Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients seeking medical care at Morogoro Regional Referral Hospital in Tanzania

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a key metabolic endocrine disorder escalating in the course of rapid population growth, aging, urbanization, and increasing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity. This study was conducted to assess prevalence of DM and associated risk factors among outpatients seeking medical care at Morogoro Regional Referral Hospital in Tanzania. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst 129 outpatients. Diabetic status was assigned using Gluco-plus Random Blood Glucose (RBG) ≥ 11.1mmol/L and a subject was confirmed to have diabetes when fasting plasma glucose was ≥7mmol/L. Structured questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic characteristics. Body Mass Index (BMI) was computed, with normal values ranging from 18.5-24.9 kg/m, ˂18.5kg/m suggests underweight and/or malnutrition, from 25.0-29.9 is overweight; 3039.9 is obese, while ≥40.0 is severe obesity. Data were analysed and Chi-square test was applied to test association between DM and overweight, age, smoking and alcohol intake. Results: Our findings indicated that an overall prevalence of diabetes was 10.08% for undiagnosed town dwellers outpatients. Out of 13 diabetic individuals, 4 (31%) were males and 9 (69 %) were females. In this study population, 26 (20.16%) were overweight and One of diabetic subjects had severe obesity, two were obese, seven were overweight and three had normal weight. The age, alcohol intake and overweight were found to be the risk factors significantly associated with DM. Conclusions: Our results indicate a higher prevalence of DM than the national estimate of 9.1 %. Thus DM still indicates a considerable health burden in Morogoro Municipality. Overweight, aging, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity were the main predisposing factors for DM morbidity. A regular screening and intervention programme for preventing DM in Morogoro Municipality is necessary.
Primary submicron marine aerosol dominated by insoluble organic colloids and aggregates

The chemical properties of sea‐spray aerosol particles produced by artificially generated bubbles using oceanic waters were investigated during a phytoplankton bloom in the North Atlantic. Spray particles exhibited a progressive increase in the organic matter (OM) content from 3 ± 0.4% up to 77 ± 5% with decreasing particle diameter from 8 to 0.125 μm. Submicron OM was almost entirely water insoluble (WIOM) and consisted of colloids and aggregates exuded by phytoplankton. Our observations indicate that size dependent transfer of sea water organic material to primary marine particles is mainly controlled by the solubility and surface tension properties of marine OM. The pattern of WIOM and sea‐salt content in the different size intervals observed in bubble bursting experiments is similar to that measured in atmospheric marine aerosol samples collected during periods of high biological activity. The results point to a WIOM/sea‐salt fingerprint associated with submicron primary marine aerosol production in biologically rich waters.
Late Triassic Aetosaurs as the Trackmaker of the Tetrapod Footprint Ichnotaxon Brachychirotherium

Brachychirotherium is the common ichnogenus of Late Triassic chirothere footprints well known from western Europe, North America, Argentina and South Africa. Although it has long been agreed by most workers that the trackmaker of Brachychirotherium was a derived crurotarsan archosaur, the trackmaker has been identified as either a rauisuchian or an aetosaur, and some workers attribute it to a primitive crocodylomorph (sphenosuchian). New knowledge of the osteology of the manus and pes of a large aetosaur, Typothorax coccinarum, indicates a close correspondence between the manus and pes structure of aetosaurs and the morphology of Brachychirotherium. Furthermore, functional analysis of complete skeletons indicates aetosaurs plausibly placed their feet in the narrow gauge, nearly the overstepped walk characteristic of Brachychirotherium. Brachychirotherium and aetosaurs have matched distributions, that is, they were Pangea-wide during the Late Triassic. The manus and pes morphology of rauisuchians and early crocodylomorphs (sphenosuchians) deviate from Brachychirotherium footprint morphology in key features, thus excluding their identification as trackmakers. Aetosaurs made Brachychirotherium footprints.
APPLICATION OF A GENERALIZED TOPMODEL TO THE SMALL RINGELBACH CATCHMENT, VOSGES, FRANCE

This paper describes the application of the revised parabolic transmissivity profile form of TOPMODEL, leading to a second-order hyperbolic base flow recession curve, to four years of 18 minute data from the 36 ha Ringelbach research catchment in the Vosges, France. The model is completed by evapotranspiration, snowmelt and runoff routing components. As far as possible the parameters of this form of the model, or their ranges, are estimated a priori. Results are given that compare the original and revised forms of TOPMODEL, with and without optimization. One particular feature of this catchment is the availability of measurements of saturated areas. These are taken into account by using a modified distribution of the soil-topographic index, in a first attempt to relax the assumption of uniform transmissivity in the catchment. It is shown that the reasonably good results obtained with the original model are improved with the revised model, particularly in the simulation of dry weather flows, and that further improvements are obtained with the modified soil-topographic index distribution.
Remotely triggered microearthquakes at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California

Microearthquake (MEQ) activity recorded on a local network at The Geysers geothermal field has been observed to increase dramatically within seconds to minutes after the arrival of surface waves from large regional earthquakes. This behavior was observed not only following the 1992 Landers earthquake, for which remotely triggered seismicity (at The Geysers and elsewhere) has been documented, but also for the following events: Gulf of Alaska (Ms 7.6, March 6, 1988); Loma Prieta (Ms 7.1, October 17, 1989); two events within the Gorda Plate (Ms 6.9 on July 13, 1991 and Ms 7.1 on August 17, 1991); Petrolia ( Ms 7.0, April 25, 1992); and Northridge (M s 6.6, January 17, 1994). The exact onset times of most swarms are difficult to pinpoint, but all start within minutes of the passage of seismic waves and in at least one case (Gulf of Alaska) the onset appears to coincide with the expected arrival of the surface waves. These swarms generally last for a few hours at most, and decay with time in a manner similar to aftershock sequences. We propose that the dynamic stresses associated with seismic waves emanating from these earthquakes may trigger the onset of these swarms. The Landers event may have been particularly efficient at generating remotely triggered swarms throughout the western U.S. because of its size and shallow focal depth, which would promote large surface waves. Our data demonstrate, however, that the phenomenon is not unique to the Landers event.
Detection of people in military and security context imagery

A high level of manual visual surveillance of complex scenes is dependent solely on the awareness of human operators whereas an autonomous person detection solution could assist by drawing their attention to potential issues, in order to reduce cognitive burden and achieve more with less manpower. Our research addressed the challenge of the reliable identification of persons in a scene who may be partially obscured by structures or by handling weapons or tools. We tested the efficacy of a recently published computer vision approach based on the construction of cascaded, non-linear classifiers from part-based deformable models by assessing performance using imagery containing infantrymen in the open or when obscured, undertaking low level tactics or acting as civilians using tools. Results were compared with those obtained from published upright pedestrian imagery. The person detector yielded a precision of approximately 65% for a recall rate of 85% for military context imagery as opposed to a precision of 85% for the upright pedestrian image cases. These results compared favorably with those reported by the authors when applied to a range of other on-line imagery databases. Our conclusion is that the deformable part-based model method may be a potentially useful people detection tool in the challenging environment of military and security context imagery.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF SPHENODONTIAN FROM THE GHOST RANCH COELOPHYSIS QUARRY (UPPER TRIASSIC: APACHEAN), ROCK POINT FORMATION, NEW MEXICO, USA

Abstract: We document here a new taxon of sphenodontian, Whitakersaurus bermani gen. et sp. nov., that is also the most complete sphenodontian fossil from the Upper Triassic Chinle Group in the south‐western USA and the first Chinle sphenodontian represented by more than a single fragmentary dentulous element. The holotype was recovered during preparation of block C‐8‐82 from the famous Coelophysis (Whitaker) quarry at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, and is the most complete small vertebrate recovered from the quarry. Detailed lithostratigraphy and geologic mapping demonstrate that the Whitaker quarry is in the Rock Point Formation of the Chinle Group, so Whitakersaurus is the first sphenodontian reported from this unit. Records of the phytosaur Redondasaurus at the quarry and elsewhere in the Chinle Group demonstrate that the quarry, and thus Whitakersaurus, is of Apachean (late Norian–Rhaetian) age. The sphenodontian specimen consists of incomplete left and right dentaries, a partial left? maxilla? , and impressions of a probable palatal element, all of which preserve multiple teeth. Whitakersaurus is distinct from other sphenodontians in possessing a unique combination of the following features: marginal dentition pleurodont anteriorly and posteriorly acrodont; pronounced heterodonty in dentary, with as many as 15 smaller, peg‐like teeth anteriorly and several larger, posterior teeth that are conical and striated; faint radial ornamentation of posterior tooth crowns; presence of c. 19 dentary teeth; and absence of a distinct flange on posterior teeth. Numerous other details distinguish it from both more primitive and more derived taxa. Whitakersaurus, therefore, helps to document further mosaic evolution and an extensive diversification event of sphenodontians during Triassic time. Although sphenodontian taxa are relatively easily recognized, widely distributed, and common small‐ or microvertebrate fossils, the long stratigraphic ranges of taxa known from multiple specimens hinders their utility as index fossils with which to correlate strata across Pangaea.
Canopy observations on the hyperspectral properties of a community of tropical dry forest lianas and their host trees

Lianas are non‐self‐supporting systems that dominate in tropical secondary forests and their abundance is increasing as a result of global environmental change. The impact of liana coverage on canopy spectral reflectance is unknown. This research letter documents observations associated with spectral measurements of tropical trees infested with lianas in a tropical dry forest of Panama. From a construction crane, hyperspectral reflectance of five Anacardium excelsum tree crowns with different levels of liana infestation and two additional tree crowns were measured and compared using spectral vegetation indices. Results suggest that some leaf level properties of lianas (e.g. lower chlorophyll concentration and higher spectral reflectance at 550 nm) are transfer to the canopy level; in addition our results suggest that indices such as mSR705, mND705 and SR680 could be used as potential tools to map the presence or absence of liana communities.
Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen

Arctic and subarctic watersheds are undergoing climate warming, permafrost thawing, and thermokarst formation resulting in quantitative shifts in surface water –groundwater interaction at the basin scale. Groundwater currently comprises almost one fourth of Yukon River water discharged to the Bering Sea and contributes 5–10% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) and 35–45% of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nitrogen (DIN) loads. Long‐term streamflow records (>30 yrs) of the Yukon River basin indicate a general upward trend in groundwater contribution to streamflow of 0.7–0.9%/yr and no pervasive change in annual flow. We propose that the increases in groundwater contributions were caused predominately by climate warming and permafrost thawing that enhances infiltration and supports deeper flowpaths. The increased groundwater fraction may result in decreased DOC and DON and increased DIC and DIN export when annual flow remains unchanged.
Stratigraphy of the PB-1 Well, Nopal I Uranium Deposit, Sierra Peña Blanca, Chihuahua, Mexico

The Nopal I site in the Peña Blanca uranium district has a number of geologic and hydrologic similarities to the proposed high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, making it a useful analogue to evaluate process models for radionuclide transport. The PB-1 well was drilled in 2003 at the Nopal I uranium deposit as part of a DOE-sponsored natural analogue study to constrain processes affecting radionuclide transport. The well penetrates through the Tertiary volcanic section down to Cretaceous limestone and intersects the regional aquifer system. The well, drilled along the margin of the Nopal I ore body, was continuously cored to a depth of 250 m, thus providing an opportunity to document the local stratigraphy. Detailed observations of these units were afforded through petrographic description and rockproperty measurements of the core, together with geophysical logs of the well. The uppermost unit encountered in the PB-1 well is the Nopal Formation, a densely welded, crystal-rich, rhyolitic ashflow tuff. This cored section is highly altered and devitrified, with kaolinite, quartz, chlorite, and montmorillonite replacing feldspars and much of the groundmass. Breccia zones within the tuff contain fracture fillings of hematite, limonite, goethite, jarosite, and opal. A zone of intense clay alteration, encountered in the depth interval 17.45-22.30 m, was interpreted to represent the basal vitrophyre of this unit. Underlying the Nopal Formation is the Coloradas Formation, which consists of a welded lithic-rich rhyolitic ash-flow tuff. The cored section of this unit has undergone devitrification and oxidation, and has a similar alteration mineralogy to that observed in the Nopal tuff. A sharp contact between the Coloradas tuff and the underlying Pozos Formation was observed at a depth of 136.38 m. The Pozos Formation consists of poorly sorted conglomerate containing clasts of subangular to subrounded fragments of volcanic rocks, limestone, and chert. Three thin (2-6 m) intervals of intercalated pumiceous tuffs are present within this unit. The contact between the Pozos Formation and the underlying Cretaceous limestone basement was encountered at a depth of 244.40 m. The water table is located at a depth of ~223 m. Several zones with elevated radioactivity in the PB-1 core occur above the current water table. These zones may be associated with changes in redox conditions that could have resulted in the precipitation of uraninite from downward-flowing waters transporting U from the overlying Nopal deposit. All of the intersected units have low (typically submillidarcy) matrix permeability, thus fluid flow in this area is dominated by fracture flow. These stratigraphic and rock-property observations can be used to constrain flow and transport models for the Peña Blanca natural analogue.
Estimating Climate-Change Impacts on Colorado Plateau Snowpack Using Downscaling Methods

This study develops observed climate-based downscaling transfer functions that are used with general circulation model (GCM) output to assess potential global-change impacts on Upper Colorado Plateau, USA, water resources. Daily automated snow water equivalent stations are used with 700 mb atmospheric circulation to determine empirical transfer functions. Downscaling methodologies using multiple regression and neural networks are evaluated, with the neural network results explaining approximately 70%of the daily snowfall variance. The neural network-based transfer functions are used with the GENESIS GCM to simulate snowfall characteristics in both a 1xCO2 and a 2xCO2 climate. While the total precipitation simulated by the 2xCO2 analysis remains nearly the same as today, less will fall as snow; specifically, snow water equivalence shows significant reduction (except in the Green River Basin) as the snow season is reduced by 58 days on average.
Widespread rapid reductions in body size of adult salamanders in response to climate change

Reduction in body size is a major response to climate change, yet evidence in globally imperiled amphibians is lacking. Shifts in average population body size could indicate either plasticity in the growth response to changing climates through changes in allocation and energetics, or through selection for decreased size where energy is limiting. We compared historic and contemporary size measurements in 15 Plethodon species from 102 populations (9450 individuals) and found that six species exhibited significant reductions in body size over 55 years. Biophysical models, accounting for actual changes in moisture and air temperature over that period, showed a 7.1–7.9% increase in metabolic expenditure at three latitudes but showed no change in annual duration of activity. Reduced size was greatest at southern latitudes in regions experiencing the greatest drying and warming. Our results are consistent with a plastic response of body size to climate change through reductions in body size as mediated through increased metabolism. These rapid reductions in body size over the past few decades have significance for the susceptibility of amphibians to environmental change, and relevance for whether adaptation can keep pace with climate change in the future.
Onshore marine Cenozoic along southwest Pacific coast of Mexico

Reconnaissance exploration along the Pacific coast of Mexico from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to Puerto Vallarta in the northwest, beginning in 1977, has shown the presence of at least seven previously unreported areas with late Cenozoic sedimentary deposits. In addition marine Pleistocene deposits on the coast of Oaxaca were previously reported. In four of the newly discovered areas marine sediments occur. All of these occurrences, excepting the two southeastern ones, were encountered along the Federal coastal highway, route F 200. Beginning in the northwest these areas are: along the Rio Ameca, 10 km north of Puerto Vallarta; 10 km south of Puerto Vallarta; Tomatlan Basin (named herein), 79 km south of Puerto Vallarta, with fossil vertebrates; Campo Acosta Basin (named herein) beginning 115 km south of Puerto Vallarta, sediments at least partly marine; La Mira Basin (named herein), straddling the mouth of the Rio Balsas, with at least two marine incursions; San Nicolas Basin (named herein) about 200 km southeast of Acapulco, marine sediments encountered in water well; Colotepec Formation, marine, along the coast of Oaxaca between Puerto Angel and Puerto Escondido; marine deposits near Santa Cruz, Oaxaca, about 100 km southwest of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. Of the seven new areas, only the La Mira Basin has been examined in more than a most cursory manner. In the La Mira Basin four formations are recognized: Ferrotepec Formation (named herein), marine, late early to middle Miocene in age; Barranca del Perro Muerto Formation (named herein), nonmarine; El Bordonal Conglomerate (named herein), nonmarine; Abanico Brisa Mar Formation (named herein), at least partly marine, of undifferentiated Plio-Pleistocene age. If the attitudes observed in the Ferrotepec Formation continue seaward, the total thickness of the sediments in the basin might attain 1,500 m. The fossils from the Ferrotepec Formation mostly belong to the “Tertiary Caribbean Province” of Woodring, but a few show affinities to north Pacific coast Miocene faunas. The La Mira Basin sediments indicate that the Rio Balsas has existed since early Miocene time. The few fossils from the San Nicolas Basin suggest a late Miocene to Pliocene age. The few fossils from the beds near Santa Cruz are suggestive of a Plio-Pleistocene age. Insofar, as is known, the sediments in the areas northwest of the La Mira Basin only attain a few meters in thickness. Offshore from the San Nicolas Basin, at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 493, about 670 m of early Miocene to Pleistocene sediments are reported. The Santa Cruz beds appear to be about 50 m thick, and Palmer reports a 15 m thickness for the Colotepec Formation.
Objective measures of smoking and caffeine intake and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes

Abstract Background In pregnancy, women are encouraged to cease smoking and limit caffeine intake. We employed objective definitions of smoking and caffeine exposure to assess their association with adverse outcomes. Methods We conducted a case cohort study within the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction study to analyse maternal serum metabolomics in samples from 12, 20, 28 and 36 weeks of gestational age. Objective smoking status was defined based on detectable cotinine levels at each time point and objective caffeine exposure was based on tertiles of paraxanthine levels at each time point. We used logistic and linear regression to examine the association between cotinine, paraxanthine and the risk of pre-eclampsia, spontaneous pre-term birth (sPTB), fetal growth restriction (FGR), gestational diabetes mellitus and birthweight. Results There were 914 and 915 women in the smoking and caffeine analyses, respectively. Compared with no exposure to smoking, consistent exposure to smoking was associated with an increased risk of sPTB [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.14 to 5.85)] and FGR (aOR = 4.07, 95% CI: 2.14 to 7.74) and lower birthweight (β = –387 g, 95% CI: –622 g to –153 g). On univariate analysis, consistently high levels of paraxanthine were associated with an increased risk of FGR but that association attenuated when adjusting for maternal characteristics and objective—but not self-reported—smoking status. Conclusions Based on objective data, consistent exposure to smoking throughout pregnancy was strongly associated with sPTB and FGR. High levels of paraxanthine were not independently associated with any of the studied outcomes and were confounded by smoking.
Correlation of Pleistocene Deposits of the Central Great Plains with the Glacial Section

Integration of Pleistocene chronologies of the central Great Plains and the glaciated area is a major problem of late Cenozoic stratigraphy in North America. Lenticular deposits of volcanic ash associated with fossil mollusks occur in both regions and furnish a widespread datum for interregional correlations. The ash lentils, collectively called Pearlette, can be differentiated petrographically from other late Cenozoic ash deposits of the Plains region and have been studied at localities extending from southeastern South Dakota to northwestern Texas. The associated molluscan fauna possesses an unforeseen degree of uniformity and stratigraphic significance. The Pearlette ash and faunal zone occurs above Kansas till and below Loveland loess and Iowa till in the Missouri Valley region and is judged to be early Yarmouthian in age. A modification of stratigraphic names for Kansas contributes to uniformity of terminology in the Plains region.