Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flood generation: process patterns from the raindrop to the ocean

Abstract. This article reviews river flood generation processes and flow paths across space scales. The scale steps include the pore, profile, hillslope, catchment, regional and continental scales, representing a scale range of a total of 10 orders of magnitude. Although the processes differ between the scales, there are notable similarities. At all scales, there are media patterns that control the flow of water, and are themselves influenced by the flow of water. The processes are therefore not spatially random (as in thermodynamics) but organised, and preferential flow is the rule rather than the exception. Hydrological connectivity, i.e. the presence of coherent flow paths, is an essential characteristic at all scales. There are similar controls on water flow and thus on flood generation at all scales, however, with different relative magnitudes. Processes at lower scales affect flood generation at the larger scales not simply as a multiple repetition of pore scale processes, but through interactions, which cause emergent behaviour of process patterns. For this reason, when modelling these processes, the scale transitions need to be simplified in a way that reflects the relevant structures (e.g. connectivity) and boundary conditions (e.g. groundwater table) at each scale. In conclusion, it is argued that upscaling as the mere multiple application of small scale process descriptions will not capture the larger scale patterns of flood generation. Instead, there is a need to learn from observed patterns of flood generation processes at all spatial scales.
Analisis Performa Modul Solar Cell Dengan Penambahan Reflector Cermin Datar

Photovoltaic adalah salah satu metode pengkonversi energi matahari menjadi energi listrik dengan menggunakan material semikonduktor. Sistem photovoltaic ini menggunakan solar cell yang dapat menghasilkan energi listrik secara langsung dari matahari. Untuk memaksimalkan energi listrik yang diperoleh dari modul solar cell, salah satu teknik yang dapat diterapkan adalah dengan menambah luas permukaan tangkap sinar matahari pada sisi bidang modul solar cell dengan pemanfaatan cermin datar yang berfungsi sebagai reflector sinar matahari. Pada penelitian ini, reflector tersebut dipasang mengelilingi seluruh bidang modul solar cell dengan kemiringan tertentu. Sedangkan luasan cermin datar yang digunakan sebagai reflector divariasikan dengan mengatur panjang cermin datar tersebut pada beberapa variasi panjang tertentu. Pada pengujiannya, modul solar cell tersebut diletakkan dengan menggunakan kemiringan tertentu yang besarnya mengikuti arah timur ke barat pergerakan matahari. Dari hasil pengujian diperoleh bahwa semakin luas reflector akan menghasilkan daya listrik yang semakin besar, demikian pula dengan efisiensi yang dihasilkan. Akan tetapi, menarik untuk dicermati bahwa peningkatan tersebut tidak linier yang menunjukkan ada batas tertentu dimana pengaruh penambahan luas reflector akan menjadi tidak signifikan lagi terhadap performa modul solar cell tersebut. Kata kunci : photovoltaic, solar cell, reflector, performa
Realisation of Second-order Sinusoidal Oscillator/ Filters with Non- Interacting Controls using CFAs

A new Circuit configuration with three current feedback amplifiers, two grounded capacitors and four resistors is presented. The proposed sinusoidal oscillator enjoys completely non-interacting control of condition of oscillation (CO) and frequency of oscillation (FO) with excellent frequency stability. Band-pass (BP), low-pass (LP) and band-reject (BR) filter responses can also be realized with independent tuning of natural frequency and bandwidth from the same topology. The proposed configuration offers low active and passive sensitivities and low output impedance. Experimental results and SPICE simulations have confirmed the workability of the proposed configuration. Übersicht Eine neue Schaltungsanordnung mit drei stromrückgekoppelten Verstärkern, zwei einseitig geerdeten Kapazitäten und vier Widerständen wird vorgestellt. Anschwingbedingung und Frequenz des vorgeschlagenen Sinusoszillators sind entkoppelt. Die Frequenzstabiltät ist hervorragend. Mit der gleichen Schaltungsstruktur können Bandpaß-, Tiefpaß-, und Bandslop-Filterfunktionen mit separater Einstellung von Mittenfrequenz und Bandbreite realisiert werden. Die vorgeschlagene Anordnung bietet neben geringer Schwankungsempfindlichkeit der aktiven und passiven Komponenten eine niedrige Ausgangsimpedanz. Experimentelle Ergebnisse und SPICE-Simulationen haben die Funktion der vorgeschlagenen Konfiguration bestätigt. Für die Dokumentation Oszillator / Bandpaß / Tiefpaß / Bandsperre
Missing sputum samples are common in asthma intervention studies and successful collection at follow-up is related to improvement in clinical outcomes

With only modest agreement between airway and systemic eosinophilia, biomarkers directly assessing the level and type of airway inflammation are becoming increasingly important, both for targeting treatment to the individual patient and for assessing effect [1]. Several factors significantly impact ability to produce a sputum sample after an anti-inflammatory intervention and these authors argue that the widely used complete-case analysis is inappropriate for paired sputum-based outcome measures https://bit.ly/3qN2pk5
OFDM: A COMPLETE REVIEW

: OFDM is a very attractive modulation and multiplexing technique that is used in wideband optical systems as well as optical wireless systems. Several advantages of optical orthogonal systems is good efficiency of spectrum utilization and channel robustness. Number of small subcarriers is used to transmit data from one source and generally termed as multicarrier transmission. OFDM, a modulation as well as multiplexing technique is the origin of several telecommunications standards counting DTT and radio broadcasting. OFDM is even the source of nearly all DSL standards, and within this situation OFDM is generally known as discrete multitone (DMT). Regardless of the benefits offered by OFDM and its prevalent usage in wireless communications, it has been considered for optical communications during the last years. This paper reviews about the OFDM and OFDM characteristics.
Biogenic Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Properties of Silver Nanoparticles against Human Pathogens.

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is more eco-friendly and cost-effective approach as compared to the conventional chemical synthesis. Biologically synthesized AgNPs have been proved as therapeutically effective and valuable compounds. In this study, the four bacterial strains Escherichia coli (MT448673), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MN900691), Bacillus subtilis (MN900684) and Bacillus licheniformis (MN900686) were used for the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs. Agar well diffusion assay revealed to determine the antibacterial activity of all biogenically synthesized AGNPs showed that P. aeruginosa AgNPs possessed significantly high (p < 0.05) antibacterial potential against all tested isolates. The one-way ANOVA test showed that that P. aeruginosa AgNPs showed significantly (p < 0.05) larger zones of inhibition (ZOI: 19 to 22 mm) compared to the positive control (rifampicin: 50 µg/mL) while no ZOI was observed against negative control (Dimethyl sulfoxide: DMSO). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) concentration against four test strains also showed that among all biogenically synthesized NPs, P. aeruginosa AgNPs showed effective MIC (3.3-3.6 µg/mL) and MBC (4.3-4.6 µg/mL). Hence, P. aeruginosa AGNPs were characterized using visual UV vis-spectroscopy, X ray diffractometer (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formation of peak around 430 nm indicated the formation of AgNPs while the FTIR confirmed the involvement of biological molecules in the formation of nanoparticles (NPs). SEM revealed that the NPs were of approximately 40 nm. Overall, this study suggested that the biogenically synthesized nanoparticles could be utilized as effective antimicrobial agents for effective disease control.
Is Cell-Free Massive MIMO (CF-MMIMO) Equivalent to the Already Existing and Commercialized pCell Technology?

Distributed antenna system (DAS) is a highly diversified concept that can help lower radiated power, maximize coverage, and improve spectral efficiency. Yet, the most exciting feature of DAS is the distribution of remote radio heads (RRH) Distributed antenna system (DAS) is a highly diversified concept that can help lower radiated power, maximize coverage, and improve spectral efficiency. Yet, the most exciting feature of DAS is the distribution of remote radio heads (RRH) or antennas over a wide geographical area, which allows the use of less complex signal processing techniques resulting in the reduction of systems’ size and cost. These features of DAS were utilized in network MIMO, distributed MIMO, multi-cell MIMO, and distributed-input distributed-output (DIDO) systems to move away from the centralized approach as in conventional multi-user and massive MIMO systems. In this tutorial paper, we first talk about MIMO systems with their relevant technologies by categorizing them into two main approaches according to their working principles and systematic architecture; the first approach is based on a centralized (or collocated) architecture, whereas the second is based on a decentralized (or distributed) architecture. We then deep dive into all the different technologies related to these architectures one by one and explain each in detail with much more focus on the similarities and differences between them. After that, we exposition the main target of this study, which is to answer the following question "Is cell-free massive MIMO (CF-MMIMO) equivalent to the already existing and commercialized pCell technology? ". To confidently answer this question, we comprehensively and deeply study the two technologies considering the differences in their system models and look into their conceptual formulations as well as their respective channel models. More particularly, we detail CF-MMIMO and pCell architectures while giving special attention to pCell’s SDR wireless platform and stating why it is crucial for the current wireless systems. Then, we present the understandings that are acquired after careful observations and provide recommendations based upon them. In short, this study aims to focus the reader attention on the fact that all the distributed and cell-free MIMO-related technologies work on the same principle, and the way these systems are built makes them fundamentally equivalent, yet, they are displayed quite differently using different terminologies and perspectives, which can cause confusion to readers and end up misleading future researchers.
CRLH-TL Based Reconfigurable Antennas With Multiple Parameter Reconfigurability

In this communication, two composite right-/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL)-based reconfigurable antennas with multiple-parameter reconfiguration capability have been presented. In antenna I, the polarization is switched between circular polarization and linear polarization. In antenna II, a split-ring resonator (SRR) is introduced that is connected with the ground through another p-i-n diode D2. In the D2 OFF-state, the metamaterial behavior of the SRR establishes. Due to negative permeability at the frequency of operation, it produces magnetic coupling with the antenna and the antenna starts radiating at a new band (5.2 GHz), forming dual-band characteristics with circular polarization. Antenna II is capable of providing band/frequency and polarization/band, frequency, and polarization reconfiguration using different ON/OFF combination states of diodes D1 and D2. The antennas are suitable for 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN and 3.5/3.6 GHz WiMAX applications.
Factors Influencing Stop-Level Transit Ridership in Arnhem–Nijmegen City Region, Netherlands

The factors that influence transit ridership are explored at the level of individual transit stops for the local and regional bus transit system in the region of Arnhem–Nijmegen in the Netherlands. Direct transit ridership modeling was used to explore simultaneously the influence of spatial, population, and network characteristics on bus stop–level ridership (number of passengers boarding and alighting from transit vehicles at each particular transit stop). Cross-sectional multiple regression models were built for two periods: March 2012 and March 2013. Between these periods, the regional transit supply changed considerably because of the start of a new tender period. The outcomes of the cross-sectional multiple regression models were compared with fixed-effects panel data models, which related the changes in ridership between both periods to the changes in transit supply characteristics. The adjusted R2 of the two cross-sectional models are . 772 and . 762, respectively; this finding shows that the models perform well in explaining the variance in ridership. Most selected independent variables are highly significant, and their influence on ridership is largely in line with expectations. The cross-sectional and the panel data models show large similarities, but the values of most coefficients in the panel data model are only about half of the corresponding variables in the cross-sectional models. This finding is likely due to the potential adjustment time that travelers need to get used to the changes in transit services and to an overestimation of the importance of transit supply because of the endogeneity between supply and potential demand in the cross-sectional models.
Finite Element Analysis of Rear Under-Run Protection Device (RUPD) for Impact Loading

Under-running of passenger vehicles is one of the important parameters to be considered during design and development of truck chassis. Rear Under-run Protection Device (RUPD) plays an important role in avoiding under-running of vehicles from rear side of a truck. In India, the legal requirements of a RUPD are fixed in regulation IS 14812-2005. To reduce number of iterations during the development process, the computational simulation method is used in RUPD analysis for impact loading. An explicit finite element code like Ls-Dyna is used for the simulation. The deformation of RUPD bar and plastic strains in RUPD components can be determined before the physical test for predicting failure of the system to meet the compliance requirements as per IS 14812-2005. Additionally, failure of the RUPD attachment points with chassis can be determined. Physical testing can be reduced significantly with this approach which ultimately reduces the total cycle time as well as the cost involved in product development. This paper explains the FE analysis of RUPD for impact loading. All the results obtained from the CAE analysis are evaluated against the requirements of IS 14812-2005 which could reduce the process development time and cost involved in the same.
Research on cyber-physical system control strategy under false data injection attack perception

This paper investigates the security control problem of the cyber-physical system under false data injection attacks. A model predictive switching control strategy based on attack perception is proposed to compensate for the untrusted sequence of data caused by false data injection attacks. First, the binary attack detector is applied whether the system has suffered the attack. If the attack occurs, multistep correction is carried out for the future data according to the previous time data, and the waiting period [Formula: see text] is set. The input and output sequence of the controller is reconstructed, and the system is modeled as a constant time-delay switched system. Subsequently, the Lyapunov methods and average-dwell time are combined to provide sufficient conditions for the asymptotical stability of closed-loop switched system. Finally, the simulation of the networked first-order inverted pendulum model reveals that the control technique can efficiently suppress the influence of the attacks.
Utilization of the PSPICE Code for the Unsteady Thermal Response of Composite Walls in a Heat Transfer Course

This paper on engineering education introduces a robust computational technique named the network simulation method (NSM) to undergraduate students on heat transfer courses for the simultaneous determination of temperature—time histories and heat flux—time histories inside layered walls easily, quickly, and accurately. NSM relies on the existing physical analogy between unsteady unidirectional conduction of heat and unsteady-state flow of electric current, the RC analogy. This unsteady analogy is a natural extension of the steady analogy that holds between unidirectional heat conduction and the flow of electric current, the R analogy. The implementation of NSM is carried out with the thermal analysis of a composite wall of the nozzle of an experimental rocket engine during a ground firing test. The composite wall of the nozzle comprises a metallic substrate and a ceramic coating. The NSM-based numerical simulations have been performed with the commercial code PSPICE.
On‐going consequences of in utero exposure of Pb: An epigenetic perspective

Epigenetic modifications by toxic heavy metals are one of the intensively investigated fields of modern genomic research. Among a diverse group of heavy metals, lead (Pb) is an extensively distributed toxicant causing an immense number of abnormalities in the developing fetus via a wide variety of epigenetic changes. As a divalent cation, Pb can readily cross the placental membrane and the fetal blood brain barrier leading to far‐reaching alterations in DNA methylation patterns, histone protein modifications, and micro‐RNA expression. Over recent years, several human cohorts and animal model studies have documented hypermethylation and hypomethylation of developmental genes along with altered DNA methyl‐transferase expression by in utero Pb exposure in a dose‐, duration‐, and sex‐dependent manner. Modifications in the expression of specific histone acetyltransferase enzymes along with histone acetylation and methylation levels have been reported in rodent and murine models. Apart from these, down‐regulation and up‐regulation of certain microRNAs crucial for fetal development have been shown to be associated with in utero Pb exposure in human placenta samples. All these modifications in the developing fetus during the prenatal and perinatal stages reportedly caused severe abnormalities in early or adult age, such as impaired growth, obesity, autism, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, risks of cancer development, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, currently available information on Pb‐mediated alterations in the fetal epigenome is summarized. Further research on Pb‐induced epigenome modification will help to understand the mechanisms in detail and will enable us to formulate safety guidelines for pregnant women and developing children.
The Opportunities and Challenges Associated with the Implementation of Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies to Manage Health and Safety

The fourth industrial revolution (4iR) technologies offer an opportunity for the construction industry to improve health and safety (H&S) compliance. Therefore, implementing the technologies is of top priority to improve the endless H&S incidents in construction projects, which lead to poor quality of work, late project delivery, and increased labour injury claims. Central to improving the nature of work and other industrial processes, the 4iR technologies have emerged. Concurrent with this trend is the importance of 4iR technologies in enhancing health and safety performance on construction sites. However, the implementation of 4iR technologies in the construction industry is faced with various challenges. Therefore, this paper reports on a study aimed at examining the challenges associated with implementing 4iR technologies in the construction sector in South Africa towards effective management of H&S. The study followed a systematic literature review, data collection using a questionnaire survey and thereafter, descriptive, and inferential analyses were conducted. The findings revealed that the implementation of 4iR technologies is challenged by a lack of adequate relevant skills, the unavailability of training capacities, expensive technologies, and negative perceptions such as fear of job loss by industry professionals. The findings are essential for the advancement of H&S research and implementation. In addition, the findings are important to industry decision-makers in order to elevate their awareness and promote the use of 4iR technologies to manage construction activities. The study implications include the need for the construction industry to collaborate with higher education institutions to conduct research and include 4iR in the curriculum.
Outcomes and survival following lung transplantation in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

Disease-specific outcomes in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis following lung transplantation are not well described. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe outcomes in these patients. Patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis who have undergone lung transplantation in the USA were identified using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network database. Survival data were analysed for the post-lung allocation score period with Kaplan–Meier curves, and a log-rank test was conducted to compare survival data among an age-, sex- and activation date-matched non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis cohort. 721 patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis were listed for lung transplantation between March 1992 and September 2019. 407 patients received lung transplantation with a median age at listing of 47 years. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis for lung transplantation recipient non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis patients during the post-lung allocation score period at 1, 5 and 10 years was 87%, 53% and 16%, respectively. The median survival time post-lung transplantation is 6.0 years (interquartile range: 2.3–11.9 years), which is similar to an age- and sex-matched cohort (p=0.86). This retrospective analysis demonstrates that median survival after lung transplantation in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis was similar to other lung transplantation recipients over the study period. We suggest that the development of specific criteria for lung transplantation in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis may improve patient selection and benefit a larger group of patients with this therapy. A retrospective analysis using UNOS data showed that median survival post-LT for patients with non-CF bronchiectasis is 6.0 years, which is similar to an age- and sex-matched cohort https://bit.ly/3eSv95p