Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cougars ( Puma concolor ) in The Northwest Territories and Wood Buffalo National Park

Extralimital reports of cougars ( Puma concolor ) at the northern limits of their range are rare. We documented at least 21 individual occurrences of cougars from the Northwest Territories and the Wood Buffalo National Park area between the years 1983 and 2000. Our evidence suggests that, at a minimum, transient cougars are regular visitors to northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories.
Community Health Workers : Bringing family planning services to where people live and work

Background When appropriately designed and implemented, community health worker (CHW) programs can increase use of contraception, particularly where unmet need is high, access is low, and geographic or social barriers to use of services exist. CHWs are particularly important to reducing inequities in access to services by bringing information, services, and supplies to women and men in the communities where they live and work rather than requiring them to visit health facilities, which may be distant or otherwise inaccessible.
Quantifying water use by temperate deciduous forests in South Korea: roles of species diversity, canopy structure, and complex terrain

i Zusammenfassung.iii Acknowledgements.vi Table of contents.vii List of figures.x List of tables.xiii List of abbreviations and symbols.xv 1 Detailed summary.1 1.1 General introduction and literature review.1 1.1.1 Temperate deciduous forests: distribution and structure.1 1.1.2 Forests in South Korea.2 1.1.2.1 History of forests in South Korea.2 1.1.2.2 Current status of forests in South Korea.2 1.1.2.3 The future of forests in South Korea.3 1.1.3 Regulation of water use by forest ecosystems.4 1.1.4 Estimation of water use by forests in South Korea.5 1.1.5 Statement of research challenges.6 1.1.6 Objectives of the research.7 1.2 General materials and methods.10 1.2.1 Description of study sites.10 1.2.2 Methods.15 1.2.2.1 Sap flow measurements.15 1.2.2.2 Canopy conductance.18 1.2.2.3 Biometric measurements.19 1.2.2.4 Micrometeorological measurements.20 1.2.2.5 Eddy covariance flux measurements.20 1.2.2.6 Water use efficiency.20 1.3 General results and discussions.21 1.3. 1 Tree and forest water use in diverse species composition . 21 1.3. 2 Impact of the forest structure on forest water use.25 1.3. 3 Forest water use in the complex terrain.26 1.4 General conclusions.30 1.5 List of manuscripts and specification of contributions.31 1.6 References.32 2 Up-scaling to stand transpiration of an Asian temperate mixed-deciduous forest from single tree sap flow measurements.41 Abstract.41 2.
Utilization of VNIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to map soil erosion study on two arable fields

The study focuses on erosion mapping approach at filed scale by VNIR spectroscopy and digital soil mapping technique. 950 samples in total from two arable fields were collected, while 292 were used for PLSR models calibration and validation, and 658 samples for spectroscopic soil properties prediction. In general, the results confirmed that the soil organic carbon prediction by soil spectral characteristics (PLSR R 2 = 0.58 and 0.88) is a good tool, which together with digital soil mapping techniques provides basis for detailed field scale mapping. Soil organic carbon distribution is mapped to indicate potential erosion and accumulation areas.
Supplementary Materials for: Training Feedback Spiking Neural Networks by Implicit Differentiation on the Equilibrium State

Mingqing Xiao, Qingyan Meng, Zongpeng Zhang, Yisen Wang, Zhouchen Lin ∗ Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (MoE), School of AI, Peking University The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data Center for Data Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China {mingqing_xiao, yisen.wang, zlin}@pku.edu.cn, qingyanmeng@link.cuhk. edu.cn, zongpeng.zhang98@gmail.com
Supplementary materials for: Noise-Aware Merging of High Dynamic Range Image Stacks without Camera Calibration

Here we use the Lehmann-Scheffe theorem to show that with no static noise, the Poisson Estimator φ̂ppne is the unique minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE). We state the theorem and a few related definitions first. In this section, the per pixel notation is dropped and unless explicitly stated otherwise, every summation and product is indexed by i going from 1 to N, which identifies each image in a stack of size N .
Supplementary Materials for: Full Law Identification in Graphical Models of Missing Data: Completeness Results

For clearer presentation of materials in this supplement, we switch to a single-column format. In Appendix A, we provide an overview of the nested Markov model. We summarize the necessary concepts required in order to explain our proof of completeness for identification of the full law in missing data acyclic directed mixed graphs (ADMGs). These concepts draw on the binary parameterization of nested Markov models of an ADMG. In Appendix B, we provide a concrete example of the odds ratio parameterization. In Appendix C, we present proofs that were omitted from the main body of the paper for brevity.
Soft Matter

Atomistic molecular dynamic simulations have been performed for the non-ionic chromonic liquid crystal 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexa-(1,4,7-trioxa-octyl)-triphenylene (TP6EO2M) in aqueous solution. TP6EO2M molecules consist of a central poly-aromatic core (a triphenylene ring) functionalized by six hydrophilic ethyleneoxy (EO) chains, and have a strong tendency to aggregate face-to-face into stacks even in very dilute solution. We have studied self-assembly of the molecules in the low concentration range corresponding to an isotropic solution of aggregates, using two force fields GAFF and OPLS. Our results reveal that the GAFF force field, even though it was successfully used previously for modelling of ionic chromonics, overestimates the attraction of TP6EO2M molecules in water. This results in an aggregation free energy which is too high, a reduced hydration of EO chains and, therefore, molecular self-assembly into compact disordered clusters instead of stacks. In contrast, use of the OPLS force field, leads to self-assembly into ordered stacks in agreement with earlier experimental studies of triphenylene-based chromonics. The free energy of association follows a “quasi-isodesmic” pattern, where the binding free energy of two molecules to form a dimer is of the order of 2.5 RT larger than the corresponding energy of addition of a molecule into a stack. The obtained value for the binding free energy, ∆aggG 0 = –12 RT, is found to be in line with the published values for typical ionic chromonics (–7 to –12 RT), and agrees reasonably well with the experimental results for this system. The calculated interlayer distance between the molecules in a stack is 0.37 nm, which is at the top of the range found for typical chromonics (0.33-0.37 nm). We suggest that the relatively large layer spacing can be attributed to the repulsion between EO side chains. Page 1 of 21 Soft Matter S of tM at te r A cc ep te d M an us cr ip t
Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in setting Acute Exposure Guideline Levels ( AEGLs ) for methylene chloride

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) are derived to protect the human population from adverse health effects in case of single exposure due to an accidental release of chemicals into the atmosphere. AEGLs are set at three different levels of increasing toxicity for exposure durations ranging from 10 min to 8 hours. In the AEGL-setting for methylene chloride specific additional topics had to be addressed. This included a change of relevant toxicity endpoint within the 10-min to 8-hour exposure time range from CNS-depression caused by the parent compound to formation of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) via biotransformation to carbon monoxide. Additionally, the biotransformation of methylene chloride includes both a saturable step as well as genetic polymorphism of the glutathione transferase involved. PBPK-modeling was considered to be the appropriate tool to address all of these topics in an adequate way. Two available PBPK-models were combined and extended with additional algorithms for the estimation of the maximum COHb levels. The model was validated and verified with data obtained from volunteer studies. It was concluded that all of the mentioned topics could be adequately accounted for by the PBPK-model. The AEGL-values as calculated with the model were substantiated by experimental data with volunteers and are concluded to be practically applicable.
SUPPRESSION OF PINK (Microdochium nivale) AND GREY (Typhula ishikariensis) SNOW MOULDS OF CREEPING BENTGRASS WITH COMPOST

When incorporated into turfgrass disease management programs, composts can significantly reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers. Two composts were evaluated for suppression of pink (Microdochium nivale) and grey (Typhula ishikariensis) snow moulds in field experiments conducted in 1998-1999 in two distinct areas of turf management. Fall applications of compost applied at either 48.7 kg/100 m 2 or 97.4 kg/100 m 2 reduced snow mould severity to levels not significantly different (P≤0.05) from fungicide controls. There were no significant differences between the two composts in their ability to suppress disease. However, most plots that received the higher application rate of compost had significantly less disease than those that received the lower application rate on most rating dates (P≤0.05). In addition, a significant increase in green-up of turf (recovery from disease and/or winter dormancy) compared to fertilizer and fungicide controls (P≤0.05) was observed at both turf management locations. These differences in green-up among treatments diminished over a four week rating period, after which, the controls approached or were not significantly different from the compost treated plots (P≤0.05). There were no significant differences between composts at either experimental location, on any rating dates (P≤0.05).
Modelling and interpretation of turbulent fluxes in katabatic flows : applications to glaciers and the Greenland ice sheet

The aim of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the processes by which heat energy from the atmosphere is transferred through the ABL to glacier surfaces. This is approached from a modelling perspective where appropriate turbulence closure models are developed, interpreted, and applied to both glaciers and the Greenland ice sheet. The first part of this thesis involves the development of such a turbulent closure model which can be used to simulate katabatic flows and the turbulent fluxes associated with them. Knowledge acquired from these simulations is then used to improve the interpretation of meteorological measurements made on glaciers, leading to better estimates of these turbulent fluxes. The second part of this thesis applies the turbulence closure model to a 3-D boundary layer model of the Greenland ice sheet. This boundary layer model is forced by ECMWF analysis data and simulations are compared to observed meteorological variables of wind, temperature and specific humidity, Experiments with the 3-D model are then carried out to determine the sensitivity of the surface energy flux components to an increase in free atmospheric temperature. The results show that more than half of the increase in the surface energy flux is the result of increases in the turbulent heat fluxes and that albedo feedback can play a significant role in amplifying this increase. In addition, it is pointed out that the climate sensitivity of 2 m temperature is far less than unity as a result of the proximity of the melting ice surface. This is important for other climate sensitivity experiments carried out using 2 m temperature as a forcing parameter.
SURFACE RUPTURE FEATURES OF THE 2008 YUTIAN M_S 7.3 EARTHQUAKE AND ITS TECTONIC NATURE

High-resolution satellite image interpretation and field investigation indicate that the surface rupture zone produced by the Yutian MS7.3 earthquake is～25km long along a NS-trending fault at the western piedmont of a snow-covered range at the upper reach of the Yurungongkash River,about 20km south of the Ashikule Volcanoes.The surface rupture zone consists of different striking ruptures with both normal and left-lateral faulting components.The maximum left-lateral and vertical co-seismic slips measured in the field are～1.8m and～2.0m,respectively.Its seismogenic NS-trending fault belongs to the secondary structure at the NE-trending tensile area of the southwestern end of the Altyn Tagh Fault,which conforms to the eastward escape of the Kunlun-Qaidamu-Qilian block,relative to the Western Kunlun block.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Anomaly Detection in Android: A Survey

Android is a widely used mobile platform with over 2 billion active users worldwide, which makes it is an ideal target for harmful actions such as malicious software programs production and distribution. Malware creators and developers are progressively using complicated and evasive anomalies. As a result, typical malware detection systems have become vulnerable to these attacks. As the threat landscape grows, the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in anomaly detection has attracted the attention of a growing number of professionals and academics. The influence of AI techniques on anomaly detection in the Android environment is investigated in this study. Machine learning, deep learning and data mining techniques are being examined into this work as an AI-based methodologies for anomaly detection on Android. We investigate the advantages, disadvantages and challenges associated with various methodologies. We present also future research opportunities in this paper. The survey aims to offer a full understanding of the impact of AI on anomaly detection on Android.
Participatory forestry intervention: assessing the contribution of the expanded plantation program to community livelihood sustainability and poverty reduction

Efforts aimed at combating deforestation have in the past neglected the involvement of households in forest fringe communities [FFCs] therefore the National Forest Plantation Development Program implemented from 2001 and re-launched in 2010 as the Expanded Plantation Program [EPP] was a participatory forestry intervention that included households in FFCs as well as the public sector in the management of forest resources. This study was embedded in the DFID Sustainable Livelihood Framework and presents the viewpoint of 85 respondents randomly selected from four communities in the Asante Akyim South District of Ghana. It highlights how the EPP contributes to sustainable livelihoods of households in FFCs. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were employed in this study. In-depth interviews and questionnaire were the method and tool respectively used in gathering data whereas statistical tools such as linear regression, frequencies and percentages were used in analyzing the quantitative data. Content analysis was used in analyzing the qualitative data. The study established a strong positive correlation between the total monthly income and the monthly income from the EPP. An average income of GH¢ 229 ($72) was earned by households from the EPP which was twice the average income earned from other sources. Also, natural (land) and social assets were transferred to households contributing to their livelihood sustainability. Efforts must therefore be geared towards increasing the participatory role of households in forest fringe communities since it contributes to forest reparation, sustainable livelihood and poverty reduction.
The Institute for Integrating Statistics in Decision Sciences Technical Report TR-2017-2 Statistical Medical Fraud Assessment : Exposition to an Emerging Field

Health care expenditures constitute a significant portion of governmental budgets. The percentage of fraud, waste and abuse within that spending has increased over years. This paper introduces the emerging area of statistical medical fraud assessment, which becomes crucial to handle the increasing size and complexity of the medical programs. An overview of fraud types and detection is followed by the description of medical claims data. The utilization of sampling, overpayment estimation and data mining methods in medical fraud assessment are presented. Recent unsupervised methods are illustrated with real world data. Finally, the paper introduces potential future research areas such as integrated decision making approaches and Bayesian methods, and concludes with an overall discussion. The main goal of this exposition is to increase awareness about this important area among a broader audience of statisticians.
The monsoon effect on energy and carbon exchange processes over a highland lake in the southwest of China

Abstract. Erhai Lake is a subtropical highland shallow lake on the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, which is influenced by both South Asian and East Asian summer monsoons. Based on 4 years of continuous eddy covariance (EC) data over Erhai Lake, the monsoon effect on water–atmosphere exchange processes is investigated by comparing the energy and CO2 flux patterns and their main drivers during pre-monsoon (March–April), monsoon (May–October) and post-monsoon (November–December) periods. The results show that the atmospheric properties display a large difference during the three different periods. There is a negative difference between water surface and air temperature (T) during the pre-monsoon period, while a positive T during the post-monsoon period. The diurnal sensible heat flux (Hs) is larger during the post-monsoon period, while the latent heat flux (LE) is larger during the monsoon period. The monthly average Hs and heat storage (Q) in the lake remain negative during the pre-monsoon period and the early monsoon period, and they become positive in the middle monsoon period, which indicates that the lake absorbs heat at first and releases it subsequently. LE plays a dominating role in the energy partitioning of the lake. The Bowen ratio is higher during the post-monsoon period. The uptake of CO2 flux is observed in the middle of the day during monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The ΔT is the main driver for Hs and the effect of ΔT is increased as timescales are extended from half-hourly to monthly. The wind speed has a weak effect on Hs but a strong effect on LE and CO2 fluxes. Similar main drivers for Hs are found during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, which is also found for CO2 flux, indicating a large impact of the monsoon on the heat and carbon exchange processes over Erhai Lake.
Crowdsourcing: How and Why Should Libraries Do It?

The definition and purpose of crowdsourcing and its relevance to libraries is discussed with particular reference to the Australian Newspapers service, FamilySearch, Wikipedia, Distributed Proofreaders, Galaxy Zoo and The Guardian MP's Expenses Scandal. These services have harnessed thousands of digital volunteers who transcribe, create, enhance and correct text, images and archives. Known facts about crowdsourcing are presented and helpful tips and strategies for libraries beginning to crowdsource are given.
Statistical characterization of random field parameters using frequentist and Bayesian approaches

Because information collected in a site investigation is limited, it is not possible to obtain actual values for the mean, standard deviation, and scale of fluctuation for a soil property of interest. The deviation between the estimated values and the actual values is called the statistical uncertainty. There are at least two schools of thought on how to model the statistical uncertainty: frequentist thought and Bayesian thought. The purpose of this paper is to discuss their philosophical difference, to show how to quantify the statistical uncertainty based on these two distinct schools of thought, and to compare their performances. To quantify the statistical uncertainty, the confidence interval will be used for the frequentist school of thought, whereas the posterior probability distribution will be used for the Bayesian school of thought. Examples will be presented to compare the performances of these two schools of thought in terms of their consistencies. The results show that, in general, the Bayesia.
A COMPARISON OF METHODS TO DETECT THE ONSET OF THE GROWING SEASON AND ITS TRENDS FOR SOME STATIONS IN THE SUDAN SAVANNA OF NORTHERN NIGERIA

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc.) IN GEOGRAPHY OCTOBER 1995
Finding a Voice

This article uses a Positive Youth Development framework to explore the experiences of six experiential youth coresearchers (YCs) in the Youth Injection Prevention (YIP) participatory research project, and the parallel track process of empowerment and capacity building that developed. The YIP project was conducted in Metro Vancouver at the BC Centre for Disease Control and community organizations serving street-involved youth. A process evaluation was conducted to explore themes in the YCs experience in the project, as well as process strengths and challenges. Semistructured interviews with the YCs, researcher field notes, and team meeting and debrief session minutes were analyzed. The YIP project appears to have exerted a positive influence on the YCs. Positive self-identities, sense of purpose, reconceptualization of intellectual ability, new knowledge and skills, supportive relationships, finding a voice, and social and self-awareness were among the positive impacts. Process strengths included team-building activities, team check-in and checkout sessions, and professional networking opportunities. Process challenges included the time required to help YCs overcome personal barriers to participation. The YIP project demonstrates that participatory research with street-involved youth is a viable research option that contributes to positive youth development and empowerment.
Notch signaling: switching an oncogene to a tumor suppressor

TheNotchsignalingpathwayisaregulator of self-renewal and differentiation in several tissues and cell types. Notch is a binarycell-fatedeterminant,anditshyper-activation has been implicated as oncogenic in several cancers including breast cancer and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(T-ALL). Recently,severalstudies also unraveled tumor-suppressor roles for Notch signaling in different tissues, including tissues where it was before recognized as an oncogene in specific lineages.WhereasinvolvementofNotchas an oncogene in several lymphoid malig-nancies (T-ALL, B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia,splenicmarginalzonelymphoma) is well characterized, there is growing evidence involving Notch signaling as a tumorsuppressorinmyeloidmalignancies. It therefore appears that Notch signaling pathway’soncogenicortumor-suppressor abilities are highly context dependent. In this review, we summarize and discuss latest advances in the understanding of this dual role in hematopoiesis and the possible consequences for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. ( Blood . 2014; 123(16):2451-2459)
Social Network Analysis: A brief theoretical review and further perspectives in the study of Information Technology

Social Network Analysis is a widely used approach in psychology, as in social science, economics and other fields. The peculiarity of this perspective is that it focuses not on individuals or other social units, but on the relationship between them. In this paper, our aim is to give a general review of this perspective, giving a description of resources and principal topics covered by Social Network Analysis. In the first section, we will concentrate on methodological and formal perspectives of analysis. In the last section, we will introduce some recent studies about Social Network and its relationship with Information Technologies, in particular on the Internet. Lastly, we will show how this approach can be useful to study some aspects of the web.