Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deformation of an amorphous polymer during the fused-filament-fabrication method for additive manufacturing

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is rapidly becoming an effective means of prototyping and creating custom consumer goods. The most common method for printing a polymer melt is fused filament fabrication (FFF) and involves extrusion of a thermoplastic material through a heated nozzle; the material is then built up layer-by-layer to fabricate a 3D object. Under typical printing conditions, the melt experiences high strain rates within the FFF nozzle, which are able to significantly stretch and orient the polymer molecules. In this paper, we model the deformation of an amorphous polymer melt during the extrusion process, where the fluid must make a 90° turn. The melt is described by a modified version of the Rolie–Poly model, which allows for flow-induced changes in the entanglement density. The complex polymer configurations in the cross section of a printed layer are quantified and visualized. The deposition process involving the corner flow geometry dominates the deformation and significantly disentangles the melt.
Seed fungal endophytes promote the establishment of invasive Poa annua in maritime Antarctica

ABSTRACT Background Invasive plants may displace native species. This is the case for Poa annua, the only non-native plant species successfully established in Maritime Antarctica. Nonetheless, it is uncertain which factors drive the competitive success of P. annua in the harsh environmental conditions of the region. The ability of this plant species to establish novel mutualistic interactions with resident soil fungi may be crucial for its invasiveness. Such ability may be linked to the vertical transmission of fungal endophytes via seeds. Aims We undertook a study to assess the role of seed fungal endophytes as promoters of the establishment and invasion of Poa annua in Maritime Antarctica. Methods We explored the composition and diversity of fungal communities associated with different P. annua tissues (seeds, leaves and roots) and the soil. We also measured parameters including germination rate, above-ground biomass, reproductive structures, and the survival of invasive P. annua as well as of the native Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica grown from seeds with and without endophytes. Furthermore, we conducted inter- and intraspecific competition experiments among native and invasive plants, where chemically mediated plant-to-plant interference (allelopathy) and plant growth rate were measured to calculate a relative competition index. Results We found that fungal endophyte taxa associated with P. annua tissues were very different from those in the soil. Fungal endophytes in P. annua differed among seed, root and shoot tissues, which suggests low transmission among different organs. The removal of endophytes from P. annua seeds was associated with reduced seed germination, plant growth and survivorship, while the competitive ability of P. annua (assessed by accumulated biomass) relative to native species, as well as levels of allelochemicals in soils, were higher in the presence of seed fungal endophytes. Conclusion Our results suggest that fungal endophytes, maternally inherited through seeds, improve host fitness and may contribute to the invasive success of P. annua in Antarctica.
Non-axisymmetric relativistic wind accretion with velocity gradients on to a rotating black hole

We model, for the first time, the Bondi-Hoyle accretion of a fluid with velocity gradients onto a Kerr black hole, by numerically solving the fully relativistic hydrodynamics equations. Specifically, we consider a supersonic ideal gas, which has velocity gradients perpendicular to the relative motion. We measure the mass and specific angular accretion rates to illustrate whether the fluid presents unstable patterns or not. The initial parameters, we consider in this work, are the velocity gradient $\epsilon_{v}$, the black hole spin $a$, the asymptotic Mach number ${\cal M}_{\infty}$ and adiabatic index $\Gamma$. We show that the flow accretion reaches a fairly stationary regime, unlike in the Newtonian case, where significant fluctuations of the mass and angular momentum accretion rates are found. On the other hand, we consider a special case where both density and velocity gradients of the fluid are taken into account. The spin of the black hole and the asymptotic Newtonian Mach number, for this case, are $a=0.98$ and ${\cal M}_{\infty}=1$, respectively. A kind of flip-flop behavior is found at the early times; nevertheless, the system also reaches a steady state.
MusicYOLO: A Vision-Based Framework for Automatic Singing Transcription

Automatic singing transcription (AST), which refers to the process of inferring the onset, offset, and pitch from the singing audio, is of great significance in music information retrieval. Most AST models use the convolutional neural network to extract spectral features and predict the onset and offset moments separately. The frame-level probabilities are inferred first, and then the note-level transcription results are obtained through post-processing. In this paper, a new AST framework called MusicYOLO is proposed, which obtains the note-level transcription results directly. The onset/offset detection is based on the object detection model YOLOX, and the pitch labeling is completed by a spectrogram peak search. Compared with previous methods, the MusicYOLO detects note objects rather than isolated onset/offset moments, thus greatly enhancing the transcription performance. On the sight-singing vocal dataset (SSVD) established in this paper, the MusicYOLO achieves an 84.60% transcription F1-score, which is the state-of-the-art method.
Deforming regular black holes

In this work we have deformed regular black holes which possess a general mass term described by a function which generalizes the Bardeen and Hayward mass functions. By using linear constraints in the energy-momentum tensor to generate metrics, the solutions presented in this work are either regular or singular. That is, within this approach, it is possible to generate regular or singular black holes from regular or singular black holes. Moreover, contrary to the Bardeen and Hayward regular solutions, the deformed regular black holes may violate the weak energy condition despite the presence of the spherical symmetry. Some comments on accretion of deformed black holes in cosmological scenarios are made.
Transition to order after hilltop inflation

We investigate the rich nonlinear dynamics during the end of hilltop inflation by numerically solving the coupled Klein-Gordon-Friedmann equations in a expanding universe. In particular, we search for coherent, nonperturbative configurations that may emerge due to the combination of nontrivial couplings between the fields and resonant effects from the cosmological expansion. We couple a massless field to the inflaton to investigate its effect on the existence and stability of coherent configurations and the effective equation of state at reheating. For parameters consistent with data from the Planck and WMAP satellites, and for a wide range of couplings between the inflaton and the massless field, we identify a transition from disorder to order characterized by emergent oscillon-like configurations. We verify that these configurations can contribute a maximum of roughly 30% of the energy density in the universe. At late times their contribution to the energy density drops to about 3%, but they remain long-lived on cosmological time-scales, being stable throughout our simulations. Cosmological oscillon emergence is described using a new measure of order in field theory known as relative configurational entropy.
Enduring Quests-Daring Visions (NASA Astrophysics in the Next Three Decades)

The past three decades have seen prodigious advances in astronomy and astrophysics. Beginning with the exploration of our solar system and continuing through the pioneering Explorers and Great Observatories of today, NASA missions have made essential contributions to these advances. This roadmap presents a science-driven 30-year vision for the future of NASA Astrophysics that builds on these achievements to address some of our most ancient and fundamental questions: Are we alone? How did we get here? How does the universe work? The search for the answers constitutes the Enduring Quests of this roadmap. Building on the priorities identified in New Worlds, New Horizons, we envision future science investigations laid out in three Eras, with each representing roughly ten years of mission development in a given field. The immediate Near-Term Era covers ongoing NASA-led activities and planned missions. This will be followed by the missions of the Formative Era, which will build on the preceding technological developments and scientific discoveries, with remarkable capabilities that will enable breakthroughs across the landscape of astrophysics. These will then lay the foundations for the Daring Visions of the Visionary Era: missions and explorations that will take us deep into unchartered scientific and technological terrain. The roadmap outlined herein will require the vision and wherewithal to undertake highly ambitious programs over the next 30 years. The discoveries that emerge will inspire generations of citizen scientists young and old, and inspire all of humanity for decades to come.
Directed percolation effects emerging from superadditivity of quantum networks

Entanglement-induced nonadditivity of classical communication capacity in networks consisting of quantum channels is considered. Communication lattices consisting of butterfly-type entanglement-breaking channels augmented, with some probability, by identity channels are analyzed. The capacity superadditivity in the network is manifested in directed correlated bond percolation which we consider in two flavors: simply directed and randomly oriented. The obtained percolation properties show that high-capacity information transfer sets in much faster in the regime of superadditive communication capacity than otherwise possible. As a by-product, this sheds light on a type of entanglement-based quantum capacity percolation phenomenon.
Generalized mean field description of entanglement in dimerized spin systems

We discuss a generalized self-consistent mean field (MF) treatment, based on the selection of an arbitrary subset of operators for representing the system density matrix, and its application to the problem of entanglement evaluation in composite quantum systems. As a specific example, we examine in detail a pair MF approach to the ground state (GS) of dimerized spin 1/2 systems with anisotropic ferromagnetic-type XY and XYZ couplings in a transverse field, including chains and arrays with first neighbor and also longer range couplings. The approach is fully analytic and able to capture the main features of the GS of these systems, in contrast with the conventional single spin MF. Its phase diagram differs significantly from that of the latter, exhibiting (Sz) parity breaking just in a finite field window if the coupling between pairs is sufficiently weak, together with a fully dimerized phase below this window and a partially aligned phase above it. It is then shown that through symmetry restoration, the approach is able to correctly predict not only the concurrence of a pair, but also its entanglement with the rest of the chain, which shows a pronounced peak in the parity breaking window. Perturbative corrections allow to reproduce more subtle observables like the entanglement between weakly coupled spins and the low lying energy spectrum. All predictions are tested against exact results for finite systems.
THE SLOAN BRIGHT ARCS SURVEY: DISCOVERY OF SEVEN NEW STRONGLY LENSED GALAXIES FROM z = 0.66–2.94

We report the discovery of seven new, very bright gravitational lens systems from our ongoing gravitational lens search, the Sloan Bright Arcs Survey (SBAS). Two of the systems are confirmed to have high source redshifts z = 2.19 and z = 2.94. Three other systems lie at intermediate redshift with z = 1.33, 1.82, 1.93 and two systems are at low redshift z = 0.66, 0.86. The lensed source galaxies in all of these systems are bright, with i-band magnitudes ranging from 19.73 to 22.06. We present the spectrum of each of the source galaxies in these systems along with estimates of the Einstein radius for each system. The foreground lens in most systems is identified by a red sequence based cluster finder as a galaxy group; one system is identified as a moderately rich cluster. In total, SBAS has now discovered 19 strong lens systems in the SDSS imaging data, 8 of which are among the highest surface brightness z ≃ 2–3 galaxies known.
Temperature dependent spin transport properties of platinum inferred from spin Hall magnetoresistance measurements

We study the temperature dependence of the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) in yttrium iron garnet/platinum hybrid structures via magnetization orientation dependent magnetoresistance measurements. Our experiments show a decrease of the SMR magnitude with decreasing temperature. Using the sensitivity of the SMR to the spin transport properties of the normal metal, we interpret our data in terms of a decrease of the spin Hall angle in platinum from 0.11 at room temperature to 0.075 at 10 K, while the spin diffusion length and the spin mixing conductance of the ferrimagnetic insulator/normal metal interface remain almost constant.
Cosmological constant is probably adjustable in brane worlds

In the brane world scenario, possessing the self-tuning property of the cosmological constant, we study the probability amplitude for an initial state of the Universe to transform to final states with some curvatures. In the Kim, Kyae, and Lee model, there exists a finite range of parameters such that the transition amplitude to a near flat universe is exponentially dominated by the smallness of curvature, $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{e}^{\mathrm{positive}\text{ }\mathrm{number}/{\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}^{2}}$, i.e., it is dominated by an almost flat universe of $|\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}|lϵ$.
ABSOLUTE-MAGNITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SUPERNOVAE

The absolute-magnitude distributions of seven supernova (SN) types are presented. The data used here were primarily taken from the Asiago Supernova Catalogue, but were supplemented with additional data. We accounted for both foreground and host-galaxy extinction. A bootstrap method is used to correct the samples for Malmquist bias. Separately, we generate volume-limited samples, restricted to events within 100 Mpc. We find that the superluminous events (MB < −21) make up only about 0.1% of all SNe in the bias-corrected sample. The subluminous events (MB > −15) make up about 3%. The normal Ia distribution was the brightest with a mean absolute blue magnitude of −19.25. The IIP distribution was the dimmest at −16.75.
The tabular Strathbogie batholith in central Victoria: a comment on emplacement

Comment on G. N. Phillips, A. F. M. Kisters & J. D. Clemens (2022). The tabular Strathbogie batholith in central Victoria. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 69(6), 776–800. https:// doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2022. 2032340 Phillips et al. (2022) have shown that the Strathbogie batholith is a relatively thin tabular body of granite intruded at a shallow depth and provide two possible interpretations of its vertical profile preferring a sheet-like form with a central feeder pipe. I would like to suggest a third possibility. In Branch (1966), describing the upper Paleozoic volcanic cauldrons, ring complexes and associated granites of the Georgetown Inlier, North Queensland, I invoke a mechanism of underground cauldron subsidence for the formation of both surface volcanic cauldrons filled with ignimbrite, and subsurface flat-topped granite batholiths that intrude at or near the bottom of the volcanic pile. This mechanism was first proposed by Reynolds (1956) for calderas and ring complexes in Scotland, and in North Queensland I adapted it on a much larger scale. The concept is illustrated in Figure 1, which is a copy of figure 24 in Branch (1966, p. 130). Figure 25 in Branch (1966) expands this mechanism across the whole Georgetown Inlier. My model for magma generation evolved in pre-plate tectonic days, but now it is believed (Graham-Ruzicka, 2014) that during the Carboniferous–Permian, the eastern Precambrian Georgetown Inlier and adjacent Paleozoic sediments were near an active continental margin underlain by a west-dipping subduction zone. Crustal underplating of the inlier in the Devonian provided a heat source for melting the deeper crust. The eruptive and intrusive events described in Branch (1966, pp. 131–132) occurred in a backarc tectonic setting with extension along regional structures. In the early Carboniferous Stages 1 and 2 (Figure 1), acidic volatile-rich magma derived from lower crustal sources was injected along major zones of weakness and erupted at the surface as extensive rhyodacite ignimbrite sheets (now recognised as located towards the northern end of the Kennedy Silicic Large Igneous Province; Bryan & Ferrari, 2013). As the lower magma chambers were depleted, large crustal blocks subsided, allowing up to a kilometre or more of ignimbrite sheets to accumulate in rift valley-like structures at the surface (referred to as cauldrons). In the late Carboniferous Stage 3, volatile-depleted magma ascended along the same conduits but intruded horizontally at and near the base of the ignimbrite pile. The Strathbogie batholith could have evolved in a similar manner.
The 2020 Westmorland, California Earthquake Swarm as Aftershocks of a Slow Slip Event Sustained by Fluid Flow

Swarms are bursts of earthquakes without an obvious mainshock. Some have been observed to be associated with transient aseismic fault slip, while others are thought to be related to fluids. However, the association is rarely quantitative due to insufficient data quality. We use high‐quality GPS/GNSS, InSAR, and relocated seismicity to study a swarm of >2,000 earthquakes which occurred between 30 September and 6 October 2020, near Westmorland, California. Using 5 min sampled Global Positioning System (GPS) supplemented with InSAR, we document a spontaneous shallow Mw 5.2 slow slip event that preceded the swarm by 2–15 hr. The earthquakes in the early phase were predominantly non‐interacting and driven primarily by the slow slip event resulting in a nonlinear expansion. A stress‐driven model based on the rate‐and‐state friction successfully explains the overall spatial and temporal evolution of earthquakes, including the time lag between the onset of the slow slip event and the swarm. Later, a distinct back front and a square root of time expansion of clustered seismicity on en‐echelon fault structures suggest that fluids helped sustain the swarm. Static stress triggering analysis using Coulomb stress and statistics of interevent times suggest that 45%–65% of seismicity was driven by the slow slip event, 10%–35% by inter‐earthquake interactions, and 10%–30% by fluids. Our model also provides constraints on the friction parameter and the pore pressure and suggests that this swarm behaved like an aftershock sequence but with the mainshock replaced by the slow slip event.
Deriving identities for Wigner {nj}-symbols

We show how a simple and elegant graphical notation can be used to derive the Biedenharn-Elliot identity for the 6j-symbol and we demonstrate how the same technique can be applied to obtain new identities for the 6j. We then employ the same method also in the context of 4D spin-foam gravity and propose an analogous identity for the 15j-symbol.
Reflectance Measurement Method Based on Sensor Fusion of Frame-Based Hyperspectral Imager and Time-of-Flight Depth Camera

Hyperspectral imaging and distance data have previously been used in aerial, forestry, agricultural, and medical imaging applications. Extracting meaningful information from a combination of different imaging modalities is difficult, as the image sensor fusion requires knowing the optical properties of the sensors, selecting the right optics and finding the sensors’ mutual reference frame through calibration. In this research we demonstrate a method for fusing data from Fabry–Perot interferometer hyperspectral camera and a Kinect V2 time-of-flight depth sensing camera. We created an experimental application to demonstrate utilizing the depth augmented hyperspectral data to measure emission angle dependent reflectance from a multi-view inferred point cloud. We determined the intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters through calibration, used global and local registration algorithms to combine point clouds from different viewpoints, created a dense point cloud and determined the angle dependent reflectances from it. The method could successfully combine the 3D point cloud data and hyperspectral data from different viewpoints of a reference colorchecker board. The point cloud registrations gained 0.29–0.36 fitness for inlier point correspondences and RMSE was approx. 2, which refers a quite reliable registration result. The RMSE of the measured reflectances between the front view and side views of the targets varied between 0.01 and 0.05 on average and the spectral angle between 1.5 and 3.2 degrees. The results suggest that changing emission angle has very small effect on the surface reflectance intensity and spectrum shapes, which was expected with the used colorchecker.
Leiomyosarcoma of Adrenal Gland: A New Case Report with Literature Review

Primary Adrenal Leiomyosarcoma (PAL) is a very rare soft tissue neoplasm that derives from the smooth muscle. Its diagnosis is based completely on the results of both histological and immunohistochemical evaluations. Herein, we report a case of a 60-year-old fe¬male suffering from PAL. Computed tomography was per¬formed, which revealed a well-circumscribed hetero geneously mass measuring 9×8×8 cm located in the left suprarenal areal. Radical adrenalectomy was undergoing and in immunohistochemical study, the tumor cells stained strongly positive for H-Caldesmon, desmin and smooth muscle actin (SMA). Subsequent CT of the chest and abdomen after surgery revealed a gross liver metastasis in segment VI measuring 5x4 cm with multiple lung metastases. Patient was treated with three lines of palliative chemotherapy and his alive 14 months after surgery.
Importance of cooling in triggering the collapse of hypermassive neutron stars

The inspiral and merger of a binary neutron star (NSNS) can lead to the formation of a hypermassive neutron star (HMNS). As the HMNS loses thermal pressure due to neutrino cooling and/or centrifugal support due to gravitational wave (GW) emission, and/or magnetic breaking of differential rotation it will collapse to a black hole. To assess the importance of shock-induced thermal pressure and cooling, we adopt an idealized equation of state and perform NSNS simulations in full GR through late inspiral, merger, and HMNS formation, accounting for cooling. We show that thermal pressure contributes significantly to the support of the HMNS against collapse and that thermal cooling accelerates its "delayed" collapse. Our simulations demonstrate explicitly that cooling can induce the catastrophic collapse of a hot hypermassive neutron star formed following the merger of binary neutron stars. Thus, cooling physics is important to include in NSNS merger calculations to accurately determine the lifetime of the HMNS remnant and to extract information about the NS equation of state, cooling mechanisms, bar instabilities and B-fields from the GWs emitted during the transient phase prior to BH formation.