Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Historical Perspective, Animal Models, and Current Clinical Practice

Primary Toxoplasma gondii infection is usually subclinical, but cervical lymphadenopathy or ocular disease can be present in some patients. Active infection is characterized by tachyzoites, while tissue cysts characterize latent disease. SUMMARY Primary Toxoplasma gondii infection is usually subclinical, but cervical lymphadenopathy or ocular disease can be present in some patients. Active infection is characterized by tachyzoites, while tissue cysts characterize latent disease. Infection in the fetus and in immunocompromised patients can cause devastating disease. The combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (pyr-sulf), targeting the active stage of the infection, is the current gold standard for treating toxoplasmosis, but failure rates remain significant. Although other regimens are available, including pyrimethamine in combination with clindamycin, atovaquone, clarithromycin, or azithromycin or monotherapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or atovaquone, none have been found to be superior to pyr-sulf, and no regimen is active against the latent stage of the infection. Furthermore, the efficacy of these regimens against ocular disease remains uncertain. In multiple studies, systematic screening for Toxoplasma infection during gestation, followed by treatment with spiramycin for acute maternal infections and with pyr-sulf for those with established fetal infection, has been shown to be effective at preventing vertical transmission and minimizing the severity of congenital toxoplasmosis (CT). Despite significant progress in treating human disease, there is a strong impetus to develop novel therapeutics for both the acute and latent forms of the infection. Here we present an overview of toxoplasmosis treatment in humans and in animal models. Additional research is needed to identify novel drugs by use of innovative high-throughput screening technologies and to improve experimental models to reflect human disease. Such advances will pave the way for lead candidates to be tested in thoroughly designed clinical trials in defined patient populations.
Intelligent code reviews using deep learning

Peer code review is a best practice in Software Engineering where source code is reviewed manually by one or more peers(reviewers) of the code author. It is widely acceptable both in industry and open-source software (OSS) systems as a process for early detection and reduction of software defects. A larger chunk of reviews given during peer reviews are related to common issues such as coding style, documentations, and best practices. This makes the code review process less effective as reviewers focus less on finding important defects. Hence, there is a need to automatically find such common issues and help reviewers perform focused code reviews. Some of this is solved by rule based systems called linters but they are rigid and needs a lot of manual effort to adapt them for a new issue. In this work, we present an automatic, flexible, and adaptive code analysis system called DeepCodeReviewer (DCR). DCR learns how to recommend code reviews related to common issues using historical peer reviews and deep learning. DCR uses deep learning to learn review relevance to a code snippet and recommend the right review from a repository of common reviews. DCR is trained on histroical peer reviews available from internal code repositories at Microsoft. Experiments demonstrate strong performance of developed deep learning model in classifying relevant and non-relevant reviews w.r. t to a code snippet, and ranking reviews given a code snippet. We have also evaluated DCR recommentations using a user study and survey. The results of our user study show good acceptance rate and answers of our survey questions are strongly correlated with our system’s goal of making code reviews focused on finding defects.
Routledge International Handbook of Human Aggression

Let me preface this book review by saying that I am a postdoctoral researcher with an interest in child and adolescent psychopathology; in particular, conduct disorder. I am not a clinician, although I have worked clinically with forensic patients. My previous research has focused on the cognitive and social-cognitive mechanisms of conduct disorder. Thus, I read this book hoping to complement and expand my relatively narrow knowledge of aggression from primarily a research perspective, but with the occasional nod towards my more clinical roots. This is a densely-packed book, not only in terms of content, with its 34 chapters from over 50 contributors, but also in terms of aesthetics: these are all crammed into a mere 400 or so pages, so I would advise that you use your slightly larger spectacles. It begins with a preface (‘Human aggression: how far have we come? ’) authored by the editors, which sets the scene for the rest of the volume. It hints at a focus on social relationships, gender differences, and contemporary concepts. It also acknowledges that aggression can be seen as an adaptive process (as it continues to serve an evolutionary purpose), and separates it from criminality/ antisocial behaviour. The rest of the book is divided into five sections: ‘Understanding general aggression’, ‘Bullying across concepts’, ‘Relationships and family aggression’, ‘Sexual aggression’, and lastly ‘Contemporary and emerging issues’. The chapters themselves cover a broad range of concepts relating to aggression, and are presented, in the main, as literature reviews. The chapters tend to have a multifaceted view of aggression (not only in terms of its presentation, but also in terms of causes, outcomes and treatments) and tend to be rooted in socialand personality-theory. I admit that this latter aspect did not grasp my interest – where I looked for neuropsychological tasks, I instead found aggression questionnaires. However, I acknowledge that these may be of more use to mental health practitioners working in the field. On the whole, I would suggest that this is not a book that you would read cover-to-cover. Rather, you would select certain chapters based on your specific interests. Whilst I do think that it would be useful to the practitioners who would like to gain a background knowledge of relevant topics, it would not serve as a handbook for assessment and/or treatment. For example, whilst some chapters do describe and evaluate specific treatment programmes, they do not go into any great detail from a practical standpoint. Nevertheless, this is one of the most up-to-date handbooks on the topic, currently available, and will be of interest to anyone looking for a deeper insight into human aggression.
Measuring BAO and non-Gaussianity via QSO clustering

Our goals are (i) to search for BAO and large-scale structure in current quasi-stellar object (QSO) survey data and (ii) to use these and simulation/forecast results to assess the science case for a new, ? 10 times larger, QSO survey. We first combine the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 2dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ) and 2dF-SDSS LRG and QSO (2SLAQ) surveys to form a survey of 60 000 QSOs. We find a hint of a peak in the QSO two-point correlation function, ? (s), at the same scale (105 h-1 Mpc) as detected by Eisenstein et al. in their sample of Data Release 5 (DR5) Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) but only at low statistical significance. We then compare these data with QSO mock catalogues from the Hubble Volume N-body light-cone simulation used by Hoyle et al. and find that both routes give statistical error estimates that are consistent at 100 h-1 Mpc scales. Mock catalogues are then used to estimate the nominal survey size needed for a 34s detection of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) peak. We find that a redshift survey of 250 000 z < 2.2 QSOs is required over 3000 deg2. This is further confirmed by static lognormal simulations where the BAO are clearly detectable in the QSO power spectrum and correlation function. The nominal survey would on its own produce the first detection of, for example, discontinuous dark energy evolution in the so far uncharted 1 < z < 2.2 redshift range. We further find that a survey with 50 per cent higher QSO sky densities and 50 per cent bigger area will give an 6s BAO detection, leading to an error 60 per cent of the size of the BOSS error on the dark energy evolution parameter, wa.
Measurement and modelling of head-related transfer function for spatial audio synthesis

There has been a growing interest in spatial sound generation arising from the development of new communications and media technologies. Binaural spatial sound systems are capable of encoding and rendering sound sources accurately in three dimensional space using only two recording/playback channels. This is based on the concept of the Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF), which is a set of acoustic filters from the sound source to a listener's eardrums and contains all the listening cues used by the hearing mechanism for decoding spatial information encoded in binaural signals. The HRTF is usually obtained from acoustic measurements on different persons. In the case of discrete data and sets of measurements corresponding to different human subjects, it is desirable to have a continuous functional representation of the HRTF for efficiently rendering moving sounds in the virtual spatial audio systems; further this representation should be well-suited for customization to an individual listener. In this thesis, modal analysis is applied to examine the HRTF data structure, that is to employ the wave equation solutions to expand the HRTF with separable basis functions. This leads to a general representation of the HRTF into separated spatial and spectral components, where the spatial basis functions modes account for the HRTF spatial variations and the remaining HRTF spectral components provide a new means to examine the human body scattering behavior. The general model is further developed into the HRTF continuous functional representations. We use the normalized spatial modes to link near-field and far-field HRTFs directly, which provides a way to obtain the HRTFs at different ranges from measurements conducted at only a single range. The spatially invariant HRTF spectral components are represented continuously using an orthogonal series. Both spatial and spectral basis functions are well known functions, thus the developed analytical model can be used to easily examine the HRTF data feature-individualization. An important finding of this thesis is that the HRTF decomposition with the spatial basis functions can be well approximated by a finite number, which is defined as the HRTF spatial dimensionality. The dimensionality determines the least number of the HRTF measurements in space. We perform high resolution HRTF measurements on a KEMAR mannequin in a semi-anechoic acoustic chamber. Both signal processing aspects to extract HRTFs from the raw measurements and a practical high resolution spatial sampling scheme have been given in this thesis.
WATER ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE WOOD VARIETIES

Water absorption process during wood soaking in water was studied on three varieties of wood. Two models were considered to describe the kinetics: the Peleg model and a new one based on the viscoelastic properties of materials. The soaking data were fitted to the Fick's model to determine water diffusivity. The pattern of water uptake suggested a two step- process, in which more than half of the final absorbed water occurred in the first two days of liquid water contact with wood. This was followed by a period of very slow water uptake. The mean values of water absorption at initial stages of moisture sorption for Afra, Ojamalesh and Roosi genotypes were equal to 13.44, 6.05 and 5.44 (kg/m 2 s 1/2 ), respectively. The corresponding mean values of this parameter for the entire soaking process were equal to 6.8, 4.6 and 3.9 (kg/m 2 s 1/2 ), respectively. The calculated diffusion coefficients for Afra, Ojamlesh, and Roosi wood varieties were 1.38x10 -3 , 3.71x10 -4 , and 4.88x10 -4 m 2 /s, respectively. The newly introduced model was more accurate for describing the water absorption characteristics of wood samples. The maximum value of root-mean-square deviation was 9.36, which demonstrated the suitability of the new model for modelling the experimental absorption characteristics of wood samples. specii de lemn a fost studiată in timpul procesului de inmuiere a lemnului in apă. Pentru aceasta, s-au folosit două modele: modelul Peleg si un model nou, bazat pe proprietăţile viscoelastice ale materialelor. Datele privind inmuierea au fost adaptate la modelul Fick, pentru determinarea caracterului de difuzie a apei. Modelul de absorbţie a apei a implicat un proces in două etape, in care mai mult de jumătate din apă a fost absorbită in primele două zile de contact al lichidului cu lemnul. Apoi, a urmat o perioadă de absorbţie foarte lentă a apei. Valorile medii ale absorbţiei apei, in stadiile iniţiale, de către genotipurile Afra, Ojamalesh si Roosi, au fost egale cu 13.44, 6.05 si, respectiv, 5.44 (kg/m 2 s 1/2 ). Valorile medii
Wolbachia‐induced parthenogenesis in the egg parasitoid Telenomus nawai

Two egg parasitoid species, Telenomus nawai and Telenomus spec. are similar morphologically but they have been treated as different species because of their different reproductive forms, arrhenotoky and thelytoky. Male progeny were produced from the thelytokous colony of Telenomus spec. (TT) by heat and antibiotic treatments. These males mated successfully with females of arrhenotokous colony of T. nawai (AT) and the females produced on average 19.1% males. This percentage did not differ from that obtained from AT females mated with AT males (19.4%). Diagnostic PCR indicated that TT is infected with Wolbachia; antibiotic treatments eliminated Wolbachia from TT. These facts suggest that Wolbachia causes thelytoky and Telenomus spec. (TT) is conspecific with T. nawai (AT).
OTHER TARGETS OR OTHER LOCATIONS? An Analysts of Opportunity Structures

Structural or demographic arrangements in one specific culture form the mentality of their inhabitants, their way of life and, presumably, their crime patterns. This article maintains that residential burglary is complicated and relatively unattractive in a Spanish city. It then analyses two possible forms of alternatives to burglary: a shift towards other targets; street robbery instead of burglary, and towards other locations; breaking into holiday homes in the tourist settlements along the coast. We find empirical support for the first kind of crime shift, but not so for the second one. The tourist area is, in fact, very much subject to burglary, but the burglars do not come from the nearby city. Implications of these findings for criminological theory and for crime prevention policy are discussed. As suggested by Reppetto (1976), measures which make it more difficult or risky to commit a crime can lead to several forms of crime displacement: Offence: Crime displacement towards other types of crime Target: Towards a less protected target in the same vicinity Method: Better locks force burglars to become innovative Place: Towards targets in other areas Time: Other hours of the day A combination of these types of displacement, as suggested by Hesseling (1994) is also a possible outcome of preventive measures. Most research on crime opportunity, crime patterns, situational factors, life style and routine activities, does not confront directly the tricky question of whether preventive measures just put your neighbour at greater risk, and instead is limited to an explanation of why some targets are selected more often than others. Litde attention also is paid to long-term effects of existing opportunity structures upon crime patterns. The focus of this article is on how structural arrangements produce a specific crime pattern, and how it displaces crime towards other targets.
PREVALENCE OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN SAUDI ARABIA

Maryam Alshanqiti 1 , Fawaz Fahad Alotaibi 2 , Jafer Mohammed Alahmed 3 , Marwah Lafi Alrehaili 1 , Salwa Saleem Alalwi 1 and Dr. Farah Mansuri 4 . 1. Medical intern, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia. 2. Medical intern, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia. 3. Medical intern, Jilin University, Changchun, China. 4. MBBS, MCPS, FCPS, Professor Dept of Community & Family Medicine, Taibah University, Al Medinah Munawara. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
Men Talk: Stories in the Making of Masculinities

1. 'We was Playing Naked Football the Other Night': Introduction. 2. 'Good Story! ': The Formal Characteristics of Male Narrative. 3. 'So I Thought 'Bollocks to it': Men, Stories and Masculinities. 4. 'Bad as My Mate': Stories in Sequence. 5. 'She'd Made Sardines in Aspic': Women's Stories, Men's Stories and the Construction of Gender. 6. 'I'm Quite Good at Mexican Food': Men's Narratives in Mixed Conversation. 7. 'Still in Shock Weren't You Darling': Masculinity and the Heterosexual Couple. 8. 'There are Problems': Men's Talk and Contemporary Masculinities. Index.
Identification of novel variants of interferon-tau gene in Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana), Pelibuey sheep (Ovis aries) and its expression in hybrid blastocysts (Ovis canadensis × Ovis aries)

Palma-Irizarry, M. , Damian-Matsumura, P., Betancourt, M. , Romo, S. , Perales, G. , Lagunas-Martínez, A. , Madrid-Marina, M. V. , Mejía, O. and Ducolomb, Y. 2012. Identification of novel variants of interferon-tau gene in Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana), Pelibuey sheep (Ovis aries) and its expression in hybrid blastocysts (Ovis canadensis×Ovis aries). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 275-283. The major signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in ruminants is interferon-tau (IFNT). Four novel sequences of the IFNT gene were isolated from genomic DNA obtained from blood samples of Bighorn, Pelibuey or the hybrid ewes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the hybrid ewe showed 100% identity with one Bighorn sheep IFNT sequence, suggesting that this sequence was inherited from Bighorn sheep. The high degree of identity between Pelibuey and Bighorn sheep sequences could be a possible explanation for the successful MRP in some Bighorn hybrid pregnancies. In vivo and in vitro domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and hybrid sheep (Ovis aries×Ovis canadensis) blastocysts were obtained, and IFNT expression was measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR. In vivo and in vitro hybrid blastocysts showed lower expression of IFNT when compared with domestic blastocysts. In conclusion this study showed that there exists an effect of hybridization on IFNT expression and this can affect the MRP.
CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY IN CONFLICT: THE VILLAGE POLYTECHNIC PROGRAMME IN KENYA

A divergence between ideals and practice has been a characteristic feature of polytechnic development. The polytechnics originated as a 'nonformal' educational initiative, aiming to provide training opportunities to primary school leavers relating directly to the practical skill requirements of local farmers and artisans. They were to be local institutions created through community initiative, based mainly on local resources and controlled by local representatives tnrough management committees. However, the displacement of these goals has been a major and recurrent theme in reports on polytechnic development, with complaints about the neglect of agriculture in polytechnic training, the formalisation of curriculum and assessment, a limited orientation to local self-employment, and weaknesses in management and in particular the limited role played by many Management Committees. It has been claimed that the polytechnics have lest direction and in general suffer from poor status and low morale. Recent Aid Agency reports have reasserted the relevance of the programme's original ideals in providing polytechnics with a new sense of purpose and direction. In this paper, however, it is suggested that such policy prescriptions have had little impact and may even be counter-productive. It ±s suggested that a reassessment of aims is long overdue, given the cultural realities within which polytechnics must function. The paper considers the clash of ideology and culture in the areas of curriculum, assessment, self-employment and local control. It suggests that the 'neglect' of agriculture, the orientation to trade tests and paid employment, and the ter.d<-uuy to expect Government to 'take over' from the Management Committees, reflect cultural pressures which cannot be discounted in prescribing policies for the polytechnics. In particular it is argued (1) that instead of emphasising agriculture as central to the polytechnic curriculum, a much more selective approach is appropriate (2) that rather than stressing curricular flexibility in individual polytechnics, flexibility could be sought on a district basis (3) that rather than rejecting certification outright, a more relevant and effective form of assessment for the polytechnics is required (4) that in some respects an orientation to paid employment is more realistic for polytechnic leavers than an orientation to self-employment (5) that instead of expecting Management Committees to play a central role within the present policy framework, steps could be taken to develop a more active District focus. Taken together, these points suggest that fairly substantial reassessment of the role and objectives of the polytechnics is required.
CT Colonography: Defining Performance and Interventions to Improve Interpretation

CT colonography is now widely regarded as the optimal radiological technique for colonic examination. However, performance characteristics, particularly relating to interpretation accuracy, interpretation times and polyp measurement have been derived primarily from academic centres in the USA. For successful implementation of CT colonography, such performance characteristics must be generalisable to nonacademic centres, different patient populations in different geographical locations, and different clinical environments. This thesis aims to investigate current UK implementation and to determine the interpretative performance of observers across the UK and Europe, focussing on those interventions influencing reader accuracy and polyp measurement. The first chapter reviews the technique, diagnostic performance and clinical role of CT colonography. It is followed by two surveys revealing CT colonography is widely available across the UK NHS, and that hitherto unsuspected complications do occur, although CT colonography appears relatively safe in routine clinical practice when compared to alternatives.