Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ieee Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 1 Tugging Graphs Faster: Efficiently Modifying Path-preserving Hierarchies for Browsing Paths

—Many graph visualization systems use graph hierarchies to organize a large input graph into logical components. These approaches detect features globally in the data and place these features inside levels of a hierarchy. However, this feature detection is a global process and does not consider nodes of the graph near a feature of interest. TugGraph is a system for exploring paths and proximity around nodes and subgraphs in a graph. The approach modifies a pre-existing hierarchy in order to see how a node or subgraph of interest extends out into the larger graph. It is guaranteed to create path-preserving hierarchies, so that the abstraction shown is meaningful with respect to the underlying structure of the graph. The system works well on graphs of hundreds of thousands of nodes and millions of edges. TugGraph is able to present views of this proximal information in the context of the entire graph in seconds, and does not require a layout of the full graph as input.
Emphatic Segments and Emphasis Spread in Rural Jordanian Arabic

This paper attempts to provide an analysis of emphasis spread in Juffīn Arabic, henceforth JA, a rural dialect spoken in Juffīn village in the north of Jordan. The study considers a sample of 50 minimal pairs that differ solely in the feature [emphatic] in different word positions; the 50 minimal pairs were tested in the speech of 12 ideal participants, males and females, who are 40 years and above. The study reveals that the class of emphatics in JA comprises a primary set of /ṭ/ /ṣ/ and /ḏ/, and a secondary set of /ḷ/, /ṛ/, and /m/. Where emphasis spreads bidirectionally in JA, rightward is bounded by the set of /i/, /ī/, /y/, and /s/. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016. v7n5p294
Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de ovinos da raça Dorper Hematological and biochemical parameters of Dorper ewes

In order to establish hematological and biochemical Dorper sheep values and evaluate the influence of sex and age in these determinations, 72 animals were assigned to three experimental groups according to age: Group 1 (G1) consisting of animals up to 12 months of age (n=28), Group 2 (G2) composed of animals from 13 to 36 months (n=37) and Group 3 (G3) for animals from 37 to 60 months (n=7). The animals were still divided in another two groups according to gender: Group 4 (G4) – females (n=57) and Group 5 (G5) – males (n=15). Evaluating the results obtained for hematological and biochemical examinations it was found that the mean values of RBC (13.4 ± 2.5x10 6 /mL), hemoglobin (12.6 ± 1.3 g/dL), packed cell volume (37.5 ± 3.7%), total leukocytes (7116.0 ± 1967.0/mL) and segmented neutrophils (4168.0 ± 1501.0/mL) were higher in the animals of G1, as well as urea, GGT and ALP
Adaptive empirical distributions in the framework of inverse problems

ABSTRACT This article presents an innovative framework regarding an inverse problem. One presents the extension of a global optimization algorithm to estimate not only an optimal set of modeling parameters, but also their optimal distributions. Regarding its characteristics, differential evolution algorithm is used to demonstrate this extension, although other population-based algorithms may be considered. The adaptive empirical distributions algorithm is here introduced for the same purpose. Both schemes rely on the minimization of the dissimilarity between the empirical cumulative distribution functions of two data sets, using a goodness-of-fit test to evaluate their resemblance.
Transdermal drug delivery system: A review

Transdermal Drug Delivery System is controlled medicated that is set on the skin to deliver a particular portion of medicine through the skin and into the circulatory system. It is likewise significant because of its interesting benefit such as less absorption, more uniform plasma levels, improved bioavailability, decrease side effect, efficacy and quality of the product. Transdermal dose structures may give clinicians a chance to offer more therapeutic alternatives to their patients to upgrade their consideration. Keywords: Advantages/Disadvantages, Skin types, Factors affecting permeation, Components, Evaluations.
Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets containing solid dispersions of Candesartan Cilexetil

Candesartan Cilexetil is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. The drug is having low solubility in biological fluids which results in poor bioavailability after oral administration. Hence present study was carried to enhance dissolution properties of candesartan cilexetil. Solid dispersions of candesartan cilexetil were prepared by using PEG-6000 as water soluble carries at various proportions 1:1, 1:2, 1:3. The kneading and solvent evaporation methods were used to prepare solid dispersions. The prepared dispersions were made into tablets by the direct compression method. The release profile was studied in phosphate buffer pH 6.5 containing 0.35% polysorbate 20. It was found that the dissolution rate of tablets containing solid dispersions were higher than those of intact drug. The degree of dissolution rate enhancement depended on the amount of the carrier i.e., the higher the amount of the carrier used; the higher the dissolution rate was obtained. Among the prepared batches formulation F4 gave highest dissolution. The increase in the dissolution rate of the drug may be due to increase in wet ability, hydrophilic nature of the carrier and also possibility due to a reduction in drug crystalline. Keyword: Candesartan cilexetil, Solid dispersions, Polyethylene glycol.
CONVERGENCE IN NEURAL NETS.

Author(s): Hirsch, MW | Editor(s): Caudill, M | Abstract: In designing a neural net, either for biological modeling, cognitive simulation, or numerical computation, it is usually of prime importance to know that the corresponding dynamical system is convergent, meaning that every trajectory converges to a stationary state (which can depend on the initial state of the trajectory). A weaker condition, but practically as useful, is for the trajectory of almost every initial state (in the sense of Lebesgue measure) to converge; such a system is called almost convergent. Another useful but slightly weaker property is for a system to be quasiconvergent, meaning that every trajectory approaches asymptotically a bounded set of equilibrium points (such a set is necessarily connected); an individual trajectory with this property will also be called quasiconvergent. Finally, there is almost-quasiconvergence. The author reviews several ways to guarantee these desirable convergence-like properties for certain kinds of systems of differential equations that can be used for neural nets. It is noted that many of these methods were originally motivated by biological models.
How do plant RNA viruses overcome the negative effect of Muller’s ratchet despite strong transmission bottlenecks?

Muller’s ratchet refers to the irreversible accumulation of deleterious mutations in small populations, resulting in a decline in overall fitness. This phenomenon has been extensively observed in experiments involving microorganisms, including bacteriophages and yeast. While the impact of Muller’s ratchet on viruses has been largely studied in bacteriophages and animal RNA viruses, its effects on plant RNA viruses remain poorly documented. Plant RNA viruses give rise to large and diverse populations that undergo significant bottlenecks during the colonization of distant tissues or through vector-mediated horizontal transmission. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of bottleneck size, the maximum population size between consecutive bottlenecks, and the generation of genetic diversity in countering the effects of Muller’s ratchet. We observed three distinct evolutionary outcomes for tobacco etch virus under three different demographic conditions: (i) a decline in fitness following periodic severe bottlenecks in Chenopodium quinoa, (ii) a consistent fitness level with moderate bottlenecks in C. quinoa, and (iii) a net increase in fitness when severe bottlenecks in C. quinoa were alternated with large population expansions in Nicotiana tabacum. By fitting empirical data to an in silico simulation model, we found that initiating a lesion in C. quinoa required only 1-5 virions, and approximately 40 new virions were produced per lesion. These findings demonstrate that Muller’s ratchet can be halted not only by increasing the number of founder viruses but also by incorporating phases of exponential growth to large populations between bottlenecks. Such population expansions generate genetic diversity, serving as a buffer against, and potentially even leveraging, the effects of genetic drift.
Island demographics and trait associations in white-tailed deer

When a population is isolated and composed of few individuals, genetic drift is the paramount evolutionary force that results in the loss of genetic diversity. Inbreeding might also occur, resulting in genomic regions that are identical by descent, manifesting as runs of homozygosity (ROHs) and the expression of recessive traits. Likewise, the genes underlying traits of interest can be revealed by comparing fixed SNPs and divergent haplotypes between affected and unaffected individuals. Populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (SPM, France) have high incidences of leucism and malocclusions, both considered genetic defects; on the Florida Keys islands (USA) deer exhibit smaller body sizes, a polygenic trait. Here we aimed to reconstruct island demography and identify the genes associated with these traits in a pseudo case-control design. The two island populations showed reduced levels of genomic diversity and a build-up of deleterious mutations compared to mainland deer; there was also significant genome-wide divergence in Key deer. Key deer showed higher inbreeding levels, but not longer ROHs, consistent with long-term isolation. We identified multiple trait-related genes in ROHs including LAMTOR2 which has links to pigmentation changes, and NPVF which is linked to craniofacial abnormalities. Our mixed approach of linking ROHs, fixed SNPs and haplotypes matched a high number (∼50) of a-priori body size candidate genes in Key deer. This suite of biomarkers and candidate genes should prove useful for population monitoring, noting all three phenotypes show patterns consistent with a complex trait and non-Mendelian inheritance.
Theory of sarcomere assembly inferred from sequential ordering of myofibril components

Myofibrils in striated muscle cells are chains of regular cytoskeletal units termed sarcomeres, whose contractions drive voluntary movements of animals. Despite the well characterized order of the sarcomere components in mature sarcomeres, which explains the sarcomere contraction mechanism, the mechanism of molecular ordering during sarcomere assembly remains debated. Here, we put forward a theoretical framework for the self-assembly of sarcomeres. This theory is based on measurements of the sequential ordering of sarcomere components in developing Drosophila flight muscles, identified by applying a novel tracking-free algorithm: myosin, α-actinin and the titin homologue Sallimus form periodic patterns before actin. Based on these results, we propose that myosin, Sallimus, and sarcomere Z-disc proteins including α-actinin dynamically bind and unbind to an unordered bundle of actin filaments to establish an initial periodic pattern. As a consequence, periodicity of actin filaments is only established later. Our model proposes that non-local interactions between spatially extended myosin and titin/Sallimus containing complexes, and possibly tension-dependent feedback mediated by an α-actinin catch-bond, drive this ordering process. We probe this hypothesis using mathematical models and derive predictive conditions for sarcomere pattern formation, guiding future experimental analysis.
Alpha oscillations support the efficiency of guided visual search by inhibiting both target and distractor features in early visual cortex

Visual search models have long emphasised that task-relevant items must be prioritized for optimal performance. While it is known that search efficiency also benefits from active distractor inhibition, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are debated. Here, we used MEG in combination with Rapid Invisible Frequency Tagging (RIFT) to understand the neural correlates of feature-guided visual search. RIFT served as a continuous read-out of the neuronal excitability to the search stimuli and revealed evidence for target boosting and distractor suppression in early visual cortex. These findings were complemented by an increase in occipital alpha power predicting faster responses and higher hit rates, as well as reduced RIFT responses to all stimuli, regardless of their task-relevance. We propose that alpha oscillations in early visual regions implement a blanket inhibition that reduces neuronal excitability to both target and distractor features. As the excitability of neurons encoding the target features is boosted, these neurons overcome the inhibition, facilitating guidance towards task-relevant stimuli. Our results provide novel insights on a mechanism in early visual regions that supports selective attention through inhibition.
Flatness and collocation based methodology for satellite trajectory planning

In the aim of providing Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite with a highly reliable path planner, we develop in this paper a methodology based on flatness and collocation. We prove here that we can cut down time of orbital maneuvers to increase duration of data acquisition. Simulation results demonstrate the potential and advantages of the proposed approach with respect to the commonly used Jerk profiles for slew manoeuvres.
EVN and global VLBI observations of candidate radio sources for alignment between the ICRF and the future Gaia frame

The space astrometry mission Gaia will construct a dense optical QSO-based celestial reference frame. For consistency between optical and radio positions, it will be important to align the Gaia and VLBI frames with the highest accuracy. However, the number of quasars that are bright in optical wavelength (for the best position accuracy with Gaia), that have a compact core (to be detectable on VLBI scales), and that do not exhibit complex structures (to ensure a good astrometric quality), was found to be limited. It was hence realized that the densification of the list of such objects was necessary. Accordingly, we initiated a multi-step VLBI observational project, dedicated to finding additional suitable radio sources for aligning the two frames. The sample consists of ~450 optically-bright weak extragalactic radio sources, which have been selected by cross-correlating optical and radio catalogs. The initial observations, aimed at checking whether these sources are detectable with VLBI, and conducted with the European VLBI Network (EVN) in 2007, showed an excellent ~90% detection rate. The second step, dedicated to identify the most point-like sources of the sample, by imaging their VLBI structures, was initiated in 2008. About 25% of the detected targets were observed with the Global VLBI array (EVN+VLBA; Very Long Baseline Array) during a pilot imaging experiment, revealing that about 50% of them are point-like sources on VLBI scales. The rest of the sources were observed during three additional imaging experiments in March 2010, November 2010 and March 2011. The final stage was initiated in June 2012 with a first global observing experiment, dedicated to measuring accurately the VLBI position of the most point-like of such sources. In this paper, we present the results of the imaging campaigns and draw plans for the future.
Ophidian physique: the capacity of middle trunk vertebral shape for quantitative taxonomic delimitation in snakes

Skeletal specializations in snakes have resulted in incredible locomotive adaptability, including oft-overlooked vertebral complexity. Snake vertebrae are usually identified via qualitative descriptions of morphological traits; however, identifying and describing snake vertebrae in a scientifically replicable way has long hindered fossil snake research, where attempts to identify between or within snake groups can be onerous. Here, we build a framework of extant snake middle trunk vertebral shape using 2D geometric morphometrics (GMM) and quantitative methods to explore the viability of using these tools to assign and identify snake trunk vertebrae taxonomically and ecologically. We use 23 landmarks to evaluate anterior vertebral shape variation in 504 snake trunk vertebrae representing 189 species across 11 families for delimiting taxonomy and primary foraging habitat. We found that snake vertebral shape variation of overall proportions and articular surfaces contained statistically significant taxonomic and ecomorphological information useful for group assignment. Differences in primary foraging habitat also resulted in similar morphological trends within taxonomic groups in shape space. We then used linear discriminant functions to test the reliability of taxonomic assignments based on the shape captured by our landmark scheme. Analysis of the full dataset had high overall accuracy for family and subfamily, but only moderate success for genus, species, and primary foraging habitat. When applied to a single subfamily, overall accuracy greatly increased for genus and primary foraging habitat, implying that iterative application of this method may improve results. This study presents the framework for a new replicable method to supplement qualitative morphological descriptions of taxa. We recommend that GMM is best employed alongside qualitative descriptions for the optimal and reproducible delimitation of snake vertebrae. Finally, this method will allow non-expert diagnosticians to have more confidence in identifying fossil snake vertebrae, helping increase the number of snake fossils identified in museum collections.
Evaluation of MODIS water vapour products over China using radiosonde data

Radiosonde data collected from 83 stations in China from January to December 2012 were used to evaluate Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) near-infrared (NIR) and thermal infrared (IR) total precipitable water vapour (PWV) products. The results indicate that MODIS NIR PWV products shows better agreement with radiosonde data than with IR PWV products, with the correlation coefficients up to 0.95. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) of NIR PWV range from 2 to 8 mm with different stations, which shows significant regional differences over China. The mean RMSE is about 5.03 mm (~35%) with a positive deviation of 2.56 mm (~18%), indicating the occurrence of a slight overestimation. Moreover, MODIS IR PWV during night-time has a better agreement with radiosonde PWV than that during daytime. The mean RMSE of IR PWV during daytime was ~6.02 mm (~42%), with a positive deviation of 1.54 mm (~11%). The mean RMSE of IR PWV during night-time was ~5.81 mm (~40%), with a negative deviation of approximately −0.04 mm (~0.25%). Both the NIR and IR PWV products during daytime tend to be higher than radiosonde PWV.
ON WEIL HOMOMORPfflSM IN LOCALLY FREE SHEAVES OVER A DIFFERENTIAL SPACE

1. Preliminaries In th i s paper we proved the c l a s s i c a l Weil theorem and we introduced the notion of Pontriagin character i s t ic c l a s se s for the local ly free sheaves of modules over a d i f f e r e n t i a l space defined by R. Sikorski in [5] • Let (M,C) be a d i f f e r e n t i a l space. By C we denote the sheaf of a l l smooth functions on M and by r^ the weakest topology on M such that a l l functions from C are continuous and by X the sheaf of a l l smooth vector f i e l d s on the d i f fe rent i a l space (M,C). D e f i n i t i o n 1.1. A sheaf JT over the d i f ferent i a l space (M,C) i s called a local ly free sheaf of C-modules of rank n i f for any point p e M there ex i s t s an open set U 3 p as well as a loca l C(U)-base of C(U)-module >/P(U) containing n elements. A E x a m p l e 1.1. Let V be a n-dimensional d i f ferent i a l module of the l inear ^ f i e l d s on the d i f f e r e n t i a l space (M,C) [5] , where $ i s a function on such that for ar^ point peM $(p) i s a n-dimensional vector space over R. The d i f f e r e n t i a l module V of l inear i f i e l d s on the d i f f e r e n t i a l space (M,C) determines the sheaf over the (M,C) in the following way: V(U) = Ŵ for any U £ zQ
INFLUENCE OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES ON QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MURANG’A COUNTY, KENYA

Statement of the Research Problem: Instructional resources play an important role in supplementing teachers’ classroom pedagogy and thus realization of quality education in public secondary schools. However, in Murang’a County, many public secondary schools registering a low quality of education. Purpose of the Study: This study aimed at assessing the influence of instructional resources on quality of education in public secondary schools in Murang’a County, Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a correlation research design. This study targeted 292 principals and 3206 teachers totaling 3498 from which a sample of 360 respondents (10.3%) was determined using Yamane’s Formula. Using stratified sampling, eight strata considering sub-counties were created. From every sub-county, three principals were selected using purposive sampling. However, from each sub-county, 42 teachers (14 teachers per school) were selected using simple random sampling to avoid bias. Questionnaires were used to gather information from principals and teachers whereas a documentary checklist guide was used by the researcher. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages and inferentially using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Analysis with the help of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS 23) and presented by using tables. Research Findings: The study established that students’ academic performance in national examinations (KCSE) is low, students’ completion rates with quality grades (C+ and above) are on a decreasing trend and levels and frequency of participation in co-curricular activities are low. From the study, despite the efforts by the government and other stakeholders in secondary education, levels of provision of instructional resources, facilities and teaching staff are still low, which has compromised the quality of secondary education. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study affirms the theoretical perspectives of the Education Production Function Theory since it revealed that there is a correlation between instruction resources and quality of education. Thus, as a practice, teachers should constantly utilize variety of instructional resources owing to their contribution to the quality of teaching offered to students. As a policy, the government should enforce full implementation of adequate provision of instructional resources as a solution to low levels of educational quality in public secondary schools.
Bound qq̄ systems in the framework of different versions of 3 D reductions of the Bethe-Salpeter equation

Five different versions of the three-dimensional (3D) reduction of the BetheSalpeter (BS) equation in the instantaneous approximation for kernel of BS equation for the two-fermion systems are formulated. The normalization condition for the bound-state wave function in all versions are derived. Further, the 3D reduction of BS equation without instantaneous approximation for the kernel of BS equation is formulated in the quasi-potential approach. Except of the Salpeter version, other four versions have the correct one-body limit (Dirac equation) when mass of one of constituent fermions tends to infinity. Application of these versions for investigation of the different properties of the qq̄ bound systems are considered. PACS numbers: 03.65. Ge,03.65. Pm,11.10. St,12.39. Ki,12.39. Pn Typeset using REVTEX