Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GOOD IDEALS IN FIELDS OF SETS

In this paper we shall study some problems which are purely settheoretical in character, but which arose in connection with a problem in the theory of models. The principal results of this paper form an important part of the proofs of the series of results in the theory of models which are announced in [1], [2], [3], and in the appendix of [4]. The present article, however, is entirely free of any notions from the theory of models. It is well-known that, for every infinite cardinal a, there exist nonprincipal prime ideals in the field S(X) of all subsets of a set X of power a, and furthermore there are exactly 221 such prime ideals. The object of this paper is to show that non-principal prime ideals with certain additional properties exist. Let X be a set of power a, and let S( Y) be the set of all non-empty finite subsets of a set Y. If f, g map S. ( Y) into the field of subsets of X, we write g > f if, for all a E S. ( Y), g(a) -f(a). Let us say that an ideal I in the field S(X) is SJ( Y)-good if, for every monotonic function f on S,(Y) into I, there exists an additive function g > f on S,( Y) into I. If Y is countable, then every ideal I is S. ( Y)-good (cf. Corollary 4.2). Our two main results are as follows.
Performance Analysis of Ship Target Recognition in Multi-Band Infrared Images Based on Deep Learning

Infrared thermal imaging technology can not only detect ships through obstacles such as smoke, fog, and haze, and realize continuous passive observation day and night, but also observe the external details of ships and subsequently identify and track targets. Therefore, infrared ship target recognition plays a vital role in maritime traffic management and ship navigation safety. Different deep-learning algorithms and infrared images of different bands can easily affect the effect of ship target recognition. This paper selects three representative deep learning algorithms, RetinaNet, Cascade R-CNN and CenterNet, to carry out ship recognition experiments on multi-band infrared ship images. In terms of experimental accuracy, the Cascade R-CNN algorithm demonstrates a high level of recognition accuracy, particularly for small ships. It outperforms other algorithms in terms of recognition accuracy. On the other hand, the RetinaNet algorithm excels in achieving both high precision and fast processing speed. When it comes to experimental speed, the CenterNet algorithm exhibits a faster running speed compared to others. However, CenterNet’s recognition accuracy is slightly lower, especially for small ships. From the perspective of multi-band infrared images, it is observed that long-wavelength Infrared (LWIR) images have a poor recognition effect on small ships. Conversely, short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) images show better recognition performance compared to the LWIR images. By comprehensively considering the accuracy and speed, evaluating the performance of the algorithms in multi-band infrared images, and selecting the best combination to achieve the optimal effect of ship target recognition in practical application, to meet the needs of maritime surveillance.
Influence of Boat Density Levels on Boaters' Satisfaction at Hyrum Lake, Utah

• . iii DEDICATION . v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . vi LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF FIGURES . x
INEQUALITY IN MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES

International attention to poverty reduction often tends to focus on those low income and least developed countries (LICs and LDCs), mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, in which poverty is both broad and deep. While this attention is fully warranted, there is a need also to examine the situation of the poor in Middle-Income Countries (MICs), currently defined by the World Bank as having per capita GNI of between $735 and $9,075. High levels of inequality in many MICs (including many MICs with large populations) mean that, despite higher average incomes, these countries also contain a significant proportion of the world’s absolute poor. If the international community is to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets by 2015, it will have to address the problems of inequality and poverty in MICs. Although the importance of reducing inequality has been recognised (e.g. World Bank 2000), the conventional wisdom has been that levels of inequality are resistant to change, that tax-based approaches to redistribution entail a particular risk of slowing growth, and therefore that emphasis should be upon dynamic rather than static redistribution. This paper summarises the analysis and conclusions of a recent research project into the challenge of inequality in MICs. It draws together an overview concept paper with detailed analysis of three country case studies (Brazil, China and South Africa). The findings challenge the conventional wisdom and advance the agenda in certain key ways: • more importance is now attached to equality as an intrinsic good;
Challenges of regional intergration in Africa: a case study of COMESA 1994-2008

The study examines the challenges of regional integration in Africa and COMESA as a case study. It further examines the role of regional bodies in furthering integration in Africa; the challenges that face COMESA in regional integration and consequently presents recommendations for addressing the challenges for effective regional integration. In the advent of increased competition, regional integration has become indispensable by synergising economies of scale in fragmented economies of Africa for greater leverage in the wider market. Espoused by early African leaders since independence, the efforts have resulted in multiplicity of regional bodies which however have not performed optimally and are beleaguered with numerous challenges. The ensuing debates on regional integration in Africa reveal that though its effectiveness as a role in integration is debatable it remains the only vehicle for sustainable growth even to the developed world. Regarding debates on its effectiveness vis a vis alternative forms of integration in Africa and also on new approaches to integration and regional approaches in Africa, what emerged is that it is effective to some extent though other forms of cooperation such as Multilateralism and regionalism could indeed widen the scope for integration to include other aspects besides trade and further strengthen it. This presents a case for need to review the earlier strategy as set out in African Economic Community and Abuja treaty on integration in Africa to enable its mandate to cope and withstand contemporary challenges in a globalised world and especially the existing problem of overlapping membership and the resultant lack of harmonisation of policies which hinders any meaningful progress. Lack of political will and fear of loosing some sovereignty is a major underlying challenge which then manifests in multiplicity of blocs, and preference to engage in inter regional trade at the expense of intra regional trade; suspicions and mistrust and thus lack of implementation of decisions and commitment among other challenges. The study reveals that COMESA has been active having launched a Free Trade Area in 2000 and a Customs Union protocol in 2007 though it has had challenges mainly due to lack of harmonisation of policies due to overlapping membership. The study while focusing on the primary and secondary data presents the argument that regional integration in Africa and indeed COMESA need to embrace the new approaches to regional integration to strengthen integration and address the myriad of challenges. Regionalism and multilateralism with the ensuing widened scope of cooperation in other areas other than trade, will hasten the rate of growth as it allows incremental progress for those members who are willing to proceed and deals with existing bloc lethargy. Formation of a regional level monitoring and implementation of decisions will further harness the progress so far and augment these efforts towards a more effective regional integration in COMESA and indeed Africa.
‘Why Choose Us?’ Texts in University Websites: A Genre Analysis

The impact of globalisation has caused some huge transformations for higher education institutions. One is the need to publicise themselves much as businesses perform marketisation. Accordingly, a set of academic promotional genres has emerged to respond to these changes. This corpus-driven study attempts to analyse the ‘Why choose us? ’ section, embedded with a promotional purpose, in 40 university websites. The aim is to examine how the text is structured and what lexico-grammatical features are employed to realise its communicative functions. Both a textual and a keyword analysis were conducted. A six-move structure in a conventional ‘Why choose us? ’ text was identified. Both the overused and underused keywords generated from the corpus were shown to mirror the nature of the promotional language in the texts. In addition, the opinions of potential readers (through questionnaires) were examined to assess the possible impact of the marketing tools that universities use. Different viewers showed divergent reading focuses on the text. Implications and suggestions are provided.
Solving Optimization Problems using the Matlab Optimization Toolbox - a Tutorial

2.1 Linear programming with MATLAB . 62.2 The Interior Point Method for LP . 82.3 Using linprog to solve LP’s . 112.3. 1 Formal problems . 112.3. 2 Approximation of discrete Data by a Curve . 13
Bacteria Load Assessment from Hands of Students in a Tertiary University in South-South Nigeria

Clean hands are the single most important factor in preventing the spread of pathogens and reducing the incidence of infections. The good hand hygiene practices promote health safety and prevent infections. This study was carried out to assess the presence of bacteria from hands of Ambrose Alli University Students. Of all fifty (50) samples analyzed, at least one or two bacteria were isolated. The colony counts of students from each site were properly recorded with the highest found amongst dwellers of male hostels i.e 4.85 x 105cfu/ml, compared to dwellers at female hostels. However, there was considerable increase amongst students at Microbiology laboratory, which may be attributed to lack of good hand hygiene procedures not been adhered to. The considerable increase in the frequency of Escherichia coli and as well as Proteus sp is indicative of poor hygiene practices. The low colony counts recorded amongst students from school gate could be as a result of the student have taken their bath before coming to school. The frequency of occurrence of the isolates includes: Staphylococcus aureus 50 (100%), Escherichia coli 35 (70%), Klebsiella sp 15 (30%), Salmonella sp 21 (42%), Streptococcus sp 10 (20%), Bacillus sp 4 (8%), Pseudomonas sp 2 (4%) and Proteus sp 2 (4%). From the study, it was shown that there was considerable increase in poor hygienic practices amongst students of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma Edo State, Nigeria.
Risk of Subsequent Primary Cancer in Thyroid Cancer Survivors: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

Background: Despite obtaining a good prognosis and long life expectancy, survivors of thyroid cancer can nevertheless develop subsequent primary cancer (SPC). We investigated the risk and types of SPC in patients with thyroid cancer and compared them with subjects without thyroid cancer history (controls). Methods: We conducted a nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study based on the Korean National Health Insurance Database. A total of 432,654 patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer between 2004 and 2019 were 1:1 matched with controls for age, sex, income, and region of residence. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of SPC were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: In total, 78,584 (18.2%) patients with thyroid cancer and 49,979 (11.6%) controls were diagnosed with SPCs over a mean follow-up of 6.9 years. Patients with thyroid cancer had a higher risk of SPC at any site (adjusted HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.60–1.64) than the controls. The risk of SPCs was particularly high for patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer at a younger age (<40 years) and within 5 years. Conclusions: Medical caregivers should consider the long-term follow-up of patients with thyroid cancer and discuss the risk of SPC, especially if they complain of cancer-related symptoms.
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Currency Crises, Capital Account Liberalization, and Selection Bias Currency Crises, Capital Account Liberalization, and Selection Bias

Are countries with unregulated capital flows more vulnerable to currency crises? Efforts to answer this question properly must control for " self selection " bias since countries with liberalized capital accounts may also have more sound economic policies and institutions that make them less likely to experience crises. We employ a matching and propensity score methodology to address this issue in a panel analysis of developing countries. Our results suggest that, after controlling for sample selection bias, countries with liberalized capital accounts experience a lower likelihood of currency crises. That is, when two countries have the same likelihood of allowing free movement of capital (based on historical evidence and a very similar set of economic and political characteristics)—and one country imposes controls and the other does not-the country without controls has a lower likelihood of experiencing a currency crisis. The views presented in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
Target Trajectory Querying in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we focus on the query problem of trajectory tracking of moving targets in a wireless sensor network. Our motivation is to design in-network storage and querying protocols to support queries for searching a given target signature in a low query latency, high query reliability, and energy efficient manner. We propose a target trajectory query protocol, which combines index-based query and random query schemes. The query protocol guarantees query reliability and energy efficiency. In an index-based queries scheme, each target trajectory has an index, which is stored at an index node (designated node). Query nodes send query messages to the index node to get results. Naturally, index-based queries can guarantee query reliability, but the disadvantage is the query hotspot problem, which reduces the lifetime of the sensor network. A random queries scheme, which is based on opportunistic target signature propagation, sends query messages in random chosen directions to hit a sensor node that contains the given target signature near the query node. However, queries for targets whose signature propagation is very limited need a large number of random query messages to achieve high query reliability. Our algorithm combines the two query schemes. It takes advantages of both of them, and eliminates each individual's disadvantages. Performance analysis and simulation studies show that our query protocol is superior to index-based queries in terms of the query hotspot problem, and it is superior to random queries in terms of energy efficiency, query latency, and query reliability.
Filtration function in glomerulonephritis.

A 53-year-old man was first evaluated in the outpatient clinic of the American University of Beirut Medical Center 2 years ago. He had been in good health until 13 years ago, when he developed leg swelling and “hypertension and proteinuria”; records from that time were unavailable. The patient was living in Saudi Arabia. Renal biopsy at that time revealed membranous nephropathy. The serum creatinine was reported as “normal. ” The patient reports being treated with the “Ponticelli protocol” [1], with complete remission of symptoms. The patient remained free of symptoms and without treatment until 7 years ago, when swelling in his legs returned while he was in Freiburg, Germany. A physician there performed a second renal biopsy, which contained 17 glomeruli, none of which was sclerosed, and all of which demonstrated typical light and electron microscopic features of membranous nephropathy. The urinary protein excretion (Upr) was 20 g/24 hours, and the serum creatinine was 1.2 mg/dL. Blood pressure was 140/100 mm Hg. Between 7 and 2 years ago, the patient received treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) for 4 years, a repeat of the “Ponticelli protocol,” and, when seen by us 2 years ago, he was receiving cyclosporine A (175 mg/day). Steroids had been discontinued because
Lecture 10 : Contextual Bandits

1 Problem statement and examples In this lecture, we will be talking about a generalization of bandits called contextual bandits. Here, each round t proceeds as follows: • algorithm observes a " context " x t , • algorithm picks an arm a t , • reward r t ∈ [0, 1] is realized. The reward r t depends both on the context x t and the chosen action a t. Formally, make the IID assumption: r t is drawn independently from some distribution that depends on the (x t , a t) pair but not on t. The expected reward of action a given context x is denoted µ(a|x). This setting allows a limited amount of " change over time " , but this change is completely " explained " by the observable contexts. Throughout, we assume contexts x 1 , x 2 ,. are chosen by an oblivious adversary. The main motivation is that a user with a known " user profile " arrives in each round, and the context is the user profile. Some of the natural scenarios include: choosing which news articles to display to a given reader, which products to recommend to a given customer, and which interface options (e.g., font sizes and colors, page layout, etc.) to use for a given website visitor. Rewards are often determined by user clicks, possibly in conjunction with other observable signals that correlate with revenue and/or user satisfaction. Naturally, rewards for the same action may be different for different users. Contexts can include other things apart from (and instead of) the user profiles. First, known features of the environment, such as day of the week, time of the day, season (e.g., Summer, pre-Christmas shopping season), proximity to a major event (e.g., Olympics, elections). Second, the set of feasible actions: only a subset of actions may be allowed in a given round and/or for a given user. Third, actions can come with features of their own, and it may be convenient to include this information into the context, esp. if the action features change over time. For ease of exposition, we assume a fixed and known time horizon T. The set of actions is denoted by A, and K = |A| is the number of actions. X denotes the set of all contexts. For brevity, we will use CB instead of " contextual bandits ". The reward of …
Postcards during World War I

I WRITE to comment on the editorial ‘Palatal dysfunction in horses: where next? ’ ( VR , January 3, 2015, vol 176, pp 17-18) as well as the recent letter by Robert Cook ( VR , February 14, 2015, vol 176, p 180) on thoughts concerning palatal dysfunction (PD) in horses. I have some experience of this (these) ‘problem(s)’ and with the various modalities that have been used and recommended for their diagnosis and for surgical and …
Associations Between RASSF 1 A Promoter Methylation and NSCLC : A Meta-analysis of Published Data

As of 2008, lung cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in males, as well as the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in females (Jemal et al., 2011). Primary lung cancer may be divided into two categories according to histopathology: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). 80% of primary lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which has a long asymptomatic latency and poor prognosis. Despite advances in both detection and treatment of NSCLC, the overall 5-year survival rate remains less than15% (Jemal et al., 2011). Once tumor cells have spread, the long-term prognosis is poor because no curative treatments are available. Thus, identification of biomarkers for early detection of NSCLC is of great importance. Previous studies have shown that a number of tumor-related and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) were frequently methylated in NSCLC and they might be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of NSCLC (Agathanggelou et al., 2005; Anglim et al., 2008; Choi et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2011; Kontic et al., 2012). Several potential TSGs have been described as frequently
Automatic cross-talk removal from multi-channel data

A technique is described for removing interference from a signal of interest (“channel 1”) which is one of a set of N time-domain instrumental signals (“channels 1 to N”). We assume that channel 1 is a linear combination of “true” signal plus noise, and that the “true” signal is not correlated with the noise. We also assume that part of this noise is produced, in a poorly-understood way, by the environment, and that the environment is monitored by channels 2 to N. Finally, we assume that the contribution of channel n to channel 1 is described by an (unknown! ) linear transfer function Rn(t −t ′ ). Our technique estimates the Ri and provides a way to subtract the environmental contamination from channel 1, giving an estimate of the “true” signal which minimizes its variance. It also provides some insights into how the environment is contaminating the signal of interest. The method is illustrated with data from a prototype interferometric gravitational-wave detector, in which the channel of interest (differential displacement) is heavily contaminated by environmental noise (magnetic and seismic noise) and laser frequency noise but where the coupling between these signals is not known in advance.
ICANN or ICANT: Is WHOIS an Enabler of Cybercrime?

WHOIS acts as a registry for organisations or individuals who "own" or take responsibility for domains. For any registry to be functional, its integrity needs to be assured. Unfortunately, WHOIS data does not appear to meet basic integrity requirements in many cases, reducing the effectiveness of law enforcement and rightsholders in requesting takedowns for phishing kits, zombie hosts that are part of a botnet, or infringing content. In this paper, we illustrate the problem using a case study from trademark protection, where investigators attempt to trace fake goods being advertised on Facebook. The results indicate that ICANN needs to at least introduce minimum verification standards for WHOIS records vis-à-vis integrity, and optimally, develop a system for rapid takedowns in the event that a domain is being misused.
Web Chatter Before and After the Women's Health Initiative Results: A Content Analysis of On-line Menopause Message Boards

ABSTRACT A content analysis was conducted on two on-line menopause message boards over 18 months, before and after the announcement of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study results on hormone therapy risks. Messages (N = 785) were coded based on overall context themes and specific content (N = 1132 codes). Results showed that “seeking symptom advice” about physical symptoms represented half (49%) of all codes. More specific content codes reflected inquiries about taking prescription hormone therapies, (HTs) how to cope with the menopausal transition, checking in with community members, and questions related to menopause onset and changes in menstrual patterns. Chi–square tests showed an increase in pharmaceutical advice codings over time on the medical board (p = .057) and a trend on the community board after the WHI (p = .10). Similarly, after the WHI there was an increase in the frequency of codes on the community board related to “Is this menopause? ” suggesting a heightened awareness about menopause as a health issue. In conclusion, analyses of on-line message boards provide a rich, economical method to discern the needs of menopausal women, as well as to observe the potential impact of a widely publicized medical event that can inform innovative strategies in health promotion for this target population.