Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification and Characterization of an Efficient acyl-CoA:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 (<em>DGAT1</em>) Gene from the Microalga <em>Chlorella ellipsoidea</em>

Background: Oil in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) is quantitatively the most important storage form of energy for eukaryotic cells. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is considered the rate-limiting enzyme for TAG accumulation. Chlorella, a unicellular eukaryotic green alga, has attracted much attention as a potential feedstock for renewable energy production. However, the function of DGAT1 in Chlorella has not been reported. Results: A full-length cDNA encoding a putative diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1, EC 2.3.1.20) was obtained from Chlorella ellipsoidea. The 2,142 bp open reading frame of this cDNA, designated CeDGAT1, encodes a protein of 713 amino acids showing no more than 40% identity with DGAT1s of higher plants. Transcript analysis showed that the expression level of CeDGAT1 markedly increased under nitrogen starvation, which led to significant triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. CeDGAT1 activity was confirmed in the yeast quadruple mutant strain H1246 by restoring its ability to produce TAG. Upon expression of CeDGAT1, the total fatty acid content in wild-type yeast (INVSc1) increased by 142%, significantly higher than that transformed with DGAT1s from higher plants, including even the oil crop soybean. The over-expression of CeDGAT1 under the NOS promoter in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus var. Westar significantly increased the oil content by 8–37% and 12–18% and the average 1,000-seed weight by 9–15% and 6–29%, respectively, but did not alter the fatty acid composition of the seed oil. The net increase in the 1,000-seed total lipid content was up to 25–50% in both transgenic Arabidopsis and B. napus. Conclusions: We identified a gene encoding DGAT1 in C. ellipsoidea and confirmed that it plays an important role in TAG accumulation. This is the first functional analysis of DGAT1 in Chlorella. This information is important for understanding lipid synthesis and accumulation in Chlorella and for genetic engineering to enhance oil production in microalgae and oil plants.
Screening by Polymerase Chain Reaction of Bacillus thunrngiensis Serotypes for the Presence of cryV-Like

Polymerase chain reaction screening using cryV-specific oligonucleotides, designed to amplify the 5' half of cryV-type genes, revealed the presence of such genes in 7 of 21 Bacilus thuringiensis serotypes examined. Restriction analysis and hybridization studies indicated that these putative genes fall into at least three subclasses. The nucleotide sequence of the cryV-type gene cloned from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki DSIR732 revealed an open reading frame coding for a protein of 719 amino acids, and lysates of Escherichia coli cells expressing the 81.2-kDa CryV732 protein were toxic to Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
Lipopeptide Fragment Derived from Mycobacterium avium

The ,8-elimination procedure was used to obtain two major fragments of Mycobacterium avium glycopeptidolipid antigens. The lipopeptide fragment, not the oligosaccharide, diminished the mitogen-induced blastogenic response of spleen cells at concentrations lower than those which affected viability. Electron microscopy revealed an internalization of lipopeptide and disruption of intracellular organization.
Ribosomal Vaccines Prepared from Salmonella typhimurium

Ribosomal vaccines prepared from Salmonella typhimurium SR-11 and 6707, an Re mutant bacterium of strain LT2, were effective immunogens in A/J and C3H/HeDUb inbred mice. Only SR-11 ribosomes were able to induce significant protection in C3H/HeJ mice. C57BL/6J mice were not protected by either ribosomal preparation. A/J mice were protected against salmonella infection by purified SR-11 endotoxin preparations. Neither the C3H/HeDub, the C3H/HeJ, nor the C07BL/6J mice were protected by the endotoxin preparation. Passive hemagglutination studies showed that C3H/HeJ mice had no antibodies to 0 antigen but were significantly protected by SR-11 ribosomes. In contrast, C57BL/ 6J mice, which had the highest titers of 0 antibodies of the four inbred mouse strains, were not protected by SR-11 ribosomes. Endotoxin cannot totally account for the effectiveness of ribosomal vaccines prepared from S. typhimurium.
vulgaris Proteus mirabilis Proteus mirabilis Providencia stuartii Serratia marcescens Shigella flexneri Vibrio cholerae Plesiomonas shigelloides Enterobacter sakazakii Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Klebsiella pneumoniae Klebsiella oxytoca Klebsiella pneumoniae

A method for direct detection of Salmonella spp. in water was developed by using a commercially available DNA probe. Particulate DNA was extracted from 500to 1,500-mi water samples collected from New York Harbor and Chesapeake Bay and used as a substrate for a salmonella-specific DNA probe in dot blot assays. The method detected salmonellae in water samples from 12 of 16 sites, including 6 sites where salmonellae could not be cultured. The specificity of the probe was evaluated, and cross-hybridization, although negligible, was used to set detection limits for the assay. Salmonella DNA bound the probe quantitatively, and from these results SalmoneUa DNA in the total particulate DNA in environmental samples could be estimated. The data obtained in this study indicate that Salmonella spp. often are not detected in water samples by culture methods, even when they are present in significant numbers.
SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIPLE FORMS OF ENZYMES AND CONTROL MECHANISMS1 II. ENZYME MULTIPLICITY AND FUNCTION IN THE REGULATION OF DIVERGENT

INTRODUCTION. 170 ENZYME MULTIPLICITY AND FUNCTION IN THE REGULATION OF ASPARTATE METABOLISM . 171 Aspartokinases of Escherichia coli . 171 Feedback inhibition. 171 Repression . 173 Regulation of Later Steps in Aspartate Metabolism of E. coli. 174 Control of Aspartate Metabolism in Other Organism . 176 ENZYME MULTIPLICITY IN THE CONTROL OF COMMON STEPS IN SYNTHETIC AND DEGRADATIVE PROCESSES. 177 a-Acetolactate Formation. 177 Threonine Deaminase. 177 ENZYME MULTIPLICITY IN AROMATIC AMINO ACID METABOLISM. 178 MULTIVALENT REPRESSION. 178 LITERATURE CITED. 179
Aromatic Biodegradative Pathwayt

Biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) by bacterial strain G4 resulted in complete dechlorination of the compound, as indicated by the production of inorganic chloride. A component of the water from which strain G4 was isolated that was required for TCE degradation was identified as phenol. Strain G4 degraded TCE in the presence of chloramphenicol only when preinduced with phenol. Toluene, o-cresol, and m-cresol could replace the phenol requirement. Two of the inducers of TCE metabolism, phenol and toluene, apparently induced the same aromatic degradative pathway that cleaved the aromatic ring by meta fission. Cells induced with either phenol or toluene had similar oxidation rates for several aromatic compounds and had similar levels of catechol-2,3-dioxygenase. The results indicate that one or more enzymes of an inducible pathway for aromatic degradation in strain G4 are responsible for the degradation of TCE.
The Oxygen Sensor FixL of Rhizobium Membrane Protein Containing Four

Regulation of nitrogen fixation genes in Rhizobium melilot is mediated by two proteins, FixL and FixJ, in response to oxygen availability. FixL is an oxygen-binding hemoprotein with kinase and phosphatase activities that is thought to sense oxygen levels directly and to transmit this signal to FixJ via phosphorylationdephosphorylation reactions. FixJ controls the expression of other regulatory genes, including nifA, that regulate the transcription of genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We have''been studying the structural and functional features of FixL that are required for oxygen sensing. We constructed mutant derivatives and confirmed that FixL consists of 505 amino acids instead of 464, 'as originally reported. Hydropathy plots of the full-length protein, together with TnphoA insertional analysis, lead us to propose that FixL is likely to be a polytopic integral membrane protein containing four membrane-spanning segments. We have also constructed an N-terminal deletion of the FixL protein whose in vivo activity indicates that the hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions are not absolutely required for oxygen sensing in' vivo. We also report that FixL shares homology in its N terminus with other sensor proteins, including KinA from Bacillus subtilis and NtrB from Bradyrhizobium parasponia. The region of homology comprises a 70-amino-acid residue stretch that is also conserved in two oxygenases, P-450 and isopenitillin synthase.
Estimating the effectiveness of national health insurance in covering catastrophic health expenditure: Evidence from South Korea

The catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) indicator has been used to measure the medical cost burden of households. Many countries have institutionalized their health insurance systems to reduce out-of-pocket payments, the main contributor to the financial burden. However, there is no method to estimate how the insurance coverage reduces the CHE. This study proposes an approach to evaluate the effectiveness of insurance in reducing the CHE impacts in terms of incidence and gap, which are based on a modified calculation method of CHE. Additionally, we apply these methods to data from the Korea Health Panel Survey (2011–2016). The results are as follows. First, under the setting of a threshold of 10%, the CHE incidence rate was 19.26% when the Korean national health insurance benefits reduced the CHE’s incidence for 15.17% of the population in 2017. Second, the results of the concentration index of CHE showed that the intensity approach of CHE is better than the incidence approach. Third, the new approach we applied revealed that health insurance reduces the burden of CHE to some degree, although it was not an efficient way to reduce CHE. In conclusion, this study provides new policy approaches to save the finances of national health insurance and reduce the intensity of CHE at the same time by raising the low-cost burden of medical services and lowering that of high cost. Moreover, we suggest that policymakers should focus on income level of the households rather than specific diseases.
Killing by Rabbit Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Cationic Proteins

= 0.05 h-1 and D = 0.5 h-', respectively). The resistance of magnesium-limited cells to killing by cationic proteins isolated from the leukocytes was shown to be growth-rate dependent, the slowest-growing (D = 0.05 h-') cells being the most resistant. Carbon-limited cells were sensitive to killing by the cationic proteins at all growth rates tested. Antisera raised in rabbits to all types of cells and commercial anti-Pseudomonas serum rapidly agglutinated magnesium-limited cells but failed to agglutinate carbon-limited cells. There was some indication that slow-growing (D = 0.05 h-'), magnesium-limited cells agglutinated most readily with both types of antisera. No difference was detected in the mouse toxicity of heat-killed cells grown under the various conditions.
L1O Is Rapidly Degraded When Synthesized in Excess of Ribosomal Protein L7/L12

In Escherichia coli the genes encoding ribosomal proteins L10 and L7/12, rpU and rplL, respectively, are cotranscribed and subject to translational coupling. Synthesis of both proteins is coordinately regulated at the translational level by binding of L10 or a complex of L10 and L7/L12 to a single target in the mRNA leader region upstream of rpU. Unexpectedly, small deletions that inactivated the ribosome-binding site of the rpIL gene carried on multicopy plasmids exerted a negative effect on expression of the upstream rpU gene. This effect could be overcome by overproduction of L7/L12 in trans from another plasmid. This apparent stimulation resulted from stabilization of the overproduced L10 protein by L7/L12, presumably because free L10, in contrast to L10 complexed with L7/L12, is subject to rapid proteolytic decay. The contribution of this decay mechanism to the regulation of the rpUL operon is evaluated.
Cloning of Sporulation Genes spoOA and spoOC of Bacillus subtilis

A HindIII fragment harboring the intact spoOC gene of Bacillus subtilis was cloned with pll temperate bacteriophage as a vector. Transformation experiments with the DNA from pll dspoOC+ specialized transducing phage showed that the spoOC gene resides on a 5.3-megadalton fragment generated by HindIlI digestion. The 5.3-megadalton fragment also contains the intact spoOA gene, but not spoIllA, spoIIIB, or spoIVB.
Concentration inequalities for non-causal random fields

Concentration inequalities are widely used for analyzing machines learning algorithms. However, current concentration inequalities cannot be applied to some of the most popular deep neural networks, notably in natural language processing. This is mostly due to the non-causal nature of such involved data, in the sense that each data point depends on other neighbor data points. In this paper, a framework for modeling non-causal random fields is provided and a Hoeffding-type concentration inequality is obtained for this framework. The proof of this result relies on a local approximation of the non-causal random field by a function of a finite number of i.i. d. random variables.
UBE3A activates the NOTCH pathway and promotes esophageal cancer progression by degradation of ZNF185

Background: Esophageal cancer is the sixth-most common fatal malignant tumor worldwide. Little is known regarding the genetic drivers that influence targeted therapy outcomes in patients with esophageal cancer. Exploring the pathogenesis of this lethal tumor could provide clues for developing appropriate therapeutic drugs. Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) reportedly promotes or suppresses various types of malignant tumors. However, the cancer-related role of UBE3A in esophageal cancer remains unclear. Methods: The relationship of UBE3A with the clinicopathological features of pancreatic tumors was bioinformatically investigated in the TCGA dataset. The protein levels of UBE3A and ZNF185 were assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The role of UBE3A and ZNF185 in esophageal cancer growth was assessed by MTS assays, colony formation assays, and experiments in mouse xenograft models. The interaction between UBE3A and ZNF185 was investigated by co-immunoprecipitation. The relationship between UBE3A, ZNF185, and NOTCH signaling pathway was explored by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. Results: We found that UBE3A was upregulated in patients with esophageal cancer and enhanced the cellular progression of esophageal cancer. Moreover, we found that UBE3A degraded ZNF185 in esophageal cancer. Additionally, ZNF185 suppressed the progression of esophageal cancer by inactivating the NOTCH pathway. Conclusions: These data demonstrated that aberrant expression of UBE3A led to enhanced progression of esophageal cancer through the ZNF185/NOTCH signaling axis. Therefore, UBE3A might be an ideal therapeutic candidate for esophageal cancer.
3D bioprinting of an electroactive and self‐healing polysaccharide hydrogels

Polysaccharide hydrogels including alginate, agarose, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan have been widely used as scaffolds in 3D bio‐printing field. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) exhibits excellent properties of water solubility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Herein composite hydrogels were prepared via Schiff‐base reaction between the aldehyde group of oxidized konjac glucomannan (OKGM) and the amino group of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI). The OKGM/PEI composite hydrogel displayed self‐healing ability and pH sensitivity and showed shear thinning capability, which is suitable for 3D bio‐printing technology. Furthermore, the OKGM/PEI electroactive composite hydrogel was obtained by adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Then the rheological behavior and morphology of OKGM/PEI electroactive hydrogels were thoroughly characterized. The conductivities of OKGM/PEI electroactive composite hydrogels increased with increasing the content of CNTs. The rheological behavior and 3D bio‐printability of OKGM/PEI electroactive hydrogels were also tested. It was found that CNTs can also improve the bio‐printability of OKGM/PEI electroactive hydrogels. Thus, the OKGM/PEI electroactive hydrogels could be employed as scaffolds for muscle and cardiac nerve tissue regeneration.
ATM at the crossroads of reactive oxygen species and autophagy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generally small, short-lived and highly reactive molecules, initially thought to be a pathological role in the cell. A growing amount of evidence in recent years argues for ROS functioning as a signaling intermediate to facilitate cellular adaptation in response to pathophysiological stress through the regulation of autophagy. Autophagy is an essential cellular process that plays a crucial role in recycling cellular components and damaged organelles to eliminate sources of ROS in response to various stress conditions. A large number of studies have shown that DNA damage response (DDR) transducer ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein can also be activated by ROS, and its downstream signaling pathway is involved in autophagy regulation. This review aims at providing novel insight into the regulatory mechanism of ATM activated by ROS and its molecular basis for inducing autophagy, and revealing a new function that ATM can not only maintain genome homeostasis in the nucleus, but also as a ROS sensor trigger autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis in the cytoplasm.
The functional roles, cross-talk and clinical implications of m6A modification and circRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. HCC has high rates of death and recurrence, as well as very low survival rates. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification in eukaryotic RNAs, and circRNAs are a class of circular noncoding RNAs that are generated by back-splicing and they modulate multiple functions in a variety of cellular processes. Although the carcinogenesis of HCC is complex, emerging evidence has indicated that m6A modification and circRNA play vital roles in HCC development and progression. However, the underlying mechanisms governing HCC, their cross-talk, and clinical implications have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, in this paper, we elucidated the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of m6A modification in the carcinogenesis of HCC by illustrating three different regulatory factors ("writer", "eraser", and "reader") of the m6A modification process. Additionally, we dissected the functional roles of circRNAs in various malignant behaviors of HCC, thereby contributing to HCC initiation, progression and relapse. Furthermore, we demonstrated the cross-talk and interplay between m6A modification and circRNA by revealing the effects of the collaboration of circRNA and m6A modification on HCC progression. Finally, we proposed the clinical potential and implications of m6A modifiers and circRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation.
Isolation, Characterization of Zn Solubilizing Bacterium (Pseudomonas protegens RY2) and its Contribution in Growth of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) as Deciphered by Improved Growth Parameters and Zn Content

Background: Zinc is an essential micronutrient required for optimum plant growth. Zinc-solubilizing bacteria convert applied inorganic zinc to available forms that could be used by plants. Research design: In present study, experiments were conducted to isolate, characterize, and evaluate Zn solubilization potential of different bacteria. Results: Among 10 isolated strains, Pseudomonas protegens (RY2, MF351762) was found to be the most promising strain having zinc-solubilizing potential on 4 different insoluble zinc sources. In quantitative assay, Zn solubilization by RY2 was significantly higher than other strains at different incubation time. P. protegens RY2 was selected (based on zinc solubilizing and plant growth promoting activities like P solubilization and ACC deaminase) for plant experiments. Meanwhile, available Zn release rate in soil was determined at day 10 of incubation. Chickpea seeds were inoculated with RY2 strain and ZnO is used as zinc source. Growth parameters and quantifying zinc content of shoot and root using atomic absorption spectrophotometer were determined. Enhanced shoot and root dry weights and lengths were observed in chickpea plants compared to control. Maximum increase of 44%, 67%, and 75% in T2 (Soil + RY2), T5 (Soil + ZnO + RY2), and T7 (Soil + manure + ZnO + RY2), respectively, was found in shoot length compared to control (T1). Conclusion: The study indicated that zinc-solubilizing RY2 strain possesses potential for enhanced Zn in soil so it would allow reduced inorganic Zn application.
Hierarchical modelling of immunoglobulin coated bacteria in dogs with chronic enteropathy shows reduction in coating with disease remission but marked inter-individual and treatment-response variability

Chronic enteropathies are a common problem in dogs, but many aspects of the pathogenesis remain unknown, making the therapeutic approach challenging in some cases. Environmental factors are intimately related to the development and perpetuation of gastrointestinal disease and the gut microbiome has been identified as a contributing factor. Previous studies have identified dysbiosis and reduced bacterial diversity in the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs with chronic enteropathies. In this case-controlled study, we use flow cytometry and 16S rRNA sequencing to characterise bacteria highly coated with IgA or IgG in faecal samples from dogs with chronic enteropathy and evaluated their correlation with disease and resolution of the clinical signs. IgA and IgG-coated faecal bacterial counts were significantly higher during active disease compared to healthy dogs and decreased with the resolution of the clinical signs. Characterisation of taxa-specific coating of the intestinal microbiota with IgA and IgG showed marked variation between dogs and disease states, and different patterns of immunoglobulin enrichment were observed in dogs with chronic enteropathy, particularly for Erysipelotrichaceae, Clostridicaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Prevotellaceae and Bacteroidaceae, families. Although, members of these bacterial groups have been associated with strong immunogenic properties and could potentially constitute important biomarkers of disease, their significance and role need to be further investigated.