Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plica Polonica After Use of Shampoo

Sir, Plica polonica is an uncommon condition characterized by diffuse matting of hair. It can be caused by various conditions such as psychiatric illnesses, pediculosis, pyoderma scalp and shampoos. It was prevalent in Poland in the 19th century, hence the name plica polonica or polish plait. [1,2] Here, we report a case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with a mass of entangled hair for the past 1 month. The patient gave a history of application of some shampoo. Immediately after its application, she developed matting of hair which could not be detangled even with repeated washing. The problem was persistent and the patient was unable to comb her hair. On examination, the patient had a bunch of diffusely matted hair giving a bird’s nest appearance [Figure 1]. The texture of the hair was coarse. Nits were present in the occipital region, and some erythematous pustules were also present in the occipital region suggesting pediculosis and secondary infection. Suboccipital lymph nodes were enlarged. General physical examination was unremarkable. How to cite this article: Kaliyadan F. Polarized versus nonpolarized dermoscopy for hair and scalp evaluation. Int J Trichol 2016;8:45-6. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Knowledge-guided Deep Temporal Clustering for Alzheimer's Disease Subtypes in Completed Clinical Trials

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder with varied patient progression. We aim to test the hypothesis that AD patients can be categorized into subgroups based on differences in progression. We leveraged data from three randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to develop a knowledge-guided, deep temporal clustering (KG-DTC) framework for AD subtyping. This model combined autoencoders for contextual information capture, k-means clustering for representation formation, and clinical outcome classification for clinical knowledge integration. The derived representations, encompassing demographics, APOE genotype, cognitive assessments, brain volumes, and biomarkers, were clustered using the Gaussian Mixture Model to identify AD subtypes. Our novel KG-DTC framework was developed using placebo data from 2,087 AD patients across three solanezumab clinical trials (EXPEDITION, EXPEDITION2, and EXPEDITION3), achieving high performance in outcome prediction and clustering. The KG-DTC model demonstrated superior clustering structures, especially when combined with k-means clustering loss. External validation with independent clinical trial data showed consistent clustering results, with a 0.33 silhouette score for three clusters. The model's stability was confirmed through a leave-one-out approach, with an average adjusted Rand Index around 0.945. Three distinct AD subtypes were identified, each exhibiting unique patterns of cognitive function, neurodegeneration, and amyloid beta levels. Notably, Subtype 3 (S3) showed rapid cognitive decline across multiple clinical measures (e.g., 0.64 in S1 vs. -1.06 in S2 vs. 15.09 in S3 of average ADAS total change score, p<.001). This innovative approach offers promising insights for understanding variability in treatment outcomes and personalizing AD treatment strategies.
Event Related Potentials Reveal that Increasing Perceptual Load Leads to Increased Responses for Target Stimuli and Decreased Responses for Irrelevant Stimuli

Lavie (1995) have suggested that perceptual processing is influenced by perceptual load. Specifically, relevant information receives additional processing in high load situations exhausting the available capacity. On the other hand, irrelevant information receives less processing with increasing load on a relevant task, as there is a reduced amount of residual processing available. Rees et al. (1997) provided the first physiological evidence for this model, showing this pattern in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Likewise, Handy et al. (2001) offered supporting evidence measuring event related potentials (ERPs). Both of these studies presented irrelevant information in peripheral vision. Here we manipulated load while using the identical stimuli and the same task (a peripheral gap judgment task) with centrally presented irrelevant stimuli. ERPs show the pattern predicted by Lavie and colleagues, specifically for the N1 component. This work offers further evidence that visual attention modulates relatively early processing of perceptual information. Specifically, increasing load resulted in stronger N1 responses to relevant information and weaker N1 responses to irrelevant information.
Tectonic record of strain buildup and abrupt coseismic stress release across the northwestern Peru coastal plain, shelf, and continental slope during the past 200 kyr

200 kyr, both segments uplifted at high rates of 10 to 20 mm yr � 1 through tectonic pulses coeval with the eustatic deglacial sea level rises of isotope stage 1 and warm isotope substage 5e, respectively. The uplift and related extensive emersion of the coastal plain require high coupling along the subduction zone and/or underplating at depth. Offshore, industry-acquired reflection seismic lines combined with EM12 bathymetric data allow us to investigate the tectonic regime and deformation of the continental margin and shelf. Major dipping seaward detachments control the long-term subsidence of this area. These main tectonic features define a tectonic segmentation. The Talara, Paita, and Sechura segments are identified from north to south. No clear tectonic correlation in time exists between the onshore and the continental margin segmentations, or in space either. The longterm subsidence of the offshore, indicative of subduction erosion working at depth, requires low coupling along the subduction channel at depth. The distribution of permanent deformation along the northern Peru forearc area includes long-term uplift along the coastal plain and long-term subsidence along the continental margin, the neutral line being located within the 10 km seaward from the Present coastline. An extensive sequence of raised marine cliffs and associated notches evidences that the most recent uplift step (20–23 ka to Present) along the Cabo Blanco segment is related to a sequence of major earthquakes. We infer that eustacy exerts important feedback coupling to the seismogenic behavior of the North Peru subduction zone. We speculate that during sea level fall, pore fluid pressure diminishes along the subduction channel inducing a possible seaward migration of the locked zone (i.e., migration of the updip limit) reaching a maximum by the end of the eustatic low stand. During eustatic sea level rise, pore fluid pressure increases along the subduction channel. This in turn is capable of weakening the previously locked zone along the plate interface beginning an earthquake sequence. Earth’s orbital variations are a potential external cause that may control the physical processes at work along plate interface.
Indian Society for Study of Pain, Cancer Pain Special Interest Group Guidelines on Pharmacological Management of Cancer Pain (Part I)

The Indian Society for Study of Pain (ISSP), Cancer Pain Special Interest Group guidelines on pharmacological management of cancer pain in adults provides a structured, step-wise approach which will help to improve the management of cancer pain and to provide the patients with a minimally acceptable quality of life. The guidelines have been developed based on the available literature and evidence, to suit the needs, patient population, and situations in India. A questionnaire based on the key elements of each sub drafts addressing certain inconclusive areas where evidence was lacking, was made available on the ISSP website, and circulated by E-mail to all the ISSP and Indian Association of Palliative Care (IAPC) members. We recommend that analgesics for cancer pain management should follow the World Health Organization three-step analgesic ladder appropriate for the severity of pain. The use of paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alone or in combination with opioids for mild-to-moderate pain should be used. For mild-to-moderate pain, weak opioids such as tramadol, tapentadol, and codeine can be given in combination with nonopioid analgesics. We recommend morphine as the opioid of first choice for moderate-to-severe cancer pain.
Video via radio testbed

In this paper, an efficient video compression (CR, compression ratio,approximately equals 1000:1) mechanism is presented, and that preserves not only the visual acuity but also the perception fidelity. This is possible because we have made novel utilization of the Human Vision System (HVS). It is well known that our eyes do not pay attention to image pixels rather to intensity changes. Thus the traditional compression based on pixels' dynamic range reduction at all pixel level could be overkill. We furthermore label the discontinuity of the intensity with the derivative jump value across the boundary as the finger print of the edge, and that label together with its actual gray scale value are called the singularity map (SM) that enable us uniquely identify those corresponding control points among neighbor- hood frames without the usual exhaustive search at all image pixels level. The proposed video compression consists of two parallel operations: (1) sending the lossy compression of full image by the HVS wavelets without, however, the block artifact of DCT of JPEG or MPEG, and (2) inserting the original gray scale edge preserved by the SM before the lossy compression operation. Although we know how HVS can extract the SM without the convolution broadening, effectively if we could separate the address from the actual value, we can derive the address by taking into consideration the usual convolution broadening using the Sobel and Canny or any edge operator. Once the address of SM is sharpened without the broadening by inverse diffusion or other tricks, we can straightforwardly look up the actual image value at the gray scale edge from the original image. Since the correspondence among neighborhood frames of the singularity maps is followed in time, we need only send the change of the address without the need of sending the next frame and that fact further compress the redundancy in time from K bytes per frame to K bits on the average. This is the essential principle to enable us to transmit live video via the SINGARS radio at a narrow bandwidth of 16 K bps.
Relationships between Soil Morphology and Soil Properties Relevant to Irrigated and Dryland Agriculture

A number of morphological attributes are commonly assumed to serve as surrogates for properties that cannot be practically measured on a routine basis This study investigates whether conventional soil morphology can be used for predicting soil properties of relevance to irrigated and dryland agriculture in the lower Macquarie Valley, N S W Measurements from 224 profiles were used to develop regression equations with morphological properties as explanatory variables Response variables included gravimetric moisture contents at -10 and -1500 kPa, available water capacity, ail-filled porosity, ESP, dispersion index, the coefficient of linear extensibility, bulk density and CEC The relationships between field texture and particle size classes were also determined Conventional sod morphology provided only moderate predictions of the agronomically more important properties In the lower Macquarie Valley, texture and colour were the most useful explanatory variables Most of the remaining morphological properties, and in particular conventional descriptors of structure, contributed little to improving prediction Options for more cost-effective and direct measurements, especially of profile macrostructure are considered.
A framework for assessing ecosystem services in acequia irrigation communities of the Upper Río Grande watershed

‘What we need to do is inventory the different types of agricultural landscapes and bring to light the typical rural architecture, such as the acequias and desagües (irrigation supply canals and excess water drains). We need to find ways of conserving the landscape, including the flora and fauna as well as the role the agricultural landscape has played in the evolution of the surrounding area. Before we abandon the past (flood irrigation) for the contemporary (drip irrigation), we need a thorough analysis of the pros and cons of each system for the whole cultural landscape. The future may be one where the old and new learn to coexist, such as the hoe with the plow’ (Arellano, 2014, p. 204). WIREs Water 2015, 2:559–575. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1091
Estimation of the microphysical aerosol properties over Thessaloniki, Greece, during the SCOUT‐O3 campaign with the synergy of Raman lidar and Sun photometer data

[1] An experimental campaign was held at Thessaloniki, Greece (40.6°N, 22.9°E), in July 2006, in the framework of the integrated project Stratosphere‐Climate Links with Emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (SCOUT‐O3). One of the main objectives of the campaign was to determine the local aerosol properties and their impact on the UV irradiance at the Earth’s surface. In this article, we present vertically resolved microphysical aerosol properties retrieved from the inversion of optical data that were obtained from a combined one‐wavelength Raman/two‐wavelength backscatter lidar system and a CIMEL Sun photometer. A number of assumptions were undertaken to overcome the limitations of the existing optical input data needed for the retrieval of microphysical properties. We found acceptable agreement with Aerosol Robotic Network retrievals for the fine‐mode particle effective radius, which ranged between 0.11 and 0.19 for the campaign period. It is shown that under complex layering of the aerosols, general assumptions may result in unrealistic retrievals, especially in the presence of aged smoke aerosols. Furthermore, with this instrument setup, the inversion algorithm can also be applied successfully for the complex refractive index in cases of vertically homogeneous layers of continental polluted aerosols. For these inversion cases, the vertically resolved retrievals for the single‐scattering albedo resulted in values around 0.9 at 532 nm, which were in very good agreement with estimates from airborne in situ observations obtained in the vicinity of the lidar site.
Evaluation of AMSR‐E snow depth product over East Antarctic sea ice using in situ measurements and aerial photography

[1] The Antarctic Remote Ice Sensing Experiment (ARISE) was conducted in the East Antarctic sea ice zone during September–October 2003. A key objective of this program was the acquisition of in situ measurements suitable for evaluating the EOS Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) snow depth product. A strategy is presented for comparing snow thickness measurements over spatial scales ranging from point measurements to satellite pixels. In situ measurements of snow thickness were taken across eight Lagrangian grid cells defined and tracked using an array of drifting buoys. These data are coupled with ice-type analyses from digital aerial photographs to calculate area-averaged snow thicknesses that are compared with the AMSR-E derived snow thickness product. The results show considerable underestimates of the AMSR-E snow depths for rough sea ice by a factor of 2.3. We investigate the impact of underlying sea ice roughness on snow depth retrievals and conclude that in situ measurements of snow thickness underrepresent snow depth over rough ice, which is then not adequately accounted for in the development of the algorithm coefficients.
Cirrus cloud radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere using the nighttime global distribution with the microphysical parameters derived from AVHRR

The radiative effect of cirrus clouds is particularly ambiguous in the climate research. We calculated the global cirrus cloud radiative forcing (CRFci) distributions at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) using the cloud microphysical parameters of effective radius (Re), optical thickness (COT) and the cloud top temperature (CTT) derived from AVHRR nighttime data. The results indicate that cirrus clouds warm the atmosphere, and in particular produce a large warming effect in the tropics. We also computed the dependence of radiative forcing on the effective radius of cloud particles, the optical thickness of the cloud, and the cloud-top temperature (CTT) and determined that cooling effects occur with clouds when their optical thickness is greater than 4.0∼4.5 with a cloud top temperature of 220K and 2.5∼3.0 with a cloud top temperature of 235K. Cloud radiative forcing in April 1987 (El Nino year) and April 1990 (neutral year) were computed, and found that a larger amount of cirrus clouds appeared in the tropics off Peru in 1987 than in 1990. But the globally averaged net cloud radiative forcing was smaller by 0.55W/m2 in 1987 than in 1990. Consequently, the temperature distribution of the oceans has a global effect on atmospheric warming and cooling.
AVHRR monitoring of savanna primary production in Senegal, West Africa: 1987-1988

Abstract NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data were used to produce savanna primary productivity maps for Senegal north of the Gambia in 1987 and 1988. Measurements of herbaceous production, and also the sum of herbaceous and tree-leaf production, were regressed on temporal integrals of normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI). Ground data were collected from 17 sites in the north Ferlo region in the Sahelian bioclimatic zone in both years and from an additional 10 sites located further south in the north Sudanian zone in 1988. The addition of tree-leaf production measurements to herb production increased the proportion of the variance of the NDVI integrals, which was explained by 168 per cent in 1987 and 6.7 per cent in 1988. The parameters of the regression obtained for 1987 compared favourably with Prince's synthesis of results from the Sahelian zones of Senegal, Mali and Niger. The regression obtained for 1988, however, was markedly different. Atmospheric water vapour, haze.
Three-Dimensional Structure Determination of Surface Sites

The spatial arrangement of atoms is directly linked to chemical function. A fundamental challenge in surface chemistry and catalysis relates to the determination of three-dimensional structures with atomic-level precision. Here we determine the three-dimensional structure of an organometallic complex on an amorphous silica surface using solid-state NMR measurements, enabled through a dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy approach that induces a 200-fold increase in the NMR sensitivity for the surface species. The result, in combination with EXAFS, is a detailed structure for the surface complex determined with a precision of 0.7 Å. We observe a single well-defined conformation that is folded toward the surface in such a way as to include an interaction between the platinum metal center and the surface oxygen atoms.
Skill improvement from increased ensemble size and model diversity

This paper proposes an objective procedure for deciding if the skill of a combination of forecasts is significantly larger than that of a single forecast, and for deciding if the observed improvement is dominated by reduction of noise associated with ensemble averaging, or by addition of new predictable signals. Information theory provides an attractive framework for addressing these questions. The procedure is applied to El Niño–Southern Oscillation hindcasts from the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) and reveals that the observed skill advantage of the NMME compared to individual models is substantially greater than that expected from increased ensemble size alone and is more consistent with the addition of new signals.
Stress/strain changes and triggered seismicity at The Geysers, California

The principal results of this study of remotely triggered seismicity in The Geysers geothermal field are the demonstration that triggering (initiation of earthquake failure) depends on a critical strain threshold and that the threshold level increases with decreasing frequency, or, equivalently, depends on strain rate. This threshold function derives from (1) analyses of dynamic strains associated with surface waves of the triggering earthquakes, (2) statistically measured aftershock zone dimensions, and (3) analytic functional representations of strains associated with power production and tides. The threshold is also consistent with triggering by static strain changes and implies that both static and dynamic strains may cause aftershocks. The observation that triggered seismicity probably occurs in addition to background activity also provides an important constraint on the triggering process. Assuming the physical processes underlying earthquake nucleation to be the same, Gomberg [this issue] discusses seismicity triggered by the MW 7.3 Landers earthquake, its constraints on the variability of triggering thresholds with site, and the implications of time delays between triggering and triggered earthquakes. Our results enable us to reject the hypothesis that dynamic strains simply nudge prestressed faults over a Coulomb failure threshold sooner than they would have otherwise. We interpret the rate-dependent triggering threshold as evidence of several competing processes with different time constants, the faster one(s) facilitating failure and the other(s) inhibiting it. Such competition is a common feature of theories of slip instability. All these results, not surprisingly, imply that to understand earthquake triggering one must consider not only simple failure criteria requiring exceedence of some constant threshold but also the requirements for generating instabilities.
Tectonic reconstructions of New Zealand: 40 Ma to the Present

Abstract Reconstructions of the New Zealand subcontinent from 40 Ma to the Present are presented. Assumptions that have constrained the model include: semi‐straight initial alignment of basement terranes and markers; Australian plate fixed; onset of Emerald Basin spreading at c. 45 Ma; and Pacific plate subduction north of New Zealand from c. 30 Ma. Five independent, rigid, crustal blocks are employed, including: Northland‐Taranaki‐western South Island (combined), East Coast (North Island), east Nelson (Marlborough Sounds), eastern South Island, and Fiordland. At 40 Ma the Pacific/Australian rotation pole was located close to or within the Wanganui region. A proto‐plate boundary zone was propagating through western New Zealand, as an incipient link between Emerald Basin spreading in the south and subduction in the northwest. Lateral offset on the Alpine Fault was initiated by c. 23–22 Ma, mainly as an effect of changing subduction kinematics and increasing relative motion of the Australian and Pacific plates in the central New Zealand region. Extension in the south became increasingly oblique, whereas areas north of the Alpine Fault were affected by near‐orthogonal compression. From c. 23 Ma to the Present, the foci of contraction, extension, and arc volcanism in central‐western New Zealand have migrated southwards, in response to progressive changes in the location, orientation, inclination, and kinematics of the subducted Pacific plate.