Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ITRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Spikes in Response to Tilletia controversa Kühn and Tilletia foetida Kühn Infection, Causal Organisms of Dwarf Bunt and Common Bunt of Wheat

Simple Summary Wheat is the staple food crop for many countries. Therefore, avoiding pathogen infection in the crops is a prerequisite for productive and sustainable agriculture. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis related proteins and thaumatin-like proteins is significant for control of dwarf bunt and common bunt. In the present research, a highly susceptible cultivar was used to measure the defense protein expression differences against dwarf bunt and common bunt pathogens. There were huge differences in expression of defense proteins in pathogen-infected and control libraries. Abstract Dwarf bunt and common bunt diseases of wheat are caused by Tilletia controversa Kühn and Tilletia foetida Kühn, respectively, and losses caused by these diseases can reach 70–80% in favourable conditions. T. controversa and T. foetida are fungal pathogens belonging to the Exobasidiomycetes within the basidiomycetous smut fungi (Ustilaginomycotina). In order to illuminate the proteomics differences of wheat spikes after the infection of T. controversa and T. foetida, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technique was used for better clarification. A total of 4553 proteins were differentially detected after T. controversa infection; 4100 were upregulated, and 453 were downregulated. After T. foetida infection, 804 differentially expressed proteins were detected; 447 were upregulated and 357 were downregulated. In-depth data analysis revealed that 44, 50 and 82 proteins after T. controversa and 9, 6 and 16 proteins after T. foetida were differentially expressed, which are antioxidant, plant-pathogen interaction and glutathione proteins, respectively, and 9 proteins showed results consistent with PRM. The top 20 KEGG enrichment pathways were identified after pathogen infection. On the basis of gene ontology, the upregulated proteins were linked with metabolic process, catalytic activity, transferase activity, photosynthetic membrane, extracellular region and oxidoreductase activity. The results expanded our understanding of the proteome in wheat spikes in response to T. controversa and T. foetida infection and provide a basis for further investigation for improving the defense mechanism of the wheat crops.
A drain avalanche hot carrier lifetime model for n- and p-channel MOSFETs

A simple and physical drain avalanche hot carrier lifetime model has been proposed. The model is based on a mechanism of interface trap generation caused by recombination of hot electrons and hot holes. The lifetime is modeled as /spl tau/(I/sub d//W)/sup 2//spl prop/(I/sub sub//I/sub d/)/sup -m/. The formula is different from the conventional /spl tau/I/sub d//W-I/sub sub//I/sub d/ model in that the exponent of I/sub d//W is 2, which results from the assumed mechanism of the two-carrier recombination. It is shown that the mechanism gives a physical basis of the empirical /spl tau/-I/sub sub//W model for NMOSFETs. The proposed model has been validated experimentally both for NMOSFETs and for PMOSFETs. Model parameters extracted from experimental data show that carrier critical energies for creating damage are lower than the interface potential barriers. It is supposed that oxide band edge tailing enables low energy carriers to create the damage.
Corticospinal Tract Integrity and Long-Term Hand Function Prognosis in Patients With Stroke

Background: The restoration of hand function is an important goal for patients with stroke. This study investigated the relationship between corticospinal tract (CST) integrity and the functional status of the hand in patients with stroke 6 months after onset and evaluated which of the following values would be useful for predicting hand function: fiber number (FN), fractional anisotropy (FA) at the mid-pons, and FA at the pontomedullary junction. Methods: The present retrospective cross-sectional observational study assessed 44 patients with stroke who were able to walk without using a walking aid or orthosis. The final hand function results were classified into three groups: no recovery (unable to grasp), partial recovery (able to grasp, unable to oppose), and full recovery (able to grasp and oppose). All subjects underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at 6 months after stroke onset. Values for FA at the mid-pons and pontomedullary junction and CST FN were measured. The normalization ratio for FN and FA was calculated using the following formula: data for affected hand/data for non-affected hand. Results: The normalized FN, FA (mid-pons), and FA (pontomedullary junction) DTI values differed significantly. The FA (mid-pons) value for the full recovery group was higher than those for the other groups. The FA (mid-pons) value for the partial recovery group was higher than that for the no recovery group. The normalized FA (mid-pons) value differed significantly among all three groups. Conclusions: The present study showed that CST integrity (at 6 months after onset) in patients with chronic stroke was related to functional hand status. In addition, the mid-pons FA value was more predictive of functional restoration of the hand than the FN or FA value at the pontomedullary junction. These results may be useful in predicting the functional restoration of the hand and understanding the functional prognosis of stroke.
Intracranial arterial wall imaging: Techniques, clinical applicability, and future perspectives

Purpose To review the current state of the art and future development of intracranial vessel wall imaging. Methods Recent literature review and expert opinion about intracranial arterial wall imaging. Results Intracranial large artery diseases represent an important cause of stroke and vascular cognitive impairment worldwide. Our traditional understanding of intracranial large artery diseases is based on the observation of luminal narrowing or occlusion with angiographic or ultrasound techniques. Recently, novel imaging techniques have made the intracranial artery wall accessible for noninvasive visualization. The main advantage of vessel-wall imaging as compared to conventional imaging techniques for visualization of intracranial arteries is the ability to detect vessel wall changes even before they get to cause any significant luminal stenosis. This diagnostic capacity is provoking a revolutionary change in the way we see the intracranial circulation. In this article, we will review the current state of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography-based intracranial arterial wall imaging, focusing on technical considerations and their clinical applicability. Moreover, we will provide the readers with our vision on the future development of vessel-wall imaging techniques. Conclusion Intracranial arterial wall imaging methods are gaining increasing potential to impact the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cerebrovascular diseases.
Valine increases milk fat synthesis in mammary gland of gilts through stimulating AKT/MTOR/SREBP1 pathway†

Abstract Lactating mammary glands are among the most active lipogenic organs and provide a large percentage of bioactive lipids and calories for infant growth. The branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) valine is known to modulate fatty acids synthesis in adipose tissue; however, its effects on fat metabolism and the underlying mechanisms in mammary glands remain to be determined. Valine supplementation during late pregnancy significantly increased the contents of total milk fat, triglyceride, sphingomyelin, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the colostrum of gilts. Further study in porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) confirmed that valine upregulated the phosphorylation levels of AKT-activated MTOR and subsequently induced the nuclear accumulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), thus increasing the expression of proteins related to fatty acids synthesis and intracellular triacylglycerol content. Inhibition of AKT/MTOR signaling or silencing of SREBP1 in PMECs downregulates the expression of proteins related to fatty acids synthesis and intracellular triacylglycerol content. Our findings indicated that valine enhanced milk fat synthesis of colostrum in porcine mammary glands via the AKT/MTOR/SREBP1 signaling pathway. Summary Sentence The fatty acid in milk is synthesized by the lactating mammary gland. Branched amino acid valine enhanced fatty acids through stimulating AKT/MTOR/SREBP1 pathway.
Performance Investigation of a Cost- and Power-Effective High Nonlinearity Tolerance OFDMA-PON Scheme Based on Sub-Nyquist Sampling Rate and DFT-Spread

We investigate the performance of a cost- and power-effective high nonlinearity tolerance orthogonal frequency-division multiple access passive optical network scheme based on sub-Nyquist sampling and discrete Fourier transform spread. The analog-to-digital converter with a sampling rate below the Nyquist sampling rate is used for signal detection for each optical network unit. The complicated pre-process procedure is located in the optical line terminal. Only Low-point FFT and IDFT procedures are required in the ONU, reducing the computational complexity and power consumption in the ONU, and the sampling rate of ADC, and improve the cost- and power-efficiency effectively. Moreover, the peak-to-average power ratio is reduced effectively with the scheme. The simulation results show that the measured bit error ratio of each ONU signal well less than the forward-error correction limit of $3.8\times 10^{-3}$ is obtained after 40-km standard single mode fiber transmission.
Molecular discrimination of Ancistrus lineages (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) using barcode DNA tool

Abstract Although several species of Ancistrus have been described from the Amazon and Paraguay river basins in the states of Amazonas and Mato Grosso, Brazil, the taxonomic status of most specimens from these regions remains doubtful. In the present work, cytogenetic and molecular data were used to discriminate and isolate unexpected Ancistrus lineages from the Amazon and Paraguay basins. For that, it was used DNA barcoding based on mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene and cytogenic data to perform such molecular discrimination. The analyzed sequences had 669 bp, of which 171 bp were conserved and 491 bp were variable. The Neighbor-joining and Bayesian analysis revealed 21 distinct groups in topology. The genetic distances within each group was 0.4%, 21 times smaller than the mean distance observed among groups, which was 8.4%. These values showed seven distinct lineages of Ancistrus from the studied points of the Amazon basin and eight lineages from the Paraguay basin points. Our results illustrate the efficiency of this technique for the discrimination of the Ancistrus lineages once it indicates the occurrence of cryptic species in these regions, which cannot yet be identified either with just chromosomal or morphological analyzes.
Classification of the Clinical Morphological Form of Destructive Pancreatitis on the Basis Derived from the Analysis of the Results of a Full Cycle of Diagnostic Patient Studies and the Identification of the Most Significant Factors by Machine Learning

In this paper a machine learning based approach to pancreatonecrosis form diagnostics is reviewed. Usage of random forest method was found to be the most promising when compared to other popular classification methods of labeled data. Experimental data that were used in this research are based on clinical practice and include data about more than 200 patients and over 300 kinds of diagnostics.
Massive MIMO-OFDM Channel Estimation via Distributed Compressed Sensing

Massive multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (mMIMO-OFDM) channel estimation is considered recently utilizing compressed sensing (CS) based methods. Here, we proposed to use the joint sparsity of mMIMO-OFDM channels using stage-wise forward backward pursuit (StFBP) algorithm. In order to increase the speed of convergence and accuracy of estimation, we proposed to gather multiple good atoms in each step and to exploit common sparsity in the system model, respectively. Furthermore, the backward steps improve the accuracy by omitting bad previously gathered atoms. Simulation results represent the superiority of the proposed StFBP approach rather than the conventional CS-based and non-CS-based approaches.
How to Meet Increased Capacities by Future Green 5G Networks: A Survey

The mass and widespread adoption of connected mobile devices have brought about enormous social changes with significant economic, cultural, and technological impacts on a society that is becoming increasingly connected. Therefore, energy efficiency in future mobile generations is becoming increasingly significant for cellular network operators. To realize future green networks based on energy efficient architecture that meets the holistic requirements in terms of capacity, this paper presents an overview of the principal driving factors triggered by the next mobile generation, 5G, to fulfill the needed requirements. A detailed discussion of the various advantages and disadvantages of each of these techniques is performed to contribute to understanding how the green radio architecture for future mobile networks can be designed and what challenges may oppose this realization.
Polyphasic Rhabdomyositis in California Sea Lions (Zalophus Californianus): Pathology and Potential Causes

A myositis syndrome has been recognized for more than a decade in California sea lions (CSLs; Zalophus californianus) but a detailed description of the lesions and potential causes of this condition is lacking. The tissues of 136 stranded CSLs with rhabdomyositis were examined. Rhabdomyositis was considered incidental in 67% (91/136) of the CSLs, and a factor contributing to the animal stranding (significant rhabdomyositis) in 33% (45/136). Of the 91 cases with incidental rhabdomyositis, lesions consisted of a few small foci of lymphohistiocytic inflammation. Of the 45 cases with significant rhabdomyositis, 28 (62%) also presented with major comorbidities such as leptospirosis (2 animals) and domoic acid toxicosis (6 animals), whereas 17 (38%) had severe polyphasic rhabdomyositis as the only major disease process associated with mortality. In these animals, most striated muscles had multiple white streaks and diffuse atrophy. Microscopically, there was myofiber necrosis surrounded by lymphocytes and histiocytes admixed with areas of myofiber regeneration, and/or moderate to severe rhabdomyocyte atrophy usually adjacent to intact Sarcocystis neurona cysts. At the interface of affected and normal muscle, occasional T lymphocytes infiltrated the sarcoplasm of intact myocytes, and occasional myofibers expressed MHCII proteins in the sarcoplasm. S. neurona antibody titers and cyst burden were higher in animals with significant polymyositis antibody titers of (26125 ± 2164, 4.5 ± 1.2 cysts per section) and active myonecrosis than animals with incidental rhabdomyositis antibody titers of (7612 ± 1042, 1.7 ± 0.82 cysts per section). The presented findings suggest that S. neurona infection and immune-mediated mechanisms could be associated with significant polyphasic rhabdomyositis in CSLs.
Imaging and Analysis of Presynaptic Calcium Influx in Cultured Neurons Using synGCaMP6f

Presynaptic Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) is a key step in synaptic transmission that links action potential (AP)-derived depolarization to vesicle release. However, investigation of presynaptic Ca2+ influx by patch clamp recordings is difficult due to the small size of the majority of synaptic boutons along thin axons that hamper clamp control. Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) in combination with live cell imaging provide an alternative method to study Ca2+ transients in individual presynaptic terminals. The indicator GCaMP6f was developed for fast speed and high sensitivity in detecting Ca2+ transients even in subcellular compartments. We fused GCaMP6f to synaptophysin (synGCaMP6f) to enrich the calcium indicator in presynaptic boutons of transfected primary hippocampal neurons to study presynaptic Ca2+ changes in response to individual APs or short bursts. Changes in fluorescence intensity were evaluated by normalization to control level or, alternatively, by normalization to maximal fluorescence using the calcium ionophore ionomycin. Measurements revealed robust Ca2+ transients with amplitudes that depend on parameters like the number of APs, stimulation frequency or external calcium concentration. Our findings indicate an appropriate sensitivity of synGCaMP6f for studying total presynaptic Ca2+ transients induced by single APs or short bursts that showed little rundown of the response after repeated bursts. Moreover, these recordings are fast enough to even study short-term plasticity like paired pulse facilitation (PPF) and frequency dependence of Ca2+ transients. In addition, synGCaMP6f could be used to dissect the contribution of different subtypes of VGCCs to presynaptic Ca2+ influx. Our results demonstrate that synGCaMP6f allows the reliable analysis of changes in presynaptic calcium concentration at many individual synaptic boutons in parallel and provides the possibility to study the regulation of this important step in synaptic transmission.
Altered Lipidome Composition Is Related to Markers of Monocyte and Immune Activation in Antiretroviral Therapy Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and in Uninfected Persons

Background: HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) have both been linked to dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Alterations in the composition of saturated (SaFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids are related to inflammation and CVD progression in HIV-uninfected (HIV–) populations. The relationships among the lipidome and markers of monocyte and immune activation in HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals are not well understood. Methods: Concentrations of serum lipids and their fatty acid composition were measured by direct infusion-tandem mass spectrometry in samples from 20 ART-treated HIV+ individuals and 20 HIV– individuals. Results: HIV+ individuals had increased levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) with enrichment of SaFAs, including palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), and these levels were directly associated with markers of monocyte (CD40, HLA-DR, TLR4, CD36) and serum inflammation (LBP, CRP). PUFA levels were reduced significantly in HIV+ individuals, and many individual PUFA species levels were inversely related to markers of monocyte activation, such as tissue factor, TLR4, CD69, and SR-A. Also in HIV+ individuals, the composition of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) was enriched for SaFAs; LPC species containing SaFAs were directly associated with IL-6 levels and monocyte activation. We similarly observed direct relationships between levels of SaFAs and inflammation in HIV uninfected individuals. Further, SaFA exposure altered monocyte subset phenotypes and inflammatory cytokine production in vitro. Conclusions: The lipidome is altered in ART-treated HIV infection, and may contribute to inflammation and CVD progression. Detailed lipidomic analyses may better assess CVD risk in both HIV+ and HIV– individuals than does traditional lipid profiling.
A Novel Community Detection Algorithm Based on the Node Correlation Strength in Complex Networks

Community structure is an important feature of complex networks, and it is of great significance for us to understand and analyze other characteristics of the network, meanwhile it also helps to identify the properties of individual nodes by extracting community structure within the network. In this paper, a novel community detection algorithm based on the node correlation strength is proposed, where the edge and weights of the node is used to calculate the correlation strength of each node in the network, and then search the higher modularity by moving a node with a low correlation strength to a neighbor's community. After that, we fold nodes within the same community to reconstruct the network for a new node and then recursively implement this process to obtain the best partition scheme with the higher modularity. Finally, the algorithm is applied into computer generated network and real networks and compared with the existing algorithms. The current results show that the partition scheme given by this new algorithm has the higher modularity, it also indicates that the number of communities is consistent with ones within several realistic networks.
A Novel Image Classification Method Based on Bag-of-Words Framework

In this paper, a novel image classification method is proposed with a Bag-of-Words framework. For its simplified characteristics, the Bag-of-Words method is widely used in fields such as image classification and object recognition. Nevertheless, it still has some challenges, e.g., one single feature cannot always describe the information of a whole image, and the visual words allocation mechanism cannot represent the image better. Accordingly, two methods are proposed in this paper. For the first problem, a feature-fusion method is used by combining SIFT and HOG features. For the second, a soft threshold visual word allocation mechanism is put forward, in which k-means method is adopted to cluster the syncretic feature and form a “Visual Dictionary“, where each of the visual words with different weights is assigned to. Meanwhile, to add the image's spatial information, SPM theory is combined within the Bag-of-Words framework by using an SVM classifier to classify the image. Experiments on the Caltech-101 and Scene-15 datasets show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional methods.
Slotted Flow Stats Acquisition: a Resource-efficient Flow Statistics Polling in OpenFlow Networks

The Software Defined Networking (SDN) architecture becomes gradually more common in recent networking solutions considered in both research and commercial contexts. While SDN promises to simplify network management and monitoring processes, there are still numerous issues to address. Many of them involve the centralized network controller, depicted as a single point of failure able to make the whole network down in case of misconfiguration or unavailability. The SDN controller is typically involved in monitoring tasks that require uninterrupted connectivity with network nodes. Maintenance of up-to-date network state database generates frequent data transfers over the control channel and significant resource consumption. The both inevitably affect performance of other tasks. Considering such circumstances, it is desirable to find a tradeoff between measurements accuracy and the related overhead in terms of network and computational resources.In this paper, the Slotted Flow Stats Acquisition (SFSA) mechanism is proposed. Its aim is to spread in time the control channel load caused by network monitoring tasks, preventing the controller from being affected by resource consumption bursts. The mechanism may be adjusted to user-specific needs regarding desired accuracy of the periodically gathered measurement data. It is shown that the proposed solution effectively eliminates traffic spikes caused by requests for bulk flow statistics. Controller responsiveness in OpenFlow-based networks is thus improved.