Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Locomotor and postural diversity among reptiles viewed through the prism of femoral microanatomy: Palaeobiological implications for some Permian and Mesozoic taxa

The water‐to‐land transition by the first tetrapod vertebrates represents a key stage in their evolution. Selection pressures exerted by this new environment on animals led to the emergence of new locomotor and postural strategies that favoured access to different ecological niches and contributed to their evolutionary success. Today, amniotes show great locomotor and postural diversity, particularly among Reptilia, whose extant representatives include parasagittally locomoting erect and crouched bipeds (birds), sub‐parasagittal ‘semi‐erect’ quadrupeds (crocodylians) and sprawling quadrupeds (squamates and turtles). But the different steps leading to such diversity remain enigmatic and the type of locomotion adopted by many extinct species raises questions. This is notably the case of certain Triassic taxa such as Euparkeria and Marasuchus. The exploration of the bone microanatomy in reptiles could help to overcome these uncertainties. Indeed, this locomotor and postural diversity is accompanied by great microanatomical disparity. On land, the bones of the appendicular skeleton support the weight of the body and are subject to multiple constraints that partly shape their external and internal morphology. Here we show how microanatomical parameters measured in cross‐section, such as bone compactness or the position of the medullocortical transition, can be related to locomotion. We hypothesised that this could be due to variations in cortical thickness. Using statistical methods that take phylogeny into account (phylogenetic flexible discriminant analyses), we develop different models of locomotion from a sample of femur cross‐sections from 51 reptile species. We use these models to infer locomotion and posture in 7 extinct reptile taxa for which they remain debated or not fully clear. Our models produced reliable inferences for taxa that preceded and followed the quadruped/biped and sprawling/erect transitions, notably within the Captorhinidae and Dinosauria. For taxa contemporary with these transitions, such as Terrestrisuchus and Marasuchus, the inferences are more questionable. We use linear models to investigate the effect of body mass and functional ecology on our inference models. We show that body mass seems to significantly impact our model predictions in most cases, unlike the functional ecology. Finally, we illustrate how taphonomic processes can impact certain microanatomical parameters, especially the eccentricity of the section, while addressing some other potential limitations of our methods. Our study provides insight into the evolution of enigmatic locomotion in various early reptiles. Our models and methods could be used by palaeontologists to infer the locomotion and posture in other extinct reptile taxa, especially when considered in combination with other lines of evidence.
Image formation in a fiber-optical confocal scanning microscope

Theoretical studies on image formation in a confocal scanning microscope with optical fibers as the transmission medium are reported. Theoretical analyses show that this new kind of microscope can be considered a coherent imaging system, even for finite fiber spot size. Based on these studies the coherent transfer functions in both in-focus and defocused cases are derived and calculated. The axial coherent transfer functions are also obtained, and, furthermore, the optical-sectioning property of the microscope system is investigated with the consideration of the image formation of a perfect-reflection planar object and a point object.
Panel Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics

in the field of computational fluid dynamics that the more generally the physics of the flow is modeled by a method, the less general is the boundary geometry to which the method is applicable. Part of the difficulty lies in the stringent requirements on the calculational grid in the field of flow. According to the above observation, the simp lest meaningful flow physics- that of invi scid, in compressible potential flow­ should be applicable to the most general geometries. Indeed, as is well known, this problem can be formulated as a linear integral equation over the boundary, thus eliminating the need for a field grid and allowi ng the possibility that a potential-flow method formulated in this way can be capable 'of obtaining flow solutions about completely arbitrary con­ figurations. Happily, this generality substantially can be achieved in prac­ tice, although with more analytical and programming effort than most publications on the subject are prepared to admit. At the same time, the predictions of such methods have been found to agree well with experiment over a surprisingly large range of flow conditions. Even when their results fail to give the proper experi mental values, they are frequently useful in predicting the incremental effect of a proposed design change or in ordering various designs in terms of effectiveness. This perhaps fortuitous agreement with real flow, combined with their geometric generality, has made numeri­ cal potential-flow methods indispensable design tools in many fields. For example, in the author's company a major design calculation (e.g. flow
Using Optimization to Break the Epsilon Barrier: A Faster and Simpler Width-Independent Algorithm for Solving Positive Linear Programs in Parallel

We study the design of nearly-linear-time algorithms for approximately solving positive linear programs. Both the parallel and the sequential deterministic versions of these algorithms require $\tilde{O}(\varepsilon^{-4})$ iterations, a dependence that has not been improved since the introduction of these methods in 1993 by Luby and Nisan. Moreover, previous algorithms and their analyses rely on update steps and convergence arguments that are combinatorial in nature, and do not seem to arise naturally from an optimization viewpoint. In this paper, we leverage insights from optimization theory to construct a novel algorithm that breaks the longstanding $\tilde{O}(\varepsilon^{-4})$ barrier. Our algorithm has a simple analysis and a clear motivation. Our work introduces a number of novel techniques, such as the combined application of gradient descent and mirror descent, and a truncated, smoothed version of the standard multiplicative weight update, which may be of independent interest.
A minimum interference routing algorithm for a linear lightwave network

A routing algorithm for setting up point to point connection is proposed for a linear lightwave network (LLN). The overall problem of routing is decomposed into the subproblems of physical path allocation, checking for violations of some of the special constraints (MISC (mutually independent sources combining) and color clash) of the LLN on the allocated physical path and the allocation of an appropriate channel. It is shown that the problem of finding a physical path that does not violate the MISC constraint of the LLN is NP-complete. <<ETX>>
The PBX1/miR-141-miR-200a/EGR2/SOCS3 Axis; Integrative Analysis of Interaction Networks to Discover the Possible Mechanism of MiR-141 and MiR-200a-Mediated Th17 Cell Differentiation

Background: Overexpression of miR-141 and miR-200a is known to be associated with the differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells, which are key players in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders. However, the function and governing mechanism of these two microRNAs (miRNAs) in Th17 cell skewing are poorly defined. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to identify the common upstream transcription factors and downstream target genes of miR-141 and miR-200a to obtain a better insight into the possible dysregulated molecular regulatory networks driving miR-141/miR-200a-mediated Th17 cell development. Materials and Methods: A consensus-based prediction strategy was applied for in-silico identification of potential transcription factors and putative gene targets of miR-141 and miR-200a. Thereafter, we analyzed the expression patterns of candidate transcription factors and target genes during human Th17 cell differentiation by quantitative real-time PCR and examined the direct interaction between both miRNAs and their potential target sequences using dual-luciferase reporter assays. Results: According to our miRNA-based and gene-based interaction network analyses, pre-B cell leukemia homeobox (PBX1) and early growth response 2 (EGR2) were respectively taken into account as the potential upstream transcription factor and downstream target gene of miR-141 and miR-200a. There was a significant overexpression of the PBX1 gene during the Th17 cell induction period. Furthermore, both miRNAs could directly target EGR2 and inhibit its expression. As a downstream gene of EGR2, the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was also downregulated during the differentiation process. Conclusions: These results indicate that activation of the PBX1/miR-141-miR-200a/EGR2/SOCS3 axis may promote Th17 cell development and, therefore, trigger or exacerbate Th17-mediated autoimmunity.
Doping effects on intersubband and interband optical transitions in GaSb-InAs superlattices

Normal incidence intersubband and interband absorptions of a novel type II GaSb-InAs superlattices can be obtained by utilizing the various doped-type cap and buffer layers. Moreover, the types and intensities of the absorptions could also be modulated by changing doping concentration. The intersubband transition can occur due to the strong mixing of the heavy-hole band and the light-hole band for InAs n-type cap and buffer layers. But the interband transition is a result of coupling between the wave-functions of the first conduction subband and the first heavy-hole subband for GaSb p-type cap and buffer layers. Both the intensities of intersubband can be modulated by changing doping concentration, and the corresponding wavelengths are in the ranges of 3-5 /spl mu/m and 8-14 /spl mu/m, respectively. Hence, it shows the potential application as an infrared photodetector.
Descriptive Study and Surgical Management Among Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma Patients Admitted to King Abdulaziz Medical City From 2000 to 2017: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common histologic type of breast carcinoma. The etiology of ILC is unknown; however, many contributing risk factors have been suggested. Treatment of ILC can be divided into local and systemic. Our objectives were to assess the clinical presentations, risk factors, radiological findings, pathological types, and surgical options for patients with ILC treated at the national guard hospital. Identify the factors associated with metastasis and recurrence. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study at a tertiary care center in Riyadh. All adult patients aged 16 years and above, from different nationalities, and both genders, were diagnosed with ILC from 2000 to 2017 and followed up at KAMC. The sampling technique was a non-probability consecutive technique. Among 1066 patients identified, 91 patients were diagnosed with ILC over seventeen years study period. Results: The median age at the primary diagnosis was 50. On the clinical examination, 63 (71%) cases were found to have palpable masses which was the most suspicious finding. On radiology, the most encountered finding was speculated masses which were seen in 76 (84%). Regarding the pathology, unilateral breast cancer was seen in 82 while bilateral breast cancer was found only in eight. For the biopsy, a core needle biopsy was the most commonly used in 83 (91%) patients. The most documented surgery for ILC patients was a modified radical mastectomy. Metastasis in different organs was identified with the musculoskeletal system being the commonest site. Different significant variables were compared between patients with or without metastasis. Skin changes, post-operative invasion, estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors were significantly associated with metastasis. Patients with metastasis were less likely to have conservative surgery. Regarding the Recurrence and five years survival, out of 62 cases, 10 had recurrence within five years, which was more prevalent in patients who had fine needle aspiration, excisional biopsy, and nulliparous patients. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to exclusively describe ILC in Saudi Arabia. The results of this current study are highly important, as these results provide baseline data of ILC in the capital city of Saudi Arabia.
Journal of Reproduction and Development

The study of the size of cells and organelles has a long history, dating back to the 1600s when cells were defined. In particular, various methods have elucidated the size of the nucleus and the mitotic spindle in several species. However, little research has been conducted on oocyte size and organelles in mammals, and many questions remain to be answered. The appropriate size is essential to cell function properly. Oocytes have a very large cytoplasm, which is more than 100 times larger than that of general somatic cells in mammals. In this review, we discuss how oocytes acquire an enormous cytoplasmic size and the adverse effects of a large cytoplasmic size on cellular functions.
M-SENSE: Modeling Narrative Structure in Short Personal Narratives Using Protagonist's Mental Representations

Narrative is a ubiquitous component of human communication. Understanding its structure plays a critical role in a wide variety of applications, ranging from simple comparative analyses to enhanced narrative retrieval, comprehension, or reasoning capabilities. Prior research in narratology has highlighted the importance of studying the links between cognitive and linguistic aspects of narratives for effective comprehension. This interdependence is related to the textual semantics and mental language in narratives, referring to characters' motivations, feelings or emotions, and beliefs. However, this interdependence is hardly explored for modeling narratives. In this work, we propose the task of automatically detecting prominent elements of the narrative structure by analyzing the role of characters' inferred mental state along with linguistic information at the syntactic and semantic levels. We introduce a STORIES dataset of short personal narratives containing manual annotations of key elements of narrative structure, specifically climax and resolution. To this end, we implement a computational model that leverages the protagonist's mental state information obtained from a pre-trained model trained on social commonsense knowledge and integrates their representations with contextual semantic embed-dings using a multi-feature fusion approach. Evaluating against prior zero-shot and supervised baselines, we find that our model is able to achieve significant improvements in the task of identifying climax and resolution.
Linear momentum and gravitational waves: circular orbits around a Schwarzschild black hole

On utilise la theorie des perturbations pour calculer le flux du moment lineaire dans les ondes gravitationnelles emises par une particule d'epreuve se deplacant sur une geodesique circulaire dans la geometrie de Schwarzschild. La comparaison avec des calculs quasi newtoniens anterieurs revele un bon accord lorsque le rayon de l'orbite de la particule est grand et indique que l'approche quasi newtonienne sous-estime le flux du moment lineaire pour les plus petites orbites
Research of diagnosis sensors fault based on correlation analysis of the bridge structural health monitoring system

Bridge structural health monitoring system is a typical multi-sensor measurement system due to the multi-parameters of bridge structure collected from the monitoring sites on the river-spanning bridges. Bridge structure monitored by multi-sensors is an entity, when subjected to external action; there will be different performances to different bridge structure parameters. Therefore, the data acquired by each sensor should exist countless correlation relation. However, complexity of the correlation relation is decided by complexity of bridge structure. Traditionally correlation analysis among monitoring sites is mainly considered from physical locations. unfortunately, this method is so simple that it cannot describe the correlation in detail. The paper analyzes the correlation among the bridge monitoring sites according to the bridge structural data, defines the correlation of bridge monitoring sites and describes its several forms, then integrating the correlative theory of data mining and signal system to establish the correlation model to describe the correlation among the bridge monitoring sites quantificationally. Finally, The Chongqing Mashangxi Yangtze river bridge health measurement system is regards as research object to diagnosis sensors fault, and simulation results verify the effectiveness of the designed method and theoretical discussions.
Multilingual Content Moderation: A Case Study on Reddit

Content moderation is the process of flagging content based on pre-defined platform rules. There has been a growing need for AI moderators to safeguard users as well as protect the mental health of human moderators from traumatic content. While prior works have focused on identifying hateful/offensive language, they are not adequate for meeting the challenges of content moderation since 1) moderation decisions are based on violation of rules, which subsumes detection of offensive speech, and 2) such rules often differ across communities which entails an adaptive solution. We propose to study the challenges of content moderation by introducing a multilingual dataset of 1.8 Million Reddit comments spanning 56 subreddits in English, German, Spanish and French1. We perform extensive experimental analysis to highlight the underlying challenges and suggest related research problems such as cross-lingual transfer, learning under label noise (human biases), transfer of moderation models, and predicting the violated rule. Our dataset and analysis can help better prepare for the challenges and opportunities of auto moderation.
The Effect of Information Type on Human Cognitive Augmentation

When performing a task alone, humans achieve a certain level of performance. When humans are assisted by a tool or automation to perform the same task, performance is enhanced (augmented). Recently developed cognitive systems are able to perform cognitive processing at or above the level of a human in some domains. When humans work collaboratively with such cogs in a human/cog ensemble, we expect augmentation of cognitive processing to be evident and measurable. This paper shows the degree of cognitive augmentation depends on the nature of the information the cog contributes to the ensemble. Results of an experiment are reported showing conceptual information is the most effective type of information resulting in increases in cognitive accuracy, cognitive precision, and cognitive power.
Follow-up Survey for the Binary Black Hole Merger GW200224_222234 Using Subaru/HSC and GTC/OSIRIS

The LIGO/Virgo detected a gravitational wave (GW) event, named GW200224_222234 (also known as S200224ca) and classified as a binary-black hole coalescence, on 2020 February 24. Given its relatively small localization skymap (71 deg2 for a 90% credible region; revised to 50 deg2 in GWTC-3), we performed target-of-opportunity observations using the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) in the r2 and z bands. Observations were conducted on 2020 February 25 and 28 and March 23, with the first epoch beginning 12.3 hr after the GW detection. The survey covered the highest-probability sky area of 56.6 deg2, corresponding to a 91% probability. This was the first deep follow-up (m r ≳ 24, m z ≳ 23) for a binary-black hole merger covering >90% of the localization. By performing image subtraction and candidate screening including light-curve fitting with transient templates and examples, we found 22 off-nucleus transients that were not ruled out as the counterparts of GW200224_222234 with our Subaru/HSC data alone. We also performed GTC/OSIRIS spectroscopy of the probable host galaxies for five candidates; two are likely to be located within the 3D skymap, whereas the others are not. In conclusion, 19 transients remain as possible optical counterparts of GW200224_222234; but we could not identify a unique promising counterpart. If there are no counterparts in the remaining candidates, the upper limits of the optical luminosity are νLν<5.2−1.9+2.4×1041 erg s−1 and νLν<1.8−0.6+0.8×1042 erg s−1 in the r2 and z bands, respectively, at ∼12 hr after GW detection. We also discuss improvements in the strategies of optical follow-ups for future GW events.
Three-dimensional instabilities over a rectangular open cavity: from linear stability analysis to experimentation

Abstract Three-dimensional instabilities arising in open cavity flows are responsible for complex broad-banded dynamics. Existing studies either focus on theoretical properties of ideal simplified flows or observe the final state of experimental flows. This paper aims to establish a connection between the onset of the centrifugal instabilities and their final expression within the fully saturated flow. To that end, a linear three-dimensional modal instability analysis of steady two-dimensional states developing in an open cavity of aspect ratio $L/D=2$ (length over depth) is conducted. This analysis is performed together with an experimental study in the same geometry adding spanwise endwalls. Two different Reynolds numbers are investigated through spectral analyses and modal decomposition. The physics of the flow is thoroughly described exploiting the strengths of each methodology. The main flow structures are identified and salient space and time scales are characterised. Results indicate that the structures obtained from linear analysis are mainly consistent with the fully saturated experimental flow. The analysis also brings to light the selection and alteration of certain wave properties, which could be caused by nonlinearities or the change of spanwise boundary conditions.
Lattice RLS for Nonstationary Signal Processing

The paper presents the modification of lattice RLS adaptive filtering algorithms for the case of nonsta- tionary signal processing. The modification includes the using of sliding window and dynamic regularization in the adaptive filter correlation matrix estimation. The algo- rithms can be implemented by means of sequential or par- allel computations. Based on sequential computations, 30 regularized prewindowed, sliding widow and regularized sliding window lattice RLS algorithms were developed. A family of the same algorithms with parallel computations includes 21 units. Lattice algorithms are developed for the application in single-channel adaptive filters with com- plex-valued weights. Some computation procedures of the algorithms are listed. The results of the algorithm simula- tion are also presented.