Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Job Search and the Earnings Gap: Evidence from the Field and Lab

This article investigates gender differences in the job search process in the field and lab. Our analysis is based on rich information on initial job offers and acceptances from undergraduates of Boston University’s Questrom School of Business. We find (i) a clear gender difference in the timing of job offer acceptance, with women accepting jobs substantially earlier than men, and (ii) a sizable gender earnings gap in accepted offers, which narrows in favor of women over the course of the job search period. To understand these patterns, we develop a job search model that incorporates gender differences in risk aversion and overoptimism about prospective offers. We validate the model’s assumptions and predictions using the survey data and present empirical evidence that the job search patterns in the field can be partly explained by the greater risk aversion displayed by women and the higher levels of overoptimism displayed by men. We replicate these findings in a laboratory experiment that features sequential job search and provide direct evidence on the purported mechanisms. Our findings highlight the importance of risk preferences and beliefs for gender differences in job-finding behavior and, consequently, early-career wage gaps among the highly educated.
Reinforcement Learning as an Alternative to Reachability Analysis for Falsiﬁcation of AD Functions

Reachability analysis (RA) is one of the classical approaches to study the safety of autonomous systems, for example through falsiﬁcation, the identiﬁcation of initial system states which can under the right disturbances lead to unsafe or undesirable outcome states. The advantage of obtaining exact answers via RA requires analytical system models often unavailable for simulation environments for autonomous driving (AD) systems. RA suffers from rapidly rising computational costs as the dimensionality increases and ineffectiveness in dealing with nonlinearities such as saturation. Here we present an alternative in the form of a reinforcement learning (RL) approach which empirically shows good agreement with RA falsiﬁcation for an Adaptive Cruise Controller, it can deal with saturation, and, in preliminary data, compares favorably in computational effort against RA. Due to the choice of reward function, the RL’s estimated value function provides insights into the ease of causing unsafe outcomes and allows for direct comparison with the RA falsiﬁcation results.
Orca: A Distributed Serving System for Transformer-Based Generative Models

Large-scale Transformer-based models trained for generation tasks (e.g., GPT-3) have recently attracted huge interest, emphasizing the need for system support for serving models in this family. Since these models generate a next token in an autoregressive manner, one has to run the model multiple times to process an inference request where each iteration of the model generates a single output token for the request. However, existing systems for inference serving do not perform well on this type of workload that has a multi-iteration characteristic, due to their inflexible scheduling mechanism that cannot change the current batch of requests being processed; requests that have finished earlier than other requests in a batch cannot return to the client, while newly arrived requests have to wait until the current batch completely finishes. In this paper, we propose iteration-level scheduling, a new scheduling mechanism that schedules execution at the granularity of iteration (instead of request) where the scheduler invokes the execution engine to run only a single iteration of the model on the batch. In addition, to apply batching and iteration-level scheduling to a Transformer model at the same time, we suggest selective batching, which applies batching only to a selected set of operations. Based on these two techniques, we have implemented a distributed serving system called ORCA, with additional designs for scalability to models with hundreds of billions of parameters. Our evaluation on a GPT-3 175B model shows that ORCA can significantly outperform NVIDIA FasterTransformer in terms of both latency and throughput: 36.9× throughput improvement at the same level of latency.
ENHANCEMENT OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS SURVIVABILITY USING NEURO FUZZY-CLONAL SELECTION OPTIMIZATION

— Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a kind of wireless network, transmitting data utilizing the multi-hop radio relaying technique, and with no fixed infrastructure. WSN can function as a network host for the transmission and reception of data. The unique characteristics of WSN include distributed routing; frequent path breaks due to mobility, packet switching, and self-organization. The energy restriction is an important aspect to consider while designing a sensor network to increase the network's survivability. Clustering is an essential approach for overcoming energy limits and increasing network longevity. In the LEACH-technique, simulated annealing optimization is employed to generate the optimal cluster construction. This approach consumes more energy to build the best clustering, and the sensor nodes quickly lose energy, reducing the network's survivability. So, Neuro Fuzzy-Clonal Selection Optimization (NF-CSO) model is constructed for minimizing the energy consumption, identifying the optimal position for multi-sink placement, and improving the network survivability. A limiting probability of nodes can be estimated using NF-CSO and the same can be isolated. The algorithms were utilized to determine the best cluster head, resulting in less energy usage and an increase in network survivability. This issue is solved by using NF-CSO to select the optimal position of the multi-sink, which reduces the energy consumption and increases network survivability.
Phytochemical analysis of Simarouba glauca DC and its antibacterial activity against MDR Salmonella Typhi

: The plant, Simarouba glauca DC (SG), has a rich source of pharmaceuticals and thus is one of the important herbal sources to treat certain infectious and non-infectious diseases, like diarrhea, malaria, edema, fever hemorrhages, intestinal parasites, and colitis. Especially, the leaves and bark of this plant in the form of tonic are specifically used to treat malaria, fever, dysentery, and to stop bleeding. Typhoid is a disease caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi bacteria that are responsible for a huge burden on developing nations for generations. Typhoid fever is more common in children and young adults and is associated with areas where poor sanitation is prevalent. The study was aimed at the phytochemical investigation, metal analysis, and antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Simarouba glauca DC leaves and stem bark samples. Preliminary screening indicated the presence of phytochemicals viz., alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrates. The essential metals such as Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Zn 2+ were found to be present in the SG aqueous extract. The antibacterial and antibiogram activities were evaluated and the MIC and MBC values were determined for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Escherichia coli which were in the range of 5 to 10mg/ml . Overall, the results of our study demonstrated that the extracts have an array of phytochemical components which showed moderate sensitivity as compared to standard antibiotics. However, our findings showed that the aqueous leaves and stem bark extract of Simarouba glauca DC. , possesses good antimicrobial activity which could further be evaluated for the development of potential novel nutraceuticals.
INCIDENT ANALYSIS AND FORENSICS IN DOCKER ENVIRONMENTS ERNW WHITE PAPER 64/ (02, 2018)

In this article, we describe the impact of the increased use of Docker in corporate environments on forensic investigations and incident analysis. Even though Docker is being used more and more (Portworx, Inc., 2017), the implications of the changed runtime environment for forensic processes and tools have barely been considered. We describe the technological basics of Docker and, based on them, outline the differences that occur with respect to digital evidence and previously used methods for evidence acquisition. Specifically, we look at digital evidence within a Docker container which are lost or need to be acquired in different ways compared to a classical virtual machine, and what new traces and opportunities arise from Docker itself.
Modeling and Analysis of High-Performance Piezoelectric MEMS Microspeaker

- The design of the speaker is based on the geometry and the material in order to achieve a high sound pressure level (SPL). This paper describes the effect of different piezoelectric materials on the performance of the speaker. A comparison between PZT, ZnO, and AlN have been used in our design. This work introduces two model’s membrane less and clamped diaphragms. According to the contemplated, the efficiency parameters (membrane deflection, SPL, resonant frequency) and results of the simulations, the membrane less design performance with PZT material compared to the other cases is desirable for commercial speakers. The highest SPL of 110 dB has been achieved in the case of PZT membrane less speaker. However, the properties of AlN especially CMOS compatibility push AlN to lead the industry of the speaker and open the door for monolithic integration for drive circuit and actuator on the same chip. Compared with various published papers on piezoelectric MEMS microspeakers, this paper introduces a simple, small chip size, and low-cost design with a reasonable SPL.
Cell- and gene-based therapeutic approaches for neurological deficits in Mucopolysaccharidoses

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage diseases that are resulted from abnormal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. Among the progressive multi-organ abnormalities often associated with MPS diseases, the deterioration of central nervous system (CNS) is the most challenging manifestations to be tackled, due to the impermeability of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Evolved with recent development in stem cell biotechnology and gene therapy, several novel experimental approaches have been investigated in animal models. In this review, we will address different approaches attempting to bypass the BBB for neuropathic MPS treatment using cell- and gene-based therapies. Several neurological findings in CNS pathophysiology emerged with therapeutic investigation will also be discussed. four subtypes) and VII have significant CNS involvements.
Three-dimensional printing of silk protein structures by aqueous solvent-directed molecular assembly

Hierarchical molecular assembly is a fundamental strategy for manufacturing protein structures in nature. However, to translate this natural strategy into advanced digital manufacturing like three-dimensional (3D) printing remains a technical challenge. This work presents a 3D printing technique with silk fibroin to address this challenge, by rationally designing an aqueous salt bath capable of directing the hierarchical assembly of the protein molecules. This technique, conducted under aqueous and ambient conditions, results in 3D proteinaceous architectures characterized by intrinsic biocompatibility/biodegradability and robust mechanical features. The versatility of this method is shown in a diversity of 3D shapes and a range of functional components integrated into the 3D prints. The manufacturing capability is exemplified by the single-step construction of perfusable microfluidic chips which eliminates the use of supporting or sacrificial materials. The 3D shaping capability of the protein material can benefit a multitude of biomedical devices, from drug delivery to surgical implants to tissue scaffolds. This work also provides insights into the recapitulation of solvent-directed hierarchical molecular assembly for artificial manufacturing. Graphical Abstract This work recapitulates a fundamental manufacturing strategy in nature, aqueous-directed hierarchical assembly, for 3D printing with regenerated silk fibroin. The silk protein structures and devices can benefit a wide range of biomedical applications. The aqueous processing and manufacturing capability also suggest promising sustainable manufacturing approach for polymers.
Locoregional Management After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

al 50 attempted to further de ﬁ ne which patients with clinical stage I and II breast cancer receiving NAC required PMRT in a study of 132 patients treated with doxorubicin-based or paclitaxel NAC followed by mastectomy without PMRT. Although this analysis was limited by small numbers, initial clinical T3N0 disease (LRR, 29%), $ 4 positive lymph nodes after chemotherapy, age # 40 years, and the absence of ta-moxifen therapy were signi ﬁ cantly correlated with higher LRR rates. McGuire et al 51 reported on 106 patients who had a pCR with NAC. Approximately one-third were clinical stage I or II, whereas the remainder were clinical stage III. With a median follow-up of 62 months, the LRR rate compared with initial Thirty-two suggest retrospective by selection biases that may be incompletely addressed by the best statistical methods.
Lengsin is a survivor of an ancient family of class I glutamine synthetases in eukaryotes that has undergone evolutionary re-engineering for a role in the vertebrate eye lens.

Lengsin is a member of the glutamine synthetase (GS) superfamily expressed in the vertebrate eye lens. While the GS homology domains of lengsin are well conserved in all species examined, the N-terminal domain shows evidence of dynamic evolutionary changes. Compared with zebrafish and chicken, most mammals have an additional exon in the lengsin gene corresponding to part of the N-terminal domain, however in human this is a non-functional pseudoexon. Lengsin belongs to the hitherto purely prokaryotic GS I branch of the GS superfamily. Cryo-EM and modeling studies of lengsin show a dodecamer structure with important similarities and differences with GS I structures. There are sequence changes in GS catalytic motifs of lengsin and in multiple enzyme assays recombinant the result of the recruitment of an ancient enzyme to a different, non-catalytic role in the vertebrate lens. Genomics data show that protein-coding genes related to lengsin are present in the Sea urchin, suggesting that this branch of the GS I family has an ancient role in metazoans.
Long Non-coding RNAs in Atherosclerosis: JACC Review Topic of the Week

Atherosclerosis is a complex and chronic disease characterized by lipid deposition in the vessel wall that leads to an inflammatory and proliferative cascade involving smooth muscle, endothelial and immune cells. Despite substantial improvements in our understanding of mechanisms contributing to atherosclerosis and overall reduction in cardiovascular mortality, the absolute disease burden remains substantially high. The recent discovery of a new group of mediators known as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) offers a unique opportunity for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools in atherothrombotic disease. A number of studies suggest that lncRNAs are important mediators in health and disease and rapidly accumulating evidence implicates lncRNAs in regulatory circuits controlling atherosclerosis. In this review, we outline important contributions of lncRNAs to atherosclerosis and its associated risk factors including hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Abstract: Atherosclerosis is the single most devastating cause of worldwide mortality forming the epicenter of major efforts to mitigate cardiovascular disease. Understanding how genetic sequences control function has substantially improved our understanding of common cardiovascular problems including atherosclerosis. Galvanized by evidence from the human genome project, an expanded genetic catalog has led to the discovery of new players in biology known as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). In this review, we discuss the contributions of lncRNAs to atherosclerosis risk factors and key cells involved in plaque formation. The identification of lncRNAs offers newly recognized opportunities for cardiovascular risk mitigation. Central Illustration: Long non-coding RNAs in Atherosclerosis. Long non-coding RNAs are actively transcribed genes that do not “appear” to code for proteins. Emerging evidence suggests that lncRNAs serve as key regulators of atherosclerosis and related risk factors.
Letter to the editor “Cerebral Metabolism and Sleep Homeostasis: A Comment on Vyazovskiy et al”

We thank Dr. Feinberg and colleagues for their thoughtful comments on [25]. In that paper we found that, in awake mice, the global brain uptake of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) was higher if the animals had been previously awake than if they slept prior to sacrifice. Our data were consistent with a human study showing reduced cerebral blood flow after a night of sleep [4]. In attempting to interpret these findings, we argued that lower brain metabolism after sleep might result from decreased levels of synaptic activity. This interpretation was suggested by the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis of sleep function, according to which net synaptic strength increases during wakefulness and is renormalized during sleep [22,23]. Since synaptic activity is responsible for up to 75–80% of brain energy metabolism [1,2], changes in brain metabolism as a function of sleep/wake history might be expected. Feinberg et al. did not comment on the empirical results of our mouse study or our interpretation of the findings. However, they emphasized that the human data in [4] may be confounded by sleep inertia. Moreover, another study in humans appears to be inconsistent with the prediction that brain metabolism may change as a function of sleep/wake history Finally, sleep deprivation studies indicate that brain metabolism decreases, rather than increases, with extended wakefulness We consider each point in turn. While sleep inertia indeed a factor in we think it unlikely for EEG studies that sleep inertia is a transient phenomenon that is maximal immediately after awakening and dissipates within ∼ 20 min Since cerebral blood flow in [4] at least 15 min after in the the should not have been affected significantly by inertia.
FMRI and Wada Studies in Patients with Interhemispheric Dissociation of Language Functions

, Abstract Rare patients with chronic epilepsy show interhemispheric dissociation of language functions on intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) testing. We encountered four patients with interhemispheric dissociation in 490 consecutive Wada language tests. In all cases, performance on overt speech production tasks was supported by the hemisphere contralateral to the seizure focus, while performance on comprehension tasks was served by the hemisphere with the seizure focus. These data suggest that speech production capacity is more likely to shift hemispheres than is language comprehension. Wada and fMRI language lateralization scores were discordant in three of the four patients. However, the two methods aligned more closely when Wada measures loading on comprehension were used for calculating lateralization scores. Thus, interhemispheric dissociation of language functions could explain some cases of discordance on Wada/fMRI language comparisons, particularly when the fMRI measure used is not sensitive to speech production processes.
Brightfield, fluorescence, and phase-contrast whole slide imaging via dual-LED autofocusing

: Whole slide imaging (WSI) systems convert the conventional biological samples into digital images. Existing commercial WSI systems usually require an expensive high-performance motorized stage to implement the precise mechanical control, and the cost is prohibitive for most individual pathologists. In this work, we report a low-cost WSI system using the off-the-shelf components, including a computer numerical control (CNC) router, a photographic lens, a programmable LED array, a fluorescence filter cube, and a surface-mount LED. To perform real-time single-frame autofocusing, we exploited two elements of a programmable LED array to illuminate the sample from two different incident angles. The captured image would contain two copies of the sample with a certain separation determined by the defocus distance of the sample. Then the defocus distance can be recovered by identifying the translational shift of the two copies. The reported WSI system can reach a resolution of ∼ 0.7 µm. The time to determine the optimal focusing position for each tile is only 0.02 s, which is about an 83% improvement compared to our previous work. We quantified the focusing performance on 1890 different tissue tiles. The mean focusing error is ∼ 0.34 µm, which is well below the ± 0.7 µm depth of field range of our WSI system. The reported WSI system can handle both the semitransparent and the transparent sample, enabling us to demonstrate the implementation of brightfield, fluorescence, and phase-contrast WSI. An automatic digital distortion correction strategy is also developed to avoid the stitching errors. The reported prototype has an affordable cost and can make it broadly available and utilizable for individual pathologists as well as can promote the development of digital pathology.
Somatic Mosaicism in Hemophilia A: A Fairly Common Event

Mutations in the large gene of clotting factor VIII (FVIII) are the most common events leading to severe human bleeding disorder. The high proportion of de novo mutations observed in this gene raises the possibility that a signiﬁcant proportion of such mutations does not derive from a single germ cell but instead should be attributed to a germline or somatic mosaic originating from a mutation during early embryogenesis. The present study explores this hypothesis by using allele-speciﬁc PCR to analyze 61 families that included members who had sporadic severe hemophilia A and known FVIII gene defects. The presence of somatic mosaicisms of varying degrees (0.2%–25%) could be shown in 8 (13%) of the 61 families and has been conﬁrmed by a mutation-enrichment procedure. All mosaics were found in families with point mutations (8 [25%] of 32 families). In the subgroup of 8 families with CpG transitions, the percentage with mosaicism increased to 50% (4 of 8 families). In contrast, no mosaics were observed in 13 families with small deletions/insertions or in 16 families with intron 22 inversions. Our data suggest that mosaicism may represent a fairly common event in hemophilia A. As a consequence, risk assessment in genetic counseling should include consideration of the possibility of somatic mosaicism in families with apparently de novo mutations, especially families with the subtype of point mutations.
Spherepackings in high-dimensional space

A new construction of spherepackings using codes is given, which covers the construction of Leech and Sloane [3]. The dense packings of Sloane [10] are also obtained here, but without the use of complex numbers. Several new records on the packing desity in high dimensions are given. In the second part of this paper three new alternatives of a construction, which leads to the Leech lattice . 24 i ~n lR , are g ven.