Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optical fiber nanowires and microwires: fabrication and applications

Microwires and nanowires have been manufactured by using a wide range of bottom-up techniques such as chemical or physical vapor deposition and top-down processes such as fiber drawing. Among these techniques, the manufacture of wires from optical fibers provides the longest, most uniform and robust nanowires. Critically, the small surface roughness and the high-homogeneity associated with optical fiber nanowires (OFNs) provide low optical loss and allow the use of nanowires for a wide range of new applications for communications, sensing, lasers, biology, and chemistry. OFNs offer a number of outstanding optical and mechanical properties, including (1) large evanescent fields, (2) high-nonlinearity, (3) strong confinement, and (4) low-loss interconnection to other optical fibers and fiberized components. OFNs are fabricated by adiabatically stretching optical fibers and thus preserve the original optical fiber dimensions at their input and output, allowing ready splicing to standard fibers. A review of the manufacture of OFNs is presented, with a particular emphasis on their applications. Three different groups of applications have been envisaged: (1) devices based on the strong confinement or nonlinearity, (2) applications exploiting the large evanescent field, and (3) devices involving the taper transition regions. The first group includes supercontinuum generators, a range of nonlinear optical devices, and optical trapping. The second group comprises knot, loop, and coil resonators and their applications, sensing and particle propulsion by optical pressure. Finally, mode filtering and mode conversion represent applications based on the taper transition regions. Among these groups of applications, devices exploiting the OFN-based resonators are possibly the most interesting; because of the large evanescent field, when OFNs are coiled onto themselves the mode propagating in the wire interferes with itself to give a resonator. In contrast with the majority of high-Q resonators manufactured by other means, the OFN microresonator does not have major issues with input-output coupling and presents a completely integrated fiberized solution. OFNs can be used to manufacture loop and coil resonators with Q factors that, although still far from the predicted value of 10. The input-output pigtails play a major role in shaping the resonator response and can be used to maximize the Q factor over a wide range of coupling parameters. Finally, temporal stability and robustness issues are discussed, and a solution to optical degradation issues is presented.
Pattern Motion Perception: Feature Tracking or Integration of Component Motions?

A key question regarding primate visual motion perception is whether the motion of 2D patterns is recovered by tracking distinctive localizable features [Lorenceau and Gorea, 1989; Rubin and Hochstein, 1992] or by integrating ambiguous local motion estimates [Adelson and Movshon, 1982; Wilson and Kim, 1992]. For a two-grating plaid pattern, this translates to either tracking the grating intersections or to appropriately combining the motion estimates for each grating. Since both component and feature information are simultaneously available in any plaid pattern made of contrast defined gratings, it is unclear how to determine which of the two schemes is actually used to recover the plaid''s motion. To address this problem, we have designed a plaid pattern made with subjective, rather than contrast defined, gratings. The distinguishing characteristic of such a plaid pattern is that it contains no contrast defined intersections that may be tracked. We find that notwithstanding the absence of such features, observers can accurately recover the pattern velocity. Additionally we show that the hypothesis of tracking ''illusory features'' to estimate pattern motion does not stand up to experimental test. These results present direct evidence in support of the idea that calls for the integration of component motions over the one that mandates tracking localized features to recover 2D pattern motion. The localized features, we suggest, are used primarily as providers of grouping information - which component motion signals to integrate and which not to.
Numerical simulation and optimal shape for viscous flow by a fictitious domain method

In this article we discuss the fictitious domain solution of the Navier-Stokes equations modelling unsteady incompressible viscous flow. The method is based on a Lagrange multiplier treatment of the boundary conditions to be satisfied and is particularly well suited to the treatment of no-slip boundary conditions. This approach allows the use of structured meshes and fast specialized solvers for problems on complicated geometries. Another interesting feature of the fictitious domain approach is that it allows the solution of optimal shape problems without regriding. The resulting methodology is applied to the solution of flow problems including external incompressible viscous flow modelled by the Navier-Stokes equations and then to an optimal shape problem for Stokes and Navier-Stokes flow
Gamma-Ray Bursts in Molecular Clouds: H2 Absorption and Fluorescence

If a gamma-ray burst (GRB) with strong UV emission occurs in a molecular cloud, excitation of the surrounding H2 will have observable consequences. The UV will pump H2 into vibrationally excited levels that produce strong absorption at wavelengths λ ≲ 1650 Å. As a result, both the prompt flash and later afterglow will exhibit strong absorption shortward of 1650 Å, with specific spectroscopic features. Such a cutoff in the emission from GRB 980329 may have already been observed by Fruchter and coworkers; if so, GRB 980329 was at redshift 3.0 ≲ z ≲ 4.4. BVRI photometry of GRB 990510 could also be explained by H2 absorption if GRB 990510 was at redshift 1.6 ≲ z ≲ 2.3. Fluorescence accompanying the UV pumping of the H2 will result in UV emission from the GRB which can extend over days or months, with 7.5-13.6 eV fluorescent luminosity ~1042 ergs s-1. Spectroscopy can distinguish this fluorescence from other possible sources of transient optical emission, such as a supernova.
Mathematical modeling of mass generation via confinement of relativistic particles

A simple mathematical model is presented for the generation of mass via the spontaneous confinement of elementary particles, e.g. electrons, neutrinos or quarks, in bound rotational states with relativistic particle velocities. In this simple mechanism, which is operative both in chemical and in physical systems, the new mass which is created corresponds to the kinetic energy of the trapped particles. It is shown that the ratio of the new mass created to the initial mass is very small for chemical systems but can be very high in the case of gravitational confinement of neutrinos in rotational states with relativistic particle velocities.
A domain decomposition method on nested domains and nonmatching grids

A one directionally coupled problem on two nested domains is analyzed. The global domain and the subdomain are discretized by two triangulations that do not match on the subdomain. The connection between the two grids is established by using a stable projection operator onto the interface. An a priori error analysis is carried out and several numerical examples are given. The method is ideally suited for the case of a moving subdomain. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 20: 374–387, 2004.
Collimated prompt gamma TOF measurements with multi-slit multi-detector configurations

Longitudinal prompt-gamma ray profiles have been measured with a multi-slit multi-detector configuration at a 75 MeV/u 13C beam and with a PMMA target. Selections in time-of-flight and energy have been applied in order to discriminate prompt-gamma rays produced in the target from background events. The ion ranges which have been extracted from each individual detector module agree amongst each other and are consistent with theoretical expectations. In a separate dedicated experiment with 200 MeV/u 12C ions the fraction of inter-detector scattering has been determined to be on the 10%-level via a combination of experimental results and simulations. At the same experiment different collimator configurations have been tested and the shielding properties of tungsten and lead for prompt-gamma rays have been measured.
Efficient Speckle Noise Attenuation in Faint Companion Imaging

Numerical simulations are used to evaluate a technique to attenuate speckle noise and enhance faint companion images buried in a bright‐star point‐spread function (PSF). It is shown that when frames taken simultaneously at two different wavelengths are subtracted from one another, the general evolution of the PSF profile with wavelength limits the attenuation to A2∼2σ2ϕΔλ/λ, where σ2ϕ is the wave‐front phase variance and Δλ the bandpass separation. When images taken at three wavelengths are combined in a double difference, the residuals caused by speckle evolution are very strongly damped and attenuations A3∼A22 are obtained. Very strong attenuation of speckle noise can thereby be achieved in images taken with adaptive optics (σ2ϕ<1). With three filters spanning the CH4 bandhead at 1.59 μm in the spectrum of cool brown dwarfs or Jovian planets, speckle noise can be attenuated by a factor of ∼104. This technique makes it possible to reach the photon limit in searches for methanated companions of even the brightest stars in the sky at separations of less than λ/D.
The interface screening model as origin of imprint in PbZrxTi1−xO3 thin films. I. Dopant, illumination, and bias dependence

Comprehensive imprint measurements on PbZrxTi1−xO3 (PZT) thin films were carried out. Different models, which were proposed in literature to explain imprint in ferroelectric thin films or a similar aging effect (internal bias) in ferroelectric bulk material, are reviewed. Discrepancies between the experimental results obtained on the PZT films in this work and the prediction of the literature models indicate that these models do not describe the dominant imprint mechanism in PZT thin films. Hence, in this work a model is proposed which suggests imprint to be caused by a strong electric field within a thin surface layer in which the ferroelectric polarization is smaller or even absent compared to the bulk of the film. With the proposed imprint model the influence of important experimental parameters like dopant, illumination, and bias dependence can be qualitatively explained.
Characterization of the impact of geostationary clear‐sky radiances on wind analyses in a 4D‐Var context

The impact of geostationary clear‐sky radiances (CSRs) on 4D‐Var wind analyses has been investigated by running a set of observing system experiments. Analysis scores have been calculated to measure the ability of individual satellite datasets to improve the wind analysis, starting from a no‐satellite baseline. In this context, the assimilation of CSRs from the two water‐vapour channels on Meteosat‐9 has been found to improve the wind analysis throughout the troposphere, with the strongest signal at 300 and 500 hPa. Indeed, for the Northern Hemisphere and the Tropics, the CSR impact at these levels exceeds that of the Meteosat‐9 atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs), the sampling of the latter in the assimilation being rather limited. Conversely, the impact of AMVs exceeds that of CSRs in the lower troposphere, where the latter provide very little direct information. This demonstrates the complementarity of the two datasets in the operational 4D‐Var wind analysis. The mechanisms through which the assimilation of CSRs can impact wind analyses have been isolated. The dominant effect is that of humidity‐tracer advection, by which the wind field is adjusted in order to fit observed humidity features via the minimization of the 4D‐Var cost function. Other mechanisms, such as balance constraints and the cycling of the forecast model that links the humidity and wind variables, have been found to play a minor role. The benefit of having frequent CSR images within the assimilation window has also been demonstrated. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Observations of cylindrical waves reflected from a plane interface

Interesting reflected and re‐radiated ultrasonic waves from a plane liquid‐solid interface have been observed using a cylindrical transducer and a pulsed schlieren system. The reflected cylindrical waves show variations in amplitudes as a function of angle. Plane waves, apparently re‐radiated into the liquid by surface waves propagating along the interface, have also been observed by an optical technique.
Persistence Filters for Estimation: Applications to Control in Shared-Sensing Reversible Transducer Systems

We investigate state observer and feedback control design for systems with state- and time-dependent control or measurement gains. In this framework, we look at reversible transducers that are continually switched between the actuation and sensing modes at some prespecified schedule. Design and analysis of stable state-observers and feedback controllers for these classes of switched/hybrid systems are significantly complicated by the fact that, at any given instant of time, the overall system loses either controllability (during the sensing phase) or observability (during the actuation phase). In this work, we consider systems with scalar time-varying measurement gains and provide a novel observer construction that guarantees exponential reconstruction of state estimates to their true values. We go a step further to derive an exponentially stabilizing controller design that uses the state estimates resulting from our observer. This amounts to the establishment of a rather remarkable separation property of the control design. These developments hinge on a rather mild technical assumption, which can be interpreted for the reversible transducer problem as a persistent dwell time for both the sensing and actuation modes. An important feature here is that the convergence rate can be specified to any arbitrary value. Our theoretical results are validated through numerical simulations of challenging test-cases that include open-loop unstable systems. The paper also illustrates potential for nonlinear extensions of the observer based control design by considering an interesting special case.
Fast Image Stitching For Video Stabilization Using Sift Feature Points

Video Stabilization For Vehicular Applications Is An Important Method Of Removing Unwanted Shaky Motions From Unstable Videos. In This Paper, An Improved Video Stabilization Method With Image Stitching Has Been Proposed. Scale Invariant Feature Transform (Sift) Matching Is Used To Calculate The New Position Of The Points In Next Frame. Image Stitching Is Done In Every Frame To Get Stabilized Frames To Provide Stable Video As Well As A Better Understanding Of The Previous Frame’S Position And Show The Surrounding Objects Together. The Computational Complexity Of Sift (Scale-Invariant Feature Transform) Is Reduced By Reducing The Sift Descriptors Size And Resticting The Number Of Keypints To Be Extracted. Also, A Modified Matching Procedure Is Proposed To Improve The Accuracy Of The Stabilization.
A comparison of recent approaches to the analysis of repeated measurements

Looney & Stanley's (1989) recommendations regarding analysis strategies for repeated measures designs containing between-subjects grouping variables and within-subjects repeated measures variables were re-examined and compared to recent analysis strategies. That is, corrected degrees of freedom univariate tests, multivariate tests, mixed model tests, and tests due to Keselman, Carriere & Lix (1993) and to Algina (1994), Huynh (1978) and Lecoutre (1991) were compared for rates of Type I error in unbalanced non-spherical repeated measures designs having varied covariance structures and no missing data on the within-subjects variable. Heterogeneous within-subjects and heterogeneous within- and between-subjects structures were investigated along with multivariate non-normality. Results indicated that the tests due to Keselman et al. and Algina, Huynh and Lecoutre provided effective Type I error control whereas the default mixed model approach computed with PROC MIXED (SAS Institute, 1995) generally did not. Based on power differences, we recommend that applied researchers adopt the Welch-James type test described by Keselman et al.
Hurricane Climatology: A Modern Statistical Guide Using R

I Software, Statistics, and Data 1 Hurricanes, Climate, and Statistics 1.1 Hurricanes 1.2 Climate 1.3 Statistics 1.4 R 1.5 Organization 2 R Tutorial 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data 2.2.1 Small amounts 2.2.2 Functions 2.2.3 Vectors 2.2. 4 Structured data 2.2. 5 Logic 2.2. 6 Imports 2.3 Tables and Plots 3 Classical Statistics 3.1 Descriptive Statistics 3.2 Probability and Distributions 3.3 One-Sample Tests 3.4 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 3.5 Two-Sample Tests 3.6 Statistical Formula 3.7 Compare Variances 3.8 Two-Sample Wilcoxon Test 3.9 Correlation 3.10 Linear Regression 3.11 Multiple Linear Regression 4 Bayesian Statistics 4.1 Learning About the Proportion of Landfalls 4.2 Inference 4.3 Credible Interval 4.4 Predictive Density 4.5 Is Bayes Rule Needed? 4.6 Bayesian Computation 5 Graphs and Maps 5.1 Graphs 5.2 Time series 5.3 Maps 5.4 Coordinate Reference Systems 5.5 Export 5.6 Other Graphic Packages 6 Data Sets 6.1 Best-Tracks 6.2 Annual Aggregation 6.3 Coastal County Winds 6.4 NetCDF Files II Models and Methods 7 Frequency Models 7.1 Counts 7.2 Environmental Variables 7.3 Bivariate Relationships 7.4 Poisson Regression 7.5 Model Predictions 7.6 Forecast Skill 7.7 Nonlinear Regression Structure 7.8 Zero-Inflated Count Model 7.9 Machine Learning 7.10 Logistic Regression 8 Intensity Models 211 8.1 Lifetime Highest Intensity 8.2 Fastest Hurricane Winds 8.3 Categorical Wind Speeds by County 9 Spatial Models 9.1 Track Hexagons 9.2 SST Data 9.3 SST and Intensity 9.4 Spatial Autocorrelation 9.5 Spatial Regression Models 9.6 Spatial Interpolation 10 Time Series Models 10.1 Time Series Overlays 10.2 Discrete Time Series 10.3 Change Points 10.4 Continuous Time Series 10.5 Time Series Network 11 Cluster Models 11.1 Time Clusters 11.2 Spatial Clusters 11.3 Feature Clusters 12 Bayesian Models 12.1 Long-Range Outlook 12.2 Seasonal Model 12.3 Consensus Model 12.4 Space-Time Model 13 Impact Models 13.1 Extreme Losses 13.2 Future Wind Damage A Functions, Packages, and Data A.1 Functions A.2 Packages A.3 Data Sets B Install Package From Source
Magnetoresistance of a Permalloy Single Crystal and Effect of 3 d Orbital Degeneracies

The electrical resistance of single crystals of the alloy 15% Fe-85% Ni has been measured at 20, 77, and 299\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, in a transverse or longitudinal magnetic field sufficient to cause ferromagnetic saturation. The current is parallel to a $〈100〉$, $〈110〉$, or $〈111〉$ direction. At 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, a change in orientation of the magnetization causes changes of resistivity reaching 30%. The temperature variation of the phenomenological D\"oring coefficients ${k}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{k}_{5}$ follows largely from their dependence on the type of scattering centers; the coefficients are large and positive in the case of impurity scattering alone, and are small or slightly negative in the case of phonon or magnon scattering alone. A microscopic theory has also been developed according to which conduction electrons are scattered by impurities into near-degenerate $3d$ states; these states are strongly perturbed and mixed by the interaction $A{L}_{z}{S}_{z}$. The perturbation of a near-degenerate pair of states is found to be highly anisotropic, and is possible only along a certain "polarization axis. " Two different models reproduce correctly most features of the experimental data and are consistent with cubic symmetry. In the first model, the polarization axes are assumed to be parallel to the fourfold cubic axes of the crystal, and spin-orbit perturbation is assumed to decrease the probability of being scattered into a state of the pair. In the other model, the polarization axes are along the threefold cubic axes, and spin-orbit interaction increases the scattering probability. In both models, it is necessary to assume that the spin-orbit perturbation of a pair is large and nonlinear (because of the near degeneracy), in such a way that it tends to saturate at an almost constant value. Calculations of impurity scattering are made in the Slater-Koster approximation. The theory is then extended to show that the validity and success of these two models is actually independent of whether the $A{L}_{z}{S}_{z}$ interaction or the $A ({L}_{x}{S}_{x}+{L}_{y}{S}_{y})$ interaction is the perturbing agent.
Two double-mode RR Lyrae stars in the field

In order to use RR Lyrae stars as reliable distance indicators, it is necessary to know how the masses of these stars are related to the metal abundance. RR Lyrae stars in the field have a greater range of periods and metal abundance than those in globular clusters. Thus, it is important to identifying double-mode RR Lyrae stars (RRd stars) in the field to test the mass-metal abundance relation. Up to the present, however, the only RRd star to have been identified in the field is AQ Leo. Here, evidence is presented for the existence of two others. Data are given on their periods, mean B magnitudes, mode amplitudes, mean B-V colors, masses, and (Fe/H) values. The results give no evidence for a mass-metallicity relationship among the three known RRd field stars, but they show overall agreement with the mass-metallicity relation given by cluster RRd stars. 34 refs.
Self-illuminating nanoprobe for in vivo imaging of cancers over-expressing the folate receptor

New in vivo imaging reagents with increased sensitivity and penetration depth are needed to advance our understanding of metastases and accelerate the development of therapeutics. The folate receptor (FR) is a promising imaging target that is up-regulated in many human carcinomas, including cancers of the ovary, breast, pancreas, endometrium, lungs, kidneys, colon, brain, and myeloid cells. Zymera has developed a self-illuminating Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Quantum Dot (BRET-Qdot) nanoprobe conjugated with folate (BQ-Folate) for in vivo imaging of cancers overexpressing FR. BQ-Folate is a novel nanoprobe formed by co-conjugating Renilla reniformis luciferase enzyme and folate to near-infrared (NIR) emitting quantum dots. The luciferase substrate, coelenterazine, activates the BQ-Folate nanoprobe generating luminescence emission in the near-infrared (NIR) region (655 nm) for increased sensitivity and penetration depth. Because BQ-Folate requires no external light source for light emission, it has significant advantages for challenging in vivo preclinical optical imaging applications, such as the detection of early stage metastases. Zymera and OncoMed Pharmaceuticals have demonstrated that in vivo imaging with the BQ-Folate nanoprobe detected the primary tumor and early stage metastases in an orthotopic NOD/SCID mouse model of human pancreatic cancer.
Static response properties of second-period atoms: coupled cluster calculations

Accurate static dipole polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities are calculated for the ground states of the boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine atoms. Anisotropies are reported for the P-state atoms. The computations are based on a finite-field procedure using energies computed with basis sets of contracted Gaussian-type functions and the CCSD(T) method, that is the coupled cluster method in the space of single and double substitutions corrected non-iteratively for the effects of triple substitutions. These are the first electron-correlated hyperpolarizabilities reported to date for all but one of these atoms.