Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leyland, K. M., Arden, N. K. (2021). Knee osteoarthritis and time-to all-cause mortality in six community-based cohorts: an international meta-analysis of individual participant-level

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease, with increasing global burden of disability and healthcare utilisation. Recent meta-analyses have shown a range of effects of OA on mortality, reflecting different OA definitions and study methods. We seek to overcome limitations introduced when using aggregate results by gathering individual participant-level data (IPD) from international observational studies and standardising methods to determine the association of knee OA with mortality in the general population. Methods Seven community-based cohorts were identified containing knee OA-related pain, radiographs, and time-to-mortality, six of which were available for analysis. A two-stage IPD meta-analysis framework was applied: (1) Cox proportional hazard models assessed time-to-mortality of participants with radiographic OA (ROA), OA-related pain (POA), and a combination of pain and ROA (PROA) against pain and ROA-free participants; (2) hazard ratios (HR) were then pooled using the Hartung–Knapp modification for random-effects meta-analysis. Findings 10,723 participants in six cohorts from four countries were included in the analyses. Multivariable models (adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes) showed a pooled HR, compared to pain and ROA-free participants, of 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) for ROA, 1.35 (1.12, 1.63) for POA, and 1.37 (1.22, 1.54) for PROA. Discussion Participants with POA or PROA had a 35–37% increased association with reduced time-to-mortality, independent of confounders. ROA showed no association with mortality, suggesting that OA-related knee pain may be driving the association with time-to-mortality. Funding Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis and Osteoarthritis Research Society International.
Ecological and socioeconomic strategies to sustain Caribbean coral reefs in a high-CO <mml:mi mathvariant="bold">2</mml:mi> world

The Caribbean and Western Atlantic region hosts one of the world’s most diverse geopolitical regions and a unique marine biota distinct from tropical seas in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. While this region varies in human population density, GDP and wealth, coral reefs, and their associated ecosystem services, are central to people’s livelihoods. Unfortunately, the region’s reefs have experienced extensive degradation over the last several decades. This degradation has been attributed to a combination of disease, overfishing, and multiple pressures from other human activities. Furthermore, the Caribbean region has experienced rapid ocean warming and acidification as a result of climate change that will continue and accelerate throughout the 21st century. It is evident that these changes will pose increasing threats to Caribbean reefs unless imminent actions are taken at the local, regional and global scale. Active management is required to sustain Caribbean reefs and increase their resilience to recover from acute stress events. Here, we propose local and regional solutions to halt and reverse Caribbean coral reef degradation under ongoing ocean warming and acidification. Because the Caribbean has already experienced high coral reef degradation, we suggest that this region may be suitable for more aggressive interventions that might not be suitable for other regions. Solutions with direct ecological benefits highlighted here build on existing knowledge of factors that can contribute to reef restoration and increased resilience in the Caribbean: (1) management of water quality, (2) reduction of unsustainable fishing practices, (3) application of ecological engineering, and (4) implementing marine spatial planning. Complementary socioeconomic and governance solutions include: (1) increasing communication and leveraging resources through the establishment of a regional reef secretariat, (2) incorporating reef health and sustainability goals into the blue economy plans for the region, and (3) initiating a reef labeling program to incentivize corporate partnerships for reef restoration and protection to sustain overall reef health in the region. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ∗ Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: aandersson@ucsd.edu (A.J. Andersson), alex@centrescientifique.mc (A.A. Venn). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma. 2019.100677 2352-4855/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 2 A.J. Andersson, A.A. Venn, L. Pendleton et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 29 (2019) 100677
L’importance du contrôle de gestion dans le contexte des clubs de football professionnel : Approche théorique The Importance of Management Control in the Context of Professional Football Clubs: Theoretical Approach

The objective of this paper is to make a theoretical contribution on the importance of management control (MC) in new contexts. Professional soccer clubs (PFC) seem to us an interesting field of investigation. This is due both to the evolution of the soccer industry in recent decades and the now inevitable cohabitation between sporting and economic logics, resulting in changes in management practices (Touchais, 2011). The article questions the role of the CG as a performance management tool to address the problems and obstacles related to the particularities of sports organizations. In other words, we seek to show that the MC can play structuring roles within PSCs characterized by a complex purpose, difficult governance, a high level of uncertainty related to the activity, and production standards that make it possible to reproduce the same performance is not easy to set. Our contribution focuses on sports and CG literature to provide theoretical answers to our problem.
Progress in Oceanography The case of the diatoms and the muddled mandalas: Time to recognize diatom adaptations to strati ﬁ ed waters

Models used to predict future ocean ecosystem and biogeochemical behaviour depend on simpli ﬁ ed ecological frameworks allowing the de ﬁ nition of plankton functional types. Foremost among such frameworks has been the mandala of Margalef. His 1978 paper has been increasingly referred to in the past decade as simpli ﬁ ed ecological schemes have been sought to help predict the e ﬀ ect of climate change on phytoplankton. However, the mandala is based on an understanding of the subject that is over 40years old, when observational studies were largely limited to the coastal ocean and to near surface waters. Furthermore, most recent reproductions of the mandala are signi ﬁ cant oversimpli ﬁ cations of Margalef ’ s original. In these simpli ﬁ ed mandala-type constructs, diatoms, in particular, have commonly been cast as a single plankton functional type that thrive in turbulent waters and decrease in abundance with increasing strati ﬁ cation. On this basis, it is widely predicted that diatom pro- ductivity and hence the e ﬀ ectiveness of the marine biological carbon pump will decrease with climate change that is driving increased strati ﬁ cation of the oceans. But Margalef ’ s original took a more re ﬁ ned approach and depicted diatom genera that were adapted to more strati ﬁ ed conditions such as those characteristic of the subtropical oligotrophic gyres. If we now draw on the vast advances in observational oceanography of recent decades it is evident that diatoms may thrive, bloom and generate signi ﬁ cant export even in the most intensely strati ﬁ ed and apparently oligotrophic conditions. Indeed, some diatom species have unique adaptations to such environments. We therefore suggest that it is time to abandon oversimpli ﬁ ed schemes and recognize the diverse ecology of diatoms.
Do "Incidental Melanomas" Exist? If so, how many are they? High Time to Decide

: Do "Clinically Insignificant, HIstological MElanoma-Like Lesions" (CIHIMELL) – to wit, merely incidental, looking-like-melanoma lesions devoid of intrinsic malignant potential - exist? The question arises from the fact that, in spite of increased diagnoses of completely excised malignant melanoma (MM) in the last two decades, mortality from advanced metastatic disease has not decreased. After a brief review of the literature, the author proposes that the existence of CIHIMELL could be affirmed through post mortem dermoscopy and histological study of any pigmented lesion, clinically or dermoscopically suspected, of several deceased patients undergoing necropsy for death causes unrelated to MM. Should the cumulative prevalence of merely histological melanomas turn out to be exceedingly high and not commensurable with the current death rates of true MM, the discrepancy would tangibly prove that indolent pigmented lesions with morphological aspect of melanoma do exist. This would clearly introduce difficulties that could satisfactorily be dealt with only through a paradigm shift in melanoma surveillance and diagnosis (which could also allow to add a piece of “encouraging uncertainty” to the patient-physician relationship). However, it can be expected that such an enterprise would be countered by several vested academic and commercial interests.
EQUILIBRIUM MODELING OF RAW AND TORREFIED LEUCAENA IN A DOWNDRAFT FIXED BED GASIFIER

: The gasification performance of raw Leucaena, torrefied Leucaena at 200 °C (T200), and torrefied Leucaena at 275 °C (T275) in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier are performed based on thermodynamic equilibrium model using STANJAN (v.3.93L). The effects of torrefaction temperature and gasification temperature on syngas contents (H 2 , CO, CH 4 ), syngas heating value, cold gas efficiency (CGE) and carbon conversion (CC) were studied. The results showed the torrefied biomass leads to lower syngas yield. The syngas heating value of T275 is much higher than those of raw and T200 but it has the lowest CGE among the three fuels due to its heating value. The gasification temperature does not affect the gasification performance. In this study, the optimal torrefaction temperature and gasification temperature are 200 °C and 800 °C respectively. A thermodynamic analysis on of raw and torrefied Leucaena in a downdraft gasifier have been performed by thermodynamics equilibrium method using STANJAN (v.3.93L). The torrefaction temperature and gasification temperature affect the syngas contents, syngas yields, syngas LHV, CGE and CC. The higher the torrefaction temperature, the lower the syngas yield. The higher heating value of T275 results in the lowest of syngas yield and CGE. The gasification temperature in the range of 800 o C to 1000 o C does not affect the gasification performance. In terms of syngas yields, CGE and CC, this study show that torrefaction at 200 o C (for 30 minutes) with gasification temperature at 800 o C is more feasible than the other two fuels for biomass gasification. However, torrefaction need equipment including heating, cooling, and tar collecting system and operating costs.
A Second-Order Finite Volume Discretization of the Time-Dependent Transport Equation on Arbitrary Quadrilaterals in R-Z Geometry

Abstract A second order, semi-implicit numerical method for solving the multigroup nonstationary transport equation and corresponding code is developed in two-dimensional R-Z geometry. Finite difference meshes are formed by arbitrary convex quadrangles. The conservative finite difference scheme is derived by the integro-interpolation method. The balance equation is augmented by linear approximations. The proposed additional relationships provide the second order of approximation at any side-visible cases using a corresponding choice of the weights of scheme. The number of additional relationships in spatial variables, as well as their form, depends on how many visible sides are under consideration. The additional relationships in time and angle variables are diamond-difference-like approximations relating the edge values to the cell-centered values. An analytical test problem is used to demonstrate the second order of spatial approximation of the proposed method. To test the algorithm for solving the stationary transport equation, we compare the numerical results, obtained by the developed technique, with the results produced by one-dimensional (1-D) codes such as KIN1D (The Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russia) and ANISN (U.S.) by using spherical symmetrical 1-D problems. Special analytical benchmarks are developed to test the nonstationary technique. The tests have shown good agreement of the results.
Peer Reviewed Title: Cholera Toxin Induces cAMP-dependent Th17 Differentiation by Dendritic Cells

Abstract: Cholera toxin (CT), the causative factor responsible for the life-threatening acute diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae, is also well known as a potent mucosal vaccine adjuvant. However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the mucosal adjuvant properties of CT. Recent studies have shown that Th17 cells discovered at mucosal sites have important role in generating strong immune responses that can be either protective (e.g. antimicrobial immunity) or destructive (e.g. autoimmune diseases EAE). Here, we showed that CT activates dendritic cells (DC) via cAMP-dependent mechanisms to drive the differentiation of naïve T cells into IL-17-producing Th17 cells in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we identified an alternative pathway for Th17 differentiation that depends on the CT-induced secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) by DC but is independent of IL-6. CGRP, a neuropeptide, in turn activates cAMPdependent pathways in T cells that contribute to the generation of Th17 cells. These findings implicate Th17 induction as a contributing factor to the adjuvant effects of CT and identify novel pathways involved in T cell differentiation at mucosal sites.
chemical amendment of dairy cattle slurry on both P and metal and Ca)

Emerging remediation technologies such as chemical amendment of dairy cattle slurry have the 28 potential to reduce phosphorus (P) solubility and consequently reduce P losses arising from land 29 application of dairy cattle slurry. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 30 chemical amendment of slurry to reduce incidental losses of P and suspended sediment (SS) 31 from grassland following application of dairy cattle slurry and to examine the effect of 32 amendments on metal concentrations in runoff water. Intact grassed-soil samples were placed in 33 two laboratory runoff boxes, each 200-cm-long by 22.5-cm-wide by 5-cm-deep, before being 34 amended with dairy cattle slurry (the study control) and slurry amended with either: (i) alum, 35 comprising 8% aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) (1.11:1 aluminum (Al):total phosphorus (TP) of slurry) 36 (ii) poly-aluminum chloride hydroxide (PAC) comprising 10% Al 2 O 3 (0.93:1 Al:TP) (iii) 37 analytical grade ferric chloride (FeCl 2 ) (2:1 Fe:TP), (iv) and lime (Ca(OH) 2 ) (10:1 Ca:TP). When 38 compared with the study control, PAC was the most effective amendment, reducing dissolved 39 reactive phosphorus (DRP) by up to 86% while alum was most effective in reducing SS (88%), 40 TP (94%), particulate phosphorus (PP) (95%), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) (81%), and 41 dissolved unreactive phosphorus (DUP) (86%). Chemical amendment of slurry did not appear to 42 significantly increase losses of Al and Fe compared to the study control, while all amendments 43 increased Ca loss compared to control and grass-only treatment. While chemical amendments 44 were effective, the reductions in incidental P losses observed in this study were similar to those 45 observed in other studies where the time from slurry application to the first rainfall event was 46 increased. Timing of slurry application may therefore be a much more feasible way to reduce incidental P losses. Future work must examine the long-term effects of amendments on P loss to 48 runoff and not only incidental losses.
Pupil Detection Methods for Eye Tracking

Abstract. The theory that pupillary changes can reﬂect human psychophysical character was conﬁrmed in several conducted studies. Authors of those studies have used devices called eye trackers in order to measure pupillary changes, blinking rate, eye movement patterns or even a gaze position. The main goal of those apparatuses is to locate the pupil on a given image using implemented pupil detection algorithms. In this paper the main focus will be set on several states of art pupil detection methods. All represent di ﬀ erent approaches to performing the same tasks in di ﬃ cult situations for ex. : low / high condition, low image resolutions or low contrast.
Nuova Atlantide

possi-Abstract The aim of this paper is to pave the way towards the inclusion of main-stream sociological approaches (based on Luhmann’s approach) for the studies of irms-organizations. In social sciences we can observe that the theo- retic consequences of a paradigm shift is signiicantly represented by the evolution of systemic thinking from Parsons to Luhmann. This shift implies the change from the vision of systemic organizations as “structures” to that of systemic organizations as “communi-cation lows”. The milestone of systemic approach in management may- be found in the research and applied works of Anthony Staford Beer with his Viable System Model (VSM) that today faced a relevant reconiguration by Golinelli and the Italian school on Viable Systemic Approach (VSA). The paradigm shift in this ield has been smoother than in sociology, and didn’t imply the discard of the concept of organization as a structure. This because, in management sciences, the perspective and, consequently, the subject of study is the organization and its structure. We think this paradigm shift is possible also in management sciences, if we consider the whole organization as a structured information low creating a dematerialized structure. Our re- search question is: “Is it possible to apply in business sciences the fundamen- tal concepts that caused the paradigm shift in sociology? ” To answer to this question we discuss about ontology of the irm and of the concept of value in order to understand to what extent intangible communication lows are called upon to be involved in a new deinition of structure. Keywords: Systemic Sociology,
Classification of SQL Injection Attacks and using Encryption as a Countermeasure.

: This paper is devoted to evaluation of the vulnerabilities of web application to the various classes of SQL injection attacks and the countermeasures that can be used to put a check on them. The reason for the vulnerability is the use of limited set of attack pattern by the web developers during evaluation. This paper also presents an improvement over the existing countermeasure techniques by proposing a new defence mechanism that includes encryption and decryption of data entered in the login parameters.
Resistive Switching Synaptic Device with High Rectification Ratio and its Impact on Spiking Neural Network

This thesis suggests reverse leakage current problem which can occur when resistive random access memory (RRAM) is integrated as synaptic device with integrate-and-fire (IF) neuron circuit in spiking neural network (SNN). To this issue, self-rectifying RRAM was proposed as a solution. Ni/W/SiN x /n-Si RRAM with different bottom electrode (BE) doping concentration was fabricated and measured. Their DC and rectifying characteristics were analyzed based on the measurement data. Among them, self-rectifying RRAM with lowest BE doping concentration exhibited foremost rectifying characteristics without any additional selector or diode device. Furthermore, hardware-based system level simulation was conducted to evaluate the effect of self-rectifying RRAM synapse on spiking neural network. As a result, total 10.2%p of accuracy increment was obtained in MNIST pattern recognition simulation, utilizing the proposed RRAM.
Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Investor sentiment, disagreement, and the breadth return relationship

W e study the cross-sectional breadth–return relation by assuming that investors subject to market sen- timent hold a biased belief in the aggregate. With a dynamic multiasset model, we predict that the breadth–return relationship can be either positive or negative depending on the relative strength of two offset-ting forces—disagreement and sentiment. We ﬁnd evidence consistent with our predictions. The breadth–return relationship is positive when the sentiment effect is small. However, the relationship becomes negative when (i) the time-series variation of market-wide sentiment is high and (ii) the cross-sectional dispersion of ﬁrm-speciﬁc exposure to market-wide sentiment variation is large. Our uniﬁed framework reconciles a few seemingly inconsistent empirical studies in this literature and explains puzzling cross-sectional return patterns observed during the Internet bubble and the subprime crisis periods.
I N V I T E D R E V I E W Cannabis and the brain

Summary The active compound in herbal cannabis, D 9 -tetrahydro-cannabinol, exerts all of its known central effects through the CB 1 cannabinoid receptor. Research on cannabinoid mechanisms has been facilitated by the availability of selective antagonists acting at CB 1 receptors and the generation of CB 1 receptor knockout mice. Particularly important classes of neurons that express high levels of CB 1 receptors are GABAergic interneurons in hippocampus, amygdala and cerebral cortex, which also contain the neuropeptides cholecystokinin. Activation of CB 1 receptors leads to inhibition of the release of amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters. The lipid derivatives anandamide and 2-arachido-nylglycerol act as endogenous ligands for CB 1 receptors (endocannabinoids). They may act as retrograde synaptic mediators of the phenomena of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition or excitation in hippocampus and cerebellum. Central effects of cannabinoids include disruption of psychomotor behaviour, short-term memory impairment, intoxication, stimulation of appetite, antinociceptive actions (particularly against pain of neuropathic origin) and anti-emetic effects. Although there are signs of mild cognitive impairment in chronic cannabis users there is little evidence that such impairments are irreversible, or that they are accompanied by drug-induced neuropathology. A proportion of regular users of cannabis develop tolerance and dependence on the drug. Some studies have linked chronic use of cannabis with an increased risk of psychiatric illness, but there is little evidence for any causal link. The potential medical applications of cannabis in the treatment of painful muscle spasms and other symptoms of multiple sclerosis are currently being tested in clinical trials. Medicines based on drugs that enhance the function of endocannabinoids may offer novel therapeutic approaches in the future.