Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Etude de l'effet de champs électromagnétiques basse fréquence sur les propriétés physico-chimiques de l'eau

L'hypothese directrice de ce travail est la possibilite d'une action des champs electromagnetiques basse frequence sur les proprietes physico-chimiques de l'eau et via son activite sur des systemes biologiques. Cette hypothese a ete induite par le grand nombre de publications sur ces sujets parues au cours de ces dix dernieres annees, mais aussi par la difficulte d'en tirer des conclusions du fait du caractere contradictoire de certains resultats ou de conditions experimentales mal explicitees et parfois mal controlees. Dans la premiere partie de notre etude, des experiences de diffusion Raman et de photoluminescence realisees sur des echantillons d'eau pure nous ont permis d'identifier la presence de polluants chimiques provenant des recipients servant au stockage des echantillons. Sous le controle de ces techniques extremement sensibles, nous avons mis au point un protocole de preparation des echantillons rigoureux permettant de limiter ces artefacts. Les efforts ont notamment porte sur : (i) la purification de l'eau par osmose inverse et par une etape finale appelee « polissage », (ii) le controle de l'environnement atmospherique (boite a gants avec atmosphere controlee), electromagnetique et acoustique (boites de traitement et de stockage du type cage de Faraday avec revetement de mu-metal et isolation acoustique), (iii) l'inertie chimique des recipients (utilisation exclusive de silice fondue de haute purete de qualite optique). La seconde partie du travail a porte sur l'etude de l'effet des champs electromagnetiques sur les echantillons d'eau prepares en suivant le protocole caracterise dans la premiere partie. Nous avons choisi des champs electromagnetiques sinusoidaux de basse frequence (< 1 kHz), delivres en train d'ondes de quelques secondes et appliques pendant six heures avec des intensites faibles (champ magnetique d'environ 1 mT et champs electrique d'environ 4 mV/m). Parmi toutes les experiences de caracterisation realisees, seules celles de diffusion elastique de la lumiere et de photoluminescence ont permis d'observer des effets notables a savoir une baisse importante, de l'ordre de 30%, pour l'intensite de diffusion et d'environ 70% pour l'intensite de photoluminescence apres exposition au champ electromagnetique. Des experiences complementaires de diffusion dynamique de la lumiere et de degazage des echantillons ont permis de conclure que l'action du champ electromagnetique avait porte principalement sur les bulles de gaz presentes dans les echantillons d'eau, entrainant notamment une forte baisse d'une population de nanobulles d'environ 300 nm de diametre. L'ensemble de ces resultats suggere que les champs electromagnetiques basse frequence pulses agiraient sur l'interface gaz/eau, principalement en perturbant la double-couche ionique qui stabilise les nanobubbles de gaz dans l'eau. La photoluminescence des echantillons resulterait de l'excitation de ces composes ioniques hydrates concentres autour des bulles de gaz.
What You See Is What You Hear: Sounds Alter the Contents of Visual Perception

Visual object recognition is not performed in isolation but depends on prior knowledge and context. Here, we found that auditory context plays a critical role in visual object perception. Using a psychophysical task in which naturalistic sounds were paired with noisy visual inputs, we demonstrated across two experiments (young adults; ns = 18–40 in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively) that the representations of ambiguous visual objects were shifted toward the visual features of an object that were related to the incidental sound. In a series of control experiments, we found that these effects were not driven by decision or response biases (ns = 40–85) nor were they due to top-down expectations (n = 40). Instead, these effects were driven by the continuous integration of audiovisual inputs during perception itself. Together, our results demonstrate that the perceptual experience of visual objects is directly shaped by naturalistic auditory context, which provides independent and diagnostic information about the visual world.
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of spacetime: The role of gravitational dissipation

In [T. Jacobson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1260 (1995). ] it was shown that the Einstein equation can be derived as a local constitutive equation for an equilibrium spacetime thermodynamics. More recently, in the attempt to extend the same approach to the case of $f(R)$ theories of gravity, it was found that a nonequilibrium setting is indeed required in order to fully describe both this theory as well as classical general relativity (GR) [C. Eling, R. Guedens, and T. Jacobson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 121301 (2006). ]. Here, elaborating on this point, we show that the dissipative character leading to nonequilibrium spacetime thermodynamics is actually related---both in GR as well as in $f(R)$ gravity---to nonlocal heat fluxes associated with the purely gravitational/internal degrees of freedom of the theory. In particular, in the case of GR we show that the internal entropy production term is identical to the so-called tidal heating term of Hartle-Hawking. Similarly, for the case of $f(R)$ gravity, we show that dissipative effects can be associated with the generalization of this term plus a scalar contribution whose presence is clearly justified within the scalar-tensor representation of the theory. Finally, we show that the allowed gravitational degrees of freedom can be fixed by the kinematics of the local spacetime causal structure, through the specific equivalence principle formulation. In this sense, the thermodynamical description seems to go beyond Einstein's theory as an intrinsic property of gravitation.
Association between diabetes mellitus and post‐stroke cognitive impairment

Stroke survivors suffer from various physical, emotional, and cognitive impairments. These changes are dynamic and depend on multiple factors, including underlying diseases, baseline brain function and pathology, the site of the stroke and the post‐stroke inflammation, neurogenesis as well as the subsequent remodeling of the neuro‐network. First we review the structural and pathological changes of the brain in stroke survivors with diabetes mellitus, which may lead to post‐stroke cognitive dysfunction. Second, we provide evidence of hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, and their relationship with post‐stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) and post‐stroke dementia (PSD). In addition to conventional biomarkers, such as HbA1c, we also provide other novel tools to predict PSCI/PSD, such as glycemic variability, receptor for advanced glycation end products, and gut microbiota. Finally, we attempt to provide some modifying methods for glycemic control, focusing on the prevention of PSCI/PSD.
Association between Cannabis Use Disorder and Self‐ and Other‐Directed Aggression

Cannabis is the most widely used drug worldwide. Data about the association of cannabis use with aggression is heterogeneous. The objective of the current study was to assess the nature of the association between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and self-directed, other-directed, and combined aggression. We used data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health across 2008 to –2014, with a pooled sample of 270,227 adult respondents. We used regression models to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for those having CUD perpetrating each form of aggression compared with no aggression and other-directed compared with self-directed aggression. CUD was associated with significantly increased odds of committing other-directed (adjusted OR [aOR] = 1.42, 95 percent CI = 1.26–1.60) and combined aggression (aOR = 2.11, 95 percent CI = 1.36–3.26) compared with no aggression. CUD was associated with a nonstatistically significant risk of other-directed compared with self-directed aggression (aOR = 1.29, 95 percent CI = .97–1.69). In those 18 to 25 years old, CUD was significantly associated with an increased differential risk of other-directed versus self-directed aggression (aOR = 1.29, 95 percent CI = 1.03–1.62). Cannabis use disorder seems to increase the risk of other-directed aggression compared with self-directed aggression, especially among youths.
Optimal bipolar system positioning to provide information about the trapezius activity associated with scapular retraction during shoulder exercises for resistance training

Objective. Recently, the use of EMG biofeedback to make subjects aware of the stabilizer activation associated with scapular retraction during exercise has been of interest, and challenges related to EMG detection have been addressed. Whether there is an optimal bipolar positioning that discriminates the stabilizer activation with retraction from a neutral scapular position during resistance exercises is an open issue that we address here by simultaneously mapping different positions using high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG). Approach. Sixteen resistance-trained males performed five pulling exercises with and without scapular retraction, namely barbell rows, dumbbell rows, pull-downs at a lat machine, seated rows, and TRX (total resistance exercises) system rows. HD-sEMG was acquired in a monopolar mode from the medial and lower trapezius (8 × 4 electrodes and inter-electrode distance (ied): 10 mm) and different bipolar systems were simulated in terms of positioning, interelectrode distance, and orientation with respect to the spine: longitudinal with three ieds (20 mm, 30 mm, and 40 mm), one transversal, and two diagonals (ied: 20 mm), totalling six EMG sets. To identify the optimal electrode pair that was able to distinguish between the presence or absence of scapular retraction, we computed: (i) the root mean square (RMS) map for each condition and the difference between them, obtaining a differential RMS map per subject; and (ii) the intersection of cumulative maps, by summing the differential (binary) maps from all subjects. Main results. For the lower trapezius, the results revealed that the diagonal direction (45 degrees; ied: 20 mm) obtained the greater occurrence of intersecting segments within and between exercises than the other electrode configurations, showing low variability for the optimal positioning across exercises. Electrode configuration varied within and between the pulling exercises for the medial trapezius. Significance. This study allows us to identify an optimal bipolar positioning (consistent across subjects and exercises) for lower trapezius activity assessment, representing a guideline for electrode positioning when EMG biofeedback is adopted for selective activation of the lower trapezius during pulling exercises.
SliceTeller: A Data Slice-Driven Approach for Machine Learning Model Validation

Real-world machine learning applications need to be thoroughly evaluated to meet critical product requirements for model release, to ensure fairness for different groups or individuals, and to achieve a consistent performance in various scenarios. For example, in autonomous driving, an object classification model should achieve high detection rates under different conditions of weather, distance, etc. Similarly, in the financial setting, credit-scoring models must not discriminate against minority groups. These conditions or groups are called as “<italic>Data Slices</italic>”. In product MLOps cycles, product developers must identify such critical data slices and adapt models to mitigate data slice problems. <italic>Discovering</italic> where models fail, <italic>understanding</italic> why they fail, and <italic>mitigating</italic> these problems, are therefore essential tasks in the MLOps life-cycle. In this paper, we present <bold><italic>SliceTeller</italic></bold>, a novel tool that allows users to debug, compare and improve machine learning models driven by <italic>critical</italic> data slices. <italic>SliceTeller</italic> automatically discovers problematic slices in the data, helps the user understand why models fail. More importantly, we present an efficient algorithm, <bold><italic>SliceBoosting</italic></bold>, to estimate trade-offs when prioritizing the optimization over certain slices. Furthermore, our system empowers model developers to compare and analyze different model versions during model iterations, allowing them to choose the model version best suitable for their applications. We evaluate our system with three use cases, including two real-world use cases of <italic>product development</italic>, to demonstrate the power of <italic>SliceTeller</italic> in the debugging and improvement of product-quality ML models.
NASA Radiation Protection Research for Exploration Missions

The HZETRN code was used in recent trade studies for renewed lunar exploration and currently used in engineering development of the next generation of space vehicles, habitats, and EVA equipment. A new version of the HZETRN code capable of simulating high charge and energy (HZE) ions, light-ions and neutrons with either laboratory or space boundary conditions with enhanced neutron and light-ion propagation is under development. Atomic and nuclear model requirements to support that development will be discussed. Such engineering design codes require establishing validation processes using laboratory ion beams and space flight measurements in realistic geometries. We discuss limitations of code validation due to the currently available data and recommend priorities for new data sets.
Evidence for large grains in the star-forming filament OMC 2/3

We present a new 3.3 mm continuum map of the OMC-2/3 region. When paired with previously published maps of 1.2mm continuum and NH3-derived temperature, we derive the emissivity spectral index of dust emission in this region, tracking its changes across the filament and cores. We find that the median value of the emissivity spectral index is 0.9, much shallower than previous estimates in other nearby molecular clouds. We find no significant difference between the emissivity spectral index of dust in the OMC-2/3 filament and the starless or protostellar cores. Furthermore, the temperature and emissivity spectral index, beta, are anti-correlated at the 4 sigma level. The low values of the emissivity spectral index found in OMC-2/3 can be explained by the presence of millimeter-sized dust grains in the dense regions of the filaments to which these maps are most sensitive. Alternatively, a shallow dust emissivity spectral index may indicate non-powerlaw spectral energy distributions, significant free-free emission, or anomalous microwave emission. We discuss the possible implications of millimeter-sized dust grains compared to the alternatives.
Epilepsy‐associated death in the Southwestern Ontario: A clinicopathological correlation study

Patients with epilepsy are at elevated risk for premature mortality, of which sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is one of the leading causes. SUDEP incidence varies significantly depending on the population and the methods used to document the cause of death. We performed retrospective case review at the London Health Sciences Centre for the period of 2000 to 2018. Clinical information, scene investigations, general pathology findings, toxicology, and neuropathology findings were obtained, examined, and confirmed by two neuropathologists and one epileptologist. The characteristics were compared and summarized. We also evaluated the impact of 2010 revision of Ontario Coroner Act Regulation, which significantly limited whole brain examination. Among the 12,206 cases reviewed, we identified 152 cases with a known history of epilepsy. Ninety‐seven cases (64%) were classified as SUDEP. There were significantly more SUDEP decedents found dead unwitnessed at night in prone position, than non‐SUDEP. Generalized seizures were strongly associated with SUDEP. A male predominance was observed in SUDEP group between 15 and 35 years old. Near half of the brains examined were “unremarkable. ” There was no difference in neuropathology findings between SUDEP and non‐SUDEP groups. After implementation of the 2010 revision of Ontario Coroner Act Regulation, fixed whole brain examination was reduced from 88% to 7% of the epilepsy‐related death investigation. Except a lower diagnosis rate of “inflammatory/infectious changes,” there were no significant differences in neuropathology findings. This is the first detailed clinical‐pathological study on epilepsy‐related death based on a Canadian cohort. This study reinforces the previously reported findings in SUDEP and highlights the importance of clinicopathological correlation for accurate classification of epilepsy‐related death.
Mechanisms of Corticosteroid Resistance in Type 17 Asthma

IL-17A plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma, particularly the neutrophilic corticosteroid (CS)-resistant subtype of asthma. Clinical studies suggest that a subset of asthma patients, i.e., Th17/IL-17A–mediated (type 17) CS-resistant neutrophilic asthma, may improve with Th17/IL-17A pathway blockade. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying type 17 asthma and CS response. In this article, we show that blood levels of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) and serum amyloid A (SAA) levels are positively correlated with IL-17A levels and are not inhibited by high-dose CS usage in asthma patients. In airway cell culture systems, IL-17A induces these two secreted proteins, and their induction is enhanced by CS. Furthermore, plasma LCN2 and SAA levels are increased in mice on a preclinical type 17 asthma model, correlated to IL-17A levels, and are not reduced by glucocorticoid (GC). In the mechanistic studies, we identify CEBPB as the critical transcription factor responsible for the synergistic induction of LCN2 and SAA by IL-17A and GC. IL-17A and GC collaboratively regulate CEBPB at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The posttranscriptional regulation of CEBPB is mediated in part by Act1, the adaptor and RNA binding protein in IL-17A signaling, which directly binds CEBPB mRNA and inhibits its degradation. Overall, our findings suggest that blood LCN2 and SAA levels may be associated with a type 17 asthma subtype and provide insight into the molecular mechanism of the IL-17A–Act1/CEBPB axis on these CS-resistant genes. Visual Abstract Key Points Blood LCN2 and SAA levels may be associated with a type 17 asthma subtype. LCN2 and SAAs are steroid-resistant IL-17A target genes in airway cells. IL-17A–Act1/CEBPB axis is an important regulatory mechanism of LCN2 and SAAs.
Computation and reasoning - a type theory for computer science

Preface Introduction 1. The extended calculus of constructions 2. Basic meta-theoretic properties 3. Strong normalisation 4. The internal logic and decidability 5. A set-theoretic model 6. Computational and logical theories 7. Specification and development of programs 8. Towards a unifying theory of dependent types Bibliography Notation and symbols Index
Effect of agricultural extension services in the post-reform era since the mid-2000s on pesticide use in China: evidence from rice production

ABSTRACT Pesticide overuse has resulted in serious ecological problems. Agricultural extension services play a key role in influencing farmers’ pesticide use. China has the world's largest public agricultural extension system, which has experienced a twisting path of reforms over the past four decades. However, there is little empirical evidence regarding the effects of agricultural extension services in the post-reform era since the mid-2000s. This study examines the effect of agricultural extension services in the post-reform era on pesticide use in China, using survey data of 1963 rice farmers in 2016 and 2018. Our results indicate that only 22.5% of surveyed farmers adopted agricultural extension services. After addressing the self-selectivity issue, the treatment effects model revealed that agricultural extension services in the post-reform era resulted in a 3.01 kg/ha reduction in total pesticide use, a 0.86 kg/ha reduction in application rate of active ingredients, and a 250 CNY/ha reduction in pesticide expenditure related to rice production. Our findings provide sound evidence that agricultural extension services in the post-reform era can result in a reduction in pesticide use for rice production. More effective efforts should be made to reinforce the provision of agricultural extension services and encourage farmers to adopt these services.
Frames, Reasons, and Rationality

In his recent book, Frame It Again: New Tools for Rational Decision-Making, J. L. Bermúdez argues that it can be rational to evaluate the same thing differently when it is described using alternative ‘frames’. His central example, taken from the eponymous play, sees Agamemnon leading the Greek fleet against Troy, to avenge the abduction of Helen by Paris. Agamemnon is faced with the following dilemma:
Topological-Fermi-liquid to quantum-Hall-liquid transitions: p-band and d-band fermions in an external magnetic field

We find that in a multiorbital system, the Hall conductance may exhibit anomalous topological quantum phase transitions induced by on-site orbital polarization: both integer quantum-Hall (IQH) plateau transitions and topological-Fermi-liquid (TFL) to IQH transitions. The unusual TFL-to-IQH transitions are peculiar manifestations of orbital degeneracy and spatial anisotropy, and are demonstrated explicitly in a p-band spinless fermionic system and a d-band spinful fermionic system.
Hierarchical Transformer Networks for Long-sequence and Multiple Clinical Documents Classiﬁcation

We present a Hierarchical Transformer Net-001 work for modeling long-term dependencies 002 across clinical notes for the purpose of patient-003 level prediction. The network is equipped with 004 three levels of Transformer-based encoders to 005 learn progressively from words to sentences, 006 sentences to notes, and ﬁnally notes to pa-007 tients. The ﬁrst level from word to sentence 008 directly applies a pre-trained BERT model as 009 a fully trainable component. While the sec-010 ond and third levels both implement a stack 011 of transformer-based encoders, before the ﬁnal 012 patient representation is fed into a classiﬁca-013 tion layer for clinical predictions. Compared 014 to conventional BERT models, our model in-015 creases the maximum input length from 512 to-016 kens to much longer sequences that are appro-017 priate for modeling large numbers of clinical 018 notes. We empirically examine different hyper-019 parameters to identify an optimal trade-off 020 given computational resource limits. Our ex-021 periment results on the MIMIC-III dataset for 022 different prediction tasks demonstrate that the 023 proposed Hierarchical Transformer Network 024 outperforms previous state-of-the-art models, 025 including but not limited to B IG B IRD . 026
O-vacancy as the origin of negative bias illumination stress instability in amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin film transistors

We find that O-vacancy (VO) acts as a hole trap and plays a role in negative bias illumination stress instability in amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin film transistors. Photoexcited holes drift toward the channel/dielectric interface due to small potential barriers and can be captured by VO in the dielectrics. While some of VO+2 defects are very stable at room temperature, their original deep states are recovered via electron capture upon annealing. We also find that VO+2 can diffuse in amorphous phase, inducing hole accumulation near the interface under negative gate bias.