Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fluctuating Atlantic inflows modulate Arctic atlantification

Enhanced warm, salty subarctic inflows drive high-latitude atlantification, which weakens oceanic stratification, amplifies heat fluxes, and reduces sea ice. In this work, we show that the atmospheric Arctic Dipole (AD) associated with anticyclonic winds over North America and cyclonic winds over Eurasia modulates inflows from the North Atlantic across the Nordic Seas. The alternating AD phases create a “switchgear mechanism. ” From 2007 to 2021, this switchgear mechanism weakened northward inflows and enhanced sea-ice export across Fram Strait and increased inflows throughout the Barents Sea. By favoring stronger Arctic Ocean circulation, transferring freshwater into the Amerasian Basin, boosting stratification, and lowering oceanic heat fluxes there after 2007, AD+ contributed to slowing sea-ice loss. A transition to an AD− phase may accelerate the Arctic sea-ice decline, which would further change the Arctic climate system. Description Editor’s summary One of the reasons that Arctic sea ice has been disappearing over the past decades is that warm water from the Atlantic is being advected into the high-latitude ocean in increasing amounts, a process called “atlantification. ” But what drives this process? Polyakov et al. show that the large-scale weather pattern called the Arctic Dipole causes atmospheric wind patterns that modulate North Atlantic inflows across the Fram Strait and within the Barents Sea, resulting in variations in Arctic Ocean circulation, freshwater fluxes into the Amerasian Basin, ocean stratification, and heat fluxes (see the Perspective by Bacon). —H. Jesse Smith Shifts in large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns have important consequences for Arctic climate.
Measurements of the 
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ν</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>
 and 
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="i

We report an updated measurement of the $\nu_{\mu}$-induced, and the first measurement of the $\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$-induced coherent charged pion production cross section on $^{12}C$ nuclei in the T2K experiment. This is measured in a restricted region of the final-state phase space for which $p_{\mu,\pi}>0.2$ GeV, $\cos(\theta_{\mu})>0.8$ and $\cos(\theta_{\pi})>0.6$, and at a mean (anti)neutrino energy of 0.85 GeV using the T2K near detector. The measured $\nu_{\mu}$ CC coherent pion production flux-averaged cross section on $^{12}C$ is $(2.98 \pm 0.37 (stat.) \pm 0.31 (syst.) \substack{ +0.49 \\ -0.00 } \mathrm{ (Q^2\,model)}) \times 10^{-40}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}$. The new measurement of the $\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$-induced cross section on $^{12}{C}$ is $(3.05 \pm 0.71 (stat.) \pm 0.39 (syst.) \substack{ +0.74 \\ -0.00 } \mathrm{(Q^2\,model)}) \times 10^{-40}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}$. The results are compatible with both the NEUT 5.4. 0 Berger-Sehgal (2009) and GENIE 2.8. 0 Rein-Sehgal (2007) model predictions.
Recognition and constructive membership for purely hyperbolic groups acting on trees

We present an algorithm which takes as input a finite set $X$ of automorphisms of a simplicial tree, and outputs a generating set $X'$ of $\langle X \rangle$ such that either $\langle X \rangle$ is purely hyperbolic and $X'$ is a free basis of $\langle X \rangle$, or $X'$ contains a non-trivial elliptic element. As a special case, the algorithm decides whether a finitely generated group acting on a locally finite tree is discrete and free. This algorithm, which is based on Nielsen's reduction method, works by repeatedly applying Nielsen transformations to $X$ to minimise the generators of $X'$ with respect to a given pre-well-ordering. We use this algorithm to solve the constructive membership problem for finitely generated purely hyperbolic automorphism groups of trees. We provide a Magma implementation of these algorithms, and report its performance.
Filling-in: From perceptual completion to cortical reorganization.

1. Introduction - Filling-In: More than Meets the Eye PART I: FAST-ACTING FILLING-IN IN NORMAL VISION 2. Filling-In the Forms: Surface and Boundary Interactions in Visual Cortex 3. Contextual Shape Processing in Human Visual Cortex: Beginning to Fill-In the Blanks 4. Surface Completion: Psychophysical and Neurophysiological Studies of Brightness 5. Mechanisms of Surface Completion: Perceptual Filling-In of Texture 6. Searching for the Neural Mechanism of Colour Filling-In 7. Effects of Modal Versus Amodal Completion Upon Visual Attention: A Function for Filling-In? 8. Completion Phenomena in Vision: A Computational Approach PART II: FROM PERMANENT SCOTOMAS TO CORTICAL REORGANIZATION 9. Completion Through a Permanent Scotoma: First Interpolation Across the Blind Spot and the Processing of Occlusion 10. The Reactivation and Reorganization of Retinotopic Maps in the Visual Cortex of Adult Mammals After Retinal and Cortical Lesions 11. The Blind Leading the Mind: Pathological Completion in Hemianopia and Spatial Neglect PART III: LONG-TERM CORTICAL REMAPPING 12. Plasticity of the Human Auditory Cortex 13. Plasticity in Adult M1 Cortex During Motor Skill Learning 14. Cortical Reorganization and the Rehabilitation of Movement by CI Therapy After Neurologic Injury 15. Conclusion: Contributions of Inhibitory Mechanisms to Perceptual Completion and Cortical Reorganization
Universal Approach to Critical Percolation

Percolation problems appear in a large variety of different contexts ranging from the design of composite materials to vaccination strategies on community networks. The key observable for many applications is the percolation threshold. Unlike the universal critical exponents, the percolation threshold depends explicitly on the specific system properties. As a consequence, theoretical approaches to the percolation threshold are rare and generally tailored to the specific application. Yet, any percolating cluster forms a discrete network the emergence of which can be cast as a graph problem and analyzed using branching processes. We propose a general mapping of any kind of percolation problem onto a branching process which provides rigorous lower bounds of the percolation threshold. These bounds progressively tighten as we incorporate more information into the theory. We showcase our approach for different continuum problems finding accurate predictions with almost no effort. Our approach is based on first principles and does not require fitting parameters. As such it offers an important theoretical reference in a field that is dominated by simulation studies and heuristic fit functions.
Channel Estimation Using RIDNet Assisted OMP for Hybrid-Field THz Massive MIMO Systems

The terahertz (THz) band radio access with larger available bandwidth is anticipated to provide higher capacities for next-generation wireless communication systems. However, higher path loss at THz frequencies significantly limits the wireless communication range. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) is an attractive technology to increase the Rayleigh distance by generating higher gain beams using low wavelength and highly directive antenna array aperture. In addition, both far-field and near-field components of the antenna system should be considered for modeling THz electromagnetic propagation, where the channel estimation for this environment becomes a challenging task. This paper proposes a novel channel estimation method using a real image denoising network (RIDNet) and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) for hybrid-field THz mMIMO channels, including far-field and near-field constituents. The simulation experiments are performed using the ray-tracing tool. The results demonstrate that the proposed RIDNet-based method consistently provides lower channel estimation errors than the conventional OMP algorithm for all signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regions. The performance gap becomes higher at low SNR regimes. Furthermore, the results imply that the same error performance of the OMP can be achieved by the RIDNet-based method using a lower number of RF chains and pilot symbols.
MS23D: A 3D Object Detection Method Using Multi-Scale Semantic Feature Points to Construct 3D Feature Layers

LiDAR point clouds can effectively depict the motion and posture of objects in three-dimensional space. Many studies accomplish the 3D object detection by voxelizing point clouds. However, in autonomous driving scenarios, the sparsity and hollowness of point clouds create some difficulties for voxel-based methods. The sparsity of point clouds makes it challenging to describe the geometric features of objects. The hollowness of point clouds poses difficulties for the aggregation of 3D features. We propose a two-stage 3D object detection framework, called MS23D. (1) We propose a method using voxel feature points from multi-branch to construct the 3D feature layer. Using voxel feature points from different branches, we construct a relatively compact 3D feature layer with rich semantic features. Additionally, we propose a distance-weighted sampling method, reducing the loss of foreground points caused by downsampling and allowing the 3D feature layer to retain more foreground points. (2) In response to the hollowness of point clouds, we predict the offsets between deep-level feature points and the object's centroid, making them as close as possible to the object's centroid. This enables the aggregation of these feature points with abundant semantic features. For feature points from shallow-level, we retain them on the object's surface to describe the geometric features of the object. To validate our approach, we evaluated its effectiveness on both the KITTI and ONCE datasets.
Prescribed-Time Control in Switching Systems with Resets: A Hybrid Dynamical Systems Approach

We consider the problem of achieving prescribed-time stability (PT-S) in a class of hybrid dynamical systems that incorporate switching nonlinear dynamics, exogenous inputs, and resets. By"prescribed-time stability", we refer to the property of having the states converge to a particular compact set of interest before a given time defined a priori by the user. We focus on dynamical systems that achieve this property via time-varying gains. For continuous-time systems, this approach has received significant attention in recent years, with various applications in control, optimization, and estimation problems. However, its extensions beyond continuous-time systems have been limited. This gap motivates this paper, which introduces a novel class of switching conditions for switching systems with resets that incorporate time-varying gains, ensuring the PT-S property even in the presence of unstable modes. The analysis leverages tools from hybrid dynamical system's theory, and a contraction-dilation property that is established for the hybrid time domains of the solutions of the system. We present the model and main results in a general framework and subsequently apply them to three novel applications: (a) PT regulation of switching plants with no common Lyapunov functions; (b) PT control of dynamic plants with uncertainty and intermittent feedback; and (c) PT decision-making in non-cooperative switching games via hybrid Nash seeking dynamics.
Everyone Can Attack: Repurpose Lossy Compression as a Natural Backdoor Attack

The vulnerabilities to backdoor attacks have recently threatened the trustworthiness of machine learning models in practical applications. Conventional wisdom suggests that not everyone can be an attacker since the process of designing the trigger generation algorithm often involves significant effort and extensive experimentation to ensure the attack's stealthiness and effectiveness. Alternatively, this paper shows that there exists a more severe backdoor threat: anyone can exploit an easily-accessible algorithm for silent backdoor attacks. Specifically, this attacker can employ the widely-used lossy image compression from a plethora of compression tools to effortlessly inject a trigger pattern into an image without leaving any noticeable trace; i.e., the generated triggers are natural artifacts. One does not require extensive knowledge to click on the"convert"or"save as"button while using tools for lossy image compression. Via this attack, the adversary does not need to design a trigger generator as seen in prior works and only requires poisoning the data. Empirically, the proposed attack consistently achieves 100% attack success rate in several benchmark datasets such as MNIST, CIFAR-10, GTSRB and CelebA. More significantly, the proposed attack can still achieve almost 100% attack success rate with very small (approximately 10%) poisoning rates in the clean label setting. The generated trigger of the proposed attack using one lossy compression algorithm is also transferable across other related compression algorithms, exacerbating the severity of this backdoor threat. This work takes another crucial step toward understanding the extensive risks of backdoor attacks in practice, urging practitioners to investigate similar attacks and relevant backdoor mitigation methods.
Linking microblogging sentiments to stock price movement: An application of GPT-4

This paper investigates the potential improvement of the GPT-4 Language Learning Model (LLM) in comparison to BERT for modeling same-day daily stock price movements of Apple and Tesla in 2017, based on sentiment analysis of microblogging messages. We recorded daily adjusted closing prices and translated them into up-down movements. Sentiment for each day was extracted from messages on the Stocktwits platform using both LLMs. We develop a novel method to engineer a comprehensive prompt for contextual sentiment analysis which unlocks the true capabilities of modern LLM. This enables us to carefully retrieve sentiments, perceived advantages or disadvantages, and the relevance towards the analyzed company. Logistic regression is used to evaluate whether the extracted message contents reflect stock price movements. As a result, GPT-4 exhibited substantial accuracy, outperforming BERT in five out of six months and substantially exceeding a naive buy-and-hold strategy, reaching a peak accuracy of 71.47 % in May. The study also highlights the importance of prompt engineering in obtaining desired outputs from GPT-4's contextual abilities. However, the costs of deploying GPT-4 and the need for fine-tuning prompts highlight some practical considerations for its use.
ReZero: Region-customizable Sound Extraction

We introduce region-customizable sound extraction (ReZero), a general and flexible framework for the multi-channel region-wise sound extraction (R-SE) task. R-SE task aims at extracting all active target sounds (e.g., human speech) within a specific, user-defined spatial region, which is different from conventional and existing tasks where a blind separation or a fixed, predefined spatial region are typically assumed. The spatial region can be defined as an angular window, a sphere, a cone, or other geometric patterns. Being a solution to the R-SE task, the proposed ReZero framework includes (1) definitions of different types of spatial regions, (2) methods for region feature extraction and aggregation, and (3) a multi-channel extension of the band-split RNN (BSRNN) model specified for the R-SE task. We design experiments for different microphone array geometries, different types of spatial regions, and comprehensive ablation studies on different system configurations. Experimental results on both simulated and real-recorded data demonstrate the effectiveness of ReZero. Demos are available at https://innerselfm.github. io/rezero/.
CNTN4 modulates neural elongation through interplay with APP

The neuronal cell adhesion molecule contactin-4 (CNTN4) has been genetically linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other psychiatric disorders. The Cntn4-deficient mouse model has previously shown that CNTN4 has important roles in axon guidance and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. However, the pathogenesis and functional role of CNTN4 in the cortex have not yet been investigated. Using Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry and Golgi staining the motor cortex of Cntn4-/- mice was analysed for abnormalities. Interacting partners of CNTN4 were identified by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Further analysis of the interaction between CNTN4 and APP utilised knockout human cells generated via CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Our study newly identified reduced cortical thickness in the motor cortex of Cntn4-/- mice, but cortical cell migration and differentiation were unaffected. Significant morphological changes were observed in neurons in the M1 region of the motor cortex, indicating that CNTN4 is also involved in the morphology and spine density of neurons in the motor cortex. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis identified an interaction partner for CNTN4, and we confirmed an interaction between CNTN4 and APP. Knockout human cells of CNTN4 and/or APP revealed a relationship between CNTN4 and APP. This study demonstrates that CNTN4 contributes to cortical development, and that its binding and interplay with APP controls neural elongation. This is an important finding for understanding the function of APP, a target protein for Alzheimer’s disease. The binding between Cntn4 and APP, which is involved in neurodevelopment, is essential for healthy nerve outgrowth.
The WD40 domain-containing protein Ehd5 positively regulates flowering in rice (Oryza sativa)

Abstract Heading date (flowering time), which greatly influences regional and seasonal adaptability in rice (Oryza sativa), is regulated by many genes in different photoperiod pathways. Here, we characterized a heading date gene, Early heading date 5 (Ehd5), using a modified bulked segregant analysis method. The ehd5 mutant showed late flowering under both short-day and long-day conditions, as well as reduced yield, compared to the wild type. Ehd5, which encodes a WD40 domain-containing protein, is induced by light and follows a circadian rhythm expression pattern. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Ehd5 acts upstream of the flowering genes Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1), and Heading date 3a (Hd3a). Functional analysis showed that Ehd5 directly interacts with Rice outermost cell-specific gene 4 (Roc4) and Grain number, plant height, and heading date 8 (Ghd8), which might affect the formation of Ghd7–Ghd8 complexes, resulting in increased expression of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1. In a nutshell, these results demonstrate that Ehd5 functions as a positive regulator of rice flowering and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying heading date.
SportsSloMo: A New Benchmark and Baselines for Human-centric Video Frame Interpolation

Human-centric video frame interpolation has great potential for improving people's entertainment experiences and finding commercial applications in the sports analysis industry, e.g., synthesizing slow-motion videos. Although there are multiple benchmark datasets available in the community, none of them is dedicated for human-centric scenarios. To bridge this gap, we introduce SportsSloMo, a benchmark consisting of more than 130K video clips and 1M video frames of high-resolution ($\geq$720p) slow-motion sports videos crawled from YouTube. We re-train several state-of-the-art methods on our benchmark, and the results show a decrease in their accuracy compared to other datasets. It highlights the difficulty of our benchmark and suggests that it poses significant challenges even for the best-performing methods, as human bodies are highly deformable and occlusions are frequent in sports videos. To improve the accuracy, we introduce two loss terms considering the human-aware priors, where we add auxiliary supervision to panoptic segmentation and human keypoints detection, respectively. The loss terms are model agnostic and can be easily plugged into any video frame interpolation approaches. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of our proposed loss terms, leading to consistent performance improvement over 5 existing models, which establish strong baseline models on our benchmark. The dataset and code can be found at: https://neu-vi.github. io/SportsSlomo/.
The Essence of Reactivity

Reactive programming, functional reactive programming, event-based programming, stream programming, and temporal logic all share an underlying commonality: values can vary over time. These languages differ in multiple ways, including the nature of time itself (e.g., continuous or discrete, dense or sparse, implicit or explicit), on how much of the past and future can be referenced, on the kinds of values that can be represented, as well as the mechanisms used to evaluate expressions or formulas. This paper presents a series of abstractions that capture the essence of different forms of time variance. By separating the aspects that differentiate each family of formalisms, we can better express the commonalities and differences between them. We demonstrate our work with a prototype in Haskell that allows us to write programs in terms of a generic interface that can be later instantiated to different abstractions depending on the desired target.
Analytical methods for fluid driven crack-propagation with application to geothermal case study

In questa tesi e trattato il problema di una frattura idraulica che si propaga in una roccia, ipotizzata mezzo permeabile. Il fluido, inettato nella frattura a flusso costante, e definito come fluido Newtoniano incompressibile. In una prima fase si sono studiare le equazioni che governano il sistema, a cui vengono applicate condizioni al bordo e condizioni iniziali. Si definiscono le soluzioni di vertice: si tudiano i casi in cui le perdite sono o meno trascurabili e se c'e prevalenza di viscosita o di tenacita alla frattura. Ne vengono poi tracciati e studiati gli andamenti in funzione del tempo e dello spazio. Dopodiche viene validata la soluzione numerica studiata da Dontsov in "An approximate solution fro a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture that accounts for fracture toughness, fluid viscosity and leak-off". In ultimo viene applicato lo studio di soluzioni di vertice e della soluzione numerica di Dontsov in un reale caso di studio geotermico.