Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the prediction of electromigration voiding using stress-based modeling

In modeling electromigration failure, it is common to employ the concept of a critical stress at which interconnect failure occurs. In this report, we illustrate that the atomic flux divergence, obtained directly from the one-dimensional stress-based modeling, is more appropriate in characterizing the formation of void in electromigration. A numerical analysis was carried out, to model the evolution of stress, atomic flux, and flux divergence in an aluminum line containing a fast-diffusion segment. The maximum flux divergence, not the maximum tensile stress, predicts the voiding location which is consistent with microscopic observations in the experiments of Joo et al. [Acta. Mater. 46, 1969 (1998); J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2108 (1999)] utilizing nanoindented single-crystal aluminum lines. This is because the flux divergence directly reflects the extent of matter depletion, and thus the propensity of voiding.
Universal effect of dynamical reinforcement learning mechanism in spatial evolutionary games

One of the prototypical mechanisms in understanding the ubiquitous cooperation in social dilemma situations is the win–stay, lose–shift rule. In this work, a generalized win–stay, lose–shift learning model—a reinforcement learning model with dynamic aspiration level—is proposed to describe how humans adapt their social behaviors based on their social experiences. In the model, the players incorporate the information of the outcomes in previous rounds with time-dependent aspiration payoffs to regulate the probability of choosing cooperation. By investigating such a reinforcement learning rule in the spatial prisoner’s dilemma game and public goods game, a most noteworthy viewpoint is that moderate greediness (i.e. moderate aspiration level) favors best the development and organization of collective cooperation. The generality of this observation is tested against different regulation strengths and different types of network of interaction as well. We also make comparisons with two recently proposed models to highlight the importance of the mechanism of adaptive aspiration level in supporting cooperation in structured populations.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of intrinsic and p-type InN nanowires

We have investigated the molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of InN nanowires. Detailed optical and electrical transport studies confirm that nondoped InN nanowires can exhibit extremely low (< 1015 cm-3) residual electron density. Furthermore, the near-surface Femi-level was measured to be 0.4 to 0.5 eV above the valence band maximum (VBM), suggesting the absence of Fermi-level pinning and surface electron accumulation. These features are fundamentally different from those of n-type degenerate InN nanowires or InN epilayers. The absence of surface electron accumulation was also observed in Mg-doped InN nanowires, where p-type conduction was directly measured via Mg-doped InN nanowire field-effect transistors. Furthermore, the near-surface Fermi-level can be tuned from 0.1 eV to 1 eV above the VBM, i.e., from p-type degenerate to n-type degenerate through controlled Mg and Si dopant incorporations, a first demonstration for any semiconducting nanowire structures.
Wave interactions in pressureless Cargo–LeRoux model with flux perturbation

In this article, we discuss the wave interactions in pressureless Cargo–LeRoux model with flux perturbation. The corresponding Riemann solution in terms of a one‐parameter family of curves is presented. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the Riemann problem and construct estimates for the components of the solution. Relevant amplitudes are determined while presenting the interactions of weak discontinuity with contact discontinuity and shock waves. Further, we discuss the interaction of weak shocks in detail. Finally, some test cases are treated to understand the effect of initial data and strength of the shock on the transmitted, reflected amplitudes, and jump in the acceleration of the shock.
Psychological Resilience and Stress Coping Styles in Migraine Patients

Purpose It was aimed to determine the level of psychological resilience and to investigate the psychological and clinical parameters that affect the resilience level in migraine patients. Patients and Methods A total of 100 migraine patients and 100 healthy controls who agreed to participate in the study filled in the sociodemographic data form and also Beck Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression Scale, Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults, Perceived Stress Scale, Stress Coping Styles Scale, and Psychological Well-Being Scale. Also, the results of Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS) were recorded in order to determine the clinical parameters of migraine patients. Results When the migraine patients were examined in terms of the number of painful days in the last 3 months, duration of illness, and correlations between clinical scales, there were statistically significant correlations between the psychological resilience scale and well-being (r=0.691 p<0.001), positive coping styles (r=0.676 p<0.001), Beck depression scale (r=−0.670 p<0.001). Conclusion Self-confident approach, social support-seeking approach, and level of psychological well-being predict psychological resilience in migraine patients. Interventions aiming to increase the level of psychological resilience, which is negatively correlated with depression, are expected to increase the quality of life of patients with migraine.
Network meta‐analysis of rare events using the Mantel‐Haenszel method

The Mantel‐Haenszel (MH) method has been used for decades to synthesize data obtained from studies that compare two interventions with respect to a binary outcome. It has been shown to perform better than the inverse‐variance method or Peto's odds ratio when data is sparse. Network meta‐analysis (NMA) is increasingly used to compare the safety of medical interventions, synthesizing, eg, data on mortality or serious adverse events. In this setting, sparse data occur often and yet there is to‐date, no extension of the MH method for the case of NMA. In this paper, we fill this gap by presenting a MH‐NMA method for odds ratios. Similarly to the pairwise MH method, we assume common treatment effects. We implement our approach in R, and we provide freely available easy‐to‐use routines. We illustrate our approach using data from two previously published networks. We compare our results to those obtained from three other approaches to NMA, namely, NMA with noncentral hypergeometric likelihood, an inverse‐variance NMA, and a Bayesian NMA with a binomial likelihood. We also perform simulations to assess the performance of our method and compare it with alternative methods. We conclude that our MH‐NMA method offers a reliable approach to the NMA of binary outcomes, especially in the case or sparse data, and when the assumption of methodological and clinical homogeneity is justifiable.
Liapunov Theory for Functional Differential Equations

(1) x′(t) = f(t, xt) where f : [0,∞) × C1 → R n is continuous and takes bounded sets into bounded sets. Here, (C, ‖ · ‖) is the Banach space of continuous functions φ : [−h, 0] → R with the supremum norm, h is a positive constant, C1 is the subset of C with ‖φ‖ < 1, f(t, 0) = 0, and xt(s) = x(t + s) for −h ≤ s ≤ 0. The results are based on continuous functionals V : [0,∞)×C1 → [0,∞) which are locally Lipschitz in φ and whose derivative along any solution of (1) satisfies V ′ (1)(t, xt) ≤ 0. Such a functional is called a Liapunov functional for (1). We also use continuous strictly increasing functions W : [0,∞) → [0,∞) with W (0) = 0, called wedges. Stability definitions will be stated in the next section. The following is the classical theorem on uniform stability (US) for the zero solution of (1). It goes back to Krasovskii [7; pp. 143–157]. THEOREM K1. If there is a Liapunov functional for (1) and wedges satisfying
3D Foreground Point Segmentation from Background using Centroid-based Min-Cut Method

Point Cloud generation and surface reconstruction of these point clouds are the two main and common steps for a complete 3D model. This system proposed 3D point cloud segmentation as a joint method that can be used between these two steps to get the best and accurate model. Firstly, the proposed system builds the graph in which each point is used as nodes and these nodes are connected by k-nearest neighbor edges. Based on this graph, then, find the location of the object over the complex and noisy points clouds in which the foreground and background points are closely related. This system is based on the centroid point of the cloud, so it does not need user interaction to predict where is the object location. Based on these predicated object point, the object is segmented by our proposed system, centroid-based Min-Cut Segmentation method. The system experiments on various data set such as large-scale scene and real-world data, in which the points are generated by Structure from Motion (SfM). This proposed strategy provides efficient and gives substantial reductions in time and can be used as the input for the surface reconstruction very well.
On parameter and structural identifiability: Nonunique observability/reconstructibility for identifiable systems, other ambiguities, and new definitions

A number of inconsistencies, misunderstandings and ambiguities have arisen in the recent literature regarding identifiability concepts, evidenced in part by the number of "point-counterpoint" notes and comments published on this subject. It appears that the problem is due fundamentally to a lack of a unified set of definitions. A partially new, simple and hopefully complete set of definitions is proposed here for deterministic models. They are based on an extended model, termed the "constrained structure"-appropriate for complete analysis of identifiability properties of a system. They rely minimally on special jargon and are consistent with reported definitions for notions of stochastic identifiability. Relationships with other definitions are discussed and it is also shown that an important class of identifiable models are not necessarily uniquely observable/reconstructible. The latter problem has important implications in applications.
RATIONAL G-SURFACES

In this paper the author determines the structure of complete rational surfaces on which one can define a group action in such a way that for each element of the group there exists a nonzero linear equivalence divisor class with nonnegative self-intersection index which is invariant with respect to this element. If one excludes the case when this action factors through an algebraic action of a linear algebraic group, then all such surfaces are elliptic bundles, and the action of the group preserves the family of fibers. Bibliography: 11 titles.
Automatic Versus Semi-Automatic method for the striatum specific uptake ratio quantification based on [123I]FP-CIT SPECT images

The aim of this work was to implement an automatic application (AA) for the quantification of the striatum transaxial slices based on [123I]FP-CIT SPECT (Single Photon Emission Tomography) images.A sample of 68 subjects with and without pathology was collected from the nuclear medicine department of the Hospital Particular de Almada.In order to compare the striatum specific uptake ratios (SUR), a semi-automatic application (SAA) was also developed allowing manual adjustments by a specialist operator. The obtained results were compared with the DaTSCAN® V4 application, from General Electric Healthcare. The experimental results based on SUR demonstrate that the AA can successfully discriminate the healthy patients from the pathological subjects. Additionally, a strong correlation was verified between the AA and the semi-automatic methods (DaTSCAN® V4 and the SAA). These methods also evidence intra and inter-operator variability, suppressed by the AA.The proposed methodology for segmentation and quantification of the striatum transaxial images obtained by [123I]FP-CIT SPECT demonstrated that the developed application can accurately complement the visual analysis, requiring future optimization.
Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance, and transport characteristics of 13C enriched single-walled carbon nanotubes

We investigated the Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and transport characteristics of 13C-enriched single-walled carbon nanotubes (13CNTs). Systematic Raman spectroscopy measurements show that the 13C content of 13CNT can be controlled by the 13C source. Full width at half maximum of Raman spectra show a broad peak around 50% of 13C while G/D ratio remains almost constant. 13C NMR measurements indicate that the spin-lattice relaxation consists of two mechanisms and spin-spin relaxation time is of order of sub-millisecond. In transport measurement, we demonstrate that 13CNT shows quantum-dot features at low temperatures.
Toward a computational approach for collision avoidance with real-world scenes

In the central nervous systems of animals like pigeons and locusts, neurons were identified which signal objects approaching the animal on a direct collision course. In order to timely initiate escape behavior, these neurons must recognize a possible approach (or at least differentiate it from similar but non-threatening situations), and estimate the time-to-collision (ttc). Unraveling the neural circuitry for collision avoidance, and identifying the underlying computational principles, should thus be promising for building vision-based neuromorphic architectures, which in the near future could find applications in cars or planes. Unfortunately, a corresponding computational architecture which is able to handle real-situations (e.g. moving backgrounds, different lighting conditions) is still not available (successful collision avoidance of a robot was demonstrated only for a closed environment). Here we present two computational models for signalling impending collision. These models are parsimonious since they possess only the minimum number of computational units which are essential to reproduce corresponding biological data. Our models show robust performance in adverse situations, such as with approaching low-contrast objects, or with highly textured backgrounds. Furthermore, a condition is proposed under which the responses of our models match the so-called eta-function. We finally discuss which components need to be added to our model to convert it into a full-fledged real-world-environment collision detector.
Single probe fed cavity backed circularly polarized antenna

The concept of a novel single probe feed cavity backed circularly polarized antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide technique has been investigated in this article. The proposed antenna provides high circularly polarized radiation performance and keeps advantages of low profile and convenient fabrication. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2996–2998, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23848
Implications of the Hydrostatic Assumption on Atmospheric Gravity Waves

Abstract The validity of the hydrostatic approximation is examined for use in predicting the dynamics of topographically generated atmospheric gravity waves (lee waves) propagating in an atmosphere with realistic wind shear. To isolate nonhydrostatic effects, linear, analytic solutions derived both with and without the hydrostatic assumption are compared. The atmospheric profiles of wind and stability are chosen both to render the governing equations analytically tractable and be representative of typical atmospheric conditions. Two atmospheric models are considered: 1) a troposphere-only model in which the wind increases linearly with height and the stability is constant and 2) a troposphere-stratosphere model, which retains the important effect of the vertical wind shear in the troposphere and adds the essential feature of a stability jump at the tropopause. The nonhydrostatic trapping effect of wind shear on gravity wave modes is clearly illustrated in the troposphere-only atmospheric model. In the tro.
SOLUTION OF NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS ON NONSTAGGERED GRID AT ALL SPEEDS

The present author recently devised a pressure correction algorithm for solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on a nonstaggered grid [6]. This algorithm introduced the notion of smoothing pressure correction to overcome the problem of checkerboard prediction of pressure. In this article, the algorithm is extended to prediction of compressible flows with and without shocks. The predictions show that the algorithm yields results that compare extremely favorably with previous ones [6] obtained using a staggered grid. Accurate shock capturing on coarse grids, however, requires use of total variation diminishing ( TVD) discretization of the covective terms coupled with measures for stabilisation of the iteration process.
Theorizing vloggers’ approaches and practices in travel vlog production through grounded theory

ABSTRACT Video bloggers, also known as vloggers, continuously create and share authentic videos on popular platforms like YouTube. Travel influencer vloggers (called vloggers in this study) influence their audience by sharing their trip experiences and giving reviews about destinations and travel brands. This study employs aconstructivist grounded theory approach of 35 YouTube vlogs from 21 vloggers through a3-phase theoretical sampling. The theorizing process resulted in the development of Vloggers’ Approaches and Practices (VAP) Theory by identifying the main approaches as content (CA) and objectives (OA), the two main practices of travel influencing (TIP) and vlogging (VP), and their relationships. The theoretical and managerial contributions can be important for scholars of influencer marketing, and practitioners that work with vloggers like destination marketing organizations (DMOs), hotels, tour operators, and transportation services.
Coalition Warfare Program (CWP): secure policy controlled information query and dissemination over a Bices network

In 2006, the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) established a collaborative research alliance with academia and industry, called the International Technology Alliance (ITA) to address fundamental issues concerning Network and Information Sciences. Under the ITA research program, a US-UK transition project on "ITA Policy Controlled Information Query and Dissemination" was funded in 2011 by OSD's Coalition Warfare Program (CWP). The goal of this CWP project is to develop an extensible capability of performing distributed federated query and information dissemination across a coalition network of distributed disparate data/information sources with access controlled policies. The CWP project is lead by US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and UK Defence Science Technology Laboratory (Dstl) with software development by IBM UK and IBM US. The CWP project exploits two key technology components developed within the ITA, namely the Gaian Database and integrated Access Policy Decision and Enforcement mechanisms. The Gaian Database (GaianDB) is a Dynamic Distributed Federated Database (DDFD) that addresses a need to share information among coalition members by providing a means for policy-controlled access to data across a network of heterogeneous data sources. GaianDB implements a SQL-compliant Store-Locally-Query-Anywhere (SLQA) approach providing software applications with global access to data from any node in the database network via standard SQL queries. Security policy is stored locally and enforced at the database node level, reducing potential for unauthorized data access and waste of network bandwidth. A key metric of success for a CWP project is the transition of coalition-related technology from TRL-3 or 4 to TRL-6 or higher. Thus, the end goal of this CWP project was to demonstrate the GaianDB and policy technology within an operational environment at the NATO Intelligence Fusion Centre (NIFC) at Molesworth RAF. An initial demonstration of this technology in a 'stand alone' environment was undertaken at the NIFC in November 2011 using a data set comprised of 140,000 documents. Recently the system has been modified to include a secure authentication mechanism based on a Kerberos ticketing framework and this has now been integrated onto the NIFC Battlefield Information, Collection, and Exploitation System (BICES) network. In summary, the paper discusses the CWP project; the two key technologies (i.e., Gaian Database and integrated Access Policy Decision and Enforcement mechanisms) developed within the US UK ITA research program; how these have been integrated into the NIFC BICES; and future plans for the program.
Junction Leakage Generation by NiSi Thermal Instability Characterized Using Damage-Free n+/p Silicon Diodes

Using n+/p junctions formed by solid phase diffusion, a clear correlation between junction leakage and NiSi thermal instability was readily established. After forming an NiSi layer on damage-free junctions, various post-annealing processes at around the silicidation temperature were applied. A consistent and systematic rise of the leakage level was observed with the increase of the annealing time and the temperature. The migration of the released Ni atoms away from the NiSi layer, the subsequent clustering of the migrant Ni atoms, and the eventual formation of generation-recombination centers deep inside the Si substrate were identified as the basic components of the principal leakage mechanism. Detailed analysis of the thermally stimulated ingressive movement of the leakage-depth profiles revealed a substantial Ni burst at an early stage of annealing. This anomalous Ni burst imposes severe restrictions on junction shallowing for NiSi technology and sets a strict upper limit on the allowable process temperature for effective leakage suppression.
How to distinguish identical particles

Usually fermions and bosons behave very differently. Regarding distinguishability, they behave in one and the same way. Two-identical-particle quantum theory is discussed on the example of the deuteron and that of distant correlations, as well as on the example of the real interference and quantum erasure experiments in the Hong–Ou–Mandel two-photon interferometer (with and without polarizers and analyzers). Distinguishability and indistinguishability of two identical photons in the experiments are illustrated. It is demonstrated, using a simple formalism valid simultaneously for fermions and for bosons, that there exists an isomorphism giving theoretical foundation to distinguishing two identical particles. But the distinguishing has a limited range of exact applicability. In most cases of interest, only the indistinguishability approach has a first-principle (and universal) validity.
The Faraday rotation measure synthesis technique

Abstract We discuss practical aspects of the novel Faraday Rotation Measure Synthesis technique, first described by Burn (1966), and recently extended and implemented by Brentjens & de Bruyn (2005). The method takes advantage of the excellent spectral coverage provided by modern radio telescopes to reconstruct the intrinsic polarization properties along a line of sight, using a Fourier relationship between the observed polarization products and a function describing the intrinsic polarization (the Faraday dispersion function). An important consequence of the Fourier relationship and discrete frequency sampling is the need, in some cases, to deconvolve the sampling response from the reconstructed Faraday dispersion function. Practical aspects of the deconvolution procedure are discussed. We illustrate the use of the technique by summarizing a recent investigation carried out with the WSRT. We conclude by briefly describing the applicability to future programs which will be carried out with the next generation of radio telescopes such as LOFAR.