Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Problems with imaging cellular hydrothermal convection in oceanic crust

Heat-flow variations are commonly used to infer the existence of hydrothermal convection in young oceanic crust and, in special cases, the geometry and vigor of convection. In a small area on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge where the sea floor and seismic basement relief are only about 10 m, a coherent pattern of heat-flow variation having 40 mW m−2 peak-to-peak amplitude and half-wavelength of about 600 m has been previously observed and interpreted to be caused by cellular convection within the extrusive layer 2a of the oceanic crust. In August, 1995, new seismic reflection and heat-flow data were collected to define better the structure of basement in this area, and to determine the planform of the heat-flow variations revealed along the single transect of the earlier observational study. The new, higher resolution seismic results show considerable intra-crustal structure; in particular, the uppermost crust is reverberant beneath areas of lower heat flow, and a diffractive character extends close to the basement surface beneath areas of higher heat flow. This relationship suggests that the heat-flow variations may be caused by variations in depth to the top of a high-permeability intracrustal zone that is not coincident with acoustic basement, where relatively uniform temperatures are maintained by vigorous hydrothermal circulation of unresolved planform. If this is the case, the search that began in the 1970's for heat-flow variations that might reveal the scale of cellular convection, and hence by inference the penetration depth of hydrothermal circulation in the oceanic crust, may have been frustrated once again.
Combining blur and affine moment invariants in object recognition

In many application areas such as military photointerpretation and remote sensing, images are usually subjected to geometric distortion and blur degradation. The determination of invariant characteristics is an important problem in pattern recognition. In this paper, an approach to derive blur and affine combined invariants is presented to recognize the objects. As we prove in the paper, they can be constructed by combining affine moment invariants and blur invariants derived earlier. The tests show that combined invariants can recognize objects in the degraded image without any restoration and geometric normalization.
Mapping quartz, carbonate minerals, and mafic-ultramafic rocks using remotely sensed multispectral thermal infrared ASTER data

ASTER sensor aboard Terra satellite has a capability of spectral measurement in the thermal infrared (TIR) region with a spatial resolution adequate for geological applications. This paper attempts mapping quarts, carbonate minerals and bulk SiO2 content in silicate rocks with the indices defined for ASTER TIR multispectral data. Silica minerals represented by the commonest mineral on earth, quartz, have a unique spectral property in TIR. They have lower emissivity in ASTER band 10 and band 12 spectral regions than in band 11. All the common carbonate minerals represented by calcite and dolomite have another unique spectral feature. They have low emissivity in ASTER band 14 spectral region, and high emissivity in ASTER band 10 to 13 spectral region. In silicate rocks, the wavelength at trough in TIR emissivity spectra systematically moves to longer wavelength as the rock type changes from felsic to ultramafic. The emissivity in band 12 is lower than in band 13 for felsic rocks, and higher for ultramafic rocks. Using the spectral features described above, several indices are defined. They are applied to ASTER Level 1B data in the study areas. The results are compared with the information from the field and the laboratory geological investigations including the TIR spectra of the rocks collected at the site and published geological maps. Potential ability of the indices in mapping quarts, carbonate minerals and silicate rocks is suggested.
Variability of Nonionellina labradorica Dawson in Surface Sediments from Kongsfjorden, West Spitsbergen

Kongsfjorden is a fjord in Spitsbergen (Svalbard archipelago) that lies adjacent to both Arctic and Atlantic water masses and is therefore a suitable site to understand the effects of climate change on ecosystems. To decipher the effect of the lateral advection of transformed Atlantic water (TAW) within the fjord, spatial variations of foraminiferal tests, their test size variations and stable isotopic composition (δ13C and δ18O) in the surface sediments were studied. Total organic carbon and textural analyses were also carried out. The dominant benthic foraminifera included Nonionellina labradorica, Elphidium excavatum, Cassidulina reniforme, Quinqueloculina stalkeri and Islandiella islandica. Nonionellina labradorica was the predominant species in the outer fjord, whereas Elphidium excavatum and Cassidulina reniforme were dominant in the inner fjord. Total organic carbon and the test size of Nonionellina labradorica within the fjord were highly correlated (r= 0.97) and both showed a decreasing trend towards the inner fjord Based on the distribution and abundance of Nonionellina labradorica as well as temperature profiles, we suggest that there was little or no major change in the lateral advection of TAW within the fjord in the immediate past.
Measurement of frequency dependent Lg attenuation in the Great Basin

Measurement of the spatial decay of spectral amplitudes of the higher-mode seismic surface wave train Lg indicates that in the Great Basin the apparent seismic quality factor, Q, is a function of frequency. Observations along a 300 km profile recording of a nuclear explosion yield the function Q(ƒ)=206ƒ0. 68 over the band 0.3 ⩽ ƒ ⩽ 10.0 Hz. Similar analysis using numerous recordings of earthquakes along paths which provide a good average sampling of the Great Basin crust gives Q(ƒ) = 214(± 15)ƒ0. 54(±0.09), for 0.3 ⩽ ƒ ⩽ 5.0 Hz. If the crustal sampling by Lg energy from nuclear explosions (surface sources) is primarily in the shallow crust, as has been suggested, then these results indicate a greater frequency dependence of apparent Q there than at depth.
Pressure-temperature-time paths of the Limón Verde metamorphic complex, Chile

A comprehensive study of mica schist and amphibolite samples from the Limon Verde Metamorphic Complex (LVMC) involving petrography, geochemistry, geochronology and geothermobarometry: has been performed in order to create a pressure-temperature-time history of the complex. The late Palaeozoic evolution of the western margin of Gondwana where the LVMC is set remains unclear. Nevertheless results from this study indicate clockwise paths and temperature and pressure ranges between 550-660 oC and 7.514. 4 kbar for a main metamorphic event at 280 ± 1.8 Ma (U-Pb zircon), but with remnants of ultra-high-pressure mineralogy (17.3 kbar. equivalents to 60 km depth) from a possible previous event at 377 ± 12 Ma (Sm-Nd garnet).
Integration of field-based analysis of plant community dynamics with quantitative analysis of landscape change in the Ray Roberts Lake area, 19871997

This study focused on the effectiveness of integrating traditional plant community analyses with landscape ecological analyses based on remotely sensed data. A temporal analysis of plant community diversity was conducted for major plant communities of the Ray Roberts Lake area using transect monitoring data collected between 1987 and 1997. Landscape analyses were performed with FRAGSTATS*ARC using classified SPOT satellite imagery for 1987 and 1997. Although the methodology developed in this work was exploratory, it was found that characterizing the dynamics of major plant communities in the study area produced a more effective and insightful analysis of Ray Roberts Lake area landscape dynamics.
La logique floue pour la prediction de la moyenne horaire de la vitesse du vent sur le site de Lomé.

La prediction de la vitesse du vent est indispensable du fait que la production de l\'energie eolienne liee a la variation de la vitesse du vent doit concurrencer les autres sources d\'energie qui ne sont pas aussi trop variables en terme de puissance active. L\'objectif de l\'etude est de predire la moyenne horaire de la vitesse du vent sur le site de Lome en utilisant un modele de logique floue. Le resultat interessant obtenu sur le site de Lome avec une erreur de prediction d\'ecart type s = 0,7207 et un coefficient de correlation lineaire entre les donnees observees et predites R2 = 0,90 nous montre clairement qu\'il est possible de predire la moyenne horaire de la vitesse du vent par un modele de logique floue. Wind speed prediction is needed because wind energy generation, dependent on the wind speed variation, has to compete with other energy sources that are not so variable in term of generated active power. The aim of the study is to predict the hourly wind speed of the site of Lome with a fuzzy logic model. The interesting result obtained in the site of Lome with a standard deviation of error\'s prediction s = 0, 7207 and a linear correlation coefficient between the observed and predicted data R2 = 0,90, shows cleary that it is possible to predict the hourly wind speed with a fuzzy logic model. Keywords : vitesse du vent, series temporelles, la logique floue, ensemble flou, systeme d\'inference flou, prediction.hourly wind speed, times series , fuzzy logic, fuzzy set, fuzzy inference system, prediction. Journal des Sciences Pour l\'Ingenieur. Vol. 8 2007: pp. 88-96
Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes in Arizona: A contribution from geomorphology

Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes consist of granitic cores surrounded by, in an outward direction, mylonite, chloritic breccia, and microbreccia. These rocks are separated by a low-angle detachment fault from typically unmetamorphosed but normally faulted rocks. Rocks above the detachment fault have been transported, relative to the core rocks, in one consistent direction, giving a distinct lineation to rocks below the detachment fault. Dome-shaped metamorphic core-complex mountains show considerable structural control of landforms. Mylonitic rocks develop triangular dome facets around the margins and low relief areas in the central parts of the complexes. Chloritic breccia is much less resistant to erosion and has been almost completely removed from many complexes. Drainage patterns in metamorphic core complexes are mainly radial, but an older set of drainage lines parallel to mylonitic lineation, especially channels that drain down the crests of antiformal ridges, suggests that drainage developed on a ramp on the detachment fault and the underlying breccia prior to lineation-parallel arching.
Consumer preferences for beef with specific reference to fat colour: The case of Cape Town, South Africa

Various consumer perceptions exist about white and yellow beef fat. These perceptions subsequently affect the price of beef with yellow or white fat. Although only 25% of South African beef is grass-fed (yellow fat), lower prices offered for yellow fat result in farmers potentially receiving about R157.5 million less income per year. This study determined consumer preferences for beef fat colour in the Cape Town area of the Western Cape, South Africa. The largest percentage (43.74%) of consumers preferred white fat, followed by consumers (42.68%) to who fat colour did not matter and those who preferred yellow fat (13.59%). Analysis of the different consumer groups found that consumers who preferred yellow fat were buyers with higher education levels. These consumers were more concerned about the physical visual properties of the meat than about the branding, classification and packaging neatness. Consumers who preferred white fat had lower education levels, were more concerned about the packaging neatness and grade, and did not care much about the physical visual properties of the meat. Rather than discriminating against the price of yellow fat beef, a niche market could be created to accommodate this product.
Stress and deformation in subduction zones: insight from the record of exhumed metamorphic rocks

Abstract High pressure (HP) and ultrahigh (UHP) metamorphic rocks are exhumed from subduction zones at high rates on the order of plate velocity (cm/year). Their structural and microstructural record provides insight into conditions and physical state along the plate interface in subduction zones to depths of >100 km. Amazingly, many identified (U)HP metamorphic rocks appear not to be significantly deformed at (U)HP conditions, despite their history within a high strain rate mega-shearzone. Other (U)HP metamorphic rocks seem to be deformed exclusively by dissolution-precipitation creep. Indications of deformation by dislocation creep are lacking, apart from omphacite in some eclogites. Available flow laws for dislocation creep (extrapolated to low natural strain rates, which is equivalent to no deformation on the time scales of subduction and exhumation, i.e., 1 to 10 Ma) pose an upper bound to the magnitude of stress as a function of temperature along the trajectory followed by the rock. Although the record of exhumed (U)HP metamorphic rocks may only be representative of specific types or evolutionary stages of subduction zones, for such cases it implies: (1) strongly localized deformation; (2) predominance of dissolution-precipitation creep and fluid-assisted granular flow in the shear zones, suggesting Newtonian behaviour; (3) low magnitude of differential stress; which (4) is on the order of the stress drop inferred for earthquakes; and (5) negligible shear heating. These findings are easily reconciled with exhumation by forced flow in a low viscosity subduction channel prior to collision, implying effective decoupling between the plates.
The Peruvian upwelling ecosystem: Dynamics and interactions

The Peruvian upwelling ecosystem: Dynamics and interactions. Ed. by D. Pauly, P. Muck, J. Mendo and I. Tsukayama.Philippines, ICLARM, 1989. 438 pp (ICLARM Conf. Proc. Vol. 18)
Bioinformatics analysis of CagM protein in Helicobacter pylori Cag pathogenicity island

Objective Comprehensive analysis on CagM amino acid sequences in Helicobacter pylori by using bioinformatics method, to deduce its structure and function and to explore its role in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori. Method Helicobacter pylori NCTC11637 as a template, primers were designed, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify target fragment; amino acids then were sequenced after TA cloning; the sequencing results were fully analyzed by the application of a variety of biological software and database; all results were used to predict its structure and function. Results cagM gene sequencing results showed that its full length was 1131bp, with the sequencing homology of 96% to 98%, amino acid homology of 98% to 99% compared to other Hp strains in GenBank. The protein contained 376 amino acid, and its molecular weight was 43.7kD, isoelectric point was 9.3, N-terminal 20 amino acids were signal peptide, In its secondary structure a-helix were more than 60% with several hydrophobic regions and epitopes and multiple phosphorylation sites. It is a multi-kinase substrate, may be located in the periplasmic space, may have function of assembling proteins in type IV secretion system and regulating CagA transportation Conclusion The cagM genes in Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island was successfully cloned, a preliminary analysis showed CagM was an important protein in cag pathogenicity island, it was in the periplasmic space and its function was possibily to help other proteins assemble and transport toxic factors like CagA.
Municipal organic wastes and composts for arid areas

Abstract Municipal organic wastes offer many benefits for application to arid soils, including (1) increased soil fertility, (2) increased water retention in the soil, (3) decreased soil erosion, and (4) decreased fertilizer requirements. Both refuse and sewage sludge are sources of municipal organic wastes. This paper presents health and environmental considerations on the use of municipal organic wastes and waste processing requirements to prepare the materials for use.
Heavy metals in the near‐surface aerosol over the Atlantic Ocean from 60° south to 54° north

The participate heavy metal concentrations of Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Tl, and Pb were determined in the atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean from 60°S to 54°N with the definitive method of isotope dilution mass spectrometry. The samples were collected during an expedition with the German polar research ship Polarstern. The sampling and the sample treatment were carried out under strict contamination control. Fe was used as a reference element for the influence of crustal material calculating the corresponding enrichment factors EF(Fe) for the other metal traces. The heavy metal concentrations varied up to more than 3 orders of magnitude, which represents the different natural and anthropogenic sources and influences on the composition of the marine aerosol. Tl showed the lowest abundance of all heavy metals with concentrations of less than 20 pg m−3 for all samples except those from the area around the English Channel. The concentration ranges for the other elements were Cr = < 0.08–9 ng m−3, Fe = < 2.6–7500 ng m−3, Ni = < 0.05–10 ng m−3, Cu = < 0.02–20 ng m−3, Zn = < 0.09–450 ng m−3, Cd = < 0.003–3.5 ng m−3, and Pb = < 0.05–200 ng m−3. The lowest element concentrations were usually measured in the remote areas of the South Atlantic, whereas the highest ones were detected around the English Channel. However, at some sampling sites over the North Atlantic, very low Cd and Pb values in the range of 6–20 pg m−3 and < 0.5 ng m−3, respectively, were determined, which could be attributed to Arctic air masses by their corresponding backward trajectories. Due to high Fe concentrations, a substantial influence of crustal material was observed in the atmosphere southeast of the South American continent, in the South Atlantic area of the southeast trades, and over the North Atlantic west of North Africa. EF(Fe) values for the most part less than 10 for Cr and Ni and less than 50 for Cu indicate that the influence of crustal material for these metals is much higher than for Zn, Cd, and Pb where EF(Fe) values between 500 and 5000 had often been determined. This is due to anthropogenic and biological influences. The anthropogenic influence was clearly identified, e.g., over the South Atlantic near the La Plata area, in the English Channel, and over the North Sea, whereas a substantial biological influence could be observed over the South Atlantic in the area of the southeast trades.
Bacterial weathering of rapakivi granite

Rapakivi granite samples were incubated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture solutions in order to elucidate the possible role of bacteria in rapakivi (crumbling stone) disintegration. SEM micrographs showed micromorphological alterations on the incubated rapakivi surface at 21 to 23°C for 20 days. Elevated concentrations of Na, Ca, K, Fe, and Mg were detected in the culture solutions after incubation. Elemental oxide ratios [K2O : (Na2O + CaO)] in culture solutions were similar to those in rapakivi ovoids, suggesting a proportional dissolution pattern of these elements.
The spreading of lower circumpolar deep water in the Atlantic Ocean

Abstract A Stommel-Arons model of the circulation of Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) in the Atlantic Ocean is presented and compared with observations. The LCDW is defined as a layer of uniform thickness over a flat bottom; the lateral boundaries are given by the 4000-m isobath. The Drake Passage and the throughflow between Africa and Antarctica are closed. The model is forced by a concentrated source in the Weddell Sea representing the net Atlantic gain of LCDW due to production in the Weddell Sea and inflow through Drake Passage. This net gain is termed the LCDW formation rate. It is compensated by upwelling over the rest of the Atlantic. Best agreement with observed net transport rates in the western Atlantic was found using a LCDW formation rate of about 8 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). In reality, however, a higher rate is required in order to establish the outflow to the Indian Ocean. The interior transport, the transport through topographic gaps, and the transport rates of western boundary currants on t.
Technical protocol for evaluating natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. Revision 1. Draft report

The term `Natural Attenuation` refers to naturally-occurring processes in soil and groundwater environments that act without human intervention to reduce the mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or concentration of contaminants in those media. These in-situ processes include biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, adsorption, volatilization, and chemical or biological stabilization or destruction of contaminants. In practice, natural attenuation also is referred to by several other names, such as intrinsic remediation, intrinsic bioremediation, natural restoration, or passive bioremediation. The goal of any site characterization effort is to understand the fate and transport of the contaminants of concern over time in order to assess any current or potential threat to human health or the environment. Natural attenuation processes, such as biodegradation, can often be dominant factors in the fate and transport of contaminants.
Role of CO2 on differentiation of ultramafic alkaline series: liquid immiscibility in carbonatebearing phonolitic dykes (Polar Siberia)

Abstract The Maimecha-Kotui province in the North of Siberian platform is the largest province of ultramafic alkaline rocks in the world. The province comprises thirty-seven central-type complexes together with numerous dykes. The majority of dykes are radially disposed around the ultramafic alkaline massifs. Data are presented for dykes of the Dolbykha carbonatite complex, which comprises olivine and melilite nephelinites; nosean, calcite and cancrinite phonolites; calcite trachytes and calcite carbonatites. Some peralkaline phonolitic dykes contain carbonate-bearing globules with sizes of 1−2 mm to 17−20 mm. Globules consist of polycrystalline calcitic aggregates together with albite, phlogopite, apatite, Sr-lueshite, zircon, ancylite, ilmenite and strontianite. The phonolites have phenocrysts of albite, phlogopite and ilmenite. Albite, phlogopite, calcite and nepheline are also present in the groundmass. Analysis of these materials in the light of experimental data on the liquid immiscibility in carbonate-silicate systems suggests that separation of carbonatite from phonolitic melts took place due to immiscibility in the liquid state. I propose that carbonate melts contained originally significantly higher alkali contents which were subsequently lost into the fluid phase due to the incongruent dissolution of calcium-sodium carbonates in aqueous fluid at low temperatures. The discovery of nyerereite in the carbonatite of Polar Siberia confirms this conclusion. I infer that one of the mechanisms for the genesis of carbonatite melt in Polar Siberia was liquid immiscibility in strongly differentiated phonolitic magmas. The generation of the carbonatites was probably controlled by the depth (and Pco) of the crustal magma chamber where differentiation took place and probably also by the alkalinity of melts, and the rapidity of magma ascent to the surface.
Capillary pressures and gas relative permeabilities of low-permeability sandstone

Use of a high-speed centrifuge for capillary pressure measurements on low-permeability sandstones has been investigated. Curvatures for air/brine and air/decane displacements are compared. Capillary pressures of up to about 800 psi (5516 kPa) for gas displacing brine were extended over an order of magnitude by measurement of isotherms for desorption of water. Capillary pressures measured by high-speed centrifuge merged satisfactorily with results derived from the desorption isotherms. No distinct irreducible water saturation was observed. Permeabilities to gas at various levels of water saturation were also measured and found to be generally consistent with previous relative-permeability measurements.