Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electronic and transport properties of disordered transition‐metal alloys

We present a first‐principles approach to describe electronic transport of disordered alloys in a material specific way. The electronic structure is represented in terms of the relativistic multiple scattering KKR‐Green function. Disorder with possible inclusion of short‐ranged order effects is taken into account by the coherent‐potential approximation or its non‐local formulation. A salient feature of the presented method is the possibility to combine it with a linear response Kubo framework, allowing for a detailed investigation of many transport phenomena which are of immediate relevance for applications in which electrons and/or their spin are manipulated. This is illustrated by several examples and developments, among them the description of the residual resistivity of K‐state‐ and ferromagnetic alloys. Inclusion of relativistic effects by using the Dirac‐formalism represents the basis to deal with the anomalous Hall effect and to derive a relativistic spin‐projection scheme for currents.
Identification of Coronary Artery Diseases Using Photoplethysmography Signals and Practical Feature Selection Process

A low-cost, fast, dependable, repeatable, non-invasive, portable, and simple-to-use vascular screening tool for coronary artery diseases (CADs) is preferred. Photoplethysmography (PPG), a low-cost optical pulse wave technology, is one method with this potential. PPG signals come from changes in the amount of blood in the microvascular bed of tissue. Therefore, these signals can be used to figure out anomalies within the cardiovascular system. This work shows how to use PPG signals and feature selection-based classifiers to identify cardiorespiratory disorders based on the extraction of time-domain features. Data were collected from 360 healthy and cardiovascular disease patients. For analysis and identification, five types of cardiovascular disorders were considered. The categories of cardiovascular diseases were identified using a two-stage classification process. The first stage was utilized to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy subjects. Subjects who were found to be abnormal were then entered into the second stage classifier, which was used to determine the type of the disease. Seven different classifiers were employed to classify the dataset. Based on the subset of features found by the classifier, the Naïve Bayes classifier obtained the best test accuracy, with 94.44% for the first stage and 89.37% for the second stage. The results of this study show how vital the PPG signal is. Many time-domain parts of the PPG signal can be easily extracted and analyzed to find out if there are problems with the heart. The results were accurate and precise enough that they did not need to be looked at or analyzed further. The PPG classifier built on a simple microcontroller will work better than more expensive ones and will not make the patient nervous.
The Dependence of Numerically Simulated Convective Storms on Vertical Wind Shear and Buoyancy

Abstract The effects of vertical wind shear and buoyancy on convective storm structure and evolution are investigated with the use of a three-dimensional numerical cloud model. By varying the magnitude of buoyant energy and one-directional vertical shear over a wide range of environmental conditions associated with severe storms, the model is able to produce a spectrum of storm types qualitatively similar to those observed in nature. These include short-lived single cells, certain types of multicells and rotating supercells. The relationship between wind shear and buoyancy is expressed in terms of a nondimensional convective parameter which delineates various regimes of storm structure and, in particular, suggests optimal conditions for the development of supercell type storms. Applications of this parameter to well-documented severe storm cases agree favorably with the model results, suggesting both the value of the model in studying these modes of convection as well as the value of this representation i.
Vegetational parameters and timing of capsule ripening of a high altitude Rhododendron (R. campanulatum) in Central Himalaya

R.campanulatum forms krummholz close to the tree line in alpine areas. In the present study it is considered as a tree species and we concentrated our attention on capsule maturation timing and documentation of phenological events of this species which is expanding and regenerating at high altitudes. This species is relatively less studied in relation to its phenology, seed physical parameters and germination. The study was concentrated in a 5 ha area located between 3200 and 3450 m elevation in two consecutive years (2016- 2017). The overhead forest canopy was dominated by Quercus semecarpifolia towards the upper side and by Aesculus indica on the lower side. In R. campanulatum flowering started from 2nd and 3rd week of April and maximum flowering was observed between 1st and 4th week of June. Capsule formation started from 3rd and 4th week of June to 4th week of July and maturity of capsule was in the month of December to January. The colour of capsules was initially green and finally turned brown. The capsules of R. campanulatum were collected at ten days interval from the month of December up to the availability of capsules from selected sites. The number of seeds per capsule varied between 1012 and 1136. Germination was counted when visible radical had developed. The germination was maximum 42.5 ± 4.2 % at 26.3 ± 2 % moisture content. Fresh weight of capsule correlated positively with date of collection (r = 0.827; P<0.01).
A High-Resolution Study of the High-Redshift Intergalactic Medium

We present a study of the structure and evolution of the high-redshift intergalactic medium (IGM) using a variety of approaches based on high-resolution quasar spectra. We first use the cross-correlation of transmitted flux towards two pairs of quasars with moderate angular separation to demonstrate that filamentary structures in the IGM at z = 4 are partially coherent on roughly 1 Mpc scales. We then measure the ionization state of the high-redshift IGM using three techniques: a search for low-ionization metal lines at z > 5, an analysis of the evolution of Lyman-alpha optical depths over 2 2.
Cross-Section Regression with Common Shocks

This paper considers regression models for cross-section data that exhibit cross-section dependence due to common shocks, such as macroeconomic shocks. The paper analyzes the properties of least squares (LS) and instrumental variables (IV) estimators in this context. The results of the paper allow for any form of cross-section dependence and heterogeneity across population units. The probability limits of the LS and IV estimators are determined and necessary and sufficient conditions are given for consistency. The asymptotic distributions of the estimators are found to be mixed normal after re-centering and scaling. t, Wald, and F statistics are found to have asymptotic standard normal, chi^{2}, and scaled chi^{2} distributions, respectively, under the null hypothesis when the conditions required for consistency of the parameter under test hold. But, the absolute values of t statistics and Wald and F statistics are found to diverge to infinity under the null hypothesis when these conditions fail. Confidence intervals exhibit similarly dichotomous behavior. Hence, common shocks are found to be innocuous in some circumstances, but quite problematic in others. Models with factor structures for errors, regressors, and IV's are considered. Using the general results, conditions are determined under which consistency of the LS and IV estimators holds and fails in models with factor structures. The results are extended to cover heterogeneous and functional factor structures in which common factors have different impacts on different population units. Extensions to generalized method of moments estimators are discussed.
Boundary-layer transition on cones at angle of attack in a Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel

A series of experiments have been conducted to study hypersonic boundary-layer transition over 7° cones at angle of attack in the Purdue Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel. The temperature-sensitive-paint (TSP) and oil-flow techniques were used to observe boundarylayer transition and crossflow vortices on the cones. Laminar flow was observed on sharp and spherically-blunt cones at 6° angle-of-attack in quiet flow, while transition to turbulence was observed on the cones in noisy flow, indicating a marked effect of tunnel noise on transition. A yawside-forward transition front was observed on a 6%-blunt cone in noisy flow. Crossflow vortices were observed with both TSP and oil flow under noisy conditions in the turbulent boundary layer on a sharp cone. TSP was also used to observe crossflow vortices in quiet flow. The vortices on both a sharp and a 6%-blunt cone in quiet flow were similar to those seen on the sharp cone in noisy flow. An array of roughness elements at x = 2 inches (axially) with a spacing of 9° on a yawed sharp cone in noisy flow influenced transition that was apparently induced by the crossflow instability, as predicted by NASALangley computations. No influence of the roughness array was observed in quiet flow.
On the asymptotic behaviour of the stationary distribution of Markov chains of M/G/1-type

The asymptotic behaviour of the stationary distribution of Markov chains of the M/G/1-type is investigated. Necessary and sufficient conditions for an asymptotic geometric behaviour are given. In the case of Markov chains arising in single server models with a general Markovian arrival process (MAP) and general service times these conditions turn out to be simple and the coefficients of an asymptotically geometric expansion can be calculated easily. Some numerical results concerning the stationary distribution of embedded Markov chains in Ph/G/1 models are presented
Large Ion Crystals in a Linear Paul Trap

Plasmas of Mg{sup +} ions, containing more than 10{sup 5} ions, have been observed to reach well-ordered (crystalline) states by applying laser cooling. The crystals are highly elongated with up to ten concentric cylindrical shells surrounding a central string. Such large structures have not previously been observed in a Paul trap. The amplitude of the micromotion of the ions can be larger than the shell spacings. As the diameter changes along the crystals, sharp transitions are observed when new shells form, in good agreement with molecular dynamics simulations. The predictions from simulations of how ordering develops with decreasing temperature are also confirmed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Targeted Lipidomics and Inflammation Response to Six Weeks of Sprint Interval Training in Male Adolescents

Lipids play an important role in coordinating and regulating metabolic and inflammatory processes. Sprint interval training (SIT) is widely used to improve sports performance and health outcomes, but the current understanding of SIT-induced lipid metabolism and the corresponding systemic inflammatory status modification remains controversial and limited, especially in male adolescents. To answer these questions, twelve untrained male adolescents were recruited and underwent 6 weeks of SIT. The pre- and post-training testing included analyses of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), biometric data (weight and body composition), serum biochemical parameters (fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, testosterone, and cortisol), inflammatory markers, and targeted lipidomics. After the 6-week SIT, the serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas IL-6 and IL-10/TNF-α significantly increased (p < 0.05). In addition, the targeted lipidomics revealed changes in 296 lipids, of which 33 changed significantly (p < 0.05, fold change > 1.2 or <1/1.2). The correlation analysis revealed that the changes in the inflammatory markers were closely correlated with the changes in some of the lipids, such as LPC, HexCer, and FFA. In conclusion, the 6-week SIT induced significant changes in the inflammatory markers and circulating lipid composition, offering health benefits to the population.
Optimal Tracking for an Insurance Model

Abstract In this article, we assume that we have a number of candidate insurance models for describing a risk process. Suppose that in each model the risk process is a function of the states of some Markov chains. Based on observing the history of the premiums and claims processes we propose dynamics whose solutions indicate the likelihoods of each candidate model.
Deceleration of the solar wind in the Earth's foreshock region: Isee 2 and Imp 8 observations

The deceleration of the solar wind, in the region of the interplanetary space filled by ions backstreaming from the earth's bow shock and associated waves, is studied using a two-spacecraft technique. This deceleration, which is correlated with the ‘diffuse’ but not with the ‘reflected’ ion population, depends on the solar wind bulk velocity: at low velocities (below 300 km/s) the velocity decrease is ∼5 km/s, while at higher velocities (above 400 km/s) the decrease may be as large as 30 km/s. Along with this deceleration the solar wind undergoes a deflection by ∼1° away from the direction of the earth's bow shock. The energy balance shows that the kinetic energy loss far exceeds the thermal energy which is possibly gained by the solar wind; therefore at least part of this energy must go into waves and/or into the backstreaming ions.
Optical design of FLITECAM

FLITECAM is a facility class instrument on SOFIA, operating form 1-5 microns. A 1024 by 1024 InSb ALADDIN II array will be used in a fully refractive optics system that provides three optical modes; imaging at a plate scale of 0.47 inch by 0.47 inch per pixel and afield of view of 8 feet, grism spectroscopy with moderate resolutions of about R equals 1000- 20000 depending on the slit width used, and a pupil viewing mode. The plate scale is achieved by using an f/4.8 back-end camera behind an f/4.9 collimator. The 8 foot field of view of SOFIAs f/19.6 telescope translates to a focal plane aperture of 114mm. The collimator optics are therefore quite large with a diameter of almost 170mm. Between the pupil image produced by the collimator and the f/4.8 camera, a ste of three lense will be inserted to achieve a pupil viewing mode. The optical train is entirely refractive, with triplets or split triplets using combinations of LiF, BaF2, ZnS, and ZnSe. The design of an optics system with this wide a wavelength range of more than two octaves and the large field of view present a challenging project. We demonstrate that our optical design meets the performance requirements with certain allowed lens-fabrication and misalignments built in.
The Existence of Regular Conditional Probabilities: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

Different necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of regular conditional probabilities are found for the cases of countably generated, countably separated, and complete probability spaces. Perfection is n. and s. for countably generated spaces, "almost pre-standardness" for the countably generated and countably separated cases, and discreteness for complete spaces. Several different forms of the regular conditional probability property must be distinguished.
Nonlinear reflection and transmission of plane acoustic waves

In the present, paper the classical problem of reflection and transmission of a plane acoustic wave is analyzed and solved for nonlinear propagation. Two adjacent media with a plane boundary between them are assumed. The parameters characterizing the properties of the media can be changed stepwise on the boundary. The wave incident on the boundary surface is plane. It was assumed that the disturbance in the first medium is a superposition of the incident and reflected waves, and in the second medium there is only the transmitted wave. On the base of nonlinear acoustic equations, assuming continuity of the velocity and pressure fields, the reflection and transmission operators of velocities and pressures were determined. The operators are nonlinear in relation to the incident wave field. It was found that near the boundary there occurs "a reflecting-transmitting" layer which is decisive for the description of the nonlinear phenomenon of the reflection and transmission. There arises a nonlinear feedback between the reflecting and incident waves. This is the fundamental difference between the nonlinear and the linear reflection. Equations of the incident reflected and transmitted waves are given. In the case of classical viscous media, they are the Burger's equations in asymptotic areas. The operators and the experimental significance of the results obtained were additionally discussed. An example of the effective application of the analysis performed is given in Sec. 6. Key words: reflection, transmission, nonlinearity.
Do Relativistic Electrons either Gain or Lose Energy, outside of Extragalactic Nuclei?

In the generally accepted models of high-luminosity extragalactic radio sources, the relativistic electron distribution evolves significantly outside of its source in the galactic nucleus; synchrotron losses occur throughout the source, and the harder (flatter) spectra seen in the hot spots are one indicator of relativistic particle acceleration. Our reanalysis and interpretation of the Carilli et al. (1991) data on Cygnus A, on the other hand, showed no evidence for evolution of the electron distribution function, and no evidence of the universally assumed injection power-law distribution. Having found a spectrum that describes an entire source, we have also introduced the technique of correcting synchrotron maps for frequency-dependent effects. In this way, a partial deconvolution of the underlying physical parameters is possible. In Cygnus A, this correction procedure led to the dominance of a hitherto unrecognized structure, an edge-brightened channel girdled by rings. We briefly discuss some implications of this work and our plans to continue this line of investigation. Subject headings: acceleration of particles — galaxies: individual (Cygnus A) — galaxies: nuclei — radiation mechanisms: nonthermal — radio continuum: galaxies
Chebyshev's inequality for nonparametric testing with small N and α in microarray research

Summary. Microarrays are a powerful new technology that allow for the measurement of the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. Owing to relatively high costs, sample sizes tend to be quite small. If investigators apply a correction for multiple testing, a very small p‐value will be required to declare significance. We use modifications to Chebyshev's inequality to develop a testing procedure that is nonparametric and yields p‐values on the interval [0, 1]. We evaluate its properties via simulation and show that it both holds the type I error rate below nominal levels in almost all conditions and can yield p‐values denoting significance even with very small sample sizes and stringent corrections for multiple testing.
An ordinal optimization framework for robust design

We consider systems with parameter uncertainty and suggest an ordinal optimization framework for robust design. To illustrate the approach we focus attention on the problem of robust stability margin design. Our formulation exploits frequency domain properties and polynomial value set ideas. A parameterization of stable polynomials is used to characterize the controller search space. Robust control design is then carried out by: 1) employing easily computable stability margin lower bounds to estimate the performance and 2) using ordinal optimization to deal with the lack of known structure in the search space. Preliminary numerical results are provided to illustrate the framework.
The moments method for multi‐modal multi‐component aerosols as applied to the coagulation‐type equation

The idea of self‐preserving functions as solutions to a coagulation‐type equation for aerosol is investigated. The aerosol spectrum is assumed to be well represented by a finite but not limited sum of self‐preserving functions (modes). An original set of aerosol dynamics equations for an unlimited number of modes is formulated for self‐preserving functions in the form of the log‐normal distribution, gamma distribution and Laguerre expansion. Additional equations governing the composition of the aerosol are derived. The system of the obtained ordinary integro–differential equations is solved using the Runge–Kutta method with Gaussian quadratures to estimate integrals. The solutions are then successfully tested against direct high resolution numerical solutions of the coagulation‐type equation. Some physical examples illustrating the use of the developed numerical method are also presented. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Weitere Ungleichungen für den absoluten Betrag einer charakteristischen Function

Abstract Unten betrachten wir einige Klassen von Verteilungsfunktionen F(x), indem wir den Mittelwert α1 von F(x) und gewisse von den Momenten vorschreiben. Wir betrachten dann die drei Klassen und , je nach der vorgegebenen Reihe von Momenten. Wenn feu) die charakteristische Funktion von F(x) bezeichnet, wollen wir Majoranten von |f(u)| ableiten. Ausserdem behandeln wir den Fall, wo f(u) gleich dem Produkte einer Reihe charakteristischen Funktionen fbvu)) von solchen Verteilungsfunktionen Fbv(x) ist, welche einer der genannten Klassen angehoren.
Turbulent entrainment: the development of the entrainment assumption, and its application to geophysical flows

The entrainment assumption, relating the inflow velocity to the local mean velocity of a turbulent flow, has been used successfully to describe natural phenomena over a wide range of scales. Its first application was to plumes rising in stably stratified surroundings, and it has been extended to inclined plumes (gravity currents) and related problems by adding the effect of buoyancy forces, which inhibit mixing across a density interface. More recently, the influence of viscosity differences between a turbulent flow and its surroundings has been studied. This paper surveys the background theory and the laboratory experiments that have been used to understand and quantify each of these phenomena, and discusses their applications in the atmosphere, the ocean and various geological contexts.
Experimental M1 Transition Rates of Coronal Lines from Ar X, Ar XIV, and Ar XV

Transition probabilities of three magnetic dipole (M1) transitions in multiply charged ions of Ar have been measured using the Livermore electron-beam ion trap. Two of the transitions are in the ground configurations of Ar XIV (B-like) and Ar IX (F-like), and are associated with the coronal lines at 4412.4 and 5533.4 Å, respectively. The third is in the excited 2s2p configuration of Be-like Ar XV and produces the coronal line at 5943.73 Å. Our results for the three atomic level lifetimes are 9.32 ± 0.12 ms for the Ar X 2s22p5 2P level, 9.70 ± 0.15 ms for the Ar XIV 2s22p 2P level, and 15.0 ± 0.8 ms for the Ar XV 2s2p 3P level. These results differ significantly from earlier measurements and are the most accurate ones to date.