Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leveraging GPU Tensor Cores for Double Precision Euclidean Distance Calculations

Tensor cores (TCs) are a type of Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) and are a recent addition to Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) architectures. As such, TCs are purposefully designed to greatly improve the performance of Matrix Multiply-Accumulate (MMA) operations. While TCs are heavily studied for machine learning and closely related fields, where their high efficiency is undeniable, MMA operations are not unique to these fields. More generally, any computation that can be expressed as MMA operations can leverage TCs, and potentially benefit from their higher computational throughput compared to other general-purpose cores, such as CUDA cores on Nvidia GPUs. In this paper, we propose the first double precision (FP64) Euclidean distance calculation algorithm, which is expressed as MMA operations to leverage TCs on Nvidia GPUs, rather than the more commonly used CUDA cores. To show that the Euclidean distance can be accelerated in a real-world application, we evaluate our proposed TC algorithm on the distance similarity self-join problem, as the most computationally intensive part of the algorithm consists of computing distances in a multi-dimensional space. We find that the performance gain from using the tensor core algorithm over the CUDA core algorithm depends weakly on the dataset size and distribution, but is strongly dependent on data dimensionality. Overall, TCs are a compelling alternative to CUDA cores, particularly when the data dimensionality is low (≤ 4), as we achieve an average speedup of 1.28× and up to 2.23× against a state-of-the-art GPU distance similarity self-join algorithm. Furthermore, because this paper is among the first to explore the use of TCs for FP64 general-purpose computation, future research is promising.
Spatial coherence of synchrotron radiation

The spatial coherence properties of a monochromatic component of synchrotron radiation from an insertion device in the Fraunhofer limit are analyzed in the general case when the coherence distance is comparable with the beam width, expressing them by simple products and convolutions of Fourier transforms and autocorrelations on the single-electron field amplitude and the electron-beam position and angular distributions. In particular, the Gaussian approximation is discussed, in which case the far-field amplitude satisfies the Schell condition 1its statistical properties can be described by a coherence factor depending only on the difference of the reciprocal space coordinates2, and this discussion leads to simple estimates of the coherence widths. The coherence widths deviate from the Van Cittert–Zernike values when one or more of the phase space widths of the electron beam are close to (or smaller than) the diffraction limit.
Coulomb Excitations and Decays in Graphene-Related Systems

The layered graphene systems exhibit the rich and unique excitation spectra arising from the electron-electron Coulomb interactions. The generalized tight-binding model is developed to cover the planar/buckled/cylindrical structures, specific lattice symmetries, different layer numbers, distinct configurations, one-three dimensions, complicated intralayer and interlayer hopping integrals, electric field, magnetic quantization; any temperatures and dopings simultaneously. Furthermore, we modify the random-phase approximation to agree with the layer-dependent Coulomb potentials with the Dyson equation, so that these two methods can match with other under various external fields. The electron-hole excitations and plasmon modes are greatly diversified by the above-mentioned critical factors; that is, there exist the diverse (momentum. frequency)-related phase diagrams. They provide very effective deexcitation scatterings and thus dominate the Coulomb decay rates. Graphene, silicene and germanene might quite differ from one another in Coulomb excitations and decays because of the strength of spin-orbital coupling. Part of theoretical predictions have confirmed the experimental measurements, and most of them require the further examinations. Comparisons with the other models are also made in detail.
Open Spinning Strings

We find classical open string solutions in the $AdS_5\times S^5/\Zop_2$ orientifold with angular momenta along the five-sphere. The energy of these solutions has an expansion in integral powers of $\lambda$ with sigma-model corrections suppressed by inverse powers of $J$ - the total angular momentum. This gives a prediction for the exact anomalous dimensions of operators in the large $N$ limit of an ${\cal N}=2$ $Sp(N)$ Super-Yang-Mills theory with matter. We also find a simple map between open and closed string solutions. This gives a prediction for an all-loop planar relationship between the anomalous dimensions of single-trace and two-quark operators in the dual gauge theory.
An Improved Geomagnetic Matching Algorithm Using Rotation Angle Search Technique

The accumulation course angle error of inertial navigation system will decrease the accuracy and reliability of an geomagnetism aided inertial navigation system using a geomagnetic contour matching algorithm. To improve the matching accuracy, the matching track and true track should be as parallel as possible. An improved geomagnetic matching algorithm is presented by introducing rotation angle search technique. To reduce the computation burden, improve operation efficiency and reduce false matching probability, a new search area determination method is proposed, which redefines the search region and reduces the search range. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the improvement in the matching accuracy.
Embodied Expressive Gestures in Telerobots: A Tale of Two Users

Despite their technical advancements, commercially available telerobots are limited in social interaction capabilities for both pilot and local users, specifically in nonverbal communication. Our group hypothesizes that the introduction of expressive gesturing and tangible interaction capabilities (e.g., handshakes, fist bumps) will enhance telerobotic interactions and increase social connection between users. To investigate the affordances to social connection that gestures and tangible interactions provide in telerobot-mediated interactions, we designed and integrated a lightweight manipulator terminating in an anthropomorphic end effector onto a commercially available telerobot (Anybots QB 2.0). Through virtual reality tracking of the pilot user’s arm and hand, expressive gestures and social contact interactions are recreated via the manipulator, enabling a pilot user and a local user to engage in a tangible exchange. To assess the usability and effectiveness of the gesturing system, we present evaluations from both the local and pilot user perspectives. First, we present a validation study to assess usability of the control system by the pilot user. Our results demonstrate that pilot user interactions can be replicated with a greater than 80% pass rate and mean ease of use rating of \(7.08 \pm 1.32\) (out of 10) with brief training. Finally, we present a user study to assess the social impacts of (1) using the telerobot without the manipulator from both the pilot user and local user perspectives and (2) using the control system and telerobotic manipulator from both the pilot user and local user perspectives. Results demonstrate that the robot with the manipulator elicited a more positive social experience than the robot without the arm for local users but no significant difference in conditions for pilot users. Future work will focus on improving the pilot user experience to support social contact interactions.
Wide sigma Orionis binaries resolved by UKIDSS

In spite of its importance for the study of star formation at all mass domains, the nearby young sigma Orionis cluster still lacks a comprehensive survey for multiplicity. We try to fill that observational gap by looking for wide resolved binaries with angular separations between 0.4 and 4.0 arcsec. We search for companions to 331 catalogued cluster stellar members and candidates in public K-band UKIDSS images outside the innermost 1 arcmin, which is affected by the glare of the bright, eponymous sigma Ori multiple system, and investigate their cluster membership with colour-magnitude diagrams and previous knowledge of youth features. Of the 18 identified pairs, ten have very low individual probabilities of chance alignment (< 1 %) and are considered here as physical pairs. Four of them are new, while the other six had been discovered previously, but never investigated homogeneously and in detail. Projected physical separations and magnitude differences of the ten probably bound pairs range from 180 to 1220 au, and from 0.0 to 3.4 mag in K, respectively. Besides, we identify two cluster stars with elongated point spread functions. We determine the minimum frequency of wide multiplicity in the interval of projected physical separations s = 160-1600 au in sigma Orionis at 3.0^{+1.2}_{-1.1} %. We discover a new Lindroos system, find that massive and X-ray stars tend to be in pairs or trios, conclude that multiplicity truncates circumstellar discs and enhances X-ray emission, and ascribe a reported lithium depletion in a young star to unresolved binarity in spectra of moderate resolution. When accounting for all know multiples, including spectroscopic binaries, the minimum frequency of multiplicity increases to about 10 %, which implies that of the order of 80-100 unknown multiple systems still await discovery in sigma Orionis.
Searching for Planetary Transits in Globular Clusters - 47 Tucanae and ω Centauri

We have performed a large ground-based search for transiting Hot Jupiter planets in the outer regions of the globular clusters 47 Tucanae and omega Centauri. The aim was to help understand the role that environmental effects play on Hot Jupiter formation and survivability in globular clusters. Using the ANU 1m telescope and a 52' X 52' field, a total of 54,000 solar-type stars were searched for transits in both clusters with fully tested transit-finding algorithms. Detailed Monte Carlo simulations were performed to model the datasets and calculate the expected planet yields. Seven planets were expected in 47 Tuc, and five in omega Cen. Despite a detailed search, no planet-like candidates were identified in either cluster. Combined with previous theoretical studies of planet survivability, and the HST null result in the core of 47 Tuc, the lack of detections in the uncrowded outer regions of both clusters indicates that stellar metallicity is the dominant factor inhibiting Hot Jupiter formation in the cluster environment.
Earth as an Exoplanet

Earth is the only planet known to harbor life and, as a result, the search for habitable and inhabited planets beyond the Solar System commonly focuses on analogs to our planet. However, Earth's atmosphere and surface environment have evolved substantially in the last 4.5 billion years. A combination of in situ geological and biogeochemical modeling studies of our planet have provided glimpses of environments that, while technically belonging to our Earth, are seemingly alien worlds. For modern Earth, observations from ground-based facilities, satellites, and spacecraft have yielded a rich collection of data that can be used to effectively view our planet within the context of exoplanet characterization. Application of planetary and exoplanetary remote sensing techniques to these datasets then enables the development of approaches for detecting signatures of habitability and life on other worlds. In addition, an array of models have been used to simulate exoplanet-like datasets for the distant Earth, thereby providing insights that are often complementary to those from existing observations. Understanding the myriad ways Earth has been habitable and inhabited, coupled with remote sensing approaches honed on the distant Earth, provides a key guide to recognizing potentially life-bearing environments in other planetary systems.
Multiple cyclotron line-forming regions in GX 301−2

We present two observations of the high-mass X-ray binary GX 301−2 with NuSTAR, taken at different orbital phases and different luminosities. We find that the continuum is well described by typical phenomenological models, like a very strongly absorbed NPEX model. However, for a statistically acceptable description of the hard X-ray spectrum we require two cyclotron resonant scattering features (CRSF), one at ∼35 keV and the other at ∼50 keV. Even though both features strongly overlap, the good resolution and sensitivity of NuSTAR allows us to disentangle them at ≥99.9% significance. This is the first time that two CRSFs have been seen in GX 301−2. We find that the CRSFs are very likely independently formed, as their energies are not harmonically related and, if the observed feature were due to a single line, the deviation from a Gaussian shape would be very large. We compare our results to archival Suzaku data and find that our model also provides a good fit to those data. We study the behavior of the continuum as well as the CRSF parameters as function of pulse phase in seven phase bins. We find that the energy of the 35 keV CRSF varies smoothly as a function of phase, between 30 and 38 keV. To explain this variation, we apply a simple model of the accretion column, taking into account the altitude of the line-forming region, the velocity of the in-falling material, and the resulting relativistic effects. We find that in this model the observed energy variation can be explained as being simply due to a variation of the projected velocity and beaming factor of the line-forming region towards us.
Most singular vortex structures in fully developed turbulence

Using high Reynolds number experimental data, we search for most dissipative, most intense structures. These structures possess a scaling predicted by log-Poisson model for the dissipation field $\epsilon_r$. The probability distribution function for the exponents $\alpha$, $\epsilon_r\sim e^{\alpha a}$, has been constructed, and compared with Poisson distribution. These new experimental data suggest that the most intense structures have co-dimension less than 2. The log-Poisson statistics is compared with log-binomial which follows from the random $\beta$-model.
Functional Dynamical Structures in Complex Systems: an Information-Theoretic Approach

Understanding the dynamical behavior of complex systems is of exceptional relevance in everyday life, from biology to economy. In order to describe the dynamical organization of complex systems, existing methods require the knowledge of the network topology. By contrast, in this thesis we develop a new method based on Information Theory which does not require any topological knowledge. We introduce the Dynamical Cluster Index to detect those groups of system elements which have strong mutual interactions, named as Relevant Subsets. Among them, we identify those which exchange most information with the rest of the system, thus being the most influential for its dynamics. In order to detect such Functional Dynamical Structures, we introduce another information theoretic measure, called D-index. The experimental results make us confident that our method can be effectively used to study both artificial and natural complex systems.
Application of Association rule analysis to study the evolution of halos in Cosmological N-Body simulations

Merger trees track the evolution of halos across multiple snapshots. They assign for halos of a particular snapshot, the set of halos from previous snapshots they possibly originated from. In this work, Association rule analysis a well known technique from data mining has been used to build halo merger trees. Association rule analysis tries to find associations between different halos(in same as well as in snapshots) using the particle IDs of the particles which the halos are made of. Associations are expressed in the form of association rules. Merger trees are one of the several useful results one can obtain from the output of association rule analysis. Other results including halo substructure and halo splitting can also be extracted. Each type of output to be extracted from the association rule analysis output correspond to a pattern in association rules. Merger trees were formed and tested using the above technique. Dark matter simulations were run using Gadget-2 for 128^3 particles. Halos were extracted from the simulation snapshots using Amiga Halo Finder. Halo accretion history was plotted and compared against those formed using AHF merger tree builder.
Error Estimates for Adaptive Finite Element Computations

A mathematical theory is developed for a class of a-posteriors error estimates of finite element solutions. It is based on a general formulation of the finite element method in terms of certain bilinear forms on suitable Hilbert spaces. The main theorem gives an error estimate in terms of localized quantities which can be computed approximately. The estimate is optimal in the sense that, up to multiplicative constants which are independent of the mesh and solution, the upper and lower error bounds are the same. The theoretical results also lead to a heuristic characterization of optimal meshes, which in turn suggests a strategy for adaptive mesh refinement. Some numerical examples show the approach to be very effective.
Phase transitions as topology changes in configuration space: an exact result

The phase transition in the mean-ﬁeld XY model is shown analytically to be related to a topological change in its conﬁguration space. Such a topology change is completely described by means of Morse theory allowing a computation of the Euler characteristic—of suitable submanifolds of conﬁguration space—which shows a sharp discontinuity at the phase transition point, also at ﬁnite N . The present analytic result provides, with previous work, a new key to a possible connection of topological changes in conﬁguration space as the origin of phase transitions in a variety of systems.
ACC neural ensemble dynamics are structured by strategy prevalence

Medial frontal cortical areas are thought to play a critical role in the brain’s ability to flexibly deploy strategies that are effective in complex settings. Still, the specific circuit computations that underpin this foundational aspect of intelligence remain unclear. Here, by examining neural ensemble activity in rats that sample different strategies in a self-guided search for latent task structure, we demonstrate a robust tracking of individual strategy prevalence in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), especially in an area homologous to primate area 32D. Prevalence encoding in the ACC is wide-scale, independent of reward delivery, and persists through a substantial ensemble reorganization that tags ACC representations with contextual content. Our findings argue that ACC ensemble dynamics is structured by a summary statistic of recent behavioral choices, raising the possibility that ACC plays a role in estimating – through statistical learning – which actions promote the occurrence of events in the environment.
Antagonistic role of the BTB-zinc finger transcription factors Chinmo and Broad-Complex in the juvenile/pupal transition and in growth control

During development, the growing organism transits through a series of temporally regulated morphological stages to generate the adult form. In humans, for example, development progresses from childhood through to puberty and then to adulthood, when sexual maturity is attained. Similarly, in holometabolous insects, immature juveniles transit to the adult form through an intermediate pupal stage when larval tissues are eliminated and the imaginal progenitor cells form the adult structures. The identity of the larval, pupal and adult stages depends on the sequential expression of the transcription factors chinmo, Br-C and E93. However, how these transcription factors determine temporal identity in developing tissues is poorly understood. Here we report on the role of the larval specifier chinmo in larval and adult progenitor cells during fly development. Interestingly, chinmo promotes growth in larval and imaginal tissues in a Br-C-independent and -dependent manner, respectively. In addition, we found that the absence of chinmo during metamorphosis is critical for proper adult differentiation. Importantly, we also provide evidence that, in contrast to the well-known role of chinmo as a pro-oncogene, Br-C and E93 act as tumour suppressors. Finally, we reveal that the function of chinmo as a juvenile specifier is conserved in hemimetabolous insects as its homolog has a similar role in Blatella germanica. Taken together, our results suggest that the sequential expression of the transcription factors Chinmo, Br-C and E93 during larva, pupa an adult respectively, coordinate the formation of the different organs that constitute the adut organism.
Sleep deprivation detected by voice analysis

Sleep deprivation has an ever-increasing impact on individuals and societies. Yet, to date, there is no quick and objective test for sleep deprivation. Here, we used automated acoustic analyses of the voice to detect sleep deprivation. Building on current machine-learning approaches, we focused on interpretability by introducing two novel ideas: the use of a fully generic auditory representation as input feature space, combined with an interpretation technique based on reverse correlation. The auditory representation consisted of a spectro-temporal modulation analysis derived from neurophysiology. The interpretation method aimed to reveal the regions of the auditory representation that supported the classifiers’ decisions. Results showed that generic auditory features could be used to detect sleep deprivation successfully, with an accuracy comparable to state-of-the-art speech features. Furthermore, the interpretation revealed two distinct effects of sleep deprivation on the voice: a change in prosody and a change in timbre. Importantly, the relative balance of the two effects varied widely across individuals, even though the amount of sleep deprivation was controlled, thus confirming the need to characterize sleep deprivation at the individual level. Moreover, while the prosody factor correlated with subjective sleepiness reports, the timbre factor did not, consistent with the presence of both explicit and implicit consequences of sleep deprivation. Overall, the findings show that individual effects of sleep deprivation may be observed in vocal biomarkers. Future investigations correlating such markers with objective physiological measures of sleep deprivation could enable “sleep stethoscopes” for the cost-effective diagnosis of the individual effects of sleep deprivation. Author summary Sleep deprivation has an ever-increasing impact on individuals and societies, from accidents to chronic conditions costing billions to health systems. Yet, to date, there is no quick and objective test for sleep deprivation. We show that sleep deprivation can be detected at the individual level with voice recordings. Importantly, we focused on interpretability, which allowed us to identify two independent effects of sleep deprivation on the voice: a change in prosody and a change in timbre. The results also revealed a striking variability in individual reactions to the same deprivation, further confirming the need to consider the effects of sleep deprivation at the individual level. Vocal markers could be correlated to specific underlying physiological factors in future studies, outlining possible cost-effective and non-invasive “sleep stethoscopes”.