Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A compatibly differenced total energy conserving form of SPH

We describe a modified form of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) in which the specific thermal energy equation is based on a compatibly differenced formalism, guaranteeing exact conservation of the total energy. We compare the errors and convergence rates of the standard and compatible SPH formalisms on a variety of shock test problems with analytic answers. We find that the new compatible formalism reliably achieves the expected first‐order convergence for these analytic shock tests and, in all cases, improves the accuracy of the numerical solution over the standard formalism. We also examine the performance of our new formalism on a more complicated applied problem: the diversion of an asteroid by a kinetic impactor. We find the compatible discretization demonstrates measurable improvement in the convergence of properties such as the deflection velocity in this kind of applied problem as well. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RF MEMS Switches with Novel Materials and Micromachining Techniques for SOC/SOP RF Front Ends

To my beloved family! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Professor John Papa-polymerou, for his support, faith, superb and patient guidance, helping me to complete my Ph.D. study. I am grateful for spending time under his mentorship, and his model role also help to shape my research attitude. Shen for their time and help serving as my defense committee. For their generous assistance and help, I would like to thank all the cleanroom staff at Georgia Tech, their work maintaining the operation of the cleanroom is extremely important for my research. I really appreciate their help and friendship, I have learned a lot from the numerous discussions with them on the research, culture and future. I thank all the friends met in the cleanroom, I really enjoyed the innumerable hours spent in the cleanroom. I gratefully thank my parents for their love and care. I owe them a huge debt of gratitude for their selfless support and encouragement. I also like to thank my brothers and sisters for their support and help. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my wonderful wife and lifelong friend, Zheng Xia, for her love, faith, support and encouragement. Without them, I could not have made it through my Ph.D. study.
Anaerobic Processes

This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the research published in 2012 concerning anaerobic processes and their role in wastewater treatment technologies. Included in this review is a discussion on the characterization, development and optimization of novel approaches for waste treatment. The scope of this year's anaerobic processes literature review will include the following topics: process technology, integrated approaches, treatability studies, toxicity, modeling advances, microbiology, anammox, hydrogen production, and biogas treatment and use.
On predictive control for coordination in multi-carrier energy systems

Due to the increasing penetration of Distributed Generatio n (DG) technologies, such as photovoltaics, wind turbines, μCHP, biomass, etc., energy production changes from centralized units to diverse distribu ed units, located at lower voltage levels. In addition, installations of renewa ble energy resources are promoted by receiving a fixed feed-in tariff. These trend s provide new opportunities for consumers, deciding when to consume or pr duce energy. For investigating these aspects, the energy hub modeling fr amework is used, wherewith multiple energy carriers, DG, energy storage sys tem and Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are taken into account. Energy sys tems are considered to consist of a number of interconnected energy hubs , which represent the interface between the consumers and the power supply inf rastructures of the different energy systems. For the optimal operation of multi-carrier energy systems, a two-level control scheme is applied, which is divided into day-ahead planning and on-line dispatch. The on-line procedure adapts the pre-defined generat ion settings (determined by the day-ahead planner) to profile changes appear ing within the day. An appropriate on-line control procedure wherewith sy stem dynamics and forecast uncertainties can be taken into account is Mode l Predictive Control (MPC). By using a predictive approach, fluctuations wit hin energy prices, load profiles and input profiles from RES can be handled in an ap propriate way. In an ideal situation, the control procedure is implemented in a centralized way. In large-scale systems, however, the implementation o f a centralized controller may not be possible because of practical and orga nizational reasons. High data transfer and large optimization problems ar ise. Applying distributed control, the overall problem is divided into subpr oblems which are solved in a coordinated way. The distributed MPC approach pr oposed in this
Effects of Pollution on Freshwater Organisms

with Submersed Freshwater Macrophytes. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , 26, 135. Wolfaardt,G.M. ;Lawrence,1.R. ;Robarts,RD.; andCaldwell,D.E. (1998) In situ Characterization of Biofilm Exopolymers Involved in the Accumulation of Chlorinated Organics. Microbiol. Ecol. , 35,213. Woml, J., and S0ndergaard, M. (1998) Dynamics of Heterotrophic Bacteria Attached to Microcystis spp. (Cyanobacteria). Aquat. Microbiol. &01. , 14, 19. Wu, W. ; Sutton, B.C.; and Gange, A.C. (1998) Pseudophragmotrichum cubense gen. et sp. nov. on culms of Oncidium lucidum from Cuba. Mycol. Res., 102, 179. Wustman, B.A.; Lind, 1. ; Wetherbee, R; and Gretz, M.R (1998) Extracellular Matrix Assembly in Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) III. Organization of Fucoglucuronogalactans Within the Adhesive Stalks of Achnanthes longpipes. Plant Physiol. , 116, 1431. Xia" F. ; Beyenal, H. ; and Lewandowski, Z. (1998) An Electrochemical Technique To Measure Local Flow Velocity in Biofilms. Water Res. (G.B.), 32, 3631.
A SURVEY ON DE-AUTHENTICATION DOS ATTACK

ABSTRACT Data communication in wireless network employs radio frequency channels for transmission by obviating cables for link, broadcast and receiving of signals. Wireless LAN (WLAN) is a computer network that attaches computing nodes over the wireless medium. A Denial of Service (DoS) attack is a kind of assault that is intended at bringing down scheme resources. A hacker creates effort to create schemes resources unavailable to legitimate client. Although the clients protect their schemes with Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) security protocols, DoS attack is still prevalent. In this paper a study on various kinds of DoS attacks represented and their countermeasures on the infrastructure networks which are based on the Access Points (AP) is shown. In this paper, the major assaults known as Deauthentication and Disassociation Flooding DoS attacks are studied. In this paper we present a systematic survey of DoS attacks, which exploits MAC and physical layer vulnerabilities of 802.11 networks. Available countermeasures against DoS attacks are discussed. Future research directions and open issues are also discussed.
An Equivalent Carrier-based Implementation of a Modified 24-Sector SVPWM Strategy for Asymmetrical Dual Stator Induction Machines

A modified space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) strategy based on vector space decomposition and its equivalent carrier-based PWM realization are proposed in this paper, which is suitable for six-phase asymmetrical dual stator induction machines (DSIMs). A DSIM is composed of two sets of symmetrical three-phase stator windings spatially shifted by 30 electrical degrees and a squirrel-cage type rotor. The proposed SVPWM technique can reduce torque ripples and suppress the harmonic currents flowing in the stator windings. Above all, the equivalent relationship between the proposed SVPWM technique and the carrier-based PWM technique has been demonstrated, which allows for easy implementation by a digital signal processor (DSP). Simulation and experimental results, carried out separately on a simulation system and a 3.0 kW DSIM prototype test bench, are presented and discussed.
Implementing More Productive Management Training Programs

Some observations from the field provide practical insights into implementing management training. Human relations management training, broadly conceived, is a popular means by which numerous public organizations seek to enhance productivity. Public managers consume prodigious quantities of management training and should be seriously concemed with the effectiveness and success of such intake. Too much training poorly implemented, like too much fine wine, may actually impede rather than invigorate a robust organizational health. This article will provide several practical insights into how public organizations may go about better implementing their management training. What should one avoid and what strategies should be pursued with avid eagerness?
Higher order modes excitation of electrostatically actuated clamped–clamped microbeams: experimental and analytical investigation

In this study, we demonstrate analytically and experimentally the excitations of the higher order modes of vibrations in electrostatically actuated clamped–clamped microbeam resonators. The concept is based on using partial electrodes with shapes that induce strong excitation of the mode of interest. The devices are fabricated using polyimide as a structural layer coated with nickel from the top and chrome and gold layers from the bottom. Experimentally, frequency sweeps with different electro-dynamical loading conditions are shown to demonstrate the excitation of the higher order modes of vibration. Using a half electrode, the second mode is excited with high amplitude of vibration compared with almost zero response using the full electrode. Also, using a two-third electrode configuration is shown to amplify the third mode resonance amplitude compared with the full electrode under the same electrical loading conditions. An analytical model is developed based on the Euler–Bernollui beam model and the Galerkin method to simulate the device response. Good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data is reported.
1637, and all that

Perhaps the best-known and most extreme intrinsically complex problem is Fermat’s Last Theorem (FLT, 2011). Actually a conjecture from its publication in 1637, its proof lay hidden for 358 years until discovered by (the now) Sir Andrew Wiles (1995). Artificial Intelligence and the techniques available to expert systems attack many intrinsically complex problems, even if none are of the difficulty of FLT, and have had some success. However, many of the most difficult problems to solve are difficult not because of their intrinsic complexity – indeed many are quite simple – but because they tangle with other problems, to which their solution must contribute and by which their solution is constrained. Without an understanding of the context of the problem, a truly adequate solution will never be found. The question is, how can expert systems approach such problems? Such were the problems facing Adam Smith as he teased out how goods and services are valued. In his book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Smith, 1776), published 139 years after FLT, he identified the mechanisms involved as value was transferred within an economy and led him to provide the first modern view of economics. He wrote:
Evaluation of a constitutive model for clays and sands: Part II – clay behaviour

The undrained response of cohesive soils is of paramount importance in geomechanics and it has been modelled extensively for the last 50 years. In comparison, drained behaviour of clays has received only modest attention. Drained and undrained behaviour is significantly affected by past consolidation stress history. This paper evaluates the capabilities of the MIT‐S1 effective stress model, described in a companion paper, for predicting the anisotropic stress–strain–strength behaviour of clays. The paper illustrates the selection of model parameters for Lower Cromer Till, using data from standard types of laboratory tests. Comparison of model simulations with measured response for Lower Cromer Till and Boston Blue Clay illustrate model capabilities. The work focuses initially on comparisons of model predictions with measurements from undrained triaxial and plane strain tests on initially K0‐consolidated specimens. Comparisons with measured data from undrained shear tests performed in different modes of shearing for LCT and BBC show that the model: (a) gives excellent predictions of maximum shear stress conditions and accurately describes the non‐linear shear stress–strain behaviour; (b) accurately describes the anisotropic shear stress–strain–strength conditions for different consolidation stress histories; and (c) gives realistic description of mobilized friction angles, especially at large OCR's. The paper then focuses on the effects of consolidation stress history for isotropically consolidated specimens of resedimented Lower Cromer Till and Boston Blue Clay. Finally, the paper compares model predictions for drained shear tests on K0 and isotropically consolidated specimens with overconsolidation ratios, OCR⩽10, used to evaluate particular aspects of the critical state framework of soil behaviour. Overall, the model gives excellent predictions of the effect of initial anisotropy and overconsolidation stress history on the shear stress–strain and volumetric behaviour of clays. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threat detection with millimeter wave conformal antenna array using beamforming and direction of arrival estimation

In this article, an approach for the design of an electromagnetic nonimaging sensor is proposed for the application of threat detection. A millimeter wave (mmWave) conformal antenna array is designed which can act as a sensor node for detecting the threat. The techniques of beam switching and beamforming are employed on the designed array to achieve a directional beam and the optimum number of antenna elements essential for providing 360° coverage after beam steering are computed. Simulations from beamforming achieve better results for less number of antennas compared to beam switching. Thereafter, direction of arrival (DOA) estimation analysis of the arriving signal is performed with the Cramer‐Rao lower bound (CRLB) matrix considering the impact of channel fading along with elevation and azimuthal angles. Channel fading is taken into consideration recognizing its effect at mmWave frequency. These results are further validated with angle estimation from multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm.
Contaminated Aquatic Sediments

A review of the literature published in print and/or online in 2012 on subjects relating to the assessment, evaluation and remediation of contaminated aquatic sediments is presented. The review is divided into the following sections: policy, methodology, fate and transport, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and remediation.
Lowitz arcs

Lowitz arcs are one of the most famous and controversial of atmospheric halo phenomena. Since the classic St Petersburg halo display (Figure 1) recorded by Tobias Lowitz (1794) there have been occasional sightings, mostly as faint arcs connecting the parhelia and 22o halo. From early on, scholars had doubts about their existence (Hastings, 1920) and the case for Lowitz arcs weakened further as even recently they failed to show up convincingly in photographs. Mueller et al. (1979), Greenler (1980) and Tape (1994) all sounded a note of caution about the absence of photographic evidence. The traditional explanation of Lowitz arcs is refraction through regular hexagonal plate crystals having all orientations (also referred to as spinning crystals) about a horizontal axis passing through the crystals' opposite prism edges (Figure 2(a)). The ray paths generating the arcs are through faces inclined 60° to each other. Three different routes are possible in relation to the rotation axis and thus three different Lowitz arc components might be formed. We refer to these components as upper, lower and middle. Tobias Lowitz recorded only the lower component. Numerical ray-tracing simulations have been made since the pioneering work of Mueller et al. but the paucity of observational evidence has not permitted rigorous proof of the traditional explanation. The first convincing photos proving the existence of Lowitz arcs were obtained on 31 August 1994, when an exceptionally bright halo display occurred over central Finland. The display was mentioned by Tape and Können (1999), but no photographs were shown. Since 1994, further cases of Lowitz arcs have been recorded each year mainly by the halo observing networks in Finland and elsewhere (Trncak 2006). In the following we present photographs of four displays with Lowitz arcs. We model the displays by ray tracing using the simulator of Cowley and Schroeder (2002) and discuss the crystal shapes and orientations responsible for the arcs.
Introduction

The name biogeochemistry implies that it is a discipline integrating data, knowledge, concepts and theory from biology, geosciences and chemistry. Biogeochemists extensively use approaches from a wide range of disciplines, including physical, chemical and biological oceanography, limnology, atmospheric sciences, ecology and microbiology, civil and environmental engineering, soil science and geochemistry. This diversity in scientific backgrounds stimulates cross-fertilization and research creativity, which are needed to elucidate the reciprocal relationships between living organisms and their environment at multiple scales during times of global change. Biogeochemistry aims to provide a holistic picture of natural ecosystem functioning. The challenge is to identify the right level of detail needed to understand the dynamics of elemental cycles and the functioning of biological communities. This implies that single-cell organism level studies and molecular orbital calculations of chemical reactions require upscaling to the appropriate temporal and spatial scale (often involving first-principle physics based models) to understand how natural ecosystems deal with perturbations and how life has shaped our planet. Although biogeochemistry developed as a full discipline in the mid-1980s with the launch of the international geosphere-biosphere program (IGBP, 1987) and the journals Biogeochemistry (1984) and Global Biogeochemical Cycles (1987), its roots can be traced back to early scientists documenting how living organisms transformed chemical substances, such as oxygen production during photosynthesis (Priestly, 1733–1804), phosphorus in organisms’ tissues (Lavoisier, 1743–1789) and nitrogen fixation by bacteria (Beijerinck, 1851–1931). Naturalist and avant-la-lettre multidisciplinary scientists, such as Alexander von Humboldt (1769– 1859). Charles Darwin (1808–1882) and Alfred Lotka (1880–1949), pioneered what we would recognize as biogeosciences in the 21st century. Darwins’ studies of atmospheric deposition, bioturbation and formation and sustenance of coral reefs are still key areas in modern biogeochemistry. The tight relationship between living organisms and their environment figured prominently in Lotka’s book “Elements of Physical Biology” (1925): “It is not so much the organism or the species that
Development of the Radiofrequency Section of a Ku-band Multiple-Beam Klystron

ABSTRACT The multiple-beam klystrons (MBKs) are well known for some distinct performance advantages over their single-beam versions. The advantages of the MBKs include higher average power, relatively lower operating voltages, higher bandwidth, and low individual beam current. However, the design of the MBKs is more extensive and requires thorough and careful three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations and analysis. In this article, design of a four-beam klystron compatible with a predesigned electron gun is reported. Starting with simple analytical approach, detailed design and electromagnetic simulation results of the radiofrequency (RF) cavities are presented. Uniformity of the RF coupling between the external circuitry and the cavity RF field has been investigated in detail with the help of commercially available three-dimensional electromagnetic design code. A cold-test model of the RF cavity has been fabricated and its resonant frequency has been characterized experimentally. Design of the individual cavities, electromagnetic analysis of the same, simulation results of the beam-wave interaction, as well as the experimental frequency characterization of a fabricated cavity is presented in this paper.
Sustainable Use of Groundwater May Dramatically Reduce Irrigated Production of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat

Groundwater extraction in the United States (US) is unsustainable, making it essential to understand the impacts of limited water use on irrigated agriculture. To improve this understanding, we integrated a gridded crop model with satellite observations, recharge estimates, and water survey data to assess the effects of sustainable groundwater withdrawals on US irrigated agricultural production. The gridded crop model agrees with satellite‐based estimates of evapotranspiration (R2 = 0.68), as well as survey data from the United States Department of Agriculture (R2 = 0.82–0.94 for county‐level production and 0.37–0.54 for county‐level yield). Using the optimistic assumption that groundwater extraction equals effective aquifer recharge rate, we find that sustainable groundwater use decreases US irrigated production of maize, soybean, and winter wheat by 20%, 6%, and 25%, respectively. Using a more conservative assumption of groundwater availability, US irrigated production of maize, soybean, and winter wheat decreases by 45%, 37%, and 36%, respectively. The wide range of simulated losses is driven by considerable uncertainty in surface water and groundwater interactions, as well as accounting for the many aspects of sustainability. Our results demonstrate the vulnerability of US irrigated agriculture to unsustainable groundwater pumping, highlighting the difficulty of expanding or even maintaining irrigated food production in the face of climate change, population growth, and shifting dietary demands. These findings are based on reducing pumping by fallowing irrigated farmland; however, alternate pumping reduction strategies or technological advances in crop genetics and irrigation could produce different results.