Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiology of Shoulder Prostheses

This article is chieﬂy limited to the routine radiographic evaluation of shoulder arthroplasties and guidelines to their interpretation. Other imaging modalities for the evaluation of joint replacements are discussed elsewhere in this issue. The basic types of shoulder reconstructions and some of the shoulder replacement designs in previous and current use at The New York Orthopedic Hospital at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center are illustrated, along with the indications and contraindications of the various types of reconstructions. Their complications and pertinent anatomy are included.
Impact of Guidelines on Outcome: The Evidence

Pneumonia continues to be the main cause of death due to infection in the world, and it produces a high consumption of healthcare resources. The guidelines established by the scientiﬁc societies improve the care of patients with pneumonia. One way of evaluating the effect of the guidelines is to analyze their impact on the prognosis of the infection. To evaluate this effect, cohort studies have been performed using before–after, observational, cost-effectiveness, and, to a lesser degree, randomized designs. The most recent studies show that the implementation of the guidelines is accompanied by an increase in the process of care percentage and a lower inpatient hospital mortality rate— including the ﬁrst 48 hours and after 30 days. These ﬁndings are consistent across various studies, and they have been conﬁrmed in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Clinical stability is also reached earlier in patients hospitalized for community-aquired pneumonia (CAP) when the antibiotic treatment is begun early and complies with the recommendations. Finally, the choice of antibiotics that adhere to the guidelines is cost-effective in CAP requiring hospitalization, which is responsible for 80% of the total cost of this disease.
Miscarriage and Its Associations

Despite many years of study, abnormal chromosome number remains the most common and well-documented cause of miscarriage. Nonchromosomal factors that have been associated with miscarriage are many and include endocrine abnormalities, anatomic abnormalities, inherited and acquired thrombophilia, environmental exposures, immunologic factors, and others. This article attempts to provide a brief overview and critique of the frequently reported factors. In addition, we call attention to the fact that, to be most helpful, modern studies of miscarriage need to provide details about the sonographically determined gestational age and fetal anatomic development prior to or at the time of pregnancy loss. Such information will be critical in helping to sort out which miscarriage-associated factors are more relevant at which stage of fetal development.
Genetics of Neuropathies

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) encompasses the heritable motor and sensory neuropathies that comprise most of the inherited peripheral neuropathies. Due to the great genetic heterogeneity of the condition, it can be difﬁcult to determine what type of CMT a person has. The major phenotypic features of the CMT subtypes are delineated, as well as recommendations for focused genetic testing.
Robust dynamic surface control of vehicle lateral dynamics using disturbance estimation

This paper reports a disturbance estimation-based dynamic surface control method for stabilizing vehicle lateral dynamics through yaw moment control. Based on the single track vehicle model, an uncertain model of the vehicle lateral dynamics is developed which represents the effect of parametric uncertainty and lateral tire force nonlinearity by mismatched, lumped total disturbances. In this model, the longitudinal velocity of the vehicle is considered as a time-varying parameter. Using the developed mathematical vehicle model, an extended state observer is proposed to estimate the total disturbance signals. Next, a dynamic surface controller is designed with the objective of tracking the desired lateral velocity generated by a linear two-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics. The dynamic surface controller uses the estimated disturbances of the extended state observer as feedforward inputs to compensate for the effects of the total disturbances. To achieve an improved robust performance against disturbance estimation errors, the H ∞ control technique is incorporated into the DSC design. To this end, using a norm-bounded representation of the longitudinal velocity, the control design is formulated as the feasibility of a finite number of linear matrix inequalities. The stability and robustness of the extended state observer and the dynamic surface control systems are analyzed in a Lyapunov framework and the required mathematical proofs are presented. Considering a lane change and a J-turn maneuver, extensive numerical simulations are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed control system. The results confirm the improved performance of the closed-loop system compared to the open-loop one, in various driving and road conditions.
Filling fraction of Yb in CoSb3 Skutterudite studied by electron microscopy

The filling fraction limit in filled Skutterudites plays a critical role in thermoelectric properties; however, the exact filling fraction limit for certain fillers is still in debate. In this work, we observed the lattice distortion, where lattice parameters a and b are unequal, in the annealed Yb-filled CoSb3. Microstructure characterization by advanced spherical aberration-corrected (CS-corrected) electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy in conjunction with thermoelectric characterization clearly proves that the Yb filling fraction is higher in the annealed sample (with lattice distortion) than in the ball-milled sample (without lattice distortion). Therefore, the results indicate that lattice distortion appears when the Yb filling fraction reaches a certain critical value in CoSb3 Skutterudites. The observed lattice distortion provides an alternative approach to probe the filling fraction in filled Skutterudites.
Health Care Quality and Safety Issues

Our health-care system is burdened with high costs, health-care disparities, overtreatment, undertreatment, high error rates, and fraud and abuse. At the same time, the United States has achieved spectacular medical advances using the latest technology. As a result, health-care quality measurement, publicly reported patient safety and quality indicators, and evaluation of patients’ experience of care are watchwords of a new era of accountability for health-care professionals and organizations. The health-care industry is subject to increasing regulation, private sector challenges, and public demand to make signiﬁcant improvements in all three components of the quality triad: structure, process, and outcome. This article examines regulatory initiatives and industry trends pertaining to patient safety and quality measurement and concludes with speciﬁc suggestions for the professions of speech-language pathology and audiology.
Time and Space Distribution Prediction of Electric Vehicle Charging Load Based on Statistical Analysis

The electric vehicle charging load forecasting is influenced by many factors and full of randomness and complexity based on the charging operation history data and according to the different types of charging power of different charging behavior, we propose Monte Carlo simulation calculation method which extracts the initial state of charge and the start time of charging. The behavior of different charging methods and different vehicles are classified according to the charging requirements, we selected the starting time and duration of charging as the key factors affecting the charging load time distribution, combined with the statistical analysis of users’ charging behavior, to establish the charging load time distribution model. On this basis, we divided the charging load areas to establish the time and space distribution model of charging load. Through the examples analysis, we predicted the temporal and spatial distribution of the load level of the electric vehicle in Chongqing. The analysis results show that with the development of electric vehicle in Chongqing, the charging load will have great influence on the operation and planning of power grid. The charging load has obvious peak to valley difference, and the potential of load regulation is great.
70.51 Which straight-line representation for V = p/(a + bp)?

(Bs+ C)/(s + 4s + 13). This is, of course, completely correct but does not emphasise that the numerator in the latter case has to be a linear function, not necessarily of the form Bs + C. This expression may not be appropriate to the problem to be solved. I shall point out two situations where partial fractions are used to show how this method of teaching limits student thinking. The first problem is that of integration. The integral
Effects of magnetic ripple on 3D equilibrium and alpha particle confinement in the European DEMO

An assessment of alpha particle confinement is performed in the European DEMO reference design. 3D MHD equilibria with nested flux-surfaces and single magnetic axis are obtained with the VMEC free-boundary code, thereby including the plasma response to the magnetic ripple created by the finite number of TF coils. Populations of fusion alphas that are consistent with the equilibrium profiles are evolved until slowing-down with the VENUS-LEVIS orbit code in the guiding-centre approximation. Fast ion losses through the last-closed flux-surface are numerically evaluated with two ripple models: (1) using the 3D equilibrium and (2) algebraically adding the non-axisymmetric ripple perturbation to the 2D equilibrium. By virtue of the small ripple field and its non-resonant nature, both models quantitatively agree. Differences are however noted in the toroidal location of particles losses on the last-closed flux-surface, which in the first case is 3D and in the second not. Superbanana transport, i.e. ripple-well trapping and separatrix crossing, is expected to be the dominant loss mechanism, the strongest effect on alphas being between 100–200 KeV. Above this, stochastic ripple diffusion is responsible for a rather weak loss rate, as the stochastisation threshold is observed numerically to be higher than analytic estimates. The level of ripple in the current 18 TF coil design of the European DEMO is not found to be detrimental to fusion alpha confinement.
Using the generic interval

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Tumor Microenvironment and Hemorheological Abnormalities

This article reviews the various mechanisms in a malignant tumor that lead to hypoxia, production of tumor interstitial fluid, and rheological changes in its microenvironment. In addition, the associated procoagulant effects are described. The latter phenomenon is the result of complex and dynamic interplay among tumor cells, endothelial cells, circulating blood cells, and angiogenic, clotting, and hemorheological factors. The implications of these abnormalities on therapeutic approach are discussed
The Medical Management of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis raises several challenges for the physician. These include the identiﬁcation of a drug regimen that slows or reverses the progression of the disease, the effective management of the symptoms of cholestasis, and the prevention of complications of the disease, including the development of colorectal cancer. The most studied drug in PSC is ursodeoxycholic acid, which, despite a range of potentially valuable actions on the cholestatic liver, has not yet been proven to make a substantial change in the course of the disease. However, it may yet prove to be sufﬁciently effective in the prevention of colorectal neoplasia to be prescribable for this reason alone. Better progress has been made in identifying agents that can alleviate pruritus and prevent the progression of osteopenia.
Fluid Management in Shock

Shock is a broad category of injury to the human body caused by a variety of insults. Fluid resuscitation is the cornerstone of initial therapy for nearly all forms of shock. This article reviews the basic physiology determining body ﬂuid composition, the goals of ﬂuid resuscitation in shock, the types of ﬂuids available for use, and clinical evidence for use of speciﬁc ﬂuids based on etiology of the insult.
Diseases of Oxidative Phosphorylation Due to mtDNA Mutations

I t is a trite statement that “mitochondria are the business end of energy metabolism,” but any review of the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies has to start with an understanding of the biochemical pathways through which mitochondria convert metabolic fuels into chemical energy, that is, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Fig. 1). Pyruvate, the terminal product of aerobic glycolysis, is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane through a symport system “in the wake” of hydrogen ions flowing inward down their electrochemical gradient. Transport of free fatty acids (FFA) requires a more complex system, which includes two enzymes (CPT I and CPT II), a carrier molecule ( L -carnitine), and a translocase (carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase). After oxidation of pyruvate through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and of fatty
Neuroimaging in Ischemia and Infarction

The authors provide an overview of current clinical neuroimaging techniques for acute ischemic stroke. The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke is brieﬂy reviewed, especially as it pertains to cerebral blood ﬂow. There are three important goals that must be met in the imaging of an acute ischemic stroke: (1) to quantitate the extent of infarction already present; (2) to quantitate the amount of salvageable brain remaining; and (3) to identify the presence of arterial stenosis or occlusion that is both responsible for the stroke and potentially amenable to treatment. Methods of quantifying the degree of infarction, by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, are compared. Techniques for measuring cerebral blood ﬂow, to quantify tissue at risk, are detailed and compared. The quantiﬁcation of cerebral blood ﬂow is discussed in detail. Methods of visualizing the cerebral circulation are illustrated.
Anagrelide Treatment in Myeloproliferative Disorders

Platelet-lowering therapy in myeloproliferative disorders includes cytostatic drugs, mainly hydroxyurea, interferon a , and anagrelide. Anagrelide is the latest addition to the therapeutic arsenal, and the basis for its use is reviewed. The platelet-lowering efﬁcacy is 70 to 80% in essential thrombocythemia, and the response is rapid; most of the patients reach the treatment goal within a few weeks. Side effects are common, mainly caused by the vascular effects, and include palpitation, headache, loose stools/diarrhea, and edema. Some side effects are time-limited, but late dropout from therapy is not uncommon. The total dropout rate in prospective studies is 30 to 50%. Pharmacologic treatment of side effects is often helpful. Cardiac insufﬁciency may be worsened in patients with previous heart failure, and special caution is warranted in such patients. Anagrelide has recently been registered in Europe as a second-line therapy in ET but is often used as ﬁrst-line therapy in the United States, especially in younger patients, due to the concern about increased leukemia risk with cytostatic treatment. The ﬁrst randomized anagrelide study, with its limitations, gives support for the second-line registration. Given that dose escalation is a problem in some patients with all therapeutic agents used, combination of two drugs in lower doses is a practical option already used by many clinicians without basis in any published study.
On Small Deviation Asymptotics In L2 of Some Mixed Gaussian Processes

We study the exact small deviation asymptotics with respect to the Hilbert norm for some mixed Gaussian processes. The simplest example here is the linear combination of the Wiener process and the Brownian bridge. We get the precise final result in this case and in some examples of more complicated processes of similar structure. The proof is based on Karhunen–Loeve expansion together with spectral asymptotics of differential operators and complex analysis methods.
The Emotional Impact of Aphasia

-In this article we review the negative impact of aphasia on emotional well-being. Depression is the emotional response that has been examined most, and we examine the different causes of depression for people with aphasia. We discuss the relationships between recovery and emotional state and the clinical implications of these relationships, then review briefly issues of drug treatment for depression. We conclude that the emotional impact of aphasia can have a marked negative impact on recovery, response to rehabilitation, and psychosocial adjustment.
Minimal Pair Approaches to Phonological Remediation

This article considers linguistic approaches to phonological remediation that emphasize the role of the phoneme in language. We discuss the structure and function of the phoneme by outlining procedures for determining contrastive properties of sound systems through evaluation of minimal word pairs. We then illustrate how these may be applied to a case study of a child with phonological delay. The relative effectiveness of treat-ment approaches that facilitate phonemic acquisition by contrasting pairs of sounds in minimal pairs is described. A hierarchy of minimal pair treat-ment efficacy emerges, as based on the number of new sounds, the number of featural differences, and the type of featural differences being introduced.These variables are further applied to the case study, yielding a range of possible treatment recommendations that are predicted to vary in their effectiveness.
Endobronchial Volume Reduction: A Myth or a Marvel?

Recently, several techniques and devices have been suggested for achieving endo-bronchial volume reduction in patients with emphysema. The proposed devices include bronchial blockers, bronchial valves, glues, biomodulators, and stents for bronchial fenestration; all could be positioned only with ﬂexible bronchoscopy. The current available evidence on safety and efﬁcacy for these methods is based on animal studies and patient case series at best; therefore, all the results should be seen with caution. However, the preliminary work reviewed here suggests that most of the proposed techniques can work, and seem to be safer than surgical volume reduction. We do not yet have a proven, widely applicable endobronchial palliative treatment for severe emphysema, but we have a rapidly growing area of new research in interventional pneumology with preliminary results that challenge traditional medical thinking.
Microparticles in Health and Disease

Microparticles (MPs) are small fragments of membrane-bound cytoplasm that are shed from the surface of an activated or apoptotic cell. Recently, their function as vectors of transcellular exchange of biologic information, in addition to better described forms of intercellular communication such as growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, has become well recognized. Circulating levels of MPs are thought to reﬂect a balance between cell stimulation, proliferation, and death. The production of MPs is thought to predominately occur by vesiculation or blebbing of the cell membrane. The mechanisms governing the remodeling of the plasma membrane are complex, involving cytoskeletal changes and a shift from normal phospholipid asymmetry. Increased intracellular calcium subsequent to cell activation leads to intracellular increases in several proteins including gelsolin and calpain, as well as the activity of enzymes such as translocase, ﬂoppase, and scramblase, which play important roles in the homeostasis of the cell membrane. The membrane vesiculation and phospholipids asymmetry leading to the production of MPs occurs by the complex interplay of the proteins involved. There are several clinical conditions associated with elevated MPs, and most are also associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. Apart from cardiovascular disease and venous thromboembolism, MPs are also elevated in solid tumors with metastatic disease. The measurement of MPs is being regarded as a potential biomarker, given the range of conditions in which they are elevated and the association with prothrombotic states. The utility of measuring MPs as a diagnostic and prognostic marker is currently a subject of intense investigation. The further development of the various methods for the detection and measurement of MPs and prospective clinical trials establishing the utility of such tests will be critical prior to the routine measurement of MPs in the diagnostic laboratory.
Hemophilia Gene Transfer: Comparison with Conventional Protein Replacement Therapy

One of the unanswered questions in hemophilia is whether gene transfer, if successful, will be a safe and effective alternative to standard clotting factor treatment for hemophilia. Despite life-threatening complications of protein-based clotting factor treat-ment during the last three decades, including acquired immunodeﬁciency syndrome and hepatitis C, factor infusion is now considered safe, effective, and compatible with a normal lifespan. Thus, protein-based therapy will be the standard against which the safety and efﬁcacy of gene transfer will be judged. Will the potential risks of gene transfer be sufﬁciently low to justify its use? Should all individuals with hemophilia consider gene transfer? To answer these questions, the known risks and beneﬁts of current protein-based therapy must be compared with the potential risks and beneﬁts of gene transfer. It is anticipated that risks of gene transfer may include the known risks of protein-based therapies, including allergic reactions, inﬂammatory responses, inhibitor formation, chronic hepatitis, as well as gene-transfer-speciﬁc risks, including germline transmission, insertional mutagenesis, thrombosis, and potential ethical and psychological issues. This article reviews and compares the risks and beneﬁts of standard protein-based therapy with those of gene transfer, and considers how gene transfer might ﬁt into state-of-the-art management of hemophilia.
Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication in patients with malignant disease. Its management remains challenging because patients with a cancer-associated thrombosis are at higher risk of recurrent VTE than are noncancer subjects with thrombosis and also have a greater risk for anticoagulant-associated bleeding complications while receiving therapy to prevent recurrent VTE. Recently, anticoagulant strategies based on the administration of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) rather than vitamin K antagonists for up to 6 days to prevent recurrent VTE have been evaluated. These studies indicate that LMWH is associated with a lower rate for recurrent VTE and similar rates of bleeding when compared with oral anticoagulant therapy. Chronic exposure to LMWH may also prolong survival of cancer patients