Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water literacy and citizenship : education for sustainable domestic water use in the East Midlands

In Britain, projected population rise and climate change threaten future water availability. UK water companies run education programmes to encourage more efficient usage, but these tend to focus on primary schools and adults, missing the opportunity to engage secondary school pupils as the next generation of homeowners and bill payers. Educational interventions also traditionally follow the theory of rational choice, envisaging learners as able to change their attitudes and behaviours in accordance with newly acquired information. Sociological research on social practices and ordinary consumption, however, sees water as playing an inconspicuous role in daily domestic activities. Technological infrastructure and prevalent social norms mould behaviour and limit the ability of water users to alter their consumption. This interdisciplinary thesis attempts to break the impasse between works from educational and sociological perspectives, using the theoretical lens of water citizenship. A review of current water education provision in the East Midlands region was undertaken, and a school-based study involving questionnaires, focus groups and exploratory lessons around water. The young people involved in the study tended to show ambivalence towards water conservation, despite general pro-environmental motivations. While some teenagers perceived they were ‘doing their bit’ for the environment, this tended to be limited to accepting and invoking ‘water saving tips’, and many teenagers eschewed water conservation altogether. These findings indicate that innovative educational programmes are needed to raise the standard of water literacy in the UK. This thesis argues firstly for making water use more ‘visible’ in daily activities, by deconstructing the routines and habits that use water, and by recognising the influences that social norms exert on water use. Secondly, it argues that educational initiatives for water literacy could develop young people’s sense of citizenship and responsibility towards water resources by connecting personal actions to impacts at local, national and global scales.
Hydrological response to multiple large distant earthquakes in the Mile well, China

Groundwater level changes of up to 0.716 m and temperature changes of up to 0.0708°C have been observed in the Mile well, Yunnan Province, China, in response to earthquakes with a seismic energy density exceeding 1 × 10−3 J⋅m−3 from 2004 to 2012. Sustained water level changes, however, only occurred in earthquakes with a surface wave magnitude Ms ≥ 8.0. Groundwater temperature and permeability changes also only occurred following such large earthquakes. This indicates that larger earthquakes (with Ms ≥ 8.0) are more effective at triggering hydrologic responses than smaller earthquakes. The amplitudes of changes in groundwater level and groundwater temperature were positively correlated, indicating that temperature changes are possibly caused by advection‐diffusion and mixing following groundwater inflows into the well. We used a tidal response as a proxy to investigate aquifer properties, showing that the changes in groundwater level and temperature correlate well with phase shift and tidal factor. Based on the aquifer parameters calculated from the tidal response using the M2 wave, we found that amplitudes of inferred changes in transmissivity and storage coefficient have a positive relationship with the groundwater level and temperature changes. The scale of transmissivity change was much larger than that of the storage coefficient. We interpret the co‐seismic changes in groundwater level and temperature in the Mile well to be due to changes of permeability in the aquifer due to unclogging of fractures induced by seismic waves.
Maternofetal interaction and modulation in creating a new population: A review of current evidence on the relationship between fetal nutrition and the development of chronic diseases later in life

The concept of fetal programming has found its place in science and keeps lighting the way to better understanding of fetal life and its impact on postnatal and adult life. Its capacity is much wider than a common recognition of the fact that different disorders in pregnancy impact fetal health, and these capacities keep being confirmed by various observational studies and experimental models. Another fact that makes fetal programming even harder to confirm and accept is the long period between the stimulus and its consequences, as well as various factors that can change and influence this period of one's lifetime. Nevertheless, different hypotheses are present, concerning suboptimal fetal health and nutrition and their contribution to the development of chronic diseases during one's lifetime - inadequate nutrition during intrauterine period and early childhood can permanently change one's physiology and metabolism, which contributes to a possible development of chronic diseases (hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes, etc.). The aim of this paper is to review current evidence on the relationship between fetal nutrition and the risk of chronic diseases later in life. A detailed review of current literature and the analysis of various studies aimed at following neonates to their adulthood in order to determine the significance of fetal programming. An association between suboptimal fetal growth and a higher risk of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, diabetes type 2, and hypertension, has been proven by the studies conducted within different populations and age groups. Based on the evidence presented in this paper, it can be concluded that fetal programming has been recognized as significant and is on the way to becoming the third contributing factor in the development of chronic diseases during one's lifetime, along with a genetic predisposition and lifestyle.
Acumulando pertenencia nacional: argentinos y ecuatorianos en España e Italia

Taking as a starting point the fieldwork undertaken between 2002 and 2006 in three cities of southern Europe, the questions of identity and national belonging of Argentinians and Ecuadorians in Spain and Italy are addressed. The concept of national belonging is made up of three separate dimensions: access to citizenship, access to the labor market and feeling of belonging and identity. Our fieldwork shows that from the two groups, Argentinians do have access to national belonging of the host society with greater ease, something that entails further advantages in their process of integration. However, there are different shades according to the possibility of attaining citizenship and labor market integration, in addition to differences to the legal framework of foreign law and the perceived proximity or distance to the culture of the host country. National belonging, far from being a fixed data, is shown to be changing along the biographic trajectory
Global interagency IPY Polar Snapshot Year

Satellite observations are revolutionizing our ability to observe the poles and polar processes. No other technology developed since the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957—1958 provides the highresolution, continental-scale, frequent-repeat, and all-weather observations available from spaceborne sensors. The utility of that technology is evidenced by associated scientific advances including measurements of trends in polar sea ice cover and extent, the realization that the polar ice sheets can change dramatically at timescales of decades or less, and the quantification of relationships between processes at the poles and at middle and equatorial latitudes. There are similar successes in the commercial and governmental sectors, and so the competition for access to the international constellation of satellites becomes increasingly more intense. Frequently, this means that there are only limited opportunities for conducting large-scale projects that consume a significant fraction of system capabilities for some dedicated period of time. One example of a large-scale coordinated effort is the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP). RAMP required months of dedicated satellite and ground support time to achieve its objective of obtaining near-instantaneous, high-resolution snapshots of Antarctica.
Image classification of Human Face Shapes Using Convolutional Neural Network Xception Architecture with Transfer Learning

Abstract. The development of information technology in facial recognition is influenced by a faster and more accurate authentication system. This allows the computer system to identify a person's face. Purpose: Similar to fingerprints and the retina of the human eye, each person's face has a different shape and contour. Since it is known that the human face provides a lot of information, as well as topics that attract attention make it studied intensively. Methods/Study design/approach: Several studies examining information from human faces are facial recognition. One of the approaches used to recognize facial imagery is through the use of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). CNN is a method in the field of Deep Learning that can be used to recognize and classify objects in digital images. In this study, the method used to implement facial image classification is the Xception architecture CNN algorithm with a transfer learning approach. Result/Findings: The dataset used in this study was obtained from Kaggle, namely the Face Shape Dataset which contains 5000 data. After testing, an accuracy rate of 96.2% was obtained in the training process and 81.125% in the validation process. This study also uses new data to test the model that has been made, and the results show an accuracy rate of 85.1% in classifying facial imagery. Novelty/Originality/Value: Therefore, it can be said that the model created in this study has the ability to classify images of facial shapes Human Face Shapes Using Convolutional Neural Network Xception Architecture with Transfer Learning.
Burn severity alters peatland moss water availability: implications for post‐fire recovery

Wildfire is the largest disturbance affecting northern peatlands; however, little is known about how burn severity (organic soil depth of burn) alters post‐fire hydrological conditions that control the recovery of keystone peatland mosses (i.e. Sphagnum). For this reason, we assessed the impact of burn severity on moss water availability by measuring soil tension (Ψ) and surface volumetric moisture content (θ) in burned and unburned portions of a peatland complex 2 years after fire. We found that both high and low burn severity decreased post‐fire water availability by altering peat hydrophysical properties (moisture retention and water repellency). Locations covered by Sphagnum fuscum prior to fire exhibited a decreasing post‐fire water availability with an increasing burn severity. In contrast, the lowest water availability (Ψ > 400 cm, θ < 0·02) was observed in feather mosses that underwent low burn severity (residual branches identifiable). Deep burning (>0·20 m) in peatland margins and burn depths >0·05 m in the middle of the peatland exhibited the highest water availability (Ψ < 60 cm). Locations with low surface θ and high Ψ, notably feather mosses undergoing low burn severity, exhibited minimal moss recolonization. Such areas dominate post‐fire surface cover (~40%) within late successional (mature) peatlands or peatlands located in dry hydrological settings. We argue that such environments are under‐represented in conceptual models of post‐fire recovery. A new conceptual model is proposed in which (1) deep burning is counterbalanced by rapid recolonization and (2) pre‐fire species interact with burn severity to produce substantial lags in post‐fire moss recovery. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of local geological conditions in the San Francisco Bay region on ground motions and the intensities of the 1906 earthquake

Measurements of ground motion generated by nuclear explosions in Nevada have been completed for 99 locations in the San Francisco Bay region, California. The recordings show marked amplitude variations in the frequency band 0.25 to 3.0 Hz that are consistently related to the local geological conditions of the recording site. The average spectral amplifications observed for vertical and horizontal ground motions are, respectively: (1, 1) for granite, (1.5, 1.6) for the Franciscan Formation, (3.0, 2.7) for the Santa Clara Formation, (3.3, 4.4) for alluvium, and (3.7, 11.3) for bay mud. Spectral amplification curves define predominant ground frequencies in the band 0.25 to 3.0 E for bay mud sites and for some alluvial sites. Amplitude spectra computed from recordings of seismic background noise at 50 sites do not generally define predominant ground frequencies. The intensities ascribed to various sites in the San Francisco Bay region for the California earthquake of April 18, 1906, are strongly dependent on distance from the zone of surface faulting and the geological character of the ground. Considering only those sites (approximately one square city block in size) for which there is good evidence for the degree of ascribed intensity, the intensities for 917 sites on Franciscan rocks generally decrease with the logarithm of distance as Intensity = 2 . 6 9 - 1 . 9 0 log ( Distance in kilometers ) . ( 1 ) For sites on other geological units, intensity increments, derived from this empirical relation, correlate strongly with the Average Horizontal Spectral Amplifications (AHSA) according to the empirical relation Intensity Increment = 0 . 2 7 + 2 . 7 0 log ( AHSA ) . ( 2 ) Average intensity increments predicted for the various geological units are −0.3 for granite, 0.2 for the Franciscan Formation, 0.6 for the Great Valley sequence, 0.8 for the Santa Clara Formation, 1.3 for alluvium, and 2.4 for bay mud. The maximum intensity map predicted on the basis of these data delineates areas in the San Francisco Bay region of potentially high intensity for large earthquakes on either the San Andreas fault or the Hayward fault. The map provides a crude form of seismic zonation for the region and may be useful for certain general types of land-use zonation.
Multidisciplinary Education: About Some Aspects of Teaching Biophysics

This article presents one of the most pressing issues for undergraduate educational programs - interdisciplinary education. An interdisciplinary subject requires careful consideration of new issues and concepts in different contexts, identifying relationships between subjects, and developing common aspects, which is quite difficult to effectively implement within one discipline. This article discusses the problems and prospects associated with the teaching of biophysics. The main emphasis in the work is on the movement of blood in thin capillaries, the study of which is associated with microrheology. Various models have been proposed to explain the rheological properties of blood. These models, considered in the example of dispersed (two-phase) systems, describe the blood flow in capillaries only quantitatively, but the features of erythrocyte mobility in small capillaries within the framework of these models remain unclear. The laws of hydrodynamics or rheology alone cannot explain these features. To improve these models, we suggest that students consider the electrical properties of the dispersion system. This article considers the concept of blood cells and corpuscular elements functioning as electrical systems. These complex electrical systems are constantly moving in vessels of different diameters and, of course, are sensitive to changes in various hydrodynamic influences. Students are allowed to independently carry out practical work on these models, changing various indicators of blood. Unfortunately, microrheology and related issues are little discussed in textbooks. However, students must be familiar with the current problems, difficulties, and still scientifically inexplicable questions in this direction.
The balance between antibiotic resistance and fitness/virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an update on basic knowledge and fundamental research

The interplay between antibiotic resistance and bacterial fitness/virulence has attracted the interest of researchers for decades because of its therapeutic implications, since it is classically assumed that resistance usually entails certain biological costs. Reviews on this topic revise the published data from a general point of view, including studies based on clinical strains or in vitro-evolved mutants in which the resistance phenotype is seen as a final outcome, i.e., a combination of mechanisms. However, a review analyzing the resistance/fitness balance from the basic research perspective, compiling studies in which the different resistance pathways and respective biological costs are individually approached, was missing. Here we cover this gap, specifically focusing on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen that stands out because of its extraordinary capacity for resistance development and for which a considerable number of recent and particular data on the interplay with fitness/virulence have been released. The revised information, split into horizontally-acquired vs. mutation-driven resistance, suggests a great complexity and even controversy in the resistance-fitness/virulence balance in the acute infection context, with results ranging from high costs linked to certain pathways to others that are seemingly cost-free or even cases of resistance mechanisms contributing to increased pathogenic capacities. The elusive mechanistic basis for some enigmatic data, knowledge gaps, and possibilities for therapeutic exploitation are discussed. The information gathered suggests that resistance-fitness/virulence interplay may be a source of potential antipseudomonal targets and thus, this review poses the elementary first step for the future development of these strategies harnessing certain resistance-associated biological burdens.
Tracking the extent of the South Pacific Convergence Zone since 1619 AD

The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is the largest and most persistent spur of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. At the southeastern edge of the SPCZ near 170°W and 15°-20°S a surface ocean salinity frontal zone exists that separates fresher Western Pacific Warm Pool water from saltier and cooler waters in the east. This salinity front is known to shift east and west with the phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation. We have generated sub-annually resolved and replicated coral oxygen isotopic timeseries from Fiji (17°S, 179°E) and Rarotonga (21.5°S, 160°W) demonstrating that at lower frequencies the decadal mean position of the salinity front, and eastern extent of the SPCZ, has shifted east-west through 10° to 20° of longitude three times over the last 380 years. The most recent and largest shift began in the mid-1800s as the salinity front progressively moved eastward and salinity decreased at both sites. Our results indicate that sea surface salinity at these sites is now at the lowest levels recorded and is evidence for an unprecedented expansion of the SPCZ since the mid-1800s. The expansion of the SPCZ implies a gradual change in the South Pacific to more La Niña-like long-term mean conditions. This observation is consistent with the ocean thermostat mechanism for the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, whereby exogenous heating of the atmosphere would result in greater warming in the western Pacific and a greater east-west surface temperature gradient. Linsley et al., page 3
Lower mantle inhomogeneities inferred from PcP precursors

A search of phases arriving between P and PcP, the reflection from the core-mantle boundary (CMB), was performed in the Bulletins of the International Seismological Center (BISC). The distribution of the turning/reflection points of anomalous waves in the lowermost mantle indicates the areas which are possibly anomalous regions. The regions exhibiting these anomalies cover only a small fraction of the lowermost mantle sampled. The areas which can be associated with anomalous arrivals are the lowermost mantle under the North Pole region, northern Siberia, central Siberia, western Mongolia, Afghanistan, northeastern China/Korea and the North Atlantic Ridge. These are the regions which should be studied in more detail by analyzing the seismograms, i.e., the amplitude and waveform information, at the corresponding stations in addition to the travel time information reported to the ISC.
Correlation of physiological and productive parameters of cowpea under organic fertilization

- The work was intended to evaluate the e ﬀ ect of di ﬀ erent organic compounds originating from the mixture of agroindustrial and urban wastes, as well as their doses in the physiology and production of cowpea. The experiment was conducted under a randomized block design, in a 4 x 5 + 2 factorial arrangement, with four organic fertilizers (3 composed obtained from of sewage sludge, green coconut shell, carnauba butt; and sewage sludge biochar), ﬁ ve doses (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 t ha -1 ) and two additional treatments (without fertilization and mineral fertilization). We evaluated the leaf gas exchange in three phenological stages and the productive aspects. Regarding the physiological variables, the compounds with carnauba butt and green coconut shell promoted the best results and throughout the crop cycle, the gas exchange decreased. The productive aspects were increased by about 60%, especially due to the treatments with organic compounds. The PCA can con ﬁ rm the univariate results, with emphasis on compounds with green coconut shell and carnauba butt. The high percentage of explanation found in axis 1 (60.49%) may be associated with the fact that the gas exchange and production variables are highly responsive to fertilization. The treatment with biochar caused a reduction in both in the physiological and in the productive aspects. The compounds with carnauba tip and green coconut shell promote satisfactory results, being viable alternatives to complement chemical fertilization with an indicated dose of 300g pot -1 or 60 t ha -1 .
Iterative joint inversion for stress and fault orientations from focal mechanisms

S U M M A R Y Stress inversions from focal mechanisms require knowledge of which nodal plane is the fault. If such information is missing, and faults and auxiliary nodal planes are interchanged, the stress inversions can produce inaccurate results. It is shown that the linear inversion method developed by Michael is reasonably accurate when retrieving the principal stress directions even when the selection of fault planes in focal mechanisms is incorrect. However, the shape ratio is more sensitive to the proper choice of the fault and substituting the faults by auxiliary nodal planes introduces significant errors. This difficulty is removed by modifying Michael’s method and inverting jointly for stress and for fault orientations. The fault orientations are determined by applying the fault instability constraint and the stress is calculated in iterations. As a by-product, overall friction on faults is determined. Numerical tests show that the new iterative stress inversion is fast and accurate and performs much better than the standard linear inversion. The method is exemplified on real data from central Crete and from the WestBohemia swarm area of the Czech Republic. The joint iterative inversion identified correctly 36 of 38 faults in the central Crete data. In the West Bohemia data, the faults identified by the inversion were close to the principal fault planes delineated by foci clustering. The overall friction on faults was estimated to be 0.75 and 0.85 for the central Crete and West Bohemia data, respectively.