Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forces on Vertical Wall Caused by Incident Bores

The forces on a vertical wall due to the impact of a bore generated by a broken solitary wave were measured in the laboratory. The bores varied in height from 3.1 - 4.9 cm and in celerity from 75 - 126 cm/s. High-speed motion pictures of the bore impact process were taken simultaneously with force measurements. The water particle velocities on the surface of the bore were obtained from the motion pictures using small floats. The maximum rise of the water surface on the wall exceeded twice the velocity head, based on the bore celerity for all conditions. The maximum measured force occurred after the maximum run-up for all conditions of this study. The vertical accelerations in the run-up jet at the wall explain some of the characteristics of the force record that have not been well understood. The maximum measured forces varied from five to nearly seven times the hydrostatic force, based on the height of the incident bore and the local still-water depth. For the four largest bores, the theory of Cross (1967) was in reasonable agreement with the maximum measured force.
Delay-Constrained Client Selection for Heterogeneous Federated Learning in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Federated learning has been claimed as a solution in intelligent transportation systems, which allows for the implementation of distributed machine learning while ensuring privacy and data security. However, federated learning suffers from training inefficiency in practical deployment due to the heterogeneity of the participating clients. In this paper, we investigate how to optimize client selection to improve the training efficiency of traffic flow prediction, by considering the number of clients involved in training. We first formulate a constrained optimization problem on client selection, which aims to maximize the number of clients while meeting the training deadlines. We then transform the optimization problem into a two-dimensional unbounded knapsack problem (2UKP). Subsequently, we propose a K-means and Dynamic Programming (KDP) algorithm to solve the 2UKP. Specifically, we cluster the clients based on their computational capacity and geographic distance to the server by K-means and adopt dynamic programming to obtain the set of the selected clients. We evaluate the performance of the proposed KDP algorithm on Caltrans Performance Measurement System (PeMS) dataset and Highways England dataset. Comprehensive experimental results show that our proposed KDP algorithm can obtain up to 56% improvement in the number of clients within a given deadline compared to random and greedy strategies, achieving prediction accuracy of up to 20% improvement under the PeMS dataset and 15% improvement under the Highways England dataset. Moreover, the proposed KDP with 30% as the straggler ratio can still outperform the baseline FedGRU.
Simple models of tidal transience: The steady state signal

The nature of the tidal response to latitudinally localized transient changes in tidal forcing is examined using simple theoretical models. The major conclusions are (1) the initial tidal response is an outward propagating signal that oscillates with tidal frequency (steady state signal); (2) the diurnal steady state signal propagating from low latitudes is cut off at latitudes poleward of turning latitudes and exhibits exponential decay; (3) a few thousand kilometers from a localized source the steady state signal should exhibit long vertical wavelengths over a few scale heights, with shorter wavelength variations above and below; (4) the unsteadiness of tides observed locally can depend upon the spectrum of free waves excited; and (5) the setup times suggest that the tide can be unsteady to a significant extent. Theory suggests that tidal transience might be an important generator of normal modes, contribute significantly to short-term tidal variability, and help explain the complex tidal behavior observed at high latitudes.
Millisecond accurate monitoring of seismic travel times over 13‐ and 18‐kilometer baselines

Using a repeatable airgun source we have monitored the travel times of several seismic phases along 13- and 18-km baselines from Bouquet Reservoir to boreholes on the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, California. The first arriving phases refract at a depth of 2–3 km, while one later arrival is possibly a reflection from 10 km. The majority of some 200 travel time determinations for the most prominent phases were made between August 1979 and March 1980; isolated measurements were made in November 1978 and March 1981. There exists ample geodetic and other evidence for significant strain changes during this period. Allowing for source variation due to fluctuating reservoir water levels, we observed no travel time changes to the limit of our precision of ±1–2 ms for the first arrivals and ±3–5 ms for secondary arrivals, or about 0.1% of the total travel time. An earlier study, which monitored rays penetrating only 500 m into the crust, found that travel times varied by up to 0.3% over a period of several days. The variations showed some correlation with strain changes due to local seismic activity and were not permanent. To understand this different behavior of crustal rocks between 500 and 2000 m, we investigate the depth dependence of their velocity-strain sensitivity. Using measured P and S velocity profiles to gauge the rate at which confining pressure increases velocity, we find that 1 bar of overpressure at 500 m can vary the P velocity by 0.1%, while 1 bar at 2000 m will vary the velocity by only 0.01%. Applying the O'Connell-Budiansky physical model for cracked rock to the velocity depth profiles, we can further characterize the local crust as having a high crack density, a mobile fluid component, and an average crack aspect ratio of 2.5×10−3. The combination of a mobile fluid content and high crack density suggests that fluids play a role in the transient velocity anomalies observed at a depth of 500 m and argues against significant undersaturation phenomena at seismogenic depths on the San Andreas fault.
LE-YOLOv5: A Lightweight and Efficient Road Damage Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv5

Road damage detection is very important for road safety and timely repair. The previous detection methods mainly rely on humans or large machines, which are costly and inefficient. Existing algorithms are computationally expensive and difficult to arrange in edge detection devices. To solve this problem, we propose a lightweight and efficient road damage detection algorithm LE-YOLOv5 based on YOLOv5. We propose a global shuffle attention module to improve the shortcomings of the SE attention module in MobileNetV3, which in turn builds a better backbone feature extraction network. It greatly reduces the parameters and GFLOPS of the model while increasing the computational speed. To construct a simple and efficient neck network, a lightweight hybrid convolution is introduced into the neck network to replace the standard convolution. Meanwhile, we introduce the lightweight coordinate attention module into the cross-stage partial network module that was designed using the one-time aggregation method. Specifically, we propose a parameter-free attentional feature fusion (PAFF) module, which significantly enhances the model’s ability to capture contextual information at a long distance by guiding and enhancing correlation learning between the channel direction and spatial direction without introducing additional parameters. The K-means clustering algorithm is used to make the anchor boxes more suitable for the dataset. Finally, we use a label smoothing algorithm to improve the generalization ability of the model. The experimental results show that the LE-YOLOv5 proposed in this document can stably and effectively detect road damage. Compared to YOLOv5s, LE-YOLOv5 reduces the parameters by 52.6% and reduces the GFLOPS by 57.0%. However, notably, the mean average precision (mAP) of our model improves by 5.3%. This means that LE-YOLOv5 is much more lightweight while still providing excellent performance. We set up visualization experiments for multialgorithm comparative detection in a variety of complex road environments. The experimental results show that LE-YOLOv5 exhibits excellent robustness and reliability in complex road environments.
Cold-Temperature Coding with Bursting and Spiking Based on TRP Channel Dynamics in Drosophila Larva Sensory Neurons

Temperature sensation involves thermosensitive TRP (thermoTRP) and non-TRP channels. Drosophila larval Class III (CIII) neurons serve as the primary cold nociceptors and express a suite of thermoTRP channels implicated in noxious cold sensation. How CIII neurons code temperature remains unclear. We combined computational and electrophysiological methods to address this question. In electrophysiological experiments, we identified two basic cold-evoked patterns of CIII neurons: bursting and spiking. In response to a fast temperature drop to noxious cold, CIII neurons distinctly mark different phases of the stimulus. Bursts frequently occurred along with the fast temperature drop, forming a peak in the spiking rate and likely coding the high rate of the temperature change. Single spikes dominated at a steady temperature and exhibited frequency adaptation following the peak. When temperature decreased slowly to the same value, mainly spiking activity was observed, with bursts occurring sporadically throughout the stimulation. The spike and the burst frequencies positively correlated with the rate of the temperature drop. Using a computational model, we explain the distinction in the occurrence of the two CIII cold-evoked patterns bursting and spiking using the dynamics of a thermoTRP current. A two-parameter activity map (Temperature, constant TRP current conductance) marks parameters that support silent, spiking, and bursting regimes. Projecting on the map the instantaneous TRP conductance, governed by activation and inactivation processes, reflects temperature coding responses as a path across silent, spiking, or bursting domains on the map. The map sheds light on how various parameter sets for TRP kinetics represent various types of cold-evoked responses. Together, our results indicate that bursting detects the high rate of temperature change, whereas tonic spiking could reflect both the rate of change and magnitude of steady cold temperature.
Diverse Origins of Gases From Mud Volcanoes and Seeps in Tectonically Fragmented Terrane

Identification of methane origins remains a challenging work as current diagnostic signals are often not sufficient to resolve individual formation and post‐formation processes. To address such a knowledge gap in a tectonically active and fragmented terrain, samples from mud volcanoes, gas seeps, and springs distributed along structural features onshore and offshore of Taiwan were analyzed for their isotopic compositions of methane, nitrogen, helium, dissolved inorganic carbon, CO2, and water. Our analyses yielded Δ13CH3D and Δ12CH2D2 values ranging between +1.9‰ and +7.8‰ and between +3.0‰ and +19.9‰, respectively. A portion of the samples were characterized by values that represent the thermodynamic equilibrium at temperatures of 99°–260°C. These temperature estimates, together with the bulk isotopic compositions and local geothermal gradients (25°–30°C/km), suggest that methane was formed by thermal maturation of organic matter at depths of 2–9 km below the land surface and channeled upward along faults. Other samples were found to deviate from equilibrium by varying degrees. Considering the geological background, helium isotopic ratios, and nitrogen isotopologue compositions, and methanogens detected at some sites, these gases are either abiotic in origin or a mixture of microbial and thermogenic sources. Regardless of whether the equilibrium of methane isotopologues was reached, few sites hosted by sedimentary formations were characterized by mantle‐like helium signatures, indicating decoupled origins and potential degassing of helium from the relic igneous source. Overall, these results suggest the extraction of methane and other gases from multiple depths from strata fragmented by fault displacement in an active orogenic belt.
The role of root buds in the regeneration of Casearia sylvestris Swartz (Salicaceae) in the cerrado, São Carlos, São Paulo state, Brazil

The present work describes the fire effects on the population structure of Casearia sylvestris Swartz (Salicaceae). Diameter and height structure as well as spatial distribution patterns of the root sprouts were analyzed pre- and post-fire. The morphology and anatomy of the underground system were also analyzed in order to investigate the nature and origin of sprouts from this system. In this study, a 10-ha of Cerrado area was sampled from February to November 2006; in August, a fire burned roughly 80% of the study area, allowing us to compare the data collected pre- and post-fire. Our findings show that the underground systems consisted of specialized roots and buds originated close to the vascular cambium. The spatial distribution of the root sprouts became clustered pre- and post-fire and most of the root sprouts were concentrated in the first size class, indicating that the sprouts from roots play an important role in the recovery of this species in burnt areas.
Global simulations and observations of O(1S), O2(1Σ) and OH mesospheric nightglow emissions

Despite a large number of observations of mesospheric nightglow emissions in the past, the quantitative comparison between theoretical and experimental brightnesses is rather poor, owing primarily to the short duration of the observations, the strong variability of the tides, and the influence of short-timescale gravity waves. The high-resolution Doppler imager (HRDI) instrument onboard the upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS) provides nearly simultaneous, near-global observations of O( 1 S) green line, O 2 (0-1) atmospheric band, and OH Meinel band nightglow emissions. Three days of these observations near the September equinox of 1993 are presented to show the general characteristics of the three emissions, including the emission brightness, peak emission altitude, and their temporal and spatial variabilities. The global distribution of these emissions is simulated on the basis of atmospheric parameters from the recently developed National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME-GCM). The most striking features revealed by the global simulation are the structuring of the mesospheric nightglow by the diurnal tides and enhancements of the airglow at high latitudes. The model reproduces the inverse relationship observed by HRDI between the nightglow brightness and peak emission altitude. Analysis of our model results shows that the large-scale latitudinal/tidal nightglow brightness variations are a direct result of a complex interplay between mesospheric and lower thermospheric diffusive and advective processes, acting mainly on the atomic oxygen concentrations. The inclination of the UARS spacecraft precluded observations of high latitude nightglow emissions by HRDI. However, our predicted high-latitude brightness enhancements confirm previous limited groundbased observations in the polar region. This work provides an initial validation of the NCAR-TIMEGCM using airglow data.
Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from perturbed and unperturbed boreal forest sites in northern Ontario

Boreal forests cover approximately 11% of the terrestrial surface of the world or 14.7 million km2 in the circumpolar region of the northern hemisphere. Of this total, approximately one third of these forests are found in Canada. This accounts for on the order of 50% of the total land area in Canada. A static chamber technique was used to determine the fluxes of nitrous oxide and methane from four Boreal forest sites near Cochrane, Ontario (49°03′N,80°40′W), during the summer of 1992. The four sites included a lowland forest, a drained lowland forest, a clear-cut and drained lowland forest, as well as an upland forest. The N2O fluxes ranged from an uptake of 7.7 μg(N2O)/m2/hr from a drainage ditch to an emission of 3.1 μg(N2O)/m2/hr from an unvegetated clear-cut region. The CH4 fluxes ranged from an uptake of 23 μg(CH4)/m2/hr from an upland forest site, to an emission of 2900 μg(CH4)/m2/hr from a drainage ditch. Drainage ditches which contained a large amount of algae exhibited large CH4 production and large N2O uptake.
Sigma Receptors: Novel Regulators of Iron/Heme Homeostasis and Ferroptosis

Sigma receptors are non-opiate/non-phencyclidine receptors that bind progesterone and/or heme and also several unrelated xenobiotics/chemicals. They reside in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nucleus. Until recently, the biology/pharmacology of these proteins focused primarily on their role in neuronal functions in the brain/retina. However, there have been recent developments in the field with the discovery of unexpected roles for these proteins in iron/heme homeostasis. Sigma receptor 1 (S1R) regulates the oxidative stress-related transcription factor NRF2 and protects against ferroptosis, an iron-induced cell death process. Sigma receptor 2 (S2R), which is structurally unrelated to S1R, complexes with progesterone receptor membrane components PGRMC1 and PGRMC2. S2R, PGRMC1, and PGRMC2, either independently or as protein–protein complexes, elicit a multitude of effects with a profound influence on iron/heme homeostasis. This includes the regulation of the secretion of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, the modulation of the activity of mitochondrial ferrochelatase, which catalyzes iron incorporation into protoporphyrin IX to form heme, chaperoning heme to specific hemoproteins thereby influencing their biological activity and stability, and protection against ferroptosis. Consequently, S1R, S2R, PGRMC1, and PGRMC2 potentiate disease progression in hemochromatosis and cancer. These new discoveries usher this intriguing group of non-traditional progesterone receptors into an unchartered territory in biology and medicine.
Trace element variations in coeval Holocene speleothems from GB Cave, southwest England

We report trace element (Mg, Sr and Ba) records based on laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) from three coeval Holocene speleothems from Great Chamber in GB Cave, southwest England. The trace element records are placed on a common timescale on the basis of a suite of TIMS 230Th-234U ages. This permits assessment of the reproducibility of the trace element record in coeval speleothems. The trace element records are not coherent, raising dobuts over the reliability of individual trace element records as potential archives of palaeoenvironmental information. Mg/Sr in speleothem calcite has been proposed as a potential palaeothermometer as Mg partitioning into calcite from water is temperaturedependent, while Sr partitioning into calcite is temperature-independent. However, we present the results of calculations which demonstrate that the observed Mg/Sr values in the three stalagmites cannot have been produced by Holocene temperature changes alone and that other processes must play a dominant role. We present a model which suggests that the observed trace element variations in the three speleothems reflect hydrological mixing of waters in the epikarstic zone above the cave which have interacted with two geochemi cally distinct source rocks (calcite and dolomite).
Predicting Plunge Pool Velocity Decay of Free Falling, Rectangular Jet

Plunging jets from overtopping dams have the potential to erode dam foundations and abutments. The erosive potential of the jet is related to the energy of impact and the rate of energy dissipation in the plunge pool. A method was sought to predict the velocity decay of a free-falling, highly turbulent, rectangular jet in a plunge pool. Two types of jets were evaluated: a highly turbulent, fully air entrained developed jet; and a highly turbulent, nonaerated undeveloped jet. A model of a plunging jet was constructed to simulate these free-falling, highly turbulent rectangular jets. Data were collected from 14 tests, from which empirical equations were derived for the two jet classifications to predict jet velocity decay through the plunge pool. The jet velocity decay was determined to be a function of jet impact velocity with the plunge pool surface, jet density at impact with the plunge pool surface, the density of the water, gravity, and plunge depth. An expression was derived to compute jet breakup len.
Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds

1. The time of ancestors 2. Keeping the land: indigenous foragers, c.9000-after 7000 BC 3. The first generations: south-east Europe, c.7000/6500-5500 BC 4. Old and new histories: south-east Europe, c. 5500-4000 BC 5. Accents of change: south-east Europe, c.4000-3000 BC 6. Longhouse lives: central and western Europe, c.5500-before 4000 BC 7. Unfair settlements and abstract funerals: central and western Europe, c.4000-2500 BC 8. One foot in sea: the central and west Mediterranean, c.7000-5000 BC 9. The heart of the country: the central and west Mediterranean, c.5000-2500 BC 10. The creation of new worlds.
Estimation of upper tropospheric humidity from water vapour channel of very high-resolution radiometer onboard INSAT-3A and Kalpana satellites

Present study describes a methodology to establish an empirical expression to estimate the upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) from brightness temperature observations in water vapour channel of Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) onboard Indian geostationary satellites INSAT-3A and Kalpana. Radiative transfer simulations for VHRR water vapour channel were made using SBDART model for tropical atmosphere with different upper tropospheric relative humidity values and varying zenith angles. INSAT-3A and Kalpana VHRR sensor response functions (SRF) for water vapour channel were used to simulate the convolved radiances. Estimated UTH values have been compared with corresponding Meteosat-5 observations. Comparison of retrieved UTH is also made with radiosonde observations of relative humidity weighted by water vapour channel weighting function.
Spatial and temporal variation in the trace element geochemistry of the Eastern Iceland Flood Basalt Succession

Concentrations of Zr, Y, Nb and rare earth elements (REE) are reported for basaltic lavas from the Tertiary to Recent flood basalt succession of eastern Iceland. The samples are drawn from a series of over-lapping vertical profiles through the westward dipping succession. The trace element results show that more primitive (low Zr, Y, Nb and REE) lavas are more abundant in the topographically higher parts of the lava pile. This part of the pile consists of the attenuated edges of overlapping lava units, which thicken as they are traced westward down-dip. The results are thus interpreted in terms of the spatial variation in the chemistry of individual lava units. Lavas erupted from near the spread-center for each eruptive unit are commonly more evolved Variation of this type is observed at the present day in the neovolcanic zone of Iceland and also controlled the pattern of volcanism in at least two other extensional igneous provinces, Skye and Troodos. In assessing temporal variation in chemistry of the erupted lavas, allowances must be made for the primary spatial variation noted above and the secondary chemical effects of the varying degrees of zeolitization. When these allowances are made, there appears to have been no systematic change in the chemistry of the flows with time.