Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pressure, temperature and cooling rates of granulite facies migmatitic pelites from the southern Adirondack Highlands, New York

Detailed petrographic analysis was performed on samples from five localities within the southern Adirondacks. Textures and zoning patterns in garnet from all samples provide evidence for dehydration melting of biotite. Zoning of grossular in garnet – providing a record of prograde growth – shows both increasing and decreasing trends in garnet from the same sample. However, Ca concentrations at the garnet rims of most samples are identical (grossular = 3.4%). These observations have been interpreted as evidence for the differential timing of garnet nucleation and growth. All Fe/(Fe + Mg) and some spessartine distributions are consistent between samples, displaying diffusive profiles established largely upon cooling. Only one sample, in which retrogression was minimal, contains garnet with flat Fe/(Fe + Mg) profiles. A general pelitic pseudosection constructed in the system MnNCKFMASH reveals a maximum for Ca in garnet where the plagioclase‐out isopleth intersects the solidus (muscovite = 0). The pseudosection predicts bell‐shaped core‐to‐rim profiles of grossular during anatexis, similar to those observed in the rocks. Garnet–biotite thermometry and GASP barometry indicate peak temperatures of at least 790 °C at about 7–9 kbar, similar to conditions determined for the central Adirondacks. Cooling rates determined from finite difference modelling of spessartine and Fe/(Fe + Mg) diffusional profiles indicate a multi‐stage cooling history in which some period of rapid cooling (>200 °C Myr−1) is required.
injuries and disorders among young ice skaters: relationship with generalized joint laxity and tightness

: This study retrospectively investigated 192 teenage speed and figure skaters with prior injuries documented by an athletes’ questionnaire, who underwent a physical examination to assess their muscle tightness and generalized joint laxity. In all athletes, the degree of muscle tightness and joint laxity were measured by a standardized physical examination. A descriptive report of the types of injuries showed a predominance of fractures, ligament injuries, enthesitis, and lower back pain. Approximately 5% of all skaters tested positive for tightness, while 25.8% of figure skaters and 15.2% of speed skaters had generalized ligamentous laxity. Statistical testing showed an association between ankle sprains and muscle tightness, and an association between knee enthesitis and muscle tightness in skating athletes. There was also an association between lower back pain and generalized joint laxity, which held true only for the male skaters.
Impact of Sanctions and Isolation Measurement with North Korea, Burma/Myanmar, Iran and Zimbabwe as Case Studies

The present study explores how the introduction of targeted sanctions has transformed the practice of international organisations, looking at the examples of North Korea, Burma/Myanmar, Iran and Zimbabwe. Although the ultimate effectiveness of the individual sanctions measures can hardly be ascertained, not least due to their co-existence with unilateral sanctions proactively enforced by the US, the analysis demonstrates that the character of sanctions measures, and the changing nature of the international system, has put the use of sanctions and isolation measures in different terms than was the case just a couple of decades ago. While it is beyond the scope of this study to reframe the scholarly and policy controversies on the use of sanctions, it is posited that such debate should shift from the “whether” sanctions should be used to the “how” sanctions should be employed, and that the quality of the public debate would benefit from enhanced public awareness of the EU’s policies in this regard. Finally, the study concludes that despite the absence of formal decision making powers over EU sanctions policies, the European Parliament can play a decisive role in their formulation building up on its proactive record in the scrutiny of EU foreign policy. It should enhance its contribution by requesting from the Council to report regularly on the design of sanctions, their use in negotiations with the target, their role in supporting reformists within the elites and the position of democratic forces, their conformity with human rights and their ultimate political efficacy. AFET FWC 2009 01 Lot 2 05 May/ 2011 PE 433.794 EN DG EXPO Policy Department This study was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Rock Damage Structure of the South Longmen‐Shan Fault in the 2008 M8 Wenchuan Earthquake Viewed with Fault‐Zone Trapped Waves and Scientific Drilling

This article is to review results from scientific drilling and fault‐zone trapped waves (FZTWs) at the south Longman‐Shan fault (LSF) zone that ruptured in the 2008 May 12 M8 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China. Immediately after the mainshock, two Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling (WFSD) boreholes were drilled at WFSD‐1 and WFSD‐2 sites approximately 400 m and 1 km west of the surface rupture along the Yinxiu‐Beichuan fault (YBF), the middle fault strand of the south LSF zone. Two boreholes met the principal slip of Wenchuan earthquake along the YBF at depths of 589‐m and 1230‐m, respectively. The slip is accompanied with a 100–200‐m‐wide zone consisting of fault gouge, breccia, cataclasite and fractures. Close to WFSD‐1 site, the nearly‐vertical slip of ∼4.3t‐m with a 190‐m wide zone of highly fractured rocks restricted to the hanging wall of the YBF was found at the ground surface after the Wenchuan earthquake. A dense linear seismic array was deployed across the surface rupture at this venue to record FZTWs generated by aftershocks. Observations and 3‐D finite‐difference simulations of FZTWs recorded at this cross‐fault array and network stations close to the YBF show a distinct low‐velocity zone composed by severely damaged rocks along the south LSF at seismogenic depths. The zone is several hundred meters wide along the principal slip, within which seismic velocities are reduced by ∼30–55% from wall‐rock velocities and with the maximum velocity reduction in the ∼200‐m‐wide rupture core zone at shallow depth. The FZTW‐inferred geometry and physical properties of the south LSF rupture zone at shallow depth are in general consistent with the results from petrological and structural analyses of cores and well log at WFSD boreholes. We interpret this remarkable low‐velocity zone as being a break‐down zone during dynamic rupture in the 2008 M8 earthquake. We examined the FZTWS generated by similar earthquakes before and after the 2008 mainshock and observed that seismic velocities within fault core zone was reduced by ∼10% due to severe damage of fault rocks during the M8 mainshock Scientific drilling and locations of aftershocks generating prominent FZTWs also indicate rupture bifurcation along the YBF and the Anxian‐Guangxian fault (AGF), two strands of the south LSF at shallow depth. A combination of seismic, petrologic and geologic study at the south LSF leads to further understand the relationship between the fault‐zone structure and rupture dynamics, and the amplification of ground shaking strength along the low‐velocity fault zone due to its waveguide effect.
SKARN DE COBRE EN LA MINA RÍO FRÍO, PAYANDÉ-TOLIMA: ASPECTOS MINERALÓGICOS, METALOGRÁFICOS Y MICROTERMOMÉTRICOS

The Cu skarn-type mineralization in the Rio Frio mine seems to be related to Jurassic-Cretaceous rocks (Stock of Payande) that intrude Triassic limestones belonging to Payande Formation. Ore-body mapping, shows several zones, whose boundaries are gradual and the garnet color is controlled by the distance up to intrusive contact: the first zone corresponds to a fresh tonalite-cuarzodiorite, the second one corresponds to the endoskarn, the third one corresponds to the exoskarn: a prograde stage, characterized by garnet and pyroxene in lesser extent, and a retrograde stage, with the mineralization (iron oxides, iron and copper sulfides), actinolite-tremolite, euhedral quartz and calcite. Finally the marble zone with wollastonite and garnet. The most important textural relationships, between ore minerals are the martitization textures, exsolution textures, pseudo-eutectic textures and selective replacement textures. Fluid inclusions data from prograde garnet indicate a fluid with salinities of 25.76-26.12% NaCl and homogenization temperatures (Th) >580°C. Primary fluid inclusions in quartz, from the retrograde stage, indicate a fluid with salinities between 14.15-16.52% NaCl and homogenization temperatures between 270°-320°C. This is consistent with the presence of cubanite exsolved in chalcopyrite (geothermometer), indicating, according to Ramdorh (1980), temperatures between 250°-300°C. The minimal theoretical pressure is 211-230 bars, which correspond to minimal depths 800-1100m and minimal temperatures of formation of 300°-330°C for the retrograde skarn
Hydrological and erosional response to natural rainfall in a semi‐arid area of south‐east Spain

A better knowledge of soil erosion by water is essential for planning effective soil and water conservation practices in semi‐arid Mediterranean environments. The special climatic and hydrological characteristics of these areas, however, make accurate soil loss predictions difficult, particularly in the absence of minimal data. Two zero‐order experimental microcatchments (328–759 m2), representative of an extensive semi‐arid watershed with a high potential erosion risk in the south‐east of Spain, were selected and monitored for 3 years (1991–93) in order to provide information on the hydrological and erosional response. A pluviogram and hydrograph recorded data at 1‐min intervals during each storm, after which the soil loss was collected and the particle size of the sediment was analysed. Runoff coefficients of about 9% and soil losses of between 84·83 and 298·9 g m−2 year−1 were observed in the area. Rapid response times (geometric mean values lower than 2 h) and low runoff thresholds (mean values between 3·5 to 5·9 mm) were the norm in the experimental areas. A rain intensity of over 15 mm h−1 was considered as ‘erosive rainfall’ in these areas because of the total soil loss and the transport capacity of the overland flow. Differences in pore‐size distribution explained the different hydrological responses observed between areas. The erosional response was more complex and basically seemed to be determined by soil aggregate stability and topographical properties. A greater proportion of finer particles in the eroded material than in the soil matrix indicated selective erosion and the transport of finer material. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of evapotranspiration models applied to a watershed of Canadian Prairies with mixed land‐uses

Using meteorological data collected in the summer of 1996 and 1997, three evapotranspiration (ET) models, the Penman–Monteith (PM), the modified Penman for non-saturated surface, and the two-source models were applied to estimate hourly ET from different land-use covers of the Paddle River Basin (area = 265 km2). By assuming closed canopy conditions, the PM model could estimate the ET of coniferous forest and agricultural land because the contribution of soil evaporation under these land covers is not significant. For mixed forest and pasturelands that are partially vegetated, however, the amount of soil evaporation is significant and so PM underestimated the total ET. The modified Penman model mainly underestimated hourly ET during daytime when the atmosphere is unstable, but overestimated ET during early morning and late afternoon (stable atmosphere), particularly for pastureland. By re-establishing a relationship for the relative evaporation, the ET simulated by the modified Penman model improved. Both PM and the modified Penman are assessed with respect to the comprehensive, two-source model's simulated ET because the latter agrees favourably with the ET obtained from the basin water balance. The water balance ET is reliable because it is based on the streamflow, surface temperature, net radiation and soil moisture simulated by the semi-distributed hydrological model, Semi-distributed Physically based Hydrologic Model–Remote Sensing, DPHM-RS (host to the two-source model), all of which have been demonstrated to agree well with the observed data. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Komplikationen bei Trägern kardialer implantierbarer elektronischer Devices

Die Zahl der Patienten mit kardialen implantierbaren elektronischen Geräten nimmt kontinuierlich zu. Da es sich häufig um ältere und/oder multimorbide Personen handelt, haben Notfallmediziner regelmäßig Kontakt zu diesen Patienten. Der Umgang mit diesen Devices und den assoziierten Komplikationen ist komplex. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, einen Überblick über die aktuell verfügbare Geräte, die klinische Präsentation und mögliche Behandlungsstrategien darzustellen.
Current trends in the use of models for source apportionment of air pollutants in Europe

Forum for Air Quality Modelling in Europe (FAIRMODE) sub-group 2 (SG2) on the ‘Contribution of natural sources and source apportionment’ has been formed in response to the need for a harmonised European approach in the use of models for source apportionment, addressing the requirements of the current Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EU. Within SG2, a review was performed on source apportionment modelling methods used by member states for the preparation of their extension reports regarding compliance with PM 10 limit values. This review was extended to identify the modelling source apportionment methodologies used by member states for various pollutants. The extended study was performed by directly addressing a questionnaire to the national representatives of 38 countries of the European region and to 50 national experts. The responses revealed the widespread use of both receptor and dispersion models but also demonstrated a number of issues related to the validation of the source apportionment methodology applied.
Predicting the Changes of Yearly Productive Area Distribution for Pinus densiflora in Korea Based on Climate Change Scenarios

Division of Forest Ecology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul 130-712, Koera(Received February 26, 2014; Revised March 26, 2014; Accepted March 28, 2014)ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to predict the changes of yearly productive area distribution for pinusdensiflora under climate change scenario. For this, site index equations by ecoprovinces were firstdeveloped using environmental factors. Using the large data set from both a digital forest site mapand a climatic map, a total of 48 environmental factors including 19 climatic variables were regressedon site index to develop site index equations. Two climate change scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5,were then applied to the developed site index equations and the distribution of productive areas forpinus densiflora were predicted from 2020 to 2100 years in 10-year intervals. The results from thisstudy show that the distribution of productive areas for pinus densiflora generally decreases as timepasses. It was also found that the productive area distribution of Pinus densiflora is different over timeunder two climate change scenarios. The RCP 8.5 which is more extreme climate change scenarioshowed much more decreased distribution of productive areas than the RCP 4.5. It is expected thatthe study results on the amount and distribution of productive areas over time for pinus densifloraunder climate change scenarios could provide valuable information necessary for the policies ofsuitable species on a site.Key words : Climatic change scenario, Digital site map, Climatic map, Site index equation, Productive area
Factors influencing surface runoff generation in a Mediterranean semi-arid environment: Chicamo watershed, SE Spain

A deeper knowledge of the hydrological response of semi-arid Mediterranean watersheds would be useful in the prediction of runoff production for assessing flood risks and planning flood mitigation works. This study was conducted to identify the runoff generation mechanisms and their controlling factors at the hillslope scale in a Mediterranean semi-arid watershed. Four zero-order microcatchments were selected to measure rainfall and runoff for a three-year period. Two groups of soil were differentiated with respect to the hydrological response. The fine textured, poorly permeable soils of low organic carbon content had a greater runoff coefficient (9%) and lower runoff threshold (3·6 mm) than more permeable, coarser textured soils of medium organic carbon content ( 5 mm h−1); and (ii) a saturation-excess overland flow in the less degraded areas with a high organic carbon content (>2%), high infiltrability (>8 mm h−1) and covered by a dense plant cover (>50%). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect Of Air Pollution On Concentrations Of Lead, Cadmium And Chromium In Ready To Eat Foods In Some Major Towns Of South-Western Nigeria

The concentrations of heavy metals in Ready-to-Eat foods offered for sale in some major towns of South-West Nigeria were assessed. Ready-to-Eat food samples were collected in triplicate from various vendors’ locations with varying degree of air pollution measured by traffic flow. The samples were dried, milled, digested to ash and analysed for cadmium, lead, and chromium using Graphite-furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results showed that Lead concentration in Ready-to-Eat food ranged between 3.8 and 23.6mg/100g of sample. Fried ready to eat foods were also found to contain higher Lead (6.9-23.6mg/100g of sample) and Cadmium concentrations (2.7-28.3/100g of sample) than non-fried ones. Deposition of Cadmium was noticeable in samples obtained from industrial locations. Chromium concentrations in all the locations (2.1-38.5mg/100g of sample) tend to approach acute toxicity values. The findings point to deposition of heavy metals on ready to eat foods at levels that could be hazardous on a long-term basis. Keywords : Air Pollution, Concentration, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, South-West Nigeria.
The role of child diets in the association between pre-pregnancy diets and childhood behavioural problems: a mediation analysis

Abstract Objective: To quantify the mediating role of childhood diets in the relationship between maternal diets prior to pregnancy and childhood behavioural disorders. Design: The Healthy Eating Index score was constructed using a semi-quantitative and validated 101-item FFQ. We assessed childhood behavioural disorders using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Three dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis to explore childhood dietary patterns (high fats and sugar; prudent diets; and diary). A causal inference framework for mediation analysis was used to quantify the mediating role of childhood diets in the association between pre-pregnancy diets and the risk of offspring behavioural problems. Setting: This is a national representative population-based survey which covers all Australian citizens and permanent residents in Australia. Participants: We included 1448 mother–child pairs from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health and its sub-study mothers and their children’s health. Results: We found a 20 % of the total effect of the poor adherence to pre-pregnancy diet quality on the risk of offspring behavioural problems was mediated through childhood high consumptions of fats and sugar. No clear mediating effect through prudent and diary childhood diets was observed. Conclusion: This study suggests that childhood high fats and sugar consumption may contribute to the total effects of the pre-pregnancy diets on the risk of childhood behavioural problems.
Halogen Occultation Experiment confirmation of stratospheric chlorine decreases in accordance with the Montreal protocol

Near-global time series of Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) derived total Cl, F, and the Cl/F ratio were evaluated and compared with data from two ground-based CFC measurement programs and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) best-case scenarios for CFC emissions. The HALOE Cl profiles confirm that the chlorine burden near the stratopause is decreasing and this decrease is driven by tropospheric decreases of methyl chloroform. The HALOE F profiles show that the fluorine burden near the stratopause is primarily influenced by CFC-12. The Cl/F ratio, which is insensitive to transport effects at 55 km, shows that the atmosphere near the stratopause is becoming more fluorinated since the inception of the HALOE mission and less chlorinated since the start of 1997. The temporal changes in the derived Cl, F, and Cl/F ratio at 55 km are in accord with UNEP projections and in situ observations. These combined results demonstrate that the Montreal Protocol and subsequent strengthening amendments are currently having the desired effect of reducing stratospheric chlorine.
Near-Annual Fish Kills in Small Embayments: Casual vs. Causal Factors

Abstract Fish kills are reported throughout the nation and a great deal of research is conducted in an attempt to determine the cause of these mortality events. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations, eutrophication, and/or harmful algal blooms are most commonly cited as causative factors. Lake Madeline and Offatt's Bayou on Texas' upper coast have low mixing environments due to their relatively small areal size, deep basins, small tidal inlets, and restricted exchange with the nearby Galveston Bay estuary complex. These physical attributes, along with near annual fish kills, make them an ideal study area for understanding the causes and effects of hypoxia and phytoplankton blooms on fish kills. We measured physical, chemical, and biological parameters twice weekly over the course of two summers. Fortuitously, a fish kill occurred in the summer of 2005 but not in 2006, which allowed us to narrow down the likely contributing factors that led to the kill, consisting of >10,000 Brevoortia partonus (Gulf menhaden). Large amounts of detritus from a cyanobacterial bloom, in conjunction with the strong stratification and hypoxic bottom waters, led to the fish mortality event in 2005. While the system was also stratified during the summer of 2006, chlorophyll and phaeophytin concentrations were 15-fold lower and no fish kill was observed. The combination of factors that led to the observed fish kill demonstrates the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to investigating the causes of ecological disturbances.
Spinat und Ecdysteroide

Spätestens mit der Comic-Figur Popeye gilt Spinat als kraftbringend und leistungssteigernd. An seiner anabolen Wirkung scheint tatsächlich etwas dran zu sein. Im Fokus der Wissenschaft stehen die im Spinat enthaltenen Ecdysteroide. Der Beitrag fasst die aktuellen Erkenntnisse zusammen.
Evidence of Holocene uplift in east New Britain, Papua New Guinea

We present the first published evidence of uplift along the eastern coast of New Britain, Papua New Guinea based upon 230Th dating of uplifted Holocene coral reefs. Although uplift rates of the nearby Huon Peninsula are well constrained (∼2–3 m/ka), little is known about vertical motion along the eastern margin of New Britain. Based upon relative sea‐level curves for Papua New Guinea, present sample elevations, and estimates of paleowater depth of four in‐situ Holocene corals we calculate an average uplift rate of 1.6 ± 0.4 m/ka for the southeast coast of New Britain. We suggest underplating of subducted sediment as a possible mechanism for uplift of the reefs.