Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantum-dot optical temperature probes

The steady-state photoluminescence (PL) properties of cadmium selenide quantum dots (QDs) with a zinc sulfide overlayer [(CdSe)ZnS] can be strongly dependent on temperature in the range from 100 to 315 K. The PL intensity from 50 to 55 A (CdSe)ZnS QDs in poly(lauryl methacrylate) matrices increases by a factor of ∼5 when the temperature is decreased from 315 to 100 K, and the peak of the emission band is blueshifted by 20 nm over the same range. The change in PL intensity is appreciable, linear, and reversible (−1.3% per °C) for temperatures close to ambient conditions. These properties of (CdSe)ZnS dots are retained in a variety of matrices including polymer and sol–gel films, and they are independent of excitation wavelength above the band gap. The significant temperature dependence of the luminescence combined with its insensitivity to oxygen quenching establishes (CdSe)ZnS dots as optical temperature indicators for temperature-sensitive coatings.
Estimation and control of a class of Euler discretized nonlinear systems

We deal with the observer and controller design for Euler discretized form of nonlinear systems. Busawon et al. (1993) treated the problem of digital implementation of the high gain observer given by Gauthier et al. (1992) via a simple forward Euler discretization scheme. De Leon-Morales et al. (1998) investigated the digital implementation of a high gain controller via a similar forward Euler discretization scheme. It is shown that the result is dual to that given by Busawon-Saif-Farza (1997). In this paper, the observer and controller design based on some of the results from Busawon et al. (1998) for the Euler discretized version of nonlinear system is treated.
Likelihood Ratio Tests for a Change in the Multivariate Normal Mean

Abstract A sequence of independent multivariate normal vectors with equal but possibly unknown variance matrices are hypothesized to have equal mean vectors, and we wish to test that the mean vectors have changed after an unknown point in the sequence. The likelihood ratio test is based on the maximum Hotelling T 2 for the sequences before and after the change point. The main result is a conservative approximation for its null distribution based on an improved Bonferroni inequality. If the change is judged significant, then further changes are estimated by splitting the two subsequences formed by the first change point. The methods can also be used to test for a change in row probabilities of a contingency table, allowing for extramultinomial variation. The results are used to find changes in a set of geological data previously analyzed by Chernoff (1973) by the “faces” method and to find changes in the frequencies of pronouns in the plays of Shakespeare.
Racial Discrimination and Private Regard Among Black Early Adolescents: Testing Between- and Within-Person Associations Over Time

The current study examined concurrent and longitudinal associations between experiences of racial discrimination and private regard (i.e., feelings about being Black and other Black people) among 346 Black early adolescents who completed four assessments over two years. Between-person (interpersonal) and within-person (intrapersonal) effects were tested to provide a rigorous and comprehensive examination of these associations. There was minimal evidence of significant between-person effects in which youth experiencing varying levels of racial discrimination differed in their private regard. However, at the within-person level, there were significant negative concurrent associations between racial discrimination and private regard, indicating that youths’ positive racial identity was undermined at times when they were encountering higher levels of racial discrimination than they typically did. Results highlight significant intrapersonal links between racial discrimination and private regard and underscore the continued need for interventions to eliminate racial discrimination and to support Black youth experiencing it.
Design principles for perfect adaptation in biological networks with nonlinear dynamics

Establishing a mapping between the emergent biological properties and the repository of network structures has been of great relevance in systems and synthetic biology. Adaptation is one such biological property of paramount importance that promotes regulation in the presence of environmental disturbances. This paper presents a nonlinear systems theory-driven framework to identify the design principles for perfect adaptation. Based on the prior information about the network, we frame precise mathematical conditions for adaptation using nonlinear systems theory. We first deduce the mathematical conditions for perfect adaptation for constant input disturbances. Subsequently, we first translate these conditions to specific necessary structural requirements for adaptation in networks of small size and then extend to argue that there exist only two classes of architectures for a network of any size that can provide local adaptation in the entire state space, namely, incoherent feed-forward structure and negative feedback loop with buffer node. The additional positiveness constraints further narrow the admissible set of network structures. This also aids in establishing the global asymptotic stability for the steady state given a constant input disturbance. The entire method does not assume any explicit knowledge of the underlying rate kinetics, barring some minimal assumptions. Finally, we also discuss the infeasibility of the incoherent feed-forward networks (IFFLP) to provide adaptation in the presence of downstream connections. Detailed and extensive simulation studies corroborate the theoretical findings. Moreover, we propose a generic and novel algorithm based on a nonlinear systems theory to unravel the design principles for global adaptation.
Russian Parental Values in the Cross-Country Context from 1990–1991 to 2017–2020

ABSTRACT The article analyzes parental values in Russia and 33 other countries, and considers how these values have changed from 1990–1991 to 2017–2020. Russian dynamics are analyzed via seven waves, while the international dynamics are assigned two waves. We used a combination of data from the World Values Survey and the European Values Study and discovered that in 1990 the Russian value agenda regarding children was highly survival oriented. By 2017–2020 certain changes had occurred: Russians no longer accented survival values (e.g., hard work, thrift, and obedience), with the exception of religiosity, which has markedly increased; self-expression values (e.g., independence and imagination) became more popular, while humanistic values lost much of their importance for Russians. In 33 countries, humanistic values remained as popular as in 1990, while survival values became less important. The change in Russian parental values runs parallel to the change in Russian personal values.
Spray-dried almond milk powder containing microencapsulated flaxseed oil

Abstract Spray-dried almond milk (AM) powders containing microencapsulated flaxseed oil (FO) were formulated at concentrations of 0, 2, or 4 g flaxseed oil/100 g sample. Powders containing 4% FO had a statistically higher b* value and appeared yellower than other treatments (p < 0.05). Theoretical yields ranged from 60.0 ± 6.1% to 62.4 ± 2.7% and were not statistically different between treatments. As expected, the proximate analysis showed predominant carbohydrate composition for all formulations and the highest total lipid content for the 4% FO treatment. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed spherical particles of approximately 5 µm for all treatments, and microencapsulation efficiencies ranging from 68.0 ± 1.2% to 73.9 ± 2.0%. AM powders containing 2% FO had lower lipid oxidation values than 4% formulations. AMFO powders could be an alternative to dairy milk powders and supply polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Self-sustaining Hybrid Renewable Energy DC Micro Grid System with Ideal Energy Superintendence for AC Load Operation

The paper presents a proposed design of SEPIC with high voltage gain for sustainable energy applications. The suggested circuit is structured by combining the standard SEPIC with a magnifying module. Hence the converter profits from various assets that the specific converter has, like uninterrupted input current. Also, high voltage gain and input current continuity makes the proposed converter applicable for sustainable energy sources. The altered SEPIC converter (MSC) gives higher voltage gain compared to standard SEPIC and recently addressed converters with single-controlled switch. The analysis of voltage gain in continuous current mode (CCM) and discontinuous current mode (DCM) is carried out by considering the non-idealities of semiconductor devices and passive components. The preference of semiconductor devices depending on voltage- current rating is put forward along with the designing of reactive components. The numerical simulation and experimental work is done and the results demonstrate viability of the MSC concept and theoretical analysis.
Optical demonstration of a new principle of far-field microscopy

A one-dimensional optical demonstration of a super-resolution phase-retrieval imaging method which does not require a holographic reference wave, is shown to be robust and relatively insensitive to defocus in the lens transfer function. The experiments employ a lens of small numerical aperture but the final specimen reconstruction, which is obtained in complex amplitude, greatly exceeds the Rayleigh resolution limit. The method has potentially important applications in electron microscopy where a similar gain in resolution would facilitate sub-angstrom resolution imaging via the microdiffraction plane of the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).
Riemannian wavefield extrapolation: Nonorthogonal coordinate systems

Riemannian wavefield extrapolation (RWE) is used to model one-way wave propagation on generalized coordinate meshes. Previous RWE implementations assume that coordinate systems are defined by either orthogonal or semiorthogonal geometry. This restriction leads to situations where coordinate meshes suffer from problematic bunching and singularities. Nonorthogonal RWE is a procedure that avoids many of these problems by posing wavefield extrapolation on smooth, but generally nonorthogonal and singularity-free, coordinate meshes. The resulting extrapolation operators include additional terms that describe nonorthogonal propagation. These extra degrees of complexity, however, are offset by smoother coefficients that are more accurately implemented in one-way extrapolation operators. Remaining coordinate mesh singularities are then eliminated using a differential mesh smoothing procedure. Analytic extrapolation examples and the numerical calculation of 2D and 3D Green’s functions for cylindrical and near-spher.
Electron tomography using a geometric surface-tangent algorithm: Application to atom probe specimen morphology

To adapt electron tomography for the specific study of specimen morphology, a novel reconstruction algorithm is proposed which treats strong intensity gradients in images as arising from the projected edges of surfaces. Images portraying scattering interfaces arising from absorption, elastic, or Fresnel diffraction processes are used to identify edge maps that define the abscissa of projected surface tangents. Differential geometry is used to calculate the shape of these surfaces by considering smooth variations of measured tangent abscissa to infer local tangent intersections. The approach outlined here is not restricted to convex shapes and is designed for cases where morphology is more important than retrieval of the three-dimensional scattering density. The proposed algorithm is tested on simulated data, experimental benchmark specimens of MgO nanoparticles and is then applied to a nanosized atom probe tip, for which the approach here was specifically developed.
The perception of timbre of steady‐state complex tones

The paper will present a review of work by the author in timbre perception. Steady‐state complex tones are characterized by three perceptual attributes: loudness, pitch, and timbre. Loudness and pitch are mainly determined by a single physical parameter: loudness by intensity and pitch by the fundamental frequency. Timbre, on the contrary, is not a one‐dimensional attribute: It is primarily determined by the shape of the sound spectrum and, therefore, multidimensional. This aspect of tone sensation was investigated by means of multidimensional scaling. For tones derived from musical instruments, excellent agreement between three‐dimensional timbre representations and three‐dimensional spectrum representations was found. The most important dimension is the slope of the spectrum: tones with strong low harmonics sound dull, tones with strong high harmonics sound sharp. Local peaks in the spectrum result in specific timbres as in speech vowels. It was found that the phase relation among the harmonics has only.
Wind dependence of quasi-specular microwave sea scatter

It is shown that a specular-point scattering model adequately predicts the relation between the average quasi-specular microwave scattering cross section of the sea and the mean wind speed. The mean-square sea slope required in this model varies with both the upper and lower ends of the waveheight spectrum, which in themselves are functions of wind speed. Optical measurements of slopes confirm this physical relationship. Finally, the resultant scattering cross section predicted by the slope-dependent specular-point model is compared with a set of recent measurements, lending credence to the model and interpretation suggested here.
STANDARD TYPEWRITER VERSUS CHORD KEYBOARD – AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON

An alpha-numeric data input keyboard is described which, by utilizing chords of two keys per character, minimizes the reach movements which are an intrinsic feature of typewriting. An experiment was carried out in which two groups of postmen wore trained for seven weeks, one group on the chord keyboard, the other on a standard typewriter. The results showed that the chord group became ‘ operational ’ about two weeks sooner than the typists. Beyond that point, improvement rates could be reasonably regarded as parallel, with the typists a little slower than the chord group with little difference in accuracy, other than that attributable to the special experimental conditions.
Structural Equation Modeling: Possibilities for Language Learning Researchers.

Although classical statistical techniques have been a valuable tool in second language (L2) research, L2 research questions have started to grow beyond those techniques’ capabilities, and indeed are often limited by them. Questions about how complex constructs relate to each other or to constituent subskills, about longitudinal development in those constructs and factors affecting that development, and about differences among populations in average amounts of complex constructs or in their relations require a broader analytical framework. Fortunately, that of structural equation modeling (SEM), a versatile and ever-expanding family of techniques, is able to accommodate such questions and many more. The current article describes some of the questions that can be addressed by SEM, presents some research examples within the existing L2 literature, and then provides examples of the incredible potential of SEM, cautions in its practice, and resources for further information.
Estimation Given Conditionals from an Exponential Family

Abstract Suppose we are given n independent observations (X 1, Y 1), …, (Xn, Yn ) from a conditionally specified distribution with density f(x, y). The problem of estimating the unknown parameters of f(x, y) is complicated by the presence of an intractable normalizing constant that, in this conditional approach, is chosen so that the density integrates to 1. An approach to estimation is used here that is known to result in asymptotically efficient estimators of the unknown parameters when f(x, y) is from an exponential family. It is an application of a method that has appeared in the literature and is due to J. K. Lindsey. It very conveniently avoids the dependence on the normalizing constants in the joint distribution. The usual maximum-likelihood estimates of the parameters can be obtained using software readily available for Poisson regression. The usefulness of this estimation method is illustrated for a model resulting from specifying that the conditionals are two-parameter, shape and scale, gamma. I.
On the k-Lucas Numbers of Arithmetic Indexes

In this paper, we study the k–Lucas numbers of arithmetic indexes of the form an+r , where n is a natural number and r is less than r. We prove a formula for the sum of these numbers and particularly the sums of the first k-Lucas numbers, and then for the even and the odd k-Lucas numbers. Later, we find the generating function of these numbers. Below we prove these same formulas for the alternated k-Lucas numbers. Then, we prove a relation between the k–Fibonacci numbers of indexes of the form 2rn and the k–Lucas numbers of indexes multiple of 4. Finally, we find a formula for the sum of the square of the k-Fibonacci even numbers by mean of the k–Lucas numbers.
High-Altitude Divert Architecture for Future Robotic and Human Mars Missions

Future robotic and human missions to Mars require improved landed precision and increased payload mass. Low ballistic coefficient entry vehicles decelerate high in the thin Mars atmosphere and may be used to deliver higher-mass payloads to the surface. A high-altitude supersonic propulsive divert maneuver is proposed as a means of precision landing for low ballistic coefficient entry vehicles that decelerate to supersonic speeds at altitudes of 20–60 km. This divert maneuver compares favorably to traditional precision landing architectures with up to 100% improvement in range capability while saving over 30% in propellant mass. Through Monte Carlo simulations, it was found that architectures that use hypersonic vehicles with ballistic coefficients of 10 kg/m2 can potentially land within 500 m of a target with this maneuver alone. This high-altitude divert range capability is sensitive to altitude and flight-path angle variations at maneuver initiation, and it is relatively insensitive to velocity at init.
Investigation of shear-banding structure in wormlike micellar solution by point-wise flow-induced birefringence measurements

Shear banding occurs in many wormlike surfactant solutions subject to strong shear flow. We study this interesting phenomenon by pointwise flow-induced birefrigence (FIB) measurements in a well-known aqueous surfactant system, cetylpyridinium chloride/sodium salicylate. The dynamic nature of the local rheo-optical properties, such as birefringence and extinction angle across the gap of a Couette cell, were investigated over a range of shear rates, in particular the stress plateau region where shear stress is nearly independent of shear rate. This is probably the first application of point-wise FIB for the investigation of shear banding. The variation of optical signals along the radial direction of the Couette cell indicates that the fluid becomes inhomogeneous and forms bended structures, with either two bands or three bands across the gap, depending on the applied nominal shear rate.
Shear wave logging in semi‐infinite saturated porous formations

Recent theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated the interest of using nonaxisymmetric sources, such as dipole and quadrupole, to record shear wave events in any kind of formation (fast or slow). Nonaxisymmetric sources excite surface waves whose Airy phase is predominant in the records at intermediate frequencies (≂3 to 6 kHz). They are referred to as the flexural and screw modes, respectively, for the dipole and the quadrupole sources. Their dispersion and attenuation are studied in a fluid‐filled borehole embedded in a homogeneous saturated porous formation. The two‐phase medium is modeled using Biot’s theory modified in accordance with the homogenization theory. Calculation of synthetic full waveform logs is also performed using the discrete wavenumber method. Whatever the formation, the most reliable information that can be extracted from low‐frequency parts of the wavetrains is the formation shear wave velocity and attenuation. It is of great interest in the inversion of Stoneley wave v.
Image retrieval using adapted Fourier Descriptors

We present a novel method of representing a shape. It is an adaptation of Fourier-theory-based descriptors. To obtain a good boundary description, we choose to define it in an 8-connectivity. Fourier Descriptors (FDs) have a disadvantage of giving equal weights to all its 8-neighbours. So, the Fourier coefficient formula must be completely recomputed so that horizontal and vertical neighbours are given more weight when compared with the diagonal neighbours. Under Java retrieval framework, we compare our proposed results with the existing FDs and validate the proposed method.
A probabilistic derivation of the exponential‐like distribution of bed load particle velocities

Particles transported as bed load within a specified streambed area possess a distribution of velocities. This distribution figures prominently in describing the rate of sediment transport and the rate of dispersal of particles during transport. We provide a probabilistic derivation of the distributions of streamwise and cross‐stream particle velocities under uniform, quasi‐steady transport conditions. The formulation centers on defining the ensemble of microstates of particle momenta (the set of possible ways to partition a fixed number of particles into momentum states) subject to the constraint that the sum of the particle momenta in each microstate is fixed, a constraint that is imposed by conditions of equilibrium transport. From this, we obtain the most probable distribution of momentum states, assuming each microstate within the ensemble is equally probable. The analysis suggests that, for small particle numbers, the distribution of velocities is exponential‐like but decays faster than an exponential function. For large particle numbers, the distribution is exponential. These distributions are consistent with experimental results from high‐speed imaging of sand particles transported as bed load over a planar bed, which reveal that the probability distributions of streamwise and cross‐stream particle velocities are exponential‐like. These particle velocity distributions also emerge from numerical analyses involving large eddy simulations of turbulent fluid motions and a discrete element method describing particle motions, wherein the large eddy simulations and discrete element method models are fully coupled in momentum.