Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advanced Stochastic Processes

• General remarks on probability theory and stochastic processes • Sample space Ω. • Discrete sample space and discrete probability space. • Continuous sample space. σ-algebra and probability measure. Probability theory is devoted to studying random observations which typically take some values in , or vectors in d , or integers Z, but typically these observations are values. Examples: the number of college graduates next year; average temperature on September 8; stock price of IBM tomorrow at 11am. These observation take values (have a sample space) N, and + = [0, ∞), respectively. The theory of stochastic processes is devoted to studying random (stochastic) observations which are processes described mathematically as functions. Examples: the number of college graduates as a function of the year between 2005 and 2010; temperature on September 8 as a function of the time of the day; IBM stock price as a function of the day of the year. These random observations are functions: The focus of this class is random (stochastic) processes. The random processes naturally lead as well to random observations when focusing on some features of the process. These random observations (random variables) are described mathematically as functionals of random processes.
An investigation of dynamical contributions to midlatitude ozone trends in winter

On timescales less than a month, negative (positive) 100 hPa temperature anomalies (deviations from seasonal means) and positive (negative) 100 hPa height anomalies at northern midlatitudes are associated with negative (positive) total ozone anomalies owing to vertical and horizontal advective transport of ozone. We apply linear regression relationships between total ozone and 100 hPa temperature and height together with observed monthly temperature and height anomalies to estimate the component of total ozone variability at northern midlatitudes that results from month-to-month differences in advective transport. At 45°N, this empirical method simulates a large part of the observed monthly zonal mean total ozone variability over the period 1979 - 1991. In order to estimate the advective transport contribution to total ozone trends, we apply a multiple regression statistical model to empirical model time series for latitudes of 10°N to 60°N. These empirical model trends result from long-term changes in ozone advective transport which are calculated on a month-to-month basis. The resulting model trend component at northern midlatitudes in February has a longitude dependence consistent with that of the observed ozone trends and has a latitude dependence that also agrees with that of the observed trends, peaking at midlatitudes and decreasing at higher latitudes. Subtracting the estimated advective contribution from the observed trends yields a residual meridional trend profile that agrees more closely in latitude dependence and amplitude with two-dimensional stratospheric model estimates.
Random Forest Feature Selection, Fusion and Ensemble Strategy: Combining Multiple Morphological MRI Measures to Discriminate among healhy elderly, MCI, cMCI and Alzheimer’s disease patients: from the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) database

: Background: In the era of computer-assisted diagnostic tools for various brain diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) covers a large percentage of neuroimaging research, with the main scope being its use in daily practice. However, there has been no study attempting to simultaneously discriminate among Healthy Controls (HC), early mild cognitive impairment (MCI), late MCI (cMCI) and stable AD, using features derived from a single modality, namely MRI.
Epidemiological data of anaphylaxis in french emergency departments

1. Allergy Department, Hospital Emile Durkheim, Epinal, France 2. Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lèsNancy, France 3. Emergency Department, Hospital Mercy–Metz, Ars-Laquenexy, France 4. Occupational Diseases Department, University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 5. Division of Allergy, Dermatology Department, University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 6. Emergency Department, University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 7. Emergency Department, Hospital Emile Durkheim, Epinal, France 8. Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital Emile Durkheim, Epinal, France 9. Pediatric Emergency Department, University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 10. Emergency Department, Hospital of Verdun-Saint-Mihiel, Verdun, France 11. Biology and Immunology Laboratory, University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 12. Clinical Research Platform, ESPRI-BioBase Unit, University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 13. Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, Nancy, France 14. Division of Allergy, Department of Pulmonology, University of Montpellier, France and Sorbonne University, INSERM, IPLESP, EPAR team, 75013, Paris, France
CO2 MONITORING FOR DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION IN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

CO 2 MONITORING FOR DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION IN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS W.J. Fisk, D.P. Sullivan, D. Faulkner, E.Eliseeva Environmental Energy Technologies Division Indoor Environment Department Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 March 17, 2010 The research reported here was supported by the California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research program award number 600303000 and by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of the Building Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Modélisation des écoulements turbulents anisothermes en milieu macroporeux par une approche de double filtrage

Ce travail porte sur la modelisation d'ecoulements turbulents anisothermes dans des milieux macroporeux. Ce probleme interesse de nombreux domaines : echangeurs de chaleur, reacteurs nucleaires, canopees. Notre objectif est de modeliser des ecoulements traversant une structure solide selon un approche multi-echelle. L'utilisation d'un operateur de moyenne spatiale permet ainsi d'obtenir une description homogeneisee des ecoulements, tandis que l'aspect turbulent est traite grâce a un operateur de moyenne statistique. Au cours du processus de moyenne, une partie des informations sur l'etat microscopique est perdue. Cela se traduit, a l'echelle macroscopique, par l'apparition de termes inconnus lies a la turbulence (contraintes de Reynolds) et a la presence de la matrice solide (dispersion). C'est sur ces termes de dispersion presents dans les equations macroscopiques de quantite de mouvement et de la temperature que porte notre travail. Nous proposons un modele de dispersion thermique qui permet de predire de facon satisfaisante l'evolution de la temperature moyenne du fluide pour des ecoulements a l'equilibre hydraulique presentant de forts gradients de temperature ou de flux thermique a la paroi. De plus, un modele macroscopique de temperature de paroi base sur le modele de temperature moyenne est derive. Il permet de predire avec precision l'evolution de la temperature de paroi pour des ecoulements hors equilibre thermique. Afin de pouvoir traiter aussi des cas hors equilibre hydraulique, un modele macroscopique de turbulence est propose. Une analyse physique detaillee des transferts energetiques a montre que c'est l'energie dispersive qui permet de caracteriser le desequilibre hydraulique. Un modele de turbulence prenant en compte les desequilibres d'energie dispersive a donc ete derive. Il permet de predire de facon satisfaisante la dynamique d'etablissement d'ecoulements entrant dans des canaux et de fournir des conditions aux limites precises a la sortie des canaux. Enfin, nous proposons un modele dynamique pour le tenseur de dispersion base sur l'energie dispersive et la dissipation associee.
Distribution of solar cycle signal in surface air temperature over North America

Further analysis strengthens the conclusion of Currie (1974) that a solar cycle signal in surface air temperature does exist in North America. New findings are as follows: Geographically the distribution displays a highly coherent pattern. From a total 100 records the signal is detected or marginally detected at 55 locations. The northeast quadrant of the continent bounded by latitude 35°N and a trend line drawn northwest from (35°N, 105°W) parallel to the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains contains 54 records and the signal is evidenced at 51 of these stations. The respective mean and standard deviation of amplitude and period are 0.29±0.15°C and 10.7±0.4 yrs. A significant portion of the variance is due to a latitude gradient of 0.20±0.05°C/103 km. The temperature records also show some evidence for a small 0.06°C signal at the 18.6 yr lunar-nodal period. By increasing the bandwidth an order of magnitude, the findings buttress recent work on historical observations (Eddy, 1977) and climate modeling (Schneider and Mass, 1975) which indicate a coherent relation between events on the sun as reflected in solar activity and excursions in earth climate on time scale of order 102 yr.
Biomimetic curvature and tension-driven membrane 1 fusion induced by silica nanoparticles 2

13 Membrane fusion is a key process to develop new technologies in synthetic biology, where 14 artificial cells function as biomimetic chemical microreactors. Fusion events in living cells are 15 intricate phenomena that require the coordinate action of multicomponent protein complexes. 16 However, simpler synthetic tools to control membrane fusion in artificial cells are highly desirable. 17 Native membrane fusion machinery mediates fusion driving a delicate balance of membrane 18 curvature and tension between two closely apposed membranes. Here we show that silica 19 nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) at a size close to the cross-over between tension-driven and curvature- 20 driven interaction regimes initiate efficient fusion of biomimetic model membranes. Fusion 21 efficiency and mechanisms are studied by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and 22 confocal fluorescence microscopy. SiO 2 NPs induce a slight increase in lipid packing likely to 23 increase the lateral tension of the membrane. We observe a connection between membrane 24 tension and fusion efficiency. Finally, real-time confocal fluorescence microscopy reveals three 25 distinct mechanistic pathways for membrane fusion. SiO 2 NPs show significant potential for 26 inclusion in the synthetic biology toolkit for membrane remodelling and fusion in artificial cells. of FRET spectrum and FRET efficiency. Table of DLS data of individual LUVs samples. Influence of membrane tension in fusion efficiency of LUVs measured by FRET. Ratio of volume change of GUVs after fusion though 690 different pathways. Confocal microscopy movies of GUV fusion.
Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta modulation of follicle-stimulating hormone-induced deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in hamster preantral and early antral follicles.

The interactions of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in modulating FSH-induced follicular DNA synthesis were studied in isolated intact preantral (stages 1-6) and early antral (stage 7) ovarian follicles from adult hamsters. Follicles were exposed in vitro for 24 h to FSH (100 ng), EGF (50 ng), TGF-beta 1 (1-10 ng), or TGF-beta 2 (1-10 ng), either alone or in combination. The rate of DNA synthesis was assessed by measuring the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into follicular DNA. Both EGF and FSH significantly stimulated follicular DNA synthesis compared with that in controls. Both isoforms of TGF-beta significantly increased follicular [3H]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner; the effect was greater for small preantral follicles, such as those of stages 1-4. Interestingly, TGF-beta significantly inhibited EGF-induced follicular DNA synthesis, but the rates of DNA synthesis for most of the stages were still higher than that of the control follicles. Specificity of the TGF-beta action on follicular DNA synthesis was evident from the ability of isoform-specific anti-TGF-beta antibodies to neutralize the effect. These antibodies also reversed the TGF-beta inhibition of EGF-induced DNA synthesis. Surprisingly, although TGF-beta attenuated EGF-induced DNA synthesis, it synergized with FSH to stimulate follicular DNA synthesis. Interestingly, FSH-induced DNA synthesis remained unaffected by the anti-TGF-beta antibodies, indicating that TGF-beta may not mediate FSH action on follicular DNA synthesis. These studies suggest that a critical interaction of EGF and TGF-beta modulates granulosa cell proliferation during folliculogenesis in the hamster. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Application of a mixed layer model to the inner Newfoundland shelf

A mixed layer model is developed and applied based upon the model of Price, Weller, and Pinkel (Price et al., 1986). The new model includes diffusion, adds salinity to the calculation of density, and permits the assimilation of observed monthly mean salinity profiles. A simulation over a 2 year period on the inner part of the Newfoundland shelf shows that the new model performs well, much better than the previous model. The assimilation of salinity has relatively little effect, but the model results are sensitive to the parameterization of the vertical diffusivity. The best results are found for the case where the diffusivity is dependent upon N2; hence there is an indirect dependence on the salinity profile. The heat content of the model is simulated well except in late summer when there is too much heat in the model.
EXTENSION INDUCED BY VOLCANIC LOADING IN REGIONAL STRIKE-SLIP ZONES

Volcanoes and strike-slip pull-apart structures are commonly found together. We use theoretical predictions and analogue modeling to evaluate the effect of volcanic loading in strike-slip zones, and the converse effect of regional strike-slip faults on volcano structure. Theoretical predictions indicate that regional stress is reoriented by volcano loading to cause extension. Analogue models indicate that volcanoes in strike-slip zones develop extensional pull-apart structures. A graben typically forms normal to the minimum regional stress axis (σ3) at a cone. Cones emplaced onto preexisting faults increase that fault9s tensional component. If the substratum is weak enough to permit volcano spreading, thrusts form normal to the maximum stress axis (σ1). A feedback situation can arise, i.e., loading-related extension allows more magma influx, more eruption, and thus increased loading. This process can create large volcano-tectonic depressions. Volcano structures may also be used as indicators of regional strike-slip movements.
Turbulence Structure of Hydraulic Jumps of Low Froude Numbers

Turbulence characteristics of hydraulic jumps with Froude numbers of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.32 are presented. A Micro Acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used to obtain measurements of the velocities, turbulence intensities, Reynolds stresses, and power spectra. The maximum turbulence intensities and Reynolds stress at any section were found to decrease rapidly from the toe of the jump towards downstream within the jump and then gradually level off in the transition region from the end of the jump to the friction dominated open channel flow downstream. The maximum turbulence kinetic energy at each section decreases linearly with the longitudinal distance within the jump and gradually levels off in the transition region. The Reynolds stress and turbulence intensities within the jump show some degree of similarity. The dissipative eddy size was estimated to vary from 0.04 mm within the jump to 0.15 mm at the end of the transition region. The dominant frequency is in the range from 0 to 4 Hz for both horizontal and vertical velocity components.
Biochemical characterization of the O-linked glycosylation pathway in Neisseria gonorrhoeae responsible for biosynthesis of protein glycans containing N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine.

The O-linked protein glycosylation pathway in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is responsible for the synthesis of a complex oligosaccharide on undecaprenyl diphosphate and subsequent en bloc transfer of the glycan to serine residues of select periplasmic proteins. Protein glycosylation (pgl) genes have been annotated on the basis of bioinformatics and top-down mass spectrometry analysis of protein modifications in pgl-null strains [Aas, F. E. , et al. (2007) Mol. Microbiol. 65, 607-624; Vik, A. , et al. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 4447-4452], but relatively little biochemical analysis has been performed to date. In this report, we present the expression, purification, and functional characterization of seven Pgl enzymes. Specifically, the enzymes studied are responsible for synthesis of an uncommon uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugar (PglD, PglC, and PglB-acetyltransferase domain), glycan assembly (PglB-phospho-glycosyltransferase domain, PglA, PglE, and PglH), and final oligosaccharide transfer (PglO). UDP-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-d-hexose (DATDH), which is the first sugar in glycan biosynthesis, was produced enzymatically, and the stereochemistry was assigned as uridine diphosphate N'-diacetylbacillosamine (UDP-diNAcBac) by nuclear magnetic resonance characterization. In addition, the substrate specificities of the phospho-glycosyltransferase, glycosyltransferases, and oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) were analyzed in vitro, and in most cases, these enzymes exhibited strong preferences for the native substrates relative to closely related glycans. In particular, PglO, the O-linked OTase, and PglB(Cj), the N-linked OTase from Campylobacter jejuni, preferred the native N. gonorrhoeae and C. jejuni substrates, respectively. This study represents the first comprehensive biochemical characterization of this important O-linked glycosylation pathway and provides the basis for further investigations of these enzymes as antibacterial targets.
Neural Stem Cells: An Overview

Abstract— This review focuses on the nature and functional properties of stem cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). It has recently been shown that cell turnover, including neurons, does occur in the mature CNS, thanks to the persistence of precursor cells that possess the functional characteristics of bona-fide neural stem cells (NSCs) within restricted brain areas. We discuss how the subventricular zone of the forebrain (SVZ) is the most active neurogenetic area and the richest source of NSCs. These NSCs ensure a life-long contribution of new neurons to the olfactory bulb and, when placed in culture, can be grown and extensively expanded for months, allowing the generation of stem cell lines, which maintain stable and constant functional properties. A survey of the differentiation potential of these NSCs, both in vitro and in vivo, outlines their extreme plasticity that seems to outstretch the brain boundaries, so that these neuroectodermal stem cells may give rise to cells that derive from developmentally distinct tissues. A critical discussion of the latest, controversial findings regarding this surprising phenomenon is provided.
An inverse relationship between production and export efficiency in the Southern Ocean

In the past two decades, a number of studies have been carried out in the Southern Ocean to look at export production using drifting sediment traps and thorium‐234 based measurements, which allows us to reexamine the validity of using the existing relationships between production, export efficiency, and temperature to derive satellite‐based carbon export estimates in this region. Comparisons of in situ export rates with modeled rates indicate a two to fourfold overestimation of export production by existing models. Comprehensive analysis of in situ data indicates two major reasons for this difference: (i) in situ data indicate a trend of decreasing export efficiency with increasing production which is contrary to existing export models and (ii) the export efficiencies appear to be less sensitive to temperature in this region compared to the global estimates used in the existing models. The most important implication of these observations is that the simplest models of export, which predict increase in carbon flux with increasing surface productivity, may require additional parameters, different weighing of existing parameters, or separate algorithms for different oceanic regimes.
coronary Plaque Burden at coronary cT angiography in asymptomatic Men and Women 1

1 From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10/1C355, Bethesda, MD 20892 (K.R., A.C.K., D.V., V.S., P.P., M.A.A., M.M., C.T.S., D.A.B.); and Department of Radiology (S.L.) and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (J.A.C.L.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Received November 3, 2014; revision requested December 16; revision received February 14, 2015; accepted February 22; final version accepted February 27. Address correspondence to D.A. B. (e-mail: david.bluemke@nih. gov).
Estimation of chlorophyll a and total suspended matter concentration using Quickbird image and in situ spectral reflectance in Hangzhou Bay, China

The spectra were measured with hand-spectral instrument in Hangzhou Bay, and the water samples were collected in situ and analyzed in the lab. The correlations between chlorophyll-a and total suspended matter and the measured spectral reflectivity were analyzed, and chlorophyll and total suspended matter concentrations were estimated by using the combination of the field measured spectral reflectance and Quickbird image, respectively. Simulating Quickbird bands which would be validated for the estimation of chlorophyll and total suspended matter content were described. The estimation regression models were constructed and discussed in this paper. Two of the most precise estimation models were used to estimate the chlorophyll and total suspended matter concentration. The results showed that Quickbird images are the appropriate data resources in the high spatial remote sensing to estimate the chlorophyll-a and total suspended matter, and it is more precise to estimate chlorophyll content with the two bands of Quickbird image. The combination of band 3 and band 1 are better to estimate chlorophyll content, and the correlation between band 4 and band1 and total suspended matter is also very close, and the most precise band to estimate total suspended matter is band 4 and band 1.