Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A stochastic sediment delivery model for a steep Mediterranean landscape

It is a truism in geomorphology that climatic events operate on a landscape to drive sediment transport processes, yet few investigations have formally linked climate and terrain characteristics with geomorphological processes. In this study, we incorporate sediment transport equations derived from fieldwork into a computer model that predicts the delivery of sediment from hillslopes in a steep Mediterranean landscape near Santa Barbara, California. The sediment transport equations are driven by rainstorms and fires that are stochastically generated from probability distributions. The model is used to compare the rates and processes of sediment delivery under two vegetation types: coastal sage scrub and grasslands. Conversion of vegetation from sage to exotic grasses is a common land management strategy in the region and may also be engendered by regional climate change due to global warming. Results from the model suggest that (1) approximately 40% more sediment is delivered from grasslands (98 t km−2 yr−1) than the sage scrub (71 t km−2 yr−1) and (2) chronic soil creep processes dominate under grasslands whereas catastrophic processes dominate under coastal sage scrub. Results from the model also suggest that changes in the spatial distribution of vegetation arising from climate change will have a greater effect on sediment delivery than changes in the magnitude and frequency of meteorological events.
Behavioral responses of gray whales to industrial noise: feeding observations and predictive modeling

An investigation was made of the potential effects of underwater noise from petroleum-industry activities on feeding gray whales. The investigation consisted of two components, a field study and an acoustic model study. The field study was performed near Southeast Cape, St. Lawrence Island in August, 1985, using a 100 cu. in. air gun source and playback of drillship noise. Sound-source levels and acoustic-propagation losses were measured to permit estimation of sound exposure levels at whale-sighting positions. For the air-gun source there was a 0.5 probability that the whales would stop feeding and move away from the area when the average pulse levels reached 173 dB.
World Rice Outlook International Rice Baseline Projections, 2011-2020

This study presents a set of deterministic baseline projections for international rice. The estimates assume continuation of existing policies; current macroeconomic variables; no new World Trade Organization (WTO) trade reforms; and average weather conditions. Over the 10-year baseline period, world rice output grows at 0.83%/year with 0.74% coming from yield improvement and 0.09% coming from slight growth in area harvested. Driven solely by an annual population growth of 1.03%, global rice consumption gains 0.77% annually as global average per capita rice use declines by 0.26%. Net trade continues to grow at 2.34%/year. A combination of relatively flat consumption and slight increase in output are expected to cause long-grain rice prices to stagnate over the baseline period. Medium-grain rice prices, on the other hand, increase slightly, as trade in medium-grain remains relatively thinner than that of long-grain.
Influence of wind speed on the global variability of burned fraction: A global fire model's perspective

Understanding of fire behaviour, especially fire spread, is mostly based on local-scale observations but the same equations are applied in global models on a much coarser scale. Most model formulations include the effect of wind speed with a positive influence on fire spread. Availability of global datasets offers new possibilities to evaluate these approaches based on local-scale observations at the global scale. Here, we analyse the relation between wind speed derived from three datasets and remotely sensed burned fraction (burned area divided by grid cell area) on a climate model grid scale. The bivariate relationship between burned fraction and wind speed is characterised by an initial increase in burned fraction and a decrease in burned fraction for wind speeds higher than 2–3 ms–1. In a multivariate analysis we additionally included the effect of tree cover, precipitation or atmospheric moisture, temperature, vegetation net primary productivity and population density on burned fraction. This analysis confirmed the lack of an increase in burned fraction for high wind speeds on annual and daily time scale. From the observation-based analysis we conclude that a positive response of burned fraction for high wind speed should not be applied in coarse-scale global fire models.
The Logic of Hyperlogic. Part A: Foundations

Hyperlogic is a hyperintensional system designed to regiment metalogical claims (e.g., “Intuitionistic logic is correct” or “The law of excluded middle holds”) into the object language,includingwithinembeddedenvironmentssuchasattitudereportsandcounterfactuals. Thispaperistheﬁrstofatwo-partseriesexploringthelogicofhyperlogic.Thispartpresentsa minimallogicofhyperlogicandprovesitscompleteness. Itconsistsoftwointerdeﬁnedaxiomatic systems: one for classical consequence (truth preservation under a classical interpretation of the connectives) and one for “universal” consequence (truth preservation under any interpretation). The sequel to this paper explores stronger logics that are sound and complete over various restricted classes of models as well as languages with hyperintensional operators.
Electrical conductivity in sprite streamer channels

We study the electrical conductivity of a sprite streamer channel at three different altitudes (63 km, 70 km and 80 km). We discuss the hypothesis that the electrical conductivity stays constant along the full length of a streamer channel, contrary to expectations based on scaling laws. We then apply this hypothesis and extrapolations from a numerical electrodynamical simulation to study the air plasma kinetics after the passage of a streamer. We test two possible scenarios for the physical origin of trailing sprite emissions: a single pulse and a single pulse with a delayed re‐enhancement of the electric field up to the breakdown value. Our simulations show that VLF observations agree with persistent electric fields in the sprite that last several milliseconds and that associative detachment of O− ions may significantly affect the atmospheric conductivity in the presence of sprites.
Low- and high-relief Leduc Formation reefs; a seismic analysis

Leduc reefs have grown to widely varying heights and areal extents along the Rimbey‐Meadowbrook trend of central Alberta, resulting in significantly different seismic signatures. Three examples considered in this paper include two high‐relief or full reefs from the Leduc‐Woodbend field, an atoll and a pinnacle, each around 200 m in height but differing greatly in areal extent, about 100km2 for the atoll and 1km2 for the pinnacle. The third example, a low‐relief or basal reef from the Morinville field, is about 100 m high and 1km2 in areal extent. The Leduc‐Woodbend and Morinville reefs exhibit quite different seismic signatures. For example, 25 ms of time‐structural drape along the top of the Devonian is observed across the Leduc‐Woodbend atoll but only 15 ms across the Morinville reef. There is 30 ms of pullup at the Beaverhill Lake level beneath the Leduc‐Woodbend atoll, 15 ms for the Morinville reef. Also, it is very difficult to differentiate the Leduc reflection from the Duvernay reflection, with whi.
Magnetic forward models of Cement oil field, Oklahoma, based on rock magnetic, geochemical, and petrologic constraints

Magnetic forward models of the Cement oil field, Oklahoma, were generated to assess the possibility that ferrimagnetic pyrrhotite related to hydrocarbon seepage in the upper 1 km of Permian strata contributes to aeromagnetic anomalies at Cement. Six bodies having different magnetizations were constructed for the magnetic models, based on geology and on petrologic and geochemical results, supplemented by rock magnetic measurements of shallow‐core and outcrop samples. The column of rock through which hydrocarbons have passed is divided into three sulfide zones on the basis of pyrrhotite content, and the column is capped by a 30 m thick zone that contains ferric oxide minerals formed mainly from oxidized pyrite. Red beds unaffected by sulfidization, as well as a zone of rock depleted in hematite but lacking sulfide, surround sulfidic zones. The synthetic magnetic profiles are controlled mainly by pyrrhotite‐bearing strata at depths of 200–500 m. The magnetizations of these bodies are calculated from: (1) pet.
Simultaneous observations of the cusp in optical, DMSP and HF radar data

A favourable conjunction of HF coherent radar backscatter, meridian scanning photometer data and an overflight of the DMSP F13 spacecraft has enabled the study of the ionospheric signature of the cusp with these three important techniques simultaneously. Strong HF backscatter power, poleward‐moving red line auroral forms and latitude‐dispersed ion precipitation features are all observed to be collocated. The precipitation of ions in the 0.1–2 keV energy range is found to be very closely associated with the production of the F region irregularities detected by the HF radar.
Seismic constraints on shallow crustal emplacement processes at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise

We present the results of nine on-bottom seismic refraction experiments carried out over young East Pacific Rise crust. The experiments are unusual in that both the source and receiver are located within a few meters of the seafloor, allowing high-resolution determinations of shallow crustal structure. Three experiments were located within the axial summit caldera (ASC) over “zero-age” crust. The seismic structure at these three locations is fundamentally the same, with a thin (<60 m) surficial low-velocity (<2.5 km/s) layer, a 100 to 150-m-thick transition zone with velocities increasing by ∼2.5 km/s, and a layer with velocities of ∼5 km/s at a depth beneath the seafloor of ∼130–190 m. The surficial low-velocity layer and transition zone are defined as seismic layer 2A, and the ∼5 km/s layer is defined as the top of layer 2B. Both the surficial low-velocity layer and the transition zone double in thickness within ∼1 km of the rise axis. We model layer 2A as the extrusive sequence and transition zone and the 2A/2B boundary as the top of the sheeted dikes. The primary implication of this interpretation is that the depth to the top of the sheeted dikes deepens from ∼150 m to ∼300 m within 1 km of the ASC. The thickening of the extrusive layer is interpreted to be due to lava that either overflows the ASC walls, is emplaced through eruptions outside of the ASC, or travels laterally from the ASC through conduits. The most probable cause for the thickening of the transition zone is sill emplacement outside of the ASC, either from magma that does not reach the surface in an off-axis eruption or magma that is transported laterally during the drainage process creating the ASC. We suggest that the mechanism controlling the magnitude and rate of the dike subsidence is the mechanism that determines the thickness of the extrusive section and the total thickness of layer 2A.
Intraseasonal Kelvin waves along the southern coast of Sumatra and Java

[1] The intraseasonal sea level variations along the southern coast of Sumatra and Java are investigated using in situ data and the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimetry data. The analysis shows that there are two intraseasonal variations of distinct timescale: 20–40 days during boreal summer (JJA) and 60–90 days during boreal winter (DJF). During boreal summer the shorter time variations of the sea level along the coast of Sumatra and Java are traced back to the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO); this indicates the importance of the remotely forced equatorial Kelvin waves. During boreal winter, on the other hand, both the remote winds over the EIO and the local alongshore winds are important in explaining the longer time variations of the sea level along the coast. Further analysis indicates that these intraseasonal variations are associated with the coastal Kelvin waves with phase speed ranging from 1.5 to 2.86 m/s. A simple analytical model forced by daily wind stress confirms the above intraseasonal variations along the southern coast of Sumatra and Java.
Mixing in the western equatorial Pacific and its modulation by ENSO

High vertical resolution measurements of the flow in the western equatorial Pacific reveal the vertical shear to be dominated by flow features that have a small vertical scale (O(10 m)). This is true for all the measurements we have taken over a 3 year period and differing ENSO states. Much of the measured turbulent activity is found to be associated with these small scale features, with the suggestion that mixing in the region is heavily influenced by the presence of this small scale activity. The level of mixing within and above the thermocline is strongly modulated by ENSO events, with the level of mixing being significantly greater during the observed La Niña event. Changes to the stratification above the thermocline during ENSO events play a major role in both changes to the level of turbulent activity and the effective vertical diffusion coefficient.
Nonlinear Stress-Strain Formulation for Soils

The basic principles of hypoelasticity are used to develop an incremental theory that is capable of describing the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of soils when compacted to different densities and loaded along various axisymmetric stress paths. Specific relationships are determined from experimental data for two types of soils. The results indicate that the modulus and Poission's ratio may either increase or decrease, depending on the ratio of the principal stress increments. A computer analysis of a buried reinforced concrete pipe is compared with actual experimental measurements to illustrate application of the method.
Using multiple RADARSAT InSAR pairs to estimate a full three‐dimensional solution for glacial ice movement

Multiple SAR interferograms are used to solve for the full 3‐dimensional displacement of the surface of the Henrietta Nesmith Glacier in northern Ellesmere Island Canada. The approach exploits the incidence angle flexibility of different ascending and descending beam modes, and the azimuth angle diversity which occurs when different incidence angles are used at high latitudes. Line‐of‐sight displacements are estimated in 3 different orientations from the terrain corrected unwrapped differential phase and used to solve for the displacements in a local East, North, Up frame. Uncertainty in the absolute line‐of‐sight displacements limits the absolute accuracy for vertical displacement, however the relative solution coupled with knowledge of the surface slope allows spaceborne mapping of relative glacier thickening or thinning with unprecedented spatial resolution and with an accuracy of order a millimeter per day.
Tutorial: describing software architecture with UML

The presence of a solid architectural vision is a key discriminator in the success or failure of a software project. This paper examines what software architecture is and what it is not. It discusses and illustrates how to describe architecture through a set of design viewpoints and views and how to express these views in the UML, in the spirit of the new IEEE Standard 1471:2000: Recommended practice for architectural description. The paper shows of how architectures drive the development process and how to capture architectural design patterns using the UML. It is illustrated by several widely applicable architectural patterns in different domain.
Marine wildlife tourism: education and conservation benefits

Marine wildlife tourism can provide a range of education and conservation benefits for visitors. These benefits derive from close personal encounters with marine wildlife and visitor leaming about marine species and ocean environments. There has been limited assessment of marine wildlife tourism experiences and educational programs to identify whether these increase tourist knowledge, promoting attitudinal shifts and also lifestyle changes that aid marine conservation and help to conserve marine wildlife. The on-site and longer-term conservation intentions, or behaviours, of visitors that benefit marine wildlife and environments have also been little evaluated. This paper reviews the education and conservation benefits of marine wildlife experiences in Australia using Oram's (1999) framework of indicators to manage marine tourism. The key indicator for tourists assessed in this paper is behaviour/lifestyle change that benefits marine species, along with three indicators of conservation outcomes for marine environments. Information is drawn from selected case studies of research on guided tourist encounters with whales, dolphins and marine turtles from 1996 to 2007, mainly in Australia. This analysis found tourist learning during mediated encounters with marine wildlife contributes to pro-environmental attitudes and improved on-site behaviour changes, with some longer-term intentions to engage in conservation actions that benefit marine species.
Shale-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter as a Substrate for Subsurface Methanogenic Communities in the Antrim Shale, Michigan Basin, Usa

SHALE-DERIVED DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER AS A SUBSTRATE FOR SUBSURFACE METHANOGENIC COMMUNITIES IN THE ANTRIM SHALE, MICHIGAN BASIN, USA FEBRUARY 2008 ROGER HUANG, B.A., AMHERST COLLEGE M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Steven T. Petsch The microbial origin of methane produced from sedimentary basins is a subject of great interest, with implications for the global cycling of carbon as well as natural gas exploration. Despite the growing body of research in sedimentary basin methanogenesis, few studies have sought to understand the subsurface microbial communities that produce methane, the metabolic pathways involved in the decomposition of ancient organic matter, or the components of ancient organic matter that are consumed. This research examined shale-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a potential substrate to support a subsurface methanogenic community in a known microbial shale gas reserve, the Antrim Shale in the Michigan Basin, USA. Experiments were conducted that enriched fermentative and sulfate-reducing microbial communities from Antrim Shale formation waters. Additionally, 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize shale-derived DOM solutions before and after they were used as growth media for fermentative and sulfate-reducing microbial communities, and to characterize the DOM of the Antrim Shale formation waters.
Sulfates hydrating bulk soil in the Martian low and middle latitudes

The evidence for sulfate‐bearing strata, across Late‐Noachian to Amazonian eons, suggests a central role for sulfates in acidity and salinity of Martian paleofluids and the planet's habitability. However, details remain unclear owing to shallow sampling and the limited ability of visible/near‐infrared spectroscopy to distinguish among some sulfates. Using chemical data from the Mars Odyssey gamma ray spectrometer, including the sulfur map of Mars, we confirm the possibility of hydrous sulfates acting as key hydrates throughout the southern midlatitudinal soil at decimeter depths. An H2O:S molar ratio between 2.4 and 4.0 for 80% of the midlatitudes is also consistent with hydrous sulfate phases, including the many Fe sulfates hydrated in this range or mixtures of Ca and Mg sulfates. Nevertheless, hydrous Fe sulfates could explain our observations in a simpler manner relative to Ca/Mg mixtures. Furthermore, phyllosilicates, zeolites, amorphous phases, and H2O(s) do not seem to be strong candidates to explain the H‐S variations. Consequently, we speculate that sulfates, as the primary contributor of H2O in bulk soil, may influence modern aqueous processes including warm‐season slope lineae in the southern hemisphere.
The Many Phases of Phenology : Geographic and Inter-Specific Differences in Phenological Between-Year Variation

As climate-driven changes in phenology are becoming more apparent, the need to quantify these changes is increasing. An important challenge in detecting phenological changes is that between-year variation in phenology is large. Between-year variation determines the statistical power of comparisons between contemporary and historical observations. For 44 plant species with different distributions across Sweden, geographicand inter-specific differences in between-year variation in different phenophases (budburst, flowering, ripe fruits, and leaf fall) was studied. I also modeled and evaluated theresponse of bud burst, and flowering, to temperature using three different temperature sum models over a latitudinal gradient. The data used was a sub-sample from a dataset collected by a Swedish nation-wide phenology network between 1873-1917. In agreement with previous studies, I show that early spring phases have a higher variability than phases occurring later in the season. However, the relation between onset and variation was not monotonically decreasing. In the geographical analyses, a unimodal relation between between-year variation and latitude was found, that is, the between-year variation decreased along the latitudinal gradient for early- and late season events, while it increased over latitude for summer events. These patterns are, to a great extent, reflections of patterns in air temperatures which is discussed using meteorological data from adjacent climate stations. Models were evaluated using Akaike's Information Criterion, and in 60% of all fits, the Spring warming CF2 model (SWCF2; the model with the least number of parameters) was selected as the best model to describe the data. For Sorbus aucuparia bud burst, in the two parameter model SWCF2, both parameters (threshold temperature andtemperature sum) correlated with latitude. However, future analysis using more locations and a wider span of species will be needed to understand the generality in these findings. In conclusion, future efforts to detect and quantify phenological changes need to consider differences in between-year phenological variability along geographical gradients and among species with different phenology.
Mechanisms of fast flow in Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland: Part II. Modeling of englacial temperatures

Abstract A model for the calculation of two-dimensional temperature fields is described and applied along the central flowline of Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland, and along a flowline through the adjacent ice sheet. The model calculates the velocity-depth distribution based on Glen’s flow law and subject to the condition that the calculated velocities agree with the measured surface velocity and the estimated sliding velocity. The model allows for two-dimensional conduction and advection, for deformational energy dissipation and for the development of a basal layer of temperate ice. The results of modeling are compared to the englacial temperatures measured in boreholes reaching a depth of 1550 m which corresponds to 60% of the total depth at the center line. While there is a good agreement of the measured and modeled minimum temperatures, the shape of the temperature—depth profiles is quite different. We attribute this difference in shape to a characteristic three-dimensional ice deformation taking place in the convergent sub-surface channel of the actual ice stream. The model does not account for this three-dimensional effect. Adjustment of the modeled central temperature profile, so that its shape matches that of the measured profile, leads to an increase of thickness of the temperate basal layer by about 30%. Hence, the predicted temperate basal layer in the ice stream is likely to be about 300 m thick while the two-dimensional model suggests about 230 m. Such a thickening of the temperate basal layer by three-dimensional ice deformation may be an important mechanism of fast ice-stream flow.