Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Dynamics of the Project Management Field: Project Management in Action (Part 2)

Theoretical Foundation The analysis of the dynamics of science has attracted much interest. A qualitative concern with scientific change can be found in a range of disciplines like philosophy (Popper, 1959), social science (MacKenzie, 1978), history of science (Kuhn, 1970), and science policy (Weingart, 2005). Though these many writers have advocated a wide variety of theoretical perspectives, they all have one thing in common; they do not make use of quantitative indicators in order to handle aggregated data. Quantitativists have worked in a quite different way, using large databases to count publications, citations, and patents (Garfield, Malin, & Small, 1978). And they share a common interest in the dynamics of science. However, it is necessary to build on this convergence. The reluctance of the qualitativists to use statistical analysis must be overcome and, on the other hand, the materials collected and their application must contribute to a theoretically defensible concept of science (Callon, Law, & Rip, 1986). Built on the actor-network theory, and as a consequence of interaction between actor-networks, resulting structure of problems, and networks of problematization (Callon, Courtial, & Turner, 1986), the co-word analysis technique was first proposed to map the dynamics of science. The most feasible way to understand the dynamics of science is to take the force of science in present-day societies into account. “Actor network” is the theoretical foundation for co-word analysis to map the dynamics of science. Laboratories and literatures are considered as two powerful tools for scientists to change the world. They build complex worlds in laboratories and enforce them on paper (Latour, 1987). This implies that scientists attach particular importance to texts. They are using texts not only to publish their world built in the lab, but also as a way to build a world and enroll others. Even though science cannot be reduced to texts alone, texts are still a prime source for studies on how worlds are created and transformed in the laboratory. Therefore, instead of following the actors to see how they change the world, following the texts is another way to map the dynamics of science. Based on the co-occurrence of pairs of words, coword analysis seeks to extract the themes of science and detect the linkages among these themes directly from the texts’ subject content. It does not rely on any a priori definition of themes in science. This enables us to follow actors objectively and detect the dynamics of science without reducing them to the extremes of either internalism or externalism (Callon, Law, & Rip, 1986). Overall, co-word analysis considers the dynamics of science as a result of actor strategies. Changes in the content of a subject area are the combined effect of a large number of individual strategies. This technique should allow us in principle to identify the actors and explain the global dynamics (Callon, Courtial, & Laville, 1991).
Prevalence of Orthodontic Malocclusions in Healthy Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the prevalence of malocclusion and different orthodontic features in children and adolescents. Methods: The digital databases PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Open Grey, and Web of Science were searched from inception to November 2021. Epidemiological studies, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, and comparative studies involving subjects ≤ 18 years old and focusing on the prevalence of malocclusion and different orthodontic features were selected. Articles written in English, Dutch, French, German, Spanish, and Portuguese were included. Three authors independently assessed the eligibility, extracted the data from, and ascertained the quality of the studies. Since all of the included articles were non-randomized, the MINORS tool was used to score the risk of bias. Results: The initial electronic database search identified a total of 6775 articles. After the removal of duplicates, 4646 articles were screened using the title and abstract. A total of 415 full-text articles were assessed, and 123 articles were finally included for qualitative analysis. The range of prevalence of Angle Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion was very large, with a mean prevalence of 51.9% (SD 20.7), 23.8% (SD 14.6), and 6.5% (SD 6.5), respectively. As for the prevalence of overjet, reversed overjet, overbite, and open bite, no means were calculated due to the large variation in the definitions, measurements, methodologies, and cut-off points among the studies. The prevalence of anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite, and crossbite with functional shift were 7.8% (SD 6.5), 9.0% (SD 7.34), and 12.2% (SD 7.8), respectively. The prevalence of hypodontia and hyperdontia were reported to be 6.8% (SD 4.2) and 1.8% (SD 1.3), respectively. For impacted teeth, ectopic eruption, and transposition, means of 4.9% (SD 3.7), 5.4% (SD 3.8), and 0.5% (SD 0.5) were found, respectively. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to clearly define orthodontic features and malocclusion traits as well as to reach consensus on the protocols used to quantify them. The large variety in methodological approaches found in the literature makes the data regarding prevalence of malocclusion unreliable.
Comparison of Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites Prepared from Different Components of Corn Straw Fiber

In recent years, under the pressure of resource shortage and white pollution, the development and utilization of biodegradable wood-plastic composites (WPC) has become one of the hot spots for scholars’ research. Here, corn straw fiber (CSF) was chosen to reinforce a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix with a mass ratio of 3:7, and the CSF/PLA composites were obtained by melt mixing. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the corn straw fiber core (CSFC) and corn straw fiber skin (CSFS) loaded PLA composites were stronger than those of the CSFS/PLA composites when the particle size of CSF was low. The tensile strength and bending strength of CSFS/CSFC/PLA are 54.08 MPa and 87.24 MPa, respectively, and the elongation at break is 4.60%. After soaking for 8 hours, the water absorption of CSF/PLA composite reached saturation. When the particle size of CSF is above 80 mesh, the saturated water absorption of the material is kept below 7%, and CSF/PLA composite has good hydrophobicity, which is mainly related to the interfacial compatibility between PLA and CSF. By observing the microstructure of the cross section of the CSF/PLA composite, the research found that the smaller the particle size of CSF, the smoother the cross section of the composite and the more unified the dispersion of CSF in PLA. Therefore, exploring the composites formed by different components of CSF and PLA can not only expand the application range of PLA, but also enhance the application value of CSF in the field of composites.
Infections and Changes in Commensal Bacteria and the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

The cause of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is unknown, but environmental factors are purported to influence risk. Interest in PD as a sequel of infection dates back to reports of parkinsonism arising from encephalitis lethargica. The objective of this paper is to review the literature as it relates to infections and changes in microbiome and the genesis of PD. There is evidence to support prior infection with Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus, Malassezia, and Strep pneumonia in association with PD. A large number of studies support an association between changes in commensal bacteria, especially gut bacteria, and PD. Extant literature supports a role for some infections and changes in commensal bacteria in the genesis of PD. Studies support an inflammatory mechanism for this association, but additional research is required for translation of these findings to therapeutic options.
Characterization of the Protective Efficacy Against QX Strain of a Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Virus With H120 Backbone and QX Spike Gene

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been prevalent in chicken farms for many years, and its control relies on extensive vaccine administration. The continuous emergence of new variants and the low cross-protection efficiency prompt the development of new vaccines. In this study, we develop a reverse genetics technique based on the classical vaccine strain H120 genome, via in vitro ligation method. Using the H120 genome as the backbone, we constructed the recombinant virus rH120-QX(S) by replacing the H120 S gene with the QX S gene, a prevalent strain in China. Biological characteristics of the rH120-QX(S) virus, such as 50% egg lethal dose (ELD50), 50% egg infectious dose (EID50), dwarf embryo, growth curve, and genetic stability, are measured, which are comparable to the parental virus H120. There are no clinical symptoms and tissue lesions in the trachea and kidney in the rH120-QX(S)-infected specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, demonstrating that this recombinant virus does not confer pathogenicity. Furthermore, protection studies show that there is 100% homologous protection of rH120-QX(S) to the virulent QX strain, as shown by the absence of clinical signs and no lethality. Taken together, our results demonstrate that swapping the S gene onto the H120 genetic backbone is a precise and effective way to produce genetically defined IBV vaccine candidates.
New bounds on the electric dipole moment of the electron and on T-odd electron-nucleon coupling

The electric dipole moment (EDM) of the electron, together with the hyperfine coupling, induces an EDM in atoms and molecules with closed electron shells. Experiments with /sup 129/Xe and TIF have yielded bounds on the EDM of the electron (d/Vertical BareVertical Bar = (0.4 +- 1.4) x 10/sup -23/ cm; (0.9 +- 1.3) x 10/sup -23/ cm) and on the T-odd scalar electron-nucleon coupling constant.
The physics of debris flows―a conceptual assessment

Debris flows exhibit conspicuous dynamic interactions among their solid and fluid constituents. Key features of the interactions are neglected in traditional theories that treat debris flows as viscoplastic continua or as uniformly dispersed grain flows, but improved understanding of grain-grain and fluid-grain interactions has emerged from recent experimental and theoretical research. Grain-flow research has extended the concepts of statistical thermodynamics to consider inelastic grain collisions and to predict energy-dissipation, velocity, and grain-concentration distributions in flowing, granular materials. Research on fluid-grain interactions has focussed on fluctuating solid and fluid stresses in the vicinity of colliding grains and on energy dissipation in deforming solid-fluid mixtures. Insights born from these new approaches have practical ramifications for interpretive and predictive studies of debris flows.
Tuning Intermediate Bands of Protective Coatings to Reach the Bulk‐Recombination Limit of Stable Water‐Oxidation GaP Photoanodes

Stable photoelectrochemical solar fuel production requires protective coatings to achieve effective charge separation, transport, and injection at the semiconductor–liquid interfaces, implying that the coating should energetically align its intermediate band (IB) with both the photoabsorber's band edge and co‐catalyst's potentials. Yet approaches to adjust coating IB positions to accommodate various semiconductor light absorbers for constructing efficient and stable photoelectrodes have not been developed. Herein, three types of transition metal (M = Mn2+, Mn3+, and Cr3+ ions) alloyed TiO2 coatings are discovered using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The IB energetics of these coatings are characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and are found to be tunable inside the TiO2 bandgap, through varying ALD growth conditions. By applying these coatings to n‐type GaP and integrating with IrOx co‐catalysts, the water‐oxidation J–E performance is comparable to an uncoated corroding GaP photoanode. It reaches the bulk recombination limit of the GaP and achieves ≈28% absorbed photon to current efficiency under 475‐nm light excitation (6.48 mW cm−2) and 100‐h stable water oxidation. The outstanding performance and stability are attributed to the efficient charge separation and hole transport, as allowed by the energy alignment of the coating IB and the GaP valence band edge.
Nonthermal Fluctuations of the Mitotic Spindle

We present direct measurements of fluctuations in the nucleus of yeast cells. While prior work has shown these fluctuations to be active and non-thermal in character, their origin and time dependence are not understood. We show that the nuclear fluctuations we observe are quantitatively consistent with uncorrelated, active force fluctuations driving a nuclear medium that is dominated by an uncondensed DNA solution, for which we perform rheological measurements on an {\it in vitro} model system under similar conditions to what is expected in the nucleus.
Active Compounds in Fruits and Inflammation in the Body

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, diabetes, asthma, and cancer. An appropriate diet and the active compounds contained in it can affect various stages of the inflammatory process and significantly affect the course of inflammatory diseases. Recent reports indicate that polyphenolic acids, vitamins, minerals, and other components of fruits may exhibit activity stimulating an anti-inflammatory response, which may be of importance in maintaining health and reducing the risk of disease. The article presents the latest data on the chemical composition of fruits and the health benefits arising from their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The chemical composition of fruits determines their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but the mechanisms of action are not fully understood.
Growth and development of an invasive forest insect under current and future projected temperature regimes

Abstract Temperature and its impact on fitness are fundamental for understanding range shifts and population dynamics under climate change. Geographic climate heterogeneity, behavioral and physiological plasticity, and thermal adaptation to local climates make predicting the responses of species to climate change complex. Using larvae from seven geographically distinct wild populations in the eastern United States of the non‐native forest pest Lymantria dispar dispar (L.), we conducted a simulated reciprocal transplant experiment in environmental chambers using six custom temperature regimes representing contemporary conditions near the southern and northern extremes of the US invasion front and projections under two climate change scenarios for the year 2050. Larval growth and development rates increased with climate warming compared with current thermal regimes and tended to be greater for individuals originally sourced from southern rather than northern populations. Although increases in growth and development rates with warming varied somewhat by region of the source population, there was not strong evidence of local adaptation, southern populations tended to outperform those from northern populations in all thermal regimes. Our study demonstrates the utility of simulating thermal regimes under climate change in environmental chambers and emphasizes how the impacts from future increases in temperature can vary based on geographic differences in climate‐related performance among populations.
Steady-like topology of the dynamical hydrogen bond network in supercooled water

Abstract We investigate the link between topology of the hydrogen bond network (HBN) and large-scale density fluctuations in water from ambient conditions to the glassy state. We observe a transition from a temperature-dependent topology at high temperatures, to a steady-like topology below the Widom temperature TW ∼ 220 K signaling the fragile-to-strong crossover and the maximum in structural fluctuations. As a consequence of the steady topology, the network suppresses large-scale density fluctuations much more efficiently than at higher temperatures. Below TW, the contribution of coordination defects of the kind A2D1 (two acceptors and one donor) to the kinetics of the HBN becomes progressively more pronounced, suggesting that A2D1 configurations may represent the main source of dynamical heterogeneities. Below the vitrification temperature, the freezing of rotational and translational degrees of freedom allow for an enhanced suppression of large-scale density fluctuations and the sample reaches the edges of nearly hyperuniformity. The formed network still hosts coordination defects, hence implying that nearly hyperuniformity goes beyond the classical continuous random network paradigm of tetrahedral networks and can emerge in scenarios much more complex than previously assumed. Our results unveil a hitherto undisclosed link between network topology and properties of water essential for better understanding water’s rich and complex nature. Beyond implications for water, our findings pave the way to a better understanding of the physics of supercooled liquids and disordered hyperuniform networks at large.
Polymethyl(1–Butyric acidyl)silane–Assisted Dispersion and Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation Separation of Single–Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Individual single–walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with distinct electronic types are crucial for the fabrication of SWNTs–based electronic and magnetic devices. Herein, the water–soluble polymethyl(1–butyric acidyl)silane (BA–PMS) was synthesized via the hydrosilylation reaction between 3–butenoic acid and polymethylsilane catalyzed by 2,2′–azodibutyronitrile. As a new dispersant, BA–PMS displayed a quite good dispersing capacity to arc–discharged SWNTs and moderate selectivity for metallic species. The application of sucrose–DGU, the density gradient ultracentrifugation with sucrose as the gradient medium, to the co–surfactants (BA–PMS and sodium dodecyl sulfonate) individually dispersed SWNTs yielded metallic SWNTs of 85.6% purity and semiconducting SWNTs of 99% purity, respectively. This work paves a path to the DGU separation of the SWNTs dispersed by polymer–based dispersants with hydrophobic alkyl chains.
Design of Suction-Type Tactile Presentation Mechanism to Be Embedded in HMD

To enrich the virtual reality experience and improve realism, many studies have proposed embedding tactile devices into head-mounted displays (HMDs). However, although thermal and vibrotactile cues have become commonplace, presentation of the constant pressure necessary for softness expression remains relatively rare. In this study, we propose a suction-type tactile presentation method that addresses this issue. Through subjective evaluation and simulation using the finite element method, we verified that the proposed suction-type tactile presentation method is suitable for use with HMDs and that by increasing the number and density of the suction holes, a stronger tactile sensation can be created.
Infrared behaviour and renormalization scheme invariance of QCD observables

In this thesis we study the infrared (IR) behaviour of QCD observables, and solutions to the problem of renormalization scheme dependence. We investigate the IR behaviour of all-orders leading-b renormalon resummations for certain Euclidean observables (the Adler-D function and the GLS and Bjorken sum rules) in the Borei representation. We find that these resummations are finite at the Landau pole (Q(^2) =Λ(^2)) and also 'freeze’ to zero in the Q(^2)→ 0 limit. We find this finite Landau pole behaviour has its origin in curious relations between IR and UV renormalons, which correspond to deeper conformal symmetries in QCD Green's functions. We consider these Borei resumed results in a skeleton expansion representation. This representation leads naturally to the standard Borei representation in the UV(Q(^2) ˃Λ(^2)) region and to a modified Borei representation in the IR (Q(^2) ˂Λ(^2)) region. We also consider the ambiguous part of the perturbative expansion in these representations. By demanding that such ambiguities cancel with similar ambiguities generated by the non-perturbative OPE, we are led to a new model for power corrections. We apply the complete renormalization group improved (CORGI) approach to all-orders renormalon resummations of the above-mentioned sum rules and compare the resultant predictions with experimental data. We also test our model for power corrections on these observables and find that the data favours power corrections of reasonably small magnitude. We also apply the CORGI approach, together with the physical scale and the effective charge approaches, to moments of F^^ and Բշ^. We use the Bernstein averages method in which any dependence of the analysis on regions of X and Q2 inaccessible to experiment is reduced.
Some topics in abstract factorization

Anderson and Frazier [6] defined a generalization of factorization in integral domains called τ -factorization. If D is an integral domain and τ is a symmetric relation on the nonzero nonunits of D, then a τ -factorization of a nonzero nonunit a ∈ D is an expression a = λa1 · · · an, where λ is a unit in D, each ai is a nonzero nonunit in D, and aiτaj for i 6= j. If τ = D ×D, where D denotes the nonzero nonunits of D, then the τ -factorizations are just the usual factorizations, and with other choices of τ we get interesting variants on standard factorization. For example, if we define aτdb ⇔ (a, b) = D, then the τd-factorizations are the comaximal factorizations introduced by McAdam and Swan [19]. Anderson and Frazier defined τ -factorization analogues of many different factorization concepts and properties, and proved a number of theorems either generalizing standard factorization results or the comaximal factorization results of McAdam and Swan. Some of these concepts include τ -UFD’s, τ -atomic domains, the τ -ACCP property, τ -BFD’s, τ -FFD’s, and τ -HFD’s. They showed the implications between these concepts and showed how each of the standard variations implied their τ -factorization counterparts (sometimes assuming certain natural constraints on τ). Later, Ortiz-Albino [21] introduced a new concept called Γ-factorization that generalized τ -factorization. We will summarize the known theory of τ -factorization and Γ-factorization as well as introduce several new or improved results.
Incidental Discovery of a Chronically Ruptured Ovarian Dermoid in a Patient With Right Upper Quadrant Pain

Ovarian neoplasms are categorized based on histopathologic features into epithelial surface cell tumors, germ cell tumors (teratomas), sex cord-stromal tumors, and metastases. Teratomas are the most common ovarian germ cell neoplasms. They are generally slow-growing lesions and can get fairly large before becoming symptomatic. The lesions are often incidentally discovered during imaging for other diagnostic purposes. Complications are uncommon but occur more commonly with larger lesions and include torsion, malignant degeneration, rupture, and rarely infection. When sizable, ovarian dermoid can rarely rupture and result in spillage of proteinaceous content into the peritoneal cavity, which can lead to chemical peritonitis. Additionally, the lesion can fragment into smaller lesions and can get implanted at different sites within the abdomen and pelvis. We present a case with an atypical presentation of a ruptured dermoid in a patient presenting with right upper quadrant pain who underwent sonographic evaluation, which demonstrated acute calculus cholecystitis but incidentally was found to have a partially calcified right subphrenic mass. Subsequent evaluation with computed tomography (CT) demonstrated multiple scattered peritoneal and mesenteric masses containing fat and calcification, highly suggestive of a chronically ruptured dermoid cyst.