Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Upscaling colloid transport and retention under unfavorable conditions: Linking mass transfer to pore and grain topology

We revisit the classic upscaling approach for predicting Darcy‐scale colloid retention based on pore‐scale processes, and explore the implicit assumption that retention is a Markov process. Whereas this assumption holds under favorable attachment conditions, it cannot be assumed to hold under unfavorable conditions due to accumulation of colloids in the near‐surface fluid domain. We develop a novel link between two‐layer mass transfer parameters and the topologies of the pore and collector domains, starting with an elegant outcome of classic colloid filtration theory: that the likelihood of mass transfer from the bulk‐ to the near‐surface fluid domain depends strongly on colloid proximity to the forward flow stagnation axis of each collector (grain). Applying this concept to colloid mass transfer from the near‐surface to the bulk fluid domain yields the conclusion that such mass transfer predominantly occurs at rear‐flow stagnation zones on collector surfaces. We support this concept with experimental proof that the alignment of rear and forward flow stagnation zones influences colloid mass transfer to surfaces. Colloid accumulation in the near‐surface fluid domain under unfavorable conditions may produce extended tailing of colloids during elution in Darcy‐scale studies by: (1) long residence times of colloids in the near‐surface fluid domain; (2) direct propagation of near‐surface colloids from upstream to downstream collectors. The latter generates correlated motion that violates the assumed independence of colloid retention on history of transport. We suggest an approach to upscaling that accounts for the above‐described influences of colloid‐surface interactions and pore/collector domain topology.
Status and distribution of chinook salmon and steelhead in the interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath River basin [Chapter 12]

This chapter summarizes information on presence, absence, current status, and probable historical distribution of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and stream-type (age-1 migrant) and ocean type (age-0 migrant) chinook salmon O. tshawytscha in the interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath River basin. Data were compiled from existing sources and via surveys completed by more than 150 biologists working in the region. We developed models to quantitatively explore relationships among fish status and distribution, the biophysical environment, and land management. Biophysical setting was an important determinant of species distributions and habitat suitability. We applied model results to predict fish presence in unsampled areas and mapped expected distributions in more than 3,700 subwatersheds. Chinook salmon and steelhead are extirpated from more than 50% of their potential historical ranges. Most remaining populations are severely depressed; less than 2% of the watersheds in the current range were classified as supporting strong populations of steelhead or stream-type chinook salmon. Wild, indigenous fish are rare; 22% of remaining steelhead stocks and less than 17% of chinook salmon stocks were judged to be genetically unaltered by hatchery-reared fish. Much of the historical production has been eliminated. However, a core for maintaining and rebuilding functional areas remains. Protection of core areas critical to stock persistence and restoration of a broader matrix of productive habitats will be necessary for productive and sustainable fisheries. This effort will require conservation and restoration of sufficient habitats to ensure the full expression of phenotypic and genotypic diversity in chinook salmon and steelhead.
China's foreign direct investment in Africa's land: hallmarks of neo-colonialism or South–South cooperation?

Since the end of the Cold War and the emergence of globalization, China's economic role has gained significant prominence in a system once dominated by capital from developed countries. Undeniably, the increasing role of China's foreign direct investment in Africa's land is transforming the agricultural sector of the region. Beijing's visible presence in the international political economy has attracted distinctive attention in both academic and media discourse across the globe but more importantly in the developing geopolitical terrains such as Africa. The discussion of Sino-African relationship at policy levels is therefore compelling against such a background. The major concern has been whether Beijing's direct investment in Africa's land marks any important change in Africa's international political economy. Trade between the two partners has grown significantly and Beijing is accorded access to supplies of natural resources such as land, diamond, coopers and oil among other vital resources. The paper seeks to examine the most pertinent question in relation to China–Africa relationship: To what extent is Chinese involvement in Africa's land any different from the hallmarks of neo-colonialism?
Changes in the rates of North Atlantic major hurricane activity during the 20th century

The authors document and explain changes in the rates of North Atlantic major hurricanes over the 20th century. A change‐point analyses identifies two contrasting regimes of activity. The regimes have significantly different occurrence rates that coincide with changes in the climate over the extratropical North Atlantic. In conjunction with the recent Arctic warming and a relaxation of the North Atlantic oscillation, it is speculated that we are beginning a new period of greater major hurricane activity.
Bacterial Colonization on Scar Tissue Is an Independent

thrombotic recurrence. Initial administration of high-dose systemic steroids may be considered to reduce concurrent vasculitis. Plasmaphoresis has also been reported to successfully remove present aPL. Treatment for widespread cutaneous necrosis is conservative and involves local antiseptic therapy, including serial débridement of the necrotic eschar. The resulting ulceration is then either healed by sec-ondary intention or corrected surgically by skin flap or grafting techniques.
DINÂMICA ESPACIAL E TEMPORAL DO USO DA TERRA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SEROPÉDICA, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL

Foram avaliados a dinâmica espaco-temporal do uso e cobertura da terra entre os anos de 1990 e 2010 no municipio de Seropedica, Regiao Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro (RMRJ). Foram utilizadas imagens TM (Thematic Mapper) Landsat 5 e os metodos de classificacoes supervisionadas baseado nos algoritmos da Minima Distância (MINIDIST), Maxima Verossimilhanca (MAXVER) e distância de Mahalanobis (MAHAL). Os resultados obtidos de 1990 mostraram que a classificacao MINIDIST superestimou as classes de areas de agua (5,02%), mata (8,94%), solo exposto (16,05%) e pastagem (59,33%), respectivamente. O MINIDIST em 1990 subestimou a classe area urbana (10,66%) comparado com os demais metodos. As classespastagem (59%), mata (20,68%) e agua (2,25%) foram superestimadas pelo MINIDIST, enquanto que para as classes espectrais de solo exposto (0,92%), area urbana (11,54%) e eucalipto (5,81%) ocorreram subestimativa comparado aos metodos MAHAL e MAXVER em 2010. O vies medio mostrou que os valores de area para ambos os classificadores foram superestimados em relacao aos dados do projeto SOS Mata Atlântica. Os indices de vegetacao mostraram-se compativeis com a literatura, as excecoes foram as discrepâncias na estimativa de area atribuidas a transicao de periodos secos e chuvosos que ocorreram antes da passagem do satelite sobre a regiao. Ressalta-se que todos os classificadores utilizados neste estudo sao passiveis de erro, ou seja, os classificadores foram desenvolvidos na tentativa de aperfeicoarem os trabalhos de interpretacao visual em Seropedica.
Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion

A Secret Service agent recently asked if I was familiar with a 1992 FBI report that almost half of the killers of law enforcement officers met the criteria for . I replied that I had not seen the report antisocial personality but that the finding did not seem surprising or noteworthy to me. My comment was based on the assumption that the report had used antisocial as a synonym for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), a personality category listed in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical and applicable to the majority of Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criminals.
A Fragment–Flow Model of Dry–Snow Avalanches

Abstract Field data on dry–slab avalanches obtained during the period 1975–79 from several snow climates suggest the following: (1) most of the mass of the typical avalanche studied consisted of fragments with lengths greater than 5 cm, (2) transverse and longitudinal shear planes formed during deceleration in the avalanche run–out zone, and (3) the flow height exceeded the slab height in most cases. No correlation was found between the run–out distance and the track or run–out zone slope, or between the run–out distance and the released slab height. The field data suggest that avalanche motion is best described as a flow of fragments in which boundary shearing stresses are sensitive to fragment size distributions and volumetric solids concentrations. These factors may be more important than the roughness of the avalanche boundary in determining maximum velocity and run–out distance.
Geologic history of the summit of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Multibeam (1 m resolution) and side scan data collected from an autonomous underwater vehicle, and lava samples, radiocarbon‐dated sediment cores, and observations of flow contacts collected by remotely operated vehicle were combined to reconstruct the geologic history and flow emplacement processes on Axial Seamount's summit and upper rift zones. The maps show 52 post‐410 CE lava flows and 20 precaldera lava flows as old as 31.2 kyr, the inferred age of the caldera. Clastic deposits 1–2 m thick accumulated on the rims postcaldera. Between 31 ka and 410 CE, there are no known lava flows near the summit. The oldest postcaldera lava (410 CE) is a pillow cone SE of the caldera. Two flows erupted on the W rim between ∼800 and 1000 CE. From 1220 to 1300 CE, generally small eruptions of plagioclase phyric, depleted, mafic lava occurred in the central caldera and on the east rim. Larger post‐1400 CE eruptions produced inflated lobate flows of aphyric, less‐depleted, and less mafic lava on the upper rift zones and in the N and S caldera. All caldera floor lava flows, and most uppermost rift zone flows, postdate 1220 CE. Activity shifted from the central caldera to the upper S rift outside the caldera, to the N rift and caldera floor, and then to the S caldera and uppermost S rift, where two historical eruptions occurred in 1998 and 2011. The average recurrence interval deduced from the flows erupted over the last 800 years is statistically identical to the 13 year interval between historical eruptions.
Serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein level as a marker of oxidative stress in patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy

ÖZET ORIGINAL ARTICLE T is a significant amount of data showing that oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. [1] The excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by OS interact with lipids, proteins, and DNA, causing structural changes, inflammation, and cellular damage. [2,3] Chemicals, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, environmental toxins, and mutagens are well-recognized external sources of OS. [4] Free radicals, particularly superoxide, also interfere with nitric oxide, leading to the production of a number of molecules, such as peroxinitrate, all of which are collectively called reactive nitrogen species (RNS). RNS act with ROS to damage Abbreviations: ATA Atmospheres absolute HBOT Hyperbaric oxygen treatment LDL Low-density lipoprotein
Holocene eolian activity in the Minot dune field, North Dakota

Stabilized eolian sand is common over much of the Great Plains region of the United States and Canada, including a subhumid area of ~1500 km2 near Minot, North Dakota. Eolian landforms consist of sand sheets and northwest-trending parabolic dunes. Dunes and sand sheets in the Minot field are presently stabilized by a cover of prairie grasses or oak woodland. Stratigraphic studies and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of paleosols indicate at least two periods of eolian sand movement in the late Holocene. Pedologic data suggest that all of the dune field has experienced late Holocene dune activity, though not all parts of the dune field may have been active simultaneously. Similar immobile element (Ti, Zr, La, Ce) concentrations support the interpretation that eolian sands are derived from local glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments. However, glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial source sediments have high Ca concentrations from carbonate minerals, whereas dune sands are depleted in Ca.
Glycogen storage and muscle glucose transporters ( GLUT4 ) of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running

INTRODUCTION In mammalian skeletal muscle, increases in exercise intensity are sustained by a concomitant increase in the proportion of glucose oxidation relative to fatty acids (Brooks, 1998; Hargreaves and Spriet, 2006). This increased reliance on carbohydrates is attributed to several physiological processes, including increased rates of glucose transport into muscle cells, increased activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and an enhanced recruitment of type 2B muscle fibers, partially mediated by increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system (Wasserman and Cherrington, 1991; Putnam et al., 1995; Brooks and Mercier, 1994). The relative increase in muscle glycolysis (breakdown of glucose to pyruvate) and glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) with intensity of exercise occurs even in aerobically trained individuals, despite the biochemical and endocrine adjustments to spare glycogen use and enhance lipid oxidation during submaximal exercise [e.g. increased mitochondrial density that allows a given respiratory rate to be accomplished at a higher ATP:ADP ratio, decreased rates of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, augmented β-oxidation and decreased circulating blood lactate and catecholamine levels at given exercise power outputs (Brooks, 1998)]. In mammals, the maximum rate of fatty acid oxidation meets only approximately 50% of the rate of energy utilization required to support the maximum aerobically sustainable running speed (Newsholme, 1988). Exhaustion (inability to maintain a specified workload) at high-intensity aerobic exercise occurs when muscle glycogen stores are depleted. Therefore, the size of the preexercise glycogen stores has been recognized as one of the most important factors limiting the maintenance of moderate-to-high power output for extended periods of time (Hultman and Harris, 1988). Few studies of mammals have focused on the evolution of substrate use to sustain exercise. A series of studies comparing dogs and goats found that, although they exhibit a similar pattern of increased carbohydrate reliance at increased relative exercise intensities (Roberts et al., 1996), dogs show 2.2-fold higher maximal oxygen consumption (VO2,max), 4-fold higher muscle glycogen concentration, 1.6-fold greater glucose flux rates from glycogen The Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 238-248 Published by The Company of Biologists 2009 doi:10.1242/jeb.025296
Savanna and tropical rainforest biomass estimation and spatialization using JERS-1 data

The objective of this study is to show the relation among backscatter signals of JERS-1 images and biophysical parameters (biomass values) of forest and savanna formations. Two contact zones involving these vegetation units in Brazilian Amazonia (Roraima and Mato Grosso States) were selected. A regression model was applied during the analysis of these two variables, based on the best fit function and taking into account the data dispersion. Maps were generated showing biomass spatialization of the vegetation typology found in the study areas. The importance of this study is the innovation referring to the joint analysis of JERS-1 data of these two contact zones in Amazonia, representing both an abrupt contact and a smooth contact along a transition zone of savanna/tropical rainforests formations.
Evolutionary rates of a rapid radiation: The Paleogene planktic foraminifera

Population growth models of taxonomic radiations of clades from their origins have rarely been tested at the species level on an evolutionary time scale. The diversification of Paleogene planktic Foraminifera following the mass extinctions at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is tested for correspondence with the logistic growth model and paleoenvironmental record. An explosive initial diversification rate lasted less than 1 ma. A period of slow, fluctuating growth to a mid-Eocene maximum of 44 species followed. A large-diversity fluctuation at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary is caused by an extinction pulse and low origination rate. The rest of the Paleogene was marked by a very slow decline in species richness. There is no correlation between the record of temperature fluctuations and global diversity, except for the correspondence of the final phase of slow decline with a cooling of oceanic surface waters. During this last period, with time partialled out, originations and extinctions are correlated (P {le} 0.10), weakly supporting a hypothesis of diversity-dependent equilibrium. Average durations for species originating within these three phases doubled with each phase. Diversity data better fit a simple asymptotic rather than logistic or sigmoid curve; initial exponential growth occurs much more rapidly than does the slowed growth to equilibrium.more » Comparisons of diversification between radiating clades must be done with a diversity-dependent curve in mind; there can be as much difference among different phases of a clade's history as among different groups. « less
Effect of the free surface on calculated stress drops

(Chinnery, 1969; Kanamori and Anderson, 1975). Alternatively, the shape factor could be given by equation (6), with the l factor equal to the half-width for buried faults and the total width for faults which break to the surface. In either case, the inferred stress drap on a long fault with given width W and average displacement b will differ by a factor of 2 depending on whether the fault breaks the surface or is deeply buried (assuming the same rigidity). The question arises as to which shape factor (or 1 factor) should be used for shallow faults which do not break to the surface. This is an important question, for a number of shallow earthquakes seem to have larger displacements at depth than would be inferred from surface observations (e.g., 1952 Kern County, Hanks et al., 1975; 1966 Parkfield, Seholz et al., 1969).
Image inpainting using cubic hermit spline

Image inpainting is a technique used to automatically recover the damaged or missing regions in digital images and is used to remove the unwanted objects from images. This paper presents a novel approach for recovering the damaged regions of digital images using splines. The proposed technique is divided into two steps. In the first step structure of the object in the damaged region is recovered using splines. The animator marks a reasonable number of points on the structure of the object around the damaged region. Using these points a spline is constructed and the isophote lines arriving at the contours of the damaged region are interpolated into the damaged regions using that spline. After recovering the structure of the object in the damaged or missing region, in the second step, a fill in process is done to fill in the color information in the damaged region. Any interpolation technique can be used in the second step to flow the color information into the damaged region. The proposed algorithm is tested over a large variety of images and has sown excellent results to restore the small damaged regions and satisfactory results for large damaged regions
Merchant Capital, the State, and Labour in a British Colony: Servant-Master Relations and Capital Accumulation in Newfoundland’s Northeast-Coast Fishery, 1775-1799

This paper uses a case study of class struggle in the late-eighteenth-century Newfoundland fishery to examine the relationship between merchant capital and the employment of wage labour in staple production in early colonial development. Using a modified version of the staple model which emphasises the role of the class relations and institutional structures of staple industries on long-term development, it finds that British regulation of wages to protect the migratory fishery stymied the extensive employment of wage labour by resident planters. Evidence drawn from court records suggests that fishing servants used the law to prevent erosion of wages due from planters at the end of a fishing season by ignoring mandatory preseason contracts or account overcharges. Servants enjoyed less, but still formidable, success in winning suits brought about by masters for neglect. By using wage law beyond the intentions of its British makers, servants forced planters increasingly to rely on family labour rather than wage labour. The struggles of wage labourers with their employers, rather than merchant conservatism as such, contributed to Newfoundland's long-term domination by merchant truck with fishing families.
Observational constraints on models of the Hawaiian Hot Spot Swell

A detailed analysis of the topography and geoid associated with the Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain reveals that while geoid/topography ratios are high over the southeastern part of the chain, they fall off with distance away from the current hot spot location. The topographic expression of the swell has two maxima near the intersections between the seamount chain and the Murray and Molokai fracture zones, respectively. Both geoid and topography rapidly decrease westward of the intersection with the Murray fracture zone. It appears that the region of the Pacific plate between the two fracture zones has been more susceptible to reheating and hot spot penetration than elsewhere along the chain. Alternatively, the observed pattern may be indicative of time variation in the strength of the Hawaiian hot spot.
Mechanism-based inhibition of HsaD: a C-C bond hydrolase essential for survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophage. FEMS (1),

M. tuberculosis remains the leading cause of bacterial mortality worldwide. With the increasing prevalence of multidrug resistant organisms identification of novel targets for anti-tuberculars remains a priority. 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase (HsaD), part of the cholesterol metabolism operon, is vital for survival within macrophage. The C-C-bond hydrolase, HsaD has a serine protease-like catalytic triad in the active site. We therefore wished to test a range of known serine protease and esterase inhibitors for their effects on HsaD activity. As well as providing a potential starting point for drug development, the mechanism based inhibition approach provides evidence on the mechanism of C-C bond hydrolysis. This screen also provides a route to initiate development of fragment based inhibitors.