Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Joints More Hip? Learning in the Use of New Components∗

There is a vast literature on experience curves. The measure of experience is typically product or service procedure volume, at the level of an organization, a facility, a team, or an individual. Yet most products and services involve a variety of components and subprocesses. We examine learning in hip replacement surgery as a function of a surgeon’s experience at the very granular level of specific surgical component versions in addition to total experience, using a unique hand-collected dataset. In our study, five surgeons used over 1200 unique stock keeping units (236 distinct versions ignoring size variations) of four main component types, in a three year period. Experience accrued at the level of specific component versions has a significant impact on duration of surgery, which is well known to impact both quality of outcomes and cost. A single prior use of certain component versions can reduce duration of surgery by 25%. In addition, learning accrues very gradually for some component types and rapidly for others. Our findings suggest that hospitals may benefit from requiring minimum volumes for surgeons at the level of specific component versions. Further, we provide evidence of important heretofore unnoticed benefits from adopting new technologies such as surgical simulators, derived from the tremendous proliferation in devices today. We also draw important implications for the medical devices industry. ∗We are grateful to Marianne Corbishley, Hyoun Ahn, Whitney Deck, and Amanda Wilson for help with data collection. For useful comments, we thank Dr. Wael Barsoum, Gerard Cachon, Sanjay Jain , Serguei Netessine, Wendy Novicoff, Nicos Savva, Elizabeth Teisberg, Karl Ulrich, and seminar attendees at Emory Business School. Mike Guthrie at Zimmer, Jerry Kie at Smith & Nephew, Chris Petrie at Stryker, and Robert McGlothin at Depuy provided valuable industry insight and expertise. †Management Science and Operations, London Business School, kramdas@london.edu. ‡Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, ksaleh@siumed.edu §Department of Economics, University of Virginia, sns5r@eservices.virginia.edu. ¶Department of Economics, University of Virginia, hl4y@virginia.edu.
Multitemporal remote sensing of landscape dynamics and pattern change: describing natural and anthropogenic trends

Science and reporting information needs for monitoring dynamics in land cover over time have prompted research, and made operational, a wide variety of change detection methods utilizing multiple dates of remotely sensed data. Change detection procedures based upon spectral values are common; however, landscape pattern analysis approaches which utilize spatial information inherent within imagery present opportunities for the generation of unique and ecologically important information. While the use of two images may provide the means to identify change, the use of more than two images for long-term monitoring affords the ability to identify a greater range of processes of landscape change, including rates and dynamics. The main objective of this review is to investigate and summarize the methods and applications of land cover spatial pattern analysis using three or more image dates. The potential and the limitations of landscape pattern indices are identified and discussed to inform application recommendations. The second objective of this review is to make recommendations, including appropriate landscape pattern indices, for the application of landscape pattern analysis of a long time series of remotely sensed data to a case study involving the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, Canada. The review concludes with recommendations for future research.
Studentification in Ireland? Analysing the impacts of students and student accommodation on Cork City

Higher education institutions (HEIs) in Ireland have experienced a considerable growth in student numbers over the last 10 years. This growth in enrolments is predicted to continue for at least the next decade. The geographies of the student population in cities has been a largely overlooked research area in the Irish context, yet the major HEIs in Ireland accepting these growing enrolments are located in urban centres. Further, urban renewal schemes of the late 1990s actively encouraged the development of purpose-built student accommodation in Ireland to relieve the supply pressures being felt in the private rental sector at the time. The Irish government introduced tax incentives to encourage private investment and development in urban areas, with a particular scheme aimed at student accommodation. This paper offers the first analysis of the impacts of student populations and targeted urban renewal schemes for purpose-built student accommodation in Ireland. After a review of the current research field, the paper offers a brief overview of the student population nationally and then examines a number of recent purpose-built student accommodation (PBSA) developments in Cork to offer an understanding of the scale and extent of newly-constructed student accommodation. Finally, the paper offers an analysis of the impacts of PBSA in Cork city.
Switching factor products: selecting patients and managing the process

Abstract Clotting factor concentrates used in the treatment of haemophilia are now procured centrally in the UK by nationally organised competitive tendering to obtain the best product price while still preserving some degree of prescribing freedom. Inevitably, however, some patients are required to switch from one brand of factor VIII to another to fulfil contractual requirements. This process of switching patients from one product to another falls to staff at individual haemophilia centres, with haemophilia nurses in particular playing a key role. This article outlines the national procurement process and discusses how the switch can be managed quickly and smoothly, as well as providing practical guidance on selecting which patients may be asked to switch. Issues such as patient communication, managing potential patient anxiety and efficient stock management are also discussed.
Residents’ use and perceptions of the Summer Palace World Heritage Site in Beijing, China

Many heritage sites are shared by tourists and local residents. Residents are often portrayed and examined as service providers and impact receivers. However, the recreational and social uses of heritage by local residents are often neglected at heritage site and have seldom been researched. This paper identifies use patterns, motivations, perceptions and experiences of local users at the Summer Palace World Heritage Site in Beijing, China. Research findings enhance the understanding of residents’ uses and perceptions of a world heritage site. Practical implications are generated to inform future management decisions at heritage sites shared by local users and tourists.
Amplitude and timing of sea-surface temperature change in the northern South China Sea: Dynamic link to the East Asian monsoon

Magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios of foraminiferal shells from a sediment core from the northern South China Sea, a semi-enclosed basin in the western tropical Pacific, document variations in sea-surface temperature (SST) during the past 145 k.y. Glacial SSTs were 4 °C colder than interglacial SSTs. During the last deglaciation, most of the warming was accomplished in a single abrupt step after continental ice-sheet decay had already begun, but warming and ice-sheet demise were nearly synchronous during the penultimate deglaciation. Abrupt SST changes of the past 15 k.y. were apparently synchronous with events in East Asian monsoon rainfall, suggesting that variations in monsoon winds and their influence on surface circulation of the western Pacific exerted a strong control on northern South China Sea SSTs. We suggest that this link persisted for the previous 130 k.y. , during which time orbital-scale 2-3 °C SST changes and several small (≤2 °C) abrupt SST events occurred in the northern South China Sea. The similar timing of northern South China Sea SST, on a benthic δ 1 8 O time scale, to a well-dated speleothem record from eastern China suggests that the demise of ice sheets associated with the penultimate deglaciation did not precede Northern Hemisphere summer insolation increase. Our results suggest that surface waters had higher δ 1 8 O values during times of strong summer monsoon than during times of weak monsoon, likely reflecting a redistribution of 1 8 O-depleted rainfall from land during times of strong summer monsoons, to the western Pacific during times of weaker summer monsoons.
Semianalytical cloud retrieval algorithm as applied to the cloud top altitude and the cloud geometrical thickness determination from top‐of‐atmosphere reflectance measurements in the oxygen A band

[1] The paper is devoted to the development of the asymptotic algorithm for the cloud top height h and the geometrical thickness l determination using measurements of the cloud reflection function. It is based on the asymptotic theory of the radiative transfer in the oxygen absorption bands and simple parameterization of the radiative transport in the atmosphere above and under a cloud. In particular, we have studied the influence of the error of the developed approximate theory on the accuracy of the retrieval of the pair (h, l). It was assumed that there is only a single cloud layer having the same value of the liquid water content in all points inside the cloud. The values (h, l) have been found, solving the inverse problem having as input the synthetic spectra of backscattered light. The synthetic spectra were found using the exact solution of the forward problem for given values of (h, l). The retrieval technique was based on the asymptotic theory. We have found that the error of the cloud top height determination is smaller than 20 m, and the error of the cloud geometrical thickness determination is smaller than 500 m for solar angles 20–70 degrees, values of h in the range 1–12 km, values of geometrical thickness l in the range 0.5–2 km, and values of the cloud optical thickness changing in the range 10–50. The surface albedo has been assumed to be equal zero. We have also studied the influence of the cloud liquid water profile on the results of the retrieval of the pair (h, l). It was found that the error of the cloud top height determination increases up to 600 m, if the assumed cloud has a changing with height liquid water content, and retrievals are made applying the inversion with assumed constant liquid water content profile. The error in the geometrical thickness increases up to 1 km in this case. Errors of the retrieval increase even further if the retrieval, on the basis of the homogeneous layer theory, is applied to the two-layered cloud system (e.g., the upper cloud consists of ice crystals and the lower cloud is in a liquid phase). This signifies the importance of the cloud vertical inhomogeneity on the retrieval results.
Activation of the Innate Immune Checkpoint CLEC5A on Myeloid Cells in the Absence of Danger Signals Modulates Macrophages' Function but Does Not Trigger the Adaptive T Cell Immune Response

C-Type lectin receptor 5A (CLEC5A) is a spleen tyrosine kinase- (Syk-) coupled pattern recognition receptor expressed on myeloid cells and involved in the innate immune response to viral and bacterial infections. Activation of the CLEC5A receptor with pathogen-derived antigens leads to a secretion of proin ﬂ ammatory mediators such as TNF- α and IL-6 that may provoke a systemic cytokine storm, and CLEC5A gene polymorphisms are associated with the severity of DV infection. In addition, the CLEC5A receptor was mentioned in the context of noninfectious disorders like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or arthritis. Altogether, CLEC5A may be considered as an innate immune checkpoint capable to amplify proin ﬂ ammatory signals, and this way contributes to infection or to aseptic in ﬂ ammation. In this study, we determined CLEC5A receptor expression on di ﬀ erent macrophage subsets (in vitro and ex vivo) and the functional consequences of its activation in aseptic conditions. The CLEC5A surface expression appeared the highest on proin ﬂ ammatory M1 macrophages while intermediate on tumor-associated phenotypes (M2c or TAM). In contrast, the CLEC5A expression on ex vivo-derived alveolar macrophages from healthy donors or macrophages from ovarian cancer patients was hardly detectable. Targeting CLEC5A on nonin ﬂ ammatory macrophages with an agonistic α -CLEC5A antibody triggered a release of proin ﬂ ammatory cytokines, resembling a response to dengue virus, and led to phenotypic changes in myeloid cells that may suggest their reprogramming towards a proin ﬂ ammatory phenotype, e.g., upregulation of CD80 and downregulation of CD163. Interestingly, the CLEC5A agonist upregulated immune-regulatory molecules like CD206, PD-L1, and cytokines like IL-10, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22), and thymus and activation chemokine (TARC/CCL17) which are associated with an anti-in ﬂ ammatory or a protumorigenic macrophage phenotype. In the absence of concomitant pathogenic or endogenous danger signals, the CLEC5A receptor activation did not amplify an autologous T cell response, which may represent a protective innate mechanism to avoid an undesirable autoimmune adaptive response.
Three‐dimensional structure of Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs beneath northeastern Japan: Implications for arc magmatism and fluids

We estimated both P (V p ) and S wave velocity ( V s ) structures beneath northeastern Japan by applying a tomographic method to 169,712 P and 103,993 S wave arrival time data from 4338 local events. The average value of V p /V s ratio is 1.69 in the upper crust, ∼1.75 in the lower crust, and ∼ 1.77 in the uppermost mantle. These differences in V p /V s ratio may mainly reflect the lithological variations with depth. Low-V p , low-V s , and high V p /V s zones are extensively distributed along the volcanic front in the uppermost mantle and are downward to the back arc side in the mantle wedge Here the low-V p , low-V s , and high V p /V s values are interpreted because of partial melting materials, which imply the presence of a vast amount of melt in the uppermost mantle. In the lower crust, low-V p , low-V s , and high V p /V s zones are not continuously visible along the volcanic front but are confined to individual volcanic areas, which suggests that melting of lower crustal materials occurs just beneath each active volcano. In contrast, the upper crust beneath active volcanoes exhibits low V p , low V s , and low V p /V s . These results suggest that the partial melting zones under northeastern Japan spread out from the uppermost mantle along the volcanic front up to the midcrust right beneath active volcanoes. The low-V p , low-V s , and low V p /V s features in the upper crust suggest the existence of H 2 O (rather than melt) right beneath active volcanoes.
Private Actions in the Presence of Externalities: The Health Impacts of Reducing Air Pollution Peaks But Not Ambient Exposure

Extensive research has documented that elevated air pollution increases mortality and morbidity, with estimates reaching 8 million deaths per year. Many of the world’s one billion urban poor face both high ambient concentrations and even higher transient peaks. Should government interventions aimed at improving health prioritize reductions in ambient pollution—for example, regulating industrial emissions—or peak pollution? We conduct a field experiment studying the impacts of reducing a notorious source of peak air pollution exposure—biomass cooking—for three years in an urban environment with high ambient pollution. We collect personal, high-frequency particulate matter and carbon monoxide measurements and extensive quantitative and self-reported health measurements. Cooking increases peak PM2.5 exposure by 125 μg/m³ for the control group, but improved stove ownership reduces this by 52 μg/m³—a sizeable 42% reduction in peak cooking emissions. However, ambient pollution of 37.5 μg/m³ largely negates any impact on average air pollution exposure. The reduction in peak cooking emissions generates a 0.24 standard deviation reduction in short-term self-reported respiratory symptoms. However, we can rule out meaningful improvements in blood pressure, blood oxygen, and a wide array of self-reported diagnoses. Ambient air pollution dampens the health benefits from private technology adoption, and a government seeking to generate chronic health improvements will likely need to address negative externalities through environmental regulation. Still, despite the importance of ambient pollution, the $40 stove generates $86 in annual energy savings and reduces CO₂ emissions at $4.9 per ton when factoring in additionality rates, suggesting government subsidies would generate large societal benefits.
An investigation of a plane strain continuous penetration problem

The Paper presents the results of a series of experiments in which both rough and smooth faced, long, symmetrical 60° wedges were driven vertically, at a constant rate, into uniform beds of sand prepared at different porosities. The apparatus, instrumentation and sample preparation are described and the measured values of penetration resistance, normal and tangential forces and stresses on the wedge face and the friction angles developed are presented and discussed in detail. Continuous penetration problems of this kind are unique in that the displacement field grows at a constant rate whilst maintaining complete geometrical similarity unless instability arises due to strain softening of the deforming material. The test results show that instability does not occur in loose sand but develops as the sand bed porosity is decreased, demonstrating quite conclusively the inadequacy of analyses which take no account of the kinematic aspect of the system being investigated. Cette communication donne les resultats.
Identification of liquefaction resistances in sand improved by calcium carbonate precipitated

炭酸カルシウム結晶を析出させた砂の液状化特性を明らかにするため，ゆるい炭酸カルシウム析出砂の非排水繰返し三軸試験を行った。 また，析出した結晶による砂粒子間のボンディング形成の有無が液状化抵抗に及ぼす影響を調べるため，結晶析出砂を撹乱・再構成し，ボンディングの効果を除去した供試体の試験も行った。 その結果，砂供試体中に析出した結晶は，ゆるい砂の液状化強度・変形特性を著しく改善することが分かった。 液状化強度の増加は，結晶により形成されたボンディングが主たる要因であること，結晶析出砂の液状化強度は，正規化せん断弾性係数と液状化強度の関係を基に評価できることが明らかとなった。
New maps of the ice thickness and subglacial topography in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, determined by means of airborne radio-echo sounding

Abstract Since the austral summer of 1994-95 the Alfred Wegener Institute has carried out airborne radio-echo sounding (RES) measurements in Antarctica with its newly designed RES system. Since 1995-96 an ongoing pre-site survey for an ice-coring drill site in Dronning Maud Land has been carried out as part of the European Project for Ice Goring in Antarctica. The survey covers an area of 948 000 km2, with >49 500 km of airborne RES obtained from >200 hours of flight operation flown during the period 1994-97. In this paper, first results of the airborne RES survey are graphically summarized as newly derived maps of the ice thickness and subglacial topography, as well as a three-dimensional view of surface and subglacial bed and outcrop topography, revealing a total ice volume of 1.48 x 106 km3.
Lake Fluctuation Effectively Regulates Wetland Evapotranspiration: A Case Study of the Largest Freshwater Lake in China

Lakes and wetlands provide valuable water resources. Wetland evapotranspiration (ET) is a key hydrologic component; however, the effects of lake fluctuation on wetland ET remain unclear. The Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and experiences a dramatic fluctuation in water level and inundated area. This study used remote sensing data to estimate the wetland ET for Poyang Lake and to illustrate the distribution of wetland ET and its response to lake fluctuations. Our results showed that wetland ET was related to lake fluctuation both spatially and temporally. Within the same year, the difference between annual water evaporation (Ewater) and wetland ET (ETwetland) was primarily attributed to lake fluctuation through its effects on inundated area and exposure days. A 1% increase in inundated area would result in a 7.87 ± 1.13 mm a−1 reduction in annual Ewater-to-ETwetland differences, and a 10-day elongation of exposure could lead to an 11.1 ± 1.6 mm a−1 increase in annual Ewater-to-ETwetland differences, on average. Inter-annually, the Ewater-to-ETwetland differences were attributed to the combined effects of atmospheric and environmental variables and lake fluctuation. The lake fluctuation contributed 73% to the inter-annual ET difference, followed by relative humidity (19%), net radiation (5%), and wind speed (4%). Overall, lake fluctuation effectively regulates wetland ET, and its effect should receive careful consideration in hydrological and water resources studies under the current changing climate.
Three long-term trials end with a quasi-equilibrium between soil C, N, and pH: An implication for C sequestration

The aim of this study was to assess the long-term changes in some key soil chemical properties at the completion of three long-term trials in south-eastern Australia and the relationship between those soil properties. From a soil organic matter perspective, the build-up of carbon (%C) requires an accumulation of nitrogen (%N), and the build-up of %C and %N fertility comes at the cost of soil acidity. Rotation, tillage, and stubble practices combine to alter the quantity, quality (C : N), and the depth distribution of organic matter in a soil, but the three soil chemical properties reported here seem to also be in quasi-equilibrium at the three long-term sites. The consequence is that if the build-up of soil organic matter leads to soil acidification, then the maintenance of agricultural production will require liming. The emission of CO2 when limestone reacts with soil acids, plus the C cost of limestone application, will negate a proportion of the gains from C sequestration as organic matter in soil. Such cautionary information was doubtless unforeseen when these three long-term trials were initiated.
Magnitude and variation in the contribution of bank erosion to the suspended sediment load of the River Severn, UK

The wide range of studies describing the role of bank erosion in fluvial sediment supply have mostly lumped amounts of bank erosion into coarse temporal units, such as years. This paper investigates sediment yields from individual bank erosion events within the upper River Severn, UK (basin area 380 km2). Manual erosion pins and photo-electronic erosion pins were used to estimate bank erosion, and turbidity meters were used to determine suspended sediment transport. At the annual time-scale, the silt-clay fraction of bank-derived sediment accounted for an equivalent of 17 per cent of the suspended load, increasing to an average of 38 per cent at the monthly timescale, and then to an average of 64 per cent at the event timescale. This research highlighted that for an upland catchment, bank erosion was an important supply of suspended sediment, and that for some flood events bank erosion can supply more sediment than is transported. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.