Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Timing of Parent and Child Communication About Sexuality Relative to Children's Sexual Behaviors

OBJECTIVE: To examine timing of parent–child discussions about sexual topics relative to child-reported sexual behavior. METHODS: Longitudinal study of employed parents and their children, with an initial survey followed by subsequent surveys 3, 6, and 12 months later. Participants were 141 parents, along with their children (13–17 years), who were control participants in a randomized, controlled trial to evaluate a worksite-based intervention to improve parent–adolescent communication. Main outcomes were parent and child reports of discussion of up to 24 sexual topics and presexual and sexual acts (ranging from handholding to vaginal intercourse) that occurred before the first survey and in the intervals between subsequent pairs of surveys. RESULTS: Sexual topics tend to group into 3 sets. The first set includes topics such as girls' bodies and menstruation and typically coincides with children's presexual stage (handholding, kissing). The second set includes topics such as birth control efficacy and refusing sex and typically coincides with the precoital stage (genital touching and oral sex). The third set typically occurs when children have initiated intercourse. Over half of children engage in genital touching before discussing birth control efficacy, resisting partner pressure for sex, sexually transmitted disease symptoms, condom use, choosing birth control, or partner condom refusal; >40% of children have intercourse before any discussion about sexually transmitted disease symptoms, condom use, choosing birth control, or partner condom refusal. CONCLUSIONS: Many parents and adolescents do not talk about important sexual topics before adolescents' sexual debut. Clinicians can facilitate this communication by providing parents with information about sexual behavior of adolescents.
Towards a Comprehensive Picture of the Great Firewall's DNS Censorship

China’s Great Firewall passively inspects network traffic and disrupts unwanted communication by injecting forged DNS replies or TCP resets. We attempted to comprehensively examine the structure of the DNS injector, using queries from both within and outside China. Using these probes, we were able to localize the DNS monitors’ locations, extract the firewall’s DNS blacklist of approximately 15,000 keywords, and estimate the cluster structure and active response rate by utilizing an information leakage in the Great Firewall’s design.
An analysis of song-leading by kindergarten teachers in Taiwan and the USA

The purpose of this study was to examine components of the song-leading process used by kindergarten teachers in Taiwan and the United States, including the critical matter of starting pitch. Five public school kindergarten teachers in Taipei, Taiwan, and five public kindergarten teachers in Seattle, USA, were invited to participate in this study on a voluntary basis. They were asked to teach six children's songs at six different times. Non-participant observations were undertaken in order to develop an understanding of how kindergarten teachers led children in singing a song, and to determine teachers' starting pitch. Each teacher was observed for her singing activities with children in 20- to 30- minute sessions. Results revealed that kindergarten teachers utilised similar song-leading techniques and that the teacher's location in Taiwan or the USA appeared to have no impact on these techniques. Most teachers requested, and even demanded, children's focused attention prior to beginning to sing the song. Teachers typically sang the songs at a medium volume, with little variation. There were differentiations, however, as to the provision of metre and the delivery of a signal for bringing into the singing of the song. Reference notes were seldom used, that is, there was little use by teachers of the presentation of a starting pitch in advance of the singing. Few teachers offered feedback to children as to the accuracy and quality of the singing. Finally, results also indicated that regardless of the nationality, the starting pitch of the songs sung by kindergarten teachers was generally dramatically lower than children's natural singing range, extending from G3 to D4. This study calls to mind the importance of providing kindergarten teachers with vocal skills, such that, they learn not only child-appropriate repertoire but also the critical means of teaching songs to children in a thorough-going song-leading process.
Factors influencing MSMs' intentions to always use condoms for vaginal, anal and oral sex with their regular partners

A revised behavioural prediction model integrating components of several psychosocial theories was used to predict men who have sex with mens' (MSM) (N = 139) intentions to always use condoms with their regular partner for anal, oral and vaginal sex. The behavioural model successfully predicted MSMs' condom use intentions for all three behaviours (R = 0.70, R = 0.75 and R = 0.78 for vaginal, anal and oral sex, respectively). Consistent with expectations, the relative importance of the underlying theoretical determinants differed for the three behaviours in question. For condom use for vaginal sex, the partner norm (beta = 0.54) and the mean of the weighted control beliefs (beta = 0.28) were most important. For condom use for anal sex, the partner norm (beta = 0.50), attitude (beta = 0.28) and perceived behavioural control (beta = 0.17) were most important. With respect to oral sex, attitude (beta = 0.51) and partner norm (beta = 0.38) were most important in independently influencing MSMs' intentions to always use condoms.
Pace of Life, Punctuality, and Coronary Heart Disease in Six Countries

Cross-cultural differences in attitudes and behaviors concerning time, punctuality, and pace of life, and the relationship of these measures to coronary heart disease, were investigated in a series of studies in Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Italy, England, and the United States. Study 1 found that public clocks were most accurate in the most economically developed countries (Japan and the United States) and least accurate in the least developed country (Indonesia). Study 2 measured average walking speed during main business hours. Walking speed was fastest in Japan and slowest in Indonesia. Also, subjects in smaller cities tended to walk slower than those in larger cities. Study 3 measured average time taken to complete a standardized postal request. Work speed was again fastest in Japan. Italy was slowest. There were high intercorrelations within cities for the above three measures. Next, the findings from the first three studies were related to incidence of coronary heart disease. Despite the lack of available mortality statistics for Taiwan and Indonesia, some interesting trends questioning the cross-cultural generality of the relationship between Type A behaviors and coronary heart disease emerged. Finally, in a questionnaire study conducted mostly in the United States, the relationship between scores on a measure of Type A behavior characteristics and subjects' reported frequency of lateness, feelings after being late, perceptions of what constitutes late and early, attributions for lateness, and ratings of the importance of punctuality in a business person and in a friend were investigated.
Economic Effects of Oil and Food Price Shocks in Asia and Pacific Countries: An Application of SVAR Model

This study investigates the economic effects of external oil and food price shocks in the context of selected Asia and Pacific countries including Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India and Thailand. The study is conducted within the framework of SVAR model using quarterly data over the period 1980 to 2010 although start date varies based on availability of data. The study reveals that resource poor countries that specialize in heavy manufacturing industries like Korea and Taiwan are highly affected by international oil price shocks. Oil price shocks negatively affect industrial output growth and exchange rate and positively affect inflation and interest rates. On the other hand, oil poor nations such as Australia and New Zealand with diverse mineral resources other than oil are not affected by oil price shocks. Only exchange rates are affected by oil price shocks in these countries. Furthermore, countries that are oil poor but specialized in international financial services are also not affected by oil price increase. Similarly, developing country Like India with limited reserve of oil is not affected by oil price shock. However, Thailand possessing a number of natural resources other than oil is not accommodative of oil price shocks. Limited impact of food prices can be recorded for India, Korea and Thailand in terms of industrial output, inflation and interest rate. The major impact of food prices is that it helps depreciating real effective exchange rate for almost all countries except Singapore. As a whole, the effects of external oil and food prices depend on the economic characteristics of the countries. The empirical results of this study suggest that oil and food prices should be considered for policy and forecasting purposes especially for Korea, Taiwan and Thailand.
Radiographic progression and remission rates in early rheumatoid arthritis – MRI bone oedema and anti-CCP predicted radiographic progression in the 5-year extension of the double-blind randomised CIMESTRA trial

Objective At 5 years' follow-up of early (<6 months) rheumatoid arthritis patients to (1) investigate whether initial combination therapy with methotrexate (MTX) and ciclosporin (CSA) (n=80) is superior to initial monotherapy with MTX (n=80) with respect to prevention of radiographic progression, (2) investigate whether the favourable clinical and radiographic response reported at 2 years in the CIMESTRA trial can be maintained and (3) identify predictors of radiographic outcome. Methods 139 patients completed 5 years' follow-up with maintained double-blinding and a strict synovitis suppressive treatment strategy with intra-articular betamethasone injections (intra-articular glucocorticosteroid (GC)) and escalation of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment. Disease activity, total Sharp-van der Heijde Score (TSS) of hands, wrists and forefeet were assessed at baseline and after 3, 4 and 5 years. MRI of the wrist and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) were assessed at baseline. Results At 5 years, TSS progression rate was <1 unit/year and 47% had not progressed radiographically since baseline. 78% were in Disease Activity Score remission, 56% in American College of Rheumatology remission and 17% withdrawn from treatment due to remission. There were no differences between initial treatment groups. MRI-bone marrow oedema, TSS and anti-CCP predicted radiographic progression at 5 years. Conclusion Early and strict synovitis suppressive treatment with MTX and intra-articular GC lead to high remission rates and halting of erosive progression at 5 years. No additional effect of initial combination therapy with CSA was found. The results parallel those reported for tumour necrosis factor α antagonists. Baseline MRI-bone oedema, TSS and anti-CCP predicted radiographic progression.
Second-generation products of β-caryophyllene ozonolysis are the dominant contributors to particle mass concentration

Y. J. Li, Q. Chen, M. I. Guzman, C. K. Chan, and S. T. Martin Environmental Engineering Program, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA now at: Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
On the convergence of the Chinese and Hong Kong stock markets: a cointegration analysis of the A and H shares

This article explores the potential existence of comovements between the stock prices in Mainland China and Hong Kong. The cointegration test shows that the prices of a substantial number of A shares and H shares have started to cointegrate with each other after the launch of the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement in recent years. This confirms the role of increased financial openness in accounting for the stock market comovements between Mainland China and Hong Kong.
Political Choices and Economic Outcomes

South Korea and Taiwan have gone through similar experience of political and economic development in the past several decades. Both countries have achieved miraculous economic developments under the government-led development paradigm and have gone through democratization process in the 1990s. Despite the similarity in developing history, the 1997 financial crisis experiences are quite different between the two countries. South Korea was hit hard by the crisis, whereas the crisis barely touched Taiwan. What caused the difference? The authors argue that the difference in the impacts of the crisis and the resulting outcomes on South Korea and Taiwan is a result of existing political and economic institutions and structures and the choices that were made within those institutions. They support this argument by using institutional explanation, such as growth strategy, market liberalization, and political development.
Emotional Intelligence as a Basis for Self-Esteem in Young Adults

ABSTRACT As self-esteem is likely to build on favorable social experiences, such as those derived from achievement (i.e., GPA) and social competence, emotional intelligence is likely to be pivotal in fostering social experiences conducive to self-esteem. Accordingly, emotional intelligence is likely to underlie social competence and mediate the contribution of achievement to self-esteem. This uncharted role is the focus of this study, which surveyed 405 undergraduates in Hong Kong, China. Results demonstrated the pivotal role of emotional intelligence. Essentially, emotional intelligence appeared to be a strong determinant of self-esteem and explain away the positive effect of social competence on self-esteem. The results imply the value of raising emotional intelligence in order to consolidate the basis for the young adult's self-esteem.
Differences in Tourist Attitude and Behavior Between Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese Tourists

ABSTRACT In 2011 over 3–4 million tourists from Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore visited South Korea. This study assumes that Chinese tourists are intraculturally different with respect to their tourist attitudes or behaviors, and attempts to determine the intracultural variances in the attitudes or behaviors of Chinese tourists amid an explosion of Mainland Chinese outbound tourist demand. Based on the results of empirical data analyses, two subcultural tourist groups, Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese, presented differences in their motivation to visit, their perceived image of Korea, their preferred attractions in Korea, their satisfaction level regarding their experiences in Korea, and tourist behaviors in Korea.
An Empirical Analysis of Stock Prices in Major Asian Markets and the United States

This study uses unit root and cointegration tests to examine the relationships among the stock markets in Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. All the stock prices are analyzed both individually and collectively to test for international market efficiency. Unit roots in stock prices are found. Pairwise and higher-order cointegration tests indicate that there is no evidence of cointegration among the stock prices. The findings suggest that the stock prices in major Asian markets and the United States are weak-form efficient individually and collectively in the long run. It also implies that international diversification among the markets is effective. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.
Corporate Crime and State Legitimacy: Non-Issue Making in The 2008 Chinese Melamine Milk Scandal

While the study of corporate crime began nearly seventy years ago, academic accessto Asian countries, and China in particular, has become available only in the past twodecades. The growing economic crime rate in China remains a difficult area ofresearch, but recent studies demonstrate the impact China's economic reform on crimein general. This study aims to apply western corporate crime and state theories toChina in an effort to explain both China's economic crime rate and the government'sresponse. This qualitative study draws on information about the 2008 melamine milkscandal from both Chinese and western newspapers, as well as scholarly journals. Ananalysis of these sources reveals China is similar to the United States of America andother developed nations: economic crime is tolerated if that crime provides a directbenefit for the offending corporation and indirect benefit for the state. China'sauthoritarian government increases this tolerance as the state is able to both censorthe media and use force to prevent social movements, liberties that have a dampeningeffect on economic crime in western democracies. This implies that without aliberalization of government to match the liberalization of economy, China's economiccrime rate will remain high.
The student-led movements of 2014 and public opinion

This article, which is based on a comparative survey conducted in late 2014, explores public opinion in Taiwan and Hong Kong on the Sunflower and Umbrella movements. We find that public support for the local movement in each place was almost equally divided. As for the other movement, the supporters outnumbered opponents. The basic patterns of the relationship between socio-demographic attributes, political attitudes, as well as the evaluation of the “China impact”, and public support for the two movements were consistent in both societies. Those most likely to support the Sunflower and Umbrella movements were: the young; Minnanese, Hakka, or Hong Kong-born people; those who support the “Pan-Green” or “Pan-democracy” camps; those who agreed that democracy is the best political system; those who had a negative view of the “China impact”, especially its harmful influence on local democracy. Notwithstanding these similarities, in Taiwan, support for the Sunflower Movement was mainly divided by ethnic group and for the Umbrella Movement by gender; while in Hong Kong, support for both movements was largely divided by age, and the perceived “China impact” on local economic growth had no independent effects.
Identification of genotype 4 hepatitis E virus strains from a patient with acute hepatitis E and farm pigs in Bali, Indonesia

A previous study revealed that antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) (anti‐HEV) are highly prevalent among healthy individuals and farm pigs in Bali, Indonesia, and suggested that HEV infection may occur via zoonosis among Balinese people. However, there were no reports of acute hepatitis E in Bali. To elucidate whether Balinese HEV strains recovered from infected humans and pigs have significant sequence similarity, serum samples obtained from 57 patients (age, mean ± standard deviation, 31.1 ± 11.9 years) with sporadic acute hepatitis and from one hundred and one 2‐ or 3‐month‐old farm pigs in Bali were tested for anti‐HEV and HEV RNA. Among the 57 patients, 2 (3.5%) had high‐titer IgM/IgA class anti‐HEV antibodies and one of them had detectable HEV RNA (BaliE03‐46). Overall, 58 pigs (57.4%) tested positive for anti‐HEV, while 5 pigs (5.0%) had detectable HEV RNA. Based on the 412‐nucleotide sequence within open reading frame 2, the BaliE03‐46 isolate and the 5 swine HEV isolates recovered from the viremic pigs were phylogenetically classified in genotype 4, but were only 77.3–90.8% identical to the genotype 4 HEV isolates reported thus far in China, India, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The BaliE03‐46 isolate of human origin shared high identities of 97.3–98.3% with 4 of the 5 Balinese swine isolates, but differed by 16.1% from the remaining swine isolate. These results suggest that indigenous HEV strains of genotype 4 with marked heterogeneity are circulating in Bali, Indonesia, and that pigs are reservoirs of HEV for Balinese people who have a habit of ingesting uncooked pigs. J. Med. Virol. 79: 1138–1146, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personalized prophylaxis in people with hemophilia A: challenges and achievements

ABSTRACT Introduction: Prophylactic factor replacement is the standard of care for all people with severe hemophilia to prevent bleeding and associated complications. Current weight-based fixed dose prophylaxis regimens are effective; however, they lack flexibility and usually fail to meet the individual needs and expectations of the patients. Recent developments in hemophilia treatment provide new opportunities for a more personalized prophylaxis. Areas covered: Rationale and methods of individualizing prophylaxis in hemophilia A on the basis of current evidence are discussed in this review. For this relevant literature in English and German was searched using PubMed database. Expert commentary: Major determinants of personalized prophylaxis include age, bleeding pattern, personal pharmacokinetics, joint health, co-morbidities, venous access and adherence. An ideal prophylaxis programme should take into account all of the aforementioned items and also be able to meet the needs. Extended half-life factor concentrates, new hemostatic molecules and tools using population pharmacokinetics to estimate personal factor requirements will serve individualizing prophylaxis in a more precise manner.
Successful strategies of newly industrialised east Asian firms in Europe

This article presents the findings of a study of the successful international marketing strategies and organisational approaches of a group of South Korean, Taiwanese, Hong Kong and Singaporean firms in Europe. Successful firms were found to be more proactive in seeking growth opportunities and were more committed to their markets. They had more aggressive market share objectives, more informal structures and had introduced more products into their target markets. Successful firms had closer relationships with their parent companies and greater autonomy in strategy and pricing decisions. The products of successful firms were also more standardised.