Historical Study of Internal Migration in the Sub-Continent 1901-1931.

extended Kirchheimer's Political Justiz subtitle: procedure for political ends. competent which the twentieth century has assumed disquieting forms, a political The author draws a very gloomy picture of (partly) the realities and the potentialities of what he calls the advanced industrial society in which already clearly observable lines have been drawn to what seems to him their logical ends - provided that alterna- tives are not adopted. In a rather essayistic way he interprets especially American society, but also, e.g., post-Stalinist Russia. It is the decreasing room for freedom, the uniformity, the rationality which may be utter irrationality and strangles originality and spontaneity. Marcuse's is a very low opinion of the chances of the spheres of real freedom not to be submerged by the flood of rational technique: "the Logos of technics has been made into the Logos of continued servitude. " In some cases the author deals with Marxism, making much of the conception of "reification". He calls for the imagination necessary to preserve our civilization. the purpose of serving their brethern, is described in its diversity, as is the role played by them in economic life. The Miinster group serves only as a reference. The relations of the leftist Polish emigrants and the First International are here dealt with from a communist vantage point. A separate chapter is devoted to the role played by Wr6blewski and his countrymen in the Paris Commune. re-written), deal with the economic history of Europe during the three centuries preceding the Industrial Revolution. The full emphasis is on the role played by individual decisions in the progress of technology and the surmounting of the barriers to industrialization. The author concludes his definitely non-Marxist interpretation with an optimistic epilogue, in which he takes Tocqueville's stand over against Gobineau. styles them - offers, in a nutshell, characteristic statements in the official German-language Comintern organ. The misinter- pretation of the power of Italian Fascism, the hopes invested in Germany, the Spanish Civil War are among the subjects. The introduction is instructive also on the operation of the communication between the Moscow centre and the national parties. The German question after the First World War is here approached along the well- known dual line of the mutual contrasts between the "capitalist" powers and the "great conspiracy" against the Soviet Union. For interpretation the author therefore offers nothing new, but he has combed Western literature on the subject for arguments that might fit in with his thesis. Much attention is paid to the German reparations, the inter-ally debts and the role played by the French heavy industry. Comparisons between Soviet and Western trends and between growth in former periods and at present in the Soviet (and East European and Chinese) economy are the main method applied in this readable analysis of the validity of Communist predictions such as that by Chrushchev on Soviet production supremacy in 1970. The political function of Communist statistics is ably presented. The book which testifies to serious scholarship is also excellently suited for the non-economist. author profit- the to a politization of the role of the and to their memberships' and frustration political change does not automatically bring in its wake a better life. A special case study is made of Pakistan. There are, apart from the very sweeping treatment, some weak points, e.g., an error of fact is to proclaim Sukarno a General, and the index is very unsatisfactory. A positive feature is the extensive bibliography grouped according to subjects (labour movements, social conditions, migration, etc.) and including recent articles as well as books. The subject of the present volume is the genesis of the Republic of the Congo. The author, assistant professor of political science and chairman of the African Studies Program at the University of Wisconsin, may well be said to have written the first comprehensive monograph in English. He has based his analysis on extensive original documentation and first-hand investigation in Belgium and throughout the Congo. After some chapters on the distinctive features of Belgian colonial rule the nationalist response and the painful process of independence are described in detail. The volume bears witness to an impressive erudition and a well-balanced judgement. This comprehensive monograph deals with the internal structure and functions of the Egyptian guilds of craftsmen, merchants and workers in the nineteenth century. After discussing the guild system in Ottoman Egypt, the author presents a detailed analysis of the distribution, size, organization and classification of the guilds in modern Egypt. In a concluding chapter he analyzes the process and the causes of their ultimate disappearance. on general features the national government, city development, income and wages, and facilities. The most detailed sections are, however, those on the several tribal communities and on social mobility patterns, notably mobility from the tribal into the civilized section identifiable A well-balanced survey of the history and present situation of trade unionism in Latin America is given here against the background of the political and social conditions in those countries. The author has succeeded in a remarkable way to combine description of individual countries with over-all interpretation. The impact of political doctrines (Communism and Peronism, for instance) is treated at length. The richness and variety of the material consulted (and partly reproduced in quotations) on the administration of railway companies and especially on work rules, labour-management relations, union organization and the impact of technological change make this book a valuable contribution especially to social history. The first part deals with the present situation, the second, entitled "Foundation Laying", includes also the years from 1830 to 1863. The period from about 1863 to 1920 gets relatively most attention. It is argued that collective bargaining on the railways has, in a long history, reached a greater maturity than "in almost any other industry". demagogue's the counter-tendencies which his influence after he gone through the phases of pro-Rooseveltianism, antisemitism and isolationism. Speeches by the "radio priest", letters, the Roosevelt papers and other sources of information have been carefully scrutinized for the composition of this fascinating study. This work constitutes a scholarly achievement of the first order. It offers not only "geography", however broadly defined, but also a survey of colonial and recent history both of the region as a whole and of the various countries separately. The author stresses the distinctive "personality" of South-East Asia as different from those of both India and China. As a work of reference the book is invaluable and the enormous number of data are of a surprising accuracy and timeliness. Among the chapters on the individual countries those on Indonesia are the most voluminous. The question of the necessity of Western aid and that of the chances of Communism are discussed with great acumen in the concluding chapter. The actual territories of India, Pakistan and Burma are covered by this historico- demographical study. The migration pattern is demonstrated to be characteristic for non-industrial countries, i.e., that economically unimportant types were prevalent, except in Bengal and Bombay where in the period under discussion a population movement from the countryside to the cities was already observable. On the whole, the effect of migration on population redistribution was small. These are some of the conclusions arrived at through a very thorough research which has made the most of the available sources. on of their origins, objectives, strength and weaknesses as well as of the institutional policies that influence wage determination, the methods of wage settlement are and their After a very succinct introduction on the socio-economic situation in Indonesia (especially in Java) and on the history of the CP from 1920 to 1951 the author thorough-ly examines the party's almost unprecedented growth to the position of the numerically strongest CP outside the Communist-dominated countries under the leadership of Aidit. The book is one of the best on contemporary Indonesia and the best on the CPI in the 'fifties and early 'sixties. It is based on a wealth of sources (mostly Indonesian) and interviews, includes illuminating parallels with, e.g., the Chinese developments, and is unsurpassed in its analysis of the social classes on which Communism concentrates its activities. The curious position of the party, within President Sukarno's "guided democracy", seems somewhat less penetrating. of the UN technical assistance programme to Indonesia (1958-60), extensively into the relationship between the country's population trends and its economic development. The argument is illustrated by a wealth of tables and graphs. contribution by the editor who continues his treatment up to the early 'thirties. Further, there are studies on "the Tokugawa setting" (R. P. Dore and A. who also deals with the image of Western Europe, in particular Holland). From the viewpoint of social history the most interesting studies are those on the role played by one typical Meiji leader, Yamagata Aritomo, in modernizing the country's policy and economy (R. F. Hackett), the position and influence of Japanese Christians (J.F.Howes), the attitudes of some Japanese writers towards tradition and reform (Shuicki Kato) and that on the intellectuals (H. Passin, who in thought-stimulating comparisons defines changes and parallels with other countries). the a bill in known as the project of a hi unique. The project provided for an austerity program; the latter met with opposition from the Right and the Left. The Socialists and th