Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana

Nanotyrannus, type species Gorgosaurus lancensis, is the smallest known tyrannosaurid dinosaur and represents, with Tyrannosaurus rex, the last and most advanced members of the Family Tyran­ nosauridae. Nanotyrannus shows unusually strong adaptations for stereoscopic vision — the temporal region is expanded to four times the width of the muzzle, the eyes face forwards, and the head was bent down sharply on the neck. More primitive tyrannosaurs — gorgosaurs and daspletosaurs — lack adaptations for stereoscopy but some other more advanced genera — albertosaurs, tarbosaurs and Tyrannosaurus itself — show marked frontal expansion and muzzle constriction, although not to the same degree as in Nanotyrannus. The teeth in Nanotyrannus were far more primitive than those of all other tyrannosaurs except Alioremus in retaining a laterally-compressed form, and the braincase was advanced in its great width and flat ventral surface. Although Nanotyrannus shows marked structural convergence with Tyran* nosaurus rex, the pygmy tyrannosaur probably evolved independently from a very primitive tyrannosaurid. Nanotyrannus and Tyrannosaurus are the last large land predators of the Age of Dinosaurs, and the convergent evolution of stereoscopy suggests that visual acuity and depth perception were necessary to deal with the contemporaneous herbivores, especially the heavily armed horned dinosaurs.
The preferences of visitors to selected forest areas for tourism and recreational purposes

Abstract Questionnaire surveys were conducted from July 1st • to August 15th, 2012 in forests near Gołdap, Białowieża, Pisz, Kraśnik, Warsaw and Zakopane with 335 respondents - 146 residents (43.6%) and 189 tourists (56.4%). The respondents declared that they visit forests throughout the year for various purposes, most often with family or friends and most frequently for the recreational activity of walking. They typically spend about three hours in the forest during a single visit. Respondents perceived the most important functions of the forest as a place where plants and animals live, as well as a place for recreation. In their view, the state budget should be a source of co-financing the recreational management of the forest. On1y a small number of respondents (27.5%) would be willing to allocate a portion of their income for recreational forest management. According to the respondents, the most important elements needed in the forest to improve its quality for tourism are information signs and litter bins. Respondents perceive the greatest threats to the forest from tourism to be vandalism, automobiles driving into the forest and wildlife disturbance, whereas the greatest threats to tourists were reported to be biting and stinging animals (snakes, ticks and mosquitoes) and the possibility of getting lost. Respondents indicated clean air, peace and quiet, as well as the ability to harvest wild fruits, plants and mushrooms as the greatest advantages of using the forest for recreation. A large proportion of respondents admitted that they would like to use the services of professional foresters, especially for nature walks and health related purposes, as well as to educate children and youth about nature and the forest.
Etude de facteurs biotiques et abiotiques qui contrôlent l'implantation des biofilms de Pseudomonas aeruginosa dans les réseaux de distribution d'eau thermale

Les eaux minerales naturelles se distinguent de l’eau potable par leur contenu en sels mineraux et en elements traces. Leur utilisation a des fins therapeutiques s’effectue sous controle medical dans des etablissements thermaux. La gestion des reseaux de distribution ainsi que la qualite microbiologique de l’eau font l’objet de reglementations. Malgre la mise en place de procedures specifiques, les etablissements thermaux sont regulierement confrontes a des contaminations microbiologiques majoritairement dues a P. aeruginosa. Ce pathogene opportuniste possede d’importantes capacites d’adaptation, de resistance et de persistance dans l’environnement, notamment sous forme de biofilms. L’objectif de ces travaux de these est d’apporter des elements de comprehension sur le comportement de P. aeruginosa dans les reseaux de distribution d’eau minerale naturelle et de valider l’efficacite de produits de traitement. L’influence de la composition minerale de 3 eaux sur les capacites a former du biofilm de 9 souches de P. aeruginosa d’origines diverses a pu etre demontree. Il apparait que les quantites de biofilms produites au bout de 24 h sont moins importantes pour la mineralisation forte. La modulation de la production de facteurs de virulence en fonction de la qualite de l’eau est correlee a l’action specifique de certains ions et a la biodisponibilite du fer. En conditions de mineralisation forte il a ete montre que les materiaux organiques favorisent la formation de biofilm de P. aeruginosa tandis que les materiaux metalliques ont tendance a la defavoriser. L’efficacite d’une sequence de traitement de postes de soins a pu etre validee sur un modele de biofilm âge de 24 h et sur tous les materiaux.
Mixed Reality Based Information Presentation for Disaster Prevention Studies and Disaster Measures-Showing an Interactive Dynamic 3 D Hazard Map Superimposed on Diorama -

Mixed-Reality, a technique to superimpose CG images on the real scene, is expected as a new way of information visualization and presentation. We take up "Disaster Prevention Studies and Disaster Measures" as new application field of MR technology, and develop a system of visualizing simulations of the disasters that have occurred previously or have a possibility for occurring in the future. First, we developed a system of superimposing CG images on a diorama (geographical miniature model). Next, we implemented the application to observe the flood or fire simulation results or subsurface construction, and confirm the effectiveness. We also built an application to observe the history of fire disaster on the PC or MR space. Furthermore, we offer another suggestion that is the way to expand this system to mobile type to use it outdoors.
The evolution of large ocean waves: the role of local and rapid spectral changes

This paper concerns the formation of large-focused or near-focused waves in both unidirectional and directional sea-states. When the crests of wave components of varying frequency superimpose at one point in space and time, a large, transient, focused wave can occur. These events are believed to be representative of the largest waves arising in a random sea and, as such, are of importance to the design of marine structures. The details of how such waves form also offer an explanation for the formation of the so-called freak or rogue waves in deep water. The physical mechanisms that govern the evolution of focused waves have been investigated by applying both the fully nonlinear wave model of Bateman et al. (Bateman et al. 2001 J. Comput. Phys. 174, 277–305) and the Zakharov's evolution equation (Zakharov 1968 J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 9, 190–194). Aspects of these two wave models are complementary, and their combined use allows the full nonlinearity to be considered and, at the same time, provides insights into the dominant physical processes. In unidirectional seas, it has been shown that the local evolution of the wave spectrum leads to larger maximum crest elevations. In contrast, in directional seas, the maximum crest elevation is well predicted by a second-order theory based on the underlying spectrum, but the shape of the largest wave is not. The differences between the evolution of large waves in unidirectional and directional sea-states have been investigated by analysing the results of Bateman et al. (2001) using a number of spectral analysis techniques. It has been shown that during the formation of a focused wave event, there are significant and rapid changes to the underlying wave spectrum. These changes alter both the amplitude of the wave components and their dispersive properties. Importantly, in unidirectional sea-states, the bandwidth of the spectrum typically increases; whereas, in directional sea-states it decreases. The changes to the wave spectra have been investigated using Zakharov's equation (1968). This has shown that the third-order resonant effects dominate changes to both the amplitude of the wave components and the dispersive properties of the wave group. While this is the case in both unidirectional and directional sea-states, the consequences are very different. By examining these consequences, directional sea-states in which large wave events that are higher and steeper than second-order theory would predict have been identified. This has implications for the types of sea-states in which rogue waves are most likely to occur.
R • 1 9 Fluid , Electrolyte , and Acid-Base Disturbances in Liver Disease

Liver disease can influence many metabolic, hormonal, and hemodynamic processes. Changes in hepatic albumin synthesis affect oncotic pressure; alterations in renal function and disturbances in production and metabolism of hormones contribute to water, electrolyte, and acidbase imbalances; and stimulation of baroreceptors and osmoreceptors can evoke detrimental changes in effective circulating volume and plasma osmolality.
Research on Optimal Allocation of Water Resources for Hanjiang-to-Weihe River Water Transfer Project

Hanjiang-to-Weihe River Water Transfer Project in Shaanxi is the way to solve the present water shortage of Guanzhong.Under sufficiently considering the factors of regional economic,societal and ecological environment,as well as the water balance between supply and demand in in-take areas,the large system decomposition-coordination model of water resources is set up based on the system analysis method.At the same time,the optimal water allocation schedule from Hanjiang during 2020 to 2030 could be achieved by considering the comprehensive benefit and water shortage in water-supply areas.
Bijels as a Fluid Labyrinth for Drugs: The Effect of Nanoparticles on the Release Kinetics of Ethosuximide and Dimethyl Fumarate

Bijels (bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels) raised an increasing interest as biomaterials for controlled drug delivery due to their biphasic nature organized in mesoscopic tortuous domains. Two bijel formulations were prepared and explored as delivery systems for both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, ethosuximide and dimethyl fumarate. The two bijel-like structures, based on polymerized ε-caprolactone/water, differ in the stabilizing nanoparticle hydroxyapatite (inorganic) and nanogel-based nanoparticles (organic). Diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to characterize the bijel structure and the transport behavior of the drug molecules confined within the water/organic interconnected domains. A reduced diffusion coefficient is observed for several concentrations of the drugs and both bijel formulations. Moreover, in vitro release profiles also reveal the effect of the microstructure and drug–nanoparticle interactions.
How We Teach : Classroom And Laboratory Research Projects Correlation of self-assessment with attendance in an evidence-based medicine course

Ramirez BU. Correlation of self-assessment with attendance in an evidence-based medicine course. Adv Physiol Educ 39: 378–382, 2015; doi:10.1152/advan.00072. 2015. —In previous studies, correlations between attendance and grades in lectures have given variable results and, when statistically significant, the correlation has been weak. In some studies, a sex effect has been reported. Lectures are a teacher-centered learning activity. Therefore, it appeared interesting to evaluate if a stronger correlation between attendance and grades would occur in a face-to-face “evidence-based medicine” course with few lectures and more time dedicated to active learning methods. Small-group work and peer learning were used to foster deep learning and to engage students in their own learning process. Most of the time, students worked in small groups solving contextualized problems and critically analyzing the quality of published medical literature. Peer learning was also developed in collaborative evaluations, and constant feedback was provided. Therefore, it was hypothesized that high attenders would develop a higher self-perception of learning and obtain higher marks than low attenders. Student self-perceptions of their capacity to apply evidence-based medicine were measured by the application of an online self-assessment survey, and objective learning was measured as the grades obtained in a final accumulative individual test. It was found that male students obtained higher grades and were more confident in their achievements than their female peers, despite male and female student attendance being similar. In addition, attendance was correlated with the perceived capacity to apply evidence-based medicine only in male students and was not correlated with academic outcome.
How We Teach : Generalizable Education Research The Integrated Clinical Anatomy Program at Alfaisal University : an innovative model of teaching clinically applied functional anatomy in a hybrid curriculum

Yaqinuddin A, Ikram MF, Zafar M, Eldin NS, Mazhar MA, Qazi S, Shaikh AA, Obeidat A, Al-Kattan K, Ganguly P. The Integrated Clinical Anatomy Program at Alfaisal University: an innovative model of teaching clinically applied functional anatomy in a hybrid curriculum. Adv Physiol Educ 40: 56–63, 2016; doi:10.1152/advan.00153. 2015. —Anatomy has historically been a cornerstone in medical education regardless of specialty. It is essential for physicians to be able to perform a variety of tasks, including performing invasive procedures, examining radiological images, performing a physical examination of a patient, etc. Medical students have to be prepared for such tasks, and we can assist this by changing the way that we educate students in medical schools. Thus, newer medical curricula need to be designed according to needs of future physicians. In this report, we describe a unique program called the Integrated Clinical Anatomy Program (ICAP). The ICAP was developed at the College of Medicine of Alfaisal University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Here, we describe the unique features of this program, including the structure and facilities of the Anatomy Resource Center. The Anatomy Resource Center plays a pivotal role in engaging the students for faculty-directed structured laboratory sessions as well as peer-assisted uniform student-centered learning. The ICAP has shown great promise, as reflected by early results from a nationwide progress test. Students from all years of the Alfaisal University medical school scored significantly higher than the national average on the anatomy and physiology component of the nationwide progress test examination, with P values of 0.0179 and 0.0015, respectively. We believe that the ICAP can be used as a model for teaching clinically applied functional anatomy to medical students in a hybrid curriculum around the world.
How We Teach : Generalizable Education Research Doing peer review and receiving feedback : impact on scientific literacy and writing skills

Geithner CA, Pollastro AN. Doing peer review and receiving feedback: impact on scientific literacy and writing skills. Adv Physiol Educ 40: 38–46, 2016; doi:10.1152/advan.00071. 2015. —Doing peer review has been effectively implemented to help students develop critical reading and writing skills; however, its application in Human Physiology programs is limited. The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of peer review on Human Physiology majors’ perceptions of their scientific literacy and writing skills. Students enrolled in the Scientific Writing course completed multiple writing assignments, including three revisions after receiving peer and instructor feedback. Students self-assessed their knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to science and writing in preand postcourse surveys (n 26 with complete data). Seven survey items related to scientific literacy and writing skills impacted by peer review were selected for analysis. Scores on these survey items were summed to form a composite self-rating score. Responses to two questions regarding the most useful learning activities were submitted to frequency analysis. Mean postcourse scores for individual survey items and composite self-rating scores were significantly higher than precourse means (P 0.05). Peer review was the most frequently noted among 21 learning activities for increasing scientific literacy and in the top 5 for improving writing skills. In conclusion, peer review is an effective teaching/ learning approach for improving undergraduate Human Physiology majors’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding science and scientific writing.
APPLICATION OF VALUE ADDED SERVICES (VAS) AS A STRATEGIC TOOL BY SAFARICOM LIMITED KENYA

The business environment has changed dramatically within the last decade. Globalization and market liberalization has altered the way firms compete within and interact both with its customers and suppliers. In response to the progressively dynamic developments and turbulent business environments, business executives are increasingly being confronted by the necessity to attain the organizational capabilities for continuous innovation by looking at various strategic options. Companies have invested considerable time and effort in developing value added services (VASs) that work and often consider adopting innovative management tools to address the challenge of improving service quality, increasing productivity and competitive advantage. One modem management tool adopted by a few service-oriented companies is value addition. Value addition can be based on its impact into those sustaining the current competitive marketplace by enhancing existing products or services valued by customers and those that disrupt the marketplace by fundamentally altering ways customers think about product or service performance. Telecom providers invest in these strategic initiatives to be able to cross-sell additional mobile services and enlarge their share-of-wallet with the consumer. This way, the provider does not only get more revenue from its customers, but also creates a better Mock-in’. However, notwithstanding the empirical discussion in the literature in respect of VASs strategies, there is both a theoretical and an empirical gap for a more in-depth understanding of the way user value is created in mobile commerce services for strategic purposes. The present study seeks to enrich the discussion on adoption of VAS as a strategic management tool and contribute to the existing literature on their associations.
Background music in the dissection laboratory : impact on stress associated with the dissection experience

Anyanwu GE. Background music in the dissection laboratory: impact on stress associated with the dissection experience. Adv Physiol Educ 39: 96–101, 2015; doi:10.1152/advan.00057. 2014. — Notable challenges, such as mental distress, boredom, negative moods, and attitudes, have been associated with learning in the cadaver dissection laboratory (CDL). The ability of background music (BM) to enhance the cognitive abilities of students is well documented. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of BM in the CDL and on stress associated with the dissection experience. After 8 wk of normal dissection without BM, various genres of BM were introduced into the cadaver dissection sessions of 260 medical and dental students for 3 wk. Feedback on the impact of BM on students in the CDL and students’ attitude were accessed using a questionnaire. Psychological stress assessment was done using Psychological Stress Measure 9. Two batches of 30 students each were made to dissect same areas of the body for 2 h, one batch with BM playing and the other batch without. The same examination was given to both groups at the end. Over 90% of the participants expressed a desire to incorporate BM into the CDL; 87% of the sampled population that expressed love for music also reported BM to be a very useful tool that could be used to enhance learning conditions in the CDL. A strong positive relationship was established between love for music and its perception as a tool for learning in the CDL (P 0.001). Students that studied under the influence of BM had significantly higher scores (P 0.001) in the overall examination result. BM reduced the level of stress associated with the dissection experience by 33%.
Amino acid geochronology: its impact on our understanding of the Quaternary stratigraphy of the British Isles

This review aims to act as a brief primer to amino acid racemization and protein breakdown, as well as to document the major applications and results of amino acid dating on British Quaternary sediments. Amino acid results from fossil shells have had far‐reaching effects in developing our current understanding of British Quaternary stratigraphy and its links to continental Europe and the marine record. To appreciate the potential for amino acid geochronology, the technique's limitations and recent developments are discussed, as well as the future of the field. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1 Selfish and Prospective Theory and Evidence of Pocketbook Voting *

We present and test a theory of prospective and retrospective pocketbook voting. Focusing on two large reforms in Sweden, we establish a causal chain from policies to sizeable individual gains and losses and then to voting. The Social Democrats proposed budget cuts affecting parents with young children before the 1994 election, but made generous promises to the same group before the 1998 election. Since parents with older children were largely unaffected we use a difference-in-differences strategy for identification. We find clear evidence of prospective pocketbook voting. Voters respond to campaign promises but not to the later implementation of the reforms.
Learning about learning by many-body systems

Many-body systems from soap bubbles to suspensions to polymers learn the drives that push them far from equilibrium. This learning has been detected with thermodynamic properties, such as work absorption and strain. We progress beyond these macroscopic properties that were first defined for equilibrium contexts: We quantify statistical mechanical learning with representation learning, a machine-learning model in which information squeezes through a bottleneck. We identify a structural parallel between representation learning and far-from-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Applying this parallel, we measure four facets of many-body systems' learning: classification ability, memory capacity, discrimination ability, and novelty detection. Numerical simulations of a classical spin glass illustrate our technique. This toolkit exposes self-organization that eludes detection by thermodynamic measures. Our toolkit more reliably and more precisely detects and quantifies learning by matter.
Policy assessment: the state of the art

Policy assessment has spread rapidly around the world in the last few decades providing an opportunity for further innovation and understanding in the way in which assessment is conceived, practised and researched. The extension of assessment from project and programme level to policy level was in part intended to improve its effectiveness by moving the focus of study upstream in the policy-making process. This paper reflects on the state of the art in policy assessment. It illustrates how the diffusion of policy assessment has led not to one standard ‘correct’ way of conducting policy assessment but to a great deal of diversity in how policy assessment is practised as well as researched and even theorized. Although the ‘textbook’ concept and everyday practices of policy assessment are based on a traditional rational linear concept of policy-making, policy assessment has become the latest arena for post-positivist conceptions of policy-making and assessment to resurface. This paper suggests that the future agenda for both research and practices could – indeed should – attempt to straddle these two theoretical approaches.