Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Controlled modification of optical and structural properties of glass with embedded silver nanoparticles by nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation

Glass with embedded spherical silver nanoparticles of ~15 nm in radius contained in a layer with thickness of ~20 µm was irradiated using a nanosecond (36 ns) pulsed laser at 532 nm. Laser irradiation led to the formation of a thin surface film containing uniformly distributed nanoparticles - with an increase in the overall average nanoparticle size. Increasing the applied number of pulses to the sample resulted in the increase of the average size of the nanoparticles from 15 nm to 35 – 70 nm in radius, and narrowing of the surface plasmon band compared to the absorption spectra of the original glass sample. The influence of the applied number of laser pulses on the optical and structural properties of such a recipient nanocomposite was investigated.
Formation of OB clusters : OH maser observations.

Spectral line systhesis maps of six Class I OH masers associated with compact H II regions were made with the VLA. In general, the maser spots are closely associated with a single continuum condensation. We argue that this supports the idea that complicated H II regions such as G10.6--0.4 and G19.6--0.2 are in fact excited by a cluster of OB stars. In five out of our six cases, the OH masers are located at the edges of H II regions. This appears to support shock excitation by the expanding H II region as the dominant mechanism. However, observed velocity gradients may still be consistent with bound motions such as rotation or infall.
EPIC pn-CCD detector aboard XMM-Newton: status of the background calibration

We report on the current status of the background calibration of the EPIC pn-CCD camera on board XMM-Newton. The intrinsic background is comprised of internal electronic noise, and continuous and fluorescent X-ray emission induced by high-energy particles. Soft protons passing through the X-ray telescope (and finally also true cosmic X-rays) contribute to the registered events. The camera background has been monitored by using data in closed filter positions for three years; we review the spectral, spatial, and temporal distribution, for all commissioned instrument modes. This paper also discusses briefly the effects on scientific data analysis and conclusions for further observations and detectors.
Direct observation of electric field induced surface atomic displacements using the field ion microscope

Numerical calculations are used to determine the magnitude and directions of surface atomic displacements produced by imaging a tungsten specimen in a field ion microscope. These displacements are induced by surface forces resulting from the high electric field required for imaging in the instrument. The computations reveal that the maximum displacements occur in the brightly imaging regions of a tungsten emitter and can be as large as 0.1 nm. A color photographic technique is used to directly reveal the displacements in an actual experiment. The results of theexperiments corroborate those of the calculations.
The continuous spectrum of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. Part 2. Eigenfunction expansions

The expansion of an arbitrary two-dimensional solution of the linearized stream-function equation in terms of the discrete and continuum eigenfunctions of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation is discussed for flows in the half-space, y ε [0, ∞). A recent result of Salwen is used to derive a biorthogonality relation between the solution of the linearized equation for the stream function and the solutions of the adjoint problem. For the case of temporal stability, the orthogonality relation obtained is equivalent to that of Schensted for bounded flows. This relationship is used to carry out the formal solution of the initial-value problem for temporal stability. It is found that the vorticity of the disturbance at t = 0 is the proper initial condition for the temporal stability problem. Finally, it is shown that the set consisting of the discrete eigen-modes and continuum eigenfunctions is complete. For the spatial stability problem, it is shown that the continuous spectrum of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation contains four branches. The biorthogonality relation is used to derive the formal solution to the boundary-value problem of spatial stability. It is shown that the boundary-value problem of spatial stability requires the stream function and its first three partial derivatives with respect to x to be specified at x = 0 for all t. To be applicable to practical problems, this solution will require modification to eliminate disturbances originating at x = ∞ and travelling upstream to x = 0. For the special case of a constant base flow, the method is used to calculate the evolution in time of a particular initial disturbance.
An improved hybrid biogeography-based optimization algorithm for constrained optimization problems

Constrained optimization problems are very important as they are encountered in many science and engineering applications. A hybrid method based on modified augmented Lagran- gian multiplier and biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm is proposed to solve con- strained optimization problems. The basic steps of the proposed method are comprised of an outer iteration, in which the Lagrangian multipliers and various penalty parameters are updated using a first-order update scheme, and an inner iteration, in which a nonlinear optimization of the modified augmented Lagrangian function with simple bound constraints is implemented by BBO algorithm. Numerical results show that the proposed method is reliable and efficient for solving constrained optimization problems.
A comparative study based on patient-specific fluid-structure interaction modeling of cerebral aneurysms

A Comparative Study Based on Patient-Specific Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling of Cerebral Aneurysms by Tyler M. Brummer The Team for Advanced Flow Simulation and Modeling (T*AFSM) at Rice University has been developing techniques to address the computational challenges involved in fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modeling. The Stabilized Space-Time FSI (SSTFSI) core technologies, in conjunction with an array of special techniques, is used in a comparative study of patient-specific cerebral aneurysms. Ten cases, from three different locations, are studied, half of which were ruptured. The study compares the wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, and the arterial-wall stress and stretch, with the original motivation of finding significant differences between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Simpler approaches to computer modeling of cerebral aneurysms are also compared to FSI modeling.
Effects of stochastic parametrizations in the Lorenz '96 system

Stochastic parametrization of the effects of unresolved variables is studied in the context of the Lorenz '96 system. These parametrizations are found to produce clear improvements in correspondence between the model and ‘true’ climatologies; they similarly provide clear improvements in all ensemble forecast verification measures investigated, including accuracy of ensemble means and ensemble probability estimation, and including measures operating on both scalar (each resolved forecast variable evaluated individually) and vector (all forecast variables evaluated simultaneously) predictands. Scalar accuracy measures for non‐ensemble (i.e. single integration) forecasts are, however, degraded. The results depend very strongly on both the amplitude (standard deviation) and time‐scale of the stochastic forcing, but only weakly on its spatial scale. In general there seems not to be a single clear optimum combination of time‐scale and amplitude, but rather there exists a range of combinations producing similar results. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Stress hysteresis and mechanical properties of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited dielectric films

A comprehensive survey is described of the responses of three plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited dielectric film systems to thermal cycling and indentation contact. All three films—silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxy-nitride—exhibited significant nonequilibrium permanent changes in film stress on thermal cycling or annealing. The linear relationship between stress and temperature changed after the films were annealed at 300 °C, representing a structural alteration in the film reflecting a change in coefficient of thermal expansion or biaxial modulus. A double-substrate method was used to deduce both thermoelastic properties before and after the anneal of selected films and the results were compared with the modulus deconvoluted from small-scale depth-sensing indentation experiments (nanoindentation). Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and hydrogen forward scattering were used to deduce the composition of the films and it was found that all the films contained significant amounts of h.
Synergistic Effect of Displacement Damage, Helium and Hydrogen of Silicon Carbide Composite

ABSTRACT The mechanical properties of advanced SiC/SiC composite and polycrystalline, monolithic β-SiC under dual- and triple-ions irradiation to 1 and 10 dpa at 800°C, 1000°C, and 1300°C were investigated by a Nano-indentation test. Preliminary microstructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy was performed. Hardness and elastic modulus changes in response to ion irradiation were observed, but synergistic effects on these mechanical properties were not significant. In contrast, microstructural observation of the composites after 10 dpa at 1000°C showed that cavity formation behavior was dependent on the material and the helium or hydrogen implanted mode. The effect of gas elements on cavity formation and the mechanical properties are discussed.
Guided normal modes of two parallel circular dielectric rods

Some modes of two parallel, circular, lossless, dielectric rods are discussed for identical and nonidentical rods. The electromagnetic boundary-value problem is solved by use of an expansion of the mode field in circular harmonics. Examples of the distribution of flux density are given. The beat wavelength for the beating of energy between the rods computed for identical rods is compared with approximate results of coupled-mode theory.
On the interaction of a planar metal surface with a charge and with a molecule

We present a dynamic response approach to the interaction of a planar metal surface described by the semi-infinite jellium with a charge and with a molecule. In particular, we express the dynamic image potential of a moving charge as well as the van der Waals interaction energy of a neutral atom or molecule (static as well as moving) in terms of a form factor F(k, ω). This form factor F is not known accurately for general k and ω, and we discuss various formulas for different approximate forms for F. We show that the weakening (or saturation) of the interactions at distances close to the surface is determined mainly by the large k behavior of F and therefore we emphasize the need for an accurate numerical determination of this form factor for large k-regime.
Maser emission towards the young planetary nebula IRAS 17347-3139

Abstract We have re-analyzed observations of the water maser emission in IRAS 17347-3139 carried out previously and compared them with new higher angular resolution and more sensitive radio-continuum observations to explain the shift between the position of the peak of the radio-continuum with respect to the center of the ring-like distribution. From our analysis, we found that the water maser emission is not distributed in a closed ring-like structure, but in what appears to be a segment of an ellipse centered in the position of the peak of the radio-continuum. These results can explain the shift between the radio-continuum and the water maser emission. We also present interferometric observations of the OH maser emission towards IRAS 17347-3139 from which we have found that the OH maser emission detected previously is not associated with this source. Furthermore, since our observations are more sensitive, we have detected for the first time weak OH maser emission associated with IRAS 17347-3139.
Capacity-achieving distributions for non-Gaussian additive noise channels

We characterize the capacity-achieving distribution for a class of non-Gaussian additive noise channels, when the transmitter is subject to an "average" power constraint. Specifically, we show that if the probability density function of the noise, in addition to satisfying some mild technical conditions, has a tail which decays at a rate slower (resp. faster) than the Gaussian, then the capacity-achieving distribution has bounded (resp. unbounded) support.
An Overview of Fully On-Chip Inductors

This paper focuses on full integration of passive devices, especially inductors with emphasis on multi-layer stacked (MLS) structures of fully integrated inductors using patterned ground shield (PGS) and fully integrated capacitor. Comparison of diﬀerent structures is focused on the main electrical parameters of integrated inductors (e.g. inductance 𝐿 , inductance density 𝐿 𝐴 , quality factor 𝑄 , frequency of maximum quality factor 𝐹 𝑄 max , self-resonant frequency FSR, and series resistance 𝑅 DC ) and other non-electrical parameters (e.g. required area, manufacturing process, purpose, etc.) that are equally important during comparison of the structures. Categorization of inductor structures with most signiﬁcant results that was reported in the last years is proposed according to manufacturing process. Final geomet-rical and electrical properties of the structure in great man-ner accounts to the fabrication process of integrated passive device. This work oﬀers an overview and state-of-the-art of the integrated inductors as well as manufacturing processes used for their fabrication. Second purpose of this paper is insertion of the proposed structure from our previous work among the other results reported in the last 7 years. With the proposed solution, one can obtain the highest inductance density 𝐿 𝐴 = 23.59 nH/mm 2 and second highest quality factor 𝑄 = 10.09 amongst similar solutions reported in standard technologies that is also suitable competition for integrated inductors manufactured in advanced technology nodes.
TRANSMISSION TIMES OF STIMULUS-LOCKED RESPONSES OF OSCILLATORS CANNOT BE ESTIMATED BY AVERAGING ACROSS TRIALS

Transmission of stimulus-locked responses is studied in a model that shares basic features with stimulated neuronal rhythms: In two phase oscillators with bistable coupling and noise one oscillator is stimulated. The model presents a mechanism which causes a response clustering, i.e. a switching between two different responses across trials, without extinction of the averaged response (calculated over all trials). Transmission times are determined for all trials as well as for the two clusters separately with standard averaged responses. Transmission times calculated in this standard way correspond to the phase difference in the different stable synchronized states (when calculated for the two clusters separately) or their weighted superposition (when calculated over all trials). The standard method does not detect the time elapsing during the transmission of the stimulus' action. The consequences for the analysis of evoked responses are severe.
Low-field large magnetostriction in DyCo2 due to field-induced rearrangement of tetragonal variants

The synchrotron high-energy x-ray diffraction was used to trace directly the structural evolution of polycrystalline DyCo2, one of RT2 (R = rare earth, T = Co, Fe) compounds with Laves phase, as a function of temperature and magnetic field. When the DyCo2 compound was zero-field cooled down below TC, the high temperature cubic lattice was distorted into tetragonal structure, associated with an expansion of unit cell volume. It was further found that the large magnetostriction at low magnetic field was due to the preferential rearrangement of tetragonal variants in the low-temperature ferrimagnetic phase. Our finding of the field-driven preferential selection of tetragonal variants in the polycrystalline materials provides important clues for exploring the advanced ferromagnetic alloys with a large magnetostriction at low field.
Self-Healing Polymeric Soft Actuators

Natural evolution has provided multicellular organisms with sophisticated functionalities and repair mechanisms for surviving and preserve their functions after an injury and/or infection. In this context, biological systems have inspired material scientists over decades to design and fabricate both self-healing polymeric materials and soft actuators with remarkable performance. The latter are capable of modifying their shape in response to environmental changes, such as temperature, pH, light, electrical/magnetic field, chemical additives, etc. In this review, we focus on the fusion of both types of materials, affording new systems with the potential to revolutionize almost every aspect of our modern life, from healthcare to environmental remediation and energy. The integration of stimuli-triggered self-healing properties into polymeric soft actuators endow environmental friendliness, cost-saving, enhanced safety, and lifespan of functional materials. We discuss the details of the most remarkable examples of self-healing soft actuators that display a macroscopic movement under specific stimuli. The discussion includes key experimental data, potential limitations, and mechanistic insights. Finally, we include a general table providing at first glance information about the nature of the external stimuli, conditions for self-healing and actuation, key information about the driving forces behind both phenomena, and the most important features of the achieved movement.
Hardness and indentation modulus of human enamel and dentin

Information on mechanical properties of human enamel and dentin and effect of load on their deformation and damage tolerance is very important in the development of successful dental materials. In this study, the hardness, indentation modulus and deformation characteristics of tooth have been investigated across the lingual–buccal enamel and dentin cross‐section by instrumented indentation up to 1500‐nm indentation depth. We realized and examined the distribution of hardness and modulus at different areas of enamel and dentin with the aim to understand deformation behaviour at these different locations. Scanning electron microscopy was used for the microstructure characterization of the enamel and dentin and their deformation behaviour. Raman spectroscopy analyses were carried out for determination of the enamel and dentin composition as well. The average values of hardness and modulus for enamel in the occlusal area are 5.35 ± 0.19 and 98.1 ± 1.5 GPa, in the inner area 3.68 ± 0.5 and 81.8 ± 5 GPa and in the area close to the dentin–enamel junction 2.83 ± 0.27 and 71.4 ± 4.1 GPa, respectively. The average values of hardness and modulus of dentin in the area close to the dentin–enamel junction are 0.71 ± 0.05 and 21.27 ± 0.76 GPa and in the inner area 0.65 ± 0.06 and 19.79 ± 0.93 GPa, respectively. The effect of the indentation location on deformation and mechanical properties was clarified.
Numerical methods for optimal insurance demand under marked point processes shocks

This paper deals with numerical solutions of maximizing expected utility from terminal wealth under a non-bankruptcy constraint. The wealth process is subject to shocks produced by a general marked point process. The problem of the agent is to derive the optimal insurance strategy which allows "lowering" the level of the shocks. This optimization problem is related to a suitable dual stochastic control problem in which the delicate boundary constraints disappear. In Mnif \cite{mnif10}, the dual value function is characterized as the unique viscosity solution of the corresponding Hamilton Jacobi Bellman Variational Inequality (HJBVI in short). We characterize the optimal insurance strategy by the solution of the variational inequality which we solve numerically by using an algorithm based on policy iterations.
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS BY MASQUELET TECHNIQUE

Background: Osteomyelitis is a major problem in orthopedic surgery and is usually associated with open fracture surgery, bone reconstruction surgery, or orthopedic implants. Antibiotics alone cannot eradicate chronic osteomyelitis, surgical debridement and sequestrectomy is required to debride all necrotic and infected bone, soft tissue and sinuses. The treatment of broad bone gaps is still a surgical challenge, and there is no consensus about the best reconstruction methods. Objective: To evaluate the results of Masqulete technique in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective study that was conducted on 10 patients with chronic osteomyelitis done at Al-Azhar University and El Minia Health Insurance Hospitals during the period between May 2019 and May 2020. All patients were subjected to Masquelet Procedure, bone ends were debride until bleeding. The bone temporarily stabilized by external fixator, plate or intramedullary nail. The cement spacer was implanted with an overlap to the bone ends to provide a more extensive introduction of the membrane. After several weeks, the resultant then fibrous membrane was incised and the cement spacer removed. The contained void was filled with cancellous autograft. Autograft was obtained from iliac crest. In the Masquelet Procedure, bone ends were debride until bleeding. The bone temporarily stabilized by external fixator, plate or intramedullary nail. The cement spacer was implanted with an overlap to the bone ends to provide a more extensive introduction of the membrane. After several weeks,the resultant then fibrous membrane was incised and the cement spacer removed. The contained void was filled with cancellous autograft. Autograft was obtained from iliac crest. Results: This study comprised 6 men and 4 women. The average age of the included patients was 44.00 ± 2.62, and the average BMI was 25.20 ± 2.70. Among them 4 (40 %) patients did exercise, 3 (30 %) patients had smoking history, and 3 (30 %) patients had hypertension history. The study showed that post Masque let Technique complications are: 60% of patients had no complications, 20% had partial necrosis at edge of the flap, and 20% had superficial infection around the incision. Conclusion: Masquelet technique was a good new challenge in reconstruction treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with simple surgical procedure and low incidence of postoperative complications.
An overview of the Effect of using HHO on Spark ignition and direct injection engines combustion, performances, and emissions characteristics

: One of the major issues, the energy crisis, makes the globe dangerous and violent [1]. Every day, there is an increase in energy demand. Resources of energy are running out swiftly, and all indicators point to their impending demise. In such cases, renewable energy sources must be given more consideration. The widespread use of fossil fuels renders them unsustainable because they increase CO 2 levels and emit greenhouse gases that harm the environment [2]. With several trials of usage of HHO gas or compressed natural gas as a fuel performance improver on both internal combustion engines powered by gasoline or diesel up until this point, many advancements have been made in this field[3]. This paper comprises a survey of the numerous advancements that have occurred in this area. There was a net lead to an amplified in brake power from 2.1% to 5.8% and an increase in brake thermal efficiency from 10.27% to 35% with the addition of HHO gas. The usage of traditional fuels decreased by 20% to 30%, and HC and CO exhaust emissions decreased by an average of 14% and 18%, respectively.