Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Hyperspectral Imaging System for Color Measurement of In-Vivo Dental Structures

A full comprehension of colorimetric relationships within and between teeth is key for aesthetic success of a dental restoration. In this sense, hyperspectral imaging can provide point-wise reliable measurements of the tooth surface, which can serve for this purpose. The aim of this study was to use a hyperspectral imaging system for the colorimetric characterization of 4 in-vivo maxillary anterior teeth and to cross-check the results with similar studies carried out with other measuring systems in order to validate the proposed capturing protocol. Hyperspectral reflectance images (Specim IQ), of the upper central (UCI) and lateral incisors (ULI), were captured on 30 participants. CIE-L*a*b* values were calculated for the incisal (I), middle (M) and cervical (C) third of each target tooth. ΔEab* and ΔE00 total color differences were computed between different tooth areas and adjacent teeth, and evaluated according to the perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) thresholds for dentistry. Non-perceptible color differences were found between UCIs and ULIs. Mean color differences between UCI and ULI exceeded AT (ΔEab* = 7.39–7.42; ΔE00 = 5.71–5.74) in all cases. Large chromatic variations between I, M and C areas of the same tooth were registered (ΔEab* = 5.01–6.07 and ΔE00 = 4.07–5.03; ΔEab* = 5.80–8.16 and ΔE00 = 4.37–5.15; and ΔEab* = 5.42–5.92 and ΔE00 = 3.87–4.16 between C and M, C and I and M and I, respectively). The use of a hyperspectral camera has proven to be a reliable and effective method for color evaluation of in-vivo natural teeth.
Influence of aqueous sodium chloride solutions on operational properties of epoxy coatings

The main goal of the research presented in the article is to assess the impact of the destruction (degradation) of epoxy coatings, caused by the influence of a 25% aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine), on the operational properties that determine the coatings reliability (durability). Samples of two-layer epoxy coatings (obtained from powder paints) were aged by immersing them in brine for a maximum period of 1680 h. The following criteria were used to assess the operational properties of the coatings: thickness, roughness and surface morphology, hardness, water absorption (mass increase), surface free energy. The FTIR and DSC tests performed showed a progressive development of the oxidation processes of the epoxy with the ageing period. The long-term impact of the brine resulted in the destruction of the coatings in the form of: craters, grooves, microcracks, including silver cracks. The contact of the coatings with brine also increased their: surface roughness (Ra, Rz, Rmax), thickness, mass, surface free energy, and decreased hardness and heat resistance.
Knockdown of Tet2 Inhibits the Myogenic Differentiation of Chicken Myoblasts Induced by Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic acid (also called Vitamin C, VC) strengthens the function of Tets families and directly increases DNA demethylation level to affect myogenic differentiation. However, the precise regulatory mechanism of DNA methylation in chicken myogenesis remains unclear. Results of present study showed that the mRNA expression of MyoD significantly decreased and MyoG and MyHC increased in myoblasts treated with 5 μM 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) and 5 μM VC (p < 0.05). Results also indicated the formation of myotubes was induced by 5-AZA or VC, but this effect was attenuated after knockdown of Tet2. In addition, the protein expression of TET2, DESMIN and MyHC was remarkable increased by the addition of 5-AZA or VC, and the upregulation was inhibited after knockdown of Tet2 (p < 0.05). DNA dot blot and immunofluorescence staining results suggested that the level of 5hmC was significantly increased when treated with 5-AZA or VC, even by Tet2 knockdown (p < 0.05). Moreover, 5-AZA and VC reduced the level of dimethylation of lysine 9 (H3K9me2) and trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3), and this inhibitory effect was eliminated after Tet2 knockdown (p < 0.05). These data indicated that Tet2 knockdown antagonized the increased levels of 5hmC and H3K27me3 induced by 5-AZA and VC, and eventually reduced myotube formation by modulating the expression of genes involved in myogenic differentiation. This study provides insights that epigenetic regulators play essential roles in mediating the myogenic program of chicken myoblasts.
Stellar population and the origin of intra-cluster stars around brightest cluster galaxies: the case of NGC 3311

Context. We investigate the stellar population and the origin of diffuse light around brightest cluster galaxies. Aims. We study the stellar population of the dynamically hot stellar halo of NGC 3311, the brightest galaxy in the Hydra I cluster, and that of photometric substructures in the diffuse light to constrain the origin of these components. Methods. We analyze absorption lines in medium-resolution, long-slit spectra in the wavelength range 4800–5800 A obtained with FORS2 at the Very Large Telescope. We measure the equivalent width of Lick indices out to 20 kpc from the center of NGC 3311 and fit them with stellar population models that account for the [α/Fe] overabundance. Results. Stars in the dynamically hot halo of NGC 3311 are old (age > 13 Gyr), metal-poor ([Z/H] ∼− 0.35), and alpha-enhanced ([α/Fe] ∼ 0.48). Together with the high velocity dispersion, these measurements indicate that the stars in the halo were accreted from the outskirts of other early-type galaxies, with a possible contribution from dwarf galaxies. We identify a region in the halo of NGC 3311 associated with a photometric substructure where the stellar population is even more metal-poor ([Z/H] ∼− 0.73). In this region, our measurements are consistent with a composite stellar population superposed along the line of sight, consisting of stars from the dynamically hot halo of NGC 3311 and stars stripped from dwarf galaxies. The latter component contributes ≤28% to the local surface brightness. Conclusions. The build-up of diffuse light around NGC 3311 is on-going. Based on the observed stellar population properties, the dominant part of these stars may have come from the outskirts of bright early-type galaxies, while stars from stripped dwarf galaxies are presently being added. Brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) are the most massive and luminous objects located at the center of galaxy clusters. According to the hierarchical formation scenario, they assemble through the merger of smaller objects that are dragged into the cluster’s center by dynamical friction (e.g. De Lucia & Blaizot 2007). During the evolution of the cluster and the formation of the central BCG, stars are stripped from their host galaxies. Part of the stripped material is captured by the halos of the BCG and other massive galaxies, while the other part remains free-floating in the cluster potential, forming the so-called intra-cluster light (ICL). The details of the interplay between the formation of the BCG halos and the ICL are not yet fully understood. Observations of both components can give key information about the processes involved in the evolution of cluster
Stunting is Associated with Low Birth Weight Among 3-12 Years Old Boys in Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India

Stunting is a serious public health issue. It raises the risk of sickness in infancy and childhood. Low- and middle-income nations, notably India, have been battling for years to overcome this major issue, which is also connected to many socioeconomic and biological issues. However, understanding the interaction pattern of undernutrition with these determinants is critical for efficient policies and execution. Stunting (low height-for-age) in newborns and children is a well-known and simple indicator of undernutrition. The current study sought to determine the relationship among stunting, socioeconomic, demographic, and birth-related variables. The research was conducted in the Haldia municipality and Deshopran block (West Bengal, India). The participants were 291 (50.5%) urban and 285 (49.5%) rural boys aged 3-12 years. Stunting was defined as height-for-age ‘Z Score’ < -2. Overall, 13.88% boys were stunted. Stunting was significantly associated with low birth weight (LBW), controlling for all other significant variables.
New approach for modelling of transiting exoplanets for arbitrary limb-darkening law

ABSTRACT We present a new solution of the direct problem of planet transits based on transfor-mation of double integrals to single ones. On the basis of our direct problem solutionwe created the code TAC-maker for rapid and interactive calculation of syntheticplanet transits by numerical computations of the integrals. The validation of our ap-proach was made by comparison with the results of the wide-spread Mandel & Agol(2002) method for the cases of linear, quadratic and squared root limb-darkening lawsand various combinations of model parameters. For the rst time our approach allowsthe use of arbitrary limb-darkening law of the host star. This advantage together withthe practically arbitrary precision of the calculations make the code a valuable toolthat faces the challenges of the continuously increasing photometric precision of theground-based and space observations.Key words: methods:analytical { methods:numerical { planetary system { bina-ries:eclipsing 1 INTRODUCTIONThe determination of geometric parameters of extrasolarplanets has an essential role in inferring their densities andhence their compositions, masses and ages. This informationleads to re nements of the models of planetary systems andyields important constraints on planet formation (Cody S Hubbard et al. 2001; Seager & Mallen-Ornelas2003). During the last several years there is a sharp rise in thedetections of transiting extra-solar planets (TEP) mainly bythe wide- eld photometric variability surveys: (i) ground-based observations as SuperWASP (Pollacco et al. 2006),HATNet (Bakos et al. 2004), OGLE-III (Udalski et al. 2002),TrES (Alonso et al. 2004), etc.; (ii) space missions as CoRoT(Baglin et al. 2006) and Kepler (Borucki et al. 2010a). The Kepler mission produced a real bump of the num-ber of exoplanet candidates, dozens of them yet con rmed(Koch et al. 2010; Borucki et al. 2010b; Dunham et al. 2010;Latham et al. 2010, etc.). The space-based missions, espe-cially Kepler, have the photometric ability to detect eventransiting terrestrial-size planets (Ste en et al. 2012). The recent increasing number of the planet-candidate
Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus in the first year of life with joint involvement: A case report and mini-review

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disorder that can affect any organ system. It can have varied presentations, and often early disease is challenging to pick up due to the absence of classical features. Pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus is rare before five years of age. We report a seventeen-month-old female child who came to us with a long-standing non-specific febrile illness. She was eventually diagnosed with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and treated with prednisolone and hydroxychloroquine with vitamin D and calcium supplements.
Complex urban environments provide Apis mellifera with a richer plant forage than suburban and more rural landscapes

Abstract Growth in the global development of cities, and increasing public interest in beekeeping, has led to increase in the numbers of urban apiaries. Towns and cities can provide an excellent diet for managed bees, with a diverse range of nectar and pollen available throughout a long flowering season, and are often more ecologically diverse than the surrounding rural environments. Accessible urban honeybee hives are a valuable research resource to gain insights into the diet and ecology of wild pollinators in urban settings. We used DNA metabarcoding of the rbcL and ITS2 gene regions to characterize the pollen community in Apis mellifera honey, inferring the floral diet, from 14 hives across an urban gradient around Greater Manchester, UK. We found that the proportion of urban land around a hive is significantly associated with an increase in the diversity of plants foraged and that invasive and non‐native plants appear to play a critical role in the sustenance of urban bees, alongside native plant species. The proportion of improved grassland, typical of suburban lawns and livestock farms, is significantly associated with decreases in the diversity of plant pollen found in honey samples. These findings are relevant to urban landscape developers motivated to encourage biodiversity and bee persistence, in line with global bio‐food security agendas.
An updated checklist of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria, after 130 years of research

Abstract Background The Bulgarian myrmecofauna is one of the richest in the Balkans. This is a result of both the physicogeographical and paleoecological features of the area, as well as relatively well-studied fauna. The earliest myrmecological paper on Bulgarian fauna, listing 54 species, was published 130 years ago. The publication was later followed by numerous new faunistic records and three comprehensive reviews that significantly widened knowledge on the ant diversity from this country. The most recent checklist was released 12 years ago and considered 163 ant species from 40 genera. New information This work provides an updated checklist of 195 ant species from 43 genera occurring in Bulgaria. Since the last Bulgarian catalogue of ants, 44 species have been added, while 24 species have been synonymised or excluded after critical analysis of the last taxonomic revisions. Additionally, we discuss the status and distribution of 12 species described from Bulgaria, 23 species considered endemic and subendemic for this country, 19 species with conservation status and four non-native species.
MULTI-ZONE MODELS OF SUPERBURSTS FROM ACCRETING NEUTRON STARS

Superbursts are rare and energetic thermonuclear carbon flashes observed to occur on accreting neutron stars. We create the first multi-zone models of series of superbursts using a stellar evolution code. We self-consistently build up the fuel layer at different rates, spanning the entire range of observed mass accretion rates for superbursters. For all models light curves are presented. They generally exhibit a shock breakout, a precursor burst due to shock heating, and a two-component power-law decay. Shock heating alone is sufficient for a bright precursor that follows the shock breakout on a short dynamical timescale due to the fallback of expanded layers. Models at the highest accretion rates, however, lack a shock breakout, precursor, and the first power-law decay component. The ashes of the superburst that form the outer crust are predominantly composed of iron, but a superburst leaves a silicon-rich layer behind in which the next one ignites. Comparing the model light curves to an observed superburst from 4U 1636-53, we find for our accretion composition the best agreement with a model at three times the observed accretion rate. We study the dependence on crustal heating of observables such as the recurrence time and the decay timescale. It remains difficult, however, to constrain crustal heating if there is no good match with the observed accretion rate, as we see for 4U 1636-53.
REVISITING THE FOSSIL GROUP CANDIDATES UGC 842 AND NGC 6034

We present a new insight on NGC 6034 and UGC 842, two groups of galaxies previously reported in the literature as being fossil groups. The study is based on optical photometry and spectroscopy obtained with the CTIO Blanco telescope and Sloan Digital Sky Survey archival data. We find that NGC 6034 is embedded in a large structure, dominated by three rich clusters and other small groups. Its first and next four ranked galaxies have magnitude differences in the r band and projected distances which violate the optical criteria to classify it as a fossil group. We confirm that the UGC 842 group is a fossil group, but with about half the velocity dispersion that is reported in previous works. The velocity distribution of its galaxies reveals the existence of two structures in its line of sight, one with σv ∼ 223 km s−1 and another with σv ∼ 235 km s−1, with a difference in velocity of ∼820 km s−1. The main structure is dominated by passive galaxies, while these represent ∼60% of the second structure. The X-ray temperature for the intragroup medium of a group with such a velocity dispersion is expected to be kT ∼0.5–1 keV, against the observed value of kT ∼1.9 keV reported in the literature. This result makes UGC 842 a special case among fossil groups because (1) it represents more likely the interaction between two small groups, which warms the intragroup medium and/or (2) it could constitute evidence that member galaxies lost energy in the process of spiraling toward the group center, and decreased the velocity dispersion of the system. As far as we know, UGC 842 is the first low-mass fossil group studied in detail.
Nonlinear friction in quantum mechanics

The effect of nonlinear friction forces in quantum mechanics is studied via dissipative Madelung hydrodynamics. A new thermo-quantum diffusion equation is derived, which is solved for the particular case of quantum Brownian motion with a cubic friction. It is extended also by a chemical reaction term to describe quantum reaction-diffusion systems with nonlinear friction as well.
Poincaré gauge symmetries, hamiltonian symmetries and trivial gauge transformations

We resolve a problem of finding the Poincare symmetries from hamiltonian gauge symmetries constructed through a canonical procedure of handling constrained systems. Through the use of Noether identities corresponding to the symmetries, we motivate a procedure of finding the map between the hamiltonian and Poincare gauge parameters. Using this map, we show that the Poincare and hamiltonian gauge symmetries are equivalent, modulo trivial gauge transformations.
Fluctuating hydrodynamics approximation of the stochastic Cowan-Wilson model

We consider a stochastic version of the Wilson-Cowan model which accommodates for discrete populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The model assumes a finite carrying capacity with the two populations being constant in size. The master equation that governs the dynamics of the stochastic model is analyzed by an expansion in powers of the inverse population size, yielding a coupled pair of non-linear Langevin equations with multiplicative noise. Gillespie simulations show the validity of the obtained approximation, for the parameter region where the system exhibits dynamical bistability. We report analytical progress by silencing the retroaction of the activators on the inhibitors, while still assigning the parameters so to fall in the region of deterministic bistability for the excitatory species. The proposed approach forms the basis of a perturbative generalization which applies to the case where a modest degree of coupling is restored.
Complex spinors and unified theories

In this paper delivered by Murray Gell-Mann at the Stony Brook Supergravity Workshop in 1979, several paths to unification are discussed, from N=8 supergravity to $SU_5$, $SO_{10}$, and $E_6$. Generalizations of $SO_{10}$ to spinor representations of larger groups are introduced. A natural mechanism for generating tiny neutrino masses is proposed in the context of $SO_{10}$, and finally, focus on $SU_3$ rather than $SU_2$ or $SO_3$ family symmetries is noted.
LOW-FREQUENCY (11 mHz) OSCILLATIONS IN H1743–322: A NEW CLASS OF BLACK HOLE QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATIONS?

We report the discovery of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) at ∼11 mHz in two RXTE and one Chandra observations of the black hole candidate H1743–322. The QPO is observed only at the beginning of the 2010 and 2011 outbursts at similar hard color and intensity, suggestive of an accretion state dependence for the QPO. Although its frequency appears to be correlated with X-ray intensity on timescales of a day, in successive outbursts eight months apart, we measure a QPO frequency that differs by less than ≈2.2 mHz while the intensity had changed significantly. We show that this ∼11 mHz QPO is different from the so-called Type C QPOs seen in black holes and that the mechanisms that produce the two flavors of variability are most probably independent. After comparing this QPO with other variability phenomena seen in accreting black holes and neutron stars, we conclude that it best resembles the so-called 1 Hz QPOs seen in dipping neutron star systems, although having a significantly lower (1–2 orders of magnitude) frequency. If confirmed, H1743–322 is the first black hole showing this type of variability. Given the unusual characteristics and the hard-state dependence of the ∼11 mHz QPO, we also speculate whether these oscillations could instead be related to the radio jets observed in H1743–322. A systematic search for this type of low-frequency QPOs in similar systems is needed to test this speculation. In any case, it remains unexplained why these QPOs have only been seen in the last two outbursts of H1743–322.
On flux rope stability and atmospheric stratification in models of coronal mass ejections triggered by flux emergence

Flux emergence is widely recognized to play an important role in the initiation of coronal mass ejections. The Chen-Shibata (2000) model, which addresses the connection between emerging flux and flux rope eruptions, can be implemented numerically to study how emerging flux through the photosphere can impact the eruption of a pre-existing coronal flux rope. The model's sensitivity to the initial conditions and reconnection micro-physics is investigated with a parameter study. In particular, we aim to understand the stability of the coronal flux rope in the context of X-point collapse and the effects of boundary driving in both unstratified and stratified atmospheres. In the absence of driving, we assess the behavior of waves in the vicinity of the X-point. With boundary driving applied, we study the effects of reconnection micro-physics and atmospheric stratification on the eruption. We find that the Chen-Shibata equilibrium can be unstable to an X-point collapse even in the absence of driving due to wave accumulation at the X-point. However, the equilibrium can be stabilized by reducing the compressibility of the plasma, which allows small-amplitude waves to pass through the X-point without accumulation. Simulations with the photospheric boundary driving evaluate the impact of reconnection micro-physics and atmospheric stratification on the resulting dynamics: we show the evolution of the system to be determined primarily by the structure of the global magnetic fields with little sensitivity to the micro-physics of magnetic reconnection; and in a stratified atmosphere, we identify a novel mechanism for producing quasi-periodic behavior at the reconnection site behind a rising flux rope as a possible explanation of similar phenomena observed in solar and stellar flares.