Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comment on bg-2022-2

This manuscript takes 11 ESMs from the CMIP6 archive and attempts to unravel the root causes of the uncertainty in the NBP simulated by each model over the (roughly) 2 deg warming scenario. The models' sensitivity to CO2 (through the 1 percent runs) and to temperature and soil moisture are investigated for both short and long timescales. I found the paper figures to be generally well designed (though see my comment about Fig 3) but the text could be confusing at times. There is a lot of rather convoluted steps/arguments in producing the T/SM/sT/sSM metrics and it sometimes was hard to understand exactly what they were telling me about the models. I think the paper is publishable, but needs revisions for clarity. An obvious target for clarity/context would be to discuss the results of this work in the context of previous efforts as discussed in the introduction (principally Arora et al. 2020). I found myself comparing this work to that paper and not understanding why they differed strongly in some cases.
Dual Mode Electric Infinitely Variable Transmission

The Power-Split architectures for Automatic Transmissions allow the mainstream of power to pass through a high efficiency planetary gears arrangement. The variator, which controls the overall gear ratio of the transmission but usually exhibits a lower efficiency, only sees a fraction of the power coming from the ICE. RENAULT carried out a systematic study of the possible Power-Split AT architectures in order to select the most flexible and efficient variator. Their conclusion is that an electric variator based upon two coupled electric machines, one working as a generator and the other working as a motor was probably one the of the best compromise considering all the existing technologies.
Distributed type of actuators of shape memory alloy and its application to underwater mobile robotic mechanisms.

This paper reports the key features of a new type of actuator based on shape memory alloy (SMA) and its application to mechanisms of underwater mobile robots. The proposed actuator consists of several modes of SMA, so that any shapes can be produced as the synthesized sum of excited modes, like the mode expansion and synthesis. Thus, the actuator shows the characteristics of the distributed parameter type of actuators with a specified number of modes. In this paper, the following aspects are described: (i) A flat-belt type of SMA is employed and its bending characteristics are examined. (ii) A synthetic method of wave forms is presented. (iii) Applying the proposed distributed actuators to the underwater mobile robot, mechanisms such as fish fins are shown to obtain thrust forces in the water. (iv) The shape of the actuator is experimentally verified to be similar to the computed shape, as expected. As a result, the proposed distributed actuator shows the possibility of applications to distributed parameter shape control.
Análises Microbiológicas do Leite e Tipos de Adulterações Microbiological Analyzes Milk and Types of Tampering

Milk is one of the most complete foods due to its high protein content and minerals as well as other features. Constitutes an excellent substrate for the development a wide variety of microorganisms including pathogenic, so it is critical their hygienic-sanitary control because its production under bad hygienic conditions makes it disease transmission vehicle. It is microbiological evaluation of milk, one of the important parameters to determine its lifetime and also so that they offer no risk to consumer health. The milk adulteration is very common, and also has major consequences for public health. The practice of adding water and milk whey, in order to increase its volume as well as other foreign substances added in order to mask the product deficiencies can cause harm to health. Thus the objective of the research was to know and analyze the microbiology of milk and the types of adulteration of it.
Social Media in Crisis: When Professional Responders Meet Digital Volunteers

Abstract In this paper, we examine the socio-technical impact that social media has had on coordination between professional emergency responders and digital volunteers. Drawing from the research literature, we outline the problem space and explore ways to improve coordination and collaboration between these two groups. Possible improvements include mediators, revisiting trust, emergency policy and process changes, a bounded social environment, digital volunteer data as context, and computational solutions. As the space matures and collaboration improves, we predict that professional responders will begin to rely on the data and products produced by digital volunteers. Volunteer groups will be challenged to mature as well, to develop volunteer management systems, permanent staff, data management practices, and training for new volunteers to ensure consistent response to professional responders as needed.
NOTES ON A GENERIC PARACHUTE OPENING FORCE ANALYSIS

This paper develops a generic opening shock analysis that permits calculation of velocity profiles, shock factors, maximum shock forces and their time of occurrence during deployment for many types of parachutes. Criteria are presented and methods of calculation developed. Application of the analysis to an apparent anomaly in solid cloth parachute finite mass deployment, verifies the parachute diameter effect shown in the test performance. This is illustrated by an example.
A risk model for Forest fires based on asymptotic results for multivariate collective models. Single models and structured families of models

Abstract In this paper we propose an new approach to multivariate collective models based on asymptotic distibutions, since the modeling problems posed have large samples. Collective risk models play an important part in Risk Theory and in Actuarial Mathematics. Inference based on these models is centered on claims totals. However, the new approach has in mind a different kind of risk, the risk of forest fires, where the variables of interest are the number fires and the total burnt areas. As a result, a special case bivariate risk model is derived with this intent. Besides single models, structured families whose models correspond to the treatments of a base linear model are considered. This leads to an ANOVA-like situation where we don’t have to estimate the error, which enable to test the influence of several factors on the multivariate collective models mean vectors. Instead of F tests, we use tests, availing us of asymptotic distributions that lightens the treatment. To illustrate the approach, an application to forest fires in Portugal with real data is presented.
Awareness of Mental Health Challenges and its Implications for Job Performance among Library Staff at the Workplace: A Qualitative Study

Mental health is one of the neglected aspects at the workplace during planning and policy formulation that, in turn, affects job performance. This study, aimed to investigate awareness of mental health challenges among library staff at the Institute of Finance Management (IFM), Tanzania and their implications for job performance. Using a pragmatic qualitative research approach, the study conducted four FGDs coupled with interviews to collect data from library staff and heads of department and the head of the library. The resultant data was subjected to content relational analysis and findings were organised thematically. Findings revealed that most of the library staff had low awareness of mental health challenges such as depression, anxiety, stress and addictive behaviours but were familiar with symptoms such as extreme sadness, lack of will to do anything and constant fear. Stigma, lack of education and professional counsellors at the workplace and lack of management support emerged as major hindrances to maintaining a positive mental health. Availability of counsellors to help staff deal with life’s challenges and navigate through personal problems; provision of education to reduce social stigma and honest conversations regarding mental health challenges were recommended as prerequisite for better mental health of library staff.
Antiplasmodial activity and phenolic composition of Brazilian Salix humboldtiana Willd. extract and fractions

1 Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil. 2 Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. 3 Leônidas and Maria Deane Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation – FIOCRUZ, Rua Teresina, 6905707, Manaus, AM, Brazil. 4 NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, and Utrecht University, P. O. Box 140, 4400 AC, Yerseke, The Netherlands.
The Influence of Anisotropic Surface Reflection on Earth's Outgoing Shortwave Radiance in the Lunar Direction

The variation in the radiation budget at Earth’s top of the atmosphere (TOA) represents the most fundamental metric defining the status of global climate change. The accurate estimation of Earth’s shortwave radiant exitance is of critical importance to study Earth’s radiation budget (ERB) at TOA. Measuring Earth’s outgoing shortwave radiance (OSR) is a key point to estimate Earth’s shortwave radiant exitance. Compared with space-borne satellite systems, Moon-based sensors (MS) could provide large-scale, continuous, and long-term data for Earth radiation observations, bringing a new perspective on ERB. However, the factors affecting the estimation of Earth’s OSR in the lunar direction have not yet been fully explored, for example, anisotropic surface reflection and the effects of clouds and aerosols on radiation budget. In this work, we only focused on the influence of anisotropic surface reflection. To evaluate the extent of this influence, we constructed a model to estimate Earth’s OSR in the lunar direction (EOSRiLD), integrating the variables of anisotropic surface reflection (scene types, solar zenith angles, viewing zenith angles, and relative azimuth angles) and radiant flux in Moon-viewed sunlit regions. Then, we discussed it over three time periods (Earth’s rotation, revolution period, and synodic month cycle) and analyzed the impact of three variables (area of the Moon-viewed sunlit region, scene types, and incident-viewing angular bins) on anisotropic EOSRiLD. Our results indicate that EOSRiLD based on the assumptions of anisotropic and isotropic reflection is different but they all show the same monthly cycle change, which is related to the area of the Moon-viewed sunlit region. At the beginning and end of the lunar month, the differences between anisotropy and isotropy are greatest in each cycle; when it is close to the first half of each cycle, there is a small difference peak. Both anisotropy and isotropy are caused by the relative azimuth angles between the Sun and Moon. In conclusion, even if the Moon-based platform has a wider scope than space-borne satellites, the difference is still large between anisotropy and isotropy. Therefore, we still need to consider the anisotropic surface reflection based on the Moon-based observation.
A New CMOS Continuous Variable Gain LNA for 3–10GHz UWB Wireless Receivers

In this paper, a new CMOS variable gain low noise amplifier (VG-LNA) with continuous gain variation for 3–10GHz is presented. With the common-gate configuration employed as the input stage, the broad-band input matching is obtained. By controlling the bias current of the second stage, a continuous gain tuning range of 19dB is achieved without influencing the input match and output match. The VG-LNA is simulated based on TSMC 0.18 mm CMOS process show the following performance at the highest gain mode: S11and S22 are less than -10.3dB and -10.6dB respectively, and 12.4dB peak gain, 3.28dB minimum noise figure, while drawing13.1mA from a 1.5V supply. Index Terms –low noise amplifier (LNA), UWB, variable gain, CMOS, common gate.
Hollow-Structured Microporous Organic Networks Adsorbents Enabled Specific and Sensitive Identification and Determination of Aflatoxins

Aflatoxin (AFT) contamination, commonly in foods and grains with extremely low content while high toxicity, has caused serious economic and health problems worldwide. Now researchers are making an effort to develop nanomaterials with remarkable adsorption capacity for the identification, determination and regulation of AFT. Herein, we constructed a novel hollow-structured microporous organic networks (HMONs) material. On the basis of Fe3O4@MOF@MON, hydrofluoric acid (HF) was introduced to remove the transferable metal organic framework (MOF) to give hollow MON structures. Compared to the original Fe3O4@MOF@MON, HMON showed improved surface area and typical hollow cavities, thus increasing the adsorption capacity. More importantly, AFT is a hydrophobic substance, and our constructed HMON had a higher water contact angle, greatly enhancing the adsorption affinity. From that, the solid phase extraction (SPE-HPLC) method developed based on HMONs was applied to analyze four kinds of actual samples, with satisfied recoveries of 85–98%. This work provided a specific and sensitive method for the identification and determination of AFT in the food matrix and demonstrated the great potential of HMONs in the field of the identification and control of mycotoxins.
A frequency‐independent dual‐band printed quadrifilar helix antenna using nonuniform, unequal‐length, asymmetrical coupled lines

A novel frequency‐independent dual‐band quadrifilar helix antenna (QHA) is proposed in this article. It can be applied for receiving signals of global positioning system, Galileo positioning system, and Beidou‐2. To achieve dual‐band/wide‐band operation, a planar dual‐frequency feeding network is explored to excite the proposed QHA. The measured results show that the 10‐dB impedance bandwidth is almost 49.2%, the half‐power beamwidths in the XOZ and YOZ planes are greater than 176° and 202° at 1.22 GHz, respectively, 130° and 120° at 1.57 GHz. In addition, the proposed QHA can provide stable, symmetrical, directional radiation patterns at two different bands and has low‐cost feature. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:1728–1733, 2016
Ginsenoside Rh4 Suppressed Metastasis of Lung Adenocarcinoma via Inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 Signaling

Lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) is a common lung cancer with a high malignancy that urgently needs to be treated with effective drugs. Ginsenoside Rh4 exhibits outstanding antitumor activities. However, few studies reported its effects on growth, metastasis and molecular mechanisms in LAC. Here, Rh4 is certified to show a strong anti-LAC efficiency in vitro and in vivo. Results of flow cytometry and Western blot are obtained to exhibited that Rh4 markedly restrained cellular proliferation and colony formation by arresting the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Results from a wound healing assay and transwell assays demonstrated that Rh4 is active in the antimigration and anti-invasion of LAC. The analysis of Western blot, immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR confirmed that Rh4 reverses the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) through upregulating the gene expression of E-cadherin and downregulating that of snail, N-cadherin and vimentin. In vivo results from immunohistochemistry show consistent trends with cellular studies. Furthermore, Rh4 suppresses the Janus kinases2/signal transducer and activator of the transcription3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway stimulated by TGF-β1. Silencing the STAT3 signal or co-treating with AG490 both enhanced the EMT attenuation caused by Rh4, which revealed that Rh4 suppressed EMT via inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. These findings explore the capacity and mechanism of Rh4 on the antimetastasis of LAC, providing evidence for Rh4 to LAC therapy.
Casein Microgels as Benzydamine Hydrochloride Carriers for Prolonged Release

This research aims to investigate the properties of nano- and micro-sized casein hydrogels crosslinked by sodium tripolyphosphate as drug delivery systems. Benzydamine hydrochloride was chosen as a model hydrophilic drug. The gels were synthesized by varying different parameters: casein concentration, casein/crosslinking ratio, and addition of ethanol as a co-solvent. The electrostatic attractive interactions between the casein and the sodium tripolyphosphate were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The particle sizes was determined by dynamic light scattering and varied in the range between several hundred nanometers and several microns. The yield of the gelation process was high for all investigated samples and varied between 55.3% and 78.3%. The encapsulation efficiency of the particles was strongly influenced by the casein concentration and casein/crosslinker ratio and its values were between 4.6% and 22.4%. The release study confirmed that casein particles are useful as benzydamine carriers and ensured prolonged release over 72 h.
A LOW COST PORTABLE CAR HEATER BASED ON A NOVEL CURRENT-FED PUSH-PULL INVERTER

Current-fed resonant converters have been widely used in large induction heating systems due to their low power losses and low EMI (Electromagnetic Interference). However, because of the bulky magnetic components and complicated control circuits employed, conventional current-fed inverters can hardly satisfy low power heating applications where the cost and size are of major concerns. This paper proposes a novel low cost push-pull current-fed inverter that is suitable for a portable car heater or other similar applications. The inverter integrates the dc inductor and the splitting transformer used in a conventional push-push inverter into one magnetic component using two drum cores wound with two identical windings. Furthermore, it does not require any additional controllers, thus the cost, weight, and physical size of the inverter are significantly reduced, making it ideal for portable car heater applications. The operation of the proposed inverter has been analysed in detail, and both simulation and practical experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed inverter works very well in generating the high frequency current required for an induction car heater or other low power heating devices.
MODELING AND CONTROL OF NONLINEAR SERIES ELASTIC ACTUATOR

ABSTRACT Series Elastic Actuators are force actuators with applications in robotics and biomechanics. In linear Series Elastic Actuators, a large force bandwidth requires a stiff sensor (spring), but the output impedance puts an upper limit on this parameter, therefore selecting the proper spring is difficult in these actuators. In this paper, Series Elastic Actuator is modeled with a nonlinear, stiffening spring and controlled using the Gain Scheduling method. Simulations show that both linear and nonlinear models have similar force bandwidths, but the nonlinear one shows much lower output impedance. Hence, the choice of spring for actuator design is an easier task than that of the linear model. Also, as a force-augmenting device for the knee joint in normal human gait, the nonlinear model acts better in simulations. INTRODUCTION In conventional force actuators, a force sensor is usually planted at the output of the actuator that feeds back the exerted output force to the controller. Typical force sensors have a large elastic constant, which results in a high open-loop gain for the actuator. This requires small controller constants for these actuators, in order to maintain the overall stability. Small controller constants result in poor closed-loop behavior, and large output impedance. Series Elastic Actuator is developed to cope with this issue [1]. In Series Elastic Actuator, an elastic element, i.e. a sensor with much smaller stiffness, is planted in series with the force source of the actuator. This substitution, results in better closed-loop behavior, and lower output impedance [2, 3]. Figure 1 shows a schematic of Series Elastic Actuator. By measuring the deflection of the elastic element, one can calculate the output force using the force-displacement curve of the sensor, and use it as the feedback to control the actuator. Having low output impedance makes these actuators convenient for robotics applications, as well as force and torque augmentation in human joints [4].
Multiaperture multibeam antenna design method for high‐throughput satellite applications

As the core technology of high‐throughput satellite payloads, multibeam antennas have received high attention and rapid development in recent years. Because of the characteristics of high gain and high beam isolation, multiaperture multibeam antennas is an important technical approach to meet the high‐performance requirements of high‐throughput satellites. This article proposes a mathematical modeling method based on the mutual coupling parameters of the reflector. This method takes capacity requirements and satellite structure design boundary conditions as input condition, and adopts an adaptive evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithm to perform joint optimization and solution of multiple parameters, which can complete the optimization efficiently. This method does not need to perform a large number of antenna parameter simulation, reduces the number of iterations and structural layout design, greatly reduces the design cost. This article takes the demand of the AP‐6D satellite as an example, applies the above method to the multibeam antenna design of the satellite, and completes the simulation verification, structural design, physical manufacturing, and various tests of the antenna to verify the correctness of the design method.
A non-isolated bidirectional soft switching current fed LCL resonant dc/dc converter to interface energy storage in DC microgrid

This paper proposes a non-isolated soft-switching bidirectional dc/dc converter for interfacing energy storage in DC microgrid. The proposed converter employs a half-bridge boost converter at input port followed by a LCL resonant circuit to assist in soft-switching of switches and diodes, and finally a voltage doubler circuit at output port to enhance the voltage gain by 2x. The LCL resonant circuit may also add a suitable voltage gain to the converter. Therefore, overall high voltage gain of the converter is obtained without transformer or large number of multiplier circuit. For buck operation, the high side voltage is first divided by half with capacitive divider to gain higher step down ratio. Converter is operated at high frequency to obtain low output voltage ripple and reduced magnetics and filters. Zero voltage turn-on is achieved for all switches and zero current turnon and turn-off is achieved for all diodes for both buck/boost operation. Voltage stress across switches and diode is clamped naturally without external snubber circuit. An experimental prototype rated at 350 W has been designed, built and tested in the laboratory to verify the analysis, design and demonstrate the performance of proposed converter.
PSAD - A Protocol for Synchronization of Distributed Actions

Real-time systems are present in people’s life and are used in several applications like industrial automation and robot motion control. These applications in distributed systems are challenging due to non-deterministic behavior of system elements and communication channels. This paper proposes a protocol called PSAD to deal with action synchronization through system elements. This protocol is based on services for clock synchronization, reliable group communication and real-time task scheduling. An experimental evaluation using local networks shows that it can be used for synchronized applications that need rates around 10 requests per second and jitter around few tens of milliseconds.