Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Q-switched pulse generation by stimulated Brillouin scattering assisted four-wave mixing effect in erbium–bismuth co-doped multi-elements silica glass based optical fiber laser

We demonstrate Q-switched pulse generation at the 1562.5 nm region by using a 70 cm long erbium–bismuth co-doped alumina–germania–hafnium–yttria silica glass-based fiber as a gain medium in a simple ring resonator configured without saturable absorber and optical isolator devices. The Q-switching was obtained based on a stimulated Brillouin scattering assisted four-wave mixing effect in the gain medium, which induced the intensity modulation mechanism. The laser produced a multi-wavelength output comb centered at 1562.6 nm with a peak-to-peak spacing of about 0.09 nm due to nonlinear effects. Stable Q-switched operation of a hafnia–bismuth–erbium co-doped fiber laser was obtained at a pump power range of 129–319 mW with the repetition rate varying from 45.9 kHz to 89.3 kHz and the pulse width ranging from 8.8 µs to 3.58 µs. A maximum pulse energy of 26.9 nJ at an average output power of 2.4 dBm was achieved. This demonstrates a new passive technique based on a highly nonlinear gain medium for realizing Q-switched all-fiber laser sources.
Urbanization and the carbon cycle: Current capabilities and research outlook from the natural sciences perspective

This paper explores the urban carbon cycle from the natural sciences perspective, identifying key knowledge gaps and priority areas for future research. The combination of large, concentrated carbon fluxes and rapid change makes cities key elements of the carbon cycle and offers the potential for them to serve as “first responders” for climate action. Estimates of urban‐scale carbon fluxes are significantly more uncertain than at larger spatial scales, in part because past studies have mostly avoided local/urban scales where the mix of anthropogenic and natural fluxes is complex and difficult to observationally isolate. To develop effective emission reduction policies, we need to understand emission sources and how they may be changing. Such improved quantification and understanding of underlying processes at the urban scale will not only provide policy‐relevant information and improve the understanding of urban dynamics and future scenarios, but will also translate into better global‐scale anthropogenic flux estimates, and advance our understanding of carbon cycle and climate feedbacks across multiple scales. Understanding the relationship between urbanization and urban carbon flows requires intellectual integration with research communities beyond the natural sciences. Cities can serve as interdisciplinary process laboratories that are sufficiently constrained in both spatial and governance scale to support truly integrated research by the natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering. A thoughtfully crafted science research agenda that is grounded in sustained, dense observations relevant to estimating urban carbon fluxes and their controlling processes and is focused on a statistically significant sample of cities will advance our understanding of the carbon cycle.
Preliminary Assessment on Pretreatment Methods For Landfill Waste Utilization in Biohydrogen Production

Landfill waste consists of a mixture of components that have high potential as a substrate for hosting various microorganisms’ growth. Utilizing this waste as a fermentation substrate is seen as an economical solution for the management of the waste. Treating this waste is crucial to remove unnecessary components for the growth of specific organisms to ensure a high reaction yield. Fermentative hydrogen production from this waste specifically requires the hydrogen-consuming bacteria to be reduced. In this work, heat, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, acid, and alkaline pretreatment were conducted on the landfill waste. The changes in the reduced sugar content and appearance of bacterial colonies were observed and compared. Heat pretreatment at 65 °C was found to give among the best increase (74 – 88%) in reducing sugar content and reduction (50 – 85%) in the number of aerobic bacterial colonies detected. Global warming potential and eutrophication potential recorded from simulated heat pretreatment plant was comparable to other heat-based pretreatment reported by other researchers with a potential reduction in severity as the plant size increased.
Variations in the Physiological State of Size-Fractionated Plankton and their Relations with Environmental Parameters in Hypertrophic Lake Barato

富栄養化の進んだ茨戸湖において微生物群集の生理活性の変化をアデニル酸の組成比を指標とし,ケイ藻およびラン藻が優占する6月および8月について調べた。 >100μm,100-2μm,および2-0. 2μmに分画された微生物群集において生物量を表すアデニレート総量と生理活性の指標となるAEC値は,ともに一日のうちで大きな変化を示したが,100μm以上と,100-2μmの両面分に含まれるプランクトン群集はアデニレート量の変化とAEC値の変化の間には対応が認められなかった。 また,溶存無機態窒素は湖水中に多量に存在していること,およびリン酸塩の存在量にほとんど影響を受けないことから両群集の生物量や生理活性の変化はこれら栄養塩類以外の因子が関与していることが推定された。 また,100-2μmと2-0. 2μmの両画分に含まれる微生物群集のAEC値と湖水中の溶存蛋白質量や溶存糖類量の間には比較的高い相関が認められた。 100-2μm画分中の微生物群集はAEC値が高くなると蛋白質や糖類といった有機物を体外に放出することにより,溶存有機物を増加させ,2-0. 2μm画分に含まれる微生物群集を活性化したものと考えられた。
Trends of Proton Pump Inhibitor Uses among Pharmaceutical Promotional Workers

Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most frequently used drugs in the world for the management of gastric- acid related diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the trend of PPIs uses among the pharmaceutical promotional workers in Bangladesh. Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on pharmaceutical promotional workers from different regions in Bangladesh. The study data were collected which includes demographics, PPIs uses in terms of duration, dose, generics, symptoms for which they took PPIs and effects of PPIs on symptoms. Drugs or diseases that influenced the intake of PPIs were also recorded. Results: Among six hundred surveys issued for the study, 581 valid questionnaires were returned. Among the respondents 520 individuals (89.5%) were male and 61 individuals (10.5%) were female. Common indications for taking PPIs were abdominal discomfort (51.5%), vomiting (34.1%) and abdominal pain (24.6%). Two hundred seventy (48.56%) respondents had satisfactory relief of symptoms, 125 (22.48%) had symptoms reappeared after stopping PPIs and 77 (13.85%) had complete cure of symptoms. Most of the participants (42.60%) were on PPIs therapy for up to one year. Most of the participants (64.49%) took PPI once daily. Most of the participants (60.75%) started PPI by themselves. Esomeprazole (40.1%) and rabeprazole (30.1%) were the most frequently used PPIs. Conclusion: PPI is found to be a frequently used medication among pharmaceutical promotional workers. Further well-designed study with adequate work up may be designed to see misuse and overuse of PPI among workers of pharmaceutical sector as well as general population. Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2023; 31: 41-46
Complexities of designing terrain maps illustrated with horizontal hachures

ABSTRACT Designing maps involves numerous decisions on the part of the cartographer, while designing terrain maps adds unique complexities. Terrain is often conceptualized as varying in a smooth and continuous manner, leading to data being stored with field-based models, often using raster datasets. The focus of many map design books and other literature, however, is on symbolizing object-based models. Vector layers such as contours and hachures can be derived from grids, but are conceptually abstract and require special consideration for three-dimensional display. We propose a classification scheme for terrain maps based on four principal elements of design: layer tinting, shading, texturing and form lines. We also propose a new method for automating horizontal hachures that illustrates how the latter three elements meet at a critical design juncture where location, orientation, derived attributes and the use of visual variables to symbolize the terrain intersect. Horizontal hachures combine multiple design elements into an innovative methodology, and can also be combined with terrain mapping elements on other design levels.
Ozonioterapia no tratamento de mastite clínica e subclínica em bovinos de leite

O Brasil conta com uma produção média de leite de 25 bilhões de litros por ano, sendo a pecuária leiteira de grande importância para o PIB do país por seus produtos, derivados e a geração de emprego. Contudo, grandes são os desafios frente a pecuária leiteira e dentre eles a mastite bovina. A mastite é a inflamação da glândula mamária que apresenta, alterações patológicas no tecido glandular e modificações físico-químicas no leite. Dentre os vários tratamentos, a ozonoterapia vem sendo explorada cada dia mais com ótimos resultados. O ozônio é um gás formado por três átomos de oxigênio, apresenta uma série de benefícios, curativos, preventivos e imunoestimuladores, devido às suas propriedades oxigenadoras, catalíticas e germicidas, capaz de agir contra bactérias, fungos e vírus. O presente trabalho foi realizado na propriedade Chácara Nossa Senhora de Aparecida, localizada em Palmas, Tocantins, no período de 1 a 12 de Fevereiro de 2023. A propriedade conta com rebanho de 30 vacas de leite das raças Gir, Girolando e Holandês. Foram selecionadas, por meio de exame de CMT – Califórnia Mastit test e teste caneca de fundo escuro, as vacas com mastite subclínica e clínica, sendo este o critério de escolha dos animais, animais negativo aos testes eram descartados do tratamento. Foram administrados 500 mL de solução fisiológica ozonizada em cada quarto mamário. Aguardou-se a ação por 10 min e foi realizada a ordenha. Após isso, foi feito o inflado do quarto mamário acometido com o gás ozônio com o aparelho calibrado em 40 µg/mg x 0,5 mg/min por 5 min cada quarto. No monitoramento, 24 horas após a primeira cessão de ozonioterapia, as vacas com mastite subclínica CMT++ (animal 2 e 3), apresentaram melhoras significativas, não apresentavam rubor, edema ou dor, nem alteração mínima no exame do CMT. A vaca com mastite subclínica CMT+ (Animal 5) não apresentou alteração clínica e não foi reativo para exame de CMT, enquanto as vacas com mastite clinica reduziram a inflamação para subclínica de CMT+ (Animal 1 e 4).
Feasibility Analysis for Acquiring Crop Harvest Index(HI) with Remote Sensing

As crop Harvest Index(HI) was very important to estimate crop yield accurately by remote sensing technology,the feasibility of estimating crop HI with remote sensing technology was discussed through analyzing HI mechanism and reviewing remote sensing technology application.HI process dynamic could be monitored,and the model to estimate HI could be established,combining temporal-spatial character of remote sensing information.There were three methods to estimate HI by remote sensing technology according to this study.First,describing and analyzing the crop growing process with high temporal resolution remote sensing data.Second,acquiring the environmental parameters with remote sensing and then to estimate the HI using these parameters.Third,by crop structural parameters acquired from radar or laser radar data.The characteristics of different kinds of remote sensing data were analyzed and their advantage and disadvantage in estimating crop HI were discussed.With the multi-development of remote sensing data sources and launch of satellite with new remote sensing sensors,the crop HI estimation model would be improved with a higher accuracy.The validation should be done not only at a pixel scale(with field observation),but also comparing with the other information data sources,such as the regional statistical data,due to the characteristics of remote sensing data in spatial distribution.
Soil Organic Carbon Losses: The Balance between Respiration and Leaching, and Phosphorus Mobility in Lateritic Soils

Soil Organic Carbon Losses: The Balance between Respiration and Leaching, and Phosphorus Mobility in Lateritic Soils (FH Noor): Organic matter (OM) application may contribute to managing lateritic soils by improving aspects of physical, chemical, and biological fertility. However, the finite persistence of organic carbon (OC), the main component of soil organic matter (SOM), may limit the usefulness of OM addition because decomposition and C leaching promotes C loss from the soil, especially in tropical regions. The main objectives of this study were to determine the balance and dynamics of soil OC (SOC) due to mineralisation and leaching processes and the relationship of these processes to P mobility in soil. Two lateritic soils of Western Australia were used. Both soils were packed into plastic columns and water was added to simulate two rainfall regimes: tropical (4,000 mm year 1) and subtropical (900 mm year 1). Three types of OM (peat, wheat straw, and lucerne hay) were added at the equivalent of 80Mg ha 1. Soils were watered weekly to supply one year’s rainfall over a period of six months. Carbon loss from leaching contributed 1.4% of the total C, whilst respiration accounted for 10.4%. The Ultisol with a sandy texture had more C loss in leachate than the Oxisol with higher clay content, for the simulated tropical rainfall. The subtropical rainfall regime resulted in more respiration than the tropical rainfall regime. Downward movement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) changed the distribution of non-extractable phosphorus (NP) and bicarbonate phosphorus (BP) in the leaching column, as well as the dislocation of extractable Al and Fe.
Global Existence of Weak Solutions to 3D Compressible Primitive Equations of Atmospheric Dynamics with Degenerate Viscosity

In this work, we show the existence of global weak solutions to the three-dimensional compressible primitive equations of atmospheric dynamics with degenerate viscosity density-dependent for large initial data. With a pressure law of the form ρ2, we represent the vertical velocity as a function of the density and the horizontal one which will be important in using Faedo-Galerkin method to obtain the global existence of the approximate solutions. In analogy with the cases in [28] and [26, 27], we prove that the weak solutions satisfy the basic energy inequality and the Bresch-Desjardins entropy inequality. Based on these estimates and using compactness arguments, we prove the global existence of weak solutions of (1.1) by vanishing the parameters in our approximate system step by step.
Developing a Qualitative Urban Green Spaces Index Applied to a Mediterranean City

As a primary goal, urban green spaces (UGSs) have been linked to several aspects of inhabitants’ wellbeing. Quality could be a way to intervene in the UGS–human health interaction. For that purpose, we developed an urban green space quality index (UGS QIndex) applied to a Mediterranean region, Sousse City. This index was based on a set of criteria, indicators, and elements chosen after bibliographical research related to UGS quality assessment tools and their contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals. Then, we evaluated the quality of the Sousse Ramparts Gardens using the UGS QIndex. In fact, this index includes 41 elements grouped into 23 indicators covering seven thematic criteria: environmental regulating capacity, functional amenities, aesthetic amenities, landscape features, integration in its surroundings, development policy objectives, and space issues. According to the UGS QIndex, Bab El Gharbi garden exceeds Bab El Finga garden in terms of its scenery, aesthetics, and functionality. This index could be used by city planners to improve their UGS’s capacity to satisfy the inhabitants’ requirements. Otherwise, it needs to be enhanced and tailored to various types of UGSs and then applied to other Mediterranean cities, as well as cities suffering from UGS degradation.
Dynamic Modeling for Interturn Short Circuit Faults in Symmetrical Six-Phase FSCW-PMSMs With Unaligned Fault Coil

Comprehensive fault dynamic model is the basis of high-performance fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control. This article proposes an interturn short circuit faults dynamic model considering the location of unaligned fault coil for symmetrical six-phase fractional slot concentrated-winding permanent magnet synchronous machines (FSCW-PMSMs). In FSCW-PMSMs, the coils in one phase winding are usually wound on two or more different stator teeth. Therefore, the axis of fault coil is not necessarily aligned with the axis of fault phase. Model parameters, such as inductances and back electromotive force in shorted turns change with the location of fault coils. The proposed model can be used to improve diagnosis strategies to detect more fault detail. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed model has a high accuracy on the short circuit current.
Multi-Pulse Si-MOSFET Gate Driving Utilizing Gate Loop Inductance

Gatedriving circuits are a crucial part of the safety, compliance, and performance of switched-mode power converters. Traditionally, these circuits use a single pulse and employ a gate resistor to control silicon (Si) MOSFETs. Unfortunately, the performance of this approach is limited by parasitic inductances, which can cause excessive oscillations, voltage stress, and catastrophic false turn-ON failures. As a result, power conversion applications typically sacrifice performance with respect to increased transient times and switching losses to maintain safe operation. This work proposes a simple multi-pulse (MP) driving sequence that enables reduced transient times and switching losses while keeping oscillations and voltage stress low. With this, the performance can be increased while upholding safety margins of the switched-mode power converter. The concepts and derived equations are verified by circuit simulations and experiments showcasing up to 25% loss reduction in the driver-stage, up to . 2% efficiency improvement in the power-stage, and up to 18X oscillation amplitude reduction compared to the conventional approach. Moreover, the proposed sequence and driving circuit achieve reliable operation in extreme slew-rate conditions beyond the capabilities of the traditional approach, resulting in voltage stress reduction and false turn-ON failure mitigation.
Shaping ellipsoidal laser pulses in the scheme with black analog masks for photoinjector applications

Today the electron beam emittance minimization race seems to slack due to insufficiency of beam shaping techniques. To fill the gap we propose a method for shaping a sharp 3D ellipsoidal boundary of laser pulses used in a photoinjector. To avoid distortions in the profiled laser beam, only black analog masks are exploited as shaping elements. A highly promising experimental distribution with a 3D boundary thickness better than 10% was obtained at the fundamental harmonic. The proposed scheme can be easily modified for multiplied harmonics of radiation.
Representation and Discovery of Multiple Viewpoint Patterns

An important problem in computational music analysis is the representation and automated discovery of recurrent patterns. In this paper we present a new method for pattern representation and discovery in a large corpus of music. Using the formalism of multiple viewpoints, music is viewed as multiple streams of description derived from the basic surface representation. Patterns are discovered within viewpoint sequences derived from the corpus for selected viewpoints. A statistical method is used to restrict attention to only those patterns which occur much more frequently than expected, where expectation is based on a Markov model of viewpoint elements. The concept of the longest significant patterns in a corpus is introduced. The method presented in this paper is designed to rapidly enumerate all longest significant patterns within a large corpus. An application of the method to the Bach chorales is presented.
Geology and petrography of the Abukuma granites in the Funehiki area, Fukushima Prefecture, NE Japan

福島県船引町周辺には阿武隈花崗岩類が分布し,岩相は斑れい岩類～花崗岩類におよぶ. これらの岩石は斑れい岩類,古期花崗岩類(長屋岩体・鹿山岩体・石森岩体),新期花崗岩類(青石沢岩体・三春岩体・初森岩体)に区分でき、この順に貫入する. 古期花崗岩類は角閃石を含み弱い面構造を有するか,新期花崗岩類はカリ長石斑晶や白雲母を含み多くが塊状を呈する. 花崗岩類は全てカルクアルカリ系列に属し,火山弧に産するI-type花崗岩の化学組成を有する. 一方,斑れい岩類はソレアイト系列に属する. 各花崗岩休および斑れい岩類は,バーカー図などにおいてそれぞれ異なる化学的性質を示す. また,長屋・鹿山・三春・初森の各岩体は約0. 2～1.O×10-3SI unitの低い帯磁率を示すが,石森・青石沢の各岩体は約1. 0～30.0×10-3SI unitの高い帯磁率を示す. 斑れい岩類の帯磁率は約30.0～60.0×10-3SI unitとさらに高い. これら深成岩類の化学的性質および帯磁率の違いは,それぞれの岩体が異なるマグマから固結したことを示唆する. 花崗岩類の成因について,微量元素斑成による部分融解モデルの検討を行った. その結果,本地域の花崗岩類のマグマは,玄武岩質下部地殻が融解し,角閃石もしくは斜長石+ザクロ石を含む残存固相を形成しつつ発生したと判断された.
CASE DISCUSSIONS IN PALLIATIVE MEDICINE

A restrictive and dichotomous question has become the primary approach in many goals of care discussions. Is the primary goal of care quantity of life through aggressive therapy or quality of life through comfort care and hospice? Even though many health care providers recognize that quality vs quantity of life (QvQ) is a false dichotomy, in practice QvQ underlies many goals of care discussions and can negatively impact patient care. This article offers strategies for assessing patients at the end of life, presenting a ﬁrst-line conversation process that can support a range of treatment options as well as a diversity of dynamic patient values. Based on decades of experience in palliative care and a review of relevant literature, we recommend four practical questions to serve as values ‘‘vital signs,’’ monitoring dynamic notions of quality of life and harmonizing patient values with treatment options.
Approximation of BV space-defined Functionals Containing Piecewise Integrands with L¹ Condition

We prove an approximation result for a class of functionals $% %TCIMACRO{\TeXButton{mathcal G}{\mathcal{G}}}% %BeginExpansion \mathcal{G}% %EndExpansion (u)=\int_{\Omega }\varphi (x,Du)$ defined on $BV\left( \Omega \right) $ where $\varphi (\cdot ,Du)\in L^{1}\left( \Omega \right) ,$ $\Omega \subset %TCIMACRO{\U{211d} }% %BeginExpansion \mathbb{R} %EndExpansion ^{N}$ bounded, $\varphi (x,p)$ convex, radially symmetric and of the form \begin{equation*} \varphi (x,p)=\left\{ \begin{tabular}{ll} $g(x,p)$ & if $|p|\leq \beta $ \\ $\psi (x)|p|+k(x)$ & if $|p|>\beta . $% \end{tabular}% \right. \end{equation*}% We show for each $u\in BV\left( \Omega \right) \cap L^{p}\left( \Omega \right) ,$ $1\leq p<\infty ,$ there exist $u_{k}\in W^{1,1}\left( \Omega \right) \cap C^{\infty }\left( \Omega \right) \cap L^{p}\left( \Omega \right) $ so that $% %TCIMACRO{\TeXButton{mathcal G}{\mathcal{G}}}% %BeginExpansion \mathcal{G}% %EndExpansion (u_{k})\rightarrow %TCIMACRO{\TeXButton{mathcal G}{\mathcal{G}}}% %BeginExpansion \mathcal{G}% %EndExpansion (u). $ Approximation theorems in $BV$ are used to prove existence results for the strong solution to the time flow $u_{t}=\func{div}\left( \nabla _{p}\varphi (x,Du\right) )$ in $L^{1}((0,\infty );BV\left( \Omega \right) \cap L^{p}\left( \Omega \right) ),$ typically with additional boundary condition or penalty term in $u$ to ensure uniqueness. The functions in this work are not covered by previous approximation theorems since for fixed $p$ we have $\varphi (x,p)\in L^{1}\left( \Omega \right) $ which do not in general hold for assumptions on $\varphi $ in earlier work.