Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Food security status of Suchana-participating households in north-eastern rural Bangladesh

Despite achieving remarkable progress, food insecurity remains a major public health challenge in Bangladesh, and severe food insecurity status has not been reduced in susceptible areas and vulnerable regions in Bangladesh. Wetlands that are susceptible to flooding can be found in Bangladesh's north-eastern Sylhet division. Suchana, a large-scale nutrition programme, implemented nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions in poor and very poor households in Sylhet and Moulvibazar districts in the north-eastern region of Bangladesh. The aim of this article is to assess the association between the Suchana intervention and household food security status among poor and very poor households in north-eastern rural Bangladesh using the Suchana baseline and endline survey databases. The baseline survey was conducted between November 2016 and February 2017, while the endline survey was undertaken 3 years later, during the same months. The outcome variable in this analysis was household food security status, which was measured using the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance's Guideline. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data; after controlling for the union as a cluster and relevant covariates, a multiple multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the independent effect of the Suchana intervention as an exposure. Overall, 14.0% of households were food secure at the baseline survey (intervention: 14.1%, control: 14.0%) and 22.0% were food secure (intervention: 26.6%, control: 20.2%) at the endline survey. For households in the intervention area in comparison to the control area, the odds of being moderately food insecure [aOR: 1.36 (1.05, 1.76), p < 0.05], mildly food insecure [aOR: 1.83 (1.33, 2.51), p < 0.001], or food secure [aOR: 2.21 (1.47, 3.33), p < 0.001] compared to being severely food insecure was significantly higher. Thus, we infer that the 3 years of Suchana intervention marginally increased household food security status among the socio-economically disadvantaged population in north-eastern rural Bangladesh. If concerns regarding gender equity, women's education, and income-generating activities are addressed, the population could experience even greater benefits in food security. In order to overcome these challenges, all stakeholders including programme implementers and policymakers should work together to implement the appropriate measures.
High-precision downward continuation of the potential field based on the D-Unet network

Potential field data are of great significance to the study of geological characteristics. Downward continuation of the potential field converts potential field data from a high plane to a low plane. Since this method is mathematically an inverse problem solution, it is unstable. The Tikhonov regularization strategy is an effective means of the downward continuation of the potential field. However, achieving high-precision requirements in the stage of precise geophysical exploration is still challenging. Deep learning can effectively solve unstable problems with excellent nonlinear mapping capabilities. Inspired by this, for the downward continuation of the potential field, we propose a new neural network architecture for downward continuation named D-Unet. This study uses the potential field data of a high horizontal plane and the initial model as the network’s input, with the corresponding low-level data serving as the output for supervised learning. Moreover, we add noise to 10% of the data in the training dataset. Model testing shows that our D-Unet has higher accuracy, validity, and stability. In addition, adding noise to the training data can further improve the robustness of the model. Finally, we use the actual potential data of a particular place in northeast China to test our model and satisfactory results have been obtained.
Delineating transitions during the evolution of specialised peroxisomes: Glycosome formation in kinetoplastid and diplonemid protists

One peculiarity of protists belonging to classes Kinetoplastea and Diplonemea within the phylum Euglenozoa is compartmentalisation of most glycolytic enzymes within peroxisomes that are hence called glycosomes. This pathway is not sequestered in peroxisomes of the third Euglenozoan class, Euglenida. Previous analysis of well-studied kinetoplastids, the ‘TriTryps’ parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. , identified within glycosomes other metabolic processes usually not present in peroxisomes. In addition, trypanosomatid peroxins, i.e. proteins involved in biogenesis of these organelles, are divergent from human and yeast orthologues. In recent years, genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes for a variety of euglenozoans have become available. Here, we track the possible evolution of glycosomes by querying these databases, as well as the genome of Naegleria gruberi, a non-euglenozoan, which belongs to the same protist supergroup Discoba. We searched for orthologues of TriTryps proteins involved in glycosomal metabolism and biogenesis. Predicted cellular location(s) of each metabolic enzyme identified was inferred from presence or absence of peroxisomal-targeting signals. Combined with a survey of relevant literature, we refine extensively our previously postulated hypothesis about glycosome evolution. The data agree glycolysis was compartmentalised in a common ancestor of the kinetoplastids and diplonemids, yet additionally indicates most other processes found in glycosomes of extant trypanosomatids, but not in peroxisomes of other eukaryotes were either sequestered in this ancestor or shortly after separation of the two lineages. In contrast, peroxin divergence is evident in all euglenozoans. Following their gain of pathway complexity, subsequent evolution of peroxisome/glycosome function is complex. We hypothesize compartmentalisation in glycosomes of glycolytic enzymes, their cofactors and subsequently other metabolic enzymes provided selective advantage to kinetoplastids and diplonemids during their evolution in changing marine environments. We contend two specific properties derived from the ancestral peroxisomes were key: existence of nonselective pores for small solutes and the possibility of high turnover by pexophagy. Critically, such pores and pexophagy are characterised in extant trypanosomatids. Increasing amenability of free-living kinetoplastids and recently isolated diplonemids to experimental study means our hypothesis and interpretation of bioinformatic data are suited to experimental interrogation.
Intention to shift from short-acting to long-acting methods of contraceptives and its associated factors in Gondar city, northwest Ethiopia: Using the theory of planned behavior

Background Despite its effectiveness, the intention, and utilization of long-acting contraceptive methods are very low in many developing countries, and the use of long-acting contraceptive methods has not kept pace with that of short-acting methods such as oral contraceptives and injectables. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the intention of using long-acting contraceptive methods and associated factors among women currently using short-acting contraceptive methods. Methods Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 19 to April 19, 2017. The study included 515 short-acting contraceptive users found in Gondar city who were selected from the study population using a systematic random sampling technique. A structured pre-tested questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior was used to collect data. Both descriptive and analytical statistical procedures were used. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were carried out. SPSS version 20 was used for the analysis of the data. Multiple linear regression was carried out to see the association between intention and sociodemographic variables, past contraception experience, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, and with 95% CI and a p-value of <0.05 was used to detect statistical significance. Results The magnitude of intention to use long-acting contraceptive methods was 39.8%. Intention to use long-acting contraceptive methods was higher for women whose husbands were farmers when compared to women whose husbands were government employees (β =0.49, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.72). Number of children wanted (β = −0.19, 95% CI: −0.28, −0.1), attitude (β = 0.34, CI: 0.23, 0.46), subjective norm (β = 19, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.27) and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.3) were factors significantly associated with intention to use long-acting contraceptive methods. Conclusions Intention to use long-acting contraceptive methods was low. Interventions that focus on women's attitudes toward long-acting contraceptive methods and support groups, peer education, social mobilization, and persuasive communication could promote the intention to use long-acting contraceptive methods.
Advanced materials for enamel remineralization

Dental caries, a chronic and irreversible disease caused by caries-causing bacteria, has been listed as one of the three major human diseases to be prevented and treated. Therefore, it is critical to effectively stop the development of enamel caries. Remineralization treatment can control the progression of caries by inhibiting and reversing enamel demineralization at an early stage. In this process, functional materials guide the deposition of minerals on the damaged enamel, and the structure and hardness of the enamel are then restored. These remineralization materials have great potential for clinical application. In this review, advanced materials for enamel remineralization were briefly summarized, furthermore, an outlook on the perspective of remineralization materials were addressed.
Efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization combining sorafenib with or without immune checkpoint inhibitors in previously treated patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity score matching analysis

Purpose To compare the efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) plus sorafenib and immune checkpoint inhibitors (T+S+ICIs) and TACE plus sorafenib (T+S) when treating patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have previously received locoregional treatment. Materials and methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage C HCC from May 2019 to December 2020. These patients were treated with locoregional therapy and showed radiographic progression after the treatment. Patients received either T+S+ICIs or T+S. The outcomes, including disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety, were compared. The propensity score matching (PSM) methodology was used to reduce the influence of confounding factors on the outcomes. Results Forty-three patients were included in the T+S group and 33 in the T+S+ICI group. After PSM (n = 29 in each group), patients who received T+S+ICIs had a higher DCR (82.8% vs. 58.6%, p = 0.043), longer median PFS (6.9 vs. 3.8 months, p = 0.003), and longer median OS (12.3 vs. 6.3 months, p = 0.008) than those who underwent T+S. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was an independent predictor of PFS, and age was an independent predictor of OS. The incidence of treatment-related adverse events in T+S+ICIs was well controlled. Conclusions Compared with TACE combined with sorafenib, TACE combined with sorafenib plus ICIs is a potentially safe and effective treatment regimen for patients with advanced HCC who previously received locoregional treatment.
Combining autophagy and immune characterizations to predict prognosis and therapeutic response in lung adenocarcinoma

Background Autophagy, a key regulator of programmed cell death, is critical for maintaining the stability of the intracellular environment. Increasing evidence has revealed the clinical importance of interactions between autophagy and immune status in lung adenocarcinoma. The present study evaluated the potential of autophagy-immune-derived biomarkers to predict prognosis and therapeutic response in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Methods Patients from the GSE72094 dataset were randomized 7:3 to a training set and an internal validation set. Three independent cohorts, TCGA, GSE31210, and GSE37745, were used for external verification. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering based on autophagy- and immune-associated genes was used to identify autophagy- and immune-associated molecular patterns, respectively. Significantly prognostic autophagy-immune genes were identified by LASSO analysis and by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Differences in tumor immune microenvironments, functional pathways, and potential therapeutic responses were investigated to differentiate high-risk and low-risk groups. Results High autophagy status and high immune status were associated with improved overall survival. Autophagy and immune subtypes were merged into a two-dimensional index to characterize the combined prognostic classifier, with 535 genes defined as autophagy-immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Four genes (C4BPA, CD300LG, CD96, and S100P) were identified to construct an autophagy-immune-related prognostic risk model. Survival and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses showed that this model was significantly prognostic of survival. Patterns of autophagy and immune genes differed in low- and high-risk patients. Enrichment of most immune infiltrating cells was greater, and the expression of crucial immune checkpoint molecules was higher, in the low-risk group. TIDE and immunotherapy clinical cohort analysis predicted that the low-risk group had more potential responders to immunotherapy. GO, KEGG, and GSEA function analysis identified immune- and autophagy-related pathways. Autophagy inducers were observed in patients in the low-risk group, whereas the high-risk group was sensitive to autophagy inhibitors. The expression of the four genes was assessed in clinical specimens and cell lines. Conclusions The autophagy-immune-based gene signature represents a promising tool for risk stratification in patients with lung adenocarcinoma, guiding individualized targeted therapy or immunotherapy.
Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension

Most hypertensive cases are primary and heavily associated with modifiable risk factors like salt intake. Evidence suggests that even small reductions in salt consumption reduce blood pressure in all age groups. In that regard, the ACC/AHA described a distinct set of individuals who exhibit salt-sensitivity, regardless of their hypertensive status. Data has shown that salt-sensitivity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension is still unclear and tremendously challenged by its multifactorial etiology, complicated genetic influences, and the unavailability of a diagnostic tool. So far, the important roles of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and immune system in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension have been studied. In the first part of this review, we focus on how the systems mentioned above are aberrantly regulated in salt-sensitive hypertension. We follow this with an emphasis on genetic variants in those systems that are associated with and/or increase predisposition to salt-sensitivity in humans.
Gut microbe metabolism of small molecules supports human development across the early stages of life

From birth to adulthood, the human gut-associated microbial communities experience profound changes in their structure. However, while the taxonomical composition has been extensively explored, temporal shifts in the microbial metabolic functionalities related to the metabolism of bioactive small molecules are still largely unexplored. Here, we collected a total of 6,617 publicly available human fecal shotgun metagenomes and 42 metatranscriptomes from infants and adults to explore the dynamic changes of the microbial-derived small molecule metabolisms according to the age-related development of the human gut microbiome. Moreover, by selecting metagenomic data from 250 breastfed and 217 formula-fed infants, we also investigated how feeding types can shape the metabolic functionality of the incipient gut microbiome. From the small molecule metabolism perspective, our findings suggested that the human gut microbial communities are genetically equipped and prepared to metabolically evolve toward the adult state as early as 1 month after birth, although at the age of 4 years, it still appeared functionally underdeveloped compared to adults. Furthermore, in respect of formula-fed newborns, breastfed infants showed enrichment in microbial metabolic functions related to specific amino acids present at low concentrations in human milk, highlighting that the infant gut microbiome has specifically evolved to synthesize bioactive molecules that can complement the human breast milk composition contributing to complete nutritional supply of infant.
Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections acquired from poultry

Purpose of review Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a major food safety concern in developed and developing countries. Table eggs are often linked to cases of foodborne gastrointestinal disease. This review is focused on the latest findings on foodborne Salmonella infections acquired from poultry products and their implications on food safety. Recent findings Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) are the predominant Salmonella serovars associated with human Salmonellosis. In Australia, ST is the predominant serovar but SE has been recently detected in some commercial free-range egg flocks. The Salmonella shedding in poultry flocks can be highly variable across different flocks and farms; as a result, the level of product contamination is largely attributed to the flock management. The microevolution in the ST genome after in-vivo passaging may have clinical significance. On farm use of Salmonella vaccines and/or interventions during the processing of the product can influence the bacterial load. The refrigeration of the product also influences the safety of the poultry product. Summary Many interventions are in place for the control of Salmonella from farm to fork. However, given the biosecurity challenges because of the increase in public demand for free-range products, the emergence of Salmonella virulent types and expensive diagnostics, ongoing collaborative efforts from farmers, regulators and public health officials are required.
Validation of the Nelson Tool: A Scoring Tool for Nonsurgical Service Admission of Injured Patients

BACKGROUND: Trauma performance improvement programs are required by the American College of Surgeons to review all nonsurgical admissions if the annual rate exceeds 10%. These reviews can have varying consistency between reviewers, are time consuming, and the consequent aggregate data are difficult to evaluate for trends. OBJECTIVE: This study set forth to standardize nonsurgical admission review through validation of the Nelson tool, which is a published objective scoring tool to determine the appropriateness of nonsurgical admissions. We hypothesized that implementation of this tool would facilitate earlier identification of events resulting in meaningful intervention and a reduction of inappropriate nonsurgical admissions. METHODS: The Nelson tool and scoring was integrated into the nonsurgical admission review process. A customized audit filter and report were built in the trauma registry. Data were reviewed with respect to scores and admitting service. Statistical analysis included using analysis of variance and t tests to examine differences between admitting services, χ2 test of independence or Fisher's exact to test the association of categorical variables, and ordinal logistic regression to test the ability of the total Nelson tool to predict appropriateness of admission. RESULTS: Using the Nelson tool, scores resulted in appropriate admission service in over 90% of cases. Implementation of the tool resulted in a decreased performance improvement workload with a 78% reduction in nonsurgical admission cases required to go to secondary level of review. CONCLUSIONS: Utilization of a validated scoring tool decreases performance improvement workload without compromising patient safety.
Will MINOS see new physics

The effect of non-standard neutrino interactions with matter at long baseline neutrino experiments is examined in a model independent way, taking into account the constraints from all the experiments. It is found that such a non-standard interaction can enhance the flavor transition probability so significantly that the ongoing experiment MINOS may see the signal of $\nu_\mu\to\nu_e$ which is much more than the prediction by the standard scenario. It is also found that the silver channel $\nu_e\to\nu_\tau$ at a neutrino factory could have a huge enhancement.
A characterization of binary bent functions

A paper presented by Carlet (see IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.41, p.1482-7, 1995) introduces a general class of binary bent functions whose elements are expressed by means of indicators of /sup n///sub 2/-dimensional vector-subspaces of (GF(2))/sup n/. An extended version of this class is introduced in the same paper where it is conjectured that this version is equal to the whole class of bent functions. We prove now that this conjecture is true.
Pricing Models for Bermudan-style Interest Rate Derivatives

textabstractBermuda-stijl rente derivaten vormen een belangrijke klasse van opties. Veel bancaire en verzekeringsproducten, zoals hypotheken, vervroegd aflosbare obligaties, en levensverzekeringen, bevatten Bermuda rente opties, die een gevolg zijn van de mogelijkheid tot vervroegde terugbetaling of stopzetting van het contract. Het veel voorkomen van deze opties maakt duidelijk dat het belangrijk is, voor banken en verzekeraars, om de waarde en risico van deze producten op de juiste manier in te schatten. Het juist inschatten van het risico maakt het mogelijk om markt risico af te dekken met onderliggende en regelmatig verhandelde waardes en opties. Waarderingsmodellen moeten arbitrage-vrij zijn, en dienen gekalibreerd te zijn aan prijzen van actief verhandelde onderliggende opties. De dynamica van de modellen moet overeen komen met de geobserveerde dynamica van de rente-termijnstructuur, zoals bijvoorbeeld correlatie tussen rentestanden. Bovendien moeten waarderingsalgoritmes efficient zijn: Financiele beslissingen gebaseerd op derivaten waarderingsberekeningen worden veeleer binnen enkele seconden genomen, dan binnen uren of dagen. In recente jaren is een succesvolle klasse van modellen naar voren gekomen, genaamd markt modellen. Dit proefschrift breidt de theorie van markt modellen uit, door: (i) een nieuwe, efficiente en meer nauwkeurige benaderende waarderingstechniek te introduceren, (ii) twee nieuwe en snelle algoritmes voor correlatie-kalibratie te presenteren, (iii) nieuwe modellen te ontwikkelen die een efficiente kalibratie toestaan voor een hele nieuwe klasse van derivaten, zoals vaste-looptijd Bermuda rente opties, en (iv) nieuwe empirische vergelijkingen te presenteren van bestaande kalibratie technieken en modellen, in termen van reductie van risico.