Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mineralisation of soil orthophosphate monoesters under pine seedlings and ryegrass

The effects of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) seedlings and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) on the mineralisation of orthophosphate monoesters in 7 grassland soils were assessed in a 10-month pot trial using NaOH–EDTA extraction and solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Extraction with NaOH–EDTA recovered 46–86% of the total soil P, and NaOH–EDTA-extractable organic P determined by molybdate colourimetry ranged between 194 and 715 mg/kg soil, representing 34–85% of the total soil organic P. Orthophosphate monoesters were the predominant species of the extracted organic P in all soils, with much smaller concentrations of orthophosphate diesters, and traces of phosphonates. Concentrations of orthophosphate monoesters were consistently lower in soils under pine (103–480 mg P/kg soil) compared with the initial soils (142–598 mg P/kg soil) and most soils under grass (122–679 mg/kg soil). Mineralisation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate accounted for 18–100% of the total mineralisation of orthophosphate monoesters in most soils under radiata pine. This suggests that supposedly recalcitrant inositol phosphates are available for uptake by radiata pine, although the extent of this varies among soils.
Ionospheric and tropospheric effects on synthetic aperture radar performance

Abstract Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) produces high-resolution images of the Earth's surface (and subsurface, under some conditions) by coherently processing the returns from a pulsed radar. It is an active sensor, hence is not dependent on natural illumination for its operation, and the comparative transparency of the atmosphere at centimetre wavelengths allows penetration of clouds and haze. SAR therefore offers considerable potential as an all-weather, all-time-of-day sensor, as long as propagation effects do not destroy signal coherence. A particularly useful way of viewing SAR performance is in terms of the synthetic antenna gain pattern, and performance measures derived from this pattern (e.g. spatial resolution, sidelobe energy). Perturbations of the phase due to irregularities in the refractive index structure of the ionosphere and troposphere lead to changes in the system performance. We have used a phase screen model to generate phase perturbations of the form expected due to propagation throu.
A Framework for False Image Detection with Sample-Oriented Intelligent Adversarial

To develop algorithms capable of automatically detecting and evaluating the authenticity of images and videos, researchers have focused on false image detection algorithms. These algorithms aim to identify the authenticity of images by distinguishing between real images and forged ones generated using false generation algorithms. In this paper, the main focus is on implementing a single-frame authenticated image detector using the concept of migration learning. The detector utilizes Inception ResNet v2, a target classification network pre-trained on a self-built military scene dataset. To enhance the dataset, a series of graphical enhancement algorithms are employed, enabling the classification network to learn the crucial differences between real and forged images. Additionally, Focal Loss is introduced to balance the dataset for various GAN-based image generation algorithms. As a result, the final forged target image detector achieves an impressive classification accuracy of 0.8908 on a large-scale sample test set.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SKI GUIDE DECISION EXPERTISE

The development of ski guide decision expertise is situated within an environmental context influenced by massive consequence and feedback ambiguity. Typically, the quality of the decision process is described as being contingent on the evolved expertise of the decision maker. The central problem is that decision feedback often lacks clarity when nothing goes wrong. Notable events have been regularly studied for the possible lessons to be learned. However, days when everything has appeared to go well are rarely analysed. The implicit feedback from a day when nothing bad happened is that good decisions were made. This then becomes the basis for future pattern recognition. This is particularly significant when the consequences are high and the quality and quantity of feedback is low. Termed a wicked learning environment, it can help to form questionable patterns that may produce heuristic biases in the future.
Technological Change, Skill Demand, and Wage Inequality in Indonesia

This paper examines the empirical implications of technological changes for skill demand and wage inequality in Indonesia. According to the National Labor Force Survey of Indonesia, the share of educated workers and wage skill premium increased significantly over 2003–2009 for overall industry and across the region. An analysis based on demand–supply framework suggests that demand shifts favoring skilled workers during the period. The decomposition of labor demand shifts shows that they were driven not only by reallocation of labor forces between industries but also by change within industries, particularly among formal workers, suggesting evidence of skill-biased technological changes. The empirical evidence from the data of manufacturing firms suggest that diffusion of new technologies through imported materials and foreign direct investment caused greater demand for skilled labor and higher wage inequality in the manufacturing sector.
A new and extraordinary cyrtochilum (orchidaceae: oncidiinae) from Colombia

A new species of Cyrtochilum from Antioquia, Colombia, is described and illustrated, and compared with the similar Ecuadorian C. cryptocopis and C. trifurcatum , but differs in having a different ventral structure and much narrower wings of the column, and also by the much broader frontlobe of the lip.
Ochre Provenance and Procurement Strategies During The Middle Stone Age at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa

Usually referred to in archaeological contexts simply as ‘ochre’, ferruginous rocks were commonly used during the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in South Africa. While ochre use by early modern humans has often been interpreted as reflecting complex behaviours, related procurement strategies and selection criteria remain poorly documented. Eight ochre sources from the surroundings of Diepkloof rock shelter in South Africa and 28 ochre pieces from the site's MSA levels were studied by XRD, ICP–OES and ICP–MS. Mineralogical and geochemical data demonstrate that ochre was both locally procured and transported to the site from more distant sources. Here, we investigate the reasons underlying the choice of particular local and non-local ochre sources exploited at Diepkloof, emphasizing differences in their physico-chemical properties. Regardless of the motivations behind ochre selection, our data shed new light on the behavioural complexity of MSA societies and suggest that ochre procurement strategies may be independent of subsistence concerns.
Predictive optical-flow algorithm for aircraft detection

A computer vision algorithm was developed to detect moving aircraft located in video images. Using a gradient-based approach, the algorithm computes optical flow vectors in each frame of the sequence. Vectors with similar characteristics (location, magnitude, and direction) are clustered together using a spatial consistency test. Vectors that pass the spatial consistency test are extended temporally to make predictions about the optical flow locations, magnitudes, and directions in subsequent frames. The actual optical flow vectors that are consistent with the predicted vectors are labeled as vectors associated with a moving target. The algorithm was tested on images obtained with a video camera mounted below the nose of a Boeing 737. The algorithm correctly detected an aircraft from a distance of one mile in over 80% of the frames with zero false alarms.
The Dabie Orogen as the early Jurassic sedimentary provenance: Constraints from the detrital zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating

The SHRIMP U-Pb ages of detrital zircon from the oldest Mesozoic strata, the Fanghushan Fomation, in the Hefei Basin range from 200 Ma to ca. 2500 Ma, which indicates that the Dabie Orogen as the early Jurassic sedimentary provenance was complex. The composition of the Dabie Orogen includes: the Triassic high pressure-ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks, of which the detrital zircon ages are from 234 Ma to 200 Ma; the rocks possibly related to the Qinling and Erlangping Groups representing the southern margin of the Sino-Korean craton in the Qinling and Dabie area, of which the detrital zircon has an age of 481-378 Ma; the Neoproterozoic rocks originated from the Yangtze croton, of which the detrital zircon ages are 799-721 Ma old; and the rocks with the detrital zircon ages of ca. 2000 Ma and ca. 2500 Ma, which could be the old basement of the Yangtze craton.
An Effect of Seiche on Groundwater Seepage Rate into Lake Biwa, Japan

Numerical analyses of seiche and continuous measurements of water level and groundwater seepage rates into Lake Biwa, Japan, were made to evaluate interactions between surface and subsurface waters. An automatic seepage meter was used to obtain continuous groundwater seepage rates. Analyses of the fluctuations of seepage rate and water level in the lake were done using the fast Fourier transform method. The finite element method was used for analysis of the seiche in the lake. Dominant periods of fluctuations of the groundwater seepage rate into Lake Biwa agree well with those of fluctuations of water levels in the lake. The dominant fluctuations of the groundwater seepage rate are caused by the seiche in Lake Biwa.
Deep plume origin of the Louisville hotspot: Noble gas evidence

Noble gas compositions have been reported for basaltic core samples from Louisville seamounts recovered during IODP Expedition 330. The in‐vacuum crushing techniques were employed to extract noble gases from fresh olivine phenocrysts and submarine glasses with ages between 50 and 74 Ma. Stepwise crushing tests confirmed the extraction of magmatic noble gases from the olivine samples with minimal release of posteruption radiogenic nuclides; however, this was not always the case for the glass samples. The 3He/4He ratios of the studied samples range from a value similar to those of mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORB) to slightly elevated ratios up to 10.6 Ra. These ratios are not as high as those observed in other ocean island basalts, suggesting that the Louisville mantle plume was weak or the samples represent late‐stage magmatic activity of the seamounts. However, two Louisville seamount basalts exhibit a primordial Ne isotopic signature that can be clearly discriminated from MORB Ne ratios. The He and Ne isotopic compositions of the Louisville seamount basalts can be explained by the mixing of less degassed mantle and depleted upper mantle with different He/Ne ratios. The presence of the less degassed mantle component in the source of the Louisville seamounts documents a deep origin of their mantle plume.
Airborne radar survey above Vostok region, east-central Antarctica: ice thickness and Lake Vostok geometry

Abstract During the 1999–2000 Italian Expedition, an airborne radar survey was performed along 12 transects across Lake Vostok, Antarctica, and its western and eastern margins. Ice thickness, subglacial elevation and the precise location of lake boundaries were determined. Radar data confirm the geometry derived from previous surveys, but with some slight differences. We measured a length of up to 260 km, a maximum width of 81 km and an area of roughly 14 000 km2. Along the major axis, from north to south, the ice thickness varies from 3800 to 4250 m, with a decreasing gradient. From west to east the ice thickness is fairly constant, except for two narrow strips located on the western and eastern margins, where it increases with high thickening rate. Over the lake the surface elevation increases from 3476 m a.s. l. (south) to 3525 (north), with a decreasing gradient, while the lake surface elevation decreases from −315 to −750 m a.s. l. , with a decreasing gradient (absolute value). The ice-surface and lake-ceiling slopes suggest that the lake is in a state of hydrostatic equilibrium.
Wavelet Transforms For Seismic Data Processing

Considerable attention has been focussed on the use of wavelet transforms for seismic data compression. In addition to data compression, wavelet transforms also provide a powerful tool for analysis and processing of seismic data. In the frequency domain, wavelet transforms can be expressed as pairs of low and high pass filters that are repeatedly applied to a seismic trace. Using this framework, geophysical operations such as noise suppression and wave propagation can be readily derived for the wavelet domain. A unique feature of the wavelet transform is the availability of both time and frequency axes in the transform domain. Algorithms that require simultaneous access to time and frequency, such as attenuation analysis, can easily be implemented in the wavelet domain. Dual access to time and frequency comes at price, however. The filters used to implement the transform overlap in the frequency domain, which leads to internal aliasing for many algorithms, including data compression. Careful attention to the details of the aliasing terms in the transform is crucial for effective algorithms. A promising area for future research is the use of wavelet transforms for compressing integral operators. As an example, we describe the Radon transform in the wavelet domain, which results in compression of both the data processed and the operations performed.
N2O emissions due to nitrogen fertilizer applications in two regions of sugarcane cultivation in Brazil

Among the main greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O), N2O has the highest global warming potential. N2O emission is mainly connected to agricultural activities, increasing as nitrogen concentrations increase in the soil with nitrogen fertilizer application. We evaluated N2O emissions due to application of increasing doses of ammonium nitrate and urea in two sugarcane fields in the mid-southern region of Brazil: Piracicaba (São Paulo state) and Goianésia (Goiás state). In Piracicaba, N2O emissions exponentially increased with increasing N doses and were similar for urea and ammonium nitrate up to a dose of 107.9 kg ha−1 of N. From there on, emissions exponentially increased for ammonium nitrate, whereas for urea they stabilized. In Goianésia, N2O emissions were lower, although the behavior was similar to that at the Piracicaba site. Ammonium nitrate emissions increased linearly with N dose and urea emissions were adjusted to a quadratic equation with a maximum amount of 113.9 kg N ha−1. This first effort to measure fertilizer induced emissions in Brazilian sugarcane production not only helps to elucidate the behavior of N2O emissions promoted by different N sources frequently used in Brazilian sugarcane fields but also can be useful for future Brazilian ethanol carbon footprint studies.
Influence of salinity on light conditions and phytoplankton growth in a turbid river

A turbid lowland river in Australia was studied to describe factors influencing the light conditions for phytoplankton growth. Vertical attenuation coefficients correlated with nepholometric turbidity enabling estimation of euphotic depths (z eu) from long term turbidity monitoring. Light conditions were assessed from the ratio of zeu to the maximum water depth (zm). Predominantly zeu/zm ratios were below 0.2, a value indicating the minimum light conditions required to support phytoplankton growth. A transitional state with zeu/zm between 0.2 and 0.35 occurred 15% of the time, while light sufficiency occurred for 30% of the time. Peaks in eukaryotic phytoplankton biomass developed when zeu/zm was at or above transitional values. Large increases in cyanobacterial numbers (Anabaena sp.) only occurred when zeu/zm exceeded 0.35. Turbidity increased quickly with elevated flows but did not decline substantially as flows reduced and light limiting conditions extended into low flow periods otherwise conducive to phytoplankton growth. However, during extended periods of reduced flows conductivity increased causing a substantial reduction in turbidity with concomitant improvements in light penetration. A turbidity of ca. 100 NTU marked the transition to light sufficiency at the study site and occurred at a conductivity of ca. 300 µS cm−1 demonstrating that small changes in salinity can have major effects on light penetration. These results show that flow, salinity and turbidity all play a part in determining the growth conditions for phytoplankton in turbid rivers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DAMAGE TO RAILWAY EMBANKMENTS DUE TO THE TOKACHIOKI EARTHQUAKE

SYNOPSIS The 1968 Tokachioki Earthquake caused much damage to railway embankments built on soft subsoils. After having taken emergency action for restoration of traffic, the author started a thorough examination into the cause of embankment damage. The present paper outlines the results of the studies conducted in the first year of scheduled investigation period.
Biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes

Agricultural industrialization alters rural landscapes in Europe, causing large-scale and rapid loss of important biodiversity. The principal instruments to protect farmland biodiversity are various agri-environmental measures (AEMs) in the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). However, growing awareness of shortcomings to CAP biodiversity integration prompts examination of causes and potential solutions. This thesis assesses the importance of structural heterogeneity of crop and non-crop habitats and evaluates some related aspects of the CAP for 2015-2020. This includes studies of crop diversification, organic farming and buffer strips, and their potential for supporting deteriorating farmland bird diversity in a forest-farmland gradient. It also evaluates the role of collaborative conservation, with particular attention to the Swedish Volunteer & Farmer Alliance (SVFA), as a tool for influencing farmers’ engagement in AEMs as well as unsubsidized conservation. Structural crop diversity, rather than the number of crop types in itself, positively affected farmland birds, especially in arable-dominated landscapes. Still, as almost all farms already met the CAP requirements for crop diversification, this policy may miss an important opportunity to deliver biodiversity benefits by setting limits too low and by neglecting structural crop diversity. The establishment of buffer strips along ditches boosted Skylarks and invertebrate numbers in adjacent cereal fields, while organic farming had only small and mixed effects on farmland birds, with both positive and negative effects on field nesters in the most arable-dominated landscapes and more forest- dominated landscapes, respectively. In general, landscape composition had a major effect on species richness, with different habitat preferences among field-nesting and non-crop-nesting birds. Social factors were more important for farmers’ engagement in AEMs than for unsubsidized conservation, suggesting that production-impeding AEMs may have poor chances of acceptance in regions with prevailing productivist norms. We also found that SVFA promoted both AEMs and unsubsidized conservation, and that measures positively affected farmland bird diversity in the most arable- dominated landscapes. However, low implementation rates of measures across SVFA limited the large- scale impact, highlighting the importance of following up stakeholders’ involvement. This thesis suggests that farmland biodiversity conservation partly relies on policies that increase the structural heterogeneity of arable landscapes (e.g., through crop diversification and establishment of buffer strips). This is especially important in regions where arable farming is predominant and farmland heterogeneity is low. We conclude the future of AEMs for biodiversity protection partly lies in better integration into cultures of farming communities, possibly through volunteer-based approaches as an alternative to centralized solutions.
Survey of Forest Elephants Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900) (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Elephantidae) in the Bia Conservation Area, Ghana

Information on elephant ranges and numbers is vital for effective conservation and management, especially in western Africa where elephant populations are small and scattered. The Bia Conservation Area (BCA) in southwestern Ghana is a priority site for the conservation of Forest Elephants in western Africa. A dung count was conducted using a systematic segmented track line design to determine the density and distribution of the BCA elephant population. The mean density of dung-piles was 452.15 per sq.km. and mean dung survival time was estimated to be 54.64 days (SD 2 days), leading to an estimate of 146 elephants (95% confidence interval 98-172) with a density of 0.48/km 2 for the BCA. This estimate probably makes the Bia forest elephant population the largest in Ghana. Records of BCA elephant activities were also made. This study augments the Regional African Elephant Database and should facilitate strategic planning and management programmes.
Mantle discontinuity structure beneath China

Mantle reflectivity profiles obtained from long-period recordings of multiple-ScS reverberations from intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes surrounding China reveal remarkably sharp images of China deep structure. The Tibetan Plateau and fold belts to the north are underlain by a midlithospheric, low-velocity zone (LVZ) evidenced by coincident G (lid-LVZ boundary) and L' (base of the LVZ) reflectors and a thickened lithosphere consistent with uniform thickening as the dominant mode of north-south deformation. The mantle beneath northeastern China, Mongolia and southeastern Russia has a typically cratonic reflectivity signature with H (Hales) and deep L (Lehmann) discontinuities. The Sino-Korean Paraplatform of eastern China is a region of active extensional tectonics, as expressed by an “oceanic” reflectivity pattern at shallow depths (a G discontinuity at ∼80 km), but a more continental structure below. The southern Sea of Japan, Korean Peninsula, Yellow Sea and bordering regions of the China mainland are underlain by a ∼5.4% impedance decrease near 330 km depth that we interpret as the upper limit of dense silicate melt atop the 410-km discontinuity produced at the subduction zones to the east. Regional inversion of the reflection coefficient of the 410-km discontinuity, R(410), reveals a pronounced high beneath Mongolia and north to northwestern China which is best explained by increased upper mantle olivine content, signifying extensive basalt depletion in a tectosphere that extends below the 410-km discontinuity. A low value of R(660) associated with topographic depression of the 660-km discontinuity beneath eastern Asia is consistent with a horizontally inclined slab atop the phase transition marking the seismic discontinuity. Reflection defocusing is an alternative but requires ≥38 km of intermediate-scale topography within the depressed region, exceeding the amplitude of the depression by a factor of 1.5–2. Either mechanism requires strong heterogeneity far west of seismically active slabs. Two lower mantle reflectors (one beneath southern Honshu, Kyushu, and the Sea of Japan; the other below Shantung province (China) and the Yellow Sea) correlate with horizontally elongated velocity anomalies in western Pacific seismic tomography models. We speculate that they may represent slabs stagnating below the 660-km discontinuity.