Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new aetosaur from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of the Eagle Basin, Colorado, USA

Abstract A small aetosaur skull and skeleton and referred material from the Chinle Formation, Eagle Basin of Colorado, USA, is described as a new taxon, Stenomyti huangae gen. et sp. nov, distinguished from other aetosaurs by the following autapomorphies: three premaxillary teeth; four palpebrals; pronounced midline ridge on frontals and parietals; paired ridges flanking midline ridge on parietal and frontal; exclusion of quadratojugal from ventral margin of skull by contact between jugal and quadrate; exclusion of postorbital from infratemporal fenestra; infratemporal fenestra a horizontally oriented oval that embays the posterior edge of the jugal; retroarticular process longer than distance between articular glenoid and posterior edge of external mandibular fenestra; oval to irregularly shaped ventral osteoderms that do not contact each other. Paramedian and lateral osteoderms of S. huangae are nearly identical to those of Aetosaurus ferratus, and other shared cranial characters suggest that these taxa are closely related and lie outside the clade Typothoracisinae + Desmatosuchinae. This discovery indicates that other reports of Aetosaurus across Laurasia based on osteoderms should be reassessed. Similar confusion with the osteoderms of other non-typothoracisine/desmatosuchine aetosaurs such as Aetosauroides, Stagonolepis and Calyptosuchus suggests that osteoderms are not always reliable taxonomic indicators.
Statistical gait recognition via velocity moments

Statistical recognition techniques have already been shown to achieve good performance in automatic gait recognition. However, the metrics were only statistical in nature and did not describe the intimate nature of gait. Accordingly, new velocity moments have been developed to describe an object and its motion throughout an image sequence. These moments are an extended form of centralised moments and compute descriptions of the object and its behaviour. Evaluation shows that the velocity moments have the required descriptive capability and analysis on synthetic imagery shows that the velocity moments are less sensitive to noise than an averaged comparator moment. This is largely due to the integration of data from the whole sequence. A simple template extraction procedure has been developed to find moving human subjects, enabling the velocity moments to be applied directly to moving people, producing a gait recognition rate exceeding 90%, on a small database.
Laboratory Evaluation of a Commercial Dielectric Soil Water Sensor

Development of management strategies for efficient water utilization of crop production requires measurements of changes in soil water content on a dynamic basis. Many of the methods currently used for measuring these changes are destructive, slow, or relatively expensive for large‐scale investigations. A commercially available, low‐cost, nondestructive soil moisture sensor for measuring changes in soil volumetric water content (VWC) on the basis of changes in the dielectric constant of the soil water was evaluated under laboratory conditions for two soil series (Amarillo fine sandy loam [fine‐loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Paleustalfs] and Pullman clay loam [fine, mixed, thermic Torretic Paleustolls]) and a potting material across a wide range of water contents. Probes were placed in containers filled with deionized water and soil. Containers with Amarillo fine sandy loam were placed in a programmable temperature chamber and subjected to a series of changes in both temperature and VWC. Containers with Pullman soil and potting material were only subjected to changes in VWC at a constant temperature. Probe output at a constant temperature between air dry and a VWC of 0.25 m3 m−3 was linear for the Pullman soil and potting material and nonlinear for the Amarillo soil. When the Amarillo soil temperature varied between 15.9 and 39.1°C−1 at a constant VWC, probe output changed the equivalent of 0.10 m3 m−3 The temperature sensitivity was 0.5 mV °C−1 for air‐dry and about 5 mV °C−1 for wet Amarillo soil. We conclude that probe output is soil specific and, given the nonlinear response to increasing water content on some soils and sensitivity to temperature, will require soil‐specific calibration equations.
Three‐dimensional shallow structure from high‐frequency ambient noise tomography: New results for the Mygdonia basin‐Euroseistest area, northern Greece

We examine the use of ambient noise cross‐correlation tomography for shallow site characterization using a modified two‐step approach. Initially, we extract Rayleigh wave traveltimes from correlation traces of vertical component seismic recordings from a local network installed in Mygdonia basin, northern Greece. The obtained Rayleigh wave traveltimes show significant spatial variability, as well as distance and frequency dependence due to the 3‐D structure of the area, dispersion, and anelastic attenuation effects. The traveltime data sets are inverted through a surface wave tomography approach to determine group velocity maps for each frequency. The proposed tomographic inversion involves the use of approximate Fresnel volumes and interfrequency smoothing constraints to stabilize the results. In the last step, we determine a final 3‐D velocity model using a node‐based Monte Carlo 1‐D dispersion curve inversion. The reliability of the final 3‐D velocity model is examined by spatial and depth resolution analysis, as well as by inversion for different model parameterizations. The obtained results are in very good agreement with previous findings from seismic and other geophysical methods. The new 3‐D VS model provides additional structural constraints for the shallow sediments and bedrock structure of the northern Mygdonia basin up to the depth of ∼200–250 m. Present work results suggest that the migration of ambient tomography techniques from large scales (tens or hundreds of km) to local scales (few hundred meters) is possible but cannot be used as a black box technique for 3‐D modeling and detailed geotechnical site characterization.
Assembly and Characterization of the Mitochondrial Genome of Fallopia aubertii (L. Henry) Holub.

BACKGROUND Fallopia aubertii (L. Henry) Holub is a perennial semi-shrub with both ornamental and medicinal value. The mitochondrial genomes of plants contain valuable genetic traits that can be utilized for the exploitation of genetic resources. The parsing of F. aubertii mitochondrial genome can provide insight into the role of mitochondria in plant growth and development, metabolism regulation, evolution, and response to environmental stress. METHODS In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of F. aubertii using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform and Nanopore platform. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the mitochondrial genome of F. aubertii, which involved examining various aspects such as gene composition, repetitive sequences, RNA editing sites, phylogeny, and organelle genome homology. To achieve this, we employed several bioinformatics methods including sequence alignment analysis, repetitive sequence analysis, phylogeny analysis, and more. RESULTS The mitochondrial genome of F. aubertii has 64 genes, including 34 protein-coding genes (PCGs), three rRNAs, and 27 tRNAs. There were 77 short tandem repeat sequences detected in the mitochondrial genome, five tandem repeat sequences identified by Tandem Repeats Finder (TRF), and 50 scattered repeat sequences observed, including 22 forward repeat sequences and 28 palindrome repeat sequences. A total of 367 RNA coding sites were predicted in PCGs, with the highest number (33) found within ccmB. Ka/Ks values estimated for mitochondrial genes of F. aubertii and three closely related species representing Caryophyllales were less than 1 for most of the genes. The maximum likelihood evolutionary tree showed that F. aubertii and Nepenthes ×ventrata are most closely related. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we obtained basic information on the mitochondrial genome of F. aubertii and this study investigated repeat sequences and homologous segments, predicted RNA editing sites, and utilized the Ka/Ks ratio to estimate the selection pressure on mitochondrial genes of F. aubertii. We also discussed the systematic evolutionary position of F. aubertii based on mitochondrial genome sequences. Our study revealed variations in the sequence and structure of mitochondrial genomes in Caryophyllales. These findings are of great significance for identifying and improving valuable plant traits and serve as a reference for future molecular studies of F. aubertii.
Glacier-permafrost interaction in Arctic and alpine mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard

Abstract The interaction between glaciers and permafrost was long ago addressed for glaciers in Arctic regions. Analogies from modern environments have been used to understand landform development at the margins of Pleistocene ice sheets. During more recent decades many systematic measurements of permafrost in boreholes, geophysical soundings and temperature monitoring have revealed permafrost to be more abundant in many more high-mountain areas than previously thought. This suggests that permafrost may be a governing factor not only for periglacial landform evolution in these areas, but also, given the potential for glacier-permafrost interaction, for glacial landform generation. This paper presents and discusses observation and study results on the geomorphological significance of the interrelationship between glaciers and permafrost, in relation to geomorphological processes, landform generation and response of the system to climate fluctuations.
Population Spatialization Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Multi-Source Geospatial Big Data

This article adopts a more refined method to create a population spatial distribution model for Guizhou Province in 2021. Firstly, we divide the population data of Guizhou Province into different characteristic regions. Then, we use these regions as independent variables and population as dependent variables for analysis using convolutional neural network (CNN). In addition, we also introduced multi-source spatiotemporal data such as Points of Interest (POI), nighttime lighting, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for modeling to further enhance the accuracy and accuracy of the model. Through this method, we successfully generated the population spatial data of Guizhou Province in 2021 with a resolution of 1km. These data intuitively display the spatial distribution of the population in Guizhou Province, and have important reference value for policy makers, researchers, and planners.In addition, in order to verify the accuracy of our model, we evaluated and compared the accuracy of the model results. The results show that our model has high accuracy in expressing the spatial distribution of population, andcan accurately reflect the spatial distribution of population at different scales.In summary, this article successfully created a population spatial distribution model for Guizhou Province in 2021 using multiple spatiotemporal big data and multiple linear statistical regression methods, and evaluated and compared the accuracy of the model results. These results have important practical significance for understanding the population distribution, formulating land use planning and public policies in Guizhou Province.
CO2 record between 40 and 8 kyr B.P. from the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core

CO2 ice-core records show an increase in the atmospheric concentration of 80–100 parts per million by volume (ppmv) from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene. We present CO2 measurements performed on an ice core from central Greenland, drilled during the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP). This CO2 profile from GRIP confirms the most prominent CO2 increase from the LGM, with a mean concentration of 200 ppmv, to the early Holocene with concentrations between 290 and 310 ppmv. Some structures of the new CO2 record are similar to those previously obtained from the Dye 3 ice core (Greenland), which indicated a dilemma between Greenland and Antarctic CO2 records [Oeschger et al., 1988]. Both Greenland cores show high CO2 values for rather mild climatic periods during the last glaciation, whereas CO2 records from Antarctica do not show such high CO2 variations during the glaciation and, furthermore, the CO2 values in the early Holocene are about 20–30 ppmv higher in the GRIP record than in Antarctic records. There is some evidence that the difference could be due to chemical reactions between impurities in the ice leading to an increase of the CO2 concentration under certain conditions. If in situ processes can change the CO2 concentration in the air bubbles, the question arises about how reliably do CO2 records from ice cores reflect the atmospheric composition at the time of ice formation. The discrepancies between the CO2 profiles from Greenland and Antarctica can be explained by in situ production of excess CO2 due to interactions between carbonate and acidic species. Since the carbonate concentration in Antarctic ice is much lower than in Greenland ice, CO2 records from Antarctica are much less affected by such in situ-produced CO2.
Combined Effect of Plasma-Activated Water and Topotecan in Glioblastoma Cells

Simple Summary New forms of cancer treatment are needed to target resistant cancers or reduce severe side effects associated with some treatments. Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) has demonstrated promising anti-cancer effects in several types of cancer, not only by direct application onto cancer cells, but also by indirect treatment using activation of liquids, such as water. Although the exact mechanism of action and underlying signaling pathways are yet to be discovered, CAP has the potential to be combined with traditional therapies, such as chemotherapy. This study investigates a new approach for treating brain cancer by combining a conventional cancer drug with plasma-activated water, which is produced by exposing water to plasma. The reactive chemical species in these solutions may help to kill the cancer cells and reduce the amount of drug that is needed. Not only were the combined treatments able to interfere with cell metabolism and increase cell death, but they also reduced the long-term cell proliferation. This study provides evidence that indirect CAP-derived approaches could be used in combination with chemotherapeutics for prospective treatment of brain cancer. Abstract The increase in cancer diagnoses and cancer deaths, severe side effects of existing treatments and resistance to traditional treatments have generated a need for new anticancer treatments. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, malignant and aggressive brain cancer. Despite many innovations regarding GBM treatment, the final outcome is still very poor, making it necessary to develop new therapeutic approaches. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) as well as plasma-activated liquids (PAL) are being studied as new possible approaches against cancer. The anticancer activity of PAL such as “plasma-activated water” (PAW) is dependent on the reactive chemical compounds present in the solution. Possible combinatory effects with conventional therapies, such as chemotherapeutics, may expand the potential of PAL for cancer treatment. We aim to explore the therapeutic properties of a combination of PAW and topotecan (TPT), an antineoplastic agent with major cytotoxic effects during the S phase of the cell cycle, on a GBM cancer cell line (U-251mg). Combined treatments with PAW and TPT showed a reduction in the metabolic activity and cell mass, an increase in apoptotic cell death and a reduction in the long-term survival. Single applications of PAW+TPT treatments showed a cytotoxic effect in the short term and an antiproliferative effect in the long term, warranting future exploration of combining PAW with chemotherapeutic agents as new therapeutic approaches.
North Atlantic ocean circulation and the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation

Since the early Cenozoic, the Earth’s climate has been gradually cooling. Large ice sheets have expanded on several occasions in the past 5000 kyr (50 Ma), with the last major expansion being the onset of major ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere between 3600 and 2500 ka. This period was characterised by a prolonged increase in ice volume, modulated by orbital forcing. At the same time, major tectonic changes were taking place, with the closure of the Central American Seaway most significant. This thesis aims to address the issue of what caused the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation through an in depth study of samples from North Atlantic ODP Site 982 (57° 31’ N, 15° 51’ W; 1145 m water depth). Multi-species benthic foraminifera composite trace metal records (Mg/Ca, B/Ca, Li/Ca, Cd/Ca) were produced, and the composite Mg/Ca record was used to develop a new regional temperature calibration for the Pliocene. Paleoceanographic records of bottom water temperature and saturation state were produced, as well as bottom water flow speed records using the Sortable Silt (SS) proxy. Bottom water temperature (BWT) records showed an abrupt, ~2°C cooling at 2800-2700 ka, consistent with other previously published records. These data are combined with previously published benthic stable isotope (δ18Ob) records to reconstruct seawater oxygen isotope reconstructions (δ18Osw) across the period of study, and this is found to predominately reflect changes in global ice volume. A major and prolonged increase in ice volume (3500-3000 ka) is identified, equivalent to up to ~55m sea level decrease. The response of the North Atlantic region to this ice sheet growth was tested using previously published sea surface temperature (SST) and δ18Ob records from ODP Site 982, in addition to the new record from this study. The ice volume was found to have influenced the response of SST, δ18Ob, and SS to orbital forcing from changing insolation. Prior to the ice sheet growth, bottom water flow speed varied proportionally with sea surface temperatures, with increased deep water formation during periods of high seasonality. The growing ice sheets responded more slowly to insolation changes, and the presence of this ice sheet increased deep water formation by further cooling saline surface waters. This resulted in feedback loops that intensified deep water flow, leading to a significant increase in North Atlantic Deep water penetration to the southern ocean. A major decrease in δ18Osw at 2800-2700 ka was interpreted as either a loss of Antarctic ice mass, or a reorganization of North Atlantic water masses. Comparison of ice volume records with orbital spectra and reconstructions of the closure of the Central American Seaway suggest the immediate cause of Northern Hemisphere glaciation was a period of orbital conditions favourable to ice sheet growth. Another underlying cause was a series of tectonic shifts, including the closure of the Central American Seaway from 4200 ka, which changed heat and moisture transport patterns to the high latitudes.
Contribution of regional pollution and long-range transport to the Asia-Pacific region: Analysis of long-term ozonesonde data over Japan

[1] Long-term (1970–2002) ozonesonde data from four sites in Japan (Sapporo, Tsukuba, Kagoshima, and Naha) have been analyzed using a sectoral air mass classification based on back air trajectories. Air masses from “regionally polluted,” “Eurasia,” Pacific, and Japan regions are tagged with daily ozone values at each of the four sites. Ozone in regionally polluted air masses shows a broad maximum in spring and summer and a minimum in winter, whereas ozone in other air masses shows a maximum in spring and minimum in summer at Tsukuba, Kagoshima, and Naha. The wintertime ozone in regionally polluted air masses is highest but summertime ozone is lowest at Naha among all other sites. In the lower troposphere the air masses from southern China also show much lower ozone levels in summer than from the northern part (up to 36 ppbv in August), which is suggested to be due to the additional influence of an Asian monsoon over southern China. Ozone levels at Sapporo are determined mainly by Eurasian air masses and show a broad maximum in spring and summer. The boundary layer ozone levels in the regionally polluted air masses are 10–12 ppbv higher throughout the year than in the Eurasian air masses, and in winter they are about 8 ppbv higher than over Europe. However, ozone levels and seasonal variations are similar over Japan and Europe in the lower troposphere. Ozone levels in the regionally polluted air masses increased by 11–20% (5–11 ppbv) from 1970s to 1990s over Japan, and this is attributed to the large increase in NOx emissions over China in the 1990s. The long-term trend (between 1970 and 1990) in regionally polluted ozone is observed not to be very different over Japan and Europe, particularly in the lower troposphere. However, during the 1990s the wintertime positive trend (0.2–0.4 ppbv yr−1) in lower tropospheric ozone in the Eurasian air masses at Sapporo is suggested to be due to the intercontinental transport from Europe/North America. However, the inconsistency between the long-term trend in the regionally polluted ozone and the NOx emissions over China in the 1990s remains unexplained.
Maternal supplementation with Limosilactobacillus reuteri FN041 for preventing infants with atopic dermatitis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased rapidly with rapid urbanization; however, the treatment options for AD are lacking because the commonly used therapies can only alleviate symptoms. Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), FN041 is a specific strain isolated from human breast milk, and its protective potential against AD has been confirmed. This study aims to assess the efficacy of maternal consumption of L. reuteri FN041 during late pregnancy and lactation in preventing infantile AD. Methods First, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study will be conducted on 340 pregnant females with babies at high risk for AD. These subjects will be randomly divided into four groups of different doses of L. reuteri FN041 (1 × 109, 5 × 109, and 1 × 1010 CFU/d) along with a placebo. The safety and efficacy of maternal use of L. reuteri FN041 for preventing infantile AD will be analyzed, and the most efficient dosage of L. reuteri FN041 will be determined. Subsequently, a multicenter cohort study of 500 pregnant females with babies at high risk for AD will be conducted to promote the maternal application of L. reuteri FN041. These subjects will be administered L. reuteri FN041 at the optimal dose determined during the first stage of late pregnancy and lactation, and their babies will be analyzed for AD development. Recruitment was initiated in October 2022. Discussion The primary outcome is the cumulative incidence of AD at 24 months after maternal consumption of L. reuteri FN041 during late pregnancy and lactation, whereas the secondary outcome is the efficiency of L. reuteri FN041 transfer from the mother’s gut to breast milk and then the infant’s gut after oral supplementation. This study will demonstrate the efficacy of edible probiotics isolated from breast milk in preventing or treating AD in infants. Accordingly, we provide population-based advice for administering specific probiotics for the primary prevention of AD in pregnant females. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of probiotic strains derived from breast milk can promote their application in preventing infant diseases associated with intestinal microbiota imbalance and immune disorders. Clinical trial registration https://www.chictr. org.cn/, identifier [ChiCTR2300075611].