Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical investigations of Dioscorea bulbifera linn

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. Belonging to family Dioscoreaceae is cultivated in Maharashtra on a small scale for its edible tubers. The Plant is perennial, large climber, producing bulbils at the base of its leaves. Whole plant is medicinal being anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, diuretic and tonic. It is also used in diabetes, gonorrhea, helminthiasis and leprosy. Extract of tuber and leaves was subjected to chemical tests for the presence of phytochemical classes like carbohydrates ,proteins, amino acids, fats, oils, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids , tannins and phenolics. Due to presence of carbohydrate, proteins, amino acids, fats and starch tubers become edible. Medicinal property of the plant is due to the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glycosides and tannins.
Vertical profiles of O3, aerosols, CO and NMHCs in the Northeast Pacific during the TRACE‐P and ACE‐ASIA experiments

[1] Airborne observations of NMHCs, O3, CO, and aerosol scatter were made near the coast of Washington State from 29 March to 6 May 2001 as part of the Photochemical Ozone Budget of the Eastern North Pacific-II (PHOBEA-II) experiment. These observations overlapped the time period of the TRACE-P (24 February to 10 April 2001) and ACE-ASIA (27 March to 30 April 2001) experiments operating in the Western Pacific. Measurements were made during 12 flights at 48.31 ± 0.03°N latitude, 124.63 ± 0.08°W longitude at altitudes from 0 to 6 km. On several flights, significant enhancements in all species were observed and are attributed to transport from the Eurasian continent, including a long-range transport event observed on 14 April 2001. This event contained substantial CO, NMHC, and aerosol loadings and was identified by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aboard the Earth Probe Satellite and airborne and surface measurements throughout North America. This airmass was unique in that it contained the highest levels of aerosol scatter, CO, and various NMHCs observed in 2001, was the only flight with a low Angstrom coefficient (0.7) indicating dominance of super micron aerosols, and had a negative relationship between ozone and aerosol scatter (r = −0.30). Within this mineral dust and pollution layer, aerosol scatter, propane, and CO were enhanced by 1054%, 85%, and 36%, respectively, over the observed spring 2001 median values between 3.5 and 6 km. A comparison of our previous aircraft campaign in 1999 with 2001 observations shows that ozone, aerosol scatter, and most NMHCs were significantly lower in the spring of 2001. The exact cause is still under investigation, but the combination of elevated ozone, aerosol scatter, and NMHCs suggests a combustion source that was enhanced and/or transported more efficiently during the spring of 1999.
Atrial Electrical Activity Detection Using Linear Combination of 12-Lead ECG Signals

ECG analysis is the method for cardiac arrhythmia diagnosis. During the diagnostic process many features should be taken into consideration, such as regularity and atrial activity. Since in some arrhythmias, the atrial electrical activity (AEA) waves are hidden in other waves, and a precise classification from surface ECG is inapplicable, a confirmation diagnosis is usually performed during an invasive procedure. In this paper, we study a “semiautomatic” method for AEA-waves detection using a linear combination of 12-lead ECG signals. This method's objective is to be applicable to a variety of arrhythmias with emphasis given to detect concealed AEA waves. It includes two variations--using maximum energy ratio and a synthetic AEA signal. In the former variation, an energy ratio-based cost function is created and maximized using the gradient ascent method. The latter variation adapted the linear combiner method, when applied on a synthetic signal, combined with surface ECG leads. A study was performed evaluating the AEA-waves detection from 63 patients (nine training, 54 validation) presenting eight arrhythmia types. Averaged sensitivity of 92.21% and averaged precision of 92.08% were achieved compared to the definite diagnosis. In conclusion, the presented method may lead to early and accurate detection of arrhythmias, which will result in a better oriented treatment.
Constraints on the timing of thrusting during the Eurekan orogeny, Canadian Arctic Archipelago: an integrated approach to thermal history analysis

Thermochronological constraints on the timing of hanging-wall cooling across thrust faults can be interpreted in terms of fault movement under certain circumstances. Vitrinite reflectance data can be used to identify those circumstances and, in addition, provide constraints on the timing of fault movement relative to maximum paleotemperatures in the strata offset by faulting. Geological constraints and apatite fission track data from across the Vesle Fiord Thrust, Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, indicate that the initiation of fault movement occurred during the Paleocene, slightly older than predicted by plate-reconstruction models for compression during the Tertiary Eurekan orogeny, but in agreement with stratigraphic evidence for the onset of tectonism in the Sverdrup Basin. Vitrinite reflectance and fission track data further indicate that the strata affected by faulting attained their maximum paleotemperatures prior to deformation. The latter conclusion has important implications for hy.
Variability of seismic source spectra, estimated stress drop, and radiated energy, derived from cohesive‐zone models of symmetrical and asymmetrical circular and elliptical ruptures

Large variability of earthquake stress drops and scaled energy has been commonly reported in the literature, but it is difficult to assess how much of this variability is caused by underlying physical source processes rather than simply observational uncertainties. Here we examine a variety of dynamically realistic rupture scenarios for circular and elliptical faults and investigate to what extent the variability in seismically estimated stress drops and scaled energy comes from differences in source geometry, rupture directivity, and rupture speeds. We numerically simulate earthquake source scenarios using a cohesive‐zone model with the small‐scale yielding limit, where the solution approaches a singular crack model with spontaneous healing of slip. Compared to symmetrical circular source models, asymmetrical models result in larger variability of estimated corner frequencies and scaled energy over the focal sphere. The general behavior of the spherical averages of corner frequencies and scaled energy in the subshear regime extends to the supershear regime, although shear Mach waves generated by the propagation of supershear rupture lead to much higher corner frequency and scaled energy estimates locally. Our results suggest that at least a factor of 2 difference in the spherical average of corner frequencies is expected in observational studies simply from variability in source characteristics almost independent of the actual stress drops, translating into a factor of 8 difference in estimated stress drops. Furthermore, radiation efficiency estimates derived from observed seismic spectra should not be directly interpreted as describing rupture properties unless there are independent constraints on rupture speed and geometry.
Quaternary ecological and geomorphic changes associated with rainfall events in presently semi‐arid northeastern Brazil

Several geomorphic features and palaeobiotic remains in now semi‐arid northeastern Brazil indicate major palaeoenvironmental changes during past periods of increased rainfall. 230Th mass spectrometric ages of speleothems and travertines have allowed the determination of the timing and duration of wetter than present conditions. The data demonstrate that wet events have occurred throughout much of the Pleistocene, present dry conditions having been established at the end of the Younger Dryas. A markedly different fauna comprising megafaunal elements not adapted to the present low arboreal scrubland caatinga vegetation existed in the area. Palaeobotanical remains embedded in travertine indicate forested vegetation at these wetter intervals, suggesting that the caatinga was then replaced or mixed with a semi‐deciduous forest. Due to the abundance of travertine sites containing fossil botanical remains in northeastern Brazil, it is believed that forest expansion occurred over large areas of the now semi‐arid zone, showing that the long hypothesised forested links between biodiversity‐rich Amazon and Atlantic rainforests may indeed have existed during these moister phases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphometric relationships of franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea), off Rio Grande do Sul coast, southern Brazil

Due to the limited availability of cetaceans, body mass as a measurement of body size is often hard to estimate resulting in reduced sample sizes. Therefore, models for estimating body mass from an analysis of morphometric relationships are useful and practical tools to overcome such difficulties. In the present work, we propose specific models to estimate body mass from morphometric variables of franciscanas inhabiting Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. A total of 226 franciscanas (130 males and 96 non-pregnant females) of all size classes, incidentally caught from 1994 to 2005 off Rio Grande do Sul coast (31°13'S - 33°45'S), were examined. Body mass (BM in kg) was regressed against total length (TL in cm), maximum girth (MG in cm) and a body-volume index: BV(cm 3 )=TL(cm) x (MG(cm)) 2 . Although linear regressions of body mass on both TL and MG were reliable predictors, a combination of those linear measurements to obtain a body volume index proved to be the best estimator of body mass. Models are the following: BM = 3.68*10-5 BV for males; BM = 3.64*10–5 BV for females and BM = 3.66*10–5 BV for sexes combined. Models presented were valuable methods for indirect body mass estimation for franciscana. Due to the similiarity in the body volume-body mass ratio in males and females, the mixed sexes combined model was deemed most appropriate for estimating body mass. This technique should be of great help in field situations where obtaining body mass is often difficult and sometimes impossible. Developing similar models for franciscanas from the other regions is recommended.
Nominal logic programming

Nominal logic is an extension of first-order logic which provides a simple foundation for formalizing and reasoning about abstract syntax modulo consistent renaming of bound names (that is, α-equivalence). This article investigates logic programming based on nominal logic. We describe some typical nominal logic programs, and develop the model-theoretic, proof-theoretic, and operational semantics of such programs. Besides being of interest for ensuring the correct behavior of implementations, these results provide a rigorous foundation for techniques for analysis and reasoning about nominal logic programs, as we illustrate via examples.
External-Field Shifts of the 199Hg+ Optical Frequency Standard

Frequency shifts of the 199Hg+ 5d106s 2S1/2 (F = 0, MF = 0) to 5d96s2 2D5/2 (F = 2, MF = 0) electric-quadrupole transition at 282 nm due to external fields are calculated, based on a combination of measured atomic parameters and ab initio calculations. This transition is under investigation as an optical frequency standard. The perturbations calculated are the quadratic Zeeman shift, the scalar and tensor quadratic Stark shifts, and the interaction between an external electric field gradient and the atomic quadrupole moment. The quadrupole shift is likely to be the most difficult to evaluate in a frequency standard and may have a magnitude of about 1 Hz for a single ion in a Paul trap.
Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Soil of Muthannan Kulam Wetland, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Soil serves as a more reliable index for productivity than water qualities. The productivity of any pond depends largely on the quality of bottom soil that is “store house of nutrients. ” The present paper deals with the study of physicochemical parameters like organic carbon, pH, Electrical conductivity, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium of soil from Muthannan Kulam,Coimbatore (March 2013- May 2013). Analysis for the above parameters indicated contamination of the soil quality due to some anthropogenic activities. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3. 10769 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(3): 302-304
Field investigation of three‐dimensional flow structure at stream confluences: 1. Thermal mixing and time‐averaged velocities

Stream confluences are characterized by complex patterns of three‐dimensional fluid motion. This paper examines the three‐dimensional time‐averaged flow structure at three concordant‐bed confluences in east central Illinois. Two of the junctions have symmetrical planforms, whereas the other has an asymmetrical planform. Similarities among the sites include (1) pronounced convergence of flow at the upstream end of the confluences, (2) a region of stagnated fluid near the upstream junction corner, (3) a well‐defined thermal mixing interface between the converging flows that persists downstream of each confluence, (4) a downstream velocity field characterized by two zones of maximum velocity separated by an intervening region of low velocity centered on the mixing interface, (5) convective acceleration of flow within the mixing interface leading to increasing uniformity of the downstream velocity field in the downstream direction, and (6) lateral deflection of flow by the dominant tributary. Prominent helical motion occurs at the asymmetrical confluence, whereas weak helicity is detectable only at one of the two symmetrical confluences. The downstream persistence of a well‐defined mixing interface at the two symmetrical confluences and the disruption of this interface at the asymmetrical confluence suggest that helical motion enhances patterns of mixing at confluences.
BAYESIAN ESTIMATION IN SEISMIC INVERSION. PART I: PRINCIPLES1

This paper gives a review of Bayesian parameter estimation. The Bayesian approach is fundamental and applicable to all kinds of inverse problems. Its basic formulation is probabilistic. Information from data is combined with a priori information on model parameters. The result is called the a posteriori probability density function and it is the solution to the inverse problem. In practice an estimate of the parameters is obtained by taking its maximum. Well-known estimation procedures like least-squares inversion or l 1 norm inversion result, depending on the type of noise and a priori information given. Due to the a priori information the maximum will be unique and the estimation procedures will be stable except (in theory) for the most pathological problems which are very unlikely to occur in practice. The approach of Tarantola and Valette can be derived within classical probability theory. The Bayesian approach allows a full resolution and uncertainty analysis which is discussed in Part II of the paper.
Soil Carbon Sequestration by Holocene Fires Inferred from Soil Charcoal in the Dry French Alps

The current global carbon budget has a missing sink, which is believed to be in terrestrial ecosystems. At least one carbon sink, wood charcoal sequestrated in soil, remains poorly detailed. We estimate the wood charcoal-carbon content in soils located in dry valleys within the French Alps. Soils were sampled at five sites along altitudinal transects, from the conifer-dominated subalpine forests to the alpine grasslands. The five sites were distributed along a bioclimatic and biogeographic gradient from the southern Mediterranean to the northern continental Alps. The altitudinal distribution of charcoal exhibits the same pattern in the five sites, despite stand fire history, and regional bioclimatic and biogeographic differences. Charcoal concentrations are low (0.01 to 10 gchar m−2) in soils from the current treeless belt, while soils at lower elevation show high concentrations (10 to 2000 gchar m−2). The results suggest that the landscape structure determine the charcoal accumulation throughout variability of vegetation type and fire frequency. Charcoal concentrations recorded in the subalpine belt in the Alps are similar to those of Swedish boreal forests, but are 10 to 100 times lower than values from Mediterranean ecosystems. Dry to subhumid ecosystems contain subfossil carbon in the form of charcoal, which should be explicitly taken into account in the global carbon budget.
Förbjudet område? : utbildning och kompetensutveckling om högbegåvade barns behov i skola och förskola

Education and professional development for teachers, special educators and other professions about the special educational needs of gifted children have been developed at Stockholm University during several years, since it was noticed that there was a gap in the teachers’ knowledge about the needs of support and stimulation of precocious children and of youth that show high ability and potentials in one or several domains. A review of international policy, resources and provisions, teacher training and in-service training about the needs of children with high ability and potential shows a multifaceted landscape. Even if this educational research topic is not particularly strong in Sweden, there is a growing interest for these issues in the media and among students and professionals. Some studies give interesting insights in how the educational situation of gifted children may look like in the Swedish schools and give indications of important development areas. From these experiences and insights present problems and future visions are outlined.
Evaluation of the 137Cs techniques for estimating wind erosion losses for some sandy Western Australian soils

The utility of the caesium-137 (137Cs) technique, for estimating the effects of wind erosion, was evaluated on the soils of a semi-arid agricultural area near Jerramungup, Western Australia. The past incidence of wind erosion was estimated from field observations of soil profile morphology and an existing remote sensing study. Erosion was limited to sandy surfaced soils (0-4% clay), with a highly significant difference (P < 0.0001) in 137Cs values between eroded and non-eroded sandy soils, with mean values of 243 ± 17 and 386 ± 13 Bq m-2 respectively. Non-eroded soils, with larger clay contents, had a mean 137Cs scontent of 421 ± 26 Bq m-2, however, due to considerable variation between replicate samples, this value was not significantly different from that of the non-eroded sands. Hence, although the technique discriminates between eroded and non-eroded areas, the large variation in 137Cs values means that from 27 to 96 replicate samples are required to provide statistically valid estimates of 137Cs loss. The occurrence of around 18% of the total 137Cs between 10 and 20 cm depth in these soils, despite cultivation being confined to the surface 9 cm, suggests that leaching of 137Cs occurs in the sandy soils, although there was no relationship between clay content and 137Cs value for either eroded or non-eroded soils. In a multiple linear regression, organic carbon content and the mean grain size of the eroded soils explained 35% of the variation in 137Cs content. This relationship suggests that both organic carbon and 137Cs are removed by erosion, with erosion being more prevalent on soils with a finer sand fraction. Clay and silt contents do not vary with depth in the near-surface horizons of the eroded sandy soils, hence it is likely that wind erosion strips the entire surface horizon with its 137Cscontent, rather than selectively winnowing fine material.
DEFORMATION OF THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD BY THE SOLAR WIND

From the three-dimensional numerical solution to the Chapman-Ferraro problem of a steady solar wind perpendicularly incident upon a dipole field, a simple spherical harmonic description of the distorted field is obtained. From this, a three-dimensional picture of the field line configuration within the magnetosphere is given. The field lines are found to be compressed on both the daytime and nightiime sides. The behavior of the field lines on the daylight side changes abruptly as one approaches a critical latitude, which ranges between 80 and 85 deg , depending on the intensity of the solar wind. Above this latitude, lines originating along the noon meridian pass over the north pole and cross the equator alorg the midnight meridian. The behavior of conjugate-point phenomena and trapped particles near this critical latitude is discussed. Magnetic changes at the earth's surface due to an increase in the solar wind intensity are calculated. The diurnal variations due to a steady solar wind are also calculated; they are found to be small compared with observed S/sub q/ fields. (auth)
Ergodic transport through aquifers of non‐Gaussian log conductivity distribution and occurrence of anomalous behavior

Three‐dimensional advective transport of passive solutes through isotropic porous formations of stationary non‐Gaussian log conductivity distributions is investigated by using an approximate semianalytical model, which is compared with accurate numerical simulations. The study is a continuation of our previous works in which formation heterogeneity is modeled using spherical nonoverlapping inclusions and an approximate analytical model was developed. Flow is solved for average uniform velocity, and transport of an ergodic plume is quantified by mass flux (traveltime distribution) at a control plane. The analytical model uses a self‐consistent argument, and it is based on the solution for an isolated inclusion submerged in homogeneous background matrix of effective conductivity. As demonstrated in the past, this analytical model accurately predicted the entire distributions of traveltimes in formations of Gaussian log conductivity distributions, as validated by numerical simulations. The present study (1) extends the results to formations of non‐Gaussian log conductivity structures (the subordination model), (2) extends the approximate analytical model to cubical blocks that tessellate the entire domain, (3) identifies a condition in conductivity distribution, at the tail of low values, that renders transport anomalous with macrodispersivity growing without bounds, and (4) provides links of our work to continuous time random walk (CTRW) methodology, as applied to subsurface transport. It is found that a class of CTRW solutions proposed in the past cannot be based on solution of flow in formations with conductivity distribution of finite integral scale.