Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Narrative review: biomarkers, a hope towards early diagnosis in primary CNS lymphoma

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) arises in the central nervous system and remains confined into the brain, an organ with singular biological and immunological characteristics, where the structured lymphoid tissue is not normally present. Early diagnosis represents one of the main tasks for clinicians approaching PCNSL patients, because it would allow both a reduction of the risk of cerebral damage due to the presence of lymphomatous tissue and a limited time of use of steroid therapy, that raises a higher risk of immunosuppression. To date, diagnostic stereotactic biopsy is required in the most of the cases with suspicious PCNSL, however the use of less invasive and alternative diagnostic procedures would limit the surgery related-risks and morbidities, that are described in 8% of the cases. The PCNSL molecular profile and biological characteristics are poorly known, and the researchers’ efforts have been focused on studying these aspects only in the last years. In particular, the progressive knowledge on the genomic and molecular profile of lymphomatous cells and their microenvironment have helped to better characterize the pathophysiology of PCNSL. However, their diagnostic predictive and prognostic roles still remain unclear and have not yet been applied into the clinical practice. In this review we have reported the important advances on the knowledge of the main biomarkers detectable on biological fluids [blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and vitreous humor] that include genomic fragments, cytokines and their receptors, surface molecules. These biomarkers demonstrated a potential role in the early diagnosis of PCNSL, particularly when they are detected in combination, and some of them showed to have a prognostic value and a role in monitoring
cpDNA-Gene-Sequence-Based Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Gene Flow Analysis of Ethiopian Lowland Bamboo (Bambusinea: Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro)

Background. As a member of Poaceae and subfamily Bambusoideae, Ethiopian lowland bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica) is one of the most important nontimber forest resources or a potential alternative to wood and wood products. Ethiopia contributes 86% of the total area of bamboo on the continent, Africa, and 7% of the world. O. abyssinica in Ethiopia accounts for 85% of the total national coverage of bamboo. Several studies have been performed on the genetic diversity and population structure analysis of various bamboo species throughout the world but almost nothing in Ethiopia and O. abyssinica. Methods. Young fresh leaves of O. abyssinica from thirteen natural lowland bamboo growing areas across the country were collected. DNA was isolated using a modified CTAB DNA isolation method. Three cpDNA gene sequences (matK, ndhF3, and rps16) were used for the study. PCR products were analyzed, purified, and pair-end sequenced to calculate AC/GC content, average number of nucleotide differences (k), nucleotide diversity (π) and population mutation rates per 100 sites ( θ w ), InDel (Insertion-Deletion), DNA divergence, gene flow, and genetic differentiation. Results. Metekel Zone was found to have extremely higher k, π, and θ w . Higher frequency of genetic differentiation was found between Metekel Zone vs. the distant populations. Higher frequency of gene flow was found between Assosa Zone vs. Oromia populations. Kurmuk haplotype from gaps or missing data considered and Bambasi haplotype from not considered has descendants around them. Conclusion. Using sequences of cpDNA genes, populations of O. abyssinica collected in Ethiopia show clear diversity based on their geographic location. Metekel Zone was found to have the most diverse population, Assosa Zone has been found to be the source of evolution of O. abyssinica, and Gambella population shows a difference from other O. abyssinica populations.
Orofacial Dental Pain and Its Management – A General Guide and Systemic Review

Pain is one of the main symptoms for which patients seek medical attention. Pain has been designated as the “Fifth vital sign” to mark its importance as health status indicator. Orofacial dental pain may be due to various conditions affecting numerous structures local to or distant to the oral cavity including the meninges, cornea, oral, nasal, sinus mucosa, dentition, musculature, salivary glands and temporomandibular joint. Evidence support the fact that the most commonly experienced orofacial pain is dental in nature. The dental reasons should be well thought of as the first step even in cases where orofacial pain is poorly localized. One of the most common reasons for seeking dental care is said to be pain and dysfunction, usually involving the teeth and surrounding tissue. Musculoskeletal, vascular and neuropathic causes of orofacial pain occur very frequently. Orofacial disorders may have pain and associated symptoms arising from a discrete cause, such as postoperative pain or pain associated with a malignancy, or may be syndromes in which pain constitutes the primary problem, such as TMJ disorder pain or headaches.
Trophic partitioning and feeding capacity in Permian bryozoan faunas of Gondwana

Bryozoans are epibenthic suspension‐feeders and use their ciliated tentacles to generate feeding currents. Modern bryozoan mouth size limits the size of the particles that can be ingested, and lophophore diameter is correlated with water pumping rates. In fossil bryozoans these soft parts are absent, however mouth and lophophore dimensions can be inferred from preserved skeletons. Gondwanan Permian palaeostomate bryozoans show distinct order‐level trophic partitioning across warm to cold‐water faunas. In diverse warm‐water faunas of southern Thailand, fenestrate bryozoans consumed the smallest food particles, cryptostomes and trepostomes consumed mid‐size particles, and cystoporates consumed the largest, and widest range, of particles. In contrast, in low diversity cold‐water faunas of eastern Australia, where cystoporates and cryptostomes are uncommon, fenestrate bryozoans again consumed the smallest food particles, however the abundant trepostomes had much larger mouths than their warm‐water counterparts and consumed the largest food particles. This variation in mouth size, especially in the trepostomes, suggests that within a regional fauna mouth size is not controlled only by higher level systematics and that sessile benthic organisms are trophically structured to utilize different sized food particles from a suspended food source. Gondwanan Permian palaeostomates had much larger mouth and lophophore sizes than modern stenolaemates (cyclostomes) and are more comparable to gymnolaemate (cheilostome) bryozoans. This suggests that palaeostomates were able to access and consume the same range of food resources as modern gymnolaemate bryozoans, and feed at similar rates, prior to the marine environmental changes at the close of the Palaeozoic.
A Review on Phytochemical Composition and Potential Health-promoting Properties of Walnuts

ABSTRACT Walnuts are among the commonly consumed oil nuts in the world. The nuts typically contain 40–70% oil, and are a rich source of fatty acids, phenolics, phytosterols, tocopherols and carotenoids. The levels of unsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols in walnuts were significantly higher than those of many other widely consumed oil nuts. The presence of phytochemicals in walnuts gives rise to multiple bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and cholesterol lowering activity. The addition of walnut to a diet could enable delay of the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, protection against the development of certain cancers. Agronomic practices, environmental and climatic conditions, geographic locations, harvesting and postharvest handling practices have impacts upon phytochemical levels in walnuts. Abbreviations: LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; GC-FID: gas chromatography-flame ionization detector; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-DAD: high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; CE-MS: capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; Aβ: amyloid beta protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; DCF: dichlorofluorescein; DCFH-DA: dichlorofluorescin diacetate; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GR: glutathione reductase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; GSH: glutathione; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule: ICAM-1: intracellular adhesion molecule; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6: interleukin 6; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; IL-1β: interleukin 1β; IL-8: interleukin 8; IL-10: interleukin 10; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; ATG7: autophagy related 7; MAP1BLC3: microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; COX-2: cyclooxygenase 2; IGF-1: plasma insulin-like growth factor 1; GSTT2: glutathione S-transferase theta 2; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; ALA: α-linolenic acid; CD133: CD133 antigen; CD44: CD44 antigen; DLK1: Protein delta homolog 1; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; IL-1α: interleukin 1α; MAO-B: monoamine oxidase B; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MPP+: 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; BLM: bleomycin; CSE: cigarette smoke emission.
Correlation of Molecular Tumor Markers CA125, HE4, and CEA with the Development and Progression of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Background: This study was designed to explore the levels of serum moleculartumor markers carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer, and their correlation with the progression of the cancer. Methods: A total of 222 people were enrolled in this study admitted to Jining Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center from January 2016 to December 2017. There were 122 patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer (ovarian cancer group), 50 patients with benign ovarian diseases (benign control group), and 50 healthy individuals (normal control group). The levels of serum CA125, CEA, and HE4 were detected by the electrochemical luminescence method and ELISA. Results: The levels of serum CA125, HE4, and CEA in the ovarian cancer group were significantly higher than those in patients with the benign control group and the normal control group (P<0.01). The levels of serum CA125, HE4, and CEA in the high clinical staging group (stage III and stage II), low differentiation group, comorbid ascites group, metastasis group, and recurrence group were significantly higher than those in the low clinical staging group (stage I and stage II), high + moderate differentiation group, non-ascites group, non-metastasis group, and non-recurrence group, respectively (all P<0.05), and the levels of serum CA125, HE4, and CEA decreased significantly after treatment (P<0.01). Conclusion: The levels of serum CA125, HE4, and CEA are closely related to the development and progression of epithelial ovarian cancer, and combined detection of CA125, HE4 and CEA is of great significance for early diagnosis, disease development monitoring, and prognosis evaluation of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Impacts of Global Wildfire Aerosols on Direct Radiative, Cloud and Surface-Albedo Forcings Simulated with CAM5

The manuscript of Jiang et al. investigates the impacts of fire-emitted aerosols on the Earth’s radiative balance, through direct, indirect, semi-direct, and surface albedo effects. This is pursued via the analysis of some carefully designed global model experiments. The global aerosol direct radiative effect simulated is in agreement with the few previous studies that have focused on this topic, while the indirect effect is found to be somewhat weaker, though still strong. Additionally, the authors discuss the geographical distribution of the fire aerosol effects. The study also briefly describes some implications for climate response, i.e. temperature and precipitation, though that is only done via atmosphere-only simulations.
Residential Location and Travel in the Reykjavik Capital Region

This article presents findings from a mixed-methods study on residential location and travel in the Reykjavik capital region, Iceland, drawing on a combination of a tailor-made questionnaire survey and in-depth qualitative interviews, including cross-sectional and before–after analyses. A residential location close to the main city center of Reykjavik contributes to shorter travel distances and lower shares of car travel. The effect of proximity to the city center is particularly strong for commuting but exists for non-work travel and overall car-driving distances too. There are also effects of proximity to a main second-order center and local centers and of local-area population density, but these effects apply to fewer aspects of travel. The rationales for location of activities and travel mode choice identified in the qualitative interviews explain why travel distances and modes tend to depend more on proximity to the main city center than on neighborhood-scale built environment characteristics. The main patterns found in the Reykjavik area are in line with findings in several earlier studies in the Nordic countries and elsewhere. However, through its methodological approach, the investigation adds to the few studies on the topic where results are underpinned by combined qualitative and quantitative methods and inclusion of before–after analyses.
Effects of plant traits on caterpillar communities depend on host specialisation

The community composition of insect herbivores is largely shaped by host–plant phylogeny and functional traits. These effects differ between herbivores due at least in part to varying levels of diet specialisation. Distinguishing between herbivores with differing specialisation is therefore necessary to understand the roles of host phylogeny and traits in shaping complex insect communities. We surveyed the complete plant–caterpillar food web in a 0.2 ha plot of a lowland cool‐temperate deciduous forest. We measured leaf nutrients, physical traits and polyphenols of the hostplants and analysed the effects of leaf traits and phylogeny on Lepidoptera caterpillars with differing levels of host specialisation. We sampled 190 species from 16 433 individual caterpillars on 20 host plant species. These included 102 species of specialists using confamilial hostplant species, 17 species of conservative generalists using allofamilial but phylogenetically close hostplant species and 71 species of non‐conservative generalists using phylogenetically distant hostplant species. The species composition of non‐conservative generalists associated with the polyphenol protein precipitation capacity and overall leaf trait dissimilarity; conservative generalists were weakly associated with polyphenol oxidative activity. In contrast, the composition of specialist assemblages showed no correlation with leaf traits. Our results demonstrate that host phylogeny and traits play variable roles in structuring communities of herbivores, based on the phylogenetic specialisation of herbivores. Understanding the factors that shape the community structures of various herbivores traditionally classified as ‘generalists’ is important as they account for a large proportion of herbivore species while showing differential responses to traits of hosts.
Mixed geographically and temporally weighted regression for spatio-temporal deformation modelling

When the regression coefficient of independent variable has both global stationarity and spatio-temporal non-stationarity properties, the deformation model based on the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) will no longer be applicable. In order to resolve this problem, we propose an improved method to establish the spatio-temporal deformation model using mixed geographically and temporally weighted regression (MGTWR). In this method, both the global regression coefficient and the variable regression coefficient are selected for regression coefficient hypothesis test, and the local linear two-step estimation method is used to fit the MGTWR model. A dam deformation modelling example shows that the MGTWR model improves the average prediction accuracy by 57.6% compared to the GTWR model when the regression coefficients have both global stationarity and spatio-temporal non-stationarity properties.
Orthogonality based penalized GMM estimation for variable selection in partially linear spatial autoregressive models

Abstract By combining penalized GMM estimation method with the QR decomposition technique, we propose an orthogonal projection-based regularization estimation method for a class of partially linear spatial autoregressive models. The proposed method can select important covariates in the parametric component, and can also identify the significance of spatial effects. Under some conditions, some theoretical properties are studied, such as the consistency of the proposed variable selection procedure and the oracle property of the resulting estimators for parametric and nonparametric components. Furthermore, some simulation studies are carried out to examine the finite sample performances of the proposed regularization estimation method.
An innovative equivalent kinematic model of the human upper limb to improve the trajectory planning of exoskeleton rehabilitation robots

Abstract. Upper limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robots have been attracting significant attention by researchers due to their adaptive training, highly repetitive motion, and ability to enhance the self-care capabilities of patients with disabilities. It is a key problem that the existing upper limb exoskeletons cannot stay in line with the corresponding human arm during exercise. The aim is to evaluate whether the existing upper limb exoskeleton movement is in line with the human movement and to provide a design basis for the future exoskeleton. This paper proposes a new equivalent kinematic model for human upper limb, including the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and wrist joint, according to the human anatomical structure and sports biomechanical characteristics. And this paper analyzes the motion space according to the normal range of motion of joints for building the workspace of the proposed model. Then, the trajectory planning for an upper limb exoskeleton is evaluated and improved based on the proposed model. The evaluation results show that there were obvious differences between the exoskeleton prototype and human arm. The deviation between the human body and the exoskeleton of the improved trajectory is decreased to 41.64 %. In conclusion, the new equivalent kinematics model for the human upper limb proposed in this paper can effectively evaluate the existing upper limb exoskeleton and provide suggestions for structural improvements in line with human motion.
0.5-V Frequency Dividers in Folded MCML Exploiting Forward Body Bias: Analysis and Comparison

Two frequency divider architectures in the Folded MOS Current Mode Logic which allow to operate at ultra-low voltage thanks to forward body bias are presented, analyzed, and compared. The first considered architecture exploits nType and pType divide-by-two building blocks (DIV2s) without level shifters, whereas the second one is based on the cascade of nType DIV2s with input level shifter. Both the architectures have been previously proposed by the same authors with higher supply voltages, but are able to work at a supply voltage as low as 0.5 V due to the threshold lowering allowed by forward body bias. For each architecture, analytical design strategies to optimize the divider under different operation scenarios are considered and a comparison among all the treated case studies is presented. Simulation results considering a commercial 28 nm FDSOI CMOS process are reported to confirm the advantages and features of the different architectures and design strategies. The analysis show that the use of the forward body bias allows to design frequency dividers which have the best efficiency. Moreover, we have found that the frequency divider architecture based on nType and pType DIV2s without level shifter provides always better performance both in terms of speed and power consumption approaching about 17 GHz of maximum operating frequency with less than 30 μW power consumption.
Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 East Java isolate, Indonesia

Background: Incidents of SARS-CoV-2 in East Java increased steadily, and it became the second epicenter in Indonesia. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a dire multisectoral crisis all around the world. This study investigates and characterizes local isolates from East Java, Indonesia. Methods: There were 54 patients suspected with SARS-COV-2 infection and 27 patients were COVID-19 positive. Virus isolates were obtained from COVID-19 inpatients’ nasopharyngeal swabs at the Dr Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Surabaya. There were only three isolates (#6, #11, #35) with good growth characteristics. Serial blind passage and cytopathic effect observation in the Vero E6 cell line were performed for virus isolation. Confirmation of the SARS-CoV-2 infection was proven by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions using SARS-CoV-2 specific primers, scanning electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy examination. Whole genome sequencing was performed using ARTIC protocol. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 characterization was identified through a western blot using rabbit serum immunized with inactive SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and human natural COVID-19 infection serum. Results: Spike gene analysis of three samples (#6, #11, #35) found that the D614G mutation was detected in all isolates, although one isolate exhibited the D215Y and E484D mutation. Based on whole genome analysis, those three isolates were included in clade 20A, and two isolates were included in lineage B.1. 6 with one isolate belongs to lineage B.1. 4.7. Conclusion: Based on molecular characterization and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 East Java, Indonesia showed high titer and it has mutation in some regions.
The first national scale spatial and temporal analysis of surface CO2 over South Africa utilising satellite retrievals

ABSTRACT South Africa is the dominant continental source region of CO2 fossil fuel emissions. This is a result of the strong dependence of its economy on fossil fuels. However, the observations of atmospheric CO2 in South Africa are inadequate. The country has the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Cape Point station as the only site with long-term ambient CO2 monitoring record. In this study, satellite data retrieved from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument on board the Aura satellite from Dec 2004 to Dec 2009 is used for the first time to quantify the spatial distribution of CO2 over South Africa, as well as to determine its annual variability at selected sites. The study found that the surface CO2 foot print in South Africa resembles the industrial CO2 emission sources spatial distribution, particularly during the summer and autumn. In winter and spring seasons the surface CO2 foot prints are spatially expanded as a result of contributions of emissions from biomass and domestic fossil fuel combustion. The surface levels of CO2 at the study areas have been increasing during the period of the analysis.