Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
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Diabatic cross-isentropic dispersion in the lower stratosphere

A significant contribution to vertical dispersion of tracers in the stratosphere arises from the variability in the diabatic heating of air parcels. Air parcels starting on a given isentropic surface experience different time histories of diabatic heating, which causes vertical dispersion across isentropic surfaces. We refer to this process as “diabatic cross-isentropic dispersion,” or “diabatic dispersion” for brevity. The present study investigates diabatic dispersion in the lower stratosphere by computing parcel trajectories initialized uniformly over the 500 K surface on January 1, 1993. Parcels are followed for 2 months using analyzed winds and diabatic heating rates computed from analyzed temperatures. Diabatic dispersion depends on the statistics of the large-scale horizontal eddy motion as well as on the spatial structure of the diabatic heating field. The trajectory statistics suggest that the polar vortex, surf zone, tropics, and extratropical summer hemisphere are, to varying extents, isolated from each other and that the diabatic dispersion within each of these regions is different. In both the surf zone and southern hemisphere extratropics the dispersion is initially advective, with potential temperature variance 〈δθ(t)2〉 increasing as t2 as time t increases. After about 1 month, the dispersion becomes diffusive in the sense that 〈δθ(t)2〉 ∼2Kθθt and with a diffusivity Kθθ in the range 2–6 K2 d−1, roughly equivalent to Kzz ∼0.1–0.2 m2 s−1. The emergence of a diffusive regime is discussed in terms of loss of memory of diabatic heating along parcel paths, as measured by the decay of the Lagrangian autocorrelation function. Diabatic dispersion within the tropics and polar vortex over the 2-month period is more than an order of magnitude smaller and is less clearly diffusive. The diabatic dispersion of parcels moving poleward out of the tropics into either hemisphere is faster than either differential advection or diffusion, and in this cas 〈δθ(t)2〉 increases as t3. For the total ensemble of all parcels, the potential temperature variance increases as t2, consistent with global-scale differential advection by the mean diabatic circulation. This is inconsistent, at least on the 2-month timescale considered here, with a one-dimensional diffusive model of vertical dispersion.
MULTI-PARTICLE CORRELATION AMONG GREY PARTICLES EMITTED IN NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS

The short range correlation among emitted knock on nucleons from heavy ion collisions is used to reveal the dynamic characteristics of the reactions at high energy. Two- and three-particle correlations are considered in angular space to explain the emission of gray particles from collectively excited states of the nucleus as a Fermi liquid drop. Positive correlation is detected only among particles emitted in the extreme backward direction which is the coldest domain. It is interpreted as direct non-statistical emission (splashing) of nucleons via the dynamical distortion of the Fermi surface accompanying the collective motion.
A model of episodic melt extraction for plumes

[1] A model of melt segregation and extraction within rising plumes is proposed. It is based on two-phase porous flow within the partially molten region, combined with only three extraction parameters. The conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy are solved for a two-phase melt matrix system. As a rising hot mantle region (plume) reaches the asthenosphere, decompression melting occurs, and the melt begins to percolate with respect to the matrix. Accumulation layers form, which might be the locus for the formation of buoyancy-driven propagating dikes. As dike propagation requires a minimum dike length, melt extraction is parameterized by d ex , φ 1 , and φ 2 . Here d ex is the critical thickness of the partially molten layer in which a critical melt fraction φ 2 is exceeded. If this condition is met within a certain region of the melt source region, melt might be extracted from that region in the form of one or several propagating dikes, leaving behind a region of residual melt fraction φ 1 . This simple extraction model is tested in one dimension for rising hot mantle flow. Depending on the chosen extraction parameters, multiple extraction events may be observed with a characteristic episodicity and a saw-tooth-like depth distribution. Exploring the parameter space shows that for values of d ex and φ 2 of a few kilometers and a few melt percent, respectively, typical extraction cycles have the order of 10 3 -10 4 years, and they extract melt volumes per surface area of 50 to several hundred meters each. Tentatively assuming that eruptions are tied to mantle ascent at depth, the model is applied to observed eruption frequencies and multiple extraction depths, and values for φ 2 of about 2% and d ex of 3-5 km are derived.
Source-receiver interferometry for seismic wavefield construction and ground-roll removal

Seismic interferometry describes the construction of unmeasured wavefield responses (or Green's functions) between two or more points by applying cross-correlation, deconvolution, or convolution to seismic data recordings. The practical implications are that, applying inter-receiver interferometry, a “virtual” (imaginary) source of energy can be created at the location to a real receiver by using energy recorded from surrounding sources. Similarly, by using inter-source interferometry, a virtual receiver can be created at the location of a real source by using energy recorded at surrounding receivers (Curtis et al., 2009). These two methods can be combined to create the new technique of source-receiver interferometry (Curtis, 2009; Curtis and Halliday, 2010; Halliday and Curtis, 2010) which synthesizes real-source to real-receiver Green's function estimates using only energy recorded at a surrounding boundary of receivers and from an additional surrounding boundary of sources. The boundary sources in each.
Monte Carlo approach to nonperturbative strings—demonstration in noncritical string theory

We show how Monte Carlo approach can be used to study the double scaling limit in matrix models. As an example, we study a solvable hermitian one-matrix model with the double-well potential, which has been identified recently as a dual description of noncritical string theory with worldsheet supersymmetry. This identification utilizes the nonperturbatively stable vacuum unlike its bosonic counterparts, and therefore it provides a complete constructive formulation of string theory. Our data with the matrix size ranging from 8 to 512 show a clear scaling behavior, which enables us to extract the double scaling limit accurately. The ``specific heat'' obtained in this way agrees nicely with the known result obtained by solving the Painleve-II equation with appropriate boundary conditions.
Polarization effects on fluorescence emission of zebrafish neurons using light-sheet microscopy

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) makes use of a thin plane of light to optically section and image transparent tissues or organisms {\it{in vivo}}, which has the advantages of fast imaging speed and low phototoxicity. In this paper, we have employed light-sheet microscopy to investigate the polarization effects on fluorescence emission of zebrafish neurons via modifying the electric oscillation orientation of the excitation light. The intensity of the fluorescence emission from the excited zebrafish larvae follows a cosine square function with respect to the polarization state of the excitation light and reveals a 40$\%$ higher fluorescence emission when the polarization orientation is orthogonal to the illumination and detection axes. Through registration and subtraction of fluorescence images under different polarization states, we have demonstrated that most of the enhanced fluorescence signals are from the nerve cells rather than the extracellular substance. This provides us a way to distinguish the cell boundaries and observe the organism structures with improved contrast and resolution.
A Novel Iterative Method To Approximate Structured Singular Values

A novel method for approximating structured singular values (also known as mu-values) is proposed and investigated. These quantities constitute an important tool in the stability analysis of uncertain linear control systems as well as in structured eigenvalue perturbation theory. Our approach consists of an inner-outer iteration. In the outer iteration, a Newton method is used to adjust the perturbation level. The inner iteration solves a gradient system associated with an optimization problem on the manifold induced by the structure. Numerical results and comparison with the well-known Matlab function mussv, implemented in the Matlab Control Toolbox, illustrate the behavior of the method.
The relation between the lowering of the Piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using ground‐water storage

When a well is pumped or otherwise discharged, water-levels in its neighborhood are lowered. Unless this lowering occurs instantaneously it represents a loss of storage, either by the un-watering of a portion of the previously saturated sediments if the aquifer is nonartesian or by release of stored water by the compaction of the aquifer due to the lowered pressure if the aquifer is artesian. The mathematical theory of ground-water hydraulics has been based, apparently entirely, on a postulate that equilibrium has been attained and therefore that water-levels are no longer falling. In a great number of hydrologic problems, involving a well or pumping district near or in which water-levels are falling, the current theory is therefore not strictly applicable. This paper investigates in part the nature and consequences of a mathematical theory that considers the motion of ground-water before equilibrium is reached and, as a consequence, involves time as a variable.
Modelling overdispersion heterogeneity in differential expression analysis using mixtures

Next-generation sequencing technologies now constitute a method of choice to measure gene expression. Data to analyze are read counts, commonly modeled using Negative Binomial distributions. A relevant issue associated with this probabilistic framework is the reliable estimation of the overdispersion parameter, reinforced by the limited number of replicates generally observable for each gene. Many strategies have been proposed to estimate this parameter, but when differential analysis is the purpose, they often result in procedures based on plug-in estimates, and we show here that this discrepancy between the estimation framework and the testing framework can lead to uncontrolled type-I errors. Instead we propose a mixture model that allows each gene to share information with other genes that exhibit similar variability. Three consistent statistical tests are developed for differential expression analysis. We show that the proposed method improves the sensitivity of detecting differentially expressed genes with respect to the common procedures, since it is the best one in reaching the nominal value for the first-type error, while keeping elevate power. The method is finally illustrated on prostate cancer RNA-seq data.
Search for baryon-number-violating $\Xi_b^0$ oscillations

A search for baryon-number-violating $\Xi_b^0$ oscillations is performed with a sample of $pp$ collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb$^{-1}$. The baryon number at the moment of production is identified by requiring that the $\Xi_b^0$ come from the decay of a resonance $\Xi_b^{*-} \to \Xi_b^0 \pi^-$ or $\Xi_b^{\prime-} \to \Xi_b^0 \pi^-$, and the baryon number at the moment of decay is identified from the final state using the decays $\Xi_b^0 \to \Xi_c^+ \pi^-, ~ \Xi_c^+ \to p K^- \pi^+$. No evidence of baryon number violation is found, and an upper limit at the 95% confidence level is set on the oscillation rate of $\omega<0.08$ ps$^{-1}$, where $\omega$ is the associated angular frequency.
Controls on High Sulfate Concentrations in the Upper Floridan Aquifer in Southwest Florida

Chemical profiles of groundwater in the Upper Floridan aquifer in southwest Florida vary between an inland and a coastal site. At the inland site, sulfate concentrations increase with depth, and chloride concentrations remain low. At the coastal site, sulfate concentrations are high and constant, but chloride concentrations increase with depth. The sulfate source at the inland site is gypsum dissolution, whereas at the coastal site, the sulfate source is predominantly gypsum dissolution overprinted by saltwater mixing. Mass transfer modeling in conjunction with isotopic data was used to evaluate hypothetical flow paths within the aquifer. Dedolomitization reactions (gypsum and dolomite dissolution with calcite precipitation) dominate along flow paths where sulfate concentrations increase. The distribution of gypsum in the aquifer indicates that a deeply circulating flow path controls the chemical evolution of groundwater between the two sites. Fresh groundwater moves into deep zones in the aquifer where gypsum is found. Farther along the flow path in the discharge area, this groundwater moves upward to shallower depths prior to the saltwater mixing zone. Saltwater mixing becomes more pronounced with both proximity to the coast and with increasing depth. These results underscore the importance of evaluating vertical, as well as lateral, flow paths when quantifying geochemical reactions in a chemically stratified aquifer.
Spectral data for pairs of matrices of order 3 and action of the group $GL(2,Z)$

The group $GL(2,Z)$ acts in a natural way on the set of pairs of $n\times n$-matrices determined up to a simultaneous conjugation. For $n=3$ we write explicit formulas for action of generators of $GL(2,Z)$ in the terms of spectral data of matrices, i.e., spectral curves and line bundles.
Universality vs Genericity and $C_4$-free graphs

We show that the existence of a universal structure implies the existence of a generic structure for any approximable class $\mathcal{C}$ of countable structures. We also show that the converse is not true. As a consequence, we provide several new examples of weak Fra\"iss\'e classes of finite graphs. Finally, we show that the class of all countable $C_4$-free graphs does not contain a generic structure, strengthening a result of A. Hajnal and J. Pach.
An AzTEC 1.1 mm Survey of the GOODS-N Field – I. Maps, Catalogue and Source Statistics

We have conducted a deep and uniform 1.1 mm survey of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey-North (GOODS-N) field with AzTEC on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. Here, we present the first results from this survey including maps, the source catalogue and 1.1 mm number counts. The results presented here were obtained from a 245 arcmin2 region with a near uniform coverage to a depth of 0.96–1.16 mJy beam−1. Our robust catalogue contains 28 source candidates detected with S/N ≥ 3.75, only ∼1– 2 of which are expected to be spurious detections. Of these source candidates, eight are also detected by Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) at 850 μm in regions where there is a good overlap between the two surveys. The major advantage of our survey over that with SCUBA is the uniformity of coverage. We calculate number counts using two different techniques: the first using a frequentist parameter estimation and the second using a Bayesian method. The two sets of results are in good agreement. We find that the 1.1 mm differential number counts are well described in the 2–6 mJy range by the functional form dN/dS=N′(S′/S) exp(−S/S′) with fitted parameters S′= 1.25 ± 0.38 mJy and dN/dS= 300 ± 90 mJy−1 deg−2 at 3 mJy.
Fizz and gas reservoir discrimination by AVO inversion

The elastic properties of the reservoir can be inverted from the prestack seismic angle gather. By using the elastic properties P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density, the bulk modulus and shear modulus can be calculated. Gassmann’s equation can be applied for the fluid substituation. For the different fluid, the saturated reservoir elastic properties can be derived for the saturated rocks by using Gassmann’s equation. In this study, the simplified Gassmann’s equation is applied and the fluid modulus can be calculated after the prestack seismic inversion. For the prospect area, using some known information, the predicted fluid properties are consistent with the drilling result.
Long-time analysis of extended RKN integrators for Hamiltonian systems with a solution-dependent high frequency

In this paper, we analyse the long-time behaviour of the extended RKN (ERKN) integrators for solving highly oscillatory Hamiltonian systems with a slowly varying, solution-dependent high frequency. We prove that a symmetric ERKN integrator approximately conserves a modified action and a modified total energy over long time intervals based on the technique of varying-frequency modulated Fourier expansion. An illustrative numerical experiment is carried out and the numerical results strongly support the theoretical analysis presented in this paper. As a byproduct of this work, similar long-time behaviour is also investigated for an RKN method.
Nonbinary tree-based networks: characterisations, metrics, and support trees

Phylogenetic networks generalise phylogenetic trees and allow for the accurate representation of the evolutionary history of a set of present-day species whose past includes reticulate events such as hybridisation and lateral gene transfer. One way to obtain such a network is by starting with a (rooted) phylogenetic tree $T$, called a base tree, and adding arcs between arcs of $T$. The class of phylogenetic networks that can be obtained in this way is called tree-based networks and includes the prominent classes of tree-child and reticulation-visible networks. Initially defined for binary phylogenetic networks, tree-based networks naturally extend to arbitrary phylogenetic networks. In this paper, we generalise recent tree-based characterisations and associated proximity measures for binary phylogenetic networks to arbitrary phylogenetic networks. These characterisations are in terms of matchings in bipartite graphs, path partitions, and antichains. Some of the generalisations are straightforward to establish using the original approach, while others require a very different approach. Furthermore, for an arbitrary tree-based network $N$, we characterise the support trees of $N$, that is, the tree-based embeddings of $N$. We use this characterisation to give an explicit formula for the number of support trees of $N$ when $N$ is binary. This formula is written in terms of the components of a bipartite graph.
Impact of solar radiation on bacterioplankton in Laguna Vilama, a hypersaline Andean lake (4650 m)

[1] Laguna Vilama is a hypersaline Lake located at 4660 m altitude in the northwest of Argentina high up in the Andean Puna. The impact of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on bacterioplankton was studied by collecting samples at different times of the day. Molecular analysis (DGGE) showed that the bacterioplankton community is characterized by Gamma-proteobacteria (Halomonas sp., Marinobacter sp.), Alpha-proteobacteria (Roseobacter sp.), HGC (Agrococcus jenensis and an uncultured bacterium), and CFB (uncultured Bacteroidetes). During the day, minor modifications in bacterial diversity such as intensification of Bacteroidetes' signal and an emergence of Gamma-proteobacteria (Marinobacter flavimaris) were observed after solar exposure. DNA damage, measured as an accumulation of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers (CPDs), in bacterioplankton and naked DNA increased from 100 CPDs MB−1 at 1200 local time (LT) to 300 CPDs MB−1 at 1600 LT, and from 80 CPDs MB−1 at 1200 LT to 640 CPDs MB−1 at 1600 LT, respectively. In addition, pure cultures of Pseudomonas sp. V1 and Brachybacterium sp. V5, two bacteria previously isolated from this environment, were exposed simultaneously with the community, and viability of both strains diminished after solar exposure. No CPD accumulation was observed in either of the exposed cultures, but an increase in mutagenesis was detected in V5. Of both strains only Brachybacterium sp. V5 showed CPD accumulation in naked DNA. These results suggest that the bacterioplankton community is well adapted to this highly solar irradiated environment showing little accumulation of CPDs and few changes in the community composition. They also demonstrate that these microorganisms contain efficient mechanisms against UV damage.
Simulating Network Influence Algorithms Using Particle-Swarms: PageRank and PageRank-Priors

A particle-swarm is a set of indivisible processing elements that traverse a network in order to perform a distributed function. This paper will describe a particular implementation of a particle-swarm that can simulate the behavior of the popular PageRank algorithm in both its {\it global-rank} and {\it relative-rank} incarnations. PageRank is compared against the particle-swarm method on artificially generated scale-free networks of 1,000 nodes constructed using a common gamma value, $\gamma = 2.5$. The running time of the particle-swarm algorithm is $O(|P|+|P|t)$ where $|P|$ is the size of the particle population and $t$ is the number of particle propagation iterations. The particle-swarm method is shown to be useful due to its ease of extension and running time.
Precise Asymptotic Generalization for Multiclass Classification with Overparameterized Linear Models

We study the asymptotic generalization of an overparameterized linear model for multiclass classification under the Gaussian covariates bi-level model introduced in Subramanian et al.~'22, where the number of data points, features, and classes all grow together. We fully resolve the conjecture posed in Subramanian et al.~'22, matching the predicted regimes for generalization. Furthermore, our new lower bounds are akin to an information-theoretic strong converse: they establish that the misclassification rate goes to 0 or 1 asymptotically. One surprising consequence of our tight results is that the min-norm interpolating classifier can be asymptotically suboptimal relative to noninterpolating classifiers in the regime where the min-norm interpolating regressor is known to be optimal. The key to our tight analysis is a new variant of the Hanson-Wright inequality which is broadly useful for multiclass problems with sparse labels. As an application, we show that the same type of analysis can be used to analyze the related multilabel classification problem under the same bi-level ensemble.