Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Trends in Strangles Outbreaks Using Temperature and Precipitation Data in the United States of America for 2018–2022

Strangles is a highly contagious upper respiratory infection of equids that is globally distributed. The causative agent of strangles, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, can be spread through indirect contact with infected fomites, and studies have shown this microbe to live well in varying environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyze strangles case numbers across the United States of America from 2018 to 2022 to investigate potential temporal or weather patterns associated with outbreaks. Diagnosed case records were obtained from the Equine Disease Communication Center, university databases, government agencies, or veterinary diagnostic labs, and geographic information systems (GISs) were used to map cases and to acquire relevant meteorological data from outbreak areas. These data were analyzed using logistic regression to explore trends that occur between outbreaks and changes in temperature and precipitation. Initial review of weather data suggested monthly changes in strangles case numbers corresponded with changing seasons. Logistic regression indicated that changes in monthly average temperature and minimum temperature were significantly associated with increased or decreased odds of strangles outbreaks, respectively. Future analyses should focus on weather data isolated within a smaller region or state to better resolve trends in strangles outbreaks throughout the continental USA.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON DESTINATION IMAGE LITERATURE: ROLES AND PURPOSES

A BSTRACT: A tourism destination is reviewed as an amalgamation of places that generating not just experiences, but provide a memorable destination experience to the tourists. The challenge for today’s tourism marketers is that tourists have to be enticed since the tourism destination is an intensely competitive and many destination competing with one and another to attract the similar segment of potential tourists, or repeated visitor. Thus, image of the destination is vital to develop appropriate marketing strategy and being used as promotional tools, not only to the operator of the business but also to those responsible in tourism development. In this case, the role of image has been shown to be an important factor in influencing tourists’ preferences and selection of vacation destinations. Therefore, this paper attempt to review the pertinent of previous literatures on destination image and the specific variables that has been examined in those literatures. Fundamentally, the paper will focusing the process involve before visitor making a visit, during and after the visitation, as well as the next process in making the second visit to the similar destination. The dominant subject that emerged from the research articles are critically analyzed the implications for destination image management and research.
Monitoring Food Marketing Directed to Portuguese Children Broadcasted on Television

Children are massively exposed to food marketing through television and other forms of media. Marketing strategies promote unhealthy eating behaviours and contribute to childhood obesity. The main aim of this study was to assess the potential exposure and power of food advertisements aimed at children, broadcasted on Portuguese television. Television data was recorded for two weekdays and two weekend days between 6 am and 10 pm during November 2021 from four free-access Portuguese television channels. Data was analysed according to the World Health Organization television protocol and Portuguese Legislation. We identified 5272 advertisements, of which 11.2% were for food and beverages (n = 590). Most advertised food categories for children and adolescents were chocolate and bakery products (42.0%), soft drinks (26.7%), and yoghurt (16.0%), and none met the nutritional profile outlined by the national legislation. Unhealthier food advertisements targeting youth were shown in children’s non-peak time and morning during news and entertainment programmes. Product uniqueness, humour, and fun were the most frequent primary persuasive techniques. Most advertisements showed a high use of brand logos, product images, and premium offers. In conclusion, Portuguese children and adolescents are potentially exposed to large numbers of unhealthy food advertisements on television, despite marketing regulation and restriction policies.
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

CONTEXT The Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III) highlights the importance of treating patients with the metabolic syndrome to prevent cardiovascular disease. Limited information is available about the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, however. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States as defined by the ATP III report. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Analysis of data on 8814 men and women aged 20 years or older from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), a cross-sectional health survey of a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized civilian US population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome as defined by ATP III (>/=3 of the following abnormalities): waist circumference greater than 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women; serum triglycerides level of at least 150 mg/dL (1.69 mmol/L); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) in men and 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in women; blood pressure of at least 130/85 mm Hg; or serum glucose level of at least 110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L). RESULTS The unadjusted and age-adjusted prevalences of the metabolic syndrome were 21.8% and 23.7%, respectively. The prevalence increased from 6.7% among participants aged 20 through 29 years to 43.5% and 42.0% for participants aged 60 through 69 years and aged at least 70 years, respectively. Mexican Americans had the highest age-adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (31.9%). The age-adjusted prevalence was similar for men (24.0%) and women (23.4%). However, among African Americans, women had about a 57% higher prevalence than men did and among Mexican Americans, women had about a 26% higher prevalence than men did. Using 2000 census data, about 47 million US residents have the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS These results from a representative sample of US adults show that the metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent. The large numbers of US residents with the metabolic syndrome may have important implications for the health care sector.
On the propagation of atmospheric gravity waves through regions of wind shear

The propagation of atmospheric gravity waves to ionospheric heights from lower regions is complicated by the presence of background wind shears, which can act to remove a portion of any incident wave spectrum. This paper is designed to evaluate the possible importance of such a removal process. The general problem of acoustic-gravity waves, propagating through regions of vertically varying background winds and temperatures, is investigated first. A multilayer approximation is adopted, and methods for evaluating the transmission of energy are established. Certain fundamental problems in the propagation of hydrodynamic energy are raised, but not pursued in depth. The importance of singular levels in the wind profile is reconfirmed, though with an emphasis on absorption rather than reflection at such levels. An unanticipated importance of temperature gradients is clarified in the course of the analysis. Calculated transmission coefficients are presented for three assumed atmospheric wind profiles, with and without temperature structure. The results indicate that the processes considered here will not severely attenuate a broad incident wave spectrum in the course of its upward passage through the mesosphere, though strong attenuation, particularly of modes with horizontal phase speeds ≲50 m/sec, must be expected low in the thermosphere. Even when the over-all attenuation is low, substantial directional filtering can occur such that the wave spectrum in ionospheric regions may exhibit marked azimuthal variations in response to the wind structure at underlying levels. It is suggested that this directional filtering can be a major cause of the seasonal and diurnal variations that occur in measured ionospheric drifts.
Ore Deposit Geology

Preface Glossary 1. What is an ore deposit? 2. Magmatic ore deposits 3. Hydrothermal ore deposits I: magmatic and orogenic environments 4. Hydrothermal ore deposits II: sedimentary environments 5. Ore deposits formed in sedimentary environments 6. Supergene ores and supergene overprinting of ores References Index.
Key Insights

Recent research illuminates the opportunity to increase incomes of microenterprise owners through the provision of capital. Experiments providing capital grants to randomly selected subsets of enterprises show that the average increase in earnings following receipt of a grant is much higher than the interest rates charged by micro lenders. But there is important heterogeneity in the returns. Moreover, results from experiments on loans made through traditional microcredit contracts are disappointing. Research implementing tweaks to microcredit contracts and eliciting information from entrepreneurial communities on potential returns from investments shows some promise in overcoming these issues. Ongoing work on microequity contracts also offers hope for contracts that provide some risk-sharing, allowing entrepreneurs to make riskier investments.
Stereo sequences analysis for dynamic scene understanding in a driver assistance system

The improved stereo-based approach for dynamic road scene understanding in a Driver Assistance System (DAS) is presented. System calibration is addressed. Algorithms for road lane detection, road 3D model generation, obstacle predetection and object (vehicle) detection are described. Lane detection is based on the evidence analysis. Obstacle predetection procedure performs the comparison of radial ortophotos, obtained by left and right stereo images. Object detection algorithm is based on recognition of back part of cars by histograms of oriented gradients. Car Stereo Sequences (CSS) Dataset captured by vehicle-based laboratory and published for DAS algorithms testing.
Stream classification in the Pacific Northwest : methodologies, regional analyses, and applications

approved: Stream management and design recommendations related to the Salmon Habitat Recovery Program in the Pacific Northwest require area specific information concerning appropriate methods of stream classification, bankfull discharge recurrence intervals, and hydraulic geometry relationships. New region specific information, based on field measurements, is presented here. The Rosgen Classification of Natural Rivers (RCNR), commonly used by resource agencies, is field tested in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). RCNR levels I and II were found to contain appropriate ranges of characteristics for the number of active channels, entrenchment, width to depth ratio, channel gradient, and bed material. However, the sinuosity range was found to be too high for many of the stream reaches evaluated. Recommendations for sinuosity range adjustments are included along with proposals for use of the RCNR on modified stream systems, previously outside of the scope of this classification system. Bankfull discharge recurrence intervals have been variously reported to range from one. to two years, with an average of 1.5 years. Analysis of field derived bankfull discharge recurrence intervals for the PNW indicate that regional variation can be explained by climate and ecoregion classifications. Importantly, while the average bankfull discharge recurrence interval for the PNW is 1.4 years, western Oregon and Washington have intervals of 1.1 to 1.2 years, while Idaho, and eastern Oregon and Washington have intervals of 1.4 to 1.5 years. Regional hydraulic geometry regression equations were developed from field measurements and include comparisons between drainage area and bankfull width, depth, velocity, and discharge. Bankfull discharge recurrence interval is the basis for regionalization. The development of these regional regression equations allows for extrapolation of data from gaged to ungaged streams within a delineated geographic area. ©Copyright by Janine M. Castro January 17, 1997 All Rights Reserved Stream Classification in the Pacific Northwest: Methodologies, Regional Analyses, and Applications by Janine M. Castro A THESIS Submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed January 17, 1997 Commencement June 1997
Use of the Oregon State University Tidal Inversion Software (OTIS) to Generate Improved Tidal Prediction in the East-Asian Seas

Abstract : The Oregon State University (OSU) Tidal Inversion Software (OTIS) is being automated, tested and used to generate tidal solutions in the East-Asian Seas (EAS) region. This effort was undertaken to improve the tidal solutions within a relocatable version of the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM). Tests were conducted within the EAS and with a smaller domain within the EAS, the Yellow Sea, to look at the effects on OTIS of a number of inputs including: (1) increasing grid resolution, (2) using more accurate bathymetry, (3) assimilating International Hydrographic Office (IHO) tide station data (as well as tidal data derived from the TOPEX altimeter data), (4) increasing the number of representers used for data assimilation, and (5) increasing the number of tidal constituents being solved for. The tidal solutions generated with OTIS were validated against IHO tide station data in the different areas.
Genetic study of some drought tolerance indicators in the first generation of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)

Because of the lack of rainfall in arid and semi-arid areas in the Kurdistan Region, it’s required wheat genotypes suitable for these conditions. In; 2020-2021 ten wheat genotypes were crossed. In; 2021-2022 Grains of F1s and the parents were planted under rain-fed and supplementary irrigation in Koya Agriculture Research Station (Erbil) to study the genetic properties by Griffing and Jinks-Hayman method for some drought tolerance indices such as stress susceptibility index SSI; geometric mean productivity GMP; mean productivity MP; tolerance Index TOL; and yield stability index YSI; through the grain yield under stressed (Ys) and yield potential (Yp) conditions. Significant; differences were found among parents and F 1 s for all indices. Results; of genetic analysis imply to high general combining ability GCA; of some parents for different indices. Some crosses had specific combining ability SCA; for most of the indices. The dominant; component (H 1 ) was higher than the additive (D̂) and average degree of dominance ( √𝑯 𝟏 /𝑫 ) was greater than one for all indices. Dominant; and recessive alleles in gene locations (H2/4H1) were less than 0.25 for all traits, showing that dominance was not distributed regularly among parents. The number; of dominant to recessive genes ratio (KD/KR) was more than one for Ys, SSI; GMP; and YSI; with values of (1.25, 1.61, 1.09 and 1.62) respectively, indicating the increase of dominant genes in parents for these traits, while it was less than one for Yp, MP and TOL; with values (0.54, 0.90 and 0.78) respectively shows increase of recessive genes in parents for these traits. Heritability; H ns. has ranged from 0.268 for Ys to 0.339 for Yp. Parents 1 and 3 were the best for GCA; and most of the traits. Crosses 1×7 and 1×8 had the best performance for most of the traits, and 4×9 was the best for SCA.
Forest biomass, canopy structure, and species composition relationships with multipolarization L-band synthetic aperture radar data

The effect of forest biomass, canopy structure, and species composition on L-band synthetic aperature radar data at 44 southern Mississippi bottomland hardwood and pine-hardwood forest sites was investigated. Cross-polarization mean digital values for pine forests were significantly correlated with green weight biomass and stand structure. Multiple linear regression with five forest structure variables provided a better integrated measure of canopy roughness and produced highly significant correlation coefficients for hardwood forests using HV/VV ratio only. Differences in biomass levels and canopy structure, including branching patterns and vertical canopy stratification, were important sources of volume scatter affecting multipolarization radar data. Standardized correction techniques and calibration of aircraft data, in addition to development of canopy models, are recommended for future investigations of forest biomass and structure using synthetic aperture radar.
The good , the bad and the average : evidence on the scale and nature of ability peer effects in schools Working paper

We study the scale and nature of ability peer effects in secondary schools in England. In order to shed light on the nature of these effects, we investigate which segments of the peer ability distribution drive the impact of peer quality on students’ achievements. Additionally, we study which quantiles of the pupil ability distribution are affected by different measures of peer quality. To do so, we use census data for four cohorts of pupils taking their age-14 national tests in 2003/2004-2006/2007, and measure students’ ability by their prior achievements at age-11. We base our identification strategy on within-pupil regressions that exploit variation in achievements across the three compulsory subjects (English, Mathematics and Science) tested both at age-14 and age-11. We find significant and sizeable negative peer effects arising from students at the very bottom of the ability distribution, but little evidence that the average peer quality and the very top peers significantly affect pupils’ academic achievements. However, these results mask some significant heterogeneity along the gender dimension, with girls significantly benefiting from the presence of very academically bright peers, and boys significantly losing out. We further provide evidence that the effect of the very best peers substantially varies by the ability of other pupils. On the other hand, the effect of the very worst peers is similarly negative and significant for boys and girls of all abilities. Victor Lavy Department of Economics Hebrew University Mount Scopus 91905 Israel and Royal Holloway University of London and NBER msvictor@mscc.huji. ac.il Olmo Silva Department of Geography and Environment London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE UK http://personal.lse.ac.uk/silvao/ o.silva@lse.ac.uk Felix Weinhardt Department of Geography and Environment London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE UK f.j.weinhardt@lse.ac.uk
A Green Tourism Barometer in the Time of Economic Crisis - The Concept and Case of Slovenia

This paper, first, defines responsible versus sustainable tourism and, second, develops a tool to measure a destination’s transition toward more sustainable and responsible tourism. The proposed conceptual measurement model is based on Frey's classification of environmental social stages and presents destination stages from i) ignorance regarding sustainability, ii) to awareness, iii) to sustainability-based strategic thinking and iv) responsibility. The model is tested on the case of the Slovenian accommodation sector. The results are analysed and discussed considering the impact of a great financial and economic crisis (GFEC). The proposed model (the green barometer) proved to be a useful tool in the case of Slovene tourism. The model showed that Slovene tourism has not finished its transition into a sustainable and responsible tourism destination. The stakeholders in Slovene tourism re well-aware of environmental problems and their impacts on business, but more action towards the implementation of sustainability, as well as more efforts in tourism strategy development, planning and responsibility, will be needed. However, and despite the economic crises that started in Slovenia in 2009, the sustainability of Slovene tourism has improved during the 2009-2012 period. At the destination level, economic factors appear to be of less concern for the destination public stakeholders compared to the industry level. However, the GFEC might have forced the tourism stakeholders to redesign their business model and intensify efforts in terms of their product quality and differentiation and to choose a more sustainable development path.
Cosmogenic nuclide evidence on ages, sizes and orbits of meteorites

Meteorites, being the most ancient objects in the solar system, retain evidence of many events and processes which have played, perhaps, a crucial role in its formation. To derive and interpret correctly the available information, the history and evolution of the meteorites themselves must be studied thoroughly. Due to radiogenic and cosmogenic nuclides the chronology of meteorites can be retraced from the moment of solidification to their fall to Earth. A consideration of the properties and features of meteorites with different radiogenic and cosmic-ray ages of exposure makes it possible to locate key events in their evolution on a long term scale. Peculiarities in the formation mechanism of H- and L-chondrites have emerged. The genetic kindred of Antarctic and non-Antarctic chondrites has been established. A difference of terrestrial ages of the Antarctic H- and L-chondrites has been revealed. By using the depth distributions of cosmogenic radionuclides with different half-lives inside meteorites, the pre-atmospheric sizes of the latter for the different time periods can be determined, and hence the evolution of the meteorites in space can be retraced. As ascertained, only about 30% of chondrites undergo repeated collisions, and small chondrites have, presumably, rather low exposure ages, i.e. shorter lifetimes in interplanetary space. An elaborated isotopic approach provides estimates of the extent of meteorite orbits, so that the aphelion of orbits of more than 100 chondrites have been determined. According to the results, the aphelion of ordinary chondrites are mainly in the range of 2-2.5 AU from the sun, which proves the origin of the chondrites from the Mars or Apollo families of asteroids. A consideration of properties and features of the chondrites with various orbits makes it possible to locate the main events in their life on a space scale. Any essential chemical or petrological distinction of chondrites with different orbits (within each type) has not been observed. However, some random factors, which influence what meteorites can undergo in space, are most operative between 2 and 2.5 AU from the sun.