Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploration into the Needs and Requirements of the Remote Driver When Teleoperating the 5G-Enabled Level 4 Automated Vehicle in the Real World—A Case Study of 5G Connected and Automated Logistics

Connected and automated vehicles have the potential to deliver significant environmental, safety, economic and social benefits. The key advancement for automated vehicles with higher levels of automation (SAE Level 4 and over) is fail-operational. One possible solution for the failsafe mode of automated vehicles is a 5G-enabled teleoperation system controlled by remote drivers. However, knowledge is missing regarding understanding of the human–machine interaction in teleoperation from the perspective of remote drivers. To address this research gap, this study qualitatively investigated the acceptance, attitudes, needs and requirements of remote drivers when teleoperating a 5G-enabled Level 4 automated vehicle (5G L4 AV) in the real world. The results showed that remote drivers are positive towards the 5G L4 AV. They would like to constantly monitor the driving when they are not controlling the vehicle remotely. Improving their field of vision for driving and enhancing the perception of physical motion feedback are the two key supports required by remote drivers in 5G L4 AVs. The knowledge gained in this study provides new insights into facilitating the design and development of safe, effective and user-friendly teleoperation systems in vehicle automation.
Asymptotic property of universal lossless coding for independent piecewise identically distributed sources

Abstract The universal lossless source coding problem is one of the most important problem in communication systems. The aim of source coding is to compress data to reduce costs in digital communication. Traditional universal source coding schemes are usually designed for stationary sources. Recently, some universal codes for nonstationary sources have been proposed. Independent piecewise identically distributed (i.p.i.d.) sources are simple nonstationary sources that parameter changes discontinuously. In this paper, we assume new i.p.i.d. sources class, and we prove that Bayes codes minimize the mean redundancy when parameter transition pattern is known and parameter is unknown.
Grid-Free Simulation of the Spatially Growing Turbulent Mixing Layer

The spatially developing, unforced, turbulent mixing layer is simulated via a grid-free vortex method. Vortex filaments composed of straight tubes are used as the computational element with new vortex tubes produced as the filaments stretch. A loop removal algorithm serves as a de facto subgrid model limiting growth in the number of elements to practical levels. The computations are high resolution and well resolve the mixing layer from its unforced inception as a laminar flow through transition to a self-similar turbulent state. Mean velocity statistics including growth rate and Reynolds stresses agree well with experimental values. The vortical composition of the transition region is found to develop in one or another of the modes that have been documented in previous experiments and computations: roller/rib vortices, the chain-link fence structure in a diamond shaped pattern, and somewhat oblique roller/rib configuration with partial pairing. Evidently, small perturbative effects that are intrinsic to the numerical scheme influence which transitional mode appears locally in the simulations. The computations offer a clear view of the downstream dissolution of the identifiable structure into turbulence in the late transition and the salient aspects of the process are noted.
New HI Observations of the prototype Polar Ring Galaxy NGC 4650A

Abstract New, high-resolution observations of the HI emission line and 20 cm continuum at the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) for the prototype polar ring galaxy NGC 4650A are presented. They show the presence of a far more extended HI distribution than previously observed with the VLA, and a very regular velocity field out to a distance of ∼50 kpc. The combined analysis of the HI data with optical and near-infrared (NIR) images argues against previous warp models used to describe the dynamics of this object. Further analysis of the new B-band image obtained at the European Southern Observatories New Technology Telescope (NTT) indicates clearly that the polar structure extends continuously to within about 200 pc of the nucleus of the central host galaxy, ruling out the presence of a ‘hole’ in the central region of this component. The presence of two spiral arms stretching out in the polar disk seems to represent the most likely explanation for the observed morphology and kinematics.
Immunization with a Multivalent Listeria monocytogenes Vaccine Leads to a Strong Reduction in Vertical Transmission and Cerebral Parasite Burden in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Mice Infected with Neospora caninum

Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes abortion and stillbirth in cattle. We employed the pregnant neosporosis mouse model to investigate the efficacy of a modified version of the attenuated Listeria monocytogenes vaccine vector Lm3Dx_NcSAG1, which expresses the major N. caninum surface antigen SAG1. Multivalent vaccines were generated by the insertion of gra7 and/or rop2 genes into Lm3Dx_NcSAG1, resulting in the double mutants, Lm3Dx_NcSAG1_NcGRA7 and Lm3Dx_NcSAG1_NcROP2, and the triple mutant, Lm3Dx_NcSAG1_NcGRA7_NcROP2. Six experimental groups of female BALB/c mice were inoculated intramuscularly three times at two-week intervals with 1 × 107 CFU of the respective vaccine strains. Seven days post-mating, mice were challenged by the subcutaneous injection of 1 × 105 N. caninum NcSpain-7 tachyzoites. Non-pregnant mice, dams and their offspring were observed daily until day 25 post-partum. Immunization with Lm3Dx_NcSAG1 and Lm3Dx_NcSAG1_NcGRA7_NcROP2 resulted in 70% postnatal pup survival, whereas only 50% and 58% of pups survived in the double mutant-vaccinated groups. Almost all pups had died at the end of the experiment in the infection control. The triple mutant was the most promising vaccine candidate, providing the highest rate of protection against vertical transmission (65%) and CNS infection. Overall, integrating multiple antigens into Lm3Dx_SAG1 resulted in lower vertical transmission and enhanced protection against cerebral infection in dams and in non-pregnant mice.
Control for Hybrid Bumpless Transfer Performance of Discrete-Time Switched Systems With Event-Triggering

This brief addresses the dynamic event-triggered <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${l_{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${l_{\infty }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> bumpless transfer control for discrete-time switched systems without stable subsystems. A unified framework of bumpless transfer performance for discrete-time switched systems called hybrid bumpless transfer performance is established to rule out sudden large hybrid bumps induced by both triggering and switching. By constructing the multiple Lyapunov functions, sufficient conditions for the considered switched systems to be asymptotically stable with both <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${l_{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${l_{\infty }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> performance and hybrid bumpless transfer performance are obtained. Then, the state-dependent switching law and the dynamic event-triggered hybrid bumpless transfer controllers are jointly designed. Finally, the PWM-driven boost converter system is provided to verify the validity and applicability of our method.
Growths of staggered InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes emitting at 520–525 nm employing graded growth-temperature profile

Three-layer staggered InGaN quantum wells (QWs) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting at 520–525 nm were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition by employing graded growth-temperature profile. The use of staggered InGaN QW, with improved electron-hole wave functions overlap design, leads to an enhancement of its radiative recombination rate. Both cathodoluminescence and electroluminescence measurements of three-layer staggered InGaN QW LED exhibited enhancements by 1.8–2.8 and 2.0–3.5 times, respectively, over those of conventional InGaN QW LED.
A Case of Feline Leishmaniosis with Panniculitis

Leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted mainly by the bite of sand fly vectors. Cats are infected with at least 6 species of Leishmania. Significant associations have been found between feline leishmaniosis and coinfections mainly with FIV and/or FeLV. A 7-year-old castrated male, domestic short-haired cat was presented with unknown history and cutaneous and ocular lesions. A raised, semifirm swelling on the forehead was observed along with periocular hypotrichosis and conjunctival and third eyelid edema. The indications for pursuing a diagnosis of leishmaniosis are variable, and differing presentations may require the use of different tests. Diagnosis of feline leishmaniosis with panniculitis caused by Leishmania infantum was made by cytology, histopathology, and PCR and Leishmania antibodies (IFA). The cat responded to therapy with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol.
The Fine Characters of a Sort of Biorthogonal Four-Dimensional Nonseparable Wavelet Packs

In this article, the notion of orthogonal nonseparable four-dimensional wavelet packs, which is the generalization of orthogonal univariate wavelet packs, is introduced. A new approach for constructing them is presented by iteration method and wavelets as well wavelet frames. The biorthogonality properties of four-dimensi- -onal wavelet packets are discussed. Three biorthogonality formulas concerning these wavelet packs are estabished. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the pyramid decomposition scheme of space is presented.
COMPARISON OF UAV IMAGE SPATIAL RESOLUTION BASED ON THE SIEMENS STAR TARGET

Abstract. In recent years, as the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imaging systems has increased, the photogrammetry community has conducted extensive research on the unique advantages of these systems. The UAVs are considered as one of the most important platforms for photogrammetry applications from various urban and non-urban areas at different scales. In UAV photogrammetry projects the spatial resolution of the images must be determined prior to the imaging stage. The spatial resolution of the images is a commonly-used criterion for detecting the smallest distance between two adjacent separable objects in the images. Numerous methods have been developed to precisely evaluate the spatial resolution of images. In this study, the Siemens star target, which is one of the most commonly used artificial targets for analysing spatial resolution was studied. The objective of this paper is to evaluate and compare the reduction of spatial resolution coefficient using the Siemens star target in images captured by UAVs. To this end, a method for automatically detecting the radius of the circle of ambiguity and calculating spatial resolution in UAV images has been developed. According to the findings of this study, the initial step in creating the Siemens star target, in terms of size and the number of acceptable arms, is dependent on the flying altitude of the UAV and the level of image blur. In addition, the reduction in spatial resolution of images captured by various UAVs varies, and its coefficient must be calculated for each project.
Based on the Fixed Length Sliding Window Spectrum Curve of Gene Identification Method Study

In this paper,6 not covered DNA sequence annotation (gene6) coding region is predicted, according to the spectrum or signal-to-noise ratio characteristics,the effectiveness of the coding and non-coding interval classification are discussed,and the classification errors produced during the classification recognition for proper analysis.Key word. Gene identification;Spectrum curve;improvement
Analysis on Cellular Neural Networks with Negative Slope Activation Function

In the paper, the region of the number of equilibrium points of every cell in cellular neural networks with negative slope activation function is considered by the relationship between parameters of cellular neural networks. Some conditions are obtained by using the relationship among connection weights. Depending on these sufficient conditions, inputs and outputs of a CNN, the regions of the values of parameters can be obtained. Some numerical simulations are presented to support the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.
Conversion of spin current into charge current at room temperature: Inverse spin-Hall effect

The inverse process of the spin-Hall effect (ISHE), conversion of a spin current into an electric current, was observed at room temperature. A pure spin current was injected into a Pt thin film using spin pumping, and it was observed to generate electromotive force transverse to the spin current. By changing the spin-current polarization direction, the magnitude of this electromotive force varies critically, consistent with the prediction of ISHE.
Method of averaged energy differences of coupled states and other approaches for calculation line broadening parameters of HD16O transitions

Air-broadening coefficients of the water isotopologue HD16O up to J = 50 for P, Q and R branches calculated using different methods are presented. For partially labeled lines (“good” quantum numbers: J, symmetry and level number) we combined three methods for calculating half-widths: J-dependence and JJ’-dependence up to J=15 and averaging coefficients calculated using a previously developed semi-empirical method for high J (15-50). For lines with full assignments based on normal modes v1, v2, v3, Ka, Kc we used: (a) an analytical model (approximation) which depends on use of rotational quantum numbers J and Ka for both the upper and lower levels; and (b) a method based on the estimate of the averaged energy differences between coupled states. The comparison of calculated data with broadening coefficients from HITRAN-2008 and available experimental data is presented. The resulting broadening coefficients can be used to calculate spectra of water vapor with hundreds millions of weak lines with reasonable accuracy. The line list VTT [Voronin, Tennyson, Tolchenov, MNRAS, 2010], supporting programs, files for calculations of spectra HD16O and estimation of broadening coefficient are made freely available also in electronic form via http://www.exomol. com.
Linking nonlinearity and non-gaussianity of planetary wave behavior by the fokker-planck equation

Abstract To link prominent nonlinearities in the dynamics of 500-hPa geopotential heights to non-Gaussian features in their probability density, a nonlinear stochastic model of atmospheric planetary wave behavior is developed. An analysis of geopotential heights generated by extended integrations of a GCM suggests that a stochastic model and its associated Fokker–Planck equation call for a nonlinear drift and multiplicative noise. All calculations are carried out in the reduced phase space spanned by the leading EOFs. It is demonstrated that this nonlinear stochastic model of planetary wave behavior captures the non-Gaussian features in the probability density function of atmospheric states to a remarkable degree. Moreover, it not only predicts global temporal characteristics, but also the nonlinear, state-dependent divergence of state trajectories. In the context of this empirical modeling, it is discussed on which time scale a stochastic model is expected to approximate the behavior of a continuous dete.
Intensification of Turbulence by Chemical Heat Release

Volumetric chemical energy release is studied as a mechanism for enhancing the isotropic turbulent motion of a compressible fluid medium. Both the vortical and dilatational components are examined to determine the influence of irreversible heat addition from exothermic reactions. To a first-order approximation, the density fluctuations caused by eddy production and destruction are shown to be insensitive to the behavior of internal degrees of freedom in the gas (including chemistry). Based on this finding, the pressure fluctuations are determined from a linearized analysis of the combined chemical and gasdynamic response to density fluctuations. The results for amplitudes and phase relationship between pressure and density fluctuations are used to obtain an estimate of the power delivered. The leading contribution to the work integral is of second order in fluctuation amplitudes. A generalized rate model for a highly dissociated gas relaxing toward equilibrium is retained through-out the analysis. Limiting cases are examined by the use of the resulting general expression. The power delivered is proportional (in all cases) to the product of the mean reaction rate and the fourth power of turbulence Mach number (fluctuation velocity divided by local frozen acoustic velocity). For eddy lifetimes shorter than chemical relaxation times, it is shown that the power delivered is essentially independent of frequency.
Very Cold Grains in the Interstellar Medium

Infrared emission from very small graphite grains under conditions of temperature spiking using both quantized emission and absorption algorithms has been investigated. Quantization of the emission process, which has not been previously considered, shows that the internal or lattice temperature of such grains can be reduced toT<2.7 K on a transient basis. This occurs when the total energy content of the particle is ~0.1 eV, and emission of a single IR photon removes this energy. We find that this condition occurs in graphite particles with radii in the 10-50 Å range when their temperature falls to ~20 K. A similar effect is also expected in nongraphitic particles when their energy content reaches that of an infrared photon in the 5-20 μm range. On average, ~1%-1.5% of graphite particles with radii in this range would have T<2.7 K. In addition, a subset of these may be transiently at 0 K. Such very cold grains will be present in diffuse and, to some extent, in dark clouds and could be detected through long-wavelength absorption against the cosmic microwave background.
LOCAL MOVE IDENTITIES FOR THE ALEXANDER POLYNOMIALS OF HIGH-DIMENSIONAL KNOTS AND INERTIA GROUPS

As analogues of the well-known skein relations for the Alexander and the Jones polynomials for classical links, we present three relations that hold among invariants of high dimensional knots differing by "local moves". Two are for the Alexander polynomials and the other is for the Arf-invariants, the inertia group and the bP-subgroup.
an equipotential model for auroral arcs

Shaped charge barium release data and high-speed auroral image data show the likely existence of anomalously large (∼1 V/m referred to the 100-km level) electric fields at distances the order of 1 RE above the earth. A model of the electrostatic field above an auroral arc is proposed in which the magnetic field lines are not all equipotentials. Use is made of recent theoretical work on oblique current-driven electrostatic shocks to demonstrate the plausibility of nonequipotential field lines. The model is addressed to the structure of inverted ‘V’ electron spectra, current continuity between magnetosphere and ionosphere, and the results of recent shaped charge barium experiments. The model is used to identify specific gaps in our understanding of auroral phenomena.
Finite sample moments of a bootstrap estimator of the james-stein rule

The finite sample moments of the bootstrap estimator of the James-Stein rule are derived and shown to be biased. Analytical results shed some light upon the source of bias and suggest that the bootstrap will be biased in other settings where the moments of the statistic of interest depends on nonlinear functions of the parameters of its distribution.
Optimal matrices describing linear systems.

If it is postulated that vector pairs (uy, vi) are related by the equation Xtii = t? j, where X is a matrix of suitable dimensions which also satisfies other stipulated conditions (for example, orthogonal or symmetric positive-definite), an experimental program, yielding approximations for the vector pairs, may be undertaken for the purpose of determining the matrix A. This paper considers the problem of making an optimal determination of X, several criteria of optimality being considered. A general methodology is shown. The problem has applications to all systems which can be modeled by such a matrix X. Two such applications are to the determination of spacecraft attitudes and to the determination of the stiffness matrix or the compliance matrix of an elastic structure.
Discrete n-tuples in Hausdorff spaces

We investigate the following three questions: Let n 2 N. For which Hausdor spaces X is it true that whenever is an arbitrary (respectively finite to one) (respectively injective) function from N n to X, there must exist an infinite subset M of N such that ( M n ) is discrete? Of course, if n = 1 the answer to all three questions is "all of them". For n 2 the answers to the second and third questions are the same; in the case n = 2 that answer is "those for which there are only finitely many points which are the limit of injective sequences". The answers to the remaining instances involve the notion of n-Ramsey limit. We show also that the class of spaces satisfying these discreteness conclusions for all n includes the class of F-spaces. In particular, it includes the Stone- ˇ Cech compactification of any discrete space.
Synchronization of the Noisy Electrosensitive Cells in the Paddlefish

Synchronization of electrosensitive cells of the paddlefish is studied by means of electrophysiological experiments. Different types of noisy phase locked regimes are observed. The experimental data are compared with computer simulations of a noise-mediated modified Hodgkin-Huxley neuron model and of a stochastic circle map. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society }
Vertical Propagation of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Winter Northern Hemisphere

Abstract Planetary-scale, stationary disturbances in the winter stratosphere are considered to be upward propagating internal Rossby waves forced from below. Numerical solutions to the linearized equation for wave propagation are obtained by assuming a realistic profile of zonal winds as the basic state and imposing observed monthly mean heights of the 500-mb surface as the lower boundary condition. The computed wave structures in the meridional section show good agreement with the observed state for the component of zonal wavenumber 1. For wavenumber 2, the computed amplitude is too small to compare with the observed. Wave energy density attains a maximum in the lower and middle stratosphere at high altitudes, where strong upward transfer of wave energy appears. A region of small latitudinal gradient of potential vorticity of the basic state is found above the tropospheric jet, which acts as a barrier for wave propagation and confines wave energy to the polar region. Above 40 km the wave tends to spread .