Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating charge traps in MoTe2 field-effect transistors: SiO2 insulator traps and MoTe2 bulk traps

Two-dimensional material-based field-effect transistors are promising for future use in electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, trap states existing in the transistors are known to hinder device performance. They capture/release carriers in the channel and lead to hysteresis in the transfer characteristics. In this work, we fabricated MoTe2 field-effect transistors on two different gate dielectrics, SiO2 and h-BN, and investigated temperature-dependent charge trapping behavior on the hysteresis in their transfer curves. We observed that devices with SiO2 back-gate dielectric are affected by both SiO2 insulator traps and MoTe2 intrinsic bulk traps, with the latter becoming prominent at temperatures above 310 K. Conversely, devices with h-BN back-gate dielectric, which host a negligible number of insulator traps, primarily exhibit MoTe2 bulk traps at high temperatures, enabling us to estimate the trap energy level at 389 meV below the conduction band edge. A similar energy level of 396 meV below the conduction band edge was observed from the emission current transient measurement. From a previous computational study, we expect these trap states to be the tellurium vacancy. Our results suggest that charge traps in MoTe2 field-effect transistors can be reduced by careful selection of gate insulators, thus providing guidelines for device fabrication.
Primate locomotion : linking field and laboratory research

Foreword Tuttle RH Chapter 1: Introduction: Primate locomotion - towards a synergy of laboratory and field research. Vereecke AA & D'Aout K Chapter 2: Translating primate locomotor biomechanical variables from the laboratory to the field. Schmitt D Chapter 3: Studying captive ape locomotion: past, present and future. Vereecke EE, D'Aout K & Aerts P Chapter 4: Experimental and computational studies of bipedal locomotion in the bipedally-trained Japanese macaque. Ogihara N, Hirasaki E & Nakatsukasa M Chapter 5: In what manner do quadrupedal primates walk on two legs? Preliminary results on Olive Baboons (Papio anubis). Berillon G, D'Aout K, Daver G, Dubreuil G, Multon F, Nicolas G & de la Villetanet B Chapter 6: Scapula movements and their contribution to three-dimensional forelimb excursions in quadruped primates. Schmidt M & Krause C Chapter 7: The influence of load carrying on gait parameters in humans and apes: implications for the evolution of human bipedalism. Watson J, Payne R, Chamberlain A, Jones R & Sellers W Chapter 8: Field and experimental approaches to the study of locomotor ontogeny in Propithecus verreauxi. Wunderlich RE, Lawler RR & Williams AE Chapter 9: Comparisons of limb structural properties in free-ranging chimpanzees from Kibale, Gombe, Mahale, and Tai communities. Carlson KJ, Wrangham RW, Muller MN, Sumner DR, Morbeck ME, Nishida T, Yamanaka A & Boesch C Chapter 10: Field study methods for primate locomotion. Blanchard M, Sellers WI & Crompton RH Chapter 11: Gibbon locomotion research in the field - problems, possibilities and benefits for conservation. Cheyne SM Chapter 12: Posture, ischial tuberosities and tree zone use is West African cercopithecids McGraw & Sciulli PW. Chapter 13: Forelimb suspensory gait characteristics of wild Lagothrix poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth: developing video based methodologies in free-ranging primates. Guillot DM Chapter 14: Gait and kinematics of arboreal quadrupedal walk of free-ranging red howlers (Alouatta seniculus) in French Guiana. Youlatos D & Gasc J-P Chapter 15: From treadmill to tropics: calculating ranging cost in chimpanzees. Pontzer H, Raichlen DA & Sockol MD Chapter 16: Linking field and laboratory approaches for studying primate locomotor responses to support orientation. Stevens NJ, Ratsimbazafy JH & Ralainasolo F Chapter 17: Quadrupedal locomotion of Saimiri boliviensis: a comparison of field and lab-based kinematic data. Shapiro LJ, Young JW & Souther A
Microbial communities in paddy soils: differences in abundance and functionality between rhizosphere and pore water, the influence of different soil organic carbon, sulfate fertilization and cultivation time, and contribution to arsenic mobility and speciation

Abstract Abiotic factors and rhizosphere microbial populations influence arsenic accumulation in rice grains. Although mineral and organic surfaces are keystones in element cycling, localization of specific microbial reactions in the root/soil/pore water system is still unclear. Here, we tested if original unplanted soil, rhizosphere soil and pore water represented distinct ecological microniches for arsenic-, sulfur- and iron-cycling microorganisms and compared the influence of relevant factors such as soil type, sulfate fertilization and cultivation time. In rice open-air-mesocosms with two paddy soils (2.0% and 4.7% organic carbon), Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated minor effects of cultivation time and sulfate fertilization that decreased Archaea-driven microbial networks and incremented sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Different compartments, characterized by different bacterial and archaeal compositions, had the strongest effect, with higher microbial abundances, bacterial biodiversity and interconnections in the rhizosphere vs pore water. Within each compartment, a significant soil type effect was observed. Higher percentage contributions of rhizosphere dissimilatory arsenate- and iron-reducing, arsenite-oxidizing, and, surprisingly, dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria, as well as pore water iron-oxidizing bacteria in the lower organic carbon soil, supported previous chemistry-based interpretations of a more active S-cycling, a higher percentage of thioarsenates and lower arsenic mobility by sorption to mixed Fe(II)Fe(III)-minerals in this soil.
Natural Hazards: Earth's Processes as Hazards, Disasters, and Catastrophes

1. Introduction to Natural Hazards 2. Internal Structure of Earth and Plate Tectonics 3. Earthquakes 4. Tsunamis 5. Volcanoes 6. Flooding 7. Mass Wasting 8. Subsidence and Soils 9. Atmospheric Processes and Severe Weather 10. Hurricanes and Extratropical Cyclones 11. Coastal Hazards 12. Climate and Climate Change 13. Wildfires 14. Impacts and Extinctions Appendix A Minerals Appendix B Rocks Appendix C Maps and Related Topics Appendix D How Geologists Determine Geologic Time Glossary References
Validation of the NOAA/NESDIS satellite aerosol product over the North Atlantic in 1989

A validation experiment and resulting potential improvements to the operational satellite aerosol optical thickness product at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NOAA/NESDIS) are presented. An earlier paper described a set of Sun photometer measurements collected from the Soviet R/V Akademik Vernadsky during its cruise in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea from September to December 1989. The accuracy of the Sun photometer aerosol optical thickness was proven acceptable for use as a ground truth standard for validation of the NOAA product. This paper describes the validation methodology and the results of its application to the NOAA 11 satellite product. A systematic underestimation in the operational values by about 35%, relative to the ship truth, is found. Causes for this discrepancy are examined, emphasizing the importance of careful satellite instrument calibration, and a revision of the oceanic reflectance model used in the retrieval algorithm. It is shown that the remaining systematic underestimate in satellite aerosol optical thickness can be attributed only to the aerosol model used in the retrieval. Additional checks of this conclusion using independent data sets are underway. If confirmed, a fundamental revision of the presently used aerosol model would be required. An example of a simple adjustment to the present aerosol model which successfully removes the bias is given, based on the assumption of an absorbing aerosol.
AEA 2012 Conference Reading: Socioecological dynamics at the time of Neolithic transition in Iberia

Abstract The Western Mediterranean, spanning southern Italy to Portugal, can be considered a single archaeological unit where the diagnostic characteristics of Early Neolithic contexts share common elements, marked by the spread of Cardium-Impressed ceramics. Although some consensus exists regarding the origin of these wares in southern Italy, the debate surrounding its process of expansion to the west remains open. Iberia is a key region for the analysis of the neolithisation process due to its location at the end of the Neolithic Mediterranean expansion. This view includes the problems linked with the mechanism of this spread and the evolutionary dynamics of the early agricultural societies. Our goals are to evaluate the rich archaeological and palaeoenvironmental database produced by recent decades of research in this area in order to address issues related to the Neolithic Transition. We especially deal with the role played by climatic events in the observed dynamics of the last Mesolithic and the Early Neolithic (ca. 8500–6900 cal BP).
High promiscuity among females of the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931), the spotted‐wing drosophila, is a highly invasive fruit fly that spread from Southern Asia across most regions of Asia and, in the last 15 years, has invaded Europe and the Americas. It is an economically important pest of small fruits such as berries and stone fruits. Drosophila suzukii speciated by adapting to cooler, mountainous, and forest environments. In temperate regions, it evolved seasonal polyphenism traits which enhanced its survival during stressful winter population bottlenecks. Consequently, in these temperate regions, the populations undergo seasonal reproductive dynamics. Despite its economic importance, no data are available on the behavioural reproductive strategies of this fly. The presence of polyandry, for example, has not been determined despite the important role it might play in the reproductive dynamics of populations. We explored the presence of polyandry in an established population in Trentino, a region in northern Italy. In this area, D. suzukii overcomes the winter bottleneck and undergoes a seasonal reproductive fluctuation. We observed a high remating frequency in females during the late spring demographic explosion that led to the abundant summer population. The presence of a high degree of polyandry and shared paternity associated with the post‐winter population increase raises the question of the possible evolutionary adaptive role of this reproductive behaviour in D. suzukii.
A 20-year population study of peripartum cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background and Aims The epidemiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in Europe is poorly understood and data on long-term outcomes are lacking. A retrospective, observational, population-level study of validated cases of PPCM in Scotland from 1998 to 2017 was conducted. Methods Women hospitalized with presumed de novo left ventricular systolic dysfunction around the time of pregnancy and no clear alternative cause were included. Each case was matched to 10 controls. Incidence and risk factors were identified. Morbidity and mortality were examined in mothers and children. Results The incidence of PPCM was 1 in 4950 deliveries. Among 225 women with PPCM, obesity, gestational hypertensive disorders, and multi-gestation were found to be associated with having the condition. Over a median of 8.3 years (9.7 years for echocardiographic outcomes), 8% of women with PPCM died and 75% were rehospitalized for any cause at least once. Mortality and rehospitalization rates in women with PPCM were ∼12- and ∼3-times that of controls, respectively. The composite of all-cause death, mechanical circulatory support, or cardiac transplantation occurred in 14%. LV recovery occurred in 76% and, of those who recovered, 13% went on to have a decline in LV systolic function despite initial recovery. The mortality rate for children born to women with PPCM was ∼5-times that of children born to controls and they had an ∼3-times greater incidence of cardiovascular disease over a median of 8.8 years. Conclusions PPCM affected 1 in 4950 women around the time of pregnancy. The condition is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality for the mother and child. There should be a low threshold for investigating at-risk women. Long term follow-up, despite apparent recovery, should be considered.
Bio-economic modelling of conversion from conventional to organic arable farming system in the Netherlands

Organic farming claims to have the potential to provide benefits in terms of environmental protection, conservation of non-renewable resources, improved food quality, reduction in output of surplus products and the reorientation of agriculture towards areas of market demand. Some governments in Europe have recognized and responded to these potential benefits by encouraging farmers to adopt organic farming practices, either directly through financial incentives or indirectly through support for research, extension and marketing initiatives. Currently policy makers and farmers do not have a clear insight in the effect of certain influential factors which might stimulate or hamper the conversion to organic farming. Different modelling approaches were used in literature to study the conversion but the majority of normative studies d«» not include the time aspect in the model, which is an important element to study the conversion period. In this paper a model is presented to analyze the conversion process of farms over time.The objective of this paper is to analyse the effect of different influential factors on the conversion process of arable farms in the Netherlands. For this purpose a dynamic linear programming (DLP) model is developed.
Identification of Factors that Cause Severity of Road Accidents in Ghana: A Case Study of the Northern Region.

The incidence of deaths and injury as a result of road accidents is now a global phenomenon. As a result authorities in virtually all countries of the world are now concerned about the growth in the number of people killed and injured on their roads including Ghana. The study objective was to identify the variables that mainly contribute to accident severity in the Northern Region and to describe the impact of these variables. This study applied binary logistic regression to accident-related data collected from motor transport and traffic unit (MTTU) Northern Region traffic-police records in order to examine the contributing factors to accident severity. A total of 398 accident data from 2007-2009 was used. Among the variables obtained from police-accident reports, two independent variables were found most significantly associated with accident severity; namely, Over loading and Obstruction.
Mavacamten: a first-in-class myosin inhibitor for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract The path to treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (Top left) Haemodynamic observations demonstrated. Left ventricular (LV) obstruction and symptoms related to LV hypertrophy. (Bottom left) Discovery of genetic variants in ∼40% of patients. (Centre) Sarcomeres in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) show excess of myosin–actin cross-bridges that are normalized by mavacamten. (Top right) Pre-clinical observations in mouse and pig models of oHCM. (Bottom right) The two placebo-controlled clinical trials of mavacamten in oHCM. HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; hsTnT, high-sensitivity troponin T; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; QOL, quality of life.
A special issue preface: Radiocarbon in the Anthropocene

The Anthropocene is defined by marked acceleration in human-induced perturbations to the Earth system. Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and attendant changes to the global carbon cycle are among the most profound and pervasive of these perturbations. Determining the magnitude, nature and pace of these carbon cycle changes is crucial for understanding the future climate that ecosystems and humanity will experience and need to respond to. This special issue illustrates the value of radiocarbon as a tool to shed important light on the nature, magnitude and pace of carbon cycle change. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon in the Anthropocene'.
Modelling Spatial and Spatial-Temporal Data: A Bayesian Approach

Robert Haining and Guangquan Li’s Modelling with Spatial and Spatial-Temporal Data provides a useful high-level introduction to Bayesian thinking about model specification and implementation and spatial analysis. The book would be appropriate for latestage PhD students interested in next-level thinking about how to design and implement spatial models, particularly in a Bayesian context. The presentation of the classical canon of spatial analytical techniques, such as exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis, and spatial econometric models (with both conditional and simultaneous dependence structures) is useful, clear, and effective. At times, the exercises are a bit less supportive than might be useful for an interested reader, and any solo reader of this book will likely need to consult online discussion fora for the book to solve the problems with confidence. Regardless, the book deserves recognition for covering such a large and diverse literature on spatial modeling in both a rigorous and accessible manner.
Light-induced trapping of endogenous proteins reveals spatiotemporal roles of microtubule and kinesin-1 in dendrite patterning of Drosophila sensory neurons

Animal development involves numerous molecular events, whose spatiotemporal properties largely determine the biological outcomes. Conventional methods for studying gene function lack the necessary spatiotemporal resolution for precise dissection of developmental mechanisms. Optogenetic approaches are powerful alternatives, but most existing tools rely on exogenous designer proteins that produce narrow outputs and cannot be applied to diverse or endogenous proteins. To address this limitation, we developed OptoTrap, a light-inducible protein trapping system that allows manipulation of endogenous proteins tagged with GFP or split GFP. This system turns on fast and is reversible in minutes or hours. We generated OptoTrap variants optimized for neurons and epithelial cells and demonstrate effective trapping of endogenous proteins of diverse sizes, subcellular locations, and functions. Furthermore, OptoTrap allowed us to instantly disrupt microtubules and inhibit the kinesin-1 motor in specific dendritic branches of Drosophila sensory neurons. Using OptoTrap, we obtained direct evidence that microtubules support the growth of highly dynamic dendrites. Similarly, targeted manipulation of Kinesin heavy chain revealed differential spatiotemporal requirements of kinesin-1 in the patterning of low- and high-order dendritic branches, suggesting that different cargos are needed for the growth of these branches. OptoTrap allows for precise manipulation of endogenous proteins in a spatiotemporal manner and thus holds great promise for studying developmental mechanisms in a wide range of cell types and developmental stages.
Chemical characteristics of tropospheric air over the Pacific Ocean as measured during PEM‐West B: Relationship to Asian outflow and trajectory history

The Pacific Exploratory Missions (PEM) were designed to study the chemistry of tropospheric air within the Pacific Rim region extending from the equator to about 50°N. Missions emphasized the importance of Asian outflow to the chemistry of tropospheric air. PEM-West A was conducted in September and October 1991, and PEM-West B was conducted in February and March 1994. The PEM-West B winter mission coincides with the time of maximum impact of Asian outflow on the Pacific Rim region. This paper examines the chemical composition of air measured during PEM-West B aircraft ascents/descents. Chemical composition of tropospheric air is related to its history as determined from 5- to 10-day back trajectory calculations at multiple altitudes of the vertical profiles. Locations and the altitudes for trajectory calculations are selected to elucidate relationships between Asian source regions, transport within the region, and the chemical characteristics of tropospheric air. Data are over-ocean measurements at locations ranging from hundreds of kilometers from the Asian coast to remote ocean sites thousands of kilometers east of Asia. Seasonal differences are illustrated by comparing PEM-West A and B results. In general, the chemical composition of tropospheric air throughout the Pacific Rim region is influenced by Asian outflow, and transported continental emissions are an important source of pollution to the region during both seasons.
Uncovering the Roles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis melH in Redox and Bioenergetic Homeostasis: Implications for Antitubercular Therapy

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogenic bacterium that causes tuberculosis, has evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to counteract the cytotoxicity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within host macrophages during infection. The melH gene in Mtb and Mycobacterium marinum (Mm) plays a crucial role in defense mechanisms against ROS generated during infection. We demonstrate that melH encodes an epoxide hydrolase and contributes to ROS detoxification. Deletion of melH in Mm resulted in a mutant with increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, increased accumulation of aldehyde species, and decreased production of mycothiol and ergothioneine. This heightened vulnerability is attributed to the increased expression of whiB3, a universal stress sensor. The absence of melH also resulted in reduced intracellular levels of NAD+, NADH, and ATP. Bacterial growth was impaired, even in the absence of external stressors, and the impairment was carbon-source-dependent. Initial MelH substrate specificity studies demonstrate a preference for epoxides with a single aromatic substituent. Taken together, these results highlight the role of melH in mycobacterial bioenergetic metabolism and provide new insights into the complex interplay between redox homeostasis and generation of reactive aldehyde species in mycobacteria. Importance This study unveils the pivotal role played by the melH gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum in combatting the detrimental impact of oxidative conditions during infection. This investigation revealed notable alterations in the level of cytokinin-associated aldehyde, para-hydroxybenzaldehyde, as well as the redox buffer ergothioneine, upon deletion of melH. Moreover, changes in crucial cofactors responsible for electron transfer highlighted melH’s crucial function in maintaining a delicate equilibrium of redox and bioenergetic processes. MelH prefers epoxide small substrates with a phenyl substituted substrate. These findings collectively emphasize the potential of melH as an attractive target for the development of novel antitubercular therapies that sensitize mycobacteria to host stress, offering new avenues for combating tuberculosis.