Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Matter in strong magnetic fields

The properties of matter are drastically modified by strong magnetic fields, $B\ensuremath{\gg}{m}_{e}^{2}{e}^{3}c/{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}^{3}=2.35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}\mathrm{G}$ $(1\mathrm{G}{=10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\mathrm{T}),$ as are typically found on the surfaces of neutron stars. In such strong magnetic fields, the Coulomb force on an electron acts as a small perturbation compared to the magnetic force. The strong-field condition can also be mimicked in laboratory semiconductors. Because of the strong magnetic confinement of electrons perpendicular to the field, atoms attain a much greater binding energy compared to the zero-field case, and various other bound states become possible, including molecular chains and three-dimensional condensed matter. This article reviews the electronic structure of atoms, molecules, and bulk matter, as well as the thermodynamic properties of dense plasma, in strong magnetic fields, ${10}^{9}\mathrm{G}\ensuremath{\ll}B\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{16}\mathrm{G}. $ The focus is on the basic physical pictures and approximate scaling relations, although various theoretical approaches and numerical results are also discussed. For a neutron star surface composed of light elements such as hydrogen or helium, the outermost layer constitutes a nondegenerate, partially ionized Coulomb plasma if $B\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{15}$ G (at temperature $T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{6}$ K), and may be in the form of a condensed liquid if the magnetic field is stronger (and T $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{6}\mathrm{K}). $ For an iron surface, the outermost layer of the neutron star can be in a gaseous or a condensed phase, depending on the cohesive property of the iron condensate.
Fantastic Striations and Where to Find Them: The Origin of Magnetically Aligned Striations in Interstellar Clouds

Thin, magnetically aligned striations of relatively moderate contrast with the background are commonly observed in both atomic and molecular clouds. They are also prominent in MHD simulations with turbulent converging shocks. The simulated striations develop within a dense, stagnated sheet in the midplane of the post-shock region where magnetically induced converging flows collide. We show analytically that the secondary flows are an inevitable consequence of the jump conditions of oblique MHD shocks. They produce the stagnated, sheet-like sub-layer through a secondary shock when, roughly speaking, the Alfvénic speed in the primary converging flows is supersonic, a condition that is relatively easy to satisfy in interstellar clouds. The dense sub-layer is naturally threaded by a strong magnetic field that lies close to the plane of the sub-layer. The substantial magnetic field makes the sheet highly anisotropic, which is the key to the striation formation. Specifically, perturbations of the primary inflow that vary spatially perpendicular to the magnetic field can easily roll up the sheet around the field lines without bending them, creating corrugations that appear as magnetically aligned striations in column density maps. On the other hand, perturbations that vary spatially along the field lines curve the sub-layer and alter its orientation relative to the magnetic field locally, seeding special locations that become slanted overdense filaments and prestellar cores through enhanced mass accumulation along field lines. In our scenario, the dense sub-layer, which is unique to magnetized oblique shocks, is the birthplace for both magnetically aligned diffuse striations and massive star-forming structures.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Dilshad Islam, Tanjim Mahmud, Tanjia Chowdhury Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rangamati Science and Technology University (RMSTU), Rangamati, Bangladesh Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Southern University Bangladesh (SUB), Chattogram, Bangladesh
Simulations of Dynamics and Transport during the September 2002 Antarctic Major Warming

Abstract A mechanistic model simulation initialized on 14 September 2002, forced by 100-hPa geopotential heights from Met Office analyses, reproduced the dynamical features of the 2002 Antarctic major warming. The vortex split on ∼25 September; recovery after the warming, westward and equatorward tilting vortices, and strong baroclinic zones in temperature associated with a dipole pattern of upward and downward vertical velocities were all captured in the simulation. Model results and analyses show a pattern of strong upward wave propagation throughout the warming, with zonal wind deceleration throughout the stratosphere at high latitudes before the vortex split, continuing in the middle and upper stratosphere and spreading to lower latitudes after the split. Three-dimensional Eliassen–Palm fluxes show the largest upward and poleward wave propagation in the 0°–90°E sector prior to the vortex split (coincident with the location of strongest cyclogenesis at the model’s lower boundary), with an additional re.
ALMA Detections of the Youngest Protostars in Ophiuchus

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of 1.1 mm dust continuum and CO 2–1 emission toward six dense cores within the Ophiuchus molecular cloud. We detect compact, subarcsecond continuum structures toward three targets, two of which (Oph A N6 and SM1) are located in the Ophiuchus A ridge. Two targets, SM1 and GSS 30, contain two compact sources within the ALMA primary beam. We argue that several of the compact structures are small (R ≲ 80 au) accretion disks around young protostars, based on their resolved, elongated structures, coincident radio and X-ray detections, or bipolar outflow detections. While CO line wings extend to ±10–20 km s−1 for the more evolved sources GSS 30 IRS3 and IRS1, CO emission toward other sources, where detected, only extends a few km s−1 from the cloud vLSR. The dust spectral index toward the compact objects suggests either that the disks are optically thick at 1.1 mm or that significant grain growth has already occurred. We identify, for the first time, a single compact continuum source (R ∼ 100 au) toward N6 embedded within a larger continuum structure. SM1N is extended in the continuum but is highly centrally concentrated, with a density profile that follows a r−1.3 power law within 200 au and additional structure suggested by the uv-data. Both N6 and SM1N show no clear bipolar outflows with velocities greater than a few km s−1 from the cloud velocity. These sources are candidates to be the youngest protostars or first hydrostatic cores in the Ophiuchus molecular cloud.
Association between Sleep Duration and Symptoms of Depression Aged between 18 and 49: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES Ⅶ) from 2016 to 2018

This study aimed to determine the association between symptoms of depression and sleep duration in a representative sample of the Korean population. Using national cross-sectional data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES-VII), 5461 adults aged 18–49 years were analyzed using logistic regression models. The proportions of participants with total daily sleep durations (24 h) of <6 h, 6–8 h, and ≥9 h were 26.2%, 60.6%, and 13.3%, respectively. The proportions of individuals with symptoms of depression in the <6 h, 6–8 h, and ≥9 h sleep duration groups were 37.4%, 46.3%, and 16.3%, respectively. The odds ratios (ORs) were significantly higher in the <6 h and ≥9 h sleep groups than in the 6–8 h sleep group. There was a significant association between short (<6 h/day) and long (≥9 h/day) sleep duration and symptoms of depression among the general Korean population. In particular, our findings suggest that short sleep (<6 h/day) is more associated with symptoms of depression than long sleep (≥9 h/day).
Backflows by AGN jets: Global properties and influence on SMBH accretion

Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) inflate large cavities in the hot gas environment around galaxies and galaxy clusters. The large-scale gas circulation promoted within such cavities by the jet itself gives rise to backflows that propagate back to the centre of the jet-cocoon system, spanning all the physical scales relevant for the AGN. Using an Adaptive Mesh Refinement code, we study these backflows through a series of numerical experiments, aiming at understanding how their global properties depend on jet parameters. We are able to characterize their mass flux down to a scale of a few kiloparsecs to about 0.5 M yr −1 for as long as 15 or 20 Myr, depending on jet power. We find that backflows are both spatially coherent and temporally intermittent, independently of jet power in the range 1043−45 erg/s. Using the mass flux thus measured, we model analytically the effect of backflows on the central accretion region, where a Magnetically Arrested Disc lies at the centre of a thin circumnuclear disc. Backflow accretion onto the disc modifies its density profile, producing a flat core and tail. We use this analytic model to predict how accretion beyond the BH magnetopause is modified, and thus how the jet power is temporally modulated. Under the assumption that the magnetic flux stays frozen in the accreting matter, and that the jets are always launched via the Blandford-Znajek (1977) mechanism, we find that backflows are capable of boosting the jet power up to tenfold during relatively short time episodes (a few Myr).
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Snakebite Envenomation: A Brief Descriptive Review and Clinical Implications

Snakebite envenoming is a pathological condition which may occur in response to the injection of venom. Snake venoms contain a complex mixture of biologically active molecules which are responsible for a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from local tissue injuries to fatal complications. Snake venom administration commonly provokes local tissue injury often associated with systemic effects, including neurotoxic and cardiotoxic manifestations, bleeding, acute kidney injury, and rhabdomyolysis. An important spectrum of pathogenesis of snake envenomation is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can directly provoke tissue damage and also potentiate the deleterious consequences of inflammation at the bite site. Snake venom components known to induce oxidative stress include phospholipases A2, metalloproteinases, three-finger toxins, and L-amino acid oxidase. Clear evidence is mounting suggesting that inflammation and oxidative stress participate in the destructive effects of envenoming, including acute renal failure, tissue necrosis, and unusual susceptibility to bleed (hemorrhage), mostly due to hypocoagulability, neuro/cardio toxicity, and myonecrosis. Impaired regulation of oxidative stress may also set the stage for secondary/long-term complications of snakebite envenomation such as musculoskeletal disabilities. Some aspects of natural antioxidant therapeutic options are discussed in this review.
A Look into Digital Emotion Contagion during Shared Role A Look into Digital Emotion Contagion during Shared Role Integration Integration

The emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic has brought the surge of the Great Reshuffle, with many people rethinking their career paths and personal life trajectories. Because the quarantines, lockdowns and self-imposed isolation limited interpersonal communication in most offline settings, people have turned to social networking sites to communicate their feelings and thoughts about the changes in their work-life interface. With the unprecedented number of employees being forced to work from home, the stigma that remote work was less productive has diminished (Barrero et al., 2021). A survey from LinkedIn (2021) suggests that when considering a job opportunity, the most important factor for people across 200 countries was work-life balance. The desire for flexible work options has increased by 12.3% since the beginning of the pandemic, making it the fastest-growing priority among job candidates on LinkedIn. While the increasing demand for flexible working arrangements has received much attention from different stakeholders and segments of the society, it remains largely unclear why and how the collective perception about remote work has changed so rapidly and the extent to which it is associated with people’s shared experiences about work-life role integration in the digital sphere. This research focuses on examining the influence of digital emotion transmission in the phase of shared role integration. Drawn on the literature on emotional contagion (Hatfield et al., 1993) and micro-role transitions (Ashforth et al. 2000), we suggest that the disruptive changes during the pandemic made one’s work-life boundary more permeable and flexible than that prior to the pandemic. As a result, remote workers were likely to engage in an increasing number of micro-role transitions. In the absence of mental scripts for such transitions, people were more likely to share their experiences about their daily episodes of role interruptions
Fluorescence Intermittency of A Single Quantum System and Anderson Localization

The nature of fluorescence intermittency for semiconductor quantum dots (QD) and single molecules (SM) is proposed as a manifestation of Anderson localization. The power law like distribution for the \emph{on} time is explained as due to the interaction between QD/SM with a random environment. In particular, we find that the \emph{on}-time probability distribution behaves differently in localized and delocalized regimes. They, when properly scaled, are \emph{universal} for different QD/SM systems. The \emph{on}-time probability distribution function in the delocalized QD/SM regime can be approximated by power laws with exponents covering $-2\le m <0$. QD/SM switches to a dark (\emph{off}) state when a charge of QD/SM hops into the trap states, which becomes localized after stabilization by the surrounding matrix.
Theoretical and Practical Determination of a Binary Mixture of AISI 316 Steel Powders to Increase Corrosion Resistance in Powder Metallurgical Parts

Powder metallurgical steels have lower corrosion resistance compared to wrought steels. Their behavior is simultaneously affected by interconnected porosity, pore morphology, interaction with sintering atmospheres, and metallurgical phenomena such as steel 'sensitization'. This work presents the theoretical methodology to calculate the optimum composition of the mixture and the conditions for a maximum packing of two sizes spheres (assuming a spherical shape factor) according to the development published by Brouwers for a system of binary mixtures. For the theoretical determination of the mixture, the results of density and porosity of a 316 powder metallurgical stainless steel made from prealloyed powders of two average granulometries (45μm and 150μm) are presented. The powders were combined in different proportions to define the appropriate quantities that allow the manufacture of steel with a low corrosion rate. The obtained results confirm that the theoretical calculation is a reliable alternative to formulate powder metallurgical alloys since good particle packing is achieved, which has a favorable effect on the characteristics of the finished product.
Prosodic Entrainment in Mandarin and English: A Cross-Linguistic Comparison

Entrainment is the propensity of speakers to begin behaving like one another in conversation. We identify evidence of entrainment in a number of acoustic and prosodic dimensions in conversational speech of Standard American English speakers and Mandarin Chinese speakers. We compare entrainment in the Columbia Games Corpus and the Tongji Games Corpus and ﬁnd similar patterns of global and local entrainment in both. Differences appear primarily in global convergence.
Investigating the Leishmania donovani sacp Gene and Its Role in Macrophage Infection and Survival in Mice

The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is a causative agent of the neglected tropical disease known as visceral leishmaniasis, which can be lethal when untreated. Studying Leishmania viru-lence factors is crucial in determining how the parasite causes disease and identifying new targets for treatment. One potential virulence factor is L. donovani’s abundantly secreted protein: secreted acid phosphatase (SAcP). Whole-genome analysis revealed that the sacp gene was present in three copies in wild type L. donovani. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing; we generated a sacp gene knockout termed LdΔSAcP, which demonstrated a loss of both the SAcP protein and an associated reduction in secreted acid phosphatase activity. Genome sequencing confirmed the precise dele-tion of the sacp gene in LdΔSAcP and identified several changes in the genome. LdΔSAcP demonstrated no significant changes in promastigote proliferation or its ability to infect and survive in macrophages compared to the wildtype strain. LdΔSAcP also demonstrated no change in murine liver infection; however, survival was impaired in the spleen. Taken together these results show that SAcP is not necessary for the survival of promastigotes in culture but may support long-term survival in the spleen. These observations also show that the use of CRISPR gene editing and WGS together are effective to investigate the function and phenotype of complex potential drug targets such as multicopy genes.
Models for Dense Molecular Cloud Cores

We present a detailed theoretical model for the thermal balance, chemistry, and radiative transfer within quiescent dense molecular cloud cores that contain a central protostar. In the interior of such cores, we expect the dust and gas temperatures to be well coupled, while in the outer regions CO rotational emissions dominate the gas cooling and the predicted gas temperature lies significantly below the dust temperature. Large spatial variations in the gas temperature are expected to affect the gas phase chemistry dramatically; in particular, the predicted water abundance varies by more than a factor of 1000 within cloud cores that contain luminous protostars. Based upon our predictions for the thermal and chemical structure of cloud cores, we have constructed self-consistent radiative transfer models to compute the line strengths and line profiles for transitions of 12CO,13CO, C18O, ortho- and para-H162O, ortho- and para-H182O, and O I. We carried out a general parameter study to determine the dependence of the model predictions upon the parameters assumed for the source. We expect many of the far-infrared and submillimeter rotational transitions of water to be detectable either in emission or absorption with the use of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite. Quiescent, radiatively heated hot cores are expected to show low-gain maser emission in the 183 GHz 313-220 water line, such as has been observed toward several hot core regions using ground-based telescopes. We predict the 3P1-3P2 fine-structure transition of atomic oxygen near 63 μm to be in strong absorption against the continuum for many sources. Our model can also account successfully for recent ISO observations of absorption in rovibrational transitions of water toward the source AFGL 2591.
A Bayesian justification of Cox's partial likelihood

In this paper, we establish both naive and formal Bayesian justifications of Cox's (1975) partial likelihood and its various modifications. We extend the original work of Kalbfieisch (1978), who showed that the partial likelihood is a limiting marginal posterior under noninformative priors for baseline hazards. We extend the result to scenarios with time-dependent covariates and time-varying regression parameters. We establish results for continuous time as well as grouped survival data. In addition, we present a Bayesian justification of a modified partial likelihood for handling ties. We also present tools for simplification of the Gibbs sampling algorithm for implementing partial likelihood based Bayesian inference in various practical applications. Copyright Biometrika Trust 2003, Oxford University Press.
Analysis of Human Clinical Mutations of Mitochondrial ND1 in a Bacterial Model System for Complex I

Simple Summary Genetic diseases can now be detected directly by determining the DNA sequence of genes, through recent advances in technology. Of the more than 20,000 human genes, several dozen are located in the mitochondria of cells, rather than the nucleus. These genes are essential for energy production and have the unique feature of being passed directly from the mother to her children. After identification of mutations in mitochondrial genes of patients, it is not always simple to determine if the disease is caused by the identified mutation. In this study we have analyzed nine mutations in a mitochondrial gene called ND1 that were reported in the medical literature. We have modeled those mutations in a closely related gene found in bacteria, because it is currently not possible to do this in human cells. We confirmed that five of the mutations cause significant loss of function in the bacterial system, consistent with a severe disease state in humans. The other four mutations had milder effects, and this suggests that additional factors might be necessary for severe disease in humans. Such information can be useful in genetic counseling of women carrying mitochondrial mutations. Abstract The most common causes of mitochondrial dysfunction and disease include mutations in subunits and assembly factors of Complex I. Numerous mutations in the mitochondrial gene ND1 have been identified in humans. Currently, a bacterial model system provides the only method for rapid construction and analysis of mutations in homologs of human ND1. In this report, we have identified nine mutations in human ND1 that are reported to be pathogenic and are located at subunit interfaces. Our hypothesis was that these mutations would disrupt Complex I assembly. Seventeen mutations were constructed in the homologous nuoH gene in an E. coli model system. In addition to the clinical mutations, alanine substitutions were constructed in order to distinguish between a deleterious effect from the introduction of the mutant residue and the loss of the original residue. The mutations were moved to an expression vector containing all thirteen genes of the E. coli nuo operon coding for Complex I. Membrane vesicles were prepared and rates of deamino-NADH oxidase activity and proton translocation were measured. Samples were also tested for assembly by native gel electrophoresis and for expression of NuoH by immunoblotting. A range of outcomes was observed: Mutations at four of the sites allow normal assembly with moderate activity (50–76% of wild type). Mutations at the other sites disrupt assembly and/or activity, and in some cases the outcomes depend upon the amino acid introduced. In general, the outcomes are consistent with the proposed pathogenicity in humans.