Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of static annealing on microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations of quartzites experimentally deformed in axial compression and shear

Abstract Quartzite samples were experimentally deformed with partial to complete dynamic recrystallization by axial compression (strain magnitude of 0.8 to 1.4) and by general shear (strain magnitude of 1.3 to 2.8) in each of the three dislocation creep regimes, and subsequently annealed with complete static recrystallization at the deformation temperature for 120 hours. The c-axis crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), 3D grain size distribution, grain boundary surface shape, and misorientation density were measured before and after annealing. The effect of annealing on the CPO was minor, but the microstructure was greatly changed. All of the annealed samples were completely recrystallized. The recrystallized grain size increased by a factor of 2 to 5, and was greatest for samples deformed at lowest temperature. The grain boundary lobateness (PARIS factor) and misorientation density were reduced significantly. The CPOs for all the deformed samples were relatively unchanged by annealing, although the strengths are somewhat decreased; for sheared samples the asymmetry was preserved. The results suggest microstructural criteria for recognizing the occurrence of static annealing and for estimating the dynamically recrystallized grain size relevant for paleopiezometry from annealed samples.
A CASE HISTORY ON UNDERPINNING FOR A DISTRESSED BUILDING ON HARD RESIDUAL SOIL UNDERNEATH NON-UNIFORM LOOSE SAND

This paper presents a case history on the failure of Suranivet 9, a student dormitory in the campus of Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Thailand. The dormitory encountered excessive differential settlement due to the variation in soil profile. Part of the building was underlain by very stiff to hard SUT silty clay and part by loose clayey sand. Underpinning to extend the foundations down to stable stratum was employed to strengthen bearing capacity and minimize settlement. The underpinning design and procedure were summarized. In practice, the static formula was used for the preliminary micro-pile design (selection of pile section and length for different loads and soil profiles). The undrained shear strength (Su) of SUT silty clay was approximated using the Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties (SHANSEP) technique and standard penetration number (N). The finite element method was employed to predict the load-settlement curve of the micro-pile. Modified cam clay model was proved as a suitable model for this prediction. The measured settlements of the underpinned foundations after one year service were less than 0.5 mm. This small settlement guarantees the stability of the underpinned structure. It is also found that the settlement ratio (ratio of the measured settlement of underpinned foundations to the predicted settlement of single micro-pile) varied from 0.7 to 3.0.
Effect of spatial resolution on the accuracy of satellite-based fire scar detection in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula

In this work, an empirical study was carried out to evaluate the impact of the spatial resolution of satellite images on the accuracy and uncertainty of burned area detection using classification techniques based on neuro-fuzzy (NF) models. The study area was situated in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, where in the summer of 2006, a large number of fires occurred, razing a surface area of more than 100,000 ha. A set of 12 zones containing a burned area in their central part were selected. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Local Area Coverage (AVHRR-LAC), and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Land Long Term Data Record (AVHRR-LTDR) images with a spatial resolution of 30, 250, 1100 m, and 0.05° (∼5000 m), respectively, obtained on 20 August 2006, were used. An NF classifier at pixel level for every image was constructed, taking into account only the spectrum bands (red and near-infrared (NIR)) common to all of them. The results in the study region suggest that burned areas of ∼1200 ha could be detected with a mean relative error less than 30% only in the MODIS image. In the case of the LAC and LTDR images, a minimum burned area size of >1800 ha and >3600 ha, respectively, is required to find similar errors. Burned areas greater >3600 ha can be detected in MODIS imagery with a mean relative error of ∼15%. A regression model of commission and omission error intervals compared with spatial resolution is presented. The conclusion is that in regard to the conditions of the study area, both error intervals increase symmetrically and linearly with the logarithm of the pixel size. The results also suggest that red and NIR spectrum bands could be used to detect burned area in post-fire images in Iberia, but with a relative error depending on burned area size for different spatial resolutions.
Computer-Assisted Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty Compared with Standard Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background: There is little information on the feasibility of computer navigation when using a minimally invasive approach for total knee arthroplasty, during which the anatomic landmarks for registration may be obscured. The purpose of the present study was to determine the radiographic accuracy of this technique and to compare the rate of functional recovery between patients who underwent computer-assisted minimally invasive arthroplasty and those who underwent conventional total knee arthroplasty.
Active Dendrites and LFPs: Biophysical Mechanisms and Computational Explorations

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Overview of Pyridine Nucleotides Review Series

: Pyridine nucleotides are abundant soluble coenzymes and they undergo reversible oxidation and reduction in several biological electron-transfer reactions. They are comprised of two mononucleotides, adenosine monophosphate and nicotinamide mononucleotide, and are present as oxidized and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides in their unphosphorylated (NAD (cid:1) and NADH) and phosphorylated (NADP (cid:1) and NADPH) forms. In the past, pyridine nucleotides were considered to be primarily electron-shuttling agents involved in supporting the activity of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions. However, it has recently been demonstrated that pyridine nucleotides and the balance between the oxidized and reduced forms play a wide variety of pivotal roles in cellular functions as important interfaces, beyond their coenzymatic activity. These include maintenance of redox status, cell survival and death, ion channel regulation, and cell signaling under normal and pathological conditions. Furthermore, targeting pyridine nucleotides could potentially provide therapeutically useful avenues for treating cardiovascular diseases. This review series will highlight the functional significance of pyridine nucleotides and underscore their physiological role in cardiovascular function and their clinical relevance to cardiovascular medicine. ( Circ Res . 2012;111:604-610.)
Comparison of aerosol properties over Beijing and Kanpur: Optical, physical properties and aerosol component composition retrieved from 12 years ground‐based Sun‐sky radiometer remote sensing data

Aerosol mixtures composed of coarse and fine particles occur frequently in metropolitan areas in the world, especially in developing countries. Beijing, China, and Kanpur, India, are both in Asian monsoon regions and experience strong aerosol loading because of increased economic activities, vehicles, and urbanization. Observations originating from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) have played a vital role in the field of aerosol study. In order to understand the variations of aerosol optical, physical properties and component composition over Beijing and Kanpur, we focus on AERONET measurements collected at these two sites from 2002 to 2013 and employ a five‐component (including black carbon, BC; mineral dust, DU; brown carbon, BrC; ammonium sulfate like, AS; and aerosol water content, AW) aerosol mixture model to retrieve the aerosol component composition. Particle size distribution, spectral characteristics of single‐scattering albedo, and refractive indices of the aerosols over Beijing and Kanpur are found to be distinct and with regular seasonal variations. Correspondingly, aerosol components show distinct temporal characteristics at both sites. In Beijing, BC shows a significant decrease from 2002 to 2013 (especially after 2007) with an average declining rate of 0.69 mg m−2 yr−1. Among the five components, BC and BrC are higher during winter and autumn especially at Beijing, while DU and AS are higher during spring and summer at the two sites. With respect to site differences, BC and BrC are usually higher in Beijing in most of the year, while DU and AS are higher in Kanpur especially from April to June. Moreover, AW is similar and quite comparable at two sites.
Smooth Pursuit and Saccades after Sport-Related Concussion

Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs) and saccadic eye movements are both commonly impaired following sport-related concussion (SRC). Typical oculomotor assessments measure individual eye movements in a series of restrictive tests designed to isolate features such as response times. These measures lack ecological validity for athletes because athletes are adept at simple tasks designed for the general population. Yet, because eye movement metrics are sensitive and well-characterized neuroanatomically, it would be valuable to test whether athletes exhibit abnormal eye movements with more challenging tasks. To address this gap in knowledge, we collected eye-tracking data during a sport-like task to gain insight on gaze behavior during active self-motion. SPEMs and saccadic eye movements were recorded during a sport-like visual task within 24– 48 h following SRC. Thirty-six Division I student-athletes were divided into SRC and control (CON) groups. All participants completed two blocks of the Wii Fit (cid:2) soccer heading game (WF) while wearing a monocular infrared eye tracker. Eye movement classiﬁcation systems quantiﬁed saccadic amplitude (SA), velocity (SV), and count (SC); as well as SPEM velocity (SPV) and amplitude (SPA). Separate Mann-Whitney U tests evaluated SPA and SC and found no signiﬁcant effects (SPA, p = 0.11; SC, p = 0.10). A multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for remaining variables revealed SPV was signiﬁcantly greater in CON ( p < 0.05), but the SRC group had greater SA and SV ( p < 0.05). These ﬁndings suggest that during a sport-like task, to maintain foveation SRC subjects used larger amplitude, faster saccades, but exhibited slower SPEMs. Measuring oculomotor function during ecologically valid, sport-like tasks may serve as a concussion biomarker and provide insights into eye movement control after SRC.
Controls on soil nitrogen oxide emissions from forest and pastures in the Brazilian Amazon

Soil N dynamics and water content are important controls of nitrous (N2O) and nitric (NO) oxide emissions from tropical soils. We used a chronosequence of one forest and six pastures to investigate how soil N availability and soil moisture content affect emissions of N2O and NO. Forest soils had high N availability and large N oxide emissions. Forest conversion to pasture decreased N availability and N oxide emissions. In the forest where N availability was high, seasonal changes in soils moisture led to higher N2O fluxes during the wet season, but higher NO fluxes during the dry season. Soil water content exerted the largest control on N2O emissions, which seemed to be determined by a threshold value of approximately 29–30%, below which N2O emissions were nearly constant and above which they increased (Figure 5a). In pastures, where low N availability constrains N2O and NO fluxes, soil water content has a minor influence on N oxide emissions.
Seismic remote sensing for the earthquake source process and near‐source strong shaking: A case study of the October 16, 1999 Hector Mine earthquake

A new methodology to automatically determine the earthquake source process and near‐source strong ground motions using regional and local distance data was used to study the October 16, 1999 Hector Mine earthquake (MW7.1). Broadband displacement data were inverted for the seismic moment tensor and to resolve the fault plane ambiguity independent of aftershock location and surface faulting information. The identified NNW striking fault plane was used to invert for the distribution of fault slip over a planar surface. The slip model was used to predict near‐fault peak ground velocity, which was found to agree well with the TriNet ShakeMap, and also with near‐fault observations that were not available at the time of the initial analysis. Our method if automated is capable of providing near‐source strong ground motion information within 30 minutes of the earthquake origin time even in cases where there are few near‐fault recording instruments.
Sediment transport; Part I, Bed load transport

A method is presented which enables the computation of the bed-load transport as the product of the saltation height, the particle velocity and the bed-load concentration. The equations of motions for a solitary particle are solved numerically to determine the saltation height and particle velocity. Experiments with gravel particles (transported as bed load) are selected to calibrate the mathematical model using the lift coefficient as a free parameter. The model is used to compute the saltation heights and lengths for a range of flow conditions. The computational results are used to determine simple relationships for the saltation characteristics. Measured transport rates of the bed load are used to compute the sediment concentration in the bed-load layer. A simple expression specifying the bed-load concentration as a function of the flow and sediment conditions is proposed. A verification analysis using about 600 (alternative) data shows that about 77% of the predicted bed-load-transport rates are within 0.5 and 2 times the observed values.
Fundamental Toxicological Sciences

In the inhalation field, lipids such as egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), 1,2-distearoyl-snglycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), are considered to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS), comprising materials that are endogenous to the lungs and locally present in large quantities. Indeed, PC, DSPC and DPPC may be used to form liposomes which are known to promote an increase in drug retention time and reduce the toxicity of drugs after administration. Unfortunately, published literature guidance about the safety evaluation of these lipids as pharmaceutical excipients for use in inhaled products and about application for marketing authorization, is very limited. The purpose of this article is to review the potential toxicity of DSPC for pulmonary administration. Given the use of air and vehicle controls in a range of inhalation toxicology studies as well as negative genotoxicity and also reproductive toxicity results, it is thought that the use of DSPC is shown to be safe for pulmonary administration.
Fundamental Toxicological Sciences

Inhalation exposure systems for small experimental animals are necessary evaluation tools of efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety when developing inhaled drugs. However, the development of inhalants is characterized by high technical barriers and costs. This project aimed to develop an aerosol generator specialized for a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) formulation of ciclesonide (CIC), a prodrug-type corticosteroid for asthma. Our results showed that the developed aerosol generator achieved approximately 160 mg/m3 in mass concentration, by using 60 bottles of the pMDI within a one-hour inhalation exposure study. The CIC used in the study was 672 mg in total. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was approximately 1 μm, with less than 2 in geometric standard deviation. Although the amount of test article used was less than 1 g, the aerosol generator achieved approximately 160 mg/m3 in mass concentration, and enough of the CIC was delivered to the rat lungs to allow the visualization of its spatial localization by desorption electrospray ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging. We concluded that (i) the aerosol generator was able to drive pMDI accurately, and (ii) the CIC aerosol was delivered to the rodent under appropriate MMAD and concentration; the device’s performance as an excellent nonclinical inhalation exposure system was thus demonstrated. Furthermore, as the device is highly versatile, it would be possible to utilize it when conducting nonclinical inhalation studies at the optimal conditions for various pMDIs. In the future, aerosol generators could reduce costs and shorten the development period of inhaled drugs.
Underthrust sediments, fluid migration paths, and mud volcanoes associated with the accretionary wedge off Costa Rica, Middle America Trench.

Styles of deformation and tectonic responses resulting from the convergence of oceanic and continental plates are strongly dependent on fluids in the sediments. We estimate the volume of fluids and sediment underthrust beneath the toe of an accretionary wedge and describe evidence of fluid migration observed in seismic data in the Middle America Trench near Costa Rica. Reduction in normal incident travel time of the underthrust oceanic plate section arcward of the deformation front may be related to fluid expulsion. Within 4 km of the deformation front, where overburden is <800 m, more than half of the total water in the pore spaces may have been expelled. The rate of fluid transfer from the underthrust section is highest in the zone 0–4 km arcward of the deformation front. The clarity of the reflection associated with the decollement is exceptional and shows a phase reversal, relative to the seafloor. This high-amplitude phase-reversed reflection ends about 4 km arcward of the deformation front, suggesting a rapid reduction in the density and/or velocity contrast between the dewatering underthrust section and overlying offscraped sediments at this position. Fluid migration within the wedge produces mud volcanoes or ridges in the midslope region having relief of about 50 m and extent of perhaps 500 m×1000 m. A reflection traced beneath a seafloor mud volcano crosses through the accretionary wedge/slope cover boundary and may mark a fluid conduit. Locally, high-amplitude reflections associated with the base of slope cover are coincident with closure of structure and indicate local traps to upward organized or diffusive fluid flow. Some fluids appear to migrate along pathways marked by reflections which extend deep within the accretionary wedge but not always extending into the underthrust section. Near the trench where fluid expulsion rates are highest, water may exit to the seafloor seaward of the downslope pinch-out of the slope section.
Moganite and water content as a function of age in agate an XRD and thermogravimetric study

The crystallite size, moganite, molecular surface water and internal water content of agates from volcanic host rocks ranging in age from 38 → 1 100 Ma have been measured. Molecular water was found to be independent of age but maturation produced a general decrease in both the moganite and internal water. Water is shown to be involved on the transformation of moganite into chalcedony and this change is responsible for an internal growth in chalcedony crystallites. The maximum content of moganite found in agate was 14% but after ∼ 410 Ma it is only present in trace amounts. Moganite has not been found in agates from any pre Silurian hosts. After the moganite transformation, the internal water in agate has been found to be constant at ∼ 0.4%. The change in composition of internal water is proposed as a method for approximate dating of agates that are from hosts younger than 410 Ma. Changes in the degree of crystallinity of agates from 10 host rocks < 412 Ma have been determined. The growth in the crystallites from 8 regions suggests that agate genesis would be typically penecontemporaneous with the formation of the host rock. Evidence is offered for hydrothermal activity from a late second volcanic event to account for the formation of agates in the other 2 regions. It is proposed that hydrothermal solutions are the source of the silica in all cases of agate genesis in an igneous environment. With minimal moganite in hosts ≥ 412 Ma, crystallites from these older regions are shown to have achieved their maximum size. Furthermore, measurement of crystallite size, density, internal water and moganite can provide evidence of a later palaeoactivity.
Coupling between slow waves and sharp-wave ripples engages distributed neural activity during sleep in humans

Significance Hippocampal sharp wave/ripples (SWRs) are implicated in binding distributed subcortical/cortical neuronal populations during sleep, supporting hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation. We assessed the activation and functional interactions between distributed populations during SWRs using intracranial electrophysiological recordings from human epileptic patients. Consistent phase relation between the hippocampal SWRs and local subcortical/cortical slow-wave activity (SWA) or spindles was a strong predictor of local neuronal activation during SWRs. In addition, individual SWR amplitude and SWA phase difference between the cortical sites during SWRs predicted the functional coupling between the distant cortical populations. Our findings suggest the SWR–SWA coupling as a mechanism for selecting and organizing the distributed populations for participation in global memory consolidation. Hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation during sleep is hypothesized to depend on the synchronization of distributed neuronal ensembles, organized by the hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs, 80 to 150 Hz), subcortical/cortical slow-wave activity (SWA, 0.5 to 4 Hz), and sleep spindles (SP, 7 to 15 Hz). However, the precise role of these interactions in synchronizing subcortical/cortical neuronal activity is unclear. Here, we leverage intracranial electrophysiological recordings from the human hippocampus, amygdala, and temporal and frontal cortices to examine activity modulation and cross-regional coordination during SWRs. Hippocampal SWRs are associated with widespread modulation of high-frequency activity (HFA, 70 to 200 Hz), a measure of local neuronal activation. This peri-SWR HFA modulation is predicted by the coupling between hippocampal SWRs and local subcortical/cortical SWA or SP. Finally, local cortical SWA phase offsets and SWR amplitudes predicted functional connectivity between the frontal and temporal cortex during individual SWRs. These findings suggest a selection mechanism wherein hippocampal SWR and cortical slow-wave synchronization governs the transient engagement of distributed neuronal populations supporting hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation.