Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Play música alegre: A Large-Scale Empirical Analysis of Cross-Lingual Phenomena in Voice Assistant Interactions

Cross-lingual phenomena are quite common in informal contexts like social media, where users are likely to mix their native language with English or other languages. However, few studies have focused so far on analyzing cross-lingual interactions in voice-assistant data, which present peculiar features in terms of sentence length, named entities, and use of spoken language. Also, little attention has been posed to European countries, where English is frequently used as a second language. In this paper, we present a large-scale empirical analysis of cross-lingual phenomena (code-mixing, linguistic borrowing, foreign named entities) in the interactions with a large-scale voice assistant in European countries. To do this, we first introduce a general, highly-scalable technique to generate synthetic mixed training data annotated with token-level language labels and we train two neural network models to predict them. We evaluate the models both on the synthetic dataset and on a real dataset of code-switched utterances, showing that the best performance is obtained by a character convolution based model. The results of the analysis highlight different behaviors between countries, having Italy with the highest ratio of cross-lingual utterances and Spain with a marked preference in keeping Spanish words. Our research, paired to the increase of the cross-lingual phenomena in time, motivates further research in developing multilingual Natural Language Understanding (NLU) models, which can naturally deal with cross-lingual interactions.
Towards Cross-Domain Transferability of Text Generation Models for Legal Text

Legalese can often be filled with verbose domain-specific jargon which can make it challenging to understand and use for non-experts. Creating succinct summaries of legal documents often makes it easier for user comprehension. However, obtaining labeled data for every domain of legal text is challenging, which makes cross-domain transferability of text generation models for legal text, an important area of research. In this paper, we explore the ability of existing state-of-the-art T5 & BART-based summarization models to transfer across legal domains. We leverage publicly available datasets across four domains for this task, one of which is a new resource for summarizing privacy policies, that we curate and release for academic research. Our experiments demonstrate the low cross-domain transferability of these models, while also highlighting the benefits of combining different domains. Further, we compare the effectiveness of standard metrics for this task and illustrate the vast differences in their performance.
Accelerating Learned Sparse Indexes Via Term Impact Decomposition

Novel inverted index-based learned sparse ranking models provide more effective, but less efﬁcient, retrieval performance compared to traditional ranking models like BM25. In this paper, we introduce a technique we call postings clipping to improve the query efﬁciency of learned representations. Our technique ampliﬁes the beneﬁt of dynamic pruning query processing techniques by accounting for changes in term importance distributions of learned ranking models. The new clipping mechanism accelerates top- k retrieval by up to 9 . 6 × without any loss in effectiveness.
A Development and Application of the Finite Element Method for Predicting the Aggregate Behavior of a Large System based on Classical Microscopic Assumptions

In this paper, we first provide a detailed development of the Finite Element Method (FEM) from its abstract mathematical foundation to its application in continuum mechanics, namely solving Cauchy's First Law of Motion (CFLM). Throughout this process, we arc careful in proving all the necessary theorems and defining the appropriate physical quantities to ensure a standard of rigor and coherence lacking in the current literature concerning this topic. We then test the software tools we have developed using the theory in terms of accuracy and efficiency, and comment on our results.
Hierarchical structure learning for perceptual decision making in visual motion perception

Successful behavior in the real world critically depends on discovering the latent structure behind the volatile inputs reaching our sensory system. Our brains face the online task of discovering structure at multiple timescales ranging from short-lived correlations, to the structure underlying a scene, to life-time learning of causal relations. Little is known about the mental and neural computations driving the brain’s ability of online, multi-timescale structure inference. We studied these computations by the example of visual motion perception owing to the importance of structured motion for behavior. We propose online hierarchical Bayesian inference as a principled solution for how the brain might solve multi-timescale structure inference. We derive an online Expectation-Maximization algorithm that continually updates an estimate of a visual scene’s underlying structure while using this inferred structure to organize incoming noisy velocity observations into meaningful, stable percepts. We show that the algorithm explains human percepts qualitatively and quantitatively for a diverse set of stimuli, covering classical psychophysics experiments, ambiguous motion scenes, and illusory motion displays. It explains experimental results of human motion structure classification with higher fidelity than a previous ideal observer-based model, and provides normative explanations for the origin of biased perception in motion direction repulsion experiments. To identify a scene’s structure the algorithm recruits motion components from a set of frequently occurring features, such as global translation or grouping of stimuli. We demonstrate in computer simulations how these features can be learned online from experience. Finally, the algorithm affords a neural network implementation which shares properties with motion-sensitive cortical areas MT and MSTd and motivates a novel class of neuroscientific experiments to reveal the neural representations of latent structure.
On generalized iterated function systems defined on $\ell_\infty$-sum of a metric space

Miculescu and Mihail in 2008 introduced a concept of a generalized iterated function system (GIFS in short), a particular extension of classical IFS. Instead of families of selfmaps of a metric space $X$, they considered families of mappings defined on finite Cartesian product $X^m$. It turned out that a great part of the classical Hutchinson--Barnsley theory has natural counterpart in this GIFSs' case. Recently, Secelean extended these considerations to mappings defined on the space $\ell_\infty(X)$ of all bounded sequences of elements of $X$ and obtained versions of the Hutchinson--Barnsley theorem for appropriate families of such functions. In the paper we study some further aspects of Secelean's setting. In particular, we introduce and investigate a bit more restrictive framework and we show that some problems of the theory have more natural solutions within such a case. Finally, we present an example which shows that this extended theory of GIFSs gives us fractal sets that cannot be obtained by any IFSs or even by any GIFSs. %In a recent paper of the authors and Jachymski we itroduced fixed point theory for mappings defined on $\ell_\infty(X)$ product of a metric space $X$. In this note we use this approach to study a version of Hutchinson--Barnsley theory of fractals for function systems consisting of such mappings. In particular, we generalize the earlier concept of generalized generated function systems introduced by Mihail and Miculescu in 2008, in which mappings defined on finite Cartesian product are considered, and compare our approach with the one introduced recently by Secelean.
Unstable Loci in Flag Varieties and Variation of Quotients

We consider the action of a semisimple subgroup $\hat{G}$ of a semisimple complex group $G$ on the flag variety $X=G/B$ and the linearizations of this action by line bundles $\mathcal L$ on $X$. We give an explicit description of the associated unstable locus in dependence of $\mathcal L$, as well as a formula for its (co)dimension. We observe that the codimension is equal to 1 on the regular boundary of the $\hat{G}$-ample cone and grows towards the interior in steps by 1, in a way that the line bundles with unstable locus of codimension at least $q$ form a convex polyhedral cone. We also give a description and a recursive algorithm for determining all GIT-classes in the $\hat{G}$-ample cone of $X$. As an application, we give conditions ensuring the existence of GIT-classes $C$ with an unstable locus of codimension at least two and which moreover yield geometric GIT quotients. Such quotients $Y_C$ reflect global information on $\hat{G}$-invariants. They are always Mori dream spaces, and the Mori chambers of the pseudoeffective cone $\overline{\textrm{Eff}}(Y_C)$ correspond to the GIT chambers of the $\hat{G}$-ample cone of $X$. Moreover, all rational contractions $f: Y_{C} \ \scriptsize{-}\scriptsize{-}{\scriptsize{-}\kern-5pt\scriptsize{>}}\ Y^{\prime}$ to normal projective varieties $Y^{\prime}$ are induced by GIT from linearizations of the action of $\hat{G}$ on $X$. In particular, this is shown to hold for a diagonal embedding $\hat{G} \hookrightarrow (\hat{G})^k$, with sufficiently large $k$.
Curvature tensor under the Ricci flow

Consider the unnormalized Ricci flow (gjj)t = -2R ij for t ∈ [0, T), where T < oc. Richard Hamilton showed that if the curvature operator is uniformly bounded under the flow for all times t ∈ [0, T), then the solution can be extended beyond T. We prove that if the Ricci curvature is uniformly bounded under the flow for all times t ∈ [0, T), then the curvature tensor has to be uniformly bounded as well.
Three-photon Stokes-Mueller polarimetry

The generalized theory of Stokes-Mueller polarimetry is employed to develop the third-order optical polarimetry framework for third-harmonic generation (THG). The outgoing and incoming radiations are represented by 4-element and 16-element column vectors, respectively, and the intervening medium is represented by a $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}16$ triple Mueller matrix. Expressions for the THG Stokes vector and the Mueller matrix are provided in terms of coherency and correlation matrices and expanded by four-dimensional $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ matrices that are analogs of Pauli matrices. Useful expressions of triple Mueller matrices are presented for cylindrically symmetric and isotropic structures. In addition, the relation between third-order susceptibilities and the measured triple Mueller matrix is provided. This theoretical framework can be applied for structural investigations of crystalline materials, including biological structures.
Vector-valued Automorphic Forms and Vector Bundles

While vector-valued automorphic forms can be defined for an arbitrary Fuchsian group $\Gamma$ and an arbitrary representation $R$ of $\Gamma$ in GL$(n,{\mathbb C})$, their existence has been established in the literature only when restrictions are imposed on both $\Gamma$ and $R$. In this paper, we prove the existence of $n$ linearly independent vector-valued automorphic forms for any Fuchsian group $\Gamma$ and any $n$-dimensional complex representation $R$ of $\Gamma$. To this end, we realize these automorphic forms as global sections of a special rank $n$ vector bundle built using solutions to the Riemann-Hilbert problem over various noncompact Riemann surfaces and Kodaira's vanishing theorem.
Stability and Convergence of an Upwind Finite Difference Scheme for the Radiative Transport Equation

An explicit numerical scheme is proposed for solving the initial-boundary value problem for the radiative transport equation in a rectangular domain with completely absorbing boundary condition. An upwind finite difference approximation is applied to the differential terms of the equation, and the composite trapezoidal rule to the scattering integral. The main results are positivity, stability, and convergence of the scheme. It is also shown that the scheme can be regarded as an iterative method for finding numerical solutions to the stationary transport equation. Some numerical examples for the two-dimensional problems are given.
Positivity of direct images of fiberwise Ricci-flat metrics on Calabi-Yau fibrations

Let $X$ be a Kahler manifold which is fibered over a complex manifold $Y$ such that every fiber is a Calabi-Yau manifold. Let $\omega$ be a fixed Kahler form on $X$. By Yau's theorem, there exists a unique Ricci-flat Kahler form $\rho\vert_{X_y}$ for each fiber, which is cohomologous to $\omega\vert_{X_y}$. This family of Ricci-flat Kahler forms $\rho\vert_{X_y}$ induces a smooth $(1,1)$-form $\rho$ on $X$ with a normalization condition. In this paper, we prove that the direct image of $\rho^{n+1}$ is positive on the base $Y$. We also discuss several byproducts, among them the local triviality of families of Calabi-Yau manifolds.
Projective cases for the restriction of the oscillator representation to dual pairs of type I

We study here the restriction of the oscillator representation of the symplectic group $Sp(2p(m+n),\mathbb{R})$ to two different subgroups, namely $O(m,n)$ and $Sp(2p,\mathbb{R})$. We use the duality correspondence introduced by Howe to analyze these restrictions, and determine sufficient conditions on $m,n$ and $p$ so that the modules obtained are projective. The duality correspondence gives a description of the restriction in terms of lowest and highest modules, and we conclude by using gradings and filtrations to identify the modules.
Uniqueness of nonnegative weak solution to $u^p\le(-\Delta)^\frac{\alpha}{2}u$ on $\mathbb R^N$

This note shows that under $(p,\alpha, N)\in (1,\infty)\times(0,2)\times\mathbb Z_+$ the fractional order differential inequality $$ (\dagger)\quad u^p \le (-\Delta)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}} u\quad\hbox{in}\quad\mathbb R^{N} $$ has the property that if $N\le\alpha$ then a nonnegative solution to $(\dagger)$ is unique, and if $N>\alpha$ then the uniqueness of a nonnegative weak solution to $(\dagger)$ occurs when and only when $p\le N/(N-\alpha)$, thereby innovatively generalizing Gidas-Spruck's result for $u^p+\Delta u\le 0$ in $\R^N$ discovered in \cite{GS}.
Nichols algebras with many cubic relations

Nichols algebras of group type with many cubic relations are classified under a technical assumption on the structure of Hurwitz orbits of the third power of the underlying indecomposable rack. All such Nichols algebras are finite-dimensional and their Hilbert series have a factorization into quantum integers. Also, all known finite-dimensional elementary Nichols algebras of group type turn out to have many cubic relations. The technical assumption of our theorem can be removed if a conjecture in the theory of cellular automata can be proven.
Understanding entanglement sudden death through multipartite entanglement and quantum correlations

The effect of entanglement sudden death (ESD) can arise when entangling interactions convert purely bipartite entangled states into more generally entangled states. As a result, ESD can also be seen as a function of partitioning of the system, not just of time, as the system partitioning defines different (multipartite) entanglement classes. Computing both geometric entanglement hierarchies and the generalization of concurrence allows one to demonstrate that different methods of analysing quantum correlations provide both qualitative and quantitatively different descriptions of two commonly cited examples of ESD. These results follow directly from the inequivalence of entanglement and quantum correlations, the latter of which can exist in a state without the former.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Vocational Education and Employment over the Life Cycle

: Vocationally educated individuals often ﬁnd employment sooner after school than those with a general educational qualiﬁcation. A recent study has argued that the higher employment probability associated with a vocational qualiﬁcation reverses in later life. The main explanation is that although having (occupation-)speciﬁc skills is an advantage when entering the labor market, speciﬁc skills also make the vocationally educated less ﬂexible. This life cycle effect is hypothesized to be especially strong in countries where the vocational system provides highly occupation-speciﬁc skills. We test these two hypotheses on cross-national data from PIAAC 2012. Using logistic regressions with country ﬁxed effects, we ﬁnd that individuals with a vocational qualiﬁcation have a higher employment probability than those with a general qualiﬁcation at the start of their career, but this pattern reverses in later life. In contrast to earlier ﬁndings, we do not ﬁnd that this effect varies systematically across countries with different vocational educational systems.
Review Article Physiological Effect of Ghrelin on Body Systems

Ghrelin is a relatively novel multifaceted hormone that has been found to exert a plethora of physiological eﬀects. In this review, we found/conﬁrmed that ghrelin has eﬀect on all body systems. It induces appetite; promotes the use of carbohydrates as a source of fuel while sparing fat; inhibits lipid oxidation and promotes lipogenesis; stimulates the gastric acid secretion and motility; improves cardiac performance; decreases blood pressure; and protects the kidneys, heart, and brain. Ghrelin is important for learning, memory, cognition, reward, sleep, taste sensation, olfaction, and sniﬃng. It has sympatholytic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiﬁbrotic, and osteogenic eﬀects. Moreover, ghrelin makes the skeletal muscle more excitable and stimulates its regeneration following injury; delays puberty; promotes fetal lung development; decreases thyroid hormone and testosterone; stimulates release of growth hormone, prolactin, glucagon, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, vasopressin, and oxytocin; inhibits insulin release; and promotes wound healing. Ghrelin protects the body by diﬀerent mechanisms including inhibition of unwanted inﬂammation and induction of autophagy. Having a clear understanding of the ghrelin eﬀect in each system has therapeutic implications. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ghrelin actions as well as its application as a GHSR agonist to treat most common diseases in each system without any paradoxical outcomes on the other systems.
Investigating the impact of social comparison on attentional control strategy

If you were at the grocery store looking for your favorite type of cereal, how would you choose to search for it? Although we may utilize a strategy to find the box more efficiently, such as only looking for features unique to it, research has shown we are often suboptimal in the search strategies we choose. Crucially, optimality requires effort not everyone is motivated to expend. However, social comparisons, which compare one person to another, can motivate task improvement, though it is unclear if this can translate to strategy use during visual search tasks. As a result, we explored whether upward or downward social comparisons could increase optimal strategy use by modulating motivation to expend effort. In the present study, we employed the Adaptive Choice Visual Search (ACVS), one task designed to measure strategy choices during visual search (ACVS; Irons & Leber, 2016). We randomly assigned online participants to one of three possible conditions: an upward, lateral, or downward comparison condition. At the halfway point of the ACVS, we compared participant reaction times to a bogus peer average that framed participants as slightly slower, about the same, or slightly faster, respectively. Our results showed no significant difference in optimality between conditions. However, it is possible the ACVS, as well as our experienced online participants, were not best suited for these manipulations. Although we found no evidence that social comparisons influence strategy use, future work may explore in-person data collection, as well as other visual search tasks, to investigate if any interactions do exist.
Funding Black Innovators

In the last decade, we have learned that high-growth, innovative startups are important to the economy because of their documented contributions to employment and economic growth. External ﬁnance can be critical to these ﬁrms. When the economics and ﬁnance literature has considered the impact of ﬁnancing frictions on startup employment in the cross-section of entrepreneurs, it has typically focused on access to bank ﬁnancing. However, recent work shows that venture capital ﬁrms also play an important role. Although venture capital ﬁrms back less than 1% of all startups, venture-backed companies account for 41% of total US market capitalization and 62% of US public companies’ R&D spending. In this paper, we study access to venture capital for Black founders of innovation-driven startups. Earlier literature on this topic often uses survey data that combine high-growth innovation-driven startups with self-employed individuals and small and medium startups, many of which are not eligible for venture funding. Using data on startup founders who applied for at least one patent and raised at least some external funding, we ﬁnd that Black founders raise 84 percent less venture capital funding in the ﬁve years following their ﬁrst patent application, relative to non-Black founders. This is true even though Black founders’ patents are just as likely to be approved and just as likely to be cited (conditional on being approved). Observable characteristics (e.g., alma mater prestige, being a serial founder, fundraising from non-venture capital sources) of the Black and non-Black startups are similar, which would seem to imply a similar demand for capital and growth ambitions. To further rule out a demand channel for our ﬁndings, we exploit the founders’ implied race using their pictures as an instrument. Overall, the funding gap does not appear to be driven by a demand-side explanation. One factor alone seems to attenuate, and may even reverse, the funding gap: the presence of Black-owned venture capital investment ﬁrms. at the 10% level. We cluster standard errors by investor-startup pair.
Connectivity in Hypergraphs

Abstract In this paper we consider two natural notions of connectivity for hypergraphs: weak and strong. We prove that the strong vertex connectivity of a connected hypergraph is bounded by its weak edge connectivity, thereby extending a theorem of Whitney from graphs to hypergraphs. We find that, while determining a minimum weak vertex cut can be done in polynomial time and is equivalent to finding a minimum vertex cut in the 2-section of the hypergraph in question, determining a minimum strong vertex cut is NP-hard for general hypergraphs. Moreover, the problem of finding minimum strong vertex cuts remains NP-hard when restricted to hypergraphs with maximum edge size at most 3. We also discuss the relationship between strong vertex connectivity and the minimum transversal problem for hypergraphs, showing that there are classes of hypergraphs for which one of the problems is NP-hard, while the other can be solved in polynomial time.
On the smoothability of certain K\"ahler cones

Let $D$ be a Fano manifold that may be realised as $\mathbb{P}(\mathcal{E})$ for some rank $2$ holomorphic vector bundle $\mathcal{E}\longrightarrow Z$ over some Fano manifold $Z$. Let $k\in\mathbb{N}$ divide $c_{1}(D)$. We classify those K\"ahler cones of dimension $\leq4$ of the form $(\frac{1}{k}K_{D})^{\times}$ that are smoothable. As a consequence, we find that any irregular Calabi-Yau cone of dimension $\leq 4$ of this form does not admit a smoothing, leaving $K_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{(2)}}^{\times}$ as currently the only known example of a smoothable irregular Calabi-Yau cone in these dimensions.