Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heat Island, Sea Breeze and HP Thunderstorms in Metropolitan Area of São Paulo

The MASP is composed of 39 cities including São Paulo city and occupies an area of 8051 km of the São Paulo State (SPS). In 2014, the population was close to 21 million inhabitants, 50% of the total population of São Paulo State (SPS) according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Several types of weather systems cause major socio-economic impacts in MASP frequently such as cold fronts, sea breeze circulation, mesoscale convective systems (MCS) and isolated convection. Very often, the SB triggers SCMs over MASP with heavy rainfall, wind gusts, hail and lightning (Pereira Filho et al., 2004; Pereira Filho et al. 2002; Pereira Filho, 2000). SB fronts reach MASP (Fig. 1) about 50% of the days as can be seen in. Oliveira and Silva Dias (1982) indicated wind veering from NE to SE, backing from NW to SE and intensification of the SE wind. According to Pereira Filho et al. (2005), weak synoptic conditions, air temperature above 30°C and dew point above 20°C in the afternoon hours tend to yield greater rainfall amounts over MASP due to heat island effect. Oliveira and Silva Dias (1982) observed that many instances the precipitation over MASP was preceded by wind direction change to SE in the summer, with subsequent temperature decrease and dew point increase. SB interacts with local circulation in urban areas. In MASP during summer, this interaction produces deep convection over it. The urban area size, the distance between the urban area and ocean and the topography modulates the intensity of the SB (Thompson et al. 2007; Dandou et al. 2009). The steep topography, termed Serra do Mar, accelerates the SB by warming along the mountain (Atkinson, 1981). The distance travelled by the SB front in land depends on the slope, length, height and location of the topography to the coast and atmospheric stability (Porson et al. 2007). Figure 1: Wind field average at 1200 UTC and 1700 UTC for 2007 to 2009. Latitudes, longitudes, geographic boundaries in MASP are indicated.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PREDOMINANT WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL

Although the state of Santa Catarina has little variation in latitude, it presents significant spatial variations in its climate. Wind is considered an important meteorological variable, but it is not intensively studied and there is a shortage of information on this subject in the region of Santa Catarina. Thus, the objective of this article was to analyze the behavior of the winds in five regions of the state, with different aspects. For that, daily data from National Institute of Meteorology of direction and speed of the winds were used from 1974 to 2016. The conventional meteorological stations used were: Chapecó, Campos Novos, Lages, Indaial and Florianópolis. Regarding wind speed, Florianópolis and Campos Novos registered the highest speeds during the whole year. In the analysis of wind direction, the prevalence of South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone was observed in most of the year in Forianópolis (circulation going north), Lages and Campos Novos (turning northeast) and Chapecó (predominant wind direction in the este). For Indaial, the prevalence was the effect of the valley-mountain breeze.
Simulation numérique de la transition laminaire/turbulent de la couche limite autour d’une aube de turbine à gaz

La simulation numérique des écoulements à travers les aubes de turbines à gaz dépend essentiellement de la prédiction correcte de la transition laminaire/turbulent de la couche limite qui se développe autour de ces aubes. Particulièrement, le coefficient d’échange de chaleur est grandement influencé par cette transition qui conditionne d’une manière directe le niveau des échanges de chaleur dans les canaux des turbines à gaz. Dans la présente étude, on s’intéresse à la modélisation de la transition de la couche limite qui se développe autour de l’aube LS-89, testée expérimentalement au VKI, en utilisant un modèle de turbulence à quatre équations, basé sur des corrélations empiriques et développé par Menter (2004) et Langtry (2006). Deux variantes de corrélations sont intégrées au code Fluent par l’utilisation de fonctions définies par l’utilisateur (UDF). Les résultats numériques obtenus sont comparés et validés par des résultats expérimentaux obtenus par Arts et al. (1990) [1], d’où on constate une bonne concordance des résultats particulièrement pour la détection du point de transition.
Intensive glycaemic targets in overweight and obese individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus: clinical trial protocol for the iGDM study

Introduction The prevalence of both obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased, and each is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes including fetal overgrowth, neonatal morbidity, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and caesarean delivery. Women with GDM who are also overweight or obese have higher rates of pregnancy complications when compared with normal-weight women with GDM, which may occur in part due to suboptimal glycaemic control. The current recommendations for glycaemic targets in pregnant women with diabetes are based on limited evidence and exceed the mean fasting (70.9±7.8 mg/dL) and 1-hour postprandial (108.9±12.9 mg/dL) glucose values in pregnant individuals without diabetes. Our prior work demonstrated that the use of intensive (fasting <90 mg/dL and 1-hour postprandial <120 mg/dL) compared with standard (fasting <95 mg/dL and 1-hour postprandial <140 mg/dL) glycaemic targets resulted in improved glycaemic control without increasing the risk for hypoglycaemia in pregnant individuals with GDM, but the impact of intensive glycaemic targets on perinatal outcomes is unknown. Methods and analysis The Intensive Glycemic Targets in Overweight and Obese Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicenter Randomized Trial (iGDM Trial) is a large, pragmatic randomised clinical trial designed to investigate the impact of intensive versus standard glycaemic targets on perinatal outcomes in women with GDM who are overweight and obese. During the 5-year project period, a multidisciplinary team of investigators from five medical centres representing regions of the USA with high rates of obesity will randomise 828 overweight and obese women with GDM to either intensive or standard glycaemic targets. We will test the central hypothesis that intensive glycaemic targets will result in lower rates of neonatal composite morbidity including large for gestational age birth weight, neonatal hypoglycaemia, respiratory distress syndrome and need for phototherapy when compared with standard glycaemic targets using the intention-to-treat approach to analysis. Ethics and dissemination The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Indiana University School of Medicine approved this study (IRB# 11435; initial approval date 25 August 2021). We will submit the results of the trial for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at international scientific meetings. Trial registration number NCT05124808.
Telematics and informatics

Location-based games (LBGs) are typically played outdoors, as moving in the game is done by moving in the real world. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, people were advised and even forced by governments to stay home and avoid social contact to slow down the spreading of the virus. The major LBG developers reacted by making in-game adjustments that allow playing from home, while still maintaining some incentives for players to go outdoors and socialise. For investigating factors in ﬂ uencing intention to play LBGs socially during the on-going pandemic, we collected cross-sectional survey data (N = 855) from Finnish players of the most popular LBG, Pokémon GO. The results showed that perceived severity of the pandemic and a positive attitude towards both governmental measures and in-game changes for combatting COVID-19 predicted intention to reduce social playing. Fear of missing out and de ﬁ cient self-regulation increased playing intensity, which in turn negatively correlated with the intention to reduce social playing. Our ﬁ ndings demonstrate the in ﬂ uence that LBGs can have on human behaviour even during global crises such as COVID-19. As such, LBGs can be considered a resource in designing interventions for in ﬂ uencing movement at a population level.
Science Arts & Métiers (SAM)

1 The user experience in immersive virtual environment can be broadly defined by the feeling of presence and immersion in a virtual environment. The propensity of feeling “there” and “enveloped by” in the virtual environment seems to be essential in offering a high quality of experience. However, this user experience definition is partial and neglects other components of the user experience in immersive virtual environments. We consider the overall user experience in immersive virtual environments. In this study, we use our unified questionnaire to measure, analyze and compare the user experience of two immersive virtual devices (i.e., a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment and a Mobile Head Mounted Display). 21 participants took place in this study and assessed the user experience of these devices through the “King Tut VR2” edutainment virtual application. The results show that the CAVE induced a greater user experience than the HMD with significant difference in presence, engagement, flow, skill, judgement and experience consequence. The results also show no significant difference in immersion, usability, emotion and technology adoption between the CAVE and the HMD.
LINEAR AND NONLINEAR BEHAVIORS OF THE PHOTORECEPTOR COUPLED NETWORK.

Photoreceptors are electrically coupled to one another, and the spatiotemporal properties of electrical synapses in a two-dimensional retinal network are still not well-studied, because of the limitation of the single electrode or pair recording techniques which do not allow simultaneously measuring responses of multiple photoreceptors at various locations in the retina. A multiple electrode recording system is needed. In this study we investigate the network properties of the two-dimensional rod coupled array of the salamander retina (both sexes were used) by using the newly available multiple patch electrode system that allows simultaneous recordings from up to 8 cells, and to determine the electrical connectivity among multiple rods. We found direct evidence that voltage signal spread in the rod-rod coupling network in the absence of Ih (mediated by HCN channels) is passive and follows the linear cable equation. Under physiological conditions, Ih shapes the network signal by progressively shortening the response time-to-peak of distant rods, compensating the time loss of signal traveling from distant rods to bipolar cell somas and facilitating synchronization of rod output signals. Under voltage clamp conditions, current flow within the coupled rods follows Ohm's Law, supporting the idea that nonlinear behaviors of the rod network are dependent on membrane voltage. Rod-rod coupling is largely symmetrical in the 2-D array, and voltage clamp blocking the next neighboring rod largely suppresses rod signal spread into the second neighboring rod, suggesting that indirect coupling pathways play a minor role in rod-rod coupling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study employs the newly available multiple patch electrode technique to study the network properties of photoreceptors by simultaneously recording from multiple neurons. Unraveling how the photoreceptor coupled network shapes spatiotemporal responses, voltage gains and synaptic transfer in outer retina is crucial for our understanding of how the brain senses the visual world. Moreover, the negative peak response velocity of the coupled rod network mediated by HCN channels synchronize rod signals converging to a bipolar cell and improves the temporal resolution of the rod output synapses, a strategy that may be used by other coupled neuronal networks in the brain.
Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases Compendium Treatment of Obesity Weight Loss and Bariatric Surgery Weight Loss and Bariatric

: This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying, and indications for, bariatric surgery in the reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as other expected benefits of this intervention. The fundamental basis for bariatric surgery for the purpose of accomplishing weight loss is the determination that severe obesity is a disease associated with multiple adverse effects on health, which can be reversed or improved by successful weight loss in patients who have been unable to sustain weight loss by nonsurgical means. An explanation of possible indications for weight loss surgery as well as specific bariatric surgical procedures is presented, along with review of the safety literature of such procedures. Procedures that are less invasive or those that involve less gastrointestinal rearrangement accomplish considerably less weight loss but have substantially lower perioperative and longer-term risk. The ultimate benefit of weight reduction relates to the reduction of the comorbidities, quality of life, and all-cause mortality. With weight loss being the underlying justification for bariatric surgery in ameliorating CVD risk, current evidence-based research is discussed concerning body fat distribution, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, obstructive sleep apnea, and others. The rationale for bariatric surgery reducing CVD events is discussed and juxtaposed with impacts on all-cause mortalities. Given the improvement of established obesity-related CVD risk factors after weight loss, it is reasonable to expect a reduction of CVD events and related mortality after weight loss in populations with obesity. The quality of the current evidence is reviewed, and future research opportunities and summaries are stated. ( Circ Res . 2016;118:1844-1855. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307591.)
Based on the Gaussian Fitting Method to Derive Daily Evapotranspiration from Remotely Sensed Instantaneous Evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a significant component in the water cycle, and the estimation of it is imperative in water resource management. Regional ET can be derived by using remote sensing technology which combines remote sensing inputs with ground-based measurements. However, instantaneous ET values estimated through remote sensing directly need to be converted into daily totals. In this study, we attempted to retrieve daily ET from remotely sensed instantaneous ET. The study found that the Gaussian fitting curve closely followed the ET measurements during the daytime and hence put forward the Gaussian fitting method to convert the remotely sensed instantaneous ET into daily ETs. The method was applied to the middle reaches of Heihe River in China. Daily ETs on four days were derived and evaluated with ET measurements from the eddy covariance (EC) system. The correlation between daily ET estimates and measurements showed high accuracy, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.82, a mean average error (MAE) of 0.41 mm, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.46 mm. To make more scientific assessments, percent errors were calculated on the estimation accuracy, which ranged from 0% to 18%, with more than 80% of locations having the percent errors within 10%. Analyses on the relationship between daily ET estimates and land use status were also made to assess the Gaussian fitting method, and the results showed that the spatial distribution of daily ET estimates well demonstrated ET differences caused by land use types and was intimately linked with the vegetation pattern. The comparison between the Gaussian fitting method and the sine function method and the ETrF method indicated that results derived through the Gaussian fitting method had higher precision than that obtained by the sine function method and the ETrF method.
Seismotectonics of central and NW Himalaya: plate boundary–wedge thrust earthquakes in thin- and thick-skinned tectonic framework

Abstract The tectonic framework of NW Himalaya is different from that of the central Himalaya with respect to the position of the Main Central Thrust and Higher Himalayan Crystalline and the Lesser and Sub Himalayan structures. The former is characterized by thick-skinned tectonics, whereas the thin-skinned model explains the tectonic evolution of the central Himalaya. The boundary between the two segments of Himalaya is recognized along the Ropar–Manali lineament fault zone. The normal convergence rate within the Himalaya decreases from c. 18 mm a−1 in the central to c. 15 mm a−1 in the NW segments. In the last 800 years of historical accounts of large earthquakes of magnitude Mw ≥ 7, there are seven earthquakes clustered in the central Himalaya, whereas three reported earthquakes are widely separated in the NW Himalaya. The earthquakes in central Himalaya are inferred as occurring over the plate boundary fault, the Main Himalayan Thrust. The wedge thrust earthquakes in NW Himalaya originate over the faults on the hanging wall of the Main Himalayan Thrust. Palaeoseismic evidence recorded on the Himalayan front suggests the occurrence of giant earthquakes in the central Himalaya. The lack of such an event reported in the NW Himalaya may be due to oblique convergence.
The Mullica River—Great Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve: A Unique Opportunity for Research, Preservation, and Management

The NOAA program on National Estuarine Research Reserves (NERR) has developed to encompass 21 locations, each dedicated to the development and operation of an estuarine area as a natural field laboratory. Education and research are the primary goals of the Program. The Mullica River - Great Bay estuarine system in southern New Jersey is proposed to be added to the national program. It is large, encompassing a total of 46,172 hectares.
Climatic and sea‐level control of Jurassic (Pliensbachian) clay mineral sedimentation in the Cardigan Bay Basin, Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole, Wales

Early Jurassic climate is characterized by alternating cold and warm periods highlighted by studies based notably on oxygen isotopes measured on belemnite guards and other marine invertebrate shells. These climatic changes include changes in the hydrological cycle, and consequently weathering and runoff conditions. In order to clarify the erosion and weathering conditions during the Pliensbachian, this study determined the mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of 132 samples taken from the entire stage drilled in the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole (Cardigan Bay Basin). The clay mineral assemblages are composed of various proportions of chlorite, illite, illite/smectite mixed‐layers (R1 I–S), smectite and kaolinite, with possibly occasional traces of berthierine. The occurrence of abundant smectite indicates that the maximum burial temperature never exceeded 70°C. Consequently, clay minerals are considered mainly detrital, and their fluctuations likely reflect environmental changes. The variations in the proportions of smectite and kaolinite are opposite to each other. Kaolinite is particularly abundant at the base of the jamesoni Zone, in part coinciding with the δ13C negative excursion corresponding to the Sinemurian/Pliensbachian Boundary Event, and through the davoei Zone, whilst smectite is abundant in the upper part of jamesoni and base of ibex zones and through the subnodosus/gibbosus subzones of the margaritatus Zone. The kaolinite‐rich intervals reflect an intensification of hydrolysis and an acceleration of the hydrological cycle, while the smectite‐rich intervals indicate a more arid climate. The spinatum Zone is characterized by a distinct clay assemblage with abundant primary minerals, R1 I–S, kaolinite reworked from previously deposited sediments or from Palaeozoic rocks, and probably berthierine originating from contemporaneous ironstone‐generating environments of shallower waters. This mineralogical change by the end of the Pliensbachian likely reflects a transition from a dominant chemical weathering to a deeper physical erosion of the continent, probably related to a significant sea‐level fall consistent with a glacio‐eustatic origin.
Supervised band selection in hyperspectral images using single-layer neural networks

ABSTRACT Hyperspectral images provide fine details of the scene under analysis in terms of spectral information. This is due to the presence of contiguous bands that make possible to distinguish different objects even when they have similar colour and shape. However, neighbouring bands are highly correlated, and, besides, the high dimensionality of hyperspectral images brings a heavy burden on processing and also may cause the Hughes phenomenon. It is therefore advisable to make a band selection pre-processing prior to the classification task. Thus, this paper proposes a new supervised filter-based approach for band selection based on neural networks. For each class of the data set, a binary single-layer neural network classifier performs a classification between that class and the remainder of the data. After that, the bands related to the biggest and smallest weights are selected, so, the band selection process is class-oriented. This process iterates until the previously defined number of bands is achieved. A comparison with three state-of-the-art band selection approaches shows that the proposed method yields the best results in 43.33% of the cases even with greatly reduced training data size, whereas the competitors have achieved between 13.33% and 23.33% on the Botswana, KSC and Indian Pines datasets.
Assessment of model validation outcomes of a new recursive spatial equilibrium model for the Greater Beijing

Robust calibration and validation of applied urban models are prerequisites for their successful, policy-cogent use. This is particularly important today when expert assessment is questioned and closely scrutinized. This paper proposes a new model calibration-validation strategy based on a spatial equilibrium model that incorporates multiple time horizons, such that the predictive capabilities of the model can be empirically tested. The model is implemented for the Greater Beijing city region and the model validation strategy is demonstrated over the Census years 2000 to 2010. Through forward/backward forecasting, the model validation helps to verify the stability of the model parameters as well as the predictive capabilities of the recursive equilibrium framework. The proposed modelling strategy sets a new standard for verifying and validating recursive equilibrium models. We also consider the wider implications of the approach.
Yale UniversityDepartment of Computer ScienceCall by Name , Assignment , and the LambdaCalculus 1

We de ne an extension of the call-by-name lambda calculus with additional constructs and reduction rules that represent mutable variables and assignments. The extended calculus has neither a concept of an explicit store nor a concept of evaluation order; nevertheless, we show that programs in the calculus can be implemented using a single-threaded store. We also show that the new calculus has the Church-Rosser property and that it is a conservative extension of classical lambda calculus with respect to operational equivalence; that is, all algebraic laws of the functional subset are preserved.