Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Deep Learning-Based Approach in Classification and Validation of Tomato Leaf Disease

Deep learning models are playing a vital role in classification goals that can have propitious results. In the past few years, many models are being used for this purpose of plant disease classification. This work has assisted in the process of identification and classification of a plant leaf disease. In this paper, the Tomato plant leaf images are taken from the PlantVillage Database consisting of one healthy and eight disease classes. The disease classes are selected based on the occurrence of the disease in India. The deep learning models of AlexNet, VGG16, GoogLeNet, MobileNetv2, and SqueezeNet are used in this work for the classification of Tomato plant leaf as healthy or diseased and further which disease class it belongs to. The models used here are all the pre-trained models, so transfer learning is used to fit the total number of classes that need to be classified by the network model. VGG16 model outperformed giving 99.17% accuracy compared to AlexNet, GoogLeNet, MobileNetv2, and SqueezeNet. The work concludes with the model’s validation results on the set of images captured at Krishi Vigyan Kendra Narayangaon (KVKN), India.
Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Are Essential for the Development of Psoriatic Inflammation

Psoriasis is a common immune-mediated, chronic, inflammatory skin disease that affects approximately 2–3% of the population worldwide. Although there is increasing evidence regarding the essential roles of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis and dendritic cell (DC)-T cell crosstalk in the development of skin inflammation, the contributions of mitochondrial function to psoriasis are unclear. In a mouse model of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasiform skin inflammation, we found that hematopoietic cell-specific genetic deletion of p32/C1qbp, a regulator of mitochondrial protein synthesis and metabolism, protects mice from IMQ-induced psoriatic inflammation. Additionally, we demonstrate that p32/C1qbp is an important regulator of IMQ-induced DC activation, both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that p32/C1qbp-deficient DCs exhibited impaired production of IL-1β, IL-23, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) after IMQ stimulation. Because the inhibition of mtROS suppressed IMQ-induced DC activation and psoriatic inflammation, we presume that p32/C1qbp and mtROS can serve as therapeutic targets in psoriasis.
Data and Digital Solutions to Support Surveillance Strategies in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: In order to prevent spread and improve control of infectious diseases, public health experts need to closely monitor human and animal populations. Infectious disease surveillance is an established, routine data collection process essential for early warning, rapid response, and disease control. The quantity of data potentially useful for early warning and surveillance has increased exponentially due to social media and other big data streams. Digital epidemiology is a novel discipline that includes harvesting, analysing, and interpreting data that were not initially collected for healthcare needs to enhance traditional surveillance. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of digital epidemiology complementing traditional public health approaches has been highlighted. Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview for the application of data and digital solutions to support surveillance strategies and draw implications for surveillance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Methods: A search was conducted in PubMed databases. Articles published between January 2005 and May 2020 on the use of digital solutions to support surveillance strategies in pandemic settings and health emergencies were evaluated. Results: In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of digital epidemiology, available data sources, and components of 21st-century digital surveillance, early warning and response, outbreak management and control, and digital interventions. Conclusions: Our main purpose was to highlight the plausible use of new surveillance strategies, with implications for the COVID-19 pandemic strategies and then to identify opportunities and challenges for the successful development and implementation of digital solutions during non-emergency times of routine surveillance, with readiness for early-warning and response for future pandemics. The enhancement of traditional surveillance systems with novel digital surveillance methods opens a direction for the most effective framework for preparedness and response to future pandemics.
THERapy–Related InterACTion (THER-I-ACT) in Rehabilitation—Instrument Development and Inter-Rater Reliability

Objective: To develop an instrument for the observation of therapeutic communication interactions during rehabilitation sessions and test its inter-rater reliability. Methods: The new instrument THER-I-ACT (THERapy–related Inter-ACTion) has been designed to assess both the frequency and timing of therapeutic interactions in the thematic fields information provision, feedback, other motivational interaction, and bonding. For this inter-rater reliability study, a sample of stroke survivors received arm rehabilitation as either arm ability training, arm basis training, or mirror therapy, or neglect training as individually indicated. Therapy sessions were video-recorded (one for each participant) and therapeutic interactions rated by two independent raters using THER-I-ACT. Results: With regard to the instrument's comprehensiveness to document therapeutic interactions with pre-defined categories the data from 29 sessions suggested almost complete coverage. Inter-rater reliability was very high both for individual categories of therapeutic interaction (frequency and time used for interaction) (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC 0.91–1.00) and summary scores for the thematic fields of interaction (again for frequency and time used for interaction) (ICC 0.98–1.00). The inter-rater reliability for rating engagement and being focussed for both the therapist and patient was substantial (ICC 0.71 and 0.86). Conclusions: The observational study documented that by use of the newly designed THER-I-ACT various types of therapy-related communication interactions performed by therapists can be assessed with a very high inter-rater reliability. In addition, the thematic fields and categories of therapeutic interaction as defined by the instrument comprehensively covered the type of interaction that occurred in the therapeutic sessions observed.
A Multilevel Person-Centered Examination of Teachers' Workplace Experiences: Replication and Extension With Links to Instructional Support and Achievement

In a replication and extension of an earlier study, we relied on person-centered analyses to identify teacher (Level 1) and school (Level 2) profiles based on teachers' experiences of job demands (barriers to professional development, disruptive student behavior), job resources (teacher collaboration, input in decision-making), and personal resources (self-efficacy). We examined data from 5,439 teachers working in 364 schools in Australia and 2,216 teachers working in 149 schools in England. Latent profile analysis revealed six teacher profiles: Low-Demand-Flourisher (11%), Mixed-Demand-Flourisher (17%), Job-Resourced-Average (11%), Balanced-Average (14%), Mixed-Resourced-Struggler (11%), and Low-Resourced-Struggler (36%). Two school profiles were identified: an Unsupportive school profile (43%) and a Supportive school profile (57%). Several significant relations between these profiles and teacher/school characteristics and work-related outcomes were also identified at both levels. Although our results generally replicated prior findings, some differences were also observed, possibly as a results of recent changes in policies regarding in teacher support and accountability. Next, we extended prior work using a subsample of the Australian teachers for whom we had matching student data. This second set of results revealed that schools with a greater proportion of low-SES students were more likely to present an Unsupportive school profile. Moreover, the Supportive school profile was associated with higher levels of student-reported instructional support and school-average achievement in reading, mathematics, and science.
“Neuromyths” and Multiple Intelligences (MI) Theory: A Comment on Gardner, 2020

Neuromyths are misconceptions about the brain and learning. The most pervasive neuromyths contain a “kernel of truth” (Grospietsch and Mayer, 2018). For instance, consider the following popular neuromyth: People are either “left-brained” or “right-brained,” which helps to explain individual differences in learning. On the one hand, classical neuroscience findings did provide solid basic evidence that the human brain displays a certain degree of functional hemispheric lateralization (Gazzaniga et al., 1962, 1963). However, on the other hand, the idea of a “dominant” cerebral hemisphere is not supported by neuroscience (Nielsen et al., 2013). Due to fatal mutations from kernels of truth, neuromyths are typically defined as distortions, oversimplifications, or abusive extrapolations of well-established neuroscientific facts (OECD, 2002; Pasquinelli, 2012; Howard-Jones, 2014). In the past decade, numerous surveys have been conducted in more than 20 countries around the world to measure the prevalence of neuromyth beliefs among educators (Torrijos-Muelas et al., 2021). A large-scale survey conducted in Quebec, Canada, by Blanchette Sarrasin et al. (2019) revealed that 68% of teachers somewhat or strongly agreed (rating of 4 or 5 on a 5-point scale) with the following neuromyth statement:
Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits

In the past few decades, driven by the increasing demands in the biomedical field aiming to cure neurological diseases and improve the quality of daily lives of the patients, researchers began to take advantage of the semiconductor technology to develop miniaturized and power-efficient chips for implantable applications. The emergence of the integrated circuits for neural prosthesis improves the treatment process of epilepsy, hearing loss, retinal damage, and other neurological diseases, which brings benefits to many patients. However, considering the safety and accuracy in the neural prosthesis process, there are many research directions. In the process of chip design, designers need to carefully analyze various parameters, and investigate different design techniques. This article presents the advances in neural recording and stimulation integrated circuits, including (1) a brief introduction of the basics of neural prosthesis circuits and the repair process in the bionic neural link, (2) a systematic introduction of the basic architecture and the latest technology of neural recording and stimulation integrated circuits, (3) a summary of the key issues of neural recording and stimulation integrated circuits, and (4) a discussion about the considerations of neural recording and stimulation circuit architecture selection and a discussion of future trends. The overview would help the designers to understand the latest performances in many aspects and to meet the design requirements better.
Exploring the Potential Molecular Mechanism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in the Treatment of Gastric Cancer Based on Network Pharmacological Analysis and Molecular Docking Technology

Objective: To explore the molecular mechanism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in treating gastric cancer by network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking. Methods: Taking Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi as the object, the active components and corresponding potential drug targets in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were obtained from the database of TCM Pharmacological System Analysis Platform (TCMSP). GeneCards/OMIM/DrugBank and other databases were used to collect gastric cancer-related genes, and the obtained genes were intersected with drug targets to obtain the target genes of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on gastric cancer. Furthermore, the interaction network of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi-active ingredients-target-gastric cancer-related genes was constructed. Protein–protein interaction analysis and gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed on target genes. The PubChem website was used to screen the compounds corresponding to the target genes, and the target protein and 3D structure pdb format files were obtained from the PDB database. Finally, the molecular docking calculation was performed by the AutoDock Vina program. The in vivo cell experiments on the effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells were used to determine the therapeutic effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on gastric cancer, and the two genes ESR1 and FOS are the key targets of Scutellaria baicalensis on gastric cancer. Results: A total of 10 gastric cancer-related target genes were screened out, and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi contained 10 active compounds targeting 10 gene sites. There are 30 effective compounds in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi targeted to treat gastric cancer, and there are 91 corresponding targeting gene sites, involving a total of 10 pathways. The results of molecular docking show that ESR1, FOS, and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi have good binding free energy and docking fraction. The docking fraction of FOS is −4.200 and the binding free energy is −27.893 kcal/mol. The docking fraction of ESR1 is −5.833 and the binding free energy is −30.001 kcal/mol. The effect of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on gastric cancer was verified by in vitro cell experiments and Western blotting. Conclusion: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi can target and regulate multiple signal pathways by acting on ESR1 and FOS gene loci, thus having a potential therapeutic effect on gastric cancer.
From the Wild to the Cup: Tracking Footprints of the Tea Species in Time and Space

Tea is one of the world's most popular beverages, known for its cultural significance and numerous health benefits. A clear understanding of the origin and history of domestication of the tea species is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective germplasm conservation and improvement. Though there is a general consensus about the center of origin of the tea plant, the evolutionary origin and expansion history of the species remain shrouded in controversy, with studies often reporting conflicting findings. This mini review provides a concise summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the origin, domestication, and dissemination of the species around the world. We note that tea was domesticated around 3000 B.C. either from non-tea wild relatives (probably Camellia grandibracteata and/or C. leptophylla) or intra-specifically from the wild Camellia sinensis var. assamica trees, and that the genetic origins of the various tea varieties may need further inquiry. Moreover, we found that lineage divergence within the tea family was apparently largely driven by a combination of orogenic, climatic, and human-related forces, a fact that could have important implications for conservation of the contemporary tea germplasm. Finally, we demonstrate the robustness of an integrative approach involving linguistics, historical records, and genetics to identify the center of origin of the tea species, and to infer its history of expansion. Throughout the review, we identify areas of debate, and highlight potential research gaps, which lay a foundation for future explorations of the topic.
An Integrated Smart Sensor Dressing for Real-Time Wound Microenvironment Monitoring and Promoting Angiogenesis and Wound Healing

Prolonged chronic wound healing not only places great stress on patients but also increase the health care burden. Fortunately, the emergence of tissue-engineered dressings has provided a potential solution for these patients. Recently, the relationship between the wound microenvironment and wound healing has been gradually clarified. Therefore, the state of wounds can be roughly ascertained by monitoring the microenvironment in real time. Here, we designed a three-layer integrated smart dressing, including a biomimetic nanofibre membrane, microenvironment sensor and β-cyclodextrin-containing gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA + β-cd) UV-crosslinked hydrogel. The hydrogel helped increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) to promote neovascularization and wound healing. The microenvironment sensor, combined with the biological dressings, exhibited satisfactory measurement accuracy, stability, durability and biocompatibility. A BLE4.0 antenna was used to receive, display and upload wound microenvironment data in real time. Such integrated smart dressings can not only achieve biological functions but also monitor changes in the wound microenvironment in real time. These dressings can overcome the challenge of not knowing the state of the wound during the healing process and provide support for clinical work.
Development of a Quantitative Diagnostic Criterion for Gastric Linitis Plastica: Findings From a Large Single-Institutional Study

Gastric linitis plastica (GLP) is a descriptive term but lacks a quantitative definition. Several relatively quantitative criteria had been proposed, such as tumor involving a limit of one-third or two-thirds of the gastric surface. However, these criteria needed doctors to subjectively judge tumor infiltration area, which made diagnosis difficult to be objective and reproducible. This study aimed to propose a quantitative diagnostic criterion for distinguishing GLP. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 2,907 patients with Borrmann III and IV gastric cancer (GC) who underwent gastrectomy between 2011 and 2018 in our center. The Kaplan–Meier curves showed that patients with an observed tumor size more than 8 cm had obviously lower overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates than those with a size less than 8 cm(p < 0.001; p < 0.001). However, there was no significantly different prognosis of patients with tumor sizes between more than 8 cm and more than 10 cm (p = 0.248; p = 0.534). Moreover, patients with tumor sizes greater than 8 cm more presented with advanced stage and had extremely poor 3-year OS and DFS (31.4%; 29.3%), with a stronger propensity toward peritoneal metastasis. Therefore, we considered patients’ observed tumor size more than 8 cm as a critical value for distinguishing the prognosis of Borrmann III and IV GC. Furthermore, we proposed an observed tumor size more than 8 cm as a quantitative diagnostic criterion for GLP on the premise of satisfying the originally descriptive and pathological definition regardless of Borrmann type.
Improved Lorenz-Mie Look-Up Table for Lidar and Polarimeter Retrievals

Lidar and polarimeter aerosol microphysical retrievals require calculating single-scattering properties that are computationally expensive. One of the easiest ways to speed up these calculations is to use a look-up table. Two important currently available look-up tables were created about 15 years ago. Advancements in modern computational hardware allows us to create a new look-up table with improved precision over a larger range of aerosol properties. In this new and improved Lorenz-Mie look-up table we tabulate the light scattering by an ensemble of homogeneous isotropic spheres at arbitrary wavelengths starting from 0.355 μ m . The improved look-up table covers spherical atmospheric aerosols with radii in the range of 0.001– 100 μ m , with real parts of the complex refractive index in the range of 1.29–1.65, and with imaginary parts of the complex refractive index in the range of 0–0.05. We test twelve wavelengths from 0.355 to 2.264 μ m and find that the elements of the normalized scattering matrix as well as the asymmetry parameter, the aerosol absorption, backscatter, extinction, and scattering coefficients are precise to within 1 % for 99.99 % of cases. The look-up table together with C++, Fortran, Matlab, and Python codes are freely available online.
Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate-Protein Interactions and Their Biological Functions in Human Diseases: Implications and Analytical Tools

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are linear anionic polysaccharides that are widely present on the cell surface and in the cell matrix and connective tissue. CS and DS chains are usually attached to core proteins and are present in the form of proteoglycans (PGs). They not only are important structural substances but also bind to a variety of cytokines, growth factors, cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes and fibrillary glycoproteins to execute series of important biological functions. CS and DS exhibit variable sulfation patterns and different sequence arrangements, and their molecular weights also vary within a large range, increasing the structural complexity and diversity of CS/DS. The structure-function relationship of CS/DS PGs directly and indirectly involves them in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that CS/DS serves as an important cofactor for many cell behaviors. Understanding the molecular basis of these interactions helps to elucidate the occurrence and development of various diseases and the development of new therapeutic approaches. The present article reviews the physiological and pathological processes in which CS and DS participate through their interactions with different proteins. Moreover, classic and emerging glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interaction analysis tools and their applications in CS/DS-protein characterization are also discussed.
Nitrogen Fertilisation Increases Specific Root Respiration in Ectomycorrhizal but Not in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants: A Meta-Analysis

Plants spend a high proportion of their photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) belowground to support mycorrhizal associations in return for nutrients, but this C expenditure may decrease with increased soil nutrient availability. In this study, we assessed how the effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on specific root respiration (SRR) varied among mycorrhizal type (Myco type). We conducted a multi-level meta-analysis across 1,600 observations from 32 publications. SRR increased in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants with more than 100 kg N ha−1 applied, did not change in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, but increased in plants with a dual mycorrhizal association in response to N fertilisation. Our results suggest that high N availability (>100 kg N ha−1) could disadvantage the growth of ECM plants because of increased C costs associated with maintaining higher root N concentrations, while the insensitivity in SRR by AM plants to N fertilisation may be because AM fungi are more important for phosphorus (P) uptake.