Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Giant iron-ore deposits of the Hamersley province related to the breakup of Paleoproterozoic Australia: new insights from in situ SHRIMP dating of baddeleyite from mafic intrusions

Banded iron formations of the ca. 2770–2405 Ma Hamersley province of Western Australia were locally upgraded to high-grade hematite ores during the Early Paleoproterozoic by a combination of hypogene and supergene processes after the initial rise of atmospheric oxygen. Ore genesis was associated with the stratigraphic break between the Lower and Upper Wyloo Groups of the Ashburton province, and has been variously linked to the Ophthalmian orogeny, late-orogenic extensional collapse, and anorogenic continental extension. Small-spot in situ Pb/Pb dating of baddeleyite by sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) has resolved the ages of two key suites of mafic intrusions, constraining for the first time the tectonic evolution of the Ashburton province and the age and setting of iron-ore formation. Mafic sills dated as ca. 2208 Ma were folded during the Ophthalmian orogeny and then cut by the unconformity at the base of the Lower Wyloo Group. A mafic dike swarm that intrudes the Lower Wyloo Group and has a close genetic relationship to iron ore is ca. 2008 Ma, slightly younger than a new syneruptive 2031 ± 6 Ma zircon age for the Lower Wyloo Group. These new ages constrain the Ophthalmian orogeny to the period between ca. 2208 and 2031 Ma, before Lower Wyloo Group extension, sedimentation, and flood-basalt volcanism. The ca. 2008 Ma dikes pre s ent a new maximum age for iron-ore genesis and deposition of the Upper Wyloo Group, thereby linking ore genesis to a ca. 2050–2000 Ma period of continental extension similarly recorded by Paleoproterozoic terrains worldwide well after the initial oxidation of the atmosphere by ca. 2320 Ma.
First evidence of trace metals and persistent organic contaminants from an endangered marine species, Mobula mobular (Bonattere, 1788) caught in Hellenic waters (Saronikos Gulf)

ABSTRACT The number of cartilaginous fish is declining worldwide and contaminants are one of the primary stress factors in marine organisms. The spinetail devil ray or giant devil ray (Mobula mobular) is listed as an ‘Endangered species’ globally in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. One individual devil ray caught in Saronikos Gulf was tested for trace metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Hg) and organochlorine contaminants (PCBs and DDTs). The concentrations of contaminants in the muscle tissue of the devil ray did not exceed safe human consumption limits. However, relatively elevated levels of trace metals and PCBs were measured in the liver and in particular the PCB congeners were five times higher than the European Commission limit. This study highlights the need for future research on the potential impacts of trace metals and organic contaminants on elasmobranchs and more specifically on threatened species.
EVALUATION OF CULTIVATED LAND REQUIRED FOR TERTIARY TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT FROM THE EAST WWTP OF TIZI-OUZOU (ALGERIA)

Our study focuses on the physical chemical and biological effluent characterization and evaluation of cultivated soil surfaces (viticulture and citrus) for tertiary treatment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the secondary effluent of the sewage treatment station (STEP) east of the city of Tizi-Ouzou Algeria. The results of physicochemical analyzes, performed over a period of three years, show that the treated effluent, has a slightly alkalinity (pH = 7.52), annual average concentrations of 20.15 mg/l total nitrogen from 11.30 mg/l total phosphorus and 19.35mg/l of total potassium. The determination of the parameters measured pollution indicators gives average: BOD5 = 28.32 mg/l, COD = 44.50 mg/l, MES = 14.20 mg/l. The concentrations of heavy metals in sludge from these waters are: Cr = 74.2 mg kg DM, Cu = 115 mg/Kg DM, Ni = 10.5 mg/kg DM, Pb = 6.8 mg/Kg DM and Zn = 400 mg/kg DM. They are lower than the accepted standards in the agricultural use of these effluents. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the sludge are 11.75 g/kg DM, 8.18 g/kg DM respectively, and 16.06 g/Kg DM g/kg DM. The results of the laboratory tests also show the total absence of parasites or their eggs may limit agricultural reuse of the effluent. The area planted for tertiary treatment obtained experimentally for vineyards and citrus cultivation, applied to the treated effluent of the STEP East Tizi-Ouzou with a capacity of 120,000 population equivalents are measured at 909 ha to 983 ha. The nitrogen inputs, phosphorus and potassium in the annual volume of irrigation are respectively 148.20 kg / ha / year, 81.69 kg / ha / year and 139.88 kg/ha / year for viticulture and 134 58 kg / ha / year, 75.47 kg / ha / year and 129.24 kg / ha / year for citrus. The respective averages nutrient equivalent inhabitants by hectare by year are respectively 132 EH / ha / year and 122 EH/ha / year for viticulture and citrus. The annual flows of 132.385 tonnes of total nitrogen, total phosphorus 74.241 tons and 127.129 tons of potassium with a year cumulation from 6 570 000 m of water.
Effect of Heat Treatment Time and Temperature on the Microstructure and Shape Memory Properties of Nitinol Wires

In this study, the effect of heat treatment parameters on the optimized performance of Ni-rich nickel–titanium wires (NiTi/Nitinol) were investigated that were intended for application as actuators across various industries. In this instance, the maximum recovery strain and actuation angle achievable by a nitinol wire were employed as indicators of optimal performance. Nitinol wires were heat treated at different temperatures, 400–500 °C, and times, 30–120 min, to study the effects of these heat treatment parameters on the actuation performance and properties of the nitinol wires. Assessment covered changes in density, hardness, phase transition temperatures, microstructure, and alloy composition resulting from these heat treatments. DSC analysis revealed a decrease in the austenite transformation temperature, which transitioned from 42.8 °C to 24.39 °C with an increase in heat treatment temperature from 400 °C to 500 °C and was attributed to the formation of Ni4Ti3 precipitates. Increasing the heat treatment time led to an increase in the austenite transformation temperature. A negative correlation between the hardness of the heat-treated samples and the heat treatment temperature was found. This trend can be attributed to the formation and growth of Ni4Ti3 precipitates, which in turn affect the matrix properties. A novel approach involving image analysis was utilized as a simple yet robust analysis method for measurement of recovery strain for the wires as they underwent actuation. It was found that increasing heat treatment temperature from 400 °C to 500 °C above 30 min raised recovery strain from 0.001 to 0.01, thereby maximizing the shape memory effect.
Comparison of modelled and observed responses of a glacier snowpack to ground-penetrating radar

Abstract The upper 10 m of the firn of a Svalbard glacier is imaged along the centre line using a 500 MHz ground-penetrating radar, and a 10 m firn core taken along the profile. Complex reflection coefficients are calculated from the high-resolution capacitance and conductance measurements made on the snow core. The reflection coefficient depth series is converted to the time domain and convolved with model radar monopulses to synthesize traces that compare well with radar traces recorded near the ice core. Differences are probably due to cm-scale physical and chemical inhomogeneities that are smoothed when imaged by the radar beam, which integrates information over areas that are of the same order of magnitude as the depth to the layer.
A unique relationship for χ for the determination of the shear strength of unsaturated soils

In this note, a unique relationship between the effective stress parameter chi and the ratio of suction over the air entry value (suction ratio) is proposed, based on the shear strength data reported in the literature. Comparisons are made between the measured and the calculated shear strengths for two laboratory prepared unsaturated soils. Extremely good agreement has been obtained between the measured and the calculated values using the proposed relationship. (A)
The Stability, Rheological Properties and Interfacial Properties of Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsions Prepared from Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Cold Plasma-Treated Chickpea Protein Isolate and Myofibrillar Protein Complexes

In order to increase the development and utilization of chickpea protein isolate (CPI) and improve the stability of myofibrillar protein (MP) emulsions, the effect of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma-modified CPI on the emulsifying properties of MP was investigated. Three different O/W emulsions were prepared using MP, MP + CPI complex, or MP + DBD-treated CPI complex as the emulsifier. Compared with the emulsion prepared from MP, the emulsifying activity index and stability of DBD-treated CPI and MP complex (MP + CPIDBD) were increased (p < 0.05) from 55.17 m2/g to 74.99 m2/g and 66.31% to 99.87%, respectively. MP + CPIDBD produced more stable emulsions with the lowest Turbiscan stability index (TSI) values for a given 3600 s. At shear rates from 0 to 1000−1, MP + CPIDBD-stabilized emulsions had higher viscosities, which helped to reduce the chance of aggregation between oil droplets. The optical microscope and particle size distribution of emulsions showed that MP + CPIDBD emulsions had the lowest droplet size (d4,3) and exhibited more uniform distribution. MP + CPIDBD emulsions had lower interfacial tension. DBD pretreatment increased the adsorbed protein content in the emulsion stabilized by MP + CPIDBD as compared to the MP + CPI complex and promoted the adsorption of CPI by higher ratios of adsorbed proteins as indicated by its intensity in SDS-PAGE. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the emulsion prepared from MP + CPIDBD had smaller particle size and more uniform dispersion. Therefore, using DBD-modified CPI could enhance the stability of MP emulsions.
Petrogenesis of the Kösedağ Pluton, Suşehri-NE Sivas, East-Central Pontides, Turkey

The Kosedag syenite crops out as a shallow-seated pluton within the Eocene volcano-sedimentary rocks and is unconformably overlain by Lower Miocene limestones in the Susehri-NE Sivas region, east-central Pontides. It consists of syenites and quartz syenites with a phaneritic, porphyritic texture characterized by K-feldspar megacrysts set in a coarse- to medium-grained groundmass comprising K-feldspar, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite and quartz. Major element geochemistry data reveal a high-K, alkaline, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous character, with a low Aluminum Saturation Index (ASI) value. The main solidification process, which modified the composition of magma during crystallization, was fractional crystallization, in which syenites solidified first, and quartz syenites later. Trace element geochemistry data reveal that the magma source of the Kosedag pluton was a metasomatized mantle affected by subduction-derived fluids. This magma source could have been derived from partial melting of a metasomatized mantle layer which was accreted into the collision zone between the Eurasian plate and the Tauride-Anatolide platform along the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone. A post-collisional extensional regime, induced by slab break-off following the continent-continent collision, may have melted these metasomatized mantle slices to produce the high-K, alkaline, metaluminous magma source of the Kosedag syenite.
The late-spring maximum of rainfall over the U.S. central plains and the role of the low-level jet.

Abstract The seasonal rainfall over the U.S. central plains features a late-spring maximum. A spring–fall annual mode revealed from the empirical orthogonal function analysis on rainfall delineates a maximum center over the central plains that coincides with the large late-spring rainfall. This paper examines the large-scale dynamical and hydrological processes in forming the rainfall center. The NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis 2 data reveal that the baroclinic structure of the continental-scale circulation during late spring (May and June) induces a vertically out-of-phase divergent circulation forming strong convergence of water vapor flux over the central plains. Such circulation features generate concentrated convective activity in this region. The upper-level anticyclone development with the North American monsoon in July replaces the late-spring baroclinic structure and, in turn, reduces the convective activity. The Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ) plays a role in the downscaling process .
The Common Reflecting Element (CRE) method (non-uniform asymmetric multifold system)

It is known that a stack of traces of multiple coverage gather is usually accompanied by loss of resolution. Resolution could be essentially improved if sources and receivers are distributed on the free surface in such a manner that all traces in a gather correspond to one specular point. The corresponding method, called the Common Reflecting Element (CRE) method, is presented in this paper. The CRE method includes (1) a special binomial asymmetrical distribution of source-receiver pairs along a spread; (2) a special dynamic correction, called the Oblique Spherical Correction (OSC), depending on local characteristics of a medium and wavefront, emitted by a fictitious source located at the CRP on a reflector; (3) a special procedure of generating synthetic traces of so called corrected quasi-focusing gather, corresponding to binomial root distribution of the paris and to the OCS, if sources and receivers had been distributed in the field arbitrarily and if the parameters of the binomial root distribution and of the OCS are known; (4) a special procedure of search of synthetic traces of an optimal corrected quasi-focusing gather, if sources and geophones had been distributed in the field arbitrarily and if only sets of possible values of the parameters of the binomial distributions and of the OSC are known. The comparison of distribution of sources and receivers and of NMO, calculated by ray tracing program, with the binomial distribution and the OSC, shows high accuracy of the obtained formulas in CRE. Modelling testing of the principal blocks of the proposed procedures indicated that they should operate well.
Phosphorus Fractionation in River Sediments, Hamadan, Western Iran

Phosphorus (P) in sediments was fractionated by sequential extraction procedure, in which the P fractions were experimentally defined as exchangeable (KCl-P), Fe- and Al-bound (NaOH-P), Ca-bound (HCl-P), and residual P (Res-P) fractions. In all sediment samples the rank order of P-fractions was HCl-P > Res-P > NaOH-P > KCl-P. The loosely sorbed P (KCl-P) represented 6.7% of sedimentary inorganic P, while Res-P ranged from 27.1–61.2%. The Ca-bound P showed considerable contribution (32.8–52.0%) to the sedimentary inorganic P. Relative NaOH-P in sediments ranged from 6.6 to 13.5%. The dominant P fraction in the sediments generally changed from Res-P at upstream to HCl-P at downstream, suggesting that more P and Ca are added by point and diffuse sources along the river. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the factors which influence the P fractions. The principal component analysis showed that the first four factors explained 82.8% of the overall variation. Carbonate calcium and silt seem to play a significant role in regulating the NaOH-P fraction, while KCl-P and HCl-P are affected by EC.
An unusual clinopyroxene with complex lamellar intergrowths from an eclogite in the Sunndal-Grubse ultramafic mass, Almklovdalen, Nordfjord, Norway

Summary Clinopyroxene crystals with complex lamellar intergrowths of orthopyroxene and garnet are described. The orthopyroxene lamellae are irrationally orientated within the clinopyroxene host although the optical relationships of these minerals are consistent with (100) exsolution in clinopyroxene. The intergrowth is nevertheless considered to be the result of exsolution processes. Possible modes of origin are reviewed together with the general significance of exsolved pyroxenes in eclogite- and granulite-facies associations.
Deep-sea drilling from Glomar Challenger and its implications for polar areas

horizons, absolute open flow was calculated at about 11.6 million m per day. This qualifies King Christian N-06 as one of the most productive wells in North America. The discovery at Kristoffer Bay, Ellef Ringnes Island, was made in December 1971. Production testing of this well was deferred until after drilling to a depth of 3 810 m for evaluation of deeper horizons. Gas was originally discovered at Drake Point, Sabine Peninsula, Melville Island, in 1969. During 1972, the drilling of two stepout wells, Drake Point F-16 and B-44, confirmed the discovery of a major gas field. Drake Point F-16 has an absolute open flow of about 7.5 million m per day. At the end of November 1972, Panarctic made its second major discovery on Melville Island, about 50 km to the west of the Drake Point discovery. This well, Hecla F-62, encountered gas at about 950 m in a structure similar to, but separate from, the Drake Point gas field. It has an absolute open flow of about 2.7 million m per day. The first recovery of oil in the high Arctic, except for minor shows, was made on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island. On 24 February 1972, the well Romulus C-42, which had drilled to a depth of about 1 050 m, drill stem tested clean crude oil of 28.6° API gravity and 0.07 per cent sulphur. A second encouraging oil find was made on Thor Island, west of Ellef Ringnes Island. Prospects. Panarctic had six rigs under contract at the beginning of 1973, and planned to have 23 holes drilled during the course of the year; 18 by itself and five by operators working lands farmed out from Panarctic. As the 1973 season began, Panarctic was already assured of more than one-third of the volume of gas needed to justify a pipeline to southern markets. On the basis of the company's past success ratio, it is expected that this threshold volume, about . 7 to . 85 trillion (US) m, will have been found by the end of 1974. Panarctic would then be ready to apply to the National Energy Board for the necessary pipeline permits by early 1975.
The geophysical signature of terrestrial impact craters

A major tool in the initial recognition and study of terrestrial impact craters, ∼20% of which are buried beneath postimpact sediments, is geophysics. The general geophysical character of terrestrial impact craters is compiled and outlined with emphasis on its relation to the impact process and as an aid to the recognition of additional impact craters. The most common and conspicuous geophysical signature is a circular gravity low. For simple bowl-shaped craters, gravity models indicate that the anomaly is largely due to the presence of an interior allochthonous breccia lens. In complex craters, modeling indicates that the main contribution to the gravity anomaly is from fractured parautochthonous target rocks in the floor of the crater. The gravity signature of both simple and complex crater forms can be modeled well, using known morphometric parameters of impact structures. The size of the gravity anomaly generally increases with increasing crater diameter reaching a maximum of ∼20–30 mGal at diameters D of ∼20–30 km. Further increases in D have a negligible effect on the magnitude of the gravity anomaly due to lithostatic effects on deep fractures. The general gravity signature of a simple low can be modified by target rock and erosional effects, and there is a tendency for larger complex structures ( D > 30 km) to exhibit a relative gravity high restricted to the crater center and extending out to 40 km) tend to exhibit central high-amplitude anomalies, with dimensions of <0.5D, due to remanently magnetized bodies in the target rocks. The sources of these bodies are wide ranging and include the effects of shock, heat, and chemical alteration. The few studies over craters involving electrical methods indicate resistivity lows coinciding with the extent of the potential field anomalies and related to fracturing. Seismic techniques, particularly reflection surveys, have provided details of the subsurface structure of craters. Incoherent reflections and reduced seismic velocities due to brecciation and fracturing are expected, the degree of coherency of reflections increasing away from and below the center of the structure. From the various geophysical techniques a set of general criteria can be established that correspond to the geophysical signature of impact craters. These criteria can be used to evaluate the hypothesis that any particular set of geophysical anomalies is due to impact. Confirmation of an impact origin, however, is based on geologic evidence.
Forecasting wildlife movement with spatial capture–recapture

Wildlife movement is an important process affecting species population biology and community interactions in myriad ways. Studies of wildlife movement have focused on retrospectively estimating movements of small numbers of individuals by outfitting them with GPS and telemetry tags. Recent developments in spatial capture–recapture modelling permit the integration of movement models that can estimate the movement of untagged and undetected individuals. Additionally, hidden Markov movement models provide a framework for forecasting individuals' movements, which may be valuable in the conservation of threatened species facing risks that vary across space and time. We describe maximum likelihood estimators for spatial capture–recapture models integrated with simple, biased and correlated random walk movement models formulated as hidden Markov models. Additionally, we demonstrate how to forecast wildlife movement based on these models and hidden Markov model algorithms. We conducted a simulation study to test the performance of the models' abundance estimators and movement forecasts when fit to data simulated under different movement models. We also fit the models to spatial capture–recapture data collected on North Atlantic right whales off the Atlantic Coast of the southeastern United States. Random walk movement models improved abundance estimation and movement forecasts in our simulation study and received greater support from the data in the right whale case study than did activity centre movement models. Forecasts of wildlife movement made under integrated spatial capture–recapture movement models will be most valuable when individuals have been observed recently, when sampling for individuals is extensive and efficient, and when the scale of individuals' movements is small relative to the scale of the study area and sampling process.