Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Absolute migration of Pacific basin mid-ocean ridges since 85 Ma and their tectonic implications for the Pacific plate

Mid-ocean ridges are major physiographic features that dominate the world seafloor. Their absolute motion and tectonics are recorded in magnetic lineations they created. The absolute migration of mid-ocean ridges in the Pacific basin since 85 Ma and their tectonic implications was investigated in this work and the results indicates that at about anomaly 21 (47 Ma) the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and Juan de Fuca ridge experienced an abrupt change in their migration direction that persisted until about anomaly 6 (20 Ma), probably due to changes in subductionzone configuration in the northern Pacific. This may represent a period of tectonic instability for the Pacific plate during which the EPR was probably subducted beneath the North American continent. This period culminated by the appearance of the Galapagos propagator and a major reorganization of the East Pacific Rise south of the Galapagos.
Feeding the “aneurysm”: Orogen‐parallel mass transport into Nanga Parbat and the western Himalayan syntaxis

The Nanga Parbat‐Haramosh massif (NPHM; western Himalayan syntaxis) requires an influx of mass exceeding that in the adjacent Himalayan arc to sustain high topography and rapid erosional exhumation rates. What supplies this mass flux and feeds this “tectonic aneurysm? ” We show, using a simple 3‐D model of oblique orogen convergence, that velocity/strain partitioning results in horizontal orogen‐parallel (OP) crustal transport, and the same behavior is inferred for the Himalaya, with OP transport diverting converging crust toward the syntaxis. Model results also show that the OP flow rate decreases in the syntaxis, thereby thickening the crust and forming a structure like the NPHM. The additional crustal thickening, over and above that elsewhere in the Himalayan arc, sustains the rapid exhumation of this “aneurysm. ” Normally, velocity/strain partitioning would be minimal for the Himalayan arc where the convergence obliquity is no greater than ~40°. However, we show analytically that the Himalayan system can act both as a critical wedge and exhibit strain partitioning if both the detachment beneath the wedge and the bounding rear shear zone, which accommodates OP transport, are very weak. Corresponding numerical results confirm this requirement and demonstrate that a Nanga Parbat‐type shortening structure can develop spontaneously if the orogenic wedge and bounding rear shear zone can strain rate soften while active. These results lead us to question whether the position of NPHM aneurysm is localized by river incision, as previously suggested, or by a priori focused tectonic shortening of the crust in the syntaxis region as demonstrated by our models.
Size distributions of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids, α-dicarbonyls, sugars, WSOC, OC, EC and inorganic ions in atmospheric particles over Northern Japan: implication for long-range transport of Siberian biomass burning and East Asian polluted aerosols

Abstract. To better understand the size-segregated chemical composition of aged organic aerosols in the western North Pacific rim, day- and night-time aerosol samples were collected in Sapporo, Japan during summer 2005 using an Andersen impactor sampler with 5 size bins: Dp 7.0 μm. Samples were analyzed for the molecular composition of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids, α-dicarbonyls, and sugars, together with water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and inorganic ions. Based on the analyses of backward trajectories and chemical tracers, we found that during the campaign, air masses arrived from Siberia (a biomass burning source region) on 8–9 August, from China (an anthropogenic source region) on 9–10 August, and from the East China Sea/Sea of Japan (a mixed source receptor region) on 10–11 August. Most of the diacids, ketoacids, dicarbonyls, levoglucosan, WSOC, and inorganic ions (i.e., SO42−, NH4+ and K+) were enriched in fine particles (PM1.1) whereas Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl− peaked in coarse sizes (>1.1 μm). Interestingly, OC, most sugar compounds and NO3− showed bimodal distributions in fine and coarse modes. In PM1.1, diacids in biomass burning-influenced aerosols transported from Siberia (mean: 252 ng m−3) were more abundant than those in the aerosols originating from China (209 ng m−3) and ocean (142 ng m−3), whereas SO42− concentrations were highest in the aerosols from China (mean: 3970 ng m−3) followed by marine- (2950 ng m−3) and biomass burning-influenced (1980 ng m−3) aerosols. Higher loadings of WSOC (2430 ng m−3) and OC (4360 ng m−3) were found in the fine mode, where biomass-burning products such as levoglucosan are abundant. This paper presents a case study of long-range transported aerosols illustrating that biomass burning episodes in the Siberian region have a significant influence on the chemical composition of carbonaceous aerosols in the western North Pacific rim.
A Measurement of Seismic Anistropy in the Northeast Pacific

A seismic refraction experiment was conducted in the Pacific Ocean basin, off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. The purpose of these measurements was to obtain an estimate of the anisotropy of the mantle P-wave velocity in the area and to relate this parameter to the direction of sea floor spreading. The results show that the crustal structure is similar to that measured elsewhere in the Pacific basin. Significant anisotropy of the mantle rocks is observed; the direction in which the maximum velocity occurs being 107° and the change of velocity, about 8% of the mean value, 8.07 km/s. The direction of maximum velocity does not coincide exactly with the direction of sea floor spreading, 090°, inferred from magnetic lineations.
Regional Gene Expression in the Retina, Optic Nerve Head, and Optic Nerve of Mice with Optic Nerve Crush and Experimental Glaucoma

A major risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the level of intraocular pressure (IOP), which can lead to retinal ganglion cell axon injury and cell death. The optic nerve has a rostral unmyelinated portion at the optic nerve head followed by a caudal myelinated region. The unmyelinated region is differentially susceptible to IOP-induced damage in rodent models and human glaucoma. While several studies have analyzed gene expression changes in the mouse optic nerve following optic nerve injury, few were designed to consider the regional gene expression differences that exist between these distinct areas. We performed bulk RNA-sequencing on the retina and separately micro-dissected unmyelinated and myelinated optic nerve regions from naïve C57BL/6 mice, mice after optic nerve crush, and mice with microbead-induced experimental glaucoma (total = 36). Gene expression patterns in the naïve unmyelinated optic nerve showed significant enrichment of the Wnt, Hippo, PI3K-Akt, and transforming growth factor β pathways, as well as extracellular matrix–receptor and cell membrane signaling pathways, compared to the myelinated optic nerve and retina. Gene expression changes induced by both injuries were more extensive in the myelinated optic nerve than the unmyelinated region, and greater after nerve crush than glaucoma. Changes present three and fourteen days after injury largely subsided by six weeks. Gene markers of reactive astrocytes did not consistently differ between injury states. Overall, the transcriptomic phenotype of the mouse unmyelinated optic nerve was significantly different from immediately adjacent tissues, likely dominated by expression in astrocytes, whose junctional complexes are inherently important in responding to IOP elevation.
Object detection in traffic scenes by a colour video and radar data fusion approach

Object detection is one of the key functions in autonomous driving. For this purpose different sensor types-such as laser or millimeter-wave (MMW) radar-are in use but most systems are solely based on vision (Thomanek et al., 1994). In contrast, this paper presents a data fusion approach for joint radar video object detection.
Crecimiento físico y anatómico del fruto de arazá (Eugenia stipitata Me Vaugh)

The changes that take place during the development of the fruit of araza were studied from the anthesis to ripening. It was registered and analyzed the longitudinal and transverse diameters, fresh and dried weight, firmness, and anatomical, modifications. lt was found that 55 ± 5 days occurred between the anthesis into the commercial ripeness of the fruit of araza. Three stages of growth were identified: the first one, cellular division, the second one, maximum growth, during which the cellular expantion takes place, and a final state of stability of the growth. The fruit anatomical study showed the parenchyma as principal tissue. In the first two steps cells are small and well defined, while at the fruit senescence cells are big, irregular and with thin walls. Araza fruit presents stomes in the epicarp, but its density and shape indicate that would be unfuctionals. Fruit softness during maturity could resulted from the stand tissues in the mesocarp.
Middle cerebral artery blood velocity is reduced with hyperthermia during prolonged exercise in humans

1 In the present study we examined the effect of hyperthermia on the middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCA Vmean) during prolonged exercise. We predicted that the cerebral circulation would be impaired when hyperthermia is present during exercise and assumed that this could be observed as a reduced MCA Vmean. 2 Eight endurance trained men (maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2,max) 70 ± 1 ml min−1 kg−1 (mean ±s.e.m.)) performed two exercise trials at 57 % of V̇O2,max on a cycle ergometer in a hot (40 °C; hyperthermic trial) and in a thermoneutral environment (18 °C; control trial). In the hyperthermic trial, the oesophageal temperature increased throughout the exercise period reaching a peak value of 40.0 ± 0.1 °C at exhaustion after 53 ± 4 min of exercise. In the control trial, exercise was maintained for 1 h without any signs of fatigue and with core temperature stabilised at 37.8 ± 0.1 °C after ≈15 min of exercise. 3 Concomitant with the development of hyperthermia, MCA Vmean declined by 26 ± 3 % from 73 ± 4 cm s−1 at the beginning of exercise to 54 ± 4 cm s−1 at exhaustion (P < 0.001). In contrast, MCA Vmean remained unchanged at 70‐72 cm s−1 throughout the 1 h control trial. 4 When individually determined regression lines for MCA Vmean and arterial carbon dioxide pressure (Pa,CO2) obtained during preliminary exercise tests were used to account for the differences in Pa,CO2 between the hyperthermic and control trial, it appeared that more than half of the reduction in MCA Vmean (56 ± 8 %) was related to a hyperventilation‐induced drop in Pa,CO2. Declining cardiac output and arterial blood pressure accounted for the remaining part of the hyperthermia‐induced reduction in MCA Vmean. 5 The present results demonstrate that the development of hyperthermia during prolonged exercise is associated with a marked reduction in MCA Vmean.
Fast Deterministic CUR Matrix Decomposition with Accuracy Assurance

The deterministic CUR matrix decomposition is a low-rank approximation method to analyze a data matrix. It has attracted considerable attention due to its high interpretability, which results from the fact that the decomposed matrices consist of sub-sets of the original columns and rows of the data matrix. The subset is obtained by optimizing an objective function with sparsity-inducing norms via coordinate descent. However, the existing algorithms for optimization incur high computation costs. This is because coordinate descent iteratively updates all the parameters in the ob-jective until convergence. This paper proposes a fast deterministic CUR matrix decomposition. Our algorithm safely skips unnecessary updates by efﬁciently evaluating the optimality conditions for the parameters to be zeros. In addition, we preferentially update the parameters that must be nonzeros. Theoretically, our approach guarantees the same result as the original approach. Experiments demonstrate that our algorithm speeds up the deterministic CUR while achieving the same accuracy.
Catchment and reach‐scale properties as indicators of macroinvertebrate species traits

1. We used catchment and reach-scale physical properties to predict the occurrence of specific species life history and behaviour traits of aquatic insects across fifty-eight catchments in a mixed land use basin. Catchment-scale attributes were derived using a geographical information system (GIS). Logistic regression techniques were used to model the relationships. 2. The reach-scale properties were highly predictive of species traits. Fourteen of the fifteen traits had significant models with concordance values greater than 68%. Cross-sectional area at bank full discharge, % shallow, slow-water habitats, and % fines were the most important variables. 3. Life history and behavioural attributes were best related to reach-scale physical features. This suggests that species traits exhibit strong relationships to local environmental conditions. 4. Catchment-scale variables had fewer significant models with species traits (four of fifteen), however these variables may have direct or indirect influence on reach-scale properties. 5. Catchment features, in particular surficial geology, influence macroinvertebrate assemblages through their control over channel morphology and hydrologic patterns. 6. The effects of land use were masked by geology (i.e. lacustrine clay geology and rowcrop agriculture were correlated), lack of detail in land use data and the aggregation of the species data. 7. These models reflect the coupling of local environmental conditions and the set of adaptations among the local taxa. These observations underscore the idea that habitat plays a major role in organizing stream assemblages. 8. Using these approaches, predictions can be made about the ability of various taxonomic groupings to track environmental change through time, or for projecting the impact of alternative land management scenarios. Identifying fundamental life history and other traits can improve the selection and evaluation of such indicators.
Comparison of vegetation indices to determine their accuracy in predicting spring phenology of Swedish ecosystems

Phenological observations of terrestrial ecosystems are useful in monitoring the changes in the local climate due to their relatively long time series and high temporal resolution. However performing field based phenological observations can be a labour intensive and time consuming process. Using satellite-based remotely sensed data can make the process much more efficient. Although the satellites do not measure the plant phenology directly they can be used to observe seasonal changes on a landscape scale and to estimate the dates of a number of phenological events, such as the onset of greenness or the beginning of the leaf senescence. The launch of new Earth observation satellites over the last decade, with improved spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions, presented an opportunity to develop new vegetation indices (VI) which could potentially be suited to the observation of phenological changes. The present study compares four VIs on how accurately they can be used to estimate the timing of spring phenological events in ecosystems in the north, centre and south of Sweden. The indices under study are the NDVI, WDRVI, EVI2 and NDWI. The reference data comes from tower mounted or hand held instruments which measure the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The phenological events being looked at are the onset of the green season (when green vegetation appears in spring either through being exposed from underneath the melting snow or through fresh growth) and the onset of the growing season (when the new vegetation, especially tree leaves, begin to grow). The results of the study indicate that NDWI is the only index that can estimate the onset of the leaf growing season in deciduous forests both in the north and south of Sweden. The other indices are only able to predict the start of the green season in this type of ecosystem. In coniferous forests EVI2 seems to be the most appropriate index to use to estimate the start of the growing season. In low vegetation ecosystems the findings are more inconclusive but it appears that EVI2 also performs the best in estimating the start of the green season. The study also found that it is necessary to use under-the-canopy upward pointing PAR sensors to observe the start of the leaf growing season in deciduous forests and over-the-canopy downward pointing PAR sensors to observe the start of the growing season in coniferous forests.
Anomalies in Economics and Finance

The term “anomaly” played a crucial role in Thomas Kuhn’s characterization of scientific progress. For Kuhn, an anomaly is a puzzle which challenges an accepted paradigm. Puzzles only achieve anomalous status once an alternative paradigm becomes available which allows explanation of the puzzle. Anomalies were introduced into the finance literature by Michael Jensen but more as resolvable puzzles than Kuhnian anomalies. They entered economics via Richard Thaler who saw behavioural economics as the alternative to the neoclassical paradigm. Both authors use the term anomaly in a deliberately Kuhnian manner. Kuhn formulated his ideas by looking back across the history of physics. By contrast, behavioural economists use Kuhn’s concepts in a forward-looking manner as a marketing tool for their ideas.
1992 ULUSLARARASI COĞRAFYA EĞİTİMİ BİLDİRGESİ VE TÜRKİYE’DEKİ YANSIMALARI

Bu calismada, 1992 yilinda Uluslararasi Cografya Birligi (IGU) Cografya Egitimi Komisyonu (CGE) tarafindan yayinlanan Uluslararasi Cografya Egitimi Bildirgesi, baglam degerlendirmesi ve butunlestirici degerlendirme yontemlerini iceren literatur degerlendirmesi kullanilarak analiz edilmistir. Yayinlandigi tarihten hemen sonra Ingilizce disinda yirmi dile daha cevrilip yayinlanan bildirge gunumuze kadar Turkceye cevrilmemis ve hakkinda herhangi bir degerlendirme yapilmamistir. Dolayisiyla bu calisma, soz konusu bildirgenin ilk kez Turkceye cevrilmis olmasi acisindan onem arz etmektedir. Cografya egitimi alaninda Turkiye’de donemsel anlamda boylesi uluslararasi bir konjonkturun yakalanamamis olmasi, ulkemizdeki cografya egitimine yonelik reformlarin baslayabilmesi icin Milli Egitim Bakanligi’nin butuncul ogretim programi reformu surecine kadar beklenmesine de yol acmistir. Bunun sonucunda, bu tur uluslararasi egilimlerin destegiyle Turkiye’deki cografya egitiminde bazi gelismelerin saglanmasi gereken bir donemde tam tersi bir surec yasanmistir. Bu nedenlerle, cografya egitimi konusunda uluslararasi alandaki calisma, yayin, rapor ve bu tur bildirgelerin belli araliklarla cografya egitimcileri ve cografyayi temsil eden kurumlar tarafindan mutlaka Turkceye kazandirilmasi gerekmektedir. Bu, cografya egitimine yonelik uluslararasi egilimlerin Turkiye’ye yansitilmasi acisindan oldukca gerekli ve onemli gorulmelidir
3D indoor modeling from videography

The paper deals with our research on developing videogrammetry based 3D modeling procedure for indoor facilities. The modeling is based on recorded video sequences, and the analysis procedure is reverse if compared to the traditional one. Here a functional 3D model is built first and the measurements for exact geometry are done thereafter: `Modeling first--then measuring'. The final output will be a photorealistic model.
Central Bank Policy Rate Guidance and Financial Market Functioning

Central bank communication has changed dramatically over the past decade, with some central banks providing guidance about or explicit forecasts of likely future policy rates. One frequently made argument against the provision by central banks of such guidance or forecasts is that it runs the risk of impairing market functioning. In this paper, we evaluate the behaviour of financial markets in the United States, the euro area and New Zealand in light of the communication strategies of central banks, in order to assess whether the provision of policy rate guidance by central banks impairs market functioning. While we find evidence that central bank policy rate forecasts influence market prices in New Zealand, we find no evidence that such guidance or forecasts impair market functioning in the United States, the euro area or New Zealand. The results suggest that the risk of impairing market functioning is not a strong argument against central banks' provision of policy rate guidance or forecasts.
Image processing by Intensity-Dependent Spread (IDS)

As retinal illuminance is lowered, the human visual system integrates the effects of photon absorptions over larger areas and longer times. A theory of the process that might underlie these changes is called Intensity-Dependent Spread (IDS). Each input point gives rise to a pattern of excitation that spreads to a region of the total excitation it sees. The unique aspect of the theory is the assumption that, although the amplitude of the excitation pattern at its center increases with input illuminance, its width decreases in such a way that its volume remains constant. Application of this theory to image processing reveals that it displays a number of unexpected and potentially useful properties. Among them are edge enhancement and independence from scene illumination.
Perception, Awareness, and Practices Related to Burn First Aid Among the General Population in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: This study aims to assess the perception, awareness, and practices related to burn first aid among the general population in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study that assesses perception, awareness, and practices related to burn first aid among the general population in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. The data was collected using questionnaires. The data was initially filtered and checked for completeness to rectify any errors or discrepancies. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis. The data was coded before entry into the software program. Descriptive statistics were applied, summarizing the data in terms of frequency and percentage. Chi-square tests were used for analyzing categorical variables and to determine the association between the groups, with significance set at a P-value of 0.05. Results: Of the participants, 72.8% had previous knowledge regarding burns’ first aid management. Furthermore, 3% obtained knowledge and information about burn first aid from a certified course, while 21.1% obtained the information from the Internet. Of the respondents, 77.8% indicated that during the exposure to burn, they would remove accessories and clothes that covered the injured area. Of them, 79.4% noted that they would apply water to the injured area in case of exposure to burns. In addition, 61.9% of the respondents used honey as a home remedy to treat burns, and 30.1% used toothpaste to treat burns. Conclusion: Of the general population in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia, 72.8% had basic knowledge regarding burns’ first aid management. The study found certified courses and the Internet to be the main sources of information and knowledge about burns’ first aid management. The study found that clothes and accessories that covered the injured area should be removed when exposed to burns. In addition, cold water should be applied for a period of at least 10 minutes. The study found honey and toothpaste to be the most common home remedies used to treat burns. The use of pure honey is an accepted intervention in the treatment of burns due to its benefit in stimulating the rapid regeneration of tissues and decreasing incidences of scar formation. However, there are wrong beliefs about the use of toothpaste in cases of burns because it exacerbates the initial injury, making it even worse. There are significant differences in the perception, awareness, and practice of the general population according to their education level (P-value = 0.003) and employment (P-value = 0.007).