Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AXNav: Replaying Accessibility Tests from Natural Language

Developers and quality assurance testers often rely on manual testing to test accessibility features throughout the product lifecycle. Unfortunately, manual testing can be tedious, often has an overwhelming scope, and can be difficult to schedule amongst other development milestones. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used for a variety of tasks including automation of UIs, however to our knowledge no one has yet explored their use in controlling assistive technologies for the purposes of supporting accessibility testing. In this paper, we explore the requirements of a natural language based accessibility testing workflow, starting with a formative study. From this we build a system that takes as input a manual accessibility test (e.g., ``Search for a show in VoiceOver'') and uses an LLM combined with pixel-based UI Understanding models to execute the test and produce a chaptered, navigable video. In each video, to help QA testers we apply heuristics to detect and flag accessibility issues (e.g., Text size not increasing with Large Text enabled, VoiceOver navigation loops). We evaluate this system through a 10 participant user study with accessibility QA professionals who indicated that the tool would be very useful in their current work and performed tests similarly to how they would manually test the features. The study also reveals insights for future work on using LLMs for accessibility testing.
A generalized graphical method for evaluating formation constants and summarizing well‐field history

The capacities of a water-bearing formation to transmit water under a hydraulic gradient and to yield water from storage when the water table or artesian pressure declines, are generally expressed, respectively, in terms of a coefficient of transmissibility and a coefficient of storage. Determinations of these two constants are almost always involved in quantitative studies of ground-water problems.
Modeling water erosion due to overland flow using physical principles: 1. Sheet flow

A new model for erosion of plane soil surfaces by water is developed using physical principles. Raindrop impact and overland flow remove soil from the original cohesive soil. Once eroded soil enters overland flow, either as aggregates or primary particles, a significant proportion of it returns to the soil bed, forming a cohesionless deposited layer from which it can be removed again by the same erosion processes. The action of the eroding agents will be divided between eroding the unshielded original cohesive soil and reintroducing sediment from the deposited layer. The theory recognizes that the nature of the surface is modified by the erosion and deposition processes affecting it. Solutions of the governing differential equations describing sediment concentration are developed for two distinct equilibrium cases. The first case, when the deposited layer completely shields the original soil, appears to correspond with what has been previously called a “transport-limited” situation. The second case occurs when such shielding is incomplete, and sediment concentration is affected by the cohesive strength of the soil. The resulting equations for sediment concentration at equilibrium are compared with existing equations. Firstly, the equation for the case where the soil is lacking cohesion is shown to be similar to the semiempirical equation of Yang (1973). Secondly, when the soil is cohesive the slope length relationships are shown to be in good agreement with the universal soil loss equation over a wide range of slope steepness.
The Integrated Sounding System: Description and Preliminary Observations from TOGA COARE

Abstract An Integrated Sounding System (ISS) that combines state-of- the-art remote and in situ sensors into a single transportable facility has been developed jointly by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the Aeronomy laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/AL). The instrumentation for each ISS includes a 915-MHz wind profiler, a Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS), an Omega-based NAVAID sounding system, and an enhanced surface meteorological station. The general philosophy behind the ISS is that the integration of various measurement systems overcomes each system's respective limitations while taking advantage of its positive attributes. The individual observing systems within the ISS provide high-level data products to a central workstation that manages and integrates these measurements. The ISS software package performs a wide range of functions: real-time data acquisition, database support, and graphical displays; data archival and communications.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FERRITIN MEASUREMENT in PatientS WitH DiFFerent StageS oF rHeuMatoiD artHritiS

Background: Serum ferritin is generally considered the best clinical measure of body iron stores. Over the last few years, accumulating data have implicated a role for ferritin as a signaling molecule and direct mediator of the immune system. Serum ferritin has recently been observed to be elevated in various autoimmune diseases. Objectives: To evaluate serum ferritin in blood samples from patients with different stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before treatment and to investigate the relationship to clinical outcome. Materials and methods: The study was carried out before therapy, in a group of 41 patients with different stages of RA, ranging in age between 28-65 years. The serum values of ferritin were evaluated in a group of 24 controls presenting no signs of rheumatic disease. The serum ferritin levels were measured by ELISA. Data were reported as means ±SD with 95% confidence limits. The statistical significance of difference was determined with Student’s t-test. Prevalence was compared by the χ 2 test. Fisher’s exact test and linear regression were used. Correlation analyses were performed by means of Pearson test. Results: Serum ferritin was significantly higher in RA (levels are age and gender dependent). In patients with different stages of RA, before treatment , the increase of serum ferritin levels were significant (ranges from 57.14 ng/mL-145.17 ng/mL, mean value 129.4±10.5 ng/mL) vs. normal controls’ (ranges from 41.45-55.76 ng/mL, mean value 51.3±4.7 ng/mL; p<0.01). Seventeen (40%) patients with signs of inflammation (C-reactive protein 60.16±4.86 mg/L, range 46.14 to 84.18 mg/L) had a significantly ( p <0.01) higher serum ferritin level. This was mainly due to the increased oxidative stress and to the extinction of the inflammatory process. Three (7%) patients with RA had hyperferritinemia that did not correlate with elevated titers of rheumatoid factor or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. Conclusion: In RA, there was a significant correlation between serum ferritin, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Serum ferritin is associated with the systemic inflammatory activity of RA. Serum ferritin was the superior indicator for disease status.
Evolved to Be Irrational? Evolutionary and Cognitive Foundations of Pseudosciences

People believe the weirdest things. Forty percent of the US population endorses the claim that Earth and all life on it was created by God six to ten thousand years ago (Newport 2010); three in four Americans accept some form of paranormal belief such as astrology or extrasensory perception (Moore 2005). Europeans are no less gullible: two Britons in fi ve believe that houses can be haunted, and one in fi ve thinks that aliens have visited our planet at some point in the past (Lyons 2005). Pseudomedical treatments such as homeopathy are widely practiced and, in some countries like Belgium, even refunded by health care. Horoscopes are consulted in numerous popular magazines and newspapers. In sum, there seems to be no end to the irrational propensities of the human mind. In this chapter, we examine in four parts how an evolutionary and cognitive perspective might shed light on the pervasiveness and popularity of irrational beliefs that make up pseudosciences. First, we set up the general theoretical framework, explaining what an evolutionary and cognitive approach entails. Second, we explore how this framework adds to our understanding of why the human mind is so vulnerable to systematic reasoning errors. Th ird, we demonstrate how concrete pseudosciences tap into particular cognitive dispositions. And fourth, we explain why a number of irrational beliefs take on the form of pseudosciences. To conclude, we turn to the question raised
Observational evidence of plane parallel model biases: Apparent dependence of cloud optical depth on solar zenith angle

This study directly compares plane parallel model calculations with 1 year of Earth Radiation Budget Satellite shortwave observations at nadir over ocean between 30°S and 30°N. When plane parallel model calculations are matched to the observations on a pixel-by-pixel basis by adjusting cloud fraction and cloud optical depth, the resulting frequency distributions of cloud optical depth show a systematic shift towards larger values with increasing solar zenith angle, regardless of the assumptions made in the calculations. This dependence is weak for thin clouds but gets progressively stronger as the clouds become thicker. For the thinnest 50% of the clouds (optical depths ≲6), it occurs only at oblique solar zenith angles, whereas it is observed at all solar zenith angles for the thickest 10% of clouds (optical depths ≳12). On average, the increase is extremely large for solar zenith angles ≳63°. Such behavior is unrealistic since average cloud optical depths from such an extensive data set should be almost independent of solar zenith angle. The cause is traced to a fundamental flaw in plane parallel theory applied to real clouds: the solar zenith angle dependence of model reflectance is opposite to that of the observations. The one-dimensional nadir reflectance remains within 10% of the observed reflectance for solar zenith angles ≲53° when applied to a general ensemble of real clouds, and for solar zenith angles ≲63° when applied to the thinnest 50% of such clouds. Uncertainties are found to increase rapidly as the Sun becomes more oblique, easily reaching 30% at the lowest solar elevations. Based on results from theoretical studies, it is concluded that three-dimensional cloud structures not accounted for by plane parallel theory have a statistically important effect on the radiation field. As a minimum requirement, application of one-dimensional theory to the remote sensing of cloud optical thickness from measurements of nadir reflectance should therefore be restricted to thin clouds and small solar zenith angles.
Region-based optical flow estimation technique for collision avoidance

In this paper, a method to refine an initial noisy optical flow map is presented. The method uses geometrical constraints induced by camera motion in order to improve an initial rough optical flow map obtained using the radiometric similarity measure. Under the assumption that the camera motion can be described by a prevalence of translational motion an appropriate cost function is derived, whose minimization is used to improve the initial displacement estimates and to obtain subpixel accuracy. Results are quantitatively compared with other known optical flow estimation techniques. Both synthetic and real image sequence are used in test.
Scale dependence of tracer microstructure: PDFs, intermittency and the dissipation scale

The statistics of tracer variability on small scales (<200 km) is investigated using high resolution aircraft measurements of ozone in the northern winter middle/high latitudes. Conditioning based on potential temperature is used to isolate the statistics of filamentation on isentropic surfaces from spurious variability due to cross‐isentropic motion of the platform. The distribution of isentropic increments Δrχ in the tracer field χ across a horizontal scale r have non‐Gaussian tails and are consistent with stretched exponential functions of the form P(Δrχ) ∼ exp(−a|Δrχ|p), where a is a scale‐dependent parameter and the exponent p increases overall with r. A scale break in the second order structure function suggests a dissipation scale rd ∼ 20 km during northern winter 91–92, but the scale break is closer to 100 km during northern winter 88–89. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Document Co-citation Analysis using the Concept Lattice

Document Co-citation Analysis (DCA) is a method to identify and analyze the relationships between co-cited documents. In this paper, we attempt to use concept lattice for DCA. Concept lattice is a graph structure given in Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), a branch of mathematics based on the concept and its hierarchy. The experiments are conducted on an extensive repository of citations extracted from DBLP, ACM, MAG (Microsoft Academic Graph), and other sources, having a total of 5,354,309 papers and 48,227,950 citation relationships. In this paper, it is established that the concept lattice supports DCA and helps to identify a set of co-cited documents and their co-citation strength. It also provides navigation to reflect the subset-superset relationship of the co-citations. Further, the concept lattice helps identify the hierarchy among the documents and answers the most relevant queries related to DCA.
Automated Assessment of Pavement Rutting Using Mobile

Pavement rutting is a common but critical form of deterioration in road surfaces that result in an uncomfortable ride for drivers while exposing them to potential safety risks including hydroplaning and loss of skid resistance. Transportation agencies periodically inspect and monitor road conditions for pavement distresses and plan rehabilitation procedures accordingly, but this routine process is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prohibitively expensive. A significant amount of research was conducted to automate pavement crack detection, but this is not the case for equally important distresses such as permanent deformation. Efforts to automate rutting inspection processes were previously tackled using both pixel and point cloud methods. Cross-section pavement profiles are commonly used from mobile/terrestrial laser scans, and computational geometry techniques are employed to determine the rutting severity. However, only using cross-section profiles of the pavement rut and generating images from point cloud data may not provide a complete picture of the extent and degree of distresses across the entire pavement. To capture the complete surface geometry of the pavement and better assess road conditions, this research proposes a tile-based novel method for measuring and quantifying pavement rutting from LiDAR data by using road surface fitting and computational geometry algorithms. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated through experiments on real-world pavement point cloud data. Overall, our method offers a fast and reliable way to measure pavement rutting using point clouds, delivering a more comprehensive view of pavement surface conditions compared to other methods. The ability to extract rutting information from point cloud pavement data is critical for entities looking to fully utilize mobile LiDAR datasets for pavement distress analysis to evaluate the condition of pavements and help determine the need for maintenance or rehabilitation.
Influence of the Healthy Image of Meat and Animal Products on Preference and Intake Frequency

This study investigated the effects of a healthy image on the preference and intake frequency of meat and animal products. The study looked into beef, pork, chicken, sausage, mackerel, cutlass fish, croaker, tuna, squid, shrimp, clams, fish cakes, eggs, milk, yogurt, ice cream, and cheese. A total of 359 usable surveys given to elementary school students, college students, and adults were collected using a convenient sampling method. While milk had the healthiest image, sausage had the least healthy image. The respondents preferred yogurt the most and sausage the least. The intake frequency of eggs was the highest and clams the lowest. The healthy image, preference, and intake frequency for all studied foods showed significant differences across both gender and age. The relationship between healthy image and preference was significant for all foods, and a healthy image always had a positive influence on preference. The relationship of healthy image and intake frequency was significant in 14 foods except for mackerel, cutlass fish, and tuna. Also a healthy image created a positive effect on the intake frequency of 14 foods.
Nondimensional control parameters governing the behavior of one‐dimensional fault slip: Effects of shear heating, inelastic pore creation, and fluid flow

[1] We theoretically study the dynamic slip of a one-dimensional fault considering thermoporoelastic effects including shear heating, fluid flow, and inelastic pore creation. We find that the qualitative nature of system behavior can be understood in terms of three nondimensional parameters: Su, S′u, and P*0. The parameter Su represents the relative dominance of the effect of inelastic pore creation on the fluid pressure change over that of shear heating, while S′u is associated with the dominance of the fluid flow effect over the effect of shear heating. The parameter P*0 denotes the initial fluid pressure. We observe the slip-weakening and slip-strengthening behaviors in the ranges Su −P*0, respectively, irrespective of the value of S′u. We can understand both fast and slow fault slips comprehensively on the basis of our model. Ordinary high-speed fault slip can be simulated with Su slightly larger than −P*0, S′u near the lower limit, and σs0 ∼ 100 MPa. We need the conditions of Su ≫ −P*0, sufficiently large values for S′u, and sufficiently smaller values for σs0 to model much slower fault slip. Our present study also provides a model for the mechanism of negligible frictional heating on the San Andreas fault. We actually found that the temperature rise on the fault is negligibly low in the range of slip strengthening if the values of σs0 and S′u are small enough and/or the value of Su is significantly larger than a threshold.
Characterization of emissions from South Asian biofuels and application to source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in the Himalayas

[1] This study focuses on improving source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in South Asia and consists of three parts: (1) development of novel molecular marker–based profiles for real-world biofuel combustion, (2) application of these profiles to a year-long data set, and (3) evaluation of profiles by an in-depth sensitivity analysis. Emissions profiles for biomass fuels were developed through source testing of a residential stove commonly used in South Asia. Wood fuels were combusted at high and low rates, which corresponded to source profiles high in organic carbon (OC) or high in elemental carbon (EC), respectively. Crop wastes common to the region, including rice straw, mustard stalk, jute stalk, soybean stalk, and animal residue burnings, were also characterized. Biofuel profiles were used in a source apportionment study of OC and EC in Godavari, Nepal. This site is located in the foothills of the Himalayas and was selected for its well-mixed and regionally impacted air masses. At Godavari, daily samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were collected throughout the year of 2006, and the annual trends in particulate mass, OC, and EC followed the occurrence of a regional haze in South Asia. Maximum concentrations occurred during the dry winter season and minimum concentrations occurred during the summer monsoon season. Specific organic compounds unique to aerosol sources, molecular markers, were measured in monthly composite samples. These markers implicated motor vehicles, coal combustion, biomass burning, cow dung burning, vegetative detritus, and secondary organic aerosol as sources of carbonaceous aerosol. A molecular marker–based chemical mass balance (CMB) model provided a quantitative assessment of primary source contributions to carbonaceous aerosol. The new profiles were compared to widely used biomass burning profiles from the literature in a sensitivity analysis. This analysis indicated a high degree of stability in estimates of source contributions to OC when different biomass profiles were used. The majority of OC was unapportioned to primary sources and was estimated to be of secondary origin, while biomass combustion was the next-largest source of OC. The CMB apportionment of EC to primary sources was unstable due to the diversity of biomass burning conditions in the region. The model results suggested that biomass burning and fossil fuel were important contributors to EC, but could not reconcile their relative contributions.
Annealing Temperature Dependence on Magnetic Properties, Crystalline Structure and Photocatalyst Activity of Coprecipitated Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) Synthesised from Natural Iron Sand

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanopowder was successfully synthesised by the coprecipitation method. For the entire experiment, natural iron sand from the Bengawan Solo River is used as an iron (Fe) cation source. The effect of the annealing temperature of a coprecipitated CoFe2O4 sample from natural iron sand was investigated. The presence of strong metal oxide bond groups at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites is revealed by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral results, owing to the CoFe2O4 characteristic. Then the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the formation of a single-phase CoFe2O4 with face centred cubic (FCC) crystal structure closely matched to reference data ICDD221086. The crystalline parameters such as lattice parameter and crystallite size modify with the increase of annealing temperature. The saturation magnetisation (Ms) decreases as the annealing temperature rises. In addition, the coercive fields (Hc) increases as the annealing temperature rises. As a result, the annealing temperature affects the performance of the CoFe2O4 photocatalyst. The photocatalytic performance of the annealing temperature sample at 300°C was found to be the best.
Transfer of tacit knowledge among staff at the Kenya National Library Service, Nairobi County, Kenya

This paper explored the transfer of tacit knowledge among staff at the Kenya National Library Services (KNLS), Nairobi County. KNLS plays an important role in planning the development of library infrastructure throughout the country. KNLS’s mandate is to foster a reading culture through the provision of information services to all clientele countrywide, in all formats, to enhance social, political and economic development. Effective knowledge management results in better quality services and enhances employee performance and satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to explore the transfer of tacit knowledge among staff of Kenya National Library Service to enhance service delivery, productivity and business continuity. The specific objectives of this study were to explore knowledge management practices at the Kenya National Library Service; determine the kinds of tacit knowledge; explore communication channels used to transfer tacit knowledge; identify challenges and experiences in transferring tacit knowledge; and propose a framework to enhance the transfer of tacit knowledge at KNLS. The Theory of Communities of Practice by Etienne Wenger et al. (2002) informed the study. The study adopted a qualitative approach. The population of the study was stratified into departments. Purposive sampling was employed to select respondents. Key informants in the study were senior members of management. Data was collected through face to face interviews and analysed using content analysis software. Data has been presented using qualitative techniques; where necessary, the study employed the use of tables, graphs and charts. No study