Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Value of Extruded Dog Food with Mechanically Separated Chicken Meat or Meat By-products.

The objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the effect of inclusion of mechanically separated chicken meat (MSCM) in dry dog food on fatty acid profile, in vivo and in vitro digestibility, and palatability as compared with dry dog food containing meat by-products (MBP); (b) to determine, whether or not, the inclusion of the one or the other ingredient changes the microbiology and the storage quality of the two food products; (c) to propose a new system (DaisyII Incubator) to measure the in vitro digestibility of the two products. Their similar chemical composition notwithstanding, the MSCM product had lower palatability but better nutritional quality (with higher polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA] content and lower saturated fatty acid [SFA] content) than the MBP product. Microbiological risk assessment showed no microbiological hazards for either product. After 6 months storage, polyamine values were found to be higher in the MSCM than in the MBP. Finally, the DaisyII Incubator proved a valid instrument for the study of in vitro digestibility also for dogs; since it provided data simply, quickly with less variability and cost than obtained with in vivo trials, it could represent the future for pet food digestibility studies. Our results indicate that inclusion of MSCM or MBP as the main protein ingredient in extruded pet food may be used advantageously in product formulations.
Histamine and Other Biogenic Amines in Food. From Scombroid Poisoning to Histamine Intolerance

Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in important physiological activities in the organism, but its ingestion through food is associated with the onset of health disorders. Histamine intoxication, previously known as scombroid fish poisoning, is caused by the intake of foods with high levels of histamine. According to official European Union reports, more than 90% of the outbreaks registered in the last years were caused by the consumption of fish and seafood products. Histamine intolerance, on the other hand, arises when histamine degradation is impaired, mainly by a lower diamine oxidase (DAO) activity. Some of the uncertainties classically associated with histamine intoxication may be explained by this enzymatic deficit in a sensitive population. This chapter reviews the adverse effects of histamine from food within a risk analysis framework, focusing specifically on the components of risk assessment and management.
A study of synthetic 13CH4 retrievals from TROPOMI and Sentinel-5/UVNS

Abstract. Retrievals of methane isotopologues have the potential to differentiate between natural and anthropogenic methane sources types, which can provide much needed information about the current global methane budget. We investigate the feasibility of retrieving the second most abundant isotopologue of atmospheric methane (13CH4, roughly 1.1 % of total atmospheric methane) from the shortwave infrared (SWIR) channels of the future Sentinel-5/ultra-violet, visible, near-infrared, shortwave infrared (UVNS) and current Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) instruments. With the intended goal of calculating the δ13C value, we assume that a δ13C uncertainty of better than 1 ‰ is sufficient to differentiate between source types, which corresponds to a 13CH4 uncertainty of <0.02 ppb. Using the well-established information content analysis techniques and assuming clear-sky, non-scattering conditions, we find that the SWIR3 (2305–2385 nm) channel on the TROPOMI instrument can achieve a mean uncertainty of <1 ppb, while the SWIR1 channel (1590–1675 nm) on the Sentinel-5 UVNS instrument can achieve <0.68 ppb or <0.2 ppb in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) cases. These uncertainties combined with significant spatial and/or temporal averaging techniques can reduce δ13C uncertainty to the target magnitude or better. However, we find that 13CH4 retrievals are highly sensitive to errors in a priori knowledge of temperature and pressure, and accurate knowledge of these profiles is required before 13CH4 retrievals can be performed on TROPOMI and future Sentinel-5/UVNS data. In addition, we assess the assumption that scattering-induced light path errors are cancelled out by comparing the δ13C values calculated for non-scattering and scattering scenarios. We find that there is a minor bias in δ13C values from scattering and non-scattering retrievals, but this is unrelated to scattering-induced errors.
Contact Allergy to Fragrances: In Vitro Opportunities for Safety Assessment

The majority of cosmetic products contain fragrances to make products more pleasant to the consumer, as we all like goods that smell nice. Unfortunately, contact allergy to fragrance compounds is among the most frequent findings in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. In order to revert this and to reduce contact allergy to cosmetics, it is imperative to improve safety assessment of cosmetic products for skin sensitization. In the era of animal ban for cosmetic ingredients, this represents a challenge. Luckily, in the last decades, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanism of chemical-induced contact allergy and several in vitro methods are available for hazard identification. The purpose of this manuscript is to explore the possibility of non-animal testing for quantitative risk assessment of fragrance-induced contact allergy, essential for cosmetic products, which cannot be tested on animals.
Technologies for the Extraction, Separation and Purification of polyphenols – A Review

Polyphenols are high molecular weight, organic molecules mainly found in plant kingdom. They are mostly known for their positive impact on health, specifically for their antioxidant activity. Indeed, they are widely studied for the prevention of multiple diseases such as cancer, inflammatory, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, extractions of these growing interest molecules remain challenging using conventional methods such as solvent extraction. That is why recent researches have focused on improving the extraction of polyphenol by using different technologies such as ultrasound, microwave, pressurized liquid, pulsed electric field, supercritical fluid and high hydrostatic pressure. In the current context, the assisted-extraction should demonstrate their potential to improve the extraction efficiency while being cost-effective and with a low environmental impact. To this end, technologies ought to, for instance, increase the solubility of polyphenol and the permeability of the cell wall. Consequently, this review is focused on the use and potential of these technologies to improve polyphenol extractions from plants as well as their purification using various methods. It discusses of the advantages and disadvantages with some examples of all these technologies assisted-extraction in comparison with conventional extraction method as well as purification technology.
Seizures in critical care : a guide to diagnosis and therapeutics

Presentation and Pathophysiology of Seizures in the Critical Care Environment: An Overview. Stroke and Critical Care Seizures. Traumatic Brain Injury and Seizures in the ICU. Brain Tumors and ICU Seizures. Global Hypoxia-Ischemia and Critical Care Seizures. Seizures in Renal and Hepatic Failure and Endocrine Disease. Seizures in Organ Transplant Recipients. Extreme Hypertension, Eclampsia, and Critical Care Seizures. Infection or Inflammation and ICU Seizures. Electrolyte Disturbance and Critical Care Seizures. Alcohol-Related Seizures in the ICU. Seizure-Inducing Drugs Used for the Critically Ill. Critical Care Seizures Related to Illicit Drugs and Toxins. Management of Status Epilepticus and Critical Care Seizures. Index.
Effects of Aromatic Concentration on Methane Fermentation

Title: Effects of Aromatic Concentration on Methane Fermentation The anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity of fourteen aromatic compounds were evaluated over a wide range of concentrations using a serum bottle technique. Benzene, toluene, and all three isomers of xylene were not significantly degraded to methane in a phenol-enriched culture. Complete degradation of 1000 mg/L phenol, 800 mg/L catechol, 100 mg/L 2-NP, 100 mg/L 3NP, and 100 mg/L 4-NP was observed within two months while depletion of 100 mg/L resorcinol and 1000 mg/L hydroquinone required more than six and eight months incubation, respectively. None of the three isomers of chlorophenol were degraded in the phenol-enriched culture. Batch toxicity assay revealed that the phenol-enriched culture was more susceptible to inhibition caused by substituted phenols than the acetate-enriched culture. In general, the inhibitory effects on both phenol degradation and acetate utilization did not vary significantly with the isomer but rather with the substituted group. The degree of inhibition was in the order of nitrophenols > chlorophenols > hydroxyphenols. The Haldane inhibition model was used to fit experimental data from phenol and catechol. The inhibition of phenol degradation by chlorophenols, resorcinol, and hydroquinone was described rather well by a Monod-type, noncompetitive model. Descriptors: Anaerobic Digestion, Fermentation, Aromatic Compounds Identifiers: Kinetics, Inhibition, Methane, Phenols, Acetate
Preparation and Evaluation of ChitosanÂ–Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles Suspension as an Antibacterial Agent -

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate the chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) nanoparticles suspension as an antibacterial agent. Material and Methods: CS-TPP nanoparticles suspension were prepared by ionic gelation method with various concentrations of CS and TPP. The prepared nanoparticles suspension were evaluated for particle size, sedimentation, interaction between CS and TPP, particles morphology, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative). Results: The results showed that among all of the concentrations used, the formulation of 0.25% CS and 0.1% sodium TPP resulted the smallest particles size (average diameter was 238.17 nm) with spherical morphology, no sedimentation after centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 2 hours, and gave the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: CS-TPP nanoparticles can be formed by using at certain concentration of CS and TPP solution and the CS-TPP nanoparticles suspension have an antibacterial activity.
EXTRACELLULAR SPACE IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A KNOWLEDGE of the volume and composition of the extracellular space in brain substance is of considerable importance in any investigation dealing with electrolyte concentrations in nerve tissue and with mechanisms of fluid shifts in cerebral edema. Although fluid partitions have been thoroughly studied in the body as a whole, and in muscle tissue in particular, there have been no well-established determinations of extracellular versus intracellular compartments in the brain. One approach to the problem has been the use of chloride and sodium spaces. In such methods the two ions are assumed to be distributed completely in the extracellular phase; consequently, the content of chloride (or sodium) in cerebral tissue divided by its concentration in extracellular fluid results in a figure which may be called the chloride (or sodium) space. One immediate difficulty arises at this point in regard to the ionic concentration which one selects as comparable to that
Vibrational study of benzalkonium chloride (1) interaction with metallic ions and surfaces: surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy study of (1) with human serum albumin

In these papers Raman Spectroscopy is used to study the interaction of microbicide N-Alkyl-N, N-dimethyl-N-benzylammonium chloride (Benzalkonium Chloride or Barquat–80) with metallic ions. The technique Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering applies to this purpose. This technique applies to the study of the interaction of this compound with Human Serum Albumin (HSA). The observed changes in the spectrum indicate that the alkane chain and the – CH3 or - CH2 radicals of barquat attack HAS and the interaction with HSA and Barquat is on the aromatic ring too. Very important features of benzalkonium salts are their bactericidal and antimicrobial properties.
A New Carrier for Advanced Cosmeceuticals

Cosmetic products are generally formulated as emulsions, ointments, solutions or powders containing active ingredients. According to EU legislation, a cosmetic product is “any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning, perfuming them, changing their appearance, and/or correcting body odors and/or protecting them or keeping them in good conditions”. However, science advancement in both active carriers and ingredients has streamlined the process through which many cosmetic products by their delivery systems can induce modifications on the skin physiology. This is the reason why Reed and Kligman redefined these products as “cosmeceuticals”, which refers to the combination of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Until recently, the term of cosmeceuticals has not had legal significance. The so-called cosmeceuticals, in fact, may induce modifications on the skin physiology, modifying, for example, transepidermal water loss, keratinocytes cohesion and turnover, modulating the inflammatory cascade, and/or altering the surface microbiota by the activity of the preservatives content. For these reasons, they are claimed to have medical or drug-like benefits. Naturally, their effectiveness on minor skin disorders or mild skin abnormalities has to be shown by in vitro and in vivo studies. On the other hand, their formulations contain emulsifiers, preservatives, and other chemicals which, by their cumulative use, may provoke side effects, such as allergic and/or sensitization phenomena. Moreover, many ingredients and packaging for such products are not biodegradable. In this study, we would like to introduce an innovative category of cosmeceuticals made by biodegradable nonwoven tissues. These cosmeceutical tissues, produced through the use of natural fibers, may bind different active ingredients and therefore become effective as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, sun-protective, whitening, or anti-aging products, depending on the ingredient(s) used. Differently from the usual cosmetics, they do not contain preservatives, emulsifiers, colors, and other chemicals. They can be applied as dried tissue on wet skin, remaining in loco for around 30 min, slowly releasing the active ingredients entrapped into the fibers. It is interesting to underline that the tissue, acting as a carrier, has its own effectiveness via chitin and lignin polymers with an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. When hydrolyzed by the human microbiota enzymes, they give rise to ingredients used as cell nourishment or energy. This paper will review part of the scientific research results, supporting this new category of biodegradable cosmetic products known as facial mask sheets.
Evaluation of Different Extracting Methods of Inorganic Solutes (Na, K & Ca) Determination in Wheat for Salinity Screening Programs

A detailed study was conducted to compare different extraction/ digestion methods (Solute extraction by water (cold and hot), Solute extraction by weak acid (Acetic acid,CH3COOH), Solute extraction by organic solvent (toluene), direct total analysis by wet oxidation (H2SO4, H2O2) and direct total analysis by wet oxidation (HClO4 : HNO3) in 1:5 ratio), for determination of inorganic solutes especially (Na, K and Ca), to select most suitable, accurate efficient, and economical analytical methods for ionic analysis for smooth running of salt screening programs. Wheat crop was selected as test crop under saline and non-saline environments to observe the effect of genotypic and environmental variability on extracting methods. It was observed that there is wide variation in ionic contents among the extraction/ digestion methods. It was also observed that the determination of inorganic solutes especially (Na, K and Ca), by extracting method with 0.5% toluene water is highly correlated with wet digestion either by Nitric per chloric acid (HClO4: HNO3) in 1:5 ratio or sulphuric acid and hydrogen per oxide (H2SO4, H2O2). The extraction with 0.5% toluene water is safe, economical and efficient, therefore it is highly recommended to adopt the Solute extraction by organic solvent (toluene) method for salinity screening programs.
Optimization of photo-catalytic degradation of oil refinery wastewater using Box-Behnken design

The application of advanced oxidation for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater under UV radiation by using nanoparticles of titanium dioxide was investigated. Synthetic wastewater prepared from phenol crystals; Power Glide SAE40 motor vehicle oil and water was used. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken Design was employed to design the experimental runs, optimize and study the interaction effects of the operating parameters including catalyst concentration, run time and airflow rate to maximize the degradation of oil (SOG) and phenol. The analysis of variance and the response models developed were used to evaluate the data obtained at a 95% confidence level. The use of the RSM demonstrated the graphical relationship that exists between individual factors and their interactive effects on the response, as compared to the one factor at time approach. The obtained optimum conditions of photocatalytic degradation are the catalyst concentration of 2 g/L, the run time of 30 min and the airflow rate of 1.04 L/min. Under the optimum conditions, a 68% desirability performance was obtained, representing 81% and 66% of SOG and phenol degradability, respectively. Thus, the hydrocarbon oils were readily degradable, while the phenols were more resistant to photocatalytic degradation.
Improved Electrochemical Performance of Li1.25Ni0.2Co0.333Fe0.133Mn0.333O2 Cathode Material Synthesized by the Polyvinyl Alcohol Auxiliary Sol-Gel Process for Lithium-Ion Batteries

A lithium-rich manganese-based cathode material, Li1.25Ni0. 2Co0.333Fe0. 133Mn0.333O2, was prepared using a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-auxiliary sol-gel process using MnO2 as a template. The effect of the PVA content (0.0–15.0 wt%) on the electrochemical properties and morphology of Li1.25Ni0. 2Co0.333Fe0. 133Mn0.333O2 was investigated. Analysis of Li1.25Ni0. 2Co0.333Fe0. 133Mn0.333O2 X-ray diffraction patterns by RIETAN-FP program confirmed the layered α-NaFeO2 structure. The discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency of Li1.25Ni0. 2Co0.333Fe0. 133Mn0.333O2 in the first cycle were improved with increasing PVA content. In particular, the best material reached a first discharge capacity of 206.0 mAhg−1 and best rate capability (74.8 mAhg−1 at 5 C). Meanwhile, the highest capacity retention was 87.7% for 50 cycles. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that as the PVA content increases, the charge-transfer resistance decreases.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Gamma-mangostin for Amelioration of Impaired Liver Structure and Function in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Mice

The aim of this study was to investigate whether gamma-mangostin could reduce fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, and also ameliorate damaged hepatocytes in diabetic mice. In this study, we used male BALB/C mice. Mice were divided into two groups: normal control (KN) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic. Streptozotocin (STZ) induction was performed using multiple low doses of 30 mg/kg body weight injected for five consecutive days. The diabetic mice were separated into three subgroups: diabetic control (KD), diabetic mice treated with acarbose (KA), and diabetic mice treated with gamma-mangostin at either 0,5 mg/kg body weight (P1), 1 mg/kg body weight (P2), or 2 mg/kg body weight (P3). Before and after STZ injection, fasting blood glucose and cholesterol level would be observed. Fasting blood glucose and cholesterol level were also measured at the 1st, 7th, and 14th day of gamma-mangostin treatment. Treatment was given for 14 days. On the 15th day, SGOT and SGPT were measured using a Pentra C 200 Reader, while the liver was collected and processed onto the histological slides. Interestingly, we found that gamma-mangostin was able to reduce the fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, and ameliorate the damaged hepatocytes in significant diabetic mice. Therefore, we concluded that gamma-mangostin is a promising anti-diabetic agent due to its anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant activities.
Tin-Functionalized Wood Biochar as a Sustainable Solid Catalyst for Glucose Isomerization in Biorefinery

This study tailored a novel engineered biochar as a solid catalyst for glucose isomerization by pyrolyzing Sn-functionalized wood waste under varying hypothesis-driven selected conditions (i.e., 650, 750, and 850 °C in N2 and CO2 atmosphere). The results showed that properties of biochar support (e.g., porosity and acid/base property) and chemical speciation of Sn were highly related to their catalytic performance. Variations in pyrolysis temperature and feed gas modified the porous structure and surface functionality of biochar as well as the valence state of doped Sn on the biochar. For the N2 biochars, higher pyrolysis temperature enhanced the fructose yield yet had trivial effect on the selectivity, where 12.1 mol % fructose can be obtained at 150 °C and 20 min using biochar produced at 850 °C. This was plausibly attributed to the increased fraction of amorphous Sn structures and metallic Sn that were more reactive than its oxide form. At the pyrolysis temperature of 750 °C, the use of CO2 increased t.
Mechanisms of MSMEG_3312-mediated collective antibiotic tolerance to erythromycin in mycobacteria revealed by quantitative proteomic analysis

ObjectiveThe effects of antibiotics on bacteria are complex, and bacterial response to antibiotics is just beginning to be understood using systems biology. We previously showed that a hemerythrin-like protein, MSMEG_3312, is involved in erythromycin susceptibility. In this study, we explore the mechanisms of collective antibiotic tolerance to erythromycin in mycobacteria through the hemerythrin-like protein MSMEG_3312. MethodsWe analyzed MSMEG_3312 secondary structure using spectrophotometric and circular dichroism (CD) methods. Tandem mass tag(TMT)-labeled quantitative proteomics was used to compare protein level changes between the wild type strain mc2 155 and the knockout strain Δmsmeg_3312, following bioinformatics analysis. Differentially expressed proteins were also verified by qPCR. To confirm our analyses' conclusions that transporters are involved in MSMEG_3312-related erythromycin susceptibility, we also measured the concentration of mycobacterial erythromycin in vivo in the wild type strain mc2 155 and Δmsmeg_3312 using an erythromycin ELISA kit. ResultsInitially, we confirmed that MSMEG_3312 is a redox-related hemerythrin-like protein using spectrophotometric and CD analysis. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that Δmsmeg_3312 has eight up-regulated proteins, including three transporters, and 14 down-regulated proteins, compared with the wild type strain mc2 155, while growing in 7H9 medium. In contrast, 448 proteins were identified as being differentially expressed between mc2 155 and Δmsmeg_3312, when treated with erythromycin, of which 11 were identified as up-regulated transporter proteins, and 26 were associated with amino acid synthetic pathways. The intracellular erythromycin concentration in Δmsmeg_3312 was also lower than in mc2 155. ConclusionWe show that MSMEG_3312 mediates erythromycin resistance due to collective antibiotic tolerance arising from antibiotic titration and high-density populations.