Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Confidence Interval Formulae for Coverage Analysis

Confidence interval estimators for proportions using normal approximation have been commonly used for coverage analysis of simulation output even though alternative approximate estimators of confidence intervals for proportions were proposed. This is because the normal approximation was easier to use in practice than the other approximate estimators. Computing technology has no problem with dealing these alternative estimators. Recently, one of the approximation methods for coverage analysis which is based on arcsin transformation has been used for estimating proportion and for controlling the required precision in [Raa95]. In this report, we compare three approximate interval estimators, based on a normal distribution approximation, an arcsin transformation and an F -distribution approximation, of a single proportion. These have application in sequential coverage analysis, conducted for assessing the quality of methods used in simulation output data analysis.
Quantum Noise in Conventional Optical Heterodyne Devices

By invoking the quantum theory of optical coherence, we theoretically show that the quantum noise in conventional optical heterodyne devices, which were previously identified as usual phase-insensitive amplifiers with additional quantum noise, is similar to that in optical homodyne devices, as verified by experimental data. Albeit more study is demanded to understand this result, it is certain that neither the uncertainty principle nor Caves's theorem for quantum noise of linear amplifiers sets a limit to the quantum noise of heterodyne devices.
Comment on "The whistler-mode bow wave of an asteroid

The Galileo spacecraft has flown by two asteroids, Gaspra in 1990 and Ida in 1993. In both cases the magnetometer detected magnetic field perturbations that are believed to be produced by an interaction of the asteroid with the solar wind. Kivelson et al. have proposed that these perturbations are caused by whistler-mode waves excited by the solar wind flow around the asteroid. This paper presents an analysis of whistler-mode waves generated by the interaction of a small object with the solar wind. Three cases are considered, with the solar wind magnetic field (1) parallel, (2) perpendicular, and (3) at an arbitrary angle to the velocity vector. Using the Cerenkov condition and the quasi-longitudinal approximation for the whistler mode, the angular limits of the wave pattern are determined. For the parallel case the waves are confined to the upstream region, and for the perpendicular case the waves are confined to two wedge-shaped regions extending downstream from the magnetic field line through the object. For intermediate magnetic field orientations the accessibility region maintains the wedge-shaped configuration, with the leading edge of the wedge roughly following the direction of the magnetic field. The outer boundary of the accessibility region is a caustic surface, along which large field amplitudes are expected, similar to the bow wave of a ship. In all cases the interaction involves a characteristic wavelength, λc = ƒcc²/(ƒp²V), that is comparable to the size of an asteroid.
Transverse vibrations driven negative thermal expansion in a metallic compound GdPd3B0.25C0.75

We have observed negative thermal expansion (NTE) in a metallic, polycrystalline, and structurally ordered cubic compound GdPd3B0.25C0. 75. Our analysis suggest that the NTE observed in this compound does not stems from valence or magnetic instability of lattice ions, which is in general the case of metallic compounds exhibiting such an anomaly. We propose a possible alternative mechanism, namely, the transverse vibrations at low temperatures arising from site anisotropy, that induce the lattice contraction thereby resulting in isotropic NTE. The observed NTE also reflects its effect on the electrical transport properties of this compounds.
The Hubble Space Telescope Quasar Absorption Line Key Project. VII. Absorption Systems at Z abs <= 1.3

We present evidence that clumps of \lya lines are physically associated with about half of the extensive metal-line systems (absorption systems with four or more observed metal-line species) found in this paper, demonstrate that all four \lylimit systems discussed here correspond to extensive metal-line absorption systems, and present an extraordinary pair of extensive metal-line absorption systems within 2000~km/s of each other at $z~=~0.95$ that are probably an early manifestation of large scale structure. These results are obtained using ultraviolet spectra, taken with the higher-resolution gratings of the Faint Object Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, for four quasars with emission-line redshifts between 1.0 and 1.3. We also determine the evolution of \lya absorption lines at redshifts less than 1.3 by combining the results for 13 smaller redshift quasars discussed in Paper I of this series with the 4 moderate redshift quasars analyzed in the present paper. For $z_{\rm abs}~\leq~1.3$, the density of \lya lines with equivalent widths greater than 0.24~\AA\ is adequately fit by $\left(dN/dz\right) =\left(dN/dz\right)_0 \cdot(1 + z)^\gamma$ with $(dN/dz)_0 = 24.3 \pm 6.6$ \lya lines per unit redshift, and $\gamma = 0.58 \pm 0.50$ (1-$\sigma$ uncertainties). This rate of evolution at low redshifts is less than the evolutionary rate inferred from several different ground-based data samples that pertain to high redshifts. The observed gaseous structures at redshifts of $0.5$ to $1.0$ with velocity dispersions of $6 \times 10^2$ \kms to $1.4 \times 10^3$ \kms (or velocity spans of $1.2 \times 10^3$ \kms to $3 \times 10^3$ \kms) constitute a constraint on cosmological models of structure formation.
Chinese character expansion for retrieving Japanese paraphrases

This paper proposes two methods of query expansion for retrieving paraphrase candidates indexed by Kanzi (Chinese) characters. The idea is to calculate similarity between Kanzi characters based on an ordinary thesaurus defining relations between words. The local analysis method calculates similarity of Kanzi characters based on a semantic class to which words in a query belong, in contrast, the global analysis method calculates similarity based on whole semantic classes in the thesaurus. The methods were evaluated by using the EDR concept dictionary which defines about 410,000 concepts. In the experiments, both headwords and concept descriptions of dictionary entries were indexed by Kanzi characters, and concept descriptions were retrieved by giving a headword as a query. The experiments showed that Kanzi character expansion is significantly effective, and the global analysis method is better than the local analysis method in recall.
Real-time Facial Expression Recognition via Dense & Squeeze-and-Excitation Blocks

Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, traditional face-to-face courses have been transformed into online and e-learning courses. Although online courses provide flexible teaching and learning in terms of time and place, teachers cannot be fully aware of their students’ individual learning situation and emotional state. The cognition of learning emotion with facial expression recognition has been a vital issue in recent years. To achieve affective computing, the paper presented a fast recognition model for learning emotions through Dense Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks (DSENet), which rapidly recognizes students’ learning emotions, while the proposed real-time online feedback system notifies teacher instantaneously. Firstly, DSENet is trained and validated by an open dataset called Facial Expression Recognition 2013. Then, we collect students’ learning emotions from e-learning classes and apply transfer learning and data augmentation techniques to improve the testing accuracy. The proposed DSENet model and real-time online feedback system aim to realize effective e-learning for any teaching and learning environments, especially in the COVID-19 environment of late © This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Intraspecific variation in wing geometry among Tabanus rubidus (Diptera: Tabanidae) populations in Thailand

Tabanus rubidus (Wiedemann, 1821) (Diptera: Tabanidae) is a hematophagous insect of veterinary and medical importance and is the predominant Tabanus spp. in Thailand. It is a potential mechanical vector of Trypanosoma evansi, which causes surra in domestic and wild animals. Wing geometric morphometrics is widely used as morphological markers for species identification and to assess the insect population structure. Herein, we investigated the intraspecific variation in wing geometry among T. rubidus populations in Thailand using landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis. Tabanus rubidus females were collected from five populations in four geographical regions in Thailand. The left wings of 240 specimens were removed and digitized using 22 landmarks for analysis. While wing size variations were found between some populations, wing shape variations were detected in all. These intraspecific variations in T. rubidus populations indicate an adaptive response to the local environmental conditions.
An online human–robot collaborative grinding state recognition approach based on contact dynamics and LSTM

Collaborative state recognition is a critical issue for physical human–robot collaboration (PHRC). This paper proposes a contact dynamics-based state recognition method to identify the human–robot collaborative grinding state. The main idea of the proposed approach is to distinguish between the human–robot contact and the robot–environment contact. To achieve this, dynamic models of both these contacts are first established to identify the difference in dynamics between the human–robot contact and the robot–environment contact. Considering the reaction speed required for human–robot collaborative state recognition, feature selections based on Spearman's correlation and random forest recursive feature elimination are conducted to reduce data redundancy and computational burden. Long short-term memory (LSTM) is then used to construct a collaborative state classifier. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed method can achieve a recognition accuracy of 97% in a period of 5 ms and 99% in a period of 40 ms.
Microscopic and submicroscopic infection by Plasmodium falciparum: Immunoglobulin M and A profiles as markers of intensity and exposure

Assessment of serological Plasmodium falciparum–specific antibodies in highly endemic areas provides valuable information about malaria status and parasite exposure in the population. Although serological evidence of Plasmodium exposure is commonly determined by Plasmodium-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels; IgM and IgA are likely markers of malaria status that remain relatively unexplored. Previous studies on IgM and IgA responses have been based on their affinity for single antigens with shortage of immune responses analysis against the whole Plasmodium proteome. Here, we provide evidence of how P. falciparum infection triggers the production of specific IgM and IgA in plasma and its relationship with parasite density and changes in hematological parameters. A total of 201 individuals attending a hospital in Breman Asikuma, Ghana, were recruited into this study. Total and P. falciparum–specific IgM, IgA, and IgG were assessed by ELISA and examined in relation to age (0–5, 14–49, and ≥50 age ranges); infection (submicroscopic vs. microscopic malaria); pregnancy and hematological parameters. Well-known IgG response was used as baseline control. P. falciparum–specific IgM and IgA levels increased in the population with the age, similarly to IgG. These data confirm that acquired humoral immunity develops by repeated infections through the years endorsing IgM and IgA as exposure markers in endemic malaria regions. High levels of specific IgA and IgM in children were associated with microscopic malaria and worse prognosis, because most of them showed severe anemia. This new finding shows that IgM and IgA may be used as diagnostic markers in this age group. We also found an extremely high prevalence of submicroscopic malaria (46.27% on average) accompanied by IgM and IgA levels indistinguishable from those of uninfected individuals. These data, together with the observed lack of sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) compared to PCR, invoke the urgent need to implement diagnostic markers for submicroscopic malaria. Overall, this study opens the potential use of P. falciparum–specific IgM and IgA as new serological markers to predict malaria status in children and parasite exposure in endemic populations. The difficulties in finding markers of submicroscopic malaria are highlighted, emphasizing the need to explore this field in depth.
Key challenges in neurocognitive assessment of individuals with antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy

COPYRIGHT © 2022 Griem, Kolla and Tully. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Key challenges in neurocognitive assessment of individuals with antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy
Editorial: TGF-β and BMP signaling in cancer

Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China, MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan, Öncode Institute and Department Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
Longitudinal monitoring of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by diffusion tensor imaging: Power calculations for group studies

Introduction Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be used to map disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and therefore is a promising candidate for a biomarker in ALS. To this end, longitudinal study protocols need to be optimized and validated regarding group sizes and time intervals between visits. The objective of this study was to assess the influences of sample size, the schedule of follow-up measurements, and measurement uncertainties on the statistical power to optimize longitudinal DTI study protocols in ALS. Patients and methods To estimate the measurement uncertainty of a tract-of–interest-based DTI approach, longitudinal test-retest measurements were applied first to a normal data set. Then, DTI data sets of 80 patients with ALS and 50 healthy participants were analyzed in the simulation of longitudinal trajectories, that is, longitudinal fractional anisotropy (FA) values for follow-up sessions were simulated for synthetic patient and control groups with different rates of FA decrease in the corticospinal tract. Monte Carlo simulations of synthetic longitudinal study groups were used to estimate the statistical power and thus the potentially needed sample sizes for a various number of scans at one visit, different time intervals between baseline and follow-up measurements, and measurement uncertainties. Results From the simulation for different longitudinal FA decrease rates, it was found that two scans per session increased the statistical power in the investigated settings unless sample sizes were sufficiently large and time intervals were appropriately long. The positive effect of a second scan per session on the statistical power was particularly pronounced for FA values with high measurement uncertainty, for which the third scan per session increased the statistical power even further. Conclusion With more than one scan per session, the statistical power of longitudinal DTI studies can be increased in patients with ALS. Consequently, sufficient statistical power can be achieved even with limited sample sizes. An improved longitudinal DTI study protocol contributes to the detection of small changes in diffusion metrics and thereby supports DTI as an applicable and reliable non-invasive biomarker in ALS.
Cannabinoid signaling and risk in Huntington's disease

Dysregulated endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling and the loss of cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) are important phenotypes of Huntington's disease (HD) but the precise contribution that eCB signaling has at the circuit level is unknown. Using a computational model of spiking neurons, synapses, and eCB signaling, we demonstrate that eCB signaling functions as a homeostatic control mechanism, minimizing excess glutamate. Furthermore, our model demonstrates that metabolic risk, quantified by excess glutamate, increases with cortico-striatal long-term depression (LTD) and/or increased cortico-striatal activity, and replicates a progressive loss of cannabinoid receptors on inhibitory terminals as a function of the excitatory/inhibitory ratio.
Retrograde and anterograde signaling in the crosstalk between chloroplast and nucleus

The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic activity are closely coordinated through signaling chains from the nucleus to chloroplast, referred to as anterograde signaling, and from chloroplast to the nucleus, named retrograde signaling. The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor and communicates with other cell compartments during its biogenesis and in response to stress, notably with the nucleus through retrograde signaling to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and growth. Although several components involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-derived retrograde signals and in the regulation of the responsive nuclear genes have been identified, the plastid retrograde signaling network is still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways, and on potential plastid signaling molecules. We also discuss the retrograde signaling–dependent regulation of nuclear gene expression within the frame of a multilayered network of transcription factors.
Oscillation matrices and kernels and small vibrations of mechanical systems

Introduction Review of matrices and quadratic forms Oscillatory matrices Small oscillations of mechanical systems with $n$ degrees of freedom Small oscillations of mechanical systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom Sign-definite matrices A method of approximate calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an oscillatory matrix On a remarkable problem for a string with beads and continued fractions of Stieltjes Remarks References Index.
Application of the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of comorbid emotional disorders in patients with ultra-high risk of developing psychosis: A randomized trial study protocol

Background Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is delivered in most of the early intervention services for psychosis in different countries around the world. This approach has been demonstrated to be effective in decreasing or at least delaying the onset of psychosis. However, none of them directly affect the comorbidity of these types of patients that is often the main cause of distress and dysfunctionality. The Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is a psychological intervention that combines cognitive-behavioral and third-generation techniques that address emotional dysregulation as an underlying mechanism that these disorders have in common. The application of this intervention could improve the comorbid emotional symptoms of these patients. Materials and methods The study is a randomized controlled trial in which one group receives immediate UP plus standard intervention and the other is placed on a waiting list to receive UP 7 months later, in addition to standard care in one of our early psychosis programs. The sample will be 42 patients with UHR for psychosis with comorbid emotional symptoms. The assessment is performed at baseline, at the end of treatment, and at 3-months’ follow-up, and includes: general psychopathology, anxiety and depression, positive and negative emotions, emotional dysregulation, personality, functionality, quality of life, cognitive distortions, insight, and satisfaction with the UP intervention. Discussion This will be the first study of the efficacy, acceptability, and viability of the UP in a sample of young adults with UHR. The results of this study may have clinical implications, contributing to improving the model of care for young people who consult for underlying psychotic, anxiety, and/or depressive symptoms that can lead to high distress and dysfunctionality. Clinical trial registration [https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [NCT04929938].
A cold-water fish striving in a warming ocean: Insights from whole-genome sequencing of the Greenland halibut in the Northwest Atlantic

Characterizing the extent of genetic differentiation among individuals and its distribution across the genome is increasingly important to inform both conservation and management of exploited species. The Greenland Halibut is one of the main demersal fish species to be commercially exploited in Eastern Canada, and accurate information on geographic population structure and local adaptation is required to ensure the long-term presence of this species. We generated high-quality whole-genome sequencing data for 1,297 Greenland Halibut sampled across 32 locations throughout the Northwest Atlantic (from Arctic Canadian and Greenlandic coasts to the Gulf of St Lawrence). Population genetic structure was analyzed, revealing an absence of population differentiation between Canada and west Greenland but significant genetic differentiation between the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the remainder of the Northwest Atlantic. Except for Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Greenland Halibut thus appear to be panmictic throughout the Northwest Atlantic. Environmental Association Analyses revealed that the environment explained up to 51 % might be replaced by 51% of the differentiation observed between the two stocks, with both ocean-bottom and surface variables (e.g., temperature and oxygen) involved in the observed genomic differentiation. Altogether, these results indicate that phenotypic differences previously observed between the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Northwest Atlantic likely resulted from functional adaptive divergence to their respective environmental conditions. Using coalescent simulations, we also assessed how high levels of migration between the two stocks would allow Greenland Halibut to potentially escape unfavorable environmental conditions in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. In addition to supporting the management of this important exploited species, this work highlights the utility of using comprehensive genomic datasets to characterize the effects of climate change across a wider range of species.