Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An update on the dynamically induced episodes of extreme low ozone values over the northern middle latitudes

Over the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH), especially during the months of October–December, a number of episodes are observed when the total ozone for more than 2–3 days falls below 220 DU. This value has been introduced as the threshold for the Antarctic ozone hole but also represents ozone deviations of about one-third from the pre-1976 October–November–December monthly mean for the middle latitudes of the NH. Earlier studies have shown that the most common pattern of these events indicates transport of subtropical air from the Atlantic to the northeast frequently reaching Scandinavia and Northern Russia, sometimes combined with upward motions above a tropospheric anticyclone lifting low ozone mixing ratios to higher altitudes. In this study we report on the frequency and spatial extend of such extreme events using the newly available Multi Sensor Reanalysis (MSR) satellite total ozone data set for the period 1978–2008. During the autumn months considered in this study these events result to an ozone mass deficiency (O3MD) of 5 tonnes km−2 and their areal extend on a daily basis often exceeds 1.5 million km2. More and larger in area events were observed during the 1990s and were possibly influenced by changes in the meridional circulation triggered by the maximum ozone depletion observed then over the middle latitudes of the NH.
Screening for Anxiety Disorders in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.

Importance Anxiety disorders are commonly occurring mental health conditions. They are often unrecognized in primary care settings and substantial delays in treatment initiation occur. Objective The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) commissioned a systematic review to evaluate the benefits and harms of screening for anxiety disorders in asymptomatic adults. Population Asymptomatic adults 19 years or older, including pregnant and postpartum persons. Older adults are defined as those 65 years or older. Evidence Assessment The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for anxiety disorders in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, has a moderate net benefit. The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on screening for anxiety disorders in older adults. Recommendation The USPSTF recommends screening for anxiety disorders in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons. (B recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for anxiety disorders in older adults. (I statement).
Prevention of VTE in Nonsurgical Patients Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis , 9 th ed : American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines

Background: This guideline addressed VTE prevention in hospitalized medical patients, outpatients with cancer, the chronically immobilized, long-distance travelers, and those with asymptomatic thrombophilia. Methods: This guideline follows methods described in Methodology for the Development of Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guidelines: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines in this supplement. Results: For acutely ill hospitalized medical patients at increased risk of thrombosis, we recommend anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH) bid, LDUH tid, or fondaparinux (Grade 1B) and suggest against extending the duration of thromboprophylaxis beyond the period of patient immobilization or acute hospital stay (Grade 2B). For acutely ill hospitalized medical patients at low risk of thrombosis, we recommend against the use of pharmacologic prophylaxis or mechanical prophylaxis (Grade 1B). For acutely ill hospitalized medical patients at increased risk of thrombosis who are bleeding or are at high risk for major bleeding, we suggest mechanical thromboprophylaxis with graduated compression stockings (GCS) (Grade 2C) or intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) (Grade 2C). For critically ill patients, we suggest using LMWH or LDUH thromboprophylaxis (Grade 2C). For critically ill patients who are bleeding or are at high risk for major bleeding, we suggest mechanical thromboprophylaxis with GCS and/or IPC at least until the bleeding risk decreases (Grade 2C). In outpatients with cancer who have no additional risk factors for VTE we suggest against routine prophylaxis with LMWH or LDUH (Grade 2B) and recommend against the prophylactic use of vitamin K antagonists (Grade 1B). Conclusions: Decisions regarding prophylaxis in nonsurgical patients should be made after consideration of risk factors for both thrombosis and bleeding, clinical context, and patients’ values and preferences. CHEST 2012; 141(2)(Suppl):e195S–e226S
Location-based Services: Fundamentals and Operation

Preface. List of Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 What are Location-based Services? 1.2 Application Scenarios. 1.3 LBS Actors. 1.4 Standardization. 1.5 Structure of this Book. Part I: Fundamentals. 2 What is Location? 2.1 Location Categories. 2.2 Spatial Location. 2.3 Conclusion. 3 Spatial Databases and GIS. 3.1 What are Spatial Databases and GIS? 3.2 Geographic versus Spatial Data Models. 3.3 Representing Spatial Objects. 3.4 Features and Themes. 3.5 Algorithms of Computational Geometry. 3.6 Geography Markup Language. 3.7 Conclusion. 4 Basics of Wireless Communications. 4.1 Signals. 4.2 Propagation of Radio Signals. 4.3 Multiplexing and Multiple Access. 4.4 Conclusion. 5 Cellular Networks and Location Management. 5.1 Overview of Cellular Systems. 5.2 Principles of Cellular Networks. 5.3 Mobility Management. 5.4 Common Concepts of Location Management. 5.5 Location Management in CS Networks. 5.6 Location Management in PS Networks. 5.7 Conclusion. Part II: Positioning. 6 Fundamentals of Positioning. 6.1 Classification of Positioning Infrastructures. 6.2 Basic Positioning Methods. 6.3 Range Measurements. 6.4 Accuracy and Precision. 6.5 Error Sources. 6.6 Conclusion. 7 Satellite Positioning. 7.1 Historical Background. 7.2 Orbital Motion of Satellite Systems. 7.3 Global Positioning System. 7.4 Differential GPS. 7.5 Galileo. 7.6 Conclusion. 8 Cellular Positioning. 8.1 Positioning in GSM Networks. 8.2 Positioning in UMTS Networks. 8.3 Assisted GPS in GSM and UMTS. 8.4 Positioning in other Cellular Systems. 8.5 Conclusion. 9 Indoor Positioning. 9.1 WLAN Positioning. 9.2 RFID Positioning. 9.3 Indoor Positioning with GPS. 9.4 Non Radiolocation Systems. 9.5 Conclusion. Part III: LBS Operation. 10 Interorganizational LBS Operation. 10.1 LBS Supply Chain. 10.2 Scenarios of the LBS Supply Chain. 10.3 Supplier/Consumer Patterns for Location Dissemination. 10.4 Privacy Protection. 10.5 Conclusion. 11 Architectures and Protocols for Location Services. 11.1 GSMand UMTS Location Services. 11.2 Enhanced Emergency Services. 11.3 Mobile Location Protocol. 11.4 WAP Location Framework. 11.5 Parlay/OSA. 11.6 Geopriv. 11.7 Conclusion. 12 LBS Middleware. 12.1 Conceptual View of an LBS Middleware. 12.2 Location API for J2ME. 12.3 OpenGIS Location Services. 12.4 Conclusion. 13 LBS - The Next Generation. Bibliography. Index.
The Darfield (Canterbury, New Zealand) Mw 7.1 Earthquake of September 2010: A Preliminary Seismological Report

At 04:35 on Saturday 4 September 2010 local time (16:35 on 3 September UT) a moment magnitude ( Mw ) 7.1 earthquake struck approximately 10 km southeast of the town of Darfield and within 40 km of New Zealand's second largest city, Christchurch, causing extensive damage in the city and surrounding region. There was no loss of life due to a fortunate combination of strict building codes and the earthquake occurring at 04:35 local time when the streets were largely empty, but about 100 people were injured (two seriously) and many more were made homeless, at least temporarily. Current estimates put the total cost of repairs at NZ $4 billion (about US $3 billion). The key seismological features of the Darfield earthquake are summarized in Table 1. The epicenter and depth are very well constrained by the large number of nearby seismograph and strong-motion accelerometer sites (Figure 1). A surface rupture consistent with strike-slip faulting was quickly identified about 4 km south of the epicenter on a previously unknown fault, which has been named the Greendale fault, although various geophysical data sets have shown that the overall rupture process is more complex. View this table: TABLE 1 The Key Seismological Features of the Darfield Earthquake Modern buildings in Christchurch performed very well in the earthquake, but many older brick and masonry buildings were badly damaged. Liquefaction and the associated lateral spreading and slumping caused extensive damage, even to new buildings, in areas near the coast with sandy soils (Cubrinovski and Green 2010). The earthquake was felt throughout the entire South Island and a large part of the North Island at distances greater than 900 km, with the maximum felt intensity estimated to be Modified Mercalli (MM) 9. Measured accelerations near source exceeded 1 g with several reading well over 0.5 g. A feature of the …
Fathers' parenting, adverse life events, and adolescents' emotional and eating disorder symptoms: the role of emotion regulation

j Abstract Purpose To investi-gate the role of emotion regulation in the relation between fathers’ parenting (speciﬁcally warmth, behavioral control and psychological control) and adolescents’ emotional and eating disorder symptoms, after adjustment for controls. Methods A total of 203 11–18 year-old students from a school in a socio-economically disadvantaged area in North-East London completed questionnaires assessing emotional symptoms (measured with the Strengths and Difﬁculties Questionnaire’s (SDQ) Emotional Symptoms Scale), eating disorder symptoms (measured with the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26)), difﬁculties in emotion regulation (measured with the Difﬁculties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)), and fathers’ overprotection and warmth, measured with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), as well as behavioral and psychological control. The confounding variables considered were number of proximal (i.e., during the last year) adverse life events experienced, gender, age, and socio-economic status (eligi-bility for free school meals). Results Adolescents’ difﬁculties in emotion regulation mediated the link between fathers’ psychological control and adolescents’ emotional symptoms, but not the link between fathers’ parenting and adolescents’ eating disorder symptoms, which appeared to be more directly linked to fathers’ psychological control and number of proximal adverse life events experienced. Proximal adverse life events experienced were also strongly associated with difﬁculties in emotion regulation. Conclusions The study ﬁndings have implications for intervention programs which may prove more fruitful in addressing adolescent emotional problems by targeting underlying emotion regulation abilities, and in addressing adolescent eating disorder symptoms by protecting adolescents with a recent experience of multiple adverse life events. Parenting programs also stand to beneﬁt from the evidence presented in this study that paternal psychological control may have uniquely harmful consequences for adolescent development through the ham-pering or atrophying of emotion regulation abilities and the encouragement of eating disorders.
The thermal regime of urban parks in two cities with different summer climates

Differences between the temperature of vegetated urban parks and that of their surrounding built environment are reported. The study is based on observations of surface and air temperature in Vancouver, BC and Sacramento, CA. during summer conditions. A combination of remotely sensed surface temperature and air temperature from fixed station and mobile (car and bicycle) traverses is used to characterize the magnitude of park-induced coolness the 'park cool island' (PCI) effect. Relatively large surface PCI are present by day and at night, although for different reasons. Air temperature effects are smaller. In Vancouver, parks are typically 1-2 C, but in ideal conditions can be almost 5 C cooler than their surroundings. Larger PCI are possible in Sacramento where irrigated greenspace can be 5-7 C cooler. Park type, especially the extent of irrigation and the presence of trees, is important in PCI development. During the day trees may play an important role in establishing a cool park effect, perhaps throug.
A pilot study assessing the prognostic value of four imaging modalities in clearing the cervical spine for children with severe traumatic injuries

Purpose Cervical spine clearance in severely injured children after trauma is often difficult because of unique injury patterns, concerns about radiation exposure to growing tissue, and unfamiliarity with unstable cervical injuries. We prospectively assessed the utility of four radiographic modalities to clear the cervical spine in children after severe trauma. Methods Twenty-four comatose, intubated children with severe traumatic injuries underwent radiographic evaluation to clear the cervical spine. Each patient had plain radiographs, flexion–extension radiographs under fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging within 10 days of admission. Patients underwent cervical spine flexion–extension radiographs 2–3 months after trauma to detect late instability. Sensitivity and specificity for each radiographic modality was determined. Results Plain cervical spine radiographs demonstrated sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 95%; flexion–extension radiographs had “indeterminate” sensitivity and specificity of 100%. For CT, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 95%, and for MR imaging, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 74%. Conclusions There was a low prevalence of cervical instability in this high-risk group. Plain radiographs, flexion– extension radiographs, and CT all had high sensitivities and specificities. MR imaging had a high false-positive rate, making it sensitive but not specific. The data support using either CT or plain radiographs as the initial cervical spine screening study, but CT is recommended because of its superior ability to detect critical injuries. To definitively rule out ligamentous instability after a negative screening CT scan or cervical spine X-ray, these data support using flexion–extension X-rays with fluoroscopy and not MR imaging.
Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields: Summary of available measurement data

Information from 846 N2O emission measurements in agricultural fields and 99 measurements for NO emissions was summarized to assess the influence of various factors regulating emissions from mineral soils. The data indicate that there is a strong increase of both N2O and NO emissions accompanying N application rates, and soils with high organic‐C content show higher emissions than less fertile soils. A fine soil texture, restricted drainage, and neutral to slightly acidic conditions favor N2O emission, while (though not significant) a good soil drainage, coarse texture, and neutral soil reaction favor NO emission. Fertilizer type and crop type are important factors for N2O but not for NO, while the fertilizer application mode has a significant influence on NO only. Regarding the measurements, longer measurement periods yield more of the fertilization effect on N2O and NO emissions, and intensive measurements (≥1 per day) yield lower emissions than less intensive measurements (2–3 per week). The available data can be used to develop simple models based on the major regulating factors which describe the spatial variability of emissions of N2O and NO with less uncertainty than emission factor approaches based on country N inputs, as currently used in national emission inventories.
An Evaluation of Temperature and Precipitation Surface-Based and Reanalysis Datasets for the Canadian Arctic, 1950–2010

ABSTRACT The spatial and temporal consistency of seasonal air temperature and precipitation in eight widely used gridded observation-based climate datasets (CANGRD, CRU-TS3.1, CRUTEM4.1, GISTEMP, GPCC, GPCP, HadCRUT3, and UDEL) and eight reanalyses (20CR, CFSR, ERA-40, ERA-Interim, JRA25, MERRA, NARR, and NCEP2) was evaluated over the Canadian Arctic for the 1950–2010 period. The evaluation used the CANGRD dataset, which is based on homogenized temperature and adjusted precipitation from climate stations, as a reference. Dataset agreement and bias were observed to exhibit important spatial, seasonal, and temporal variability over the Canadian Arctic with the largest spread occurring between datasets over mountain and coastal regions and over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Reanalysis datasets were typically warmer and wetter than surface observation-based datasets, with CFSR and 20CR exhibiting biases in total annual precipitation on the order of 300 mm. Warm bias in 20CR exceeded 12°C in winter over the western Arctic. Analysis of the temporal consistency of datasets over the 1950–2010 period showed evidence of discontinuities in several datasets as well as a noticeable increase in dataset spread in the period after approximately 2000. Declining station networks, increased automation, and the inclusion of new satellite data streams in reanalyses are potential contributing factors to this phenomenon. Evaluation of trends over the 1950–2010 period showed a relatively consistent picture of warming and increased precipitation over the Canadian Arctic from all datasets, with CANGRD giving moistening trends two times larger than the multi-dataset average related to the adjustment of the station precipitation data. The study results indicate that considerable care is needed when using gridded climate datasets in local or regional scale applications in the Canadian Arctic.
Late Quaternary variations in sea surface temperatures and their relationship to orbital forcing recorded in the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector)

Late Quaternary summer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have been derived from radiolarian assemblages in the East Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. In the subantarctic and the polar frontal zone, glacial SSTs (oxygen isotope stages 2, 4, 6, and 8) were 3°–5°C cooler than today, indicating northward displacements of the isotherms about 2°–4° of latitudes. During interglacials, SSTs almost reached modern levels (oxygen isotope stages 7 and 9) or exceeded them by 2°–3°C (oxygen isotope stages 1 and 5.5). In the subantarctic Atlantic Ocean, changes in SST and calcium carbonate content of the sediment precede variations in global ice volume in the range of the main Milankovitch frequencies. Comparisons with the timing of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) proxy records suggests that this early response in the subantarctic Atlantic Ocean is not triggered by the flux of NADW to the Southern Ocean.
Correlated Discharge among Cell Pairs within the Oculomotor Horizontal Velocity-to-Position Integrator

In the oculomotor system, temporal integration of velocity commands into position signals may depend on synaptic feedback among neurons of a bilateral brainstem cell assembly known as the “neural integrator. ” Both ipsilateral excitatory and contralateral inhibitory projections between eye position-related integrator cells are hypothesized as a substrate for positive feedback supporting integration. Presence of feedback interactions should be evident in cross-correlation functions of neuron pairs. Here, unilateral and bilateral paired recordings were obtained during fixation behavior from neurons in goldfish brainstem area I, a key element of the integrator. During fixations, discharge of most unilateral pairs, composed of cells with eye position sensitivities of the same sign, was positively correlated with lag of 0-10 msec (n = 11 of 14 significant). Typically, a very narrow peak (mean half-width <4 msec) near zero lag was observed. Discharge of bilateral pairs, composed of cells with position sensitivities of the opposite sign, was either negatively correlated with lag of 0-10 msec (n = 5 of 13 significant) or not correlated. Troughs in negative correlations always had minima between 3 and 5 msec lag. These results are consistent with the feedback hypothesis of temporal integration, highlighting excitation unilaterally and inhibition bilaterally. Absence of visual input did not weaken correlations, but other sources of correlated input extrinsic to area I were not ruled out. Triplet recordings revealed that unilateral pairwise correlations were primarily independent. Correlation between unilateral pairs systematically decreased with increasing eye position, demonstrating that synchrony is not necessary for persistent activity at high firing rates.
Permafrost‐thaw‐induced land‐cover change in the Canadian subarctic: implications for water resources

Climate warming and human disturbance in north‐western Canada have been accompanied by degradation of permafrost, which introduces considerable uncertainty to the future availability of northern freshwater resources. This study demonstrates the rate and spatial pattern of permafrost loss in a region that typifies the southern boundary of permafrost. Remote‐sensing analysis of a 1·0 km2 area indicates that permafrost occupied 0·70 km2 in 1947 and decreased with time to 0·43 km2 by 2008. Ground‐based measurements demonstrate the importance of horizontal heat flows in thawing discontinuous permafrost, and show that such thaw produces dramatic land‐cover changes that can alter basin runoff production in this region. A major challenge to northern water resources management in the twenty‐first century therefore lies in predicting stream flows dynamically in the context of widely occurring permafrost thaw. The need for appropriate water resource planning, mitigation, and adaptation strategies is explained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separating the natural and anthropogenic components of spring flood pH decline: A method for areas that are not chronically acidified

The quantitative distinction of the natural and anthropogenic components of episodic pH decline is important but problematic. This paper presents the Boreal Dilution Model as a means of separating the natural effects of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) dilution and organic acids from those of acid deposition on stream pH during spring flood or other flow episodes in areas that are not chronically acidified. Key model assumptions are that base flow ANC reflects preindustrial ANC, that the contemporary dissolved organic carbon is natural, and that dilution of base cations during spring flood is a measure of natural ANC dilution. The model could help elucidate the natural variation of spring flood chemistry, as well as the response to changes in acidification pressures. An example of the model's application to one catchment is presented. This example, together with the correlation between winter SO42− deposition and modeled anthropogenic ANC depression during spring flood in some 27 episodes from 18 catchments, is presented to assess the model's plausibility.