Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Search engine marketing for different competition modes - Interfirm and intrafirm

Brands seeking for prominent positions in online consumer search may invest in two types of search engine marketing: paid search marketing (PSM) and search engine optimization (SEO). This paper investigates how firms should allocate marketing resources between PSM and SEO under different competition modes (interfirm and intrafirm competition). We develop an analytical model where within an interfirm competition, two brands compete for every step, while for the intrafirm competition, multi-brand firm coordinates the search engine marketing decisions for its brands, but delegates the price decisions to the brand managers. We find that the resource allocation decision may depend on the firm’s brand strength in organic search. Our analysis shows an increasing curve relation between resources allocated to PSM and the brand strength for interfirm competition and inverted-U shape for intrafirm competition. More specifically, as the brand strength goes up, for the interfirm competition, the resources allocated to PSM increase till 100%, while it should increase only when brand strength is sufficiently low, but decrease when brand strength is high for the intrafirm competition. This nontrivial result underscores the challenge facing a multi-brand firm in balancing between maximizing the search prominence for the category and minimizing the internal competition.
Refractive index of biotissue versus temperature condition at 632.8 nm

An experimental apparatus is designed to determine the index of refraction of biological tissue using a laser beam and a prism in the familiar to a specular Fresnel reflection method in which the scattering effects are reduced to be disregarded. One of the advantages of the method is its high sensitivity to a small change in refractive index. A flat heater is contacted on the prism and a tiny heat electric couple is hold between a sample and the prism. The refractive indices of several porcine tissues have been measured over a temperature range of 20 to approximately 70 degrees Celsius. The index of refraction keeps stable levels below 36 degrees Celsius and above 60 degrees Celsius, respectively, but increases with an increase in temperature from 36 to 60 degrees Celsius. During a temperature descent after heating, the evolvement of refractive index is determined by the climax of temperature reached. The heating and cooling procedures are irreversible in optical property of tissue. Such results are consistent to the biological observation and can be explained by the cellular response to temperature. A knowledge of these properties is important for tissue optics and laser medicine.
Comparison of Maxillary Canine Retraction Using Split-Mouth Design With Dual Force Cuspid Retractor and T-loop Segmental Arch: A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction This study was designed to explore the differences between two frictionless mechanics for canine retraction i.e., dual force cuspid retractor and T-loop segmental arch. T-loop for canine retraction creates a biomechanical system to deliver a predetermined force and a relatively constant moment-to-force ratio whereas dual force cuspid retractor uses power arms on buccal as well as palatal aspects for canine retraction. Bodily tooth movement can be achieved by both methods, but in this study, our main focus was to reduce the canine retraction timing with better three-dimensional control. Method This split-mouth study was conducted on a total of 20 cuspids of ten patients (five male and five female). Where one side of the arch was selected for T-loop and the other side for dual force cuspid retractor, randomly. Inclusion criteria for this study were; no congenitally missing teeth (excluding third molar), class I or class II molar relationship, no previous history of orthodontic treatment, good oral periodontal status, patients in whom extraction of maxillary first premolar during treatment was indicated. Both groups were compared for the duration of canine retraction, anchorage loss; tipping, and rotation of cuspid and molar, individually, after retraction. Result The result of this study showed that the duration of canine retraction was significantly less in group one, i.e., dual force cuspid retractor 73.8 ± 12.38 days, than in group two, i.e., T-loop 109.4 ± 16.71 days. The anchorage loss in group one was 0.60 ± 0.61 mm and that in group two was 2.40 ± 0.87 mm. Also, the amount of tipping and rotation of the cuspid and molar individually was significantly lesser in group one than in group two. Conclusion In this study, the dual force cuspid retractor shortens the duration of canine retraction with better three-dimensional control and better anchorage preservation when compared to T-loop.
Formation Control of Mobile Robots with Active Obstacle Avoidance

In this paper, the formation control and obstacle avoidance problems are dealt with a unified control algorithm, which allows the follower to avoid obstacle while maintaining desired relative bearing or relative distance from the leader. In the known leader-follower robot formation control literature, absolute motion states of the leader robot are required to control the followers, which may not be available in some environments. In this research, the leader-follower robot formation is modelled and controlled in terms of the relative motion states between the leader and follower robots. The absolute motion states of the leader robot are not required in the proposed formation controller. Furthermore, the research has been extended to a novel obstacle avoidance scheme based on sensing the relative motion between robot and obstacle. Experimental investigation has been conducted using the platform consisted of three nonholonomic mobile robots and computer vision system, and the results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Improving Adjoint-Based Aerodynamic Optimization via Gradient-Enhanced Kriging

Gradient-based optimization using adjoint method has proved effective for automatic aerodynamic shape optimization via high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. Past experience suggests that its optimization efficiency and robustness are crucially affected by the step size along a direction of descending. In this paper, a surrogate modeling method based on gradient-enhanced Kriging is exercised to determinate the step size of adjoint-based optimization and a routine for adjoint-based aerodynamic design has been proposed. Representative results are presented for the inverse design of a RAE 2822 airfoil. It is found that the efficiency as well as robustness of adjoint-based aerodynamic optimization can be dramatically improved. Nomenclature
The Generation of African Waves

Abstract A linearized, pseudo-spectral, primitive equation model is used to simulate the response of the low-level easterly jet over northern Africa to perturbations on the scale of African waves. The model results show that the jet is unstable due to both its horizontal and vertical shears. The most unstable wave supported by the jet has a wavelength of 3O00 km and a period of 2.0–2.5 days. It attains its maximum intensity at the 700 mb level, near 14°N. This compares favorably with the characteristics of the observed waves. The kinetic energy of the waves grows at the expense of the kinetic energy of the mean jet. Energy is transferred at approximately equal rates by the horizontal and vertical Reynolds stresses. Energy conversions involving available potential energy are nearly an order of magnitude smaller, reflecting the fact that the kinetic energy of the wave accounts for about 90% of the total wave energy. The characteristics of the most unstable wave are virtually unchanged when a crude parameter.
The role of extended defects in device degradation

Grain boundaries and dislocations are well known to cause trouble in electronic devices, but in most cases they can be avoided by using single crystal films and eliminating or suppressing dislocation densities. Hetero‐interfaces, on the other hand, are essential features of devices. This papers reviews several topics from the author's published work, combining theoretical calculations with experimental data (microscopy, electrical measurements) to illustrate the interplay of impurities with extended defects, especially interfaces: dopant segregation in grain boundaries of polycrystalline Si, the role of hydrogen in the degradation of the Si–SiO2 interface in Si‐based metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs), the role of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen in the quality and degradation of the SiC–SiO2 interface in SiC‐based MOSFETs, and the role of vacancies in room‐temperature degradation of III–V high‐mobility electron transistors by the formation of microvoids.
Properties of Census Dual System Population Size Estimators

Nous étudions des méthodes paramétriques et non paramétriques d'évaluation de la précision et de la couverture d'un recensement fondé sur un double système d'enquêtes. Deux approches paramétriques, la post‐stratification et la régression logistique, sont considérées; ces approches ont été ou seront mises en pratique dans le cadre du double système d'enquêtes utilisé pour le recensement des Etats‐Unis. Nous montrons que ces méthodes sont généralement biaisées lorsque le modèle sur lequel elles se fondent est incorrectement spécifié. Nous étudions ensuite une approche de post‐stratification locale fondée sur un estimateur à noyau des fonctions d'énumération du recensement. Nous illustrons le fait que cette approche non paramétrique évite les risques liés aux erreurs de spécification des modèles utilisés, et converge sous des conditions assez générales. Les performances des estimateurs qui en résultent sont évaluées de façon numérique à partir de simulations et d'une analyse empirique fondée sur les résultats de l'enquête post‐censitaire du recensement des Etats‐Unis de 2000.
The relationship between probiotics and retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants: A population-based retrospective study in China.

Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a retinal vascular disease with a high incidence in premature infants and is a leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. The purpose of our study was to analyze the association between the use of probiotics and retinopathy of prematurity. Methods This study retrospectively collected clinical data of premature infants with gestational age <32 weeks and birth weight <1500 g admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 in Suzhou Municipal Hospital, China. Demographic and clinical data of the inclusion population were collected. The outcome was the occurrence of ROP. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables, while the t-test and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U rank-sum test were used for continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between probiotics and ROP. Results A total of 443 preterm infants met the inclusion criteria, of which 264 didn't receive probiotics and 179 were supplemented with probiotics. There were 121 newborns with ROP in the included population. The results of univariate analysis showed that the preterm infants with and without probiotics were significantly different in the gestational age, the birth weight, the one-minute Apgar score, the oxygen inhalation time, the acceptance rate of invasive mechanical ventilation, the prevalence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, ROP and severe intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia (P < 0.05). Unadjusted univariate logistic regression model result showed that probiotics (OR 0.383, 95% CI 0.240∼0.611) were the factors affecting ROP in preterm infants (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression result (OR 0.575, 95% CI 0.333∼0.994) was consistent with univariate analysis (P < 0.05). Conclusion This study showed that probiotic was associated with a reduced risk of ROP in preterm infants with gestational age of <32 weeks and birth weight of <1500 g, but more large-scale prospective studies are still needed.
Learning to Discriminate Adversarial Examples by Sensitivity Inconsistency in IoHT Systems

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely adopted in many fields, and they greatly promote the Internet of Health Things (IoHT) systems by mining health-related information. However, recent studies have shown the serious threat to DNN-based systems posed by adversarial attacks, which has raised widespread concerns. Attackers maliciously craft adversarial examples (AEs) and blend them into the normal examples (NEs) to fool the DNN models, which seriously affects the analysis results of the IoHT systems. Text data is a common form in such systems, such as the patients' medical records and prescriptions, and we study the security concerns of the DNNs for textural analysis. As identifying and correcting AEs in discrete textual representations is extremely challenging, the available detection techniques are still limited in performance and generalizability, especially in IoHT systems. In this paper, we propose an efficient and structure-free adversarial detection method, which detects AEs even in attack-unknown and model-agnostic circumstances. We reveal that sensitivity inconsistency prevails between AEs and NEs, leading them to react differently when important words in the text are perturbed. This discovery motivates us to design an adversarial detector based on adversarial features, which are extracted based on sensitivity inconsistency. Since the proposed detector is structure-free, it can be directly deployed in off-the-shelf applications without modifying the target models. Compared to the state-of-the-art detection methods, our proposed method improves adversarial detection performance, with an adversarial recall of up to 99.7% and an F1-score of up to 97.8%. In addition, extensive experiments have shown that our method achieves superior generalizability as it can be generalized across different attackers, models, and tasks.
An infrared small vehicle target detection method based on deep learning

Infrared small vehicle target detection plays an important role in infrared search and tracking systems applications. The target detection methods based on deep learning are developing rapidly, but the existing approaches always perform poorly for the detection of small target. In this study, we propose an improved SSD(Single Shot MultiBox Detector) to improve the detection performance of infrared small targets from three aspects. First of all, we recommend using the stride convolution layer to replace the 3~6 maximum pooling layers in the original algorithm; second, design a shallow feature layer information enhancement module, semantically fusing the feature maps of the shallow feature layer and the deep feature layer, and using a new pyramid structure to detect the target; third, introducing residual unit and use the MSRA function to initialize the weights of the neurons in each layer at the beginning of training. To evaluate the Infrared-SSD proposed in this paper, the infrared vehicle data set created by this team was used to train and test the model. Experimental results show that Infrared-SSD has higher accuracy than the original SSD algorithm. For an input of 300pixel×300pixel, Infrared-SSD got a mAP(mean Average Precision) test score of 82.02%.
Slotted surface treatment on position-sensitive NaI(Tl) detectors to improve spatial resolution

By cutting slots in the entrance surface of a thick NaI(Tl) crystal we have narrowed the light response function. As the slot depth increases the light response function gets narrower while the local cluster energy increases. This leads to an overall improvement in the detector spatial resolution along x and y, while its sensitivity is increased by using a thick crystal. In addition, a narrow light response function could also improve the detector count rate capability by reducing the detector dead area due to a single event. 2D slots will be investigated next, both through simulations and experimental measurements.
Widerstand im Kontext von Schulentwicklung – Annäherung an ein bislang vernachlässigtes Forschungsfeld

Widerstand gilt als konstitutives Moment von Schulentwicklung, ist jedoch in der deutschsprachigen Schulentwicklungsforschung bislang kaum systematisch betrachtet worden. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat daher das Ziel, die bisherige themenbezogene Auseinandersetzung mittels eines Literaturüberblicks zu explorieren und Widerstand als multidimensionales Phänomen kategoriengeleitet zu strukturieren. Eine Diskussion der Befunde und die Explizierung wesentlicher Forschungsdesiderata runden den Beitrag ab.
Free-space orbital angular momentum division multiplexing with Bessel beams

We present an apparatus for multiplexing and demultiplexing free-space beams carrying different values of orbital angular momentum (OAM), at a wavelength of 633 nm. We have considered nondiffracting Bessel beams of order from 0 to 3, produced by means of suitable binary-amplitude computer-generated holograms and carrying an OAM per photon directly proportional to the beam order. The effectiveness of the OAM division multiplexing technique has been experimentally verified by monitoring the output ports of a demultiplexing interferometer with rotated Dove prisms in the arms. This interferometer is capable of discriminating the even-order Bessel beams from the odd-order ones.
Does Reproductive Success in Natural and Anthropogenic Populations of Generalist Epipactis helleborine Depend on Flower Morphology and Nectar Composition?

The purpose of our study was to determine the role of flower structure and nectar composition in shaping the reproductive success (RS) of the generalist orchid Epipactis helleborine in natural and anthropogenic populations. We supposed that the distinct character of two groups of habitats creates different conditions for plant–pollinator relationships, thus influencing reproductive success in E. helleborine populations. Both pollinaria removal (PR) and fruiting (FRS) were differentiated between the populations. On average, FRS was almost two times higher in the anthropogenic than in the natural populations. The difference between the two population groups in PR was smaller but still statistically significant. RS parameters were correlated with some floral display and flower traits. Floral display influenced RS only in three anthropogenic populations. Flower traits had a weak influence on RS (10 of the 192 cases analyzed). The more important trait in shaping RS was nectar chemistry. The nectar of E. helleborine is relatively diluted with a lower sugar concentration in the anthropogenic than in the natural populations. In the natural populations, domination of sucrose over hexoses was found, while in the anthropogenic populations, hexoses were more abundant and the participation of sugars was balanced. In some populations, sugars influenced RS. In E. helleborine nectar, 20 proteogenic and 7 non-proteogenic amino acids (AAs) were found with a clear domination of glutamic acid. We noted relationships between some AAs and RS, but distinct AAs shaped RS in different populations, and their impact was independent of their participation. Our results indicate that the flower structure and nectar composition of E. helleborine reflect its generalistic character and meet the requirements of a wide range of pollinators. Simultaneously, the differentiation of flower traits suggests a variation in pollinator assemblages in particular populations. Knowledge about the factors influencing RS in distinct habitats helps to understand the evolutionary potential of species and to understand mechanisms and processes crucial for shaping interactions between plants and pollinators.
Extracellular vesicles mediate biological information delivery: A double-edged sword in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a severe ischemic disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Maladaptive cardiac remodeling is a series of abnormalities in cardiac structure and function that occurs following myocardial infarction (MI). The pathophysiology of this process can be separated into two distinct phases: the initial inflammatory response, and the subsequent longer-term scar revision that includes the regression of inflammation, neovascularization, and fibrotic scar formation. Extracellular vesicles are nano-sized lipid bilayer vesicles released into the extracellular environment by eukaryotic cells, containing bioinformatic transmitters which are essential mediators of intercellular communication. EVs of different cellular origins play an essential role in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. In this review, we first introduce the pathophysiology of post-infarction cardiac remodeling, as well as the biogenesis, classification, delivery, and functions of EVs. Then, we explore the dual role of these small molecule transmitters delivered by EVs in post-infarction cardiac remodeling, including the double-edged sword of pro-and anti-inflammation, and pro-and anti-fibrosis, which is significant for post-infarction cardiac repair. Finally, we discuss the pharmacological and engineered targeting of EVs for promoting heart repair after MI, thus revealing the potential value of targeted modulation of EVs and its use as a drug delivery vehicle in the therapeutic process of post-infarction cardiac remodeling.
Equation of state for dense hydrogen and helium: application to astrophysics

We present theoretical results for the equation of state of hydrogen and helium applying the chemical picture which treats the elementary charged particles (electrons, ions) and neutral bound states (atoms, molecules) on an equal footing. The chemical equilibrium for dissociation and ionization processes is solved accounting for nonideality corrections. We compare our results with experiments and other theoretical models and calculate pressures and temperatures in jupiter's interior.
An 18-MS/s 76-dB SNDR Continuous-Time Δ Σ Modulator Incorporating an Input Voltage Tracking GmC Loop Filter

This article presents a highly linear continuous-time (CT) <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> modulator incorporating energy-efficient open-loop GmC integrators with 1-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm {V_{ppd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> full-scale (FS) voltage. The second-order loop filter is inherently linearized using an input voltage tracking technique. Here, the modulator input and digital to analog converter (DAC) feedback signal have the same linear and non-linear voltage to current conversion. Subtracted in the current domain in the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G_{A{m}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-stage, the non-linear contributors are eliminated and a highly linear wide-swing open-loop filter architecture is obtained. Linearity impairments due to tracking errors between the feedback DAC signal and the modulator input are analytically discussed and optimizations are introduced. The proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> architecture takes advantage of a single feedback DAC which is shared among both the GmC integrators within the loop filter. A first-order finite impulse response (FIR) filter incorporated in the single feedback DAC is implemented by two 5-bit time-interleaved source-series terminated (SST) DACs comprising a data-dependent supply impedance compensation. Fabricated in a 22-nm FD SOI process, the 18-MS/s prototype consumes 3.21 mW combined from a 0.9- and 1.3-V power supply. Revealing 93-dB spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) at 76.5-dB peak signal to noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) performance, the prototype design achieves a 171-dB figure of merit (FoM)<sub>S</sub> with only 41-fF input capacitance.