Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study to Eliminate Threat of Black Hole of Network Worms in MANET

The need of wireless network is to enforce participating nodes to forward packets to other nodes to foster secure and reliable communication. Although there are presence of vulnerable nodes that can be associated with malicious nodes and can harm networks. The varieties of these malicious nodes are vulnerable to nodes which are either compromised or falsely guided by vulnerable nodes. Malicious nodes can easily tamper the participating nodes in the networks. In mobile ad hoc network these attacks shown their significance in the terms of network worms which can attack, alter or modify the root definitions of network across all administrative and participating domains. This paper reviews the full study to eliminate thread of black hole attacks in MANET”. We also address to the solution against the threat of black hole attack in MANET. In Black Hole Attack a malicious node advertises itself as having the shortest path to the node whose packets it wants to intercept. So to rectify the possibility of occurrence of black hole attack we are proposing a technique to identify attack and a solution to discover a safe route for secure transmission. We are proposing here a Secure Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector routing protocol (SAODV) to endeavor our all efforts into a common place. So the emphasis is to develop a scheme for the measure of these network worms and blackhole attacks to eliminate occurrences of communication hazards from intermediate and surrounding threads.
Practical performance models for complex, popular applications

Perhaps surprisingly, no practical performance models exist for popular (and complex) client applications such as Adobe's Creative Suite, Microsoft's Office and Visual Studio, Mozilla, Halo 3, etc. There is currently no tool that automatically answers program developers', IT administrators' and end-users' simple what-if questions like "what happens to the performance of my favorite application X if I upgrade from Windows Vista to Windows 7? ". This paper describes our approach towards constructing practical, versatile performance models to address this problem. The goal is to have these models be useful for application developers to help expand application testing coverage and for IT administrators to assist with understanding the performance consequences of a software, hardware or configuration change. This paper's main contributions are in system building and performance modeling. We believe we have built applications that are easier to model because we have proactively instrumented them to export their state and associated metrics. This application-specific monitoring is always on and interesting data is collected from real, "in-the-wild" deployments. The models we are experimenting with are based on statistical techniques. They require no modifications to the OS or applications beyond the above instrumentation, and no explicit a priori model on how an OS or application should behave. We are in the process of learning from models we have constructed for several Microsoft products, including the Office suite, Visual Studio and Media Player. This paper presents preliminary findings from a large user deployment (several hundred thousand user sessions) of these applications that show the coverage and limitations of such models. These findings pushed us to move beyond averages/means and go into some depth into why client application performance has an inherently large variance.
Query-Driven Approach to Face Clustering and Tagging

In the era of big data, a traditional offline setting to processing image data is simply not tenable. We simply do not have the computational power to process every image with every possible tag; moreover, we will not have the manpower to clean up the potentially noisy results. In this paper, we introduce a query-driven approach to visual tagging, focusing on the application of face tagging and clustering. We integrate active learning with query-driven probabilistic databases. Rather than asking a user to provide manual labels so as to minimize the uncertainty of labels (face tags) across the entire data set, we ask the user to provide labels that minimize the uncertainty of his/her query result (e.g., “How many times did Bob and Jim appear together? ”). We use a data-driven Gaussian process model of facial appearance to write the probabilistic estimates of facial identity into a probabilistic database, which can then support inference through query answering. Importantly, the database is augmented with contextual constraints (faces in the same image cannot be the same identity, while faces in the same track must be identical). Experiments on the real-world photo collections demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
IKONOS Image-Based Extraction of the Distribution Area of Stellera chamaejasme L. in Qilian County of Qinghai Province, China

Stellera chamaejasme L. (S. chamaejasme) is one of the primary toxic grass species (poisonous plants) distributed in the alpine meadows of Qinghai Province, China. In this study, according to the distinctive phenological characteristics of S. chamaejasme, the spectral differences between S. chamaejasme in the full-bloom stage and other pasture grasses were analyzed and the red, blue, and near-infrared bands of IKONOS image were determined as the diagnostic bands of S. chamaejasme recognition. Feature indexes related to S. chamaejasme were established using the diagnostic bands, and \(NDVI_{blue} = (\rho_{nir} − \rho_{blue})/(\rho_{nir} + \rho_{blue})\) obtained as S. chamaejasme sensitive index based on the linear regression analysis between the indexes derived from field spectra and the actual cover fraction of S. chamaejasme communities. The distribution area of S. chamaejasme was extracted by using the index \(NDVI_{blue}\) derived from IKONOS multispectral image in Qilian County of Qinghai Province, China and the verified result reached an overall accuracy of 90.71%. The study indicated that high resolution multispectral satellite images (such as IKONOS images) had significant potential in remote sensing recognition of toxic grass species.
Nanometer-Scale Chemistry of a Calcite Biomineralization Template: Implications for Skeletal Composition and Nucleation

Significance Many marine organisms build complex CaCO3 shells, which record an archive of past climate in their trace chemistry. Organic–mineral interactions are a crucial, poorly understood aspect of shell formation, which may alter shell composition and bias climate records. We map the chemistry of an organic template preserved within a type of shell that is widely used in studies of past climate. We find that the organic template embedded within this shell is enriched in Na and Mg, and can locally influence shell composition. Atom-scale maps of template chemistry offer a detailed view of the chemical interactions at an organic mineral template, and suggest that elements other than Ca2+ may be important in defining the energetics of CaCO3 nucleation during biomineralization. Plankton, corals, and other organisms produce calcium carbonate skeletons that are integral to their survival, form a key component of the global carbon cycle, and record an archive of past oceanographic conditions in their geochemistry. A key aspect of the formation of these biominerals is the interaction between organic templating structures and mineral precipitation processes. Laboratory-based studies have shown that these atomic-scale processes can profoundly influence the architecture and composition of minerals, but their importance in calcifying organisms is poorly understood because it is difficult to measure the chemistry of in vivo biomineral interfaces at spatially relevant scales. Understanding the role of templates in biomineral nucleation, and their importance in skeletal geochemistry requires an integrated, multiscale approach, which can place atom-scale observations of organic-mineral interfaces within a broader structural and geochemical context. Here we map the chemistry of an embedded organic template structure within a carbonate skeleton of the foraminifera Orbulina universa using both atom probe tomography (APT), a 3D chemical imaging technique with Ångström-level spatial resolution, and time-of-flight secondary ionization mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), a 2D chemical imaging technique with submicron resolution. We quantitatively link these observations, revealing that the organic template in O. universa is uniquely enriched in both Na and Mg, and contributes to intraskeletal chemical heterogeneity. Our APT analyses reveal the cation composition of the organic surface, offering evidence to suggest that cations other than Ca2+, previously considered passive spectator ions in biomineral templating, may be important in defining the energetics of carbonate nucleation on organic templates.
Secure two-party k-means clustering

The k-Means Clustering problem is one of the most-explored problems in data mining to date. With the advent of protocols that have proven to be successful in performing single database clustering, the focus has shifted in recent years to the question of how to extend the single database protocols to a multiple database setting. To date there have been numerous attempts to create specific multiparty k-means clustering protocols that protect the privacy of each database, but according to the standard cryptographic definitions of "privacy-protection," so far all such attempts have fallen short of providing adequate privacy. In this paper we describe a Two-Party k-Means Clustering Protocol that guarantees privacy, and is more efficient than utilizing a general multiparty "compiler" to achieve the same task. In particular, a main contribution of our result is a way to compute efficiently multiple iterations of k-means clustering without revealing the intermediate values. To achieve this, we show two techniques: to perform two-party division and to sample uniformly at random from an unknown domain size; the resulting Division Protocol and Random Value Protocol are of use to any protocol that requires the secure computation of a quotient or random sampling. Our techniques can be realized based on the existence of any semantically secure homomorphic encryption scheme. For concreteness, we describe our protocol based on Paillier Homomorphic Encryption scheme (see [21]). We will also demonstrate that our protocol is efficient in terms of communication, remaining competitive with existing protocols (such as [13]) that fail to protect privacy.
Gazing into the oracle : the Delphi method and its application to social policy and public health

Part 1. Theory and Methods. 1. The Delphi Method and its Contribution to Decision-Making, Erio Ziglio. 2. Theoretical, Methodological and Practical Issues Arising out of the Delphi Method, Armando Rotondi and David Gustafson. 3. Computer-Based Delphi Processes, Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz. Part 2. Applications. 4. A Comprehensive Study of the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Advances in Biochemical and Behavioural Research and Technology, Peter Goldschmidt. 5. The Use of the Delphi Method in Construdcting Scenarios on the Future of Mental Health and Mental Health Care, Rob Bijl. 6. Delphi Techniques and Planning of Social Services: The Prevention of Dependency Among the Old, Giovanni Bertin. 7. Alternative Approaches to the Computerisation of Social Security: Reflections on a Delphi Exercise, Michael Adler and Roy Sainsbury. 8. The Use of the Delphi Method in Forecasting Accidents in the Year 2000, Ed van Beeck. 9. Delphi Esitamates on Clients' Perceptions of Family Planning Services, Mauro Niero and Alex Robertson. 10. Concluding Remarks, Michael Adler and Erio Ziglio. List of Contributors. Subject Index. Author Index.
Integrating software project resources using source code identifiers

Source code identifiers such as classes, methods, and fields appear in many different contexts. For instance, a developer performing a task using the android.app. Activity class could consult various project resources including the class's source file, API documentation, issue tracker, mailing list discussions, code reviews, or questions on Stack Overflow. These information sources are logically connected by the source code elements they describe, but are generally decoupled from each other. This has historically been tolerated by developers, since there was no obvious way to easily navigate between the data sources. However, it is now common for these sources to have web-based front ends that provide a standard mechanism (the browser) for viewing and interacting with the data they contain. Augmenting these front ends with hyperlinks and search would make development easier by allowing developers to quickly navigate between disparate sources of information about the same code element. In this paper, we propose a method of automatically linking disparate information repositories with an emphasis on high precision. We also propose a method of augmenting web-based front ends with these links to make it easier for developers to quickly gain a comprehensive view of the source code elements they are investigating. Research challenges include identifying source code tokens in the midst of natural language text and incomplete code fragments, dynamically augmenting the web views of the data repositories, and supporting novel composition of the link data to provide comprehensive views for specific source code elements.
Reducing The Prevalence And Severity Of Injurious Pecking n Laying Hens Without Beak Trimming

Yumurtaci tavuklarda tuyler, kloaka ve kanibalistik gagalama ile kuyruk tuyu cekme davranislarini tanimlamak icin kullanilan yaralayici gagalamalarin siddeti cok hafif birkac tuy cekiminden kanibalizm ve olume yol acacak kadar onemli olabilir. Kafeste yetistirilen tavuklarda gorulse de, kanibalizm ve buna bagli olumler derin altlik, izgara altlik gibi kapali sistemler ile kusluklu ve serbest dolasimli-free range gibi alternatif sistemlerde daha fazla karsilasilmaktadir. Kotu huylu yaralayici gagalama davranislari aci, agri, stres ve yaralanmalara yol acip hastaliklara yakalanma riskini artirmaktadir. Ayni zamanda yumurta verimi ve yemden yararlanma yetenegini dusurdugunden yaralayici gagalamalar hayvan refahi ve uretim ekonomisini olumsuz yonde etkilemektedir. Gunumuz yumurta uretiminde tavuklarda tuy cekme ve gagalamayi onlemek icin gaga kesimi ve dusuk aydinlatma yogunlugu yaygin olarak kullanilsa da her iki yontemde hayvan refahina uygun olmadiklari icin elestirilmektedir. Gaga kesimi bazi Avrupa ulkelerinde hali hazirda yasak olup, digerlerinde ise 2011 yilinda yasaklanmasi beklenmektedir. Gaga kesimi yasagi ve 2012 yilinda baslayacak kafeste yumurta uretimi yasagi ile birlikte tavukculukta yaralayici tuy cekme ve kanibalizm vakalarinda onemli bir artis beklenmektedir. Bundan dolayi tavuklarda yaralayici gagalama vakalarini onlemek acilen alternatif yontemlerin gelistirilmesi gerekmektedir
Stem Cell Stories 1998–2008

For stem cells, the future is now. Future-oriented expectations are an organizing principle of stem cell innovation. As many commentators agree, stem cells are inextricably linked with stories of hope and promise, as well as of risk and disappointment. In the stem cell field, stories of breakthroughs are widely recognized—commercially, politically, and in the media. Having a good story to tell is crucial to fundraising for research, be it public or private, and for making the field ‘acceptable to the public’. At the same time ‘over-hyping’ the new therapeutic promises of this rapidly expanding sector of bio-innovation is assessed as a major risk (Braude et al., 2005). ‘Hope not hype? ’ is the interrogative slogan of the Medical Research Council (MRC), the UK’s principal public funding body for stem cell science. And to make sure that investors also get the message right, an industrial network meeting on commercialization of stem cell therapies was recently held under the banner ‘The hype has gone! ’ Hope, hype and promise are structuring scientific innovation; these stories are also organizing the responses of its many public audiences. Closely related to these themes is the narrative character of scientific discovery. As analyzed in an earlier special issue of Science as Culture, entitled ‘Procreation Stories’, narrative structures animate the unfolding of events by aligning the future and the past with value-laden expectations (Franklin & McNeil, 1993). Especially prominent is the belief in scientific progress, with its accompanying moral economy of health enhancement, manifest destiny and new frontiers to be conquered. Likewise, a recent special issue Science as Culture Vol. 17, No. 1, 1–11, March 2008
Secure Multiparty Data Sharing in the Cloud Using Hardware-Based TPM Devices

The trend towards Cloud computing infrastructure has increased the need for new methods that allow data owners to share their data with others securely taking into account the needs of multiple stakeholders. The data owner should be able to share confidential data while delegating much of the burden of access control management to the Cloud and trusted enterprises. The lack of such methods to enhance privacy and security may hinder the growth of cloud computing. In particular, there is a growing need to better manage security keys of data shared in the Cloud. BYOD provides a first step to enabling secure and efficient key management, however, the data owner cannot guarantee that the data consumers device itself is secure. Furthermore, in current methods the data owner cannot revoke a particular data consumer or group efficiently. In this paper, we address these issues by incorporating a hardware-based Trusted Platform Module (TPM) mechanism called the Trusted Extension Device (TED) together with our security model and protocol to allow stronger privacy of data compared to software-based security protocols. We demonstrate the concept of using TED for stronger protection and management of cryptographic keys and how our secure data sharing protocol will allow a data owner (e.g, author) to securely store data via untrusted Cloud services. Our work prevents keys to be stolen by outsiders and/or dishonest authorised consumers, thus making it particularly attractive to be implemented in a real-world scenario.
Victim Awareness and Trauma Management in Metropolitan Police Services

Municipal policing is part of government's effort to increase the numbers of police officers in South Africa's cities. 2 Metropolitan Police Services have been established in five of South Africa's six metropolitan municipalities – eThekwini (Durban), Johannesburg, Cape Town, Tshwane (Pretoria) and Ekurhuleni. In most cities, the core personnel of the MPS are drawn from former traffic policing agencies. The legislated functions of the MPS are crime prevention, traffic policing and enforcement of municipal by-laws. Metro Police Officers (MPO's) are highly likely to encounter situations of conflict and violence during the discharge of their duties, and they need to be skilled in how to manage these situations; however, many of them have not been trained to deal with matters unrelated to traffic. Metro police officers are required to effectively interface with both perpetrators and victims of crime, including violent crimes like domestic abuse, assaults and sexual violence. Traumatised individuals are more likely to overcome their trauma rapidly if they receive immediate and appropriate assistance. Aid to victims should involve providing warmth, understanding and sensitivity to their trauma and needs. Failure to give proper help to victims may make them feel more hurt, angry and in some cases, may contribute to them becoming perpetrators of revenge violence. It is therefore important for police officers to offer victims appropriate treatment. Officers require training - or, at least, some orientation - on matters of victim awareness and trauma management, before assuming their duties. Apart from working with victims traumatised by crime, MP officers themselves are inevitably going to be exposed to high levels of stress, and direct and secondary incidence of trauma. The MP officers need to know how to manage themselves in the event that they become victims of violence or suffer symptoms of trauma. This can be done, in part, by the officers being able to understand the psychological impact of their work and recognise,
Schematic processing and self-reference in clinical depression.

Differences in self-schema content among 16 clinical depressives, 16 nondepressed psychiatric control patients, and 16 normal nondepressives (women between the ages of 18 and 65) were investigated by having subjects make structural (Small letters? ), semantic (Means same as a given word? ), and self-referent (Describes you? ) ratings on depressedand nondepressed-content personal adjectives. These ratings were then followed immediately by an incidental recall period in which subjects recalled as many of the adjectives as possible. In accord with predictions generated from a self-as-schema model, adjective recall was greater overall for the self-referent rating task, relative to the structural and semantic tasks. Furthermore, consistent with the content-specificity component of this self-schema model, both normal and nondepressed psychiatric controls displayed superior recall only for self-referenced, nondepressed-content adjectives. Also consistent with the content-specificity component of this model, clinical depressives displayed significantly enhanced recall only for depressed-content adjectives rated under the self-referent task. In combination with rating time findings, these results offer empirical support for Beck's proposal that an efficient negative self-schema exists, specific to the disorder of depression.
Does product recommendation meet its waterloo in unexplored categories?: no, price comes to help

State-of-the-art methods for product recommendation encounter significant performance drop in categories where a user has no purchase history. This problem needs to be addressed since current online retailers are moving beyond single category and attempting to be diversified. In this paper, we investigate the challenge problem of product recommendation in unexplored categories and discover that the price, a factor transferrable across categories, can improve the recommendation performance significantly. Through our investigation, we address four research questions progressively: 1) what is the impact of unexplored category on recommendation performance? 2) How to represent the price factor from the recommendation point of view? 3) What does price factor across categories mean to recommendation? 4) How to utilize price factor across categories for recommendation in unexplored categories? Based on a series of experiments and analysis conducted on a dataset collected from a leading E-commerce website, we discover valuable findings for the above four questions: first, unexplored categories cause performance drop by 40% relatively for current recommendation systems; second, the price factor can be represented as either a quantity for a product or a distribution for a user to improve performance; third, consumer behavior with respect to price factor across categories is complicated and needs to be carefully modeled; finally and most importantly, we propose a new method which encodes the two perspectives of the price factor. The proposed method significantly improves the recommendation performance in unexplored categories over the state-of-the-art baseline systems and shortens the performance gap by 43% relatively.