Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of mammographic imaging systems on density measurement

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether having a mammogram on differing manufacturer equipment will affect a woman’s breast density (BD) measurement. The data set comprised of 40 cases, each containing a combined image of the left craniocaudal (LCC) and left mediolateral oblique (LMLO). These images were obtained from 20 women age between 42–89 years. The images were acquired on two imaging systems (GE and Hologic) one year apart. Volumetric BD was assessed by using Volpara Density Grade (VDG) and average BD% (AvBD%). Twenty American Board of Radiology (ABR) examiners assessed the same images using the BIRADS BD scale 1-4. Statistical comparisons were performed on the means using Mann-Whitney, on correlation using Spearman’s rank coefficient of correlation and agreement using Cohen’s Kappa. The absolute median BIRADS difference between GE and Hologic was 0.225 (2.00 versus 2.00; p<0.043). The VDG measures for GE was not statistically different to Hologic (2.00 versus 2.00; p<0.877), likewise the median AvBD% for the GE and Hologic systems showed no difference (6.51 versus 6.79; p<0.935). BIRADS for GE and Hologic systems showed strong positive correlation (ρ=0.904; p<0.001), while the VDG (ρ=0.978; p<0.001) and AvBD% (ρ=0.973; p<0.001) showed very strong positive correlations. There was a substantial agreement between GE and Hologic systems for BIRADS density shown with Cohen’s Kappa (κ=0.692; p<0.001), however the systems demonstrated an almost perfect agreement for VDG (κ=0.933; p<0.001).
Aspecto inerente e passado imperfectivo no português: atuação dos princípios da persistência e da marcação

Neste texto sao apresentados indicios da acao dos principios da persistencia (HOPPER, 1991) e da marcacao (GIVON, 2001) na gramaticalizacao das formas de expressao do passado imperfectivo no portugues. O controle do aspecto inerente ao verbo em um modelo quantitativo apontou que o traco aspectual [dinamismo] determina as associacoes entre formas na expressao do passado imperfectivo, por conta do historico aspectual de PPROG, marcado com relacao direta com o traco [+ dinâmico], e IMP, associado com o traco [- dinâmico] por conta do seu historico de marcar distanciamento. Esses resultados sugerem que a persistencia e a marcacao podem ser consideradas motivacoes convergentes no processo de variacao na expressao do passado imperfectivo.
Cooperative transmission protocol with full diversity and iterative detection

The authors propose a three-node full diversity cooperative protocol, which allows the retransmission of all symbols. By allowing multiple nodes to transmit simultaneously, relaying transmission only consumes limited bandwidth resource. To facilitate the performance analysis of the proposed cooperative protocol, the lower and upper bounds of the outage probability are first developed, and then the high signal-to-noise ratio behaviour is studied. Our analytical results show that the proposed strategy can achieve full diversity. To achieve the performance gain promised by the cooperative diversity, at the relays decode-and-forward strategy is adopted and an iterative soft-interference-cancellation minimum mean-squared error equaliser is developed. The simulation results compare the bit-error-rate performance of the proposed protocol with the non-cooperative scheme and the scheme presented by Azarian et al. (2005).
FRACTAL FORMS IN PHYSIOLOGY

The natural variability in physiological structure is herein related to the geometric concept of a fractal. The average dimensions of the branches in the tracheobronchial tree, long thought to be exponential, are shown to be an inverse power law of the generation number modulated by a harmonic variation. A similar functional form is found for the power spectrum of the QRS-complex of the healthy human heart. These results follow from the assumption that the bronchial tree and the cardiac conduction system are fractal forms. The fractal concept provides a mechanism for the morphogenesis of complex structures which are more stable than those generated by classical scaling (i.e., they are more error tolerant).
Empirical scaling for present Ohmically heated tokamaks

Experimental results from the Adiabatic Toroidal Compressor (ATC) tokamak are used to obtain empirical scaling laws for the average electron temperature and electron energy confinement time as functions of the average electron density, the effective ion charge, and the plasma current. These scaling laws are extended to include dependence upon minor and major plasma radius and toroidal field strength through a comparison of the various tokamaks described in the literature. Electron thermal conductivity is the dominant loss process for the ATC tokamak. The parametric dependences of the observed electron thermal conductivity are not explained by present theoretical considerations. The electron temperature obtained with Ohmic heating is shown to be a function of current density – which will not be increased in the next generation of large tokamaks. However, the temperature dependence of the electron energy confinement time suggests that significant improvement in confinement time will be obtained with supplementary electron heating.
Soil nutrient changes under artificial coniferous forests in the red soil hilly region in Southeast China

Benefiting from southeast monsoon, the red soil hilly region in southeast China has excellent water and heat conditions, and land use here changed rapidly these years. Unreasonable land use, however, resulted in serious ecosystem degradation. Before 1980, most of the zonal vegetation in the study area, mainly consisting of evergreen broad-leaved forest, had been seriously destroyed, and degraded to grassland dominated by perennial grasses with scattered trees and shrubs. At the same time, severe soil degradation also occurred in some places of this region. The ecosystem degradation not only reduces the land productivity, but also has a deep impact on global change. So the restoration and reconstruction of the degraded ecosystems are not only important to the sustainable development of agriculture, but also helpful in understanding the role of this region playing in global change. In this paper, soil nutrient changes in surface horizon (0-20cm) of masson pine woods, wetland pine woods and Chinese fir woods planted in 1984, which are widely planted in the red soil hilly area, were studied. The results showed that Soil Organic Carbon decreased dramatically in the first 10 years, then increased gradually in the following 6 years, and reached to a relative steady status in the latest 5 years, while total nitrogen remained relatively steady, and soil acidification is visible.
ON THE DEGREES OF MINIMAL GENERATORS OF HOMOGENEOUS IDEALS IN THE EXTERIOR ALGEBRA

We study how homogeneous ideals in the exterior algebra ∧ V over a finite-dimensional vector space V are minimally generated. In particular, we solve the following problems: Starting with an element p ν of degree ν, what is the maximum length ℓ of a sequence p υ,…,p υ+ℓ−1, with degpi = i, and such that pi is not in the ideal generated by p 1,…,p i−1 What is the maximal possible number of minimal generators of degree d of a homogeneous ideal which does not contain all elements of degree d + 1? Our main tool is the Kruskal–Katona theorem.
Stability of the vibrations of a damped general inhomogeneous wave equation

In this paper, we consider the vibrations of an inhomogeneous damped wave under distributed disturbing force. The well-possedness of the system is studied. We prove that the amplitude of such vibrations is bounded under some restriction of the disturbing force. Finally, we establish the uniform exponential stabilization of the system when the disturbing force is insignicant. The results are established directly by means of an exponential energy decay estimate.
Aircraft observations of the influence of electric fields on the aggregation of ice crystals

Aircraft observations of ice‐crystal size and habit distributions in the cirrus outflow from deep convection at several geographic locations are reported. In situ measurements were made in the outflow from maritime thunderstorms near Kwajalein, part of the Marshall Islands and of thunderstorms with more continental aerosol concentrations both in the United States and near Darwin, Australia over the Tiwi Islands. Images of chain‐like aggregates of small ice crystals, some with plate‐like shapes were observed with a state‐of‐the‐art microphysics probe in the outflow regions of continental storms that were typically highly electrified, displaying lightning. The ‘chains’ were not found in the outflow regions of maritime storms that are typically less electrically active. The striking similarity between these images and previous laboratory measurements of ice aggregation in electric fields are remarked upon. This evidence is used to support the theory that chain aggregates of ice crystals may be common in fully glaciated regions of continental thunderstorms, where ice‐particle number densities are high, and their presence is due to the electric field alignment of ice crystals with subsequent enhancement of the aggregation process by dipole induction resulting in short‐range attractive inter‐particle forces. It is not confirmed where in the storm the aggregates were typically formed; however, in the Darwin thunderstorms they were noted to occur with the highest frequency towards the cirrus outflow base when the cirrus base altitude was high, and generally decreased in frequency with increasing distance from the storm. The potential consequences of electrically enhanced aggregation in continental storms and related electric field mechanisms along with the role of homogeneous freezing in intense thunderclouds are discussed. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Two‐ and four‐stream optical properties for water clouds and solar wavelengths

Presented is a parameterization of the liquid water droplet optical properties for the solar spectrum. Two models are provided: a 4-band model for use in general circulation models and a 31-band model for use in higher spectral resolution investigations. The form of the parameterization is a simple extension of Slingo [1989], and the subdivision of wavelengths into bands is almost identical. The parameterization scheme is for all of the optical properties needed to perform 2- and 4-stream calculations. The 4-band model has the same spectral divisions as Slingo [1989], whereas the 31-band model has finer resolution of the absorbing bands in the near infrared. The parameterized single-scattering optical properties are accurate to within 0.5% compared to exact Mie calculations for both band models over the reff range from 5 to 40 μm. The layer radiative properties, from both two- and four-stream methods, are almost always within 1% accuracy compared to calculations using exact optical properties as inputs. Also, it is shown that using the Henyey-Greenstein phase function to obtain the higher-order moments, used in four-stream calculations, results in substantial error in the layer radiative properties compared to using exact Mie inputs.
The second-moment climatology of the GATE rain rate data

Abstract The first part of this paper presents the description of the GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Atlantic Tropical Experiment 1 rain-rate data and its two-dimensional spectral and correlation characteristics, which have made it possible to accomplish the following: to show the concentration of a significant power along the frequency axis in the spatiotemporal spectra; to detect a diurnal cycle (which has a range of variation of about 3.4–5.4 mm h−1) as one of the sources of bias in the rain statistics of satellite data; to study the distinction between the north-south and east-west transport of spatial rain-rate field and character of its anisotropy; to evaluate the scales of the distinction between second-moment estimates associated with ground and satellite samples; and to determine the appropriate spatial and temporal scales of simple linear stochastic models fitted to averaged rain-rate fields. The second part of this paper is devoted to an analysis of the diffusion of the rain rate by.
Triadic scale interactions in a turbulent boundary layer

Abstract A formal relationship between the skewness and the correlation coefficient of large and small scales, termed the amplitude modulation coefficient, is established for a general statistically stationary signal and is analysed in the context of a turbulent velocity signal. Both the quantities are seen to be measures of phase in triadically consistent interactions between scales of turbulence. The naturally existing phase relationships between large and small scales in a turbulent boundary layer are then manipulated by exciting a synthetic large-scale motion in the flow using a spatially impulsive dynamic wall roughness perturbation. The synthetic scale is seen to alter the phase relationships, or the degree of modulation, in a quasi-deterministic manner by exhibiting a phase-organizing influence on the small scales. The results presented provide encouragement for the development of a practical framework for favourable manipulation of energetic small-scale turbulence through large-scale inputs in a wall-bounded turbulent flow.
GROUP-THEORETIC APPROACH TO THE NEW CONSERVED QUANTITIES IN GENERAL RELATIVITY.

The Newman‐Penrose formalism for obtaining the recent conserved quantities in general relativity is discussed and a group‐theoretic interpretation is given to it. This is done by relating each triad of the orthonormal vectors on the sphere to an orthogonal matrix g. As a result, the spin‐weighted quantities η become functions on the group of three‐dimensional rotation, η = η(g), where g ∈ O3. An explicit form for the matrix g is given and a prescription for rewriting η(g) as functions of the spherical coordinates is also given. We show that a quantity of spin weight s can be expanded as a series in the matrix elements Tsmj of the irreducible representation of O3, where s is fixed. Infinite‐ and finite‐dimensional representations of the group SU2 are then realized in the spaces of η's and Tsmj. It is shown that the infinite‐dimensional representation is not irreducible; its decomposition into irreducible parts leads to the expansion of η in the Tsmj, the latter providing invariant subspaces in which irredu.
Estimating oxygen saturation of blood in vivo with MR imaging at 1.5 T

The use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is investigated for noninvasively estimating the oxygen saturation of human blood (%HbO2) in vivo by means of relaxation characteristics identified in earlier MR spectrometry studies. To this end, a sequence is presented for determining the T2 of vascular blood in regions in which motions of the body and of the blood itself present a major challenge. With use of this sequence on a commercial 1.5‐T whole‐body imager, the relationship between the T2 and %HbO2 of blood is calibrated in vitro for the conditions expected in vivo. T2 varies predictably from about 30 to 250 msec as %HbO2 varies from 30% to 96%. T2 values measured in situ for vascular blood in the mediastinum of several healthy subjects qualitatively reflected the behavior observed in vitro. Estimates of %HbO2 for these vessels obtained with the in vitro calibration appear reasonable, particularly for venous blood, although difficulties arise in selecting the appropriate calibration factors. These encouraging initial results support a more systematic study of potential sources of error and an examination of the accuracy of in vivo measurements by comparison with direct measurements of %HbO2 in vessels.
Three- and four-μm-thick YBa2Cu3O7 layers with high critical-current densities on flexible metallic substrates by the BaF2 process

We report on the synthesis and performance of 3- and 4‐μm-thick YBa2Cu3O7 films on buffered metallic tapes. The precursor films were deposited by vacuum coevaporation of BaF2, Y, and Cu on the substrates and converted to YBa2Cu3O7 by the BaF2 ex situ process at reduced processing gas pressures. The best value of critical-current density Jc for these films was ∼3.8×103A∕mm2 at 77K and in 1T external magnetic field perpendicular to the film plane. Also, estimated critical-current densities per width of tape Jcw at zero magnetic field were ∼60 and ∼80A∕mm for 3- and 4‐μm-thick films, respectively. In order to achieve these high-Jc values, the films were processed at high growth rates (∼0.7nm∕s) and the oxygen partial pressure p(O2) was varied to minimize the growth of the “granular” c axis and randomly oriented YBa2Cu3O7 grains. A simple thermodynamic argument is also given to describe the observed dependence of the nucleation of YBa2Cu3O7 with different orientations on p(O2). This result demonstrates the fe.
Nonlocal heat transport effects on the filamentation of light in plasmas

The nonlocal nature of electron heat transport in hot coronal plasmas is investigated. Its effect on the linear theory of laser filamentation is reviewed. The nonlinear evolution of filaments is modeled with the two‐dimensional Fokker–Planck code spark, for the conditions of recent filamentation experiments. Simulation results agree with experimental data and imply the dominance of thermal over ponderomotive filamentation. The increased importance of the thermal filamentation mechanism is attributed to heat flux inhibition arising from nonlocal electron transport. The potential implications of filamentation for inertial‐confinement‐fusion target designs are discussed.
An investigation of the shock‐induced transformation of graphite to diamond

The transformation of graphite to diamond by impact‐produced shock waves has been examined using a gas gun to launch projectiles onto graphite and a graphite‐metal mixture. Analysis of the mechanism of transformation is complicated by the post shock graphitization of most of the diamond produced. It is argued that the previously proposed models of shock‐wave transformation are incomplete and a revised model of assisted diffusion in a highly defective lattice is proposed to explain the observations.
Modeling Criteria for Scaled LNG Sloshing Experiments

This paper presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art in scale modeling of liquefied natural gas sloshing in ship tanks. The numerous potentially significant scaling parameters are discussed in detail and laboratory test data illustratingthe effects of the important scaling parameters are presented. In view of current knowledge, an indication of appropriate scaling criteria is presented and recommendations for additional research efforts are outlined.
Stereo matching based on SIFT descriptor with illumination and camera invariance

Stereo matching is the process of finding corresponding points in two or more images. The description of interest points is a critical aspect of point correspondence which is vital in stereo matching. SIFT descriptor has been proven to be better on the distinctiveness and robustness than other local descriptors. However, SIFT descriptor does not involve color information of feature point which provides powerfully distinguishable feature in matching tasks. Furthermore, in a real scene, image color are affected by various geometric and radiometric factors,such as gamma correction and exposure. These situations are very common in stereo images. For this reason, the color recorded by a camera is not a reliable cue, and the color consistency assumption is no longer valid between stereo images in real scenes. Hence the performance of other SIFT-based stereo matching algorithms can be severely degraded under the radiometric variations. In this paper, we present a new improved SIFT stereo matching algorithms that is invariant to various radiometric variations between left and right images. Unlike other improved SIFT stereo matching algorithms, we explicitly employ the color formation model with the parameters of lighting geometry, illuminant color and camera gamma in SIFT descriptor. Firstly, we transform the input color images to log-chromaticity color space, thus a linear relationship can be established. Then, we use a log-polar histogram to build three color invariance components for SIFT descriptor. So that our improved SIFT descriptor is invariant to lighting geometry, illuminant color and camera gamma changes between left and right images. Then we can match feature points between two images and use SIFT descriptor Euclidean distance as a geometric measure in our data sets to make it further accurate and robust. Experimental results show that our method is superior to other SIFT-based algorithms including conventional stereo matching algorithms under various radiometric changes.
Identifying underground coal mine displacement through field and laboratory laser scanning

Abstract The ability to identify ground movements in the unique environment of an underground coalmine is explored through the use of laser scanning. Time-lapse scans were performed in an underground coal mine to detect rib surface change after different volumes of coal were removed from the mine ribs. Surface changes in the rib as small as 57 cm 3 were detected through analysis of surface differences between triangulated surfaces created from point clouds. Results suggest that the uneven geometry, coal reflectance, and small movements of objects and references in the scene due to ventilation air do not significantly influence monitoring ability. Time-lapse scans were also performed on an artificial coal rib constructed to allow the researchers to control deformation and error precisely. A test of displacement measurement precision showed relative standard deviations of < 0.1 % are attainable with point cloud densities of > 3200 pts / m 2 . Changing the distance and angle of incidence of the artificial coal rib to the scanner had little impact on the accuracy of results beyond the expected reduction due to a smaller point density of the target area. The results collected in this study suggest that laser scanning can be a useful, comprehensive tool for measuring ground change in an underground coal mining environment.
Bayesian Estimation of Uncertainty in Runoff Prediction and the Value of Data: An Application of the GLUE Approach

This paper addresses the problem of evaluating the predictive uncertainty of TOPMODEL using the Bayesian Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology in an application to the small Ringelbach research catchment in the Vosges, France. The wide range of parameter sets giving acceptable simulations is demonstrated, and uncertainty bands are presented based on different likelihood measures. It is shown how the distributions of predicted discharges are non-Gaussian and vary in shape through time and with discharge. Updating of the likelihood weights using Bayes equation is demonstrated after each year of record and it is shown how the additional data can be evaluated in terms of the way they constrain the uncertainty bands.
Diffusion thermopower in suspended graphene

Diffusion thermopower, Sd, in suspended graphene is investigated for 100 < T< 350 K. Electrons are assumed to be scattered by in-plane and out-of-plane acoustic phonons. Numerical results show that, temperature dependence of Sd, is almost linear for both out-of-plane phonons and in-plane phonons, dominant contribution being from out-of-plane phonons. Comparison with recent available experimental thermopower data [Xu et al arXiv: 1012. 2937v1, (condmat. mes-hall)] obtains a good fit for T< 170K. Sd calculated using Mott expression is found to overestimate the values. Carrier concentration dependence is also studied. Role and relative importance of the two scattering mechanisms is studied.
The electric dipole of a guiding center and the plasma momentum density

Pfirsch [Z. Naturforsch. , Teil A 39, 1 (1984)] has shown that the charge and current density in the guiding‐center representation have contributions from electric dipole moments and magnetic dipole corrections. These moments are interpreted in terms of elementary guiding‐center theory, and their role in the expression for the total momentum density is explained.