Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The acoustic signatures of ground acceleration, gas expansion, and spall fallback in experimental volcanic explosions

Infrasound and high‐speed imaging during a series of field‐scale buried explosions suggest new details about the generation and radiation patterns of acoustic waves from volcanic eruptions. We recorded infrasound and high‐speed video from a series of subsurface explosions with differing burial depths and charge sizes. Joint observations and modeling allow the extraction of acoustic energy related to the magnitude of initial ground deformation, the contribution of gas breakout, and the timing of the fallback of displaced material. The existence and relative acoustic amplitudes of these three phases depended on the size and depth of the explosion. The results motivate a conceptual model that relates successive contributions from ground acceleration, gas breakout, and spall fallback to the acoustic amplitude and waveform characteristics of buried explosions. We place the literature on infrasound signals at Santiaguito Volcano, Guatemala, and Sakurajima and Suwonosejima Volcanoes, Japan, in the context of this model.
Chironomid-inferred Holocene temperature changes in the South Carpathians (Romania)

We present a Holocene summer air temperature reconstruction based on fossil chironomids from Lake Brazi (1740 m.a.s.l.), a shallow mountain lake in the South Carpathians. Summer air temperature reconstruction was performed using transfer functions based on the Swiss (Sw-TF) and the merged Norwegian–Swiss calibration data set (NS-TF). Our results suggest that summer air temperatures increased rapidly from the onset of the early Holocene onwards (ca. 11,500–10,200 cal. yr BP), reaching close to present July air temperatures (~11.2°C). Between ca. 10,200 and 8500 cal. yr BP mean reconstructed temperatures increased further by 1.5–2.0°C. Later on, from ca. 8500 cal. yr BP, chironomid-based summer temperatures started to decrease, although mean values were still above present-day temperatures. The next time period (ca. 6000–3000 cal. yr BP) was cooler and with less variable temperature conditions than earlier. Afterwards (ca. 3000–2000 cal. yr BP), a sharp decrease occurred in inferred temperatures with values under present-day conditions by 1.8°C. Finally, in the last 2000 years, reconstructed temperatures showed again an increasing trend at Lake Brazi. Short-term temperature declines of 0.6–1.2°C were observed between ca. 10,350–10,190, 9750–9500, 8700–8500, 7600–7300, 7100–6900 and 4400–4000 cal. yr BP. These temperature declines are, however, within the estimated error of prediction of the chironomid-based inferences. Generally, our reconstructed temperatures complied with the summer insolation curve at 45°N, with other proxy-records (i.e. pollen and diatoms) from the same sediment and with other records from the Carpathians and from Western Europe.
Injection-induced earthquakes and crustal stress at 9 km depth at the KTB deep drilling site, Germany

A fluid injection-induced seismicity experiment was conducted in the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) main borehole at 9.1 km depth (in situ temperature of 260°C) to extend knowledge about stress magnitudes and brittle faulting to depths and temperatures approaching the brittle-ductile transition. Almost 400 microearthquakes were induced at an average depth of 8.8 km by injection of KBr/KCl brine into a ∼70 m open hole section near the bottom of the borehole. Although most focal plane mechanisms were poorly constrained due to the very small size of the induced earthquakes, several different clusters of microearthquakes with distinct mechanisms were defined. Most of the microearthquakes for which focal plane mechanisms were determined were strike-slip events with a NNW trending P axis, essentially parallel to the direction of maximum horizontal compression observed in the borehole. The largest induced earthquake, M 1.2, occurred 18 hours after injection was started. This event was a strike-slip/reverse faulting event which also had a NNW trending P axis. Utilization of a precise relative location technique indicates that many of microearthquakes occurred relatively far (50–100 m) from the well bore. Modeling of the pore pressure disturbance caused by injection suggests that many of the earthquakes were induced by extremely small pore pressure perturbations (<1 MPa) less than 1% greater than the ambient, approximately hydrostatic pore pressure at depth. Thus it is apparent that there are critically stressed, permeable fault zones in the crust, even at great depth and temperature. A frictional analysis of the focal plane mechanisms of the induced microearthquakes indicates that fault slip is consistent with the stress magnitudes and orientations determined in situ at depths to 7.7 km in the borehole and relatively high coefficients of friction (∼0.6–0.7) reported by Brudy et al. [this issue]. This and the observation that very small pore pressure perturbations were able to trigger seismicity appear to confirm the hypothesis that “Byerlee's law” (i.e., that differential stresses in situ are limited by the frictional strength of well-oriented, preexisting faults) is valid to great crustal depth and that the crust is in brittle failure equilibrium at depths and temperatures approaching the brittle-ductile transition, even in this relatively stable intraplate area.
Turnover of Nitrogen-15-Labeled Fertilizer in Old Grassland

In this paper we follow the fate of single applications of 15 N-labeled fertilizer to old grassland, over a period of nearly 20 yr. In 1980 and 1981, 15 N-labeled N was applied to two of the treatments on the Park Grass Continuous Hay Experiment at Rothamsted, started in 1856. The labeled N was applied at the same rate (nominally 96 kg ha -1 yr -1 ) and in the same chemical form (NH 4 or NO 3 ) as the unlabeled N normally applied as fertilizer to the selected treatments. After 19 yr, 69.6% of the N applied in 1980 as 15 NH 4 had been harvested in successive cuts of herbage, with a further 16.5% remaining in the soil. For 15 NO 3 , 64.3% had been harvested and 13.8% remained in the soil. The 15 N data were then used to calculate annual inputs of nonfertilizer N, annual losses of N and N turnover times in old grassland, assuming that the selected treatments were under steady-state conditions. The annual input of N from nonfertilizer sources (rain, dry deposition, N fixation by leguminous components of the herbage, etc.) was large: 39 kg N ha -1 yr -1 for the NH 4 treatment and 31 kg for the NO 3 treatment. Leguminous plants made up <2% of the herbage in both the NH 4 and NO 3 treatments. The annual loss from the NH 4 treatment was 19 kg N ha -1 yr -1 and 24 from the NO 3 treatment. The gross turnover time of N in the root compartment (which included plant crowns) was 1.41 yr for the NH 4 treatment and 0.42 yr for NO 3 . The gross turnover time of soil microbial N was 2.13 yr (NH 4 ) and 1.83 yr (NO 3 ): for humus N (i.e., soil N not in roots or microbial biomass) it was 181 yr (NH 4 ) and 116 yr (NO 3 ).
Deposition in the Process of Hydraulic TRANSPORT1

SUMMARY A simple theory is outlined, based on the conservation of energy, whereby such diverse processes as wind-blown and river-transported sediments, mud-flows and sand avalanches can be brought together and explained in terms of the established concepts of general physics. It is shown that the mean rate of transport of sediment in turbulent suspension is determined by the whole size distribution of the transported sediment rather than by any arbitrarily defined mean size. This suggests that more detailed studies of the changes which occur in size distributions during the cycle of erosion transport and deposition would throw much-needed light on the underlying processes.
Electrodynamics of the Westward Traveling Surge

It is shown that the global convection pattern, the ionospheric current, and the field-aligned current associated with the westward traveling surge in the asymptotic state can be modeled quantitatively as consequences of a blockage of the Hall current from closure in the magnetosphere via field-aligned currents. The conductivity is allowed to increase self-consistently with increasing upward field-aligned current in the model. This inclusion of the self-consistent enhanced ionospheric conductivity due to discrete auroral precipitations is found to generate a localized intense westward electrojet on the poleward side of the Harang discontinuity. The westward electrojet is also found to rotate counterclockwise, merging into the eastward electrojet around the leading edge of the surge. Thus the major features of the westward traveling surge can be reproduced reasonably well in our model.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION BY A TWO-COMPONENT ANTIBODY SYSTEM: IMMUNOGLOBULIN G AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN

Immunoglobulin M antibody bound to erythrocyte membranes fixes complement more effectively on a molar basis than immunoglobulin G antibody (1, 2). However, the addition of IgM ~ antiglobulin (rheumatoid factor [RF]) to IgG complexed with cell-surface antigens actually reduces the amount of complement fixed below the amount observed with IgG alone (3, 4, 5). This finding initially led to the belief that the IgM in question, human rheumatoid factor, lacked the capacity to fix complement, an observation subsequently disproven when it was shown that IgM-RF like most other IgM molecules did indeed possess this ability (6, 7, 8). Therefore, the decreased effect observed when IgM is reacted with IgG complexed with cell membranes must be explained on other grounds. This report presents evidence that complement fixation in this two component antibody system is critically dependent upon the concentration of IgG. The addition of purified IgM-RF to high concentrations of IgG antibody on erythrocytes reduces the amount of complement fixation compared to that observed with IgG alone. Addition of IgM-RF to low concentrations of IgG antibody produces enhancement of complement fixation.
Vegetation classification of the riparian zone along the Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia, using light detection and ranging (lidar) data and forward looking digital video

Light detection and ranging (lidar) technology has the ability to provide accurate height and positional data. This is of particular relevance to the riparian zone where the vegetation is often narrow and difficult to assess using conventional means such as aerial photography. Height has been widely used as one of the structural attributes for classifying vegetation. In particular, the Specht classification system has proven useful in classifying and naming forest and other vegetation types within Australia. Specht uses as primary attributes the height and the foliage projective cover of the tallest stratum to classify vegetation into structural types. A technique, which is replicable and objective, has been developed that automates the clustering of tree heights obtained from lidar into the Specht structural vegetation types to produce a map of vegetation height classes at 1:4000 scale. While the laser data can be used to produce detailed maps of height, it is still necessary to manually interpret imagery to allocate canopy cover and species composition to the mapped polygons. Forward looking high resolution digital video taken from a helicopter has proven to be a cost effective form of imagery compared with alternatives such as aerial photography.
Real-time RGBD SLAM system

A real-time tracking and mapping SLAM system is presented. The developed system uses input from an RGBD sensor and tracks the camera pose from frame to frame. The tracking is based on matched feature points and is performed with respect to selected keyframes. The system is robust and scalable, as an arbitrary number of keyframes can be chosen for visualization and tracking depending on the desired accuracy and speed. The presented system is also a good platform for further research.
Frictional healing of quartz gouge under hydrothermal conditions: 1. Experimental evidence for solution transfer healing mechanism

[1] Experiments on the frictional properties of quartz gouge under hydrothermal conditions have revealed a new fault healing mechanism that operates only at elevated temperature in the presence of liquid-phase water. This distinguishes it from the well-known “Dieterich-type” healing that also operates at room temperature and depends only on the chemical activity of water and not on its phase. The requirement for liquid water to be present is diagnostic of some form of solution transfer being the underlying process. Furthermore, the new healing mechanism operates when the aqueous pore fluid is in chemical equilibrium with silica, indicating solution transfer with only local mass redistribution, such as pressure solution. This new solution transfer healing mechanism has the same logarithmic form, Δμ = b ln (th/tc + 1), as Dieterich-type healing. Its b value was 0.010–0.014, with no clear temperature dependence in the range 100–200°C, and its magnitude is not very different from that of Dieterich-type healing. It is distinguished by a cutoff time, tc, many orders of magnitude greater than the Dieterich-type mechanism. This parameter decreases exponentially with temperature, indicating an apparent activation energy of 54 kJ/mol. This mechanism also has a critical slip distance ∼500 μm, much greater than the 10 μm typical of Dieterich-type healing. Comparison of the manifestations of this solution transfer healing in velocity step and slide-hold-slide tests indicates that this mechanism is compatible with the rate-state friction law, but its different parameter values may have new implications for earthquake physics.
Evaluating drought response of Southern Cape Indigenous Forests, South Africa, using MODIS data

Indigenous forests in South Africa cover less than 0.5% of the total land area but are a valued resource under threat from fragmentation, fires, exploitation, and climate change. The largest indigenous forest complex is located along the southern coast of the Western Cape Province. This complex is made up of sub-forests distinguished by different structural and edaphoclimatic attributes. It has been hypothesized that these sub-forests exhibit different resistance to stressors, such as drought. A time series of MODIS 250 m enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data were used to characterize the foliage condition of the three distinctive sub-forests before, during, and after a severe drought in 2009. The goal was to determine how these sub-forests responded to this disturbance. EVI anomalies for the drought and post-drought periods were calculated using annual median EVI values, since removal of outliers based on quality control flags that accompany the MODIS products or noise-filtering techniques proved to be ineffective. Results of the study indicated that pre-drought foliage density EVI was not controlled by differences in water availability, but may have been due to other edaphoclimatic or structural attributes. Maximum foliage loss occurred one year after the driest year, indicating the cumulative effects of drought stress on forest production and retention of foliage. The hypothesized stress resistance capacity of the three sub-forests was found to correspond to their rate of post-drought recovery. There is a need to tie these satellite observations of forest drought response to ground observations of forest condition, growth, and specific site attributes.
Onset of thermal convection in fluids with temperature‐dependent viscosity: Application to the oceanic mantle

Heat flow measurements through old seafloor demonstrate that the oceanic lithosphere is heated from below away from hot spot tracks. We reevaluate the hypothesis of small-scale convection beneath the lithosphere with laboratory experiments in fluids whose viscosity depends strongly on temperature. Rayleigh numbers were between 106 and 108 and viscosity contrasts were up to 106. A layer of fluid was impulsively cooled from above, and a cold boundary layer grew at the top of the fluid layer. After a finite time, convective instabilities developed in the lowermost part of the boundary layer, while the upper part remained stagnant. The variation of surface heat flow as a function of time reflects the three-dimensional nature of the flow and the presence of a thick lid. At viscosity contrasts greater than 103, this variation is very similar to what is observed on the oceanic lithosphere. For small times, heat flow follows the behavior of a half-space cooled from above by conduction. Some time after the onset of convection, it deviates from the conductive evolution and settles to a value which seems almost constant over a length of time equal to a few multiples of the onset time. The occurrence of small-scale convection is difficult to detect in global data sets of seafloor depths. The onset of convection is marked by a small “trough” in the local subsidence curve but does not occur at the same time everywhere because of the probabilistic nature of the instability process. Later instabilities occur independently of each other and, at any given age, involve a region of small horizontal extent below a thick lid. The characteristics of the instability depend on the function describing the variation of viscosity with temperature. Scaling laws are derived for the onset time and for the surface heat flow. The requirement that small-scale convection supplies 45 mW m−2 to the oceanic lithosphere provides a relationship between the activation enthalpy for creep and the asthenosphere viscosity. For a range of activation enthalpy of 250 to 600 kJ mol−1, the asthenosphere viscosity must be between 3×1018 and 4×1017 Pa s. The thickness of the stagnant lid and the temperature difference driving small-scale convection are predicted to be about 80 km and 200°C, respectively.
Break on through to the other side

A contextual essay in the catalogue for the exhibition 'Misdirect Movies', also curated by Andrew Bracey with John Rimmer. Misdirect Movies is a curated touring exhibition exploring new possibilities of collage, employing material gleaned from cinema. With access to digital formats, artists are now able to appropriate films to create different and innovative approaches to collage. This builds upon research disseminated in artworks such as The Jump and Frames and the curated exhibition, Unspooling: Artists & Cinema The selected artists explore these ideas in diverse ways to work with narrative through different media. The catalogue is published by Cornerhouse Publications and also feature essays by Dr. John Rimmer, Dr. Jaimie Baron, Dr. Maria Walsh and an interview between Dr. Sam George and Sir Christopher Frayling. The catalogue essays reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the exhibition's curatorial focus and feature contributions from visual arts, English literature and film studies backgrounds.
Local Dynamic Stability of Trunk Movements during the Repetitive Lifting of Loads Human Movement Science

The local dynamic stability of trunk movements was assessed during repetitive lifting using nonlinear Lyapunov analyses. The goal was to assess how varying the load-in-hands affects the neuromus-cular control of lumbar spinal stability. Thirty healthy participants (15M, 15F) performed repetitive lifting at 10 cycles per minute for three minutes under two load conditions: zero load and 10% of each participant's maximum back strength. Short-and long-term maximum finite-time Lyapunov exponents (k maxÀs and k maxÀl), describing responses to infinitesimally small perturbations, were calculated from the measured trunk kinematics to estimate the local dynamic stability of the system. Kinematic variability was also assessed using mean standard deviations (MeanSD) across cycles. The results of a mixed-design repeated-measures ANOVA showed that increasing the load lifted significantly reduced k maxÀs between–subject effects of sex, or significant interactions (a < .05). The present findings indicated improved dynamic spinal stability when lifting the heavier load; meaning that as muscular and moment demands increased, so too did participants' abilities to respond to local perturbations. These results support the notion of greater spinal instability during movement with low loads due to decreased muscular demand and trunk stiffness, and should aid in understanding how lifting various loads contributes to occupational low back pain. Please cite this article in press as: Graham, R. B. , et al. Local dynamic stability of trunk movements during the repetitive lifting of loads.
Single TRAM domain RNA-binding proteins in Archaea: functional insight from Ctr3 from the Antarctic methanogen Methanococcoides burtonii.

TRAM domain proteins present in Archaea and Bacteria have a β-barrel shape with anti-parallel β-sheets that form a nucleic acid binding surface; a structure also present in cold shock proteins (Csps). Aside from protein structures, experimental data defining the function of TRAM domains is lacking. Here, we explore the possible functional properties of a single TRAM domain protein, Ctr3 (cold-responsive TRAM domain protein 3) from the Antarctic archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii that has increased abundance during low temperature growth. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) bound by Ctr3 in vitro was determined using RNA-seq. Ctr3-bound M. burtonii RNA with a preference for transfer (t)RNA and 5S ribosomal RNA, and a potential binding motif was identified. In tRNA, the motif represented the C loop; a region that is conserved in tRNA from all domains of life and appears to be solvent exposed, potentially providing access for Ctr3 to bind. Ctr3 and Csps are structurally similar and are both inferred to function in low temperature translation. The broad representation of single TRAM domain proteins within Archaea compared with their apparent absence in Bacteria, and scarcity of Csps in Archaea but prevalence in Bacteria, suggests they represent distinct evolutionary lineages of functionally equivalent RNA-binding proteins.
Factors Associated with Oncology Patients’ Involvement in Shared Decision-Making During Chemotherapy

Oncology patients are increasingly encouraged to play an active role in treatment decision making. Taking a more active role in decision-making has been linked to better outcomes, including quality of life, patient satisfaction, and physical and emotional health. While previous studies examined relationships between demographic factors and decision-making roles, less is known about whether psychological, psychosocial adjustment, and symptom-related variables are associated with decision-making roles among patients undergoing cancer treatment. As part of a study of symptom clusters, patients (n = 862) undergoing chemotherapy for breast, gastrointestinal, gynecological, or lung cancer were assessed.in terms of demographic, clinical, symptom-related, and psychological and psychosocial adjustment variables. Treatment decision-making roles (preferred role, as well as the role the patient actually played) were assessed with the Control Preferences Scale; decision-making roles (preferred and actual) were classified as passive, collaborative, or active. Predictors of decision-making roles were analyzed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression. Over half of patients reported that they preferred, and actually played, a collaborative role. In age, education, and income, decision-making role was significantly associated with several coping and personality variables, and with several clinical features, including sleep disturbance, fatigue, and number of conditions. In a regression model, income, fatalism, humor-based coping, and fatigue made unique significant contributions toward predicting decision-making role. Correlations between psychosocial variables and decision-making role reveal a picture of the intrapersonal resources required to participate actively in decision making. People who were more resilient, used more adaptive coping strategies, and a more open personality tended to prefer a more active role. These factors indicate that coping variables, coupled with patients’ ability to understand and incorporate new information, may influence how patients participate in shared decision making.