Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MF2K‐GWM: A Ground Water Management Modeling Tool Based on MODFLOW‐2000

The conflict between the increasing demand on ground water resources and the scarcity of these resources has created a need for effective management to ensure and enhance their sustainability. Accordingly, numerous efforts have been made to combine ground water simulation models with various optimization techniques to help ground water managers and decision makers determine feasible and sustainable ground water management (GWM) strategies. Recently, a number of computer programs have been developed for solving GWM problems that seek to optimize one or more objectives while satisfying a prescribed set of constraints. This column reviews one such program, the GWM process for MODFLOW-2000. The GWM program was developed by Ahlfeld et al. (2005) as an add-on to the widely used USGS modular ground water flow (GWF) model, MODFLOW-2000 (i.e., MF2K) (Harbaugh et al. 2000). The MF2K-GWM code can be applied to a wide range of linear, nonlinear, and mixed-binary linear GWM problems, such as optimizing ground water pumping, restricting hydraulic drawdown or streamflow depletion, and conjunctively using ground water and surface water resources (Barlow 2005). The response matrix approach (Gorelick 1983) is used to couple the GWF model with the optimization algorithms in GWM. The Response Matrix Solution package of GWM is designed to calculate response coefficients that represent the changes in state variables with unit perturbation of decision variables in a GWM model. GWM is an update of the previous MODOFC code developed by Ahlfeld and Riefler (2003) based on MODFLOW-96 (Harbaugh and McDonald 1996). GWM, as reviewed here, was successfully run on two platforms: a Dell desktop with a 2.66 GHz Pentium4 CPU and 1.0 GB RAM running Windows 2000, and a Dell laptop with a 1.73 GHz Pentium-4 CPU and 512 MB RAM running Windows XP. Installation is straightforward and practically instantaneous from the downloaded self-extracting setup file. The documentation in Adobe Acrobat PDF format provides a comprehensive introduction to the software and describes in detail the various features of GWM. Also, the software documentation and its addendum describe several test examples to demonstrate the performance of the program.
The evolution of the Earth surface sulfur reservoir

The surface sulfur reservoir is in intimate contact with the mantle. Over long time scales, exchange with the mantle has influenced the surface reservoir size and possibly its isotopic composition. Processes delivering sulfur to the Earth surface from the mantle include volcanic outgassing, hydrothermal input, and ocean crust weathering. The sulfide fixed in ocean crust as a consequence of hydrothermal sulfate reduction, and subduction of sedimentary sulfides, represent return pathways of sulfur to the mantle. The importance of these different pathways in influencing the size of the surface sulfur reservoir depends on the particulars of ocean and atmosphere chemistry. During times of banded iron formation when the oceans contained dissolved iron, sulfide from submarine hydrothermal activity was precipitated on the seafloor and subsequently subducted back into the mantle and, therefore, had little impact on the surface sulfur reservoir size. With sulfidic ocean bottom water conditions, which may have occurred through long stretches of the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic, significant amounts of sulfide is subducted into the mantle. When the oceans are oxic, sulfide subduction is unimportant, and an additional source, ocean crust weathering, delivers sulfur to the Earth surface. Thus, under oxic conditions the surface environment accumulates sulfur, and probably has for most of the last 700 million years. Mass balance modeling suggests that the surface sulfur reservoir may have peaked in size in the early Mesoproterozoic, declined to a minimum in the Neoproterozoic, and increased to its present size through the Phanerozoic. The exchange of sulfur between the mantle and the surface environment can also influence the isotopic composition of the surface reservoir. Modeling shows that the subduction of S-depleted sulfur through the Mesoproterzoic could have significantly increased the average δ 3 4 S of the surface reservoir into the late Neoproterozoic. The preserved isotope record through the Neoproterozoic is well out of balance, with the average δ 3 4 S for sulfate and sulfide both exceeding the modern crustal average. This imbalance could be explained, at least partly, if the crustal average was more 34S-enriched than at present, as the modeling presented here suggests.
Strain accumulation process around the Atotsugawa fault system in the Niigata-Kobe Tectonic Zone, central Japan

SUMMARY In order to investigate the strain accumulation process around the Niigata-Kobe Tectonic Zone in central Japan, we estimate a precise GPS velocity field around a representative fault area, the Atotsugawa fault system. The velocity profiles obtained from two dense GPS arrays crossing the Atotsugawa fault demonstrate the existence of a laterally heterogeneous deformation pattern along the fault strike. The West Array suggests the possibility of surface fault creep, which disagrees with inferences gleaned from previous EDM measurements. High shear strain rate, which is calculated from wider velocity field, distributes around not only the Atotsugawa fault system, but also the Takayama-Oppara fault zone, which is located 50 km south from the Atotsugawa fault. In order to consider the effect of interaction between those active faults, we conduct a block-fault model analysis. Our block model consists of nine blocks and 33 fault segments. Relative motion between two blocks at the northern and southern ends of the fault system is calculated to be 9.9 mm yr−1. The intervening region between these two blocks corresponds to the Niigata-Kobe Tectonic Zone with a strain rate of 0.2 ppm yr−1. Slip deficit rates at the Atotsugawa, Ushikubi, and Takayama-Oppara fault zones are estimated to be 2.2, 3.9 and 2.3 mm yr−1, respectively. Although the ratio of slip deficit rate (2.2 : 3.9 : 2.3 ≈ 1 : 2 : 1) of these three faults is similar to that of geological long-term slip rates (1 : 2 : 0.7), the magnitude of geodetic slip deficits is 30 per cent to 50 per cent larger than long-term slip rates. This systematic difference may be due to inelastic deformation of the crust in this region. Since the total slip deficit rate between the Ushikubi and the Takayama-Oppara fault zone is 8.4 mm yr−1, about 85 per cent of the relative block motion, the deformation is mostly accommodated by elastic strain accumulation on these three faults.
Gaseous metabolism in lake sediments and paddy soils and the production of atmospheric methane and hydrogen

Summary. In contrast to the upland field, the paddy field is usually left under water from late spring to the autumn harvest. Under water, the arable soil changes from an oxidizing to a reducing condition because of microbiological activity. A basic knowledge of the reduction process taking place in the waterlogged paddy soils has become especially important in the study of microbiological metabolism in soils or sediments.
The Sound of Arousal: The Addition of Novel Non-linearities Increases Responsiveness in Marmot Alarm Calls

Vocal structure should reflect vocal function. While much attention has focused on quantifying attributes of harmonic vocalizations, the vocalizations of many species also may contain non-linear phenomena such as warbles, subharmonics, biphonation, and deterministic chaos or noise. The function of these non-linearities remains enigmatic. In some species, harmonic vocalizations abruptly become ‘noisy’ when individuals are physiologically aroused and the sudden onset of these non-linearities could signal arousal or fear to receivers. One untested functional hypothesis is that vocalizations containing non-linearities are more variable from one rendition to the next, and thus are harder to habituate to. In some situations, reducing the likelihood of habituation could be important. Signals that are highly evocative are more difficult to habituate to. Thus, we conducted playback experiments to foraging yellowbellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to determine whether the addition of white noise (a non-linear acoustic phenomenon) to alarm calls elicited a greater response than control calls without the non-linearity or control calls with silence, rather than noise, added to them. Marmots spent less time foraging after hearing calls that included noise than after normal or control calls. This result is consistent with the unpredictability hypothesis and suggests that the adaptive value of non-linearities is to prevent habituation.
The Palaeolithic Period, including the Epipalaeolithic

The modern country of Jordan is within the eastern or inland Levant, a region that has undergone striking cli- matic and ecological change during the course of the approximately 450,000 years of its Palaeolithic prehistory. Its story of ancient humans is one told largely through the stone tools they discarded, their campsites, the remains of their food, and the reconstruction of the landscapes they inhabited. More rarely, this story also includes evidence from burials and of artistic expression. The study of these Palaeolithic groups and their lifeways is part of a research tradition with a lengthy history, one which has acceler- ated at a dramatic pace since the 1970s.
Measurement and inversion of complex resistivity spectra for different core samples

Summary In the field of applied geophysics, Induced Polarization (IP) measurement has been widely used in exploration of solid minerals, groundwater resources, and oil-gas reservoirs. Cole-Cole model is the most widely used model in evaluation and interpretation of resistivity dispersion for different rocks. In this paper, complex resistivity spectra of three different core samples (sandstone, carbonate, and coal) are measured in frequency range from 10 2 up to 10 8 Hz. A multiple Cole-Cole model is used to evaluate the complex resistivity spectra. Parameters of the model are inverted by Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm. The results demonstrate that the adopted inversion method is robust even in low signal to noise ratio (SNR) condition. Both the characteristic relaxation frequencies of the real part and imaginary part can be effectively used to evaluate the brine saturation and confining pressure of core samples.
Using airborne and ground-based ranging lidar to measure canopy structure in Australian forests

Airborne and ground-based lidars are useful tools to probe the structure of forest canopies. Such information is not readily available from other remote sensing methods but is essential for modern forest inventory in which growth models and ecological assessment are becoming increasingly important. This study was undertaken to investigate the capacity of current airborne and ground-based ranging systems to provide data from which useful forest inventory parameters can be derived. Additional data collected included standard forest inventory, hemispherical photography, and optical point-quadrat sampling. Four contrasting study sites were established within an existing study area in the Bago and Maragle State Forests, New South Wales, Australia. A simple and standard set of models was fitted to the data to establish consistency between methods and current practice. Methods to reduce the bias induced by interaction of the size of the airborne laser scanner (ALS) footprint and thresholding used in ranging systems are demonstrated by the use of first and last returns and the intensity of the returns. A measure analogous to predominant height was calculated from an average of a number of the highest ALS returns within an area. This estimate agreed with field measured predominant heights within the uncertainty of the measurements. Data from a ground-based scanning rangefinder system were used to model leaf area index (LAI). These LAI estimates coincided with those from hemispherical canopy photographs. The validation work presented in this paper justifies further development of the instrumentation and analyses to combine results from multi-angular systems with data from airborne systems to alleviate some of the problems associated with the vertical view. Current laser ranging systems can be used to derive canopy structural parameters such as height, cover, and foliage profile provided information based on multiple returns or the intensity of returns is used to minimize the bias induced by the size of the footprint and the detection threshold.
hallenges in computational studies of enzyme structure , unction and dynamics

In this review we give an overview of the field of Computational enzymology. We start by describing the birth of the field, with emphasis on the work of the 2013 chemistry Nobel Laureates. We then present key features of the state-of-the-art in the field, showing what theory, accompanied by experiments,
Chemical Vapour Deposition of Large-Domain Monolayer Graphene and the Preparation of a Crystalline C60 Thin-Film on Graphene (to be Studied by Ultrafast Electron Diffraction)

This Master research project consisted in the preparatory work for investigating the first order phase transition of C60 by means of Ultrafast Electron Diffraction. To study the thin film in transmission geometry a suspended, 80 nm thick C60 crystal is needed. To achieve this, we firstly grew defect free graphene on copper foil by low pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition, secondly we transferred the graphene on to a TEM grid by copper etching and finally we deposited C60 onto the suspended graphene by sublimation. Here we present the growth of graphene on two different substrates, oxidized and oxygen rich copper foil. Raman characterization of the resulting graphene showed that it was defect free and only < 5 % of the surface was covered by bilayer graphene domains. Then we discuss how the deposition parameters of our C60 source was determined by growing few-layer C60 films on Ag(111). Furthermore we present our characterisation of monolayer and few-layer C60/Ag(111) by Low Energy Electron Diffraction. We found that C60 forms distinct rotational domains of size (2√3 × 2√3) and rotated by 47°, 30°, 13° and 0° with respect to the Ag(111) unit cell. We also briefly illustrate how we deposited C60 on graphene and demonstrate that Ultrafast Electron Diffraction can indeed be performed on such a sample.
Epilepsy and the Stigma Tag: A Personal Experience

Background: Epilepsy is common neurological condition in sub-Saharan Africa. It is traditionally linked to cultural beliefs and practices such as witchcraft. This manifest in stigma of those affected. Most patients live with the condition without proper medical intervention. Aim:the article is aimed at sensitization using personal experience. Method: A descriptive approach through past experience. Conclusion: A need for collaborative approach to the intervention in problems of Epilepsy and the associated stigma.
Benthic foraminiferal δ18O in the ocean's temperature‐salinity‐density field: Constraints on Ice Age thermohaline circulation

Benthic δ18O data from 95 core sites are used to infer possible temperature-salinity (T-S) fields of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A constraint of stable density stratification yields logically consistent scenarios for both T and S. The solutions are not unique but are useful as a thinking tool. Using GEOSECS data, we solve for the modem relationship between δ18Owater (δw) and salinity in the deep sea: δw (SMOW) = 1.529 * S - 53.18. As a starting point, we assume that the slope of this equation applies to LGM conditions and predict δ18Ocalcite (δc) gradients in equilibrium with probable T-S fields of LGM deep and bottom waters. Benthic foraminiferal δ18O data from the deep Pacific (2–4 km depth), and the bottom Atlantic (> 4 km depth), are 0.1–0.2‰ lower than from the deep Atlantic (2–4 km depth) at the LGM. If the modern δw-S slope applies, Atlantic deep and bottom waters were more dense than Pacific deep waters. This assumption would imply bottom waters both fresher (ΔS >0.5) and colder (ΔT ∼3°C) than overlying deep waters, in conflict with other data, suggesting ice age deep water much colder than at present. It is also possible that the observed δc gradients are an artifact of laboratory intercalibration. If Atlantic deep and bottom water δc values were similar to deep Pacific values, this would be consistent with the hypothesis of a stronger southern ocean versus North Atlantic source for deep-ocean ventilation at the LGM. Taking the observed gradients at face value, however, a solution could be that the LGM δw-S slope in deep and bottom waters was higher than at present, conceivably because of a stronger contribution of salt to the deep ocean via more intense sea ice freezing. This would allow Pacific deep waters and Atlantic bottom waters to have a common source, again in the Antarctic. Both would be more dense than Atlantic deep waters, even though the deep waters were much colder than at present. To better constrain these inferences drawn from the spatial distribution of benthic δ18O, we must reduce scatter in the δ18O data with more high-quality measurements in high sedimentation rate cores. This is especially true at bottom water sites. Also, we must intercalibrate mass spectrometers at different isotope laboratories more accurately, to insure our isotope data are compatible.
Digital Elevation Model generation using ascending and Descending multi-baseline ALOS/PALSAR radar images

Satellite remote sensing can be an efficient and cost-effective technology for acquiring upto-date and relatively accurate land cover and topographic information. Radar interferometry is a remote sensing technique that can measure high resolution topographic profiles of the Earth‟s surface. One of the most important applications of the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique is the extraction of three-dimensional information from radar images of the Earth‟s surface. InSAR digital elevation model (DEM) generation relies on the measurement of phase difference between the two sets of complex radar signals, i.e. the range difference between the satellite-borne radar instrument and the ground targets reflecting the radar transmissions. In InSAR DEM generation, the so-called “master image” parameters, such as signal wavelength, incidence angle, and SAR image relationship (i.e. perpendicular baseline), affect the final DEM products. Furthermore, the orbit direction (ascending or descending) provides a different representation of terrain over the same target area. Hence, using images collected by the satellite sensor from different orbit directions is way of improving the quality of InSAR-generated DEMs. The authors propose a combination of two methods to improve DEM quality: firstly, DEM averaging based on the same orbit direction but multi-perpendicular baseline, and secondly, merging the DEMs generated from images collected from different orbit directions in the area of overlap between the radar images.
Synoptic situations causing high precipitation rates on the Antarctic plateau: observations from Kohnen Station, Dronning Maud Land

Kohnen Station (75°S, 0°E, 2892 m) is one of the two drilling sites of the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica. Snow falls at Kohnen only a few times a year with comparatively high precipitation rates of 1 mm to over 5 mm water equivalent per event. These events contribute considerably to the total annual accumulation of which the long-term mean value is 62 mm water equivalent per year. For ice core interpretation, it is important to understand synoptic processes leading to such high precipitation rates. Our investigation is based on visually observed periods of heavy snowfall at Kohnen during summer campaigns since 2001/2002. The corresponding synoptic situations can be grouped into three categories. Category I is where occluding fronts of eastward-moving low pressure systems reach the plateau, a fairly frequent occurrence. Category II is where lows or secondary lows formed east of the Greenwich Meridian move to the west (retrograde movement), and frontal clouds influence the plateau. In Category III, large-scale lifting processes (due to an upper air low west of Kohnen Station) lead to cloud formation over the plateau of Dronning Maud Land.
E-Supply Chain Capability: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Operationalization

Information Technology (IT) has been widely employed in supply chain operations, helping companies to respond to clients' needs in real time, facilitate paperless transactions, reach out to difficult-to-access markets, and outperform competitors. This paper presents a theory-driven, validated higher-order construct that measures e-supply chain capability, integrating typical procurement and order-taking functions within an organization's supply chain. It is a response to a call in information systems literature to develop and assess multidimensional IT capabilities. Drawing on tenets from both resource based view and relational view, we developed a conceptual definition of e-supply chain capability. Using structural equation modeling techniques, we constructed a measurement model of e-supply chain capability encompassing four dimensions: communication with customers, order taking, procurement, and communication with suppliers. The new validated measurement model of e-supply chain capability offers opportunities to expand IS research in supply chain management.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration and severe bruxism documented by polysomnography that improves with administration of oxygen at 1 L/min

The case of a 59 year old female diagnosed with anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, who is in a persistent vegetative state and secondary epilepsy difficult to control, who in the course of her clinical evolution develops central sleep apnea with apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of 87.86 / h with Cheyne-Stokes pattern and severe bruxism documented by polysomnography, alterations that improved after administration of oxygen by nasal cannula at 1 L / min., is presented. The association of bruxism with Cheyne-Stokes respiration and the simultaneous and complete response of the two alterations to the administration of supplemental oxygen has not been reported previously. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 388-392).
Influence of Website Design toward Purchasing Airline E-Ticket

: In this digital age, many business activities have changed from conventional to more online processes. This also happens to airline industry. Airplane ticket sales can no longer use paper media as a proof of flight purchases, but are now more in digital forms, known as electronic tickets or e-tickets. E-ticketing can be processed when purchases are made online. Online purchases are made through a website. The aim of this research is to see how the quality of a website can influence e-ticket sales, especially those related to non-technical factors such as. Security, convenience, perceived ease to use, perceived risk and perceived usefulness. Samples used 127 respondents. The result of the research is that there are five factors that have a positive influence on the purchase of e-tickets, moreover, convenience, perceived risk, and perceived usefulness have significant influence on e-ticket purchases. Thus, it can be concluded that these five aspects, especially convenience, perceived risk, and perceived usefulness, should be considered most seroiusly by travel companies or e-ticket agencies in designing the web in order to increase e-ticket sales and corporate earning