Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research

R ECENTLY, orbiting evidence of unAmerican technological competition has focused attention on the role played by scientific research in our political economy. Since Sputnik it has become almost trite to argue that we are not spending as much on basic scientific research as we should. But, though dollar figures have been suggested, they have not been based on economic analysis of what is meant by "as much as we should. " And, once that question is raised, another immediately comes to mind. Economists often argue that opportunities for private profit draw resources where society most desires them. Why, therefore, does not basic research draw more resources through privateprofit opportunity, if, in fact, we are not spending as much on basic scientific research as is "socially desirable"? In order to answer some of these questions, it seems useful to examine the simple economics of basic research. How much are we spending on basic research? How much should we be spending? Under what conditions will these figures tend to be different? Is basic research marked by these conditions? If so, what can we do to eliminate or reduce the discrepancy? How much are we spending on basic research? In 1953, the latest date for which relatively sophisticated estimates are available, total expenditure on research and development was about $5.4 billion. Of that total, much more than half was for engineering development, much less than half for scientific research. Even less of the total, about $435 million in 1953, was spent on "basic research. " All evidence indicates that since 1953 expenditure on research and development has increased markedly; $10 billion seems a reasonable estimate for 1957. Expenditure on basic research has also increased at a rapid rate, perhaps at a faster rate than total research and development expenditure. But basic-research expenditure today is probably under $1 billion, less than one-quarter of 1 per cent of gross national product. ' How much should we spend on basic research? Replacing the Xi of the familiar literature on welfare economics with "basic research" provides the theoretical answer. From a given expenditure on science we may expect a given flow, over time, of benefits that would not have been created had none of our resources been directed to basic research. This flow of benefits (properly discounted) may be defined as the social value of a given expenditure on basic research. However, if we allocate a given quantity of resources to science, this implies that we are not allocating these resources to other activities and, hence, that we are depriving ourselves of a flow of future benefits that we could have obtained had we directed these resources elsewhere. The discounted flow of bene-
THE IMPACT OF THE MINIMUM WAGE ON EARNINGS AND EMPLOYMENT IN FRANCE

Introduction . 200 1. Main features of the SMlC . 201 11. Evidence on the effects of the SMIC. 205 111. An alternative approach . 207 A. The conceptual framework . 207 B. Real wage equations for youths and adults . 208 C. 21 1 Labour demand equations for youths and adults . IV. Conclusions. 214 Appendix: Data sources . 219
Exploring Gender Mainstreaming in Primary Education: A Cambodian Context

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.iii LIST OF TABLES.vi LIST OF ACRONYMS . vii LIST OF DIAGRAMS.viii CHAPTER 1: GENDER AND EDUCATION: SIGNIFICANCE TO CAMODIAN DEVELOPMENT.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF CAMBODIA: AN EDUCATIONAL FOCUS.3 GENDER ROLES IN CAMBODIA.10 Feminine Gender Roles.10 Masculine Gender Roles.12 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE FRAMEWORK.15 Masculinity and Gender as a Spectrum.16 GENDER MAINSTREAMING DISCOURSE.17 Gender Equality as Access.19 International Agendas and Dominant Western Discourse.21 Gender Mainstreaming in Education: Contesting Implementation.23 Gender & Feminist Theory.26 GLOBAL CASE STUDIES OF GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN EDUCATION.29 POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCH.31 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH PROCESS AND METHODS.34 OBSERVATION.37 LOCATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS.37 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS.42 POSITIONALITY.42 CHALLENGES.44 POTENTIAL BIAS IN METHODOLOGY.45 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS.48 GENDER TRAINING.48 ACCESS.54 SOCIAL ATTITUDES.60 FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS.67 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS.71 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS.72 PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS.73 FINAL NOTES.74 BIBLIOGRAPHY.75 APPENDIX A: Interview Questions.80 v APPENDIX B: Demographics of Participants.83 APPENDIX C: Ethics Approval.84
Stigma by association

Background Stigma affects not only people with mental illnesses, but their families as well. Understanding how stigma affects family members in terms of both their psychological response to the ill person and their contacts with psychiatric services will improve interactions with the family. Aims To investigate factors of psychological significance related to stigma of the relatives. Method In a Swedish multi-centre study, 162 relatives of patients in acute psychiatric wards following both voluntary and compulsory admissions were interviewed concerning psychological factors related to stigma. Results A majority of relatives experienced psychological factors of stigma by association. Eighteen per cent of the relatives had at times thought that the patient would be better off dead, and 10% had experienced suicidal thoughts. Stigma by association was greater in relatives experiencing mental health problems of their own, and was unaffected by patient background characteristics. Conclusions Interventions are needed to reduce the negative effects of psychological factors related to stigma by association in relatives of people with mental illness.
Psychological Factors and Treatment Adherence Behavior in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

Background: Chronic heart failure adversely affects 300,000 Australians. Symptom stabilization and prognosis are partially determined by patients following medical and lifestyle recommendations. Methods: To test the hypothesis that depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy are independent predictors of such adherence, 115 predominately male (70.6%) volunteers with a mean age of 63 years were recruited from a major teaching hospital in Australia. Results: Depression (Beck Depression Inventory score >10, 33.3%) failed to predict adherence. Trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score >40, 31%) explained minimal variability regarding smoking and alcohol adherence. Self-efficacy strongly predicted adherence behavior. Conclusions: Findings will assist cardiac nurses to prepare strategies to optimize adherence and quality of life while minimizing public health costs.
Carcass Characteristics of Forage-Finished Cattle Produced in Hawai'i

It is extremely difficult for the Hawai‘i beef industry to compete against the concentrate-finished beef that dominates the U.S. beef industry because of our state’s lack of grain production, lack of economy of scale, and an inefficient processing segment. Nevertheless, produc­ ers continue to keep their faith in the local and emerg­ ing niche markets, looking for opportunities for mar­ keting Hawai‘i-branded beef products. Forage, grass, or pasture-finished beef production is a natural phenomenon because cattle, being ruminants, efficiently utilize forages for its growth. There are 614 delineated watersheds in our state providing the oppor­ tunity to produce quality forages. Thus, producing for­ age-finished beef by matching production requirements with our diverse environmental conditions is a real and viable option for the Hawai‘i beef industry. Recently, market awareness for locally grown and raised products has been on the rise. Programs such as CTAHR’s “A Taste of the Hawaiian Range Agricultural Festival,” the Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture’s “Is­ land Fresh” program, activities of the Hawaiian Regional Cuisine Chef Organization, and other independent prod­ uct brand labeling have contributed to the increased awareness of local products. “Buy Local” campaigns have seen a positive development and growth of niche markets within our insular island economy. For the beef industry, a movement toward target marketing of for­ age-finished beef has aroused the interest of several ranchers and end-users, such as restaurants and super­ markets. In the past, quality issues have plagued for­ age-finished beef products. Studies have shown that for­ age-finished beef are generally less tender, slightly darker in color, have a shorter shelf-life, and have unde­ sirable flavor differences compared to concentrate-fin­ ished beef (Bowling et al. 1977; Kim 1995). However, it is known that forage-finished beef has positive as­ pects as well. For example, beef from forage-finished carcasses is leaner and has higher levels of healthy fatty acids (omega-3, conjugated linoleic acid). Therefore, it appears that pasture-finished beef produced in Hawai‘i has the potential to be marketed as natural, health-pro­ moting food, particularly for those groups of people seek­ ing animal products raised in natural conditions without much intervention on animals’ dietary intake or admin­ istration of growth-promoting agents. Understanding the current status of carcass traits of forage-finished cattle produced in Hawai‘i is important in improving carcass characteristics and meat palatabil­ ity. Currently, however, no data are available, so this study was conducted to survey carcass characteristics of forage-finished cattle produced in various subtropi­ cal environments on the island of Hawai‘i.
Depressive Complaints as a Predictor of Sickness Absence Among the Working Population

Objective: To study the relationship between depressive complaints and sickness absence in the working population. Methods: Data from a prospective epidemiological cohort (n = 3339) were used. Depressive complaints were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD-D) Scale. Sickness absence was assessed objectively through individual record linkage with the company registers. Results: Higher levels of depressive complaints were associated with a shorter time to first sickness absence spell and a longer duration of sickness absence. In women with mild depressive complaints, the average number of sickness absence days over 10 months follow-up was 27.37 (SD = 64.73) days versus 11.01 (SD = 30.03) days (P < 0.001) in employees scoring within the reference range. In men this was 14.48 (SD = 38.73) days versus 7.67 (SD = 25.80) days (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Prevention of mild depressive complaints might be beneficial in preventing future sickness absence.
A revision of the Neotropical species of Bolitogyrus Chevrolat, a geographically disjunct lineage of Staphylinini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)

Abstract The Neotropical species of the rarely collected genus Bolitogyrus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae: Staphylinini) are revised. The genus exhibits an uncommon, disjunct distribution between the Neotropical and Oriental Regions and is of unknown phylogenetic position within Staphylinini. Morphological evolution remarkable for Staphylinini was discovered within Bolitogyrus, including sexually dimorphic modifications of the pronotum that may be involved in male competition for females. rSEM interactive animations were used to establish morphological species boundaries between two highly variable species and are provided to illustrate diagnostic characters of the genitalia in unconventional views. The genus is redescribed based on the world fauna and twenty-eight Neotropical species are considered valid. Of these, nineteen are described as new to science: Bolitogyrus ashei sp. n. ; B. apicofasciatus sp. n. ; B. brevistellus sp. n. ; B. bufo sp. n. ; B. cheungi sp. n. ; B. cornutus sp. n. ; B. divisus sp. n. ; B. falini sp. n. ; B. gracilis sp. n. ; B. inexspectatus sp. n. ; B. longistellus sp. n. ; B. marquezi sp. n. ; B. newtoni sp. n. ; B. pseudotortifolius sp. n. ; B. pulchrus sp. n. ; B. silex sp. n. ; B. thomasi sp. n. ; B. tortifolius sp. n. ; and B. viridescens sp. n. Bolitogyrus sallei (Kraatz), stat. r. is removed from synonymy with B. buphthalmus (Erichson) and the following new synonyms are proposed: Cyrtothorax cyanescens Sharp, 1884, syn. n. = Quedius buphthalmus Erichson, 1840; C. nevermanni Scheerpeltz, 1974, syn. n. = C. costaricensis Wendeler, 1927. A summary of all available bionomic and distributional data, as well as an illustrated identification key to and diagnoses of all Neotropical species are provided.
Clusters and the Great Recession

The depth of the Great Recession and the current COVID-19 crisis have increased the interest in the economic resilience of regions. This paper evaluates the role of clusters in the resilience of regional industry employment to economic downturns. Regions specialized in particular clusters (groups of closely related industries operating within a region) enjoy agglomeration economies that could mitigate the effects of recessions and the resulting increase in uncertainty. However, cluster specialization could also propagate negative shocks among related industries, increasing the impact of recessions. This paper explores these issues over the period of the Great Recession. Using a recently available set of cluster definitions (Delgado, Porter, and Stern, 2016), we examine annual employment growth in region-industries (6-digit NAICS) in the United States from 2003 through 2011. Overall, we find that larger regional industries experienced lower employment growth over the full business cycle, and this convergence effect was greater during the financial crisis. However, those industries located within a stronger cluster (in terms of employment, number of businesses, the presence of buyers and suppliers, and shared labor occupations) or a broader cluster (in terms of the number of specialized industries) experienced relatively higher annual growth from 2003 to 2011, and especially during the crisis. The benefits of location in a strong cluster were greater for supply chain industries (i.e., those that sell primarily to other businesses) than for business-to-consumer industries across the whole business cycle. These findings suggest that the strength and breadth of regional clusters improve the employment resilience of the constituent industries, with inter-firm, inter-industry linkages as a relevant source of resilience in the face of uncertainty. In contrast, large regional industries located in weak clusters were highly vulnerable to the Great Recession.
Integrating Telemedicine For Disaster Response: Testing The Emergency Telemedicine Technology Acceptance Model

INTEGRATING TELEMEDICINE FOR DISASTER RESPONSE: TESTING THE EMERGENCY TELEMEDICNE TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL Theresa M. Davis PhD George Mason University, 2013 Dissertation Director: Dr. Elizabeth Chong Background: There is little evidence that technology acceptance is well understood in healthcare. The hospital environment is complex and dynamic creating a challenge when new technology is introduced because it impacts current processes and workflows which can significantly affect patient care delivery and outcomes. This study tested the effect of the Emergency Telemedicine Technology Acceptance Model (ETTAM) to predict technology acceptance scores. Managing surge capacity, a sudden increase of severely injured patients during a disaster, is a critical global issue. Mobile telemedicine was introduced into emergency departments in multiple hospital systems for activation during a simulated mass casualty incident (MCI) to leverage clinical expertise and to manage surge capacity. The success of this program was dependent on the user’s acceptance of the technology. The Simulation Telemedicine Acceptance Tool (STAT) was adapted to measure technology acceptance scores. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the Emergency Telemedicine Technology Acceptance Model (ETTAM) using telemedicine during a simulated mass casualty incident. The theoretical foundation of the study used components of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to explore multiple constructs and their influence on technology acceptance. Research Questions: R1. What are the differences between the total three key determinant scores of those who received telemedicine training compared with those who did not? R2. How much of the variability of attitude is explained by the three key determinants? R3. How much of the variability of attitude is explained by intention to use telemedicine? R4. How much of the variability in total technology acceptance scores is explained by telemedicine training methods? R5. What is the relationship between total technology scores and the external variables for the trained and untrained observations? R6. How much of the variability of total technology acceptance scores is explained by an onsite champion? R7. Will the ETTAM reflect positive relationships between the constructs that make up the Simulated Technology Acceptance Tool? Three key determinants were defined as: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and understanding of process. Telemedicine training methods included lecture, simulated practice scenarios, and a full scale drill. External variables included highest level of education, clinical role, primary hospital affiliation, primary work setting, years of clinical experience, years of teleICU technology use, gender and age.
Molecular Analysis of Proteins in the Plant Plasma Membrane

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 211 PROTON PUMP (H+-ATPase) . 213 Pre-DNA Cloning Years 213 A Gene Family is Born 215 The Next Generation 220 CARRIERS AND CHANNELS . _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _,. _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . 222 PROTEIN KINASES 226 FUTURE PROSPECTS . 229
An Analysis of the Accuracy of Photo-Based Plant Identification Applications on Fifty-Five Tree Species

Background: With the creation of photo-based plant identification applications (apps), the ability to attain basic identifications of plants in the field is seemingly available to anyone who has access to a smartphone. The use of such apps as an educational tool for students and as a major identification resource for some community science projects calls into question the accuracy of the identifications they provide. We created a study based on the context of local tree species in order to offer an informed response to students asking for guidance when choosing a tool for their support in classes. Methods: This study tested 6 mobile plant identification apps on a set of 440 photographs representing the leaves and bark of 55 tree species common to the state of New Jersey (USA). Results: Of the 6 apps tested, PictureThis was the most accurate, followed by iNaturalist, with PlantSnap failing to offer consistently accurate identifications. Overall, these apps are much more accurate in identifying leaf photos as compared to bark photos, and while these apps offer accurate identifications to the genus-level, there seems to be little accuracy in successfully identifying photos to the species-level. Conclusions: While these apps cannot replace traditional field identification, they can be used with high confidence as a tool to assist inexperienced or unsure arborists, foresters, or ecologists by helping to refine the pool of possible species for further identification.
Your Transformer May Not be as Powerful as You Expect

Relative Positional Encoding (RPE), which encodes the relative distance between any pair of tokens, is one of the most successful modifications to the original Transformer. As far as we know, theoretical understanding of the RPE-based Transformers is largely unexplored. In this work, we mathematically analyze the power of RPE-based Transformers regarding whether the model is capable of approximating any continuous sequence-to-sequence functions. One may naturally assume the answer is in the affirmative -- RPE-based Transformers are universal function approximators. However, we present a negative result by showing there exist continuous sequence-to-sequence functions that RPE-based Transformers cannot approximate no matter how deep and wide the neural network is. One key reason lies in that most RPEs are placed in the softmax attention that always generates a right stochastic matrix. This restricts the network from capturing positional information in the RPEs and limits its capacity. To overcome the problem and make the model more powerful, we first present sufficient conditions for RPE-based Transformers to achieve universal function approximation. With the theoretical guidance, we develop a novel attention module, called Universal RPE-based (URPE) Attention, which satisfies the conditions. Therefore, the corresponding URPE-based Transformers become universal function approximators. Extensive experiments covering typical architectures and tasks demonstrate that our model is parameter-efficient and can achieve superior performance to strong baselines in a wide range of applications. The code will be made publicly available at https://github.com/lsj2408/URPE.
Eating Disorders with Comorbid Anxiety Disorders Eating Disorders with Comorbid Anxiety Disorders

Although eating disorders and anxiety disorders (AD) are under different diagnosis categories, it is striking that they have high comorbidity and similar clinical features. The most frequently informed anxiety disorders are obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Moreover, in cases with a tendency of perfectionism, concern and harm avoidance before the diagnosis of eating disorder, the anxiety disorder is able to be failed to notice. The existence of anxiety disorder or eating disorder makes these syndromes worse. Until today, the relation in between eating disorder and AD has tried to be clarified by phenomenological, neurobiological and family studies. But even if a significant relation has been specified in phenomenological aspect in between OCD and eating disorders, the relation in between eating disorders and other AD is not clear. The existence of AD may be a risk factor in the arise of eating disorders. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of childhood-adolescence occurring AD may prevent the development of eating disorders. The comorbidity of eating disorders and AD is negatively affecting the treatment and prognosis of the disorder. Moreover, there is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of treatment options (medication, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy) used in the treatment of cases with a diagnosis of concurrent eating disorder and anxiety disorder. In this chapter, a review of the literature on the comorbidity between eating disorders and the anxiety disorders of OCD, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), SAD, GAD, simple phobia, agoraphobia and panic disorder.
Estimating Aggregate Properties on Probabilistic Streams

The probabilistic-stream model was introduced by Jayram et al. \cite{JKV07}. It is a generalization of the data stream model that is suited to handling ``probabilistic'' data where each item of the stream represents a probability distribution over a set of possible events. Therefore, a probabilistic stream determines a distribution over potentially a very large number of classical "deterministic" streams where each item is deterministically one of the domain values. The probabilistic model is applicable for not only analyzing streams where the input has uncertainties (such as sensor data streams that measure physical processes) but also where the streams are derived from the input data by post-processing, such as tagging or reconciling inconsistent and poor quality data. We present streaming algorithms for computing commonly used aggregates on a probabilistic stream. We present the first known, one pass streaming algorithm for estimating the \AVG, improving results in \cite{JKV07}. We present the first known streaming algorithms for estimating the number of \DISTINCT items on probabilistic streams. Further, we present extensions to other aggregates such as the repeat rate, quantiles, etc. In all cases, our algorithms work with provable accuracy guarantees and within the space constraints of the data stream model.