Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parental Employment , Absence and Children ’ s Educational Gender Gap ∗

This paper analyzes the connections between three concurrent trends since 1950: (1) the narrowing and reversal of the educational gender gap; (2) the increasing labor force participation rate (LFPR) of married women; (3) the rising incidence of children living with only one parent. We hypothesize that the education production for boys is more adversely affected by a decrease in parental time input as a result of increasing maternal employment or parental absence. Therefore, a pronounced increase in the labor force participation rate of married women as well as the rising incidence of absent fathers may narrow and even reverse the educational gender gap in the child generation. We use micro data from the Norwegian registry to directly show that the parental employment during their children’s childhood has an asymmetric effect on the educational achievement of their own sons and daughters. We also document a positive correlation between the educational gender gap in a particular generation and the LFPR of married women in the mother generation as well as the incidence of parental absence (mostly absence of fathers) at the U.S. state level. We then propose a model that generates a novel prediction about the implications of these asymmetric effects on parental labor supply decisions and find supporting evidence in both the U.S. and Norwegian data.
A proposed origin for palimpsests and anomalous pit craters on Ganymede and Callisto

Palimpsests and anomalous pit craters are two classes of craters found on the icy satellites Ganymede and Callisto that have no obvious counterparts among the crater populations found on rocky planets. The distinct characteristics of palimpsests and anomalous pit craters in morphology, morphometry, and population statistics, which differentiate them from the more numerous ‘normal’ craters and basins on the icy satellites, also preclude their origin as normal craters that have nearly vanished through viscous relaxation. An alternate origin is proposed: palimpsests are formed when the flow of material during the modification stage of crater formation is dominated by 'wet' fluid flow as opposed to ‘dry’ granular flow, which forms normal craters; conditions of ‘wet’ modification flow occur when the volume of melt remaining in the crater attains a volume comparable to the volume of the transient crater. By use of an impact model that includes: (1) plausible impact velocity distributions, (2) crater scaling in ice, (3) shock melting in ice, (4) thermal profiles as a function of time in Ganymede, and (5) cratering flow field constraints, conditions for wet modification flow are found to occur for sufficiently large impacts or high-velocity impactors. The range of normal crater-palimpsest transition diameters and the morphologic characteristics inferred from the impact model are consistent with the observed characteristics of palimpsests. Thus normal craters are inferred to result from the majority of impactors which have impact velocities near the average of 15 km/s, anomalous pit craters (inferred to be transitional forms) from intermediate velocity impactors at about 30 km/s, and palimpsests by impactors travelling in excess of about 40 km/s. The thermal state of the crust at the time of impact is a second-order effect, but sufficient to account for the difference in palimpsest population between Ganymede and Callisto if Ganymede once had a liquid mantle while Callisto remained unmelted and undifferentiated or solidified prior to the formation of the presently observed crater population.
Assessing the Socioeconomic Impacts of Transitioning from Plutocracy to Meritocracy in University Admissions

This paper examines the effects of transitioning from a plutocratic to a meritocratic university admission system on students and society. We develop a theoretical model to predict the socioeconomic impacts of this transition and validate our predictions using simulations and empirical data from Georgia, where education reform shifted university admissions from a plutocratic system to a meritocratic one, providing a natural experiment that enables us to validate predictions of our theoretical model. The findings demonstrate positive outcomes for individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds, including improved educational attainment and increased labor income.
Node-downloadable frequency transfer system based on a mode-locked laser with over 100 km of fiber.

To meet the requirements of time-frequency networks and enable frequency downloadability for nodes along the link, we demonstrated the extraction of stable frequency signals at nodes using a mode-locked laser under the condition of 100 km laboratory fiber. The node consists of a simple structure that utilizes widely used optoelectronic devices and enables plug-and-play applications. In addition, the node can recover frequency signals with multiple frequencies, which are useful for scenarios that require different frequencies. Here, we experimentally demonstrated a short-term frequency instability of 2.83 × 10-13@1 s and a long-term frequency instability of 1.18 × 10-15@10,000 s at the node, which is similar to that at the remote site of the frequency transfer system. At the same time, frequency signals with different frequencies also achieved stable extraction with the same performance at the node. Our results can support the distributed application under large-scale time-frequency networks.
An Analysis of the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Implementation of Renewable Energy in the Supply of Electricity

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected all activities, including the electricity supply. As a developing nation, Indonesia is also severely affected by the diversion of significant resources to combat Covid-19. On the other hand, Indonesia is committed to reducing emissions in the energy sector, which includes implementing renewable energy technologies to provide electricity. This article examines the effect of the post-covid-19 pandemic situation on the implementation of renewable energy in the electricity supply. The case study examined is the electricity supply in the province of Yogyakarta, which obtains its electricity from outside the province but has multiple forms of renewable energy that can be optimized in the electricity supply. There are three scenarios discussed: the current target scenario, the lower target scenario, and the supply security scenario. The current target scenario includes predetermined renewable energy goals. The lower target scenario is used to characterize Covid-19's impact on the implementation of renewable energy. The supply security scenario is the most optimistic, as it optimizes the use of renewable energy in the electricity supply while ignoring the impact of the co-19 pandemic. The current target scenario is used as a benchmark against which the other two scenarios are compared. Comparing the lower target scenario to the current target scenario, the lower target scenario results in 9.6% lower capital costs and 4.1% higher greenhouse gas emissions. The least greenhouse gas emissions are produced by the supply security scenario, but the capacity costs are the highest.
Edinburgh Research Explorer The Edinburgh/JHU Phrase-based Machine Translation Systems for WMT 2015

This paper describes the submission of the University of Edinburgh and the Johns Hopkins University for the shared translation task of the EMNLP 2015 Tenth Work-shop on Statistical Machine Translation (WMT 2015). We set up phrase-based statistical machine translation systems for all ten language pairs of this year’s evaluation campaign, which are English paired with Czech, Finnish, French, German, and Russian in both translation directions. Novel research directions we investigated include: neural network language models and bilingual neural network language models, a comprehensive use of word classes, and sparse lexicalized reordering features.
Impact of 2-ASK Back-Scattering Modulation on Harvesting Efficiency for 5.8 GHz Batteryless Transponder based on a Rectenna Array

This paper analyzes the interaction between the back-scattering modulator and the energy harvesting efficiency in a IoT node, with the aim to increase the available communication time slot by overlapping the harvesting and the back-scattering operations. Experimental results shown that during the back-scattering the harvesting efficiency is reduced to 49% with respect the case of modulator set to off, i.e. 71%, but the operational duty cycle is increased of a factor three if the harvesting process continues during the back-scattering modulation. Thus determining an operational advantage in battery-less transponder communications.
New and Improved Vaccines Against Meningococcal Diseases 6 . AUTHOR (

Public reoortmc Duraen for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time tor reviewing instructions, searcninq existing data sources, aathering anc maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect or this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headguarters Services. Directorate tor information Operations and Reports. 1215 jerterson Davis Highway. Suite 1204. Arlington. VA 22202-4302. and to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188). Washington. DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 17 April 1997 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
Branching Time Series Prediction Method based on CNN and LSTM

Time series data, an increasingly common form of data in real-world applications, is typically time-dependent. Time series forecasting seeks to extract potential information from time series data to forecast future trends. The complexity and nonlinearity of current time series data make it difficult for traditional forecasting algorithms to handle them, hence this paper suggests a branching time series forecasting method based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory network (LSTM). The method initially uses CNN to extract features from time series data, then uses CNN and LSTM to map these features to future prediction values, and lastly inputs to the fully connected layer to obtain the prediction results. According to the experimental findings, the branching prediction method based on CNN and LSTM has superior time series prediction accuracy and stability.
Ascorbate Uptake and Retention by Breast Cancer Cell Lines and the Intracellular Distribution of Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2

Ascorbate plays a vital role as a co-factor for a superfamily of enzymes, the 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDDs), which govern numerous pathways in cancer progression, including the hypoxic response and the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. Ascorbate uptake into most cells is through active transport by the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2). The aims of this study were to determine the kinetics of ascorbate uptake and retention by breast cancer cell lines under various oxygen conditions, and to investigate the role of SVCT2 in mediating ascorbate uptake and intracellular trafficking. Human MDA-MB231 cells accumulated up to 5.1 nmol ascorbate/106 cells, human MCF7 cells 4.5 nmol/106 cells, and murine EO771 cells 26.7 nmol/106 cells. Intracellular ascorbate concentrations decreased rapidly after reaching maximum levels unless further ascorbate was supplied to the medium, and there was no difference in the rate of ascorbate loss under normoxia or hypoxia. SVCT2 was localised mainly to subcellular compartments, with the nucleus apparently containing the most SVCT2 protein, followed by the mitochondria. Much less SVCT2 staining was observed on the plasma membrane. Our data showed that careful management of the doses and incubation times with ascorbate in vitro allows for an approximation of in vivo conditions. The localisation of SVCT2 suggests that the distribution of ascorbate to intracellular compartments is closely aligned to the known function of ascorbate in supporting 2-OGDD enzymatic functions in the organelles and with supporting antioxidant protection in the mitochondria.
Emergence of Drug Resistance Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Death among Patients First Starting HAART

Background The impact of the emergence of drug-resistance mutations on mortality is not well characterized in antiretroviral-naïve patients first starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Patients may be able to sustain immunologic function with resistant virus, and there is limited evidence that reduced sensitivity to antiretrovirals leads to rapid disease progression or death. We undertook the present analysis to characterize the determinants of mortality in a prospective cohort study with a median of nearly 5 y of follow-up. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the emergence of drug-resistance mutations on survival among persons initiating HAART. Methods and Findings Participants were antiretroviral therapy naïve at entry and initiated triple combination antiretroviral therapy between August 1, 1996, and September 30, 1999. Marginal structural modeling was used to address potential confounding between time-dependent variables in the Cox proportional hazard regression models. In this analysis resistance to any class of drug was considered as a binary time-dependent exposure to the risk of death, controlling for the effect of other time-dependent confounders. We also considered each separate class of mutation as a binary time-dependent exposure, while controlling for the presence/absence of other mutations. A total of 207 deaths were identified among 1,138 participants over the follow-up period, with an all cause mortality rate of 18.2%. Among the 679 patients with HIV-drug-resistance genotyping done before initiating HAART, HIV-drug resistance to any class was observed in 53 (7.8%) of the patients. During follow-up, HIV-drug resistance to any class was observed in 302 (26.5%) participants. Emergence of any resistance was associated with mortality (hazard ratio: 1.75 [95% confidence interval: 1.27, 2.43]). When we considered each class of resistance separately, persons who exhibited resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors had the highest risk: mortality rates were 3.02 times higher (95% confidence interval: 1.99, 4.57) for these patients than for those who did not exhibit this type of resistance. Conclusions We demonstrated that emergence of resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was associated with a greater risk of subsequent death than was emergence of protease inhibitor resistance. Future research is needed to identify the particular subpopulations of men and women at greatest risk and to elucidate the impact of resistance over a longer follow-up period.
Rain effects on the hurricane observations over the ocean by C‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar

A composite radar scattering model composed of the atmosphere radiative transfer model, and the ocean surface Bragg wave theory is developed to analyze the impact of hurricane rain on the normalized radar-backscatter cross section (NRCS) measured in the VV and cross-polarized C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) channels. The model results are validated against SAR and SFMR measured wind speeds and rain rates for two hurricane cases. The contribution of rain to the NRCS is backscatter from two parts: the atmosphere column and the ocean surface. In the atmosphere, microwave attenuation and the rain-induced volume backscattering are simulated by the model. We find that the impact of raindrops in the atmosphere is almost negligible for the VV polarization, but important for the cross polarization. On the ocean surface, comparisons between our model and other existing models without rain lead to the conclusion that the VV polarization NRCS can be simulated reasonably well without considering the non-Bragg scattering mechanisms. Similar to the wave breaking mechanism, the microwave diffraction on the craters, crowns, and stalks, produced by rain drops, is also negligible for VV polarization. However, the non-Bragg scattering is important for the cross-polarized NRCS simulations. Finally, we performed simulations to understand the VV-polarized NRCS behavior under different wind speeds at various rain rates.
Analysis on decrease trend of water diversion quantity of four outlets of the Jingjiang River

The water diversion variation of 4 outlets of the Jingjiang River will directly influence the relation of the Yangtze Rive and the Dongting Lake.According to historical data and the measured data,the water diversion variation of 4 outlets of the Jingjiang River is analyzed.The analysis results show the water diversion quantity of 4 outlets decreases all the the time,at present,the diversion discharge is only 13% of the Yangtze River′s discharge.The main causes of water diversion decrease are :① due to sediment silting,the diversion river stretches more longer;② due to river channel silting,the river cross-section area reduces;③ due to river cut-off of the Lower Jingjiang River,the discharge of the Yangtze River increases;④ due to TGP impoundment and operation,the flood peak of the Yangtze River is cut off.The water diversion quantity of 4 outlets will decrease further,this will result in quick change of the River and the Lake relation,and then disturbing the layout of flood control system,influencing the planning and design of comprehensive harnessing of the River,the Lake,and the river channel.For these reasons,it is suggested that to strengthening prototype observation and scientific research,finding out the basic law and the inevitable tendency of water diversion evolution to provide reliable data for new planning of the River and the Lake regulation.
Semiparametric analysis of panel count data

Statistical analysis of longitudinal data is required in a number of applied fields including econometrics, epidemiology, psychology, and public health. In these studies, one may be interested in some events, and subjects could experience the event of interest multiple times. One type of these studies monitors study subjects continuously and thus produces recurrent event data, which record the times of all occurrences of events. In the other type, study subjects are observed only at discrete time points, and only the numbers of occurrences of the events between observation times are known, resulting in so-called panel count data. For the analysis of panel count data, most of the existing approaches assume that the observation and longitudinal response processes are independent and therefore rely on the conditional inference procedures given the observation times. In practice, however, this assumption may not be true. The first part of this dissertation will consider regression analysis of panel count data with dependent observation times. We introduce viii a class of semiparametric models to characterize the possible correlation between the observation and response processes. The inference procedures are proposed based on estimating equations, and the asymptotic distributions of the resulting estimates are established. Some results from simulation studies are presented, and the method is applied to a bladder cancer study. In the second part of this dissertation, we will focus on regression analysis of multivariate panel count data. In many applications, several recurrent event processes may be correlated, and appropriate dependence structures are difficult to accommodate. We present a class of marginal mean models that leave the dependence structures for the related types of recurrent events completely unspecified. Some estimating equations are developed for inference, and the resulting estimates of regression parameters are consistent and asymptotically normal. Simulation studies are conducted for practical situations, and the methodology is applied to a psoriatic arthritis study. The last part of the dissertation considers the same problem studied in the first part and provides an approach that allows both observation and follow-up times to be correlated with the recurrent events of interest. Many researchers have developed the methods which assume that the follow-up time is noninformative, but this assumption may be violated in some clinical trials when the drop-out time is informative. We propose some shared frailty models that allow potential dependence among the response process, the observation process and the follow-up process. Estimating equations and an EM algorithm are developed for estimation of regression parameters. The proposed estimates are consistent and have asymptotically a normal distribution. Their finite sample properties are evaluated through simulation, and the method is used to reanalyze the data from the bladder cancer study.
Optimal Binary Differential Privacy via Graphs

We present the notion of \emph{reasonable utility} for binary mechanisms, which applies to all utility functions in the literature. This notion induces a partial ordering on the performance of all binary differentially private (DP) mechanisms. DP mechanisms that are maximal elements of this ordering are optimal DP mechanisms for every reasonable utility. By looking at differential privacy as a randomized graph coloring, we characterize these optimal DP in terms of their behavior on a certain subset of the boundary datasets we call a boundary hitting set. In the process of establishing our results, we also introduce a useful notion that generalizes DP conditions for binary-valued queries, which we coin as suitable pairs. Suitable pairs abstract away the algebraic roles of $\varepsilon,\delta$ in the DP framework, making the derivations and understanding of our proofs simpler. Additionally, the notion of a suitable pair can potentially capture privacy conditions in frameworks other than DP and may be of independent interest.
THE ANTS OF EL HIERRO (CANARY ISLANDS)

The ants of El Hierro, the smallest and youngest of the Canary Islands, are updated. Twenty-one species are listed, with seven considered as exotics. Twelve species and six genera are added to the myrmecofauna of El Hierro. Two endemic new species are described, Temnothorax bimbache sp.n. , and Monomorium wilsoni sp.n. , and Tetramorium depressum Forel is elevated to specific status (stat. nov.). The population of Plagiolepis (provisionally identified as P. maura) has the interesting characteristic of having apterous sexuals. Distribution data are presented.
Factors influencing safety compliance behavior among food delivery riders – an application of safety climate model

The increasing of road traffic accidents is threatening the well-being of road users worldwide and a high number of people died or become disabled. Several studies have shown that risky riding is prevalent among motorcyclists, consisting of traditional and new commercial ones, especially in the middle-income–countries (MICs) and low–income–countries (LICs). Griffin and Neal’s [1] safety climate model was used to point out the link between safety climate and safety knowledge and safety compliance; the effect of safety knowledge on safety compliance is also considered as the result of this research. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze these relationships among latent constructs. Data was collected from 433 base-app motorcyclists. The results show that the safety knowledge of motorcyclists plays a mediate role in safety compliance and safety climate. The results are useful for developing measures that aim to reduce risky riding behaviors among food delivery riders.