Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling valued preference relations

A theory of valued weak preference relations is described. The transitivity property of a strict preference relation and an indifference relation associated with a weak preference relation are established. The model presented is based on Lukasiewicz-like multiple-valued logic; it uses triangular norms with zero divisors. A similar approach works in the case of t-norms without zero divisors. <<ETX>>
On high-order compact schemes in the finite element method

Abstract - In this paper we propose the new family of the spaces of grid functions, which is the basis for the construction of high-order schemes in the finite element method.We show the completeness of this family in the space H1(Ω)and study the error of approximate solutions in grid norms. The second order of accuracy on a nonuniform grid and the fourth order on a uniform grid are obtained.
A cloud cover measurement index based on all-sky imager images

: All-sky imager (ASI) images are an important means for the astronomy community to monitor cloud cover at present, but there is no definite cloud cover calculation index. Therefore, this paper proposes a new quantitative index for cloud amount measurement--Cloud Distribution Density of ASI images (ASICDD), and establishes an automatic classification system for ASI images based on this index. Firstly, all the images in the dataset from the Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy at the National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) are denoised and the cloud area is segmented from the sky by OTSU algorithm. Secondly, the cloud amount for ASI image with the background remove is calculated by ASICDD proposed in this paper. Finally, we use four traditional classifiers (SVM, KNN, Decision Tree and Random Forest) to classify ASI images automatically according to the calculated value and evaluate the performance of each classifier. The results show that ASICDD can be used as a numerical index for judging the cloud cover of ASI images; the automatic ASI images classification system based on ASICDD achieves a high recognition accuracy rate. Meanwhile Random Forest has the best classification effect--the recognition accuracy rate of various cloud images has reached more than 95%.
A new method for Galaxy morphology classification-GMC

: In the field of astronomy, the classification of galaxies has always been a hot and difficult problem. In recent years, some scholars have applied machine learning to the simple classification task of galaxy morphology, but in the process of classification, there are a series of problems, such as feature selection difficulty, feature omission, classifier selection difficulty and so on. Galaxies can be roughly divided into elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies, lenticular galaxies and irregular galaxies in visual morphology. In this paper, GMC (Galaxy morphological classification) which is a more accurate classification method is proposed for the photometric images of galaxies in SDSS DR16, Galaxy Zoo2 and EFIGI catalog. Firstly, we cut and denoise the images, and use rotation, translation, scaling and other methods to enhance the data. Finally, we build the GMC-net to classify photometric images. According to the classification results, the classification accuracy of spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies, lenticular galaxies and irregular galaxies in different databases are 98.29%,98.49%,99.18% and 99.91%, respectively; The average classification accuracy of four different galaxies from the same database EFIGI catalog is 99.34%. The experimental results show that GMC performs better than other classification methods, and can be used to classify galaxies more effectively.
Programmatic implementation of kangaroo mother care: a systematic synthesis of grey literature

Background Evidence on the effectiveness of kangaroo mother care (KMC) is available and guidelines have been formulated. However, little is known about the programmatic implementation of KMC at national and subnational levels. Methods A structured search of grey literature was conducted to identify reports of national or subnational level implementation of KMC to understand the population-based coverage of KMC, availability of KMC services at national and subnational levels, programmatic approaches to scale, and health systems actions that may influence KMC scale-up. The search strategy included two rounds of screening using a variety of grey literature search engines, portals, repositories, and targeted websites, as well as snowball sampling. Data from 212 documents were extracted and transferred into a database with an extensive topic list. These documents were then classified as 'for in-depth analysis', 'possible nuggets', and 'not important'. Further analysis of 42 information-rich documents was conducted with NVivo software to identify recurring themes. Findings We found information on KMC implementation on a national or subnational scale for 18 countries. Estimates for national- or subnational-level population-based coverage of KMC were available from only six countries (Colombia 63%, the Philippines 53%, Malawi 22%, Bangladesh 22%, India 13%, Viet Nam 8%). Information on the availability of KMC services was scant and fragmented, with no information on their quality. Programmatic KMC implementation is characterised by leadership from a variety of implementation partners and by different implementation trajectories. Countries for which information on KMC implementation was available shared common health system actions such as the inclusion of KMC in national policy, recognition of KMC as a priority newborn health intervention and strong advocacy by champions at all levels, dedicated investment in KMC and in some cases insurance cover for KMC, capacity building and motivation among health workers, dedicated space for KMC with equipment and supplies, support for KMC practice, and data collection and use. Conclusion. Programmatic implementation of KMC requires action in multiple health system building blocks with a focus on monitoring and evaluation of availability and quality of services, along with coverage.
Simulation of surface waves in basins by the finite element method

Numerical simulation of surface waves in basins is considered, which is described within acceptable accuracy in the context of the shallow water theory taking into account the Earth sphericity and the Coriolis acceleration. The Bubnov–Galerkin method is used for space approximation. A space of functions linear on triangular finite elements of a certain consistent triangulation is used as spaces of trial and test functions. A priori stability estimates are obtained for the discrete analogue, and the second order of approximation in the interior nodes of a uniform grid is demonstrated. Computation results are given for a test problem with an exact solution and for the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk.
Direct simulation of turbulent spots in plane Couette flow

The development of turbulent spots in plane Couette flow was studied by means of direct numerical simulation. The Reynolds number was varied between 300 and 1500 (based on half the velocity difference between the two surfaces and half the gap width) in order to determine the lowest possible Reynolds number for which localized turbulent regions can persist, i.e. a critical Reynolds number, and to determine basic characteristics of the spot in plane Couette flow. It was found that spots can be sustained for Reynolds numbers above approximately 375 and that the shape is elliptical with a streamwise elongation that is more accentuated for high Reynolds numbers. At large times though there appears to be a slow approach towards a circular spot shape. Various other features of this spot suggest that it may be classified as an interesting intermediate case between the Poiseuille and boundary-layer spots. In the absence of experiments for this case the present results represent a true prediction of the physical situation.
Void Formation and Growth During Electromigration in Thin Films

One of the modes of electromigration damage is shown to be related to irregularities in the grain‐boundary structure of films. Based on the restriction of electromigration to grain boundaries, calculations are performed to determine the magnitude and distribution of excess vacancy concentrations at sites where electromigration flux divergencies may be present. The attainment of an equilibrium vacancy supersaturation (Δc/c0) is found to be practically instantaneous. The maximum supersaturations are less than 1 under all conditions used. This is found to be inadequate for void formation by vacancy condensation unless heterogeneous nucleating sites are present (e. g., oxide particles, boundary‐surface oxide intersection). The rate of observable hole formation is accounted for by either void growth at a grain‐boundary triple‐point junction or by grain‐boundary grooving, each being related to the electromigration flux. Grooving seems most likely in pure films with all boundaries having similar character (e. g.
Four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers: a practical tool for wavelength conversion

Four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers is used to produce wavelength conversion. We report an extended study on the dependence of efficiency and noise on device length, pump power, operation wavelength and conversion interval. The use of longer active regions is a good way to obtain performance as good as requested by the most advanced telecommunication systems.
A formula for low achievement: using multi-level models to understand the impact of individual level effects and school level effects on mathematics achievement

A Formula For Low Achievement: Using Multi-level Models to Understand the Impact of Individual Level Effects and School Level Effects on Mathematics Achievement. (August 2003) Kathrin Ann Parks, B.A., Loras College Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Dudley Poston The following study utilizes data from the High School and Beyond Study in order to predict mathematics achievement using both student characteristics and school level characteristics. Utilizing Hierarchical Linear Modeling, this study extends the body of literature by exploring how race, socio-economic status, and gender, as well as the percentage of minority students in a school, whether or not the school is Catholic, the proportion of students in the academic track, and the mean socioeconomic status of the school all affect mathematics achievement. Through this methodology, it was possible to see the direct effects of both student level and school level variables on achievement, as well as the cross-level interaction of all of these variables. Findings suggest that there are discrepancies in how different types of students achieve, as well as how those students achieve in varying contexts. Many of the variables were statistically significant in their effect on mathematics achievement. Implications for this research are discussed and considerations for future research are presented.
2-D DOA Estimation of LFM Signals Based on Fractional Fourier Transform

A new method to estimate 2-D DOA of multiple LFM signals is proposed.Based on a fact that the LFM signal has the energy-concentrated performance in the fractional Fourier transform domain(FRFD),a novel array data model in FRFD is constructed,MUSIC algorithm is then applied on correlation matrix in FRFD to obtain the 2-D DOA estimation of multiple LFM sources.The simulation results verified the efficiency of the new method.
Effects of elevated amplitude modulation discrimination threshold on simultaneous amplitude modulation rate discrimination

Cochlear-implant (CI) users struggle to understand speech in difficult listening environments partly because they have limited access to auditory cues that allow for perceptual segregation between target and competing sounds. Because CI speech coding strategies optimize the encoding of envelope cues to promote better speech intelligibility, envelope may be an important cue for source segregation in CI users. Recent work has suggested that access to amplitude modulation (AM) depth and rate varies according to location of electrodes in the cochlea, and that turning off electrodes that yield poorer AM sensitivity may improve speech reception. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of AM sensitivity in the ability of listeners to use AM rate information in multiple electrodes. It was hypothesized that electrodes with higher AM thresholds, which were simulated in normal-hearing listeners, would limit listeners’ ability to segregate AM rates. Subjects discriminated between pairs of stimuli that v.
Image-space Point Cloud Rendering

Point-based rendering approaches have gained a major interest in recent years, basically replacing global surface reconstruction with local surface estimations us- ing, for example, splats or implicit functions. Crucial to their performance in terms of rendering quality and speed is the representation of the local surface patches. We present a novel approach that goes back to the orig- inal ideas of Grossman and Dally to avoid any object- space operations and compute high-quality renderings by only applying image-space operations. Starting from a point cloud including normals, we render the lit point cloud to a texture with color, depth, and normal information. Subsequently, we apply several filter operations. In a first step, we use a mask to fill back- ground pixels with the color and normal of the adjacent pixel with smallest depth. The mask assures that only the desired pixels are filled. Similarly, in a second pass, we fill the pixels that display occluded surface parts. The resulting piecewise constant surface representation does not exhibit holes anymore and is smoothed by a standard smoothing filter in a third step. The same three steps can also be applied to the depth channel and the normal map such that a subsequent edge detection and curva- ture filtering leads to a texture that exhibits silhouettes and feature lines. Anti-aliasing along the silhouettes and feature lines can be obtained by blending the textures. When highlighting the silhouette and feature lines dur- ing blending, one obtains illustrative renderings of the 3D objects. The GPU implementation of our approach
A Comparison of Mixing Depths Observed by Ground-Based Wind Profilers and an Airborne Lidar

Abstract The authors compare the mixing depths in the daytime convective boundary layers that were observed remotely by wind profilers and an airborne lidar during the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study. The comparison is used to determine whether the mixing depths deduced from radar reflectivity profiles measured by the wind profilers are the appropriate mixing depths to use in air pollution applications. The profiler mixing depths are based on evidence that the profile of the refractive index structure function parameter exhibits a peak at the boundary layer capping inversion. The lidar mixing depths are determined from the gradient in aerosol backscatter at the top of an aerosol mixing layer. The results of linear regression analysis show that the mixing depths measured by the wind profiler and lidar are in good agreement, particularly in the absence of scattered clouds forming at the top of the convective boundary layer. When significant cumulus convection occurs, the definition of mixing depth from both ex.
Retraction: IL-6 and IL-10 Anti-Inflammatory Activity Links Exercise to Hypothalamic Insulin and Leptin Sensitivity through IKKβ and ER Stress Inhibition

� Lanes 1–3 of the Fig 2A IB:α-tubulin panel of this study [1] and lanes 1–3 of the Fig 1B IB: α-tubulin panel of [2, retracted in 3] when flipped horizontally. � Lanes 2–4 of the Fig 2F IB: pJak2 panel of this study [1] and the Fig 2E pAMPK panel of [4]. � Lanes 1–4 of the Fig 3H IB:α-tubulin panel of this study [1] and lanes 3–6 of the Fig 2D IB: pIRβ panel of [2, retracted in 3] when flipped vertically. � Lanes 2–5 of the Fig 6B IB:α-tubulin panel of this study [1] and the Fig 5A IB:βActin panel of [5, retracted in 6].
Receptivity of boundary layers with distributed roughness to vortical and acoustic disturbances: a second-order asymptotic theory and comparison with experiments

This paper investigates the receptivity of boundary layers due to distributed roughness interacting with free-stream disturbances. Both acoustic and vortical perturbations are considered. An asymptotic approach based on the triple-deck formulation has been developed to determine the initial amplitude of the Tollmien–Schlichting wave to the O(R−1/8) accuracy, where R is the global Reynolds number. In the case of vortical disturbances, we show that the dominant contribution to the receptivity comes from the upper deck as well as from the so-called edge layer centred at the outer reach of the boundary layer. It is found that for certain forms of disturbances, the receptivity is independent of their vertical structure and can be fully characterized by their slip velocity at the edge of the boundary layer. A typical case is the vortical disturbance in the form of a convecting wake, for which the same conclusion as above has been reached by Dietz (1999) on the basis of measurements. Our theoretical predictions are compared with the experimental data of Dietz (1999), and a good quantitative agreement has been found. Such a comparison is the first to be made for distributed vortical receptivity. Further calculations indicate that the vortical receptivity in general is much stronger than was suggested previously. In the case of acoustic disturbances, it is found that our first-order theory is in good agreement with experiments as well as with previous theoretical results. But the second-order theory over-predicts, and the possible reasons for this are discussed.
The Bayesian Causal Effect Estimation Algorithm

Estimating causal exposure effects in observational studies ideally requires the analyst to have a vast knowledge of the domain of application. Investigators often bypass difficulties related to the identification and selection of confounders through the use of fully adjusted outcome regression models. However, since such models likely contain more covariates than required, the variance of the regression coefficient for exposure may be unnecessarily large. Instead of using a fully adjusted model, model selection can be attempted. Most classical statistical model selection approaches, such as Bayesian model averaging, do not readily address causal effect estimation. We present a new model averaged approach to causal inference, Bayesian causal effect estimation (BCEE), which is motivated by the graphical framework for causal inference. BCEE aims to unbiasedly estimate the causal effect of a continuous exposure on a continuous outcome while being more efficient than a fully adjusted approach.
Persistently High Rates of Abdominal Computed Tomography Imaging Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Who Present to the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Recent guidelines recommended judicious use of abdominal computed tomography (CT) in the emergency department (ED) for inflammatory bowel disease. Trends in CT utilization over the last decade, including since the implementation of these guidelines, remain unknown. Methods We performed a single-centre, retrospective study between 2009 and 2018 to assess trends in CT utilization within 72 h of an ED encounter. Changes in the annual rates of CT imaging among adults with IBD were estimated by Poisson regression and CT findings by Cochran-Armitage or Cochran-Mantel Haenszel tests. Results A total of 3000 abdominal CT studies were performed among 14,783 ED encounters. CT utilization increased annually by 2.7% in Crohn’s disease (CD) (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 4.3; P = 0.0004), 4.2% in ulcerative colitis (UC) (95% CI, 1.7 to 6.7; P = 0.0009) and 6.3% in IBD unclassifiable (95% CI, 2.5 to 10.0; P = 0.0011). Among encounters with gastrointestinal symptoms, 60% with CD and 33% with UC underwent CT imaging in the final year of the study. Urgent CT findings (obstruction, phlegmon, abscess or perforation) and urgent penetrating findings alone (phlegmon, abscess or perforation) comprised 34% and 11% of CD findings, and 25% and 6% of UC findings, respectively. The CT findings remained stable overtime for both CD (P = 0.13) and UC (P = 0.17). Conclusion Our study demonstrated persistently high rates of CT utilization among patients with IBD who presented to the ED over the last decade. Approximately one third of scans demonstrated urgent findings, with a minority demonstrating urgent penetrating findings. Future studies should aim to identify patients in whom CT imaging is most appropriate.
Evaluation of the concentration of growth associated protein-43 and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor in degenerated intervertebral discs of the lumbosacral region of the spine

Important neurotrophic factors that are potentially involved in degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) disease of the spine’s lumbosacral (L/S) region include glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43). The aim of this study was to determine and compare the concentrations of GAP-43 and GDNF in degenerated and healthy IVDs and to quantify and compare the GAP-43-positive and GDNF-positive nerve fibers. The study group consisted of 113 Caucasian patients with symptomatic lumbosacral discopathy (confirmed by a specialist surgeon), an indication for surgical treatment. The control group included 81 people who underwent postmortem examination. GAP-43 and GDNF concentrations were significantly higher in IVD samples from the study group compared with the control group, and the highest concentrations were observed in the degenerated IVDs that were graded 4 on the Pfirrmann scale. In the case of GAP-43, it was found that as the degree of IVD degeneration increased, the number of GAP-43-positive nerve fibers decreased. In the case of GDNF, the greatest number of fibers per mm2 of surface area was found in the IVD samples graded 3 on the Pfirrmann scale, and the number was found to be lower in samples graded 4 and 5. Hence, GAP-43 and GDNF are promising targets for analgesic treatment of degenerative IVD disease of the lumbosacral region of the spine.
Path integrals and stochastic calculus

Path integrals are a ubiquitous tool in theoretical physics. However, their use is sometimes hindered by the lack of control on various manipulations–such as performing a change of the integration path–one would like to carry out in the light-hearted fashion that physicists enjoy. Similar issues arise in the field of stochastic calculus, which we review to prepare the ground for a proper construction of path integrals. At the level of path integration, and in arbitrary space dimension, we not only report on existing Riemannian geometry-based approaches that render path integrals amenable to the standard rules of calculus, but also bring forth new routes, based on a fully time-discretized approach, that achieve the same goal. We illustrate these various definitions of path integration on simple examples such as the diffusion of a particle on a sphere.
Isomorphisms among quantum Grothendieck rings and cluster algebras

We establish a cluster theoretical interpretation of the isomorphisms of [F. -H. -O. -O. , J. Reine Angew. Math., 2022] among quantum Grothendieck rings of representations of quantum loop algebras. Consequently, we obtain a quantization of the monoidal categorification theorem of [Kashiwara-Kim-Oh-Park, arXiv:2103.10067]. We establish applications of these new ingredients. First we solve long-standing problems for any non-simply-laced quantum loop algebras: the positivity of $(q,t)$-characters of all simple modules, and the analog of Kazhdan-Lusztig conjecture for all reachable modules (in the cluster monoidal categorification). We also establish the conjectural quantum $T$-systems for the $(q,t)$-characters of Kirillov-Reshetikhin modules. Eventually, we show that our isomorphisms arise from explicit birational transformations of variables, which we call substitution formulas. This reveals new non-trivial relations among $(q, t)$-characters of simple modules.