Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new method to determine near surface air temperaturefrom satellite observations

We present a new method to determine the near surface air temperature (Ta ) from satellite observations. The satellite observed parameters of total precipitable water (W), atmospheric boundary layer (∼500 m) water vapour (Wb ), and sea surface temperature (SST) are used to derive Ta . A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to find the optimum relation between the input (W, Wb , SST) and output (Ta) parameters. The input data consist of 6 years (1988–1993) of instantaneous as well as monthly averages of W, Wb from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and SST data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Ta observations based on Comprehensive Ocean Atmospheric Data Set (COADS) are used to develop and evaluate the new methodology. The global mean root mean square (rms) error for instantaneous Ta estimates is 1.4°C and for monthly averages it decreases to 0.74°C. Slightly higher discrepancies between Ta derived from the new method and in situ data are found over the western boundary currents (such as the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream) during wintertime. These regions are characterized by continental cold air outbreak and seasonal current systems, particularly during wintertime. During these conditions weak coupling between SST and Ta may be one of the reasons for large error over these regions. Our method improves upon the air temperature estimates of earlier studies.
Hentschelite and Perloffite from the Spring Creek Copper Mine, South Australia

Aigner, T. yon (1975) Schwarze Calcite in Weissen Jura der Munsinger Alb. Aufschluss, 26 (1), 42-5. Council for the Conservation of the Environment and Water Resources, Oman (1986) The hydrology and Water Resources of the Greater Manah Area. CCEWR 86 9 Unpub. Rep. 73 pp. Gibb, Sir A. and Ptnrs (1976) Water Resources Survey of Northern Oman. Report for the Directorate General of Finance, Sultanate of Oman. 5 vols. Unpub. Glennie, K. W. , Boeuf, M. G. A. , Hughes Clarke, M. H. , Moody-Stuart, M. , Pilaar, W. F. H. , and Reinhardt, B. M. (1974) Geology of the Oman Mountains. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Nederlands geologisch mijnbouwkundig Genootschap. 3 vols. Hanold, W. yon, and Weber, B. (1982) Schwarzer Calcit yon der Schwabischen Alb. Aufschluss 33 (2), 45-8. Hewett, D. F. , and Radtke, A. S. (1967) Silver-Bearing Black Calcite in Western Mining Districts. Econ. Geol. 62, 1-21. Lippard, S. J., Shelton, A. W. , and Gass, I. G. (1986) The Ophiolite of Northern Oman. Geol. Soc. Mem. 11. Blackwell Sci. Publ. 178 pp. S H O R T C O M M U N I C A T I O N S
Temporal variations of electron intensities at low altitudes in the outer radiation zone as observed with satellite Injun 3

Temporal variations of the intensities of electrons with E>40 kev, E>230 kev, and E>1.6 Mev trapped in the outer radiation zone in the region 3.0≤L≤6.0 and mirroring at altitudes of ∼1500 km have been studied during a seven-month period from January 1 to July 31, 1963, by means of three Geiger-Mueller tubes on board the University of Iowa/Office of Naval Research research satellite Injun 3. From observations during some twenty geomagnetically disturbed periods, it is shown that the largest intensity variations occur at the onset of such disturbances and that subsequent behavior is dependent on the magnitudes of the disturbances as measured by the maximum daily sums of the planetary magnetic disturbance parameter, Kp. The time histories of these intensity variations are compared with those of 3-hour averages of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field at College, Alaska (L = 5.5), for several disturbed periods. Nearly simultaneous measurements of the directional intensities of electrons (E>40 kev), which mirror at low altitudes, with Injun 3, and omnidirectional intensities of these electrons near the geomagnetic equatorial plane, with Explorer 14, indicate similar temporal behavior at L∼4. The highest observed intensities of trapped electrons (E>40 kev) in the outer zone at low altitudes appear to occur under a condition of approximate isotropy and equal omnidirectional intensities ≲108 (cm2 sec)−1 along a magnetic field line at all altitudes above several hundreds of kilometers. During four periods of post-disturbance geomagnetic calm, the intensities of electrons (E>40 kev) were observed by Injun 3 to decrease exponentially in time with decay constants τ = 12 ± 3 days at L = 3.0, and τ = 4 ± 2 days in the region 3.5≤L≤6.0. Simultaneously measured values of the decay constants for these electron intensities near the geomagnetic equatorial plane at L∼4 agree, within observational error. Long-term exponential decays in the intensities of artificially injected electrons (E>1.6 Mev) were observed by Injun 3 to be characterized by τ = 40 ± 5 and 45 ± 5 days at L = 3.0 and 3.5, respectively. Further evidence for the diffusion of electrons (E>1.6 Mev) is presented.
Distribution Characteristics of Sulfur and the Main Harmful Trace Elements in China's Coal

Abstract: To promote the rational development and use of clean coal resources in China, data on the regional and age distribution of sulfur, arsenic and other harmful elements in Chinese coal was broadly collected, tested for content, and analyzed. Coal in northwestern China is characterized by low to extremely low levels of sulfur; the coal of the Taiyuan Formation in northern China mainly has high‐sulfur content; that of the Shanxi Formation is mainly characterized by low sulfur coal; and the Late Permian coal in southern China has overall higher sulfur content; other regions have low sulfur coal. The average content of harmful trace elements in the bulk of China's coal is similar to the corresponding content in the coal of the North America and the rest of the world, whereas the content of various elements (Hg, Sb and Se) is different in magnitude to the corresponding percentage in the crust. The average content of the elements Cr, Se, Co, Be, U, Br in Late Permian coal in S China ranks first in the country whereas the average content of Hg and CI in the coals of Late Carboniferous to Early Permian age in N China are the highest. The average content of Mn in Early and Middle Jurassic coal is higher in NW China. The high content of harmful elements in some coal should cause particular concern both in the development and utilization of coal.
Factors governing subaqueous siliceous sinter precipitation in hot springs: examples from Yellowstone National Park, USA

Abstract Siliceous sinter precipitation within hot spring systems has been attributed to a variety of mechanisms: evaporative concentration, cooling, changes in pH and cation effects. Repetitive in situ (T, pH, alkalinity, etc.) and laboratory (major, minor and trace elemental, stable isotopic) analyses of the waters plus observations of silica precipitation on natural (e.g. twigs, pine cones) as well as artificial substrates (glass slides and copper plates) in the waters substantiate that subaqueous precipitation is occurring throughout the vent to distal end of flow in both Cistern Spring (Norris Geyser Basin) and Deerbone Spring (Lower Geyser Basin), Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Quartz and sodium–potassium geothermometers indicate that Cistern Spring is fed by a subsurface reservoir that is between 232 and 272 °C. Calculated reservoir temperatures are significantly lower at Deerbone Spring (182–197 °C). Based on a suite of measured and theoretical saturation indices, downflow changes in the system resulting from evaporative concentration (e.g. Cl increases 10%), changes in pH (e.g. 5·6–7·1) and cation effects (Al and Fe) are of negligible importance in the subaqueous precipitation of hot spring opal‐A. Similarly, at the macroenvironmental scale, potential biotic effects on opal‐A precipitation appear to be minimal. Modelling of the two active siliceous sinter precipitating systems indicates that cooling (e.g. 80–17 °C) is the predominant process governing subaqueous mineral precipitation.
Decadal-scale changes in the effect of the QBO on the northern stratospheric polar vortex

[1] This study documents decadal-scale changes in the Holton and Tan (HT) relationship, i.e., the influence of the lower stratospheric equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) on the northern hemisphere (NH) extratropical circulation. Using a combination of ECMWF ERA-40 Reanalysis and Operational data from 1958–2006, we find that the Arctic stratosphere is indeed warmer under easterly QBO and colder under westerly QBO. During November to January, composite easterly minus westerly QBO signals in zonal wind extend from the lower stratosphere to the upper stratosphere and are centered at ∼5 hPa, 55–65°N with a magnitude of ∼10 m s−1. In temperature, the maximum signal is near ∼20–30 hPa at the pole with a magnitude of ∼4 K. During winter, the dominant feature is a poleward and downward transfer of wind and temperature anomalies from the midlatitude upper stratosphere to the high latitude lower stratosphere. For the first time, a statistically significant decadal scale change of the HT relationship during 1977–1997 is diagnosed. The main feature of the change is that the extratropical QBO signals reverse sign in late winter, resulting in fewer and delayed major stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs), which occurred more often under westerly QBO. Consistent with earlier studies, it is found that the HT relationship is significantly stronger under solar minima overall, but the solar cycle does not appear to be the primary cause for the detected decadal-scale change. Possible mechanisms related to changes in planetary wave forcing are discussed.
Automated Recognition of Emotion Appraisals

Most computer models for the automatic recognition of emotion from nonverbal signals (e.g., facial or vocal expression) have adopted a discrete emotion perspective, i.e., they output a categorical emotion from a limited pool of candidate labels. The discrete perspective suffers from practical and theoretical drawbacks that limit the generalizability of such systems. The authors of this chapter propose instead to adopt an appraisal perspective in modeling emotion recognition, i.e., to infer the subjective cognitive evaluations that underlie both the nonverbal cues and the overall emotion states. In a first step, expressive features would be used to infer appraisals; in a second step, the inferred appraisals would be used to predict an emotion label. The first step is practically unexplored in emotion literature. Such a system would allow to (a) link models of emotion recognition and production, (b) add contextual information to the inference algorithm, and (c) allow detection of subtle emotion states.
The Michael Gabbro and other Mesoproterozoic lithospheric probes in southern and central Labrador

The Michael Gabbro (1426 Ma) and the Shabogamo Gabbro (1459 Ma) represent two Iarge diabase intrusive episodes that affected the northwestern margin of the northeastern Grenville Province. Both have sustained variable effects of subsequent Grenvillian metamorphism. Other broadly contemporaneous magmatic activity in the region includes the formation of Elssnian anorthosite-granitoid complexes (1 -46- 1.29 Ga) that intruded Churchill Province and Nain Province rocks to the north, the Harp dykes (1.27 Ga), and Mealy dykes (- 1.25 Ga). Petrologic and geochemical data show that the Michael Gabbro and Shabogamo Gabbro are similar, with the latter displaying more cumulate rock characteristics, and the former having compositions closer to those of rapidly cooled magma. Both have compositions comparable to those of other continental diabases and to some continental flood basalts. Sr and Nd initial isotopic compositions of Michael Gabbro (~~~(1426 Ma) = -4.7 to -6.0, 1,,(1426 Ma) = 8.7832 -0.7W) and Shabogamo Gabbro (+,(I459 Ma) = -4.0 to -5.5, 1,,(1459 Ma) = 8.7020-0.7060) are alike and overlap, suggesting similar sources and processes of development. Comparisons with other nearly contemporary mafic suites in central and southern Labrador show that only the Mealy dykes have a distinctly more radiogenic isotopic signature. Paradoxically, other rnafic suites that intrude older basement rocks north of the Grenville Front have less enriched Nd signatures than do those that intrude younger basement rocks south of the front. The argument is made that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and not crustal contamination, played the most influential role in evoIution of the magmas.
A novel global relaxation iteration algorithm for panoramic annular 3D terrain registration

It is necessary to reconstruct a large-scale landing-site mapping by recovering and registering the local scenes into a uniform annular scene for planetary exploration missions. This paper proposed a global relax iterative optimization method to registering the local scenes into a uniform annular scene. For this scheme, the transform matrix between any two adjacent 3D local scenes is fitted based on Carley transform. Subsequently, these local 3D scenes are registered into a uniform coordinate system using relax iterative optimization method. This optimization method has been tested on the image sequence of outdoor scenes. Experimental results show that the global registration means error decreases significantly from 1.33 meters to 0.002 meters in 47 images.
Fine-Scale Mapping at IGAD1 and Genome-Wide Genetic Linkage Analysis Implicate HLA-DQ/DR as a Major Susceptibility Locus in Selective IgA Deficiency and Common Variable Immunodeficiency 1

Selective IgA deficiency (IgAD) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are the most common primary immunodeficiencies in humans. A high degree of familial clustering, marked differences in the population prevalence among ethnic groups, association of IgAD and CVID in families, and a predominant inheritance pattern in multiple-case pedigrees have suggested a strong, shared genetic predisposition. Previous genetic linkage, case-control, and family-based association studies mapped an IgAD/CVID susceptibility locus, designated IGAD1, to the MHC, but its precise location within the MHC has been controversial. We have analyzed a sample of 101 multiple- and 110 single-case families using 36 markers at the IGAD1 candidate region and mapped homozygous stretches across the MHC shared by affected family members. Haplotype analysis, linkage disequilibrium, and homozygosity mapping indicated that HLA-DQ/DR is the major IGAD1 locus, strongly suggesting the autoimmune pathogenesis of IgAD/CVID. This is supported by the highest excess of allelic sharing at 6p in the genome-wide linkage analysis of 101 IgAD/CVID families using 383 marker loci, by previously reported restrictions of the T cell repertoires in CVID, the presence of autoantibodies, impaired T cell activation, and a dysregulation of a number of genes in the targeted immune system. IgAD/CVID may thus provide a useful model for the study of pathogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies in autoimmune diseases.
Current Researches on Novel Applications of Carbon Nanotubes

: Nanostructured materials are of extraordinary intrigued within the vitality capacity and change field due to their great mechanical and electrical properties. Carbon nanotubes are substances which have been shown those properties. They are an interesting nanostructure that has promising possibilities for future applications. CNTs have different allotropes such as fullerenes, CNTs and graphene. They have been subjects of wide investigate intrigued due to their potential for novel applications spread over the logical range. Graphene to a great extent considered the essential of all carbon allotropes can be formed to make 0D fullerene or rolled to create 1D CNTs. CNTs come in numerous shapes which shift by diameter and by the course of action of their hexagonal clusters within the grid. These contrasts result in the changes to the thickness of electronic states and give each sort of CNTs one of a kind of electrical and basic properties. Progresses in synthesis and decontamination have given analysts get to higher quality materials which has empowered distant better and improved understanding of their properties and their guarantee for future electronic applications.
Time Series Analysis Of Primary Productivity Along The East Coast Of India Using Oceansat-2 Ocean Colour Monitor (O cm)

Primary Productivity is the ultimate source of energy for all organisms in an ecosystem. It is associated with the food production and the global carbon cycle. Sensors on remote platforms (satellites) are capable of estimating the Chlorophyll- a concentration in surface waters by measurement of spectral changes of the upwelling light. From these data, which connected with other remotely sensed data, it is possible to use algorithms to estimate the primary production. In this paper, an initial attempt is made to estimate the Primary Productivity along the east coast of India. Vertically Generalized Productivity Model (VGPM) which is a depth (euphotic depth) integrated model is used for the estimation. The common input variables or geophysical parameters used for the model are chlorophyll- a concentration (chl- a ), vertically diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd-490), Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR), and Sea Surface Temperature (SST). The chlorophyll- a and Kd-490 parameters were estimated using Oceansat-2 OCM data whereas PAR and SST were taken from MODIS-aqua data. Oceansat-2 Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) data for the year 2013 is used in the analysis to compute the primary productivity using the weekly (8-day) data products of all the parameters as mentioned above. These products were inter compared with the MODIS Weekly (8-day) Primary Productivity products which were estimated at a global scale using the modified Vertically Generalized Productivity Model (VGPM) with which uses the exponential function of Sea surface temperature (SST).
Variability of Structure and Transport of the Florida Current in the Period Range of Days to Seasonal

Abstract Current measurements with five repeated moored arrays were carried out from April 1982 to June 1984 across the Florida Current between West Palm Beach and Grand Bahama Island; a reduced sixth array was continued until June 1985. Transport were calculated directly by vertical integration of the 40-hour low-passed northward current components and extrapolation to the surface using the mean vertical shears ova the extent of the mooring. These transports compared well with 96 transport sections measured by PEGASUS and with transports determined by cable voltage measurements. During 1982–84 the transport variations ranged between 20 and 40 Sv (Sv = 106 m3 s−1) with a mean of 30.5 Sv and standard deviations of the 40-hour low-passed data of ±3 Sv. However, monthly mean deviations from the mean annual cycle were only of order ± 1 Sv, indicating that the climate relevant long-period variations of this current are fairly small. The volume transport shows a continuous spectrum with no particularly energeti.
The Canadian Land Data Assimilation System (CaLDAS): Description and Synthetic Evaluation Study

AbstractThe Canadian Land Data Assimilation System (CaLDAS) has been developed at the Meteorological Research Division of Environment Canada (EC) to better represent the land surface initial states in environmental prediction and assimilation systems. CaLDAS is built around an external land surface modeling system and uses the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) methodology. A unique feature of CaLDAS is the use of improved precipitation forcing through the assimilation of precipitation observations. An ensemble of precipitation analyses is generated by combining numerical weather prediction (NWP) model precipitation forecasts with precipitation observations. Spatial phasing errors to the NWP first-guess precipitation forecasts are more effective than perturbations to the precipitation observations in decreasing (increasing) the exceedance ratio (uncertainty ratio) scores and generating flatter, more reliable ranked histograms. CaLDAS has been configured to assimilate L-band microwave brightness temperature TB .
High quality seismological recordings from the SN‐1 deep seafloor observatory in the Mt. Etna region

We show over 4 months of 3‐component broadband seismometer data from the SN‐1 seafloor multidisciplinary observatory, deployed offshore of Eastern Sicily (Italy) at 2105 m b.s.l. The SN‐1 spectra show background noise levels above 0.1 Hz similar to levels at a nearby ground station. An important noise source below 0.1 Hz is caused by tilt of the sensor induced by sea currents. Seismic noise levels above 0.01 Hz are strongly dependent on Etna volcanic activity. In spite of these intense noise sources, SN‐1 recorded many local, regional and global events. The quality of seismic recordings confirms the validity of the installation procedure and good ground coupling of the 3‐component broadband sensor, suggesting that SN‐1 can be proposed as permanent observatory in this high seismic and volcanic hazard area.
Landscape and seasonal patterns of nitrous oxide emissions in a semiarid region

As a prerequisite for quantification of annual N 2 O emissions at a regional scale, this study was conducted to determine the landscape-scale patterns and seasonal fluctuations of N 2 O emission and to demonstrate the linking relationships between large-scale controllers and proximal factors of N 2 O emission. An area of the Black soil zone of central Saskatchewan, Canada, was stratified into three main textural areas: clay loam, fine sandy loam, and sandy. Within each textural area, representative sites were selected based on land use: unfertilized and fertilized cropland, fallow, pasture, and forest sites. A consistent landscape-scale pattern of N 2 O emission was observed; footslope positions had higher N 2 O fluxes than shoulder positions. The role of topography is attributed to its strong influence on the hydrologic and pedologic processes in the landscape, which, in turn, regulate the soil factors controlling N 2 O emission at the microscale level. The seasonal fluctuation of N 2 O emission was influenced by precipitation. Pulses of activity were observed during summer, after rainfall events following N fertilizer application, and during spring thaw. At the regional scale, the sandy area had lower N 2 O emissions than the fine-textured areas. The general order of N 2 O evolved among the land uses was forest < pasture < fallow unfertilized < fertilized cropland. Our results showed the importance of developing spatially based, predictive relationships between N 2 O emission and its controlling factors. Linking these relationships with large-scale integrative variables, such as soil texture and land use, provides means for extrapolating N 2 O fluxes from landscape to regional scale.