Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The exploration history and controls on hydrocarbon prospectivity in the Wessex basins, southern England, UK

Abstract The Wessex basins were formed during Mesozoic extension and were subsequently modified by Cretaceous uplift and Alpine inversion events. The basin geometry and evolution of the area is strongly controlled by the long-lived fault systems which cross the area. Two primary plays are recognized within the Wessex basins; the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone and the Jurassic Bridport Sandstone. These plays contribute the vast majority of the recoverable reserves in the area. The Triassic play consists of a Sherwood Sandstone Group reservoir, a Liassic mudstone source rock and a Mercia Mudstone Group regional seal. Hydrocarbons were generated from the Late Jurassic to Tertiary in the main kitchen area and migrated into a range of fault-related traps. The main risks on the play are reservoir quality together with the timing and the route of hydrocarbon migration into valid traps. The Jurassic play consists of the Bridport Sandstone Formation which is also sourced from the Liassic mudstones and the top seal is provided by the Fuller’s Earth Formation. The dominant risk on this play is the extent and quality of reservoir facies. In the onshore domain trap definition, using two-dimensional seismic data, is an additional risk on both plays. The basins of southern England have been explored for hydrocarbons for over 50 years. The initial phase of exploration focused on the onshore and tested anticlinal structures which had been mapped at surface. Onshore activity reached a peak in the successful drilling by British Gas of the Jurassic and Triassic reservoirs in the Wytch Farm Field in 1973 and 1977, respectively. The first offshore well in the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS) was drilled off Lulworth Cove by BP in 1963. More recently, offshore exploration concentrated on fault-related traps within or on the edges of the Portland-Wight Basin. Although offshore activity has been reduced in the last 5 years, the 14th UKCS Licensing Round rekindled interest in the area as companies were awarded previously unlicensed acreage for exploration. Successful future exploration in the Wessex basins will require a more complete understanding of reservoir development and three-dimensional basin evolution. Future drilling will focus on untested fault bounded prospects and stratigraphic traps with suitable reservoir quality.
Natural occurrence of reidite in the Xiuyan crater of China

The high‐pressure minerals of reidite and coesite have been identified in the moderately shock‐metamorphosed gneiss (shock stage II, 35–45 GPa) and the strongly shock‐metamorphosed gneiss (shock stage III, 45–55 GPa), respectively, from the polymict breccias of the Xiuyan crater, a simple impact structure 1.8 km in diameter in China. Reidite in the shock stage II gneiss displays lamellar textures developed in parental grains of zircon. The phase transformation of zircon to reidite likely corresponds to a martensitic mechanism. No coesite is found in the reidite‐bearing gneiss. The shock stage III gneiss contains abundant coesite, but no reidite is identified in the rock. Coesite occurs as acicular, dendritic, and spherulitic crystals characteristic of crystallization from shock‐produced silica melt. Zircon in the rock is mostly recrystallized. The postshock temperature in the shock stage III gneiss is too high for the preservation of reidite, whereas reidite survives in the shock stage II gneiss because of relatively low postshock temperature. Reidite does not occur together with coesite because of difference in shock‐induced temperature between the shock stage II gneiss and the shock stage III gneiss.
Measuring system for the long‐term monitoring of biosphere/atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide

We describe an ongoing program being carried out in Hungary to investigate the role of the temperate continental region in the global carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide mixing ratios are continuously monitored at 10, 48, 82, and 115 m above the ground on a television transmitter tower, and the atmosphere/surface exchange of CO2 is measured by eddy covariance at 82 m. The region surrounding the tower is typical of rural areas of central Europe, with agricultural fields, forest patches, and small villages. We first describe the layout and the operation of the measuring system designed for the continuous, unattended monitoring of the vertical distribution of CO2 mixing ratio in the lowest 115 m of the atmosphere based on a Li-Cor model 6251 infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). It provides vertical profile data with a temporal resolution of 8 min. Next, we discuss the measuring system for long-term, continuous monitoring of the biosphere/atmosphere exchange of CO2. The eddy correlation system is based on a Li-Cor model 6262 fast-response IRGA and a Gill ultrasonic anemometer running at 4 Hz sampling frequency. Results are to illustrate the performance of the systems. Among others, they show the occasional accumulation of CO2 in the boundary layer in the Carpathian Basin during winter and the diurnal variation of the vertical distribution of CO2 mixing ratio in summer. A simple method based on similarity theory to calculate vertical fluxes from vertical gradients is presented, which can be used to fill the data gaps that inevitably occur during long-term eddy correlation measurements. The present study confirms the feasibility of the long-term tall-tower CO2 flux and mixing ratio measurements.
Purdue e-Pubs Purdue e-Pubs

Recent regulations in the matter of climate change and environmental protection are pushing to reduce the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The overall environmental impact of a refrigeration system can be reduced by optimizing and possibly minimizing the amount of refrigerant charge in the system. Even in the case of natural and low-GWP synthetic refrigerants, due to the well-known problems with toxicity and flammability, it is required to minimize the amount of refrigerant charged into the system to reduce the associated risks. The charge minimization process requires to know the refrigerant distribution to identify and redesign the critical components in terms of charge retention. This paper analyses numerically the influence of the refrigerant charge on the system performance and on the mass distribution in an air-to-water reversible heat pump working with R32. A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the unit during the cooling mode operation. The model uses the finite volume method to predict the refrigerant charge within the heat exchangers; the amount of refrigerant dissolved in the compressor oil is also accounted for. The results show that most of the charge is stored into the condenser and highlight the existence of an optimum charge that maximizes the system COP. The same model allows to compare various refrigerants in terms of direct and indirect impact on the greenhouse effect.
Obesity in Old Age

Background There is an ongoing debate about the applicability of current criteria for large waist circumference (WC) in older adults. Objectives Our aim was to explore cut ! off values for large WC in adults aged 70 years and older, using previously used and new methods. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants Data of 1049 participants of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) (1995 ! 1996), aged 70 ! 88y, were used. Measurements Measured BMI and WC, and self ! reported mobility limitations. Results Linear regression analyses showed that the values of WC corresponding to BMI of 25 kg/m 2 and 30 kg/m 2 were higher than the current cut ! offs. Cut ! offs found in men were 97 and 110 cm, whereas 88 and 98 cm represented the cut ! offs in women. Areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves showed that the accuracy to predict mobility limitations improved when the higher cut ! offs were applied. Spline regression curves showed that the relationship of WC with mobility limitations was U ! shaped in men, while in women, the risk for mobility limitations increased gradually with increasing WC. However, at the level of current cut ! off values for WC the odds for mobility limitations were not increased. Conclusion Based on results of extensive analyses, this study suggests that the cut ! offs for large WC should be higher when applied to older adults. The association of WC with other negative health outcomes needs to be investigated to establish the final cut ! points.
PHARMACEUTICAL ENTERPRISES’ MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES

The pharmaceutical sector encompasses a wide range of business activities – research and product development, manufacturing, marketing, international business, wholesale, retail and services. Consequently, it is facing the contemporary challenges of globalisation, sustainable development, social, economic and political change. At the same time, pharmaceuticals have a significant impact on the provision of health care, which limits the freedom of business. In framework of this research the applicability of the International business theories to pharmaceutical sector, as well as the major factors influencing the enterprise’ choice of the market entry mode are explored. The organisation of healthcare and its financing system are important external factors influencing the market entry strategy of the pharmaceutical company. Focusing on the healthcare market as a platform for medical entrepreneurship and significant regulatory interventions, it should be noted that, in a context of globalization, healthcare is characterised as both an international business and an area to strong government influence and demand generation. In the process of market entry strategy development, pharmaceutical enterprises more often choose the direct exporting, contractual modes and foreign direct investments as the market entry modes. In these circumstances, the Managed Entry Agreements become topical to ensure the availability of new medicines for patients and to encourage the pharmaceutical enterprises to come into market.
Telemedicine and International Disaster Response: Medical Consultation to Armenia and Russia Via a Telemedicine Spacebridge

Abstract Introduction: The Telemedicine Spacebridge, a satellite-mediated, audio-video-fax link between four United States and two Armenian and Russian medical centers, permitted remote American consultants to assist Armenian and Russian physicians in the management of medical problems following the December 1988 earthquake in Armenia and the June 1989 gas explosion near Ufa. Methods: During 12 weeks of operations, 247 Armenian and Russian and 175 American medical professionals participated in 34 half-day clinical conferences. A total of 209 patients were discussed, requiring expertise in 20 specialty areas. Results: Telemedicine consultations resulted in altered diagnoses for 54, new diagnostic studies for 70, altered diagnostic processes for 47 and modified treatment plans for 47 of 185 Armenian patients presented. Simultaneous participation of several US medical centers was judged beneficial; quality of data transmission was judged excellent. Conclusion: These results suggest that interactive consultation by remote specialists can provide valuable assistance to on-site physicians and favorably influence clinical decisions in the aftermath of major disasters.
Knowledge Transfer Between Expatriates and Host Country Nationals: A Social Capital Perspective

One of the competitive advantages of multinational corporations (MNCs) is to successfully transfer knowledge among geographically dispersed and diverse locations (de Pablos, 2006; Kogut & Zander, 1993). During the process of knowledge transfer in MNCs, expatriates and host country nationals (HCNs) serve as boundary spanners, meaning that they generally serve as bridges for the transference of knowledge. However, because it might be more difficult for expatriates and HCNs to form positive relationships as they are from different cultural backgrounds, the transfer of knowledge may be impeded. This raises an intriguing question: How can expatriates and HCNs overcome the differences inherent between them and develop quality relationships instrumental for knowledge transfer? Existing research does not provide a good answer for this question. The knowledge transfer literature has focused on organizational vehicles and structural mechanisms, with little attention given to understanding how organizational processes and the individuals involved can facilitate knowledge transfer (e.g., Jensen & Szulanski, 2004; Riusala & Smale, 2007; S. Wang, Tong, Chen, & Kim, 2009). After all, it is people who have the knowledge that is applied and transferred (Itami, 1987). To answer this research question, I have four major objectives. First, I identify the personal qualities, such as cultural intelligence and networking behaviors, of expatriates and HCNs that contribute to positive relationship qualities between them. Second, I clarify whether organizational practices (i.e., a collaborative-based HR configuration) enable positive expatriate-HCN relationships. Third, I examine whether relationship qualities between expatriates and HCNs mediate the influence of relationship enablers (i.e., personal qualities and organizational practices) on knowledge transfer. Finally, I consider the knowledge transfer process from the perspective of both expatriates and HCNs. To assess the knowledge transfer between expatriates and HCNs, I collected data from 291 expatriates, originally from 32 countries and now working in 18 countries, and 67 HCNs. I used both SEM and multiple regression to analyze the single-source and multiple-source (i.e., 67 expatriate-HCN dyads) data. Results indicated that for both expatriates and HCNs, CQ is a relationship enabler. A collaborative-based HR configuration in host organizations also facilitates building positive relationship qualities. Moreover, with regard to the process of knowledge transfer from expatriates and the process of knowledge transfer from HCNs, there are some similarities and differences. The similarity is that CQ and collaborative-based HR configuration enable relationship qualities regardless of whether expatriates transfer knowledge to HCNs or HCNs transfer knowledge to expatriates. The difference lies in that when HCNs transfer knowledge to expatriates, frequency of interaction and shared vision facilitate knowledge transfer, but when expatriates transfer knowledge to HCNs, only…
M ODEL C HECKED R EINFORCEMENT L EARNING F OR M ULTI -A GENT P LANNING

Autonomous systems, or agents as they sometimes are called can be anything from drones, self-driving cars, or autonomous construction equipment. The systems are often given tasks of accomplishing missions in a group or more. This may require that they can work within the same area without colliding or disturbing other agents' tasks. There are several tools for planning and designing such systems, one of them being UPPAAL STRATEGO. Multi-agent planning (MAP) is about planning actions in optimal ways such that the agents can accomplish their mission efficiently. A method of doing this named MCRL, utilizes Q learning as the algorithm for finding an optimal plan. These plans then need to be verified to ensure that they can accomplish what a user intended within the allowed time, something that UPPAAL STRATEGO can do. This is because a Q-learning algorithm does not have a correctness guarantee. Using this method alleviates the state-explosion problem that exists with an increasing number of agents. Using UPPAAL STRATEGO it is also possible to acquire the best and worst-case execution time (BCET and WCET) and their corresponding traces. This thesis aims to obtain the BCET and WCET and their corresponding traces in the model.
Transit-Time Distributions in a Global Ocean Model

Abstract Results from a simulation of the ocean “transit-time distribution” (“TTD”) for global and regional ocean surface boundary conditions are presented based on a 5000-yr integration using the Parallel Ocean Program ocean general circulation model. The TTD describes the probability that water at a given interior point in the ocean was at some point on the ocean surface a given amount of time ago. It is shown that the spatial distribution of ocean TTDs can be understood in terms of conventional wisdom regarding time scales and pathways of the ventilated thermocline and the thermohaline circulation–driven deep-ocean circulation. The true mean age from the model (the first moment of the TTD) is demonstrated to be very large everywhere, because of very long-tailed distributions. Regional TTD distributions are presented for distinct surface boundary subregions, and it is shown how these can help in the interpretation of the global TTD. The spatial structure of each regional TTD is shown to become essential.
A NOVEL METHOD FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL CLUSTER TO IDENTIFY THE MALICIOUS USERS ON ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKS

The initiation of Online Social Networks (OSN) has distorted a shared passive reader into an information provider. The Social Networks (SN) utilization of media in long-range interpersonal communication in our community is progressively getting to be well known. A victim of a winning attack is in which data including user names, email addresses, session tokens, and encoded/salted secret phrase of users undermined in a Twitter. It helps the users to share knowledge and to exchange viewpoints, and also to represent themselves in interactive online communities and to connect other users with common interests. OSN has transformed users' social domain into commercial space. It generates a problem around privacy and protection for OSN users. The OSN service providers store their consumers' private and confidential data securely, and sometimes it may be misused by data administrators, third parties, or unauthorized users. In this article, the trend of social networking websites aims to review and analyse these types of cyber threats of SN and develop measures to shield the identity in cyberspace, i.e., the security of non-public data and identity in social networks is studied. Specific protection and privacy concerns are clarified along with the guidelines for OSN users to defend themselves against these problems while utilizing SN. And this paper proposed a new method over the design of the multi-Dimensional Clustering ( m -DC) method for FB-Friends, which characterize the weight esteems which utilize the assessments of inactive and dynamic user attacks. The better percentages of using m-DC for Face book users are achieved 45.64% in the precision, recall, and F1 score as 51.15%, 45.8 %, 59.19 %.
Separation of aerosol and gas components in the Halogen Occultation Experiment and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II extinction measurements: Implications for SAGE II ozone concentrations and trends

This paper examines the high degree of linear dependence between multiwavelength extinction measurements of stratospheric aerosols and applies this to the problem of separating aerosol and gas contributions to the total measured extinction in the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) satellite systems. Solar extinction recorded at wavelengths employed primarily for measuring gas densities inevitably includes a contribution from aerosols, whose spectral scattering behaviour depends on their unknown size distribution. Here linear relationships are determined to extract the aerosol contribution from the total extinction at the centers of the SAGE II ozone channel and the HALOE nitrogen dioxide and ozone broadband channels. The derived relationships are applied to both background and volcanic conditions. For the HALOE system we show how the currently employed two-wavelength ratio gives accurate results for most commonly encountered particles sizes in the stratosphere. Although the use of multiple channels can improve the accuracy to which aerosols can be removed from HALOE gas channels, the sensitivity of the relationships to aerosol composition makes them impractical for routine processing. For the SAGE II experiment we show how inaccuracies in aerosol removal have affected the retrieved ozone concentration in the lower stratosphere. Under background conditions, SAGE II ozone concentrations are shown to be biased low by several percent, whereas in postvolcanic periods they are biased high. Prior to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, SAGE II ozone concentrations below 20 km should be adjusted upward by up to 15% as too much of the measured 0.6 μm extinction has been attributed to aerosol. This change would exacerbate the discrepancy between SAGE II and ozonesonde data in the lower stratosphere throughout the 1980s. In the aftermath of Pinatubo the SAGE II ozone concentrations need to be adjusted downward by up to 15% as too little aerosol extinction was removed from the ozone channel. This shifting bias in the removal of aerosols by the SAGE II retrieval algorithm introduces an apparent downward trend in lower stratospheric ozone concentrations throughout the 1980s and early 1990s as the aerosol size distribution evolves during postvolcanic recovery periods. Trends as large as -2% per year have previously been reported from SAGE II data below 20 km. We show how a significant proportion of this could be explained by the incorrect aerosol removal.
Estimating the relationship between aerosol optical thickness and PM10using lidar and meteorological data in Limassol, Cyprus

Daily Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) values from MODIS satellite instrument may be useful to predict Particulate Matter (PM) values in local scale in accordance with vertical profile of the atmosphere and meteorological data. In the frame of 'AIRSPACE' project, correlations between the AOD retrieved from MODIS to sun photometer data from both hand-held MICROTOPS II and ground-based CIMEL from the AERONET network were applied with good correlation coefficients. This permits to use MODIS retrievals as a reliable tool for assessing PM whereas the relationship between these two quantities is not lucid. The main study area is the centre of Limassol in Cyprus. Results concerning the relation between AOD and PM are presented. In cases where high AOD values corresponded to low PM surface values, the vertical distribution of aerosols from Lidar allows the AOD to be quantified within the boundary layer as this fraction best represents the PM measurements in a well-mixed layer.
A Glimpse of the Tiger: How Much are Indians Willing to Pay for It?

The recreational demand for the Indian Sundarban, which is a World Heritage site and a complex mangrove ecosystem that borders India and Bangladesh is estimated. Two alternative methodologies exist for estimating the value of a recreational site. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), as a â€˜stated preferenceâ€™ valuation technique, circumvents the absence of markets for environmental goods. this method does not record visitorsâ€™ actual behaviour, literature on such techniques indicates that when there is a market for the service to be valued, CVM should be avoided. That is why the Travel Cost Method (TCM) is chosen. The study relied on a primary survey of a sample of visitors to the Indian Sundarban from November 2005 to March 2006. [SANDEE].