Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiation measurements at ICOS ecosystem stations

Abstract Solar radiation is a key driver of energy and carbon fluxes in natural ecosystems. Radiation measurements are essential for interpreting ecosystem scale greenhouse gases and energy fluxes as well as many other observations performed at ecosystem stations of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS). We describe and explain the relevance of the radiation variables that are monitored continuously at ICOS ecosystem stations and define recommendations to perform these measurements with consistent and comparable accuracy. The measurement methodology and instruments are described including detailed technical specifications. Guidelines for instrumental set up as well as for operation, maintenance and data collection are defined considering both ICOS scientific objectives and practical operational constraints. For measurements of short-wave (solar) and long wave (infrared) radiation components, requirements for the ICOS network are based on available well-defined state-of-the art standards (World Meteorological Organization, International Organization for Standardization). For photosynthetically active radiation measurements, some basic instrumental requirements are based on the performance of commercially available sensors. Since site specific conditions and practical constraints at individual ICOS ecosystem stations may hamper the applicability of standard requirements, we recommend that ICOS develops mid-term coordinated actions to assess the effective level of uncertainties in radiation measurements at the network scale.
Long‐term Lens Organ Culture System with a Method for Monitoring Lens Optical Quality¶

The Scan Tox System is a method for monitoring lens optical quality (focus or lack of focus) in culture conditions, which mimic conditions inside the eye. The ocular lens is an ideal organ for long-term culture experiments because it has no direct blood supply and no connection to the nervous system. The Scan Tox System makes it possible to keep lenses for long-term studies of up to a few weeks. The use of cultured lenses, mainly bovine, replaces the need for testing the effects of potentially damaging agents on live animals. This optical monitoring apparatus uses a computer-operated scanning laser beam, a video-camera system and a video frame analyzer to record the focal length and transmittance of the cultured lens. The scanner is designed to measure the focal length at points across the diameter of the lens. The lens container permits the lens to be exposed to a vertical laser beam from below. The laser source projects its light onto a plain mirror, which is mounted at 45 degrees C on a carriage assembly. The mirror reflects the laser beam directly up through the test lens. The mirror carriage is connected to a positioning motor, which moves the laser beam across the lens. The camera sees the cross section of the beams and, by examining the image at each position of the mirror, Scan Tox software is able to measure the quality of the lens by calculating the back vertex distance for each beam position. The cultured lenses continue to maintain their original refractive function. When foreign substances are introduced to a cultured lens, the Scan Tox System measures the resulting optical response. This provides a very sensitive means to follow early damage to the eye lens. Because the lens is maintained in an intact state in solutions that are similar to those inside the eye, the lens retains its normal recuperative powers. So in addition to measuring early damage, this system allows measurement of recovery from damage.
Estimativas para a norma do sup para uma equação de advecção-difusão duplamente não linear: o caso geral

Indicamos como e possivel usar algumas desigualdades de energia padrao para obter, de uma forma relativamente curta, a derivacao da seguinte estimativa fundamental na norma do sup δ1 δ2 ku(·, t)kL∞ (Rn ) ≤ K(n, p, α, β, κ). max u(·, t0 ) L∞ (Rn ) ; B(t0 ; t) Up (t0 ; t) , ∀ t > 0, n p(β+1) onde δ1 = n(α+β−κ)+p(β+1) e δ2 = n(α+β−κ)+p(β+1) , para solucoes da equacao de advecao-difusao duplamente nao linear regularizada α β ut + div f (x, t, u) = div |u| |∇u| ∇u + η ∆u, quando f atende a condicoes gerais, expostas a seguir. B(t0 ; t) e Up (t0 ; t) tambem serao definidas a seguir.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chlorinated Oils Based on Unmodified Castor Oil Polyol

Abstract: Chlorinated oils based on unmodified castor oil polyol were prepared by phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) – chlorination. Six (6) number chlorinated oils were obtained using 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 wt% concentrations of the chlorinating agent respectively. The oils were characterized by physical and chemical methods, as well as by Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC MS) techniques. These chloro-derivatives of castor oil (by substitution) were all non-drying oils. Results show that PCl5-chlorination of castor oil polyol has led to reduced viscosity and specific gravity, reduced hydroxyl and saponification numbers, but increased acid and peroxide numbers relative to the base polyol. Chlorination has also enhanced oil polarity. The implications of these on oil property and application are discussed. GCMS suggested chloro-derivatives obtained as a result of the PCl5-chlorination included 9, 12 –octadecadienoyl chloride, linoleoyl chloride, linoleic acid chloride, n-caproyl chloride, caproic chloride and caproic acid chloride. The chlorinated oils were found unsuitable for polyurethane (PU) foam synthesis, but could be utilized in fire retardancy, insecticidal/pesticidal and plasticizing applications.
Effect of Feeding Propolis on Growth Performance of Broilers

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of propolis on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters. The experiment was carried out with a completely randomized design of 4 treatments, supplemented with propolis at the rate of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks. The results indicated that birds diet supplementation with propolis increased body weight (P<0.05), decreased feed intake and improved feed efficiency during the experiment. Carcass traits did not show significant differences for the treatments, with the exception of dressing percentage. The serum total protein and globulins were significantly (P<0.05) increased and the serum cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in propolis supplemented broilers. No significant differences were observed in hematological parameters among the different groups. It could be concluded that dietary inclusion of propolis to poultry diets had a positive effect on growth performance and improved the immune response by elevating blood globulins level. Also, it decreases blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Characteristics of Nano Rosette TiO2 Hydrothermally Grown on Glass Substrate at Different Reaction Time and Acid Concentration

The characteristics of nano rosette TiO 2 hydrothermally grown on a glass substrate at different reaction times and acid concentrations has been examined. The hydrothermal reaction was performed at 170°C for 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours whereas the crystallization was achieved through calcination at 450°C for 90 minutes. The growth mechanism was observed by employing the hydrothermal reaction under different acid concentrations: 0%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% v/v HCl. The morphology, formation, crystallization, and growth mechanism of the nano rosette TiO 2 were characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electron images showed that after 3 hours of hydrothermal reaction time, the nucleation process has just taken place; the formation of the nano rosette was completed after 6 hours. The results also showed that the acid environment plays a dominant role in determining the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the nano rosette TiO 2 . Structural studies from XRD showed that different acid concentrations resulted in different crystalline formations. The nano rosette rutile TiO 2 crystal structure was formed after 6 hours of hydrothermal reaction under 1:1 distilled water and HCl with a structure indexed to rutile P4 2 /mnm with lattice parameters of a = 4.557(6) Å and c = 2.940(5) Å.
Biological Redox Mediation in Electron Transport Chain of Bacteria for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts in Lithium–Oxygen Batteries

Governing the fundamental reaction in lithium–oxygen batteries is vital to realizing their potentially high energy density. Here, novel oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts capable of mediating the lithium and oxygen reaction within a solution‐driven discharge, which promotes the solution‐phase formation of lithium peroxide (Li2O2), are reported, thus enhancing the discharge capacity. The new catalysts are derived from mimicking the biological redox mediation in the electron transport chain in Escherichia coli, where vitamin K2 mediates the oxidation of flavin mononucleotide and the reduction of cytochrome b in the cell membrane. The redox potential of vitamin K2 is demonstrated to coincide with the suitable ORR potential range of lithium–oxygen batteries in aprotic solvent, thereby enabling its successful functioning as a redox mediator (RM) triggering the solution‐based discharge. The use of vitamin K2 prevents the growth of film‐like Li2O2 even in an ether‐based electrolyte, which has been reported to induce surface‐driven discharge and early passivation of the electrode, thus boosting the discharge capacity by ≈30 times. The similarity of the redox mediation in the biological cell and lithium–oxygen “cell” inspires the exploration of redox active bio‐organic compounds for potential high‐performance RMs toward achieving high specific energies for lithium–oxygen batteries.
Złośliwy nowotwór osłonek nerwów obwodowych (MPNST)

MPNST jest nowotworem zlośliwym nerwow obwodowych, powstającym zazwyczaj w lączności z pniami nerwowymi konczyn i tulowia. Moze sie rozwinąc de novo lub na bazie istniejącego wcześniej nerwiakowlokniaka. Nowotwory tego typu stanowią ok. 5% miesakow tkanek miekkich. W 90% wystepują u chorych w 2. –5. dekadzie zycia. Glownym czynnikiem ryzyka powstania tego nowotworu jest nerwiakowlokniakowatośc typu 1 (choroba von Recklinghausena). W leczeniu nerwiakomiesaka podstawowe znaczenie ma radykalne leczenie chirurgiczne — wyciecie guza w granicach zdrowych tkanek (szerokie wyciecie miejscowe), skojarzone z uzupelniającą radioterapią. W przypadkach choroby uogolnionej podejmuje sie paliatywną chemioterapie, opartą na doksorubicynie lub doksorubicynie z ifosfamidem. Poprawe kliniczną po chemioterapii obserwuje sie u okolo 25–30% chorych. Biorąc pod uwage rozwoj badan nad biologią molekularną MPNST, mozna miec nadzieje na opracowanie w bliskiej przyszlości inhibitorow, ktore wykazą u tych chorych skutecznośc wiekszą niz typowa chemioterapia. Obecnie u chorych z MNSNT prowadzone są badania kliniczne z pembrolizumabem, niwolumabem w skojarzeniu z ipilimumabem, peksydartynibem (inhibitor KIT, CSF1R i FLT3) w skojarzeniu z syrolimusem, sapanisertibem (inhibitor TORC 1/2) czy LOXO-195 (inhibitor receptorow neurotroficznych kinaz tyrozynowych NTRK typu 1, 2 i 3).
Application of Anaerobic Processes

Anaerobic digestion includes a diverse array of biological waste treatment systems from which dissolved oxygen is excluded. Originally used to substantially destroy complex organic matter in wastes, anaerobic digestion technique has now found many new and evolving applications on pollution prevention, sustainable energy and nutrient recovery, as well as pathogen inactivation. The main objective of this article is to provide an overview of the recent research on the anaerobic digestion of agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastes. Information of the recent development in anaerobic microbiology and mathematical modeling is also covered in the article. 1 General
Determining Salinity and Ion Soil Using Satellite
Image Processing

Arid and semi-arid zones frequently present salinity problems in soils. The agriculture of the municipality of Ahome, Sinaloa has an agricultural region where its soils are characterized by problems of salinity and sodicity – conditions that reduce production. Salinity can be detected by implementing remote sensing techniques; there are ways to enhance the detection of satellite salinity through the use of diverse quantitative models, using the spectral signature of each of the components of the study area through algorithms named indices. For this study we used the normalized differential salinity index (NDSI) from a Landsat OLI image for the southern area of the city, which is related to the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils (R = 0.90). At the same time, it is related to some anions and cations. As a result, it is possible to determine since the NDSI, the anion Cl– and Cations Na+, Ca++, and Mg++. We found a relationship between EC Cl– (R = 0.94), EC Na+ (R = 0.84), EC Ca++ (R = 0.85), and EC-Mg++ (R = 0.86). The electrical conductivity in the field and laboratory, anions, cations, and NDSI index were filtered with the Kalman filter obtaining better fitter, eliminating dispersivity in the variable relations.
Relationship Between Soil Properties and Nitrogen Mineralization in Undisturbed Soil Cores from California Agroecosystems

ABSTRACT Soil nitrogen (N) mineralization rates from different agricultural regions in California were determined and related to soil properties. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled in spring from 57 fields under annual crop rotations and incubated at 25℃ for 10 weeks. Soil properties varied across and within regions, most notably those related to soil organic matter (SOM), with total soil carbon ranging from 6 to 198 g kg−1. Multivariate linear regression was used to select soil properties that best predicted N mineralization rates. Regression models with a good fit differed between soils with high and low SOM contents, but generally included a measure of SOM quantity, its quality as well as soil texture or mineralogy. Adjusted R2 values were 0.95 and 0.60 for high and low SOM soils, respectively. This study has shown that information on soil properties can contribute to better estimates of N mineralization in soils of contrasting characteristics.
The Trapping of Noble Gases by the Irradiation and Warming of Interstellar Ices

Introduction: At the low temperatures typical of interstellar dense molecular clouds (T = 10-25 K), most molecules will freeze out onto grains where they will be exposed to ionizing radiation in the form of UV photons and cosmic rays. The energetic processing of these ices leads to the production of more complex and refractory organic residues [1]. We report recent results in our ongoing effort to determine whether these processes could account for the enigmatic chondritic noble gases found in meteorites [2]. Samples are made at NASA-Ames by simultaneously depositing, at about 10 K, a series of layers consisting of a combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), H2O, CH3OH, CO, NH3, and the noble gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. After deposition, each layer is irradiated with UV photons. After the deposition of many layers, the sample is warmed to room temperature and the resulting organic residues are sealed in dry nitrogen and shipped to the University of Arizona for noble gas measurements in a VG5400 mass spectrometer. Originally, the samples were heated overnight to 130–150°C prior to measurement. Using these techniques, we previously reported very promising results [3], namely concentrations of trapped Kr and Xe that approached within a factor of about 20 of that seen in chondritic meteorites. In this abstract we report work in which we have used isotopically-spiked noble gases to further constrain the gas trapping process. Results: In the latest set of experiments we have made several changes to our experimental protocol. First, there was some evidence from our earlier work that much of the trapped gas might be escaping during our 130–150°C heatings prior to measurement. In the latest of experiments we have limited the preheating to temperatures below 100°C. In order to better track our sample gases, and to assist with the possible increased contribution from absorbed contamination that might result from our lower temperature prebakes, we replaced our noble gas samples with mixtures that contained isotopically-normal noble gases spiked with additional 22Ne, 40Ar, 86Kr, and 136Xe. Conclusions: The results continue to be extremely promising, although there are currently some discrepancies between the trapped gases we produce and those seen in meteorites. On the positive side, we are currently trapping the noble gases Kr and Xe at and above the concentrations seen in meteorites. In addition, the measured Kr and Xe elemental and isotopic fractionations in our samples are very similar to those of meteorites. However, our current samples continue to release the majority of their gases at temperatures below 250oC, a lower temperature than is seen in the meteoritic release. We will be carrying out additional experiments to see whether added photolysis of our samples after warm up makes them more refractory. In addition, the trapping efficiency of Ar relative to Kr and Xe has yet to be established and we are now carrying out several experiments that are optimized to address this issue.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ANTICOAGULANTS IN DETERMINING METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE LEVELS IN HUMAN PLASMA USING HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate an analytical method and to determine the effect of different anticoagulants for analyzingmetformin HCl level in human plasma.Methods: Analysis was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography method using a photodiode array detector set at 234 nm, a C18SunFire™ column (5 μm, 250 mm×4.6 mm), a temperature of 40°C, a mobile phase comprising 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 10 mM phosphatebuffer in water-acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) at pH 7.0, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and atorvastatin calcium as the internal standard. Plasmaextraction was performed through protein precipitation using human plasma (300 μL) and acetonitrile (600 μL; 1:2 v/v). The method was linear at aconcentration range of 20.0–5000.0 ng/mL, with r>0.9998. Results: The stability and recovery of metformin HCl in human plasma were not different between citrate with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) and heparin with EDTA as anticoagulants. However, a significant difference in the peak area response ratio (p<0.05) was observed betweenthe three anticoagulants.Conclusion: The validation results for the three types of plasma anticoagulants met validation requirements based on the European MedicinesAgency bioanalytical guidelines of 2011 for accuracy and precision, selectivity, calibration curve linearity, dilution integrity, carry-over, and stability.
Removal of Dyes from Waste Solutions by Anodic Oxidation on an Array of Horizontal Graphite Rods Anodes

In this work, degradation of two dyes, methylene blue and methyl blue, by anodic oxidation in a new arranged electrochemical cell is investigated in the presence of Cl– ions. The cell consists of an array of graphite rods working as the anode placed horizontally between two horizontal stainless steel screens cathodes. The cell performance is tested in terms of the color removal efficiency, COD removal, electrical energy consumption, anode efficiency, and current efficiency. Parameters studied are initial dye concentration, NaCl concentration, applied current density, and initial pH of the electrolyte. A maximum color removal of 94% and 98% were achieved for methylene blue and methyl blue respectively after 30 min treatment time. The normalized space velocity in terms of the kinetic parameters is determined and a maximum value of 3.59 m3m–3 h–1 was obtained for methylene blue and 4.09 for methyl blue.
Novel combination for Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Candesartan Cilexetil

Solubility problem of many of effective pharmaceutical molecules are still one of the major obstacle in theformulation of such molecules. Candesartan cilexetil (CC) is angiotensin II receptor antagonist with very low water solubility and this result in low and variable bioavailability. Self- emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) showed promising result in overcoming solubility problem of many drug molecules. CC was prepared as SEDDS by using novel combination of two surfactants (tween 80 and cremophore EL) and tetraglycol as cosurfactant, in addition to the use of triacetin as oil. Different tests were performed in order to confirm the stability of the final product which includes thermodynamic study, determination of self-emulsification time, particle size and zeta potential measurement, and in-vitro drug release. The results showed that the particle size of the best formula was 13.3 nm and zeta potential of -37.45 mV with approximately 100% release after 45 minutes . These results suggest that the preparation of CC. as SEDDS with the use of the above combination of surfactant and cosurfactant is a promising maneuver for oral delivery of CC. in order to improve its bioavailability.
Transesterification of Pistacia chinensis seed oil using a porous cellulose-based magnetic heterogeneous catalyst

ABSTRACT In the present work, a novel cellulose-based porous heterogeneous solid acid catalyst encapsulation of ferriferous oxide (Fe3O4) and sulfonated graphene (GO-SO3H) into cellulose to form composite porous microspheres catalyst (GO-SO3H/CM@Fe3O4) was synthesized and evaluated for biodiesel production from Pistacia chinensis seed oil. The SEM, EDS and FTIR analysis revealed that the catalyst GO-SO3H/CM@Fe3O4 owned stronger active sites and GO-SO3H dispersed well in porous surface and inside of cellulose support. Under the optimum conditions, microwave-assisted transesterification process was carried out with the best catalyst amount, i.e. 5 wt% GO-SO3H/CM@Fe3O4 (weight ratio of GO-SO3H/cellulose), and conversion yield reached 94%. The prepared catalyst could be easily separated from reaction solution by extra magnetic field and reclaimed at least five runs.
Hasil Review "Optimation of Emulgator Composition in Cream Formulation Ethyl-Acetate Fraction from Jackfruit Bark Extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk)"

The jackfruit bark extract (A. heterophyllus) could inhibit the activity of tyrosinase enzyme. It was needed to be formulated as whitening cream. Cream formulation need emulsifi er to result physical properties and good stability. Aim of this study was to know the optimum composition of stearic acid and trietanolamine mixture as emulsifi ers in the jackfruit bark extract cream by using Factorial Design method. The fraction of the jackfruit bark extract was formulated in cream. The composition of stearic acid and trietanolamine were F1 (5:0,4), Fa (2,5:0,4), Fb (5:0,2) and Fab (2,5:0,2). The cream’s physical properties (spreadability, viscosity, viscosity shift) were evaluated. Data were analyzed by using Design Expert to obtain emulsifi er optimum composition. The result of study showed cream of jackfruit bark extract with variation of stearic acid and triethanolamine have a the viscosity value : 30628-37227 cps; spreadibility range from 5.20 to 6.80 cm and viscosity shift between 8.34% to 9.95%. The conclusion of this research is the formula that has optimum physical properties obtained by emulsifi er mixture composition of 3.22 gram stearic acid and 0.3 gram trietanolamine.
Features of Methylmethacrylate Thermopolymerization in the Presence of Intraionic Dues

The polymerization ability of methylmethacrylate (MMA) dymethylforamide (DMF) solutions in the process of their radical thermoinitiated homopolymerization in the presence of intraionic dyes was investigated by a dilatometry method. It was shown that dyes can initiate the polymerization process in the presence of stardart initiator AIBN or without it. This is considerable for colored polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) obtaining.