Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Existence of Maximum Likelihood Estimators for the Binomial Response Models

SUMMARY Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of maximum likelihood estimators of the linear regression parameter in binomial response (this includes Logit and Probit) models. THE question of existence of maximum likelihood estimators (mle) for Logit models arose in an analysis of the relationship of psychiatric "caseness" to scores on a psychiatric screening questionnaire. Tennant (1977) administered the GHQ (General Health Questionnaire, Goldberg, 1972) to 120 patients attending a General Practitioner's surgery, and also gave each one a standardized psychiatric interview. From the interview, patients were classified as Psychiatric Case/Non-case. In a secondary analysis of Tennant's data, Duncan-Jones and Henderson (1978) fitted a Logit regression of"caseness" on GHQ Score, and obtained a good fit with the model.
Bohmian Quantum Gravity in the Linear Field Approximation

In this paper we have applied Bohmian quantum theory to the linear field approximation of gravity and present a self-consistent quantum gravity theory in the linear field approximation. The theory is then applied to some specific problems, the Newtonian limit, and the static spherically symmetric solution. Some observable effects of the theory are investigated.
Interaction of few-cycle laser pulses in an isotropic nonlinear medium

The interaction of few-cycle laser pulses propagating in an isotropic nonlinear medium is studied theoretically. A system of nonlinear Maxwell's equations is integrated numerically with respect to time by the finite difference method. The interaction of mutually orthogonal linearly polarised 0.81-μm, 10-fs pulses is considered. Both the instant Kerr polarisation response and Raman inertial response of the medium in the nonlinear part of the medium are taken into account. The spectral shift of the probe pulse caused by the cross-action of the reference pulse is studied. The spectra of the interacting pulses are studied for different time delays between them and the shifts of these spectra are obtained as a function of the time delay.
Spatial and Temporal Day-Ahead Total Daily Solar Irradiation Forecasting: Ensemble Forecasting Based on the Empirical Biasing

Total daily solar irradiation for the next day is forecasted through an ensemble of multiple machine learning algorithms using forecasted weather scenarios from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The weather scenarios were predicted at grid points whose longitudes and latitudes are integers, but the total daily solar irradiation was measured at non-integer grid points. Therefore, six interpolation functions are used to interpolate weather scenarios at non-integer grid points, and their performances are compared. Furthermore, when the total daily solar irradiation for the next day is forecasted, many data trimming techniques, such as outlier detection, input data clustering, input data pre-processing, and output data post-processing techniques, are developed and compared. Finally, various combinations of these ensemble techniques, different NWP scenarios, and machine learning algorithms are compared. The best model is to combine multiple forecasting machines through weighted averaging and to use all NWP scenarios.
Visual techniques for cervical cancer screening in Colombia.

INTRODUCTION Direct visual inspection for cervical cancer screening remains controversial, whereas colposcopy-biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of preneoplastic cervical lesions. OBJECTIVES To determine the rates of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more and of false positives for colposcopy and direct visual inspection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Women aged 25-59 underwent direct visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), Lugol's iodine (VIA-VILI), and colposcopy. Punch biopsies were obtained for all positive tests. Using histology as the gold standard, detection and false positive rates were compared for VIA, VIA-VILI, and colposcopy (two thresholds). Sensitivity and false positive ratios with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS We included 5,011 women in the analysis and we obtained 602 biopsies. Positivity rates for colposcopy high-grade and low-grade diagnosis were 1.6% and 10.8%. Positivity rates for VIA and VIA-VILI were 7.4% and 9.9%. VIA showed a significantly lower detection rate than colposcopy with low-grade diagnosis as the threshold (SR=0.72; 95% CI 0.57-0.91), and significantly lower false positive rate (FPR=0.70; 95% CI 0.65-0.76). No differences between VIA-VILI and colposcopy low-grade threshold were observed. VIA and VIA-VILI showed significantly higher detection and false positive rates than colposcopy high-grade threshold. Sensitivity rates for visual inspection decreased with age and false positive rates increased. For all age groups, false positive rates for VIA and VIA-VILI were significantly higher than colposcopy. CONCLUSIONS Detection rates for VIA-VILI similar to colposcopy low-grade threshold represent a chance to reduce cervical cancer mortality through see-and-treat approaches among women with limited access to health care. Lower detection rates suggest reviewing high-grade colposcopy findings as the threshold for biopsy in certain settings.
A survey of onboard sensors for quadrotor's collision avoidance

The quadrotor control system with the reactive Collision Avoidance System (CAS) function always require environmental information acquired directly from the onboard sensors. Without the input instruments, quadrotor system may not function to its full potential. In some cases, sensor capability is undermining the quadcopter collision avoidance algorithm and reduces the overall system performance. However, an appropriate sensor selection for a quadrotor requires special consideration such as processor capability, CAS algorithm execution and payload constrains. Motivated by that phenomena, this study presents a survey of onboard sensor for quadrotor CAS that has been developed and implemented. Fundamental collision avoidance system frameworks, some important issues in quadrotors CAS design requirements, several collision avoidance algorithms from previous works and sensor selection considerations are reviewed. Furthermore, three different practical sensors that were used in quadrotors system are nominated in this study including ultrasonic sensor, vision sensor and LIDAR. The advantages of each onboard sensors for collision avoidance are summarized in the conclusion.
An Educational Software for Enhancing Research in Power System State Estimation

Abstract Power system state estimation (SE) is an integrated part of the energy management systems (EMSs). The accuracy of the state estimator is very critical for the security analysis and control functions performed at the control center. Hence, understanding the state estimator is very crucial for the academicians and researchers. A number of functions are performed by the state estimator. In this paper, observability analysis and the estimator solution techniques are discussed for different measurement configurations. With the placement of synchrophasor in the networks, the research in the area of state estimator has gained increased momentum. This paper discusses about the software that has been developed to enhance the understanding and research. The input data, the SE algorithms, and the output are three components of the state estimator. In the process part, the weight assignment schemes based on uniform/normal error distribution functions, different methods for the SE, and the observability analysis are implemented. Integrated static state estimator software is developed for the educational and research purpose. In this simulation, the users have the freedom to develop their own methods with a little modification. The complete analysis of the state estimator is simulated and validated for IEEE 14-bus test system.
Spark ignition engine performance analysis of liquefied petroleum gas

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consists of propane, propylene, butane and butylene. Currently propane is used as an alternative fuel to gasoline gas for internal combustion engine in vehicles. This is because the targets to achieve near zero emissions from ICE. But, there are the biggest challenges about the reduction of emissions of refining performance and fuel consumption. Thus, the analysis of engine performance of LPG in SI engine has been done. The purpose of this research paper is to analyse the engine performance of SI engine using LPG fuel instead of gasoline fuel by doing a simulation. This paper is based on the zero dimensional models with the single zone model approach. In order to develop a mathematical model, multiple heat transfer equations have been researched. In calculation performed at different engine speeds have been selected for each fuel to make comparisons from engine performance view. The simulation results will show the difference between the engine performance between gasoline and LPG such as brake power, brake torque and indicated specific fuel consumption. In conclusion, by doing a simulation analysis other parameters can be analysed and cut the costs.
Fiber Bragg gratings strain measuring system and a sensor calibration setup based on mechanical nanomotion transducer

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors are powerful tools for structural health monitoring applications. However, FBG sensor fabrication and packaging processes can lead to a non-linear behavior, that affects the accuracy of the strain measurements. Here we present a novel nondestructive calibration technique for FBG strain sensors that use a mechanical nanomotion transducer. A customized calibration setup was designed based on dovetail-type slideways that were mechanized using a stepping motor. The performance of the FBG strain sensor was investigated through analysis of experimental data, and the calibration curves for the FBG strain sensor are presented.
Covalent intermolecular interaction of the nitric oxide dimer (NO)2

Covalent bonds arise from the overlap of the electronic clouds in the internucleus region, which is a pure quantum effect and cannot be obtained in any classical way. If the intermolecular interaction is of covalent character, the result from direct applications of classical simulation methods to the molecular system would be questionable. Here, we analyze the special intermolecular interaction between two NO molecules based on quantum chemical calculation. This weak intermolecular interaction, which is of covalent character, is responsible for the formation of the NO dimer, (NO)2, in its most stable conformation, a cis conformation. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis gives an intuitive illustration of the formation of the dimer bonding and antibonding orbitals concomitant with the breaking of the π bonds with bond order 0.5 of the monomers. The dimer bonding is counteracted by partially filling the antibonding dimer orbital and the repulsion between those fully or nearly fully occupied nonbonding dimer orbitals that make the dimer binding rather weak. The direct molecular mechanics (MM) calculation with the UFF force fields predicts a trans conformation as the most stable state, which contradicts the result of quantum mechanics (QM). The lesson from the investigation of this special system is that for the case where intermolecular interaction is of covalent character, a specific modification of the force fields of the molecular simulation method is necessary.
Critical bursting

We present a deterministic mechanism to generate random bursts. It is illustrated using a low-dimensional dynamical system, derived for the problem of zero-Prandtl-number thermal convection, that shows a direct bifurcation from the motionless state to a time-dependent regime. The flow kinetic energy involves random peaks with power law histogram and frequency spectrum. We show that this results from the existence of exact exponentially growing solutions and propose this as an elementary deterministic mechanism to generate random bursts. Contrary to SOC models, we consider a low-dimensional continuous dynamical system without any prescribed threshold dynamics.
Symbol separation and beamforming to improve secure transmission in multi-untrusted relay networks

In multi-untrusted relay networks, the transmission should be carefully devised to guarantee both security and performance. A novel scheme with symbol separation and beamforming is proposed to improve secure transmission. First, the best two relays with the strongest channel gains are selected to deliver the separated real and imaginary parts of the confidential symbols. Then, directional beamforming is carefully designed to maximise the receptions of the real and imaginary parts at the two selected relays and to zero force the receptions at the other relays. The proposed scheme ensures a perfect physical layer security with high BER at untrusted relays, and an improved BER performance at the destination. Numerical simulations show the correctness and efficiency of the proposed scheme.
Simulation of Pedestrian Rotation Dynamics Near Crowded Exits

Pedestrian evacuation simulation is vital for urban civil engineers. Although there exist many works addressing the issue of emergency evacuation, only a few study the phenomenon of people actively squeezing to pass through an exit. To model this behavior, a three-circle model is adopted to represent the shape of pedestrians. Active rotation torque (ART) is proposed to model the active rotation behavior of pedestrians turning their torsos in the desired direction. This torque occurs either when a pedestrian is not facing his velocity direction, or when he wants to pass through a bottleneck. The equation of ART is designed and regressed with real pedestrian experiments, in which a gyroscope was used to measure the angle of torso rotation. The proposed torque model is then applied to manifold scenarios with various door widths and different safety separation belt settings. Then, both microscopic and macroscopic indexes, including evacuation time, rotation angle, and crowd density, are obtained to show that the proposed model can simulate both non-competitive and competitive pedestrian behaviors near exit bottlenecks more accurately than the circular social force model. Thus, the evacuation time of the exit can be predicted more precisely, which helps to design optimal multi-exit assignment strategies.
Use of polyacrylamide gels in a saline-filled tank to determine the linearity of the Sheffield Mark 1 electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system in measuring impedance disturbances

Polyacrylamide gels have been assessed as a means of producing reliable small impedance changes for EIT studies in saline-filled tanks. Test rods could be made in about 10 min from a stock solution of acrylamide monomer and bis-acrylamide, ammonium persulphate and tetramethylethylaminediamine, completed with saline. Impedance increases of about 10%-200% were produced by varying the gel concentration. The method appears to be easy to use, inexpensive and is stable over time. Its use was illustrated by acquiring EIT images with a Sheffield Mark 1 system and a tank filled with 0.2% saline. Polythene or polyacrylamide rods of varying resistivities, 10% of the tank diameter wide, were placed in one of three positions. The magnitude of the impedance increase in EIT images varied linearly with the actual impedance change in the rods for increases up to 20%, but the blurring in images was similar when polythene rods were used. This suggests that the use of highly resistive test objects gives a reasonable indication of the blurring in EIT images acquired with the system used, but measurement of the magnitude of the impedance change is more likely to be accurate for changes of a few tens of per cent.
TOXICITY OF SEED EXTRACT FROM KADSURA ANANOSMA KERR AGAINST TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM (HERBST) (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)

The seed from K. ananosma was extracted by rotary evaporator and aqueous alcoholic extraction by fermentation and were tested for their insecticidal activities against red grain beetle Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst). The results revealed that the seed extracted from K. ananosma by rotary evaporation showed the mortality on the adult of T. Castaneum at 10.33% with treatment of 20% concentration by topical application method, but given percent mortality of the red grain beetle at 16.67% with treatment of 20% concentration by residual exposure method. Additional, the fumigant toxicity given the high mortality on T. Castaneum up to 40.01% with treatment of 50% concentration of seed extracts. Meantime, the seed extracts of K. ananosma by fermentation showed lower mortality on T. Castaneum only 13.33% at 50% concentration with testing by residual exposure method. Therefore, efficiency of seed extracts of K. Ananosma with rotary evaporator showed higher toxic on the tested insects than seed extracted by fermentation. Also fumigant toxicity had more effect on mortality of the T. Castaneum than contact poison. Keywords : Kadsura ananosma Kerr; Tribolium Castaneum Herbst; Fumigant toxicity; Mortality.
Integration der FDG-PET/CT-Bildgebung in die Planung der externen Strahlentherapie â•• Technische Aspekte und Empfehlungen zur methodischen AnnÃ¤herung

This work addresses the clinical adoption of FDG-PET/CT for image-guided radiation therapy planning (RTP). As such, important technical and methodological aspects of PET/CTbased RTP are reviewed and practical recommendations are given for routine patient management and clinical studies. First, recent developments in PET/CT hardware that are relevant to RTP are reviewed in the context of quality control and system calibration procedures that are mandatory for a reproducible adoption of PET/CT in RTP. Second, recommendations are provided on image acquisition and reconstruction to support the standardization of imaging protocols. A major prerequisite for routine RTP is a complete and secure data transfer to the actual planning system. Third, state-of-the-art tools for image fusion and co-registration are discussed briefly in the context of PET/CT imaging pre-
Minimum switching losses for solving distribution NR problem with distributed generation

Power losses in a distribution system are commonly minimised via optimal network reconfiguration (NR). Previously, research on NR was focused on planning, where the final configuration reporting the lowest power losses being the main goal. However, power losses during switching operations from the original state to the optimal state of configuration were not considered. This study discusses the optimal switching path for minimising power losses when reconfiguring a network. The simultaneous optimal NR and distributed generation (DG) output was also proposed. The proposed methodology involves: (i) optimal NR and DG output simultaneously and (ii) optimal switching path to convert the network from the initial configuration to the final configuration obtained from (i). The selected optimisation technique in this study is the firefly algorithm. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33-bus, 69-bus, and 118-bus radial distribution networks, while also accounting for static and dynamic loads. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method in determining the optimal path of switching operations, as well as the optimal network configuration and optimal output of DG units.
Sensor fault detection based on principal component analysis for interval-valued data

ABSTRACT Principal component analysis (PCA)-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) is a well-established data-driven diagnosis strategy that has long been praised for its performances. However, it is still not optimal for uncertain systems, mainly since the model uncertainties usually have a significant effect on the reliability of the method. As an alternative solution, modeling with PCA for interval-valued data ensures a better monitoring by apprehending the sensor uncertainties and including them in the modeling phase. This article presents an extension of data-driven PCA fault detection to the case of interval-valued data. The PCA model is built based on the complete information principal component analysis (CIPCA) for interval-valued data, and different fault detection indices are generated based on the squared prediction error (SPE) statistic. A fault detection scheme is proposed based on squared interval norm of residuals vector. The performances of the proposed fault detection scheme are illustrated using a simulation example and a milling machine process, along with a Monte Carlo experiment for validation.
On the ensemble average capacity of multiple‐input multiple‐output channels in outdoor line‐of‐sight multipath urban environments

Many statistical multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) channel models have been extensively developed over the past few years. However, to better understand and exploit such MIMO channels, there is a need for a MIMO channel model that has a basis in the physical propagation mechanisms. In this paper, a wideband semideterministic MIMO model is derived to quantify the mean capacity in an urban line‐of‐sight (LOS) microcell. Specifically, the model considers scattering from large‐scale discontinuities on building faces randomly distributed along a street canyon. Using geometrical optics and the uniform theory of diffraction, the spatial correlations between any two receiving signals are evaluated and are used to compute the upper bound of the average MIMO capacity.
Two-qubit pure state tomography by five product orthonormal bases

In this paper, we focus on two-qubit pure state tomography. For an arbitrary unknown two-qubit pure state, separable or entangled, it has been found that the measurement probabilities of 16 projections onto the tensor products of Pauli eigenstates are enough to uniquely determine the state. Moreover, these corresponding product states are arranged into five orthonormal bases. We design five quantum circuits, which are decomposed into the common gates in universal quantum computation, to simulate the five projective measurements onto these bases. At the end of each circuit, we measure each qubit with the projective measurement {|0⟩⟨0|,|1⟩⟨1|}. Then, we consider the open problem whether three orthonormal bases are enough to distinguish all two-qubit pure states. A necessary condition is given. Suppose that there are three orthonormal bases {ℬ1,ℬ2,ℬ3} . Denote the unitary transition matrices from ℬ1 to {ℬ2,ℬ3} as U1 and U2. All 32 elements of matrices U1 and U2 should not be zero. If not, these three bases cannot distinguish all two-qubit pure states.
A torque magnetometer for measurements of the high-field anisotropy of rocks and crystals

A highly automated torque magnetometer has been designed, mainly for measuring standard sized rock samples. By employing two hinges of crossed leaf-springs it was possible to integrate a stepper motor in the sample holder for the rotation of the specimen in the external magnetic field. The dynamic range of the instrument covers the torque signals of most rock types. Additionally the instrument is able to measure the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of monocrystals.
Pressure dependence of electron concentration and mobility in GaAs:Si-effects of on-site and inter-site interactions within a system of DX centres

A novel special experimental procedure, where a helium gas pressure cell is employed to vary the hydrostatic pressure at low temperatures, is used to study the freeze-out of carriers on the metastable states of Si donors in GaAs. This technique separates the modifications of the mobility originating from alterations in the band structure from those related to the electron transfer to DX centres. The procedure allows a more precise evaluation of the ability of high-pressure experiments to distinguish between models of positive and negative U for the DX centre. The mobility increase with pressure is theoretically shown to occur for both repulsive (positive U) and attractive (negative U) on-site electron-electron interactions, provided that the inter-site Coulomb interactions are taken into account.