Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Child Labor: Cause, Consequence, and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards

At least 120 million of the world's children aged 5 to 14 worked full-time in 1995, most of them under hazardous, unhygienic conditions, for more than 10 hours a day. This is an old problem worldwide but particularly so in Third World countries in recent decades. What has changed, with globalization, is our awareness of these child laborers. (The International Labor Organization distinguishes between"child work,"which could include light household chores and could have some learning value, and"child labor,"a pejorative phrase.) By bringing together the main theoretical ideas, the author hopes to encourage both more theoretical research and empirical work with a better theoretical foundation. Among other things, the author observes that: a) The problem is most serious in Africa, where the child-labor participation rate is 26.2 percent. The rate is 12.8 percent in Asia. But since 1950, the trend is a decline in that participation rate worldwide. For most Latin American countries, the decline is notable but less marked than in Asia. In large parts of Africa, including Ethiopia, the problem has been extremely persistent, but even there the trend is downward. b) Child labor has not always been considered evil, and there is no consensus on why it began to decline. In some (not all) countries legislative acts declared it illegal, in some there were rules about compulsory education, and increasing prosperity generally made families less likely to experience poverty if their children weren't working. c) Mandating compulsory education is regarded as more effective than outlawing child labor, because attendance at school is easier to monitor, but some experts believe economic progress is the answer to the problem. The justification for many interventions is that the state is more concerned about the well-being of children than parents are; the author believes such an assumption to be wrong when child labor occurs as a mass phenomenon rather than as isolated abuse. The author argues that, in some economies, the market for labor may exhibit multiple equilibria, with one equilibrium having low adult wage and a high incidence of child labor and another equilibrium exhibiting high adult wage and no child labor. The model is used to provide a framework for analyzing the role of international labor standards.
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)

Agustinus Bimo Gumelar, Astri Yogatama, Derry Pramono Adi, Frismanda, Indar Sugiarto Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia Department of Communication Studies, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia Fakultas Ilmu Komputer, Universitas Narotama, Surabaya, Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia
Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from a Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas) in China

Many cases of Toxoplasma gondii infection have been reported worldwide in non-human primates (NHPs), especially in captive New World monkeys. However, few studies on toxoplasmosis in Old World monkeys have been conducted. In this study, serological and molecular biological analyses were carried out to look for T. gondii antibodies and T. gondii infection in 13 NHPs from China. T. gondii infection was confirmed in 8 NHP cases. T. gondii antibodies were detected in 1/5 New World monkeys and in 4/7 Old World monkeys. T. gondii DNA was detected in 3/5 New World monkeys and 5/7 Old World monkeys. The one ring-tailed lemur was negative for both antibodies and DNA of T. gondii. The most common clinical manifestations of T. gondii infection were malaise, poor appetite, emaciation, and foamy nasal discharge. The most common histopathological findings were interstitial pneumonia, necrotic hepatitis, necrotizing myocarditis, lymphadenitis, and necrotic splenitis. One viable T. gondii strain was successfully isolated from the myocardium of a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) by bioassay in mice. T. gondii tachyzoites were obtained from cell cultures and were designated as TgMonkeyCHn2. The genotype of this strain belongs to ToxoDB genotype #9, and the allele of ROP18/ROP5 gene was 3/6. TgMonkeyCHn2 tachyzoites were avirulent in Swiss mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fatal toxoplasmosis in a patas monkey. T. gondii infection in patas monkeys may indicate environmental contamination by oocysts. The patas monkey is a new host record for T. gondii.
Development of probability based rule curves for a reservoir

The probability based rule curves were developed for Mun Bon and Lam Chae reservoirs, Nakhon Ratchasima province, using 50 synthetic generated monthly inflow sequences of 48 years each. There were 4 levels of risk including 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 for each of the upper and the lower rule curves. Mun Bon reservoir used the actual water use for developing the probability based rule curves. Since Lam Chae reservoir was the newly constructed reservoir, only some part of the project was irrigated. Three water use scenarios were used for developing the probability based rule curves.Those were 100%, 75% and 50% of upland crop area. The probability based rule curves of Mun Bon and Lam Chae reservoirs were used in reservoir operation simulation using the proposed reservoir operating rules and the 48 years of monthly historical data, 1952-1999. The standard operating policy was also used in Mun Bon and Lam Chae reservoir operation simulation using the same set of data in order to see the effectiveness of the developed probability based rule curves. The simulation result showed that the failure indices in terms of the number of months, sum and sum squared of water shortage of the probability based rule curves were smaller than those of the standard operating policy.
Bimaterial interfaces in the south San Andreas Fault with opposite velocity contrasts NW and SE from San Gorgonio Pass

Analysis of fault zone head waves indicates the existence of two deep large‐scale bimaterial interfaces in the structure of the southern San Andreas Fault (SAF) with opposite sense of velocity contrast. One interface extends from the Cajon Pass area to the San Gorgonio Pass (SGP) region and is associated with a slower seismic velocity on the southwest side of the SAF. The second interface extends from the SGP region to the Coachella Valley and involves a slower seismic velocity on the northeast side. Tomographic imaging of alternating velocity structures supports the velocity contrast reversal across the SAF. The observations and expected properties of bimaterial ruptures suggest that earthquakes nucleating slightly to the NW and SE of SGP tend to propagate along the SAF in the opposite along‐strike directions. This is consistent with geological and seismological evidence in the Mojave and southernmost sections of the SAF.
Modelación Matemática de la capacidad de autodepuración de corrientes superficiales. Caso de estudio: Río Portoviejo, Ecuador

It is proposed a phenomenological model to describe the behavior of oxygen concentration with respect to distance from wastewater loading into the river. It taken into account processes associated with con-taminants biodegradation and oxygen transfer through interface air-water. The model was used to study contamination of Portoviejo River, Manabi, Ecuador. Experimental results were adjusted to an approx-imate solution of the obtained no-linear equations system, and it was possible to estimate parameters which are related with the capacity of self-purification of two river zones.
Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften Leipzig Quantifying Morphological Computation based on an Information Decomposition of the Sensorimotor Loop

The question how an agent is affected by its embodiment has attracted growing attention in recent years. A new field of artificial intelligence has emerged, which is based on the idea that intelligence cannot be understood without taking into account embodiment. We believe that a formal approach to quantifying the embodiment’s effect on the agent’s behaviour is beneficial to the fields of artificial life and artificial intelligence. The contribution of an agent’s body and environment to its behaviour is also known as morphological computation. Therefore, in this work, we propose a quantification of morphological computation, which is based on an information decomposition of the sensorimotor loop into shared, unique and synergistic information. In numerical simulation based on a formal representation of the sensorimotor loop, we show that the unique information of the body and environment is a good measure for morphological computation. The results are compared to our previously derived quantification of morphological computation.
Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften Leipzig Decay of Solutions of the Wave Equation in the Kerr Geometry

We consider the Cauchy problem for the scalar wave equation in the Kerr geometry for smooth initial data supported outside the event horizon. We prove that the solutions decay in time in L∞loc. The proof is based on a representation of the solution as an infinite sum over the angular momentum modes, each of which is an integral of the energy variable ω on the real line. This integral representation involves solutions of the radial and angular ODEs which arise in the separation of variables.
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO CENTRO DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR NA AGRICULTURA

SILVA, G. H. Chronic effects of silica nanoparticles in Vibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcaptata, Danio rerio and Allium cepa. 2014. 56 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2014. Scientific research using nanotechnology is a relatively recent development with a variety of potential applications in many fields of science. Within this field of research, many new products, with improved performances, have been developed. Despite increased research on its toxicity to ecosystem, the knowledge about this area is still limited. To evaluate the toxicity and genotoxicity of different sizes silica nanoparticles (SiNP) to the environment, different species, on different trophic levels (Vibrio fisheri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Danio rerio and Allium cepa) were exposed to TM40 (22 nm), HS30 (12 nm), SM30 (7 nm) with concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 163.8 g/L (TM40) and 0.29 to 122.85 g/L (HS30 and SM30), and the following parameters were monitored during exposure: production of bioluminescence (V. fischeri), growth rate (R. subcapitata), embryonic development and DNA damage (D. rerio) and germination rate, growth and DNA damage (A. cepa). Within each test SiNP present a size dependent chronic toxicity. The bioluminescence test present a EC50 of 29.11, 32.34 and 4.58 g/L for TM40, HS30 and SM30, respectively. For the growth rate assay the EC50 was 9.32, 9.07 and 7.93 g/L for TM40, HS30 and SM30, respectively. And for the zebra fish embryonic development test for TM40, HS30 and SM30, the EC50 was 5.85, 1.13 and 2.68 g/L respectively. All particles also induce phytotoxicity in A. cepa, growth and germination reduce significatively when expose to SiNP. Futhermore genotoxic effects were also induced by the particles for both A. cepa and D. rerio. Therefore, SiNP can cause toxicity to the environment and size can strongly influence this toxicity.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLID STATE

In the paper, a theoretical calculation of the coefficient of thermal conductivity of solid solutions of PbSnTe was carried out. The contribution of phonon scattering on substitution atoms to the effect of reducing thermal conductivity has been established. The composition of the PbSnTe solid solution, characterized by the lowest values of the lattice component of the thermal conductivity coefficient k lat , was determined. The concentration of intrinsic charge carriers in solid solutions is calculated and their influence on the thermoelectric parameters of the material is shown.
Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on cardiovascular adaptation to exercise training

enzyme inhibition Abstract Angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) activity may be one determinant of adaptability to exercise training, but well- controlled studies in humans without confounding conditions are lacking. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether ACE inhibition affects cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training in healthy humans. Healthy participants of both genders (40 ± 7 years) completed a randomized, double- blind, placebo- controlled trial. Eight weeks of exercise training combined with placebo (PLA, n = 25) or ACE inhibitor (ACEi, n = 23) treatment was carried out. Before and after the intervention, cardiovascular characteristics were investigated. Mean arterial blood pressure was reduced ( p < 0.001) by −5.5 [−8.4; −2.6] mmHg in ACE i , whereas the 0.7 [−2.0; 3.5] mmHg fluctuation in PLA was non- significant. Maximal oxygen uptake increased ( p < 0.001) irrespective of ACE inhibitor treatment by 13 [8; 17] % in ACE i and 13 [9; 17] % in PLA. In addition, skeletal muscle endurance increased ( p < 0.001) to a similar extent in both groups, with magnitudes of 82 [55; 113] % in ACE i and 74 [48; 105] % in PLA. In contrast, left atrial volume decreased ( p < 0.05) by −9 [−16; −2] % in ACE i , but increased ( p < 0.01) by 14 [5; 23] % in PLA. Total hemoglobin mass was reduced ( p < 0.01) by −3 [−6; −1] % in ACE i , while a non-significant numeric increase of 2 [−0.4; 4] % existed in PLA. The lean mass remained constant in ACE i but
Evaluation of Incident Detection Methodologies

The detection of freeway incidents is an essential element of an area's traffic management system. Incidents need to be detected and handled as promptly as possible to minimize delay to the public. Various algorithms and detection technologies are examined to determine which combinations offer optimal detection performance. The objectives of this research are to compile, compare, rank, and recommend incident detection strategies in use today. Incident management and its components are described in this report to provide background. Extensive literature reviews, site visits, and interviews have been conducted and continue to be pursued as new incident detection schemes emerge. The most prevalent and practical incident detection algorithms are coded into software for testing and performance comparison. Large amounts of traffic data have been acquired for input into detection algorithms. An integrated incident detection data and algorithm fusion model is proposed as well. This model can be used both as a management tool and as a method to combine data sources and algorithms in ways that take advantage of their respective strengths in differing circumstances. The status of tasks that are required to complete this work is also described.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS (SCHER)

On 13 June 2003, the Dutch authorities notified within the framework of the “98/34 procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations and of rules on information society services” a draft text by which the Pesticides Licensing Board (PLB) intends to extend application of the standards and criteria laid down in the Decree on environmental licensing requirements for pesticides.
Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks SCENIHR Effects of the Active Substances in Biocidal Products on Antibiotic Resistance Version of 4 November 2008 for public consultation

Serious concerns about the resistance of nosocomial, community-acquired and foodborne pathogens to antibiotics have been growing for a number of years at both national and international levels. Resistance of bacterial pathogens to antibiotics has increased worldwide, leading to treatment failures in human and animal infectious diseases. Bacteria have the capacity to adapt rapidly to new environmental conditions and can survive exposure to antimicrobials by using a battery of resistance mechanisms. The frequency of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has increased in concert with increasing usage of antimicrobial compounds. Bacterial resistance against different types of biocides has been reported and characterized only relatively recently when compared to our understanding of antibiotic resistance. Some resistance mechanisms are common to both biocides and antibiotics. Scientific evidence from bacteriological, biochemical and genetic data does indicate that the use of active molecules in biocidal products may contribute to the increased occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The selective stress exerted by biocides may favour bacteria expressing resistance mechanisms and their dissemination. Some biocides have the capacity to maintain the presence of mobile genetic elements that carry genes involved in cross-resistance between biocides and antibiotics. The dissemination of these mobile elements, their genetic organisation and the formation of biofilms, provide conditions that could create a potential risk of development of cross-resistance between antibiotics and biocides. To date, the lack of precise data, in particular on quantities of biocides used, makes it impossible to determine which biocides create the highest risk of generating antibiotic resistance. However, horizontal gene transfer and overlapping genetic cascades of regulation that can be stimulated by external chemical compounds such asbiocides are likely triggers of bacterial resistance. In view of the large and increasing use of biocides and the continuous increase of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, data and methodologies are urgently needed to clearly characterize the risk, especially: a) Quantitative data on exposure to biocides: "in use" and residual concentrations, environmental conditions (e.g. water, soiling, exposure time, temperature, pH, etc.), change in microbial population, dissemination of resistant determinants (horizontal transfer) and potential synergies or interactions with other molecules. b) Standards and methods to evaluate the ability of a biocide to induce/select for resistance against biocides and antibiotics. Surveillance programmes using these standardized methods must be developed to monitor the level of resistance and cross resistance in all areas of biocide usage.
Evaluation the Severity of AquaticEnvironments Desertification

Thisinvestigationhasbeenconductedtofindcriteriasuitable to p l a c e aquatic environmentsin oneofthe desertificationclasses. Thecriteria suggested put t i n g the aquatic ecosystems in five degree of severity. These areslight, moderate, severe, verysevere and exceptionally or catastrophic. These depend on the main reasons which cause aquatic ecosystems deterioration as follow: 1. Slight desertification has high plankton population , underexploited , no pollution, excellent*D.O levels , salinity values less than 0.5 ppt , PH = 7.00 and productivity reduceless than10 % 2. Moderate hasmoderate plankton population, moderately exploited , slight pollution, very high D.O levels ,, salinity values 0.5 -17 ppt and pH =8.069 and productivity reduce 25% 3. Severe, low plankton population, fully exploited, low pollution, high D.O levels , salinity values 16 ppt , slight decrease in pH from 8.069 and productivity reduce 50 % 4. Very severe, slight plankton population. Overexploited. moderate pollution Moderate D.O levels, salinity values 32 – 37 ppt, pH more decrease in pH 8.069 productivity reduce 75 % 5. Exceptionally or catastrophic, noplankton population , depleted , High pollution low D.O levels , salinity values more than 37 ppt ,high decrease in pH PH 8.069 andzero productivity. These criteria could be usedtoplace any aquatice c o s y s t em inoneofthe desertificationclasses.
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Spectroscopy of the O VI Resonance Doublet in Sand 2 (WO)

We present Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer spectroscopy of Sand 2, an LMC WO-type Wolf-Rayet star, revealing the O VI resonance P Cygni doublet at 1032-1038 Å. These data are combined with Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph ultraviolet and Mount Stromlo 2.3 m optical spectroscopy and analyzed using a spherical, non-LTE, line-blanketed code. Our study reveals exceptional stellar parameters: T* ~ 150,000 K, v∞ = 4100 km s-1, log(L/L☉) = 5.3, and = 1 × 10-5 M☉ yr-1, if we adopt a volume filling factor of 10%. Elemental abundances of C/He ~ 0.7 ± 0.2 and O/He ~ 0.15 by number qualitatively support previous recombination line studies. We confirm that Sand 2 is more chemically enriched in carbon than LMC WC stars and that it is expected to undergo a supernova explosion within the next 5 × 104 yr.
DDH181 1677..1692

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide University/Hanson Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia and Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Urology and Preventative Medicine, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Computational Social Choice: Spring 2009

Plan for Today Much of social choice theory is about the problems associated with aggregating preferences (linear orders, utility functions, . . . ). Today we will look into the problem of aggregating judgements: truth assignments to logically interconnected propositions. • Doctrinal Paradox : a first example demonstrating that JA is difficult (inspired by work in Law and Economics) • Impossibility Result: a set of reasonable axioms and a theorem showing that there can be no JA procedure satisfying them all • Conditions under which we can circumvent impossibilities • Procedures for JA, each satisfying a subset of the axioms Much of this lecture is based on the tutorial paper by List (2008). Ch. List. Judgment Aggregation: A Short Introduction. Manuscript, London School of Economics, 2008.
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Over 30 years the Gram-positive bacterium Priestia megaterium (previously known as Bacillus megaterium ) was systematically developed for biotechnological applications ranging from the production of small molecules like vitamin B 12 , over polymers like polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) up to the in vivo and in vitro synthesis of multiple proteins and finally whole cell applications. Here we describe the use of the natural vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) producer P. megaterium for the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway and the subsequent systematic knowledge-based development for production purposes. The formation of PHB, a natural product of P. megaterium and potential petro-plastic substitute, is covered and discussed. Further important biotechnological characteristics of P. megaterium for recombinant protein production including high protein secretion capacity and simple cultivation on value-added carbon sources are outlined. This includes the advanced system with almost 30 commercially available expression vectors for the intracellular and extracellular production of recombinant proteins at the g/L scale. We also revealed a novel P. megaterium transcription-translation system as a complementary and versatile biotechnological tool kit. As an impressive biotechnology application, the formation of various cytochrome P450 is also critically highlighted. Finally, whole cellular applications in plant protection are completing the overall picture of P.