Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
USDA‐ARS Riesel Watersheds, Riesel, Texas, USA: Water quality research database

The 75 year legacy database including discharge, sediment loss, land management, and meteorological data for the USDA‐ARS Riesel Watersheds, Riesel, TX, USA has been available on the web for more than a decade (www.ars.usda.gov/spa/hydro‐data) and used in numerous studies and publications; however, only recently have these data been added to the Sustaining the Earth's Watersheds, Agricultural Research Data System (STEWARDS) database (www.nrrig.mwa.ars.usda.gov/stewards/stewards.html). In addition, water quality data including dissolved inorganic N and P compounds measured from more than 1000 storm runoff events, 1300 base flow sampling events (lateral subsurface return flow or seepage flow), and 157 precipitation events through 2012 were added. The objectives of this manuscript are to present relevant background information on these data, summarize the data collection and analysis methodology, present the measured data along with cursory analyses, and convey the commitment of the USDA‐ARS Riesel Watersheds to long‐term data accessibility and database enhancement for water quality data and research.
A New Geospatial Services Framework: How Disaster Preparedness Efforts Should Integrate Neogeography

Geospatial technologies can be used in many intervention stages, from adaptation to disaster relief, and also in disaster response situations. These technological tools have been shown to have a transformative power on the quality and efficacy of response efforts. This paper focuses on the risk reduction phase. This phase is a continuous endeavor aimed at increasing resilience. For example, in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, groups of remotely stationed volunteers remapped Haiti using satellite imagery. Forces on the ground used this imagery to print maps using OpenStreetMap (OSM). Using cell-phone text messages, Short Message Service (SMS) response forces were able to locate and rescue citizens. The Ushahidi platform and OSM created a new paradigm for disaster response in which residents take the lead in operations. Unfortunately, this was able to happen only after the disaster hit. The following paper suggests a roadmap for the integration of crowd-sourcing tools and geospatial collaboration for the disaster preparedness phase. This multitiered proposal connects proper planning processes that engage the community, reduce risk, and ultimately provide for a more resilient community. The paper also aims to take the new disaster response paradigm and use it in the urban planning process. Rather than being a separate process, the disaster preparedness phase should enhance and strengthen communities, resulting in their becoming stronger and more resilient.
A Bayesian hierarchical framework for modeling brain connectivity for neuroimaging data

We propose a novel Bayesian hierarchical model for brain imaging data that unifies voxel‐level (the most localized unit of measure) and region‐level brain connectivity analyses, and yields population‐level inferences. Functional connectivity generally refers to associations in brain activity between distinct locations. The first level of our model summarizes brain connectivity for cross‐region voxel pairs using a two‐component mixture model consisting of connected and nonconnected voxels. We use the proportion of connected voxel pairs to define a new measure of connectivity strength, which reflects the breadth of between‐region connectivity. Furthermore, we evaluate the impact of clinical covariates on connectivity between region‐pairs at a population level. We perform parameter estimation using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques, which can be executed quickly relative to the number of model parameters. We apply our method to resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 32 subjects with major depression and simulated data to demonstrate the properties of our method.
Brownfields: A Geographical Perspective

The issues of remediation, regeneration and redevelopment of underused, abandoned, derelict and often contaminated lands and premises (so-called “brownfields”) have recently become one of the greatest challenges for municipal planners and developers. Brownfields are results of economic restructuring processes in many countries; they are perceived as potential hazards to human health and the environment, burdens degrading the value of surrounding properties, barriers to local development and contributors to urban sprawl, grounds for neighbourhood crime and other illegal activities, etc. (see e.g. Greenberg et al., 2000; Susilawati, Kelsey, 2012).
A Survey and Review of Attitudes and Beliefs of Generation X Pharmacy Students

Objectives. The purpose of this paper was to describe an anonymous survey that was administered to first- and third-year professional pharmacy students at the University of Kentucky. Methods. This survey instrument was modeled after a survey administered and described by Peter Sacks in his text Generation X Goes to College. The survey instrument was meant to ascertain attitudes and beliefs of current Generation X students. Little information is available to determine how closely pharmacy students identify with Generation X characteristics. The aim of this research was to compare and contrast responses of pharmacy students to the responses of non-pharmacy students previously reported. Results. We found that the majority of responses between pharmacy and non-pharmacy students were similar. Conclusions. Generation X students, irrespective of discipline, manifest a collective group of characteristics and traits that may affect learning aptitude. Generation X faculty also may possess similar characteristics. K.
An Interactive Response System to Promote Active Learning in the Doctor of Pharmacy Curriculum

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an interactive student response (ISR) system on student learning, interest, and satisfaction. Methods. Students enrolled in 3 courses, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Medical Literature Evaluation, and Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, were taught using either a traditional lecture format (study year 1) or an ISR system format (study year 2). Primary outcomes of interest were performance on examinations and student attitudes. Results. Students using the ISR system had better scores on the Clinical Pharmacokinetics examination questions (mean scores, 82.6% ± 9.6% vs 63.8% ± 8.3%, p <0.001), on the cumulative final examination for Medical Literature Evaluation (82.9% ±11.5% vs 78.0% ± 12.2%, p = 0.016), and on the evaluable “analysis type” examination questions in the Pathophysiology and Therapeutics course (82.5% ± 8.7% vs 77.4% ± 12.5%, p = 0.0002). Students using the ISR system in all 3 courses were positive about the system. Conclusion. The I.
Constraining the heterogeneous loss of O3 on soot particles with observations in jet engine exhaust plumes

In situ measurements in the engine exhaust of a Concorde supersonic aircraft in the lower stratosphere are used to constrain heterogeneous reaction rates on soot particles in a plume model. Upper limit values are obtained for the product of the reactive uptake coefficients of O3 and NO2 and the mean surface area of individual soot particles using the model and the well‐established O3‐N2O correlation in the lower stratosphere. The low reactivity value obtained for O3 implies that soot reactions cannot account for ozone trends in the lower stratosphere.
Tropospheric ozone in the nineteenth century: The Moncalieri series

A 26-year (1868–1893) data series of daily ozone readings performed at Moncalieri, northern Italy, by the Schonbein test paper technique has been analyzed. The availability of a series of simultaneous readings by the Schonbein and a quantitative technique (Levy, 1877) and the conversion chart for humidity by Linvill et al. (1980) allowed us to develop a procedure to convert the Moncalieri data into parts per billion by volume values. The results seem to indicate that in comparison to one century ago, the ozone level in Europe has increased by more than twice not only at the surface but also in the free troposphere.
Shifted Identities in Tourism: When Mykonos travels to Thailand for Holidays

The purpose of this paper is to present the family tourist trips and holidays as a complex process, defined by a series of socio-cultural factors such as the sense of locality, the family ties, the professional status. There will be the attempt to show the tourist perceptions and practices of a group of entrepreneurs from Mykonos (place of origin), an overly-developed Greek tourist island. While they themselves are producers of tourism services, by going on pleasure trips to Thailand they become tourists, even forming a tourist identity related to perceptions about the sense of belonging and the family.
Dgat1 and Pdat1 Acyltransferases Have Overlapping Functions in Arabidopsis Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis and Are Essential for Normal Pollen and Seed Development

Triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis is a principal metabolic pathway in most organisms, and TAG is the major form of carbon storage in many plant seeds. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is the only acyltransferase enzyme that has been confirmed to contribute to TAG biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. However, dgat1 null mutants display only a 20 to 40% decrease in seed oil content. To determine whether other enzymes contribute to TAG synthesis, candidate genes were expressed in TAG-deficient yeast, candidate mutants were crossed with the dgat1-1 mutant, and target genes were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi). An in vivo role for phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (PDAT1; At5g13640) in TAG synthesis was revealed in this study. After failing to obtain double homozygous plants from crossing dgat1-1 and pdat1-2, further investigation showed that the dgat1-1 pdat1-2 double mutation resulted in sterile pollen that lacked visible oil bodies. RNAi silencing of PDAT1 in a dgat1-1 background or DGAT1 in pdat1-1 background resulted in 70 to 80% decreases in oil content per seed and in disruptions of embryo development. These results establish in vivo involvement of PDAT1 in TAG biosynthesis, rule out major contributions by other candidate enzymes, and indicate that PDAT1 and DGAT1 have overlapping functions that are essential for normal pollen and seed development of Arabidopsis.
The development of tributaries of different sizes along winding streams and valleys

An analysis of 40 winding streams and valleys reveals that a higher proportion of large tributaries than small ones occurs on the concave (out) side of bends. The principal reason for this is that large tributaries experience greater difficulty than small ones forming in the limited amount of space on the convex (in) side of bends. The proportions of small and large tributaries on the concave side of bends are determined largely by the spatial requirements of tributaries, valley sinuosity, mean valley bend length, and mean rate of bend migration. In addition, the proportion of large tributaries on the concave side of bends is affected by junction angle adjustments that deflect a main stream toward a large tributary, thereby creating a bend with the large tributary on its concave side. These adjustments increase the proportion of large tributaries on the concave side of bends, especially along low-sinuosity headwater streams.
Dust devils on Mars observed by the High Resolution Stereo Camera

Fourteen active dust devils were observed by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on Mars Express, which enable the first analysis of the forward speed of dust devils on Mars determined from orbit. Results show speeds on the order of 20 m/s, which compares favorably with values of the wind profiles estimated from the Martian Climate Database for higher altitudes. Smaller dust devils of 1 km height and very small diameters were found moving only at 1.5 to 6.0 m/s in agreement with surface wind speeds.
Effect of aerosols on solar UV irradiances during the Photochemical Activity and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation campaign

Surface UV irradiances were measured at two different sites in Greece during June 1996 under noncloudy conditions. The measured UV irradiances are simulated by a radiative transfer model using measured ozone density and aerosol optical depth profiles. The absolute difference between model and measurements ranges between −5% and +5% with little dependence on wavelength. The temporal and solar zenith angle dependence in the difference between model and measurement suggests that part of this difference may be explained by assumptions made about the aerosol single-scattering albedo and phase function. Simulated spectra including aerosols are compared with calculated spectra excluding aerosols. It is found that for otherwise similar atmospheric conditions the UVB irradiance is reduced with respect to aerosol free conditions by 5% to 35% depending on the aerosol optical depth and single-scattering albedo. For the campaign period, changes in the aerosol loading gave larger variations in the surface UV irradiances than the changes seen in the ozone column.
Supraoptimal Peptide–Major Histocompatibility Complex Causes a Decrease in Bcl-2 Levels and Allows Tumor Necrosis Factor (cid:97) Receptor II–mediated Apoptosis of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are primary mediators of viral clearance, but high viral bur-den can result in deletion of antigen-specific CTLs. We previously reported a potential mechanism for this deletion: tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- (cid:97) –mediated apoptosis resulting from stimulation with supraoptimal peptide–major histocompatibility complex. Here, we show that although death is mediated by TNF- (cid:97) and its receptor (TNF-RII), surprisingly neither the antigen dose dependence of TNF- (cid:97) production nor that of TNF-RII expression can account for the dose dependence of apoptosis. Rather, a previously unrecognized effect of supraoptimal antigen in markedly decreasing levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was discovered and is likely to account for the gain in susceptibility or competence to sustain the death signal through TNF-RII. This decrease requires a signal through the TCR, not just through TNF-RII. Although death mediated by TNF-RII is not as widely studied as that mediated by TNF-RI, we show here that it is also dependent on proteolytic cleavage by caspases and triggered by a brief initial encounter with antigen. These results suggest that determinant density can regulate the immune response by altering the sensitivity of CTLs to the apoptotic effects of TNF- (cid:97) by decreasing Bcl-2 levels. overnight with either powdered milk/bovine albumin or Super-Block-TBS (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL). After incuba-tion with rabbit antiactin or antivinculin, and rabbit anti–Bcl-2 or anti–Bcl-X L for 1 h, the blots were washed, and then FITC- or alkaline phosphatase–conjugated secondary goat anti–rabbit was added for 1 h. After a further wash, FITC-conjugated secondary antibody was directly quantitated with a Storm fluoroimaging system using ImageQuant (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA). Alternatively, alkaline phosphatase–conjugated secondary was indirectly visualized photographically by reaction with a chemiluminescent substrate. density can be blocked by caspase inhibitors. High avidity CTLs were stimulated with splenocytes either pulsed with 100 or 0.01 (cid:109) M I10 peptide or unpulsed. BD-FMK or the control inhibitor ( (cid:98) ZFA-FMK) was added at the indicated concentrations. Apoptotic nu- clear morphology was assessed by staining with Hoechst 33342. The presence of BD-FMK during stimulation of CTLs with supraoptimal concen- trations of peptide greatly inhibited apoptotic death. No inhibition of apoptotic nuclear morphology was observed with the control inhibitor, (cid:98) ZFA-FMK, which lacks the target aspartic acid.
Management of irrigated agriculture to increase organic carbon storage in soils

Increasing the amount of C in soils may be one method to reduce the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. We measured organic C stored in southern Idaho soils having long term cropping histories that supported native sagebrush vegetation (NSB), irrigated moldboard plowed crops (IMP), irrigated conservation-chisel-tilled crops (ICT), and irrigated pasture systems (IP). The CO 2 emitted as a result of fertilizer production, farm operations, and CO 2 lost via dissolved carbonate in irrigation water, over a 30-yr period, was included. Net organic C in ecosystems decreased in the order IP > ICT > NSB > IMP. In this study, if NSB were converted to IMP, 0.15 g C m -2 would be emitted to the atmosphere, but if converted to IP 3.56 g C m -2 could be sequestered. If IMP land were converted to ICT, 0.95 g C m -2 could be sequestered in soil and if converted to IP 3.71 g C m -2 could be sequestered. There are 2.6 × 10 8 ha of land worldwide presently irrigated. If irrigated agriculture were expanded 10% and the same amount of rainfed land were converted back to native grassland, an increase of 3.4 × 10 9 Mg C (5.9% of the total C emitted in the next 30 yr) could potentially be sequestered. The total projected release of CO 2 is 5.7 x 10 10 Mg C worldwide during the next 30 yr. Converting rainfed agriculture back to native vegetation while modestly increasing areas in irrigated agriculture could have a significant impact on CO 2 atmospheric concentrations while maintaining or increasing food production.
Supplementary material for “ Identifying Restrictions in the Order of Accumulation of Mutations during Tumor Progression : Effects of Passengers , Evolutionary Models , and Sampling ”

1 Results: marginal plots 7 1.1 Method by S.Time . 8 1.2 Method by S.Type . 9 1.3 Method by S.Size . 10 1.4 Model by S.Time . 11 1.5 Method by sh . 12 1.6 Model by Method by sh . 13 1.7 Filter by Method . 14 1.8 Filter by S.Type . 14 1.9 FN and FP: S.Time, Method, Model with Drivers Known . 15
Avistamiento del playero roquero, Aphriza virgata, en las costas de Tamaulipas, México

El playero roquero, Aphriza virgata, es una especie del Pacífico americano y hasta la fecha, no se tenían reportes de su presencia en la costa del Atlántico mexicano. Existen reportes recientes de su presencia en la costa de Texas en EUA y en este trabajo la reportamos por primera vez en el estado de Tamaulipas, México. La falta de un esfuerzo de observación suficiente en la costa del Atlántico mexicano podría haber resultado en que esta especie pasara desapercibida. Esta observación representa el primer registro documentado de la especie para la costa atlántica de México.
Mechanical stimulation of C2C12 cells increases m-calpain expression, focal adhesion plaque protein degradation and cell differentiation

We have shown that mechanical signals transmitted through the C2C12 cells interaction with laminin cause an increase in cellular differentiation. This signaling results in not only an increase in the expression of the proteolytic enzyme m-calpain, but a relocation of the enzyme to the cell surface and subsequent breakdown of focal adhesion proteins. Background:
Spatial Variability in Nutrient Transport by HUC8, State, and Subbasin Based on Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin SPARROW Models

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB) has been linked to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. With geospatial datasets for 2002, including inputs from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and monitored loads throughout the MARB, SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) watershed models were constructed specifically for the MARB, which reduced simulation errors from previous models. Based on these models, N loads/yields were highest from the central part (centered over Iowa and Indiana) of the MARB (Corn Belt), and the highest P yields were scattered throughout the MARB. Spatial differences in yields from previous studies resulted from different descriptions of the dominant sources (N yields are highest with crop‐oriented agriculture and P yields are highest with crop and animal agriculture and major WWTPs) and different descriptions of downstream transport. Delivered loads/yields from the MARB SPARROW models are used to rank subbasins, states, and eight‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code basins (HUC8s) by N and P contributions and then rankings are compared with those from other studies. Changes in delivered yields result in an average absolute change of 1.3 (N) and 1.9 (P) places in state ranking and 41 (N) and 69 (P) places in HUC8 ranking from those made with previous national‐scale SPARROW models. This information may help managers decide where efforts could have the largest effects (highest ranked areas) and thus reduce hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico.
Grustal shortening in the Alpine Orogen: Results from deep seismic reflection profiling in the eastern Swiss Alps, Line NFP 20‐east

The deep crustal seismic line NFP 20-EAST crosses almost the entire Swiss Alps. Despite the complex geometry of the well-exposed nappe structure and the considerable axial plunge of some of the units, the Vibroseis survey yielded coherent reflections from several individually identifiable nappe contacts. In the northern part of the survey the Vibroseis data closely match the internal structure of the Helvetic nappes and the underlying autochthonous-parautochthonous Mesozoic sediments. On the northern flank of the Aar massif, an external basement uplift, these Mesozoic sediments seem to rise from a depth of approximately 7–8 km below sea level to the surface in a series of steps which is interpreted to represent crustal shortening achieved by a combination of folding and thrusting. In the southern part of the survey it was possible to image a number of thin slivers of Mesozoic carbonates pinched between slabs of Penninic basement nappes as well as nappe contacts between lithologically contrasting units. In addition, it seems that the Insubric fault zone, which marks the contact between the Penninic zone and the Southern Alps and which outcrops about 30 km to the south of the survey, shows up as steeply north dipping reflections. The lower European crust in the northern part of the survey is relatively transparent as opposed to the Adriatic lower crust, whose reflective nature may stem from shear zones associated with Mesozoic crustal stretching. The base of both the European and Adriatic crust coincides with a 1-s-thick band of laterally discontinuous reflections. This reflection Moho drops to greater depths going from the north toward the center of the Alpine chain, where it disappears with a steep southerly dip. The Moho reappears as a reflection band farther south. This Moho gap is situated above the lithospheric root and may be caused by perturbations related to subduction of lower crustal material. The crustal-scale structure obtained from the Vibroseis data may be interpreted as a continent-continent collision with wedge-shaped indentation of a piece of Adriatic crust into the European crust and vertical escape of the material in the core of the orogen along steeply dipping faults.