Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of lymphoma

Background: The diagnostic accuracy of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for the diagnosis of lymphoma in patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy is not well defined. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy referred for EBUS-TBNA between August 2005 and December 2006 in whom lymphoma was suspected based on prior history or clinical presentation. Mediastinal biopsy specimens were taken using a linear array ultrasonic bronchoscope (Olympus XBF-UC 160F) and a 22-gauge cytology needle (NA-202C Olympus) with on-site cytopathological support. The EBUS-TBNA result was compared with a reference standard of pathological tissue diagnosis or a composite of ⩾6 months of clinical follow-up with radiographic imaging. Results: Of 236 patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA, 25 were eligible for inclusion. Indications for EBUS-TBNA were suspected mediastinal recurrence of lymphoma (n = 13) and mediastinal lymphadenopathy of unknown cause (n = 12). Adequate lymph node sampling was accomplished in 24/25 patients (96%); there were no complications. EBUS-TBNA identified lymphoma in 10 patients and benign disease in 14 patients. There was one false negative EBUS-TBNA for lymphoma (lymphoma prevalence 11/25 (44%)). Follow-up over a median of 10.5 months (range 1–19) confirmed stable or regressive lymphadenopathy in all 14 patients without a lymphoma diagnosis, consistent with a benign diagnosis. Overall, EBUS-TBNA had a sensitivity of 90.9%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 92.9% for the diagnosis of lymphoma. Conclusions: EBUS-TBNA is an accurate, safe and useful tool in the investigation of suspected lymphoma with isolated mediastinal adenopathy, and may diminish the need for more invasive procedures such as mediastinoscopy.
Comp 322: Fundamentals of Parallel Programming Module 2: Concurrency

5 Mutual Exclusion 2 5.1 Critical Sections and the “isolated” statement . 2 5.2 Object-based Isolation . 4 5.3 Parallel Spanning Tree Example . 7 5.4 Atomic Variables . 10 5.5 Serialized Computation Graph for Isolated Statements . 13
PKC-dependent regulation of transepithelial resistance: roles of MLC and MLC kinase.

The mechanisms by which protein kinase C (PKC) activation results in increased transepithelial resistance (TER) are unknown [G. Hecht, B. Robinson, and A. Koutsouris. Am. J. Physiol. 266 ( Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 29): G214-G221, 1994]. We have previously shown that phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin II (MLC) is associated with decreases in TER and have suggested that contraction of the perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR) increases tight junction (TJ) permeability [J. R. Turner, B. K. Rill, S. L. Carlson, D. Carnes, R. Kerner, R. J. Mrsny, and J. L. Madara. Am. J. Physiol. 273 ( Cell Physiol. 42): C1378-C1385, 1997]. We therefore hypothesized that PKC activation alters TER via relaxation of the PAMR. Activation of PKC by the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) resulted in a progressive dose-dependent increase in TER that was apparent within 15 min (111% of controls) and maximal within 2 h (142% of controls). Similar increases were induced by a diacylglycerol analog, and the effects of both PMA and the diacylglycerol analog were prevented by the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I. PMA treatment caused progressive decreases in MLC phosphorylation, by 12% at 15 min and 41% at 2 h. Phosphorylation of MLC kinase (MLCK) increased by 64% within 15 min of PMA treatment and was stable over 2 h (51% greater than that of controls). Thus increases in MLCK phosphorylation preceded decreases in MLC phosphorylation. These data suggest that PKC regulates TER via decreased phosphorylation of MLC, possibly due to inhibitory phosphorylation of MLCK. The decreased phosphorylation of MLC likely reduces PAMR tension, leading to decreased TJ permeability.
Disruption and rescue of interareal theta phase coupling and adaptive behavior

Significance We show that the timing of alternating-current stimulation can couple or decouple low-frequency brain rhythms between segregated frontal cortical areas in a highly selective fashion without changing other neural frequencies, synchronization across the opposite cerebral hemisphere, or local neural activity. The up- and down-regulation of interareal neural coupling caused bidirectional changes in adaptive control and learning measured behaviorally. It was even possible to induce behavioral deficits and then immediately rescue this behavior in the same individuals in a matter of minutes. The findings suggest it is possible to intervene in the neural integration between frontal cortical structures that govern complex human behavior. The development of drug-free interventions for addressing disorders of excessive and deficient cortical connectivity is implicated. Rescuing executive functions in people with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders has been a major goal of psychology and neuroscience for decades. Innovative computer-training regimes for executive functions have made tremendous inroads, yet the positive effects of training have not always translated into improved cognitive functioning and often take many days to emerge. In the present study, we asked whether it was possible to immediately change components of executive function by directly manipulating neural activity using a stimulation technology called high-definition transcranial alternating current stimulation (HD-tACS). Twenty minutes of inphase stimulation over medial frontal cortex (MFC) and right lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) synchronized theta (∼6 Hz) rhythms between these regions in a frequency and spatially specific manner and rapidly improved adaptive behavior with effects lasting longer than 40 min. In contrast, antiphase stimulation in the same individuals desynchronized MFC-lPFC theta phase coupling and impaired adaptive behavior. Surprisingly, the exogenously driven impairments in performance could be instantly rescued by reversing the phase angle of alternating current. The results suggest executive functions can be rapidly up- or down-regulated by modulating theta phase coupling of distant frontal cortical areas and can contribute to the development of tools for potentially normalizing executive dysfunction in patient populations.
Gray Matters: Autism, Impairment, and the End of Binaries

First diagnosed by psychiatrist Leo Kanner in 1943, Autism has exploded into the public consciousness in recent years. From science to science fiction, academia to popular culture, Autism has captured the world’s attention and imagination. Autism has also ignited a fierce debate among stakeholders who seek to define its essence. Many parents of Autistic children regard Autism as a scourge and press for a cure. The Neurodiversity Movement, comprised mostly of Autistic adults, regards Autism as a different way of being worthy of respect and even celebration. The Autism war is well underway and, given Autism’s swelling ranks and proposed changes to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 2013, this war shows no signs of abating. Notwithstanding its rise to prominence in recent years as something both terrifying and terrific, Autism remains understudied in legal scholarship. This Article situates the Autism war within the larger theoretical debate over the social construction of disability and impairment. This Article accepts the “social model” of disability’s claim that disability is socially constructed and rejects the “medical model” as a theoretical model altogether. But “disability” – socially constructed or not – does not explain the Autism war. “Impairment” is where the action is. This Article argues that while impairments like Autism may refer to some biological pathology, they are in part socially constructed. Autism is constructed not just by medical researchers and clinicians who name and diagnose it, but also by those who are so named – Autistic people, themselves, many of whom define Autism as a different way of being. Autism may be both a (still unknown) biological pathology and, according to Autism’s “Neurodiversity Movement,” an experience. While this understanding of impairment cannot make peace between Autism's sides, it helps to explain how the sides are at odds and why they are likely to stay that way.
Automation of Shear-Wave Splitting Measurements using Cluster Analysis

The propagation of two orthogonally polarized shear waves, or shear- wave splitting, is arguably the most robust indication of seismic anisotropy in the Earth. This splitting can be parameterized in terms of the polarization of the fast shear-wave and the lag time between fast and slow components dt. These two parameters provide constraints on the mechanism causing the anisotropy. All meth- ods of calculating splitting require a shear-wave analysis window to be selected. Then the and dt that best account for the splitting in that window are calculated. Conventionally the shear-wave analysis window is picked manually. However, man- ual window selection is laborious and also very subjective; in many cases different windows give very different results. We present a method for automating the selec- tion of the window. First, the splitting analysis is performed for a range of window lengths. Then a cluster analysis is applied in order to find those measurements that are stable over many different windows. Once clusters of stable results have been found, the final choice of shear-wave analysis window corresponds to the measure- ment with the lowest error in the cluster with the lowest variance. Resulting estimates of and dt are objective, and very large datasets can be analyzed easily. The success of the technique is illustrated with application to a microseismic dataset of 324 events, which confirms previously published results using manually selected analysis windows.
From white to what? MENA and Iranian American non-white reflected race

ABSTRACT Whereas instruments like the US Census classify Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Americans as white, racial formation-informed research has established that this population holds an ambiguous relationship with whiteness. I draw on theories of the self and cognition to introduce reflected race as an underexplored dimension of MENA racialization. Interviews with 84 Iranian Americans demonstrate how group members perceive they are appraised as distinct from and, in some ways, subordinate to a hegemonic US white norm. Following initial illegibility (“what? ”) in racial appraisal, respondents perceive a classificatory splitting from whiteness and/or lumping with similarly racialized others. In other words, they micro-interactionally move from “white” to “what? ” and ultimately, to an uncertain but deeply felt sense non-white reflected race. By turning attention to social-psychological-informed phenomenon like reflected race, researchers can make more full use of racialization and racial formation as the dynamic, multi-level concepts they were originally theorized to be.
Statistics for Censored Environmental Data Using Minitab and R

Praise for the First Edition" . an excellent addition to an upper-level undergraduate course on environmental statistics, and . a 'must-have' desk reference for environmental practitioners dealing with censored datasets. " Vadose Zone JournalStatistical Methods for Censored Environmental Data Using Minitab and R, Second Edition introduces and explains methods for analyzing and interpreting censored data in the environmental sciences. Adapting survival analysis techniques from other fields, the book translates well-established methods from other disciplines into new solutions for environmental studies. This new edition applies methods of survival analysis, including methods for interval-censored data to the interpretation of low-level contaminants in environmental sciences and occupational health. Now incorporating the freely available R software as well as Minitab into the discussed analyses, the book features newly developed and updated material including: A new chapter on multivariate methods for censored data Use of interval-censored methods for treating true nondetects as lower than and separate from values between the detection and quantitation limits ("remarked data") A section on summing data with nondetects A newly written introduction that discusses invasive data, showing why substitution methods fail Expanded coverage of graphical methods for censored data The author writes in a style that focuses on applications rather than derivations, with chapters organized by key objectives such as computing intervals, comparing groups, and correlation. Examples accompany each procedure, utilizing real-world data that can be analyzed using the Minitab and R software macros available on the book's related website, and extensive references direct readers to authoritative literature from the environmental sciences.Statistics for Censored Environmental Data Using Minitab and R, Second Edition is an excellent book for courses on environmental statistics at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. The book also serves as a valuable reference for? environmental professionals, biologists, and ecologists who focus on the water sciences, air quality, and soil science.
An Annotated Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Margalla Hills National Park, Pakistan

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A New All-Female Triploid Species of Gecko and Karyological Data on the Bisexual Hemidactylus frenatus from Vietnam

Vietnamese geckos of the genus Hemidactylus, previously considered to belong to the triploid all-female species H. garnotii Dumeril and Bibron (n = 23; 3n = 70), prove instead to belong to the new triploid all-female species H. vietnamensis (n = 20; 3n = 60). It is suggested that H. karenorum Theobald from Vietnam and Burma, seemingly closely related to H. vietnamensis, is also an all-female species. The new species is markedly different in morphology. Neither kary- ological nor electrophoretic analyses support the origin of H. vietnamensis by hybridization among the sympatric bisexual species H. bowringii Dumeril and Bibron, H. frenatus Dumeril and Bibron and Cosymbotus platyurus (Schneider). H. frenatus from Vietnam has a diploid number of 2n = 40. The number obtained is the same as the 2n number of H. frenatus from Australia, but distinct from the number in this species from Taiwan (2n = 46). The genus Hemidactylus includes some 70 mainly tropical species with numer- ous subspecies; it includes the taxonom- ically most diverse group of geckonid lizards. Until recently only H. garnotii was considered to be an all-female species. The studies of Kluge and Eck- ardt (1969) showed that this species in- cludes only females throughout its range and previous reports of males were in error. Hawaiian specimens of H. garnotii proved to be parthenogenet- ic and triploid with a chromosome for- mula of 3n = 70. Based upon an analogy with the known cases of triploidy in some all-female species of lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus (Wright and Lowe, 1967, 1968) might lead to the assump- tion that initially this species became polyploid by interspecific hybridiza- tion. This assumption, however, is un- likely, because no other species of Hemidactylus inhabits Hawaii in sym- patry with H. garnotii. However, there can be no question that the species was introduced to Hawaii for a second time, apparently accidentally by man (Kluge and Eckardt, 1969). Therefore, a key to the problem of the origin of H. garnotii requires comparative karyological and electrophoretic investigations from other parts of its range and primarily from continental areas, where this species is sympatric with several other members of the genus Hemidactylus. The field observations carried out by I. S. Darevsky in 1982 in Vietnam have shown that Hemidactylus garnotii is sym- patric with three other species of the group of house geckos, primarily with H. frenatus. The ratio of occurrence of the former and latter in various popu- lations was about 3:1. Apart from H. fre-
High rates of kidney impairment among older people (≥ 60 years) living with HIV on first-line antiretroviral therapy at screening for a clinical trial in Kenya

Background There is a paucity of data on kidney impairment among older people living with HIV (PLWH). We evaluated kidney function among PLWH age ≥ 60 years on first-line antiretroviral (ARV) therapy during screening for a clinical trial in Kenya. Methods The bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) Elderly Study is an open-label, randomized, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial conducted at two sites in Kenya. Potential participants were screened for study entry if they were at least 60 years old, had been on ARVs for at least 24 weeks and had no history of treatment failure. At screening, participants had samples collected for serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration 2021 equation. Results Between January and April 2022, 714 participants were screened and had creatinine measured. All participants were black, 54.1% were female and the median age was 64 years (range 60 to 87 years). Most participants (666 [93.3%]) were on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing regimens, 711 (99.6%) were on dolutegravir-containing regimens, and only 2 (0.3%) were on a regimen with a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor. Most participants (686 [96.6%]) were virally suppressed. Treatment for comorbidities was common, with 175 (24.5%) on treatment for hypertension and 39 (5.5%) on treatment for diabetes mellitus. The median eGFR was 64.7 mL/min/1.73m2, and 289 (40.5%) participants had an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with lower eGFR were female gender (p<0.001), being on treatment for hypertension (p<0.001) and nadir CD4 count < 50 cells/μL (p = 0.008). Conclusions Our study identified high rates of impaired kidney function among elderly PLHW in Kenya, which highlights the importance of routine assessment of kidney function and the need to address modifiable risk factors, use of appropriate ARVs, and management of kidney disease in this population.
COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS OF LUMBAR PUNCTURE COMPLICATIONS AMONG PARENTS IN THE EASTERN REGION OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA.

Saleh Abdulrahim Alnajim 1 , Zainab Mohammed Al Sulaiman 2 , Sama Mohammed Al Sulaiman 3 , Fay Ali Al Otaibi 3 , Harith Own Alsahfy 1 , Sarah Saeed Alawami 3 , Nora Mohammed Almarri 1 and Munirah Abdulrahman Sattam 3 . 1. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA. 2. Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE. 3. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
Effectiveness of needle cast at reducing erosion after forest fires

Needle cast from partially burnt conifer trees commonly occurs after forest fires. The effectiveness of needles in reducing soil erosion was investigated in this study. Two needle types, ponderosa pine and Douglas fir needles, were used at four different cover amounts (0, 15, 40, and 70 percent) on granitic and volcanic derived soils. Simulated rainfall was used to examine interrill erosion; added inflow was used to determine rill erosion in a laboratory setting. After a series of “runs,” data showed that sediment delivery was greater for the granitic soil compared with the volcanic soil. Douglas fir needles were more effective at reducing interrill erosion compared with the ponderosa pine needles. Ponderosa pine needles, because of their shape and being bundled together, often caused minidebris dams to form. The minidebris dams formed by ponderosa pine needles reduce flow within the rill, resulting in less rill erosion than the Douglas fir needles. A 50 percent cover of Douglas fir needles reduced interrill erosion by 80 percent and rill erosion 20 by percent. A 50 percent cover of ponderosa pine needles reduced interrill erosion by 60 percent and rill erosion by 40 percent. We also compared the effectiveness of using stream power, rather than shear stress, to model rill erosion. Stream power was a better predictor of sediment load than shear stress. Rill detachment rates based on stream power decreased with increasing cover for both needle types. These results challenge the use of shear stress detachment rates in current erosion models and provide insight into the use of stream power detachment rates.
Computational Social Choice

3 Voting 17 3.1 Voting Rules . 17 3.1. 1 Scoring Rules . 18 3.1. 2 Condorcet Extensions . 19 3.1. 3 Other Rules . 22 3.2 Manipulation . 23 3.2. 1 The Gibbard-Satterthwaite Impossibility . 24 3.2. 2 Restricted Domains of Preferences . 24 3.2. 3 Computational Hardness of Manipulation . 26 3.2. 4 Probabilistic Voting Rules . 29 3.2. 5 Irresolute Voting Rules . 30 3.3 Possible and Necessary Winners . 31