Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection of indicator organisms in drinking water by membrane filtration method in open defaecation free VDCs of Kaski district, Nepal.

Aims: The aim of the project is to detect and enumerate the presence of indicator organisms in drinking water sources of open defaecation free (ODF) village development committees (VDCs) of Kaski district; to compare distribution of Total coliform (TC) and Faecal count (FC) among various water sources. Study Design: Cross-sectional Study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, December 2013 to March, 2014. Methodology: The study was conducted to detect and enumerate indicator organisms in ODF Original Research Article Pant et al.; BMRJ, 7(2): 81-92, 2015; Article no.BMRJ. 2015.098 82 VDCs of Kaski district, Nepal. 44 water samples were collected from reservoir / distribution tank, tapstand and spring. The bacteriological water quality was analyzed by using membrane filter method to detect the presence and its risk level of fecal contamination to human health in study area. The study mainly focuses on two part of the study; laboratory analysis for water samples and questionnaire survey. Total water samples collected were 44, out of which 32 were from tap, 3 from reservoir tank and 9 from spring. Chlorine disinfection treatment was not done in any VDCs. Results: All the drinking water samples from Bharatpokhari and Kalika VDCs (100%) were found to be fecally contaminated and the number of total coliforms and fecal coliform per 100ml water were above WHO guidelines for drinking water. None of the water sources from both the VDCs were potable for drinking. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare mean range between samples of two VDCs and mean rank of total coliforms of Bharatpokhari and Kalika VDC were found to be 29.18 and 13.17 and that of Bharatpokhari and Kalika VDCs were found to be 29.80 and 12.89 respectively. Tap water, reservoir/distribution tank and spring water were analyzed to detect indicator organisms and Kruskal Wallis test suggest no significant difference in fecal contamination level among various sources of water was found (p>0.05). The median concentration of fecal coliform of gravity water (spring) in Bharatpokhari was found to be 95 CFU/100 ml and that of Kalika is 40 CFU/100 ml. E. coli was detected in every water samples of both the VDCs. Conclusion: The water bodies used for drinking purpose in Bharatpokhari and Kalika VDC are heavily contaminated with total and fecal coliform bacteria even though those VDCs have been declared ODF. The water bodies used for drinking purpose in Bharatpokhari is found to be more contaminated than Kalika VDC. The distribution of total coliforms and fecal coliforms are same across categories of source of sample. E. coli was isolated from every water sample under study.
Saharan dust, lightning and tropical cyclones in the eastern tropical Atlantic during NAMMA‐06

During the summer of 2006, the downstream component of African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses Campaign (NASA‐AMMA (NAMMA)) examined African Easterly Waves (AEWs) emerging from the coast of Africa. Six of these disturbances went on to become named systems in the Tropical Atlantic. Two of the six systems (Tropical storm Debby and Hurricane Helene) developed in the extreme eastern Atlantic and were associated with dust outbreaks, elevated ice contents and frequent lightning. Here we show that in the early tropical cyclo‐genesis stages of these systems there were thousands of cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning flashes as measured by a ground‐lightning network. TRMM overpasses show high precipitation ice content above the freezing level and high latent heat release. Super‐cooled water can be inferred in the lower parts of cloud systems in concert with observed high ice concentrations at high altitudes creating charge separation based on the large numbers of CG flashes.
AEOLIAN BEDFORMS—THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND ORIGINS

Bedforms are defined and their variety outlined. Aeolian bedforms are shown to arise spontaneously by a two-way interaction between surface form and airflow involving piecemeal material transfer between them. They eventually reach a dynamic equilibrium and transverse elements migrate downwind. Aeolian bedforms may be compounded of elements from four groups i.e., draas, dunes, aerodynamic ripples and impact ripples, each subdivided into transverse and longitudinal elements. There are no transitional forms between the elements of one of these eight subgroups and those of another and they are interpreted as being formed by different mechanisms. The possible nature of these mechanisms is considered and qualitative models for the development of generalised transverse and longitudinal elements given. Transverse and longitudinal elements may be combined in three different ways according to whether or not one element is displaced half a wavelength on crossing the other.
Recent Deltaic Deposits of the Mississippi River: Their Development and Chronology

ABSTRACT Sixteen separate delta lobes have been formed by the Mississippi River in the past 6,000 years. Fourteen are included in the Teche, St. Bernard, and Lafourche delta complexes; the remaining two include the present birdfoot delta, which is an extension of the earlier formed initial lobe of the Plaquemines-Modern complex. Each delta complex is genetically related to a major Mississippi River course. Individual delta lobes within each complex are the result of the successive distributary networks of a major river course. Delta lobes were defined by detailed facies analyses of sediment cores from hundreds of shallow borings combined with lithologic and faunal data from several hundred additional borings. Each lobe consists of a basal fine-grained prodelta facies, an overlying sandy delta-front facies, and uppermost fine-grained delta-plain facies. The latter deposits include peat accumulations and nonorganic floodplain and natural-levee deposits. More than one hundred radiocarbon age determinations made on discrete delta-plain peats have been used to establish the chronology of the 16 delta lobes. These data, together with the facies relationships, indicate that the development of each delta complex was not a continual process; instead, river shifting from one major course to another caused the temporary cessation of development in one delta complex as progradation occurred in another. Similar deltaic sequences, prevalent in Tertiary outcrops along the northern flank of the Gulf Coast geosyncline, extend basinward as massive subsurface clastic wedges which constitute a major portion of the peripheral basin fill.
Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of a Single-Layer Filtering Patch Antenna Using Reshaped TM Mode

A single-layer filtering microstrip patch antenna with gain enhancement in the boresight direction is proposed. The antenna mainly consists of an outer ring patch and an inner rectangular patch with six shorting vias. Operating at the higher order TM12 mode, the rectangular ring patch is used for the first time to simultaneously provide an enhanced gain in the passband and a radiation null at the lower band edge. On the other hand, the rectangular patch placed inside the ring patch introduces another radiation null at the upper band edge due to the embedded structure (topology). In addition, the fundamental TM10 mode of the rectangular patch is excited, desirably increasing the bandwidth of the passband. Consequently, both good radiation and filtering performance is achieved, without using any filtering circuits. For demonstration, an antenna prototype is designed, fabricated, and measured, which operates at the 5.2 GHz WiFi band and suppresses the interference of 5.9 GHz Internet of Vehicles band. The prototype features an impedance bandwidth of 6.9%, a peak gain of 9.0 dBi, and an out-of-band radiation suppression level of over 16 dB.
The arsenic concentration in groundwater from the Abbey Arms Wood observation borehole, Delamere, Cheshire, UK

Abstract A 150 m observation borehole was drilled in Abbey Arms Wood, Delamere, Cheshire, UK in order to explore the local hydrogeological conditions and to understand better the source of the high concentrations of arsenic in some of the local groundwaters. The borehole was located on an outcrop of the Helsby Sandstone Formation (part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group) and was cored into the underlying Wilmslow Sandstone Formation. The aquifers in the area are unconfined and give rise to low-Fe groundwaters with As concentrations in the 10–50 µg l−1 range. The chemical composition of the sediments is quite uniform down to 150 m. The total arsenic content is in the range from 5 to 15 mg kg−1 and averaged 8 mg kg−1 (n = 60). There is no trend in sediment As concentration with depth, but pore water centrifuged from the core steadily increased in As concentration with depth. The As concentration ranges from 8 µg l−1 at 10 m (unsaturated zone) to 30 µg l−1 at 150 m. The source of the dissolved As remains unclear but the lack of evidence for discrete high-As minerals or zones of mineralization suggests that it is probably derived by desorption from rock-forming minerals in the sandstones, e.g. iron oxides. This may be in response to slightly higher pH (up to 8.0 at depth). If this trend applies throughout the area, restricting the screened interval for abstraction boreholes to the uppermost parts of the saturated zone may reduce As concentrations, but is likely to reduce yields and may also risk encountering groundwaters with high nitrate concentrations.
Teaching Disaster Preparedness in Geographic Education

Abstract Extreme natural and human-made disasters can affect the lives of thousands of citizens. The only way we can prepare ourselves for such situations is to learn and establish basic survival strategies within our families and communities. This article explores how K–12 teachers could help educating children about disaster preparedness by utilizing existing educational standards and Web portals for disaster education. A set of exemplary lesson plans for elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools, based on the National Geography Standards, describe how disaster preparedness could be integrated in lesson planning. The lesson plans can be downloaded at http://www.geo. txstate.edu/grosvenor/publications/GEO7347_lesson_plans. pdf.
The Aesthetics of Dehumanization: Anti-Roma Narratives in Italian Far-Right Propaganda, 2017–2022

Abstract:Beginning in the early 2010s, Italy has seen a new wave of popularization of far-right populist forces in institutional political contexts. Parties such as the Lega (League) and Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy) have engaged in campaigns of legitimation of ideologies based on ethnonationalist assumptions and racial exclusion that have become increasingly normalized within the public debate. This article analyzes the implementation of dehumanizing aesthetics in the propaganda of today's Italian far-right movements as applied to the discrimination of Roma minorities. Informed by old patterns of prejudice, the general storytelling around Roma in Italy is framed within fearful imaginaries of threat exploited by far-right groups to legitimize racist discourses and promote exclusionary policy agendas. The discussion considers the ability of far-right movements to use popular social media platforms for the diffusion of dehumanizing narratives that attempt to influence people's perception of Roma in public discourse. This article dissects some of the main elements informing anti-Roma narratives in the Italian political scene by considering a selection of case studies drawn from Facebook and Twitter profiles of institutional Italian far-right leaders. The discussion explores the connection between online and offline dimensions by examining the events at Torre Maura, a suburban borough of Rome that in 2019 saw violent anti-Roma protests led by neofascist fringe groups. This example is deemed interesting for the analysis of the potential of far-right aesthetics to transcend the online dimension and turn a general climate of fear, hate, and social tension into offline actions and behaviors.
Android Malware Detection by Correlated Real Permission Couples Using FP Growth Algorithm and Neural Networks

In the current internet era, where mobile devices are ubiquitous and often hold sensitive personal and corporate data, Android malware analysis is crucial to protect against the increasing sophistication and prevalence of mobile-based cyberattacks. This article proposes an innovative approach to Android malware detection using real permissions features extracted from Android code. This approach is unique among existing literature because, there for most cases, the declared permissions are being used, which is different from the real permission used in Android apps. Here, step-by-step guidelines have been elaborated to perform reverse engineering in any Android application package (APK) to extract the real permission feature from the Android disassembled code. After that, the most frequent & correlated pairs of real permissions were identified using the Frequent Pattern (FP) Growth algorithm. Thereafter, the existence of those identified real permission couples was checked and fed into a multi-layered, K-fold cross-validated neural network model to predict whether an APK is malware or benignware. Simultaneously, five other traditional machine learning models have also been applied to benchmark the results. The outcome of these models is measured with various well-known metrics like Accuracy, Precision, Recall, Loss, Specificity, F1 Score, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, Negative Predictive Value, and Mathew’s Correlation Coefficient. The experimental evaluation of the proposed methodology shows better performance on the well-known Drebin dataset as well as on the last 5 years customized dataset with an accuracy of over 96%.
Pressure solution and the force of crystallization: a phenomenological theory

The phenomena of pressure solution and the force of crystallization result from removal or deposition of mineral matter in the region of contact between the mineral grains. We assume that this transport takes place by diffusion in a solution film between the grains. The rate of transport depends on the grain size, the effective normal stress between the grains, the diffusion constant in the solution film, the film thickness, and the stress coefficient of solubility. Values of these parameters required to obtain the amount of pressure solution observed in the St. Peter sandstone are reasonable. The theory predicts an increase in pressure solution with decreasing grain size. The effect of clay films between the grains is also to increase the rate of pressure solution owing to the more rapid rate of diffusion in the clay layer relative to a single solution film between clean mineral grains. This explains how pre-existing clay films in the sediment may, because of the greater rate of pressure solution, develop into stylolites. If the interstitial water is supersaturated with respect to the minerals present, precipitation in the area of contact will take place as long as the supersaturation divided by the stress coefficient of solubility is greater than the average effective normal stress between the grains. If the stress is increased above this limit, pressure solution will take place.
A preliminary investigation into the spectral characteristics of inter-tidal estuarine sediments

Abstract In the Ribble Estuary, Lancashire, U.K., systematic associations between discharge of radionuclides from the British Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL) plants at Sellafield and Springfields and sediment size-fractions exist. The ability to map these associations through in situ spectroscopy (0·4-2·5 μm) of sediments at low tide was investigated. Laboratory spectra of inter-tidal sediment samples collected from the Ribble show a strong negative correlation (–0·7 to –0·8) between their radionuclide-associated clay content and reflectance within the 0·4-2·5 μm range. Field spectra of the same samples showed a less distinct relationship as a result of the presence of surface moisture, cyanobacteria, and halite within the intertidal zone. Methods are proposed to account for these problems.
Characteristics of Patients with Laryngomalacia: A Tertiary Referral Center Experience of 106 Cases

Laryngomalacia (LM) is the most common airway congenital anomaly and the main cause of stridor in infants. Some patients with severe airway symptoms or with feeding difficulties require surgical intervention. Synchronous airway lesions (SALs) may influence the severity and course of the disease. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of various types of LM and SALs and their influence on surgical intervention decisions and feeding difficulties. Moreover, the study focused on the interrelations between SALs and the type of LM or the presence of feeding difficulties. A retrospective analysis of 106 pediatric patients revealed a significant relationship between type 2 LM and the necessity of surgical treatment. We also found a significant effect of LM type 2 on feeding difficulty. Type 1 LM is significantly more characteristic in premature children. Among different comorbidities, SALs are suspected of modification of the course and severity of LM. This study did not find a significant effect of SALs on the incidence of supraglottoplasty or feeding difficulty.
Drainage network power

Although many indices of drainage basin characteristics have been devised and employed in previous studies, there is still a need to identify those indices which have an easily interpreted physical significance to be of use in explanatory models. Whereas stream power has been used in hydraulic studies of river channels, a comparable expression can be developed to denote the potential energy available in the stream network of a drainage basin. An index of drainage network power is obtained as the volume of the channel network divided by the basin relief and this index expresses the potential energy of the network of channels in the basin and it may be directly related to flood potential. The index is used in a study of 14 basins in Britain and it correlates well with mean annual flood obtained from a partial duration series.
FMPTCP: Achieving High Bandwidth Utilization and Low Latency in Data Center Networks

The utilization of Multi-path TCP (MPTCP) has been demonstrated to provide superior transport-layer support for data center networks (DCNs) due to its exceptional resource utilization and load-balancing capabilities. However, the substantial path diversity can make it challenging to utilize network resources to their full potential in DCNs. This paper focuses on studying the resource allocation issue of MPTCP from a resource optimization perspective. Based on theoretical analysis, we propose FMPTCP, which uses a feedback-based congestion control algorithm (FCC) and a feedback-based multi-path routing algorithm (FMP) to jointly achieve high bandwidth utilization and low round-trip time (RTT) in DCNs. The FCC algorithm utilizes probabilistic explicit congestion notification (ECN) to provide feedback on path congestion degree, and uses a gradient descent method to adjust the congestion window for optimal resource utilization and load balancing under a fixed routing topology. On the other hand, the FMP algorithm employs a hop-by-hop feedback mechanism to notify in-network congestion and path delay information, allowing for transparent multi-path routing for MPTCP flows. Our extensive simulations demonstrate that FMPTCP enables effective network resource utilization, which not only enhances overall throughput but also reduces transmission latency for DCNs.
ANALYSIS OF E-COMMERCE FACTORS INFLUENCING ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Today e-commerce has become an important part of daily life. Accessibility to e-commerce platforms is not a privilege but rather a necessity for most people. Thus, to grow more and earn higher profit it is highly recommended to have proper structure availability and easy accessibility of online sites, because it does not only determine profit and number of users but also the ranking and position of enterprise of the firm in overall business world. Also, in this paper I will focus about the growth and pattern of e-commerce in developing countries and its sales and impact in them, of all different types of e-commerce.
Understanding Psychiatrists’ Knowledge and Attitudes to Suicidality in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Background: Several studies have demonstrated that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at a significantly higher risk of suicide, with over 7.5 times increased likelihood of dying by suicide and higher rates of suicidal ideation. The present study aimed to examine the perspectives and awareness of psychiatrists regarding suicidal behavior in individuals with ASD. Methods: To achieve this, an online survey was developed to assess clinicians’ practices in evaluating suicidal thoughts and behaviors in individuals with ASD. Results: A total of 143 psychiatrists, including 55 general adult psychiatrists and 88 child and adolescent psychiatrists, completed the cross-sectional survey. The results of the study revealed that clinicians reported lower rates of suicidal ideation and behavior in individuals with ASD compared to those without ASD (P < .05). Furthermore, it was found that the usage of screening tools for assessing suicidal behavior was significantly lower in the ASD group (P < .05). Conclusion: The study aimed to investigate psychiatrists’ knowledge and screening practices regarding ASD and emphasize the importance of increasing knowledge and implementing effective screening and intervention practices to address the risk of suicidality in individuals with ASD.
Soil Moisture and the Persistence of North American Drought

Abstract We describe numerical sensitivity experiments exploring the effects of soil moisture on North American summertime climate using the NCAR CCMI, a 12-layer global atmospheric general circulation model. In particular. the hypothesis that reduced soil moisture may help induce and amplify warm, dry summers over midlatitude continental interiors is examined. Equilibrium climate statistics are computed for the perpetual July model response to imposed soil moisture anomalies over North America between 36° and 49°N. In addition, the persistence of imposed soil moisture anomalies is examined through use of the seasonal cycle mode of operation with use of various initial atmospheric states both equilibrated and nonequilibrated to the initial soil moisture anomaly. The climate statistics generated by thew model simulations resemble in a general way those of the summer of 1988, when extensive heat and drought occurred over much of North America. A reduction in soil moisture in the model leads to an increase i.
Leveraging Structured-Graph Correspondence in Imitation Learning

In the domain of robotics and artificial intelligence, imitation learning has garnered attention for enabling agents to acquire skills by mimicking experts. A central challenge is the "correspondence problem," which arises when learner and expert agents have different physical properties. This challenge is particularly salient when the learner and expert possess varying morphologies and dynamic constraints, making it difficult for the learner to imitate the expert effectively. To address this, the thesis proposes a new approach where embodiments are represented as structured graphs. The correspondence problem is then tackled as an inexact Graph Matching (GM) problem, providing a mathematical framework for solving it. Through experiments, this research demonstrates the approach’s effectiveness. By providing a structured solution to the correspondence problem, the research contributes to enhancing the efficiency and adaptability of robotic and artificial agents, facilitating more effective learning from human expertise.