Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ndividual-and community-level correlates of cigarette-smoking trajectories rom age 13 to 32 in a U . S . population-based sample

Background: Characterizing smoking behavior is important for informing etiologic models and targeting prevention efforts. This study explored the effects of both individualand community-level variables in predicting cigarette use vs. non-use and level of use among adolescents as they transition into adulthood. Methods: Data on 14,779 youths (53% female) were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health); a nationally representative longitudinal cohort. A cohort sequential design allowed for examining trajectories of smoking typologies from age 13 to 32 years. Smoking trajectories were evaluated by using a zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) latent growth analysis and latent class growth analysis modeling approach. Results: Significant relationships emerged between both individualand community-level variables and smoking outcomes. Maternal and peer smoking predicted increases in smoking over development and were associated with a greater likelihood of belonging to any of the four identified smoking groups versus Non-Users. Conduct problems and depressive symptoms during adolescence were related to cigarette use versus non-use. State-level prevalence of adolescent smoking was related to greater cigarette use during adolescence. Conclusions: Individualand community-level variables that distinguish smoking patterns within the population aid in understanding cigarette use versus non-use and the quantity of cigarette use into adulthood. Our findings suggest that efforts to prevent cigarette use would benefit from attention to both g and t of m parental and peer smokin of variables in the contex
Free movement of creative content: policy options for dealing with the territorial nature of copyright for online services

The European Union wants to complete the Single Market. One of the niches of this market is content related services on the internet. This market offers a huge diversity of creative and cultural services like Video-on-Demand, file-sharing, streaming and downloading of music, videos and other copyright protected content. The creators and producers of creative content can give licenses to service providers who want to use this content for their services. These licences are awarded on a territorial basis. The territoriality of copyright can be seen as an obstacle to the completion of the Single Market. In this thesis the question “How can the problem of territoriality in the field of copyright and related rights in the European Union be solved for content related services offered over the internet? ” is raised and answered. It shows that the market is homogeneous, and therefore the demand for the types licenses varies. Sometimes there is demand for national based licenses, but from other providers demands for pan- European licences come. For this research I made use of the contributions to public consultation of the European Commission on the Green Paper on the online distribution of audiovisual works in the European Union. This gave a valuable insight to the different positions of stakeholders and experts, from all over Europe. This reseach concludes with suggestions for a flexible copyright regime, whereby market demands can be fullfilled.
An Efficient Privacy For Outsourcing Data In Un- Trusting Cloud Using Modified- CP-ABE Technique

Cloud computing is going to be very famous technology in IT enterprises. For an enterprise, the data stored is huge and it is very precious. All tasks are performed through networks. Hence, it becomes very important to have the secured use of data. In cloud computing, the most important concerns of security are data security and privacy. And also flexible and scalable, fine grained access control must be maintained in the cloud systems. For access control, being one of the classic research topics, many schemes have been proposed and implemented. There are policy based schemes have been proposed. In this paper, we are going to explore various schemes for encryption that consist of Attribute based encryption (ABE) and its types CP-ABE. Further discussion consists of improvement in CP-ABE to CPASBE and to HASBE. A comparison table has been included for comparative study of these techniques. In this project, we propose a framework for efficient and privacy-preserving outsourced cloud using CP-ABE technique. Our proposed technique is designed to allow users to outsource their own data to cloud server for secure processing. Using CP-ABE, a user can securely outsource the storing and processing of data to a cloud server without compromising the security of the (original) data and the computed results. More specifically, we present a cipher policy attribute based encryption with RSA key distribution, the core cryptographic primitive, to reduce the private key exposure risk in data processing. Keywords—Access control, Attribute based encryption, Key policy, cipher text policy, hierarchical-ASBE.
15N n.m.r. measurement of the in vivo rate of glutamine synthesis and utilization at steady state in the brain of the hyperammonaemic rat.

The rate of glutamine synthesis and utilization at steady state was measured in vivo in the brains of hyperammonaemic rats by 15N n.m. r. in combination with biochemical techniques. Rats were given an intravenous 15NH4+ infusion at the rate of 4.8 +/- 0.3 mmol/h per kg body wt. for 3.5 +/- 0.2 h, followed by 14NH4+ infusion at the same rate for an additional 5.1 h (chase period). During the chase period, blood ammonia (0.61 +/- 0.015 mumol/g), brain ammonia (2.9 +/- 0.3 mumol/g), glutamate (9.4 +/- 0.8 mumol/g) and glutamine (15N + 14N; 14.4 +/- 1.3 mumol/g) were at steady state. The rate of change in the cerebral [5-15N]glutamine concentration was measured in vivo by 15N n.m. r. at 20.27 MHz. To estimate 15N enrichment of precursor ammonia for glutamine synthetase (GS) in astrocytes which are interposed between cerebral capillaries and neurons, 15N enrichments of blood and brain ammonia were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The in vivo rate of glutamine synthesis, which is equal to the rate of glutamine utilization at steady state, was estimated, from the observed rate of change in [5-15N]glutamine concentration and 15N enrichment of brain glutamine, to be 4.8 +/- 1.1 mumol/h per g of brain if 15N enrichment of ammonia at the site of GS in astrocytes is equal to that of blood-borne ammonia, and 13.0 +/- 3.9 mumol/h per g if it is equal to that measured for the whole brain. The observed GS activity in vivo in the brain of the hyperammonaemic rat is 2-5% of the reported optimum activity in vitro measured at enzyme-saturating concentrations of all substrates. The result suggests that substrates and/or cofactors other than ammonia kinetically limit GS activity in vivo. The g.c. chromatogram and mass spectrum of ammonia-derived N-trifluoroacetyl-dibutylglutamate (TAB-glutamate) are shown in Supplementary Publication SUP 50170 (4 pages), which has been deposited at the British Library Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J.
Advantages of a distant cellulase catalytic base

The inverting glycoside hydrolase Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) Cel6A is a promising candidate for protein engineering for more economical production of biofuels. Until recently, its catalytic mechanism had been uncertain: The best candidate residue to serve as a catalytic base, Asp-175, is farther from the glycosidic cleavage site than in other glycoside hydrolase enzymes. Recent unbiased transition path sampling simulations revealed the hydrolytic mechanism for this more distant base, employing a water wire; however, it is not clear why the enzyme employs a more distant catalytic base, a highly conserved feature among homologs across different kingdoms. In this work, we describe molecular dynamics simulations designed to uncover how a base with a longer side chain, as in a D175E mutant, affects procession and active site alignment in the Michaelis complex. We show that the hydrogen bond network is tuned to the shorter aspartate side chain, and that a longer glutamate side chain inhibits procession as well as being less likely to adopt a catalytically productive conformation. Furthermore, we draw comparisons between the active site in Trichoderma reesei Cel6A and another inverting, processive cellulase to deduce the contribution of the water wire to the overall enzyme function, revealing that the more distant catalytic base enhances product release. Our results can inform efforts in the study and design of enzymes by demonstrating how counterintuitive sacrifices in chemical reactivity can have worthwhile benefits for other steps in the catalytic cycle.
Haptic interaction in virtual environments

We present a haptic rendering framework that allows the tactile display of complex virtual environments. This framework allows surface constraints, surface shading, friction, texture and other effects to be modeled solely by updating the position of a representative object, the "virtual proxy". This abstraction reduces the task of the haptic servo control loop to the minimization of the error between user's position and that of the proxy. This framework has been implemented in a system that is able to haptically render virtual environments of a complexity that is near and often in excess of the capabilities of current interactive graphic systems.
Modified charge transfer-embedded atom method potential for metal/metal oxide systems

Atomistic simulations using interatomic potentials are widely used for analyzing phenomena as diverse as crystal growth and plastic deformation in all classes of materials. The potentials for some material classes, particularly those for metal oxides, are less satisfactory for certain simulations. Many of the potentials currently utilized for metal oxides incorporate a fixed charge ionic component to the interatomic binding. However, these fixed charge potentials incorrectly predict the cohesive energy of ionic materials, and they cannot be used to simulate oxidation at metal surfaces or analyze metal/oxide interfaces where the local ion charge can be significantly different from that in the bulk oxide. A recent charge transfer model proposed by Streitz and Mintmire has in part successfully addressed these issues. However, we find that this charge transfer model becomes unstable at small atomic spacings. As a result, it cannot be used for the studies of energetic processes such as ion bombardment (e.g., plasma-assisted vapor deposition) where some ions closely approach the others. Additionally, the Streitz-Mintmire charge transfer model cannot be applied to systems involving more than one metal element, precluding study of the oxidation of metal alloys and dissimilar metal oxide/metal oxide interfaces. We have analyzed the origin of these limitations and propose a modified charge transfer model to overcome them. We then unify metal alloy embedded atom method potentials and the modified form of the charge transfer potential to create a general potential that can be used to explore the oxidation of the metallic alloy and the energetic vapor deposition of oxides, and to probe the structure of dissimilar metal oxide/metal oxide or metal alloy/oxide multilayers. Numerical procedures have been developed to efficiently incorporate the potential in molecular dynamics simulations. Several case studies are presented to enable the potential fidelity to be assessed, and an example simulation of the vapor deposition of aluminum oxide is shown to illustrate the potential utility.
Unbiased atomistic insight in the competing nucleation mechanisms of methane hydrates

Significance Mixtures of methane gas and water can form ice-like solid methane hydrates via homogeneous nucleation at natural, moderate conditions. Understanding the formation of the different hydrate polymorphs, required for improved control of crystallization, is hampered by limited experimental resolution. Direct molecular dynamics simulations could provide insight, but it would require computation times beyond the age of the Universe for a single nucleation event to take place. Yet, the nucleation event itself, while rare, occurs fast. Therefore, we sample and examine ensembles of rare unbiased nucleation trajectories. Detailed analysis shows how selection between competing amorphous and crystalline polymorph formation mechanisms takes place. The conclusions shed light onto the formation of clathrate hydrates. Methane hydrates have important industrial and climate implications, yet their formation via homogeneous nucleation under natural, moderate conditions is poorly understood. Obtaining such understanding could lead to improved control of crystallization, as well as insight into polymorph selection in general, but is hampered by limited experimental resolution. Direct molecular dynamics simulations using atomistic force fields could provide such insight, but are not feasible for moderate undercooling, due to the rare event nature of nucleation. Instead, we harvest ensembles of the rare unbiased nucleation trajectories by employing transition path sampling. We find that with decreasing undercooling the mechanism shifts from amorphous to crystalline polymorph formation. At intermediate temperature the 2 mechanisms compete. Reaction coordinate analysis reveals the amount of a specific methane cage type is crucial for crystallization, while irrelevant for amorphous solids. Polymorph selection is thus governed by kinetic accessibility of the correct cage type and, moreover, occurs at precritical nucleus sizes, apparently against Ostwald’s step rule. We argue that these results are still in line with classical nucleation theory. Our findings illuminate how selection between competing methane hydrate polymorphs occurs and might generalize to other hydrates and molecular crystal formation.
Biocontrol by Fusarium oxysporum Using Endophyte-Mediated Resistance

Interactions between plants and the root-colonizing fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental for the host. Fo is infamous for its ability to cause wilt, root-, and foot-rot in many plant species, including many agronomically important crops. However, Fo also has another face; as a root endophyte, it can reduce disease caused by vascular pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae and pathogenic Fo strains. Fo also confers protection to root pathogens like Pythium ultimum, but typically not to pathogens attacking above-ground tissues such as Botrytis cinerea or Phytophthora capsici. Endophytes confer biocontrol either directly by interacting with pathogens via mycoparasitism, antibiosis, or by competition for nutrients or root niches, or indirectly by inducing resistance mechanisms in the host. Fo endophytes such as Fo47 and CS-20 differ from Fo pathogens in their effector gene content, host colonization mechanism, location in the plant, and induced host-responses. Whereas endophytic strains trigger localized cell death in the root cortex, and transiently induce immune signaling and papilla formation, these responses are largely suppressed by pathogenic Fo strains. The ability of pathogenic strains to compromise immune signaling and cell death is likely attributable to their host-specific effector repertoire. The lower number of effector genes in endophytes as compared to pathogens provides a means to distinguish them from each other. Co-inoculation of a biocontrol-conferring Fo and a pathogenic Fo strain on tomato reduces disease, and although the pathogen still colonizes the xylem vessels this has surprisingly little effect on the xylem sap proteome composition. In this tripartite interaction the accumulation of just two PR proteins, NP24 (a PR-5) and a β-glucanase, was affected. The Fo-induced resistance response in tomato appears to be distinct from induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR), as the phytohormones jasmonate, ethylene, and salicylic acid are not required. In this review, we summarize our molecular understanding of Fo-induced resistance in a model and identify caveats in our knowledge.
Attitudes towards sexual behaviour of British born Chinese teenagers

This thesis examines attitudes towards sexual behaviour of British bom Chinese teenagers and what factors influence them. An ethnographic approach is used to explore these issues. It is based on ethnographic interviews with 20 British bom Chinese teenagers and 20 parents. The literature on teenage sexual attitudes and behaviour and young Chinese people in Britain is critically reviewed. The influences of family, ethnicity, friends and school sex education are identified as important factors. However, little is known about the processes of these influences and there are no such studies of British bom Chinese teenagers. The review of previous research concludes that a holistic qualitative approach to the study of teenage sexual attitudes and behaviour, including both genders of teenagers and parents, is needed. Due to the lack of such studies of British bom Chinese teenagers and the Chinese background of the researcher, the study focuses on exploring these issues in this group of teenagers. Qualitative data analysis assisted by NUD*IST software provides rich insights into social influences on the teenagers. The conservative view of sexual behaviour is dominant. The influences of family, Chinese ethnicity, friends and sex education at school are illustrated and discussed in turn. Analysis shows the complexity of these influences, which affect the teenagers in various ways. Parental sexual values, influenced by Chinese culture and religion, have a profound impact on the teenagers. The parents use various strategies to pass on these values to their children. Friendship similarity in sexual values and behaviour is apparent, but differences between Chinese/church friends and Scottish/non-church friends are highlighted. School sex education provides the teenagers with accurate sexual knowledge, of which they acquire little from their parents or friends. The conclusion highlights the value of the holistic qualitative approach in the understanding of social influences on teenage sexual values and behaviour. The implications of the study suggest that it is important for school sex education, health promotion and sexual behaviour counselling to be sensitive to cultural and family norms and values. Acknowledgements I most gratefully acknowledge and thank my supervisors, Tricia Murphy-Black and Alison Bowes, for their most valuable advice, support and encouragement throughout the research. I would like to give my special thanks to Tricia Murphy-Black for her constant emotional support and understanding beyond academic supervision. I would like to express my deep thanks to my family in China for their understanding,
Outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Eastern India during COVID-19 pandemic: An observational study from a single pediatric intensive care unit

Background: After the peak of the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, we faced a surge of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. This study was aimed to estimate the severity, clinical course, and outcome of RSV-infected children admitted in pediatric intensive care unit and to identify the predictors of development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Subjects and Methods: This retrospective study included children below 5 years with influenza-like illnesses (ILI) due to RSV infection. The clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcome-related parameters were assessed and a compared between ARDS and non-ARDS group. Results: Out of 44 ILI patients, 36 had RSV infection. Most of them (88.9%) were infants. Twenty-four (66.7%) patients developed ARDS and 9 (25%) were ventilated. Infants below 6 months, low birth weight (LBW) babies, consolidations (≥3 zones), interstitial edema (≥3 zones) in lung ultrasound, high pediatric sequential organ failure assessment (pSOFA), and Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score were significantly associated with ARDS. Conclusions: RSV-infected children with young age (1–6 months), LBW, higher lung ultrasound, and pSOFA score should alert physicians for progression to ARDS.
Factors Associated With Poor Health Outcomes Among Vietnamese Americans After Hurricane Harvey, Houston, Texas, 2018-2019

Objective: Immigrants typically experience poor health outcomes after disasters but are often excluded in disaster studies. We assessed physical and mental health outcomes among Houston-area Vietnamese American residents after Hurricane Harvey and hurricane-related characteristics associated with poor health outcomes. Methods: We conducted in-person structured surveys among 120 Vietnamese Americans from November 2018 through February 2019. We used the physical and mental component scores of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey to assess health outcomes. We used descriptive statistics for health outcomes and hurricane-related effects and examined the associations between hurricane-related characteristics and health outcomes. Results: Overall mean (95% CI) physical and mental component scores were 39.8 (29.7-49.9) and 32.6 (27.6-37.6), respectively. The odds of poor physical health poststorm were significantly higher among participants reporting ≥5 versus <5 depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 3.04; 95% CI, 1.11-8.29; P = .03) and significantly lower among participants with versus without health insurance (OR = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09-0.71; P = .01). The odds of experiencing poor mental health more than a year after the hurricane were significantly higher among those sustaining versus not sustaining a serious injury/illness because of the hurricane (OR = 3.34; 95% CI, 1.12-9.94; P = .03) and among those who were married/partnered versus not married/partnered (OR = 4.16; 95% CI, 1.32-13.07; P = .02). Receiving versus not receiving free health care services after the hurricane and having high versus low levels of acculturation protected against poor mental health (P < .05 for both). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the inequalities of postdisaster health outcomes in this immigrant population and emphasize the need for improved disaster recovery programs that account for these factors.
Normal-Weight Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The disadvantage of using body mass index (BMI) as an obesity diagnostic tool is that it cannot distinguish between fat mass and lean mass, which may understate the impact of obesity on metabolic complications. This population-based cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between normal-weight obesity (NWO) and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults aged 20 years (5962 males and 6558 females) who took part in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2008 to 2011. Methods: NWO was defined as having a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 and a body fat percentage of 26.0% in males or 36.0% in females. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined using the revised National Cholesterol Education Program definition, with a Korean-specific waist circumference threshold of >90 cm for males and >85 cm for females. Results: NWO males and females were 2.7 times (p < 0.001) and 1.9 times (p < 0.001) more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than normal-weight non-obese males and females, respectively. Additionally, NWO females were 1.3 times (p = 0.027) more likely to develop MetS even after adjustments for all measured covariates. Conclusions: The current findings of the study show that NWO is a proxy biomarker of MetS to be considered for early intervention.