Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trading off space for passes in graph streaming problems

Data stream processing has recently received increasing attention as a computational paradigm for dealing with massive data sets. While major progress has been achieved for several fundamental data sketching and statistics problems, there are many problems that seem to be hard in a streaming setting, including most classical graph problems. Relevant examples are graph connectivity and shortest paths, for which linear lower bounds on the "space X passes" product are known. Some recent papers have shown that several graph problems can be solved with one or few passes, if the working memory is large enough to contain all the vertices of the graph. A natural question is whether we can reduce the space usage at the price of increasing the number of passes. Surprisingly, no algorithm with both sublinear space and passes is known for natural graph problems in classical streaming models.Motivated by technological factors of modern storage systems, some authors have recently started to investigate the computational power of less restrictive streaming models. In a FOCS'04 paper, Aggarwal et al. have shown that the use of intermediate temporary streams, combined with the ability to reorder them at each pass for free, yields enough power to solve in polylogarithmic space and passes a variety of problems, including graph connectivity. They leave however as an open question whether problems such as shortest paths can be solved efficiently in this more powerful model.In this paper, we show that the "streaming with sorting" model by Aggarwal et al. can yield interesting results even without using sorting at all: by just using intermediate temporary streams, we provide the first effective space-passes tradeoffs for natural graph problems. In particular, for any space restriction of s bits, we show that single-source shortest paths in directed graphs with small positive integer edge weights can be solved in O((n log3/2 n)/√s) passes. This is the first known streaming algorithm for shortest paths in directed graphs. For undirected connectivity, we devise an O((n log n)/s) passes algorithm. Both problems require Ω(n/s) passes under the restrictions we consider. We also show that the model where intermediate temporary streams are allowed can be strictly more powerful than classical streaming for some problems, while maintaining all of its hardness for others.
Clinical outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery

Purpose of review Chronic rhinosinusitis continues to present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for clinicians. Recently, attention has been focused on reliable and valid measures of outcomes for many sinonasal diseases. As a significant fraction of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis will come to endoscopic sinus surgery, there has been a dedicated focus on determining objective clinical outcomes after medical and surgical treatment for CRS. This has been aided by validated instruments for measuring both symptom outcomes and quality of life after endoscopic sinus surgery. Recent findings Recent studies have demonstrated that endoscopic sinus surgery provides statistically and clinically significant improvements in most sinonasal symptoms. These benefits are maintained more than 1 year after surgery. In addition, the significant adverse effects of chronic rhinosinusitis on quality of life can be reversed with appropriate endoscopic sinus surgery. Certain sub-populations do not fare as well with endoscopic sinus surgery, however; adjunctive medical management is required to maintain symptomatic and quality-of-life improvements for patients with nasal polyposis. Unfortunately, paranasal sinus computed tomography scan findings do not predict symptomatic or quality-of-life improvements after endoscopic sinus surgery. Summary With reliable objective evidence of the health benefits of endoscopic sinus surgery, patients should be considered for such surgery after failure of medical management. Further work is required to characterize outcomes for sub-populations, and to stage and select patients who will derive appropriate benefit from endoscopic sinus surgery.
Activation of myogenic precursor cells after muscle injury.

The time and site of satellite cell activation in contusive myofiber rupture with segmental necrosis were studied in rat by labeling the cells in S phase of mitotic cycle with bromodeoxyuridine. The labeled satellite cell nuclei did not appear before phagocytosis of the necrotized debris had started, usually 1 d after the trauma. Most labeled satellite cell nuclei were found in the necrotized part of the ruptured myofibers, whereas very few of them were detected in the surviving part. The proliferation of satellite cells was extensive during the first 4 d in the regeneration zone; thereafter, it declined and only few labeled nuclei were observed on day 7. These results suggest that necrosis alone is not sufficient as a signal for the satellite cell activation, but it is speculated that (growth? ) factors released by the macrophages are needed. A great majority of myoblasts derive from local precursor cells, and satellite cells recruited from the surviving part do not significantly contribute to the regeneration. Most myonuclei needed in regenerating myofibers are produced early within the preserved basal lamina cylinders to be later distributed into those parts of myofibers, which extend into connective tissue between the stumps.
Clarithromycin for the treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever.

pesvirus 8 serology in sarcoidosis. J Hum Virol 2001; 4:111. 9. Lebbe C, Agbalika F, Flageul B, et al. No evidence for a role of human herpesvirus type 8 in sarcoidosis: molecular and serological analysis. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141:492–6. 10. Maeda H, Niimi T, Sato S, et al. Human herpesvirus 8 is not associated with sarcoidosis in Japanese patients. Chest 2000; 118: 923–7. 11. Sugaya M, Nakamura K, Takahiro W, Tamaki K. Human herpesvirus type 8 is not detected in cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141:769.
Enhancing Data Availability through Automatic Replication in the Hadoop Cloud System

As the era of the Internet of Things (IoT) arrives, the colossal volume of data generated has far exceeded what conventional computer systems can handle and process. As a result, cloud computing has shown its promising future for storing and handling the enormous amount of data. The data availability is one of the most critical issues related to data management. Losing data, in particular for those important, could cause unrecoverable damage in many cases. Most cloud platforms maintain multiple copies of data to lower the risk of losing data from hardware failure or natural disasters. Hadoop is one of the most popular cloud platforms in the cloud community. Its default file system, Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), keeps multiple copies for every file. Moreover, HDFS provides users a snapshot function to make point-in-time copies of files in the file system for system recovery in the future. Usually files in snapshots are considered crucial to users, otherwise users would not even bother to keep them in snapshots. Ideally, important data files should have more replicas to increase their availability during the occurrence of hardware failure or disasters. However, the current snapshot scheme only records the contents of files at various snapshot moments and it does not affect their numbers of replicas kept in HDFS. It would be desirable if files in snapshots could have more copies so their data availability can be enhanced accordingly. Unfortunately, HDFS cannot achieve this in an efficient way. We improved and modified HDFS to automatically increase the numbers of replicas for files in snapshots. Consequently, the data availability of important files involved in snapshots can be bettered. The experimental results show that our design and implementation noticeably outperforms what the current HDFS can do in the course of taking snapshots and increasing the number of replicas for files in snapshots.
Gender, Aging, and Subjective Well-Being

Previous research has consistently found that men and women have similar levels of happiness, life satisfaction, and other global measures of subjective well-being. This article demonstrates that significant gender-related differences in subjective well-being exist— but tend to be concealed by an interaction effect between age, gender and well-being. Women under 45 tend to be happier than men; but older women are less happy. Thus, in a pooled sample of 146,000 respondents from 65 societies, among the youngest group, 24 percent of the men and 28 percent of the women describe themselves as very happy; but among the oldest group, only 20 percent of the women describe themselves as very happy, while 25 percent of the men do so. The relationship between gender and well-being reverses itself, moving from a female advantage of 4 points to a deficit of 5 points. Given the huge sample size, these differences are highly significant. The aspiration-adjustment model implies that, despite their continuing disadvantages in income, status, and power, women of today should show higher levels of subjective well-being than men. A global women’s movement has been pushing for gender equality throughout the world, with some success, so that currently, women’s achievement tends to be above traditional aspiration levels. But this is offset by a systematic tendency to devalue older women. This tendency is particularly strong in advanced industrial societies where women have made the most progress—but where the mass media and advertising convey the message that only young women are beautiful and devalue the social worth of older women (Bluhm 2000). This produces an interaction between gender, age, and well-being that conceals statistically significant and theoretically interesting gender differences in subjective well-being.
Effect of changes in osmolarity on sodium transport across isolated toad bladder.

LIPTON, PETER. E$ect of changes in osmolarity on sodium transport across isolated toad bladder. Am. J. Physiol. 222(4) : 82 l-828. 1972. -Reducing the osmolarity of the solution bathing the serosal surface of the isolated toad bladder by one-third (hypotonicity) doubled short-circuit current (SCC) across the tissue (osmotic response). 22Na tracer studies showed that in the steady state this was due to an increase in active transepithelial Na transport. Increasing serosal osmolarity by 20yo halved transepithelial Na transport. Hypotonically induced alterations in cell volume and electrolyte concentration were complete well before the SCC was maximal, indicating that the increase did not result from a direct effect of altered environment upon the transport mechanism itself. Hypotonicity reduced epithelial cell Na concentration by ~25%. If this reduction occurs in the Na pool participating in the osmotic response, then, assuming the twobarrier transport model, hypotonicity must lead to a stimulation of the basally located Na pump which is not a result of increased availability of Na. Hypotonicity caused an ouabain-inhibitable increase in respiration which rose faster than the SCC. Insofar as the early rise in SCC represents a rise in active Na transport, the data suggest that hypotonicity acts by increasing energy metabolism with a resultant activation of the transport mechanism via increased supply of high-energy substrate.
Surprise As a Design Strategy

Imagine yourself queuing for the cashier’s desk in a supermarket. Naturally, you have picked the wrong line, the one that does not seem to move at all. Soon, you get tired of waiting. Now, how would you feel if the cashier suddenly started to sing? Many of us would be surprised and, regardless of the cashier’s singing abilities, feel amused. The preceding story is an example of how a surprise can transform something very normal, and maybe even boring, into a more pleasant experience. Analogously, a surprise in a product can overcome the habituation effect that is due to the fact that people encounter many similar products everyday. Colin Martindale describes this effect as ‘the gradual loss of interest in repeated stimuli’. ¹ A surprise reaction to a product can be beneficial to both a designer and a user. The designer benefits from a surprise reaction because it can capture attention to the product, leading to increased product recall and recognition, and increased word-ofmouth. ² Or, as Jennifer Hudson puts it, the surprise element “elevates a piece beyond the banal”. ³ A surprise reaction has its origin in encountering an unexpected event. The product user benefits from the surprise, because it makes the product more interesting to interact with. In addition, it requires updating, extending or revising the knowledge the expectation was based on. This implies that a user can learn somethingnew about a product or product aspect. Designers already use various strategies to design surprises in their products. Making use of contrast, mixing design styles or functions, using new materials or new shapes, and using humor are just a few of these. The lamp ‘Porca Miseria! ’ designed by Ingo Maurer that is shown in the left part of Figure 1 consists of broken pieces of expensive porcelain tableware, making it a lamp with a unique shape. The idea that another product had to be destroyed to make this lamp may inflict feelings of 3 puzzlement and amusement on someone who sees this lamp. The perfume ‘Flowerbomb’ (right part of Figure 1) designed by fashion designers Victor & Rolf is another example. The bottle is shaped like a hand grenade and it holds a sweet smelling, soft pink liquid. By combining conflicting elements in their perfume bottle, Victor & Rolf have succeeded in creating a perfume that attracts attention amidst the dozens of perfumes that line the walls of perfumeries.
The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy

Part 1. Regions as Relations and Conventions. The Resurgence of Regional Economies, Ten Years Later. Regional Economies as Relational Assets. Part 2. Evolution and Territorial Development. The Evolution of Regional Specificities. Crossing Industrial Divides in a Region. Part 3. Products, Technologies, and Territories. Innovation as Collective Action: Conventions, Products, Technologies, and Territories. Regional Worlds of Production: Conventions of Learning and Innovation in the Technology Districts of France, Italy, and the United States. Part 4. Globalization and Territorial Specificity. Territories, Flows, and Hierarchies in the Clobal Economy. he Limits to Globalization: Technology Districts and International Trade. The World of the City: Local Relations in a Global Economy. Part 5. Regional Institutions, Territorial Orders. Institutions of the Learning Economy. Conclusion: Technology, Firm Strategies, and Territorial Order.
The Arduous Democratisation Process in Algeria

Soon after Algeria's independence in 1962, one of the so-called ‘Historic Leaders’ who had founded the Front de libération nationale (F.L.N.) in 1954, Mohamed Boudiaf, announced that the F.L. N. was dead and declared his opposition to Ahmed Bella's army-backed régime. Boudiaf explained why he disagreed with the policies and actions of the Government in a book entitled Ou va l' Algerie? , ‘Where is Algeria Going? ’ (Paris, 1964), and remained in exile in Morocco until called back home in 1992 by the same army to preside over the Haut comité d' état (H.C.E.) that would suppress the electoral process and introduce another state of siege.
Accurate high-speed urban field strength predictions using a new hybrid statistical/deterministic modelling technique

To effectively dimension and rollout a cellular network, accurate site-specific field strength predictions are required. Traditionally, operators make use of high-speed statistical propagation models for each proposed base site. Today's advanced cellular networks place a greater emphasis on urban microcellular deployment. It is well known that statistical models perform poorly in such environments. To overcome these limitations, the use of deterministic propagation modelling is common. However, although such models enhance prediction accuracy, they also require excessive computation time. A new hybrid statistical/deterministic field strength prediction model is proposed that combines the speed of a statistical model with the site-specific accuracy of a deterministic ray model. Results indicate that the new hybrid model can produce very accurate field strength prediction grids with computing times reduced by one to two orders of magnitude. For the example considered, the computing time for a one square kilometer grid comprising 10000 points (100 by 100) has been reduced from 20 mins to just over 4 minutes (running on an 800 MHz Pentium III). For more complex ray models and/or higher grid densities, even higher speed-up factors can be achieved.
Association of His1085His INSR gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes in South Indians.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The INSR gene, which encodes the insulin receptor, is a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of the present study was to sequence some of the crucial exons in the INSR gene such as exon 2, which encodes the insulin-binding domain of the INSR protein, and exons 17-21, which encode the protein tyrosine kinase domain for mutations/polymorphisms, and to study their association with T2D in the South Indian population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The INSR gene was sequenced in 25 normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) and 25 T2D subjects, and the variant found was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 1,016 NGT and 1,010 T2D subjects, randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study. RESULTS Only one previously reported polymorphism, His1085His [rs1799817, (C→T)], in exon 17 was detected by sequencing. The frequency of the "T" allele of the His1085His polymorphism was significantly lower in the T2D subjects (31%) compared with the NGT subjects (35%) and showed significant protection against diabetes (odds ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.75-0.97, P=0.019). Regression analysis according to a recessive model taking the CC+CT genotype as the reference showed that the TT genotype was protective against diabetes (odds ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.50-0.99, P=0.048). Adjusting this P value by the number of competing models (three) using Bonferroni's correction, we found that the association finding did not remain significant. CONCLUSIONS The "T" allele of the His1085His polymorphism in the INSR gene shows significant protection against diabetes. This study gains importance because there are no data available to date on the role of INSR variants in T2D in the Indian population.
Eosinophil Counts in the Small Intestine and Colon of Children Without Apparent Gastrointestinal Disease: A Meta-analysis

ABSTRACT The aim of the current study was to review the available data regarding eosinophil density in healthy tissue specimen originating from lower gastrointestinal segments to support suggested diagnostic cutoffs widely used in clinical practice. A systematic search was performed in 3 different databases. Calculations were made with Comprehensive MetaAnalysis software using random-effects model. Cell number measurements were pooled using the random-effects model and displayed on forest plots. Summary point estimations, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and 95% prediction intervals (PIs) were calculated. The cumulative mean cell numbers were 8.26 (95% CI 4.71-11.80) with PI of 0-25.32 for the duodenum, 11.52 (95% CI 7.21-15.83) with PI 0-60.64 for the terminal ileum, and 11.10/ high-power field (HPF) (95% CI 9.11–13.09) with PI of 0.96 to 21.23 in the large intestine and the rectum (HPF area = 0.2 mm2). Previous studies included control patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional gastrointestinal disorders. As mucosal eosinophils have a role in their pathomechanism, those patients should have been excluded. A critical point of interpreting reported data is that HPF is relative to the technical parameters of the microscopes; therefore, it is important to report findings in cell/mm2. The present meta-analysis does not support the higher (>20) or lower (<10) cutoff values for healthy tissue eosinophil number. In contrast to the esophagus, there is no normal cutoff eosinophil density in the small intestine and the colon. A prospective, multicenter study to establish normal mucosal eosinophil density is clearly needed.
In ecoregions across western USA streamflow increases during post-wildfire recovery

Continued growth of the human population on Earth will increase pressure on already stressed terrestrial water resources required for drinking water, agriculture, and industry. This stress demands improved understanding of critical controls on water resource availability, particularly in water-limited regions. Mechanistic predictions of future water resource availability are needed because non-stationary conditions exist in the form of changing climatic conditions, land management paradigms, and ecological disturbance regimes. While historically ecological disturbances have been small and could be neglected relative to climatic effects, evidence is accumulating that ecological disturbances, particularly wildfire, can increase regional water availability. However, wildfire hydrologic impacts are typically estimated locally and at small spatial scales, via disparate measurement methods and analysis techniques, and outside the context of climate change projections. Consequently, the relative importance of climate change driven versus wildfire driven impacts on streamflow remains unknown across the western USA. Here we show that considering wildfire in modeling streamflow significantly improves model predictions. Mixed effects modeling attributed 2%−14% of long-term annual streamflow to wildfire effects. The importance of this wildfire-linked streamflow relative to predicted climate change-induced streamflow reductions ranged from 20%−370% of the streamflow decrease predicted to occur by 2050. The rate of post-wildfire vegetation recovery and the proportion of watershed area burned controlled the wildfire effect. Our results demonstrate that in large areas of the western USA affected by wildfire, regional predictions of future water availability are subject to greater structural uncertainty than previously thought. These results suggest that future streamflows may be underestimated in areas affected by increased prevalence of hydrologically relevant ecological disturbances such as wildfire.