Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The formation of ice‐marginal embankments into ice‐dammed lakes in the eastern Puget Lowland, Washington, U.S.A., during the late Pleistocene

Large embankments, typically several kilometers in lateral extent and many tens of meters high, choke the mouths of each alpine valley of the central Cascade Range, Washington State, U.S.A. , at or near their junctions with the Puget Lowland. They comprise till and bedded gravel, sand, and silt, aggraded into ice-dammed lakes. The embankments lie within the late-Pleistocene Cordilleran ice-sheet limit and so do not mark the location of the ice-maximum terminus. Reconstruction of the subglacial hydraulic potential field indicates that these ice-dammed lakes would have drained subglacially via spillways located near the junction of each alpine valley and the Lowland. Physical processes tended to stabilize the grounding line for each ice tongue close to its respective spillway location. Because sedimentation rates are highest adjacent to the grounding line, subaqueous sedimentation formed a growing embankment there. In some valleys, subsequent subaerial lake drainage or decay of the active-ice dam resulted in late-stage deposition of deltas or valley trains. This analysis of ice-water behavior is based on physical principles that should be generally applicable to any environment where glaciers terminate against ice-dammed bodies of water.
Seismic monitoring at the Geysers Geothermal Field

This report summarizes the efforts of LBL to utilize MEQ data in reservoir definition as well as in evaluating its performance. Results of the study indicate that the velocity and attenuation variations correlate with the known geology of the field. At the NW Geysers, high velocity anomalies correspond to metagraywacke and greenstone units while low velocity anomalies seem to be associated with Franciscan melanges. Low Vp/Vs and high attenuation delineate the steam reservoir suggesting undersaturation of the reservoir rocks. Ongoing monitoring of Vp/Vs may be useful in tracking the expansion of the steam zone with time. Spatial and temporal patterns of seismicity exhibit compelling correlation with geothermal exploitation. Clusters of MEQs occur beneath active injection wells and appear to shift with changing injection activities. High resolution MEQ locations hold promise for inferring fluid flow paths, especially in tracking injectate. This study has demonstrated that continuous seismic monitoring may be useful as an active reservoir management tool.
Effect of intercropping and organic soil amendments on native VA mycorrhizal fungi in an oxisol

Abstract The effect of monocropping and intercropping of soybean and maize together with rice straw, maize straw, and pongamia leaf soil amendments on native vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi was studied. Intercropping stimulated proliferation of VA mycorrhizal fungi compared to monocropping with maize or soybean. In the soil cultivated with soybean there were more mycorrhizal propagules as compared to maize. Addition of organic amendments to soil increased the proliferation of VA mycorrhizal fungi. Of the three organic amendments studied, addition of pongamia leaf showed the highest increase of native mycorrhizal presence, followed by maize straw. Addition of rice straw to soil had the least stimulatory effect. Increase in the number of VA mycorrhizal propagules in soil was correlated with improved plant P uptake.
Jurassic and Cretaceous floras and climates of the Earth

Preface to Russian edition Preface to English edition English editor's preface Location map 1. Introduction 2. Jurassic floras 3. Early Cretaceous floras 4. Late Cretaceous floras 5. Phytogeography, palaeoclimates and position of continents in the Mesozoic Postscript References Systematic index Geographic index.
Mapping Pre‐Fire Forest Conditions with NOAA‐AVHRR Images in Northern Boreal Forests

Abstract In Canada, fire danger maps, predicted by the Canadian Fire Weather Index system, produced from weather station records, are limited spatially. Thus, remote sensing as a potential fire danger mapping tool was investigated. NOAA‐AVHRR images were used to map pre‐fire conditions over Canadian northern boreal forests. Daily mean surface and air temperature, normalized difference vegetation index and fire weather index values were analysed for burned and unburned areas. Prior to fire ignitions, it was hypothesized that mean surface temperature will: (i) increase with approaching ignition dates; (ii) be greater in burned than unburned areas; and (iii) be positively related to the fire weather index. Despite cloud contaminated images, a positive trend in mean burned area surface temperature was observed as ignition dates approached. This was not the case for mean air temperature. Similar trends were observed over unburned areas. A good relationship was found between surface temperature and the fire weather index, explained partly because both variables are related to air temperature.
Communication Power Optimization for Network-on-Chip Architectures

Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture is emerging as a practical interconnection architecture for future systems-on-chip products. In this paper, an energy-efficient static algorithm which optimizes the energy consumption of task communications in NoCs with voltage scalable links is proposed. In order to find optimal link speeds, the proposed algorithm (based on a genetic formulation) globally explores the design space of NoC-based systems, including network topology, task assignment, tile mapping, routing path allocation, task scheduling, and link speed assignment. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed design technique can reduce energy consumption by an average of 28% over existing techniques.
Earthquake Early Warning Starts Nationwide in Japan

When an earthquake occurs, a certain amount of time elapses before destructive seismic energy hits nearby population centers. Though this time is measured on the order of seconds, depending on the proximity of the rupture to a given city or town, a new public safety program in Japan is taking advantage of the fact that seismic energy travels slower than electronic communication. In this program, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) rapidly determines the hypocenter (earthquake epicenter and focal depth) and magnitude of the earthquake by using real-time data from stations near the hypocenter. The distribution of strong ground shaking is anticipated quickly, and then the information is delivered immediately to government officials, representatives from various industries, members of the news media, and individuals before strong ground shaking reaches them. For example, on receiving the warning, the control room of a railway company can send an emergency notice to all train drivers to stop their trains immediately, elevators in buildings can be triggered to stop at the nearest floor and open their doors automatically, and surgeons can temporarily suspend their surgical operations to avoid risk to patients on operating tables.
Character and Genesis of the Ingersoll Shale, A Compact Continental Fossil-Lagerstätte, Upper Cretaceous Eutaw Formation, Eastern Alabama

Abstract The Ingersoll shale, a thin (<1 m) clay-dominated lens within the Upper Cretaceous Eutaw Formation in eastern Alabama, contains a well-preserved, primarily continental biota that includes a diverse, carbonized, and variably pyritized flora, abundant amber with fossil inclusions, and common feathers. Geometry of the Ingersoll shale lens and its position between high-energy tidal deposits below and estuarine central bay deposits above indicate deposition in a shallow, narrow channel in the lower reaches of a bayhead delta in response to estuarine transgression. Tidal rhythmites and textural trends indicate that the channel filled very rapidly (55–80 cm per yr), under progressively waning energy regimes. Ichnofabrics, high organic carbon contents, and abundant pyrite indicate highly fluid and reducing sediments. Marine palynomorphs, sulfide contents, and δ34S values of pyrite sulfur indicate normal to near-normal marine salinities. Environmental factors and sedimentary processes contributing to preservation of the Ingersoll shale biota include (1) rapid deposition and burial (obrution); (2) reducing pore waters (stagnation), which limited bioturbation and scavenging, promoted pyritization of some fossils (diagenetic mineralization), and facilitated bacterial replacement of others (i.e., feathers); and (3) concentration of allochthonous or para-autochthonous amber clasts (preservation traps) by tidal currents. Lessons from the Ingersoll shale may help prospect for similar, isolated yet fossil-rich marginal marine deposits.
Realising farmers' rights to crop genetic resources : success stories and best practices

Part 1: Introduction 1. Crop Genetic Diversity and Farmers' Rights Regine Andersen 2. What Constitutes a Success Story in the Context of Farmers' Rights? Regine Andersen and Tone Winge Part 2: Success Stories from the Realization of Farmers' Rights to Save, Use, Exchange and Sell Farm-saved Seed 3. Norway's Path to Ensuring Farmers' Rights in the European Context Regine Andersen 4. Conservation of Local Varieties in the Basque Country in Spite of Legal Restrictions Tone Winge and Helen Groome 5. Combining Farmers' Rights and Plant Variety Protection in the Indian Law Tone Winge, Regine Andersen and Anitha Ramanna-Pathak Part 3: Success Stories from the Protection of Traditional Knowledge 6 Cataloguing Potato Varieties and Traditional Knowledge from the Andean Highlands of Huancavelica, Peru Maria Scurrah, Stef de Haan and Tone Winge 7. A Community Registry in the Philippines Regine Andersen, Teresita H. Borromeo and Nestor C. Altoveros Part 4: Success Stories from the Realization of Farmers' Rights to Participate in Benefit Sharing 8. Participatory Barley Breeding in Syria Salvatore Ceccarelli, Stefania Grando and Tone Winge 9. Benefiting from Diversity in Nepal Tone Winge, Regine Andersen and Pratap Shrestha 10. Community Seed Fairs in Zimbabwe Robert Chakanda, Andrew Mushita and Tone Winge 11. Farmer Innovation in Tigray, Ethiopia Fetien Abay, Asmund Bjornstad and Tone Winge 12. Capacity Building and Farmer Empowerment in Mali Mamadou Goita, Modibo Goita, Mohamed Coulibaly and Tone Winge 13. The Hiroshima Agricultural Gene Bank: Re-introducing Local Varieties, Maintaining Traditional Knowledge Yoshiaki Nishikawa and Tone Winge Part 5: Success Stories from Farmers' Participation in Decision-making 14. Advocacy for Farmers' Rights in Nepal Tone Winge, Kamalesh Adhikari and Regine Andersen Part 6: Ways Forward 15. Future Prospects for the Realization of Farmers' Rights Regine Andersen and Tone Winge Index
Automatic moving target detecting by a novel video segmentation algorithm

This paper proposes a novel algorithm for automatically and quickly extracting the external edge of the moving object. The algorithm uses both spatial and temporal information, which is abundant in image sequences and has not usually been efficiently used in conventional algorithm. Especially most attention of this algorithm is paid for the moving object external-edges. This orientation is designed to deal with the overlap of moving objects in successive frames. After the temporal segmentation the external edge of moving object is detected. Differing from current algorithms the fusing way of the temporal and spatial information has been progressed. Here the algorithm only uses spatial information of the temporal external edge to refine the edge points for getting the accurate boundary. This method will greatly decrease the compute and achieve the fast process in the real-time system. Though the simulation, this algorithm can get perfect result.
Impact of storage conditions and storage time on silver nanoparticles' physicochemical properties and implications for their biological effects

It is increasingly recognized that nanoparticles (NPs) can ‘ age ’ while stored, and that the impact of this may lead to divergent results in terms of the observed toxicity of nominally the same NPs. The main goal of this study was to investigate whether (and to what extent) changes in silver (Ag) NPs' properties occur over time and whether storage of the dispersions under di ﬀ erent conditions impacts their stability and ageing mechanism, as a function of the NPs' surface capping/charge. We found that both storage time/ conditions and surface chemistry of AgNPs in ﬂ uenced the evolution of the NP properties over time, and that the resulting changes in the NPs' physicochemical properties in ﬂ uenced their toxicity. Observed changes in Ag NPs' toxicity were related to di ﬀ erent processes such as NP agglomeration, dissolution, oxidation, capping agent degradation as well attachment of Ag + ions to container walls. Thus, NP ‘ aging ’ e ﬀ ects as described here can be a signi ﬁ cant contributor to the contradictory toxicity results observed in the literature for identical NPs, and NP ageing should thus be assessed in parallel with toxicity assessment as best practice.
Cretaceous geomagnetic paleointensities: Thellier experiments on Pillow lavas and Submarine basaltic glass from the Ontong Java Plateau

We present new Thellier paleointensity results on pillow lavas and pillow‐rim submarine basaltic glass (SBG) from 120 Ma basalts erupted on the Ontong Java Plateau. All pillow lavas have suffered low‐temperature alteration and are unsuitable for Thellier paleointensity experiments. In contrast, pillow‐rim SBG is virtually impermeable to seawater and therefore has suffered little or no low‐temperature alteration. Out of 21 selected SBG samples with magnetic moment larger than 10−10 Am2, 18 samples (from 12 chilled SBG margins) yielded paleointensity estimates of good technical quality. Rock magnetic measurements show the primary carrier of remanence is low‐Ti titanomagnetite occurring in a continuous range of compositions starting from nearly pure magnetite. As suggested by a recent study, magnetic hysteresis parameters were monitored during the entire paleointensity experiment and a drastic change of parameters was observed above 400–440°C, which is in accordance with the partial thermoremanent magnetization checks failing significantly above the same temperature. We suggest that paleointensity estimates obtained below this critical temperature represent true determination of the paleomagnetic field strength. For several pillow margins two to three samples were measured, and in such cases the data agree well. Altogether we obtain reliable estimates from 12 SBG pillow‐rims, yielding a mean paleointensity of 27.1 ± 13.4 μT and a corresponding virtual axial dipole moment of 5.8 ± 2.8 · 1022 Am2. This value is slightly higher than whole rock data from similar aged subaerial lava flows. The paleosecular variation of the intensity estimates is slightly larger than previously reported for paleointensity determinations for the Cretaceous Normal Superchron.
Physical properties of carbonatite magmas inferred from molten salt data, and application to extraction patterns from carbonatite–silicate magma chambers

Abstract Little is known about the physical properties of carbonatite magmas, making it difficult to predict dynamic behaviour in carbonatite-bearing magmatic systems. The viscosity of calcium-rich carbonatite magma is approximately estimated from molten salt data to be 0.1 Pa s at 700–800°C, while density is estimated at 2.3−2.5 × 103 kg m−3. The corresponding values for natrocarbonatite are 0.01 Pa s and 2.0−2.1 × 103 kg m−3. It is thus possible for carbonatite to be negatively buoyant with respect to some silicate magmas. The surface tension in air of carbonatite magmas is estimated at 0.25 and 0.21 N m−1 for Ca-carbonatite and natrocarbonatite respectively. Knowledge of the interfacial tension between carbonatite and silicate liquids is critical before the formation and behaviour of silicate–carbonatite emulsions can be properly understood. Interfacial tension is constrained to < 0.09 N m−1 by the application of multiphase drop theory to experimentally-produced textures, and this value receives some support from geological observations. The mechanics of extraction from layered carbonatite-silicate magma chambers are briefly examined using the recommended density and viscosity values and the equations of Blake & Ivey (1986); the degree of eruptive mingling is dependent on which liquid was uppermost in the chamber.
Decoding the Low Inflation Conundrum with Online and Offline Price Data∗

The behavior of Thai inflation as of late has been puzzling, particularly due to the persistent declines in the level of the aggregate inflation rate. We exploit the richness of cross-sectional online and offline price data at the disaggregated level to disentangle and understand the key sources of generalized price movements. We find that the drivers of overall price fluctuations in Thailand has undergone two major changes. Prior to the year 2000, fluctuations in inflation were largely driven by permanent shocks due to the lack of a well-defined inflation target. Since then, permanent shocks played a small role in explaining overall inflation rate fluctuations. Instead, persistent declines in inflation during the post 2010 period can be largely attributed to the changing nature of transitory shocks from the raw food sector. Furthermore, while disaggregate prices can be largely explained by idiosyncratic price movements, we find that aggregate shocks explain as much as 70% of overall inflation rate fluctuations, of which the majority can be characterized as relative price changes. Finally, to investigate how aggregate inflation dynamics may evolve in the future, we analyze the nature of price-setting for a subset of online goods. We find that while online prices change more frequently than offline prices, they nevertheless exhibit considerable cross-sectional dispersion and low degrees of price synchronization. However, with enhanced competition from a growing e-commerce sector, prices may become more flexible and less dispersed. Our findings help address key challenges that policymakers face in today’s low inflation era and also brings with it a deeper understanding of Thai inflation dynamics more generally.
An intercomparison of available soil moisture estimates from thermal infrared and passive microwave remote sensing and land surface modeling

[1] Remotely sensed soil moisture studies have mainly focused on retrievals using active and passive microwave (MW) sensors, which provide measurements that are directly related to soil moisture (SM). MW sensors have obvious advantages such as the ability to retrieve through nonprecipitating cloud cover which provides shorter repeat cycles. However, MW sensors offer coarse spatial resolution and suffer from reduced retrieval skill over moderate to dense vegetation. A unique avenue for filling these information gaps is to exploit the retrieval of SM from thermal infrared (TIR) observations, which can provide SM information under vegetation cover and at significantly higher resolutions than MW. Previously, an intercomparison of TIR-based and MW-based SM has not been investigated in the literature. Here a series of analyses are proposed to study relationships between SM products during a multiyear period (2003–2008) from a passive MW retrieval (AMSR-E), a TIR based model (ALEXI), and a land surface model (Noah) over the continental United States. The three analyses used in this study include (1) a spatial anomaly correlation analysis, (2) a temporal correlation analysis, and (3) a triple collocation error estimation technique. In general, the intercomparison shows that the TIR and MW methods provide complementary information about the current SM state. TIR can provide SM information over moderate to dense vegetation, a large information gap in current MW methods, while serving as an additional independent source of SM information over low to moderate vegetation. The complementary nature of SM information from MW and TIR sensors implies a potential for integration within an advanced SM data assimilation system.
Macroscale surface roughness and frictional resistance in overland flow

The hydraulics of overland flow on rough granular surfaces can be modelled and evaluated using the inundation ratio rather than the flow Reynolds number, as the primary dimensionless group determining the flow behaviour. The inundation ratio describes the average degree of submergence of the surface roughness and is used to distinguish three flow regimes representing partially inundated, marginally inundated and well-inundated surfaces. A heuristic physical model for the flow hydraulics in each regime demonstrates that the three states of flow are characterized by very different functional dependencies of frictional resistance on the scaled depth of flow. At partial inundation, flow resistance is associated with the drag force derived from individual roughness and therefore increases with depth and percentage cover. At marginal inundation, the size of the roughness elements relative to the depth of flow controls the degree of vertical mixing in the flow so that frictional resistance tends to decrease very rapidly with increasing depth of flow. Well-inundated flows are described using rough turbulent flow hydraulics previously developed for open channel flows. These flows exhibit a much more gradual decrease in frictional resistance with increasing depth than that observed during marginal inundation. A data set compiled from previously published studies of overland flow hydraulics is used to assess the functional dependence of frictional resistance on inundation ratio over a wide range of flow conditions. The data confirm the non-monotonic dependence predicted by the model and support the differentiation of three flow regimes based on the inundation ratio. Although the percentage cover and the surface slope may be of importance in addition to the inundation ratio in the partially and marginally inundated regimes, the Reynolds number appears to be of significance only in describing well-inundated flows at low to moderate Reynolds numbers. As these latter conditions are quite rare in natural environments, the inundation ratio rather than the Reynolds number should be used as the primary dimensionless group when evaluating the hydraulics of overland flow on rough surfaces. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of MODIS snow cover products using Landsat and ground measurements during the 2001–2005 snow seasons over northern Xinjiang, China

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra daily snow cover product MOD10A1 was compared with in situ climate station measurements and a snow map generated from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data. Snow-covered area (SCA) dynamics were assessed using the MODIS 8-day snow cover composite product MOD10A2 for the 2001–2005 snow seasons in northern Xinjiang, China. The results indicate that the snow-mapping agreement between MODIS daily snow maps and surface observations is high at 94.6% over the four snow seasons under clear-sky conditions. The snow classification accuracy in a mountainous area was lower than that in a plain area and caused higher omission errors, probably resulting in an underestimation of the SCA. The omission errors were mainly determined by snow depth, land cover types, the terrain and mixed pixels. The cloud agreement was 95.9%, and approximately 4.1% of cloud was misclassified as snow when the sky view at the climate stations was covered by clouds. An improvement was found in suppressing clouds using the 8-day products, with MOD10A2 reducing about 88.4% of the average cloud cover compared with MOD10A1. SCA in northern Xinjiang retrieved using MOD10A2 shows a clear seasonal trend. The air temperature plays an important role in the fractional SCA, and the spatial distribution of the snow cover differs considerably in the various areas in the northern Xinjiang region.