Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dust/gas correlations from Herschel observations

Context. Previous Spitzer and IRAS observations of the LMC suggest an excess of FIR emission with respect to the gas surface density traced by ^(12)CO rotational emission lines and H_I 21 cm emission. This so-called “FIR excess” is especially noticeable near molecular clouds in the LMC, and has usually been interpreted as indicating the presence of a self-shielded H_2 component not traced by CO in the envelopes of molecular clouds. Aims. Based on Herschel HERITAGE observations taken as part of the science demonstration phase, we examine the correlation between gas and dust surface densities at higher resolution than previously achieved. We consider three additional possible causes for the FIR excess: X factor, FIR dust emissivity, and gas-to-dust ratio variations between the diffuse and dense phases of the ISM. Methods. We examine the structure of NT80 and NT71, two molecular clouds detected in the NANTEN ^(12)CO survey of the LMC. Dust surface density maps were derived from the HERITAGE data. The gas phase is traced by MAGMA ^(12)CO and ATCA+Parkes H_I 21 cm observations of the LMC. These data provide unprecedented resolution (1') to examine the structure of molecular clouds. The dust emissivity, gas-to-dust ratio, and X factor required to match the dust and gas surface densities are derived, and their correlations with the dust surface density are examined. Results. We show that the dust surface density is spatially correlated with the atomic and molecular gas phases. The dust temperature is consistently lower in the dense phase of the ISM than in the diffuse phase. We confirm variations in the ratio of FIR emission to gas surface density derived from H_I and CO observations. There is an excess of FIR emission, spatially correlated with regions of intermediate H_I and dust surface densities (A_V = 1−2), and little or no CO.While there is no significant trend in the dust emissivity or gas-to-dust ratio with dust surface density, the X factor is enhanced at A_V = 1−2. We conclude that H_2 envelopes not traced by CO and X factor variations close to the CO boundary may be more likely to cause these deviations between FIR emission and gas surface density than gas-to-dust ratio or emissivity variations.
Youth Empowerment: The Key Solution to Nigerian Security Challenges

There is no doubt that fact that insecurity has been one of the major concerns to both past and present governments in Nigeria. This is as a result of the Nigerian history and development challenges that have been continuously rooted in conflicts and instability. Various governments have made several efforts aimed at addressing the situation ranging from the creation of various security agencies and several reforms of the existing ones as well as various forms of youth empowerment, yet the security challenges continued. Therefore, the objective of this study is to find out if the rate of unemployment and lack of youth empowerment in the country especially in the Federal Capital Territory is the reason why the country has continued to remain unsafe for the citizens. The study was anchored on human security theory as its point of departure while quantitative research design which made use of the survey method was employed to accomplish the purpose of the study. The data for the study were generated through structured questionnaire items and focus group discussions. 400 respondents were purposively selected from the study area. Three points Likert-type scale was employed in data collection and to measure the magnitude of the responses. Data collected were analyzed using percentages. The findings show that youth unemployment and lack of empowerment as well as the character of the Nigerian state are the major causes of insecurity in Nigeria. It equally shows that the government has not made serious efforts to address the unemployment rate and acquisition of skills, especially for the youths. The paper, therefore, recommends among others that governments at all levels should empower the youths a productive and skills manpower development as a security measure. Also, the government should empower the youth through a soft loan to enable them to start some businesses of their own, while the government continues to monitor the beneficiaries, offering them advice and guidance where necessary. Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.
An Active Externalism about Personality

People display recognizably characteristic behavioral patterns across time and situations, with a given degree of regularity. These patterns may justify the attribution of personality traits. It is arguably the commonsense view that the proper explanation of these behavioral regularities is given by intrinsic properties of the agent’s psychology. In this paper, I argue for an externalistic view of the causal basis of personal-ity-characteristic behaviors. According to the externalistic view, the relevant behavioral regularities are better understood as the result of a systematic interaction between features internal to the agent and environmental-situational factors. Moreover, if the premise is granted that people are typically able to exercise a certain degree of control over the environmental-situational conditions they find themselves in, the resulting picture is of active sort of externalism, as people may at times engage in selection and manipulation of environmental-situational conditions as a way of managing their own behavioral tendencies
The correspondence between convergence peaks from weak lensing and massive dark matter haloes

The convergence peaks, constructed from galaxy shape measurement in weak lensing, is a powerful probe of cosmology as the peaks can be connected with the underlined dark matter haloes. However the capability of convergence peak statistic is affected by the noise in galaxy shape measurement, signal to noise ratio as well as the contribution from the projected mass distribution from the large-scale structures along the line of sight (LOS). In this paper we use the ray-tracing simulation on a curved sky to investigate the correspondence between the convergence peak and the dark matter haloes at the LOS. We find that, in case of no noise and for source galaxies at $z_{\rm s}=1$, more than $65\%$ peaks with $\text{SNR} \geq 3$ (signal to noise ratio) are related to more than one massive haloes with mass larger than $10^{13} {\rm M}_{\odot}$. Those massive haloes contribute $87.2\%$ to high peaks ($\text{SNR} \geq 5$) with the remaining contributions are from the large-scale structures. On the other hand, the peaks distribution is skewed by the noise in galaxy shape measurement, especially for lower SNR peaks. In the noisy field where the shape noise is modelled as a Gaussian distribution, about $60\%$ high peaks ($\text{SNR} \geq 5$) are true peaks and the fraction decreases to $20\%$ for lower peaks ($ 3 \leq \text{SNR} < 5$). Furthermore, we find that high peaks ($\text{SNR} \geq 5$) are dominated by very massive haloes larger than $10^{14} {\rm M}_{\odot}$.
AP Theory IV: Intrinsic Topological Quantum Langlands Theory

Without using any moduli, sheaves, stacks, nor any analytic, nor category-type arguments, we exhibit an analogue to Geometric Langlands Theory in an entirely model-independent, non-perturbative,purely smooth topological context in Artin Presentation Theory. A basic initial feature is that AP Theory, as a whole, is already, ab initio, a universal canonical 2D sigma-model, targeting smooth, compact, simply-connected 4-manifolds with a connected boundary, and its topological Planckian quantum starting point, as well as its cone-like, infinitely-generated at each stage, graded group of homology-preserving, but topology-changing transitions/interactions, exhibit the most general qualitative S-duality. We first point out the numerous mathematically rigorous, model-free, (i.e., intrinsic), topological AP analogues with the heuristic Kapustin-Witten version of Geometric Langlands theory, as well as the crucial differences between the two theories. The latter have to exist since AP Theory deals, a priori, essentially only with discrete group-theoretic presentation theory, not Lie group representation theory, not with category nor moduli theory, does not need classical SUSY, nor Feynman integrals, lattice models, etc., and furthermore is model-independent and characteristic of real dimension four. It will become clear that AP Langlands theory is a model-independent, cone-like, graded, compact completion and topological 'envelope' of 4D N=4 SUSY YM theory, their starting point, anchored, kept in place, so to speak, by a purely discrete group-theoretic analogue of Donaldson/Seiberg-Witten theory. Due to its discrete group-theoretic conceptual simplicity and universality, the AP Langlands program should also be considered to be a new type of intrinsic model-free symmetry, a universal Erlanger Program for Modern Physics.
Research on Radiated Immunity Test Methods for ADAS Functions Considering Vehicle In-the-Loop

: The radiated immunity of passenger cars and commercial vehicles is validated using electromagnetic interference from off-vehicle radiation sources in an anechoic chamber according to the procedure in ISO 11451-2. Common electrical or electronic vehicle systems, including dual ﬂash, monitors, and entertainment systems, must be validated using a standardized immunity evaluation procedure. However, Automated Driver Assistance System (ADAS) functions often lack veriﬁcation in complex electromagnetic ﬁelds, which might create potential risk due to electromagnetic compatibility problems. For example, radar and camera sensors based on autonomous emergency braking (AEB), adaptive cruise control (ACC), or lane departure warning (LDW) functions may be ineffective in the real world if subjected to electromagnetic interference. This paper presents a new methodology to evaluate vehicle immunity performance based on the main ADAS functions. A target simulator and a virtual driving environment are designed to trigger AEB, ACC, and LDW functions in an anechoic chamber. Moreover, the vehicle In-the-Loop (VHIL) conception is also applied by acquiring and analyzing key ADAS-related signals. The reliability of ADAS functions at the whole-vehicle level can be evaluated and improved using standardized external radiation sources. VHIL-based test setup used to validate ADAS radiation immunity in an anechoic chamber. Typical radiated sources were used, including a signal generator, a high-power ampliﬁer, and an immunity antenna to simulate an electromagnetic environment. The Vehicle Under Test (VUT) was mounted on a dynamometer that simulates a road. Here, a millimeter wave radar simulator with a 76–81 GHz band was used to simulate an artiﬁcial target, and the simulator moving on a rail was used to simulate a mobile target. Considering the complex electromagnetic environment, all the signal channels need to adopt an optical-ﬁber system given the high-strength electromagnetic ﬁeld. Using a controlled sliding rail, target transverse velocity can be simulated.
Recent progress on Bernoulli convolutions

The Bernoulli convolution with parameter $\lambda\in(0,1)$ is the measure on $\bf R$ that is the distribution of the random power series $\sum\pm\lambda^n$, where $\pm$ are independent fair coin-tosses. This paper surveys recent progress on our understanding of the regularity properties of these measures.
Insulin Requirement for Gestational Diabetes Control Is Related to Higher Vitamin D Levels up to 1 Year Postpartum: A Prospective Cohort Study

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in pregnant women and has been related to a higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of this study is to analyze vitamin D status evolution in a population of pregnant women with and without GDM. Two-hundred women were included from January 2019 to February 2022 as follows: Control group -CG-, Lifestyle group -LG- (GDM not requiring insulin), and Insulin group -IG- (GDM requiring insulin). Visits were carried out at baseline, antenatal, postpartum, and 1 year after birth. Vitamin D levels, weight, and insulin resistance were measured at every visit. Data about the season, vitamin D supplementation, Mediterranean diet adherence, and physical activity were included. In the three groups, 134 women were included in the CG, 43 in the LG, and 23 in the IG. Vitamin D levels were similar among the groups at baseline, but they were significantly higher in the LG and IG in comparison with the CG at the antenatal visit and significantly higher in the IG vs. CG and LG at the postpartum and 1 year after birth visits. Vitamin D levels were independently related to vitamin D supplementation and the season at baseline, to the season and belonging to the LG or IG at the antenatal visit, and were only independently associated with belonging to the IG at postpartum and 1 year after birth visits. In conclusion, in our population, women with GDM requiring insulin had higher levels of vitamin D in comparison with those not requiring insulin and healthy controls at postpartum and 1 year after pregnancy. Requiring insulin during pregnancy seems to be a factor that independently determines the levels of vitamin D until 1 year after birth. More studies are required to reproduce these data in other populations and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these findings.
First CO(17-16) emission line detected in a z > 6 quasar

We report the serendipitous detection of the CO(17–16) emission line toward the quasar SDSSJ114816.64+525150.3 (J1148) at redshift z ≃ 6.4 obtained with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer. The CO(17–16) line is possibly contaminated by OH + emission, that may account for ∼ 35 − 60% of the total flux observed. PhotoDissociation and X-ray Dominated Regions (PDRs and XDRs) models show that PDRs alone cannot reproduce the high luminosity of the CO(17-16) line relative to lowJ CO transitions and that XDRs are required. By adopting a composite PDR+XDR model we derive molecular cloud and radiation field properties in the nuclear region of J1148. Our results show that highly excited CO lines represent a sensitive and possibly unique tool to infer the presence of X-ray faint or obscured supermassive black hole progenitors in high-z galaxies.
Information-Flow Matting

We present a novel, purely affinity-based natural image matting algorithm. Our method relies on carefully defined pixel-to-pixel connections that enable effective use of information available in the image. We control the information flow from the known-opacity regions into the unknown region, as well as within the unknown region itself, by utilizing multiple definitions of pixel affinities. Among other forms of information flow, we introduce color-mixture flow, which builds upon local linear embedding and effectively encapsulates the relation between different pixel opacities. Our resulting novel linear system formulation can be solved in closed-form and is robust against several fundamental challenges of natural matting such as holes and remote intricate structures. While our method is primarily designed as a standalone matting tool, we show that it can also be used for regularizing mattes obtained by sampling-based methods. The formulation is also extended to layer color estimation and we show that the use of multiple channels of flow increases the layer color quality. We also demonstrate our performance in green-screen keying and analyze the characteristics of the utilized affinities.
Nesting and lifetime effects in the FFLO state of quasi-one-dimensional imbalanced Fermi gases

Motivated by the recent experimental realization of a candidate to the Fulde–Ferrell (FF) and the Larkin–Ovchinnikov (LO) states in one-dimensional (1D) atomic Fermi gases, we study the quantum phase transitions in these enigmatic, finite-momentum-paired superfluids. We focus on the FF state and investigate the effects of the induced interaction on the stability of the FFLO phase in homogeneous spin-imbalanced quasi-1D Fermi gases at zero temperature. When this is taken into account, we find a direct transition from the fully polarized to the FFLO state in agreement with exact solutions. Also, we consider the effect of a finite lifetime of the quasi-particle states in the normal-superfluid instability. In the limit of long lifetimes, the lifetime effect is irrelevant and the transition is directly from the fully polarized to the FFLO state. We show, however, that for sufficiently short lifetimes, there is a quantum critical point, at a finite value of the mismatch of the Fermi wave-vectors of the different quasi-particles, that we fully characterize. In this case, the transition is from the FFLO phase to a normal partially polarized state with increasing mismatch.
Deriving Z[J] from the time evolution operator

An important quantity in quantum field theory is the vacuum-to-vacuum transition amplitude in the presence of an external source. This quantity is often designated by Z[J] and is the generator for the n-point Greens functions. In textbooks Z[J] is often derived using a path integral formulation, however it will be shown here that it is possible to derive Z[J] directly from the time evolution operator without using the path integral formulation.
Brane-antibrane backreaction in axion monodromy inflation

We calculate the interaction potential between D5 and 5 branes wrapping distant but homologous 2-cycles. The interaction potential is logarithmic in the separation radius and does not decouple at infinity. We show that logarithmic backreaction is generic for 5-branes wrapping distant but homologous 2-cycles, and we argue that this destabilises models of axion monodromy inflation involving NS5 brane-antibrane pairs in separate warped throats towards an uncontrolled region.
The Parsec-Scale Jets of the TeV Blazars H1426+428, 1ES 1959+650, and PKS 2155–304: 2001-2004

We present Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of the TeV blazars H1426+428, 1ES 1959+650, and PKS 2155–304 obtained during the years 2001-2004. We observed H1426+428 at four epochs at 8 GHz and found that its parsec-scale structure consisted of a ~17 mJy core and a single ~3 mJy jet component with an apparent speed of 2.09c ± 0.53c. The blazar 1ES 1959+650 was observed at three epochs at frequencies of 15 and 22 GHz. Spectral index information from these dual-frequency observations was used to definitively identify the core of the parsec-scale structure. PKS 2155–304 was observed at a single epoch at 15 GHz with dual-circular polarization, and we present the first VLBI polarimetry image of this source. For 1ES 1959+650 and PKS 2155–304, the current observations are combined with the VLBA observations from our earlier paper to yield improved apparent speed measurements for these sources with greatly reduced measurement errors. The new apparent speed measured for component C2 in 1ES 1959+650 is 0.00c ± 0.04c (stationary), and the new apparent speed measured for component C1 in PKS 2155–304 is 0.93c ± 0.31c. We combine the new apparent speed measurements from this paper with the apparent speeds measured in TeV blazar jets from our earlier papers to form a current set of apparent speed measurements in TeV high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects (HBLs). The mean peak apparent pattern speed in the jets of the TeV HBLs is about 1c. We conclude the paper with a detailed discussion of the interpretation of the collected VLBA data on TeV blazars in the context of current theoretical models for the parsec-scale structure of TeV blazar jets.
Axionic superconductivity in three-dimensional doped narrow-gap semiconductors

We consider the competition between the conventional s-wave and the triplet Balian-Werthamer or the B-phase pairings in the doped three dimensional narrow gap semiconductors, such as $\mathrm{Cu}_x\mathrm{Bi}_2\mathrm{Se}_3$ and $\mathrm{Sn}_{1-x}\mathrm{In}_x\mathrm{Te}$. When the coupling constants of the two contending channels are comparable, we find a simultaneously time-reversal and parity violating $p + is$ state at low temperatures, which provides an example of dynamic axionic state of matter. In contradistinction to the time-reversal invariant, topological B-phase, the $p + is$ state possesses gapped Majorana fermions as the surface Andreev bound states, which give rise to an anomalous surface thermal Hall effect. The anomalous gravitational and electrodynamic responses of the $p+is$ state can be described by the $\theta$ vacuum structure, where $\theta \neq 0$ or $\pi$.
Ecologically relevant moisture and temperature metrics for assessing dryland ecosystem dynamics

In drylands, water‐limited regions that cover ~40% of the global land surface, ecosystems are primarily controlled by access to soil moisture and exposure to simultaneously hot and dry conditions. Quantifying ecologically relevant environmental metrics is difficult in drylands because the response of vegetation to moisture and temperature conditions is not easily explained solely by climate‐based metrics. To address this knowledge gap, we developed and examined 27 climate and ecological drought metrics across dryland areas of the western United States. Included in the 27 metrics is a suite of 19 largely new “ecological drought metrics” that are designed to quantify multiple aspects of environmental limitation in drylands, including overall growing conditions, seasonal fluctuations, seasonal moisture timing, exposure to extreme drought and recruitment potential for perennial plants. To quantify these metrics, we simulated water balance pools and fluxes of daily soil moisture at multiple depths with historical weather from 1970 to 2010 using the SOILWAT2 ecosystem water balance model. We assessed the relationships among these metrics and their spatial and temporal patterns. We found that the inclusion of ecological drought metrics substantially increased the dimensionality of the climate metrics dataset; the number of independent variables needed to explain 90% of the variance in the dataset increased with the addition of ecological drought metrics. Spatial patterns in overall growing conditions represented well‐known differences among ecoregions, for example, high temperatures and low precipitation in the southwest and cool temperatures and greater precipitation in the northeast. Seasonal fluctuation in soil water availability (SWA) was greatest in the southwest (Mojave Desert), whereas fluctuation in climatic water deficit (CWD) was greatest in the northwest (northern Great Basin and Columbia Plateau). Seasonal timing of moisture also differed among metrics; the timing of wet degree days (WDD), the timing of SWA and the timing of CWD were only weakly related to seasonal timing of precipitation. Plant recruitment metrics varied strongly across western drylands. In the Great Plains, recruitment events occurred more frequently and lasted longer than in the intermountain regions, where recruitment events were comparatively rare and short. These ecological drought metrics provide new insight into patterns of soil moisture and temperature that shape the structure and function of dryland ecosystems. The metrics will be useful for assessing the potential impact of climate change on dryland ecosystems and developing adaptive resource management strategies to sustain dryland ecosystem services in a changing world.