Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lower Tropospheric Temperature Variability Over the USA: a GIS Approach

The global mean surface temperature is being used as the primary metric for climate change. However, most of temperature-related studies deal with individual levels (e.g. surface, standard levels such as 850, 700, 500 millibar). In this study, we use a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach to define and characterize regions that have experienced high or low temperature trends and variability over the USA (1979 – 2008). We derive four temperature variables from the 1000mb -700mb atmospheric layer (lower 3000 meters) and we combine them to develop a
Effects of outreach on the awareness and adoption of conservation practices by farmers in two agricultural watersheds of the Mackinaw River, Illinois

Increased awareness of the contributions of nonpoint source runoff to the degradation of water quality in the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico emphasizes the need to increase conservation practices that reduce nutrient export from agricultural lands. To achieve long-term conservation goals in agricultural landscapes, it is important to understand farmers' perspectives on what practices are effective, practical, and economically attainable. We conducted a series of surveys, interspersed with focused outreach, of farmers in two agricultural watersheds in central Illinois in an attempt to better understand how outreach influenced their views on and adoption of conservation practices. Programs differed between the two watersheds in terms of the levels of intensity at which outreach efforts were conducted. Survey results suggest that more intensive outreach efforts, such as one-on-one landowner visits, localized workshops, and tours, can increase adoption of conservation practices associated with cost-share programs. Technical and financial assistance provided in a timely manner that did not interfere with planting and harvesting were major incentives among farmers in both watersheds to participate in cost-share conservation programs. Primary disincentives among farmers to enroll in cost-share programs were associated with multiple programmatic changes and complex application processes. Results indicate that there remains a need for outreach that increases awareness and implementation of conservation and best management practices specific to reducing agricultural runoff from tile-drained sources. Mitigation of nonpoint runoff will also require more effective management of nitrogen application rates and timing in order to conserve freshwater resources in Midwest agricultural landscapes and downstream waters. Integrated outreach teams comprised of stakeholders and local conservation agencies may lead to successful outreach efforts and reduce demands on limited conservation agency staff time.
A large rock avalanche in the Craigieburn Range, Canterbury

Abstract A 0.5 km3 high-speed rock avalanche fell from the summit and western flanks of the Craigiebum Range above Lake Coleridge, Canterbury, New Zealand, about 300 years ago. Avalanche debris covers about 4 km2 and is at least 300 m thick at some localities where it infilled a former glacial meltwater channel. The source rocks were well-indurated, highly fractured sandstones and mudstones of the Torlesse Supergroup. The sides of the rock avalanche source were bounded by faults, and although it is unclear exactly what surfaces provided the failure planes, it appears that failure occurred at least in part down bedding planes, though not directly down dip. Rock avalanches are most frequently triggered by large earthquakes. The presence of this and 6 other rock avalances of widely different age in the Craigiebum Range area suggests that the region is prone to rock avalanches and that perhaps at least 7 moderate to large magnitude earthquakes have occurred in this area in the last 6000 years.
Lithospheric-scale buckling and thrust structures on Mars: The Coprates rise and south Tharsis ridge belt

Detailed photogeologic mapping documents for the first time the deformation sequence of the Coprates rise. Materials of Middle Noachian through perhaps Early Hesperian age were involved in the horizontal shortening of crustal and lithospheric rocks that produced uplift and asymmetric, east-vergent folding of these layers during the Late Noachian and perhaps Early Hesperian. Previous suggestions of normal faulting as the deforming mechanism are not supported by the new mapping or by dislocation models of rise topography. The most likely mechanism for producing the Coprates rise is folding due to buckling instability and perhaps thrust faulting. An extensive ridge belt concentric to south Tharsis is defined by a newly recognized system of approximately coeval long-wavelength topographic ridges and swales that include the Coprates rise. Horizontal shortening of crust and lithosphere is manifested by periodically spaced structures at two different scales: wrinkle ridges spaced tens of kilometers apart and the south Tharsis system of ridges spaced hundreds of kilometers apart. Both types of structures may be associated with early volcanotectonic activity and crustal thickening in south Tharsis. These and other large ridges indicate that lithospheric buckling and thrust faulting may have been common on early Mars.
Responses of N 2 O and CH 4 fluxes to fertilizer nitrogen addition rates in an irrigated wheat-maize cropping system in northern China

Abstract. Model and field studies generally posit that when the application rates of nitrogen fertilizer exceed crop needs, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions will increase nonlinearly, though linear responses are also extensively reported by field studies. We conducted year-round measurements of crop yield, N2O and methane (CH4) fluxes for treatments of six fertilizer nitrogen levels (0, 135, 270, 430, 650 and 850 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the form of urea) in a typical irrigated wheat-maize rotation field in northern China. Linear models characterized the responses of cumulative N2O emissions to fertilizer rates well; therefore, the calculated N2O emission factors of 0.17 ± 0.02%, 0.73 ± 0.05% and 0.49 ± 0.02% for the wheat season, maize season and annual scale, respectively, were appropriate for the different fertilizer rates. The cumulative CH4 uptake by the soil tended to be enhanced at higher fertilizer rates (≥350 kg N ha−1) in the maize season whereas no effect was observed for the wheat season. When the annual fertilizer rates increased from 270 to 430, from 270 to 650, and from 270 to 850 kg N ha−1 yr−1, the crop yields increased only 3 ∼ 15% (0.5 ∼ 2.1 t ha−1 yr−1), but cumulative N2O emissions increased 35 ∼ 115% (0.9 ∼ 3.0 kg N ha−1 yr−1). We recommend 270 kg N ha−1 yr−1 as the locally optimum fertilizer rate. Considering the nitrogen inputs by fertilization (270 kg N ha−1 yr−1), irrigation (4.3 ± 0.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and deposition (wet deposition: 30.5 ± 1.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1), the slightly positive soil nitrogen balance could maintain the current crop yield (∼13.8 t ha−1 yr−1) and reduce the present high N2O emissions (>3.51 kg N ha−1 yr−1) of the local farmers' practice (fertilizer rate > 430 kg N ha−1 yr−1).
Spatio‐temporal variability of vegetation cover over Morocco (1982–2008): linkages with large scale climate and predictability

The dominant patterns of vegetation cover interannual variability over Morocco are isolated using rotated extended empirical orthogonal functions applied to AVHRR NDVI data (1982–2008). The three leading modes capture the NDVI signal at the vegetation peak for three distinct locations: mode 1 (18.7% of total variance) is located along the Atlantic coastline, mode 2 (13.1%) is southwest of the Riff Mountain whilst mode 3 (11.2%) is along the Mediterranean coastline. Correlations between the NDVI time coefficients for the modes ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Mediterranean’ dominated by annuals and precipitation amount during the early stage of the vegetation cycle (NDJ) are found. Significant fluctuations of NDVI time coefficients are isolated: a quasi‐biennial signal is present in the three modes and an additional quasi‐quadriennial (∼4.4 years) signal is identified for the ‘Atlantic’ mode only. Connection between vegetation activity and atmospheric and oceanic climate signals are sought using time‐lag correlation analyses. The NAO during fall‐beginning of winter (NDJ) is found to impact vegetation peak for the ‘Atlantic’ mode while the Scandinavian Pattern is related to NDVI peak over the ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Riff’ latter in the season (DJF). A significant connection is also found between vegetation over the ‘Atlantic’ mode and the ‘Riff’ and the ‘Atlantic Niño’ mode leading the SST variability in the equatorial Atlantic with a 6‐months lag. Finally, linkages between NDVI and climate information are used to build a seasonal prediction model for NDVI using multiple linear regression. The NDVI anomalies during March–April may be predicted with a reasonable accuracy from January with 79% of explained variance, 60% and 72% for the ‘Atlantic’, the ‘Riff’ and the ‘Mediterranean’ regions, respectively. Results have (1) direct impacts for a better understanding of the role of large‐scale climate signals on vegetation cover over Morocco and (2) contribute to the implementation of an agricultural early warning system.
Overexpression and clinical significance of MYC-associated zinc finger protein in pancreatic carcinoma

: This study aimed to investigate the expression and clinical significance of MYC-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) in pancreatic carcinoma (PC), and the biological functions of MAZ in PC cells. MAZ expression was detected in 57 PC tissues and 41 paired adjacent nontumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. Compared to the expression in adjacent nontumor tissues, MAZ was significantly higher expressed in PC tissues ( P  0.0001). In addition, MAZ expression had a significant correlation with certain clinical characteristics of PC patients, such as age, tumor diameter, tumor number, and the serum level of CA199 ( P  0.05). The survival analysis showed that the survival time of PC patients with high expression of MAZ was significantly lower than patients with low expression of MAZ ( P = 0.0365). After MAZ was knocked down in PANC-1 cells by RNA interference, the cells’ ability to proliferate, invade, and migrate was decreased significantly ( P  0.01). Moreover, MAZ expression was found to be associated with Ki-67, a cell proliferation marker, in PC tissues, further supporting the idea that MAZ promotes PC cell proliferation. Our study clarifies an oncogenic role of MAZ in pathogenesis of PC and provides MAZ as a biomarker in the treatment and prognosis of PC.
Control genético del desarrollo gonadal de Talpa occidentalis

El desarrollo de la gonada es un proceso biologico de enorme complejidad. La naturaleza unica de este organo radica en su bipotencialidad, siendo capaz de desarrollarse a partir de un primordio gonadal indiferenciado siguiendo dos rutas alternativas: la testicular o la ovarica. Como consecuencia, la gonada esta sometida a un estricto control genico tanto en los procesos de determinacion como de diferenciacion sexual. Historicamente, el estudio de estos procesos ha suscitado un enorme interes dentro de la comunidad cientifica. En este proyecto de Tesis Doctoral se ha llevado a cabo una investigacion con objeto de conocer en profundidad los mecanismos moleculares que intervienen en el desarrollo gonadal de Talpa occidentalis. Para este fin se ha llevado a cabo un exhaustivo estudio de los patrones de expresion de diversos genes clave en estos procesos durante el desarrollo prenatal y postnatal de la gonada XY y XX de Talpa, asi como de otros eventos testiculares que tienen lugar en dicho periodo. Los datos obtenidos han permitido conocer en mayor profundidad como tiene lugar el proceso de organogenesis en mamiferos y en la especie Talpa occidentalis en concreto.
Meridional distribution of hydroperoxides and formaldehyde in the marine boundary layer of the Atlantic (48°N-35°S) measured during the Albatross campaign

Gas phase H 2 O 2 , organic peroxides, and formaldehyde (HCHO) have been measured in situ during October/November 1996 on board RV Polarstern in surface air over the Atlantic from 48°N-35°S with different analytical methods. The results indicate that recombination and self-reactions of peroxy radicals largely dominate over scavenging by NO. The peroxy radical chemistry was governed by the photooxidation of CH 4 and CO, as could be deduced from our failure to detect organic hydroperoxides other than CH 3 OOH (methyl hydroperoxide (MHP)). Hydroperoxide and formaldehyde mixing ratios were highest within the tropics with peak values of around 2000 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) (H 2 O 2 ). 1500 pptv (MHP), and 1000 pptv (HCHO). In the case of H 2 O 2 and MHP we observed diurnal variations of the mixing ratios in the tropical North Atlantic and derived deposition rates of around (1.8±0.6)×10 -5 s -1 for H 2 O 2 and (1.2±0.4)×10 -5 s -1 for MHP. The measured MHP/(H 2 O 2 +MHP) and MHP/HCHO ratios corresponded to 0.32±0.12 and 0.87±0.4, respectively. HCHO mixing ratios observed during the expedition were significantly higher than predicted by current photochemical theory based on the photooxidation of CH4 and CO.
Future Flooding Impacts on Transportation Infrastructure and Traffic Patterns Resulting from Climate Change

This study investigated potential impacts of climate change on travel disruption resulting from road closures in two urban watersheds in the Portland metropolitan area. The authors used ensemble climate change scenarios, a hydrologic model, stream channel survey, a hydraulic model, and a travel forecast model to develop an integrated impact assessment method. High-resolution climate change scenarios are based on the combinations of two emission scenarios and eight general circulation models. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System was calibrated and validated for the period 1988-2006, and simulated for determining the probability of floods from 2020-2049. The authors surveyed stream cross sections at five road crossings for stream channel geometry and determined floodwater surface elevations using the HEC-RAS model. Four of the surveyed bridges and roadways were lower in elevation than the current 100-year floodwater surface elevation, leading to relatively frequent nuisance flooding. These roadway flooding events will become more frequent under some climate change scenarios in the future, but climate change impacts will depend on local geomorphic conditions. While vehicle miles traveled were not significantly affected by road closure, vehicle-hours delay demonstrated a greater impact from road closures, increasing by 10 percent in the Fanno Creek area. Results indicate that any cost analysis is extremely sensitive to the occurrence of human fatalities or injuries and fairly insensitive to delay costs. In addition, this research presents a comprehensive classification of flooding costs, identifies preventative measures, and makes short- and long-term recommendations. The authors' research demonstrated the usefulness of the integration of top-down and bottom-up approaches in climate change impact assessment, and the need for spatially explicit modeling and participatory planning in flood management and transportation planning under increasing climate uncertainty.
Submarine Gold Mineralization Near Lihir Island, New Ireland Fore-Arc, Papua New Guinea

Gold-rich, siliceous veins with disseminated polymetallic sulfides and pyritic stockwork mineralization have been recovered from the top of Conical seamount, a shallow (1,050-m water depth) submarine volcano located about 10 km south of Lihir island, Papua New Guinea. Grab samples from the summit of Conical seamount contain the highest concentration of gold yet reported from the modern sea floor (max 230 ppm Au; avg 26 ppm, n = 40). The gold occurs in sulfide-rich veins of black amorphous silica hosted by intensely altered, high K calc-alkaline basalts. Sulfides in the veins consist of sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, marcasite, and a variety of Cu-Pb-As-Sb sulfosalts. The gold occurs as native gold and electrum in the amorphous silica and as inclusions in the sulfides. The highest gold concentrations are associated with high Ag, As, Sb, and Hg. Zoned alteration adjacent to the veins consists of illite, smectite, amorphous silica, K feldspar, secondary plagioclase, minor chlorite, and trace carbonate. The association of gold with illite, smectite, amorphous silica, and K feldspar indicates deposition from near neutral pH hydrothermal fluids. However, the auriferous polymetallic sulfide veins and the associated alteration are overprinted on stockwork pyrite mineralization that is associated with earlier acid alteration containing alunite, aluminum phosphate sulfates, kaolinite, and other clay minerals. The platy habit of the alunite in this assemblage, the presence of alumium posphate sulfate minerals, and the sulfur isotope ratios of the crystalline pyrite (–8.6 to –0.2‰ δ 34 S, n = 28) and alunite (7.5 and 6.4‰ δ 34 S) are consistent with a contribution of magmatic volatiles in the earliest stages of the hydrothermal system. Framboidal pyrite within and at the margins of the mineralized zone has δ 34 S values suggesting involvement of biogenic activity (–11.6 to –13.9‰ δ 34 S). The gold-rich veins at Conical seamount are distinct from sea-floor massive sulfide deposits and represent a new style of mineralization on the modern sea floor. The mineralogy, alteration, geochemistry, and texture of the veins resemble those of some subaerial epithermal gold deposits and indicate that features long considered to define a subaerial setting can also form in a submarine environment. The proximity of Conical seamount to the giant Ladolam epithermal gold deposit on nearby Lihir island also raises the possibility that both subaerial and submarine gold mineralization in the region may be related to the same district-scale magmatic events.
The "Origin" Then and Now: An Interpretive Guide to the "Origin of Species"

Preface ix Acknowledgments xv Introduction: Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species 3 Michael Ruse Part One: Natural Selection Chapter 1: Preamble to Natural Selection 29 Chapter 2: Variation under Domestication 38 Chapter 3: Variation under Nature I 56 Chapter 4: The Struggle for Existence 66 Chapter 5: Natural Selection I 77 Chapter 6: Laws of Variation 102 Chapter 7: E volution Today: A Modern Perspective on Natural Selection 119 Part Two: Speciation Chapter 8: Preamble to Speciation 137 Chapter 9: Variation under Nature II 152 Chapter 10: Natural Selection II 164 Chapter 11: Hybridism 190 Chapter 12: E volution Today: The Mosquitoes of the London Underground 205 Part Three: Theory Chapter 13: Preamble: What Is a Theory? 219 Chapter 14: Difficulties on Theory 227 Chapter 15: Instinct 250 Chapter 16: Geology I: Background 264 Chapter 17: Geology II: On the Imperfection of the Geological Record 275 Chapter 18: Geology III: On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings 288 Chapter 19: Geology IV: Evolution Today 301 Chapter 20: Geographical Distribution 314 Chapter 21: Geographical Distribution, Continued 331 Chapter 22: Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs 346 Chapter 23: Recapitulation and Conclusion 381 Chapter 24: E volution Today: The Witness Has Been Found, Again and Again 401 Illustration Credits 417 Index 419
Contemporary Afro-Cuban Voices in Tampa: Reclaiming Heritage in “America’s Next Greatest City”

This dissertation presents findings from ethnographic research conducted with members of the Sociedad La Union Marti-Maceo, established by segregated Black Cuban cigar workers in Ybor City in 1904. For decades, Tampa officials have initiated numerous urban revitalization projects aimed at developing a world-class tourist destination and metropolitan center. Often, these efforts have centered on highlighting the ethnic history of Ybor City, from which the participation of Black Cubans and the Marti-Maceo Society have been actively excluded or ignored. The main issues related to contemporary AfroCuban identity in Tampa and which will be examined in my dissertation, include the changing nature of the Afro-Cuban community in Tampa in light of increases in migration of Cubans and other Latinos of color to the area; Marti-Maceo members’ struggle to reclaim an Afro-Cuban heritage within Tampa’s larger historic preservation efforts over the past decade; and an examination of the Marti-Maceo Society as a voluntary association that appears to have outlived its usefulness in present-day Tampa despite efforts by elderly members to sustain and expand it.
Mesoscale cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific Ocean during TPARC

ABSTRACT Three cases of mesoscale marine cyclogenesis over the subtropics of the Western Pacific Ocean are investigated. Each case occurred during the THORPEX Pacific Asia Regional Campaign and Tropical Cyclone Structure (TCS-08) field phases in 2008. Each cyclone developed from remnants of disturbances that earlier showed potential for tropical cyclogenesis within the tropics. Two of the cyclones produced gale-force surface winds, and one, designated as a tropical cyclone, resulted in a significant coastal storm over eastern Japan. Development was initiated by a burst of organized mesoscale convection that consolidated and intensified the surface cyclonic circulation over a period of 12–24 h. Upper-tropospheric potential vorticity anomalies modulated the vertical wind shear that, in turn, influenced the periods of cyclone intensification and weakening. Weak baroclinicity associated with vertical shear was also deemed important in organizing mesoscale ascent and the convection outbreaks. The remnant tropical disturbances contributed exceptional water vapour content to higher latitudes that led to strong diabatic heating, and the tropical remnants contributed vorticity that was the seed of the development in the subtropics. Predictability of these events more than three days in advance appears to be minimal.
Changes in South Pacific anthropogenic carbon

The changes in anthropogenic CO2 are evaluated in the South Pacific, along the meridional line P18 (110°W) and the zonal line P06 (32°S), using the extended multiple linear regression (eMLR) method. The structure of the column inventory of anthropogenic CO2 on P18 is similar to the southern section of P16 in the central South Pacific (150°W), but the overall increase is greater by approximately 5–10 μmol kg−1. The value of the anthropogenic CO2 inventory on P18 is in agreement at the crossover point of an earlier evaluation of P06. Subsequent changes in pH due to the increase in anthropogenic CO2 are also evaluated. The change in pH is determined from the changes in anthropogenic CO2 and do not reflect variability in other decadal signals. For both cruise tracks, the average annual change in pH is −0.0016 mol kg−1 yr−1. This value is in good agreement with the average decrease in pH in the North Pacific, at the Hawaii Times Series and the subtropical North Atlantic. The uptake rates of anthropogenic CO2 are within reasonable agreement with similar studies in the South Pacific. There is evidence for greater uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in the western South Pacific and is attributed to the formation of subtropical Mode Water in the region.