Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Current and future advances in optical multiangle remote sensing of aerosols and clouds based on Terra/MISR experience

Through acquisition of well-calibrated near-nadir and oblique-angle imagery (0° - 70° zenith angles) at moderately high spatial resolution (275 m - 1.1 km), the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) experiment aboard NASA's Terra satellite has taken atmospheric remote sensing in new directions. Retrieval algorithms that were largely conceptual prior to Terra launch in 1999 have led to publicly available aerosol and cloud products with direct application to global climate and particulate air quality research. Automated algorithms making use of stereoscopic parallax, time lapse among the nine angular views, and the variation in radiance with view angle, scattering angle, and wavelength (446-866 nm) make possible unique data sets including geometric cloud and aerosol plume heights derived independently of emissivity or temperature assumptions; height-resolved cloud-tracked winds; and aerosol optical depth and particle type over a wide variety of surfaces including bright desert source regions. To illustrate these capabilities, examples of regional and global MISR data products, quantitative evaluations of product accuracies based on comparisons with independent data sources, and time series showing seasonal and interannual variations are presented here. Future sensor improvements aimed at building upon MISR heritage, including expanding the spectral coverage to ultraviolet and shortwave infrared wavelengths, adding polarization channels, and widening the sensor swath, are also discussed.
The Cenomanian - Turonian of the Wunstorf section - (North Germany): global stratigraphic reference section and new orbital time scale for Oceanic Anoxic Event 2

The Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Event (CTBE) is reflected by one of the most extreme carbon cycle perturbations in Earth's history and is characterized by the widespread occurrence of sediments indicating oxygen deficiency in oceanic waters (Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 = OAE 2). At Wunstorf (northern Germany) the CTBE is represented by a 26.5 m thick sedimentary succession consisting of rhythmically bedded laminated black shales, dark organic-rich marls and marly limestones yielding abundant micro- and macrofossils, making the locality particularly well suited to serve as an international standard reference section for the CTBE. In 2006 a newly drilled continuous core recovered 76 m of middle Cenomanian to middle Turonian sediments. A high-resolution carbonate δ13C curve derived from core samples resolves all known features of the positive δ13C anomaly of OAE 2 with high accuracy. Throughout the middle Cenomanian – middle Turonian succession, the δ13C curve shows numerous small-scaled positive excursions, which appear to be cyclic. High-resolution borehole geophysics and XRF core scanning were performed to generate two time series of gamma-ray data and Ti concentrations for the CTBE black shale succession. Hierarchical bundling of sedimentary cycles as well as spectral analysis and Gaussian filtering of dominant frequencies reveal cycle frequency ratios characteristic for short eccentricity modulated precession (100 kyr, 21 kyr). This new orbital time scale provides a time estimate of 430–445 kyr for the duration of OAE 2 and refines the existing orbital age models developed at localities in the English Chalk, the Western Interior Basin and the Tarfaya Basin. Based on the new age model and high-resolution carbon isotope correlation, our data allow for the first time a precise basin-wide reconstruction of the palaeoceanographic modifications within the European shelf sea during OAE 2.
Accuracy test of point-based and object-based urban building feature classification and extraction applying airborne LiDAR data

Point-based and object-based building extractions were conducted in airborne LiDAR data in a sample area of Buffalo, New York. First, the earth surface points were filtered from the entire laser scan data set using a new filtering algorithm, which combines the TIN slope modelling and statistical analysis. The off-ground points were extracted for buildings in the study area using both point cluster analysis and object-oriented classifications. The accuracies of both approaches were tested using the digitised ground truth. The outcomes of accuracy testing of the point-based method are correctness: 88.74%, completeness: 92.67% and quality: 83.50%. The results of the accuracy of object-based building extraction are correctness: 87.21%, completeness: 60.14%, and quality: 55.26%. Reconstructions of 3D building models based on the extracted building points were performed. This study contributes scientific and technological knowledge for researchers in developing more effective methods in converting the LiDAR survey to a 3D GIS database.
Partial Melting Experiments on Peridotite and Origin of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt

▪ Abstract Recent partial melting experiments on peridotite indicate that mantle peridotites with Mg# 89 can produce primitive mid-ocean ridge basalt by partial melting at pressures greater than 1.5 GPa followed by extensive olivine fractionation. Polybaric incremental batch melting or stepwise fractional melting experiments indicate that the compositions of accumulated incremental melts formed along a mantle adiabat in the pressure range 2.0–1.0 and 2.0–0.5 GPa are close to, but slightly more olivine-rich than, those of primitive mid-ocean ridge basalt, and that the amount of accumulated incremental melts is significantly smaller than that of batch partial melts formed for the same potential temperature. The melting in adiabatically ascending mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges would cease at depths >15 km because of the inflect.
Privacy Policy Inference of User-Uploaded Images on Content Sharing Sites

: With the increasing number of images users share through social sites, maintaining privacy has become a major problem. Users find very difficult to keep control on the privacy of their shared contents and end up inadvertently losing the privacy of their shared content. To address this issue we propose a system which will not only provide user with self-designing of privacy policy for their shared images but also the system will itself use the history result and provide a privacy policy for new users. The system will use data mining algorithm to access the history dataset and predict a privacy policy for new user accessing the data. System will also provide user with refined searching approach for image search where user can submit an image or query or both together to get expected output which will be set of images. Our system will be provide user with secure access to images with privacy policy changing as per user thus making owners data safe and secure.
Haplotype Structure of FSHB, the Beta-Subunit Gene for Fertility-Associated Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: Possible Influence of Balancing Selection

Follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for human reproduction. The unique functions of this hormone are provided by the FSH receptor‐binding beta‐subunit encoded by the FSHB gene. Resequencing and genotyping of FSHB in three European, two Asian and one African population, as well as in the great apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan), revealed low diversity and significant excess of polymorphisms with intermediate frequency alleles. Statistical tests for FSHB showed deviations from neutrality in all populations suggesting a possible effect of balancing selection. Two core haplotypes were identified (carried by 76‐96.6% of each population's sample), the sequences of which are clearly separated from each other. As fertility most directly affects an organism's fitness, the carriers of these haplotypes have apparently had more success in human history to contribute to the next generation. There is a preliminary observation suggesting that the second most frequent FSHB haplotype may be associated with rapid conception success in females. Interestingly, the same haplotype is related to an ancestral FSHB variant shared with the ancestor of the great apes. The determination of the functional consequence of the two core FSHB variants may have implications for understanding and regulating human fertility, as well as in assisting infertility treatments.
Hillslope materials and processes

Introduction 1. Bonds 2. Particles and fabrics of soil and weak sediments 3. Stress, strain, and rheology of materials 4. Strength of earth materials 5. Properties of rock masses 6. Properties of soils 7. Weathering processes 8. Landforms from weathering, soils, and duricrusts 9. Hillslope stratigraphy and form 10. Water in soils and hillslope hydrology 11. Erosion of hillslopes by raindrops and flowing water 12. Mass wasting of soils 13. Flow failures on hillslopes 14. Rock slope processes 15. Models and hillslope development 16. Landslide hazards: avoidance and protection 17. Magnitudes and frequencies of erosional events 18. Rates of denudation and their implications Appendix
AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR INFORMING COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT DECISIONS

Ecosystem management requires understanding society's goals for an ecosystem and managing for some optimal solution. Unlike terrestrial ecosystem managers, coastal and marine ecosystem management seldom integrates across sectors or scientific disciplines to achieve desired social benefits. An Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) considers the ecosystem (including humans) as a unit and can assist in setting goals, determining an ecosystem's ability to support ecological processes and society's desires, and predicting the outcome of alternatives. The use of Coupled Ecological-Societal Systems Models utilised within the Integrated Assessment and Ecosystem Management Protocol (IAEMP) allows managers to extend a graphical picture of risk hypotheses to forecast scenarios that can be analysed relative to management goals. Scenarios predicted to meet management goals are evaluated against management constraints to select the "optimal" option for a management action in an adaptive management process. The IAEMP thus helps characterise potential causes of environmental problems, select appropriate response options, and implement and evaluate the selected option, thereby either addressing the concern or improving the ecosystem model for future decisions.
Experimental dissolution‐precipitation creep in quartz aggregates at high temperatures

Rapid compaction creep has been achieved in fine-grained quartz aggregates during hydrothermal isostatic pressing (HTIP) at 1200K, a confining pressure of 300MPa and a pore water pressure of 200 MPa. While raising the pressure and temperature over a period of three hours, the porosity decreased by over 50%. During subsequent HTIP for periods up to 4 hours, further porosity reduction occurred at compaction creep rates between 10−5 and 10−6 s−1. Changes in grain shapes, grainsize distribution, pore geometry and microstructures on grain surfaces, together with an absence of substantial brittle or intragranular plastic deformation, indicate that compaction creep has occurred largely by dissolution-precipitation processes. Interpenetration of grains and grain-shape truncation are well-developed at grain contacts. Arrays of fine-scale ridges, plateaus and flat-bottomed pores on interfaces indicate that the fluid distribution on actively dissolving interfaces is a dynamic structure that is not controlled entirely by equilibrium wetting angles.
Geology of the Yozgat Region and Evolution of the Collisional Cankiri Basin

The Cankiri Basin evolved as a detrital basin during the Late Tertiary in Central Anatolia between the Pontides (Sakarya continent) and the Kirsehir block. It is E-W trending, and along its southern border it overlies the Kirsehir block unconformably. The Kirsehir block consists of two tectonic belts. Structurally, the lower unit is the Kirsehir Massif, consisting of a platform sequence and a marble association; the upper unit is the Cicekdag belt. The Cicekdag belt consists of thick mafic volcaniclastic rocks and interbedded sediments and rare gabbro masses. This belt probably was developed as a primitive island-arc in the Neotethys ocean. During the Late Cretaceous period, the Cicekdag belt was thrust southward onto the Kirsehir platform. Consequently, the overburden of the nappes caused metamorphism of the Kirsehir platform and the lower parts of the Cicekdag belt. The Yozgat magmatics, consisting of granitic plutons and dacitic rhyolitic lavas, intruded into the Kirsehir block, which was formed by the.
Proximal and Distal Factors Distinguishing Between Individuals With Suicidal Ideation Only and Suicide Attempters

Abstract Prior studies identifying variables that may differentiate suicide attempters from suicidal ideators mostly focused on distal risk factors and have not included the severity of suicidal ideation. The aim of this study was to consider the extent to which proximal (consumption of alcohol and psychotropic substances, intake of medication, interpersonal contact during the suicidal phase) and distal (resilience, sense of coherence, reasons for living) factors differ among nonideators, suicidal ideators (graded with regard to each individual's self-assessed mental distance to a suicidal act), and suicide attempters. A sample of 464 individuals recruited via an online link were compared by using RS-13, SOC-13, RFLI, and questions concerning the suicidal phase. There was a gradual decrease respectively increase in proximal and distal factors, as well as significant differences among the groups. Sense of coherence and reasons for living were independent protective factors, whereas consumption of alcohol and intake of medication were independent risk factors.
Solitary waves in mantle plumes

Numerical calculations in two dimensions show that solitary wave disturbances can propagate along thermal plumes in a homogeneous, viscous fluid with a thermally activated rheology similar to the mantle. Comparison of the numerical results with analytic results from an idealized two-fluid model indicates that the two-fluid model can be applied to solitary waves in the thermally activated plume. A two-fluid model of solitary waves on cylindrical conduits is accordingly applied to mantle plumes to estimate the propagation speeds, time durations, and pulse lengths of solitary waves in mantle plumes as a function of background mantle viscosity, plume flux, plume density deficit, plume viscosity, and the volume of material transported by the solitary wave. It is inferred that mantle plumes may be episodic via solitary waves and that these disturbances might account for observed 0(10 m.y.) variations in the durations and spacings of episodes of enhanced hotspot volcanic activity. Solitary waves in mantle plumes could be generated by interactions among plumes and between plumes and the large-scale, time-dependent mantle circulation.
The lower lithosphere as a major source for continental flood basalts: a re-appraisal

Abstract Continental flood basalt provinces (cfb) have isotopic ratios different from midocean ridge basalts, characteristics that may be due to (a) interaction of asthenospheric melts with old crust, (b) melting of enriched continental lower lithosphere, (c) upwelling of deep mantle plumes containing recycled components, (d) mixing of enriched and depleted mantle sources, or (e) combinations of these processes. It is apparent that several aspects of the chemistry of cfb are subcrustal in origin and therefore crustal contamination cannot be invoked as a generally applicable hypothesis. In addition wholesale extraction of cfb from the lower lithosphere is unlikely because the lithospheric mantle is believed to be a rather thin (< 150 km) reservoir of cold, anhydrous, granular peridotite. Dry melting of such peridotites would not produce a normal ‘basalt’ because they have already experienced a melting event. Metasomatism or enrichment processes can enhance the chemical budget of the lower lithosphere thus providing an adequate reservoir for small volume alkaline and potassic melts. However no conclusive evidence exists that such modification of the lower lithosphere is widespread enough to generate a laterally continuous, wet, enriched reservoir. It would appear that cfb require a dominant sub-lithospheric component (plume) to account for the large volumes of magma, in some cases produced over a short time period (e.g. Deccan). If so, the heterogeneity observed in mantle-derived magmas within flood basalt provinces reflects inhomogeneities within plumes rather than relatively shallow inhomogeneities in the lithosphere. The apparent concentration of depleted (87Sr/86Sr ≪ 0.7045) cfb in the northern hemisphere and enriched cfb (87Sr/86Sr ≫ 0.7045) in the southern hemisphere may be linked to the preponderance of enriched plumes in the Southern Oceans.
Using characteristic times to assess whether stable isotopes in polar snow can be reversibly deposited

Abstract Stable isotopes in ice cores are used as a proxy for the temperature at the time of snow formation. Where net accumulation rate is relatively high, snow is buried quickly and initial isotopic values are preserved. However, in low-accumulation areas, snow is exposed to lengthy vapor exchange with the atmosphere. the original isotopic signature of this snow may be modified by equilibration with atmospheric water vapor in the boundary layer over the snow surface in summer. We estimate the characteristic times for equilibration by using an electrical resistor network analogue. Warm, windy summers and low accumulation rate enhance equilibration. Although equilibration of the complete snowpack is unlikely, significant post-depositional change may occur in some Antarctic environments.
Randomly generated intersecting hypergraphs II

Let c be a positive constant. Suppose that r = o(n5/12) and the members of $({{[n]}\atop r})$ are chosen sequentially at random to form an intersecting hypergraph ${\cal H}$. We show that whp (A sequence of events ${\cal E}_1,\ldots,{\cal E}_n,\ldots$ is said to occur with high probability (whp) $\lim_{n\to\infty}\Pr({\cal E}_n)=1$. ) ${\cal H}$ consists of a simple hypergraph ${\cal S}$ of size Θ(r/n1/3), a distinguished vertex v and all r‐sets that contain v and meet every edge of ${\cal S}$. This is a continuation of the study of such random intersecting systems started in (Bohman et al., Electronic J Combinatorics (2003) R29) where the case r = O(n1/3) was considered. To obtain the stated result we continue to investigate this question in the range ω(n1/3) ≤ r ≤ o(n5/12). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 2007
East Olkaria Geothermal Field, Kenya: 1. History match with production and pressure decline data

A detailed three-dimensional model of the present well field of the Olkaria geothermal field in Kenya (East Olkaria) has been developed. The model matches reasonably well flow rate and enthalpy data from all existing wells at East Olkaria. The history match shows that the effective permeabilities in the steam zone and the underlying liquid-dominated zone are 7.5 and 4.0 mdarcy, respectively. These values are somewhat higher than those inferred from well test data. The effective fracture porosity in the liquid-dominated zone is estimated to be 2% on the average, with spatial variations of 0.25–5%. The modeling studies suggest that the reservoir system is of rather uniform permeability and that no barriers to fluid flow are necessary to match the data. However, there appears to be a high permeability anomaly below a depth of 1000 m extending north-south through some of the more productive wells (wells 12, 15, 16, and 20).
LA HUELLA DE LAS OSCILACIONES GLOBALES DEL NIVEL DEL MAR DURANTE LOS ÚLTIMOS 530 000 AÑOS EN EL GOLFO DE LEÓN Y SU VARIABILIDAD DURANTE EL ESTADIO ISOTÓPICO MARINO 3

Este trabajo ha sido financiado por los proyectos europeos PROMESS1 (EVR1-CT- 200240024) y HERMIONE (226354-HERMIONE), los proyectos nacionales GRACCIE CONSOLIDER (CSD2007-00067) y DOS MARES (CTM2010-21810-C03-01), y la accion complementaria CGL2005-24147-E. El testigo MD99-2348 se obtuvo en el marco del programa IMAGES. Estamos especialmente agradecidos a los participantes de la campana PROMESS1 y al personal de los diferentes laboratorios en los que se han tratado las muestras de sedimento. La Generalitat de Catalunya reconoce al GRC en Geociencies Marines a traves de su programa para grupos de investigacion de excelencia (ref. 2009 SGR 1305).
Postcolonial Urbanism : Southeast Asian Cities and Global Processes

Acknowledgements List of Contributors 1. Perpetuating Cities: Excepting globalization and the southeast Asian supplement Ryan Bishop, John Phillips and Yeo Wei-Wei 2. Global Cities, Terror and Tourism: The ambivalent allure of the urban jungle Kathleen Adams 3. The City as Target, or Perpetuation and Death Ryan Bishop and Gregory K. Clancey 4. From the Hypermodern City to the Gray Zone of Total Mobilization in the Philippines John Armitage and Joanne Roberts 5. Urban Space in the French Imperial Past and the Postcolonial Present Richard L. Derderian 6. Sharing Space in the Urban Botanic Gardens of Singapore and Malaysia, 1786-2000 Emma Reisz 7. Gay Capitals in Global City History: Cities, local markets and the origins of Bangkok's same sex cultures Peter A. Jackson 8. Actually Existing Postcolonialisms: Colonial urbanism and architecture after the postcolonial turn Anthony D. King 9. Jakarta and the Zone of Fragmentation James Rosenau and Diane Wildsmith 10. Regionalism, English Narrative and Singapore as Home and Global City Shirley Geok-Lin Lim 11. Some Aspects of the Relations Between Governance, Order and Decent, Secure Life in Contemporary Cities with Colonial Pasts and Global Futures George E. Marcus and Angela Rivas Gamboa 12. City as Theatre: Singapore, state of distraction Yeo Wei-Wei 13. Perpetual Returns: Vampires and the ever-colonized city Steve Pile 14. Benjamin's Arcades Project and the Postcolonial City Rajeev Patke 15. Deus ex Machina: Evangelical sites, urbanism and the construction of social identities Robbie B. H. Goh
Culturally and economically important nontimber forest products of northern Maine

Nontimber forest products (NTFPs) gathered for food, medicine, craft, spiritual, aesthetic, and utilitarian purposes make substantial contributions to the economic viability and cultural vitality of communities. In the St. John River watershed of northern Maine, people identifying with cultural groups including Acadian, Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, Scotch-Irish, and Swedish use more than 120 wild plant and fungus species. We interviewed both gatherers and land managers about NTFP uses that are significant in this region and about factors that facilitate or limit gathering, including access to gathering sites. This handbook and its accompanying Web site (http://nrs.fs.fed.us/sustaining_forests/conserve_enhance/special_products/maine_ntfp/) present our overall study findings as well as in-depth species profiles of 30 nontimber forest products including brown ash, paper birch, blueberries, highbush cranberry, and fiddleheads.