Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Site amplification in the San Fernando Valley, California: Variability of site-effect estimation using the S-wave, coda, and H/V methods

During the months that followed the 17 January 1994 M 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake, portable digital seismic stations were deployed in the San Fernando basin to record aftershock data and estimate site-amplification factors. This study analyzes data, recorded on 31 three-component stations, from 38 aftershocks ranging from M 3.0 to M 5.1, and depths from 0.2 to 19 km. Site responses from the 31 stations are estimated from coda waves, S waves, and ratios of horizontal to vertical (H/V) recordings. For the coda and the S waves, site response is estimated using both direct spectral ratios and a generalized inversion scheme. Results from the inversions indicate that the effect of Qs can be significant, especially at high frequencies. Site amplifications estimated from the coda of the vertical and horizontal components can be significantly different from each other, depending on the choice of the reference site. The difference is reduced when an average of six rock sites is used as a reference site. In addition, when using this multi-reference site, the coda amplification from rock sites is usually within a factor of 2 of the amplification determined from the direct spectral ratios and the inversion of the S waves. However, for nonrock sites, the coda amplification can be larger by a factor of 2 or more when compared with the amplification estimated from the direct spectral ratios and the inversion of the S waves. The H/V method for estimating site response is found to extract the same predominant peaks as the direct spectral ratio and the inversion methods. The amplifications determined from the H/V method are, however, different from the amplifications determined from the other methods. Finally, the stations were grouped into classes based on two different classifications, general geology and a more detailed classification using a quaternary geology map for the Los Angeles and San Fernando areas. Average site-response estimates using the site characterization based on the detailed geology show better correlation between amplification and surface geology than the general geology classification.
DESIGN AND CONTROL OF A ROBOTIC DEVICE FOR UPPER LIMB REHABILITATION THERAPY

Stroke leads to significant physical disability, and it is one of the greatest therapeutic treatment challenges. With the increase in the cases of stroke or functional disabilities, robotic training therapy has significant roles in the restoration of the functional recovery. This study presents the design and control of a novel rehabilitation robotic exoskeleton for the upper limb therapy which aims to present a solution for physiotherapy exercises with 5 degree-of-freedom. It can provide a full range of motion exercises for shoulder (adduction/ abduction), elbow (flexion/extension), forearm (pronation/ supination) and for the wrist joint (flexion/ extension) and (adduction/abduction) movements. This paper describes the designed steps that are specifically required to carry out joints position and torque control for passive training therapy mode for different physical disability impairment. A prototype of this robotic device system has been developed and validated. The torque tracking assistance of the Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller with integral action has been implemented under the independent joint control paradigm and experimentally tested on two active shoulder and elbow joints of a 5-DOF robot prototype. The prototype has been validated by experiments with the elbow flexion/ extension and abduction/ adduction of the shoulder passive training modes. The controller is successful in providing excellent performance with 0.011Nm and 0.1999Nm RMS torque tracking errors for the elbow and shoulder, respectively.
Quantifying the contribution of tropical cyclones to extreme rainfall along the coastal southeastern United States

Analysis of a unique satellite precipitation dataset coupled with an extensive database of storm tracks are used to develop a parameter called the “millimeter‐day (MD). ” MD analysis in 4 mini‐basins near coastal southeastern United States reveals that September and October account for the largest number of extreme rainfall days (e.g. “wet millimeter‐days” or MD > 0) during the 1998–2006 Atlantic hurricane seasons. Tropical cyclone (TC) days are more likely to produce “wet millimeter days” than non‐TC days, and category 3–5 hurricane days (e.g., major hurricanes) produce the wet millimeter‐days of largest magnitude. Major hurricanes produce the most extreme rainfall days, but tropical depression/storm days contribute most significantly to cumulative seasonal rainfall (8–17%, basin‐dependent) due to frequency of occurrence. Thus, the influence of major hurricanes on rainfall may be most apparent in extreme daily events while weaker storms may be more critical for assessing trends in cumulative seasonal rainfall.
Bromeliaceae epífitas de uma Área de Conservação da Amazônia brasileira

This study presents the taxonomic treatment of the epiphytic Bromeliaceae from Caxiuana National Forest (FLONA), situated 400 km far from Belem, in the municipalities of Melgaco and Portel, state of Para. The collections of fertile material were randomized and accomplished between April 2009 and November 2010. In the FLONA of Caxiuana, Bromeliaceae is represented by five species, Aechmea bromeliifolia, A. mertensii, Araeococcus micranthus, Guzmania lingulata, and Tillandsia bulbosa, which are distributed in four genera and two subfamilies. Key for species, short descriptions, phenological and habitat observation, geographic distribution and taxonomic comments on the species are presented.
Carbon Isotope Fluctuations in Cretaceous Pelagic Limestones: Potential Stratigraphic and Petroleum Exploration Tool

Significant short-term carbon isotope fluctuations are present in Cretaceous pelagic limestones from widely distributed onshore sections in the Circum-Atlantic-western Tethyan region. More than 1,000 closely spaced samples were analyzed during this study. At least seven major ^dgr13C excursions can be correlated from section to section. The most important "heavy events" occur near the Aptian-Albian and Cenomanian-Turonian boundaries, whereas "light events" are near the Jurassic-Cretaceous, Albian-Cenomanian, Turonian-Coniacian, and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundaries. The association of "events" with stage boundaries and the consistent correlation of "events" between stratigraphic sections provides a significant new tool for time-rock correlation independent of stan ard biostratigraphic techniques. The temporal association of these carbon isotope events with stage boundaries (faunal and floral events), global eustatic sea-level variations, and oceanic "anoxic events" demonstrates the potential usefulness of carbon isotope studies in interpreting variations in paleo-oceanic circulation. Furthermore, the association of carbon isotope variations with anoxic events is potentially useful for evaluation of the precise timing and the magnitude of preservation of organic matter in deep-sea and continental-margin sediments. Thus, isotopic studies may aid in estimating potential hydrocarbon resources in largely unexplored oceanic basins or along continental margins.
Seismic wave dispersion and attenuation in Åheim dunite: an experimental study

SUMMARY A machine has been developed which provides for the study of both shear modulus dispersion and internal friction in geological materials through the observation of forced torsional oscillations of low frequency (10-1000 mHz) and strain amplitude ( 1000°C). The eventual goal is an understanding of the dispersion and attenuation of seismic shear waves in the Earth's upper mantle. Measurements have been made on cylindrical specimens of an olivine-rich rock from Aheim, Norway which } contains, in addition to olivine, about 10 per cent pyroxene and 5-10 per cent of hydrous silicate phases dominantly clinochlore, serpentine and talc. In order to separate aspects of the mechanical behaviour associated with the olivine aggregate from those attributable to the hydrous phases and/or their dehydration products, the specimens were either previously fired under controlled oxygen fugacity at 1200 °C for 24 hours in order to effect complete dehydration within the olivine stability field, or simply oven-dried at 110 °C. Linearity of the mechanical behaviour has been demonstrated by the amplitude independence of the results for the strain amplitude range 10-8-10-6, and by the quantitative consistency between the observed modulus dispersion and that calculated from the measured internal friction through the Kramers-Kronig relations of linear theory. Both the pressure dependence at room temperature, and the temperature dependence at 300 MPa, of the shear modulus and internal friction have been investigated. Much of the variation of the shear modulus is attributed to changes of crack porosity associated with changes in pressure and temperature and with in situ dehydration. Temporal evolution of Q-1 towards a lower asymptotic value over periods of hours of exposure to given conditions of high pressure and temperature is tentatively attributed to the gradual diminution of enhanced anelastic relaxation associated with regions of decaying stress concentration at asperities on cracks and/or grain boundaries. At the highest pressures and temperatures achieved in this study, 300 MPa and 1000 °C, marked dispersion of the shear modulus, amounting to 5 per cent between periods of 3 and 100 s, and concomitant strong internal friction, varying with oscillation period To approximately as 0.011To1/6, are observed. The energy dissipation appears to be concentrated within, rather than at the boundaries between, the olivine grains. These results provide the clearest indication yet that solid-state, probably intragranular, anelastic relaxation in ultramafic rocks gives rise to losses comparable with those observed seismologically in the Earth's upper mantle, although the mechanistic basis for the observed anelasticity remains to be established.
Pore water pressure and streambank stability: results from a monitoring site on the Sieve River, Italy

To investigate the role of pore water pressures in the stability of a streambank, a series of tensiometers and piezometers was installed in a bank of the Sieve River, Tuscany, Italy. Fluvial entrainment at the bank toe was monitored by repeated cross-profiling, erosion pins and marked pebbles. Fluctuations in matric suction measured at the tensiometers reflected the overall response of pore water pressures to rainfall, evapotranspiration, rising and drawdown of the river stage, and variations in water table. An expression was derived for the safety factor with respect to mass movement of the upper bank, incorporating the failure criterion for unsaturated soils and the normal Mohr–Coulomb criterion for saturated conditions. Variations in matric suction have important effects on the stability of the streambank. During low-flow periods, the shear strength term due to the matric suction allows the bank to remain stable at a steep angle. However, during rainfall and flow events, reduction in matric suction and increase in unit weight of the material from vertical and lateral infiltration may be sufficient to trigger a mass failure, without development of significant positive pore water pressures. During the rising limb of high-flow events, the factor of safety increases as a consequence of the stabilizing confining pressure of the water in the river, despite a reduction in matric suction. During drawdown in the river, when the suction values are still low and the confining pressure in the river decreases to zero, the factor of safety falls to lower values than those experienced prior to the runoff event. Measurements of fluvial entrainment reveal that, although the processes, mechanisms and the frequency of retreat of basal and upper bank zones differ significantly, the amount of retreat at the bank toe due to fluvial erosion is comparable to that of the upper portion of the bank due to mass failure. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sigmoidal morphology and eruptive solar activity

Soft X‐ray images of solar active regions frequently show S‐ or inverse‐S (sigmoidal) morphology. We have studied the Yohkoh Soft X‐Ray Telescope video movie for 1993 and 1997. We have classified active regions according to morphology (sigmoidal or non‐sigmoidal) and nature of activity (eruptive or non‐eruptive). As well, we have used NOAA sunspot areas for each region as a measure of size. We find that regions are significantly more likely to be eruptive if they are either sigmoidal or large.
The Calendar Impact And Trading Behavior: An Empirical Evidence From Around The Globe

This paper is aimed to determine a change in the stock market’s returns or its volatility from the globally selected Islamic mutual funds during the month of Ramadan, as all Muslims around the world eagerly and enthusiastically follow the rituals of the holy month of Ramadan. The paper uses monthly data of equity funds for those which are domiciled and those which operate globally within the period of January 2004 until December 2009. It is interesting to note that the empirical results provide no supporting evidence for the effect of the Ramadan month on the Islamic equity fund performance when examined using a dummy variable for the Ramadan month. Nevertheless, the evidence reveals that the volatility of stock returns remarkably decreases during this month. The reason for the decrease in volatility may be the result of the speed of economic activities during that month. Although, there is a decline in stock return volatility in the month of Ramadan, the return indicates no significant change.
THE GREAT 1964 PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND , ALASKA , EARTHQUAKE : ESTIMATION OF STRONG GROUND MOTION

We are generating physically plausible near-field synthetic ground motions for the Great 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake compatible with available seismological data, tectonic information and eyewitness accounts. The objectives of this study are summarized as follows: (a) Simulation of the low-frequency (f < 0.03Hz) strong ground motions on selected locations and on a dense grid of observation points extending over the shallow dipping causative fault of the 1964 Alaska earthquake. In order to accomplish this task, we are utilizing the slip model proposed by Johnson et al. (1996) based on a joint inversion of tsunami waveforms and geodetic data. The calculations are carried out using the discrete wavenumber representation method and the generalized transmission and reflection coefficient technique; (b) Reconstruction of the strong ground motion time histories and response spectra that the city of Anchorage experienced during the 1964 Alaska earthquake. The low-frequency (f < 0.03Hz) ground motions are generated using the methodology described previously. The intermediate-frequency (0.03Hz < f < 0.50Hz) ground motions are simulated by convolving Green’s functions generated by the discrete wavenumber representation method with far-field radiation pulses of circular cracks. The high-frequency (0.5Hz < f < 8.0Hz) ground motions are simulated using the stochastic modeling approach. The three independently derived ground motion components are then properly combined to generate synthetic broadband ground motion time histories and response spectra for the city of Anchorage due to the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake; and (c) Validation of the synthetic strong ground motions for the 1964 Alaska earthquake against observed tectonic deformation, ground motion estimates inferred by descriptions of structural damage, and eyewitness accounts. In summary, the present study provides synthetic time histories and response spectra for engineering applications compatible with all available information pertaining to the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake. It should be noted however that the generated strong ground motions are not necessarily unique, nor reflect the entire uncertainty that characterizes the problem under investigation.
Shortages of innovation support organisations in the Basque country

Increasing competition, internationalisation of the strategies in a context of economic globalisation: these are the difficult conditions in which the activity of an increasing number of SMEs (two thirds of the European Union enterprises) have to deal with. For many of them, even if the activity they carry out is in a traditional branch, the innovation can be a decisive competitive advantage. The many market failures that appear in that innovation process has lead to the different levels of government to intervene through Technology Policies in order to correct those imperfections. The aim of this paper is to analyse those public interventions, focusing on the case of the Basque Country? s Government Innovation strategy since the 80? s. During these two decades this policy has experienced several changes, some of them in the right direction (like the integration of science and technology policy), while others do not achieve yet to solve the lack of involvement of a big proportion of SMEs in those R&D policies and neither to make them relate with most of the Basque Technology Transfer Agencies. In this sense, of the 13,054 manufacturing enterprises of the Basque Country (75% of them with less than 10 employees), nowadays only 318 carry out R&D activities, which means that the government policy only reaches to the group of firms that would find the way also without any external help. It is this dualism the major problem that has been identified thanks to the data obtained through our research in the "Regional Innovation Systems: designing for the future" project funded by the European Commission.
The criminal justice response to male and female victims of domestic violence-An empirical study

Article History Published Online: 15 April 2019 Domestic Violence or Domestic abuse is defined as „An Incident or a pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive, threatening behavior, violence or abuse. It concerns people aged 16 or over who are or have been intimate partners or family members and it can happen regardless of your gender or sexuality. Domestic violence can include, but is not limited to the following types of abuse i.e. physical, psychological, emotional, sexual and financial. It also includes what is known as honour based violence, female genital mutilation and forced marriage. The Criminal Justice Response towards Male and Female in different way has always been a topic of debate for the criminal administration, Sociologists and Indian Judicial System. The present paper focuses attention towards the victimization of male by the criminal justice system and its ignorant and partial approach towards Male as Victims in general.
Simulation and Analysis of Laser/Electron Beam interaction for use as a Free Electron Laser

Through the use of simulation tools and theoretical analysis techniques, the Free Electron Laser process is investigated for a wiggler that is generated by an ultrafast laser system. The development and availability of such systems allows for novel FEL designs due to the high peak power of such lasers. Even though such high powers are possible, difficulties arise due to inhomogeneity in the laser pulse. This project looks at simulation results for a system with a realistic laser pulse profile and looks in to the pulse-shape effects on various system parameters. Models are presented for the expected behavior with important parameters noted, as well as highlighting possible difficulties that might occur experimentally. While head-on interaction has been proven experimentally for the short wavelength regime [1], we believe that using a co-propagating laser can provide benefits that have currently been untested. This experimental setup is outlined in Lawler, J et al [2], and we are currently simulating how the use of an ultrashort laser pulse as an electromagnetic wiggler will affect characteristics of the output radiation.
GENETIC ( RAPD ) DIVERSITY IN TWO ARMADILLIDIUM VULGARE POPULATIONS

In this preliminary study, we investigated the ef fects of short-term habitat fragmentation on genetic (RAPD) diversity in two Armadillidium vulgare populations. Overall, the gene diversity seemed to be moderate. Genetic structure was analyz ed at two levels corresponding to two spatial scales: within and between populations. Using diffe rent approaches, the overall FST=0.2 suggested genetic differentiation between the populations. Th e genetic structure of A. vulgare populations appears to have been affected by short-term habitat fragmentation.
The Vertical Field Border in Hemianopia and Its Significance for Fixation and Reading

PURPOSE. The existence of macular sparing, a central seeing area of several degrees within the hemianopic field defect, has been controversial for a long time, because inaccurate fixation during perimetry can produce ambiguous results. The visual field border in hemianopia was studied to examine whether a vertical strip of hemifield overlap described in monkeys exists in humans and whether additional macular sparing could be found.
Drop Cardholder Reshipping Scam Site Stuffer User information Reshipping instruction Package Apply Data Breach Purchase Ship Reship Subscribe Manage ! " # $ % & '

Credit card fraud has seen rampant increase in the past years, as customers use credit cards and similar financial instruments frequently. Both online and brick-and-mortar outfits repeatedly fall victim to cybercriminals who siphon off credit card information in bulk. Despite the many and creative ways that attackers use to steal and trade credit card information, the stolen information can rarely be used to withdraw money directly, due to protection mechanisms such as PINs and cash advance limits. As such, cybercriminals have had to devise more advanced monetization schemes to work around the current restrictions. One monetization scheme that has been steadily gaining traction are reshipping scams. In such scams, cybercriminals purchase high-value or highly-demanded products from online merchants using stolen payment instruments, and then ship the items to a credulous citizen. This person, who has been recruited by the scammer under the guise of “work-from-home” opportunities, then forwards the received products to the cybercriminals, most of whom are located overseas. Once the goods reach the cybercriminals, they are then resold on the black market for an illicit profit. Due to the intricacies of this kind of scam, it is exceedingly difficult to trace, stop, and return shipments, which is why reshipping scams have become a common means for miscreants to turn stolen credit cards into cash. In this paper, we report on the first large-scale analysis of reshipping scams, based on information that we obtained from multiple reshipping scam websites. We provide insights into the underground economy behind reshipping scams, such as the relationships among the various actors involved, the market size of this kind of scam, and the associated operational churn. We find that there exist prolific reshipping scam operations, with one having shipped nearly 6,000 packages in just 9 months of operation, exceeding 7.3 million US dollars in yearly revenue, contributing to an overall reshipping scam revenue of an estimated 1.8 billion US dollars per year. Finally, we propose possible approaches to intervene and disrupt reshipping scam services.