Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Small Grain Cover Crops and Wheel Traffic Effects on Infiltration, Runoff, and Erosion

ABSTRACT: Oat and rye cover crops have the potential to reduce erosion when following soybean crops in Iowa. Oat and rye cover crops were overseeded into no-till soybeans in August of 1995, 1996 and 1997 on a sloping site. Infiltration, runoff, and interrill erosion were measured in April of 1996, 1997, and 1998 using an oscillating sprinkler bead rainfall simulator that applied water at approximately 125 mm hr−1. Rill erosion was measured by making flow additions to the upslope end of plots. All measurements were made concurrently on tracked and untracked interrows. Cover crops had no effect on infiltration and erosion in 1996 In 1997, both oat and rye cover crops reduced interrill erosion, but in 1998 only rye increased infiltration and reduced interrill erosion and runoff Untracked interrows had less interrill erosion and runoff, and more infiltration than tracked interrows. In 1997 and 1998, both oat and rye cover crops reduced rill erosion, but wheel traffic had no measurable effect on rill erosion.
A three‐dimensional model of molecular hydrogen in the troposphere

[1] The global distribution and budget of atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2) is simulated with a global Chemistry-Transport Model (CTM). Surface emissions include technological sources (industry, transportation and other fossil fuel combustion processes), biomass burning, nitrogen fixation in soils, and oceanic activity and totals 39 Tg/yr. The photochemical production (31 Tg/yr) from formaldehyde photolysis accounts for about 45% of the total source of H2. Soil uptake (55 Tg/yr) represents a major loss process for H2 and contributes for 80% to the total destruction. H2 oxidation by OH in the troposphere contributes the remainder. The global burden of H2 in the atmosphere is 136 Tg. Its overall lifetime in the atmosphere is 1.9 years. H2 is rather well-mixed in the free troposphere. However, its distribution shows a significant seasonal variation in the lower troposphere where soil uptake dominates. This loss process shows a strong temporal variability and is maximum over the northern hemisphere landmass during summer. Strong vertical gradients result from this surface uptake. In these regions, H2 varies by more than 30% between the maximum mixing ratio in winter and the summer minimum. Our results stress the important role played by the tropics in the budget of H2. In these regions a strong seasonal cycle is also predicted due to the annual variation in biomass burning emissions, soil uptake, and rapid transport by convection of H2 depleted air masses from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere. A comparison with the observed H2 distribution allows to test some of the model predictions. Good agreement is found for the global burden and the annually averaged latitudinal gradient in the southern hemisphere and the tropics. A detailed comparison of the seasonal cycles of H2 in surface air indicates that the use of the net primary productivity to prescribe the seasonal and geographical pattern of soil uptake in the model leads to an underestimate of the deposition velocity during winter and spring over the continents in the northern hemisphere.
Preparation of porous graphene oxide/hydrogel nanocomposites and their ability for efficient adsorption of methylene blue

Porous nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared using CaCO3 particles as solid porogens. The hydrogels were prepared by polymerization and grafting of acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid onto the starch in the presence of CaCO3 and graphene oxide. CaCO3 solid porogens were then removed by washing with acid and porous structures were obtained. The prepared hydrogels were used as adsorbents for methylene blue as a model cationic dye; and a very high adsorption capacity, up to 714.29 mg g−1, was obtained. Kinetics and isotherms of adsorption and the effect of porosity of hydrogel as well as other experimental conditions were also investigated. The prepared adsorbents were recovered and reused for several cycles, and high removal efficiency was observed even after five cycles of adsorption.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Normalization in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy and Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmias and Clinical Outcomes: Results from the MADIT-CRT trial

Background — Appropriate guideline criteria for use of ICDs do not take into account potential recovery of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients treated with CRT-D. Methods and Results — Patients randomized to CRT-D from the MADIT-CRT trial, who survived and had paired echocardiograms at enrollment and at 12-months (n=752) were included. Patients were evaluated by LVEF recovery in 3 groups (LVEF (cid:148) 35% (reference), LVEF:36-50%, and LVEF>50%) on outcomes of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA), VTA (cid:149) 200 bpm, ICD-shock, heart failure or death and inappropriate ICD therapy by multivariable Cox models. A total of 7.3% achieved LVEF normalization>50%. Average follow-up hereafter was 2.2±0.8 years. The risk of VTA was reduced in LVEF>50% (HR:0.24, CI:0.07-0.82, p=0.023) and LVEF:36-50% (HR:0.44, CI:0.28-0.68 p<0.001). Among patients with LVEF>50% only 1 had VTA (cid:149) 200 bpm (HR:0.16, CI:0.02-1.51), none were shocked by the ICD and 2 died of non-arrhythmic causes. The risk of HF/death was reduced with improvements in LVEF (>50%: HR:0.29, CI:0.09-0.97 p=0.045 and LVEF:36-50%: HR:0.44, CI:0.28-0.69 p<0.001). For inappropriate ICD therapy no additional risk reduction for LVEF>50% was seen when compared to LVEF:36-50%. A total of 6 factors were associated with LVEF normalization and patients with all factors present (n=42) did not experience VTAs (PPV=100%). Conclusions — Patients who achieve LVEF normalization (>50%) have very low absolute and relative risk of VTAs and a favorable clinical course within 2.2 years of follow-up. Risk of inappropriate ICD therapy is still present and these patients could be considered for downgrade from CRT-D to CRT-P at time of battery-depletion if no VTAs have occurred. defibrillator. hhhee UUnUniversisitytyty oof f f RoRoRchchheseseteteter,r,r wwititithhh fufufndndss didiststriribubuteted tto tthehee cccooooorddinininaatatioion n ananand dadatatata cccenenteter,r,, eeenrnrrololollilingn ceecntntters, core labboorraatorrriees, cooommmmmittteteeses, aannd bboboardsss uuundededr r sususubcbcconnttraaacts fffrooom m ththhe UnUnnivvvererssittyy offf RoRoochchchesesesteter.r. TTThhehe cccurrrrerenntnt ssstutudyyy wwasasas nnnootot fffununndedededdd bybyby BBBoosstooon ScScSciiientntntififficici. MHMHRR fufundndeded ffroromm DaDaninishsh HHeaeartrt ththherrrapapy thhehe muultiiicenntteerr dddefffibrillllaatatororr
Thermoluminescence sensitivity and thermal history of type 3 ordinary chondrites: Eleven new type 3.0–3.1 chondrites and possible explanations for differences among H, L, and LL chondrites

Abstract— We review induced thermoluminescence (TL) data for 102 unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (UOCs), many data just published in abstracts, in order to identify particularly primitive UOCs and further explore TL systematics that may have implications for the history of the chondrites and their parent body. We have identified 11 UOCs of petrologic types 3.0–3.1: Adrar 003, Elephant Moraine (EET) 90066, EET 90161, Grosvenor Mountains (GRO) 95502, Lewis Cliff (LEW) 88477, Meteorite Hills (MET) 96503, Yamato (Y)‐790787, Y‐791324, Y‐791558, Y‐793565, and Y‐793596. These samples represent an important new resource for researchers interested in the nature of primitive solar system materials. Previously reported trends in which TL sensitivity increases with TL peak temperature and TL peak width, which we interpret in terms of crystallization of feldspar in the ordered or disordered forms during metamorphism, are confirmed by the new data. Importantly, the present data strengthen the trend described earlier in which the mean level of metamorphism experienced by UOCs increases along the series LL, L and H. This suggests either different burial depths for the UOCs from each class, or formation at similar depths in regoliths of different thickness.
Whistler propagation in ionospheric density ducts: Simulations and DEMETER observations

On 16 October 2009, the Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) satellite observed VLF whistler wave activity coincident with an ionospheric heating experiment conducted at HAARP. At the same time, density measurements by DEMETER indicate the presence of multiple field‐aligned enhancements. Using an electron MHD model, we show that the distribution of VLF power observed by DEMETER is consistent with the propagation of whistlers from the heating region inside the observed density enhancements. We also discuss other interesting features of this event, including coupling of the lower hybrid and whistler modes, whistler trapping in artificial density ducts, and the interference of whistlers waves from two adjacent ducts.
Evolution of microwave sea ice signatures during early summer and midsummer in the marginal ice zone

Emissivities at frequencies from 5 to 94 GHz and backscatter at frequencies from 1 to 17 GHz were measured from sea ice in Fram Strait during the Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in June and July of 1983 and 1984. The ice observed was primarily multiyear; the remainder, first-year ice, was often deformed. Results from this active and passive microwave study include the description of the evolution of the sea ice during early summer and midsummer; the absorption properties of summer snow; the interrelationship between ice thickness and the state and thickness of snow; and the modulation of the microwave signature, especially at the highest frequencies, by the freezing of the upper few centimeters of the ice.
Comparison of stream nutrient conditions in a subtropical lowland watershed to EPA suggested criteria

Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon are essential to the health and diversity of stream ecosystems. However, excess nutrients can cause eutrophication, resulting in overgrowth of aquatic plants and decline of the ecosystem diversity. A paired-watershed study was initiated in a subtropical forested watershed within the Ouachita River Basin in Louisiana to identify stream nutrient conditions with respect to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggested criteria, and to examine changes in nutrient levels following timber harvesting operations with and without BMP implementation. Nutrient concentrations were measured in both storm runoff and monthly stream water samples collected at 11 sites in the headwater streams. Water samples were analyzed for total and dissolved phosphorus, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, along with total and dissolved organic and inorganic carbon. The preliminary results show that the low-order streams in these watersheds frequently exceeded the suggested nitrogen criteria before any harvesting activities were initiated. Average nitrite/nitrate at all monitoring sites (0.172 - 0.410 mgL-1) was significantly higher than EPA’s recommended level (0.067 mg L-1), especially during rainstorm events and warmer months. Total phosphorus varied from 0.028 mg L-1 - 0.104 mg L-1, which were within the EPA recommendation levels. Total organic carbon showed high levels in both monthly and storm water samples at most of the monitoring sites.
Modeling injection-induced seismicity with the physics-based earthquake simulator RSQSim

Although the phenomenon of earthquakes induced by the subsurface injection of fluids has been recognized, and the basic mechanisms understood, for many decades (e.g., Healy et al. , 1968), the recent increase in seismicity associated with oil and gas development, including large damaging events (e.g., Ellsworth, 2013; Keranen et al. , 2013; Hough, 2014; Rubinstein et al. , 2014) makes clear the need to better understand the processes controlling such seismicity and to develop techniques to mitigate the associated seismic hazard. The relationship of fault stress, fault strength, and fluid pressure at the onset of fault slip in the most basic form is given by the modified Coulomb criterion, ! [Graphic][1] (1)in which τ and σ are the shear and normal stress, respectively, acting on the fault surface, P is the pore‐fluid pressure, and μ is the coefficient of fault friction. The term ( σ − P ) is the effective normal stress (Terzaghi, 1925). From equation (1), a fault can be brought to a critical state through an increase of shear stress τ , a decrease of the normal stress σ , an increase of fluid pressure P , or some combination of the three. Increase of pore‐fluid pressure is the most widely cited cause of earthquakes induced by human activities (National Research Council, 2012). Consequently, investigations and models of induced seismicity have tended to focus mainly on spatial changes of fluid pressures (Hsieh and Bredehoeft, 1981; Shapiro and Dinske, 2009). Although the immediate cause of injection‐induced earthquakes is the increase of fluid pressure that brings a fault to a critical stress state, models of the spatial changes of fluid pressure alone are insufficient to either predict or understand the space–time characteristics of induced earthquakes. Comprehensive system‐level models that couple physics‐based simulations of seismicity with reservoir simulations of fluid … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
A numerical model for coupled fluid flow and matrix deformation with applications to disequilibrium compaction and delta stability

[1] A model is developed which couples fully saturated porous compaction to the viscous-plastic deformation of the skeleton matrix. The Darcy fluid flow during compaction is described by an advection-diffusion equation for the excess pressure with two source/sink terms that depend on the mechanical compressibility and viscous compaction of the pore space, the latter representing the effect of pressure solution. The incompressible deformation of the composite medium is described by a force balance equation and its rheology can be viscous, plastic, or viscoplastic (Bingham material). For the plastic and viscoplastic cases, the coupling between the compacting and plastically deforming parts of the system is through the Drucker-Prager frictional-plastic yield criterion modified by Terzaghi's principle, so that the yield strength depends on the effective dynamical pressure. The coupled system is solved using a two-dimensional (2-D) finite element method. Two problems are solved to demonstrate the behavior of our theory. The first considers compaction of a uniform sediment layer. The numerical results agree with the predictions of the nondimensional control parameters and previously published results. The second problem concerns 2-D kinematic progradation of deltaic sediments. Substratum and delta sediments have the same compaction properties and a Bingham rheology during deviatoric deformation, such that the delta undergoes linear postyield viscous flow. For certain depositional regimes, overpressure is generated. When pore pressures approach critical values, yielding occurs and the delta front fails and becomes unstable, spreading gravitationally under its own weight. The flow velocity is limited to geological rates by the Bingham viscosity. For the range of parameter values considered, pressure solution is the most effective mechanism for generating near-lithostatic fluid pressures that lead to initial failure, and it appears that mechanical compaction hardly contributes to the fluid overpressure at this stage.
Implementación de un software para el análisis de imágenes aéreas multiespectrales de caña de azúcar [Implementation of software for the analysis of multispectral aerial images sugarcane]

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta una implementacion de software para la determinacion del estado de plantaciones de cana de azucar basado en el analisis de imagenes aereas multiespectrales. En la actualidad no existen tecnicas precisas para estimar objetivamente la superficie de cana caida o volcada, y esta ocasiona importantes perdidas de productividad en la cosecha y en la industrializacion. Para la realizacion de este trabajo se confecciono un dataset referencial de imagenes, y se implemento un software a partir del cual se obtuvieron indicadores propuestos como representativos del fenomeno agronomico, y se realizaron analisis de los datos generados. Ademas se implemento un software clasificador referencial basado en redes neuronales con el que se estimo la fortaleza de dichos indicadores y se estimo la superficie afectada en forma cuantitativa y espacial. Palabras Claves Cana de azucar, cuantificacion, volcado, red neuronal, procesamiento de imagen Abstract In this paper we present a software implementation for determining the status of sugarcane plantations based on the analysis of multispectral aerial images. Currently there are no precise techniques to estimate objectively the cane area fall or overturned, and this causes significant losses in crop productivity and industrialization. For the realization of this work a dataset benchmark images was made, and a software, from which were obtained representative proposed indicators for the agronomic phenomenon was implemented, and analyzes of the data generated were realized. In addition, we implemented a software benchmark classifier based on neural networks with which we estimated the strength of these indicators and the area affected was estimated quantitatively and spatially. Keywords Sugarcane, quantification, fall, neural network, image processing
Size‐fractionated iron distributions and iron‐limitation processes in the subarctic NW Pacific

Comparison of vertical profiles of size‐fractionated iron between the western and eastern subarctic North Pacific clearly showed higher labile particulate iron concentrations towards the west and this result strongly supports the higher iron supply in the western region. Additionally, the results of the SEEDS experiment, the first meso‐scale iron enrichment experiment in the subarctic North Pacific, clearly showed that artificially enriched iron in the dissolved fraction (mainly in colloidal fraction) was rapidly transformed to suspended labile particulate iron during phytoplankton growth and was retained in the surface mixed layer. Probably, this same rapid transformation process occurs naturally after sporadic atmospheric iron supply and the labile particulate iron is retained in the western region. Furthermore, this transformation process reduces dissolved concentration of iron and its bioavailability. Therefore, the transformation process is important for understanding how phytoplankton became iron limited and the biogeochemical iron cycle in the western subarctic North Pacific.
EXTRAÇÃO DE ATRIBUTOS E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE LESÕES DE PELE UTILIZANDO COMBINAÇÃO DE COMPONENTES DE MODELOS DE CORES

Melanoma is the fifth most common kind of cancer for males and seventh most common for females. It accounts for less than two percent of skin cancer cases, but owns the worst prognosis and the higher mortality rate. Early detection of the disease provides to the patient a greater chance of cure. The ABCD rule has been used in feature extraction in this work, in order to promote a greater success rate in the classification of skin lesions. An analysis of the color models RGB, HSV, CMY, L*u*v and YCbCr was proposed to the color attribute. In the classification were used algorithms MultiLayer Perceptron, Radial Basis Function, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, LibLinear and K-Nearest Neighbor. The results obtained were encouraging, reaching an accuracy of 0.945 and a Kappa of 0.816 from the component generated by the combination of the HSV color model components.
Dirty Hands and Dirty Mouths

Water and soap remove more than physical dirt―they attenuate guilt from one’s moral transgressions (Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006) and soften one’s judgment of others’ misdeeds (Schnall, Benton, & Harvey, 2008). Conversely, immoral acts increase the appeal of physical cleansing (Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006). Such findings indicate that abstract thought about morality is grounded in concrete experiences of physical cleanliness (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999). Natural language use associates this moralpurity metaphor with specific body parts (e.g., “dirty hands,” “dirty mouth”), suggesting that the motor modality involved in a transgression may figure prominently in the embodiment of moral purity. If so, people should prefer purification of the “dirty” body part over purification of other body parts. We tested this conjecture, which is compatible with the canon of embodiment (Barsalou, 2008; Niedenthal, Barsalou, Winkielman, Krauth-Gruber, & Ric, 2005), by inducing participants to perform the same immoral act (conveying a malevolent lie) or moral act (conveying a benevolent message) with their mouths (by using voice mail) or their hands (by using e-mail). Their subsequent desire for mouthwash and for hand sanitizer served as the dependent variables. If the embodiment of moral purity is independent of motor modality, as previous research implicitly assumed, both cleaning products should be more attractive to people after they convey a malevolent message than after they convey a benevolent message; if the embodiment is sensitive to motor modality, however, mouthwash should be particularly desirable after lying in a voice mail, and hand sanitizer should be particularly desirable after lying in an e-mail. Note, however, that people not only avoid physical contact with morally tainted people and objects, but also seek physical contact with virtuous ones (Rozin & Nemeroff, 1990). Hence, they may not only attempt to remove the metaphorical residue of immoral acts, but also avoid removing the residue of virtuous acts. In this case, people would find mouthwash particularly unappealing after conveying a virtuous message in a voice mail and hand sanitizer particularly unappealing after conveying a virtuous message in an e-mail. Method
Assessing the impacts of ocean acidification, global warming and terrestrial runoff on the cross-shelf variability of coral calcification in the central Great Barrier Reef

xiii 1. General introduction, project overview and literature review . 1 1.1. General introduction. 1 1.2. Project scope and aims . 2 1.3. Literature review: Coral calcification and ocean acidification . 3 1.3. 1. Coral calcification as a source of environmental information . 4 1.3. 2. Spatial and temporal variations in coral growth parameters . 10 1.3. 3. CO2 in the ocean. 17 1.3. 4. The Carbonate system in the Ocean . 18 1.3. 5. Effects of increased CO2 on corals. 21 1.3. 6. Physiological effects of CO2 on calcification . 23 1.3. 7. Effects of elevated CO2 on coral reef communities . 25 1.3. 8. Coastal environments and the effect of river plumes on carbonate chemistry: the Burdekin River . 26 1.3. 9. Boron isotopes in marine carbonates . 30 1.3. 10. Past changes from δB as a seawater pH paleo-proxy . 30 1.3. 11. Factors affecting B isotope distribution and incorporation in corals . 36 1.3. 12. Summary . 40 2. Study area and general methodology . 43 2.1. Study area and settings of the central GBR . 43 2.2. Reefs studied . 45 2.3. Instrumental rainfall, river discharge and sea surface temperature records . 50 2.4. Methods . 53 2.4. 1. Coral core collection . 53 3. Geochemical data from LA-ICP-MS in coral records . 57 3.