Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Thermal Imaging Flame-Detection Model for Firefighting Robot Based on YOLOv4-F Model

Fire robots are an effective way to save lives from fire, but their limited detection accuracy has greatly hampered their practical applications in complicated fire conditions. This study therefore proposes an advanced thermal imaging flame detection model of YOLOv4-F based on YOLOv4-tiny. We replaced the Leaky ReLU activation function with the Mish activation function in the YOLOV4-tiny feature extraction network. A Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) was also added to increase the receiving range of the feature extraction network. To improve the feature fusion efficiency between multi-scale feature layers, a Path Aggregation Network (PANet) was adopted to replace the YOLOv4-tiny Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) with full use of feature information; a high-quality dataset containing 14,757 thermal imaging flame images was built according to the PASCAL VOC 2007 dataset standard. The results show that, when compared to the YOLOv4-tiny, YOLOv5-s, and YOLOv7-tiny models, the average detection accuracy of the proposed YOLOv4-F model is 5.75% higher, the average mAP of the five IOU cases rises by 7.02%, and the average detection confidence of three scaled flames shows a 18.09% gain. The proposed YOLOV4-F meets the requirements of fire robots on real-time responses and accurate flame detection, offering an important tool to improve the performance of the current fire robots.
Between Racism and Universalism

This paper explores two central poles of Rudolf Steiner’s thought: racial/ethnic hierarchy (primitive/degenerate/earthly vs. advanced/sophisticated/spiritual) and universalism (of the “I” and the eventual disappearance of racial and ethnic differentiations in the future). The relationship between these two poles has been fiercely debated by scholars, anthroposophists, and lay people over the past twenty years. In contrast to previous studies on Steiner’s rac(ial)ism that have focused on how it can be contextualized within the philosophy, sciences, and Theosophy of his day and followed its manifestations in different stages of his life, this article takes an internalist approach, examining how Steiner’s racial doctrine is integral to his teachings as a whole. Demonstrating that the ostensible dichotomy between the two poles on the conceptual plane is false, the article also points to the two incongruous and irreconcilable aspects of Steiner’s personality: while taking a strong stand against racism he also disseminated extremist racial views.
Elementary excitations in quantum crystals

The character of the motion in solid helium of two point defects located at a distance considerably smaller than the range of the interaction but greater than the interatomic spacing is investigated. The defects are found to be bound by the interaction potential. Depending on the magnitude of the mutual spacing and the arrangement of the defects with respect to the crystallographic axes, four cases are possible: 1) The defects perform three-dimensional diffusional motion, 2) they are practically stationary, 3) they perform twodimensional diffusional motion in the basal plane of the crystal, 4) the pair of defects behaves as one twodimensional quasiparticle, moving as a free particle but only in the basal plane. It is shown that kinks in dislocations in the quantum crystal are transformed into free one-dimensional quasiparticles. Their quantum-mechanical delocalization leads to the delocalization of dislocations with kinks in the slip plane. An estimate of the diffusion coefficients of the kinks at low temperatures is given.
Effects of pump depletion on spatial and spectral properties of parametric down-conversion

It is well known that optical twin-beam states (TWB) generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (PDC) exhibit spatial and spectral correlations, which can appear in single-shot images obtained by using an imaging spectrometer to resolve emission angles and wavelengths simultaneously. By analyzing series of single-shot images recorded by an EMCCD camera at different powers of the pump beam, we studied the evolution of several quantities characterizing the generated TWB. In particular, we demonstrated that correlation widths in spectrum and space increase monotonically at low pump powers and then start decreasing at higher powers due to the onset of pump depletion. In a complementary way, the Fedorov ratio decreases and then increases again. At the same time, the number of modes evaluated from photon statistics follows a complementary behavior to correlation widths that can be interpreted in terms of the evolution of the number of Schmidt modes in the field.
A Blind Test of Photometric Redshift Prediction

Results of a blind test of photometric redshift predictions against spectroscopic galaxy redshifts obtained in the Hubble Deep Field with the Keck Telescope are presented. The best photometric redshift schemes predict spectroscopic redshifts with a redshift accuracy of Δz < 0.1 for more than 68% of sources and with Δz < 0.3 for 100%, when single-feature spectroscopic redshifts are removed from consideration. This test shows that photometric redshift schemes work well, at least when the photometric data are of high quality and when the sources are at moderate redshifts.
Potential Access to Emergency General Surgical Care in Ontario

Limited access to timely emergency general surgery (EGS) care is a probable driver of increased mortality and morbidity. Our objective was to estimate the portion of the Ontario population with potential access to 24/7 EGS care. Geographic information system-based network-analysis was used to model 15-, 30-, 45-, 60-, and 90-min land transport catchment areas for hospitals providing EGS care, 24/7 emergency department (ED) access, and/or 24/7 operating room (OR) access. The capabilities of hospitals to provide each service were derived from a prior survey. Population counts were based on 2016 census blocks, and the 2019 road network for Ontario was used to determine speed limits and driving restrictions. Ninety-six percent of the Ontario population (n = 12,933,892) lived within 30-min’s driving time to a hospital that provides any EGS care. The availability of 24/7 EDs was somewhat more limited, with 95% (n = 12,821,747) having potential access at 30-min. Potential access to all factors, including 24/7 ORs, was only possible for 93% (n = 12,471,908) of people at 30-min. Populations with potential access were tightly clustered around metropolitan centers. Supplementation of 24/7 OR capabilities, particularly in centers with existing 24/7 ED infrastructure, is most likely to improve access without the need for new hospitals.
Using the Global Tree Assessment at Multiple Scales of Planning and Action

The interlinked biodiversity crisis and challenge of global climate change cannot be addressed without the management of tree species. It is crucial that we use the information now available as a result of the Global Tree Assessment to manage, conserve and restore threatened tree species and tree diversity. With over 17,500 tree species now known to be threatened with extinction, well-planned actions need to be urgently identified and implemented that target multiple species. In this review, we highlight approaches that coordinate and mobilise multi-species conservation at the taxonomic, national, regional and global levels. Only through a considerable scaling up of planning and action will we prevent the extinction of both trees and the associated plants, animals and fungi that depend on them, sustain livelihoods and ensure the ecological health of the planet.
Are quantum `irreality' and `nonlocality' ineluctable?

The early history of the development of Quantum Mechanics is surveyed to discern the arguments leading to the introduction of the notions of `irreal' wave functions and `nonlocal' correlations. It is argued that the assumption that Quantum Mechanics is `complete', i.e., not just a variant of Statistical Mechanics, is the feature compelling the introduction of these otherwise problematic properties. Additionally, a consequence of the error first found by Jaynes in proofs of Bell's ``theorem'', is illustrated. Finally, speculation on the practical consequences of recognising that ``entanglement'' is a feature of all hyperbolic differential equations is proposed.
Evaluation of Breast Cancer Incidence Trends in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan

Background: The study conducted a component analysis of the dynamics of the incidence of breast cancer (BC) in Karaganda region. Methods: Primary data were for registered patients with BC (ICD 10–C50) in Kazakhstan, Karaganda region the period of 2009–2018. Evaluation of changes in BC incidence in the population of Karaganda was performed using component analysis according to the methodological recommendations. Results: Overall, 4,391 new cases of BC and 1,202 deaths were recorded. The incidence rate increased from 44.4 (2009) to 72.7 in 2018 and the overall growth was 28.37 per 100,000 population of female, including due to the age structure – ∑ΔA=3.13, due to the risk of acquiring illness – ∑ΔR=22.69 and their combined effect – ∑ΔRA=2.56. The component analysis revealed that the increase in the number of patients with BC was mainly due to the growth of the population (ΔP=+3.7%), changes in its age structure (ΔA=+10.3%) and changes associated with the risk of acquiring illness (ΔR=+75.0%). The mortality rate in the region changed from 18.6 (2009) to 10.9 (2018) and tended to decrease. Conclusion: The role of the influence of demographic factors and the risk of acquiring illness on the formation of the number of patients and the incidence of BC was evaluated. In this region, these indicators were the highest. The implementation of the results of this study is recommended in management of anticancer activities for BC.
Vortices in a trapped dilute Bose-Einstein condensate

We review the theory of vortices in trapped dilute Bose-Einstein condensates and compare theoretical predictions with existing experiments. Mean-field theory based on the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation describes the main features of the vortex states, and its predictions agree well with available experimental results. We discuss various properties of a single vortex, including its structure, energy, dynamics, normal modes, and stability, as well as vortex arrays. When the nonuniform condensate contains a vortex, the excitation spectrum includes unstable (`anomalous') mode(s) with negative frequency. Trap rotation shifts the normal-mode frequencies and can stabilize the vortex. We consider the effect of thermal quasiparticles on vortex normal modes as well as possible mechanisms for vortex dissipation. Vortex states in mixtures and spinor condensates are also discussed.
Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects through Modulating Microbiota, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Immune Activities

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) can induce remission in patients with pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD). This study aims to depict EEN’s modification of bile acid (BA) metabolism in pediatric CD and explores the effect of the EEN-enriched BA in inhibiting the inflammatory response. The twelve enrolled pediatric CD patients showed BA dysmetabolism, represented by decreased levels of fecal secondary and unconjugated BAs as determined by UPLC–TQMS, which were accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis and reduced BA-metabolizing bacteria including Eubacterium and Ruminococcus genera, assessed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. EEN treatment induced remission in these patients at eight weeks, and nine patients remained in stable remission for longer than 48 weeks. EEN improved BA dysmetabolism, with some enriched BAs, including hyocholic acid (HCA), α-muricholic acid (αMCA), strongly associated with decreased severity of CD symptoms. These BAs were significantly correlated with the increased abundance of certain bacteria, including Clostridium innocuum and Hungatella hathewayi, which express 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5β-reductase. HCA could suppress TNF-α production by CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CD patients. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of HCA could attenuate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis. Our data suggests that BA modification may contribute to the EEN-induced remission of pediatric CD.
A Deterministic Inventory System with Weibull Distribution Deterioration and Ramp Type Demand Rate

A continuous order-level inventory model is developed for deteriorating items with a ramp type demand function of time. A two parameter Weibull distribution is taken to represent the time to deterioration. The model is solved analytically by enumerating two possible shortage models to obtain the optimal solution of the problem. The method is illustrated by two numerical examples and sensitivity analysis of the optimal solutions with respect to the parameters of the system are carried out.
Algebraic Properties of Toeplitz operators.

Let μ be normalized Lebesgue measure on the Borel sets of the unit circle in the complex plane. If en(z) = z for | z \ = l and n = 0, ± l, ± 2, . , then the bounded measurable functions en constitute an orthonormal basis for £ = g (μ). It will be convenient to say that a function / in S (or possibly even in S) is analytic if all its Fourier coefficients with negative index vanish, i. e. , if f ίβηάμ = 0 for n = — l, — 2, — 3, . ; the eomplex conjugate of an analytic function will be called co-analytic. The analytic functions in S constitute (by definition) the class ,f); the class φ consists (by definition) of the corresponding complex conjugates.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Laser-induced continuum structure in helium: ab initio non-perturbative calculations

We present the results of non-perturbative, R-matrix Floquet calculations of laser-induced continuum structures (LICS) in helium. We consider the case in which a Nd:YAG laser is used to embed the 1s4s Rydberg state in the continuum. The resulting modification of the photoionization rate of the 1s2s state is then calculated. This LICS has been studied recently by Halfmann et al (1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 R46) and good agreement with their experimental and theoretical findings is obtained. We also investigate the effects of incoherent channels due to higher-order multiphoton processes and LICS involving the 1s4d state. The validity of the simple two-level models that are frequently used for modelling LICS is tested by comparing these results with R-matrix Floquet calculations.
Physical pictures of transport in heterogeneous media: Advection‐dispersion, random‐walk, and fractional derivative formulations

The basic conceptual picture and theoretical basis for development of transport equations in porous media are examined. The general form of the governing equations is derived for conservative chemical transport in heterogeneous geological formations for single realizations and for ensemble averages of the domain. The application of these transport equations is focused on accounting for the appearance of non‐Fickian (anomalous) transport behavior. The general ensemble‐averaged transport equation is shown to be equivalent to a continuous time random walk (CTRW) and reduces to the conventional forms of the advection‐dispersion equation (ADE) under highly restrictive conditions. Fractional derivative formulations of the transport equations, both temporal and spatial, emerge as special cases of the CTRW. In particular, the use in this context of Lévy flights is critically examined. In order to determine chemical transport in field‐scale situations, the CTRW approach is generalized to nonstationary systems. We outline a practical numerical scheme, similar to those used with extended geological models, to account for the often important effects of unresolved heterogeneities.
Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotics in the Water, Sediment, and Biota of Freshwater and Marine Environments: A Review

Antibiotics, as pollutants of emerging concern, can enter marine environments, rivers, and lakes and endanger ecology and human health. The purpose of this study was to review the studies conducted on the presence of antibiotics in water, sediments, and organisms in aquatic environments (i.e., seas, rivers, and lakes). Most of the reviewed studies were conducted in 2018 (15%) and 2014 (11%). Antibiotics were reported in aqueous media at a concentration of <1 ng/L–100 μg/L. The results showed that the highest number of works were conducted in the Asian continent (seas: 74%, rivers: 78%, lakes: 87%, living organisms: 100%). The highest concentration of antibiotics in water and sea sediments, with a frequency of 49%, was related to fluoroquinolones. According to the results, the highest amounts of antibiotics in water and sediment were reported as 460 ng/L and 406 ng/g, respectively. In rivers, sulfonamides had the highest abundance (30%). Fluoroquinolones (with an abundance of 34%) had the highest concentration in lakes. Moreover, the highest concentration of fluoroquinolones in living organisms was reported at 68,000 ng/g, with a frequency of 39%. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones are among the most dangerous antibiotics due to their high concentrations in the environment. This review provides timely information regarding the presence of antibiotics in different aquatic environments, which can be helpful for estimating ecological risks, contamination levels, and their management.
Cadaveric Biomechanical Evaluation of Capsular Constraint and Microinstability After Hip Capsulotomy and Repair

Background: It remains unclear if capsular management contributes to iatrogenic instability (microinstability) after hip arthroscopy. Purpose: To evaluate changes in torque, stiffness, and femoral head displacement after capsulotomy and repair in a cadaveric model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A biomechanical analysis was performed using 10 cadaveric hip specimens. Each specimen was tested under the following conditions: (1) intact, (2) portals, (3) interportal capsulotomy (IPC), (4) IPC repair, (5) T-capsulotomy (T-cap), (6) partial T-cap repair, and (7) T-cap repair. Each capsular state was tested in neutral (0°) and then 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion, with forces applied to achieve the displacement-controlled baseline limit of external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), abduction, and adduction. The resultant end-range torques and displacement were recorded. Results: For ER, capsulotomies significantly reduced torque and stiffness at 0°, 30°, and 60° and reduced stiffness at 90°; capsular repairs failed to restore torque and stiffness at 0°; and IPC repair failed to restore stiffness at 30° (P < .05 for all). For IR, capsulotomies significantly reduced torque and stiffness at 0°, 30°, and 60° and reduced stiffness at 90°; and capsular repairs failed to restore torque or stiffness at 0°, 30°, and 60° and failed to restore stiffness at 90° (P < .05 for all). For abduction, IPC significantly decreased torque at 60° and 90° and decreased stiffness at all positions; T-cap reduced torque and stiffness at all positions; IPC repair failed to restore stiffness at 0° and 90°; and T-cap repair failed at 0°, 60°, and 90° (P < .05 for all). For adduction, IPC significantly reduced torque at 0° and reduced stiffness at 0° and 30°; T-cap reduced torque at 0° and 90° and reduced stiffness at all positions; IPC repair failed to restore stiffness at 0° and 90°; and T-cap repair failed at 0°, 60°, and 90° (P < .05 for all). There were no statistically significant femoral head translations observed in any testing configurations. Conclusion: Complete capsular repair did not always restore intact kinematics, most notably at 0° and 30°. Despite this, there were no significant joint translations to corroborate concerns of microinstability. Clinical Relevance: Caution should be employed when applying rotational torques in lower levels of flexion (0° and 30°).
The Lock-in Effect of Marriage: Work Incentives after Saying “I Do”

In this paper, we use EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model of the European Union, to investigate the impact of marriage-related tax-benefit instruments on the financial incentives to work of married couples. For each spouse, we estimate their individual marginal effective tax rate and net replacement rate before and after marriage. We show that the marriage bonus, which is economically significant in eight European countries, decreases the work incentives for women, particularly on the intensive margin. In contrast, for men the incentives on the intensive margin increase once they are married, pointing to the marriage-biased and gender-biased tax-benefit structures in the analysed countries. Our results suggest that marriage bonuses contribute to a lock-in effect, where second earners, typically women, are incentivised to work less, with negative economic consequences.
Circumgalactic Oxygen Absorption and Feedback

O vi absorption in quasar spectra caused by intervening circumgalactic atmospheres suggests a downturn in the atmospheric column density in sightlines passing beyond about 100 kpc from central star-forming galaxies. This turnover supports the hypothesis that the oxygen originates in the central galaxies. When converted into oxygen space density using an Abel integral inversion, the O vi columns require M⊙ of oxygen concentrated near 100 kpc. Circumgalactic gas within this radius cools in less than 1 Gyr and radiates erg s−1 overall. The feedback power necessary to maintain such oxygen-rich atmospheres for many Gyr cannot be easily supplied by galactic supernovae. However, massive central black holes in star-forming galaxies may generate sufficient accretion power and intermittent shock waves at to balance circumgalactic radiation losses in late-type galaxies. The relative absence of O vi absorption observed in early-type, passive galaxies may arise from enhanced AGN feedback from their more massive central black holes.
PynPoint: a modular pipeline architecture for processing and analysis of high-contrast imaging data

Context. The direct detection and characterization of planetary and substellar companions at small angular separations is a rapidly advancing field. Dedicated high-contrast imaging instruments deliver unprecedented sensitivity, enabling detailed insights into the atmospheres of young low-mass companions. In addition, improvements in data reduction and point spread function (PSF)-subtraction algorithms are equally relevant for maximizing the scientific yield, both from new and archival data sets. Aims. We aim at developing a generic and modular data-reduction pipeline for processing and analysis of high-contrast imaging data obtained with pupil-stabilized observations. The package should be scalable and robust for future implementations and particularly suitable for the 3–5 μm wavelength range where typically thousands of frames have to be processed and an accurate subtraction of the thermal background emission is critical. Methods. PynPoint is written in Python 2.7 and applies various image-processing techniques, as well as statistical tools for analyzing the data, building on open-source Python packages. The current version of PynPoint has evolved from an earlier version that was developed as a PSF-subtraction tool based on principal component analysis (PCA). Results. The architecture of PynPoint has been redesigned with the core functionalities decoupled from the pipeline modules. Modules have been implemented for dedicated processing and analysis steps, including background subtraction, frame registration, PSF subtraction, photometric and astrometric measurements, and estimation of detection limits. The pipeline package enables end-to-end data reduction of pupil-stabilized data and supports classical dithering and coronagraphic data sets. As an example, we processed archival VLT/NACO L′ and M′ data of β Pic b and reassessed the brightness and position of the planet with a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis; we also provide a derivation of the photometric error budget.