Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Globalization and the New Regionalism: Global Markets, Domestic Politics and Regional Cooperation

Preface. Abbreviations. I. Empirical Puzzle and Theoretical Approach. Introduction. The Weaknesses of Regional Integration Theories. The Global Markets Approach in Explaining Cooperation. Methodology and the Empirical Plausibility of the Hypotheses. II. Global Markets: Development and Impact on States. Global Financial Markets. Global Production and Foreign Direct Investment. World Trade. Conclusion: Crises, Interests, and Instruments. III. Global Markets and the European Single Market. Liberalization Strategies in the Single Market Project "1992". France. Germany. Great Britain. The European Level. Conclusion. IV. Global Markets and MERCOSUR. Liberalization Strategies in the Common Market of the South. Argentina. Excursus: Transnational Banks and the International Monetary Fund. Brazil. Conclusion. V. Global Markets and NAFTA. Liberalization Strategies in the North American Free Trade Agreement. Mexico. United States. Conclusion. VI. Comparative Conclusions, Empirical and Theoretical Results. Empirical Results: Preference and the Global Markets Approach. Theoretical Development of the Global Markets Approach. Implications for Theories of Regional Integration and International Relations. Notes. References. Index
An Investigation of Three Greek Mathematics Teachers’ Conceptions of the Assessment of Pupil Attainment in Mathematics and its Socio-political Dimension

ions”. Then he added that the curriculum “does not fulfil its objective which is to give pupils some useful knowledge” and as a consequence pupils at best “acquire an instrumental and not a deep understanding of the subject”. At this point, Nikos qualified that “if the pupils were taught mathematics with understanding, they would have a very different attitude towards mathematics”. For all these reasons he said that he was opposed to the aims of the mathematics curriculum for the Greek lyceum. The following excerpt strongly reflects this opposition: I don’t agree at all. Experience has shown that excepting a few who show some special preference for mathematics, the rest, that is the majority of pupils, leave school with absolutely no understanding of mathematics. The essence of mathematics that the curriculum is intended to give, no, they do not achieve that. (I1.7.11.05) In the context of the issue of grade retention (I3.22.11.05), Nikos’ criticism of the curriculum was harsher insofar as he expressed the opinion that “the way the system in general has been formed, it cripples most pupils in mathematics” because “it demands things beyond their conceptual powers”. In talking about Euclidean geometry, he spoke in the same tone asserting that “with the kind of geometry done at the lyceum, pupils don’t understand anything, the whole class. Not one, the whole class” (I1.7.11.05). Elsewhere (L3.10.10.05), Nikos criticised the curriculum for being “bits and pieces taken from curricula abroad” and focused his critique on the lack of “time available” for its implementation, as well as on the “specific learning processes taking place” both of which in his opinion preclude favourable learning outcomes. Returning to the issue of time in the final critical interview (CR.20.1.06), Nikos expressed the opinion that “as far as time for the implementation of the curriculum is concerned the teacher is defeated” and that “if the teacher tries to go ahead with five pupils who are able, the others cannot follow” and concluded that “the Greek school is a lost case”. 94 As part of his critique of education as a social institution today, Nikos described school as being a place where knowledge is “just thrown at the pupils” with no consideration of who will acquire it (I1.7.11.05). Then, he expressed his disapproval with the time constraints in teaching each specific topic and emphatically considered a pace fixed by external agents (in twelfth grade) as ethically unacceptable and detrimental to the learning process and added that “to have someone like the ministry of education monitor your pace is criminal behaviour against learning”. In the critical interview (CR.20.1.06), Nikos reaffirmed this position and elaborated
Physical activity across the cancer continuum: Report of a workshop

The Scientific Program Committee: Rachel BallardBarbash, M.D., M.P.H. , National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Aaron Blair, Ph.D., National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Steven N. Blair, Ph.D., Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX; Timothy Byers, M.D., M.P.H. , University of Colorado, Denver, CO; Laurie Hoffman-Goetz, Ph.D., M.P.H. , University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CA; I-Min Lee, M.B. B.S., Sc.D. , Harvard University, Boston, MA; Richard Troiano, Ph.D., National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; and Kim Westerlind, Ph.D., AMC Cancer Research Center, Denver, CO.
Commentary on "Reliability of two different presurgical preparation methods for implant dentistry based on panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography in cadavers"

To the editor: I was interested to read the paper by Hu et al. [1] published in the April 2012 issue of the Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science The authors aimed to determine the reliability of presurgical planning based on the use of two types of radiographic image (digital panoramic radiography [DPR] and cone-beam computed tomography [CBCT]) evaluated by beginner dentists placing implants. They report the mean presurgical measurement error was significantly smaller for CBCT than for DPR in the maxillary region, whereas it did not differ significantly between the two imaging modalities in the mandibular region. As the authors point out in their conclusion: "Presurgical planning can be performed safely using DPR in the mandible; however, presurgical planning using CBCT is recommended in the maxilla when a structure in a buccolingual location needs to be evaluated because this imaging modality supplies buccolingual information that cannot be obtained from DPR. " [1]. Why did the authors not use the exact intra-class correlation coefficient for quantitative variables? Furthermore, why did the authors did not report the weighted kappa for qualitative variables to assess the reliability? Regarding reliability or agreement, it is worth remembering that although statistics cannot provide a simple substitute for clinical judgment, it is crucial to at least avoid the common mistakes in reliability analysis of using the wrong tests, such as the t-test (paired or independent), Pearson correlation coefficient r, or method of least squares [2-5].
Micro Behaviors: A New Perspective in E-commerce Recommender Systems

The explosive popularity of e-commerce sites has reshaped users» shopping habits and an increasing number of users prefer to spend more time shopping online. This evolution allows e-commerce sites to observe rich data about users. The majority of traditional recommender systems have focused on the macro interactions between users and items, i.e., the purchase history of a customer. However, within each macro interaction between a user and an item, the user actually performs a sequence of micro behaviors, which indicate how the user locates the item, what activities the user conducts on the item (e.g., reading the comments, carting, and ordering) and how long the user stays with the item. Such micro behaviors offer fine-grained and deep understandings about users and provide tremendous opportunities to advance recommender systems in e-commerce. However, exploiting micro behaviors for recommendations is rather limited, which motivates us to investigate e-commerce recommendations from a micro-behavior perspective in this paper. Particularly, we uncover the effects of micro behaviors on recommendations and propose an interpretable Recommendation framework RIB, which models inherently the sequence of mIcro Behaviors and their effects. Experimental results on datasets from a real e-commence site demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and the importance of micro behaviors for recommendations.
Two Pharmacodynamic Models for Assessing the Efficacy of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate against Experimental Respiratory Tract Infections Caused by Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

ABSTRACT Two models of respiratory tract infection were used to investigate the pharmacodynamics of amoxicillin-clavulanate againstStreptococcus pneumoniae. Eight strains of S. pneumoniae were used in a mouse model in which the animals were infected intranasally and were then treated with a range of doses and dose intervals. The time that the plasma amoxicillin concentration remained above the MIC (T>MIC) correlated well with bacterial killing, such that if T>MIC was below 20% there was no effect on bacterial numbers in the lungs. As T>MIC increased, the response, in terms of decreased bacterial load, improved and at T>MICs of greater than 35 to 40% of the dosing interval, bacteriological cure was maximal. On the basis of equivalent T>MICs, these data would suggest that in humans a dosage of 500 mg three times daily (t.i.d.) should have efficacy equal to that of a dosage of 875 mg twice daily (b.i.d.). This hypothesis was evaluated in a rat model in which amoxicillin-clavulanate was given by computer-controlled intravenous infusion to achieve concentrations that approximate the concentrations achieved in the plasma of humans following oral administration of 500/125 mg t.i. d. or 875/125 mg b.i. d. Infusions continued for 3 days and bacterial numbers in the lungs 2 h after the cessation of the infusion were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) by both treatments in strains of S. pneumoniae for which amoxicillin MICs were below 2 μg/ml. When tested against a strain of S. pneumoniae for which the amoxicillin MIC was 4 μg/ml, the simulated 500/125-mg dose was ineffective but the 875/125-mg dose demonstrated a small but significant (P < 0.01) reduction in bacterial numbers. These data confirm the findings in the mouse and indicate that amoxicillin-clavulanate administered at 875/125 mg b.i. d. would be as effective clinically as amoxicillin-clavulanate administered at 500/125 mg t.i. d.
Quantification of a nuisance mosquito problem in Florida.

For over 50 years mosquito control agencies have attempted to control mosquitoes that create nuisances. This has generally been done without a firm definition of exactly what constitutes a problem. In other words, we do not generally know the threshold of mosquito abundance levels that produce a nuisance. While the object has been to reduce mosquito populations, the level to which they needed to be reduced was unknown. This lack of knowledge has not prevented programs from being successful in controlling nuisance. Generally speaking, mosquito control has measured its success based on the premise that the lower the mosquito population, the better. While this approach has been successful, it is not necessarily efficient, economical or environmentally sound since it can often lead to over use of insecticides. The consequences of overuse, albeit misuse, of insecticides are well known to us all. Thus. once determined. nuisance threshold levels of mosquitoes could be used as guidelines for 'control' or 'not-to-control'decisions to maximize use of resources. Two 'rules of thumb'usedby control programs to indicate a nuisance problem are a humanbaited sweep collection of 5 or more mosquitoes per minute and a bite count of 1 mosquito per 15 minutes (Headlee 1932). Headlee used the 1 bite per 15 minute threshold which he established "by experience" to develop an equivalent threshold of 24 mosquitoes per night in a New Jersey light trap collection. While this is certainly the type of information required, there is no quantitative data in the scientific literature that establishes a link between any of these thresholds and a nuisance problem. The methods Headlee used to develop the threshold are, without question, invalid. For example, he used only four observations. Unfortunately, the 24 mosquitoes per night threshold was still being used in 1983 (Robinson and Atkins 1983) and presumably is still being used today. Acceptance of these unsubstantiated thresholds proposed by classical mosquito control workers has had a dampening effect on research into the relationships between mosquito populations and nuisance problems. There
CRM Unplugged: Releasing CRM's Strategic Value

Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. A New, More Strategic Approach to CRM. Industry Leaders Show the Way. A Clearer Definition of CRM Is Required. Three Lessons from Leaders. Key Points. 2. A Review of CRM Failures. What Went Wrong with CRM. CRM Contributes to a Scary Halloween for Hershey. Why CRM Projects Fail. Key Points. 3. Strategy First: Aligning CRM with Company Strategy. Using an Analytical Framework for Defining Strategy. Distinguishing Competitive Advantage from Other Types of Benefits. How Competitive Advantage Manifests Itself in Operations. Identify CRM Initiatives That Fortify Competitive Advantage. Key Points. 4. Customer Intelligence: The Science of Customer Insight. How Harrah's Used Customer Insight to Turn the Tables on the Gaming Industry. Seven Dimensions of Customer Insight. Define a Scientific Process for Leveraging Customer Insight. Building Blocks Required to Implement a Customer Insight Infrastructure. Key Points. 5. Demand Visibility and Response. Demand Visibility. Best Practices for Increased Visibility. Responding to Market Demand. Best Practices for Demand Responsiveness. Science of Revenue Management. Power of Pricing. Key Points. 6. An Enterprise-Wide Approach to CRM. What Is Customer Strategy and How Does It Help? How Customer Strategy Relates to Corporate and Functional Strategy. Key Components of an Effective Customer Strategy. Enterprise Marketing Management: How Customer Strategy Integrates with Marketing Strategy. Key Points. 7. Implementing CRM Successfully. Implementation Guidelines for Success. Key Points. Epilogue: The Future of CRM. New Marketing Approaches. Understanding Financial Metrics Related to Customers. New Management Approaches Based on Predictive Analysis. Continuous Optimization of Operations. Leveraging Emerging and Specialized Technologies. Harnessing the Benefits of Outsourcing. Index.
THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF NEPHELINE

The crystal structures of three nepheline samples, (1) K1.91 Na6.04 Si8.15 Al7.72 Fe 3+ 0.10 O32, a 9.9995(6), c 8.384(2) A, P63, Z = 1, Dx = 2.673 g cm –3 , from the Khibina–Lovozero complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia, (2) K1.60 Na6.21 Ca0.08 Si8.44 Al7.43 O32, a 9.985(1), c 8.372(1) A, P63, Z = 1, Dx 2.660 g/cm 3 , from Bancroft, Ontario, Canada, and (3) K1.76 Na5.86 Ca0.13 Si8.12 Al7.84 Fe 3+ 0.04 O32, a 9.9979(6), c 8.3852(2), P63, Z = 1, Dx 2.654 g/cm 3 , from Monte Somma, Italy, have been refined to R1 indices of 1.8, 2.7 and 1.7% using 1273, 1191 and 1364 unique observed (| Fo | > 4F) reflections collected with a single-crystal diffractometer and MoK X-radiation. No superstructure reflections were observed. Viewed down [001], the aluminosilicate tetrahedra occur at the vertices of a 63 net in which there are two distinct types of six-membered rings of tetrahedra: one quarter are nearly regular hexagonal rings centered on (0, 0, z), whereas the other three-quarters are flattened hexagonal rings centered on 0 ½ z. In both rings, the tetrahedra have the sequence ududud, and linkage up and down c forms a four-connected three-dimensional framework. The A site is located in the channel along 0 0 z and is [9]-coordinated by oxygen atoms between 2.97 and 3.04 A; = 2.999, 3.009 and 3.008 A for samples 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The A site is fully occupied by K in nepheline (1), and it is partly occupied by K (0.80 and 0.88) in samples (2) and (3). The B site occurs in the channels at 0 ½ z and is [8]-coordinated by oxygen atoms between 2.48 and 2.79 A; = 2.633, 2.632 and 2.627 A, respectively. The B site is occupied mainly by Na [with minor Ca in nepheline (3)]. For all three samples, Si and Al are highly ordered over the T sites of the framework: T(1,4) = Al, = 1.731, 1.723 and 1.732, = 1.736, 1.728 and 1.734; T(2,3) = Si, = 1.606, 1.603 and 1.605, = 1.616, 1.615 and 1.616 A. For the nepheline sample from the Khibina–Lovozero complex, the simplified chemical formula, K2 Na6 Si8 Al8 O32, corresponds to the ideal end-member formula of nepheline with the A site fully occupied by K, the B site fully occupied by Na, and Si and Al completely ordered at the T sites. This sample crystallized in a hyperagpaitic rock formed at the last stages of low-temperature pneumatolitic activity. Nepheline (2), also formed in low-temperature pegmatitic environment, shows very high Al–Si order at the T sites. The Monte Somma nepheline is of high-temperature origin. Previous refinements of the structure had indicated a fairly disordered Al–Si distribution for it. The present results indicate maximal Al–Si order, in accord with previous 29 Si MAS NMR results. Our results suggest that nepheline exhibits maximal Al–Si order irrespective of temperature of origin of the nepheline.
Double-Dose Icodextrin to Increase Ultrafiltration in PD Patients with Inadequate Ultrafiltration

recommendations: 2010 update. Perit Dial Int 2010; 30:393–423. 2. Duranay M, Kanbay M, Turgut F, Altay M, Akcay A. Comparison of incidence of peritonitis between peritoneal dialysis solution types. nephron Clin Pract 2007;106:c57–60. 3. Rocklin MA, Teitelbaum I. Noninfectious causes of cloudy peritoneal dialysate. Semin Dial 2001;14:37–40. 4. Nouri–Majalan N, Najafi I, Sanadgol H, Ganji MR, Atabak S, Hakemi M, et al. Description of an outbreak of acute sterile peritonitis in Iran. Perit Dial Int 2010;30:19–22. doi: 10.3747/pdi.2010. 00264
Application of cDNA Microarray Technology to In Vitro Toxicology and the Selection of Genes for a Real-Time RT-PCR-Based Screen for Oxidative Stress in Hep-G2 Cells

Large-scale analysis of gene expression using cDNA microarrays promises the rapid detection of the mode of toxicity for drugs and other chemicals. cDNA microarrays were used to examine chemically induced alterations of gene expression in HepG2 cells exposed to a diverse group of toxicants at an equitoxic exposure concentration. The treatments were ouabain (43 μM), lauryl sulfate (260 μ M), dimethylsulfoxide (1.28 M), cycloheximide (62.5 μM), tolbutamide (12.8 mM), sodium fluoride (3 mM), diethyl maleate (1.25 mM), buthionine sulfoximine (30 mM), potassium bromate (2.5 mM), sodium selenite (30 μM), alloxan (130 mM), adriamycin (40 μM), hydrogen peroxide (4 mM), and heat stress (45•C × 30 minutes). Patterns of gene expression were correlated with morphologic and biochemical indicators of toxicity. Gene expression responses were characteristically different for each treatment. Patterns of expression were consistent with cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, diminished protein synthesis, and oxidative stress. Based upon these results, we concluded that gene expression changes provide auseful indicator of oxidative stress, as assessed by the GSH:GSSG ratio. Under the conditions of this cell culture test system, oxidative stress upregulated 5 genes, HMOX1, p21waf1/cip1, GCLM, GR, TXNR1 while downregulating CYP1A1 and TOPO2A. Primers and probes for these genes were incorporated into the design of a 7-gene plate for RT-PCR. The plate design permitted statistical analysis and allowed clear discrimination between chemicals inducing oxidative vs nonoxidative stress. A simple oxidative stress score (0—1), based on the responses by the 7 genes (including p-value) on the RT-PCR plate, was correlated with the GSH:GSSG ratio using linear regression and ranking (Pearson product) procedures. These analyses yielded correlation coefficients of 0.74 and 0.87, respectively, for the treatments tested (when 1 outlier was excluded), indicating a good correlation between the biochemical and transcriptional measures of oxidative stress. We conclude that it is essential to measure the mechanism of interest directly in the test system being used when assessing gene expression as a tool for toxicology. Tables 1—15, referenced in this paper, are not printed in this issue of Toxicologic Pathology. They are available as downloadable text files at http://taylorandfrancis.metapress. com/openurl.asp? genre=journal&issn=0192-6233. To access them, click on the issue link for 30(4), then select this article. A download option appears at the bottom of this abstract. In order to access the full article online, you must either have an individual subscription or a member subscription accessed through www.toxpath. org.
Spatial Language: Cognitive and Computational Perspectives

Preface K.R. Coventry, P. Olivier. Contributors. 1. Reasoning about Shape using the Tangential Axis Transform or the Shape's `Grain' G. Edwards. 2. A Conceptual Model for Representing Verbal Expressions used in Route Descriptions A. Gryl, et al. 3. Resolving Ambiguous Descriptions through Visual Information I. Duwe, et al. 4. An Anthropomorphic Agent for the Use of Spatial Language T. Joerding, I. Wachsmuth. 5. Gesture, Thought, and Spatial Language K. Emmorey, S. Casey. 6. Organization of Temporal Situations N. Franklin, T. Federico. 7. Grounding Meaning in Visual Knowledge. A Case Study: Dimensional Adjectives A. Goy. 8. Understanding How We Think about Space C. Manning, et al. 9. The Real Story of `Over'? K.R. Coventry, G. Mather. 10. Generating Spatial Descriptions from a Cognitive Point of View R. Porzel, et al. 11. Multiple Frames of Reference in Interpreting Complex Projective Terms C. Eschenbach, et al. 12. Goal-Directed Effects on Processing a Spatial Environment. Indications from Memory and Language H.A. Taylor, S.J. Naylor. 13. Memory for Text and Memory for Space. Two Concurrent Memory Systems? M. Wagener-Wender. Author Index. Subject Index.
The minimal orbit in a simple Lie algebra and its associated maximal ideal

— Let 9 be a simple Lie algebra over C. If 9 is different from sl(n + 1) : n = 1, 2, . , then g* admits a single non-trivial G-orbit (Po of minimal dimension. This orbit consists of nilpotent elements, contains (^ — { 0 }, where (^ is the root subspace of the highest root (3, and is not polarizable. Through the study of a certain Heisenberg subalgebra of g associated with g 0 , it is shown that there exists a unique completely prime, two-sided ideal Jo ofU (9) whose characteristic variety coincides with OQ u { 0 }. Jo is shown to be a maximal ideal and that it cannot be induced from any proper subalgebra of 9. The construction of Jo is very explicit and its central character is computed. For sp (4), Jo coincides with an ideal constructed by Conze and Dixmier [8] (Ex. 3).