Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis of Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Point Patterns

Introduction Spatial point patterns Sampling Edge-effects Complete spatial randomness Objectives of statistical analysis The Dirichlet tessellation Monte Carlo tests Software Preliminary Testing Tests of complete spatial randomness Inter-event distances Nearest neighbor distances Point to nearest event distances Quadrat counts Scales of pattern Recommendations Methods for Sparsely Sampled Patterns General remarks Quadrat counts Distance measurements Tests of independence Recommendations Spatial Point Processes Processes and summary descriptions Second-order properties Higher order moments and nearest neighbor distributions The homogeneous Poisson process Independence and random labeling Estimation of second-order properties Displaced amacrine cells in the retina of a rabbit Estimation of nearest neighbor distributions Concluding remarks Nonparametric Methods Estimating weighted integrals of the second-order intensity Nonparametric estimation of a spatially varying intensity Analyzing replicated spatial point patterns Parametric or nonparametric methods? Models Contagious distributions Poisson cluster processes Inhomogeneous Poisson processes Cox processes Trans-Gaussian Cox processes Simple inhibition processes Markov point processes Other constructions Multivariate models Model-Fitting Using Summary Descriptions Parameter estimation using the K-function Goodness-of-fit assessment using nearest neighbor distributions Examples Parameter estimation via goodness-of-fit testing Model-Fitting Using Likelihood-Based Methods Likelihood inference for inhomogeneous Poisson processes Likelihood inference for Markov point processes Likelihood inference for Cox processes Additional reading Point Process Methods in Spatial Epidemiology Spatial clustering Spatial variation in risk Point source models Stratification and matching Disentangling heterogeneity and clustering Spatio-Temporal Point Processes Motivating examples A classification of spatio-temporal point patterns and processes Second-order properties Conditioning on the past Empirical and mechanistic models Exploratory Analysis Animation Marginal and conditional summaries Second-order properties Empirical Models and Methods Poisson processes Cox processes Log-Gaussian Cox processes Inference Gastro-intestinal illness in Hampshire, UK Concluding remarks: point processes and geostatistics Mechanistic Models and Methods Conditional intensity and likelihood Partial likelihood The 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in Cumbria, UK Nesting patterns of Arctic terns References
Comparison of the autonomic nervous system dysfunction between different chronic spine disorders: neck pain versus low back pain

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare heart rate variability (HRV) between patients with chronic neck pain and patients with chronic low back pain and to correlate the chronic pain variables with heart rate variability indices. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. We divided the sample into two groups: neck pain (n=30) and low back pain (n=30). We used the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Neck Disability Index, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. For heart rate variability analysis, we used the following indices: mean RR, standard deviation of all RR intervals, mean heart rate, root mean square differences of successive RR intervals, triangular index, triangular interpolation of the interval histogram, low-frequency band in arbitrary units and in absolute values, high-frequency band in arbitrary units and in absolute values, standard deviation of the instantaneous beat-to-beat variability (standard deviation 1), long-term standard deviation of continuous RR intervals (standard deviation 2), and Stress Index. We used Student’s t-test for comparisons and Spearman’s coefficient for correlations. RESULTS: We observe insignificant values in the differences between the groups. Disability and self-efficacy were correlated with heart rate variability only in patients with chronic neck pain, whereas catastrophizing and kinesiophobia showed greater correlations with heart rate variability in patients with chronic low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic dysfunction of individuals with chronic neck pain, when compared to patients with chronic low back pain, does present insignificant differences.
SPARSE FARADAY ROTATION MEASURE SYNTHESIS

Faraday rotation measure synthesis is a method for analyzing multichannel polarized radio emissions, and it has emerged as an important tool in the study of Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields. The method requires the recovery of the Faraday dispersion function from measurements restricted to limited wavelength ranges, which is an ill-conditioned deconvolution problem. Here, we discuss a recovery method that assumes a sparse approximation of the Faraday dispersion function in an overcomplete dictionary of functions. We discuss the general case when both thin and thick components are included in the model, and we present the implementation of a greedy deconvolution algorithm. We illustrate the method with several numerical simulations that emphasize the effect of the covered range and sampling resolution in the Faraday depth space, and the effect of noise on the observed data.
Unique observations of a geomagnetic SI+ − SI− pair: Solar sources and associated solar wind fluctuations

This paper describes the occurrence of a pair of oppositely directed sudden impulses (SI) in the geomagnetic field (ΔX) at ground stations, called SI + - SI - pairs, that occurred between 1835 UT and 2300 UT on 23 April 1998. The SI + - SI - pair was closely correlated with corresponding variations in the solar wind density, while solar wind velocity and the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field (Bz) did not show any correspondence. Further, this event had no source on the visible solar disk. However, a rear-side partial halo coronal mass ejection (CME) and an M1.4 class solar flare behind the west limb took place on 20 April 1998, the date corresponding to the traceback location of the solar wind flows. This event presents empirical evidence, which to our knowledge is the most convincing evidence for the association of specific solar events to the observations of an SI + - SI - pair. In addition, it shows that it is possible for a rear-side solar flare to propagate a shock toward the Earth.
Generation of Fine Particles with Specified Characteristics

The research is devoted to the generation of fine particles and droplet flows with specified characteristics for a wide range of scientific problems. The aspects of aerodynamic fine atomization and the effects of atomizing gas density, gas velocity and mass flow rate, and liquid film thickness on the droplet formation are investigated. The hypothesis of highly efficient utilization of secondary droplets from a coarse polydisperse flow to produce fine particles is suggested and experimentally confirmed. A prototype device to implement the idea of separating the desired droplets fraction from a primary polydisperse flow was developed. In the case of fine liquid atomization, the developed spraying system enabled an increase in the gas-droplet flow concentration. The possibility of producing particles with different dispersiveness and morphology by employing the methods of spray separation and dilute solution atomization is demonstrated. The criteria of the system settings to generate the droplet flow with specified characteristics were determined. A Laval nozzle design is suggested for liquid atomization. A series of numerical experiments showed that a significant decrease in gas pressure (density) at the nozzle outlet provides an increase in the gas flow rate. The numerical estimation showed that the Laval nozzle proposed can improve the fine atomization efficiency by 30 percent.
Approaching finite-temperature phase diagrams of strongly correlated materials: A case study for V2O3

Examining phase stabilities and phase equilibria in strongly correlated materials asks for a next level in the many-body extensions to the local-density approximation (LDA) beyond mainly spectroscopic assessments. Here we put the charge-self-consistent LDA+dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) methodology based on projected local orbitals for the LDA+DMFT interface and a tailored pseudopotential framework into action in order to address such thermodynamics of realistic strongly correlated systems. Namely a case study for the electronic phase diagram of the well-known prototype Mott-phenomena system V$_2$O$_3$ at higher temperatures is presented. We are able to describe the first-order metal-to-insulator transitions with negative pressure and temperature from the self-consistent computation of the correlated total energy in line with experimental findings.
Facing economic and business complexity: An analysis of the evolving features of the board of directors’ meetings in Italy

This study analyzes how corporate governance practices evolve to keep up with external complexities. The analysis is carried out on all Italian listed companies in the period 2018–2020. The findings suggest that Committees of the Board of Directors increased in number during the period, and the frequency of their meetings also increased. There was little variation in the frequency of the Board of Directors’ (BoD) meetings. The paper provides empirical evidence on the current trend for establishing smaller working parties that do not burden the whole BoD when the firm faces issues for which specialized skills and greater attention are required. Our study contributes to previous literature on corporate governance by jointly analyzing different mechanisms of BoD. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, it explores for the first time the duration of the meetings of the BoD and its Committees.
Optical measurement and numerical analysis of SAW propagation at dispersive delay line on Y-Z LiNbO/sub 3/ substrate

Acoustic amplitude profiles of a dispersive delay line with a slanted chirp IDT on a Y-Z LiNbO/sub 3/ substrate are measured by an optical heterodyne interferometer. The results reveal that considerably strong waves arise from the boundary between the IDT and the bus bar, and become one of the causes of ripple in the frequency characteristics. Furthermore diffraction of the surface wave excited by the slated chirp IDT clearly shows considerable asymmetry between the front and rear directions. Simulations are performed on the basis of parabolic approximation theory and the results are compared with the optical measurements. When the anisotropy parameter calculated from the material constants of G. Kovacs et al. or J. Kushibiki et al. is used, the simulation results show good agreement with the experimental results.
Graviton production in noninflationary cosmology

We discuss the creation of massless particles in a Universe, which transits from a radiation-dominated era to any other expansion law. We calculate in detail the generation of gravitons during the transition to a matter-dominated era. We show that the resulting gravitons generated in the standard radiation/matter transition are negligible. We use our result to constrain one or more previous matter-dominated era, or any other expansion law, which may have taken place in the early Universe. We also derive a general formula for the modification of a generic initial graviton spectrum by an early matter-dominated era.
Low-temperature magnetic ordering in SrEr2O4

SrEr2O4 has been characterized by low-temperature powder neutron diffraction, as well as single-crystal specific-heat and magnetization measurements. Magnetization measurements show that the magnetic system is highly anisotropic at temperature above ordering. A magnetic field of 280 kOe applied at T=1.6 K does not overcome the anisotropic magnetization and fails to fully saturate the system. Long-range antiferromagnetic ordering develops below T-N=0.75 K, identified by magnetic Bragg reflections with propagation vector k=0 and a lambda anomaly in the specific heat. The magnetic structure consists of ferromagnetic chains running along the c axis, two adjacent chains being stacked antiferromagnetically. The moments point along the c direction, but only one of the two crystallographically inequivalent Er sites has a sizeable ordered magnetic moment, 4.5 mu(B) at 0.55 K. The magnetic properties of SrEr2O4 are discussed in terms of the interplay between the low dimensionality, competing exchange interactions, dipolar interactions, and low-lying crystal-field levels.
Computational Plasma Physics: With Applications To Fusion And Astrophysics

The physics of plasmas is an extremely rich and complex subject as the variety of topics addressed in this book demonstrates. This richness and complexity demands new and powerful techniques for investigating plasma physics. An outgrowth from his graduate course teaching, now with corrections, Tajima's text provides not only a lucid introduction to computational plasma physics, but also offers the reader many examples of the way numerical modeling, properly handled, can provide valuable physical understanding of the nonlinear aspects so often encountered in both laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. Included here are computational methods for modern nonlinear physics as applied to hydrodynamic turbulence, solitons, fast reconnection of magnetic fields, anomalous transports, dynamics of the sun, and more. The text contains examples of problems now solved using computational techniques including those concerning finite-size particles, spectral techniques, implicit differencing, gyrokinetic approaches, and particle simulation.
XMM-Newton observations of H2O maser galaxy NGC 7479

The XMM-Newton observations of H 2 O megamaser galaxy NGC 7479 are presented. Its smoothed X-ray image clearly shows spiral morphology, which matches well with its optical asymmetric spiral structure. One prominent source can be found at the tip of its northern spiral arm, which is much brighter than its nuclear X-ray source (about a 50% higher count rate). For the nuclear source (a circular region with a radius of 20 ), the spectra show soft excess below 2 keV and a strong iron Kα emission line. The best fitting model includes a partially absorbed model for the hard continuum and one thermal plasma model for the soft scatter component. Both the high column density ( N H ∼ 6.88 × 10 23 cm -2 ) and strong fluorescent iron line (with an equivalent width of ∼1.5 keV) support the existence of one heavily obscured AGN. For the bright prominent source, its radial profile is consistent with that of a single point-like source. Its spectra are extracted from the circular region around its peak, with a radius of 20´´ and 6´´ respectively and both spectra show no significant difference. Four alternative models for the ultra-luminous X-ray source (ULXs) can reproduce the spectra well: an absorbed power law, thermal bremsstrahlung, multicolor blackbody disk plus another blackbody or power law. Further observations (e.g., the tremendous improvement in the spatial resolution of the Chandra X-ray observations) and studies are desirable for probing the nature of this prominent source. In addition, we also estimate the mass of its central engine to be 1.18×10 7 M ⊙ and maser disk parameters: the disk radius of ∼0.7 pc and the dimensionless accretion rate ( L 2-10keV / L Edd ) of 1.2×10 -4 .
STU–QCD correspondence

In this review article we consider a special case of D = 5, N=2 supergravity called the STU model. We apply the gauge–gravity correspondence to the STU model to gain insight into properties of the quark–gluon plasma. Given that the quark–gluon plasma is in reality described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), we call our study STU–QCD correspondence. First, we investigate the thermodynamics and hydrodynamics of the STU background. Then we use a dual picture of the theory, which is type IIB string theory, to obtain the drag force and jet-quenching parameter of an external probe quark.
CAMBODIAN BUDDHIST MONK STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION IN LEARNING ENGLISH: THE CASE OF HUN NENG BUDDHIST PRIMARY SCHOOL, KAMPONG CHAM TOWN

This study presents an overview of a survey on Cambodian Buddhist monk students’ motivation in learning English at Hun Neng Buddhist Primary School, Kampong Cham Town. The study employed a quantitative method. The study aimed to examine the motivation levels of the participants and the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation levels. 93 Buddhist monk students participated in the study. The findings show that the Buddhist monk students were highly motivated to learn English, and it was also reported that they were more extrinsically motivated than intrinsically motivated. The study also recommends that motivation inside and outside the classroom be carefully considered. It is also recommended that future research be conducted with a larger sample size using other statistical analyses at other educational institutions. Qualitative and mixed-methods designs are also recommended.
THE TRANSITION MASS-LOSS RATE: CALIBRATING THE ROLE OF LINE-DRIVEN WINDS IN MASSIVE STAR EVOLUTION

A debate has arisen regarding the importance of stationary versus eruptive mass loss for massive star evolution. The reason is that stellar winds have been found to be clumped, which results in the reduction of unclumped empirical mass-loss rates. Most stellar evolution models employ theoretical mass-loss rates which are already reduced by a moderate factor of ≃2–3 compared to non-corrected empirical rates. A key question is whether these reduced rates are of the correct order of magnitude, or if they should be reduced even further, which would mean that the alternative of eruptive mass loss becomes necessary. Here we introduce the transition mass-loss rate between O and Wolf–Rayet stars. Its novelty is that it is model independent. All that is required is postulating the spectroscopic transition point in a given data set, and determining the stellar luminosity, which is far less model dependent than the mass-loss rate. The transition mass-loss rate is subsequently used to calibrate stellar wind strength by its application to the Of/WNh stars in the Arches cluster. Good agreement is found with two alternative modeling/theoretical results, suggesting that the rates provided by current theoretical models are of the right order of magnitude in the ∼50 M☉ mass range. Our results do not confirm the specific need for eruptive mass loss as luminous blue variables, and current stellar evolution modeling for Galactic massive stars seems sound. Mass loss through alternative mechanisms might still become necessary at lower masses, and/or metallicities, and the quantification of alternative mass loss is desirable.
Applications of Laser Plasma Radiation II

This conference, with its focus on the application of a new source of x rays, could not be more appropriate to celebrate the 100th year of the development of x rays. Its content--the development of new point sources of x rays based on dense laser plasmas, and the applications that result from them; e.g., x-ray microscopy, x-ray diffraction studies, x-ray lithography--are those very same issues that composed the initial explosive development of x-rays after Roentgen`s discovery in November 1895. Now the authors pursue these issues with particular focus on potential applications to computer chip manufacturing, microbiological studies, the study of material dynamics, and other specific purposes. Separate abstracts were prepared for most papers in this book.
Assessment of Selected Heavy Metal Content on Dumpsites Soil and Vegetables Grown in Muwo Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria

This study examines the concentration of heavy metals in soil samples and some vegetables (spinach, water leaf, bitter leaf and jute mallow) cultivated around dumpsites in Muwo Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. The soil samples and vegetable were analyzed for Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd using AA500 spectrophotometer after acid digestion. Data obtained show that, the Pb (1.684 mg/kg of Jute) content was high compared to other metals study in this work. Concentration of Zn was 1.993, 0.862 and 0.443 mg/kg for water leaf, soil and control sample respectively. The content of Pb was 1.727, 1.738 and ND mg/kg for water leaf, soil and control sample respectively. Also, the concentration of Pb was 1.736, ND and 0.457 mg/kg for spinach, soil and control sample respectively. However, the content of Zn was 0.786, 0.751 and 0.554 mg/kg for spinach, soil and control sample respectively The accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils is of increasing concern because of, potential health risks, food safety as well as its detrimental effects on the soil ecosystem and human health. The pollution indexes of Ni contents are 0.439, 0.378, and 0.083 for jute, soil and control sample respectively. While Zn concentration was 1.117, 0.858 and 0.492 for jute, soil and control sample respectively. The result of this study shows that Pb concentrations are present in high levels in the study area at the different level of contamination.
Web Cache Deception Attack

Este artigo tem por finalidade apresentar uma classe de ataque não muito nova (apresentada inicialmente em 2017 por Omer Gil mas que, apesar de simples, é pouco explorada no cotidiano. Estamos falando do Web Cache Deception Attack, um ataque que tem por finalidade principal obter dados sensíveis de usuários legítimos de uma determinada aplicação afetada. Será apresentado uma fundamentação básica sobre serviços de cache, cujo conhecimento é necessário para o sucesso no ataque, além da vulnerabilidade de Path Confusion, que é a classe de vulnerabilidade utilizada para a execução do ataque apresentado. Dito isto, nota-se que o Web Cache Deception Attack é, como o próprio nome sugere, uma classe de ataque e não a vulnerabilidade propriamente dita, sendo essa a Path Confusion.
Self-Aligned Liquid Crystals on Anisotropic Nano/Microstructured Lanthanum Yttrium Strontium Oxide Layer

We propose an efficient alignment method for liquid crystals (LCs). A brush-coating method handles film deposition and LC alignment treatment simultaneously herein, meaning a reduction in the conventional alignment layer treatment process steps. A lanthanum yttrium strontium oxide (LaYSrO) film prepared by the sol–gel process was used for the alignment layer. Topographical details of the brush-coated LaYSrO films (compared with spin-coated films) were investigated by atomic force microscopy. Spin-coated LaYSrO meant that the film formation alone without orientation treatment represented an isotropic surface. On the other hand, the 270 °C-cured brush-coated LaYSrO showed nano/microstructure with directionality. It indicates that brush-hair sweeping induced shearing stress on the sol state of the LaYSrO, which results in surface anisotropy for LC alignment. The uniform LC alignment state was confirmed by polarized optical microscopy and pretilt analysis. The brush-coated LaYSrO shows fine optical transparency compared to plain and indium-tin-oxide coated glasses, and thermal stability up to 150 °C for LC alignment. Competitive electro-optical performances of the brush-coated LaYSrO were verified in a twisted-nematic LC system compared to those of the conventionally used polyimide layer. Consequently, we expect that the brush-coating process can be an innovative technology for LC alignment.