Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constructing Comprehensive Datasets for Understanding Human and Climate Change Impacts on Hydrologic Cycle

Climate change and human activities altered the hydrologic systems and exerted global scale impacts on our environment with significant implications for water resources [1]. To secure a complete picture of future water resources, it will be necessary to consider climate change and variability, hydrology, water engineering, and human systems in an integrated framework [2]. Climate change can be characterized by the change of precipitation and temperature, and both precipitation pattern change and global warming are associated with the increase in frequency of flooding or drought and the decrease of low flows. With increasing water demand from domestic, agricultural, commercial, and industrial sectors, humans are increasingly becoming a significant component of the hydrologic cycle. Human activities have transformed hydrologic processes at spatial scales ranging from local to global as shown in figure 1. Human activities affecting watershed hydrology include land use change, dam construction and reservoir operation, groundwater pumping, surface water withdrawal, irrigation, return flow, and others e.g., Wang and Cai [3], Vogel [4]. The land use change impacts have been studied in many watersheds around the world. However, the fundamental role of human water use in the hydrologic cycle is not yet well understood [5].
Optical determination of the vertical wavelength of propagating 12‐hour period upper atmosphere oscillations

Vertical wavelengths of propagation of the 12-hour oscillation of the upper atmosphere have been optically determined from measurements of horizontal motions derived from the Doppler shifts of [OI] at 557 nm and OH(6–2) at 840 nm and from the [OI] and OH(8,3) heights of emission measured by the WINDII experiment. These determinations, at 43.98°S, 170.42°E, have established the existence of a large, brief, yet persistent, enhancement in the vertical wavelength of propagation near the austral autumn equinox. The typical vertical wavelengths of oscillation during the year are in the range 20 km to 40 km, except during the brief period near the austral autumn equinox when they increase to about 100 km. These findings indicate a change in the atmospheric structure at those heights, favoring the presence of longer vertical wavelength modes near the austral autumn equinox.
Understanding the Immunological Quality of Breast Milk in Maternal Overweight and Obesity

Maternal obesity, affecting many pregnant women globally, not only poses immediate health risks but also modulates breast milk composition. Obesity is linked to inflammation and oxidative stress, impacting breast milk’s immune properties. This paper explores the intricate relationship between maternal metabolic disorders, such as obesity, and breast milk’s immunological components. We conducted a thorough search for original and review articles published until 17 October 2023 in the PUBMED/Scopus database. This search included several terms related to human breast milk, immunological properties, and obesity. Articles were selected with the consensus of all authors. Maternal metabolic disorders have discernible effects on the composition of immune-related components in breast milk, such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, growth factors, extracellular vesicles, and lymphocytes. These changes in breast milk composition can significantly impact the newborn’s immune system, with potential long-term health implications beyond the immediate postnatal period. Maternal metabolic health is a critical factor in shaping the health trajectory of the neonate through breastfeeding, although the full advantages of breastfeeding for children of mothers with obesity remain uncertain. Ongoing research aims to understand and unravel these links.
Surgical aspects of renal transplantation

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A Constitutive Model for Soils Evaluating Principal Stress Rotation and Its Application to Some Deformation Problems

ABSTRACT A constitutive model for soils by which the strain increments (dɛx, dɛy and dγxy) are directly related to the stress increments (dσx, dσy and dτxy) is proposed. The stress-strain matrix between the strain increments and the stress increments is expressed in xy-coordinates fixed arbitrarily. In order to evaluate the influence of rotation of the principal stress axes on strains, “principal stress rotation tests” with several rotation times, in which the stress path circles several times along the circumference of a Mohr’s stress circle, are carried out by a “two-dimensional arbitrary stress apparatus” using a stack of aluminium rods. The “arbitrary” stress path dependency of strains is also examined by the same apparatus, and analyzed by the proposed model. The finite element analysis of soil foundation under a uniform strip load is performed using the proposed model, and the influence of rotation of the principal stress axes on settlements and lateral displacements is checked by comparing the computed results under different contribution factors (5% to 100%) of strains due to rotation of the principal stress axes. It is seen from the computed results that the settlements and lateral displacements are influenced significantly by the principal stress rotation.
On Strong Distance Invariance of Some Steiner Quadruple Systems

A set of vertices (or the code) in a graph is called strongly distance invariant if for any three non-negative integers the number of triangles in the set with one fixed point and with these three legs does not depends on the choice of the point. It is known that every fiber of an equitable partition (in particular, every completely regular code) in the Hamming graph is strongly distance invariant. But this property cannot be generalized to equitable partitions of an arbitrary distance-regular graph. A Steiner quadruple system (SQS(n)) is a set of 4-subsets of an n-set such that every 3-subset is contained in exactly one 4-subset of the system; an SQS(n) is a completely regular code in the Johnson graph. We show that for infinitely many n there exists an SQS(n) that is not strongly distance invariant.
and other research outputs Learning Design : reflections on a snapshot of the current landscape

Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. The mounting wealth of open and readily available information and the accelerated evolution of social, mobile and creative technologies call for a re-conceptualisation of the role of educators: from providers of knowledge to designers of learning. This call is reverberated by the rising trend of research in learning design (LD). Addressing this, the Art and Science of Learning Design workshop brought together leading voices in the field, and provided a forum for discussing its key issues. It focused on three major themes: (1) practices, methods and methodologies, (2) tools and resources and (3) theoretical frameworks. This paper proposes a definition of LD, reviews the main contributions from the workshop, and suggests some challenges for future research. Introduction In 1993, Alison King called for a repositioning of educators, ''from sage on the stage to guide on the side''. The intervening two decades has seen dramatic changes in learning, arising in no small part by innovations in technology, and recently, we are also witnessing a shift of emphasis: from distributors of knowledge to designers of learning experiences. The idea that artefacts could be devised to induce learning is not new. Indeed, Buck (1989) provides a fascinating account of learning machines designed by Archimedes, Hero of Alexandria, Quintilian Á a first century Roman teacher and rhetorician, and others, to teach subjects from philosophical principles to gladiator skills. Our era is distinguished by the wealth of open and readily available information, and the accelerated evolution of social, mobile and creative technologies. These offer learners and educators unprecedented opportunities, but also entail increasingly complex challenges. Consequently, the role of educators needs to adapt from distributors of knowledge to designers for learning. Educators may still provide access to information, but now they …
Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.ae Preparation and Application of Biochar from Brewery`s Spent Grain and Sewage Sludge

Brewery`s spent grain (BSG) and sewage sludge (SS) were used as raw material at the temperature from 400°C to 700 °C and limited oxygen (O 2 ＜5%) conditions to prepare biochar (BC). One aim is to examine the BC characterization prepared under different temperatures and various proportions of SS. Another aim is to find the optimum preparation conditions of BC for treating wastewater. Results showed BC had more obvious physical and chemical variation between 400°C and 500°C than temperature 600°C and 700°C. pH was followed by 700°C > 600°C > 500°C >400°C increased from 6.0 to 10.1. FT-IR results showed: BC rich in carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl which were surface oxygen functional groups. Electron microscope scanning (EMS) analysis results indicated: when the temperature was 400°C, the surface of BC formed tiny holes, but was fuzzy; with the pyrolysis temperature increasing, plug of the hole opened and walls became thinner. BC adsorption results showed: under same pyrolysis temperature, adsorption effects were best under the proportion of SS 80% for ammonia-nitrogen, 100% for phosphorus-containing wastewater, and 10% for chromium (VI) wastewater. BC prepared under higher temperature had the better removal effect for wastewater.
Source mechanism of Vulcanian eruption at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador, derived from seismic moment tensor inversions

Source mechanisms of explosive volcanic eruptions are critical for understanding magmatic plumbing systems and magma transport. Tungurahua is a large andesitic stratovolcano where seismoacoustic data has been recorded over several years. In May 2010, an energetic eruption cycle began with a midsize Vulcanian explosion followed by swarms of explosive eruptions. The five‐station seismoacoustic network recorded significant seismic and infrasonic signals from the explosions. Source mechanisms of 50 explosion earthquakes associated with Vulcanian explosions during this eruptive period are investigated here. The source centroid locations and geometries of explosive signals in the 10–2 s band were determined by full‐waveform moment tensor inversion. The observed waveforms are well explained by a combination of volumetric moment tensor components and a single, vertical, downward force component. The source centroids are positioned about 1.5 km below and about 320 m north of the active crater. Eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis indicates that the source geometries can be described by a subhorizontal, thin ellipsoid representing a sill‐like magma accumulation. Resultant source time histories show a repetitive sequence of inflation and deflation from event to event, indicating identical source processes frequently occurred over the period. The inflation/deflation in the deep source region may be the result of crack opening. Volatile bubble growth at depth opens a pathway for gases to escape and triggers shallow explosions at the summit crater. The associated downward single force is interpreted as an exchange of linear momentum between the source and the surrounding region during the escaping gas flow.
Deformation mechanism paths for oceanic rocks during subduction and accretion: the Mesozoic forearc of Alexander Island, Antarctica

The LeMay Group of Alexander Island, Antarctica, is a Mesozoic accretionary prism that contains slivers of ocean floor and ocean island material, accreted under a range of conditions and depths. It provides a rare opportunity to compare the deformation mechanism paths between oceanic and trench-fill lithologies during subduction and accretion by offscraping or underplating. Ocean floor slivers consist of a bedded basalt–volcaniclastite–chert rock association, overlain by trench-fill sedimentary rocks. The oceanic lithologies initially deformed by cataclasis, combined with particulate flow in the volcaniclastic rocks. At shallow levels the clastic trench-fill sedimentary rocks deformed by independent particulate flow, which changed to cataclastic flow at depth. At those depths crystal plasticity affected the cherts and jaspers. At the deepest levels achieved in the subduction zone, crystal plasticity was the dominant deformation mechanism in the clastic sedimentary rocks, whilst cataclasis continued in the lavas. Deformation was synchronous with metamorphism up to transitional greenschist–blueschist facies. All lithologies were affected by pressure solution after accretion, with the formation of a bedding-parallel or sub-parallel cleavage. The deformation mechanism paths indicate that (1) there is a crystal plastic deformation field at deep levels in the subduction zone, and (2) that the base of the pressure solution field is concordant with the decollement. A frontally accreted ocean island is exposed in the Lully Foothills, and consists of a basalt–volcaniclastite–tuff rock association. Deformation is represented only by a patchily distributed bedding-sub-parallel pressure solution cleavage in the tuffs and volcaniclastites, and is probably related to loading. Metamorphism does not exceed prehnite–pumpellyite facies. The accreted ocean island indicates that such features can be incorporated into accretionary prisms at shallow levels without significant segmentation.
Optimizing diffuse optical imaging for breast tissues with a dual-encoder neural network to preserve small structural information and fine features

Abstract. Purpose Various laboratory sources have recently achieved progress in implementing deep learning models on biomedical optical imaging of soft biological tissues. The highly scattered nature of tissues at specific optical wavelengths results in poor spatial resolution. This opens up opportunities for diffuse optical imaging to improve the spatial resolution of obtained optical properties suffering from artifacts. This study aims to investigate a dual-encoder deep learning model for successfully detecting tumors in different phantoms w.r. t tumor size on diffuse optical imaging. Approach Our proposed dual-encoder network extends U-net by adding a parallel branch of signal data to get information directly from the base source. This allows the trained network to localize the inclusions without degrading or merging with the background. The signals from the forward model and the images from the inverse problem are combined in a single decoder, filling the gap between existing direct processing and post-processing. Results Absorption and reduced scattering coefficients are well reconstructed in both simulation and phantom test datasets. The proposed and implemented dual-encoder networks characterize better optical-property images than the signal-encoder and image-encoder networks, and the contrast-and-size detail resolution of the dual-encoder networks outperforms the other two approaches. From the measures of performance evaluation, the structural similarity and peak signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed images obtained by the dual-encoder networks remain the highest values. Conclusions In this study, we synthesized the advantages of boundary data direct reconstruction, namely the extracted signals and iterative methods, from the obtained images into a unified network architecture.
A Review of Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh: The Millennium Development Goal Era and Beyond

Arsenic contamination in drinking water has a detrimental impact on human health which profoundly impairs the quality of life. Despite recognition of the adverse health implications of arsenic toxicity, there have been few studies to date to suggest measures that could be taken to overcome arsenic contamination. After the statement in 2000 WHO Bulletin that Bangladesh has been experiencing the largest mass poisoning of population in history, we researched existing literature to assess the magnitude of groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh. The literature reviewed related research that had been initiated and/or completed since the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) under four domains: (1) extent of arsenic contamination; (2) health consequences; (3) mitigation and technologies and (4) future directions. To this means, a review matrix was established for analysis of previous literature based on these four core domains. Our findings revealed that several high-quality research articles were produced at the beginning of the MDG period, but efforts have dwindled in recent years. Furthermore, there were only a few studies conducted that focused on developing suitable solutions for managing arsenic contamination. Although the government of Bangladesh has made its population’s access to safe drinking water a priority agenda item, there are still pockets of the population that continue to suffer from arsenic toxicity due to contaminated water supplies.
Flavor Characteristics of Ten Peanut Varieties from China

To investigate the flavor characteristics of peanuts grown in Jiangsu, China, ten local varieties were selected. The amino acids, 5′-nucleotides and volatile substances were detected, and the flavor and odor characteristics of these varieties were estimated using an electronic tongue and nose. The results showed that the fat and protein contents of ten peanut varieties changed significantly (p < 0.05), and may have been negatively correlated with those of the Taihua 6 variety—in particular, having the highest protein content and the lowest fat content. The amino acid contents of the peanuts were 20.08 g/100 g (Taihua 4)–27.18 g/100 g (Taihua 6). Taihua 6 also contained the highest bitter (10.41 g/100 g) and sweet (6.06 g/100 g) amino acids, and Taihua 10 had the highest monosodium glutamate-like amino acids (7.61 g/100 g). The content of 5′-nucleotides ranged from 0.08 mg/g (Taihua 9725) to 0.14 mg/g (Taihua 0122–601). Additionally, 5′-cytidylate monophosphate (5′-CMP) and 5′-adenosine monophosphate (5′-AMP) were the major 5′-nucleotides detected in the peanuts. A total of 42 kinds of volatile flavor compounds were detected, with both Taihua 4 and 6 showing the most (18 kinds) and the highest content being in Taihua 4 (7.46%). Both Taihua 9725 and 9922 exhibited the fewest kinds (nine kinds) of volatile components, and the lowest content was in Taihua 9725 (3.15%). Formic acid hexyl ester was the most abundant volatile substance in peanuts, and the highest level (3.63%) was detected in Taihua 7506. The electronic tongue and nose indicated that the greatest taste difference among the ten varieties of peanuts was mainly related to sourness, and Taihua 4 and Taihua 9922 had special taste characteristics. On the other hand, the greatest smell difference among the ten varieties of peanuts was mostly for methane and sulfur organic substances, and Taihua 0605-2 had a special and strong smell characteristic. In conclusion, the content and composition differences of the flavor substances of ten peanut varieties were responsible for their divergences in taste and smell. These results will provide guidelines for the further use (freshly consumed or processed) of these ten peanut varieties.
Comparison of Three River Health Assessment Methods

A theoretical and empirical comparison of river health assessment methods of ISC from Australia,RCE from Sweden and URHA from China was made in respects of application objects,index selection,weight setting,standard enactment and results presentation.The results show that ISC,RCE and URHA differ by index selection,weight setting and standard enactment while they all apply comprehensive indices.For urban rivers,the assessment by RCE method is inaccurate,and some indices in ISC method prove difficult to make accurate assessment.URHA method is suitable for evaluating urban river,however,there are some respects to be improved,such as objective of index selection,adaptability of weight setting and standard enactment and variety of results presentation.
A statistical analysis of the generation of microseisms

Theories of the origin of microseisms have in the past generally been expressed in terms of the Green functions of the elastic systems considered. An alternative approach based on spectral transfer functions and the local energy-balance equation of the seismic field is proposed. The method enables a rigorous analysis of the statistical aspects of the problem, which could be treated only approximately and under restrictive conditions in terms of the far-field representations used previously. Three suggested origins of microseisms are considered: (1) the action of ocean waves on coasts, originally proposed by Wiechert; (2) atmospheric pressure fluctuations, as suggested by Gherzi, Scholte, and others; and (3) nonlinear interactions between ocean waves as proposed by Longuet-Higgins. In all cases appreciable microseisms are generated only by Fourier components of the random exciting fields that have the same phase velocities as free modes of the elastic system. The effect of pressure fluctuations associated with turbulence in the atmosphere is found to be negligible. The theory for Wiechert's and Longuet-Higgins' mechanisms is in good agreement with recent measurements by Haubrich et al.
The other-race effect in face recognition: Do people shift criterion equally for own- and other-race faces?

ABSTRACT People are better at recognizing own-race faces than other-race faces. This other-race effect in face recognition typically manifests in sensitivity (i.e., better discrimination). However, research also consistently finds that people respond more liberally (and thus produce more false alarm errors) when recognizing other-race faces, rather than own-race faces. In an old/new recognition paradigm, we examined whether providing White participants with base rate information could attenuate the differences that they demonstrate, both in terms of response bias and sensitivity, when attempting to recognize Black and White faces. During the test phase of an old/new recognition task, participants viewed own-race and other-race faces surrounded by a red or green border. Participants were informed that these borders indicated a 25 percent or 75 percent likelihood of the face having been presented earlier. Border cues were either valid (Experiment 1) or invalid (actual probability was 50%; Experiment 2). Across both experiments, participants shifted their response criterion in line with border cues but did so equally for own-race and other-race faces. This finding suggests that the liberal bias for other-race faces is likely to originate early during encoding and is unlikely to be moderated by manipulations that target later, decision-making processes operating during retrieval.