Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Relationship between the Comoving Particle Number and the Effective Cosmological Constant

In order to discuss and obtain the remaining inflaton potential, we introduced an idea called "effective static friction" in our last paper to balance the "force", $\frac{dV}{d\phi}|_{\phi=\phi(t_{rest})}$, of inflaton. According to this idea, we now discover that, after the course of particle creation, there will be a relationship between the final relativistic particle number inside an arbitrary chosen comoving volume $N_r(t_{rest})$ and the effective cosmological constant $\Lambda$ in our Universe. This relationship can be expressed as $N_r(t_{rest})=(\frac{\ell^2m_\phi^2\Lambda}{4\pi G\sigma^2(t_{rest})})^{3/2}$ when we employ the classical chaotic model, $V(\phi)=1/2m_{\phi}^2\phi^2$, and consider that $\phi$ comes to rest at $t_{rest}$. Moreover, we obtain an evolution equation for the particle number ($N_r(t)$) inside the comoving volume. Meanwhile, a new inflaton field equation which contains parameters of $N_r(t)$ and "particle creation coefficients" can also be found. Importantly, the results illustrate the fact that $\Lambda$ and $N_r$ are the results of probability.
Potential Health Risk to Brazilian Infants by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Exposure via Breast Milk Intake

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous flame retardants and are environmentally persistent. PBDEs show endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and lower birth weight in infants, and their human body burden has become a public health concern. The infants’ exposure begins in the prenatal period and continues via breast milk ingestion, although, little is known about the factors that may influence this exposure. In this study, PBDE levels in Brazilian breast milk were assessed in 200 lactating women. The risk assessment of infants’ exposure to PBDE was performed through the estimated daily intake (EDI) calculation. The geometric mean (GM) of ∑PBDEs levels was 2.33 (0.14–6.05) ng/g wet weight. At least one PBDE congener was detected in the samples, and the 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) showed a 100% of detection rate (GM of 1.05 ng/g). Location of residence, maternal level education, monthly salary, and race were positively associated with PBDE levels (p < 0.05). The EDI of BDE-47 was higher in Belo Horizonte (8.29 ng/kg/day) than in Viçosa (6.36 ng/kg/day), as well as for the ∑PBDEs (19.77 versus 12.78 ng/kg/day) (p < 0.05). Taking the high detection rate of PBDEs in breast milk and their toxicity, continuous studies on infant exposure, fetal growth, and child neurodevelopment are requested.
Stability analysis of an SEIRS model for the spread of malaria

In this paper, an mathematical model for the spread of malaria that incorporates recruitment of human population through constant immigration is considered. The growth of mosquito population density is taken to be logistic. We define a reproductive number, and observe that the disease-free equilibrium is unstable when We prove the existence and local asymptotic stability of endemic equilibrium point for By stability analysis of ordinary differential equation, the conditions for global stability of endemic equilibrium are obtained. It is found that when the constant immigration rate and the recovery rate coefficient of the human population increases, the infective human population increases. Further, it is shown that as the growth rate and carrying capacity of mosquito population increases, the infective human population increases.
Non-Smooth Variational Data Assimilation with Sparse Priors

This paper proposes an extension to the classical 3D variational data assimilation approach by explicitly incorporating as a prior information, the transform-domain sparsity observed in a large class of geophysical signals. In particular, the proposed framework extends the maximum likelihood estimation of the analysis state to the maximum a posteriori estimator, from a Bayesian perspective. The promise of the methodology is demonstrated via application to a 1D synthetic example.
Evaluation of the gaseous mixture N 2 / CH 4 separation by packed bed adsorption using PSA technology

Natural gas plays a key role among the national and worldwide sources of energy. Wellhead natural gas may contain a number of different contaminants, which requires removal prior to sending the gas to the pipeline and the final consumer. N2 is an inert contaminant and its presence may cause inefficiency and energy waste in the pipeline and compression units downstream of the Gas Processing Unit (GPU). Nitrogen rejection units (NRU) can employ three different technologies: cryogenic distillation, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and membranes. Cryogenic distillation is the most mature technology. However, since it operates above atmospheric pressure (14 to 27 barg) and at low temperature (-180 to -150 °C) this process is intensive in energy and capital. In this work, we analyze the technical viability of a PSA bed packed with silicalite to treat the waste nitrogen stream arising from a cryogenic distillation plant in order to reduce the cryogenic unit’s size and increase its temperature. The governing equations of packed bed adsorption forms a system of differential algebraic equations (DAE), and can be solved using the method of lines. The method of lines uses two numerical methods, one for the time domain and another for the spatial domain. This work compares four different finite volume method (FVM) schemes to solve the DAE in space (UDS, VanLeer, Superbee and WENO) while using the DASSL method to solve the DAE in the time domain. WENO is the most adequate method in terms of numerical stability, numerical dispersion and computational cost. This method also demonstrates a good agreement with experimental points. Optimizing purity and recovery of the PSA separation using the DAE model can take uo to 16 hours on a desktop PC. We therefore use artificial neural networks as surrogate models to reduce the optimization time to less than a second. Using this approach, we found that the proposed PSA cycle and material can deliver a product with 99.5% N2 purity from a waste nitrogen stream containing 15% CH4 and also presents a maximum nitrogen recovery of 90%.
On the interpretation of the angular dependence of the FMR spectrum in heterogeneous ferromagnetic thin films

We demonstrate that a multi-peak FMR spectrum, with lines corresponding to resonance in different ferromagnetic regions of a heterogeneous thin-film sample, can collapse to a single-peak spectrum if there exists a particular field configuration, or the configuration of the external magnetic field with respect to the film surface, in which $dH_{\text{res}}/dM_{\text{eff}}=0$ within the region magnetically dominating in the sample.
Identification of High-Risk Groups in Urinalysis: Lessons from the Longitudinal Analysis of Annual Check-Ups

Background: For effective screening in urinalysis, information on high-risk groups is needed; however, there is a lack of evidence in young adults in particular. The aim of this study was to provide information on urinalysis in young adults and to identify high-risk groups of urinalyses using multi-year data obtained from annual large-scale check-ups. Method: We used annual health check-up data collected from 2011 to 2016 at Kyoto University in Japan. Eligible participants were those aged 18–39 years who underwent annual health check-ups for four consecutive years between 2011 and 2016. We conducted descriptive analyses and calculated the risk ratios (RRs) for urinary abnormalities in the fourth year of urinalysis. Results: In total, 13,640 participants (10,877 men, 79.7%) met the eligibility criteria. The mean prevalence rates of proteinuria, haematuria and glucosuria were 1.61% (men: 1.63%; women: 1.53%), 1.48% (men: 0.53%; women: 5.22%) and 0.46% (men: 0.52%; women: 0.25%), respectively. Participants with urinary abnormalities at least once in the initial 3 years had a higher risk of urinary abnormalities in the fourth year than participants with no abnormal findings in the initial 3 years; the risk ratios (RRs) of proteinuria, haematuria and glucosuria were 3.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.2–3.7), 12.2 (95% CI = 11.7–12.7) and 42.6 (95% CI = 37.7–48.1), respectively. The RRs of all urinary abnormalities in the fourth year increased as the frequency of urinary abnormalities over the preceding 3 years increased. In haematuria, differences of the RR were observed between men and women. Conclusion: We clarified the prevalence of urinary abnormalities in young adults and high-risk groups of urinary abnormalities. Our findings support the need for multi-year annual urinalysis.
A New Generation of CLASS BLUEPRINT

In object-oriented programming, classes are the primary abstraction mechanism used by and exposed to developers. Understanding classes is key for the development and evolution of object-oriented applications. The fundamental problem faced by developers is that while classes are intrinsically structured entities, in IDEs they are represented as a blob of text. The idea behind the original CLASS BLUEPRINT visualization was to represent the internal structure of classes in terms of fields, their accesses, and the method call flow. Additional information was depicted using colors. The thus created visualization proved to be an effective means to support program comprehension. However, a number of omissions rendered it only partially useful.We propose CLASS BLUEPRINT V2 (in short BLUEPRINTV2), which in addition to the information depicted by CLASS BLUEPRINT also supports dead code identification, methods under tests, and calling relationships between class and instance level methods. In addition, BLUEPRINTV2 enhances the understanding of fields by showing how fields of super/subclasses are accessed. We present the enhanced visualization and report on a first validation with 26 developers and 18 projects.
Non-Mucormycetes Causes of Fungal Rhino Sinusitis With Periocular Swelling in COVID-19 With Delta Variant

Objective: To highlight fungi other than mucormycetes as causative agents of rhinosinusitis with periocular swelling in coronavirus (COVID-19) infection caused by Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 virus and identify the presenting features, risk factors, intervention, and outcomes. Methods and analysis: A retrospective interventional study of 96 patients with fungal rhinosinusitis and periocular swelling was done in patients with concurrent or recovered COVID-19 infection with the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2 virus in India. All patients with mucormycetes infection were excluded. Clinical presentation, medical history, blood reports, and imaging were analyzed. Management was by intravenous (IV) liposomal amphotericin B and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) with paranasal sinus debridement. Limited orbital debridement with or without transcutaneous retrobulbar liposomal amphotericin B (TRAMB) was done in patients with orbital involvement. Postoperative antifungal therapy was decided on the basis of the causative fungi. Results: Four cases of Aspergillus and one each of Fusarium, Curvularia, and Penicillium-associated fungal rhinosinusitis with periocular swelling were seen. Signs of orbital involvement on MRI were present in all four of them. Two of these showed partial third-nerve palsy while one case with aspergillosis suffered cavernous sinus thrombosis. Proptosis was not witnessed in any case. History of diabetes and use of steroids was seen in all patients. All patients had mild to moderate COVID-19 with oxygen supplementation needed in one. No mortality, acute vision loss, or exenteration took place. Conclusion: Aspergillus, Fusarium, Curvularia, and Penicillium were non-mucormycetes causes of fungal rhinosinusitis with periocular swelling in COVID-19 infection with the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS COV-2 virus. Few cases showed orbital and intracranial involvement.
Low-Field Electromagnetic Tracking Using 3-D Magnetometer for Assisted Surgery

This article describes an alternative to high-field electromagnetic tracking system, by using low consumption generator and high-performance magnetic sensors. Monotonically varying magnetic fields over three positions are created to produce magnetic field gradients, which encode each spatial point uniquely. Millimetric size sensors capable of measuring their local magnetic field with high resolution are used to sense the gradient field. Such sensors can be embedded in surgical tools, such as catheters or brain electrodes. With a low power consumption and low-field generator, the integrability of the electromagnetic system in a surgical theater is greatly enhanced. This system leads to unambiguous and orientation-independent spatial encoding with a mean absolute error of 3 mm at 42 cm from the field generator using the last generation 3-D axis magnetoresistive sensors. A calibration of the sensors was performed and leads to significant improvement in the localization over the $Z$ -axis.
Peptidomimetics and Their Applications for Opioid Peptide Drug Discovery

Despite various advantages, opioid peptides have been limited in their therapeutic uses due to the main drawbacks in metabolic stability, blood-brain barrier permeability, and bioavailability. Therefore, extensive studies have focused on overcoming the problems and optimizing the therapeutic potential. Currently, numerous peptide-based drugs are being marketed thanks to new synthetic strategies for optimizing metabolism and alternative routes of administration. This tutorial review briefly introduces the history and role of natural opioid peptides and highlights the key findings on their structure-activity relationships for the opioid receptors. It discusses details on opioid peptidomimetics applied to develop therapeutic candidates for the treatment of pain from the pharmacological and structural points of view. The main focus is the current status of various mimetic tools and the successful applications summarized in tables and figures.
Higher Order Realized Power Variations of Semi-Martingales with Applications

The realized power variations with even order of a discretely observed semi-martingale have been widely studied in literature, due to some important applications in finance, for example, estimating the integrated volatility and integrated quarticity. However, few works have paid attention to the realized power variations whose power indices are odd. In this paper, we derive some limit theorems for realized variations with odd functions of an Ito semi-martingale on the fixed time interval [0,T], observed discretely at a high frequency. In the continuous case, unlike the realized power variations of even order, for example the quadratic variation, they converge only in distribution (stably) after multiplied by some appropriate factors, which are related to the length of the sampling interval, and the limiting processes consist of centered Wiener integrals and Riemann integrals that play a role as asymptotic biases. The limit theorems for the general case containing jumps have also been derived. An important application of the result is to measure the realized skewness with high frequency data. Simulation studies for various models have been investigated. Finally, we provide some real applications.
Glycemic Variability in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Pregnancies—Novel Parameters in Predicting Large-for-Gestational-Age Neonates: A Prospective Cohort Study

Pregnancies with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have a high incidence of large-for-gestational-age neonates (LGA) despite optimal glycemic control. In recent years, glycemic variability (GV) has emerged as a possible risk factor for LGA, but the results of the conducted studies are unclear. This study analyzed the association between GV and LGA development in pregnancies with T1DM. This was a prospective cohort study of patients with T1DM who used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during pregnancy. Patients were followed from the first trimester to birth. GV parameters were calculated for every trimester using the EasyGV calculator. The main outcomes were LGA or no-LGA. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between GV parameters and LGA. In total, 66 patients were included. The incidence of LGA was 36%. The analysis extracted several GV parameters that were significantly associated with the risk of LGA. The J-index was the only significant parameter in every trimester of pregnancy (odds ratios with confidence intervals were 1.33 (1.02, 1.73), 3.18 (1.12, 9.07), and 1.37 (1.03, 1.82), respectively. Increased GV is a risk factor for development of LGA. The J-index is a possible novel GV parameter that may be assessed in all three trimesters of pregnancy together with glycated hemoglobin and time-in-range.
Patient-Derived Pancreatic Cancer Cells Induce C2C12 Myotube Atrophy by Releasing Hsp70 and Hsp90

Pancreatic cancer (PC) patients are highly prone to cachexia, a lethal wasting syndrome featuring muscle wasting with an undefined etiology. Recent data indicate that certain murine cancer cells induce muscle wasting by releasing Hsp70 and Hsp90 through extracellular vesicles (EVs) to activate p38β MAPK-mediated catabolic pathways primarily through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, whether human PC induces cachexia through releasing Hsp70 and Hsp90 is undetermined. Here, we investigated whether patient-derived PC cells induce muscle cell atrophy directly through this mechanism. We compared cancer cells isolated from patient-derived xenografts (PDX) from three PC patients who had cachexia (PCC) with those of three early-stage lung cancer patients without cachexia (LCC) and two renal cancer patients who were not prone to cachexia (RCC). We observed small increases of Hsp70 and Hsp90 released by LCC and RCC in comparison to non-cancer control cells (NCC). However, PCC released markedly higher levels of Hsp70 and Hsp90 (~ 6-fold on average) than LCC and RCC. In addition, PCC released similarly increased levels of Hsp70/90-containing EVs. In contrast to RCC and LCC, PCC-conditioned media induced a potent catabolic response in C2C12 myotubes including the activation of p38 MAPK and transcription factor C/EBPβ, upregulation of E3 ligases UBR2 and MAFbx, and increase of autophagy marker LC3-II, resulting in the loss of the myosin heavy chain (MHC ~50%) and myotube diameter (~60%). Importantly, the catabolic response was attenuated by Hsp70- and Hsp90-neutralizing antibodies in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that human PC cells release high levels of Hsp70 and Hsp90 that induce muscle atrophy through a direct action on muscle cells.
Conventional Gel Electrophoresis-Resolvable Insertion/Deletion Markers for Individual Identification and Analysis of Population Genetics in Red-Crowned Cranes in Eastern Hokkaido, Japan

Simple Summary The red-crowned crane is an endangered bird species in the Far East Eurasian continent and Hokkaido, Japan. Individual identification has been achieved with banding and installed transmitters in only a few cranes, though individual identification is essential for various assessments of cranes on their behavioral characteristics, for example. An insertion/deletion (InDel) mutation is a mutation ranging from 1 to 50 bp and is very useful for genetic studies. If primer sets across InDels (>20 bp) can be designed, an InDel polymorphism can be determined with conventional agarose gel electrophoresis, as reported in some plant species. We found a sufficient number of InDel primer sets to be used for individual identification and analysis of population genetics of red-crowned cranes in Hokkaido. The method has additional advantages, such as convenience and low cost, without sequencing and an expensive apparatus. Abstract Red-crowned crane Grus japonensis is an endangered species in two separate populations: the mainland population in the Eurasian continent and the island population in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. We found 11 insertion/deletion (InDel) markers in the genome of the red-crowned crane and designed primer sets across these InDels that can be analyzed with conventional agarose gel electrophoresis. Sixty-six samples of whole blood and skeletal muscle obtained from red-crowned cranes, including 12 families in eastern Hokkaido from 1994 to 2021, showed different patterns in gel images of 11 InDel PCR reactions except for two pairs. The combined non-exclusion probability of the 11 markers indicates that individuals can be determined with a probability of 99.9%. In 39 non-relative chicks, the expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.316, suggesting low genetic diversity. This might not be caused by high levels of inbreeding since the average FIS was not significantly different from zero (0.095, p = 0.075). The results suggest that the 11 InDel primer sets can be used for fairly accurate individual identification as well as genetic population analyses in red-crowned cranes in the island population.
The Dynamic Changes of Alternative Electron Flows upon Transition from Low to High Light in the Fern Cyrtomium fortune and the Gymnosperm Nageia nagi

In photosynthetic organisms except angiosperms, an alternative electron sink that is mediated by flavodiiron proteins (FLVs) plays the major role in preventing PSI photoinhibition while cyclic electron flow (CEF) is also essential for normal growth under fluctuating light. However, the dynamic changes of FLVs and CEF has not yet been well clarified. In this study, we measured the P700 signal, chlorophyll fluorescence, and electrochromic shift spectra in the fern Cyrtomium fortune and the gymnosperm Nageia nagi. We found that both species could not build up a sufficient proton gradient (∆pH) within the first 30 s after light abruptly increased. During this period, FLVs-dependent alternative electron flow was functional to avoid PSI over-reduction. This functional time of FLVs was much longer than previously thought. By comparison, CEF was highly activated within the first 10 s after transition from low to high light, which favored energy balancing rather than the regulation of a PSI redox state. When FLVs were inactivated during steady-state photosynthesis, CEF was re-activated to favor photoprotection and to sustain photosynthesis. These results provide new insight into how FLVs and CEF interact to regulate photosynthesis in non-angiosperms.
Small extracellular vesicles isolation and separation: Current techniques, pending questions and clinical applications

Extracellular vesicles, especially small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are now accepted as important messengers in cell-to-cell communication and as a promising drug delivery platform. They are involved in nearly all physiological and pathological processes and are involved in disease diagnosis and therapy. However, their heterogeneity of physicochemical properties and functions is not fully understood, which hinders further clinical applications. To obtain highly bioactive sEVs with both high yield and purity, will certainly facilitate their future study and application. This review informs up-to-date research on frequently-used and cutting-edge technologies of sEVs isolation and makes a deep comparison and analysis of different methods, including their advantages, limitations and applications. Pending questions about the inherent property of these small vesicles as well as isolation strategies are discussed. Additionally, an overview of their applications in disease diagnosis and treatment, including some of the on-going clinical trials, are also reviewed.