Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Universal Trust Machine: A survey on the Web3 path towards enabling long term digital cooperation through decentralised trust

—Since the dawn of human civilization, trust has been the core challenge of social organization. Trust functions to reduce the effort spent in constantly monitoring others’ actions in order to verify their assertions, thus facilitating cooperation by allowing groups to function with reduced complexity. To date, in modern societies, large scale trust is almost exclusively provided by large centralized institutions. Speciﬁcally in the case of the Internet, Big Tech companies maintain the largest Internet platforms where users can interact, transact and share information. Thus, they control who can interact and conduct transactions through their monopoly of online trust. However, as recent events have shown, allowing for-proﬁt corporations to harness so much power and act as gatekeepers to the online world comes with a litany of problems. While so far ecosystems of trust on the Internet could only be feasibly created by large institutions, Web3 proponents have a vision of the Internet where trust is generated without centralised actors. They attempt to do so by creating an ecosystem of trust constructed using decentralised technology. This survey explores this elusive goal of Web3 to create a “Universal Trust Machine”, which in a true decentralised paradigm would be owned by both nobody and everybody. In order to do so, we ﬁrst motivate the decades-old problem of generating trust without an intermediary by discussing Robert Axelrod’s seminal research on the evolution of cooperation in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma. Next, we present the infrastructural and social challenges that a hypothetical Universal Trust Machine would have to overcome in order to enable long term cooperation in a decentralised setting. We proceed to present various reputation systems, all of which present promising techniques for encouraging trustworthy behaviour in a decentralised network through indirect reciprocity. After this, we discuss the family of emerging Distributed Ledger technologies whose secure transaction facilitating and privacy preserving techniques promise to be a good complement to the current limitations of vanilla
Rigid-Body Inertia and Screw Geometry

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WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT PD FROM RECENT MAJOR CLINICAL TRIALS?

Correspondence to: S. Mujais, Renal Division, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, 1620 Waukegan Road, MPGR-A2, McGaw Park, Illinois 60085-9815 USA. salim_mujais@baxter.com Received 7 December 2006; accepted 2 March 2007. Studying the response to the advent of ADEMEX (Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Mexico) (1,2) is an exercise in the anthropology of nephrology. Like the anthropologist, the “nephrosopher” needs to build an interpretation of the mental status of his subject based on limited artifacts. The most notable “artifact” was the literature attempting to explain away the findings (3,4): from the pejorative geographical dismissal bordering on colonial ethics heard at national meetings (but never committed to print! ), to the eager dissection of causes of death and dropouts in the two groups (3,4), to the speculative dose–response graphs that became a staple in discussions of the study’s relevance. The evidence was inconvenient, hence, suspect, unexpected, and, worse of all, “inconsistent with prevailing bias. ” The reader will note that we used inconsistent “with bias” rather than “with prior knowledge” because all prior knowledge when viewed correctly was consistent with the findings of our study. How the nephrology community failed in that recognition before ADEMEX need not occupy us here. Why it failed to see it after ADEMEX, even when the first ADEMEX paper displayed it clearly and emphatically (1), is worrisome. The highest level of evidence, the randomized controlled trial (RCT), was held at fault because it was not consistent with a misinterpretation of inferior sources of evidence. Clearly, few had read the discussion of the first paper (1), because many of the latter critiques had been preemptively addressed, but, as one nephrologist put it to us, “People only read abstracts! ” In line with the above, several questions need to be considered:
Prognosis of limited resection versus lobectomy in elderly patients with invasive lung adenocarcinoma with tumor size less than or equal to 2 cm.

Background This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic difference between limited resection and lobectomy among elderly patients with small size lung adenocarcinoma. Methods A total of 666 patients >65 years old with stage I lung adenocarcinoma and tumor size ≤2 cm were included. The patient survival was evaluated by disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: No DFS or OS advantage was found between the lobectomy and wedge resection groups when tumor sizes were ≤1 cm (DFS, P=0.112; OS, P=0.294). The wedge resection group had a significantly worse OS (P=0.041) than that in the lobectomy group when tumor sizes were >1 cm and ≤2 cm. Conclusions We conclude that wedge resection may be a reasonable surgical choice for elderly patients with tumor sizes ≤1 cm.
Artifact systems with data dependencies and arithmetic

We revisit the static verification problem for data centric business processes, specified in a variant of IBM's "business artifact" model. Artifacts are records of variables that correspond to business-relevant objects and are updated by a set of services equipped with pre-and-post conditions, that implement business process tasks. The verification problem consists in statically checking whether all runs of an artifact system satisfy desirable properties expressed in a firstorder extension of linear-time temporal logic. In previous work we identified the class of guarded artifact systems and properties, for which verification is decidable. However, the results suffer from an important limitation: they fail in the presence of even very simple data dependencies or arithmetic, both crucial to real-life business processes. In this paper, we extend the artifact model and verification results to alleviate this limitation. We identify a practically significant class of business artifacts with data dependencies and arithmetic, for which verification is decidable. The technical machinery needed to establish the results is fundamentally different from our previous work. While the worst-case complexity of verification is non-elementary, we identify various realistic restrictions yielding more palatable upper bounds.
Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) Index Computation and Cut-Off

TyG index is a product of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and triglyceride (TG). It has been proposed as a numerical expression of insulin resistance (IR) (1). The sensitivity and specificity of TyG index is compatible with other markers for IR (2-5). Unlike the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), insulin is not included in TyG index (6). This simplicity may have practical outcomes including more accessibility and less cost. These are especially important in low-income populations, where the risk for metabolic syndrome and diabetes are high (79). However, the age and sex dependent cut-off values for TyG are not well established. The second problem about TyG cut-off values is related to its computation. Any error in computation must be corrected in order to provide a unique reference and to facilitate the comparison of different data. The original equation of TyG index is: ln [FPG(mg/dL) × TG (mg/dL)/2] (1). The reported normal cut-offs values for TyG in literature are roughly around two levels: ~4 and ~8 (1-4). The cause of this difference is due to the position of 2 in TyG formula. Although all author use above equation, their numerical calculations are not similar. In fact according to the PubMed database, it seems that most authors compute TyG by this formula: ln [FPG(mg/dL) × TG (mg/dL)]/2. Using the reported FPG and TG values in 8 ISIindexed articles their TyG indices were re-calculated (Table 1). The TyG index was also simulated for different ranges of TG and FPG using R software (http://www.R-project.org, Vienna, Austria, 2013). The simulated TyG index value for normally proposed TG and FPG series was 7.467-8.923 based on original formula. Obviously when the final division in TyG formula applied out off the square bracket these TyG index values approximately fall to around the half ranges: ie 4.080-4.808. These two simulated ranges change to 8.9-9.4 and 4.8-5 for abnormally high FPG and TG values respectively. This brief survey explored a simple but potentially important inconsistency about TyG index value. Although the age and sex dependence of TyG index has been well documented, existing discrepancy for TyG index values is not basically related to sampled population. It is due to the different calculation of TyG index formula. In comparison to the original formula, the TyG index has been reported correctly only in few articles. In these cases the values were roughly around the ~8 (3, 5, 11). Since the most prevalent value that could be
LA INNOVACIÓN Y LA CREATIVIDAD COMO FACTORES DE DESARROLLO TERRITORIAL

El binomio innovacion-creatividad permite generar productos intermedios que pueden usarse para hacer nuevos productos; ademas, crear conocimiento que ayudara a mejorar la productividad del capital humano. Ello muestra como podrian entenderse que este binomio puede lograr ser un motor del desarrollo para las regiones. Al identificar la relacion entre el desarrollo economico e innovacion, debe considerarse que existen factores endogenos como el capital humano y el conocimiento tacito, que contribuye significativamente en este proceso. Para ver el impacto de las innovaciones pueden al desarrollo puede verse mediante las patentes registradas. Las innovaciones podrian tener una distribucion territorial mas homogenea; sin embargo, las patentes y los investigadores se concentran en determinadas regiones o mas aun, en unas cuantas aglomeraciones urbanas. Diversos estudios demuestran la I-D se concentra espacialmente, pero se distribuyen globalmente (Dicken 2007; Fujita et al. 2001; Malecki 2014 ). Las tendencias globales sobre el gasto de I-D muestran cambios significativos entre las diversas regiones del mundo, como el caso de Asia y Europa, donde en la primera se esta dando un incremento, mientras que en el segundo hay un estancamiento. Pero la conclusion de Stek (2019), es que ese suceso se da mas por el proceso de urbanizacion que por la dinamica que la I-D en un territorio. En Mexico, las condiciones de diversos factores posibilitan u obstaculizan el desarrollo creativo e innovador, es por ello que para esta investigacion se busca analizar las condiciones de algunos de los factores que ayudan a impulsar un ambiente que facilite el desarrollo innovador y creativo. Tal es el caso de la mano de obra preparada para usar las patentes que se registran en sus regiones, asi tambien los cientificos e investigadores que generan innovacion y que tienen la capacidad de incorporarlas estas en la vida productiva de las regiones.
The Influence of Blood Collection Tubes in Biomarkers Screening by Mass Spectrometry

Background Mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the rapidly developing bio-analytical techniques in recent years and have found many biomarkers of variety of disease. Whereas pre-analytical process is one of most crucial procedure which would significantly influence the results of biomarkers screening. In the current study, we conducted a pilot analysis of serum to determine the effects of blood collection tubes in biomarkers screening. Methods Magnetic bead separation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used for qualitative analysis of healthy control and serum cancer patients. A total of 24 serum samples were analyzed in this study, of which were collected from patients or healthy control using non-additive tubes or coagulant activator tubes respectively. ClinProTools were used to compare the difference among the different groups. Results The results demonstrated that no matter for patients or normal people, the serum protein profile changed significantly when using coagulant tubes. We also found that the effect of coagulant on serum protein of patients was smaller than that of control group. There were significant differences among 27 peaks which were obtained in the control group and the control coagulant group. However, between patient group and patient coagulant group, only 1 differential peak were obtained. Coagulant changed the protein expression difference in the original serum, and the difference expanded, narrowed even reversed, most of which are small polypeptides (Mass<3000 Da), which significantly changed the results of biomarkers screening. The results showed that 19 potential biomarkers could be found with non-additive tubes and 16 potential biomarkers could be found with coagulate activator tubes, among which only 6 were the same. Conclusions The choice of blood collection tube significantly influence the results of biomarkers screening by MS.
Children's Understanding of Society

M. Barrett, E. Buchanan-Barrow, Emergent themes in the study of children's understanding of society. E. Buchanan-Barrow, Children's understanding of the school. P. Webley, Children's understanding of economics. A.E. Berti, Children's understanding of politics. S.J. Ceci, F.A. Markle, Y.J. Chae, Children's understanding of the law and legal processes. K. Durkin, Children's understanding of gender roles in society. N. Elmer, J. Dickinson, Children's understanding of social class and occupational groupings. L.A. Hirschfield, Children's understanding of racial groups. A.L. Coco, C. Inguglia, U. Pace, Children's understanding of ethnic belonging and the development of ethnic attitudes. M. Barrett, Children's understanding of, and feelings about, countries and national groups. G. Hatano, K. Takahashi, The development of social cognition: A commentary.
A Retrospective Feasibility Study of Salvage Pelvic Nodal Radiation in 6 Patients With Biochemical Failure Following Prostate Fossa Radiation: An Alternative to Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)

Purpose:To evaluate salvage pelvic nodal radiation as an alternative to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with biochemical failure and lymph node recurrence following salvage prostate fossa radiation. Methods:Six patients with biochemical failure and lymph node recurrence following prostate fossa radiation were treated with salvage pelvic nodal radiation therapy. A gross target volume was contoured using Choline PET/CT, CT, or MRI imaging. The clinical target volume included pelvic nodes. Avoidance structures were created using isodose lines from previous prostate fossa radiation plans. Radiation was delivered using IMRT or VMAT techniques. Failure was defined as a confirmed rise of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) over 0.2 ng/mL. Results:Four patients had presalvage PSA values <1 and 2 patients had PSAs >1. Dose to the clinical target volume was 54 to 60 Gy. The gross target volume dose was 60 to 73.6 Gy. One of the 2 patients with a high PSA received 6 months of concomitant ADT. Mean follow-up after RT for all patients was 24.9 months (range, 18.1 to 33.0 mo). All 5 patients with no ADT had significant PSA responses. PSA reduction was 80% (62% to 100%) of pre-RT PSA. At last follow-up, 2 patients with initial PSA<1 ng/mL remain free of biochemical progression at 33 and 20 months. Four patients have had PSA rise and meet criteria for failure. This included both patients with initial PSA values > 1. Duration of response before failure was 18.1 to 30.7 months. ADT for failure has been started in 1 patient. There was no grade ≥2 GI or GU toxicity. Conclusions:Salvage lymph node irradiation for patients with early biochemical recurrence and radiologic evidence of pelvic nodal metastases is well tolerated and associated with a durable biochemical response and may be an alternative to or may delay the need for ADT in some patients.
Are Founder CEOs Good Managers

We investigate the management practices adopted by firms where the founders are also the CEOs using data from the World Management Survey. We find that founder CEO firms have the lowest management scores of any owner-manager pair type and that this difference is associated with significant performance differentials. We propose three possible reasons for the managerial gap of founder CEO firms: a) informational problems preventing a clear understanding of the weakness of their firms’ managerial practices; b) institutional factors dampening the incentive to adopt managerial practices; and c) non-pecuniary returns to potentially inefficient but powerpreserving practices. The findings presented in the paper provide support for a) and c), while we do not find evidence that the management practices of founder CEO firms vary with respect to the characteristics of the institutional environments in which they are embedded. JEL codes: L1, L2, M13 ! This paper has been prepared for the NBER/CRIW conference “Measuring Entrepreneurial Businesses: Current Knowledge and Challenges”. Sadun would like to thank Harvard Business School and the Kauffman Foundation for financial support.
ANOUROSORICINI (MAMMALIA: SORICIDAE) FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION: A PRE-QUATERNARY EXAMPLE OF RECURRENT CLIMATE-CONTROLLED NORTH-SOUTH RANGE SHIFTING

Abstract Anourosoricini are among the most specialized shrews in terms of dentition and mandibular structure, showing carnivore-like specializations such as carnassial function and reduction and disappearance of third molars. The tribe is documented from the Upper Neogene of Europe, Asia, and North America, and from the Quaternary of Asia, where a single relict species has survived until the present day. The Mediterranean area functioned as a sink area for the Anourosoricini. Their source area was a northern, more humid, and more forested zone extending from France to the Ukraine. Southward-directed range shifts resulted in the intermittent presence of the tribe in the Mediterranean region during more humid intervals. The dense Upper Miocene micromammal succession from the Teruel and Calatayud-Daroca basins, central Spain, shows that Crusafontina endemica was present in the area around 10.2 and between 9.7–9.5 Ma. It is succeeded by the dentally more gracile C. fastigata n. sp. at 9.0–8.8 Ma. The larger and more robust C. vandeweerdi n. sp. , a form sharing features with Paranourosorex, peaks at ∼7 Ma. The last major acme occurs around 6.3 Ma and is represented by Amblycoptus jessiae. The final disappearance of the tribe from the area takes place at 5–4.5 Ma. The Anourosoricini provide a well-documented pre-Quaternary example of recurrent climate-controlled north-south range expansion. The proposed paleobiogeographic model presumes that southward mammal migrations are driven by changes in the precipitation regime rather than the temperature regime of the Mediterranean region. A comparison to paleoecological interpretations based on the independent rodent record shows that Anourosoricini avoid areas with low levels of precipitation and low soil humidity. A mean annual precipitation minimum of 600 mm/yr is about the threshold value for populations of the tribe to survive locally. The available evidence suggests eastward dispersal of a primitive Crusafontina species from Eurasia into North America at about the same time when Hipparion crossed the Bering Strait in a westward direction.
Comparison of social cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and high functioning autism: more convergence than divergence

Background Individuals with schizophrenia and individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) seem to share some social, behavioral and biological features. Although marked impairments in social cognition have been documented in both groups, little empirical work has compared the social cognitive functioning of these two clinical groups. Method Forty-four individuals with schizophrenia, 36 with HFA and 41 non-clinical controls completed a battery of social cognitive measures that have been linked previously to specific brain regions. Results The results indicate that the individuals with schizophrenia and HFA were both impaired on a variety of social cognitive tasks relative to the non-clinical controls, but did not differ from one another. When individuals with schizophrenia were divided into negative symptom and paranoid subgroups, exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with HFA may be more similar, in terms of the pattern of social cognition impairments, to the negative symptom group than to the paranoia group. Conclusions Our findings provide further support for similarities in social cognition deficits between HFA and schizophrenia, which have a variety of implications for future work on gene–brain–behavior relationships.
Post-Harvest Losses of Rice in Nigeria and their Ecological Footprint

8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 9
Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis (Review)

1SYNOPSIS . 1BACKGROUND . 2OBJECTIVES . 2CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERING STUDIES FOR THIS REVIEW . 3SEARCH STRATEGY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF STUDIES . 3METHODS OF THE REVIEW . 4DESCRIPTION OF STUDIES . 4METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY . 4RESULTS . 5DISCUSSION . 5REVIEWERS’ CONCLUSIONS . 5ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 5POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST . 5SOURCES OF SUPPORT . 5REFERENCES . 6TABLES . 7Characteristics of included studies . 7Characteristics of excluded studies . 9SUMMARY TABLES . 9COVER SHEET . 9GRAPHS AND OTHER TABLES . 1000 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis . 1101 Mortality . 1101 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis . 1101 Length of hospital stay . 1102 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis . 1101 Systemic Inammatory Response Response (SIRS) . 1103 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis . 1201 Multiple Organ Failure(MOF) . 1204 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis . 1201 Operative Intervention . 1205 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis . 1201 Systemic infection . 1206 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis . 1301 Local septic complications . 1307 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis . 1301 Other local complications . 1308 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis . 1301 Protection of gut mucosal barrier . 13Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis (Review)
Study of Patients with Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and its Association with Metabolic Syndrome in tertiary centre

NAFLD Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as an important cause of liver disease in India. NAFLD includes patient with simple steatosis, as also those with non alcoholic steatoheaptitis (NASH). NASH is more advanced stage of NAFLD and has a higher risk of progressing to liver cirrhosis or hepato cellular carcinoma [1] . NAFLD frequently associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, Type-2 diabetes mellitus and hyper lipidaemia are co-existing conditions frequently associated with NAFLD. Because of the strong association with various metabolic abnormalitites, NAFLD is now considered as a part of spectrum of metabolic syndrome. the present study is aimed to evaluate the clinical, biochemical profile in patients of NAFLD with varying degree of severity as diagnosed by ultrasonography and evaluate the association between the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome and its individual components as defined by the NCEP ATP III criteria. Results:51% of patients with NAFLD had metabolic syndrome and statistically significance was found in AST, waist circumference, lipid profile total cholesterol was significantly higher in grade III NAFLD which was significantly higher. AST ALT values were significantly higher among grade III NAFLD Cases (p value <0.001,<0.001 respectively.