Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Capillary blood volume increase in already perfused capillaries : role for glycocalyx modulation

To the editor. The viewpoints put forward by both Point (1) and Counterpoint (4) presenters clearly illustrate that there is a potential for recruitment of capillary reserve in muscle during exercise and in response to insulin administration. The question at hand that arises from the Point/Counterpoint discussion is how capillary blood volume can be increased by muscle contractions or insulin (1) when the vast majority of capillaries are supporting blood flow in the resting condition already (4). In line with the original suggestions of Duling and co-workers (e.g., (2)) on how to explain a threeto fourfold increase in capillary tube hematocrit in cremaster tissue during muscle contractions and adenosine superfusion, we are proposing a role for agonist-induced recruitment of glycocalyx volume in mediating increases in capillary blood content in muscle (5). Experimental data has been provided showing that robust exclusion of circulating red blood cells and plasma by the glycocalyx layer causes functionally perfused capillary volume to be greatly reduced in resting muscle (6), but that the exclusion properties of the glycocalyx are greatly diminished in the presence of adenosine, resulting in a recruitment of blood accessible capillary volume upon administration of this vasodilator (2, 5). Modulation of the level of blood exclusion by the glycocalyx might provide a way by which vasoactive substances (e.g., those released during exercise, insulin) can increase functionally perfused capillary volume: the potential impact of glycocalyx volume modulation for capillary blood filling is illustrated by recent estimations of a blood-excluding glycocalyx volume of about 1.5 L in the systemic circulation of healthy human subjects (3).
Tossed and Turned: Wealth Dynamics of U.S. Households 2007-2009

For many years, the cross-sectional Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) has shown relatively weak or inconsistent changes in the shape of the distribution of net worth, despite many shifts in income and other economic factors. In 2009, households that had taken part in the 2007 SCF were re-interviewed to obtain information on the changes in their financial condition over the period of the intervening financial crisis. Looked at as a second cross section, the 2009 data show a pattern of wealth distribution very similar in shape to what had been seen in the earlier cross sections. Between the two years, however, there was considerable variation in the relative positions of households within the wealth distribution. This paper presents data on the changed situation of households and it decomposes the observed wealth changes in terms of underlying portfolio shifts. It is generally recognized that changes in the value of residential real estate, corporate equities and private businesses were important sources of wealth losses. Although the data presented here confirm that picture, they also show a great deal of heterogeneity below the aggregate level. The observed stability of the pseudo-cross-sectional wealth shares in the panel despite the underlying turmoil is largely a consequence of changes in values of businesses and equities among comparatively wealthy households offsetting changes in the value of housing assets among other households.
Experiments on Adsorption and Molecular Sieving and Inferences on Primary Migration in Upper Jurassic Claystone Source Rocks, North Sea

Fine pores, primarily slit-shaped micropores, in Upper Jurassic claystone source rocks were studied by gas adsorption. At 20°C, approximately 80% of the mesopore and micropore volume is penetrable to water only because of constrictions approximately 3 A wide. The pore surface is nonpolar and probably characterized by kerogen covering the clay mineral surfaces. Water is not structured in the mesopores and micropores, but readily forms a liquid phase without distinct monolayer formation. N-alkanes probably enter the pores "end on" and become adsorbed parallel with the surface. These results apply to all samples studied, irrespective of the degree of clay mineral diagenesis. Three migration types proposed for these claystone source rocks are: (1) type A migration, which at experimental conditions permits entry and removal of n-alkanes, isobutane, neohexane, cyclohexane, and benzene in approximately equal amounts; (2) type B migration, which permits entry and removal of n-alkanes, isobutane, and neohexane in approximately equal amounts, but where only 20% of the pore volume and surface area is also open to cyclohexane and benzene; and (3) type C migration, which is intermediate between type A and type B. The occurrence of the migration type is related to the reservoir oil composition. In the samples studied, tectonics and clay mineral diagenesis appear to have no influence on the migration type. Migration types may be related to past overpressured conditions, but do not appear to be related to current pressures.
Integrating regional and continental scale comparisons of tree composition in Amazonian terra firme forests

Integrating regional and continental scale comparisons of tree composition in Amazonian terra firme forests E. N. Honorio Coronado, T. R. Baker, O. L. Phillips, N. C. A. Pitman, R. T. Pennington, R. Vásquez Martı́nez, A. Monteagudo, H. Mogollón, N. Dávila Cardozo, M. Rı́os, R. Garcı́a-Villacorta, E. Valderrama, M. Ahuite, I. Huamantupa, D. A. Neill, W. F. Laurance, H. E. M. Nascimento, S. Soares de Almeida, T. J. Killeen, L. Arroyo, P. Núñez, and L. Freitas Alvarado Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonı́a Peruana, Av. A. José Quiñones km 2.5, Iquitos, Peru Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, USA Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK Proyecto Flora del Perú, Jardı́n Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru Finding Species, 6930 Carroll Ave., Suite 600, P.O. Box 5289, Takoma Park, Maryland 20912, USA
Process management, innovation and efficiency performance: The moderating effect of competitive intensity

Purpose – Much of the practitioner literature touts the universal benefits of process management and its impact on operational performance. However, in academic literature, empirical evidence is mixed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the competitive intensity on the effectiveness of process management. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data from manufacturing plants were collected from through a global research project. Regression analysis was used to test hypotheses. Findings – The influence of process design on efficiency and innovation performance is not dependent on competitive intensity; however, the impact of process improvement and process control on efficiency and innovation performance is in some instances moderated by competitive intensity. Research limitations/implications – The inclusion of competitive intensity as a contingency variable helps to explain the contextual impact of process management on efficiency and innovation. Practical implications – Process managem.
Abrupt termination of Indian Ocean dipole events in response to intraseasonal disturbances

We have investigated the role of atmospheric intraseasonal disturbances on termination of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) using multiple datasets. We observed significant 30–60 day atmospheric disturbances associated with equatorial westerly zonal winds prior to termination of all IOD events except for the 1982 and 1997 events. The westerlies excite anomalous downwelling Kelvin waves that terminate the basin‐wide coupled processes by warming the eastern Indian Ocean. The 1982 and 1997 IOD events coincide with the strongest El Niño events; during those years the intraseasonal disturbances are weak.
Seismic risk in linear source regions, with application to the San Andreas fault

A method is described for determining recurrence times as a function of distance to the causative fault and magnitude, for earthquakes distributed along a linear source zone. The method takes into account rupture length, which is scaled to magnitude, and permits direct calculation of approximate return periods for peak ground-motion parameters for large earthquakes, when the appropriate attenuation functions are known. Several examples are presented using instrumentally determined seismicity along the San Andreas fault zone. Results illustrate the necessity of incorporating rupture length in calculations related to seismic risk; for large earthquakes, it is also necessary to use a source region large enough to contain the rupture zones of all such events. For a site in the San Andreas fault zone we find that the recurrence time to be within 10 km of the causative fault of an earthquake with M ≧ 8 is 200 to 300 years, depending on the choice of maximum magnitude (8.6 or 8.4). For a site on the fault in the Hollister region, we find that recurrence times to be within 10 km of the rupture due to events of M ≧ 5, 6 and 7 are, respectively, 12, 45 and 105 years.
Evolution of Low-Al Orthopyroxene in the Horoman Peridotite, Japan: an Unusual Indicator of Metasomatizing Fluids

Unusually alumina-poor orthopyroxene is found in a spinel peridotite from the Horoman Peridotite Complex, Japan. Al2O3 ,C r 2 O 3and CaO contents in the low-Al orthopyroxene (named Low-Al OPX hereafter) are 5025 wt%, 5004 wt% and 503 wt%, respectively, and are distinctively lower than those in orthopyroxene porphyroclasts. The Low-Al OPX occurs in two modes, both at the margin of olivine. The first mode of occurrence is as the rim of a large orthopyroxene porphyroclast in contact with olivine. This type of Low-Al OPX occurs only locally (15mm 45mm), and the orthopyroxene rim in contact with olivine more commonly has normal Al2O3 contents (42 wt%). In the second mode of occurrence, the Low-Al OPX occurs as a thin film, 5mm 50mm in dimension, at a grain boundary between olivine and clinopyroxene. Trace element compositions of porphyroclast clinopyroxene in the sample indicate that the sample having the Low-Al OPX underwent metasomatism although there are no hydrous minerals around the Low-Al OPX. Petrographic observations and trace element compositions of clinopyroxene combined with an inferred P‐T history of the Horoman peridotite suggest that the Low-Al OPX was formed through a very local reaction between peridotite and invasive fluids, probably formed by dehydration of a subducted slab, in a late stage of the history of the Horoman peridotite. Crystallization of orthopyroxene, representing addition of silica to mantle lherzolite via a CO2a H2O-bearing fluid phase, is a mechanism for metasomatic alteration of mantle wedge peridotite.
Lipid metabolism, adipocyte depot physiology and utilization of meat animals as experimental models for metabolic research

Meat animals are unique as experimental models for both lipid metabolism and adipocyte studies because of their direct economic value for animal production. This paper discusses the principles that regulate adipogenesis in major meat animals (beef cattle, dairy cattle, and pigs), the definition of adipose depot-specific regulation of lipid metabolism or adipogenesis, and introduces the potential value of these animals as models for metabolic research including mammary biology and the ontogeny of fatty livers.
The North American Carbon Budget and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle

A primary objective of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) is to provide the best possible scientific information to support public discussion, as well as government and private sector decision making, on key climate-related issues. To help meet this objective, the CCSP has identified an initial set of 21 Synthesis and Assessment Products (SAPs) that address its highest priority research, observation, and decision support needs. This report-CCSP SAP 2.2-addresses Goal 2 of the CCSP Strategic Plan: Improve quantification of the forces bringing about changes in the Earth's climate and related systems. The report provides a synthesis and integration of the current knowledge of the North American carbon budget and its context within the global carbon cycle. In a format useful to decision makers, it (1) summarizes our knowledge of carbon cycle properties and changes relevant to the contributions of and impacts upon North America and the rest of the world, and (2) provides scientific information for decision support focused on key issues for carbon management and policy. Consequently, this report is aimed at both the decision-maker audience and to the expert scientific and stakeholder communities.
Kraft biopulping of Eucalyptus grandis

Eucalyptus grandis wood chips were inoculated with selected white-rot fungi and incubated for two weeks. Degraded wood chips were subsequently pulped (;lccording to the Kraft pulping process. The resultant pulp was analysed for kappa number, yield and shive content, while the black liquor was analysed for residual active alkali and compared to an untreated control sample. One hundred cultures were screened in this manner. Cultures showing biopulping potential were further evaluated. Statistically significant improvements in the residual active alkali of just under 21% were observed, resulting in a reduction in chemical consumption of over 1.7%. When compared to the control, a significant reduction in kappa number of almost 9% was determined, while no significant difference in yield and shive content could be identified.
Soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, and carbon and nitrogen mineralisation in 25-year-old Pinus radiata agroforestry regimes

To understand the effects of agroforestry on soil biological processes we assessed the conditions in Pinus radiata plantations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 stems/ha after 25 years of growth, and in a grassland. Agroforestry resulted in a 15–25% decline in soil organic C and N compared with grassland, and had a significant negative influence on soil microbial biomass. There was less microbial C and N in soils under 50–400 stems/ha of P. radiata than in soils under grassland (0 stems/ha). Soil carbon decomposition and microbial activity were measured by trapping the carbon dioxide produced by incubating soils over a 60-week period. The results showed that soil C decomposition rates were ~1.5 times as much (c. 15 mg CO2-C/kg soil) in soil from grassland as in that from plots with 50 or100 stems/ha (c. 10 mg CO2-C/kg soil), and were further reduced to one half (c. 5.5 mg CO2-C/kg soil) in the plots with 200 or 400 stems/ha. The soils under P. radiata gave off less carbon dioxide per unit of biomass (the metabolic quotient) than soils under grassland. These shifts in microbial biomass and its metabolic quotients appear to be associated with differences in the quantity and ‘quality’ of inputs and soil organic matter decomposition rates, and to reflect the land use change from grassland to forest. Given the general ability of soil microbial biomass to recolonise depopulated areas after tree harvest, we see no problem in restoring populations of these soil organisms vital in controlling nutrient cycling after tree felling, provided adequate adjustments to soil pH are made.
Simulated interannual variability of the Greenland Sea deep water formation and its connection to surface forcing

A fully prognostic Arctic ice-ocean model is used to study the interannual variability of deepwater formation in the Greenland Sea gyre based on the simulations for the Arctic ice-ocean system for the period 1955 and 1960–1985. The model uses monthly climatology for thermodynamic forcing components (such as air temperature and cloudiness), together with constant annual net precipitation and river runoff. The daily wind forcing is derived from analyzed sea level air pressures from the National Center for Atmospheric Research. In summary, the model shows that the occurrence of deep convection in the Greenland Sea gyre is controlled by the extensive Fram Strait ice export and/or local wind conditions in the Greenland Sea. In the latter case the weakening of the local wind curl allows the Polar Front to move eastward. The movement of the Polar Front causes adverse ice conditions, often together with much larger than normal ice export from the Arctic, such as in 1968, which can block convection in the gyre. The density difference between upper and lower layers is investigated as an indication of water mass formation through convection, occurring as strong diffusion in the model. The model-simulated density difference between the average top 100 m and deep levels reveals that the period 1960–1985 had only a few distinct years with weak stratification, and, especially, the model predicts no deep convection since the mid-1970s. The common factor for the years of the weakest stratification is extreme wintertime wind events. Deep convection is also evident as a decrease of the model-predicted heat content of the upper 2000 m which can, to a high degree, be explained by local heat loss. The salt content changes in the Greenland gyre are independent of the heat content changes and are determined by the advection of fresh or salty anomalies, either from the Arctic or from the frontal movement. The model indicates that the surface salinity flux favors freshening, even in wintertime, so that brine rejection is less important in buoyancy loss than heat loss in leading to deep convection. The model shows that the system has a memory; deep convection in one year will precondition the following year.
Estimating the mechanical effects of riparian vegetation on stream bank stability using a fiber bundle model

Recent research has suggested that the roots of riparian vegetation dramatically increase the geomechanical stability (i.e., factor of safety) of stream banks. Past research has used a perpendicular root reinforcement model that assumes that all of the tensile strength of the roots is mobilized instantaneously at the moment of bank failure. In reality, as a soil‐root matrix shears, the roots contained within the soil have different tensile strengths and thus break progressively, with an associated redistribution of stress as each root breaks. This mode of progressive failure is well described by fiber bundle models in material science. In this paper, we apply a fiber bundle approach to tensile strength data collected from 12 riparian species and compare the root reinforcement estimates against direct shear tests with root‐permeated and non‐root‐permeated samples. The results were then input to a stream bank stability model to assess the impact of the differences between the root models on stream bank factor of safety values. The new fiber bundle model, RipRoot, provided more accurate estimates of root reinforcement through its inclusion of progressive root breaking during mass failure of a stream bank. In cases where bank driving forces were great enough to break all of the roots, the perpendicular root model overestimated root reinforcement by up to 50%, with overestimation increasing an order of magnitude in model runs where stream bank driving forces did not exceed root strength. For the highest bank modeled (3 m) the difference in factor of safety values between runs with the two models varied from 0.13 to 2.39 depending on the riparian species considered. Thus recent work has almost certainly overestimated the effect of vegetation roots on mass stability of stream banks.
Participatory design: the third space in HCI

2 Introduction: Just Add Users and Stir? 3 Major Bibliographic Sources for Participatory Design 8 Conference Series 8 Books 10 Journals 11 Websites 11 Hybridity and the Third Space 11 Hybridity and HCI 13 Participatory Design as the Third Space in HCI 15 Participatory Design Contains Its Own Third Space 16 Third Space: Negotiation, Shared Construction, and Collective Discovery in PD and HCI 17 Spaces and Places 17 Sitings 17 Workshops 20 Narrative Structures 24 Stories 24 Photographs 28 Dramas and Videos 31 * IBM Research, One Rogers Street, Cambridge MA 02142 USA, +1-617-693-4235 (voice) mullerm@acm.org or michael_muller@us.ibm. com ** University of Maryland, Human-Computer Interaction Lab, Hornbake South Wing, College Park, MD 20742 USA, +1-301-405-7406 (voice) allisond@umd.edu
Formalizing Theoretical Insights from Ethnographic Evidence : Revisiting Barley ’ s Study of CT-Scanning Implementations

Few ideas offer more potential for improving our understanding of organizations and how they react to the introduction of new technology than the notion that human action and social structure recursively interact. Like all major advances, however, notions of structure and structuring pose numerous challenges for refining current conceptions of organizations and the processes of organizing. In this paper we offer an approach for theorizing about the recursive interactions between action and social structure occasioned by the introduction of new technology. Our method integrates three elements from social and organization theory: a focus on activities, attention to accumulations of knowledge by individuals in those activities, and the recursive relationship among activities and accumulations. We apply this lens to Barley’s study of two hospitals implementing a CT scanning technology. Through the development and analysis of a simulation model we show how the relative distribution of expertise between doctors and technologists in using the technology recursively interacts with the conduct of the scanning activity to determine the patterns Barley observed.
MICROBIAL BIOSIGNATURES IN IRON-MINERALIZED PHOTOTROPHIC MATS AT CHOCOLATE POTS HOT SPRINGS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, UNITED STATES

Abstract The origin of oxidized iron in Precambrian iron formations has been debated for decades. Direct paleontological evidence for a microbial role in iron oxidation has been sought in the biosignatures in these structures. This study documents how several biosignatures of phototrophic iron-oxidizing communities form in modern hydrothermal iron deposits. The microbes, primary minerals, microfossils, and stromatolitic biofabrics from Chocolate Pots hot springs in Yellowstone National Park were characterized across a range of spatial scales via various types of microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and total organic carbon elemental analyses. Electron microscopic examination of the cyanobacterial mats reveals the formation of distinct dendritic-like biofabrics. Early-stage iron-permineralized phototrophic microfossils display taxonomic features that allow identification to the genus level. Selected-area electron diffraction analysis indicates that cells were permineralized by iron oxides (2-line ferrihydrite). Although permineralization by silica is considered to result in fossils with the highest cellular fidelity, this investigation suggests that iron permineralization may also produce exceptionally well-preserved microfossils. Characterization of biosignatures in this modern high-iron thermal spring provides a unique opportunity to establish a link between (1) our previous physiological measurements of iron oxidation by a phototrophic community; (2) production of biosignatures by the community; and (3) survival of these biosignatures during the earliest stages of diagenesis in the iron oxides underneath the microbial mats. This fossil evidence linking taxonomy, physiology, and biosignatures may be used to infer the paleobiology and paleoecology of similar fossil benthic microbial communities and may provide a means to assess the microbial contribution to ancient iron deposits.