Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An almost-Markovian Galilean-invariant turbulence model

A model equation of Langevin type for the turbulent velocity field is constructed, in which the non-linear terms of the Navier–Stokes equation are replaced by a dynamical damping term and a random forcing term, with strength parameters determined by the past history of the energy spectrum. The model leads to a closed set of first-order differential equations in time for the evolution of two functions: the energy spectrum and the effective memory times for the interaction of mode triads. Invariance of the energy transfer to random Galilean transformation is achieved by using the interaction between solenoidal and compressive parts of a convected test field to determine the memory–time functions. The model equation is developed from the direct-interaction approximation as starting-point. At an intermediate stage, before the Galilean invariance is introduced, a model representation of Edwards's (1964) theory is obtained which extends the latter to statistically non-stationary states.
Discovery of Young, Isolated Planetary Mass Objects in the σ Orionis Star Cluster

We present the discovery by optical and near-infrared imaging of an extremely red, low-luminosity population of isolated objects in the young, nearby stellar cluster around the multiple, massive star σ Orionis. The proximity (352 parsecs), youth (1 million to 5 million years), and low internal extinction make this cluster an ideal site to explore the substellar domain from the hydrogen mass limit down to a few Jupiter masses. Optical and near-infrared low-resolution spectroscopy of three of these objects confirms the very cool spectral energy distribution (atmospheric effective temperatures of 1700 to 2200 kelvin) expected for cluster members with masses in the range 5 to 15 times that of Jupiter. Like the planets of the solar system, these objects are unable to sustain stable nuclear burning in their interiors, but in contrast they are not bound to stars. This new kind of isolated giant planet, which apparently forms on time scales of less than a few million years, offers a challenge to our understanding of the formation processes of planetary mass objects.
Coronal Waves and Oscillations

Wave and oscillatory activity of the solar corona is confidently observed with modern imaging and spectral instruments in the visible light, EUV, X-ray and radio bands, and interpreted in terms of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave theory. The review reflects the current trends in the observational study of coronal waves and oscillations (standing kink, sausage and longitudinal modes, propagating slow waves and fast wave trains, the search for torsional waves), theoretical modelling of interaction of MHD waves with plasma structures, and implementation of the theoretical results for the mode identification. Also the use of MHD waves for remote diagnostics of coronal plasma — MHD coronal seismology — is discussed and the applicability of this method for the estimation of coronal magnetic field, transport coefficients, fine structuring and heating function is demonstrated.
Twenty years of international satellite communication

This paper reviews the development of international satellite communications over the past two decades. To date over 100 satellites have been launched to provide both domestic and overseas commercial (i.e., non-military) communications services and this paper largely confines itself to describing the technical developments involved in creating the INTELSAT system which are representative of the field as a whole. INTELSAT, is an international organization established in 1964 to provide overseas communications. It has developed a global system designed to provide (1) a high degree of connectivity and (2) a large communications capacity. Connectivity has been achieved using relatively broad (albeit “shaped”) satellite antenna patterns permitting earth stations in many countries that are illuminated by the same beam to be interconnected. This desirable attribute has, however, required the use of large earth stations and one future technical direction is likely to entail using satellites that generate narrow pencil beams permitting the use of smaller earth stations; on-board switching will then be required to restore connectivity between beams. A large capacity has been achieved through the use of “frequency reuse,” i.e., techniques to utilize the C-band frequencies assigned for satellite communications several-fold. This has been accomplished through satellite designs that employ isolated antenna beams to illuminate different parts of the earth and/or beams that view overlapping parts but employ opposite senses of (circular) polarization. Associated with this approach have been efforts to use the assigned bands as efficiently as possible through “channelization,” i.e., subdividing them into frequency intervals, each of which is served by a transponder amplifier designed to yield minimum interference with its neighbors. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the likely trends in the design of satellite systems as these evolve in competition with fiber-optic cables.
Controllability, observability, and duality in behavioral group systems

Fundamental results concerning abelian group systems and their duals are developed. Duals of sequence spaces over locally compact abelian groups are defined via Pontryagin duality; dual group systems are orthogonal subgroups of dual sequence spaces. If C and C/sup /spl perp// are dual systems then the state spaces of C are isomorphic to the character groups of the state spaces of C/sup /spl perp//. Further, the controllability properties of C are equal to the observability properties of C/sup /spl perp//.
ANALYSIS OF RANDOM AND SYSTEMATIC ERROR EFFECTS ON UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION IN PROCESS DESIGN AND SIMULATION USING DISTRIBUTION TAIL CHARACTERIZATION

An exponential and heavy tail analysis method is presented to study the effect of systematic and random errors present in thermodynamic data on chemical process design and simulation. The true distribution tail characteristics (important for high levels of quality assurance) can be far from the estimates obtained with typical Gaussian distribution analysis. Pareto (heavy) or exponential distributions may represent the tail behavior better under many circumstances. Heavy tails diminish at an algebraic rate rather than at an exponential rate. Different error types such as random and systematic error can potentially cause different effects in the behavior of probability distributions, particularly in the tails. In this work, we use the tail behavior of cumulative frequency distributions produced from uncertainty analyses to characterize the error propagation in process design and simulation. The diminishing rate of the tail of a given distribution can be related to the error types involved in the process and also can be used to determine which error exhibits stochastic dominance. Case studies of process performance evaluations for liquid-liquid extraction operations are presented to illustrate the approach. It is observed that random and systematic errors (coupled with typical nonlinear chemical engineering models) can cause the tails of the uncertainty probability distributions to be exponential.
Statistical Power and Optimum Sample Allocation Ratio for Treatment and Control Having Unequal Costs per Unit of Randomization

This article considers optimal sample allocation between the treatment and control condition in multilevel designs when the costs per sampling unit vary due to treatment assignment. Optimal unequal allocation may reduce the cost from that of a balanced design without sacrificing any power. The optimum sample allocation ratio depends only on the cost ratio between the treatment and control regardless of whether the randomization of sampling units occurs at levels 1, 2, or 3. Power functions for the exact tests for the main effect of treatment are derived for prototypical multilevel designs with unequal sample sizes in the treatment and control condition.
Flows driven by libration, precession, and tides

Because of gravitational interactions with their companions, the rotational dynamics of planets and stars involve periodic perturbations of their shape, the direction of their rotational vector, and their rotation rate. These perturbations correspond in planetary terms to tides, precession, and longitudinal libration. We review here the flows driven by those mechanical forcings on rotating spheres and ellipsoids. Special focus is placed on the associated instabilities and on the various routes toward turbulence recently studied. The key point is that mechanical forcings do not provide the energy to the excited flows: They convey part of the available rotational energy and generate intense fluid motions through the excitation of localized jets, shear layers, and resonant inertial modes. Hence, even very small forcings may have largescale consequences. Mechanically driven flows thus play a fundamental role in planets and stars, significantly influencing their shape, their rotational dynamics, and their magnetic field.
A detailed analysis of a dynamo mechanism in a rapidly rotating spherical shell

Abstract Mechanisms of magnetic field intensification by flows of an electrically conducting fluid in a rapidly rotating spherical shell are investigated using a numerical dynamo model with an Ekman number of $1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 5} $. A strong dipolar solution with a magnetic energy 55 times larger than the kinetic energy of thermal convection is obtained. In a regime of small viscosity and inertia with the strong magnetic field, the convection structure consists of a few large-scale retrograde flows in the azimuthal direction and localized thin sheet-like plumes. A detailed term-by-term analysis of the magnetic field amplification processes shows that the magnetic field is amplified through stretching of magnetic lines, which occurs typically through four types of flow: the retrograde azimuthal flow near the outer boundary, the downwelling flow of the sheet plume, the prograde azimuthal flow near the rim of the tangent cylinder, and the cylindrical-radially alternating flows of the plume cluster. The current loop structure emerges as a result of stretching the magnetic lines along the magnetic field by the flow acceleration. The most remarkable effects of the generated magnetic field on the flow come from the strong azimuthal (toroidal) magnetic field. Similarities of the present model in the convection and magnetic field structures to previous studies at larger and even smaller Ekman numbers suggest universality of the dynamo mechanism in rotating spherical dynamos.
Addressing plastic bags consumption crises through store monetary and non-monetary interventions in South Africa

This research analyses the impact of retailer interventions focusing on the promotion of reusable bags to reduce plastic bag consumption. For this purpose, retail outlet data for March 2018–February 2020 was used. The retail outlet data was analyzed using a panel fixed effects model to evaluate the impact of three treatments on plastic and reusable bag consumption in South Africa. Findings revealed that Treatments 1 (a monetary intervention based on giving reusable bags away for free), and 2 (a non-monetary intervention framed around a plastic-free July campaign), significantly increased reusable bag uptake and reduced plastic bag consumption, while Treatment 3 (a monetary intervention involving a subsidy on reusable bags) increased reusable and plastic bag sales. The findings contribute to the literature on the effectiveness of non-monetary nudges (T2). The latter is more efficient than the monetary incentives (T1 and T3). The results also agrees with the literature on the ineffectiveness of subsidies (T3) for the purpose of discouraging the consumption of plastic bags. The results confirmed that plastic bag consumption is habitual in South Africa. Based on these findings, policy recommendations were made that public campaigns and other behavioral nudges should be considered more effective in addressing the consumption of plastic bags than subsidies on reusable bags. In addition, because of the revealed low level of reuse of both plastic and reusable bags, the use of reminders to reuse bags should be considered and researched in order to modify consumer behavior in South Africa.
Hopf algebras and regular isotopy invariants for link diagrams

In this paper, we shall consider the following method for obtaining regular isotopy invariants of link diagrams. Given any link diagram L, equip it with a Morse function h, so that the diagram consists entirely of crossings, maxima, minima and vertical arcs. Introduce 2-valent graphical vertices to separate the various segments of the diagram. Given a finite index set I, a state σ for Lh is an assignation of one element of I to each graphical vertex. Each segment of the diagram now has a weight associated with it, given in terms of tensor coordinates indexed by the set I by the pictures and, for any state σ, [Li|σ] denotes the product of the various weights. We then define 〈Lh〉 to be the sum of [Lh|σ] over all possible states σ,
Dynamics of Milk Parameters of Quarter Samples before and after the Dry Period on Czech Farms

Simple Summary One of the most significant global health threats to humanity is the loss of the therapeutic effects of antibiotics, which several factors, such as the overuse of antibiotics in livestock farming, can cause. The European Union has not let this threat go unnoticed and has decided to regulate the use of antibiotics in farm animals with new regulations. For this reason, we decided to monitor selected milk parameters such as fat, protein, casein, lactose, solids-not-fat content, total solids content, freezing point, titratable acidity, somatic cell count, and influences such as parity, farm, day of calving, and time of evaluation to identify how prepared Czech dairy farms are for the selective dry cow therapy. Our results indicate that exploiting somatic cell count is one of the possibilities for implementing this therapy. However, well-known mastitis prevention and control strategies must be in place on farms, and the content of some of the leading milk components could also be considered. Abstract This study aimed to monitor milk parameters on three different dairy farms in the Czech Republic to describe their readiness for implementing selective dry cow therapy. Fat, protein, casein, lactose, solids-not-fat content, total solids content, freezing point, titratable acidity, and somatic cell count of quarter milk samples collected from tested Holstein cows were evaluated. Associations between the tested parameters, as well as the effects of parity, farm, day of calving, and time of evaluation at dry-off and after calving, were assessed. Values of the leading milk components dynamically changed between dry-off and after calving, but only protein content was significantly affected. The most important parameter of our research, the somatic cell count of quarter milk samples, was also not affected by the time of evaluation. Even though a slight increase in the mean of somatic cell count is expected before the dry period and after calving, at dry-off, we observed 30%, 42%, and 24% of quarters with somatic cell counts above 200,000 cells per mL, while after calving, we observed 27%, 16%, and 18% of quarters with somatic cell counts above 200,000 cells per mL on Farm 1, Farm 2, and Farm 3, respectively. High somatic cell counts (>200,000 cells per mL) indicate bacterial infection, as confirmed by the significant negative correlation between this parameter and lactose content. In addition, a deficient milk fat-to-protein ratio was observed on two farms, which may indicate metabolic disorders, as well as the occurrence of intramammary infections. Despite the above, we concluded that according to the thresholds of somatic cell counts for selective dry cow therapy taken from foreign studies, a large part of the udder quarters could be dried off without the administration of antibiotics. However, it is necessary to set up more effective mechanisms for mastitis prevention.
A model of the metallic surface-emitting second harmonic generator

We present an accurate calculation of the intensity of the second harmonic radiation generated by the reflection of the incident radiation from a metal surface. This radiation is due to two currents. The first current results from the rapid variation of the normal component of the oscillating electric field in the vicinity of the surface and depends on both conduction and bound electrons. The second one results from the action of the Lorentz force on conduction electrons. We show that if the adiabatic and the Thomas-Fermi assumptions are considered, then an accurate calculation of these currents is possible and leads to a simple relation of the intensity of the second harmonic radiation.
Transcriptome Identification of R2R3-MYB Gene Family Members in Pinus massoniana and PmMYB4 Response to Drought Stress

One of the largest families of transcription factors in plants, the MYB transcription factors family (Myeloblastosis, MYB TF), plays a vital role in regulating plant biochemical and physiological processes. The role of MYB TF in coping with stresses, such as drought, salt and cold, has been reported. Unfortunately, a comprehensive identification of R2R3-MYB TF in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) has not been achieved. In this study, a total of 49 sequences were identified as R2R3-MYB TF. The structure, function and phylogenetic relationships of the conserved structural domains of Masson pine R2R3-MYB TF and Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A.Gray ex Hook. TFs were compared using bioinformatics tools. The results showed that Masson pine R2R3-MYB TF was divided into 24 groups, mainly located in the nucleus, and mostly lacking signal peptides and transmembrane structural domains with multiple phosphorylation sites. The drought stress-responsive R2R3-MYB gene, PmMYB4, was selected from the drought stress transcriptome based on analysis of the expression pattern and tissue specificity of PmMYB4 gene under abiotic stress using qPCR. The results showed that PmMYB4 can be involved in drought stress treatment through ABA signaling, as well as in multiple stress responses such as salt stress, and there were significant differences in the expression of PmMYB4 in the eight tissues. These results provide a reference scheme for the functional identification of R2R3-MYB transcription factors, which may be involved in plant responses to multiple stresses such as drought, and enrich our understanding of the functions of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in plants.
Sparsiflcation of Probabilistic Canonical Correlation Analysis

We have recently developed several ways of performing Canonical Correlation Analysis (1, 5, 7, 4) with probabilistic methods rather than the standard statistical tools. How- ever, the computational demands of training such methods scales with the square of the number of samples, making these methods uncompetitive with e.g. artiflcial neural network methods (3, 2). In this paper, we examine a recent development which sparsifles a probabilistic method of performing principal component analysis and then use this method to sparsify a new proba- bilistic method of performing canonical correlation analysis.
Threat by Association, Islamic Puritanism and Conspiracy Beliefs Explain A Religious Majority Group’s Collective Protest Against Religious Minority Groups

This article addresses the question of why members of a majority group, despite their more powerful status, may protest against low-power minority groups. The present study addressed this question in the context of immanent intergroup relations between Muslims, as the majority group, and non-Muslims, as the minority group, in Indonesia. It is argued that at the core of such collective protests is a threat by association, a perception of the majority group members that the minority groups are in league with the West which threatens the existence of Muslims worldwide. Based on data collected using a survey questionnaire from Indonesian Muslims (N = 418) this study tested a hypothesised model using threat by association posed by the minority groups, Islamic puritanism and beliefs relating to western conspiracy to predict collective protests and intolerant intentions against non-Muslim minorities in Indonesia by using MPlus version 7.0. The hypothesised model found empirical support. The relationship between threat by association and Islamic puritanism with collective protests was mediated by Western conspiracy beliefs. It was also found that support for collective protests got translated into majority group members’ religious intolerant intentions against the people belonging to the non-Muslim minority groups. The article discusses the theoretical implications and research limitations of these empirical findings.
Analytical theory of the space-charge region of lateral p-n junctions in nanofilms

There is growing interest in fabricating conventional semiconductor devices in a nanofilm which could be a 3D material with one reduced dimension (e.g., silicon-on-insulator (SOI) film), or single/multiple layers of a 2D material (e.g., MoS2), or a two dimensional electron gas/two dimensional hole gas (2DEG/2DHG) layer. Lateral p-n junctions are essential parts of these devices. The space-charge region electrostatics in these nanofilm junctions is strongly affected by the surrounding field, unlike in bulk junctions. Current device physics of nanofilms lacks a simple analytical theory of this 2D electrostatics of lateral p-n junctions. We present such a theory taking into account the film's thickness, permittivity, doping, interface charge, and possibly different ambient permittivities on film's either side. In analogy to the textbook theory of the 1D electrostatics of bulk p-n junctions, our theory yields simple formulas for the depletion width, the extent of space-charge tails beyond this width, and the screening length associated with the space-charge layer in nanofilm junctions; these formulas agree with numerical simulations and measurements. Our theory introduces an electrostatic thickness index to classify nanofilms into sheets, bulk and intermediate sized.
Resistance Minimum in Dilute Magnetic Alloys

Based on the s-d interaction model for dilute magnetic alloys we have calculated the scattering probability of the conduction electrons to the second Born approximatism. Because of the dynamical character of the localized spin system, the Pauli principle should be taken into account in the intermediate states of the second order terms. Thus the effect of the Fermi sphere is involved in the scattering probability and gives rise to a singular term in the resistivity which involves clog T as a factor, where c is the concentration of impurity atoms. When combin:::d with the lattice resistivity, this gives rise to a resistance min~mum, provided the s-d exchan:~e integral J is negative. The temperature at which the minimum cccurs is proportional to c 15 and the depth of the minimum to c, as is observed. The predicted log T dependence is tested with available experiments and is confirmed. The value of J to have fit with experimmts is about -0.2 ev, which is of reasonable magnitude. Our conclusion is that J should be negative in alloys which show a resistance minimum. It is argued that the resistance minimum is a result of the sharp Fermi surface.