Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulations of Imperfect Bifurcation of Jet in Crossflow

Abstract This paper investigates the flow structure nearby a rectangular cooling hole on a flat plate by numerical simulations and topological analysis. The velocity ratio ranges from 0.5 to 1.5. Steady Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes simulations and unsteady detached eddy simulations are performed based on the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The time-averaged velocity profiles in the central plane are verified by grid convergence study and comparison with the experimental data. The discussions mainly focus on the effect of the velocity ratio on the vortex structure and the stability of the jet-in-crossflow (JICF) system. The simulation results show that a bifurcation of the vortex system exists with respect to the velocity ratio. The averaged flow goes from a symmetric structure to an asymmetric structure on this bifurcation. The detached eddy simulation results show that both the symmetric vortex system and the asymmetric vortex system with different velocity ratios are stable.
JAVNA POTPORA RAZVITKU OBNOVLJIVIH IZVORA ENERGIJE PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

renewable energy sources and cogeneration have remained at the halfway point: on the one side, it is indisputable that they are in keeping with the growing trend to reduce negative environmental impact and on the other side they require public support that would rather accept a solution from the past than a market choice. This article attempts to respond to important questions that are posed due to the ambiguous status of renewable energy sources, such as how much support for them should be secured in order for them to become competitive, to what extent is such support justiﬁ ed, and what forms of promotion would achieve the maximum social beneﬁ t? After the initial determination of the framework of the policy for the support of renewable energy sources, cogeneration and energy saving, limitations to the emission of CO 2 and ﬁ nancial limitations are discussed.
Fiscal Policy and Sentiments in a Monetary Union ∗

Members of a monetary union have limited control over monetary policy. This can ele-vate the role of fiscal policy as the primary macroeconomic tool against country-specific shocks. In this paper, I argue that fiscal policy is highly effective at stimulating output in countries via its impact on consumer sentiments. Using data for the European Economic and Monetary union, I provide evidence that the sentiments channel for fiscal policy is strongly present in peripheral European countries but absent in core countries. The impact of fiscal policy on consumer sentiments also make fiscal consolidation more costly in terms of output in peripheral countries. I validate my empirical findings using a New Keynesian model of currency union where agents form expectations based on non-fundamental factors (animal spirits) correlated with fiscal policy. I show the existence of a stronger response of output to fiscal policy through the latter’s impact on consumer sentiments.
A class of adding machine and Julia sets

In this work we define a stochastic adding machine associated to the Fibonacci base and to a probabilities sequence $\overline{p}=(p_i)_{i\geq 1}$. We obtain a Markov chain whose states are the set of nonnegative integers. We study probabilistic properties of this chain, such as transience and recurrence. We also prove that the spectrum associated to this Markov chain is connected to the fibered Julia sets for a class of endomorphisms in $\mathbb{C}^2$.
The future of artificial intelligence in neurosurgery: A narrative review

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are on the tremendous rise for being incorporated into the field of neurosurgery. AI and ML algorithms are different from other technological advances as giving the capability for the computer to learn, reason, and problem-solving skills that a human inherits. This review summarizes the current use of AI in neurosurgery, the challenges that need to be addressed, and what the future holds. Methods: A literature review was carried out with a focus on the use of AI in the field of neurosurgery and its future implication in neurosurgical research. Results: The online literature on the use of AI in the field of neurosurgery shows the diversity of topics in terms of its current and future implications. The main areas that are being studied are diagnostic, outcomes, and treatment models. Conclusion: Wonders of AI in the field of medicine and neurosurgery hold true, yet there are a lot of challenges that need to be addressed before its implications can be seen in the field of neurosurgery from patient privacy, to access to high-quality data and overreliance on surgeons on AI. The future of AI in neurosurgery is pointed toward a patient-centric approach, managing clinical tasks, and helping in diagnosing and preoperative assessment of the patients.
On the structure of finitely generated shift-invariant subspaces

A characterization of finitely generated shift-invariant subspaces is given when generators are g-minimal. An algorithm is given for the determination of the coefficients in the well known representation of the Fourier transform of an element of the finitely generated shift-invariant subspace as a linear combination of Fourier transformations of generators. An estimate for the norms of those coefficients is derived. For the proof a sort of orthogonalization procedure for generators is used which reminds the well known Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process.
Vacuum energy density in the quantum Yang–Mills theory

Using the effective potential approach for composite operators, we have formulated a general method of calculation of the truly non-perturbative Yang–Mills vacuum energy density (this is, by definition, the bag constant apart from the sign). It is the main dynamical characteristic of the QCD ground state. Our method allows one to make it free of the perturbative contributions ('contaminations'), by construction. We also perform an actual numerical calculation of the bag constant for the confining effective charge. Its choice uniquely defines the bag constant, which becomes free of all types of perturbative contributions now, as well as possessing many other desirable properties such as colorless, gauge independence, etc. Using the trace anomaly relation further, we develop a general formalism which makes it possible to relate the bag constant to the gluon condensate not using the weak coupling solution for the corresponding β function. Our numerical result for the bag constant shows good agreement with other phenomenological estimates of the gluon condensate.
Groups with Tarski number 5

The Tarski number of a non-amenable group G is the minimal number of pieces in a paradoxical decomposition of G. Until now the only numbers which were known to be Tarski numbers of some groups were 4 and 6. We construct a group with Tarski number 5 and mention a related result for Tarski numbers of group actions.
The stability of three-dimensional time-periodic flows with ellipsoidal stream surfaces

Most steady flows with constant vorticity and elliptical streamlines are known to be unstable. These, and certain axisymmetric time-periodic flows, can be analysed by Floquet theory. However, Floquet theory is inapplicable to other time-periodic flows that yield disturbance equations containing a quasi-periodic, rather than periodic, function. A practical method for surmounting this difficulty was recently given by Bayly, Holm & Lifschitz. Employing their method, we determine the stability of a clas of three-dimensional time-periodic flows: namely, those unbounded flows with fixed ellipsoidal stream surfaces and spatially uniform but time-periodic strain rates. Corresponding, but bounded, flows are those within a fixed ellipsoid with three different principal axes. This is perhaps the first exact stability analysis of non-reducibly three-dimensional and time-dependent flows. Though the model has some artificial features, the results are likely to shed light on more complex systems of practical interest.
Preliminary Study on the Host Response to Bivalent and Monovalent Autogenous Vaccines against Mycoplasma agalactiae in Dairy Sheep

Simple Summary Contagious agalactia (CA), caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae), is a very important disease in dairy sheep. It is distributed worldwide, and causes a marked drop or even complete loss of milk production, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, and septicemia. The current study represents the first investigation evaluating the synergistic effect of combining Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) within the M. agalactiae vaccine. Apart from the previously known benefits of combined vaccines, such as reduced production costs, time and effort saving, simplifying the immunization schedule, and minimizing the stress of multiple vaccinations, the current study recorded for the first time that the involvement of S. aureus in inactivated vaccines against M. agalactiae elicited a higher antibody response against M. agalactiae, detected by ELISA, than the monovalent M. agalactiae vaccine. The humoral immune response and hematological parameters were significantly improved and manifested by the increased antibody titre, total leukocytic count, neutrophils, and blood platelets. Moreover, the local glandular immunity of the udder, assessed by the somatic cell count (SCC), was enhanced. Abstract In Italy, dairy sheep farming represents a vital agro-industry sector, but it is still challenged by contagious agalactia (CA), which is endemic there, and vaccination is the most economical and sustainable tool for control. This study aimed to evaluate the combined Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma)-Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) vaccine (Ma–Sa) against the Ma monovalent vaccine in ewes. Twelve primiparous Ma-free ewes were randomly grouped into three equal groups: first, the control group injected with placebo, second, the group vaccinated with the Ma monovalent vaccine, and third, the group vaccinated with Ma–Sa combined vaccine, with two S/C doses at 45-day intervals. The animals were examined for serological, hematological, and somatic cell count (SCC) changes for 17 successive weeks. A significant increase in anti-Ma antibody mean titers, leukocytes, and platelets was observed in the vaccinated animals, with the highest values in those who received the combined vaccine. Neutrophils were high only in the animals who received the combined vaccine. SCC was lower in the vaccinated animals during the first six weeks. This study concludes that the combined Ma–Sa vaccines enhance immune response and potentiate its efficacy against Ma. This improvement might be attributed to the sensitization/activation effect of S. aureus on platelets, which are recoded to act as a key regulator for the coordination of all components of the innate immune system. Even though this study included a small number of animals, its findings about the potentialities of this inactivated vaccine in the control of CA are strongly encouraging. Further confirmation might be needed through additional replicates and a challenge study is needed before proceeding with widespread use.
Super Polyharmonic Property of Solutions for PDE Systems and Its Applications

In this paper, we prove that all the positive solutions for the PDE system (-\Delta)^{k}u_{i} = f_{i}(u_{1},., u_{m}), x \in R^{n}, i = 1, 2,. , m are super polyharmonic, i.e. (-\Delta)^{j}u_{i} > 0, j = 1, 2,. , k - 1; i = 1, 2,. ,m. To prove this important super polyharmonic property, we introduced a few new ideas and derived some new estimates. As an interesting application, we establish the equivalence between the integral system u_{i}(x) = \int_{R^{n}} \frac{1}{|x - y|^{n-\alpha}}f_{i}(u_{1}(y),. , u_{m}(y))dy, x \in R^{n} and PDE system when \alpha? = 2k < n
Topological changes in lower dimensions

The distinction between three- and four-dimensional spacetimes is considered with particular reference to possible changes of spatial topology; implications for three-dimensional models of quantum gravity are discussed. The situation in which the metric may be kinked is also investigated. Finally, the case of topology change in two spacetime dimensions is discussed briefly.
Effect of the Type VI Secretion System Secreted Protein Hcp on the Virulence of Aeromonas salmonicida

Aeromonas salmonicida, a psychrophilic bacterial pathogen, is widely distributed in marine freshwater, causing serious economic losses to major salmon farming areas in the world. At present, it is still one of the most important pathogens threatening salmon farming. Hcp (haemolysin-coregulated protein) is an effector protein in the type-VI secretion system (T6SS), which is secreted by T6SS and functions as its structural component. The results of our previous genomic sequencing showed that hcp existed in the mesophilic A. salmonicida SRW-OG1 isolated from naturally infected Epinephelus coioides. To further explore the role of Hcp in A. salmonicida SRW-OG1, we constructed an hcp-RNAi strain and verified its effect on the virulence of A. salmonicida. The results showed that compared with the wild strain, the hcp-RNAi strain suffered from different degrees of decreased adhesion, growth, biofilm formation, extracellular product secretion, and virulence. It was suggested that hcp may be an important virulence gene of A. salmonicida SRW-OG1.
Finding the Dominant Roots of a Time Delay System without Using the Principal Branch of the Lambert W Function

This brief note complements some results regarding a recently developed technique for the stability analysis of linear time-invariant, time delay systems using the matrix Lambert W function. By means of a numeric example, it is shown that there are cases for which the dominant roots of the system can be found without using the principal branch of this multi-valued function, contradicting the main proposition of the methodology.
Existence of random gradient states.

We consider two versions of random gradient models. In model A the interface feels a bulk term of random fields while in model B the disorder enters through the potential acting on the gradients. It is well known that for gradient models without disorder there are no Gibbs measures in infinite-volume in dimension d=2, while there are "gradient Gibbs measures" describing an infinite-volume distribution for the gradients of the field, as was shown by Funaki and Spohn. Van Enter and K\"{u}lske proved that adding a disorder term as in model A prohibits the existence of such gradient Gibbs measures for general interaction potentials in $d=2$. In the present paper we prove the existence of shift-covariant gradient Gibbs measures with a given tilt $u\in \mathbb{R}^d$ for model A when $d\geq3$ and the disorder has mean zero, and for model B when $d\geq1$. When the disorder has nonzero mean in model A, there are no shift-covariant gradient Gibbs measures for $d\ge3$. We also prove similar results of existence/nonexistence of the surface tension for the two models and give the characteristic properties of the respective surface tensions.
Single- and dual-band leaky wave antennas using an electromagnetic band gap structure

We propose new and practical design methods of a low-profile and high-gain leaky wave antenna (LWA). Based on a required dispersion relationship, we suggest appropriate equivalent transmission line models representing a unit cell of the LWA, which determines a specific frequency of maximum radiation together with optimal circuit values essential for maximum gain at a boresight direction. According to the equivalent model approach, we can design overall structure of the high-gain LWA very easily and accurately. In addition, we also propose a novel way of deriving dual-band resonance from a simple single-band-resonating LWA by means of an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure. In order to make the LWA resonate at two different frequencies, we intentionally introduce a propagation stop band into an existing one pass band by inserting an EBG structure. By doing so, we can obtain two new specific conditions resulting in maximum radiation toward a boresight direction at the two resonant frequencies locating on both sides of the inserted stop band. All experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions, which proves the validity and effectiveness of our approaches.
Regularization methods for ill-posed problems in multiple Hilbert scales

Several convergence results in Hilbert scales under different source conditions are proved and orders of convergence and optimal orders of convergence are derived. Also, relations between those source conditions are proved. The concept of a multiple Hilbert scale on a product space is introduced, and regularization methods on these scales are defined, both for the case of a single observation and for the case of multiple observations. In the latter case, it is shown how vector-valued regularization functions in these multiple Hilbert scales can be used. In all cases, convergence is proved and orders and optimal orders of convergence are shown. Finally, some potential applications and open problems are discussed.
Achievement Emotions in Selective Schools: Reexamining the Happy-Fish-Little-Pond Effect in an Extreme Case from the Chinese Collectivist Context

Achievement emotions, defined as the emotions generated in the academic process or by achievement results, are critical for an individual’s mental health, personality development, and academic productivity. Referring to the well-known big-fish-little-pond effect on academic self-concept, which describes the well-known phenomenon that students in selective schools/classes tend to have lower academic self-concepts than those who are comparably competent but attend regular schools/classes, Pekrun and colleagues focused on German students and proposed a similar happy-fish-little-pond effect on achievement emotions in 2019. In our paper, we examined whether this effect exists in extreme cases. To maximize the positive reflected-glory effect of being in a selective school and minimize the negative social comparison contrast effects that result from being ranked low in the school, we conducted an investigation in the Chinese collectivist cultural setting and compared the achievement emotions of students from a highly selective senior middle school with those of students from a regular school where the top-ranking students fell short of the bottom-ranking students in the selective school in terms of academic performance. Through an analysis of variance and a moderated serial mediation model, our study revealed that the bottom-ranking students in the selective school had less positive achievement emotions, lower academic self-concepts, and more negative achievement emotions than the top-ranking students in the regular school, providing strong evidence that students rely more on social comparison than on objective self-evaluation standards to evaluate themselves. The implications of the results for educational policies are discussed.
Cyclodextrins: Only Pharmaceutical Excipients or Full-Fledged Drug Candidates?

Cyclodextrins, representing a versatile family of cyclic oligosaccharides, have extensive pharmaceutical applications due to their unique truncated cone-shaped structure with a hydrophilic outer surface and a hydrophobic cavity, which enables them to form non-covalent host–guest inclusion complexes in pharmaceutical formulations to enhance the solubility, stability and bioavailability of numerous drug molecules. As a result, cyclodextrins are mostly considered as inert carriers during their medical application, while their ability to interact not only with small molecules but also with lipids and proteins is largely neglected. By forming inclusion complexes with cholesterol, cyclodextrins deplete cholesterol from cellular membranes and thereby influence protein function indirectly through alterations in biophysical properties and lateral heterogeneity of bilayers. In this review, we summarize the general chemical principles of direct cyclodextrin–protein interactions and highlight, through relevant examples, how these interactions can modify protein functions in vivo, which, despite their huge potential, have been completely unexploited in therapy so far. Finally, we give a brief overview of disorders such as Niemann–Pick type C disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, in which cyclodextrins already have or could have the potential to be active therapeutic agents due to their cholesterol-complexing or direct protein-targeting properties.
A classification of postcritically finite Newton maps

The dynamical classification of rational maps is a central concern of holomorphic dynamics. Much progress has been made, especially on the classification of polynomials and some approachable one-parameter families of rational maps; the goal of finding a classification of general rational maps is so far elusive. Newton maps (rational maps that arise when applying Newton's method to a polynomial) form a most natural family to be studied from the dynamical perspective. Using Thurston's characterization and rigidity theorem, a complete combinatorial classification of postcritically finite Newton maps is given in terms of a finite connected graph satisfying certain explicit conditions.
A generalization of the 2D Sleipian functions

The main content of this work is devoted to study various explicit family of special functions generalizing the famous 2D Sleipain functions, founded in 1960's by D. Slepian and his co-authors. As a consequence, many desirable spectral properties of the corresponding weighted finite Fourier transform are deduced from the rich literature. In particular, similar aspect related to Slepian's seminal papers is the investigation of differential operators that commute with appropriate integral operators are given. Finally, we provided the reader with some analytic expressions for the Fourier transforms of the Disk polynomials and the two variables Gegenbauer polynomials.
Numerical analysis on the applicability of sorption isotherm models in aquifers and its correlation with recharged water movement

ABSTRACT Sorption is a necessary process influencing the subsurface solute or contaminant transport. There are many adsorption isotherms, and selecting one to represent the system is likely to remain an elusive goal. Also, the lack of observed data and its associated certainty may hinder the determination of sorption parameters. This study investigated the influence of different isotherms – linear adsorption assumption, Freundlich isotherm, Langmuir isotherm, and Redlich – Peterson isotherm, on chloride concentrations. The numerical model also gauged the extent of recharged waters migrating from the injection well. Temporal analysis of groundwater resident volumes helped to understand better the change in chloride concentrations with the selected isotherm. The residual solute concentrations from the isotherms followed the order: Redlich – Peterson < Freundlich < Langmuir. The results highlighted the importance of obtaining a range of sorption values rather than a single value from one fitted isotherm for the productive aid in groundwater decision making.