Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The spatial distribution of coronae and related features on Venus

Coronae are large quasi-circular geologic features that are common on Venus. They appear to be the surface tectonic and volcanic expressions of mantle diapirs that have impinged on the underside of the venusian lithosphere. We have investigated the spatial distribution of 335 coronae and related features identified in Magellan radar data. It is more clustered than a Poisson distribution, with a statistical certainty of more than 99%. It is dominated by a single large cluster centered near the equator at about 245° longitude. The features are preferentially found at elevation and geoid values close to the planetary mean, with a paucity at both the highest and lowest levels of topography and geoid. Some coronae appear aligned in quasi-linear chains. We attribute the clustering of coronae and related features to preferential formation of these features above regions of broad-scale mantle upwelling, and suggest that a major mantle upwelling underlies the one large cluster. We suggest that coronae are rare at the lowest elevations because these may be regions of mantle downwelling. The shortage of coronae at the highest elevations may result both from obscuration by other intense tectonism there and from suppression there of their formation by an unusually thick crust. Corona chains may be produced by enhanced passive mantle uplift below failed or incipient rifts.
Joint tracking and identification with robustness against unmodeled targets

We report here on an application of a particle systems implementation of the probability hypothesis density (PHD). The PHD of the multitarget posterior density has the property that, given any volume of state space, the integral of the PHD over that volume yields the expected number of targets present in the volume. The application we consider is the joint tracking and identification of multiple aircraft, with the observations consisting of noisy position measurements and high range resolution radar (HRRRR) signatures. We also take into consideration the presence of clutter and a probability of detection less than unity. Experimental results are presented.
A BASIC SYSTEM FOR MUSIC GENRE CLASSIFICATION

This paper describes the algorithm submitted to the Audio Genre Classification task organized for the MIREX 2007 contest. The algorithm has been designed after many tests using different sets of descriptors, classifiers databases. The purpose of all these tests is to create a plain classifier capable to of dealing with different environments and serving as a baseline for further improvements
Source and evolution of the marine aerosol—A new perspective

The “indirect effect of aerosols” refers to their ability to influence cloud radiative properties, and is considered to be one of the larger uncertainties in climate prediction. Oceans cover about 70% of the world's surface and the aerosols that they produce are therefore likely to represent an important part of the indirect effect. A description of the ultimate sources of all aerosol constituents and their susceptibility to climate change is then required in order to assess the potential of an aerosol‐cloud‐climate feedback. Here we argue that in the high Arctic in summer, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration is not determined by the oxidation products of dimethyl‐sulfide as has usually been assumed but by the concentration in the air of small insoluble organic particles derived from the surface microlayer of the ocean by bubble bursting, on which the acid gases condense. Examination of the aerosol over lower latitude oceans suggests that similar processes occur over all oceans.
Empirical high‐latitude electric field models

Electric field measurements from the Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite have been analyzed to extend the empirical models previously developed from dawn-dusk OGO 6 measurements (J. P. Heppner, 1977). The analysis embraces large quantities of data from polar crossings entering and exiting the high latitudes in all magnetic local time zones. Paralleling the previous analysis, the modeling is based on the distinctly different polar cap and dayside convective patterns that occur as a function of the sign of the Y component of the interplanetary magnetic field. The objective, which is to represent the typical distributions of convective electric fields with a minimum number of characteristic patterns, is met by deriving one pattern (model BC) for the northern hemisphere with a +Y interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and southern hemisphere with a −Y IMF and two patterns (models A and DE) for the northern hemisphere with a − Y IMF and southern hemisphere with a +Y IMF. The most significant large-scale revisions of the OGO 6 models are (1) on the dayside where the latitudinal overlap of morning and evening convection cells reverses with the sign of the IMF Y component, (2) on the nightside where a westward flow region poleward from the Harang discontinuity appears under model BC conditions, and (3) magnetic local time shifts in the positions of the convection cell foci. The modeling above was followed by a detailed examination of cases where the IMF Z component was clearly positive (northward). Neglecting the seasonally dependent cases where irregularities obscure pattern recognition, the observations range from reasonable agreement with the new BC and DE models, to cases where different characteristics appeared primarily at dayside high latitudes. The analysis of these differences for strong +Bz conditions, using passes through different MLT zones, led to finding that the deviations from both the BC and DE models could be modeled by extending the evening cell foci toward, and beyond, noon with a deformation that roughly resembles a rotational twist of the extended evening cell. The morning cell accommodation to the model BC deformation produces a narrow tongue of eastward convection near 75° invariant latitude on the dayside. The model DE deformation compresses the morning cell toward the night hours such that the sunward convection in the morning cell is diverted to polar latitudes in the 0400 to 0700 MLT sector. In both cases, the deformations of the two-cell patterns lead to sunward convection in dayside polar regions while maintaining the integrity of the nightside convection pattern. Thus the nightside dilemmas that plague three- and four-cell models designed to explain sunward convection in polar regions under +Bz conditions do not appear.
Contrasting REE Geochemical Features Between Archaean and Proterozoic Khondalite Series of North China Craton

Taylor and Mclennan (1985) have thoroughly described the sedimentary REE geochemical transition from Archaean to Proterozoic, i.e. from positive or slight Eu-anomaly to clear Eu-depletion. Gibbs et al. (1986), Condie (1993) and other researchers have proved wrong the views of Taylor and Mclennan. They argue that the transitions have been deduced from an incorrect comparison of Proterozoic platform-type sediments with those from Archaean greenstone, as if comparing an orange with an apple. To verify their views, we have studied the REE geochemical characteristics of khondalite series of the Archaean and Proterozoic of the North China Craton (NCC) and found great differences between them.
An insight into the relation between landholding size, biomass extraction and conservation in Uttara Kannada district, Western Ghats, India

Village communities of Uttara Kannada district in the Western Ghats draw a variety of biomass products from the forests, most of which are used as agricultural inputs. Estimation of firewood, green and dry leaves, and fencing material extraction by 247 sampled households in four villages of the district showed that the large farmers derive the most benefit from forests in absolute terms followed by small farmers and the landless, but the order goes reverse if the relative contribution of forests to their income is considered. Also, the biomass flow from natural forests alone is significantly greater than that from joint forest management plantation, agricultural land and home garden put together. Since biomass is an absolute necessity, the community cannot be deprived of it, but at the same time, conservation is essential. Onus should be put on large farmers with a good agroforestry potential to reduce their dependency on natural forests. A shift to live fences can eliminate fencing material harvest. Domestic firewood dependency of the small farmers and the landless can be curtailed by shifting to fuel-efficient stoves. Conservation programme should be tailored to match the type, place and quantity of biomass products extracted by different sections of the community.
An AI Chatbot for Explaining Deep Reinforcement Learning Decisions of Service-oriented Systems

Deep Reinforcement Learning (Deep RL) is increasingly used to cope with the open-world assumption in service-oriented systems. Deep RL was successfully applied to problems such as dynamic service composition, job scheduling, and offloading, as well as service adaptation. While Deep RL offers many benefits, understanding the decision-making of Deep RL is challenging because its learned decision-making policy essentially appears as a black box. Yet, understanding the decision-making of Deep RL is key to help service developers perform debugging, support service providers to comply with relevant legal frameworks, and facilitate service users to build trust. We introduce Chat4XAI to facilitate the understanding of the decision-making of Deep RL by providing natural-language explanations. Compared with visual explanations, the reported benefits of natural-language explanations include better understandability for non-technical users, increased user acceptance and trust, as well as more efficient explanations. Chat4XAI leverages modern AI chatbot technology and dedicated prompt engineering. Compared to earlier work on natural-language explanations using classical software-based dialogue systems, using an AI chatbot eliminates the need for eliciting and defining potential questions and answers up-front. We prototypically realize Chat4XAI using OpenAI's ChatGPT API and evaluate the fidelity and stability of its explanations using an adaptive service exemplar.
Endosulfan Resistance Profile of Soil Bacteria and Potential Application of Resistant Strains in Bioremediation

Abstract In the present study, bacterial strains were isolated from the soils of Wayanad District, Kerala, India and the isolates were tested for their tolerance to endosulfan and potential in bioremediation technology. Pesticide contamination in the soils, soil physico-chemical characteristics and socio-economic impacts of pesticide application were also analyzed. 28 pesticide compounds in the soil samples were analyzed and the results revealed that there was no pesticide residues in the soils. As per the survey conducted the pesticide application is very high in the study area and the level of awareness among the farmers was very poor regarding the method of application and its socio-economic and ecological impacts. A total of 9 bacterial strains were isolated with 50μg/ml of endosulfan in the isolating media and the results showed that most of the bacterial strains were highly resistance to endosulfan. Out of the 9 strains isolated 6 were highly resistant to endosulfan (500- 700μg/ml) and the other 3 isolates showed the resistance of 250-500μg/ml. From the studied isolate, isolate 9 demonstrating prolific growth and high resistance was selected to check their capability to degrade endosulfan over time. Identification of the selected strain reveals that it belongs to the genus Bacillus. Results of endosulfan removal studies showed that with increase in time, the biomass of the bacterial strains increased. The complete disappearance of endosulfan from the spiked and inoculated broth during the first day of incubation (24 hour interval) was observed. While the control flask showed the presence of endosulfan during the experimental period. Pesticide resistant bacteria are widely distributed in the soils of selected study area and the tolerance varied between bacteria even though they were isolated from the soils of the same area. The selected Bacillus species carry the ability to degrade endosulfan at accelerated rates and it could be useful in framing a bioremediation strategy for pesticide contaminated soil and water environments
Bearings-only target motion analysis based on a multihypothesis Kalman filter and adaptive ownship motion control

The author presents a multihypothesis cartesian Kalman filter (MHCKF) applied to the problem of bearings-only target motion analysis (TMA) from a single moving platform. A method to adaptively control the ownship motion based on a measure of "available range information" extracted from the MHCKF is also presented. The properties of the MHCKF algorithm are discussed qualitatively and illustrated by examples. The adaptive ownship motion is demonstrated and the estimated range is compared with the results from a fixed, two-leg ownship trajectory.
Colloid Transport in the Subsurface: Past, Present, and Future Challenges

This paper attempts to introduce the work described in this special section on colloid transport within a more general perspective of the evolution of our understanding of the importance of colloids in subsurface systems. The focus will be on the transport of colloidal particles in natural (i.e., chemically and physically heterogeneous) geological settings because the complexity imposed by these situations represents the greatest challenge to current and future understanding. Great progress has been made in addressing many of the key questions related to colloid transport. However, as in most areas of science, increased knowledge also serves to reveal new and more complex challenges that must be addressed.
Geochemistry of Large River Suspended Sediments: What Can We Learn about Present Day Weathering of Silicates?

Although it is clear that the chemical weathering of silicate minerals on Continents acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2 on a geological time scale, the rate and control of present day chemical denudation remain to be documented. The geochemistry of large rivers is a powerful tool to get information on global scale weathering. In a companion paper, we applied an inverse method to the problem of extracting from river dissolved load the contribution of silicate weathering (Gaillardet et al., 1998). The alternative developed here is to focus on the solid products of weathering, essentially transported in large rivers as suspended sediments. These sediments are derived from the incongruent weathering of silicates and are released from soils by mechanical erosion. In this paper, in order to favour a global scale approach, we have compiled the most recent data on the geochemistry of river-borne particles.
Horizontal structure of marine boundary layer clouds from centimeter to kilometer scales

Horizontal transects of cloud liquid water content (LWC) measured at unprecedented 4-cm resolution are statistically analyzed scale-by-scale. The data were collected with a Particulate Volume Monitor (PVM) probe during the winter Southern Ocean Cloud Experiment (SOCEX) on July 26, 1993, in a broken-stratocumulus/towering-cumulus cloud complex. Two scaling regimes are found in the sense that two distinct power laws, k−β are needed to represent the wavenumber spectrum E(k) over the full range of scales r ≈ 1/k. Detailed numerical simulations show that the scale break at 2–5 m is not traceable to the normal variability of LWC in the PVM's instantaneous sampling volume (1.25 cm3) driven by Poissonian fluctuations of droplet number and size. The two regimes therefore differ physically. The non-Poissonian character of the small-scale LWC variability is consistent with a similar finding by Baker [1992] for droplet number concentration obtained from Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) data: at scales of a few centimeters, spatial droplet distributions do not always follow a uniform Poisson law. With β = 0.9 ± 0.1, the small-scale (8–12 cm ≲ r ≲ 2–5 m) regime is stationary: jumps in LWC are highly variable in size and rapidly cancel each other, leading to short-range correlations. By contrast, the large-scale (5 m ≲ r ≲ 2 km) variability with β = 1.6 ± 0.1 is nonstationary: jumps are generally quite small, conveying a degree of pixel-to-pixel continuity and thus building up long-range correlations in the low-pass filtered signal. The large-scale structure of the complex SOCEX cloud system proves to be multifractal, meaning that large jumps do occur on an intermittent basis, that is, on a sparse fractal subset of space. Low-order, hence more robust, multifractal properties of the SOCEX clouds are remarkably similar to those of their First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) and Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition EXperiment (ASTEX) counterparts, and also to those of passive scalars in fully developed turbulence. This is indicative of a remarkable similarity in the micro-physical and macrophysical processes that determine cloud structure in the marine boundary layer at very remote locales, especially since the particular SOCEX cloud system investigated here was rather atypical. Interesting differences are also found: in the scaling ranges on the one hand, and in higher-order moments on the other hand. Finally, we discuss cloud-radiative effects of the large- and small-scale variabilities.
Influence of anelastic surface layers on postseismic thrust fault deformation

We present the results of a systematic modeling study of postseismic deformation following blind thrust earthquakes. The results include qualitative and quantitative predictions of the surface movement caused by relaxation in viscoelastic near-surface layers. Finite element forward models are used in conjunction with elastic dislocation inversions to characterize the post-seismic deformation. A viscoelastic surface layer overlying a blind thrust fault in an elastic basement shows characteristic signatures of postseismic surface movement. Simple equivalent elastic dislocations located in the hanging wall wedge are found to provide an effective proxy for near-surface postseismic relaxation in two-dimensional numerical simulations. A model survey of a range of fault dip angles and layer geometries shows the time evolution and geometry of the proxy fault to be simply related to fault dip and sediment thickness. The results are of significance in the interpretation of postseismic Global Positioning System (GPS) strain data from the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake and other similar events in regions characterized by poorly consolidated or otherwise anelastic layers overlying the brittle seismogenic zone.
Eocene inversion history of the Sandown Pericline, Isle of Wight, southern England

Study of the composition and distribution of derived lithoclast and fossil suites collected from the Selsey, Barton and Becton Formations in Whitecliff Bay, Isle of Wight has enabled a detailed reconstruction of Mid-Late Eocene uplift of 500 m + on the northern limb of the Sandown Pericline. The stratigraphical distribution of clasts and fossils derived from older formations demonstrates the erosion of progressively older Eocene, Palaeocene and Cretaceous sediments during growth of the structure. The presence of delicate reworked fossils and clasts, together with limited palaeocurrent data support very local derivation from the south. The preservational state of the derived materials is used to identify the diverse processes of erosion and transport. Two phases of uplift (Lutetian, Bartonian), separated by a period of quiescence and peneplanation have been identified; rates of Eocene uplift of about 100 m Ma – 1 are postulated to have taken place.
Detecting and understanding the accelerated sea level rise along the east coast of the United States during recent decades

A “hot spot” of accelerated sea level rise has recently been detected between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod. The acceleration in the long-term trend, however, is difficult to isolate from transient acceleration due to variability, particularly the ∼60 year cycle associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Ensemble EMD (EEMD) methods have been used to isolate oscillations and provide robust acceleration estimates for the trend. Yet the reliability of these methods in detecting accelerated sea level rise, particularly given the limited lengths of tide gauge records, has not been fully tested. Here, the EMD and EEMD methods are applied to both tide gauge observations and synthetic sea level time series constructed as a sum of oscillations extracted from tide gauge records and trends with prescribed acceleration rates. The successively truncated synthetic and observed data are analyzed with (E)EMD, and estimates of the acceleration error based on the record length are produced. Generally, EEMD provides more stable acceleration estimates than EMD, and the error decreases as the record length increases, although not monotonically. Records exceeding two multidecadal oscillation periods in length provide superior estimates over shorter records. In addition, the AMO may have contributed significantly to the rapid acceleration detected in the hot spot during recent decades. These findings have important implications for improved detection of regional sea level acceleration in a warming climate.
Developing a Marine Information System by Integrating Existing Ocean Models Using Object-Oriented Technology

Information systems developed for different applications within the environmental domain have common characteristics, which can potentially be abstracted for sharing and reuse of design and software modules. This article presents an approach to designing for reuse by abstracting commonalities in the design of a Marine Information System (MIS), facilitating data management in a prototype operational monitoring, forecasting, and management system for the North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas. A detailed study of the requirements and data analysis was carried out, and Object-Oriented Technology (OOT) is employed to encapsulate abstractions and to promote reuse of code and design. This article identifies the Object-Oriented Frameworks (OOFW) required to build the MIS. It also provides guidelines to environmental scientists for restructuring legacy software and employing modern programming techniques.
Structural uncertainties: Determination, management, and applications

Structural uncertainties have a direct impact in exploration, development, and production, and in drilling decisions. In this paper, we present an approach for determining and handling structural uncertainties. We first examine the magnitude of the different sources of uncertainty, and explain how to estimate their direction and correlation length. This task requires a huge geophysical input. This information is then used in a general scheme to generate multiple realizations of the structural model consistent with structural uncertainties. The technique is based on geostatistical concepts. Finally, we illustrate the application of this scheme in examples relevant for exploration, development and production, and drilling.The structural model is described as a set of horizons represented by triangulated surfaces cut by faults. The relationships between horizons and faults are expressed as a set of constraints. On a horizon, each source of uncertainty (typically migration, picking, and time‐to‐depth conversi.
Flow, thermal structure, and subglacial conditions of a surge-type glacier

Temperature measurements in a subpolar surge-type glacier reveal a distinctive thermal structure associated with the boundary between the ice reservoir and receiving areas. In the receiving area the glacier is cold based, but bottom temperature has increased as much as 0.5 °C between 1981 and 1982, and the basal heat flux is roughly 10 times the expected geothermal flux. Water percolation through permeable subglacial material is the probable energy source. Deformation of the substrate could destroy this drainage system and trigger a surge.