Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single Past Null Geodesic in the Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi Cosmology

This work provides a general discussion of the spatially inhomogeneous Lema\^itre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) cosmology, as well as its basic properties and many useful relevant quantities, such as the cosmological distances. We apply the concept of the single null geodesic to produce some simple analytical solutions for observational quantities such as the redshift. As an application of the single null geodesic technique, we carry out a fractal approach to the parabolic LTB model, comparing it to the spatially homogeneous Einstein-de Sitter cosmology. The results obtained indicate that the standard model, in this case represented by the Einstein-de Sitter cosmology, can be equivalently described by a fractal distribution of matter, as we found that different single fractal dimensions describe different scale ranges of the parabolic LTB matter distribution. It is shown that at large ranges the parabolic LTB model with fractal dimension equal to 0.5 approximates the matter distribution of the Einstein-de Sitter universe.
Usual Intake of Micronutrients and Prevalence of Inadequate Intake among Chinese Adults: Data from CNHS 2015–2017

Previous studies have used the traditional average-value method to calculate the usual dietary intake of a population, but the results may be biased due to the measurement errors. The aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the usual micronutrient intake and estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake among Chinese adults. Data from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015–2017 as well as a total of 72,231 subjects aged 18 years and older were included in the analysis. The 24 h recall method combined with the condiment weighing method were used for three consecutive days to collect daily food and condiments intake. The daily intake of 16 micronutrients was calculated based on the Chinese Food Component Tables. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) method was used to estimate the usual intake of micronutrients, and the prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method. The results showed that, except for sodium, copper, iron (only for males), vitamin E, and phosphorus, the usual intake of micronutrients in Chinese adults was low, and the prevalence of inadequate intake ranged from 38.67 to 97.63%. The prevalence of inadequate calcium and riboflavin intake was more than 90%, and the proportion of individuals with a usual intake of thiamine, vitamin A, potassium, and selenium below EAR also reached 80%. Manganese, magnesium, vitamin C, and zinc were potentially deficient micronutrients, with the prevalence of inadequate intake ranging from 38.67% to 77.09%. However, usual sodium intake was extremely high with an average of 5139.61 mg/day, and only a quarter of Chinese adults were below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended value. For most micronutrients, the usual dietary intake declined with age and the prevalence of inadequate intake increased with age. Except for zinc, vitamin A, and B-vitamins, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies was higher in females than in males in the same age group (p < 0.05). Therefore, Chinese adults do not receive enough micronutrients. Effective nutrition supplementary strategies and measures are needed to address these problems.
From the Glasma to the QCD Phase Boundary

In this paper, I qualitatively discuss the matter formed in the fragmentation region of nuclear collisions at the highest energies. I argue that although the initial temperature and baryon number density can become very large, the ratio of initial baryon chemical potential to initial temperature is approximately independent of energy, when measured at a fixed rapidity measured from the end of the fragmentation region. This quantity is argued to be roughly invariant under expansion, and therefore the value measured at decoupling should be approximately the same as the initial value and largely independent of energy. The values of the initial temperature and initial baryon number are energy dependent and become large as the center of mass collision energy increases.
Simulating and exploring Weyl semimetal physics with cold atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice

Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China(Dated: April 30, 2015)We propose a scheme to simulate and explore Weyl semimetal physics with ultracold fermionicatoms in a two-dimensional square optical lattice subjected to experimentally realizable spin-orbitcoupling and an artiﬁcial dimension from an external parameter space, which may increase experi-mental feasibility compared with the cases in three-dimensional optical lattices. It is shown that thissystem with a tight-binding model is able to describe essentially three-dimensional Weyl semimetalswith tunable Weyl points. The relevant topological properties are also addressed by means of theChern number and the gapless edge states. Furthermore, we illustrate that the mimicked Weylpoints can be experimentally detected by measuring the atomic transfer fractions in a Bloch-Zeneroscillation, and the characteristic topological invariant can be measured with the particle pumpingapproach.
Energy-Efficient Power Allocation Maximization for MU-MIMO Multiple Access Channels

We propose an Iterative Water-Filling algorithm for Energy-Efficiency maximization problem of the Multi-User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Multiple-Access-Channel (MU-MIMO-MAC) system, named as IWF-EE-MIMO. The algorithm can be regarded as two levels of operations. The inner level of IWF-EE-MIMO aims at computing the solution to each user of the family, while other users keeping their previous power allocation, in turn. The outer level of IWF-EE-MIMO aims at determining when to accept a good solution to the considered problem based on the results obtained by the inner level. For our designed algorithms in this paper, WF-EE-MIMO1, as the subordinate algorithm, is only used for the inner level. IWF-EE-MIMO, as the main algorithm, computes the solution to the considered problem. Note that IWF-EE-MIMO includes WF-EE-MIMO1, to avoid confusion. The considered problem is of non-linear fractional semi-definite optimization in complex-valued matrix optimization variables, beyond the range of standard (semi-definite) optimization theory. Thus, the optimality condition of the considered maximization problem needs to be created. Under this creation, for the considered problem, convergence or optimality of IWF-EE-MIMO is obtained with its efficiency.
Large Deviations for Chiral Transition through Path Integral

An noise-induced mechanism has been revealed by some authors recently for the homochirality in a chiral system. Motivated by such stochastic process, we study the noise-induced transition in the system. The chiral transition, say the transition between chiral states, is impossible in the deterministic view if the homochirality has been converged, but is a rare event when noise is involved. We study the rare event by using the large deviation theory (LDT) and figure out the LDT rate functional for the transition probability through the Doi-Peliti second quantization path integral method. In order to check the correctness of our work, we have derived the Langevin equations through the path integral method by using the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation, and recover the equations reported by other authors through a different method.
On the Nature of Rotation Period Variability of Magnetic Stars

The magnetic chemically peculiar (mCP) stars of the upper main sequence exhibit periodic light, magnetic, radio, and spectroscopic variations that can be adequately explained by a model of a rigidly rotating magnetized star with persistent surface structures. The majority of mCP stars rotate at strictly constant periods. However, there are a few mCP stars whose rotation periods vary on timescales of decades while the shape of their phase curves remains unchanged. In the case of CU Vir and V901 Ori, we have detected cyclic period variations. We demonstrate that the period oscillations of CU Vir may be a consequence of the interaction of the internal magnetic field and differential rotation.
Performing Quantum Computing Experiments in the Cloud

Quantum computing technology has reached a second renaissance in the past five years. Increased interest from both the private and public sector combined with extraordinary theoretical and experimental progress has solidified this technology as a major advancement in the 21st century. As anticipated by many, the first realisation of quantum computing technology would occur over the cloud, with users logging onto dedicated hardware over the classical internet. Recently IBM has released the {\em Quantum Experience} which allows users to access a five qubit quantum processor. In this paper we take advantage of this online availability of actual quantum hardware and present four quantum information experiments that have never been demonstrated before. We utilise the IBM chip to realise protocols in Quantum Error Correction, Quantum Arithmetic, Quantum graph theory and Fault-tolerant quantum computation, by accessing the device remotely through the cloud. While the results are subject to significant noise, the correct results are returned from the chip. This demonstrates the power of experimental groups opening up their technology to a wider audience and will hopefully allow for the next stage development in quantum information technology.
Discrete exponential type systems on a quad graph, corresponding to the affine Lie algebras AN−1(1)

The article deals with the problem of the integrable discretization of the well-known Drinfeld–Sokolov hierarchies related to the Kac–Moody algebras. A class of discrete exponential systems connected with the Cartan matrices has been suggested earlier in Garifullin et al (2012 SIGMA 8 33) which coincide with the corresponding Drinfeld–Sokolov systems in the continuum limit. It was conjectured that the systems in this class are all integrable and the conjecture has been proven by numerous examples. In the present article we study those systems from this class which are related to the algebras . We found the Lax pair for arbitrary N, briefly discussed the possibility of using the method of formal diagonalization of Lax operators for describing a series of local conservation laws and illustrated the technique using the example of N = 3. Higher symmetries of the system are presented in both characteristic directions. The recursion operator for the case N = 3 is found. It is interesting to note that this operator is not weakly nonlocal.
Three-dimensional N=6 SCFT's and their membrane dynamics

We analyze several aspects of the recent construction of three-dimensional conformal gauge theories by Aharony et al. in various regimes. We pay special attention to understanding how the M-theory geometry and interpretation can be extracted from the analysis of the field theory. We revisit the calculations of the moduli space of vacua and the complete characterization of chiral ring operators by analyzing the field theory compactified on a 2-sphere. We show that many of the states dual to these operators can be interpreted as D-brane states in the weak coupling limit. Also, various features of the dual AdS geometry can be obtained by performing a strong coupling expansion around moduli space configurations, even though one is not taking the planar expansion. In particular, we show that at strong coupling the corresponding weak coupling D-brane states of the chiral ring localize on particular submanifolds of the dual geometry that match the M-theory interpretation. We also study the massive spectrum of fields in the moduli space. We use this to investigate the dispersion relation of giant magnons from the field theory point of view. Our analysis predicts the exact functional form of the dispersion relation as a function of the world-sheet momentum, independently of integrability assumptions, but not the exact form with respect to the ’t Hooft coupling. We also get the dispersion relation of bound states of giant magnons from first principles, providing evidence for the full integrability of the corresponding spin chain model at strong ’t Hooft coupling.
The Relationship between Serum Adipokines, miR-222-3p, miR-103a-3p and Glucose Regulation in Pregnancy and Two to Three Years Post-Delivery in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Adhering to Mediterranean Diet Recommendations

The San Carlos Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) prevention study, a nutritional intervention RCT based on a Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet), has been shown to reduce the incidence of GDM. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship of leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), insulin and HOMA-IRand circulating miRNAs (miR-29a-3p, miR-103a-3p, miR-132-3p, miR-222-3p) with the appearance of GDM and with MedDiet-based nutritional intervention, at 24–28 gestational weeks (GW), and in glucose regulation 2–3 years post-delivery (PD). A total of 313 pregnant women, 77 with GDM vs. 236 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 141 from the control group (CG, MedDiet restricting the consumption of dietary fat including EVOO and nuts during pregnancy) vs. 172 from the intervention group (IG, MedDiet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and pistachios during pregnancy) were compared at Visit 1 (8–12 GW), Visit 2 (24–28 GW) and Visit 3 (2–3 years PD). Expression of miRNAs was determined by the Exiqon miRCURY LNA RT-PCR system. Leptin, adiponectin, IL-6 and TNF-α, were measured by Milliplex® immunoassays on Luminex 200 and insulin by RIA. Women with GDM vs. NTG had significantly higher leptin median (Q1–Q3) levels (14.6 (9.2–19.4) vs. 9.6 (6.0–15.1) ng/mL; p < 0.05) and insulin levels (11.4 (8.6–16.5) vs. 9.4 (7.0–12.8) µUI/mL; p < 0.001) and lower adiponectin (12.9 (9.8–17.2) vs. 17.0 (13.3–22.4) µg/mL; p < 0.001) at Visit 2. These findings persisted in Visit 3, with overexpression of miR-222-3p (1.45 (0.76–2.21) vs. 0.99 (0.21–1.70); p < 0.05)) and higher levels of Il-6 and TNF-α. When the IG is compared with the CG lower levels of insulin, HOMA-IR-IR, IL-6 levels at Visit 2 and 3 and leptin levels only at Visit 2 were observed. An overexpression of miR-222-3p and miR-103a-3p were also observed in IG at Visit 2 and 3. The miR-222-3p and miR103a-3p expression correlated with insulin levels, HOMA-IR, IL-6 and TNF-α at Visit 2 (all p < 0.05). These data support the association of leptin, adiponectin and insulin/HOMA-IR with GDM, as well as the association of insulin/HOMA-IR and IL-6 and miR-222-3p and miR-103a-3p expression with a MedDiet-based nutritional intervention.
Reality is both digital and analog

I argue that both digital and analog information are important in the foundations of quantum physics. If it is possible for information present in one system to become present in others without being erased in the original system I will say that this information can be copied. I argue that copying is important for understanding issues like causality and that all information that can be copied is digital. I then explain that analog information that cannot be copied can be understood in terms of decision theoretic probability. Finally, I argue that these ideas can help explain the second law of thermodynamics. The arrow of time we experience is the knowledge arrow of time -- the present contains more knowledge, that is, useful or explanatory information, than the past. That knowledge is created by evolutionary processes that involve copying, variation and selection and such processes increase entropy.
Effects of shocks in stellar atmosphere models on the emission line spectrum of surrounding H II regions

Emission line studies from Hii regions in galaxies require tools for the inversion of line ratios into desired physical properties. These tools generally come in form of diagnostic ratios/diagrams that are based on grids of photoionisation models. An important input to the photoionisation models is the stellar atmosphere spectrum of the ionising sources. The current omission of shocks in the calculation of the former set of models could threaten the accuracy of the physical interpretation of emission line ratios from Hii regions. Current stellar atmosphere models that are crucial inputs to the grid of photoionisation models used to generate nebular emission line diagnostic diagrams might produce significant biases due to the omission of shocks. We investigate whether a new generation of photoionisation model grids, taking shocks into account, is required to compensate for the biases. We make use of the WM-Basic stellar atmosphere code, which can account for the extra energetic emission in the stellar spectral energy distribution produced by shocks, in conjunction with the photoionisation code MOCASSIN to determine whether shocks produce significant biases in the determination of the physical parameters of the interstellar medium and/or ionising stellar parameters. We conclude that these effects are only important for stellar sources with effective temperatures lower than 30kK and in this case they yield artificially high stellar temperatures, electron temperatures and nebular ionisation parameters. The magnitude of the effect is also obviously dependent on the strength of the shock and is likely to be unimportant for the majority of stellar sources. Nevertheless, we find our 20kK and 30kK shock models to strongly enhance the He ii 4686 nebular emission line. This result is however not strong enough to explain previously observed He ii 4686 line emission in the spectra of Hii galaxies.
Numerical General Relativistic MHD with Magnetically Polarized Matter

Magnetically polarized matter in astrophysical systems may be relevant in some magnetically dominated regions, for instance, in the funnel that is generated in some highly magnetized disk configurations where relativistic jets are thought to spread, or in pulsars where the fluids are subject to very intense magnetic fields. With the aim of dealing with magnetic media in the astrophysical context, we present for the first time the conservative form of the ideal general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) equations with a non-zero magnetic polarization vector mμ. Then, we follow the Anile method to compute the eigenvalue structure in the case where the magnetic polarization is parallel to the magnetic field, and it is parameterized by the magnetic susceptibility χm. This approximation allows us to describe diamagnetic fluids, for which χm < 0, and paramagnetic fluids, for which χm > 0. The theoretical results were implemented in the CAFE code to study the role of magnetic polarization in several one-dimensional Riemann problems. We found that independent of the initial condition, the first waves that appear in the numerical solutions are faster in diamagnetic materials than in paramagnetic ones. Moreover, the constant states between the waves change notably for different magnetic susceptibilities. All of these effects are more appreciable if the magnetic pressure is much higher than the fluid pressure. Additionally, with the aim of analyzing magnetic media in a strong gravitational field, we carry out for the first time a test of the magnetized Michel accretion of a magnetically polarized fluid. With this test, we found that the numerical solution is effectively maintained over time (t > 4000), and that the global convergence of the code is ≳2 for χm ≲ 0.005 for all magnetic field strengths β we considered. Finally, when χm = 0.008 and β ≥ 10, the global convergence of the code is reduced to a value between the first and second orders.
Efficient protocols for deterministic secure quantum communication using GHZ-like states

Two protocols for deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) using GHZ-like states have been proposed. It is shown that one of these protocols can be modified to an equivalent but more efficient protocol of quantum secure direct communication (QSDC). Security and efficiency of the proposed protocols are analyzed in detail and are critically compared with the existing protocols. It is shown that the proposed protocols are highly efficient. It is also shown that all the physical systems where dense coding is possible can be used to design maximally efficient protocol of DSQC and QSDC. Further, it is shown that dense coding is sufficient but not essential for DSQC and QSDC protocols of the present kind. We have shown that there exist a large class of quantum state which can be used to design maximally efficient DSQC and QSDC protocols of the present kind. It is further, observed that maximally efficient QSDC protocols are more efficient than their DSQC counterparts. This additional efficiency arises at the cost of message transmission rate.
Discovery of VHE Gamma-ray Emission from the Starburst Galaxy M82

The galaxy M 82 has long been considered a prom ising targetforvery-high-energy (V H E)gam m a-ray observations because ofthe com pact starburst region in its core. Theoreticalpredictions have suggested it should be detectable by ground-based im aging Cherenkov telescopes like V ERITA S and thata detection would have im plicationsfortheunderstanding oftheorigin ofcosm icrays.M 82 wasobserved with theV ERITA S array during the 2007-2009 observing seasons. W ith an exposure of137 hours,V ERITA S was able to detect a gam m a-ray signalatthe5� level.Thism arksthe discovery ofgam m a raysnotonly from M 82 butalso from the new source class ofstarburstgalaxies. The observed ux from M 82 is(3:7 � 0:8stat � 0:7syst) � 10 13 photons cm 2 s 1
Recovery Schemes for Primitive Variables in General-relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics

General-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations are an important tool to study a variety of astrophysical systems such as neutron star mergers, core-collapse supernovae, and accretion onto compact objects. A conservative GRMHD scheme numerically evolves a set of conservation equations for “conserved” quantities and requires the computation of certain primitive variables at every time step. This recovery procedure constitutes a core part of any conservative GRMHD scheme and it is closely tied to the equation of state (EOS) of the fluid. In the quest to include nuclear physics, weak interactions, and neutrino physics, state-of-the-art GRMHD simulations employ finite-temperature, composition-dependent EOSs. While different schemes have individually been proposed, the recovery problem still remains a major source of error, failure, and inefficiency in GRMHD simulations with advanced microphysics. The strengths and weaknesses of the different schemes when compared to each other remain unclear. Here we present the first systematic comparison of various recovery schemes used in different dynamical spacetime GRMHD codes for both analytic and tabulated microphysical EOSs. We assess the schemes in terms of (i) speed, (ii) accuracy, and (iii) robustness. We find large variations among the different schemes and that there is not a single ideal scheme. While the computationally most efficient schemes are less robust, the most robust schemes are computationally less efficient. More robust schemes may require an order of magnitude more calls to the EOS, which are computationally expensive. We propose an optimal strategy of an efficient three-dimensional Newton–Raphson scheme and a slower but more robust one-dimensional scheme as a fall-back.