Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Currents and transports of the Monsoon Current south of Sri Lanka

The zonal monsoon circulation south of India/Sri Lanka is a crucial link for the exchange between the northeastern and the northwestern Indian Ocean. The first direct measurements from moored stations and shipboard profiling on the seasonal and shorter-period variability of this flow are presented here. Of the three moorings deployed from January 1991 to February 1992 along 80°30′E between 4°11′N and 5°39′N, the outer two were equipped with upward looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) at 260-m depth. The moored and shipboard ADCP measurements revealed a very shallow structure of the near-surface flow, which was mostly confined to the top 100 m and required extrapolation of moored current shears toward the surface for transport calculations. During the winter monsoon, the westward flowing Northeast Monsoon Current (NMC) carried a mean transport of about 12 Sv in early 1991 and 10 Sv in early 1992. During the summer monsoon, transports in the eastward Southwest Monsoon Current (SMC) were about 8 Sv for the region north of 3°45′N, but the current might have extended further south, to 2°N, which would increase the total SMC transport to about 15 Sv. The circulation during the summer was sometimes found to be more complicated, with the SMC occasionally being separated from the Sri Lankan coast by a band of westward flowing low-salinity water originating in the Bay of Bengal. The annual-mean flow past Sri Lanka was weakly westward with a transport of only 2–3 Sv. Using seasonal-mean ship drift currents for surface values in the transport calculations yielded rather similar results to upward extrapolation of the moored profiles. The observations are compared with output of recent numerical models of the Indian Ocean circulation, which generally show the origin of the zonal flow past India/Sri Lanka to be at low latitudes and driven by the large-scale tropical wind field. Superimposed on this zonal circulation is local communication along the coast between the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
Levelable Sets and the Algebraic Structure of Parameterizations

Asking which sets are fixed-parameter tractable for a given parameterization constitutes much of the current research in parameterized complexity theory. This approach faces some of the core difficulties in complexity theory. By focussing instead on the parameterizations that make a given set fixed-parameter tractable, we circumvent these difficulties. We isolate parameterizations as independent measures of complexity and study their underlying algebraic structure. Thus we are able to compare parameterizations, which establishes a hierarchy of complexity that is much stronger than that present in typical parameterized algorithms races. Among other results, we find that no practically fixed-parameter tractable sets have optimal parameterizations.
Na-biotite in Dalradian pelitic schists, Angus

Synopsis Na-biotites have been found within pelitic schists in lower amphibolite facies Dalradian metasediments. These micas are optically very similar to normal K-biotites which they partially replace, although the Na-biotites do contain a more prominent 001 cleavage. The formation of the Na-biotites is linked to the local infiltration of a Na-rich fluid during retrogression and was dependent on late deformation opening fluid pathways within existing biotite porphyroblasts. Micas of such unusual compositions (up to 3 wt% Na2O) have not previously been reported from pelitic rocks.
On the Robustness of the Backdoor-based Watermarking in Deep Neural Networks

Obtaining the state of the art performance of deep learning models imposes a high cost to model generators, due to the tedious data preparation and the substantial processing requirements. To protect the model from unauthorized re-distribution, watermarking approaches have been introduced in the past couple of years. The watermark allows the legitimate owner to detect copyright violations of their model. We investigate the robustness and reliability of state-of-the-art deep neural network watermarking schemes. We focus on backdoor-based watermarking and show that an adversary can remove the watermark fully by just relying on public data and without any access to the model's sensitive information such as the training data set, the trigger set or the model parameters. We as well prove the security inadequacy of the backdoor-based watermarking in keeping the watermark hidden by proposing an attack that detects whether a model contains a watermark.
Challenging deep-sea cosmopolitanism: taxonomic re-evaluation and biogeography of ‘Cythere dasyderma Brady, 1880’ (Ostracoda)

Cythere dasyderma Brady, 1880 was described from samples collected from all the world’s oceans during the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s. Subsequently, Cythere dasyderma (or Echinocythereis dasyderma, or Henryhowella dasyderma) has been recorded from the Late Eocene to Recent, from Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific and Southern oceans, and from intertidal to deep abyssal environments. However, even cursory inspection of illustrations from over 50 publications shows that several species have been included in ‘Cythere dasyderma’. Here, all syntypes of Cythere dasyderma Brady, 1880 archived in the Natural History Museum, London have been re-studied. This species is re-described, re-diagnosed and illustrated with scanning electron microscope images. Cythere dasyderma is assigned to Ayressoleberis gen. nov., which is described here. The geographical distribution of Ayressoleberis dasyderma (Brady, 1880) comb. nov. is no longer cosmopolitan, and includes only the type locality in the abyssal southeastern Pacific. Most of the specimens previously identified as Cythere dasyderma, or its synonyms, belong to other trachyleberidid genera (e.g. Henryhowella, Legitimocythere, Pennyella) and not to Ayressoleberis dasyderma comb. nov. A new species of Ayressoleberis, very similar to Ayressoleberis dasyderma comb. nov., is described and illustrated from specimens previously included amongst the syntypes of ‘Cythere acanthoderma Brady, 1880’. These latter specimens were collected from the continental slope of the southwestern Indian Ocean. This new species is left in open nomenclature herein because only two left valves are currently available. Supplementary Material: Previous records of Cythere dasyderma sensu lato, and, material included and excluded from the type series of Ayressoleberis dasyderma with corrected identifications are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18572
Data-centric computing with the Netezza architecture.

While relational databases have become critically important in business applications and web services, they have played a relatively minor role in scientific computing, which has generally been concerned with modeling and simulation activities. However, massively parallel database architectures are beginning to offer the ability to quickly search through terabytes of data with hundred-fold or even thousand-fold speedup over server-based architectures. These new machines may enable an entirely new class of algorithms for scientific applications, especially when the fundamental computation involves searching through abstract graphs. Three examples are examined and results are reported for implementations on a novel, massively parallel database computer, which enabled very high performance. Promising results from (1) computation of bibliographic couplings, (2) graph searches for sub-circuit motifs within integrated circuit netlists, and (3) a new approach to word sense disambiguation in natural language processing, all suggest that the computational science community might be able to make good use of these new database machines.
Excitation of surface waves by the underground nuclear explosion long shot

The underground nuclear explosion Long Shot, detonated beneath Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Island chain on October 29, 1965, generated surface waves equivalent to those of an earthquake of surface wave magnitude MS = 3.9. The body wave magnitude for this event is mb = 6.1. Comparison with earthquakes from the same geographical and tectonic region, as well as comparison with the MS versus mb relationship of Gutenberg and Richter, indicates that the surface wave generation by Long Shot was significantly less than that of earthquakes of comparable body wave magnitudes. Since the body waves from Long Shot also contain less long-period energy relative to the earthquakes, we conclude that Long Shot did not efficiently excite the long-period part of the seismic wave spectrum. This result is in agreement with previous studies of underground nuclear explosions.
Stochastic Bayesian inversion of borehole self-potential measurements

We propose a mechanistic model to compute and to invert self-potential log data in sedimentary basins and for near-surface geophysical applications. The framework of our analysis is founded in a unified electrical conductivity and self-potential petrophysical model. This model is based on an explicit dependence of these properties on porosity, water saturation, temperature, brine salinity, cementation and saturation (Archie) exponents and the volumetric charge density per unit pore volume associated with the clay fraction. This model is consistent with empirical laws widely used to interpret self-potential logs according to the two limiting cases corresponding to a clean sand and a pure shale. We present a finite element calculation of the self-potential signal produced by sand reservoirs interstratified with shale layers. For layered strata normal to the well, we demonstrate that the 3-D Poisson equation governing the occurrence of self-potentials in a borehole can be simplified to a 2-D axisymmetric partial differential equation solved at each depth providing a common self-potential reference can be defined between these different depths. This simplification is very accurate as long as the vertical salinity gradients are not too strong over distances corresponding to the borehole diameter. The inversion of borehole data (self-potential, resistivity and density well logs, incorporating information derived from neutron porosity and gamma-ray log data) is performed with the Adaptive Metropolis Algorithm (AMA). We start by formulating an approximate analytical solution for the six model parameters (water saturation, porosity, the two Archie's exponents, the pore water conductivity and the volumetric charge density of the diffuse layer). This solution is used for the AMA algorithm to converge in less than 60 iterations at each depth for the real case study. The posterior probability distributions are computed using 50-60 additional realizations. Our approach is applied to a case study concerning a small sedimentary sequence in the Piceance Basin, Colorado, in a series of tight gas reservoirs.
The solar cycle variation of ozone in the stratosphere inferred from Nimbus 7 and NOAA 11 satellites

The combined Nimbus 7 solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) and NOAA 11 SBUV/2 ozone data, covering a period of more than a solar cycle (about 15 years), are used to study the UV response of ozone in the stratosphere. The study shows that about 2% change in total column ozone and about 5-7% change in ozone mixing ratio in the upper stratosphere (0.7 to 2 hPa) may be attributed to the change in the solar UV flux over a solar cycle. In the upper stratosphere, where photochemical processes are expected to play a major role, the measured solar cycle variation of ozone is significantly larger than inferred either from the photochemical models or from the ozone response to the 27-day solar UV modulation. For example, the observed solar cycle related change in ozone mixing ratio at 2 hPa is about 1% for 1% change in the solar UV flux near 200 nm. The inferred change in ozone from either the photochemical models or from the 27-day ozone-UV response is about a factor of 2-3 lower than this value.
New interfaces for musical expression

The rapid evolution of electronics, digital media, advanced materials, and other areas of technology, is opening up unprecedented opportunities for musical interface inventors and designers. The possibilities afforded by these new technologies carry with them the challenges of a complex and often confusing array of choices for musical composers and performers. New musical technologies are at least partly responsible for the current explosion of new musical forms, some of which are controversial and challenge traditional definitions of music. Alternative musical controllers, currently the leading edge of the ongoing dialogue between technology and musical culture, involve many of the issues covered at past CHI meetings. This workshop brings together interface experts interested in musical controllers and musicians and composers involved in the development of new musical interfaces.
A Polarizable Water Potential Derived from a Model Electron Density

A new empirical potential for efficient, large scale molecular dynamics simulation of water is presented. The HIPPO (Hydrogen-like Intermolecular Polarizable POtential) force field is based upon the model electron density of a hydrogen-like atom. This framework is used to derive and parameterize individual terms describing charge penetration damped permanent electrostatics, damped polarization, charge transfer, anisotropic Pauli repulsion, and damped dispersion interactions. Initial parameter values were fit to Symmetry Adapted Perturbation Theory (SAPT) energy components for ten water dimer configurations, as well as the radial and angular dependence of the canonical dimer. The SAPT-based parameters were then systematically refined to extend the treatment to water bulk phases. The final HIPPO water model provides a balanced representation of a wide variety of properties of gas phase clusters, liquid water and ice polymorphs, across a range of temperatures and pressures. This water potential yields a rationalization of water structure, dynamics and thermodynamics explicitly correlated with an ab initio energy decomposition, while providing a level of accuracy comparable or superior to previous polarizable atomic multipole force fields. The HIPPO water model serves as a cornerstone around which similarly detailed physics-based models can be developed for additional molecular species.
Observatories

I give a brief history of astronomical observatories as an institution. This includes: 1) observatories in Islam; 2) China and India; 3) early European observatories; 4) the rise of national observatories; 5) private (amateur) observatories; 6) mountaintop observatories and the modern era. Additional references, to material not cited in the version that will be published in the encyclopedia, are also given.
Stochastic Modeling of Unsaturated Flow in Heterogeneous Soils with Water Uptake by Plant Roots: The Parallel Columns Model

The effects of spatial variations in soil hydraulic properties and in water uptake by plant roots on the spatial distribution of matric potential (ψ) and saturation (S) were investigated. A stochastic-analytic model for one-dimensional steady state unsaturated flow including water uptake by plant roots was developed and tested. The model is based on the small-perturbation approximation in two soil parameters characterizing the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention, and a plantrooting depth parameter. The soil is considered as made of decoupled soil columns with different properties. The model provides closed-form expressions for the spatial moments of soil water matric potential and saturation using statistical information on the soil properties and plant attributes as input. The proposed model favorably compared with Monte Carlo simulations using synthetically generated random fields of soil properties and plant-rooting depth. The results indicate that (1) there is a region above the water table where the variances of ψ and S undergo a sharp decrease from their stationary values to zero at the water table; (2) for a small enough steady surface flux this transitional region can occupy the entire unsaturated zone; (3) water uptake by plant roots skews both the means and the variance profiles of ψ and S such that they may never attain stationarity; and (4) the saturation variance profile is extremely sensitive to variations in ψ due to the nonlinear relationship between ψ and S.
Database Management: The Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Consortium Prototype

Interest in regional anesthesia in neonates, infants and children has increased since the 1980s when the myth that these patients do not experience pain or benefit from therapies designed to treat their pain was dispelled. Regional blocks, originally performed only in a few select centers, are now becoming common practice in many different anesthesia departments throughout the United States and the world. Thus, regional anesthesia is now a well established modality within the field of pediatric anesthesia, primarily designed to provide postoperative pain management and not intra-operative anesthesia (1).
Cobordism Effects in the Regge Calculus Approach to Quantum Cosmology

We study the ground state wave function for a universe which is topologically a lens space within the Regge calculus approach. By restricting the four dimensional simplicial complex to be a cone over the boundary lens space, described by a single internal edge length, and a single boundary edge length, one can analyze in detail the analytic properties of the action in the space of complex edge lengths. The classical extrema and convergent steepest descent contours of integration yielding the wave function are found. Both the Hartle-Hawking and Linde-Vilenkin type proposals are examined and, in all cases, we find wave functions which predict Lorentzian oscillatory behaviour in the late universe. A factorization property of topology changing amplitudes within a restricted edge length class of cone type complexes is established. The behaviour of the results under subdivision of the boundary universe is also presented. Supported by Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) Email: Dannyb@phys.uva. nl
Effect of metal stress on the thermal infrared emission of soybeans: A greenhouse experiment: Possible utility in remote sensing

Manganese-sensitive forest and manganese-tolerant lee soybean cultivars were subjected to differential manganese stress in loring soil in a greenhouse experiment. Leaf temperature measurements were made using thermistors for forest and lee. Manganese-stressed plants had higher leaf temperatures than control plants in both forest and lee. Results of this experiment have potential applications in metal stress detection using remote sensing thermal infrared data over large areas of vegetation. This technique can be useful in reconnaissance mineral exploration in densely-vegetated regions where conventional ground-based methods are of little help.
Stress-Strain Relationship of Frozen Sand as a Composite Geomaterial

ABSTRACT The present paper aims at developing a simplified model for a stress-strain relationship at small strains up to an initial yielding of homogeneous saturated frozen sand. The modelling of elastic moduli for an ice-sand mixture as a composite geomaterial is first introduced based on previous studies, where a saturated frozen sand is treated as the ice- sand mixture. The applicability of modelling the elastic moduli under constant temperature is then discussed from the theoretical and experimental points of view. In addition, the hyperbolic stress-strain modelling of saturated frozen sand at small strain is presented. The effect of the volume fraction of sand, stiffness of sand inclusion and temperature changes on the elastic moduli and the stress-strain behaviour up to about 1-2% axial strain, which is defined as an upper yield stress, are investigated through the model, whose applicability is verified in comparison with the experimental data.
Quantum State Reduction by a Physical Interaction Between the States and its Perspective for Biology

A phenomenological model for the calculation of reduction probabilities of a superposition of several states is presented, which bases only the idea that quantum state reduction has its origin in a physical interaction between the states. The model is explicitly worked out for the hypothesis of gravity-induced quantum state reduction. It agrees for typical quantum mechanical experiments with the projection postulate and predicts regimes in which other behaviour could be observed. For verification a feasible quantum-optical experiment is proposed. An outlook on the possible role of state reduction for biology is given by exemplarily discussing mutation effects of bacteria.
Punctuated Deep-Water Channel Migration: High-Resolution Subsurface Data from the Lucia Chica Channel System, Offshore California, U.S.A.—Discussion

Utilizing ultra-high-resolution 2D seismic data, Maier et al. (2012) interpreted that punctuated (also called abrupt and discrete by earlier workers, e.g., Kolla et al. 2007) migrations led to increased sinuosities of one of the slope channels (their Channel 2) of the Lucia Chica channel system, offshore California. I argue here that the data, as presented in Maier et al. (2012) figure 2B and C, show gradual, more continuous pulses of lateral migrations within Channel 2 after or before each of some punctuated migrations. These gradual migrations, in addition to the punctuated ones, may have thus caused increased sinuosities in at least one loop of Channel 2. My interpretation, based on a portion of a chirp line, given by Maier et al. (2012) in their figure 2B (reproduced here in Fig. 1A), is shown in Figure 1B. This line is chosen because of its convenient size and scale, and the interpretation made on it can be compared to that presented in detail by Maier et al. (2012) in their figure 2C. These authors selected this line as their main illustrative example to show evidence in support of their conclusions. The solid red lines of reflection tracings, shown in Figure 1B here, are largely similar to the solid red lines of reflection tracings of Maier et al. (2012) in their figure 2C. The dashed lines shown in Figure 1B here are not as certain as the solid lines, but they are drawn to reinforce my interpretations based on solid line tracings. Several broad clusters of reflections (A, B + C, D + E in Fig. 1B), comprising channel innerbank–overbank events, are distinguished here. Similar clusters of reflections are discernible in figure 2C of Maier et al. (2012), although they did not formally make such an …
Equation of state of Al‐bearing perovskite to lower mantle pressure conditions

Al2O3 is estimated to total 4 to 5 mol% in all mantle compositional models, and is believed to be incorporated into (Mg,Fe)SiO3‐perovskite at lower mantle conditions. Using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, we have measured the 300 K equation of state of a perovskite with XAl=Al/(Al+Mg+Si)=. 077, up to 32 GPa. A least squares refinement of two independent data sets yields the following equation of state parameters V0=163.52(3) Å³, K0=229(4) GPa, and K0=2.5(4). These values allow us to assess the most probable substitution mechanism for aluminium into perovskite at pressure conditions of the shallow lower mantle. Al3+ is likely to be incorporated in place of Si4+ in the octahedral site of perovskite, hence requiring the creation of oxygen vacancies for charge balance. As a consequence, aluminous perovskites may have a high affinity for water. The enhanced compressibility of aluminous perovskite certainly has also strong geophysical and geochemical implications, as it may revive perovskite‐rich lower mantle models.