Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Planning the Future of U.S. Particle Physics (Snowmass 2013): Chapter 4: Cosmic Frontier

Investigations at the Cosmic Frontier use the Universe as a laboratory to learn about particle physics. Our understanding of the Universe has been transformed in recent years. In particular, experiments at the Cosmic Frontier have demonstrated that only 5% of the contents of the Universe are well understood, with the rest composed of mysterious dark matter and dark energy. As a result, the Cosmic Frontier now plays a central role in the global particle physics program, providing overwhelming evidence for new particles and new interactions, as well as powerful, unique opportunities to address many of our most fascinating questions: What is dark matter? What is dark energy? Why is there more matter than antimatter? What are the properties of neutrinos? How did the Universe begin? What is the physics of the Universe at the highest energies?
Magnetic effects due to earthquakes and underground explosions: a review

The physical nature of quasi-static and transient anomalies in the geomagnetic field induced by underground explosions or earthquakes is reviewed. New theoretical results obtained recently and so far little known to general circles of geophysicists are presented. The physical nature of residual magnetic and electrotelluric fields at the explosion point are considered. The seismic waves from explosions or distant earthquakes are suggested to be used as a tool for the preliminary probing of the Earth's crust sensitivity to various seismo-electromagnetic effects. The use of magnetic induction effects for tsunami detection and for crust sounding is outlined. The nature of ULF magnetic impulses related with earthquakes is discussed.
1. Introduction to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and the COVID-19 Response

The publication of this volume coincides with a very unusual time. The global pandemic crisis has continued to expose us, hopefully not for too long, to unexpected decrees, events, occurrences, restrictions and uncertainties that have not been recorded in our collective recent memory. It seems as if humanity is being forced to walk into the increasingly stark darkness created by the invisible and intangible Coronavirus that is threatening to remove the results of the world’s efforts over the past six to seven decades of growth and development in reaching an improved global condition and in moving towards a more peaceful and promising future, before the rapid emergence of the Coronavirus pandemic. There is no quick and foolproof worldwide solution on the near horizon as the virus may rapidly mutate to win the competition with human beings. At times, it seems as if humanity is regressing and suffering increasingly more casualties on a daily basis, which is in contrast to many achievements and improvements in the past six to seven decades. Consider for example, the technological revolution of the 1960s to 1990s, and the new millennium utilizing ever stronger and faster computers and experiencing the ever expanding Internet that we all take for granted now, which have in turn stimulated further innovations in massive technological innovations, including communication and information technologies (CITs), amongst many others. Such developments have enabled individuals in the far corners of the world to communicate with, and become informed about, the activities of other human beings on the opposite corners of the world. Furthermore, they have facilitated innovation in business models in terms of an increasing use of the Internet and cloud computing, which are allowing progressive firms to digitize as rapidly as technology would allow them and to use the ever expanding information
DETECTION OF SIGNATURE CONSISTENT WITH COSMOLOGICAL TIME DILATION IN GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

If gamma-ray bursters are at cosmological distances as suggested by their isotropic distribution on the sky and by their number-intensity relation then the burst profiles will be stretched in time, by an amount proportional to the redshift, 1 + z. We have tested data from the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory’s Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) for such time dilation. Out of 590 bursts observed by BATSE, 131 bursts were analyzed; bursts with durations shorter than 1.5 s were excluded. We used three tests to compare the timescales of bright and dim bursts, the latter, on average, being more distant than the former. Our measures of timescale are constructed to avoid selection effects arising from intensity differences by rescaling all bursts to fiducial levels of peak intensity and noise bias. (1) We found that the total rescaled count above background for the dim burst ensemble is approximately twice that for the brightest bursts translating into longer durations for the dim bursts. (2) Wavelet-transform decompositions of the burst profiles confirmed that this dilation operates over a broad range of timescales. (3) Structure on the shortest timescales was examined using a procedure which aligns the highest peaks of profiles from which the noise has been optimally removed using a wavelet thresholding technique. In all three tests, the dim bursts are stretched by a factor of ∼ 2 relative to the bright ones, over seven octaves of timescale. We calibrated the measurements by dilating synthetic bursts that approximate the temporal characteristics of bright BATSE bursts. Results are consistent with bursts at BATSE’s peak-flux completeness limit being at cosmological distances corresponding to z ∼ 1, and thus with independent cosmological interpretations of the BATSE number-intensity relation. Alternative explanations of our results, arising from the nature of physical processes in bursts, are still possible. Subject headings: cosmology: theory gamma rays: bursts
Scientometric Analysis of Carbon Emission Peaking in China

The Chinese government clearly proposed to the international community at the United Nations General Assembly to strive to achieve the double carbon goal. Since then, there has been an explosion of research in the field of carbon peaking, and this paper uses the scientometric software CiteSpace to systematically review the research on carbon peaking in China. The results of this study show that carbon neutrality, carbon emissions, and carbon reduction are popular themes and important mediators in the field of carbon peaking research. The research themes focus on how to reduce carbon emissions and promote low-carbon transition to green development as well as energy structure transformation. The clustering results can be divided into carbon emission reduction, industry energy transformation
Quick response barcode deblurring via L 0 regularisation based sparse optimisation

In recent years, the two-dimensional barcode techniques have been widely applied in a large number of fields due to the requirement for the development of information acquisition technology. Also, the identification and verification of the static barcodes could be implemented flawlessly. However, the recognition of the motion blurred two-dimensional barcode images still remains a challenge to most of the current machine vision systems. To address the above-mentioned problem, the authors propose a L 0 regularisation-based approach to reverse the blurry barcode images while taking the number of black and white blocks in the two-dimensional barcode image as the prior. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, they conducted comparison experiments between state-of-the-art image deblurring methods and ours. Experimental results on synthetically blurry barcode images show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art image restoration techniques.
T HE E FFECTS OF A C OMPETITIVE S OCCER M ATCH ON J UMP 1 P ERFORMANCE AND I NTER - LIMB A SYMMETRIES IN E LITE 2 A CADEMY S OCCER P LAYERS 3

5 The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a competitive soccer match on jump 6 performance and inter-limb asymmetries over incremental time points during a 72-hour (h) period. 7 Fourteen elite adolescent players from a professional English category three academy performed single 8 leg countermovement jumps (SLCMJ) pre, post, 24, 48, and 72-h post-match on a single force platform. 9 Eccentric impulse, concentric impulse, peak propulsive force, jump height, peak landing force, and 10 landing impulse were monitored throughout. Inter-limb asymmetries were also calculated for each 11 metric as the percentage difference between limbs. Significant negative changes ( p < 0.05) in jump 12 performance were noted for all metrics at all time points, with the exception of jump height. Inter-limb 13 asymmetries were metric-dependent and showed very large increases, specifically post-match, with a 14 trend to reduce back towards baseline values at the 48-h time point for propulsive-based metrics. 15 Asymmetries for landing metrics did not peak until the 24-h time point and again reduced towards 16 baseline at 48-h. The present study highlights the importance of monitoring distinct jump metrics, as 17 jump height alone was not sensitive enough to show significant changes in jump performance. However, 18 inter-limb asymmetries were sensitive to fatigue with very large increases post-match. More frequent 19 monitoring of asymmetries could enable practitioners to determine whether existing imbalances are also 20 associated with reductions in physical performance or increased injury risk.
URL-based Phishing Detection using Entropy of Non-Alphanumeric Characters

Cyber phishing is a theft of personal information in which phishers, also known as attackers, lure users to surrender sensitive data such as credentials, credit card and bank account information, financial details, and other behavioral data. The ones who commit such crimes are called ‘Phishers’ or ‘Attackers. ’ Phishers act as if they are reliable sources to lure users to gain access/control to their system. Phishing detection is becoming a crucial research area, attracting increased focus as the number of phishing attacks grows, since e-commerce and internet transactions are growing rapidly. Furthermore, because phishers are innovating various techniques, phishing detection has become a primary concern of developers. Moreover, as long as phishers are innovating their schemes, researchers have no way except to tackle every possible detection technique. Detection mechanisms come along with a vast variety of techniques since no one can be sure which techniques phishers are trying to come up with. Therefore, it is still an interesting yet challenging issue. We focus on URL (Uniform Resource Locator) -based phishing detection techniques since URL is a significant criterium in preventing phishing attacks without accessing to webpage directly. Hypothesis is that phishers create fake websites with less content information on the webpage as possible – showing only a few words in the webpage. When phishers rarely show content information in a webpage, we cannot retrieve enough features from the webpage by using detection approaches such as content and visual similarity-based. To overcome the limitation of those approaches, we focus on URL-based detection since we can extract features by analyzing URLs only, without accessing to the webpage.
PR ] 2 1 M ay 2 01 9 On an epidemic model on finite graphs ∗

We study a system of random walks, known as the frog model, starting from a profile of independent Poisson(λ) particles per site, with one additional active particle planted at some vertex o of a finite connected simple graph G = (V,E). Initially, only the particles occupying o are active. Active particles perform t ∈ N ∪ {∞} steps of the walk they picked before vanishing and activate all inactive particles they hit. This system is often taken as a model for the spread of an epidemic over a population. Let Rt be the set of vertices which are visited by the process, when active particles vanish after t steps. We study the susceptibility of the process on the underlying graph, defined as the random quantity S(G) := inf{t : Rt = V } (essentially, the shortest particles’ lifespan required for the entire population to get infected). We consider the cases that the underlying graph is either a regular expander or a d-dimensional torus of side length n (for all d > 1) Td(n) and determine the asymptotic behavior of S up to a constant factor. In fact, throughout we allow the particle density λ to depend on n and for d > 2 we determine the asymptotic behavior of S(Td(n)) up to smaller order terms for a wide range of λ = λn. ∗The authors are thankful to Microsoft and Fapesp, grant 2017/10555-0 for financial support. The third author is thankful for EPSRC for financial support, grant EP/L018896/1.
Pre-proof version of Tucker, I. M. ‘ Simondon, emotion, and individuation: The tensions of psychological life in digital worlds’ Theory and Psychology, in press

This article develops new theoretical connections that offer insight regarding the status and operation of emotion in digitally mediated environments. I draw on Gilbert Simondon’s concepts of emotion and affectivity—as key dimensions of his philosophy of individuation— to articulate an account that situates emotion at the heart of psychological life, while accounting for its role in the continuous practices of (re)solving psychic and collective tensions. Simondon offers a model of the psychological subject as operating simultaneously in and through relations with itself as subject and with itself as part of the collective. This informs the analysis in this article seeking to demonstrate that the reductionism and individualising operation of emerging digitised models of emotion render them of limited value to understanding emotional life in digital worlds.
Named Data Networking: A Promising Architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT)

This﻿article﻿describes﻿how﻿the﻿named﻿data﻿networking﻿(NDN)﻿has﻿recently﻿received﻿a﻿lot﻿of﻿attention﻿ as﻿a﻿potential﻿information-centric﻿networking﻿(ICN)﻿architecture﻿for﻿the﻿future﻿Internet. ﻿The﻿NDN﻿ paradigm﻿has﻿a﻿great﻿potential﻿ to﻿ efficiently﻿address﻿ and﻿ solve﻿ the﻿current﻿ seminal﻿ IP-based﻿ IoT﻿ architecture﻿issues﻿and﻿requirements. ﻿NDN﻿can﻿be﻿used﻿with﻿different﻿sets﻿of﻿caching﻿algorithms﻿and﻿ caching﻿replacement﻿policies. ﻿The﻿authors﻿investigate﻿the﻿most﻿suitable﻿combination﻿of﻿these﻿two﻿ features﻿to﻿be﻿implemented﻿in﻿an﻿IoT﻿environment. ﻿For﻿this﻿purpose,﻿the﻿authors﻿first﻿reviewed﻿the﻿ current﻿research﻿and﻿development﻿progress﻿in﻿ICN,﻿then﻿they﻿conduct﻿a﻿qualitative﻿comparative﻿study﻿ of﻿the﻿relevant﻿ICN﻿proposals﻿and﻿discuss﻿the﻿suitability﻿of﻿the﻿NDN﻿as﻿a﻿promising﻿architecture﻿for﻿ IoT. ﻿Finally,﻿they﻿evaluate﻿the﻿performance﻿of﻿NDN﻿in﻿an﻿IoT﻿environment﻿with﻿different﻿caching﻿ algorithms﻿and﻿replacement﻿policies. ﻿The﻿obtained﻿results﻿show﻿that﻿the﻿consumer-cache﻿caching﻿ algorithm﻿ used﻿ with﻿ the﻿ Random﻿ Replacement﻿ (RR)﻿ policy﻿ significantly﻿ improve﻿ NDN﻿ content﻿ validity﻿in﻿an﻿IoT﻿environment. KeyWoRDS Cache Replacement Policy, Caching Algorithms, Information Centric Networking, Internet of Things, Named Data Networking
Habitat Environment of Epimedium koreanum Nakai

This study was carried out to evaluate environmental and ecological characteristics of natural habitat for cultivation of Epimedium koreanum. Habitat of E. koreanum was the slope foot of mountain descending gradually toward mostly northwest from top of mountain with slope of and the altitude ranged from 60 to 400m above the sea level. Some physiochemical characteristics of habitat soil were as follows: pH, , organic matters content, and cation exchange capacity, soil, respectively. Habitats were shaded by deciduous broad-leaved tree mainly, and compared with those of naked area, relative photon flux density was and relative luminance was due to shading. Air temperature of habitat under shade was lower than that of naked area. Habitat soil temperature was lower than that of naked area but temperature range was smaller than that of naked area. E. koreanum plants were growing with semishading plants under shade of tree leaf. From investigation of natural characteristics of habitat, it was concluded that E. koreanum plant would grow at place with a little change in temperature and moisture of soil which was caused by shading and mulching with litterfall of broad-leaved tree.
An Ontology-based Referencing of Actors, Operations and Resources in eLearning Systems

We explore some of the multiple relationships between two very active research fields in eLearning and Knowledge Management research: educational modeling languages and ontologies. Our previous research projects in the last 10 years have shown the central importance of the association between the learning activities and the knowledge and skills that they target. Studies on this relationship have led to the concept, we will present here, of a semantically referenced educational function grouping actors, operations and resources or learning objects. The referencing method proposed here is both qualitative (structured by an ontology) and quantitative, using a bi-dimensional skill/performance metric to situate the mastery level of knowledge associated to an actor, an operation or a resource in a multi-actor learning scenario.
Comparison of supervised classification methods of Maximum Likelihood image, Minimum Distance, Parallelepiped and Neural network in images of Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) in Viçosa-MG

The aim of this work was testing the classification techniques in digital air images of spatial high resolution obtained by Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV). The images recover an area of the Federal University of Viçosa, campus Viçosa-MG. From the orthophoto generated, the classification test was made, by using four classifiers: Parallelepiped, Average Minimum Distance, Maximum Likelihood and Artificial Neural Networks. The classification that best delimited the different features present in the image was the classification by Artificial Neural Networks. In order to prove statistically the classification efficiency, the validation was carried out through Kappa index and visual analysis.
Simulation de la densit´e limite de champ moyen pour des populations h´et´erog`enes avec interactions

Les mod`eles de populations h´et´erog`enes consid´er´es ici consistent en des syst`emes dynamiques dont les conditions initiales sont des variables al´eatoires ind´ependantes et identiquement distribu´ees, avec autant d’´equations qu’il y a d’individus dans la population, et dont les interactions sont exprim´ees par un potentiel r´egulier. La distribution de champs moyen, caract´erisant la dynamique d’une population avec une inﬁnit´e d’in-dividus, est alors bien d´eﬁnie. Une m´ethode pour la simulation num´erique, bas´ee sur la r´egression par processus gaussiens, est pr´esent´ee puis appliqu´ee sur un mod`ele de plantes en comp´etition pour la lumi`ere. Abstract. The heterogeneous population models considered here consist in dynamical systems, whose initial conditions are independent and identically distributed random variables, representing trajectories of individuals interacting with each other through a potential function. The mean-ﬁeld distribution characterising the dynamics of an inﬁnitely-crowded population is then well-deﬁned. A methodology to estimate this distribution, based on Gaussian processes regression, is presented and applied to a models of plants population in competition for light
Analysis of phytoplankton abundance in kassikebo waters, pangkep regency, south sulawesi, indonesia

Changes in nutrient concentrations can be caused by anthropogenic activities in coastal and marine waters. This affects the abundance of phytoplankton. The waters experiencing it are the waters of Kassikebo Pangkep, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. For this reason, research has been carried out to analyze the abundance and structure of phytoplankton communities in these waters, from January to July 2022. To identify phytoplankton, 100 L of seawater samples were filtered, which were taken at each station. The results of that water filter, identified in the laboratory. The results showed that the classes of phytoplankton found were Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophyceae. Species found such as Skeletonema and Detonula. The results of One-way ANOVA showed that phytoplankton abundance was not significantly different between observation stations (p>0.05). Changes in phytoplankton abundance are caused by pH.
Numerical Computation and Design Verification of Integrated Magnetics Used in Linear Level Control Converters

—A novel structure of a 1.08 kW planar Linear Level Control (LLC) transformer with magnetic integration is discussed in this paper. The developed planar LLC transformer has a number of advantages and is suitable for use in the LLC resonant converter. Both 2-Dimensional (2-D) Finite Element Method (FEM) and 2-Dimensional (3-D) FEM were utilized as the verification tools of the transformer design, and the simulation results are consistent with the measurements.
University of Birmingham Characterizing and imaging gross and real finger contacts under dynamic loading

—We describe an instrument intended to study ﬁnger contacts under tangential dynamic loading. This type of loading is relevant to the natural conditions when touch is used to discriminate and identify the properties of the surfaces of objects — it is also crucial during object manipulation. The system comprises a high performance tribometer able to accurately record in vivo the components of the interfacial forces when a ﬁnger interacts with arbitrary surfaces which is combined with a high-speed, high-deﬁnition imaging apparatus. Broadband skin excitation reproducing the dynamic contact loads previously identiﬁed can be effected while imaging the contact through a transparent window, thus closely approximating the condition when the skin interacts with a non-transparent surface during sliding. As a preliminary example of the type of phenomenon that can be identiﬁed with this apparatus, we show that traction in the range from 10 to 1000 Hz tends to decrease faster with excitation frequency for dry ﬁngers than for moist ﬁngers.
Poly(styrene sulfonate) coated gold nanoparticles display virucidal antiviral activity

Viruses are pathogens capable of causing serious global health problems. Designing and developing interventions against viruses is of paramount importance. By mimicking sulfonated cell surface polymers it is possible to design materials that interact with viruses and inhibit infection. These materials typically have a reversible, non-destructive, virustatic mechanism. A virucidal, destroy on contact, mechanism is advantageous for many applications. We show that by attaching virustatic polymers to a nanoparticle core it is possible to alter their mode of action to virucidal. Here we attach poly(styrene sulfonate)(PSS) to gold nanoparticles. The virustatic antiviral properties of PSS are well known, however, this is the ﬁrst time a virucidal mechanism has been achieved. Here we synthesise Thiol-terminated PSS using RAFT polymerisation. This thiol-terminated PSS was then used to synthesise PSS coated AuNPs via reduction of gold salts. These PSS coated AuNPs were then studied for their toxicity, antiviral properties and mode of action. We found that they were non-toxic, broad-spectrum and had a virucidal mode of action. Designing non-toxic virucidal materials is a signiﬁcant challenge and a simple approach to accessing this advantageous mode of action is urgently needed. This strategy should be applicable to other virustatic polymers, greatly increasing their applicability.