Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How do strong social ties shape youth migration trajectories (using data from the Russian on-line social network www.vk.com)

It is well known that M. Granovetter wrote about the declining role of strong social ties and the rising role of weak ties. Yet the situation in Russia is different. The institutional order and a high level of transactions costs compels young Russians to use strong social ties to cut transaction costs while they move from one city to an other. The data on migrations between cities shows us that the force of strong ties is sometimes greater than the force of a distance or of the agglomeration effect: some very distant and small cities are tied closely by migrations flows. We tend to explain the high level of migration in such cases through the existence of strong social ties not only between some individuals but also between some city communities as a whole. So we have to speak about a social proximity in addition to the well-known organizational proximity and geographical proximity. The data of our research is the personal career information contained in the personal pages of the most popular Russian on-line social network www.vk. com: the data on birthplaces, school-leaving and university-leaving places and a present-day residence places. The data was extracted by specially designed software. We use such a method because of the lack of migration data on a city level in official Russian statistics. We have collected 3000 to 14000 personal data files per city for people aging 20 to 29 years old (which is approximately 10-15% of the whole city population) for the following cities: arctic cities Noyabrsk, Norilsk, Magadan, Muravlenko, Gubkinsky; cities within an agglomeration: Gorodets, Konakovo, Nevjansk; peripheral small cities: Bezhetsk, Gagarin, Verhoturye; cities with nuclear industry or scientific centers: Obninsk, Sarov, Desnogorsk, Sosnovy Bor, Snezhinsk, Dubna, Dimitrovgrad; industrial company-towns Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk. The largest migrations flows moved to the Russian capital and to the region centers. Yet, excluding such flows, we can see the concentration of remaining migrants in a portion of small cities. Here three types of migrations exist, which were clarified by qualitative analysis: -- migrations from the Arctic region to those places from which the parents of today's migrants came some decades ago ('over-generation coming back' migration); -- migration to the cities where a portion of former 'city-mates' have just settled; -- migration between cities of a similar specialization.
Experience Strengthening Transmission by Driving AMPA Receptors into Synapses

The mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity in the brain may depend on the AMPA subclass of glutamate receptors (AMPA-Rs). We examined the trafficking of AMPA-Rs into synapses in the developing rat barrel cortex. In vivo gene delivery was combined with in vitro recordings to show that experience drives recombinant GluR1, an AMPA-R subunit, into synapses formed between layer 4 and layer 2/3 neurons. Moreover, expression of the GluR1 cytoplasmic tail, a construct that inhibits synaptic delivery of endogenous AMPA-Rs during long-term potentiation, blocked experience-driven synaptic potentiation. In general, synaptic incorporation of AMPA-Rs in vivo conforms to rules identified in vitro and contributes to plasticity driven by natural stimuli in the mammalian brain.
Protein Displacement by DExH/D "RNA Helicases" Without Duplex Unwinding

Members of the DExH/D superfamily of nucleic acid–activated nucleotide triphosphatases are essential for virtually all aspects of RNA metabolism, including pre–messenger RNA splicing, RNA interference, translation, and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Physiological substrates for these enzymes are thought to be regions of double-stranded RNA, because several DExH/D proteins catalyze strand separation in vitro. These “RNA helicases” can also disrupt RNA-protein interactions, but it is unclear whether this activity is coupled to duplex unwinding. Here we demonstrate that two unrelated DExH/D proteins catalyze protein displacement independently of duplex unwinding. Therefore, the essential functions of DExH/D proteins are not confined to RNA duplexes but can be exerted on a wide range of ribonucleoprotein substrates.
An Investigation into the Water Budget and the Management of the Snake River System

The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student John Whitney Hildreth, and they evaluated his presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude for everyone who made this thesis a reality. This includes but is not limited to the support from my advisor, Dr. V. Sridhar, who provided me with knowledge and guidance throughout this process. I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee, Dr. Farid and Dr. Goyal, for taking their time to guide and support this work. Special thanks are in order to Xin Jin for his help in preparing the initial models and bringing me up to speed on how to run the models. I acknowledge the financial support of the Climate Impacts Research Consortium and of Idaho EPSCOR. I would also like to thank the University of Idaho for the data provided via the MACA website. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for their support throughout my academic career. v ABSTRACT Future climate change poses a major conceptual challenge to the availability of water resources due to the uncertainty involved with changes to the hydrologic cycle. Over the past decades, observed warming temperatures across the Western United Sates have shown significant impacts on river basin scale hydrology. This research uses physically based modeling tools to assess the hydrologic impacts of climate change in the Snake River Basin. Physically based hydrologic modeling studies of future climate do not typically take into account interactions between groundwater and surface water. To account for these interactions, the Variable Infiltration Capacity model is coupled with the United States Geologic Survey MODFLOW model over the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer to generate natural streamflow. The results showed that under climate change projections peak streamflow will decrease by 12.5%; the peak streamflow will shift 7-11 days earlier; in the late summer months, baseflow is expected to decrease by 5%; and in the winter months, flows are expected to increase by 25%. This will cause water users to shift their water management strategies from relying on natural flow rights to using storage rights in the late summer months of the irrigation season. The impact of these findings suggests that water users with junior rights might be curtailed because of the hydrologic changes in future climate.
Characterization of spatial heterogeneity of groundwater-stream water interactions using multiple depth streambed temperature measurements at the reach scale

Abstract. Streambed temperatures can be easily, accurately and inexpensively measured at many locations. To characterize patterns of groundwater-stream water interaction with a high spatial resolution, we measured 140 vertical streambed temperature profiles along a 220 m section of a small man-made stream. Groundwater temperature at a sufficient depth remains nearly constant while stream water temperatures vary seasonally and diurnally. In summer, streambed temperatures of groundwater discharge zones are relatively colder than downwelling zones of stream water. Assuming vertical flow in the streambed, the observed temperatures are correlated to the magnitude of water fluxes. The water fluxes are then estimated by applying a simple analytical solution of the heat conduction-advection equation to the observed vertical temperature profiles. The calculated water fluxes through the streambed ranged between 455 Lm−2 d−1 of groundwater discharging to the stream and approximately 10 Lm−2 d−1 of stream water entering the streambed. The investigated reach was dominated by groundwater discharge with two distinct high discharge locations accounting for 50% of the total flux on 20% of the reach length.
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Pieces of the Puzzle

Background: Patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are considered to have a poor prognosis and spontaneous remissions are seldom reported. However, FSGS is not a single disease entity. Our aim was to describe the clinical course in initially untreated patients with recently diagnosed idiopathic FSGS. Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with a diagnosis of FSGS by histology, who fulfilled the following criteria: proteinuria >3.5 g/day, normal renal function, duration of proteinuria or hypertension of less than one year, normal-sized kidneys, no underlying renal disease, and a negative family history. Renal biopsies were reviewed without knowledge of the clinical course. Results: Twenty patients (13 male, 7 female) fulfilled the study criteria. Median age was 49.3 (range 21.8 to 73.0) years, serum creatinine 90 ± 20 mol/l, proteinuria 10.0 ± 5.5 g/day and serum albumin 24 ± 6 g/l. After a median follow-up of 9.4 (2.1-18.6) years, 13 patients (65%) were in remission of proteinuria. Renal function deterioration occurred in seven patients, and prompted treatment in four of them. The ten-year death-censored renal survival was 89%. Renal function deterioration and remission rate could be predicted by selectivity index, serum albumin at three months after renal biopsy and the percentage of glomeruli with segmental sclerosis. Conclusion: Focal glomerulosclerosis is not a single disease. Case definition using strict clinical criteria identifies a subgroup of patients with idiopathic FSGS who have a good prognosis. In the majority of these patients immunosuppressive therapy is not warranted.
Hunting and hunters in lowland communities in the region of the middle Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil.

The uniqueness of the Mamiraua Sustenainable Development Reserve (RDSM), a continuous area of floodplain and 1.124. 000 bounded by large rivers (Rio Solimoes, Japura and Auati-Parana), allows only the survival of aquatic, arboreal or scansorial animals in the area throughout the seasonal cycle. Thus the profile of hunting in RDSM should be distinct from those reported in other studies. The aim of this study was to describe the hunting activity conducted in five communities in a flooded forest area, characterizing the wildlife killed ant the profile of hunters in these communities. Between January and December of 2005, 238 hunting events were held and 459 animals were slaughtered, totalizing 1850.5 Kg. Reptiles are the main group hunted and accounted for 92.12% of those killed and 64.27% of the total weight obtained. The most susceptible species are those hunted ( Podocnemis unifilis, Podocnemis sextuberculata, Podocnemis expansa, Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, Crax globulosa, Alouatta seniculus, Cairina moschata and Pauxi tuberosa ). Despite the frequency of hunting events, the activity did not contribute much to the income of the families. Hunting is a predominantly male activity and starts at early ages in the communities monitored. According to local perception, the creation of the Reserve has already had positive results on the population of some species of game.
Radiatively Important Parameters Best Estimate (RIPBE): An ARM Value-Added Product

The Radiatively Important Parameters Best Estimate (RIPBE) VAP was developed to create a complete set of clearly identified set of parameters on a uniform vertical and temporal grid to use as input to a radiative transfer model. One of the main drivers for RIPBE was as input to the Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) VAP, but we also envision using RIPBE files for user-run radiative transfer codes, as part of cloud/aerosol retrieval testbeds, and as input to averaged datastreams for model evaluation.
Intracardiac ultrasound scanner using a micromachine (MEMS) actuator

Catheter-based intracardiac ultrasound offers the potential for improved guidance of interventional cardiac procedures. The objective of this research is the development of catheter-based mechanical sector scanners incorporating high frequency ultrasound transducers operating at frequencies up to 20 MHz. The authors' current transducer assembly consists of a single 1.75 mm by 1.75 mm, 20 MHz, PZT element mounted on a 2 mm by 2 mm square, 75 /spl mu/m thick polyimide table that pivots on 3-/spl mu/m thick gold plated polyimide hinges. The hinges also serve as the electrical connections to the transducer. This table-mounted transducer is tilted using a miniature linear actuator to produce a sector scan. This linear actuator is an integrated force array (IFA), which is an example of a micromachine, i.e., a microelectromechanical system (MEMS). The IFA is a thin (2.2 /spl mu/m) polyimide membrane, which consists of a network of hundreds of thousands of micron scale deformable capacitors made from pairs of metallized polyimide plates. IFAs contract with an applied voltage of 30-120 V and have been shown to produce strains as large as 20% and forces of up to 8 dynes. The prototype transducer and actuator assembly was fabricated and interfaced with a GagePCI analog to digital conversion board digitizing 12 bit samples at a rate of 100 MSamples/second housed in a personal computer to create a single channel ultrasound scanner. The deflection of the table transducer in a low viscosity insulating fluid (HFE 7100, 3M) is up to /spl plusmn/10/spl deg/ at scan rates of 10-60 Hz. Software has been developed to produce real-time sector scans on the PC monitor.
Supporting Online Material

Subjects Although there is compelling evidence that non-musicians possess mental representations of tonal structures, we reasoned that in an initial experiment we would be most likely to succeed in identifying the cortical loci of these structures in musically trained individuals. The ages of 4 female and 4 male listeners ranged from 20–45 years (26 ± 8.9, mean ± s.d.). One listener was left handed. Two listeners reported possessing absolute pitch. Although a test showed that these listeners indeed possessed the ability to label discrete pitches, their functional activation data did not stand apart from the rest of the listeners so they were retained as part of the cohort. The range of formal musical training was 7–19 years (12.9 ± 4.2, mean ± s.d.). Prior to the experiment, all listeners provided informed consent after reviewing forms approved by the Committee for Protection of Human Subjects at Dartmouth College.
Brown-HET-1551 Leading Singularities of the Two-Loop Six-Particle MHV Amplitude

Freddy Cachazo, Marcus Spradlin, and Anastasia Volovich Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2J 2W9, Canada Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA Abstract We use the leading singularity technique to determine the planar six-particle two-loop MHV amplitude in N = 4 super Yang-Mills in terms of a simple basis of integrals. Our result for the parity even part of the amplitude agrees with the one recently presented in [18]. The parity-odd part of the amplitude is a new result. The leading singularity technique reduces the determination of the amplitude to finding the solution to a system of linear equations. The system of equations is easily found by computing residues. We present the complete system of equations which determines the whole amplitude, and solve the two-by-two blocks analytically. Larger blocks are solved numerically in order to test the ABDK/BDS iterative structure.
The Health of Nations: Three Essays In Health Economics

Three essays form this thesis which addresses the effectiveness of interventions aimed at attaining two health Millennium Development Goals (MDG) set by the United Nations: a 2/3rds reduction by 2015 of 1990 child mortality rates (MDG4) and 3/4th reduction of 1990 maternal mortality rates by the same date (MDG5). The first chapter assesses the relative efficiency of 85 countries at using these interventions for the reduction of child and maternal mortality. It teases out the extent to which mortality reduction is a result of the interventions themselves as opposed to the context in which they are implemented. A three step procedure which includes Data Envelopment Analysis indicates that efficiency is mainly driven by context. Chapter 2 addresses the association between the 2000-2008 rates of change of interventions and the rate of change of mortality. It uses finite mixture modeling to take account of the possibility that there may be underlying heterogeneity in the mortality reduction functions of the 32 sub-Saharan African countries studied. Results support this hypothesis and show that an intervention may exhibit increasing returns to scale in some countries and decreasing returns to scale in others. Chapter 3 assesses the link between interventions and mortality rates and examines costminimizing scenarios for attaining MDG4 and MDG5 in 27 sub-Saharan African countries. Lagged data on interventions predicts mortality rates (by OLS) to take into account the potential reverse causality between the two. Results indicate that achieving MDG mortality targets at the least possible cost invariably requires very substantive increases in medical human resources, yet training physicians has not been the main objective of public health organizations. Furthermore, improving the context in which interventions are implemented increasing female literacy or effectiveness of political stabilityallows countries to reach mortality targets with substantially lower levels of interventions (including, much lower levels of physician density).
Unnatural Selection: Perverse Incentives and the Misallocation of Credit in Japan

This study examines the misallocation of credit in Japan associated with the perverse incentives of banks to provide additional credit to the weakest firms. Firms are far more likely to receive additional credit if they are in poor financial condition, and these firms continue to perform poorly after receiving additional bank financing. Troubled Japanese banks allocate credit to severely impaired borrowers primarily to avoid the realization of losses on their own balance sheets. This problem is compounded by extensive corporate affiliations, which provide a further incentive for banks to allocate scarce credit based on considerations other than prudent credit risk analysis.
Compositionality in Dataflow Synchronous Languages: Specification and Code Generation

Modularity is advocated as a solution for the design of large systems, the mathematical translation of this concept is often that of compositionality. This paper is devoted the issues of compositionality aiming at modular code generation, for dataflow synchronous languages. As careless storing of object code for further reuse in systems design fails to work, we first concentrate on what are the additional features needed to abstract programs for the purpose of code generation: we show that a central notion is that of scheduling specification as resulting from a causality analysis of the given program. Then we study separate compilation for synchronous programs, and we discuss the issue of distributed implementation using an asynchronous medium of communication ; for both topics we provide a complete formal study in the extended version [BlGA97] of this paper. Corresponding algorithms are currently under development in the framework of the DC+ common format for synchronous languages.
Conservation status of the lion (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758) in Tanzania . June 2010

The IUCN SSC organized two regional workshops, one for West and Central Africa (2005) and one for Eastern and Southern Africa (2006), to produce regional conservation strategies for the lion. Tanzania authorities, together with local stakeholders, took part in the regional exercise for establishing the Regional Conservation Strategy for the Lion in Eastern and Southern Africa, and soon after organized the first national workshop to prepare a National Action Plan for lion and leopard. In 2009, the Tanzania authorities expressed the will to update the lion profile in the country and to hold the second national workshop for finalizing a Lion National Action Plan. The present survey has attempted to update the conservation status of the lion in Tanzania. The final report of this survey is expected to bring comprehensive material for submission to the forthcoming National Action Plan workshop. The methods used are explained and results are provided and discussed. A georeferenced database has been set up to collect and analyse the information available (250 bibliographic references) as well as the information generated by specific inquiries (among 321 informants). Nine thematic maps have been drawn. The lion range in Tanzania is still extensive with a surface of 750,000 km2, i.e. 92% of the terrestrial surface of the country, of which 335,000 km2 (i.e. 45%) are located inside Protected Areas (National Parks and Hunting Areas). An assessment of the lion population size has been attempted with a tentative figure of about 16,800 individuals in Tanzania at this stage, a large majority of them living in Protected Areas (i.e. 80%). Tanzania hosts the largest lion population in Africa and is the first country in terms of lion trophy hunting with around 200 free-ranging lions legally harvested per year. This figure remains far smaller than the number of lions illegally killed for various reasons such as ritual killing, snaring for bushmeat, retaliation in reaction to human casualties and livestock losses, etc. Because lions largely range outside Protected Areas, human/lion conflicts are of great concern in this country, especially in central and southern Tanzania. Indeed, illegal killing of lions and habitat loss appear to most informants as the main threats to lion conservation. (Resume d'auteur)
The Economy of East Central Europe, 1815-1989: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region

Introduction 1. The Region at the Start of the Nineteenth Century 2. The Nineteenth Century, Part 1: Political structures, agriculture and industry 3. The Nineteenth Century, Part 2: Infrastructure, transport, energy and tourism 4. The Interwar Period, Part 1: World War One, political structures, agriculture and industry 5. The Interwar Period, Part 2: Infrastructure, transport, energy and tourism 6. The Communist Era 1945-1989, Part 1: The economy, industry and agriculture 7. The Communist Era 1945-1989, Part 2: Infrastructure, services and settlement 8. The Communist Era 1945-1989, Part 3: Regional planning and environmental change Conclusion Appendix I: Chronologies Bibliography