Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expectation Value of the Lowest of a Set of Randomly Selected Integers

Consider the set of positive integers 0, 1, 2, . , D. If we pick N of them at random, where N < (D+1), what is the expectation (or average value) of the lowest-valued of the N picks? We briefly describe the image database search question that gave rise to this problem, and present a proof that the answer is (D-N+1)/(N+1).
Analysis of Cancer Survival Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors After Statistical Adjustment

Key Points Question Is there a difference in survival outcomes associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy compared with chemotherapy when corrected for error introduced by Cox proportional hazards analysis? Findings In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials across 3 cancer types (non–small-cell lung cancer, urothelial carcinoma, and melanoma), the Cox proportional hazards–Taylor expansion adjustment for long-term survival data (Cox-TEL) adjustment method used to examine long-term survival probability noted an increment of approximately 10% over chemotherapy in patients with long-term survival who were receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Meaning The findings of this study suggest that Cox proportional hazard ratios may not provide a full picture of survival outcomes when the risk reduction from the treatment is not constant; Cox-TEL correction for appropriate data interpretation may be useful.
Achieving Accurate Automatic Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome Assessment Using Nasal Pressure Signal

Automatic assessment of sleep apnea/ hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) based on fewer physiological signals is critical for the success of healthcare at home. However, previous studies that use such settings only achieve a lower assessment accuracy, causing fewer syndromes to be separated for effective diagnosis. This paper presents a 3-stage support vector machines (SVM)-based algorithm for SAHS assessment using a single-channel nasal pressure (NP) signal. In this work, NP signal is utilized for feature extraction. Amplitude features, as well as those extracted using discrete Fourier transform and discrete wavelet transform, are used for machine learning. A total of 58 sets of polysomnography recordings, each with approximately 7 h in duration, were analyzed. This work achieves a sensitivity of 95.7% and a positive predictive value of 90.9%, outperforming previous works using NP signal. Compared with prior studies using only SpO2 signal, this work still achieves better performance and supports more classification levels. Thanks to the low-complexity settings based only on the NP signal, the proposed approach provides a promising solution to SAHS assessment for remote healthcare.
The role of metacognitive uncertainty in the delayed retrieval shift of older adults

ABSTRACT Strategic choice behavior of older adults in many skill acquisition tasks can be characterized as a delayed and/or incomplete shift to a more efficient retrieval-based strategy, even when older adults possess the requisite knowledge to use it successfully. The noun-pair lookup task (NPLT) requires verification of whether a centrally presented word pair matches one of a set of pairs displayed at the top of the screen. Because the pairings do not change, verification can be made from memory as the associations are learned. This study examines the role of metacognitive uncertainty in explaining older adults’ delayed retrieval shift in the NPLT. Older and younger adults participated in a NPLT with previously learned items and new items. For each trial, the look-up table was shown only if the scanning strategy was selected. Some participants were given a precue informing whether the item had been previously learned. Retrieval strategy choice was low for older adults but precueing increased its frequency. Older adults’ retrieval choices had minimal costs on NPLT accuracy, suggesting that the delayed retrieval shift can be exacerbated by metacognitive uncertainty that was reduced by precueing. The role of metacognitive uncertainty in older adults’ retrieval avoidance was supported by a robust item-level regression effect of retrospective confidence judgments during prelearning tests and later NPLT retrieval strategy choices for older adults.
Consensus of MASs With Input and Communication Delays by Predictor-Based Protocol

In this article, the consensus problem of multiagent systems (MASs) affected by input and communication delays is investigated. A predictor-based state feedback protocol is used to reach the consensus of linear MASs by delay compensation. In order to analyze the maximum delay under the predictor-based protocol, the overall MASs are equivalent to the feedback interconnection system, including a linear time-invariant system and a time-delay operator, in view of the characteristic of the Laplacian matrix. Then, the maximum delay corresponding to the predictor-based protocol is evaluated by using the small gain theorem (SGT). Finally, two numerical examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the obtained consensus condition.
Trust and psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Impaired trust in other humans is commonly seen in psychosis and it leads to poor societal functioning. However, examining trust behavior in an experimental setting is challenging. Investigators have used the trust game, a neuro-economic game to assess trust behavior in psychosis. However, the findings are inconsistent. Hence, we systematically reviewed the existing literature and conducted a meta-analysis to examine trust behavior in patients with psychosis, their relatives, and those at high risk for psychosis. Methods We searched electronic databases for studies that have examined trust game in patients with psychosis, published up to November 2021. The primary outcome measure was the baseline trust in a trust game by patients and controls. The meta-analysis was performed if at least three data sets of control and patient groups were available for that measure/design. We conducted meta-analyses with a random-effects model. The results were described narratively wherever meta-analysis was not possible due to paucity of studies. Results The searches across the databases including cross-references yielded 465 publications of which 10 studies were included in the final analysis. Baseline trust in the trust game was significantly lower in patients with psychosis compared to controls (SMD 0.39, 95% CI −0.14 to 0.64, p −0.002). However, a similar decrease in baseline trust was not present in relatives of patients (SMD 0.08, 95% CI −0.20 to 0.36, p −0.58). Conclusions The current meta-analysis suggests significant trust deficits in patients with psychosis. Future studies with a bigger sample size are required to understand the nature of trust deficits and factors affecting this impairment.
Moxifloxacin-Mediated Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Involves Respiratory Downshift, Reductive Stress, and Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species

Moxifloxacin is central to treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Effects of moxifloxacin on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis redox state were explored to identify strategies for increasing lethality and reducing the prevalence of extensively resistant tuberculosis. ABSTRACT Moxifloxacin is central to treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Effects of moxifloxacin on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis redox state were explored to identify strategies for increasing lethality and reducing the prevalence of extensively resistant tuberculosis. A noninvasive redox biosensor and a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive dye revealed that moxifloxacin induces oxidative stress correlated with M. tuberculosis death. Moxifloxacin lethality was mitigated by supplementing bacterial cultures with an ROS scavenger (thiourea), an iron chelator (bipyridyl), and, after drug removal, an antioxidant enzyme (catalase). Lethality was also reduced by hypoxia and nutrient starvation. Moxifloxacin increased the expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress response, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, and DNA repair. Surprisingly, and in contrast with Escherichia coli studies, moxifloxacin decreased expression of genes involved in respiration, suppressed oxygen consumption, increased the NADH/NAD+ ratio, and increased the labile iron pool in M. tuberculosis. Lowering the NADH/NAD+ ratio in M. tuberculosis revealed that NADH-reductive stress facilitates an iron-mediated ROS surge and moxifloxacin lethality. Treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) accelerated respiration and ROS production, increased moxifloxacin lethality, and lowered the mutant prevention concentration. Moxifloxacin induced redox stress in M. tuberculosis inside macrophages, and cotreatment with NAC potentiated the antimycobacterial efficacy of moxifloxacin during nutrient starvation, inside macrophages, and in mice, where NAC restricted the emergence of resistance. Thus, NADH-reductive stress contributes to moxifloxacin-mediated killing of M. tuberculosis, and the respiration stimulator (NAC) enhances lethality and suppresses the emergence of drug resistance.
Measuring and understanding death anxiety in caregivers of patients with primary brain tumor.

OBJECTIVE Caregivers of patients with primary brain tumor (PBT) describe feeling preoccupied with the inevitability of their loved one's death. However, there are currently no validated instruments to assess death anxiety in caregivers. This study sought to examine (1) the psychometric properties of the Death and Dying Distress Scale (DADDS), adapted for caregivers (DADDS-CG), and (2) the prevalence and correlates of death anxiety in caregivers of patients with PBT. METHODS Caregivers (N = 67) of patients with PBT completed the DADDS-CG, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Fear of Cancer Recurrence (FCR-7), and God Locus of Health Control (GLHC). Caregivers' sociodemographic information and patients' medical characteristics were also collected. Preliminary examination of the psychometric properties of the DADDS-CG was conducted using exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and correlations. The prevalence and risk factors of death anxiety were assessed using frequencies, pair-wise comparisons, and correlations. RESULTS Factor analysis of the DADDS-CG revealed a two-factor structure consistent with the original DADDS. The DADDS-CG demonstrated excellent internal consistency, convergent validity with the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and FCR-7, and discriminant validity with the GLHC. Over two-thirds of caregivers reported moderate-to-severe symptoms of death anxiety. Death anxiety was highest in women and caregivers of patients with high-grade PBT. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS The DADDS-CG demonstrates sound psychometric properties in caregivers of patients with PBT, who report high levels of death anxiety. Further research is needed to support the measure's value in clinical care and research - both in this population and other caregivers - in order to address this unmet, psychosocial need.
Recent advances in urban system science: Models and data

Cities are characterized by the presence of a dense population with a high potential for interactions between individuals of diverse backgrounds. They appear in parallel to the Neolithic revolution a few millennia ago. The advantages brought in terms of agglomeration for economy, innovation, social and cultural advancements have kept them as a major landmark in recent human history. There are many different aspects to study in urban systems from a scientific point of view, one can concentrate in demography and population evolution, mobility, economic output, land use and urban planning, home accessibility and real estate market, energy and water consumption, waste processing, health, education, integration of minorities, just to name a few. In the last decade, the introduction of communication and information technologies have enormously facilitated the collection of datasets on these and other questions, making possible a more quantitative approach to city science. All these topics have been addressed in many works in the literature, and we do not intend to offer here a systematic review. Instead, we will only provide a brief taste of some of these above-mentioned aspects, which could serve as an introduction to the collection ‘Cities as Complex Systems’. Such a non-systematic view will lead us to leave outside many relevant papers, and for this we must apologise.
Signaling by reactive molecules and antioxidants in legume nodules

Summary Legume nodules are symbiotic structures formed as a result of the interaction with rhizobia. Nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia that is assimilated by the plant and this process requires strict metabolic regulation and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved as signal molecules at all stages of symbiosis, from rhizobial infection to nodule senescence. Also, reactive sulfur species (RSS) are emerging as important signals for an efficient symbiosis. Homeostasis of reactive molecules is mainly accomplished by antioxidant enzymes and metabolites and is essential to allow redox signaling while preventing oxidative damage. Here, we examine the metabolic pathways of reactive molecules and antioxidants with an emphasis on their functions in signaling and protection of symbiosis. In addition to providing an update of recent findings while paying tribute to original studies, we identify several key questions. These include the need of new methodologies to detect and quantify ROS, RNS, and RSS, avoiding potential artifacts due to their short lifetimes and tissue manipulation; the regulation of redox‐active proteins by post‐translational modification; the production and exchange of reactive molecules in plastids, peroxisomes, nuclei, and bacteroids; and the unknown but expected crosstalk between ROS, RNS, and RSS in nodules.
Robot-assisted training with functional electrical stimulation enhances lower extremity function after spinal cord injury.

INTRODUCTION Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) synchronized with robot-assisted lower extremity training is used in spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation to promote residual function. METHODS Data of SCI inpatients who trained lower limb mobilization on a stationary robotic system were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome was the improvement of muscle strength from the first through to the last training session during FES-induced as well as voluntarily induced flexion and extension. The secondary outcome was the sum score of voluntary muscle function in the lower limbs before and after the training period. RESULTS Data from 72 patients with SCI (AIS A-D) were analyzed. For extension, FES-assisted strength increased (p<0.001) from 25.2 to 44.0 N, voluntary force (p<0.001) from 24.4 to 39.9 N. For flexion, FES-assisted flexion (p<0.006) increased from 14.1 to 19.0 N, voluntary flexion (p<0.005) from 12.6 to 17.1 N. There was a significant correlation between the increase in FES-assisted force and voluntary flexion (r=0.730, p=0.001) as well as between the increase in FES-assisted force and voluntary extension (r=0.881, p<0.001). The sum score in muscle test increased from 15 to 24 points. CONCLUSION Robot-assisted training with FES seems to support the regeneration of residual functions after SCI. This is evidenced by an improvement in motor function and strength in the lower limbs.
Vestibular migraine

ABSTRACT Vestibular migraine (VM) remains an underdiagnosed condition, often mistaken with brainstem aura. VM is defined by recurrent vestibular symptoms in at least 50% of migraine attacks. Diagnosis is established by clinical criteria based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). Estimated prevalence of VM is 1 to 2.7% of the adult population. Vestibular symptoms usually appear after the headache. VM pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Vertigo may occur before, during, after the migraine attack, or even independently, and may last seconds to hours or days. Pathophysiological mechanisms for VM are still poorly understood and are usually extrapolated from migraines. Differential diagnoses include Ménière's disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, brainstem aura, transient ischemic attack, persistent perceptual postural vertigo, and episodic type 2 ataxia. Specific treatment recommendations for vestibular migraine are still scarce.
Blocking CCL8-CCR8–Mediated Early Allograft Inflammation Improves Kidney Transplant Function

Significance Statement In a mouse allograft model, the CCL8-CCR8 axis mediated early kidney inflammation through donor kidney resident macrophages. The revealed therapeutic targets could expand the transplantable donor kidney pool and promote kidney allograft longevity. Visual Abstract Background In kidney transplantation, early allograft inflammation impairs long-term allograft function. However, precise mediators of early kidney allograft inflammation are unclear, making it challenging to design therapeutic interventions. Methods We used an allogeneic murine kidney transplant model in which CD45.2 BALB/c kidneys were transplanted to CD45.1 C57BL/6 recipients. Results Donor kidney resident macrophages within the allograft expanded rapidly in the first 3 days. During this period, they were also induced to express a high level of Ccl8, which, in turn, promoted recipient monocyte graft infiltration, their differentiation to resident macrophages, and subsequent expression of Ccl8. Enhanced graft infiltration of recipient CCR8+ T cells followed, including CD4, CD8, and γδ T cells. Consequently, blocking CCL8-CCR8 or depleting donor kidney resident macrophages significantly inhibits early allograft immune cell infiltration and promotes superior short-term allograft function. Conclusions Targeting the CCL8-CCR8 axis is a promising measure to reduce early kidney allograft inflammation.
The combination problem in automated reasoning

Decision procedures are algorithms that can reason about the validity or satisfiability of logical formulae in a given decidable theory, and that always terminate with a positive or negative answer. The major advantage of decision procedures is efficiency. It is often possible to obtain a fast and efficient decision procedure for a specific domain by cleverly exploiting the structure of the domain itself. However, this efficiency comes at the price of specialization. Most reasoning problems typically involve a complex mixture of multiple domains, which means that a decision procedure for a specific domain can be applied only if it can be combined with the decision procedures for the other domains. One of the first and most important results in the field of combination was obtained by Nelson and Oppen, who presented a method for combining decision procedures for first-order theories satisfying certain conditions into a single decision procedure for the union theory. Although the Nelson-Oppen method is still considered to be state-of-the-art, it has two major restrictions: (1) the theories to combine must be stably infinite; (2) the signatures of the theories must be disjoint. In this thesis we introduce new techniques for relaxing the restrictions of the Nelson-Oppen method, thus widening the range of reasoning problems that can be solved with combination methods. Our main contributions include: (1) new combination methods that address the problem of combining theories that are not stably infinite; (2) the introduction of Combination tableaux (C-tableaux), a general framework, based on Smullyan tableaux, that can be seen as a generalization of the Nelson-Oppen method to the combination of arbitrary theories, not necessarily stably infinite, and not necessarily over disjoint signatures; (3) new combination methods for combining sets and multisets with integers.
ASSESSING CHANGES IN FEAR OF MOVEMENT IN PATIENTS ATTENDING CARDIAC REHABILITATION: RESPONSIVENESS OF THE TSK-NL HEART QUESTIONNAIRE

Objectives The primary objective was to determine the responsiveness of the Dutch version of the 13-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for cardiac patients (TSK-NL Heart). The secondary objective was to assess changes in kinesiophobia during cardiac rehabilitation. Methods Kinesiophobia was measured pre- and post-cardiac rehabilitation using the TSK-NL Heart questionnaire in 109 cardiac patients (61 years; 76% men). The effect size of kinesiophobia score changes was calculated for the full population. A measure that is responsive to change should produce higher effects sizes in patients in whom kinesiophobia improves. Therefore, effect sizes were also calculated for patients who did or did not improve on selected external measures. For this step, the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were completed as external measures in a subsample of 58 patients. Results The effect size of the TSK-NL Heart for the full study population was small (0.29). In line with the study hypothesis the effect size was higher (moderate) for patients with improved CAQ (0.52) and HADS scores (0.54). Prevalence of high kinesiophobia levels decreased from 40% pre-cardiac rehabilitation to 26% post-cardiac rehabilitation (p = 0.004). Conclusion The TSK-NL Heart has moderate responsiveness and can be used to measure changes in kinesiophobia. Improvements in kinesiophobia were observed during cardiac rehabilitation. Nevertheless, high levels of kinesiophobia were still highly prevalent post-cardiac rehabilitation. LAY ABSTRACT Fear of movement (kinesiophobia) is common in patients referred for cardiac rehabilitation. Before interventions can be designed to target kinesiophobia, the impact of current cardiac rehabilitation programmes on kinesiophobia should be studied. Kinesiophobia is measured with the Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia (TSK-Heart). In order to measure the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on kinesiophobia, the TSK-Heart should be able to detect changes in the level of kinesiophobia (responsiveness). This study determined the responsiveness of the TSK-Heart and assessed changes in the level of kinesiophobia during cardiac rehabilitation, and shows that the TSK-Heart has moderate responsiveness. In addition, it was found that the prevalence of high levels of kinesiophobia, decreased from 40% before cardiac rehabilitation to 26% after cardiac rehabilitation.
Rhythmic serious games as an inclusive tool for music‐based interventions

Technologies, such as mobile devices or sets of connected sensors, provide new and engaging opportunities to devise music‐based interventions. Among the different technological options, serious games offer a valuable alternative. Serious games can engage multisensory processes, creating a rich, rewarding, and motivating rehabilitation setting. Moreover, they can be targeted to specific musical features, such as pitch production or synchronization to a beat. Because serious games are typically low cost and enjoy wide access, they are inclusive tools perfectly suited for remote at‐home interventions using music in various patient populations and environments. The focus of this article is in particular on the use of rhythmic serious games for training auditory–motor synchronization. After reviewing the existing rhythmic games, initial evidence from a recent proof‐of‐concept study in Parkinson's disease is provided. It is shown that rhythmic video games using finger tapping can be used with success as an at‐home protocol, and bring about beneficial effects on motor performance in patients. The use and benefits of rhythmic serious games can extend beyond the rehabilitation of patients with movement disorders, such as to neurodevelopmental disorders, including dyslexia and autism spectrum disorder.