Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design of a Wireless Distributed Real-time Muscle Fatigue Detection System

Muscle fatigue is an important issue in the field of sports science and rehabilitation medicine and has a great impact on human health and maintenance of normal functioning. electromyography (EMG) contains a direct reflection of muscle activity, and it has become an effective method to achieve quantitative evaluation of muscle fatigue levels through EMG. In this paper, we propose a wireless real-time muscle fatigue evaluation and detection system that can record multiple image sensing data and EMG data of different muscles simultaneously. Several wireless wearable EMG sensors are attached to different muscles on the body. Each EMG sensor features an individual acquisition channel and transmits data through Bluetooth Low Energy. Each EMG sensor features a size of 3 cm × 3 cm × 0.9 cm with a weight of 9.8 gram, and can be wirelessly charged. A fatigue evaluation method based on EMG frequency domain features is proposed and validated on both isometric muscle contraction fatigue and dynamic muscle fatigue. The completely wireless and miniaturized nature of the system ensures usability and flexibility. A muscle fatigue database was built including 3.4 hours recording on 10 subjects.
A generalized form of Hamilton's principle

Many quantization schemes rely on analogs of classical mechanics where the connections with classical mechanics are indirect. In this work I propose a new and direct connection between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics where the quantum mechanical propagator is derived from a variational principle. I identify this variational principle as a generalized form of Hamilton's principle. This proposed variational principle is unusual because the physical system is allowed to have imperfect information, i.e., there is incomplete knowledge of the physical state. Two distribution functionals over possible generalized momentum paths a[p(t)] and generalized coordinates paths b[q(t)] are defined. A generalized action is defined that corresponds to a contraction of a[p(t)], b[q(t)], and a matrix of the action evaluated at all possible p and q paths. Hamilton's principle is the extremization of the generalized action over all possible distributions. The normalization of the two distributions allows their values to be negative and they are shown to be the real and imaginary parts of the complex amplitude. The amplitude in the Feynman path integral is shown to be an optimal vector that extremizes the generalized action. This formulation is also shown to be directly applicable to statistical mechanics and I show how irreversible behavior and the micro-canonical ensemble follows immediately.
Sobolev orthogonal polynomials on a simplex

The Jacobi polynomials on the simplex are orthogonal polynomials with respect to the weight function $W_\bg(x) = x_1^{\g_1} . x_d^{\g_d} (1- |x|)^{\g_{d+1}}$ when all $\g_i > -1$ and they are eigenfunctions of a second order partial differential operator $L_\bg$. The singular cases that some, or all, $\g_1,. ,\g_{d+1}$ are -1 are studied in this paper. Firstly a complete basis of polynomials that are eigenfunctions of $L_\bg$ in each singular case is found. Secondly, these polynomials are shown to be orthogonal with respect to an inner product which is explicitly determined. This inner product involves derivatives of the functions, hence the name Sobolev orthogonal polynomials.
On the magnetic field in M51 ULX-8

The reported discovery of a cyclotron resonance scattering feature (CRSF) in the spectrum of M51 ULX-8 may provide an important clue as to the nature of the magnetic field in those ultraluminous X-ray sources hosting neutron stars. In this paper, we present the covariance (linearly correlated variability) spectrum of M51 ULX-8 on long (>2000 s) time-scales. This allows us to unambiguously decompose the spectrum which requires multiple components in order to explain the broadband emission. Having a clearer picture of the spectral decomposition leads to various tests for the dipole field strength of the neutron star which can be extended to other ULXs when certain criteria are met. In the case of M51 ULX-8, we rule out a very strong (10^(15) G) dipole solution with either a sub- or supercritical disc. Instead, our tests indicate an upper limit on the dipole field of 10^(12) G and a classical supercritical inflow, similar to that inferred in other ULXs found to harbour neutron stars, although we do not rule out the presence of an additional, strong (10^(15) G) multipole field falling off steeply with distance from the neutron star.
Dynamics of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity and Its Response to Drought in the Mongolian Plateau

: Vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is an important aspect of the global carbon cycle, and its change is closely related to climate change. This study analyzed the spatial-temporal variation of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and NPP in the Mongolian Plateau, and investigated the effect of drought on NPP. To this end, NPP was simulated using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model. The results showed that from 1982 to 2014, NPP exhibited an upward trend in different seasons, and a signiﬁcant increasing trend in most areas in the growing season and spring. The degree of drought also showed an increasing trend in each season. Moreover, the decrease in NPP and SPEI in Mongolia was larger than that in Inner Mongolia. Vegetation showed a positive correlation with SPEI in the growing season and summer, but a negative correlation in the other seasons. Moreover, the impact of drought on vegetation in the growing season showed a lag effect, whereas the lag response was inconspicuous during the early stages of the growing season. Different vegetation NPP responded strongly to the SPEI of the current month and the previous month.
Improved analysis of black hole formation in high-energy particle collisions

We investigate formation of an apparent horizon (AH) in high-energy particle collisions in four- and higher-dimensional general relativity, motivated by TeV-scale gravity scenarios. The goal is to estimate the prefactor in the geometric cross section formula for the black hole production. We numerically construct AHs on the future light cone of the collision plane. Since this slice lies to the future of the slice used previously by Eardley and Giddings [Phys. Rev. D 66, 044011 (2002)] and by one of us and Nambu [Phys. Rev. D 67, 024009 (2003)], we are able to improve the prefactor estimates. The black hole production cross section increases by 40%\char21{}70% in the higher-dimensional cases, indicating larger black hole production rates in future-planned accelerators than previously estimated. We also determine the mass and the angular momentum of the final black hole state, as allowed by the area theorem.
Spin relaxation of "upstream" electrons: beyond the drift diffusion model

The classical drift diffusion (DD) model of spin transport treats spin relaxation via an empirical parameter known as the ``spin diffusion length''. According to this model, the ensemble averaged spin of electrons drifting and diffusing in a solid decays exponentially with distance due to spin dephasing interactions. The characteristic length scale associated with this decay is the spin diffusion length. The DD model also predicts that this length is different for ``upstream'' electrons traveling in a decelerating electric field than for ``downstream'' electrons traveling in an accelerating field. However this picture ignores energy quantization in confined systems (e.g. quantum wires) and therefore fails to capture the non-trivial influence of subband structure on spin relaxation. Here we highlight this influence by simulating upstream spin transport in a multi-subband quantum wire, in the presence of D'yakonov-Perel' spin relaxation, using a semi-classical model that accounts for the subband structure rigorously. We find that upstream spin transport has a complex dynamics that defies the simplistic definition of a ``spin diffusion length''. In fact, spin does not decay exponentially or even monotonically with distance, and the drift diffusion picture fails to explain the qualitative behavior, let alone predict quantitative features accurately. Unrelated to spin transport, we also find that upstream electrons undergo a ``population inversion'' as a consequence of the energy dependence of the density of states in a quasi one-dimensional structure.
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke-Related Thrombosis

Acute ischemic stroke is a serious life-threatening disease that affects almost 600 million people each year throughout the world with a mortality of more than 10%, while two-thirds of survivors remain disabled. However, the available treatments for ischemic stroke are still limited to thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy, and there is an urgent need for developing new therapeutic target. Recently, intravascular oxidative stress, derived from endothelial cells, platelets, and leukocytes, has been found to be tightly associated with stroke-related thrombosis. It not only promotes primary thrombus formation by damaging endothelial cells and platelets but also affects thrombus maturation and stability by modifying fibrin components. Thus, oxidative stress is expected to be a novel target for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke. In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms by which oxidative stress promotes stroke-related thrombosis, then summarize the oxidative stress biomarkers of stroke-related thrombosis, and finally put forward an antithrombotic therapy targeting oxidative stress in ischemic stroke.
Return and volatility spillovers between FTSE All-Share Index and S&P 500 Index

This paper explores the effect of the return and volatility spillover between the Standard and Poor’s 500 index and FTSE All-Share index using the AG-DCC_ Dynamic Conditional Correlation model over the sample period from April 1995 to April 2019. It demonstrates that the Standard and Poor’s 500 return and volatility are crucial in forecasting the market’s future dynamics of the FTSE All Shares where it finds a significant spillover effect for both return and volatility from the Standard and Poor’s 500 to FTSE All Shares, while weak evidence has been found in the opposite direction, that is, an insignificant spillover effect for both return and volatility from FTSE All Shares to the Standard and Poor’s 500. In addition, the paper also finds high Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) between both the Standard and Poor’s 500 and FTSE All Shares. Therefore, it finds asymmetric correlation and transmission mechanisms between the Standard and Poor’s 500 and FTSE All Shares, which means there is an asymmetric interconnectedness between two markets, so allocating assets between two markets will not benefit investor portfolios as investing in high-yielding shares do.
Light Curve for Type Ia Supernova Candidate AT 2018we

We present photometric follow-up observations of the supernova candidate AT 2018we, which was discovered by the Gaia photometric alerts system. The first Gaia detection of the object was made Feb 12, 2018. Our observations, made in Cousins R and Johnson B band, range from Feb 20 to May 5, 2018. From our observations, we have constructed a light curve, which supports the initial prediction of type Ia, included in the Gaia alert. Based on this classification, we have also estimated the distance to its assumed host galaxy, which was found to be around 43 Mpc.
Dynamics of Coupled Qubits Interacting with an Off-Resonant Cavity

We study a model for a pair of qubits that interact with a single off-resonant cavity mode and, in addition, exhibit a direct interqubit coupling. Possible realizations for such a system include coupled superconducting qubits in a line resonator as well as exciton states or electron spin states of quantum dots in a cavity. The emergent dynamical phenomena are strongly dependent on the relative energy scales of the interqubit coupling strength, the coupling strength between qubits and cavity mode, and the cavity mode detuning. We show that the cavity mode dispersion enables a measurement of the state of the coupled-qubit system in the perturbative regime. We discuss the effect of the direct interqubit interaction on a cavity-mediated two-qubit gate. Further, we show that for asymmetric coupling of the two qubits to the cavity, the direct interqubit coupling can be controlled optically via the ac Stark effect.
Flux and spectral variation characteristics of 3C 454.3 at the GeV band

We analyze the long-term lightcurve of 3C 454.3 observed with Fermi/LAT and investigate its relation to flux in the radio, optical and X-ray bands. By fitting the 1-day binned GeV lightcurve with multiple Gaussian functions (MGF), we propose that the typical variability timescale in the GeV band is 1–10 d. The GeV flux variation is accompanied by the spectral variation characterized as flux-tracking, i.e., “harder when brighter. ” The GeV flux is correlated with the optical and X-ray fluxes, and a weak correlation between γ-ray flux and radio flux is also observed. The γ-ray flux is not correlated with the optical linear polarization degree for the global lightcurves, but they show a correlation for the lightcurves before MJD 56000. The power density spectrum of the global lightcurve shows an obvious turnover at ∼ 7.7 d, which may indicate a typical variability timescale of 3C 454.3 in the γ-ray band. This is also consistent with the derived timescales by fitting the global lightcurve with MGF. The spectral evolution and an increase in the optical linear polarization degree along with the increase in γ-ray flux may indicate that the radiation particles are accelerated and the magnetic field is ordered by the shock processes during the outbursts. In addition, the nature of 3C 454.3 may be consistent with a self-organized criticality system, similar to Sagittarius A*, and thus the outbursts could be from plasmoid ejections driven by magnetic reconnection. This may further support the idea that the jet radiation regions are magnetized.
Calcium sulfate in the management of osteomyelitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies

Background: Calcium sulfate (CS) is used extensively as an antibiotic carrier in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis, largely due to its biodegradable nature. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyze the comprehensive performance of CS in the literature when compared to other biomaterials or treatments for osteomyelitis. We assess the ability of CS to eradicate infection and achieve other key clinical outcomes. Methods: All studies comparing the use of CS to any other surgical technique for the surgical management of osteomyelitis were eligible for analysis. The indication for surgery in each case was chronic osteomyelitis. The minimum dataset required included details regarding infection eradication rates, union rates (in cases of nonunion), all-cause revision surgery and wound leakage. The primary outcome variables of concern were infection eradication and all-cause revision surgery. Secondary outcome variables included union and wound leakage. A random effects meta-analysis was performed. Results: Five studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. The CS group had a significantly higher rate of infection eradication (P = .013) and a significantly lower rate of revision for all causes (P < .001) when compared to the comparative group. In total, the CS group had 30 cases of wound leakage compared to 8 in the comparative group (P = .064). Conclusion: CS demonstrates superior rates of infection eradication and all-cause revision when compared with alternative treatment methods for chronic osteomyelitis. While the current study reports on differing but nonsignificant rates of wound leakage between CS and other treatments, future studies are required to accurately investigate this clinically important complication.
BIROn - Birkbeck Institutional Research Online The association between bullying-victimisation and sleep in

Bullying-victimisation has been associated with sleep disturbances. This study investigated the degree to which subtypes of bullying victimisation in adolescence are linked with sleep disturbances. Genetic and environmental contributions underlying bullying-victimisation and sleep disturbances were investigated. Participants (3,242-5,076 pairs) from a longitudinal community twin study reported on their bullying-victimisation at age-14, sleep quality and insomnia symptoms at age-16. Regression analyses were used, accounting for the role of individual and family factors. Structural equation twin model-fitting was conducted. Bullying victimisation was modestly associated with sleep quality and insomnia symptoms ( r = .22-.23) and a similar strength of associations was found across bullying-victimisation subtypes ( r =.11-.22). Bullying-victimisation, sleep quality and insomnia symptoms were predominantly influenced by genes (25%-59%) and non-shared environments (40%-62%). The association between bullying-victimisation and sleep-quality was explained by genetic and non-shared environmental influences. For insomnia symptoms and sleep quality, the association with bullying-victimisation was in part explained by a genetic overlap. Associations between bullying-victimisation and sleep disturbances are not limited to specific aspects of bullying-victimisation but appear to exist for all subtypes. These findings stimulate research questions regarding the mechanisms underlying these links. For example, could certain heritable traits, such as temperament, increase vulnerability to experiencing sleep disturbances and being bullied? Research on bullying and sleep should aim to take the role of genetic predisposition into account, while also noting that it is not the only causal influence. Understanding more about these pathways could strengthen the development of techniques to prevent these difficulties from occurring .
Understanding and Designing Expressive Robotic Touch

Touch, the very first sense to develop in the womb [16], is the primary channel for humans to explore the physical world and plays a vital role in interpersonal communication. The meaning-making through touch was previously defined as the process of how people make sense of touch in communicative contexts [65]. In researching meaningful touch, we need to understand which and how contextual, relational, and personal factors may affect the perception and interpretation of a touch [82]. This section discusses the theoretical background of meaning-making in affective touch, existing approaches, and findings in related and our past works. Based on the insights, I propose a plan for future experiments to further investigate meaning-making through expressive robotic touch.
Reply to the correspondence:" On the fracture toughness of bioinspired ceramic materials"

This is a reply to the correspondence of Prof. Robert Ritchie: "On the fracture toughness of bioinspired ceramic materials", submitted to Nature Materials, which discusses the fracture toughness values of the following papers: Bouville, F. , Maire, E. , Meille, S. , Van de Moort\`ele, B. , Stevenson, A. J., & Deville, S. (2014). Strong, tough and stiff bioinspired ceramics from brittle constituents. Nature Materials, 13(5), 508-514 and Le Ferrand, H. , Bouville, F. , Niebel, T. P., & Studart, A. R. (2015). Magnetically assisted slip casting of bioinspired heterogeneous composites. Nature Materials, 14(11), 1172-1172.
Lossy data compression with random gates

We introduce a new protocol for a lossy data compression algorithm which is based on constraint satisfaction gates. We show that the theoretical capacity of algorithms built from standard parity-check gates converges exponentially fast to the Shannon’s bound when the number of variables seen by each gate increases. We then generalize this approach by introducing random gates. They have theoretical performances nearly as good as parity checks, but they oﬀer the great advantage that the encoding can be done in linear time using the Survey Inspired Decimation algorithm, a powerful algorithm for constraint satisfaction problems derived from statistical physics.
Magnetization and magnetic anisotropy of metallophthalocyanine molecules from the first principles calculations

Using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method, we explored the magnetic anisotropy energies of metallophthalocyanine molecules with Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. Their spin magnetic moments can be expressed as 8−nμB (n=5,6,7,8 for Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni). Interestingly, Mn-phthalocyanine has a large orbital magnetic moment of 0. 19μB and a sizable magnetic anisotropy energy of 2.72 meV useable for applications.
Auction-based Spectrum Sharing in Multi-Channel Cognitive Radio Networks with Heterogeneous Users

Dynamic spectrum access based on cognitive radio has been regarded as a prospective solution to improve spectrum utilization for wireless communications. By considering the allocation efficiency, fairness, and economic incentives, spectrum marketing has been attracting more and more attentions in recent years. In this thesis, we focus on one of the most effective spectrum marketing methods, i.e., auction approach, in multi-channel cognitive radio networks. After presenting some fundamentals and related works, we begin our discussion in a recall-based auction system where buyers have various service requirements and the seller could recall some sold items after the auction to deal with a sudden increase of its own demand. Both single-winner and multi-winner auctions are designed and analyzed. In addition, we also consider the heterogeneity of radio resource sellers and formulate a framework of combinatorial spectrum auction. With theoretical analyses and simulation results, we show that our proposed algorithms can improve spectrum utilization while satisfy the heterogeneous requirements of different wireless users.
R -parity violation and quark flavor violation

We investigate the implications of R-parity violation (RPV) for quark flavor violation both by constraining the sneutrino masses to be positive and by studying the processes b{r_arrow}s{gamma} and K{sup 0}-{bar K}{sup 0} mixing. In the latter there are two major contributions: one from {open_quotes}direct{close_quotes} one loop diagrams involving RPV couplings, and one from the {open_quotes}indirect{close_quotes} contributions generated by the renormalization group. We compare the effects and discuss the implications of our results. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Towards an Adequate Energy Policy Response to the Environmental Threat of Cryptocurrency Mining ∗

Introduction Cryptocurrencies, for better or worse, allow their users to conduct payments anonymously, without the need for central oversight or intermediaries [2]. Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency with a growing user base [3] and a market capitalization of 373 billion, at the time of writing. Yet, this archetypal digital asset faces perpetual criticism for its electricity demand [4]. This is unsurprising given the devastating effect its energy requirements have: they were found to lead to the production of up to 65.4 Mt CO2 annually [5]–the equivalent of the overall emissions of Greece. While many alternative cryptocurrencies provide similar benefits to Bitcoin and consume orders of magnitude less electricity [6], Bitcoin continues to dominate the cryptocurrency market [7]. Regulators have undertaken many attempts to address the energy needs of cryptocurrencies through a plethora of different approaches. Despite these best efforts, regulating cryptocurrencies remains challenging and, ultimately, fruitless [8] as policymakers seem to consistently underestimate the technical complexity involved in efficiently targeting this novel phenomenon. In this presentation, recent approaches to cryptocurrency regulation are discussed and a novel proposition, built on consumer education, is made. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated through a user-focused perspective on cryptocurrency regulation that challenges the common “top-down” perspective.