Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prime mover or fellow traveller: 25-hydroxy vitamin D’s seasonal variation, cardiovascular disease and death in the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC)

Background: Theoretical links between seasonal lack of sunlight, hypovitaminosis D and excess cardiovascular disease and death prompted our adding novel to conventional cohort analyses. Methods: We tested three postulates on 13 224 Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort participants, assayed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and followed for 22 years. (i) Endpoints enumerated by month of occurrence mirror annual seasonal oscillation in 25OHD. (ii) Endpoint seasonality is increased in people with below median 25OHD. (iii) Low 25OHD predicts endpoints independently of major risk factors. Results: Baseline median 25OHD level was 36.4 (other quartiles 26.7, 51.7) nmol/l. The March trough was half the August peak, both well after seasonal solstices. (i) There was no demonstrable monthly variation in First Cardiovascular Event (n = 3307). Peaks and troughs for All Death and Cardiovascular Death (n = 2987, 1350) were near the solstices, earlier than extremes of 25OHD. (ii) Endpoint variability showed no difference between those above and below median 25OHD. (iii) Cox model hazard ratios (HR), by decreasing 25OHD, increased modestly and nonspecifically for all endpoints examined, with no threshold, the gradients diminishing by ∼ 60% following multiple adjustment. For Cardiovascular Disease, HR, by 20 (∼SD) nmol/l decrease, = 1.224 (1.175, 1.275) adjusted for age and sex; additionally adjusted for family history, deprivation index, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total and HDL cholesterol, = 1.093 (1.048, 1.139); All Deaths = 1.238 (1.048, 1.139) and 1.098 (1.050, 1.149). 25OHD made no independent contribution to cardiovascular discrimination and reclassification. Conclusions: Our analyses challenge vitamin D’s alleged role as major prime mover in cardiovascular disease and mortality.
Evaluation of factors associated with dynamics of Cichla ocellaris invasion of the Upper Paraná River floodplain system, Brazil

Invasion by Cichla ocellaris was studied in the Upper Parana River floodplain. Generalised linear models and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) were applied to standardised gill-net catch data (CPUE), with years, rivers, secchi depth, and their respective interactions. Generalised additive models and AIC were used to evaluate relationships of CPUE for C. ocellaris with standard length, sampling year and secchi depth. C. ocellaris was first recorded in 1992 in the Parana and Ivinheima Rivers. Nevertheless, the CPUE of individuals was very low in the latter until 2000, and the species was not recorded from the Baia River until 2000. In 2001, CPUE of C. ocellaris greatly increased (from 20 to 140) in all three rivers, and this coincided with changes in hydrology and suspended sediment. Greater secchi depth is thought to benefit foraging by these visually oriented, diurnal piscivores. The estimated annual growth rate for local populations was 21% for the Parana, 42% for the Ivinheima, and 73% for the Baia Rivers. Consequently, relative to other populations, C. ocellaris of the Baia River and, to a lesser degree, the Ivinheima River, appear to be less influenced by density-dependent factors given their more recent invasions of those areas.
Evaluation of the Immune Responses to and Cross-Protective Efficacy of Eurasian H7 Avian Influenza Viruses

ABSTRACT Due to increasing concerns about human infection by various H7 influenza viruses, including recent H7N9 viruses, we evaluated the genetic relationships and cross-protective efficacies of three different Eurasian H7 avian influenza viruses. Phylogenic and molecular analyses revealed that recent Eurasian H7 viruses can be separated into two different lineages, with relatively high amino acid identities within groups (94.8 to 98.8%) and low amino acid identities between groups (90.3 to 92.6%). In vivo immunization with representatives of each group revealed that while group-specific cross-reactivity was induced, cross-reactive hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers were approximately 4-fold lower against heterologous group viruses than against homologous group viruses. Moreover, the group I (RgW109/06) vaccine protected 100% of immunized mice from various group I viruses, while only 20 to 40% of immunized mice survived lethal challenge with heterologous group II viruses and exhibited high viral titers in the lung. Moreover, while the group II (RgW478/14) vaccine also protected mice from lethal challenge with group II viruses, it failed to elicit cross-protection against group I viruses. However, it is noteworthy that vaccination with RgAnhui1/13, a virus of a sublineage of group I, cross-protected immunized mice against lethal challenge with both group I and II viruses and significantly attenuated lung viral titers. Interestingly, immune sera from RgAnhui1/13-vaccinated mice showed a broad neutralizing spectrum rather than the group-specific pattern observed with the other viruses. These results suggest that the recent human-infective H7N9 strain may be a candidate broad cross-protective vaccine for Eurasian H7 viruses. IMPORTANCE Genetic and phylogenic analyses have demonstrated that the Eurasian H7 viruses can be separated into at least two different lineages, both of which contain human-infective fatal H7 viruses, including the recent novel H7N9 viruses isolated in China since 2013. Due to the increasing concerns regarding the global public health risk posed by H7 viruses, we evaluated the genetic relationships between Eurasian H7 avian influenza viruses and the cross-protective efficacies of three different H7 viruses: W109/06 (group I), W478/14 (group II), and Anhui1/13 (a sublineage of group I). While each vaccine induced group-specific antibody responses and cross-protective efficacy, only Anhui1/13 was able to cross-protect immunized hosts against lethal challenge across groups. In fact, the Anhui1/13 virus induced not only cross-protection but also broad serum neutralizing antibody responses against both groups of viruses. This suggests that Anhui1/13-like H7N9 viruses may be viable vaccine candidates for broad protection against Eurasian H7 viruses.
Synchronized Progress in Interconnection Networks (SPIN): A New Theory for Deadlock Freedom

One of the most fundamental design challenges in any interconnection network is that of routing deadlocks. A deadlock is a cyclic dependence between buffers that renders forward progress impossible. Deadlocks are a necessary evil and almost every on-chip/HPC network today avoids it either via routing restrictions across physical channels (Dally's Theory) or with at least one escape virtual channel (Duato's Theory). This ensures that a cyclic dependence between buffers is never created in the first place. Moreover, each solution is tied to a specific topology, requiring an updated policy if the topology were to change. Alternately, solutions have also been proposed to reserve certain resources (buffers) and allocate them only upon detection of a deadlock, thereby breaking the dependence chain and recovering from the deadlock. Unfortunately, all these approaches fundamentally lead to a loss in available bandwidth due to routing restrictions or buffer resource usage restrictions. In this work, we challenge the theoretical notion of viewing deadlocks as a lack of routing resource (buffers) problem that every solution to date is based on. We argue that a deadlock can in fact be considered as a lack of coordination between distributed entities. We prove that orchestrating a forward movement of every flit in the deadlocked ring at exactly the same time, which we call a spin, can guarantee forward progress and eventually lead to deadlock resolution with a bounded number of spins. We name this novel theory as SPIN (Synchronized Progress in Interconnection Networks). SPIN eliminates the need for virtual channels to achieve deadlock freedom thereby enabling fully adaptive routing with only one buffer per message class. We illustrate this capability by designing FAvORS, a novel truly one VC fully-adaptive routing algorithm. We also present a low-cost distributed implementation of SPIN and compare it against state-of-the-art deadlock avoidance/recovery schemes. SPIN provides up to 80% higher throughput, 52% lower area and 50% lower power for an on-chip 64-core mesh, and up to 83% higher throughput, 53% lower area and 55% lower power for an off-chip 1024-node dragon-fly.
Current-sensed Interconnects: Static Power Reducation and Sensitivity to Temperature

vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . vi 1 BACKGROUND . 1 1.1 Interconnect Circuit Challenge . 1 1.2 Existing Interconnect Circuits . 3 1.3 Differential Current Sensing.4 1.4 Thermal Impact on Interconnect.6 2 ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENT APPROACH.9 2.1 HSPICE Model . 9 2.1.1 Wire Model . 9 2.1.2 Device Model.14 2.2 Circuit Simulation.16 2.2.2 Repeater Circuit . 16 2.2.2 Repeater Insertion Optimization.17 2.2.3 Differential Current Sensing.19 2.3 Experiment Setup.25 3 ENERGY-AWARE DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT SENSING.27 3.1 Energy-aware Differential Current Sensing . 27 3.2 Experimental Setup.32 3.3Repeater Optimization . 32 3.4. Results and Discussion.35 3.4. 1 First Order Comparison.35 3.4. 2 Activity Factor Impact.36 3.4. 3 Wire Length Impact.37 3.4. 4 Driver Size Impact.40 3.4. 5 Technology Scaling Impact.42 3.4. 6 Signaling Complixity and Area Efficiency.44 3.5 Conclusions.45
Multi-lattice tiles

Let Λ0, . , Λn ⊂ R be a finite collection of lattices of the same volume. When does there exist a set Ω ⊂ R that is a fundamental domain for all Λi, i = 0, . , n? The main result of this paper is that when the (group-theoretic) sum Λ0 + · · · + Λn of the dual lattices is direct (this means that the equation x0 + · · · + xn = 0, with xi ∈ Λi , has no nontrivial solution), then a Borel measurableΩ ⊂ R exists which is almost a fundamental domain for all the Λi; that is, it covers almost all cosets mod each Λi exactly once. The set Ω, which is generally unbounded, can also be viewed as a “tile” which tiles R by translation with any one of the lattices Λ0, . , Λn.
Artificial rearing of rat pups: implications for nutrition research.

INTRODUCTION . • • • • • . • • . • . • . • . • • • . • . 21 ARTIFICIAL REARING TECHNIQUES . • . • • . 23 Hand Feeding. • . 23 Surgical and NOIISurgicalImpiantation of Feeding Tubes. • . 23 Automatic Feeder Procedure. • . • • • . • • • • • . • . • • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • . • . 26 PREPARATION OF MILK-SUBSTITUTE FORMULAS . • . 26 Milk-based Formulas. • • • • • . • . • • • . • • • . • • . • • • . • . • . • • • • • • . • • • . • . • . 26 Non-milk-based Formulas . • • . • . 28 GROWTH AND METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS DURING TIlE PREWEANING PERIOD . 29 Carbohydrate-Metabolizing En<;ymes in the Intestine . 29 Brain pev�lopmen� 31 HepatiC LipogenesIS . • . • . • . • . 32 LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION . , 35 CONCLUDING REMARKS. • • • . • . 37
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The California Digital Library is building a Web Archiving Service (WAS) to be used by multiple institutions to capture, curate and preserve government publications on the web. This work is undertaken with the University of North Texas, New York University and others as part of the Web-at-Risk NDIIPP grant. The Web-at-Risk project consists of four paths of activity: web archiving needs and usability assessment, partnership building for collaborative web archiving endeavors, experimentation and research into promising web archiving technologies and strategies, and the development of the WAS. The WAS is a Java-based, open-source toolset that integrates existing applications from CDL, as well as third-party software such as Heritrix and JHOVE, and is being released in eight distinct stages. One year into this three-year project, extensive surveys, interviews and focus groups have been conducted for needs assessment, and the Heritrix web crawler has been successfully embedded in the Web Archiving Service application, which stores capture results in CDLs Digital Preservation Repository. 1Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Michael Stack and Stu Sugarman for their contributions to this paper. 1 Web-at-Risk NDIIPP Grant: Project Background The Web-at-Risk is a three-year project led by the California Digital Library (CDL), whose goal is to build tools that will enable librarians and archivists to capture, curate and preserve web-based government and political information. The primary focus for collection is US federal, state, and local government information, but will also include web documents on political events, campaigns, and social movements from non-governmental organizations, non-profit, and international government sources and also policy documents, campaign literature, and information surrounding local political movements. This project is one of eight grants awarded by the National Digital Information Infrastructure Preservation Program (NDIIPP) [1]. The work is undertaken ! "#$%&'()*)%$'$*+'(,-.#$'/#-+)'0$. )1''''23 !
A few useful results from probability theory for RFI detection studies

3 Functions of a single sample of a Gaussian random variable 5 3.1 Linear function of Z . 6 3.2 Y2 = Z 2 . 6 3.3 Y3 = Z 3 . 7 3.4 Y4 = Z 4 . 7 3.5 Mean and standard deviation of Y2, Y3, and Y4 . 8 3.6 Complex data . 8
A key characteristic parameter extraction method based on vector similarity

The characteristic parameters of electrical equipment have great significance on the equipment fault diagnosis. The larger the amount of characteristic parameters is, the more accurate the result of fault diagnosis will be. However, with the number of characteristic parameters increasing, it will bring the problems of serious redundancy and large amount of computation. The characteristic parameters extraction methods could solve these problems. But different bases, which are used to extract the key characteristic parameters, have different importance for single equipment. General characteristic parameter extraction methods could not solve that problem. Thus, a key characteristic parameter extraction method based on vector similarity is proposed to solve the above problems in this paper. Firstly, need to determine the common characteristic parameters set and the bases for extracting key characteristic parameters and standard vector. These bases could be selected from the guidelines, regulations, standards, online monitoring parameters and so on. Construct the eigenvectors of the characteristic parameters, then calculate bases' weights and the similarity of every eigenvector and standard vector by using improved Jaccard coefficient. Utilize the F distribution to calculate the membership degree of each similarity. After determining extraction threshold, if it is less than one membership degree of similarity, the corresponding characteristic parameter would be selected as key characteristic parameter. But if on the contrary it would be removed. Finally, gradually extract the key characteristic parameters. Taking the converter valve as an example, this method is used to select 8 key characteristic parameters from 30 common characteristic parameters. In this paper, that extraction threshold is more appropriate between 0.65–0.85 is put forward.
The Geography of U.S. Auditors

Recent research suggests that geographic distance is associated with information asymmetry and performance, but it is not clear why this is so. In this study, we examine the effects of geographic distance on monitoring quality in the context of the U.S. audit market. Auditors operate under regulations requiring them to maintain a specified standard of monitoring quality for all clients. They are also compensated for their efforts and for their out-of-pocket monitoring costs. Thus, using this unique setting allows us to control for monitoring efforts and costs and to focus on differential information sets. We find that earnings quality-a common proxy for monitoring quality in auditing-improves with auditor proximity after controlling for monitoring costs (audit fees) and client firms' selection of auditors. We attribute this distance-related information advantage to the availability of "soft" information (Berger et al. 2005, Coval and Moskowitz 2001, Petersen and Rajan 2002).
C1q/TNF-related Protein 4 (CTRP4) Is a Unique Secreted Protein with Two Tandem C1q Domains That Functions in the Hypothalamus to Modulate Food Intake and Body Weight*

Background: CTRP4 is a conserved member of the C1q family of secreted proteins with poorly defined function. Results: CTRP4 acts in the hypothalamus to modulate food intake and body weight by regulating the expression of orexigenic neuropeptide expression. Conclusion: CTRP4 plays a role in food intake regulation. Significance: This study establishes the first known in vivo function of CTRP4. CTRP4 is a unique member of the C1q family, possessing two tandem globular C1q domains. Its physiological function is poorly defined. Here, we show that CTRP4 is an evolutionarily conserved, ∼34-kDa secretory protein expressed in the brain. In human, mouse, and zebrafish brain, CTRP4 expression begins early in development and is widespread in the central nervous system. Neurons, but not astrocytes, express and secrete CTRP4, and secreted proteins form higher-order oligomeric complexes. CTRP4 is also produced by peripheral tissues and circulates in blood. Its serum levels are increased in leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice. Functional studies suggest that CTRP4 acts centrally to modulate energy metabolism. Refeeding following an overnight fast induced the expression of CTRP4 in the hypothalamus. Central administration of recombinant protein suppressed food intake and altered the whole-body energy balance in both chow-fed and high-fat diet-fed mice. Suppression of food intake by CTRP4 is correlated with a decreased expression of orexigenic neuropeptide (Npy and Agrp) genes in the hypothalamus. These results establish CTRP4 as a novel nutrient-responsive central regulator of food intake and energy balance.
Towards an automatic speech recognition system for use by deaf students in lectures

According to the Royal National Institute for Deaf people there are nearly 7.5 million hearing-impaired people in Great Britain. Human-operated machine transcription systems, such as Palantype, achieve low word error rates in real-time. The disadvantage is that they are very expensive to use because of the difficulty in training operators, making them impractical for everyday use in higher education. Existing automatic speech recognition systems also achieve low word error rates, the disadvantages being that they work for read speech in a restricted domain. Moving a system to a new domain requires a large amount of relevant data, for training acoustic and language models. The adopted solution makes use of an existing continuous speech phoneme recognition system as a front-end to a word recognition sub-system. The subsystem generates a lattice of word hypotheses using dynamic programming with robust parameter estimation obtained using evolutionary programming. Sentence hypotheses are obtained by parsing the word lattice using a beam search and contributing knowledge consisting of anti-grammar rules, that check the syntactic incorrectness’ of word sequences, and word frequency information. On an unseen spontaneous lecture taken from the Lund Corpus and using a dictionary containing "2637 words, the system achieved 815% words correct with 15% simulated phoneme error, and 73.1% words correct with 25% simulated phoneme error. The system was also evaluated on 113 Wall Street Journal sentences. The achievements of the work are a domain independent method, using the anti- grammar, to reduce the word lattice search space whilst allowing normal spontaneous English to be spoken; a system designed to allow integration with new sources of knowledge, such as semantics or prosody, providing a test-bench for determining the impact of different knowledge upon word lattice parsing without the need for the underlying speech recognition hardware; the robustness of the word lattice generation using parameters that withstand changes in vocabulary and domain.
Hormonal influences on memory.

INTRODUCTION . 297 CATECHOLAMINES . 298 Central Catecholamines 299 Peripheral Catecholamines 301 Adrenergic Involvement in Brain Treatments Affecting Memory 304 PITUITARY HORMONES . 307 ACTH 308 Vasopressin and Oxytocin 310 OPIOID PEPTIDES . 3 1 1 Opiate Agonists and Antagonists 3 1 1 Endorphins and Enkephalins 312 CENTRAL EFFECTS OF HORMONES . 313 HORMONES AS ENDOGENOUS MODULATORS OF MEMORy. 315 CONCLUSION. 317
CUDD: CU Decision Diagram Package Release 2.2.0

3 User’s Manual 6 3.1 Compiling and Linking . 6 3.2 Basic Data Structures . 6 3.2. 1 Nodes . 6 3.2. 2 The Manager . 7 3.2. 3 Cache . 8 3.3 Initializing and Shutting Down a DdManager . 8 3.4 Setting Parameters . 9 3.5 Constant Functions . 9 3.5. 1 One, Logic Zero, and Arithmetic Zero . 9 3.5. 2 Predefined Constants . 10 3.5. 3 Background . 10 3.5. 4 New Constants . 11 3.6 Creating Variables . 11 3.6. 1 New BDD and ADD Variables . 11 3.6. 2 New ZDD Variables . 11 3.7 Basic BDD Manipulation . 12
Progress and prospects of CZTSSe/CdS interface engineering to combat high open-circuit voltage deficit of kesterite photovoltaics: a critical review

CZTSSe solar cells are considered to be potential and cost-effective alternative solutions to mature photovoltaic technology for meeting future energy demands. However, the current performance of CZTSSe solar cells is limited due to their high voltage deficit. The comparison of figure-of-merits of the two technologies show that CZTSSe has 62% lower open circuit voltage compared to that of 35% for CIGS, with respect to their associated band gaps. Efficient charge separation and extraction at the absorber–buffer (p–n) junction is paramount for mitigating the voltage loss and achieve high photo-conversion efficiency. The rapid progress for achieving high deliverables in CZTSSe is impeded by interface recombination, which is a consequence of poor-quality p–n junction. The inherent association of CZTSSe with secondary phases and defects due to narrow phase stability plays an unfavorable role in producing a good quality interface. The high density of interface defects, unfavorable band alignment, and structural inhomogeneities across the interface are some of the leading causes that nurture interface dominant recombination pathways. These interface-related concerns have drawn the scientific community towards interface engineering and modification of the interface to bring closer performance parity between CZTSSe and matured CIGS solar cell technology. Several approaches have attempted to develop favorable interface features that facilitate improved device performance. This work addresses the critical aspects of interface engineering of the absorber–buffer heterojunction in CZTSSe solar cells and the importance of tools that are essential to identify and eradicate the root causes of low efficiency.
Random Matrix Theory in a nutshell Part II: Random Matrices

4 Asymptotics and universality 8 4.1 Macroscopic behaviour . 8 4.1. 1 Wigner’s semicircle law . 8 4.2 Microscopic behaviour . 10 4.2. 1 Bulk universality . 11 4.2. 2 Soft-edge universality . 11