Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DMS oxidation in the Antarctic marine boundary layer: Comparison of model simulations and held observations of DMS, DMSO, DMSO2, H2SO4(g), MSA(g), and MSA(p)

A sulfur field study (SCATE) at Palmer Station Antarctica (January 18 to February 25) has revealed several major new findings concerning (dimethyl sulfide) DMS oxidation chemistry and the cycling of sulfur within the Antarctic environment. Significant evidence was found supporting the notion that the OH/DMS addition reaction is a major source of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Methane sulfonic acid (MSA(g)) levels were also found to be consistent with an OH/DMS addition mechanism involving the sequential oxidation of the products DMSO and methane sulfinic acid (MSIA). Evidence supporting the hypothesis that the OH/DMS addition reaction, as well as follow-on reactions involving OH/DMSO, are a major source of SO2 was significant, but not conclusive. No evidence could be found supporting the notion that reactive intermediates (i.e., SO3) other than SO2 were an important source of H2SO4. Quite clearly, one of the major findings of SCATE was the recognition that a large fraction of the Antarctic oxidative cycle for DMS (near Palmer Station) took place above the boundary layer (BL) in what we have labeled here as the atmospheric buffer layer (BuL). Although still speculative in places, the overall picture emerging from the SCATE field/modeling results is one involving major coupling between chemistry and dynamics in the Antarctic. At Palmer the evidence points to frequent episodes of rapid vertical transport from a very shallow marine BL into the overlying BuL. Due to the combination of a long photochemical lifetime for DMS and the frequency of shallow convective events, a large fraction of ocean released DMS is transported into the BuL while still in its unoxidized state. There, in the presence of elevated OH and low aerosol scavenging, high levels of oxidized sulfur accumulate. Parcels of this BuL air are then episodically entrained back into the BL, thereby providing a controlling influence on BL SO2, DMSO, and DMSO2. Additionally, because SO2 and DMSO are major precursors to H2SO4 and MSA, BuL chemistry, in conjunction with vertical transport, also act to control BL levels of the latter species. Although many uncertainties remain in our understanding of Antarctic DMS chemistry, the above picture already suggests that previous chemical interpretations of Antarctic field data may need to be altered.
Achieving symptom relief in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis by targeting the neuro-immune interface and optimizing disease tolerance

Abstract Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) previously also known as chronic fatigue syndrome is a heterogeneous, debilitating syndrome of unknown etiology responsible for long-lasting disability in millions of patients worldwide. The most well-known symptom of ME is post-exertional malaise, but many patients also experience autonomic dysregulation, cranial nerve dysfunction and signs of immune system activation. Many patients also report a sudden onset of disease following an infection. The brainstem is a suspected focal point in ME pathogenesis and patients with structural impairment to the brainstem often show ME-like symptoms. The brainstem is also where the vagus nerve originates, a critical neuro-immune interface and mediator of the inflammatory reflex which regulate systemic inflammation. Here, we report the results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial using intranasal mechanical stimulation targeting nerve endings in the nasal cavity, likely from the trigeminal nerve, possibly activating additional centers in the brainstem of ME patients and correlating with a ∼30% reduction in overall symptom scores after 8 weeks of treatment. By performing longitudinal, systems-level monitoring of the blood immune system in these patients, we uncover signs of chronic immune activation in ME, as well as immunological correlates of improvement that center around gut-homing immune cells and reduced inflammation. The mechanisms of symptom relief remain to be determined, but transcriptional analyses suggest an upregulation of disease tolerance mechanisms. We believe that these results are suggestive of ME as a condition explained by a maladaptive disease tolerance response following infection.
When learners surpass their models : The acquisition of American Sign Language from inconsistent input q

The present study examines the impact of highly inconsistent input on language acquisition. The American deaf community provides a unique opportunity to observe children exposed to nonnative language models as their only linguistic input. This research is a detailed case study of one child acquiring his native language in such circumstances. It asks whether this child is capable of organizing a natural language out of input data that are not representative of certain natural language principles. Simon is a deaf child whose deaf parents both learned American Sign Language (ASL) after age 15. Simon s only ASL input is provided by his late-learner parents. The study examines Simon s performance at age 7 on an ASL morphology task, compared with eight children who have native signing parents, and also compared with Simon s own parents. The results show that Simon s production of ASL substantially surpasses that of his parents. Simon s parents, like other late learners of ASL, perform below adult native signing criteria, with many inconsistencies and errors in their use of ASL morphology. In contrast, Simon s performance is much more regular, and in fact on most ASL morphemes is equal to that of children exposed to a native signing model. The results This work was supported by NIH Grant DC00167 and by NIH Training grant HD07205. We are grateful to Ted Supalla, Doug Medin, Susan Goldin-Meadow, Richard Meier, Carolyn Anderson, and an anonymous reviewer for many helpful comments, and to the families of our subjects for their generous participation in this project. * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: singletn@uiuc.edu (J.L. Singleton), newport@bcs.rochester. edu (E.L. Newport). 0010-0285/$ see front matter 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych. 2004.05. 001 J.L. Singleton, E.L. Newport / Cognitive Psychology 49 (2004) 370–407 371 thus indicate that Simon is capable of acquiring a regular and orderly morphological rule system for which his input provides only highly inconsistent and noisy data. In addition, the results provide some insight into the mechanisms by which such learning may occur. Although the ASL situation is rare, it reveals clues that may contribute to our understanding of the human capacity for language learning. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cyclophilin A associates with and regulates the activity of ZAP70 in TCR/CD3 stimulated T cells

Nikhil Ponnoor Anto (  antop@post.bgu.ac.il ) Ben-Gurion University of the Negev https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-5654 Awadhesh Kumar Arya University of Maryland School of Medicine Amitha Muraleedharan Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences Jakeer Shaik Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences Pulak Ranjan Nath National Eye Institute Etta Livneh Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences Zuoming Sun Beckman Research Institute City of Hope: Beckman Research Institute Alex Braiman Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences Noah Isakov Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences
A modeling assessment of the interplay between aeolian iron fluxes and iron-binding ligands in controlling carbon dioxide fluctuations during Antarctic warm events

[1] We add a prognostic biogeochemical model to the Bern3D ocean circulation model to test the impact of increased aeolian iron fluxes in various regions of the ocean on long time scales. Atmospheric CO2 is most sensitive when modern dust flux is increased 100-fold in the Southern Ocean for 1000 years, resulting in a reduction of 10 ppmv. Seeding the Indian Ocean and South Pacific results in increased export production and CO2 drawdown in the Southern Ocean due to interbasinal transport of iron. The non-sea-salt calcium record from Dome C, Antarctica, is used to scale aeolian iron deposition in the Southern Ocean in transient simulations over four Antarctic warm events of the last glacial period. Our results suggest changes in dust flux to the Southern Ocean played a limited role in modulating CO2 variations. The impact of iron fluxes on CO2 is dependent on parameter values chosen for the iron-binding ligand.
Special Section on Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Parameters from In Vitro Systems Stereoselective Inhibition of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite: Implications for Risk Assessment of Multiple Time- Dependent Inhibitor Systems s

Recent guidance on drug-drug interaction (DDI) testing recommends evaluation of circulating metabolites. However, there is little consensus on how to quantitatively predict and/or assess the risk of in vivo DDIs by multiple time-dependent inhibitors (TDIs) including metabolites from in vitro data. Fluoxetine was chosen as the model drug to evaluate the role of TDI metabolites in DDI prediction because it is a TDI of both CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 with a circulating N-dealkylated inhibitory metabolite, norfluoxetine. In pooled human liver microsomes, both enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were TDIs of CYP2C19, (S)-norfluoxetine was the most potent inhibitor with time-dependent inhibition affinity constant (KI )o f 7mM, and apparent maximum time-dependent inhibition rate (kinact,app) of 0.059 min 21 . Only (S)-fluoxetine and (R)-norfluoxetine were TDIs of CYP3A4, with (R)-norfluoxetine being the most potent (KI =8 mM, and kinact,app = 0.011 min 21 ). Based on in-vitro-to-in-vivo predictions, (S)-norfluoxetine plays the most important role in in vivo CYP2C19 DDIs, whereas (R)norfluoxetine is most important in CYP3A4 DDIs. Comparison of two multiple TDI prediction models demonstrated significant differences between them in in-vitro-to-in-vitro predictions but not in in-vitro-to-in-vivo predictions. Inclusion of all four inhibitors predicted an in vivo decrease in CYP2C19 (95%) and CYP3A4 (60–62%) activity. The results of this study suggest that adequate worst-case risk assessment for in vivo DDIs by multiple TDI systems can be achieved by incorporating time-dependent inhibition by both parent and metabolite via simple addition of the in vivo time-dependent inhibition rate/cytochrome P450 degradation rate constant (l/kdeg) values, but quantitative DDI predictions will require a more thorough understanding of TDI mechanisms.
Dissolution Fingering During the Solubilization of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in Saturated Porous Media: 1. Model Predictions

The dissolution of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) trapped at residual saturation is an important problem at many contaminated groundwater sites. It is well known that NAPL ganglia trapped within the pore space reduce the permeability of the medium to aqueous phase flow. When fluid flow is imposed on such a system, the aqueous phase may interact with the dissolution-induced permeability changes, leading to fingered patterns. This mechanism is very similar to that of mineral dissolution instabilities, which are a particular example of reactive infiltration instabilities. Extending that literature, we present a nonlinear model describing the dissolution of NAPL ganglia and perform a linear stability analysis of the resultant moving free boundary problem, demonstrating that instabilities may develop from a planar dissolution front. Predicted finger wavelengths are a function of both residual NAPL saturation and the imposed aqueous phase flow rate; they range from centimeters to meters. Experimental observations of dissolution fingering are presented in a companion paper [Imhoff et al., this issue] and are compared with predictions from this model. Dissolution fingering may affect the solubilization of NAPL ganglia in natural environments and in experimental studies of NAPL dissolution intended to quantify mass transfer rates.
Corticosteroid injection for trigger finger in adults.

BACKGROUND Trigger finger is a disease of the tendons of the hand leading to triggering (locking) of affected fingers, dysfunction and pain. Available treatments include local injection with corticosteroids, surgery, or splinting. OBJECTIVES To summarize the evidence on the efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections for trigger finger in adults using the following endpoints: treatment success, frequency of triggering or locking, functional status of the affected fingers, and severity of pain of the fingers. SEARCH STRATEGY The databases CENTRAL, DARE, MEDLINE (1966 to November 2007), EMBASE (1956 to November 2007), CINAHL (1982 to November 2007), AMED (1985 to November 2007) and PEDro (a physiotherapy evidence database) were searched. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected randomized and controlled clinical trials evaluating efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections for trigger finger in adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The databases were searched for titles of eligible studies. After screening abstracts of these studies, full text articles of studies which fulfilled the selection criteria were obtained. Data were extracted using a predefined electronic form. The methodological quality of included trials was assessed by using items from the checklist developed by Jadad and the Delphi list. We planned to extract data regarding information on the primary outcome measures: treatment success, frequency of triggering or locking, and functional impairment of fingers, severity of the trigger finger; and the secondary outcome measures: proportion of patients with side effects, types of side effects, and patient satisfaction with injection. MAIN RESULTS Two randomized controlled studies were found that involved 63 participants: 34 were allocated to corticosteroids and lidocaine, and 29 were allocated to lidocaine alone. Corticosteroid injection with lidocaine was more effective than lidocaine alone on treatment success at four weeks (relative risk 3.15, 95% CI 1.34 to 7.40). The number needed to treat to benefit was 3. No adverse events or side effects were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of local corticosteroid injections was studied in only two small randomized controlled trials of poor methodological quality. Both studies showed better short-term effects of corticosteroid injection combined with lidocaine compared to lidocaine alone on the treatment success outcome. In one study the effects of corticosteroid injections lasted up to four months. No adverse effects were observed. The available evidence for the effectiveness of intra-tendon sheath corticosteroid injection for trigger finger can be graded as a silver level evidence for superiority of corticosteroid injections combined with lidocaine over injections with lidocaine alone.
Future of distributed modelling: The Systeme Hydrologique Europeen

Current and projected UK activities with the Systeme Hydrologique Europeen (SHE) hydrological modelling system are examined. Development of the SHE arose from the need for a new modelling approach for use in assessing the environmental impacts of river basin development and the system is particularly suited to predicting the impacts of land use and climatic changes and to applications to basins with sparse data sets. the basic hydrology model is now being developed into a powerful contaminant and sediment transport modelling system called SHETRAN-UK and components are also being proposed to account for landslide and gully erosion. Applications of the SHE have been made at spatial scales ranging from 30 m2 to 5000 km2 and in a variety of environments. These have demonstrated an ability to achieve calibration on the basis of short time series records and field evaluation of parameters, to provide multiple outputs on a spatially and temporally distributed basis, and to explore basin response mechanisms. They have also indicated the importance of integrating field measurements within the calibration process. the effect of the scale of model grids on parameter evaluation and on simulation results still needs to be investigated and there is a need for field process studies in areas where there is a poor understanding, to improve certain of the process representations within the SHE. However, new ideas are being explored to account for subgrid spatial variability in parameter values and to develop a validation methodology for testing the predictive capability of the SHE. Future developments will include the use of geographical information systems and data processing packages to aid data handling, expert systems to improve the efficiency of calibration, and parallel processing and other new computational techniques. an expanding range of applications will see physically based hydrological modelling systems at the core of decision support systems and integrated at the continental scale with general circulation modelling systems.
Fault tectonics of the Shillong plateau and adjoining regions, north-east India using remote sensing data

Abstract The Shillong plateau in north-east India shows innumerable fracture lineaments on satellite images. In fact the whole plateau is criss-crossed by fractures. The plateau has been subjected to extensive compressional forces mainly in N-S and E-W directions resulting from the collision of the Indian plate with the Tibetan and Burmese plates, respectively. This type of plate tectonism has been responsible for the formation of many significant faults, folds and other tectonic features in the Shillong plateau and adjoining regions. The well known E-W trending Dauki fault, N-S trending faults, NE-SW trending shear zone and other prominent lineaments and their associated structural features could be studied on the basis of remote sensing techniques. Folding in soft sediments along the Dauki fault reveals the compression direction. Directional compressional tectonism has been expressed through lateral movements along the NE-SW trending shear zone and N-S trending faults and folds in the area just south of.
Transcription-Induced DNA Double Strand Breaks: Both Oncogenic Force and Potential Therapeutic Target?

An emerging model of transcriptional activation suggests that induction of transcriptional programs, for instance by stimulating prostate or breast cells with androgens or estrogens, respectively, involves the formation of DNA damage, including DNA double strand breaks (DSB), recruitment of DSB repair proteins, and movement of newly activated genes to transcription hubs. The DSB can be mediated by the class II topoisomerase TOP2B, which is recruited with the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor to regulatory sites on target genes and is apparently required for efficient transcriptional activation of these genes. These DSBs are recognized by the DNA repair machinery triggering the recruitment of repair proteins such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), ATM, and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). If illegitimately repaired, such DSBs can seed the formation of genomic rearrangements like the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion oncogene in prostate cancer. Here, we hypothesize that these transcription-induced, TOP2B-mediated DSBs can also be exploited therapeutically and propose that, in hormone-dependent tumors like breast and prostate cancers, a hormone-cycling therapy, in combination with topoisomerase II poisons or inhibitors of the DNA repair components PARP1 and DNA-PK, could overwhelm cancer cells with transcription-associated DSBs. Such strategies may find particular utility in cancers, like prostate cancer, which show low proliferation rates, in which other chemotherapeutic strategies that target rapidly proliferating cells have had limited success. Clin Cancer Res; 17(12); 3858–64. ©2011 AACR.
A comparison of the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from the Greenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3

Since 1980 the electrical conductivity method (ECM) has been used to infer volcanic acid signals in Greenland ice cores. The method reveals the great majority of major volcanic eruptions, including several known from historic records. Subsequent ion chromatographic analyses of the acid volcanic layers show the chemical composition, i.e., the concentration of the volcanic acids H2SO4, HCI, and HF plus, e.g., the nonvolcanically derived HNO3. While ECM data are available from a large number of shallow depth Greenland ice cores, covering the past 500–1500 years, only the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP), Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2), and Dye 3 deep ice cores exist for a detailed comparative study of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores representing several thousand years. Comparison of the volcanic signals registered in the GRIP and GISP2 cores will be presented elsewhere. The latter cores were augered 30 km apart and essentially represent the same atmospheric conditions such as temperature, snow accumulation, and chemical composition of the air. Here we present a comparison between the major volcanic signals over the past 4000 years in the GRIP core from central Greenland and the Dye 3 core from SE Greenland in order to investigate the depositional differences. Many of the major signals are detected in both cores, but some of the differences in the records can be used to infer the latitudinal band of some eruption sites. Furthermore, the influence of the amount of annual precipitation and glaciological postdepositional processes on the volcanic signals is discussed.
The Misperception of Sexual Interest

In the current study (N = 199), we utilized a speed-meeting methodology to investigate misperceptions of sexual interest. This method allowed us to evaluate the magnitude of men’s overperception of women’s sexual interest, to examine whether and how women misperceive men’s sexual interest, and to assess individual differences in susceptibility to sexual misperception. We found strong support for the prediction that women would underestimate men’s sexual interest. Men who were more oriented toward short-term mating strategies or who rated themselves more attractive were more likely to overperceive women’s sexual interest. The magnitude of men’s overperception of women’s sexual interest was predicted by the women’s physical attractiveness. We discuss implications of gender differences and within-sex individual differences in susceptibility to sexual misperception.