Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Drinking Water Source and Sanitation Facility on Malnutrition Prevalence in Children under Three: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis Using PDHS 2017–18

Objectives: The proposed research studied the determinants of male and female child malnutrition in Pakistan. More specifically, it observed the role of the sanitation facility and drinking water source as important determinants of malnutrition in a gender analysis. Methods: Novel data of 1010 children under three years of age from PDHS 2017–18 were used. A CIAF (Cumulative Index for Anthropometric Failure) was established to assess malnourishment in the children. Discrete-choice logistic methodology was applied in this empirical research to study the likelihood of malnourishment in children. Results: The logistic regression results depicted that factors such as a child belonging to a deprived area, the status of home wealth, and the education of the mother were common determinants of malnutrition in children. Factors such as a child having diarrhea (OR = 1.55, CI = 0.96–2.50) and the drinking water source (OR = 0.62, CI = 0.37–1.03) were separate prominent predictors of malnutrition in male children whereas the sanitation facility was the main determinant of malnutrition in female children (OR = 0.64, CI = 0.43–0.95). Conclusion: This study concludes that important links exist between the drinking water source and male child malnutrition and between sanitation facilities and female child malnutrition.
Dynamic Analysis of Rings by Finite Differences

The solution for the free vibrations of initially disturbed thin elastic rings is obtained by converting the differential equations of motion to two sets of finite difference equations: a conventional set, and a modified set based on a technique first presented by Chuang and Veletsos in their investigation of the static equilibrium of cylindrical shells. In the conventional set, both of the displacement variables are defined at the same location on the finite difference network, but in the modified set the two displacement variables are defined at staggered locations. The analytical frequency equation associated with both sets of difference equations is derived and shown to be correct by an actual computer solution. A sample ring is considered and the superiority of the modified difference equation is shown by comparing the natural frequencies of both sets of difference equations with the exact natural frequencies.
Efficient quantum repeater in perspectives of both entanglement concentration rate and LOCC complexity

Quantum entanglement is an indispensable resource for many significant quantum information processing tasks. However, because of the noise in quantum channels, it is difficult to distribute quantum entanglement over a long distance in practice. A solution for this challenge is the quantum repeater which can extend the distance of entanglement distribution. In this scheme, the time consumption of classical communication and local operations takes an important place in perspective of time efficiency. Motivated by this observation, we exploit the basic quantum repeater scheme in perspectives of not only the optimal rate of entanglement concentration but also the complexity of local operations and classical communication. Firstly, we consider the case where two two-qubit pure states are prepared. We construct a protocol with the optimal entanglement concentration rate and less consumption of local operations and classical communication. We also find a criteria for the projective measurements to achieve the optimal probability. Secondly, we exploit the case where two general pure states are prepared and general measurements are considered. We get an upper bound on the probability for a successful measurement operation to produce a maximally entangled state without any further local operations.
Complementary Descriptions (PART I): A Set of Ideas Regarding the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Niels Bohr introduced the concept of complementarity in order to give a general account of quantum mechanics, however he stressed that the idea of complementarity is related to the general difficulty in the formation of human ideas, inherent in the distinction between subject and object. The complementary descriptions approach is a framework for the interpretation of quantum mechanics, more specifically, it focuses in the development of the idea of complementarity and the concept of potentiality in the orthodox quantum formulation. In PART I of this article, we analyze the ideas of Bohr and present the principle of complementary description which takes into account Einstein's ontological position. We argue, in PART II, that this development allows a better understanding of some of the paradigmatic interpretational problems in quantum mechanics, such as the measurement problem and the quantum to classical limit. We conclude that one should further develop complementarity in order to elaborate a consistent worldview.
The Variable Fast Soft X-Ray Wind in PG 1211+143

The analysis of a series of seven observations of the nearby (z = 0.0809) QSO PG 1211+143, taken with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) onboard XMM-Newton in 2014, are presented. The high-resolution soft X-ray spectrum, with a total exposure exceeding 600 ks, shows a series of blueshifted absorption lines from the He and H-like transitions of N, O, and Ne, as well as from L-shell Fe. The strongest absorption lines are all systematically blueshifted by −0.06c, originating in two absorption zones from low- and high-ionization gas. Both zones are variable on timescales of days, with the variations in absorber opacity effectively explained by either column density changes or the absorber ionization responding directly to the continuum flux. We find that the soft X-ray absorbers probably exist in a two-phase wind at a radial distance of ∼1017–1018 cm from the black hole with the lower-ionization gas as denser clumps embedded within a higher-ionization outflow. The overall mass outflow rate of the soft X-ray wind may be as high as yr−1, close to the Eddington rate for PG 1211+143 and similar to that previously deduced from the Fe K absorption.
Annotated Java Program Synctask Coloured Petri Net OK / Fail Extract SyncTask Extract CPN Verify Coloured Petri

Condition variables are a common synchronization mechanism present in many programming languages. Still, due to the combinatorial complexity of the behaviours the mechanism induces, it has not been addressed sufficiently with formal techniques. In this paper we propose a fully automated technique to prove the correct synchronization of concurrent programs synchronizing via condition variables, where under correctness we mean the liveness property: ”If for every set of condition variables, every thread synchronizing under the variables of the set eventually enters its synchronization block, then every thread will eventually exit the synchronization”. First, we introduce SyncTask, a simple imperative language to specify parallel computations that synchronize via condition variables. Next, we model the constructs of the language as Petri Net components, and define rules to extract and compose nets from a SyncTask program. We show that a SyncTask program terminates if and only if the corresponding Petri Net always reaches a particular final marking. We thus transform the verification of termination into a reachability problem on the net, which can be solved efficiently by existing Petri Net analysis tools. Further, to relieve the programmer from the burden of having to provide specifications in SyncTask, we introduce an economic annotation scheme for Java programs to assist the automated extraction of SyncTask programs capturing the synchronization behaviour of the underlying program. We show that, for the Java programs that can be annotated according to the scheme, the above-mentioned liveness property holds if and only if the corresponding SyncTask program terminates. Both the SyncTask program extraction and the generation of Petri Nets are implemented in the STaVe tool. We evaluate the proposed verification framework on a number of test cases.
Two-stage Energy Release Process of a Confined Flare with Double HXR Peaks

A complete understanding of the onset and subsequent evolution of confined flares has not been achieved. Earlier studies mainly analyzed disk events so as to reveal their magnetic topology and the cause of confinement. In this study, taking advantage of a tandem of instruments working at different wavelengths of X-rays, EUVs, and microwaves, we present dynamic details about a confined flare observed on the northwestern limb of the solar disk on 2016 July 24. The entire dynamic evolutionary process starting from its onset is consistent with a loop–loop interaction scenario. The X-ray profiles manifest an intriguing double-peak feature. From the spectral fitting, it has been found that the first peak is nonthermally dominated, while the second peak is mostly multithermal with a hot (∼10 MK) and a super-hot (∼30 MK) component. This double-peak feature is unique in that the two peaks are clearly separated by 4 minutes, and the second peak reaches up to 25–50 keV; in addition, at energy bands above 3 keV, the X-ray fluxes decline significantly between the two peaks. This, together with other available imaging and spectral data, manifest a two-stage energy release process. A comprehensive analysis is carried out to investigate the nature of this two-stage process. We conclude that the second stage with the hot and super-hot sources mainly involves direct heating through a loop–loop reconnection at a relatively high altitude in the corona. The uniqueness of the event characteristics and the complete dataset make the study a nice addition to present literature on solar flares.
Quantum collapse of a small dust shell

The full quantum mechanical collapse of a small relativistic dust shell is studied analytically, asymptotically and numerically starting from the exact finite dimensional classical reduced Hamiltonian recently derived by Hajicek and Kuchar ˇ. The formulation of the quantum mechanics encounters two problems. The first is the multivalued nature of the Hamiltonian and the second is the construction of an appropriate self-adjoint mo- mentum operator in the space of the shell motion which is confined to a half-line. The first problem is solved by identifying and neglecting orbits of small action in order to obtain a single valued Hamiltonian. The second problem is solved by introducing an appropriate lapse function. The resulting quantum mechanics is then studied by means of analytical and numerical techniques. We find that the region of total collapse has a very small probability. We also find that the solution concentrates around the classical Schwarzschild radius. The present work obtains from first principles a quantum mechanics for the shell and provides numerical solutions, whose behavior is explained by a detailed WKB analysis for a wide class of collapsing shells.
ANALISIS KUALITAS DAGING AYAM BROILER ASAL PASAR SWALAYAN DAN PASAR TRADISIONAL DI KOTA MEDAN SUMATERA UTARA

The mean protein content in broiler chickens from high to low were respectively protein in breast meat from supermarkets: 16.83 ± 0.42 %; breasts from the traditional market: 15.63 ± 1.09 %, thighs from the supermarket: 14.5 ± 0.57 % and thighs from the traditional market: 13.6 ± 0.38 gr / 100 %. Based on all of the datas collection, the result of statistical analysis using a 2x2 factorial pattern showed that there were no significant differences of water content (P>0.05) whreas: the ash, carbohydrates, fats and proteins showed significant (P£0.05). Thighs from traditional markets 4.5 ± 0.60 % and chest from traditional markets from 5.3 ± 0.69 %. The Average of fat content of broiler meat in the thigh, from supermarket: 2.56 ± 0.63 %; chest origin supermarket 1.2 ± 0.5 %; thigh meat from traditional markets: 3.15 ± 0.21 % and breast meat from traditional markets: 1.8 ± 0.227 %. Broiller is one of the biggest contributor to animals protein from livestock and is a superior commodity in Indonesia. At present, the broiler chicken industry has developed rapidly and become the largest contributor to animal protein as well as a major source of consumer menus that are very easy to obtain, both in modern and traditional markets. After the achievement of the population of broiller chickens, government policy began to emphasize on improving the quality of meat by changing meat characteristics such as appearance, texture, moisture content, firmness, softness, odor, taste and the nutritional content is no exception. Thirty-two samples of broiller chicken meat consisting of 16 meat samples purchased from 4 supermarkets and 16 samples purchased from 4 traditional markets were used as research objects. A hundred grams of fresh meat per sample were purchased and immediately packed in aluminum foil, packaged in a cooler box then sent to the Food and Nutrition Laboratory, Inter-University Center, Gadjah Mada University for proximate analysis. The results of the examination of water concentration showed that the average of water content of thigh meat from supermarkets was 76.26 ± 0.86 %; supermarket breast meat 74.135 ± 0.92 %; thigh meat from the traditional market 75 ± 0.56 % and breast meat from the traditional market: 75.64 ± 1.044 %. Analysis of the average levels of the ash concentration respectively: thighs from the supermarket 0.96 ± 0.027 %, chest from the supermarket 1.095 ± 0.05 %, thighs from the traditional market 1.034 ± 0.106 % and breasts from the traditional market 1.155 ± 0.11%. The average of carbohydrate levels were consecutive: Thigh meat from the supermarket: 5.6 ± 1.33 %; chest of origin of the supermarket: 6.7 ± 1.078 %;
Distinguishing quantum states using time-traveling qubits in the presence of thermal environments

We consider quantum circuits with time travel designed for distinguishing specific nonorthogonal quantum states in two most popular models: Deutschs and postselected. We modify them by a presence of weakly coupled thermal environment. Using the Davies approximation we study how the thermal noise affects an ability of the circuits to distinguish nonorthogonal quantum states. We show that for purely dephasing environment a paradoxial power of such circuits remains preserved. We also present a physics based argument for conditions of validity of the maximum entropy rule introduced by David Deutsch for resolving the uniqueness ambiguity in a circuit with time travel.
Constraint HMC algorithms for gauge-Higgs models

We present the construction of constraint HMC algorithms for gauge-Higgs models in order to measure the effective Higgs potential. In particular we focus on SU(2) Gauge-Higgs Unification models in five dimensions. Previous simulations have identified regions in the Higgs phase of these models which have properties of 4D adjoint or Abelian Higgs models. We want to test this relationship by comparing the effective potentials in five and four dimensions.
Statistical exchange-coupling errors and the practicality of scalable silicon donor qubits

Recent experimental efforts have led to considerable interest in donor-based localized electron spins in Si as viable qubits for a scalable silicon quantum computer. With the use of isotopically purified 28Si and the realization of extremely long spin coherence time in single-donor electrons, the recent experimental focus is on two-coupled donors with the eventual goal of a scaled-up quantum circuit. Motivated by this development, we simulate the statistical distribution of the exchange coupling J between a pair of donors under realistic donor placement straggles, and quantify the errors relative to the intended J value. With J values in a broad range of donor-pair separation ( 5<|R|<60 nm), we work out various cases systematically, for a target donor separation R0 along the [001], [110] and [111] Si crystallographic directions, with |R0|=10,20 or 30 nm and standard deviation σR=1,2,5 or 10 nm. Our extensive theoretical results demonstrate the great challenge for a prescribed J gate even with just a donor.
Static equilibria of charged particles around charged black holes: Chaos bound and its violations

We study the static equilibrium of a charged massive particle around a charged black hole, balanced by the Lorentz force. For a given black hole, the equilibrium surface is determined by the charge/mass ratio of the particle. By investigating a large class of charged black holes, we find that the equilibria can be stable, marginal or unstable. We focus on the unstable equilibria which signal chaotic motions and we obtain the corresponding Lyapunov exponents λ. We find that although λ approaches universally the horizon surface gravity κ when the equilibria are close to the horizon, the proposed chaotic motion bound λ<κ is satisfied only by some specific black holes including the Reissner-Nordstrom (RN) and RN-anti–de Sitter (AdS) black holes. The bound can be violated by a large number of black holes including the RN-dS black holes or black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton, Einstein-Born-Infeld and Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet-Maxwell gravities. We find that unstable equilibria can even exist in extremal black holes, implying that the ratio λ/κ can be arbitrarily large for sufficiently small κ. Our investigation does suggest a universal bound for sufficiently large κ, namely λ/κ<C for some order-one constant C.
Agricultural Crops Grown in Laboratory Conditions on Chernevaya Taiga Soil Demonstrate Unique Composition of the Rhizosphere Microbiota

Chernevaya taiga in West Siberia is a unique environment, with gigantism of grasses and shrubs. Exceptionally high productivity of plants is determined by the synergistic interaction of various factors, with a special role belonging to microorganisms colonizing the plant roots. This research explored whether agricultural plants can recruit specific microorganisms from within virgin Chernevaya Umbrisol and thus increase their productivity. Radish and wheat plants were grown on the Umbrisol (T1) and control Retisol of Scotch pine forest stand (T3) soils in the phytotron, and then a bacterial community analysis of the rhizosphere was performed using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. In laboratory experiments, the plant physiological parameters were significantly higher when growing on the Umbrisol as compared to the Retisol. Bacterial diversity in T1 soil was considerably higher than in the control sample, and the principal coordinate analysis demonstrated apparent differences in the bacterial communities associated with the plants. Agricultural plants growing in the T1 soil form specific prokaryotic communities, with dominant genera Chthoniobacter, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Massilia. These communities also include less abundant but essential for plant growth nitrifiers Cand. Nitrosocosmius and Nitrospira, and representatives of Proteobacteria, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria, known to be gibberellin-producers.
Constraints on Light Dark Matter and U bosons, from psi, Upsilon, K+, pi0, eta and eta' decays

Following searches for photinos and very light gravitinos in invisible decays of psi and Upsilon, we discuss new limits on Light Dark Matter and U bosons, from psi and Upsilon decays, as well as rare decays of K+ and invisible decays of pi0, eta and eta' . The new limits involving the vector couplings of the U to quarks turn out, not surprisingly, to be much less restrictive than existing ones on axial couplings, from an axionlike behavior of a light U boson, tested in psi --> gamma U, Upsilon --> gamma U and K+ --> pi+ U decays (or as compared to the limit from parity-violation in atomic physics, in the presence of an axial coupling to the electron). Altogether the hypothesis of light U bosons, and light dark matter particles, remains compatible with particle physics constraints, while allowing for the appropriate annihilation cross sections required, both at freeze-out (for the relic abundance) and nowadays (if e+ from LDM annihilations are at the origin of the 511 keV line from the galactic bulge).
Who are the pollinators of Petunia interior (Solanaceae) and how are they attracted to flowers?

Many features of flowers comprise the key elements of the pollinating strategies of flowering plants. Our aims were to describe features that attract pollinators and to identify the pollination system of Petunia interior, a species for which bees have been suggested as the probable pollinators. Therefore, we described the morphology and floral biology, assessed nectar production, concentration, and composition, examined reproductive mode and identified pollinators. P. interior has a purple, infundibuliform, zygomorphic corolla with a short and wide tube and blue pollen. Flower opening and pollen release were asynchronous throughout the day. The pollen grains have pollenkitt on the surface. The nectar sugar composition has a proportion of sucrose lower than the proportion of glucose + fructose, and the nectar supply was constant, in small amounts, at a concentration between 16.6-23.1 %. The reproductive system is xenogamous and bees were the exclusive pollinators. P. interior exhibits a set of floral traits that prevent self-pollination and maintains attractiveness to the bees. The greater reproductive success under natural conditions highlights the importance of bees for the reproductive success of P. interior. As far as floral traits are concerned, only the sugar concentration in the nectar does not correspond to melittophily.
Dissecting cold gas in a high-redshift galaxy using a lensed background quasar

We present a study of cold gas absorption from a damped Lyman-α absorber (DLA) at redshift zabs = 1.946 toward two lensed images of the quasar J144254.78+405535.5 at redshift zQSO = 2.590. The physical separation of the two lines of sight at the absorber redshift is dabs = 0.7 kpc according to our lens model. We observe absorption lines from neutral carbon and H2 along both lines of sight, indicating that cold gas is present on scales larger than dabs. We measure the column densities of H I to be log N(HI) = 20.27 ± 0.02 and 20.34 ± 0.05 and those of H2 to be log N(H2) = 19.7 ± 0.1 and 19.9 ± 0.2. The metallicity inferred from sulphur is consistent with solar metallicity for both sightlines: [S/H]A = 0.0 ± 0.1 and [S/H]B = −0.1 ± 0.1. Based on the excitation of low rotational levels of H2, we constrain the temperature of the cold gas phase to be T = 109 ± 20 and T = 89 ± 25 K for the two lines of sight. From the relative excitation of fine-structure levels of C I, we constrain the hydrogen volumetric densities to lie in the range of 40 − 110 cm−3. Based on the ratio of observed column density and volumetric density, we infer the average individual “cloud” size along the line of sight to be l ≈ 0.1 pc. Using the transverse line-of-sight separation of 0.7 kpc together with the individual cloud size, we are able to place an upper limit to the volume filling factor of cold gas of fvol < 0.1%. Nonetheless, the projected covering fraction of cold gas must be large (close to unity) over scales of a few kpc in order to explain the presence of cold gas in both lines of sight. Compared to the typical extent of DLAs (∼10 − 30 kpc), this is consistent with the relative incidence rate of C I absorbers and DLAs.