Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commercial Timbers of West Africa

A)eniu, Edw.ard S. , and . Albert Bentum. Commercial Timbers of Tlrest Africa. Smithsoninn Co? i t r ibz ( f iom to Bolnny , number 1 I, 69 pages, 28 plates, 1974.T h e xylem anatomy of 28 species of commercially and potentially commercial timbers of West Africa is described together with information pertaining to seasoning qualities, durability and Tvorking properties, as well as the uses of Tvood. A comprehensive discussion on the mechanical properties, establishing the methodologies for e\ aluating the potential utilization of these woods, has been included. Shrinkage and swelling in Tvood have allvays presented problems in the utilization of woods. X discussion relating to the differences among ( a ) moisture content change and shrinkage, (b) the effect of drying conditions on shrinkage and (c) the variation in shrinkage in different species is presented. To aid both beginning students and to refresh the minds of practicing wood technologists, a glossar) of the principal terms used in describing the minute features of timbers has also been added. OFFICIAL P I B I . I C A T I O X D A I E is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smitiisonian Year . SERIFS COVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the katsura tree Cel-c id iphy l luv i japonicurn Siebold and Zuccarini. SI PRI-ss N U V I E R 4924. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data riyensu, Edward S. Commercial timbers of U’est Africa. (Smithsonian contributions to botany, no. 14) Includes bibliographical refercnces. 1, ’I‘iniber-Africa. \Vest. 2. Trees-hfiica. \Vest. 3. \Vood. I. Bentum. Albert. ioint author . 11. Title. 111. Serics: Smithsonian 1nstiti;tion. Srnithsonian contributions to bokiny, no. 14. QKI ,5274; no. 14 [SD528] 581’. 08s [074’. 14‘096ij i3-12959 Foi 5alc h s ihr Siiperin:endeiit of I )oiurneni , , C.5. Governrncni Pr int ing Oflicc, \Va\hin:. ton, D.C. 20402 l’ricc $1.65 (paper cover:
Temporal Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5°N

The vigor of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is thought to be vulnerable to global warming, but its short-term temporal variability is unknown so changes inferred from sparse observations on the decadal time scale of recent climate change are uncertain. We combine continuous measurements of the MOC (beginning in 2004) using the purposefully designed transatlantic Rapid Climate Change array of moored instruments deployed along 26.5°N, with time series of Gulf Stream transport and surface-layer Ekman transport to quantify its intra-annual variability. The year-long average overturning is 18.7 ± 5.6 sverdrups (Sv) (range: 4.0 to 34.9 Sv, where 1 Sv = a flow of ocean water of 106 cubic meters per second). Interannual changes in the overturning can be monitored with a resolution of 1.5 Sv.
A random utility model for total maximum daily loads: Estimating the benefits of watershed‐based ambient water quality improvements

A random utility maximization (RUM) model is presented for the purpose of providing benefits estimates to aid in the implementation of the total maximum daily load (TMDL) process. The specific application is to North Carolina, for which the 1994 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Demand for Water‐Based Recreation Survey is used to characterize the demand for water recreation in the state as a function of ambient water quality. The RUM choice set is defined to include all 8‐digit hydrological units or watersheds in the state, allowing benefits estimates to match the spatial aggregate of interest for the TMDL process. Water quality measures are linked to the choice set via the use of EPA's Index of Watershed Index database. A significant relationship between watershed‐level water quality and recreation trip taking behavior is found. Per trip and aggregate benefits estimates are presented for watershed, river basin, and statewide improvements in water quality.
Global warming potentials modified for surface radiative forcing for use in surface energy balance models

The radiative impact of greenhouse gases in warming the Earth varies significantly, depending on whether one considers the forcing at the tropopause or at the surface. Compared to the former, the surface forcing for some greenhouse gases is reduced by the interference of water vapour. Hence, we calculate alternative surface global warming potentials (SGWPs) that are derived from the surface forcing radiation of greenhouse gases for potential use in surface radiative energy balance models (SREBMs). For gases with a large water vapour overlap, the SGWPs are typically 30% smaller than current GWPs; for gases with relatively little overlap, the SGWPs are larger by more than 33%. These results may be used in conjunction with SREBMs as an additional means of calculating climate change, and may lead to an altered emissions budget compared to that outlined by the current Kyoto agreement. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Thermal Interaction between Permafrost and the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Measures were taken to protect the thermal regime of the roadbed embankment after construction and to lower permafrost temperatures in the rich-ice and warm permafrost regions along the Qinghai-Xizang Railway. However, these measures were taken only for some sections of the railway, leaving many sections unprotected. This article addresses those areas where no measures were taken and presents analysis of the variation of soil temperatures under the embankment in seasonal frozen soil areas, degrading permafrost areas, and warm and cold permafrost areas. The results show that soil temperatures, maximum seasonal freezing depth, and the permafrost table under the embankment differ according to the different frozen soil areas after embankment construction. In seasonal frozen soil areas and degraded permafrost areas, the seasonal frost layer remained frozen the next year under the shaded shoulder of the embankment. In degrading permafrost areas, a thaw layer between the permafrost table and the bottom of the se.
Sedimentary Processes in Restricted Gulf Coast Estuarine System: Corpus Christi Bay, Texas: ABSTRACT

Corpus Christi Bay is a shallow (< 5 m), restricted estuary that is typical of estuaries on the Texas Gulf Coast. The distribution pattern of bay-floor sediments indicates that the bay's interior is a depocenter for mud derived from multiple sources; the bay's marginal areas are composed mainly of residual sandy deposits derived from shoreline erosion of a Pleistocene substrate (Beaumont Formation) and a modern baymouth barrier (Mustang Island). Synoptic time-sequence measurements of the bay's suspended sediment and hydrographic characteristics were taken by helicopter at 15 monitoring stations; the measurements represent 8 surveys conducted during a 2-year observation period. The measurements show a high degree of spatiotemporal variability and indicate a wind-dominated sediment-dispersal system. During all surveys, the bay was consistently turbid (mean baywide transmissivity < 15%/m); the mean baywide concentration of suspended sediment during individual surveys ranged from 11 mg/l to 52 mg/l. The suspended-sediment concentrations were primarily controlled by wind speed which determines the extent of wave-induced resuspension of bay-floor deposits; wind direction and tidal phase controlled the sediment-dispersal patterns Texturally, the baywide mean grain size of suspended sediments during individual surveys ranged from very fine silt to clay (7.63 to 3.22^phgr), and mean silt/clay ratios were within the 0.68 to 1.38 range; the sediment was consistently poorly sorted. In contrast to suspended-sediment concentrations, which largely appear to be a short term response to recent wind conditions, sediment textures appear to be a longer term response to earlier wind conditions, thus suggesting that finer grained particulate matter has substantial residence time within the shallow water column. End_of_Article - Last_Page 992------------
Carbonaceous aerosols over the Indian Ocean during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX): Chemical characterization, optical properties, and probable sources

components) of fine-mode particles in these layers was 15.3 ± 7.9 m gm � 3 . The major components were particulate organic matter (POM, 35%), SO4� (34%), black carbon (BC, 14%), and NH4 + (11%). The main difference between the composition of the marine boundary layer (MBL, 0 to � 1.2 km), and the overlying residual continental boundary layer (1.2 to � 3.2 km) was a higher abundance of SO4 2� relative to POM in the MBL, probably due to a faster conversion of SO2 into SO4 2� in the MBL. Our results show that carbon is a major, and sometimes dominant, contributor to the aerosol mass and that its contribution increases with altitude. Low variability was observed in the optical properties of the aerosol in the two layers. Regression analysis of the absorption coefficient at 565 nm on BC mass (BC < 4.0 m gCm � 3 ) yielded a specific absorption cross section of 8.1 ± 0.7 m 2 g � 1 for the whole period. The unusually high fraction of BC and the good correlation between the absorption coefficient and BC suggest that BC was responsible for the strong light absorption observed for the polluted layers during INDOEX. High correlation between BC and total carbon (TC) (r 2 = 0.86) suggest that TC is predominantly of primary origin. Good correlations were also found between the scattering coefficient at 550 nm and the estimated aerosol mass for the fine fraction. These yielded a specific scattering cross section of 4.9 ± 0.4 m 2 g � 1 . The observed BC/TC, BC/OC, SO4� /BC, and K + /BC ratios were fairly constant throughout the period. These ratios suggest that between 60 and 80% of the aerosol in the polluted layers during INDOEX originated from fossil fuel and between 20 and 40% from biofuel combustion. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 4801 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Aerosols (0305); KEYWORDS: carbonaceous aerosols; INDOEX; chemical characterization; optical properties; sources; aerosols
New Cretaceous and Early Tertiary paleomagnetic results from Xining‐Lanzhou basin, Kunlun and Qiangtang blocks, China: Implications on the geodynamic evolution of Asia

We present the results of a paleomagnetic study of 360 cores, drilled at three different areas from the Tibetan Plateau: 13 sites from Lower Cretaceous red beds in the Xining-Lanzhou basin, around Xining and Lanzhou cities, southwest of the Qilian mountains (36.2°N, 103.5°E); 13 sites from Cretaceous red beds in the Kunlun block, near Maqin (34.5°N, 100.1°); and 9 sites from Paleocene/lower Eocene red beds in the Qiangtang block, near Fenghuoshan (34.5°N, 92.8°E). Thermal demagnetization of the samples allowed us to isolate a high-temperature component which passes both positive reversal and fold tests for all formations. The corresponding paleopoles lie at 50.3°N, 195.5°E (A95 = 4.6°) for Xining-Lanzhou, 80.1°N, 281.2°E (dp = 7.8°, dm = 12.7°) for Maqin, and 62.6°N, 210.5°E (dp = 3.9°, dm = 6.8°) for Fenghuoshan. We discuss these in the frame of a new paleogeographic reconstruction of the Cretaceous paleoposition of the blocks forming the Asian mosaic. We conclude that the Xining-Lanzhou area could not be part of the North China Block but rather was associated with the Tarim-Qaidam assemblage. Paleomagnetic data argue in favor of a Qaidam-Kunlun-Tarim-Junggar assemblage in the Cretaceous, significantly to the south of its current position with respect to the Asian continent (Siberia, Mongolia and North China). The large N-S convergence (800±500 km) implied since the Cretaceous appears to be far larger than could be absorbed in the Altay range to the north and Qilian Shan to the east (of the order of 300 km). Part of this motion could have occurred along a large left-lateral strike slip fault system, which may connect with the Mongol-Okhotsk suture to the northeast. Verifying this hypothesis will require new geologic and paleomagnetic data from these remote regions.
Monthly Mean Sea-Level Variability Along the West Coast of North America

Abstract Linear statistical estimators are used to examine 29 years of nonseasonal, monthly-mean, tide-gauge sea-level data along the west coast of North America. The objective is exploration of the structure, and causes of nearshore ocean variability over time scales of months to years at 20 stations from Alaska to Mexico. North of San Francisco, 50–60% of the sea-level variability reflects a simple inverse barometric response to local atmospheric pressure. These inverted barometer effects account for only 10–15% of the variance at stations to the south. The dominant signal of inverse-barometer-corrected sea level represents a nearly uniform rise or fall of sea level everywhere along the eastern rim of the North Pacific. The interannual aspects of this large-scale sea-level variability are closely related to El Nino occurrences in the eastern tropical Pacific which appear to propagate poloward with phase speeds of ∼40 cm s−1. Higher frequency aspects of this large-scale sea-level variability appear to re.
Near micron‐sized cirrus cloud particles in high‐resolution infrared spectra: An orographic case study

The high‐resolution spectra of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) provide a global view of small‐ particle‐dominated cirrus clouds, and they exist over much larger spatial extents than seen in previous aircraft campaigns. As shown by simulations using a plane‐parallel scattering radiative transfer (RT) model and realistic ice particle shapes, the shape of the radiance spectra in the atmospheric windows is uniquely influenced by small ice crystals. Minima in the brightness temperature (BT) spectra between 800 to 850 cm−1 are seen for ice particles smaller than 3 μm in the RT simulations and AIRS spectra. A case study of an orographic cirrus cloud observed on October 2, 2002, over the central Andes of South America is presented with spectral BT differences up to 63K between 998 and 811 cm−1.
Subduction-induced strain in the upper mantle east of the Mendocino triple junction, California

We observe splitting of teleseismic shear waves at five stations of the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network located east of the Mendocino triple junction in northeastern California that is dependent on the arrival direction of the seismic phases. The observed variations with back azimuth cannot be explained with laterally varying anisotropy with a horizontal symmetry axis and are attributed to the presence of fabric with an inclined symmetry axis. We assume that the anisotropy is caused by the preferred alignment of olivine crystals. A grid search over possible orientations of the olivine a axes reveals that south of the Mendocino triple junction they dip to the east, whereas north of the triple junction they dip to the northeast. On the basis of a comparison of the ray paths of our data to the spatial distribution of fast and slow P wave velocity anomalies in the upper mantle, we conclude that the anisotropy is located within seismically slow regions and that the directions are controlled by the geometry of a steeply dipping fast P wave velocity anomaly. Assuming that the fast P velocity anomaly represents subducted slab material, we conclude that the fabric beneath the stations north of the triple junction is most likely caused by the differential motion between this rigid, strong down going plate and the surrounding mantle. South of the triple junction the fabric may have developed while subduction of the Farallon plate was still ongoing in this region (prior to 6 Ma). However, we prefer to attribute the observations to more recent asthenospheric flow associated with the opening of a slabless window beneath the North American lithosphere. The flow is modulated by the presence of rigid lithosphere to the north and east.
WATER MASS ANALYSIS OF THE INDONESIAN THROUGHFLOW BY MEANS OF PRINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS

The water masses in both routes of Indonesia Throughflow (ITF) from historical hydrographic data are examined by means of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical technique, during the southeast monsoon and northwest monsoon, and compared with the TS diagrams. The temperature and dissolves oxygen always play in the same PC, which describeds a variability contribution of the water mass characters, while salinity in a different PC. The relationship of the water masses parameters may indicate the character of dissolved oxygen as a non-conservation tracer. The Principle Component Analysis may also be used to follow the trendds of core layer attenuation as verified by the salinity corresponds at the PC. It will be higher with S-max and S-min and more closely resemble the sources. This condition is shown in the waters close to the main sources in the Pacific, like Sulawesi, Malkuku and Halmahera Sea, where both the salinity extrema can still be observed. Conversely, in the Banda and Timor Sea, where S-max and S-min are greatly attenuated even completely remove, the correspondence of salinity in the water mass character variability becomes smaller. As seen on TS and TO diagrams, PCA graphics are also showed the dominant of the north Pacific water in the western route seas, the Sulawesi, Makasar Strait and the Florest Sea, but relatively salty water of South Pacific origin is observed in the Halmahera Sea, particularly in the northwest monsoon. The strong seasonal variablity of surface water in the Indonesian can also be observed in the PCA graphics. Keywords: Water Mass, Indonesian Throughflow, PCA.
Permeability reductions induced by sorption of surfactant

Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) is an attractive alternative to traditional pump and treat methods for remediating aquifers contaminated with nonaqueous phase liquids. However, initial studies indicate that the application of surfactant can reduce aquifer permeability by more than an order of magnitude, limiting the efficiency of SEAR. A series of column experiments using mixtures of medium sand and montmorillonite clay demonstrate that existing permeability reduction models for biofouling and deep‐bed filtration poorly predict surfactant induced permeability reductions. An alternative permeability reduction model is proposed which is based on the assumption that the sorbed surfactant effectively increases the volume fraction of the clay. The model is shown to reasonably predict observed permeability reductions, particularly for clay fractions less than 20%. A numerical simulation of surfactant transport that incorporates the effective clay fraction model demonstrates that induced permeability reductions significantly influence the transport of surfactant through an aquifer.
Tightening SOCP relaxation of AC Optimal Power Flow with Linearized Arc-tangent Constraints

Due to the absence of arc-tangent constraints, Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP) relaxation of AC Optimal Power Flow (ACOPF) does not provide a tighter solution as compared to Semi-definite Programming (SDP) relaxation for meshed networks. In order to tighten the SOCP relaxation of ACOPF, this paper presents a SOCP-based convex formulation of ACOPF with linearized arc-tangent constraints, which provides a feasible solution and a tight bound on the objective of the exact ACOPF formulation. Also, the proposed model is scalable to large transmission networks and is computationally efficient. Numeric results on various NESTA test cases (up to 2869peagase system) demonstrate the proposed formulation’s tightness, computational efficiency, and scalability to large meshed transmission networks.
Modelling in support of an interdisciplinary approach to ecosystem restitution

Modelling in support of an interdisciplinary approach to ecosystem restitution This paper reports on a study being undertaken to analyze the potential effects of rewetting when undertaken for the restitution of the catchment ecosystem of the Grote Nete catchment. In bringing together the expertise of both ecological and hydrological modelers, this study aims at ensuring that the science being performed is immediately relevant from both the environmental management and the socio-political perspectives. Like many European catchments, Grote Nete has been experiencing an increase in extreme hydrological events. In addition, there has been a decline in the ecological value of the catchment ecosystem. The problem is considered to be a conflict of interests arising between urban/agricultural and nature conservation needs. Rewetting has been considered as a possible intervention to reverse these trends. However, a shortcoming with rewetting is that the hydrological consequences remain largely unknown. A numerical model has been developed to study these potential effects. A land use model, SPAN was developed and coupled to a physically-based, fully distributed model (MIKE SHE) to complete an ecohydrological model. The paper describes the development of the model. Wykorzystanie modelowania wielodyscyplinarnym podejściu do resytytucji ekosystemów Artykuł przedstawia badania przedsięwzięte w celu analizy wpływu zwiększenia wilgotności na potencjalne efekty odtworzenia ekosystemu zlewniowego rzeki Grote Nete. Gromadząc razem w jednym miejscu wiedzę ekspercką oraz doświadczenia twórców i użytkowników, zarówno modeli ekologicznych, jak i hydrologicznych, celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie, iż zintegrowane badania naukowe są niezwykle istotne z punktu widzenia gospodarowania środowiskiem, jak i perspektywy społeczno-politycznej. Taka jak wiele innych europejskich zlewni, rzeka Grote Nete doświadcza w ostatnim okresie wzrastającej liczby ekstremalnych zjawisk hydrologicznych. Dodatkowo, wartość ekologiczna ekosystemu tej zlewni również systematycznie maleje. Jest to przyczyną pojawiania się problemów związanych z narastającym konfliktem interesów pomiędzy potrzebami rolniczo-urbanizacyjnymi a potrzebami ochrony przyrody. Zwiększenie wilgotności rozważane jest jako jedno z możliwych działań, które może przyczynić się do zatrzymania czy wręcz odwrócenia procesu degradacji ekosystemu zlewni. Jednakże pewnym ograniczeniem związanym ze zwiększeniem wilgotności jest to, iż jego konsekwencje hydrologiczne pozostają w dużym stopniu niewiadome. Model numeryczny został opracowany w celu poznania i oceny potencjalnych efektów procesu zwiększenia wilgotności w zlewni. Stworzony model SPAN, opisujący sposoby użytkowania ziemi na obszarze zlewni, został połączony z modelem fizycznym o parametrach rozłożonych (MIKE SHE) w kompletny model ekohydrologiczny. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje proces opracowywania tego kompleksowego modelu wraz z wynikami jego kalibracji i weryfikacji dla zlewni Grote Nete.