Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Fracture Relative Permeability - What is the Best Option?

In dual porosity systems it is important to model the multiphase flow at the fracture in order to establish the best way to obtain the greatest advantage in injection and production processes. In this study, a numerical simulation analysis is performed to study the effects of fracture relative permeability on the productive behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs. Simulations are made using analytical fracture relative permeability functions taken from the literature and pseudo-curves obtained from empirical variations of the fracture relative permeability function proposed by Romm (1966). The results of this study show that the representation of the fracture relative permeability as a linear function of saturation is not applicable for all naturally fractured reservoir scenarios and the need to consider the effects of saturation endpoints. Also, the analysis shows the need to treat this parameter as a history match property based on the specificity of the rock-fluid interaction and the need of laboratory testing to determine which model is more suitable for the conditions of the reservoir. Thus, it is shown the need to jointly analyze the petrophysical properties and the properties of fluid-rock interaction in both the matrix and fracture systems.
The complete sequence of a 10.8 kb segment distal of SUF2 on the right arm of chromosome III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals seven open reading frames including the RVS161, ADP1 and PGK genes

We have entirely sequenced a 10,835 bp segment of the right arm from chromosome III contained in the J11D and J11D‐K3B GF clones. The segment contains seven open reading frames longer than 100 amino acids. Three of them, RVS161 (Urdaci et al., 1990; Crouzet et al., 1991), ADP1 (Purnelle et al., 1991) and PGK1, (Hitzeman et al., 1982) have been described previously. YCR10C, encodes a putative membrane protein. YCR8W, (encoding a putative protein kinase) and YCR14c extend inside the D10H (Skala et al., 1991) and 62B5‐2D clones respectively. Four ARS elements previously reported by Palzkill et al., (1986) are located between RVS161 and YCR10C.
Cloud computing adoption

Cloud computing has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in the economics of computing. Tens of millions of consumers, and a much smaller number of small to mid-size businesses have already been using some cloud services. However, large enterprises and governments are not ready to get on the bandwagon just yet. In this paper, I will survey the status of cloud computing, and discuss the issues with some of the major challenges.
ESTRUTURA E PRODUÇÃO DE DUAS POPULAÇÕES NATIVAS DE CASTANHEIRA-DO-BRASIL (Bertholletia excelsa O. Berg) EM RORAIMA

Yield and structure of two Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa O. Berg) native populations in Roraima. This work was carried out with the objectives of studying the population structure, spatial distribution, height -diameter curve and the fruits and seeds yield of Brazil nut in two native populations in the south of the state of Roraima, Brazil. Two permanent sample plots of 300 x 300 m were located and all the individuals with DBH (diameter at breast height) ≥ 10 cm, were identified, mapped and measured. In each tree were appraised the light climate, crown form and the lianas load. To identify the spatial distribution pattern was used the medium variance/average rate and the Morisita ’ s Index. The height – diameter relationship was obtained by regression analysis, being tested 6 models. The yield data were obtained by the count of the fruits, and weight of seeds of 150 trees during the year of 2006. As results, great predominance of adult individuals was observed (DBH≥ 50 cm), representing 69% of the total tree number. Young individuals (DBH <50 cm) corresponded to 31%. The space distribution analysis showed that adult individuals presented random distribution and the youngs tendency of grouping. The model d
Thermal model of the Vesuvius magma chamber

A thermal modeling of the Vesuvius is presented, based on its magmatic and volcanic history. A 2D numerical scheme has been developed to evaluate the heat transfer inside and around a magma body, the latent heat of crystallization and the inputs of magma from the asthenosphere to a crustal reservoir. Assuming a ratio >1 between velocities of magma ascending in the conduit and magma laterally displaced in the reservoir, the results indicate that, after 40 ka, the reservoir is vertically thermally zoned. As a consequence it hosts magma batches that can individually differentiate, mix and be contaminated by the crust, and produce the spectrum of isotopic compositions of the Vesuvian products. The thermal model reproduces the geothermal gradient and the brittle‐ductile transition (250–300°C) at 6 km of depth (the maximum depth of earthquake foci) only after 0.5–1 Ma, implying a long lived magma chamber below the volcano.
The response of ridge-crest hydrothermal systems to segmented, episodic magma supply

Abstract Segmented, episodic magma supply and cracking models, advanced to explain ridge-axis discontinuities and along-strike variability, have provoked a recent shift in mid-ocean ridge crest hydrothermal models. Segment-scale and time-series observations of hydrothermal vents and plumes along fast and intermediate spreading centres reveal a close coupling between magma supply and hydrothermal fluxes. Based on the premise that magma supply exerts a primary control on hydrothermal processes, a new paradigm of segmented hydrothermal circulation has arisen featuring independent temporal evolution of hydrothermal systems along individual ridge segments. This paradigm explains observed segment-to-segment variations in the chemical composition of vent fluids and plumes (‘chemical segmentation’). Hydrothermally active segments can be classified, independently of spreading rate, into two types that represent end-members for the coupling of hydrothermal and magmatic processes: magma-rich segments and magma-starved segments. Along magma-rich segments, magma intrudes to shallow depths where water:rock ratios are high. Seafloor vent distribution tends to be magmatically controlled along dyke-induced fissures. Along magma-starved segments, intrusion is at greater depth, and deep cracks (usually faults) are required to transport water to and from the heat source. Water:rock ratios are low and vent locations are influenced by crustal permeability structure, as well as heat source location. Although both segment types can occur at any spreading rate, magma-rich segments are more common at faster spreading rates, and magma-starved segments are more typical at slow spreading rates.
Comparison of model-produced active layer fields : Results for northern Alaska

[1] In this study we compare gridded active layer thickness (ALT) fields representing northern Alaska produced by the State Hydrological Institute (SHI), National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), and Geophysical Institute–University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF-GIPL 2.0) spatial permafrost models. Comparison of model-produced ALT fields representing northern Alaska revealed substantial differences. The largest difference in modeled ALT was found in the interior of Alaska. However, the spatial distribution of observational sites, most of which are on the North Slope, precludes definitive conclusions about the accuracy of model prediction for the Alaskan interior. Accuracy of the model-produced ALT fields was assessed at a series of monitoring sites and over a 27,000 km2 region in north-central Alaska with known spatial ALT distribution. The NSIDC model is very accurate over the extent of the topographically homogeneous Coastal Plain but overestimates ALT in more complex terrain of the Brooks Range Foothills. The UAF-GIPL 2.0 model reproduced site-specific active layer values well but overestimated ALT on the Coastal Plain. Although the SHI model provided relatively accurate estimates, it was unable to reproduce interannual active layer dynamics. Large differences in ALT fields have primarily resulted from differences in approaches adopted in each model for characterization of largely unknown spatial distribution of surface (vegetation, snow) and subsurface (soil properties, soil moisture) conditions. Results from this study identify the nature and magnitude of error in ALT fields produced by permafrost models.
Lunar Water Resource Demonstration (LWRD) Test Results

NASA has undertaken the In-Situ Resource Utilization (lSRU) project called RESOLVE (Regolith and Environment Science & Oxygen and Lunar Volatile Extraction). This project is an Earth-based lunar precursor demonstration of a system that could be sent to explore permanently shadowed polar lunar craters, where it would drill into regolith, quantify the volatiles that are present, and extract oxygen by hydrogen reduction of iron oxides. The RESOLVE chemical processing system was mounted within the CMU rover "Scarab" and successfully demonstrated on Hawaii's Mauna Kea volcano in November 2008. This technology could be used on Mars as well. As described at the 2008 Mars Society Convention, the Lunar Water Resource Demonstration (LWRD) supports the objectives of the RESOLVE project by capturing and quantifying water and hydrogen released by regolith upon heating. Field test results for the quantification of water using LWRD showed that the volcanic ash (tephra) samples contained 0.15-0.41% water, in agreement with GC water measurements. Reduction of the RH in the surge tank to near zero during recirculation show that the water is captured by the water beds as desired. The water can be recovered by heating the Water Beds to 230 C or higher. Test results for the capture and quantification of pure hydrogen have shown that over 90% of the hydrogen can be captured and 98% of the absorbed hydrogen can be recovered upon heating the hydride to 400 C and desorbing the hydrogen several times into the evacuated surge tank. Thus, the essential requirement of capturing hydrogen and recovering it has been demonstrated. ,
Combined measurements of clouds using satellites, aircraft, and ground-based instruments

Cloud microphysical parameters such as optical thickness, effective particle radius, and liquid water path are obtained by measuring reflected or emitted radiation at various wavelengths from visible to microwave spectral region. Individual methods have both advantage and disadvantage since the cloud radiative properties are dependent on the relationship between particle size distribution and wavelength of radiation. Therefore comparison of retrieved parameters between different remote sensing measurements is important. On the other hand, the combination of various types of sensor is quite effective to the retrieval of cloud properties. In this study, some issues on the comparison between satellite remote sensing and groundbased or aircraft observations are discussed and some ideas such as statistical method are presented.
Grampian orogenesis and the development of blueschist-facies metamorphism in western Ireland

Rb–Sr and 40Ar/39Ar step-heating and in situ 40Ar/39Ar laserprobe dating of fabric-forming micas provide new constraints on the timing of Grampian orogenesis and the associated development of blueschist-facies metamorphism at the Laurentian margin in NW Ireland. Early (MP1) blueschist-facies assemblages were developed in metabasites of the Dalradian Supergroup deposited near the edge of the incipient Laurentian margin, contemporaneous with Barrovian metamorphism in the Dalradian closer to the Laurentian foreland. The regional D2 event is associated with the formation of orogen-scale fold nappes and is constrained in the Dalradian by S2 muscovite ages of c. 460 Ma, which are probably recording crystallization. Importantly, the Clew Bay Complex, previously considered as an exotic terrane (correlated with the Highland Border Complex of Scotland) and the Dalradian are in structural continuity. Muscovite from the S2 nappe fabric in the Clew Bay Complex also yields identical c. 460 Ma ages. During D3, dextral shearing tilted the recumbent D2 nappes into a vertical, downward-facing orientation adjacent to the Laurentian margin. D3 is constrained by S3 muscovite ages of c. 448 Ma. Synchronous deformation of the Dalradian Supergroup and the Clew Bay Complex in the mid-Ordovician Grampian orogeny casts doubt on both the validity of Silurian microfossil dates obtained from the Clew Bay Complex and the exotic status of both this ‘terrane’ and the correlative Highland Border Complex of Scotland.
The analysis of the influence of pumice shape on its terminal velocity

Pumice particles represent the basic “ingredient” of many large explosive eruptions and form as a result of magma fragmentation inside the conduit. At the onset of eruption, fragmental pumices are expelled at high velocity from the crater by the overpressure of gas liberated on explosion. The resulting multiphase flow is forced through atmosphere by a variety of transportation mechanisms and pumices eventually decouple from the gas flow, settling down to form pyroclastic deposits. Here we propose new experimental data of terminal velocity together with a quantitative shape analysis of a wide range of pumice particles. The resulting model allows predicting the terminal velocity of pumice by means of easily measured particle characteristics, with an average error of 12%, which compares favourably with previous models.
DENSE SAND WEAKENED BY CONTINUOUS PRINCIPAL STRESS DIRECTION ROTATION

The authors discuss the effects of cyclic loading and suggest the such effects cause some of the most pressing uncertainties in geotechnical engineering today, reflecting the general concern about the consequences of earthquakes and the safety of offshore structures. Reference is made to the problems associated with the hollow cylinder apparatus used to resolve such uncertainties, and a new apparatus which completely controls the principal stress directions applied to a uniformly stressed soil sample sheared in plane strain. This technical note reports on the use of this new apparatus, known as a "directional shear cell" in which drained tests were made on dry dense leighton buzzard sand with the effective stress ratio held as nearly constant as possible throughout. The apparatus is described by reference to a cross-sectional drawing of the cell, and information provided on preparation and testing. A summary of the data obtained is presented and discussed, and stress variations obtained during a test cycle illustrated and described. The authors suggest that the data from this test series are unusual in yielding a single result of great potential significance: the large reduction in strength induced in a drained dense sand by cyclic continuous rotation of the major principal stress direction. It is suggested that there is a need for independent confirmation of such a result bearing in mind that it was obtained from tests made in a new apparatus. /TRRL/
Water Footprint of the Palestinians in the West Bank 1

Abstract: Water in the West Bank of Palestine is a key issue due to its limited availability. Water is used from own sources for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Moreover, water is consumed in its virtual form through consumption of imported goods, such as crops and livestock, the production of which used water in the country of production. In addition, wastewater in many parts of the West Bank is disposed off without treatment into the wadis, deteriorating the quality of the water resources in the area and, therefore, further reducing the quantity of good quality water available. This paper calculates the water footprint for the West Bank. The consumption component of the water footprint of the West Bank was found to be 2,791 million m3/year. Approximately 52% of this is virtual water consumed through imported goods. The West Bank per capita consumption component of the water footprint was found to be 1,116 m3/cap/year, while the global average is 1,243 m3/cap/year. Out of this number 50 m3/cap/year was withdrawn from water resources available in the area. Only 16 m3/cap/year (1.4%) was used for domestic purposes. This number is extremely low and only 28% of the global average and 21% of the Israeli domestic water use. The contamination component of the water footprint was not quantified but was believed to be many times larger than the consumption component. According to the official definition of water scarcity, the West Bank is suffering from a severe water scarcity. Therefore, there is a need for a completely new approach towards water management in the West Bank, whereby return flows are viewed as a resource and that is geared towards a conservation oriented approach of “use, treat, and reuse. ”
Apollo 17 ropy glasses

Ropy glasses are a major soil component in the Apollo 17 gray soils 74240 and 74260. These particles form a distinct morphological type characterized by a wide range of dynamic shapes with a diagnostic sorted and welded fine-grained debris coating. Apollo 17 ropy glasses show abundant evidence for shock. Shocked lithic and mineral inclusions, lack of any igneous textures, and lechatelierite, all indicate an impact origin. A striking similarity is observed between the lunar ropy glasses and the glass impact bombs (Flaedle) of the Ries Crater in Germany. A highland basaltic composition was observed for the Apollo 17 ropy glasses in contrast to the KREEP composition of ropy glasses from the Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 landing sites. Other workers have presented convincing evidence that ejecta from Tycho reached the Taurus-Littrow Valley, and these ropy glasses may represent Tycho ejecta. However, the close stratigraphic association of the ropy glasses with the greater than 3.5 b.y. old orange glass suggests the ropy glasses may be too old to be Tycho ejecta, which should be only about 100 m.y. old. If this is the case, the ropy glasses represent impact glasses from a very old impact in an unknown highlands source area.
The rendering of relief images from digital contour data

AbstractExisting methods of modelling and rendering relief from digitised contours adopt either regular grid or triangulated irregular network approaches. Both can have disadvantages which include imprecise terrain modelling, ineffective visualisation, and/or heavy computing overheads.An alternative approach has been developed which calculates profiles across the contour model, typically at about 1 mm separation at the visualisation scale, in the direction of an assumed illumination source. Intensity values are calculated for the profile swathes by considering profile gradient and local slope characteristics. The resulting shaded model gives an effective visualisation, and offers a number of benefits for additional processing because of computational economy and efficiency.Single light source images of shaded relief are often incomplete in their rendering because they favour relief trend lines in certain directions only. A technique has been developed to overlay generated shaded images from a range of ill.
WAVE ENERGY ASSESSMENTS IN THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT OF PORTUGAL CONTINENTAL

The potential for wave energy extraction can be obtained from the analysis of the wave climate which can be determined with numerical models. The wave energy devices can be deployed in offshore, nearshore and shoreline. From this reason, it is important to be able to assess properly the spatial distribution of the wave energy in various locations from the offshore to the coastline in a specific area. The methodology proposed here considers a SWAN based wave model system focusing in the Portuguese continental coastal environment from deep water towards the nearshore. An analysis of the average and high energetic conditions was first performed for a ten-year period, between 1994 and 2003, considering the most relevant in situ measurements available in the Portuguese nearshore. In this way both the average and high energetic conditions corresponding to the Portuguese continental costal environment have been properly defined. For the most relevant average wave conditions, SWAN simulations were performed in some medium resolution areas covering the northern and central parts of Portugal continental, which are traditionally considered richer in wave power resources. The present work allows the identification of some locations in the continental coastal environment of Portugal with greater potential from the point of view of wave power resources. An important observation is related to the fact that the wave power depends on the product between the energy density spectrum and the group velocity of waves. This means that, although the significant wave height is a relevant parameter when assessing the wave power in a specific site, a location having in general higher wave heights is not necessarily also the richest in wave power.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Positive fault inversion triggering ‘intrusive diapirism’: an analogue modelling perspective

Understanding the formation and the development of salt structures is very important especially because they are of significant economical interest for hydrocarbon trapping and for long‐term storage of radioactive waste and energy reserves. Generally, the activity of normal faults developed in extensional regimes is considered the most efficient mechanism for salt diapirs. The results of analogue models reported in this paper suggest a new triggering mechanism for the rise of salt structures during basin inversion. This mechanism relates the localization of ductile diapirs to early normal faults only after their inversion during later shortening. In this case, diapiric growth is related to the strong dip‐slip reactivation component along the fault extruding the silicone‐simulating salt upward. Some natural cases, in which the timing and the mechanism of diapiric growth is not clear, can be re‐interpreted in the light of these analogue model results.
Delay‐time tomography of the upper mantle below Europe, the Mediterranean, and Asia Minor

SUMMARY The method of linearized delay-time tomography is applied to retrieve the P velocity heterogeneity of the upper mantle in central Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. The upper mantle is parametrized in slowness cell-functions with lateral dimensions of 1". The model parametrization includes event mislocation vectors and station delay-time corrections. In all 20 000 parameters describe the model. Delay-time data, selected from the ISC data base (1964-1982), from regional events and from stations up to 90" of epicentral distance are used. About 18 000 events and 937 stations contributed nearly 500 000 delay times. We discuss the tomographic method, the data processing, the cell model employed, the computation of the ray geometry, the use of composite rays in tomography, and the cell hit count. The inversions are performed with two different iterative row-action methods, LSQR and SIRT. Results obtained-with the LSQR method will be shown only. The spatial resolution is investigated with sensitivity analyses using two different synthetic velocity models; a 'spike' model and a model with harmonically varying velocity anomalies. The spatial resolution is estimated to be high (on the order of the cell size) in the mantle below central and southeastern Europe. The mapped velocity heterogeneity exhibits primarily low velocities around a depth of 200 km and just above the transition from upper to lower mantle. This indicates a systematic deviation of the reference model (Jeffreys-Bullen) from the radially averaged earth structure, which may violate the basic assumptions underlying the linearized approach. A posteriori investigation of the data also indicates the presence of a low-velocity zone and the existence of strong velocity depth gradients.