Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The dynamic nature of refugee children's resilience: a cohort study of Syrian refugees in Lebanon

Abstract Aims Children's responses to war and displacement are varied; many struggle, while others appear resilient. However, research into these outcomes disproportionately focuses on cross-sectional data in high-income countries. We aimed to (1) investigate change in resilience across two timepoints in a highly vulnerable sample of Syrian refugee children in Lebanon, and (2) explore predictors of their mental health problems across time. Methods In total, 982 Syrian child–caregiver dyads living in refugee settlements in Lebanon completed questionnaires via interview at baseline and follow-up one year later. We categorised children into groups based on their risk for mental health problems across both timepoints (stable high risk/SHR, deteriorating, improving, stable low risk) according to locally validated cut-offs on measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and behavioural problems. Analyses of covariance identified how the groups differed on a range of individual and socio-environmental predictors, followed up by cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) to investigate the directionality of the relationships between significantly related predictors and symptoms. Results The sample showed a meaningful amount of change in mental health symptoms from baseline to follow-up. Over half (56.3%) of children met SHR criteria and 10.3% deteriorated over time, but almost one-quarter (24.2%) showed meaningful improvement, and 9.2% were consistently at low risk for mental health problems at both timepoints. Several predictors differentiated the groups, particularly social measures. According to CLPMs, maternal acceptance (β = −0.07) predicted child mental health symptoms over time. Self-esteem (β = −0.08), maternal psychological control (β = 0.10), child maltreatment (β = 0.09) and caregiver depression (β = 0.08) predicted child symptoms and vice versa (βse = −0.11, βb = 0.07, βmpc = 0.08, βcm = 0.1, βcd = 0.11). Finally, child symptoms predicted loneliness (β = 0.12), bullying (β = 0.07), perceived social support (β = −0.12), parent–child conflict (β = 0.13), caregiver PTSD (β = 0.07), caregiver anxiety (β = 0.08) and the perceived refugee environment (β = −0.09). Conclusions Our results show risk and resilience are dynamic, and the family environment plays a key role in children's response to war and displacement. Conversely, children also have a significant impact on the family environment and caregiver's own mental health. Interventions to promote resilience in refugee children should therefore consider family-wide mechanisms.
8 Crime in a Scandinavian Shopping Centre

For many of us ‘going shopping’ is perceived to be an activity filled with great pleasure (Bamfield, 2012) as shopping centres have evolved from a group of stores to large enclosed malls with an eclectic number of services and functions (Savard & Kennedy, 2014). The term shopping centre (or shopping malls) was originally used in North America to describe a group of shops or stores designed and developed as one architectural unit. Most recently, shopping centres are all over the world. They may be strip malls or giant complexes with stores, office complexes and cinemas as well as department stores, banks and schools. Regardless of their size or type, these facilities generate and attract crime (Bamfield, 2004; Brantingham
In vitro activity of rifabutin against Mycobacterium abscessus, clinical isolates

The antibiotic options available for Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) infection are limited and no definitive therapeutic strategies have been formulated. The recent discovery that rifabutin is active against M. abscessus has raised interest in using rifabutin to treat this intractable disease. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro activity of rifabutin against 194 M. abscessus clinical isolates collected during 2012 January to 2017 December. As expected, rifabutin demonstrated considerably lower MICs against M. abscessus, with an MIC50 of 2 μg/mL and MIC90 of 4 μg/mL, respectively. Notably, the anti‐M.abscessus activity was even stronger among clarithromycin‐insusceptible strains. In addition, M. abscessus isolates with a rough morphotype were more sensitive to rifabutin compared with those forming smooth colonies when considered as a whole or in separate subspecies. Results from synergistic experiments revealed that the in vitro activity of rifabutin was significantly enhanced by the addition of amikacin, suggesting a promising strategy for M. abscessus infection combination treatment. Finally, five and three mutation patterns in rpoB and arr, respectively, were identified among the 194 strains through whole genome sequencing. However, none of them conferred rifabutin resistance. Our study is among the first to report the susceptibility of M. abscessus to rifabutin in vitro with a large amount of clinical isolates, suggesting that rifabutin is active, both alone and in combination, against M. abscessus and is worth considering as part of a combination treatment regimen for M. abscessus infections.
γ‐aminobutyric acid measurement in the human brain at 7 T: Short echo‐time or Mescher–Garwood editing

The purposes of the current study were to introduce a Mescher–Garwood (MEGA) semi‐adiabatic spin‐echo full‐intensity localization (MEGA‐sSPECIAL) sequence with macromolecule (MM) subtraction and to compare the test–retest reproducibility of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) measurements at 7 T using the sSPECIAL and MEGA‐sSPECIAL sequences. The MEGA‐sSPECIAL editing scheme using asymmetric adiabatic and highly selective Gaussian pulses was used to compare its GABA measurement reproducibility with that of short echo‐time (TE) sSPECIAL. Proton magnetic resonance spectra were acquired in the motor cortex (M1) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using the sSPECIAL (TR/TE = 4000/16 ms) and MEGA‐sSPECIAL sequences (TR/TE = 4000/80 ms). The metabolites were quantified using LCModel with unsuppressed water spectra. The concentrations are reported in institutional units. The test–retest reproducibility was evaluated by scanning each subject twice. Between‐session reproducibility was assessed using coefficients of variation (CVs), Pearson's r correlation coefficients, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Intersequence agreement was evaluated using Pearson's r correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots. Regarding GABA measurements by sSPECIAL, the GABA concentrations were 0.92 ± 0.31 (IU) in the M1 and 1.56 ± 0.49 (IU) in the mPFC. This demonstrated strong between‐session correlation across both regions (r = 0.81, p < 0.01; ICC = 0.82). The CVs between the two scans were 21.8% in the M1 and 10.2% in the mPFC. On the other hand, the GABA measurements by MEGA‐sSPECIAL were 0.52 ± 0.04 (IU) in the M1 and 1.04 ± 0.24 (IU) in the mPFC. MEGA‐sSPECIAL demonstrated strong between‐session correlation across the two regions (r = 0.98, p < 0.001; ICC = 0.98) and lower CVs than sSPECIAL, providing 4.1% in the M1 and 5.8% in the mPFC. The MEGA‐editing method showed better reproducibility of GABA measurements in both brain regions compared with the short‐TE sSPECIAL method. Thus it is a more sensitive method with which to detect small changes in areas with low GABA concentrations. In GABA‐rich brain regions, GABA measurements can be achieved reproducibly using both methods.
Dynamic alteration in myocardium creatine during acute infarction using MR CEST imaging

Creatine (Cr) is an essential metabolite in the creatine kinase reaction, which plays a critical role in maintaining normal cardiac function. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI offers a novel way to map myocardium Cr. This study aims to investigate the dynamic alteration in myocardium Cr during acute infarction using CEST MRI, which may facilitate understanding of the heart remodeling mechanism at the molecular level. Seven adult Bama pigs underwent cardiac cine, Cr CEST, and late gadolinium‐enhanced (LGE) T1‐weighted (T1w) imaging three and 14 days after myocardial infarction induction on a 3 T scanner. Cardiac structural and functional indices, including myocardium mass (MM), end‐diastolic volume (EDV), end‐systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF), were measured from cines. Infarct angle was determined from LGE T1w images, based on which myocardium was classified into infarct, adjacent, and remote regions. Cr‐weighted CEST signal was quantified from a three‐pool Lorentzian fitting model and measured within each region and the entire myocardium. Student's t‐test was conducted to evaluate any significant differences in measurements between the two time points. Correlation was assessed with Pearson correlation. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Over the studied period, MM, EDV, and ESV did not alter significantly (P > 0.05), whereas significant increases of SV and EF and decrease of infarct angle were observed (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the Cr‐weighted CEST signal elevated significantly on Day 14 compared with Day 3 in the infarct (10.00 ± 1.28% versus 6.91 ± 1.54%, P < 0.01), adjacent (11.17 ± 2.00% versus 8.01 ± 1.58%, P = 0.01), and entire myocardium (11.03 ± 1.36% versus 8.19 ± 1.28%, P < 0.01). Moderate negative correlations were shown between the infarct angle and Cr‐weighted CEST signals in the infarct (r = −0.80, P < 0.001), adjacent (r = −0.58, P = 0.03), and entire myocardium (r = −0.76, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the dynamic increase of myocardium Cr during acute infarction may interact with cardiac structural and functional recovery. The study provides supplementary insights into the heart remodeling process from the metabolic viewpoint.
Research on a Novel Hydraulic/Electric Synergy Bus

In recent years, increasing concerns regarding environmental pollution and requirements for lower fossil fuel consumption have increased interest in alternative hybrid powertrains. As a result, this paper presents a novel hydraulic/electric synergy powertrain with multiple working modes. The three energy sources (i.e., engine, battery, and hydraulic accumulator) in this configuration are regulated by a dual planetary gear set to achieve optimal performances. This paper selects the component sizes of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), a hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHV), and a hydraulic/electric synergy vehicle (HESV), based on the dynamic performance of a target vehicle (TV). In addition, this paper develops the forward simulation models of the four aforementioned vehicles in the MATLAB/Simulink/Driveline platform, in which the fuel economy simulations are carried out in relation to the Chinese urban bus cycle. The simulation results show that the fuel consumption of the three hybrid vehicles is similar, but much better than, that of the TV. Finally, based on the operating cost calculations over a five-year working period, the lowest cost ranges of the three hybrid vehicles are determined, which provides a method for choosing the optimal hybrid scheme.
Positional Paper

Application telemetry refers to measurements taken from software systems to assess their performance, availability, correctness, efficiency, and other aspects useful to operators, as well as to troubleshoot them when they behave abnormally. Many modern observability platforms support dimensional models of telemetry signals where the measurements are accompanied by additional dimensions used to identify either the resources described by the telemetry or the business-specific attributes of the activities (e.g., a customer identifier). However, most of these platforms lack any semantic understanding of the data, by not capturing any metadata about telemetry, from simple aspects such as units of measure or data types (treating all dimensions as strings) to more complex concepts such as purpose policies. This limits the ability of the platforms to provide a rich user experience, especially when dealing with different telemetry assets, for example, linking an anomaly in a time series with the corresponding subset of logs or traces, which requires semantic understanding of the dimensions in the respective data sets.
Mnx1 Induces Leukemia Transformation Through Altering Histone Methylation in a Model of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(7;12) (q36;p13)

Certain subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children have still inferior outcome. One of these AML subtypes has a translocation t(7;12)(q36;p13), always leading to high expression of MNX1 and often to MNX1::ETV6 fusion expression. Here we identi�ed the transforming event in this AML and possible ways to target them. Only MNX1 was able to induce AML in mice, and this was observed using hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells derived from fetal origin but not from adult bone marrow. The restriction in the transforming capacity to cells from fetal liver origin is in concordance with the fact that t(7;12) (q36;p13) AML is mostly restricted to infants. Ectopic expression of MNX1 led to increase of H3K4me1, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3, reduction in H3K27me3, accompanied with changes in genome-wide chromatin accessibility and genome expression, likely mediated through MNX1 interaction with the methionine cycle and different methyltransferases. MNX1 expression resulted in increased DNA damage, depletion of the Lin-/Sca1+/c-Kit+ population and skewing toward the myeloid lineage. These effects, together with leukemia development, was prevented by the S-adenosylmethionine analog Sinefungin. In conclusion, we have shown the importance of MNX1 in leukemia development in AML with t(7;12), supporting a rationale for targeting MNX1 and downstream pathways.
High overexploitation risk due to management shortfall in highly traded requiem sharks

Most of the international trade in fins (and likely meat too) is derived from requiem sharks (family Carcharhinidae), yet trade in only two of the 56 species is currently regulated. Here, we quantify catch, trade, and the shortfall in national and regional fisheries management (M-Risk) for all 56 requiem shark species based on 831 assessments across 30 countries and four Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs). Requiem sharks comprise over half (60%) of the annual reported global chondrichthyan catch with most species (86%) identified in the international fin trade. Requiem sharks are inadequately managed by fisheries, with an average M-Risk of half (50%) of an ideal score, consequently 70% of species are threatened globally. The high catch and trade volume and shortfall in management of these iconic species requires a global integrated improvement in fisheries management, supported by regulating international trade to sustainable levels.
Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis

Compensatory endocytosis keeps the surface area of secretory cells constant following exocytosis. At chemical synapses, clathrin-independent ultrafast endocytosis maintains such homeostasis. This endocytic pathway is temporally and spatially coupled to exocytosis, initiating within 50 ms at the region immediately next to where vesicles fuse: the active zone. How synaptic vesicle exocytosis induces ultrafast endocytosis is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that actin filaments are enriched in the region surrounding active zone at mouse hippocampal synapses and that the membrane area conservation due to this actin corral is necessary for exo-endocytic coupling. Simulations suggest that flattening of fused vesicles exerts lateral membrane pressure in the plasma membrane against the actin corral, resulting in rapid formation of endocytic pits at the border between the active zone and the surrounding actin-enriched region. Consistent with our simulations, ultrafast endocytosis does not initiate when actin organization is disrupted, either pharmacologically or by ablation of the actin-binding protein Epsin1. These data suggest that endocytosis is mechanically coupled to exocytosis at synapses.
Dual IgA/IgG family autoantibodies from individuals at-risk for rheumatoid arthritis identify an arthritogenic strain of Subdoligranulum

The mucosal origins hypothesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) proposes a central role for mucosal immune responses in the initiation and/or perpetuation of the systemic autoimmunity that occurs with disease. However, the connection between the mucosa and systemic autoimmunity in RA remains unclear. Using dual IgA/IgG family plasmablast-derived monoclonal autoantibodies obtained from peripheral blood of individuals at-risk for RA, we identified cross-reactivity between RA-relevant autoantigens and bacterial taxa in the closely related families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. After generating bacterial isolates within Lachnospiraceae/Ruminococcaceae genus Subdoligranulum from the feces of an individual, we confirmed monoclonal antibody binding as well as MHC class II dependent CD4+ T cell activation in RA cases compared to controls. Additionally, when Subdoligranulum isolate 7 but not isolate 1 colonized germ-free mice, it stimulated Th17 cell expansion, serum RA-relevant IgG autoantibodies, and joint swelling reminiscent of early RA with histopathology characterized by antibody deposition and complement activation. Systemic immune responses were likely due to the generation of colon isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) driving increased fecal and serum IgA by isolate 7, as B and T cell depletion not only halted intestinal immune responses but also eliminated detectable clinical disease. In aggregate, these findings demonstrate one mucosal mechanism in RA through which an intestinal strain of bacteria can drive systemic autoantibody generation and joint-centered antibody deposition and immune activation. One-sentence summary Subdoligranulum spp. targeted by rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-relevant autoantibodies activate T cells in individuals with RA, and in mice stimulate autoantibodies and joint swelling associated with antibody deposition and complement activation.
The coordination of replication initiation with growth rate in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli coordinates replication and division cycles by initiating replication at approximately the same size per chromosome at all growth rates. By tracking replisomes in individual cells through thousands of division cycles, we have dissected the mechanism behind this precise process. We have characterized wild-type cells grown under different conditions and also many mutants related to the expression and binding states of the initiator protein DnaA. This rich data set allowed us to compare the relative importance of all previously described control systems. We found that the replication initiation size regulation is not strongly dependent on the absolute concentration of DnaA, nor does it depend on active dnaA expression. Replication initiation is also not consistently triggered by cell division or replication termination. In contrast, some of the factors that convert DnaA between its ATP- and ADP-bound states have a strong effect on initiation size. We suggest a plausible model for DnaA-ATP mediated triggering of initiation at fast growth, where regulatory inactivation of DnaA (RIDA) is the main system for monitoring the number of chromosomes during active replication.
Cortical activity during naturalistic music listening reflects short-range predictions based on long-term experience

Expectations shape our experience of music. However, the internal model upon which listeners form melodic expectations is still debated. Do expectations stem from Gestalt-like principles or statistical learning? If the latter, does long-term experience play an important role, or are short-term regularities sufficient? And finally, what length of context informs contextual expectations? To answer these questions, we presented human listeners with diverse naturalistic compositions from Western classical music, while recording neural activity using MEG. We quantified note-level melodic surprise and uncertainty using various computational models of music, including a state-of-the-art transformer neural network. A time-resolved regression analysis revealed that neural activity over fronto-temporal areas tracked melodic surprise particularly around 200 ms and 300–500 ms after note onset. This neural surprise response was dissociated from sensory-acoustic and adaptation effects. Neural surprise was best predicted by computational models that incorporated long-term statistical learning – rather than by simple, Gestalt-like principles. Yet, intriguingly, the surprise reflected primarily short-range musical contexts of less than ten notes. We present a full replication of our novel MEG results in an openly available EEG dataset. Together, these results elucidate the internal model that shapes melodic predictions during naturalistic music listening.
Distinct patterns of cortical manifold expansion and contraction underlie human sensorimotor adaptation

Sensorimotor learning is a dynamic, systems-level process that involves the combined action of multiple neural systems distributed across the brain. Although we understand a great deal about the specialized cortical systems that support specific components of action (such as reaching), we know less about how cortical systems function in a coordinated manner to facilitate adaptive behaviour. To address this gap in knowledge, our study measured human brain activity using functional MRI (fMRI) while participants performed a classic sensorimotor adaptation task, and used a manifold learning approach to describe how behavioural changes during adaptation relate to changes in the landscape of cortical activity. During early adaptation, we found that areas in parietal and premotor cortex exhibited significant contraction along the cortical manifold, which was associated with their increased covariance with regions in higher-order association cortex, including both the default mode and fronto-parietal networks. By contrast, during late adaptation, when visuomotor errors had been largely reduced, we observed a significant expansion of visual cortex along the cortical manifold, which was associated with its reduced covariance with association cortex and its increased intraconnectivity. Lastly, we found that individuals who learned more rapidly exhibited greater covariance between regions in the sensorimotor and association cortices during early adaptation. Together, these findings are consistent with a view that sensorimotor adaptation depends on changes in the integration and segregation of neural activity across more specialized regions of unimodal cortex with regions in association cortex implicated in higher-order processes. More generally, they lend support to an emerging line of evidence implicating regions of the default mode network in task-based performance.