Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sea surface temperatures in the subarctic northeast Pacific reflect millennial‐scale climate oscillations during the last 16 kyrs

Changes of sea surface temperature (SST) in the subarctic NE Pacific over the last 16,000 calendar years before present (16 kyr BP) have been inferred from the study of C37 alkenone unsaturation in a sediment core from the western Canadian continental slope. Between 16.0 and 11.0 kyr, three distinct cold phases (6–7°C) interrupt two warmer periods (9–10°C). Within the 2σ range of the radiocarbon based time control, the observed SST oscillations correspond to the Oldest Dryas, the Bølling, the Older Dryas, the Allerød, and the Younger Dryas periods in the GISP2 δ18O record. These results represent the first high resolution marine paleo‐temperature estimates off the northern west coast of North America and imply that the climate of this region may be very strongly coupled to that of the North Atlantic. Given the fast rates of SST change (1°C/40–80 yr), such coupling must be controlled by atmospheric transmission of the climate signal.
Quantifying light absorption by organic carbon in Western North American snow by serial chemical extractions

Light‐absorbing particulates (LAPs) in snow, namely black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and iron oxides, can reduce snow albedo and influence regional and global climate. Partitioning light absorption by LAPs to BC and non‐BC (i.e., OC and iron oxides) is important yet difficult due to both technical limitations and the complicated nature of LAPs. In this work, we applied serial chemical extractions on LAP samples acquired from snow samples in western North America to study the light absorption by different types of OC. We also estimated the light absorption due to iron oxides. Based on these chemical analyses, we then compared our estimation of the non‐BC light absorption with that from an optical method. The results suggest that humic‐like substances (sodium hydroxide (NaOH)‐soluble), polar OCs (methanol‐soluble), and iron oxides are responsible for 9%, 4%, and 14% (sample means) of the total light absorption, respectively, in our samples, though it should also be noted that there is great variance in these means. The total light absorption due to non‐BC LAPs estimated by chemical methods is lower than that estimated by optical method by about 10% in all sampling regions. Reasons for this difference are explored.
Basics of isolation and cultivation of chondrocytes according to good laboratory practice

espanolObjetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio era determinar si los condrocitos aislados de cinco pacientes ancianos (edad media 63 anos) con artrosis (grado 3) mantienen su proliferacion y potencial condrogenico. El aislamiento y cultivo de condrocitos fueron llevados a cabo de acuerdo a los estandares de buenas practicas de laboratorio. Metodos: Los condrocitos fueron aislados de una biopsia de cartilago mediante digestion enzimatica. El cultivo fue llevado a cabo en un ambiente controlado (sala blanca). La caracterizacion del fenotipo de los condrocitos se logro mediante analisis de citometria de flujo. Resultados: Tras tres semanas de cultivo se podian observar estructuras poligonales propias de los condrocitos, pero tambien se observaba morfologia de tipo fibroblasto en el cultivo. El analisis de la citometria de flujo revelo que el fenotipo de los condrocitos cultivados tras el primer pasaje era positivo para CD44 (98,92%), CD90 (97,11%) y negativo para el marcador hematopoyetico CD45 (0,10%). Conclusiones: Los condrocitos articulares humanos obtenidos de cinco pacientes ancianos con artrosis mantenian un fenotipo condrocitario y podrian ser potencialmente utilizados para la implantacion autologa. Las condiciones para el cultivo fueron establecidas de acuerdo a los estandares de buenas practicas de laboratorio para asi minimizar el riesgo de contaminacion celular in vitro. EnglishObjectives: The objective of the present study was to determine if chondrocytes isolated from human cartilage of five elderly patients (middle age 63) with osteoarthritis (stage 3) maintain their proliferation and chondrogenic potential. Isolation and cultivation of chondrocytes was performed according to good laboratory practice (GLP) standards. Methods: Chondrocytes were isolated from cartilage biopsy by enzymatic digestion. Cultivation of cells was performed in a controlled environment (cleanroom). Phenotype characterization of chondrocytes was achieved by flow cytometry analysis. Results: Three weeks after cultivation polygonal structures typical for chondrocytes were observed, but spindle/fibroblast like morphology was also detected in culture. Flow cytometric analysis showed that chondrocytes were positive for CD44 (98,35% ± 0,50), CD90 (97,15% ± 0,13) after first passage (P1) and the cells were negative for hematopoietic marker CD45 (0,21% ± 0,11). Conclusions: Human articular chondrocytes obtained from five elderly patients with osteoarthritis maintained a chondrocyte phenotype and could be potentially used for autologous implantation. We have standardized the conditions for cultivation according to GLP standards to minimize the risk of in vitro cell contamination.
Global palaeoclimate of the late Cenozoic

Preface to the Russian edition of Palaeoclimates of the Late Cenozoic by V.A. Zubakov and I.I. Borzenkova (Gidrometeoizdat, 1983). Preface to the Russian edition of The Global Climatic Events of the Pleistocene, by V.A. Zubakov (Gidrometeoizdat, 1986). PART I. THE GLOBAL CLIMATIC EVENTS OF THE PLEISTOCENE. Introduction. Section I. Methodological problems of palaeclimatology. 1. The time structure of climate. On the definitions of climate, palaeoclimate and palaeoclimatography. On the terms ``global climatic event'',``climathem'', climatostratigraphy. On the methods of high-resolution climatostratigraphic correlation and chronological scale of global climatic events. The principles of time classification of the global climatic events: Taxonomic differences in the climato - sedimentary cycles and climathems. The two climatic regimes in the history of the Earth. Main features of the glacial climatic regime. Main features of the greenhouse climatic regime. 2. Deep-sea standard for global climatic events. History of climatostratigraphic study of the Pleistocene. The significance of the oxygen-isotope scale for climatostratigraphic reconstructions. Systematic aspects of ``ocean-continent'' climatochronological correlation. The significance of geomagnetic data. Section II. Evidence for climatic changes in the Pleistocene - regional review. 3. Effects of global climatic events in the Mediterranean - Caspian system. The Mediterranean as a new climatoparastratotype region. The Caspian basin as a major record of changes in humidification in interior Eurasia. The Azov-Black Sea basin as a standard for the climatostratigraphic sequence on the shelf off Europe. The Mediterranean-Caspian paleohydrologic system as a record of global and regional climatic changes. 4. The loess assemblage of Eurasia as an indicator of climatic changes in the arid zone. The Loess zone of Europe. Loess in Asia. 5. Middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere as a major record of continental glaciation in Pleistocene time. Russian plain. Glaciated area in western and central Europe. West Siberia. North-eastern Asia and Beringia. North America. The Arctic and sub-Arctic. Section III. The history of climate through the Pleistocene. 6. On the timing of palaeoclimates in the Pleistocene. Debatable problems of inter-regional climatostratigraphic correlation. On correspondence between the numbrs of climathems on land and in the sea. On two stratific lines in the geo-historical classification of the Pleistocene. Comparison of experience in the long-distance stratigraphic correlation of the Pleistocene. Rhythm-chronological approach to the Pleistocene classification. On three types of time classification of the Pleistocene climatic events. The role of the 400 ka cycle for chronological classification of the Pleistocene. 7. Climatic changes in the Early and Middle Pleistocene. Introduction. The sixth (Gunz) kryo-superclimathem, 1.17-1.0 Ma.
The origin of granite magmas: a discussion

A summary of the arguments both in favour of, and against, the mantle and crustal origin of granitic magmas is presented, with reference to the literature for detailed and fuller exposition of the relevant criteria. B.E. L. : I find it difficult to understand why granitic bodies appear to be totally absent from the oceanic crust if granitic magma is commonly derived from the mantle. Not only are oceanic granites unknown, but geophysical evidence does not support the existence of buried batholiths in the oceanic crust that have not risen high enough to be exposed. Moreover, as it is generally agreed that the upper mantle is dominantly ultrabasic and rich in olivine, it seems that this is the least likely sort of composition to yield substantial quantities of quartz-rich granitic magma by partial melting. Indeed, Wyllie et al. 1976 argued that any melt formed from a peridotite must be in equilibrium with the residual olivine, and such melts cannot also be silica-rich. I believe, therefore, that most granitic magma is dominantly derived by partially melting the lower continental crust, sometimes by uprise of basaltic or other mantle-derived magma, sometimes by deep faults that bring hot mantle against already nearly melting basal crust, and sometimes simply by deep faults uplifting segments of the base of the crust, resulting in isothermal melting under reduced pressure. The detailed exposition of this view is in Leake (1978). I know that the rather low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of many granites, such as the Caledonide suite of Britain,
Light scattering by fine particles during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: measurements and modeling

[1] Light scattering by fine particulate matter was measured during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS) as close to ambient conditions as possible. Several approaches are used for the theoretical calculation of the scattering coefficient and the results are compared to the direct measurements. The first approach uses ambient high time and daily resolved PM2.5 composition concentrations to estimate the scattering coefficient assuming that the aerosol is an external mixture. The second approach uses a thermodynamic model and Mie theory to predict the scattering coefficient of aerosols from daily size composition distributions. The third approach introduces high time and daily resolved ambient aerosol water concentrations and concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, organic material, and soil with fixed scattering efficiencies. During the summer the first two approaches underestimate the measured scattering coefficient by around 20%. Agreement within experimental error is obtained between the measured scattering coefficient and the model, incorporating measured water aerosol concentrations. During the winter the first two approaches tend to overpredict the measured scattering by around 15%. This overprediction is weakly correlated to the organic mass. The modeling approaches suggest that sulfate and the associated water contribute 65–73% to the scattering coefficient during the summer, with organic material contributing 25–30%. During the winter, sulfate accounts for 35–43%, nitrate accounts for 24–32%, and organic material accounts for 30–40% of the scattering coefficient. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution— urban and regional (0305); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; KEYWORDS: atmospheric aerosols, optical properties, Pittsburgh Air Quality Study
Seasonal Patterns and Long-term Trends in an Estuarine Upwelling Ecosystem (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain)

Abstract Thermohaline properties, nutrient salts, chlorophyll a and meteorological variables have been intensively monitored since February 1987 in the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain), in order to examine the temporal variability and the relationships between these variables over different time scales. In this paper, the seasonal and the long-term components of the 1987–92 time series are analysed. The seasonal changes in thermohaline properties are forced by meteorological factors, but whereas temperature shows a well-defined annual cycle, salinity presents a higher frequency variation pattern due to the influence of upwelling–downwelling events and runoff. Nutrient concentrations change in a regular way through the seasons, so that characteristic and well-defined cycles are observed, but they are different for each nutrient and, for a given nutrient, exhibit a marked contrast between surface and bottom layers. The seasonal changes of nutrients are not explainable by advection and water column processes alone; fractionation of nutrients during recycling and, presumably, sedimentary processes should also play an important role. The annual cycle of chlorophyll a shows a bimodal pattern, which corresponds with the development of the spring and autumn blooms; even though the seasonal cycle accounts for an important amount of the observed temporal variability, variation at lower time scales is also important. Long-term trends, as a change in the mean level of the analysed time series, have been observed for most of the variables. Salinity increased and temperature decreased both for surface and bottom series. The largest trend, in terms of the percentage to the observed variability it represents, was an increase in bottom salinity. In relation to nutrient salts, there was no evidence of increasing eutrophication, although surface dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and surface and bottom phosphate increased slightly. Chlorophyll a concentration showed a decreasing trend, especially at the surface. The observed long-term trends could be attributed to changes of the meteorological factors that operate through an increase in the estuarine residual circulation.
Polarised subtyping for sized types

We present an algorithm for deciding polarised higher-order subtyping without bounded quantification. Constructors are identified not only modulo β, but also η. We give a direct proof of completeness, without constructing a model or establishing a strong normalisation theorem. Inductive and coinductive types are enriched with a notion of size and the subtyping calculus is extended to account for the inclusions arising between the sized types.
Ocean chemistry of the fossil fuel CO2 signal: The haline signal of “business as usual”

The increasing fossil fuel CO2 signal in surface ocean waters, superimposed upon the natural background, has now reached the level of about 2mg kg−1, and thus, if we were to conceive of this as a separate signal, it has become a new component of the salinity of sea water in its own right. By the year 2100, under the IPCC “Business as Usual” scenario, the fossil fuel signal will exceed in mass the contributions of fluoride, boron, or strontium ions to the salinity of the surface ocean waters, and will reduce the pre‐industrial carbonate iron concentration by about 55%. However the net effect of this massive chemical transfer to the ocean has not been to cause a haline contraction, but to increase the volume of the ocean by about 330 × 109 m³ today. The water flux from fossil combustion, of about 10.5 × 109 m³ yr−1, adds to this volume change.
The upper pleistocene loess of southern Tunisia: A statement

On the Matmata Plateau, the sedimentological characteristics of the peri-desert loess and the interbedded palaeosols (particle-size distribution; chemical and mineralogical composition of major components; trace elements; clay mineral assemblage; heavy mineral assemblage; SEM-examined surficial textures of the quartz and palygorskite grains) show notable homogeneity: they also indicate its allochthonous origins (the main sedimentary source being the Great Eastern Erg), its transport as an aeolian suspension sediment prior to deposition, and moderate pedogenesis acting during deposition. The emplacement of the loess was synchronous with a ‘pluvial’ steppe palaeoenvironment moister than at present, as shown by 18O and 13C data. The palaeosols point to a weak pedogenesis and colluvial and alluvial reworking that were contemporary with the aeolian deposition. 14C radiometric dating suggests a main period of pluvial dust-fall/loess deposition in the Upper Pleistocene (until 10 000 yr BP) and a shorter one in the Middle Holocene.
The response to orbital perturbations in an atmospheric model coupled to a slab ocean

Abstract The sensitivity of an atmospheric GCM coupled to a mixed-layer ocean to changes in orbital parameters is investigated. Three experiments are compared. One has perihelion at summer solstice and a large obliquity; another has perihelion at winter solstice and a low obliquity. The first of these is favorable for warm summers; the second for cool summers. A third experiment, with perihelion at summer solstice and the lower value of obliquity, is used to examine the relative importance of the changes in perihelion and obliquity. The eccentricity is set at 0.04 in all cases. Surface temperature responses are as large as 15°C, with the largest response over North America in summer. Changes in monsoons and Arctic sea ice are consistent with previous GCM studies. A perpetual summer version of the atmospheric model is used to investigate the positive feedback due to soil moisture. Drying of the soil over North America is found to increase the temperature response by approximately 50% and is also essential .
Problems of reservoirs automatic control in flood situations

Problematika Automatického Řízení Nádrží V Povodňových Situacích Studie uvádí do problematiky operativního řízení nádrží v povodňových situacích a zkoumá možnosti využití počítačů pro automatizaci rozhodovacího procesu. Vychází z moderní teorie řízení dynamických systémů a popisuje základní typy regulátorů. Současně jsou analyzovány meze jejich využití v extrémních situacích. V aplikační části se řeší dopady protipovodňových opatření na transformaci 100-letých syntetic-kých povodňových vln v profilu přehrady Lipno na horní Vltavě a posuzuje se možnost zvětšení jejího ochranného prostoru. Problems of reservoirs automatic control in flood situations The study introduces problems of the reservoirs operative control in the course of flood situations and investigates possibilities of computer use for the automation of the decision-making process. The solution is based on the modern control theory of dynamic systems. It explains the basic types of application of the controllers in the control systems; at the same time, certain bounds of the exploitation automatic control in extreme hydrological situations are analysed. In the application part, the study presents the impacts of different flood protection measures on synthetic flood waves with a 100-year peak flow in the Lipno Reservoir on the upper Vltava River. The possibilities of the increase of the flood protection storage in the reservoir are also analysed here.
Evaluation of ERS SAR data for prediction of fire danger in a Boreal region

Research was conducted to determine the utility of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for measuring the fuel moisture status of boreal forests as reflected in Fire Weather Index Codes. Three years (May to August 1992–1995) of SAR data from the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS) were analysed over the 1990 Tok Alaska burned and adjacent unburned black spruce forests. Corresponding Fire Weather Index Codes of the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System were obtained from Tok Area Forestry, Station number 500720. Strong relationships were expected between the SAR data and fire codes because of the dependence of ERS SAR backscatter on the moisture status of forests and exposed surfaces (burn scars). Astepwise multilinear regression procedure was used to analyse the relationships. Three statistically significant multilinear regression models resulted from this analysis procedure. The models developed show there is potential for using ERS SAR backscatter to generate indicators that are related to Fire Weather Index, Duff Moisture Code, and Drought Code. This research could lead to the ability for remote prediction of fire danger over large regions at relatively fine spatial resolution with minimal weather information.
Precipitation chemistry at a rural Mediterranean site: Between anthropogenic pollution and natural emissions

[1] The chemistry of weekly rainwater collected at a rural site (La Castanya, Montseny Mountains, northeast Spain), exposed both to anthropogenic pollutants and natural African dust, was analyzed for the period 1983–2000. On the basis of back trajectories and synoptic charts we distinguished four source regions: (1) African, (2) European, (3) Oceanic, and (4) Local. The chemical characteristics of each provenance were interpreted in relation to the emission processes at each source region. The temporal trends between 1983 and 2000 in the volume weighted mean (VWM) concentrations showed an upward trend for alkalinity in European, Local, and Oceanic provenances, while they showed a slight (nonsignificant) downward trend for African rains. All provenances exhibited a significant decline in excSO4−2, which was most pronounced for European rains (b = −5.7 μeqL−1 yr−1). Because NO3− remained about constant (except for European rains), NO3− acquired a more important role in the acid anion contribution. A reduction of the acid deposition for European, Local, and Oceanic rains was observed, as well as an increase in the global deposition of alkalinity. The role of African rains appeared as a determinant in the accumulated alkalinity during the period. A quantification of the transport of pollutant species (SO4−2, NO3−, and NH4+) from eight contributing European subregions was obtained on the basis of the residence time of the trajectories in each subregion. It suggested that not only subregions closer to the receptor point, such as the Iberian Peninsula, France, and the United Kingdom, were important contributors to the deposition of SO4−2, NO3−, and NH4+ but also distant sites such as Scandinavia contributed considerably.
Roles of ENSO and PDO in the Link of the East Asian Winter Monsoon to the following Summer Monsoon

AbstractThe present study investigates the roles of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) in the relationship between the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and the following East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The variability of the EAWM is divided into an ENSO-related part named EAWMEN and an ENSO-unrelated part named EAWMres. Corresponding to a weak EAWMEN, an anomalous low-level anticyclone forms over the western North Pacific (WNP) and persists from winter to the following summer. This anticyclone enhances southerlies over the coast of East Asia in summer. Hence, a weak EAWMEN tends to be followed by a strong EASM and vice versa. As such, a link is established between the EAWMEN and the EASM. The persistence of this WNP anticyclone may be mainly attributed to the sea surface temperature anomalies associated with the ENSO-related EAWM part in the tropical Indian Ocean and the extratropical North Pacific. In contrast, corresponding to a weak EAWMres, the anomalous WN.