ANALYSIS OF LEVEL OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN PAKISTAN

The main objective of our study is to find the role of antioxidants and measure the level of oxidative stress and their role in the development of diabetes. This cross sectional study was conducted at District Headquarter Hospital, Nankana Sahib during February 2019 to August 2019. For this purpose we selected the patients who was suffering from a common disease diabetes. This study is based on the local population of Pakistan, which shows the stress level in Pakistani environment. According to analysis of data level of antioxidant and oxidative stress is increasing in diabetic patients because cell become destroyed. GSH is important non-enzymatic antioxidant which helps in scavenging of free radical mechanism. It is concluded that level of antioxidants in our body plays an important role. It is obvious from the presented data that a relation exists between hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, cellular and endothelial dysfunction. Corresponding author: Muhammad Moeen Khan, Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Dunyapur, Lodhran. Please cite this article in press Muhammad Moeen Khan et al., Analysis of Level of Antioxidants in the Development of Diabetes Mellitus in Pakistan. , Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2019; 06(12). QR code IAJPS 2019, 06 (12), 16364-16367 Muhammad Moeen Khan et al ISSN 2349-7750 w w w . i a j p s . c o m Page 16365 INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress is caused by an unfavorable balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. ROS are generated during normal cellular metabolism, as a result of the influence of various environmental factors, as well as during pathological processes. Reactive oxygen species play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. [1] Oxidative stress caused by increased free radical generation and/or decreased antioxidant level in the target cells and tissues has been suggested to play an important role in carcinogenesis. [2] Free radicals are capable of altering all major classes of biomolecules, such as lipids, nucleic acids and proteins, with changes in their structure and function. Prime targets of free radicals are the polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes and their interaction results in lipid peroxidation. The levels of free radical molecules are controlled by various cellular defense mechanisms, consisting of enzymatic (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (vit. E, vit. C, glutathione) components. [3] ROS can be produced endogenously or exogenously. In vivo free radicals are created during normal aerobic respiration, by commencement of phagocytosing cells, in peroxisomes where fatty acids are degraded, and by auto-oxidation of various molecules. The mitochondria plays very important role and it is a major physiologic source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be generated during mitochondrial respiration. [4] Super oxide radicals, formed by minor side reactions of the mitochondrial electron transport chain or by an NADH-independent enzyme can be converted to H2O2 and to a powerful oxidant, the hydroxyl radical. Oxidative stress in organisms leads to the peroxidation of all major biomolecules, such as DNA, proteins and lipids. The most widely used method to find oxidative stress is to determine lipid peroxidation with the Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method. Among these targets, the peroxidation of lipids is basically damaging because the formation of lipid peroxidation product leads to spread of free radical reactions. The general process of lipid peroxidation consists of three stages: initiation, propagation and termination. [5] Diabetes is a major cause of mortality globally, and it has been estimated that 400 million people worldwide will suffer from it by 2030. Despite the fact that hereditary qualities seems to assume an essential part in the advancement of diabetes, examine recommends that dietary decisions driven by natural and financial components are of critical significance. Amazing eating regimens assume an essential part in diabetes avoidance. [1] Suitable dietary adherence can enhance insulin affectability and glycemic control, and consequently add to way of life change and general personal satisfaction. [6]