Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On chiral spin symmetry and the QCD phase diagram

Recently, an approximate $SU(4)$ chiral spin-flavour symmetry was observed in multiplet patterns of QCD meson correlation functions, in a temperature range above the chiral crossover. This symmetry is larger than the chiral symmetry of massless QCD, and can only arise effectively when colour-electric quark-gluon interactions dynamically dominate the quantum effective action. At temperatures about three times the crossover temperature, these patterns disappear again, indicating the screening of colour-electric interactions, and the expected chiral symmetry is recovered. In this contribution we collect independent evidence for such an intermediate temperature range, based on screening masses and the pion spectral function. Both kinds of observables behave non-perturbatively in this window, with resonance-like peaks for the pion and its first excitation disappearing gradually with temperature. Using symmetry arguments and the known behaviour of screening masses at small densities, we discuss how this chiral spin symmetric band continues into the QCD phase diagram.
Origin of coda waves: Source, attenuation, and scattering effects

Coda waves from small local earthquakes are interpreted as backscattering waves from numerous heterogeneities distributed uniformly in the earth's crust. Two extreme models of the wave medium that account for the observations on the coda are proposed. In the single backscattering model the scattering is considered to be a weak process, and the loss of seismic energy by scattering is neglected. In the diffusion model the seismic energy transfer is considered as a diffusion process. Both models lead to similar formulas that allow an accurate separation of the effect of earthquake source from the effects of scattering and attenuation on the coda spectra. A unique difference was found in the scaling law of earthquake source spectra between central California and western Japan, which may be attributed to the difference in inhomogeneity length of the earth's crust. The Q of coda waves in the two regions is strongly frequency dependent with values increasing from 50–200 at 1 Hz to about 1000–2000 at 20 Hz. This observation is interpreted as a combined effect of variation of Q with depth and frequency-dependent composition of coda waves described below. The turbidity coefficient of the lithosphere required at 1 Hz to explain the observed coda as body wave scattering is orders of magnitude greater than previously known values such as those obtained by Aki (1973) and Capon (1974) under the Montana Lasa from the amplitude and phase fluctuations of teleseismic P waves. From the high attenuation and turbidity obtained at this frequency we conclude that at around 1 Hz the coda is made of backscattering surface waves from heterogeneities in the shallow, low-Q lithosphere. The high Q observed for the coda at frequencies higher than 10 Hz, on the other hand, eliminates the possibility that these waves are backscattering surface waves. We conclude that at these high frequencies the coda must be made of backscattering body waves from heterogeneities in the deep lithosphere. The low turbidities found for deep earthquake sources under western Japan are consistent with this model of coda wave generation.
Research on wetland classification approaches based on Hyperion hyperspectral image

Land cover classification is essential for the monitoring, protecting and managing of wetlands. With Dongting Lake in Hunan province of China selected as the study area, a scene of hyperspectral image acquired by EO-1 Hyperion was used to evaluate the methods for land cover classification. After a series of preprocessing including bands removal, radiometric correction, strip removal and geometric registration, MNF transformation and band selection were adopted for dimension reducing. Then the image was classified into eight land cover types via MLC, SVM, SAM and MF classifier. Results reveal that higher classification accuracy would be obtained if data dimension reduction is done by MNF method. In addition, SVM performs best among the four classifiers, followed with MLC, while SAM and MF show worse performances.
Cosmology, holography, the brain and the quantum vacuum

Cosmology, as a science, started at the beginning of the last century with the advent of the Einstein cosmological equations. Based on these equations, the present main stream cosmological model is the well known big-bang (this name unwillingly coined by Fred Hoyle many years ago). Relatively recent additions to this model have been inflation, dark matter and dark energy. This talk presents a smoothly behaved new cosmological model that mainly takes into account the "dark" part of the Universe. We consider it as the background frame, the substrate, of what we see. The inclusion of the holographic principle clarifies the entropy problem that we also apply to the human brain. We take it as an engineering information center. Finally, the inclusion of the quantum vacuum in this scene creates an important challenge, an opportunity for future research in the knowledge of the Universe.
Bioelectronic Sensor Nodes for Internet of Bodies

Energy-efficient sensing with Physically-secure communication for bio-sensors on, around and within the Human Body is a major area of research today for development of low-cost healthcare, enabling continuous monitoring and/or secure, perpetual operation. These devices, when used as a network of nodes form the Internet of Bodies (IoB), which poses certain challenges including stringent resource constraints (power/area/computation/memory), simultaneous sensing and communication, and security vulnerabilities as evidenced by the DHS and FDA advisories. One other major challenge is to find an efficient on-body energy harvesting method to support the sensing, communication, and security sub-modules. Due to the limitations in the harvested amount of energy, we require reduction of energy consumed per unit information, making the use of in-sensor analytics/processing imperative. In this paper, we review the challenges and opportunities in low-power sensing, processing and communication, with possible powering modalities for future bio-sensor nodes. Specifically, we analyze, compare and contrast (a) different sensing mechanisms such as voltage/current domain vs time-domain, (b) low-power, secure communication modalities including wireless techniques and human-body communication, and (c) different powering techniques for both wearable devices and implants.
Evolution of "51 Pegasus b-like" planets

About one-quarter of the extrasolar giant planets discovered so far have orbital distances smaller than 0.1 AU. These “51 Peg b-like” planets can now be directly characterized, as shown by the planet transiting in front the star HD 209458. We review the processes that affect their evolution. We apply our work to the case of HD 209458b, whose radius has been recently measured. We argue that its radius can be reproduced only when the deep atmosphere is assumed to be unrealistically hot. When using more realistic atmospheric temperatures, an energy source appears to be missing in order to explain HD 209458b's large size. The most likely source of energy available is not in the planet's spin or orbit, but in the intense radiation received from the parent star. We show that the radius of HD 209458b can be reproduced if a small fraction (~$1\%$) of the stellar flux is transformed into kinetic energy in the planetary atmosphere and subsequently converted to thermal energy by dynamical processes at pressures of tens of bars.
Structural style of continental rifting in Ethiopia: Reverse decollements

Quickening crustal extension since the Late Miocene in the Ethiopian rift is a response to forcible jacking apart at a progressively weakening lithospheric suture, rather than a passive reaction to regional stress in the African plate. Rates have increased from less than 1 mm/yr to integrated Holocene values that locally reach 4 mm/yr at the axis of the rift floor. Middle Miocene-Early Pleistocene faulting of the rift margins is now largely substituted for by intense faulting and Assuring along the rift floor axis, concurrent with increased strain in the lower crust and lithospheric mantle. Unlike the detachment models advocated for the Basin and Range Province, the North Sea, and now the Kenyan rift, the new hypothesis advanced here envisions Ethiopian and Kenyan rifting to be a response to diapiric injection of anomalously hot and mobile asthenosphere that has most recently breached the upper crust.
Role of inorganic and organic soil amendments on immobilisation and phytoavailability of heavy metals: a review involving specific case studies

Soil is not only considered as a 'source' of nutrients for plant growth, but also as a 'sink' for the removal of contaminants from industrial and agricultural waste materials. The origin of heavy metal contamination of soils may be anthropogenic as well as geogenic. With greater public awareness of the implications of contaminated soils on human and animal health, there has been increasing interest amongst the scientific community in developing cost-effective and community-acceptable remediation technologies for contaminated sites. Unlike organic contaminants, most metals do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation, thereby resulting in their accumulation in soils. The mobilisation of metals in soils for plant uptake and leaching to groundwater can, however, be minimised through chemical and biological immobilisation. Recently there has been increasing interest in the immobilisation of metals using a range of inorganic compounds, such as lime and phosphate (P) compounds, and organic compounds, such as 'exceptional quality' biosolids. In this review paper, the results from selected New Zealand studies on the potential value of a range of soil amendments (phosphate compounds, liming materials, and biosolids) in the immobilisation of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) is discussed in relation to remediation of contaminated soils. These case studies have indicated that lime is effective in reducing the phytoavailability of Cd and Cr(III), phosphate compounds are effective for Cd, and organic amendments are effective for Cu and Cr(VI). The mechanisms proposed for the immobilisation and consequent reduction in the phytoavailability of metals by the soil amendments include: enhanced metal adsorption through increased surface charge (e.g. phosphate-induced metal adsorption), increased formation of organic and inorganic metal complexes (e.g. cadmium-phosphate complex and copper-organic matter complex), precipitation of metals (e.g. chromic hydroxide), and reduction of metals from higher valency mobile form to lower valency immobile form [e.g. Cr(VI) to Cr(III)]. These case studies indicated that since bioavailability is the key factor for remediation technologies, chemical or biological immobilisation of metals may be a preferred option.
Effects of hydration on the elastic properties of olivine

Water, dissolved as hydroxyl (OH)− into the solid silicate minerals of the upper mantle can reduce adiabatic wave speeds through associated defects. Here we report Brillouin spectroscopy measurements of the sound velocities and single‐crystal elastic constants of hydrous forsterite (hy‐Fo100) and hydrous olivine (hy‐Fo97) containing 0.8–0.9 wt% H2O. The samples, synthesized at 12 GPa and 1250°C, represent nearly the maximum storage capacity of water in olivine at conditions of 350–400 km depth. The adiabatic bulk (KS0) and shear (G0) moduli of hy‐Fo100 are 125.7(±0.2) GPa and 79.8(±0.1) GPa, respectively. For hy‐Fo97, we obtain KS0 = 124.4(±0.4) GPa and G0 = 75.3(±0.3) GPa. Compared with anhydrous forsterite, the combined effects of 3 mol% Fe and 0.8 wt% H2O reduce bulk and shear moduli by 3.5(±0.3)% and 7.5(±0.4)% respectively, with greater reductions expected for more iron‐rich Fo90 mantle compositions. Although lattice preferred orientation (LPO) studies have not been carried out under relevant conditions of water or pressure, analysis of idealized single‐crystal anisotropy for various known LPO types predicts up to 3% higher S‐wave splitting anisotropy in hydrous olivine crystals aligned according to A‐type and E‐type fabrics, but no change in S‐wave splitting anisotropy for B‐type and C‐type fabrics.
$\mathrm{L}^p$-extrapolation of non-local operators: Maximal regularity of elliptic integrodifferential operators with measurable coefficients.

The aim of this article is to deepen the understanding of the derivation of $\mathrm{L}^p$-estimates of non-local operators. We review the $\mathrm{L}^p$-extrapolation theorem of Shen which builds on a real variable argument of Caffarelli and Peral and adapt this theorem to account for non-local weak reverse Holder estimates. These non-local weak reverse Holder estimates appear for example in the investigation of non-local elliptic integrodifferential operators. This originates from the fact that here only a non-local Caccioppoli inequality is valid, see Kuusi, Mingione, and Sire. As an application, we prove resolvent estimates and maximal regularity properties in $\mathrm{L}^p$-spaces of non-local elliptic integrodifferential operators.
Spectral gaps and error estimates for infinite-dimensional Metropolis–Hastings with non-Gaussian priors

We study a class of Metropolis-Hastings algorithms for target measures that are absolutely continuous with respect to a large class of non-Gaussian prior measures on Banach spaces. The algorithm is shown to have a spectral gap in a Wasserstein-like semimetric weighted by a Lyapunov function. A number of error bounds are given for computationally tractable approximations of the algorithm including bounds on the closeness of Ces\'{a}ro averages and other pathwise quantities via perturbation theory. Several applications illustrate the breadth of problems to which the results apply such as discretization by Galerkin-type projections and approximate simulation of the proposal.
Model sensitivity studies of Arctic ozone depletion

We have used an off-line chemical transport model (CTM) to diagnose the expected chemical ozone destruction in the Arctic winters of 1993/1994 to 1996/1997, and to investigate the sensitivity of the model-calculated loss to meteorological variability, chlorine and bromine loadings, denitrification, dehydration, and increased stratospheric H2O. The model was integrated on a single isentropic surface at 475 K (about 18 km or 50 hPa altitude) using analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The CTM produces local depletions of up to 45% in the polar vortex in the cold winter of 1995/1996. In winter 1996/1997 the large-scale temperatures cold enough for polar stratospheric clouds did not start until early January which delayed chlorine activation. However, because the cold temperatures persisted well into March, the local O3 depletion in the model vortex was around 40% in late March. The sensitivity experiments using 1994/1995 meteorology show that the chlorine loading is much more important than bromine for controlling the polar ozone loss given the expected abundances, but the ClO + BrO ozone loss cycles are calculated to be more important than ClO + ClO. Accordingly, the local relative efficiency factor we calculate from the model (α) is large, especially in the polar region where it is around 60 for current day halogen loadings. Denitrification can increase Arctic ozone depletion through a delay in chlorine deactivation. However, very strong denitrification early in the winter causes less O3 depletion in the model, with the current heterogeneous chemistry scheme, due to enhanced recovery into HCl and inefficient chlorine reactivation. The additional inclusion of dehydration reduces the modeled Arctic O3 depletion, due to decreased heterogeneous processing rates, and the reduced occurrence of equilibrium nitric acid trihydrate particles. The modeled Arctic O3 depletion increases slightly (by 2–4% of the initial O3) using 1994/1995 meteorology when the stratospheric H2O loading is increased. This is due to slightly more polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) activity in this cold winter, although this effect would be potentially more important in a warmer winter where PSC processing was marginal.
Video image fusion process using fuzzy technique

Image fusion techniques have been used for variety of applications like medical imaging, navigation, homeland security and most importantly in military requirements. Different techniques for image fusion are there and already being extended for real time video fusion. In this paper, a new technique for video image fusion has been given. We exploit fuzzy techniques for image fusion. This approach has already been implemented for multi image fusion for different applications. In the fuzzy approach, pixel of one image is fused with the corresponding pixel value of other image. Fusion is based on the associated rules and membership grades of the frames. For the video image fusion, frames are extracted from the two incoming videos and registered. Size and distortion of the frames are checked for the suitability of the fusion process. After frame wise fusion using fuzzy approach, they are sequenced back for video display. Various other issues like real time implementation, scene effect, adaptation required according to application and image alignments have been discussed. We hope that algorithm developed for video image fusion process in this paper will prove to be very effective for real time image sensor fusion process.
Distribution of persistent organochlorines in the oceanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate

Concentrations of organochlorines such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDTs, chlordanes, and PCBs were determined in the air and surface water from various oceans in 1989-1990, for understanding their recent distribution and the role of ocean in the long-range atmospheric transport and fate on global terms. The atmospheric concentrations were found to be still higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere, although the distribution pattern suggested the shift or expansion of their major sources from the mid to low latitudes during the last decade. In surface water, HCHs showed a considerable contamination over 40°N, whereas DDTs were higher near tropical Asia
Defining UML family members using prefaces

The Unified Modeling Language is extensible, and so can be regarded as a family of languages. Implicitly or explicitly, any particular UML model should be accompanied by a definition of the particular UML family member used for the model. The definition should cover syntactic and semantic issues. This paper proposes a mechanism for associating models with such definitions. Any particular definition would form what we call a preface. The name is intended to suggest that the definition of a particular UML family member must conceptually come before any model built using that family member. A preface would be large, and should be organised using packages. This would allow large amounts of sharing between different prefaces. The paper proposes that prefaces should have an axiomatic style of semantics, through not necessarily fully formal, and it offers a general approach to semantics that would reduce problems of inconsistency within a large preface, based on the idea of general cases and special cases.
Mapping Language to Code in Programmatic Context

Source code is rarely written in isolation. It depends significantly on the programmatic context, such as the class that the code would reside in. To study this phenomenon, we introduce the task of generating class member functions given English documentation and the programmatic context provided by the rest of the class. This task is challenging because the desired code can vary greatly depending on the functionality the class provides (e.g., a sort function may or may not be available when we are asked to “return the smallest element” in a particular member variable list). We introduce CONCODE, a new large dataset with over 100,000 examples consisting of Java classes from online code repositories, and develop a new encoder-decoder architecture that models the interaction between the method documentation and the class environment. We also present a detailed error analysis suggesting that there is significant room for future work on this task.
Quantum instability of the Cauchy horizon in Reissner–Nordström–deSitter spacetime

In classical general relativity, the values of fields on spacetime are uniquely determined by their values at an initial time within the domain of dependence of this initial data surface. However, it may occur that the spacetime under consideration extends beyond this domain of dependence, and fields, therefore, are not entirely determined by their initial data. This occurs, for example, in the well-known (maximally) extended Reissner–Nordström or Reissner–Nordström–deSitter (RNdS) spacetimes. The boundary of the region determined by the initial data is called the ‘Cauchy horizon. ’ It is located inside the black hole in these spacetimes. The strong cosmic censorship conjecture asserts that the Cauchy horizon does not, in fact, exist in practice because the slightest perturbation (of the metric itself or the matter fields) will become singular there in a sufficiently catastrophic way that solutions cannot be extended beyond the Cauchy horizon. Thus, if strong cosmic censorship holds, the Cauchy horizon will be converted into a ‘final singularity,’ and determinism will hold. Recently, however, it has been found that, classically this is not the case in RNdS spacetimes in a certain range of mass, charge, and cosmological constant. In this paper, we consider a quantum scalar field in RNdS spacetime and show that quantum theory comes to the rescue of strong cosmic censorship. We find that for any state that is nonsingular (i.e., Hadamard) within the domain of dependence, the expected stress-tensor blows up with affine parameter, V, along a radial null geodesic transverse to the Cauchy horizon as T VV ∼ C/V 2 with C independent of the state and C ≠ 0 generically in RNdS spacetimes. This divergence is stronger than in the classical theory and should be sufficient to convert the Cauchy horizon into a singularity through which the spacetime cannot be extended as a (weak) solution of the semiclassical Einstein equation. This behavior is expected to be quite general, although it is possible to have C = 0 in certain special cases, such as the BTZ black hole.