Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finding a 61.0 d orbital period for the HMXB 4U 1036−56 with the Swift-BAT monitoring

ABSTRACT Since November 2004, the Burst Alert Telescope on board Swift is producing a monitoringof the entire sky in the 15–150 keV band, recording the timing and spectral behavior of thedetected sources. Here we study the properties of the HMXB 4U 1036–56using both the BATsurvey data and those from a Swift-XRT observation. A folding analysis performed on theBAT light curve of the ﬁrst 100 months of survey unveils a peri odic modulation with a periodof ∼ 61.0days, tied to the presence in the BAT light curve of several intensity enhancementslasting ∼ 1/4of P 0 . We explainthis modulationas the orbital periodof the binarysystem. Thepositionof 4U 1036–56on the Corbet diagram,the derivedsemi-majororbit axis (≃ 180R ⊙ ),and the bulk of the source emission observed in a limited portion of the orbit are consistentwith a Be companion star. The broad band 0.2–150 keV spectrum is well modeled with a ﬂatabsorbed power law with a cut-off at∼ 16keV. Finally, we explore the possible associationof 4U 1036-56 with theγ-ray source AGL J1037-5808, ﬁnding that the BAT light curve doesnot show any correlation with the γ-ray outburst observed in November 2012.Key words: X-rays: binaries – X-rays: individual: 4U 1036–56.Facility: Swift
Anti-Stokes excitation of optically active point defects in semiconductor materials

Optically addressable point defects in semiconductor materials have been identiﬁed as promising single-photon sources and spin qubits in quantum information technologies. The traditional method of exploring the optical and spin properties of these defects is using a laser with a wavelength shorter than the point defects’ zero-phonon-line (ZPL) to Stokes exciting and detecting the Stokes photonluminescence (PL). On the other hand, anti-Stokes excitation with the pumping laser’s wavelength longer than the defects’ ZPL can also be used to investigate their optical and spin properties. The anti-Stokes excitation has shown many advantages and attracted great interest. Here, we provide a brief review of the anti-Stokes excitation of optically active point defects in semiconductor materials. The Stokes and anti-Stokes PL spectra of diﬀerent point defect systems in semiconductor materials are compared. We then discuss the main mechanisms of the anti-Stokes excitation of diﬀerent physical systems and conclude that the anti-Stokes excitation of the point defect system in the semiconductor is a single-photon absorption phonon-assisted process. Finally, we summarize some practical applications of anti-Stokes excitation, including laser cooling of semiconductor materials, high-sensitivity quantum thermometry, and enhancement of the readout signal contrast of the point defect spin states. The anti-Stokes excitation of point defects in semiconductors extends the boundary of quantum technologies.
KRAS G12D Mutation Subtype in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Does It Influence Prognosis or Stage of Disease at Presentation?

Background: KRAS G12D mutation subtype is present in over 40% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the leading global causes of cancer death. This retrospective cohort study aims to investigate whether detection of the KRAS G12D mutation subtype in PDAC patients is a determinant of prognosis across all stages of disease. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 231 patients presenting with PDAC at a large tertiary hospital, and compared survival using the Kaplan Meier, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: KRAS G12D mutation subtype was not significantly associated with poorer survival compared across the whole population of PDAC patients (p = 0.107; HR 1.293 95% CI (0.946–1.767)). However, KRAS G12D patients who were resectable had a shorter median survival time of 356 days compared to all other genotypes (median survival 810 days) (p = 0.019; HR 1.991 95% CI (1.121–3.537)). Conclusions: KRAS G12D patients who were resectable at diagnosis had shorter survival compared to all other PDAC patients. These data suggest that KRAS G12D may be a clinically useful prognostic biomarker of PDAC.
THE RINGS SURVEY. I. Hα AND H i VELOCITY MAPS OF GALAXY NGC 2280

Precise measurements of gas kinematics in the disk of a spiral galaxy can be used to estimate its mass distribution. The Southern African Large Telescope has a large collecting area and field of view, and is equipped with a Fabry–Pérot (FP) interferometer that can measure gas kinematics in a galaxy from the Hα line. To take advantage of this capability, we have constructed a sample of 19 nearby spiral galaxies, the RSS Imaging and Spectroscopy Nearby Galaxy Survey, as targets for detailed study of their mass distributions and have collected much of the needed data. In this paper, we present velocity maps produced from Hα FP interferometry and H i aperture synthesis for one of these galaxies, NGC 2280, and show that the two velocity measurements are generally in excellent agreement. Minor differences can mostly be attributed to the different spatial distributions of the excited and neutral gas in this galaxy, but we do detect some anomalous velocities in our Hα velocity map of the kind that have previously been detected in other galaxies. Models produced from our two velocity maps agree well with each other and our estimates of the systemic velocity and projection angles confirm previous measurements of these quantities for NGC 2280.
A Weyl geometric model for thermo-mechanics of solids with metrical defects

We seek a rational route to large-deformation, thermo-mechanical modeling of solids with metrical defects. It assumes the reference and deformed geometries to be of the Weyl type and introduces the Weyl one-form -- an additional set of degrees of freedom that determine ratios of lengths in different tangent spaces. The Weyl one-form prevents the metric from being compatible with the connection and enables exploitation of the incompatibility for characterizing metrical defects in the body. When such a body undergoes temperature changes, additional incompatibilities appear and interact with the defects. This interaction is modeled using the Weyl transform, which keeps the Weyl connection invariant whilst changing the non-metricity of the configuration. An immediate consequence of the Weyl connection is that the critical points of the stored energy are shifted. We exploit this feature to represent the residual stresses. In order to relate stress and strain in our non-Euclidean setting, use is made of the Doyle-Ericksen formula, which is interpreted as a relation between the intrinsic geometry of the body and the stresses developed. Thus the Cauchy stress is conjugate to the Weyl transformed metric tensor of the deformed configuration. The evolution equation for the Weyl one-form is consistent with the two laws of thermodynamics. Our temperature evolution equation, which couples temperature, deformation and Weyl one-form, follows from the first law of thermodynamics. Using the model, the self-stress generated by a point defect is calculated and compared with the linear elastic solutions. We also obtain conditions on the defect distribution (Weyl one-form) that render a thermo-mechanical deformation stress-free. Using this condition, we compute specific stress-free deformation profiles for a class of prescribed temperature changes.
Association of Serum Homocysteine with Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Adults with Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background Homocysteine (Hcy) was implicated in oxidative stress and diabetes biologically. However, the clinical evidence on the link between Hcy level and diabetes is limited and controversial. This study is aimed at investigating the association of serum Hcy with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients. Methods Serum Hcy was measured among 2,286 adults with type 2 diabetes in NHANES 1999-2006. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs for the association of Hcy with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Results Over a median follow-up of 11.0 (interquartile range, 8.9-13.4) years, 952 of the 2286 patients with diabetes died, covering 269 (28.3%) cardiovascular deaths and 144 (15.2%) cancer deaths. Restricted cubic spline showed the linear relationship between Hcy and all-cause mortality risk. After multivariate adjustment, higher serum Hcy levels were independently associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Compared with participants in the bottom tertile of Hcy, the multivariate-adjusted HRs and 95% CI for participants in the top quartile were 2.33 (1.64-3.30) for all-cause mortality (ptrend < 0.001), 2.24 (1.22-4.10) for CVD mortality (ptrend = 0.017), and 2.05 (0.90-4.69) for cancer mortality (ptrend = 0.096). The association with total mortality was especially stronger among patients with albuminuria. Serum Hcy significantly improved reclassification for 10-year mortality in diabetic patients (net reclassification index = 0.253 and integrated discrimination improvement = 0.011). Conclusions Serum Hcy was associated with risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic adults. Our results suggested that Hcy was a promising biomarker in risk stratification among diabetic patients.
Determination of the acoustical performance of multipurpose music classrooms

It is important to analyse the multipurpose music classrooms (MMCs), where active teaching and music practice are held in the same space, with an eligible acoustical parameter set. In the current study, three different operational conditions (OCs) are introduced to determine such a parameter set, which includes T30, EDT, D50, C80, and STI. The aim of the study is to outline the acoustical performance of the MMCs according to the OCs. The acoustical performance of three MMCs located in three different schools is investigated. For the experimental component of the study, impulse response tests are conducted in the MMCs. The computational analysis incorporates the construction of 3D models of the MMCs. To cope with the epistemic uncertainties, a model update study is performed by synthesizing the experimental and computational outcomes. The results of the updated models are then compared to the regulations and the relevant studies available in the literature.
Deceleration mechanism of Fermi acceleration in a time-dependent stadium billiard

The dynamics of a time-dependent stadium-like billiard are studied by a four dimensional nonlinear mapping. We have shown that even without any dissipation, the particle experiences a decrease on its velocity. Such condition is related with a critical resonance velocity, where if the initial velocity has a higher value than the resonant one, we can observe Fermi acceleration, however, if the initial velocity has a initial value smaller than the critical one, the particle is temporarily trapped surrounding the stability islands, in a stickiness regime. We believe that this sticky orbits can act as deceleration mechanism for Fermi Acceleration.
Description of diffraction grating experiments for photons and electrons in Feynman's space-time formulation of quantum mechanics: The quantum origins of classical wave theories of light and massive particles

The five laws of relativistic quantum mechanics, according to Feynman’s path integral formulation, are concisely stated and applied to experiments. Reflection diffraction grating experiments for both photons and electrons are analysed, in particular the Davisson-Germer experiment in which the wave-like property of electrons was first established. It is shown how classical, purely spatial, effective wave theories for both photons and electrons are predicted by the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics. The standard Copenhagen interpretation of wave mechanics is critically discussed in the light of the described experimental applications of the path integral formulation. PACS 03.30. +p
Quantum Coulomb Blockade in Chaotic Systems

We study the Coulomb blockade in a chaotic cavity connected to a lead by a perfectly transmitting quantum channel. In contrast to the previous theories, we show that the quantum fluctuations of charge, resulting from the perfect transmission, do not destroy the Coulomb blockade completely. The oscillatory dependence of all the observable characteristics on the gate voltage persists, its period is not affected; however, phases of the oscillations are random, reflecting the chaotic electron motion in the cavity. Because of this randomness, the Coulomb blockade shows up not in the averages but in the correlation functions of the fluctuating observables (e.g., capacitance or tunneling conductance).
DISCOVERY OF LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES AT z ∼ 7 FROM THE zFourGE SURVEY

Star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 6 are likely responsible for the reionization of the universe, and it is important to study the nature of these galaxies. We present three candidates for z ∼ 7 Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) from a 155 arcmin2 area in the CANDELS/COSMOS field imaged by the deep FourStar Galaxy Evolution (zFourGE) survey. The FourStar medium-band filters provide the equivalent of R ∼ 10 spectroscopy, which cleanly distinguishes between z ∼ 7 LBGs and brown dwarf stars. The distinction between stars and galaxies based on an object's angular size can become unreliable even when using Hubble Space Telescope imaging; there exists at least one very compact z ∼ 7 candidate (FWHM ∼ 0.5–1 kpc) that is indistinguishable from a point source. The medium-band filters provide narrower redshift distributions compared with broadband-derived redshifts. The UV luminosity function derived using the three z ∼ 7 candidates is consistent with previous studies, suggesting an evolution at the bright end (MUV ∼ −21.6 mag) from z ∼ 7 to z ∼ 5. Fitting the galaxies' spectral energy distributions, we predict Lyα equivalent widths for the two brightest LBGs, and find that the presence of a Lyα line affects the medium-band flux thereby changing the constraints on stellar masses and UV spectral slopes. This illustrates the limitations of deriving LBG properties using only broadband photometry. The derived specific star-formation rates for the bright LBGs are ∼13 Gyr−1, slightly higher than the lower-luminosity LBGs, implying that the star-formation rate increases with stellar mass for these galaxies.
GALAXY FORMATION WITH SELF-CONSISTENTLY MODELED STARS AND MASSIVE BLACK HOLES. I. FEEDBACK-REGULATED STAR FORMATION AND BLACK HOLE GROWTH

There is mounting evidence for the coevolution of galaxies and their embedded massive black holes (MBHs) in a hierarchical structure formation paradigm. To tackle the nonlinear processes of galaxy—MBH interaction, we describe a self-consistent numerical framework which incorporates both galaxies and MBHs. The high-resolution adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) code Enzo is modified to model the formation and feedback of molecular clouds at their characteristic scale of 15.2 pc and the accretion of gas onto an MBH. Two major channels of MBH feedback, radiative feedback (X-ray photons followed through full three-dimensional adaptive ray tracing) and mechanical feedback (bipolar jets resolved in high-resolution AMR), are employed. We investigate the coevolution of a 9.2 × 1011 M☉ galactic halo and its 105 M☉ embedded MBH at redshift 3 in a cosmological ΛCDM simulation. The MBH feedback heats the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM) up to 106 K through photoionization and Compton heating and locally suppresses star formation in the galactic inner core. The feedback considerably changes the stellar distribution there. This new channel of feedback from a slowly growing MBH is particularly interesting because it is only locally dominant and does not require the heating of gas globally on the disk. The MBH also self-regulates its growth by keeping the surrounding ISM hot for an extended period of time.
Marginally stable and turbulent boundary layers in low-curvature Taylor–Couette flow

Marginal stability arguments are used to describe the rotation number dependence of torque in Taylor–Couette (TC) flow for radius ratios $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}\geqslant 0.9$ and shear Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}_{S}=2\times 10^{4}$ . With an approximate representation of the mean profile by piecewise linear functions, characterised by the boundary-layer thicknesses at the inner and outer cylinder and the angular momentum in the centre, profiles and torques are extracted from the requirement that the boundary layers represent marginally stable TC subsystems and that the torque at the inner and outer cylinder coincide. This model then explains the broad shoulder in the torque as a function of rotation number near $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}}\approx 0.2$ . For rotation numbers $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}}<0.07$ the TC stability conditions predict boundary layers in which the shear Reynolds numbers are very large. Assuming that the TC instability is bypassed by some shear instability, a second narrower maximum in torque appears, in very good agreement with numerical simulations. The results show that marginal stability theory, despite its shortcomings in other cases, can explain quantitatively the non-monotonic torque variation with rotation number for both the broad maximum as well as the narrow maximum.
Critical Thinking: An Introduction

1. What is critical thinking and how to improve it 2. Identifying reasons and conclusions: the language of reasoning 3. Understanding reasoning: different patterns of reasoning 4. Understanding reasoning: assumptions, context and a thinking map 5. Clarifying and interpreting expressions and ideas 6. The acceptability of reasons: including their credibility 7. Judging the credibility of sources skilfully 8. Evaluating inferences: deductive validity and other grounds 9. evaluating inferences: assumptions and other relevant arguments 10. Reasoning about causal explanations 11. Decision-making: options, consequences, values and risks 12. Critical thinking about the internet (how to get reliable information from the internet) Questions appendix Answers to questions Glossary Bibliography Index.
Time scales in large systems of Brownian particles with stochastic synchronization

We consider a system $x(t)=(x_{1}(t),. ,x_{N}(t))$ consisting of $N$ Brownian particles with synchronizing interaction between them occurring at random time moments $\{\tau_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$. Under assumption that the free Brownian motions and the sequence $\{\tau_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ are independent we study asymptotic properties of the system when both the dimension~$N$ and the time~$t$ go to infinity. We find three time scales $t=t(N)$ of qualitatively different behavior of the system.
Quantum anomalous Hall effect in graphene from Rashba and exchange effects

We investigate the possibility of realizing quantum anomalous Hall effect in graphene. We show that a bulk energy gap can be opened in the presence of both Rashba spin-orbit coupling and an exchange field. We calculate the Berry curvature distribution and find a nonzero Chern number for the valence bands and demonstrate the existence of gapless edge states. Inspired by this finding, we also study, by first-principles method, a concrete example of graphene with Fe atoms adsorbed on top, obtaining the same result.
ON THE ONSET OF SECONDARY STELLAR GENERATIONS IN GIANT STAR-FORMING REGIONS AND MASSIVE STAR CLUSTERS

Here we consider the strong evolution experienced by the matter reinserted by massive stars, both in giant star-forming regions driven by a constant star formation rate and in massive and coeval superstar clusters. In both cases we take into consideration the changes induced by stellar evolution on the number of massive stars, the number of ionizing photons, and the integrated mechanical luminosity of the star-forming regions. The latter is at all times compared with the critical luminosity that defines, for a given size, the lower mechanical luminosity limit above which the matter reinserted via strong winds and supernova explosions suffers frequent and recurrent thermal instabilities that reduce its temperature and pressure and inhibit its exit as part of a global wind. Instead, the unstable reinserted matter is compressed by the pervasive hot gas, and photoionization maintains its temperature at T ∼ 104 K. As the evolution proceeds, more unstable matter accumulates and the unstable clumps grow in size. Here we evaluate the possible self-shielding of thermally unstable clumps against the UV radiation field. Self-shielding allows for a further compression of the reinserted matter, which rapidly develops a high-density neutral core able to absorb in its outer skin the incoming UV radiation. Under such conditions the cold (T ∼ 10 K) neutral cores soon surpass the Jeans limit and become gravitationally unstable, creating a new stellar generation with the matter reinserted by former massive stars. We present the results of several calculations of this positive star formation feedback scenario promoted by strong radiative cooling and mass loading.
Giant Lyα Nebulae in the Illustris Simulation

Several “giant” Lyα nebulae with an extent ≳300 kpc and observed Lyα luminosity of ≳1044 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 have recently been detected, and it has been speculated that their presence hints at a substantial cold gas reservoir in small cool clumps not resolved in modern hydrodynamical simulations. We use the Illustris simulation to predict the Lyα emission emerging from large halos (M > 1011.5 M⊙) at z ∼ 2 and thus test this model. We consider both active galactic nucleus (AGN) and star driven ionization, and compare the simulated surface brightness maps, profiles, and Lyα spectra to a model where most gas is clumped below the simulation resolution scale. We find that with Illustris, no additional clumping is necessary to explain the extents, luminosities, and surface brightness profiles of the “giant Lyα nebulae” observed. Furthermore, the maximal extents of the objects show a wide spread for a given luminosity and do not correlate significantly with any halo properties. We also show how the detected size depends strongly on the employed surface brightness cutoff, and predict that further examples of such objects will be found in the near future.
Terahertz Emission of Ferromagnetic Ni-Fe Thin Films Excited by Ultrafast Laser Pulses

It is believed that the ultrafast demagnetization process in ferromagnetic film is intrinsically a thermal effect, which is induced by ultrafast laser pulses. We present experimental evidence that such ultrafast demagnetization of the NiFe thin film can radiate electromagnetic waves in the terahertz range. We also demonstrate that the magnitude of the terahertz electromagnetic pulse emitted from ferromagnetic films after pulsed laser excitation can be tuned by the Gilbert damping factor α, which is conventionally used to describe damping of GHz precession motion of magnetization. Different damping factors are obtained by varying the normal metal film adjacent to the magnetic film via spin pumping. The measured radiated electric field in the far field is found to be proportional to the Gilbert damping factor.