Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Cohort Study on Neuropathic Pain of the Sural Nerve—Can Neurectomy Be Considered a Valid Treatment Option?

Background Sural nerve neuroma is often caused by an injury during prior surgery, for example, osteosynthesis or ligament refixations at ankle level. Different surgical techniques to treat neuroma have been described. Neurectomy of an injured symptomatic sural nerve has been described as a treatment option for neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of this technique to operatively treat sural nerve neuroma in our department. Methods From 2010 to 2020, a total of 30 consecutive patients with neuropathic pain and suspected neuroma of the sural nerve underwent sural nerve neurectomy. A medical chart review was performed to collect patient-, pain-, and treatment-specific factors. Outcomes were registered. Results After neurectomy, 22 patients (73.3%) had persisting pain. In logistic regression models evaluating the risk of persisting pain after sural nerve neurectomy, no independent predictor of higher risk of persisting pain could be identified. Conclusion For sural nerve neuromas, neurectomy remains an option as the surgical morbidity is minor, but patients need to be counseled that only a fourth of those undergoing surgery will be pain-free afterward.
A theory for wave-power absorption by oscillating bodies

A theory is given for predicting the absorption of the power in an incident sinusoidal wave train by means of a damped, oscillating, partly or completely submerged body. General expressions for the efficiency of wave absorption when the body oscillates in one or, in some cases, two modes are given. It is shown that 100% efficiency is possible in some cases. Curves describing the variation of efficiency and amplitude of the body with wavenumber for various bodies are presented.
High-Quality Lipoaspirate Following 1470-nm Radial Emitting Laser-Assisted Liposuction

Background Laser-assisted liposuction (LAL) has been used to maximize viable adipocyte yields in lipoaspirates, although optimizing tissue processing methods is still a challenge. A high-quality lipoaspirate has been a key factor for extended graft longevity. Objective To assess the viability and potency of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in fat samples from lipoaspirates harvested with a novel 1470-nm diode, radial emitting LAL platform. Two processing methods, enzymatic and nonenzymatic, were compared. Methods Laser-assisted liposuction lipoaspirates harvested from 10 subjects were examined for cell viability after processing by enzymatic or nonenzymatic methods. Isolated SVF cells were cultured with an ASC-permissive medium to assess their viability and proliferation capacity by cell proliferation assay. Flow cytometric analysis with ASC-specific markers, gene expression levels, and immunofluorescence for ASC transcription factors were also conducted. Results Lipoaspirates showed high SVF cell viability of 97% ± 0.02% and 98% ± 0.01%, averaged SVF cell count of 8.7 × 106 ± 3.9 × 106 and 9.4 × 106 ± 4.2 × 106 cells per mL, and averaged ASC count of 1 × 106 ± 2.2 × 105 and 1.2 × 106 ± 5 × 105 cells per mL in nonenzymatic and enzymatic methods, respectively. The ASC-specific markers, gene expression levels, and immunofluorescence for ASC transcription factors confirmed the adipose origin of the cells. Conclusions The laser lipoaspirates provide a high yield of viable and potent SVF cells and ASCs through both nonenzymatic and enzymatic processes. Improved purity of the harvested lipoaspirate and high ASC content are expected to result in extended graft longevity. Furthermore, eliminating enzymatic digestion may provide advantages, such as reducing process time, cost, and regulatory constraints.
Diffusion by a Random Velocity Field

Single‐particle diffusion in a multivariate‐normal, incompressible, stationary, isotropic velocity field is calculated in two and three dimensions by computer simulation and by the direct‐interaction approximation. The computer simulations are carried out by storing the velocity field as a set of Fourier components and synthesizing in physical space only along the particle trajectories. The spectra taken for the velocity field are of the form E(k) ∝ δ(k − k0) and E(k) ∝ k4 exp (−2k2/k02) in three dimensions, and E(k) ∝ δ(k − k0) and E(k) ∝ k3 exp (−3k2/2k02) in two dimensions. Both frozen Eulerian fields and fields with Gaussian time correlation are treated. The simulation results agree with Taylor's picture of a classical diffusion process for times long compared with the eddy circulation time, except for the frozen‐Eulerian‐field runs in two dimensions, where strong trapping effects are found. The direct‐interaction approximations for Lagrangian velocity correlation, eddy diffusivity, dispersion, and mo.
Electroweak symmetry breaking without a Higgs boson in warped backgrounds: Constraints and signatures

A warped 5-dimensional SU(2){sub L} x SU(2){sub R} x U(1){sub B-L} model has been recently proposed to implement electroweak symmetry breaking through boundary conditions, without the presence of a Higgs boson. This proposal is based on the Randall-Sundrum hierarchy solution. We use precision electroweak data to constrain the general parameter space of this model. Our analysis includes independent L and R gauge couplings, radiatively induced boundary gauge kinetic terms, and all higher order corrections from the curvature of the 5-d space. We show that this setup can be brought into good agreement with the precision electroweak data for typical values of the parameters. However, this set of parameters leads to violation of unitarity in gauge boson scattering, and hence this model is excluded in its present form. Assuming that unitarity can be restored in a modified version of this scenario, we consider the collider signatures. It is found that new spin-1 states will be observed at the LHC and measurement of their properties would identify this model. However, the spin-2 graviton Kaluza-Klein resonances, which are a hallmark of the Randall-Sundrum model, are too weakly coupled to be detected.
Robust dimension reduction

Information in the data often has far fewer degrees of freedom than the number of variables encoding the data. Dimensionality reduction attempts to reduce the number of variables used to describe the data. In this article, we shall survey some dimension reduction techniques that are robust. We consider linear dimension reduction first and describe robust principal component analysis (PCA) using three approaches. The first approach uses a singular value decomposition of a robust covariance matrix. The second approach employs robust measures of dispersion to realize PCA as a robust projection pursuit. The third approach uses a low‐rank plus sparse decomposition of the data matrix.
Bimodal behavior of accretion disks: Theory and application to Cygnus X-1 transitions

We develop a theory of Newtonian accretion disks based on an explicit formulation of viscous stresses arising from turbulent magnetic fields which are generated by Keplerian differential rotation of plasmas. It is particularly pointed out that two physically distinct states exist in the middle part of the accretion disk surrounding a black hole; a transition from one state to the other takes place when the physical conditions of the accreting gas near the disk outer boundary cross over the critical conditions separating the two states. Thermal stability of those states is examined. It is also found that within a certain inner radius the disk develops into a single, high-temperature state, irrespective of the critical conditions; copious emission of hard X-rays arises from this inner domain. We then apply those results to construct a definite numerical model of Cyg X-1 accounting for observed features of its transitions, such as magnitudes and spectral distributions of the X-ray luminosity, transition times, and variabilities. Possibility of transient X-ray sources associated with accretion into black holes is predicted.
Ring localized structures in nonlinear shallow water wave dynamics

The nonlinear dynamics of the concentric shallow water waves is described by means of the cylindrical Korteweg-de Vries equation, often referred to as the concentric Korteweg-de Vries equation (cKdVE). By using the mapping that transforms a cKdVE into the standard one – hereafter also referred to as the planar Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdVE) – the spatiotemporal evolution of a cylindrical surface water wave, corresponding to a tilted cylindrical bright soliton, is described. The usual representation of a tilted soliton is 'non-physical'; here the cylindrical coordinate and the retarded time play the role of time-like and space-like variables, respectively. However, we show that, when we express such analytical solution of the cKdVE in the appropriate representation in terms of the two horizontal space coordinates, say X and Y, and the 'true' time, say T, this non-physical character disappears. The analysis is then carried out numerically to consider the surface water wave evolution corresponding to initially localized structures with standard boundary conditions, such as bright soliton, Gaussian and Lorentzian profiles. A comparison among those profiles is finally presented.
Evaluation of Modeled Stratocumulus-Capped Boundary Layer Turbulence with Shipborne Data

AbstractNumerically modeled turbulence simulated by the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) is evaluated with turbulence measurements from NOAA’s high-resolution Doppler lidar on the NOAA Research Vessel Ronald H. Brown during the Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS) Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Study—Regional Experiment (VOCALS-Rex) field program. A nonprecipitating nocturnal marine stratocumulus case is examined, and a nudging technique is applied to allow turbulence to spin up and come into a statistically stationary state with the initial observed cloud field. This “stationary” state is then used as the initial condition for the subsequent free-running simulation. The comparison shows that the modeled turbulence is consistently weaker than that observed. For the same resolution, the turbulence becomes stronger, especially for the horizontal component, as the length of the horizontal domain increases from 6.4 to 25.6 km. Analysis of the power spectral density sh.
Self-similar adiabatic flow headed by a magnetogasdynamic cylindrical shock wave in a rotating non-ideal gas

Similarity solutions are obtained for one-dimensional adiabatic flow behind a magnetogasdynamic cylindrical shock wave propagating in a rotating non-ideal gas in presence of an azimuthal magnetic field. The density of the medium ahead of the shock is assumed to be constant. In order to obtain the similarity solutions the angular velocity of the ambient medium is assumed to be obeying a power law and to be decreasing as the distance from the axis increases. It is found that the similarity solutions exist, in both the cases, when the initial magnetic field is constant or obeying a power law. The effects of an increase in the value of the index for variation of angular velocity of the ambient medium, in the value of the parameter of the non-idealness of the gas and in the strength of the initial magnetic field are obtained.
Designing optimal prognostic models for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Colm Keane and Chan Yoon Cheah Division of Cancer Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Blood Cancer Research Lab, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Hematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; Department of Hematology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Australia
Evolution of turbulent magnetic fluctuation power with heliospheric distance

On the basis of transport theories appropriate to a radially expanding solar wind, new results for the evolution of the energy density in solar wind fluctuations at MHD scales are derived. The models, which represent a departure from the well-known WKB description, include the effects of “mixing”, driving by stream-stream interactions (compression and shear) and interstellar pick-up ions as well as non-isotropic MHD turbulence. Magnetometer data from Voyager 1 and 2 and Pioneer 11 are compared to the turbulence-based models and close agreement is found between theory and data for a reasonable choice of parameters.
Strain mechanism for order-parameter coupling through successive phase transitions in PrAlO3

High-resolution powder neutron diffraction data have been collected at ∼50 temperatures between 4.2 and 300 K for perovskites Pr1−xLaxAlO3 with x=0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25. Structural and lattice parameter data extracted by Rietveld refinement have then been used to follow details of octahedral tilting and spontaneous strains associated with the sequence of phase transitions Pm3 m↔R3 c↔Imma↔C2∕m. These are interpreted in terms of strain/order parameter coupling using a single Landau free-energy expansion for a Pm3 m reference structure with two instabilities (R4+ and Γ3+ active). Data from the literature relating to the Pm3 m↔R3 c transition are consistent with second-order character and an extrapolated transition temperature of 1864±31 K. The R3 c↔Imma transition is first order in character and can be understood as occurring because coupling takes place between tilting and electronic order-parameter components via a common tetragonal strain. Strains for the Imma↔C2∕m transition conform closely to the Landau solution for a proper ferroelastic transition with second-order character and low-temperature saturation. The acoustic anomaly reported at 118 K appears to be associated with a metrically tetragonal structure which develops, as an accidental strain degeneracy, at a temperature between ∼110 and ∼120 K. Differences in saturation temperatures for the order parameters associated with tilting and electronic ordering are probably responsible for small additional anomalies in the evolution of strains below ∼110 K.
Model building in multivariate additive partial least squares splines via the GCV criterion

In the literature, much effort has been put into modeling dependence among variables and their interactions through nonlinear transformations of predictive variables. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear generalization of Partial Least Squares (PLS) using multivariate additive splines. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the proposed model, building it via the generalized cross validation criterion (GCV) criterion, and show its performance on a real dataset and on simulated datasets in comparison to other methods based on splines. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of Light Extraction Efficiency of LED Packages Using an Enhanced Encapsulant Design

We optimized the design of the flat encapsulant of a light-emitting diode (LED) package to obtain higher light output power (LOP), both by experiment and simulation using three-dimensional ray-tracing software. In the experiment, the refractive index of the encapsulant was varied (1.41 and 1.53). In addition, double-layer structures with these refractive indices (1.41/1.53) were investigated by varying the shape of the interface between the two among flat, concave, and convex. The experiments showed that the LOP of the double-layer encapsulant with convex interface increased by 13.4% compared to the single-layer encapsulant with a refractive index 1.41, which was explained by the increase of the light extraction efficiency (LEE) in connection with the increase of the critical angle ( ${\theta}_c$ ) and the decrease of the Fresnel reflection.
Ultra-slow propagation of light located in ultra-narrow transparency windows through four quantum dot molecules

This letter investigates the dispersion and absorption properties of a weak probe field in a multiple quantum dot molecule composed of four quantum dots. It is found that, by manipulating the electric field, the inter-dot tunneling coupling and the laser detunings, the transparency window as well as the positive derivative in the refractive index can be efficiently qualified. It is shown that switching from positive to negative dispersion or vice versa can be achieved by changing the tunneling couplings. Moreover, we realize that the width and the number of transparency windows can be properly controlled by adjusting the system’s parameters. We show that this multiple QD medium can experience very narrow transparency windows accompanied by very steep positive dispersions. The effect of an incoherent pumping field on the absorption–dispersion properties of the QD molecule is then discussed. We note that tunneling is used in this QD system instead of coupling lasers.
A phase retrieval algorithm for shifting illumination

We propose a method of iterative phase retrieval that uses measured intensities in the diffraction plane to solve the phase problem in a way that bypasses the problem of lens aberration, leading to greatly improved spatial resolution. This method is stable, easy to implement experimentally, and can be used to view a large area of the specimen when that is desired.
Influence of applied compressive stress on the hysteresis curves and magnetic domain structure of grain-oriented transverse Fe–3%Si steel

The influence of an applied compressive stress on the hysteresis curve and domain structure in conventional (1 1 0) [0 0 1] Fe–3%Si steel cut transverse to the rolling direction is studied. Quasistatic hysteresis loops under compressive stress up to 75 MPa were measured. The magnetic domains and magnetization processes were observed by longitudinal Kerr microscopy at different levels of stress. It is shown that the bulk hysteresis loop can be described with a good accuracy by the action of an effective field, which is the product of the stress and a function of magnetization. Domain observations have shown that the reasons for the effective field are demagnetizing fields due to the disappearance of supplementary domains along [0 1 0] and [1 0 0] at low fields and different domain systems in different grains at moderate fields. The latter are caused by differences in grain sensitivity to stress depending on the degree of misorientation. A decrease in the effective field above 1 T is connected with a transformation of all grains into the same domain system—the column pattern.
Finite Commutative Chain Rings

A commutative ring with identity is called a chain ring if all its ideals form a chain under inclusion. A finite chain ring, roughly speaking, is an extension over a Galois ring of characteristic pnusing an Eisenstein polynomial of degree k. When p? k, such rings were classified up to isomorphism by Clark and Liang. However, relatively little is known about finite chain rings when p? k. In this paper, we allowed p? k. When n=2 or when p? k but (p? 1)? k, we classified all pure finite chain rings up to isomorphism. Under the assumption that (p? 1)? k, we also determined the structures of groups of units of all finite chain rings.
Self-Interacting Markov Chains

Abstract In this article we study a class of self-interacting Markov chain models. We propose a novel theoretical basis based on measure-valued processes and semigroup techniques to analyze its asymptotic behavior as the time parameter tends to infinity. We exhibit different types of decays to equilibrium, depending on the level of interaction. We illustrate these results in a variety of examples, including Gaussian or Poisson self-interacting models. We analyze the long-time behavior of a new class of evolutionary self-interacting chain models. These genetic type algorithms can also be regarded as reinforced stochastic explorations of an environment with obstacles related to a potential function.
A core-halo pattern of entropy creation in gravitational collapse

This paper presents a kinetic theory model of gravitational collapse due to a small perturbation. Solving the relevant equations yields a pattern of entropy destruction in a spherical core around the perturbation, and entropy creation in a surrounding halo. This indicates collisional "de-relaxation" in the core, and collisional relaxation in the halo. Core-halo patterns are ubiquitous in the astrophysics of gravitational collapse, and are found here without any of the prior assumptions of such a pattern usually made in analytical models. Motivated by this analysis, the paper outlines a possible scheme for identifying structure formation in a set of observations or a simulation. This scheme involves a choice of coarse-graining scale appropriate to the structure under consideration, and might aid exploration of hierarchical structure formation, supplementing the usual density-based methods for highlighting astrophysical and cosmological structure at various scales.
Tensor Products of C*-Algebras with the Ideal Property

Abstract Combining a construction of Dadarlat of a unital, simple, non-exact C *-algebra C of real rank zero and stable rank one, which is shape equivalent to a UHF-algebra, with results of Kirchberg and a result obtained by Dadarlat and the first-named author, we show that B ( H )⊗ C contains an ideal that is not generated by its projections. We also find a unital, separable sub C *-algebra A of B ( H ) such that A is of real rank zero and A ⊗ C has an ideal that is not generated by its projections.
Junction lines of inversion domain boundaries with stacking faults in GaN

Structural transformations of h101 ¯ 0j inversion domain boundaries (IDBs) are induced by their interactions with basal stacking faults (SFs) in epitaxially grown GaN films. The admissible line defects at the IDB-SF junction lines are edge and mixed type partial dislocations that are often associated with steps of the IDB plane. These interactions have been analyzed at the atomic scale using large scale empirical potential calculations. The majority of the core structures possess either dangling or highly strained bonds. Twenty-eight stable junction line configurations have been identified, 16 of them resulting in stable transformations of the energetically favorable IDB* type IDB to the electrically active Holt type. The calculated energies and core configurations of the junction lines are discussed in relevance to their combined dislocation and step character. The calculated models have been compared through image simulation with high resolution transmission electron microscopy observations and have been found in good agreement.
Qualitative features of matrix pencils and DAEs arising in circuit dynamics

The dynamical behaviour of nonlinear electrical circuits is usually modelled in the time domain by differential–algebraic equations (DAEs). The differential–algebraic formalism drives qualitative analyses based on linearization to a matrix pencil setting. In this context, the present paper performs a spectral analysis of matrix pencils and DAEs arising in nonlinear circuit theory. Specifically, the non-singularity, hyperbolicity and asymptotic stability of equilibria are addressed in terms of circuit topology. The differential–algebraic framework puts the results beyond those already known for state-space models, unfeasible in many actual problems. The topological conditions arising in this qualitative study are proved independent of those supporting the index, and therefore they apply to both index-1 and index-2 configurations. The approach illustrates how graph theory, matrix analysis and DAE theory interact in the dynamical study of nonlinear circuits. ¶Preliminary results of this research were presented at the SCEE'04 Workshop in Capo D'Orlando, Sicilia, Italy 1.
A new method of efficient side-pumping for high power double fiber laser

A novel structure for efficient side-coupling of high power double-cladding fiber laser is presented. The maximum coupling efficiency of this structure is more than 90% for TM-polarization in +1 and -1 order but is only 40% for TE-polarization. Thus, a two-layer structure is introduced to obtain higher coupling efficiency for TE-polarization and maximum coupling efficiency almost 70% is demonstrated.