Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conservation of the Nilgiri rainbow trout in India

Rainbow trout is one of the important exotic species that is well established in the upland waters of India. This paper presents the historical background of its introduction and the present status of the fish in the streams of he Nilgiri peninsula of India. The rainbow trout inhabits natural reservoirs and streams of the region as a self-recruiting population. The growth rate is reported to be relatively low and conflicting views about its taxonomic status have been reported. Successful crossbreeding of the Nilgiri rainbow trout with trout stocks from the Indian State of Himachal Pradesh has indicated the scope for utilizing cryopreserved milt as a mode of introducing new genetic material into the Nilgiri rainbow trout population. This paper outlines the requirement of ecological and genetic data to develop a strategy for management and reintroduction fresh stocks.
Forest biomass allometry in global land surface models

A number of global land surface models simulate photosynthesis, respiration, and disturbance, important flows in the carbon cycle that are widely tested against flux towers and CO2 concentration gradients. The resulting forest biomass is examined in this paper for its resemblance to realistic stands, which are characterized using allometric theory. The simulated biomass pools largely do not conform to widely observed allometry, particularly for young stands. The best performing models had an explicit treatment of stand‐thinning processes, which brought the slope of the allometry of these models closer to observations. Additionally, models that had relatively shorter wood turnover times performed were generally closer to observed allometries. The discrepancy between the pool distribution between models and data suggests estimates of NEE have biases when integrated over the long term, as compared to observed biomass data, and could therefore compromise long‐term predictions of land carbon sources and sinks. We think that this presents a practical obstacle for improving models by informing them better with data. The approach taken in this paper, examining biomass pools allometrically, offers a simple approach to improving the characteristic behaviors of global models with the relatively sparse data that is available globally by forest inventory.
Unravelling the economic and environmental tradeoffs of reducing sediment movement from grazed pastures

An undesirable consequence of grazing activities in eastern Australia is the quantity of sediment emptying into the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. One of the challenges to reducing sediment loads stems from the lack of private incentives to improve land management practices. There is also a poor understanding of the financial implications resulting from the adoption of sustainable management practices, and, in particular the lack of scientific and economic knowledge linking on-farm management actions to catchment scale impacts. Bio-economic modelling has been used to identify the economic and environmental trade-offs encountered when grazing strategies are altered to reduce off-farm sediment movement from a black spear grass pasture in central Queensland.
Location image “halo effect” on museum image: an exploratory survey of British Museum visitors

Purpose of the paper : This paper explores the museum image formation process, with particular focus on the case of the British Museum in London. The research aims to analyze whether, among the different variables traditionally identified by literature on this issue (motivations, expectations, satisfaction, sources of information etc.), it is possible to identify a “halo effect” of London’s image which influences British Museum visitors’ image formation. Methodology : Considering the exploratory nature of the study, a non-probabilistic sampling procedure was chosen. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, and interviewees were selected through a non-probability sampling procedure. Data analysis involved multivariate regression, performed through SPSS software. Findings : The collected data provided a preliminary response to the main research question posed by this paper: could the halo effect of London’s image play a role in developing the image visitors have of the British Museum? Research limits : Due to the sample size of visitors, the research has a mainly exploratory value and intends to represent a pilot study on this issue. Practical implications : The existence of a halo effect on the image of London’s British Museum is a factor to be considered for the identification of museum marketing strategies developed specifically for visitors who appear sensitive to this effect. Originality of the study : Compared to the literature so far produced on museum marketing, this paper differs in focusing on the relationship between museum image and its location Key words: halo effect; London image; British Museum image; exploratory survey
Sur l’évolution géomorphologique du grand escarpement côtier du désert chilien

Le grand escarpement cotier du desert chilien qui est haut en moyenne de 700 m et se suit sur plus de 800 km constitue un trait geomorphologique majeur a l’echelle du Globe. Au Nord d’Iquique, il recule encore sous l’action des vagues mais, ailleurs, il prend l’aspect d’une falaise morte au pied de laquelle s’etend une plate-forme d’abrasion. L’abrupt derive probablement de failles verticales a fort rejet, apparues a la fin du Miocene, qui ont recule par erosion marine lors d’une importante transgression du Pliocene moyen a superieur. Il a peu evolue pendant le Quaternaire. Les pulsations transgressees de l’Ocean l’ont a peine retouche et la persistance de l’aridite, malgre l’occurrence de periodes a averses, lui a confere une remarquable immunite. Une tendance a la subsidence s’est manifestee.
El carbón colombiano y el modelo de Hotelling

espanolEn este articulo se presenta una descripcion de la relacion existente entre el pensamiento economico y los recursos naturales, en especial, los no renovables. Se define el modelo de Hotelling, con su planteamiento matematico y su respectiva solucion grafica, el cual permite determinar el sendero optimo de agotamiento de un recurso natural no renovable y una estimacion de su precio de mercado. Un marco general sobre la actualidad y perspectivas del carbon termico colombiano es la base para la aplicacion de este modelo a dicho recurso energetico, lo que determina, con base en las reservas probadas de carbon termico en Colombia y su funcion de demanda, el tiempo de agotamiento y su precio de comercializacion portuguesNeste artigo apresenta-se uma descricao da relacao existente entre o pensamento economico e os recursos naturais, especialmente, os nao renovaveis. Define-se o modelo de Hotelling, com a sua proposta matematica e a sua respetiva solucao grafica, o qual permite determinar o caminho otimo de esgotamento de um recurso natural nao renovavel e uma estimativa do seu preco de mercado. Um enquadramento geral sobre a atualidade e perspectivas do carvao termico colombiano e a base para a aplicacao do este modelo a dito recurso energetico, o que determina, com base nas reservas provadas de carvao termico em Colombia e sua funcao de demanda, o tempo de esgotamento e o seu preco de comercializacao. EnglishIn this paper a description of the relationship between economic thought and natural resources, especially those non-renewable, is presented. The Hotelling model is defined, with its mathematical approach and the respective graphical solution, which determines the optimal path of depletion of a non-renewable natural resource and an estimation of its market price. A general frame for the present situation and prospects for thermal coal in Colombia is the basis for the implementation of this model to this energy resource. Based on the proven reserves of thermal coal in Colombia and its demand function, time depletion and its trading price are determined.
Business change in Italian regions. A spatial shift-share approach to plant-level data

In this paper, a shift-share decomposition analysis of business change at plant-level is applied to Italian regions with reference to the period 2004-2009. In particular, a spatial version of shift-share analysis allows to look not only at the national, industrial mix and regional-shift components, as in traditional approaches, but also at the neighbourhood effect. Additionally, we introduce a novel spatial decomposition which is able to conclude more effectively on the neighbourhood influence. Moreover, the micro-level nature of data allows us to analyse the neighbourhood effect at different spatial levels of aggregation (NUTS-2 and NUTS-3 regions). Some results are worth mentioning. First, the spatial level of aggregation affects heavily the results. Second, we find evidence of neighbourhood advantage in the Southern NUTS-3 regions and opposite results for the Central-Northern NUTS-3 regions. Third, we find evidence of positive industrial mix effects only in the Centre-North of Italy. Finally, results obtained over a shorter time span 2004-2007 confirm our conclusions
Categoría V - Paisajes Protegidos de UICN: una herramienta para el manejo de zonas de amortiguamiento neotropicales

Resumen La conservacion de la biodiversidad en Latinoamerica depende del mantenimiento y manejo adecuado tanto de las areas protegidas como sus zonas circundantes bajo el concepto de Zonas de Amortiguamiento. Dentro de este precepto, proponemos los lineamientos de la Categoria V de UICN como homologables y aplicables de forma directa para la planificacion, diseno y manejo de las Zonas de Amortiguamiento tropicales, de forma tal que estas cuenten con un marco teorico y conceptual que las respalde, y puedan ser adecuadamente asumidas por los Sistemas Nacionales de Areas Protegidas. Palabras clave: Manejo, Paisajes Protegidos, Planificacion, ZAM, Zona de influencia Category V - IUCN Protected Landscapes/Seascapes: a tool for tropical Buffer Zones management Abstract Biodiversity conservation in Latin America depends on maintaining and adequately managing both protected areas and the areas that surround them as Buffer Zones. In order to achieve this goal, we propose that the guidelines for Protected Landscape/Seascape, Category V of IUCN Protected Areas Category System, are directly applicable to the planning, design and management of tropical Buffer Zones. Using the IUCN guidelines provides a strong theoretical and conceptual framework to support the inclusion of these areas in the National Protected Areas Systems of the tropical countries. Key words: Management, Protected Landscapes/Seascapes, Planning, BZ, Influence Zone
Enhanced modern carbon and biogenic organic tracers in Northeast Asian aerosols during spring/summer

To better understand the organic aerosol (OA) sources and formation processes in Northeast Asia, we studied atmospheric aerosol (total suspended particulate matter (TSP)) samples collected from Sapporo, northern Japan over 1 year period for the measurement of radiocarbon (14C) in aerosol total carbon (TC) and water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC). We also measured various organic tracers and carbonaceous components: organic carbon (OC), WSOC, and elemental carbon (EC). We found that the percent modern carbon (pMC) in TC and WSOC increased during spring/summer with maximum (85% and 117%, respectively) in May. The temporal variations of pMC in WSOC and TC showed a good agreement with changes in the contributions of biogenic OA tracers to OC and WSOC. We also found that emissions of pollen in spring and fungal spores from soil in summer/autumn as well as secondary OA formation from biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) in summer/autumn are responsible for the enhanced pMC. Although emissions from biomass burning are significant in winter, enhanced fossil fuel combustion lowers the pMC in WSOC and TC. Throughout the year, modern carbon is more enriched in WSOC fraction than in TC, indicating that WSOC is more associated with biological activity. This study warrants a need to reconcile the atmospheric models, considering seasonal differences in BVOC emissions, particularly in temperate regions, in estimating secondary OA budget and its climatic impacts.
GROUPE D ’ ANALYSE ET DE THÉORIE ÉCONOMIQUE LYON -‐ ST ÉTIENNE

This paper proposes a unified framework for the analysis of inequalities. In contrast to the former literature on inequalities, housing is included as a major determinant of individual saving behavior. Disparities across locations affect individual outcomes in both labor and education markets. In a Bewley-Huggett-Aiyagari type model where several frictions are represented, the model allows for segmentation between homeowners and renters in the housing market, imperfection in the capital market and residential mobility over the life-cycle. Moreover, individual location is assumed to affect labor productivity, wealth accumulation via the dynamics of housing prices and the human capital acquisition process of the next generation. The dynamics of prices combined to bequest motive provide the perfect framework to understand the tenure choice of individuals. Furthermore, the fixity of housing supply in each neighborhood combined with borrowing constraints prevent some households from living in their preferred area, which leads to segregation. Using this general framework, the paper contributes to the understanding of the complex relationships between labor, housing and education markets. Finally, several experiments aimed at decreasing the level of inequalities at the individual and location level are provided.
Meteorological effects on seasonal infertility in pigs

The presence of seasonal infertility has long been recognised, but its causes are much debated within the farming and scientific communities. Almost half of the UK breeding herd is kept outdoors and is therefore more likely to be susceptible to seasonal infertility. Most research on the matter has been conducted on indoor sows, and so the aim of this thesis was to describe the effects of meteorological conditions on reproductive function in both outdoor sows and commercial boars. The data confirm that both sows and boars suffer from seasonal reductions in reproductive output. Reduced farrowing rates were the major manifestation of seasonality in sows. High temperatures and long days were associated with poor performance. A simulation model of seasonal infertility was developed; with further re�nement this could potentially provide a tool for farmers, allowing them to make managerial adjustments to compensate for low productivity in select months. Seasonal effects on litter size were less apparent when assessed at herd level. However individual sows were found to be more or less susceptible to reductions from summer services, suggesting a genetic predisposition to seasonal infertility. Sow skin temperatures and respiration rates increased with external temperature humidity indices; these increases occurred at a lower threshold following cold conditions. Together with observed thermoregulatory behaviour it appears that UK sows become acclimatised to cold weather and are therefore more susceptible to heat stress when it becomes warmer. Boar semen quality was reduced over the summer and early autumn months, with a higher proportion of abnormalities and lower sperm concentrations. However individual boar and management parameters had a larger effect on semen quality than meteorological conditions. More research into outdoor production systems is required and further links between boar and sow fertility should be made. Producers need to be aware that outdoor sows may behave differently from those on indoor units.
Neutrophil survival is markedly reduced by incubation with influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae: role of respiratory burst

Bacterial superinfections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality during influenza A virus (IAV) epidemics. We demonstrate that incubation with the combination of IAV and Streptococcus pneumoniae caused marked reductions in survival of neutrophils in vitro compared with treatment with control buffer or IAV or S. pneumoniae alone. This cooperative effect was in part mediated by acceleration of neutrophil apoptosis as evidenced by increases in annexin‐V binding and caspase‐3 activation. However, GM‐CSF did not increase survival of neutrophils exposed to IAV and S. pneumoniae. IAV enhanced neutrophil uptake of S. pneumoniae significantly. Furthermore, the combination of IAV and S. pneumoniae caused significantly more hydrogen peroxide production than IAV or S. pneumoniae alone. This increased respiratory burst activity contributed to the diminished neutrophil survival caused by IAV and S. pneumoniae. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium, significantly improved survival of neutrophils treated with IAV and S. pneumoniae. These findings may help to explain the increased susceptibility of IAV‐infected patients to infections with S. pneumoniae.
Las preferencias de los electores y la importancia de las campañas en las elecciones mexicanas de 2006

This paper presents the econometric results that validate the relevance of an election campaign on the elector’s preferences change among the candidates. The preferences are defined from the declared voting intentions from two rounds of an enquiry panel on the 2006 Mexican presidential elections. The estimated models support the hypothesis that local influence (political discussion networks) and the media influence (television’s audience, debates, negative campaigns) have a statistically significant impact on the voter’s preferences. Furthermore, it is shown that the impact on the change of the preferences is differentiated, whereas the social networks, media and partisan ideology/identity influence the very different forms for the adherents of the various candidates.
Facebook immune system

Popular Internet sites are under attack all the time from phishers, fraudsters, and spammers. They aim to steal user information and expose users to unwanted spam. The attackers have vast resources at their disposal. They are well-funded, with full-time skilled labor, control over compromised and infected accounts, and access to global botnets. Protecting our users is a challenging adversarial learning problem with extreme scale and load requirements. Over the past several years we have built and deployed a coherent, scalable, and extensible realtime system to protect our users and the social graph. This Immune System performs realtime checks and classifications on every read and write action. As of March 2011, this is 25B checks per day, reaching 650K per second at peak. The system also generates signals for use as feedback in classifiers and other components. We believe this system has contributed to making Facebook the safest place on the Internet for people and their information. This paper outlines the design of the Facebook Immune System, the challenges we have faced and overcome, and the challenges we continue to face.
Multistage metamorphism of the Huangtuling granulite, Northern Dabie Orogen, eastern China: implications for the tectonometamorphic evolution of subducted lower continental crust

Granulites from Huangtuling in the North Dabie metamorphic core complex in eastern China preserve rare mineralogical and mineral chemical evidence for multistage metamorphism related to Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic processes, Triassic continental subduction‐collision and Cretaceous collapse of the Dabie Orogen. Six stages of metamorphism are resolved, based on detailed mineralogical and petrological studies: (I) amphibolite facies (6.3–7.0 kbar, 520–550 °C); (II) high‐pressure/high‐temperature granulite facies (12–15.5 kbar, 920–980 °C); (III) cooling and decompression (4.8–6.0 kbar, 630–700 °C); (IV) medium‐pressure granulite facies (7.7–9.0 kbar, 690–790 °C); (V) low‐pressure/high‐temperature granulite facies (4.0–4.7 kbar, 860–920 °C); (VI) retrograde greenschist facies overprint (1–2 kbar, 340–370 °C). The P–T history derived in this study and existing geochronological data indicate that the Huangtuling granulite records two cycles of orogenic crustal thickening events. The earlier three stages of metamorphism define a clockwise P–T path, implying crustal thickening and thinning events, possibly related to the assembly and breakup of the Columbia Supercontinent at c. 2000 Ma. Stage IV metamorphism indicates another crustal thickening event, which is attributed to Triassic subduction/collision between the Yangtze and Sino‐Korean Cratons. The dry lower crustal granulite persisted metastably during the Triassic subduction/collision because of the lack of hydrous fluid and deformation. Stage V metamorphism records the Cretaceous collapse of the Dabie Orogen, possibly due to asthenosphere upwelling or removal of the lithospheric mantle resulting in heating of the granulite and partial melting of the North Dabie metamorphic core complex. Comparison of the Huangtuling granulite in North Dabie and the high‐pressure–ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks in South Dabie indicates that the subducted upper (South Dabie) and lower (North Dabie) continental crusts underwent contrasting tectonometamorphic evolution during continental subduction‐collision and orogenic collapse.
Health, poverty and development in India.

Preface. 1. : Monica Das Gupta and Lincoln C. Chen: Introduction. Poverty and Health. 2. : Amartya Sen: Objectivity, Health and Policy. 3. : Tim Dyson: The Demography of the 1991 Census. 4. : Pravin Visaria and Anil Gumber: Socio-economic differentials in Patterns of Health Care Access and Utilization. 5. : T.K. Sundari Ravindran: Social Inequality and Child Health Status : A Study of a Scheduled Caste Population. 6. : Christopher J.L. Murray: Epidemiologic and Morbidity Transitions in India. 7. : Nigel Crook: Urbanization and Health in India. 8. : Debarati Guha Spir: Health and Nutrition of the Urban Poor: the Case of the Calcutta Slums. 9. : Meera Chatterjee: The Nutritional Challenge to Health and Devleopment in India. Health Services and Policies. 10. : M. Kabir and T.N. Krishnan: Social Intermediation and Health Change: Lessons from Kerala. 11. : Roger Jeffery: Toward a Political Economy of Health Care: Comparisons of India and Pakistan. 12. : Debabar Banerji: Political Economy of Public Health in India. 13. : Sumit Guha: Health and Environmental Sanitation in Twentieth Century India. 14. : Peter Burman: Health Care Expenditure in India
Velocidades promedio de ondas de corte en los primeros 30 m de profundidad (vs30), inferidas a partir del relieve en el área metropolitana de Caracas

Average shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m (Vs30) is one of the geophysical parameters used at great length for estimating the site seismic responses, and it was employed as an index in the parametric 1D site response study for the Caracas Seismic Microzoning Project. It is known that shear wave velocity is related with stiffness (shear modulus) and density and it becomes apparent in endurance to erosion and in topographic slope (high topographic slope: high Vs30 value), leading to recent published relations between Vs30 and relief. This methodology was taken for the Caracas Seismic Microzoning Project, in order to extend the Vs30 distribution map to the out-valley zones with little geotechnical information, by means of GIS technologies. In the new map we can infer differential rock weathering at hills. These results were added to those obtained with a NSPT-Vs relationship for the Caracas sedimentary valley, leading to a Vs30 integrated map for the Caracas Metropolitan Area (AMC). Then, we could have to our disposal a necessary input, together with other technical data and the parametric study, for defining microzones in the whole AMC.