Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resource availability and parasitism intensity influence the response of soybean to the parasitic plant Cuscuta australis

Introduction Parasitic plants can damage crop plants and consequently cause yield losses and thus threaten food security. Resource availability (e.g., phosphorus, water) has an important role in the response of crop plants to biotic attacks. However, how the growth of crop plants under parasitism are affected by environmental resource fluctuation is poorly understood. Methods We conducted a pot experiment to test the effects of the intensity of Cuscuta australis parasitism and the availability of water and phosphorus (P) on soybean shoot and root biomass. Results and discussion We found that low-intensity parasitism caused ~6% biomass reduction, while high-intensity parasitism caused ~26% biomass reduction in soybean. Under 5–15% water holding capacity (WHC), the deleterious effect of parasitism on soybean hosts was ~60% and ~115% higher than that under 45–55% WHC and 85–95% WHC, respectively. When the P supply was 0 μM, the deleterious effect of parasitism on soybean was 67% lower than that when the P supply was 20 μM. Besides, the biomass of C. australis was highest when both the water and the P availability were lowest. Cuscuta australis caused the highest damage to soybean hosts under 5 μM P supply, 5–15% WHC, and high-intensity parasitism. Additionally, C. australis biomass was significantly and negatively related to the deleterious effect of parasitism on soybean hosts and to the total biomass of soybean hosts under high-intensity parasitism, but not under low-intensity parasitism. Although high resource availability can promote soybean growth, the two resources have different impacts on the response of hosts to parasitism. Higher P availability decreased host tolerance to parasites, while higher water availability increased host tolerance. These results indicate that crop management, specifically water and phosphorus supply, can efficiently control C. australis in soybean. To our best knowledge, this appears to be the first study to test the interactive effect of different resources on the growth and response of host plants under parasitism.
FIXED RATIO POLYNOMIAL TIME APPROXIMATION ALGORITHM FOR THE PRIZE-COLLECTING ASYMMETRIC TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM

We develop the first fixed-ratio approximation algorithm for the well-known Prize-Collecting Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem, which has numerous valuable applications in operations research. An instance of this problem is given by a complete node- and edge-weighted digraph \(G\). Each node of the graph \(G\) can either be visited by the resulting route or skipped, for some penalty, while the arcs of \(G\) are weighted by non-negative transportation costs that fulfill the triangle inequality constraint. The goal is to find a closed walk that minimizes the total transportation costs augmented by the accumulated penalties. We show that an arbitrary \(\alpha\)-approximation algorithm for the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem induces an \((\alpha+1)\)-approximation for the problem in question. In particular, using the recent \((22+\varepsilon)\)-approximation algorithm of V. Traub and J. Vygen that improves the seminal result of O. Svensson, J. Tarnavski, and L. Végh, we obtain \((23+\varepsilon)\)-approximate solutions for the problem.
International Union of Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification. XXXVIII. Update on Terms and Symbols in Quantitative Pharmacology

597 I. Introduction. 597 II
Parallelizing Bayesian Knowledge Tracing Tool For Large-scale Online Learning Analytics

With the advent of Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs), the data scale of student learning behavior and knowledge mastery has significantly increased. In order to effectively and efficiently analyze these datasets and present on-the-fly intelligent tutoring to online learners, it is necessary to improve existing learning analytics tools in a parallel and automatic way. One of the most common tools is Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) that can model temporal progress of online learners and evaluate their mastery of course knowledge. Current implementation of BKT is mostly based on single machine, which leads to slow execution performance during its Expectation Maximization(EM) algorithm for parameter fitting. Although there are a few parallel implementations for EM algorithm, they don’t support automatic initial BKT parameter tuning to ensure the correct convergence of the EM iteration. Therefore, this paper presents a new parallel BKT open source tool based on the Spark computational framework with the method of automatic tuning of initial parameters. This tool improves traditional knowledge tracing systems using a parallel EM algorithm with the capabilty of automatically choosing initial parameters. Experimental result demonstrates that our tool can achieve fast execution speed and greatly improve the accuracy of training parameters on both different sizes of simulated data and real educational data sets.
A LIDAR DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM FOR THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE

The High Speed Systems Test (HSST) area of the Department of Defense Test Resource Management Center (TRMC) Test/Evaluation and Science/Technology (T&E/S&T) program has articulated a requirement for real-time meteorological assessment in support of flight testing hypersonic vehicles, particularly, “detailed atmospheric assessments for a given volume along the flight path close to the real-time location of the vehicle” (U.S. Army BAA 2008). Furthermore, “. prediction of atmospheric flight conditions on the flight paths of high speed, hypersonic vehicles is highly desired to better assess flight test variables and also to better understand flight vehicle performance as it accomplishes its mission. ” The altitudes of interest are from the surface to 80 km. Situational awareness of the meteorological conditions will result in a reduction in the vehicle performance uncertainty that is a large contributor to the costs of flight testing as well as providing numerous other benefits. Michigan Aerospace Corporation, Inc. (MAC) is leading the development of a LIDAR instrument that will acquire meteorological conditions at the altitudes of interest. In a parallel effort, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER) is providing a data assimilation system (DAS) intended to combine the LIDAR measurements with other conventional sources of data as a means of producing useful 3and 4dimensional datasets of state variables, thereby directly addressing the requirements described above.
INTRODUCTION TO COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS

CAE? cae21 org. Analysis of Power Module Reliability exposed to Real. Siemens NX Wikipedia. Iranian CFD Group ? MATLAB amp Simulink introduction Humusoft. NAFEMS Nordic engineering analysis and simulation FEA. PTC Creo Elements Pro Wikipedia. Resolve a DOI Name. 41? NTREXGO ? Multi physics simulations for electrical machine development. 700 Multiphysics Examples with Solutions and Instructions. COMSOL Multiphysics® Sales and Support in Technic. Multiphysics simulation for designing laminated busbars. 300 Videos on Multiphysics Simulation in the COMSOL Video. Formation COMSOL Marseille emc3 consulting com. KESCO ? COMSOL Multiphysics COMSOL Server. Customers SOLIDWORKS. Download ShipBuilding? CAD CAM CAE? Casting? EDA ? Optical. Physics Research International hindawi com. COMSOL Multiphysics? Mech Engg Mechanical Engineering. Multiphysics Modeling Using COMSOL® A First Principles. Mercury Learning and Information Books Science Health. Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. Understanding and modeling of triboelectric electret
Traffic Aware Backoff Scheduling of Low Data Rate Applications in Wireless Body Area Networks

iii AKNOWLEDGMENTS . v PUBLICATIONS . viii LIST OF TABLES . xiv LIST OF FIGURES . xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS . xxii CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP. xxvi 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) Structure . 1 1.2 Potentials and Possibilities in Healthcare . 5 1.3 From Concept to Delivery Challenges . 8 1.4 WSN vs. WBAN . 15 1.4. 1 Wearability . 16 1.4. 2 Channel Model . 16 1.4. 3 Resource Asymmetry and Star Topology . 18 1.4. 4 Mobility Model . 19 1.4. 5 Physical Layer Portability . 20 1.4. 6 Self Organization . 21 1.4. 7 Interference . 21 1.4. 8 Reliability . 22 1.5 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol . 23 1.5. 1 Schedule-Based MAC . 24 1.5. 2 Contention-Based MAC . 25 1.6 IEEE 802.15. 4 Protocol Stack . 27
Can we falsify the justification of the validity of published Wald confidence intervals of doubly robust functionals, without assumptions?

In this article we develop a feasible version of the assumption-lean tests in Liu, Mukherjee, and Robins (2020a) that can falsify an analyst’s justification for the validity of a reported nominal (1 − α) Wald confidence interval (CI) centered at a doublemachine learning (DML) estimator (Chernozhukov et al., 2018) for any member of the class of doubly robust (DR) functionals studied by Rotnitzky, Smucler, and Robins (2021). The class of DR functionals is broad and of central importance in economics and biostatistics. It strictly includes both (i) the class ofmean-square continuous functionals that can bewritten as an expectation of an affine functional of a conditional expectation studied by Chernozhukov, Newey, and Singh (2022a) and the class of functionals studied by Robins et al. (2008). The present state-of-the-art estimators for DR functionals ψ are DML estimators ψ̂1. The bias of ψ̂1 depends on the product of the rates at which two nuisance functions b and p are estimated. Most commonly an analyst justifies the validity of her Wald CIs by proving that, under her complexity-reducing assumptions, theCauchy-Schwarz (CS) upper boundE[(̂b(X)− b(X))]E[(p̂(X)−p(X))] for the bias of ψ̂1 is o(n−1/2). Thus if the hypothesisH0: the CS upper bound is o(n−1/2) is rejected by our test (with an extremely small p-value), we will have falsified the analyst’s justification for the validity of her Wald CIs. In this work, we exhibit a valid assumption-lean falsification test of H0, without relying on complexity-reducing assumptions on b, p, or their estimates b̂, p̂. To the best of our knowledge, such an assumption-lean falsification test is the first of its kind. Simulation experiments are conducted to demonstrate how the proposed assumption-lean test can be used in practice. An unavoidable limitation of our methodology is that no assumption-lean test of H0, including ours, can be a consistent test. Thus failure of our test to reject is not meaningful evidence in favor of H0.
N Default Final Project : Question Answering on SQuAD 2 . 0

4 Training the Baseline 7 4.1 Baseline Model . 7 4.2 Train the baseline . 10 4.3 Tracking progress in TensorBoard . 10 4.4 Inspecting Output . 11
Partial exhaustion of CD8 T cells and clinical response to teplizumab in new-onset type 1 diabetes

Features of T cell exhaustion in CD8 T cells are associated with beneficial response to anti-CD3 therapy in T1D. Exhausting autoimmunity Checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy, allowing potentially exhausted tumor-reactive T cells to attack the tumor. However, in the case of autoimmunity, exhausted T cells may be the answer to stopping the disease. Long et al. report that, in type 1 diabetics treated with the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody teplizumab, CD8 T cells with features of exhausted T cells are associated with best response to treatment. These cells recognized a broad spectrum of autoantigens and proliferated at a lower level ex vivo, yet their exhausted phenotype was not terminal because stimulating these cells with a ligand for the inhibitory receptor TIGIT further down-regulated their activation. These data suggest inducing T cell exhaustion as a potential therapeutic approach for type 1 diabetes. Biologic treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) typically results in transient stabilization of C-peptide levels (a surrogate for endogenous insulin secretion) in some patients, followed by progression at the same rate as in untreated control groups. We used integrated systems biology and flow cytometry approaches with clinical trial blood samples to elucidate pathways associated with C-peptide stabilization in T1D patients treated with the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody teplizumab. We identified a population of CD8 T cells that accumulated in patients with the best response to treatment (responders) and showed that these cells phenotypically resembled exhausted T cells by expressing high levels of the transcription factor EOMES, effector molecules, and multiple inhibitory receptors (IRs), including TIGIT and KLRG1. These cells expanded after treatment, with levels peaking after 3 to 6 months. To functionally characterize these exhausted-like T cells, we isolated memory CD8 TIGIT+KLRG1+ T cells from responders and showed that they exhibited expanded T cell receptor clonotypes (indicative of previous in vivo expansion), recognized a broad-based spectrum of environmental antigens and autoantigens, and were hypoproliferative during polyclonal stimulation, increasing expression of IR genes and decreasing cell cycle genes. Triggering these cells with a recombinant ligand for TIGIT during polyclonal stimulation further down-regulated their activation, demonstrating that their exhausted phenotype was not terminal. These findings identify and functionally characterize a partially exhausted cell type associated with response to teplizumab therapy and suggest that pathways regulating T cell exhaustion may play a role in successful immune interventions for T1D.
Modifying natural antimicrobial peptides to generate bioinspired antibiotics and devices.

Antibacterial drug resistance is an increasingly serious threat that affects the world over and that demands our attention. Among the reasons for the observed upsurge in drug-resistant bacteria is the inappropriate usage of antibiotics in both humans and animals [1]. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has increased impetus for the development of novel potent antibiotics and as result, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been identified as promising candidate molecules, due to their unusual mechanisms of action and lack of side effects. The delicate balance of antibiotic resistance and the discovery of new antimicrobials is disproportionate, with only a small number of antibiotic molecules having reached commercial drug pipelines in the last few years [2]. In an effort to overcome this imbalance, scientists have turned to the natural environment, which has long been considered a valuable resource for the discovery of antibacterial agents. In this regard, several biomes have been explored, from the tropical rain forests to desert regions [3]. Although thousands of antimicrobials have been discovered in microorganisms, plants and animals almost few of them have as yet reached clinical trials. This is largely due to several problems hindering the drug development process such as the high structural complexity of the compounds, low antibacterial activity, compound side effects, difficulties in the production of the drug and the high costs incurred by the development process. In order to address these shortcomings, researchers have become increasingly interested in studying the genetic diversity found in many natural environments and have begun to focus on developing strategies for the improvement of the natural antimicrobial compounds. For example, there a number of cases where AMPs have been modified or grafted to generate novel bioinspired compounds against antibiotic resistance genes.
Whole Genome Sequencing for Genomics-Guided Investigations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks

Multi isolate whole genome sequencing (WGS) and typing for outbreak investigations has become a reality in the post-genomics era. We applied this technology to strains from Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks. These include isolates from seven North America outbreaks, as well as multiple isolates from the same patient and from different infected individuals in the same household. Customized high-resolution bioinformatics sequence typing strategies were developed to assess the core genome and mobilome plasticity. Sequence typing was performed using an in-house single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and validation pipeline. Discriminatory power becomes of particular importance for the investigation of isolates from outbreaks in which macrogenomic techniques such as pulse-field gel electrophoresis or multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis do not differentiate closely related organisms. We also characterized differences in the phage inventory, allowing us to identify plasticity among outbreak strains that is not detectable at the core genome level. Our comprehensive analysis of the mobilome identified multiple plasmids that have not previously been associated with this lineage. Applied phylogenomics approaches provide strong molecular evidence for exceptionally little heterogeneity of strains within outbreaks and demonstrate the value of intra-cluster comparisons, rather than basing the analysis on archetypal reference strains. Next generation sequencing and whole genome typing strategies provide the technological foundation for genomic epidemiology outbreak investigation utilizing its significantly higher sample throughput, cost efficiency, and phylogenetic relatedness accuracy. These phylogenomics approaches have major public health relevance in translating information from the sequence-based survey to support timely and informed countermeasures. Polymorphisms identified in this work offer robust phylogenetic signals that index both short- and long-term evolution and can complement currently employed typing schemes for outbreak ex- and inclusion, diagnostics, surveillance, and forensic studies.
Avoiding Implicit Acceptance of Bigotry: An Argument for Standardized Testing of Home-Schooled Children

INTRODUCTION . 1177 R I. BACKGROUND . 1180 R A. Case History . 1180 R B. Justifications for Home Schooling . 1183 R C. Concerns Regarding Home Schooling . 1185 R D. Home-Schooling Legislation . 1186 R E. Vagueness . 1188 R II. ANALYSIS . 1188 R A. The Advocates’ “Fundamental” Right . 1193 R B. The States’ “Compelling” Interest . 1194 R C. Narrowly Tailored? 1196 R D. Proposed Home-Schooling Legislation . 1197 R CONCLUSION . 1199 R
Venous thromboembolism: a need for more public awareness and research into mechanisms.

Articles in this Series: Heit J. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:370-372. Moll S. A clinical perspective of venous thromboemobolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:373-379. Gross P and Weitz J. New anticoagulants for treatment of venous thromboemobolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:380-386. Wakefield TW, Myers DD, Henke PK. Mechanisms of venous thrombosis and resolution. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:387-391. Link RP. National heart, lung, and blood institute programs for deep vein thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:392-393. Beckman MG, Critchley SE, Hooper WC, Grant AM, Kulkarni R. CDC division of blood disorders: public health research activities in venous thromboembolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:394-395. Fenninger R. Patient advocacy to promote public awareness about thrombosis and thrombophilia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:396-397. Hunt BJ. The awareness and politics of venous thromboembolism in the United Kingdom. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:398-399. In 2005, the US Senate declared March as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) awareness month in the United States to increase the American public’s understanding of deep vein thrombosis.1 This was triggered by the death of 39-yr-old David Bloom, a National Broadcasting Company (NBC) reporter who died on April 6, 2003 from a massive pulmonary embolism (PE), and the activities of his widow, Melanie Bloom.2 Two days before his death David Bloom had developed cramping leg pain that was not recognized as a DVT2—leg DVT was only found postmortem. He had several risk factors for DVT and PE (collectively called venous thromboembolism [VTE)]): (1) prolonged immobility (working and sleeping in a cramped position in a tank in the war in Iraq); (2) long distance flights between the US and Kuwait, (3) dehydration, and (4) postmortem the discovery that he was heterozygous for the prothrombotic variant of factor V called factor V …
Learning geometrical transforms between multi camera views using Canonical Correlation Analysis

We present an unsupervised and sampling-free approach to learn the correspondence relations between pairs of cameras in closed form employing a linear model known as Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). The only assumption we make is that the relative orientation between the cameras involved is fixed. In a two stage algorithm, we first learn the inter-image transformation based on CCA. This analysis usually has to be done in a multi-scale framework, as applying CCA directly to full resolution images may be computationally prohibitive. In the second stage we employ the learnt transformation which is given only implicitly and predict for a given pixel in a first view its corresponding region within a second view. We denote these regions as correspondence prior. CCA has been introduced by Hotelling [2] as a method of analyzing the relations between two sets of variates and can be applied in closed form. Consider two random vectors x and y where x 2 R N and y 2 R M . The goal of CCA is to find basis vectors for which the correlation between x and y when projected onto the basis vectors are mutually maximized [3]. In the case of a single pair of basis vectors u 2 R N ,v 2 R M the projections are given as a=u T x and b=v T y. Assuming E[x]=E[y]=0, the correlation r between a and b can be written as:
Applications of Energy-Driven Computing: A Transiently-Powered Wireless Cycle Computer

There has been a dramatic increase in recent years in the number of battery-powered embedded electronic devices. However, the lifetime of these devices is limited by battery capacity. Energy harvesting is an efficient solution to overcome this limitation; however, large energy buffers have been traditionally employed to tackle the temporal variation of the source. These buffers typically require considerable time to charge while introducing a cost, size and weight overhead. Energy-driven systems are specifically designed to operate from an energy harvesting source, without overprovisioning energy storage to make the system appear "battery-like". Furthermore, a transiently-powered system is capable of sustaining computation despite an intermittent supply, without the need for additional energy storage. While this shows much promise, the wide applicability of these systems to real-life applications is yet to be demonstrated. This paper presents a transiently-powered wireless bicycle trip counter which measures distance, speed and active cycling time, and transmits data wirelessly. The system sustains operation by harvesting energy from the rotation of the wheel, operating from a minimum speed of 6kph, while adapting its operation in response to the harvested energy.
Structure-based inhibitors of HIV-1 protease.

INTRODUCTION . 544 HIV-l PROTEASE STRUCTURE . 545 Description of the HIV-J PR Molecule . 546 Symmetry of the Enzyme and Its Crystallographic Manifestation . 549 Substrate Specificity of HIV PR . 554 SUBSTRATE-ANALOG INHIBITOR DESIGN . 555 INHIBITOR COMPLEXES OF HIV-l PR . 558 Common Structural Features . 559 Subsites and Subsite-Inhibitor Interactions . 561 Transition-State Inhibitor Complexes . 566 STRUCTURE-BASED INHIBITOR DESIGN . 573 Use of Structure for New Lead Discovery . 575 SCREENING AND SERENDIPITY . 577 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 579 Is Symmetry Important in Inhibitor Design? 579 Subsitellnhibitor Contacts . 579 Conclusions . 580