Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The response of a basin‐scale Miocene barrier reef system to long‐term, strong subsidence on a passive continental margin, Barcoo Sub‐basin, Australian North West Shelf

The Miocene sedimentary succession of the southern Browse Basin records the response of a tropical reef system to long‐term, strong subsidence on a passive continental margin. Geological interpretation of a comprehensive two‐dimensional (2D) seismic reflectivity data set documents for the first time the development of a continuous Miocene barrier reef on the Australian North West Shelf. With a length of over 250 km, this barrier reef is among the Earth's largest in the Neogene record. A sequence stratigraphic analysis tied to well data shows that the main controls for the evolution, growth and demise of the reef system were subsidence, third‐order global‐scale eustatic variations and antecedent topography. The generally very high Miocene subsidence rates estimated for the study area cannot be explained by typical passive‐margin subsidence controlled by lithospheric cooling and sedimentary loading alone. Additional dynamic subsidence induced by mantle convection, though documented as unusually large on the northern margin of Australia during the Neogene, can be also regarded as being of only minor importance. Therefore, accelerated tectonic subsidence related to the collision of the Australian and Eurasian Plates 250–500 km north of the study area seems to exert an important influence on reef development and demise, complicated by local tectonic inversion. The Miocene tectonic reactivation and inversion of an older structural grain is interpreted to have controlled the reef development considerably by providing localized topographic highs along transpressional anticlines above basement‐rooted faults that served as preferential sites for reef growth and retreat during times of rapidly rising sea level. This exemplarily shows that the far‐field effects of collision‐induced tectonic subsidence can significantly influence carbonate systems on passive margins.
A vertical profile of turbulence in the Atlantic air mass measured by balloon‐borne radiosondes

While site testing for the establishment of a new solar observatory, measurements of the microthermal turbulence as a function of the height were performed over the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands). These measurements were carried out with balloon-borne radiosondes to obtain the vertical profile of the parameters CT2 and Cn2 in order to compute, by means of theory of atmospheric optics, the optical quality of the air mass over the site.
Currency Derivatives under a Minimal Market Model with Random Scaling

This paper uses an alternative, parsimonious stochastic volatility model to describe the dynamics of a currency market for the pricing and hedging of derivatives. Time transformed squared Bessel processes are the basic driving factors of the minimal market model. The time transformation is characterized by a random scaling, which provides for realistic exchange rate dynamics. The pricing of standard European options is studied. In particular, it is shown that the model produces implied volatility surfaces that are typically observed in real markets.
Reducing Diesel Emissions, Improving Air Quality, and Promoting Environmental Justice in Southwest Detroit

This Case Study Analysis examines how a community-based organization (WOEIP) and an academic institute (Pacific Institute) collaborated to study a community-identified issue (diesel traffic in West Oakland) and then worked with other stakeholders to use their study findings and residents’ experiences to advocate for policy change. Community Background: West Oakland is a predominantly African American and Latino community of about 22,000 people. The community contains thousands of moving and stationary sources of diesel pollution and residents have long experienced disproportionate exposures to diesel exhaust and air pollutants. Trucks and buses on the surrounding freeways and container trucks moving through the neighborhood to and from the Port of Oakland expose this community to large volumes of traffic related pollution. Among the greatest concerns to residents of West Oakland is the role of these pollutants in exacerbating asthma and related respiratory conditions in children and families.
MODELAGEM DE UM SISTEMA DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO COM GERAÇÃO, UTILIZANDO ALGORITMO GENÉTICO

: Electromechanical transient studies analyze the ability of a given power system to reach a new equilibrium point after a disturbance. Traditionally, power system loads are the greatest source of imprecision, depending on its composition of energy consuming equipment that are connected or disconnected from the system throughout the day, week and year. For transmission utilities, the distribution systems represent the loads to be fed. However, details of the topology of distribution systems, where some of them have distributed generation, are often not available or are not updated in the database of transmission companies interested in obtaining accurate results of electromechanical transient simulations. This article presents a methodology for obtaining load models based on measurements, which estimates load equivalents for dynamic simulations of the operation of the national interconnected system. The methodology is valid for systems with and without distributed generation and requires data recorded at the common coupling point between transmission and distribution companies. representam as cargas a serem atendidas. Entretanto, os detalhes da topologia dos sistemas de distribuição, onde alguns deles possuem geração distribuída, frequentemente não estão disponíveis ou não estão atualizados no banco de dados de empresas de transmissão interessadas em obter resultados precisos de simulações de transitórios eletromecânicos. O presente artigo apresenta uma metodologia para obtenção de modelos de cargas baseados em medições, que estima equivalentes de cargas para simulações dinâmicas da operação do sistema interligado nacional. A metodologia é válida para sistemas com e sem geração distribuída e necessita de dados registrados no ponto de acoplamento comum entre as empresas de transmissão e de distribuição.
An Isotopic Study (2H and 18O) of Water Movements in Clayey Soils Under a Semiarid Climate

We applied the natural variations of stable isotopes in water to the study of infiltration in clayey soils and to the study of groundwater recharge in the small drainage basin of Barogo in West Africa. The comparison between the variations in isotopic contents of soil water and rainwater in 1988 and 1989 led us to characterize two infiltration processes: (1) an infiltration through the soil matrix of rainwater that mixed with mobile water which was held in the superficial part of the soil and was enriched in heavy isotopes by evaporation and (2) a fast and deeper infiltration by preferential flow along macropores that bypassed the superficial part of the soil. The study of the variations in groundwater isotopic content led us again to separate the recharge process into two components: (1) a slow infiltration through the soil matrix and the weathered basement (distributed recharge) and (2) a fast and direct recharge through conducting fissured zones (localized recharge). A schematic and local representation of groundwater recharge in the Barogo basin allowed us to estimate that direct recharge represented around 70% of the total recharge in 1989.
Relation of the spectroscopic reflectance of olivine to mineral chemistry and some remote sensing implications

Using high-resolution visible and near-infrared diffuse spectral reflectance, we have systematically investigated apparent wavelength shifts as a function of mineral chemistry in the Fe/Mg olivine series from Fo11 to Fo91. The study also shows that trace amounts of nickel can be spectrally detected in the olivine structure. We show that significant compositional information can only be extracted at relatively high resolution, because the overall spectral characteristics of the olivines change only subtly as a function of the Fe/Mg ratio. Significant spectral variation as a function of grain size is also demonstrated, adding a further complication to the interpretation of remotely sensed data from olivine-rich surfaces. This laboratory study is expected to aid in the interpretation of remotely sensed data from both terrestrial and extraterrestrial bodies. Terrestrial applications may include the recognition of ultramafic, ultrabasic, and basaltic terrains which in themselves may have mineral potential. Among extraterrestrial applications, the asteroids are obvious candidates for further examination if instrumentation can provide the necessary wavelength coverage, resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio so that spectra can be compared to those laboratory data discussed here. Some permutations of Fe-Mg-Ni relations in olivines are discussed as they apply to the interpretation of asteroid surfaces and other extraterrestrial bodies.
Seismic Discrimination of Subsurface Stratigraphy Using Wavelet Transform

Computation of pseudo-log attribute section similar to sedimentary section from seismic data facilitates prediction of reservoir seals, distribution of over-pressured intervals and zones, and avenues for hydrocarbon migration. Classic stratigraphic analysis involves interpretation of sedimentation models, measured well-log sections and cross sections, multivariant analysis, etc. These methods perform poorly under limitation in number of models, complex phenomena of noise, attenuation, gentle and gradual rather than rapid variations in lithology, other aberrations in seismic data and imprecise calibration and windowing problems in certain spectral techniques. In this paper, a new method and algorithm developed for computing spectral pseudo-maps using the Discrete Wavelet Transform in the interpretation of 3-D seismic data obtained from Niger Delta is discussed. The algorithm adopts the Discrete Wavelet Transform, Fast Fourier Transform convolution techniques and amplitude-velocity relations, and it is implementable on standard and general seismic interpretational platforms. It directly computes spectral pseudo-sections and maps of amplitude-derived interval velocity, and those of its derivatives like acoustic impedance, resistivity, porosity and density along an arbitrary seismic line connecting all six wells in survey for thin bed (16ms, 65 ft) analysis, and it is extendable to 3D. The spectral pseudo- sections and maps obtained highlight regions of constant attributes, directly revealing distinct sequence boundaries, depositional patterns and lithofacies compartments. Both the possibilities, like identification of detailed stratigraphy in wavelet domain, in any zone of interest in the pseudo-sections by zooming-in, and sources of errors which are within tolerance limits are discussed and plotted. The main results here are the possibility of such computation for a thin bed reservoir, and the recognition of hydrocarbon fairways with high probability of successful exploration and development.
Offneria arabicanov. sp. (rudiste, Caprinidae) de l'Aptien inférieur du Jebel Madar (Sultanat d'Oman)

Resume Offneria arabica nov. sp. (rudiste, Caprinidae) est caracterise par la simplicite de l'architecture de la valve superieure, bien exprimee par la forme subrectangulaire des canaux ou les planchers sont relativement rares, et le faible developpement des tabulae. La valve inferieure est beacoup plus complexe, ce qui traduit un taux d'evolution differencie des deux valves. L'espece a ete) trouvee dans l'Aptien inferieur (Formation Shuaiba) du Jebel Madar, dans l'avant pays des nappes des Montagnes d'Oman. Son organisation la rattache au groupe des formes arabo-africaines. A cote de ses caracteres evolutifs, elle est interessante par son potentiel biostratigraphique et paleobiologeographique.
Geoscience Initiative Develops Sustainable Science in Africa

[Extract] AfricaArray(http://www.AfricaArray.org) is a 20-year initiative in the geosciences to meet the African Union’s New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) requirements for continent-wide cooperation in human resources development and capacity building. The name AfricaArray refers to arrays of scientists working on linked projects across the continent, arrays of shared training programs and recording stations, and, above all, a shared vision that Africa will retain capacity in an array of technical and scientific fields vital to its sustainable development. AfricaArray officially launched in January 2005 and, with support from many public and private partners, has become multifaceted, promoting a broad range of educational and research activities and supporting a multiuser sensor network (Figure 1). Though fostering geophysics education and research in South Africa was its initial focus, AfricaArray has expanded to 17 countries and is now branching out into all areas of the geosciences (Earth, atmosphere, and space).
Indian Ocean Climate and Dipole Variability in Hadley Centre Coupled GCMs

Abstract Prediction of Indian Ocean interannual variability may be limited by the systematic biases in coupled GCMs or by a lack of resolution of the processes involved. In particular, little is known about the impact of ocean resolution on simulated climate variability. The simulation of Indian Ocean climate and dipole is investigated in Hadley Centre coupled models with different horizontal and vertical ocean resolutions. The mean state of the Indian Ocean is found to improve only slightly when horizontal resolution is increased from 1.25° to ⅓° and when vertical resolution is increased from 20 to 40 vertical levels due to a small reduction of the Maritime Continent warm bias. However, improvements in the simulation of the dipole are more substantial. All versions of the model realistically simulate dipole onset between April and June, peak in September to October, and then rapidly decay between October and January. The SST anomalies are accompanied by realistic equatorial easterly wind anomalies with t.
On the Parameterization of Diapycnal Fluxes due to Double-Diffusive Intrusions

Abstract An attempt is made to Parameterized the large-Scale average diapycnal (cross-isopycnal) mixing that presumably occurs in the thermohaline fronts that develop when large-scale epipycnal (along-isopycnal) gradients of T and S are stirred along isopycnals by mesoscale eddies. It is assumed that double-diffusive intrusions develop at the fronts and that their thickness is given by the formula of Ruddick and Turner (1979). This, combined with a crude estimate of the frontal width and a very over-simplified model of the eddy field, leads to a formula for the average diapycnal diffusivity for salt or some neutral tracer, and suggests that the mechanism is important in weakly stratified water with a large epipycnal gradient of salinity. The diapycnal eddy diffusivities for temperature is negative for a stably stratified temperature field. However, the opposite signs of the diapycnal diffusivities for salt and heat are unlikely to lead to observable consequences on account of the dominance, in duxes acros.
Permeabilities, interfacial areas and curvatures of partially molten systems: Results of numerical computations of equilibrium microstructures

The general mathematical constraints for thermomechanical equilibrium of partial melts under hydrostatic or nearly hydrostatic stress conditions are well known. However, melt phase geometries under equilibrium conditions have previously been understood only qualitatively. Because of its importance in determining bulk physical and chemical properties of partially molten regions of the crust and the mantle, we have computed the geometries of the liquid phase for a range of melt fractions and dihedral angles. We describe here a theoretical interfacial topology model and its associated calculational algorithms which yield numerically precise equilibrium solid-liquid interfacial surfaces where the only constraints imposed on the system are constant mean curvature and constant wetting angle in accordance with equilibrium. The calculated geometries are used to determine the permeability of partial melts to fluid flow, interfacial areas, surface energy, minimum channel cross section, surface mean curvature, and maximum trappable melt fraction for melt fractions up to 5% and wetting angles between 20° and 80°. For wetting angles less than 60° the melt is distributed in an interconnected network of channels along the grain edges, and therefore melt mobilization is possible as soon as melt forms. For wetting angles greater than 60° the melt phase will be distributed in isolated pockets at the grain corners if the melt fraction is less than a critical value, whereas an interconnected network of melt channels will be established if the critical melt fraction is exceeded. Wetting angle exerts a first-order control on the permeability of partially molten systems through its effect on the connectivity of the melt phase. Once a connected melt phase has formed, the permeability is only mildly sensitive to wetting angle.
Interannual variations of tropical cyclone size over the western North Pacific

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the interannual variations of tropical cyclone (TC) size, defined as the average radius of 15 m s−1 surface winds, over the western North Pacific from 1999 to 2002. The wind data are from QuikSCAT. The average TC size is found to increase from 1999 to 2002, with the TC sizes in 1999 and 2000 being significantly smaller than those in both 2001 and 2002. Differences in the environmental flow patterns associated with the tracks and formation positions of the TCs among these years apparently explain such size changes. Since 1999 and 2000 were La Niña years, TCs in these two years formed more westward with fewer recurvers so that they tended to be smaller. On the other hand, with 2002 being an El Niño year, TCs formed further eastward with more recurvers, and thus tended to be larger.
Effect of Cenozoic ice sheet fluctuations in Antarctica on the stratigraphic signature of the Neogene

Stratigraphic successions from the Gulf of Mexico-offshore Alabama, northeast Java-Indonesia, Ross Sea-Antarctica, and several other continental margins have been examined. All are characterized by very similar Neogene stratal geometries. In seismic profiles and well log cross sections from these areas, a large, mid-Oligocene (i.e., latest Early Oligocene-earliest Late Oligocene), basinward shift in coastal onlap is followed by a major early Miocene transgression and aggradation, which is in turn followed by early middle Miocene transgressions and late middle and late Miocene progradational episodes. The succession culminates in Plio-Pleistocene high-frequency progradations and transgressions. The interregional character of the Neogene stratal signature and its similarity to the stratal geometry found in seismic data from the Ross Sea continental shelf (Antarctica) suggest that the Neogene stratal signature is a manifestation of glacioeustatic fluctuations. A review of the literature and an analysis of recently acquired and published data indicate that the first major ice sheet grounding event in the Ross Sea occurred during middle to late Oligoce time. The Ross Sea is the repository for ice flowing from a major portion of the continental interior. Thus the glacial record of the Ross Sea should serve as a gage of ice volume changes on the continent that were large enough to influence global eustasy. The ice advance onto the Ross Sea continental shelf during middle to late Oligocene time may have been the result of a decrease in the rate of shelf subsidence as rifting in the Ross Sea slowed or ceased. Advance of the ice sheet resulted in widespread erosion of the continental shelf and shelf overdeepening. It is hypothesized that metastable, marine-based ice sheets have waxed and waned on the Antarctic continental shelf since at least the Oligocene and that the these waxing and waning events were responsible for the development of a global Neogene stratigraphic signature.
Evaluation of Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model simulations of ozone during Arctic winter 2004–2005

The work presented here evaluates polar stratospheric ozone simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) for the Arctic winter of 2004–2005. We use the Specified Dynamics version of WACCM (SD‐WACCM), in which temperatures and winds are nudged to meteorological assimilation analysis results. Model simulations of ozone and related constituents generally compare well to observations from the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). At most times, modeled ozone agrees with MLS data to within ~10%. However, a systematic high bias in ozone in the model of ~18% is found in the lowermost stratosphere in March. We attribute most of this ozone bias to too little heterogeneous processing of halogens late in the winter. We suggest that the model under‐predicts ClONO2 early in the winter, which leads to less heterogeneous processing and too little activated chlorine. Model HCl could also be overestimated due to an underestimation of HCl uptake into supercooled ternary solution (STS) particles. In late winter, the model overestimates gas‐phase HNO3, and thus NOy, which leads to an over‐prediction of ClONO2 (under‐prediction of activated chlorine). A sensitivity study, in which temperatures for heterogeneous chemistry reactions were reduced by 1.5 K, shows significant improvement of modeled ozone. Chemical ozone loss is inferred from the MLS observations using the pseudo‐passive subtraction approach. The inferred ozone loss using this method is in agreement with or less than previous independent results for the Arctic winter of 2004–2005, reaching 1.0 ppmv on average and up to 1.6 ppmv locally in the polar vortex.
Probable Origin of Laterally Coalesced Nabkas and Adjacent Bare Lanes at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, USA

ABSTRACT Unvegetated soil surface patterns 1 to 3 m wide, between 10 to over 1,000 m long, slightly curved to strongly sinuous, and usually parallel, were found to cover about 400 km2 in and near Dugway Proving Ground, western Utah, USA. In the only previously published reference to these features, they were called “desert ripples” and described as “small transverse clay dunes with intervening caliche troughs. ” Contemporary world-wide literature reviews of banded vegetation and desert geomorphology indicates that “nabka” is the preferred label for the mounded features. The adjacent bare lanes are apparently unique. That previous article asserted that the combined features were caused by wind erosion. We proposed eight possible mechanisms for the creation and maintenance of these laterally coalesced nabkas and adjacent bare lanes and then investigated the physical, chemical, and biological character of them at small (cm to meters) and large (km) spatial scales. Significantly higher surface soil salinity was found in the lanes compared to either the adjacent mounds or internabka areas. The lanes are not usually concave and do not consistently run down slope or converge. They also are not underlain by petrocalcic layers. The associated mounds are not composed of clay, but are dominated by silt and not consistently on the down slope side. These pieces of evidence discount a sheet flood origin or being created by wave action of retreating ancient Lake Bonneville. Most of the evidence points to post-lake wind erosion as the force building and maintaining the mound-lane pattern. The mounds are thin deposits of silt over clay-dominated exposed lake bed. Variation in the morphology of these features can be explained by interaction with differing species and sizes of shrubs that grow in particular locations. Shrubs probably facilitate mound formation by enhancing wind turbulence. If shrubs become dense enough, individual shrub-centered mounds laterally coalesce, and sinuously linear lanes develop and become self-maintaining if the shrubs are not destroyed.