Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PRIVATE SANCTIONS

We survey a representative sample of the U.S. population to understand stakeholders’ desire to see their firms exit Russia after the invasion of Ukraine. 61% of respondents think that firms should exit Russia, regardless of the consequences. Only 37% think that leaving Russia is a purely business decision. If a firm does not conform with these desires, 66% of the respondents are willing to boycott it. This desire diminishes with the costs they face in boycotting. At $500, 43% would want to boycott. This propensity to boycott is high, even for participants who are told they have no impact, suggesting strong deontological concerns. Nevertheless, it is difficult to separate deontological and consequentialist motives to boycott, because subjects’ beliefs about “impact” are highly correlated with their willingness to act “whatever the consequences”. When we randomize beliefs about impact, we find a clear effect for shareholders, but not for the other stakeholders. We discuss what are the geopolitical and economic implications of a world where private corporations may discontinue profitable business relationships for moral or political reasons. Oliver D. Hart Department of Economics Littauer Center 220 Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 and NBER ohart@harvard.edu David Thesmar MIT Sloan School of Management 100 Main Street, E62-632 Cambridge, MA 02142 and NBER thesmar@mit.edu Luigi Zingales Booth School of Business The University of Chicago 5807 S. Woodlawn Avenue Chicago, IL 60637 and NBER luigi.zingales@ChicagoBooth.edu
Exchange Rate Pass-Through in a Small Open Economy: Panel Evidence from Hong Kong

This paper presents estimates of exchange rate pass-through derived from a panel of very disaggregated import unit-values to Hong Kong. The estimation approach builds on that utilized by Knetter (1989, 1993) to study export pricing and pricing to market. The three-dimensional data set examined comprises Hong Kong's top eight floating exchange rate trading partners, and twenty-one of the top five-digit SITC imports since 1992. Pass-through estimates for Hong Kong imply relatively faster import price adjustment than is typically found for larger, less open economies. These estimates are robust to a number of sensitivity tests. Finally these results confirm, from a different perspective, findings by Parsley (2001) that deviations from the law of one price play a relatively smaller role in real exchange rate movements for Hong Kong than for other East Asian countries.
Architecture and Design

The Russian-Ukrainian war proved that sustainability of the “architecture of the post-war world” is non-existent. The problems of humanity, which were accumulating and not solved for years, reached a top point. War in all of its hybrid forms causes destruction to Ukrainian cities and villages, traumatization and death of people, mass migration of the population, and the loss of cultural values. Overcoming the consequences of the war in Ukraine after its end will require a lot of human effort and time. A discourse aimed at rethinking pre-war Ukraine and fill-ing architecture and design with new meanings was opened in public space. The article attempts to systematize the contents of this discourse. A complete reformation of international relations awaits the world. In the world space Ukraine becomes an active subject of the develop-ment of post-war world architecture. It is important to develop a concept and strategy for the recovery of Ukraine. The state must have a general joint vision of the future and clear stages of implementation of specific projects and plans. State strategy makes possible to solve urgent tasks re-lated to providing housing for hundreds of thousands of people who lost their homes and overcome other consequences of the war. Universal design is gaining special relevance. The war actualizes the social cohesion and integration of people with disabilities, opens and develops their po-tential. Understanding disability as an aspect of human diversity should become the basis of the new social policy of the state
Prevalence and predictive value of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies for future development of rheumatoid arthritis in early undifferentiated arthritis

The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and predictive value of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein (CCP) antibodies as a diagnostic marker for future development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a cohort of patients presenting with undifferentiated arthritis (UA). The study comprised 69 patients (22 males and 47 females) presenting with UA, and 66 healthy subjects as control group. For all patients the following parameters were assessed: swollen joint count (SJC), tender joint count (TJC), and duration of morning stiffness in minutes. Baseline laboratory investigations included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) first hour, C-reactive protein (CRP), complete blood count, complete liver and kidney function tests, urine analysis, anti-nuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor (RF), and anti-CCP antibodies. Positive correlations were observed between anti-CCP versus SJC, TJC (p = 0.001), duration of morning stiffness (p = 0.04), ESR first hour, and bone erosive changes (p = 0.001). Anti-CCP showed sensitivity of 57%, specificity of 37.9%, positive predictive value of 65.1%, and negative predictive value of 39.3%. Sensitivity and positive predictive values of anti-CCP are close to those observed for RF. In patients presenting with UA, anti-CCP antibodies may allow prediction of RA, thereby allowing early individualized therapeutic decisions.
A new record of a tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 breeding female in the coast of Campeche, Mexico

The tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is native to the Indo-West Pacific Ocean, covering the east coast of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, China, the Sea of Japan, New Guinea and Australia. A new report was recorded on the capture in the wild of a female tiger shrimp P. monodon in conditions of reproductive maturity on the coast of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. The specimen was captured by a trawler operating near the coast of Campeche, in front of Carmen Island. The specimen was identified using dichotomous keys, additionally corroborated with analysis of the sequence of a fragment of 650 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), and compared with the sequence of P. monodon reported in GenBank. The specimen was deposited in the National Collection of Crustaceans of the Institute of Biology of the UNAM. Histological analysis of the gonads revealed that the organism was in a reproductive condition as ovaries contained oocytes in an advanced development state. The molecular data (sequenced fragments F and R) were identical with the COI sequence of P. monodon deposited in GenBank, thus confirming the presence of P. monodon from the coasts of Isla del Carmen, Campeche.
Taiwan

Under what conditions would the democracies in Northeast Asia seek to join the nuclear weapons club? Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are threshold nuclear powers by virtue of their robust civilian nuclear-energy programmes. All three once pursued nuclear weapons and all face nuclear-armed adversaries. Fitzpatrick's latest book analyses these past nuclear pursuits and current proliferation drivers. It considers how long it would take each to build a nuclear weapon if such a fateful decision were made but does not predict such a scenario. Unlike when each previously went down a nuclear path, democracy and a free press now prevail as barriers to building bombs in the basement. Reliance on US defence commitments is a better security alternative – as long as such guarantees remain credible. But extended deterrence is not a barrier to proliferation of sensitive nuclear technologies. Nuclear hedging by its Northeast Asian partners will challenge Washington's nuclear diplomacy.
Xyrichtys pastellus, a new razorfish from the southwest Pacific, with discussion of the related X. sciistius and X. woodi

Five species of razorfishes of the genus Xyrichtys are known from the central and western Pacific: X. woodi from the Hawaiian Islands; X. sciistius (formerly a synonym of X. woodi) from Japan and Taiwan; X. pastellus, described as new from two specimens from Lord Howe Island and three from Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, New South Wales; X. halsteadi from Papua New Guinea to Tahiti; and X. koteamea from Easter Island. The first three form a com- plex of closely related species that are distinguished mainly by color, but also by DNA. In addition, X. woodi has a lower modal gill-raker count than the other two sister species.
Gastrointestinal Helminths of the Oriental Leaf-Toed Gecko, Hemidactylus bowringii (Squamata: Gekkonidae), from Hong Kong, China

Abstract The digestive tracts of 29 Hemidactylus bowringii from Hong Kong, China were examined for helminths. One species of Cestoda, Oochoristica javaensis, two species of Nematoda, Parapharyngodon maplestoni and Spauligodon hemidactylus, and one species of Acanthocephala, Acanthocephalus bufonis, were found. These helminths are opportunistic generalists that infect other lizard species and each species represents a new helminth record for H. bowringii. Hong Kong, China is a new locality record for O. javaensis, P. maplestoni, and S. hemidactylus.
Preliminary study on geographical distribution and evolutionary relationships between cultivated and wild adzuki bean (Vigna angularis var. angularis and var. nipponensis) by AFLP analysis

Abstract A set of 146 representative adzuki (Vigna angularis var. angularis and var. nipponensis) germplasm from six Asian countries with a tradition of adzuki bean production, together with an outgroup standard rice bean (Vigna umbellata), were analysed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) methodology using 12 informative primer pairs. A total of 313 unambiguous polymorphic bands were created. According to the dendrogram, using cluster analysis based on AFLP banding, 143 of the accessions were distinct and revealed enough genetic diversity for identification and classification of accessions within Vigna angularis. A neighbour-joining tree was generated using the newly developed Innan's nucleotide diversity estimate from the AFLP data. From analysis, seven distinct evolutionary groups, named ‘Chinese cultivated’, ‘Japanese cultivated’, ‘Japanese complex-Korean cultivated’, ‘Chinese wild’, ‘China Taiwan wild’, ‘Nepal- Bhutan cultivated’ and ‘Himalayan wild’, were detected. Nucleotide diversity with geographical distribution of each group is discussed, regarding the evolutionary relationships between wild and cultivated adzuki beans. The preliminary results indicated that cultivated adzuki beans have been domesticated from at least four progenitors with at least three geographical origins.
The evolution of genome size and distinct distribution patterns of rDNA in Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae)

1Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 40453 Taichung, Taiwan, ROC 2Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan, ROC 3Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 115 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 4Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 5Yunnan Academy of Forestry, Kunming, People’s Republic of China 6Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 327, Taiwan, ROC
Evidence for the random singlet phase in the honeycomb iridate 
SrIr2O6

Pengbo Song,1, 2, 3 Kejia Zhu,4, 1 Fan Yang,5 Yuan Wei,1, 3 Lu Zhang,1, 3 Huaixin Yang,1, 3, 6 Xian-Lei Sheng,5 Yang Qi,7, 8 Jiamin Ni,8 Shiyan Li,8 Yanchun Li,9 Guanghan Cao,10, 11, 12 Zi Yang Meng,1, 13 Wei Li,5, 14 Youguo Shi,1, 2, 15, ∗ and Shiliang Li1, 3, 15, † 1Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 2Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 4School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601 P. R. China 5School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 6Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Co., Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu, 213300, People’s Republic of China 7Center for Field Theory and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 8State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China 9Multidiscipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China 10Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China 11Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Devices, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, and State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China 12Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China 13Department of Physics and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China 14International Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Being 100191, China 15Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
Implementation of Pavement Defect Detection System on Edge Computing Platform

Road surfaces in Taiwan, as well as other developed countries, often experience structural failures, such as patches, bumps, longitudinal and lateral cracking, and potholes, which cause discomfort and pose direct safety risks to motorists. To minimize damage to vehicles from pavement defects or provide the corresponding comfortable ride promotion strategy later, in this study, we developed a pavement defect detection system using a deep learning perception scheme for implementation on Xilinx Edge AI platforms. To increase the detection distance and accuracy of pavement defects, two cameras with different fields of view, at 70∘ and 30∘, respectively, were used to capture the front views of a car, and then the YOLOv3 (you only look once, version 3) model was employed to recognize the pavement defects, such as potholes, cracks, manhole covers, patches, and bumps. In addition, to promote continuous pavement defect recognition rate, a tracking-via-detection strategy was employed, which first detects pavement defects in each frame and then associates them to different frames using the Kalman filter method. Thus, the average detection accuracy of the pothole category could reach 71%, and the miss rate was about 29%. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed detection strategy, experiments were conducted on an established Taiwan pavement defect image dataset (TPDID), which is the first dataset for Taiwan pavement defects. Moreover, different AI methods were used to detect the pavement defects for quantitative comparative analysis. Finally, a field-programmable gate-array-based edge computing platform was used as an embedded system to implement the proposed YOLOv3-based pavement defect detection system; the execution speed reached 27.8 FPS while maintaining the accuracy of the original system model.
The Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality in Socially Deprived Urban Areas in Hong Kong, China

Background Poverty is a major determinant of population health, but little is known about its role in modifying air pollution effects. Objectives We set out to examine whether people residing in socially deprived communities are at higher mortality risk from ambient air pollution. Methods This study included 209 tertiary planning units (TPUs), the smallest units for town planning in the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China. The socioeconomic status of each TPU was measured by a social deprivation index (SDI) derived from the proportions of the population with a) unemployment, b) monthly household income < US$250, c) no schooling at all, d) one-person household, e) never-married status, and f ) subtenancy, from the 2001 Population Census. TPUs were classified into three levels of SDI: low, middle, and high. We performed time-series analysis with Poisson regression to examine the association between changes in daily concentrations of ambient air pollution and daily number of deaths in each SDI group for the period from January 1996 to December 2002. We evaluated the differences in pollution effects between different SDI groups using a case-only approach with logistic regression. Results We found significant associations of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm, and ozone with all nonaccidental and cardiovascular mortality in areas of middle or high SDI (p < 0.05). Health outcomes, measured as all nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, in people residing in high SDI areas were more strongly associated with SO2 and NO2 compared with those in middle or low SDI areas. Conclusions Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation increases mortality risks associated with air pollution.
Proximal-Type Epithelioid Sarcoma: Report of an Unusual Case in the Uterine Cervix

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm (less than 1% of all sarcomas) with epithelioid morphology. Among the 2 subtypes, proximal represents only one-third of cases and commonly involves deep tissues of pelvic region, including the perineum, genital area, and groin, and occurs more frequently in older patients who present a more aggressive course. In the female genital tract, proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma (PES) mainly affects the vulva and is extremely uncommon in the uterus. To our knowledge, only a few cases of PES involving the cervix and uterine body have been previously reported in the literature. We report a 23-year-old woman who presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding. She was found to have a cervical mass, which was resected and diagnosed as a hemangioendothelioma. However, 2 months later, the mass recurred and the histopathological analysis at our institution demonstrated a PES confined to the uterine cervix. It is important to include this neoplasm in the differential diagnosis of epithelioid tumors that can involve the female genital tract because it has a significant impact on prognosis and treatment.
Five-year Favorable Outcome of Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis in the 2000s: Data from the ESPOIR Cohort

Objective. To report the 5-year outcome of a large prospective cohort of patients with very early rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to identify factors predictive of outcome. Methods. Patients were recruited if they had early arthritis of < 6 months’ duration, had a high probability of developing RA, and had never been prescribed disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) or steroids. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors that predict outcome. Results. We included 813 patients from December 2002 to April 2005. Age was 48.1 ± 12.6 years, delay before referral 103.1 ± 52.4 days, 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) 5.1 ± 1.3, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) 1.0 ± 0.7; 45.8% and 38.7% had rheumatoid factor or antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), respectively; 22% had hand or foot erosions; 78.5% fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria for RA at baseline and 93.8% during followup. At 5 years, 573 patients were evaluated. The outcome was mild for most patients: disease activity (median DAS28 = 2.5) and HAQ disability (median 0.3) were well controlled over time; 50.6% achieved DAS28 remission and 64.7% low disease activity. Radiographic progression was low (2.9 Sharp unit/year) and only a few patients required joint surgery. Nevertheless, some patients developed new comorbidities. During the 5 years, 82.7% of patients had received at least 1 DMARD (methotrexate, 65.9%), 18.3% a biological DMARD, and about 60% prednisone at least once. Anti-CCP was the best predictor of remaining in the cohort for 5 years, of prescription of synthetic or biologic DMARD, and of radiographic progression. Conclusion. The 5-year outcome of an early RA cohort in the 2000s was described. Anti-CCP was a robust predictor of outcome. The generally good 5-year outcome could be related to early referral and early effective treatment, key processes in the management of early RA in daily practice.
The Assessment of High-Risk Sexual Behavior and Self-Presentation Concerns

Objective: This project developed a new questionnaire format to facilitate the self-report of risky sexual behavior. This new format asked participants whether they or their partners initiated various sexual behaviors. It was predicted that allowing respondents to attribute their behaviors to others would facilitate the disclosure of risky sex. Method: College student participants were randomly assigned to one of two sexual behavior questionnaire formats (Initiation vs Standard). Results: Individuals assigned to the Initiation Questionnaire format, in comparison to Standard format, reported significantly more sexual partners during the past 1 and 3 months. Women reported significantly more unprotected oral sex during the previous 3 months using the Initiation format. Participants not in a committed relationship reported significantly more unprotected vaginal intercourse in the Initiation condition during the previous 1 and 3 months. Conclusion: The Initiation Questionnaire format may facilitate the self-report of risky sexual behavior.
Can Inoculation Work Against the Spiral of Silence? A Study of Public Opinion on the Future of Taiwan

This study explores the relationships between inoculation and the spiral of silence theories. Inoculation strategies were employed to mitigate the process of the spiral of silence, especially focusing on resistance to counter-attitudinal attack, attitudinal confidence, willingness to speak out, fear of isolation, and change of attitude. A field experiment was conducted in a two-wave survey of randomly sampled citizens in Taiwan. The issue employed was Taiwan's political future in relation to the People's Republic of China. Results are consistent with major inoculation findings and support the study's core hypotheses: Inoculation treatments enhanced people's resistance to attitude change. People who received an inoculation pre-treatment, as compared with those who did not, became more confident in their attitude over time, more willing to speak out on behalf of one's attitudes, and more likely to overtly resist the counter-attitudinal attempts of others to influence oneself.