Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning and teaching strategies in a transformation skill.

When subjects learn a transformation skill in conditions that allow them to direct their attention freely to different subgoals, they adopt definite learning strategies which can be externalized by special techniques. Two of these techniques are described (expts. 1 and 2) and the free-learning strategies revealed with their assistance are discussed. Such strategies may also be used in ‘controlled learning’ conditions, i.e. when a subject is taught the skill. In this case, the (computerized) teaching system acts as a surrogate for, and may be viewed as a model of, the subject's attention-directing mechanism. Experiment 3 is concerned with learning controlled by a conversational system which entails a model based on a class of learning strategies; expt. 4 with a simple adaptive system, based on a single learning strategy. There are marked differences between the form and efficiency of learning in the free conditions and each of the two controlled conditions. These differences are described and a theoretical interpretation is proposed.
ON THE INTEGRABILITY OF INVARIANT HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS WITH HOMOGENEOUS CONFIGURATION SPACES

All homogeneous spaces ( is a semisimple complex (compact) Lie group, a reductive subgroup) are enumerated for which arbitrary Hamiltonian flows on with -invariant Hamiltonians are integrable in the class of Noether integrals. It is proved that only for these spaces does the quasiregular representation of in the space of regular functions of the algebraic variety have a simple spectrum.Bibliography: 21 titles.
Comparison of known signal detection schemes under a weakly dependent noise model

The authors consider the discrete-time signal detection problem under the presence of additive noise exhibiting weak dependence. They first propose a weakly dependent noise model, in which the additive noise is modelled as a moving average process. They derive the locally optimum, memoryless, and one-memory detector test statistics under the model. The asymptotic performance of the one-memory detector is compared with that of the locally optimum and memoryless detectors. Specific examples for the asymptotic performance comparison of these detectors are considered. The authors also investigate the finite sample-size performance of several detectors through Monte-Carlo simulation. It is observed that the one-memory detector can achieve almost optimum performance at the expense of only one memory unit under the weakly dependent noise model, and is rather insensitive to slight model change.
Streaming phenomena in microdroplets induced by Rayleigh surface acoustic wave

This paper reports the numerical simulation and experimental characterization of three-dimensional acoustic streaming behavior of a liquiddroplet subjected to a Rayleigh surface acoustic wave. The streaming behavior of the droplet was studied as a function of radio-frequency (RF) power, aperture of the interdigitated transducer, and size of the liquiddroplet. The hydrodynamic flow field within the droplet was determined by solving the laminar incompressible Navier–Stoke’s equations. The numerical and experimental results are shown to be in good agreement over the range of parameters examined. The ratios of the position of butterfly central line (axis of rotation) to radius of the droplet are demonstrated to be fairly constant for moderate droplet volumes and to vary by less than 12% at large droplet volumes. Besides that, an increase in the RF power and a decrease in the droplet size result in an increased surface acoustic wave(SAW) streaming velocity. The numerical results also suggest that a maximum streaming velocity is achieved when the SAW width is approximately half of the droplet radius.
Stop‐like modification of dental fricatives in Indian English: A preliminary study to perceptual experiments.

Stop‐like modification of dental fricatives occurs in both American English and foreign accents of English (Zhao, Ph.D. thesis, 2007). This study examines stop‐like word‐initial /Ð/ in Indian English to determine its frequency and compare it with American English. Acoustic analysis on unscripted telephone recordings of 40 Indian English speakers showed that of 161 total word‐initial /Ð/ instances, 61% were stop‐like. The modification occurred most frequently in utterance‐initial contexts, after stops, and after fricatives, and least after vowels and liquids. The variable occurrence of the modification across many contexts suggests that it may result from physiological conditions rather than from a phonological rule. If the modification is physiologically conditioned, differences in modification frequency between dialects may indicate dialectal differences in articulation. For example, comparison with American English showed that stop‐like /Ð/ was more common in Indian English across all contexts, particul.
Information geometry of estimating functions in semi-parametric statistical models

For semi-parametric statistical estimation, when an estimating function exists, it often provides an ecient or a good consistent estimator of the parameter of interest against nuisance parameters of in®nite dimensions. The present paper elucidates the structure of estimating functions, based on the dual dierential geometry of statistical inference and its extension to ®bre bundles. The paper studies the following problems. First, when does an estimating function exist and what is the set of all the estimating functions? Second, how are the asymptotic variances of the estimators derived from estimating functions and when are the estimators ecient? Third, how do we adaptively choose a practically good (quasi-)estimating function from the observed data? The concept of m-curvature freeness plays a fundamental role in solving the above problems.
Opening new windows in observing the Universe

The 2002 Nobel prizes in Physics underline the close relationship between physics and astronomy in understanding the Universe and its stellar constituents via novel detection technics like giant underground particle detectors or space born X-ray telescopes. Raymond Davis (retired from the University of Pennsylvania) and Masotoshi Koshiba (retired from the University of Tokyo) obtained one half of the prize for discovering and detecting neutrinos from the sun or respectively from supernova explosions. The other half of the prize went to Roberto Giacconi (Director ofAssociated Universities Inc. in Washington) for the discovery ofcosmic X-ray sources.As X-rays cannot penetrate the Earth's atmosphere, their detection was onlypossible via rocket or balloon flights (or later with satellites). In all three cases pioneers were honored who opened new windows in observing the Universe (www.nobel.se/physicsllaureates/2002) and founded vastly expanding research fields leading to additional exciting discoveries.
An analogue of the prime number theorem for closed orbits of Axiom A flows

For an Axiom A flow restricted to a basic set we extend the zeta function to an open set containing W(s) > h where h is the topological entropy. This enables us to give an asymptotic formula for the number of closed orbits by adapting the Wiener-Ikehara proof of the prime number theorem.
Flux pinning properties of c-axis correlated pinning centres in PLD-YBCO films

Flux pinning properties of pinning centres having correlation along the c-axis in epitaxial YBCO films were investigated by measuring the magnetic-field angle ψ-dependence of the critical current density JC and the E–J-characteristics. YBCO films were prepared by using the pulsed-laser-deposition method on four different substrates at three different target-to-substrate distances D. The ψ-dependence of JC showed large peaks when magnetic field B was applied parallel to the c-axis (), and we observed two types of JC-peak: that is, a broad peak for the films deposited at small D (50–60 mm), and a narrow peak for the films deposited at large D (112 and 142 mm). The E–J-characteristics followed the power law, , and the ψ-dependence of the n-value also showed broad peaks around for the films deposited at D = 50–60 mm, and narrow peaks for the film deposited at D = 112 mm. Based on these results and our previous microstructural observations by AFM and TEM, we confirm that the broad-angle flux pinning effect around may be attributed to a high density of elongated precipitates, and the narrow-angle pinning effect around may be attributed to dense planar defects parallel to the c-axis.
Thermal Budget of a Monsoon Depression in the Bay of Bengal during FGGE-MONEX 1979

Abstract The paper presents die results of a study of the thermal budget of a monsoon depression that developed over the Bay of Bengal during the period 3–8 July 1979. The complete thermodynamic energy equation is considered, to examine the possible role of the various terms and to evaluate the total diabatic heating. In the west-southwest quadrant of the monsoon depression where there is considerable rainfall, latent heat released by precipitation appears to account for about 80% of the total diabatic heating. This heating appears to be offset by cooling due to strong upward motion; however, the total diabatic beating over an area immediately to the north-northeast of the depression center appears to be negative, suggesting downward air motion and adiabatic warming. It is suggested that this warm sector to the north-northeast of the depression center, which is maintained by subsidence warming may serve as an effective tropospheric energy source for the monsoon depression.
Vibration study of the piezodriven pipettes immersed in viscous liquids

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is regarded as a critical assisted reproductive technology procedure in which a single spermatozoon is mechanically injected into the cytoplasm of an oocyte using an injection pipette. During the ICSI procedure, a spermatozoon is loaded into the injection pipette and the pipette is then inserted into the oocyte cytoplasm (ooplasm). Insertion of the injection pipette in such way to minimize damage to the oocyte is facilitated by a piezoactuator connected to the pipette. Importantly, to minimize lysis of the oocyte during ICSI, the injection pipettes driven by the piezoactuator are typically filled with approximately 0.5–1. 0μL of mercury. The use of mercury in the pipettes is associated with a significantly lower frequency of oocyte lysis, theoretically due to the reduced lateral vibration of the pipette when the mass of mercury is added. However, the use of mercury in the laboratory has serious potential toxicity effects, both related to personnel safety and to the d.
On delay‐dependent LMI‐based guaranteed cost control of uncertain neutral systems with discrete and distributed time‐varying delays

In this paper, the problem of designing robust guaranteed cost control law for a class of uncertain neutral system with a given quadratic cost function is considered. Based on Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional theory, a delay‐dependent criterion for the existence of guaranteed cost controller is expressed in the form of two linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be solved by using effective LMI toolbox. Moreover, a convex optimization problem satisfying some LMI constraints is formulated to solve a guaranteed cost controller which achieves the minimization of the closed‐loop guaranteed cost. An efficient approach is proposed to design the guaranteed cost control for uncertain neutral systems. Computer software Matlab can be used to solve all the proposed results. Finally, a numerical example is illustrated to show the usefulness of our obtained design method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Splash of a Liquid Drop

The full Navier‐Stokes equations are solved numerically in cylindrical coordinates in order to investigate the splash of a liquid drop onto a flat plate, into a shallow pool, or into a deep pool. Solution is accomplished with the Marker‐and‐Cell technique using a high‐speed computer. Results include data on pressures, velocities, oscillations, droplet rupture, and the effects of compressibility. They also show how the technique can be applied to a wide variety of other complicated fluid flow problems involving the transient behavior of a free surface.
BERTLMANN'S SOCKS AND THE NATURE OF REALITY

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations are very like many ordinary occurrences of everyday life. So it is a little difficult for the man in the street to understand immediately why there has been so much fuss about them. It must be recalled that the founding fathers of quantum mechanics had convinced themselves that it was necessary to abandon the idea of an objective reality at the microphysical level. But the correlations in question, together with the idea of local causality, were a formidable argument for such a reality. The founding fathers offered counter-arguments (neither very clear nor very convincing in my opinion) and each side held to its position. Since then it has been possible to push the analysis a little further, considering especially situations just a little different from those considered before. Then correlations appear, according to quantum mechanics, which are not at all like those of everyday life. As a result it is not now easy to believe, with Einstein, that quantum mechanical predictions are reconcilable with the notion of a Lorentz invariant objectively real microphysical world.
Practical applications of thin films nanostructured by shadowing growth

Even prior to the recent advent of advanced top-down processes, shadowing growth by oblique angle deposition (OAD) has long been providing self-assembled nanostructures over much larger areas for much lower costs. In the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the development of well-controlled three-dimensional nanomorphologies such as zigzags and helixes. Much effort has been put into theoretical and numerical understanding of the growth mechanism to improve morphology. Many researchers in academia have been investigating useful properties of nanocolumnar thin films in their laboratories. However, most companies seem hesitant to introduce OAD techniques into the factory owing to the prejudice that the OAD thin films are neither durable nor reproducible. In this review article, we discuss the progress in OAD technology for practical applications.
O18 tracer diffusion in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films: A probe of local oxygen vacancy concentration

A series of O18 tracer in-diffusion experiments have been conducted on state-of-the-art metal organic chemical vapor deposition–grown Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) films. Prior to O18 incorporation, samples were preequilibrated in O216 at the same temperature and total pressure used for the following O218 isotope exchange anneal. The final O18 depth profiles were obtained using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), which provides a depth resolution of 3–5A. The SIMS results indicate that the O18 tracer diffusivity varies as a function of depth from the PZT film surface in a way that is inconsistent with a combined grain boundary and lattice diffusion mechanism. Based on a previously-developed model for point defect equilibrium in metal titanate thin films, simulations of O18 tracer diffusion into PZT thin films that are consistent with the experimental results are described.
Mean-Variance Portfolio Model Modified by Nonlinear Bagging Predictors

In Markowitz’s mean-variance portfolio model, the probability distribution of a future return is composed of recent historical prices, and the future return and future risk are estimated as the mean and standard deviation of the distribution, respectively. Namely, the future return is predicted by a simple moving average, and the risk is simply the historical fluctuation. In this study, to improve the prediction accuracy of the future return, we apply a nonlinear prediction method following local spatial dynamics, and to estimate the future risk, we produce a probability distribution by aggregating predicted values by the bagging algorithm. Then, each risk is reduced by making a portfolio, that is, we apply the portfolio effect. Namely, our method attempts to simultaneously improve the prediction accuracy and reduce the risk of its prediction error. To confirm the validity of our method, we performed investment simulations. As a result, we could realize higher profit and lower risk in investment than by the conventional method.
Collective Electron Theory of the Metal‐Semiconductor Transition in Magnetite

The Verwey transition in magnetite is described on a band model, with the electrons self‐consistently breaking the symmetry by ordering in the self‐induced Coulomb potential. The order parameter is the difference in occupation numbers on alternate sites. There is a gap in the single‐particle excitation spectrum, and the gap and order parameter undergo a second‐order phase transition. The theory is BCS‐like, with the Verwey temperature being given in the weak‐coupling limit by an exponential in the reciprocal of the density of states at the Fermi level.
Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer Observation of Cygnus X-1. III. Implications for Compton Corona and Advection-dominated Accretion Flow Models

We have recently shown that a "sphere+disk" geometry Compton corona model provides a good description of Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of the hard/low state of Cygnus X-1. Separately, we have analyzed the temporal data provided by RXTE. In this paper we consider the implications of this timing analysis for our best-fit "sphere+disk" Comptonization models. We focus our attention on the observed Fourier frequency-dependent time delays between hard and soft photons. We consider whether the observed time delays are created in the disk but are merely reprocessed by the corona, created by differences between the hard and soft photon diffusion times in coronae with extremely large radii, or are due to "propagation" of disturbances through the corona. We find that the time delays are most likely created directly within the corona; however, it is currently uncertain which specific model is the most likely explanation. Models that posit a large coronal radius (or equivalently, a large advection-dominated accretion flow region) do not fully address all the details of the observed spectrum. The Compton corona models that do address the full spectrum do not contain dynamical information. We show, however, that simple phenomenological propagation models for the observed time delays for these latter models imply extremely slow characteristic propagation speeds within the coronal region.
Effects of radiation and temperature on gallium nitride (GaN) metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors

The development of radiation-hardened, temperature-tolerant materials, sensors and electronics will enable lightweight space sub-systems (reduced packaging requirements) with increased operation lifetimes in extreme harsh environments such as those encountered during space exploration. Gallium nitride (GaN) is a ceramic, semiconductor material stable within high-radiation, high-temperature and chemically corrosive environments due to its wide bandgap (3.4 eV). These material properties can be leveraged for ultraviolet (UV) wavelength photodetection. In this paper, current results of GaN metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) UV photodetectors behavior after irradiation up to 50 krad and temperatures of 15°C to 150°C is presented. These initial results indicate that GaN-based sensors can provide robust operation within extreme harsh environments. Future directions for GaN-based photodetector technology for down-hole, automotive and space exploration applications are also discussed.
The Optical Properties of Low Luminosity Radio Galaxies With Radio Jets

Broad-band CCD images of 24 low luminosity radio galaxies containing radio jets have been obtained to study their optical properties. Surface photometry of the galaxies was performed by fitting ellipses to the light distribution in order to obtain the surface brightness profile and the geometrical parameters of the galaxies. The optical morphology, the photometric parameters, and the local environment of the galaxies are discussed and compared with the results for other galaxy samples. The galaxies in this work have absolute magnitudes similar to bright cluster galaxies, and they are more luminous than powerful radio sources. They inhabit regions of higher galaxy density than powerful radio galaxies and radio-quiet ellipticals
Cross-Domain Age Inference Framework Based on Common-Topics

Privacy leakage is one of the raising serious concerns in public. Some online service systems cope with this problem bypassing gathering user privacy information, age, for instance. Without collecting and studying these information, is it possible to infer user age or not in such systems? In this paper, we proposed a cross-domain age inference framework based on common-topics to show the possibility of age disclosure with aid of transferred knowledge from an auxiliary domain. Specifically, we take the online book and movie systems, i.e., BookCrossing and Movielens systems, as target and auxiliary domains respectively. First, we extract common-topics from item titles and descriptions to aggregate user behavior. Such aggregation behaviors of Movielens system are regarded as transferred knowledge, and bridge BookCrossing system to build age inference module. Moreover, various classical algorithms are compared. And targeting age imbalance distribution, balance evaluation metrics are proposed to evaluate our algorithm. Experiment results show that for BookCrossing system, age inference performance of our proposed cross-domain age inference framework based on common-topics is even better than that of system with available age information, which means that the privacy risk even exist in a supposedly safe environment.
Embeddings and immersions of manifolds in Euclidean space

The problem of computing the number of embeddings or immersions of a manifold in Euclidean space is treated from a different point of view than is usually taken. Also, a theorem dealing with the existence of an embedding of Mm in R2m-2 is given. Introduction. This paper studies the existence and classification of differential immersions and embeddings of a differentiable manifold into Euclidean space from a different point of view than is frequently taken. Most authors use Hirsch's results [11 ] and study a Postnikov factorization of the map BO(k) -* BO and try to lift the stable normal map of the manifold Mmv: M-+ BO back to BO(k) for various k. See Gitler's article [4] for references of this method. There is another technique for obtaining embeddings and immersions which is due to Haefliger and Hirsch and is described in ? 2. It involves studying a Postnikov factorization of the map P'3P' and (for embeddings) trying to lift a map g: M x M A/Z2 = M* -+P' back to Pn. See [3], [6], [23], and [24] for authors who have used this approach. One difficulty with this method is in calculating the cohomology of M* in terms of something known, namely the cohomology of M. Now, Haefliger proved in [7] that the inclusion map j: M* --+S* xZ2 M x M induces an epimorphism for Z2-cohomology. In ? 7 I prove that if m is odd j* induces isomorphisms of the Er-terms of the Bockstein spectral sequences of the two spaces for r > 2. 6 contains a calculation of the Bockstein spectral sequence of S' xZ2 X x X for a finite C. W. complex X. Thus a good hold on H*(M*, Z) is obtained (when m is odd). Similar results are obtained for the twisted integer cohomology of M* when m is even. 3 describes a modifled Postnikov factorization of the map p: pF Pobtained by killing the first four nonzero homotopy groups of the fiber of p. It also describes the set of isotopy classes of differentiable embeddings of Mm in Received by the editors September 25, 1974. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 57D40; Secondary 55G45.