Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in medical errors among older patients and inequalities in medical compensation compared with younger adults

Background Despite growing evidence focusing on health inequalities in older adults, inequalities in medical compensation compared with younger adults and gender disparities of medical errors among older patients have received little attention. This study aimed to disclose the aforementioned inequalities and examine the disparities in medical errors among older patients. Methods First, available litigation documents were searched on “China Judgment Online” using keywords including medical errors. Second, we compiled a database with 5,072 disputes. After using systematic random sampling to retain half of the data, we removed 549 unrelated cases. According to the age, we identified 424 and 1,563 cases related to older and younger patients, respectively. Then, we hired two frontline physicians to review the documents and independently judge the medical errors and specialties involved. A third physician further considered the divergent results. Finally, we compared the medical compensation between older and younger groups and medical errors and specialties among older patients. Results Older patients experienced different medical errors in divergent specialties. The medical error rate of male older patients was over 4% higher than that of females in the departments of general surgery and emergency. Female older patients were prone to adverse events in respiratory medicine departments and primary care institutes. The incidence of insufficient implementation of consent obligation among male older patients was 5.18% higher than that of females. However, females were more likely to suffer adverse events at the stages of diagnosis, therapy, and surgical operation. The total amount of medical compensation obtained by younger patients was 41.47% higher than that of older patients. Conclusions Except for the common medical errors and departments involved, additional attention should be paid to older patients of different genders according to the incidence of medical errors. Setting up the department of geriatrics or specialist hospitals is also an important alternative to improve patient safety for older people. Furthermore, there may be inequality in medical compensation in older patients due to the tort liability law of China.
Greek parameters of nonlinear Black-Scholes equation

Derivatives are used in hedging European options against risks. The partial derivatives of the solution to either a variable or a parameter in the Black-Scholes model are called risk (Greek) parameters or simply the Greeks. Nonlinear versions of the standard Black-Scholes Partial Differential Equations have been introduced in financial mathematics in order to deal with illiquid markets. In this paper we derive the Greek parameters of a nonlinear Black-Scholes Partial Differential Equation whose nonlinearity is as a result of transaction costs for modeling illiquid markets. We compute the Greek parameters of a European call option price from the nonlinear equation $u_t + \frac{1}{2}\sigma^2S^2u_{SS}(1+2\rho Su_{SS})= 0$. All these Greeks were of the form $a+\dfrac{1}{\rho} f(S,t)$. The methodology involved deriving the Greek parameters from the formula of the equation by differentiating the formula with respect to either a variable or a parameter. These Greeks may help a trader to hedge risks in a non-ideal market situation.
Time Estimation or Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation: Which Mechanism Is More Sensitive in the Development of Internet Addiction in Adolescents?

The aim of the study was to assess different combinations of time estimation ability and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in adolescents during developing of Internet addiction (IA). The study included adolescents aged 16–17 (n = 49) living in the southern region of Russia. IA was measured using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). An individual minute test (IM) was performed, and HRV was recorded. There are three groups that differ in HRV, IM duration and CIAS parameters. Minimal and moderate risk of IA development was detected against a background of a tendency towards vagotonia and prolonged IM time (Group I) and balanced autonomic nervous balance and optimal IM time (Group II). A balanced autonomic nervous balance and prolonged IM time were detected in the group of persons with a moderate risk of IA and a stable IA pattern (Group III). We assume that the development of IA in adolescents may be carried out by different neural mechanisms, including optimal autonomic nervous balance, but with primary impairment of cortical brain mechanisms of time perception.
The Benefits and Costs of a Child Allowance

Abstract This article conducts a benefit-cost analysis of a child allowance. Through a systematic literature review of the highest quality evidence on the causal effects of cash and near-cash transfers, this article produces core estimates on the benefits and costs per child and per adult of increasing household income by $1000, which can be used for any cash or near-cash program that increases household income. We then apply these estimates to three child allowance proposals, with the main proposal converting the $2000 Child Tax Credit in the federal income tax code into a fully refundable and more generous child allowance of $3600 per child ages 0–5 and $3000 per child ages 6–17, as enacted for 1 year in the American Rescue Plan. Aggregate costs and benefits are estimated via micro-simulation. Our estimates indicate that making the $2000 Child Tax Credit fully refundable and increasing benefits to $3000/$3600 would cost $97 billion per year and generate social benefits of $929 billion per year. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the results are robust to alternative assumptions and that each of the three child allowance proposals produces a very strong to an extraordinarily strong return for the U.S. population.
Performance of Contactless Respiratory Rate Monitoring by Albus HomeTM, an Automated System for Nocturnal Monitoring at Home: A Validation Study

Respiratory rate (RR) is a clinically important predictor of cardio-respiratory deteriorations. The mainstay of clinical measurement comprises the manual counting of chest movements, which is variable between clinicians and limited to sporadic readings. Emerging solutions are limited by poor adherence and acceptability or are not clinically validated. Albus HomeTM is a contactless and automated bedside system for nocturnal respiratory monitoring that overcomes these limitations. This study aimed to validate the accuracy of Albus Home compared to gold standards in real-world sleeping environments. Participants undertook overnight monitoring simultaneously using Albus Home and gold-standard polygraphy with thoraco-abdominal respiratory effort belts (SomnomedicsEU). Reference RR readings were obtained by clinician-count of polygraphy data. For both the Albus system and reference, RRs were measured in 30-s segments, reported as breaths/minute, and compared. Accuracy was defined as the percentage of RRs from the Albus system within ±2 breaths/minute of reference counts. Across a diverse validation set of 32 participants, the mean accuracy exceeded 98% and was maintained across different participant characteristics. In a Bland–Altman analysis, Albus RRs had strong agreement with reference mean differences and the limits of agreement of −0.4 and ±1.2 breaths/minute, respectively. Albus Home is a contactless yet accurate system for automated respiratory monitoring. Validated against gold –standard methods, it enables long-term, reliable nocturnal monitoring without patient burden.
Engineering placenta‐like organoids containing endogenous vascular cells from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells

Abstract The placenta is an essential organ that maintains the health of both the fetus and its mother. Understanding the development of human placenta has been hindered by the limitations of existing animal models and monolayer cell cultures. Models that can recapitulate the essential aspects of human placental multicellular components and vasculature are still lacking. Herein, we presented a new strategy to establish placenta‐like organoids with vascular‐like structures from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells in a defined three‐dimensional (3D) culture system. The resulting placenta‐like tissue resembles first‐trimester human placental development in terms of complex placental components and secretory function. The multicellular tissue was characterized by the inclusion of trophoblasts (cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous trophoblasts, and other endogenous vascular cells), which were identified by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry analyses, real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and single‐cell RNA‐seq. Moreover, the 3D tissue was able to secrete the placenta‐specific hormone human chorionic gonadotropin β (hCG‐β) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). The tissue responded to the inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and VEGF receptor inhibitors. This new model system can represent the major features of placental cellular components, and function, which have not been realized in 2D monolayer cultures. The developed tissue system might open new avenues for studying normal early human placental development and its disease states.
The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven

The conceptual design of a Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RACK) to be constructed in the existing 3.8 km tunnel at Brookhaven has been developed. The collider has been designed to provide collisions of gold ions at six intersection points with a luminosity of about 5 /times/ 10/sup 26/cm/sup /minus/2/sec/sup /minus/1/ at an energy of 100 GeV/u in each beam. Collisions with different ion species, including protons, will be possible. The collider consists of two interlaced, but otherwise separate, superconducting magnet rings. The 9.7 m long dipoles will operate at 3.5 T. Their 8 cm aperture was determined by the dimensions of gold ion beams taking into account diffusion due to intrabeam scattering. Heavy ion beams will be available from the Tandem Van de Graaff/Booster/AGS complex. The salient design features and the reasons for major design choices of the proposed machine are discussed in this paper. 24 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Phonon transmission across Mg 2 Si /Mg 2 Si 1 -x Sn x interfaces: A first-principles-based atomistic Green's function study

Phonon transmission across interfaces of dissimilar materials has been studied intensively in recent years by using atomistic simulation tools due to its importance in determining the effective thermal conductivity of nanostructured materials. The atomistic Green’s function method with interatomic force constants from the first-principles calculations has evolved to be a promising approach to study phonon transmission in many material systems that have not been well studied. However, the direct first-principles calculation for interatomic force constants becomes infeasible when the system involves atomic disorder. Mass approximation is usually used, but its validity has not been tested. In this paper, we employ the higher-order force constant model to extract harmonic force constants from the first-principles calculations, which originates from the virtual crystal approximation but considers the local force-field difference. As a feasibility demonstration of the proposed method that integrates higher-order force constant model from the first-principles calculations with the atomistic Green’s function, we study the phonon transmission in the Mg2Si/Mg2Si1−xSnx systems. When integrated with the atomistic Green’s function, the widely used mass approximation is found to overpredict phonon transmission across the Mg2Si/Mg2Sn interface. The difference can be attributed to the absence of local strain field-induced scattering in the mass approximation, which makes the high-frequency phonons less scattered. The frequencydependent phonon transmission across an interface between a crystal and an alloy, which often appears in high-efficiency “nanoparticle in alloy” thermoelectric materials, is studied. The interfacial thermal resistance across Mg2Si/Mg2Si1−xSnx interface is found to be weakly dependent on the composition of Sn when the composition of x is less than 40% but increases rapidly when it is larger than 40% due to the transition of high-frequency phonon DOS in Mg2Si1−xSnx alloys. This work could have a great impact on the design of novel nanostructures with tunable thermal properties.
Method of characteristics and solution of DGLAP evolution equation in leading order at small-x

In this paper the singlet and non-singlet hadron structure functions have been obtained by solving Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Alterelli-Parisi (DGLAP) evolution equations in leading order (LO) at the small-x limit. Here we have used a Taylor Series expansion and then the method of characteristics to solve the evolution equation. We have also calculated t and x-evolutions of deuteron structure function and the results are compared with the New Muon Collaboration (NMC) data.
A note on the central limit theorem for two-fold stochastic random walks in a random environment

We consider a class of two-fold stochastic random walks in a random environment. The transition probability is given by an ergodic random fi eld on Zd with two-fold stochastic realizations. The central limit theorem for this class of random walks has been claimed by Kozlov under certain strong mixing conditions (cf. [4], Theorem 3, p. 121). However the statement and the argument used in [4] are not correct, and we provide a counterexample in dimension two (cf. example 2.3 below). We give a sufficient condition for the walk to satisfy the central limit theorem (see condition (H) below). Then we give some spectral and mixing conditions that imply condition (H).
Experimental Investigations on the Structure of Yeast Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carriers

Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) transports pyruvate from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix to participate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which further generates the energy for the physiological activities of cells. Two interacting subunits, MPC1 and MPC2 or MPC3, form a heterodimer to conduct transport function. However, the structural basis of how the MPC complex transports pyruvate is still lacking. Here, we described the detailed expression and purification procedures to obtain large amounts of yeast MPC1 and MPC2 for structural characterization. The purified yeast MPC1 and MPC2 were reconstituted in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles and examined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, showing that both subunits contain three α-helical transmembrane regions with substantial differences from what was predicted by AlphaFold2. Furthermore, the new protocol producing the recombinant MPC2 using modified maltose-binding protein (MBP) with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage introduced general way to obtain small membrane proteins. These findings provide a preliminary understanding for the structure of the MPC complex and useful guidance for further studies.
PARIS Altimetry with L1 Frequency Data from the Bridge 2 Experiment

A portion of 20 minutes of the GPS signals collected during the Bridge 2 experimental campaign, performed by ESA, have been processed. An innovative algorithm called Parfait, developed by Starlab and implemented within Starlab's GNSS-R Software package STARLIGHT (STARLab Interferometric Gnss Toolkit), has been successfully used with this set of data. A comparison with tide values independently collected and with differential GPS processed data has been performed. We report a successful PARIS phase altimetric measure of the Zeeland Brug over the sea surface with a rapidly changing tide, with a precision better than 2 cm.
Estimates for capacities, and approximation in Lipschitz norms.

(1.1) This paper is about the qualitative theory of approximation in Lipa norm, for 0 < a < l , by analytic functions of one complex variable. Our purpose is to isolate, and where possible resolve, the main problems remaining in this area. The reader should be famili r with our paper [14], in which we solved the first basic problem, namely: for which compact sets XaC is it true that every function in lipa which is analytic on the interior of X can be approximated by rationals in Lip(a, X) norm?
Determinants of information users in local public accounting

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to identify the information users assumed by the financiers of local governments in India and to empirically clarify the determinants of these users. The Ministry of Finance requires local governments in India to prepare public accounting information based on uniform standards from the fiscal year 2017 and is currently examining how and by whom the prepared accounting information can be utilized. In the U.S., where accrual accounting has already been adopted by states and local governments, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) has conducted a survey of financiers and stakeholders to determine the needs of information users for financial reports in the development of accounting standards. Therefore, this paper predicts that when a local government has a large amount of debt (debt hypothesis), when there is a large demand for public goods from citizens (public goods hypothesis), and when the chief executive has experience in using financial statements (upper management hypothesis), local government treasurers will actively consider information disclosure measures in anticipation of outsiders using the information. The results of the questionnaire survey of 1,788 local government financiers indicated that the main information users of public accounting information assumed by local government financiers are government officials. As a result of the factor analysis, we found that information users can be roughly classified into government officials and other information users. We also found that in local governments where financiers assume that information users use accounting information, the chief executive has experience as a corporate officer.
Quantum mechanics : a modern and concise introductory course

Introduction. - The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. - Other Consequences of the Basic Principles. - The Heisenberg Realization of Quantum. - The Schroedinger Realization of Quantum Physics. - Angular Momenta. - Three-Dimensional Hamiltonian. - Many-Body Problems. - Approximate Solutions to Quantum Problems. - Time-Dependence in Quantum Mechanics. - Broken Symmetries. - Entanglement and Experimental Tests of Quantum Mechanics. - Quantum Information. - Other Formulations of Quantum Mechanics: the Density Matrix and the Path Integral. - The Classical and Quantum Realities. Decoherence and Measurements. - A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics.
Upper Triangular Forms and Spectral Orderings in a II_1-factor

Dykema, Sukochev and Zanin used a Peano curve covering the support of the Brown measure of an operator T in a diffuse, finite von Neumann algebra to give an ordering to the support of the Brown measure, and create a decomposition T = N + Q, where N is normal and Q is s.o. t. -quasinilpotent. In this paper we prove a broader class of measurable functions can be used to order the support of the Brown measure, giving normal plus s.o. t. -quasinilpotent decompositions.
Local uniform grid refinement for time-dependent partial differential equations

paper describes an ANSI FORTRAN 77 code, VLUGR2, vectorized for the Cray YMP, that is based on an adaptive-grid finite-difference method to solve time-dependent two-dimensional systems of partial differential equations. " Abstract: "Local uniform grid refinement (LUGR) is an adaptive- grid technique for computing solutions of partial differential equations possessing sharp spatial transitions. Using nested, finer-and-finer uniform subgrids, the LUGR technique refines the space grid locally around these transitions, so as to avoid discretization on a very fine grid covering the entire physical domain. This paper examines the LUGR technique for time-dependent problems when combined with static-regridding. Static-regridding means that in the course of the time evolution the space grid is adapted only at discrete values of time.
EEG-Based Person Identification during Escalating Cognitive Load

With the development of human society, there is an increasing importance for reliable person identification and authentication to protect a person’s material and intellectual property. Person identification based on brain signals has captured substantial attention in recent years. These signals are characterized by original patterns for a specific person and are capable of providing security and privacy of an individual in biometric identification. This study presents a biometric identification method based on a novel paradigm with accrual cognitive brain load from relaxing with eyes closed to the end of a serious game, which includes three levels with increasing difficulty. The used database contains EEG data from 21 different subjects. Specific patterns of EEG signals are recognized in the time domain and classified using a 1D Convolutional Neural Network proposed in the MATLAB environment. The ability of person identification based on individual tasks corresponding to a given degree of load and their fusion are examined by 5-fold cross-validation. Final accuracies of more than 99% and 98% were achieved for individual tasks and task fusion, respectively. The reduction of EEG channels is also investigated. The results imply that this approach is suitable to real applications.