Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decadal covariability of Atlantic SSTs and western Amazon dry‐season hydroclimate in observations and CMIP5 simulations

The unusual severity and return time of the 2005 and 2010 dry‐season droughts in western Amazon is attributed partly to decadal climate fluctuations and a modest drying trend. Decadal variability of western Amazon hydroclimate is highly correlated to the Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) north‐south gradient (NSG). Shifts of dry and wet events frequencies are also related to the NSG phase, with a 66% chance of 3+ years of dry events per decade when NSG > 0 and 19% when NSG < 0. The western Amazon and NSG decadal covariability is well reproduced in general circulation models (GCMs) historical (HIST) and preindustrial control (PIC) experiments of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The HIST and PIC also reproduce the shifts in dry and wet events probabilities, indicating potential for decadal predictability based on GCMs. Persistence of the current NSG positive phase favors above normal frequency of western Amazon dry events in coming decades.
An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep

To separate ingestive factors involving palatability from post-ingestive factors responsible for forage intake being depressed by ensiling, silages were evaluated using sham-fed animals. Protocol for all experiments was to formulate low dry matter (DM) silages from a high DM lucerne silage reconstituted with either water, solutions containing constituents commonly found in silage, or extracts of low DM silage. Solutions of silage constituents were adjusted before reconstitution to a pH typical of silage. Tests were performed by offering silages one at a time once daily to oesophageal fistulated sheep, maintained on lucerne hay, but starved for 5 h prior to the test. Intake was measured over 30 min. Sheep were adapted to intermediate levels of each test ingredient(s) before experiments were done to evaluate effects of four to five levels of each ingredient using Latin-square designs. Animals were sham fed during both periods of adaptation and of testing ingredient levels. Mean of 30-min intakes for control silages was 573 g DM. Lactic and acetic acids added together, to levels of 53·2 and 35·4 g/kg, respectively, enhanced intake with a linear response due to level ( P P P P
Greenland palaeotemperatures derived from GRIP bore hole temperature and ice core isotope profiles

Modelling the temperature profile along the GRIP deep bore at the summit of the Greenland ice sheet leads to conversion factors that allow interpretation of the dated stable isotope profile as a climatic temperature record spanning the last 113,000 years. When corrected for surface elevation changes, the late glacial to Boreal temperature shift appears to have been 22 °C in central Greenland. The warming at the end of the last glaciation probably began earlier in Greenland, than in Antarctica. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.47. issue5.9. x
Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle and Changes in the Perimenopause

Introduction The menopause marks the permanent cessation of menstruation and heralds the transition in a woman’s life from a reproductive state to a non-reproductive one. Whilst the average age of this landmark varies slightly across the world, the menopause generally occurs in the early 50s, and is only truly affected by factors such as smoking, and medical and surgical induction of the menopausal state. However, clinical symptoms may precede this, and the physiological changes which occur with the menopausal transition may begin several years prior to the onset of any manifestations. At the heart of the clinical and biochemical changes associated with the perimenopausal period is the depletion of ovarian follicles to a critical level [1–8]. Although the physiology of the normal menstrual cycle has been studied extensively, research concerning the physiological changes of the menopause and their relationship to menopausal symptoms has only begun to make significant advances in the last two decades. The development of a validated staging system has been immensely beneficial in standardizing nomenclature surrounding the menopause, as well as characterizing the changes at each stage in the transition. Despite these developments, there remain considerable gaps in the literature which require further investigation [1–8]. This chapter outlines current knowledge surrounding the staging and physiology of reproductive aging and its relationship to the troublesome symptoms experienced by the majority of women at this challenging stage of their lives. Before discussing this, however, it is important to have a firm grasp of the concepts surrounding the normal menstrual cycle.
Sources of Pacific T phases

The Hawaii Institute of Geophysics is conducting a study of T phases received by hydrophones of the Pacific missile range at Kaneohe, Oahu. Arrival times on these records are compared with U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey epicenter cards for identification of T phases. During March 1962 a 12-day listening period showed 81 signals of T-phase type. Eight were identified from epicenter cards and eight more from seismograph station reports for which epicenters are not reported in the cards. In 6 days of simultaneous hydrophone recordings at Point Sur, California, and Kaneohe, correlations were found for eight T phases, thereby locating additional sources by delay time. For 1 year's observations, the epicenters associated with T phases have been plotted on large-scale charts together with epicenters along the Pacific rim for which no T phases were received. T phases from epicenters at the lower end, and to seaward, of the continental slope are typically weak or not received. This pattern is shown to support the theory of downslope propagation as the mechanism for P-T transformation. Ground arrivals from Hawaii earthquakes are discussed.
3D Modelling of the electromagnetic response of geophysical targets using the FDTD method1

A publicly available and maintained electromagnetic finite-difference time domain (FDTD) code has been applied to the forward modelling of the response of 1D, 2D and 3D geophysical targets to a vertical magnetic dipole excitation. The FDTD method is used to analyze target responses in the 1 MHz to 100 MHz range, where either conduction or displacement currents may have the controlling role. The response of the geophysical target to the excitation is presented as changes in the magnetic field ellipticity. The results of the FDTD code compare favorably with previously published integral equation solutions of the response of 1D targets, and FDTD models calculated with different finite-difference cell sizes are compared to find the effect of model discretization on the solution. The discretization errors, calculated as absolute error in ellipticity, are presented for the different ground geometry models considered, and are, for the most part, below 10% of the integral equation solutions. Finally, the FDTD code is used to calculate the magnetic ellipticity response of a 2D survey and a 3D sounding of complicated geophysical targets. The response of these 2D and 3D targets are too complicated to be verified with integral equation solutions, but show the proper low- andmore » high-frequency responses. « less
An overview of microphysical properties of Arctic clouds observed in May and July 1998 during FIRE ACE

Microphysical data were collected by the NCAR C-130 research aircraft during the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment Arctic Cloud Experiment (FIRE ACE). Boundary layer clouds 100 to 400 m thick were observed on 11 of the 16 missions. The all-water clouds varied from being adiabatic and homogeneous with monomodal drop spectra to subadiabatic and inhomogeneous with bimodal drop spectra and drizzle. The subadiabatic clouds were observed to be actively mixing near cloud top. The adiabatic clouds provided a test of the performance of the liquid water content (LWC) probes but only in low LWC conditions. A mixed-phase boundary layer cloud displayed striking variability in the hydrometeor fields on a horizontal scale of 10 km and a vertical scale of 100 m. Cloud Particle Imager (CPI) data showed separate regions with small supercooled cloud drops, supercooled drizzle (at −25°C) and graupel particles. A deep stratus cloud with its base at 2 km (+2°C) and top at 6 km (−25°C) contained drizzle near cloud top and (lower in the cloud) very high (2500 to 4000 L−1) concentrations of ice particles in conditions that did not meet all the Hallett-Mossop criteria. CPI data showed that an Arctic cirrus cloud was composed of very high (∼100,000 L−1) concentrations of small ice particles interspersed with single, large (mostly bullet rosette) crystals. The data showed that the cirrus cloud was inhomogeneous on scales down to tens of meters. The average ice particle concentrations measured in the cirrus by the FSSP and CPI probes were several hundred to a few thousand per liter, much higher than commonly found in the literature.
Vegetation stress as a feedback mechanism in midlatitude drought

Abstract An atmospheric general circulation model with land surface properties represented by the Simplified Simple Biosphere Model is used to investigate the effect of soil moisture and vegetation stress on drought in the mid-latitudes. An idealized land-sea distribution with simple topography is used to remove as many external sources of climate variation as possible. The land consists of a single, flat, rectangular continent covered with prairie vegetation and centered on 44°N of an aqua planet. A control integration of 4 years is performed, and several sets of seasonal anomaly integrations are made to test the sensitivity of seasonal climate to low initial (1 April) soil moisture and dormant vegetation like what would occur during a severe drought. It is found that the inclusion of dormant vegetation during the spring and early summer greatly reduces evapotranspiration by eliminating transpiration. This affects local climate more strongly as summer progresses. Low initial soil moisture, combined with .
MRI INDUCED HEATING OF DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION LEADS: EFFECT OF THE AIR-TISSUE INTERFACE

We have investigated the scattering of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) radiofrequency (RF) field by implants for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and the resultant heating of the tissue surrounding the DBS electrodes. The finite element method has been used to perform full 3-D realistic simulations. The near field has been computed for varying distances of the connecting portion of the lead from the air-tissue interface. Dissipated powers and induced temperature rise distributions have been obtained in the region surrounding the electrodes. It is shown that the near proximity of the air-tissue interface results in a reduction in the induced temperature rise.
“Enhancement of Hematoma Clearance With CD47 Blocking Antibody in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage”

To the Editor: We read with great interest the recent study by Jing et al, entitled “Enhancement of Hematoma Clearance With CD47 Blocking Antibody in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. ” The study explored the role of CD47 (cluster of differentiation 47) blocking antibody in hematoma clearance in a mouse intracerebral hemorrhage. The results showed that CD47 blocking antibody enhanced hematoma clearance by macrophages/microglia and reduced neuronal loss in both male and female intracerebral hemorrhage mice. We totally support the authors’ view but raised some concerns in the following. The recent research points to a dual role of microglia/macrophages in brain injury and recovery after stroke, including sick M1 phenotype and healthy M2 phenotype. In the study, CD47 antibody significantly increased the number of MOMA-2 (monocyte/ macrophage antibody)–positive cells, which authors believe is a good marker for microglia/macrophages. They previously found blood induced more M2 polarized microglia in CD47 knockout mice; thus, they did not test the effect of CD47 antibody on the phenotype polarization of microglia/macrophages. Furthermore, rather than calculation of MOMA-2–positive cells, is more precise or visualized phagocytosis assay of erythrocytes by microglia/ macrophages in vitro needed? These abovementioned points are helpful to better explain the mechanisms of CD47 in phagocytosis and hematoma clearance after intracerebral hemorrhage. In addition, the protein expression of CD47 did not measure in the study, especially in neuronal cells. Generally, CD47 is a potent do-noteat-me signal. If CD47 is blocked in neuron, more neuronal cells may be eaten by microglia/macrophages. Thus, further study is still needed to explore the mechanism of reduced neuronal loss by CD47 blocking antibody. Finally, we believed that CD47 blocking is a potential therapy for hematoma resolution. Disclosures None.
Decay and mineralization of mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda; Crustacea); a key to their fossil record

Experiments were carried out on decay and early diagenetic mineralization in the stomatopod Neogonodactylus as a basis for the interpretation of fossil specimens of mantis shrimps. Neogonodactylus has a robust cuticle that is heavily mineralized in places in contrast to the decapods Crangon and Palaemon, which have been the subject of similar taphonomic experiments. Decay over 25 weeks resulted in a continuum of morphological stages: (1) swollen, due to osmotic uptake; (2) ruptured, as the exoskeleton split; and (3) partially decomposed, including weakening of the cuticle, decay of the soft-tissues, and disarticulation and fragmentation of the exoskeleton. Two categories of mineralization occurred; the precipitation of crystal bundles of calcium carbonate, and the replacement of soft-tissue and cuticle in calcium phosphate. Calcium carbonate formed as: (1) crystal bundles of various shapes; (2) crusts on the outside of the cuticle; and (3) an amorphous crystalline mass within the cuticle. The amount of soft-tissue mineralized in calcium phosphate increased throughout the experiment. In the later stages the hepatopancreas was often completely mineralized. Muscle tissue was replaced to a lesser extent and mostly in small fragments. Nerve ganglia were occasionally mineralized. The degree of mineralization was much greater than in decapod shrimps, presumably reflecting the higher calcium content and relatively phosphorus-rich cuticle of the stomatopod. The stages of morphological decay observed in these experiments can be identified in fossil stomatopods. SEM observations of fossil material have revealed phosphatized soft tissues similar to those found in the decaying carcasses. The experiments indicate that stomatopods have a relatively high fossilization potential. Their scarce and fragmentary fossil record must be a function of factors other than decay and degradation.
Horizontal heterogeneity in the frequency of plant‐available water with woodland intercanopy–canopy vegetation patch type rivals that occuring vertically by soil depth

Soil moisture integrates and drives ecohydrological processes in dryland ecosystems. However, despite the central importance of soil moisture, relevant field studies have not holistically assessed key inter‐related aspects of ecohydrological spatiotemporal variation: the threshold‐like manner in which soil texture controls the frequency at which soil water is readily available for plants, assessment of horizontal heterogeneity associated with vegetation patches in addition to vertical heterogeneity associated with depth, seasonal variation associated with precipitation type (snow vs rain) and inter‐annual variation spanning notably wet and dry periods. We measured soil water content by neutron probe in a semiarid piñon‐juniper woodland (Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma) in northern New Mexico, USA, over 15 years and evaluated an ecohydrological metric–plant‐available water, estimated as the percentage of time that soil water content was sufficiently wet to be generally available to plants. The frequency of plant‐available water varied significantly across all variables assessed: precipitation amount (across years or seasons), precipitation type, vertically with soil depth and horizontally with vegetation patch type (canopy patches beneath trees, intercanopy patches between trees and edges between the two patch types). Notably, in many cases, horizontal heterogeneity in plant‐available water associated with vegetation patch was as substantial as vertical heterogeneity associated with depth, yet such horizontal heterogeneity is not included in most ecological or hydrological models. Our results highlight spatiotemporal variation in the frequency of plant‐available water that is substantial, often overlooked, and may need to be explicitly considered for predicting dryland vegetation responses to land use and climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of Haemoprotozoan diseases in crossbred cattle in banglore north

The prevalence of haemoprotozoan disease in crossbred cattle was studied by screening 132 clinically suspected blood samples by Geimsa’s stained blood smear method. Among 132 crossbred cattle screened, 57 animals were found positive for haemoprotozoan parasites. Out of 57 positive cases, 41 were found positive for Theileria annulata and the remaining 16 were positive for Babesia bibemina. The highest prevalence was found in 4-6 year age group and in monsoon months. The hematological observation revealed reduced Hb, TEC and PCV in the infected animals. The treatment with buparvaquone and oxytetracyclin for theileriosis and diminazine aceturate for babesiosis are found effective.
One-year outcome of bilateral randomised prospective clinical trial comparing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin C (MMC) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

We read with great interest the article by Wallau and Campos,1 who compared the 1-year outcome of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin C (MMC) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in a bilateral randomised prospective clinical trial. The authors concluded that Wavefront-guided PRK with 0.002% MMC is more effective than wavefront-guided LASIK for correction of moderate myopia, which is consistent with previous studies.2 We would like to make the following comments. The authors have conducted a bilateral randomised control trial; however, …
STABILITY OF MOUND BREAKWATER'S HEAD AND TRUNK

The stability of a cubic armored breakwater head and trunk under monochromatic wave trains is experimentally studied. For the head there is a sector, roughly of 60°, where the unit stability is minimum. The stability function values (similar to Hudson's number) are 1.3‐three times higher there than those obtained from biodimensional tested sections. Head shape, at least for the cases tested, does not exert significant influence on the head stability. Trunk sections tested under long crested waves with a standing longitudinal wave height variation (here called quasi‐three‐dimensional [3D] tests) are less stable than two‐dimensional (2D) tested sections. Furthermore, trunk and head sections show a different behavior as the damage grows; the radio of initiation of damage wave height to destruction wave heights is much lower for head than for trunk sections. Head sections are more brittle than trunk sections. Additionally, exploration was carried out into standing longitudinal variation of wave height along t.
Meteoric smoke production in the atmosphere

Nanometer‐sized smoke particles produced during ablation of incoming micrometeorites influence the ion chemistry in the 80–120km region and are believed to play an important role in the nucleation of mesospheric ice particles. We present a new model of cosmic dust ablation and smoke production in the Earth's atmosphere using realistic size and velocity distributions of the incoming dust particles. We show that, while the seasonal changes in our atmosphere can be safely neglected, the shape of micro‐meteoroids strongly affects their ablation.
Addenda and Errata Biological Crystallography Addenda and Errata Biological Crystallography

Application of the use of high-throughput technologies to the determination of protein structures of bacterial and viral pathogens. Corrigendum A correction is made to the name of one of the authors in Fogg et al. In the article by Fogg et al. (2006) the middle initial of one of the authors was omitted. Application of the use of high-throughput technologies to the determination of protein structures of bacterial and viral pathogens The Structural Proteomics In Europe (SPINE) programme is aimed at the development and implementation of high-throughput technologies for the efficient structure determination of proteins of biomedical importance, such as those of bacterial and viral pathogens linked to human health. Despite the challenging nature of some of these targets, 175 novel pathogen protein structures (220 including complexes) have been determined to date. Here the impact of several technologies on the structural determination of proteins from human pathogens is illustrated with selected examples, including the parallel expression of multiple constructs, the use of standardized refolding protocols and optimized crystal-lization screens.
DeepCEST: 9.4 T Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI contrast predicted from 3 T data - a proof of concept study

Purpose: Separation of different CEST signals in the Z-spectrum is a challenge especially at low field strengths where amide, amine, and NOE peaks coalesce with each other or with the water peak. The purpose of this work is to investigate if the information in 3T spectra can be extracted by a deep learning approach trained by 9.4T human brain target data. Methods: Highly-spectrally-resolved Z-spectra from the same volunteer were acquired by 3D-snapshot CEST MRI at 3 T and 9.4 T with similar saturation schemes. The volume-registered 3 T Z-spectra-stack was then used as input data for a 3-layer deep neural network with the volume-registered 9.4 T fitted parameter stack as target data. The neural network was optimized and applied to training data, to unseen data from a different volunteer, and as well to a tumor patient data set. Results: A useful neural net architecture could be found and verified in healthy volunteers. The principle gray-/white matter contrast of the different CEST effects was predicted with only small deviations. The 9.4 T prediction was less noisy compared to the directly measured CEST maps, however at the cost of slightly lower tissue contrast. Application to a tumor patient measured at 3 T and 9.4 T revealed that tumorous tissue Z-spectra and corresponding hyper/hypo-intensities of different CEST effects can also be predicted. Conclusion: Deep learning might be a powerful tool for CEST data processing and deepCEST could bring the benefits and insights of the few ultra-high field sites to a broader clinical use. Vice versa deepCEST might help for determining which subjects are good candidates to measure additionally at UHF.
The Sulu Sea Internal Soliton Experiment

Abstract We present the results of a comprehensive study of large-amplitude internal solitons generated in the Sulu Sea in the Philippines by intense tidal flow over a sharp bathymetric feature. Surface signatures of these waves have been observed in images from the DMSP, Landsat, and Nimbus-7 satellites and the space shuttle SIR-A synthetic aperture radar. A two-week experiment was conducted in the Sulu Sea in May 1980 from R.V. Oceanograher, during which a three-mooring phased array of current meters and thermistors was implanted near the wave source and at 82 km and 200 km from the source. Seventeen soliton packets were observed whose properties underwent significant change as they propagated across the sea. Vertical profiles of density, temperature, and acoustic backscatter, as well as radar and photographic surface signatures, were obtained from the ship. Data from satellites, moorings, and the ship give unprecedented information on the spatial and temporal characteristics of solitary waves, which ha.