Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultramafic Xenoliths from Adagdak Volcano, Adak, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Deformed Igneous Cumulates from the Moho of an Island Arc

Deformed ultramafic xenoliths with basaltic salvages occur in a postglacial ejecta deposit from Adagdak volcano on Adak Island in the central Aleutian Island Arc. These dunites, wehrlites, clinopyroxenites, and amphibolites are interpreted to be cumulates from primitive arc magmas that formed in magma chambers beneath the crust-mantle boundary. The primitive arc magmas are similar in composition to the xenolith's host basalt (11.8% MgO). Trace element and Nd and Sr isotopic data are consistent with derivation of these xenoliths from the same parent as other Aleutian calc-alkaline volcanic rocks. The peridotite xenoliths contain olivine (F086.6 to 83.2), clinopyroxene (FS4.1En46.4Wo49.5 to FE5.2En46.6Wo48.2), Cr-Al spinel (19-30% $$Cr_{2}O_{3}$$ and 30-42% $$Al_{2}O_{3}$$), and secondary pargasitic amphibole that increase in FeO content as the percentage of clinopyroxene increases. These xenoliths form the necessary residuum to produce the high-Al basalt predicted in an open system mixing model for Aleutian calc-alkaline volcanism. The recrystallized textures of the peridotites, along with high equilibration temperatures (> 1000°C), suggest that the upper mantle asthenospheric flow regime reaches the crust-mantle boundary region.
Período y longitud de recursión de los algoritmos Trivium y Trivium Toy

En el año 2012 la International Organization for Standardization (ISO) y la International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) han publicado la norma ISO/IEC 29192-3:2012. En ella se especifican dos algoritmos de cifrado de flujo para ser utilizados en criptografía liviana: el Enocoro y el Trivium. En el caso del Trivium quedan por resolver aún algunos problemas abiertos: no se conoce la forma de determinar la longitud de recursión de las secuencias seudoaleatorias que genera tampoco su período, se desconoce la existencia de ciclos cortos y cuáles son los estados iniciales que los generan (claves débiles).
Diferenciación poblacional en la talla corporal de la liebre de Tehuantepec (Lepus flavigularis)

In this work we analyzed the body size differentiation of three populations of the Tehuantepec jackrabbit, Lepus flavigularis, in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Linear regression analysis between body size and body weight were statistically significant for the males and females from the population of Santa Maria del Mar, and for the males from Montecillo Santa Cruz, but not for the females. In addition, the regression analysis for the males of Aguachil was not significant. The ANOVAanalysis revealed that jackrabbits from Santa Maria del Mar were statistically significant larger than the jackrabbits from Aguachil and Montecillo Santa Cruz. The results were coincident with the genetic data that highlight the genetic differentiation of Santa Maria del Mar of the rest of populations. It is possible that the differences in body size are related with the ecological characteristics of the habitat prevailing in each population of jackrabbits.
A Self-Paced Introductory Programming Course

In this paper, a required introductory programming course being taught to MIS undergraduates using the C++ programming language is described. Two factors make the objectives of the course—which are to provide students with an exposure to the logical organization of the computer in addition to teaching them basic programming logic—particularly challenging to achieve. First, students enter the course with widely varying backgrounds, with roughly equal numbers having no prior exposure to programming courses, having taken one previous course and having taken two or more previous courses. They also have different work aspirations, with about half believing it is unlikely that they will be employed as programmers within 10 years. This makes choosing an appropriate amount of material to cover problematic. Second, many of the students chose MIS as a major (as opposed to computer science) specifically to avoid the necessity of learning programming. This leads to motivational barriers. To address these challenges, the course utilizes a self-paced format. Making the self-paced format work required three systems: 1) Content delivery: extensive multimedia aids and web content to support textual materials and to substitute for classroom lectures, 2) Peer support: peer-tutoring and assignment validation, drawing from approaches used in nuclear submarine training that provide flexibility and enhance rigor, 3) Progress monitoring: an administrative information system, used to track student progress and provide students with weekly reports. Collectively, the three course systems have led to very positive learning outcomes. No pattern of significant differences on grades, course evaluations, satisfaction, self-assessments of learning, or career attractiveness was detected based on gender, ethnicity, employment status or prior programming coursework, among other factors tested, indicating the course effectively accommodates substantial student diversity. The failure rate dropped from 19% to 13% between the first and fifth semesters assessed for the evolving course (with no change in academic standards), and the withdrawal rate dropped from 31% to 19% in the same time frame, an important criterion in a time of dwindling enrollment. Students give high marks to the course’s peer assistance, group activities, and its emphasis on non-exam elements, indicating the course design is working as intended. The course also outperforms all other required programming courses in the department on student evaluations.
Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Using Field Performance Data

The evolution of a simplified procedure for evaluating the liquefaction potential of sand deposits using data obtained from standard penetration tests is reviewed. Field data for sites which are known to have liquefied or not liquefied during earthquakes in the United States, Japan, China, Guatemala, Argentina, and other countries are presented to establish a criterion for evaluating the liquefaction potential of sands in Magnitude 7‐1/2 earthquakes. The results of this study are then extended to other magnitude earthquakes using a combination of laboratory and field data. Available information on the liquefaction resistance of silty sands is also reviewed and a simple procedure for considering the influence of silt content is proposed. A method is presented for using the field data to evaluate the possible magnitude of pore water pressure generation in sands and silty sands which remain stable during earthquake shaking. Finally, the applicability of other in situ field tests, such as the static cone pene.
Strategies for Sustainable Natural Resource Management

This brief describes two case studies as follows: "Sub-Saharan Africa, with the highest fertility rate in the world, faces increasing demographic pressure on its natural resource base. Old strategies for coping with these new pressures on the natural resource base are becoming increasingly infeasible. Consequently, Africa's farmers require new solutions to address the increasing pressure on the continent's soil and water resources. Among hundreds of innovative efforts across the continent, two promising sets of responses have emerged in different locations. First is the use of planting basins, an approach that has emerged in recent decades in both the Sahel and Zambia. The second strategy involves the use of improved fallows, introduced over the past decade in eastern Zambia and western Kenya. " [from Text]. The authors look at the impact and the drivers of change and conclude with key lessons learned for buidling future successes.
Long-term changes in the nightly behaviour of the oxygen red 630.0 nm line nightglow intensity and trends in the thermospheric meridional wind velocity

Long-term changes in the nightly behaviour of the monthly/seasonal mean of the oxygen red 630.0 nm line intensity were observed at Abastumani (41.75° N, 42.82° E) from 1957 to 1993. The long-term increase in the red-line intensity after twilight and decrease at midnight is also mostly accompanied by an increase in the intensity before morning twilight. Using changes in mean seasonal nightly behaviour of the red-line intensity combined with the observed night-time negative trend in the ionosphere F2 layer peak height (hmF2) at Tbilisi (41.65° N, 44.75° E) from 1963 to 1986, the trend in the meridional component of thermospheric wind velocity is estimated. The obtained positive trend in the northward wind velocity (or decrease in the southward wind velocity) has a higher value in winter, where the hmF2 height decrease and the midnight/after midnight decrease in the red-line intensity are larger, and has lower values in spring and summer, where the decrease in hmF2 and midnight red-line intensity are comparatively smaller.
Net and Tension infiltration effects of PAM in furrow irrigation

The history and fundamental aspects of polyacrylamide (PAM)-use in furrow irrigation water has been covered in depth in several publications (Barvenik, 1994; Lentz et al., 1992; Lentz and Sojka, 1994a; Lentz, 1995; Lentz and Sojka, 1996; Sojka and Lentz, 1996; Sojka and Lentz, 1997). In agriculture, the two greatest benefits associated with this practice are the near elimination of furrow erosion and substantial increases in infiltration compared to untreated water. The large erosion reduction has both on-site and downstream economic and environmental benefits (Agassi et al., 1995 ; Bahr et al., 1996; Bahr and Steiber, 1996; Lentz et al., 1992; Lentz, 1995; Lentz and Sojka, 1996; McCutchan eta! ., 1993; Singh et al., 1996; Sojka and Lentz, 1993; Sojka and Lentz, 19946; Sojka et al., 1995; Sojka and Lentz, 1997). Infiltration effects are a substantial aspect of these benefits, but have been less thoroughly considered in data reported to date.
Shear wave splitting across the Rocky Mountain Front

We search for evidence of seismic anisotropy by determining shear-wave splitting parameters using teleseismic phases from stations placed across the Rocky Mountain Front. Three features are striking: 1) fast polarization orientations are consistent within small geographic regions, but vary rapidly across the network, 2) a large number of high quality “null” measurements indicate that little transverse anisotropy with horizontal symmetry axis is present, and 3) stations with well-constrained but inconsistent parameters for rays from different sources imply that a single layer of anisotropic material with a horizontal symmetry axis is an inadequate parameterization. The general pattern suggests fast axes pointing toward (or away from) a central region of little anisotropy. A model of asthenospheric flow converging on or diverging from the central uplifted region is postulated. Within the southern Rocky Mountains, parameters are similar to those in the nearby northern Rio Grande Rift, suggesting that a similar mechanism causes the anisotropy in both regions.
Seasonal shifts in pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) diets under a new lens: Examining diet composition using a molecular technique

Foraging is one of the most fundamental activities contributing to the maximization of an animal’s fitness, and thus herbivores must optimize their diet selection and intake to meet their nutrient demands for survival, growth, and reproduction. Using plant DNA barcoding, we determined diet composition of five subpopulations of adult female pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) grazing rangelands in southern and southeastern Idaho, USA. Fecal samples were collected for two years (2018–2019), and across metabolically-important adult female life history stages (late gestation, early lactation, breeding season). Plant DNA barcoding yielded 137 detected species within pronghorn diets across subpopulations and sampling periods with forbs being the most abundant. Pronghorn dietary functional group composition ranged from 52.2–60.3% from forbs followed by shrubs (22.6–28.2%), graminoids (8.7–15.7%), and legumes (5.5–9.6%). Dietary protein intake was also highest from forbs and ranged from 32.4–62.4% followed by graminoids (1.2–43.1%), shrubs (18.7–21.3%), and legumes (2.6–7.4%). We found significant intra- and interannual differences in the mean number of genera-based plant detections in pronghorn diets. Dietary protein intake of cultivated legumes (e.g., alfalfa [Medicago sativa] and sainfoin [Onobrychis viciifolia]) was lower than expected, ranging from <1.0–30.8%, suggesting that even within an agricultural-dominated landscape, factors other than plant nutritional composition contributed to pronghorn diets. Although the plant DNA barcoding technique exhibits limitations, it demonstrated potential for elucidating pronghorn dietary species richness, particularly for plants consumed in small proportions, as well as for observing temporal fluctuations in functional group composition and dietary protein intake explained through the interplay between environmental factors, plant chemical composition, and the animals’ physiological needs.
Early outcomes in hybrid fixation for idiopathic scoliosis: posterior fusion combined with anterior vertebral body tethering. Patient series

BACKGROUND Anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) and posterior spinal fusion (PSF) are options for patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Combining both procedures in patients with double curves, a procedure in which PSF is performed for the thoracic curve and AVBT for the lumbar curve, provides maximal correction of the thoracic curve with a theoretical maintenance of motion in the lumbar spine. OBSERVATIONS The authors retrospectively reviewed 20 skeletally immature patients diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis at a single institution with an average age of 12.7 ± 1.6 years and who had undergone hybrid treatment with an average follow-up of 8 months. The PSF procedures averaged 276 ± 63 minutes with 442.8 ± 295 mL of blood loss, and the AVBT averaged 275 ± 54 minutes with 118.3 ± 80 mL of blood loss. Following the hybrid correction, the thoracic and lumbar coronal curve angles improved from 67.6° to 21.6° and from 65.2° to 24°, respectively. The three-dimensional kyphosis improved from 3.3° to 24°. LESSONS A combined approach of PSF and AVBT is safe and effective for idiopathic scoliosis. This approach combines the gold standard of thoracic fusion with the motion preservation benefits of AVBT in the lumbar spine. This study will continue to refine indications for AVBT.
Utilizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter measurements to derive export and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon exported to the Arctic Ocean: A case study of the Yukon River, Alaska

The quality and quantity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) exported by Arctic rivers is known to vary with hydrology and this exported material plays a fundamental role in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon at high latitudes. We highlight the potential of optical measurements to examine DOM quality across the hydrograph in Arctic rivers. Furthermore, we establish chromophoric DOM (CDOM) relationships to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and lignin phenols in the Yukon River and model DOC and lignin loads from CDOM measurements, the former in excellent agreement with long‐term DOC monitoring data. Intensive sampling across the historically under‐sampled spring flush period highlights the importance of this time for total export of DOC and particularly lignin. Calculated riverine DOC loads to the Arctic Ocean show an increase from previous estimates, especially when new higher discharge data are incorporated. Increased DOC loads indicate decreased residence times for terrigenous DOM in the Arctic Ocean with important implications for the reactivity and export of this material to the Atlantic Ocean.
Studying colloid transport in porous media using a geocentrifuge

Movement of colloids in the subsurface is a concern because mobile colloids may enhance the transport of contaminants. The excessive time required to conduct flow and transport experiments in porous media led to the use of centrifuges to evaluate subsurface transport processes. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of centrifuges to study colloid transport in saturated porous media. We used a geocentrifuge to run colloid transport experiments under different centrifugal accelerations up to 20 g. Colloids of different densities were used: polystyrene (1.05 g/cm3), silica (2 g/cm3), and hematite (5.26 g/cm3). Deposition coefficients were obtained from the colloid breakthrough curves. We used filtration theory and a theory based on sedimentation‐diffusion to derive functional relationships between centrifugal acceleration and colloid and porous media properties, which allow us to predict the effect of acceleration on colloid transport. Comparison of experimental deposition coefficients with predictions based on filtration theory showed that filtration theory accurately predicted the behavior of polystyrene at higher accelerations but underpredicted colloid deposition for silica and hematite at accelerations higher than ∼10 g. The sedimentation‐diffusion theory allows us to determine whether a system is dominated by sedimentation or diffusion, or is in a transitional state. Theoretical predictions of colloid deposition in a porous medium agreed well with experiments, suggesting that the theory can be used to delineate when centrifugal acceleration will alter colloid transport in flow through column studies conducted in a centrifuge. Common subsurface colloids, such as iron oxides and aluminosilicates, can be affected at accelerations that are used in geocentrifuge transport studies (5 to 300 g). Even colloids with low specific densities, such as polystyrene, will be affected by centrifugal accelerations if their size is large.
Spectral discrimination of coarse and fine mode optical depth

[1] The recognition that the aerosol particle size distribution (PSD) is effectively bimodal permits the extraction of the fine and coarse mode optical depths (tf and tc) from the spectral shape of the total aerosol optical depth (ta = tf + tc). This purely optical technique avoids intermediate computations of the PSD and yields a direct optical output that is commensurate in complexity with the spectral information content of ta. The separation into tf and tc is a robust process and yields aerosol optical statistics, which are more intrinsic than those, obtained from a generic analysis of ta. Partial (optical) validation is provided by (1) demonstrating the physical coherence of the simple model employed, (2) demonstrating that tc variation is coherent with photographic evidence of thin cloud events and that tf variation is coherent with photographic evidence of clear sky and haze events, and (3) showing that the retrieved values of tf and tc are wellcorrelated, if weakly biased, relative to formal inversions of combined solar extinction and sky radiance data. The spectral inversion technique permitted a closer scrutiny of a standard (temporally based) cloud-screening algorithm. Perturbations of monthly or longer-term statistics associated with passive or active shortcomings of operational cloud screening were inferred to be small to occasionally moderate over a sampling of cases. Diurnal illustrations were given where it was clear that such shortcomings can have a significant impact on the interpretation of specific events; (1) commission errors in tf due to the exclusion of excessively high-frequency fine mode events and (2) omission errors in tc due to the inclusion of insufficiently high-frequency thin homogeneous cloud events. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0360 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation; 3360 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Remote sensing; 4801 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Aerosols (0305); KEYWORDS: Sun photometry, aerosol, optical depth, fine mode, coarse mode, cloud screening
Long term regional forecasting with spatial equation systems

Long-term predictions with a system of dynamic panel models can have tricky properties since the time dimension in regional (cross) sectional models is usually short. This paper describes the possible approaches to make long-term-ahead forecast based on a dynamic panel set, where the dependent variable is a cross-sectional vector of growth rates. Since the variance of the forecasts will depend on number of updating steps, we compare the forecasts behavior of a aggregated and a disaggregated updating procedure. The cross section of the panel data can be modeled by a spatial AR (SAR) or Durbin model, including heteroscedasticity. Since the forecasts are non-linear functions of the model parameters we show what MCMC based approach will produce the best results. We demonstrate the approach by a example where we have to predict 20 years ahead of regional growth in 99 Austrian regions in a space-time dependent system of equations.
The Rheology of the Lower Oceanic Crust: Implications for Lithospheric Deformation at Mid‐Ocean Ridges

An analysis of experimentally determined flow laws for gabbroic rocks indicates that the lower oceanic crust is considerably stronger than commonly assumed in many modeling studies. A combination of experimental, geochemical and petrological constraints suggest that the majority of the lower oceanic crust is almost dry prior to hydrothermal alteration. Several geological and geophysical observations also indicate that the strength of the lower ocean crust approaches that of dry gabbroic rock. These observations are inconsistent with commonly used rheological models for the oceanic lithosphere that incorporate a weak lower crust that decouples a strong upper mantle from a brittle upper crust.
New aeromagnetic results from the Thwaites Glacier catchment, West Antarctica

Summary The Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is a recent focus of attention due to observed changes indicating a negative mass balance associated with glacial thinning and grounding line retreat. These changes are likely driven by oceanic and/or atmospheric processes, but the future response of the ice sheet to changes at the margins will be dictated in large part to the ice sheet's underlying geological character including bed slope, roughness, heat flux, and both sediment and water distribution. A large-scale multi-instrumented airborne survey of this region conducted in 2004-05 provides important new information on these conditions. We will present new aeromagnetic data resulting from this survey to reveal constraints on the subglacial geology in this important region and potential controls on ice dynamics. Citation: Holt, J.W. , D.D. Blankenship, F. Ferraccioli, D.G. Vaughan, D.A. Young, S.D. Kempf, and T.M. Diehl (2007), New aeromagnetic res ults from the Thwaites Glacier catchment, West Antarctica: