Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic efficacy of Chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infection in Shewa Robit, Northeast Ethiopia

Background The development of drug resistance to chloroquine is posing a challenge in the prevention and control efforts of malaria globally. Chloroquine is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated P.vivax in Ethiopia. Regular monitoring of anti-malarial drugs is recommended to help early detection of drug-resistant strains of malaria parasites before widely distributed. The emergence of P.vivax resistance to chloroquine in the country endangers the efficacy of P.vivax treatment. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine among uncomplicated P.vivax infections at Shewa Robit Health Center, northeast Ethiopia. Methods One-arm in vivo prospective chloroquine efficacy study was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021. Ninety participants aged between 16 months to 60 years confirmed with P.vivax mono-infection microscopically were selected and treated with a 25 mg/kg standard dose of chloroquine over three days. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared and examined. Clinical examination was performed over 28 follow-up days. Hemoglobin concentration level was measured on days 0, 14, and 28. Result Of the 90 enrolled participants, 86 (96%) completed their 28 days follow-up period. The overall cure rate of the drug was 98.8% (95% CI: 95.3–100%). All asexual stages and gametocytes were cleared within 48 hours with rapid clearance of fever. Hemoglobin concentration had significantly recovered between days 0 and 14, 0 and 28, and 14 and 28 days (P = 0.032, P<0.001, and P = 0.005), respectively. Fast resolution of clinical signs and symptoms was also observed. Severe adverse events were not recorded. Conclusion The present study revealed that chloroquine remains an efficacious and safe drug in the study setting for treating uncomplicated P.vivax in the study area. Large-scale continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the development of resistance in due time.
Cognitive behavioural therapy and medication for treatment of adolescent depression: a network meta-analysis

Abstract Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and medication are widely accepted and useful interventions for individuals with depression. However, a gap remains in our current understanding of how CBT directly benefits adolescents with depression. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the short- and long-term effectiveness of CBT only, CBT+Medication, or Medication alone in reducing the duration of major depressive episodes, lessening internalizing and externalizing symptoms and improving global functioning. Methods: Data were extracted from 14 unique studies with a total of 35 comparisons. Network meta-analysis was conducted and p-scores, a measure of the extent of certainty that one treatment is better than another, were used to rank treatments. Results: There was no significant difference between any two treatments for depression, nor internalizing or externalizing symptoms. For global functioning, CBT had significantly greater effect at the longest follow-up than CBT+Medication. CBT+Medication had the highest p-score for depression, short- and long-term effects, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms long-term effects. No indication of publication bias was found. Conclusions: Neither modality, CBT nor medication, is superior for treating adolescent depression. However, CBT was superior in improving global functioning, which is essential for meeting developmental goals.
Electrically Evoked Auditory Brainstem Responses in Children Fitted with Hearing Aids Prior to Cochlear Implantation

This study investigates the effect of hearing aid use on the peripheral auditory pathways in children with sensorineural hearing loss prior to cochlear implantation, as revealed by the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR). Forty children with hearing aids were recruited. Half of them had normal inner ear structures and the other half had inner ear malformations (IEMs). The EABR was evoked by electrically stimulating the round window niche (RWN) and round window membrane (RWM) during the cochlear implantation operation. The onset age of hearing aid use was significantly correlated with the peak latencies, but not amplitudes, of the wave III (eIII) and wave V (eV). Higher EABR thresholds were found for RWN stimulation than for RWM stimulation and in the children with IEMs than in those without IEMs. Our study provides neurophysiological evidence that earlier use of hearing aids may ameliorate physiological functions of the peripheral auditory pathway in children with and without IEMs. The EABR evoked by the electrical stimulation at RWM is more sensitive compared with that at RWN for evaluating functions of the auditory conduction pathway.
BUSDM – an algorithm for the bottom-up search of departures from a model

Searching for regions of the input space where a statistical model is inappropriate is useful in many applications. The study proposes an algorithm for finding local departures from a regression-type prediction model. The algorithm returns low-dimensional hypercubes where the average prediction error clearly departs from zero. The study describes the developed algorithm, and shows successful applications on the simulated and real data from the steel plate production. The algorithms that have been originally developed for searching regions of the high-response value from the input space are reviewed and considered as alternative methods for locating model departures. The proposed algorithm succeeds in locating the model departure regions better than the compared alternatives. The algorithm can be utilized in sequential follow-up of a model as time goes along and new data are observed.
It Is Belief in Dualism, and Not Free Will, That Best Predicts Helping: A Conceptual Replication and Extension of Baumeister et al. (2009)

Previous research found that experimentally reducing people’s belief in free will affects social behaviors. However, more recent investigations could not replicate several findings in this literature. An explanation for the mixed findings is that free will beliefs are related to social behaviors on a correlational level, but experimental manipulations are not able to detect this relation. To test this interpretation, we conceptually replicated and extended a landmark study in the free will belief literature originally conducted by Baumeister et al. In five studies (total N = 1,467), we investigated whether belief in free will predicts helping behavior in comparison to other beliefs related to free will. Overall, our results support the original findings, as belief in free will correlated with helping behavior. However, the results also show that the best predictor of helping behavior is not belief in free will but belief in dualism. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Identifying individuals at risk of developing psychosis: A systematic review of the literature in primary care services

Psychosis and related disorders are a major public health issue. Early identification and prevention for those at high risk (at‐risk‐mental‐state, ARMS) is important. General practitioners (GPs) are often the first point of contact for health services. In this review we aim to identify (1) the most common methods for identifying individuals with an ARMS in primary care, (2) the methods for improving identification of individuals with an ARMS in primary care, and (3) the most common barriers that prevent GPs from screening for individuals with an ARMS.
Variation of strain rate sensitivity with grain size in Cr and other body-centred cubic metals

The strain rate sensitivity (i.e. m-value) of body-centred cubic Cr was measured over a wide grain size range (10−9–10−2 m) using an instrumented nanoindentation technique. The m-value was observed to decrease initially as the grain size was reduced from mm to µm, it reached a minimum, and then increased drastically when the grain size was below 20–30 nm. There was a corresponding variation in activation volume, particularly when the grain size was in the nm range and the grain-boundary-mediated process became dominant. The variation of m-value and activation volume over the entire grain size range could be rationalized by a model based on a double-kink mechanism coupled with the dislocation emission processes from the grain boundaries.
Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Dynamo: Modeling of the Turbulent Residual-Helicity Equation

A transport equation for the turbulent residual helicity is studied for the self-consistent determination of the alpha dynamo effect. For this purpose, a simplified method for analyzing transport effects on mean-field magnetohydrodynamics is presented. Using this method, the mathematical structure of the turbulent residual-helicity equation is examined and its model equation obeying the least minimum requirements is discussed.
Type II taste cells participate in mucosal immune surveillance

The oral microbiome is second only to its intestinal counterpart in diversity and abundance, but its effects on taste cells remains largely unexplored. Using single-cell RNASeq, we found that mouse taste cells, in particular, sweet and umami receptor cells that express taste 1 receptor member 3 (Tas1r3), have a gene expression signature reminiscent of Microfold (M) cells, a central player in immune surveillance in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) such as those in the Peyer’s patch and tonsils. Administration of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11; also known as RANKL), a growth factor required for differentiation of M cells, dramatically increased M cell proliferation and marker gene expression in the taste papillae and in cultured taste organoids from wild-type (WT) mice. Taste papillae and organoids from knockout mice lacking Spib (SpibKO), a RANKL-regulated transcription factor required for M cell development and regeneration on the other hand, failed to respond to RANKL. Taste papillae from SpibKO mice also showed reduced expression of NF-κB signaling pathway components and proinflammatory cytokines and attracted fewer immune cells. However, lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of cytokines was strongly up-regulated in SpibKO mice compared to their WT counterparts. Like M cells, taste cells from WT but not SpibKO mice readily took up fluorescently labeled microbeads, a proxy for microbial transcytosis. The proportion of taste cell subtypes are unaltered in SpibKO mice; however, they displayed increased attraction to sweet and umami taste stimuli. We propose that taste cells are involved in immune surveillance and may tune their taste responses to microbial signaling and infection.
Suggestive evidence of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms with HAPE susceptibility in the Chinese Han population

High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a common respiratory disease in the high altitude area, which is rapid and harmful. We firstly conducted a case-control study to assess the potential association of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms with HAPE susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. The study recruited 238 patients with HAPE and 230 healthy controls in Northwest China. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples, and gene polymorphisms were detected using the Agena MassARRAY platform. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and P-value were used to evaluate the relationship between HAPE risk and CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms. Multi-factor dimension reduction (MDR) was used to assess the optimal interaction of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms on HAPE risk. We found rs3093193 was shown to reduce the risk of HAPE (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52–0.93, P = 0.014), while rs12459936 was increased the susceptibility to HAPE (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.33–3.26, P = 0.001). Age stratified analysis revealed that rs3093193 and rs12459936 were correlated with HAPE risk in people at age > 32 years old, and rs3093193 and rs3093110 were correlated with the HAPE risk in people at age ≤ 32 years old. Gender stratification analysis was found that rs3093193, rs12459936, and rs3093110 were all related to HAPE risk in males. A combination of rs12459936 and rs3093110 was the best multi-loci model with the highest testing accuracy. Our study is the first to provide the association between CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms and HAPE risk in the Chinese Han population.
The Therapeutic Application of Stem Cells and Their Derived Exosomes in the Treatment of Radiation-Induced Skin Injury

Radiation-induced skin injury (RISI) is a serious concern for nuclear accidents and cancer radiotherapy, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. This injury differs from traditional wounds due to impaired healing and the propensity to recurrence and is divided into acute and chronic phases on the basis of the injury time. Unfortunately, there are few effective therapies for preventing or mitigating this injury. Over the last few decades, various studies have focused on the effects of stem cell-based therapies to address the tissue repair and regeneration of irradiated skin. These stem cells modulate inflammation and instigate tissue repair by differentiating into specific kinds of cells or releasing paracrine factors. Stem cell-based therapies, including bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF), have been reported to facilitate wound healing after radiation exposure. Moreover, stem cell-derived exosomes have recently been suggested as an effective and cell-free approach to support skin regeneration, circumventing the concerns respecting direct application of stem cells. Based on the literature on stem cell-based therapies for radiation-induced skin injury, we summarize the characteristics of different stem cells and describe their latest animal and clinical applications, as well as potential mechanisms. The promise of stem-cell based therapies against radiation-induced skin injury contribute to our response to nuclear events and smooth progress of cancer radiotherapy.
Absence of Stark shift in strained Si1−xGex/Si type‐I quantum wells

Excitonic photoluminescence in a transverse electric field has been studied in strained Si1−xGex/Si type‐I quantum wells (QWs) in the weak field regime. With increasing electric field, a steady blue‐shift of the free exciton emission energies has been observed, thereby suppressing the anticipated downward shift due to a quantum confined Stark effect. It is revealed that a field‐driven decrease of the exciton binding energies gives a good account of the experimental blue‐shift for a wide range of well widths, which is also in good agreement with variational calculations. We also find that the extremely small conduction band offset characteristic of stained Si1−xGex/Si type‐I QWs is responsible for the absence of the Stark red‐shift and the mixed dimensionality.
Exosome-mediated regulatory mechanisms in skeletal muscle: a narrative review

Skeletal muscle plays a paramount role in physical activity, metabolism, and energy balance, while its homeostasis is being challenged by multiple unfavorable factors such as injury, aging, or obesity. Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles, are now recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication, holding great clinical potential in the treatment of skeletal muscle diseases. Herein, we outline the recent research progress in exosomal isolation, characterization, and mechanism of action, and emphatically discuss current advances in exosomes derived from multiple organs and tissues, and engineered exosomes regarding the regulation of physiological and pathological development of skeletal muscle. These remarkable advances expand our understanding of myogenesis and muscle diseases. Meanwhile, the engineered exosome, as an endogenous nanocarrier combined with advanced design methodologies of biomolecules, will help to open up innovative therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of muscle diseases. 骨骼肌在机体活动、新陈代谢和能量平衡中发挥着至关重要的作用,而其稳态受到多种因素的挑战,例如受伤、衰老和肥胖。 外泌体是细胞外囊泡的一个子集,是细胞间通讯的重要介质,在治疗骨骼肌疾病方面具有巨大临床潜力。 我们通过概述外泌体提取、鉴定和功能机制的研究进展,并重点讨论来自多个器官、组织的外泌体和工程化外泌体在调节骨骼肌生理与病理发育方面的最新成果,以扩大我们对肌肉发生与肌肉疾病的理解范围。 同时,工程化外泌体作为内源性纳米载体,与先进的生物分子设计方法结合后,将有助于为肌肉疾病的治疗开辟新前景。
On the Ground Level Splitting of Mn++ and Fe+++ in Nearly Cubic Crystalline Field

The gro11nd level splitting and g-f~ctor of Mn + + and Fe+++ in nearly cubic crystalline field, with a small axially symmetric field superposed on it, are studied by higher-ordet perturbation calcu­ lations. It iS -shown· that the electronic energy levels arising from the configuration half-filled with electrons are unsplit under the linear effect of crystalline potentials, but can be split by the effects of even powers of them. Various higher-order processes involving crystalline potential, spin-orbit coupling and magnetic spin-spin interaction within an ion that are supposed to be dominant in the ground level splitting ~nd the g-factor deviation, are formulated and order of magnitude discussions are given for them. § l. Introduction During the past few years the paramagnetic resonance method has been applied to­ study the splitting of the ground energy level . of Mn + + and of Fe++ + in paramagnetic crystals, such as manganese Tutton salts and iron alums/> in Mg()2> and in zincblende· crystals. 3) These energy le~els can be described in a simple way by a 'spin Hamiltonian. ,. which is expressed in terms of the spin operato.rs. The coefficients of a spin Hamiltonian depend in a complicated way . upon the symmetry and strength of the crystalline field. the spin-orbit coupling (W Ls) , the magnetic spin-spin interaction between pairs of- electrons within the ion (Wss) and so on.1) The order of magnitude of their splittings is smaller than that of the other. iron-group ions, sihce both Mn++ and Fe+++ are in 3d 5 6S state which has no orbital angular momentum. On the other hand, these ground level splittings correspond to the part of the magnetic anisotropy energy of these ions which is produced by a combined effect of the crystalline field, WLS and W 88 4). And this anisotropy energy is expected to be dominant in paramagnetic crystals and in anti- and ferrimagnetics in which the spin arrangement is. of cubic symmetry, since in this case the-ordinary magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between_ ions contributes nothing to the anisotropy energy. Recently, Yosida and Tachiki5) suggested. that the origin of the cubic anisotropy of Mn- and Ni-ferrites might be attributed to the magnetic anisotropy of ·Fe+++ ions situated on the 16c and 8{ sites of these ferrites, and somewhat to a less extent to Mn + + ions on the 8 f site in the case of Mn-ferrite. The reason is that the observed anisotropy energies -per ion are comparable with those of Fe+++ in ferric alums and that their temperature dependence appears -to be similar to those of (
Respiratory comorbidities in severe asthma: focus on the pediatric age

ABSTRACT Introduction Asthma comorbidities are a frequent cause of adverse outcomes, such as poor asthma control, frequent asthma attacks, reduced quality of life, and higher healthcare costs. Comorbidities are well-known treatable traits whose proper management can help achieve optimal asthma control. Although multimorbidity is frequent among asthmatics, comorbidities are still a potential cause of misdiagnosis and under or over treatments, and little is known about their impact on severe pediatric asthma. Areas covered We provided a comprehensive, 5-year updated review focusing on the main respiratory comorbidities in severe asthma, particularly in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and current and future therapies. Expert opinion Respiratory comorbidities have unique characteristics in childhood. Their management must be multidisciplinary, age-specific, and integrated. Further longitudinal studies are needed to understand better the mutual interrelation and synergistic effect between asthma and its respiratory comorbidities, the identification of common, treatable risk factors leading to potential asthma prevention, the effectiveness of actual and future target-therapies, and the correlation between long-lasting respiratory comorbidities and poor lung function trajectories.
Evaluation of Pelibuey Lambs Born to Mothers Phenotypically Segregated According to Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematodes in the Humid Tropics of Mexico

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effect of the resistance of ewes to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) on the parasitologic and productive performance of their lambs during preweaning and postweaning periods. Offspring from 44 Pelibuey ewes classified as resistant or susceptible to GIN were evaluated. During the preweaning period, birth weight (BW), live weight (LW) at 35 and 70 days of age, and live weight changes (LWC) were determined in 73 lambs. During the postweaning period, 20 lambs to susceptible or resistant ewes were evaluated. The lambs were challenged under natural GIN infections and artificial infection with L3 of Haemonchus contortus. The fecal egg count (FEC), hematocrit (HT), peripheral eosinophil count, plasma protein, LW, and LWC were determined. There were no differences among parameters evaluated during preweaning (P > 0.05). The type of lambing (single or multiple) affected the BW, LW, and LWC (P < 0.01). The sex (male) of the lamb had a positive effect on BW at 35 and 70 days of age (P < 0.05). After weaning, lambs of susceptible ewes showed higher FEC than resistant ewes (P < 0.05). The HT of lambs to resistant ewes was higher than those the susceptible group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, offspring of resistant ewes show low FEC compared with those susceptible during the postweaning stage.
The mechanism of genome replication and transcription in bunyaviruses

Bunyaviruses are negative sense, single-strand RNA viruses that infect a wide range of vertebrate, invertebrate and plant hosts. WHO lists three bunyavirus diseases as priority diseases requiring urgent development of medical countermeasures highlighting their high epidemic potential. While the viral large (L) protein containing the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is a key enzyme in the viral replication cycle and therefore a suitable drug target, our knowledge on the structure and activities of this multifunctional protein has, until recently, been very limited. However, in the last few years, facilitated by the technical advances in the field of cryogenic electron microscopy, many structures of bunyavirus L proteins have been solved. These structures significantly enhance our mechanistic understanding of bunyavirus genome replication and transcription processes and highlight differences and commonalities between the L proteins of different bunyavirus families. Here, we provide a review of our current understanding of genome replication and transcription in bunyaviruses with a focus on the viral L protein. Further, we compare within bunyaviruses and with the related influenza virus polymerase complex and highlight open questions.