol single-scattering albedo. A sensitivity study is performed and the method is tested against laboratory measurements. It is suggested that for the case of haze introduced on top of an existing background aerosol (e.g., forest fire smoke, dust storms, etc.) and with a fair estimate of the scattering phase function, the error in the remotely sensed single-scattering albedo (ω0, ratio between scattering and scattering plus absorption) is in the range of 0.03–0.05. The method is applied to Landsat Multi-Spectral Sensor imagery of forest fire smoke detected over the Washington D.C., area, resulting in ω0 = 0.90. The variability of the remotely sensed ω0 across the image was Δω0 = ±0.01. No substantial dependence on wavelength between 550–750 nm was found. Application of the method to aircraft radiances measured during regional industrial air pollution resulted in ω0 = 0.94 ± 0.04. The main advantage of the method is that it provides a simple measure of ω0 of the undisturbed aerosol. The main errors in the method arise from variations in the surface reflectance between the clear and the hazy days, uncertainty in the scattering phase function, and variation of the aerosol and gaseous absorption between these two days. If the satellite calibration varies with time, the measurements of ω0 can be substantially affected.
Hygroscopic growth and measured and modeled critical super‐saturations of an atmospheric HULIS sample

An atmospheric HULIS (humic‐like substance) sample dissolved in water was used to generate particles with different dry diameters. A HHTDMA (High Humidity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer) and LACIS (Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator) were used to measure hygroscopic growth of the HULIS particles. LACIS also was used to measure the critical super‐saturation for the activation of HULIS particles with dry diameters of 50, 75, 100, and 125 nm. Simple Köhler theory was used to simulate the measured hygroscopic growth factors. For this, a new technique was used, where the ionic density (ρion) was defined as a combination of the HULIS physical properties for which values could not be reliably determined. By adjusting ρion in the Köhler equation, modeled hygroscopic growth could be brought into agreement with the measurements, even without the explicit knowledge of the different HULIS properties. It was demonstrated that the values of ρion determined with our procedure can be reproduced from combinations of physically realistic values of the physical properties represented by ρion. Adjustments of the ionic density were done for two different surface tensions, that of water as the upper limit, and the lowest value that had been measured for this HULIS sample (published previously) as the lower limit. The two adjusted values of ρion were used in the Köhler model to derive critical super‐saturations. For more dilute droplets, measured and modeled critical super‐saturations were in agreement for both values of the surface tension, whereas for the less dilute solutions, agreement only could be achieved when a lowering of the surface tension due to HULIS was taken into account.
The role of the Bay of Biscay Mesozoic extensional structure in the configuration of the Pyrenean orogen: Constraints from the MARCONI deep seismic reflection survey

Seismic interpretation of the MARCONI deep seismic survey enables recognition of the upper crustal structure of the eastern part of the Bay of Biscay and the main features of its Alpine geodynamic evolution. The new data denotes that two domains with different Pyrenean and north foreland structures exist in the Bay of Biscay. In the eastern or Basque‐Parentis Domain, the North Pyrenean front is located close to the Spanish coast, and the northern foreland of the Pyrenees is constituted by a continental crust thinned by a north dipping fault that induced the formation of the Early Cretaceous Parentis Basin. In the western or Cantabrian Domain, the North Pyrenean front is shifted to the north and deforms a narrower and deeper foreland basin which lies on the top of a transitional crust formed from the exhumation of lithospheric mantle along a south dipping extensional low‐angle fault during the Early Cretaceous. The transition between these two domains corresponds to a soft transfer zone linking the shifted North Pyrenean fronts and a north‐ to WNW‐directed thrust that places the continental crust of the Landes Plateau over the transitional crust of the Bay of Biscay abyssal plain. Comparison between this structure and regional data enables characterization of the extensional rift system developed between Iberia and Eurasia during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous and recognizes that this rift system controlled not only the location and features of the Pyrenean thrust sheets but also the overall structure of this orogen.
Fluid flow-induced left-right asymmetric decay of Dand5 mRNA in the mouse embryo requires Bicc1-Ccr4 RNA degradation complex

Molecular left-right (L-R) asymmetry is established at the node of the mouse embryo as a result of the sensing of a leftward fluid flow by immotile cilia of perinodal crown cells and the consequent degradation of Dand5 mRNA on the left side. We here examined how the fluid flow induces Dand5 mRNA decay. We found that the 3’ untranslated region (3’-UTR) of Dand5 mRNA is necessary and sufficient for the left-sided decay and is responsive to the flow direction, loss of the cation channel Pkd2, and Ca2+. The 200-nucleotide proximal-most portion of the 3’-UTR, which is conserved among mammals, is essential for the asymmetric mRNA decay and binds Bicc1, an RNA binding protein specifically expressed at the node. Bicc1 preferentially recognizes GAC and GACR sequences in RNA, and these motifs are enriched in the 200-nucleotide region of the Dand5 3’-UTR. The Cnot3 component of the Ccr4-Not deadenylase complex interacts with Bicc1 and is also required for Dand5 mRNA decay at the node. Our results thus suggest that leftward fluid flow induces binding of Bicc1 to the 3’-UTR of Dand5 mRNA in crown cells on the left side of the node, and that consequent recruitment of Ccr4-Not mediates mRNA degradation.