Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Post‐Wildfire Hydrologic Response: Review and Future Directions for Applications of Physically Based Distributed Simulation

Wildfire is a growing concern as climate shifts. The hydrologic effects of wildfire, which include elevated hazards and changes in water quantity and quality, are increasingly assessed using numerical models. Post‐wildfire application of physically based distributed models provides unique insight into the underlying processes that affect water resources after wildfire. This work reviews and synthesizes post‐wildfire applications of physically based distributed models by examining the scales and geographic/ecohydrologic distribution of model applications, hydrologic response process representation, model parameterization, and model performance metrics. Highlighted gaps and opportunities for advancing physically based distributed hydrologic response modeling after wildfire include the following: (a) applying models in under‐represented geographic (S. America, Africa, Asia) and ecohydrologic regions (arid or dry subhumid climates), (b) incorporating all four major streamflow generation mechanisms (infiltration excess, saturation excess, subsurface storm flow, and groundwater flow), (c) representing integrated vadose zone and saturated zone processes to better capture subsurface streamflow generation, (d) building new remotely sensed model parameterization methods for precipitation interception, infiltration, and overland flow that account for burn severity and recovery, (e) incorporating distributed state variables (e.g., soil moisture, groundwater levels) in model performance assessment, (f) designing model intercomparison studies, including field datasets specifically for post‐wildfire model development and validation, (g) linking mechanistic vegetation regrowth models with hydrologic models to improve simulation of process shifts as ecosystems recover, and (h) creating a new community modeling framework to integrate modeling advances across the wildfire science community.
Optimal Machine-Learning-Based Controller for Shunt Active Power Filter by Auto Machine Learning

This article proposes a machine-learning (ML)-based controller for shunt active power filter (SAPF). ML design had always been suboptimal as human experts designed them, even though ML models are computationally simpler than traditional methods. This drawback is also addressed by optimizing all the design processes, including data preprocessing, model selection, and model hyperparameters. Automated ML (AutoML) algorithms are used to find the optimum pipeline for an ML model from a search space of 110 hyperparameters (more than 15 ML models, 14 feature preprocessing methods, and four data preprocessing methods). It has both classical ML methods and deep-learning models in its pool, such as decision trees, support vector machines, ADALINE, multilayer perceptron (MLP), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), convolutional neural networks, Gaussian process (GP), and so on. Optimization is done with Bayesian optimization (BO)- and network morphism-based neural architecture search (NAS). This work proposes a method to develop a general artificial neural network (ANN) model independent of system parameters. This universal ML controller produces accurate current reference generation and faster estimation results compared to the conventional control scheme. The proposed techniques are simulated with MATLAB and Python. The proposed system was also verified using an experimental prototype developed in the laboratory.
Strategic monitoring improves prospective memory: A meta-analysis

Monitoring the environment for target events that trigger prospective memory (PM) retrieval requires cognitive resources, reflected by costs to ongoing task performance (i.e., worse accuracy and/or slower response times). Strategic monitoring refers to the use of context to engage or disengage monitoring when a PM target is anticipated or unanticipated. Laboratory strategic monitoring studies have found mixed results as to whether context specification improves PM performance. This study employed a meta-analytic technique to assess the overall effect of context specification on PM performance and ongoing task metrics of strategic monitoring. Overall, context specification improved PM performance when the target was anticipated and improved ongoing task performance (speed and accuracy) when the target was not anticipated. Moderator analyses revealed the degree of slowing in anticipated contexts predicted how much context specification improved PM performance. However, the benefits to PM performance from context specification differed by the type of procedure used. PM performance was improved when context changes could be predicted during blocked or proximity procedures, but not when context varied randomly in trial-level procedures. These results provide insights into the mechanisms underlying strategic monitoring and guidance for researchers on which procedures to be use depending on the theory-driven questions.
Comments on the diffusion model of turbulent mixing.

Several recent investigations of post--main-sequence stellar evolution have used a diffusion model of turbulent mixing, and each author has used a different variation. We justify the diffusion model in the framework of a statistical theory of turbulence and show that the difference between the two diffusion equations that have been proposed is related to an ambiguity in the definition of a Lagrangian hydrodynamical calculation by finite differences in the presence of turbulence. We present difference equations for solving the diffusion equation which theory and experience indicate are free of numerical difficulties. (AIP)
The Influence of Gravity Wave Breaking on the General Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere

Abstract The zonal mean solstice circulation of the global middle atmosphere is simulated using a semi-spectral numerical model. Radiative heating and cooling is computed by the algorithm of Wehrbein and Leovy. Mechanical dissipation is represented by the gravity wave breaking parameterization of Lindzen. An inertial adjustment parameterization is used to prevent the development of inertially unstable meridional shears near the equator. It is shown that gravity wave drag and diffusion in the mesosphere can account for the observed large departure from radiative equilibrium in both summer and winter. Experiments incorporating a forced stationary wavenumber 1 disturbance indicate that planetary wave EP flux convergences although they may modify the mean flow profile significantly, cannot provide the major source of mechanical dissipation in the winter mesosphere. A simulated sudden warming is accompanied by an equally strong mesospheric cooling. This cooling is caused primarily by the relaxation of the pola.
Assessing the added value of apparent diffusion coefficient, cerebral blood volume, and radiomic magnetic resonance features for differentiation of pseudoprogression versus true tumor progression in patients with glioblastoma

Abstract Background Pseudoprogression (PsPD) is a major diagnostic challenge in the follow-up of patients with glioblastoma (GB) after chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Conventional imaging signs and parameters derived from diffusion and perfusion-MRI have yet to prove their reliability in clinical practice for an accurate differential diagnosis. Here, we tested these parameters and combined them with radiomic features (RFs), clinical data, and MGMT promoter methylation status using machine- and deep-learning (DL) models to distinguish PsPD from Progressive disease. Methods In a single-center analysis, 105 patients with GB who developed a suspected imaging PsPD in the first 7 months after standard CRT were identified retrospectively. Imaging data included standard MRI anatomical sequences, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and normalized relative cerebral blood volume (nrCBV) maps. Median values (ADC, nrCBV) and RFs (all sequences) were calculated from DL-based tumor segmentations. Generalized linear models with LASSO feature-selection and DL models were built integrating clinical data, MGMT methylation status, median ADC and nrCBV values and RFs. Results A model based on clinical data and MGMT methylation status yielded an areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.69 (95% CI 0.55–0.83) for detecting PsPD, and the addition of median ADC and nrCBV values resulted in a nonsignificant increase in performance (AUC = 0.71, 95% CI 0.57–0.85, P = .416). Combining clinical/MGMT information with RFs derived from ADC, nrCBV, and from all available sequences both resulted in significantly (both P < .005) lower model performances, with AUC = 0.52 (0.38–0.66) and AUC = 0.54 (0.40–0.68), respectively. DL imaging models resulted in AUCs ≤ 0.56. Conclusion Currently available imaging biomarkers could not reliably differentiate PsPD from true tumor progression in patients with glioblastoma; larger collaborative efforts are needed to build more reliable models.
Physical-statistical analysis of land mobile-satellite channel

The authors describe a time-series propagation model in mobile-satellite channels which considers 3D path profiles. Based on the Fresnel-Kirchhoff theory, the prediction is produced by considering statistical distributions for the building profile, leading to time-series which have both first- and second-order statistics similar to real outdoor measurements.
Photometry of slow X-ray pulsars. III - The GX 17 + 2 candidate

The first photometry of the faint candidate star for the optical counterpart of the intense x-ray source GX 17+2 (= 3U 1813--14) is presented. This source is of particular interest because of its associated radio emission, and the existence of a 1913 s periodic modulation of the x-ray flux, which makes GX 17+2 the slowest x-ray pulsar yet observed. Photoelectric photometry on three nights yields V = 17.51, (B--V) = 1.26, (U--B) = 1.03, with no evidence for variabiliy; a limit of 0.05 mag half-amplitude is established on any optical analog of the x-ray period. This limit is interpreted to yield information on the geometry of the GX 17+2 system. Although this object is often thought to resemble closely low-mass x-ray binary systems such as Sco X-1, which has a 19 hour orbital period, these results indicate that any binary period in GX 17+2 is very likely longer than 2 days, exeeding that of all the known low-mass x-ray systems. 1 figure.
Modulation of Cyclones With Tropical and Extratropical Origins by Mesoscale SSTs in the Kuroshio Extension Region

Two typical classes of cyclones originating from the tropics (ToCs) and extratropics (EoCs) with distinct preconditions, and passing the Kuroshio Extension (KE) region in cold season in the North Pacific are detected and tracked based on high‐resolution atmospheric simulations with and without mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. A comparison between ToC‐to‐mesoscale SST and EoC‐to‐mesoscale SST responses indicates that the different cyclone development and the environmental water vapor restoration in the KE are primarily attributed to different ToC and EOC's preconditions. The higher initial intensity of ToCs leads to stronger atmospheric response to mesoscale SSTs and extended cyclone growth whilst the colder and drier precondition of EoCs induces stronger water vapor restoration in the KE after EoCs passing‐by. It is further demonstrated that the water vapor restoration is dominated by moisture convergence. The study provides new insights into the physical understanding of mesoscale SSTs' influence on cyclogenesis in the midlatitudes.
Rodents and reptiles as bioindicators for assessing coastal dune restoration success following invasive acacia removal

Although there is adequate knowledge on restoring many invaded habitats, information regarding faunal recovery is still lacking, particularly regarding sandy coastal ecosystems. An important challenge for assessing restoration effectiveness is the selection of an appropriate bioindicator. The current study examined the recovery of psammophilic rodents and reptiles following the removal of Acacia saligna from Mediterranean coastal dunes. Rodents and reptiles were monitored for 3 years after the tree removal. Rodent sampling included live trapping; reptile sampling included pitfall traps, track transect trails and transect walks (daylight and dark). Removing the invasive plants improved the recovery conditions for psammophilic reptiles and rodents, including endemic and threatened species. However, reptiles differ from rodents in their physiological and behavioral mechanisms, including thermoregulation, diet and territorial behavior, allowing them to respond to habitat changes quicker than rodents. Within the reptile group, faster recovery was observed for nonterritorial species than for territorial species. It is necessary to consider the suitable taxa, method, and time for evaluation of habitat recovery. Our study demonstrates that monitoring reptiles by combining three methods (1) pitfall traps, (2) track transect trails, and (3) transect walks during daylight and dark provides a more complete picture, which is difficult to achieve from a single method. Furthermore, in the case of invasive transformer plants such as A. saligna, which cause long‐term effects, we conclude that monitoring both taxonomic groups is advantageous, as this provides a more reliable picture of ecological functioning and faunistic recovery (compared to monitoring only one of the taxa).
Evaluating Dental Fear and Anxiety in Pediatric Patients Visiting a Private and a Public Dental Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan

Background One of the biggest hurdles in treating pediatric patients is managing dental fear and anxiety. Some factors that contribute to an increase in dental anxiety are fear of pain, the presence of unknown individuals, a change in the setting of an environment, and separation from parents. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate dental fear and anxiety in pediatric patients, between the ages of 6 and 12 years, visiting private and public dental hospitals using the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). Methods A total of 280 children, 140 in a private dental hospital setting and 140 in a public dental hospital setting, were enrolled in this study. The purpose of the study was explained to the accompanying guardian of the patient and written consent was taken. The CFSS-DS was explained verbally in Urdu and the questionnaire was given to guardians alongside the patients which they were asked to fill out following their dental treatment. Result The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using the unpaired t-test. The highest dental fear mean scores and standard deviation in a private dental hospital were for “choking” (3.25 ± 1.21), “the noise of the dentist drilling” (3.24 ± 1.04), and “having somebody put instruments in your mouth” (3.19 ± 1.06), whereas, for a public dental hospital, the highest fear score was recorded in “choking” (3.17 ± 1.69), “injections” (3.07 ± 1.72), and “people in white uniforms” (1.90 ± 1.21). Conclusion The study showed a higher prevalence of dental fear and anxiety in a private dental setting when compared to a public dental setting. Factors responsible for an increase in dental fear need to be assessed for each patient and then treatment given accordingly.
Analysis of cluster-based hierarchical routing in ad hoc wireless networks

The network throughput in ad hoc wireless networks under a hierarchical routing (e.g. cluster-based) scheme is investigated. Some works have studied the routing overhead of hierarchical base routing. However, there is little formal analysis that considers its influence on the network performance metric, e.g. throughput, incurred by these procedures. Provided is a theoretical computation on the throughput of the ad hoc wireless networks under a cluster-based structure. Discussed is the issue that the throughput of such ad hoc networks is relatively smaller by a factor of O(N2/N1), N2 is the number of cluster-head nodes and N1 is the number of all the nodes in a network. Hence, there is a trade-off between the gain from routing overhead and loss from network throughput in the design of hierarchical routing for ad hoc networks which need to be optimised. The result has many implications for the hierarchical structure wireless networks.
Exploration of the Safety and Solubilization, Dissolution, Analgesic Effects of Common Basic Excipients on the NSAID Drug Ketoprofen

Since its introduction to the market in the 1970s, ketoprofen has been widely used due to its high efficacy in moderate pain management. However, its poor solubility and ulcer side effects have diminished its popularity. This study prepared forms of ketoprofen modified with three basic excipients: tris, L-lysine, and L-arginine, and investigated their ability to improve water solubility and reduce ulcerogenic potential. The complexation/salt formation of ketoprofen and the basic excipients was prepared using physical mixing and coprecipitation methods. The prepared mixtures were studied for solubility, docking, dissolution, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), in vivo evaluation for efficacy (the writhing test), and safety (ulcerogenic liability). Phase solubility diagrams were constructed, and a linear solubility (AL type) curve was obtained with tris. Docking studies suggested a possible salt formation with L-arginine using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The order of enhancement of solubility and dissolution rates was as follows: L-arginine > L-lysine > tris. In vivo analgesic evaluation indicated a significant enhancement of the onset of action of analgesic activities for the three basic excipients. However, safety and gastric protection indicated that both ketoprofen arginine and ketoprofen lysine salts were more favorable than ketoprofen tris.
Determining Fitting ideals of minus class groups via the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture

Abstract We assume the validity of the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture for a certain motive attached to an abelian extension K/k of number fields, and we calculate the Fitting ideal of the dual of clK− as a Galois module, under mild extra hypotheses on K/k. This builds on concepts and results of Tate, Burns, Ritter and Weiss. If k is the field of rational numbers, our results are unconditional.
Determinants of Chikungunya and O’nyong-Nyong Virus Specificity for Infection of Aedes and Anopheles Mosquito Vectors

Mosquito-borne diseases caused by viruses and parasites are responsible for more than 700 million infections each year. Anopheles and Aedes are the two major vectors for, respectively, malaria and arboviruses. Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vector of just one known arbovirus, the alphavirus o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), which is closely related to the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. However, Anopheles harbor a complex natural virome of RNA viruses, and a number of pathogenic arboviruses have been isolated from Anopheles mosquitoes in nature. CHIKV and ONNV are in the same antigenic group, the Semliki Forest virus complex, are difficult to distinguish via immunodiagnostic assay, and symptomatically cause essentially the same human disease. The major difference between the arboviruses appears to be their differential use of mosquito vectors. The mechanisms governing this vector specificity are poorly understood. Here, we summarize intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could be associated with vector specificity by these viruses. We highlight the complexity and multifactorial aspect of vectorial specificity of the two alphaviruses, and evaluate the level of risk of vector shift by ONNV or CHIKV.
Five new Herbig-Haro objects in the Orion region

Five new Herbig-Haro (HH) objects, HH 126 to HH 130, have been discovered in the L1641/M42 region from Schmidt plates and confirmed by low-dispersion spectroscopy. One of them, HH 126, appears to have shown a considerable change in its morphology in the last 30 yr. Another, HH 130, is close to HH2, and its morphology suggests that it may be related to HH2. Also, a pair of HH objects of very low excitation, HH 128 and HH 129, may be physically associated withy HH 41 and HH 42 to represent altogether a single outflow system. In addition, two of the HH objects, HH 61 and HH 83, recently reported by Reipurth and Graham (1988) and by Reipurth (1989), respectively, were independently found. One of them, HH 83, has an optical jet and is shown to be driven by an embedded T Tauri star. The present low- and high-dispersion spectroscopy confirms generally the results obtained by Reipurth on this object, in particular, the velocity increase of the highly blueshifted gas along the jet. 39 refs.
Investigation of the mechanism of transdermal penetration enhancer: a comparison of multiphoton microscopy and electron microscopy

The aim of this study is to characterize the ability of multiphoton microscopy in monitoring the transdermal penetration enhancing effect of a depilatory agent and the associated structural alterations of stratum corneum. The result is compared with the electron microscopic findings. Our results show that the penetration of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents can be enhanced. The morphology of corneocytes becomes a homogenized pattern with focal detachment of surface corneocytes. In combination with Nile red staining, multiphoton imaging also shows that the regular motar-like distribution of lipid matrix was disrupted into a homogenized pattern of lipid distribution. These results are well correlated with the findings of ultrastructural analysis by electron micrographs showing disintegration of the protein envelope of coenocytes, disruption of intracellular keratin and loss of the regular lamellar packing of intercellular lipids. We conclude that, in addition to quantifying the permeation profiles of model drugs, multiphoton microscopy is able to detect the penetration enhancer-induced structural alterations of stratum corneum.
Structural role of vacancies in the phase transition of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 memory materials

Crystallization in amorphous materials requires significant atomic diffusion for structural ordering to occur. Vacancies can play a critical role during the crystallization process, although little is known for phase-change materials. Here, using ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations, we have observed how vacancies evolve and influence the crystallization process in Ge${}_{2}$Sb${}_{2}$Te${}_{5}$ (GST) materials. It was found that vacant sites have mostly Te atoms as neighbors. The diffusion of Ge/Sb atoms in the amorphous phase to vacancies at the crystal-glass interface helps in the formation of stable cubic clusters that potentially grow as nuclei for crystallization. Such selective vacancy diffusion with its particular redistribution facilitates the crystal-nucleation process, thereby significantly contributing to the fast speed of crystallization in this material.
Circularly polarized aperture-coupled circular microstrip patch antennas for L-band applications

Circularly polarized aperture-coupled circular microstrip patch antennas are investigated with the goal of obtaining an 8% impedance and ellipticity bandwidth in the L-band. Three varieties-a single-feed patch with perturbation segments, a single-feed stacked patch with perturbation segments, and a dual-feed patch with a 3-dB branch line coupler as an external polarizer are considered to obtain the required performance. All the three investigated patch configurations meet the impedance bandwidth requirement, but only two varieties: the single-feed stacked patch and the dual-feed patch meet the required ellipticity bandwidth. These antennas feature more than 9-dBi gain. They use low-cost substrates and foam for bandwidth enhancement and, hence, they are attractive for applications where the production cost is of importance.