Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza risk in Southeast Asia

The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus that emerged in southern China in the mid-1990s has in recent years evolved into the first HPAI panzootic. In many countries where the virus was detected, the virus was successfully controlled, whereas other countries face periodic reoccurrence despite significant control efforts. A central question is to understand the factors favoring the continuing reoccurrence of the virus. The abundance of domestic ducks, in particular free-grazing ducks feeding in intensive rice cropping areas, has been identified as one such risk factor based on separate studies carried out in Thailand and Vietnam. In addition, recent extensive progress was made in the spatial prediction of rice cropping intensity obtained through satellite imagery processing. This article analyses the statistical association between the recorded HPAI H5N1 virus presence and a set of five key environmental variables comprising elevation, human population, chicken numbers, duck numbers, and rice cropping intensity for three synchronous epidemic waves in Thailand and Vietnam. A consistent pattern emerges suggesting risk to be associated with duck abundance, human population, and rice cropping intensity in contrast to a relatively low association with chicken numbers. A statistical risk model based on the second epidemic wave data in Thailand is found to maintain its predictive power when extrapolated to Vietnam, which supports its application to other countries with similar agro-ecological conditions such as Laos or Cambodia. The model's potential application to mapping HPAI H5N1 disease risk in Indonesia is discussed.
Depth of processing and the retention of words

SUMMARY Ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972). The basic notions are that the episodic memory trace may be thought of as a rather automatic by-product of operations carried out by the cognitive system and that the durability of the trace is a positive function of "depth" of processing, where depth refers to greater degrees of semantic involvement. Subjects were induced to process words to different depths by answering various questions about the words. For example, shallow encodings were achieved by asking questions about typescript; intermediate levels of encoding were accomplished by asking questions about rhymes; deep levels were induced by asking whether the word would fit into a given category or sentence frame. After the encoding phase was completed, subjects were unexpectedly given a recall or recognition test for the words. In general, deeper encodings took longer to accomplish and were associated with higher levels of performance on the subsequent memory test. Also, questions leading to positive responses were associated with higher retention levels than questions leading to negative responses, at least at deeper levels of encoding. Further experiments examined this pattern of effects in greater analytic detail. It was established that the original results did not simply reflect differential encoding times; an experiment was designed in which a complex but shallow task took longer to carry out but yielded lower levels of recognition than an easy, deeper task. Other studies explored reasons for the superior retention of words associated with positive responses on the initial task. Negative responses were remembered as well as positive responses when the questions led to an equally elaborate encoding in the two cases. The idea that elaboration or "spread" of encoding provides a better description of the results was given a further boost by the finding of the typical pattern of results under intentional learning conditions, and where each word was exposed for 6 sec in the initial phase. While spread and elaboration may indeed be better descriptive terms for the present findings, retention depends critically on the qualitative nature of the encoding operations performed; a minimal semantic analysis is more beneficial than an extensive structural analysis. Finally, Schulman's (1974) principle of congruity appears necessary for a complete description of the effects obtained. Memory performance is enhanced to the extent that the context, or encoding question, forms an integrated unit with the word presented. A congruous encoding yields superior memory performance because a more elaborate trace is laid down and because in such cases the structure of semantic memory can be utilized more effectively to facilitate retrieval. The article concludes with a discussion of the broader implications of these data and ideas for the study of human learning and memory,
Brief Report: Narrative Qualities and Perceptions of Generated Alibis

We examined whether there were differences in verbal statements between individuals who were prepared to provide an alibi and those who were not. Undergraduates were asked to recall where they were for dinner three nights earlier. Some were given three minutes to prepare, whereas others provided their alibis immediately. The interviews were transcribed and coded for several narrative variables. We hypothesized that the statements by the no warning group would contain narrative variables related to uncertainty and hesitation. Individuals who were not warned tended to pause more and use fewer positive qualifiers (i.e., words which portrayed confidence). The transcribed interviews were then read by a new group of participants who rated them on their credibility (e.g., alibi believability, accuracy). Results indicated that alibis containing more signs of hesitation resulted in higher ratings of interviewee hesitancy and lower ratings of perceptions of the strength of physical alibi evidence. When suspects are being interviewed and asked to account for their whereabouts on a particular day, their innocence may mean they are unprepared for such questions. For instance, innocent individuals may be surprised by the questions and could have difficulty remembering their whereabouts at the time in question, rendering their alibi statements less cohesive and credible. Alternatively, guilty suspects may be prepared for questioning and have rehearsed their alibis, resulting in a coherent and cohesive narrative. The narrative content of alibis is important because it may affect police officers’ and jurors’ perceptions of suspects and defendants and because weak alibis have played a role in wrongful convictions (e.g., Olson & Wells, 2004; Wells et al., 1998). However, there is no research on the factors influencing the content and believability of alibis. One way to study alibis is to ask participants to state where they were at a particular time (called generated alibis as opposed to fictitious alibis; Stromwell, Granhag, & Jonsson, 2003). The alibi generation research has yet to address the importance of narratives. Narratives are people’s personal stories which include external actions, as well as private thoughts and emotions (Bruner, 1992). Although alibi researchers have
A College as a Lever for Graduates Settling in the Region: A Case Study of the College of Judea and Samaria

This study examines the degree to which various factors at the College of Judea and Samaria or in the region have had a positive influence on the attitudes of the college’s graduates towards the region and to what degree these factors contributed to their decision to settle in the area. In this case study this question has special significance beyond that relevant to the influence of an academic institution on a graduate’s decision to settle in the region of his/her college. This special significance stems from the fact that the founding documents defining its goals, which accompanied the establishment of the College of Judea and Samaria (hereafter, CJS), explicitly state that it was the intention of the founders of the College to turn the institution into a tool, which would lead the graduates to settle in the region. CJS was established in 1982; in 1990 it moved its academic activities from the settlement of Qedumim to Ari’el. The College was authorized by the Council for Higher Education (CHE) to bestow a bachelor’s degree in over 20 departments, divided among five faculties: engineering, architecture, social sciences and humanities, natural sciences, and health sciences. By 2005 over 4,500 graduates had received degrees at CJS. One of the advantages of the College among fellow academic institutions is its closeness to the shoreline and to the centre of Israel. Other advantages of the College in Ari’el are its accessibility by good public transportation and the low cost of living for the students in Ari’el. Ari’el is quickly transforming into what might be termed a college town. There are now 9,200 students studying at the college. The ratio between
Psychological Processes in Deaf Children with Complex Needs: An Evidence-based Practical Guide

Preface. Foreword. 1. The Experience of Childhood Deafness. 2. Behavioural and Emotional Disorders. 3. Self-concept, Self-Esteem and the Development of Identity. 4. Specific Learning Difficulties. 5. Disorders of Communication. 6. Paediatric Cochlear Implantation. 7. Tinnitus. 8. Professional Issues. References. Index.
Hypoxia: how does the monocyte‐macrophage system respond to changes in oxygen availability?

Hypoxia is an important feature of inflamed tissue, such as the RA joint. Activated monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of RA, implicated in the mechanism of inflammation and erosion. During development, myeloid progenitor cells sequentially give rise to monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes that are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. After extravasation, monocytes differentiate into long‐lived, tissue‐specific macrophages or DCs. The effect of different oxygen concentrations experienced by these cells during maturation represents a novel aspect of this developmental process. In inflamed joint tissue, the microvascular architecture is highly dysregulated; thus, efficiency of oxygen supply to the synovium is poor. Therefore, invading cells must adapt instantaneously to changes in the oxygen level of the microenvironment. Angiogenesis is an early event in the inflammatory joint, which is important in enabling activated monocytes to enter via endothelial cells by active recruitment to expand the synovium into a “pannus”, resulting in cartilage degradation and bone destruction. The increased metabolic turnover of the expanding synovial pannus outpaces the dysfunctional vascular supply, resulting in hypoxia. The abnormal bioenergetics of the microenvironment further promotes synovial cell invasiveness. In RA, joint hypoxia represents a potential threat to cell function and survival. Notably, oxygen availability is a crucial parameter in the cellular energy metabolism, itself an important factor in determining the function of immune cells.
Social cognition

Social cognition concerns the various psychological processes that enable individuals to take advantage of being part of a social group. Of major importance to social cognition are the various social signals that enable us to learn about the world. Such signals include facial expressions, such as fear and disgust, which warn us of danger, and eye gaze direction, which indicate where interesting things can be found. Such signals are particularly important in infant development. Social referencing, for example, refers to the phenomenon in which infants refer to their mothers' facial expressions to determine whether or not to approach a novel object. We can learn a great deal simply by observing others. Much of this signalling seems to happen automatically and unconsciously on the part of both the sender and the receiver. We can learn to fear a stimulus by observing the response of another, in the absence of awareness of that stimulus. By contrast, learning by instruction, rather than observation, does seem to depend upon awareness of the stimulus, since such learning does not generalize to situations where the stimulus is presented subliminally. Learning by instruction depends upon a meta-cognitive process through which both the sender and the receiver recognize that signals are intended to be signals. An example would be the ‘ostensive’ signals that indicate that what follows are intentional communications. Infants learn more from signals that they recognize to be instructive. I speculate that it is this ability to recognize and learn from instructions rather than mere observation which permitted that advanced ability to benefit from cultural learning that seems to be unique to the human race.
Procedural justice criteria in salary determination

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to identify the dimensionality of the procedural justice construct and the criteria used by employees to assess procedural justice, in the context of salary determination.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a survey of 297 Canadian workers, the paper uses confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the dimensionality and the discriminant and convergent validity of our procedural justice construct. Convergent and predictive validity are also tested using hierarchical linear regressions.Findings – The paper shows the multidimensionality of the procedural justice construct: justice of the salary determination process is assessed through the perceived characteristics of allocation procedures, the perceived characteristics of decision‐makers, and system transparency.Research limitations/implications – Results could be biased towards acceptance; this is discussed. The results also suggest possible extensions to the study.Practical implications – Knowledge of the justi.
Younger and Older Adults' "Good-Enough" Interpretations of Garden-Path Sentences

We report 3 experiments that examined younger and older adults' reliance on "good-enough" interpretations for garden-path sentences (e.g., "While Anna dressed the baby played in the crib") as indicated by their responding "Yes" to questions probing the initial, syntactically unlicensed interpretation (e.g., "Did Anna dress the baby? "). The manipulation of several factors expected to influence the probability of generating or maintaining the unlicensed interpretation resulted in 2 major age differences: Older adults were generally more likely to endorse the incorrect interpretation for sentences containing optionally transitive verbs (e.g., hunted, paid), and they showed decreased availability of the correct interpretation of subordinate clauses containing reflexive absolute transitive verbs (e.g., dress, bathe). These age differences may in part be linked to older adults' increased reliance on heuristic-like good-enough processing to compensate for age-related deficits in working memory capacity. The results support previous studies suggesting that syntactic reanalysis may not be an all-or-nothing process and might not be completed unless questions probing unresolved aspects of the sentence structure challenge the resultant interpretation.
Empowerment to participate : A case study of participation by indian sex workers in HIV prevention

The popularity of ‘participation’ and ‘empowerment’ in international development discourse is not matched by sophisticated conceptualisation of these terms. Critics have argued that their vagueness allows ‘participation’ and ‘empowerment’ to be used indiscriminately to describe interventions which vary from tokenism to genuine devolving of power to the community. This paper suggests that conceptualising empowerment and participation simply in terms of a scale of ‘more or less’ participation or ‘more or less’ empowerment does not capture the qualitatively different forms of empowerment that are necessary for different activities. Instead, the paper conceptualises participation in terms of concrete domains of action in which people may be empowered to take part. An ethnographic case study of a participatory HIV prevention project run by sex workers in Kolkata illustrates the argument. Four domains of activity in which sex workers may participate are distinguished: (1) participating in accessing project services; (2) participating in providing project services; (3) participating in shaping project workers' activity; (4) participating in defining project goals. To be empowered to participate in each domain depends upon a different set of resources. Asking the question ‘empowerment to do what? ’ of health promotion projects is proposed as a way of facilitating appropriate project design. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape-shifter and Agenda Setter: The Influence of Emotion in Social Work Practice and Practice Education

Abstract As an interpersonal profession, operating within and between a myriad of nebulous psycho-social worlds, a significant proportion of social work’s currency resides in emotion, providing impetus for action or omission. This paper asserts that due diligence must be exercised towards emotion within social work training and practice, giving consideration to the journey towards qualification, fraught as it can be; emphasising the need to bring emotion out of the shadows and into the light. This is not simply a ‘how did that make you feel? ’ task, rather one of acknowledgement and acceptance, which lends itself to an exploration of the layered interface where emotion comes into being, prodded and poked, twisted and contorted, by the powerful forces of politics, sensationalism and reductionism, which seek to orchestrate simplicity and control.
Potential railway benefits according to enhanced cooperation between traffic management and automatic train operation

The increasing demand for transportation services in already heavily used railway networks has fostered extensive innovations in railway traffic management and train operation. These innovations aim at increasing the operational efficiency and degree of automation. In general, there are two fields of innovations. One is the development of support systems for dispatchers, and another is the development of support system for drivers. The former one focuses on supporting dispatchers' work with traffic management system on infrastructure side, while the latter one is centered on minimizing driving-inaccuracies by introducing automatic operation on train side. Both fields have proven successful separately, but each lacks some benefits of the other. This is because in the strategy of dispatcher support systems, it assumes trains to behave exactly as instructed and its performance depends on the accuracy of traffic plan execution, while the driver support system is centered on train level optimization resulting in a lack of knowledge about other trains in the network. Therefore, this paper addressed to a close coordination and cooperation between the dispatcher support system and driver support system, thereby making progress towards better performance of the railway system. In this regard, this paper proposed an improved railway optimization model by integration of traffic management system with automatic train operation. To make further progress, this paper introduces the analytical hierarchy process into the optimization model, so as to bring a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions. The analytical hierarchy process delivered a clear and logical structure to describe the optimization system as well as flexibility to accommodate different customers' requirements. In this respect, this paper introduces analytical hierarchy process into traffic management system and automatic train operation, aiming at a balance among multiple objectives: capacity increase, energy conservation, and punctuality.
Interaction of Radio Lobes with the Hot Intracluster Medium: Driving Convective Outflow in Hydra A

The radio lobes of Hydra A lie within cavities surrounded by a rim of enhanced X-ray emission in the intracluster gas. Although the bright rim appears cooler than the surrounding gas, existing Chandra data do not exclude the possibility that the rim is produced by a weak shock. A temperature map shows that cool gas extends out along the radio axis of Hydra A. The age of the radio source and equipartition pressure of the radio lobe argue against a shock, and comparison with similar structure in the Perseus Cluster also suggests that the rim is cool. We show that the cool bright rim cannot be the result of shock-induced cooling or due to the effect of magnetic fields in shocks. The most likely source of low-entropy (cool) gas is entrainment by the rising cavity. This requires some means of communicating the bouyant force on the cavity to the surrounding gas. The magnetic field required to produce the Faraday rotation in Hydra A has the appropriate properties for this if the Faraday screen is mainly in this bright rim. In Hydra A, the mass outflow due to the rising cavities could be sufficient to balance cooling-driven inflow, so preventing the build up of low-entropy gas in the cluster core.
The Hobbesian Trap

“So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel. First, competition; secondly, diffi dence; thirdly, glory. The first maketh men invade for gain; the second, for safety; and the third, for reputation. The first use violence, to make themselves masters of other men’s persons, wives, children, and cattle; the second, to defend them; the third, for trifles. ”(Hobbes [15], p. 64).
Curbing Violence In Schools: School And Teacher Preparedness

Education has received unmatched attention as the best method of achieving economic and social growth. Governments, development partners, households and other stakeholders in education invest heavily in education. Consequently, notable achievements have been realised in many countries, including Kenya, in enrolment and the increasing number of educational institutions at all levels. However, education has progressively faced critical challenges. In the developing countries, chief among the challenges facing education is the quality and relevance of education, and gender equity in education. Several reasons have been put forward as to the cause of failure by educational institutions to achieve the desired educational goals and set objectives. These include: high dropout rates; outside interference; forced repetition of pupils and students; and, a congested curriculum. But none of these weighs heavily on the education scene and the school as does school indiscipline. School discipline is a great concern to the Government, school managers and administrators, teachers, parents, pupils and students, key stakeholders in education and the entire community. This study was particularly concerned with the upsurge of violence in secondary schools in Kenya. Minor cases of school indiscipline include smoking of cigarette and bhang, and drinking of beer and other alcoholic spirits. School indiscipline reaches its highest height when disturbances turn violent and tragic. Acts of violence are often uncontrollable and have resulted in major crises. Some of these have been tragic resulting in destruction of property, physical and psychological injury, rape and even death. The present study investigated the extent to which schools and teachers were equipped to deal with violence. Findings indicated that schools and teachers were not prepared to handle violence and that is why such situations could not be defused, and hence often exploded unexpectedly resulting in tragedy.