Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Drilling Costs Estimation for Hydrocarbon Wells

Abstract Worldwide drilling activities are significantly raised by the oil industry due to the increased global demand of hydrocarbon. The addition of new and sophisticated equipment, tools, and technologies in drilling a well are adding more costs in terms of new technology and equipment. In contrast, the reduction of drilling time due to the addition of those facilities has significantly reduced the drilling costs. As a result, there is a cost analysis dilemma faced by the drilling industry. In addition, shale gas wells are drilled using drilling technology very similar to that used in the drilling of conventional hydrocarbon wells. This causes the drill bit to wear out which significantly reduces the net penetration rate with the longer trip time. This scenario causes new challenges for the estimation of shale drilling cost in general. The overall cost estimation and analysis creates new challenges and responsibilities for the industry people. Moreover, cost effective drilling is one of the focal points for the industry toward a successful and sustainable drilling because by definition, sustainability covers the parameter, cost. The lack of proper training in handling financial sustainability has caused tremendous frustration in the current energy management sector. While everyone seems to have a solution, it is increasingly becoming clear that these options are not moving our drilling environment to any sustainable state. This article evaluates current and historical drilling and completion costs of oil and gas wells. As a starting point, the general cost analysis concepts are discussed in detail to have a strong foundation on the drilling cost and time estimation. Field data are used to show the cost trends for various depths in calculating drilling cost and drilling time estimation. Also outlined is the significance of Authorization for Expenditure (AFE) in terms of variations of oil and gas prices, costs, and availability of major well components and services at particular locations. The new addition of some features in cost estimation will help in understanding the overall cost estimation. This article will enhance understanding of drilling cost analysis and will provide a guideline in preparing AFE.
Design and development of enhanced ground-penetrating radar systems for the detection and classification of unexploded ordinances and land mines /

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has wide applications. This dissertation dis­ cusses two important applications which have been gaining a lot of attention recently worldwide. They are unexploded ordnance (UXO) and land mine detection and clas­ sification. Although there exist many UXO and land mine detection systems, most of them face high false alarm rates due to the lack of proper target classification techniques. In this document, the complex natural resonance (CNR) signature is used for both UXO and land mine classification. The theoretical CNR’s of real world UXO's are calculated numericédly using a body of revolution moment method code. The precessed results from actual field data also demonstrate the feasibility of such classification technique. Two GPR systems dedicated to the detection and classification of UXO and land mine, respectively, is presented. Actual field data collected from these systems axe analyzed. A new type of GPR antenna design Horn-Fed Bowtie (HFB), is found in an effort of overcoming problems commonly faced by many other GPR antennas. This new design leads to many improvements such as stability, sensitivity, gain,. , etc. as shown in the measured data. Two new data processing techniques the late-time spectrum (LTS) and surface clutter reduction (SCR) concepts are also developed to improve the UXO and land mine detection and classification capability. The former improve the signal-to-clutter
Adjuvant Novel Nanocarrier-Based Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer

Lung cancer has the lowest survival rate due to its late-stage diagnosis, poor prognosis, and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. These factors decrease the effectiveness of treatment. They release chemokines and cytokines from the tumor microenvironment (TME). To improve the effectiveness of treatment, researchers emphasize personalized adjuvant therapies along with conventional ones. Targeted chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems and specific pathway-blocking agents using nanocarriers are a few of them. This study explored the nanocarrier roles and strategies to improve the treatment profile’s effectiveness by striving for TME. A biofunctionalized nanocarrier stimulates biosystem interaction, cellular uptake, immune system escape, and vascular changes for penetration into the TME. Inorganic metal compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) through their photothermal effect. Stroma, hypoxia, pH, and immunity-modulating agents conjugated or modified nanocarriers co-administered with pathway-blocking or condition-modulating agents can regulate extracellular matrix (ECM), Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF),Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk receptors (TAM) regulation, regulatory T-cell (Treg) inhibition, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) inhibition. Again, biomimetic conjugation or the surface modification of nanocarriers using ligands can enhance active targeting efficacy by bypassing the TME. A carrier system with biofunctionalized inorganic metal compounds and organic compound complex-loaded drugs is convenient for NSCLC-targeted therapy.
Efficient Blockchain-Based Pseudonym Authentication Scheme Supporting Revocation for 5G-Assisted Vehicular Fog Computing

The driving experience in fifth-generation (5G)-assisted vehicular fog computing systems has improved thanks to recent advancements in intelligent transportation. However, in the present vehicular system setup, the phenomenon of providing low computation overhead with massive serving capability is crucial. In the existing scenario, the computational complexity rises when an authenticated driver travels from one roadside unit (RSU) area to another RSU region and must undergo re-authentication by the existing RSU. In this paper, an efficient blockchain-based pseudonym authentication scheme to address these issues and avoiding using RSU for 5G-assisted vehicular fog computing. The pseudonym identity generated for each vehicles and fog servers in order to exchange information about the road environment. The proposed scheme avoids re-authentication by the future fog server by utilising bilinear pairing of points on the elliptic curve and utilising blockchain technology without the need for a trusted authority. For fog computing, fog server obtains the verification key to authenticate the messages sent from vehicles for supporting revocation. The security analysis part of this work shows that the proposed scheme is not only satisfy requirements of security and privacy, but also resistance security attacks. Finally, the evaluation of the proposed scheme’s performance shows that it is more efficient than existing schemes with regards to computation cost, verification speed, and energy consumption.
Case report: Management of pediatric gigantism caused by the TADopathy, X-linked acrogigantism

X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG) is a rare form of pituitary gigantism that is associated with growth hormone (GH) and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas/pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) that develop in infancy. It is caused by a duplication on chromosome Xq26.3 that leads to the misexpression of the gene GPR101, a constitutively active stimulator of pituitary GH and prolactin secretion. GPR101 normally exists within its own topologically associating domain (TAD) and is insulated from surrounding regulatory elements. X-LAG is a TADopathy in which the duplication disrupts a conserved TAD border, leading to a neo-TAD in which ectopic enhancers drive GPR101 over-expression, thus causing gigantism. Here we trace the full diagnostic and therapeutic pathway of a female patient with X-LAG from 4C-seq studies demonstrating the neo-TAD through medical and surgical interventions and detailed tumor histopathology. The complex nature of treating young children with X-LAG is illustrated, including the achievement of hormonal control using a combination of neurosurgery and adult doses of first-generation somatostatin analogs.
40 Gb/s Secure Coherent Optical Communication Based on Electro-Optic Phase Feedback Encryption

In the current context of information explosion, securing the physical layer in the backbone networks of coherent optical communication is vitally important. In this letter, we experimentally validate a secure communication scheme for coherent optical communication systems based on electro-optic phase feedback encryption, thereby successfully transmitting a 40 Gb/s dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) signal over a distance of 180 km. By strategically incorporating a delay line interferometer and a dispersion component within the electro-optic feedback loop, it is possible to generate random phase scrambling at a moderate modulation depth. With the utilization of commercial hardware, the encryption of DP-QPSK signals can be seamlessly accomplished in a plug-and-play manner, removing the necessity for additional synchronization or key distribution systems. The proposed scheme paves a new way to protect the polarization-multiplexing signals and offers a promising approach for secure coherent optical communication system.
Modélisation de l'impact des îlots de chaleur urbains sur les dynamiques de population d'Aedes aegypti, vecteur de la dengue et du virus Zika

Les moustiques de l'espece Aedes aegypti sont les vecteurs les plus compe-tents pour la transmission du virus Zika, de la dengue et du Chikungunya. Ce mous-tique s'est parfaitement adapte aux environnements urbains ou sa presence doit etre surveillee et controlee, notamment en l'absence de vaccin efficace contre ces differents virus. Notre approche repose sur une methodologie alternative a l'observation in situ des populations d'Aedes, rendu difficile en raison meme de la complexite des envi-ronnements urbains. Face a la difficulte de collecter des donnees epidemiologiques ou entomologiques de qualite sur le terrain, nous utilisons la simulation a base d'agents pour faire interagir dans un seul modele des vecteurs, des hotes et des environnements dynamiques. Nous illustrons notre approche par une etude des effets des facteurs en-vironnementaux sur les dynamiques de population de moustiques. Dans cet article, nous testons l'hypothese d'un impact des ilots de chaleur urbains sur le maintient de population de moustiques et sur la variabilite des dynamiques de leurs populations a Bangkok.
Effect of age on calpain changes in postmortem goose muscle.

Meat tenderization can be affected by a variety of factors including animal age. However, results obtained from goose, chicken, turkey, and ostrich studies have shown that the effects of age on meat tenderization were insignificant, which may be due to a very limited age difference in birds used in those studies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of animal age on postmortem proteolysis and tenderization of breast muscle from developing and mature White Roman geese. Goose carcasses from mature (50 mo old, n = 10) and young (3 mo old, n = 10) geese were vacuum-packaged and stored at 5°C within 10 min postmortem. Breast (pectoralis major) samples were taken at 0 (∼10 min postmortem), 1, 3, and 7 D of storage. Our results showed that the decrease in pH, calpain-1 and -11 activities, desmin content and shear force, as well as the increase in myofibrillar fragmentation index were more rapid (P < 0.05) in young than in mature goose breast. These results suggest that postmortem proteolysis and tenderization of goose muscle are extensively affected by age.
Towards a strategy for high seas marine protected areas : proceedings of the IUCN, WCPA and WWF experts workshop on high seas marine protected areas

By far the largest habitat for life on earth and the cradle of new species, habitats and undiscovered ecosystems, our oceans are being intensively exploited and heavily degraded. Marine Protected Areas can be used to restore, safeguard and halt the negative impacts on the biodiversity of these oceans. The proceedings from this workshop highlight some of the discussion aimed at developing an action plan to promote a system of MPAs to ensure long-term protection of ecosystem processes, biological diversity and productivity beyond national jurisdiction.
A STUDY ON MARKETING MIX ELEMENTS (PRODUCT, PRICE, PLACE, PROMOTION) AND THEIR INTERPLAY IN DRIVING CUSTOMER ACQUISITION, RETENTION

The paper aims to investigate the influencing of marketing mix (MM) elements (product, price, place or distribution, and promotion) on increasing the effectiveness of product promotion and their role to reduce the problems within the organization. The main importance aspects of this paper are to discuss the theoretical part of MM, to provide some perspectives for the researchers, and to give some instructions for the marketing department in Al-Saaeda Company for medical equipment technologies. The researchers used the main related academic resources from university library, and internet, and they designed and distributed questionnaires on a random sample of Al-Saaeda Company for Medical Equipment Technologies customers and the company employees to measure the impact of promotion on the marketing of its product (Glucocard 01-mini plus). The main findings of this paper can be concluded as following: 1. The promotion has a very high level of impact to increase the sales of products. 2. The good distribution of product can effect positively on customer satisfaction. 3. The company's policy for promoting has a very good reflection on increasing the sales of products. The researchers recommended that the company must strengthen the level of promotions in its activities and departments, and the increasing of sales points is very important, so the company must enhance its policies of distribution.
Study of augmented reality methods for real time recognition and tracking of untextured 3d models in monocular images.

The main challenge of an augmented reality system is to obtain perfect alignment between real and virtual objects in order to create the illusion that both worlds coexist. To that end, the position and orientation of the observer has to be determined in order to configure a virtual camera that displays the virtual objects in their corresponding position. This problem is known as tracking, and although there are many alternatives to address it by using different sensors, tracking based on optical sensors is the most popular solution. However, optical tracking is not a solved problem. This thesis presents a study of the existing optical tracking methods and provides some improvements for some of them, particularly for those that are real time. More precisely, monocular optical marker tracking and model-based monocular optical markerless tracking are discussed in detail. The proposed improvements are focused on industrial environments, which is a difficult challenge due to the lack of texture in these scenes. Monocular optical marker tracking methods do not support occlusions, so this thesis proposes two alternatives: (1) a new tracking method based on temporal coherence, and (2) a new marker design. Both solutions are robust against occlusions and do not require more environment adaptation. Similarly, the response of model-based monocular optical markerless tracking methods is jeopardized in untextured scenes, so this thesis proposes a 3D object recognition method that uses geometric properties instead of texture to initialize the tracking, as well as a markerless tracking method that uses multiple visual cues to update the tracking. Additionally, the details of the augmented reality system that has been developed to help in disassembly operations are given throughout the thesis. This serves as a tool to validate the proposed methods and it also shows their real world applicability
Conducting tracer studies to assess work-integrated learning programs

Tracer studies are research investigations that are designed to track the outcomes and experiences of participants in learning programs. In the case of work-integrated learning (WIL) programmes, tracer studies can be used to probe the perception of learners who have completed the programs (Dela Cruz, 2022; Winborg & Hägg, 2023). Following a qualitative research design using a questionnaire as a data collection method, a cohort of learners (n = 179) who have completed Energy and Water Sector Education and Training Authority (EWSETA) WIL programmes were used to gauge the perceived strengths and weaknesses of these programs, including the skills and knowledge they gained, the quality of the training, and the overall impact of the programs on their career development. It was established that WIL programmes generally lead to benefits such as increased employability, gaining of work-related skills, greater job retention, career advancement, continuous learning, and improved self-esteem. WIL programs are, however, hampered by employer-related factors such as limited mentorship and career guidance, financial limitations, and poor working conditions.
Storminess-related rhythmic ridge patterns on the coasts of Estonia

Buried or elevated coastal ridges may serve as archives of past variations in sea level and climate conditions. Sometimes such ridges or coastal scarps appear in patterns, particularly on uplifting coasts with adequate sediment supply. Along the seacoasts of Estonia, where relative-to-geoid postglacial uplift can vary between 1.7 and 3.4 mm/yr, at least 27 areas with rhythmic geomorphic patterns have been identified from LiDAR images and elevation data. Such patterns were mainly found on faster emerging and well-exposed, tideless coasts. These are mostly located at heights between 1 and 21 m above sea level, the formation of which corresponds to a period of up to 7500 years. Up to approximately 150 individual ridges were counted on some cross-shore sections. Ten of these ridge patterns that formed less than 4500 years ago were chosen for detailed characterization and analysis in search of possible forcing mechanisms. Among these more closely studied cases, the mean ridge spacing varied between 19 and 28 m. Using land uplift rates from the late Holocene period, the timespans of the corresponding cross sections were calculated. The average temporal periodicity of the ridges was between 23 and 39 years with a gross mean value of 31 years. Considering the regular nature of the ridges, they mostly do not reflect single extreme events, but rather a decadal-scale periodicity in storminess in the region of the Baltic Sea. Although a contribution from some kind of self-organization process is possible, the rhythmicity in ancient coastal ridge patterns is likely linked to quasi-periodic 25−40-year variability, which can be traced to Estonian long-term sea level records and wave hindcasts, as well as in regional storminess data and the North Atlantic Oscillation index.
Advanced Flowrate Control of Petroleum Products in Transportation: An Optimized Modified Model Reference PID Approach

Efficient flowrate control is paramount for the seamless operation and reliability of petroleum transportation systems, where precise control of fluid movement ensures not only operational efficiency but also safety and cost-effectiveness. The main aim of this paper is to develop a highly effective modified model reference PID controller, tailored to ensure optimal flowrate control of petroleum products throughout their transportation. Initially, the petrol transportation process is analyzed to establish a suitable mathematical model based on vital factors like pipeline diameter, length, and pump attributes. However, using a basic first-order time delay model for petrol transportation systems is limiting due to inaccuracies, variable delay issues, safety oversights, and real-time control complexities. To improve this, the delay portion is approximated as a third-order transfer function to better reflect complex physical conditions. Subsequently, the PID controller is synthesized by modifying its structure to address flowrate control issues. These modifications primarily focus on the controller’s derivative component, involving the addition of a first-order filter and alterations to its structure. To optimize the proposed controller, the genetic, black hole, and zebra optimization techniques are employed, aiming to minimize an integral time absolute error cost function and ensure that the outlet flow of the controlled system closely follows the response of an appropriate reference model. They are chosen for their proficiency in complex optimization to enhance the controller's effectiveness by optimizing parameters within constraints, adapting to system dynamics, and ensuring optimal conditions. Through simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed controller significantly enhances the stability and efficiency of the control system, while maintaining practical control signals. Moreover, the proposed modifications and intelligent tuning of the PID controller yield remarkable improvements compared to previous related work, resulting in a 36% reduction in rise time, a 63% reduction in settling time, an 80% reduction in overshoot, and a 98% reduction in cost value.
Changes in capture availability due to infection can lead to detectable biases in population-level infectious disease parameters

Correctly identifying the strength of selection that parasites impose on hosts is key to predicting epidemiological and evolutionary outcomes of host-parasite interactions. However, behavioral changes due to infection can alter the capture probability of infected hosts and thereby make selection difficult to estimate by standard sampling techniques. Mark-recapture approaches, which allow researchers to determine if some groups in a population are less likely to be captured than others, can be used to identify infection-driven capture biases. If a metric of interest directly compares infected and uninfected populations, calculated detection probabilities for both groups may be useful in identifying bias. Here, we use an individual-based simulation to test whether changes in capture rate due to infection can alter estimates of three key metrics: 1) reduction in the reproductive success of infected parents relative to uninfected parents, 2) the relative risk of infection for susceptible genotypes compared to resistant genotypes, and 3) changes in allele frequencies between generations. We explore the direction and underlying causes of the biases that emerge from these simulations. Finally, we argue that short series of mark-recapture sampling bouts, potentially implemented in under a week, can yield key data on detection bias due to infection while not adding a significantly higher burden to disease ecology studies.