Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Environmental Impacts of Population , Affluence and Technology ’

How might we better understand the linkages as old as civilization, perhaps as old as written between population, resources and environmental history itself? Heroditus, writing in the 5th century impacts? How might we proceed to develop before Christ, noted how the population of the organid research programs to examine these Lydians had outpaced production leading to a linkages? How might we discipline onr conceptual prolonged famine that lasted eighteen years m e models with empirical tests? In this paper, we m, Book 1:22-23). ’ And Seneca the Younger address these three questions, focusing on writing in the first decades of the Christian era antluopogenic environmental change. We suggest (Naturales Ouaestiones) noted a connection between that an adaptation of the widely known IPAT model population and pollution in Rome.4 He traced (Commoner 1972, 1992; Elulich and Ehrlich 1990; pollution to the growth of household cooking fires Ebrlich and Holdren 1971, 1972; Holdren and and the increased traffic on the dusty streets of the Ehrlich 1974) modified to meet statistical testing city, and also to the burning of dead bodies just requirements, is one strategy for addressing these outside the city limits. Despite this early questions. We provide a brief historical account of recognition, connections between population and scholarly discourse bearing on the questions posed environment were anecdotal and inchoate in classical above. We note that the mial sciences, on the one writings. hand, and the biological and environmental sciences, The idea of a causal link between population on the other hand, have addressed them in parallel, and m n r c e s developed into a more concrete form in but generally qarately--and often antagonistically. the eleventh century. In 1086, William the Then, we describe the original P A T model and our Conqueror commissioned an enumeration of the proposed modifications, evalnating the respective popnlationand its landed wealth, recording the results strengths and wealmesses of both. We map out in the Domesdav Book (the word “domesday” being guidelines for fnrther modification, elaboration and a corruption of the word doomsday, the final day of testing of the model. Finally, we sketch some judgment (Weeh 1986)). This accounting was suggestions for superseding the IPAT model. instrumental in carrying forward the idea that there History of an Idea. The idea that populationgrowth was a link between popnlation and murces . But it affects environmental resources and human welfare is wasn’t until the eighteenth cenhuy, with the writing
STUDY OF EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON INPATIENT SATISFACTION IN HOSPITALS OF TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

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The Reading Strategies Used by EFL Students: A Case of Iranian Advanced English Language Learners

The present study aims at identifying reading strategy choice of Iranian advanced English language learners. To this end, the main instrument was Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory (MARSI) Questionnaire. It was given to 110 Iranian advanced English language learners, male and female, at 19 English language institutes in northern part of Iran. Students had to choose among the five different options for each strategy type in order to specify whether they “I never or almost never do this. ”, “I do this only occasionally. ”, “I sometimes do this. ”, “I usually do this. ” or “I always or almost always do this. ”. Among the three different groups of strategies namely support reading strategies, problem solving strategies and global reading strategies the findings indicated that student at this level of English proficiency have a tendency toward using support reading strategies than other types.
Assessing maternal anxiety in pregnancy with the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): issues of validity, location and participation

The State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) has been widely used in research with pregnant women. However, few studies have examined its validity for this group. In this paper the content validity of the STAI, the impact of location and consequences for further participation of higher STAI scores are investigated for 215 pregnant women who completed the STAI at hospital or community based clinics. The study participants answered the open ended question, ‘How do you feel about your pregnancy? ’ and whether or not they would be willing to take part in further research. Results indicated that STAI state scores reflected the nature of women's spontaneous comments regarding their pregnancy, with lower anxiety related to more ‘positive’ comments. The state scores were also found to be sensitive to the risk level associated with the clinic where the inventory was completed; higher scores related to high‐risk localities. Women with the highest levels of state or trait anxiety were also less likely to wish to take part in further research. The study concludes that the STAI does reflect the anxiety‐related experiences of pregnant women and that its use with pregnant women is appropriate in this respect; however, we recommend that future research notes the issue of potential recruitment biases.
Code-Partitioning Offloading Schemes in Mobile Edge Computing for Augmented Reality

Augmented reality (AR) is one of the emerging use cases relying on ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (uRLLC). The AR service is composed of multiple dependent computational-intensive components. Due to the limited capability of user equipment (UE), it is difficult to meet the stringent latency and reliability requirements of AR service merely by local processing. To solve the problem, it is viable to offload parts of the AR task to the network edge, i.e., mobile edge computing (MEC), which is expected to extend the computing capability of the UE. However, MEC also incurs extra communication latency and errors on the wireless channel; therefore, it is challenging to make an optimum offload decision. So far, a little of state-of-the-art work has considered both the latency and reliability of the MEC-enabled AR service. In this paper, we study the scenario multiple edge nodes cooperate to complete the AR task. The dependency of task components is modeled by a directed acyclic graph through code partitioning. We aim to minimize the service failure probability (SFP) of the MEC-enabled AR service considering reliability and latency. We design an integer particle swarm optimization (IPSO)-based algorithm. Although the solution of IPSO-based algorithm approaches the optimum of the problem, it is infeasible to use IPSO for real-time AR services in practice due to the relatively high computational complexity. Hence, we propose a heuristic algorithm, which achieves a performance close to that of the IPSO-based algorithm with much lower complexity. Compared with state-of-the-art work, the heuristic algorithm can significantly improve the probability to fulfill the targeted SFP in various network conditions. Due to the generic characteristics, the proposed heuristic algorithm is applicable for AR services, as well as for many other use cases in uRLLC.
Dynamic capabilities : understanding strategic change in organizations

Notes on Authors. Foreword. 1. Dynamic Capabilities: Foundations. 2. Managers, Markets, and Dynamic Capabilities. 3. Dynamic Capabilities and Organizational Processes. 4. Executives, Dynamic Capabilities, and Strategic Change. 5. Relational Capabilities: Drivers and Implications. 6. Acquisition-Based Dynamic Capabilities. 7. Firm Growth and Dynamic Capabilities. 8. Dynamic Capabilities: Future Paths and Possibilities. Glossary of Terms. List of Case Examples. References. Author Index. Subject Index
Estimation of Massey Ferguson tractors life and repair distribution functions and required number of repairmen

In order obtain suitable and effective farm machinery performance besides higher crop yield, on time farm machinery field operations are essential. Farm tractors are important machines that used for soil tillage, crop planting and protection. It is even used for harvesting crops in some areas. Thus, any failure in farm tractors influences the series of field operations. Farm managers are usually looking for high reliable farm machineries to complete necessary operation in the pre-determined time Hunt [1]. However, farm tractors stop due to break downs and it is desired that they repaired on a minimum time and back to farms. Farm machinery costs are divided into two categories, i.e. owning or fixed costs and operating or variable costs Morris [2]. The cost of farm machinery repair and maintenance can contribute to most of farm machinery operational costs (after fuel) which can be reached to 15-60% of total crop production costs Mobley [3]. Having an effective repair and maintenance program, the costs of machinery maintenance and failures will be reduced to an optimum point Lips & Burose [4] by gathering machinery failures data on the farms, the failures distribution function can be estimated well and then some important issues such as machinery reliability and energy failures can be predicted as well Barabadi & Kumar[5]; Billinton & Allan [6]. In addition, the required number of repair-mans can be predicted by simulation of data in such a way that farm machines imposes minimum waiting time for repair. The common life distribution functions for continuous data are Normal, Exponential, Logarithmic and Weibull Haj Shirmohammadi [7]. Weibull functions with wider applications can be descending, ascending or constant based on the function parameters Bartkute & Sakalauskas [8].
Calculating disability adjusted life years (DALY) for traffic accidents and its economic consequences in Ecuador

Road traffic fatalities in Ecuador are 20.4 deaths per 100,000 people. Men are the most affected by traffic accidents: 4.2 times higher than women (33 vs. 7.8 deaths per 100,000 people, respectively). Traffic accidents show a decrease: from 22 deaths per 100,000 people in 2010 to 18 deaths per 100,000 people in 2016. The estimation of DALY by the life expectancy method used age weighting β = 0.04, r = 0.03, C = 0.1658. The average burden of disease is 141,430 DALY or 897 DALY per 100,000 people (95% CI 892-902). The cost of DALY, using the approach of human capital, is US$ 806.8 million equivalent to 0.89% of GDP, 81% caused by males and 19% by females. This percentage of GDP lost for road fatalities is equivalent as if each individual in Ecuador paid US$ 358 annually. The provinces with the largest population (Guayas, Pichincha, & Manabí) contribute with the 52% to the total population, 67% to the number of vehicles and 49% of total deaths due to traffic accidents. However, when we analyze deaths per number of people and number of vehicles, these provinces are not the most dangerous for dying in a traffic accident. Considering number of deaths per 100,000 people, the most dangerous provinces are Sucumbíos (33.5), Cotopaxi (32.0), Orellana (31.2), together, they constitute just the 5.9% of the population and 3.8% of the total vehicles, however, the average death rate of these three provinces is 1.58 times the national average (20.4 per 100,000 people). Considering the number of deaths per 100,000 vehicles, the most dangerous provinces are Napo (460), Imbabura (429) and Morona Santiago (400), together, they constitute just the 4.5% of the population and 1.9% of the total vehicles, however, the average death rate of these three provinces is 2.7 times the national average (156 per 100,000 vehicles).
Understanding Text in Scene Images

With the rapid growth of camera-based mobile devices, applications that answer questions such as, “What does this sign say? " are becoming increasingly popular. This is related to the problem of optical character recognition (OCR) where the task is to recognize text occurring in images. The OCR problem has a long history in the computer vision community. However, the success of OCR systems is largely restricted to text from scanned documents. Scene text, such as text occurring in images captured with a mobile device, exhibits a large variability in appearance. Recognizing scene text has been challenging, even for the state-of-the-art OCR methods. Many scene understanding methods recognize objects and regions like roads, trees, sky in the image successfully, but tend to ignore the text on the sign board. Towards filling this gap, we devise robust techniques for scene text recognition and retrieval in this thesis. This thesis presents three approaches to address scene text recognition problems. First, we propose a robust text segmentation (binarization) technique, and use it to improve the recognition performance. We pose the binarization problem as a pixel labeling problem and define a corresponding novel energy function which is minimized to obtain a binary segmentation image. This method makes it possible to use standard OCR systems for recognizing scene text. Second, we present an energy minimization framework that exploits both bottom-up and top-down cues for recognizing words extracted from street images. The bottom-up cues are derived from detections of individual text characters in an image. We build a conditional random field model on these detections to jointly model the strength of the detections and the interactions between them. These interactions are top-down cues obtained from a lexicon-based prior, i.e., language statistics. The optimal word represented by the text image is obtained by minimizing the energy function corresponding to the random field model. The proposed method significantly improves the scene text recognition performance. Thirdly, we present a holistic word recognition framework, which leverages scene text image and synthetic images generated from lexicon words. We then recognize the text in an image by matching the scene and synthetic image features
EXPRESSION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN, GRANZYME-B AND PERFORIN AGAINST Ag85A AND Ag85B PROTEINS OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN BALB/C MICE

Background: Ag85 is a protein that may maintain survival of M. tuberculosis in intracellular parts of host cells and is considered as a virulence factor. The expression of Ag85 protein can stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B- cells and T-cells in patients with tuberculosis. This research aimed to determine the ability of Ag85A and Ag85B proteins in activating the response of antibodies, granzyme-B and perforin in Balb/c mice. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five male Balb/c mice were assigned into five groups. Group I was treated with adjuvant, group II with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, group III with a combination of BCG and Ag85A, group IV with a combination of BCG and Ag85B and group V with a combination of BCG, Ag85A and Ag85B. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G, granzyme-B and perforin were examined using ELISA and the number of CD8+ T-cells and NK T-cells were checked by flow cytometry. Results: The highest concentration of immunoglobulin G was found in group V with 62.49±5.4327 ng/ml. The highest mean number of CD8+ T-cells, NK T-cells, granzyme-B and perforin was found in group IV with 4.32%, 1.03%, 35.11±1.7789 pg/ml and 6.19±0.2235 pg/ml, respectively. The results of One-Way ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences in immunoglobulin responses, with p<0.05. The expressions of granzyme-B and perforin were higher in mice treated with combination of BCG and recombinant proteins. Conclusions: Ag85 protein can be combined with the BCG vaccine to improve protection against M. tuberculosis infection.
Five puzzle pieces, ten cautionary notes

Vanhaecht et al. in their sensible and useful paper, ‘Is there a future for pathways? Five pieces of the puzzle’ (Int J Care Pathways 2009;13:82–6) highlight important considerations for health-care professionals undertaking the construction and deployment of a clinical pathway. The question posed by Vanhaecht and his colleagues as to whether there is a future for clinical pathways seems rhetorical if one takes an ecumenical view of such tools and regards pathways as one important component of a multi-modal decision support strategy. The five-fold guidance provided by these international authorities is based on sound thinking and extensive experience and research. It is hard to dispute the suggestion that pathways should be evidence-based and focus on processes of care targeting specific diseases. A growing body of research, most recently the success of the Keystone project in reducing catheter-associated bloodstream infections in intensive care units in Michigan, supports the importance of teamwork and communication in enhancing the impact of evidence-based guidelines. It is widely accepted that decision support at the point of care would be facilitated by information technology, even if such technology is fully deployed in very few hospitals or ambulatory care settings. The perspective of patients and families always brings welcome light to the sometimes narrow and dingy corridors of comparative effectiveness and translational research. Vanhaecht et al. were agreeably parsimonious in selecting five areas of emphasis for special attention. I have been less successful in reigning in my thoughts, and beg the reader’s indulgence as I offer 10 cautionary notes designed to challenge authors of clinical pathways to consider potential pitfalls and opportunities for improvement.
Tumor Necrosis Factor–α Levels during Two Different Canine Distalization Techniques

Abstract Objectives: To compare levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α while applying continuous and heavy interrupted forces. Materials and Methods: A hybrid retractor was used in the first group. In the second group, rapid canine distalization through periodontal distraction was performed. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the distal sides of the canine teeth before attaching the appliances and at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 1 week after the force was applied. Results: In the hybrid reactor group, concentration of TNF-α decreased at 1 week according to 24-hour measurements. In the rapid canine distalization group, it severely increased at 1 hour. In the evaluation of between-group differences, significantly higher values were determined in the rapid canine distalization group at 1 hour and 1 week. Conclusions: Heavy interrupted force induces a rapid release of TNF-α, and the tissue response continues for a longer time period. To avoid the harmful effects of heavy interrupted force, there .
THE IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT MODELS ON CONSTRUCTION CLAIMS IN SAUDI ARABIA

The construction industry represents one of the important pillars in the national industry and contributes to a handsome portion of the gross national product in Saudi Arabia. This industry has since the seventies undergone a great boom that produced a new infra structure for the country and lasted for almost a decade. During the boom new construction contract models were introduced and extensively applied while still in their imported versions. Furthermore, new procurement methods were tried such as design / build, construction management and build-own-and transfer (BOT). Some new pricing models were introduced as well such as lump sum and cost plus, etc. Some hardships were encountered due to these experiments, either due to non conformity of these ideas to the type of project in which they were applied, or because the personnel on those projects did not fully digest the new concepts. Some disputes and claims arose due to the new application of these concepts, which exhausted all the parties to construction and jammed the litigation bodies. This paper looks into the contract models mostly used in Saudi Arabia and their effect on construction claims. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire to identify these relations and the results were analysed. It was shown that the contract model used in a project will have no direct impact on the type, intensity, or source of claim. Half of all construction projects do not use professionally produced contract forms. Time and money were the two major impacted variables irrelevant of the contract model used. Recommendations and further research were also discussed.
Characterization of a TD-CIMS for PANs measurement

W. Zheng, F. M. Flocke, G. S. Tyndall, A. Swanson, J. J. Orlando, J. M. Roberts, L. G. Huey, and D. J. Tanner Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA Coorperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Lab, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, USA School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Building Brand Loyalty Through Increasing Brand Trust And Brand Affect

Loyalty is one indicator of the success of marketing performance. Various studies have shown that brand loyalty increases the number of customers and sales. In addition, brand loyalty is also lowering the cost to acquire new customers. Marketing managers need to give special attention to the issue of brand loyalty, including the services of an English course.As one of the requirements to be able to compete at the global level is the mastery international language. However, Indonesian English ability is lower than ASEAN countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore. These conditions increase the number of English Courses in Indonesia rapid grow. But some people do not get the results as expected and are still looking for other colleges that are considered to have high quality with affordable prices. English village situated in Pare, Kediri. About the qualifications of teaching staff, infrastructure, and management colleges in big cities is better than the village colleges in the Pare, Kediri. Some participants still chose KampungInggris, Pare, Kediri as a place to learn English. The purpose of this research is how to analyze the important aspect to build brand loyalty. The results is the key factors to build brand loyalty is brand trust and brand brand affect. Brand trust and brand affect affected brand loyalty both simultaneously and partially. Marketing managers of English Courses in Indonesia must give more attention these aspects to increase brand loyalty.